Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic/Microscopic Elucidation for Chemical Changes During Acid Pretreatment on Arundo donax

The Arundo donax is a typical fast-growing species from the family Gramineae, which is widely cultivated in China. With a huge yield of A. donax in China, this plant offers great potential for biofuels production. The different types of organization of cell and the tissue in the A. donax could influence the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, A. donax was subjected to 0.5% (w/w) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for pretreatment at 140℃ for 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, and 60 min, respectively. The changes in microstructure, chemical composition, topochemical properties were comprehensively analyzed. Using a series of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) to obtain the correlative structural and chemical information. Analysis results of chemical composition, FT-IR spectra and XRD indicated that with increasing reaction time, more hemicellulose and lignin would be removed. Correspondingly, there was an obvious increase of the cellulose relative crystallinity via extending reaction time. Results of the PLM observations showed that the birefringence gradually dimmed due to the diminishing of the cellulose component. Furthermore, the CRM mapping images showed the lignin component in compound middle lamellar (CML) was difficult to remove relatively as compared with that in secondary walls. These results indicated that the combination of spectroscopic and microscopic elucidation could give an insightful understanding of chemical changes in cellular level during pretreatment.
Treatment of Nightmares Using Imagery Rehearsal Therapy: A Multiple Baseline Study

Treatment of Nightmares Using Imagery Rehearsal Therapy: A Multiple Baseline Study Michael R. Nadorff Nightmares have been linked with several negative consequences, including death by suicide. Further, nightmare sufferers report that nightmares have a significant negative impact on their lives. To address this problem, several nightmare treatments have been studied, with Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) having the greatest amount of empirical support. However, there are many unanswered questions in regard to IRT, such as how quickly one may see an effect and whether or not there is a temporary increase in nightmares prior to a decrease. The current study aimed to address these questions by examining IRT using a non-concurrent multiple baseline design. Four participants took part in the study, with each receiving IRT over the course of one session. IRT did not lead to a substantial decrease in nightmare frequency or severity in this sample, despite strong treatment adherence. The lack of a finding may be due to there being a great deal of intra-individual variability in frequency of nightmares. There was no substantial increase in nightmare frequency, severity, or negative affect in the week following treatment. However, it is possible that the treatment was ineffective, which could explain why no temporary increase in nightmares or negative affect was observed. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Inventory methods in relation to landscape history and structure

Figure 1. A MAP OF A WETLAND SITE (Degramossen) from a wetland inventory report. The boundary of the wetland is copied directly from an aerial photograph. The numbers represent subunits of a site consisting of different habitat types. The long blue lines are brooks and the short ones show the hollows in the wetland. The green crosses represent forest, The major inventory projects that have been conducted are: The virgin forest inventory 1978-1983. This was the first nationwide thematic nature inventory and the objective was to identify so called virgin forests (primeval forests with no traces of human impact). The inventory method varied between regions. In some cases aerial photographs were used to identify interesting sites, in other cases studies of maps or inquiries to local conservationists or foresters achieved the same purpose. Since this was a “first-step” survey, and the sites were sometimes very large, the fieldwork procedure was not particularly detailed. Negative human impact such as the occurrence of stumps were often used as a disqualifying criteria and only in very few cases were the assessment of conservation values based on the occurrence of particular species. This inventory has been the main base upon which the conservation of forests was built in the 1980’s and the early 1990’s.
Understanding the Influence of Topic Familiarity on Search Behavior in Digital Libraries

Search in digital libraries is among the most frequent activities for people to acquire knowledge and find resources for academic purposes. In order to better support users in fulfilling their information need with personalized search results, a better understanding of the relation between users’ search topic familiarity and their search behavior is a prerequisite. Eye tracking data as a reliable source for studying users’ interaction in digital library search sessions has not been sufficiently explored due to the difficulty of automatically and accurately processing eye tracking logs. In this paper, we study the influence of topic familiarity on users’ search behavior to extend the current understanding of user behavior while searching digital libraries. To gain novel insights, we apply a recently emerged tool for parsing eye tracking logs on a dataset collected from a lab study which captures user interactions as well as topic familiarity in digital library.
Field and greenhouse evaluations of soil suppressiveness to Heterodera glycines in the Midwest corn-soybean production systems

Abstract Soil suppressive to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), a major yield-limiting pathogen of soybean, plays an important role in biological control. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage, crop sequence, and biocide application on SCN suppression in corn-soybean cropping systems in Minnesota. The experiment was a split-plot design with no-tillage and conventional tillage as main plots, and six crop-biocide treatments (CRCS, CSCS, SSSS, SSSS + streptomycin, SSSS + captan, and SSSS + formaldehyde – the four letters represent crops in 2009 to 2012, respectively; C is corn, R is SCN-resistant soybean, and S is SCN-susceptible soybean) as subplots with four replicates. Soil samples were taken from each plot at planting, midseason, and harvest each year for SCN egg counts, and soybean yield was determined. In addition, soil samples collected from each plot at midseason were assayed for suppressiveness to SCN. Tillage had minimal effect on SCN population density and soybean yield. Annual rotation with corn reduced SCN population density, but also reduced soil suppressiveness as SCN egg population density increased in the following SCN-susceptible soybean compared with soybean monoculture. Rotation with SCN-resistant soybean and corn was the most effective in reducing SCN population density. The bactericide streptomycin did not affect SCN populations but the fungicide captan increased SCN population density. The biocide formaldehyde was the most effective in reducing the level of suppressiveness to SCN. The greenhouse study confirmed that the soil was suppressive to SCN, but failed to detect effects of tillage, crop sequence, and biocide field treatments. This study demonstrated that the soil in the fields was suppressive to the SCN, and biological agents, especially fungal antagonists, were involved in nematode suppression.
An Improved Algorithm for School Bullying Based on K-means Clustering

School bullying has become a very important problem in education circle. In order to discuss this problem in the rational and scientific eye, we can make use of big data analysis that can provide data and decision support. Aiming at the time-varying abstract characteristics, this paper proposes an improved algorithm on school bullying based on K-means clustering, establishes the whole data analysis structure of data collection, data processing and inferential decision, analyzes the data feature of school bullying. It also gains the time, geographic and age characteristic though chi square test, linear regression and logistic regression. On the other hand, behavior data is also processed with K-means clustering algorithm. Time varying characteristic and uncertain factors are greatly reduced through density, grid and models. In the end, data support for the solution of school bullying behavior is offered by means of inferential decision based on neural network.
Neuroticism , appraisal , and coping 1 The mediating effect of appraisal on the relationship between neuroticism and coping during an anagram-solving task : A goodness-offit hypothesis perspective

Using the goodness-of-fit hypothesis as a theoretical rationale, the current study examined whether stressor appraisals mediate the relationship between neuroticism and coping strategy use in the context of an anagram-solving task. One hundred and eight undergraduate students (65 female; 43 male) completed a neuroticism scale, attempted an anagram-solving task, and then completed brief measures of task appraisal and situational coping. In accordance with the goodness-of-fit hypothesis, appraised controllability was negatively correlated with both avoidance and emotion-focused coping; however the predicted positive correlation with taskfocused coping was not obtained. Consistent with previous research, neuroticism was positively correlated with appraisals of how stressful the task was perceived to be and negatively associated with appraisals of task controllability. As predicted, neuroticism was positively associated with both emotion-focused and avoidance coping during the anagramsolving task. Moreover, the relationship between neuroticism and emotion-focused coping was fully mediated by appraised stress and appraised controllability, and the relationship between neuroticism and avoidance coping was fully mediated by appraised stress. These findings highlight the importance of measuring stressor appraisals when examining individual differences in situational coping and have implications for research on coping intervention.
Supplementary File to “RANet: Ranking Attention Network for Fast Video Object Segmentation”

• in §4, we provide more qualitative results to show the influence of training strategies, including static images pre-train (IP) and video fine-tuning (VF), as described in §3.5 of the main paper, and also online learning; • in §5, we present qualitative comparison of different methods on DAVIS16/17 datasets; • in §6, we give two failure examples to show the potential limitation of the proposed RANet.
Relatedness Ranking of Biomedical Publications Using Figure Content

As the domain of biomedical publications continues to grow, sophisticated information retrieval engines will play an increasingly important role for scientists and medical practitioners to access the literature needed for their work. Because the experiments and results of biomedical research are often presented as images, and because this information is often not fully and/or explicitly declared in the text, advanced biomedical image search engines should prove powerful tools for retrieving experiments, medical results, protocols, and other biomedical information encoded in image form. The Yale Image Finder is one of such biomedical image search engines and allows users to search based on: text embedded in an image itself (parsed using optical character recognition); text in the image’s caption; and text in the associated article’s title or abstract. Unique to our tool is also a related images feature, which allows researchers and doctors alike to retrieve similar experiments and results (and their associated articles), given an image of interest. This feature has been the focus of my CS 490 project this year. Our method for providing such related images involves first determining the subset of articles related to that of the given image; and subsequently determining related images from this subset. Using only textual analysis so far, we can rapidly and accurately establish closely related biomedical images. In addition to various case studies, we explore several metrics for evaluating the advantages of our relatedness feature over traditional tools. Our results indicate that the inclusion of figure information significantly alters relatedness rankings and may provide more specific results. Immediate future work will include further evaluation of our results based on actual user sessions, as well as construction of a comprehensive feature discrimination system using Haralick feature analysis and a convolutional neural network for content-based image retrieval.
Effect of Model Dissimilarity on Learning to Communicate in a Wireless Setting with Limited Information

This work engages the problem of collaborative learning in the context of wireless communication schemes. Two agents must learn modulation and demodulation schemes that enable them to communicate with each other in the presence of an AWGN channel via reinforcement learning. Proposed and examined is the echo private preamble protocol, a communication protocol enabling two agents to learn how to communicate with little shared context. Under the echo private preamble protocol, neural network based agents to learn strategies to communicate with other neural agents as well as agents that uses a ﬁxed standardized protocol, and agents of a different model. This work also builds iteratively on top of relaxations of this protocol to show that this information restricted protocol is comparable to ones with a larger shared context. My speciﬁc contributions lie in introducing a new model (polynomials), writing the code base, and running and analyzing the baseline experiments for the echo private preamble protocol as well as the experiments to examine the eﬀects of learning with mismatched agents whose internal models are dissimilar.
Consistency models of programmable networks

Software Defined Networking enables innovation in network management by abstracting the control plane away from the data plane of the network. We examine the implementation of three popular distributed SDN controllers: Onix, ONOS, and Open Daylight. Each of the SDN controllers have at least two methods for maintaining network state. These fall into the categories of a transactional data store, a coordination service with strong consistency guarantees, and an eventually consistent system with high availability. The controllers aim to maintain an accurate view of the network using these systems, which each have trade-offs in their consistency and availability characteristics; this makes them better suited for keeping track of different parts of the network. For instance, an network component inventory manager might require strong consistency for a given application to properly be able to set up paths in the network end-toend. On the other hand, eventual consistency may suffice for the more volatile link-state topology since it can always be dynamically reconstructed from the network. This paper also introduces and motivates the sharedlog as a means for maintaining causally consistent state in a distributed system. By allowing dependencies to be specified between elements of a set of logs, arbitrary partial orderings of nodes can be constructed while preserving the semantics of totally ordered logs. This introduces a means for representing data structures in a way that allows for flexible levels of consistency. The purpose of this paper is to help understand how these weaker consistency models may be useful for maintaining state in SDN controllers.
A restrospective study of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in South Africa in 2004

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a controlled disease in South Africa. This disease is caused by an Arterivirus and occurs commonly in Europe (European serotype) and in the United States of America (American serotype); therefore PRRS is not a trade sensitive disease. However, the disease has severe economic implications for the producer and the local pork industry and the decision was made by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in association with the South African Pork Producers’ Organization (SAPPO) to eradicate the disease when the first outbreak occurred in 2004 in the Western Cape. Severe disease leading to acute mortalities and almost 100% mortality and morbidity rate in a few pig units in the Jacobsdal area (Kuilsrivier district) in the Cape Town peninsula, alarmed local veterinary consultants during the autumn of 2004. A first diagnosis of Salmonella choleraesuis was confirmed at the Provincial Veterinary Laboratory in Stellenbosch. Antibiotic treatment did not resolve the clinical picture. Sows still aborted and died and young pigs still died from acute respiratory distress. The syndrome was similar to “blue ear disease” because of severe cyanosis visible on the extremities of affected pigs. The first suspected diagnosis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) was made on post mortem examination on 10 June 2004 and was confirmed on 17 June 2004 with positive ELISA (Idexx Herdchek PRRSV Ab test kit 2XR) results.
COCOA FARMER INCOME The household income of cocoa farmers ​in Côte d’Ivoire and strategies for improvement

A ‘living income’ is defined as sufficient income generated by a rural household to afford a decent standard of living for all the household members, including food, housing, clothing, healthcare, children’s education, and some additional costs. Although there has been growing awareness that many cocoa farmers live in poverty, the actual gap between current incomes and a living income, as well as data on various types of household income and costs, have not been as well researched. To develop a better understanding of how Fairtrade can support cocoa farmers move towards a living income, Fairtrade International worked with the Committee on Sustainability Assessment (COSA) and GeoTraceability to design a survey and collect farmer household data, and with True Price on the assessment of household incomes in one of the main cocoaproducing countries, Côte d’Ivoire.
A Modified Super Glue® Technique—The Use of Polycyanoacrylate for Fingerprint Development

Latent fingerprints on various items were developed by exposing them to fumes obtained by heating the solid polymer, polycyanoacrylate. The results were comparable in quality to those obtained by the regular Super Glue® technique, based on the liquid cyanoacrylate monomer which is harder to handle. Without heating, the development process required much longer periods of time. Two simple devices have been constructed that use the new technique.
Protective Mechanism of Urtica Dioica on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Encephalopathy in Rats

Dunya capinda, Urtica cinsinden turler periferik ve merkezi tibbi etkileri nedeniyle yaygin olarak kullanilmaktadir; bunlar cay olarak hazirlanir. Son yillarda, Urtica dioica (UD) turevlerinin yararli ozelliklerini incelemek gittikce onem kazanmistir. Bu calismanin amaci, UD'nin karbon tetraklorur (CCl4) ile induklenen hepatik ensefalopatiye (HE) karsi etkilerini degerlendirmektir. Bu calismada kirk dokuz yetiskin (2 aylik) erkek Sprague dawley sicani kullanildi. Modeller 8 hafta boyunca intraperitoneal olarak verilen CCI 4 (1 mL / kg vucut agirligi; haftada iki kez) ile olusturuldu. Hayvanlar baslari kesilerek otanazi edildi ve sican beyinleri histopatolojik degisiklikleri degerlendirmek icin cikarildi. Biyokimyasal parametreler CCI 4 ile tedavi edilen sicanlardan alinan serum orneklerinde degerlendirildi. UD ekstraktlari, kontrol grubuna gore aspartat aminotransferaz (AST), alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), glutamil transferaz (GGT) ve amonyak seviyeleri gibi biyokimyasal serum parametrelerindeki onleyici degisiklikleri arttirarak CCI 4 'un neden oldugu beyin hasarina karsi onemli bir koruma saglamistir. Hematoksilin-eozin (H & E) boyama ve c-fos ekspresyon metodu kullanilarak beyin dokusunun histopatolojik ve immunohistolojik degisiklikleri gozlendi. Bu calismada, UD'nin CCI 4 toksisitesi uzerindeki koruyucu etkisi, biyokimya ve immunohistoloji calismalari ile gosterilmistir. UD'nin uygulanmasi CCI 4 'un neden oldugu beyin toksisitesine karsi potansiyel koruyucu etkilere sahip olabilir.
Estimation of ecological half-lives of radiocesium in marine biota at the offshore of Fukushima , Japan

A large amount of radionuclides was released by TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) into the environment on account of the accident that occurred here in March, 2011, and this included cesium-137 (T1/2 = 30 y). The aim of this paper is to report the Cs concentrations in marine biota that were contaminated due to the FDNPP accident, and to evaluate the ecological half-life (Teco) in nature. The Teco of Cs in the oceanic community along the coastline of Fukushima was calculated on the basis of food monitoring data. The monitoring data were re-organized by the southern and northern sampling areas with respect to the FDNPP site. The regional comparison of Cs contamination showed that the concentration in the southern region was higher; however, the calculated Teco for each species was similar in the southern and northern regions. Furthermore, Teco obtained from the field data was compared to literature values of the biological half-life (Tb) etimated under laboratory conditions. The result showed that seaweed and bivalves had similar values of Teco and Tb. On the other hand, demersal fish (which live near, or on the seabed), had longer Teco compared to Tb. It is conceivable that one reason for the longer Teco of demersal fish is prolonged exposure due to diet.
Webster's New World Medical Dictionary

The most up-to-date layman's guide to medical terms, treatments, and pharmaceuticals More Americans every day are focused on issues of health and well-being. While 10 years ago, most consumers accepted their doctor's advice blindly, today many question their doctors carefully about procedures, drug therapy, diseases, and other medical concerns. As the country continues to move toward service provided by large health care organizations, more consumers will take responsibility for understanding their medical needs. Webster's New World is proud to offer an important new entry in the medical reference market - the Webster's New World Medical Dictionary. Partnering with the doctors from MedicineNet.com, the Medical Dictionary takes advantage of the expertise of 50 doctors in 24 specialized fields ranging from pediatrics to pathology. Edited by an expert medical author, the Dictionary of Medical Terms is authoritative yet accessible to the layperson. This dictionary represents the most up-to-date medical reference on the market today. * More than 7,500 medical terms, treatments, and medicines. * More than 100 illustrations to clarify definitions and conditions The book also features a CD-ROM for instant access to the dictionary and directly to the MedicineNet.com web site.