Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alignment of Test Driven Development and Relative Correctness-based Development

—Deriving programs by reliability enhancement is the aim of a program development process based on relative correctness as presented in previous studies. In fact, it is clear that nowadays we do not develop programs from scratch but we exploit existing ones and try to modify and adapt them according to a given speciﬁcation. On the other hand, the practice of agile methods is increasingly widespread in software development. In this paper, we are interested in the relation between Test Driven Development and Reliability Enhancement Development. Test Driven Development as a software engineering methodology is built upon eXtreme Programming. It emphasizes a test ﬁrst approach, which differs from the traditional software development cycle and produces better software quality. Relative correctness is a formal model that permits to verify that a program P is more-correct than a program P (cid:48) . This is the core of a development process based on reliability enhancement. We align the two processes, compare them and show that : 1)Test Driven Development is an instance of reliability enhancement development process and 2) Test Driven Development iteration can be used as a mean to transform a program P to another program P (cid:48) that is more-correct than P according to a given speciﬁcation R .
a thermophilic UDPNacetylglucosamine1phosphate

importance of these amino acids for cross-domain AlgH activity in in vitro complementation assays in S. cerevisiae . Furthermore, antibiotic treatment interfering directly with the activity of dolichyl phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphotrans-ferases confirmed the essentiality of N -glycosylation for cell survival. Abstract AglH, a predicted UDP-GlcNAc-1-phosphate: dolichyl phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, is initiating the protein N -glycosylation pathway in the thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius . AglH successfully replaced the endogenous GlcNAc-1-phos-photransferase activity of Alg7 in a conditional lethal Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, in which the first step of the eukaryal protein N -glycosylation process was repressed. This study is one of the few examples of cross-domain complementation demonstrating a conserved polyprenyl phosphate transferase reaction within the eukaryal and archaeal domain like it was demonstrated for Methanococcus The topology prediction and the alignment of the AglH membrane protein with GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferases from the three domains of life show significant conservation of amino acids within the different proposed cytoplasmic loops. Alanine mutations of selected conserved amino acids in the putative cytoplasmic loops II (D 100 ), IV (F 220 ) and V (F 264 ) demonstrated the
Optical stochastic cooling in Tevatron

Intrabeam scattering is the major mechanism resulting in a growth of beam emittances and fast luminosity degradation in the Tevatron. As a result in the case of optimal collider operation only about 40% of antiprotons are used to the store end and the rest are discarded. Beam cooling is the only effective remedy to increase the particle burn rate and, consequently, the luminosity. Unfortunately neither electron nor stochastic cooling can be effective at the Tevatron energy and bunch density. Thus the optical stochastic cooling (OSC) is the only promising technology capable to cool the Tevatron beam. Possible ways of such cooling implementation in the Tevatron and advances in the OSC cooling theory are discussed in this paper. The technique looks promising and potentially can double the average Tevatron luminosity without increasing its peak value and the antiproton production.
trans -10, cis -12 CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ISOMER, BUT NOT cis -9, trans -11, INHIBITS BROWN ADIPOCYTE THERMOGENIC CAPACITY

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is reported to have health benefits, including reduction of body fat. Previous studies have shown that brown adipose tissue (BAT) is particularly sensitive to CLA supplemented diet-feeding. Most of them use mixtures containing several CLA isomers, mainly cis -9, trans -11 and trans -10, cis -12 in equal concentration. Our aim was to characterize the separate effects of both CLA isomers on thermogenic capacity in cultured brown adipocytes. The CLA isomers showed opposite effects. Hence, on the one hand, trans -10, cis -12 inhibited UCP1 induction by noradrenaline (NA), and produced a decrease in leptin mRNA levels. These effects were associated with a blockage of C/EBP a and PPAR g 2 mRNA expression. On the other hand, cis -9, trans -11 enhanced the UCP1 elicited by NA, an effect earlier reported for polyunsaturated fatty acids and also observed here for LA. These findings could explain, at least in part, the effects observed in vivo , when feeding a CLA-mixture supplemented-diet as a result of the combined action of CLA isomers: reduction of adipogenesis and defective BAT thermogenesis which could be through trans-10, cis-12 , and enhanced UCP1 thermogenic capacity through cis -9, trans -11. thermogenic capacity. Brown pre-adipocytes grown and developed in primary culture were used, taking advantage that in this in vitro system brown preadipocytes differentiate well under controled condition, thus allowing controled studies of the expression and function of key genes in response to regulatory signals. We centered our study on the influence of the cis -9, trans -11 CLA and trans -10, cis -12 CLA, as well as the cis -9, cis -12 LA as the common polyunsaturated fatty acid chosen as a reference. Under this influence we investigated the expression of the uncoupling proteins, UCP1 and UCP2, and other key genes involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and facultative thermogenesis capacity in both the absence and presence of noradrenergic stimulation. cis -12 CLA isomer on adipogenesis and thermogenesis superimposes the cis -9, trans -11 CLA-effect. Our findings could have important nutritional implications as they indicate that, despite high total dietary fat consumption, specific dietary fatty acid consumption, including specific compounds, i.e. the family of conjugated linoleic acids, may have profound effects on adiposity and energy expenditure. Hence, this should be taken into account in future managements of obesity and insulin resistance.
On Households and Unemployment Insurance. Quantitative Economics (1),

We study unemployment insurance in a framework where the main source of heterogeneity among agents is the type of household they live in: some agents live alone while others live with their spouses as a family. Our exercise is motivated by the fact that married individuals can rely on spousal income to smooth labor market shocks, while singles cannot. We extend a version of the standard incomplete-markets model to include two-agent households and calibrate it to the US economy with special emphasis on matching differences in labor market transitions across gender and marital status as well as aggregate wealth moments. Our central ﬁnding is that changes to the current unemployment insurance program are valued differently by married and single households. In particular, a more generous unemployment insurance reduces the welfare of married households signiﬁcantly more than that of singles and vice versa. We show that this result is driven by the amount of self-insurance existing in married households, and thus, we highlight the interplay between self- and government-provided insurance and its implication for policy.
Monte Carlo study of a Fermi gas with infinite scattering length

The Fermi gas at unitarity is a particularly interesting system of cold atoms, being dilute and strongly interacting at the same time. It can be studied non-perturbatively with Monte Carlo methods, like the recently developed worm algorithm. We discuss our implementation and tests of this algorithm and suggest a modification that increases its efficiency by reducing autocorrelations. We then show how the worm algorithm can be applied to calculate the critical temperature of an imbalanced Fermi gas (unequal number of fermions in the two spin components). We finally present some results obtained with the modified algorithm, in the balanced as well as in the imbalanced case.
Species-Speciﬁc Type II Restriction-Modiﬁcation System of Xylella fastidiosa Temecula1 (cid:1)

The transformation efﬁciency of Xylella fastidiosa can be increased by interfering with restriction by the strain-speciﬁc type II system encoded by the PD1607 and PD1608 genes. Here, we report results for two strategies: in vitro methylation using M.SssI and isolation of DNA from an Escherichia coli strain expressing the methylase PD1607.
Leverage in Legislation: When do State Legislatures Rely on the Judiciary?

Legislatures carry an enormous responsibility to create and pass laws. They also have an electoral interest in ensuring these laws are enforced correctly. The extensive responsibility of bureaucratic oversight at the federal level is executed by the fully professional United States Congress. State legislatures must also oversee the bureaucratic actions in their state, however these law-making bodies differ in their capacity to execute this oversight due to their large differences in professionalism. States with fewer resources may bridge the gap in resources by leveraging ex-ante and ex-post controls of government agencies written into legislation as a substitute for oversight capacity. Through such controls the legislature can activate a judicial branch to act as a substitute and relieve the law-making bodies with less capacity of their oversight burden. Using a graded response model of enabling statutes, I estimate the latent measure of ’ju-dicial access’ from the legislature in licensing bills and Administrative Procedure Acts. I hypothesize that judicial access will increase when a state is less professional. In addition legislatures will decrease judicial access when the executive is the sole appointer of judges. I also observe an interaction of professionalism and judicial selection methods in the state with mixed results.
Micropropagation of Hoya Kerrii (Valentine Hoya) Through Callus Induction for Long Term Conservation and Dissemination

Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
and Shaul (2015) The collaborative roots of corruption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (34). pp. 10651-10656. 1091-6490

Cooperation is essential for completing tasks that individuals cannot accomplish alone. Whereas the benefits of cooperation are clear, little is known about its possible negative aspects. Introducing a novel sequential dyadic die-rolling paradigm, we show that collaborative settings provide fertile ground for the emergence of corruption. In the main experimental treatment the outcomes of the two players are perfectly aligned. Player A privately rolls a die, reports the result to player B, who then privately rolls and reports the result as well. Both players are paid the value of the reports if, and only if, they are identical (e.g., if both report 6, each earns €6). Since rolls are truly private, players can inflate their profit by misreporting the actual outcomes. Indeed, the proportion of reported doubles was 489% higher than the expected proportion assuming honesty, 48% higher than when individuals rolled and reported alone, and 96% higher than when lies only benefited the other player. Breaking the alignment in payoffs between player A and player B reduced the extent of brazen lying. Despite player B’s central role in determining whether a double was reported, modifying the incentive structure of either player A or player B had nearly identical effects on the frequency of reported doubles. Our results highlight the role of collaboration— particularly on equal terms—in shaping corruption. These findings fit a functional perspective on morality. when facing opposing moral sentiments—to be honest vs. to join forces in collaboration—people often opt for engaging in corrupt collaboration.
Identi cation of a Circulating miRNA Signature to Stratify Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients

Gennaro Martucci (  gmartucci@ismett.edu ) Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione https://orcid.org/0000-00018443-2414 Antonio Arcadipane ISMETT Fabio Tuzzolino ISMETT Giovanna Occhipinti ISMETT Giovanna Panarello ISMETT Claudia Carcione RIMED Eleonora Bonicolini ISMETT: Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione Chiara Vitiello ISMETT: Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione lavinia martino ISMETT Roberto Lorusso University of Maastricht: Universiteit Maastricht Pier Giulio Conaldi ISMETT: Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione Vitale Miceli ISMETT: Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione
Efek Staebler-Wronski dan Pengaruh Waktu Anil pada Lapisan Instrinsik Silikon Amorf Terhidrogenasi (a-Si:H)

Silikon amorf terhidrogenasi (a-Si:H) adalah salah satu material sel surya yang sangat menjanjikan, karena jika dibandingkan dengan kristal silikon (c-Si) material ini mempunyai absorpsivitas yang lebih besar dengan kebutuhan material yang lebih sedikit (tipis). Sehingga diharapkan dapat mereduksi biaya produksi dan harga sel surya. Tetapi sampai saat ini masih banyak persoalan yang belum terselesaikan, terutama yang berkaitan dengan efisiensi yang masih rendah, dan efek Staebler-Wronski. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efek Staebler-Wronski, yaitu pengaruh lama waktu paparan panas pada lapisan material sel surya dengan menggunakan cara perlakuan anil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu anil, ada kecenderungan untuk menurunkan transmitansi, yang diperkirakan disebabkan oleh perubahan kristalinitas, celah pita energi, energi Urbach dan ukuran partikel. Kenaikan waktu anil dapat mengakibatkan terlepasnya ikatan hidrogen yang menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan keadaan terlokalisasi, karena aktivasi ikatan lepas, dan ikatan lepas inilah penyebab utama terjadinya efek Staebler-Wronski. ABSTRACT Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is one of the most promising solar cell materials, as compared to the crystalline silicon (c-Si). This material has a greater absorption with less material requirement (thin). So it is expected to reduce the cost of production and price of solar cells. But until now there are still many unresolved issues, especially with regard to low efficiency, and the Staebler-Wronski effect. This study aims to describe the effect of Staebler-Wronski, which is the effect of long-time exposure to heat on the layer of solar cell material by means of annealing treatment. The results show that the longer annealing time, there is a tendency to decrease transmittance, which is thought to be caused by changes in crystallinity, energy band gap, Urbach energy and particle size. The increasing annealing time can lead to the release of hydrogen bonds that cause an increase in localized state, due to the activation of the dangling bond which is the main cause of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
Envelope function description of quantum cascade laser electronic states

In this paper, we present a natural method of finding wavefunctions and energy levels in quantum cascade lasers. The envelope function approximation has been successfully used for modelling electronic structure in conventional semiconductor lasers. Although calculations in the case of polarized potential are more complicated than in non-polarized wells, it is still possible to obtain quickly reliable results.
Text to Image using Deep Learning

—Text to image synthesis refers to the method of generating images from the input text automatically. Deciphering data between picture and text is a major issue in artificial intelligence. Automatic image synthesis is highly beneficial in many ways. Generation of the image is one of the applications of conditional generative models. For generating images, GAN(Generative Adversarial Models) are used. Recent progress has been made using Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). The conversion of the text to image is an extremely appropriate example of deep learning
Spatial targeting of nature‐based solutions for flood risk management within river catchments

A wide range of nature‐based solutions for flood hazard management work by storing and slowing flow within catchments, and therefore, there is a need to identify the optimal locations for implementing these solutions. This paper presents a relative scoring‐based mapping of the likely locations that contribute to the flood peak. Targeting flow reduction and attenuating mitigation actions in these locations can be an effective way to reduce flood damages at impact points downstream. The presented tool, SCIMAP‐Flood, uses information on land cover, hydrological connectivity, flood generating rainfall patterns and hydrological travel time distributions to impacted communities to find the potential source areas of flood waters. The importance of each location in the catchment is weighted based on its contribution to the flood hazard at each of the downstream impact points. In the example application, SCIMAP‐Flood is applied at a 5‐m grid resolution for the River Eden catchment, Cumbria, England, to provide sub‐field scale information at the landscape extent. Therefore, the tool can identify sub‐catchments where more detailed work can test different mitigation measures.
Multiple roles of mesenchymal (cid:2) -catenin during murine limb patterning

Recently canonical Wnt signaling in the ectoderm has been shown to be required for maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and for dorsoventral signaling. Using conditional gain- and loss-of-function (cid:2) -catenin alleles, we have studied the role of mesenchymal (cid:2) -catenin activity during limb development. Here, we show that loss of (cid:2) -catenin results in limb truncations due to a defect in AER maintenance. Stabilization of (cid:2) -catenin also results in truncated limbs, caused by a premature regression of the AER. Concomitantly, in these limbs, the expression of Bmp2 , Bmp4 and Bmp7 , and of the Bmp target genes Msx1 , Msx2 and gremlin, is expanded in the mesenchyme. Furthermore, we found that the expression of Lmx1b , a gene exclusively expressed in the dorsal limb mesenchyme and involved in dorsoventral patterning, is reduced upon loss of (cid:2) -catenin activity and is expanded ventrally in gain-of-function limbs. However, the known ectodermal regulators Wnt7a and engrailed 1 are expressed normally. This suggests that Lmx1b is also regulated, in part, by a (cid:2) -catenin-mediated Wnt signal, independent of the non-canoncial Wnt7a signaling pathway. In addition, loss of (cid:2) -catenin results in a severe agenesis of the scapula. Concurrently, the expression of two genes, Pax1 and Emx2 , which have been implicated in scapula development, is lost in (cid:2) -catenin loss-of-function limbs; however, only Emx2 is upregulated in gain-of-function limbs. Mesenchymal (cid:2) -catenin activity is therefore required for AER maintenance, and for normal expression of Lmx1b and Emx2 .
Practical Software-Based Shadow Stacks on x86-64

Control-Flow Integrity (CFI) techniques focus often on protecting forward edges and assume that backward edges are protected by shadow stacks. However, software-based shadow stacks that can provide performance, security, and compatibility are still hard to obtain, leaving an important security gap on x86-64. In this article, we introduce a simple, efficient, and effective parallel shadow stack design (based on LLVM), FlashStack, for protecting return addresses in single- and multi-threaded programs running under 64-bit Linux on x86-64, with three distinctive features. First, we introduce a novel dual-prologue approach to enable a protected function to thwart the TOCTTOU attacks, which are constructed by Microsoft’s red team and lead to the deprecation of Microsoft’s RFG. Second, we design a new mapping mechanism, Segment+Rsp-S, to allow the parallel shadow stack to be accessed efficiently while satisfying the constraints of arch_prctl() and ASLR in 64-bit Linux. Finally, we introduce a lightweight inspection mechanism, SideChannel-K, to harden FlashStack further by detecting entropy-reduction attacks efficiently and protecting the parallel shadow stack effectively with a 10-ms shuffling policy. Our evaluation on SPEC CPU2006, Nginx, and Firefox shows that FlashStack can provide high performance, meaningful security, and reasonable compatibility for server- and client-side programs on x86-64.
IoT MUD enforcement in the edge cloud using programmable switch

Targeted data breaches and cybersecurity attacks involving IoT devices are becoming ever more concerning. To combat these threats and risks, the IETF standardized Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD), which allows IoT device vendors to specify the intended communication patterns (MUD profile) of an IoT device. MUD profile enables validation of the actual communication pattern of an IoT device with the intended behavior at run-time. However, the MUD specification was primarily intended for enforcement at the Local Area Network (LAN) of the IoT device, thus fragmenting the solution across multiple heterogeneous networks. MUD enforcement at higher levels in the network hierarchy (e.g., private edge for enterprise networks) eases security policy management and reduces processing overheads on the existing security infrastructure. To realize MUD enforcement at the edge, there are mainly two challenges: (1) How to identify an IoT device at the edge so that enforcing device-specific MUD profile on the IoT traffic is possible. (2) How to scale MUD enforcement to a large network of IoT devices. In this paper, we present our approach to address these challenges and validate IoT device communication at the edge. In order to scale MUD enforcement to a large IoT network, we leverage multi-stage pipeline architecture and stateful ALUs of P4 programmable switch and process IoT traffic in the dataplane.
PISketch: Finding Persistent and Infrequent Flows

Finding persistent and low-active activity periods is very helpful in practice, for example to detect intrusion activities. Most of the literature focuses on finding persistent flows or frequent flows. No previous work is able to find persistent and infrequent flows. In this paper, we propose a novel sketch data structure, PISketch, to find persistent and infrequent flows in real time. The key idea of PISketch is to define a weight and its Reward and Penalty System for each flow to combine and balance the information of both persistency and infrequency, and to keep high-weighted flows in a limited space through a strategy. We implement PISketch on P4, FPGA, and CPU platforms, and compare the performance of PISketch with two strawman solutions (On-Off + CM sketch, and PIE + CM sketch), in terms of finding persistent and infrequent flows. Our experimental results demonstrate the advantage of PISketch, by comparing it to two strawman solutions: 1) The F1 Score of PISketch is around 22.1% and 57.6% higher than two strawman solutions, respectively; 2) The Average Relative Error (ARE) of PISketch is around 820.9 (up to 1188.8) and 126.2 (up to 265.6) times lower than two strawman solutions, respectively; 3) The insertion throughput of PISketch is around 1.23 and 16.5 times higher than two strawman solutions, respectively. Moreover, we implement two concrete cases of PISketch through end-to-end experiments. All of our codes are available at GitHub.