Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Summary Review Newer Oral Anticoagulant Drugs

The purpose of Drug Effectiveness Review Project reports is to make available information regarding the comparative clinical effectiveness and harms of different drugs. Reports are not usage guidelines, nor should they be read as an endorsement of or recommendation for any particular drug, use, or approach. Oregon Health & Science University does not recommend or endorse any guideline or recommendation developed by users of these reports.
GLTSCR1 Negatively Regulates BRD4‐Dependent Transcription Elongation and Inhibits CRC Metastasis

Frameshift mutations frequently occur in colorectal cancer (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI), but the nature and biological function of many MSI‐associated mutations remain elusive. Here, an MSI frameshift mutation is identified in glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1 (GLTSCR1) that produces two C‐terminal‐truncated proteins. Additionally, GLTSCR1 is verified as a tumor suppressor that inhibits CRC metastasis. Through binding to bromodomains and the phosphorylation‐dependent interaction domain of bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4) via the C‐terminus, GLTSCR1 blocks oncogenic transcriptional elongation. However, truncated GLTSCR1 translocates into the cytoplasm and loses BRD4 binding domain, which induces the phosphorylation of RNA Pol II at Ser2 and dephosphorylation at Ser5, then increases oncogenic transcriptional elongation. Importantly, GLTSCR1 deficiency decreases sensitivity to bromodomain and extra terminal domain inhibitors. This study highlights the molecular mechanism of the GLTSCR1‐BRD4 interaction, which is a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE), A Biomarker of Alcohol Exposure: Hope for a Silent Epidemic of Fetal Alcohol Affected Children

One percent of children in North America may be affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). FASD remains difficult to diagnose because confirmation of maternal alcohol use is a diagnostic criterion, and women consuming alcohol during pregnancy are reluctant to divulge this information for fear of stigmatization and losing custody of the child. Consequently, using a biomarker to assess alcohol exposure would provide a tremendous advantage. Recently, the measurement of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) in hair has provided a powerful tool for assessing alcohol exposure. My thesis fills a translational gap of research between the development of the FAEE hair test and its application in the context of FASD. The guinea pig has been a critical model for FASD research, in which FAEE hair analysis has previously distinguished ethanol-exposed dams/offspring from controls. My first study, reports a positive dose-concentration relationship between alcohol exposure and hair FAEE, in the human, and the guinea pig. Humans also displayed over an order of magnitude higher FAEE incorporation per equivalent alcohol exporsure, suggesting that the test will be a sensitive clinical marker of fetal alcohol exposure. My second study utilized multi-coloured rats to investigate the potential of a hair-colour bias, as has been reported for other clinical hair assays; no evidence of
The in vitro effects of HAART on the expression of muci and NFkB1 in a cervical cancer cell line, HCS-2

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. viii LIST OF FIGURES.xiii LIST OF TABLES.xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.xix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.1 1.1 General Introduction.1 1.1.1 Cervical cancer; a public health issue.1 1.1.2 The progression from HPV infection to cervical cancer.3 1.1. 3 The risk and prevalence of cervical cancer in South Africa.6 1.1. 4 Cervical cancer is an AIDS defining malignancy.6 1.1. 5 The role of apoptosis in cancer and involvement of MUC1 and NFkβ. 7 1.2 Literature Review.10 1.2.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an Indicator of Fecal Contamination in Water: A Review

Escherichia coli or E. coli is a member of the fecal coliform group and is a more specific indicator of fecal contamination than other fecal coliform species, its presence indicate possibly presence of harmful bacteria which will cause diseases and it also suggests the extent as well as the nature of the contaminants. E. coli bacteria able to survive in water for 4 – 12 weeks and at present, it appears as an indicator to provide the accurate bacterial contamination of fecal matter in drinking water, because of the availability of simple, affordable, fast, sensitive and exact detection techniques. According to the laboratory experiment based techniques, 24 - 48 hours are required for the bacterial concentration to be reported. So, there is a necessity for continuous monitoring. Techniques for detection of many pathogenic bacterial strains are not yet available, sometimes days to weeks are required to get the results. To overcome the difficulties, expensive and time-consuming techniques are required to detect, count and identify the presence of specific bacterial strain. Public health relies on online monitoring of water quality that depends majorly on examination of fecal indicator bacteria, thus protection of health requires fecal pollution indicator so that it is not required to analyze drinking water to overcome the problems associated with waterborne diseases. This paper will brief the classification, sources, survival of E. coli bacteria and its correlation with basic water quality parameters in water sources. ```
Whole Wheat Phytochemicals And Potential Health Benefit

A whole grain consists of the intact, ground, cracked or flaked caryopsis, whose principal anatomical components the starchy endosperm, germ and bran are present in the same relative proportions as they exist in the intact caryopsis. Whole grain food products can be intact, consisting of the original composition of bran, germ, and endosperm, throughout the entire lifetime of the product, or reconstituted, in which one or more of the original components of a whole grain is recombined to the relative proportion naturally occurring in the grain kernel. Increased consumption of whole grains has been associated with reduced risk of major chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and some cancers. Whole grain foods offer a wide range of phytochemicals with health benefits that are only recently becoming recognized. The unique phytochemicals in whole grains are proposed to be responsible for the health benefits of whole grain consumption. In this paper, whole grain phytochemicals and the health benefit associated with their consumption are reviewed. 1 Parts of this chapter were accepted for publication in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Okarter, N. and Liu, RH. Health Benefit of Whole Grain Phytochemicals (2009). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (in press)
Protection of materials from hydrogen accumulation

The article is concerned with possible accidents caused by high concentrations of hydrogen in metals. The problem of using recycled metal is considered. The mechanisms of hydrogen accumulation are described. Among other things, we propose an introduction to the output control of hydrogen concentrations. The results of reducing the concentration of diffuse-mobile hydrogen in steels after ultrasonic treatment are described.
Electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde on novel composite of nickel/triton-x100/poly(o-aminophenol-co-aniline)

Oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) is very important, owing to its use in fuel cells. Modification of electrodes surfaces is an excellent way to decrease the overpotentials as well as to increase the current density of the voltammetric response.pt as most efficient metal catalyst can easily be poisoned by product of oxidation and also it has high cost. In this work an efficient and low cost electrocatalytic system for electrochemical oxidation of formaldehyde in alkaline solution is introduced. For preparation of this modified electrode, copolymeric film on the surface of carbon paste electrode was formed by successive potential cycling in solution containing o-aminophenol and aniline as monomer and Triton X-100 as a surfactant. Ni(II) ions were incorporated into the electrode surface by immersion of the copolymeric modified electrode in 0.1 M Ni(II) ion solution. The influences of different parameters such as mol ratio of monomers in copolymer formation and the number of potential cycling for copolymer formation on electrocatalytic ability of the modified electrode for formaldehyde oxidation have been investigated and optimized.Results show that modified electrode with copolymeric films, show higher catalytic effect for formaldehyde oxidation respect to pure homopolymers (polyaniline or poly(o-aminophenol)). Also addition of Triton -X100 in electropolymerization step, considerably increased catalytic ability of the modified electrode for formaldehyde oxidation. This modified electrode displays a highly efficient electrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of formaldehyde. The current density of 11 mA cm-2 is greater than most of the previously reported electrodes.
Early pregnancy diagnosis and embryo/fetus mortality in cattle

Early Pregnancy Diagnosis and Embryo/Fetus Mortality in Cattle. (December 2004) Juan Eduardo Romano, D.V.M., University of Uruguay; M.S., University of Minnesota Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Duane C. Kraemer Dr. David W. Forrest Pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography (using a 5 MHZ linear probe) presented the maximum sensitivity and negative predictive values at day 26 and day 29 after estrus in heifers and cows, respectively. Palpation per rectum using the fetal membrane slip for pregnancy diagnosis did not increase embryo/fetus mortality when compared with a positive control group of non-palpated females. The use of a controlled randomized block design was a useful approach to study this problem. Blocking for category and number of embryos allowed us to remove these confounding factors. Factors that affected pregnancy loss during the first four months of pregnancy were: period of pregnancy, age of the animal, number of previous lactations and number of embryos. Pregnancy loss was higher during the embryonic than fetal periods. Spontaneous embryo/fetal mortality increased with the age of the animal and lactation number. The risk of spontaneous embryo/fetus mortality was higher in twin than in single pregnancies. Two types of embryo/fetus mortality were noted: Type I and Type II. Type I was characterized by presence of positive fetal membrane slip by palpation per rectum, signs of degeneration by transrectal ultrasonography and persistence of a functional corpus luteum. The uterus took approximately 3 weeks to be noted clean by transrectal ultrasonography and the animals showed estrus one month after the conceptus was diagnosed dead. Type II was characterized by absence of positive signs of pregnancy by palpation per rectum, absence of signs of degeneration by transrectal ultrasonography and absence of a functional corpus luteum.
Nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Graphene – the nanomaterial for next generation of semipermeable membranes

Abstract In recent decades, novel and promising graphene-based materials (i.e., carbon nanotubes, nanoporous graphene and graphene oxide) suitable to be used in preparation of high-capacity membranes for water desalination and water and wastewater treatment have been developed. After detail recognition of properties of nanoporous graphene and graphene oxide-based materials, the general conclusion on preparation of membranes made of only graphene or only graphene oxide as well as other composite materials involving these nanomaterials has been given. Novel composite membranes containing nanoporous graphene and, first of all, graphene oxide can be divided into two groups: (i) freestanding membranes made only of graphene or only of graphene oxide, and (ii) polymeric/ceramic membranes modified with the use of graphene-based nanomaterials. The modification of polymeric membranes can be achieved either by introduction of a nanomaterial onto a membrane surface or its addition to a membrane casting solution followed by membrane formation from a polymer and a nanomaterial mixture. Membranes based on nanomaterials enable to obtain significantly higher water/permeate fluxes than currently used thin film composite polyamide membranes. The future prospect of membranes based on nanoporous graphene and graphene oxide in regard to the final separation efficiency and commercial scaling up has been discussed. Graphical Abstract
Dynamics and self-organisation of active cytoskeletal gels

The cytoskeleton builds functional structures by self-organisation of proteins. In this process, the boundary conditions, e.g. given by the cell membrane, are decisive for structure formation. Here, three systems of extensile microtubule-kinesin gels, contractile actomyosin gels and polymerising dendritic actin networks are analysed in vitro and in silico. Their interplay with the confining geometry and surface adhesion steers the formation of dynamic force-generating assemblies, which are requisite for essential cellular tasks.
Calcium Ion Involvement in Epileptogenesis

ABSTRACT.The equivalent of epileptic EEG discharges on the cellular level are paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS). This paper reviews mechanisms involved in the initiation of epileptic discharges, PDS generation, transition from interictal to ictal discharges, and ictal epileptic activity, focussing on the role of calcium ions in these different steps of epileptogenesis. Intrinsic and synaptically elicited transmembranous calcium currents play a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability; large intracellular calcium accumulations as found during intense epileptic activity may even lead to cell death. Different approaches to the development of new antiepileptic drugs based on the mechanisms of action of calcium ions in epileptogenesis are discussed.
Qualitative and Pharmacological Evaluation of Root Extracts of Withania somnifera against Human and Plant Pathogens

AIMS: The aim of present study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Withania somnifera, in order to use it as a possible source for new antimicrobial substances against important human and plant pathogens. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The roots of Withania somnifera were evaluated against medically important bacteria viz. Proteus merabilis, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Agerobacterium tumefaciens (plant pathogen) and one fungi Aspergillus
Intestinal permeability and faecal Granulocyte Marker Protein in Dextran Sulphate Sodium - induced colitis in rats

Summary The aims of this preliminary study were to foster the development of an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hereby studied the effects of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in drinking water on (a) intestinal permeability and (b) faecal levels of granulocyte marker protein (GMP) in rats. Methods were adopted to keep stress at a minimum. The animals had free access to DSS for 36 or 96 hrs. Controls received only water. Oral administration of 51 Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( 51 CrEDTA) is used for clinical evaluation of intestinal permeability in IBD. 51 CrEDTA was administered by training the animals to drink a given quantity of fluid within 5 minutes in a specific environment. On the test day, they voluntarily consumed 1 ml water containing 2 µCi 51 CrEDTA. Urine samples were taken from filter paper in their home-cages for 6 hrs and radioactivity measured in a gamma counter. Faecal samples were col- lected after 36 and 96 hrs on DSS or water for GMP analysis. RESULTS: GMP was elevated in the DSS- induced animals after both 36 hrs (p<.05) and 96 hrs (p<.01), the elevation being greater after 96 hrs. Con- sumption of DSS increased the urinary excretion of 51 CrEDTA after 36 hrs, but not after 96 hrs. Only DSS consumption for 96 hrs resulted in visible colonic erosions in either the proximal, mid or distal part of the colon. CONCLUSION: DSS has an acute effect upon urinary excretion of 51 CrEDTA, and 96 hrs of access
Cooling Induced Surface Reconstruction during Synthesis of High‐Ni Layered Oxides

Transition metal layered oxides have been the dominant cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries, and among them, high‐Ni ones (LiNixMnyCozO2; x ≥ 0.7) with greatly boosted capacity and reduced cost are of particular interest for large‐scale applications. The high Ni loading, on the other hand, raises the critical issues of surface instability and poor rate performance. The rational design of synthesis leading to layered LiNi0.7Mn0. 15Co0.15O2 with greatly enhanced rate capability is demonstrated, by implementing a quenching process alternative to the general slow cooling. In situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, coupled with surface analysis, is applied to studies of the synthesis process, revealing cooling‐induced surface reconstruction involving Li2CO3 accumulation, formation of a Li‐deficient layer and Ni reduction at the particle surface. The reconstruction process occurs predominantly at high temperatures (above 350 °C) and is highly cooling‐rate dependent, implying that surface reconstruction can be suppressed through synthetic control, i.e., quenching to improve the surface stability and rate performance of the synthesized materials. These findings may provide guidance to rational synthesis of high‐Ni cathode materials.
Mouse xenograft models for elucidating drug resistance mechanisms

Divergence of treatment responses to chemotherapy exists across patients (often with underlying mechanisms unknown), with some patients exhibiting worsened outcome upon treatment. Genomic approaches (such as microarray profiling and whole-genome sequencing) hold promise for transforming cancer treatment, particularly, in tailoring drug regimen to specific patients. Nevertheless, formulating effective personalized treatment via surveying the mutational landscape remains difficult, due to current deficiencies in predicting drug sensitivity from genotype. Xenografts, both indirect (via cell line) and direct (from primary tumours), are good physiologic models of cancers. Their utility in informing cancer treatment, however, is constrained by high cost of generating and maintaining genetically modified animals, and the paucity of tissue samples from biopsies. Advent of high throughput biomolecular profiling tools finally enables reading out the expansive molecular fingerprints that encode observed phenotypes in xenografts. Using pheochromocytoma (an adrenal medulla cancer) as example, this short essay provides a broad overview of the scientific and clinical possibilities offered by xenograft models for understanding resistance mechanisms to particular chemotherapeutic regimens, and upon identification of the putative mutations, confirms their functional roles as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors. Additionally, workflow involved in generating a predictive platform, based on non-invasive blood biomarkers, for informing drug treatment options is discussed. Known as an integrated genomic classifier, combination of physiological response of direct xenografts to drug treatment and bioinformatics-enabled correlation of blood biomarkers to observed phenotype at cellular and animal levels, provides the biological basis for predicting patients’ prognosis without invasive biopsy of solid tumours. Elucidation of drug resistance mechanisms entails: (i) recapitulating in vivo tumour behavior using cell lines derived from primary tumour; (ii) identification of aetiological
Purification, characterization and application of bromelain from Ananas comosus

Bromelain is a major protease, isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus). Bromelain is accumulated in the entire plant to a different extent and properties depending on its source. In the present study, Bromelain was extracted from all parts of pineapple using sodium citrate buffer. Bromelain was filtered, centrifuged and used for further studies. After the determination of protease activity and protein content, the Core and Pulp extract of A.comosus was chosen using gelatin as the substrate. The Bromelain was purified by precipitation and dialysis. Then SDS-PAGE was performed in order to determine the molecular size of the obtained protein. Then the effectiveness of Bromelain as an anti-browning agent, extracted and purified from pineapple Core and Pulp was determined. The study showed that Bromelain is a better anti-browning agent when compared with some of the available commercial anti-browning agents. Further, the application of Bromelain was tested by stain removal, compared to the positive control, the ability of stain-removing property for the produced enzyme was observed to be good. Immobilized Bromelain prepared using calcium alginate beads and its stability and characters were noted.
Effect of In-cylinder Flow Structures on Late Cycle Soot Oxidation in a Quiescent Heavy-duty Diesel Engine

ABSTRACT This paper reports on CFD simulations of in-cylinder flow and combustion in an open-bowl heavy duty diesel engine at high load. The focus of the study is to unravel the effect of swirl motion on the soot formation and on the late cycle soot oxidation. To incorporate detailed kinetic mechanism while maintaining a manageable computational time, Representative Interactive Flamelets (RIF) method is employed to describe the chemical reactions, ignition, flame propagation, and emissions in the engine. In modeling the soot, a phenomenological model is employed where soot formation, nucleation, coagulation, and oxidation with O2 and OH are considered. Four values for swirl numbers, SN = 0, 0.5, 1.7, and 3.4, at three injection pressures and three injection timings are considered. It is shown that increasing the swirl number leads to an increase in both the amount of soot in the exhaust gas and the peak value of soot in the engine cylinder. The mechanisms of soot formation and oxidation and swirl/in-cylinder flow interaction in the given engine configuration are investigated based on the numerical results. It is shown that in-cylinder turbulence is the key parameter affecting the formation and oxidation of soot. Despite the higher mean flow kinetic energy in the high swirl cases than in the no-swirl case, the no-swirl case has a higher turbulent kinetic energy at late cycle. This is due to the presence of coherent structures created from the spray-wall interaction, which can survive longer time after the end of injection (EOI).
Structural, thermal, dielectric and optical behaviour investigations of water-free ZnO/lyotropic liquid crystal nanocolloids

ABSTRACT Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles of spherical symmetry (average size of ≈ 20 nm) have been synthesised via a non-aqueous lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) templating process. Lyotropic liquid crystalline nanocolloids are prepared via dispersing 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 wt. % ZnO nanoparticles in non-aqueous lyotropic phase. No structural phase change has been seen with the doping of nanoparticles as stable lamellar phases are observed in all the cases. Stability of the lamellar structure and orientation of the ZnO nanoparticles in the liquid crystalline matrix may be attributed to the interfacial surface charge interactions. A significant increase and pronounced dispersion in dielectric permittivity of the ZnO/LLC nanocolloids could be the result of parallel coupling among guest/host, higher dipole- moment of the ZnO nanoparticles and Maxwell-Wagner polarisation. The variation of relaxation parameters has also been discussed and correlated with the dielectric and structural parameters. ZnO/lyotropic nanocolloids devices exhibit dc conductivity of the order of 10−5S/m owing to the increase in the number of ions (of the order of 1019m−3) in the doped systems. Nanocolloids exhibits, the refractive index of range 1.40 to 1.45 and the wide bandgap of the range 4.1–4.5 eV. Graphical abstract