Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BREEDING OF THE GREY WARBLER GERYGONE IGATA AT KAIKOURA, NEW ZEALAND

Summary I studied the breeding of Grey Warblers Gerygone igata (Muscicapidae: Acanthizinae) in forest near Kaikoura, New Zealand, between 1976 and 1979. Only males sang and singing occurred all year. From late July to January pairs defended self-contained territories of 0·25–1·73 ha but they occupied larger home ranges when not breeding. Territorial adults were strictly sedentary all year. The average annual mortality of breeding adults was 18·5% and the predicted life-expectancy 4·9 years, which is remarkable in a bird weighing 6–7 g. The breeding season from first building to last fledging was six months long and it began early. Exceptionally, Grey Warblers may build and lay before the shortest day. As the season progressed warblers nested lower on average, both in absolute terms and relative to the tree nested in and canopy at the site. Warblers built in 7–27 days then delayed up to eight days before laying. Only females built and at no stage of breeding did males feed their mates. Both sexes fed the young. Grey Warblers laid for 15–16 weeks of the year and first clutches were laid asynchronously during 5–6 weeks. Eggs of a clutch appeared at two-day intervals and each egg weighed 1·5 g when fresh (23% of mean adult weight). Clutch size was nearly constant (mean 3·9, mode 4, range 3–5). The incubation period was 17–21 days (mean 19·5 days) and the nestling period 15–19 days (mean 17·2 days). On average the clutch hatched over 1·4 days, even though incubation commenced with the laying of the last egg. Nestlings reached maximum weight on Days 13–14 on average and then receded in weight by 4%, apparently through loss of water. All healthy nestlings exceeded mean adult weight during development by up to 39%. Nestlings from broods of two were at first lighter on average than those from larger broods, but in the second half of the nestling period twins were significantly the heaviest. Grey Warblers were fed for 28–35 days after fledging and they survived well while dependent on parents. Fledglings dispersed up to 3 km or more at independence and only 5% per annum joined the breeding population. Of nests that received eggs, 42% produced at least one fledgling. On average each breeding adult raised 2·0 fledglings per season. Of 265 eggs in 73 nests 70% hatched and 38% produced fledglings. Of 185 nestlings 54% fledged. Probably the main cause of mortality of eggs and nestlings was predation by introduced rodents and mustelids. Grey Warblers raise two small broods slowly during a long breeding season, rather than investing in one large quickly-reared brood. In New Zealand's mild climate the warbler's food supply may not decline severely in winter, and the population of warblers may remain so close to the limit set by food that extra for breeding is hard to obtain. Thus the breeding strategy may be adapted to a restricted food supply.
Superfluid Properties of Superconductors with Disorder at the Nanoscale: A Random Impedance Model

Some two-dimensional superconductors like, e.g., LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 heterostructures or thin films of transition metal dichalcogenides, display peculiar properties that can be understood in terms of electron inhomogeneity at the nanoscale. In this framework, unusual features of the metal-superconductor transition have been interpreted as due to percolative effects within a network of superconducting regions embedded in a metallic matrix. In this work we use a mean-field-like effective medium approach to investigate the superconducting phase below the critical temperature T c at which the resistivity vanishes. Specifically, we consider the finite frequency impedance of the system to extract the dissipative part of the conductance and the superfluid stiffness in the superconducting state. Intriguing effects arise from the metallic character of the embedding matrix: upon decreasing the temperature below T c proximity effects may rapidly increase the superfluid stiffness. Then, a rather fragile superconducting state, living on a filamentary network just below T c , can be substantially consolidated by additional superconducting regions induced by proximity effect in the interstitial metallic regions. This mean-field prediction should call for further theoretical analyses and trigger experimental investigations of the superconducting properties of the above systems.
Analysis of Fertilizer Subsidy Policy in Supporting Food Security in Karawang District, West Java Province Policy 2013-1017

Fertilizer subsidies become a burden on the state budget (APBN) which is increasing, but there are various negative excesses in the implementation. There are various objectives to be achieved from the implementation of fertilizer subsidy policies, such as providing incentives to farmers to apply fertilization technology and increasing sustainable food production to food security. The implementation of the fertilizer subsidy policy in Karawang Regency is a problem that is also experienced by other regions. The study used qualitative methods, through interviews and observations on the ranks of the Ministry and the Government of Karawang Regency as the target areas for recipients of fertilizer subsidies. The results revealed that the fertilizer subsidy policy in Karawang Regency is still very much needed by farmers to increase agricultural production to support food security and the mechanism of fertilizer subsidy through RDKK (Definitive Plans for Group Needs) in accordance with the essence of effective and efficient fertilizer subsidies so that options need to be carried out the government includes transfer of fertilizer subsidies to output price subsidies and direct fertilizer subsidies to phasing out subsidies.
Differential introgression of mitochondrial DNA across species boundaries within the marine mussel genus Mytilus

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site polymorphism was examined in European populations of the mussels M. edulis, M. trossulus, and Atlantic and Mediterranean M. galloprovincialis. Haplotype frequency distributions and mtDNA phylogenetic relationships contradict earlier systematic hypotheses based on morphological and allozyme data. Hybridization and differential mtDNA introgression among Mytilus forms explain this lack of concordance, indicating that nuclear and mitochondrial DNA have evolved differently. Introgression of mtDNA haplotypes between Mytilus taxa varies geographically, and haplotype diversity decreases with latitude. It is proposed that Pleistocene events and current ecological factors influencing hybridization among geographically proximal taxa may explain these observations.
Sward Management Effects on Forage Component Responses in a Production System for Early Weaned Calves

Th ere has been limited research to defi ne appropriate management practices for pastures grazed by early weaned calves. Experiments were conducted from January to April (cool season) and May to July (warm season) 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the eff ects of N fertilization and regrowth interval on herbage mass and nutritive value of rye (Secale cereale L.)-annual ryegrass (Lolium multifl orum Lam.) mixtures and ‘Tift on 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). Treatments were the factorial combinations of three N fertilization rates (0, 40, and 80 kg ha −1 period −1 , with two periods per season) and two regrowth intervals (3 and 6 wk for rye-ryegrass and 2 and 4 wk for bermudagrass). Rye-ryegrass herbage mass increased linearly from 0.9 to 1.8 Mg ha −1 period −1 as N fertilization increased. Th ere was no eff ect of regrowth interval on rye-ryegrass herbage mass during the winter; but in the spring, herbage mass was greater for the 6-wk vs. the 3-wk interval (2.2 vs. 1.6 Mg ha −1 ). For bermudagrass, there was a linear increase in herbage mass (1.6 to 2.6 Mg ha −1 period −1 ) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) (480 to 530 g kg −1 ) with increasing N fertilization. Regrowth interval eff ects on rye-ryegrass were more important in spring than winter in determining forage nutritive value and herbage mass; shorter regrowth intervals may be necessary in spring to maintain calf gains. During the warm season, shorter regrowth intervals for Tift on 85 resulted in forage with greater nutritive value, which is the key factor limiting growth of early weaned calves.
Real-Time Detection of Moving Magnetic Target Using Distributed Scalar Sensor Based on Hybrid Algorithm of Particle Swarm Optimization and Gauss–Newton Method

Using a prior data to solve for the characteristic parameters of a moving magnetic target is crucial in its detection. For this purpose, we developed a real-time detection method using distributed scalar sensor networks based on a hybrid algorithm combining particle swarm optimization and the Gauss-Newton method. The magnetic anomaly fitting model of the target is established using the magnetic-dipole-moment principle. The PSO’s insensitivity to the initial solution is used to obtain a rough solution of the coefficients of the fitting, and then a more accurate solution is developed using the Gauss-Newton method, exploiting its advantage in high precision. Furthermore, to evaluate the proposed method, we built a test platform. The detection results show that the goodness-of-fit reaches 0.9565 and only requires 3.4 s; in the 16 m horizontal distance, the calculated trajectory overlaps significantly the actual trajectory, and errors in position and speed are around 10% and 4.25%, respectively.
Restoring functionally diverse communities enhances invasion resistance in a freshwater wetland

Understanding how plant communities reassemble is particularly relevant when invaders are part of the species pool and can compromise restoration or conservation goals. If initial species composition has a lasting impact on community dynamics, it may be possible to enhance biotic resistance to invasion, particularly through diversity effects, by manipulating early community composition. Diversity effects have been investigated much less in wetlands than in uplands. We conducted a large plant community restoration experiment in a freshwater wetland to investigate species and functional diversity effects on biotic resistance to invasion during early community assembly. The wetland was under propagule pressure mostly from Phragmites australis (common reed), but all species not sown in this experiment that established in the plots were treated as ‘invaders’, whether exotic or native. We used a two‐step model selection approach and a diversity‐interaction model framework to test hypotheses about the contribution to invasion success of abiotic conditions, species richness, as well as functional group richness, identity and pairwise interactions, providing a rare test of diversity effects against multiple invaders in wetlands. In all, 20 species invaded the plots. They were grouped for analysis to evaluate the overall resistance of resident communities. The three main invaders, P. australis and two native taxa (Salix spp., Populus deltoides), were also analysed separately. Diversity‐interaction models revealed invader‐specific responses. Functional group identity determined resistance to P. australis, whereas pairwise interactions between functional groups explained resistance to Salix spp. Both effects were retained when grouping all invaders. Resistance to P. deltoides was determined by abiotic conditions. The contribution of specific functional groups varied with invader. Annuals and clonal perennials explained resistance to P. australis, suggesting priority and limiting similarity effects. Interactions, when significant, mostly included fast‐growing annuals. When considering all invaders, identity effects were detected for all functional groups. Synthesis. Diversity effects on invasion resistance vary with invaders in early assembly of restored wetland communities. Restoring functionally diverse communities provides resistance against multiple invaders. Consistent responses between this field experiment and previous pot experiments with the same species suggest that results are robust enough to inform management.
Analysis of Factors Affecting User Loyalty in an Online Discussion Forum

PT XYZ is an internet company, providing free online discussion forum as the main service with a display of advertisements as a primary source of revenue. Users are one of the most important assets for PT XYZ. Every user who visits a discussion forum will be exposed with advertisements in the forum which will contribute to the business revenue of PT XYZ. Unfortunately, in the past six years, the number of users has been decreased by 64%, which surely affecting PT XYZ's business profits. Therefore, user loyalty is a key aspect that needs to be underlined. The focus of this study is to analyze factors that affect user loyalty in the online discussion forum of PT XYZ. Factors that directly affect user loyalty consist of perceived usefulness, user attitude response, user relationship quality, and user satisfaction. While the indirect factors consist of social influence, ease of use, product design, quality of argument, the credibility of sources, information, social exchange, and recreation. This study is a quantitative research with a structural equation model (SEM) approach. The results show that user loyalty is affected by factors of relationship quality between online discussion forum PT XYZ and users, which directly affected by argument quality, and also source credibility.
Molecular Characterization of the Gene for Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase of Japonica Rice Varieties

Anthocyanins are the most important pigments in higher plants. Genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis can be classified into two groups; structural genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway and regulatory genes acting on the structural genes [1-3]. The DFR gene encodes the enzyme, dihydroflavonol 4 -reductase , which catalyses the stereospecific reduction of dihydroflavonols to the respective leucoanthocyanidines. The DFR genes of dicotyledonous plants consist of six exons and five introns whereas those of monocotyledonous plants barley and maize are comprised of four exons and three introns (Fig. 1). Recently, the DFR gene of a indica variety of rice was reported to consist of three exons and two introns [4] . Interestingly, the positions of the introns and exons are well conserved in these plants. Although most of japonica and indica rice varieties bear green leaves and stems, there are varieties with purple leaves and stems due to anthocyanin pigmentation [5]. As an initial step to characterize genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice, we have characterized the DFR gene of a japonica variety Murasaki-ine (purple rice) and shown that it carries a single copy of the DFR gene consisting of three exons and two
Impact of weed management practices on soil biological activity in corn and soybean field crops in Québec (Canada)

Abstract: Repeated applications and combination of glyphosate-containing herbicides (GCH) with other herbicides are two weed management practices (WMP) used to compensate for GCH decreasing efficiency impacts in field crops. These practices may have serious impacts on soil functions because GCH affect soil biota and soil biological activity (SBA). Two field experiments, one with corn and one with soybean crops, were conducted during one growing season. SBA indicators, soil respiration (SR) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, were measured at two sampling times following six WMP. These WMP included one or two GCH applications (GCH alone or combined with other herbicides), applications of other herbicides only and mechanical weeding. WMP did not affect FDA neither for corn or soybean at either sampling times. In contrast, WMP affected SR in corn fields at both sampling times and SR in soybean field at the first sampling time. Repeating GCH applications and combining different herbicides led to lower SR, suggesting that these practices decreased SBA, whilst one single GCH application presented higher SR, suggesting that this practice stimulated SBA. Our study demonstrates that using GCH in combination with other herbicides or in multiple applications affects SBA in field conditions. Affecting soil functions and carbon cycle do bear serious weed management implications, and the choice of WMP should be taken into consideration to minimize their impacts on SBA for field crops sustainability.
Advanced Application of the In Vivo Cryotechnique to Immunohistochemistry for Animal Organs

The quick-freezing method often used for physical fixation also contributed enormously to the advancement of morphology, but it could not provide enough information about the dynamic morphological changes in vivo in living animal organs. Therefore, we developed the in vivo cryotechnique in 1995, which could directly cryofix organs in vivo under anesthetized conditions without stopping blood circulation or producing effects of anoxia. We have already reported new findings about the in vivo ultrastructures of living animal organs with the cryotechnique followed by freeze-substitution or replica preparation. Recently, it has also been applied to other morphological analyses in vivo, including immunohistochemistry and FISH, for obtaining dynamically functioning structures of cells and tissues at a light microscopic level. In such experimental processes, the in vivo cryotechnique has been shown to have the added benefit of direct antigen-retrieval effects since it reduces several steps of retrieval treatments which are required in common paraffin-embedded samples prepared by the conventional fixation and dehydration. In conclusion, the in vivo cryotechnique allows us to investigate the functioning real morphology of living animals, which was technically difficult to be observed before, and perform dynamic immunohistochemistry of cells and tissues in various animal organs in vivo at ultimate time-resolution.
Eccentric Computational Embodiments: Cognitive Domestication of External Entities

Eco-cognitive computationalism sees computation in context, adopting the intellectual visions advanced by the cognitive science perspectives on embodied, situated, and distributed cognition. It is in this framework that we can fruitfully study the relevance in recent computer science devoted to the simplification of cognitive and motor tasks generated in organic entities by the morphological aspects. Ignorant bodies can be cognitively “domesticated” to become useful “mimetic bodies'', which originate eccentric new computational embodiments capable of rendering an involved computation simpler and more efficient. On the basis of these considerations, we will also see how the concept of computation changes, being related to historical and contextual factors, so that the “emergence'' of new kinds of computations can be epistemologically clarified, such as the one regarding morphological computation. Finally, my presentation will introduce and discuss the concept of overcomputationalism, as intertwined with the traditional concepts of pancognitivism, paniformationalism, and pancomputationalism, seeing them in a more naturalized intellectual disposition, more appropriate to the aim of bypass ontological or metaphysical overstatements.
An Optimal Solution for a Real Transportation Problem with Lingo Code

The transportation problem deals with finding the minimum cost of transporting a single product from a certain number of sources to a given number of destinations. The problem can be expressed by the formulation of a linear model, and it can be solved using the simplex algorithm. But due to its particular structure of the linear model, it can be solved with more efficient methods. LINGO is one of the compelling tools which can be used to solve optimization problems. It includes integrated packages that include powerful language for expressing related optimization models, a full-featured environment for both building and editing problems, and a set of fast built-in solvers. In this paper, a lingo code is prepared based on the formulation of transportation problems to solve an actual case study. The optimal solution of the studied case study reduces the total ton-kilometers by 9.1702 % of the real distribution amounts. The real data, the lingo code, the optimal solution, and a comparison between the real and optimal solutions are both included.
Yielding and Fruit Quality of Three Sweet Pepper Cultivars from Organic and Conventional Cultivation

Yielding and Fruit Quality of Three Sweet Pepper Cultivars from Organic and Conventional Cultivation The investigations were undertaken to study the effect of cultivar and growing system (organic vs. conventional) on sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) yielding, fruit morphology and antioxidants content. Two hybrids Caryca and Roberta and one open pollinated cultivar Mercedes all of the Polish origin were compared during 2007 and 2008 in the field experiments. Conventional production was based on mineral fertilization and chemical plant protection, while organic relied on compost fertilization and stabilized ecosystem with no chemical used according to EU Regulation 2092/91 for organic farming. The results revealed a good response of bell pepper to organic cultivation system. Marketable fruit yield was higher and morphological characters better from organic cultivation. The content of human health beneficial compounds such as acsorbic acid, total flavonoids, soluble phenols and beta- carotene were investigated at the red stage of fruit maturity. Both the cultivar and growing method influenced the level of examined compounds. Pepper fruits obtained from organic cultivation system comprised higher amount of vitamin C, beta-carotene total flavonoids and polyphenols than from the conventional. Roberta F1 revealed the higher content of vitamin C, beta-carotene than Caryca F1 and Mercedes. Moreover cultivar Roberta F1 demonstrated the highest level of polyphenols in both cultivation systems. Plonowanie I Jakość Owoców Trzech Odmian Papryki Z Uprawy Ekologicznej I Konwencjonalnej Przeprowadzono badania nad wpływem odmiany i metody uprawy (ekologiczna i konwencjonalna) na plonowanie, cechy morfologiczne owoców oraz zawartość substancji prozdrowotnych w tym antyoksydantów w owocach papryki. W doświadczeniach polowych prowadzonych w latach 2007-2008 porównywano trzy polskie odmiany: dwa mieszańce Caryca i Roberta oraz odmianę ustaloną Mercedes. W uprawie konwencjonalnej stosowano nawożenie mineralne i ochronę chemiczną odpowiednią dla gatunku. W uprawie ekologicznej paprykę uprawiano na polu o ustabilizowanym ekosystemie zgodnie z Rozporządzeniem RWE 2092/91 dla produkcji ekologicznej, do nawożenia użyto kompost wytworzony na miejscu, nie stosowano żadnych środków chemicznych. Badania wykazały dobrą reakcję papryki na ekologiczny sposób uprawy. Z uprawy ekologicznej uzyskano wyższy plon handlowy owoców o lepszych cechach morfologicznych. Zawartość substancji prozdrowotnych takich jak witamina C, beta-karoten, flawonoidy ogółem oraz rozpuszczalne fenole były określane w owocach czerwonych. Zarówno odmiana jak i sposób uprawy wpłynęły na zawartość wymienionych substancji prozdrowotnych. W owocach papryki pochodzących z uprawy ekologicznej stwierdzono wyższą zawartość witaminy C, beta-karotenu, flawonoidów ogółem i polifenoli niż z uprawy konwencjonalnej. Wśród badanych odmian Roberta F1 wyróżniała się najwyższym poziomem polifenoli niezależnie od sposobu uprawy.