Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation of AODV for Mobile Ad Hoc Network with Varying Probability and Node Mobility

: Broadcasting is a common method used for route discovery and service discovery. One of the simple ways of broadcasting methods is simple flooding. Due to this simple flooding, it provokes high number of unnecessary packet rebroadcasts, causing contention, and packet collisions. The high number of redundant broadcast packets due to flooding in MANETs has been referred to as the Broadcast Storm Problem. A probabilistic approach to flooding has been proposed as one of most important suggested solutions to solve the broadcast storm problem. This paper proposed probabilistic method to improve the performance of AODV protocol by reduced the overhead and average end to end delay. This paper is subjected to the on demand routing protocol AODV and evaluated its performance. We investigated the performance metrics namely Control Packet Overhead and Average end-to-end delay and Number of Retransmitting nodes by varying probability and node mobility through simulation using NS-2 network simulator.
Predicting soil depth using simple ground-based measurements of stem shape and taper in the butt swell section of individual Pinus radiata trees

ABSTRACT Predicting soil depth using simple ground-based measurements of the tree stem has multiple benefits for precision (site-specific) forest management and estimating carbon stocks of plantation forests. Current methods of mapping soil depth rely on collecting a sufficient density of direct soil measurements, which is expensive and typically not feasible over extensive forest areas. The availability of detailed soil depth information under forest plantations is consequently sparse and this presents a significant impediment to precision forest management and the ability to estimate forest soil carbon stocks. In this study, we propose that the relationship between stem shape and taper in the butt swell of individual Pinus radiata trees and soil depth can be described in a simple empirical model. We demonstrate that shape and taper of the butt-swell section of the tree stem are as robust predictors of soil depth as individual tree height, and also have the advantage of being easy to measure from the ground. This finding has potential benefits for reducing the cost of soil data collection and improving fine-scale forest soil mapping.
Structural Behavior Of Self-Compacting Deep Beam With Opening Strengthened By (CFRP)- Analytical Study

The main aim of this study is to investigate thoroughly the structural behaviour of (SCC) deep beams that contain openings and reinforced with CFRP strips around the holes, by using the nonlinear finite element program (ANSYS version 16.1). Thirteen beam specimens, one sold reference deep beam and twelve beams with different shapes of openings, i.e. circle, square, rectangle and rhombus, without shear reinforcement were simulated and analyzed by (ANSYS) under four-point loading setup. The beams with openings were equally divided into two groups; with and without CFRP strips, as a reference group. Each reference beam has a strengthened beam to compare with while the solid beam was the reference for all the twelve beams. The results have shown that, for the same area of perforation, the reduction in the SCC deep beam specimens’ shear resistance depends on the perforation’s shape and orientation. The beam strengthened by CFRP with symmetric circular openings resists higher load than the same beam with square or rhombus openings, about 40 and 70% respectively. Also, a beam specimen, strengthened by CFRP, contains horizontal rectangularshaped openings load resistance is 50% higher than a specimen with vertical rectangular openings of the same dimensions. In addition, the CFRP sheets strengthening effects are higher at the perforations with edges, such as square and rectangle, than the circular shape as the sheets are effective in resisting 19 the stress concentration at the sharped edges.
A new genus of the tribe Acratini from the continental Neotropical region (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea, Brentidae)

Abstract A group of 10 species belonging to the Neotropical tribe Acratini Alonso-Zarazaga, Lyal, Bartolozzi & Sforzi 1999, is shown to be monophyletic by a phylogenetic analysis based on 48 morphological characters. A new genus, Pertusius n. gen., is described, based on three derived characters of external and genital morphology: venter of prorostrum of males with fine median longitudinal carina, base of elytra with deep pit at the place of insertion on mesonotum, and proximal sclerite of endophallus more or less horseshoe-shaped. Eight species were previously known and, according to former authors, belonged to the genera Acratus Lacordaire 1865 [Pertusius apicalis (Sharp 1895), n. comb. , P. errabundus (Kleine 1927), n. comb. , P. extrarius (Kleine 1927), n. comb. , P. fidus (Kleine 1927), n. comb. and P. telesi (Soares & Meyer 1959), n. comb. ] and Proteramocerus Kleine 1921 [Pertusius chalcites (Perty 1832), n. comb. , P. filum (Sharp 1895), n. comb. , and P. laevis (Germar 1824), n. comb. ]. Four new synonymies are proposed: Proteramocerus disparilis Soares & Dias 1971, n. syn. for Acratus apicalis Sharp 1895; Teramocerus laevigatus Boheman 1840, n. syn. for Arrhenodes chalcites Perty 1832; Acratus extraordinarius Kleine 1927, n. syn. for Acratus errabundus Kleine 1927; Proteramocerus diringshofeni Soares & Dias 1971, n. syn. for Acratus filum Sharp 1895. Two new species are described: Pertusius guyanensis n. sp. from French Guiana, and P. mexicanus n. sp. from Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula). Pertusius apicalis is newly cited from Bolivia and Peru, P. chalcites from Argentina and Paraguay, P. extrarius from Ecuador, P. fidus from Peru and P. telesi from Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. An identification key to species of the genus is provided.
HOW INITIAL COMPOSITION AFFECTS THE LATER DEVELOPMENT? - A SECONDARY SUCCESSIONAL STUDY IN DIFFERENTLY MANAGED AGRICULTURAL SITES

Plant succession is a well-studied phenomenon in plant ecology, yet the effects of disturbance and its influence on initial plant composition received little attention in this process. From many of the potential reasons we investigated the effect of soil fungi on early succession. At each site a total of 60 permanent plots were established and fungicide treatment was used on half of the plots, the other half served as control. We found that management by influencing initial plant communities, determine the way how forb and grass dominancy changes in time. In addition, our findings support that the applied fungicide treatment influence successional development of plant communities. Specifically, the elimination of fungi from an annual-dominated (highly disturbed) site led to stronger grass dominance, while decreased the presence of forbs. Nevertheless in the perennial-dominated (less disturbed) site fungicide treatments favored to forbs, but this effect was not significant. Our results suggest that previously used management regimes strongly affect the later secondary successional events that can also be strongly influenced by the soil fungal community.
Production of D-xylonate and organic acid tolerance in yeast

Various organic acids have huge potential as industrial platform chemicals. Biotechnological routes of organic acid production are currently being sought, so that fossil resources and petrochemistry could be replaced with renewable resources. Microbial production of organic acids can provide an environmentally sound, sustainable way of producing industrial chemicals, and efficient processes are needed to produce large quantities of acids which are often novel to the production organism. Production of such acids imposes stresses on the organism. These stresses affect the vitality, viability and productivity of the cells in a bioprocess. Understanding the physiology of micro-organisms which have been genetically engineered to produce an organic acid, can make valuable contributions to the development of production organisms for biorefineries, which provide means to convert agricultural and forestry waste into these useful chemicals. Production of D-xylonate, an industrial platform chemical with high application potential, was successfully demonstrated in various yeast species. D-xylonate is produced from D-xylose via D-xylono-lactone that can be hydrolysed to D-xylonate spontaneously or with the aid of a lactonase enzyme. Various ways to improve production of D-xylonate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis or Pichia kudriavzevii as production organisms were successfully applied. The best D-xylonate production was obtained by expression of the D-xylose dehydrogenase encoding gene xylB from Caulobacter crescentus and the highest D-xylonate titre was achieved with P. kudriavzevii that produced 171 and 146 g D-xylonate l, at a rate of 1.4 or 1.2 g l h, at pH 5.5 and pH 3, respectively. Production at low pH is desirable as this would make product recovery and process operations more economically feasible. The consequences of D-xylonate production on the physiology of S. cerevisiae were studied in detail, both at population and single-cell level. D-xylonate and D-xylono-lactone were produced and also exported from the cells from the very start of cultivation in D-xylose, even in the presence of D-glucose. There was no apparent preference for export of either compound. However, great amounts of D-xylono-lactone and/or D-xylonate was accumulated inside the cells during the production. The D-xylonolactone lactonase encoding gene xylC was co-expressed with the D-xylose dehydrogenase encoding gene xylB (both genes from C. crescentus). This lead to a significant increase in the D-xylonate production rate compared to cells expressing only xylB and showed that accumulation of D-xylonate and protons releases during hydrolysis, was harmful for the cells. The accumulation of
ESCHERICHIA COLI K-12*

~~~~~~~c~t;;m~+C~+ NAY-+ 3 and D-1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase F? D 1 amino-2-propanol + NA&. Each enzyme has been obtained in purified form free of the other; the nature of the reaction catalyzed by the latter dehydrogenase alone and in a coupled system with the former enzyme has been studied. The results provide an explanation on the enzymological level for the utilization of L-threonine by cell suspensions of certain microorganisms for the biosynthesis of the D-1-amino-2-propanol moiety of Vitamin B 12'
Specific Marker Gene Analyses for DNA Polymorphism of the Blood Cell in Korea Native Brindled Cattle

ABSTRACT : This study was conducted to detect the specific expressing genes by using RAPD-PCR and RFLP method in the Korea Native Brindled Cattle, Korean Native cow and Holstein cattle. And then, the specific marker gene was investigated by the analysis of the genes for detection significance according to the expressing pattern. We found the specific expression gene by the RAPD-PCR analysis in Korea Native Brindled Cattle. It was detected the differences of the species in the colour and external section. The Korea Native Brindled Cattle were vary low compare to the Korean Native cow and Holstein cattle by analysis result of polymorphism and distribution. And there were a found the specific marker gene by sequencing in the R9B gene fragment of Korea Native Brindled Cattle. And the sequencing result of the R9B was different between Korean Native cow and Holstein cattle. Thus, this gene can be apply as the specific marker gene in the Korea Native Brindled Cattle.Key words : Korea Native Brindled Cattle, RAPD, RFLP, Marker, DNA fragment요 약 : 본연구는칡소와한우그리고젖소의각군을통하여RAPD-PCR방법과RFLP방법을응용하여칡소에서특이적으로발현되는유전자의검출과발현빈도에따른표지유전자를분석하여칡소특이적인표지인자를탐색하고자실시하였다. 연구결과, RAPD분석을통하여칡소에서특이적으로표현되는유전자들을발견할수있었으며, 검출유전자의다양성이모색과종간의차이가있음을알수있었다. 특이적으로표현된유전자들중칡소에서특이적으로표현되는R9B 유전자를발견할수있었고, 이유전자는한우와젖소의일부DNA 염기서열상의차이점이있음을확인할수있었으며, 추후칡소의표지유전자로적용할수있을것이라사료되었다.
ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL, TYROSINASE ENZYME INHIBITION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF SHALLOT EXTRACTS

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) was in the same genus as garlic and onion. These plants exhibit some activities; however, more studies need to be conducted to evaluate the activities of ethanolic shallot extracts. The objectives of this study were to prepare shallot extracts, evaluate their safety, and determine their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Shallot bulbs were extracted with water and 20-95% ethanol concentration. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay and anti-tyrosinase activity was evaluated using enzyme assay technique. Disc agar diffusion method and broth micro-dilution method were used to determine antimicrobial properties of shallot extracts against S. aureaus, S. epidermis and P. acne. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using MTT assay on primary human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. Chemical compositions of shallot extracts were examined using HPLC analysis. The results showed that 20% ethanolic shallot extract exhibited the highest quercetin equivalent and the highest antioxidant activity. In contrast, 80% ethanolic shallot extracts showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition. Shallot extracts were not toxic to HDF cells at the concentration lower than 20 mg/mL. They did not have antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria in this study. HPLC analysis showed elution pattern of flavonol glucosides similar to methanolic onion and shallot extracts. This result suggests that ethanol concentration may involve in the chemical compositions of shallot extract and resulting in various antioxidant activity. Some flavonol glucosides may be responsible for the activities of shallot extracts. However, antimicrobial and anti-tyrosinase enzyme activity may relate to other substances in shallot extracts.
TREE-RING FEATURES: INDICATORS OF EXTREME EVENT IMPACTS

Wood anatomical features may be visible on the microscopic as well as on the macroscopic scale. While the former can often be quantified by detailed wood anatomical analyses, the latter are often treated as qualitative features or as binary variables (present/absent). Macroscopic tree-ring features can be quantified in terms of frequency, intensity, or classified according to their position within a tree ring, like intra-annual density variations (IADFs) in conifers or frost rings in earlywood or latewood. Although some of these tree-ring features, like e.g. missing rings or IADFs are often seen as anomalies, hampering dendrochronologists to perform proper crossdating of tree-ring series, many of these properties are formed under extreme environmental stress or heavy impact, and could mark these extreme events by the manifestation in the wood anatomical structures throughout the lifespan of trees. The described tree-ring features form discrete time-series of extreme events. For example, flood rings may be marked by lunar-shaped earlywood vessels or enlarged latewood vessels in ring-porous oaks. White earlywood rings and light rings indicate reduced cell wall thickness and lignification occurring in very cold years. Frost rings result from cambial cell death during abrupt cooling events in the growing season. Missing rings and IADFs are mainly caused by drought events. Characteristic variations in earlywood vessel size, shape, or number in ring-porous oak species are markers for flood events, defoliation, heat stress, or drought. Traumatic resin ducts may be triggered by a range of biotic or environmental stressors, including wounding, fires or mechanical factors. Reaction wood is indicative of mechanical stress, often related to geomorphic events. In many cases anatomical responses are unspecific and may be caused by different stressors or extreme events. Additionally, the sensitivity of trees to form such features may vary between species, or between life stages within one species. We critically evaluate the indicative value of different wood anatomical tree-ring features for environmental reconstructions.
Candidate genes for obesity and related phenotypes

The current epidemic of obesity afflicts more than 300 million people worldwide, and poses a significant public health problem. Obesity is associated with hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes, and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although the current epidemic of obesity reflects recent changes in diet and physical activity, it is well established that individual susceptibility to obesity is largely determined by genetic factors. While some of the genes responsible for cases of severe obesity have been identified, the genes that contribute to common forms of human obesity remain unknown. Two main approaches have been used to identify susceptibility genes for obesity: the candidate gene approach and the positional cloning approach. In humans, the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure (energy homeostasis) is very highly regulated; and it is possible that dysfunction in any one of a number of candidate genes can disrupt this balance, leading to obesity. Consequently, candidate genes have been extensively studied for polymorphisms that may be associated with obesity. A separate approach, positional cloning, makes no a priori assumptions regarding the function of these putative gene(s), and has been used to identify regions of the human genome which exert a large influence on obesity phenotypes. Both of these approaches have been used in this thesis to study candidate genes for obesity and its related metabolic phenotypes. Chapter One: Introduction
Phytoplankton community structure shaped by key environmental factors in fish and shellfish farms in Daya Bay, South China

In coastal cultural regions of Dapeng Cove (southwest of Daya Bay), the composition, abundance and community structure of phytoplankton, as well as physicochemical variables, were investigated to identify factors driving seasonal changes. During summer, local phytoplankton biomass was low, probably because of nutrient depletion. In September, sudden heavy rainfalls resulted in a substantial increase in nitrogen. As a result, a disturbance-tolerant diatom, Skeletonema costatum, increased rapidly. Organic matter associated with freshwater runoff, fishery activities and settled algal cells increased consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO), especially in fish farms. It was suggested that heavy rainfall events was probably a trigger of low oxygen level and exerted a major effect on nutrient cycling and the phytoplankton community. In winter, phytoplankton community was characterized by dinoflagellates, which are adapted to well-mixed conditions. Spring blooms composed of Pseudonitzschia delicatissima and P. pungens were triggered by warm temperature and increasing light intensity. Excessive ammonium levels in March probably contributed to bloom initiation. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in fish farms were significantly higher than that in bivalve cultures and control sites although phytoplankton abundance in fish farms was not. We suggest that intense fish culture farming exerts more pressure on the ambient environment than shellfish farming.
Larval fish assemblages of the California current region and their horizontal and vertical distributions across a front : Larval fish assemblages and oceanic boundaries

Cruises of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations occupied 3 1,2 14 survey stations in a one million km’ area off California and Baja California during 195 1 to 1984. Recurrent group analysis of 249 larval fish taxa placed 36 taxa in 12 recurrent groups. These groups reflect the oceanographic complexity of the region with Subarctic-Transitional, Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), and Central Water Mass components. The major shorefish recurrent group is associated with the large shelf area of Sebastian Vixaino Bay off central Baja California. Cluster analysis using correlation coefficients of abundance as the measure of distance and principal component analysis produced groupings that agreed in general with groups formed by presence-absence analysis. Environmental effects on these groups were studied by examining changes in horizontal and vertical distribution across a frontal region. Plankton samples from the FRONTS 85 cruise conducted in July, 1985, southwest of the Southern California Bight, allowed us to investigate the fine scale distribution of assemblages across a semi-permanent frontal zone separating cold eutrophic water to the north from relatively warm, oligotrophic water to the south. Ichthyoplankton samples from a 120-n. mi. transect across the front, including 42 oblique bongo tows and 8 MOCNESS tows to 1,000 m, demonstrated 1) the transition between Subarctic-Transitional and ETPXentral Water Mass species, and 2) distinctly different parterns of vertical distribution for the same species at the north and south sides of the front.
Control of bioluminescence in phase variants of Photorhabdus luminescens Hm and in Hyp, a hyperpigmented mutant obtained from a phase II variant

Bioluminescence is a property that is common in marine bacteria and almost totally absent in terrestrial bacteria, the only known example being the entomopathogenic bacteria in the group Photorhabdus luminescens. Bioluminescence is also one of several traits that are modulated when secondary variants appear in P. luminescens; that is, the secondary variants are in general very dim, or dark. We present here some preliminary studies of the regulation of light emission in P. luminescens in the hope that they may elucidate some of the mechanistic details involved in the conversion between primary and secondary variants. Bioluminescence is a late function in P. luminescens, increasing dramatically after the culture reaches an optical density of 2.0 or more. Addition of rifampicin (RIF), an inhibitor of mRNA synthesis, results in early development of the luminous system; this enhancement is seen approximately two generations after RIF addition. Secondary form variants of strain Hm emit only about 1 % as much light as the primary forms, and this low level of luminescence can be restored to the high level of the primary form by the addition of RIF, indicating that the lux genes are completely functional, and consistent with the hypothesis that the defect that leads to decreased luminescence in the secondary form is at least partially at the post-transcriptional level of regulation. The effect of RIF is specific for light emission, reversing none of the other properties associated with the primary I *The author to whom correspondence should be sent. 0334-5114/97 /$05.50 ©1997 Balaban 192 P.K. HOSSEINI AND K.H. NEALSON secondary conversion. In addition, a mutant called hyper was isolated as a hyperpigmented, hyperluminous strain. These two properties are apparently controlled together, as revertants to a wild type level of pigmentation also show a wild type (primary) level of luminescence. These data suggest that a variety of control points and mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of factors considered to be part of the primary/ secondary form conversion.
Design, synthesis and “in vitro” anti-leukemic evaluation of ferulic acid analogues as BCR-Abl inhibitors

Semi-synthetic modification of ferulic acid isolated from Salicornia brachiata was performed and the derivatives showed gratifying in silico binding scores with the BCR-Abl protein, comparable with imatinib. Anti-proliferative activity against K562, U937 and Hep G2 cancer cell lines and the BCR-Abl kinase inhibitory activity using an ADP-Glo assay were investigated. Compounds 2i and 3j were potent BCR-Abl inhibitors and were also active against K562 cells.