Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cave or Community? An Empirical Examination of 100 Mature Open Source Projects

Starting with Eric Raymond's groundbreaking work, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", open-source software (OSS) has commonly been regarded as work produced by a community of developers. Yet, given the nature of software programs, one also hears of developers with no lives that work very hard to achieve great product results. In this paper, I sought empirical evidence that would help us understand which is more common - the cave (i.e., lone producer) or the community. Based on a study of the top 100 mature products on Sourceforge, I find a few surprising things. First, most OSS programs are developed by individuals, rather than communities. The median number of developers in the 100 projects I looked at was 4 and the mode was 1 - numbers much lower than previous numbers reported for highly successful projects! Second, most OSS programs do not generate a lot of discussion. Third, products with more developers tend to be viewed and downloaded more often. Fourth, the number of developers associated with a project was positively correlated to the age of the project. Fifth, the larger the project, the smaller the percent of project administrators.
Cultivation of two species of Neorickettsia in canine monocytes.

Two neorickettsial canine pathogens were isolated from infected dogs and maintained in cultivated canine monocytes. The leukocytic response to infection was determined by examination of coverslips stained by May-Griinwald and fluorescent antibody techniques, by electron microscopic evaluation, and by electron microscopy of histochemically stained infected cells. No differences between the two neorickettsial agents were found when grown in tissue culture. The morphologic response of infected monocytes was not remarkable until organisms were numerous. Organisms regarded as viable were found in cytoplasmic vacuoles lacking peroxidase or acid phosphatase reaction product. Degraded organisms were found only in vacuoles with reaction product. Neorickettsia-infected macrophages were found to be a useful model for examination of interactions between macrophages and parasites.
Translation Pattern Extraction and Recombination for Example-Based Machine Translation

An approach to Example-Based Machine Translation is presented which operates by extracting and recombining translation patterns from a bilingual corpus aligned at the level of the sentence. The translation patterns are extracted using a recursive machinelearning algorithm based on the principle of similar distributions of strings: source and target language lexical items that co-occur in the same two sentence-pairs are likely to be translations of each other. The translation patterns extracted represent generalisations of sentences that are translations of each other in that certain sequences of words are replaced by variables. The translation patterns resemble, to a certain extent, transfer rules but with less constraints since there is no concept of syntactic structure in this approach: translation patterns are extracted based on the information inherent in the corpus. The strings and variables of which the translation patterns are composed are aligned in order to provide a more refined bilingual knowledge source, necessary for the recombination phase where target language translations are produced. They are aligned by means of language-neutral techniques – cognates and bilingual lexical distribution – in order to maintain language-neutrality and portability. A non-structural approach based on the distributions of surface forms in a corpus is error prone and liable to the extraction of translation patterns that are false translations. This thesis highlights some of the sources of those errors and proposes solutions to them based on the addition of external linguistic knowledge. First, the basic approach is augmented with morphological analysis. Second, part-of-speech tagging is incorporated. This results in three variants of the approach, each with increasing amounts of external linguistic resources included. The performance of each variant is assessed and a comparison is made between them in order to test the hypothesis that an increase in linguistic knowledge improves performance, in terms of both recall and precision.
Kernel Locality Preserving Low-Rank Representation with Tikhonov Regularization

Classification based on Low-Rank Representation (LRR) has been a hot-topic in the field of pattern classification. However, LRR may not be able to fuse the local and global information of data completely and fail to represent nonlinear samples. In this paper, we propose a kernel locality preserving low-rank representation with Tikhonov regularization (KLP-LRR) for face recognition. KLP-LRR is a nonlinear extension of LRR, and it introduces the local manifold structures of data sets into LRR methods. Since the feature information in kernel space has a very high dimensionality, and to fit the proposed KLP-LRR method well, we introduce locality preserving factor and Tikhonov regularization into dimensionality reduction. It can get more discriminant coding information, especially in the aspect of combining local features with global features, where it is capable of improving the recognition rate obviously. Explicit experimental results on AR, the extended Yale B, FERET face databases show KLP-LRR out-performs other comparative methods.
An Improved ADM algorithm for RPCA optimization problem

This paper presents an improved alternating direction method (IADM) algorithm for robust principal component analysis (RPCA) optimization problem. Firstly distortion compensation technique is employed to convert 2-D real nature image to the sparse approximation matrix. Secondly an improved Singular Value Decomposition (block-SVD) is presented to converge to the better value than traditional alternating direction method (ADM). Finally, reconstructed image is built up by sparse and low-rank matrix. To illustrate the effectiveness of proposed approach, several experiments are conducted. Experimental results show that, compare with SVT, ALM, APG and ADM, the proposed approach has faster rate and better performance.
[Physical activity and healthcare cost of type 2 diabetic patients seen at basic units of healthcare].

OBJECTIVES To observe differences in healthcare costs according to the level of physical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 121 type 2 diabetic patients were interviewed in two basic units of healthcare in Bauru, Brazil. Physical activity level was assessed by a questionnaire carried out during an interview. Costs of exams, medications and doctor and nurse visits were assessed for the previous year using invoices obtained from basic units of healthcare. RESULTS Sedentary type 2 diabetic patients presented higher costs for doctor visits (63%; p = 0.017) and medication to treat diseases other than diabetes (p = 0.001) than active patients. CONCLUSIONS Sedentary type 2 diabetic patients presented higher healthcare costs related to doctor visits and medicine purchase.
Cloud computing growing interest and related concerns

It is cloud computing which has changed the set up of IT organizations. From Software to hardware, Infrastructure to Staff requirement, everything is available to companies on demand. IT firms ‘pay for what they want’. There is no requirement to build up their own setups. Services are also fully managed by the cloud service providers. This on demand service can be provided at any time. Cloud computing has affected the budget of IT companies in a positive manner. Cost is the driving factor behind cloud computing. But as each and every thing has some pros and cons, there are also some concerns related to cloud computing. This paper Reviews the benefits and compliance of cloud computing. Why consumer should trust on Cloud computing? What exactly consumers want from cloud provider.
MP in Block Quasi-Incoherent Dictionaries

, we thus prove the good approximation behavior of Matching Pursuitfor structured signals, that we observe on experimental results.We claim that taking track of the blocks selected, due to the block quasi-incoherent structure of the dictionary, the energybound (21) can be reﬁned. Here there is some arguments for the case of
LABORATORY EVOLUTION OF LONGEVITY AND REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS COMPONENTS IN MALE FRUIT FLIES: MATING ABILITY

Populations of Drosophila melanogaster that had been selected for divergent rates of senescence were compared with respect to age‐specific male mating ability. The competitive mating ability of males from populations with delayed senescence was inferior to that of males from populations with higher rates of senescence when males were young. This relationship was reversed when males were older. For noncompetitive mating ability and for recovery of fertility after an exhaustive mating bout, there was no difference between populations with different rates of senescence when males were young. However when males were older, flies from populations selected for delayed senescence again had superior mating ability. Thus, rates of male reproductive senescence can be altered in predictable ways by natural selection. The results for the competitive mating tests are consistent with the hypothesis that antagonistic gene action between early‐ and late‐life fitness components influences the evolution of senescence in these populations.
Predicting Votes from Census Data

Predicting voter turnout has been a persistent obstacle for campaigns and analysts trying to model election outcomes [1]. The stakes for accurately predicting which parts of the electorate will vote are different depending on the interest group: campaigns, for example, have only a limited number of people and dollars at their disposal. Efforts to increase voter turnout can include setting up phone banks, organizing volunteers to pass out fliers, and recording robo-calls [2]. Understanding which voters are least likely to vote can guide a campaigns use of money and person-power. In the Pew Research Centers analysis of the 2014 congressional elections, they found that having more accurate likely voter models would have flipped their predictions [1]. This projects goal is to begin the search for useful, publically available data that can be used to build a robust likely voter model. After the 2016 presidential election, the U.S. census bureau sent an addendum to its labor force and demographics survey consisting of 152,095 respondents. The addendum asked whether each respondent had voted in the election [3]. The original survey included 374 questions, including follow-up probes depending upon the answers provided. The questions mostly focused on where respondents fit into the labor force, including queries such as, Last week could you have started a job if one had been offered? These 374 questions were used as features, and each respondent as an example to train three models: a support vector machine, a naive bayes predictor, and a logistic regression predictor. Each model was asked to predict yes or no whether an individual voted in the election based upon their responses to the survey. Furthermore, kmeans was used to cluster the data by features in the hopes of finding sub-sets of responses that might be useful for predicting ones propensity to vote. Logistic regression coefficients with the greatest positive and negative values were matched with their corresponding survey questions. In addition to creating a model that accurately predicts whether someone will vote, or returns true probabilities, it will also be important to try to understand the semantic meaning behind what the model is learning. Census bureau data is not available for every citizen in the United States, so in order to make predictions on other potential voters for future campaigns it will be important to know which information is most essential to collect prior to predicting.
Exchange of a Single Amino Acid Residue in the HybG Chaperone Allows Maturation of All H2-Activating [NiFe]-Hydrogenases in Escherichia coli

The biosynthesis of the NiFe(CN)2CO organometallic cofactor of [NiFe]-hydrogenase (Hyd) involves several discreet steps, including the synthesis of the Fe(CN)2CO group on a HypD-HypC scaffold complex. HypC has an additional function in transferring the Fe(CN)2CO group to the apo-precursor of the Hyd catalytic subunit. Bacteria that synthesize more than one Hyd enzyme often have additional HypC-type chaperones specific for each precursor. The specificity determinants of this large chaperone family are not understood. Escherichia coli synthesizes two HypC paralogs, HypC and HybG. HypC delivers the Fe(CN)2CO group to pre-HycE, the precursor of the H2-evolving Hyd-3 enzyme, while HybG transfers the group to the pre-HybC of the H2-oxidizing Hyd-2 enzyme. We could show that a conserved histidine residue around the amino acid position 50 in both HypC and HybG, when exchanged for an alanine, resulted in a severe reduction in the activity of its cognate Hyd enzyme. This reduction in enzyme activity proved to be due to the impaired ability of the chaperones to interact with HypD. Surprisingly, and only in the case of the HybGH52A variant, its co-synthesis with HypD improved its interaction with pre-HycE, resulting in the maturation of Hyd-3. This study demonstrates that the conserved histidine residue helps enhance the interaction of the chaperone with HypD, but additionally, and in E. coli only for HybG, acts as a determinant to prevent the inadvertent maturation of the wrong large-subunit precursor. This study identifies a new level of control exerted by a bacterium synthesizing multiple [NiFe]-Hyd to ensure the correct enzyme is matured only under the appropriate physiological conditions.
A Novel Cyanobacterial Nostocyclopeptide is a Potent Antitoxin against Microcystins

Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystins and nodularins) cause numerous animal poisonings worldwide each year and are threats to human health. However, we found that extracts from several cyanobacteria isolates failed to induce hepatotoxicity even if they contained high concentrations of the liver toxin microcystin. The antitoxic activity abolishes all morphological hallmarks of microcystin‐induced apoptosis, and therefore invalidates cell‐based assays of the microcystin content of bloom‐forming cyanobacteria. The antitoxin was purified from a cyanobacterial isolate (Nostoc sp. XSPORK 13A) from the Baltic Sea, and the activity was shown to reside in a novel cyclic peptide of the nostocyclopeptide family (nostocyclopeptide M1, Ncp‐M1) that consists of seven amino acids (Tyr1‐Tyr2‐D‐HSe3‐L‐Pro4‐L‐Val5‐(2S,4S)‐4‐MPr6‐Tyr7; MW=881) with an imino linkage between Tyr1 and Tyr7. Ncp‐M1 did not compete with labelled microcystin for binding to protein phosphatase 2A; this explains why the antitoxin did not interfere with phosphatase‐based microcystin assays. Currently used agents that interfere with microcystin action, such as inhibitors of ROS formation, microcystin uptake and Cam‐kinase activity, are themselves inherently toxic. Since Ncp‐M1 is potent and nontoxic it promises to become a useful mechanistic tool as soon as its exact cellular target is elucidated.
Compensation paradox: the influence of monetary rewards on user behaviour

Many e-commerce companies collect users’ personal data for marketing purposes despite privacy concerns. Information-collecting companies often offer a monetary reward to users to alleviate privacy concerns and ease the collection of personal information. This study focused on the negative effects of monetary rewards on both information privacy concerns (IPC) and information disclosure. A survey approach was used to collect data and 370 final responses were analysed using a two-way analysis of variance and a binomial logistic regression model. The results show that monetary rewards increase IPC when an information-collecting company requires sensitive information. Additional results indicate that building trust is a more effective way of collecting personal data. This study identifies how organisations can best execute information-collection activities and contributes additional insights for academia and practitioners.
Similarities and Differences between the Subgenomic and Minus-Strand Promoters of an RNA Plant Virus

ABSTRACT Promoter regions required for minus-strand and subgenomic RNA synthesis have been mapped for several plus-strand RNA viruses. In general, the two types of promoters do not share structural features even though they are recognized by the same viral polymerase. The minus-strand promoter of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), a plant virus of the family Bromoviridae, consists of a triloop hairpin (hpE) which is attached to a 3′ tRNA-like structure (TLS). In contrast, the AMV subgenomic promoter consists of a single triloop hairpin that bears no sequence homology with hpE. Here we show that hpE, when detached from its TLS, can function as a subgenomic promoter in vitro and can replace the authentic subgenomic promoter in the live virus. Thus, the AMV subgenomic and minus-strand promoters are basically the same, but the minus-strand promoter is linked to a 3′ TLS to force the polymerase to initiate at the very 3′end.
Built-in current sensor for IDDQ testing in deep submicron CMOS

This paper describes results on Built-In Current Sensors (BICS) destined to overcome the limitations of I/sub DDQ/ testing in deep submicron circuits. The problems of performance penalty, test accuracy and test speed are addressed. A new sensor composed of a source-controlled comparator operating at low supply voltages and bias currents is used. Gradual sensor activation ensures reliable low noise operation. It is combined with large bypass MOS switches avoiding performance penalty, as well as a second bypass and compensation logic to increase test speed.
Diagnostic value of anti-Candida enolase antibodies

An immunodominant antigen with enolase enzyme activity was purified and used for the development of an assay to detect antibodies directed against this antigen in sera from patients with either invasive candidiasis or Candida colonization. The Au enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay established with the Candida enolase antigen was able to discriminate significantly between invasive candidiasis and colonization in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient groups of patients. The test had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 86% in the immunocompetent patient group. In the immunodeficient patient group, a sensitivity of 53% and a specificity of 78% were established. Antibody levels determined by a counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay with the same set of sera resulted in a better sensitivity for sera from the immunocompetent patient group but a lower specificity, i.e., 80 and 29%, respectively. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay of sera from the immunodeficient patient group was not able to discriminate significantly between invasive candidiasis and colonization. With the use of more serum from each patient, the sensitivity of the antibody detection assays increased, while the specificity was maintained. The increase, however, was not statistically significant. Combining the results of the antibody assays with antigen titers obtained by the Cand-Tec assay did not improve the predictive value with respect to invasive candidiasis, as determined by multivariance regression analysis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated by performance of Western blots (immunoblots) that sera from patients as well as a rabbit antiserum cross-reacted with the Candida enolase and baker's yeast enolase enzyme. However, by tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis it was demonstrated that the antibodies were directed toward different epitopes of the antigen.
The use of Serratia indica and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores for tracing sewage dispersion in the sea.

Summary Experiments were conducted at 2 coastal sites to evaluate the suitability of Serratia indica and spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger for tracing offshore and longshore dispersion of sewage released from submarine outfalls. Neither organism was found in the sea or the rivers studied prior to an experimental release and, whereas tracer spores persisted in the sea and the littoral zone for some days after release, S. indica disappeared within a few days. Where S. indica was released continuously from an outfall, it dispersed similarly to coli-aerogenes bacteria. Both tracers were killed rapidly in seawater exposed to sunlight, but their mortality kinetics differed. Tracer spores did not die or germinate in the dark when suspended in sewage during 24 h or in seawater during 9 days, but death occured after 3 days in seawater exposed to sunlight. Spores dispersed offshore similarly to K82Br and to S. indica; because of this and their stability, it was thought that they could be used for measuring physical dilution independently of mortality. The continuous release of S. indica into the sea is suitable for measuring the pollution field around a discharge; adding single doses of either tracer yields information on dispersion processes and transit times to the shore.
Topographic Spatial Summation in Glaucoma

Purpose Stimulus luminance (L) and area (A) are related by the equation LxAk=constant. The authors evaluated the k value at 66 positions of the central visual field in patients with glaucoma, to modify L and A simultaneously in order to examine advanced glaucomas with a bigger dynamic range. Methods The luminance limitation of a computer screen with automatic photometric control was compensated for by increasing the stimulus area in the range between 0 and 17 dB, using the k topographic values previously calculated on normal subjects. Four initial series of 21, 12, 10, and 10 glaucomas were sequentially examined with the Octopus 311 in which the stimulus size cannot be freely changed during the examination, and with the experimental method (Pulsar-SAP) modifying stimulus sizes to equal the results. k Final estimation was verified in 60 new cases. Results k Values increase progressively with defect deepness. Values higher than those of the normal population with equivalent topographic differences were obtained. Correlation between indices was as follows: MD: r=0.94 (p<0.0001); square root of the loss of variance (sLV): r=0.93 (p<0.0001). Frequency of local defects was similar in both procedures. Average topographic differences between thresholds were usually less than 1 dB. The average threshold difference favored Pulsar-SAP by 0.45 dB at those points where the average threshold of both examinations was less than 18 dB and 0.37 dB where such average was higher than or equal to 18 dB. Conclusions k Value is higher in patients with glaucoma than in normal subjects, although the topographic features are similar. It is feasible to design a scale combining stimulus luminance and sizes to use screens with relative low brightness as surfaces for visual field examination.
How to Understand Disorderly Boys - An Exchange of Didactic Experiences Among Textile-Sloyd Teachers in an Internet-based Community of Practice

This paper reports on a case study in which a textile-sloyd teacher sent a message to an internet-based community of practice seeking advice from other textile-sloyd teachers regar­ding how to cope with unruly boys. Two major themes emerged from a interview and the discu­­ssion on the Internet: 1) behaviour analysis and 2) coping attempts The analysis also reve­­aled two themes related to the exchange of experiences: 1) descriptions of the problem as pertaining to the pupils, the process, classroom management, freedom of choice, or conne­ction to everyday life and 2) suggested solutions, such as area of activity, competences, leader­­ship and techniques. The article concludes with a discussion demonstrating that the collegial exch­ange about disorderly boys appears to have strengthened and challenged this internet-based community of practice.