Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of frequency on water tree growth in various test cells

It is well known that water treeing in polyethylene (PE) is sensitive to frequency, but there is not yet a reliable analytic model describing this empirical observation. We show from existing published data that the length L of water trees grown in the laboratory under one given ionic solution varies linearly when plotted as log L vs. log N/sub 1/ where N is the number of field cycles. This relation is nearly independent of the applied field, suggesting a fatigue-like process. Ion concentration has only a slight influence on watertree length, especially after long aging. It was observed also that field aging and thermal aging reduce the watertree length. Some authors have suggested that there is an upper frequency limit above which water treeing would be independent of frequency. We have observed that the relationship log L vs. log N deviates from its linear behavior between 30 and 445 kHz. More work is needed to define more precisely the upper frequency limit. This means that accelerated aging for watertree degradation could be done at high frequency and results could then be translated reliably to power frequency. Finally, the fact that all experimental data obtained with one given ion obey the same relation regardless of types of the test cells indicates that results obtained with one given cell can be compared directly to those obtained with any other cell. Practical considerations also are discussed briefly.
Hepatic stimulator substance protects against acute liver failure induced by carbon tetrachloride poisoning in mice

Hepatic stimulator substance was extracted from the liver of weanling Sprague‐Dawley rats according to the method of LaBrecque. Quang‐Ming mice were injected with carbon tetrachloride to induce acute liver failure. Hepatic stimulator substance suppressed the elevation of ALT and AST induced by carbon tetrachloride in a dose‐dependent manner. Hepatic histological changes indicated that hepatic stimulator substance reduced the severity of hepatic lesion induced by carbon tetrachloride and reversed carbon tetrachloride–induced reduction of hepatic mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity. In attempting to elucidate the mechanism or mechanisms of this protective effect, we found that hepatic stimulator substance significantly restored the carbon tetrachloride–induced decrease of hepatocyte plasmalemma and mitochondrial and microsomal membrane fluidity. Hepatic stimulator substance also decreased the malondialdehyde content of carbon tetrachloride‐intoxicated mice; restored the liver‐reduced glutathione content, which was lowered by carbon tetrachloride intoxication; stimulated liver regeneration, as shown by enhanced DNA synthesis; and increased the H‐thymidine incorporation into DNA of hepatocytes. We propose that hepatic stimulator substance protects the liver against acute liver failure induced by carbon tetrachloride poisoning, probably by an antioxidative effect on hepatocyte membrane lipid peroxidation, which was increased by free radicals produced from carbon tetrachloride. In addition, hepatic stimulator substance stimulates hepatocyte proliferation. These protective mechanisms may act in concert to protect against carbon tetrachloride injury. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;17:638–644.)
Solid oxide cells with zirconia/ceria Bi-Layer electrolytes fabricated by reduced temperature firing

Anode-supported solid oxide cells (SOCs) with thin bi-layer Y0.16Zr0. 92O2−δ (YSZ)/Gd0.1Ce0. 9O1.95 (GDC) electrolytes were prepared by a reduced-temperature (1250 °C) co-firing process enabled by the addition of a Fe2O3 sintering aid. The Fe2O3 amounts in the layers affected the formation of voids at the GDC/YSZ interface; the case with 1 mol% Fe2O3 in the YSZ layer and 2 mol% Fe2O3 in the GDC layer yielded minimal interfacial voids, presumably because of optimized shrinkage matching between the electrolyte layers during co-firing. The best cells yield fuel cell power density at 0.7 V in air and humidified hydrogen of 1.74 W cm−2 (800 °C) and 1.0 W cm−2 (700 °C). Under electrolysis conditions, i.e., air and 50 vol% H2O–50 vol% H2, the best cell area specific resistance is 0.12 Ω cm2 at 800 °C and 0.27 Ω cm2 at 700 °C. This excellent cell performance was explained by a number of factors related to the reduced firing temperature: (1) low electrolyte resistance due to minimization of YSZ/GDC interdiffusion; (2) minimal zirconate phase formation between the YSZ and the La0.6Sr0. 4Fe0.8Co0. 2O3 (LSFC) cathode because of the dense GDC barrier layer; (3) high three phase boundary density in the Ni–YSZ anode functional layer; and (4) good pore connectivity in the Ni–YSZ support. Preliminary life testing under fuel cell and electrolysis operation shows promising cell stability.
Giant Efficiency Enhancement of GaAs Solar Cells with Graded Antireflection Layers Based on Syringelike ZnO Nanorod Arrays

The feasibility of broadband suppression of the surface refl ection on a material/device brings exciting possibilities for solar cells. Recently, nanostructures with favorable antirefl ection (AR) characteristics have been demonstrated. [ 1–9 ] Unlike conventional quarter-wavelength ( λ /4) AR coatings, nanostructured AR coatings eliminate refl ection through destructive interference among refl ected waves, [ 10 ] and thus display superior properties, including broadband working range, omnidirectionality, polarization insensitivity, etc. [ 1–9 ]
International Journal of Food Engineering Numerical Simulation of Packed Liquid Food Thermal Process Using Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD )

Thermal processing is one of the safest and most used methods of food preservation. Although the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used by several authors for liquid food thermal processing evaluation, just a few studies have compared the data obtained by CFD with experiments. The present work evaluated a liquid model food pasteurization in two commercial bottles using CFD. The model validation was carried out by comparing the obtained thermal profile with experimental data. The fluid behavior during heating and cooling was detailed. The data obtained using CFD described well the experimental processing, which suggest the possibility of using CFD for temperature profile evaluation in thermal processing of packaged convective foods.
Potential green fungicide: 16-oxo-1-oxa-4-azoniacyclohexadecan-4-ium tetrafluoroborate

16-Oxo-1-oxa-4-azoniacyclohexadecan-4-ium tetrafluoroborate (2a) and its sulfonyl derivatives (2b–2i) were synthesized, their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and elemental analysis and their fungicidal activities were investigated. Among them, compound 2a was not only more effective than compounds 2b–2i against the Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in vitro bioassay, but also better than the commercial fungicide Carbendazim both in pot culture experiments and field efficacy trial. These results once again proved the correctness of our original proposal that macrocyclic compounds with two polarizable groups (one hydrogen-bonding donor and one hydrogen-bonding acceptor) on the ring may have certain good bioactivity. Furthermore, 2a has low toxicity, is safe for human beings, and its synthesis is a green and most economical process, because the atoms of the starting materials are almost fully utilized.
Proton-conductive polymer nanocomposite membranes prepared from telechelic fluorinated polymers containing perfluorosulfonic acid side chains

New classes of fluorinated polymer–polysilsesquioxane nanocomposites have been designed and synthesized. The synthesis method includes radical polymerization using the functional benzoyl peroxide initiator for the telechelic fluorinated polymers with perfluorosulfonic acids in the side chains and a subsequent in situ sol–gel condensation of the prepared triethoxylsilane-terminated fluorinated polymers with oxide precursors. The telechelic polymer and nanocomposites have been carefully characterized by 1H and 19F NMR, FTIR, TGA, and TEM. The ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, the state of the absorbed water, and transport properties of the composite membranes have been extensively studied as a function of the content and structure of the fillers. Unlike the conventional Nafion/silica composites, the proton conductivity of the prepared membranes increases steadily with the addition of small amounts of the polysilsesquioxane fillers. In particular, the sulfopropylated polysilsesquioxane-based nanocomposites display proton conductivities greater than Nafion. This is attributed to the presence of pendant sulfonic acids in the fillers, which increases IEC and offers continuous proton transport channels between the fillers and the polymer matrix. The methanol permeability of the prepared membranes has also been examined. Lower methanol permeability and higher electrochemical selectivity than those of Nafion have been demonstrated in the polysilsesquioxane-based nanocomposites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Synthesis, unambiguous chemical characterization, and reactivity of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzoxazepines-3-ol

The previous structures of several 3,4-dihydro-2H-3-hydroxymethyl-1,4-benzoxazines were erroneous (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 2862; Synlett 2009, 3283 and Chinese Patent 2006-10043245). The results presented here are both detailed NMR experiments and synthetic aspects on this subject. We redress some points for the preparation of intermediates of the target molecules.
pH- and salt-mediated response of layer-by-layer assembled PSS/PAH microcapsules: fusion and polymer exchange

We have studied the pH- and salt-mediated response of matrix-type polyelectrolyte microcapsules. The capsules were prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption on decomposable CaCO3 cores using model polyelectrolytes, namely poly-styrenesulfonic acid (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). Salt-mediated LbL-made microcapsule fusion has been reported recently with a different polycation (R. Zhang, O. Kreft, A. Skirtach, H. Mohwald and G. Sukhorukov, Soft Matter, 2010, 6, 4742–4747) resulting in merging of the capsule's content and formation of anisotropic “Janus-like” capsules indicating no polymer exchange between the capsules. Here we have studied PAH/PSS capsule behavior as a function of pH and salt concentration. Salt (NaCl) does not induce any changes in the capsules up to saturation concentration (6.1 M). In contrast, several sequential processes have been identified for capsules in [HCl] > 0.1 M: (i) shrinkage due to polymer network annealing, (ii) transformation from matrix-type to shell-type capsules due to oscillating inflating–deflating cycles caused by CO2 formation, and (iii) collapse. The processes depend on acid concentration and the number of layers. If the capsules contact each other, there is an exchange of polymer molecules followed by fusion. The polymer exchange depends on the outermost layer that determines the overall capsule charge. Exchange is enhanced for capsules of the same outermost layer and can be caused by charge redistribution in the capsules at low pH (the negative charge of PSS is reduced (pKa 1) and the positive charge of PAH is in excess). Control over polymer exchange between the capsules is key in order to design capsules as well as to understand and to trigger fusion. We also show that the observed processes are not reversible and can be stopped at any time by replacement of acid with water. Stable gas-filled capsules can be produced by this method upon transformation from matrix to shell-type capsules.
How to build a constructicon in five years

We provide a practical step-by-step methodology of how to build a full-scale constructicon resource for a natural language, sharing our experience from the nearly completed project of the Russian Constructicon, an open-access searchable database of over 2,200 Russian constructions (https://site.uit.no/russian-constructicon/). The constructions are organized in families, clusters, and networks based on their semantic and syntactic properties, illustrated with corpus examples, and tagged for the CEFR level of language proficiency. The resource is designed for both researchers and L2 learners of Russian and offers the largest electronic database of constructions built for any language. We explain what makes the Russian Constructicon different from other constructicons, report on the major stages of our work, and share the methods used to systematically expand the inventory of constructions. Our objective is to encourage colleagues to build constructicon resources for additional natural languages, thus taking Construction Grammar to a new quantitative and qualitative level, facilitating cross-linguistic comparison.
Microfabrication of Tungsten, Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbide Rods by Laser-Assisted CVD

Thin films of refractory metals and carbides have been studied extensively over many years because of their wide range of application. The two major techniques used are Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD). These can result in the deposition of two-dimensional blanket or patterned thin films. Laser-assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (LCVD) can provide a maskless alternative for localised deposition in two and three dimensions. This thesis describes LCVD of micrometer-sized tungsten, molybdenum and tungsten carbide rods. The kinetics, phase composition and microstructure have been studied as a function of in situ measured laser induced deposition temperature.Tungsten and molybdenum rods were deposited by hydrogen reduction of their corresponding hexafluorides, WF6 and MoF6, respectively. Single crystal and polycrystalline tungsten rods were obtained, depending on the H2/WF6 molar ratio and deposition temperature. The molybdenum rods were either single crystals or dendritic in form depending on experimental conditions. The field emission characteristics of the tungsten single crystals were investigated. The results showed LCVD to be a potential fabrication technique for field emitting cathodes.Nanocrystalline tungsten carbide rods were deposited from WF6, C2H4 and H2. TEM analysis showed that the carbide rods exhibited a layered structure in terms of phase composition and grain size as a result of the temperature gradient induced by the laser beam. With decreasing WF6/C2H4 molar ratio, the carbon content in the rods increased and the phase composition changed from W/W2C to WC/WC1-x and finally to WC1-x/C.
Biotic indexes reveal the impact of harbour enlargement on benthic fauna

Environmental effects of enlargement works in Puerto Calero (Lanzarote, Canary Islands) were analysed in the sediments using abiotic variables (total hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, organic matter and granulometry) and three biotic indexes (AMBI, M-AMBI and BENTIX). A before–after/control–impact (BACI) design was developed with four sampling campaigns, before (November 2004), during (March and July 2005) and after (July 2006) works. Inner stations were characterised by high concentrations of pollutants (total hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons). A temporal trend (2004–2006) was observed in macrofaunal assemblage structure, and thus in AMBI, M-AMBI and BENTIX indexes. Macrobenthic assemblages also mirrored the pollution gradient, with bioindicator species in inner stations (the polychaete Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata and the mollusc Abra alba), sensitive species (the sipunculid Aspidosiphon muelleri, the crustacean Pariambus typicus and the polychaete Aponuphis bilineata) in outer stations and ubiquitous species (the polychaetes Aricidea assimilis and Armandia polyophthalma) in both stations (inner and outer).
Stereoselective isomerisations of 4-(3?,5?-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolanes. Temperature-dependent formation of either isochromanes or dihydroisobenzofurans

Stereoselective isomerisation of rel-(2R,4S,5R)-4-(3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane 7 with titanium tetrachloride affords rel-(1R,3R,4S)-4-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dimethylisochromane 19 and its C-1 epimer 20 in high yield. The former predominates at a reaction temperature of –78 °C and the latter at –30 °C. Similar isomerisation of the 1 : 1 mixture of rel-(2S,4R,5R)- and rel-(2S,4R,5R)-4-(3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolanes 8 and 9 gives rel-(1R,3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dimethylisochromane 29 and its C-1 epimer 31, with the latter predominating at both –78 and –30 °C. At 0 °C, dioxolane 7 is isomerised to rel-(1S,1′R,3R)-1-(1′-hydroxyethyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran 25 and its C-3 epimer 26 as the sole reaction products in a 10 : 1 ratio. Dioxolanes 8 and 9 are similarly converted into rel-(1R,1′R,3S)-1-(1′-hydroxyethyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran 32 and its C-3 epimer 33. These furans probably arise through further isomerisation of the intermediate isochromanes at the higher reaction temperatures.
Extraction and Purification of Terpenes from Nutmeg (myristica fragrans)

This study was conducted with the aim to extract and purify the essential oil containing terpenes from the dried seeds of nutmeg myristica fragrans available in Iraqi markets.The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation method with a yield of 4.7 – 7.5 gm / 100 gm, and the resultant oil was subjected to sensory and physical evaluation. It has a special spicy odor, slightly pungent taste, colorless to pale yellow in color, not dissolved in water but dissolved in organic solvents like ethanol, hexane, chloroform and ether. The specific gravity, refractive index and optical rotation were (0.890 gm / ml), (1.4822) and (+22˚), respectively. Gas chromatography is used for the quality and quantity evaluation of the essential oil constituents which revealed the presence of 49 volatile compounds. The methanolic extract obtained by reflux the seeds powder with 70% methanol in soxhlet apparatus and yield 12.8%. The extract was subjected to phytochemical detection which confirms the presense of alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and resins, with the exception of saponins and coumarines which gave negative tests. Myristicin was purified from the methanolic extract of nutmeg dried seeds, which were detected in the essential oil by TLC and vanillin-H2SO4 reagent. The purified myristicin was obtained after the application of adsorption chromatography on silica gel column and detected on T.L. C. plate with standard myristicin. Both the essential oil and purified myristicin were subjected to gas chromatography which showed the presence of myristicin in the oil in a concentration of 6%.
Photochemically induced motion of liquid metal marbles

We demonstrate photochemically induced actuation of liquid metal marbles, which are liquid metal droplets encased in micro/nanoparticles. The WO3 nanoparticles coated marbles are placed in H2O2 solution, and their surfaces are illuminated with UV light. The semiconducting WO3 coating behaves as a photocatalyst to trigger a photochemical reaction, generating oxygen bubbles that propel the marble. The actuation of the marbles is investigated under different H2O2 concentrations, light intensities, and marble dimensions. Equations describing the fundamentals of such actuations are presented.
Chemical and morphological changes of porous hydrated calcium silicate in paddy soil

Abstract The chemical and morphological changes of porous hydrated calcium silicate material (PS) during the dissolution process in paddy soil were investigated by using both a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results showed that original PS consisted of agglomerate of various sizes with almost the same elemental composition. The SEM images at a high magnification showed that the original PS consisted of agglomerates of small platelike crystals (≦ μm) of tobermorite [Ca5(Si6O18-H2)·4H2O]. On the other hand, elemental composition showed that the PS agglomerates in paddy soil altered to Si- and Ca-rich agglomerates after incubation for 53 d. The morphological differences between the two types of agglomerates were observed by SEM at a high magnification. The Si-rich agglomerates were similar to the original PS in morphology, whereas the Ca-rich agglomerate appeared as a large crystal. The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained in a previous study suggested the presence of quartz and calcite in PS after incubation for 53 d (Saigusa et al. 2000: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 46, 89–95). Si- and Ca-rich agglomerates were identified as silica skeletons of PS and calcite, respectively. It was suggested that the silica skeletons of PS remained as a silicon source for rice plants even after the disappearance of tobermorite revealed by the X-ray diffractogram.
Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of minoxidil and tretinoin by the H-point standard addition method and partial least squares

A simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of tretinoin and minoxidil using partial least square (PLS) calibration and H-point standard addition method (HPSAM) is described. The results of the H-point standard addition method show that minoxidil and tretinoin can be determined simultaneously with the concentration ratio of tretinoin to minoxidil varying from 2: 1 to 1: 33 in mixed samples. A partial least squares multivariate calibration method for the analysis of binary mixtures of tretinoin and minoxidil was also developed. The total relative standard error for applying the PLS method to eleven synthetic samples in the concentration range of 0–10 μg mL−1 tretinoin and 0–32 μg mL−1 minoxidil was 2.59 %. Both proposed methods (PLS and HPSAM) were also successfully applied in the determination of tretinoin and minoxidil in several synthetic pharmaceutical solutions.
Simulation of uncharged dislocation EBIC contrast at high excitation level

The computer simulation of EBIC contrast of uncharged dislocation as a function of excitation level is carried out. It is shown, that if a real distribution of excess carriers is taken into account under calculations a smooth decay of dislocation contrast close to logarithmic one can be obtained even for uncharged dislocations. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NEW SYNTHETIC PATHWAY TO MONO- AND BIS-INDENYL COMPLEXES OF MOLYBDENUM(IV)

The complex IndMoCl3(CO)2 (Ind = η5-C9H7) has been synthesized by the reaction of IndMo(η3-C3H5)(CO)2 with HCl gas in dichloromethane at 25 °C. Thermal decarbonylation of IndMoCl3(CO)2 in chloroform gives paramagnetic IndMoCl3 (μeff = 1.48 μB). A consistent stepwise route to bis-indenyl derivatives of molybdenum is available upon treatment of IndMoCl3(CO)2 with KInd in THF at low temperature. The complex IndMo(η3-Ind)(CO)2 is obtained in high yield and opens a convenient entry into bis-indenyl molybdenum chemistry. The reaction of IndMo(η3-Ind)(CO)2 with Ph3CBF4, in CH2Cl2, yields [Ind2Mo(CO)2][BF4]2. Solvolysis of [Ind2Mo(CO)2][BF4]2 in acetonitrile affords [Ind2Mo(CO)(NCMe)][BF4]2 and [Ind2Mo(NCMe)2][BF4]2. The reaction of [Ind2Mo(NCMe)2][BF4]2 with [Bu4N][S2CNEt2] forms the dithiocarbamate complex [Ind2Mo(S2CNEt2)][BF4]. The molecular structures of IndMo(η3-Ind)(CO)2 and [Ind2Mo(S2CNEt2)][BF4] have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.