Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Different Size Phytoplankton for Primary Production and Biochemical Compositions in the Western East/Japan Sea

The current phytoplankton community structure is expected to change, with small phytoplankton becoming dominant under ongoing warming conditions. To understand and evaluate the ecological roles of small phytoplankton in terms of food quantity and quality, the carbon uptake rates and intracellular biochemical compositions (i.e., carbohydrates, CHO; proteins, PRT; and lipids, LIP) of phytoplankton of different sizes were analyzed and compared in two different regions of the western East/Japan Sea (EJS): the Ulleung Basin (UB) and northwestern East/Japan Sea (NES). The average carbon uptake rate by the whole phytoplankton community in the UB (79.0 ± 12.2 mg C m–2 h–1) was approximately two times higher than that in the NES (40.7 ± 2.2 mg C m–2 h–1), although the average chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration was similar between the UB (31.0 ± 8.4 mg chl a m–2) and NES (28.4 ± 7.9 mg chl a m–2). The main reasons for the large difference in the carbon uptake rates are believed to be water temperature, which affects metabolic activity and growth rate, and the difference in euphotic depths. The contributions of small phytoplankton to the total carbon uptake rate were not significantly different between the regions studied. However, the rate of decrease in the total carbon uptake with increasing contributions from small phytoplankton was substantially higher in the UB than in the NES. This result suggests that compared to other regions in the EJS, the primary production in the UB could decrease rapidly under ongoing climate change. The calorific contents calculated based on biochemical compositions were similar between the small (1.01 ± 0.33 Kcal m–3) and large (1.14 ± 0.36 Kcal m–3) phytoplankton in the UB, whereas the biochemical contents were higher in the large phytoplankton (1.88 ± 0.54 Kcal m–3) than in the small phytoplankton (1.06 ± 0.18 Kcal m–3) in the NES. The calorific values per unit of chl a were higher for the large phytoplankton than for the small phytoplankton in both regions, which suggests that large phytoplankton could provide a more energy efficient food source to organisms in higher trophic levels in the western EJS.
Face Recognition Deficits in a Patient With Alzheimer's Disease: Amnesia or Agnosia? The Importance of Electrophysiological Markers for Differential Diagnosis

Face recognition deficits are frequently reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and often attributed to memory impairment. However, it has been hypothesized that failure in identifying familiar people could also be due to deficits in higher-level perceptual processes, since there is evidence showing a reduced inversion effect for faces but not for cars in AD. To address the involvement of these higher processes, we investigated event-related potential (ERP) neural correlates of faces in a patient with AD showing a face recognition deficit. Eight healthy participants were tested as a control group. Participants performed different tasks following the stimulus presentation. In experiment 1, they should indicate whether the stimulus was either a face or a house or a scrambled image. In experiments 2 and 3, they should discriminate between upright and inverted faces (in experiment 2, stimuli were faces with neutral or fearful expressions, while in experiment 3, stimuli were famous or unfamiliar faces). Electrophysiological results reveal that the typical face-specific modulation of the N170 component, which is thought to reflect the structural encoding of faces, was not present in patient MCG, despite being affected by the emotional content of the face implicitly processed by MCG. Conversely, the N400 component, which is thought to reflect the recruitment of the memory trace of the face identity, was found to be implicitly modulated in MCG. These results may identify a possible role for gnosic processes in face recognition deficits in AD and suggest the importance of adopting an integrated approach to the AD diagnosis while considering electrophysiological markers.
Multiobjective Tabu Search method used in chemistry

The use of a combined artificial intelligence method in macromolecular chemistry design is described. This method implies a Back-Propagation (BP) Neural Network, modified for two-dimensional input data and for a system composed of a genetic algorithm extended by a Tabu Search operator used to incorporate high-level chemical knowledge: thermodynamic polymer properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Impact of Baseline Characteristics on the Effectiveness of Disorder-Specific Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) and Supportive Psychotherapy in Outpatient Treatment for Persistent Depressive Disorder

Importance: In the treatment of persistent depressive disorder (PDD), disorder-specific Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) has been shown to be superior to Supportive Psychotherapy (SP) in outpatients. It remains to clear which subgroups of patients benefit equally and differentially from both psychotherapies. Objective: To identify those patient-level baseline characteristics that predict a comparable treatment effectiveness of CBASP and SP and those that moderate the differential effectiveness of CBASP compared to SP. Design, setting and participants: In this analysis of a 48-week multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing CBASP to SP in adult antidepressant-free outpatients with early-onset PDD, we evaluated baseline variables from the following domains as potential predictors and moderators of treatment effectiveness: socio-demography, clinical status, psychosocial and global functioning, life quality, interpersonal problems, childhood trauma, treatment history, preference for psychotherapy, and treatment expectancy. Interventions: A 48-week treatment program with 32 sessions of either CBASP or SP. Main outcomes and measures: Depression severity measured by the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-24) at week 48. Results: From N = 268 randomized outpatients, N = 209 completed the 48-week treatment program. CBASP completers had significantly lower post-treatment HRSD-24 scores than SP completers (meanCBASP=13.96, sdCBASP= 9.56; meanSP= 16.69, sdSP= 9.87; p = 0.04). A poor response to both therapies was predicted by higher baseline levels of clinician-rated depression, elevated suicidality, comorbid anxiety, lower social functioning, higher social inhibition, moderate-to-severe early emotional or sexual abuse, no preference for psychotherapy, and the history of at least one previous inpatient treatment. Moderator analyses revealed that patients with higher baseline levels of self-rated depression, comorbidity of at least one Axis-I disorder, self-reported moderate-to-severe early emotional or physical neglect, or at least one previous antidepressant treatment, had a significantly lower post-treatment depression severity with CBASP compared to SP (all p < 0.05). Conclusions and relevance: A complex multifactorial interaction between severe symptoms of depression, suicidality, and traumatic childhood experiences characterized by abuse, social inhibition, and anxiety may represent the basis of non-response to psychotherapy in patients with early onset PDD. Specific psychotherapy with CBASP might, however, be more effective and recommendable for a variety of particularly burdened patients compared to SP.
Probing the Brønsted and Lewis Acidity of Zeolite HY: A 1H/27Al and 15N/27Al TRAPDOR NMR Study of Monomethylamine Adsorbed on HY

A combination of variable temperature 1H, 15N, and 27Al MAS NMR and 1H/27Al and 15N/27Al TRAPDOR NMR has been used to study the adsorption of monomethylamine (MMA) on dehydrated zeolite HY. Monomethylammonium cations (MMAH+) are formed, which at temperatures below −40 °C are rigidly bound to the zeolite framework. At loading levels of MMA that exceed the number of Bronsted acid protons, 1H resonances intermediate in chemical shift between those of MMA and MMAH+ are observed from species undergoing rapid proton transfer reactions between MMA and MMAH+. These exchange processes are frozen out at −140 °C, and MMAH+ and physisorbed MMA are observed. The deprotonation of the Bronsted acid SiO(H)Al site, and the consequent formation of MMAH+, results in a reduction of the 27Al quadrupole coupling constant (QCC) of the nearby aluminum atom by more than 12 MHz, and a QCC for this site of 3.0 (±0.3) MHz is determined. Rehydration of HY and then subsequent calcination at 400 °C results in the formation of silanols,.
Multi-Stage Cortical Plasticity Induced by Visual Contrast Learning

Perceptual learning, the improved sensitivity via repetitive practice, is a universal phenomenon in vision and its neural mechanisms remain controversial. A central question is which stage of processing is changed after training. To answer this question, we measured the contrast response functions and electroencephalography (EEG) before and after ten daily sessions of contrast detection training. Behavioral results showed that training substantially improved visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. The learning effect was significant at the trained condition and partially transferred to control conditions. Event-related potential (ERP) results showed that training reduced the latency in both early and late ERPs at the trained condition. Specifically, contrast-gain-related changes were observed in the latency of P1, N1-P2 complex, and N2, which reflects neural changes across the early, middle, and high-level sensory stages. Meanwhile, response-gain-related changes were found in the latency of N2, which indicates stimulus-independent effect in higher-level stages. In sum, our findings indicate that learning leads to changes across different processing stages and the extent of learning and transfer may depend on the specific stage of information processing.
The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Possible Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Disorders

Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which leads to scarring and loss of function of the affected organ or tissue. Indeed, the fibrotic process affects a variety of organs and tissues, with specific molecular background. However, two common hallmarks are shared: the crucial role of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the involvement of the inflammation process, that is essential for initiating the fibrotic degeneration. TGF-β in particular but also other cytokines regulate the most common molecular mechanism at the basis of fibrosis, the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). EMT has been extensively studied, but not yet fully explored as a possible therapeutic target for fibrosis. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between fibrosis and EMT may represent an opportunity for the development of a broadly effective anti-fibrotic therapy. Here we report the evidences of the relationship between EMT and multi-organ fibrosis, and the possible therapeutic approaches that may be developed by exploiting this relationship.
Structural Aspect of Gelation in Schizophyllan/Sorbitol Aqueous Solution

Although schizophyllan undergoes no gelation by itself in its aqueous solution, the addition of sorbitol results in the formation of transparent gel at lower temperatures. The mechanism of the gel formation was discussed from the structural analysis of schizophyllan in the aqueous solution with and without sorbitol, based on the results of small-angle X-ray scattering. Here sorbitol was found to disentangle a part of triple-stranded helices and bridge the disentangled parts which serve as a crosslinking domain.
Acid Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Norway Spruce TMP: A Model Study Using Free Ferrous Ions and Ferric Ions Chelated with EDTA as Catalysts

Abstract The acid hydrogen peroxide system has been evaluated in more detail in the presence of a coarse Norway spruce thermomechanical pulp (TMP). The effects of parameters on the reactions involved were determined, such as pH, retention time, pulp consistency, type of iron catalyst, and the amount of dissolved organic material. Residual hydrogen peroxide, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved iron, and total fiber charge were quantified and the hydroxyl radical activity was monitored. The results showed that a catalyst of free ferrous ions (Fe2+) gave more reactions with the lignocellulosic material than ferric ions (Fe3+) chelated with EDTA. Furthermore, there were somewhat more reactions with the TMP when there was less dissolved organic material in the liquid phase from the start. Hydroxyl radicals were detected in all cases, but the level differed depending on the conditions used. It is likely that the iron must bind with the TMP or be in close proximity for the hydroxyl radicals to react with the pulp.
A simulation study of the decay of the pair correlation function in simple fluids

Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the asymptotic decay of the total pairwise correlation function h(r) for some model fluids. We determine the poles of the Fourier transform ĥ(q) from the direct correlation function c(r). The leading poles determine the ultimate, r→∞, decay of h(r). For the truncated and shifted Lennard-Jones fluid we calculate the Fisher–Widom (disorder) line in the temperature-density (T,ρ) plane where the ultimate decay of rh(r) crosses over from monotonic (exponential) to exponentially damped oscillatory decay. This line lies close to that obtained in an earlier integral-equation [hypernetted chain-soft core mean spherical approximation (HMSA)] study. For states on the monotonic side of the disorder line, h(r) has a finite number of oscillations and we determine the boundaries which mark regions in the (T,ρ) plane where h(r) has a given number of zeros using a random-phase approximation for c(r). In the case of the hard-sphere fluid, the ultimate decay of h(r) is oscilla.
Is EEG Suitable for Marketing Research? A Systematic Review

Background: In the past decade, marketing studies have greatly benefited from the adoption of neuroscience techniques to explore conscious and unconscious drivers of consumer behavior. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the most frequently applied neuroscientific techniques for marketing studies, thanks to its low cost and high temporal resolution. Objective: We present an overview of EEG applications in consumer neuroscience. The aim of this review is to facilitate future research and to highlight reliable approaches for deriving research and managerial implications. Method: We conducted a systematic review by querying five databases for the titles of articles published up to June 2020 with the terms [EEG] AND [neuromarketing] OR [consumer neuroscience]. Results: We screened 264 abstracts and analyzed 113 articles, classified based on research topics (e.g., product characteristics, pricing, advertising attention and memorization, rational, and emotional messages) and characteristics of the experimental design (tasks, stimuli, participants, additional techniques). Conclusions: This review highlights the main applications of EEG to consumer neuroscience research and suggests several ways EEG technique can complement traditional experimental paradigms. Further research areas, including consumer profiling and social consumer neuroscience, have not been sufficiently explored yet and would benefit from EEG techniques to address unanswered questions.
Mass transfer into a turbulent liquid across the zero‐shear gas‐liquid interface

The purpose of this study is to investigate both the physical mechanism of mass transfer across the zero-shear gas-liquid interface and the main contribution of size eddy to mass transfer. To discuss the effects of both generation mechanism of surface-renewal eddies and turbulent Reynolds number on the mass transfer, two open-channel flows with and without grid-generated turbulence were considered.
Comparison of surface oxidation of titanium nitride and chromium nitride films studied by x-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy

Surface oxidation mechanisms of TiN and CrN films were studied by means of x-ray photoelectron (XPS) and absorption spectroscopy (XAS). In the N 1s XPS spectra of both the oxidized TiN and CrN films, a feature assigned to molecular nitrogen was observed in addition to a feature assigned to nitride. The assignment was confirmed by the N K-edge XAS spectra of the TiN and CrN films which exhibited a sharp feature at 401.4 eV. Besides these features, the N 1s XPS spectra of the oxidized TiN films showed a third feature, which was assigned to NX–Ti–OY like structures taking into account the change in the Ti 2p XPS spectra. However, no evident feature assigned to NX–Ti–OY like structures was observed in the XAS spectra because of the overlapping with the nitride features. The above results indicated that the CrN films directly changed to Cr2O3 with the formation of molecular nitrogen in the interstitial positions of the surface oxide layers, while the TiN films were oxidized to TiO2 through the formation of NX–.
A Signal Detection Approach to Understanding the Identification of Fake News

Researchers across many disciplines seek to understand how misinformation spreads with a view toward limiting its impact. One important question in this research is how people determine whether a given piece of news is real or fake. In the current article, we discuss the value of signal detection theory (SDT) in disentangling two distinct aspects in the identification of fake news: (a) ability to accurately distinguish between real news and fake news and (b) response biases to judge news as real or fake regardless of news veracity. The value of SDT for understanding the determinants of fake-news beliefs is illustrated with reanalyses of existing data sets, providing more nuanced insights into how partisan bias, cognitive reflection, and prior exposure influence the identification of fake news. Implications of SDT for the use of source-related information in the identification of fake news, interventions to improve people’s skills in detecting fake news, and the debunking of misinformation are discussed.
Phytochemical and Anticytotoxic Activity of Coscinium Fenestratum

The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemicals present in the stem extracts of Coscinium fenestratum. The phytochemicals were further separated by TLC method using different solvents. Dried powder of the stem extracts of C. fenestratum was extracted with methanol and water and was tested for the different phytoconstituents. The stem of C. fenestratum contains phytoconstituents like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Steroids and fixed oils along with Carbohydrates. The compounds in both the extracts were separated by TLC and the spots were analyzed. The antimicrobial activity of the two extracts was studied against a wide variety of MTCC strains. The methanolic extract was found to be more effective in inhibiting the bacterial and fungal growth than the aqueous extract. The two extracts were then used for the analysis of the cytotoxic activity by using the Allium cepa root tips. The mitotic and cytotoxic indices were calculated. It was seen that the methanolic extract was more cytotoxic than the aqueous extract.
Quantum chemical topological analysis of hydrogen bonding in HX…HX and CH3X…HX dimers (X = Br, Cl, F)

We present a systematic investigation of the nature and strength of the hydrogen bonding in HX···HX and CH3X…HX (X = Br, Cl and F) dimers using ab initio MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations in the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and electron localisation functions (ELFs) methods. The electron density of the complexes has been characterised, and the hydrogen bonding energy, as well as the QTAIM and ELF parameters, is consistent, providing deep insight into the origin of the hydrogen bonding in these complexes. It was found that in both linear and angular HX…HX and CH3X…HX dimers, F atoms form stronger HB than Br and Cl, but they need short (∼2 Å) X…HX contacts.
Scheduling of Hydrothermal System Considering Variable Nature of Water Transportation Delay

This paper presents solution of short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem using an algorithm called Grasshopper optimization. The objective of hydrothermal scheduling is to reduce the total cost of generation by optimizing the output of power generation of different thermal and hydro plants for a certain time interval. A non-linear relationship between hydropower generation, net head and rate of water discharge is considered here. The complicated head-sensitive water-to-power conversion and piecewise output limit is also considered. To investigate the performance of this new technique, two test systems have been considered. The simulation results are compared with some well-known optimization methods such as Genetic algorithm, Biogeography based optimization, hybrid Differential evolution with Biogeography based optimization and Grey wolf optimizer algorithm. The simulation results show the superiority of this technique as compared to other well-known optimization methods.
How electoral systems and moonlighting shape parliamentary output in the European Parliament

The effort parliamentarians invest in their work is subject to short term opportunity cost considerations and the interest in securing a mandate for the future. This article analyses the output of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) between 2009 and 2014 with regard to these two moderators. The supranational nature of the European Parliament thereby allows two distinct advantages. First, the analysis of so called ‘moonlighting’ is possible without any specific country bias, and we find larger outside earnings to be negatively correlated with particularly work intense tasks. Second, Member States have considerable freedom in choosing their electoral system for European elections, and the importance of politicians’ output varies between them. We find MEPs from countries with candidate-based and decentralised election rules to produce less output during their mandate than MEPs from party centralised systems. JEL classifications: D72, H11, P16
Nexus of Financing Constraint, Court Enforcement and Corporate Investment: Are there Long-run effects of Direct British Rule?

I provide evidence that de facto implementation of the law is important. I construct an index of judicial efficiency and show that firms reduce corporate investment more in states with low judicial efficiency. Moreover, I find that the effect is predominant for financially constrained firms. Furthermore, I exploit the exclusive relationship with foreign and private banks during the 2008 U.S. financial crisis. These firms experienced exogenous financial shocks during the 2008 U.S. financial crisis. I show that such firms operating in regions of high judicial inefficiency exhibit lower investment. To address endogeneity, I use two approaches. Using the 2006 Information and Technology (ICT) adoption as an instrument for better judicial quality, I show that financially constrained firms increase investment post ICT adoption. Secondly, I use direct British rule in the 19th century as an instrument for current institutional quality. The princely states of India under indirect British rule were better governed as they were under constant threat of being deposed if misruled. I find that the subset of financially constrained firms located in districts under direct British rule reduce investment more. The results are robust in multiple specifications including quantile regression and propensity score matching models. * University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Email: nvats@chicagobooth.edu. I am grateful to Ankit Kalda, Nirupama Kulkarni, Nagpurnanand Prabhala, Nemit Shroff, Hans-Bernd Schafer, Stephan Siegel, Anand Srinivasan, Prasanna Tantri and Michael Weber for detailed feedback. I am also thankful to the NSE-NYU Stern School of Business Initiative for the Study of Indian Capital Markets for financial support. Any errors are solely mine.