Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 Polymer Microbead-Templated Nanostructures

In this chapter, nanostructures templated by polymer microbead, which is usually made of polystyrene with a diameter range of 300 nm–1 μm, are reviewed. We first focus on formation of the microbead monolayer in terms of the driving force for self-assembly, the junction among the neighbouring microbeads and the uniformity of microbead monolayer. Then, we discuss applications of microbead monolayer as a template for nanostructure fabrication. Because the assembled monolayer features an ordered structure scaling up to centimetre (cm) size, microbead-templated nanostructures also show an ordered arrangement in cm size, which is attractively simple and can be achieved in common laboratories. From the microbead monolayer template, the subsequent fabrication approaches include electrochemical deposition, sputter coating deposition, plasma etching, annealing, wet etching and dry etching as well. The templating targets include metals, semiconductors, polymers, and nano-moieties such as nanobeads and nanocubes. Various types of nanostructure have been fabricated using these approaches individually or by combining them to increase the flexibility of fabrication. Controllable and ordered nanostructures have been achieved by adjusting the fabrication parameters. Finally, we review the application of nanostructures templated by the polymer microbeads, particularly as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. We demonstrate approaches for identifying the position of the hot spot and how to achieve single-molecule detection. C. Fang (&) Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia e-mail: cheng.fang@newcastle.edu. au Y. Tang School of Computer Science Engineering and Mathematics, Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia e-mail: youhong.tang@flinders.edu. au © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 Z. Lin et al. (eds.), Polymer-Engineered Nanostructures for Advanced Energy Applications, Engineering Materials and Processes, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57003-7_2 31
"Heavy Electron" Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Rotationally Resolved Ion Pair Imaging of CH3+

We applied the velocity map imaging technique under high-resolution conditions to study ion pair products of the vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation of methyl chloride. We obtained rotationally resolved kinetic energy release spectra that directly provide vibrational frequencies and rotational constants of the fundamental carbocation, CH3 +. The technique is analogous to photoelectron spectroscopy, with the chloride anion playing the role of a “heavy electron. ” The approach shows promise as a general probe of ionic species not amenable to study by traditional methods.
Measurement based PPStream client behavior analysis

PPStream is one of the most popular p2p media streaming applications. Our early study finds the design philosophy for both PPStream and PPLive is different. As a preliminary study for further deeply modeling, in this paper we try to study PPStream client behavior based on our recent measurement dataset. The report focuses on several aspects of peer: some specific mechanisms applied in the new version of PPStream client; overlay network environment of the system including the round-trip time, packet loss and replication; the concurrency of sessions, fetching buffer blocks and chunks; the chunk fetching behavior as well as the reciprocity between our client and its neighbors. We think our finds and discussions are of great values to further studies for researchers.
Vertical jump coordination: fatigue effects.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the segmental coordination of vertical jumps under fatigue of the knee extensor and flexor muscles. METHODS Eleven healthy and active subjects performed maximal vertical jumps with and without fatigue, which was imposed by requesting the subjects to extend/flex their knees continuously in a weight machine, until they could not lift a load corresponding to approximately 50% of their body weight. Knee extensor and flexor isokinetic peak torques were also measured before and after fatigue. Video, ground reaction forces, and electromyographic data were collected simultaneously and used to provide several variables of the jumps. RESULTS Fatiguing the knee flexor muscles did not reduce the height of the jumps or induce changes in the kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic profiles. Knee extensor fatigue caused the subjects to adjust several variables of the movement, in which the peak joint angular velocity, peak joint net moment, and power around the knee were reduced and occurred earlier in comparison with the nonfatigued jumps. The electromyographic data analyses indicated that the countermovement jumps were performed similarly, i.e., a single strategy was used, irrespective of which muscle group (extensor or flexors) or the changes imposed on the muscle force-generating characteristics (fatigue or nonfatigue). The subjects executed the movements as if they scaled a robust template motor program, which guided the movement execution in all jump conditions. It was speculated that training programs designed to improve jump height performance should avoid severe fatigue levels, which may cause the subjects to learn and adopt a nonoptimal and nonspecific coordination solution. CONCLUSION It was suggested that the neural input used in the fatigued condition did not constitute an optimal solution and may have played a role in decreasing maximal jump height achievement.
HLA-DRB4 as a genetic risk factor for Churg-Strauss syndrome.

OBJECTIVE To explore the association between HLA alleles and Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), and to investigate the potential influence of HLA alleles on the clinical spectrum of the disease. METHODS Low-resolution genotyping of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR loci and genotyping of TNFA -238A/G and TNFA -308A/G single-nucleotide polymorphisms were performed in 48 consecutive CSS patients and 350 healthy controls. RESULTS The frequency of the HLA-DRB1*07 allele was higher in the CSS patients than in controls (27.1% versus 13.3%; chi(2) = 12.64, P = 0.0003, corrected P [P(corr)] = 0.0042, odds ratio [OR] 2.42, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.47-3.99). The HLA-DRB4 gene, present in subjects carrying either HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*07, or HLA-DRB1*09 alleles, was also far more frequent in patients than in controls (38.5% versus 20.1%; chi(2) = 16.46, P = 0.000058, P(corr) = 0.000232, OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.58-3.09). Conversely, the frequency of the HLA-DRB3 gene was lower in patients than in controls (35.4% versus 50.4%; chi(2) = 7.62, P = 0.0057, P(corr) = 0.0228, OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35-0.84). CSS has 2 major clinical subsets, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive, with features of small-vessel vasculitis, and ANCA-negative, in which organ damage is mainly mediated by tissue eosinophilic infiltration; analysis of HLA-DRB4 in patients categorized by different numbers of vasculitic manifestations (purpura, alveolar hemorrhage, mononeuritis multiplex, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and constitutional symptoms) showed that its frequency strongly correlated with the number of vasculitis symptoms (P for trend = 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that HLA-DRB4 is a genetic risk factor for the development of CSS and increases the likelihood of development of vasculitic manifestations of the disease.
Should the ‘C’ in ‘ABCDE’ Be Altered to Reflect the Trend towards Hypotensive Resuscitation?

Background: Fluid resuscitation of trauma victims currently differs, depending on whether the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) or Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support (BATLS) algorithm is utilised. Resuscitation protocol depends on the situation of the patient before definitive surgical control of the haemorrhage can be achieved, that is, in the prehospital phase (the urban, rural or battlefield setting) or in the emergency room. The principle difference is between hypotensive (PHTLS and BATLS, in the prehospital phase) and normotensive (ATLS, in the emergency room) resuscitation. The aim of this review was to determine if there is sufficient evidence to consider altering the ATLS resuscitation algorithm to a hypotensive model prior to definitive surgical control of haemorrhage. Method: A literature review was conducted of the experimental and clinical evidence for hypotensive resuscitation. Results: Uncontrolled haemorrhage models are too severe. They do not realistically mimic — And their results cannot easily be extrapolated into — Clinical scenarios. One important clinical trial, inspired by these experimental models, has rightly influenced resuscitation of shocked prehospital patients towards a ‘scoop and run’ approach and permissive hypotension but it is specific to patients with penetrating trauma alone. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to alter the current ATLS algorithm in the emergency room in favour of hypotensive resuscitation. The future of resuscitation is considered.
The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of disability in the United States. With an aging population, its incidence is only likely to rise. Articular cartilage has a poor capacity to heal. The advent of regenerative medicine has heralded a new approach to early treatment of degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis by focusing on regenerating damaged tissue rather than focusing on replacement. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is one such treatment that has received much recent attention and has been used particularly for tendon healing. Recent studies have focused on assessing its use on degenerative conditions such as OA. In this article, we review the evidence for the pathologic basis for the use of PRP in OA and also the clinical outcomes pertaining to its use. Finally, we also consider reasons for the inconsistent clinical success pertaining to its use.
The minimum trace regularization approach in electromagnetics: Theory and perspectives

Inverse electromagnetic problems often involve linear operators with almost finite rank. The aim of this contribution is to introduce a method able to estimate the linear operator also in presence of not complete knowledge of the operator itself using the ‘matrix completion’ approach developed in computer science and signal processing. A simple example regarding free-space radiation operator is discussed in order to clarify the method.
Central South Pacific thermocline water circulation from a high‐resolution ocean model validated against satellite data: Seasonal variability and El Niño 1997–1998 influence

[1] The oceanic circulation in French Polynesia, central South Pacific, is investigated based on a high-resolution model validated with satellite data. We focus on the upper 500 m, where ocean current variability has been barely documented due to a lack of in situ measurements. Seasonal and El Nino–Southern Oscillation 1997–1999 variability of surface and subsurface currents are characterized. In the north, the South Equatorial Current (SEC) follows a seasonal cycle with winter enhancement corresponding to trade wind strengthening. During summer, the SEC slows and the eastward South Equatorial Countercurrent (SECC) appears across the domain north of an upward Ekman pumping region related to the South Pacific Convergence Zone development in the area. Around the Marquesas Islands, a wind curl dipole is suspected to create westward and eastward (Marquesas Countercurrent, MCC) jets. The eastward Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) is found south of 20°S. It is disturbed by eddies and broken into westward and eastward branches. During El Nino 1997–1998, due to the reversed winds in the equatorial band, the SEC weakened, while eastward countercurrents appeared. The SECC reinforced and moved northeastward in summer 1998. During La Nina 1998–1999, following the trade wind enhancement, the SEC strengthened. The countercurrents weakened or disappeared and the SECC moved southwestward in summer 1999. During both El Nino and La Nina events, the STCC eddy activity strengthened, while the MCC and associated westward jet were absent. These variations and their dynamical origins are discussed, and a coherent picture of the French Polynesian current system and its variations is proposed.
Elimination of Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract Objective: To study the efficacy of mupirocin for the elimination of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in hemodialysis patients. Design: The efficacy of mupirocin was studied in a prospectively followed cohort. The effect of this intervention on the rate of S aureus bacteremia was evaluated using a historic control group. Setting: Patients on the hemodialysis unit of the University Hospital Rotterdam, a tertiary referral center. Patients: The study group consisted of consecutive patients on hemodialysis from February 1, 1992, until November 1, 1993. They were screened by taking nasal cultures monthly during their time on hemodialysis. If S aureus was isolated, treatment with mupirocin nasal ointment was initiated. The control group consisted of patients treated on the same hemodialysis unit from January 1, 1990, until January 1, 1992. Results: The study group consisted of 226 patients, of whom 172 were evaluated to determine the efficacy of mupirocin. Sixty-seven (39%) were identified as nasal carriers. Following the initial treatment, 66 nasal cultures (98.5%) became negative. After 3 months and 6 months, respectively, 63 (94%) and 61 (91%) of the treated carriers had negative cultures. The rate of bacteremia (defined as the number of episodes of 5 aureus bacteremia per patient-year on hemodialysis) was significantly lower among the 226 patients in the study group (0.04 per patient-year) than among the 273 patients in the control group (0.25 per patient year; P <.001). Development of resistance and adverse effects were not observed. Conclusions: Mupirocin nasal ointment effectively eliminates nasal carriage of 5 aureus in patients on hemodialysis. This was associated with a significant reduction of the incidence of 5 aureus bacteremia, as compared to historic controls.
Compact Figures in Digital Pictures

The square of the perimeter of a figure divided by its area P2/A is a classical measure of the noncompactness of the figure. In Euclidean geometry, P2/A is always at least 4? , and takes on this minimum value only if the figure is a circle; larger values correspond to figures that are less compact than circles. In digital pictures, however, certain squares or octagons? depending on how P is measured? yield smaller values than do digitized circles. Thus for digital pictures, though P2/A may be useful as a practical measure of noncompactness, it possesses certain pathological features of which users should be aware.
Physical Activity into the Meal Glucose—Insulin Model of Type 1 Diabetes: In Silico Studies

Introduction: A simulation model of a glucose—insulin system accounting for physical activity is needed to reliably simulate normal life conditions, thus accelerating the development of an artificial pancreas. In fact, exercise causes a transient increase of insulin action and may lead to hypoglycemia. However, physical activity is difficult to model. In the past, it was described indirectly as a rise in insulin. Recently, a new parsimonious model of exercise effect on glucose homeostasis has been proposed that links the change in insulin action and glucose effectiveness to heart rate (HR). The aim of this study was to plug this exercise model into our recently proposed large-scale simulation model of glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes to better describe normal life conditions. Methods: The exercise model describes changes in glucose—insulin dynamics in two phases: a rapid on-and-off change in insulin-independent glucose clearance and a rapid-on/slow-off change in insulin sensitivity. Three candidate models of glucose effectiveness and insulin sensitivity as a function of HR have been considered, both during exercise and recovery after exercise. By incorporating these three models into the type 1 diabetes model, we simulated different levels (from mild to moderate) and duration of exercise (15 and 30 minutes), both in steady-state (e.g., during euglycemic—hyperinsulinemic clamp) and in nonsteady state (e.g., after a meal) conditions. Results: One candidate exercise model was selected as the most reliable. Conclusions: A type 1 diabetes model also describing physical activity is proposed. The model represents a step forward to accurately describe glucose homeostasis in normal life conditions; however, further studies are needed to validate it against data.
Mean Beck Depression Inventory–II Scores by Severity of Major Depressive Episode

The Beck Depression Inventory–II total scores of 35 (14%) outpatients who were diagnosed with a mild DSM–IV Major Depressive Episode (MDE), 144 (55%) outpatients with a moderate MDE, and 81 (31%) outpatients with a severe MDE were compared. The mean BDI–II total scores were, respectively, 18 (SD = 8, 99% CI 12–23), 27 (SD = 10, 99% CI 24–29), and 34 (SD = 10, 99% CI 30–37) (F2,257 = 33.25, p < .001). The mean BDI–II total score of the outpatients with a severe specifier was significantly higher than the mean BDI–II total score of the outpatients with a moderate specifier which was, in turn, significantly higher than the mean BDI–II total score of the outpatients with a mild specifier.
Coping with interoperability and sustainability in cultural heritage aggregative data infrastructures

The Cultural Heritage CH community is one of the most active in the realisation of Aggregative Data Infrastructures ADIs. ADIs provide tools to integrate data sources to form uniform and richer information spaces. The realisation of ADIs for CH must be based on technology capable of coping with complex interoperability issues and sustainability issues. In this paper, we present the D-NET software toolkit framework and services, devised for the realisation of sustainable and customisable ADIs. In particular, we demonstrate the effectiveness of D-NET in the CH scenario by describing its usage in the realisation of a real-case ADI for the EC project Heritage of the People's Europe HOPE. The HOPE ADI uses D-NET to implement a two-phase metadata conversion methodology that addresses data interoperability issues while facilitating sustainability by encouraging participation of data sources.
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation for Electromagnetic Loop in China Ultra-high Voltage Grid

In initial period of ultra-high voltage grid, 1000kV/500kV loops, perhaps even 1000kV/500kV/ 220kV loops, will turn up. The hazards caused by electromagnetic loop are discussed from two sides involving power transfer and short-circuit current level. Multi-level electromagnetic loop of North and Central China power grid in the planning year 2010 are analyzed. A method combining analytic hierarchy process with fuzzy logic theory is employed to comprehensively evaluate opening schemes for electromagnetic loop. Evaluation results indicate that multi-level electromagnetic loops should be avoided by opening extra-high/high voltage loops promptly. Furthermore, it’s also necessary to open ultra-high/extra-high voltage loops reasonably.
Characterisation of gradual itemsets based on mathematical morphology tools

Gradual itemsets of the form " the more/less A, the more/less B " summarise data through the description of their internal tendencies, identified as correlation between attribute values. This paper proposes to characterise gradual itemsets, enriching them with an additional clause introduced by the linguistic expression " especially if " : they are of the form " the more/less A, the more/less B, especially if J ∈ R " , where J is a set of attributes occurring in A ∪ B and R is a set of intervals defined for each attribute in J. The method proposed to automatically extract characterised gradual itemsets is based on appropriate mathematical morphology tools. The paper illustrates the relevance of the proposed approach on a real data set.
Case Study of Broadband Multimeasurement Streamer and Multilevel Source Seismic Data from the North Sea

We present a case study of the Edvard Grieg field in the North Sea covering a seismic survey acquired using a multimeasurement towed streamer system to provide a high-quality broadband image, with improved seismic interpretation at target and a high resolution representation of shallow subsurface. Analysis of the individual measurements demonstrates the high fidelity pressure (P) component, with a good signal-to-noise separation on both the vertical (Pz) and the crossline horizontal (Py) pressure gradient measurements. The three components are used for the purpose of wavefield reconstruction by joint deghosting and crossline reconstruction. Images and spectra of the wavefield reconstruction results are presented, including comparison with deghosting using only pressure and vertical particle velocity (Vz). A high-resolution processing sequence through prestack time migration is described, covering the advantages and challenges of processing very densely sampled shot gathers at 6.25 x 6.25m surface grid. The data was migrated with a small isometric subsurface bin, and high-resolution images of the reservoir zone and the shallow surface demonstrate the advantage of the multimeasurement approach and provide data suitable for shallow geohazard analysis.
An Effective Data Mining Technique for the Multi-Class Protein Sequence Classification

One way to understand the molecular mechanism of a cell is to understand the function of each protein encoded in its genome. The function of a protein is largely dependent on the three-dimensional structure the protein assumes after folding. Since the determination of three-dimensional structure experimentally is difficult and expensive, an easier and cheaper approach is for one to look at the primary sequence of a protein and to determine its function by classifying the sequence into the corresponding functional family. In this paper, we propose an effective data mining technique for the multi-class protein sequence classification. For experimentations, the proposed technique has been tested with different sets of protein sequences. Experimental results show that it outperforms other existing protein sequence classifiers and can effectively classify proteins into their corresponding functional families.