Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated determination of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen partial pressures in surface waters

An automated system capable of accurate determinations of O2, CO2, and N2 partial pressures (p) in surface waters is described. The system is composed of a programmable data logger‐controller, an infrared CO2 analyzer, a polarographic O2 electrode, and a barometer linked to a submersed gas exchanger made of thin‐walled (100 µm) silicone elastomer tubing. Oxygen electrode calibration and drift problems are eliminated by continuously referencing pO2 measurements to atmospheric readings. pN2 is calculated by subtracting pO2 + pH2O + pCO2 from total dissolved gas pressure. Complete (>99%) equilibration of internal gases with water pCO2 occurs within 4 min. Equilibration half‐times for pO2 range from 7.1 min at 21°C to 9.4 min at 05°C. The equilibration half‐time for pN2 is 15.1 min at 15°C. Observations conducted in a small oligotrophic Shield Lake show that the epilimnion is usually supersaturated with both CO2 (50–150 µatm) and O2 (500–4,000 µatm), with both gases exhibiting marked daily variations. The epilimnetic supersaturation (up to 2%) with respect to atmospheric O2 indicates that primary production slightly exceeds community respiration in the epilimnion. The system appears adequate for metabolic and gas flux studies, even in the most oligotrophic waters.
Extrusion Processing and Properties of Protein-Based Thermoplastics

Increasing interest in competitive, sustainable, and biodegradable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics has encouraged the developmentof protein-based plastics. The formation of a homogeneous protein melt during extrusion occurs through: denaturation, dissociation, unraveling, and alignment of polymer chains. The presence of covalent cross-links is unfavorable, decreasing chain mobility, increasing viscosity and preventing homogenization. Proteins have high softening temperatures, often above their decomposition temperatures. To avoid degradation, the required chain mobility is achieved by plasticizers. By understanding a protein's physiochemical nature, additives can be selected that lead to a bioplastic with good processability. The final structural and functional properties are highly dependent on the protein and processing conditions.
WHO EHC 223: Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment for Human Health: Principles and Approaches

First draft prepared by Dr J. Harry, US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Dr B. Kulig, Kulig Consultancy, The Netherlands; Dr M. Lotti, University of Padua, Italy; Dr D. Ray, MRC Toxicology Unit, England; Dr H. Tilson, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; and Dr G. Winneke, Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Germany
Enantioanalysis of L-Histidine Using Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Maltodextrins

Three enantioselective, potentiometric electrodes (EPMEs) based on maltodextrins with different values of dextrose equivalent (DE) (maltodextrin I: DE 4.0–7.0; maltodextrin II: DE 13–17; maltodextrin III DE 16.5–19.5) were proposed for the assay of L-histidine in histidine raw materials and from its pharmaceutical formulation. The slopes of the electrodes were 58.3, 58.9, and 58.5 mV/decade of concentration for maltodextrin I, II, and III-based electrodes, respectively, and the detection limits were 1.97 × 10−12 mol/L, 1.72 × 10−12 mol/L, and 1.4 × 10−11 mol/L, respectively. All the electrodes are enantioselective and selective over polyvinylpyrrolidone, creatine, and creatinine. The L-histidine can be determined in the presence of D-histidine with recovery values higher than 99.10%. The proposed electrodes were successfully used for uniformity content tests of L-histidine in food supplements; the average recovery was higher than 97.30%. The surfaces of the electrodes were stable and easily renewable by simply polishing the alumina paper.
Degradation of polyethylene containing ferric salt and starch

The degradation of polyethylene containing four different ferric salts was compared, using remaining percentage elongation at break as a parameter; and the degradation process was also evaluated with carbonyl index, or with the formation and concentration of hydroperoxide groups. Starch can act as a synergist during the photodegradation of ferric contained PE film. X-ray photoelectroscopy analysis shows that part of ferric ions turned into ferrous ions during the degradation process because of the redox reaction of ferric ions with oxygen. When stabilizer was added, the changes from ferric ions to ferrous ions decreased. If the PE samples were exposed to high pressure mercury lamp in the atmosphere of nitrogen gas, the absorption peaks of carbonyl group was not found in IR spectra after several days exposure.
INTERACTION OF SURFACE RADIATION WITH CONJUGATE MIXED CONVECTION FROM A VERTICAL PLATE WITH MULTIPLE NONIDENTICAL DISCRETE HEAT SOURCES

Some of the important results of a numerical investigation into interaction of surface radiation with conjugate mixed convection from a discretely heated vertical plate with three nonidentical heat sources are provided here. The heat sources with identical rate of volumetric heat generation are placed flush-mounted along the plate in the descending order of their height from the bottom to the top ends of the plate. The heat sources are positioned at the leading edge, center, and the trailing edge of the plate, while the cooling medium considered is air, which is assumed to be radiatively transparent. The governing equations for fluid flow and heat transfer are initially converted into vorticity-stream function form and are later solved using the finite volume method coupled with Gauss-Seidel iterative solver. A computer code is written for the purpose. The effects of modified Richardson number, surface emissivity, and thermal conductivity on temperature distribution, peak temperature, drag coefficient, and relative contributions of mixed convection and radiation to heat dissipation are studied.
Synthesis and reactivity of pentavalent biphenyl-2,2′-ylenebismuth derivatives

Phenylbiphenyl-2,2′-ylenebismuth diacetate reacted with nucleophiles under basic conditions to give modest to good yields of the C-phenylated substrates. Under copper catalysis, it reacted with hydroxy or amino groups to give the products of O- or N-phenylation. In both sets of reaction conditions, this reagent showed a reduced reactivity compared to the analogous triphenylbismuth diacetate reagent. It showed also a high regioselectivity as only the phenyl derivatives were detected and isolated.
Flow Characteristics of Heavy Oil through Porous Media

Abstract Performance of flowing through a capillary and porous media for different kinds of heavy oil at different temperatures have been studied by experiments in this article. It shows that the heavy oil containing asphaltene-colloids displays yield-stress rheology (Bingham fluids). The displacing pressure difference increases linearly with the increase of the flow rate. However, the start flowing pressure is different for different heavy oil samples at different temperatures. The higher the temperature is, the lower pressure the heavy oil needs to flow; and when the temperature is high enough, the start flowing pressure equals zero. The minimum temperature at which the start flowing pressure equals zero is called converting temperature. Also, the more viscous the heavy oil is, the higher the converting temperature will be. An exponential relationship of yield stress and temperatures has been obtained for different kinds of heavy oils by the experiments of heavy oil flowing through a capillary. A logarithmic relationship of converting temperatures and the dead oil mobility at 50°C has been obtained for heavy oil through different porous media. When a temperature is lower than the converting temperature, the start flowing pressure gradient decreases as a log tendency with the increase of temperature when different heavy oils are flowing through different porous media. For the existence of the start flowing pressure gradient, the heavy oil production rate is different from that for the Newton fluid and it is adverse to the development of heavy oil reservoirs. The test results are favorable to choose the reasonable temperature for heavy oil transportation running in a pipe or well bore and also determine the temperature limitation for different production rates for a specific well sample. It is also important for improving the development effect efficiently.
A dimer theory of the magnetic excitations in the ordered phase of the alternating-chain compound

A theory is developed to model the excitations in a dimerized, spin-1/2 system with a magnetically ordered ground state and where the dimer exchange constant is antiferromagnetic. This method starts by considering the energy levels of a single dimer in the effective, staggered magnetic field due to the mean-field ordering of the surrounding dimers. Pseudo-boson operators are introduced which create and annihilate these excitations, and the Hamiltonian of the magnetic system can be rewritten in terms of these operators and then diagonalized to yield one doubly degenerate transverse mode and a longitudinal singlet mode for each non-equivalent dimer in the magnetic unit cell. The dimer theory has been used to model the measured dispersion relations in the antiferromagnetically ordered phase of the alternating-chain compound . It provides a good fit to the data and is as successful as spin-wave theory in accounting for the transverse excitations although with different values of the exchange constants. In addition the transition temperature and the size of the reduced moment at T = 0 K calculated in the dimer theory are closer to the experimental values of than those calculated by spin-wave theory. An important difference between these two models lies in their predictions of the longitudinal excitations: whereas in spin-wave theory these are regarded as two-magnon events resulting in a continuum of scattering, in the dimer theory one well defined mode is expected. An experimental measurement of the longitudinal excitations should distinguish between these models.
Identifying the Chemical Composition Related to the Distinct Aroma Characteristics of New Zealand Sauvignon blanc Wines

A comprehensive set of aroma compounds was quantified in 79 Sauvignon blanc wines from different international producers. Emphasis was given to understanding the chemical differences that can explain the unique character of Marlborough Sauvignon blanc. Quantification revealed the potential importance of several volatile compounds in addition to the polyfunctional mercaptans and methoxypyrazines already known to be important to the aroma of Sauvignon blanc wines. Multivariate statistical approaches, including canonical variate analysis, classification tree and partial least square analysis, established correlations between the chemical and the sensory profiles of the wines. A significant role of 3-mercaptohexyl acetate and 3-mercaptohexanol in the unique tropical, fruity character of Marlborough Sauvignon blanc wines was demonstrated, together with important variations in their concentrations, pointing to different styles even within the Marlborough wines.
Tetrahedrally-coordinated Al in Mn-rich, Li- and Fe-bearing olenite from Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria: A chemical and structural investigation

Chemical analysis (including light elements) of a Mn-rich tourmaline from a recently discovered locality near Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria, characterizes the sample as Mn-rich, Li-, and Fe-bearing olenite. Chemical analysis in combination with the crystal structure (a = 15.9325(5) A, c = 7.1308(4) A, R = 0.022) demonstrate that significant amounts of [ 4 ] Al (0.33 apfu) occur at the T site of this Mn-rich olenite, in very good agreement with the amount of [ 4 ] Al predicted by the distance of ∼1.626 A. Significant amounts of [ 4 ] Al are for the first time verified in Mn-rich olenite. Interestingly, the Li content with 0.79 wt. % Li 2 O of this sample is relatively low for Mn-bearing tourmaline. The optimized formula (chemical data in combination with refinement of the site scattering) of this Mn-rich, Li- and Fe-bearing olenite is X (Na 0 . 8 2 7 Ca 0 . 0 2 2 K 0 . 0 0 4 □ 0 . 1 4 7 ) Y (Al 1 . 3 4 9 Mn 0 . 6 7 6 Li 0 . 5 1 7 Fe 0 . 2 2 7 Ti 0 . 0 3 8 Mg 0 . 0 0 2 Zn 0 . 0 0 2 □ 0 . 1 8 9 ) Z A 1 6 . 0 0 B 3 . 0 0 T (Si 5 . 6 7 5 Al 0 . 3 2 5 ) O 2 7 [(OH) 3 . 3 6 8 F 0 . 4 9 8 O 0 . 1 3 4 ].
The Thermocapillary Convection in Locally Heated Laminar Liquid Film Flow Caused by a Co-Current Gas Flow in Narrow Channel

A two-dimensional model of a steady laminar flow of liquid film and co-current gas flow in a plane channel is considered. It is supposed that the height of a channel is much less than its width. There is a local heat source on the bottom wall of the channel. An analytical solution for the temperature distribution problem in locally heated liquid film is obtained, when the velocity profile is linear. An analytical solution of the linearized equation for thermocapillary film surface deformation is found. A liquid bump caused by the thermocapillary effect in the region where thermal boundary layer reaches the film surface is obtained. Damped oscillations of the free surface may exist before the bump. This is obtained according to the solution of the problem in an inclined channel. It depends on the forces balance in the film. The defining criterion is found for this effect. The oscillations of free surface do not exist for horizontally located channel.
EXTRACTION BEHAVIOURS OF Nd(III), Eu(III), La(III), Am(III), AND U(VI) WITH SOME SUBSTITUTED MALONAMIDES FROM NITRATE MEDIUM

A number of structurally related malonamides (A) with different substituting groups including alkyl, cyclohexyl and oxyalkyl chains were synthesized. The extraction of Nd(III), Eu(III), La(III), Am(III) and U(VI) from nitric acid medium as well as the extraction of nitric acid by the synthesized malonamides diluted with benzene was investigated. The extraction of nitric acid was also studied. The effect of nitric acid concentration, extractant concentrations, salting-out agent and temperature on'the distribution of the aforementioned metal ions was "studied. Slope analysis of the experimental results indicated that, the'main extracted species are: HNO3ċA, Nd(NO3)3ċ3A, Eu(NO3)3ċ2A and UO2(NO3)2ċ2A. The extracted species was also studied using IR spectra. The values of thermodynamic parameters were determined and the extraction reactions of the different metal ions were found exothermic.
Development of β and α isotactic polypropylene polymorphs in injection molded structural foams

Structural foam moldings, composed of three co-axial cylinders differing in diameter (10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm) and length, were produced from isotactic polypropylene (PP) and 0.5 mass % 1,1′-azobisformamide on an in-line injection molding machine in a mould cavity pre-pressurized with nitrogen by the classical low-pressure process combined with egression of foamed melt from the core. Injection-molding conditions were as follows: melt temperature, 220°C, mold temperature, 20°C, cooling time, 5 min, gas-counter pressure, 0.5 MPa. The sprue gate was at the end of the smallest cylinder and its diameter was varied from 4 mm to 7 mm. To investigate the development of β-PP modification in terms of phenomena due to the phase change in the mould cavity (expansion), appropriate specimens (cross-sections) were cut from the middle of each cylinder in parallel and perpendicular orientation to the flow direction and were investigated by WAXS, DSC, and POM. As revealed by WAXS, β-PP is present in all cylinders, always concentrated in certain regions of the cross-section — mainly in the surface layers of the smallest cylinder (D1) and in the foamed core of the other two cylinders (D2 and D3). Its concentration was found to change with the sprue dimensions. High β-PP concentration is associated with a preferred orientation in the skin of the smallest cylinder and with better expansion conditions in larger cylinders. Presence of the β-phase in the surface layers and in the core of the moldings was proved by DSC and POM.
Effect of coagulation and PAC pretreatment on the fouling of MF and UF

The water samples were fractionated by PES ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with molecular weight cutoffs (MWCOs) of 10kDa□30kDa and PVDF UF membrane with MWCOs of 100kDa, and these permeates were filtrated by PVDF UF membrane with MWCOs of 150kDa and CA microfiltration (MF) membrane with a 0. 1μm pore size, as to investigate influence of nature organic matter (NOM) with different MWCOs on flux. The results demonstrated that NOM larger than 30kDa accounting for 15% of total organic matter resulted in 86% of flux decline for MF and 54% for UF, respectively. It was shown that coagulation removed the NOM larger than 100kDa that resulted in over 40% of flux decline. As a result, in spite of removing only 10% of NOM, coagulation enhanced flux substantially. Powdered active carbon (PAC) removed NOM smaller than 30kDa that showed little contribution to flux decline. Therefore, PAC removed 76% of NOM but showed little contribution to enhance flux. It can be concluded that the effect of pretreatment on enhancing flux can not be depended on amounts of NOM removed but on its contribution to flux decline.
Visible and UV-resonance Raman spectroscopy of model peptides

We review various visible and UV-resonance Raman experiments on model peptides such as N-methylacetamide and di- and triglycine which are aimed at exploring the structure and dynamics of these molecules. Whereas visible Raman spectroscopy probes the electronic ground state, the UV Raman technique is utilized additionally to obtain structural information about excited electronic states. This research is aimed at obtaining a spectroscopically determined force field, which can be transferred to polypeptides and proteins. We further argue that the capability of vibrational spectroscopy to probe the structure of peptides and proteins can be significantly improved by combining computational and spectroscopic studies on appropriate model peptides to calibrate wavenumbers and intensities of Raman and IR bands for the quantitative determination of structural parameters such as the dihedral angles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPORTANCE OF INCLUDING THERMAL RADIATION IN DESIGNING DISCHARGE CONCENTRATION OF GAS PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Radiation is the most important mode of heat transfer for transition from a small room fire to flashover. Ignition of combustibles, flame spread, and heat release rate in well-developed fires all depend on that. The design concentrations of agents for total flooding gas protection systems should be determined based on the fire size and heat transfer. It is essential to analyze the radiative heat transfer in the fire environment for designing such system. This refers especially to those clean agents, such as substituting heptafluoropropane for halon, where the extinguishing mechanisms might be due to physical cooling. There are always queries on the performance of those systems as chemical inhibition effects are normally not significant. Full-scale burning tests are sometimes required to demonstrate that they can extinguish, or at least suppress, the fire scenario concerned. The main concepts of radiation heat transfer will be introduced in this paper. Both emissivity and absorption of smoke for accurate predictions of the fire environment are discussed. Several radiation heat transfer models commonly used are reviewed.
Stoicheiometric reduction of CO and CO2 to methanol: evidence for carbon monoxide insertion into zirconium–hydrogen bond

The reaction of carbon monoxide with bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)hydridochlorozirconium(IV), cp2Zr-(H)Cl, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, leads to a dinuclear zirconium(IV) derivative (cp2ZrCl)2CH2O; replacing CO by CO2 in this reaction results in the quantitative formation of cp2ZrCl(OMe) and (cp2ZrCl)2O.
Mathematical Model for Methane Production from Landfill Bioreactor

A mathematical model for the development of methane production from a landfill bioreactor (LFBR) treating the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes was developed from the Gompertz equation. The model incorporates three biokinetic parameters: methane production lag phase time, rate, and potential. The methane converting capacity test experiment was conducted to monitor the specific methane production rate consuming anaerobic fermentative intermediates, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The model developed in this study can be used to predict methane production based on the chemical nature and the decomposition characteristics of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. The simulative results indicate that the leachate recycle for the LFBR resulted in a more rapid methane production from the consumption of the carbohydrate but in less rapid production from that of the protein and lipid. Moreover, the same specific methane production rate of 2.6 mL/g volatile solid (VS) per day occurred at the LFBR with/without leachate recycle; however, a sharp drop in methane production lag phase time, from 125 to 25 days, was obtained at the LFBR incubated with leachate recycle.
Comparison of molecular images as defined by Raman spectra between normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity

Raman spectroscopy has been effectively applied to clinically differentiate normal and cancerous mucosal tissues. Micro-Raman spectroscopy provides a tool to better understand the molecular basis for the Raman clinical signal. The objective of the current study was to utilize micro-Raman spectroscopy to define the molecular/spectral differences between normal and abnormal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in oral mucosa (in vitro). Understanding this may help in identifying unique spectra or may be useful for in vivo application of this technology. Micro-Raman (confocal) spectroscopy was used to obtain molecular images of normal and SCC cells of human oral mucosa. Four fresh flashed-frozen tumor and four matched normal tongue specimens were studied. The spectra covered a wavenumber range from 300 to 4000 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of 8 cm−1 and a spatial resolution of 1.0 µm. The cells were located within thin sections of tongue mucosa biopsies. The excitation wavelength of 515 nm was used. We were able to obtain Raman images with rich information about the spectroscopic and structural features within the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and cell nuclei. Significant spectral differences were observed between the Raman images of normal and malignant squamous cells. The heterogeneity of tumor cells within the abnormal tissue was also demonstrated. Spectral differences demonstrated between both tissue types have provided important information regarding the origins of specific signals within the cells of each tissue type. In our search for specific spectral biomarkers, we believe that a cell surface protein, greatly upregulated in SCC cells, was discovered at 1583 cm−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat transfer phenomena in trickle-bed reactors

The interrelations between heat transfer phenomena and liquid hydrodynamics in trickle-bed reactors are investigated. The experiments are carried out in a large size flow model (0·6 m diameter; 1 m long) using a procedure which allows to determine simultaneously the effective thermal conductivity and the dynamic liquid holdup )continuous reactor weighing(. Both phenomena are related to a same hydrodynamic feature: the liquid flow maldistribution which may be characterized by the particle irrigation rate. We propose a model describing both phenomena at the particle and bed scales. The change of scale between these two observation levels is achieved by means of the percolation theory. Tentative correlations of the effective thermal conductivity and the dynamic liquid holdup are derived. They show a good agreement with the experimental data reported in this work.