Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Powder diffraction studies of synthetic calcium and lead apatites

The crystal structures of M10(PO4)6X2, where M = Ca or Pb and X = OH¯, F¯, Cl¯ or Br¯, have been determined by Rietveld refinement of powder synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction data. All the compounds are hexagonal with space group P 63/m. For the calcium compounds, the lattice parameters are a = 9.4302(5), 9.3475(3), 9.5902(6), 9.6482(6) and c = 6.8911(2), 6.8646(1), 6.7666(2), 6.7788(2) A, for X = OH¯, F¯, Cl¯, Br¯, respectively. For the lead compounds, the corresponding lattice parameters are a = 9.8612(4), 9.7547(5), 9.9767(4), 10.0618(3) and c = 7.4242(2), 7.2832(2), 7.3255(1), 7.3592(1) A. In these compounds there are two cation sites, a channel of M(I) atoms and a triangle of M(II) atoms. The anion interacts most strongly with the M(II) atoms with the interaction dictating the position of the anion relative to the M(II) triangle. In Ca10(PO4)6X2, the F¯ ion sits within the triangle planes, while the larger OH¯ and Cl¯ anions are disordered above and below the M(II) triangles. The even larger Br¯ is midway between two triangles at (0, 0, ). Despite the larger size of the isostructural lead compounds, no anions are found in the triangles. The F¯, Cl¯ and Br¯ ions are at (0, 0, ) and the OH¯ ion is disordered at (0, 0, z). This difference in behaviour is possibly related to the lead 6s electrons. In this paper, the experimental results are presented and possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.
Investigation of anisotropic thermal conductivity of uniaxial and biaxial Gay–Berne particles with molecular dynamics simulation

In this study, we investigated uniaxial and biaxial Gay–Berne (GB) particles with the help of the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Anisotropic thermal conductivities of the uniaxial and biaxial GB liquid crystal molecules were calculated both in the random molecular orientation and in the molecular orientations of 0°, 45° and 90° using the Müller-Plathe method. In the uniaxial molecules, it was found that the thermal conductivity ratios between the parallel and perpendicular components for the smectic and nematic phases are about 2.2:1 and 2.8:1, respectively. As for biaxial molecules, these ratios between the parallel and perpendicular components of molecules for the smectic and nematic phases are about 3.9:1 and 3.8:1, respectively.
A JKR–DMT transition solution for adhesive rough surface contact

Utilizing Maugis–Dugdale transition theory and a procedure demonstrated by Fuller and Tabor, a solution is given for adhesive rough surface contact. The resulting solution includes adhesive forces of asperities that are in intimate contact and asperities that are not in contact but within the range of adhesion. This work further illustrates that adhesive overload can significantly increase frictional forces.
Immunoassays (ELISA) for Rapid, Quantitative Analysis in the Food-Processing Industry

An indirect, competitive-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is shown to have sufficient accuracy, precision, and sensitivity for application to total residue determinations for spectinomycin-related residues in food animal tissues. Assay optimization established the linear dynamic range, sensitivity, and method detection limits. Control tissue extracts were assayed for the presence of either positive or negative interferences. Interferences arising from cross-reactivity with other antibiotics or therapeutic agents likely to be present were evaluated. Recovery and precision from fortified tissue samples as well as measurement of operator bias from the analysis of samples with biologically incurred residues were determined. Equivalency of the ELISA method with standard radiotracer methods of analysis is demonstrated herein. Delivered in the microtiter format and using fully automated sample processing systems, immunoassays, as described, can be used for “real-time” quality control analysis in th.
Electrochemical oxidation process for the treatment of coke‐plant wastewater

Abstract Wastewater from a coke plant was treated by using an electrochemical oxidation process. After electrolysis for two hours with a lead dioxide coated titanium anode (PbO2/Ti), COD in the coke plant wastewater was reduced from 2143 mg/L to 226 mg/L and a COD removal efficiency of 89.5% was obtained. In addition, about 760 mg/L ammonium in the wastewater was completely removed simultaneously. These results indicate that electrochemical oxidation process demonstrates an excellent efficacy for the treatment of coke plant wastewater. In this study, anode material, chloride concentration, current density, and pH value were found to have significant influences on both COD removal efficiency and current efficiency in electrochemical oxidation process. Among four anode materials investigated, PbO2/Ti which is inert to the adsorption of phenolic oligomer served the best COD removal efficiency. And, better COD removal efficiencies were obtained as electrolysis experiments were operated under higher current de.
An Ellipsometric Study of the Nucleation and Growth of Polythiophene Films

The electrodeposition of polythiophene films has been monitored ellipsometrically. The species that are generated immediately after application of the polymerization potential form in solution near the electrode. Deposition of material on the electrode commences a short time later, in agreement with the point at which current‐time data indicate nucleation of growth sites. Previous analysis of current‐time data suggested three‐dimensional growth, but calculation of film thickness as a function of time from ellipsometric data shows that the process is more complex. Films formed at different potentials require different thicknesses of polymer to be deposited before the film properties approach those characteristic of the bulk film. There is, furthermore, a marked distinction between the optical properties of films as grown at potentials above and below approximately 2.0V. The presence of excess water in the polymerization solution results in the production of a film about 1.5 nm thick which is optically dissimilar from that produced in the absence of water.
Oxygen Degradation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Hardwood Kraft Lignin

A series of sweet gum kraft pulps with initial kappa numbers ranging from 29 to 13.6 was subjected to oxygen delignification employing 1.00 and 4.00% charges of caustic. The O-delignified pulps were characterized according to lignin content, pulp yield, and viscosity. In addition, residual lignin samples were isolated from the kraft brownstock and the post-oxygen-delignified kraft pulps, along with the corresponding O-effluents. The structural changes of these lignins during oxygen delignification were investigated using UV spectroscopy and advanced NMR techniques. Differential UV spectra indicated that lignins isolated from oxygen-delignified kraft pulp and its effluent were significantly reduced at λmax 260, 280, and 370 nm in comparison to the brownstock lignins. These changes in absorbance are attributed to the degradation of phenolic and stilbene structures during oxygen delignification. 31P NMR lignin data revealed that the primary sites of oxidation during an O-stage were syringyl and guaiacyl phen.
A comparative classical-quantum study of the photodissociation of water in the B band

A detailed comparison between three-dimensional classical surface hopping calculations and quantum mechanical calculations is presented for the photodissociation of water in the B band. Accurate coupled diabatic potential energy surfaces are used in these calculations. Tully's “fewest switches” method using an adiabatic representation for the electronic states is applied for the surface hopping procedure. Studied are the energy dependence of the branching ratios for the possible fragmentation channels, including electronically nonadiabatic channels, and the probabilities for particular vibrational or rotational product states of the electronically excited OH(A) fragment. Although the classical results generally agree well with the quantum results, some serious errors in the classical calculations were detected. First, it is found that the calculated fractions for the O(1D) + H2 and O(3P) + H + H fragments are too large. Second, the absence of quantization of the vibrational energy in classical mechanics .
Highly sensitive aptasensor for oxytetracycline based on upconversion and magnetic nanoparticles

A novel sensitive aptasensor was developed for the quantification of oxytetracycline (OTC) in this study. Artificial aptamer-modified magnetic nanoparticles (aptamer-MNPs) were employed as capture probes, and complementary oligonucleotide-modified upconversion nanoparticles (cDNA-UCNPs) were used as signal probes. Then, the probes were hybridized to form poly-network structure MNPs-UCNPs signal probes. Finally, when the target was introduced, the aptamer combined with the priority target and the signal probe was replaced. The proposed method achieved a linear range between 0.05 and 100 ng mL−1, and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.036 ng mL−1, benefiting largely from labeling with UCNPs, aptamer affinity and magnetic separation. Then, we successfully applied the method to measure OTC in milk samples and validated it by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The results demonstrated that the method possessed high sensitivity and good selectivity for the determination of OTC and is applicable to the determination of OTC in food samples.
Differential genotypic tolerance response to manganese stress in triticale

Abstract Manganese (Mn) tolerance response in two aluminum (Al)‐tolerant triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties was characterized by measurements of growth and dry matter production of seedlings in nutrient solution culture containing 100 mg L‐1 Mn. Root weight index (RWI) and total weight index (TWI) based on relative plant growth were two indicators of differentiating genotypic Mn tolerance; these two indices were used to make a comparative assessment of the degree of Mn tolerance in a group of eight Australian and South African genotypes which differ in apparent Al tolerance. The G4–95A was more Mn‐tolerant than its Al‐tolerant counterpart Tahara. A wide range of Mn tolerance was found in the eight genotypes, but few were tolerant of both Al and Mn stresses; measurements of RWI at 100 mg L‐1 Mn stress differentiated them into three response types (i.e., Mn‐tolerant, moderately Mn‐tolerant/Mn‐sensitive, and Mn‐sensitive) at the two critical values of 0.30 and 0.60. Covariation analysis indicated.
All-chemical vapor deposited graphene/silicon nitride TFTs

All-chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride / monolayer graphene TFTs have been fabricated. Polychromatic Raman spectroscopy shows high quality monolayer graphene channels with uniform coverage and significant interfacial doping at the source-drain contacts. Nominal mobilities of approximately 1900 cm 2V-1s-1 have been measured opening up a potentially useful platform for analogue and RFR-based applications fabricated through allchemical vapor deposition processes. © The Electrochemical Society.
for Use at S, C, and X Band

A simple diode parametric amplifier is described which has been designed for use at S, C, and X band frequencies. Bandwidth and noise measurements show the performance to be substantially in agreement with the theoretical predictions. Details are given of compensating circuits which improve the gain-frequency response of the amplifier by up to 5.6 times.
Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Food Processing: Innovative Green Approaches, Opportunities and Uncertainties for Global Market

ABSTRACT Nanoscience and nanotechnology are new frontiers of this century and food nanotechnology is an emerging technology. Their applications to the agriculture and food sector are relatively recent compared with their use in drug delivery and pharmaceuticals. Many scientists and engineers have recognized well the potential of nanotechnology to lead all the food industries in the 21st century. Even though successful applications of nanotechnology to foods are still limited, some basic concepts based on nanoscale have been established well. In food engineering field, two major applications related to nanotechnology, that is, food nanosensing and food nanostructured ingredients are being expected. In the former field, better food quality and safety evaluation can be achieved by using nanotechnology. Advances in technologies, such as DNA microarrays, microelectromechanical systems, and microfluidics, will enable the realization of the potential of nanotechnology for food applications. In the latter, food p.
A Novel Linear−Hyperbranched Multiblock Polyethylene Produced from Ethylene Monomer Alone via Chain Walking and Chain Shuttling Polymerization

A novel linear−hyperbranched multiblock polyethylene was prepared from ethylene monomer alone via chain walking and chain shuttling polymerization in the presence of chain transfer agent (ZnEt2). In the binary catalyst system, α-diimine nickel(II) bromide complex (CatA) produced chain segments with hyperbranched architecture via chain walking, and ansa-ethylenebis(1-η5-indenyl)zirconium dichloride (CatB) yielded linear chain segments, while ZnEt2 facilitated chain exchanges between two active metal centers. The resultant multiblock polyethylene featured a narrow weight distribution and useful combining properties of linear and branched polyethylene. Further, polymers were expediently prepared in an effective and economical polymerization process from ethylene monomer alone.
Latitudinal distribution of radon-222 flux from continents

Abstract Global atmospheric transport models are frequently tested by using 222Rn as a tracer. Generally this tracer is assumed to be emitted at a uniform rate (1 atom cm−2 s−1) from all ice-free land surfaces. The analysis of published data suggests a strong decrease from 30°N northwards to 0.2 atom cm−2 s−1 at 70°N. This could be a result of increasing water tables and proportions of organic soils as indicated by larger proportions of wetlands in northern latitudes.
Computerised compensation method for the spectrophotometric determination of a single substance in the presence of interferences

The difference curves obtained using the compensation method for the spectrophotometric determination of a single substance in the presence of interferences were computed using a BASIC computer program. The exact balance-point (end-point) was defined on a plotter. When the absorption characteristics of the substance to be determined disappear, the resulting curve corresponds to the interferences, and the concentration of the substance in the sample solution is equal to that in the reference solution. The applicability of the method was illustrated by the determination of atropine sulphate in an injection solution and ephedrine hydrochloride and nadolol in tablets. The results showed good agreement with those obtained using the experimental compensation method and a second-derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometric method.
A new approach for selective surface modification of fluoropolymers by remote plasmas

Ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were exposed to the remote Ar, H2, and O2 plasmas. The modified polymer surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurement. The plasma exposure led to weight loss and changes in the chemical composition on the polymer surface. Selective surface modification of fluoropolymers introduces various functional groups without altering the bulk properties. The results may be summarized as follows: the remote hydrogen plasma was the most effective in alternation from CF to CH (abstraction of fluorine). On the other hand, the remote oxygen plasma was unfavorable to abstract fluorine atoms, but effective in dehydrogenation (abstraction of hydrogen). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1012–1020, 2004
Whetstone Trained Spiking Deep Neural Networks to Spiking Neural Networks

A deep neural network is a non-spiking artificial neural network which uses multiple structured layers to extract features from the input. Spiking neural networks are another type of artificial neural network which closely mimic biology with time dependent pulses to transmit information. Whetstone is a training algorithm for spiking deep neural networks. It modifies the back propagation algorithm, typically used in deep learning, to train a spiking deep neural network, by converting the activation function found in deep neural networks into a threshold used by a spiking neural network. This work converts a spiking deep neural network trained from Whetstone to a traditional spiking neural network in the TENNLab framework. This conversion decomposes the dot product operation found in the convolutional layer of spiking deep neural networks to synapse connections between neurons in traditional spiking neural networks. The conversion also redesigns the neuron and synapse structure in the convolutional layer to trade time for space. A new architecture is created in the TENNLab framework using traditional spiking neural networks, which behave the same as the spiking deep neural network trained by Whetstone before conversion. This new architecture verifies the converted spiking neural network behaves the same as the original spiking deep neural network. This work can convert networks to run on other architectures from TENNLab, and this allows networks from those architectures to be trained with back propagation from Whetstone. This expands the variety of training techniques available to the TENNLab architectures.
Technology Transfer Model on Integrated Nutrient Management Technology for Sustainable Crop Production in High-Value Cash Crops and Vegetables in Northwestern Himalayas

Balh Valley in the northwestern Himalayas in India is well known for cultivation of high-value cash crops and vegetables. The Indo-German Agricultural Project executed four decades ago in the valley has been the driving force for agrarian development in the valley, but crops are still grown under nutrient-starved conditions, giving low productivity compared to national averages. To demonstrate and disseminate the integrated nutrient management (INM) technology in the irrigated ecosystem of Balh Valley, efforts were funded by the Indian Farmers' Fertilizers Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) to develop sustainable crop production systems under cash crops and vegetables following an appropriate technology transfer model by Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Sundernagar, India. For effective technology transfer, field demonstrations, method demonstrations, farmers' training camps, field days, and numerous field conventions were organized in addition to extending soil testing, literature supply, promotional seed and fertilizer input supply, and training of agro-cooperative society personnel who deal with seed and fertilizer input supply in the region. The greater extension gaps in tomato–blackgram and potato–Kharif onion crop sequences indicated need for effective technology transfer tools for high adoption of technology in these production systems in the valley. Potato–Kharif onion cropping system using INM technology resulted in greater system productivity in terms of blackgram equivalent yield (76.7q ha−1) and gross (3,06,920 ha−1) and net returns (2,22,295 ha−1), followed by tomato–blackgram and green pea–okra production systems, respectively, using an appropriate technology transfer model. The study also revealed improvement in available nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) and organic carbon (C) pool of the soils besides crop productivity and profitability in field trials under INM practices over farmers' practiced plots. Knowledge before the study about soil testing, dose and time of application of organics, chemical fertilizers, and their integrated use ranged from 9 to 41%, whereas knowledge increases after the study ranged between 55 to 88%. The INM technology adoption rate after 1 year of project completion ranged between 66 to 70%, whereas soil testing was done by only 35% of farmers. Thus, INM technology adoption rate was greater following the appropriate technology transfer model based on critical analyses of fertilizer use, existing production systems, and appropriate interventions for technology transfer. This comprehensive study under the IFFCO-KVK Collaborative Project attempts to highlight that an effective technology transfer model can play a key role in adoption of INM technology for sustainable production systems in the developing world, especially for resource- and knowledge-poor farmers of collateral socioagroeconomic environments of developing nations.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN RATE AND STUBBLE CATCH CROPS ON CONCENTRATION OF MACROELEMENTS IN SPRING WHEAT GRAIN

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer and stubble catch crops on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the grain of spring wheat. Field experiment was carried out in 2005-2008 at Moche³ek near Bydgoszcz (53° 13' N, 17° 51' E) on the Alfisols soil classified as a very good rye complex and IIIb quality class. Nitrogen fertilization was applied at the rates of (kg N ha–1 year–1): 0; 40 (before sowing), 80 (40 kg before sowing and 40 kg in BBCH 31-32 stage), 120 (60 kg before sowing and 60 kg in the BBCH 31 – 32 stage) and 160 (60 kg before sowing and 60 kg in BBCH 31-32 stage and 40 kg in BBCH 45-47 stage). Stubble catch crops (field pea and oilseed radish) were sown in the period from 3 to 11 of August in 2005 to 2007. After 70-77 days of plant growing, the whole biomass was plowed in as green manure. Spring wheat cv. Tybalt was sown following the catch crop,between March 30 to April 11 in 2006 to 2008. Nitrogen fertilization affected the concentrations of N, P and Mg in grain of spring wheat. Every 40 kg increment of nitrogen fertilization per ha resulted in a significant increase in the N content in wheat grain. The concentration of Mg in spring wheat grain was significantly higher when nitrogen fertilization was dosed at 120 or 160 kg per ha than at lower doses. The phosphorus content in grain of wheat grown after field pea catch crop was not related to nitrogen fertilization rates, while after the radish and in the control (without catch crop), it was significantly higher at 120 and 160 kg N per ha than at 40 kg N per ha. No effect of nitrogen fertilization on the K
Adsorption of Hg(II) from aqueous solution using amino-functionalized graphite nanosheets decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles

AbstractIn this study, the property of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified graphite nanosheets (GNS) decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4-GNS-NH2 hybrids) for adsorption of Hg(II) in aqueous solution were evaluated by batch methods. The adsorption mechanism was also studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of factors, such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of Hg(II) and the GNS content (wt.%) for Fe3O4 in Fe3O4-GNS-NH2 hybrid materials on Hg(II) removal were investigated. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The pseudo-first-order adsorption and the pseudo-second-order adsorption models were used to fit kinetics experimental data. The results showed that the main adsorption mechanism for Hg(II) was the formation of N-metal ions chemical complex, the solution pH value had a major impact on Hg(II) adsorption with optimal removal observed around pH 4.0–6.0, the Langmuir isotherm model was found to be suitable for the Hg(II) adsor.