Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation, Resilience and CAP Reform: A Comparison of Crofts and Livestock Farms in Scotland

ABSTRACT In this paper, we assess the recent and anticipated changes on Scotland’s livestock-producing crofts, using a representative survey of Scottish farmers undertaken in 2013. We find that crofters are similar to other livestock farmers, both inside and outside of the traditional crofting counties, in terms of age, years of involvement in the holding and percentage of identified successors, but are less likely to own their holdings or to operate them for profit. Crofters reported being more subsidy dependent than other livestock producers, and many appear likely to retreat from crofting in the event of substantive subsidy reductions. However, crofting respondents identified input costs, regulations, commodity prices and climate change as having had greater influence on how they manage their crofts than the 2005 transition to the ‘Single Farm Payment’. Overall, crofters reported making fewer changes than their counterparts in non-crofting counties, but similar levels to those of other livestock farmers within crofting counties, suggesting less ‘room for manoeuvre’ within the remote areas in which most crofts are located. However, there is some evidence that ‘active’ crofts are ‘bouncing forward’ in response to recent challenges, particularly into forestry and agri-tourism, also reporting significantly higher perceived economic prospects.
Effects of drought on the induced defence reaction of Scots pine to bark beetle-associated fungi

Summary — Water stress was imposed on Scots pine saplings grown in a greenhouse. Predawn leaf water potential (ψwas monitored regularly while carbohydrate reserves were quantified in the phloem, xylem and shoots. Trees were inoculated in the bole with a bark beetle-associated fungus at 4 different periods of the year; the induced defence reaction was quantified 2-3 wk later by its length and the total amount of resin. A decrease in the induced reaction (length and resin quantity) was observed in the most severely stressed trees. However, no clear relationship could be established between the concentration of carbohydrates (soluble or hydrolysable) and the intensity of the defence reaction.
Sublethal Toxic Effects and Induction of gGutathione S-transferase by Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and C-12 alkane (dodecane) in Xenopus laevis Frog Embryos

Bur˘‰kova B. , L. Blaha, D. Vr‰kova, K. ·imkova, B. Mar‰alek: Sublethal Toxic Effects and Induction of Gutathione S-transferase by Short chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and C-12 alkane (dodecane) in Xenopus laevis Frog Embryos. Acta Vet. Brno 2006: 75: 115-122. Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are important industrial chemicals with high persistence in the environment but poorly characterized ecotoxicological effects. We studied embryotoxic effects of commercial mixture of SCCP (carbon length C-12, 56% of chlorine; CP5612) and non-chlorinated n-alkane (dodecane, C-12) in the 96h Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay – Xenopus (FETAX). Only weak lethal effects were observed for both substances (the highest tested concentration 500 mg/L of both chemicals caused up to 11% mortality). On the other hand, we observed developmental malformations and reduced embryo growth at 5 mg/l and higher concentrations. However, the effects were not related to chlorination pattern as both SCCPs and dodecane induced qualitatively similar effects. SCCPs also significantly induced phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Xenopus laevis embryos even at 0.5 mg/L, and this biomarker might be used as another early warning of chronic toxic effects. Our results newly indicate significant developmental toxicity of both SCCPs and n-dodecane to aquatic organisms along with inductions of specific biochemical toxicity mechanisms.
Testing for the existence of a bubble in the stock market

Are specific developments in stock prices in line with fundamentals or do they reflect a rising bubble? And if the latter result applies, how is it possible to detect a bubble in real time? The answer to this question is of utmost relevance for a number of areas, not least for either financial market participants or for central banks aiming at pursuing a policy of 'leaning against the wind'. In this study, we make use of a sample of 17 OECD industrialised countries and the euro area over the sample period 1969 Q1 - 2008 Q3 and carry out univariate and multivariate panel tests to find evidence of bubbles in the stock market of those countries over the past four decades.
Fuzzy Evidential Approximate Reasoning Scheme for fault diagnosis of complex processes

Supervision of nonlinear and complex processes is of great importance to industries as a means of achieving improved productivity and stable product quality. The advanced model-based condition monitoring methodologies, can contribute significantly to the achievement of these objectives. In this paper, a fuzzy evidential model based fault detection and diagnosis method is presented. The multi-model based symptom generation procedure is used to detect changes of the current process behavior. The diagnosis task is accomplished by an evidential approximate reasoning scheme to handle different kinds of uncertainty that are inherently present in many real word processes. The validity of the method is illustrated on the well-known benchmark of three tanks and different faults can be detected and isolated continuously, over all ranges of operation.
The development of verbal morphology and word order in an Indonesian-German bilingual child: A case study

Abstract The contexts and circumstances of the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children’s language development are still a matter of debate. The present study argues that in the early development of a bilingual child exposed to two typologically distinct languages (Indonesian and German), the child developed two separate linguistic systems. The child, raised in Indonesia, was exposed to Indonesian by her Indonesian mother and to German by her German father. The study focuses on the early stages of verbal morphology and word order, from ages 1;3 to 2;2. The corpus took the form of conversational text or speech based on spontaneous interactions in natural settings. The data was collected using diary records, supplemented by weekly video recordings. In analysing the data, two software systems were used: ELAN and Toolbox. The speech was segmented based on utterances. All verbal morphology and word order was coded. The results show that verbal morphology in Indonesian and German was acquired by the child at different times, with the development of German verbs occurring later than Indonesian verb acquisition. In addition, there is evidence of interaction between the two developing systems. Cross-linguistic interference was identified when the child used the Indonesian vocatives-predicate combination in German utterances while, at the same time, the child also applied the German verb-final clause structure in Indonesian utterances when she should have produced German utterances. Thus, the results from this case study suggest that both language external and internal factors account for the occurrence of cross-linguistic influence.
On the Dynamics of the Jovian Ionosphere and Thermosphere: II. The Measurement of H3+ Vibrational Temperature, Column Density, and Total Emission

Abstract We present the first reported measurements of the intensity of a “hotband” transition for the H3+ molecular ion in the northern auroral/polar region of Jupiter. This transition is identified as the R(3, 4+) line of the (2v2(l=0)→v2) hotband, with a wavelength of 3.94895 μm. This is the first time such a transition has been measured outside the laboratory, and the wavelength as measured on Jupiter is within the experimental accuracy of the lab measurement. This detection makes it possible to investigate H3+ transitions that simultaneously originate from different vibrational levels. We use the intensity ratio between this line and the Q(1, 0−) fundamental transition to derive effective vibrational temperatures, column densities, and total emission parameters as a function of position across the auroral/polar region. Effective temperatures range from ∼900 to ∼1250 K; an increase in average temperature during our observing run of ∼100 K is noted. The derived temperatures are toward the high end or in excess of the auroral temperature range that has been reported in the literature to date. The relationship among emission intensity, temperature, and density is shown to be complex. This may reflect the nonthermalization of the vibrational levels at the gas densities prevailing in the jovian thermosphere. An alternative analysis allowing for this effect is presented. But this approach requires thermospheric temperatures to be ∼1500 K at the level that the majority of H3+ is being produced, higher than has previously been proposed.
Examining and Modeling the Dynamics of the Volatility Surface

The objective of this paper is to investigate and model the characteristics of the prevailing volatility smiles and surfaces on the DAXand ESX-index options markets. Continuing on the trend of Implied Volatility Functions, the Standardized Log-Moneyness model is introduced and fitted to historical data. The model replaces the constant volatility parameter of the Black & Scholes pricing model with a matrix of volatilities with respect to moneyness and maturity and is tested out-of-sample. Considering the dynamics, the results show support for the hypotheses put forward in this study, implying that the smile increases in magnitude when maturity and ATM volatility decreases and that there is a negative/positive correlation between a change in the underlying asset/time to maturity and implied ATM volatility. Further, the Standardized Log-Moneyness model indicates an improvement to pricing accuracy compared to previous Implied Volatility Function models, however indicating that the parameters of the models are to be re-estimated continuously for the models to fully capture the changing dynamics of the volatility smiles.
REDESCRIPTION OF CERATOLASMA TRICANTHA GOODNIGHT AND GOODNIGHT, WITH NOTES ON THE FAMILY ISCHYROPSALIDAE (OPILIONES, PALPATORES)

Ceratolasma tricantha Goodnight and Goodnight, 1942, is redescribed in both sexes ; description s and figures of most features of external morphology and some details of anatomy are given . Know n distribution of the species is mapped . The arguments for the systematic rearrangement (Ceratolasma placed near Ischyropsalis in Ischyropsalidae) are expanded ; some features of the latter genus ar e examined in comparison . The genus Ruaxphilos Goodnight and Goodnight, 1945, is considered a synonym of Ortholasma Banks . Questions of delimitation of and generic groupings in the famil y Ischyropsalidae are discussed .
Real-time algorithmic design for silent pass lip reading authentication system

This paper proposes a new block-matching motion estimation algorithm for a lip reading user authentication system. The method described in this paper represents a sub-system of the Silent Pass project. Silent Pass is a lip reading password entry system and person authentication project for security applications. The aim is to provide a complete solution for secured access to ATMs and internet services in multi-media environments. The proposed block matching algorithm is an optimal algorithm that mimics the actions of an exhaustive full search block matching algorithm (FSBM). The proposed algorithm reduces the computational load of FSBM by pruning non-candidate blocks from the search window using approximate SAD (sum of absolute differences) values. This computational reduction leads to enhanced performance in terms of speed and reduced computational load for motion estimation. Lip reading authentication is a real-time application that makes FSBM an unrealistic choice because of its low speed. The proposed algorithm provides the same result as the FSBM algorithm at a high speed.
Flood vulnerability , risk and social 1 disadvantage : Current and future 2 patterns in the UK 3 4

11 Present day and future social vulnerability, flood risk and disadvantage across the UK are 12 explored using the UK Future Flood Explorer. In doing so, new indices of neighbourhood 13 flood vulnerability and social flood risk are introduced and used to provide a quantitative 14 comparison of the flood risks faced by more and less socially vulnerable neighbourhoods. 15 The results show the concentrated nature of geographic flood disadvantage. For example, 16 ten local authorities account for fifty percent of the most socially vulnerable people that live 17 in flood prone areas. The results also highlight the systematic nature of flood disadvantage. 18 For example, flood risks are higher in socially vulnerable communities than elsewhere; this is 19 shown to be particularly the case in coastal areas, economically struggling cities and 20 dispersed rural communities. Results from a re-analysis of the Environment Agency’s Long21 Term Investment Scenarios (for England) suggests a long-term economic case for improving 22 the protection afforded to the most socially vulnerable communities; a finding that 23 reinforces the need to develop a better understanding of flood risk in socially vulnerable 24 communities if flood risk management efforts are to deliver fair outcomes. In response to 25 these findings the paper advocates an approach to flood risk management that emphasizes 26 Rawlsian principles of preferentially targeting risk reduction for the most socially vulnerable 27 and avoids a process of prioritisation based upon strict utilitarian or purely egalitarian 28 principles. 29
Fusion d'images SPOT multispectrales (XS) et panchromatique (P), et d'images radar

Cette communication porte sur l'amelioration de la resolution geometrique des images SPOT multispectrales (XS), a l'aide de l'image panchromatique associee (P), et sur l'injection dans ces images resultantes d'informations issues de l'imagerie radar (ERS-1). En ce qui concerne la fusion des images P et XS, les methodes existantes sont analysees, puis une nouvelle methode est presentee. L'objectif recherche est de simuler des images multispectrales a 10 m, notees XS-HR, dont les proprietes spectrales sont comparables a celles des images XS. L'etape suivante consiste a injecter dans ces images optiques des objets detectables sur l'image ERS-1. Les outils utilises pour realiser ces deux types de fusion sont l'analyse multiresolution et la transformation en ondelettes. Des ameliorations sont en cours, mais les resultats sont d'ores et deja tres encourageants.
Climate Change in Chile: An Analysis of State-of-the-Art Observations,Satellite-Derived Estimates and Climate Model Simulations

Although there is a reasonably large body of work focusing on South American climate, few studies focus on just Chile and even fewer consider climate processes operating over longer timescales, such as those at which climate change becomes apparent. This paper provides an overview of Chilean present-day and future climate, needed to plan for potential impacts of climate change. Firstly, present-day climate conditions are assessed using a number of observational rainfall and temperature datasets. All available GCMs are then examined, to firstly assess their ability to simulate climate during the end of the 20th century and secondly to examine their projections during the 21st century. The results of the present day analysis show a showing general agreement in spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall and temperature, between the datasets. When assessing the models’ ability to simulate observed rainfall and temperature, the results suggest that although the majority captures the spatial and temporal patterns, there are significant differences between models. When assessing future projections, the results suggest that over the next ~30 years, most GCMs show either no change in rainfall or a small reduction; however there is a lack of agreement regarding the sign of change, suggesting high uncertainty. For temperature, most models agree on a warming trend. This is also true for the longer-term, with most GCMs suggesting a small rainfall decrease by 2100 but a large temperature increase. Lastly, it is suggested that this temperature increase is due to an increase in minimum temperatures, which may have implications for certain frost-sensitive crops.
Nutritive Value of Desmanthus Associated With Kleingrass During the Establishment Year

Abstract Seasonal variation in production and quality of warm-season grasses is a limitation for livestock productivity. The use of high quality forage legumes to aid in overcoming this problem can be a management alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient content of kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.)–bundleflower (Desmanthus sp.) mixtures during the establishment year. Plots were drilled at a 0.15 m row-spacing with kleingrass sown either alone or in association with Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis [Michx.] MacM.) or desmanthus (Desmanthus pubescens [L.] Willd), which was previously identified as Desmanthus virgatus. Spacings of 0.30, 0.60, and 0.90 m between rows of bundleflower were used. Plots were planted in April and nutritive value was determined on samples harvested at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting. Age reduced kleingrass crude protein (CP) and increased fiber concentration. The CP concentration of desmanthus leaves was greater than that of Illinois bundleflower; however, the CP on a whole-plant basis was greater in Illinois bundleflower. Associations had greater CP yield than did the kleingrass monoculture. The tannin content was higher in desmanthus than in Illinois bundleflower. In both legumes the leaves had the greatest tannin concentrations, with a mean of 2.1% and 1.69% in desmanthus and Illinois bundleflower, respectively. With the exception of calcium (Ca), mineral content declined with increased age in both legumes and the grass. Levels of potassium, sodium, copper, and manganese were greater in kleingrass than in the legumes, while the legumes had greater concentrations of Ca and magnesium (Mg). Phosphorus and zinc concentrations were similar for kleingrass and legumes. The legumes did not affect the nutrient content of kleingrass when established in association, and the high CP of both legumes and their high levels of Ca and Mg suggest that animals grazing kleingrass-desmanthus associations may benefit nutritionally.
Experimental Investigation of the Interaction between Rising Bubbles and Swirling Water Flow

This study experimentally investigates the interaction between rising bubbles and swirling water flow imposed around the central (vertical) axis of a bubble plume in a cylindrical water tank. Small air bubbles are successively released from the bottom of the tank to generate a bubble plume, and a stirring disc at the bottom of the tank is rotated to impose a swirling water flow around the central axis of the bubble plume. The bubbles disperse further with the increasing rotational speed of the stirring disc. Some bubbles shift toward the central axis of the swirling flow when is high. The nondimensional swirling velocity of water reduces with increasing bubble flow rate when is lower than a certain value. However, it is less affected by the bubbles when is higher. The precessional amplitude for the upper end of the vortex core increases due to the presence of the bubbles. With increasing , the nondimensional precessional velocity decreases, and the bubble effect also reduces.
Phylogeography of Indo‐Pacific reef fishes: sister wrasses Coris gaimard and C. cuvieri in the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean

The aim of this study was to resolve the evolutionary history, biogeographical barriers and population histories for sister species of wrasses, the African Coris (Coris cuvieri) in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, and the Yellowtail Coris (Coris gaimard) in the Pacific Ocean. Glacial sea level fluctuations during the Pleistocene have shaped the evolutionary trajectories of Indo‐Pacific marine fauna, primarily by creating barriers between the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Here, we evaluate the influence of these episodic glacial barriers on sister species C. cuvieri and C. gaimard.
From Sojourners to Settlers: A Qualitative Study of the Homes of Italian Migrants in Brisbane (Australia)

Of all migrant groups who came to Australia during this period, the Italian group has been one of the most numerous [1013] and its physical presence in the urban territory is observable in public places with, for instance, pizzerias, restaurants, icecream parlours, food shops and so on [14-15]. Here, the Italian migrants are seen to have annexed their characteristic culture to the Australian society, a modus operandi which concurrently offers continuity with their native country and adds variety to Australian life [16-20].
CLONING AND SEQUENCING OF A MITOCHONDRIAL AUTOANTIGEN WITH IMMUNOGLOBULIN G FROM PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by a cellular immune response in early stages and demyelination of the CNS later. Although the cause of MS is unknown, there is much evidence that points to MS as an autoimmune disease. To test the hypotheses that an Autoantigen is involved in MS, we screened a λgt11 human foetal spinal cord cDNA library using IgG from patients with MS. From screening 2×10 6 recombinant phage, 6 positive clones were identified. Properties expressed by these lambda phage on the bacterial lysate plate appeared to react specially with pooled MS IgG but not with pooled IgG purified from normal human sera. The positive clones were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. After searching in GenBank analysis of the sequences showed a high percent similarity between three clones called M64, M63 and M62 (0.6, 0.9 and 1.8 Kb length, respectively) and the mitochondrial gene encoding the human NADH:ubiquinone reductase (complex I). This is the first time a mitochondrially encoded protein has been shown to be an autoantigen. This discovery adds to the growing list of intracellular enzymes which are considered as involved autoantigens in autoimmune diseases.
Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy and Calendula officinalis 3 CH on Wound Healing in Human Skin Fibroblasts

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Calendula officinalis 3 CH or a combination of both treatment modalities on wounded human skin fibro - blasts (HSF) in vitro. Background data: LLLT is a form of phototherapy, involving the application of low level monochromatic and coherent light to injuries and lesions to stimulate healing. LLLT has been used to examine the influence of laser radiation on the healing process of wounds. Calendula preparations are mainly used for the treatment of wounds as it has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immuno-stimulating properties. Methods: Changes in normal and wounded fibroblast cell morphology were evaluated by light microscopy. Cellular responses to treatment were evaluated by assessing the cell viability and cytotoxicity. Results: The results demonstrate that Calendula officinalis 3 CH facilitates wound healing in the following two respects; it accelerated wound closure and increased cell viability. Laser irradiation improved the rate of wound closure in injured HSF cells in vitro while laser irradiation followed by Calendula officinalis 3 CH demonstrated a normalizing effect on wounded HSF cells. Keywords: wound healing, a comparison study of Calendula 3 CH and Laser phototherapy; Calendula, and wound healing; laser therapy, and wound healing.