Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comprehending a complex, distributed, object-oriented software system: a report from the field

Comprehending complex, distributed, object-oriented software systems is a difficult task which must be approached in a formal disciplined manner if it is to be solved at all. The authors have developed a formal tool supported approach using relational databases to model both the requirement specification and the system implementation of a very large commercial application system. The approach combines forward and reverse engineering link the implementation to the specification, thereby providing a basis for traceability between system artifacts and requirements. The result is a partial comprehension adequate for system maintenance.
Achieving a reuse perspective within a component recovery process: an industrial scale case study

Identifying elements of existing software that are reused within a system may provide maintainers with valuable insights during system evolution. This paper evaluates an extension of software reconnaissance that can be used to analyze reuse across features in a system, as part of a component recovery process. We illustrate and evaluate retrieval of reuse information in this fashion using a large, commercial ERP and warehousing application. Results suggest that the approach scales well in terms of reuse information across features in existing software, providing maintainers with a valuable new perspective on the software system in question.
A method for identifying robust dependent and functionally unsensitizable paths

It has been shown previously that a logic circuit often contains a large number of logical paths that need not be tested to verify the timing behavior of the circuit, if the other paths are robustly tested. These paths are called robust dependent. A subset of the robust dependent paths are the functionally unsensitizable paths. This paper proposes a method for efficiently identifying both types of paths. The proposed procedure uses local circuit analysis to keep the run time relatively low, and relatively independent of the number of paths in the circuit. The method may not identify all the paths that are robust dependent or functionally unsensitizable, however, experimental results show that the numbers it finds are comparable, and sometimes even higher than those found by other methods. The procedure can be applied to circuits that cannot be handled by other methods.
Industrial strength formal verification techniques for hardware designs

The past decade has seen tremendous progress in the application of formal methods for hardware design and verification. While a number of different techniques based on BDDs, symbolic simulation, special-purpose decision procedures, model checking, and theorem proving have been applied with varying degrees of success, no one technique by itself has proven to be effective enough to verify a complex register-transfer level design, such as a state-of-the-art microprocessor. To scale up formal verification to industrial-scale designs it is necessary to combine these complimentary techniques within a general logical environment that can support appropriate abstraction mechanisms. The Prototype Verification System (PVS) is an environment to support the exploration of such a combined approach to verification. PVS is designed to exploit the synergies between language and deduction, automation and interaction, and theorem proving and model checking. This paper gives an overview of PVS and describes some of the major applications of PVS.
Analysis and evaluation of Reed-Solomon codes in Digital Video Broadcasting systems

In this paper we analyze a decoding algorithm, which corrects both erasures and errors for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes based on the Euclidean algorithm together with the Berlekamp-Massey (BM) algorithm. We present and discuss the implementation of RS codes in the DVB (digital video broadcasting) standards and give a brief review of the new DVB-H standard. Analysis and simulation of the symbol error rate (SER) versus the output SER for the Reed-Solomon code used for the MPE-FEC (multi-protocol encapsulation-forward error correction) block in DVB-H has been conducted.
The myClinicalOutcomes website: providing real-time, patient-level PROMs data

The national patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) programme has been under way since April 2009, yet the true value of capturing and utilising these metrics has yet to be realised. The current system needs to evolve and should deliver real-time, patient-level benefits for more procedures, bringing long-term monitoring into routine clinical practice. The myClinicalOutcomes website is a low-cost, straightforward web-based system that could improve the current situation.
An efficient solution offering sink mobility support in wireless sensor networks

The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) application scope has widened in recent years. For instance, the IEEE 802.15. 4 technology allows establishing a mesh sensor network to support applications that increase the security of physical spaces, such as intruder detection, gas detection, and fire detection. In this paper, we focus on applications which require the support for mobility, including intruder detection and pursuit scenarios. Communications are based on the IEEE 802.15. 4 standard due to its low power consumption, low latency and the ability to connect a large number of sensor nodes in a WSN. We propose the novel Mobile-sink Routing for Large Grids (MRLG) algorithm, which is intended to support sink mobility in a WSN. MRLG allows reducing the routing load by relying on local route recovery processes, which provides significant efficiency in scenarios with a large number of sensors. Experimental results show that, when compared to standard routing strategies based on sink announcements such as the Collection Tree Protocol (CTP), the performance of the MRLG algorithm is significantly boosted in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.
Monitoring Substance Use in Adolescents: school survey or household survey?

The methodologies of school and household surveys for monitoring substance use among adolescents are compared, their respective strengths and weaknesses described and directions for improvement indicated. This work is in part based on our experience with the ongoing Dutch National School Survey, which is a monitor on substance use and its putative risk factors. It is held every 4 years among samples of 10 000 students. Starting in 1984 we now have five waves of data. Our experiences are placed in the broader context of the literature and several conclusions are drawn. The school survey offers a number of benefits: participation rates are high, costs per respondent are low, and substance use among minority groups can be monitored well. The school survey generates relevant contextual information on fellow-students, classes and schools. It can also generate contextual information on the students' households and the communities in which they live. Further, aetiological inference is enhanced when the school survey is designed as a cohort study. This, however, is only a viable option when data collecting is carried out at least every 2 years and depends on information needs.
Super resolution of fisheye images captured by on-vehicle camera for visibility support

Fisheye cameras are widely adopted in the back view camera of vehicles and the surveillance camera. Compared to the normal digital cameras, their resolution and image quality are low. In this paper, we propose a method to restore the high resolution images from the fisheye camera by the reconstructed type of super resolution. First, we undistort the fisheye images and regularize these images. Then we super-resolve these regularized images. Blur kernel for super resolution includes the lens blur and the expansion and reduction by the undistortion. The experimental results confirms to the effectiveness of our method which applies to the images captured by the digital camera with fish-eye lens.
In vivo confocal microscopy of inflammatory cells in the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in patients with different subtypes of anterior uveitis

Purpose Previously we could show increased numbers and densities of dendritic-like cells (DLCs) in the subbasal nerve plexus of the central cornea in patients with herpetic anterior uveitis (HAU). Now we aimed to explore these and other inflammatory cells seen in this layer in different subtypes of anterior uveitis using in vivo confocal microscopy. Methods Consecutive eyes of patients with different types of anterior uveitis, HAU, Fuchs’ uveitis syndrome (FUS), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-related anterior uveitis were examined in vivo with the combination of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II/III and Rostock Cornea Module. The contralateral eye was used as control. Inflammatory cells were defined on the basis of their morphology: type 1 (DLCs) and type 2 (cell bodies lacking dendrites). Frequencies were evaluated statistically in each group. Results The difference between means of type 1 cells density of affected eyes in all four groups was significant (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) p=0.039). The difference between means of type 1 cell densities of affected eyes in patients with HAU (96.8±44.2 cells/mm2, n=10) and that of patients with FUS (46.4±38.7 cells/mm2, n=17) was significant (Tukey's post hoc p=0.025), whereas the difference between patients with HAU and JIA (53.3±34.5 cells/mm2, n=7) and patients with HAU and HLA-B27 (63.1±59.2 cells/mm2, n=10) was not significant (Tukey's post hoc p=0.181 and 0.300). In contrast, the following means resulted from the evaluation of type 2 cells: the difference between means of affected eyes in all four groups was not significant (one-way ANOVA p=0.185). Density means difference of patients with HAU (44.9±22.6 cells/mm2, n=5) and that of FUS (20.0±11.0 cells/mm2, n=2) and that of patients with JIA (56.0±18.3 cells/mm2, n=2) and that of HLA-B27 (36.1±24.1 cells/mm2, n=5) was not significant (Tukey's post hoc p=0.302, 0.877 and 0.739). The contralateral eye of all patient groups showed also an inflammatory cell infiltrate of lesser extent. Conclusions The high density and morphology of DLCs in the central cornea of patients with HAU assessed by confocal microscopy supports the clinical diagnosis of HAU especially when compared with patients with FUS but not when compared with patients with JIA or HLA-B27. Clinical relevance This study suggests that the non-invasive confocal microscopy of the cornea is capable of supporting a clinical diagnosis in patients with uveitis.
WSRec: A Collaborative Filtering Based Web Service Recommender System

As the abundance of Web services on the World Wide Web increase,designing effective approaches for Web service selection and recommendation has become more and more important. In this paper, we present WSRec, a Web service recommender system, to attack this crucial problem. WSRec includes a user-contribution mechanism for Web service QoS information collection and an effective and novel hybrid collaborative filtering algorithm for Web service QoS value prediction. WSRec is implemented by Java language and deployed to the real-world environment. To study the prediction performance, A total of 21,197 public Web services are obtained from the Internet and a large-scale real-world experiment is conducted, where more than 1.5 millions test results are collected from 150 service users in different countries on 100 publicly available Web services located all over the world. The comprehensive experimental analysis shows that WSRec achieves better prediction accuracy than other approaches.
Location-Based Hierarchical Matrix Factorization for Web Service Recommendation

Web service recommendation is of great importance when users face a large number of functionally-equivalent candidate services. To recommend Web services that best fit a user's need, QoS values which characterize the non-functional properties of those candidate services are in demand. But in reality, the QoS information of Web service is not easy to obtain, because only limited historical invocation records exist. To tackle this challenge, in recent literature, a number of QoS prediction methods are proposed, but they still demonstrate disadvantages on prediction accuracy. In this paper, we design a location-based hierarchical matrix factorization (HMF) method to perform personalized QoS prediction, whereby effective service recommendation can be made. We cluster users and services into several user-service groups based on their location information, each of which contains a small set of users and services. To better characterize the QoS data, our HMF model is trained in a hierarchical way by using the global QoS matrix as well as several location-based local QoS matrices generated from user-service clusters. Then the missing QoS values can be predicted by compactly combining the results from local matrix factorization and global matrix factorization. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on a real-world Web service QoS dataset with 1,974,675 real Web service invocation records. The experimental results show that our HMF method achieves higher prediction accuracy than the state-of-the-art methods.
Extraction of Microservices from Monolithic Software Architectures

Driven by developments such as mobile computing, cloud computing infrastructure, DevOps and elastic computing, the microservice architectural style has emerged as a new alternative to the monolithic style for designing large software systems. Monolithic legacy applications in industry undergo a migration to microservice-oriented architectures. A key challenge in this context is the extraction of microservices from existing monolithic code bases. While informal migration patterns and techniques exist, there is a lack of formal models and automated support tools in that area. This paper tackles that challenge by presenting a formal microservice extraction model to allow algorithmic recommendation of microservice candidates in a refactoring and migration scenario. The formal model is implemented in a web-based prototype. A performance evaluation demonstrates that the presented approach provides adequate performance. The recommendation quality is evaluated quantitatively by custom microservice-specific metrics. The results show that the produced microservice candidates lower the average development team size down to half of the original size or lower. Furthermore, the size of recommended microservice conforms with microservice sizing reported by empirical surveys and the domain-specific redundancy among different microservices is kept at a low rate.
Crystal structure of the human ephrin‐A5 ectodomain

The Eph receptors, the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases, and their ephrin ligands are important mediators of cell–cell communication regulating cell attachment, pathfinding, and mobility in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Recent structural studies have revealed unique molecular features that explain many of the biochemical and signaling properties of Ephs and ephrins. Nevertheless, open questions remain, including understanding the precise molecular mechanism underlining their binding‐partner preferences and subclass specificity. In this study, we have determined and present the crystal structure of the extracellular domain of ephrin‐A5—the first structure of an unbound A‐class ephrin. The structure, determined at 2.1 Å resolution, is a variation of the Greek key β‐barrel folding topology, containing eight β‐strands, and stabilized by two disulphide bonds. Overall, ephrin‐A5 is structurally very similar to ephrin‐B1 and ephrin‐B2 but, unlike ephrin‐B2, it does not show dimerization either in solution or in the crystals. Comparing free ephrin‐A5 to the previously published structure of EphB2‐bound ephrin‐A5 reveals that significant conformational changes occur only around the G–H ephrin loop that upon binding bends toward the receptor. Interestingly, the G–H loop undergoes a very similar conformational rearrangement in ephrin‐B2 upon receptor binding. The results of this study further emphasize the importance of the G–H loop for receptor recognition and selectivity, and could serve as a starting point for the development of structure‐based Eph antagonists.
Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice: The Effective Nationwide Transport of MST Programs in Norway

ABSTRACT The successful nationwide transport and evaluation of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) programs in Norway is described. This description is provided within the context of the nation's movement towards the adoption of evidence-based practices (EBPs) during the past decade, the conduct of a multisite randomized clinical trial to examine the effectiveness of MST in Norway, and the development of a center for effectively implementing and researching EBPs for child and adolescent problems. Data on Norwegian adolescent substance use, treatment, and research is summarized. Finally, challenges that have been addressed and overcome in achieving the large-scale adoption and implementation of MST are presented from the context of innovation diffusion. System-level barriers and strategies regarding funding, practice norms, local ownership, engaging stakeholders, geography, referral gatekeepers, and risk assessment are noted, as are practitioner level barriers and strategies regarding language, cultural appropriateness, caseload and compensation issues, and background and skill deficits. The Norwegian approach, in many ways, serves as an excellent model for importing and sustaining EBPs on a large-scale basis.
Prospective Assessment of Prescribing Pattern of Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitors in an Indian Tertiary-Care Teaching Hospital

Context: Inappropriate use of intravenous proton pump inhibitors (IV PPIs) has been a major challenge for private health-care setups. Inappropriate prescribing may result in increased shortages of IV PPIs in hospitals, therapeutic burden, adverse effects, and treatment costs. Therefore, the study was sought to determine drug utilization patterns (appropriateness and inappropriateness) of IV PPIs in an Indian tertiary-care teaching hospital. Aims: To assess the drug utilization pattern of IV PPIs in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. Settings and Design: This was a prospective observational study. Methods and Material: This study was conducted over a period of one month. Patients who were ≥18 years of age, who were admitted in the internal medicine, surgery, or gastroenterology wards, and who were receiving IV PPIs were included in the study. Paediatric patients and outpatients were not enrolled in the study. Ddemographics, past medication and surgery, current medical condition and medication, dose, dosing interval, duration of therapy, length of stay, and endoscopic details of each patient was collected from patients' case notes, treatment charts, and laboratory/diagnostic test reports, and evaluated for appropriateness regarding indication. Statistical analysis: Chi square test (χ 2 ) was used to analyze the data. Results: Prospective assessment involved 611 patients over a 1-month period. For prophylaxis (stress ulcer, pre-operative and postoperative prophylaxis) and treatment, IV PPIs were prescribed inappropriately to 289 (89.2%) internal medicine and 97 (34.04%) surgery ward patients. Prolonged therapy was found in patients who received IV PPIs for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Conclusion: This study revealed significant inappropriateness of PPI administration with particular reference to indication to use, duration of therapy, and changeover of therapy in an Indian tertiary-care teaching hospital.
Experimentation‐Driven Knowledge Acquisition for Planning

Knowledge engineering for planning is expensive and the resulting knowledge can be imperfect. To autonomously learn a plan operator definition from environmental feedback, our learning system WISER explores an instantiated literal space using a breadth‐first search technique. Each node of the search tree represents a state, a unique subset of the instantiated literal space. A state at the root node is called a seed state. WISER can generate seed states with or without utilizing imperfect expert knowledge. WISER experiments with an operator at each node. The positive state, in which an operator can be successfully executed, constitutes initial preconditions of an operator. We analyze the number of required experiments as a function of the number of missing preconditions in a seed state. We introduce a naive domain assumption to test only a subset of the exponential state space. Since breadth‐first search is expensive, WISER introduces two search techniques to reorder literals at each level of the search tree. We demonstrate performance improvement using the naive domain assumption and literal‐ordering heuristics. To learn the effects of an operator, WISER computes the delta state, composed of the add list and the delete list, and parameterizes it. Unlike previous systems, WISER can handle unbound objects in the delta state. We show that machine‐generated effects definitions are often simpler in representation than expert‐provided definitions.
A retrospective study on the incidence of post-cataract surgery Descemet’s membrane detachment and outcome of air descemetopexy

Purpose To study the anatomic and functional outcome of air descemetopexy in postcataract surgery Descemet’s membrane detachment (DMD). Design Retrospective study. Methods Setting: Institutional. Study population: Records of 112 patients who underwent air descemetopexy for postcataract surgery sight-threatening DMD at Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry, between January 2013 and December 2015 were studied. Main outcome measures: Anatomical outcome refers to reattachment of the Descemet’s membrane (DM). Functional outcome was given by the best-corrected visual acuity. Results The mean age was 66.47±8.46 (SD) years, the male to female ratio was 45:67. The incidence of DMD was more in extracapsular cataract extraction (0.26%) and manual small incision cataract surgery (0.11%) than phacoemulsification (0.04%) (p=0.005 and p<0.0001). DMD was more common among surgical trainees (0.17%) than consultants (0.07%) (p≤0.0001). After primary air descemetopexy, 78 (71%) out of the 110 patients had DM reattachment. The complications noted after descemetopexy include persistent DMD (21.8%), corneal decompensation (7.3%), appositional angle closure (18%), pupillary block with air (2.7%) and uveitis (2.7%). Age, sex and timing of intervention did not influence the reattachment rate. Fifteen patients underwent repeat air descemetopexy for persistent DMD among whom nine (60%) had successful reattachment. Almost 75% of patients had vision better than 6/18 1 month after anatomically successful descemetopexy. Conclusion Air descemetopexy is a safe and efficient modality of treatment of DMD and should be tried even in patients with severe DMD before planning a major surgery like endothelial keratoplasty.