Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How effective is community physical activity promotion in areas of deprivation for inactive adults with cardiovascular disease risk and/or mental health concerns? Study protocol for a pragmatic observational evaluation of the ‘Active Herts’ physical activity programme

Introduction There is a high prevalence of inactive adults in the UK, and many suffer from conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) or poor mental health. These coexist more frequently in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation. There is a need to test the effectiveness, acceptability and sustainability of physical activity programmes. Active Herts uses novel evidence-based behaviour change techniques to target physical inactivity. Methods and analysis Active Herts is a community physical activity programme for inactive adults aged 16+ with one or more risk factors for CVD and/or a mild to moderate mental health condition. This evaluation will follow a mixed-methods longitudinal (baseline, and 3-month, 6-month and 12-month follow-ups) design. Pragmatic considerations mean delivery of the programme differs by locality. In two areas programme users will receive a behaviour change technique booklet, regular consultations, a booster phone call, motivational text messages and signposting to 12 weeks of exercise classes. In another two areas programme users will also receive 12 weeks of free tailored exercise classes, with optional exercise ‘buddies’ available. An outcome evaluation will assess changes in physical activity as the primary outcome, and sporting participation, sitting, well-being, psychological capability and reflective motivation as secondary outcomes. A process evaluation will explore the views of stakeholders, delivery staff and programme leads. Economic evaluation will examine the programme costs against the benefits gained in terms of reduced risk of morbidity. Ethics and dissemination This study was been approved by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of East Anglia. Informed written consent will be obtained from programme users in the evaluation. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences, and shared through the study website and local community outlets. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov ID number: NCT03153098.
Dimorphic Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein‐1 epitopes turn off memory T cells and interfere with T cell priming

The leading blood‐stage malaria vaccine candidate antigen, Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP‐1) occurs in two major allelic types worldwide. The molecular basis promoting this stable dimorphism is unknown. In this study, we have shown that allelic altered peptide ligand (APL) T cell epitopes of MSP‐1 mutually inhibited IFN‐γ secretion as well as proliferation of CD4+ T cells in 27/34 malaria exposed Gambian volunteers. Besides this inhibition of malaria‐specific immunity, the same variant epitopes were also able to impair the priming of human T cells in malaria naive individuals. Epitope variants capable of interfering with T cell priming as well as inhibiting memory T cell effector functions offer a uniquely potent combination for immune evasion. Indeed, enhanced co‐habitation of parasites bearing such antagonistic allelic epitope regions was observed in a study of 321 West African children, indicating a survival advantage for parasites able to engage this inhibitory immune interference mechanism.
Reproducting biologically realsitic regimes on a highly-accelerated neuromorphic hardware system

Analog implementations of neural networks have several advantages over computer simulations: they are usually faster, more energy efficient and fault-tolerant. However, compared to purely digital systems, analog hardware is subject to transistor size mis- matches. For neuromorphic systems, and in particular for neuron circuits, this means that there will be neuron-to-neuron variations on the chip, resulting in a different behav- ior for each hardware neuron. This is why a calibration step is necessary to compensate these variations, and guarantee a correct operation of all neuron circuits. This thesis presents a software framework to automatically convert the parameters of a neuron models written in a description language, PyNN, to parameters which will be used to configure the hardware system, while making sure that the hardware neurons behave in the same way that their theoretical counterparts. After a theoretical analysis, this framework is applied both on transistor-level level simulations of the hardware as well as on the hardware system itself. Finally, the software framework is used to emulate some simple neural networks on the neuromorphic hardware system.
DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACTS OF LIMONIA ACIDISSIMA IN RATS

Limonia acidissima (Rutaceae) is used traditionally for the treatment of constipation, vomiting, diabetic, cardiotonic and as diuretic. In the present study, the diuretic activity of methanolic extracts obtained through the Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and Bath Sonicator extraction (BSE) of Limonia acidissima was investigated. The diuretic activity of the different extracts (obtained through the MAE and BSE) at a dose of 200mg/kg was assessed orally in rats using furosemide as a standard drug. The extract (obtained through the BSE) produced a significant increase (P<0.001) in urine output at the same dose. Urinary electrolyte extraction was also affected by the extract (obtained through the MAE) increase the urinary excreaction of Sodium, potassium and chloride ions. These findings support the traditional uses of Limonia acidissima leaves as diuretic agents because the extract obtained through BSE that is similar to the traditional extraction (maceration) without heating.
Emergence of resistance to oseltamivir among influenza A(H1N1) viruses in Europe.

Surveillance of the antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating in Europe has been established since 2004 through the European Union-funded European Surveillance Network for Vigilance against Viral Resistance (VIRGIL), in collaboration with the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and national influenza centres. Results from analysis of early winter (November 2007 - January 2008) A(H1N1) virus isolates has revealed that a significant proportion, approximately 14% of these European strains (see Table), are resistant to oseltamivir (Tamiflu), the most widely used anti-influenza drug, but retain sensitivity to zanamivir (Relenza) and amantadine/rimantadine.
Feline Mandibular Fractures

Practical relevance: Mandibular fractures occur commonly in cats and appropriate treatment is vital to ensure restoration of dental occlusion and masticatory function. Clinical challenges: Historically, a relatively high complication rate has been reported in association with mandibular fracture repair, and these complications can represent a significant challenge for the veterinary surgeon. Audience: General practitioners as well as specialists in small animal surgery are presented with fractures of the mandible on a regular basis. Patient group: Cats of all ages can suffer mandibular fracture; however, young cats (mean age 30 months) are over-represented. No sex predilection is reported. Equipment: The nature of the equipment required for mandibular fracture repair varies greatly, depending on the fracture type and location. An uncomplicated mandibular symphyseal fracture requires only basic orthopaedic equipment whereas the surgeon must ensure they have access to a wide range of orthopaedic equipment prior to undertaking repair of a complex mandibular fracture. Evidence base: Management of mandibular fractures is a complex subject. Over the past three decades many fixation techniques have been described in the veterinary literature, with authors analysing and discussing the surgical management of these potentially challenging injuries.
Perioperative and Anesthetic Considerations in Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) is a rare right-heart obstructive lesion with a wide anatomic and physiologic spectrum of disease, ranging from simple membranous pulmonary valve atresia with a fully developed right ventricle (RV) to a severely hypoplastic RV and ventriculocoronary (RV-coronary) fistulas. Affected neonates are dependent on prostaglandin for adequate pulmonary blood flow. Depending on the severity of disease, treatment options range from transcatheter pulmonary valve perforation and ultimate biventricular repair to staged single-ventricle palliation. Cardiac transplantation is recommended in the most severe cases. This review will discuss the perioperative and anesthetic management of patients with PA/IVS and highlight the challenges in management.
Internal-state analysis in a layered artificial neural network trained to categorize lung sounds

In regular use of artificial neural networks, only input and output states of the network are known to the user. Weight and bias values can be extracted but are difficult to interpret. We analyzed internal states of networks trained to map asthmatic lung sound spectra onto lung function parameters. Decorrelation of the spectral data revealed that the spectra can be seen as composed of distinct intracorrelated frequency bands. The effective pitch shifts with increasing degree of airways obstruction. By comparing internal state analysis and decorrelation analysis, we concluded that our neural network performs a simulation of a decorrelation operation.
Convex multiresolution analysis

A standard wavelet multiresolution analysis can be defined via a sequence of projection operators onto a monotone sequence of closed vector subspaces possessing suitable invariance properties. We propose an extension of this framework in which the linear projection operators are replaced by nonlinear retractions onto convex sets. These retractions are chosen so as to provide a recursive, monotone signal approximation scheme. Numerical simulations are also provided.
Regulatory T Cells Dynamically Control the Primary Immune Response to Foreign Antigen1

The population dynamics that enable a small number of regulatory T (TR) cells to control the immune responses to foreign Ags by the much larger conventional T cell subset were investigated. During the primary immune response, the expansion and contraction of conventional and TR cells occurred in synchrony. Importantly, the relative accumulation of TR cells at peak response significantly exceeded that of conventional T cells, reflecting extensive cell division within the TR cell pool. Transfer of a polyclonal TR cell population before immunization antagonized both polyclonal and TCR transgenic responses, whereas blocking TR cell function enhanced those responses. These results define an inverse quantitative relationship between TR and conventional T cells that controls the magnitude of the primary immune response. The high frequency of dividing TR cells suggests degenerate TCR specificity enabling activation by a broad spectrum of Ags.
Effects of Perceived Usability and Aesthetics on Emotional Responses in Different Contexts of Use

In understanding user experience issues, it is necessary to consider contextual features in user interaction with an application. The present study aims to examine the differences among applications with difference contexts of use (perceived type: interaction styles based on use purposes) in terms of the relationships between user perception (perceived usability and perceived aesthetics) and emotion (valence and arousal). A study was performed using 15 existing websites from various domains. From the responses of participants, the relationships between perceived usability and emotional valence were found to differ according to perceived type, but those between perceived aesthetics and emotional valence were not. On the other hand, sufficient reliability for the arousal items was not secured. Through the meaningful categorization of arousal into two factors (negative and positive), significant differences in the relationships between perceived usability/aesthetics and emotional arousal could be found. Implications of the findings are discussed in the connection of contextual/design features, perceptual characteristics, and emotional responses in the development of interactive applications.
Analysis of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C quasispecies and replication sites in human subjects.

Although the hepatitis G virus is unlikely to be a primary hepatotropic virus, its replication sites remain unclear. Using highly strand-specific Tth-based reverse transcriptase PCR we searched for the presence of the viral RNA negative strand in various autopsy tissues in two patients who died of end-stage liver disease. In addition, amplified viral sequences were compared in the 5' untranslated and the putative capsid regions by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Negative strand HGV RNA was detected in bone marrow and spleen from both patients and in lymph node tissue from one. All amplified sequences from a given patient were identical when compared by SSCP and direct sequencing. This lack of difference in the composition of quasispecies recovered from various tissues suggests the presence of a single, common viral compartment in the infected host.
THE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Management of Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major contributor to the mortality and morbidity of patients who suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Heart failure and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are both highly prevalent in this population. The diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction is usually based on echocardiography. As in the general population, systolic dysfunction is treated with a combination of diuretics, renin‐angiotensin system blockade, and β‐receptor antagonists. Diastolic dysfunction is best managed by eliminating the cause. Non‐invasive tests for coronary artery disease (CAD) may be less reliable in patients with renal disease compared with nonuremic patients. Medical therapy of IHD in this population is generally similar to that for other patient groups, but surgical revascularization appears to carry a higher risk of complications with poorer clinical outcomes. The choice of revascularization procedure (coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty) should be based on the specific coronary anatomy of a given patient as well as a consideration of other comorbid factors.
Key Predistribution Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks with Higher Connectivity

— In wireless sensor network (WSN), preditibution of cryptographic keys is possibly the most practical approach to perfect network communications. In this paper, we propose a new secret key predistribution scheme to achieve a higher connectivity in WSN. For this we combine a random key predistribution scheme and hash chain method based on the prior knowledge of sensor node deployment. The proposed scheme has two advantages. First, the proposed scheme provides a higher connectivity. Second, our scheme reduces the storage requirement for each sensor node. We compare the proposed scheme with previous key predistribution schemes in memory usage, local connectivity, global connectivity, and network resiliency against node capture.
IGF-1R Reduction Triggers Neuroprotective Signaling Pathways in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease characterized by the selective loss of spinal motor neurons due to the depletion of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. No therapy is currently available for SMA, which represents the leading genetic cause of death in childhood. In the present study, we report that insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (Igf-1r) gene expression is enhanced in the spinal cords of SMA-like mice. The reduction of expression, either at the physiological (through physical exercise) or genetic level, resulted in the following: (1) a significant improvement in lifespan and motor behavior, (2) a significant motor neuron protection, and (3) an increase in SMN expression in spinal cord and skeletal muscles through both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Furthermore, we have found that reducing IGF-1R expression is sufficient to restore intracellular signaling pathway activation profile lying downstream of IGF-1R, resulting in both the powerful activation of the neuroprotective AKT/CREB pathway and the inhibition of the ERK and JAK pathways. Therefore, reducing rather than enhancing the IGF-1 pathway could constitute a useful strategy to limit neurodegeneration in SMA. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent evidence of IGF-1 axis alteration in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a very severe neurodegenerative disease affecting specifically the motor neurons, have triggered a renewed interest in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway activation as a potential therapeutic approach for motor neuron diseases. The present study challenges this point of view and brings the alternative hypothesis that reducing rather than enhancing the IGF-1 signaling pathway exerts a neuroprotective effect in SMA. Furthermore, the present data substantiate a newly emerging concept that the modulation of IGF-1 receptor expression is a key event selectively determining the activation level of intracellular pathways that lie downstream of the receptor. This aspect should be considered when designing IGF-1-based treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
Makassar Strait throughflow, 2004 to 2006

The transfer of Pacific water into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian seas affects the heat and freshwater budgets of both oceans. The observed transport in the Makassar Strait, the primary Indonesian throughflow pathway, from January 2004 through November 2006 is 11.6 ± 3.3 Sv (Sv = 106 m3/s). This transport is 27% larger than observed during 1997 when a strong El Niño suppressed the flow. The 2004‐06 Makassar transport displays clear seasonal behavior, with associated heat and freshwater variability, in contrast to the El Niño dominated 1997 transport. The 2004‐06 transport reached maximum values towards the end of the northwest and southeast monsoons, with minimum transport are in October‐December. A sustained high transport is observed in early 2006, perhaps in response to an La Niña condition. The maximum throughflow occurs within the thermocline, as in 1997, though the longer 2004‐06 measurements also reveal a shallowing of transport as speeds increase. The transport‐weighted temperature is 15.6°C in 2004‐06, nearly 1°C warmer than that observed in 1997, presumably a consequence of El Niño.
Seasonal changes in photosynthesis of eight savanna tree species.

Seasonal variations in carbon assimilation of eight tree species of a north Australian tropical savanna were examined over two wet seasons and one dry season (18 months). Assimilation rates (A) in the two evergreen species, Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. and E. miniata A. Cunn. ex Schauer, were high throughout the study although there was a 10-20% decline in the dry season compared with the wet season. The three semi-deciduous species (Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Baillon, Eucalyptus clavigera A. Cunn. ex Schauer, and Xanthostemon paradoxus F. Muell. ) showed a 25-75% decline in A in the dry season compared with the wet season, and the deciduous species (Terminalia ferdinandiana Excell, Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) Kunth, and Cochlospermum fraseri Planchon) were leafless for several months in the dry season. Generally, the ratio of intercellular CO(2) concentration to ambient CO(2) concentration (C(i):C(a)) was larger in the wet season than in the dry season, indicating a smaller stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in the wet season compared with the dry season. In all species, the C(i):C(a) ratio and A were essentially independent of leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (LAVPD) during the wet season, but both parameters generally declined with increasing LAVPD in the dry season. The slope of the positive correlation between A and transpiration rate (E) was less in the wet season than in the dry season. There was no evidence that high E inhibited A. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency was lowest in the wet season and highest during the dry season. Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) was higher in the wet season than in the dry season because the decline in A in the dry season was proportionally larger than the decline in foliar nitrogen content. In the wet season, evergreen species exhibited higher NUE than semi-deciduous and deciduous species. In all species, A was linearly correlated with specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar N content. Foliar N content increased with increasing SLA. All species showed a decline in midday leaf water potential as the dry season progressed. Dry season midday water potentials were lowest in semi-deciduous species and highest in the deciduous species, with evergreen species exhibiting intermediate values.
Complete mitochondrial genome of Drosophila albomicans

Abstract Drosophila albomicans has been widely used as an important animal model for chromosome evolution. In this study, the mitochondrial genome sequence of this species is determined and described for the first time. The mitochondrial genome (15 849 bp) encompasses two rRNA, 22 tRNA, and 13 protein-coding genes. Genome content and structure are similar to those reported from other Drosophila mitochondrial genomes. Phylogeny analysis indicates that D. albomicans have a closer genetic relationship with Drosophil aincompta and Drosophil alittoralis. This mitochondrial genome is potentially important for studying molecular evolution and conservation genetics in Drosophila genus.
Structure of ribonuclease H phased at 2 A resolution by MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl protein.

Ribonuclease H digests the RNA strand of duplex RNA.DNA hybrids into oligonucleotides. This activity is indispensable for retroviral infection and is involved in bacterial replication. The ribonuclease H from Escherichia coli is homologous with the retroviral proteins. The crystal structure of the E. coli enzyme reveals a distinctive alpha-beta tertiary fold. Analysis of the molecular model implicates a carboxyl triad in the catalytic mechanism and suggests a likely mode for the binding of RNA.DNA substrates. The structure was determined by the method of multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) with the use of synchrotron data from a crystal of the recombinant selenomethionyl protein.