Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combining Movie Viewing and Guided Freewriting to Enhance Student Attitudes in a University Academic Writing Class

This study describes a combination movie watching and free- writing task used to supplement the regular materials being used in two freshman university writing classes with the aim of creating an enjoyable writing environment in which to build student confidence and skills. The study aimed to explore (1) the benefits of the task as perceived by the student participants, and (2) the benefits with regard to general writing skills as perceived by the instructor. Results showed a positive student reaction, with the majority citing both affective benefits and the improvement of various skills. In addition, teacher analysis of freewriting journals showed improvements in both speed and form over 11 weeks. The instructor also observed that students were able to apply the increased confidence and speed attained by freewriting to their academic assignments, and, at the same time, to apply some of the academic writing skills learned in the class to their freewriting.
Evaluation of Arachis Species for Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an important plant pathogen with a wide host range, including the domesticated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). After initial outbreaks on peanut during the 1980s, the virus has spread to all peanut-producing states in the U.S. TSWV is transmitted by several species of thrips which are difficult to control with insecticides; therefore, control of TSWV most likely will come from selecting resistant genotypes in breeding programs. Although moderate levels of resistance have been discovered in A. hypogaea, complete virus resistance has not been found. Several Arachis species have desirable genes for plant resistances and tolerate many disease and insect pests better than the cultivated species. The objectives of this study were to (a) evaluate TSWV disease incidence and severity in accessions of Arachis species, and (b) compare levels of TSWV resistance in diploid species to selected A. hypogaea genotypes. In this study, 46 diploid Arachis spp. accessions were evalua.
Embryonic expression of alkaline phosphatase activity in the oligochaete annelid Tubifex

Summary Temporal and spatial expression of embryonic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the oligochaete Tubifex hattai was examined by means of histochemical staining. During the course of development up to 7 days (at 22°C), ALP activity emerged in three distinct structures in the following order: dorsal surface linear structures running along the midline, nephridium-like structures located in the mesodermal territory of segments 7 and 8, and ventral vessels located in the space between ventral ganglia and the endoderm. Stage-by-stage observation showed that the dorsal linear structures originate as a bilateral pair of small cell clusters that appear at the anterior end of the early gastrula embryo. Likewise, each nephridium-like structure was traced back to a single ALP-positive cell that emerges at the ventrolateral region in each of segments 7 and 8 at the late gastrula stage. Ventral vessels became ALP-positive, first in segments 5–13 and then in more posterior segments. No ALP activity was detected in the endoderm during embryogenesis.
Managing Beech Bark Disease: Evaluating Defects and Reducing Losses

Beech bark disease often produces bark defects that may result in trees being classed erronously as cull. Because of this, sale overruns occur, and sound trees are mistakenly eft uncut in the woods. The disease occurs when Nectria fungi attack and kill bark predisposed by the beech scale. It results in several types of bark defects on residual trees that do not succumb or on young trees developing in the presence of the causal complex. Defects can be more or less serious depending on the depth of in• We acknowledge the assistance of William Gove in organizing and conducting the mill study and Peter Hannah, William Ostrofsky, Brent Teillon, and James White for reviewing the manuscript. fection. A sawmill study showed that on trees with recognizable, superficial defects, yield is little affected. When the cambium is damaged, however, defects may lead to losses in lumber yield or quality. Understanding how defects develop helps in estimating volume, identifying high risk trees, and making prescriptions that leave stands more resistant to beech bark disease. North. [. Appl. For. 4:28-33, Mar. 1987. As beech bark disease advances westward and southward from its point of origin in Nova Scotia to its current range (Fig. 1), the combined effects of the disease and of landowners trying to minimize losses leave their mark on the forest. Beech is alternately discriminated against, salvaged, or left to stand, often decayed and defective. Sale overruns are common when trees with extensive, but superficial, bark defects are marked as cull. Sometimes, measures designed to reduce losses from beech bark disease take low risk trees and leave a residual stand with the potential for even greater losses in the future. Attempts to eliminate beech altogether have seldom been successful. Many past harvesting practices have preferentially favored beech with its extreme shade tolerance and powerful ability to regenerate vegetatively. The result has been the development, over extensive areas, of forests with an overabundance of highly susceptible beech. In retrospect, eliminating beech altogether probably was not a desirable goal, not only because of its inherent value for specialty timber products, fuelwood, and wildlife, but also because even though it alone is susceptible to beech bark disease, it is not attacked by many other pests of its forest associates. Although research is continuing to clarify details, many aspects of beech bark disease and the damage it causes are understood. By using what is known to correctly evaluate existing
The corpus striatum, amygdala, and stria terminals of Tamandua tetradactyla

Fssures . Stria teriniiialis . Discussioii . Summary . Bibliography . 6 5 65 68 73 74 75 76 76 79 80 83 85 86 86 87 88 89 90 9 1 99 108 109
Stability of some microginins synthesized by the cyanobacterium Woronichinia naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin

Microginins are linear oligopeptides synthesized by cyanobacteria. The literature data on their characteristics are scant. This study examined the influence of abiotic factors including pH, temperature, visible and ultraviolet radiation on the stability of the microginins FR3 (MG‐FR3), FR4 (MG‐FR4) and 757 (MG‐757) synthesized by Woronichinia naegeliana. In alkaline conditions (pH 9) only the concentration of MG‐757 was reduced significantly, by 14.3%. The tested microginins were stable at room temperature (half‐life 7–17 weeks). Boiling for one hour caused 26.1% decomposition of MG‐FR4 and 26.8% decomposition of MG‐757; MG‐FR3 was not significantly affected. Under visible radiation the initial content of MG‐FR4 declined 23.0%, but MG‐FR3 and MG‐757 proved insensitive to it. Treatment with a high dose of UV radiation (36 μmol m−2 s−1) caused the tested microginins to degrade by 13.8% to 21.4%. The study showed these microginins to be oligopeptides of high stability, the most stable of them being MG‐FR3.
Ecological Adaptation and Mammalian Reproduction

Some of the major variations in mammalian reproductive cycles are discussed from the viewpoint of their broad adaptive values. In natural populations a nonpregnant cycle is an exception in long-lived animals and a disaster in short-lived prey species. Acceptable alternatives are either to safeguard agaisnt the occurrence of a nonpregnant cycle or to recover and recycle as quickly as possible. Mammalian female cycles are categorized as Type I Type II and Type III. In Type I both ovulation and pseudopregnancy are spontaneous. Subtype A includes medium length cycles and Subtype B long cycles. In Type II ovulation is induced and pseudopregnancy is spontaneous with the similar subtypes. In Type III both ovulation and corpus luteum formation are spontaneous but pseudopregnancy is induced via the release of luteotropin following copulation. Induced and spontaneous ovulation delayed implantation seasonal breeding and postpartum estrus serve different functions in animals in natural population. It appears that induced ovulation is the more widespread phenomenon and that spontaneous ovulation occurs in a more restricted number of species. Delayed implanatation occurs in widely scattered species and groups within many orders but also the physiological controls vary. At least some degree of seasonality in reproductive activity is almost universal in natural.a Postpartum estrus seems to have developed independently many times and its distribution is sporadic throughout many mammalian speices. The necessity of trying to understand the significance of variations seen in reproductive cycles is stressed. After some basic patterns are established appropriate species can be selected to test some of the hypothesis rather than haphazardly studying forms just because they are available.
Settlement pattern and survival of a shell-infesting sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, on South African abalone, Haliotis midae, fed two diets

This study tested whether abalone diet influences larval settlement success of the shell-dwelling sabellid polychaete Terebrasabella heterouncinata and their survival over the first 96h after settlement on host abalone. Shell area preferences of the sabellid were also investigated. Abalone diet (fresh kelp, Ecklonia maxima or Abfeed™) did not affect sabellid settlement success (F1,30 = 1.05; p <= 0.31). There were significant differences in settlement between shell regions, with the highest number of sabellids settling near the respiratory pores (F2,30 = 61.0; p < 0.001). Percentage occupation rate of tubes 96h after settlement did not differ between dietary treatments. There were no significant interactions between diet and shell region for sabellid settlement (F2,30 = 0.77, p = 0.69) and tube formation (F2,30 = 1.02, p = 0.67) or for the percentage occupation rate of the tubes (F9,180 = 0.11, p = 0.73). Thus, infestation intensity in relation to shell region can be estimated independent of abalone diet. For treatment purposes, total settlement after 36 days of exposure can be used to identify the shell areas on which most sabellids will be found.
Risk and benefit assessment of alien fish species of the aquaculture and aquarium trade into India

There has been an increasing demand for alien fish species in India. However, environmental, socioeconomic and biodiversity issues are important considerations when regulating the unauthorized culture and spread of alien species. Information collected in the present review revealed the presence of over 300 alien species imported intentionally or illegally; 291 ornamental species, 31 aquaculture species and two larvicidal fishes. Field data demonstrated the widespread occurrence of some of the world’s worst invasive species, for example, Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus, Aristichthys nobilis, Pygocentrus nattereri and Pterygoplichthys spp. , in inland waters; other species are emerging as a threat to aquatic biodiversity. The benefits and risks of alien species were analysed and the impact was quantified using a simple developed ‘Fish Invasiveness Screening Test’ (FIST). Our information suggests that alien species, despite possessing some attractive culture characteristics, generally reduce the availability of local species and establish in natural water bodies becoming invasive and consequently adversely affecting fish biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. In light of the adverse ecological impacts of alien species, we developed strategic regulations and quarantine procedures and advised aquaculturists to strictly follow them to contain potential and plausible menaces.
On the Benefits of Contractual Inefficiency in Quality-Differentiated Markets

Contractual inefficiencies within supply chains increase an input price above its marginal cost, therefore they are considered detrimental to consumer surplus. We argue that such inefficiencies may be beneficial to consumers in quality-differentiated markets. Indeed, enhancing contractual efficiency in high-quality supply chains may adversely affect the market structure by driving low-quality vertical chains out of the market and consequently reduce consumer surplus. Due to the finiteness property, (counter-)integration in the low-quality channel does not allow this channel to be in business. Our result holds irrespective of whether the contractual inefficiencies originate from the double marginalization or the ‘commitment effect’.
Steinernema litorale n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Japan

A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema litorale n. sp. , was isolated from sandy soils in Cape Irago, Atsumi Peninsula, Aichi, Honshu Island, Japan. The new species is characterised by the following morphological characters: infective third-stage juvenile with a body length of 909 ± 42.1 (834–988) μm, distance from head to excretory pore of 61 ± 3.3 (54–69) μm, tail length of 83 ± 4.5 (72–91) μm, ratio E value of 0.73 (0.68–0.83) and lateral field with nine distinct lines; male tail with a mucron in both generations, spicule shape (moderately arcuate, heavy, spicule with elongated manubrium), spicule length of 75 ± 4.8 (67–89) μm and gubernaculum length of 53 ± 4.0 (44–64) μm in the first generation male; female vulva with a double-flapped epiptygma and a tail with a pointed tip in both generations, and ratio D value of 45.2 (33.3–56.8) in the first generation female. The new species was distinguished from the morphologically similar species, S. feltiae, S. thanhi, S. karii, S. scarabaei, S. kraussei, S. oregonense, S. loci and S. diaprepesi by RFLP profiles. Morphological and molecular studies indicated that S. litorale n. sp. was phenotypically most similar to S. feltiae. However, cross hybridisation tests demonstrated that the two species were reproductively isolated.
Regional patterns in mercury and selenium concentrations of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Pacific Ocean

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in high trophic level fish, such as bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), can often exceed consumption advisories. Here we sampled 444 yellowfin and bigeye tuna to determine whether tuna Hg concentration varies regionally in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean and whether this variation corresponds to environmental characteristics that promote the bioavailability of Hg. Of the five regions sampled, we found significantly higher Hg concentrations in the eastern equatorial region (5°S–5°N; 110°W–120°W) for both species. Hg concentrations in this region were elevated by 0.22 and 0.17 µg·g–1 for yellowfin and bigeye tuna, respectively, compared with Hg concentrations in the other regions. Tuna selenium concentrations, which may alter the toxicity of Hg, did not vary by region. Oceanographic data indicated that the eastern equatorial region had elevated chlorophyll a concentrations and shallow minimum oxygen depths, both of which promote Hg methylati.
Polyphenol oxidase is induced by chilling and wounding in pineapple

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was found to be low in the leaves, roots, inflorescence tissues and developing and mature fruit of pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). In fruit affected by the chill-induced internal browning disorder known as Blackheart, PPO activity was 10-fold higher than in unaffected fruit, and there was a direct correlation between PPO activity and the severity of Blackheart symptoms. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed to conserved regions of plant PPO genes, and used to amplify two distinct pineapple PPO cDNAs, designated PINPPO1 (2181 bp) and PINPPO2 (1319 bp), which share 81% sequence identity at the DNA level and show a high degree of homology to other plant PPO genes. PINPPO1 encodes a peptide of 604 amino acids, including a putative transit peptide of 95 amino acids and two copper-binding regions, CuA and CuB, which are highly conserved in plant PPOs. Southern analysis suggested the presence of at least four PPO genes in pineapple. Expression of PINPPO1 and PINPPO2 was low in roots, leaves, inflorescence tissues and developing fruit, but was strongly up-regulated in response to chilling and wounding. These results indicate that PPO is synthesised de novo in response to chilling of pineapple fruit, and implicate a role for the enzyme in the development of Blackheart disorder.
Dyskeratosis congenita: a disorder of telomerase deficiency and its relationship to other diseases

Dyskeratosis congenita is a heterogeneous inherited bone marrow failure syndrome that is classically characterized by abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia. X-linked recessive dyskeratosis congenita is due to mutations in DKC1, which encodes dyskerin. This protein is a key component in pseudouridylation and for telomere maintenance through the stabilization of the telomerase complex. Autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita has been found to be due to mutations in TERC and TERT that encode two key components (telomerase RNA component and reverse transcriptase) of the telomerase complex. These observations, together with the finding of shorter than expected telomeres in all dyskeratosis congenita patients, suggest that dyskeratosis congenita is primarily a disorder of telomerase deficiency. At present, it is unclear if defective pseudouridylation and/or rRNA processing plays any role in the pathophysiology of X-linked dyskeratosis congenita, but the clinical phenotype observed in high.
Collaboratively Building Corpora - a Case Study for Romansh

This paper presents an approach to collaboratively building corpora through digitisation. The discussion is based on the project Digital Romansh Chrestomathy (DRC) 1 , which deals with the collaborative correction and enrichment of a Rhaeto-Romanic text collection using a web-based editing environment. As a side eﬀect, the language community is integrated into the process of an active language preservation
Biological control of Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus by goat grazing

Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus are problematic grassland weedy species, particularly under conditions of organic farming. They are avoided by cattle and horses, but they can be grazed by goats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of continuous goat grazing of moderate intensity on R. obtusifolius and R. crispus control. In 2008, 40 seedlings of each species were transplanted into pasture that was grazed by goats (crossbreed Czech white × Czech brown) on the target sward height of 7–10 cm. The number of leaves, proportion of grazed leaves and mortality of plants were monitored over the following 4 years. The number of leaves per plant was higher for R. obtusifolius than for R. crispus. The maximal number of leaves per plant of R. obtusifolius and R. crispus was 10 and 5, respectively. The proportion of grazed leaves was generally higher for R. obtusifolius than for R. crispus and ranged from 10% to 80%. No fertile plant was recorded during the experiment, as goat grazing totally prevented the flowering of both species. The level of mortality of the plants at the start of the fourth grazing season was 70% and 87% for R. obtusifolius and R. crispus, respectively, and no plant survived the fourth grazing season. It was concluded that continuous goat grazing of a moderate intensity that is carried out over 4 years seems to be an effective method for the non-chemical control of R. obtusifolius and R. crispus in grassland.
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ENDANGERED BLACK-CAPPED VIREO

Abstract We surveyed electrophoretic variation and examined population structuring in the endangered Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapillus), a species whose distribution is closely tied with a successional habitat. Seventeen presumptive loci were resolved from blood from individuals in four populations in Texas and Oklahoma. Mean heterozygosity in the Black-capped Vireo was 0.058. A significant departure from random mating expectations was detected in only 1 of 26 comparisons. Highly significant differentiation was observed among populations (mean θ = 0.17). Although the high levels of differentiation suggest limited exchange between populations, most of the differentiation was due to divergence at two loci. The relatively high heterozygosity and the association with successional habitats suggest a source-sink population dynamic with new habitat patches colonized from several source populations. Our results suggest that management of this species should focus on its habitat preferences and conserving connectivity between patches rather than on concerns of loss of heterozygosity. Diferenciación Genética en la Especie Amenazada Vireo atricapillus Resumen. Inspeccionamos la variación electroforética y examinamos la estructura poblacional en la especie amenazada Vireo atricapillus, cuya distribución está fuertemente relacionada con los ambientes sucesionales. Analizamos 17 presuntos loci a partir de muestras de sangre de individuos provenientes de cuatro poblaciones de Texas y Oklahoma. La heterocigocidad en V. atricapillus fue 0.058. Una diferencia significativa de las expectativas de apareamiento al azar fue detectada en sólo 1 de 26 comparaciones. Se observó una diferenciación altamente significativa entre las poblaciones (media θ = 0.17). Aunque los altos niveles de diferenciación sugieren que existe un intercambio limitado entre las poblaciones, la mayor parte de la diferenciación se debió a las divergencias en dos loci. La heterocigocidad relativamente alta y la asociación con ambientes sucesionales sugiere una dinámica poblacional de tipo fuente-sumidero con nuevos parches de hábitat colonizados desde varias poblaciones fuente. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el manejo de esta especie debería enfocarse en sus preferencias de hábitat y en conservar la conectividad entre parches, más que en preocupaciones sobre pérdida de heterocigocidad.
Mechanical Properties and Morphological Correlates of Fragile Skin in Gekkonid Lizards

The mechanical properties of gekkonid lizard skin are investigated for the first time. Although the skin of certain geckos, such as Gekko gecko , behaves in ‘typical’ vertebrate fashion, that of others, such as Ailuronyx seychellensis , exhibits unusual properties associated with identifiable morphological specializations. Light and scanning electron microscopy reveal that Ailuronyx dermis is functionally bilayered; the stratum compactum is divided into inner and outer layers by intervening loose connective tissue. The inner layer is strong and tough and does not differ significantly in its properties from that of Gekko gecko whole skin. The much thicker outer layer, however, is only 1/20 as strong and 1/50 as tough as the inner layer, and exhibits preformed zones of weakness. In nature, Ailuronyx parts with considerable portions of the outer components of the skin as an antipredator escape mechanism. Skin samples from 17 additional gecko species varied considerably in their strength, stiffness and toughness. None of the forms with tough skin employs regional integumentary loss as a predator escape strategy. Weak skin alone is not sufficient to permit regional integumentary loss, as the capability to lose the skin involves not only inherent properties of the tissue, but also features of the mechanical interaction of skin layers with one another and with the underlying body wall.