Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Method for Determining Basal Metabolism of Fishes.

Various methods used by other workers in metabolism experiments with fishes were considered inapplicable to studies in which physiological experimentation was to be extended over a considerable period of time. The constant flow method used by Hall 1 was modified for the present study. Hall measured the metabolism of many fishes over short periods of time. The present method is adapted for more detailed studies and provides for greater care of the experimental animals. Although Hall employed urethane to inhibit the movement of the fishes, Wieland (1915) states that the use of urethane causes the CO2 threshold to be raised in the animals thus treated, and Winterstein (1914) concludes that O2 consumption is decreased with the administration of urethane. Injection with urethane would have to be repeated after a 2-hour period, with consequent mechanical injury and metabolic disturbance to the fish; therefore Hall's method of controlling movement would not be applicable to protracted studies. Twenty-eight fishes, 18 individuals of the large mouthed black bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), and 10 of the bluegill, Lepomis incisor (Mitchell), were used. Except in preliminary tests all experiments were carried out on fasting fishes, to obtain conditions more or less comparable with those prescribed for testing basal metabolism in humans. Twenty-four hours were allowed to elapse after the fishes were collected so that the intestine would be empty of fecal matter; each individual was then weighed, and placed in a fish jar in which it was to be tested (Fig. 1 B) for several hours before a series of determinations was begun. Metabolic rate was measured in terms of cc. of oxygen consumed per kilo of body weight per hour. Oxygen determinations were made by the use of the Winkler method as described by Kemmerer, Bovard and Boorman (1924).
Higher population densities of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum linked to wave sheltered areas in north Puerto Rico Archipelago

The long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum has been the focus of multiple studies since the mass mortality event in the 1980s. The recovery of this key herbivore in the wider Caribbean is essential for the well-being of coral reefs. This study examined the population density and structure of D. antillarum at seven northern fringing reefs of Puerto Rico between 2011 and 2013. The total mean density of the sea urchins in northern Puerto Rico was 0.9 ±0.3 ind m−2. Densities of D. antillarum significantly differed among sites, but not temporally. Differences in mean sizes were significant among sites and seasons. Areas with higher densities of D. antillarum showed lower cover of non-calcareous algae. Wave exposure was correlated with the abundance of the sea urchin. This study indicates that the observed abundance of D. antillarum has not yet returned to pre-mortality levels. However, densities showed some degree of recovery when compared with previous studies, enabling at least some degree of control on fleshy macroalgae communities. No significant changes in density occurred between 2011 and 2013, and sites with higher densities were generally located in leeward areas. The low relative abundance of small size individuals points towards recruitment limitation as an explanation for the limited recovery of D. antillarum.
Ordination of some corticolous cryptogamic communities in south-central Wisconsin

Seventy small-scale samples of cryptogamic vegetation at uniform height on nine species of trees were compared and arranged in a threedimensional ordination according to their similarity with each other. Most species showed distinct patterns in the ordination. Certain environmental factors (e.g., host species, pH and water-holding capacity of bark, and exposure to light) also showed distinct patterns, indicating that these have significant influence on the distribution of cryptogams. Pe3ioMe
The Rationale for Areawide Management of Heliothis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations

This paper is concerned with the dynamics and host plant relationships of Heliothis populations as they develop seasonally in the Mississippi Delta region, and the implications they have on strategies for Heliothis management. It will also consider the progress that has been made on various methods of control that might be considered for areawide management of Heliothis populations. Although much additional ecological information is needed about different Heliothis ecosystems, the available information strongly supports the rationale of attacking Heliothis populations during the first seasonal generation, and possibly also during the second generation, in an organized manner for the purpose of maintaining the total population at a point where significant damage to crops would not occur throughout the growing season. In essence, what is proposed is to fully examine the possibilities of developing the technology and applying the well-recognized but little practiced preventive entomology to cope with the nation's most destructive and ecologically disruptive pest problem.
THE GENUS ANAGALLIS IN TROPICAL AND SOUTH AFRICA.

In connection with the preparation of the account of the family Primulaceae for the " Flora of Tropical East Africa " it was found necessary to revise fully the genus Anagallis. Previous work on this genus included two major recent contributions. Knuth', in 1905, dealt with the whole genus but his monograph is mainly a compilation, and as such, includes many previous authors' errors. Furthermore, he saw very few specimens ; whereas he cites only about thirty specimens from Africa, I have examined over two hundred and fifty. Although a complete revision has been necessary, Knuth's monograph was not unhelpful in that it provided a basis from which to begin. Eighteen years later Thore C. E. Fries2 published a highly critical account of the East African high-mountain species. Even then the number of specimens which had been collected in this area was inadequate for such detailed work, and, also, Fries' narrow view concerning species in general led him to create far too many taxa. I propose the reduction of the fifteen species he recognised to four. The following account deals with the genus as it occurs over the whole of tropical and south Africa. In its preparation, however, I have examined in addition, at least briefly, all of the species that occur outside that area, and having done so feel justified in proposing a new classification for the genus as a whole. Knuth divides the genus into five sections, some of them based on somewhat arbitrary characters, and he maintains the genus Centunculus as distinct. I propose to divide the genus into three subgenera and unite Centunculus with one of these. A list of subgenera, sections, species and infraspecific categories recog
New taxa are delineated in Alphamycetaceae (Rhizophydiales, Chytridiomycota)

Zoospore ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic analyses are revealing unrealized diversity among zoosporic fungi. The taxonomically challenging morphogenus Rhizophydium Schenk, with more than 220 described taxa, is now conceptually an order (Rhizophydiales Letcher) containing 10 families, 15 genera, and numerous undescribed isolates. Each family is a monophyletic group within which a unique suite of ultrastructural character states is found in the zoospore. Until now, the family Alphamycetaceae Letcher contained a single genus, Alphamyces Letcher. Herein we analyze zoospore ultrastructure and LSU and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA gene sequences of 11 isolates in Alphamycetaceae from Australia and North, Central, and South America, and delineate two new genera, Betamyces and Gammamyces, each with a distinct zoospore subtype within the family. This work provides a blueprint for additional taxonomic revisions in Rhizophydiales, and the results indicate that sampling from diverse habitats and localities is necessary to reveal diversity among chytrids in Rhizophydiales.
Metabolism and Solar Radiation in Dark and White Herons in Hot Climates

Metabolism, body temperature (Tb), and feather reflectance was measured for dark Louisiana herons (LOU), little blue herons (LB), snowy egrets (SE), and cattle egrets (CE); only LOU nest preferentially in shade. The reflectance of LOU and adult LB was 13%-15%; it was 80%-82% for SE, CE, and immature (white) LB. Tb for all four species approximated 40 C; hypothermy was never observed. Basal metabolism (Ḣb) was 107% of the expected level for LOU, 85% for SE and CE, and 66% for LB. Minimal thermal conductance (C) was calculated as approximately 131% of the expected value for LOU, 115% for SE and CE, and 110% for LB. Metabolism and solar radiation may combine to produce heat stress in hot climates, particularly in dark birds; reduced Ḣb allows LB and other dark birds to nest in exposed sites. High values for C suggest a heat dissipation function; the relatively lower values are found in species with relatively lower Ḣb's, thus preventing or reducing increases in T₁, the lower limit of thermoneutrality. White plumage is thermally advantageous in tropical/subtropical birds nesting in open habitat, but dark coloration is not; other evolutionary explanations must be sought to explain the occurrence of dark birds in hot climates.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Tetraploid Accessions of the Medicago sativa–falcata Complex

The Medicago sativa–falcata complex includes the economically important forage legume alfalfa and its primary gene pool. The complex includes both diploid and tetraploid taxa, which are usually designated as distinct subspecies. The relationships among wild diploid members of the complex have been clarified using molecular markers, but the relationship among unimproved tetraploid germplasm is poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate the population genetic structure of the tetraploid Medicago sativa–falcata complex to deduce the amount and pattern of genetic diversity using genome-wide simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We used 70 tetraploid accessions (280 genotypes) from the USDA National Plant Germplasm Collection that were collected from throughout the entire natural distribution range of the species and that represented putative wild populations. Population genetic analyses were conducted to determine the patterns of demarcation among accessions and germplasm groups. Model-based cluster analysis indicated that tetraploid alfalfa has two main groups corresponding to the subspecies sativa and falcata. Medicago sativa subsp. ×varia produced a hybrid pattern in between M. sativa subsp. sativa and M. sativa subsp. falcata. The studies also revealed that there is a spatial genetic structure among subsp. falcata accessions, implying that extensive sampling from different localities for curation of alfalfa genetic resources is important.
Biotechnology Application for the Improvement of Nigeria's Indigenous Tree Species: The Challenges of Micropropagation

Nigeria is blessed with many indigenous tree species, which spread across the vegetation in its territory. These tree species provide food, fuel, employment and herbal medicine to the population. Uncollected and uncharacterized germplasm, pests and diseases, seed dormancy are some of the factors that militate against the improvement of indigenous tree species. This paper discusses biotechnological application challenges as it affects in tropical tree species improvement. The problems encountered in the application were classified into Biotechnology factors (asepsis, culture environment, and culture medium) and the micropropagation factors (lack of infrastructure, poor explant, poor power supply etc). Recommendations were suggested on how to overcome these challenges.
Genetic profile of deko-chan, an unringed short-tailed albatross in torishima, Izu Islands, and the implications for the species' population structure

Abstract. The Short-tailed Albatross Diomedea albatrus is a vulnerable seabird that breeds on Torishima, one of the Izu Islands, and on Minamiand Kita-kojima islands in the Senkaku Islands. An unringed bird has been observed at the Hatsunezaki colony on Torishima every year since 1996, even though since 1979 almost all birds hatched on Torishima have been ringed on both legs. This unringed individual was named Deko-chan as, until the 2005/06 breeding season, it made a nest every year near a decoy that was set to attract the birds to Hatsunezaki. Given that losing the rings from both legs while still having sub-adult plumage is unlikely, the natal site of the bird was suspected to be the Senkaku Islands. The identification of Deko-chan’s natal site is important to assess whether birds from the Senkaku Islands are coming to Torishima and whether birds from the two islands are pairing. Our previous studies using control region 2 (CR2) of the mitochondrial DNA sequence suggested that the species includes two distinct populations (clades 1 and 2), with birds breeding on Torishima mostly consisting of descendants of clade 1 individuals, and those sampled in the Senkaku Islands comprised of descendants of clade 2 individuals. In this study, we analysed CR2 obtained from down collected from the nest of Deko-chan. The results reveal that Deko-chan has a CR2 sequence that di#ers from any reported to date, but indicates that it belongs to clade 2, supporting the suggestion that the natal site of the bird is the Senkaku Islands, not Torishima. Although the bird had paired with a ringed bird and reared two young by the 2009/10 breeding season, further studies using bisexually transmitted molecular markers are required to confirm whether the two lineages are able to mix.
Effect of Packed Red Blood Cell Cryopreservation on Development of the Storage Lesion and Inflammation

Abstract : Recent clinical studies in trauma patients indicate that treatment of anemia by transfusion with previously cryopreserved packed red blood cells is superior to that of aged units stored under standard conditions, but the Food and Drug Administration currently restricts their use to 14 days after thawing. The effect of longer term liquid storage on development of the biochemical, metabolic, and morphologic changes collectively known as the red blood cell storage lesion is unknown. In the present study, we attempted to compare and quantify the development of the red blood cell storage lesion of previously cryopreserved red cell units to conventional blood storage. Our findings indicate that, in addition to significantly altered characteristics post thaw, the common indicators of red blood cell storage lesion developed more rapidly in previously cryopreserved red cells. To achieve a satisfactory safety profile for transfusion of previously cryopreserved red blood cells, these factors must be considered in addition to red cell viability and post-transfusion recovery. This investigation provides insight into the durability of these cells after storage at -80 deg C and may guide potential expansion of red blood cell cryopreservation in civilian, trauma, and military settings. Cryopreservation of red blood cell units at -80 deg C for a prolonged period is a promising adjunct to standard blood banking techniques. The post-thaw characteristics are markedly different than fresh packed red blood cells, and the development of the red blood cell storage lesion is accelerated in the post-thaw period. Post-thaw storage duration may be further studied to provide additional longevity to these red cell products in vitro and in vivo.
Biologia de polinizacion en una comunidad arbustiva tropical de la Alta Guayana Venezolana

At the community level, 56.2 percent of plant species are pollinated by hymenopterans, 10.9 percent by lepidopterans and 9.6 percent by dipterans, and one plant species (2.7%) by beetles. Bird-pollinated plants represent an important part of plants in the shrubland (12.3%)
AFLP Analysis of Gel Electrophoresis Images Using JelMarker™ Image Reader and GeneMarker®Fragment Analysis Software

®® , T-RFLP, SNP discovery, fingerprinting, footprinting, etc. (1-3). Often the gel images are overcrowded and tedious to analyze and with the advent of capillary electrophoresis, software development to analyze these gel images has fallen by the wayside. SoftGenetics has recently developed software to fill this gap - JelMarker. JelMarker uses advanced image reading algorithms and specific band scoring techniques to minimize the amount of time a researcher devotes to identifying and sizing fragments. Included is an example of how the AFLP technique analyzed with JelMarker in combination with GeneMarker can make gel image analysis a breeze! Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms – or AFLP - was first introduced in 1995 by KeyGene N.V. as a method for analyzing, comparing, and differentiating organisms using an entire genome approach (4). AFLP has increasingly become the technique of choice for phylogeny analysis and species differentiation (5). To streamline researchers’ AFLP procedure, GeneMarker fragment analysis software analyzes AFLP data and applies clustering algorithms for simple differentiation of complex species models. With JelMarker image reading software, researchers using gel separation can also tap the power of GeneMarker’s patented size calling algorithms and clustering analyses without expensive capillary electrophoresis equipment.
Phylogenetic relationships, recombination analysis and genetic variability of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus infecting tomato in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Tomato ('Solanum lycopersicum' L.) production is severely affected by many diseases caused by many pathogens and among them viruses are the most serious pathogen. Begomoviruses causes yellow mosaic and leaf curl disease of tomato in the tropical, subtropical, temperate, and even semiarid regions. Yellow leaf curl disease is caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus belonging to the genus Begomovirus of the family 'Geminiviridae'. In this study, naturally infected tomato leaf samples were collected during field survey and causal virus was identified by PCR using tomato yellow leaf curl virus-specific primers and transmitted by whiteflies to healthy tomato seedlings. The full-length viral genome was amplified by rolling circle amplification technology while betasatellites from viral genome were amplified by PCR using universal betasatellites primers. The full-length viral genome ( 2.7kb) and betasatellites ( 1.4kb) were cloned and sequenced bi-directionally. The generated sequences were assembled and analyzed to find out the genetic variability by using bioinformatics tools and the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships with selected begomoviruses were analyzed. The complete viral genome sequences showed highest (99.5%) similarity with an isolate of Tomato Yellow leaf curl virus-Jizan 103 isolate and 92.8% similarity with Tomato Yellow leaf curl virus-Al-Qasim isolate while the lowest (71.6%) were found with Tomato Yellow leaf curl virus-Egypt isolate. The newly identified virus formed the closest cluster with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolates from Jizan and Al-Qasim, Saudi Arabia. On the basis of sequence similarity and phylogenetic relationship and recombination analysis, it is concluded that the virus causing tomato yellow leaf curl disease is a variant of tomato yellow leaf curl virus either from Jizan or Al-Qasim isolate circulating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Energy Reserves and Distribution of Metals in Populations of the Isopod Porcellio scaber from Metal-Contaminated Sites

Environmental pollution is often accompanied by changes in the energy budgets of organisms living in the polluted area. This study investigated whether metal soil pollution affected energy reserves (protein, glycogen and lipid content) and resistance to starvation in isopods (Porcellio scaber), sampled from a reference, mine and smelter area. Mine isopods were in good physiological condition compared to the reference isopods because energy reserves (lipid, glycogen and protein) in the hepatopancreas were not decreased compared to the reference isopods. In the smelter isopods energy reserves were lower, especially in the largest isopods, which contained the highest zinc, copper and cadmium concentrations
Organic and inorganic contamination impacts on metabolic capacities in American and European yellow eels

American (Anguilla rostrata) and European (Anguilla anguilla) eel populations are declining since the 1980s, and contamination is thought to play a role. To determine the influence of organic (organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) and inorganic (Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Ag, Se, Hg) contaminants on wild yellow eels liver and muscle metabolic capacities, enzymatic assays were performed. In A. rostrata liver, G6PDH moderate negative correlations with Ag, Pb, and As suggest impacts on lipid metabolism, and correlations between Cd and age (positive) and between Cd and relative condition factor (Kn; negative) indicate impacts on older eels health. Anguilla anguilla liver proteins, pyruvate kinase (PK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were positively linked to Zn, Pb, and Cu, suggesting effects on glycolytic and anaerobic capacities. In A. anguilla muscle, absence of correlation between age and lipids plus strong positive correlations be.
Analysis of Genetic Diversity Based on Morphological Markers Among Cauliflower Cultivars

Sixty one genotypes of cauliflower germplasm were analyzed for genetic diversity based on the morphological markers in this study.The results showed that there are obvious differences among 15 morphological characters in different germplasms,the average coefficient of variation was 68.10%,and it declared that they had a great potential variation.The first five principal components of the contribution rate was 73.21%,it indicated that the first five principal components contained all morphological markers to 73.21% of the content,so the first five principal components of cauliflower morphological traits were selected,61 varieties could be divided into four groups according to threshold of 0.77. The results showed that clustering was able to separate the materials of coming from different areas and different maturing in a certain extent.
Galectins in the Phylogenetically Oldest Metazoa, the Sponges [Porifera]

Geodia cidnium は古くから細胞凝集のモデルとして知られる海綿の一種である。 この生物における細胞間相互作用には、凝集因子 (aggregation factor) と呼ばれる複合体の関与が知られていたが、最近、この複合体はある種のレクチンを介して細胞膜に存在する凝集受容体 (aggregation receptor) と結合していることがわかった。 このレクチンはβガラクトシド結合性であり、そのcDNAを単離したところ推定アミノ酸配列からガレクチン家系と高い類似性を持つことが示された。 ここに、系統発生上、最古の多細胞動物とされる海綿にすでにガレクチンが存在することが明らかになった。
DNA extraction from Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus excrement for analysis using a DNA barcode library

オカメインコNymphicus hollandicusの排泄物からDNA精製キットを用いてDNA抽出を試みた．PCR法によりCOI遺伝子の増幅を行ったところ，排泄物から抽出したDNA溶液から750 bpのDNA断片の増幅が見られた．このDNA断片の塩基配列を決定後，DNAバーコードのデータベースを用いて解析したところ，オカメインコ由来のDNAであることが確認できた．このことから，DNAバーコードライブラリを利用した解析を行うために必要なDNA断片をPCRで増幅するための，十分な質と量のDNAをオカメインコの排泄物から抽出できることが示された．