Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cusum - entropy: an efficient method for DDoS attack detection

Computers and Internet have evolved into necessary tools for our professional, personal and social lives. As a result of growing dependence, the availability of these systems has become a concern. This concern increases exponentially when considering systems such as smart power grids and public utility services. Therefore, research should be conducted to develop effective ways of detecting system anomalies. Denial of Service attacks are an important problem for the communication systems. Researchers proposed many DDoS detection approaches. In this study, we propose a novel DDoS detection approach: Cusum - Entropy. Our approach performs additional signal processing on the entropy of the packet header field to improve detection efficiency. We tested our approach using operational network traffic and performing DDoS attacks without jeopardizing the operation network. Our results showed that our approach gives high detection and low false positive rates and outperforms the detection approach using the entropy of packet header field.
Bayesian epidemic models for spatially aggregated count data

Epidemic data often possess certain characteristics, such as the presence of many zeros, the spatial nature of the disease spread mechanism, environmental noise, serial correlation and dependence on time‐varying factors. This paper addresses these issues via suitable Bayesian modelling. In doing so, we utilize a general class of stochastic regression models appropriate for spatio‐temporal count data with an excess number of zeros. The developed regression framework does incorporate serial correlation and time‐varying covariates through an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process formulation. In addition, we explore the effect of different priors, including default options and variations of mixtures of g‐priors. The effect of different distance kernels for the epidemic model component is investigated. We proceed by developing branching process‐based methods for testing scenarios for disease control, thus linking traditional epidemiological models with stochastic epidemic processes, useful in policy‐focused decision making. The approach is illustrated with an application to a sheep pox dataset from the Evros region, Greece. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA AND MORINGA OLEIFERA

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. Department of Home Science and Management, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. #Corresponding Author This study evaluated some phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of two commonly consumed Nigerian vegetables, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Moringa oleifera. Both vegetables (dried) were screened for the non-phenolic phytochemicals: alkaloids, saponin, oxalate and phytate; the polyphenol phytochemical: polyphenol, anthocynin, flavonoids, tannin; and the nutritive phytochemical, ascorbic acid. These vegetables were screened for antioxidant properties with respect to scavenging DPPH radical, in suppressing ferric thiocyonate and malonaldehyde formations in linoleic acid emulsions. Moringa oleifera had higher content of alkaloids (6.24%), flavonoids (29.42%), ascorbic acid (27.11%) and tannin (0.53) than Hibicus sabdariffa which had 3.11% alkaloid, 5.54% flavonoid, 16.76% ascorbic acid and 0.45% tannin contents. On the other hand, Hibiscus sabdariffa had higher polyphenols (1.10%), anthocyanin (1.15%), 0xalate (0.53%) and saponin (1.19%) contents than Moringa oleifera which had 0.99% polyphenols, 1.10% anthocyanin, 0.50% oxalate and 1.13% saponin contents. Both vegetables exhibited antioxidant activities in scavenging DPPH radical, and in suppressing ferric thiocyanate and malonaldehyde formations in linoleic acid emulsions. It was not clear which of both vegetables that had higher antioxidant activity since Hibiscus sabdariffa was more antioxidative in suppressing malonaldehyde formation but less antioxidative in suppressing ferric thiocyanide formation than Moringa oleifera. Conclusively, combination of both vegetables will boost health-promoting and disease-preventing properties associated with the phytochemicals in these vegetables.
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Is Not Attenuated by β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and α-Ketoisocaproic Acid Supplementation

Nunan, D, Howatson, G, and van Someren, KA. Exercise-induced muscle damage is not attenuated by β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and α-ketoisocaproic acid supplementation. J Strength Cond Res 24(2): 531-537, 2010-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of combined oral β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) supplementation on indices of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) after an acute bout of eccentric-biased exercise. Fourteen male subjects were allocated to 2 groups: a placebo group (3 g·d−1 corn flour, N = 7) or an HMB + KIC group (3 g·d−1 HMB and 0.3 g·d−1 KIC, N = 7). Supplementation commenced 11 days before a 40-minute bout of downhill running and continued for 3 days post-exercise. Delayed-onset muscle soreness, mid-thigh girth, knee extensor range of motion, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, and isometric and concentric torque were assessed pre-exercise and at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Delayed-onset muscle soreness, CK activity, and isometric and concentric torque all changed over the 72-hour period (p < 0.05); however, HMB + KIC had no significant effect on any of the indices of muscle damage. Although 14 days HMB and KIC supplementation did not attenuate indices of EIMD after an acute bout of unaccustomed eccentric-biased exercise, there was a trend for a more rapid rate of recovery in isometric and isokinetic muscle function. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and KIC may therefore provide limited benefit in the recovery of muscle function after EIMD in untrained subjects or after unaccustomed exercise.
Threshold critical dynamics of driven interfaces in random media.

The dynamics of driven interfaces in random media are analyzed, focusing on the critical behavior near the depinning threshold. The roughening exponent in the critical region is shown to be independent of the type of disorder, in contrast to the equilibrium static behavior where there are two different universality classes corresponding to random-bond and random-field disorder. This critical dynamic roughening exponent is argued to be equal to its equilibrium static random-field value: ζ c =e/3 to all orders in e in 5-e dimensions. All other critical exponents are obtained in terms of z, the dynamic exponent, which is calculated to O(e) to be z=2-2e/9+O(e 2 ). The results agree fairly well with recent numerical simulations
High-Performance Preprocessing of Architectural Drawings for Legend Metadata Extraction via OCR

This paper describes the results of an investigation into methods of preprocessing architectural plots to enable them to be processed very quickly via OCR, detecting the region containing the relevant metadata legend and obtaining it in machine-readable form for e.g. automated folding and filenaming applications. We show how a processing pipeline adapted to this type of content can vastly decrease processing time, maintaining acceptable accuracy. Initial results show a reduction in total processing time from 2--3 minutes to around 15 seconds for most documents encountered, with the folding orientation being correctly detected in 78% of cases and the legend region being completely detected in 60% of cases, high enough for the use-case at hand.
Confidence in the courts: a comparison of users and non-users.

Much work has been done on the correlates of confidence in the United States Supreme Court. However, very little research has been undertaken to discern the correlates of confidence in state and local courts. Using survey data from Louisiana, we examine confidence in state and local courts. We focus on the role of experience, arguing that the opportunity for wide participation in these courts makes the confidence calculation different from that of a remote institution like the US Supreme Court. We find that, indeed, experience matters and further, that type of experience matters. Those with more stake in the outcome of the court case and less control over it (e.g., defendants) are least confident in state and local courts, while those with little stake and substantial control (e.g., jurors) are most confident in them. Procedural justice concerns also loom large in the confidence calculation for these lower courts. Timeliness, courtesy, and equal treatment all affect public confidence.
Cryopreservation of the microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen): analysis of the effect of DMSO temperature and light regime during different equilibrium periods

We evaluated the effect of three variables (cryoprotectant temperature, light regime, and time of exposure to the cryoprotectant) throughout the equilibrium period during cryopreservation on the viability of the microalga Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen). For this, the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 5% (v/v) was added at three different temperatures (4, 10, and 25oC) before placing the microalgae in cryobiological straws for freezing. Once inside the cryobiological straws, the microalgal-cryoprotectant suspensions were subjected to the following light regimes for 15 or 45 min: complete light, complete darkness, light/darkness, and darkness/light. Suspensions were then frozen under controlled conditions and stored in liquid nitrogen. The viability index proposed by Canavate & Lubian (1995b) was used to measure microalgal viability after cryopreservation. Results indicated that it is necessary to use a cryoprotectant to ensure the viable cryopreservation of C. calcitrans. Statistical analyses showed that the temperature of the DMSO influenced the viability of cryopreserved microalgae and that there was no synergistic effect between the other variables studied. The viabilities obtained with DMSO at 25oC, 10oC, and 4oC were 34.9%, 27.8%, and 20.6%, respectively.
Nitrogen Source Regulates Glutamate Dehydrogenase NADP Synthesis in Neurospora crassa

Neurospora crassa glutamate dehydrogenase-NADP (EC 1.3.1.3) has a higher activity when mycelium is grown on ammonium or nitrate as nitrogen source than when grown on glutamate or glutamine. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis established that, under all conditions, enzyme activity corresponded to enzyme concentration. Isotope incorporation studies demonstrated that the nitrogen source exerts its regulation at the level of de novo enzyme synthesis.
A switching control strategy of safety protection problem for aero-engines

This paper focuses on a switching control of the temperature protection problem for aero-engines. Firstly, an equilibrium manifold expansion (EME) model is established to describe the aero-engine for high accuracy. Then, a speed regulation controller is designed to obtain the asymptotic stability. As the temperature measurements usually have errors for aero-engines, a safety protection control strategy based on the sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed. It can avoid the over-temperature problem for aero-engines, furthermore, possess the disturbance-resistant performance. Then we design an appropriate switching law which makes the aero-engine have a fast transient response speed without exceeding the safety boundary. Finally, a simulation of a two-spool turbofan engine model is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effect of Diabetes on the Assessment Role of 2-Oxoglutarate to the Severity of Chronic Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND Serum 2-oxoglutarate can reflect the severity of chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients without diabetes. Whether this predictive role persists in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients is unclear. In this study, we investigated this predictive role in T2DM patients and whether 2-oxoglutarate can indicate the diastolic or systolic function of left ventricle. METHODS One hundred eighty CHF patients (76 with T2DM) and 66 healthy controls were studied. 2-Oxoglutarate was assayed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Echocardiographic parameters, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and other parameters were measured. RESULTS 2-Oxoglutarate was increased in CHF patients with or without T2DM compared with controls (both P<0.01). Patients with a lower left ventricular ejection fraction or a higher NT-proBNP or left ventricular end-diastolic volume index had higher levels of 2-oxoglutarate (median, 18.77 μg/mL versus 11.25 μg/mL; median, 14.06 µg/ml versus 9.39 µg/ml; median, 18.06 µg/mL versus 11.60 µg/mL, all P<0.05) in nondiabetic patients but not in T2DM patients. In multiple logistic regression analysis, NT-proBNP (OR=3.445, 95% CI=1.098 to 10.816, P=0.034) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (OR=2.544, 95% CI=1.033 to 6.268, P=0.042) were independently associated with increased 2-oxoglutarate in nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS The levels of 2-oxoglutarate can reflect the clinical severity of CHF in nondiabetic patients but not in those with T2DM, and it can be used as a potential indicator of the systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle.
Dysphagia in Acute Stroke: Incidence, Burden and Impact on Clinical Outcome

Background Reported frequency of post-stroke dysphagia in the literature is highly variable. In view of progress in stroke management, we aimed to assess the current burden of dysphagia in acute ischemic stroke. Methods We studied 570 consecutive patients treated in a tertiary stroke center. Dysphagia was evaluated by using the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). We investigated the relationship of dysphagia with pneumonia, length of hospital stay and discharge destination and compared rates of favourable clinical outcome and mortality at 3 months between dysphagic patients and those without dysphagia. Results Dysphagia was diagnosed in 118 of 570 (20.7%) patients and persisted in 60 (50.9%) at hospital discharge. Thirty-six (30.5%) patients needed nasogastric tube because of severe dysphagia. Stroke severity rather than infarct location was associated with dysphagia. Dysphagic patients suffered more frequently from pneumonia (23.1% vs. 1.1%, p<0.001), stayed longer at monitored stroke unit beds (4.4±2.8 vs. 2.7±2.4 days; p<0.001) and were less often discharged to home (19.5% vs. 63.7%, p = 0.001) as compared to those without dysphagia. At 3 months, dysphagic patients less often had a favourable outcome (35.7% vs. 69.7%; p<0.001), less often lived at home (38.8% vs. 76.5%; p<0.001), and more often had died (13.6% vs. 1.6%; p<0.001). Multivariate analyses identified dysphagia to be an independent predictor of discharge destination and institutionalization at 3 months, while severe dysphagia requiring tube placement was strongly associated with mortality. Conclusion Dysphagia still affects a substantial portion of stroke patients and may have a large impact on clinical outcome, mortality and institutionalization.
Tumors Cyclin D 1 Loss Distinguishes Prostatic Small-Cell Carcinoma fromMost Prostatic Adenocarcinomas

Purpose: Small-cell neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma is an increasingly common resistance mechanism to potent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but can be difficult to identify morphologically. We investigated whether cyclin D1 and p16 expression can inform on Rb functional status and distinguish small-cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. Experimental Design: We used gene expression data and immunohistochemistry to examine cyclin D1 and p16 levels in patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and prostatic small-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma specimens. Results:Using PDX,we showproof-of-concept that a high ratio of p16 to cyclin D1 gene expression reflects underlying Rb functional loss and distinguishes morphologically identified small-cell carcinoma from prostatic adenocarcinoma in patient specimens (n1⁄4 13 and 9, respectively). At the protein level, cyclin D1, but not p16, was useful to distinguish small-cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. Overall, 88% (36/41) of small-cell carcinomas showed cyclinD1 loss by immunostaining comparedwith 2% (2/94) of Gleason score 7–10 primary adenocarcinomas at radical prostatectomy, 9% (4/44) of Gleason score 9–10 primary adenocarcinomas at needle biopsy, and 7% (8/115) of individual metastases from 39 patients at autopsy. Though rare adenocarcinomas showed cyclinD1 loss, many of these were associated with clinical features of small-cell carcinoma, and in a cohort of men treated with adjuvant ADT who developed metastasis, lower cyclin D1 gene expression was associated with more rapid onset of metastasis and death. Conclusions: Cyclin D1 loss identifies prostate tumors with small-cell differentiation and may identify a small subset of adenocarcinomas with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24);
Application of mass spectrometry-based proteomics for biomarker discovery in neurological disorders

Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics has emerged as a powerful approach that has the potential to accelerate biomarker discovery, both for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes. Proteomics has traditionally been synonymous with 2D gels but is increasingly shifting to the use of gel-free systems and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Quantitative proteomic approaches have already been applied to investigate various neurological disorders, especially in the context of identifying biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid and serum. This review highlights the scope of different applications of quantitative proteomics in understanding neurological disorders with special emphasis on biomarker discovery.
Cellular Prion Protein Promotes Regeneration of Adult Muscle Tissue

ABSTRACT It is now well established that the conversion of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, into its anomalous conformer, PrPSc, is central to the onset of prion disease. However, both the mechanism of prion-related neurodegeneration and the physiologic role of PrPC are still unknown. The use of animal and cell models has suggested a number of putative functions for the protein, including cell signaling, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Given that skeletal muscles express significant amounts of PrPC and have been related to PrPC pathophysiology, in the present study, we used skeletal muscles to analyze whether the protein plays a role in adult morphogenesis. We employed an in vivo paradigm that allowed us to compare the regeneration of acutely damaged hind-limb tibialis anterior muscles of mice expressing, or not expressing, PrPC. Using morphometric and biochemical parameters, we provide compelling evidence that the absence of PrPC significantly slows the regeneration process compared to wild-type muscles by attenuating the stress-activated p38 pathway, and the consequent exit from the cell cycle, of myogenic precursor cells. Demonstrating the specificity of this finding, restoring PrPC expression completely rescued the muscle phenotype evidenced in the absence of PrPC.
P2Y2 receptor antagonists as anti‐allodynic agents in acute and sub‐chronic trigeminal sensitization: Role of satellite glial cells

Trigeminal (TG) pain often lacks a satisfactory pharmacological control. A better understanding of the molecular cross‐talk between TG neurons and surrounding satellite glial cells (SGCs) could help identifying innovative targets for the development of more effective analgesics. We have previously demonstrated that neuronal pro‐algogenic mediators upregulate G protein‐coupled nucleotide P2Y receptors (P2YRs) expressed by TG SGCs in vitro. Here, we have identified the specific P2YR subtypes involved (i.e., the ADP‐sensitive P2Y1R and the UTP‐responsive P2Y2R subtypes), and demonstrated the contribution of neuron‐derived prostaglandins to their upregulation. Next, we have translated these data to an in vivo model of TG pain (namely, rats injected with Complete Freund's adjuvant in the temporomandibular joint), by demonstrating activation of SGCs and upregulation of P2Y1R and P2Y2R in the ipsi‐lateral TG. To unequivocally link P2YRs to the development of facial allodynia, we treated animals with various purinergic antagonists. The selective P2Y2R antagonist AR‐C118925 completely inhibited SGCs activation, exerted a potent anti‐allodynic effect that lasted over time, and was still effective when administration was started 6‐days post induction of allodynia, i.e. under subchronic pain conditions. Conversely, the selective P2Y1R antagonist MRS2179 was completely ineffective. Moreover, similarly to the anti‐inflammatory drug acetylsalicylic acid and the known anti‐migraine agent sumatriptan, the P2X/P2Y nonselective antagonist PPADS was only partially effective, and completely lost its activity under sub‐chronic conditions. Taken together, our results highlight glial P2Y2Rs as potential “druggable” targets for the successful management of TG‐related pain. GLIA 2015;63:1256–1269
Meniscal Detachment to Approach Lateral Tibial Plateau Fractures

This retrospective study evaluated 18 patients in whom an extensile approach to the lateral tibial plateau involving anterior detachment and retraction of the lateral meniscus was used to improve visualization of the tibial articular surface. All patients in this study had a significantly comminuted tibial plateau fracture with a minimum articular depression of 10 mm. Four of the 18 patients had peripheral meniscal tears that were repaired at the time of tibial fixation. All patients had a minimum followup of 13 months. The average range of motion was 0° to 117°. None of the patients had evidence of meniscal symptoms. Functional evaluation revealed that 13 of the patients had an excellent result, 5 had a good result, and 1 a poor result. Five patients evaluated with arthroscopy showed complete healing of the anteromedial detachment site of the meniscus. Two of the 5 patients also had a meniscal repair that healed. For patients in whom there is significant comminution and depression of the lateral tibial plateau, this is a safe and effective method of treatment that provides excellent exposure of the articular surface to allow an accurate reduction.
In Vivo Study of Glucose‐Induced Somatostatin Secretion: Comparison in Normal and Alloxan‐Diabetic Dogs

This work was undertaken to study the effect of glucose on pancreaticoduodenal and peripheral venous somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) levels in dogs. Our experiments were performed in normal and alloxan diabetic dogs, conscious or anesthetized. The response of somatostatin was studied following intravenous (0.2 g/kg) or oral (1 gikg) glucose administration. SLI levels were assayed in peripheral venous blood and in superior pancreati-coduodenal venous blood. An interplay of the cholinergic nervous system was challenged both after oral and intravenous glucose load by a prior administration of atropine sulfate (0.2 mg/kg i.v.). Our results show that (a) peripheral venous SLI levels do not reflect pancreatic D-cell activity in alloxan diabetic as in normal animals. (b) Increase of peripheral venous SLI level after oral glucose is under cholinergic nervous system control. (c) In alloxan diabetic dogs, the response of pancreaticoduodenal venous SLI to intravenous glucose was decreased, whereas peripheral SLI response to oral glucose was increased.