Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Principles of Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design: New Tools for Industrial Chemical Reactor Operations

Preface. Notation. Chapter 1: Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering. 1.1 Classification of Chemical Reactions. 1.2 Classification of Chemical Reactors. 1.3 Phenomena and Concepts. 1.4 Common Practices. 1.5 Industrial Reactors. 1.6 Summary. Bibliography. Chapter 2: Stoichiometry . 2.1 The Four Contexts of "Chemical Reactions". 2.2 Chemical Formula and Stoichiometic Relations. 2.3 Reaction Extent. 2.4 Independent and Dependent Chemical Reactions. 2.5 Characterization of Reactor Feed. 2.6 Characterization of Reactor Performance. 2.7 Dimensionless Extents. 2.8 Independent Species Specifications. 2.9 Summary. Bibliography. Problems. Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics. 3.1 Species Formation Rates. 3.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions. 3.3 Rate Expressions of Reaction Rates. 3.4 Effects of Transport Limitations. 3.5 Characteristic Reaction Time. 3.6 Summary. Bibliography. Problems. Chapter 4: Species Balances and Design Equations. 4.1 Macroscopic Species Balances - General Species-based Design Equations. 4.2 Species-based Design Equations of Ideal Reactors. 4.3 Reaction-based Design Equations. 4.4 Dimensionless Design Equations. 4.5 Summary. Bibliography. Problems. Chapter 5: Energy Balances. 5.1 Review of Thermodynamic Relations. 5.2 Energy Balances. 5.3 Summary. Bibliography. Problems. Chapter 6: Ideal Batch Reactor. 6.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations. 6.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions. 6.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions. 6.4 Non-Isothermal Operations. 6.5 Summary. Problems. Chapter 7: Plug Flow Reactor. 7.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations. 7.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions. 7.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions. 7.4 Non-Isothermal Operations. 7.5 Effects of Pressure Drop. 7.6 Summary. Problems. Chapter 8: Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). 8.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations. 8.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions. 8.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions. 8.4 Non-Isothermal Operations. 8.5 Summary. Problems. Chapter 9: Other Reactor Configurations. 9.1 Semi-Batch Reactors. 9.2 Plug-Flow Reactor with Distributed Feed. 9.3 Distillation Reactor. 9.4 Recycle Reactor. 9.5 Summary. Problems. Chapter 10: Economic-Based Optimization of Reactor Operations. 10.1 Economic Objective Functions. 10.2 Batch and Semi-Batch Reactors. 10.3 Flow Reactors. 10.4 Summary. Problems. Appendices. Appendix A: Summary of Key Relationships. Appendix B: Microscopic Species Balances - Continuity Equations. Appendix C: Summary of Numerical Methods. Index.
HARDNESS OF COOKED RICE AS AFFECTED BY VARIETIES, COOLING METHODS AND CHILL STORAGE

Rice is an important carbohydrate source in daily catering, and also one of the main components in some ready meals. Ready meals containing cooked rice should be cooled quickly for storage. In this research, air blast cooling and cold room cooling were used to cool cooked rice. The effect of cooling condition, rice variety and chill storage on the textural property, especially hardness, of cooked rice was investigated. Results show that air blast cooling can significantly reduce the cooling time and weight loss as compared with cold room cooling for the three varieties (Thai jasmine rice, long grain rice and Japanese rice). The cooling methods can also significantly affect the hardness of cooked rice depending on the rice variety. Thai jasmine rice has lower amylose content; therefore, hardness was generally lower than that of the other two varieties. During the chill storage at 4C, the hardness was increased for all samples except for cooked Thai jasmine rice cooled by air blast cooling, indicating that fast cooling time can inhibit or slow down the starch retrogradation during chill storage for low-amylose-content rice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In the food industry, ready meals are usually kept at 4 or −18C for longer shelf life. However, the retrogradation of rice starch takes place very easily during the storage, and storage temperature can significantly affect the behavior of cooked rice. In both domestic and international markets, the end-use quality of rice has significant impact on its market value and acceptability to consumers. Therefore, the behavior of cooked rice is interesting to food scientists and technologists because it profoundly affects the quality, acceptability and shelf life of the rice-containing dishes. The current research will provide further information for the food industry on the effect of cooling condition, rice variety and chill storage on the textural property, especially hardness, of cooked rice.
LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION OF LIPOSOMES BY A MICROFLUIDIZER

Liposomes can be produced by a variety of techniques such as sonication, high-pressure homogenization, detergent dialysis, reverse-phase evaporation and ether injection. The Microfluidizer is a high-pressure homogenizer which is capable of making small size multilamellar vesicles. The mean vesicle size of the liposome reduced drastically from 0.64 micron to 0.16 micron after three passes through the Microfluidizer. Additional three passes did not reduce the size further. The polydispersity reduced about 1.25% per pass. The ability to scale up the liposome production from 100 ml to 4000 ml (representing minimal batch sizes for the lab scale and the production scale Microfluidizer) was investigated and found to be satisfactory.
Pressure Tuning of Reaction Equilibrium of Esterification of Acetic Acid with Ethanol in Compressed CO2

The esterification of acetic acid and ethanol in compressed CO2 was studied at 333.2 K and at pressures up to 16 MPa, and the original molar ratio of the components was CO2:CH3COOH:CH3CH2OH:p-toluenesulfonic acid (catalyst) = 90:5:5:0.05. The phase behavior and the isothermal compressibility (kT) of reaction system was also determined under the reaction conditions. The conversion increases with increasing pressure in the two-phase region and reaches a maximum in the critical region of the reaction system where the system just becomes one phase. Then the conversion or apparent equilibrium constant Kx decreases with pressure after the pressure is higher than the critical value. In the supercritical region where the system is one phase, Kx is closely related to the isothermal compressibility and degree of inhomogeneity of the fluid, which is often referred to as the local density and/or local composition enhancement. At the higher pressures the “clustering” in the reaction system is not significant and the K.
Sol−Gel Synthesis of NASICON: 1D and 2D NMR Investigation

The preparation of NASICON powders has been achieved by sol−gel methods. The precursor solution was either rapidly hydrolyzed, to get a precipitate, or slowly gelated under exposure to atmospheric humidity. The slow hydrolysis process was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in liquid phase. Two-dimensional experiments indicate the occurrence of ligand exchange reactions in solution. Monodimensional 1H, 13C, 31P, and 23Na NMR spectra were also measured. NMR allowed us to follow the advancement of the reaction and determine the degree of polymerization. NASICON powders having the Na3Zr2Si2PO12 composition were prepared by heating both precursors at various temperatures in the range 800−1200 °C for 1 h. The phase evolution as a function of the decomposition temperature was investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The NASICON prepared by fast hydrolysis contained a larger amount of free zirconia, whi.
Stimulated emission in sexithiophene single crystals

Temperature dependent steady state and transient photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed on sexithiophene single crystals. As the temperature is lowered, three different sets of equally spaced peaks appear on the steady state PL spectrum. This behavior is interpreted in the frame of the molecular exciton theory. The lowest energy set is attributed to transitions from the lower Au excited state, resulting from the Davydov splitting of the 1Bu excited state of the isolated molecules. The highest energy set of peaks is ascribed to an excited Ag level. At low excitation levels, the transient PL follows a single exponential decay, with a time constant of 1.8 ns. When the excitation energy is increased beyond to 35 (mu) J/cm2, a second much faster transient is superimposed, and the PL spectrum narrows to a single line, centered at the 0-1 transition of the low energy set of the steady PL spectrum. The width of the emission line is 13 cm-1. These observations are explained in terms of a stimulated emission process.
Using Demonstrations to Promote Student Comprehension in Chemistry

Chemistry demonstrations provide opportunities for students to feel and experience the essence of chemistry. Teachers can use demonstrations to improve their teaching and to provide learning opportunities otherwise unavailable to students. Reasons, often ignored by busy educators, for choosing to prepare and conduct demonstrations are discussed. Important steps in preparing demonstrations, including the role of showmanship, are emphasized. Resources, an original sample demonstration, and references are included.
Flow-Induced Molecular Orientation of a Langmuir Film

The two-dimensional fluid dynamics of the different phases of a fatty acid monolayer (docosanoic acid) were examined. Brewster angle microscopy was used to investigate the polydomain structure of two“liquid condensed”phases (the L2 and L'2 phases) and the“solid”(S) phase in situ during an extensional flow. Only the L2 phase deformed affinely with a liquid-like response. The two other phases experienced flow-induced reorientation of the lattice onto which the molecules were arranged. The reorientation process was accompanied by the appearance of shear bands in the monolayers at an angle of ±45 degrees to the extension axis of the flow.
Electrodeposition of GaAs from Aqueous Electrolytes

Gallium arsenide films were electrodeposited from both alkaline and acid aqueous electrolytes. Compared to other conventional methods of preparing gallium arsenide films, electrodeposition from aqueous solution has the advantages of low operating and equipment costs, relatively easy control of film properties, and no toxic volatile raw material. The cathodic deposits from an alkaline electrolyte generally were thick, porous, and powdery. With an acid electrolyte, the deposits were thinner and more compact and adherent
Composition and Chemical Variability in the Essential Oils of Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley

Abstract The leaves and inflorescences of the ornamental and medicinal aromatic plant Hyptidendron canum were collected from four sites in the Brazilian Cerrado and their essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results obtained by Principal Component and Cluster analysis indicated a high chemovariability in the oils from different sites. Ses-quiterpene hydrocarbons (42.6–94.6%) were the main group of volatiles, although differences in quantities of the major constituents were observed, mainly β-caryophyllene (6.0–41.6%) and amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (6.1–30.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.7–24.8%) with the highest levels in leaves from Bela Vista and inflorescence from the Silvânia site, respectively. On the other hand, sabinene (0–11.7%) and β-copaene-4α-ol (0–10.3%), and δ-3-carene (0–13.0%) showed the highest percentages in oil inflorescences from the Silvânia and Hidrolândia populations. High amounts of α-humulene (1.4–13.9%) and carotol (0–12.4%) were observed in leaf oils from Silvânia and Hidrolândia, respectively.
A water-free metal organic deposition method for YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film fabrication

During the fabrication of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thin films via the metal organic deposition (MOD) method, the water content of the precursor solution should be reduced to prevent precipitation and other detriment. In most of the reported MOD-YBCO studies, water was used as a solvent, and vacuum distillation was utilized to reduce the water content of the precursor solution. In this study, we propose a water-free MOD method using propionic anhydride and methanol as the solvents. The crystal water of raw precursor salts was removed by heating, and the water content in the final precursor solution was as low as 0.2 wt%. Using this solution with low fluorine content and the optimized maximum temperature of pyrolysis, the final YBCO thin films about 250 nm thick had the critical current density (Jc) of 3.8 MA cm−2 (77 K, self-field). The water content of the precursor solution was further reduced to less than 10−2 wt% by vacuum distillation. According to the Jc performance, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction investigations, and morphology observations, no significant improvement was found for the final YBCO thin films fabricated by the distilled solution, indicating that vacuum distillation is not necessary in the water-free MOD method.
Stellar and gas mass distributions for understanding the nature of spiral arms

Abstract Numerical simulations of disk galaxies with steady (long-lived) and dynamic (short-lived) spiral arms suggest that offsets between stellar and gas spiral arms depend on their nature or lifetime (Baba et al.2015). Based on this theoretical study, we investigated gas-star offsets in the nearby grand-design spiral galaxy M51, and found that its two spiral arms exhibit different offset dependences against radius. One arm is consistent with a steady arm, while the other is consistent with a dynamic arm. We deduce that this difference is likely due to a tidal interaction with the companion galaxy (Egusa et al.2017). For this study, a stellar mass distribution with a high accuracy at a high spatial resolution is essential, which has come to be available by applying recent SED fitting techniques to multi-wavelength images. We are now working to extend this study to other nearby spiral galaxies.
Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1. 3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.
Effects of soil composition on solid phase microextraction determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides

The influence of organic matter and clay contents on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides in different soils was studied. The results of the study showed that content of soil organic matter dominantly participated in sorption of triazines (simazine, atrazine and prometryn) to soil, while sorption of organophosphorus pesticides (phorate and tebupirimfos) could not be explained only by contents of dominant soil sorption components (soil organic matter and clay). Sorption of all pesticides studied to different soil types was similar at their lower concentrations while the influence of soil composition was expressed at higher concentration levels. Except for phorate, the obtained sorption trends were different from those obtained by direct SPME mode (DM-SPME) and exhaustive liquid-solid extraction (LSE) method. These results indicated that most likely co-extractants from the analyzed medium complicated evaporation and diffusion of the pesticides to the PDMS fiber during HS-SPME sampling.
Boron Adsorption on Aluminum and Iron Oxide Minerals1

Boron adsorption behavior was investigated on various crystalline and x-ray amorphous Al and Fe oxide minerals. Adsorption increased at low pH, exhibited a peak in the pH range 7 to 8, and decreased at high pH. The magnitude of B adsorption was much greater for the x-ray amorphous materials. Since B adsorbs specifically on Al and Fe oxide minerals, the constant capacitance model containing a ligand exchange mechanism was used to describe its adsorption behavior. The constant capacitance model was able to represent B adsorption on all minerals over the entire pH range studied (3-12) using the same set of surface complexation constants. With the exception of amorphous Al oxide, B adsorption on these oxide minerals could be successfully described by optimizing only the B surface complexation constant. Other nonexperimental parameters were held fixed at values identical to those previously used in modeling phosphate, silicate, and selenite adsorption on Al and Fe oxide minerals. Additional Index Words: anion adsorption, ligand exchange, surface chemistry, constant capacitance model. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 4 then click button8
A Program Evaluation of Physician Medical Clinic’s Approach to Chronic Pain

Chronic pain costs up to $635 billion dollars annually and impacts 25.3 million adult U.S. citizens (Nahin, 2015). Treatment options have typically included opioid medications, which potentially causes harm with long-term use and has contributed to an epidemic of opioid misuse. Treatment has expanded beyond monotherapy to include holistic approaches to health, such as occupational therapy and mental health therapy. The present study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy as it is conducted in a rural Oregon clinic using the Quadruple Aim to measure treatment outcomes (Bodenheimer, & Sinsky, 2014). Participants diagnosed with chronic pain and placed on an opioid contract by their primary care provider were mandated to attend four weeks of one hour group therapy which included expectations for healthcare practices between sessions, and participants were asked to complete a packet of mental health screeners before and after treatment. Additional financial data regarding participant spending on medical costs was analyzed. Researchers expected participants’ screener scores to improve and financial expenditures to decrease overall. Results suggested that group participation was not EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP THERAPY FOR CHRONIC PAIN iv significantly correlated with subjective support of pain, although their medical costs decreased compared to a matched sample of peers who did not attend group therapy. Ultimately, the patients and clinic will benefit from ongoing research designed to improve patient satisfaction while continuing to maintain cost effectiveness. One option discussed to engage in individual therapy to supplement group therapy. Future research is encouraged to incorporate provider satisfaction as a means of better utilizing the Quadruple Aim, and to revisit the experimental design as to include true control and experimental groups thereby allowing variables to be independently evaluated and stronger conclusions to be drawn regarding the effectiveness of group therapy. EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP THERAPY FOR CHRONIC PAIN v
Water Uptake Behavior of Poly(methacrylamide‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐itaconic acid) as pH‐Sensitive Hydrogels: Part I

Novel hydrogels composed of the three monomers N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, methacrylamide and itaconic acid, have been prepared by free radical aqueous polymerization. The gels demonstrated a sharp pH‐dependent swelling. The gel, when transferred from artificial gastric fluid (SGF,pH1.2) to simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4), underwent a sharp swelling transition from 45±4 to 327±12 percent within an hour. The hydrogels also exhibited swelling‐deswelling cycles, within a response time of nearly one hour, while maintaining structural integrity. The increase in monomer acid concentration caused an enhancement in water uptake in SIF while the swelling was observed to decrease in SGF with acid content. For an optimum initiator concentration 0.22 mM, the synthesized gel showed the highest water uptake. On increasing the diameter from 0.21 to 0.92 cm, the initial rate of water uptake decreased from 2.50 to 1.15 percent per minute. The Tanaka‐Fillmore theory was also verified. The activation energy for the swelling of the sample with 7.54 percent mole fraction of itaconic acid was found to be 19.74 kJmol−1.
Theoretical Study on Tertiary Structural Elements of β-peptides: Nanotubes Formed from Parallel-Sheet-Derived Assemblies of β-Peptides

Parallel or polar strands of β-peptides spontaneously form nanotubes of different sizes in a vacuum as determined by ab initio calculations. Stability and conformational features of [CH3CO−(β-Ala)k−NHCH3]l (1 ≤ k ≤ 4, 2 ≤ l ≤ 4) models were computed at different levels of theory (e.g., B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d), with consideration of BSSE). For the first time, calculations demonstrate that sheets of β-peptides display nanotubular characteristics rather than two-dimensional extended β-layers, as is the case of α-peptides. Of the configurations studied, k = l = 4 gave the most stable nanotubular structure, but larger assemblies are expected to produce even more stable nanotubes. As with other nanosystems such as cyclodextrane, these nanotubes can also incorporate small molecules, creating a diverse range of applications for these flexible, biocompatible, and highly stable molecules. The various side chains of β-peptides can make these nanosystems rather versatile. Energetic and structural features.