Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum spin-ice and dimer models with Rydberg atoms

Quantum spin-ice represents a paradigmatic example of how the physics of frustrated magnets is related to gauge theories. In the present work, we address the problem of approximately realizing quantum spin ice in two dimensions with cold atoms in optical lattices. The relevant interactions are obtained by weakly laser-admixing Rydberg states to the atomic ground-states, exploiting the strong angular dependence of van der Waals interactions between Rydberg p states together with the possibility of designing steplike potentials. This allows us to implement Abelian gauge theories in a series of geometries, which could be demonstrated within state-of-the-art atomic Rydberg experiments. We numerically analyze the family of resulting microscopic Hamiltonians and find that they exhibit both classical and quantum order by disorder, the latter yielding a quantum plaquette valence bond solid. We also present strategies to implement Abelian gauge theories using both s- and p-Rydberg states in exotic geometries, e.g., on a 4-8 lattice.
Studying Polymer Fouling in Biofuel Detoxification Membranes using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring

Biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass is a promising direction for reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels. One of the hindrances to industrial scale biofuel plants is achieving sustained performance of detoxification membranes. The membranes are important for removing toxic compounds that inhibit fermentation and can be sold as feedstock for renewable materials, further increasing profitability. Over time these membranes foul, resulting in decreased flux. This project aimed to develop a protocol for studying the fouling using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (QCM-D), and to acquire preliminary data studying the relationship between hydrophobicity and fouling while controlling roughness. Three polymers were studied: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyamide (PA), and polyether sulfone (PES) using a model mixture containing carbohydrates and carbohydrate decomposition products. The chosen polymers have been used previously as detoxification membranes and exhibit a suitable range of hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity was characterized by static water contact angle and roughness was characterized by AFM. Control and reproducibility studies established a reliable protocol for obtaining polymer fouling data for PES and PA; experiments with PDMS failed possibly due to a lack of adhesion of the membrane to the QCM-D sensor. Specifically, reproducible protocol requires gentle heating and filtering of the test solution and careful climate-controlled storage of the polymer before testing. Using the optimized protocol, the QCM-D revealed that the polymers acquired between 1405 and 2010 ng/cm of mass during a 10 hour exposure. Surprisingly, laboratory temperature played a strong role in the mass uptake results. Under all cases, mass accumulated rapidly on the polymer membrane during the initial 30 min of exposure time, followed by a more gradual increase over the next 9.5 hours. The experimental data showed a potential relationship between hydrophobicity and increased fouling, though increased data are required especially for highly hydrophobic materials such as PDMS. Future work should continue to refine the established protocol; expand the study to consider a wider range of chemical and physical polymer properties; and couple QCM-D studies with engineering studies of membrane permeation and selectivity.
Sleep Duration Is Associated with Higher Energy Intake and Expenditure among African-American and Non-Hispanic White Adults 1 , 2

Habitual short sleep duration appears to increase the risk of obesity. The objective of this paper is to investigate the association of habitual sleep duration with objective measures of energy balance. One hundred twelve African-American and 111 non-Hispanic whites aged 21–69 y participated in a cross-sectional study of dietary assessment and biomarkers. Participants reported the mean number of hours per day spent sleeping over the past year. Short sleep duration was defined as #6 h/d of sleep. Energy intake (kilocalories) was objectively assessed using the 2-point doubly labeled water technique to determine total energy expenditure, which is approximately equal to energy intake. Physical activity energy expenditure (kilocalories) was estimated as total energy expenditure minus each participant s calculated basal metabolic rate and the thermogenic effect of food. Compared with participants who slept #6 h, individuals who slept 8 h were significantly less likely to be obese (OR: 0.33; 95%CI: 0.14, 0.79). However, this association was not linear across 6–9 h of sleep (P-trend = 0.16). There was an inverse association between sleep and energy intake (P-trend = 0.07): compared with #6 h/d, adults who reported$9 h sleep consumed 178 fewer kcal/d. There was also an inverse association between sleep and physical activity (P-trend = 0.05): comparedwith#6 h/d of sleep, adults who reported 9 h of usual sleep expended 113 fewer kcal/d in physical activity. These data indicate that, compared with longer sleep duration, adults who report habitual short sleep duration have somewhat higher physical activity energy expenditure but considerably higher energy intake. Habitual short sleep duration appears to be 1 of the facets of modern life leading to amismatch between energy intake and physical activity. J. Nutr. 144: 461–466, 2014.
Unlocking Pakistan's Revenue Potential

Despite the significant progress in recent years, Pakistan’s tax revenue remains low relative to comparator countries and the tax effort expected for the country’s level of development. In light of the potential endogenity of tax revenue and economic growth, this paper contributes to the literature by developing a novel identification strategy to estimate the short-run and long-run elasticities of tax revenue. The empirical findings indicate that a tax system with low elasticity cannot take full advantage of economic growth. Accordingly, unlocking revenue potential is dependent on broadening the tax base, strengthening administration, and rationalizing tax policy across all levels of the general government.
CFD ANALYSIS OF TURBULENT MIXED CONVECTION UPWARD FLOW OF SUPERCRITICAL WATER IN A VERTICAL TUBE

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed for the prediction of heat transfer to supercritical water (SCW) flowing upwards in vertical tubes under the conditions of turbulent mixed convection. The model is validated using experimental data obtained under the operating conditions typical for SCW cooled reactors (SCWRs), namely: at a pressure of 24 MPa, an inner tube diameter of 10 mm, an inlet temperature of 320 or 350 °C and a heated tube length of 4 m. Four values of the mass flux (200, 500, 1000 and 1500 kg/ms) and various values of the wall heat flux (ranging from 129 to 729 kW/m) are considered. The physical properties of SCW are calculated by using the REFPROP software from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The model has been incorporated into the commercial general-purpose CFD software, PHOENICS. Various turbulence models and numerical grid settings are tested. The study has demonstrated a good agreement between the CFD predictions and the experimental data on the inside tube wall temperature and heat transfer coefficient with use of a two-layer low-Reynolds-number k-ε turbulence model and a proper numerical grid spacing. However, this good agreement deteriorates appreciably under the influence of strong buoyancy forces at the lowest mass flux value of 200 kg/ms. Further research is required to improve the model's performance under these conditions. Practical recommendations are made regarding potential model applications in 3D analyses of SCWRs.
Soil Stabilization Techniques Using Sodium Hydroxide Additives

Soil stabilization is the alteratio n f one or more soil properties, by mechanical or chemical means, to create an improved soil material possessing the des ired engineering properties. There are three purpos es for soil stabilization. These include increasing strength of an existing soil to enhance its load-bearing capac ity, permeability improvement and enhancement of soil re sistance to the process of weathering, and traffic usage among others (ASTM, 1992).
Object Identification using Wavelet Transform

Background/Objectives: Object identification in colour images is a complex task, especially when the background and lighting conditions of the environment are uncontrolled. Methods/Statistical analysis: This paper proposes an object identification algorithm to identify the light green tea leaves from the tea plants. Findings: In this paper we examine the wavelet transform, one of the most recent mathematical tools related to image processing, for identifying our desired object. Here, we concentrated on identifying the light green tea leaves. The paper is divided into two main parts. In the first part, we illustrated the compression for a colour image, by using two different wavelets transforms i.e. the Haar wavelet and Integer wavelet transform (IWT). In this we have analysed the behaviour of these two wavelet transform with different tea leaves images and identified the most appropriate wavelet transform that can perform better process to compress the given colour image. To analyse the performance of the wavelet transform with the colour images, we calculated Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and compression ratio. The second part deals with Segmentation, which includes edge segmentation and clustering i.e. K-means. Applications/Improvements: The enhancement has been performed for edges. K-means clustering is used to separate the colours from the image, whereas edge based segmentation gives the shapes of the desired regions. Finally the light green tea leaves are identified by using above mentioned methods. These theoretical aspects are illustrated through MATLAB.
Development of broadband EMF sensors for energy harvesting using RF and microwave signals

Telecommunication Tower has been built for giving the wide coverage on UHF for communication devices. The radiation power from the tower gives awareness that radiation by the cellular tower might affect the human health. Hence, this contribution leads to invention of EMF Meter exists specifically focus on power radiation which is known as RF power meter. The RF power meter is use to detect broadband frequency of UHF in ranging from 300 MHz to 3 GHz radiation power. Within the UHF range, Radio Energy Harvesting technology was introduced. This gives the innovative opportunity of Radio Energy harvesting application on RF power meter. By combining both technologies, the RF power meter could detect the power radiation while harvesting RF energy at the same time. The solution provide on having devices able to power up with less consumption on power supply. In this project, RF power meter was programmed by Arduino and RF energy harvesting was designed. The RF power meter able to achieve 98.6% accuracy and at the input power level of -10 dBm, the measured result shows a RF to DC conversion efficiency achieving 63.3% with the corresponding DC output voltage of 2.11 V.
Sulfur distribution during solvent extraction of coals

Tree types of coals with different rank were extracted by 1-methylnaphtalene. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis was applied to specifying the sulfur forms in the raw coal and extracted products. Every solventsoluble fraction contained only thiophenic sulfur without inorganic sulfurs independent of type of coals. An imidazolium type ionic liquid showing high selectivity to thiophenic sulfur was used to reduce the sulfur content from the solventsoluble fraction.
THE ENGLISH IPA EAR TRAINER BY SEBASTIAN ROCHELEAU THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Second Language

The affordances of the internet, such as social networking sites, wikis, and various communication tools have become integral to daily life. Educators are increasingly dedicating more time to developing applications to take advantage of the Web 2.0 age for second language learning purposes. However, many applications lack a solid pedagogical foundation or evidencebased reasoning in the application’s design. This study focused on the creation of a browserbased language learning application to aid language learners’ perception of a selection of English sounds. Using the training method known as High Variability Phonetic (HVPT), this thesis will present the creation of a learning application: the English IPA Ear Trainer. This paper will also detail the creation method and timeline in order to provide instructors with a model process to aid the creation of their own language learning application.
Thermal equilibrium and efficient evaporation of an ultracold atom-molecule mixture

We derive the equilibrium conditions for a thermal atom-molecule mixture near a Feshbach resonance. Under the assumption of low collisional loss, thermodynamical properties are calculated and compared to the measurements of a recent experiment on thermal fermionic lithium atoms. We discuss and evaluate possible collision mechanisms which can lead to atom-molecule conversion. Finally, we propose a novel evaporative cooling scheme to efficiently cool the molecules toward Bose-Einstein condensation.
Experimental Study on Impact of Ammonia Dosing on the Resistivity of Fly Ash

Performance of Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) depends on the characteristics of the coal used and the fly ash generated. Fly ash resistivity is one of the vital parameters which significantly influence the performance and hence the sizing of ESP. Indian coal is generally characterized with high ash content and high ash resistivity. High resistivity of fly ash results in reduced ESP efficiency and thus forces for an over sized ESP. So it is of prime importance to reduce the ash resistivity to enhance ESP efficiency. Also, knowledge of ash resistivity is required at design stage for sizing of the ESP. In this paper we are discussing our experimental study on ash resistivity measurement, influence of ammonia conditioning on ash resistivity and optimum ammonia conditioning using resistivity measuring equipment with ash samples collected from various Indian power plants.
Supplementary Material for MOTS : Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation

TrackR-CNN uses association scores based on vectors predicted by an association head to identify the same object across time. In our baseline model, we train this head using a batch hard triplet loss proposed by Hermans et al. [3], which we state again here: Let D denote the set of detections for a video. Each detection d ∈ D has a corresponding association vector ad and is assigned a ground truth track id idd determined by its overlap with the ground truth objects (we only consider detections which sufficiently overlap with a ground truth object here). For a video sequence of T time steps, the association loss in the batch-hard formulation with margin α is then given by
Quantum feedback cooling of a single trapped ion in front of a mirror (13 pages)

We develop a theory of quantum feedback cooling of a single ion trapped in front of a mirror. By monitoring the motional sidebands of the light emitted into the mirror mode we infer the position of the ion, and act back with an appropriate force to cool the ion. We derive a feedback master equation along the lines of the quantum feedback theory developed by Wiseman and Milburn, which provides us with cooling times and final temperatures as a function of feedback gain and various system parameters.
Influence of Nitrogen Source and Growth Phase on Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cultural Filtrates of Scenedesmus obliquus

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green-synthesized extracellularly by the action of bioactive compounds in cultural filtrates of green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus (KY621475). The influences of six different nitrogen sources (i.e., NaNO3, CO(NH4)2, (NH4)2CO3, KNO3, NH4NO3, and (NH4)2SO4) on extracellular biosynthesis of AgNPs were observed by UV–Visible spectroscopy (380–425 nm) and confirmed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The highest biomass production was observed in the case of urea and ammonium carbonate treatments, which, surprisingly, showed negative activity for AgNPs biosynthesis. Considering their coupling and compatible presence in cultural filtrates, reductases (especially nitrate reductase) as reduction agents are assumed to play a key role in the extracellular biosynthesis of AgNPs. The cultural filtrates of the potassium and sodium nitrate treatments produce AgNPs of relatively small size (5–10 and 4–10 nm, respectively), smaller than those produced by filtrate of ammonium nitrate treatment. The antimicrobial activity of produced AgNPs was a function mainly of particle size, which was influenced by the nitrogen source of the microalgal culture. The AgNPs produced from the KNO3 and NaNO3 cultural filtrates performed the best as antimicrobial agents.
EXTRACTION OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS AS A POTENTIAL REINFORCING MATERIAL FOR POLY ( LACTIC ACID ) BIOCOMPOSITES

Usage of plant source-based stiff fillers as reinforcement material in polymer composites have attracted significant interests of researchers during last few decades. The crystalline parts of the semicrystalline cellulose chains represents the most highly potential biobased reinforcing agents for polymers. This paper covers the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and their polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite films preparation by solvent casting. The nucleation effect of CNCs on PLA matrix crystallization were investigated. The production of biodegradable nanocomposites based on cellulosic biomass waste suggests the possibility of using these new bio-nanocomposites in industrial and environmental friendly applications.
Bending, Free Vibration, and Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Porous Micro-Plates Using a General Third-Order Plate Theory

Static bending, free vibration and buckling of functionally graded porous micro-plates are investigated using a general third order plate theory. In addition, analytical solutions are obtained using the Navier method. The effect of the material length scale factor and the variation of material property through the thickness direction of plates are considered as well as porosity effects. Three different porosity distributions are considered and the effects of porosity variations are examined in the framework of a general third order plate theory. Numerical results show that the effect of each distribution of porosity is distinguished due to coupling between the heterogeneity of the material properties and the variation of porosity.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ultrathin Oxide Films on Silicon : Growth by Thermal O Atoms and Sputtering by 100 eV ArIons

Molecular dynamics was applied to study the growth and sputtering of ultrathin oxide films on (100) Si surfaces. A multibody potential which stabilized the Si/SiO2 interface was used for this purpose. Oxide growth by exposure to O atoms was found to follow Langmuir-type kinetics with unity initial sticking coefficient of O and saturation coverage of around four monolayers, in agreement with experimental data. Sputtering of an ultrathin oxide film on silicon by 100 eV Ar ions was simulated to study ion-assisted surface cleaning. Ion irradiation was found to promote restructuring of the surface into oxide islands, as observed experimentally. Island formation was accompanied with an increase in surface roughness. The evolution of the surface state with ion dose was predicted quantitatively.
Robust CARA Optimization

Decision making under uncertainty involves both ambiguity and risk. In “Robust CARA Optimization,” Chen and Sim have developed innovative optimization models designed for ambiguity-averse decision makers whose risk preference is consistent with constant absolute risk aversion (CARA). The research delves into maximizing the worst-case expected exponential utility amid uncertainties from independent factors with ambiguous marginals. To enhance computational feasibility, the authors developed a series of approximations: starting with tractable concave functions in affinely perturbed cases, advancing to concave piecewise affinely perturbed scenarios, and culminating in novel multi-deflected linear decision rules for adaptive optimization. This comprehensive framework extends to a multi-period consumption model, ultimately forming an exponential conic optimization problem efficiently solvable with existing solvers. Practical applications demonstrated in project and multiperiod inventory management highlight the models’ potential to surpass existing stochastic optimization methods, especially under high risk aversion.
MODELLING OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIA WITH PHASE TRANSITION USING XDEM AND FVM METHODS

The fluid flow through the porous media with phase transition is an important technical issue that is common in the power industry, and is also an interesting research problem. The task described and analyzed in the following work is derived directly from the thermal conversion of solid fuel. It refers for example to a process of gasification/combustion in the packed bed or even the conversion of single fuel particles. Thermal conversion of solid fuels plays an important role in energy generation. In Poland still over 80% of electrical energy is produced from coal. The combustion of fossil fuels gives Poland high energy independence, while providing relatively low cost of the electricity and heat produced from coal. Unfortunately, the combustion of coal, mostly in small scale old domestic boilers, causes high concentration of PM2.5 in the surrounding air and the highest level of benzopyrene in the European Union [1] which is one of the most toxic components of smog. Therefore, an analysis of thermal conversion of solid fuels has a practical meaning. Moreover flow through a porous packed bed of solid particles with mass loss phenomenon is interesting from research reasons.