Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Cross-Resistance in Triazine-Resistant Biotypes of Four Species

The cross-resistance of triazine-resistant biotypes of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L. # SENVU), and the crop canola (Brassica napus L. var. Atratower) to a selection of herbicides was evaluated at both the whole plant and chloroplast level. The triazine-resistant biotypes of all four species showed a similar pattern of cross-resistance, suggesting that a similar mutation had occurred in each species. The four triazine-resistant biotypes were resistant to injury from atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], bromacil [5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4-(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione], and pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and were slightly resistant to buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}. The triazine-resistant biotypes were more sensitive to dinoseb [2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol]. Triazine-resistant smooth pigweed showed resistance to cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] with slight resistance to linuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea] and desmedipham {ethyl [3-[[(phenylamino)carbony] oxy] phenyl] carbamate}. There was little or no resistance to diuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea], bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid). Parallel studies at the chloroplast level indicated that the degree of resistance to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport was highly correlated with the degree of resistance to herbicidal injury. This correlation indicates that atrazine, cyanazine, metribuzin, pyrazon, bromacil, linuron, desmedipham, and buthidazole cause plant injury by inhibition of photosynthesis. This correlation also indicates that triazine resistance and cross-resistance at the whole plant level is due to decreased sensitivity at the level of photosynthetic electron transport. Cross-resistance to numerous additional herbicides was evaluated on isolated chloroplast thylakoid membranes and these results are discussed. 14C-atrazine was displaced from thylakoid membranes by several herbicides, indicating that these herbicides compete for a common binding site.
Chemically-mediated predator-recognition learning in a marine gastropod

AbstractWe performed laboratory experiments to examine whether short-term exposure to predation threat increases the intensity of the escape response of juvenile whelks, Buccinum undatum L. , when confronted with the predatory asteroid Leptasterias polaris (Muller & Troschel). In the first experiment, we exposed whelks for 4 days to brief encounters with several stimuli associated with predation threat, including contact with and odors of L. polaris and potential alarm signals from conspecifics. The responsiveness of predator-conditioned whelks increased significantly during the first three days of conditioning. On the fourth day, predator-conditioned whelks displayed stronger responses to contact with L. polaris than whelks held under control conditions. The second experiment involved exposing three groups of whelks for 30 minutes every hour, over a 6-hour period, to (i) the odors of L. polaris (predator group), (ii) the odors of L. polaris feeding on whelks and of alarmed conspecifics (predator-whelk gro.
Retrieval of the spatial distribution of liquid water path from combined ground-based and satellite observations for atmospheric model evaluation

In the framework of CLIWA-Net, observations and model values of cloud properties are compared. The observations are obtained from a network of ground-based radiometers and polar orbiting meteorological satellites. The project includes a number of novel aspects among which the retrieval of the horizontal distribution of cloud liquid water from a combination of AVHRR and ground-based measurements. This new approach results in a spatial distribution of LWP of optimum accuracy. A case study is presented, that demonstrates the added value of this approach for atmospheric model evaluation.
Evaluation of Different Measures of Milk Yield Persistency in Iranian Holstein Dairy Cows

Test-day lactation records of primiparous Holstein cows over an eleven-year period were evaluated for persistency and estimates of its heritability and correlation with other lactation traits computed. In this study, 435390 test day records of the first lactation Holstein cows that calved between 2001 and 2011 from 659 herds were analyzed using various procedures of SAS. Per1% (dividing total milk yield between 101-200 days by the yield of the first 100 days of lactation) measure was preferred in the selection of animals for milk yield persistency because of higher heritability (0.084 ± 0.009) and the lower phenotypic correlation with 305 days milk yield (0.424) compare to other persistency measures. The result showed that cows which calved during summer and autumn had slightly higher persistency in comparison to cows that calved in spring or winter. The persistency can be affected by the age at first calving, as cows that calved at a younger age had lower persistency.
Biohybrid Actuators for Soft Robotics: Challenges in Scaling Up

Living systems have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and safely interact with other objects and organisms. Thus, living systems have been the source of inspiration for many researchers looking to apply their mechanics and unique characteristics in engineering robotics. Moving beyond bioinspiration, biohybrid actuators, with compliance and self-healing capabilities enabled by living cells or tissue interfaced with artificial structures, have drawn great interest as ways to address challenges in soft robotics, and in particular have seen success in small-scale robotic actuation. However, macro-scale biohybrid actuators beyond the centimeter scale currently face many practical obstacles. In this perspective, we discuss the challenges in scaling up biohybrid actuators and the path to realize large-scale biohybrid soft robotics.
Cyber Threat Intelligence Modeling Based on Heterogeneous Graph Convolutional Network

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI), as a collection of threat information, has been widely used in industry to defend against prevalent cyber attacks. CTI is commonly represented as Indicator of Compromise (IOC) for formalizing threat actors. However, current CTI studies pose three major limitations: ﬁrst, the accuracy of IOC extraction is low; second, isolated IOC hardly depicts the comprehensive landscape of threat events; third, the interdependent relationships among heterogeneous IOCs, which can be leveraged to mine deep security insights, are unexplored. In this paper, we propose a novel CTI framework, HINTI, to model the interdependent relationships among heterogeneous IOCs to quantify their relevance. Speciﬁcally, we ﬁrst propose multi-granular attention based IOC recognition method to boost the accuracy of IOC extraction. We then model the interdependent relationships among IOCs using a newly constructed heterogeneous information network (HIN). To explore intricate security knowledge, we propose a threat intelligence computing framework based on graph convolutional networks for effective knowledge discovery. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed IOC extraction approach outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, and HINTI can model and quantify the underlying relationships among heterogeneous IOCs, shedding new light on the evolving threat landscape.
Earthworm Casting in Plant Propagation

Rooting experiments on layers of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. , Dieffenbachia amoena Bull., Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth, Dracaena deremensis Engl. , and on shoots of Ficus elastica, Begonia masoniana Irmsch, Aglaonema costatum N.E. Br. , Saintpaulia ionatha H. Wendl. were performed to ascertain the possibility of employing earthworm casting in plant propagation. Rooting of layers was favored when casting alone was supplied whereas, rooting of shoots generally was enhanced when casting mixtures were used.
DEKOLORISASI LIMBAH BATIK TULIS MENGGUNAKAN JAMUR INDIGENOUS HASIL ISOLASI PADA KONSENTRASI LIMBAH YANG BERBEDA

Azo as batik dyes are textile dyes which difficult to degradate. Fungus as bioremidiation organism are choosed to decolorize the dyes because its transformation ability, it can degradate toxic dyes component. The aim of research are to explore the fungus from Sokaraja-Banyumas batik industrial dyestuff, to know potential indigenous species wich can degradate it, to know dyestuff consentration which is degradated. Result of research showed that the isolation process of indigenous fungi from batik dyestuff in District Sokaraja Banyumas produce 4 isolates that have the potential dekolorization, they are 3 isolates of the genus Fusarium , and 1 isolate of the genus Aspergillus . That indigenous fungus can be used to decolorize dyestuff batik the decolorize percentage 69.346% -82.421%.
Ascorbic Acid Stabilization of Re-188- and I-131-Radiolabeled Peptides for Radiotherapy

Re-188 labeled RC-160 [cyclic NH2-(D)-Phe-Cys-iyr-(D)-TrpLys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2] cyclic NH is a radiolabeled somatostatin analog which is being explored for its potential as a local/regionally administered radiotherapeutic agent targeting somatostatin-receptor-positive tumors. The stability of Re-RC-160 towards radiolytic effects is a prerequisite for the success of such an approach. High radiation flux was found to result in radiolysis of the peptide, but addition of ascorbic acid to preparations of RC-160 and also somatostatin-14 was found to stabilize these peptides minimizing these radiolytic effects. Subsequent to ascorbic acid stabilization, Re-RC-160 was determined in vitro and in vivo to bind to somatostatin-receptor-positive cells (NCIH69 human small cell lung carcinoma) but not to receptor-negative cells (Raji, Burkitt's lymphoma). The comparative binding of Re-188 labeled RC-160 or CTOP [cyclic NH2-(D)-PheCysTyr-(D)-Trp-Om-Thr-Pen-Thr-ol], a μ-opiod-receptor antagonist used as a negative control compound, was also determined in vitro and in vivo using NCI-H69 cells as targets. Re-RC160 demonstrated a higher amount of net binding in vitro and in vivo compared to ReCTOP.
Speckled trout population parameters, habitat conditions and management strategies in lakes in Nova Scotia, Canada

A principal components analysis was conducted on the results of published reports and data sets from technical papers that include speckled trout Salvelinus fontinalis population estimates from 14 Nova Scotia lakes. The purpose of this paper was to identify the factors that influenced trout density and biomass. Population parameters, including mean fork length (cm), population density (n/ha), and population biomass (kg/ha), relative to variation in lake size, acidity, and competitor species were assessed and compared among lakes. Populations with small mean length and slow growth displayed larger fish density and biomass suggesting density-dependence. Acidic conditions potentially impact spawning potential and reduced recruitment that resulted in small population density and larger trout. The number of other fish species present in the lakes was used as an index of competition and had the greatest impact on trout density and biomass in Nova Scotia lakes. Yellow perch seemed to have the most impact of all the competitor species. In five lakes that contained yellow perch the mean trout population biomass was 0.19 kg-ha -1 (0.2,SD) compared to 4.5 kg-ha -1 (0.26, SD) in eight lakes that did not contain perch species. Lentic habitat conditions can greatly influence the potential success of different fisheries management strategies.
Changes in rumen microbial ecology during dietary transition in cattle and sheep: a molecular and metabolic approach

Ruminal acidosis is often characterised by decreased ruminal pH below pH 6.0, increased concentrations of ruminal D and L- lactate and volatile fatty acid concentrations in grain fed ruminants, creating an environment for growth of lactic acid producing bacteria such as S. bovis and Lactobacillus spp. and reduction in cellulolytic bacterial populations e.g. F. succinogenes. This thesis undertook genotypic studies of rumen microbial ecology based on five key bacterial species, Prevotella ruminantium, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Selenomonas ruminantium, Streptococcus bovis, and Lactobacillus spp. using quantitative real time PCR (qRT- PCR) of 16S rRNA genes. This methodology enabled true genetic monitoring of ecological changes rather than traditional phenotypic microbial culture studies. These genetic studies of rumen microbial ecology were aligned with changes in rumen metabolism. Application of qRT-PCR methodology was validated for complete and consistent extraction of DNA from mixed rumen samples to ensure reliable enumeration of rumen bacteria, and finally development of primers for use in the qRT-PCR assays. The qRT-PCR methods were then used to monitor changes in rumen microbial ecology in cattle managed under commercial conditions in feedlots rather than experimental conditions. The key species were stabilised in the rumen microbial ecology within 7 days of introduction of cattle to feedlots irrespective of feeding hay and grain separately or via total mixed rations. Moreover, metabolic indicators of high production potential coincided with the stable populations of the key rumen bacterial species F. succinogenes, P. ruminicola and S. ruminantium and no evidence of elevated S. bovis populations. Developmental changes in rumen bacterial ecology of steers born during either autumn or winter/spring showed similar trends in bacterial populations when adapting to feedlot rations irrespective of time of calving. However, the rumen protozoal populations were reflective of the time of calving with cattle born in winter/spring maintaining higher protozoal populations throughout the feedlot period. In commercial dairy herds, rumen metabolic end products were consistently correlated with changes in key bacterial populations. Rumen acidosis was observed in sheep fed lupins at 3 times maintenance. Decreased populations of F. succinogenes and increased populations of S. bovis with no decrease in rumen pH were observed in sheep fed high-fat soyabean diets. Molecular techniques such as qRT-PCR used here as well as newer molecular genetic approaches such as next generation sequencing will allow for more comprehensive interpretation of ecological changes in the rumen leading to improved management and productivity of cattle and sheep especially during dietary transitions.
T-cell immunomodulatory protein in the sea star Asterias rubens: Genomic studies

The transcriptome of the sea star Asterias rubens shows a T-cell immunomodulatory gene when compared to mouse genome. This gene plays a role in the regulation of graft-versus host reaction in mammals and in sea star system. Correspondence to: Michel Leclerc, 556 rue Isabelle Romée, 45640 Sandillon, France, Tel: 02 38 41 02 09; E-mail: mleclerc45@gmail.com
Review of methods for fitting time-series models with process and observation error and likelihood calculations for nonlinear, non-Gaussian state-space models

A key challenge for analyzing fisheries time-series data has been to incorporate sources of uncertainty such as process error, observation error, and model-structure uncertainty. Recent years have seen promising advances in methods for handling the first two together in a state-space framework, but likelihood calculations for state-space models require high-dimensional integrals, which make their use computationally challenging. The first section of this paper reviews model-fitting methods that use a state-space model structure, including errors-in-variables methods, Bayesian methods that do and do not use the state-space likelihood, and the possibility of classical likelihood analysis with nonlinear, non-Gaussian state-space models. It also discusses the relationship between true likelihood calculations and errors-in-variables likelihoods, as well as the role of Monte Carlo methods in implementing Bayesian and/or state-space model analyses. The second section introduces a numerical method for calculating state-space likelihoods without Monte Carlo methods and gives examples in a classical maximum-likelihood framework. The method is applicable when the dimension of the state space at each time step is low. Although recent advances in model-fitting and analysis methods are promising, inferences from noisy data and complex processes will continue to be variable and uncertain.
Drought, disease or devil declines? Identifying the cause of decline of the eastern quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus : implications for conservation and management

Diagnosing the cause of a species’ decline is one of the most challenging tasks faced by conservation practitioners. A decline in abundance may simply be part of a natural population fluctuation from which the species will recover without management intervention, or it may indicate a more concerning trajectory towards extinction. Different threats and mechanisms can operate at different temporal and spatial scales, in succession or simultaneously. Often, several threats act together to produce synergistic effects that are greater than the sum of the contributions of each threatening process in isolation. Effective conservation strategies require an understanding of the factors that threaten a species and how those factors interact. The eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized carnivorous marsupial that is extinct on the Australian mainland and survives only in Tasmania. The species has declined by more than 50% in the 10 years to 2009, with no sign of recovery. The reasons for this precipitous decline are not currently understood. Population eruptions and declines have been anecdotally reported in eastern quolls since the 1800s, suggesting that the species may be sensitive to short-term variations in weather. Additionally, a recent study suggested that the decline of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) due to the spread of the Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD) may have released feral cats (Felis catus) from competitive suppression. A subsequent increase in cat sightings might be linked to eastern quoll declines, possibly through mechanisms such as increased predation, competition or exposure to toxoplasmosis, the disease caused by the cat-borne coccidian parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
In-vitro antibacterial activity of Elytraria acaulis roots against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains

Elytraria acaulis also known as Patharchatta in Hindi belongs to the family of Acanthaceae. Elytria acualis has been long utilized as medicine by some ethnic people of India to cure many diseases including skin diseases, ring worm, and leucorrhoea. In the present study, the aqueous, alcoholic and ether extracts of Elytraria acaulis roots were screened for their antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacterial strains and compared with the standard drug, Enrofloxacin (1.3mg/ml) using Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) with the help of agar well diffusion method and microtitre broth dilution assay (MIC). The data was analysed using SPSS programming, one-way ANOVA and post hoc multiple comparisons equal variance assumed by Tukey. Methanolic and ether extracts showed significant antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract but not up to the mark as compared to standard drug. It can be concluded that various extracts of Elytraria acaulis roots (EAR) might have potential chemical constituents that could be used in the future for the development of novel antibacterial agent.
Determining L2 Proficiency in the Production and Perception of Consonant Clusters

In recent years, EFL teachers and linguists have evaluated the results of test materials to assess learners’ proficiency in languages. However, these approaches have several limitations, such as inappropriate test locations, lack of cost effectiveness, and insufficient test time. To address this issue, in the present study, the author proposes a novel and alternat i ve method of determining L2 proficiency. Specifically, among 6 types of consonant clusters produced by Korean adult L2 learners, specific consonant clusters (e.g., voiceless stop+liquid) related to L2 proficiency were found, through which a series of equations were derived using discriminant analysis; furthermore, the participants’ scores in the onset clusters were applied to these discriminant equations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method; the hit ratio of these equations for categori s ing L2 level was also examined. In addition, the results of the perception test revealed that the voiced/voiceless stop+glide clusters are related to learners’ L2 proficiency. Depending on these induced equations, EFL teachers or researchers can assign a learner to an appropriate proficiency group. In future research, based on different data of EFL learners , the proposed approach can be meaningfully used to derive other useful discriminant equations. Keywords: consonant clusters; discriminant analysis; L2 proficiency; production; onset
THE EFFECT OF AN EXTENSIONAL STRESS ON THE FLUCTUATIONS OF UNSTABLE FLOWS

In this work, the effect of reducing unstable fluctuations in non-linear flows by the addition of anisotropic particles in a Newtonian incompressible fluid is examined. The particles produce an extensional stress in the flow that inhibits the efficiency of momentum transport by velocity fluctuations. This mechanism have produced a substantial drag reduction in pipe turbulent flows and attenuated gas bubble oscillations in a complex fluid. A theoretical model is developed based on a non-linear model that takes into account the extra rate of strain generated in the flow by the local orientation of the additives. An increase of the buffer layer thickness is observed by the measurements using laser doppler velocimeter (LDV). A numerical study is also developed for a bubble under a time dependent pressure field. Collapse and bifurcation diagrams show that the addition of a low concentration of particles in a viscous fluid undergoing an acoustic pressure may change significantly the non-linear motion of a bubble.
Scrapie susceptibility in meat sheep of Paraná State - Brazil

The aim of this study is to investigate the scrapie susceptibility of the main breeds of meat sheep raised in the state ofParana, Brazil. Three hundred and twenty-five animals of meat breeds (including Suffolk, Hampshire Down, Texel, Ile deFrance, Dorper, Dorset, Santa Ines, and crossbreds) were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)and DNA sequencing for the prion protein gene. Using a classification for resistance and susceptibility from the BritishNational Scrapie Plan, the genotypes observed for each breed were analysed. Animals from the Santa Ines breed and crossbredanimals showed the highest genotypic variability. All breeds evaluated showed the presence of genotypes consideredsusceptible to scrapie. More than 56% of the animals tested fit into types 3, 4 or 5, the most susceptible groups. There islittle data on PRPN genotyping in Brazil. So it is necessary to expand the available data on these breeds to implement ascrapie control program.