Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Optimal Strategy of Internal Target Volume Generation for Liver Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)

Objective: To investigate if limited number of respiratory phases can be used to accurately generate Internal Target Volume (ITV) for liver Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT). Materials and Methods : Free Breathing (FB) and four Dimensional Computerized Tomography (4DCT) scans of 10 patients who underwent liver radiation were included. Gross Tumor Volumes (GTV) was contoured in 10 respiratory phases to generate GTV ITV _4D. Different GTV ITVs were derived from selected phase contouring (GTV ITV 2phases (Phase 0 and 50), GTV ITV 3phases (Phase 30, 60 and 90), GTV ITV 5phases (Phase 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80)) and their volumes and spatial concordance with GTV ITV_4D was investigated. The position of centre of mass (COM) of individual GTVs were measured and systematic and random errors were calculated. Population internal margin (PM) was generated using van Herk’s formula and applied to FB volume to obtain GTV population margin (GTV_PM). Results : GTV ITV 5phases encompassed 90% (range 82.4-94.8%) of the GTV ITV_4D. The mean volume (in percentage) of GTV ITV 2phases and GTV ITV 3phases overlapping with GTV ITV_4D was 79.8% (range 69.4-84.4%) and 80.6% (range 71.1-89.1%) respectively. The directional population margins in antero-posterior (AP), Medio-Lateral (ML) and Supero-Inferior (SI) directions were 2.46mm, 1.75mm, 3.45mm respectively. GTV ITV_PM encompassed 99.4% GTV ITV_4D, but with highest spatial mismatch. Conclusion : Contouring in alternate respiratory phases may safely be used for generation ITV. Adding population based margin to FB volume lead to high spatial mismatch when compared to GTV ITV_4D.
200 ° C Demonstration Transformer Operates Efficiently at 50 kHz

A compact, high temperature demonstration transformer was constructed, using a moly permalloy powder core and Teflon-insulated copper wire. At 50 kHz and 200 ºC, this 1:2 ratio transformer is capable of 98% efficiency when operating at a specific power of 6.1 kW/kg at 4 kW. This roughly 7 cm diameter transformer has a mass of 0.65 kg. Although Teflon is unstable above 200 ºC, about the same electrical performance was seen at 250 ºC. A plot of winding loss vs. frequency illustrates the need to control these losses at high frequency.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Lack of AcrB Efflux Function Confers Loss of Virulence on Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

AcrAB-TolC is the paradigm resistance-nodulation-division (RND) multidrug resistance efﬂux system in Gram-negative bacteria, with AcrB being the pump protein in this complex. We constructed a nonfunctional AcrB mutant by replacing D408, a highly conserved residue essential for proton translocation. Western blotting conﬁrmed that the AcrB D408A mutant had the same native level of expression of AcrB as the parental strain. The mutant had no growth deﬁciencies in rich or minimal medium. However, compared with wild-type SL1344, the mutant had increased accumulation of Hoechst 33342 dye and decreased efﬂux of ethidium bromide and was multidrug hypersusceptible. The D408A mutant was attenuated in vivo in mouse and Galleria mellonella models and showed signiﬁcantly reduced invasion into intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro . A dose-dependent inhibition of invasion was also observed when two different efﬂux pump inhibitors were added to the wild-type strain during infection of epithelial cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed downregulation of bacterial factors necessary for infection, including those in the Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1, 2, and 4; quorum sensing genes; and phoPQ . Several general stress response genes were upregulated, probably due to retention of noxious molecules inside the bacterium. Unlike loss of AcrB protein, loss of efﬂux function did not induce overexpression of other RND efﬂux pumps. Our data suggest that gene deletion mutants are unsuitable for studying membrane transporters and, importantly, that inhibitors of AcrB efﬂux function will not induce expression of other RND pumps. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern. In Gram-negative bacteria, overexpression of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efﬂux system confers resistance to clinically useful drugs. Here, we show that loss of AcrB efﬂux function causes loss of virulence in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. This is due to the reduction of bacterial factors necessary for infection, which is likely to be caused by the retention of noxious molecules inside the bacterium. We also show that, in contrast to loss of AcrB protein, loss of efﬂux does not induce overexpression of other efﬂux pumps from the same family. This indicates that there are differences between loss of efﬂux protein and loss of efﬂux that make gene deletion mutants unsuitable for studying the biological function of membrane transporters. Understanding the biological role of AcrB will help to assess the risks of targeting efﬂux pumps as a strategy to combat antibiotic resistance. in S . Typhimurium. We also present evidence suggesting that the downregulation of virulence factors is an adaptation mechanism to cope with stress, which is caused by accumulation of toxic metabolites.
BCTT_A_366530 229..246

This study aimed to provide updated evidence on the status of female breast cancer and cancer treatment facilities in Asia, with a special focus on Nepal. This review used search phrases that included, breast neoplasm or cancer, health status, epidemiology, breast cancer survivors, cancer care facilities, Asia, Nepal. Researchers examined databases from January 2011 to December 2020 (PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, and the reference lists of included papers). Studies of any design and reviews, were included in the study, except for qualitative studies. The study findings are presented in a narrative synthesis format using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. An initial search resulted in 974 papers, and 896 were reviewed after being checked for duplication using the Zotero software. Accordingly, utilizing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 188 publications were selected, and after review of titles and abstracts, an additional 98 papers were removed for different reasons. Finally, the study looked at 90 female breast cancer papers. Results showed that the number of cases of breast cancer is growing all around the world, including in Asia and Nepal. Age, early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, positive family history, excessive fat consumption, alcohol, and smoking are all frequent risk factors for breast cancer found in Asian women. Breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography screening are common methods for detecting breast carcinoma. Chemotherapy, radiation, and modified mastectomy are commonly used options for treatment. The number of breast cancer survivors is growing throughout the world, indicating better clinical care. There is a paucity of survival data in many Asian countries, including Nepal. There is also a scarcity of health workforce specialized in cancer care and treatment, as well as a few health facilities that are available to treat cancer cases in many Asian countries, including Nepal.
Turf grass growth in sands irrigated with laundry and bathtub greywater: Effect of Na, Cl and B

Reusing greywater from laundry and bathtub is an option for residents wanting to keep their gardens and lawns green, especially when water restrictions are in place during summer period. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of laundry and bathtub greywater irrigation in sands on the growth of couch grass ( Cynodon dactylon L .) sod in a tank experimental study. Untreated laundry and bathtub greywater collected from a residential home were monitored for sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) and boron (B), as these elements are dominant in household detergent and cleaning products. The turf grasses were planted in the modified aquarium tank with triplicate for each irrigation type. Irrigation sources included (i) 100% potable water as a control (TW) (ii) untreated full cycle laundry water (LGW) (iii) untreated bathtub water (BGW) over 24 weeks, starting from October 2009 to March 2010. The reduction on soil hydraulic conductivity was tested using double rings infiltrometer. A mass balance was carried out to determine the amount of Na, Cl and B flowing into and out of the tank. The results showed that the high salt (Na, Cl) and B content was significant in laundry greywater compared to bathtub. Irrigation with laundry and bathtub greywater without fertilizer addition was insufficient to sustain the turf growth. Long-term use of laundry and bathtub greywater can lead to salt and metal accumulation in the soil and subsequent uptake by the turf grass. Turf grass established well at the first 8 week irrigated with LGW and BGW, but did not survive after 16 weeks of study. There was a greater reduction of growth in species that accumulated more salt and B. Consequently, the turf grass requires an addition of nutrients in its fertilization program in order to sustain the turf grass growth.
Working Paper 06-05 Spaghetti Politics

This article describes the impact of the Italian electoral reforms of 1993 on the structure of political alliances. The reform, which moved Italy from a pure proportional representation system to a mixed largely majoritarian system, was designed to increase transparency, reduce corruption, limit the number of political parties, and create the conditions for a politics of interests, rather than a politics of influence. Paradoxically, moving to a mixed electoral system had the opposite effect. In this article we demonstrate this impact, by modeling the structure of political alliances at multiple levels (municipal, provincial, and regional) of the Italian polity from 1986 to 2001, from data on roughly 441,000 persons elected to serve in almost 3 million positions.
1 Molecular targets of 14-alpha-lipoyl andrographolide on quorum sensing in 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2

34 In Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ), quorum sensing (QS) system is closely 35 related to the biofilm formation. We previously demonstrated that 14-Alpha-lipoyl 36 andrographolide (AL-1) has synergistic effects on antibiofilm and antivirulence 37 factors (pyocyanin and exopolysaccharide) of P. aeruginosa when combined with 38 conventional antibiotics, while has little inhibitory effect on its growth. However, its 39 molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here we investigated the effect of AL-1 on QS, 40 especially the Las and Rhl system. It showed that AL-1 can inhibit 41 LasR-3-oxo-C 12 -HSL interactions and repress the transcriptional level of 42 QS-regulated genes. RT-PCR data showed that AL-1 significantly reduced the 43 expression of lasR , lasI , rhlR , and rhlI , in a dose-dependent manner. AL-1 not only 44 decreased the expression of Psl which is positively regulated by Las system, but also 45 increased the secretion of ExoS which is negatively regulated by Rhl system, 46 indicating that AL-1 has multiple effects on both Las and Rhl system. It is no wonder 47 that AL-1 showed synergistic effects with other antimicrobial agents in the treatment 48 of P. aeruginosa infections. 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 To elucidate the role of AL-1 on Psl, we used the Psl immunoblots. The β -galactosidase assay further suggested that AL-1 has effect on Psl both at transcriptional and translational level. A complete understanding of the AL-1 on P. aeruginosa biofilm matrix may help us in the development of novel 121 therapeutics.
Efﬁciency Evaluation of Regional Environmental Management Systems in Russia Using Data Envelopment Analysis

: The concept of eco-efﬁciency has recently become an issue of great importance due to the growing trend of environmental degradation, and many approaches based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are used in the literature to evaluate the environmental performance of economic systems. However, research to date has paid little attention to the possibility of extending the DEA approach to the problem of measuring the economic feasibility of eco-efﬁciency improvement. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the efﬁciency of investments focused on improving the eco-efﬁciency of the regional economy in Russia using the DEA approach. The various types of costs for environmental protection measures are considered as inputs and the annual decrease in speciﬁc environmental impacts of the regional economy are considered as outputs of DEA models. This is different from previous research, which generally focused on environmental efﬁciency only, omitting the integration of economic aspects in eco-efﬁciency measures. This study compares three different modiﬁcations of basic DEA models in the context of technical complexity and practical feasibility. The results show that the efﬁciency of regional environmental management in many Russian regions has a great potential for improvement. From a practical point of view, the Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model provides the most accurate results for policy applications. Unlike other ratings, the DEA-SBM model may stimulate an optimization of environmental protection spending and the introduction of technological and organizational eco-innovations.
Self-Supervised Optical Flow Estimation by Projective Bootstrap

Dense optical flow estimation is complex and time consuming, with state-of-the-art methods relying either on large synthetic data sets or on pipelines requiring up to a few minutes per frame pair. In this paper, we address the problem of optical flow estimation in the automotive scenario in a self-supervised manner. We argue that optical flow can be cast as a geometrical warping between two successive video frames and devise a deep architecture to estimate such transformation in two stages. First, a dense pixel-level flow is computed with a projective bootstrap on rigid surfaces. We show how such global transformation can be approximated with a homography and extend spatial transformer layers so that they can be employed to compute the flow field implied by such transformation. Subsequently, we refine the prediction by feeding a second, deeper network that accounts for moving objects. A final reconstruction loss compares the warping of frame <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X_{t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with the subsequent frame <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X_{t+1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and guides both estimates. The model has the speed advantages of end-to-end deep architectures while achieving competitive performances, both outperforming recent unsupervised methods and showing good generalization capabilities on new automotive data sets.
Spatiotemporal analysis of human cycling patterns' changes during weekdays under the COVID-19 lockdown: A case study of London docked shared bicycles

Summary ! The lockdown rules in London indeed change the citizen's mobility and the usage of public transport. Especially, the people's activities based on the docked bicycle system in London shows significant differences. In order to understand the impact of Lockdown rules on the cycling patterns and study the changes in people's intention with this shared bicycle system, our work focuses on the spatiotemporal changes in the daily usage of Santander Cycles, London before and during the lockdown. In this work, we achieved a comprehensive analysis from graph theory and hierarchical clustering, finding that citizens' daily cycling patterns have shown more regional differences after lockdown and also people are prone to use the shared bicycles for leisure purposes. With our current results, we could tentatively provide a basic outline of the new cycling patterns to the public sectors. And also, these new patterns influenced by the pandemic and lockdown rules show great significance to future policymaking.
H6 Inﬂuenza Viruses Pose a Potential Threat to Human Health

Inﬂuenza viruses of the H6 subtype have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic and terrestrial avian species throughout the world since their ﬁrst detection in a turkey in Massachusetts in 1965. Since 1997, H6 viruses with different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been detected frequently in the live poultry markets of southern China. Although sequence information has been gathered over the last few years, the H6 viruses have not been fully biologically characterized. To investigate the potential risk posed by H6 viruses to humans, here we assessed the receptor-binding preference, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of a series of H6 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in southern China from 2008 to 2011. Among the 257 H6 strains tested, 87 viruses recognized the human type receptor. Genome sequence analysis of 38 representative H6 viruses revealed 30 different genotypes, indicating that these viruses are actively circulating and reassorting in nature. Thirty-seven of 38 viruses tested in mice replicated efﬁciently in the lungs and some caused mild disease; none, however, were lethal. We also tested the direct contact transmission of 10 H6 viruses in guinea pigs and found that 5 viruses did not transmit to the contact animals, 3 viruses transmitted to one of the three contact animals, and
Original Impact of nodal status on indication for adjuvant treatment in clinically node negative breast cancer

Summary We addressed the problem of the need for axillary dissection in clinically node-negative breast cancer by determining how the information provided by the dissection suggests a different treatment to that indicated by primary tumour characteristics and age alone. We examined retrospectively 260 cases of clinically node negative early breast cancer all of whom under-went breast surgery, radiotherapy and axillary dissection. We assigned adjuvant therapy according to accepted guidelines with and without consideration of pathological node status and compared the difference. Fifty-six patients had involved axillary nodes. There was no change in adjuvant chemotherapy indication for the 44 cases over 65 years. The change in indication for the remaining 216 cases was 18.5% to 6%, depending on whether none or all of the intermediate risk patients were originally assigned chemotherapy (all were originally assigned tamoxifen). Since assigned adjuvant anyway considered effective for low and intermediate risk patients, we conclude axillary dissection application adjuvant prognostic of tumour prognostic precision in the near future.
Real-Time Scheduling for a Variable-Route Bus System

Traditional buses operate on an outdated fixed-route system that is often characterized by inefficiencies such as trips to empty bus stops and long waiting time at the station. However, the prevalence of personal mobile devices provides more opportunities than ever for passengers to interact with the buses, giving rise to the possibility of personalized travel routines. In this thesis, we propose a variable-route system that can customize and optimize bus routes in real time based on the passenger requests and their characteristics. Using a computer simulated example, we demonstrate that the variable routing system reduce the total waiting time on bus stop and the total travel time on the buses by a significant margin. Furthermore, we show that by leveraging genetic algorithm, we can reduce the computation time by as much as 90% while still maintaining a significant reduction in waiting time and traveling time. This thesis provides an initial performance check for the optimal bus route scheduler and highlights an implementation that can achieve significant time reduction with much less computation time.
Regional Diﬀerences in Gender Wage Gaps in Poland: New Estimates Based on Harmonized Data for Wages

The aim of this paper was to estimate the gender wage gap in Poland and in the 16 NUTS2 Polish regions in 2010, and to verify the predictions of the spatial monopsony model for Poland with a newly created, harmonized database for wages of individuals in Poland. According to the model, the unexplained part of the gender wage gap, identiﬁed with wage discrimination, tend to be lower in regions with more competition between employers. The results of the analyses performed in this paper show that in more urbanized regions the average wages are higher than in the rural ones. In each of the 16 NUTS2 Polish regions, women earn less than men. Raw diﬀerences in wages between men and women are largest in the most urbanized regions but a signiﬁcant part of the diﬀerences in those regions can be explained by diﬀerences in workers’ characteristics, especially by diﬀerent sectoral structure of employment. The part of the gender wage gap which remains unexplained, and in the literature is commonly attached to discrimination, is the highest in rural regions of Eastern Poland in line with the predictions of the spatial monopsony model.
A novel low-profile wideband reconfigurable CP antenna array

For future wireless communications, cost-effective, low-profile circular polarization (CP) antennas with wide bandwidth and high directivity are highly desirable to increase system capacity and suppress polarization mismatch. In this paper, a wideband circular polarization antenna array integrated with a polarization-independent artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is reported that meets the demands. First, a wideband CP reconfigurable antenna with a pair of cross-bowtie radiators and a metal ground is presented to achieve a fractional bandwidth of 35.9%. By replacing the metal ground with a polarization-independent AMC ground, the antenna profile is reduced from 0. 25λ 0 to 0.05λ 0 with only a slight bandwidth decrease. A wideband CP reconfigurable 4-element linear array is achieved using four of those elements. It is low profile (0.05 λ 0 ), and has a wide operating bandwidth (21.7%), and a high realized gain (13 dBic).
Smart controller for grid stabilization in the optoelectric system

The power generated from the optoelectric source in the conversion system and the connected system should satisfy several factors such as high efficiency, less total harmonic distortion, reduced cost, less complexity, better boosting capability, etc. The boosting capability can be achieved by means of single juncture or two juncture architecture in DC–DC boost converter. Among different architecture, the Z-source riven bias inverter controls the parameter on the AC and DC sections. The steady state quantity and the time-varying parameter are regulated by controlling the intonation index. The modulation indexes are framed by digital to look at its supervision theme in grid coupled structure that has certainly not been studied so far. Hence, in this paper, the Z-source riven bias electrical converter modeling has been studied in conjunction with the decoupled space vector modulation as a control technique. The deliberate theme is studied and simulated by using a MATLAB/Simulink model to approve the analysis and simulations.