Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation following the 1999 M 7.4 İzmit earthquake from GPS measurements

SUMMARY Intensive global positioning system (GPS) monitoring after the 1999 Izmit earthquake provides an opportunity to understand the postseismic behaviour of a strike-slip fault and the rheology below the brittle upper crust. Two data sets are available: displacements measured during the first 300 days after the Izmit earthquake and velocity measurements between 2003 and 2005. Using an inversion method and a forward modelling, respectively, we investigate two mechanisms: (1) afterslip on and below the coseismic rupture plane and (2) viscoelastic stress relaxation in the lower crust and upper mantle described by a Maxwell or a standard linear solid (SLS) rheology. The inversion results show that the first several months following the Izmit earthquake were dominated by afterslip at depths shallower than 30 km and the slip amount decayed with time; after that, apparent afterslip has a very different spatial distribution and is located much deeper. For viscoelastic relaxation, a model with an elastic upper crust and a Maxwell viscoelastic lower crust overlying a Maxwell mantle (E-M-M) fits the data measured in the first 300 days better in the far field than in the near field. However, the observed far-field, 300-day displacement and the long-term (2003–2005) displacement, which might be dominated by viscoelastic relaxation, cannot be described by a Maxwell rheological model with constant viscosity: the effective viscosity increases over time. Therefore, we have built a refined rheological model: an elastic upper crust and an SLS lower crust overlying a Maxwell viscoelastic mantle (E-SLS-M). Our best solution yields a viscosity for the lower crust of ∼2 × 1018 Pa s, a relaxation strength of 2/3 and a viscosity for the Maxwell mantle of 7 × 1019 Pa s. Finally, we explain the data using a composite model, consisting of the preferred E-SLS-M model and the afterslip model obtained from the residual displacement after correcting for viscoelastic relaxation. For the early time period, the residual displacements can be mainly explained by a shallow afterslip whose magnitude decays with time and whose spatial distribution is stable, whereas the residual displacements for the later time period require negligible afterslip. It indicates that the postseismic deformation in the later time period induced by a deep source can be almost entirely explained by the E-SLS-M model. The composite model can generally explain the data in the entire spatial and temporal space.
Forest snail faunas from Crimea (Ukraine), an isolated and incomplete Pleistocene refugium

The land snail faunas of 26 forest sites and two open rocky sites in the Crimean Mountains were sampled in 2011. Of the 40 species found within the forests (about half the known fauna of Crimea as a whole), 28 were species with wide western Palaearctic distributions, and only eight were endemic to Crimea. While there were significant differences in the faunas of different sampling areas, these seemed to be a consequence of ecological differences among them rather than a product of geographical isolation and differentiation. Endemic species were large, and not entirely restricted to forest; known endemics not found in these forests are mainly typical of more open habitats. There is no local radiation of small species living in damp forest litter, as with Leiostyla species in the Transcaucasian forest refugium, and families such as the Clausiliidae with many endemic forest species in both Transcaucasia and the Carpathians are sparsely represented. The one endemic clausiliid genus, Mentissa, occurs in open as well as in wooded habitats. The present faunas are rather poor considering the soil conditions and climate, and the forests hold widespread species often associated with open habitats elsewhere. While there is evidence that these mountains provided a refuge for many animals and plants during glacial episodes further north, the forest snail fauna suggests that full forest cover did not survive throughout the Pleistocene. Rather, the present fauna contains endemics that survived in other habitats and widespread species with good powers of passive dispersal.
Intelligent Vision Methodology for Detection of the Cutting Tool Breakage

In this paper, a new Intelligent system based on neurofuzzy for detecting and diagnostics the wear and damage of the milling cutter is presented. The compatibility between the computer vision and neurofuzzy techniques is introduced. The proposed approaches consists of capturing the milling cutter image, Fuzzy edge detection, Chain code technique for feature extraction and finally, apply the neural network on the feature. The results of the study are three different diagnostics models, The first is diagnostic model for the original profile of the perfect cutter, the second is model for the wearied profile and the third is model for the damage profile. Experimental test results show that the proposed system is reliable, practical and can be used for the easy distinguish between the wear and damage automatically.
A Common 34C>G variant at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2- gene in chilean women with polycystic ovary syndrome and controls

El polimorfismo 34C>G del gen del receptor activado por proliferadores peroxisomales-γ2 (PPAR-72) ha sido relacionado con el sindrome de ovario poliquistico (SOP). Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos entre poblaciones son contradictorios. En el presente estudio se investigo la posible asociacion entre el polimorfismo 34C>G del gen PPAR-γ2 y SOP, en mujeres chilenas. Fueron analizadas 50 mujeres no relacionadas con diagnostico de SOP (29.1 ±8.1 anos) y 75 mujeres controles (29.3 ±9.3 anos). Se evaluaron las concentraciones sericas de lipidos, glucosa y acido urico mediante metodos enzimaticos-colorimetricos. La genotipificacion de la variante 34C>G del gen PPAR-γ2 fue realizada mediante la tecnica de PCR-RFLP. Los datos muestran que las mujeres con SOP presentan elevados niveles de glucosa, colesterol total, trigliceridos, LDL-C y acido urico; y bajos niveles de HDL-C al ser comparadas con las mujeres controles (p G del gen PPAR-γ2 no esta relacionado a SOP, en mujeres chilenas
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) What determines the survival of internet IPOs ?

This paper investigates the determinants of survival, acquisition and non-survival for internet firms that have gone public at the NASDAQ stock exchange from December 1996 through February 2001. We analyze two models, survivors versus non-survivors and survivors versus acquired firms with the help of the Cox proportional hazard method. We have selected all internet firms that went public during the internet bubble. The paper presents a model that includes a number of new and earlier examined, explanatory variables simultaneously that are often studied separately and for noninternet firms in other studies. The key issue of the study is that our models provide a prediction of the rate of non-survival or acquisition of internet firms. The empirical results provide evidence that compared to both acquired firms and nonsurvivors, survivors’ owners retain a larger share in the firm at IPO. Our study presents a number of novel findings. Survivors differ significantly from non-survivors in the number of risk factors in the IPO prospectus and underwriter reputation. Furthermore, our results are consistent with risk factors indicating the economic fundamentals of an internet IPO rather than being a mechanism against legal liability. Although internet firms belong to a relatively young branch of industry, the outcome provides evidence that top bracket lead managers are successful in selecting high quality internet IPOs. Also, our empirical results document that during the last phase of the internet bubble the industry was turning into a hot market with weaker firms going public due to reduced scrutiny of investors. Our findings hold under a number of robustness checks.
Gene expression is more strongly associated with behavioural specialization than with age or fertility in ant workers

The ecological success of social insects is based on division of labour, not only between queens and workers, but also among workers. Whether a worker tends the brood or forages is influenced by age, fertility and nutritional status, with brood carers being younger, more fecund and more corpulent. Here, we experimentally disentangle behavioural specialization from age and fertility in Temnothorax longispinosus ant workers and analyse how these parameters are linked to whole‐body gene expression. A total of 3,644 genes were associated with behavioural specialization which is ten times more than associated with age and 50 times more than associated with fertility. Brood carers were characterized by an upregulation of three Vitellogenin (Vg) genes, one of which, Vg‐like A, was the most differentially expressed gene that was recently shown experimentally to control the switch from brood to worker care. The expression of Conventional Vg was unlinked to behavioural specialization, age or fertility, which contrasts to studies on bees and some ants. Diversity in Vg/Vg‐like copy number and expression bias across ants supports subfunctionalization of Vg genes and indicates that some regulatory mechanisms of division of labour diverged in different ant lineages. Simulations revealed that our experimental dissociation of co‐varying factors reduced transcriptomic noise, suggesting that confounding factors could potentially explain inconsistencies across transcriptomic studies of behavioural specialization in ants. Thus, our study reveals that worker gene expression is mainly linked to the worker's function for the colony and provides novel insights into the evolution of sociality in ants.
Simulation Improvements of ECHAM5-NEMO3.6 and ECHAM6-NEMO3.6 Coupled Models Compared to MPI-ESM and the Corresponding Physical Mechanisms

Abstract. To improve the model simulation through decisive coupling mechanisms, rather than blindly updating the parameterization schemes, it is necessary to compare model performances between the CGCMs with the same atmospheric or oceanic component model. Therefore, two new CGCMs have been developed with the same oceanic component model, namely ECHAM5-NEMO3.6 and ECHAM6-NEMO3.6. The MPI-ESM that consists of ECHAM6 and MPIOM has also been employed. Experiments are carried out with the same settings in coupler and individual component model if applicable, and the new models show substantial improvements in the simulation of SST, precipitation and ocean currents. Further analysis has made it clear that the primary cause of SST biases in ECHAM5-NEMO3.6 and ECHAM6-NEMO3.6 can be attributed to the momentum field, while oceanic dynamics and surface radiation budget are accountable for more SST deviations in the MPI-ESM. Inter-model comparison between the coupled models with the same oceanic model suggests that cumulus convection is in the central part of simulation differences, which finally influence the SST through WES feedback mechanism. Whereas the OGCM replacement shows that latent heat of evaporation plays a predominant role in changing SST and surface radiation budget, and eventually bringing about variations in air temperature and atmospheric circulation. The mechanisms revealed in this study provide a new perspective of bias genesis during model coupling, which can be helpful for tuning other climate models towards a more realistic simulation.
Adaptive Fuzzy Tracking Control for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Time-Delayed Systems with Saturation Constrains

In this paper, the problem of adaptive fuzzy tracking control is considered for a class of uncertain nonaffine nonlinear systems with external disturbances, multiple time delays, and nonsymmetric saturation constrains. First, the mean value theorem is employed to deal with the nonaffine term with input nonlinearity. Then, a new adaptive fuzzy tracking controller with parameter updating laws is designed by using fuzzy approximation technique. Moreover, it is shown that all the closed-loop signals are bounded and the tracking errors can asymptotically converge to zero via the Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally, the simulation example for van der Pol oscillator system is worked out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive fuzzy design approach.
DOES CAPITAL MARKET REFORM BOOST SAVINGS? EVIDENCE FROM THE UK PENSION REFORMS

Doubts about the positive effect of capital market development on private saving extend beyond the ambiguous theoretical link between interest rates and savings, to include demonstrable reduction of private savings as a result of financial developments such as pension reforms and increased household access to credit markets. The empirical validity of the effect of pension reforms on domestic savings in the UK has been investigated using an Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model capable of testing for the existence of a long-run relationship regardless of whether the underlying time series are individually I(1) or I(0). The total savings response to change in pension savings is positive and significant, but an increase in occupational pension saving appears offset by a decrease in other forms of saving. This paper concludes that there is no firm evidence that aggregate savings increase considerably as a result of privately funded pension schemes. Journal of Economic Literature Classifications: G23, H55, and C50
Development of Bayesian Networks from Unified Modeling Language Artifacts

This paper examines how Bayesian Networks can be generated from development artifacts intrinsic in the Unified Process. The Unified Software Development Process models the relationship between functional requirements in the Use-Case model. These relationships are expanded in the Analysis Model and a clear mapping to design components is created. By exploiting the relationships intrinsic in the Use-Case Model, as well as the stereotypical classes and temporal ordering found in the analysis model, Bayesian networks that represent system requirements can be generated. These networks can then be used to model and assess the architectural impact of the requirements early in the system lifecycle, thus promoting a more efficient and effective system design process. Formal capture of requirements during design also promotes reusability of design knowledge across similar system.
Enskog kinetic theory for monodisperse gas–solid flows

Abstract The Enskog kinetic theory is used as a starting point to model a suspension of solid particles in a viscous gas. Unlike previous efforts for similar suspensions, the gas-phase contribution to the instantaneous particle acceleration appearing in the Enskog equation is modelled using a Langevin equation, which can be applied to a wide parameter space (e.g. high Reynolds number). Attention here is limited to low Reynolds number flow, however, in order to assess the influence of the gas phase on the constitutive relations, which was assumed to be negligible in a previous analytical treatment. The Chapman–Enskog method is used to derive the constitutive relations needed for the conservation of mass, momentum and granular energy. The results indicate that the Langevin model for instantaneous gas–solid force matches the form of the previous analytical treatment, indicating the promise of this method for regions of the parameter space outside of those attainable by analytical methods (e.g. higher Reynolds number). The results also indicate that the effect of the gas phase on the constitutive relations for the solid-phase shear viscosity and Dufour coefficient is non-negligible, particularly in relatively dilute systems. Moreover, unlike their granular (no gas phase) counterparts, the shear viscosity in gas–solid systems is found to be zero in the dilute limit and the Dufour coefficient is found to be non-zero in the elastic limit.
HYBRID MATRIX FACTORIZATION FOR RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS IN SOCIAL NETWORKS

Recommender systems have been well studied and applied both in the academia and industry recently. However, traditional recommender systems assume that all the users and items are independent and identically distributed. This assumption ignores the correlation of explicit attributes of both users and items. Aiming at modeling recommender systems more realistically and interpretably, we propose a novel and efficient hybrid matrix factorization method which combines implicit and explicit attributes, and can be used to solve the problem of cold start and recommender interpretation. Based on the MovieLens datasets, the experimental analysis shows our method is promising and efficient.
Food sovereignty and rural development: beyond food security

Food sovereignty and food security are not the same issue. Both are different but many people around the world confuse the two. This article explores and analyzes the issues surrounding food security and food sovereignty in order to explain the differences between them, identifies the principal statements in food sovereignty and compares some data from different countries in an attempt to highlight the fact that food security policies result in hunger, poverty and environmental damage. Food security and rural development share similar goals, both seek to improve the quality of life of peasants and rural inhabitants; however, economic ideas are unfortunately still prized more than people
The Subjective Consequences of Experiencing Random Events

In everyday life, one’s experience is usually highly structured, coherent, and predictable, a regularity stemming from the many constraints (e.g., cultural and physical constraints) operating upon the natural and social worlds. Consider that events that are experienced in an office meeting are usually not experienced in the great outdoors, and vice versa. This predictability of the outside world is capitalized upon by the brain, which is highly prospective and incessantly extracts meaningful patterns from event sequences. Despite these considerations, to our knowledge there have been no investigations into the ways that the brain copes with experiences that violate this structured regularity. Here we demonstrate a novel paradigm designed to tax this prospective system (by presenting the brain with a rapid series of random events) and show that such exposure reliably induces negative affect. Participants are exposed to Rapid, Random Semantic Activation (RRSA) prior to completing a mood scale; compared to a mood baseline, RRSA yields a consistent pattern of negative affect. This pattern did not emerge in a control group that completed a task with identical stimuli. While previous research has focused on randomness in terms of humans’ ability to produce and detect random sequences, our paradigm explores this issue as it relates to human experience. Our findings are consistent with the idea that, due to the prospective nature of the brain and one’s “epistemic needs” (Kruglanski, 1980), gross violations in the regularity of experience produce some form of negative subjective experience.
Probabilistic implementation of universal quantum processors

We present a probabilistic quantum processor for qudits on a single qudit of dimension N. The processor itself is represented by a fixed array of gates. The input of the processor consists of two registers. In the programregister the set of instructions (program) is encoded. This program is applied to the data register. The processor can perform any operation on a single qudit of dimension N with a certain probability. For a general unitary operation, the probability is 1/N 2 , but for more restricted sets of operators the probability can he higher. In fact, this probability can be independent of the dimension of the qudit Hilhert space of the qudit under some conditions.
Peer Effects in Graduate Education: Evidence from India

We study the impact of exogenously assigned peer groups on the academic performance of MBA students at a leading Indian graduate business school. Contrary to most existing studies which focus on peer effects in schools or undergraduate settings, we investigate the presence of peer effects in the graduate context. Self-selection in peer group formation is circumvented by utilizing the school’s policy of exogenous allocation of students to two types of peer groups academic sections, where peers are deliberately chosen to maintain homogeneity of academic ability and demographic characteristics across sections and residential dormitories where peers are determined by a lottery. Academic performance is measured through grade point average in mandatory first-year courses. We examine the impact of peer academic ability (performance in the school’s standardized entrance examination), gender, caste and undergraduate background (degree from an elite engineering institution). All peer variables are highly significant at the dormitory level. Fewer peer variables are significant at the academic section level. We find that proportion of higher caste students in the peer group has a significant positive impact on lower caste (Scheduled Caste and Schedule Tribe) students at both academic section and dormitory levels. Proportion of peers with a degree from an elite engineering institution has a significant positive impact on students from regular undergraduate institutions at the dormitory level. Also, proportion of females in the peer group has a positive impact on the performance of male students at the dormitory level. Please do not cite without the authors’ permission. JEL Codes: I21, I23, I25 * Sen: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, anindya.sen@iimb.ernet. in. Goutam: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, goutamprodyumna@gmail.com. Chatterjee: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, chirantan.chatterjee@iimb.ernet. in. We have benefited from conversations with Bisakha Sen, Padmaja Ayyagari, Paul Hansen, Pritha Dev, Stephen Mezias, and Shreekanth Mahendiran. We thank Bhanu Pratap Singh Panwar for excellent research assistance. All errors are our own.
E ects of stenosis and RBC motion on mass transfer in the microvessels using immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method

a. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, P.O. Box 8415683111, Iran. b. Foolad Institute of Technology, Fooladshahr, Isfahan, P.O. Box 8491663763, Iran. c. Department of Physics, Imam Khomeini International University, Ghazvin, P.O. Box 3414896818, Iran. d. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, P.O. Box 1591634311, Iran.
Ieee Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics a Structure-based Distance Metric for High- Dimensional Space Exploration with Multi- Dimensional Scaling

— Although the Euclidean distance does well in measuring data distances within high-dimensional clusters, it does poorly when it comes to gauging inter-cluster distances. This significantly impacts the quality of global, low-dimensional space embedding procedures such as the popular multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) where one can often observe non-intuitive layouts. We were inspired by the perceptual processes evoked in the method of parallel coordinates which enables users to visually aggregate the data by the patterns the polylines exhibit across the dimension axes. We call the path of such a polyline its structure and suggest a metric that captures this structure directly in high-dimensional space. This allows us to better gauge the distances of spatially distant data constellations and so achieve data aggregations in MDS plots that are more cognizant of existing high-dimensional structure similarities. Our bi-scale framework distinguishes far-distances from near-distances. The coarser scale uses the structural similarity metric to separate data aggregates obtained by prior classification or clustering, while the finer scale employs the appropriate Euclidean distance.