Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Despalha da cana-de-açúcar e desempenho de novilhas e vacas leiteiras

Two experiments evaluated the responses in weight gain of heifers and milk yield of cows to the removal of the apical and lateral leaves of sugarcane. In both the animals were individually fed in total confinement. In Experiment 1, 32 Holstein x Gir heifers (295±45kg of body weight) were paired, blocked and allocated to a treatment for 42 days, following a 14-day standardization period. Treatments were whole or deleafed sugarcane. Body weight and intake were measured over time. The content of ingredients and nutrients in diets dry matter (DM) were 77.1% sugarcane, 19.2% soybean meal, 1% urea, 14.1% crude protein (CP), and 38.8% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) for deleafed sugarcane, and 78.6%, 17.9%, 0.9%, 13.7%, and 45.3% for whole sugarcane, respectively. Daily weight gain was 1.395kg for deleafed and 1.125kg for whole sugarcane (P=0.05). There was no treatment effect on DM intake (P=0.78). Leaf removal increased the rate of feed intake (P=0.04) and the daily intake of digestible non-NDF organic matter (P=0.03). In Experiment 2, 14 Holsteins (256±124 days of lactation) were paired blocked and allocated to a sequence of two treatments in a cross - over design, with 21 - day periods, and measurement of the response on the third week. The deleafed sugarcane diet had 18.4% sugarcane in DM, 37.6% corn silage, 44% corn, citrus pulp, soybean meal based concentrate, 17.3% CP, and 32.9% NDF, while the whole sugarcane diet had 18.2%, 37.7%, 44.1%, 16.6%, and 34.7%, respectivel y. Deleafing tended to increase DM digestibility (P=0.06) and the daily intake of digestible organic matter (P=0.10), without affecting milk yield (18.4kg, P=0.65). Deleafing s ugarcane increased the weight gain of heifers consuming a high proportion of sug arcane in the diet, but this practice did not induce a positive performance response in late lactating cows consuming 18% sugarcane in the diet.
OP-NARE131194 2295..2307

Bacillus subtilis RecA is important for spore resistance to DNA damage, even though spores contain a single non-replicating genome. We report that inactivation of RecA or its accessory factors, RecF, RecO, RecR and RecX, drastically reduce survival of mature dormant spores to ultrahigh vacuum desiccation and ionizing radiation that induce single strand (ss) DNA nicks and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The presence of non-cleavable LexA renders spores less sensitive to DSBs, and spores impaired in DSB recognition or end-processing show sensitivities to X-rays similar to wild-type. In vitro RecA cannot compete with SsbA for nucleation onto ssDNA in the presence of ATP. RecO is sufficient, at least in vitro, to overcome SsbA inhibition and stimulate RecA polymerization on SsbA-coated ssDNA. In the presence of SsbA, RecA slightly affects DNA replication in vitro, but addition of RecO facilitates RecA-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis. We propose that repairing of the DNA lesions generates a replication stress to germinating spores, and the RecA·ssDNA filament might act by preventing potentially dangerous forms of DNA repair occurring during replication. RecA might stabilize a stalled fork or prevent or promote dissolution of reversed forks rather than its cleavage that should require end-processing.
Ecological cladistics ― an investigation of numerical cladistics as a method for analysing ecological data

This paper argues the case for the use of numerical cladistics in ecological analysis. A brief background to the use of techniques which group on similarity in taxonomy and ecology is given. The difference between cladistics and phenetics is explored and the implications for ecological analysis considered. The theoretical justification for the use of numerical cladistics in ecology is presented. Five marine and freshwater data sets are re-analysed using the numerical cladistic programs PHYLIP and PAUP and the results compared with standard ecological techniques. It is concluded that numerical cladistics is more effective than numerical phenetic programs such as ordination because of greater explanatory power and the incorporation of a logical criterion, parsimony, to select between competing explanations.
Multi-scale Simulation of Interfacial Roughness Effects in Silicon Nanowires

Using a unique multi-scale simulation approach combining an atomic scale simulation of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) oxidation with an interfacial roughness characterization technique and the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) calculation, the interfacial roughness effect on the transport characteristics was investigated. The calculated interfacial roughness, such as the root-mean-squared (RMS) roughness and correlation length was found to be in good agreement with the previous experimental work. The RMS roughness and correlation length increased linearly during the oxidation process. The NEGF calculation result revealed the decrease of the mobility with the increase of the charge density in the oxidized SiNW with 10 nm diameter. Keywords-multi-scale simulation; silicon nanowires; interfacial roughness; TCAD
Influence of fibrolytic enzymes on growth performance and digestion in steers grazing stargrass and supplemented with fermented sugarcane

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on growth performance and digestion in steers grazing stargrass and supplemented with concentrate and sugarcane fermented. Solid state fermentation of sugar cane (SSFSC) was whole sugarcane chopped, added (dry matter basis) with urea (1.5%) and mineral premix (0.5%), and kept under shadow for 24 h. Twenty crossbreed (Brahman × Brown Swiss) steers (287±14.1 kg) grazing stargrass were individually supplemented with SSFSC (free access for 1-h period) and concentrate (1 kg/head) by 100 d. Steer were randomly assigned to concentrate with 0, 15 or 30 g fibrolytic enzyme/kg concentrate. As enzyme level increased, daily gain, intake, digestion, and improved feed conversion were linearly improved.
Television as a Source of Low-Cost Entertainment : A Case Study of Pakistan

This paper presents that TV. is a cheaper and popular source of entertainment. Increasing the usage of TV sets in Pakistan shows the popularity of television. In this research, the numbers of TV sets are gathered of four years from 2006 to 2009. The calculation shows that television is the most common source of entertainment in this era. It offers verity of amusements to the viewer’s free of cost. Music, Drama, Action, Sports and Comedy are some of the most popular amusements. In short television has occupied its place almost every household and become common source of entertainment.
Developing species recognition and diagnostics of rare opportunistic fungi

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Antibiotic Resistance of Lactobacillus sp. Isolated from Commercial Probiotic Preparations

The aim of our study was to assess the antibiotic resistance among commercially available probiotic Lactobacilli. A total of 30 isolates were characterized after isolation from 19 commercial products, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum. All the isolates were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using disc diffusion method against a total of 45 antibiotics. Most of the isolates were found to exhibit multiple resistance against some of the most commonly used antibiotics. The isolates showed high level of resistance toward nalidixic acid, vancomycin, kanamycin, teicoplanin, co-trimoxazole, amikacin, streptomycin, norfloxacin, cefepime and nitrofurantoin. Besides, isolates displayed a low level of resistance toward tobramycin, gentamicin, ampicillin, cefaclor, methicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, amoxyclav, sulbactam, oxacillin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin and novobiocin. All the isolates were found to be susceptible against cefatrixone, ceftazidime, cefadroxil, cefotaxime, cephalothin, cefoperazone and netillin, whereas none of the strains showed resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin and doxycycline. The present study showed that antibiotic resistance is prevalent in different species of probiotic strains, which may pose a food safety concern. Hence, antibiotic sensitivity should be considered as an important part of safety assessment for the evaluation of probiotics. Practical Applications Antibiotic resistance has become a major public health concern and is drawing the interest of health and research professionals all around the world. Commercial probiotics are generally considered as safe for humans but due to their very high consumption there is a need to put sufficient safeguards to protect the consumers from any adverse effects. The safety of these probiotic strains is becoming prerequisite with antibiotic resistance as an emerging issue and their potential to transfer antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic/commensal bacteria cannot be neglected. The anticipated problem is that probiotic strains and starter cultures might contain naturally occurring antibiotic resistance genes which if present on mobile genetic elements can be transferred to commensal and pathogenic organisms in the gut. The European Food Safety Authority recommends that bacterial strains harboring transferable antibiotic resistance genes should not be used in animal feeds, fermented and probiotic foods for human use.
EFFECTS OF PRE-STORAGE TREATMENT ON SURVIVAL OF DIAPAUSING LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

Abstract At a constant temperature of 1 °C, survival of diapausing second-instar larvae of C. fumiferana (Clem.) for any given period is, to a large extent, determined by pre-storage treatment. At a pre-storage temperature of 20 °C larval survival was 80% or higher following storage periods ranging from 169 to 290 days. Survival of larvae pre-stored at 24 °C was never as high as at 20 °C, and the survival began to decrease after 225 days storage. At 28 °C this decrease had occurred before 169 days of storage. Larvae held at high pre-storage temperatures had almost normal survival when the pre-storage period was shorter. Mean time for larvae to emerge from diapause was increased by longer diapause periods and by high pre-storage temperatures. There was a corresponding decrease in larval vigour. Résumé A la température constante de 1 °C, la survie des larves de C. fumiferana (Clem.) en diapause au deuxième stade de leur développement est, pour toute période donnée, déterminée dans une large mesure par leur traitement de pré-emmagasinement A la température de 20 °C avant l’emmagasinement, la survie des larves fut de 80% ou plus après des périodes d’emmagasinement de 169 à 290 jours. La survie des larves pré-emmagasinées à 24 °C ne fut jamais aussi élevée qu’à 20 °C : leur survie commença à diminuer après un emmagasinement de 225 jours. A 28 °C, cet évènement se produisit avant 169 jours d’emmagasinement. Les larves tenues à de hautes températures de pré-emmagasinement avaient une survie presque normale lorsque la période de pré-emmagasinement était plus courte. Le temps moyen d’émergence de leur diapause fut augmenté par des périodes de diapause plus longues et par des températures élevées de pré-emmagasinement. Il y eut une diminution correspondante de la vigueur des larves.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the southern emu‐wren (Stipiturus malachurus: Aves)

We isolated and characterized eight novel microsatellite loci in the southern emu-wren (Stipiturus malachurus). We used nonradioactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques to screen an enriched genomic DNA library. Based on genotypes from a single population, six loci showed no evidence of null alleles and were polymorphic (allele range = 2–9, mean heterozygosity = 0.57), and one locus was sex-linked (NA = 4). These loci were variable and had different allele size ranges in three other populations of southern emu-wrens, and are therefore useful for determining levels of genetic diversity within and between populations of the species.
Relationship of Larval Phase and Susceptibility of the Armywoim, Pseudaletia separata WALKER(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus and a Granulosis Virus

Larval susceptibility in solitary and gregarious phases of Rseudlatetia soparata to nuclear polyhedrosis virus (PsNPV) and granulosis virus (GVH) was examined under laboratory condition, As the rearing density was decreased, larvae became more susceptible at the 5th instar and died within a shorter period when perorally inoculated with PsNPV. The larvae reared in isolation were more susceptibie than those reared in crowded condition
THE SKULL OF RAPETOSAURUS KRAUSEI (SAUROPODA: TITANOSAURIA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MADAGASCAR

Abstract Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar is the best-preserved and most complete titanosaur yet described. The skull of Rapetosaurus is particularly significant because most titanosaurs are diagnosed solely on the basis of fragmentary postcranial material, and knowledge of the titanosaur skull has remained incomplete. Material referred to Rapetosaurus includes the type skull from an adult that preserves the basicranium, rostrum, mandible, and palate. A second, juvenile skull preserves most of the braincase and cranial vault, as well as some of the palate and lower jaw. Here we provide a detailed description of Rapetosaurus cranial anatomy and highlight comparative relationships among known titanosaur and other neosauropod skulls. The Rapetosaurus skull is similar to those of diplodocoids in its overall shape, with retracted external nares and an elongated snout. However, extensive tooth distribution and bone articulations surrounding the external narial region and orbit are more similar to those of macronarians like Camarasaurus and Brachiosaurus. The maxilla, basicranium, paroccipital process, and pterygoid are among the most diagnostic elements of the Rapetosaurus skull, along with the enlarged antorbital fenestra, anteroventrally oriented braincase, and mandible. Titanosaur crania exhibit a greater diversity than previously recognized and, in light of Rapetosaurus, it is apparent that there is not a narrowly constrained bauplan for the skull of titanosaurs. Broad generalizations about evolution based on previously known, fragmentary fossils require re-evaluation. Ultimately, Rapetosaurus will be key in resolving titanosaur higher-level and ingroup phylogeny.
Predicting Diet Protein Degradability from Individual Ingredient Estimations In Diets Containing Barley Silages

Abstract Whole plant barley was ensiled in 3- by 12-m silos at boot and soft dough growth stages. Boot barley was wilted before ensiling, and soft dough was direct-cut at 15cm (low cut) and 25cm (high cut) above ground. Diets containing each silage at 75% (high forage) and 60% (low forage) of diet DM were incubated for 0, 2, 12, 24, and 72h in situ in two ruminally fistulated, lactating Holstein cows. Individual silages, 44% CP soybean meal, and ground shelled corn were incubated similarly. Feedstuff CP degradabilities were 89.3, 79.6, 83.4, 77.1, and 71.6% for boot, soft dough-low cut, soft dough-high cut, soybean meal, and corn. Degradabilities of CP for complete diets were 82.0, 81.7; 77.8, 71.5; and 77.6, 76.9% for boot, high and low forages; soft dough-low cut, high and low forages; and soft dough-high cut, high and low forages, respectively. Using individual feed determinations, estimates of diet degradability resulted in no consistent trend [degradability determined (on complete diet) minus predicted (from individual feedstuffs): –. 7, 1.5, 1.7, –3.4, –1.4, and –. 2], and all means were within 5% of determined ones.
Regular build‐up of the spring phytoplankton maximum before ice‐break in a boreal lake

The development of phytoplankton biomass and composition in a eutrophic boreal lake was studied during the evolution of under‐ice convection in spring. The results from 8 yr showed that, within a few weeks before ice‐break, phytoplankton biomass regularly increased by up to two or three orders of magnitude, reaching or exceeding the biomass in summer. Accordingly, this may be the most significant single annual phytoplankton episode in the lake. The development of phytoplankton was closely coupled with that of convection created by solar radiation at water temperatures < 4°C. In addition to vertical convection which keeps phytoplankton suspended, there was also horizontal convection which transported water with likely higher abundance of phytoplankton from the shallow lake margins. The effect of mechanical mixing, which was meant to prevent anoxia in the deep water layers of the study basin, was overridden by natural convection. Stochastic variations in weather played a key role controlling light penetration into the lake and hence the abundance and composition of under‐ice phytoplankton. After snow melt the proportion of motile algae was at first higher, sometimes with a maximum nearest to the ice, but later diatoms flourished throughout the convection layer. Only in the years of the shortest convection period did the proportion of motile algae remain high until the end of ice cover. More detailed information about the interaction between littoral and pelagial water masses under different mixing regimes is needed for a more profound understanding of the development of phytoplankton under‐ice.
Manipulation of second messengers by ectopic expression of receptors in transgenic Drosophila.

The combination of physiology and genetics affords opportunities to perform experiments with greater precision, and with less risk of artefact, than heretofore possible. This is illustrated here by demonstrating the selective manipulation of the second messengers cyclic GMP (cGMP), cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium (Ca2+) in the renal (Malpighian) tubule of the genetic model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. The importance of the second messengers cGMP, cAMP and Ca2+ in control of fluid transport makes the Malpighian tubule an ideal testbed for such technology. The actions of known hormones can be compared with the results obtained by manipulating levels of the second messenger through which these are thought to act. Flies were constructed or obtained transgenic for the rat atrial natriuretic peptide receptor, GC-A, the Drosophila 5HT7Dro receptor, and the Drosophila 5HT1ADro receptor, under control of the UAS or heat-shock promoter. Tubules dissected from such flies were then demonstrated to show diuresis induced by application of rANP or 5HT, whereas controls showed no response. Second messenger measurements showed that the rat GC-A receptor acted to raise cGMP levels, the 5HT7Dro receptor to raise cAMP levels, and the 5HT1ADro receptor to raise intracellular calcium. In addition, modulation of both cell-specific cell nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity and cell-specific cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinase activity of tubules with elevated cyclic nucleotide levels was observed, implicating these enzymes as key regulators/effectors of signalling in tubules. Cross-talk between cGMP, cAMP and Ca2+ was also assessed and shown to be variable, depending on the particular cell type in which the signal was generated. This reveals further complexity in the control of tubules and suggests a distinct role for cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in principal cells. This study has validated ectopic transgene expression as a generic technology with potential beyond Malpighian tubules: in principle, such transgenes can be expressed specifically in any population of cells that can be delineated by a GAL4 driver line.
8 Perceptual Organization and Visual Target Selection

Visual information processing is linked with feature selection and integration (also known as perceptual organization). The focus of the current chapter will be on the interaction of these processes in different stages of visual information processing, giving rise to various interference effects, such as crowding, Stroop and Garner interference, as well as specific interference characteristic of letters and numbers. The stagewise organization of visual perception is reviewed based on experimental studies using behavioral responses or measurements of brain signals, including event-related potentials (ERP) and the electroencephalogram (EEG). Even though perceptual organization can be fast, it interacts with early (crowding) and late (Stroop-congruence) visuospatial target selection. In letter processing, the association with phonemes makes that letters are preferably processed analytically, giving rise to negative congruence effects; for numbers we observe congruence effects in a generic magnitude space instead of the visual space. Furthermore, depending on the stimulus, perceptual organization can also be slow in the presence of distractors.
Aerial Surveys of Sea Turtles in the Northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

In 1984 and 1985, during surveys designed primarily to census dugongs, six species of sea turtles were counted from the air at an overall sampling intensity of 9% over a total area of 31 288 km2 within the northern sections of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. The sea turtles were not identified to species. We attempted to correct sightings for perception bias (the proportion of animals visible in the transect which are missed by observers), and to standardise for availability bias (the.proportion of animals that are invisible due to water turbidity) with survey-specific correction factors. The resultant minimum population estimate in November 1985 was (mean ± s.e.) 32 187 ± 2532 sea turtles at an overall density of 1.03 ± 0.08 km-2, a precision of 8%. We consider this to be a gross underestimate of numbers present. Significant differences between population and density estimates obtained from repeat surveys of the same areas were accounted for by differences in Beaufort sea state and cloud cover. The analysis of covariance data suggested that we had not been successful in standardising all biases. Turtles were widely distributed throughout the Great Barrier Reef lagoon from inshore seagrass beds to mid- and outer-shelf reefs. Highest densities were observed on inshore seagrass beds and on mid-shelf reefs, particularly between Murdoch Island and Cape Melville, and in Princess Charlotte Bay. Maps of density and distribution are given. We discuss the value and limitations of this survey regime for censusing sea turtles.