Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of potassium (K) and potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) growth, yield, quality parameters and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment entitled Effect of potassium and potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) on growth, yield, quality parameters and nutrient content of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Var. GW 366 was conducted on clayey soils of Junagadh having status of low available nitrogen and medium available phosphorus and potassium during rabi season of 2017-18 at Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The experiment comprised of 16 treatments having four levels of potassium (K) (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) and four levels of potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 lit ha-1) carried out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) replicated at thrice. The experimental results revealed that application of 60 kg K2O ha-1 (K3) with KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2) as soil application promoted growth parameters viz., grain & straw yield, number of effective tillers per meter row, total tillers per meter row, spikelet’s per spike, spike length and also quality parameter like test weight, protein content was found significant influenced by 60 kg K2O ha-1 with KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2) recorded this treatment over the 0 kg K2O ha-1. Potassium content in straw and grain at all stages significantly affected by 60 kg K2O ha-1 with KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2) over control.
Postembryonic development of the cephalic skeleton in Dicentrarchus labrax (Pisces, Perciformes, Serranidae)

At hatching, Dicentrarchus labrax larvae are 3.0 mm long and devoid of any cephalic skeleton. At 3.6 mm, the Meckelian cartilage appears, after which the whole skeleton develops so slowly and gradually that clear-cut stages are impossible to define. Some cephalic elements, however, develop faster than others. Skeletal development is subject to constraints imposed by vital functions such as aquatic respiration and feeding. As the yolk sac shrinks, the branchial parts develop. By the time the vitellus is completely exhausted, the mandible, pharyngeal jaws, hyoid bar, and parts of the suspensorium and operculum are present. Though still incomplete, these structures are probably sufficient to allow ingestion of exogenous food. Further development should enable the larvaes to perform suction feeding, as is typical of perciforms. Before the shift to exogenous feeding, the cartilaginous floor of the skull remains open, but the opening is then closed by the parasphenoid and basioccipital, so the brain is completely isolated from the buccal cavity. The cranial vault and ethmoid region develop later: these structures are probably less essential to fry survival than the earlier and more rapidly developing structures.
Pacific Hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and Black Hagfish, E. deani: The Oregon Fishery and Port Sampling Observations, 1988-92

In 1988, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began sampling and monitoring the development of a new fishery for Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and black hagfish, E. deani. Hagfish landings by Oregon trap vessels have ranged from 11,695 kg in 1988 to 340,774 kg in 1992. Whole frozen fish were shipped to South Korea for the "eel skin" leather market. From 1988 through 1989, I sampled 924 Pacific hagfish and 897 black hagfish from commercial and research catches. Mean length of fish sampled from commercial landings was 39.6 cmf or Pacific hagfish and 34.5 cm for black hagfish. Weight-length relationships (W=aLb) were calculated for males and females of both species. Fifty percent maturity for male and female Pacific hagfish was 35 cm and 42 cm, respectively, while 50% maturityf or male and female black hagfish was 34 cm and 38 cm, respectively. Examination of gonads for both species indicated that spawning either occurs throughout the year or the spawning period is protracted. Mature females of both species had from one to three distinct sizes of eggs, but they usually carried only one group of eggs over 5 mm in length. Mature Pacific hagfish females averaged 28 eggs over 5 mm in length, and black hagfish females averaged 14 eggs over 5 mm in length. Hermaphroditism was found in 0.2% of the Pacific hagfish examined.
Locular Gel Formation in Developing Tomato Fruit and the Initiation of Ethylene Production

Ethylene production by developing tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Sunny) increased 3- to 5-fold at the time of gel formation in the locules, followed by a larger (20-fold) increase at the breaker stage. When the levels of ACC and the activities of ACC synthase and ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) were measured in different portions of the fruit during maturation, the first increases were observed in the locular tissue coincident with gel formation, followed by changes in the placental and columella tissue. Later changes in ACC, ACC synthase, and EFE in the radial and outer pericarp corresponded to the marked increased in ethylene production that occurred at the breaker stage. Treatment of immature fruit with 50 μl·liter−1 ethylene enhanced the rate of gel formation markedly with no apparent lag time, but the stimulation was dependent on continuous presence of ethylene. These results indicate that the onset of ethylene production occurs in the locule tissue of green tomato fruit prior to its initiation in the pericarp and that the locule cells may develop greater sensitivity to ethylene at an earlier stage than pericarp cells. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Interaction of he Epsin N-Terminal Homology domain (ENTH) with artificial membranes as a function of lateral tension

During endocytosis, membrane remodeling of a planar membrane into a highly curved vesicle is controlled by a complex protein machinery. However, the regulatory role of physical properties such as membrane tension is highly debated. At the beginning of the formation of a vesicle during clathrin mediated endocytosis, the protein epsin binds to its receptor lipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Upon binding, a previously unstructured part of the epsin N-terminal homology domain (ENTH) forms an α-helix, which inserts into the membrane. Experiments using artificial lipid bilayers were performed to study the interaction of ENTH and lipid bilayers as a function of lipid composition and membrane tension. The binding affinity of ENTH to PIP2 was analyzed for different lipid compositions and membrane topologies. Similar affinities of ENTH binding to PIP2 in the high nanomolar range were measured, independent of the used lipid composition and membrane topology investigated. Protruded pore-spanning membranes were established to investigate the remodeling activity of ENTH as a function of lipid composition. Binding of ENTH to membranes having a large area compressibility modulus and a high lysis tension resulted in growth of the membrane protrusions. Binding of ENTH to membranes with a lower area compressibility modulus and lysis tension resulted in the formation of membrane defects. For all lipid compositions analyzed, no vesiculation or tubulation was observed after binding of ENTH. To analyze whether the high membrane tension of the protruded pore-spanning membranes suppresses any membrane remodeling ability of ENTH, experiments with giant unilamellar vesicles adhering to a solid support were conducted. The vesicles’ adhesion strength and lateral tension was adjusted to analyze the ENTH’s remodeling ability at lateral tensions corresponding to low and high membrane tensions found in cells. The formation of membrane tubes was observed for vesicles having a low membrane tension. Increasing the membrane tension resulted in a suppression of tube formation. Independent of the membrane tension, flattening of the vesicles was monitored after binding of ENTH. The inserted ENTH helix disturbs lipid packing, which reduces the area compressibility modulus and thus the bending rigidity of the membranes. The reduced bending rigidity lowers the energy required for the generation of membrane curvature. As the inserted helix of ENTH also splays the lipid head groups, thereby inducing local curvature, the combination of both mechanisms is expected to efficiently initiate the formation of a vesicle during clathrin mediated endocytosis.
Comparaison au Large White de quatre races locales porcines françaises pour les performances de croissance, de carcasse et de qualité de la viande

Le but de cette étude est de comparer les performances de croissance, carcasse et qualité de la viande de quatre races porcines locales (Gasconne, Basque, Limousine et Blanc de l’Ouest) par rapport à un témoin Large-White. Cette comparaison a été effectuée dans deux conditions d’élevages différentes et pour deux poids d’abattage (100 et 150 kg). Après engraissement, un tiers des animaux ont été abattus à 100 kg. Les autres ont été répartis entre deux types de finition semi-claustration ou extensive et ont été abattus vers un poids de 150 kg. Les résultats ont permis de confirmer les faibles performances des races locales par rapport au témoin pour la vitesse de croissance, l’efficacité alimentaire et l’adiposité des carcasses. Les analyses biochimiques pratiquées sur les carcasses d’animaux abattus à 100 kg ont révélé des taux de lipides intramusculaires supérieurs pour les races locales par rapport aux témoins, sans doute à mettre en relation avec l’adiposité des carcasses. Les tests organoleptiques ont souligné la texture plus grasse et moins ferme des rôtis de races locales, qui pourrait expliquer leur préférence par les consommateurs. Enfin, l’élevage de type extensif pénalise les performances d’engraissement mais les carcasses produites s’avèrent plus maigres. Les résultats à venir de la transformation et des tests organoleptiques sur les jambons sel-secs feront l’objet d’une publication ultérieure et permettront d’établir les effets du mode d’élevage et du type génétique sur l’aptitude à la transformation et la qualité du produit final.
Serology and characterization of toxigenic Bacillus cereus

The paper deals with the pathogenicity of B. cereus in food poisoning, particularly the characteristics of the isolates and of the toxins (enterotoxin and emetic toxin), with methods of detecting organisms from outbreaks of food poisoning and their toxigenicities, with testing of milk products for contamination with B. cereus, and with growth and toxin production of isoaltes from milk
Distribution of toxic dinoflagellates along the leaves of seagrass Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa from the Gulf of Tunis

Distribution de Dinoflagelles toxiques sur les feuilles de Posidonia oceanica et Cymodocea nodosa dans le Golfe de Tunis. Cette etude porte sur les premiers resultats relatifs a la presence de dinoflagelles epiphytes dans le Golfe de Tunis. Il s'agit de trois especes potentiellement toxiques qui sont rencontrees sur les feuilles des phanerogames marines : Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge 1975, Ostreopsis siamensis Schmidt, 1901 et Coolia monotis Meunier 1919. De juin 2001 a mai 2002, la distribution de ces especes a ete suivie au niveau des herbiers de Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile dans la region de La Marsa (golfe de Tunis). P. lima y est l'espece dominante, deux pics d'abondance ont ete enregistres au printemps et en automne. O. siamensis presente des concentrations maximales d'aout a septembre alors que C. monotis prolifere en septembre et en mai. L'assemblage de ces microalgues epiphytes est caracterise par une concentration elevee enregistree a partir du mois d'aout jusqu'en octobre. Ces microalgues, en particulier P. lima, sont beaucoup plus abondantes au niveau des herbiers a Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Asherson qui constituerait un substrat plus favorable.
GYNODIOECY IN PHACELIA LINEARIS (HYDROPHYLLACEAE)

Gynodioecy is a dimorphic breeding system in which hermaphrodite and female in- dividuals coexist in populations. Theoretical models have shown that if nuclear genes control sex expression, then gynodioecy can evolve only when females have large advantages in one or more fitness components. These female advantages must be large enough that females' expected lifetime production of viable seeds is more than twice that of hermaphrodites. Previous studies have found that cytoplasmic inheritance and/or a large offspring-vigor advantage of females (caused by her- maphrodite self-pollination and inbreeding depression of selfed seeds) account for this breeding system's evolution. This paper reports studies of gynodioecy in Phacelia linearis, an insect-polli- nated annual plant in which gender inheritance appears to be nuclear. Twenty-six P. linearis populations surveyed in northern Utah, USA, contain a majority of perfect-flowered hermaph- rodites, but most (22) also contain male-sterile individuals (females), at frequencies of up to 0.16. The hermaphrodite selfing rate is low (0.00-0.20 in four populations). Maternal gender does not consistently affect components of offspring vigor, such as seed size, germination rate, seedling survivorship, and vegetative size. Plants of the two genders do not differ in number of seeds per fruit or mean seed mass. Females produce significantly more fruits and seeds than hermaphrodites in natural populations. The ratio of the mean lifetime seed production of females to the mean lifetime seed production of hermaphrodites ranged from 1.31 to 2.52 in six natural populations. Females have greater shoot biomass than hermaphrodites and produce more seeds at any given shoot biomass than hermaphrodites, suggesting that their seed-production advantage arises from gender-specific patterns of resource allocation to growth and reproduction. The gender difference in plant size varies across environments and across genetic backgrounds. In this species nuclear gynodioecy appears to be evolutionarily stable mainly because of resource compensation by females, without a large outcrossing advantage of females.
Genetic inheritance of restricted herbicide translocation in a glyphosate-resistant Lolium perenne population

ABSTRACT One of the crucial factors in the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is the mode of inheritance. Experiments were conducted to determine the inheritance of glyphosate resistance in a population of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) caused by restricted glyphosate translocation. First, the degree of dominance of the glyphosate resistance trait was evaluated by generating first filial generation families through pair-crossing resistant with susceptible plants. Dose-response experiments showed that these first generation families had an intermediate level of glyphosate resistance compared with that of the parent plants. The phenotypic segregation of the resistance trait was then investigated by backcrossing the first generation offspring with individuals from the original susceptible population. Results obtained from spraying the resulting backcrossed families with two rates of glyphosate gave segregation values that best fitted the one-gene model. Hence, glyphosate resistance in perennial ryegrass caused by the restricted herbicide translocation trait is controlled by a single nuclear gene with incomplete dominance.
Walking the talk Enacted ethical climates as psychological contract venues for potential whistleblowers

Purpose – Based on exchange theory and the generalized norm of reciprocity, psychological contracts perceived by employees are believed to have dysfunctional consequences for organizations if breached. This paper aims to study the willingness of employees to report fraud, as such is an important aspect of internal control for organizations. Design/methodology/approach – A 2 2 between-subjects experiment was conducted in which 99 participants with diverse accounting backgrounds were first asked questions about their preconceived beliefs (psychological contract) regarding how reports of unethical conduct would be managed, and their reaction if these beliefs were broken (psychological contract violation). Participants were given a hypothetical situation of fraud and then asked to indicate their likelihood of reporting fraud to a supervisor. Findings – The main hypotheses are that employees will be less likely to report fraud when the organization fails to signal the presence of a positive ethical environment or when management reacts weakly to previous reports of unethical activity. The data and findings support these hypotheses. Additional testing also reveals that a psychological contract violation mediates the relationship between the outcome of previous reports and the intention to report fraud. Research limitations/implications – As with any experimental study, this study’s results come with limitations. Reading an overly simplistic scenario that omits real world details and providing intention to report is very different from actually reporting fraud in one’s own place of employment. Therefore, reporting intentions may vary from actual reporting behavior. Further, reporting motivation (self-defense, altruism, etc.) and concern over retaliation are not measured. Practical implications – Employees have expectations surrounding ethical corporate environments. Psychological contract violations occur as a result of broken expectations and are common in the workforce. In this study, a breakdown in the internal control environment because of a poor ethical culture, caused an even greater breakdown in internal controls because of employees’ decreased reporting intentions. Social implications – Psychological contract violations impact employees’ intention to report fraud. These violations need to be understood so that additional measures and safeguards can be instituted when employees are not acting as a fraud defense or detection mechanism. During such times when there is a breakdown in this type of internal control (that is, when employees might be hesitant to report fraud), extra safeguards against fraud, additional procedures to detect fraud, and enhanced employee training encouraging reporting of suspected unethical conduct, become evenmore important. Originality/value – Strong experimental methods provide a rigorous way to evaluate a problem of our day: job insecurity caused by rampant organizational turbulence. The hidden cost is expressed in terms of how less can be expected of employees as a first line of defense against fraud.
The Role of Glutaminase and Extracellular Vesicles in Macrophages and Microglia

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important in the intercellular communication in the central nervous system. Their release is increased during neuroinflammation and neurological disorders. Our previous data demonstrated an increased release of EVs from HIV-1-infected macrophages, and that these EVs have neurotoxic effects. However, the mechanism of elevation of EV release in those HIV-1-infected cells remains unknown. In our current study, we investigated glutaminase 1 (GLS1), which is a mitochondrial enzyme critical for glutamine metabolism. GLS1 is upregulated in HIV-1-infected macrophages and microglia. We propose that HIV-1 infection increases GLS1, leading to a metabolic status that favors the EVs generation and release. This new understanding of the metabolic control of EV release in HIV-1-infected cells will shed light on HIV-1 pathobiology and neurological complications. Cultures of human primary microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages culture system and macrophage-tropic HIV-1ADA were used to study the regulation of EVs during HIV-1 infection. EVs were isolated through differential centrifugations. A gene overexpression system, delivered via adenovirus vector, was utilized to overexpress GLS1 in the cell culture to mimic the upregulation of GLS1 during HIV-1 infection. A brain-specific GLS1 transgenic mouse line was created to model GLS1 elevation in vivo. BPTES was used to specifically inhibit GLS1 activity. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blot were used to quantify the EVs released from cells and brain tissues. Glutamate and glutamine
Whole Genome Expression in Mice Containing a Human Mannose Binding Gene (hMBL): Examining the Immunological Role of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) 3F8 In Attenuating Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries

During a myocardial ischemic event, acute occlusion sets in motion cell necrosis and myocardial tissue injury referred to as a myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. The resultant injury is triggered by an immunological response of which a major contributor involves the complement cascade of innate immune system involving mannose binding lectin (MBL). Few anti-complement therapeutics however have been approved for clinical use. Those studies to date have involved extensive whole genome expression in murine models of MI/R injury to assist in drug target elucidation. Studies performed have examined genomic traits and expression of mouse MBL (mMBL), which is not one hundred percent homologous to human mannose binding lectin (hMBL). In this study, novel hMBL mice treated with a novel mAb 3F8 were protected from MI/R injury as measured by area at risk and myocardial infarct staining when compared to control mice. Whole genome expression with the use of microarray was performed between hMBL mice undergoing MI/R treated with either a novel recombinant mAb 3F8 or mAb 1C10 as control. Mice treated with mAb 3F8 compared to mice treated with 1C10 revealed a significant down regulation in uncharacterized genes of the lncRNA family. Molecular modeling was used to study the three dimensional structural characteristics of mAb 3F8 recognition of hMBL. Within the hinge region of hMBL three possible locations were identified for the mAb 3F8 epitope for hMBL. These structurally similar locations offer possible insight into the ability of mAb 3F8 in protecting against MI/R injuries. These findings
Effects of geometrical configurations of photobioreactors on the growth of marine benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium / Fotobiyoreaktörlerin geometrik konfigürasyonlarının sucul bentik diatom Cylindrotheca closterium üremesi üzerine etkisi

Abstract Objective: For algal biotechnology, the primary barrier is the developing of cost effective photobioreactor operating in a high-efficiency. In this study, the effects of three different types of photobioreactors (bag, flat plate and bubble column) on the growth and sugar production of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium were simultaneously investigated for 7 days of batch cultivation period. Methods: The photobioreactors were incubated at 21±2°C under the light intensity of 50 μmol photons m-2s-1 with a 12: 12 h light: dark cycle photoperiod at the air flow rate of 2 L min-1 for 7 days of batch productions. The turbidity (optical density), chlorophyll-a, exopolysaccharide (EPS) content and reducing sugar concentration were measured. Results: The maximum specific growth rate of 0.29 day−1, which corresponded to the doubling time of 2.40 day, was obtained in the bag photobioreactor cultivation of C. closterium. It was found that the polyethylene bag photobioreactors are suitable for the production of diatoms as a closed photobioreactor. Conclusion: The key is not only the selection of geometrical configuration of photobioreactor, but also the determination of the light penetration path for cost effective photobioreactor design operating in high efficiency related to the algal productions.