Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal variations of nighttime electron auroral precipitation in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres from the TIMED global ultraviolet imager

Using 6 years of Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) global ultraviolet imager auroral observations in both hemispheres, we have studied the longitudinal variations of auroral precipitation during the magnetic nighttime period of 2100-0300 magnetic local time. There was a strong seasonal dependence of the longitudinal variations of the aurora: (1) During solstices and for both hemispheres, auroral precipitation peaked between magnetic longitude (MLON) 210 degrees E and 360 degrees E in June and between MLON 120 degrees E and 300 degrees E in December. (2) In the equinoxes, the auroral longitudinal pattern was generally similar to that in local summer in each hemisphere, except that in the Northern Hemisphere the maximum precipitation was usually located in more westward longitudes in equinox than in summer. (3) The ratios between the maximum and the minimum of the precipitation energy flux along longitudes varied between 1.3 and 1.9, which were similar to those in previous studies. These features of the auroral longitudinal patterns did not change much from Kp = 1 to Kp = 4 conditions. Since the longitudinal distribution of auroral precipitation changed greatly with season in each hemisphere, the longitudinal variations of the magnetic field strength, which do not change with season, might not be the only process that caused the observed longitudinal variations of the aurora. Further data analysis shows that there was a significant negative correlation (coefficient vertical bar r vertical bar = similar to 0.4-0.8) between the peak auroral precipitation intensity and the solar-EUV-produced ionospheric conductivity of the same hemisphere (in summer and equinox) or of the conjugate hemisphere (in winter). These results indicate the important effects of solar-EUV-produced ionospheric conductivity, which has significant longitudinal variations, on the longitudinal patterns of the aurora at magnetic nighttime. Our results also suggest that the interhemispheric coupling during solstices might be an important factor that contributes to the longitudinal variations of the nighttime aurora. Our correlation analysis indicates that the hemispheric differences in the conjugate magnetic field strengths also contribute to the longitudinal variations of the aurora, although they appear not to be a major factor.
INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL OF THE OPERATIONAL LAND IMAGER (OLI) FOR MONITORING CASE II WATERS USING A LOOK-UP-TABLE APPROACH

Monitoring ocean and coastal waters, recognized as case II waters, using the existing Landsat technology is somewhat restricted because of its low Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) as well as its relatively poor radiometric resolution. The new generation of Landsat, Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) carrying Operational Land Imager (OLI), has enhanced features allowing for better characterization of water constituents in either coastal or oceanic waters with respect to Landsat 7 (L7). This paper applies a physics-based model to examine the potential of OLI with respect to L7 in monitoring coastal waters. The OLI imagery was modeled via spectrally resampling Hyperion dataset followed by removing atmospheric effects. An in-water radiative transfer model, i.e. Hydrolight, was applied to generate a Look-Up-Table (LUT) of simulated water-leaving reflectances for various combinations of water constituents. Absorption properties of in-water components were measured in turbid waters, whereas scattering coefficients were estimated by optimizing modeled surface reflectances against insitu measured surface reflectances. The water constituent retrieval was conducted on a pixel-by-pixel basis by searching the LUT for a simulated reflectance curve which minimizes a cost function against the corresponding OLI- and L7-derived surface reflectance. The chlorophyll concentration map derived from the simulated OLI imagery, on average, showed a good agreement with MODIS-derived products in turbid and clear water. The concentration of total suspended solids obtained in the proximity of the river mouth also indicated a strong correlation with insitu-measured concentrations. This study verified that OLI outperforms Landsat 7 in mapping water quality parameters while Landsat 7 tends to overestimate the water constituent concentrations.
Reviews and Syntheses: optical sampling of the flux tower footprint

Abstract. The purpose of this review is to address the reasons and methods for conducting optical remote sensing within the flux tower footprint. Fundamental principles and conclusions gleaned from over 2 decades of proximal remote sensing at flux tower sites are reviewed. The organizing framework used here is the light-use efficiency (LUE) model, both because it is widely used, and because it provides a useful theoretical construct for integrating optical remote sensing with flux measurements. Multiple ways of driving this model, ranging from meteorological measurements to remote sensing, have emerged in recent years, making it a convenient conceptual framework for comparative experimental studies. New interpretations of established optical sampling methods, including the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), are discussed within the context of the LUE model. Multi-scale analysis across temporal and spatial axes is a central theme because such scaling can provide links between ecophysiological mechanisms detectable at the level of individual organisms and broad patterns emerging at larger scales, enabling evaluation of emergent properties and extrapolation to the flux footprint and beyond. Proper analysis of the sampling scale requires an awareness of sampling context that is often essential to the proper interpretation of optical signals. Additionally, the concept of optical types, vegetation exhibiting contrasting optical behavior in time and space, is explored as a way to frame our understanding of the controls on surface–atmosphere fluxes. Complementary normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and PRI patterns across ecosystems are offered as an example of this hypothesis, with the LUE model and light-response curve providing an integrating framework. I conclude that experimental approaches allowing systematic exploration of plant optical behavior in the context of the flux tower network provides a unique way to improve our understanding of environmental constraints and ecophysiological function. In addition to an enhanced mechanistic understanding of ecosystem processes, this integration of remote sensing with flux measurements offers many rich opportunities for upscaling, satellite validation, and informing practical management objectives ranging from assessing ecosystem health and productivity to quantifying biospheric carbon sequestration.
A Study of Individual Patterns of Longitudinal Academic Change: Exploring the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM).

This study used structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling approaches for purposes of simultaneous study of individual and group change patterns on three waves of two longitudinally assessed domains. This study illustrates a few of the dual approaches to the analysis of covariance structures as they relate to the same individual growth model and the same data. LISREL (structural equation modeling) and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) were used. The investigation studied whether individual change over time in mathematics and language differs from student to student and whether the individual growth parameters of each of the two domains were related within domain. The study used panel data from the Louisiana State Department of Education for 3 waves of students tested in grades 4, 6, and 7: (1) 50,907; (2) 47,003; and (3) 50,157. Assessments from the state's testing program were administered in each of the three grades. Complete records for all 3 grades were available for 26,051 students, 11,627 of whom were African American. The study sheds light on the understanding of learners from the two ethnic groups and shows how they develop mastery in mathematics and language as they progress through school. The application of covariance structure analysis and growth curves to the study of growth in student academic achievement provides an avenue for an in-depth analysis of two academic areas in an available data set. The statistical techniques used in this research, LISREL and HLM methods, have a number of extensions that can be used in various research environments because they can accommodate any number of data points (waves) of longitudinal data. Four appendixes contain descriptive statistics from the study. (Contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 50 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. VD M 00 A Study of Individual Patterns of longitudinal Academic Change: Exploring the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position cr policy. 1 John Kipngeno Rugutt Illinois State University PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
IMPACT OF PUBLIC R&D FINANCING

This study analyses how public R&D financing impacts the labour demand of companies. To our knowledge, no previous studies have distinguished the impact between a firm’s global and domestic employment. Our company-level panel data covers a period from 1997 to 2002. The statistical method employed in the study takes into account the possibility that receiving public support may be an endogenous factor. Our results suggest that public R&D financing increases both group-level and domestic R&D employment. We also analysed the impact of public R&D funding on employment other than in the R&D area, and found that it is not affected by public funding. It is possible, however, that such funding has an impact in the longer term.
Family Ownership, Firm’s Financial Characteristics and Capital Structure: Evidence from Public Listed Companies in Malaysia

Capital structure is identified as one of focal facet in corporate finance branch of learning. It provides comprehension on how firms choose to finance their operations and expansion. The objective of this study is to explore the determinants of capital structure of Malaysian public listed companies. The period of 2001-2006 was selected in this study, which reflected the post Asian financial crisis period. Firm’s financial characteristics consist of size, growth, profitability, liquidity and ability to service debt. Family ownership which was identified as a unique feature in the Malaysian corporate sector was used to measure the effect of corporate governance in capital structure decision. Using panel data approach, this study infers that the role of ownership structure in the form of family ownership though is not significantly related to capital structure, its inclusion in the empirical equation changes the significance of other variables. Except for growth, all other financial characteristics have significant relationships with capital structure.
Muscle guarding during Kt-1000 testing as measured by electromyography

Muscle Guarding During KT-1000 Testing as Measured by Electromyography by Tedd James Girouard Dr. Brent Mangus, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of Kinesiology University of Nevada, Las Vegas Twelve anterior cruciate deficient ACL-D participants volunteered for the study to compare muscular activity before and during two different protocols of KT-1000 knee arthrometer testing (KT-1000). Muscular activity was measured by the amount of electrical activity in specific muscles which cross the injured knee by an electromyogram (EMG). The muscles being tested are the Semimembranosis (SM). The Rectus femoris (RF) the Biceps femoris (BF) the lateral head of the Gastrocnemius (LG) and the medial head of the Gastrocnemius. The resting test (Zero Newtons) involved placing the KT-1000 on a participant but not applying any force. The 89 Newton (89N) test involved pulling the KT1000 anteriorly with 89 Newtons of pressure. The Manual Maximal (MM) test involves the examiner applying a maximal anterior force to the posterior calf. KT-1000 testing was performed at 206 306 of knee flexion. EMG recordings were taken 100 times per second. An analysis of variance was performed for each muscle providing information as to which muscles if any are active during testing. Initial results indicate there is evidence that there is no increase in muscular activity during KT-1000 testing on subjects that are ACL-D.
Investigating of Mechanical Behavior of AA5083 in the Pressing Process Using Finite Element Analysis

The process of cold forming is considered of the most different industries and the use of such process in the manufacture of components and small parts has expanded. Therefore, analyzing the behavior of metals in this process to identify and control durability that is the main factor of limiting process has particular importance in industrial forming processes. In this study, cold forming process of aluminum metal has been studied and its effect on its mechanical properties has been evaluated. For this purpose, first modeling piece of aluminum alloy 5083 for cold forming process is carried out and using finite element analysis, mechanical properties of considered piece during cold forming processes are investigated. The results show that by reducing friction, stress and strain during the process will reduce, thereby durability of the piece increases, or in other words, ductile fracture occurs in longer life and higher stresses. The results show that by proper forming operations, it can be improved the strength and durability of aluminum alloy. Finally, validation of results, by comparing simulation results with experimental results is carried out.
WESTERN AND ASIAN CUSTOMERS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS CHINESE RESTAURANTS IN THE US

Chinese food is one of the three most popular ethnic foods in the United States (US). However, relative little research attention has been paid to this segment, especially in the areas of service quality and customer satisfaction. This study is conducted in a Chinese restaurant located in Mid-west, US. The purpose of this study is threefold: to identify the determinant factors of customers’ satisfaction, the relationship between customers’ satisfaction and revisit intention and to examine the moderating effect of culture on these relationships. The study revealed that three aspects of Chinese restaurant service performance determine customers’ overall satisfaction, and customers’ overall satisfaction is a significant mediator of customers’ revisit intention. Finally, culture moderated the relationship between employees’ service performance and customers’ overall satisfaction.
Intuitive Cooperation and Punishment in the Field

We test whether humans are intuitively inclined to cooperate with or punish strangers using a natural field experiment. We exogenously vary the time available to help a stranger in an everyday situation. Our findings suggest that subjects intuitively tend to help but behave more selfishly as thinking time increases. We also present suggestive evidence that time pressure can increase rates of punishment. We discuss our results with respect to findings in the lab on cognitive models of dual-processing and the origins of human cooperation.
Investigating how conversational search agents affect user's behaviour, performance and search experience

Voice based search systems currently do not support natural conversational interaction. Consequently, people tend to limit their use of voice search to simple navigational tasks, as more complex search tasks require more sophisticated dialogue modelling. In this paper, we explore how people’s search behaviour, performance and perception of usability change when interacting with a conversational search system which supports natural language interaction, as opposed to a voice based search system which does not. Previous research has demonstrated that a voice based search system’s inability to preserve contextual information leads to user’s dissatisfaction and discourages further usage. We conducted an interactive study comparing a simulated conversational search system against a slotbased voice search system. We hypothesise that the conversational system, with its ability to preserve and maintain conversational state, will lead to greater satisfaction. Our results indicate that participants prefer the conversational system over current voice based system, the conversational search system leads to significantly faster search task completion times, and significantly greater usability.
Reducing the women’s bone turnover by high doses calcium supplementation during menopausal transition

OBJECTIVE: Estrogen levels in menopausal women decrease intestinal ability to absorb calcium which caused low calcium levels in the blood and increase bone resorption by osteoclasts. Both causes the increase of bone turnover and as risk factors that increase osteoporosis prevalence in the women population during the menopausal transition. The research aims to compare the effect of high-dose calcium supplementation with control tablet supplementation’s effect on bone turnover in menopausal transition. METHOD: This study was a randomized clinical trial to determine the effect of consuming high calcium tablets [1200 mg/day] administered in divided doses morning and night compared to consuming low-calcium tablets [60 mg/day] to the change in chemical markers of women bone turnover at the menopausal period for 16 weeks. It was conducted at Clinic, Asri Medical Center Yogyakarta 01 January to 31 December 2013. Comparison of Osteocalcin [OC] and C-telopeptide [CTx] as bone marker levels was performed at weeks 0,2,8, and 16. Post-action was calculated statistically with ANOVA and the mean result comparison to the subject was analyzed with Tukey-Kramer. RESULT: The result showed that Osteocalcin [OC] and C-telopeptide [CTx] decreased for 16 weeks of supplementation in the research subjects group, decreased to 10% on week 2, 18% on week 8, and 32% on week 16. There were no differences between groups in the age characteristics, body mass index [BMI], Bone Mineral Density [BMD] and calcium intake. CONCLUSION: Supplementation of high-dose calcium tablets is reducing women’s bone turnover during menopausal transition.
Surface conduction electron emission in palladium hydrogenation nanogaps

A nanometre scale gap (nanogap) structure in palladium strip fabricated by hydrogen absorption under high-pressure treatment was proposed and applied to the surface conduction electron emitter for flat panel displays. In this paper we demonstrate that the structure possesses different high field-emission efficiencies with low turn-on voltages and high focused capability, compared with the conventional type. An experimentally validated simulation is conducted to investigate the field-emission characteristics of the explored structure. It is observed the inclined sidewall and protrusion of this nanogap can enhance the local electric field and the focused capability and protect emission areas from being damaged by impurity ions during field-emission operation. This study benefits the advanced design of metallic electrodes in nanodevice technology for new types of electron sources and display applications.
R & D Investment , International Trade , and ‘ Home Market ’ and ‘ Competitiveness ’ E ¤ ects ¤

We analyze the e¤ects of R&D investment on international trade. The importance of studying this comes from the fact that one of the most important characteristics of modern industrial organization is that . rms try to in‡uence market behavior through strategic variables as R&D. Moreover international competition between . rms is, more and more, also centered in R&D competition (besides output and price competition). With this in mind, we develop an oligopolist reciprocal-markets model where . rms engage in R&D investment to achieve future reductions in marginal costs. We . nd ‘home market e¤ects’ at the level of R&D investment, i.e.: . rms located in countries that host a higher share of skilled-labor perform higher levels of R&D investment. As consequence, . rms in these countries are more competitive than . rms in other countries, and as such they can penetrate more easily foreign markets. As result of this ‘competitiveness e¤ect’, countries where these . rms are located run trade surplus, while countries where . rms perform lower levels of R&D investment incur in trade de.cits.
The Impact of Trade and Debt on Nigeria Agribusiness Sector Output (1970-2010)

This paper analyzed the impact of trade and debt on Nigeria agribusiness sector output from 1970- 2010. Trend analysis was used to examine the trend of agribusiness sector output, trade and debt. The study employed OLS estimates and found that import, external debt and domestic debt had influence on the agribusiness output but the OLS estimates was not the blue-best linear unbiased estimator, hence the need for unit root analysis on the series. It was found that the series was stationary at second difference using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test, with three cointegrating equations existing among the linear combinations using Johansen's Multivariate Cointegration Test. The error correction estimates indicates that the variables had no short run and long run relationship between the Agribusiness sector output except for external debt that had a long run relationship. Overall, external debt, domestic debt and export accounted for 70.4, 97.2, 85.9 and 74.9 percent of the variation in agribusiness sector output. Based on the findings it is recommended policy maker should adequately consider the variables as they were found to have influence on the agribusiness sector.
Inflationary magnetogenesis and non-local actions: the conformal anomaly

We discuss the possibility of successful magnetogenesis during inflation by employing the one-loop effective action of massless QED. The action is strictly non-local and results from the long distance fluctuations of massless charged particles present at the inflationary scale. Most importantly, it encodes the conformal anomaly of QED which is crucial to avoid the vacuum preservation in classical electromagnetism. In particular, we find a blue spectrum for the magnetic field with spectral index nB ≃ 2 − αe where αe depends on both the number of e-folds during inflation as well as the coefficient of the one-loop beta function. In particular, the sign of the beta function has important bearing on the final result. A low reheating temperature is required for the present day magnetic field to be consistent with the lower bound inferred on the field in the intergalactic medium.