Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Initial Production Capacity Investments for Commercializing Pharmaceutical Products

This thesis is motivated by the investment problems pharmaceutical manufacturing firms face when introducing new drug products.We consider two different types of resources that play a role in determining the initial production capacity in pharmaceutical manufacturing:generic production resources, and specialized facilities and equipment.Due to the differences in availability of {each resources} type and the dynamics of information the firm receives with respect to the underlying uncertainties, the investment problems posed by these two resource types are very different. We build two separate dynamic optimization models to analyze the respective investment strategies.For procurement of generic resources, we consider the firm facing random demand while the drug approval arrives at a random time. The firm can either increase or decrease inventory of the resources by buying or selling on a spot market where price fluctuates randomly over time.The firm's goal on this operation is to maximize expected discounted profit over the procurement process.We first show that this optimization problem is equivalent to a two-dimensional singular control problem. We then show that the optimal policy is completely characterized by a simple price-dependent two-threshold policy. For specialized equipment, we consider a model where the firm must balance two conflicting objectives: on one hand, the delay in scaling-up production once the product is approved must be minimized, and on the other hand, the risk of investing in ultimately unused capacity must be minimized. We develop a stylized model of this type of capacity investment problem, where the firm re-evaluates its capacity investment strategy as information about the potential success of the product is continually updated (for example, via clinical trial results). We identify settings in which by continually reviewing the building strategy, the firm can substantially reduce both the delay of the commercial launch of the new product, and the risk of lost investment.Although, our focus here is on the investment decisions in introducing a new drug product in the pharmaceutical industry, the models described in the following subsections can be applied to the introduction of products which require specialized equipment to manufacture and have a long research and development phase.
DISCOVERY OF RELATIVELY HYDROGEN-POOR GIANTS IN THE GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTER ω CENTAURI

In this Letter, the results of our low-resolution spectroscopic survey for identifying hydrogen-deficient stars in the red giant sample of the globular cluster ω Cen are reported. Spectral analyses were carried out on the basis of the strengths of the (0, 0) MgH band and the Mg b triplet. In our sample, four giants were identified with weak/absent MgH bands in their observed spectra, which was unexpected for their well determined stellar parameters. The Mg abundances for the program stars were determined from the subordinate lines of the MgH band to the blue of the Mg b triplet, using the spectral synthesis technique. The derived Mg abundances for the program stars were as expected for the red giants of ω Cen, except for the four identified candidates. The determined Mg abundances of these four candidates are much lower than that expected for the red giants of ω Cen, and are unacceptable based on the strengths of the Mg b triplet in their observed spectra. Hence, a plausible explanation for the weak/absent MgH bands in the observed spectra of these stars is a relatively lower abundance of hydrogen in their atmospheres. These giants may belong to the group of helium-enriched red giants of ω Cen.
North‐South asymmetry in the modeled phytoplankton community response to climate change over the 21st century

Here we analyze the impact of projected climate change on plankton ecology in all major ocean biomes over the 21st century, using a multidecade (1880–2090) experiment conducted with the Community Climate System Model (CCSM‐3.1) coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐land‐sea ice model. The climate response differs fundamentally in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres for diatom and small phytoplankton biomass and consequently for total biomass, primary, and export production. Increasing vertical stratification in the Northern Hemisphere oceans decreases the nutrient supply to the ocean surface. Resulting decreases in diatom and small phytoplankton biomass together with a relative shift from diatoms to small phytoplankton in the Northern Hemisphere result in decreases in the total primary and export production and export ratio, and a shift to a more oligotrophic, more efficiently recycled, lower biomass euphotic layer. By contrast, temperature and stratification increases are smaller in the Southern compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, a southward shift and increase in strength of the Southern Ocean westerlies act against increasing temperature and freshwater fluxes to destratify the water‐column. The wind‐driven, poleward shift in the Southern Ocean subpolar‐subtropical boundary results in a poleward shift and increase in the frontal diatom bloom. This boundary shift, localized increases in iron supply, and the direct impact of warming temperatures on phytoplankton growth result in diatom increases in the Southern Hemisphere. An increase in diatoms and decrease in small phytoplankton partly compensate such that while total production and the efficiency of organic matter export to the deep ocean increase, total Southern Hemisphere biomass does not change substantially. The impact of ecological shifts on the global carbon cycle is complex and varies across ecological biomes, with Northern and Southern Hemisphere effects on the biological production and export partially compensating. The net result of climate change is a small Northern Hemisphere‐driven decrease in total primary production and efficiency of organic matter export to the deep ocean.
Wise Words of the Yup'ik People: We Talk to You because We Love You

The Yup'ik people of southwestern Alaska were some of the last Arctic peoples to come into contact with non-Natives, and as a result, Yup'ik language and many traditions remain vital into the twenty-first century. "Wise Words of the Yup'ik People" documents their qanruyutet (adages, words of wisdom, and oral instructions) regarding the proper living of life. Throughout history, these distinctive wise words have guided the relations between men and women, parents and children, siblings and cousins, fellow villagers, visitors, strangers, and even with non-Natives. Yup'ik elders chose to share these wise words during Calista Elders Council gatherings and conventions since 1998 for instrumental reasons - because of their continued relevance and power to change lives.The Calista Elders Council, which represents some thirteen hundred Yup'ik elders, recently spearheaded efforts at cultural revitalization through gatherings with younger community members. In describing the content of traditional instruction as well as its central motivation - 'We talk to you because we love you' - elders not only educate Yup'ik young people, but also open a window into their view of the world for all of us. "Wise Words of the Yup'ik People" will serve as a valuable resource for the Yup'ik people and those who wish to learn more about their lives and values. Ann Fienup-Riordan is an independent scholar who has lived, worked, and taught in Alaska since 1973. Her many books include "Hunting Tradition in a Changing World: Yup'ik Lives in Alaska Today" and "Yup'ik Elders at the Ethnologisches Museum Berlin: Fieldwork Turned on Its Head". Alice Rearden is a Yup'ik speaker and leading translator for the Calista Elders Council.
First record of Helicotylenchus varicaudatus Yuen, 1964 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) parasitizing Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link in Portuguese coastal sand dunes

Summary. A spiral nematode, Helicotylenchus varicaudatus Yuen, 1964, parasitizing Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, the dominant grass in the Portuguese coastal sand dunes, is reported from Portugal for the first time and raises to seven the number of Helicotylenchus species detected in Portugal. A redescription of the species, with illustrations, and light and scanning electron microscope images of both female and male specimens, is presented. The rDNA containing the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of H. varicaudatus was analysed with ITS-RFLP using the restriction endonuclease Hinf I. Molecular data from the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) (18S) confirmed the identification.
Advances in hepatoprotective medicinal plants research

Hepatic dysfunction is a major catastrophe that challenges the health concern researchers. Multiple factors such as biological, chemical and drug overdose are associated with liver disorders. Man-made pharmaceutical preparations, which are usually used for the treatment, further accelerate the toxification of the liver. In this situation, a great reliance has been evident on natural products which seem promising in dealing with liver diseases effectively. Plants are the basis of innate products, or dynamic constituents named as phytochemicals, which have been analyzed for their hepatoprotective potential and a review article on hepatoprotective plants was published in 2014 in Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. After that, a number of researches have been completed to identify new hepatoprotective medicinal plants. The purpose of this review was to update the information until now.
Youth Resiliency: Assessing Students' Capacity for Success at School

As opposed to the problem-based approach of dealing with specific at-risk behaviours in secondary schools, the purpose of Resiliency Canada's self-reported Youth Resiliency: Assessing Developmental Strengths (YR:ADS) questionnaire is to provide a statistically sound and research-based approach to understanding the factors or strengths that are related to the development of adolescent resiliency. Working in collaboration with the Calgary Board of Education from a strength-based approach to understanding child and adolescent development, Resiliency Canada introduces the youth resiliency framework and presents the findings from a large urban sample of grade 7 to 9 students (N=2291). A framework for understanding the construct of resiliency that results from the investigation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the development of youth resiliency and adaptive behaviour is presented. Outcomes of this research supports both the protective protective and challenge models of resiliency.
1 8 M ay 2 01 5 Solution to the problem of time

Despite the ultraviolet problems with canonical quantum gravity, as an effective field theory its infrared phenomena should enjoy fully quantum mechanical unitary time evolution. Currently this is not possible, the impediment being what is known as the problem of time. Here, we provide a solution by promoting the cosmological constant Λ to a Lagrange multiplier constraining the metric volume element to be manifestly a total derivative. Because Λ appears linearly in the Hamiltonian constraint, it unitarily generates time evolution, yielding a functional Schrödinger equation for gravity. Two pleasant side effects of this construction are that vacuum energy is dissociated from the cosmological constant problem, much like in unimodular gravity, and the natural foliation provided by the time variable defines a sensible solution to the measure problem of eternal inflation.
Feeding ecology and habitat of Late Pleistocene Equus horses from west-central Mexico using carbon and oxygen isotopes variation

A partir de datos de isotopos estables de carbono y oxigeno se analizan la dieta y el habitat de tres especies de caballos del Pleistoceno tardio (Equus mexicanus, E. conversidens y E. cedralensis) en dos localidades del centro occidente de Mexico. El objetivo fue encontrar la capacidad de adaptacion a la dieta y la particion de los recursos, lo que reflejaria las condiciones ambientales de las localidades que utilizaban para alimentarse, y apoyaria la ecologia predicha por la morfologia y ecomorfologia. Los resultados muestran la presencia de dos tipos de alimentacion en La Cinta-Portalitos, uno conformado por E. mexicanus con una dieta compuesta por plantas C3/C4 y otro por E. conversidens y E. cedralensis con un alto consumo de plantas C4, indicando particion de recursos y un ambiente mas diverso, mientras que para La PiedadSanta Ana solo se identifico un grupo alimentario conformado por las tres especies, con una dieta principalmente compuesta por plantas C4, lo que demostraria la no particion de recursos o la abundancia de uno. E. mexicanus exhibe la mayor variacion alimentaria, seguido por E. cedralensis y E. conversidens, lo cual evidencia que algunos caballos en el pasado tenian una dieta mas diversa relacionada con un comportamiento mas eclectico y que variaba con las condiciones ambientales en las que vivian. Se encontro que las predicciones ecologicas (habitat) con base en caracteristicas ecomorfologicas se cumplian en algunas poblaciones, sin embargo en otras no, por lo que la relacion entre la masa corporal, las proporciones de las extremidades y la dieta es compleja y serian necesarios mas estudios para su mejor entendimiento. Finalmente, los resultados sugieren un habitat altamente heterogeneo con una mezcla de plantas C3 y C4 para La Cinta-Portalitos, y un escenario mas abierto con una diversidad de plantas C4 mas alta y con la presencia
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LUTJANUS LINEOLATUS (FAMILY: LUTJANIDAE) FROM THE BITTER LAKES, SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT

total of 837 Lutjanus limolatits was collected monthly from Bitter Lakes during October 2002 through October 2003 to study age and growth, mortality, relative yield per recruit and relative biomass per recruit Age was determined from otolith's reading and the results showed that the maximum life span of L. iineolaius is 3 years. The growth parameters were estimated as K = 0.60 year-1, Loo = 22.92 cm TL and to = -0.27 yr. The annual rates of total, natural, fishing mortality and exploitation rate were calculated as 2,5, 0.6, 1.9 and 0.76 year-1 respectively. The high level of both fishing mortality and exploitation rate indicated the high level of exploitation of this species. The length at first capture Lc was 31.1 cm TL.The relative yield per recruit analysis showed that the stock of L. lineolatus is over-fished. To maintain this valuable fish resource, the present fishing effort should be decreased and the length at first capture should be increased.
A 3D ANALYSIS OF THE VOllEYBAll SPIKE

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the biomechanical characteristics of the high school volleyball players jump spikes. Eleven elite male players participated in this study. Two Peak high-speed cameras (120 Hz) were genlocked to record the spiking action. The results showed that the spiking techniques of male high school volleyball players are quite similar to those of university volleyball players except for contact ball height. It is suggested that coaches should train the young players jumping ability and fast spiking motion in order to improve spiking power.
Training-related modulations of the respiratory hypoxic and hypercapnic response sensitivity in young elite endurance athletes

The present study was performed to clarify of training-related modulations of the cardiopulmonary system (CPS) response sensitivity to a hypoxic and hypercapnia stimulus in young endurance athletes. The practical objective was to estimate a possible association between the reduction in sensitivity to respiratory homeostasis shifts and young athletes’ early sports specialization. Twenty-eight young male athletes aged 12.4–17.5 years with experience of strenuous endurance training in kayaking served as the subjects. The impact of strenuous endurance training was estimated in three parts of studies with athletes divided into age groups. Studies have demonstrated that endurance training in kayaking results in a distinct decrease in the CPS response sensitivity to hypoxia in young athletes. The responses to hypoxia in elite 16-year-old athletes do not significantly differ vs. elite adult athletes. Respiratory responses to hypercapnia also decreased (although to a lesser extent). Hypercapnic sensitivity in 16.3 yrs. do not significantly differ vs. elite adult athletes. When the responses were normalized to body mass, body surface and vital capacity, such differences were reliable. Chemo sensitivity CPS of young elite kayakers in 16.3 yrs. was significantly lower than in 14.9 yrs. The most expressed changes of respiratory responsiveness were noted in the response output during standard levels of hypercapnia and hypoxia. The greatest differences between young and adult elite athletes were revealed in hypercapnic ventilatory response. It is possible to believe that monitoring sensitivity and kinetic features of CPS responses in long-lasting high intensity of endurance training may be a prerequisite of best stimulation of its morphological and functional improvement. It can be assumed that the decrease in the CPS response sensitivity to the combined hypoxic and hypercapnic stimuli at long-lasting heavy kayaking training may deviate from the optimal one. In young kayakers it may be linked with trainability decline. But special studies need to confirm this assumption.
Grid alignment effects and rotated methods for computing complex flows in astrophysics

We discuss some advantages and difficulties of Cartesian grid calculations on high Mach number flows. We show and explain strong grid alignment effects even in smooth flow regions and in steady state solutions. We present first order rotated schemes for the Euler equations which are able to overcome some of the difficulties, but still display strong dependence of shock positions and speeds on the underlying scheme.
Market Structure, Inflation, and Price Dispersion

In this paper, we investigate the impact of market structure on the relationship between inflation and price dispersion. We first propose a new empirical model of the relationship between inflation and dispersion with firmer theoretical foundations, and then extend the basic model to incorporate the potential effects of market structure. We estimate the basic and market structure specifications using a unique micro-level data set from Istanbul, which consists of monthly price observations from three different store types: convenience stores, open-air markets, and supermarkets. Our empirical findings support almost all of the basic and market structure predictions.
Transparent runtime evolution of components

Nowadays, we rely on computers to transfer money, control air traffic and even process emergency calls. Systems in charge of such important tasks are expected to be be flawless and failsafe. However, they are neither. Runtime evolution has emerged as a solution to correct software immediately. Existing frameworks address this issues only partially, provide limited functionality or modify the underlying software layers (e.g. the virtual machine). In contrast, we approach runtime evolution at language level (in Java) to guarantee platform independence. We use components as entities to evolve. Our goal is to provide maximum genericness and flexibility. To realize this, we use the Jadabs container. It allows to dynamically load any JAR file as a component. Need for runtime evolution may arise unanticipated for the evolving component itself and its clients. Thus, it should be transparent to the latter and not impose any requirements on the former. We create proxy objects based on the java class loading mechanism. They hide objects from being accessed outside the component they belong to. On method invocations, return values (and arguments, too) are wrapped and unwrapped on the fly if they (arguments: do not) belong to the same component as the callee. Mission critical system that cannot afford any downtime benefit most of runtime evolution. Safe-points are designed to support evolution of active components. They crosscut control flow at points that are suitable to migrate state. Implemented as dynamic aspects, safe-points may be defined and woven in at runtime. To remain available during migration, strategies to handle service requests may be defined and deployed (e.g. buffering or executing old version code). As implementation of a future component release is unknown to its clients, adaptation from the proxy to the upcoming component version must be done at runtime. We support for any kind of code evolution including interface modifications to let components evolve independently. Adapters specify how to map invocations to the new implementation. In addition, they customize when and how to perform an upgrade, and which state to migrate. To separate migration concerns from business logic, proxy as well as adapter components are introduced. While proxies are generated and remain stable, adapters are provided along with the new component version. Due to double indirection, method invocations are subject to a slow down in comparison to ordinary execution. This applies for invocations across component boundaries only. Thus, usage is most advantageous for complex operations as provided by mission critical components mentioned above. They may be transparently supplanted by their successors at runtime. Neither state nor availability is lost. No anticipation from the developer is needed do enable runtime evolution of its component. As type safety is maintained and our framework runs on any Java virtual machine, usage is not restricted to special infrastructure either.
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

An Introduction to Statistics and Research Design: The Basic Elements of Statistical Reasoning Descriptive Statistics: Organizing, Summarizing, and Graphing Individual Variables Visual Displays of Data: Graphs That Tell a Story Probabilities and Research: The Risks and Rewards of Scientific Sampling Correlation: Quantifying the Relation Between Two Variables Regression: Tools for Predicting Behavior Inferential Statistics: The Surprising Story of the Normal Curve Hypothesis Testing with z Tests: Making Meaningful Comparisons Hypothesis Testing with t Tests: Comparing Two Groups Hypothesis Testing with One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Three or More Groups Two-Way ANOVA: Understanding Interactions Beyond Hypothesis Testing: Confidence Intervals, Effect Size, and Power Chi Square: Expectations Versus Observations Beyond Chi Square: Nonparametric Tests with Ordinal Data Choosing a Statistical Test and Reporting the Results: The Process of Statistics Appendix A: Reference for Basic Mathematics Appendix B: Statistical Tables Appendix C: Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems Appendix D: Answers to Check-Your-Learning Problems Glossary References Index
No . 5134 Reason , Intuition , and Time

We study the influence of reason and intuition on decision making over time. Facing a sequence of similar problems, agents can either decide rationally according to expected utility theory or intuitively according to case-based decision theory. Rational decisions are more precise but create higher costs, though these costs may decrease over time. We find that intuition will outperform reason in the long run if individuals are sufficiently ambitious. Moreover, intuitive decisions are prevalent in early and late stages of a learning process, whereas reason governs decisions in intermediate stages. Examples range from playing behavior in games like Chess to professional decisions during a manager’s career. JEL-Code: D810, D830, C630.