Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A future location-aware replacement policy for the cache management at the mobile terminal

While the traditional data shipping systems use physical information to organize data, a newer data caching technique maintains both associated answers (data items) of previous queries and their meaning (purpose). This form of information description is called semantic description, and it makes it possible to reason about and derive knowledge from the given description. In a distributed heterogeneous environment, such as the mobile environment, the semantic data caching paradigm is an important technique for improving the performance of wireless data dissemination systems. Data caching performance depends heavily on the replacement policy being used for the cache management. However, future location uncertainty, limited client resources and frequent client disconnections make cache management a challenge. This paper proposes a future location-aware cache replacement policy to manage a semantic cache. The proposed replacement policy uses the validity of the data fetched from the server and the neighboring locations to decide which of the cache entries is less likely to be needed in the future, and therefore a good victim for eviction when cache space is needed. The replacement policy's preference for cached items to be evicted is modeled as a general function that declines with distance between the mobile user's current location and the candidate for replacement cached item's bound location. For better efficiency, the overall replacement granularity is dynamically achieved along three levels: ring, cell and data item. Simulation study of the proposed approach shows that it outperforms both the least recently used (LRU) and furthest away replacement (FAR) schemes, where only temporal locality is considered. Moreover, the proposed scheme is easier to implement than other research and development proposals. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total Ionizing Dose Effects on Strained Ge pMOS FinFETs on Bulk Si

We have characterized the total ionizing dose response of strained Ge <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MOS FinFETs built on bulk Si using a fin replacement process. Devices irradiated to 1.0 Mrad(SiO<sub>2</sub>) show minimal transconductance degradation (less than 5%), very small <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {V}_{th}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> shifts (less than 40 mV in magnitude) and very little ON/OFF current ratio degradation (<5%), and only modest variation in radiation response with transistor geometry (typically less than normal part-to-part variation). Both before and after irradiation, the performance of these strained Ge <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MOS FinFETs is far superior to that of past generations of planar Ge <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>MOS devices. These improved properties result from significant improvements in processing technology, as well as the enhanced gate control provided by the strained Ge FinFET technology.
Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of the cDNA for the common alpha-subunit of the ovine pituitary glycoprotein hormones.

The a-subunit is common to the family of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones FSH, LH, TSH and the placerual chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Clones coding for the pre a-subunit of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones were isolated from a lamb pituitary XgtlO cDNA library [1] using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe based on the published amino acid sequence of the ovine a-subunit [2] and nucleotide sequences for the bovine a-subunit [3,4]. The complete nucleotide sequence as determined by dideoxy sequence analysis [5] and exonuclease HI digestion [6] and the predicted amino acid sequence of one clone, designated o32, is given in Figure 1.
HOW DO FAMILY TIES , BOARDS AND REGULATION AFFECT PAY AT THE TOP ? EVIDENCE FOR INDIAN CEOS

This paper investigates the effects of corporate governance factors and family ties on the pay of managing directors in a sample of Indian stock listed companies. It uses a unique seven-year firm level panel dataset and controls for firm performance and both CEO and firm specific fixed effects. The hypothesis is that corporate governance, ownership structures and market pressure shape the power relations between the board and managers, and affect the level and structure of CEO pay. The evidence for India supports these hypotheses. Managing directors, who are related to the founding family, or controlling group, or any of the members on the board of directors, are paid more. This holds for total pay and both for the less variable component and the performance-related component of pay. In contrast, the presence of outside representatives on the board non-executive directors or nominees of creditors or institutional investors is found to have a disciplinary effect. The presence of nominees lowers the level of pay and that of non-executives ties pay more to firm performance. A further timely finding is that the staged introduction of a recent mandatory corporate governance code, aiming to improve governance and pay disclosure in listed companies, has raised the tendency of firms to tie pay explicitly to firm performance. Overall, the practice of tying pay explicitly to performance has become more common over time. JEL codes: G30, J33, K22, M52
Measuring Bone Density Connectivity Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Images

Estimating bone density using mathematical models has direct applications in medical image processing. This paper presents a new measure for bone mineral density analysis based on the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) images. We are proposing an innovative procedure to calculate a scalar value that indicates the connectivity of bone mineral components from DEXA images. This method provides a totally novel measure for bone density study using DEXA scan images that can not only calculate T and Z values and can also determine the quality of the bone in terms of the average intensity of bone density. The new measure proposed is called the λ-measure and it provides new possibilities in terms of finding how well the bone components are connected. We can have λT and λZ corresponding to T and Z scores which augments the traditional values. Combining this method to a λ-connected maximum entropy concept, we obtain good segmentation results. The experiments results and data obtained shows that the new λ-measure should be in the range of [0.962, 0.977].
Self-Concept and Academic Achievement of Students at the Higher Secondary Level

Self-concept is the cognitive aspect of self and generally refers to the totality of a complex, organized and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence. Self-concept and achievement are dynamically interactive and reciprocal. It is found that certain psychological factors like self-concept plays a major role in determining the academic achievement of students. Hence the need for this study. A sample of 321 students in different categories of schools following different systems of education at the higher secondary level was chosen. The findings of the study conducted revealed that students belonging to central board schools were better in their self-concept and academic achievement when compared to students from other boards. There is also a significant and positive relationship between self-concept and academic achievement of students at the higher secondary level. Keywords: Self-concept, Academic Achievement, Psychological factors
Neisseria gonorrhoeae‐induced transactivation of EGFR enhances gonococcal invasion

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhoea, adheres to and invades into genital epithelial cells. Here, we investigate host components that are used by the bacteria for their entry into epithelial cells. We found that gonococcal microcolony formation on the surface of HEC‐1‐B cells disrupted the polarized, basolateral distribution of both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB2, a related family member, and induced their accumulation under the microcolonies at the apical membrane. Gonococcal infection increased EGFR and ErbB2 phosphorylation. The EGFR kinase inhibitor, AG1478, reduced gonococcal invasion by 80%, but had no effect on adherence or the recruitment of EGFR and ErbB2 to the microcolonies. Gonococcal inoculation upregulated the mRNA levels of several ligands of EGFR. Prevention of EGFR ligand shedding by blocking matrix metalloproteinase activation reduced gonococcal invasion without altering their adherence, while the addition of the EGFR ligand, HB‐EGF, was able to restore invasion to 66% of control levels. These data indicate that N. gonorrhoeae modulates the activity and cellular distribution of host EGFR, facilitating their invasion. EGFR activation does not appear to be due to direct gonococcal binding to EGFR, but instead by its transactivation by gonococcal induced increases in EGFR ligands.
inancial stress and economic contractions

This paper examines why some financial stress episodes lead to economic downturns. The paper identifies episodes of financial turmoil in advanced economies using a financial stress index (FSI), and proposes an analytical framework to assess the impact of financial stress – in particular banking distress – on the real economy. It concludes that financial turmoil characterized by banking distress is more likely to be associated with deeper and longer downturns than stress mainly in securities or foreign exchange markets. Economies with more arm’s-length financial systems seem to be more exposed to contractions in activity following financial stress, due to the greater procyclicality of leverage in their banking systems. © 2010 International Monetary Fund. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Space-frequency bit-interleaved convolutional and turbo coded OFDM systems with simplified iterative approaches

In this paper, space–time bit–interleaved coded OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulated systems are studied. Using multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver side, spatial diversity can be exploited with ordinary channel codes followed by an interleaver. Moreover, the combined use with OFDM modulation enable effective frequency selectivity exploitation in multipath channels. High spectral efficiency can be achieved using high modulation orders and increasing the number of transmitting antennas. Asymptotical performances are analyzed using pairwise error probability evaluation. It is shown as transmission parameters and radio channel characteristics impact on achievable diversity order and coding gain. Different channel codes are taken into account. Convolutional codes with several constraint lengths are simulated and results are compared with those of turbo coded solution. The iterative receiver complexity grows at the increase of modulation order, subcarriers and number of antennas. Simplified detection criterions can be used for signals separation at receiver side. Turbo coded system allows for iterative approaches with reduced complexity when some turbo decoding iterations are performed between successive detection steps.
A comparison of the Gatehouse Bullying Scale and the peer relations questionnaire for students in secondary school.

BACKGROUND Bullying occurs in all schools. Measuring bullying in schools is complicated because both definitions of bullying and methods for measuring bullying vary. This study compared a brief 12-item Gatehouse Bullying Scale (GBS) with items drawn from the Peer Relations Questionnaire (PRQ), a well-established bullying questionnaire to measure the concurrent validity of the GBS. METHODS Year 8 secondary school students (14 years of age) in metropolitan and regional Victoria, Australia, completed questionnaires assessing being teased, being deliberately left out, had rumors spread about oneself, and/or being physically threatened or hurt. RESULTS The prevalence of bullying using GBS and PRQ was 57% and 61%, respectively. Percent agreement between the 2 measures was high. Agreement adjusted for chance was moderate (kappa 0.5). The GBS had good to moderate test-retest reliability (rho 0.65). CONCLUSIONS The GBS is a short, reliable tool measuring the occurrence of bullying in schools. As well as a global estimate of bullying, the GBS provides estimates of 2 covert and 2 overt types of bullying which can be useful for schools to better plan interventions dealing with school bullying.
Local and global chemotopic organization: General features of the glomerular representations of aliphatic odorants differing in carbon number

To determine whether there is a general strategy used by the olfactory system to represent odorants differing in carbon chain length, rats were exposed to homologous series of straight‐chained, saturated aliphatic aldehydes, ethyl esters, acetates, ketones, primary alcohols, and secondary alcohols (32 odorants total). Neural activity across the entire glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb was mapped quantitatively by measuring uptake of [14C]2‐deoxyglucose evoked by each odorant. Uptake was observed both in dorsal glomerular modules previously associated with the particular odorant functional groups and in more ventral and posterior modules. Aldehyde‐evoked activity patterns were dominated by ventral modules that included the area receiving projections from octanal‐responsive sensory neurons expressing the I7 odorant receptor. The dorsal area that has been the focus of optical imaging studies of aldehyde responses contained only minor activity. For all functional groups except for ketones, uptake within functional group‐sensitive modules displayed local chemotopy, with longer odorants stimulating more ventral and rostral glomeruli. In more posterior regions, chemotopy was observed for all functional groups, again with uptake shifting ventrally and rostrally with increasing chain length. In addition to these local shifts in activity, correlations analysis of entire activity patterns revealed a global chemotopic organization for all odorant series, with each odorant evoking a pattern most similar to odorants possessing the same functional group but differing by only one carbon in length. Thus, global chemotopy and local modular chemotopy appear to be fundamental principles underlying the representation of odorants differing in carbon chain length. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:234–249, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of age-specific patterns of sexual behaviour and anal HPV prevalence in homosexual men with patterns in women

Objectives Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) is highly prevalent in men who have sex with men (MSM) of all ages, whereas cervical HPV declines with age. We explore the hypothesis that different sexual behavioural patterns are the basis of this difference in age distribution. Methods Published data on age-specific HPV prevalence for women (cervical HPV) were extracted from a large meta-analysis and for MSM (anal HPV) from the EXPLORE study of HIV-negative MSM. Age-specific data on recent sexual activity were extracted from two behavioural surveys: the second Australian Study of Health and Relationships survey and the 2013 Gay Community Periodic Survey. Results At least 50% of MSM at all ages reported more than one sexual partner in the past 6 months. In comparison, 33% of women aged 16–19 years reported more than one partner over the past year. This decreased to 19% and 6% in women aged 20–29 and 30–39 years, respectively, and to fewer than 5% of women in older age groups. Prevalent anal HPV was detected in over 50% of MSM in each age group. Prevalence did not decline with age. In contrast, there was a steady decrease in cervical HPV prevalence with age. Cervical HPV prevalence fell from 23% among North American women aged <25 years to 3% in women aged ≥65 years. Conclusions In contrast to the decreasing prevalence with age among heterosexual women, the high prevalence and lack of decline in prevalent anal HPV among older MSM are likely to be related to continuing high rates of newly acquired HPV infection from ongoing sexual exposure through new partners.
Homeostatic plasticity induced by chronic block of AMPA/kainate receptors modulates the generation of rhythmic bursting in rat spinal cord organotypic cultures

Generation of spontaneous rhythmic activity is a distinct feature of developing spinal networks. We report that rat embryo organotypic spinal cultures contain the basic circuits responsible for pattern generation. In this preparation rhythmic activity can be recorded from ventral interneurons and is developmentally regulated. When chronically grown in the presence of an AMPA/kainate receptor blocker, this circuit expresses long‐term plasticity consisting largely of increased frequency of fast synaptic activity and reduction in slow GABAergic events. We examined whether, once this form of homeostatic plasticity is established, the network could still exhibit rhythmicity with properties similar to controls. Control or chronically treated ventral interneurons spontaneously generated (with similar probability) irregular, network‐driven bursts over a background of ongoing synaptic activity. In control cultures increasing network excitability by strychnine plus bicuculline, or by raising [K+]o, induced rapid‐onset, regular rhythmic bursts. In treated cultures the same pharmacological block of Cl–‐mediated transmission or high‐K+ application also induced regular patterned activity, although significantly faster and, in the case of high K+, characterized by slow onset due to postsynaptic current summation. Enhancing GABAergic transmission by pentobarbital surprisingly accelerated the high‐K+ rhythm of control cells (though depressing background activity), whereas it slowed it down in chronically treated cells. This contrasting effect of pentobarbital suggests that, to preserve bursting ability, chronic slices developed a distinct GABAergic inhibitory control on over‐expressed bursting circuits. Conversely, in control slices GABAergic transmission depressed spontaneous activity but it facilitated bursting frequency. Thus, even after homeostatic rearrangement, developing mammalian spinal networks still generate rhythmic activity.
Probability‐based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data

Several algorithms have been described in the literature for protein identification by searching a sequence database using mass spectrometry data. In some approaches, the experimental data are peptide molecular weights from the digestion of a protein by an enzyme. Other approaches use tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data from one or more peptides. Still others combine mass data with amino acid sequence data. We present results from a new computer program, Mascot, which integrates all three types of search. The scoring algorithm is probability based, which has a number of advantages: (i) A simple rule can be used to judge whether a result is significant or not. This is particularly useful in guarding against false positives. (ii) Scores can be com pared with those from other types of search, such as sequence homology. (iii) Search parameters can be readily optimised by iteration. The strengths and limitations of probability‐based scoring are discussed, particularly in the context of high throughput, fully automated protein identification.
Robust methods for time delay estimation in the presence of impulsive noise

In this paper new methods for time delay and frequency delay estimation are introduced based on the theory of alpha-stable distributions. It is shown that these methods are robust for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian impulsive noise environments. Their improved performance is clearly demonstrated through analytical results and simulation experiments with both computer generated data and actual radar clutter data.
Alp 7 R Regulates Expression of the Actin-Like Protein Alp 7 A in Bacillus subtilis

Alp7A is a bacterial actin from Bacillus subtilis plasmid pLS20 that functions in plasmid segregation. Alp7A’s function requires that it assemble into filaments that treadmill and exhibit dynamic instability. These dynamic properties require the two other components of the alp7A operon, the downstream alp7R gene and the upstream alp7C sequence, as does the ability of Alp7A to form filaments at its physiological concentration in the cell. Here, we show that these two other components of the operon also determine the amount of Alp7A that is produced in the cell. The deletion of alp7R leads to overproduction of Alp7A, which assembles into large, amorphous, static filaments that disrupt chromosome segregation and cell division. The product of the alp7R gene is a DNA-binding protein that represses transcription of the alp7A operon. Purified Alp7R protein binds specifically to alp7C, which contains two A promoters embedded within a series of near-repeats of a 10-mer. Alp7R also shows the typical nonspecific binding activity of a DNA-binding protein: Alp7R-GFP (green fluorescent protein) associates with the chromosomes of cells that lack alp7C. When Alp7A-GFP is produced in B. subtilis along with untagged Alp7R, Alp7A-GFP also colocalizes with the chromosome, indicating that Alp7R associates with Alp7A. Hence Alp7R, determines both the activity and the cellular concentration of Alp7A, and it can associate with Alp7A even if it is not bound to alp7C.
The efficacy of complement‐mediated phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans is dependent on the location of C3 in the polysaccharide capsule and involves both direct and indirectC3‐mediated interactions

Complement component 3 (C3) is the major opsonin for the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans in the non‐immune host. However, the efficiency of complement‐mediated opsonization varies, depending on the strain, through mechanisms that are not understood. Analysis of complement‐mediated phagocytosis for 12 strains grown in Sabouraud medium revealed that phagocytic indices were inversely correlated with capsule volume. In contrast, there was no correlation between phagocytic index and capsule volume for IgG1‐opsonized cells. When capsule size was increased, the efficacyof complement‐mediated phagocytosis decreased, whereas that of antibody‐mediated phagocytosis increased. C3 localized inside the capsule and at the outer capsule edge for poorly phagocytozed and well‐phagocytozed strains, respectively. Blocking experiments revealed that complement‐mediated phagocytosis occurred through complement receptor 3 (CR3), without significant involvement of CR1 or CR4. Blocking experiments with antibodies to C3 did not completely abrogate yeast cell uptake, consistent with phagocytosis through glucuronoxylomannan–CR3 interactions. Our data explain how some large encapsulated cells avoid phagocytosis and suggest a novel strategy for immune evasion whereby a microbial capsule interferes with phagocytosis by modifying the location of C3 deposition.
Connection resilience to nodes failures in ad hoc networks

The failure of nodes in an ad hoc network not only alters the network topology but also introduces severe changes in the ad hoc network performances. Based on the ad hoc network connection availability model, in this paper we propose measures of ad hoc network fault tolerance expressed as connection resilience to nodes failures and relative connection resilience to nodes failures. Also qualitative evaluation of these measures is presented and then used to evaluate the effects of real measurable ad hoc networks parameters that concern the resilience to nodes failures like number of participants in the ad hoc network, source destination distance, mobility model, average node speed, transmission range, routing protocol and size of the area wherein the nodes are scattered.