Solid-state photoemission and related methods : theory and experiment

Preface. In Memoriam Lars Hedin (1930 2002). List of contributors. 1 Electronic structure theory for ground and excited state properties of materials (A.J. Freeman, R. Asahi, A. Continenza, and R. Wu). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Density functional theory and the FLAPW method. 1.3 Electronic structure theory for excited states. 1.4 Application to semiconductor materials. 1.5 Applications of the first-principles FLAPW approach to studies of magnetism. References. 2 Overview of core and valence photoemission (W. Schattke, M.A. Van Hove, F.J. Garcia de Abajo, R. Diez Muino, and N. Mannella). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Green function methods. 2.3 Three-stepmodel versusone-stepmodel. 2.4 Golden Rule. 2.5 Initial state. 2.6 Final state. 2.7 Matrix elements: core versus valence levels. 2.8 Optical effects. 2.9 Spin effects. 2.10 Computer codes for photoelectron diffraction and spectroscopy. References. 3 General theory of core electron photoemission (L. Hedin). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Theory. 3.3 Concluding remarks. References. 4 Valence band VUV spectra (I. Barto and W. Schattke). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Electrons at crystal surfaces. 4.3 Photoelectron spectroscopy. 4.4 Summary. References. 5 Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: From photoemission imaging to spatial resolution (K. Robetanagel, L. Kipp, and M. Skibowski). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Angle-resolved photoemission. 5.3 Experimental considerations. 5.4 Photoemission imaging: TiTe2 as a test case. 5.5 Three-dimensional Fermi surface mapping: NbSe2. 5.6 Spatial origin of photoelectrons: GaAs(110) surface states. 5.7 Angle-resolved photoelectron nanospectroscopy. 5.8 Conclusions. References. 6 Electronic states of magnetic materials (F.J. Himpsel and K.N. Altmann). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Band structure of magnetic materials. 6.3 Magnetic insulators. 6.4 Phase transitions. 6.5 Magnetic multilayers. 6.6 Magnetoelectronics. References. 7 The band structure theory of LEED and photoemission (E.E. Krasovskii). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Ultima ratio regnum: the APW method. 7.3 Electron diffraction in semi-infinite crystals. 7.4 Is band structure a legitimate concept at high energies? References. 8 Time-resolved two-photon photoemission (Th. Fauster). 8.1 Basics of two-photon photoemission. 8.2 Theoretical description of two-photon photoemission. 8.3 Bulk properties. 8.4 Surface properties. 8.5 Outlook. References. 9 Low-energy (e,2e) spectroscopy (R. Feder and H. Gollisch). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Setup and basic concepts. 9.3 Theory. 9.4 Prototypical spectra. 9.5 Electron scattering dynamics. 9.6 Valence electronic structure. 9.7 Spin-polarized (e,2e) spectroscopy. References. 10 One-photon two-electron transitions at surfaces (N. Fominykh, J. Berakdar, J. Henk, S. Samarin, A. Morozov, F.U. Hillebrecht, J. Kirschner, and P. Bruno). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 General considerations. 10.3 Photo-induced double-electron emission. 10.4 Numerical realization and experimental results. 10.5 Conclusions. References. 11 Overview of surface structures (M.A. Van Hove). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Techniques of surface structure determination. 11.3 Two-dimensional ordering. 11.4 Clean surfaces. 11.5 Adsorbate-covered surfaces. References. 12 Angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: From traditional to two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy (H. Daimon, F. Matsui, and K. Sakamoto). 12.1 Experiment semiconductors. 12.2 Two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy. References. 13 Holographic surface crystallography: Substrate as reference (R.J. Harder and D.K. Saldin). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Surface crystallography as a structure completion problem. 13.3 Maximum entropy algorithm for surface crystallography. 13.4 Discussion and conclusions. References. 14 XAFS and related methods: Theoretical techniques (J.J. Rehr, R.C. Albers, and A.L. Ankudinov). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Standard one-electron theory of X-ray spectra. 14.3 Applications to X-ray spectroscopies. 14.4 Many-body effects. 14.5 Conclusions. References. 15 X-ray optics, standing waves, and interatomic effects in photoemission and X-ray emission (Ch.S. Fadley, S.-H. Yang, B.S. Mun, and F.J. Garcia de Abajo). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Non-resonant X-ray optical effects in photoemission. 15.3 Resonant X-ray optical effects and multi-atom resonant photoemission. 15.4 X-ray optical effects in X-ray emission and resonant inelastic scattering. 15.5 Concluding remarks and future directions. References. 16 Thermal vibrations at surfaces analyzed with LEED (W. Moritz and J. Landskron). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Thermal vibration in the kinematic theory of diffraction. 16.3 Multiple scattering theory. 16.4 Discussion. 16.5 Applications. 16.6 Summary. References. Appendix. Color figures. Index.