Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nanophotonics in absorbing III-V nanowire arrays

We have studied the interaction of light with an array of vertically oriented III-V semiconductor nanowires both theoretically and experimentally. For the theoretical studies, electromagnetic modeling has been employed. This modeling shows that with proper tuning of the nanowire diameter, the absorption per volume semiconductor material can be 20 times higher in the nanowires than in a corresponding bulk semiconductor sample. This enhancement occurs when nanophotonic resonances show up in the nanowires. We have shown that the optical response of a nanowire array can be described by electrostatics for small-diameter nanowires and by geometrical optics for large-diameter nanowires. None of these two limit cases showed resonances, motivating the interest for the intermediate nanophotonic regime where the diameter of the nanowires is comparable to the wavelength of the incident light. Supported by theoretical analysis, we have shown experimentally a resonant photodetection response in an InAsSb nanowire array in the infrared region, which is of potential interest for thermal imaging and chemical analysis. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a solar cell based on InP nanowires. The nanowire-array solar cell showed an efficiency of 13.8 % and converted more than 70 % of the above-bandgap photons into electron-hole pairs that contributed to the short-circuit current, even though the nanowires covered only 12 % of the surface. By combining the electromagnetic modeling with reflectance measurements, we have developed an optical method for simultaneously measuring both the diameter and the length of nanowires in large-area arrays. The accuracy of the method is comparable to that of scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, we have developed tools for studying the crystal-phase dependent optical response of III-V materials. The studies showed that a tuning of the crystal phase, which is possible in the nanowire geometry, can be used for enabling and disabling strongly absorbing nanophotonic resonances in nanowire arrays.
1 THE SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ACT AS CATALYST FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN : ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

This paper explores the value of small and medium enterprises for the economic growth and development especially in Pakistan. Moreover, it assesses the usage of information technology in SMEs sector of Pakistan. According to the recent Census of Establishments conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) there are about 3.2 million economic establishments in Pakistan. Out of these Small & Medium sized enterprises (SMEs) (with employment base up to 99) constitute 90% of all private enterprises employing approximately 78% of non-agriculture labor force. SMEs contributed over 30% to GDP, 25% in export earnings besides sharing 35% in manufacturing value addition. The paper suggests that SMEs act as a catalyst to economical growth and development where IT embedded in their operations, planning and decisions like Hong Kong, Denmark and USA. Many other societies also place great value on the small and medium enterprises and encourage their activity. In fact, wealth and a high majority of jobs are created by small & medium businesses in the world. As a result, many experienced business people, political leaders, economists, and educators believe that fostering a robust small and medium business culture will maximize individual and collective economic and social success on a local, national, and global scale. It is recommended that SMEs may be offered access to inexpensive capital, tax exemptions and management advice & experiences and IT infrastructure which further leads toward the economical growth & development. The economical growth and development in a country can brings happiness and prosperity to its nation.
SKEW DERIVATIONS OF FINITE-DIMENSIONAL ALGEBRAS AND ACTIONS OF THE DOUBLE OF THE TAFT HOPF ALGEBRA

g e G(H), and A(x) =xRl+gRx, s(x) = 0. As an application, we show that actions of uq{sh) on A are determined by the action of a Borel subalgebra. This result gives a quantum analog of classical work of Jacobson on the Witt algebra in characteristic p # 0. It also gives an analog for q a root of 1 of [MSm] on actions of Uq{sl2) in the generic case. We then determine the actions of the Drinfel'd double D{H) on A, and as a consequence, those actions of H on A which give Yetter-Drinfel'd structures, answering a question from [CFM]. More specifically, in Section 2 we study the actions of H. First note that H is the (Hopf) homomorphic image of the infinite-dimensional Hopf algebra
A Performance Analysis of Sequential Pattern Mining Algorithms

Sequential pattern mining is a very important mining technique with wide applications. It found very useful in various domains like natural disaster, sales record analysis, marketing strategy, shopping sequences, medical treatment and DNA sequences etc. It discovers the subsequence’s and frequent relevant pattern from the given sequences in the database. The first was Apriori algorithm, which was put forward by the founders themselves. Later more scalable algorithms for difficult applications were developed. E.g. GSP, Spade, PrefixSpan etc. In this paper, a survey of the sequential pattern mining algorithms is given.
A NOVEL DUAL BAND TRANSMITTER USING MICROSTRIP DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE

This paper presented a novel dual band transmitter which operates as power amplifier or frequency doubler with the stop band characteristic of defected ground structure (DGS). It works as a power amplifier at 2.4 GHz which satisfies the 802.11b/g wireless LAN standard or performs as an active frequency doubler at 6.8 GHz which depends on the input frequency and. The equivalent circuit and the stop band characteristic of the proposed microstrip DGS are analyzed and simulated. For the proposed transmitter, second harmonic suppression is below −52.6 dBc in the amplifier mode, and fundamental suppression is below −41 dBc in the frequency doubler mode with the stop band characteristic of DGS. The designed transmitter used GaAs InGaP Heterojunction broadband MMIC. It achieves 13.7 dBm of P1 dB and its gain is 16.5 dB in amplifier mode, and its maximum output power is 7.8 dBm at 6.8 GHz in frequency double mode.
The Prevalence and Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship at the Macro Level

The present cross‐national study aims to explore the factors that are associated with a country's share of social start‐ups in the total number of start‐ups and contributes to the emerging stream of literature that explores the contextual drivers of different types of entrepreneurship. Based on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2009, covering 49 countries, we test several theoretical perspectives, including the failure thesis/institutional void perspective, the interdependence theory/institutional support perspective, welfare state theory and supply‐side theory. Multiple regression analyses are applied testing the influence of institutional factors and cultural values on the incidence of social entrepreneurial start‐ups relative to other types of start‐ups. Our results seem to support the institutional support perspective: the share of social start‐ups in all start‐ups seems to benefit from favorable institutional circumstances, in particular public sector expenditure and regulatory quality. With respect to cultural values, our results suggest that a society's level of self‐expression values benefits start‐up diversity in favor of a higher share of social start‐ups.
Observed and modelled trends in rainfall and temperature for South Africa: 1960-2010

Observed trends in seasonal and annual total rainfall, number of rain days and daily maximum and minimum temperature were calculated for a number of stations in South Africa for the period 1960-2010. Statistically significant decreases in rainfall and the number of rain days are shown over the central and northeastern parts of the country in the autumn months and significant increases in the number of rain days around the southern Drakensberg are evident in spring and summer. Maximum temperatures have increased significantly throughout the country for all seasons and increases in minimum temperatures are shown for most of the country. A notable exception is the central interior, where minimum temperatures have decreased significantly. Regionally aggregated trends for six water management zones covering the entire country are not evident for total rainfall, but there are some significant trends for the number of rain days. Temperature in these zones has increased significantly for most seasons, with the exception of the central interior. Comparison of the observed trends with statistically downscaled global climate model simulations reveals that the models do not represent the observed rainfall changes nor the cooling trend of minimum temperature in the central interior. Although this result does not rule out the possibility of attributing observed local changes in rainfall to anthropogenically forced global change, it does have major implications for attribution studies. It also raises the question of whether an alternative statistical downscaling method or dynamical downscaling through the use of a regional climate model might better represent regional and local climatic processes and their links to global change.
What Can Be Learned from A Phase Transitions in Tumor Growth

The thermodynamics formalism of irreversible processes [1], systems biology [2] and complex systems theory [3] offer a theoretical framework appropriate for the characterization of the emergence and evolution of cancer. In such a sense, in a previous work [4] we presented a conceptual definition of the cancer, such as: Cancer is a generic name given to a complex network of interactions of malignant cells, which have lost their specialization and control over normal growth. This network of malignant cells could be considered as a nonlinear dynamical system, self-organized in time and space, far from thermodynamic equilibrium, exhibiting high complexity [5], robustness [6] and adaptability [7].
Arrays of Cu2+ -complexed organic clusters grown on gold nano dots

Controlled growth of organic multilayers from periodic gold dot arrays on SiO2 surfaces has been used to create complex overlayer structures. Nanosphere lithography (NSL) was first used to produce uniform metal patterns with particle sizes of 40 nm, spaced by gaps of 80 nm. These particles served as the nucleation centers for layer-by-layer growth of organic/metal ion complexes. The resulting structures can either be isolated adsorbed dot structures on a continuous surface or continuous networks of the adsorbed materials with isolated arrays of SiO2 surface dots. Step-by-step organic multilayer growth from small isolated centers enables us to monitor each process step by direct surface imaging techniques. Further metal evaporation and lift-off of the organic layers creates star-shaped gold structures within the original array.
Policy and Research in the Israel Ministry of Health's Nursing Division

The Israel Ministry of Health Nursing Division, headed by the Government Nursing Officer, plays a pivotal role in promoting the nursing profession and influencing national health policy. In terms of nursing, the Division is authorized to set, upgrade, and audit professional standards; create new specialties; formulate, oversee and accredit educational programs, and register nurses. In terms of broad policy, it has a voice in shaping general health priorities and resource allocation. To expand evidencebased policy, it has established a Research Department, which will examine health policy decisions in light of scientific evidence. This article describes and analyzes the research department's contribution to the promotion of nursing policy in the Israel healthcare governance.
Prospective pedagogy for teaching chemical bonding for smart and sustainable learning

As an important subject in the curriculum, many students find chemistry concepts difficult to learn and understand. Chemical bonding especially is important in understanding the compositions of chemical compounds and related concepts and research has shown that students struggle with this concept. In this theoretical paper based on analysis of relevant science education research, textbooks, and our classroom observations and teaching experiences, the authors argue that the difficulty in learning chemical bonding concepts is associated with the sequence (ionic, covalent and polar covalent bonding) in which students are taught because this sequence receives little support from constructivist theories of learning. Consequently, the paper proposes a sequence to teach chemical bonding (covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonding) for effective and sustainable learning. In this sequence, the concepts are developed with minimum reorganisation of previously learned information, using a format which is claimed to be easy for students to learn. For teaching these concepts, the use of electronegativity and the overlap of atomic orbitals for all types of bonding have also been stressed. The proposed sequence and emphasis on electronegativity and atomic orbital overlap meets the criteria for teaching and learning of concepts based on the psychology of learning including the theory of constructivism necessitating the construction of new knowledge using related prior knowledge. It also provides a better linkage between the bonding concepts learned at secondary and tertiary levels. Considering these proposed advantages for teaching, this sequence is recommended for further research into effective and sustainable teaching.
Source populations in coastal crabs: parameters affecting egg production

Benthic marine invertebrates may form metapopulations connected via propagule dis- persal. Conservation efforts often target potential source coastlines to indirectly benefit areas depending on allochthonous offspring production. Besides population density, adult size structure, sex ratio, brooding frequency and the proportion of breeding individuals may significantly influence the reproductive output of benthic populations, but these effects have seldom been tested. We used rocky shore crabs to assess the spatial variability of such parameters at relevant scales for conserva- tion purposes and to test their consistency over 2 consecutive years; we then used the data to address whether bottom-up processes or biological interactions might explain the patterns observed. We decomposed egg production rates into their components for the 2 most abundant brachyuran species inhabiting the intertidal rocky habitat. Adult density and brooding frequency varied consistently among shores for both species and largely explained the overall spatial trends of egg production. Temporally consistent patterns also included among-shore differences in the size of ovigerous females of the grapsid Pachygrapsus transversus and between-bay differences in the fecundity of the spider crab Epialtus brasiliensis. Sex ratio was remarkably constant in both. We found no positive or negative correlations between adult density and brooding frequency to support either the existence of a component Allee effect (lack of mate encounters) or an effect of intra-specific competition. Like- wise, shore-specific potential growth in P. transversus does not negatively correlate with frequency of ovigerous individuals, as would be expected under a critical balance between these 2 processes. The patterns observed suggest that bottom-up drivers may best explain spatial trends in the repro- ductive output of these species.
Stepwise Inertial Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator to Prevent a Second Frequency Dip

To arrest a frequency nadir, a stepwise inertial control (SIC) scheme generates a constant active power reference signal of a wind turbine generator (WTG) immediately after a disturbance and maintains it for the predetermined time. From that point, however, the reference of a WTG abruptly decreases to restore the rotor speed for the predefined period. The abrupt decrease of WTG output power will inevitably cause a second frequency dip. In this paper, we propose a modified SIC scheme of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) that can prevent a second frequency dip. A reference value of the modified SIC scheme consists of a reference for the maximum power point tracking control and a constant value. The former is set to be proportional to the cube of the rotor speed; the latter is determined so that the rotor speed does not reach the minimum operating limit by considering the mechanical power curve of a DFIG. The performance of the modified SIC was investigated for a 100 MW aggregated DFIG-based wind power plant under various wind conditions using an EMTP-RV simulator. The results show that the proposed SIC scheme significantly increases the frequency nadir without causing a second frequency dip.
Design of a Two Bands Circularly Polarized Square Slot Antenna for UWB Application

─ A novel ultra-wideband slot antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) is presented and experimentally investigated. The proposed antenna has capability of both the circular polarization and ultra wideband (UWB) performance. The designed antenna has a size of 40 × 40 × 0.8 mm. The experimental results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 142 % and axial-ratio (AR) bandwidths of 35 % for the lower band and 22.6 % for the upper band. Index Terms ─ Antenna, CPW-fed, CPSSA, circularly-polarized square slot antenna, and UWB.
On discriminant analysis techniques and correlation structures in high dimensions

This paper compares several recently proposed techniques for performing discriminant analysis in high dimensions, and illustrates that the various sparse methods dier in prediction abilities depending on their underlying assumptions about the correlation structures in the data. The techniques generally focus on two things: Obtaining sparsity (variable selection) and regularizing the estimate of the withinclass covariance matrix. For high-dimensional data, this gives rise to increased interpretability and generalization ability over standard linear discriminant analysis. Here, we group the methods in two: Those who assume independence between the variables and thus use a diagonal estimate of the within-class covariance matrix, and those who assume dependence between the variables and thus use an estimate of the within-class covariance matrix, which also estimates the correlations between variables. The two groups of methods are compared and the pros and cons are exemplied using dierent cases of simulated data. The results illustrate that the estimate of the covariance matrix is an important factor with respect to choice of method, and the choice of method should thus be driven by the nature of the problem at hand.
VEGETATION RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU AT BASINAL SCALE

Abstract. Global climate change has significantly affected vegetation variation in the third-polar region of the world – the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As one of the most important indicators of vegetation variation (growth, coverage and tempo-spatial change), the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is widely employed to study the response of vegetation to climate change. However, a long-term series analysis cannot be achieved because a single data source is constrained by time sequence. Therefore, a new framework was presented in this paper to extend the product series of monthly NDVI, taking as an example the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, one of the most important river basins in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. NDVI products were acquired from two public sources: Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate-Resolution Imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). After having been extended using the new framework, the new time series of NDVI covers a 384 months period (1982–2013), 84 months longer than previous time series of NDVI product, greatly facilitating NDVI related scientific research. In the new framework, the Gauss Filtering Method was employed to filter out noise in the NDVI product. Next, the standard method was introduced to enhance the comparability of the two data sources, and a pixel-based regression method was used to construct NDVI-extending models with one pixel after another. The extended series of NDVI fit well with original AVHRR-NDVI. With the extended time-series, temporal trends and spatial heterogeneity of NDVI in the study area were studied. Principal influencing factors on NDVI were further determined. The monthly NDVI is highly correlated with air temperature and precipitation in terms of climatic change wherein the spatially averaged NDVI slightly increases in the summer and has increased in temperature and decreased in precipitation in the 32 years period. The spatial heterogeneity of NDVI is in accordance with the seasonal variation of the two climate-change factors. All of these findings can provide valuable scientific support for water-land resources exploration in the third-polar region of the world.
A Top-down Approach to Partial Discharge Recognition of Current Transformers

This paper presents a partial discharge (PD) recognition procedure. The top-down approach discussed first how to make the tailor-made current transformer (CT) models, how to obtain the 3D patterns from the CT models in a magnetically shielded room, and finally how to apply of an artificial neural network (BPN) in recognition. Firstly, tailor-made cast-resin current transformers with insulating defects were made for testing. The testing used magnetically shielded room and a commercial PD detector system to obtain 3D patterns of four experimental models for recognition niche. Secondly, through preprocessed data originating from the detecting system, training data sets for a back-propagation artificial neural network are used to be PD recognition patterns in three kinds of defects of current transformers and in a perfect one. Finally, with a view to exploring applicability in the field, this research randomly selects different levels of noise to distort the original training and testing set. These distorted data sets are entered for testing. Research results show that, with 20% noise per discharge count, an 80% successful recognition rate is achieved.
Superconducting NbN-Based Multilayer and NbTiN Thin Films for the Enhancement of SRF Accelerator Cavities

Current superconducting radio frequency (SRF) technology, used in various particle accelerator facilities across the world, is reliant upon utilizing bulk superconducting cavities, usually made of bulk Nb. Due to technological advancements in the processing of bulk Nb cavities, the facilities have reached accelerating fields very close to material-dependent limits, ~50 MV/m for bulk Nb. One possible solution to improve upon this fundamental limitation was proposed a few years ago by A. Gurevich and it consists of the deposition of alternating thin layers of superconducting and insulating materials on the interior surface of the cavities. Some candidate superconducting materials proposed for this multilayer scheme are NbN, NbTiN and Nb3Sn. Here we present our recent results on NbN-based trilayers in coupon samples in order to further advance the multilayer approach. Since NbTiN has higher lower critical field (Hc1) and higher critical temperature (Tc) than Nb and increased conductivity compared to NbN, it is a more promising candidate material for this new method. Thus, we also present experimental results correlating film microstructure with superconducting properties on NbTiN thin film coupon samples while also comparing films grown with targets of different stoichiometries. It is worth mentioning that we have achieved thin films with bulklike lattice parameters and transition temperatures while also achieving Hc1 values larger than bulk for films thinner than their London penetration depths.