Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Agree and Merge: Locality in copy-raising

Chomsky (2000) proposes that movement is purely a sequence of the Agree and Merge operations. This paper solves the problem of how non-thematic base-generation in [Spec, HP] Merges a copy of the goal of the Agree by H rather than another DP linked to some free variable in H'. This is done by using Agree to transmit variable assignment indices as φ -features. The same Agree-Merge composition and interpretation is found in copy-raising , whose sole difference from movement rests in properties of the copy-deletion algorithm and its interaction with the binding theory. If a non-thematic DP is sister to a predicate whose head has not φ -Agreed, it is correctly predicted to be free to bind any variable, giving rise to broad subject and other resumptive constructions. Tough - movement, however, is shown to be a species of copy-raising targeting a DP in an Ā -position (OP).
SPACE SUBDIVISION FOR INDOOR NAVIGATION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Along with the increasing demand for indoor navigation, many attempts were made to improve indoor navigation performance. Information about the room becomes important, because one of the characteristics of indoor navigation is the dynamic indoor conditions. Space subdivision is an effort made to make indoor navigation even more accurate. The purpose of this study is to create a systematic literature review (SLR) regarding the topic of space subdivision for indoor navigation which is based on a SLR method, previously defined research question. This study examines several previous works specifically in the field of space subdivision for indoor navigation with the SLR. This research is expected to be the basis for further research to improve the quality of indoor navigation based on space subdivision.
Management practices for enhancing resource use efficiency under direct seeded rice-A review

The transplanted puddled rice (TPR) is a water, labour and energy intensive practice, and also emits vast amount of green-house gasses (GHG), particularly methane. The water guzzling nature of TPR and escalating labour prices drives towards the search for alternative methods of rice production. Among different methods of rice cultivation, direct-seeded rice (DSR) received much attention in this way; however, major constraints in DSR are identified as poor crop establishment, weed infestation, nematode occurrence and imbalanced nutrient and faulty water management practices. This paper summarises the improved production technologies for DSR viz. precision levelling, early-maturing varieties, seed priming, effective water, nutrient and weed management. It is evident from the review that grain yield, water productivity and net income could be enhanced by laser land levelling as compared to traditional levelling. Alternate wetting and drying method of irrigation in DSR resulted in less water requirement without any yield penalty. Application of Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergence followed by post-emergence application of bispyribac sodium @ 25g a.i./ha recorded higher grain yield and better weed control efficiency. Use of Trichoderma viride @ 2.5 kg/ha was found effective to control nematode infestation in DSR. Moreover, compared to TPR, DSR had less methane emission and global warming potential. Thus, DSR is a feasible alternative to TPR with a good potential to save water, reduce labour requirement, and to mitigate the climatic risks in Indian agriculture.
Starch utilization routes in lactic acid bacteria: New insight by gene expression assay

The annotation of full genomes of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) leads to conviction that many of them contain a basic pool of chromosomal genes, responsible for starch hydrolysis. However, only the strains that are forced to survive in starchy environment are able to display these genetically determined properties. The aim of the present work is to investigate the genes actually engaged in starch utilization by ALAB using gene transcription assay. Twenty five new ALAB strains, belonging to 11 distinct species of four genera were isolated and analyzed. Among them, the first amylolytic Lactobacillus sakei, Enterococcus faecium, and E. durans were reported. The presence and expression of the genes amy1, glgP, glgB, agl, malL, treC, and dexC were examined. Although all strains possessed extracellular and cell-bound amylase activity and produced lactic acid from starch, high genus and species specificity in the gene expression was observed. ALAB strains of genus Lactobacillus (except L. sakei) and P. acidilactici own and express all the tested genes, while E. faecium and E. durans strains expressed predominantly the gene, encoding amylase. The co-transcription of glgP and glgB genes indicates that glycogen synthesis and starch degradation occur in parallel, which is another example for dual metabolic role of biochemical paths.
Reproductive Success of Elk Following Disturbance by Humans during Calving Season

Restricting human activity in elk (Cervus elaphus) calving areas during calving season can be controversial because of increasing human uses of elk habitat, and little evidence exists to evaluate impacts of these activities on elk populations. We evaluated effects of human-induced disturbance on reproductive success of radiocollared adult female elk using a control-treatment study in central Colorado. Data were collected during 1 pretreatment year and 2 treatment years. Treatment elk were repeatedly approached and displaced by study personnel throughout a 3-4-week period of peak calving during both treatment years, while control elk did not receive treatment. We observed elk on alpine summer ranges in July and August on both areas to estimate the proportion of marked cows maintaining a calf. Calf/cow proportions for the control area remained stable, but those for the treatment area declined each year. Average number of disturbances/elk/year effectively modeled variation in calf/cow proportions, supporting treatment as the cause of declining calf/cow proportions. Average decrease in calf/cow proportion in the treatment group was 0.225. Modeling indicated that estimated annual population growth on both study areas was 7% without treatment application, given that existing human activities cause some unknown level of calving-season disturbance. With an average of 10 disturbances/cow above ambient levels, our model projected no growth. Our results support maintaining disturbance-free areas for elk during parturitional periods. JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 64(2):521-530
Effects of silicon amendments on grapevine, soil and wine

stresses can be limiting to one or several resources of the plant (Keller 2015). Although not traditionally thought of as an important element to the life cycle of plants, silicon (Si) is found at concentrations from 1 to 100 g/kg, which is equivalent to or even exceeding plant tissue concentrations of other macronutrients (Epstein 1994). However, silicon is not considered as an essential element according to the classical definition of essentiality (Arnon and Stout 1939). Silicon is regarded as one of the most beneficial elements that increase plant resistance against various abiotic and biotic stresses. It has been shown to improve plant cell wall strength and structural integrity, to improve drought and frost resistance, to decrease lodging potential (Currie and Perry 2007), and to boost plant’s natural pest and diseasefighting systems (Rodrigues and Datnoff 2007). Silicon has been shown to improve plant vigor and physiology by improving root mass and density as well as increasing above-ground plant biomass and crop yields (Epstein 2009, Liang et al. 2015, Debona et al. 2017). Silicic acid (H4SiO4) is the only known precursor of silicon compounds in biota, and plants take up aqueous, uncharged silicic acid through their roots (Ma and Yamaji 2006). The ability of plants to accumulate silicon varies greatly between species. Silicon uptake is passive for dicotyledons, and its transport in the xylem is largely determined by the transpiration rate (Ma and Takahashi 2002). Silicon can be deposited in any plant part within or between cells or as part of the cell wall with the formation of discrete silica bodies known as phytoliths. Once deposited, they are immobile and cannot be translocated to new growing leaves. Following plant senescence, plant silicon dissolves in the soil solution and either cycle through biota or is leached into waterways (Cooke and Leishman 2011). Effects of silicon amendments on grapevine, soil and wine
About Approximation Completeness of Generalized Multilayer Perceptrons Consisting of Banach-like Perceptrons Based on Semi-Inner Products

—The paper reconsiders multilayer perceptron networks for the case where the Euclidean inner product is replaced by a semi-inner product. This would be of interest, if the dissimilarity measure between data is given by a general norm such that the Euclidean inner product is not longer consistent to that situation. We prove mathematically that the universal approximation completeness is guaranteed also for those networks where the used semi-inner products are related either to uniformly convex or to reﬂexive Banach-spaces. Most famous examples of uniformly convex Banach spaces are the spaces L p and l p for 1 < p < ∞ . The result is valid for all discriminatory activation functions including the sigmoid and the ReLU activation.
Selected rare and protected macrofungi (Agaricomycetes) as bioindicators of communities of xerothermic vegetation in the Nida Basin

Results of mycological investigations conducted in xerothermic grasslands of the Nida Basin in the years 1984–2013 are presented. Our research brings up to date the current knowledge on ecological requirements of threatened species of macrofungi. Strong affiliations between macrofungi and specific phytocenoses of the alliances Festuco-Stipion and Seslerio-Festucion duriusculae were detected. A considerable influence of the occurrence of certain species of steppe fungi on the composition of the mycobiota in the Nida Basin was identified.
Asynchronous System Calls

The Linux kernel provides a system call interface for asynchronous I/O (AIO) which has not been widely adopted. It supports few operations and provides asynchronous submission and completion of those operations in limited circumstances. It has succeeded in providing cache-avoiding reads and writes to regular ﬁles, used almost exclusively by database software. Main-taining this minimal functionality has proven to be disproportionately difﬁcult which has in turn discouraged adding support for other operations. Recently Ingo Molnar introduced a subsystem called syslets [3]. Syslets give user space a new system call interface for performing asynchronous operations. They support efﬁcient asynchronous submission and completion of almost every existing system call interface in the kernel. This paper documents the path that leads from the limits of the existing AIO implementation to syslets. Syslets have the potential to both reduce the cost and broaden the functionality of AIO support in the Linux kernel.
How frequent is cuckoldry in pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca? ― Problems with the use of heritability estimates of tarsus length

A recent study on the pied flycatcher reported a "heritability" estimate of tarsus length from the male parent 24% lower than that from the female parent, a difference which was interpreted as resulting from extra-pair copulations. In the present study of two Norwegian populations of the same species no statistically significant difference in offspring-parent regressions was found. We question the usefulness of this method of assessing paternity, because the standard errors of such regressions are usually too large to obtain statistical significance with realistic sample sizes. Furthermore, the growth of the tarsus is strongly influenced by the food provisioning by the adults, and in our Oslo population evidence was found that the feeding capacity of males was related to their tarsus length. Other studies of the pied flycatcher have reported a high proportion of extra-pair copulations, but little is yet known about the fertilization success of such copulations. The fact, that the copulation rate is low in this species, and that mate guarding is relaxed during the egg-laying period, suggest that the males run little risk of being cuckolded.
FUNCTIONAL DETERMINATION OF PROJECTILE POINT USAGE IN MESOLITHIC GREASBY

The objective of this tudy wa to determine whether bow-and-arrow hunting was part of the subsistence repertoire of the Mesolithic inhabitant of Wirral. As little is known about the Mesolithic period of the region, it was hoped that the knowledge gained will facilitate studies on regional landuse and subsistence economy. The approach employed in this study comprises both replicate experimentation as well as quantitative analysis of impact fracture patterns produced by projectile point function .
Expression and stability of wild-type and mutant RUNX1 protein isoforms in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

ii! Preface. iv! Table of contents . v! List of tables.x! List of figures. xi! List of abbreviations . xiii! Acknowledgements . xvii! Chapter 1: Introduction . 1! 1.1! T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia . 1! 1.1.1! Clinical features and diagnosis . 1! 1.1.2! Genetic alterations in T-ALL. 2! 1.2! Characteristics of RUNX transcription factors . 4! 1.2. 1! Runt-related (RUNX) transcription factor family of genes . 4! 1.2. 2! Functional domains of RUNX proteins . 6! 1.3! Transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation of RUNX1. 9! 1.3. 1! RUNX1 isoforms . 9! 1.3. 2! Translational regulation of RUNX1 expression through two 5’ UTRs . 11! 1.3. 3! Post-translational modifications of RUNX1. 11! 1.4! Transcriptional regulation by RUNX1. 13! 1.4. 1! Transcriptional activation . 13! 1.4. 2! Transcriptional repression. 14!
Observations on the feeding biology and behaviour of the Fat Dormouse, Glis glis orientalis Nehring, 1903 (Mammalia: Rodentia) in captivity

Abstract The preferred food of the Fat Dormouse, Glis glis orientalis, in captivity consists of hazel nuts, fresh hazels, sunflower seeds, chestnuts, acorns, grapes, and apples. The gnawing patterns shown on the nuts are different from those of some sympatric rodent species such as Sciurus anomalus, Apodemus flavicollis and A. sylvaticus. Fat Dormice consumed 2.0–26.1 g food per day in the hibernation season and up to 52.0 g in the warm season. Fat dormice are not aggressive against each other, and males and females live together in the same cage without interference. Lactating females suckle the newborn of other females. The species hibernated in captivity as single individuals in holes under the ground surface. Waking from hibernation takes about 50 minutes. Reproduction was never observed in the laboratory over five years.
On the use of integer and fractional flexible Fourier form Dickey-Fuller unit root tests

In this paper we propose the use of a new set of conservative critical values for the flexible Fourier form Dickey-Fuller unit root test when the Fourier frequency is estimated. We consider both the integer frequency and the fractional frequency version of the test and investigate their size and power properties. We find that the integer frequency test sometimes has zero power when the deterministic component of the data generating process is characterized by a fractional frequency. Furthermore, when the originally proposed critical values are applied both versions of the test are oversized when the frequency is estimated. However, whereas the integer frequency test is only moderately oversized the fractional frequency test is significantly oversized in many cases. To remedy the size problems we simulate new critical values for the case where the frequency is estimated. The critical values are conservative, and hence yields an undersized test in some cases. Nevertheless, the resulting fractional frequency test with the new conservative critical values applied to it has good power properties.
Baby Boomers’ intention to use branch or digital banking channels in South Africa: An exploratory study

With Baby Boomers comprising a significant and profitable segment of the South African population, understanding the banking behaviour of seniors becomes an important task for banking institutions. With minimal literature dedicated to the banking behaviour of seniors, this study aimed to outline aspects which influenced Boomer's intention to use branch or digital channels and identify reasons for this. Literature highlighted the significant role of behavioural beliefs, trust, normative beliefs, perceived usefulness, perceived secureness and perceived control in banking intention, with gender, computer literacy, banking institution and banking channel used, being the major differences when choosing to walk into a branch or bank electronically. By applying the Kruskal-Wallis test on data collected from 281 Boomers across Gauteng, it was found that the gender of Boomers did not have any differences across branch and digital channels. By applying banking channel split, differences were found among the branch, digital and both channel groups for all six variables for both branch and DB intention. Reasons for these differences were also outlined within. Based on these findings, recommendations for the banking institutions of SA have been provided. Suggestions on future research initiatives are included, with linking banking intention to banking behaviour and conducting comparisons to other generational groups being notable topics.
Sustainable Compassion Training: Integrating Meditation Theory With Psychological Science

Meditation programs continue to proliferate in the modern world, with increasing participation from scientists and many others who seek to improve physical, mental, relational, and social flourishing. In developing such programs, the meditation practices have been adapted to meet the needs of modern cultures. However, through that adaptation, important contextual factors of traditional contemplative cultures are often dropped or forgotten. This article presents a system of compassion and mindfulness training, Sustainable Compassion Training (SCT), which is designed to help people cultivate increasingly unconditional, inclusive, and sustainable care for self and others. SCT aims to recover important contextual factors of meditation that flexibly meet the diverse needs of modern secular and religious participants. SCT draws on Tibetan Buddhism in dialogue with caregivers, other contemplative traditions and relevant scientific theories to inform meditative transformation for secular contexts. We provide an overview of SCT meditations that includes both contemplative and scientific theories that draw out important features of them. Each meditation includes novel hypotheses that are generated from this dialogical process. We also provide links to audio-guided meditations.
Graft: Static Analysis of Java Bytecode with Graph Databases

This paper proposes a static analysis tool for finding security vulnerabilities in Java programs. Security vulnerabilities are an ever-present concern for developers and researchers alike. Even a large-scale system can be breached or even rendered nonoperational if a security vulnerability is found and exploited by an attacker. As computer systems grow ever larger and more complex, the need for robust and precise tools for finding such vulnerabilities only grows as well. Most security vulnerabilities stem from untrusted input making its way to sensitive portions of the system, which can have serious consequences ranging from exposure of sensitive data to memory corruption and denial of service. The methods described in this paper allow the security analyst to model the program under analysis as a graph structure, which can then be traversed to find specific patterns that correspond to security vulnerabilities in the program. Techniques are described to build this structure and update it incrementally as the program itself changes during development, as well as perform various analyses to expose potential vulnerabilities. The methods are evaluated against a benchmark suite and shown to be effective in finding vulnerabilities arising from unchecked inputs.
A Survey on Factors Affecting Facial Expression Recognition based on Convolutional Neural Networks

Humans are generally good at recognising emotions which are portrayed on another person’s face. Can the same be said for machines? In recent years, there has been a tremendous amount of progress in the field of computer vision using deep learning methods, namely by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). How good are these CNNs at recognising facial expressions? With the explosion of research outputs using CNN for Facial Expression Recognition (FER) in recent years, it is an appropriate time to review the state of the art in this field, provide a critical analysis of what has and has not been achieved, and synthesize recommendations for each step of the process needed for FER. This work serves as a guide to those who are new to the field. This survey provides a critique of past work, highlights recommendations and list some open, unanswered questions in FER that deserve further investigation.
Forecasting Learner Attrition for Student Success at a South African University

In this paper we attempt to deduce student attrition at a South African higher-education institution with the aim of identifying students who are likely to be in need of academic support so that a focus could be provided on improving their academic performance. The significance of this paper is on using computer science and information technology to address learner attrition (an African reality) and thereby impact the low university throughput and retention rates positively. We trained several machine learning classification models to deduce the student into four risk classes using only Grade 12 marks and background characteristics of the learner. We provide the following contributions: (a) the first known published trained classifier able to calculate the distribution over a students’ risk profile for a South African university focused on the conceptual framework; (b) a ranking of employed features according to their entropy to correctly classify the class variable; (c) a comparison of trained classifiers able to calculate the probability of a students’ risk profile for a South African higher-education research-intensive university; and (d) an interactive program which is able to calculate the posterior probability over the student’s risk profile so that support can be provided to them. The random forest classification model achieves the best performance with a 82% accuracy over these four risk profiles. We argue for introducing predictive tools to enhance student success and student support initiatives in Higher-Education Institutions. This work will benefit academic developers and staff who provide support to students who are at academic risk of completing their undergraduate Science programmes.