Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crepuscular foraging by a pursuit-diving seabird: tactics of common murres in response to the diel vertical migration of capelin

The spatial and temporal distribution of prey directly influences the foraging and feed- ing behaviour of predators. To investigate predator-prey interactions through the diel cycle, we examined continuous records of diving activity by a pursuit-diving seabird, the common murre Uria aalge, in conjunction with fine-scale data on the vertical distribution of their main prey, capelin Mal- lotus villosus, off the northeast Newfoundland coast, Canada. Diurnal patterns in the diving activities of murres closely reflected changes in the vertical distribution and movements of capelin. During daylight hours, 43% of murre dives were deep (≥50 m), bringing murres into sub-0°C water in the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL; ~40 to 240 m), when 82% of capelin biomass was located within or below the CIL. At night, murres concentrated diving activity at shallower depths (94% of dives were <50 m) when 86% of capelin biomass was in the upper water column. Capelin migrated through the water column during twilight periods, moving up at dusk and down at dawn. In response, murres' diving frequency increased and diving depths were graduated, becoming shallower through dusk and deeper through dawn. Crepuscular habits indicate that capelin are more accessible during twi- light periods. In summary, though murres are constrained by commuting costs, they show exceptional behavioural flexibility in their efforts to access capelin throughout their diel vertical migration (DVM). The various trade-offs involved in such predator-prey interactions are discussed, as are the ecological consequences of the DVM pattern across trophic levels.
Discovering the entrepreneurial endowment of the youth

Entrepreneurship is considered as a possible solution to youth unemployment, and the number of initiatives fostering youth entrepreneurship has multiplied accordingly, also in Africa. However, the effectiveness of such initiatives also lies in whether young people display personality and contextual dimensions conducive to starting and running businesses. The purpose of this paper is to examine the composition of young South Africans’ “entrepreneurial endowment”, represented by personality traits and contextual variables commonly associated with entrepreneurship. ,This paper surveyed secondary students using a questionnaire constructed from validated measurement instruments, obtaining 827 valid responses. It employed exploratory factor analysis to investigate the composition of respondents’ entrepreneurial endowment. It also compared respondents’ entrepreneurial endowment across demographic variables by means of t-tests and ANOVA. ,The results reveal the existence of an entrepreneurial endowment composed of: need for achievement, locus of control, community support, two role models sub-constructs and two family support sub-constructs. Significant differences from the perspective of gender, cultural background and entrepreneurship education also emerged. ,The findings confirm that young South Africans have the entrepreneurial endowment needed to be the recipients of entrepreneurship support and highlight relevant differences across demographic variables. ,From a theoretical perspective, this paper unveils the structure of young South Africans’ entrepreneurial endowment, composed of four unique dimensions not found in previous research. The insights gained from comparing entrepreneurial endowment results across different groups offer practical implications.
Multi-species regime shifts reflected in spawning temperature optima of small pelagic fish in the western North Pacific

Small pelagic fish have exhibited cyclic population dynamics in complex marine ecosys- tems worldwide. These fish regime shifts have been associated with ocean regime shifts; however, the biological mechanisms have remained unresolved and have been considered to depend mainly on multi-step processes through food webs. In the present study, we focus on species-specific temper- ature optima and show that similarities and differences in spawning temperature optima reflect those in the long-term population dynamics among multi-species pelagic fish in the western North Pacific. Spawning temperature optima were examined for anchovy, sardine, mackerel and jack mackerel, based on the occurrence of eggs and larvae, using a long-term (1978 to 2004) data set of egg and lar- val surveys off the Pacific coast of Japan. Anchovy exhibited a plateau-like spawning temperature pattern with a peak at ca. 22°C. In contrast, sardine and mackerel exhibited steeply peaked patterns with marked peaks at ca. 16 and 18°C, respectively. On the contrary, jack mackerel showed a very similar spawning temperature pattern to anchovy. These relationships were consistent with their flourish and collapse in long-term population dynamics. Furthermore, sardine and mackerel with stenothermal spawning patterns showed dramatic fluctuations relative to anchovy and jack mackerel with more eurythermal features. The multi-species comparisons extracted a simple and direct path- way: if viewed at large scales, direct temperature impacts on vital parameters provide a plausible explanation of multi-species regime shifts of small pelagic fish in the western North Pacific.
Cases in Action : Developing an understanding of science teachers ' pedagogical content knowledge '

AUTHOR Loughran, John; Gunstone, Richard; Berry, Amanda; Milroy, Philippa; Mulhall, Pam TITLE Science Cases in Action: Developing an Understanding of Science Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge. SPONS AGENCY Australian Research Council. PUB DATE 2000-05-00 NOTE 36p. ; P-aper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching (73rd, New Orleans, LA, April 28-May 1, 2000). PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; *Knowledge Base for Teaching; *Pedagogical Content Knowledge; *Science Teachers; Teacher Education; *Teacher Effectiveness; *Teaching Skills IDENTIFIERS Australia
Duration and warning work independently to reduce false memories in DRM and homograph lists

Two experiments examined the effects of forewarning and presentation duration on false memory. Durations of 1000 ms and 3000 ms were used to present words in DRM lists containing 12 words which converged onto the same meaning of a critical nonpresented word and homograph lists containing 6 words that converged onto a different meaning of a critical nonpresented word. Associative strength from list items to critical items was equated across list types. In Experiment 1 participants were warned of the tendency of the lists to bring to mind a nonpresented critical word and were instructed to write down their guess as to the identity of that word following presentation of each list. Participants identified DRM critical words more frequently than homograph critical words. In Experiment 2 half of the participants were warned of the tendency of the lists to bring to mind a nonpresented critical word, and half were not. Following the presentation of each list all participants were instructed to recall the words for the lists. Veridical and false recall was examined. Recall of list items was greater than recall of critical items. As presentation duration increased, false memory decreased and veridical memory increased. Overall, recall was greater without a warning than with a warning, and the effects of forewarning and presentation duration were additive. False recall was greater for homograph lists than for DRM lists at short durations and under unwarned conditions. Also, warning significantly reduced false recall for homograph lists only despite the fact that Experiment 1 demonstrated DRM critical items to be easier to identify. These results suggest that separate processes drive false memory attenuation for increased presentation duration and forewarning, and that warning does not reduce false memory via critical word identification and exclusion. The effects of warning and duration are discussed in terms of a criterion shift strategy for warning an activation monitoring strategy for presentation duration.
Managing research projects: judgment as a source of creativity

Des de la Segona Guerra Mundial, la investigacio cientifica s’ha organitzat en projectes i s’ha gestionat aplicant els metodes habituals de la Gestio de Projectes (Project Management). Aquests metodes presenten importants avantatges pero tenen algunes limitacions. Aquesta tesi doctoral es una aportacio basica al tema de la tensio entre creativitat i productivitat, en la direccio de la investigacio cientifica a traves dels metodes propis de la Gestio de Projectes. I de forma mes general, destaca la funcio del judici creatiu en l’execucio de projectes on les operacions estan clarament especificades i determinen el desenvolupament del projecte. El proposit de la Gestio de Projectes es controlar i coordinar el projecte de forma racional, aixo suposa especificar de forma precisa l’objectiu i l’abast de les seves operacions. Aquests requisits no es poden assolir en projectes que tenen un objectiu ambigu i requereixen creativitat. El concepte fenomenologic de projecte mental desenvolupat per Alfred Schutz es mes flexible i la seva aplicacio amplia els aspectes tecnics de la Gestio de Projectes. La seva teoria de l’accio intencional suposa que cada accio canvia l’estat present de les coses i esta composta d’un proposit, un projecte mental que es un assaig de l’acte futur, i la realitzacio de l’acte. Des d’aqui, introdueix el concepte de subaccio i l’enfoc critic de que tota accio repetida es una accio nova, similar a una accio previament realitzada. Aquest treball d’investigacio emfatitza que els aspectes seguents, presents en la gestio de projectes, requereixen judici, i que per lo tant possibiliten espais per a la creativitat. Primer, que el projecte mental d’una nova accio es crea combinant varies subaccions ja realitzades. Segon, la comprensio de que cada accio es similar a les altres accions ja realitzades. I tercer, que el projecte mental pot ser considerat com una hipotesis del que ocorrera quan s’executi l’accio. El judici s’ocupa d’aquestes semblances i adverteix a l’actor d’altres temes i desenvolupaments possibles. Addicionalment, aquest treball introdueix una perspectiva nova del concepte de rutina, de la seva evolucio i del seu funcio en la investigacio cientifica, i manifesta la profunda relacio entre retorica i judici. La investigacio empirica esta associada al context d’una important infraestructura cientifica espanyola, el Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). I en primer lloc, desenvolupa la creacio d’aquesta organitzacio cientifica, lo qual permet presentar alguns aspectes importants sobre la tensio entre la estructura organitzativa i la agencia dels investigadors. Seguidament, desenvolupa els temes relacionats amb la tensio entre creativitat i productivitat en l’execucio de projectes, que previament s’han desenvolupat en el marc conceptual, com son la nocio de projecte que tenen els investigadors o la implicacio del judici en la execucio dels seus projectes. L’aportacio de la tesis doctoral, en quan a la gestio cientifica i de projectes, amplia la gestio de projectes que ofereixen els metodes habituals de la Gestio de Projectes (Project Management).
Dynamics of plasma condensations in a gravitationally stratified coronal loop

Context Coronal rain composed of cool plasma condensations falling from coronal heights is a phenomenon occurring in footpoint-heated coronal loops as a result of thermal instability. High-resolution coronal rain observations suggest that condensations move with less than free-fall speed and can sometimes undergo longitudinal oscillations. Aims We investigate the evolution and dynamics of plasma condensations in a gravitationally stratified coronal loop. Methods We carried out 2.5 dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a cool plasma condensation in a gravitationally stratified coronal loop and analysed its evolution, kinematics, and the evolution of the forces acting on the condensation. We further propose a one-dimensional analytical model of the condensation dynamics. Results The motion of plasma condensations is found to be strongly affected by the pressure of the coronal loop plasma. Maximum downward velocities are in agreement with recent coronal rain observations. A high coronal magnetic field or low condensation mass can lead to damped oscillatory motion of the condensations that are caused by the pressure gradient force and magnetic tension force that results from bending of the magnetic field in the lower part of the coronal loop. Period and damping scaling time of the oscillatory motion seen in the simulations are consistent with values predicted by the model. Conclusions The combined effect of pressure gradients in the coronal loop plasma and magnetic tension force that results from changes in magnetic field geometry can explain observed sub-ballistic motion and longitudinal oscillations of coronal rain
The predictive power of forward rates: a re-examination for Germany

Although this study is related to the expectations hypothesis for the term structure of interest rates, the main focus is the predictive power of lagged forward rates for future spot rates. The authors use German monthly swap rates for the period from 1995 to 2007 to analyze whether forward rates contain useful information that could be used when making predictions. The results, although indicate cointegration among spot and lagged forwards rates, do not suggest supportive evidence in favor of forward rates as useful forecasting tools. Only a model containing six lagged forward rates was able to beat the naive forecast.
Corporal Punishment in the First Cycle Primary Schools of the Central Zone of Tigray Region in Ethiopia

Cognizant of the negative after-effects of corporal punishment (CP) in children, there have been focused global initiatives to do away with CP from schools. However, CP is rampantly used as a disciplinary procedure in schools across the globe. This study was conducted to obtain descriptive information regarding CP in the first cycle primary schools of the Central Zone of Tigray Region in Ethiopia and also to examine the teacher variables associated with the use of CP. Data were collected through an individually administered instrument pack with three sections including a CP scale from a sample of 199 first cycle government primary school teachers of the same Region, drawn using multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. Results indicated that the great majority of teachers were using a wide range of CP methods to manage various problems related to behaviours of students. The majority of teachers, though using CP, they did not endorse its use in schools. Teacher variables, such as their gender and training in special needs education did not influence their use of CP. Teachers‟ perceived knowledge about problem behaviour and its school-based management and their level of confidence in managing problem behaviour with and without applying CP influence the use of CP; though a definite trend does not emerge. The implications of the findings are discussed against teacher training and policy implementation in the context of Ethiopia.
The relationship between proactive personality, affective commitment and the role of job stressors

In this study the relation between proactive personality and affective organizational commitment was examined. Furthermore it was explored whether job stressors, workload, role ambiguity and role conflict had a moderating effect on this relationship. The results of a questionnaire among 170 employees of a German administrative governmental agency suggested that proactive personality is positively related to affective commitment. Furthermore all of the three job stressors had a negative effect on affective commitment. The findings revealed a buffering effect of role conflict on the relationship between proactive personality and affective organizational commitment. The influence of workload and role ambiguity on the relation of proactive personality was not found to be significant.
Ultrasound-based approaches to tissue classification for breast and prostate cancer diagnosis

Ultrasound-based cancer diagnosis could improve the current breast and prostate cancer diagnosis methods. In this thesis, an ultrasound-based approach is evaluated as a method for breast and prostate cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound RF time series along with a comprehensive machine learning framework is used for accurate classification of tissue samples. The RF time series method requires only a few seconds of raw ultrasound data with no need for additional instrumentation. The developed method produces cancer probability/likelihood maps which show the probability of the tissue under study being cancerous. These probability maps could provide radiologists with a real-time cancer diagnosis tool which could improve cancer yield and significantly reduce the number of negative biopsies. To prove the utility of ultrasound RF time series as a tissue classification method, an in vivo breast lesion classification study of 22 subjects and an in vivo prostate biopsy core classification study involving 18 subjects is presented in this thesis. A comprehensive machine learning framework with a new semi-supervised learning technique for tissue classification is also presented in this work. An experimental study to substantiate the ultrasound RF time series hypotheses by studying the effects of ultrasound imaging parameters on animal tissue classification is also presented. Using the ultrasound RF time series method and the developed machine learning framework–we calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve to be 85.6% for breast lesion classification and 91.5% for prostate tissue classification. Increasing the frame rate and the length of the time series, and decreasing the imaging depth we observed consistent improvement in tissue classification results for the animal study. The results of this thesis suggest the potential of ultrasound RF time series
Resistive Switching in Stabilized Zirconia Films Studied by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy

We have applied Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM) to study the microscopic mechanism of resistive switching in the ultrathin (3 - 5 nm) yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films. Using CAFM, we were able to trace the growth of the individual conductive filaments, which are considered now to be responsible for the resistive switching effect in the transition metal oxides. The growth of the filaments has been proven to be initiated by the defects in the film material including the ones, which are the concentrators of the electric field, in particular, by the roughness (hillocks) of the film/substrate interface. The electron transport via individual filaments has been studied. Besides the butterfly-type hysteresis in the current-voltage (I-V) curves of the probe- to-sample contact typical for the bipolar resistive switching, we have observed the I-V curves with resonant peaks attributed to the resonant electron tunneling via the localized electron states in the filaments.
A design procedure for finding optimal fifth order sigma-delta modulator loopfilters

In this paper we present the results obtained in our search for stable high performance single bit sigma-delta modulator loopfilter transfer functions. The results presented are made for fifth order modulators and give the performance impact on them when varying both poles and zeroes of the transfer function. This loopfilter function search is done with fast theoretical calculation of signal to noise ratio without need of simulations and combined with theory that gives approximated value for modulator's maximal stable DC input signal.
Blacklists Assemble : Aggregating Blacklists for Accuracy

IP address blacklists are a useful defense against various cyberattacks. Because they contain IP addresses of known offenders, they can be used to preventively filter unwanted traffic, and reduce the load on more resource intensive defenses. Yet, blacklists today suffer from several drawbacks. First, they are compiled and updated using proprietary methods, and thus it is hard to evaluate accuracy and freshness of their information. Second, blacklists often focus on a single attack type, e.g., spam, while compromised machines are constantly and indiscriminately reused for many attacks. Finally, blacklists contain IP addresses, which lowers their accuracy in networks that use dynamic addressing. We propose BLAG, a sophisticated approach to select, aggregate and selectively expand only the accurate pieces of information from multiple blacklists. BLAG calculates information about accuracy of each blacklist over regions of address space, and uses recommendation systems to select most reputable and accurate pieces of information to aggregate into its master blacklist. This aggregation increases recall by 3–14%, compared to the best-performing blacklist, while preserving high specificity. After aggregation, BLAG identifies networks that have dynamic addressing or a high degree of mismanagement. IP addresses from such networks are selectively expanded into /24 prefixes. This further increases offender detection by 293–411%, with minimal loss in specificity. Overall, BLAG achieves high specificity 85–89% and high recall 26–61%, which makes it a promising approach for blacklist generation.
The Application of Clitic Climbing in European Portuguese and the Role of Register

1 Many researchers have explored the topic with the intent of identifying the logic of the variation between CC and non-CC. In this paper we want to address a specific problem pointed out in the literature about CC in Spanish: its incidence is far less frequent in written texts. This can be interpreted as a problem in face of the diachronic evolution of the phenomenon, which showed higher frequency in medieval times. Therefore, the tendency for grammatical innovations (non-CC) to be more common in speech seems to be contradicted. I want to shed light on this problem by assigning the difference between registers to the dependence of the phenomenon to Information Structure. In order to do so, I demonstrate not only that register is a relevant variation factor in European Portuguese (EP), but also that it is connected to internal factors which are relevant to understand variation. The paper presents the results from a EP corpus made up of about 1,000 data from different registers and sources: we have collected sentences from interviews given to linguistic databases and newspapers through the Corpus do Portugues (Davies & Ferreira 2006), and from contemporary Portuguese novels, all listed in the Appendix. The sentences include a finite verb followed by an infinitive, once CC is obligatory in EP in verb sequences involving a gerund or a participle. Before moving along, it is necessary to differentiate between two constructions that show CC: "restructuring" and "clause union". 2 While restructuring is usually linked to governing verbs of the modal, aspectual and movement classes which usually display semantic bleaching - see (1) - in "clause union" the governing verb is causative or perceptive. A verb of the latter type selects a complement with a non-coreferent subject. This embedded subject occurs in accusative or dative form, and climbs obligatorily, alongside other clitics - (2)b. Once there is no variation with respect to CC in clause union, we will only deal with restructuring data, similarly to previous studies about variation in CC.