Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparation of a Novel Thiol Surface Modifier and Fe3O4 Drug Loading Agent as well as Releasing under pH-Sensitivity

In this paper, in order to take advantage of the combination between magnetic nano-Fe3O4 and surface modifier, a pH-sensitive drug delivery system that could effectively deliver doxorubicin (DOX) to tumor tissue was constructed. The novel drug delivery system named Fe3O4-TIPTS-g-(PEI-co-PEG) was prepared through three steps. The first step, a surface modifier with the thiol group, thiohydrazide-iminopropyltriethoxysilane surface modifier (named TIPTS), was synthesized for the first time. The second step, Fe3O4-TIPTS was synthesized by treating nano-Fe3O4 with TIPTS. The last step, Fe3O4-TIPTS-g-(PEI-co-PEG) was synthesized in the presence of the Fe3O4-TIPTS, polyethyleneimine (PEI), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) by mercapto-initiated radical polymerization. Among them, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used as magnetically responsive carriers, PEG was the surface-modifying compound, and PEI was the drug loading site which primary amine reacts with doxorubicin (DOX). Targeted nanoparticles were considerably stabilize in various physiological solutions and exhibited pH-sensitive performance in drug release. Thence, Fe3O4-TIPTS-g-(PEI-co-PEG) is a promising nanocarrier for targeting tumor therapy.
Wideband Collaborative Spectrum Sensing Using Massive MIMO Decision Fusion

In this paper, in order to tackle major challenges of spectrum exploration & allocation in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks, we apply the general framework of Decision Fusion (DF) to wideband collaborative spectrum sensing based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) reporting. At the transmitter side, we employ OFDM without Cyclic Prefix (CP) in order to improve overall bandwidth efficiency of the reporting phase in networks with high user density. On the other hand, at the receiver side (of the reporting channel) we device the Time-Reversal Widely Linear (TR-WL), Time-Reversal Maximal Ratio Combining (TR-MRC) and modified TR-MRC (TR-mMRC) rules for DF. The DF Center (DFC) is assumed to be equipped with a large antenna array, serving a number of unauthorized users competing for the spectrum, thereby resulting in a “virtual” massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel. The effectiveness of the proposed TR-based rules in combating ( $a$ ) inter-symbol and ( $b$ ) inter-carrier interference over conventional (non-TR) counterparts is then examined, as a function of the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR). Closed-form performance, in terms of system false-alarm and detection probabilities, is derived for the formulated fusion rules. Finally, the impact of large-scale channel effects on the proposed fusion rules is also investigated, via Monte-Carlo simulations.
Allometric Slopes Not Underestimated by Ordinary Least Squares Regression: A Case Study with Enchenopa Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

ABSTRACT The scaling of traits on body size—allometry—is a subject of broad interest in ecology and evolutionary biology, and one in which studies on insects and spiders have featured prominently. Allometric relationships are described with the slope of regressions of trait size (y) on body size (x). A common method—ordinary least squares (OLS) regression—is often expected to underestimate allometric slopes. The reason for this expectation is that OLS regression assumes that x is determined without error, which is expected to bias slope estimates unless the error in y is much larger than the error in x. However, alternative methods such as reduced major axis (RMA) regression suffer from problems of interpretability. Here, we test the hypothesis that OLS regression will underestimate allometric slopes. We used a natural experiment that arose in the course of training to measure insect genitalia, wherein measurement error for genitalia was larger before training than after training, and also differed by a very large amount between traits. Comparing allometric slopes estimated before and after training, and allometric slopes of traits having very different measurement errors, suggests that OLS regression is robust to measurement error in x and that it does not underestimate allometric slopes.
SCAR Markers Linked with Mode of Reproduction in Eight Cenchrus Species

Introduction The genus Cenchrus comprises of forage grasses of tropical and sub-tropical regions. Some of the Cenchrus species were introduced into India from Australia, Africa and they are now important component of Dichanthium-Cenchrus-Lasiurus grasslands of India. Eight Cenchrus spp. are available in India but only four (C. ciliaris, C. glaucus, C. pennisetiformis and C. setigerus) species are used in sown pastures. The remaining four (C. biflorus, C. preiurii C. echinatus and C. myosuroides) species are grown in limited pockets and maintained as genetic resources for basic and applied studies (Chandra and Dubey, 2010). Number of Cenchrus species reproduces through apomixis, a mode of reproduction which produces seeds without fertilization. Apomixis in P. squamulatum and C. ciliaris has been reported to be controlled by the apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR) which is highly conserved and macrosyntenic between these species (Conner et al., 2008). Rarely, sexual plant of C. ciliaris has also been reported (Kumar et al., 2010).
Thai Students’ Perceived Teacher Support on Their Reading Ability: Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy and Sense of School Belonging

This study aimed to investigate whether Thai high school students’ perceived teacher support could enhance their reading ability through self-efficacy and sense of school belonging. The theoretical foundation of this study included the theory of socialmotivational processes and social cognitive theory. Structural equation modeling was used for analysis and validation. The student questionnaire from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 survey questions regarding teacher support, sense of school belonging, self-efficacy, and reading ability. The sample consisted of the data collected from the Thai students in the PISA2018 survey, with an effective sample size totaling 7968. The research results of the overall model showed that the perceived teacher support of Thai high school students’ had no direct effect on their reading ability, but their perceived teacher support had an indirect effect on reading ability through their self-efficacy and sense of school belonging. From the results can be seen that high school teachers in Thailand, in supporting and encouraging their students in learning, must simultaneously develop their perceived self-efficacy and sense of school belonging. Only thus can there be obvious help to their students’ reading ability.
The potential of endomycorrhizal fungi in controlling tomato bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum under glasshouse conditions

The impact of colonization by three mycorrhizal fungi on tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanaceraum was investigated. Three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) were tested ( Glomus mosseae , Scutellospora sp. and Gigaspora margarita ). Siginificant differences in tomato growth based on plant hieght was recorded between G. mosseae (125.25 cm) and all treatments. The combination of G. mosseae and R. solanacearum resulted in significantly taller tomato plants than G. margarita + R. solanacearum and Scutelospora sp. + R. solanacearum . Shoot fresh and dry weight was higher in G. mosseae inoculated plants. No disease symptoms were observed in the combination treatment of G. mosseae and R. solanacearum . The plants treated with Scutellospora sp. showed low incidence of infection (105, 15%) at 15 and 20 days after inoculation, respectively. The combination of G. mosseae and R. solanacearum resulted in more increase in root morphology (root tips (434.75), root length (267.00 cm), root surface area (149.31 cm 2 ), root volume (3.77 cm 3 ), root fresh weight (4.75 g) and root dry weight (2.5 g). The treatment of G. mosseae + R. solanacearum was different significantly when compared to G. margarita and Scutellospora sp. + R. solanacearum treatments in all parameters considered. The highest number of AMF spores was recorded in G. mosseae treatment followed by Scutellospora sp. The concentration of N, P and K in G. mosseae + R. solanacearum treatment was significantly higher (N: 1.69; P: 0.51 and K: 1.65%) compared to G. margarita (N: 1.06 ; P: 0.11 and K: 1.02%) and Scutellospora sp. , treatment (N: 1.48; P: 0.44 and K: 1.47%). Generally, the current findings has provided an evedance about the ability of AMF species to control bacterial wilt causal agents with significant differences between the species used. Keywords: Bio-control, wilt disease, tomato, Glomus mosseae
Potential use of oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of otoliths to identify migratory and non‐migratory stocks of the New Zealand common smelt: A pilot study

Abstract Preliminary oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses were made on otoliths of the common smelt Retropinna retropinna (Richardson) and compared with the isotopic composition of their habitat waters in Lake Taupo and 5 lower Waikato lakes. The results, though limited in sample size, suggest that the calcium carbonate forming the otoliths may be precipitated close to isotopic equilibrium with the waters in which the fish live. Furthermore, because the isotopic composition of waters in each of the estuarine, river, and lowland and upland lake environments appears to lie within a specific range, the potential exists for using 18O and 13C abundance in the otoliths to reveal interpopulation variations resulting from differences in migratory behaviour of the smelt between these diverse habitats.
Secured and flexible user authentication protocol for wireless sensor network

In wireless sensor network (WSN), user authentication plays as a vital role in which data sensing, as well as sharing, will be spoiled by hackers. To enhance user security, user authentication must be focused. ,In previous works, for secured authentication, Enhanced User Authentication Protocol (EUAP) is presented. On the other hand, the user free password generation is permitted in the previous technique. ,Here, password leakage may cause a malevolent user's contribution to the WSN environment. By presenting the Flexible and Secured User Authentication Protocol (FSUAP), this is solved in the presented technique in which secured as well as reliable sharing of data contents via unsecured wireless sensor devices was accomplished. ,The foremost objective of the present technique is to device the protocol that would verify the users beforehand letting them access the sensor devices situated in various sites. The use of a sensor device could be reduced in a significant way. Three-factor authentication protocols are presented in place of two-factor authentication protocol in the presented technique that could deal with and safeguard the environment from a brute force attack in an effective manner.
Stochastic Transactive Control for Electric Vehicle Aggregators Coordination: A Decentralized Approximate Dynamic Programming Approach

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs), coordinated operation of EV aggregator (EVA) and distribution system operation (DSO) becomes a complex multistage and multidimensional stochastic problem. The motivation behind this paper is to develop a decentralized mechanism to offer a computationally efficient and almost optimal on-line policy for such problem under the framework of transactive energy control (TEC). First, a heterogeneous decomposition-based TEC is designed by utilizing the heterogeneous interactions between DSO and EVA. Then, a decentralized approximate dynamic programming-based algorithm is proposed to offer almost optimal dynamic TEC policies. A decentralized value function approximation approach with temporal difference learning is further employed for entities to learn how to utilize the flexibilities of their resources in response to the stochastic exogenous information. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of optimality, robustness, computation efficiency, and scalability.
Continuity of the Mass Loss of the World's Glaciers and Ice Caps From the GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Missions

We use time series of time‐variable gravity from the Gravitational Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow‐On (GRACE‐FO) missions to evaluate the mass balance of the world's glaciers and ice caps (GIC) for the time period April 2002 to September 2019, excluding Antarctica and Greenland peripheral glaciers. We demonstrate continuity of the mass balance record across the GRACE/GRACE‐FO data gap using independent data from the GMAO Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2) reanalysis. We report an average mass loss of 281.5 ± 30 Gt/yr, an acceleration of 50 ± 20 Gt/yr per decade, and a 13‐mm cumulative sea level rise for the analyzed period. Seven regions dominate the mass loss, with the largest share from the Arctic: Alaska (72.5 ± 8 Gt/yr), Canadian Arctic Archipelago (73.0 ± 9 Gt/yr), Southern Andes (30.4 ± 13 Gt/yr), High Mountain Asia (HMA) (28.8 ± 11 Gt/yr), Russian Arctic (20.2 ± 6 Gt/yr), Iceland (15.9 ± 4 Gt/yr), and Svalbard (12.1 ± 4 Gt/yr). At the regional level, the analysis of acceleration is complicated by a strong interannual to decadal variability in mass balance that is well reproduced by the GRACE‐calibrated MERRA‐2 data.
Dual PWM Control for High Step-Down DC–DC Converters

The conventional step-down dc–dc converters under the single pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control scheme may not provide enough step-down voltage conversion capabilities with considering the minimum on-time and the switching frequency of the power switch. In order to overcome this difficulty, a dual PWM control scheme for designing the high step-down dc–dc converter is proposed in this article. Both high-frequency and low-frequency PWM waveform generators are utilized in synthesizing the dual PWM control of buck converters. The resulting PWM waveform will lead to various switching cycles, and five operating modes of the buck converter, which can be defined accordingly. The operation principle of the proposed converter and its small-signal switched model are presented in detail. One salient feature of the proposed design is that if the duty cycle of the high-frequency PWM is exactly equal to that of the low-frequency PWM, by exploring the volt–second balance condition, the voltage gain can be expressed as the quadratic formula of the duty cycle of the PWM signal when power switches are operated under the continuous conduction mode. Thus, a high step-down conversion ratio and significant reductions of the inductor current ripple can be ensured simultaneously. Since no modifications of the conventional circuit topology are made, the proposed scheme is very cost-effective. Simulation studies and hardware prototype circuit implementations are conducted to validate the proposed design with satisfactory performance.
Fluxes of Na+, Rb+ and Cl- Ions in Excised Roots of Sugar Beet Seedlings

Uptake and fluxes of sodium, rubidium (instead of potassium), and chloride ions in segments of 3-week-old sugar beet roots were studied. Radioactive 22Na, 86Rb and 36Cl were used for labelling of the ions. Compartmental analysis was used to obtain the fluxes and concentrations in the cell compartments. The passive or active character of the movements was examined by the Ussing-Teorell equation and compared with electropotential measurements. In the case of sodium, net flux was in the outward direction over both tonoplast and plasmalemma, but the active components were directed away from the cytoplasm. Potassium was close to equilibrium. Chloride was actively transported from the medium to the cytoplasm, and — contrary to observations in other systems — from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. This unusual situation may be caused by a loss of sugar, both by lowering the energy supply and by formation of organic acids.
Enzymatic Assay for Biotin Using Biotinyl-CoA Synthetase

chemical and radioactive assay methods.6* Wepreviously developed microbiological assay methods for biotin using lyophilized cells of Lactobacillus plantarum and glycerolsuspended cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and also established an assay method using Escherichia coli C 162.7) However, an unavoidable problem is that, since a bioassay is based upon the growth of microorganisms, it takes much time (about 10~30hr) to obtain results. Recently, extensive studies concerning the enzymatic determination of various biological compounds have been reported.8) Enzymatic determinations are rapid and have high specificity and sensitivity. On the other hand, we first purified biotinyl-CoA synthetase' (BCS) from a soil bacterium, Mycoplana sp. ,9>10) and applied the enzyme to the production of adehydrobiotin in combination with acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO). n) In this reaction system, another product is hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is well known to be a good probe for the enzymatic determination of various biological compounds when oxidases are used. So, we tried to apply the reactions of BCS and ACO to the enzymatic determination of biotin. On the basis of the above consideration, we proposed the following assay procedure for biotin using three enzymes: BCS, ACOand peroxidase (POD). biotin+CoA+ATP BCS >
Integrative taxonomy, or iterative taxonomy?

The recently introduced term ‘integrative taxonomy’ refers to taxonomy that integrates all available data sources to frame species limits. We survey current taxonomic methods available to delimit species that integrate a variety of data, including molecular and morphological characters. A literature review of empirical studies using the term ‘integrative taxonomy’ assessed the kinds of data being used to frame species limits, and methods of integration. Almost all studies are qualitative and comparative – we are a long way from a repeatable, quantitative method of truly ‘integrative taxonomy’. The usual methods for integrating data in phylogenetic and population genetic paradigms are not appropriate for integrative taxonomy, either because of the diverse range of data used or because of the special challenges that arise when working at the species/population boundary. We identify two challenges that, if met, will facilitate the development of a more complete toolkit and a more robust research programme in integrative taxonomy using species tree approaches. We propose the term ‘iterative taxonomy’ for current practice that treats species boundaries as hypotheses to be tested with new evidence. A search for biological or evolutionary explanations for discordant evidence can be used to distinguish between competing species boundary hypotheses. We identify two recent empirical examples that use the process of iterative taxonomy.
GPU Acceleration of a Non-Standard Finite Element Mesh Truncation Technique for Electromagnetics

The emergence of General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) provides new opportunities to accelerate applications involving a large number of regular computations. However, properly leveraging the computational resources of graphical processors is a very challenging task. In this paper, we use this kind of device to parallelize FE-IIEE (Finite Element-Iterative Integral Equation Evaluation), a non-standard finite element mesh truncation technique introduced by two of the authors. This application is computationally very demanding due to the amount, size and complexity of the data involved in the procedure. Besides, an efficient implementation becomes even more difficult if the parallelization has to maintain the complex workflow of the original code. The proposed implementation using CUDA applies different optimization techniques to improve performance. These include leveraging the fastest memories of the GPU and increasing the granularity of the computations to reduce the impact of memory access. We have applied our parallel algorithm to two real radiation and scattering problems demonstrating speedups higher than 140 on a state-of-the-art GPU.
How to Transversely Develop Ability Emotional Intelligence Ability through School Subjects? A Theoretical Proposal

Since emotional intelligence (EI) was developed in 1990, the field of Education took advantage of the possibilities of EI. Indeed, EI-specific programs proliferated and developed as socio-emotional learning programs (SEL). However, there is an alternative to realize non-specifically and longer and viability way for improving the implicit abilities of EI (AEI). The article claims to work a theoretical proposal to develop the AEI in compulsory education through the subjects. This proposal is based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities (CHC). CHC abilities are stimulated by most of the mandatory subjects of both Primary and Secondary Schools. The second stratum of CHC model is composed of similar cognitive abilities as 1997-Ability Emotional Intelligence Model (perception, using, understanding, and managing emotions), which is different from trait EI approaches - that consider EI has personality traits as well. It has pointed out that the capacities of the CHC-model second stratum are connected to the capabilities of AEI. Therefore, any educational activity that optimizes perception, understanding, attentional control or planning is affecting the development of AEI. Promoting AEI involves hot information processing. It is convenient to use transversely hot information processing - this means that this information has special meaning for the people. Connecting hot information to mandatory subjects teaching would develop the abilities of EI. Both Sciences and Natural Sciences pedagogic devices can improve emotional perception. However, Social Sciences and Humanities foster both emotional understanding and knowledge. Finally, the different contingencies that occur in school life scenarios are suitable for training of emotional regulation.
The interactive nutrient and water effects on vegetation biomass at two African savannah sites with different mean annual precipitation

Abstract Savannahs cover more than 40% of Africa and provide avariety of important ecosystem services. Their productivityis constrained by disturbance and limiting resources. InsouthernAfrica,ﬁne-leafsavannahstypicalofaridenviron-ments are known for being richer in nutrients than broad-leaf mesic savannahs. However, despite numerous recentstudies on the dynamics of southern African savannahs,the interplay between water and nutrient limitationsremains poorly investigated in these systems. To betterunderstand the interactions between water, nutrients (Nand P in this manuscript) and grazing on the productivityof grasses and trees in ﬁne-leaf savannah ecosystems, a fer-tilization experiment with controlled grazing was con-ducted at two sites with different mean annual rainfall inNamibia.Theexperiment demonstratedthatthevegetationatthedriersitemaynotbenutrient-limited(N,PorN + P). At the wetter site, however, vegetation showed signiﬁcantresponse to nutrient addition. Grasses exhibited N limita-tion and trees exhibited P limitation. This experiment alsoshowed that grazing reduces the overall grass biomass, butmay not modify the response to nutrient treatments. Theresults indicated a switch from water to nutrient limitationbetween dry and wet sites and demonstrated different treeandgrassresponsestonutrientadditions.Key words: fertilization, grazing, Kalahari TransectNamibia, nitrogen, phosphorus, savannah