Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leaf anatomy, specific mass and water content in congeneric annual and perennial grass species

summary Previous experiments have shown that leaf specific mass (LSM: the ratio of leaf dry mass lo area) was lower and leaf water content (LWC) was higher in annuals than in perennials, differences that are more generally found between fast-and slow-growing species. Leaf transverse sections of seven annual-perennial pairs of grass species grown in the laboratory were analyzed to elucidate the anatomical bases of these differences. Leaf thickness was similar in annuals and perennials, but leaf density was significantly higher in perennials. The proportion of the leaf volume occupied by mesophyll was higher in annuals, at the expense of the three other tissues (i.e. epidermis, sclerenchyma and vascular tissues). The cross-sectional area of mesophyll cells was higher in annuals than in perennials, but epidermal cell size was similar for both life-forms. The ranges of LSM (23.1–49.5 g m −2) and LWC (0.70–0.86 g g−1) displayed by the 14 species were large enough to examine the general relationships between these two parameters and various anatomical characters. LSM was significantly correlated with leaf density, but not with leaf thickness. The anatomical character that best explained interspecific differences in LSM was the volume of cell walls per unit leaf area (approximated by the sum: sclerenchyma + vascular tissues (including its living component) + cell wall components of mesophyll and epidermis). LWC was found to depend on leaf density, and interspecific differences in this parameter were best explained by the proportion of mesophyll protoplast (i.e. proportion of mesophyll minus proportion of mesophyll occupied by cell walls) in the transverse sections. The physiological and ecological implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a trade-off between leaf productivity and persistence.
The importance of managing within-species diversity in cod and herring fisheries of the north-western Atlantic

The spatial structure of several exploited species within and among known populations of the Northwest Atlantic is reviewed using past and current knowledge. For each species, the coherence of existing management units with the spatial scale of population dynamics (populations, sub-populations, and spawning components) is summarized. The implications of this match or mismatch of spatial scales in the maintenance of biodiversity within and among populations are also discussed.
Phase-locked Loop Based on Integrating Scanning Conversion

A new principle for developing a phase-locked loop (PLL) based on integrating scan conversion is proposed. The PLL is a nonlinear pulse system based on the closed structure of an integrating scanning converter (ISC) operating in the mode of external synchronization with circuit voltage frequency. The block diagrams, the waveform diagram and frequency synchronization conditions for integrating scanning converter switch by outer signals – bipolar rectangle and harmonic, are provided. The recommendations for choosing the frequency ratio of self-oscillations of the scanning converter and circuit voltage frequency were tested. It is shown that the integrating PLL fully adapts to amplitude instability and circuit voltage frequency within the range of 50% and higher. Unlike the existing PLLs, the proposed system is a first-order adaptive filter, whose bandwidth is automatically tuned to the amplitude and frequency of circuit voltage. This property of the integrating PLL allows suppressing higher harmonics in the supply circuit with frequency instability within the range of 50% and higher. The system’s high noise immunity to commutation distortions of circuit voltage is also shown. These results show the practicability of using it in semiconductor converter control systems, which receive power from an independent low-power supply system, for example, diesel or wind power generating plants. The limits of the dynamic parameters of this system for gradual change of amplitude and circuit voltage frequency have been determined. A three-phase reverse thyristor rectifier is used as an example of a crossed synchronization flow-chart. The recommendations on choosing the parameters of the integrating PLL and also the results of the practical application of the synchronizing unit as a part of semiconductor converter control systems are provided.
Coaxial Quasi-elliptic Filter Using a Suspended Resonator and Vertically Stacked Coaxial Lines

In this paper a four pole quasi-elliptic filter at X-band is presented. The filter is composed of two vertically stacked rectangular coaxial lines, where one pair of resonators is placed on the lower coaxial line and another pair is located on the upper line. Coupling between coaxial lines is achieved through an iris in the common coaxial ground plane. The filter has been designed at 9.1 GHz with a 4% fractional bandwidth. Two transmission zeros located at the sides of the passband have been successfully achieved with the proposed filter topology. A measured insertion loss of 1.7 dB has been obtained.
Assessment of quality of life among stroke survivors: a longitudinal study

Background: Quality of life (QoL) among stroke survivors is a concern which has not received sufficient attention in India. The objective of the study was to assess the quality of life of stroke survivors in rural population of Chikkaballapur district, Karnataka.Methods: A community based longitudinal study was done amongst the 150 incident stroke cases registered during the period from March 2013 to November 2014 and who survived beyond 28 days. The cases were enrolled and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and were followed up for 6th month period. QoL was assessed at baseline (at 28 days), at 3rd month and 6th Month using Stroke Specific QoL scale (SSQoL) and Barthel index (BI). Results: The mean age of the persons with stroke was 61.3±15 years with a majority being males (69.3%). Baseline median score (IQR) of SSQoL at 28th day was poor i.e. 131 (77-183). Among the 150 cases, 136 (91%) survived until the end of 6th month. The overall QOL gradually improved to 182 (133-213) and 185 (147-213) at 3rd and 6th month respectively and similar improvement was seen individually in physical, psychological and social domains as well and on multivariate logistic regression age <60 years and few disturbed consciousness among the stroke survivors during the 6th month follow up were found to be predictors for improved quality of life.Conclusions: QoL showed significant improvements in all physical, psychological and social domains by the end of the 6th month of follow up.
Sorting out the LeMANs: endo-β-mannanase genes and their encoded proteins in tomato

Abstract Endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) is involved in the hydrolysis of mannan-type polysaccharides that are present in plant cell walls, especially those of the seed endosperm. The genes encoding the endo-β-mannanases have been studied extensively in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and five genes (LeMAN1, LeMAN2, LeMAN3, LeMAN4 and LeMAN5) and/or their products have been isolated and characterized. LeMAN1, LeMAN2 and LeMAN3 are expressed in tomato seeds, LeMAN4 in the fruit and LeMAN5 in the flower. LeMAN5 and LeMAN2 are now considered to be the same gene, and the former is re-designated as LeMAN2*. Transcripts of LeMANs 1, 2 and 3 are detected only in the endosperm of tomato seeds, and their synthesis is promoted by gibberellic acid. LeMAN4, in the fruit, occurs as LeMAN4a and LeMAN4i genes that encode an active or inactive form of endo-β-mannanase, respectively. LeMAN1–4 enzymes encoded by these genes share 80% similarity in amino acid sequence. In tomato, the leucine amino acid present near to the C-terminus of the endo-β-mannanase is the most important for achieving full activity of the enzyme.
Target-Dependent Sentiment Analysis for Hashtags on Twitter

Microblogging services, such as Twitter, allow Internet users to exchange short messages easily. Users express their feelings on various topics as status messages or opinions. Hashtags are usually used in these services to mark essential words or phrases as a means for grouping topics. Thus, sentiment analysis on hashtags has become a popular method in determining user opinions on microblogs. In this paper, an eﬀective approach to determine target-dependent hashtag sentiments is proposed. For a given tweet, a hashtag may carry diﬀer-ent or even opposite opinions for diﬀerent targets. Therefore, we aim to identify sentiment for two-dimensional parameters, namely < hashtag, target > . We ﬁrstly build a target-dependent tweet-level sentiment classiﬁer based on target position sensitive features. A majority voting strategy for hashtag-level sentiment classiﬁcation is then proposed as a baseline method. Finally, we show that its performance is signiﬁcantly improved by propagation on a hyper relationship graph containing both target and hashtag nodes.
A Multi-group Grasshopper Optimisation Algorithm for Application in Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem

Grasshopper Optimisation Algorithm (GOA) is a new algorithm mimicking the behavior of grasshoppers in nature. It can eﬀectively solve some optimization problems in the real world. A novel algorithm named Multi-group Grasshopper Optimisation Algorithm (MGOA) is presented in this paper. MGOA adopts a multi-group strategy to randomly divide the initial solutions into several subgroups, and exchanges information through intergroup communication after a preset iteration value. Compared with the original GOA, MGOA can reduce both the premature convergence and easily trap into local optimal search space. CEC2013 is used as the benchmark for testing the eﬃciency and eﬀectiveness for the proposed MGOA. The experimental results verify its performance as being superior to the original GOA algorithm and the other optimization algorithms, including PSO, PPSO and GWO in the literature. In addition, MGOA is also used to solve capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP). The tested results appear that MGOA surpasses GA and PSO in performance.
HYBRID SWITCHING IN A DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUIT

The hereby study describes the benefits delivered by hybrid switching in a direct current (DC) circuit in comparison with electromechanical and static switching. In order to highlight the benefits, we analyse herein three types of switching: electromechanical switching, static switching and hybrid switching. With respect to these, certain simulations were conducted using PSpice, for a low-voltage DC circuit, low voltage, 750 . The load of the circuit is resistive-inductive. The results show the performance achieved in the case of the hybrid circuit breaker, the flow of the short-circuit current through 0 was achieved in 0,4 ms, and the amplitude of maximum short circuit current which is 0,6 kA is much lower than current in the case of electromechanical breaker. In the same circuit, the static circuit breaker ensured the shortest switching off time for short-circuit current, of about 150 μs, but, in this case, a proper protection to switching overvoltage must be ensured, as it has a value of 2,1 kV.
Multi-objective real-time optimization energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle provides remarkable results for emission reduction and fuel improvement in the current driving cycles. With the appropriate energy management strategy, the torque can be split by switching of multiple operation modes to improve fuel economy. However, in the process, not only the noticeable jerk or torque fluctuation, which may result in vibration of the drivetrain and unpleasant driving sensation, but also the frequent motor-start-engine process would be triggered, which is accompanied by extra fuel consumption and abrasion of the clutch. Therefore, high attention should be paid to reduce the excess operating times of the motor-start-engine process and take advantage of multiple operation modes to improve fuel economy in plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. To solve this problem, a multi-objective real-time optimization energy management strategy is proposed. First, the motor-start-engine dynamic model of 2-degree-of-freedom is established. Then, the motor-start-engine process is analyzed based on a large number of real-world data, and the cost of the motor-start-engine process is quantified for optimization. What’s more, the optimal torque distribution is realized through the powertrain system. Finally, the proposed strategy is verified by the simulation and experiment platform. Results show that the proposed strategy can greatly improve fuel economy, thereby reducing the excess operating times of the motor-start-engine process.
Mapping of powdery mildew resistance genes in a newly determined accession of Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum.

The accession PI466197 of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) with a newly identified resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei was studied with the aim to localize the genes determining resistance on a barley genetic map using DNA markers. Molecular analysis was performed in the F2 population of the cross between the winter variety Tiffany and the resistant accession PI466197, consisting of 113 plants. One of the resistance genes detected was localized between the markers RGH1aE1 and Bmac0213 on the short arm of chromosome 1H, which is the position consistent with the known Mla locus. The other gene was proven to be highly significantly linked with the GBMS247, Bmac0134 and MWG878 markers on the short arm of chromosome 2H. The flanking markers were Bmac0134 and MWG878, assigned 4 and 8 cM from the gene, respectively. Until now, no gene conferring powdery mildew resistance originating from H. vulgare has been located on the short arm of barley chromosome 2H.
The State of the Field in Computational Thinking Assessment

: While interest in computational thinking (CT) education has grown globally in the past decade, there lacks a single unified definition of CT. This can pose significant challenges for researchers, teachers, and policy makers trying to decide which assessment methods are appropriate for their specific CT interventions. Rather than trying to create a single unified definition of CT, this symposium brings together a broad spectrum of leading CT researchers to share what CT means for them, how it influenced their learning designs, and the methods for assessing CT learning. This interactive session will showcase these different views of CT in a single place and serve as a rich opportunity for comparison and discussion.
Hydrogen Bonds and Hydrophobic Interactions of Porphyrins in Porphyrin-Containing Proteins

Structures of porphyrin-containing proteins from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) Select January 2007, were searched in order to find and systematically characterize hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions of porphyrins in proteins. The results revealed that every porphyrin is involved in at least one hydrogen bond, most of the porphyrins form several, while some of them form up to thirteen hydrogen bonds. In most of the hydrogen bonds propionate groups of porphyrins interact with side-chains of residues. The most frequently observed donor is side chain of arginine. Histidine, lysine, threonine, serine and tyrozine form substantial number of hydrogen bonds too. The study has revealed that hydrophobic interactions are common between porphyrin and protein. Side-chains hydrophobic interactions are more frequent than those with backbone. The average conservation score for the amino acids making hydrogen bonds (7.2) and hydrophobic interactions (7.3) is statistically significantly higher than for the amino acids that are not involved in noncovalent interactions (5.7) with the porphyrin, indicating importance of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with the porphyrin.
Effect of ionic flow on the electrostatic precipitation of nanoparticles

The objective of this work was use the concept of electrohydrodynamic number to evaluate the influence of the ionic wind on the primary flow of the gas and its effect on the electrostatic precipitation of nanoparticles in order to consolidate the knowledge of this effect. Prevalence of electric forces at low gas velocities led the particle collection under these conditions. It was necessary the evaluation of combined effects with other variables besides the electrohydrodynamic number when the gas velocity was changed.
Energy-Efficient Localized Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

— Every sensor node is essential to know their location in the sensor network, even in the presence of malicious adversaries. In that the energy conservation and scalability are critical issues in wireless sensor network. In existing algorithm combines iterative gradient descent with selective pruning of inconsistent measurements to achieve high localization and it can track the mobile nodes with small localization error when nodes are moving slowly. Localization is determining the geographical location of each node in the system. In Proposed algorithm called Localized Energy awareness Restricted Neighborhood , which can guarantee the energy efficiency of its localized routing in mobile sensor networks, where all nodes are moving, to estimate the relative locations of the nodes without relying on anchor nodes. Then theoretically study its critical transmission radius in distributed networks which can calculate short distance of sensor node with hop count and route for any source sensor node and destination sensor node pairs asymptotically almost surely. In propose a framework for relocating mobile sensors in a timely, efficient, and balanced manner, and at the same time, maintaining the original sensing topology as much as possible. Localized routing protocols, with the assumption of known position information, the routing decision is made at each node by using only local neighborhood information. Our main goal is to predict the energy efficient sensor node and estimated short distance consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks by carefully selecting the localization routing with secure and efficient transmission.
AN IMPROVED CYCLOSTATIONARY APPROACH BASED ON COMPRESSIVE SENSING

Cyclostationarity has been a powerful method to analyze the transient and non-stationary signals from rotating machinery, but it needs high sampling frequency and wide time window to obtain the spectral correlation density and enhanced envelop spectrum with high resolution. Therefore huge amounts of data inevitably cause heavy burden for calculation transmission and storage. This paper presents an improved cyclostationary approach based on compressive sensing technique, which can break through the limitation of the Nyquist sampling law by utilizing the sparsity of signals in the transformed domain. Then the target signal can be reconstructed by enforcing sparsity feature under the total variation (TV)-L1 norm optimization. The sparse sampling can be realized efficiently by using a group of binary matrices (like bar code). The number of sampling is much smaller than that of original signal samples used in conventional cyclostationary method. The acoustic signals from a commercial ship propeller is used to validate proposed approach for a successful feature extraction of rotating speed and propeller structure.
Recebido para publicação em 24/09/97. Aprovado em 26/01/98. RADIATION REGIME OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST REGIME

Because of their location along the equatorial region, tropical rain forests receives an amount of radiative energy (sun + sky radiation) which is approximately independent of the season and about 52 MJ m d. During overcast days, the reduced solar input is compensated by the increase in downward longwave radiation. On average, shortwave input amounts to 18 MJ m d (15 to 21 MJ m d) and the mean albedo (≈ 13 %) eliminates around 2.4 MJ m d; while the downward longwave inputs 34 MJ m d, the upward longwave dissipates 39 MJ m d, resulting in a net radiation (Rn) of 10.7 MJ m d. Mean monthly albedo shows a seasonal variation dictated mainly by the rainfall regime. Together, the energy used in photosynthesis, as heat stored in the phytomass and in the canopy air, and in the soil amount to 7 % of Rn. During the wet season, about 64 % of Rn is converted into latent heat (λE) and 29 % is used as sensible heat (H); but during the dry season the situation is reversed being 13 % of Rn converted into λE and 80 % into H. Consequently, the bowen ratio varies from 0.45 to over 6. Below the dense canopy, the dynamic nature of the sunflecks favors the growth and development of an understorey vegetation. Sampling schemes (point or ensemble) dictates the different figures reported in the literature, but in general, less than 10 % of the solar radiation reaches the forest floor and it amounts to 1.0 to 1.6 MJ m d. Sunflecks bursts can go up to 25 % of full sun and can last from 2 to 4 min. In some cases, such bursts can account for 30 % to 70 % of the total daily understorey of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Therefore, the diffuse radiation dominates during most of the time. Also, the quality of the energy changes substantially because the vegetation uses most of the PAR, and at the forest floor the solar radiation contains, in general, only 25 % of PAR. Throughout the year, the PAR fraction which
Nyctalopin is essential for synaptic transmission in the cone dominated zebrafish retina

The first synapse in the vertebrate visual system is the photoreceptor synapse between rod and cone photoreceptors and the second‐order bipolar cells. Although mutations in the nyctalopin gene (NYX) in humans lead to congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1), affecting synaptic transmission between both types of photoreceptors and ON‐bipolar cells, the function of nyctalopin in cone‐dominant animal models has not been studied. Because the larval zebrafish retina is cone‐dominant, we isolated the zebrafish nyx ortholog and raised a polyclonal antibody against the protein. Nyctalopin is expressed postsynaptically in both synaptic layers of the retina. Functional disruption via morpholino antisense injection leads to characteristic defects in the electroretinogram and defects in visual contrast sensitivity. We therefore demonstrated that nyctalopin plays a similar role in retinal synapse function in the cone pathway as in the rod pathway, thereby creating a genetic model for CSNB1 and its effects on cone vision.
OPERATIONAL ARCHITECTONICS OF PERCEPTION AND COGNITION (A PRINCIPLE OF SELF-ORGANIZED METASTABLE BRAIN STATES)

Recent neuroscience theories state that cognitive percepts result from the integrative activity of functionally specialized brain areas, however the experimental data still tend to be discussed in the terms of activated local areas. Most likely the reason for that is a lack of consistent theory and understanding of the mechanisms through which the brain orchestrate the symphony of perceptions, thoughts and actions. The aim of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of such mechanisms. The concept we offer has several more-or-less polemic hypotheses grounded in rather well-established facts. Not all the hypotheses are originally our own, but the aggregate presented here is novel and provides a sound framework for understanding important aspects of the brain mechanisms that constitute perception, cognition and consciousness. The global principles of coding and representing in human brain the environmental scenes and objects, in particular the relations of these representations to mental states and thoughts are still an enigma for modern science. As to visual modality (being the best investigated) there is a somewhat general agreement that a particular percept emerged in a result of a specific spatial-temporal pattern of neuronal activity in different brain (neocortex) areas which represent specific features of objects or scenes. However the exact mechanism of emergence and regularities of such neuronal activity patterns are still far from being understood.