Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electron and heavy particle kinetics in a low-pressure nitrogen glow discharge

A detailed kinetic model is used to investigate the mechanisms for ionization, dissociation and atomic re-association in a low-pressure positive column. The approach is based on the self-consistent solutions to the electron Boltzmann equation coupled to a system of rate balance equations for the levels, the electronically excited states of and the and ions. The maintenance electric field is self-consistently determined from the continuity equations for electrons and ions. The model provides a satisfactory explanation of measurements conducted in these conditions, in the range p = 0.6 - 2.5 Torr and I = 10 - 100 mA, for the reduced electric field and the concentrations of N atoms and and states. The rate coefficients and are derived here for the two reactions leading to associative ionization by collisions between electronic metastables and , respectively. The dissociation due to the vibration - vibration (V - V) and vibration - translation (V - T) energy exchanges is shown to represent only a minor contribution for the total rate of dissociation, in opposition to previous studies, due to the effects of fast V - T exchanges associated with - N collisions. Finally, it is shown that the reaction does not constitute an effective depopulating mechanism of N atoms as most of the N atoms so created are reconverted to the N by collisions on the wall and quenching.
An Optimal Design for Photovoltaic Properties of Two-Layer Organic Solar Cells Using Phthalocyanine and Perylene Derivatives

Abstract Photovoltaic properties of two-layer organic p/n junction solar cells were studied for vacuum-deposited films of p-type phthalocyanine derivatives having different π-electron conjugating macrocycles and n-type N,N′-substituted 3, 4:9, 10-perylenebis(dicarboximide) having different peripheral groups. The power conversion efficiency was optimized by controlling the film thickness, morphology and contact with top-electrodes. The film morphology of the perylene derivatives changed depending on their peripheral alkyl groups, and higher photocurrents were obtained for the cell with a homogeneous layer of perylene derivatives. The molecular modification in p-type phthalocyanine derivatives changed the cell photovaltage. A substitution with electron-withdrawing groups, which lowered the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy of the p-type molecules, increased the photovoltage. On the other hand, an extention of the macrocyclic ring from phthalocyanine to naphthalocyanine lowered the photovoltai.
X‐ray spectroscopy of high‐energy density inertial confinement fusion plasmas

Analysis is presented of K‐ and L‐shell spectra obtained from Ar and Xe dopants seeded into the fuel region of plastic capsules indirectly imploded using the Nova laser. Stark broadening measurements of the n=3‐1 lines in H‐ and He‐like Ar (Ar Ly‐β and He‐β, respectively) are used to infer fuel electron density, while spatially averaged fuel electron temperature is deduced from the ratio of the intensities of these lines. Systematic variations in Ar spectral features are observed as a function of drive conditions. A spectral postprocessing code has been developed to simulate experimental spectra by taking into account spatial gradients and line transfer effects, and shows good agreement with experimental data. It is shown that correct modeling of the x‐ray emission requires a proper treatment of the coupled radiative transfer and kinetics problem. Continuum lowering effects are shown not to affect diagnostic line ratios, within the confines of a simple model. A recently developed diagnostic based on fitti.
Excitation and Electron Transfer from Selectively Excited Primary Donor Chlorophyll (P700) in a Photosystem I Reaction Center

The primary processes in a photosystem I reaction center were studied by fluorescence up-conversion with a subpicosecond time resolution at room temperature. The samples were P700(primary donor chlorophyll)-enriched particles which retained ≈14 chlorophylls per P700. Upon selective excitation of P700 at 701 nm at ≈5 °C, anisotropy of the fluorescence at 749 nm decayed from ≈0.3 to ≈0.15 with a time constant of 1 ps. The dynamic depolarization is attributed to electronic excitation equilibration between P700 and the surrounding chlorophylls. In the isotropic fluorescence kinetics, at least two decaying components of 2.2 ps (≈35%) and 15 ps (≈55%) were found. The fast and slow components indicate the charge separation before and after full equilibration of excitation energy, respectively. A kinetic model calculation based on the above results suggests that the intrinsic rate constant of the primary electron transfer from P700* is > 0.25 ps-1.
From Sharks to "The Big Ugly": A Rural Art Teacher's Transition to Place-Based Education.

This longitudinal case study explored one rural elementary art teacher’s praxis for two years after she participated in professional development sessions on place-based education (PBE). These sessions focused specifically on PBE within the discipline of art for K-12 art educators in a geographically-large southeastern school district. Through questionnaires, observations, interviews, and document analysis of curricular materials, the researchers investigated the teacher’s experiences with PBE as she taught art in a rural area of the district. Her curricular decisions transitioned from a focus on art reflecting her personal knowledge base to art that built on students’ expressions of, experiences in, and knowledge of, their rural setting. Implications for teacher professional development focused on rural education include strategies for promoting the contextualization of content and communicating the benefits of transitioning from place-neutral to place-based instruction.
Synthesis of optically active poly(amide-imide)s derived fromN,N?-(4,4?-carbonyldiphthaloyl)-bis-L-leucine diacid chloride and aromatic diamines by microwave radiation

3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (4,4′-carbonyldiphathalic anhydride) was reacted with L-leucine in a mixture of acetic acid and pyridine (3 : 2), and the resulting imide-acid [N,N′-(4,4′-carbonyldiphthaloyl)-bis-L-leucine diacid] was obtained in quantitative yield. The compound was converted to the N,N′-(4,4′-carbonyldiphthaloyl)-bis-L-leucine diacid chloride by reaction with thionyl chloride. A new facile and rapid polycondensation reaction of this diacid chloride with several aromatic diamines such as 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 4,4′-sulfonyldianiline, p-phenylenedi-amine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether, and m-phenylenediamine was developed by using a domestic microwave oven in the presence of a small amount of a polar organic medium such as O-cresol. The polymerization reactions proceeded rapidly compared with the conventional solution polycondensation and were completed within 6 min, producing a series of optically active poly(amide-imide)s with a high yield and an inherent viscosity of 0.37–0.57 dL/g. All of the above polymers were fully characterized by IR, elemental analyses, and specific rotation. Some structural characterization and physical properties of these optically active poly(amide-imide)s are reported. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 177–186, 2001
Recalibration of a Reaeration Equation

The atmospheric reaeration prediction equation of Thackston and Krenkel was recalibrated, using additional values of the reaeration coefficient that have been measured since 1969, in addition to the original values. The recalibration corrected a tendency of the original equation to overpredict reaeration coefficients at low Froude numbers. The basic form of the equation was kept intact, but the coefficient involving the Froude number was revised. Accuracy improved in the low Froude number range by 20% and stayed about the same in the remainder of the range.
EFFECTS OF PRUNE EXTRACT ON BLOOD PRESSURE ELEVATION IN STROKE‐PRONE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

1 Prunes are recognized as a health food. They contain large amounts of phenolics and show high anti‐oxidant activity. In this study, both hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion were scavenged by prune extract in electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis. 2 In angiotensin II challenged vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was decreased in caffeic acid‐treated cells compared with the control. 3 After 5 weeks of prune extract treatment, the elevation of blood pressure in the prune extract‐treated SHRSP was suppressed in comparison with the control group. 4 Our findings suggest that prune extract may contribute to the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Importance of Covalent Linkages in the Preparation of Effective Reduced Graphene Oxide−Poly(vinyl chloride) Nanocomposites

The preparation of nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is reported. Covalent modification of PVC with RGO and reduction/precipitation of graphite oxide and isocyanates-modified GO in the presence of PVC are studied. Among these methods it is proposed that only the former produces nanocomposites with enhanced final properties. The other method failed because it did not produce nanocomposites with different properties to the original polymer, probably due to the lack of effective interfacial interactions. The RGO-chemically modified PVC samples have different thermal and mechanical properties with respect to the parent polymer. A discussion on the dependence of the properties on the method of preparation is given. Furthermore, preliminary results based on the effect of the aspect ratio and surface chemistry of the filler are also given.
Molecular Connectivity in Structure–activity Analysis

Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing molecular connectivity in structure activity analysis as the reading material.
Merumite; a complex assemblage of chromium minerals from Guyana

________________________ Introduction and acknowledgments ____________ Merumite _________________________ Nature and occurrence -____-________ Previous studies _________________ Chemistry _______________________ Older analyses _____________________ Recent analyses _________________ Isotopic study _________________ X-ray powder data ____________________________ Petrography ________________________ Eskolaite ___________________________________ Occurrence in Finland and Guyana, and (possibly) Siberia ________________________ Chemistry __________________________ Guyanaite __________________________________ Occurrence in Guyana and Finland, and synthesis Chemistry _____________ Analyses ________________________________ Thermal behavior _____________________________ X-ray powder data ____________________ Bracewellite, CrOOH ______________________________ Occurrence and identification ______________ Chemistry _______________________ Analysis ___________________ Page Page 1 Bracewellite, CrOOH Continued 1 Electron-probe study __ __ __ 16 1 X-ray powder data ___________ __ -16 1 Grimaldiite CrOOH and mcconnellite CrOOCu 17 6 Occurrence _______________ ___ 17 7 Physical properties _____ _ __ 18 7 Chemistry _____________ 18 7 Electron-probe analysis _____ -_ _____ _ 19 7 X-ray data __________________ 19 7 Previous syntheses of rhombohedral CrOOH and 8 CrOOCu _________________________ 19 9 Relation of mcconnellite to delafossite 20 y-CrOOH (synthetic) ____________ 21 9 Synthesis _______________ 21 10 X-ray powder data and cell constants _ 22 10 Chromian gahnite ___________________ _ _ 22 10 Properties _____________________-__ 22 11 Electron-probe analysis _______ __ _ 23 11 X-ray data _________________________ 23 12 Other chromian gahnites and zincian chromites _ __ 23 13 Chromian pyrophyllite __________ _ __ _ 24 13 Gold (and silver) in merumite ________ _ _ 24 13 Accessory minerals from Director Creek _ _ 24 15 Crystallographic relationships of CrOOH compounds 28 15 References cited _________________ __ 28
Analysis of the structure of dendrimers in solution by small-angle neutron scattering including contrast variation

The analysis of a dendrimer of fifth generation by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in solution is presented. The contrast of the solute toward the solvent dimethylacetamide (DMA) is changed systematically by measurements of the dendrimer in mixtures of deuterated with protonated DMA. Additional SANS measurements at highest contrast and varying dendrimer concentrations allowed to determine the structure factor of the dendrimers in solution. SANS intensities measured at different contrast are shown to yield the contrast ρ - ρ m where ρ is the average scattering length density of the dissolved dendrimer and ρ m is the scattering length density of the solvent. This allows to determine the molecular weight of the dendrimer in an unambiguous fashion. The comparison of the measured and the calculated molecular weight demonstrates that the dendritic structure under consideration here is not fully perfect. The analysis of the radial structure of the dendrimer rests on the decomposition of the measured intensities into terms depending on powers of the contrast p - ρ m . The leading term which scales with the square of the contrast leads to the determination of the scattering intensity referring to infinite contrast. This allows to elucidate the radial scattering length density in an unambiguous manner. The analysis demonstrates that the present dendrimer, composed of flexible units, has a compact structure where the density has its maximum at the center of the molecule. This is in accord with recent theoretical deductions.
Towards a Dune Photon Detection System

TOWARDS A DUNE PHOTON DETECTION SYSTEM Logan Clutch Jackson Rice, MS Department of Physics Northern Illinois University, 2018 Vishnu Zutshi, Director The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be sensitive to neutrino interactions in it liquid argon detector volume. Its primary objective is to measure mixing parameters relevant to neutrino oscillations. Another aspect of the primary science program is to measure neutrinos produced in core-collapse supernovae should one occur in the Milky Way Galaxy while the far detector is operational. The first 10kt module of DUNE will be a single phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LarTPC). The goal of measuring neutrinos from supernovae requires an advanced photon detection system. Its design is driven by lessons from protoDUNE where testing of photon sensor components has been ongoing since at least 2016. It is also driven by simulations of supernova neutrino interactions. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS
Enhanced lithium ion storage in nanoimprinted carbon

Disordered carbons processed from polymers have much higher theoretical capacity as lithium ion battery anode than graphite, but they suffer from large irreversible capacity loss and have poor cyclic performance. Here, a simple process to obtain patterned carbon structure from polyvinylpyrrolidone was demonstrated, combining nanoimprint lithography for patterning and three-step heat treatment process for carbonization. The patterned carbon, without any additional binders or conductive fillers, shows remarkably improved cycling performance as Li-ion battery anode, twice as high as the theoretical value of graphite at 98 cycles. Localized electrochemical strain microscopy reveals the enhanced lithium ion activity at the nanoscale, and the control experiments suggest that the enhancement largely originates from the patterned structure, which improves surface reaction while it helps relieving the internal stress during lithium insertion and extraction. This study provides insight on fabricating patterned carbon architecture by rational design for enhanced electrochemical performance.
Molecular description and topotyping of the isolated FMDV in Egypt during 2015.

Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) took an enzootic form in Egypt since 1964, serotype O, A and SAT2 were reported. Infection or vaccination with one doesn't protect against the other serotypes with high potential for genetic and antigenic variation. So it is necessary to trace the origin of the outbreaks and to monitor the relatedness of the field isolates to vaccine strains to ensure the currently available vaccine will provide protection against any new isolate. In this study, FMDV serotype SAT2 was isolated in Egypt in 2015 by RT PCR and it was founded to be genetically highly related to the virus isolated in Egypt in 2012, 2013 and 2014 and have nucleotide identity of 99.4 to 94 % to the Palestinian and Libyan strains and all isolates ware in topotype VII and have recurrent silent point mutation not affecting capsid structure and the potency of the local produced vaccine.
Novel ways to unravel the mechanism of kinesin

Kinesin-1 is one of the motor proteins that drive intracellular transport in eukaryotes. This motor makes hundreds of 8 nm steps along a microtubule before releasing. Kinesin-1 can move at velocities of up to about 800 nm/s, which means that one turnover on average takes 10 ms. Important details, however, concerning the coordination between the two motor domains have not been determined due to limitations of the techniques used. In this study we present an approach that allows the observation of fluorescence intensity changes on individual kinesins with a time resolution far better than the duration of a single step. In our approach, the laser focus of a confocal fluorescence microscope is pointed at a microtubule and the photons emitted by fluorescently-labeled kinesin motors walking through the spot are detected with submicrosecond accuracy. We show that the autocorrelation of a fluorescence time trace of an individual kinesin motor contains information at time lags down to 0.1 ms. The quality and time resolution of the autocorrelation is primarily determined by the amount of signal photons used. By adding the autocorrelations of several tens of kinesins, fluorescence intensity changes can be observed at a time scale below 100 microseconds. This paper has been published: Sander Verbrugge, Lukas C. Kapitein, Erwin J.G. Peterman, Biophysical Journal, 92(7):2536-2545, 2007
Diffusion and adsorption of proteins in mesoporous environments

It is the main subject of this thesis to present a comprehensive study of the interaction between proteins and solid surfaces, especially the pore walls of nanoporous silica particles. This is complemented by an examination of the proteins’ diffusive behavior in porous aluminum oxide. The first part of this thesis attempts to validate the Stokes-Einstein equation for the diffusion of proteins through tubular pores in solid-state membranes. It further envisages means to separate proteins solely based on their tertiary structure. A comprehensive analysis of the protein adsorption behavior on silica surfaces constitutes the second part of this thesis. The complicated nature of the protein-silica interaction is confirmed and explained by a combination of several commonly used models. The findings thereof are used in the third part of this thesis, where competitive adsorption from protein mixtures on a silica substrate is studied. Effective selective binding of proteins from binary mixtures is achieved if the buffer solution is appropriately adjusted to the proteins electrochemical properties. Every kid starts out as a natural-born scientist, and then we beat it out of them. A few trickle through the system with their wonder and enthusiasm for science intact. Carl Sagan (1934-1996) Für meine Eltern, die mir die Neugier bewahrt und gefördert haben.
Microwave-Assisted Reflux in Organometallic Chemistry: Synthesis and Structural Determination of Molybdenum Carbonyl Complexes

Simple modification of a household microwave oven leads to the acceleration of chemical reactions as a result of microwave-assisted reflux. This acceleration is illustrated in the reactions of metal–carbonyls where the M–CO bond is notoriously inert. Microwave-assisted reflux of Mo(CO)6 and piperidine leads, under aerobic conditions, to the clean synthesis of cis-[Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] in 40 minutes rather than the four hours required by conventional reflux. Further, cis-[Mo(CO)4(piperidine)2] is a well-known synthetic reagent as both amines can be easily displaced by phosphines and phosphites as illustrated by the reaction with PPh3. At lower temperatures cis-[Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2] can be prepared, which upon heating, leads to clean generation of the thermodynamically more stable trans isomer. Infrared spectroscopy can be easily used, in combination with group theory, to identify trans and cis isomers by their characteristic one and four bands respectively in the C–O region. Use of microwave-assisted synthesis.
Comparison of B2O3 and BN deposited by atomic layer deposition for forming ultrashallow dopant regions by solid state diffusion

In this study, the authors investigated atomic layer deposition (ALD) of B2O3 and BN for conformal, ultrashallow B doping applications and compared the effect of dopant-containing overlayers on sheet resistance (Rs) and B profiles for both types of films subjected to a drive-in thermal anneal. For the deposition of B2O3, tris(dimethylamido)borane and O3 were used as coreactants and for the deposition of BN, BCl3 and NH3 were used as coreactants. Due to the extreme air instability of B2O3 films, physical analysis was performed on B2O3 films, which were capped in-situ with ∼30 A ALD grown Al2O3 layers. For the BN films, in-situ ALD grown Si3N4 capping layers (∼30 A) were used for comparison. From spectroscopic ellipsometry, a thickness decrease was observed after 1000 °C, 30 s anneal for the B2O3 containing stack with 60 ALD cycles of B2O3, whereas the BN containing stacks showed negligible thickness decrease after the annealing step, regardless of the number of BN cycles tested. The postanneal reduction in.
Method for measurement of the thermal diffusivity in

We present a method for determining the thermal diffusivity in opaque solids by means of an analysis of the photoacoustic phase signal at low modulation frequencies using the open -cell photoacoustic technique. We show for f ⩽ (π/2)2fc, where fc is the modulation frequency at which the thermal diffusion length matches the sample thickness, the photoacoustic phase signal can be written in linear form with the modulation frequency f. Then, obtaining the proportionality coefficient by fitting the experimental data, the thermal diffusivity of the sample can be determined. The advantage of this method is that it is realized in a range of modulation requencies below those normally used, hence, the photoacoustic signal should be alone attributed to the mechanism of thermal diffusion. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio will be more reliable. This method was tested in some samples and it is also shown to be important in solids with high diffusivity values and thin materials.
Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins

Gel electrophoresis is a widely known group of techniques used to separate and identify macromolecules as DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size, form, or isoelectric point. The separation of molecules by electrophoresis is based on the fact that charged molecules migrate through a gel matrix upon application of an electric field. These techniques have become a main tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, analytical chemistry and proteomics. Gel electrophoresis is usually used for analytical purposes, but may be a preparative technique to partially purify molecules before applying other techniques, mainly mass spectroscopy to perform proteome analysis (Wasinger et al., 1995).