Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 3-D Printed Ti-6Al-4V 3-DOF Compliant Parallel Mechanism for High Precision Manipulation

This paper presents the synthesis and evaluation of a 3-D printed three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) spatial-motion compliant parallel mechanism (CPM). The CPM was synthesized by the beam-based structural optimization method and a prototype was fabricated by the electron beam melting (EBM) technology with Ti6Al4V material. The mechanical characteristics of 3-D printed compliant mechanism for precision applications, i.e., stiffness property, dynamic response, and large elastic deformation, were experimentally evaluated. Most importantly, a coefficient factor of 1.27 was proposed to determine the effective thickness for 3-D printed compliant mechanisms with 0.5 mm thick flexures. Using the effective thickness, the characteristics of the 3-D printed CPM have shown to agree with the prediction, with a maximum deviation of 10.5%. The Ti6Al4V CPM is able to achieve the large work range up to 4 mm of linear displacement, 6 degrees of angular displacements, fast dynamic response of 119 Hz, good decoupled motions, and high non-actuating stiffness. A 3-DOF manipulator was built based on the 3-D printed CPM and actuated by three voice-coil motors. Experimental results have shown that the 3-DOF manipulator could achieve repeatable motions with resolution of 20 nm for the translation along the Z-axis, 0.14 arcsecond for the rotation about the X-axis, and 0.12 arcsecond for the rotation about the Y-axis. In conclusion, EBM technology is suitable for fabricating compliant mechanisms in precision manipulator systems; the mechanical characteristics of 3-D printed compliant mechanisms are predictable when an effective thickness is used.
Recent advances in the performance and reliability of InGaAsP LED's for lightwave communication systems

High radiance LED's are being exploited in lightwave applications where their low cost, wide temperature range of operation, and outstanding reliability outweigh the power and modulation advantages of injection laser diodes. Development activity and commercial offerings of LED's have been rapidly moving toward InGaAsP LED's to take advantage of the low attenuation and chromatic dispersion minimum at the 1.3-µm emission wavelength. This paper reviews recent advances in the performance, reliability, and system application of InGaAsP LED's.
A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team.

BACKGROUND We investigated a large, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in February and March 1997 in Michigan and then extended the investigation to determine whether it was related to sporadic cases reported in other states among persons who had consumed frozen strawberries, the food suspected of causing the outbreak. METHODS The cases of hepatitis A were serologically confirmed. Epidemiologic studies were conducted in the two states with sufficient numbers of cases, Michigan and Maine. Hepatitis A virus RNA detected in clinical specimens was sequenced to determine the relatedness of the virus from outbreak-related cases and other cases. RESULTS A total of 213 cases of hepatitis A were reported from 23 schools in Michigan and 29 cases from 13 schools in Maine, with the median rate of attack ranging from 0.2 to 14 percent. Hepatitis A was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries in a case-control study (odds ratio for the disease, 8.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 33) and a cohort study (relative risk of infection, 7.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 53) in Michigan and in a case-control study in Maine (odds ratio for infection, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 14). The genetic sequences of viruses from 126 patients in Michigan and Maine were identical to one another and to those from 5 patients in Wisconsin and 7 patients in Arizona, all of whom attended schools where frozen strawberries from the same processor had been served, and to those in 2 patients from Louisiana, both of whom had consumed commercially prepared products containing frozen strawberries from the same processor. CONCLUSIONS We describe a large outbreak of hepatitis A in Michigan that was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries. We found apparently sporadic cases in other states that could be linked to the same source by viral genetic analysis.
Comparing Mental Health of Francophone Populations in Canada, France, and Belgium: 12-Month Prevalence Rates of Common Mental Disorders (Part 1)

Objective: To compare the 12-month prevalence of common mental disorders among francophones in Canada, France, and Belgium. This is the first article in a 2-part series comparing mental disorders and service use prevalence of French-speaking populations. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2) in 2002 and the European Study of Epidemiology of Mental Disorders-Mental Health Disability (ESEMeD) from 2001 to 2003, where comparable questionnaires were administered to representative samples of adults in Canada, France, and Belgium. In Canada, francophone respondents living in Quebec (n = 7571) and outside Quebec (n = 500) completed the French version of the CCHS 1.2 questionnaire. Francophone respondents in Belgium (n = 389) and in France (n = 1436) completed the French version of the ESEMeD population survey questionnaire. Major depressive episodes (MDEs), specific anxiety disorders (ADs), and alcohol abuse and (or) dependence disorders' rates were assessed. Results: The overall prevalence rate for the presence of any MDE, AD, or alcohol abuse and (or) dependence was similar in all francophone populations studied in Canada and Europe and averaged 8.5%. Conclusions: Mental disorders were equally distributed in all francophone populations studied. Cross-national comparisons continue to be instrumental in providing information useful for the creation of appropriate policies and programs for specific subsets of populations.
Kβ satellite and forbidden transitions in elements with 12 ≤ Z ≤ 30 induced by electron impact

The emission of x rays in the Kbeta region of Mg, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn induced by electron bombardment was studied by means of wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. The lines studied were: the Kbeta{sup III} and Kbeta{sup IV} spectator hole transitions, the 1s->3s quadrupole decay, the Kbeta{sub 2} and Kbeta{sub 5} diagram transitions, the structures related to radiative Auger processes, and the Kbeta{sup '} and Kbeta{sup ''} lines. Relative energies and probabilities were determined through a careful spectral processing based on a parameter refinement method. The results obtained were compared with other experimental and theoretical determinations when available.
Operative Treatment of Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures in Children

Abstract The operative treatment of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children remains controversial. The result of incorrectly treated fractures may lead to complications such as pseudoarthrosis and severe deformity, with considerable functional and cosmetic restrictions. The aim of this study was to determine whether operative treatment of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children using Screw-wires (Orthofix GmbH, Ottobrunn, Germany) has any advantage over treatment with Kirschner wires (“K-wires”) (aap-Implantate AG, Berlin, Germany). These results were then compared with operative treatment using lag-screw osteosynthesis. We treated surgically 76 cases of fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children at the Department of Pediatric Surgery in Dresden between 1989 to 2002 and 2004 to 2008, from which 42 were available for follow-up examination. Within this group, there were seven children that were followed-up twice (in 1996 to 2002). Of these, 21 patients were treated with Screw-wires, and another 21 had K-wires inserted. The results were evaluated according to the Dhillon criteria. Only seven patients (17%) had a fair result in the overall grading according to the Dhillon criteria, four after K-wire and three after Screw-wire osteosyntheses. The remaining patients scored good to excellent results. There were no pseudoarthroses. Six patients (14%) had a varisation in the carrying angle between 10 and 16 degrees (three each procedure), and 15 patients (36%) had no difference in the carrying angle at all. Of these 15 patients, 10 were treated with Screw-wire osteosynthesis. Only one patient (2.4%) had a deficit of more than 10 degrees in elbow joint flexion, while only two (4.8%, one each procedure) had a deficit of more than 10 degrees in elbow joint extension, compared with the uninjured arm. Our results demonstrate that the employment of Screw-wire osteosynthesis is superior to the use of K-wires concerning the carrying angle while scoring alike on the other criteria. Compared with the use of lag screws, both treatments (K-wire and Screw-wire osteosyntheses) bear less risk of nonvascular necrosis or small metaphyseal fragment rupture, by comparable results in the overall outcome. Regarding the long-term development of healed fractures, changes in the carrying angle and the range of motion are of a small degree. Considering the results of this study, we recommend the use of Screw-wire osteosynthesis in the operative treatment of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children.
An Ultrawideband Diversity Antenna

A compact diversity antenna operating at an ultrawideband (UWB) frequency range of 3.1-5 GHz is proposed for use in portable devices. The antenna printed on a printed circuit board (PCB) slab consists of two notched triangular radiating elements with two feeding ports. A ground plane is etched on the reverse side of the PCB. The shape of the ground plane is optimized to improve the isolation between the ports as well as impedance matching. The simulated and measured results show that across the operating bandwidth, the antenna can achieve a broad impedance bandwidth with good performance in terms of isolation of < -20 dB, average gain of > -2 dBi, and efficiency of > 70%. The correlation between the radiation patterns shows consistent diversity performance across the UWB bandwidth. A method to derive thetransfer function of the antenna has been proposed, which can be used to obtain the radiated pulses in the time domain. Furthermore, a parametric study is conducted to provide antenna engineers with useful information for designing and optimizing the antenna.
Recognition of hepatitis B antigen determinants by a double label radioimmunoassay: a sensitive means of subtyping hepatitis B antigen.

A sensitive radioimmunoassay is described for subtyping hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) in human serum. The method utilizes antisera (HB Ab), prepared in immunized guinea pigs, which contain predominantly anti-d or anti-y antibodies, and radioiodinated HB Ag of either D or Y subtype. Sera with HB Ag of subtype D (D) were strongly positive by RIA, employing anti-d HB Ab and 125I-HB Ág (D), whereas specimens with HB Ag of Y subtype were negative or only weakly positive. Converse results were observed when antigenemic sera were evaluated by RIA with anti-y HB Ab and 125I Y. By combining guinea pig HB Ab possessing high-titered anti-d and anti-y with 131I D and 125I Y, it was possible to screen for and subtype HB Ag simultaneously. One hundred and five antigenemic sera were evaluated; 93 or 88% could be readily subtyped by the combined RIA, including 31 of 43 samples with HB Ag in amounts too low to be detected by agar gel diffusion (AGD) or counter immunoelectrophoresis (CEP). Subtype D-HB Ag was found primarily in the serum of blood donors and patients with posttransfusion hepatitis, whereas subtype Y antigen predominated in individuals whose hepatitis was associated with the illicit use of drugs. Samples showing only “a” specificity by AGD also possessed “d” or “y” determinants by RIA. The relative antigenic reactivity of “a” and “d,” or “a” and “y” determinants appeared to vary in different specimens. This could not be explained simply by the HB Ag subtype or the number of particles in the specimens evaluated.
Multipoint linkage analysis using affected relative pairs and partially informative markers.

Linkage analysis is a method of identifying regions of the human genome harboring genes affecting the risk for a particular disease. It works by finding chromosomal segments inherited by affected relatives from a common ancestor (i.e., identical by descent or IBD) in excess of that expected by chance. Two complicating factors are that only a relatively small number of genomic locations (marker loci) are examined and the number of distinct realizations (alleles) at each marker is not large. Hence, unambiguous determination of IBD is impossible for any genomic location without additional information. Assuming data from a set of mapped, partially informative markers, we evaluate the effectiveness of a method that analyzes the array of markers on each chromosome jointly (multipoint methods) as a function of the informativeness and density of the markers. For the special case of pairs of half siblings whose parents are also typed, a combination of analysis and simulation is used to obtain insight into the problem of setting thresholds to control the false-positive error rate. Approximations are given for the power, and guidelines are developed to help describe the trade-offs between marker density and informativeness.
Identification of synaptic interactions of intracellularly injected neurons in fixed brain slices by means of dual‐label electron microscopy

The injection of the dye Lucifer Yellow (LY) into neurons in slices of fixed brain is used to associate cells displaying a particular dendritic geometry with a specific pattern of neuronal connectivity. In the present report we expand on this technique by combining it at the electron microscopic level with immunocytochemistry and/or degeneration for the study of synaptic relationships. As a model we use the projection neurons of nucleus accumbens. These neurons were retrogradely labeled in vivo with injections or a fluorescent tracer. Fast Blue, into the ventral mesencephalon. Using epifluorescent monitoring, these neurons were located in perfusion‐fixed brain slices and intracellularly injected with LY. They were visualized in the light and electron microscope using a peroxidase‐antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. Certain afferent connections of these neurons were identified in the same tissue through the use of either dual‐label immunocytochemistry or anterograde degeneration combined with a single‐label immunoreaction. In the dual‐label procedure, a silver‐gold intensification of the diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction product for the first antigen (LY) was contrasted with a nonintensified reaction product for the second antigen (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]). Ultrastructurally, metallic gold particles appeared to be dispersed over the immunolabeled perikarya, dendrites, and, occasionally, axonal terminals of LY‐injected neurons whereas the flocculent DAB reaction product was present in TH‐containing axons and terminals. Following lesions of the ventral subiculum in the hippocampal formation, degenerating axon terminals were detected in nucleus accumbens along with immunoreacted, LY‐injected neurons. The techniques outlined in this report should prove invaluable for the study of the synaptic interactions of identified neurons. They can be reliably reproduced with a high yield per experiment. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the Polarity Protein Par6 by TGFß Receptors Controls Epithelial Cell Plasticity

The transition of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype is a critical event during morphogenesis in multicellular organisms and underlies the pathology of many diseases, including the invasive phenotype associated with metastatic carcinomas. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a key regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the molecular mechanisms that control the dissolution of tight junctions, an early event in EMT, remain elusive. We demonstrate that Par6, a regulator of epithelial cell polarity and tight-junction assembly, interacts with TGFβ receptors and is a substrate of the type II receptor, TβRII. Phosphorylation of Par6 is required for TGFβ-dependent EMT in mammary gland epithelial cells and controls the interaction of Par6 with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1. Smurf1, in turn, targets the guanosine triphosphatase RhoA for degradation, thereby leading to a loss of tight junctions. These studies define how an extracellular cue signals to the polarity machinery to control epithelial cell morphology.
Is there a common response to ultraviolet-B radiation by marine phytoplankton?

Global increases in ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR) have the potential to alter marine primary production and to affect carbon cycles and marine trophic dynamics. Estimates of UVBR induced photoinhibition have varied greatly, indicating that a common dose-response by marine phytoplankton may not occur from place to place. An action spectrum describing the wavelength speciflc effects of UVBR on carbon fixation was determined by comparing responses of phytoplankton exposed to natural and artificial UVBR sources. Application of this new action spectrum to data presented here, as well as data reported previously, indicates that a common photoinhibitory response to UVBR may occur for exposures of several hours.
Generation of B Cell Memory to the Bacterial Polysaccharide α-1,3 Dextran1

B1b B cells generate a novel form of memory and provide Ab mediated-protection to persisting bacterial pathogens. To understand how B1b B cells establish memory to polysaccharide Ags, we studied an oligoclonal B cell response to α-1,3 dextran (DEX) expressed on Enterobacter cloacae. B cells specific for DEX enrich in the marginal zone (MZ) and B1b B cell populations. After E. cloacae immunization, MZ B cells were responsible for the generation of initial peak DEX-specific Ab titers, whereas, DEX-specific B1b B cells expanded and played an important role in boosted production of DEX-specific Ab titers upon E. cloacae rechallenge. Cell transfer experiments demonstrate that B1b B cells possess the capacity for both robust proliferation and plasma cell differentiation, thus distinguishing themselves from MZ B cells, which uniformly commit to plasma cell differentiation. These results define B1b B cells as the principal reservoir for memory to bacterial-associated polysaccharide Ags.
Advances in Brief Frequent Somatic Mutations of the APC Gene in Human Pancreatic Cancer 1

The APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene is responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis and is also associated with the development of sporadic tumors of the colon and stomach. To investigate whether or not mutations of APC play any role in tumors arising in other organs, we examined somatic mutations of this gene in sporadic (nonfamilial) renal cell carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and cancers of the lung and pancreas. DNAs isolated from tumors were examined by means of a RNase protection analysis, coupled with the polymerase chain reaction followed by DNA sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction products. By screening a part of the APC coding region, we detected somatic mutations in four of ten pancreatic cancers; each of these mutations would yield a truncated . 4PC product due to a 1or 5-base pair deletion. These results imply that mutations in APC contribute to carcinogenesis in the pancreas.
4‐Hydroxy‐2‐Nonenal Pyrrole Adducts in Human Neurodegenerative Disease

Increasing age and inheritance of the ∈4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE4) are significant risk factors for sporadic and late onset familial Alzheimer disease (AD); however, the mechanisms by which either leads to AD are unknown. Numerous studies have associated advancing age with increased indices of oxidative challenge to brain, and with still further increased oxidative damage to relevant brain regions in AD patients. A major consequence of oxidative damage to brain is lipid peroxidation with production of the neurotoxic metabolite 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). HNE reacts with protein to yield several adducts, including a pyrrole adduct that forms irreversibly in biological systems. Previously, we have shown in a small number of AD and control patients that HNE pyrrole adduct antiserum is immunoreactive with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and that this reactivity was significantly associated with inheritance of APOE4. Others have confirmed this pattern of immunoreactivity in AD brain but did not observe an association with APOE4. Herein, we have expanded the study group to 19 AD patients homozygous for APOE4 or APOE3, as well as 30 patients with other neurodegenerative diseases, including diffuse Lewy body disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis. HNE pyrrole adduct immunoreactivity on NFT in AD patients was strongly associated with APOE4 homozygosity. With the exception of rare immunoreactive Pick bodies in one case of Pick's disease, no other structure was recognized by HNE pyrrole adduct antiserum in this series of patients. We propose that there is a significant difference between the interaction of apoE3 and apoE4 with lipid peroxidation in the brains of AD patients.
Privacy Preservation in Web Browsers through Privacy Enhancing Tools

The Internet has revolutionized the way the world and everything around works. People today find it hard to imagine a world without electronic-mails and search engines where every piece of information is just a few clicks away. The use of social media, online banking services, emails and so on allow for many differernt details concerning our personal life to be stored and used online. Similarly misuse of our data by some unknown organisations is also not in our control. While accessible information about us is growing on the Internet, the potential ways to misuse or exploit them is likewise increasing. This has created privacy concerns and a need for better privacy control for users. It can be concluded from the literature survey, that more research in this area is restricted to conceptualization of privacy than a technological solution. The browsers act as an interface between the users and the Internet, hence more features need to be incorporated into them that can empower the users when interacting with the Internet. This paper emphasizes on the need for designing more privacy enhancing tools using a novel approach called Value Sensitive Design (VSD) which provides methods for creating and assessing a design outcome by taking human ethics into consideration.
A uniform approach to domain theory in realizability models

We propose a uniform way of isolating a subcategory of predomains within the category of modest sets determined by a partial combinatory algebra (PCA). Given a divergence on a PCA (which determines a notion of partiality), we identify a candidate category of predomains, the well-complete objects. We show that, whenever a single strong completeness axiom holds, the category satisfies appropriate closure properties. We consider a range of examples of PCAs with associated divergences and show that in each case the axiom does hold. These examples encompass models allowing a ‘parallel’ style of computation (for example, by interleaving), as well as models that seemingly allow only ‘sequential’ computation, such as those based on term-models for the lambda-calculus. Thus, our approach provides a uniform approach to domain theory across a wide class of realizability models. We compare our treatment with previous approaches to domain theory in realizability models. It appears that no other approach applies across such a wide range of models.