Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isotopic variations of meltwater from ice by isotopic exchange between liquid water and ice

Abstract Predicting the isotopic modification of ice by melting processes is important for improving the accuracy in paleoclimate reconstruction. To this end, we present results from cold room laboratory observations of changes in the isotopic ratio (D/H and 18O/16O) of ice cubes by isotopic exchange between liquid water and ice in nearly isothermal conditions. A 1-D model was fit to the isotopic results by adjusting the values of two parameters, the isotopic exchange rate constant (kr) and the fraction of ice participating in the exchange (f). We found that the rate constant for hydrogen isotopic exchange between liquid water and ice may be greater (up to 40%) than that for the oxygen isotopic exchange. The range of the rate constant obtained from four melt experiments is from 0.21 to 0.82 h–1. The model results also suggest that f decreases with the increasing wetness of the ice. This is because with increasing water saturation in ice, water may be present only in the small pores or some of the water that was exchanged with ice may be bypassed, decreasing the effective surface area over which the isotopic exchange can occur. The relationship between the two water isotopes (δ18O vs δD) was observed and modeled and the slope was <8, which is significantly different from the slope of the meteoric waterline. We note that these slopes were obtained without considering the sublimation process.
Rainfall Variations over Zhoushan during Last Four Decades

Rainfall is essential for the humanity as well as for agriculture. Zhoushan is an Island, which experiences different kinds of rainfall events, such as due to typhoon, local convection, topographic effects, etc. To find out the variations, we have chosen Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) merged rainfall data set over Zhoushan during the period 1979-2018. Monthly, seasonal, annual and decadal variations have been checked and find out there is an increasing trend in rainfall during the study period. All the seasonal variations are illustrating an increasing trend except spring season, which showing decreasing trend. Recent decade (2009-18) illustrating strong increase in rainfall, this may be due to heavy rainfall events increased during decade. To find out the heavy rainfall events, we have chosen few typhoons’ rainfall during its life time, which clearly demonstrating that rainfall during the typhoon period. Zhoushan is experiencing heavy rainfall when the typhoon landfall over Zhejiang province also experiencing rainfall while typhoon passing through.
Volcanic Impacts Dominate Bidecadal‐Multidecadal Temperature Variations During the Late Holocene in Northern Fennoscandia

A reconstruction of summer temperatures during two millennia in Northern Fennoscandia has been studied and 79 abrupt cold periods have been identified. Data regarding the volcanic eruptions are not a priori used. During 1750–2000 all of the abrupt, cold periods could posteriori be connected to candidate years of volcanic eruptions. It is concluded that the 79 abrupt cold periods are mainly, if not all, postvolcanic ones. Local impact of weaker, less global (Icelandic) or some unknown eruptions is evident in the results. In addition to the short cold periods, we found 42 longer bidecadal‐multidecadal oscillations during 50–1980 AD. The short abrupt cold periods and the longer oscillations were characterized as the atmospheric and oceanic responses to volcanic eruptions, respectively. The volcanic activity has clearly been a dominant contributor to the temperature variations in Northern Fennoscandia during the two last millennia.
Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure in an adult British population

High blood pressure (BP) has been reported as the single most modifiable known risk factor for stroke and is attributable for up to 70% of all cases. Dietary factors are reported to influence blood pressure both positively and negatively, with high intakes of salt, alcohol, and saturated fat associated with increased blood pressure whilst increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, whole grains and micronutrients such as potassium, and calcium may reduce blood pressure. The effects of dietary magnesium intakes has to date been less well studied with inconclusive findings, particularly in the British population. The aim of this study was to explore potential associations between dietary magnesium intakes and blood pressure in relation to stroke risk. The cohort analysed during the present study was a randomly selected sample of 4,361 men and women from the whole (n 25,000) EPIC-Norfolk cohort with completed 7-D food diaries. Ethical approval was obtained from Norwich District Health Authority ethics committee. Adjusted mean SBP, DBP and PP were determined across sex-stratified quintiles of dietary magnesium intake. Multivariate adjustment was made for age, BMI, total energy intake, education level, smoking status, physical activity, baseline history of stroke, heart attack or diabetes mellitus, family history of stroke or heart attack, use of aspirin medication (>3 month), antihypertensive medication, dietary sodium, potassium, alcohol and total fat intake (Table below). Forty four percent of the study population were men and the age range was 39–80 years. Mean BP was 139/85 and 136/82mmHg for men and women respectively and mean PP was 54.2 and 54.0mmHg respectively. (Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA, version 11.0 (StataCorp. 2009)).
Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing

This chapter should be cited as: Myhre, G. , D. Shindell, F. -M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang, 2013: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F. , D. Qin, G. -K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Coordinating Lead Authors: Gunnar Myhre (Norway), Drew Shindell (USA)
Event‐scale pebble mobility observed by RFID tracking in a pre‐Alpine stream: a field laboratory

Understanding coarse sediment transport is crucial for the prediction of sediment migration and the consequent development of fluvial morphologies. In this study, cobble displacements in a pre‐Alpine creek have been recorded by means of radio frequency identification (RFID). Pebble monitoring has been systematically performed after each rainfall event with moderate precipitation, in order to exclude the superimposition of sediment displacements induced by triggering factors acting at different times. The analysis of the collected data was carried out through the application of both a principal component analysis and the Buckingham Π theorem. The experimental trends were interpreted considering the ratio of mobile pebbles, the pebbles' displacement and virtual velocity as the dependent variables. These quantities mostly depend on the event peak discharge, with a nonlinear increase of the travelled distance and a growth of up to two orders of magnitude of the virtual velocity (for an approximately 10× increase in peak discharge). An inverse dependency of the virtual velocity on the event duration was also observed. A comparison of the results obtained with those from laboratory investigations of bedload transport mechanics evidenced the differences in parametric trends associated with sediment mobility in the two environments. This contrast brings forward the combination of multiple drivers of sediment mobility, such as local morphology, sediment dimensions and flow unsteadiness, warranting a further in‐depth investigation. Representation of results in a dimensionless form is suggested as a good practice to analyse data from case studies characterized by different scales. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated effect of depleted uranium and soil properties on maize (Zea mays L.) growth

Depleted Uranium (DU) is primarily composed of the isotope uranium-238 (U). It has been identified as an emerging pollutant with the advancement of nuclear science, especially in the regions where nuclear weapons had been used in the recent past. Effect of DU on maize growth was studied by using 2 soils of contrasting characteristics (cambisol and podzol) in a growth chamber study. Both soils were amended with increasing concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM) of DU as UO2(NO3)2 and KNO3. Three day old maize seedlings were sown under optimum growth conditions and harvested after 2 weeks. Data regarding plant height, SPAD-meter reading and fresh and dry biomass were recorded and analyzed statistically. Effect of different concentrations of DU and KNO3 were also monitored on post harvest soil microbial activity through infra red gas analyzer (IRGA) respiration and substrate-induced respiration. Results revealed that there was no significant effect of DU on maize growth when compared with KNO3 for cambisol soil at all concentrations. However, dry shoot weight of maize in podzol soil decreased significantly at 10mM of DU compared to KNO3 (0.22 vs. 0.36g). Results of IRGA and substrate induced respiration revealed that there was no significant difference among CO2 evolved at various concentrations of DU and KNO3 for both soils. Overall, cambisol soil produced more maize biomass (2 folds) and higher microbial activity (up to 2.8 folds) compared to podzol soil. The study concluded that effect of DU on maize growth was directed by the soil physico-chemical properties and productivity status of 2 soils.
Ecological flexibility and conservation of Fleurette's sportive lemur, Lepilemur fleuretae, in the lowland rainforest of Ampasy, Tsitongambarika Protected Area

ii Acknowledgements . iii Table of contents . vii List of figures . xii List of tables . xiv List of abbreviations . xv 1. General introduction . 1 1.1. Ecological flexibility in primates . 1 1.2. Energy saving strategies in primates . 3 1.3. The sportive lemurs (Lepilemur spp.) . 5 1.4. Aims of the study . 11 2. General methods. 15 2.1. Study site . 15 2.2. Context . 17 2.3. Abiotic variables in the study area . 21 2.2. Study animals . 22 2.3. Ethics statement . 26 3. Phenology of the lowland rainforest of Tsitongambarika: prolonged periods of fruit scarcity may explain low diversity of frugivorous lemurs . 28 3.
Decline in Atlantic Primary Production Accelerated by Greenland Ice Sheet Melt

Projections of climate impacts on marine net primary production (NPP) are reliant on Earth System Models (ESMs) that do not contain dynamic ice sheets. We assess the impact of potential Greenland ice sheet meltwater on projections of 21st century NPP using idealized ESM simulations. Under an extreme melt scenario, corresponding to 21st century sea level rise close to 2 m, Greenland meltwater amplified the decline in global NPP from a decrease of 3.2 PgC/yr to a decrease of 4.5 PgC/yr, relative to present. This additional reduction in NPP predominately occurs in the North Atlantic subtropical and subpolar gyres, as well as Atlantic eastern boundary upwelling systems. Accelerated NPP declines are the result of both surface freshening and reductions in upwelling‐favorable winds enhancing phytoplankton nutrient limitation. Our findings indicate that including a dynamic Greenland ice sheet in ESMs could have large impacts on projections of future ocean circulation and biogeochemistry.
A Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Un-introduced Plants which are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea as Environmentally Harmful Species (I)

This study was carried out to apply the taxonomic characters to identify and to provide the habitat circumstances for forty one un-introduced environmentally harmful plants in the Korea which have been designated by Ministry of Environment in 2016. We investigated the dried plant specimen from several herbaria and performed field habitat survey in western coast area of United States including California, Oregon and Washington. We suggest the first result for ecological risk discussion, weed risk assessment, taxonomic characters and classification keys for 8 species with the related species Carduus acanthoides L. (Asteraceae), Carduus tenuiflorus W. Curtis (Asteraceae), Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae), Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae), Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. (Apiaceae), Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. (Apiaceae), Ehrharta erecta Lam. (Poaceae), and Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae).
Importance of Spatial Resolution in Ground Motion Simulations With 3‐D Basins: An Example Using the Tangshan Earthquake

Resonances within a sedimentary basin result in complex local seismograms. To accurately calculate complex seismograms in numerical simulations, a fine grid discretization of the basin is required. However, due to the corresponding computational expense, high‐resolution simulations of realistic earthquakes with a sedimentary basin are scarce. Here, with the China's most powerful supercomputer, Sunway TaihuLight, we simulate the strong ground motion of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake with a 3‐D sedimentary basin at different spatial resolutions. We find that simulations with a coarse grid not only lose high‐frequency information but also distort low‐frequency waveforms in locations characterized by a complex basin geometry and conflict with the traditional viewpoint that coarse‐grid simulations can resolve low‐frequency information. Our work emphasizes the importance of large‐scale, high‐resolution seismic wave simulations in complex situations.
SEM study of planktonic chlorophytes from the aquatic habitat of the Indian Sundarbans and their conservation status

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is the most modern technique for plankton research. The present paper deals with the taxonomy and morphology of some rare and endangered planktonic chlorophytes in relation to scanning electron microscopy. Water samples from the distinct water body of the Sundarbans have been concentrated and examined by scanning electron microscopy. A total of 45 species, of which 17 species of Scenedesmaceae, 10 species each of Hydrodictyaceae and Desmidiaceae, five species of Chlorococcaceae, two species of Selenastraceae and only one species of Chlorellaceae were recorded from the study site. Some species were recorded as new and rare from the study area. About 18 species including nine extremely rare, seven occasional, six frequent, four sporadic and one abundant was recorded in the present study. A detailed taxonomic description with line drawings is also included in the present communication.
Local and Nonlocal Land Surface Influence in European Heatwave Initial Condition Ensembles

Dry land surface conditions have been shown to amplify extreme heat events in Europe, but the extent to which this influence involves modification of the overlying atmospheric circulation has yet to be fully established. Here, this issue is addressed using two Community Earth System Model ensembles, with the same heatwave‐inducing atmospheric circulation pattern imposed over different land surface states. These two ensembles differ in the vertical level above which the circulation is constrained (surface vs. upper troposphere). Soil moisture anomalies are found to play an important role in dictating heatwave intensity among ensemble members. The heatwave is approximately 0.1°C hotter per standard deviation soil moisture reduction when the troposphere is free to respond to surface conditions than when it is constrained, implying that a portion of the land surface influence involves feedbacks through the atmospheric circulation. The additional atmospheric response also allows for nonlocal heatwave amplification in subsequent months.
A Simple Approach to Predicting the Reliability of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants

The treatment performance of small wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is not well understood, and their ecological impact may be underestimated. Growing evidence suggests they play a critical role in ensuring sustainable wastewater management, meaning they can no longer be neglected. The aim of this study was to provide new data, understanding, and analytical approaches to improve the management of existing small WWTPs. A one-year sampling campaign was performed in the rural UK, and we found the effluent quality from twelve small versus three larger WWTPs was significantly poorer (p < 0.05) across a range of performance parameters. Specifically, mean removal rates at the small plants were 67.3 ± 20.4%, 80 ± 33.9%, and 55.5 ± 30.4% for soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and NH4-N (± standard deviation), respectively, whereas equivalent rates for larger plants were 73.3 ± 17.6%, 91.7 ± 4.6%, and 92.9 ± 3.7%. A random forest classification model was found to accurately predict the likelihood of smaller WWTPs becoming unreliable. Importantly, when condensed to the three most ‘important’ predictors, the classifier retained accuracy, which may reduce the data requirements for effective WWTP management. Among the important predictors was population equivalence, suggesting the smallest WWTPs may require particularly stringent management. Growing awareness of the need for sustainable wastewater and water resources management makes this new approach both timely and widely relevant.
INCREASING WATER AND ENERGY UNIT PRODUCTIVITY OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH RICE STRAW MULCHING.

In this study under clay soil conditions during two seasons 2008 and 2009, built in emitter type was used to irrigate pepper crop with 96 h irrigation interval. In order to increase the benefits of water and energy units using water depletion strategy, three amounts of applied water 80, 90, and 100% of gross irrigation requirements (IRg) were studied with two different soil coverage cases, 1-rice straw mulching(RM) 2normal (NM) conditions. Rice straw mulching with abundance (500g/m 2 ) was used to decrease the effect of water depletion on pepper crop productivity. In general, increasing the amount of applied water led to increase crop productivity. The results showed that rice straw mulching led to increase the pepper crop productivity with all the amounts of applied water. The treatment (RM80) gave the maximum water use efficiency while the maximum water use efficiency under normal conditions was at (NM90) treatment. The two former treatments gave also the maximum productivity of energy unit. The study recommended using rice straw mulching if compared to normal conditions in order to increase crop productivity in addition to the increase of water and energy units’ productivity. Using 80% of IRg with rice straw mulching and 90% of IRg will give the maximum water use efficiency and energy use efficiency at the two cases under experimental conditions.
Office Multi-Occupancy Detection using BLE Beacons and Power Meters

Indoor occupancy provides information about human occupation in the closed space, most notably, office and residential buildings. This information is useful in dwindling unnecessary energy usage, such as consumption in unoccupied spaces or energy-wasting due to unnecessarily active appliances. We present an empirical experiment on office occupancy detection using simple office sensors. We choose generic power meters and mobile phones. First, we classify beacon signals received by mobile phones into a room location. A workspace map is assumed to be available to facilitate the mapping between room locations and the occupancy state of users' workspace. Second, we infer the individual occupancy state utilizing the aggregated electricity consumption of occupant-related devices (i.e., monitors) in shared offices. The later solution helps to keep costs and intrusiveness level low compared to deploying a power meter for each device or user. We experiment in an work environment with two shared offices, a personal office, and a social corner involving five volunteers. Given the acquired data, three techniques based on machine learning, optimization, and probabilistic approach are implemented and compared to evaluate their performance. The results indicate that localization and occupancy based on beaconing works best for three of the five volunteers, reaching 95% F-measure. Further findings shows that occupancy inference based on the aggregated power consumption performs well for the four volunteers when using Decision Tree classification, reaching more than 90% F-measure. Our effort on the fusion of two modalities gives a positive result for all five volunteers, ranging from 92% to 99% F-measure.
Effect of vibration frequency on settlement characteristic of reinforced embankment by geogrid with strengthened nodes using DEM simulation

Geogrid with strengthened nodes (GSN) is a new reinforcement system that is formed by attaching blocks of a certain thickness to the joints of the longitudinal and transverse ribs of an ordinary biaxial geogrid to form strengthened nodes. A series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations were performed to investigate the dynamic response of GSN-reinforced embankment at various vibration frequencies and compare the reinforcing effect of GSN with that of the ordinary geogrid. It was concluded that the settlement ratio of the loading platen at the top of the unreinforced and reinforced embankment decreases with the increase of the vibration frequency. As the frequency increases, the difference between the settlement ratios decreases, which is especially evident in the reinforced embankment. At the same frequency, GSN performs better in restricting the settlement ratio than the ordinary geogrid, and as the frequency increases, the reinforcing effects of both the ordinary geogrid and GSN decrease. The displacement fields of the simulated embankments were analyzed. It was found that the movement of soil particles below the loading platen is restricted due to the presence of the geogrid, resulting in less settlement of the loading platen and smaller lateral deformation of the embankment slope, compared with the unreinforced embankment. As for the GSN-reinforced embankment, the strengthened nodes provide resistance to soil particles, leading to a more effective reinforcing effect, so that the displacement vectors are even smaller.
Massive strandings of Velella velella (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata: Porpitidae) in the Ligurian Sea (North-western Mediterranean Sea)

Abstract Velella velella, the so-called by-the-wind sailor, is a common member of the open-ocean pleustonic fauna, worldwide distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Thanks to their sail protruding above the sea surface, floating polymorphic colonies of this hydrozoan are carried by winds, and tend to aggregate in large swarms, that often get stranded along the shores. Although these events are commonly observed in springtime along the Ligurian coasts (North-western Mediterranean Sea), no quantitative characterization was ever made. The aim of this study was to characterize the stranding events that occurred in spring 2016 along the Ligurian coast, by evaluating the influence of the local sea conditions and by quantifying the abundance of the stranded colonies in each event. Their size-frequency distribution and biomass were examined, and the associated mollusc fauna identified and counted. The magnitude of these episodes was so relevant that, along the Ligurian coasts, the V. velella strandings constitute one of the most important biological deposition of organic matter; nevertheless, the ecological role of these remarkable and stochastic accumulations of chitin along the coast is still unexplored.