Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of different techniques for removing eye-blink artifact from visual evoked response recordings.

This investigation compared four methods used to control eye-blink artifact in visual evoked response (VER) recordings using the augmenting-reducing paradigm: rejecting trials containing blinks, presenting the stimuli through closed eyelids, and two different techniques for subtracting a proportion of the averaged electro-oculogram (FOG) from the averaged VER. The two subtraction procedures differed in the way in which they estimated the amount of EOG to be subtracted and in the case with which they could be applied. Twenty normal, female subjects were exposed to a series of four different intensity light flashes twice with eyes open and once with eyes closed. Blinking was monitored by recording the EOG and EEG was recorded from three midline electrodes. The results indicated that the two subtraction techniques were very similar. They effectively removed ocular artifact and produced corrected VERs that showed high retest stability. Presenting the flashes through closed lids yielded idiosyncratic data, and rejecting trials contaminated by blinks was found to have limited utility with the VER paradigm used in the present study.
Biosystematics of the genus Dahlstedtia Malme (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae)

Dahlstedtia has been considered a monotypic genus by some authors, but comprising two species according to others. The latter view was supported by our biosystematic study. The two species are Neotropical, mainly occurring in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where they are, however, allopatric. Experimental pollinations show that the two species are intersterile. After interspecificcrossings, few pollen tubes reach the ovule, a dense secretion fills the micropyle and no proembryos are formed. Probably, there is no gene flow between species, but if it should occur, no hybrids would be formed. The present work confirms Burkart's taxonomic view, according to which Dahlstedtia comprises at least two species: D. pinnata and D. pentaphylla.
Antibiotic resistance: an overview of mechanisms and a paradigm shift

Antibiotic resistance is the biggest challenge to the medical profession in the treatment of infectious diseases. Resistance has been documented not only against antibiotics of natural and semi-synthetic origin, but also against purely synthetic compounds (such as the fluoroquinolones) or those which do not even enter the cells (such as vancomycin). The wide range of occurrence of antibiotic resistance suggests that, in principle, any organism could develop resistance to any antibiotic. The phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer compounds the problem by facilitating rapid spread of antibiotic resistance. Unfortunately, the discovery and development of newer antibiotics have not kept pace with the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In this article a broad overview of the various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance will be presented mainly to illustrate their variety, rather than to catalogue everything that is known. Of late, a paradigm shift in the traditional perception of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance is emerging. Antibiotics are beginning to be viewed as intermicrobial signalling agents and even as sources of nutrition to microorganisms, rather than as weapons in the hands of antibiotic producer organisms to fight against competitors which might cohabit with them. Likewise, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are being believed to have evolved not as defence strategies which microbes use to thwart the action of antibiotics, but as integral components of processes involved in basic bacterial physiology. However, when these mechanisms get placed out of their natural context their resistance property alone gets highlighted. Many leading workers in the field call this emerging trend of thought as a Copernican turning point. Some of these trends will be discussed towards the end.
Insight into the Mechanism of the Influenza A Proton Channel from a Structure in a Lipid Bilayer

M2 Out of the Envelope The M2 protein from influenza A virus forms an acid-activated tetrameric proton channel in the viral envelope and is essential for viral replication. Two manuscripts shed light on the functional mechanism of this channel. Sharma et al. (p. 509; see the Perspective by Fiorin et al.) determined the structure of the conductance domain in a lipid bilayer and propose that a histidine and tryptophan from each monomer form a cluster that guides protons through the channel in a mechanism that involves forming and breaking hydrogen bonds between adjacent pairs of histidines. Hu et al. (p. 505; see the Perspective by Fiorin et al.) focused on the structure and dynamics of the proton-selective histidine at high and low pH, proposing that proton conduction involves histidine deprotonation and reprotonation. A tetrameric cluster of histidine and tryptophan residues, through its unique chemistry, shepherds protons through the M2 channel. The M2 protein from the influenza A virus, an acid-activated proton-selective channel, has been the subject of numerous conductance, structural, and computational studies. However, little is known at the atomic level about the heart of the functional mechanism for this tetrameric protein, a His37-Trp41 cluster. We report the structure of the M2 conductance domain (residues 22 to 62) in a lipid bilayer, which displays the defining features of the native protein that have not been attainable from structures solubilized by detergents. We propose that the tetrameric His37-Trp41 cluster guides protons through the channel by forming and breaking hydrogen bonds between adjacent pairs of histidines and through specific interactions of the histidines with the tryptophan gate. This mechanism explains the main observations on M2 proton conductance.
Triangular Osteosynthesis of Vertically Unstable Sacrum Fractures: A New Concept Allowing Early Weight-Bearing

Objective: Presentation of a new triangular osteosynthesis technique that permits early weight-bearing in vertically unstable sacral fractures. Design: Retrospective evaluation of a consecutive series. Setting: Level I trauma center. Patients: Thirty-four patients, twenty-eight of whom were poly-traumatized, all with vertically unstable sacral fractures. This group included eight women and twenty-six men, with a mean age of thirty-five years. Average time between trauma and definite operation was thirteen days (range 0 to 28 days). Interventions: All patients underwent triangular osteosynthesis using a combination of a vertical vertebropelvic distraction osteosynthesis (pedicle screw system) and a transverse fixation of the sacrum fracture with either iliosacral screws or transsacral plating. Immediate postoperative weight-bearing was permitted postoperatively. Results: Nineteen patients were treated with early progressive weight-bearing and advanced to full weight-bearing, on average, after twenty-three days (range 8 to 70 days). Three of the thirty-four patients (9 percent) experienced loosening of hardware, including two patients (6 percent) who required secondary intervention because of loss of the original reduction. Further complications included one pulmonary embolism (3 percent), one iatrogenic nerve lesion (3 percent), one wound necrosis (3 percent), and two local infections (6 percent). Conclusions: Triangular osteosynthesis is a demanding procedure that can be performed on vertically unstable sacral fractures to allow early progressive weight-bearing with an acceptable complication rate.
Information need as trigger and driver of information seeking: a conceptual analysis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the picture of the motivators for information behaviour by examining the nature of information need as a trigger and driver of information seeking. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual analysis was made by focussing on the ways in which researchers have conceptualised information need in models for human information behaviour (HIB). The study draws on conceptual analysis of 26 key studies focussing on the above topic. Findings Researchers have employed two main approaches to conceptualise information needs in the HIB models. First, information need is approached as a root factor which motivates people to identify and access information sources. Second, information need is approached as a secondary trigger or driver determined by more fundamental factors, for example, the information requirements of task performance. The former approach conceptualises information need as a trigger providing an initial impetus to information seeking, while the latter approach also depicts information need as a driver that keeps the information-seeking process in motion. The latter approach is particularly characteristic of models depicting information seeking as a cyclic process. Research limitations/implications As the study focusses on information need, no attention is devoted to related constructs such as anomalous state of knowledge and uncertainty. Originality/value The study pioneers by providing an in-depth analysis of the nature of information need as a trigger and driver of information seeking. The findings refine the picture of motivators for information behaviour.
Rapid thermal annealing of BF2+implanted, preamorphized silicon

BF2+is implanted into preamorphized silicon and annealed using radiative, incoherent rapid thermal annealing (RTA). Ion channeling tails are eliminated ans electrical activity of the entire profile is obtained during the solid-phase epitaxial regrowth of the amorphous silicon. This work shows that the shallow electrically active profiles are indistinguishable from the as-implanted profiles over the entire impurity depth distribution. Sheet resistance and SIMS data illustrate the effects. The RTA approach, in combination with preamorphized silicon, may have application to submicron MOS technology when junction depths <0.15 µm are required.
Gephyrin interacts with the glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 isoforms at GABAergic synapses

We have previously shown that the glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) splice forms GRIP1a/b and GRIP1c4–7 are present at the GABAergic post‐synaptic complex. Nevertheless, the role that these GRIP1 protein isoforms play at the GABAergic post‐synaptic complex is not known. We are now showing that GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b interact with gephyrin, the main post‐synaptic scaffold protein of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses. Gephyrin coprecipitates with GRIP1c4–7 or GRIP1a/b from rat brain extracts and from extracts of human embryonic kidney 293 cells that have been cotransfected with gephyrin and one of the GRIP1 protein isoforms. Moreover, purified gephyrin binds to purified GRIP1c4–7 or GRIP1a/b, indicating that gephyrin directly interacts with the common region of these GRIP1 proteins, which includes PDZ domains 4–7. An engineered deletion construct of GRIP1a/b (GRIP1a4–7), which both contains the aforementioned common region and binds to gephyrin, targets to the post‐synaptic GABAergic complex of transfected cultured hippocampal neurons. In these hippocampal cultures, endogenous gephyrin colocalizes with endogenous GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b in over 90% of the GABAergic synapses. Double‐labeling electron microscopy immunogold reveals that in the rat brain GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b colocalize with gephyrin at the post‐synaptic complex of individual synapses. These results indicate that GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b colocalize and interact with gephyrin at the GABAergic post‐synaptic complex and suggest that this interaction plays a role in GABAergic synaptic function.
Country Characteristics as Contingent Conditions of Agenda Setting

Agenda-setting research has largely neglected country characteristics as contingent conditions of agenda setting. Focusing on the issue of European integration, this study investigated whether the amount of European Union (EU) coverage in television news affected the extent to which EU citizens perceived European integration to be important. More specifically, it was studied from a cross-national comparative perspective whether the nature of elite opinion about European integration moderated the occurrence of agenda-setting effects. Content analytic data and survey data from 14EUmember states were linked at the individual level. More EU coverage did not automatically increase the perceived importance of European integration. The occurrence of the agenda-setting pattern rather depended on the nature of elite opinion. The more EU stories people watched in countries in which political elites disagreed about European integration, the more important they considered European integration. If elite opinion about European integration was consensual, this pattern did not occur.
An Instrumental Variable Analysis of the Impact of Practice Guidelines on Improving Quality of Care and Diabetes-Related Outcomes in the Elderly Medicare Population

The effect of the diabetes practice guideline recommending ≥2 HbA1c tests annually on diabetes-related outcomes was evaluated using Medicare claims data. The study population included 1998 and 1999 incident diabetes patients aged ≥ 67 years, who were Medicare eligible and without known diabetes-related complications at baseline. Number of HbA1c tests was measured 1 year after diabetes incidence. All-cause death and diabetes complications were identified during follow-up, through December 2003. The analysis was conducted with an instrumental variable method and a bivariate probit model, controlling for individual, social, and health care system characteristics. Among 13 033 patients, 27.1% followed the practice guideline. Receiving ≥2 HbA1c tests annually was significantly associated with a decrease in probability of 28.8 percentage points for macrovascular complications, 28.7 for atherosclerotic heart disease, and 23.1 for chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease in the 4-year follow-up period. (Am J Med Qual 2008;23: 222-230)
“One Health” or Three? Publication Silos Among the One Health Disciplines

The One Health initiative is a global effort fostering interdisciplinary collaborations to address challenges in human, animal, and environmental health. While One Health has received considerable press, its benefits remain unclear because its effects have not been quantitatively described. We systematically surveyed the published literature and used social network analysis to measure interdisciplinarity in One Health studies constructing dynamic pathogen transmission models. The number of publications fulfilling our search criteria increased by 14.6% per year, which is faster than growth rates for life sciences as a whole and for most biology subdisciplines. Surveyed publications clustered into three communities: one used by ecologists, one used by veterinarians, and a third diverse-authorship community used by population biologists, mathematicians, epidemiologists, and experts in human health. Overlap between these communities increased through time in terms of author number, diversity of co-author affiliations, and diversity of citations. However, communities continue to differ in the systems studied, questions asked, and methods employed. While the infectious disease research community has made significant progress toward integrating its participating disciplines, some segregation—especially along the veterinary/ecological research interface—remains.
Effective Unsupervised Arabic Word Stemming: Towards an Unsupervised Radicals Extraction

This paper presents a new totally unsupervised and 90% effective stemming approach for classical Arabic. This stemming is meant to be a preparatory step to an unsupervised root (i.e., radicals) extraction. As a learning input, our stemming system requires no linguistic knowledge but a plain classical Arabic text. Once the learning input analyzed, our stemming system is able to extract the strongest segment of a given length, namely the stem. We start by a definition of the targeted stem, then, we show how our system performs about 90% true positives after a leaning of less than 15000 words. Unlike the other unsupervised approaches, ours does not suppose the perfectness of the input text and deals efficiently with the eventual (practically very frequent) misspellings. The test corpus we have used is an ultimate reference in the classical Arabic and its labeling has been rigorously done by a team of experts.
Electron mobility behavior in extremely thin SOI MOSFET's

Extremely thin-film SOI MOSFET's with silicon film thickness down to 8 nm have been fabricated without inducing serious source/drain series resistance by employing a gate recessed structure. The influence of extremely thin silicon film on the electron mobility has been experimentally studied. The results show an abrupt mobility decrease in the device with less than 10 nm silicon film thickness. The measured mobility versus effective field below 10 nm silicon film thickness shows that a different scattering mechanism is involved in carrier conduction in 10 nm t/sub si/ region. The reasons for the mobility decrease have been examined from a device simulation and measurements. <<ETX>>
Growth of macroscopic human megakaryocyte colonies from cord blood in culture with recombinant human thrombopoietin (c‐mpl ligand) and the effects of gestational age on frequency of colonies

We investigated the effects of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) on the growth of megakaryocytic (MK) colony derived MK progenitors from human cord blood (CB) in vitro and the effects of gestational age on the number of MK colonies. The results demonstrated that rhTPO alone supports the growth of MK colonies and induces not only proliferation but also differentiation of MK progenitors. CB shows a high frequency of MK colonies; most of which are very large and equivalent to high proliferative potential colony‐forming unit‐megakaryocyte. The colonies could be macroscopically observed as white spots in the culture dish. Preterm neonates showed greater numbers of MK progenitors than term neonates and there was an inverse correlation between gestational age and concentration of MK progenitors of CB. The effects of gestational age was an important factor on the proliferative capacity of MK progenitors and on the response to rhTPO.
INTUITIONISTIC UNCERTAIN LINGUISTIC WEIGHTED BONFERRONI OWA OPERATOR AND ITS APPLICATION TO MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING

With respect to multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problems, in which attribute values take the form of intuitionistic uncertain linguistic information, a new decision-making method based on the intuitionistic uncertain linguistic weighted Bonferroni OWA operator is developed. First, the score function, accuracy function, and comparative method of the intuitionistic uncertain linguistic numbers are introduced. Then, an intuitionistic uncertain linguistic Bonferroni OWA (IULBOWA) operator and an intuitionistic uncertain linguistic weighted Bonferroni OWA (IULWBOWA) operator are developed. Furthermore, some properties of the IULBOWA and IULWBOWA operators, such as commutativity, idempotency, monotonicity, and boundedness, are discussed. At the same time, some special cases of these operators are analyzed. Based on the IULWBOWA operator, the multiple attribute decision-making method with intuitionistic uncertain linguistic information is proposed. Finally, an illustrative example is given to illustrate the decision-making steps and to demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness.
Scramble, Scurry and Dash: The Correlation between Motion Event Encoding and Manner Verb Lexicon Size in Indo-European

In recent decades, much has been discovered about the different ways in which people can talk about motion (Talmy, 1985, 1991; Slobin, 1996, 1997, 2004). Slobin (1997) has suggestedthatsatellite-framedlanguagestypicallyhavealargerandmorediverselexiconofmannerofmotionverbs(suchas run,fly,andscramble)whencomparedtoverb-framedlanguages. Slobin (2004) has claimed that larger manner of motion verb lexicons originate over time because codability factors increase the accessibility of manner in satellite-framed languages. In this paper I investigate the dependency between the use of the satellite-framed encoding construction and the size of the manner verb lexicon. The data used come from 20 IndoEuropean languages. The methodology applied is a range of phylogenetic comparative methods adopted from biology, which allow for an investigation of this dependency while taking intoaccountthesharedhistorybetweenthese20languages.Theresultsprovideevidencethat Slobin’s hypothesis was correct, and indeed there seems to be a relationship between the use of the satellite-framed construction and the size of the manner verb lexicon.
Knockdown of PAK4 or PAK1 Inhibits the Proliferation of Mutant KRAS Colon Cancer Cells Independently of RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling

The p21-activated kinase (PAK) serine/threonine kinases are important effectors of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42, and play significant roles in controlling cell growth, motility, and transformation. Knockdown of PAK4 or PAK1 inhibited the proliferation of mutant KRAS or BRAF colon cancer cells in vitro. Dependence on PAK4 or PAK1 protein for colon cancer cell proliferation was independent of PAK4 or PAK1 protein expression levels. Mutant KRAS HCT116 colorectal cells were the most sensitive to PAK4 or PAK1 knockdown resulting in the potent inhibition of anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation as well as the formation and proliferation of HCT116 colon cancer spheroids. This inhibition of proliferation did not correlate with inhibition of RAF/MEK/ERK or PI3K/AKT signaling. In HCT116 cells, knockdown of PAK4 or PAK1 caused changes to the actin cytoskeleton resulting in reduced basal spread and cell elongation and increased cell rounding. These cytoskeletal rearrangements seemed to be independent of LIMK/cofilin/paxillin phosphorylation. PAK4 or PAK1 knockdown initially induced growth arrest in HCT116 cells followed by cell death at later time points. Inhibition of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL with the pharmacologic inhibitor ABT-737 increased effector caspase activation and apoptosis, and reduced cell survival with PAK4 or PAK1 knockdown. These results support a role for the PAKs in the proliferation of mutant KRAS-driven colorectal carcinoma cells via pathways not involving RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling. Mol Cancer Res; 11(2); 109–21. ©2012 AACR.
Extending Intuitionistic Linear Logic with Knotted Structural Rules

In the present paper, extensions of the intuitionistic linear logic with knotted structural rules are discussed. Each knotted structural rule is a rule of inference in sequent calculi of the form: from T,A,. ,A (n times) -• C infer Γ,A,. 9 A (k times) -+ C, which is called the (n —• k) -rule. It is a restricted form of the weakening rule when n< k, and of the contraction rule when n> k. Our aim is to explore how they behave like (or unlike) the weak-ening and contraction rules, from both syntactic and semantic point of view. It is shown that when either n = 1 or k = 1, strong similarities hold between logics with the (n ~* k) rule and logics with the weakening or the contraction rule, as for the cut elimination theorems, decidability and undecidability results and the finite model property.
Absorbed energy monitoring during hadrontherapy via prompt gamma detection

An independent monitoring system aiming for the detection of deviations from the prescribed treatment in hadrontherapy is presented. The system is based on prompt gamma-ray detection via scintillation detectors and the use of time-of-flight information. Test measurements at cyclotrons show the influence of degraders used in passive beam delivery systems. A dedicated data acquisition card has been developed which is suitable to provide timing and energy information from scintillation detectors at counting rates compatible with clinical beam intensities.