Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
There are infinitely many Diodorean modal functions

It is well known that the modal calculus S4 has infinitely many non-equivalent formulae in a single proposition letter (in standard terminology, infinitely many modal functions), whilst S5 has only finitely many. However, the situation regarding the intermediate modal calculi S4.2, S4.3, and Prior's Diodorean tense-logic D does not seem to have been settled. In this note we show that each of these systems, together with a certain proper supersystem D* of D, has infinitely many modal functions. This is in contrast with the fact that in the intermediate propositional logics KC and LC, which correspond under the McKinsey-Tarski translations to S4.2 and S4.3, there are only finitely many non-equivalent formulae in a single proposition letter.2
Vasopressin: mechanism of central cardiovascular action in conscious rats.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and AVP binding sites have been localized in brain areas involved in cardiovascular control. To elucidate the mechanisms by which brain AVP may participate in central blood pressure regulation, we investigated the effects of central AVP receptor stimulation on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), efferent splanchnic nerve (SpNA), and renal nerve activity (RNA) in conscious chronically instrumented rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of AVP (1-100 ng) produced dose-dependent increases in MAP together with marked increases in HR, SpNA, and RNA. The pressor responses were inhibited by peripheral alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with i.v. phentolamine. In contrast, the pressor responses to either i.v. or intracarotid injections of AVP were accompanied by baroreceptor reflex (BRR)-mediated decreases in HR and SpNA. Central (i.c.v.) pretreatment with d(CH2)5AVP, a V1-AVP receptor antagonist, completely abolished the responses to i.c. v. but not to i.v. AVP. The same antagonist had no effect on the responses to i.c. v. angiotensin II. Our results demonstrate that: (a) central AVP overrides the BRR by sympathetic stimulation, whereas blood-borne AVP activates the BRR; (b) specific AVP receptors in the brain probably of the V1-subtype are involved in the central pressor responses to AVP; (c) the central pressor actions of AVP are transmitted to the periphery by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. We conclude that brain AVP may contribute to central cardiovascular control by modulating the sympathetic outflow to the periphery.
Invited Revie w Histology and Histopathology lmmunoelectron microscopy of human retroviruses

The ultrastructural detection and identification of human retroviruses HTLV (human T-cell lymphotropic virus) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have become an everyday task for pathologists and virologists as well as for cell and molecular biologists. The development of better and conventionally available immunocytochemical techniques, such as preor postembedding immunocytochemical methods, cryofixation-variants and low temperature embeddings, have made it possible to use them in this field. With the help of these methods the structural proteins of HTLV-1 and HIV have been identified in infected cells. The virus assembly at the cell membrane has also been described in detail. Using these methods the incorporation of human transplantation antigens into the envelope of these viruses can be followed. Future studies should establish the pathological significance of this process.
Surveillance of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world: an updated analysis, 2007-2010.

OBJECTIVE To present a global update of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and explore trends in 1994-2010. METHODS Data on drug resistance among new and previously treated TB patients, as reported by countries to the World Health Organization, were analysed. Such data are collected through surveys of a representative sample of TB patients or surveillance systems based on routine drug susceptibility testing. Associations between multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sex were explored through logistic regression. FINDINGS In 2007-2010, 80 countries and 8 territories reported surveillance data. MDR-TB among new and previously treated cases was highest in the Russian Federation (Murmansk oblast, 28.9%) and the Republic of Moldova (65.1%), respectively. In three former Soviet Union countries and South Africa, more than 10% of the cases of MDR-TB were extensively drug-resistant. Globally, in 1994 to 2010 multidrug resistance was observed in 3.4% (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.9-5.0) of all new TB cases and in 19.8% (95% CI: 14.4-25.1) of previously treated TB cases. No overall associations between MDR-TB and HIV infection (odds ratio, OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 0.7-3.0) or sex (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.8-1.4) were found. Between 1994 and 2010, MDR-TB rates in the general population increased in Botswana, Peru, the Republic of Korea and declined in Estonia, Latvia and the United States of America. CONCLUSION The highest global rates of MDR-TB ever reported were documented in 2009 and 2010. Trends in MDR-TB are still unclear in most settings. Better surveillance or survey data are required, especially from Africa and India.
Regulation of the 18 kDa heat shock protein in Mycobacterium ulcerans: an alpha‐crystallin orthologue that promotes biofilm formation

Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of the debilitating skin disease Buruli ulcer, which is most prevalent in Western and Central Africa. M. ulcerans shares > 98% DNA sequence identity with Mycobacterium marinum, however, M. marinum produces granulomatous, but not ulcerative, lesions in humans and animals. Here we report the differential expression of a small heat shock protein (Hsp18) between strains of M. ulcerans (Hsp18+) and M. marinum (Hsp18‐) and describe the molecular basis for this difference. We show by gene deletion and GFP reporter assays in M. marinum that a divergently transcribed gene called hspR_2, immediately upstream of hsp18, encodes a MerR‐like regulatory protein that represses hsp18 transcription while promoting its own expression. Naturally occurring mutations within a 70 bp segment of the 144 bp hspR_2‐hsp18 intergenic region among M. ulcerans strains inhibit hspR_2 transcription and explain the Hsp18+ phenotype. We also propose a biological role for Hsp18, as we show that this protein significantly enhances bacterial attachment or aggregation during biofilm formation. This study has uncovered a new member of the MerR family of transcriptional regulators and suggests that upregulation of hsp18 expression was an important pathoadaptive response in the evolution of M. ulcerans from a M. marinum‐like ancestor.
A Novel Planar Multilayered Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Cylindrical Reflector Antenna

We present a novel planar multilayered cylindrical reflector antenna for ultra wide band (UWB) applications. An UWB radiating element with an impedance bandwidth from 3-21 GHz is designed using a genetic algorithm (GA) in connection with method of moments (MoM). To achieve compact size and unidirectional radiation characteristics the antenna is embedded into a dielectric substrate-superstrates multilayered structure. To demonstrate the advantages of the substrate-superstrates configuration the UWB antenna element is placed near a cylindrical reflector. Numerical results show good performance in the whole frequency range from 3 GHz to 21 GHz. To validate the numerical results we compare the computations with an other commercial CAD.
The interleukin-6 gene –174G>C and –572G>C promoter polymorphisms are related to cerebral aneurysms

Background and aims: An important part is played by inflammation in intracranial aneurysm formation. The hypothesis that there is an association of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) genotypes (−572G>C and −174G>C) with intracranial aneurysms was tested. Methods: IL-6 genotypes were determined in 91 Caucasian patients with aneurysms and compared with 2720 healthy UK controls. Results: For both polymorphisms, the distribution of the genotypes and estimated allele frequency were different between the control group and the aneurysm group. For −572G>C, a higher frequency of the C allele (p = 0.001) and more people homozygous for the C allele were found among those with aneurysms than among the controls (4.4% v 0.3%, p = 0.001). For −174G>C, more people homozygous for the C allele were found among the controls than among those with aneurysm (18% v 7%, p = 0.007). The 572C/174G haplotype was associated with an increased risk of aneurysms, with the relative risk compared with the common haplotype being 1.89 and that for the −572G/174C haplotype being 0.58 (p<0.0005). Conclusion: This is the first study to show that IL-6 promoter polymorphisms are associated with intracranial aneurysmal disease. Whether this association is with the development, progression or rupture of such aneurysms, or represents survivor bias, is unclear.
TP53, PIK3CA, FBXW7 and KRAS Mutations in Esophageal Cancer Identified by Targeted Sequencing.

BACKGROUND/AIM Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignancy with significant morbidity and mortality. As individual cancers exhibit unique mutation patterns, identifying and characterizing gene mutations in EC that may serve as biomarkers might help predict patient outcome and guide treatment. Traditionally, personalized cancer DNA sequencing was impractical and expensive. Recent technological advancements have made targeted DNA sequencing more cost- and time-effective with reliable results. This technology may be useful for clinicians to direct patient treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Ion PGM and AmpliSeq Cancer Panel was used to identify mutations at 737 hotspot loci of 45 cancer-related genes in 64 EC samples from Chinese patients. RESULTS Frequent mutations were found in TP53 and less frequent mutations in PIK3CA, FBXW7 and KRAS. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that targeted sequencing can reliably identify mutations in individual tumors that make this technology a possibility for clinical use.
A new chart for monitoring service process with unknown distribution

Control charts are effective tools in monitoring both the manufacturing processes and the service processes. Many service processes data came from a process with non-normal distribution or unknown distribution the commonly used Shewhart variables control charts which depend heavily on the normality assumption should not be applied here. Hence an alternative is desired to handle these type of process data. In this paper, we propose a new Mean Chart based on a simple statistic to monitor the process mean shifts. The sampling properties of the new monitoring statistic are explored and the average run lengths of the proposed new chart are calculated. A numerical example of service times from a bank service system with skewed distribution is used to illustrate the proposed Mean Chart. A comparison with two existing charts is also performed. The Mean Chart showed better detection ability than those two charts in detecting the shifts of the process mean.
Robust Optimization-Based Resilient Distribution Network Planning Against Natural Disasters

Natural disasters such as Hurricane Sandy can seriously disrupt the power grids. To increase the resilience of an electric distribution system against natural disasters, this paper proposes a resilient distribution network planning problem (RDNP) to coordinate the hardening and distributed generation resource allocation with the objective of minimizing the system damage. The problem is formulated as a two-stage robust optimization model. Hardening and distributed generation resource placement are considered in the distribution network planning. A multi-stage and multi-zone based uncertainty set is designed to capture the spatial and temporal dynamics of an uncertain natural disaster as an extension to the traditional N-K contingency approach. The optimal solution of the RDNP yields a resilient distribution system against natural disasters. Our computational studies on the IEEE distribution test systems validate the effectiveness of the proposed model and reveal that distributed generation is critical in increasing the resilience of a distribution system against natural disasters in the form of microgrids.
Ventilation and Oxygen Uptake by Nautilus

The shell of Nautilus prevents the mantle from playing any part in creating the ventilatory stream. This is generated instead by movements of the collar and funnel folds which fuse to form flaps (the ‘wings’), overlapping below and joined to the head above. The gills lie horizontally, dividing the space enclosed by the wings into three cavities, two lateral and prebranchial, on either side of the head, and a common ventral postbranchial space. Water is drawn in above, behind the eyes, and expelled forward through the siphon of the funnel, which is used both for ventilation and jet propulsion. The pressures driving the ventilatory stream are small (of the order of 0.1 kPa), but the complex movement of the wings, described below, is such that there is (very nearly) always a pressure differential and a water flow across the gills, despite a pulsed intake and outward jet. Oxygen extraction is low by the standards of other cephalopods, only 5–10%, falling during jet propulsion and rising (exceptionally to 40%) at rest after exercise. Ventilation frequency, 35 min −1 at 16°C, rises with temperature. Ventilation stroke volumes ranged from 5 to 22 ml for an animal of 395 g. At 17 °C Nautilus can regulate its oxygen uptake down to a Po 2 of about 75 mmHg. Uptake at rest ranged from 0.22 to 0.46 ml kg −1 min −1 (exceptionally 0.75 ml kg −1 min −1 after feeding) for animals of 351–395 g. In terms of flesh weight, this yields an average of 0.50mlkg −1 min −1 , half to one-third of the uptake one would expect from coleoids of similar weights and at similar temperatures.
Evaluation of 5 serologic assays to detect Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals.

OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of 5 serologic assays used to diagnose Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals and to determine whether any of the assays could be used to identify affected foals prior to the onset of clinical signs or to differentiate between affected and unaffected foals when clinical signs first become apparent. DESIGN Nested case-control study. ANIMALS 26 foals. PROCEDURE Serum samples were obtained from all foals at 2, 4, and 6 or 7 weeks of age. Additional samples were obtained from affected foals at the time of diagnosis of R equi pneumonia and from age-matched unaffected foals. Samples were tested with 3 ELISA, an agar gel immunodiffusion assay, and a synergistic hemolysis inhibition assay. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity data indicated that none of the assays could be used to reliably differentiate affected from unaffected foals at any testing period. Proportions of foals that had an increase in test values between paired samples collected at 4 and 6 or 7 weeks of age were not significantly different between affected and unaffected foals. For all assays, result values increased significantly over time; however, the rate of increase was not significantly different between affected and unaffected foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that serologic assays, whether performed on single or paired samples, cannot be used to reliably establish, confirm, or exclude a diagnosis of R equi pneumonia in foals.
Factors influencing ERP implementation in Indian manufacturing organisations: A study of micro, small and medium-scale enterprises

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a study which is based on the results of a comprehensive compilation of literature and subsequent analysis of ERP implementation success factors in the context of Indian micro, small and medium‐scale enterprises (MSMEs). The paper attempts to assess empirically which factors are most critical in the ERP implementation process from the perspective of the Indian MSMEs. This research is potentially aimed at being useful to MSMEs as a guideline, so as to ensure a positive outcome of the implementation process.Design/methodology/approach – The paper tries to explore the factors affecting implementation across the stages of ERP implementations using the responses from 98 MSMEs engaged in manufacturing activities. The minimum number of factors explaining the maximum variance in data is determined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The factor analysis is performed on SPSS with the principal component method using the Varimax rotation techniq.
Specific association of STOP protein with microtubules in vitro and with stable microtubules in mitotic spindles of cultured cells.

STOP (Stable Tubule Only Polypeptide) is a neuronal microtubule associated protein of 145 kd that stabilizes microtubules indefinitely to in vitro disassembly induced by cold temperature, millimolar calcium or by drugs. We have produced monoclonal antibodies against STOP. Using an antibody affinity column, we have produced a homogeneously pure 145 kd protein which has STOP activity as defined by its ability to induce cold stability and resistance to dilution induced disassembly in microtubules in vitro. Western blot analysis, using a specific monoclonal antibody, demonstrates that STOP recycles quantitatively with microtubules through three assembly cycles in vitro. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrates that STOP is specifically associated with microtubules of mitotic spindles in neuronal cells. Further, and most interestingly, STOP at physiological temperature appears to be preferentially distributed on the distinct microtubule subpopulations that display cold stability; kinetochore‐to‐pole microtubules and telophase midbody microtubules. The observed distribution suggests that STOP induces the observed cold stability of these microtubule subpopulations in vivo.
Research in cancer pain. What we know and what we need to know

MAJOR QUESTION THAT provides structure for canA cer pain research is: Why don’t we do a better job of controlling cancer pain? The additional questions raised in our attempt to address this primary issue defined a large part of research in the 1980s and outline priorities for research in the 1990s. In some instances measurement and methods are currently up to the task of answering important questions, while in other instances the questions are relatively new and measurement strategies are evolving. There is growing support for the position that, for most patients most of the time, cancer pain can be adequately controlled with standard analgesics given by mouth. ’-3 Where this is not possible, a variety of supplemental pain management techniques can provide control,’ and it is estimated that approximately 95% of patients could be free of significant pain. Unfortunately, much smaller percentages of patients actually achieve adequate pain control. Studies in the United States and the United Kingdom indicate that less than half of cancer patients reach this g ~ a l . ~ , ~ There are several causes for the discrepancy between what could be and what is that constitute barriers to cancer pain management.6 The problem is best thought of as being multifactorial in nature and one that requires description and intervention on several levels to yield a solution.
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Modulation of single hyperpolarization‐activated channels (i(f)) by cAMP in the rabbit sino‐atrial node.

1. The hyperpolarization‐activated ‘pacemaker’ current (i(f)) was recorded in inside‐out patches excised from rabbit sino‐atrial (SA) node cell membranes. 2. Single‐channel activity could be resolved in patches containing only a few channels; the voltage dependence of single‐channel size and single‐channel conductance (0.97 pS) were similar to those measured previously in cell‐attached conditions. 3. Perfusion of the intracellular side of the patch membrane with 10 microM cAMP facilitated the opening of single i(f) channels on hyperpolarization. The cAMP‐induced i(f) current activation occurred without modification of the single‐channel conductance. 4. Modification by cAMP of the probability of channel opening was investigated with respect to the latency to first opening during hyperpolarization and in patches containing a large number of channels (macro‐patches). First‐latency histograms showed that cAMP shifts the probability curve of first openings to shorter times, in agreement with a cAMP‐induced facilitation of channel opening. In macro‐patches, measurement of the voltage dependence of the open probability by a slow voltage ramp protocol showed that cAMP shifts the probability curve to more positive voltages without modifying its shape. 5. In cell‐free macro‐patches the normalized open probability curve in control solutions was centred around ‐121.9 mV, a voltage some 30 mV more negative than in cell‐attached macro‐patches. Negative shifting of the curve after patch excision could only partly be explained by the removal of intracellular cAMP, and progressed with time during the ramp protocol, suggesting the presence of a run‐down process independent from cAMP.
Antidepressant like Property of Hyoscyamus niger Linn . in Mouse Model of Depression

Aim: Hyoscyamus niger (Solanaceae) has been used for treatment of mental disorders, epileptic mania, chronic dementia with insomnia. However, it is not yet studied in condition like depression. The present study was planned with an objective to evaluate its antidepressant like property in animal models of depression and to find out the possible mechanism underlying this action in mouse model of depression. Materials and methods: Antidepressant activity was studied in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Locomotor and anxiolytic activity was also studied. Hyoscyamus niger ethanolic extract was administered to mice by oral route at dose of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for 14 days. Further an interaction of Hyoscyamus niger ethanolic extract with conventional antidepressant drugs were also studied at sub-effective doses. Results: The ethanolic extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility duration of mice in FST and TST. The same doses did not change the motor activity in mice. However, high dose of extract has shown anxiolytic activity. Interaction study with conventional antidepressant drugs reduced the duration of immobility count suggests, possible involvement of biogenic amine in antidepressant action. Conclusion: These data suggests that Hyoscyamus niger possesses antidepressant like action in mouse model of depression.
Life prediction of jet engines based on LSTM-recurrent neural networks

The issue of remaining useful life (RUL) prediction has already become a quite interesting topic in industrial product. The data driven RUL prediction has been applied to the current research by taking advantage of a long-short term memory (LSTM)-recurrent neural network (RNN) approach. This means that even in a specified long-short term memory bound and limited available data sets, the RUL predictions can also improve the equipment capacity. By collecting the sensor parameters from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) jet engines, the capability of this approach has been demonstrated. An appropriate selection, that is suitable for the variable measurement, has been used to feed LSTM-RNNs with the most useful RUL labels. The analysis results illustrate that, compared with traditional statistical model, the development prediction approach is likely to provide an accurate prediction for RUL equipment that can be meaningful to maintenance schemes.