Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Realization of a Generalized Switched-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter Topology with Less Switch Requirement

Conventional multilevel inverter topologies like neutral point clamped (NPC), flying capacitor (FC), and cascade H bridge (CHB) are employed in the industry but require a large number of switches and passive and active components for the generation of a higher number of voltage levels. Consequently, the cost and complexity of the inverter increases. In this work, the basic unit of a switched capacitor topology was generalized utilizing a cascaded H-bridge structure for realizing a switched-capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI). The proposed generalized MLI can generate a significant number of output voltage levels with a lower number of components. The operation of symmetric and asymmetric configurations was shown with 13 and 31 level output voltage generation, respectively. Self-capacitor voltage balancing and boosting capability are the key features of the proposed SCMLI structure. The nearest level control modulation scheme was employed for controlling and regulating the output voltage. Based on the longest discharging time, the optimum value of capacitance was also calculated. A generalized formula for the generation of higher voltage levels was also derived. The proposed model was simulated in the MATLAB®/Simulink 2016a environment. Simulation results were validated with the hardware implementation.
Community structure of coral reef zooplankton in Isla del Coco National Park, a natural World Heritage site in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Introduction: Zooplankton is a major link between primary producers and the following trophic levels, and in coral reefs they represent an energy source for corals and involve complex assemblies integrating a wide variety of species form different functional groups. Objective: To define interannual changes in zooplankton assemblies in coral reefs of Isla del Coco. Methods: Three coral reefs system were sampled. Two or three samples were taken by surface horizontal trawls in each coral reef from 2009 to 2012, using conical zooplankton nets of 200 and 500 μm mesh sizes at different times of the day. Physical and chemical variables were measured before zooplankton sampling. Results: We identified 24 taxonomic groups of macrozooplankton and 22 of mesozooplankton. Copepods were the most abundant taxa (87.1%) of the total abundance of mesozooplankton and macrozooplakton (58.9%); however, chaetognaths (35.6%) exceeded copepods (35.4%) in abundance in macrozooplankton samples during 2011. Mesozooplankton samples showed higher abundance (68753.2±9123.2 ind m-3) and biomass (85.14±11.3 mg DW m-3) than macrozooplankton samples (4454.9±751.0 ind m-3, 22.8±3.8 mg DW m-3). The interannual macrozooplankton community structure did not change significantly (ANOVA, p=0.368), but did change for mesozooplankton (ANOVA, p=0.001). Variations in physical and chemical variables influenced the community structure for both meso and macrozooplankton, increasing or decreasing organism abundance. Conclusions: Coral reef zooplankton of Isla del Coco resembles that of other coral reefs under the influence of oceanic conditions, with a fauna formed mainly by calanoid copepods, chaetognaths and appendicularians, and depending on oceanographic conditions, the abundance of these groups can change.
Floater strategies and dynamics in birds, and their importance in conservation biology: towards an understanding of nonbreeders in avian populations

Over the past 40 years, the study of animal populations has shifted from a relatively simple science that assumed the most crucial regulating mechanisms were the intrinsic properties of breeders, to a more complex and refined discipline that reflects a greater understanding of populations and their dynamics. Part of this shift has been the explicit recognition of the importance of a previously overlooked nonbreeding component of animal populations, the so‐called floaters. Here we review and discuss the various effects that pools of floaters can have on the structure, dynamics and persistence of bird populations. Under some circumstances floaters can be both active intruders that can alter the breeding performance and behavioural traits of territory owners, as well as secretive presences reducing the extinction risk of populations. Floaters are crucial elements in conservation biology, and knowledge of their behaviour and dynamics in avian communities can be a key factor in the success of conservation strategies. Firstly, larger pools of floaters are associated with more stable breeding populations, even in cases where breeding output could be impacted through interference by floaters. Secondly, the effects of habitat loss and mortality rates are frequently ignored in areas where floaters settle, and consequently conservation measures tend to overlook these sites, potentially leading to increased risks of mortality among floaters. Thirdly, because an increase in the proportion of juveniles in the breeding component of a population may be because of increased pre‐adult and/or adult mortality rates, a change in the age of breeders has the potential to function as a warning of an imminent decline in breeding populations. Most population studies have only considered the breeding components of animal populations, so it is time now to focus attention on the floater component, wherein the solution to many conservation issues may be found.
Absolute Centroid Location of Submarine Earthquakes from 3D Waveform Modeling of Water Reverberations

Oceanic transform faults (OTFs) represent an attractive tectonic environment to investigate how slip is accommodated within the crust. However, as most of these fault systems grow in the deep ocean, where few local seismic observations are available, characterizing their earthquake behavior is complicated and remains a formidable challenge. Here we present a novel approach for retrieving precise centroid locations of submarine earthquakes that is based on the modeling of water phases in teleseismic records. Using a hybrid method for simulating far‐field body waves with 3D source‐side structures, we demonstrate that the scattered energy generated by the continuous bounces of an earthquake's P‐wave trapped in the ocean is modelable and carries information about its source location. As a case study, we use a realistic bathymetry model of the Gofar transform fault on the East Pacific Rise and simulate the seismic wavefield at US Array stations for four of its moderate‐sized (Mw5.0+) earthquakes. Our modeling results show that water phases are sensitive to a ∼5 km change in the earthquake's horizontal location and that a remarkable agreement between observed and synthetic water phases is achieved when the location of an event is close to its true one. We then relocate three of these events by systematically computing their water phases in candidate locations until a satisfactory waveform fit is achieved. This analysis technique paves a new route for studying earthquake source properties in isolated marine environments and serves as a mean to investigate the seismic behavior of OTFs on a global scale.
Radiation Balance Components of Maize Hybrids Grown at Various Plant Densities

Components of the energy and heat balances were examined in two maize hybrids grown at three different plant densities (40, 70 and 100 thousand plants per hectare). One of the hybrids was drought tolerant, while the other was bred for cultivation under irrigated conditions. An increase in plant density influenced not only the size of the leaf area, but also the distribution of the leaves at various plant heights. The extinction coefficient, which provides a quantification of radiation penetration, was higher in the irrigated treatments. By contrast to the other two treatments, the plant canopy in the thinly sown stands remained open throughout the vegetation period, and thus behaved quite differently to the closed stands, making it impossible to compare them. Smaller albedo values were recorded for the hybrid bred for irrigation and in thinly sown stands. The low plant density allowed more energy to reach the soil, from which it was reflected, making a considerable contribution to the final temperature in the stand. The latent heat, in keeping with the quantity of water transpired, was the greatest in the densely sown stands. There was little difference between the latent heat values of the normal and dense stands in either hybrid, indicating that they both had a similar sensitivity to increased stand density. If sufficient water is available it would appear that the stand density could be increased even for the drought-tolerant hybrid.
Language Model and Grammatical Constraints on Code-Switching in The Case of Bahasa Indonesia-Chinese

Code-switching refers to the process of mixing different language features within a single passage that may cause a contrasting effect. This study aims to reveal the grammatical constraints on intra-sentential code-switching in the case of Bahasa Indonesia-Chinese by collecting the data of code-switching of 14 Indonesian students in Tianjin. The result finds that The language model in the case of Bahasa Indonesia-Chinese code-switching shows that Bahasa Indonesia is the dominant language for most cases. However, the switched with the same structure with Chinese, and have the same frequent occurrence of morpheme cannot be assigned into the ML and EL, only switched cases with system morpheme, and Bahasa Indonesia is the frequent morphemes can be accounted into ML or EL. The cases of switched sentences between the aspect of time and verb answer the assumption that a switch may occur even at the surface structure of the participant languages that do not map onto each other. Moreover, the free morpheme constraint analysis using the minimalist program, the bound morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia that denote determiner and possessive, can be cut from its position to project the maximal projection in VP, and still, retain a free morpheme. This finding does not violate the free morpheme constraint theory. However, the passive form switched shows that a switch occurs between bound morpheme and the lexical. The bound morpheme cannot be cut and retain a free morpheme. The switched sentences that are analyzed by the minimalist program, moreover, the result finds that when the bound morpheme cut from its position to retain a free morpheme, it falls under the lower constituent under PP. Keywords: Code-switching, the grammatical constraints, language model on code switching, bahasa Indonesia-Chinese, the matrix language frame model, the minimalist program l DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/66-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2020
Regularly drinking desert birds have greater evaporative cooling capacity and higher heat tolerance limits than non‐drinking species

42 ABSTRACT 44 Surface water is a critical resource for many birds inhabiting arid regions, but 45 the implications of regular drinking and dependence on surface water for the 46 evolution of thermal physiology remain largely unexplored. We hypothesized 47 that avian thermoregulation in the heat has evolved in tandem with the use of 48 surface water and predicted that a) regularly-drinking species have a greater 49 capacity to elevate rates of evaporative water loss (EW L) compared to non- 50 drinking species, and b) heat tolerance limits are higher among drinking species. 51 To test these predictions, we quantified thermoregulatory responses to high air 52 temperature ( T a ) in 12 species of passerines from the South African arid zone 53 and combined these with published values for an additional four species. We 54 categorized each species as either: a) water-dependent, regularly-drinking, or b) 55 water-independent, occasional-/non-drinking. In support of our predictions, both 56 conventional and phylogenetically-independent analyses revealed that 57 evaporative scope (the ratio of maximum evaporative water loss (EWL) to 58 minimum thermoneutral EWL values) during acute heat exposure was 59 significantly higher among drinking species. Moreover, evaporative scope was 60 significantly and positively related to heat tolerance limits (i.e., maximum air 61 temperature tolerated before the onset of severe hyperthermia). These findings offer new insights into the coevolution of water dependence, movement ecology and thermal physiology avoidance and resistance to lethal hyperthermia hot desert habitats. KE YWORDS fork-tailed drongos and crimson-breasted shrikes (CBS; Laniarius atrococcineus broadly divisible into regular drinkers and occasional/non-drinkers. A threshold T max value for each species was estimated following the approach of Conradie et al. (2019), by fitting a polynomial curve to hourly air temperature ( T a ) on the ten hottest days between 2000 and 2010 in the southern Kalahari, and estimating cumulative evaporative water losses (EWL) between 12:00 and 17:00. For each species, the generic T a curve was shifted upwards until cumulative EWL reached 15 % of body mass, with the corresponding T max value considered the threshold for lethal dehydration for that species. The difference between HTL and the threshold (i.e., for lethal hyperthermia and dehydration), revealing that, on average, difference is larger for drinking compared to non-drinking species.
An Analysis of Students’ Cognitive Bias in Experimental Activities Following a Lab Manual

The purpose of this study is to develop a thinking process model that reveals cognitive bias through analyzing students’ cognitive biases in processing experimental manuals. Twenty-two college students participated in the study. During the “making electromagnets” experimental activity, we collected students’ concurrent verbal protocols, gaze positions, and experimental behaviors. After the experiment, we collected their retrospective verbal protocols and ensured reliability by diversifying the data. The collected data were analyzed inductively using the grounded theory methodology. The results showed that four categories of paradigm (causal conditions, phenomena, interactions, and contextual conditions) and fifteen concepts were derived. Students displayed bias in following the manual instructions due to the influence of causal conditions. When embodying biased representations as workspace entities, biased responses come from the influence of contextual conditions. Therefore, these can be developed in consideration of causal and contextual conditions when developing a manual, thereby reducing cognitive bias among students, and ultimately helping them perform accurate experiments.
Autophagy and organelle turnover in Leishmania major

Leishmania are parasitic protozoa of medical and veterinary importance. They exist in various developmental forms that are morphologically and metabolically adapted to the different environmental conditions encountered as they are transferred between the insect vector and the mammalian host. Differentiation between developmental forms requires considerable cellular remodelling, which is associated with increased protein turnover. Autophagy is known to be important for this protein turnover, and thus for the successful differentiation and virulence of Leishmania. Autophagy is a eukaryotic intracellular degradation mechanism that targets long lived proteins and organelles to the lysosome. As well as non-selective bulk degradation of cytoplasm and its contents, autophagy can be a selective process in which specific organelles or protein aggregates are targeted. The major autophagy pathway is macroautophagy, which is characterised by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes that sequester cargo and traffic it to the lysosome to be degraded. Autophagosome biogenesis is regulated by ATG proteins, including the ubiquitin-like protein ATG8, which is thought to control the expansion of the autophagic vesicle. Leishmania appear to be unique in that they possess four classes of ATG8-like proteins: ATG8, ATG8A, ATG8B and ATG8C. Although ATG8 is known to be present on autophagosomes, the functions of the other ATG8-like proteins are not well understood. The aims of this project were to study the cargoes that might be degraded in L. major autophagosomes, as well as the further characterisation of ATG8A, ATG8B and ATG8C. Using fluorescently labelled ATG8 as an autophagosome marker no co-localisation was observed with fluorescent proteins labelling acidocalcisomes, the flagellum, or the mitochondrion in promastigotes, indicating that these organelles are not autophagic cargo during normal growth or under starvation conditions. In contrast, glycosomes, which are peroxisome-like organelles that compartmentalise metabolic enzymes, were found to be cargo in ~19 % of autophagosomes in procyclic promastigotes. These were trafficked to the lysosome for degradation. Autophagy increases during differentiation or starvation, yet the percentage of autophagosomes containing glycosomes remained constant, indicating that increased turnover of glycosomes
Characteristics of the relative sampling error and its application to flux aggregation in eddy covariance measurements

Using eddy covariance ( EC ) measurements, exchanges of energy, water, and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem have been studied worldwide. EC measurements fundamentally operate under the hypotheses of stationarity and ergodicity. However, these hypotheses are disturbed in the real world by various factors generated by varying atmospheric and land surface conditions. The relative sampling error ̶ a parameter quantifying this disturbance estimated by the average convergence in a time series ̶ from a tangerine orchard is investigated to determine its range in the real world, and its capabilities as a quality parameter for EC measurements. Our results showed that the relative sampling error ranges from 5 % to infinity and displays a close relationship with the integral turbulence characteristic as a function of atmospheric stability. Therefore, we suggest that the relative sampling error represents a quality parameter for EC measurements and can be a weighting factor for statistical aggregations of exchanges observed by EC measurements.
Value-based clinical trials: selecting trial lengths and recruitment rates in different regulatory contexts

Health systems are placing increasing emphasis on improving the design and operation of clinical trials, with a view to increasing the rate of innovation and adoption of health technologies in a value-based world. We present a value-based, Bayesian decision-theoretic model of a two-armed clinical trial and health technology adoption decision in which the recruitment rate and duration of the recruitment period are optimised. We account for a wide range of regulatory and practical contexts, addressing questions of how health is valued (considering discounting, the horizon of an adoption decision, and the endogenisation of outcomes for patients in the trial), and the state of clinical practice prior to commencement of the trial (we consider both exploratory trials for pharmaceutical research and pragmatic trials which compare technologies currently in use). We apply the model using research and treatment cost data from an existing trial and health technology assessment and challenge traditional perceptions concerning the efficiency, length and knowledge that may be gained from clinical research when trial teams are charged with delivering value efficiently.
Kobold: Evaluating Decentralized Access Control for Remote NSXPC Methods on iOS

Apple uses several access control mechanisms to prevent third party applications from directly accessing security sensitive resources, including sandboxing and file access control. However, third party applications may also indirectly access these resources using inter-process communication (IPC) with system daemons. If these daemons fail to properly enforce access control on IPC, confused deputy vulnerabilities may result. Identifying such vulnerabilities begins with an enumeration of all IPC services accessible to third party applications. However, the IPC interfaces and their corresponding access control policies are unknown and must be reverse engineered at a large scale. In this paper, we present the Kobold framework to study NSXPC-based system services using a combination of static and dynamic analysis. Using Kobold, we discovered multiple NSXPC services with confused deputy vulnerabilities and daemon crashes. Our findings include the ability to activate the microphone, disable access to all websites, and leak private data stored in iOS File Providers.
The Communal Consumer: Longitudinal Evidence for the Distinction between Nurturing and Affiliative Motives

Consumer behavior is influenced by both consumers’ chronic motivations and salient environmental or situational cues. Consequently, marketers are in interested in knowing how naturally occurring phenomena alter the salience of different cues and interact with consumers’ chronic motivations. This work uses the context of prosocial spending to understand how two distinct communal motivations—nurturing and affiliative—are responsive to different salient cues. First, we use the Communal and Agentic Motives with Standards scale to measure consumers’ chronic nurturing and affiliative motives. Second, we leverage longitudinal designs to capture the salience of different environmental and situational cues and demonstrate how consumers’ chronic motivations interact with these cues in a dynamic and systematic way. Specifically, consumers with strong nurturing motives increased prosocial spending when cues related to compassion were salient. In contrast, consumers with strong affiliative motives increased prosocial spending when cues related to the value of relationships were salient.