Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Employee Stock Options: An Up-and-Out Protected Barrier Call

Abstract A well-known numerical lattice model, widely used to value employee stock options (ESOs), can be interpreted as a variation on the up-and-out protected barrier call, a version of which is valued in closed form by Carr (1995). We clarify that valuation formula and extend it to take account of the reality of possible vesting date exercise by employees.
Exploring the Community Structure of Complex Networks

Regarding complex networks, one of the most relevant problems is to understand and to explore community structure. In particular it is important to define the network organization and the functions associated to the different network partitions. In this context, the idea is to consider some new approaches based on interval data in order to represent the different relevant network components as communities. The method is also useful to represent the network community structure, especially the network hierarchical structure. The application of the methodologies is based on the Italian interlocking directorship network.
A Novel Antidiabetic Food Produced via Solid-State Fermentation of Tartary Buckwheat by L. plantarum TK9 and L. paracasei TK1501

Summary Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia and a number of potential complications that significantly reduce the patient’s quality of life. In this study, we produced an antidiabetic functional food from Tartary buckwheat fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum TK9 and L. paracasei TK1501. The results of an orthogonal experimental design indicated that the three factors with the largest effects on the growth of L. plantarum TK9 and L. paracasei TK1501 in solid-state fermentation (SSF) were in the order: water ratio>inoculum size>time of fermentation. Under the optimal fermentation conditions comprising a 1:1.5 water ratio, 24 h of SSF and a 107 CFU/g inoculum, the Tartary buckwheat fermented by L. plantarum TK9 and L. paracasei TK1501 yielded viable probiotic counts of (2.3±0.7)·109 and (3.3±0.4)·109 CFU/g, respectively. The nutritional potential, as well as antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of ethanolic extracts from fermented Tartary buckwheat were investigated. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of 0.51 mg/mL, was present in Tartary buckwheat fermented by L. plantarum TK9. However, Tartary buckwheat fermented by L. paracasei TK1501 had the highest dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition, with an IC50 of 2.47 mg/mL. Therefore, fermentation by both L. plantarum TK9 and L. paracasei TK1501 has the potential to yield a product that can help regulate the levels of blood glucose as part of a diabetic diet.
Assessment of Carbon Metabolism of Cherry Tomato Fruits: How Does Affects Potassium Biofortification During Crop Cycle at Postharvest Storage?

In the present work, we evaluate the implementation of a K biofortification programme that increases the dose of this macronutrient in the nutrient solution for growing tomatoes. The aim is assess whether this treatment improves the response of fruits to postharvest for 21 days at 4°C. Three K treatments were applied during the crop cycle of the plants: 5, 10, and 15 mM of KCl. The enzymes involved in carbon metabolism and sugar concentration were studied, both on the day of harvest and after 21 days of storage in cold room at 4°C. Similarly, enzymes related to the metabolism of organic acids as well as their concentration were studied. The application of this supplement, aside from increasing K concentration in the fruits, stimulated the sucrose (Suc) degradation by sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity while increasing fructose (Fruc) and glucose (Gluc) as well as raising malate accumulation induced by the activity of PEPC and MDH enzymes during storage of 21 days at 4°C. The KCl treatments could be related to changes in carbon metabolism and suggest a protective role against cold storage, improving the quality of tomato fruits.
The Cost of Bad Parents: Evidence from the Effects of Incarceration on Children’s Education

This paper provides evidence that parental incarceration increases children’s educational attainment. I collect criminal records for 90,000 low-income parents who have been convicted of a crime in Colombia, and combine it with administrative data on the educational attainment of their children. I exploit exogenous variation in parental incarceration resulting from the random assignment of defendants to judges with different propensities to convict and incarcerate. I only observe the set of defendants who were convicted in trial. To learn about the causal effect of incarceration in this sample of convicted parents, I provide a new identification result that extends to settings in which selection invalidates the exogeneity of an instrument. Intuitively, I take advantage of the fact that I can compare children of parents who faced similar judge conviction leniency, but had different incarceration leniency. I find that conditional on conviction, parental incarceration increases education by 0.8 years for children whose parents are on the margin of incarceration. This positive effect is larger for boys, violent crimes, and cases in which the incarcerated parent is the mother. JEL No. I24,J24,K42. ∗I am very grateful for the support, guidance, and encouragement of Adriana Lleras-Muney, Rodrigo Pinto, Sarah Reber, and Till von Wachter. I thank Stephen Billings, Leah Boustan, Moshe Buchinsky, Denis Chetverikov, Christian Dippel, David Eil, Paola Giuliano, Paul GoldsmithPinkham, Martin Hackman, Maurizio Mazzocco, Sam Norris, Rosa Matzkin, Matt Pecenco, Ricardo Perez-Truglia, Manisha Sha, and Jeff Weaver for their feedback. I also thank my colleagues Richard Domurat, Sepehr Ekbatani, Stefano Fiorin, Alex Fon, Keyoung Lee, Rustin Partow, Vitaly Titov, Lucia Yanguas and seminar participants at ALCAPONE, UCLA, CCPR, and the Central Bank of Colombia for insightful discussions. Natalia Cardenas, Mauricio Duran, and Juan D. Restrepo provided invaluable help in answering my questions about the institutional context. I gratefully acknowledge support from the Treiman Fellowship, CCPR, Colciencias, and the Central Bank of Colombia. Comments are greatly appreciated. Department of Economics, UCLA (caroartc@ucla.edu).
An Extrapolation Technique to Increase the Accuracy of The Discrete Dipole Approximation

We propose an extrapolation technique that allows accuracy improvement of Discrete Dipole Approximation computations. The performance of this technique was studied empirically based on extensive simulations for 5 test cases using many different discretizations. The quality of the extrapolation improves with refining discretization reaching extraordinary performance especially for cubically shaped particles. A two order of magnitude decrease of error was demonstrated. We also propose estimates of the extrapolation error, which were proven to be reliable.
3-D-Printed Comb Mushroom-Like Dielectric Lens for Stable Gain Enhancement of Printed Log-Periodic Dipole Array

A three-dimensional (3-D)-printed comb mushroomlike dielectric lens (DL) for stable gain enhancement of the antipodal printed log-periodic dipole array (PLPDA) antenna is presented. The low-profile DL is specially designed to be easily integrated with the antenna source for improving its gain performance. Periodic comblike structure is also utilized in the DL to obtain the desired effective permittivity according to the effective medium theory. Both the design process and lens fabrication greatly benefit from 3-D printing technology. With this novel manufacturing method, the lens structure can be designed with greater design freedom and flexibility, which is hard to realize by the conventional manufacture process. Loaded with the proposed 3-D-printed comb mushroomlike DL, the PLPDA antenna has 11.2 ± 0.7 dBi flat gains in the operating frequency band (14–20 GHz), which means a 4.7 dB prominent gain increment and a very flat gain feature in the wideband.
Cluster Formation in Wireless Mesh Networks

Cluster formation in wireless mesh networks simplifies the maintenance of the entire network and allows the usage of decentralized routing algorithms. The defining factors in choosing the routing algorithm is the type of the network (MANET or WSN) and the node density. This paper consists of the description of a simulation platform for cluster formation in cooperative networks, which permits analysis and evaluation of different routing algorithms in such networks. The generic cluster formation algorithm was implemented in such a way, that each node has information only on neighbouring nodes. A couple of simple algorithms are presented which may be applied to the generated clusters (routing and data processing) to demonstrate the simulation capabilities offered by this platform. These algorithms include: maximum flow minimum cut of Ford Fulkerson combined with Dijkstra's routing algorithm.
Investigating the Role of Akt1 in Prostate Cancer Development Through Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of Skp2 Stability and Oncogenic Function

Abstract : Elevated Skp2 expression is frequently observed in many tumors including breast and prostate carcinomas. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying elevated Skp2 expression in prostate cancers have not been fully explored. Hyperactivation of the Akt pathway is considered a hallmark of many cancers and it has been reported that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway enhances p27 destruction. Thus, we hypothesize that sustained Akt activity in prostate cancer cells leads to elevated phosphorylation of Skp2, and subsequently influences Skp2 stability and its oncogenic functions. In support of our hypothesis, we found that Skp2 abundance is affected by manipulation of the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway in the PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we showed that this is partially through phosphorylation of Skp2 by Akt, which impairs Skp2 destruction by Cdh1. Sequence analysis revealed that the Akt phosphorylation site (Ser72) is localized in a putative Nuclear Localization Sequence (NLS). Consistent with this notion, we found that overexpression of Myr-Akt promoted Skp2 cytoplasmic translocation, and that inhibition of PI3K/Akt activity enhanced its nuclear localization. We believe that these studies will provide a novel mechanism for Skp2 overexpression in prostate cancers and provide the rationale for developing Akt1-specific inhibitors to treat prostate cancer patients.
Analysis of Multi-Drive System Performance Under Unbalanced Grid Using Different Grid Synchronization Solutions

This paper investigates performance of a selective harmonic elimination method utilizing pulse pattern modulation scheme in multi-drive configuration under different unbalance grid conditions, which include both the amplitude-unbalance and angle-unbalance in the three-phase grid voltage. In order to prevent from loss of synchronization during unbalanced events, a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) structure is proposed, and consequently the appropriate firing angle compensation can be applied based on the different PLLs including the Second Order Generalized Integrator (SOGI)-PLL and Dual SOGI (DSOGI)-PLL. The performance of the considered multi-drive system along with different PLL structures is evaluated through simulation and experimental measurements.
Face Recognition System Using: LDA and GMM based Approach

A wide variety of systems require reliable personal recognition schemes to either confirm or determine the identity of an individual requesting their services. The purpose of such schemes is to ensure that the rendered services are accessed only by a legitimate user, and not anyone else. It is widely acknowledged that the face recognition has played an important role in surveillance system as it doesn’t need the object’s cooperation. The actual advantages of face based identification over other biometrics are uniqueness and acceptance. As human face is a dynamic object having a high degree of variability in its appearance, that makes face detection a difficult problem in computer vision. In this work we presented a novel Face Recognition feature Extraction Mode based on the combination of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The proposed LDA and GMM based feature Extraction Model is utilized to search the feature space for the optimal feature subset where features are carefully selected according to a well-defined discrimination criterion. For the betterment of the feature classification a KNN classifier is used. The classifier performance and the length of the selected feature vector are considered for performance evaluation using MATLAB in ORL face dataset.
A Phenomenological Equation of State of Strongly Interacting Matter with First-Order Phase Transitions and Critical Points

An extension of the relativistic density functional approach to the equation of state for strongly interacting matter is suggested that generalizes a recently developed modified excluded-volume mechanism to the case of temperature- and density-dependent available-volume fractions. A parametrization of this dependence is presented for which, at low temperatures and suprasaturation densities, a first-order phase transition is obtained. It changes for increasing temperatures to a crossover transition via a critical endpoint. This provides a benchmark case for studies of the role of such a point in hydrodynamic simulations of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. The approach is thermodynamically consistent and extendable to finite isospin asymmetries that are relevant for simulations of neutron stars, their mergers, and core-collapse supernova explosions.
Specific heat of C 60 and K 3 C 60 thin films for T=6-400 K

Using a microcalorimeter, we have measured the specific heat of C 60 and K3C60 thin films from 6–400 K. The results can be understood by analyzing the phonon modes; the electronic specific heat of K 3C60 is a small fraction of the total. While C60 displays a clear separation of energy levels between interball and intraball modes, the added ~alkali! optical modes in K3C60 blur this separation because they appear in the gap. Additionally, the acoustic modes of K 3C60 soften compared to pure C 60. @S0163-1829 ~99! 01039-5#
Polymorphism in Bordetella Pertussis Virulence Factors in Serbia before Switch from Whole Cell to a Cellular Pertussis Vaccine

Background: Mass vaccination has significantly reduced the incidence of pertussis; however, the disease is re-emerging even in some countries with high vaccination coverage. In Serbia, whole cell pertussis vaccine was introduced in 1957 and it has been used since 2014. Methods: To monitor changes in bacterial population, 77 isolates collected from 1953 to 2013 were studied. The methods included serotyping of fimbriae (Fim), genotyping of pertactin (prn), pertussis toxin S1 subunit (ptxA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis (PFGE). Results: Shift from ptxA2 to ptxA1 has been observed in isolates since the late of 1960s. In the period 1961-1979 genotype ptxA1 became as common as genotype ptxA2. After that, during the period of 1980-1989, the predominant ptx genotype was ptxA1. Re-appearance of the ptxA2 allele followed an addition of the two strains harboring ptxA1 in the vaccine in 1985. The allele prn1 was predominant among the Serbian isolates, though prn3 and prn11 have been detected since 1981. The prn2 allele was only found in one strain isolated in 1984, two of the four strains isolated in 2000 and three strains from 2011. Serotype Fim2.3 disappeared before 1980 and serotype Fim2 became predominant since then. The four vaccine strains represented four PFGE profiles. Twenty-two (40%) isolates tested by PFGE produced 22 distinct profiles. Twenty-four (43%) isolates had unique Serbian profiles (BpSBR). Conclusion: The results of this present study indicate that the B. pertussis population in Serbia is different from other vaccinated populations and that this difference may be related to the vaccine used for 57 years.
How, why, and when was the edgewise appliance born?

Angle corrected anterior crowding by advancing the crowns of the incisors. For a long time he hoped the apices would follow along spontaneously. Then because of the uncertainty of this reaction, he started his quest for an appliance that would be able to accomplish root movement. The first one was difficult for orthodontists to manipulate, the second did not incorporate vertical control, but the third had all the qualities Angle was looking for. He died satisfied.
Asymptotic Confidence Regions Based on the Adaptive Lasso with Partial Consistent Tuning

We construct confidence sets based on an adaptive Lasso estimator with componentwise tuning in the framework of a low-dimensional linear regression model. We consider the case where at least one of the components is penalized at the rate of consistent model selection and where certain components may not be penalized at all. We perform a detailed study of the consistency properties and the asymptotic distribution that includes the effects of componentwise tuning within a so-called moving-parameter framework. These results enable us to explicitly provide a set $\mathcal{M}$ such that every open superset acts as a confidence set with uniform asymptotic coverage equal to 1 whereas every proper closed subset with non-empty interior is a confidence set with uniform asymptotic coverage equal to 0. The shape of the set $\mathcal{M}$ depends on the regressor matrix as well as the deviations within the componentwise tuning parameters. Our findings can be viewed as a generalization of Potscher & Schneider (2010) who considered confidence intervals based on components of the adaptive Lasso estimator for the case of orthogonal regressors.
A structure-free aggregation framework for vehicular ad hoc networks

One of the major difficulties for cooperative, decentralized information dissemination in vehicular networks is the heavily varying node density, which can lead to capacity issues of the wireless channel when many vehicles are driving or standing closely together. At the same time, a number of applications do not require exact information from all participating nodes, but higher-level aggregated information. For example, reports on road conditions or on flow of traffic can be aggregated before further dissemination, since remote drivers just need to know a coarse-grained picture of the situation. In this paper, we propose an information aggregation framework using the example of cooperative traffic congestion detection. The difference of our aggregation framework compared to other approaches is that it completely abandons any predefined structures such as grids and any group establishment. First evaluation results show that our approach works well for average speed dissemination on a highway.
Dynamical mass of the O-type supergiant in ζ Orionis A

Aims. A close companion ofζ Orionis A was found in 2000 with the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI), and shown to be a physical companion. Because the primary is a supergiant of type O, for which dynamical mass measurements are very rare, the companion was observed with NPOI over the full 7-year orbit. Our aim was to determine the dynamical mass of a supergiant that, due to the physical separation of more than 10 AU between the components, cannot have undergone mass exchange with the companion. Methods. The interferometric observations allow measuring the relative positions of the binary components and their relative brightness. The data collected over the full orbital period allows all seven orbital elements to be determined. In addition to t he interferometric observations, we have analyzed archival spectra obtained at the Calar Alto, Haute Provence, Cerro Armazones, and La Silla observatories, as well as new spectra obtained at the VLT on Cerro Paranal. In the high-resolution spectra we identified a few li nes that can be associated exclusively to one or the other component for the measurement of the radial velocities of both. The combination of astrometry and spectroscopy then yields the stellar masses and the distance to the binary star. Results. The resulting masses for components Aa of 14.0± 2.2 M⊙ and Ab of 7.4± 1.1 M⊙ are low compared to theoretical expectations, with a distance of 294± 21 pc which is smaller than a photometric distance estimate of 387± 54 pc based on the spectral type B0III of the B component. If the latter (because it is also consistent with the distance to the Orion OB1 association) is adopted, the mass of the secondary component Ab of 14± 3 M⊙ would agree with classifying a star of type B0.5IV. It is fainter than the primary by about 2.2± 0.1 magnitudes in the visual. The primary mass is then determined to be 33± 10 M⊙. The possible reasons for the distance discrepancy are most likely related to physical effects, such as small systematic errors in the radial velociti es due to stellar winds.
Orbital-free Density-Functional Theory in a Finite Element Basis

In this work, we have implemented an orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) solver using the finite element method. In OF-DFT, the total ground state energy is minimized directly with respect to the electron density, rather than via orbitals like in the standard Kohn-Sham approach. For this to be possible, one needs an approximation of a universal density functional of the non-interacting kinetic energy. Presently available approximations allow for computation with very low computational expense, but which gives inaccurate energies. A stable OF-DFT code can be used as a testbed for new kinetic energy functionals and provide the necessary tool for investigating the accuracy of OF-DFT calculations for complex systems. We have implemented Thomas-Fermi theory with and without nuclear cusp condition, as well as additional exchange terms of Dirac and Amaldi. The program uses an extended version of the steepest descent in order to find the minimizing density in the variational principle. Our results include convergence tests for the hydrogen atom, weak bonding in the H2 molecule, and accurate results for the lightest noble gases (He, Ne, Ar). For heavier atoms (Kr, Xe, Rn), the results are less accurate. In addition, we consider hydrogen in the simple cubic structure without the cusp condition, which is a first attempt to use the code for periodic systems. Lastly, we discuss some possible improvements for the iterative process towards the minimizing density, as well as other possible directions for future development.
FHR Problems Solved by the Actocardiogram

Although fetal heart rate (FHR) was discussed in the relation to uterine contraction in the EMS or CTG, no fetal movement was studied in EFM or CTG, while the FHR was principally controlled by fetal movement, i.e. adult heart rate increases in any exercise to increases cardiac output by increasing the beating frequency. Also FHRincreased by fetal motion, which was recognized by fetal kicking by maternal perception, where the mother was afraid of fetal abnormality when fetal kicking reduced. However, fetal movement signal wasnot directly compared to fetal heart rate, because there was no precise method to directly record fetal body movement, i.e. maternal perception depends on maternal abdominal skin sensation, and a mechanical fetal motion detectorat maternal abdomen was indirect partial record of fetal movements [1]. The direct detection of fetal motion was intended by the author listening noises of the monitor sound of ultrasonic Doppler autocorrelation fetal heart rate monitor, which were listened at fetal motion observed at maternal abdomen. The author had studied fetal heart valve beating signals in the records ultrasonic Doppler fetal heart detector, and he noted the possibility to record fetal motion directly at fetal chest like as fetal heart beat detection, then he analyzed the Doppler frequency of fetal motion by a real-time FFT frequency analyzer to find fetal motion Doppler frequency to be 20 to 50 Hz when the ultrasound was 2 MHz. Already he studied that fetal heart beat Doppler frequency was higher than 100 Hz including the motion of cardiac valve, fetal heart wall and cardiac blood flow.