Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dance movement therapy for dementia.

BACKGROUND Dementia is a collective name for different degenerative brain syndromes which, according to Alzheimer's Disease International, affects approximately 35.6 million people worldwide. The latest NICE guideline for dementia highlights the value of diverse treatment options for the different stages and symptoms of dementia including non-pharmacological treatments. Relevant literature also argues for the value of interventions that acknowledge the complexity of the condition and address the person as a whole, including their physical, emotional, social and cognitive processes. At the same time, there is growing literature that highlights the capacity of the arts and embodied practices to address this complexity. Dance movement therapy is an embodied psychological intervention that can address complexity and thus, may be useful for people with dementia, but its effectiveness remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of dance movement therapy on behavioural, social, cognitive and emotional symptoms of people with dementia in comparison to no treatment, standard care or any other treatment. Also, to compare different forms of dance movement therapy (e.g. Laban-based dance movement therapy, Chacian dance movement therapy or Authentic Movement). SEARCH METHODS Searches took place up to March 2016 through ALOIS, Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement's Specialized Register, which covers CENTRAL, a number of major healthcare databases and trial registers, and grey literature sources. We checked bibliographies of relevant studies and reviews, and contacted professional associations, educational programmes and experts from around the world. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in any language, including cross-over design and cluster-RCTs for inclusion. Studies considered had to include people with dementia, in any age group and in any setting, with interventions delivered by a dance movement therapy practitioner who (i) had received formal training (ii) was a dance movement therapist in training or (iii) was otherwise recognised as a dance movement therapist in the country in which the study was conducted. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The two review authors independently reviewed studies on an abstract/title level and again after reading the full paper, and we independently evaluated methodological quality. MAIN RESULTS Of the 102 studies identified through electronic searches and personal communication, after de-duplication we screened 80 at title/abstract level. We then reviewed 19 full papers, none of which met the inclusion criteria. Although three studies mentioned dance movement therapy as their intervention, they were excluded because they were not delivered by a qualified dance movement therapy practitioner. As a result, no studies were included in this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Trials of high methodological quality, large sample sizes and clarity in the way the intervention is put together and delivered are needed to assess whether dance movement therapy is an effective intervention for dementia.
Strategies for the discontinuation of humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND Humidified high flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) delivers humidified gas at increased flow rates via binasal prongs and is becoming widely accepted as a method of non-invasive respiratory support for preterm infants. While indications for the use of (HHFNC) and its associated risks and benefits are being investigated, the best strategy for the discontinuation of HHFNC remains unknown. At what point an infant is considered stable enough to attempt to start withdrawing their HHFNC is not known. The criteria for a failed attempt at HHFNC discontinuation is also unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the risks and benefits of different strategies used for the discontinuation of HHFNC in preterm infants. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group Specialized Register, PubMed (1966 to March 2015), CINAHL (1982 to March 2015), EMBASE (1980 to March 2015), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Also, we checked previous reviews, including cross references. We searched for following web sites for ongoing trials: ClinicalTrials.gov and controlled-trials.com. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs in which either individual newborn infants or clusters of infants (such as separate neonatal units) were randomised to different HHFNC withdrawal strategies (from the first time they come off HHFNC and any subsequent weaning, or withdrawal attempt, or both). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methods of Cochrane and the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. MAIN RESULTS We identified no eligible studies examining the best strategy to wean or withdraw HHFNC once started as respiratory support in preterm infants AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence available to suggest the best strategy for weaning and withdrawing HHFNC as a respiratory support in preterm infants. Research is required into the best strategy for withdrawal of HHFNC and to which subgroups this applies. Clear criteria for the definition of stability prior to attempting to withdraw HHFNC needs to be established. Furthermore, clear definitions are needed as to what constitutes failure of HHFNC.
Reporting epidemiology of antibiotic resistance

The aim of antimicrobial resistance surveillance is to monitor temporal trends and provide clinicians with data to define empirical treatment protocols. The surveillance methods adopted in different settings can be significantly different and, therefore, no reference can be made to a single set of standards. This paper outlines the main features of analysis and reporting of antimicrobial resistance data according to the guidelines issued by the US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and the surveillance systems adopted in Europe. In this article the strengths and weaknesses of the various types of analyses will be discussed highlighting the critical aspects to be taken into account in surveillance data reporting.
Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND Overviews are a new approach to summarising evidence and synthesising results from related systematic reviews. OBJECTIVES To conduct an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews to provide a contemporary review of the evidence for delivery of cardiac rehabilitation, to identify opportunities for merging or splitting existing Cochrane reviews, and to identify current evidence gaps to inform new cardiac rehabilitation systematic review titles. METHODS We searched The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2014, Issue 10) to identify systematic reviews that addressed the objectives of this overview. We assessed the quality of included reviews using the Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR) measurement tool and the quality of the evidence for reported outcomes using the GRADE framework. The focus of the data presentation was descriptive with detailed tabular presentations of review level and trial level characteristics and results. MAIN RESULTS We found six Cochrane systematic reviews and judged them to be of high methodological quality. They included 148 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in 98,093 participants. Compared with usual care alone, the addition of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in low-risk people after myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention or with heart failure appeared to have no impact on mortality, but did reduce hospital admissions and improved health-related quality of life. Psychological- and education-based interventions alone appeared to have little or no impact on mortality or morbidity but may have improved health-related quality of life. Home- and centre-based programmes were equally effective in improving quality of life outcomes at similar healthcare costs. Selected interventions can increase the uptake of cardiac rehabilitation programmes whilst there is currently only weak evidence to support interventions that improve adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programmes. The quality of the primary RCTs in the included systematic reviews was variable, and limitations in the methodological quality of the RCTs led to downgrading of the quality of the evidence, which varied widely by review and by outcome. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is an effective and safe therapy to be used in the management of clinically stable people following myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention or who have heart failure. Future RCTs of cardiac rehabilitation need to improve their reporting methods and reflect the real world practice better including the recruitment of higher risk people and consideration of contemporary models of cardiac rehabilitation delivery, and identify effective interventions for enhancing adherence to rehabilitation.
Dietary intake of water-soluble, water-insoluble and total fiber by general Japanese populations at middle ages

In order to assess current dietary intake of water-soluble, water-insoluble and total fiber, fiber contents were estimated from food items in 24-hour total duplicate samples, utilizing a recently published tables of dietary fiber in foods coupled with supplemental procedures for better coverage of food items. The food duplicates were collected from 370 middle-aged Japanese subjects in 18 study sites in 12 prefectures across Japan during a period from 1990 to 1993. The coverage by the original database was 86% on an average (by weight of crude fiber-containing foods), whereas the coverage was 99% when supplemental procedures were applied in addition. The average ingested amount was 3.2 g/day for water-soluble fiber and 18.3 g/day for total fiber. No sex- or age- dependent difference was observed. Thus, current dietary intake of fiber by middle-aged Japanese people appears to be marginally sufficient. The leading sources were vegetables both for soluble (1.4 g/day) and total fiber (6.2 g/day), followed by cereals (0.3 and 3.1 g/day, respectively), fruits (0.8 and 2.7 g/day) and then pulse (0.4 and 2.3 g/day). J Epidemiol, 1995; 197-204.
Local expression of interleukin‐2 by B16 melanoma cells results in decreased tumour growth and long‐term tumour dormancy

The tumour microenvironment is complex containing not only neoplastic cells but also a variety of host cells. The heterogeneous infiltrating immune cells include subsets of cells with opposing functions, whose activities are mediated either directly or through the cytokines they produce. Systemic delivery of cytokines such as interleukin‐2 ( IL‐2) has been used clinically to enhance anti‐tumour responses, but these molecules are generally thought to have evolved to act locally in a paracrine fashion. In this study we examined the effect of local production of IL‐2 on the growth and the immune response to B16 melanoma cells. We found that the local production of IL‐2 enhances the number of interferon‐γ‐expressing CD8 T and natural killer cells in the tumour, as well as inducing expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 on tumour vessels. These responses were largely absent in interferon‐γ knockout mice. The expression of IL‐2 in the tumour microenvironment decreases tumour growth despite also enhancing Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells and anti‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐10. Higher levels of IL‐2 in the tumour microenvironment eliminated the progressive growth of the B16 cells in vivo, and this inhibition was dependent on the presence of either T cells or, to a lesser extent, natural killer cells. Surprisingly however, the B16 tumours were not completely eliminated but instead were controlled for an extended period of time, suggesting that a form of tumour dormancy was established.
Social and Clinical Determinants Influencing HIV Treatment Among Hoosiers

Indiana, with an estimated 9,282 persons living with HIV/AIDS in 2008, was selected to participate in the Medical Monitoring Project. The Medical Monitoring Project is a surveillance system designed to generate representative data on persons living with HIV/AIDS who are receiving care in Indiana. The authors sought to answer: What obstacles exist today among persons receiving HIV medical care? What impact do these have on treatment and services? Of 451 participants sampled, 349 reported at least one service need during the past year and 164 (47.0%) of those participants reported at least one service need was unmet. Overall, reported unmet needs was significantly associated (p < .034) with a lower likelihood of “always” taking HIV medications. The study results indicate that obstacles to treatment adherence involve unmet needs commonly found among HIV-infected persons receiving care. Interventions to improve treatment adherence involve community service assessments, client awareness, linkage to services, and provider awareness of existing barriers.
Orphan drugs to treat myasthenia gravis

Introduction: Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare disease and according to the EU Register of designated Orphan Medicinal Products only two drugs are registered as orphan drugs for MG while no orphan drug for MG has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The aim of this review is to discuss the role and mechanism of action of the recognized orphan drugs for MG and of other therapies potentially useful for MG treatment, which should be considered as orphan drugs. Areas covered: In the context of an updated overview of MG pathogenesis, the authors discuss current MG treatments available in clinical practice, orphan drugs for MG according to the EU Orphan Drugs Registry and emerging therapies, among which are therapies exclusively developed for MG. Expert opinion: New effective drugs for MG are needed to reduce side effects, mainly those related to steroids or to chronic immunosuppression, and to manage patients not responsive to common treatments. Hence, in recent years drugs potentially targeting selective pathogenetic steps of MG have been developed, although the complexity of the immune system makes their application very challenging. To this purpose a great effort at multiple levels, including basic research, clinical practice and health politics, will be necessary.
High expression of CD26 accurately identifies human bacteria‐reactive MR1‐restricted MAIT cells

Mucosa‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells express the semi‐invariant T‐cell receptor TRAV1–2 and detect a range of bacteria and fungi through the MHC‐like molecule MR1. However, knowledge of the function and phenotype of bacteria‐reactive MR1‐restricted TRAV1–2+ MAIT cells from human blood is limited. We broadly characterized the function of MR1‐restricted MAIT cells in response to bacteria‐infected targets and defined a phenotypic panel to identify these cells in the circulation. We demonstrated that bacteria‐reactive MR1‐restricted T cells shared effector functions of cytolytic effector CD8+ T cells. By analysing an extensive panel of phenotypic markers, we determined that CD26 and CD161 were most strongly associated with these T cells. Using FACS to sort phenotypically defined CD8+ subsets we demonstrated that high expression of CD26 on CD8+ TRAV1–2+ cells identified with high specificity and sensitivity, bacteria‐reactive MR1‐restricted T cells from human blood. CD161hi was also specific for but lacked sensitivity in identifying all bacteria‐reactive MR1‐restricted T cells, some of which were CD161dim. Using cell surface expression of CD8, TRAV1–2, and CD26hi in the absence of stimulation we confirm that bacteria‐reactive T cells are lacking in the blood of individuals with active tuberculosis and are restored in the blood of individuals undergoing treatment for tuberculosis.
Towards a Unified Worry Exposure Protocol for Generalised Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study

Background: Worry exposure is a cognitive–behaviour therapy (CBT) technique frequently used to treat GAD, yet there are only a few studies on its effectiveness. Aim: To compare two worry exposure protocols developed for GAD to make a preliminary determination about the most effective way in which to present the feared stimuli to participants. Method: Nine university students suffering from GAD were administered four 1-hour treatment sessions. Exposure was conducted by either directly imagining (DI) or via audio-recording/playback (AR) exposure to their feared event. General worry and intolerance of uncertainty (IOU) were the primary dependent variables. Results: All participants in the DI and half of the AR condition reported subclinical GAD at post-treatment, with results being maintained at 3-month follow-up and the treatment responders also reported decreased depression, anxiety and stress. Conclusions: The DI protocol was more effective than the AR methodology in this sample, and may be an appropriate standard for worry exposure research and clinical practice.
A Distinct Mitochondrial Genome with DUI-Like Inheritance in the Ocean Quahog Arctica islandica

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is strictly maternally inherited in metazoans. The major exception to this rule has been found in many bivalve species which allow the presence of different sex-linked mtDNA molecules. This mechanism, named doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI), is characterized by the presence of two mtDNAs: The female mtDNA is found in somatic tissue and female gonads, whereas the male mtDNA is usually found in male gonads and sperm. In this study we highlight the existence of two divergent mitochondrial haplotypes with a low genetic difference around 6–8% in Arctica islandica, a long-lived clam belonging to the Arcticidae, a sister group to the Veneridae in which DUI has been found. Phylogenetic analysis on cytochrome b and 16S sequences from somatic and gonadic tissues of clams belonging to different populations reveals the presence of the “divergent” type in male gonads only and the “normal” type in somatic tissues and female gonads. This peculiar segregation of divergent mtDNA types speaks for the occurrence of the DUI mechanism in A. islandica. This example also highlights the difficulties to assess the presence of such particular mitochondrial inheritance system and underlines the possible misinterpretations in phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies of bivalve species linked to the presence of two poorly differentiated mitochondrial genomes.
Global Transcriptional Profiling of Diapause and Climatic Adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster

Wild populations of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster experience highly heterogeneous environments over broad geographical ranges as well as over seasonal and annual timescales. Diapause is a primary adaptation to environmental heterogeneity, and in D. melanogaster the propensity to enter diapause varies predictably with latitude and season. Here we performed global transcriptomic profiling of naturally occurring variation in diapause expression elicited by short day photoperiod and moderately low temperature in two tissue types associated with neuroendocrine and endocrine signaling, heads, and ovaries. We show that diapause in D. melanogaster is an actively regulated phenotype at the transcriptional level, suggesting that diapause is not a simple physiological or reproductive quiescence. Differentially expressed genes and pathways are highly distinct in heads and ovaries, demonstrating that the diapause response is not uniform throughout the soma and suggesting that it may be comprised of functional modules associated with specific tissues. Genes downregulated in heads of diapausing flies are significantly enriched for clinally varying single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and seasonally oscillating SNPs, consistent with the hypothesis that diapause is a driving phenotype of climatic adaptation. We also show that chromosome location-based coregulation of gene expression is present in the transcriptional regulation of diapause. Taken together, these results demonstrate that diapause is a complex phenotype actively regulated in multiple tissues, and support the hypothesis that natural variation in diapause propensity underlies adaptation to spatially and temporally varying selective pressures.
LS³: A Method for Improving Phylogenomic Inferences When Evolutionary Rates Are Heterogeneous among Taxa

Phylogenetic inference artifacts can occur when sequence evolution deviates from assumptions made by the models used to analyze them. The combination of strong model assumption violations and highly heterogeneous lineage evolutionary rates can become problematic in phylogenetic inference, and lead to the well-described long-branch attraction (LBA) artifact. Here, we define an objective criterion for assessing lineage evolutionary rate heterogeneity among predefined lineages: the result of a likelihood ratio test between a model in which the lineages evolve at the same rate (homogeneous model) and a model in which different lineage rates are allowed (heterogeneous model). We implement this criterion in the algorithm Locus Specific Sequence Subsampling (LS³), aimed at reducing the effects of LBA in multi-gene datasets. For each gene, LS³ sequentially removes the fastest-evolving taxon of the ingroup and tests for lineage rate homogeneity until all lineages have uniform evolutionary rates. The sequences excluded from the homogeneously evolving taxon subset are flagged as potentially problematic. The software implementation provides the user with the possibility to remove the flagged sequences for generating a new concatenated alignment. We tested LS³ with simulations and two real datasets containing LBA artifacts: a nucleotide dataset regarding the position of Glires within mammals and an amino-acid dataset concerning the position of nematodes within bilaterians. The initially incorrect phylogenies were corrected in all cases upon removing data flagged by LS³.
Comparative genomics of the human, macaque and mouse major histocompatibility complex

The MHC is a highly polymorphic genomic region that encodes the transplantation and immune regulatory molecules. It receives special attention for genetic investigation because of its important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and its strong association with numerous infectious and/or autoimmune diseases. The MHC locus was first discovered in the mouse and for the past 50 years it has been studied most intensively in both mice and humans. However, in recent years the macaque species have emerged as some of the more important and advanced experimental animal models for biomedical research into MHC with important human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus and transplantation studies undertaken in association with precise MHC genotyping and haplotyping methods using Sanger sequencing and next‐generation sequencing. Here, in this special issue on ‘Macaque Immunology’ we provide a short review of the genomic similarities and differences among the human, macaque and mouse MHC class I and class II regions, with an emphasis on the association of the macaque class I region with MHC polymorphism, haplotype structure and function.