Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ALMA and VLA reveal the lukewarm chromospheres of the nearby red supergiants Antares and Betelgeuse

We first present spatially resolved ALMA and VLA continuum observations of the early-M red supergiant Antares to search for the presence of a chromosphere at radio wavelengths. We resolve the free-free emission of the Antares atmosphere at 11 unique wavelengths between 0.7 mm (ALMA band 8) and 10 cm (VLA S band). The projected angular diameter is found to continually increase with increasing wavelength, from a low of 50.7 mas at 0.7 mm up to a diameter of 431 mas at 10 cm, which corresponds to 1.35 and 11.6 times the photospheric angular diameter, respectively. All four ALMA measurements show that the shape of the atmosphere is elongated, with a flattening of 15% at a similar position angle. The disk-averaged gas temperature of the atmosphere initially rises from a value of 2700 K at 1.35 R⋆ (i.e., 0.35 R⋆ above the photosphere) to a peak value of 3800 K at ∼2.5 R⋆, after which it then more gradually decreases to 1650 K at 11.6 R⋆. The rise in gas temperature between 1.35 R⋆ and ∼2.5 R⋆ is evidence for a chromospheric temperature rise above the photosphere of a red supergiant. We detect a clear change in the spectral index across the sampled wavelength range, with the flux density Sν ∝ ν1.42 between 0.7 mm and 1.4 cm, which we associate with chromosphere-dominated emission, while the flux density Sν ∝ ν0. 8 between 4.3 cm and 10 cm, which we associate with wind-dominated emission. We show that the Antares MOLsphere is transparent at our observed wavelengths, and the lukewarm chromosphere that we detect is therefore real and not just an average of the cool MOLsphere and hot ultraviolet emitting gas. We then perform nonlocal thermal equilibrium modeling of the far-ultraviolet radiation field of another early-M red supergiant, Betelgeuse, and find that an additional hot (i.e., > 7000 K) chromospheric photoionization component with a much smaller filling factor must also exist throughout the chromospheres of these stars.
Perceptual Prominence of Accent Types and the Role of Expectations

This paper is concerned with how accent types can contribute to the perceived prominence of the accented words, both when they are presented in a sentence devoid of context and when a context is used to build expectations of more or less prosodic prominence. In a prominence rating experiment in German, target words were presented with four different levels of prosodic prominence (L+H*, H*, H+L*, deaccented) in isolated sentences. In a second prominence rating experiment, words with two of these levels of prominence (L+H* and H+L*) were presented with a prior context evoking the expectation that the upcoming information was either exciting or neutral. In a third experiment, this reduced set of stimuli was also assessed for appropriateness, i.e. as to whether the target stimulus matched expectations evoked by the context provided. Results indicate that, both with and without prior context, pronounced accentual rises (L+H*) involve a particularly high level of perceptual prominence. Contextually induced expectations had no effect on the perception of prominence. However, the extra prominence for L+H* was only appropriate in the exciting context. Falling accents (H+L*) were lower in prominence, and were appropriate in both contexts, indicating that they did not need to be contextually licensed.
Patterns of coral community structure of subtropical reefs in the Solitary Islands Marine Reserve, Eastern Australia

Although the Solitary Islands Manne Reserve lies at latitude 30" S on the east coast of Austral~a, over 700 km south of the Great Barrier Reef it contains b e n t h ~ c ommunities dominated by extenslve areas of scleractln~an corals A qual~tative survey publ~shed In 1974 reported a total of 34 coral specles in the region and more recent records Include a total of 55 coral species Here, we present the results of the first quantitative ben th~c surveys for 7 s ~ t e s in the Solitary Islands Manne Reserve As a result of these surveys an additIona135 specles of scleractin~an coral have been recorded from the region bnnging the total to 90 coral specles In 28 genera from l 1 families However 21 of the 55 coral specles previously recorded were not found dunng this study These results indicate that a d y n a m ~ c temporal pattern oi specles recultment and replacement is occurnng within these subtropical coral conununities Scleractinian coral cover ranged from a low of 8 5% at Muttonbird Island the reef closest to the coastline to 50 9 % at SW Sol~tary Island These values are wth in the range of coral cover reported for troplcal fnnging reefs M u l t ~ d ~ m e n s ~ o n a l s ca l~ng (MDS) analysis indicated 4 malor slte groupings the 2 sites closest to shore the most northern offshore slte, which was different from all other sltes South Solltary Island and the other 3 island s ~ t e s which showed some similarity to one another The major differences among sltes were higher coral species nchness and the relative Importance of Acropora specles on the more northern and offshore reefs, and higher abundance of large macroalgae close to the coastline The Solitary Islands coral rommunlties contain a unlque assoclation of tropical species neal their southern lat~tudlnal range, and subtropical scleractinian species which are rare or absent from the Great Barner Reef r e q o n Although coral cover 1s high at the Solitary Islands, these high-lat~tude sltes are less dlverse than trop~cal f n n g ~ n g reefs, with respect to both total number of coral species and the number of species per sampllng unlt Furthermore, the pnmary substratum is formed by rock rather than lunestone so the extenslve coral communit~es fall to form coral reefs at this latitude
Derivation of leaf-area index from quality of light on the forest floor

Leaf—area index of a forest can be measured by determining the ratio of light at 800 μm to that at 675 μm on the forest floor. It is based on the principle that leaves absorb relatively more red than infrared light, and therefore, the more leaves that are present in the canopy, the greater will be the ratio.
SpotSDC: Revealing the Silent Data Corruption Propagation in High-Performance Computing Systems

The trend of rapid technology scaling is expected to make the hardware of high-performance computing (HPC) systems more susceptible to computational errors due to random bit flips. Some bit flips may cause a program to crash or have a minimal effect on the output, but others may lead to silent data corruption (SDC), i.e., undetected yet significant output errors. Classical fault injection analysis methods employ uniform sampling of random bit flips during program execution to derive a statistical resiliency profile. However, summarizing such fault injection result with sufficient detail is difficult, and understanding the behavior of the fault-corrupted program is still a challenge. In this article, we introduce SpotSDC, a visualization system to facilitate the analysis of a program’s resilience to SDC. SpotSDC provides multiple perspectives at various levels of detail of the impact on the output relative to where in the source code the flipped bit occurs, which bit is flipped, and when during the execution it happens. SpotSDC also enables users to study the code protection and provide new insights to understand the behavior of a fault-injected program. Based on lessons learned, we demonstrate how what we found can improve the fault injection campaign method.
Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Protein and Genetic Traits in Genetically Modified Food

Abstract Due to the market introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in crops, foods, and ingredients, legislation worldwide came face to face with the question of the use and labeling requirements on GMO crops and their derivatives. In this review, protein- and DNA-based methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blots, and qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction PCR (Q-PCR) are reviewed. Qualitative detection methods for genetically modified (GM) sequences in foods have evolved rapidly during the past years. The sensitivity of these systems is extremely high, even for processed foodstuffs. However, the availability of quantitative detection methods for GMO analysis is an important prerequisite for the introduction of threshold limits for GMOs in food. The recently introduced labeling threshold for GMOs in food ingredients by the European Union has forced official food control laboratories to apply quantitative PCR methods. Taking the precision of quantitative PCR detection methods into account, suitable sample plans and sample sizes for GMO analysis are discussed. As quantitative GMO detection methods measure GMO contents of samples in relation to reference material, priority must be given to international agreements and standardization on certified reference materials. The rapidly increasing number of GM foods on the market demands the development of more advanced multidetection systems, such as microarray technology. Challenges and problems arising from the inability to detect GM foods for which the modified sequence is unknown, the lengthy standardization procedures, and the need to continuously update databases comprising commercially available GM foods and the respective detection strategies are also discussed.
A Study on Effect of Servant Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support on Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture

Background/Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify factors of leadership and organizational support that have effect on establishing the characteristics of agile organizational culture adopted recently by many organizations as a way to deal with rapidly changing market. Methods/Statistical analysis : A research model was developed, based on previous studies, by selecting Empowerment, Use of Collective Intelligence, and Continuous Learning, selected as Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture, and Servant Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) as the influencing variables. The relationships among variables were identified using regression analysis and mediating effect analysis. The subjects were workers working at headquarters of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation and the Agribusiness Group. The questionnaire survey was conducted for about one month from Jan., 2020 and a total of 157 valid samples were obtained. SPSS (Ver. 22.0) was used in statistical analysis. Findings : The results showed that the Servant Leadership has statistically significant effect on Empowerment and Use of Collective Intelligence but not on Continuous Learning which are Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture. The Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has statistically significant effect on all of the Characteristics of Agile Organizational Culture: Empowerment, Use of Collective Intelligence, and Continuous Learning. The results of mediating effect analysis showed that POS partially mediated the effect of Servant Leadership on Empowerment and Use of Collective Intelligence and fully mediated the effect on Continuous Learning. The results suggested that, for the establishment of agile culture in an organization, it is very important to exercise Servant Leadership, which is a leadership that maximize the potential of the members of the organization based on the spirit of human respect, and to give to members the perception of the full support and rewards provided by organization. Improvements/Applications : This study was conducted for employees working at a specific organization therefore it is difficult to generalize the results to overall industries and organizations. In the future, it is necessary to expand sample population and to conduct comparative studies between groups that have introduced agile organizational culture and ones that does not. It is also recommended to conduct additional studies on the factors of leadership and organizational support that have effect on the characteristics of agile organizational culture.
Utilizing Culturally Relevant Leisure as an Experiential Learning Tool: Implications for Leisure Studies and Recreation Education

Abstract Study abroad provides a unique context in which opportunities for culturally relevant leisure are extremely abundant. These programs provide varying levels of cultural immersion, and culture is inherently connected to leisure. Research has demonstrated relationships between various aspects of study abroad and desired transferable skills such as intercultural sensitivity (IS). However, little is known about the relationship between frequency of participation in culturally relevant leisure and IS. This quantitative study investigated the relationship between participation in culturally relevant leisure during study abroad and level of IS. Findings suggest the importance of leisure engagement in culturally relevant media during study abroad. Implications of the use of culturally relevant leisure in study abroad and additional forms of classroom and experiential learning will be discussed.
Biometrics, growth and sex ratios amongst Irish Dippers Cinclus cinclus hibernicus

Biometrie data of Irish Dippers were investigated over two years. Wing length, tarsus length and weight were measured from fully grown and nestling birds across a number of sites in southern Ireland. Fully grown birds were found to be sexually dimorphic for wing length, tarsus length and weight. The degree of sexual dimorphism was less than expected, females being larger than reported from most other studies. Weight varied little between seasons, and the annual pattern of weight change was less than that shown for other studies. Nestling growth rate was similar to that of Welsh Dippers. These results are discussed in the context of the ecological niche of the Irish Dipper.
The role of victims’ lawyers in criminal proceedings in the Netherlands

The role of the victim in the criminal trial process has evolved considerably in recent decades. On a European level, an important driver has been the EU Directive 2012/29/EU, according to which European countries are legally bound to afford certain rights to crime victims. In the Netherlands, the EU Directive has instigated several extensions of existing victims’ rights, and in the Code of Criminal Procedure a separate section has been devoted to the victim. The current study specifically addresses one of the victims’ rights, that is, the right to be legally represented. The Dutch government has financially invested in access to and specialization of victim lawyers in order to promote the realization of victims’ rights, specifically for victims of serious crimes and sex offences. The goal of the current study was to investigate the added value of victim lawyers and the extent to which they contribute to the fulfilment of victims’ rights in the criminal law process. A literature study was conducted to examine legislation pertaining to victims’ rights; a questionnaire study was conducted to investigate the perspective of victim lawyers (n = 148); and interviews were conducted to examine the perspective of the police, Victim Support Netherlands, Public Prosecuting Service, and criminal courts (n = 17). The results show that victim lawyers were important to the realization of victims’ rights. They were considered most necessary with respect to the right to claim compensation and with respect to the right to gain access to the case file. They were also required because victims’ rights have not yet been smoothly incorporated into legal practice. In addition, victim lawyers’ presence in the courtroom was considered important because it contributes to victims experiencing that they are taken seriously. It has been concluded that the support of victim lawyers is an important contribution to victim participation in criminal proceedings.
Phonological and Phonetic Realizations of Downstepping in Child Speech

Recent research has applied an autosegmental-metrical approach to child speech in Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan, and there is an ongoing need to determine how this model and the ToBI transcription system can be used to represent the speech of young children. Specifically, the role of downstepping in child speech has not yet been analyzed in detail. The motivation for this study is to examine the phonetic implementation of the downstepped H+! H* pitch accent, as well as begin to create an inventory of the intonational patterns found in American English-speaking toddlers. Phonological and phonetic analyses were carried out for utterances from two corpora of spontaneous child speech, elicited during a storybook task and a game-based interaction. Phonological results show that H* and H+! H* are the most frequently occurring pitch accents, with other types appearing less frequently (L*, L+H*, L*+H). Phonetic analyses of H+! H* tokens show that its phonetic implementation is varied, with at least six sub types identified when produced with a low boundary tone. Taken together, the results begin to form a picture of the sophisticated intonational patterns present in the speech of young children. Further research is necessary to determine the connection between the phonological and phonetic representations.
Optimum Temperatures for Enhanced Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of Zero-Bias Diode-Based Rectifiers

Ambient power rectifiers are pivotal for batteryless or self-powered internet of things architectures and self-sustained communication/sensor platforms. The core of rectifiers, a nonlinear device, has been subject to significant research and improvements recently, especially at a low-power level, where rectifying efficiency is so limited. Current responsivity (the key rectification parameter describing the nonlinearity) is known to be impacted by the operating temperature, as predicted by William Shockley’s law. However, no work has been carried out to quantify the impact of temperature in the RF rectification process, nor to relate existing diodes with their optimum operating temperature range. To address those missing links, this article first develops an analytical method to predict power conversion efficiency (PCE) of rectifiers from approximate milli-watt down to nano-watt level. Next, it identifies the optimum operating temperature of rectifiers corresponding to peak PCE. It also reports that the previous PCE ceiling of 15% (at an input power level below −30 dBm) can be broken when rectifiers operate at their optimum temperatures. Enhanced PCE results are then validated experimentally on SMS7630 and HSMS-2850-based rectifiers when operating at their optimum temperatures. Noticeably, the SMS7630-based rectifier delivers efficiency of 17.5% at −30 dBm and 41.7% at −20 dBm, showing respectively comparable and better PCE than that of tunnel diode-based counterparts at similar power levels. This article also indicates that rectifier design should consider the operating temperature when selecting diodes to maximize rectifying potential.
Three-Dimensional Regularized Focusing Migration: A Case Study from the Yucheng Mining Area, Shandong, China

Gravity migration is a fast imaging technique based on the migration concept to obtain subsurface density distribution. For higher resolution of migration imaging results, we propose a 3D regularized focusing migration method that implements migration imaging of an entire gravity survey with a focusing stabilizer based on regularization theory. When determining the model parameters, the iterative direction is chosen as the conjugate migration direction, and the step size is selected on the basis of the Wolfe–Powell conditions. The model tests demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the resolution and precision of imaging results, especially for blocky structures. At the same time, the method has high computational efficiency, which allows rapid imaging for large-scale gravity data. It also has high stability in noisy conditions. The developed novel method is applied to interpret gravity data collected from the skarn-type iron deposits in Yucheng, Shandong province. Migration results show that the depth of the buried iron ore in this area is 750–1500 m, which is consistent with the drilling data. We also provide recommendations for further mineral exploration in the survey area. This method can be used to complete rapid global imaging of large mining areas and it provides important technical support for exploration of deep, concealed deposits.
Photochromism of the cyanobacterial light harvesting biliprotein phycoerythrocyanin

The light harvesting biliprotein phycoerythrocyanin isolated from the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn was separated into its subunits by isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel in the presence of urea with subsequent renaturation. Smaller amounts of the subunits were obtained from Tolypothrix distorta Kutzing var. symplocoides Hansgirg, strain IUCC 424 (now UTEX 424), by chromatography of phycoerythrocyanin on hydroxylapatite. In both cases the isolated α-subunits showed the photoreversible photochemistry characterizing phycochrome b, a photoreversibly photochromic pigment so far found only in extracts of phycoerythrocyanin-containing organisms. Light-induced absorbance changes in the β-subunit and in phycoerythrocyanin were also studied.
The Effect of Road-Based Fatalities on the Viability of a Peri-Urban Swamp Wallaby Population

Abstract Roads and traffic have a multitude of impacts on wildlife populations. Wildlife existing within the confines of fragmented reserves are particularly susceptible to fatalities on roads, especially those situated within urban and semirural matrices. The sustainability of many wildlife populations within reserve fragments are tenuous as roads further subdivide reserved areas and increase the frequency of animal–vehicle contact. Although many studies have assessed the quantity and diversity of fatalities from collisions, few studies have examined the long-term viability of wildlife populations living adjacent to roads. We chose to examine the effects of disturbances, including fatalities on roads, on a population of swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) within the Royal National Park on the urban fringe of Sydney, Australia. Despite having an extensive range, researchers suspect that many local populations of this sole member of Wallabia are in decline. We used a combination of population modeling and sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of disturbances on the population. Under current conditions, the forecast of the population was to decline over the next 100 years with the possibility of becoming extinct. We found that female reproduction and breeding were most influential on the population model. Of the range of management options investigated, by far the most rewarding was the reduction of fatalities on roads, as only a 20% decrease in female fatalities on roads has the potential to reverse the current decline and represents the best option for maintaining long-term viability. We suggest that documentation and subsequent management of road impacts, within the context of other threats, is essential to the conservation of similar species in road-affected environments.