Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can we retrieve vegetation photosynthetic capacity paramter from solar-induced fluorescence?

Remote sensing of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is a novel optical tool for assessment of terrestrial photosynthesis or gross primary production (GPP). Along with the breakthroughs of global retrievals of SIF from space-borne sensors, exploitation of SIF in improving the representation of photosynthesis and its role in Earth System models became a very relevant and active field. Recent space-borne measurements of SIF can offer an observational constraint on photosynthesis simulations. Tailored to this special session, this presentation gives a discussion on recent advances in the retrievals of leaf biological traits from SIF, e.g., the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax), regarding the applications and problems.
Designing and interpreting HIV noninferiority trials in naive and experienced patients

Summary and recommendations for trialdesign, analysis and interpretation (1) Noninferiority studies are designed to show similarefﬁcacy in the experimental and control arms. There-fore, wherever possible, this type of design should beadopted for new trials of treatment-experiencedpatients, in preference to previous trials powered toshow differences versus the control arm. Differencetrials have the disadvantage of potentially exposing thecontrol group to a higher risk of virological failure,which may no longer be necessary given the range ofnew treatment options available. (2) The HIV RNA 50 copyendpoint should be used as theprimary endpoint wherever possible. (3) The primary objectives and endpoints of a noninfer-iority trial need to be clearly stated in the protocol,together with a justiﬁcation for the control arm used,and statistical procedures to use in case unexpectedsuperiority is seen for the experimental versus thecontrol arm. (4) A standardized ‘per protocol’ analysis needs to bedeﬁned,withsimilarexclusionsacrossclinicaltrials.Asaminimum, the following patients should be excludedfrom the per protocol analysis: (i) patients who donot take at least one dose of randomized medication;(ii) patients who receive the wrong randomized treat-ment; (iii) patients taking an inadequate optimizedbackground treatment; or (iv) who take unauthorizedexperimental drugs during the trial (from a prospec-tively deﬁned list). The results from per-protocol andintent-to treat analysis should be consistent to concludenoninferiority. (5) Both the intent-to-treat and per protocol analyses ofnoninferioritytrialsmaybedominatedbynonvirologicalUnderstanding HIV noninferiority trials Hill and Sabin 919
Sustainable Caregiving? Demands Upon and Resources of Female Carers of Adults with Intellectual Disability

Female carers of adults with an intellectual disability are increasing in our communities as those with intellectual disability live into middle and old age. Twenty-seven carers between the ages of 45 and 85 years responded to questionnaires about demands, resources, and their health. Almost all were in the clinical range on the measure of psychological functioning. Demands contributed significantly to poorer functioning; however, other measures did not. The women in this study appeared to underreport the level of difficulties they experienced. The caregiving role undertaken by these women does not appear to be sustainable under their current circumstances.
Analysis of Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Service in among Rural Women: Case study of Odeda Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria

The study was aimed at determining agricultural extension service in among rural Women, using Odeda local government area of Ogun State as a case study. A sample size of 180 women farmers was initially taken for the study but only data for 160 respondents were analyzed. Simple random sampling technique was used for the sample selection and questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The findings of this study confirm that women farmers are not a homogeneous group. Despite their valuable contribution in agricultural production, women do not have easy access to agricultural resources, such as the required amount of cultivable land, title of land ownership, improved farm implements. It was also observed that real problems and needs for agricultural advice are not considered on a gender basis when planning and preparing extension packages in the agricultural services. Lack of address of women farmers explicitly as an important clientele group in respective extension programmed activities, the required amount of demonstration materials and equipment for the extension service, lack of appropriate training of field extension agents in extension methodology to serve women farmers and inadequate extension/research linkages are the most important factors which need to be improved to make agricultural extension activities effective in reaching women farmers. It is recommended that Government should encourage and assist women farmers by giving them special attention in terms of access to needed farm inputs.
The Evolution of Altruistic Punishment

Altruistic punishment has been noted as a force in sustaining cooperation. The evolution of altruistic punishment, however, is hard to explain by natural selection. In this paper, we review the function, causation, and evolution of altruistic punishment. We find that altruistic punishment increases cooperation and, in the long term, total group welfare. Individual welfare, however, is decreased relative to nonpunishing cooperation. Negative emotions, in particular anger, can be identified as a proximate cause of punitive behaviour. Cultural group selection has been proposed as an evolutionary pathway for individually non-adaptive altruistic punishment, and is supported by empirical findings. Finally, we propose an experiment to study the role of framing in altruistic punishment.
Immunoaffinity column clean-up and thin layer chromatography for determination of ochratoxin A in green coffee

An immunoaffinity clean-up-based method for determining ochratoxin A (OTA) in green coffee aiming at one-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was established. OTA was extracted with a mixture of methanol and aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, purified through an immunoaffinity column, separated on normal or reversed-phase (RP) TLC plates and detected and quantified by visual and densitometric analysis. The linear equation of the standard calibration curve by densitometric analysis gave R2 > 0.999 (0.04–84 ng). The mean recovery (R) of OTA from spiked samples (1.8–109 µg kg−1) by densitometric and visual analyses were 98.4 and 103.8%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for densitometric and visual analysis varied from 1.1 to 24.9% and from 0.0 to 18.8%, respectively. The RSD for naturally contaminated samples by densitometry (three levels of contamination, n = 3) varied from 11.1 to 18.1%. The correlation (R2) between high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and densitometry, and between visual and densitometric analysis for spiked samples were > 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 0.5 µg kg−1 for normal TLC. Toluene-ethyl acetate-88% formic acid (6:3:1 v/v/v) and acetonitrile-methanol-water-glacial acetic acid (35:35:29:10 v/v/v/v) were regarded as the suitable TLC solvents for eluting both standards and samples on normal and RP TLC plates, respectively. Toluene-acetic acid (99:1 v/v) was chosen as the spotting solvent among several others for giving the best sensitivity and resolution of OTA on TLC plates as well as the best recovery of OTA from standard and sample extract residues. Preliminary studies were carried out to investigate the reuse of the immunoaffinity column and the interference of caffeine in the OTA recovery.
Nondestructive Readout Operation of Oxide-Thin-Film-Transistor-Based 2T-Type Nonvolatile Memory Cell

A two-transistor-type nonvolatile memory cell composed of one-access and one-memory thin-film transistors (TFTs) was demonstrated. ZnO and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) were employed as semiconducting channels for both TFTs and ferroelectric-gate insulator for memory TFT, respectively, in which the cell structures and fabrication procedures were so carefully designed and optimized as to effectively incorporate both TFTs on the same glass substrate without any critical process damage even below 200°C. The fabricated memory cell successfully showed the write and nondestructive readout operations.
Design of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems for instrumented wheelset

To provide power to test system on instrumented wheelset there are many approaches. Such as collector rings, photocell, lithium cell, microwave power transmission and loosely coupled inductive power transfer. Due to be characteristic of contactless, safety, stability, easy fixations and low cost, loosely coupled inductive power transfer become the most popular means to transfer power to a rotating object. In this paper, a loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems for instrumented wheelset is presented, which consisting of a high frequency source, primary compensate, a primary winding fixed on the bogie, and a secondary winding, secondary compensate, a rectifier fixed on rotating axis. To optimize the energy transmission system, a finite element model is developed. For the optimized configuration, an experimental setup is built to validate the model by experiments. After processing and analysis of the experimental data, it shows that design proposal meets the challenge.
Induction of gastrointestinal tract nuclear anomalies in b6c3f1 mice by 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5h]‐furanone and 3,4‐(dichloro)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5h]‐furanone, mutagenic byproducts of chlorine disinfection

Two chlorinated hydroxylated furanones, 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone (MX) and 3,4‐(dichloro)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone (MA), are bacterial mutagens and they are also byproducts of chlorine disinfection, and frequent contaminants of drinking water. In this work MX is shown to induce nuclear anomalies in the gastrointestinal tract of the B6C3F1 mouse. The other chlorohydroxy‐furanone, MA, gives suggestive evidence of activity. In this bioassay MX was approximately equivalent in potency to epichlorohydrin (ECH) but was much less potent than methylnitrosourea (MNU). The latter two chemicals are confirmed rodent gastrointestinal tract carcinogens. The duodenum was the most sensitive tissue responding with both increased numbers of nuclear anomalies per mouse and increased incidence of animals presenting the nuclear aberrations 24 hr after a single oral dose of 0.37 mmol/kg−1 of MX. MA also induced a significant increase in duodenal nuclear anomalies, but only at the highest dose (0.46 mmol/kg−1). The proximal colon and fore‐stomach responded to MX but not MA. This is the first study demonstrating that chlorohydroxy‐furanones are capable of inducing nuclear toxicity in vivo. However, it is clear, for MX at least, that its potency in the gastrointestinal tract nuclear anomalies assay is not commensurate with its extreme bacterial mutagenicity. Since the gastrointestinal tract tissues are directly exposed to orally administered genotoxins, one possible explanation for the weak response observed in this study could be that mammalian cells can effectively detoxify chlorohydroxyfuranones.
Carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix in mice: effect of diethylstilbestrol after limited application of 3-methylcholanthrene.

Interrelationships between a chemical carcinogen and hormonal status in cervical carcinogenesis were investigated. No significant effects of castration or added estrogen stimulation were detected under conditions of prolonged exposure to methylcholanthrene by cervical painting or continuous exposure of the endocervical epithelium to a methylcholanthrene-coated thread. When the time of exposure to methylcholanthrene-coated threads was reduced to 4 weeks a low incidence of cervical carcinoma appeared in castrates providing a baseline for determination of the effect of subsequent systemic treatment with estrogenic hormone. The incidence of cervical carcinoma was increased and the average laten period decreased in strains A/Sn C3HeB/FeJ and 129/J when systemic treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES) followed a 4-week exposure of the castrate endocervical epithelium to a methylcholanthrene-coated thread. The incidence of carcinoma increased from 13.2-90.2% when 33% DES-cholesterol pellets were administered. The average latent period was reduced from 12.3-6.7 months. 10% DES-cholesterol pellets increased the incidence of carcinoma from from 3.3-19.1% with lesser shortening of the average latent period. Plain-thread stimulation of the castrate endocervical epithelium for 4 weeks followed by 33% DES pellets produced an incidence of 7.1% carcinoma in the 3 strains. 10% DES pellets produced carcinoma in 1.5% of strain A castrates. Plain-thread stimulation for 4 weeks produced no carcinomas among 78 mice. The promoting action of estrogen in these experiments is discussed. (authors)
Understanding Constraints on Non-Projectivity Using Novel Measures

In this work we propose certain novel measures to understand non-projectivity in various syntactic phenomena in Hindi. This is an attempt to go beyond the analysis of non-projectivity in terms of certain graphical measures such as edge degree, planarity etc. Our measures are motivated by the ﬁndings in the processing literature that have investigated the interaction between working-memory constraints and syntactic complexity. Our analysis shows that the measures pattern differently for distinct phenomena and therefore could prove to be beneﬁcial in understanding non-projectivity in a language. We also ﬁnd some interesting differences in non-projectivity between conversation and news genre.
Physics of electrical degradation in GaN high electron mobility transistors

The deployment of GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) in RF power applications is currently bottlenecked by their limited reliability. Obtaining the required reliability is a difficult issue due to the high voltage of operation. In order to improve reliability, it is essential to develop detailed physical understanding of the fundamental degradation mechanisms. In this thesis, we investigate the physical mechanisms behind the electrical degradation of GaN HEMTs by performing systematic stress experiments on devices provided by our industrial collaborators. These devices are electrically stressed under various bias conditions while regularly characterized by a benign characterization suite. We observe that electrical stress beyond a critical voltage results in an increase in drain resistance, a decrease in maximum drain current, and a sharp increase in reverse gate current. We show that this mode of degradation is driven by electric field and that current is less relevant. Behind this degradation is trap formation that occurs at the critical voltage. To understand this, we have developed a new trap-analysis methodology. It is found that under stress, the density of traps increases in the AlGaN barrier layer in the proximity to the gate edge on the drain side of the device. We show that this degradation is enhanced under mechanical uniaxial tensile strain that is externally applied to the device. From our experiments, we propose a degradation mechanism of defect formation through the inverse piezoelectric. In this mechanism, high vertical electric field at the gate edge under high voltage increases tensile stress in the AlGaN layer due to piezoelectricity of the material.
Optimal Response Modes Influence the Performance of Learning Disabled Children on Academic Tasks

The purpose of this study was to introduce a testing procedure that could be used to determine the optimal response modes of learning disabled children on a standardized diagnostic test such as the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (FDTVP). Learning disabled children with below average scores on the FDTVP were presented items previously missed on this test using one of three different methods of task presentation, i.e., covert, vocal, and visual-manual response-eliciting strategies. At the end of the instruction phase, a posttest was administered. Analysis of pretest and posttest scores indicated that for each learning disabled child there was a single method of task presentation that was most effective in eliminating errors. This outcome was operationally defined as the learning disabled child's optimal response mode. Each child was then shown an eight-item paired-associate task using a method of task presentation that was either similar to or different from the testing condition that generated the optimal response mode. It was found that the learning disabled children in the matched condition recalled significantly more paired-associate items than those in the unmatched condition, which suggests that the method of task presentation may determine the expression of the learning disability deficit on an academic task. The importance of these results in clarifying the behavioral basis of the learning disability deficit is discussed within the context of the diagnosis and remediation of educational handicaps.
Research on the Algorithm of Hadoop-Based Spatial-Temporal Outlier Detection

A spatial-temporal outlier is an object whose non-spatial attribute value is significantly different from those of other objects in its spatial and temporal neighbors. Identifying or detecting spatial-temporal outliers will help us find some unexpected, interesting and useful knowledge in many application fields, for example: financial fraud detection, fault diagnosis, network intrusion detection and so on. However, the existing spatial-temporal outlier detection algorithms can't efficiently deal with big dataset. In this paper, a Hadoop-based spatial-temporal outlier detection algorithm is proposed. This approach takes the spatial autocorrelation into consideration. Therefore, the weight is introduced in the approach. However, the calculation involved in calculating weight is significantly large. Besides, the big dataset needs to be processed in this approach. Therefore, Hadoop is used to improve it's performance. The Ningbo sea tide dataset is used to validate the effectiveness and scalability of this approach.
Nonsurgical Management of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee in a Women's Soccer Player: A Validation Clinical Case Report.

BACKGROUND A collegiate women's soccer player sustained an isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and expressed a desire to continue her season without surgical intervention. DESIGN Case report. INTERVENTION(S) Using the results of a randomized controlled trial and published clinical guidelines, the clinicians classified the patient as an ACL-deficient coper. The patient completed her soccer season without incident, consistent with the findings of the established clinical guidelines. However, 6 months later, she sustained a meniscal tear, which was not unexpected given that 22% of ACL-deficient copers in the randomized controlled trial incurred a meniscal tear within 24 months of ACL injury. CONCLUSION The external evidence was helpful in making informed clinical decisions regarding patient care.
A radio transceiver architecture for coexistence of 4G-LTE and 5G systems used in mobile devices

This paper presents a radio transceiver architecture in mobile devices for coexistence of 4G-LTE and 5G systems, with fewer extra components and easier circuit implementations. The radio front-end is divided into two parts depending on the frequency bands, below 6 GHz or higher than 10 GHz even to millimeter-waves. Direct IQ modulation/demodulation blocks, baseband analog circuitries and frequency synthesizer are commonly used parts for both of low/high frequency operations where one-stage frequency up/down conversions are exploited for high frequency bands. Transmit/receive performance tests of a prototype using commercial-off-the-shelf components are demonstrated to validate the proposed radio transceiver design.
Patience and the Wealth of Nations

According to standard dynamic choice theories, patience is a key driving factor behind the accumulation of the proximate determinants of economic development. Using a novel representative data set on time preferences from 80,000 individuals in 76 countries, we investigate the empirical relevance of this hypothesis in the context of a development accounting framework. We find a significant reduced-form relationship between patience and development in terms of contemporary income as well as medium- and long-run growth rates, with patience explaining a substantial fraction of development differences across countries. Consistent with the idea that patience affects national income through accumulation processes, patience also strongly correlates with human and physical capital accumulation, investments into productivity, and institutional quality. Additional results show that the relationship between patience, human capital, and income extends to analyses across regions within countries, and across individuals within regions.
Serological Evaluation of Precolostral Serum Samples to Detect Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections in Large Commercial Dairy Herds

The authors propose that screening newborn calves for Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibody prior to colostrum feeding is a useful strategy to detect herds with endemic BVDV infection. In the current study, precolostral serum samples of newborn calves in 2 Minnesota and 2 California dairy farms were examined. Precolostral BVDV antibodies were detected by serum neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 7.4% (33/446) and 6.2% (32/515) of newborn calves in the California and Minnesota herds, respectively. The serum samples were also tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and BVDV was detected in 1.6% (7/446) and 3.5% (18/515) of newborn calves in the California and Minnesota herds, respectively. The primary advantages of precolostral testing are that calves congenitally infected with BVDV and seropositive at birth represent a larger percentage of calves born than BVDV-viremic calves and that fewer animals would need to be tested with an antibody test than a RT-PCR or antigen detection test to detect endemic BVDV infections at the herd level. Testing for BVDV antibody in calves prior to colostrum feeding detects fetal infections in both late-gestating cows and nonlactating heifers. Precolostral serum antibody detection is not confounded by vaccination and may be a more sensitive screening method than bulk milk RT-PCR and nonvaccinated sentinel calf strategies in large dairy herds.
Nonlinear control strategies for cascaded multilevel STATCOMs

Two internal nonlinear control strategies based on the feedback linearization technique for cascaded multilevel static compensators (STATCOMs) are presented. The strategies depend on the control capability of the converter output voltage and are suitable for line frequency-switched converters. The first strategy considers a STATCOM where the voltage is set independently of the dc link voltage. Fast reactive power control within subcycle time response is achieved. The second strategy is constrained to a voltage whose amplitude remains proportional to the dc link voltage. Despite this limitation, the proposed strategy allows full stabilization of the STATCOM dynamics and relatively fast control of the reactive current (within one cycle). This may be adequate for most STATCOM applications. Simulation results, using power system computer-aided design/electromagnetic transient program (PSCAD/EMTP), presented for both strategies confirm the effectiveness of the control schemes to impose linear STATCOM dynamics. Preliminary experimental results from a five-level prototype are presented for a converter using fixed control angles.