Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reactions with Hydrazonoyl Halides 601: Synthesis of Thieno[2′,3′:4,5] Pyrimidino[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines, [1]benzothieno[2′,3′:4,5]pyrimidino [1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines, Pyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimidino[1,2-b] [1,2,4,5]tetrazines and Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazines

Thieno[2′,3′:4,5]pyrimidino[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine, [1]benzothieno-[2′,3′:4,5]pyrimidino[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine, pyrazolo [3′,4′:4,5]pyrimidino[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine, triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-one, 1-{[2-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-4-substituted-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}-2-phenyldiazene, 3-acyl-4-(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl) pyrazole and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine derivatives could be obtained via reactions of hydrazonoyl halides with the appropriate pyrimidine-2-thione, 3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-2-sulfanylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, 5-amino-6-mercapto-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one and 1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)prop-2-en-1-one. Structures of the products have been determined by elemental analyses, spectral data studies and alternative synthesis whenever possible.
Distribution of benthic centric diatom Pleurosira laevis (Compère, 1982) in different substrate type and physicochemical parameters

This contribution reports the first regional occurrence of Pleurosira laevis in the Masuleh River, Iran and additionally describes the pattern of occurrence along the Masuleh River and among four substrate types. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of substrate type and physicochemical parameters on distribution of centric diatom P. laevis . At each station, triplicate samples were collected from 4 substrata. Epilithic (assemblages on rock), epidendric (assemblages on wood), epipsammic (assemblages on sand), and epipelic (assemblages on mud) diatom and water quality sampling was done four times at 5 stations. Physicochemical parameters including total nitrate, total phosphate, silicate, Fe 2+ , EC, and pH were also determined. Samples preserved in 2% for formalin solution and transferred to the laboratory, boiled with acid (HNO 3 : H 2 SO 4 ; 2:1), centrifuged, identified, and enumerated. Cluster analysis was performed to indicate the main differences and similarities in diatom abundance amongst substrates sampled and amongst sampling stations. The highest (12.54 ± 1.54) and lowest (0.74 ± 0.10) abundance was obtained from wooden and muddy substrates at stations S5 and S4, respectively. The highest abundance was observed in the wooden substrate among all of sampling stations where showed significant differences ( P 0.05). We conclude that wood substrata can be substituted for one another during field surveys. Results from this study demonstrate that the type and roughness of the substrate both influence the attachment of P. laevis and its subsequent growth conditions.
Compressive sensing in coherent imaging and antenna synthesis

The classical sampling theory is based on Shannon-Nyquist theorem: the sampling rate must be at least twice higher than the maximum frequency in the signal. Recently a new sampling theory called compressive sensing asserts that in some cases the sampled signal can be well recovered far below the Nyquist rate. This applies to signals that are sparse in a given basis. Compressive sensing can be applied in many areas, such as signal precessing, imaging, earth probing, radar, and holography. In this thesis we introduce the basic concepts of compressive sensing and its application in coherent imaging and antenna synthesis. In coherent imaging we point out that we can acquire not only the amplitude but also the phase information of a phase object via compressive sensing. We also show that in antenna synthesis, compressive sensing can optimize the antenna design.
Analysis of Hemolytic Microflora from the Ark Shell (Scapharca broughtonii)

The southern coast of Korea is important for the ark shell (Scapharca broughtonii) aquaculture, but the productivity was rapidly reduced during the previous decade by mass mortality. To overcome this economic loss, investigations only focused on environmental factors, and microbiological researches were performed insufficiently. In this study, two sites (Gangjin and Jinhae bay) were selected for their high and low rate of mortality, respectively, and the existence of microflora from underwater sediments in the bodies of S. broughtonii was analyzed. We screened the whole body of each sample and chose unique colonies, which exhibit alpha- and beta-hemolytic activity, for identification. The microflora in S. broughtonii was less variable than sediments, and restricted species were isolated. We identified 17 genera of 88 species and 16 genera of 64 species from the two bays, respectively. A major proportion was comprised of Bacillus species, with the Bacillus cereus group being the most common species among the Bacillus strains, while Paenibacillus, Lynsilbacillus, and Vibrio species were the second most abundant species. At the genus level, there were no significant microbial differences between the two coastal regions. 64 species were isolated from rare site (Jinhae bay), but more species (88) with greater variety were isolated from the frequent site (Gangjin bay). Therefore, it was assumed that the cause of mass mortality lay in the difference in specie-level diversity, and conducting investigations on the diagnosis of pathogenic species by challenging tests using isolated unique species.
Assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals: compost and Trichoderma effects on giant reed (Arundo donax L.) uptake and soil N-cycle microflora

Little information is available as to the real effectiveness of the phytoextraction remediation technique, since laboratory experiments are still the most common way in which this is measured. Given this, an experiment on a cadmium-polluted soil was carried out in open field conditions in Southern Italy with the aim of assessing the growth and the phytoextraction potential of giant reed ( Arundo donax L). Compost fertilisation and Trichoderma harzianum A6 inoculations were used to verify the possibility of increasing the metal uptake of the crop. Biomass yield of giant reed in the first growth season (average 12.8 Mg ha–1) was not affected by the Cd concentration in the soil and this increased significantly with compost fertilisation (13.8 Mg ha–1). Both compost fertilisation and T. harzianum inoculation increased cadmium uptake and translocation in leaves. Nitrifying bacteria was shown to be a useful tool to biomonitor soil quality. These results proved the suitability of the giant reed for assisted-phytoremedation with the use of compost fertilisation and T. harzianum .
Qualitative Evaluation of the KMA Regional Model Mixing-Depth Prediction Using Wind-Profiler Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Data

Boundary layers are present when a geophysical fluid flow encounters a boundary where the fluid velocity must go to zero. In particular, over high pressure regions in the land surface an atmospheric (or planetary) boundary layer (ABL or PBL) shows a definite structure varying with the diurnal cycle (Stull 1988). The main features of the structure include a mixed layer (ML), a residual layer (RL) and a stable boundary layer (SBL). A turbulent ML begins to grow in depth about half an hour after sunrise and reaches its maximum in late afternoon. This daytime ML is usually composed of convectively driven turbulences that create thermals of warm air rising from the ground. The concentration of atmospheric pollutants near the surface strongly depends on the development of a ML. Pollution can be transported and dispersed under stable conditions, and in fact, a great deal of horizontal pollution transport occurs at night (Gupta et al. 1997). However, a ML plays a distinctively significant role in most cases of vertical atmospheric contamination. For example, CO2 concentration becomes higher near the ground surface after nightfall from the respiration of vegetation during the night. This is due to the formation of a SBL by the radiative cooling of the ground. The concentration continues to rise until dawn. After sunrise, the high concentration is attenuated rapidly by the development of a ML (Yi et al. 2001). Seasonal variations of ground-level SO2 concentration, observed as low in summer and high in winter, are also related to the development of a ML. Most SO2 is artificially created and discharged near the ground surface. Niisoe and Kida (2000) guessed that SO2 generated near the surface is more effectively
Seen and missed traffic objects: A traffic object-specific awareness estimation

Handing-over vehicle control from a human driver to an intelligent vehicle and vice versa needs elaborate and safe hand-over strategies. Before passing control it must be ensured that the driver is aware of all objects which are important in a particular traffic situation. In this work a decision tree is used to learn which objects attract the driver's gaze in a particular situation. The decision tree classifies on object features as the object's type, velocity, size, color, and brightness. This information is fused from laser-scanners, front camera, and the vehicle's CAN-bus data. Whilst driving, an awareness confidence is built for each object perceived by the laser-scanners. Unexpected gaze behavior is detected by comparing the awareness confidence of each object to the expected gaze behavior, learned by means of the decision tree. Objects overlooked by the driver are further classified as critical or uncritical. This provides valuable information for following human-car interaction, augmented-reality, or safety applications.
The estimation of the abundance and biomass of zooplankton in samples

Techniques of enumeration are essential for generating observations that can be used to test predictions derived from theories or to provoke questions leading to new areas of investigation. The ability to distinguish between estimates of important ecological variables, such as the abundance and biomass of species, directly influences our ability to test predictions and, therefore, to conduct our science. These estimates also form the basis of empirical theories or relationships that can make quantitative predictions about the distribution and abundance of organisms in nature. It is important, therefore, for ecologists to assess their techniques for producing estimates of these basic ecological variables routinely and critically. The scope of this review is restricted to discussing techniques for determining the number of individuals of a particular size class or cohort present in a sample of zooplankton and the average mass of these individuals. These are the two essential quantities required to calculate the production of a population since multiplying the number of individuals by their average mass yields an estimate of the biomass of the size class or set of individuals in the population being considered and the rate of production is defined as the biomass accumulated by a population per unit time (Chapter 2). My goals are simple:
Use of energy loss mechanisms to constrain Lorentz invariance violations

In light of recent and probably upcoming observations of very high energy astroparticles, such as those reported by the IceCube collaboration, we readdress the energy loss mechanism by Lorentz violating particles. We analytically show that Cohen-Glashow's formula for energy loss is connected with a Poisson distribution for the number of decays, whose large fluctuations prevent placing bounds on Lorentz invariance violations. However, this model ignores the sharp change in the decay width after each process. We propose replacing Poisson statistics with a new distribution that takes this into account. We study the average final energy and its fluctuations according to the new statistics, contrasting it with Cohen-Glashow's result, and discussing the reliability of energy loss mechanisms to constrain violations of Lorentz invariance.
Efficiency and Competition in the Malaysian Banking Market:Foreign versus Domestic Banks

The aim of this paper is to investigate efficiency performance of Malaysian banking market using data envelopment analysis approach in the context of the increasing presence of foreign banks. Specifically, two measures of efficiency are constructed, cost and profit efficiency by utilizing bank-level data of Malaysian commercial banks, over the period 2003 to 2014. The results obtained show the domestic banks are more efficient than the foreign banks counterparts for both measures of efficiency. Next, the Lerner Index approach is employed to measure competition and finally, Granger causality tests are undertaken to answer the question, does competition foster efficiency? The results of causality tests support a positive effect of competition on cost and profit efficiency of Malaysian banks. With regard to the financial liberalization, the findings imply that higher competitive pressure may be offset the market power of individual banks; however, eventually it will results in efficiency gains of Malaysian banks.
Telechelics Having Unstrained Cyclic Ammonium Salt Groups for Electrostatic Polymer Self-Assembly and Ring-Emitting Covalent Fixation

Introduction. Self-assembly of polymer precursors through noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bond, 1,2 metal coordination, 3,4 van der Waals interaction, 5 and ionic (electrostatic) forces, 6 has now been recognized as a promising protocol to provide a novel polymeric and supramolecular materials having unprecedented architectures, properties, or functions. We have proposed an electrostatic self-assembly and co Valent fixationprocess, 7-10 in which temporary stable, but specifically programmed noncovalent structures are constructed through electrostatic interaction with polymer precursors containing ionic groups and are subsequently transformed into robust and stable products of totally covalent linkages (Scheme 1). In this process, we have purposely employed telechelic precursors having moderately strained cyclic ammonium such as five-membered cyclic (pyrrolidinium) or six-membered bicyclic (quinuclidinium), salt groups at the designated position of a polymer chain.11 The subsequent covalent conversion process has been relied on thering-openingreaction of the cyclic ammonium salt group by appropriately nucleophilic counteranions such as a carboxylate, occurring at an elevated temperature. In particular, by using telechelics having five-membered, N-phenylpyrrolidinium salt groups, a highly controlled ring-opening reaction proceeds to form covalent aminoester groups, 12 and theelectrostatic self-assembly and co Valent fixationprocess has been successfully applied for the synthesis of a variety of topologically unique polymers having cyclic and multicyclic constructions (Scheme 1). 6-10,13
Genetic Variability Studies in F1 Generation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)

Twenty four hybrids along with their 11 parents (8 lines and 3 testers) were subjected to study the genetic variability indicated that genetic material in the present investigation possessed variability which provides sufficient basis for selection by breeder. High estimates of PCV and GCV were obtained for plant height, number of fruits per cluster, average fruit weight, yield per plant, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and lycopene indicated a good deal of variability in those characters signifying the effectiveness of selection of desirable types for improvement. High heritability assisted with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of fruits per cluster, fruit length, fruit width, average fruit weight, number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, lycopene and shelf life. Hence, simple selection based on phenotypic performance of these traits would be more effective.
Macroevolution of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae): the effect of using higher‐level taxa in studies of biodiversity, and correlates of species richness

We test a near‐complete genus level phylogeny of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) for consistency with a null model of clade growth having uniform probabilities of speciation and extinction among contemporaneous species. The phylogeny is too unbalanced for this null model. Importantly, the degree of imbalance in the phylogeny depends on whether the phylogeny is analysed at the genus level or species level, suggesting that genera ought not to be used uncritically as surrogates for species in large‐scale evolutionary analyses. Tests for a range of morphological, life‐history and ecological correlates of diversity give equivocal results, but suggest that high species‐richness may be associated with sexual selection and diet breadth. We find no correlation between species‐richness and either body size or reproductive rate.
Light effects on the isotopic fractionation of skeletal oxygen and carbon in the cultured zooxanthellate coral, Acropora : implications for coral-growth rates

Abstract. Skeletal isotopic and metabolic measurements of the branching coral Acropora cultured in constant conditions and subjected to two light intensities were revisited. We individually compared the data recorded at low light (LL) and high light (HL) for 24 colonies, all derived from the same parent colony. Metabolic and isotopic responses to the different light levels were highly variable. High light led to productivity enhancement, reduction of surface extension, doubling of aragonite deposited weight and increased δ18O levels in all nubbins; responses in respiration and δ13C were not clear. The partitioning of the colonies cultured at HL into two groups, one showing a δ13C enrichment and the other a δ13C decrease revealed common behaviors. Samples showing an increase in δ13C were associated with the co-variation of low surface extension and high productivity while samples showing a decrease in δ13C were associated with the co-variation of higher surface extension and limited productivity. This experiment, which allowed for the separation of temperature and light effects on the coral, highlighted the significant light influences on both skeletal δ18O and δ13C. The high scattering of inter-colony δ18O observed at one site could be due to the differing photosynthetic responses of symbiotic algal assemblages. We compared our results with observations by Gladfelter on Acropora cervicornis (1982). Both set of results highlight the relationships between coral-growth rates, micro-structures and photosynthetic activity. It appears that extension growth and skeleton thickening are two separate growth modes, and thickening is light-enhanced while extension is light-suppressed. There are multiple consequences of these findings for paleoclimatic reconstructions involving corals.
Photochromic silver nanoparticles fabricated by sputter deposition

In this study a simple route to preparing photochromic silver nanoparticles in a TiO2 matrix is presented, which is based upon sputtering and subsequent annealing. The formation of silver nanoparticles with sizes of some tens of nanometers is confirmed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The inhomogeneously broadened particle-plasmon resonance of the nanoparticle ensemble leads to a broad optical-absorption band, whose spectral profile can be tuned by varying the silver load and the annealing temperature. Multicolor photochromic behavior of this Ag–TiO2 system upon irradiation with laser light is demonstrated and discussed in terms of a particle-plasmon-assisted electron transfer from the silver nanoparticles to TiO2 and subsequent trapping by adsorbed molecular oxygen. The electron depletion in the nanoparticles reduces the light absorption at the wavelength of irradiation. A gradual recovery of the absorption band is observed after irradiation, which is explained with a slow therm.
Binding studies on molecularly imprinted polymers

Molecular imprinting is a rapidly developing technique for the preparation of polymeric materials that are capable o f molecular recognition for selective separation and chemical identification. To prepare molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a functional monomer and a crosslinker are polymerized in the presence of a template molecule. Then the template is extracted leaving sites which are complementary in both shape and chemical functionality to those of the template. This resin then becomes capable of selectively absorbing the template species. Because o f M IPs’ stability, predesigned selectivity, and easy preparation, they have been used for separation, sensor, drug development and directed synthesis. In this study, we focused on characterizing and understanding the mechanism underlying formation and recognition o f MIPs. Three resins imprinted with 4hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 6-methoxy-a-methyl-2napthaleneacetic acid ((S)-naproxen) were prepared in a free radical polymerization. Hydrogen bonding between the template and functional monomer is the main interaction: it not only controls the template molecules in and out of the binding sites, but also contributes a high concentration of specific binding sites in the resulting polymer resin. After polymerization, the amount of template that can be effectively removed during each extraction was quantified in the naproxen imprinted system. For comparison, another resin was prepared under the same condition without the presence o f the template, which was designated as NIP. The binding experiments were performed for the affinity and selectivity tests. The MIP showed a special affinity for the template, but not for other analytes, which is consistent with the principle that an imprinted resin’s recognition ability is dependent on the analyte’s size, shape, and functionality. The NIP had similar affinities for the analytes and thus it could not differentiate among them. The binding behavior o f the MIP is characterized by an association constant and the density of each kind of site using a simple two-binding-site model with one kind of sites special for the template and the others being more general with similar affinities as the NIP. The binding sites common to both the imprinted resin and the non-imprinted resin were found to have higher affinity but are less numerous than the sites unique to the imprinted resin.
SELF-PERCEPTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN UNDERWEIGHT AND OVERWEIGHT-OBESE YOUNG ADULTS

Cognitive development of young people is linked to the self-perception of body weight and appearance. The present study aimed to evaluate the self-perception of body weight in a population of underweight and overweight-obese students in Timis County. The sample of 619 students included into the study, 63.9% girls and 36.1% boys, aged between 18-25 years, 58.7% underweight and 41.3% overweight and obese, was selected according to the BMI criterion which was applied to a representative sample of 2076 students in Timis County Universities. The work methods were anthropometry and the transversal populational study by use of the CORT 2004 Questionnaire. In underweight subjects, 36% accurately perceive their own weight, while 64% perceive it inaccurately, with statistically significant differences between genders, female subjects inaccurately percieving their own weight 2.37 times more frequently than males. In overweight and obese subjects, 71.1% correctly perceived their own weight, and 28.2% perceived it incorrectly, with no gender differences.
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF BERGIA (ELATINACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA

A taxonomic revision of Bergia in Australia is presented. The following ten species are recognised: B. pedicellaris, B. henshallii, B. perennis, B. barklyana, B. auriculata, B. ammannioides, B. trimera, B. occultipetala, B. diacheiron and B. pusilla. B. barklyana, B. auriculata, B. henshalld, B. occultipetala and B. diacheiron are de,scribed as new. B. perennis comprises three subspecies. The existing infrageneric classification is considered inadequate and four informal groups based on Australian taxa are suggested. B. ammannioides and B. trimera have an extra-Australian distribution; all other taxa are endemic. A key to the species and distribution maps are provided.