Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light and Matter

Introduction Matter is a Conserved Form of Light Constants of Physics Symmety Breaking Conservation Symmetry Restoration Role of Life Role and Linkage of the Forces Links The Tetrahedron Model Abstract The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows:The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multi-component field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Light's raw energy is conserved as mass and momentum; light's intrinsic motion or entropy drive is conserved as time and gravitation. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charge invariance is therefore an important corollary of charge and symmetry conservation, maintained in our temporal (gravitational) metric of relative motion by "local gauge symmetry currents" (compensating components of the field vectors, such as magnetism and time). The invariance of "velocity c", the "Interval", and causality (metric analogs of charge) are likewise important corollaries of energy conservation (the "Lorentz Invariance" of Special and General Relativity). Charges produce forces which act to return the material system toward its original symmetric state (light), paying (partially or completely) matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment of matter's symmetry debt (partial and complete) is exampled by: 1) chemical reaction and matter-antimatter annihilation; 2) radioactivity and proton decay; 3) the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 charges and forces of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Entropy and entropy of mixing

Entropy as a function of temperature at constant volume, S(T), can be determined by integrating the molar specific entropy capacity CV/T (CV: molar specific heat capacity at constant volume). As a second approach, S(T) at constant volume can be determined by differentiating the free energy with respect to the temperature, T. Recently, it has been shown for a system obeying Boltzmann statistics that these mathematical approaches are equivalent to applying the formula of the mixing entropy, if the ground and excited states of the same sub‐systems or elementary systems are considered as mixing objects or quantum components. This result considerably extends the applicability of the formula of the mixing entropy, which is derived in textbooks just for mixing real indifferent components.
Picosecond pulsed two‐photon imaging with repetition rates of 200 and 400 MHz

We show the viability of high‐resolution two‐photon fluorescence imaging of fixed and live cells by exciting the fluorophores with a train of near‐infrared pulses with duration in the picosecond range. This is exemplified with a compact, diode‐pumped Nd:YVO4 laser, emitting trains of 7‐ps pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm, with a repetition rate of 200 MHz at two separate outputs. Incoherent combination of the outputs enabled two‐photon excitation with a repetition rate of 400 MHz. For a numerical aperture of 1.4 (oil), we used an average illumination power of up to 20–40 mW at the sample. The pulses were coupled into a beam scanning microscope, either directly or through a single mode glass fibre. Compared with standard femtosecond titanium–sapphire excitation conditions, our experiments were performed with a 2.5 or 5 times higher repetition rate, 30–70 times longer pulses and 10–35 times lower pulse peak intensity. The experiments indicate the possibility of significantly relaxing the temporal pulse width constraints for a series of applications.
Spectroscopic and Structural Properties of Ca1-xSrxAl2O4:Eu2☎, RE3☎ Persistent Luminescence Materials

The preparation, structure and luminescence of the Ca1-xSrxAl2O4:Eu2☎, RE3☎ system were studied. Monoclinic CaAl2O4 was the major phase when the strontium content x was from 0 to 0.6, but hexagonal SrAl2O4 was obtained when x was 0.8 and monoclinic SrAl2O4 when x was 1. Only slight Ca/Sr cation solid solubility was observed. The strontium ions dissolved better into the CaAl2O4 phase than vice versa. Two luminescence bands were observed for mixed compositions, peaking at 440 and 530 nm, corresponding to those of the monoclinic CaAl2O4:Eu2☎ and hexagonal SrAl2O4:Eu2☎ ones. The persistent luminescence was enhanced by the Ca/Sr replacement. This observation supports the mechanisms where the lattice defects act as traps.
Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the smoke from eight mosquito coils in Chinese market.

The GC-MS technique was applied to analyze 16 US EPA-recommend priority-controlled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) from the smoke of eight mosquito coils in Chinese market.The results showed that all 16 priority-controlled PAHs were detected in the smoke of all smoking mosquito coils with the exception of coil No.6. The emissions were characterized by the predominance of Nap,AcPy,AcP,Phe and FluA.Only 10-11 PAHs were detected in the smoke from smokeless mosquito coils,with the main contributors including Phe and NaP.Among all the coils,the concentration distribution of PAHs was dominated by 2-ringed and 3-ringed PAHs,accounting for about 83.3%-98.0%. It can be seen that the amount of total PAHs emission and total toxic equivalent of PAHs in the smoke from smoking mosquito coils is much higher than that from smokeless mosquito coils.Based on emission factors in the smoke,burning one mosquito coil would release the same amount of BaP as burning 4 cigarettes,and the total amount of PAHs emission from burning one mosquito coil would be as high as that released from burning 8 cigarettes.Indoor air PAHs concentrations after burning a mosquito coil are about(1,486.60)(ng/m~3),and the concentration of BaP is 8.07(ng/m~3),exceeding the daily average concentration of BaP specified in the indoor air quality standard in China.
Electrochemical Biosensing with Carbon Nanotubes

The nanobioelectrochemistry is a new interdisciplinary field which aims to combine the purposes of bionanotechnology with electrochemistry methodology. It focuses on the study of the electron transfer (ET) kinetics that occur at biointerfaces during redox reactions Chen et al. (2007). The ET results in a electron current that can be easily quantified allowing accurate and high sensitive measurements. These properties are extremely relevant on biological field in which the lacking of quantitative measurement is often a bottle neck in developing new processes. The majority of biosensors is based on one or more bioactive molecules used in conjunction with an electrode. A redox reaction could be detected electrochemically by three different measurements: i) direct redox of a molecule involved in biological environments; ii) redox of a small mediator species that shuttles between the bioactive molecule and the electrode; iii) direct ET between the biomolecule redox site and the electrode (Fig. 1). Bioactive molecules are referred as such enzymes that require cofactors (as FAD or NADH) for catalytic activity. These bioactive molecules ensure high specificity due to structure recognition between enzymatic protein and substrate and high sensitivity due to high redox catalytic efficiency of cofactors. This latter mechanism of bioelectrochemical sensor is less common because it requires an intimate coupling between electrodes and biomolecules preserving their biological activity. On the other hand, direct electron transfer mechanism has intrinsic advantages with respect to the other two mechanisms because the electrochemical signal can be quantitatively related to a biological phenomenon without signal dissipation generated by the additional mediator. It is well known that the mediator can either react on the electrode or diffuse away in the bulk solution leading to a general sensitivity lowering. In this context, achieving direct ET could not be straightfarward and for this reason, modification of biomolecules or electrode surfaces through the use of novel nanostructured materials as mediator and the engineering of biointerfaces has been reported Hartmann (2005); Hernandez-Santos et al. (2002); Kohli et al. (2004); Wang (2005). The integration at nanoscale length is of paramount importance for reducing the probability of mediator charge dissipation at the interface towards the bulk. The new interface realized comprehending the system nanostructure/biomolecule can be defined as the nanostructured biointerface. 11
Electrostriction: material parameters and stress/strain constitutive relations

The objective of this work is to formulate stress/strain constitutive relations in terms of material parameters. A secondary aim is to introduce a sequence of independent tests sufficient to evaluate these parameters. A stress constitutive equation in polarizable materials follows from the Helmholtz free energy related to a unit volume of deformed material. Similarly, a strain constitutive equation is obtained from the Gibbs free energy. These two relations explicitly account for the contribution of elastic deformation, electrostatic interactions of surface charges and the electrostriction effect. Both formulations of the constitutive relations are equivalent, yet yield different sets of electrostriction coefficients. For instance, a complete set of electrostriction parameters can be formulated based on either strain or stress dielectric rules. Strain–dielectric or stress–dielectric measurements necessitate monitoring variations in dielectric constants with the applied strains or stresses. Such measurements demand well-defined distribution of strains, stresses and the electric field across the sample. Meeting these requirements by traditional techniques used for dielectric measurements is quite challenging. This article introduces an experimental technique utilizing a rosette of planar dielectric sensors to overcome many of the experimental difficulties. Using both strain and stress definitions, electrostriction parameters are measured for a polycarbonate specimen. The obtained coefficients are in good agreement with the values provided by a microscopic model. The proposed description is valid for arbitrary anisotropic materials, while isotropic materials are considered as an illustrative example. In addition, all necessary relations for materials having cubic symmetry are provided in an appendix.
PREPARATION OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MONOMER FOR CONJUGATION EXPERIMENTS BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY MEDIA

The presence of some sugar contaminants and high molecular mass (HMW) derivatives detected in commercially available bovine serum albumin (BSA) preparations precluded the use of such reagents for basic molecular biology experiments. In this study the effectiveness of three separation methods of monomeric BSA from contaminants were examined: gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, HW-55S resin, and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Only chromatography on HW-55S allowed obtaining protein lacking HMW derivates and freeing of sugar contaminants, which was confirmed in SDS/PAGE and phenol/sulfuric acid analysis, respectively. Moreover, the determination of protein particle size by dynamic light scattering (DLS) at a level of 7 nm was in accordance with data for BSA monomeric molecules previously reported. Finally, the monomer BSA was subjected to modification with natural core oligosaccharide derived from Shigella lipopolysaccharide. The SDS/PAGE analysis of reaction products demonstrated different amounts of glycoconjugates compared to values obtained for commercial BSA. Only the pure protein modification permitted correct appraisal of obtained products. We propose gel filtration chromatography on HW-55S resin as simple and effective method of monomer BSA separation from commercial reagent before basic and applied research.
The international environmental goods and services market: an opportunity for Poland.

The aim of this paper is to present some methodological aspects connected with the evaluation of the growing market of goods facilitating protection of the natural environment. This is a positive phenomenon in this age of ever increasing attention paid to the implementation of principles of sustainable development as well as decreased barriers for improving access to developing markets in the case of both economically highly developed countries and in developing countries. The elimination of trade barriers in foreign trade for goods and services also increases the efficiency of the global economic system by enabling countries to specialize in those sectors in which they possess economic advantages, including those sectors in which they possess favorable natural environmental conditions. The analysis of these goods and services is related also to some regulations of the Committee for Trade and Environment of the WTO, with special reference to conclusions of the Fourth and Fifth Ministerial Conferences in Doha and Cancun. As a member of the European Union, Poland should side with an acceleration in negotiations relating to the quick opening of environmental services markets within the framework of the Doha Round. In the sphere of what is known as development assistance, companies from the “old” and “new” members of the EU may undertake investments in developing countries and provide consulting in this realm, as well as deliver capital goods for improving the state of the natural environment, mainly aimed at working against excessive greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and against unfavorable climate changes.
TiO2-Based Thin Film Transistors with Amorphous and Anatase Channel Layer

In this study, TiO 2 films were deposited on FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide)/glass substrate by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Amorphous and anatase structure of TiO 2 were achieved without and with thermal process, respectively. Further, TiO 2 -based thin-film transistors (TFTs) with different structure were fabricated. After the electrical characteristics measurement, it was found that the amorphous TiO 2 TFTs can be operated in the enhancement mode with a threshold voltage of 3.8 V. It was also found that the field-effect mobility and on/off current of the TiO 2 TFT with amorphous channel layer were 0.087 cm 2 V ―1 s ―1 and 10 3 , respectively. On the other hand, the TiO 2 TFTs with anatase structure were also tested. It was found that the anatase TiO 2 TFTs have the lower threshold voltage of 2.3 V than amorphous one. Besides, it was also found that the field effect mobility and on/off current ratio of the anatase TiO 2 TFTs were both increased to 10.7 cm 2 V ―1 s ―1 and 10 4 , respectively. In other words, the performance of TiO 2 TFTs was related to the structure of the channel layer.
Percutaneous Toxicokinetics of Hydrazine and H-70 in the Rabbit

Abstract : The percutaneous absorption of anhydrous hydrazine and H70 (70% hydrazine) has been studied. The half life of hydrazine in the rabbit was determined to be 2.3 hours. The absorption half life for both anhydrous hydrazine and H70 was estimated to be 10-20 minutes. Anhydrous hydrazine was absorbed to a greater extent (86%) than hydrazine as H70 (55%). The extent of percutaneous absorption in the rabbit appears to be greater than that in the dog.
Nucleation experiments on ices in respect of atmospheric chemistry

For the earth’s climate system clouds are of major importance. On the one hand they can act as a cooling factor by reflecting parts of the solar radiation, and on the other hand they can cause warming by absorbing solar radiation and by trapping the outgoing blackbody radiation. These effects are not so well understood for making exact determinations about the overall radiation balance of the earth. In fact, clouds and aerosol particles are presented as one of the largest uncertainty factors of the radiation balance in the Report of the International Panel on Climate Change IPCC (2007). Therefore a great deal of research is directed to a better understanding of the aerosol effects. Homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solution droplets is one of the discussed research subjects as it is an important parameter for the formation of ice clouds. Ice nucleation may occur heterogeneously e.g. ice nucleation on dust particles or homogeneous without interference from other particles. In this work two groups of reagents with atmospheric relevance were investigated. One topic was the investigation of emulsions containing aqueous droplets of citric acid as a model system for carboxylic acids in cirrus cloud droplets. The other topic was the hydrates of nitric acid, which play a role in the building mechanism of Polar Stratospheric Clouds. For the investigations concerning the cirrus clouds, emulsions with different concentrations of citric acid were prepared and observed using the following methods: • X-Ray Diffraction was carried out to gain information about the phase composition. • Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy(ESEM) was used to observe the morphology of the samples. • Raman Spectroscopy was applied to get a look at the spectroscopic information of the droplets.
An experimental investigation of repetitive thinking in depression, and research portfolio

Clinical psychologist's training emphasises research as a key component of their professional skills. Recent surveys have shown, however, that the majority of clinical psychologists produce no research. Looking only at articles published as a definition of research may have led previous surveys to underestimate the level of research activity of clinical psychologists. Using a broader definition of research activity, "The RIPS: Research Involvement of Psychologists Scale" was constructed and distributed to a sample of qualified clinical psychologists working in the NHS. The survey revealed that previous surveys of this kind had underestimated the research activity of clinical psychologists, and that the majority of respondents indicated that they were dissatisfied with their lack of research involvement, pressure to spend time in clinical contact contributing significantly to this. Clinical psychologists must alter their working priorities if they are to fulfil the research potential promised by their lengthy and intensive research training.
Study of glutathione peroxidase activity in some environmental induction models in rabbit.

Free radicals are produced continuously in animals. Unless the presence of an efficient protective barrier, these reactive oxygen species induce processes, which end up in cellular damage, dysfunctions. In healthy animals, there is a so-called antioxidant defence system against these processes, which acts through eliminating free radicals. Glutathione peroxidase enzyme family is a prominent member of this system. The typical reaction of these selenium dependent enzyme isoforms is the reduction of reactive oxygen radicals or molecules, while their impaired electron is transferred onto reduced glutathione, which results in glutathione disulfide production. The main purpose of the study presented in the paper was the construction of a model system for studying the role of environmental factors in the regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity. New Zealand white rabbits (n=36) of 10 weeks old were used in the experiments, as they are models for livestock animals and also often used in human research. Four induction models were studied, namely peroxide load (feed was supplemented with rancid oil (2g/kg feed), selenium supplementation (organic selenium sources were added to the diet (0.3mg/kg feed), glutathione depletion (per os bromobenzene treatment (13mM/kg body weight), prooxidant load (alloxan monohydrate injection was applied (0.12g/kg body weight). A non-treated group was also created as control for the treated ones. Blood and tissue samples were taken at certain checkpoints of the experiment for further analysis. Biochemical parameters that are used as indicators of oxidative stress (MDA, GSH-concentration, GSHPx activity) were measured. Induction models resulted in unanimous changes in the enzyme activity of the different observed tissues. According to the measurements, subtherapeutic dose of selenium supplementation has unfavourable effect (8-62% reduction as compared to the control data) on the GSHPx activity, which was significant in liver and testicle tissues. Bromobenzene application has induced drastic reduction in glutathione concentration (11.52±0.65mM/g and 8.04±0.65mM/g in the control and treated group respectively, P<0.01), and as a result of the depletion of the enzyme co-substrate, enzyme activity has dropped. Peroxide load has shown correlation with enzyme activity of blood plasma. Alloxan treatment, modelling the prooxidant effect, resulted in total depression (98-100%, P<0.001) of enzyme activity in almost all the tissues studied, however this change is related to the increased protein content of tissue samples. Proceedings 8th World Rabbit Congress – September 7-10, 2004 – Puebla, Mexico
The study of the charge collection of the normal‐collector configuration

Charge collection is one of the crucial processes to collect the induced current when a semiconductor sample is subjected to some external excitations such as the electron or photon beams. The charge collection probability is the basis in the study of this induced current particularly in the field of photonic devices, photovoltaic cells as well as in the characterization of semiconductor materials and devices. In this paper, the analytical expressions for the charge collection probability of the finite‐dimension normal‐collector configuration, with and without surface recombination at the free surfaces are presented. An excellent agreement has been found between the charge collection probability profiles computed using the presently derived analytical expressions and those obtained using a device simulator. The results have been used to study the effects of the various physical parameters on the charge collection probability. These analytical expressions are expected to enhance our understanding of the charge collection process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the exciton dissociation process at a donor-acceptor heterojunction in both time and space via an induced Stark shift

The dissociation of excitons at a donor-acceptor interface in organic photovoltaic devices is an important but poorly understood process that takes place over multiple length and time scales. Here, we introduce a method to resolve photoinduced charge movement at an organic heterojunction in both time and space through observation of the Stark shift induced in a nearby J-aggregate probe layer. Using ultrafast transient absorption measurements, we show that this technique provides an opportunity to quantify the recombination and separation dynamics of geminate charge pairs over the entire sub-picosecond to millisecond range of relevant time scales.