Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isoenzyme diversity and phylogenetic affinities among the Eurasian annual Bromus (Bromus L., Poaceae)

Electrophoretic variation of isoenzyme characters of eleven enzymes (ADH, A AD, MDH, SKD, AAT, SOD, PRX, PGD, PGI, LAP, EST) has been studied with the use of PAGE in 21 annual brome species: six of the section Genea, fourteen of the section Bromus and one of the section Boissiera of the genus Bromus. Most species could be distinguished from each other by diagnostic isoenzyme phenotypes. Only two pairs of morphologically similar species, B. diandrus B. rigidus of sect. Genea and B. japonicus B. squarrosus of sect. Bromus, revealed identical zymograms. The other two morphologically related species pair of the type section, B. hordeaceus B. interruptus, and B. arvensis B. intermedius, showed partially overlapping isozyme phenotypes. All diploid species lacked heterozygous allozyme phenotypes, indicating prevalent autogamy and self-fertilization. The two Genea diploids, B. sterilis and B. tectorum, proved clearly differentiated by alternate allozymes of seven isozymes. Populations of B. tectorum and B. sterilis from different sites of their Eurasian ranges had low genetic diversity but showed differentiation into eleven (B. tectorum) and six (B. sterilis) multilocus allozyme lineages. Geo­ graphically marginal European populations had only some of the multilocus allozyme lineages distributed in the Near East region, indicating weedy coloni­ zation of the two species by only a few successful genotypes. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation among eleven diploid brome species were evaluated by cladistic and phenetic analysis of allozyme diversity. The placement of B. pumilio in its own section Boissiera was supported by its basal position in a separate clade. Morphologically uniform B. intermedius was the most polymorphic species, revealing six isoenzyme lineages. The diploids of the section Genea were distinguished in a separate cluster on both cladistic and phenetic allozyme trees. All polyploids studied revealed different fixed heterozygosities of several heterozymes with codominant homoeozymes, suggesting their alloploid nature. Morphologically similar polyploids B. madritensis and B. rubens differed in seven heterozymes out of fourteen studied, supporting their specific recogni­ tion. One genome of the polyploid species of the section Genea corresponded closely to that of B. sterilis. Tetraploids B. secalinus and B. commutatus had very similar enzyme phenotypes, indicating their strong genetic affinity, but still differed in PRX-F homoeozymes of one composite genome. Diploid B. alopecuros appears to be the donor of one genome in the tetraploid B. lanceolatus. Bromus pseudosecalinus could not be one of the diploid pro­ genitors for B. secalinus. 6-PGD gene is duplicated and diverged in several diploids of the section Bromus, but species of the section Genea had no 6-PGD gene duplication.
THE EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL SITE PROPERTIES ON THE MAJOR ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS OF THE CRIMEAN JUNIPER LEAVES

This study explores the relationship between environmental factors and the main essential oil components in the leaves of Crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.), which is commonly distributed in rocky and stony land with shallow soil conditions in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. After the leaf samples collected from 20 plots were dried, essential oil components were detected by GCMS method. α-Pinene (81.3%), myrcene (5.2%) and limonene (4.5%) were found to be the major components, respectively. Relations between these major components and environmental factors (physiographic, climatic and soil factors) were questioned by Pearson correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. According to statistical analysis results; α-pinene bio18, altitude and pH were found to have a negative relationship. The limonene component showed a negative relationship with latitude and clay, but showed a positive correlation with pH.
Diagnosing Cloud Feedbacks in General Circulation Models

Abstract In this study, it is shown that the NCAR and GFDL GCMs exhibit a marked difference in climate sensitivity of clouds and radiative fluxes in response to doubled CO2 and ±2-K SST perturbations. The GFDL model predicted a substantial decrease in cloud amount and an increase in cloud condensate in the warmer climate, but produced a much weaker change in net cloud radiative forcing (CRF) than the NCAR model. Using a multiple linear regression (MLR) method, the full-sky radiative flux change at the top of the atmosphere was successfully decomposed into individual components associated with the clear sky and different types of clouds. The authors specifically examined the cloud feedbacks due to the cloud amount and cloud condensate changes involving low, mid-, and high clouds between 60°S and 60°N. It was found that the NCAR and GFDL models predicted the same sign of individual longwave and shortwave feedbacks resulting from the change in cloud amount and cloud condensate for all three types of clouds (.
Tracking and Targeting: Investigating Item Performance on the English Section of a University Entrance Examination over a 4-Year Period

This empirical study introduces population targeting and cut point targeting as a systematic approach to evaluating the performance of items in the English section of university entrance examinations. Using Rasch measurement theory, we found that the item difficulty and the types of items in a series of national university entrance examinations varied considerably over a 4-year period. However, there was progress towards improved test performance in terms of an increased number of items assessing different language skills and content areas as well as an increased number targeting test takers’ knowledge of English. This study also found that productive items rather than receptive items better targeted test takers’ overall knowledge of English. Moreover, productive items were more consistently located around the probable cut point for university admissions. The paper concludes with a detailed account of a number of probable factors that could influence item performance, such as the use of rating scales.
A Cognitive Analysis of Truck Drivers’ Right-hand Turns

This paper presents an investigation of truck drivers' performance during right-hand turns performed in intersections with traffic lights in order to elicit the truck drivers' domain, decision-making processes, and the strategies used while executing the turns. To gain knowledge about this, a truck driving instructor was interviewed, and four truck drivers were observed and interviewed. This resulted in a cognitive work analysis with the phases work domain analysis, control task analysis and strategies analysis. Through this study it is indicated that many different types of information are sought using several brief glances in mirrors, and the results shows how the front and near-zone mirrors were never used by the participants during the observed right-hand turns. Controlling the vehicle was found to be mainly automatic, whereas their focus is on the orientation about surroundings. Lastly, the drivers' behavior is discussed in relation to change blindness, confirmation bias and schemes. Introduction In February 2005, a meeting was held between the Traffic minister of Denmark and representatives of the country’s major transportation organizations with the aim of initiating a collaborative research project on accidents between right-turning trucks and cyclists going straight ahead (Danish Transport Authority, 2014, p. 12). Also, a report on the analysis of 25 different accidents was published by the Accident Investigation Board for Road Traffic Denmark in 2006. In all 25 accidents it had been possible at some point for the driver to see the cyclist using his mirrors or windows. Based on this, they concluded that part of the problem stems from the drivers not orienting themselves sufficiently (Danish Road Traffic Accident Investigation Board, 2006, p. 10). The drivers themselves explained that they are thorough in their orientation, especially in cases with vulnerable road users nearby, yet they simply overlooked the cyclists involved in the accidents. They further proclaimed that executing a right-hand turn is a complex and demanding task because it requires attention to road layout, other road users, the physical dimensions of the truck etc., all of which is needed to adjust the maneuver both before and meanwhile turning (Danish Road Traffic Accident Investigation Board, 2006, p. 13, p. 24). The legacy of this work has led to increased awareness on right-hand turn accidents through campaigns and changes in regulations, which increased the required minimum to four specific mirrors on the right side of the truck, though blind spots still exist in parts of the right side and behind the truck
The implementation of uncertainty evaluation model in manufacturability analysis system for miniature machine tool

The development of Manufacturability Analysis System for micro-machining domain (MicroMAS) is intended to address the need of the 4-axis Miniature Machine Tool (MMT) that require such system to assist the user in generating micro-component through manufacturability evaluation. One of the manufacturability aspects being assessed is the impacts from Uncertainty Evaluation Model (UEM) analysis that analyse the influence of the errors stemmed from the MMT construction on the geometrical accuracy of the machined micro-parts. The model has allowed a methodology for the errors in a custom-made MMT to be predicted and to further understand the origin of the errors on the machined micro-part. This paper reports on the implementation of UEM in the development of MicroMAS. Therefore, the results from uncertainty evaluation towards the MMT were integrated in the database which are interactively searched based on IF-THEN clauses in order to determine which rules satisfy the requirements expressed via inputs.
Application of MIKE SHE modelling system to set up a detailed water balance computation

Estimation of total water balance is a substantial issue for watershed modelling in order to simulate the major components of the hydrological cycle to determine the stress of different anthropogenic activities on the available water resources within a catchment. In this context, the fully distributed physically based MIKE SHE modelling system was used to simulate the individual hydrological components of the total water balance for the Paya Indah Wetlands (PIW) watershed in the west of Peninsular Malaysia. Results reveal that the overall water balance is predominantly controlled by climate variables. Application of the model to the PIW watershed provides detailed estimation of the total water balance for a first‐order catchment in which actual evapotranspiration (ET) represents approximately 65 and 58%, while overland flow (OL) to the PIW lake system represents 12.38 and 12.3% of the total rainfall during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The difference of the inflow and outflow was taken as storage in depth. Overall, the model gives a reasonable output of total error of less than 1% of the total rainfall, which in turn indicates that the interaction among components is satisfactorily sustained.
The Optimizing Strategy of Systematic Process Innovation based on QFD TRIZ and AHP

Process design is often associated with the compromises of conflicting process parameters, which means a rising cost and a loss of quality. Innovation in process system can create great value. The rapid development of technology and commercial environment suggests that innovative process design needs the support of a systematic innovation strategy. The strategy combining inventive tools is proposed to support process innovation. Firstly, analyz e the process system according to constraints, and employ Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to obtain process requirements. In this way, the conflicts of process system can be found accurately, th en analyze these conflicts comprehensively, and creatively solve thes e process problems with the help of the Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), and acquire more feasible solutions or inspiration through the proposed approach. After that, use Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select the best feasible alternative under multiple evaluating standards. In this approach, both the e fficiency and maneuverability of applying Inventive tools to solve process problems are improved. Finally, the performance of the proposed strategy is illustrated and validated by the example of grinding process system.
The auditory attention status in Iranian bilingual and monolingual people

Background and Aim: Bilingualism, as one of the discussing issues of psychology and linguistics, can influence the speech processing. Of several tests for assessing auditory processing, dichotic digit test has been designed to study divided auditory attention. Our study was performed to compare the auditory attention between Iranian bilingual and monolingual young adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 students including 30 Turkish-Persian bilinguals and 30 Persian monolinguals aged between 18 to 30 years in both genders. Dichotic digit test was performed on young individuals with normal peripheral hearing and right hand preference. Results: No significant correlation was found between the results of dichotic digit test of monolinguals and bilinguals (p=0.195), and also between the results of right and left ears in monolingual (p=0.460) and bilingual (p=0.054) groups. The mean score of women was significantly more than men (p=0.031). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between bilinguals and monolinguals in divided auditory attention; and it seems that acquisition of second language in lower ages has no noticeable effect on this type of auditory attention.
Learning mathematics on the internet

The Internet offers new opportunities for school students to learn mathematics. This paper analyses these opportunities, based on presently available web sites that do not involve subscriptions by users. A typology of six different sorts of opportunities is described, justified and exemplified (i) Interactive opportunities allow students to interact directly with mathematical objects; (ii) Reading interesting materials allows supplementation of available textual resources; (iii) Reference materials provide more extensive and accessible sources than usually available to students; (iv) Communication permits students to communicate with other students or with teachers about mathematics across existing barriers; (v) Problem solving opportunities are more extensive than normal classrooms can offer; and (vi) webquests provide structured investigational opportunities that specifically exploit Internet opportunities. The ways in which the Internet is accessed in practice are recognised to be of significance to the prospects for successful educational use of these resources, as are the pedagogies invoked by teachers.
A Latticed-Based Public Key Encryption with KDM Security from R-LWE

Since the introduction of the ring learning with errors (R-LWE) by Lyubashevsky, Peikert and Regev, many efficient and secure applications were founded in cryptography. In this paper, we mainly present an efficient public-key encryption scheme based on the R-LWE assumption. It is very simple to describe and analyze. As well as it can achieve security against certain key-dependent message (KDM) attacks. Namely, this efficient encryption scheme can securely encrypt its own secret key. The security of this scheme follows from the already proven hardness of the R-LWE problem since the R-LWE assumption is reducible to worst-case problems on the ideal lattice. Besides, the scheme enjoys a high level efficiency and low cost since the operations of the scheme are very simple and fast. The cost of both the encryption and decryption is only polylog(n) bit per message symbol.
Rationalised computational time in fracture simulation: adaptive model reduction and domain decomposition

In early stage design in engineering, it is common to have to solve large mechanical problems many times, varying the input parameters. This is done to check the effect each parameter can have on the system. This can be a very time-consuming analysis. Model order reduction(MOR) is one way to reduce significantly the computational time by reducing the number of unknowns. This is done by looking for the solution in a reduced space spanned by only a few well-chosen basis vectors. It was applied for characterization of human faces back in 1987 by Sirovitch et al.[1]. In the context of solid mechanics involving material nonlinearities, this method performs poorly because any small perturbations of the problems parameters has the effect of changing significantly the evolution of the fracture, hence requiring a large number of global basis vectors. Ryckelynck et al. [2] and Kerfriden et al. [3] tackled this issue by performing global corrections of the basis vectors during the computation. These schemes can however be prohibitively expensive as they are based on global evaluation of the error over the domain. In this paper, we will by-pass the difficulty by coupling MOR together with domain decomposition methods (DDM). DDM are described in for example [4]. The essential idea of DDM is that the domain studied is divided into several subdomains leading to independent subdomains that can be solved independently. Using this framework, the fracture will be isolated on some subdomains, allowing us to apply MOR on all the other subdomains, which do not undergo high non-linearities. It is also a way to speed-up the computations since parallel computing can be used.
Phytochemical analysis and anthelmintic activity of extracts of aerial parts of Solanum nigrum L.

In the present study crude methanol extract and subsequent solvent fractions of Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) were evaluated for anthelmintic activity against sheep intestinal worms Haemonchus contortus. The extracts were also evaluated for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents using colorimetric methods. The ethylacetate extract showed significant anthelmintic effect with high death rate of worms at hourly interval at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml. Total phenolic content in the crude methanolic extract was 342 ± 2.84 mg TAE/g dE. After fractionation the maximum concentration of phenols was measured in ethylacetate fraction (426 ± 3.87 mg TAE/g dE). Total flavonoid content in the crude methanol extract was 128 ± 2.34 mg QE/g dE. After fractionation highest concentration of flavonoids was measured in ethylacetate fraction (180 ± 2.51 mg QE/g dE). So the results indicated that the polar fractions of S. nigrum containing high concentration of phenolics and flavonoids possess high anthelmintic activity.
CFD Analysis of the Effect of Baffle Plates on the Fluid Flow in an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor

With the development of agro-industrial processes, the waste generation has increased. Fermentation of organic wastes has attracted considerable attention, as it is an effective production route of hydrogen and it reduces environmental organic pollution. In this work, a numerical study is presented, with the aim of optimizing an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for biohydrogen production. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique was used to provide accurate results for the fluid flow, which directly influences the mass transfer, momentum, and hence the kinetics of the reactions involved. An Eulerian-Eulerian approach was applied to describe the flow of the phases, using the OpenFOAM code. The inclusion of baffles in the bioreactor was studied, to verify the configuration which provides higher mixing. It was found that the inclusion of a baffle with length equal to ¼ of the bioreactor radius caused the largest increase in the turbulent kinetic energy, with little effect on the pressure drop.
The Impact of Monetary Policy on Financial Performance: Evidence from Banking Sector of Pakistan

Interest rate an important indicator of monetary policy always has major impact on financial sector performance. The purpose of this paper is to enlightened the monetary policy effect on banking sector stability and performance by investigating the casual relationship between interest rate imposed by state bank of Pakistan and bank financial performance taken as ROA and ROE. Highlighting the importance of monetary policy in banking sector, this study shall focus in depth over its impact on performance of banking industry of Pakistan by studying monetary transmission over the past five year (2007-2011), using interest rate as its measure. Using correlation analysis followed by ordinary Least Square regression carries the empirical analysis of the study. Firm size is taken as control variables for the study as firm size have significant impact on financial performance of banks. The finding of study reveal that interest rate taken as measure for monetary policy has significant inverse relationship on firm financial performance measured, which is measured by ROA and ROE.
Perkembangan Kognitif: Teori Jean Piaget

Piaget memperkenalkan sejumlah ide dan konsep untuk mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan perubahan-perubahan dalam pemikiran logis yang diamatinya pada anak-anak dan orang dewasa. Perkembangan kognitif dimulai dari proses-proses berpikir secara konkrit sampai dengan yang lebih tinggi yaitu konsep-konsep abstrak dan logis. Piaget meyakini bahwa anak-anak secara alami memiliki ketertarikan terhadap dunia dan secara aktif mencari informasi yang dapat membantu mereka memahami dunia tersebut. Sebagai seorang pakar yang banyak melakukan penelitian tentang tingkat perkembangan kemampuan kognitif manusia, Piaget mengemukakan dalam teorinya bahwa kemampuan kognitif manusia terdiri atas empat tahapan dimulai dari lahir hingga dewasa. Tahap dan urutan berlaku untuk semua usia tetapi usia pada saat seseorang mulai memasuki tahap tertentu tidak sama untuk setiap orang
Performance of the ECMWF Operational Analyses over the Tropical Indian Ocean

Abstract The quality of the ECMWF operational analyses is evaluated against independent upper-air sounding data collected during the Joint Air–Sea Monsoon Interaction Experiment (JASMINE; April–May 1999) and the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX; February–March 1999). Statistics of the difference between observations and analyses are compiled for temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The results show that the analyzed temperature has a cold bias between 1000 and 750 hPa. However, in the upper troposphere, a warm bias occurs between 350 and 150 hPa, while a cold bias is seen above 150 hPa. Compared to the observations, the analyzed humidity is lower between 1000 and 950 hPa and higher between 950 and 750 hPa. The analyzed wind speeds are close to observations over much of the troposphere, except near the tropopause, where they are overestimated by 1–2 m s−1 in the analyses. The low-level (1000– 750 hPa) biases in moisture and temperature in the ECMWF analyses over the Indian Ocean are similar to those repor.
Phase and dielectric behaviors of a polymorphic liquid crystal doped with graphene nanoplatelets

We report on the phase behavior and dielectric properties of the liquid crystal (LC) 4′-n-octyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl dispersed with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity at 104 Hz and its derivative with respect to the temperature reveal that the incorporation of GNPs in a LC cell leads to the modification of crystalline polymorphism and shift in phase transition temperature owing to the enhanced positional and orientational order. Additionally, the dielectric data between 1 and 103 Hz show that the dopant reduces the ionic concentration and alters the diffusivity in the LC mesophases.