Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classroom Segregation without Tracking: Chance, Legitimacy, and Myth in “Racial Paradise”

Though schools do not track in Brazil, I find that racial classroom segregation in Brazil is on par with recent estimates from North Carolina high schools (Clotfelter et al., 2020). How does racial classroom segregation occur without tracking, and in a supposed “racial paradise,” no less? Using national, student-level data spanning from 2011 to 2017, I describe racial classroom segregation among Brazilian 5th and 9th graders and assess potential mechanisms identified in the literature. The findings are consistent with segregation by chance in which (1) schools initially segregate students by using effectively random classrooms assignment practices and (2) schools choose to move forward with these initial assignments, even when they are highly segregating, rather than make race-conscious adjustments. This is consistent with the myth of racial democracy, a prominent colorblind ideology in Brazil that promotes the legitimacy of de facto racial segregation and undermines the legitimacy of race-conscious desegregation.
Influence of the thickness change of the wave-guide layers on the threshold current of GaAs-based laser diode

The paper mainly deals with theoretical investigations of the effect of the thickness change of the waveguide layers on the threshold current. It is analyzed according to the result of a numerical simulation that asks how does the shift of the active region position affect the threshold current for a single quantum well (SQW) and double quantum well (DQW) laser diode (LD) with a relatively narrow waveguide. It is found that the variation trend of threshold current and optimum position of QW are different in SQW and DQW LD with 0.2 μm-thick waveguide, which may be due to the higher variation rate of optical loss in DQW LD with the shift of the active region. It is also found that in terms of either SQW or DQW LD, the variation tendency of the threshold current with a different loss coefficient of the p-cladding layer makes little difference for the relatively narrow waveguide LD. Moreover, the variation trend of the threshold current and the optimum position of QW is almost the same in SQW and DQW LD with 0.8 μm-thick waveguide, because the optical loss is small enough and the threshold current is dominated by the optical confinement factor (OCF) in QW.
A rhodamine-based chemosensor with diphenylselenium for highly selective fluorescence turn-on detection of Hg2+ in vitro and in vivo

A rhodamine-B based chemosensor with diphenylselenium, RhoSe, has been synthesized, and its detection behavior towards various metal ions is studied via UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. RhoSe shows a selective response to Hg2+ in CH3OH/H2O (v/v = 9 : 1) solutions over other metal ions. After addition of Hg2+, the solution of RhoSe displays an obvious color change from colorless to pink and a significant, 48-fold fluorescence enhancement. The color change and fluorescence enhancement are attributed to the ring-opening of the spirolactam in the rhodamine fluorophore, which is induced by Hg2+ binding. The binding ratio of RhoSe–Hg2+ was determined by a Job plot as a 1 : 1 ratio, and the effective pH range for Hg2+ detection was 4.0–10. Importantly, the reversibility of the RhoSe–Hg2+ complex was observed through the addition of Na2S. For practical applications, the strip method was utilized to detect Hg2+ in water/methanol solution. In addition, confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments demonstrated that RhoSe is an effective fluorescent probe for Hg2+ detection in vitro and in vivo.
A New Accelerated Gradient Method Inspired by Continuous-Time Perspective

Nesterov’s accelerated method are widely used in problems with machine learning background including deep learning. To give more insight about the acceleration phenomenon, an ordinary differential equation was obtained from Nesterov’s accelerated method by taking step sizes approaching zero, and the relationship between Nesterov’s method and the differential equation is still of research interest. In this work, we give the precise order of the iterations of Nesterov’s accelerated method converging to the solution of derived differential equation as step sizes go to zero. We then present a new accelerated method with higher order. The new method is more stable than ordinary method for large step size and converges faster. We further apply the new method to matrix completion problem and show its better performance through numerical experiments
Staff Perceived Barriers to Early Mobility in Medical vs. Surgical ICU at Hospital

Physiotherapy is thought to be an integral part of patient management in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of hospitals in different developed countries. Intensive care units of hospitals have a dynamic environment in which physiotherapists are vital members and work along with a multidisciplinary team providing a great spectrum of care from acute care conditions to the rehabilitation program. Critically ill patients, particularly those who require mechanical ventilation are usually prone to have impairments in physical function and also the associated immobility leads to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) acquired weakness [1]. Early mobilization in ICU patients is known to be safe and beneficial but to its implementation, barriers still exist. Immobility, de-conditioning, and muscle weakness are the consequences of prolonged critical illness and are the perceived barriers to mobilize the patient in ICU. The role of physiotherapists, medical staff, and nurses also varies considerably from one unit to the next, depending on different factors such as the country in which the ICU is located, its local tradition, staffing levels, training, and expertise. But still, we can say that the Diagnosis and resuscitation therapies for critically ill patients have been improved much in the last 25 years, and survival has also increased. The only way to decrease the mortality rate and to improve post-hospital quality of life is the mobilizing and stabilizing the critical patients as soon as possible. Early mobility therapy is beneficial and does not increase the treatment cost and also decrease the hospital stay often patients with critical illness return to home with an inability to function properly or live as fully perfect as before [2]. Others who leave the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) after critical illness have experienced prolonged physical disability, permanent/timely loss of function or the need for repeated hospitalization and on-going supportive care. Most patients of this critical illness, who survive, become hospital dependent or chronically critically ill. So the ICU mobility has one of the leading roles in lowering the complications after or during critical illness [3]. As an Intensive care unit have a dynamic environment and the physiotherapists are vital members of this multidisciplinary team and providing a great spectrum of care from acute problem to rehabilitation [4]. No evidence has been found yet in our current setups. Previous researches have ABSTRACT
Thermal analysis and parametric optimization of plate fin heat sinks under forced air convection

Heat dissipation is becoming more and more challenging with the preface of new electronic components having staggering heat generation levels. Present day solutions should have optimized outcomes with reference to the heat sink scenarios. The experimental and theoretical results for plate type heat sink based on mathematical models have been presented in the first part of the paper. Then the parametric optimization (topology optimization) of plate type heat sink using Levenberg-Marquardt technique employed in the COMSOL Multiphysics® software is discussed. Thermal resistance of heat sink is taken as objective function against the variable length in a predefined range. Single as well as multi-parametric optimization of plate type heat sink is reported in the context of pressure drop and air velocity (Reynolds number) inside the tunnel. The results reported are compared with the numerical modeled data and experimental investigation to establish the conformity of results for applied usage. Mutual reimbursements of greater heat dissipation with minimum flow rates are confidently achievable through balanced, heat sink geometry as evident by the presented simulation outcome. About 12% enhancement in pressure drop and up to 51% improvement in thermal resistance is reported for the optimized plate fin heat sink as per data manifested.
Single Embryo Transfer in IVF to Prevent Multiple Pregnancies

Abstract As the success rates of IVF clinics improve, one of the adverse consequences is the increased incidence of twins, due largely to the number of embryos transferred. Even if the number of embryos transferred is restricted to two, the twinning rate can exceed 40% of the pregnancies. An obvious way to reduce this high twin rate would be to transfer only one embryo. This would require that cryopreservation of the supernumerary embryos be efficacious enough so that the chance of achieving an ongoing pregnancy is not diminished by transferring a single embryo in the stimulated cycle. Previous studies utilising embryos on day 2 and 3 of development have shown that the pregnancy rates can be acceptable (about 40%) and that the cumulative rate can be up to 60%. Most of these studies, however, do not include a comparison with the cumulative pregnancy rate with two embryos transferred in the stimulated cycle. Therefore, the efficacy has not been proven. We present clinical data from the past few years to illustrate the increase in success rates and the concomitant increase in twinning rates. The increased success in the cryopreservation program has enabled us to trial a single embryo transfer program and compare the results to the transfer of two embryos. The results strongly suggest that the transfer of a single embryo is the better clinical option.
Twinning and Risk of Stillbirth Subtypes in Pediatric Mothers

Abstract We sought to estimate levels of risk for stillbirth subtypes associated with twin gestations among pediatric mothers (10–14 years). Analysis was on twin pregnancies covering the period 1989 to 2000 in the United States. We classified stillbirth as term, preterm, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or preterm-SGA. We then assessed the risks of these stillbirth subtypes in pediatric mothers using two comparison groups consisting of women aged 15 to 19 years old (adolescent mothers) and 20 to 24 years old (mature mothers). Adjusted risk estimates were by means of hazard ratios generated from a Cox proportional hazards regression model. We adjusted for dependence of observations within twin clusters using the robust sandwich estimator. The rate of stillbirth was highest among pediatric mothers (56/1000), followed by adolescent gravidas (29/1000) and lowest in mature mothers (20/1000; p for trend < .01). Overall, preterm stillbirth was the most frequent stillbirth phenotype while term stillbirth was the least frequent. Not a single case of term stillbirth was recorded in pediatric mothers. Among pediatric gravidas, the risk for preterm stillbirth was more than tripled (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.5–4.6), and that of preterm-SGA stillbirth more than doubled (AHR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.8–3.7) that of mature mothers respectively. The 30% risk elevation for SGA stillbirth among pediatric mothers was not found to be statistically significant (AHR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.3–4.3). Pediatric motherhood is a risk factor for stillbirth in twin gestation, especially, preterm and preterm-SGA stillbirth phenotypes. Prevention of stillbirth among this category of mothers should target the period preceding full term.
Verification of Self-Report of Zygosity Determined via DNA Testing in a Subset of the NAS-NRC Twin Registry 40 Years Later

Abstract The National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council (NAS-NRC) twin panel, created nearly 50 years ago, had twin zygosity determined primarily via a similarity questionnaire that has been estimated to correctly classify at least 95% of twins. In the course of a study on the genetics of healthy ageing in the NAS-NRC twins, DNA was collected for genome-wide scanning and zygosity confirmation was examined in 343 participating pairs. The sample was supplemented from two other studies using NAS-NRC twins where one or both co-twins were suspected to have Alzheimer disease or another dementia, or Parkinson's disease. Overall 578 twin pairs with DNA were analyzed. Zygosity assignment for 96.8% (519/536) was confirmed via questionnaire. Among 42 pairs whose questionnaire responses were inconclusive for assigning zygosity, 50% were found to be monozygous (MZ) and 50% were dizygous (DZ). There was some evidence for greater misclassification of presumed DZ pairs in the healthy ageing study where participation favored pairs who were similar in having a favorable health history and willingness to volunteer without any element of perceived risk for a specific disease influencing participation.
Infant zygosity can be assigned by parental report questionnaire data

Abstract A parental report questionnaire posted to a population sample of 18-month-old twins correctly assigned zygosity in 95%of cases when validated against zygosity determined by identity of polymorphic DNA markers. The questionnaire was as accurate when readministered at 3 years of age, with 96% of children being assigned the same zygosity on both occasions. The results validate the use of parental report questionnaire data to determine zygosity in infancy. Twin Research (2000) 3, 129–133.
Relationship Between Parents' Report Rate of Twin Language and Factors Related to Linguistic Development: Older Sibling, Nonverbal Play and Preschool Attendance

Abstract The definition and nature of twin language has been a focus of recent studies concerned with the phenomenon. There has been a call for a tighter definition and understanding of the meaning of twin language (Thorpe et al., 2001). This article sought to identify social factors associated with the parent report of twin language and thus provide further understanding of the phenomenon. Data from 583 mothers of twins aged 25 to 59 months were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Factors included in the modeling of parent-report twin language included social experience factors such as presence of siblings, attendance at preschool education and reports of nonverbal play. It was found that twin pairs who didn't have an older sibling, who showed frequent nonverbal play and who didn't attend preschool were more likely to have a twin language. Moreover, in the group not having an older sibling, the influence of whether twins attended preschool or not was strong and the odds ratio was 0.589 (95% confidence intervals 0.360–0.963). The findings suggest that social experience factors are important predictors of the parent reporting of twin language.
Fetal Growth Restriction and Schizophrenia: A Swedish Twin Study

Abstract Obstetric complications increase the risk of schizophrenia. However, it is not known whether there is a causal relation or whether the association is mediated by genetic and/or shared environmental effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between birthweight, other birth characteristics, and schizophrenia. Twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia will also control for unmeasured genetic and shared environmental effects. Prospectively filed obstetric records were used for a cohort analysis of 11,360 same-sexed twins, and within–twin pair analyses were conducted on 90 twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. The results from the cohort study showed that low birthweight (less than or equal to 1999 grams; odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–3.14 and 2000–2299 grams; OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.07–3.01) and small head circumference (less than or equal to 31.5 cm; OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.03–2.51) were associated with later development of schizophrenia. The associations remained in the within-pair analyses. The association between low birthweight and schizophrenia is partly a function of reduced fetal growth. Fetal growth restriction seems to be associated with risk of schizophrenia independently of familial factors.
Genome-Wide Linkage Disequilibrium from 100,000 SNPs in the East Finland Founder Population

Abstract Information about linkage disequilibrium (LD) is important in understanding the genome structure and has its applications in association studies. Here we present the first genome-wide LD study based on a founder population (East Finland). The LD data consist of 118 unrelated individuals and around 480,000 SNP pairs genotyped with the Affymetrix 100K genotyping assay. Using the minor allele frequency (MAF) limit of . 05, the squared correlation coefficient between two loci (r2) was . 48, . 37, . 28, and . 20 for distances of 5, 10, 20, and 40 kb respectively. MAF had a significant effect on the mean r2 so that the extent of useful LD (r2 > .3) varied from 17 kb to 80 kb depending on the limit set for the MAF. For D' the effect of MAF was smaller but reflected the possible age of the mutation: SNPs with high MAF had lower D' than those with low MAF. The X chromosome showed higher D' values than autosomes and the extent of useful LD (r2 > .3) was twice as long on the X chromosome than on the autosomes. Based on the results, LD varies across the genome and is correlated to local recombination rate between and within chromosomes. However, the recombination rate does not explain all the variation found in LD. We also report a number of long chromosomal regions where exceptionally high or low LD were detected.
The Minnesota Twin Registry: Current Status and Future Directions

Abstract The Minnesota Twin Registry is a birth-record-based twin registry. Begun in 1983, it includes data for 4307 surviving intact pairs born in Minnesota between 1936 and 1955. In addition, the Registry includes 901 twin pairs born in Minnesota from 1904 to 1934, as well as 391 male pairs born in Minnesota from 1961 to 1964. The research focus is primarily on human individual differences assessed by self-report. Questionnaires completed by the participants include measures of personality, occupational interests, demographics, and leisure-time activities. We outline major contributions that have resulted from Registry research, as well as current and future research directions.
Influence of Conventional Versus Digital Workflow on Marginal Fit and Fracture Resistance of Different Pressable Occlusal Veneers After Thermomechanical Fatigue Loading

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the marginal fit and fracture resistance after thermomechanical fatigue of two types of glass ceramic occlusal veneers constructed using two techniques for wax pattern. Methods: Thirty-two non-carious maxillary molars were used in this study. Teeth were prepared to receive all ceramic occlusal veneers. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups according to the fabrication material of the occlusal veneer: Group I (e-max): pressable lithium disilicate glass ceramics. Group II (Celtra): pressable zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramics. Each group was further subdivided into two equal subgroups according to the technique of construction of the wax pattern: Subgroup A (CAD/CAM): CAD/CAM technique. Subgroup B (Conventional): Conventional technique. Wax patterns were sprued, invested and heat pressed to produce the two types of ceramic occlusal veneers. All occlusal veneers were cemented to their corresponding teeth using adhesive resin cement. Thermomechanical aging was performed on all the samples. Vertical marginal gap distance measurement and fracture resistance testing were done. Results: The results of this study revealed that e.max (Conventional) recorded the highest vertical marginal gap mean values followed by Celtra (Conventional) then Celtra (CAD/CAM) while e.max (CAD/CAM) recorded the lowest mean values. It was found that e.max (conventional) recorded the highest fracture resistance mean values followed by Celtra (conventional) then e.max processed by (CAD/CAM) while Celtra processed by (CAD/CAM) recorded the lowest mean values. Conclusions: CAD/CAM constructed wax pattern presents a viable alternative option to conventional wax pattern. Celtra Press material revealed promising results.
The Consequences of Selective Participation on Behavioral-Genetic Findings: Evidence from Simulated and Real Data

Abstract Nonresponse occurs when individuals either have no chance of being included in a study (noncoverage), refuse to take part (unit nonresponse), or fail to give complete information (item nonresponse). The purpose of this article is to test the possible biasing effects of nonresponse on the results of behavioral-genetic studies. Simulations and a real data ‘natural’ experiment were used to determine the impact of nonresponse on estimates of additive genetic and environmental effects. The simulations used realistic twin-pair correlations and models of nonresponse derived from prior research. The real data ‘natural experiment’ used data from a nationally representative birth-cohort twin study (E-Risk Study) and compared model results from families who had responded to a mail survey to those from all study cases. Results showed that the primary influence of nonresponse was to attenuate the effect of the shared environment and to inflate estimates of non-shared environment and additive genetic effects. At high levels of nonresponse a spurious nonadditive genetic effect (suggesting genetic dominance) was also found. Study nonresponse was shown to have the potential to bias the findings of behavioral-genetic research. Design and analysis methods that can be used to alleviate this potentially important biasing effect in behavioral-genetic studies are discussed in light of these findings.
Sex Differences in Heritability of Neck Pain

Abstract Experimental studies have suggested biological factors as a possible explanation for gender disparities in perception of pain. Recently, heritability of liability to neck pain (NP) has been found to be statistically significantly larger in women compared to men. However, no studies have been conducted to determine whether the sex differences in heritability of NP are due to sex-specific genetic factors. Data on lifetime prevalence of NP from a populationbased cross-sectional survey of 33,794 Danish twins were collected and age-stratified univariate biometrical modeling using sex-limitation models was performed based on 10,605 dizygotic (DZ) twins of opposite sex to estimate the qualitative sex differences. In a full sex-limitation model the genetic component in females were higher than in males, but the genetic and the shared environmental correlations were equal to what is normally assumed between same-sex DZ twins. A ‘no-sex-effects’ model showed the overall best model fit which confirms absence of sex-related gene interaction. The age-stratified sex-limitation models showed similar results. Thus, there is no evidence for a sex-specific genetic influence in the liability of heritability of NP.