Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrient composition, amino acid and vitamin contents of malted sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet and their rootlets

Sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet were allowed to germinate up to 96 h and samples were withdrawn from the germinating bed at every 24 h intervals, dried at 50°C and derooted to prepare the malt. The native and the malt samples were analysed for the proximate principles, and amino acids, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid contents. Protein, fat, ash and crude fibre contents of the rootlets separated from the malt were also determined. Protein content of finger millet malt was considerably less than the native millet, but the protein, fat and mineral contents of native and malted sorghum and pearl millet were almost the same. A noticeable increase in lysine content and decrease in sulphur-containing amino acids were also recorded only in the case of finger millet on malting. Malting enhanced riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid contents but slightly reduced the thiamine content of sorghum as well as both the millets. The SEM photomicrographs of the endosperm portion of sorghum and pearl m.
Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) pollen grain

The morphology, ultrastructure and cytochemistry of Eucalyptus globulus mature pollen were investigated using light (LM), scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The pollen morphology is typically myrtaceous with a suite of characters that allows its distinction from the pollen of other Eucalyptus species. The exine consists of a thick endexine and a massive ectexine with hardly distinguishable columellae. The endexine is 2‐layered towards the apertural regions where the inner and spongy‐granulate layer forms a continuous colpus membrane and a thinner pore membrane. Under the pores the intine is 3‐layered forming complex onci. The spindle‐shaped generative cell (GC) is deeply undulated and located in a cup‐shaped depression of the vegetative cell (VC) nucleus. In the dense VC cytoplasm the main storage reserves are lipid bodies and insoluble carbohydrates in the cytosol, although proteins are also present. The most characteristic feature of the VC cytoplasm is the extremely well‐developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which forms extensive stacks filling large areas of the central cytoplasm. Single RER cisternae are also scattered throughout the cytoplasm, most of them establishing an intimate association with lipid bodies, storage vacuoles, the VC plasmalemma and a few proplastids. The physiological significance of the RER stacks and of the RER cisternae association with other cell components, as well as the structure and function of an endomembrane compartment, found only in the freeze‐fixed pollen, are discussed.
Factors that Impact Preservice Teachers’ Growth in Conceptual Mathematical Knowledge During a Mathematics Methods Course

Teachers’ conceptual understanding of elementary mathematics is believed to be fundamental to effective classroom level mathematics reform. This study examined preservice teachers’ change in conceptual mathematical knowledge after taking a reform-based mathematics methods course as part of a teacher certification program, and investigated the relationship between this change and factors such as preservice teachers’ academic background, initial levels of conceptual and procedural mathematical knowledge and values, and the number of mathematics courses taken in high school and university. The results of this study suggest that the number of mathematics courses taken in high school may influence growth in conceptual mathematical knowledge, while preservice teachers’ subject-area background and the number of university mathematics courses taken did not appear to influence growth in conceptual mathematical knowledge as needed to teach in a reform-based manner.
Evidence that Coded-Wire-Tagging Procedures Can Enhance Transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum in Chinook Salmon

Abstract Binary coded wire tags (CWTs) are used extensively for identification and management of anadromous salmonid populations. A study of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in two brood year groups of hatchery-reared spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha provided strong evidence that horizontal transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of BKD, might be enhanced by CWT-marking procedures. About 4 months after CWTs were implanted in the snouts of juvenile fish, 14–16 different tissues were sampled from each of 60 fish per brood year group for histological analysis. Of the fish that were positive for R. salmoninarum by histological examination, 41% (7 of 17) of the 1988 brood year fish and 24% (10 of 42) of the 1989 brood year fish had BKD lesions confined to the head near the site of tag implantation. These lesions often resulted in the destruction of tissues of one or both olfactory organs. No focal snout infections were observed in fish that had not been marked with CWTs. Fur.
An informative set of SNP markers for molecular characterisation of Australian barley germplasm

The identification of genetic variation using molecular markers is fundamental to modern plant breeding and research. The present study was undertaken to develop a resource of informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for molecular characterisation of Australian barley germplasm. In total, 190 SNP markers were developed and characterised using 88 elite barley lines and varieties, sampling genetic diversity relevant to Australian breeding programs, and a core set of 48 SNPs for distinguishing among the barley lines was identified. The utility of the core 48-SNP set for distinguishing barley lines and varieties using DNA extracted from grain samples was also assessed. Finally, the 48 SNPs in the core set were converted into simple PCR markers to enable co-dominant SNP genotyping on agarose gel. The SNP markers developed, and in particular the core 48-SNP set, provide a useful marker resource for assessing genetic relationships between individuals and populations of current Australian barley germplasm. They are also useful for identity and purity testing of inbred lines in research, breeding, and commercial applications.
Effects induced in vitro by aflatoxin B1 on Vibrio fischeri and primary cultures of Sparus aurata hepatocytes

Aflatoxins are one of the most widespread and worrisome sources of feed contamination worldwide, and have a considerable impact on fish farm production, leading to high mortality and a gradual decline in fish stock quality in aquaculture. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the effects induced in vitro by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on Sparus aurata hepatocyte culture and we compared our results with the Microtox® system using Vibrio fischeri. At AFB1 doses ranging from 1 to 10 μg·mL−1, the results showed signs of primary necrotic cell death in hepatocytes and a very toxic evaluation with Microtox®; between 0.005 and 1 μg·mL−1, the cytotoxic effects and apoptotic delayed death in eukaryotic cells corresponded with an evaluation of no toxicity or biostimulatory effect using V. fischeri. Overall, our results highlighted equivalent toxic responses and overlapped with values of EC50/IC50. Hence, these two in vitro systems could be considered as a useful starting point in the design of new batteries to evaluate the toxicity of potentially dangerous feed-borne substances.
Long-term Agricultural Research: A Research, Education, and Extension Imperative

ABSTRACT For agriculture to meet goals that include profitability, environmental integrity, and the production of ecosystem services beyond food, fuel, and fiber requires a comprehensive, systems-level research approach that is long-term and geographically scalable. This approach is largely lacking from the US agricultural research portfolio. It is time to add it. A long-term agricultural research program would substantially improve the delivery of agricultural products and other ecosystem services to a society that calls for agriculture to be safe, environmentally sound, and socially responsible.
Cotton Response to Simulated Drift of Seven Hormonal-Type Herbicides

Field experiments were conducted at Manhattan and Hesston, KS, in 2004, and at Manhattan, KS, in 2005, to evaluate cotton response to seven hormonal-type herbicides. Herbicides 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, clopyralid, picloram, fluroxypyr, triclopyr, and dicamba were each applied at 0, 1/100, 1/200, 1/300, and 1/400 of the herbicide use rates on cotton in the six- to eight-leaf stage. Herbicide use rates were 210 and 280 g ae/ha for fluroxypyr and clopyralid and 561 g ae/ha, for 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, dicamba, picloram, and triclopyr. At 14 d after treatment (DAT), all herbicides caused leaf cupping and epinasty, except triclopyr and clopyralid, which caused severe bleaching and chlorosis. The order of visual injury ratings was 2,4-D ester > 2,4-D amine > picloram > dicamba > fluroxypyr > triclopyr > clopyralid. By 56 DAT, slight injury symptoms were observed on plants treated with all herbicides, except all rates of 2,4-D, from which symptoms were severe. All rates of 2,4-D and the highest rate of picloram caused more than 60% flower abortion. Ranking of fiber yield reduction after herbicide treatment was 2,4-D ester > 2,4-D amine > picloram > fluroxypyr > dicamba > clopyralid > triclopyr. This research demonstrated that cotton is extremely susceptible to simulated drift rates of 2,4-D and picloram, whereas clopyralid and triclopyr caused early injury, with minimal effect on cotton yield. Nomenclature: Tribufos; S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘PM 2145 RR’.
A fast, continuous enzyme-based pretreatment process concept for cotton containing textiles

A fast integrated enzyme-based pretreatment process concept for cotton containing textiles has been developed for operation in the continuous mode. The total processing time for the desizing and scouring operation is 3–10 minutes for fabrics with a weight of 120–300 g/m2. Essential elements in the process are the high starting temperature, the presence of surfactant, application of vacuum technology and a robust rinsing process afterwards to remove the degraded pectin together with hydrophobic compounds. This rinsing procedure is realized with water containing chelator and surfactant and at high operation temperature beyond 80°C. A mixture of enzymes is used, consisting of a temperature stable α-amylase and a pectate lyase, both operating under alkaline conditions.
Handbook of genetics and society: Mapping the new genomic era

An authoritative Handbook which offers a discussion of the social, political, ethical and economic consequences and implications of the new bio-sciences. The Handbook takes an interdisciplinary approach providing a synoptic overview of contemporary international social science research on genetics, genomics and the new life sciences. It brings together leading scholars with expertise across a wide-ranging spectrum of research fields related to the production, use, commercialisation and regulation of genetics knowledge. The Handbook is structured into seven cross-cutting themes in contemporary social science research on genetics with introductions written by internationally renowned section editors who take an interdisciplinary approach to offer fresh insights on recent developments and issues in often controversial fields of study. The Handbook explores local and global issues and critically approaches a wide range of public and policy questions, providing an invaluable reference source to a wide variety of researchers, academics and policy makers.
Ultrastructure and characterization of anisotropic magnetic inclusions in magnetotactic bacteria

Ovoid magnetotactic bacteria extracted from the Exeter River, New Hampshire, U. S. A. , contain chains of 20–35 anisotropic magnetic inclusions running longitudinally in each of three lateral cell positions adjacent to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. The inclusions are bullet-shaped and have characteristic flattened end faces. Some particles show kinking and curvature in their morphology. In cross section the particles have a hexagonal shape. The length of the inclusions varies over a wide range (45–135 nm) with a mean value of 97.8 nm. In contrast, the width of the particles is restricted to a range of 30–45 nm with a mean value of 36.9 nm. Many particles are surrounded by an organic electrondense envelope. The crystallographic structure of the inclusions has been determined by electron diffraction and corresponds to the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4). The dimensions of the crystals fall within the magnetic single-domain range for magnetite and the magnetic moment of one cell is approximately 4 x 10–12 emu (4 fJT–1).
Probable times to extinction of some rare breeding bird species in the United Kingdom

Using a stochastic exponential model of population growth based on the Wiener-drift process, the most likely times to, and probabilities of, regional extinction were estimated for 35 rare breeding bird species in the United Kingdom. A quarter of these species were predicted to have probabilities of extinction equal to 1, and a further third probabilities of greater than 0.1. The most likely time to attaining the threshold of a single individual was 50 years or less for both groups and often much shorter. Although there was also support for some acknowledged conservation success stories (e. g. osprey, avocet), overall these results suggest a poor prognosis for many species and a challenge to conservation agencies.
Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In - measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy

Binding energies of the fine-structure levels of the indium negative ion In{sup -} are measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. The relative cross section for neutral atom production is measured with a crossed ion-beam-laser-beam apparatus over selected photon energy ranges between 300 and 700 meV. An s-wave threshold is observed due to the opening of the In{sup -} (5p{sup 23}P{sub 0}) to In(5p{sup 2}P{sub 1/2}) ground-state-to-ground-state transition, which determines the electron affinity of In to be 383.92(6) meV. The present result is in good agreement with previous theoretical calculations, but it differs substantially from the previously measured electron affinity and reduces the uncertainty by a factor of 150. s-wave thresholds are also observed for detachment from the excited fine-structure levels of In{sup -}, permitting accurate determination of the fine-structure intervals of 76.06(7) meV for J=0-1 and 170.6(6) meV for J=0-2, which are in good agreement with the previous measurements and substantially reduce the uncertainties.
Inhibition of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin- LR with one algicidal bacterium isolated from a eutrophic lake

Toxic Microcystis aeruginosa blooms have been increased in freshwater body in China in recent years. The discovery of algicidal bacteria has brought renewed attention in the treatment of the harmful algae blooms (HABs). In this study, one strain of algicidal bacterium number SDK2 was selected from a eutrophic lake and its inhibition effects on M. aeruginosa and microcystin-LR released by M. aeruginosa was studied. The algicidal activity showed that the strain SDK2 had significant algicidal efficiency on M. aeruginosa. The removal rate of chlorophyll a increased when the bacterial cell density increased and it reached a maximum of 80%. It inhibited M. aeruginosa indirectly by releasing extracellular algicidal matter. It also had good degradation effects on microcystin-LR and the removal rate was 65%. According to the physiological and biochemical characteristics and the16S rDNA sequencing analysis of the strain SDK2, it was identified as Ochrobactrum sp. Key words : Removal, Microcystis aeruginosa , microsystins, algicidal bacterium.
The evolution of life histories heterogeneous environments" norms revisited in spatially optimal reaction

Summary Natural populations live in heterogeneous environments, where habitat variation drives the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. The key feature of population structure addressed in this paper is the net flow of individuals from source (good) to sink (poor) habitats. These movements make it necessary to calculate fitness across the full range of habitats encountered by the population, rather than independently for each habitat. As a consequence, the optimal phenotype in a given habitat not only depends on conditions there but is linked to the performance of individuals in other habitats. We generalize the Euler-Lotka equation to define fitness in a spatially heterogeneous environment in which individuals disperse among habitats as newborn and then stay in a given habitat for life. In this case, maximizing fitness (the rate of increase over all habitats) is equivalent to maximizing the reproductive value of newborn in each habitat but not to maximizing the rate of increase that would result if individuals in each habitat were an isolated population. The new equation can be used to find optimal reaction norms for life history traits, and examples are calculated for age at maturity and clutch size. In contrast to previous results, the optimal reaction norm differs from the line connecting local adaptations of isolated populations each living in only one habitat. Selection pressure is higher in good and frequent habitats than in poor and rare ones. A formula for the relative importance of these two factors allows predictions of the habitat in which the genetic variance about the optimal reaction norm should be smallest.
Estimating maximal force output of cetaceans using axial locomotor muscle morphology

Cetaceans span a large range of body sizes and include species with the largest known locomotor muscles. To date, force output and thrust production have only been directly measured in the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), although thrust forces have been hydrodynamically modeled for some whales. In this study, two metrics of epaxial muscle size—cross-sectional area (CSA) and mass—were used to estimate force output for 22 species (n = 83 specimens) ranging in size from bottlenose dolphins to blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus). Relative to total body length (TL), maximum force output estimated based upon both muscle CSA (TL1.56 ± 0.05) and mass (TL2.64 ± 0.07) scaled at rates lower than those predicted by geometric scaling, suggesting relative force output decreases with increasing body size in cetaceans. Estimated maximal force outputs were compared to both published drag forces and to the breaking strengths of commercial fishing lines known to entangle whales. The breaking strengths of these lines are within the same order of magnitude, and in some cases, exceed the estimated maximal force output of whales. These results suggest that while powerful animals, large whales may be unable to break the extremely strong fishing line used today.
Can cover crops reduce rabbit-induced damages in vineyards in southern Spain?

Damage caused by wildlife foraging can lead to significant agricultural losses and the problem can be further complicated if the damage-inducing animal is a valuable resource in its own right. Provision of alternative food sources such as cover crops might be a means of reducing the damage which appears to be linked to scarcity of alternative foods in intensively-managed agroecosystems. Cover crops may provide other benefits to agroecosystems, i.e. preventing soil erosion but can potentially have some undesired consequences, i.e. water competition with the cash crop. In our study, we tested the effectiveness of cover crops in reducing the damage caused by foraging European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus to vineyards in a semi-arid agroecosystem in southern Spain. Experimental treatments consisted of a combination of the presence/absence of sown cover crops (70% oat Avena sativa and 30% garden vetch Vicia sativa) with/without rabbit exclusion. In the 2009 growing season, we assessed rabbit-induced damage using a browsing index on vine shoots, rabbit use of plots was estimated based on faecal pellet counts and grapevine yield was measured at harvest. Rabbits ate the cover crops, and rabbit use was highest in the plots sown with the oat and vetch cover crop. However, the effect of the presence of the cover crop on the amount of damage caused by rabbits was limited and, moreover, the presence of the cover crop had a negative effect on grapevine yield. Exclosure fences effectively reduced rabbit damage by keeping rabbit densities close to zero, but even a low rabbit number (∼ 1 rabbit/ha) can cause significant damage. Although cover crops provided rabbits with an alternative food source, they acted as attractants for rabbits and were not effective in reducing the damage caused to vineyards by higher rabbit numbers. Therefore, adding cover crops might not be an effective measure in controlling rabbit-induced damage in semi-arid wine-growing regions.
Effect of formaldehyde inclusion on phytase efficiency in broilers

SUMMARY Phytase and formaldehyde-based additives (FBA) are routinely used in broiler nutrition. Phytases hydrolyze phytate, the storage form of P in plants, making organic sources of P more digestible by poultry; FBA are also used to decrease the incidence of Salmonella contamination in feeds. Though phytase activity recovered in the feed is the most common way to measure dietary phytase inclusion, FBA reduce the analyzed phytase activity in the feed. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of a FBA on the efficiency of phytase in broilers. One-day-old chicks (n = 630) were allocated to 14 treatments in a 7 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of a positive control formulated to meet nutrient requirements or a negative control with reduced available phosphorus and calcium. The negative control diet was supplemented with 5 different phytases according to supplier recommendations (enhanced Escherichia coli Quantum phytase at 500 U/kg; wild-type E. coli Finase EC at 500 U/kg; fungal Finase P at 500 U/kg; coated fungal Ronozyme NP at 1,500 U/kg; and a coated wild-type E.coli Phyzyme TPT at 500 U/kg) with or without inclusion of an FBA (Salmex, 3 kg/t) with 5 replicates per treatment and 9 birds per replicate. At d 20, animal performance was determined by feed intake and BW gain and mortality-corrected feed conversion was calculated. All birds were euthanized and left tibias were collected and weighed for ash and determination of Ca and P. Analyzed phytase activity of the feeds containing an enhanced E. coli and a wild-type E. coli were reduced with FBA inclusion. Body weight gain and tibia weight, ash, ash concentration, ash Ca and P, and P concentration were reduced when animals were fed a low-available P diet. Phytase supplementation improved all these response variables, regardless of FBA inclusion. In conclusion, FBA inclusion may negatively affect phytase activity recovered in the feed but has no effect on phytase effectiveness in vivo.
中国0~18岁儿童、青少年身高、体重的标准化生长曲线

目的研究制定中国0～18岁儿童、青少年身高、体重的生长参照值及标准化生长曲线，供儿科临床及预防保健工作使用。 方法采用“2005年中国九市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查”及“2005年中国学生体质健康调研”中九省市94302名0～19岁（差1天未满19岁）城区健康儿童青少年的身高（3岁以下测量身长）、体重测量数据，应用LMS方法对数据进行拟合修匀，获得所需要的百分位和标准差单位（Z分值）数值并绘制相应的曲线图。 结果制定出0—18岁男、女儿童各自的年龄的体重、年龄的身高第3、10、25、50、75、90及97百分位及-3、-2、-1、0、＋1、＋2、＋3倍标准差（SD）单位曲线图。 与世界卫生组织（WHO）新的生长标准及美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）2000年（CDC2000）标准进行比较，三者之间存在差异。 男童15岁、女童13岁之前，中国儿童身高略高于美国及WHO标准，之后逐渐低于美国及WHO标准，18岁时男童身高低于美国3．5cm，女童低于美国2．5cm；体重在学龄期后差异明显，18岁时中国男童低于美国平均约5．9kg，女童差别更大，8～18岁间差值约4．1—20．5kg。 结论该套身高、体重标准图表具有国家代表性、年龄完整，可作为中国儿童青少年的生长参照标准在儿科临床及公共卫生领域中使用，有利于生长异常的早期识别、疾病的诊断以及治疗效果的评价。