Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Artificial magnetic conductor‐based circularly polarized crossed‐dipole antennas: 2. AMC structure without grounding pins

This paper is the second part of our study that investigates surface wave resonances on artificial magnetic conductor (AMC)‐based circularly polarized (CP) crossed‐dipole antennas. In this part, the AMC structure without grounding pins is employed in the antenna system instead of the structure with grounding pins in the first part. Similar to the case with pins, the excitation of surface waves propagating on the finite‐sized AMC surface without pins generates extra resonances and CP radiations for the antenna system. These extra resonances and corresponding CP radiations can be used to enhance the impedance matching and axial ratio bandwidths of the antenna, respectively. In addition, surface wave resonances on AMC‐based antennas with/without grounding pins are discussed in section 5 of this paper.
Production of biodiesel from sunflower oil and ethanol by base catalyzed transesterification

Biodiesel is an attractive alternative fuel for diesel engines.The feedstock for biodiesel production is usually vegetable oil, pure oil or waste cooking oil, or animal fats The most common way today to produce biodiesel is by transesterification of the oils with an alcohol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. It is a low temperature and low‐pressure reaction. It yields high conversion (96%‐98%) with minimal side reactions and short reaction time. It is a direct conversion to biodiesel with no intermediate compounds. This work provides an overview concerning biodiesel production. Likewise, this work focuses on the commercial production of biodiesel. The Valdescorriel Biodiesel plant, located in Zamora (Spain), is taken like model of reference to study the profitability and economics of a biodiesel plant. The Valdescorriel Biodiesel plant has a nominal production capacity of 20000 biodiesel tons per year. The initial investment for the biodiesel plant construction is the 4.5 millions €. The benefits are 2 million €/year. The return of investment is calculated in less than 3 years. A biodiesel of 98% can be reached. The energy used for the biodiesel production is 30% less than the obtained energy from the produced biodiesel. Replacing petro diesel by the biodiesel produced in the plant, a significant CO2 reduction can be reached (about 48%). It means that the CO2 emission can be reduced by 55 000 tons CO2 per year. The production of biodiesel from sunflower oil and ethanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst was performed in the laboratory and the results are discussed. The results are analyzed using the statistic method of Total Quality. The effect of the ethanol/oil ratio and the amount of used catalyst on the yield of biodiesel as well as on the properties of the produced biodiesel is studied. In the experimental part the density, viscosity and refractive index of the produced biodiesel are measured. The ethanol/oil ratio influences the biodiesel production. The yield of biodiesel increases with the ethanol/oil ratio. Regarding the influence of the amount of catalyst on biodiesel production in the studied conditions, an increase of the biodiesel yield with the amount of catalyst can be appreciated. The study of the evolution of the transesterification during time shows that a reaction time of one hour is sufficient enough in order to reach the highest yield of biodiesel. Production of biodiesel from sunflower oil and ethanol by base catalysed transesterification
Four Years Of Helping Underrepresented Students Succeed In Engineering

The Michigan Tech GUIDE (Graduate and Undergraduate Initiative for Development and Enhancement) began in the Fall of 2002. This NSF funded program helps engineering students from underrepresented groups succeed academically through mentoring, engineering seminars, and career development initiatives. During the grant period, over 70 undergraduate and graduate students have participated in the program. From the beginning of the program, the GUIDE undergraduates have out performed the average College of Engineering (COE) student in several ways (See Table below): • They have participated in campus activities at a higher rate than the university average; • They have obtained co-ops at rates exceeding the national and Michigan Tech averages; • They have initiated a service component to the program that was not in the grant proposal. GUIDE and COE Participation Undergraduate GUIDE Scholars COE Work Study 57% 45% Co-Op (National Average: 9%) 15% 12% Study Abroad 2% 2% Enterprise 20% 10% Academically, the GUIDE scholars have performed at the same level or better as the COE. This finding was surprising because many of the GUIDE undergraduates faced academic challenges when they started engineering school. For example, a higher percentage of the GUIDE first year students were not ready to take Calculus. They also had lower ACT/SAT scores than the average first year engineering student. This paper will briefly describe the program. Its main focus will be outlining the successes of the program through the presentation of program data and will hypothesize why these successes have occurred.
PERFORMANCE BASED FIRE SAFETY DESIGN STANDARDS AND FSE TOOLS FOR COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION

Traditionally, fire safety measures of buildings in Japan have been controlled almost entirely by the detailed prescriptive provisions stipulated in the building and the fire regulations. Some of them were leaned more or less blindly from overseas countries and others were established by empirical discretions of so-called “fire experts”. Such prescriptive provisions may be convenient in a sense since particular technical competence for fire safety engineering is hardly required for designers nor building officials. On the other hand, a disadvantage is that they tend to resist any incompliance however trivial it may be from the safety point of view, thereby discouraging the use of innovative materials, products, construction technologies or novel designs.
Étude de la microarchitecture trabéculaire du sillon parasagittal et du condyle du métacarpe distal chez le cheval de course, à la naissance et chez l’adulte

III TABLE DES MATIERES . IV LISTE DES TABLEAUX . VII LISTE DES FIGURES . VIII LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS . IX REMERCIEMENTS . X INTRODUCTION . 1 REVUE DE LITTERATURE . 5 1 DESCRIPTION D’UNE ARTICULATION SYNOVIALE PHYSIOLOGIQUE . 6 1.1 ORGANISATION GENERALE D’UNE ARTICULATION ADULTE . 7 1.2 CARTILAGE ARTICULAIRE ADULTE . 8 1.2.1 STRUCTURE MACROSCOPIQUE . 8 1.2.2 STRUCTURE MICROSCOPIQUE . 8 1.3 L’OS . 11 1.3. 1 L’OS SOUS-CHONDRAL . 12 2 DEVELOPPEMENT DES OS LONGS ET DE LEURS SURFACES ARTICULAIRES . 14 2.1 ÉLABORATION DE LA MATRICE CARTILAGINEUSE, MODELE DE L’OS DEFINITIF ET INDIVIDUALISATION DES OS . 14 2.2 FORMATION DU CENTRE D’OSSIFICATION PRIMAIRE . 14
Probing Measuring Skills in Pre-trained Language Models

Recent success of pre-trained language mod-001 els (PLMs) has stimulated interest in their abil-002 ity to understand and work with numbers. One 003 form of knowledge that has not been studied 004 yet in this context is numerical reasoning over 005 measurements. We show that PLMs possess 006 the linguistic capabilities to understand the sys-007 tem of measurement, but they fail to combine 008 it with numerical reasoning skills. We also 009 ﬁnd that PLMs trained on the measurement-010 rich corpus show better performance on under-011 standing measurements. Based on these obser-012 vations, we propose a simple embedding strat-013 egy for input representation which leads to a 014 signiﬁcant improvement in measuring skills
Waterjet propulsion equipment and its application on warships

Waterjet propulsion has the advantages of high efficiency, low noise, high maneuvering capabilityand high performance in shallow water, etc., so its military value should be attracting more and more attention of navies in the world. In this paper, the characteristics of waterjet propulsion are analyzed, and the basic principle and structure of waterjet propulsion equipment are briefly introduced. The authors summarize its application on submarines and surface ships in the world, and give a brief analysis of its future application and development.
Do Spatially Explicit Wildlife Exposure Models Improve the Estimation of Risk for Small Mammals? Case Study: Application of Spatially Explicit Exposure Model to Small Mammal Exposures to Lead in Heterogeneous Landscapes

Understanding risks to terrestrial wildlife species from exposure to chemicals in the environment requires knowledge of how species make habitat decisions and how subsequent exposure events occur. Heterogeneity of chemical distribution and of habitat quality can influence exposure. Previous studies in birds have shown that individually based, spatially explicit models can be useful in predicting exposure and risk; however, studies investigating these influences in small mammals with limited ranges have been lacking. Here we test a spatially explicit, individually based exposure model (Spatially Explicit Exposure Model [SEEM]) in which model predictions based on life history traits, habitat preferences, and varying soil Pb concentrations are used and compared to those with field‐collected blood or tissue Pb concentrations in small (e.g., Peromyscus, Blarina spp.) and medium‐sized mammalian species (e.g., Lepus spp.) at 3 Pb‐contaminated sites. These species were chosen because they were expected to be present in suitable habitat, and Pb was modeled when adequate tissue‐based toxicity thresholds were available. Oral exposure estimates from SEEM were compared with a traditional deterministic model and with field‐collected tissue Pb concentrations using ecological hazard quotients (EHQs) to normalize between oral and real‐time tissue Pb concentrations. Ecological hazard quotients at the 90% population effect level (for SEEM) and at the 95% upper confidence level (assuming a single Pb concentration with no consideration of habitat quality in the deterministic model) were compared with maximum EHQs developed from blood or tissue Pb concentrations. Deterministic estimates and SEEM were similar for small mammal species, yet slightly overpredicted risk compared to field tissue or blood Pb data. Estimates for hares (medium‐sized mammals) using SEEM provided more accurate predictions compared with field tissue data. These data suggest that spatially explicit models may be sensitive to grain size, given that small mammals experience the environment in limited spatial contexts, a scale at which habitat may not change significantly. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:259–272. Published 2020. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Disturbance and climate effects on carbon stocks and fluxes across Western Oregon USA

We used a spatially nested hierarchy of field and remote‐sensing observations and a process model, Biome‐BGC, to produce a carbon budget for the forested region of Oregon, and to determine the relative influence of differences in climate and disturbance among the ecoregions on carbon stocks and fluxes. The simulations suggest that annual net uptake (net ecosystem production (NEP)) for the whole forested region (8.2 million hectares) was 13.8 Tg C (168 g C m−2 yr−1), with the highest mean uptake in the Coast Range ecoregion (226 g C m−2 yr−1), and the lowest mean NEP in the East Cascades (EC) ecoregion (88 g C m−2 yr−1). Carbon stocks totaled 2765 Tg C (33 700 g C m−2), with wide variability among ecoregions in the mean stock and in the partitioning above‐ and belowground. The flux of carbon from the land to the atmosphere that is driven by wildfire was relatively low during the late 1990s (∼0.1 Tg C yr−1), however, wildfires in 2002 generated a much larger C source (∼4.1 Tg C). Annual harvest removals from the study area over the period 1995–2000 were ∼5.5 Tg C yr−1. The removals were disproportionately from the Coast Range, which is heavily managed for timber production (approximately 50% of all of Oregon's forest land has been managed for timber in the past 5 years). The estimate for the annual increase in C stored in long‐lived forest products and land fills was 1.4 Tg C yr−1. Net biome production (NBP) on the land, the net effect of NEP, harvest removals, and wildfire emissions indicates that the study area was a sink (8.2 Tg C yr−1). NBP of the study area, which is the more heavily forested half of the state, compensated for ∼52% of Oregon's fossil carbon dioxide emissions of 15.6 Tg C yr−1 in 2000. The Biscuit Fire in 2002 reduced NBP dramatically, exacerbating net emissions that year. The regional total reflects the strong east–west gradient in potential productivity associated with the climatic gradient, and a disturbance regime that has been dominated in recent decades by commercial forestry.
Calibrated Bayes, an alternative inferential paradigm for official statistics

I characterize the prevailing philosophy of official statistics as a design/model compromise (DMC). It is design-based for descriptive inferences from large samples, and model-based for small area estimation, nonsampling errors such as nonresponse or measurement error, and some other subfields like ARIMA modeling of time series. I suggest that DMC involves a form of “inferential schizophrenia”, and offer examples of the problems this creates. An alternative philosophy for survey inference is calibrated Bayes (CB), where inferences for a particular data set are Bayesian, but models are chosen to yield inferences that have good design-based properties. I argue that CB resolves DMC conflicts, and capitalizes on the strengths of both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Features of the CB approach to surveys include the incorporation of survey design information into the model, and models with weak prior distributions that avoid strong parametric assumptions. I describe two applications to U.S. Census Bureau data.
Learning the Ordering of Coordinate Compounds and Elaborate Expressions in Hmong, Lahu, and Chinese

Coordinate compounds (CCs) and elaborate expressions (EEs) are coordinate constructions common in languages of East and Southeast Asia. Mortensen (2006) claims that (1) the linear ordering of EEs and CCs in Hmong, Lahu, and Chinese can be predicted via phonological hierarchies and (2) that these phonological hierarchies lack a clear phonetic rationale. These claims are significant because morphosyntax has often been seen as in a feed-forward relationship with phonology, and phonological generalizations have often been assumed to be phonetically “natural”. We investigate whether the ordering of CCs and EEs can be learned empirically and whether computational models (classifiers and sequence-labeling models) learn unnatural hierarchies similar to those posited by Mortensen (2006). We find that decision trees and SVMs learn to predict the order of CCs/EEs on the basis of phonology, beating strong baselines for all three languages, with DTs learning hierarchies strikingly similar to those proposed by Mortensen. However, we also find that a neural sequence labeling model is able to learn the ordering of elaborate expressions in Hmong very effectively without using any phonological information. We argue that EE ordering can be learned through two independent routes: phonology and lexical distribution, presenting a more nuanced picture than previous work.
3D CAPP Based on 2D Process Design System

"Product Process Design Based on 3D Model" is the key and direction of advanced manufacturing technology.It is difficult to realize process design of 3D products.This paper tentatively proposes a system model based on 3D process design,and discusses the realization of system process design,manufacturing process planning,process management,process information integration,etc.Then it builds all functional modules of the system,and does a research on the key technology involved in the system.A practical example shows this method has high validity,accuracy and practicality.
Development and translation of label-free functional microscopy based on optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging modality based on low coherence interferometry, can be extended to obtain various endogenous functional contrasts. This thesis focuses on the development and translation of angiographic and polarization sensitive (PS) OCT techniques for clinical and preclinical applications. This goal includes four specific aims. The first aim is to develop a clinical imaging system to image the anatomy and microvasculature of human skin. The second aim is to develop a high performance post-processing algorithm for angiographic OCT. Towards this aim, we developed a processing algorithm based on complex differential variance (CDV) and confirmed its performance by benchmarking it against other published algorithms. The third aim is to develop a new approach for achieving high spatial resolution with an extended depth of focus for angiographic imaging. To achieve this aim, we have designed and built a triband wavelength system in which each spectrum is tightly focused at displaced focal planes to yield high transverse resolution over an effectively extended depth range. The fourth aim is to provide an imaging platform for preclinical study of peripheral nerve injury and repair. The vascularization is assessed by angiographic OCT, and the degree of myelination is measured by PS-OCT. These results confirm that the OCT platform can reveal new insights into preclinical studies of nerve regeneration and may ultimately provide a means for clinical intraoperative assessment of peripheral nerve health. Thesis Supervisor: Benjamin J. Vakoc Title: Associate Professor of Dermatology, HMS, MGH Thesis Supervisor: Peter T. So Title: Professor of Mechanical and Biological Engineering
Correction to “Future changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling simulated for a business‐as‐usual CO2 emission scenario until year 4000 AD”

as recommended by Evans and Garçon [1997] for 0 < u < 20. In the code, 0.04926 was erroneously used instead of 0.004926. This caused too little light limitation. We have also found that in many places, u > 20 such that approximation (2) has large errors. We changed the code and implemented the original light limitation function (equation (1)). This required some retuning of the other biological parameters in order to yield an essentially identical simulation of the biogeochemical tracer distributions. In addition to the parameter values reported by Schmittner et al. [2008], we now recommend the following parameter setting.
Deriving value from IT investments within boutique hotels: a Buffalo city case study

Even though many organizations invest in IT, the value that IT is expected to contribute is still not clearly understood. Researchers agree that IT has become a crucial element to business operations and business existence. However, while there is continued investment in new information technologies and systems, organizations are not certain whether significant value is derived from IT investments. The failure to realize good return on IT investments is ascribed to a lack of understanding of IT by organizations and also the failure by organizations to align IT strategies with business strategies. The lack of alignment leads to the failure to match the right IT to the correct task, which leads to the poor application of systems and poor allocation of human resources to tasks. Therefore, organizations such as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in particular Boutique Hotels, are noted for their failure to derive better IT value. Their unique characteristics are understood to be influential in the way IT is used and managed by affecting the delivery of value from technology. In order to enable Boutique Hotels to derive more value from IT, the IT governance frameworks, Val IT and CobiT (ITGI, 2007), were examined as these integrate good practices to ensure that an organization‘s IT supports the business objectives. In addition, the Task Technology Fit (TTF) (Goodhue and Thompson, 1995) and Gap Analysis (Heeks, 2001) theories were highlighted as these prescribe the platform ideal for more value to be derived from IT. The current status of Boutique Hotels in Buffalo City was assessed through the use of questionnaires and interviews. The collected data was analyzed and resulted in the development of a model that can be used by Boutique Hotels in order to derive more value from IT and to maximize the use of IT.
Parameter Identification of Heffron-Phillips Model Considering AVR Using On- Line Measurements Data

The Heffron-Phillips model of the synchronous generator is a fourth order linear model including a third order synchronous machine and a first order automatic voltage regulator (AVR) model. This model is used for small signal stability analysis and power system stabilizer (PSS) design. In some power grids, the synchronous generators and excitation system parameters are not available or valid because of derating, while these parameters are essential to analyze the power systems, design the controllers, and assess the security of the network. In this paper, a genetic algorithm-based method is proposed to identify the parameters of the synchronous generator and excitation system in the frame of Heffron-Phillips model using on-line measurements data. In the proposed method, the reference voltage of AVR is considered as the input signal, while the terminal voltage and output active power of the machine are considered as output signals. The output signals are provided by phasor measurement units (PMUs). The proposed method is applied to a single machine connected to an infinite bus, to show its effectiveness and accuracy.
Soil moisture and electrical conductivity relationships under typical Loess Plateau land covers

Vegetation changes that are driven by soil conservation measures significantly affect subsurface water flow patterns and soil water status. Much research on water consumption and sustainability of newly introduced vegetation types at the plot scale has been done in the Loess Plateau of China (LPC), typically using local scale measurements of soil water content (SWC). However, information collected at the plot scale cannot readily be up‐scaled. Geophysical methods such as electromagnetic induction (EMI) offer large spatial coverage and, therefore, could bridge between the scales. A noninvasive, multicoil, frequency domain, EMI instrument was used to measure the apparent soil electrical conductivity (σa) from six effective depths under four typical land‐covers (shrub, pasture, natural fallow, and crop) in the north of the LPC. Concurrently, SWC was monitored to a depth of 4 m using an array of 44 neutron probes distributed along the plots. The measurements of σa for six effective depths and the integrated SWC over these depths, show consistent behavior. High variability of σa under shrub cover, in particular, is consistent with long term variability of SWC, highlighting the potential unsustainability of this land cover. Linear relationships between SWC and σa were established using cumulative sensitivity forward models. The conductivity–SWC model parameters show clear variation with depth despite lack of appreciable textural variation. This is likely related to the combined effect of elevated pore water conductivity as was illustrated by the simulations obtained with water flow and solute transport models. The results of the study highlight the potential for the implementation of the EMI method for investigations of water distribution in the vadose zone of the LPC, and in particular for qualitative mapping of the vulnerability to excessive vegetation demands and hence, unsustainable land cover.