Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical study of Sesame ( Sesamum indium ) seed oil and defatted seed cake

In this study, the oil and defatted seed cake of two varieties of Sesame (HT-1 and HT-2) were used to evaluate phytochemical characteristics like fatty acids, mineral content, total phenol, flavonoids, total tocopherols, caretonoids, antioxidant activity etc. Oil, Free fatty acid, Peroxide value, Iodine value, Saponification value, and Unsaponifiable matter, were determine according to AOAC (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists) method. Free fatty acids were found to be higher inHT-1 (1.7±0.3) (as % oleic acid). Peroxide value was found to be less in HT-2 (2.5±0.2meq/kg) as compared to HT1(2.6±0.1meq/kg). Iodine value was higher in HT-2 (117±0.5g/100g) compared to HT1(111±0.7g/100g). In mineral composition, iron was found higher in defatted seed of HT-1(5.7±0.2 mg/100g). Saponification value was higher in HT-1 (196±0.1 mg/g KOH) as compared to HT-2. In different fatty acids, highest composition found as oleic acid in HT-2 (41.8±0.4%). From the results, it was inferred that total phenolics, flavonoid content and total tochopherols in phenolic extract of seed oil of Sesame was higher in HT-2 (24.3±0.6 mg GAE/100g, 6.7±1.2 mgCAE/100g, 46.4 ±3.5 mg/100g respectively) while in methanolic extract of defatted seed cake were corresponding 24.5±3.7 mg GAE/g, 7.0±0.6 mg CAE/g, 6.7±0.7 mg/100g. Antioxidant activity in phenolic extract of seed oil was higher in HT-2 (96 %). The result showed that HT-2 variety of Sesame is a good source of antioxidants that can be used for more frequent as antioxidant in food, feed as well as in functional foods.
Counterexample classiﬁcation

In model checking, when a model fails to satisfy the desired speciﬁcation, a typical model checker provides a counterexample that illustrates how the violation occurs. In general, there exist many diverse counterexamples that exhibit distinct violating behaviors, which the user may wish to examine before deciding how to repair the model. Unfortunately, (1) the number of counterexamples may be too large to enumerate one by one, and (2) many of these counterexamples are redundant, in that they describe the same type of violating behavior. In this paper, we propose a technique called counterexample classiﬁcation . The goal of classiﬁcation is to cover the space of all counterexamples into a ﬁnite set of counterexample classes , each of which describes a distinct type of violating behavior for the given speciﬁcation. These classes are then presented as a summary of possible violating behaviors in the system, freeing the user from manually having to inspect or analyze numerous counterexamples to extract the same information. We have implemented a prototype of our technique on top of an existing formal modeling and veriﬁcation tool, the Alloy Analyzer, and evaluated the effectiveness of the technique on case studies involving the well-known Needham–Schroeder and TCP protocols with promising results.
Mother-Infant Interaction Unfolds Using Mixed Methods: An Examination of Two Cultural Sites

The article by Zhang, Wang, and Duh (2021, this issue, DOI: 10.1159/000517081) provides a comprehensive review of the existing research concerning cultural ways of learning focusing on Chinese and Taiwanese cultures (e.g., Li, 2012), verbal and nonverbal aspects of socialization (e.g., Goldin-Meadow & Saltzman, 2000; Miller et al., 2012), learning through observation (e.g., Gaskins & Paradise, 2010), and multifaceted frameworks of learning (e.g., Rogoff, 2014). Zhang et al. (2021, this issue) propose a framework of analysis for examining how 9-month-old infants’ experiences with learning are shaped by co-creating “directive guidance” – a practice derived from Chinese cultural ideologies – with their mothers in Taipei, Taiwan. This practice is less frequently observed among their European-American counterparts in Santa Cruz in the USA. The authors propose an assets-based approach in creating a smooth transition from preschool to formal education as well as enhancing diversity in the classroom. This article makes 3 significant contributions. First, the authors exemplify the strengths of adopting mixed methods in examining mother-child interactions across cultures. By so doing, the authors extend our understanding of infant development from an individual level to interpersonal and sociocultural levels. Second, this study demonstrates and expands culture-specific socialization practices in Chinese-heritage communities from 2 years old to as early as 9 months old. Lastly, the authors approach child development from a cultural assets perspective (rather than a deficit model) that opens doors for future research. Below I first stress each of the 3 contributions by providing more contexts in understanding early childhood socialization. I then discuss future directions that each of the contributions can lead us to in furthering our knowledge of early human development.
Critical Care Workers Have Lower Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Compared with Non-patient Facing Staff in First Wave of COVID19

Abstract Introduction In early 2020, at first surge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many health care workers (HCW) were re-deployed to critical care environments to support intensive care teams looking after patients with severe COVID-19. There was considerable anxiety of increased risk of COVID-19 for these staff. To determine whether critical care HCW were at increased risk of hospital acquired infection, we explored the relationship between workplace, patient facing role and evidence of immune exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within a quaternary hospital providing a regional critical care response. Routine viral surveillance was not available at this time. Methods We screened over 500 HCW (25% of the total workforce) for history of clinical symptoms of possible COVID19, assigning a symptom severity score, and quantified SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies as evidence of immune exposure to the virus. Results Whilst 45% of the cohort reported symptoms that they consider may have represented COVID-19, 14% had evidence of immune exposure. Staffs in patient facing critical care roles were least likely to be seropositive (9%) and staff working in non-patient facing roles most likely to be seropositive (22%). Anosmia and fever were the most discriminating symptoms for seropositive status. Older males presented with more severe symptoms. Of the 12 staff screened positive by nasal swab (10 symptomatic), 3 showed no evidence of seroconversion in convalescence. Conclusions Patient facing staff working in critical care do not appear to be at increased risk of hospital acquired infection however the risk of nosocomial infection from non-patient facing staff may be more significant than previous recognised. Most symptoms ascribed to possible COVID-19 were found to have no evidence of immune exposure however seroprevalence may underrepresent infection frequency. Older male staff were at the greatest risk of more severe symptoms.
Review of telehealth interventions for childhood obesity in minority, low‐income or underserved populations: Opportunity for pharmacists

There has been a steady increase in childhood obesity, comparable to that seen in adults, over the past decade with the incidence almost tripling. As seen in adults, there are trends in discrepancy among gender, ethnicity, race, and underserved populations in the incidence of childhood obesity. Effective interventions for childhood obesity need to be broad including both diet and exercise, but there is little evidence on the most effective approach. The use of telehealth interventions to treat childhood obesity in ethnic, low‐income, and underserved populations could be an effective platform. The pharmacist is a health care professional that is easily accessible to these populations and can assist with lifestyle modification counseling for weight loss. The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of telehealth modalities on weight loss in overweight/obese children identified as minority, low‐income, or underserved populations. The review found there were many different forms of telehealth interventions utilized which may have influenced the success of evaluated outcomes. The majority of modalities did not improve BMI or BMI z‐score when not accompanied by a form of real‐time intervention. Studies, where telehealth was accompanied by motivational coaching, did show a significant decrease in BMI and/or BMI z‐score.
Global dissemination of tet(X3) and tet(X6) among livestock-associated Acinetobacter is sporadic and mediated by highly diverse plasmidomes

The emergence of plasmid-borne tet(X) genes mediated high-level resistance of tigecycline largely threatening its clinical effectiveness. Currently, the dissemination pattern of plasmid-borne tet(X) genes remains unclear. In this study, 684 fecal and environmental samples were collected at six livestock farms, and 15 tet(X)-positive Acinetobacter isolates were recovered, mainly including 9 tet(X3)- and 5 tet(X6)-positive A. towneri strains. A clonal dissemination of tet(X3)-positive A. towneri was detected in a swine farm, while the tet(X6)-positive A. towneri strains mainly sporadically disseminated in the same farm. A tet(X3)-carrying plasmid (pAT181) was self-transmissible from a tigecycline-susceptible A. towneri strain to A. baumannii ATCC17978, causing a 128-fold and 64-512-fold increase in the MIC values of tigecycline and the other tetracyclines, respectively. Worrisomely, pAT181 was stably maintained and increased the growth rate of ATCC17978. Further identification of tet(X)s in 10,680 Acinetobacter genomes retrieved from GenBank revealed that, tet(X3) (n=249) followed by tet(X5)-like (n=61) and tet(X6) (n=53) are the prevalent alleles mainly carried by four species, and most of them are livestock associated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of tet(X3)- and tet(X6)-positive isolates disseminate sporadically. The structures of tet(X3) and tet(X6) plasmidomes are highly diverse and no epidemic plasmids have emerged yet. However, cross-species and cross-region transmissions of tet(X3) might have been mediated by several plasmids in a small proportion of strains. Our study evidence that tet(X3) and tet(X6) currently disseminate sporadically in Acinetobacter. Continuous surveillance for tet(X)s in the context of One Health is necessary to prevent them from transmitting to humans. Importance Recently identified plasmid-borne tet(X) genes highly challenged the efficiency of tigecycline, a last resort antibiotic for severe infection. Currently, the dissemination pattern of plasmid-borne tet(X) genes remains unclear. In this study, we first identified plasmid-borne tet(X)-positive Acinetobacter spp. strains from fecal and environmental samples collected at six livestock farms. A clonal dissemination of tet(X3)-positive A. towneri was detected in a swine farm, while the tet(X6)-positive A. towneri strains mainly disseminated sporadically in the same farm. A tet(X3)-carrying plasmid was found self-transmissible resulting in enhanced tigecycline resistance and growth rate. Further exploring a global dataset of tet(X)-positive Acinetobacter genomes retried from GenBank revealed that most of tet(X3) and tet(X6)-positive isolates share highly distant relationship, and the structures of tet(X3) and tet(X6) plasmidomes are highly diverse. Our study evidence that tet(X3) and tet(X6) disseminate sporadically in Acinetobacter and continuous surveillance for tet(X)s in the context of One Health is necessary.
Photorealistic Reconstruction of Visual Texture From EEG Signals

Recent advances in brain decoding have made it possible to classify image categories based on neural activity. Increasing numbers of studies have further attempted to reconstruct the image itself. However, because images of objects and scenes inherently involve spatial layout information, the reconstruction usually requires retinotopically organized neural data with high spatial resolution, such as fMRI signals. In contrast, spatial layout does not matter in the perception of ‘texture’, which is known to be represented as spatially global image statistics in the visual cortex. This property of ‘texture’ enables us to reconstruct the perceived image from EEG signals, which have a low spatial resolution. Here, we propose an MVAE-based approach for reconstructing texture images from visual evoked potentials measured from observers viewing natural textures such as the textures of various surfaces and object ensembles. This approach allowed us to reconstruct images that perceptually resemble the original textures with a photographic appearance. A subsequent analysis of the dynamic development of the internal texture representation in the VGG network showed that the reproductivity of texture rapidly improves at 200 ms latency in the lower layers but improves more gradually in the higher layers. The present approach can be used as a method for decoding the highly detailed ‘impression’ of sensory stimuli from brain activity.
The Mus musculus papillomavirus type 1 E7 protein binds to the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor - implications for viral pathogenesis

The species specificity of papillomaviruses has been a significant roadblock for performing in vivo pathogenesis studies in common model organisms. The Mus musculus papillomavirus type 1 (MmuPV1) causes cutaneous papillomas that can progress to squamous cell carcinomas in laboratory mice. The papillomavirus E6 and E7 genes encode proteins that establish and maintain a cellular milieu that allows for viral genome synthesis and viral progeny synthesis in growth-arrested, terminally differentiated keratinocytes. The E6 and E7 proteins provide this activity by binding to and functionally reprogramming key cellular regulatory proteins. The MmuPV1 E7 protein lacks the canonical LXCXE motif that mediates the binding of multiple viral oncoproteins to the cellular retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, RB1. Our proteomic experiments, however, revealed that MmuPV1 E7 still interacts specifically with RB1. We show that MmuPV1 E7 interacts through its C-terminus with the C-terminal domain of RB1. Binding of MmuPV1 E7 to RB1 did not cause significant activation of E2F-regulated cellular genes. MmuPV1 E7 expression was shown to be essential for papilloma formation. Experimental infection of mice with MmuPV1 virus expressing an E7 mutant that is defective for binding to RB1 caused delayed onset, lower incidence, and smaller sizes of papillomas. Our results demonstrate that the MmuPV1 E7 gene is essential and that targeting non-canonical activities of RB1, which are independent of RB1’s ability to modulate the expression of E2F-regulated genes, contribute to papillomavirus-mediated pathogenesis. Importance Papillomavirus infections cause a variety of epithelial hyperplastic lesions, warts. While most warts are benign, some papillomaviruses cause lesions that can progress to squamous cell carcinomas and approximately 5% of all human cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The papillomavirus E6 and E7 proteins are thought to function to reprogram host epithelial cells to enable viral genome replication in terminally differentiated, normally growth-arrested cells. E6 and E7 lack enzymatic activities and function by interacting and functionally altering host cell regulatory proteins. Many cellular proteins that can interact with E6 and E7 have been identified, but the biological relevance of these interactions for viral pathogenesis has not been determined. This is because papillomaviruses are species-specific and do not infect heterologous hosts. Here we use a recently established mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) model to investigate the role of the E7 protein in viral pathogenesis. We show that MmuPV1 E7 is necessary for papilloma formation. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB1) is targeted by many papillomaviral E7 proteins, including cancer-associated HPVs. We show that MmuPV1 E7 can bind RB1 and that infection with a mutant MmuPV1 virus that expresses an RB1 binding defective E7 mutant caused smaller and fewer papillomas that arise with delayed kinetics.
The DNA methylation landscape of five pediatric-tumor types

Fewer DNA mutations have been identified in pediatric tumors than adult tumors, suggesting that alternative tumorigenic mechanisms, including aberrant DNA methylation, may play a prominent role in pediatric tumors. Methylation is an epigenetic process of regulating gene expression in which methyl groups are attached to DNA molecules, often in promoter regions. In Wilms tumors and acute myeloid leukemias, increased levels of epigenetic silencing have been associated with worse patient outcomes. However, to date, researchers have studied methylation primarily in adult tumors and for specific genes but not on a pan-pediatric cancer scale. We addressed these gaps first by aggregating methylation data from 309 noncancerous samples and establishing baseline expectations for each gene. Even though these samples represent diverse tissue types and population ancestral groups, methylation levels were highly consistent for most genes. Second, we compared tumor methylation levels against these baseline values for five pediatric cancer types—Wilms tumors, clear cell sarcomas of the kidney, rhabdoid tumors, neuroblastomas, and osteosarcomas. Hypermethylation was more common than hypomethylation—as many as 11.8% of genes were hypermethylated in a given tumor, compared to a maximum of 4.8% for hypomethylated genes. For each cancer type, genes with the highest variance exhibited consistently divergent methylation patterns for distinct patient subsets. We evaluated whether genomic and epigenomic abnormalities contribute to pediatric tumorigenesis in a mutually exclusive manner but did not find evidence of this phenomenon. Furthermore, even though oncogenes are commonly upregulated in tumors, and tumor-suppressor genes are commonly downregulated in tumors, we did not find statistical evidence that methylation drives such patterns on a broad scale in pediatric tumors.
Lack of Cdk5 activity is involved on Dopamine Transporter expression and function: Evidences from an animal model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most diagnosed psychiatric disorders nowadays. The core symptoms of the condition include hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattention. The main pharmacological treatment consists of psychostimulant drugs affecting Dopamine Transporter (DAT) function. We have previously shown that genetically modified mice lacking p35 protein (p35KO), which have reduced Cdk5 activity, present key hallmarks resembling those described in animal models useful for studying ADHD. The p35KO mouse displays spontaneous hyperactivity and shows a calming effect of methylphenidate or amphetamine treatment. Interestingly, dopaminergic neurotransmission is altered in these mice as they have an increased Dopamine (DA) content together with a low DA turnover. This led us to hypothesize that the lack of Cdk5 activity affects DAT expression and/or function in this animal model. In this study, we performed biochemical assays, cell-based approaches, quantitative fluorescence analysis and functional studies that allowed us to demonstrate that p35KO mice exhibit decreased DA uptake and reduced cell surface DAT expression levels in the striatum (STR). These findings are supported by in vitro observations in which the inhibition of Cdk5 activity in N2a cells induced a significant increase in constitutive DAT endocytosis with a concomitant increase in DAT localization to recycling endosomes. Taken together, these data provide evidences regarding the role of Cdk5/p35 in DAT expression and function, thus contributing to the knowledge of DA neurotransmission physiology and also providing therapeutic options for the treatment of DA pathologies such as ADHD.
Perceptual coupling and decoupling of the default mode network during mind-wandering and reading

While reading, the mind can wander to unrelated autobiographical information, creating a perceptually-decoupled state detrimental to narrative comprehension. To understand how this mind-wandering state emerges, we asked whether retrieving autobiographical content necessitates functional disengagement from visual input. In Experiment 1, brain activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an experimental situation mimicking naturally occurring mind-wandering, allowing us to precisely delineate neural regions involved in memory and reading. Individuals read expository texts and ignored personally relevant autobiographical memories, as well as the opposite situation. Medial regions of the default mode network (DMN) were recruited during memory retrieval. In contrast, left temporal and lateral prefrontal regions of the DMN, as well as ventral visual cortex, were recruited when reading for comprehension. Experiment 2 used functional connectivity at rest to establish that (i) DMN regions linked to memory are more functionally decoupled from regions of ventral visual cortex than regions in the same network engaged when reading, and (ii) individuals reporting more mind-wandering and worse comprehension, while reading in the lab, showed increased functional decoupling between visually-connected DMN sites important for reading and a region of dorsal occipital cortex linked to autobiographical memory in Experiment 1. These data suggest we lose track of the narrative when our mind wanders because the generation of autobiographical mental content relies on cortical regions within the DMN which are functionally decoupled from ventral visual regions engaged during reading. Significance statement When the mind wanders during reading, we lose track of information from the narrative. We hypothesised that poor comprehension occurs because retrieving autobiographical memories reduces the perceptual coupling necessary to understand written words. We show that default mode network (DMN) areas involved in reading are functionally more connected to ventral visual regions than DMN regions important for autobiographical memory. Furthermore, individuals who mind-wander more, and comprehend less, have weaker connectivity between visually-coupled DMN regions linked to reading and dorsal occipital areas linked to autobiographical memory. These data suggest that when our minds wander during reading, retrieval of personally-relevant information activates DMN regions that are functionally disconnected from visual input, creating a perceptually decoupled state detrimental to comprehension.
Detecting multiple equilibria for continuous dependent variables

Abstract This article considers structural equations where continuous dependent variables are related to independent variables and unobservables through a nonparametric function. Multiple equilibria may arise when the structural equations admit multiple solutions. This article proposes a detecting criterion for the existence of multiple equilibria. The main finding is that multiple equilibria would reveal itself in the form of jump(s) in the density function of the dependent variables. When there is a unique equilibrium, the density function of dependent variables will be continuous, whereas when there are multiple equilibria, the density will have jump(s) under reasonable conditions.