Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Voltage‐dependent and calcium‐dependent inactivation of calcium channel current in identified snail neurones.

1. The dependence of Ca2+ current inactivation on membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in TEA‐loaded, identified Helix neurones which possess a single population of high‐voltage‐activated Ca2+ channels. During prolonged depolarization, the Ca2+ current declined from its peak with two clearly distinct phases. The time course of its decay was readily fitted by a double‐exponential function. 2. In double‐pulse experiments, the relationship between the magnitude of the Ca2+ current and the amount of Ca2+ inactivation was not linear, and considerable inactivation was present, even when conditioning pulses were to levels of depolarization so great that Ca2+ currents were near zero. Similar results were obtained when external Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+. 3. In double‐pulse experiments, hyperpolarization during the interpulse interval served to reprime a portion of the inactivated Ca2+ current for subsequent activation. The extent of repriming increased with hyperpolarization, reaching a maximum between ‐130 and ‐150 mV. The effectiveness of repriming hyperpolarizations was considerably increased when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+. 4. A significant fraction of inactivated Ca2+ channels can be recovered during hyperpolarizing pulses lasting only milliseconds. If hyperpolarizing pulses were applied before substantial inactivation of Ca2+ current, Ca2+ channels remained available for activation despite considerable Ca2+ entry. 5. The relationship between [Ca2+]i and inactivation was investigated by quantitatively injecting Ca2+‐buffered solutions into the cells. The time course of Ca2+ current inactivation was unchanged at free [Ca2+] between 1 x 10(‐7) and 1 x 10(‐5) M. From 1 x 10(‐7) to 1 x 10(‐9) M, inactivation became progressively slower, mainly due to a decrease of the amplitude ratio (fast/slow) of the two components of inactivation, which fell from about unity to near zero at 1 x 10(‐9) M. In double‐pulse experiments, recovery from inactivation was enhanced in neurones that had been injected with Ca2+ chelator. 6. We conclude that inactivation of Ca2+ channels in these neurones depends on both [Ca2+]i and membrane potential. The voltage‐dependent process may serve as a mechanism to quickly recover inactivated Ca2+ channels during repetitive firing despite considerable Ca2+ influx. 7. The results are discussed in the framework of a model which is based on two states of inactivation, INV and INCA, which represent different conformations of the inactivating substrate, and which are both reached from a lumped state of activation (A). Inactivation leads to high occupancy of INV during depolarization. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Galanin gene expression and effects of its knock‐down on the development of the nervous system in larval zebrafish

Despite the known importance of galanin in the nervous system of vertebrates, the galanin gene structure and expression and the consequences of galanin deficiency in developing zebrafish are unknown. We cloned the galanin gene and analyzed its expression by using in situ hybridization, PCR, and immunocytochemistry throughout the early development of zebrafish until the end of the first week of life. The single zebrafish galanin gene encoded for a single amidated galanin peptide and a galanin message‐associated peptide. Two forms resulting from alternative processing were identified. Galanin mRNA was maternally expressed and found in developing fish throughout early development. In situ hybridization showed the first positive neurons in three groups in the brain at 28 hours postfertilization. At 2 days postfertilization, three prosencephalic neuron groups were seen in the preoptic area and in rostral and caudal periventricular hypothalamus. In addition, two other groups of weakly stained neurons were visible, one in the midbrain and another in the hindbrain. Translation inhibition of galanin mRNA with morpholino oligonucleotides caused complete disappearance of galanin immunoreactivity in the brain until 7 dpf and did not induce known cascades of nonspecific pathways or morphological abnormalities. A minor disturbance of sensory ganglia was found. Galanin knockdown did not alter the expression of tyrosine hydroxylases 1 and 2, choline acetyltransferase, histidine decarboxylase, or orexin mRNA. The results suggest that galanin does not regulate the development of these key markers of specific neurons, although galanin‐expressing fibers were in a close spatial proximity to several neurons of these neuronal populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3846–3862, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Holliday junction position on Xer‐mediated recombination in vitro.

Site‐specific recombination mediated by XerC and XerD functions in the segregation of circular replicons in Escherichia coli. A key feature of most models of recombination for the family of recombinases to which XerC and XerD belong is that a Holliday junction forms at the position of the first pair of recombinase‐mediated strand exchanges and then branch migrates 6‐8 bp to the position of the second pair of strand exchanges. We have tested this hypothesis for Xer recombination by studying the effects of junction position on XerC‐mediated strand exchange in vitro. Recombination of synthetic Holliday junction substrates in which junction mobility was constrained to a region extending over or removed away from the normal cleavage and exchange point was analysed. All substrates undergo strand cleavage at the normal position. We infer that the Holliday junction need not be at this position during strand cleavage and exchange. With substrates in which the Holliday junction is constrained to a region away from the XerC‐mediated cleavage point, strand exchange generates products with the predicted mispaired bases.
Epidermal ectoderm is required for full elevation and for convergence during bending of the avian neural plate

Previous studies suggest that bending of the neural plate requires the juxtaposition of neural plate and non‐neuroepithelial tissues. The current study examines the role of one of these tissues, the epidermal ectoderm, in bending. Chick blastoderms were harvested from fertile eggs incubated for 24 hr and cultured dorsal‐side–up on agar‐albumen substrates. In one experiment, a rectangular flap of epidermal ectoderm on one side of each blastoderm was separated from underlying layers and gently reflected onto the area opaca; a fragment of tungsten wire was placed on top of the flap to hold it down and to prevent healing. Embryos were then allowed to develop in a humidified incubator for 2–18 hr. Asymmetric neurulation was observed between the operated and control sides as early as 2 hr after surgery. The amount of asymmetry was quantified in serial transverse sections from embryos collected 8 hr after surgery. Elevation of the lateral edge of the neural plate on the operated side averaged one half to two thirds of that on the control side, and convergence of the operated side around the dorsolateral hinge point toward the dorsal midline did not occur. These results demonstrate that epidermal ectoderm is required for full elevation and for convergence during bending. In another experiment, lateral epidermal ectoderm was removed, leaving only a medial strip consisting of both the epidermal component of the future neural fold and flanking future epidermis. This experiment revealed that although epidermal ectoderm is necessary for full elevation and for convergence of the neural folds, a medial strip of epidermal ectoderm is sufficient to drive bending. Collectively, these results further support the idea that neurulation is a multifactorial process driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors acting in concert. Dev. Dyn. 1997;210:397–406. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personality disorder comorbidity in panic disorder patients with or without current major depression

To investigate the relationship between current or past major depressive disorder (MDD) on comorbid personality disorders in patients with panic disorder, we compared the comorbidity of personality disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R personality disorders (SCID‐II) in 34 panic disorder patients with current MDD (current‐MD group), 21 with a history of MDD but not current MDD (past‐MD group), and 32 without lifetime MDD comorbidity (non‐MD group). With regard to personality disorders, patients in the current‐MD group met criteria for at least one personality disorder significantly more often than patients in the past‐MD group or the non‐MD group (82.4% vs. 52.4% and 56.3%, respectively). The current‐MD group showed statistically significantly more borderline, dependent, and obsessive‐compulsive personality disorders than the past‐MD group or non‐MD group. With stepwise regression analyses, number of MDD episodes emerged as an indicator of the comorbidity of cluster C personality disorder and any personality disorders. Future studies should determine whether aggressive treatment of comorbid personality disorders improves the outcome (e.g., lowers the likelihood of comorbid MDD) of patients with panic disorder. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Environment for Named Entity Recognition and Translation

We present an environment for the recognition and translation of Named Entities (NEs). The environment consists of a new formalism for the Named Entity Recognition and Translation (NERT), a parsing mechanism that reads the rules, recognizes Named Entities in given texts and suggests their translation, as well as a set of tools for the evaluation. We suggest a method for the evaluation of (sets of) NERT rules that uses raw (not annotated) bilingual corpora.
Performance Study of Neural Network and ANFIS Based MPPT Methods For Grid Connected PV System

The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods are applied in PV solar systems to accomplish the desired maximum power from the PV system. Hence, it is important to design the best technique which can reach the maximum power point (MPP) effectively. In this paper, a grid connected PV system is controlled by artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy system (ANFIS) based MPPT methods. Both of proposed MPPT methods are analyzed related to their performance efficiency and response under the variation of solar irradiation and cell temperature. The obtained results of both methods are compared to experimental results which show that ANFIS has more response and efficiency than ANN in maximum power point tracking. The investigation has been done by using MATLAB/Simulink Environment.
SOSYAL BİLGİLER DERS KİTAPLARINDA ÖĞRENME STRATEJİLERİ

Bu calismada, ogrenme ve ogrenme stratejileri hakkinda bilgi verilmis ve ilkogretim Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitaplarinda ogrenme stratejilerine nasil yer verilebilecegi orneklerle aciklanmistir. Şoyle ki; kullanilmakta olan 5. sinif Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitaplarinda Birinci Dunya Savasi’nin bitiminden Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi’nin acilisina kadar olan surede hangi olaylarin oldugu basliklar halinde aciklanmaktadir. Fakat ogrencilerin bu olaylari sirasina gore ogrenebilmesi icin herhangi bir ogrenme stratejisine yer verilmemistir. Ogrenme stratejileri ile donatilmis Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitabinda bu konu anlatildiktan sonra dikkat cekici bir sekilde “Manisa’da Ata’ma; Amasya’da, Erzurum’da ve Sivas’ta ne yaptigini sordular. ” seklinde (ilk harfler buyuk, koyu ve renkli) bir cumleye yer verilebilir. Bu cumlede gecen kelimelerin ilk harflerinin hangi olayi acikladigi (M-Mondros Ateskes Antlasmasi, A-Ataturk’un Samsun’a cikisi, A-Amasya Genelgesi, E-Erzurum Kongresi, S-Sivas Kongresi.) da verilmelidir. Calismanin amaci, ogrenme stratejileri ile donatilmis Sosyal Bilgiler ders kitaplarinin Sosyal Bilgiler konularini ogrenmede saglayacagi kolayligi ortaya koyarak bu stratejilerin onemini vurgulamaktir.
Three-dimensional contrast echocardiography-guided alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

A 58-year-old woman with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOC) was referred for contrast(c) echocardiography-guided alcohol septal ablation (ASA). Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a left ventricular outflow tract gradient of 157 mmHg and severe mitral regurgitation ( Panel A ; Supplementary data online, Video 1 ). Agitated X-ray contrast was injected in the septal artery ( Panel B ; arrow). Two-dimensional c-TTE study showed increased signal in the basal inferior septum ( Panel C ). Three-dimensional c-TTE showed that myocardial enhancement was mainly distributed at infero-septal and antero-septal basal segments ( Panel D ; Supplementary data online, Video 2 ) involving the co-aptation area between the septum and mitral valve and extending to right ventricle (RV). Three-dimensional c-TTE showed the enhancement following the RV moderator band …
Hybrid Based Approach to Enhance the Accuracy of Sentiment Analysis on Tweets

The opinion of others toward a product or event plays an important role in the decision-making process. In recent times, the explosion of social media over the web has a rich impact on an individual’s and the organization’s decisionmaking process about certain content. Twitter which is a leading micro-blogging website allows the people to post their opinions, state of mind, or status toward products or any events such as politics and sports. Sentiment analysis performs an essential role to extract the content of the tweets. This research work consists of two components: a lexicon builder and a sentiment classifier. The proposed hybrid based Senti_iLexi_iClassi approach is the combination of lexicon and machine learning based approaches. In sentiment analysis, the context-dependent word is a major problem. To solve this problem, the existing contextual valence shifter (CVS) method is improved and used to assign polarity values using the proposed Context Polarity Measure (CPM). To find the polarity of context-dependent text, the n-grams model is used. The tweets are classified more accurately and produces better results. Keywords— sentiment analysis, context dependent word, hybrid based approach, retweet count, support vector machines.
High-Resolution RFI Localization Using Covariance Matrix Augmentation in Synthetic Aperture Interferometric Radiometry

Radio frequency interference (RFI) is a significant limiting factor in the retrieval of geophysical parameters measured by microwave radiometers. RFI localization is crucial to mitigate or remove the RFI impacts. In this paper, a novel RFI localization approach using covariance matrix augmentation in synthetic aperture interferometric radiometry (SAIR) is proposed. It utilizes the property of the sparse array configuration, which is commonly used in SAIR, where the sparse array can be viewed as a virtual filled array with much larger number of antenna elements. The approach can be applied in SAIR with a sparse array configuration, such as the European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. Results on real SMOS data show that, compared with the previous approach, the presented approach has an improved performance of RFI localization with comparable accuracy of localization, such as improved spatial resolution, lower sidelobes, and larger identifiable number of RFIs.
A novel design method of highly efficient saturated power amplifier based on self-generated harmonic currents

A novel design method without requiring the special harmonic termination circuit for a highly efficient power amplifier (PA) is proposed. The proposed PA is driven into saturated operation, from the linear to knee region, by adjusting the only fundamental load, and the saturated operation induces self-generated harmonic currents. The current and voltage waveforms can be shaped easily by the harmonic currents, and efficiency of the PA is maximized. From the proposed design concept, a PA is implemented using 45-W GaN HEMT device at 2.655 GHz. The designed PA has a maximum drain efficiency of 71.5% at a saturated output power of 46.8 dBm for CW signal. The PA can be linearized to −46 dBc using the WDFBPD technique for a mobile WiMAX 2FA signal.
Does managerial orientation matter? The adoption of reinventing government and e‐government at the municipal level *

Abstract. This paper explores the effect of managerial innovativeness in municipal government on the adoption of e‐government, and it examines the association between the adoption of e‐government and its outcome. The authors posit an exploratory model: The first part of the model shows how adoption of municipal e‐government is determined by managerial innovativeness orientation, government capacity and institutional characteristics such as city size and government type. The second part suggests how e‐government outcomes are associated with the adoption of e‐government, government capacity and institutional characteristics. Analysing two different survey data sets of American municipal reinvention and e‐government, this study finds that managerial innovativeness orientation and city size are the most compelling determinants of municipal e‐government adoption. Different levels of e‐government adoption may yield different outcomes.
[Clinical analysis of 53 cases of retroperitoneal schwannoma].

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment regimens for retroperitoneal schwannoma. METHODS Clinicopathological data of 53 retroperitoneal schwannoma patients treated from January 1999 to April 2013 in our hospital were collected and analyzed using SPSS 13.0 statistical software. RESULTS Symptoms of the retroperitoneal schwannoma were vague and nonspecific. 12 patients had interrupted abdominal pain, 9 patients had abdominal discomfort, and only 6 patients presented with abdominal mass while 24 patients were detected by health checkup. There were some characteristics but not specific findings in imaging examination such as CT, ultrasonography and MRI, so preoperative diagnosis rate was low with only 9 patients diagnosed as retroperitoneal schwannoma and 21 patients diagnosed as neurogenic tumor. S-100 immunohistochemisty was very important in pathological diagnosis, and the patients with benign retroperitoneal schwannoma got 100% tumor specific 5-year survival after complete excision while the 5-year survival of malignant retroperitoneal schwannoma was only 50.0%. CONCLUSIONS Retroperitoneal schwannoma is a rare disease. Most of them are benign tumors, and complete surgical excision is the effective treatment.
The Role of Family Support in the Explanation of Patterns of Desistance Among Individuals Convicted of a Sexual Offense

Despite the growing body of research on desistance from crime, there have been comparatively few studies that have focused specifically on desistance from sex offending. Much remains unknown about whether the findings from the general desistance literature are applicable to individuals convicted of a sexual offense. The current study explores this issue. Given the well-established importance of the social support network in the process of desistance from crime, this research focuses on the influence of indicators of family support on reoffending outcomes. We also examine the sustained effects of family ties on offending behavior over time. In addition, we look beyond traditional measures of social bonds (i.e., marital status and employment) and assess the impact of the stability of family support on reoffending outcomes. The current research explores the criminal career trajectories of a sample of 318 Canadian individuals convicted of a sexual offense and released back into their communities. Analyses yielded two distinct groups of offenders: one displaying a very low rate of reoffending that continued to decline over the follow-up period, and the other showing a higher rate of reoffending but also with steady declines throughout the observation period. Findings showed that while marriage was not significantly associated with reoffending, stable family support was significantly linked to reduced reoffending. We also found evidence of a sustained effect of family support on reoffending over a 3-year period. These findings underline the importance of expanding beyond the traditional measures of social bonds conventionally used in desistance studies.
ATTACK, a novel bispecific T cell-recruiting antibody with trivalent EGFR binding and monovalent CD3 binding for cancer immunotherapy

ABSTRACT The redirection of T cell activity using bispecific antibodies is one of the most promising cancer immunotherapy approaches currently in development, but it is limited by cytokine storm-related toxicities, as well as the pharmacokinetics and tumor-penetrating capabilities of current bispecific antibody formats. Here, we have engineered the ATTACK (Asymmetric Tandem Trimerbody for T cell Activation and Cancer Killing), a novel T cell-recruiting bispecific antibody which combines three EGFR-binding single-domain antibodies (VHH; clone EgA1) with a single CD3-binding single-chain variable fragment (scFv; clone OKT3) in an intermediate molecular weight package. The two specificities are oriented in opposite directions in order to simultaneously engage cancer cells and T cell effectors, and thereby promote immunological synapse formation. EgA1 ATTACK was expressed as a homogenous, non-aggregating, soluble protein by mammalian cells and demonstrated an enhanced binding to EGFR, but not CD3, when compared to the previously characterized tandem bispecific antibody which has one EgA1 VHH and one OKT3 scFv per molecule. EgA1 ATTACK induced synapse formation and early signaling pathways downstream of TCR engagement at lower concentrations than the tandem VHH-scFv bispecific antibody. Furthermore, it demonstrated extremely potent, dose-dependent cytotoxicity when retargeting human T cells towards EGFR-expressing cells, with an efficacy over 15-fold higher than that of the tandem VHH-scFv bispecific antibody. These results suggest that the ATTACK is an ideal format for the development of the next-generation of T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies.
Site-directed Mutagenesis of the Yeast Multicopper Oxidase Fet3p*

High affinity iron transport in yeast is mediated by two proteins, Fet3p and Ftr1p. The multicopper oxidase Fet3p is thought to convert extracellular ferrous iron to ferric iron, which then crosses the plasma membrane through the permease Ftr1p. Fet3p is capable of oxidizing other substrates, such asp-phenylenediamine, and there is still a question of whether it is the ferroxidase activity that is essential for iron transport. Fet3p is also required for Ftr1p localization to the cell surface, making it difficult to prove a direct role for Fet3p oxidase in high affinity iron transport. In an attempt to generate Fet3p specifically lacking ferroxidase activity, we used site-directed mutagenesis to alter residues within Fet3p that had been suggested to impart iron oxidase activity. These substitutions resulted in either a loss or retention of both p-phenylenediamine and ferroxidase activities, indicating that the ability of Fet3p to act as a ferroxidase involves other amino acids. Inactive Fet3p, however, did mediate Ftr1p localization to the cell surface but did not mediate high affinity iron transport. These observations indicate that the ferroxidase activity of Fet3p is intrinsically required for high affinity iron transport.