Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drive Control Using Analog Hall-Effect Sensors

Control of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) requires rotor position measurement/estimation, as well as the magnet polarity detection for startup of the machine. The rotor position of PMSMs is typically measured using a speed/position sensor (e.g., an encoder), while the magnet polarity is commonly measured using digital hall-effect sensors. Since simplifying the system can help improve reliability and reduce the cost associated with the measurements, the use of low cost analog hall-effect sensors for the estimation of the PM position, and polarity for control of PMSMs drives is evaluated in this paper. Experimental results performed on a 7.5-kW motor confirm that analog hall-effect sensors can replace both speed/position sensors and digital hall-effect sensors while maintaining adequate performance of the drive at a lower cost.
An Ultracapacitor Integrated Power Conditioner for Intermittency Smoothing and Improving Power Quality of Distribution Grid

Penetration of various types of distributed energy resources (DERs) like solar, wind, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) onto the distribution grid is on the rise. There is a corresponding increase in power quality problems and intermittencies on the distribution grid. In order to reduce the intermittencies and improve the power quality of the distribution grid, an ultracapacitor (UCAP) integrated power conditioner is proposed in this paper. UCAP integration gives the power conditioner active power capability, which is useful in tackling the grid intermittencies and in improving the voltage sag and swell compensation. UCAPs have low energy density, high-power density, and fast charge/discharge rates, which are all ideal characteristics for meeting high-power low-energy events like grid intermittencies, sags/swells. In this paper, UCAP is integrated into dc-link of the power conditioner through a bidirectional dc-dc converter that helps in providing a stiff dc-link voltage. The integration helps in providing active/reactive power support, intermittency smoothing, and sag/swell compensation. Design and control of both the dc-ac inverters and the dc-dc converter are discussed. The simulation model of the overall system is developed and compared with the experimental hardware setup.
Which system should I buy ? A case study about the QBF solvers competition

Systems competitions play a fundamental role in the advancement of the state of the art in several automated reasoning fields. The goal of such events is to answer the question: “Which system should I buy? ”. Usually the answer comes as the byproduct of a ranking obtained by considering a pool of problem instances and then aggregating the performances of the systems on each member of the pool. Empirical scoring is the most common ranking method in automated reasoning systems competitions, whereby a tournament-like procedure is used to assign bonuses and penalties to each system according to various performance indicators. Statistical testing is another possible approach, whereby the null hypothesis of equal performances is tested against the alternative hypothesis of significant difference in performances using a precise mathematical formulation. This paper provides a comparison between the two approaches using the 2005 comparative evaluation of solvers for quantified Boolean formulas as a case study.
Propagation Estimation Based on 1-Ray Model Incorporating 2 Rays and Its Application

あらまし 地上電波伝搬で取り扱う伝搬路は,地上に設置されたビルや家屋等の人工的な建築物及び山林,丘 陵地や海面等の自然環境から形成される. これらの複雑な空間を対象にして,その伝搬特性への影響を精密に把 握することは一般に難しい. 多数の実験値やシミュレーション値に基づいて,地上電波伝搬特性を統計的に記述 する方法はその対策の一つである. 本論文では,2 波を組み込んだ 1 波モデルを提案し,市街地伝搬に関する数 値シミュレーションの一手法について議論する. まず,振幅補正値 αと距離特性のオーダー β の 2個のパラメー タを導入した電界表現式が,複雑系の伝搬環境における伝搬特性を統計的に記述できることを示す. 次に,奥村・ 秦モデルを参照すれば,2個のパラメータ αと β が簡単な計算式で与えられることを明らかにする. 最後に,建 築基準として採用されている建蔽率・容積率の値が市街地伝搬特性に強い相関があるとの仮定に基づき,都市空 間を奥村・秦モデルに対応した市街地,郊外地及び開放地の 3 区分に分類し,3 区分化された領域の代表点を奥 村・秦モデルに対比させることによって,ラグランジュ補間法に基づく都市空間全体の伝搬特性を推定する数値 計算法を提案する. 数値例では福岡市の場合を例に挙げ,同市内における振幅補正値と通信距離の分布を示す. キーワード 電波伝搬,1 波モデル,2 波モデル,奥村・秦モデル,建蔽率・容積率,通信距離,無線ネット ワーク
Functional mechanisms of an inducible defence in tadpoles: morphology and behaviour influence mortality risk from predation

In many amphibian larvae a suite of morphological and behavioural characters varies together in an induced defence against predators, but it remains unclear which features are functionally related to defence. We independently manipulated behaviour and morphology in tadpoles of Hyla versicolor and assessed their consequences for swimming performance and predator escape. Data on burst swimming showed that tadpoles which accelerated rapidly were elongate, with shallow bodies and tails. Predator escape was measured by exposing tadpoles to predators (larval Anax dragonflies or larval Ambystoma salamanders) and recording time until death. Tadpoles were first reared for 30 days in ponds containing either caged Anax or no predators; individuals responded to predators by developing large brightly coloured tails and short bodies. We placed tadpoles of both morphological phenotypes into plastic tubs, and manipulated their behaviour using food and chemical cues from predators. Mortality risk experienced by the predator‐induced phenotype was about half that of the no‐predator phenotype, and risk increased with time spent swimming. An interaction between morphology and behaviour arose because increasing activity caused higher risk for tadpoles with deep tail fins but not shallow tail fins.
Energy Metabolisability and Ileal Digesta Viscosity of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Fungi Biodegraded and Enzyme Supplemented Malted Sorghum Sprouts

Two hundred (200) day-old broiler chickens (Marshall strain) were allotted (40 per treatment, four replicates of ten birds each) to five diets – diets 1 (Control), diet 2 [MSP + Aspergillus niger (An)], diet 3 [MSP + Trichoderma viride (Tv)], diet 4 MSP + (An + Tv)) and diet 5 (MSP + commercial enzyme {containing amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), beta- glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6), cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4), pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15), protease (EC 3.4.21) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8)} added at the rate of 20 g /100kg diet). At day 28 and 58, Apparent Metabolisable Energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn), True Metabolisable Energy (TME) and TME corrected for nitrogen retention (TMEn) were determined. At day 58, ileal digesta viscosity (four birds per replicate, 40 birds in all) were also determined using Brookfield DV-E Viscometer. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Significant means were separated using Duncans Multiple Range test. Highest (P 0.05) at the finisher phase. Ileal digesta viscosity did not follow a particular pattern at 60rpm and 100rpm but for 50 rpm, highest value was obtained for birds fed MSP + (Aspergillus niger + Trichoderma viride) (P<0.05), while diets that contained MSP + commercial enzyme elicited the greatest reduction in ileal digesta viscosity. It is therefore recommended that when birds are of tender age (0-4 weeks) inclusion of MSP degraded with combinations of An + Tv (diet 4) will produce best result, while at finisher phase (5-8weeks) degradation of MSP with only Tv in their diets (diet 3) will be sufficient for optimum performance.
Impact of Winding Layer Number and Magnet Type on Synchronous Surface PM Machines Designed for Wide Constant-Power Speed Range Operation

This paper thoroughly investigates the impact of the winding layer number and the choice of magnet type on the performance characteristics of surface permanent magnet (SPM) machines with fractional slot concentrated windings designed for wide speed ranges of constant-power operation. This is accomplished by carefully examining the performance characteristics of three different SPM machines designed for the same set of performance requirements drawn from an automotive direct-drive starter/alternator application. These results show that double-layer stator windings yield lower torque ripple and magnet eddy current losses than do single-layer windings, but can contribute to a lower overload torque capability. Although the adoption of sintered magnets leads to the highest machine torque density, bonded magnets result in a significant reduction of the magnet losses because of their much higher value of resistivity.
Leveraging Uncertainty Visualization to Enhance Multilingual Chat

Machine translation offers much promise for improving workplace communication among colleagues situated in offices in different parts of the world. Many corporations use instant messaging chat as a means of facilitating communication, however current translation quality is too low to feasibly use it in a critical setting. Statistical translation systems generate a ranked list of hypotheses, but all but the first remain hidden. We describe a prototype multilingual visualization system for instant messaging conversations which reveals the uncertainty in the translation and provides alternative translations when available.
Condensation of chromone-3-carboxaldehyde with phenylacetic acids: An efficient synthesis of (E)-3-styrylchromones

An efficient and diastereoselective synthetic method for preparing (E)-3-styrylchromones has been developed by the reaction of chromone-3-carboxaldehyde with phenylacetic acids in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide under classical heating conditions or microwave irradiation. The Knoevenagel-type reaction followed by a decarboxylation was faster under microwave conditions.
Evaluation of Automatic and Manual Segmentations in Neonate Subcortical Structures

a Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA b Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany c Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA d Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA eDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle Wa, USA fWolfram Research, Champaign IL, USA
Thoracic trauma: A comprehensive review of radiological findings

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Design Maturity Model

Until the invention of the Design Maturity Model (DMM), no existing models or procedures automatically linked and integrated the industry standards associated with metrics measurements, ISO 9000, and organizational responsibilities. Existing procedures had to be enhanced, not replaced, for the industry to accept the DMM. Cost for implementing the DMM had to be minimal, the DMM had to improve organizational discipline, and it had to facilitate development control. The final objective was to submit the DMM to a reputable organization for review and possible implementation.
Effect of nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators on axonal transport

Increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species by glia in the central nervous system (CNS) is a hallmark of a variety of inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. Axonal transport of mitochondria or synaptic vesicle precursors via the kinesin motor protein is essential to keep the integrity of the axon and synapse. Disturbance of axonal transport and accumulation of axonally transported organelles is an early sign of neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. We studied whether axonal transport is compromised by acute exposure to inflammatory mediators produced by activated glia. We dissected the transport of the synaptic vesicle precursor proteins synaptophysin and synaptotagmin tagged with green fluorescent protein (synaptophysin-EGFP and synaptotagmin-EGFP). We found that microglia pre-stimulated by inflammatory cytokines to produce nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) focally suppressed the axonal motility of labeled vesicle precursors at the point of contact between activated glia and axons, as measured using confocal microscopy of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). We found that direct application of either TNF-α or a short-term NO donor to cultured hippocampal neurons inhibited axonal motility of both synaptophysin-EGFP and synaptotagmin-EGFP. Furthermore, TNF-α inhibited axonal transport of mitochondria in a similar manner. Consistently, TNF-α induced axonal transport impairment normalized again after 6-8 hours of TNF-α application. Inhibition of axonal transport by NO or TNF-α was associated with a significantly increased fraction of immobile particles. Furthermore, inhibition of axonal transport was dependent on phosphorylation of c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). In particular, we show that both NO and TNF-α stimulated phosphorylation of JNK in axons. In experiments with both genetically labeled mitochondria and synaptic vesicle precursors, we observed that the velocity of the remaining mobile particles was largely unchanged. This suggested a model where TNF-α produced by activated glial cells in inflammatory or degenerative brain diseases acts on axons by inhibition of cargo transport and dissociation kinesin motor protein from microtubules. Confocal microscopy and lifetime-based Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis were performed on primary cultured neurons to analyse the effect of TNF-α on the axonal mitochondrial transport system. TNF-α induced detachment of the heavy chain kinesin family-5B (KIF5B) protein from tubulin in axons, but not cell bodies as determined by lifetime based FRET analysis. Dissociation of KIF5B from tubulin after TNF-α treatment was also dependent on phosphorylation of JNK. Thus, overt production of inflammatory mediators by activated microglial cells blocks the motility of synaptic vesicle precursors and mitochondria via phosphorlyation of JNK and may cause axonal and synaptic dysfunction in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases.
Targeting the translational machinery in aggressive cancers

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a key focus in cancer research due to its central role in controlling the translation of tumour-associated proteins that drive an aggressive migratory phenotype. eIF4E activity, modulated via its availability and phosphorylation are regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting protein kinases (MNK1/2). The latter phosphorylates eIF4E on Ser209 whereas mTORC1 phosphorylates and de-activates the eIF4E inhibitor, 4E-BP1, to release translational repression. The work presented here describes the synthesis and characterisation of 4-((4- fluoro-2-isopropoxyphenyl)amino)-5-methyl thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine-6- carboylic acid, known as compound 1, a MNK1/2 inhibitor. Further analysis of compound 1 in combination with mTORC1/2 inhibitors show that inhibiting these pathways simultaneously effectively slows the rate of cell migration in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. As an alternative approach, novel, cleavable dual MNK1/2 and PI3K/mTOR inhibiting hybrids were synthesised and characterised in MDA-MB-231 cells. These were found to be less effective at slowing cell migration than the combination of individual inhibitors. Molecular modelling of compound 1 revealed a large hydrophobic pocket which was exploited with a bulkier ferrocene group. Two novel ferrocene-containing compounds based upon compound 1 were synthesised and screened for MNK1/2 inhibition. To target migration more specifically, work was also carried out with an alternative translational protein, DDX3X. Both genetic knockdown and pharmacological inhibition alone and in combination with compound 1 reveal its potential as an anti-cancer target.
Long-term effects of organic and mineral fertilizer application on physical soil properties and maize yield in western Kenya

To evaluate the effects of long-term application of organic and mineral fertilizers on maize yield and soil properties and further to investigate differences in soil fertility gradients, the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (TSBF-CIAT) conducted an 8- year experiment on 12 farms in the districts Nyalgunga, Nyabeda and Vihiga in the Western Province of Kenya. The study was designed as a split plot model where each farm was split into high and low fertility plots on which the following treatments were applied: T2 – no fertilizer application (control), T4 – application of farmyard manure (FYM) alone and T5 – combined application of FYM, Mavuno fertilizer and top dressing. In scope of this thesis the physical soil properties such as bulk density (BD), soil texture , infiltration rate (IF) and aggregate stability (AS) as well as the soil organic carbon content in the soil (OC) were determined. Further Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) and Water use efficiency were analyzed. The ETc, varied between 2.34 and 4.84 mm/day and was highest during the development and late stage of the growing season. The rainfall was able to cover the water crop requirements of maize in all locations. Maize yield was highest at T5, followed by T4 and T2. Further, yield was strongly affected by the clay content and soil type and resulted in significant differences between the locations (Nyalgunga > Nyabeda > Vihiga). Other physical soil parameters (IF, BD, AS) did not influenced the maize yield. IF varied between 1.3 and 9.1m/day. BD was generally low with an overall mean of 1.16 g/cm³. The Aggregate stability was widely ranged and significantly higher in Nyabeda and on T4. OC was significantly higher on T5. The results indicated that mineral fertilizers contribute more to the increase of OC than organic fertilizers and that OC might not be the main driver of aggregation in tropical soils. AS seemed to be positive affected by organic fertilizers but IF and BD were not influenced by, nether organic or inorganic fertilizers. The results did not indicate any differences between high and low fertility plots, nether in maize yield nor in any of the physical soil properties.
Singular Perturbation Theory for DC-DC Converters and Application to PFC Converters

Many control schemes for dc-dc converters begin with the assertion that inductor currents are "fast" states and capacitor voltages are "slow" states. This assertion must be true for power factor correction (PFC) converters to allow independent control of current and voltage. In the present work, singular perturbation theory is applied to boost converters to provide rigorous justification of the time scale separation. Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky (KBM) averaging is used to include switching ripple effects. A relationship between inductance, capacitance, load resistance, and loss resistances derives from an analysis of an approximate model. Similar results hold for buck and buck-boost converters. An experimental boost converter and a simulated PFC boost support the derived requirement.
A Wound-Field Three-Phase Flux-Switching Synchronous Motor With All Excitation Sources on the Stator

A three-phase, segmental-rotor, flux-switching synchronous motor is presented for the first time, with both field and armature windings placed on the stator. Mutual coupling of the circuits is through segments whose motion causes switching of flux in the armature circuit. The magnetic geometry is substantially different to that of other flux-switching machines (FSMs), and may offer advantages in terms of torque density and controllability. This paper describes the principles and the evaluation of a three-phase design, based on a 12-tooth stator with an eight-segment rotor, before introducing a prototype machine and test results. The prototype has been found to have torque density and profile comparable to that of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) of the same size.
Chromosome C-banding in Mus musculus L.1766 Strains Shows a Fixed Position for the Centromere and Variable Amounts in Different Populations

Three subspecies of Mus musculus have been recognized in Iran so far. The house mouse (genus0T 0T2TMus2T, species0T 0T2TMus musculus2T) are recognized for their highly conserved morphology and chromosomal structure, but some chromosomal characters offer accurate taxonomic markers in this species that has been shown any unambiguous diagnostic morphological traits. Among the chromosomal characters, centromeric heterochromatin is more useful to identify mouse subspecies and populations. 0T 0TIn this study, Samples were collected from 27 stations in Iran and study was performed by the centromeric heterochromatin banding (C-banding). Results indicated that all samples had 40 acrocentric chromosomes and all chromosomes had fixed position for the centromere. The strains had the same amount of C-banding material on homologous chromosomes but showed variation in the amount on different populations.
Permanent Magnet Temperature Estimation in PM Synchronous Motors Using Low-Cost Hall Effect Sensors

Knowledge of the permanent magnet (PM) temperature in PM synchronous machines (PMSMs) is of great importance both for control and monitoring purposes. Increase in PM temperature during motor operation can degrade the magnetic flux strength and consequently the machine's torque production capability, and can also cause irreversible demagnetization of the PM. Direct measurement of the PM temperature is not viable in practice due to both cost and reliability issues. Indirect PM temperature estimation methods recently studied require knowledge of thermal or electrical model parameters or can have undesired effects on motor operation. In this paper, the feasibility of using low-cost Hall-effect sensors for PM temperature estimation is investigated. Hall sensors are present for detecting the initial position of the rotor in majority of PMSM applications for which incremental encoders are used for control. The proposed method can, therefore, be implemented with low or no additional cost. Experimental results on two interior PMSMs show that the method is capable of providing noninvasive estimation of the PM temperature without a priori motor parameter information for monitoring and protection against excessive increase in temperature.