Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Real Time MR Thermometry Using Tm-DOTMA

We present results of real-time and sensitive MR Thermometry (MRT) using a paramagnetic lanthanide complex thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraa-cetate (Tm-DOTMA) to study radio frequency (RF) heating induced by a copper wire and a titanium bone screw in an agarose gel phantom. The temperature dependent chemical shift coefficient (TDCSC) of the methyl resonance was found to be 0.7 ± 0.03 ppm/°;C in agarose gel. The methyl protons of Tm-DOTMA were imaged using 2D chemical shift imaging (CSI) and 3D phase mapping methods (PMM), approximately 7 sec long, and compared with conventional water proton resonance frequency (PRF) method. Two RF-induced heating approaches were tested: 1) using a prescan before the MRT; or 2) using the heating caused by the imaging pulse during continuous imaging. Both approaches allowed detection of temperature changes which are less than 1°;C and continuously mapping temperature changes around the copper wire. Using a heating pre-scan, the Tm-DOTMA 2D-CSI allowed better qualitative visualization of the temperature changes around the titanium screw compared with water phase shift thermometry. Numerical electromagnetic field simulations were also conducted for the evaluation of orientation dependency using the copper wire in 4.7 T (200 MHz). Thermometry approach using Tm-DOTMA can detect smaller temperature changes with decreased scanning time resulting in real-time and sensitive temperature mapping.
The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate

Two experiments were conducted using lactating Friesian-Holstein cows to measure the effects of heat stress, using temperature-humidity index (THI), on milk production, milk composition and dry matter intake (DMI) under the Mediterranean climate. These trials were carried out in two pe- riods differing in average THI values (68 ± 3.75 vs. 78 ± 3.23 for the spring and summer periods, re- spectively). Daily THI was negatively correlated to milk yield (r = -0.76) and feed intake (r = -0.24). When the THI value increased from 68 to 78, milk production decreased by 21% and DMI by 9.6%. Milk yield decreased by 0.41 kg per cow per day for each point increase in the THI values above 69. Milk fat (3.24 vs. 3.58%) and milk protein (2.88 vs. 2.96%) were lower for the summer group. THI was positively correlated to respiration rate (RR) (r = 0.89), heart rate (HR) (r = 0.88), rectal tempera- ture (RT) (r = 0.85) and cortisol (0.31), and negatively with free thyroxin (-0.43). As the THI values increased from 68 to 78, RT increased by 0.5 o C, HR by 6 beats, and RR by 5 inspirations per min. The average concentration of cortisol increased from 21.75 to 23.5 nmol·L -1 (P > 0.05), while that of free thyroxin decreased from 15.5 to 14.5 pmol·L -1 ,( P > 0.05). Summer heat stress reduced milk yield and DMI, altered milk composition and affected the physiological functions of confined lactating Hol- stein cows managed under Mediterranean climatic conditions. dairy cow / temperature-humidity index / milk production / intake / physiology
Contemporary Amharic Corpus: Automatically Morpho-Syntactically Tagged Amharic Corpus

We introduced the contemporary Amharic corpus, which is automatically tagged for morpho-syntactic information. Texts are collected from 25,199 documents from different domains and about 24 million orthographic words are tokenized. Since it is partly a web corpus, we made some automatic spelling error correction. We have also modified the existing morphological analyzer, HornMorpho, to use it for the automatic tagging.
Full statistics of erasure processes: Isothermal adiabatic theory and a statistical Landauer principle

We study driven finite quantum systems in contact with a thermal reservoir in the regime in which the system changes slowly in comparison to the equilibration time. The associated isothermal adiabatic theorem allows us to control the full statistics of energy transfers in quasi-static processes. Within this approach, we extend Landauer's Principle on the energetic cost of erasure processes to the level of the full statistics and elucidate the nature of the fluctuations breaking Landauer's bound.
The determination of low energy electron-molecule cross sections via swarm analysis

In this paper we discuss the swarm physics based techniques including the Boltzmann equation analysis and Monte Carlo simulation technique for determination of low energy electron-molecule cross sections. A multi term theory for solving the Boltzmann equation and Monte Carlo simulation code have been developed and used to investigate some critical aspects of electron transport in neutral gases under the varying configurations of electric and magnetic fields when non-conservative collisions are operative. These aspects include the validity of the two term approximation and the Legendre polynomial expansion procedure for solving the Boltzmann equation, treatment of non-conservative collisions, the effects of a magnetic field on the electron transport and nature and difference between transport data obtained under various experimental arrangements. It was found that these issues must be carefully considered before unfolding the cross sections from swarms transport data.
Sonoporation from jetting cavitation bubbles Running title : Sonoporation from jetting bubbles

Abstract The fluid dynamic interaction of cavitation bubbles with adherent cells on a sub strate is experimentally investigated. We find that the non-spherical collapse of bubbles near to th e boundary is responsible for cell detachment. High-speed photography reveals that a wall bounded flow le ads to the detachment of cells. Cells at the edge of the circular area of detachment are found to be perman ently porated; whereas cells at some distance from the detachment area undergo viable cell membrane pora tion (sonoporation). The wall flow field leading to cell detachment is modeled with a self-similar solution for a wall jet, together with a kinetic ansatz of adhesive bond rupture. The self-similar solution for the δype wall jet compares very well with the full solution of the Navier-Stokes equation for a jet of finite thickness . Apart from annular sites of sonoporation we also find more homogenous patterns of molecule delivery w ith no cell detachment.
Thickness Dependent Properties of Sr 2 FeMoO 6 Thin Films Grown on SrTiO 3 and ( LaAlO 3 ) 0 . 3 ( Sr 2 AlTaO 6 ) 0 . 7 Substrates

Pure, fully textured and c-axis oriented Sr2FeMoO6 films were deposited on SrTiO3 and (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 substrates with different thicknesses. A decrease in substrate induced strain was observed in films on SrTiO3 with increasing thickness, but the strain in the films on (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 was nearly constant within the whole film thickness range. Despite the differences in the strain, the magnetic properties of the films showed similar thickness dependence on both substrates. The saturation magnetization and Curie temperature increased until around 150 nm thickness was reached. Semiconducting low temperature upturn in resistivity was observed in all the films and it was enhanced in the thinnest films. Thus, the band gap energy increases with increasing film thickness. According to these results, at least 150 nm thickness is required for high quality Sr2FeMoO6 films.
Assimilating bio-optical glider data during a phytoplankton bloom in the southern Ross Sea

Abstract. The Ross Sea is a region characterized by high primary productivity in comparison to other Antarctic coastal regions, and its productivity is marked by considerable variability both spatially (1–50 km) and temporally (days to weeks). This variability presents a challenge for inferring phytoplankton dynamics from observations that are limited in time or space, which is often the case due to logistical limitations of sampling. To better understand the spatiotemporal variability in Ross Sea phytoplankton dynamics and to determine how restricted sampling may skew dynamical interpretations, high-resolution bio-optical glider measurements were assimilated into a one-dimensional biogeochemical model adapted for the Ross Sea. The assimilation of data from the entire glider track using the micro-genetic and local search algorithms in the Marine Model Optimization Testbed improves the model–data fit by ∼ 50 %, generating rates of integrated primary production of 104 g C m−2 yr−1 and export at 200 m of 27 g C m−2 yr−1. Assimilating glider data from three different latitudinal bands and three different longitudinal bands results in minimal changes to the simulations, improves the model–data fit with respect to unassimilated data by ∼ 35 %, and confirms that analyzing these glider observations as a time series via a one-dimensional model is reasonable on these scales. Whereas assimilating the full glider data set produces well-constrained simulations, assimilating subsampled glider data at a frequency consistent with cruise-based sampling results in a wide range of primary production and export estimates. These estimates depend strongly on the timing of the assimilated observations, due to the presence of high mesoscale variability in this region. Assimilating surface glider data subsampled at a frequency consistent with available satellite-derived data results in 40 % lower carbon export, primarily resulting from optimized rates generating more slowly sinking diatoms. This analysis highlights the need for the strategic consideration of the impacts of data frequency, duration, and coverage when combining observations with biogeochemical modeling in regions with strong mesoscale variability.
Characteristics and Management Implications of the Spring Waterfowl Hunt in the Western Canadian Arctic, Northwest Territories

The species composition, timing of the harvest, sex, age, breeding status, and numbers of geese and swans shot during the spring hunt by residents of Tuktoyaktuk, Paulatuk, and Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories were studied in each community hunting area for three consecutive years (1987 to 1990). Investigators visited hunters repeatedly in the field, conducting interviews and examining >=27% of the reported harvest. Snow geese ( Anser caerulescens caerulescens ) accounted for 70% of the harvest, followed by white-fronted geese ( Anser albifrons frontalis , 19%), Canada geese ( Branta canadensis hutchinsii , 5%), brant ( Branta bernicla nigricans , 4%), tundra swans ( Cygnus columbianus , 2%), and Ross' geese ( Anser rossii , <1%). Sex ratios varied by species and community. Age ratios (yearlings per adult) also varied, and were inversely correlated with the size of the previous year's continental recreational harvest for white-fronted geese. Breeding status of geese with adult plumage varied, but was generally near 80% breeders. Average annual harvest of geese and swans were estimated at 5986 for Tuktoyaktuk, 1605 for Paulatuk, and 2790 for Sachs Harbour. Regional spring harvests, as a percent of continental harvests of regional populations, were 19% for lesser snow geese and 15% for white-fronted geese. Harvest levels require consideration in all stages of management of the resource, from local to continental. Action is required in Canada, through cooperative wildlife management mechanisms of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement and other land claims legislation, and through new regional bodies, to ensure that the spring harvest is incorporated into regional, national and international management of migratory birds.
The Compatibility and Conflict between XP Method and Level Two of CMMI-Dev1.2

Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development Version 1.2 (CMMI-Dev1.2) is a common and popular model for controlling project development process, improving quality, and capacity evaluation. On the other side, eXtreme Programming (XP) is the one of the most popular and effective agile development method to be used for Small Software Development Firms (SSDFs). Furthermore, XP is a lightweight method that helps SSDFs in implementing the Software Process Improvement (SPI) activities as it is the more compatible method for SPI models and standards such as CMMI-Dev1.2. This paper discusses the compatibility of XP practices to the level two of CMMI-Dev1.2.
Plant Water δD and δ18O of Tundra Species from West Greenland

ABSTRACT Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δD and δ18O) of archived plant tissues can be used in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, assuming a well-grounded understanding of the environmental drivers of stable isotope variation in plant waters. Previous plant water calibration studies have focused on lower latitudes, but given the importance of arctic climate reconstructions, it is necessary to understand the drivers of isotope fractionation in plants that are unique to high latitudes. Here, we present δD and δ18O values of plant waters from the Kangerlussuaq area in West Greenland. We use the evaporation line created by the xylem waters to estimate the hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of local meteoric source water and find values that are lower than modeled estimates. We also apply the modified Craig-Gordon leaf water model, using local climate parameters and xylem water values to model leaf water values. We find that measured plant water values are generally in good agreement with model estimates, and discrepancies are likely explained by plant microclimates that are warmer and drier than average air measurements. This study extends stable isotope calibrations to arctic regions and provides a new estimate of average precipitation water isotopes values, which in turn inform plant proxy-based paleoclimate studies in the Arctic.
Observations of stratospheric sudden warmings in Earth rotation variations

Stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) are extreme events in the polar stratosphere that are both caused by and have effects on the tropospheric flow. This means that SSWs are associated with changes in the angular momentum of the atmosphere, both before and after their onset. Because these angular momentum changes are transferred to the solid Earth, they can be observed in the rate of the Earth's rotation and the wobble of its rotational pole. By comparing observed Earth rotation variations to reanalysis data, we find that an anomaly in the orientation of the Earth's rotational pole, up to 4 times as large as the annual polar wobble, typically precedes SSWs by 20–40 days. The polar motion signal is due to pressure anomalies that are typically seen before SSW events and represents a new type of observable that may aid in the prediction of SSWs. A decline in the length of day is also seen, on average, near the time of the SSW wind reversal and is found to be due to anomalous easterly winds generated in the tropical troposphere around this time, though the structure and timing of this signal seems to vary widely from event to event.
Equilibrium and Recrossings of the Transition State: What Can Be Learned from Diffusion?

We examine the assumptions and conclusion of (generalized) transition state theory (GTST) by considering the activation process in the diffusion (Langevin) limit. We find the asymptotic structure of the leading eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Fokker-Planck operator with a bistable potential and hence the long-time quasi-equilibrium behavior of the phase space probability density function (pdf). Defining reactant and product as small neighborhoods of the stable states, we examine all possible recrossings of the transition state region (TSR) and find their contribution to the mean first passage time (MFPT) from one state to the other. We show that the mean number of recrossings of the TSR is 1, so the MFPT from one state to the other is twice that to the stochastic separatrix, which we use as a generalized transition state (GTS). The activation rate, that is, the rate at which trajectories arrive from one state to the other, is then shown to be one-half of the arrival rate at the GTS and in the limit of a high harrier is independent of the choice of the size of the domains that define the states. We conclude that to obtain the correct rate in (G)TST (i) the quasi-equilibrium density (qepdf) rather than the equilibrium density (epdf) has to be used, (ii) the qepdf contains a boundary layer near the stochastic separatrix, but otherwise the reactant qepdf is nearly equal the epdf, and (iii) all recrossings of the (G)TS are accounted for if the (G)TS is the stochastic separatrix, but not otherwise. We also consider the case of a single metastable state.
Back to Wicksell? In Search of the Foundations of Practical Monetary Policy

It is now widely held that the New Neoclassical Synthesis (NSS) offers central banks a "user friendly", though rigorous, theoretical framework consistent with current practice of systematic stabilization policy based on interest rate rules (e.g. Woodford (2003)). Particular interest and curiosity have been aroused by Woodford's argument that the NNS theory of monetary policy is in its essence a modern restatement and refinement of Wicksell's interest-rate theory of prices (1898). This paper deals with two main issues prompted by Woodford's Neo-Wicksellian revival. The first questions the consistency between the NNS and Wicksell. The second concerns the value added for monetary policy of Wicksellian ideas in their own right. Section 2 clarifies some basic theoretical issues underlying the NNS and its inconsistency with a proper Wicksellian approach, which should be based on saving-investment imbalances that are precluded by the NNS theoretical framework. Section 3 presents a proper Neo-Wicksellian dynamic model whereby it is possible to assess, and hopefully clarify, some basic issues concerning the macroeconomics of saving-investment imbalances. Section 4 examines implications for monetary policy, in particular for Taylor rules, and section 5 concludes.
Quantitative assessment of Vulnerability to Climate Change ( Computation of Vulnerability Indices ) 1

Climate change or global warming is an important research area now. Unless proper adaptation strategies are implemented, it will have far reaching environmental changes that could have severe impacts on societies throughout the world. Further, it will have multidimensional effect on humanity in terms of several socio-economic parameters like agriculture, human health, sea level rise, scarcity of labour, disease prevalence etc. Hence any scientific study on climate change should take into account vulnerabilities of the different regions and then it has to study its impacts on several sectors.
Interfacial shear measurement using high resolution multiphase time resolved PIV

Shear stress at a gas-liquid interface is of primary importance to predict momentum transfer in numerous environmental and man-made flows. It involves local velocity gradient as well as surface properties: velocity, acceleration, and curvature. Hence, it is a challenging quantity to measure experimentally or simulate numerically. In fact, most experimental data have neglected surface terms which arise at curved or moving surfaces. To resolve all the parameters governing the interface shear, high spatiotemporal PIV data are acquired simultaneously on both sides of a free surface populated by steep millimeter-size waves. The flow is well conditioned and provides highly controlled and repeatable conditions. Planar laser induced fluorescence is used to track the interface. The gas and liquid phase velocities are processed independently and assembled together in a post processing step. Special processing schemes are developed to resolve surface properties of interest; furthermore, the latter are accessible from both datasets. They are measured in several manners and compared to gain confidence in the obtained results. The methodology is first applied to a flat surface and then for a surface with two-dimensional surface waves. It is found that a Stokes layer develops in the gas phase on top of the waves. The latter are also responsible for a decrease in momentum transfer between the phases, similarly to what is encountered in an initially laminar flow over a corrugated wall. A methodology is hence validated to experimentally resolve this demanding quantity. This approach can also be very beneficial for shedding new lights into heat and mass transfers in multiphase flows, which can serve as the foundations of new correlations.
A comprehensive approach, and a case study, for conducting attack detection experiments in Cyber–Physical Systems

Several methods have been proposed by researchers to detect cyber attacks in Cyber–Physical Systems (CPSs). This paper proposes a comprehensive approach for conducting experiments to assess the effectiveness of such methods in the context of a robot (Amigobot) that includes both cyber and physical components. The proposed approach includes a method for performing vulnerability analysis, several methods for attack detection, and guidelines for conducting experimental studies in the context of cyber security. The method for vulnerability analysis makes use of the Failure-Attack-CounTermeasure (FACT) graph. The experimental study to evaluate methods for attack detection comprises of three experiments. These methods have been implemented and evaluated, within and across all three experiments, with respect to their effectiveness, detection speed, and durability for injection, scaling, and stealthy attacks. The proposed guidelines define key phases and artifacts for conducting such experiments and are an adaptation of those used in Software Engineering.
Migrants, Welfare Systems and Social Citizenship in Ireland and Britain: Users or Abusers?

Abstract Public discourse on migrant interactions with state welfare systems has often assumed exploitative motivations on the part of migrants, with charges of welfare tourism a recurring theme among segments of the political spectrum. Academic research has also tended to characterise migrant welfare utilisation in simple dichotomous terms where migrants are either ‘welfare dependent’ or not. This article argues for the analytic utility of disaggregating the concept of welfare utilisation into distinct component parts, denoting usage, participation and dependency with regard to state-provided cash welfare benefits. Using EU survey data, these distinct components of welfare utilisation among migrants are assessed in comparative cross-national context, comparing welfare and labour market outcomes for similar cohorts of migrants faced with dissimilar incentive structures. The results have direct implications for policy-makers, and for migrant experiences of social citizenship, in so far as they show little support for the moral hazard view of migrant interactions with welfare systems. Migrants in Ireland's relatively more generous welfare system are seen to have no greater likelihood of welfare dependency, and in fact show a lower usage of welfare (as a proportion of total income) than similar migrants in Britain, controlling for characteristics. Intriguingly, however, the likelihood of forming a partial labour market attachment is seen to respond to increasing levels of welfare usage in Ireland, but not in Britain, suggesting that migrants may be taking an active role in how they define their position in the work-welfare nexus in response to welfare system incentives.