Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Renewable bio ionic liquids‐water mixtures‐mediated selective removal of lignin from rice straw: Visualization of changes in composition and cell wall structure

Pretreatment of rice straw by using renewable cholinium amino acids ionic liquids ([Ch][AA] ILs)‐water mixtures and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the residues were conducted in the present work. Of the eight mixtures composed of ILs and water, most were found to be effective for rice straw pretreatment. After pretreatment with 50% ILs‐water mixtures, the enzymatic digestion of the lignocellulosic biomass was enhanced significantly, thus leading to satisfactory sugar yields of >80% for glucose and approximately 50% for xylose. To better understand the ILs pretreatment mechanism, confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize changes in the contents and distribution of two major components—lignin and xylan. The results coupled with changes in chemical structures (infrared spectra) of the substrates indicated occurrence of extensive delignification, especially in cell corner and compound middle lumen of cell walls, which made polysaccharides more accessible to enzymes. This pretreatment process is promising for large‐scale application because of the high sugar yields, easy handling, being environmentally benign and highly tolerant to moisture, and significantly reduced cost and energy consumption. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1895–1902. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal policies based on qos for adaptive communication systems with Markov Decision Process

Modern communications, especially mobile communications, face unpredictable environments. Adaptation to unpredictable environments is necessary for modern communications. The communication systems self-tuning to track changes in the environments are called the adaptive communication systems. The systems can be viewed as a special kind of feedback control systems with the elements of sensor, decision-element or controller, and actuator. This paper focuses the decision-element. The decision-element uses optimal policies based on QoS with Markov Decision Process, which seek to satisfy a set of system QoS. The simulation results show that communication system adaptation can be guided by decision rules based on QoS found by the methods of Markov Decision Processes, when there are multiple controlled features, and multiple system measures used to drive the decisions.
Theoretical and applied issues regarding autobiographical belief and recollection

Theoretical and applied issues regarding autobiographical belief and recollection Henry Otgaar, Alan Scoboria and Giuliana Mazzoni Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Hull, Hull, UK
On the unstable Adams spectral sequence for SO and U , and splittings of unstable Ext groups ∗

Let U denote the category of unstable modules over the mod 2 Steenrod algebra A, and let Ext(−) = ExtsU(−,ΣZ2). Let M∞ = H̃∗(ΣCP∞ + ) denote the unstable A-module with nonzero classes xi such that i is odd and positive, and Sqx2k+1 = ( k j ) x2(j+k)+1. Then H∗(U) ≈ U(M∞), where the left side is the mod 2 cohomology of the infinite unitary group, and the right side the free unstable A-algebra generated by M∞. Thus there is an unstable Adams spectral sequence (UASS), defined as in [5], converging to π∗(U) with E s,t 2 ≈ Ext(M∞). We shall construct an algebraic spectral sequence (SS) which we conjecture agrees with this UASS. In Section 3, we perform the minor
Estimating correlation by using a general linear mixed model: evaluation of the relationship between the concentration of HIV‐1 RNA in blood and semen

Estimating the correlation coefficient between two outcome variables is one of the most important aspects of epidemiological and clinical research. A simple Pearson's correlation coefficient method is usually employed when there are complete independent data points for both outcome variables. However, researchers often deal with correlated observations in a longitudinal setting with missing values where a simple Pearson's correlation coefficient method cannot be used. General linear mixed models (GLMM) techniques were used to estimate correlation coefficients in a longitudinal data set with missing values. A random regression mixed model with unstructured covariance matrix was employed to estimate correlation coefficients between concentrations of HIV‐1 RNA in blood and seminal plasma. The effects of CD4 count and antiretroviral therapy were also examined. We used data sets from three different centres (650 samples from 238 patients) where blood and seminal plasma HIV‐1 RNA concentrations were collected from patients; 137 samples from 90 different patients without antiviral therapy and 513 samples from 148 patients receiving therapy were considered for analysis. We found no significant correlation between blood and semen HIV‐1 RNA concentration in the absence of antiviral therapy. However, a moderate correlation between blood and semen HIV‐1 RNA was observed among subjects with lower CD4 counts receiving therapy. Our findings confirm and extend the idea that the concentrations of HIV‐1 in semen often differ from the HIV‐1 concentration in blood. Antiretroviral therapy administered to subjects with low CD4 counts result in sufficient concomitant reduction of HIV‐1 in blood and semen so as to improve the correlation between these compartments. These results have important implications for studies related to the sexual transmission of HIV, and development of HIV prevention strategies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of short tandem repeats loci to study the genetic structure of several populations from Zulia State, Venezuela

Genetic relationships between populations can be studied by comparing genotypic and allelic similarities. This investigation aims to demonstrate that selected autosomal microsatellite markers could be used to study the genetic structures of different populations living in northwest Venezuela, in Zulia State. Seven autosomal systems (CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, vWA, D7S820, D13S317, and D5S818) were tested by PCR in a multiplex format on 688 different chromosomes from unrelated individuals living in Maracaibo, “Isla de Toas,” and “San José de Heras,” and from two Amerindian populations from the “Sierra de Perijá,” Barí' and Yukpa. Allele frequencies, Hardy–Weinberg equilibria, genetic distances, phylogenetic trees, and ethnic admixtures were estimated. The study shows the existence of a clear genetic difference among these populations in accordance with their historic evolution. The populations of Maracaibo and “Isla de Toas” showed a triracial origin, with a large European contribution, followed by an Amerindian component and a small African component. The indigenous groups, Barí' and Yukpa, showed exclusively an Amerindian component, and “San José de Heras” showed only an African component. These results indicate that microsatellite markers are useful for molecular anthropology in a regional and worldwide context and provide important genetic information about contemporary populations of Venezuela. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 17:451–459, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resentful and Reflective Coping with Arbitrary Authority and Blood Pressure: Detroit

&NA; Two hypotheses about coping with an arbitrary authority, an angry boss, were tested: (1) styles of handling anger vary with social status, and (2) these styles are in turn related to blood pressure levels. Two styles of coping were tested: model R‐R, Resentful vs. Reflective, and model I/O/R, Anger‐In, Anger‐Out, and Reflective. Handling an angry boss by Reflection is reported by more women than men, by those in middle‐class areas rather than lower class, and does not vary by race. Working class report more use of Anger‐Out than middle class who in turn report more use of Reflection. In general, the Anger‐In response did not vary by race, sex, or area of residence (12‐18%). For model R‐R, Reflection of boss's anger was related to lower blood pressure when compared to Resentful responses, within sex, race, and residence groups. For model I/O/R, working‐class, high stress persons who expressed Anger‐Out showed the highest mean levels. Reflection is an appraisal response related to vascular and neural deceleration in stress experiments. This mode can be learned, and may aid in handling daily emotional‐loaded stimuli to control blood pressure, along with learning a relaxation response.
Aspirin-Induced Gastric Lesions Alters EGFR and PECAM-1 Immunoreactivity in Wistar Rats: Modulatory Action of Flavonoid Fraction of Musa Paradisiaca

AIM: In this study, Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor and Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 were localised to investigate the healing effects of a flavonoid-rich fraction of M. paradisiaca fruit in the gastric corpus of Wistar rats following aspirin-induced gastric lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mature, unripe fruits of M. paradisiaca were peeled; air dried, pulverised, extracted with 70% methanol, concentrated and partitioned. Ninety male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 6 groups of 15 rats each. The gastric lesion was induced in groups B, C, D, E and F rats by administration of 400 mg/kg aspirin in distilled water. Group A received distilled water. After 24 hours, flavonoid fraction of M. paradisiaca was administered to groups C, D and E at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively for 21 days. Group F rats received omeprazole at 1.8 mg/kg for 21 days. Five rats from each group were anaesthetized with ketamine on days 14, 21 and 28. Gastric tissues were excised and fixed in Neutral buffered formalin. This was followed by paraffin wax embedding method and sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin and for immunolocalisation of EGFR and PECAM-1. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the ulcer index in the corpus of control and treated rats throughout the experimental period (p = 0.0001). H&E stained sections showed a gradual restoration of the epithelial lining in the treated groups. Immunohistochemical examination showed that M. paradisiaca significantly increased (p < 0.05) reactivity for both EGFR and CD31 across the treatment groups. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of Musa paradisiaca in attenuating the damaging effects of aspirin on the gastric mucosa was observed as there was a significantly increased reactivity for EGFR and PECAM-1 in the gastric corpus in a dose-dependent manner.
Induction of Human Fetal Globin Gene Expression by a Novel Erythroid Factor, NF-E4

ABSTRACT The stage selector protein (SSP) is a heteromeric complex involved in preferential expression of the human γ-globin genes in fetal-erythroid cells. We have previously identified the ubiquitous transcription factor CP2 as a component of this complex. Using the protein dimerization domain of CP2 in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have cloned a novel gene, NF-E4, encoding the tissue-restricted component of the SSP. NF-E4 and CP2 coimmunoprecipitate from extract derived from a fetal-erythroid cell line, and antiserum to NF-E4 ablates binding of the SSP to the γ promoter. NF-E4 is expressed in fetal liver, cord blood, and bone marrow and in the K562 and HEL cell lines, which constitutively express the fetal globin genes. Enforced expression of NF-E4 in K562 cells and primary erythroid progenitors induces endogenous fetal globin gene expression, suggesting a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention in the hemoglobinopathies.
Ley general del equilibrio ecológico y la protección al ambiente

ARTÍCULO 1o.La presente Ley es reglamentaria de las disposiciones de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos que se refieren a la preservación y restauración del equilibrio ecológico, así como a la protección al ambiente, en el territorio nacional y las zonas sobre las que la nación ejerce su soberanía y jurisdicción. Sus disposiciones son de orden público e interés social y tienen por objeto propiciar el desarrollo sustentable y establecer las bases para: I.Garantizar el derecho de toda persona a vivir en un medio ambiente sano para su desarrollo, salud y bienestar; Fracción reformada DOF 05-11-2013
Unlocking New Sources of Flexibility: CLASS: The World's Largest Voltage-Led Load-Management Project

The Significant growth of wind and photovoltaic generation experienced in many countries around the world will soon challenge the ability of transmission system operators (TSOs) to guarantee the security of supply. To cope with such future low-carbon electricity systems, it is imperative to increase the portfolio of flexibility sources in a cost-effective and sustainable manner. This is likely to require exploring solutions beyond the use of traditional players connected at higher voltages, such as fast-acting generation plants and large customers.
Exploring the Limits of Peripheral Vision for the Control of Movement

Abstract The role played by peripheral visual information in the control of aiming movements is not fully understood, as is indicated by the conflicting results reported in the literature. In the present study, the authors tested and confirmed the hypothesis that the source of the conflict lies in the portion of the visual peripheral field that has been under scrutiny in the different studies. Participants (N = 60) moved a computer mouse from a fixed starting position to 1 of 3 targets under varied vision conditions. The portion of the peripheral visual field that best ensured directional accuracy of a sweeping movement was found to be located between 20° and 10° of visual angle, whereas the area found to favor directional accuracy of an aiming movement comprised 30° through 10° of visual angle.
Cascade Support Vector Machines with Dimensionality Reduction

Cascade support vector machines have been introduced as extension of classic support vector machines that allow a fast training on large data sets. In this work, we combine cascade support vector machines with dimensionality reduction based preprocessing. The cascade principle allows fast learning based on the division of the training set into subsets and the union of cascade learning results based on support vectors in each cascade level. The combination with dimensionality reduction as preprocessing results in a significant speedup, often without loss of classifier accuracies, while considering the high-dimensional pendants of the low-dimensional support vectors in each new cascade level. We analyze and compare various instantiations of dimensionality reduction preprocessing and cascade SVMs with principal component analysis, locally linear embedding, and isometric mapping. The experimental analysis on various artificial and real-world benchmark problems includes various cascade specific parameters like intermediate training set sizes and dimensionalities.
A novel approach for high‐dimensional vector similarity join query

In this paper, we mainly focus on similarity joins on massive high‐dimensional vectors, it is a costly operation because of curse of dimensionality. The main idea of our proposed solution is to design a novel filtering method that can filter out as many vector pairs as possible at relative low cost. By using the good dimension reduction ability of piecewise aggregate approximation and symbolic aggregate approximation techniques, we proposed three novel approaches to deal with high dimensional‐vector similarity join query: single‐PAA–based vector similarity join query, multi‐PAA–based vector similarity join query and SAX‐based vector similarity join query. We conducted comprehensive experiments to test the performance of the above approaches, we also test the speedup ratio compared with the naive method: block nested loop join. The experimental results show that our approaches have much better performance than that of block nested loop join and also have good scalability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to try to deal with high‐dimensional vector similarity joins using piecewise aggregate approximation and symbolic aggregate approximation techniques, and the approaches proposed in this paper provide a new way to process the massive high‐dimensional vector data set.
Phase-based motion magnification video for monitoring of vital signals using the Hermite transform

In this paper we present a new Eulerian phase-based motion magnification technique using the Hermite Transform (HT) decomposition that is inspired in the Human Vision System (HVS). We test our method in one sequence of the breathing of a newborn baby and on a video sequence that shows the heartbeat on the wrist. We detect and magnify the heart pulse applying our technique. Our motion magnification approach is compared to the Laplacian phase based approach by means of quantitative metrics (based on the RMS error and the Fourier transform) to measure the quality of both reconstruction and magnification. In addition a noise robustness analysis is performed for the two methods.
Matched planar two-element antenna for ultra-wideband radiocommunication systems

The paper presents theoretical analysis of two-element antenna for ultra-wideband application. Mathematical model of functional power parameters of general multiport array is introduced. Results of computer simulations of different matrices describing matched planar two-element microstrip antenna, power parameters and radiation patterns are described. Problem of broadband matching and radiation of UWB signal is mentioned.
Depression, sleep disturbances and anxiety in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal cohort observation.

BACKGROUND Depression, sleep disturbances and anxiety may affect almost half of the population of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and they are major determinants of poor quality of life in young adults. The aim of our study was to assess their incidence in patients with MS in Poland, and whether they change during longitudinal observation in routine clinical practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We included 53 consecutive patients with relapsing-remitting form of MS in this prospective study, who were treated in our department. All patients were examined at the entry to the study and after at least three or more years after study start with 4 standardized questionnaires and clinical scales that were validated in Polish patients: Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The data from the two time-points were compared. RESULTS At the entry to the study daytime sleepiness, nighttime insomnia, depression episodes and anxiety were observed in 11.3%, 13.2%, 11.3% and 28.3% of patients, respectively. At the end of the study higher proportion of patients reported any form of drowsiness, depression, insomnia or anxiety, however, the differences were not statistically significant. Except for anxiety, higher proportion of patients reported definite disorders, with the rise from 3.8% to 13.2% having depression and rise from 9.4% to 15.1% having insomnia. Moderate or pathological drowsiness was not reported initially, but it was reported in 5% and 2.5% patients, respectively, at the study end. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of sleep and mood disturbances in polish patients with MS is quite high, and it is comparable to other studies in patients with MS. Possible mood changes or sleep disturbances in individual patients should be routinely monitored by clinicians.
Mixed Phase of a Longitudinal Ferromagnetism and a Transverse Antiferromagnetism in a Site-Random Heisenberg Model.

We study a site-random Heisenberg model of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic ions in three dimensions. We find that the model possesses decoupled two order parameters, i.e., the uniform magnetization and the staggered magnetization. We suggest the occurrence of a mixed phase of th longitudinal ferromagnetism and the transverse antiferromagnetism in an intermediate concentration range of ions and confirm it using a computer simulation technique. [S0031-9007(96)00611-4]
Effects of fibrates on human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1-, multidrug resistance protein 2- and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport

The effects of different fibric acid derivatives (bezafibrate, clofibrate, clofibric acid, fenofibrate, fenofibric acid and gemfibrozil) on human organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1 (OATP2, OATP-C, SLC21A6), multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) and MDR1-type P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) were examined in vitro. Cyclosporin A (a known inhibitor of OATP1B1 and P-gp), MK-571 (a known inhibitor of MRP2) and cimetidine (an organic cation) were also tested. Bezafibrate, fenofibrate, fenofibric acid and gemfibrozil showed concentration-dependent inhibition of estradiol 17-β-D-glucuronide uptake by OATP1B1-stably transfected HEK cells, whereas clofibrate and clofibric acid did not show any significant effects up to 100 µM. Inhibition kinetics of gemfibrozil, which exhibited the most significant inhibition on OATP1B1, was shown to be competitive with a Ki = 12.5 µM. None of the fibrates showed any significant inhibition of MRP2-mediated transport, which was evaluated by measuring the uptake of ethacrynic acid glutathione into MRP2-expressing Sf9 membrane vesicles. Only fenofibrate showed moderate P-gp inhibition as assessed by measuring cellular accumulation of vinblastine in a P-gp overexpressing cell-line. Cyclosporin A significantly inhibited OATP1B1 and P-gp, whereas only moderate inhibition was observed on MRP2. The rank order of inhibitory potency of MK-571 was determined as OATP1B1 (IC50: 0.3 µM) > MRP2 (4 µM) > P-gp (25 µM). Cimetidine did not show any effects on these transporters. In conclusion, neither MRP2- nor P-gp-mediated transport is inhibited significantly by the fibrates tested. Considering the plasma protein binding and IC50 values for OATP1B1, only gemfibrozil appeared to have a potential to cause drug–drug interactions by inhibiting OATP1B1 at clinically relevant concentrations.
Single atom detection in ultracold quantum gases: a review of current progress

The recent advances in single atom detection and manipulation in experiments with ultracold quantum gases are reviewed. The discussion starts with the basic principles of trapping, cooling and detecting single ions and atoms. The realization of single atom detection in ultracold quantum gases is presented in detail and the employed methods, which are based on light scattering, electron scattering, field ionization and direct neutral particle detection are discussed. The microscopic coherent manipulation of single atoms in a quantum gas is also covered. Various examples are given in order to highlight the power of these approaches to study many-body quantum systems.
Update on selective reduction

Over the past 25 years fetal reduction has been utilized to reduce the risks of higher‐order multiple pregnancies that have resulted from overly successful infertility therapies. The demographics of multiple pregnancy patients have evolved over the past decade, with increasing proportions coming from IVF as opposed to ovulation induction, being older and a higher proportion with donor eggs. Genetic diagnosis prior to reduction is becoming more common and is very safe in experienced hands. For all starting numbers, including twins, reduction to a lower number of fetuses reduces fetal losses, prematurity, and infant mortality and morbidity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.