Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive organic emission profiles for gasoline, diesel, and gas-turbine engines including intermediate and semi-volatile organic compound emissions

Abstract. Emissions from mobile sources are important contributors to both primary and secondary organic aerosols (POA and SOA) in urban environments. We compiled recently published data to create comprehensive model-ready organic emission profiles for on- and off-road gasoline, gas-turbine, and diesel engines. The profiles span the entire volatility range, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs, effective saturation concentration C*=107–1011 µg m−3), intermediate-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs, C*=103–106 µg m−3), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs, C*=1–102 µg m−3), low-volatile organic compounds (LVOCs, C*≤0.1 µg m−3) and non-volatile organic compounds (NVOCs). Although our profiles are comprehensive, this paper focuses on the IVOC and SVOC fractions to improve predictions of SOA formation. Organic emissions from all three source categories feature tri-modal volatility distributions (“by-product” mode, “fuel” mode, and “lubricant oil” mode). Despite wide variations in emission factors for total organics, the mass fractions of IVOCs and SVOCs are relatively consistent across sources using the same fuel type, for example, contributing 4.5 % (2.4 %–9.6 % as 10th to 90th percentiles) and 1.1 % (0.4 %–3.6 %) for a diverse fleet of light duty gasoline vehicles tested over the cold-start unified cycle, respectively. This consistency indicates that a limited number of profiles are needed to construct emissions inventories. We define five distinct profiles: (i) cold-start and off-road gasoline, (ii) hot-operation gasoline, (iii) gas-turbine, (iv) traditional diesel and (v) diesel-particulate-filter equipped diesel. These profiles are designed to be directly implemented into chemical transport models and inventories. We compare emissions to unburned fuel; gasoline and gas-turbine emissions are enriched in IVOCs relative to unburned fuel. The new profiles predict that IVOCs and SVOC vapour will contribute significantly to SOA production. We compare our new profiles to traditional source profiles and various scaling approaches used previously to estimate IVOC emissions. These comparisons reveal large errors in these different approaches, ranging from failure to account for IVOC emissions (traditional source profiles) to assuming source-invariant scaling ratios (most IVOC scaling approaches).
Variation in emission metrics due to variation in CO 2 and temperature impulse response functions

Abstract. Emission metrics are used to compare the climate effect of the emission of different species, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The most common metrics use linear impulse response functions (IRFs) derived from a single more complex model. There is currently little understanding on how IRFs vary across models, and how the model variation propagates into the metric values. In this study, we first derive CO2 and temperature IRFs for a large number of complex models participating in different intercomparison exercises, synthesizing the results in distributions representing the variety in behaviour. The derived IRF distributions differ considerably, which is partially related to differences among the underlying models, and partially to the specificity of the scenarios used (experimental setup). In a second part of the study, we investigate how differences among the IRFs impact the estimates of global warming potential (GWP), global temperature change potential (GTP) and integrated global temperature change potential (iGTP) for time horizons between 20 and 500 yr. Within each derived CO2 IRF distribution, underlying model differences give similar spreads on the metrics in the range of −20 to +40% (5–95% spread), and these spreads are similar among the three metrics. GTP and iGTP metrics are also impacted by variation in the temperature IRF. For GTP, this impact depends strongly on the lifetime of the species and the time horizon. The GTP of black carbon shows spreads of up to −60 to +80% for time horizons to 100 yr, and even larger spreads for longer time horizons. For CH4 the impact from variation in the temperature IRF is still large, but it becomes smaller for longer-lived species. The impact from variation in the temperature IRF on iGTP is small and falls within a range of ±10% for all species and time horizons considered here. We have used the available data to estimate the IRFs, but we suggest the use of tailored intercomparison projects specific for IRFs in emission metrics. Intercomparison projects are an effective means to derive an IRF and its model spread for use in metrics, but more detailed analysis is required to explore a wider range of uncertainties. Further work can reveal which parameters in each IRF lead to the largest uncertainties, and this information may be used to reduce the uncertainty in metric values.
Mycoflora Detected from Seeds of Sesamum indicum L. in Sialkot, Pakistan

Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) from various localities of Sialkot were analysed for their mycoflora by using Agar plate, Blotter paper and Deep freezing method. Agar plate and Deep freezing method yielded 22 and 21 fungal species respectively followed by Blotter paper method yielded 19 species. A total number of 36 species belonging to 10 genera of fungi were isolated. The prevalent genera were Penicillium (10 species), Alternaria (7 species), Fusarium (5 species), Cercospora and Cladosporium (4 species each). Penicillium was predominant followed by Alternaria and Fusarium. All detected fungi are the first record of mycolflora from sesame seeds in Sialkot, Pakistan.
A simulation study of the kinetics of passage of CO2 and N2 through the liquid/vapor interface of water

The rate of passage of molecules of carbon dioxide and nitrogen through the vapor–liquid interface of water at 300 K is studied by simulation. Previous work has established the form of the free energy profile which has a minimum when the solute molecule is on the surface and a barrier between this state and solution in the bulk liquid. In one set of simulations, trajectories were initiated in the gas phase. From these, the average lifetime of molecules in the surface is determined to be considerably longer than the inverse of the energy relaxation rate, so that the sticking coefficient is one and exiting molecules have no memory of their original velocities. However, most molecules do return to the gas phase rather than entering the bulk solution. The rate of passage of molecules over the free energy barrier is studied using the reactive flux method with trajectories initiated near the top of the barrier. The results for nitrogen, in particular, give a good plateau in the time-dependent transmission coefficient and hence a reliable rate constant. The results from these two sets of simulations are combined to give an effective interface width which is used to determine the permeability of thin water films. These results are compared to experimental permeabilities of thin Newton black soap films. The rate-determining step for solution in bulk water is not passage through the few Angstroms width of the interface we study, but rather the transport from the vicinity of the interface into the bulk over the larger distance scale of μm.
A matter of context: A meta‐analytic investigation of the relative validity of contextualized and noncontextualized personality measures.

The empirical evidence that has accumulated in support of the notion that personality is a valid predictor of employee performance is vast, yet debate on the matter continues. This study investigates frame-of-reference effects as they relate to the validity of self-report measures of personality. Specifically, we compare the validities of general, noncontextualized personality measures and work-specific, contextualized measures. The findings suggest that personality measures are a more valid predictor of performance when the scale items or instructions are framed specifically so as to reference work-specific behaviors. We found that the validities for noncontextualized measures of personality ranged from . 02 to . 22, with a mean validity of . 11. The validities for contextualized measures ranged from . 14 to . 30, with a mean of . 24. Additional moderator analyses were conducted in an effort to examine several alternate explanations for these validity differences. Specifically, we examined differences between the developmental purpose (general use vs. workplace use) and reliabilities of each type of personality measure. We also compared the validities from published studies to those from unpublished studies. Results suggest that these moderators did not have an impact on the validity differences between noncontextualized and contextualized measures.
THE STUDY OF PRODUCTION REGIMES AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF EXTRUDED FEED ADDITIVE BASED ON CORN SEED AND SUBSTANDARD EGG MASS

On the base of practical studies were established the rational parameters of technological processes of production of extruded feed additive. There was determined an expedience of mixture of substandard chicken egg mass and the crushed corn seed in two stages in frame (during 18 s) and blade (during 120…180 s) mixers. There were determined the optimal regimes of mixture extruding: pressure in working zone of extruder 2…3 mPa, consumed force of electric motor 4,0…4,5 kW, temperature on outcome of extruder 110…120 o С, duration of process 60…120 s, diameter of matrix port 10 mm. There were given the results of study of parameters of quality and nutritive value of extruded feed additive. It was established, that in the process of extruding the quality parameters of food additive are improved at the expense of dextrinization and gelatinization of starch, decrease of bacterial and fungal pollution, disinfection of product. There was proved a possibility to solve problem of utilization of defective eggs at feeding poultry.
CFD Based Hull Hydrodynamic Forces for Simulation of Ship Manoeuvres

During the process of designing a new ship the designer has to answer a lot of questions. Some of them refer to the manoeuvrability of a ship. Moreover, the IMO regulations define precisely the minimum manoeuvring requirements. The possibility to determine the manoeuvring properties in early stage of design results in significant reduction of cost and time. There have been developed numerous mathematical models describing a motion of a ship. The authors of those methods usually report common problems like poor accuracy, limited range of application, or need of model tests to determine characteristics and coefficients. Recent advances in IT and CFD are promising in solving problems referring to the need of model tests. In the opinion of the present authors the CFD is mature enough to determine most of hydrodynamic characteristics necessary to simulate ship manoeuvres. The characteristics of hull, propeller and rudder and interactions between hull, propeller and rudder can be determined separately with confidence. In this paper the authors present the attempt to determine the hull hydrodynamic forces using the results of CFD computations of ship flow. 2 EQUATIONS OF SHIP MOTION
Immersed Boundary – Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method with Sharp Interface : Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluid over a Cylinder

In the current study, the problem of heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluid flow over a cylinder has been simulated using the Immersed Boundary – thermal lattice Boltzmann method and direct forcing algorithm. The sharp interface scheme is used to transfer the values of velocity and temperature between the fluid Eulerian and boundary Lagrangian nodes. In order to consider the effects of both discrete grid and boundary forces (thermal forces), the split-forcing lattice Boltzmann method is developed for non-Newtonian powerlaw fluids. A simple technique for calculating the Nusselt number based on the sharp immersed boundary method is extracted. Heat transfer of different fluid regimes consist of steady and unsteady flow in wide ranges of Reynolds numbers (20<Re<80) and power-law indices (0.6<n<1.4) has been investigated. It is found that the increment of the shear-thinning and shear-thickening behavior of the fluid leads to an increase and decrease of heat transfer rate of immersed body, respectively. In future studies, the proposed algorithm will be used as a suitable method for thermal modeling of moving bodies in non-Newtonian fluids.
"Living with pain" : the effectiveness of a web-based intervention for people with chronic pain

Acceptance and Commitment-Therapy (ACT) has shown positive effects for chronic pain patients on several domains including depression and anxiety. In modern times of e-health, web-based interventions are more and more required. Furthermore, controlled studies about processes that mediate its effects are still scarce. In this RCT the effects of a web-based self-guided intervention on depression and anxiety in chronic pain patients are evaluated. Furthermore, underlying processes of change are examined. Therefore, 238 chronic pain patients were randomly assigned amongst a web-based ACT (ACT, N=82) or Expressive Writing intervention (EW, N=79) or Waiting List condition (WL, N=77). Measures, such as the HADS were taken at baseline, post-treatment and three-month follow-up. Results show decreased depression and anxiety levels at post-treatment in all three groups. At follow-up ACT-participants had improved significantly compared to EW-participants concerning depression. Regarding processes of change, pain catastrophizing and psychological flexibility were found to mediate effects. Furthermore, changes in depression were also mediated by mindfulness when ACT was compared to the Waiting List. These findings mainly stress the relevance of psychological flexibility as a key process of ACT, insinuate its relation to catastrophizing and indicate that the internet may function as a suitable medium for ACT interventions.
Evidence Based Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Role of Lifestyle Intervention as Compared to Pharmacological Agents

Background: The global epidemic of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) presents significant challenges to world health both in terms of financial costs as well as morbidity. Thus, considerable research has been focussed on the prevention or delay of the onset of T2DM. Aim: The aim of this article is to review published studies that evaluate lifestyle and pharmacological interventions aimed at preventing T2DM and to compare both these interventions. Methods: We undertook an electronic search of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, with the English language restriction and published until May 2015. Five major diabetes prevention trials using lifestyle intervention (LSI) and five using pharmacological intervention were identified. We reviewed the study design, key components, and outcomes for each study aimed to delay T2DM. Results: Both LSI and pharmacological intervention were found to be effective to reduce the risk of developing T2DM in at risk population. LSI with modest goals of weight loss and physical activity is safe, cost saving and prevents or delays the onset of diabetes, even after discontinuation of the treatment providing long term benefits. A Considerable effort from well-trained, multidisciplinary staff is needed to achieve these modest goals. For patients who are unable to achieve the lifestyle goals or those who progress to T2DM despite being on LSI, pharmacological intervention has shown to be effective, especially in younger obese patients. Adverse effects with pharmacological intervention were common. Conclusion: Strong evidence exists for the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle and pharmacological intervention. LSI with weight loss and increased physical activity are safe, costeffective and are currently recommended for the prevention of diabetes.
NORTH-SOUTH IMBALANCES: A SPATIAL GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH

In Italy, convergence of laggard Southern areas towards the levels of development reached by Northern regions has been at the forefront of the policy agenda for decades (see Braunerhjelm et al., 2000), but no visible results have been achieved (see Bank of Italy, 2008). In 2007, per capita GDP in the South was less than 60 per cent of that in the rest of Italy, actually lower than thirty years ago. The differences are particularly striking in the labour market where, in the early Nineties, the Southern unemployment rate reached levels as much as three times the Northern rate. Meanwhile, surveys of the quality of life in Italian cities consistently confirm the dramatic divide between the North and the South.
Reply to Anonymous Reader ’ s Comments on “ Cross-Country Growth Empirics and Model Uncertainty : An Overview ” by Bülent Ulas

Firstly, I would like to thank the anonymous reader (AR) for helpful comments and criticism. Before replying to the AR’s comments, I want to emphasise a few points about the objective and scope of the paper. As stated in the introduction, following two path-breaking studies by Barro (1991) and Mankiw, Romer and Weil (MRW, 1992), the empirical cross-country growth literature blossomed. The prominent aspect of these papers is that they derive a basic cross-country growth specification for the subsequent empirical research. Almost all studies in this era used either the Barro approach or the MRW specification and concluded many different results on causes of economic growth and cross-country growth differentials. However, the MRW specification differs from the Barro approach in some aspects. The most important difference is that while the Barro approach is based partly on ad hoc specification, MRW derive the basic linear cross-country growth regression in a purely theoretical basis. In other words, theoretical foundation of basic linear growth specification was firstly introduced in MRW. Since this point is sometimes neglected in the literature, my first aim in this survey is to emphasize the MRW approach as the analytical basis of the recent cross-country studies and to discuss its main shortcomings. My objective is neither to review theories of economic growth nor to summarise the findings of empirical cross-country growth literature. Due to the obvious reasons, discussing this voluminous literature is not appropriate and possible in this overview. It is fair to say that this overview is selective and naturally many important issues are missing. Therefore, as referring the readers to related studies, I have only touched some important
Direct estimation of Byram’s fire intensity from infrared remote sensing imagery

Byram’s fire intensity (IB,tot; kWm–1) is one the most important and widely accepted metrics for quantifying wildfire behaviour. Calculation of IB,tot requires measurement of fuel consumption, heat of combustion and rate of spread; existing methods for obtaining these measurements are either inexact or at times impossible to obtain in the field. This paper presents and evaluates a series of remote sensing methods for directly deriving radiative fire intensity (IB,rad; kWm–1) using the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) approach applied to thermal infrared imagery of spreading vegetation fires. Comparisons between the remote sensing data and ground-sampled measurements were used to evaluate the various estimates of IB,tot, and to determine the radiative fraction (radF) of a fire’s emitted energy. Results indicate that the IB,tot along an advancing flame front can be reasonably estimated (and agrees with traditional methods of estimation (R2=0.34–0.73)) from appropriately collected time-series of remote sensing imagery without the need for ground sampling or ancillary data. We further estimate that the radF of the fire’s emitted energy varies between 0.15 and 0.20 depending on the method of calculation, which is similar to previous estimates.
Consumer-Oriented Product Development: The Conceptualization of Novel Food Products Based on Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and Resulting Consumer Expectations

The world population is steadily growing and the demand for protein increases along with it, yet our planetary resources are finite. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is an underutilized protein source suitable for human nutrition, and little is known about the use of spirulina as a food and the associated consumer opinion. New product development (NPD) requires early and active participation of consumers for the success of new products; therefore, a mixed method approach was applied to conceptualize (sensory profiling of spirulina extrudates and expert interviews) and then evaluate consumer’s willingness to try (consumer survey) three innovative products: pasta filled with spirulina, maki-sushi filled with spirulina, and spirulina jerky. To evaluate the consumer orientation towards novel, spirulina-based products, 1035 consumers from three countries (GER,n=348; FR,n=337; NL,n=350) were surveyed regarding their hedonic opinion about these concepts. A photo of each product was systematically accompanied by a benefit description covering health, sustainability, or innovation. Each consumer sequentially evaluated three combinations thereof (Latin square design). A multilevel model was used to analyze consumers’ responses regarding novelty, interest, overall liking, and expected flavor liking. Overall, spirulina-filled pasta was identified as the most preferred product. Mediation analysis revealed that this could be partly explained by familiarity with products in that category (i.e., pasta more than sushi and jerky). In conclusion, all spirulina product concepts would work equally well, if pasta, sushi, and jerky were similarly familiar to the target consumer population. All tested benefits were equally accepted with each product, with the exception that spirulina jerky would have to be marketed as being innovative. Country differences can be neglected.
Synthetic Methods for Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Review

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) semiconductor nanoparticles are one kind of important and promising photocatalysts in photocatalysis because of their unique optical and electronic properties. Their properties, which are determined by the preparation method, are very crucial in photocatalysis. In this chapter, an overview was carried out on the different methods that are used or have been used to prepare titanium dioxide nanoparticles. There are various methods that can be used to synthesize TiO 2 and the most commonly used methods include sol-gel process, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrother- mal method among others. This review will focus on selected preparation methods of titanium dioxide photocatalyst.