Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Injection Parameters That Promote Branching of Hydraulic Cracks

Fluid injection into rock formations can either produce complex branched hydraulic fractures, create simple planar fractures, or be dominated by porous diffusion. Currently, the optimum injection parameters to create branched fractures are unknown. We conducted repeatable hydraulic fracturing experiments using analog‐rock samples with controlled heterogeneity to quantify the fluid parameters that promote fracture branching. A large range of injection rates and fluid viscosities were used to investigate their effects on induced fracture patterns. Paired with a simple analytical model, our results identify the threshold at which fracture transitions from an isolated planar crack to branched cracks when closed natural fractures exist. These results demonstrate that this transition can be controlled by injection rate and fluid viscosity. In relation to the field practices, the present model predicts slickwater and lower viscosity fluid injections promote fracture branching, with the Marcellus shale used as an example.
Local atomic order in sodium p-chlorobenzenesulfonate monohydrate studied by pair distribution function analyses and lattice-energy minimisations

Abstract Routine X-ray single-crystal structure analysis of Na[C6H4ClO3S]·H2O resulted in an orthorhombic layer structure with space group Pnma, Z=4. In this crystal structure the phenyl rings in a single layer are disordered over two mutually perpendicular orientations with occupancies of 0.500(4) each. Structure determination including superstructure reflections and irregular shaped reflections revealed a twinned, ordered, monoclinic structure, P21/c, Z=8. Here, within a layer the phenyl rings are arranged alternatingly perpendicular. Pair distribution function analysis (PDF) and lattice-energy calculations confirmed this arrangement. Faint diffuse scattering streaks point to a one-dimensional disorder (concerning the layer-stacking sequence). Application of the order-disorder (OD) approach led to three polytype structures with maximum degree of order (MDO); one of them is the experimental monoclinic structure. This structure was found to have the most favourable energy in the lattice-energy minimisations. However, the energy differences between different polytypes with different stacking sequences are rather small. Hence, the lattice-energy minimisations confirmed the monoclinic P21/c structure with stacking disorder.
Impacts of Sea‐Level Rise on Hypoxia and Phytoplankton Production in Chesapeake Bay: Model Prediction and Assessment

In this study, the influence of sea‐level rise (SLR) on seasonal hypoxia and phytoplankton production in Chesapeake Bay is investigated using a 3D unstructured grid model. Three SLR scenarios (0.17, 0.5, and 1.0 m) were conducted from 1991 to 1995. Results show that the summer hypoxic volume (HV) increases about 2%, 8%, and 16%, respectively, for these three scenarios, compared with Base Scenario. The contributions of physical and biological processes on the increase in the HV were analyzed. With the projected SLR, enhanced gravitational circulation transports more oxygen‐rich water in the bottom layer from the mouth. However, the pycnocline moves upwards along with increasing water depth, which largely prolongs the time for dissolved oxygen (DO) to be transported to the bottom. The altered physical processes contribute greatly to a larger HV bay‐wide. Besides, SLR increases the whole Bay phytoplankton production, with a larger increase in shallow areas (e.g., 53% in areas with depth <1 m under SLR of 0.5 m). Enhanced light availability is suggested to be the major driver of blooming phytoplankton under SLR in shallow areas. While increased DO production over the euphotic zone is mostly released to the atmosphere and transported downstream, the increase in settled organic matter greatly promotes DO consumption in the water column. The increased respiration is another major cause of the HV increase besides the physical contributions.
Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of pregnant women

Objective : The negative consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the mental health of pregnant women and the mental disorders it may trigger pose risks for the physical, cognitive and psychological development of infants as well as having risks in terms of the general health and functionality of the mother. This study aimed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of pregnant women and to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms. Material and Method : The study included a total of 112 pregnant women who agreed to fill an online survey which was provided to them via e-mail. Online survey consisted of sociodemographic data form, questions related to COVID-19, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-Short Form (DASS-21), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (PCL-5). Results : The mean age of the participants was 31.06 years. The DASS-21 subscale score for depression was 4.20 (±3.91) whereas it was 3.75 (±3.50) for the anxiety subscale and 5.68 (±3.81) for the stress subscale. Total PCL-5 score was 31.29 (±16.85). Those diagnosed with COVID-19 during the pandemic were observed to show a higher rate of anxiety symptoms. Those who believed that they needed professional support for mental health during the pandemic showed higher rates of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. The prevalence of PTSD symptoms were found to be higher among participants who were not health care professionals and who thought they needed professional support for mental health during the pandemic. Conclusion : Determining the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of pregnant women will be important to put early intervention methods in action and implement evidence-based practices.
Whole genome sequence of Peribacillus sp. MUM 13 derived from mangrove forest in Malaysia

Acting like mini-factories, microorganisms are a valuable source of naturalbioactive compounds of unique chemical structures. Peribacillus sp. MUM 13 was recoveredfrom the mangrove forest in Malaysia during a screening program for bioactive microbes.Whole genome analysis revealed that the genome size of MUM 13 as 4,649,225 bp (with G+ C content of 40.8 %). Bioinformatic analysis predicted the presence of lassopeptidebiosynthetic gene clusters within the genome of MUM 13, which indicates the bioactivepotential of the strain and calls for further experiments to explore the strain characteristics,particularly in combatting against pathogenic microbes.
The Similarity between Target and Nontarget Affects Different Processing Stages Depending on Stimulus Feature Dimensions: An
 ERP
 Study

Previous studies have demonstrated that when target and nontarget objects are similar, comparing the representation of the currently viewed object and the target representation in memory requires more attentional resources, thus resulting in less efficient discrimination processes. An important factor determining this effect is howmany features are shared between the target and nontarget objects. The present study examined whether the effect of the target-nontarget similarity on attentional processes depends mainly on the individual feature representations or on the feature-integrated representation. A visual three-category oddball task that required the detection of a target defined by a combination of color, shape, andmotion was conducted. Results showed an increase in amplitudes of the earlier late positive complex (LPC) for the deviant stimuli when they shared the same color as the target. This increase lasted until the later LPC, when they also shared the same shape. Findings suggest that the target-nontarget similarity in each feature dimension determined the amount of required attentional resources on later attentional processes in a serial and hierarchical manner.
Research on the Construction of Multimodal Corpus of Tibetan Teaching

The multimodal corpus of Tibetan teaching uses video and audio documents as the corpus, which truly reflects the teaching activities and contents; furthermore, it has great potential in promoting Tibetan teaching and researches. Compared with the textual corpus, the multimodal corpus of Tibetan teaching has the advantage of the authenticity and the timeliness of the corpus. This article mainly discusses the construction of multimodal corpus, the corpus collection, the segmentation of annotation, the tools of database construction, and the retrieval and replacement, etc. This article analyzes the application value of multimodal corpus in Tibetan teaching and puts forward the applied countermeasures in teaching domain.
‘I may be left with no choice but to end my torment’: disability and intersectionalities of hate crime

Abstract This article contributes to the growing literature concerning Disability Hate Studies. The study employs the concept of intersectionality and examines experiences of hate crimes recorded as racist or homophobic but where the victims/survivors also have a disability or mental health condition. The data was derived from 33 case-studies. Although very few hate incidents/crimes were conceptualised as disablist, disability played a significant role in the experiences of victims/survivors. The article proposes that criminal justice agencies should move away from understanding hate crime as a singular interaction to conceptualising the possibility that this can become a harmful hate relationship that progresses overtime. Points of interest The study examines cases of hate incidents/crimes that affect disabled people within the North-East of England. The research suggests that hate incidents/crimes are not always motivated by prejudices towards disability, but are often due to racist or homophobic bigotries. The findings demonstrate that the process of defining a particular type of hate as either racist-, homophobic- or transphobic-motivated crime often masks the fact that many of these victims are also disabled people. The study indicates that hate crimes are often not a one-off event, but can be the accumulation of many hate incidents that result in cumulative negative impacts and can escalate into more severe offences over a prolonged period. The article concludes by suggesting that to develop an effective hate crime intervention, social services and criminal justice agencies must consider the possibility of a power relationship, i.e. a hate relationship, between the perpetrator(s) and the victim(s).
Investigating E-Learning Motivational Strategies of Higher Education Learners against Online Distractors

Exploring higher education learners’ e-learning experiences and the challenges they encounter is required to equip them with necessary skills and strategies to attain their academic goals (Cooper & Corpus, 2009). By identifying the types of and the frequency of exposure to distractors, the study was specifically geared towards finding out the level of motivational self-regulated strategies, including volition and goal commitment strategies, employed against online distractors during e-learning by higher education learners. The data were gathered through a questionnaire developed after a comprehensive literature review and semi-structured interviews (n = 38). The questionnaire was completed by higher education learners (n = 279), who were found to implement goal commitment and volition strategies at moderate levels despite the high frequency of exposure to distractors. The overall findings imply that equipping learners with motivational e-learning strategies encompassing goal commitment and volition strategies is necessary. This will require more in-depth research conducted to explore the role of self-regulated strategies in predicting learner engagement in the context of online learning.
Hilltop curvature as a proxy for erosion rate: Wavelets enable rapid computation and reveal systematic underestimation

Abstract. Estimation of erosion rate is an important component of landscape evolution studies, particularly in settings where transience or spatial variability in uplift or erosion generates diverse landform morphologies. While bedrock rivers are often used to constrain the timing and magnitude of changes in baselevel lowering, hilltop curvature (or convexity), CHT, provides an additional opportunity to map variations in erosion rate given that average slope angle becomes insensitive to erosion rate owing to threshold slope processes. CHT measurement techniques applied in prior studies (e.g. polynomial functions), however, tend to be computationally expensive when they rely on high resolution topographic data such as lidar, limiting the spatial extent of hillslope geomorphic studies to small study regions. Alternative techniques such as spectral tools like continuous wavelet transforms present an opportunity to rapidly document trends in hilltop convexity across expansive areas. Here, we demonstrate how continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs) can be used to calculate the Laplacian of elevation, which we utilize to estimate erosion rate in three catchments of the Oregon Coast Range that exhibit varying slope angle, slope length, and hilltop convexity, implying differential erosion. We observe that CHT values calculated with the CWT are similar to those obtained from 2D polynomial functions. Consistent with recent studies, we find that erosion rates estimated with CHT from both CWTs and 2D polynomial functions are consistent with erosion rates constrained with cosmogenic radionuclides from stream sediments. Importantly, our CWT approach calculates curvature 102–103 times more quickly than 2D polynomials. As such, continuous wavelet transforms provide a compelling approach to rapidly quantify regional variations in erosion rate as well as lithology, structure, and hillslope sediment transport processes, which are encoded in hillslope morphology. Finally, we test the accuracy of CWT and 2D polynomial techniques by constructing a series of synthetic hillslopes generated by a theoretical nonlinear transport model that exhibit a range of erosion rates and topographic noise characteristics. Notably, we find that neither CWTs nor 2D polynomials reproduce the theoretically prescribed CHT value for hillslopes experiencing moderate to fast erosion rates, even when no topographic noise is added. Rather, CHT is systematically underestimated, producing a power law relationship between erosion rate and CHT that can be attributed to artifacts from the increasing prominence of planar hillslopes that narrow the zone of hilltop convexity as erosion rate increases. As such, we recommend careful consideration of measurement length scale when applying CHT to estimate erosion rate in moderate to fast-eroding landscapes, where curvature measurement techniques may be prone to systematic underestimation.
Gadget and The Learning Behavior of The Students Memorizing al-Qur’an in MAN 2 Bandung City

This article presents the results of research on the effects of gadget on the learning behavior of students memorizing Al Qur’an. The study was focused on examining policies regarding the use of gadget, its patterns and its impact on the learning behavior. This research was a case study conducted in MAN 2 Bandung City. The data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interviews, and documentation studies. This study found that MAN 2 Bandung City allowed the students to carry their gadget with the teacher's permission. The use of gadget carried out by the students memorizing Al Qur’an included the high category, and it had a positive impact. It proved the opinions about the intensity of using gadget and its negative effect on one's activities were not always true. This could be seen from the pattern of the use of gadget in MAN 2 Bandung City.
Effectiveness of Psycho-Educational Program to Alleviate Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Pessimism and Provide Optimism for COVID-19 Isolation Nurses

Background: Through the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, front-line nurses meet immense mental health challenges. It is actually a global health threat attributed to a negative impact on the mental health and well-being of the people. Aim: To study the effectiveness of psycho-educational program to alleviate depression, anxiety, stress, pessimism and provide optimism for COVID-19 isolation nurses. Design: A quasi-experimental two-group (randomized control trial) was utilized in this study. Participants: A purposive sample of sixty nurses were involved in this study. Tools: A constructed interview schedule was utilized to collect data; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21; and Optimism and Pessimism Scale. The training program consisted of 14 sessions. Results: Revealed that there were highly statistically significant relations between depression, anxiety, stress, and pessimism pre/post program in “experimental group”. Also, there were statistically significant relations between pessimism and anxiety among the control group pre/post observations. Conclusion: The program had a great positive effect on nurses who were caring for patients infected with coronavirus in reduced “levels of stress, anxiety, depression, pessimism and increased level of optimism”. Recommendations: The nursing staff must be prepared to challenge any pandemic in the future to alleviate their levels of depression, anxiety, stress pessimism, and provide optimism and feelings of hope.
A NR2E1-Interacting Peptide of LSD1 Inhibits the Proliferation of Brain Tumor Initiating Cells

The recurrence of malignant brain tumor, like glioblastoma, is often due to the existence of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) with stem cell properties. As the mortality ratio of brain tumor relapsed patients is very high and lack of efficient therapies, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic methods targeting BTICs. NR2E1 (TLX), an orphan nuclear receptor, is critical for the self-renewal of BTICs. In this study, we found that NR2E1 recruits LSD1, a lysine demethylase, to demethylate mono- and di-methylated histone 3 Lys4 (H3K4me/me2) at the Pten promoters and repress its expression, thereby promoting BTIC proliferation. Using Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) method, we identified four LSD1 peptides that may interact with NR2E1. One of the peptides that locates at the LSD1 SWIRM domain strongly inhibited BTIC proliferation by promoting Pten expression through interfering NR2E1 and LSD1 function. Furthermore, overexpression of this peptide in human BTIC can inhibit its formation of brain tumor. Hence, this peptide exhibits an interesting potential for therapeutic intervention in malignant brain tumors in future.
Applying fluorescence in situ hybridization to aquatic systems with cyanobacteria blooms: Autofluorescence suppression and high‐throughput image analysis

Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) are expanding geographically in both fresh and marine water bodies due to coastal eutrophication and global climate change and are restructuring the microbial ecology of these systems. Cyanobacterial autofluorescence can pose a significant impediment to accurately identifying prokaryotic taxonomic groups in environmental samples using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This can hinder our ability to accurately quantify, and therefore fully understand ecological changes. As abundances of FISH target cells and autofluorescent cells can often be of the same the order of magnitude, simply subtracting average autofluorescent cell concentrations—determined from enumerating unhybridized samples—yields apparent concentrations of target cells with unacceptably large analytical uncertainty. Here we present a CuSO4/EtOH chemical pretreatment protocol that significantly reduces undesirable autofluorescence in hybridized environmental samples. We apply a novel data filtration routine to FISH images that efficiently removes residual autofluorescent cells from final cell counts. We then subject images to an automated image analysis routine that accurately enumerates probe‐positive cells. This method is inexpensive and easy to implement as part of a routine FISH workflow. By applying this method to cyanobacteria rich samples, we can better understand how microbial community changes are contributing to globally changing biogeochemical cycles.
Survey on Human Activity Recognition using Smartphone

The field of Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is an active research field in which methods are being developed to understand human behavior by interpreting features obtained from various sources, these activities can be recognized using interactive sensors that are affected by human movement. Sensor can embed elements within Smartphones or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). The great increase in smart phone users and the increase in the sensor ability of these smart phones, and users usually carry their smartphones with them. This fact makes HAR more important and accepted. In this survey, A number of previous studies were studied and analyzed, where we prepared a comparison of the research works conducted over the period 2010-2020 in human activity recognition using Smartphone sensors. Comparison charts highlight their most important aspects such as a type of sensor used, activities, sensor placement, HAR-system type (offline, online), computing device, classifier (type of algorithms) and system accuracy levels .
Is Meta-Accuracy Consistent Across Levels of Acquaintanceship?

Some people tend to be especially accurate about the personality impressions they make, but is meta-accuracy a consistent tendency that spans levels of acquaintanceship, or is it only observed within levels of acquaintanceship? Three studies suggested that meta-accuracy is consistent among close others but not across new acquaintances and close others. This pattern was observed for observable and unobservable traits and when accounting for people who made more consistent impressions on others (i.e., high consensus). Overall, meta-accuracy seems to be circumscribed within levels of acquaintanceship. The major implication of these results is that the mechanisms for meta-accuracy and the attributes of good meta-perceivers likely differ across levels of acquaintanceship.
In-vitro antifungal susceptibility of the genus Sporothrix and correlation with treatment options for sporotrichosis: a systematic review

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Sporotrichosis is an infection with global distribution caused by the dimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix, whose main pathogenic species include Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei. Itraconazole and amphotericin B are the most used antifungals for the treatment. The aim of this review was to compile the in-vitro susceptibility data of Sporothrix spp. found in literature and correlate this data with the treatment guidelines for sporotrichosis. The systematic review was performed according to the Cochrane methodology and with PICOS (Participants, Intervention, Comparators, Outcomes, Study Design) strategy. Thirty-six studies were included that used the filamentous and/or the yeast phases to perform the susceptibility tests. Three studies that evaluated the association of antifungals using the checkerboard method were also included. The data found were, whenever possible, compared with the defined Epidemiological Cutoff Values (ECVs). Analyzing only the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, the most effective antifungal in vitro was terbinafine. However, this is not the same result as observed in vivo. Both itraconazole and amphotericin B presented in-vitro activity. However, many studies have shown that isolates can acquire resistance mechanisms to these antifungals (MIC > ECV), which deserves attention. Further studies are needed to translate in-vitro susceptibility data into clinical practice, and also to determine ECVs for more antifungals and Sporothrix species.