Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Oxidation Reactivity of Holes in the Sulfur- and Carbon-Doped TiO2 Powders Studied by Time-Resolved Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

The photocatalytic oxidation reactivities of the photogenerated holes (h+) during ultraviolet or visible laser flash photolysis of pure anatase and sulfur- and carbon-doped TiO2 powders were investigated using time-resolved diffuse reflectance (TDR) spectroscopy. The one-electron oxidation processes of substrates such as methanol and 4-(methylthio)phenyl methanol (MTPM) by h+ at the TiO2 surface were examined. The TDR spectra and time traces observed for charge carriers and the MTPM radical cation (MTPM•+) revealed that the oxidation reactions of substrates by h+ generated during the 355-nm laser photolysis of TiO2 powders increased in the order of pure TiO2 > S-doped TiO2 > C-doped TiO2. On the other hand, no one-electron oxidation reactions of the substrates were observed during the 430-nm laser photolysis of the S- and C-doped TiO2 powders, although the charge carriers were sufficiently generated upon excitation. The effects of the trapping and detrapping processes of h+ at the doping sites on the oxid.
Exploring Historical Document Collections with HistoRadar

We present our use of Natural Language Processing techniques to guide the exploration of historical document collections and assist in note taking. Our application is polished enough for actual use by historians without special knowledge of NLP or computer programming. Weprovide ready-to-use Java executable ﬁles for mainstream operative systems (Linux, Microsoft Windows, MacOS X), and the source code is freely available under the General Public License[5].
On the Arrangement of Ions in Imidazolium-Based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids at the Gas−Liquid Interface, Using Sum Frequency Generation, Surface Potential, and Surface Tension Measurements

The characterization of three ionic liquids [BMIM][BF4], [BMIM][DCA], and [BMIM][MS] having a common cation and with anions of varying sizes and shapes was performed with three complementary surface techniques: sum frequency generation-polarization mapping, surface tension measurement, and surface potential measurement. Custom vacuum cells were designed for each technique to be able to perform measurements in a highly controlled environment minimizing the presence of water and other contaminants, which may compromise measured values. SFG results show evidence of having anions and cations present on the surface with the butyl chain of the cation positioned toward the gas phase and the imidazolium ring mostly parallel to the surface plane. Results from the surface potential measurements reveal the relative positions of the ions where the anions are located at a slightly lower plane compared to the cations. Observed values from the surface tension measurements denote surface intermolecular interactions indic.
Land Use Changes Do Not Rapidly Change the Trophic State of a Deep Lake. Amvrakia Lake, Greece

The study of physicochemical and biological parameters can assess the trend of a lake’s trophic state. A trophic state index (TSI) was used to assess eutrophication of LakeAmvrakia. Total phosphorus and chlorophyll concentrations that recorded were generally at the same level with those recorded in previous years, a fact which indicates that lake’s trophic state did not change. But in the past ten years, agricultural uses have been modified by almost 25% of the catchment area, because of the major reduction of tobacco cultivation. One year of monthly monitoring, in nine sampling stations can report this result. Even if the catchment is small and the agricultural areas are the 47% of the basin, the water quality of the lake did not change. The trophic state is stable probably because the lake is deep monomictic, and seasonally anoxic. For this reason internal phosphorus contribution is very important in the deep hypolimnion.
The reliability and limitations of google translate: a bilingual, bidirectional and genre-based evaluation

espanolLa popularidad de los sistemas de traduccion automatica, que permiten a los usuarios obtener al instante traducciones de cualquier texto, se ha visto aumentada desde su creacion. Uno de los sistemas mas utilizados es Google Translate, herramienta de traduccion automatica estadistica en la que se centra este trabajo. Con el objetivo de evaluar su fiabilidad, se han analizado traducciones de textos turisticos y de resumenes de partidos de futbol en linea, proporcionadas por la herramienta, y los errores mas relevantes de las mismas se han clasificado en cuatro categorias: lexico-gramaticales, sintacticos, pragmaticos y de puntuacion. A traves de esta clasificacion, se han determinado las principales limitaciones linguisticas de Google Translate. Es importante mencionar las tres variables fundamentales que se hancombinado para la creacion del corpus: idioma (ingles/espanol), direccion de la traduccion (de ingles a espanol y viceversa) y genero de los textos (turisticos y de prensa deportiva). EnglishThe popularity of machine translation systems (or CAT, computer-assisted translation), which enable their users to obtain automatically generated translations of any text, has been increasing ever since they were created. One of the most widely used machine translation is Google Translate, a statistical system whose performance is the object of study of this paper. In order to evaluate its reliability, a small-scale study has been carried out in which translations of tourist texts and football match reports published online generated by the tool have been analysed, and the most representative mistakes found in terms of frequency have been classified at a lexicogrammatical, syntactic, pragmatic and punctuation level. Based on these findings, the main linguistic limitations of Google Translate have been established. It is worth highlighting the fact that three crucial variables have intervened in the corpus compilation, namely language (English/Spanish), direction of the translation (English into Spanish and vice versa) and genre of the texts (tourist and sports).
Nanoscale Biomemory Device Consisted of Redox Protein

The basic principles in development of new functional devices can be inspired from the biological systems such as molecular recognition, electron transfer chain, or photosynthetic reaction center. By mimicking organization of the functional molecules in the biological system, molecular electronic devices can be realized artificially. Because the basic paradigm for electronic information storage is retention of charge in a capacitor, the most straightforward approach to molecular scale memory would store charges at the molecular level. Another, more fundamental, approach would utilize the oxidation states of individual molecules to store charge. This technique has the advantage that multiple oxidation-reduction states within one molecule can be addressed to access multibit. Redox-active biomolecules have charged states at various potential. Application of a reducing potential causes the biomolecules to obtain electrons, resulting in a negatively charged monolayer. When an oxidizing potential is applied, electron-transfer returns the molecules to the neutral state. In this study, molecular information storage of self-assembled layer of spinach ferredoxin was investigated by applying the reduction potential as a write function and measuring the stored reducing charge as a read function.
Model-free two-step design for improving transient learning performance in nonlinear optimal regulator problems

—Reinforcement learning (RL) provides a model-free approach to designing an optimal controller for nonlinear dynamical systems. However, the learning process requires a considerable number of trial-and-error experiments using the poorly controlled system, and accumulates wear and tear on the plant. Thus, it is desirable to maintain some degree of control performance during the learning process. In this paper, we propose a model-free two-step design approach to improve the transient learning performance of RL in an optimal regulator design problem for unknown nonlinear systems. Speciﬁcally, a linear control law pre-designed in a model-free manner is used in parallel with online RL to ensure a certain level of performance at the early stage of learning. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method improves the transient learning performance and efﬁciency in hyperparameter tuning of RL.
Mercury and arsenic in the gold mining regions of the Ankobra River basin in Ghana

The river Ankobra flows through the principal gold mining centres in Western Ghana, draining a total area of 8272 km 2 to join the Atlantic ocean. Mercury is used by thousands of small-scale miners in the region to amalgamate gold. Ores mined in some deep shafts and surface mines are arsenopyrites and the region is marked by the presence of heaps of arsenic - rich mine tailings from both past and recent activities. This study was conducted to assess the impact of mining activities on the distribution and speciation of arsenic and mercury in the aquatic environment of the Ankobra River. In all, water (filtered and non-filtered) and bed sediments were collected from various locations within the watershed. Principal parameters investigated include total mercury, arsenic(III), arsenic(V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). Seasonal and spatial variations of these parameters were investigated. Quality control systems were adopted at both the environmental and analytical stages of the study. In general, area, close to the mining centres are the most polluted. As(V)/As(III) ratios in water are reversed after the first 100-km of the river length with the onset of industrial influence downstream.
Integral encounter theories of multistage reactions. IV. Account of internal quantum states of reactants

The matrix-form kinetic formalism developed earlier for multistage chemical reactions is generalized to the case of reactants with internal quantum quasiresonant states. Such internal quantum states may arise due to spins of the unpaired electrons of radicals or nuclear spins. The formalism gives an infinite hierarchy for matrix correlation patterns that can be truncated in two different ways. The simplest one reproduces the conventional integral encounter theory (IET). The second way results in the generalized modified encounter theory (MET). In the spinless problems such as intermolecular energy transfer MET is known to improve the results obtained with other methods. Thus we believe that the generalized MET taking account of all binary contributions will have wider applicability range than the conventional IET.
Rapid and simple detection of sodium thiocyanate in milk using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy based on silver aggregates

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used for rapid detection of sodium thiocyanate in milk employing silver aggregates as active substrate. Silver nanoparticles were induced to silver aggregates by trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The limit of detection (LOD) for sodium thiocyanate was 10−2 µg ml−1 in water with an analytical enhancement factor of 5.4 × 106. The silver aggregates represent good reproducibility and stability. Good linear relationship was obtained for sodium thiocyanate in milk at concentration ranges from 0.1 to 10 µg ml−1 (R2 = 0.995). Using TCA as protein precipitator, silver colloid would aggregate spontaneously when mixing with samples during SERS measurement without the need of additional aggregating agent. The simple pretreatment procedures and analytical methods are less time consuming (<10 min) and environmentally friendly, making the proposed method much practical for in situ detection of sodium thiocyanate in market milk. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymer-coated silica nanoparticles for selective recognition and enrichment of lysozyme

Combining surface imprinting with nanomaterials is an effective solution to overcome template removal and achieve large binding capacity. In this work, highly monodisperse and uniform-sized silica nanoparticles (NPs) with average diameter of ∼400 nm were synthesized by using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a single precursor, and then vinyl groups were introduced onto the surface of silica NPs by chemical modification of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MAPS). Subsequently, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coating was copolymerized and anchored onto the surface of vinyl modified silica NPs dispersed in aqueous media with lysozyme (Lyz) as a template. The morphology and structure property of the resultant MIP-coated silica NPs were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The polymerization and adsorption conditions were investigated in detail in order to obtain the highest selectivity and binding capacity. Under the optimized conditions, the imprinted nanoparticles showed higher binding affinity toward the template than non-imprinted (NIP) nanoparticles, and the corresponding imprinted factor (a) reached 1.68. The specificity for Lyz recognition was evaluated with competitive experiments, indicating the imprinted nanoparticles have a higher selectivity for the template. The resultant Lyz-MIP silica NPs could not only selectively extract a target protein from mixed proteins, but also specifically enrich Lyz from human serum. In addition, the stability and regeneration were also investigated, which indicated the imprinted silica NPs had excellent reusability.
Dissociation of carbon dioxide behind reflected shock waves

The apparent dissociation rate of CO2 has been measured by monitoring infrared emission from dilute CO2/Ar mixtures behind reflected shock waves. These experiments covered the temperature range of 3700–5500 °K and a pressure range of 500–800 torr. The Arrhenius parameters (in units of cubic centimeters molecule−1· second−1) of k1 are: log A=−9.98 ± 0.09 and Ea=84.72 ± 1.84 kcal/mole. The effect of impurities was minimized by keeping background pressures in the shock tube below 5 × 10−5 torr. Additional runs with 150 and 465 ppm CH4 added to 1% CO2/Ar mixtures were also made. Assuming CH4 was the only impurity in those runs, numerical integration calculations of the likely mechanism were performed. Quantitative agreement with the experimental results was obtained using literature values for all rate constants and the value of k1 reported above. These results strongly suggest that the impurity levels in the ``clean'' CO2/Ar system were indeed low (∼ 10 ppm) and thus could not account for the anomalously low.
Chemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil profile of a semi arid dry woodland

Abstract The chemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn was examined in the soil profile of the woodland system in Keoladeo National Park, India using a five-step sequential extraction procedure (SEP). Metal partitioning was assessed in the soil up to a depth of 100cm with 25-cm intervals. The amount of metals obtained from the SEP exceeded pseudototal metal levels obtained from aqua regia digestion. The SEP results showed high preferential attachment of metals with Fe—Mn hydroxides. All the three metals showed least preferences to the exchangeable pool. The attachment of metals to the OM-S phase was also less, may be because of the low organic matter in the soil. In the case of Cu, the order of the fractions in terms of metal concentrations was Fe—Mn>RES>OM-S>CA>EXC and in the case of Pb the order was Fe—Mn>OM-S>RES>CA>EXC. Zn was different from Cu and Pb in showing higher affinity towards RES phase and the order of its concentration was RES>Fe—Mn>OM-S>EXC>CA. This suggests hydrous oxides of Fe—Mn as an important binding site for Cu and Pb, whereas silicate mineral matrix (RES phase) for Zn.
A diagrammatic theory of time correlation functions of facilitated kinetic Ising models

We present a diagrammatic formulation of the kinetic theory of time correlation functions for facilitated kinetic Ising models with directed constraints. Such models have been studied because their relaxation properties are similar to those of glass forming liquids and because some of them undergo ergodic–nonergodic transitions. Using a Hilbert space formulation of the dynamics of Markov processes that satisfy a detailed balance condition, we derive a diagrammatic series for the spin autocorrelation function, its memory function, and its irreducible memory function. Using graphical methods we derive various approximations for the irreducible memory function, including approximations equivalent to various versions of the simplified and extended mode coupling theory of Gotze and co-workers. An extended mode coupling theory for the “East model” is compared with simulation data. The theory is accurate at short and intermediate times for all up-spin concentrations and for all times at high up-spin concentratio.
Inorganic and organometallic polymers

Inorganic Polymers: Problems and Prospects. - Organic Polymers - A Brief Survey. - Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes. - Cyclophosphazene-Containing Polymers. - Other Inorganic Polymers that Contain Phosphorus, Boron and Sulfur. - Polysiloxanes. - Polysilanes and Other Silicon-Containing Polymers. - Organometallic Polymers.
A One-parameter Relationship Between Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity And Water Retention

Estimating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity often relies on using water retention characteristics. Because the water retention curves do not provide information about the pore connectivity, an empirical correction is used in capillary bundle models that are fitted to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data. The majority of authors have applied the macroscopic correction expressed as a function of water content. A microscopic correction term expressed as a power function of a pore radius was proposed in the literature but was not tested with a large representative soil data set. The purpose of this work was to apply the "hydraulic conductivity-water retention" model with the microscopic connectivity correction to a large data set to see what accuracy can be achieved and whether it is possible to relate the connectivity parameters to some readily available soil properties. Data for 147 soil horizons were extracted from the unsaturated soil hydraulic database UNSODA. Water retention and hydraulic conductivity data were in the range of capillary pressures >5 kPa and from 5 to 200 kPa, respectively. The model provided an accurate approximation, and root mean square error (RMSE) in estimated log10k was 0.21. Two parameters of the model appeared to be correlated closely so that using only one connectivity parameter was sufficient. Reducing the number of parameters from two to one and refitting the one-parametric model to data decreased the accuracy of the estimates. The RMSE increased from 0.21 to 0.31. That only one empirical parameter was needed to describe the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity helps to reduce the number of measurements of this hydraulic property because a single parameter can be estimated from a limited number of observations.
Influence of electrostatics upon electrospray with the intention of application to colloid thrusters

A thorough experimental and theoretical characteriz ation of the effect of electrostatics on the electrospray process, focusing particularly on the flow rate sensitivity to the applied potential difference (voltage), has been completed. The flow rate and current increase linearly with th e applied voltage within cone-jet mode. The effect of geometry on the flow rate to voltage relationship is sensitive to two parameters – the hydraulic resistance and the varia tion of the electric pressure sensitivity to external geometry. A theoretical and FEM model b ased on the calculation of the electric field provides an explanation of the geome try variation. This allows for an estimation of the change of flow rate with voltage, under any geometrical circumstance. For the first time the effect of voltage on flow ra te across enhanced dripping, pulsed and multi-jet electrospray regimes are outlined. With t he exception of enhanced dripping, a linear increase is noticed within most regimes, and is geometrically sensitive. Also at the onset of cone-jet mode a drop in flow rate occurred . The variation of flow rate with voltage can be appl ied to colloid thrusters to vary the performance. Using the theory outlined in this thes is, an estimate of the flow rate change for a colloid thruster is described, along with its associated performance variation. The effect of voltage on current in cone-jet mode e lectrospray is detailed, with a similar geometric dependence as the flow rate to voltage re lationship established. It is also sensitive to various other parameters, including no mi al flow rate. The stability island of cone-jet mode electrospray is explored, and its relationship to the variation of electric field with voltage is outline d. The effect of emitter and electrode geometry on cone-jet onset voltage and cone-jet vol tage range is outlined.
Application of permittivity mixture laws to carbon black dielectric characterization by time domain reflectometry

A dielectric study is proposed in order to describe the behaviour of a composite polymer conductor such as the combination polypropylene-carbon black, as a function of the charge volume fraction in the range from direct current to 5 GHz by time domain reflectometry (TDR). A mixture law generalization leads to the dielectric characterization of the charge embedded in the composite.
Performance measurements of positron emission tomographs(NEMA NU2-2001)

2001版"PET性能测量"的NEMA(美国电器制造商协会)标准是对1994年版本NEMA标准的修订,使之适合于各类PET(正电子发射体层显像)仪的质量保证和验收测量. 内容主要包括以下几个部分:(1)定义、符号和参考出版物;(2)总论;(3)空间分辨率;(4)散射因子、计数丢失和随机符合测量;(5)灵敏度;(6)精确性:计数丢失和随机符合校正;(7)图像质量、衰减和散射校正精确性.
High‐pressure high‐temperature synthesis of Rh2O3‐II‐type In2O3 polymorph

The metastability of the bixbyite‐ and corundum‐type In2O3 polymorphs up to 33 GPa (at room temperature) is shown. While compressed (in diamond anvil cells) and laser‐heated, both polymorphs undergo a phase transition to the Rh2O3‐II‐type structure (space group Pbcn, No. 60). The direct transition from bixbyite to Rh2O3‐II structure has not yet been observed for any other oxide.
Detection of Depression among Nigerians using Machine Learning Techniques

Depression has always been a cause for concern in Nigeria and a dreadful entity that contributes to suicide rate among the young and the old in the country. In other to reduce the suicide rate and observed the depressive state of Nigerians on Twitter, this research project was tailored towards help highly skilled psychologists in the Nigeria health sector to detect depression among Nigerians. In this research project, various features were used to train different machine learning models in order to detect depression among Nigerians. The best model was a regularized generalized linear model using term frequency inverse document frequency and normalized data with a precision of 0.89, recall of 0.91 and f-measure of 0.90 which will be used by highly skilled psychologist in this domain to identify and detect depressive Nigerians on twitter. From the literature, class imbalance of dataset was dealt with synthetic sample which diminished the recall of their models, but the gap was breached by introducing tweets with positive polarity from a different dataset because positivity in a text has no effect other than positivity. Classification method was used to classify the depressive and non-depressive tweets using various classifiers and regularized generalized linear model with term frequency inverse document frequency and normalized data performed brilliantly. This will help Nigerians a lot in other to curb sudden death and suicide rate among its citizen and reduce high death rate statistics due to depression according to the World Health Organization.