Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expected Behavior in the Dictator Game

This paper provides novel results for the extensive literature on dictator games: recipients do not expect dictators to behave selfishly, but instead expect the equal split division. We performed a field experiment in Baja California among a population of unexperienced subjects. Using monetary incentives we find that only 10 percent of subjects correctly guessed the expected Nash equilibrium payoff (zero). In sharp contrast, the modal subject predicts the equal split. The predictions made by dictators are notably different: 45% predicted the zero contribution and 40% expected the equal split. Surprisingly, their actions are uncorrelated with their predictions: they choose a donation in the interior of the interval. We conjecture that the equal split is the natural solution to the problem but because the dictators are involved, they also consider the chance of keeping the complete pie for themselves. Dictators solve the puzzle by passing a positive amount of money wh ich reflects the tension between fairness and self-interest. In consequence, any giving smaller than the equal split division may not be considered altruistic behavior. Only a donation larger than the 50/50 split would reflect generosity.
Blurring Group Boundaries: The Impact of Subgroup Threats on Global Citizenship

We examined the outcomes of an extinction threat (possible discontinuation of a group’s symbolic or actual existence) to one’s nation on global citizenship identification and related prosocial values. In Study 1, participants showed a drop in global citizenship identification when America was threatened (vs. absence of threat). In Study 2, participants reported lower global citizenship identification when America was threatened (vs. absence of threat) and the perception that one’s normative environment did not support a global citizen identity mediated the relationship between threat and identification. Furthermore, the threat was shown to indirectly predict lower endorsement for prosocial values and behaviors (e.g., intergroup empathy and helping). Together, the results highlight threats to subgroups as a potential barrier to viewing oneself as a global citizen.
Research on the relationship between relational capital and relational rent

Abstract Background: With the development of world economic globalization and the advent of the sharing economy era, the competition is not existed between individual enterprises any more, while upgraded to be the competition and cooperation among partners. It is difficult for enterprises to obtain excessive profits only by internal resources and their own management. Therefore, they need to break through the limitation of internal resources and abilities to create new forms of excessive profits with their partners. Purpose: The purpose of this research, under theoretical frameworks of social capital and relational view, is to study the relationship between relational capital, which is an intangible resource, and relational rent as to find more theoretical basis for the cooperative enterprises. Research design, data, and methodology: Based on the analysis of the relevant literature, this research comes up with the idea that the formation of relational capital (including the approaches of trust and commitment) is via capital rent (involving Relational-specific Assets、Knowledge sharing Routines、Complementary Resources、Effective Governance) and then further puts forward the hypothesis and conceptual model of “relational capital” affecting “relational rent”. The current study selected Chinese manufacture industry as a sample frame and collected data from 304 respondents. Data were analyzed using structural equation model to test the hypotheses. Results: Through empirical study, it was found that trust and commitment have significant effects on knowledge sharing, complementary resources and co-governance, and there is no remarkable effect on the relationship-specific investment.
Correlation between truck combination length and injury risk

Literature studies show that it is a very complex task to estimate how traffic safety is affectedby the introduction of longer truck combinations. Some studies indicate a slightly increased risk of crashes per vehicle kilometre and that the change in risk depends on the vehicle combination. Other studies show that the difference in crash risk in comparison to conventional heavy goods vehicles is small, at least for trucks travelling on larger roads. In the current study, the effect of increased vehicle combination length on the rates of fatal or severe injury crashes by vehicle kilometres travelled is investigated. The method uses Swedish national crash data fr om the period 2003 to 2012. Unlike most other countries in the European Union where an upper limit of 18.75 metr es is in force, vehicle combinations up to 25.25m are permitted in Sweden. The aim is therefore to determine whether “long” truck combinations (with a combination length of 18.76 – 25.25m) have a higher associated rate of severe or fatal crashes by vehicle kilometres travelled than “medium” (12.01 – 18.75m) or “short” combinations (less than 12m). Different approaches for comparing the number of fatal or severe crashes in the three length groups with the kilometres driven are discussed. The crash type distributions in the three length groups are compared and it is considered to what extent the observed differences can be explained by differences in the exposure data.
Sensitivity of modelled sulfate aerosol and its radiative effect on climate to ocean DMS concentration and air–sea flux

Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a well-known marine trace gas that is emitted from the ocean and subsequently oxidizes to sulfate in the atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere have direct and indirect effects on the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Thus, as a potential source of sulfate, ocean efflux of DMS needs to be accounted for in climate studies. Seawater concentration of DMS is highly variable in space and time, which in turn leads to high spatial and temporal variability in ocean DMS emissions. Because of sparse sampling (in both space and time), large uncertainties remain regarding ocean DMS concentration. In this study, we use an atmospheric general circulation model with explicit aerosol chemistry (CanAM4.1) and several climatologies of surface ocean DMS concentration to assess uncertainties about the climate impact of ocean DMS efflux. Despite substantial variation in the spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of simulated DMS fluxes, the global-mean radiative effect of sulfate is approximately linearly proportional to the global-mean surface flux of DMS; the spatial and temporal distribution of ocean DMS efflux has only a minor effect on the global radiation budget. The effect of the spatial structure, however, generates statistically significant changes in the global-mean concentrations of some aerosol species. The effect of seasonality on the net radiative effect is larger than that of spatial distribution and is significant at global scale.
A Parallel Algorithm for the Counting of Ellipses Present in Conglomerates Using GPU

Detecting and counting elliptical objects are an interesting problem in digital image processing. There are real-world applications of this problem in various disciplines. Solving this problem is harder when there is occlusion among the elliptical objects, since in general these objects are considered as part of the bigger object (conglomerate). The solution to this problem focusses on the detection and segmentation of the precise number of occluded elliptical objects, while omitting all noninteresting objects. There are a variety of computational approximations that focus on this problem; however, such approximations are not accurate when there is occlusion. This paper presents an algorithm designed to solve this problem, specifically, to detect, segment, and count elliptical objects of a specific size when these are in occlusion with other objects within the conglomerate. Our algorithm deals with a time-consuming combinatorial process. To optimize the execution time of our algorithm, we implemented a parallel GPU version with CUDA-C, which experimentally improved the detection of occluded objects, as well as lowering processing times compared to the sequential version of the method. Comparative test results with another method featured in literature showed improved detection of objects in occlusion when using the proposed parallel method.
THE CRITICAL EARTHQUAKE MODEL: OBSERVATIONS IN CRITICAL AREAS OF THE BROADER AEGEAN AREA

The time variation of the cumulative Benioff strain, S, in several critical regions of past mainshocks which occurred in Greece and surrounding area has been examined, in an attempt to check the validity of the critical point concept. For this reason, data concerning the critical regions of twelve strong mainshocks, which have recently been defined by other scientists, have been used and intermediate-sized earthquakes which occurred before and after each mainshock were col­ lected. It was found that the cumulative seismic crustal deformation released by these intermediate magnitude events was accelerating before all the mainshocks considered, whereas the deformation release rate during the respective postshock periods was, in general, lower than the preshock ones.
Dignity first – priorities in reform of care services (Sweden, 26-27 September 2013)

Population ageing and shifting morbidity towards chronic diseases challenges public budgets for health and care services in next to all industrialised countries and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. This statement was already true before the onset of the current and regrettably rather persistent economic crisis, and the development since has only highlighted the need for measures improving the long-term sustainability of the sector. Traditionally, health care as well as long-term care have been seen to suffer from the so-called Baumol’s cost disease, meaning that efficiency improvements are hardly achievable due to the very personal type of service. But in order to be able to attract a sufficiently large share of the workforce, wage increases exceeding efficiency increases have to be granted and provision of these services gets more costly. Identification of potential efficiency reserves therefore is attaining paramount importance and using them to full capacity can be seen as an obligation. This is the point where rather recent developments in medical technology join the picture of financial sustainability. After decades when medical technology used to provide mostly product innovations (which tend to add ever more costly items to the range of medical products), certain technologies including information and communication technologies promise to shift the focus to process innovations (which tend to make existing products cheaper or provide improvements over existing products without adding costs). The mechanisms how efficiency is to be achieved include early detection of symptoms and avoidance of more costly treatments, reduced duplication of services due to shared knowledge, and reallocation of simpler tasks to less educated actors. At the same time, generations approach retirement age that are expected to pose higher demands with regard to levels and quality of health and care services to public welfare systems, compared to their parents. After public discussions due to poor service quality in some countries, worries over quality of services closely follow worries over the financial long-term sustainability of care. Consequently, policies to boost quality of care were asked for. But raising quality requires identification of the concrete problems, which in turn requires an evidence base. Collecting the underlying data as well as developing a suitable design require large amounts of resources. This is the second point where technology joins the picture: information and communication technologies promise possibilities to achieve these goals with far more efficiency and precision than former generations of social researchers may have expected.
A Survey on Product Aspect RankingTechniques

Huge collections of consumer reviews are available on the Web expressing various opinions on multiple aspects of products . The important reviews are mostly not organized properly thereby creating problems in information navigation and knowledge acquisition. To address this problem, product aspect ranking framework is explored to automatically identify important product aspects or features from online consumer reviews.The important product aspects are identified based on two observations: i) the important aspects are usually commented on by a large number of consumers and ii) consumer opinions on the important aspects greatly influence their overall opinions on the product. The framework contains three main mechanisms, i.e., aspect sentiment classification, product aspect identification, and probabilistic aspect ranking algorithm. A probabilistic aspect ranking algorithm to infer the importance of aspects by simultaneously considering aspect frequency and the influence of consumer opinions given to each aspect over their overall opinions. The framework which aims at improving the usability of consumer reviews of a product. This paper provides the description of various techniques for product aspect identification and classification.
Beyond Emotional Intelligence (EQ): The role of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Cross-Border Assignments

Today organizations are operating in a boundary less world (global village) and cross-border assignments have become the trend. Working in such crossborder assignments demand such skills, knowledge and attitude (behaviour) from employees, which are necessary to work effectively in cross-cultural context. Cultural Intelligence (CQ) has emerged as an important variable to address the issue of employee’s performance during such cross-border international assignments. This paper is an attempt to address two important variables, i.e. CQ and engagement among Indian managers working as expatriates on various international assignments. Data were collected from 470 managerial level employees from National Capital Region of India who have been to such international assignment in the recent past. The total sample contained 188 females (40 percent) and 282 males (60 percent). Study was conducted during May to September 2010. Study revealed positive and significant relationship between various dimensions of CQ and engagement. Female employees have demonstrated higher level of emotional/motivational, cognitive and behavioural CQ, whereas no significant difference observed between male and female respondents on their engagement score. Regression analysis shows that out of all the three dimensions of CQ, emotional/motivational CQ contributes more in engagement as compared to cognitive CQ and behavioural CQ. The results of the study have been discussed and interpreted in the light of the findings of past researches. The outcome of this study adds to the existing body of knowledge in the area of cross-cultural management and has practical implications to all those organizations that send their managers on various international assignments.
A profile of pre-college chemistry teaching in Beirut

The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) How well prepared are chemistry teachers in terms of content and pedagogy, 2) What are chemistry teachers trying to accomplish in their teaching and what activities do they use to meet their objectives and 3) What are the barriers to effective chemistry teaching identified by teachers? Eighty six teachers from 39 public and private schools participated in the study. Data for the study came from teachers’ responses to questionnaires and records of two classroom observations per teacher. Results showed that the majority of teachers had university degrees, two-thirds majored in chemistry, only 50% had teaching credentials, and most teachers did not have enough training to use computers in their classrooms. Finally, results related to classroom practices indicated that Lebanese chemistry teachers emphasized academic objectives and perceived the purpose of school chemistry as preparation for higher studies.
Polyamine Metabolism of the Cotton Flower and Its Sub-tending Leaf under Water-Deficit Stress in the Field

Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine are low molecular weight polycations implicated in flowering and seed set and plants’ responses under adverse environmental conditions. Research in other crops has shown that polyamine metabolism is greatly affected by water-deficit stress, however, no information exists on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A field study was conducted in 2011 in two contrasting locations (Fayetteville, AR, and Lubbock, TX) in order to investigate the effect of water-deficit stress during flowering on polyamine metabolism of the cotton flower and its subtending leaf. Treatments consisted of control (well watered) and water-stress (irrigation withheld for two weeks at the onset of flowering) in a split plot design. First day white flowers and their subtending leaves were collected at the end of each week of the stress period for determination of polyamine concentrations. Water-deficit stress resulted in significant increases in PUT and SPD levels of pistils and leaves compared to the control. However, pistil and leaf SPM content significantly increased under drought conditions in one location and remained unaltered in the other one. Leaf and pistil polyamine metabolism of cotton appeared to be greatly affected by limited water supply, however further research is needed to elucidate the ways polyamines can be used to increase cotton drought tolerance.
Intelligent Inhabited Environments: Cooperative Robotics & Buildings

In this paper we describe an innovative multi-agent environment consisting of an Intelligent-Building (IB) inhabited by a variety of agents ranging from mobile robots, embedded-agents to people some of which carry smart wearable gadgets. These cooperate together to form what we term an intelligent inhabited environment. We discuss the high-level multi embedded-agent model, explaining how it facilitates inter-agent communication and cooperation between heterogeneous sets of agents. We present an application aimed at establishing an agent based care/rehabilitation system in which a collection of building and robot agents cooperates to care for human occupants. The technological basis of our solutions stem from a genetic-fuzzy technique that has already been developed and successfully applied to the control of autonomous outdoor vehicles. We discuss in detail how we might use this system to identify significant variations from normal behaviour or identify emergency situations in which specialised robots might be summoned to assist. Finally we report results from earlier experiments on autonomous mobile robot navigation and embeddedagent based environment control in intelligent buildings. 1. Vision
Effects of culture conditions on growth and poly- β-hydroxybutyric acid production by Bacillus cereus MM7 isolated from soil samples from Saudi Arabia

Poly-βhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most known degradable biopolymers, produced by genera of bacteria under unfavorable conditions. It is generally accepted that PHB can be used instead of plastic to solve one of the greatest problems facing the environment. In this study, 39 deferent bacterial isolates were obtained on nutrient agar from heated soil samples, collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. All bacterial isolates were screened for PHB production either on solid medium and stained using Sudan black B or in broth medium and assayed the PHB quantity. The quantity of PHB was ranged from 10-43%. The most active bacterium that accumulated high amount of PHB was selected and identified as Bacillus cereus MM7, based on morphological and physiological characters in addition to 16S rRNA gene sequences. The effect of different conditions on PHB production by Bacillus cereus MM7, including carbon source, nitrogen source, incubation temperature, pH and incubation period were studied. The highest amount of PHB was obtained from the isolate MM7 using medium containing 30 g/l glucose, 0.2 % yeast extract and 0.05 % K2PO4 , pH 7 and incubation at 37°C and after 2 days. In conclusion, after the optimization of the conditions of PHB synthesis, Bacillus cereus MM15 accumulate up to 55 % of its dry weight and can be employed for industrial production. [Aly MM,. Albureikan MO, Al-robay H and Kabli. S. Effects of culture conditions on growth and polyβhydroxybutyric acid production by Bacillus cereus MM7 isolated from soil samples from Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2013;10(4):1884-1891] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 249
Weekend Handover in a Paediatric Hospital: Introduction of SBAR

This change project centres on the implementation of a structured communication tool in a medical handover meeting within a Paediatric hospital. The primary aim was to improve the structure and content of the weekend handover and optimize learning for those attending. The main objective was to introduce an adapted SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) tool for use in case presentations and in doing so to provide an encouraging and supportive learning environment for those partaking in the handover . The HSE Change model was used to structure the change in this project and the comprehensive approach suited the project. The evaluation to date has been positive, however the author predicts that the handover will be improved continuously, with ongoing user feedback. While the results are promising based on the initial evaluation of the project following implementation, it is clear, however, that a longer study on whether the effect on SBAR on handover is sustained is required and this will require ongoing evaluation and input from all those attending. A well-led handover session provides a useful setting for clinical education as shown in this study and going forward the continued implementation and development of the changes made should make for a sustained and lasting change for the better within the organisation.