Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical Demands of Refereeing Rugby Sevens Matches at Different Competitive Levels

Abstract Sant'Anna, RT, Roberts, SP, Moore, LJ, and Stokes, KA. Physical demands of refereeing rugby sevens matches at different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3164–3169, 2021—The aim of this study was to compare the physical demands of officiating across different competitive levels in rugby sevens. An observational design was used involving 27 referees (26 men and 1 woman, age: 27 ± 6 years, body mass [mean ± SD]: 78.5 ± 9.3 kg, and height: 179 ± 5 cm). Global Navigation Satellite Systems data were collected across a total of 114 matches during 5 separate rugby sevens tournaments played in England—between May and July 2018—categorized into 4 competitive levels: (a) international, (b) professional, (c) semiprofessional, and (d) amateur. Compared with referees officiating at the international, professional, and semiprofessional levels, referees officiating at the amateur level covered less total (p < 0.001) and relative distance (p < 0.001). In addition, these referees covered more distance walking and jogging (p < 0.001). Amateur referees also completed fewer sprints (p = 0.006), repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIEs) per game (p < 0.001), and spent longer between RHIEs (p = 0.015). Finally, for the amateur referees, the duration of the longest repeated high-intensity bout (i.e., worst case scenario) was lower (p < 0.001), with less distance covered (p < 0.001) and fewer high-intensity accelerations (p < 0.001). Refereeing rugby sevens is therefore more physically demanding at higher competitive levels, particularly in terms of high-intensity efforts. The results provide vital information for practitioners involved in the physical preparation of rugby sevens referees.
When big data aren’t the answer

In PNAS, Greenberg, et al. (1) use data collected using 4 surveys from over half a million people to support the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) theory of autism and the Empathizing–Systematizing (E-S) theory of sex differences. Large sample sizes are—all other things being equal—better than small sample sizes. However, the most serious criticisms of these 2 theories (see ref. 2) are not addressed by increasing the sample size. The questionnaires used by this study were all developed with reference to autism, and are measuring not independent, but interrelated, constructs (3⇓⇓–6). Historically, it has been taken as a given that there is increased prevalence of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: Kelsey.perrykkad{at}monash.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
microRNA and mRNA profiles in the amygdala are relevant to fear memory induced by physical or psychological stress.

BACKGROUND Anxiety is presumably driven by fear memory. Molecular profiles in the amygdala of mice with fear memory induced by psychological and physical stresses remains elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fear memory in mice was induced by a paradigm of social defeat. Physical/psychological stress (PPS) to an intruder was given by attacks from an aggressive resident. Psychological stress (PS) to an observer was given by seeing aggressor attacks. Amygdala tissues from these mice of showing fear memory and anxiety versus control were harvested to analyze mRNA and miRNA profiles by high throughput sequencing. RESULTS In the amygdala of intruders and observers with fear memory, the genes of encoding 5-HTR1b, 5-HTR2a, DAR2, AChRM3 and IP3R1 are upregulated, whereas genes of encoding GPγ11, GPγ13, GPγT2, RasC3 and P450 are downregulated, indicating that these molecules are involved in fear memory induced by physical/psychological stress. In the comparison of intruders with observes, the upregulation of 5-HTR6, GPγ8, P2R7, NFκ2, CREB3/1 and Itgα9 as well as the downregulation of DAR5, 5-HTR1a and HSP1a are involved in fear memory by physical stress. The upregulation of DAR1, 5-HTR5a and SSR2/3 as well as the downregulation of AdRα1, CREB3/1, GPγ13 and GPγ8 are involved in fear memory by psychological stress. Results by sequencing mRNA and miRNA profiles are consistent, in which some of them are validated by qRT-PCR and dual luciferase reporter assay. CONCLUSIONS Fear memories and anxiety by physical/psychological stress versus psychological stress are caused by the imbalanced regulation of different synapses and signaling pathways in the amygdala.
High-Intensity Interval Training Is Feasible in Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT Purpose This trial aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in postmenopausal, overweight/obese women at high risk of invasive breast cancer and to explore HIIT on changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body weight, and body mass index (BMI) compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and usual care (UC). Methods Forty-four women were randomized to HIIT, MICT, or UC for a 12-wk, thrice weekly, supervised exercise intervention. HIIT included a 5-min warm-up at 50%–70% HRpeak, four cycles of 4 min at 90%–100% HRpeak, followed by 3 min at 50%–70% HRpeak. MICT consisted of 41 min at 60%–70% HRpeak. Feasibility was assessed by consent, adherence, compliance, and retention rates. CRF, body weight, and BMI were measured at baseline and end of study. Repeated-measures linear mixed models were used to assess within- and between-group differences. Results Average age was 63.9 ± 8.8 yr. BMI was 30.9 ± 5.7 kg·m−2. Participants completed 90% and 89% of HIIT and MICT workouts, respectively, with 100% compliance to the exercise prescriptions. No serious adverse events were reported. Compared with MICT and UC, HIIT exhibited improvements in change in treadmill time (101 s greater than MICT, and 125 s greater than UC, respectively, P < 0.001). Compared with UC, HIIT exhibited improvement in changes in absolute and relative V˙O2peak (a 0.15-L·min−1 increase, P = 0.005, and a 2.3-mL·kg−1⋅min−1 increase, P = 0.004). There were no significant differences between groups for body weight or BMI (P > 0.05). Conclusions HIIT is feasible, safe, and seems to promote greater improvements in CRF compared with MICT and UC in women at high risk for breast cancer.
Toward a Sign Language-Friendly Questionnaire Design.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requests "Nothing about us without us. " User-centered methodological research is the way to comply with this convention. Interaction with the deaf community must be in their language; hence sign language questionnaires are one of the tools to gather data. While in the past interacting with an online video questionnaire was out of the question, today it is a reality. This article focuses on the design of an interactive video questionnaire for sign language users. From a historical review of the existing literature on research methods and previous sign language questionnaire, the article examines the design features affected in the process of making accessible questionnaires with sign language videos: format and layout. The article finishes with the solution developed toward mainstreaming sign language questionnaires in order to contribute to a diverse and inclusive society for all citizens.
Transmission, relatedness, and the evolution of cooperative symbionts

Cooperative interactions between species, termed mutualisms, play a key role in shaping natural ecosystems, economically important agricultural systems, and in influencing human health. Across different mutualisms, there is significant variation in the benefit that hosts receive from their symbionts. Empirical data suggest that transmission mode can help explain this variation: vertical transmission, where symbionts infect their host's offspring, leads to symbionts that provide greater benefits to their hosts than horizontal transmission, where symbionts leave their host and infect other hosts in the population. However, two different theoretical explanations have been given for this pattern: firstly, vertical transmission aligns the fitness interests of hosts and their symbionts; secondly, vertical transmission leads to increased relatedness between symbionts sharing a host, favouring cooperation between symbionts. We used a combination of analytical models and dynamic simulations to tease these factors apart, in order to compare their separate influences and see how they interact. We found that relatedness between symbionts sharing a host, rather than transmission mode per se, was the most important factor driving symbiont cooperation. Transmission mode mattered mainly because it determined relatedness. We also found evolutionary branching throughout much of our simulation, suggesting that a combination of transmission mode and multiplicity of infections could lead to the stable coexistence of different symbiont strategies.
Theorem-prover based Testing with HOL-TestGen

Today, essentially two software validation techniques are used: software verification and software testing. As far as symbolic verification methods and modelbased testing techniques are concerned, the interest among researchers in the mutual fertilization of these fields is growing. From the verification perspective, testing offers: – experiences on test-adequacy criteria [6], which can be viewed as new abstraction techniques reducing infinite models to finite and checkable ones, – new approaches to generate counter-examples, and – new application scenarios for verification, since black-box testing can be used as a systematic experimentation method for reverse engineering specifications for legacy systems. From the testing perspective, symbolic verification offers: – ways to cope with the state space explosions inherent to test case generation techniques, and – ways to log the testing hypothesis underlying a test explicitly. The hol-TestGen system [3,2,1] is designed to explore and exploit these complementary assets. Built on top of a widely-used interactive theorem prover, it provides automatic procedures for test case generation and test-data selection as well as interactive means to perform logical massages of the intermediate results by derived rules. The core of hol-TestGen is a test case generation procedure that decomposes a test specification (TS), i. e. , test-property over a program under test, into a semantically equivalent test theorem of the form:
Concerns for efficacy of a 30-valent M-protein-based Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine in regions with high rates of rheumatic heart disease

The prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in the Aboriginal population of the Australian Northern Territory is high, and Streptococcus pyogenes skin infections likely contribute to this. A promising candidate S. pyogenes “30mer” vaccine is composed of 30 pharyngitis associated type-specific antigens from the S. pyogenes M protein. Cross opsonisation experiments suggest that 30mer vaccine protection may extend to non-cognate emm types. A new “emm cluster” scheme for classifying M protein is based on the full-length coding sequence, and correlates with functional and immunological properties, and anatomical tropism. Twenty-seven years of research in the Northern Territory has yielded 1810 S. pyogenes isolates with clinical and emm type data. The primary aim was to analyse these data with reference to the emm cluster scheme and cross opsonisation information, to inform estimation of 30mer vaccine efficacy in the Northern Territory. The isolates encompass 101 emm types. Variants of cluster A-C were enriched in throat isolates, and variants of emm cluster D enriched in skin isolates. Throat isolates were enriched for 30mer vaccine cognate emm types in comparison with skin isolates of which only 25% were vaccine emm types. While cross opsonisation data indicates potential for enhancing 30mer vaccine coverage, more than one third of skin isolates were within 38 emm types untested for cross opsonisation. Emm cluster D variants, in particular emm cluster D4, were not only all non-cognate with the vaccine, but were abundant and diverse, and less likely to be cross-opsonisation positive than other emm clusters. Long term persistence of many emm types in the study area was revealed. It was concluded that the 30mer vaccine efficacy in the Northern Territory will likely require both cross protection, and additional measures to elicit immunity against variants of emm cluster D.
Process modelling analysis: comparison between activity-oriented models, product- oriented models and decision-oriented models

This paper presents a comparison between three classes of process models in management information systems (MI S) development. The activity-centred models are the most numerous. Based on the “Waterfall” generic model, they include well-known process models defining the development process by finding and executing a plan of actions leading to the solution without mentioning a particular connection to the resulting product. A product is a specification of the solution to develop produced by an engineer. The product-oriented process models represent the development process through the evolution of the product. Their advantage is to put the product definition in the foreground and push the process definition in the background. But the process is defined as an organized set of transformation activities that do not allow the capturing of the semantic attached to them. The purpose of the more recent approach gathering process models is to emphasize the decisional aspect of the process. The successive transformations of the product are consequences of human decisions. Such models are semantically more powerfil than previous ones because they explain not only how the process proceeds but also why transformations happen. Considering the limitations of the fust two classes of process models, we think that the decisionoriented ones are the best adapted to describe the MIS process modelling. The paper shows an instantiation of the “Nature” model to Object-Oriented Modelling and Design (OMT) methodology process.
Adaptive Management of Virtual Network Resources

The past few years have witnessed a rapid emergence of large-scale, geographically dispersed, clouds offering in the form of an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS). The adoption of these services requires the deployment of new networking technologies. This in turn, ensures the performance of the offered cloud services. Network virtualization has been proposed as a key attribute of the future inter-networking paradigm, providing efficient resource management solutions. Among the challenges that need yet to be addressed is the necessity to provide dynamic quality differentiated network services. In addition, it is required to guarantee the availability of network resources in response to workload fluctuations. Finally, it is necessary to periodically re-optimize the resource provisioning to be able to provide efficient resource utilization. These challenges are the motivation behind this work which aimed at developing a novel adaptive resource management model based on network virtualization. First, the proposed work describes a novel Virtual-Network-as-a-Service (VNaaS) model offering differentiated network-aware cloud services, resulting in a guarantee for the quality of the offered applications. This is achieved by enabling the cloud application providers to accurately express their dynamic needs, demand constraints and their network latency tolerance. The proposed work also enables the infrastructure provider to offer Elasticity-as-a-Service (EaaS) for the communication links by estimating and reserving the adequate pool of resources needed to fulfill the network workload fluctuations. This EaaS is offered at differentiated levels according to the hosted applications bandwidth-sensitivity. Finally, the proposed work employs a novel network resource re-optimization technique. The latter efficiently performs rearrangement for the VN portions contributing to the fragmentation of the underlying network. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented work and the significant gains achieved in terms of better adaptive network resource management.
Control of Lysosomal TRPML1 Channel Activity and Exosome Release by Acid Ceramidase in Mouse Podocytes.

The transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel has been reported to mediate lysosomal Ca2+ release that is involved in Ca2+-dependent lysosome trafficking and autophagic flux. However, this regulatory mechanism of lysosomal TRPML1 channel activity in podocytes remains poorly understood. In the present study, we tested whether TRPML1 channel in podocytes mediates lysosome trafficking which is essential for multivesicular body (MVB) degradation by lysosomes. We first demonstrated the abundant expression of TRPML1 channel in podocytes. By GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging, we characterized the lysosomal specificity of TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release in podocytes. Given the important role of acid ceramidase (AC) in lysosome function and podocyte injury, we tested whether AC regulates this TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release and consequent lysosome-dependent MVB degradation in podocytes. Pharmacologically, it was found that TRPML1 channel activity was remarkably attenuated by AC inhibitor, carmofur. Sphingosine, as an AC product, was demonstrated to induce TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release, which was inhibited by a TRPML1 blocker, verapamil. Using a Port-a-Patch planar patch-clamp system, we found that AC-associated sphingolipids, sphingomyelin, ceramide, and sphingosine had different effects on TRPML1 channel activity in podocytes. Functionally, the inhibition of AC or blockade of TRPML1 channels was found to suppress the interaction of lysosomes and MVBs, leading to increased exosome release from podocytes. These results suggest that AC is critical for TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release, which controls lysosome-MVB interaction and exosome release in podocytes.
Genome-wide transcript analysis of inflorescence development in wheat.

The process of inflorescence development is directly related to yield components that determine the final grain yield in most cereal crops. Here, microarray analysis was conducted for four different developmental stages of inflorescence to identify genes expressed specifically during inflorescence development. To select inflorescence-specific expressed genes, we conducted meta-analysis using 1245 Affymetrix GeneChip array sets obtained from various development stages, organs, and tissues of Poaceae members. The early stage of inflorescence development was accompanied by a significant upregulation of a large number of cell differentiation genes, such as those associated with the cell cycle, cell division, DNA repair, and DNA synthesis. Moreover, key regulatory genes, including the MADS-box gene, KNOTTED-1-like homeobox genes, GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 1 gene, and the histone methyltransferase gene, were highly expressed in the early inflorescence development stage. In contrast, fewer genes were expressed in the later stage of inflorescence development, and played roles in hormone biosynthesis and meiosis-associated genes. Our work provides novel information regarding the gene regulatory network of cell division, and on key genes involved in the differentiation of inflorescence in wheat, and regulation mechanism of inflorescence development that are crucial stage for determining final grain number per spike, and the yield potential of wheat.
Identification of mental health and quality of life outcomes in primary care databases in the UK: a systematic review

Objectives To summarise the definitions and combinations of codes used to identify outcomes of anxiety, depression, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction (including mild cognitive dysfunction and dementia), sexual dysfunction, pain, sleep disorders, and fatal and non-fatal self-harm in studies using electronic health records from primary care databases in the UK. Design Systematic review. Data sources Medline, Embase and lists of publications of the main primary care databases in the UK. Eligibility criteria Included data from a UK primary care database and studied outcome(s) of interest. Data extraction and synthesis We abstracted information on the outcomes definition and codelists. When necessary, authors were contacted to request codelists. Results 120 studies were eligible. Codelists were available for 17/42 studies of depression; 21/41 studies of fatal and non-fatal self-harm; 17/27 studies of dementia/cognitive dysfunction; 5/12 studies of anxiety; 4/8 studies of pain; 3/6 studies of fatigue and sexual dysfunction; 1/2 studies of sleep disorders. Depression was most often defined using codes for diagnoses (37/42 studies) and/or antidepressants prescriptions (21/42 studies); six studies reported including symptoms in their definition. Anxiety was defined with codes for diagnoses (12/12 studies); four studies also reported including symptoms. Fatal self-harm was ascertained in primary care data linked to the Office for National Statistics mortality database in nine studies. Most studies of cognitive dysfunction included Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular and frontotemporal dementia. Fatigue definitions varied little, including chronic fatigue syndrome, neurasthenia and postviral fatigue syndrome. All studies of sexual dysfunction focused on male conditions, principally erectile dysfunction. Sleep disorders included insomnia and hypersomnia. There was substantial variability in the codelists; validation was carried out i21/120 studies. Conclusions There is a need for standardised definitions and validated list of codes to assess mental health and quality of life outcomes in primary care databases in the UK.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Yeast Pichia manshurica YM63, a Participant in Secondary Fermentation of Ishizuchi-Kurocha, a Japanese Fermented Tea

Pichia manshurica is common in fermentation; however, genome analysis has never been reported for the species. This yeast plays a role in the secondary fermentation of Ishizuchi-kurocha, a traditional Japanese fermented tea. This paper presents the draft genome sequence of P. manshurica YM63, isolated from the leaves of fermented tea. ABSTRACT Pichia manshurica is common in fermentation; however, genome analysis has never been reported for the species. This yeast plays a role in the secondary fermentation of Ishizuchi-kurocha, a traditional Japanese fermented tea. This paper presents the draft genome sequence of P. manshurica YM63, isolated from the leaves of fermented tea.
Social evaluations under conflict: negative judgments of conflicting information are easier than positive judgments

Abstract In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how the brain facilitates social judgments despite evaluatively conflicting information. Participants learned consistent (positive or negative) and ambivalent (positive and negative) person information and were then asked to provide binary judgments of these targets in situations that either resolved conflict by prioritizing a subset of information or not. Self-report, decision time and brain data confirm that integrating contextual information into our evaluations of objects or people allows for nuanced (social) evaluations. The same mixed trait information elicited or failed to elicit evaluative conflict dependent on the situation. Crucially, we provide data suggesting that negative judgments are easier and may be considered the ‘default’ action when experiencing evaluative conflict: weaker activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during trials of evaluative conflict was related to a greater likelihood of unfavorable judgments, and greater activation was related to more favorable judgments. Since negative outcome consequences are arguably more detrimental and salient, this finding supports the idea that additional regulation and a more active selection process are necessary to override an initial negative response to evaluatively conflicting information.