Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring trainees' learning experiences with an Initial Teacher Education award (Lifelong Learning Sector) at one Higher Education institution in the UK

This study was borne out of a necessity to discover the best approach to deliver a Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS) award that would meet the needs of trainee teachers and at the same time meet the demands of political and organisational agendas. The aim of the study was therefore to explore, identify and to gain an increased understanding of the factors that influenced the learning experiences of a group of trainee teachers working in the lifelong learning sector who were enrolled onto a DTLLS award. This award was accredited by a medium sized university located within an urban, high unemployment, Government regeneration area, in the Midlands (UK). It was delivered at five of the university's partnership colleges where trainees were required to attend formal classroom-based training sessions for four hours each week. An interpretative, case study, multi-method approach was used to gather data from 327 trainees, twelve of whom volunteered to be interviewed. Other data was gathered from interviews with eleven teacher educators, questionnaires distributed to all 327 trainees, data drawn from the university's Information Service Department (I.S.) and from the journal entries that I kept during the time of the research. Four themes emerge from the data gathered; diversity, identity, conditions for learning and learner autonomy. It is the interpretation and illumination of the complexity, as well as the plurality, of relationships that exist within and across these themes, that adds to, as well as supports, the field of literature that is already available. The evidence presented within these four themes relates to the variations in trainees' characteristics and backgrounds, support available for the trainees and an over-burdensome, regulated initial teacher education model. Based upon the analysis of the findings, this study suggests that initial teacher education within the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS) should be modelled around a supportive framework that encourages trainees' professional enquiry and building of own contextualised content. Additionally, (further) acknowledgement of trainees' strong sense of different identities and diversities is required as is an increased focus on processes that support the development of trainees' learning capacities. This thesis contends that doing this would support trainees' growth in becoming more self-organised, autonomous and reflective practitioners - able to take control of their own learning within whatever initial teacher education model is in current existence.
Waterpipe smoking among U.S. university students.

INTRODUCTION While cigarette use is declining, smoking tobacco with a waterpipe is an emerging trend. We aimed to determine the prevalence of waterpipe use in a large diverse sample of U.S. university students and to assess the association of waterpipe use with individual and institution-related characteristics. METHODS We assessed students from 152 U.S. universities participating in the National College Health Assessment during 2008-2009. We used multivariable regression models to determine independent associations between individual and institutional characteristics and waterpipe tobacco use in the past 30 days and ever. RESULTS Of 105,012 respondents included in the analysis, most were female (65.7%), White (71.2%), and attending public (59.7%) nonreligious (83.1%) institutions. Mean age was 22.1 years. A total of 32,013 (30.5%) reported ever using a waterpipe to smoke tobacco. Rates for current tobacco use were 8.4% for waterpipes, 16.8% for cigarettes, 7.4% for cigars (including cigarillos), and 3.5% for smokeless tobacco. Of current waterpipe users, 51.4% were not current cigarette smokers. Although current waterpipe use was reported across all individual and institutional characteristics, fully adjusted multivariable models showed that it was most strongly associated with younger age, male gender, White race, fraternity/sorority membership, and nonreligious institutions in large cities in the western United States. CONCLUSIONS After cigarettes, waterpipe use was the most common form of tobacco use among university students. Because waterpipe use affects groups with a wide variety of individual and institutional characteristics, it should be included with other forms of tobacco in efforts related to tobacco surveillance and intervention.
Extraordinarily Stretchable All‐Carbon Collaborative Nanoarchitectures for Epidermal Sensors

Multifunctional microelectronic components featuring large stretchability, high sensitivity, high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and broad sensing range have attracted a huge surge of interest with the fast developing epidermal electronic systems. Here, the epidermal sensors based on all‐carbon collaborative percolation network are demonstrated, which consist 3D graphene foam and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) obtained by two‐step chemical vapor deposition processes. The nanoscaled CNT networks largely enhance the stretchability and SNR of the 3D microarchitectural graphene foams, endowing the strain sensor with a gauge factor as high as 35, a wide reliable sensing range up to 85%, and excellent cyclic stability (>5000 cycles). The flexible and reversible strain sensor can be easily mounted on human skin as a wearable electronic device for real‐time and high accuracy detecting of electrophysiological stimuli and even for acoustic vibration recognition. The rationally designed all‐carbon nanoarchitectures are scalable, low cost, and promising in practical applications requiring extraordinary stretchability and ultrahigh SNRs.
Stretchable and Soft Electronics using Liquid Metals

The use of liquid metals based on gallium for soft and stretchable electronics is discussed. This emerging class of electronics is motivated, in part, by the new opportunities that arise from devices that have mechanical properties similar to those encountered in the human experience, such as skin, tissue, textiles, and clothing. These types of electronics (e.g., wearable or implantable electronics, sensors for soft robotics, e‐skin) must operate during deformation. Liquid metals are compelling materials for these applications because, in principle, they are infinitely deformable while retaining metallic conductivity. Liquid metals have been used for stretchable wires and interconnects, reconfigurable antennas, soft sensors, self‐healing circuits, and conformal electrodes. In contrast to Hg, liquid metals based on gallium have low toxicity and essentially no vapor pressure and are therefore considered safe to handle. Whereas most liquids bead up to minimize surface energy, the presence of a surface oxide on these metals makes it possible to pattern them into useful shapes using a variety of techniques, including fluidic injection and 3D printing. In addition to forming excellent conductors, these metals can be used actively to form memory devices, sensors, and diodes that are completely built from soft materials. The properties of these materials, their applications within soft and stretchable electronics, and future opportunities and challenges are considered.
Atomic Defects in Two‐Dimensional Materials: From Single‐Atom Spectroscopy to Functionalities in Opto‐/Electronics, Nanomagnetism, and Catalysis

Two‐dimensional layered graphene‐like crystals including transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received extensive research interest due to their diverse electronic, valleytronic, and chemical properties, with the corresponding optoelectronics and catalysis application being actively explored. However, the recent surge in two‐dimensional materials science is accompanied by equally great challenges, such as defect engineering in large‐scale sample synthesis. It is necessary to elucidate the effect of structural defects on the electronic properties in order to develop an application‐specific strategy for defect engineering. Here, two aspects of the existing knowledge of native defects in two‐dimensional crystals are reviewed. One is the point defects emerging in graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, as probed by atomically resolved electron microscopy, and their local electronic properties, as measured by single‐atom electron energy‐loss spectroscopy. The other will focus on the point defects in TMDs and their influence on the electronic structure, photoluminescence, and electric transport properties. This review of atomic defects in two‐dimensional materials will offer a clear picture of the defect physics involved to demonstrate the local modulation of the electronic properties and possible benefits in potential applications in magnetism and catalysis.
Highly efficient delivery of functional cargoes by the synergistic effect of GAG binding motifs and cell-penetrating peptides

Significance Efficient delivery of therapeutic molecules inside cells by nontransgenic approaches is key as gene editing/correction, directed differentiation, and in vivo cell modulation/tracking are translated for regenerative medicine applications. Here we describe a peptide-based system engineered to enhance the activity of cell-penetrating peptides to achieve exceptional intracellular transduction. Glycosaminoglycan-binding enhanced transduction (GET) uses peptides that interact with cell membrane heparan sulfates and promote cell-penetrating peptide-mediated endocytosis into cells. The system is not dependent on extensive positive charge and can be tailored to deliver peptides, recombinant proteins, nucleic acids, nanoparticles, and antibodies. Importantly, this approach does not affect cell proliferation and viability and can be used to deliver a plethora of functional cargoes. Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are powerful nongenetic tools that allow intracellular delivery of conjugated cargoes to modify cell behavior. Their use in biomedicine has been hampered by inefficient delivery to nuclear and cytoplasmic targets. Here we overcame this deficiency by developing a series of novel fusion proteins that couple a membrane-docking peptide to heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with a PTD. We showed that this GET (GAG-binding enhanced transduction) system could deliver enzymes (Cre, neomycin phosphotransferase), transcription factors (NANOG, MYOD), antibodies, native proteins (cytochrome C), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and nucleic acids [plasmid (p)DNA, modified (mod)RNA, and small inhibitory RNA] at efficiencies of up to two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported in cell types considered hard to transduce, such as mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), human ESCs (hESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This technology represents an efficient strategy for controlling cell labeling and directing cell fate or behavior that has broad applicability for basic research, disease modeling, and clinical application.
Defect Chemistry of Nonprecious‐Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reactions

Oxygen electrocatalysis, including the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER), is a critical process for metal–air batteries. Therefore, the development of electrocatalysts for the OER and the ORR is of essential importance. Indeed, various advanced electrocatalysts have been designed for the ORR or the OER; however, the origin of the advanced activity of oxygen electrocatalysts is still somewhat controversial. The enhanced activity is usually attributed to the high surface areas, the unique facet structures, the enhanced conductivities, or even to unclear synergistic effects, but the importance of the defects, especially the intrinsic defects, is often neglected. More recently, the important role of defects in oxygen electrocatalysis has been demonstrated by several groups. To make the defect effect clearer, the recent development of this concept is reviewed here and a novel principle for the design of oxygen electrocatalysts is proposed. An overview of the defects in carbon‐based, metal‐free electrocatalysts for ORR and various defects in metal oxides/selenides for OER is also provided. The types of defects and controllable strategies to generate defects in electrocatalysts are presented, along with techniques to identify the defects. The defect–activity relationship is also explored by theoretical methods.
Ordering in Two-Dimensional Lennard-Jones Clusters

Cluster formation in a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system under different conditions of temperature (𝑇) and particle concentration (𝑐) has been studied using the Monte-Carlo method with the introduction of real thermal motion of the constituent particles through a modification of the conventional Metropolis algorithm. The 𝑐-𝑇 phase diagram determined from the study of the root mean square displacement of the particles shows features characteristics of the 𝑃-𝑇 diagram for phase equilibrium in real systems. The solid-like to liquid-like transition takes place when the average nearest neighbour distance increases by ~1% of the equilibrium value in the low-temperature solid-like configuration. The Lindemann parameter (𝛿) is found to decrease with the increase of 𝑐 to reach a steady value of 𝛿=0.0106±0.0004 for 𝑐≥0.6 .
Microscopic interpretation of folding ϕ-values using the transition path ensemble

Significance ϕ-Value analysis remains the only experimental method that can give detailed structural information on protein folding transition states. Calculating ϕ-values from simulations is therefore an important validation of inferred folding mechanisms but has remained challenging. We describe a novel method for computing ϕ-values from folding transition paths, motivated by transition path theory. In addition to rendering an average ϕ-value, our approach can characterize pathway heterogeneity by resolving ϕ into contributions from individual transition paths. This method should be applicable not just to protein folding but to other complex self-assembly processes including protein binding or nucleic acid folding. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations now allow us to create movies of proteins folding and unfolding. However, it is difficult to assess the accuracy of the folding mechanisms observed because experiments cannot yet directly resolve events occurring along the transition paths between unfolded and folded states. Protein folding ϕ-values provide residue-resolved information about folding mechanisms by comparing the effects of mutations on folding rates and stability, but determining ϕ-values by separately simulating mutant proteins would be computationally demanding and prone to large statistical errors. Here we use transition path theory to develop a method for computing ϕ-values directly from the transition path ensemble, without the need for additional simulations. This path-based approach uses the full transition path information available from equilibrium folding and unfolding trajectories, or from transition path sampling, and does not require identification of folding transition states. Applying our approach to a set of simulations of 10 small proteins by Shaw and coworkers [Lindorff-Larsen K, Piana S, Dror RO, Shaw DE (2011) Science 334(6055):517–520; Piana S, Lindorff-Larsen K, Shaw DE (2011) Biophys J 100(9):L47–L49; and Piana S, Lindorff-Larsen K, Shaw DE (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(15):5915–5920], we find good agreement with experiments in most cases where data are available. We can further resolve the contributions to fractional ϕ-values coming from partial contact formation versus transition path heterogeneity. Although in some cases, there is substantial heterogeneity of folding mechanism, in others, such as Ubiquitin, the mechanism is strongly conserved.
Constant mortality and fertility over age in Hydra

Significance How an organism changes with age and why the pattern of change differs across species are questions that have intrigued biologists since Aristotle. Patterns of change can be described by trajectories of birth and death rates over age. For humans and many other mammals, mortality increases and fertility declines with age among adults. For other species, however, a remarkable variety of patterns has been observed. Although roughly constant mortality and fertility trajectories have been reported for some species, the data are problematic because sample sizes are small, especially at older ages. Here, we present compelling evidence for constant mortality and reproduction of Hydra using data from careful, large-scale studies over 8 y with 2,256 individuals. Senescence, the increase in mortality and decline in fertility with age after maturity, was thought to be inevitable for all multicellular species capable of repeated breeding. Recent theoretical advances and compilations of data suggest that mortality and fertility trajectories can go up or down, or remain constant with age, but the data are scanty and problematic. Here, we present compelling evidence for constant age-specific death and reproduction rates in Hydra, a basal metazoan, in a set of experiments comprising more than 3.9 million days of observations of individual Hydra. Our data show that 2,256 Hydra from two closely related species in two laboratories in 12 cohorts, with cohort age ranging from 0 to more than 41 y, have extremely low, constant rates of mortality. Fertility rates for Hydra did not systematically decline with advancing age. This falsifies the universality of the theories of the evolution of aging that posit that all species deteriorate with age after maturity. The nonsenescent life history of Hydra implies levels of maintenance and repair that are sufficient to prevent the accumulation of damage for at least decades after maturity, far longer than the short life expectancy of Hydra in the wild. A high proportion of stem cells, constant and rapid cell turnover, few cell types, a simple body plan, and the fact that the germ line is not segregated from the soma are characteristics of Hydra that may make nonsenescence feasible. Nonsenescence may be optimal because lifetime reproduction may be enhanced more by extending adult life spans than by increasing daily fertility.
The LWDS-10J: reliability and validity of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale among university students in Jordan.

INTRODUCTION While the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11) has shown promise in assessing dependence on waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in Lebanon among adult users, it would be valuable to identify WTS addiction earlier and to explore reliability and validity of these items in other populations. METHODS In 2010-2012, we conducted a multiyear survey of 5,853 students from 4 Jordanian universities. We measured WTS, sociodemographic data, and the LWDS-11 items. We conducted exploratory factor analysis with half of the sample and confirmed the resulting model using confirmatory factor analysis with the other half. We examined construct validity with regression models assessing associations between the modified scale and 5 constructs conceptually expected to be associated with dependence. RESULTS WTS rates were 35% in the past 30 days and 56% ever. Principal-components analysis of LWDS items in the first half of the sample yielded 10 items representing 3 factors labeled physical dependence, relaxation/pleasure, and social aspects. Cronbach's α was . 77 for the total scale and was . 75, . 70, and . 67 for each individual subscale. Confirmatory factor analysis in a structural equation modeling framework confirmed good fit (root mean squared error of approximation = 0.068, and comparative fit index = 0.937). Dependence according to the resulting scale (LWDS-10J) was strongly associated with each of the 5 expected constructs, whether the dependent variable was treated as categorical or continuous. CONCLUSIONS The LWDS-11 items exhibited a different factor structure in our sample. However, the modified scale (LWDS-10J) showed promising reliability and construct validity in this population.
Mental health interventions in the primary school setting: perceived facilitators, barriers and needs

Issues addressed: The mental health of young people is a significant public health issue that may be addressed through the school as a mental health promotion setting. This study examined how mental health strategies are employed in Australian primary schools. Methods: A needs assessment was conducted involving focus group interviews with 63 participants, including classroom teachers, school guidance officers and principals from 23 primary schools. Results: Participants reported that a broad range of mental health interventions, involving all levels of school organisation, occurred in primary schools. However, the major burden of such interventions appeared to fall on classroom teachers. The provision of effective mental health interventions was limited by poor liaison with community agencies and perceived lack of resources. Participants emphasised a need for greater staff development opportunities. Conclusions: Participants reported that schools were playing an active role in addressing the mental health problems of students, but that gaps in this provision were a source of concern. Universal interventions to support and nurture well-being were largely neglected by participants. So What? School-based intervention efforts are currently focusing on children at risk and those with existing mental health problems. While ongoing research is needed to evaluate these efforts, the future challenge will be to develop population-wide approaches that promote wellbeing and resilience in the broader school population. (author abstract)
Principal component analysis as a method of investigation of endocardial signals in acute myocardial ischemia

The clinical use of electromechanical mapping of the endocardium requires better understanding of the endocardial electrogram morphology. In this study, principal component analysis was used in order to identify the signal segments that change as a result of regional acute ischemia in a canine model. For each ischemic stage, (immediately, 5 hours and 3 days following ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery), parameters were defined as linear combinations of regional average principal components and were compared to Echo scores. It was found that the major changes occur in the depolarization segment of the signal as well as in the ST segment.
Variabilidad en las Hospitalizaciones Potencialmente Evitables relacionadas con la reagudización de enfermedades crónicas

En este Atlas se estudian las hospitalizaciones potencialmente evitables (HPE) en seis procesos agudos que se producen en el contexto de una enfermedad cronica: complicaciones agudas de la diabetes, ingresos por enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cronica, ingresos por fallo cardiaco congestivo, ingresos por deshidratacion, ingresos por angina (no primaria) sin procedimiento y, por ultimo, ingresos por asma en adulto.