Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The tropospheric cycle of H2: a critical review

The literature on the distribution, budget and isotope content of molecular hydrogen (H2) in the troposphere is critically reviewed. The global distribution of H2 is reasonably well established and is relatively uniform. The surface measurements exhibit a weak latitudinal gradient with 3% higher concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere and seasonal variations that maximize in arctic latitudes and the interior of continents with peak-to-peak amplitudes up to 10%. There is no evidence for a continuous long-term trend, but older data suggest a reversal of the interhemispheric gradient in the late 1970s, and an increase in the deuterium content of H2 in the Northern Hemisphere from 80 standard mean ocean water (SMOW) in the 1970s to 130 today. The current budget analyses can be divided in two classes: bottom up, in which the source and sink terms are estimated separately based on emission factors and turnovers of precursors and on global integration of regional loss rates, respectively. That category includes the analyses by 3-D models and furnishes tropospheric turnovers around 75 Tg H2 yr−1. The other approach, referred to as top down, relies on inverse modelling or analysis of the deuterium budget of tropospheric H2. These provide a global turnover of about 105 Tg H2 yr−1. The difference is due to a much larger sink strength by soil uptake and a much larger H2 production from the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the case of the top down approaches. The balance of evidence seems to favour the lower estimates—mainly due to the constraint placed by the global CO budget on the H2 production from VOC. An update of the major source and sink terms yields: fossil fuel use 11±4 TgH2 yr−1; biomass burning (including bio-fuel) 15 ± 6 Tg H2 yr−1; nitrogen fixation (ocean) 6 ± 3 Tg H2 yr−1; nitrogen fixation (land) 3 ± 2 Tg H2 yr−1; photochemical production from CH4 23 ± 8 Tg H2 yr−1 and photochemical production from other VOC 18 ± 7 Tg H2 yr−1. The loss through reaction of H2 with OH is 19 ± 5 Tg H2 yr−1, and soil uptake 60+30 −20 Tg H2 yr−1. All these rates are well within the ranges of the corresponding bottom up estimates in the literature. The total loss of 79 Tg H2 yr−1 combined with a tropospheric burden of 155 Tg H2 yields a tropospheric H2 lifetime of 2 yr. Besides these major sources of H2, there are a number of minor ones with source strengths > 1 Tg H2 yr−1. Rough estimates for these are also given.
Effect of Trap States on Interfacial Electron Transfer between Molecular Absorbates and Semiconductor Nanoparticles

TiO2 and ZrO2 nanocrystals synthesized by the thermal decomposition of molecular precursors in hot surfactant solvents show much improved crystallinity compared with nanoparticles prepared via hydrolysis of metal alkoxides in water (Trentler, T. J.; Denler, T. E.; Bertone, J. F.; Agrawal, A.; Colvin, V. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1613). In this work, we examine the effect of crystallinity and therefore the trap-state density on the dynamics of interfacial electron transfer between adsorbates and nanoparticles. Subpicosecond mid-IR and visible transient absorption spectroscopic techniques were used to study electron-injection and recombination dynamics of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles and nanocrystalline thin films sensitized with catechol and coumarin-343. Comparison of dynamics in materials with different crystallinity demonstrates that electron recombination dynamics are strongly dependent on the preparation method, and the effect on injection dynamics is significant when the injection energy level i.
Neutron reflectometry of membrane protein assemblies at the solid/liquid interface

Neutron reflectometry has been used to study the self-assembly of a membrane protein, OmpF, onto a gold-coated silicon substrate from solution. OmpF associates into trimers and has been modified so that each trimer binds to the gold substrate through cysteine residues. Quantitative analysis of the data revealed that 12% of the surface was covered by the oriented protein with 27600 water molecules surrounding each trimer.
Separation and Concentration of Pd, Pt, and Rh from Automotive Catalytic Converters by Combining Two Hollow-Fiber Liquid Membrane Systems

A new system combining two hollow-fiber-supported liquid membranes (HFSLMs) for the separation and concentration of platinum, palladium, and rhodium is presented. The best results were obtained when the feed solution was recirculated through a first module containing Cyanex 471 as the solvating extractant and then the depleted feed solution was recirculated through a second module containing the anion exchanger Aliquat 336 as the carrier. Under these conditions, palladium was selectively recovered in the stripping solution of module I, while platinum was recovered in the receiving phase of module II, and rhodium remained in the feed solution. It was observed that low concentrations of thiocyanate in the feed solution favored the permeability of platinum. This separation scheme was applied to the recovery of platinum-group metals from the leaching solutions of spent automotive pellet-type catalysts. Palladium and platinum were effectively separated and enriched, and only small amounts of aluminum were cotr.
Growth behavior of the marine submicron boundary layer aerosol

A box model for investigating the chemistry and growth of submicron particles in the marine boundary layer was developed. Processes simulated by the model were gas phase chemistry, in-cloud sulfate production, gas-to-particle transfer of condensable vapors, coagulation, dry deposition of particles and gases, and entrainment between the boundary layer and the free troposphere. According to model simulations, the most influential factor for the growth of nuclei and Aitken mode particles is the production rate of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and other low-volatility compounds in the gas phase. Processes controlling SO2 concentrations dictate the amount of non-sea-salt sulfate produced in the boundary layer but are less important for particle growth. The ratio of MSA to non-sea-salt sulfate in the particulate phase may vary largely, even when a constant MSA yield from dimethylsulfide (DMS) oxidation is assumed. Clouds decrease nuclei lifetime but do not affect their growth significantly, unless the time between two cloud passages is very short. Sources other than DMS may produce condensable vapors that assist particle growth to some extent. With our current knowledge of the concentrations of condensible matter in the marine boundary layer, however, it seems unlikely that small nuclei are able to grow into cloud condensation nuclei size over their lifetime. More information is needed on heterogeneous surface reactions that may occur between submicron particles and vapors such as SO2, as well as on potential transport limitations between condensable vapors and particles caused by thermodynamics or organic surfactants.
Tamoxifeno y Patología Endometrial

El Tamoxifeno es una droga que pertenece al grupo de los moduladores selectivos de los receptores de estrógenos (SERMS), mal designada como un anti-estrógeno ya que si bien es cierto que posee acciones antagonistas al estrógeno, también tiene acciones agonistas, propiedades que veremos a continuación. En la última década, estudios científicos que han incluido más de 75.000 pacientes con cáncer de mama han demostrado un beneficio en la sobrevida en aquellas que recibieron la droga, tanto en mujeres pre como postmenopáusicas. Generalmente su uso en estas pacientes es prolongado, basado en que su efecto es citostático más que citotóxico. Actualmente es el tratamiento endocrinológico de elección en pacientes portadoras de cáncer de mama. Su efecto quimiopreventivo y su indica ción en pacientes a alto riesgo de contraer cáncer de mama está en estudio. Esta droga ha sido aprobada para diversas indicaciones a través de los años. En 1977 fue aprobada para tratar mujeres post menopáusicas con cáncer de mama avanzadol; en 1986 fue aprobada como terapia adyuvante en mujeres post-menopáusicas con ganglios positivos: en 1989 fue aprobada para el tratamiento de mujeres premenopáusicas con enfermedad metastásica; y en 1990 fue aprobada como terapia adyuvante en mujeres pre y post-menopáusicas con ganglios negativos.
The influence of interfacial exchange on the coercivity of acicular coated particle

The acicular coated magnetic particles are considered as magnetostatic interacting dual‐component particles with interfacial exchange coupling. The calculations show that the coercivity varies with shell thickness and the relative magnetic properties between core and shell. When increasing the shell thickness, it is found that the initial slope of the increasing coercivity depends on the anisotropy energy of the shell, while the saturation level of the coercivity depends on the interfacial interaction. The calculated results show that a thin layer of shell is responsible for the increase of the coercivity. The best fitting curve for the available experimental data gives interfacial exchange coupling, A=5.87×10−8 erg/cm, and shell anisotropy constant, K=0.52×106 erg/cm3.
One-pot synthesis of mono- and dinitro-1,2,4-triazino[3,2-b]benzothiazoles†

Depending on the reaction temperature, the reaction of 2,3-dihydro-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-ones 1 with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and picryl chloride afforded 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylthio)-4,5-dihydro-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (2) and 2-substituted 6,8-dinitro-3H-1,2,4-triazino[3,2-b]benzothiazol-3-ones 3.
DOUBLE SCREENING IN POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS : LIMITING LAWS AND CROSSOVER FORMULAS

We have derived general expressions for the Helmholtz free energy of a polyelectrolyte solution and the average size of a labeled chain as functions of polyelectrolyte concentration, salt concentration, and the strengths of excluded volume and electrostatic interaction all varying from very low to very high. We have shown that the bare excluded volume interaction and the electrostatically screened Coulomb interaction between any two segments are both screened by the presence of polyelectrolyte chains at nonzero concentrations. The screening length associated with this excluded volume screening is a function of Debye length and the entropy of the connected polymer and consequently depends on the polyelectrolyte concentration differently at different salt concentrations. By treating the correlation of the monomer density fluctuations, we have derived integral equations coupling the effective interaction between any two segments and the effective step length of a labeled chain. In the limit of the excluded v.
Secondary bonding. Part 4. The crystal and molecular structure of µ-oxo-bis[nitrato(phenyl)iodine(III)]

The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been determined from diffractometer data by the heavy-atom method. The crystals (α-form) are monoclinic, space group Cc, with unit-cell dimensions a= 16.145(9), b= 7.067(7), c= 15.058(18)A, β= 108.72(8)°, Z= 4, from 1 337 observed reflections, R= 0.063. The oxygen-bridged molecular structure is confirmed with average dimensions I–O(bridge) 2.00(5), I–O(NO3) 2.32(3)A, I–O–I 123.7(6)°, and I–C 2.05(2)A. The primary geometry around each iodine is T-shaped, but two secondary I ⋯ O bonds [3.01 (2)A] convert this into a pentagonal plane.
Antimony, Arsenic, Phosphorus, and Boron Autodoping in Silicon Epitaxy

Lateral autodoping is encountered if silicon wafers with heavily doped areas are subjected to silicon epitaxy. The characteristics of the autodoping profile are determined by the pre-epitaxial bake conditions and by the identity of the impurities. Lateral autodoping originating from arsenic- or antimony-implanted silicon substrates can be suppressed by reduction of the total pressure during the epitaxial process. In contrast, autodoping is enhanced at reduced pressure if boron-doped buried layers are employed. These phenomena can be accounted for if chemical processes in the gas phase, which involve the dopant, are considered. Thermodynamic computations have been carried out in orde to explain the influence of process conditions such as temperature, total pressure, and the presence of chlorine on the autodoping behavior or antimony, arsenic, phosphorus, and boron. Evaporated dopant atoms are converted to stabl gaseous compounds such as SbCl for antimony, AsH and As/sub 2/ for arsenic, PH/sub 2/, PH/sub 3/, and P/sub 2/ for phosphorus, and BHCl/sub 2/ for boron. The reincorporation of the dopant in the epitaxial layer is governed by the partial pressure of monoatomic species in the gas phase. Mass action law describes the influence of total pressure on the efficiency of the autodoping process.
Simulation of a diffusion flame in turbulent mixing layer by the flame hole dynamics model with level-set method

The partial quenching structure of diffusion flames, arising from the phenomenon of turbulent flame lift off, is investigated in a turbulent mixing layer by the method of flame hole dynamics. Modification of the flame hole dynamics by including the level-set method is specifically aimed to properly take into account the effect of slow flame-edge response near the crossover scalar dissipation rate at which the edge propagation speed vanishes. Simulating the flame hole dynamics with the level-set method results in two major improvements. The first improvement is observed in stabilizing lifted turbulent diffusion flames. The three necessary conditions for lifted stabilization are proposed and numerically tested to show that rapid variation of the edge propagation speed near the crossover scalar dissipation rate helps lifted stabilization. Secondly, an improvement in the statistical properties of the stationary turbulence reacting state is observed in that (1) the lift-off height is found to be higher because of the streamwise flow pushing the turbulent edge front to the downstream direction and (2) the partial burning probability, conditioned with the scalar dissipation rate, exhibits a realistic smooth transition across the crossover scalar dissipation rate.
A neutron diffraction investigation into the rhombohedral phases of the perovskite series

Rietveld refinements using neutron powder profiles are reported for a series of samples (commonly known as PZT), with x ranging from to . Cation shifts, octahedral distortion and tilts are determined with varying composition across the ferroelectric rhombohedral regions, and , of the PZT phase diagram. These parameters are then used in conjunction with a simple Landau-Devonshire model to investigate the nature of the phase transition. It is found that the cation shifts, octahedral distortion and tilt angles decrease with increasing Ti content, but, surprisingly, the octahedral strain, as indicated by the rhombohedral angle, increases. This is in contrast to the case for all other known rhombohedral perovskites. Furthermore, the refined anisotropic displacement parameters of the cations are anomalous and cannot be accounted for by the average crystal structure. A model is presented in which a domain-type `local' structure is considered, containing `ordered' additional cation displacements, consistently with the reports of extra reflections observed in electron microscopy studies by Viehland et al, Dai et al and Ricote et al.
Measuring and Monitoring Optically Induced Thermal or Orientational Non–Locality in Nematic Liquid Crystal

Nonlinear propagation in nematic liquid crystals and spatial optical quasi-soliton can be generated via either thermal or orientational nonlinear process. These particular propagation modes can potentially be used in photonic and telecom devices, on the condition that they are well controlled, thus first to be properly measured. We first briefly review the measurements techniques, focussing on the newest one, based on a Raman scattering measurement. Then, it is demonstrated that there are two main ways to control the non-locality in spatial optical soliton either by using a time dependent source, or by playing with boundary conditions. Examples are given for each case.
Structure and properties of ANOF Layers

Oxide layers produced by ANOF technique show other structures and properties than such ones anodized as usual. Some characteristic mechanical, electrical and chemical properties are described. Their dependence on structure is discussed. Nach dem ANOF-Verfahren hergestellte oxidische Schichten weisen gegenuber konventionell anodisch oxidierten Schichten andere Strukturen und Eigenschaften auf. Einige charakteristische mechanische, elektrische und chemische Eigenschaften werden beschrieben und ihre Strukturabhangigkeit diskutiert.
How's My Network - Incentives and Impediments of Home Network Measurements

Gathering meaningful information from Home Networking (HN) environments has presented researchers with measurement strategy challenges. A measurement platform is typically designed around the process of gathering data from a range of devices or usage statistics in a network that are specifically behind the HN firewall. HN studies require a fine balance between incentives and impediments to promote usage and minimize efforts for user participation with the focus on gathering robust datasets and results. In this dissertation we explore how to gather data from the HN Ecosystem (e.g. devices, apps, permissions, configurations) and feedback from HN users across a multitude of HN infrastructures, leveraging low impediment and low/high incentive methods to entice user participation. We look to understand the trade-offs of using a variety of approach types (e.g. Java Applet, Mobile app, survey) for data collections, user preferences, and how HN users react and make changes to the HN environment when presented with privacy/security concerns, norms of comparisons (e.g. comparisons to the local environment and to other HNs) and other HN results. We view that the HN Ecosystem is more than just “the network” as it also includes devices and apps within the HN. We have broken this dissertation down into the following three pillars of work to understand incentives and impediments of user participation and data collections. These pillars include: 1) preliminary work, as part of the How’s My Network (HMN) measurement platform, a deployed signed Java applet that provided a user-centered network measurement platform to minimize user impediments for data collection, 2) a HN user survey on preference, comfort, and usability of HNs to understand incentives, and 3) the creation and deployment of a multi-faceted How’s My Network Mobile app tool to gather and compare attributes and feedback with high incentives for user participation; as part of this flow we also include related approaches and background work. The HMN Java applet work demonstrated the viability of using a Web browser to obtain network performance data from HNs via a user-centric network measurement platform that minimizes impediments for user participation. The HMN HN survey work found that users prefer to leverage a Mobile app for HN data collections, and can be incentivized to participate in a HN study by providing attributes and characteristics of the HN Ecosystem. The HMN Mobile app was found to provide high incentives, with minimal impediments, for participation with focus on user Privacy and Security concerns. The HMN Mobile app work found that 84% of users reported a change in perception of privacy and security, 32% of users uninstalled apps, and 24% revoked permissions in their HN. As a by-product of this work we found it was possible to gather sensitive information such as previously attached networks, installed apps and devices on the network. This information exposure to any installed app with minimal or no granted permissions is a potential privacy concern.
New Restaurant Concept Relies on Ozone, UV Radiation, Ultrasound and Modified Air Packaging

With the development of the new Swiss Ventafresh technology (Steffen, 2007; Steffen et al., 2007a,b) that produces edible, packaged foods having much longer shelf-lives than are available by current technologies, new vistas in food service and restaurant service have become available. About 170 km outside of Madrid is a new food processing and packaging plant. Raw foodstuffs (spices, fruits, meats, vegetables, rice, potatoes, pasta, salads, etc.) are delivered to this plant where they are washed (in ozone-containing water), peeled, sliced, etc. Microwaveable packing trays are filled with ingredients of a complete meal and then sealed with a microwaveable plastic film (sometimes with modified atmospheres). Both the packing trays and the sealing film are disinfected using combinations of ozone and UV radiation. Individual meals are prepared and packaged, but are not precooked, then are delivered to five (currently) Crono Chef restaurants strategically located throughout Madrid (www.crono.tv). There are only waiters/waitresses. A customer entering a Crono Chef restaurant is seated, offered the usual libations, and given a menu of the meals stocked – in refrigerators, not frozen. The customer's selection is cooked fresh in one of many microwave ovens on the premises. Cheese and/or desserts follow, along with the usual after-dinner drinks, if desired. This new concept in food delivery can be extended to food service for large institutions, e.g., military installations, sporting events, hospitals, elder care facilities, schools, prisons, highway restaurants, and is available for franchising.
Pesticide enrichment factors and matrix effects on the determination of multiclass pesticides in tomato samples by single-drop microextraction (SDME) coupled with gas chromatography and comparison study between SDME and acetone-partition extraction procedure

In this study a single-drop microextraction (SDME) method was extended for the determination of multiclass pesticides (metribuzin, vinclozolin, fosthiazate, procymidone, fludioxonil, kresoxim-methyl, fenhexamid, iprodione, bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, indoxacarb and azoxystrobin) in tomatoes and validated in comparison with a robust solvent extraction method in order to estimate the feasibility of SDME in more complicated determinations in terms of extraction efficiency, pesticides chromatographic stability and chromatographic induced matrix effects in pesticide residue analysis in food samples. Both sample preparation methods: (i) a single-drop microextraction method (SDME) developed recently in our laboratory, and (ii) a modified acetone-partition extraction procedure (APE) method that is being applied today for routine analysis of fruits and vegetables in many laboratories of pesticide residues analysis, were validated under ISO 17025 norms and SANCO Guide recommendations. For all pesticides studied, with the exception of pyrethroids, SDME exhibited good analytical characteristics by reporting from similar to 138 times lower LODs as compared with APE. The enrichment factors of the SDME procedure applied in tomato extracts ranged from 0.7 for bifenthrin to 812 for fenhexamid whereas, the concentration factors for the whole SDME studied ranged from <0.1 for bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin to 52 for fenhexamid. Relative recoveries ranged from 67 to 90% for SDME and from 90 to 120% for APE. Matrix effects assessment performed for both methods studied indicated that matrix matched standards should be used for quantitation purposes. However, the estimation of the gas chromatographic matrix effects by SDME indicated that SDME is a more selective sample preparation method than APE.