Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive comment on “Exploring hydrologic post-processing of ensemble stream ﬂow forecasts based on Afﬁne kernel dressing and Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II” by

I do not understand why the authors choose to calibrate the post-processors on only one forecast horizon (day-4) and validate on the other horizons (1-3, 5-7). Because of a generally present decrease of skill with increasing forecast horizon, usually a postprocessor is calibrated for each forecast horizon separately. It also seems that the analysis period for which re-forecasts have been prepared has not been split in a calibration and validation period (or a leave-one-out approach). There may be good reasons for choosing this approach, e.g. stemming from catchment or application characteristics versus limited data availability, or as a research objective, but I missed the explanation in the paper. Could the authors perhaps explain the chosen calibration/validation approach?
Models Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Immune-Mediated Skin Disease Preclinical Mechanisms of Topical PRN473, a Bruton

The expression of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) in B cells and innate immune cells provides essential downstream signaling for BCR, Fc receptors, and other innate immune cell pathways. The topical covalent BTK inhibitor PRN473 has shown durable, reversible BTK occupancy with rapid on-rate and slow off-rate binding kinetics and long residence time, resulting in prolonged, localized efficacy with low systemic exposure in vivo. Mechanisms of PRN473 include inhibition of IgE (FceR)–mediated activation of mast cells and basophils, IgG (FcgR)–mediated activation of monocytes, and neutrophil migration. In vivo, oral PRN473 was efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of canine pemphigus foliaceus. In this study, we evaluated in vitro selectivity and functionality, in vivo skin Ab inflammatory responses, and systemic pharmacology with topically administered PRN473. Significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgG-mediated passive Arthus reaction in rats was observed with topical PRN473 and was maintained when given 16 h prior to challenge, reinforcing extended activity with once-daily administration. Similarly, topical PRN473 resulted in significant dosedependent inhibition of the mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis IgE-mediated reaction. Multiday treatment with topical PRN473 in rodents resulted in low-to-no systemic accumulation, suggesting that efficacy was mainly due to localized exposure. Reduced skin Ab inflammatory activity was also confirmed with oral PRN473. These preclinical studies provide a strong biologic basis for targeting innate immune cell responses locally in the skin, with rapid onset of action following once-daily topical PRN473 administration and minimal systemic exposure. Dose-dependent inhibition in these preclinical models of immune-mediated skin diseases support future clinical studies. ImmunoHorizons, 2021, 5: 581–589.
Firm Knowledge and International Real Business Cycles∗

I quantify the flow of knowledge within U.S. multinational corporations in the United States and European Union. I use a general equilibrium model of knowledge flows within multinationals and compute the parameter values related to knowledge production such that, in steady state, the model matches the observed factor share differentials between the operations of U.S. multinationals in the United States and European Union. The main assumptions are: i) U.S. multinationals produce knowledge in the United States; ii) this knowledge is used by its subsidiaries in the European Union; and iii) investment in knowledge is either unobserved or expensed in corporate accounts. The results show that (a) the calibrated model matches the observed differentials in the rates of return of U.S. multinational investments in the U.S. and in the European Union, (b) investment in knowledge is 1.4 times larger than investment in physical capital. Furthermore, I show that the model calibrated with these parameter values has quantitative implications for international real business cycles. Accounting for the corporate sector GDP correlation, the model with knowledge flows reduces the distance between the standard international real business cycle model and data by 48%.
Music Beyond Major and Minor

Interpreting structures and discoveries beyond major and minor keys in a piece can help understand music space, confirm existent theories and derive new findings. We employ the Dirichlet Mixture Model, the Isomap method, and visualization techniques to find answers to the aforementioned questions. Our analysis found that the space of pitch scapes possesses a torus-wave structure with many attractive properties cohered to musical theory.
Abundance and microhabitat use of the Endangered toad Rhinella yanachaga (Anura: Bufonidae) in the cloud forest of Yanachaga Chemillén National Park, Peru

—The arboreal toad Rhinella yanachaga is an endemic species of the cloud forest of central Peru, and is categorized as Endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The core habitat of this species is within the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park, but the status of its populations remains unknown. Obtaining quantitative data based on field surveys is essential for conserving this species in the park. In this study, the abundance, size, and microhabitat use of R. yanachaga were examined across an elevational gradient. Individuals with snout-to-vent length (SVL) ≥ 20 mm were sampled in four transects between 2,400 and 2,800 m, in the wet and dry seasons. Using night surveys, individual data were recorded on sex, SVL, microhabitat, geographic location, relative humidity, and temperature. The abundance of females and males varied among transects in dry and wet sampling periods. We recorded more individuals in the dry season and observed that frogs distributed at higher elevations tend to have a larger body size than those at lower elevations. Most individuals appear to prefer microhabitats composed of leaves and ferns. Additionally, we observed sexual dimorphism in size, as females were larger than males. These findings contribute to amphibian conservation programs in Peru.
A black carbon peak in the free troposphere of Beijing induced by cyclone lifting and transport from Central China

Observations suggest that the vertical distributions of air pollutants, such as black carbon (BC), present as various types depending on the emission sources and meteorological diffusion conditions. However, the formation process and source appointment of some special BC profiles are not fully understood. In this paper, by using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) with a BC-tagging technique, we investigate the formation mechanism and regional sources of a BC peak in the free troposphere observed by aircraft flight in Beijing (BJ) on May 5th, 2
Reply on RC2

We agree with Axel Kleidon that the Comment by Lars Olof Björn is “not strong enough to challenge” our original postulate. We also agree with Kleidon that the comparison of the albedo of the Earth and the moon is not relevant, not only because they are very different astronomical bodies, but also because albedo is a poor proxy for entropy production. A simple calculation including not only the reflected light (albedo), but also the emitted redshifted spectrum, shows, in fact, that the Earth’s interaction with its solar environment produces significantly more entropy per unit surface area than does the moon, even though the Earth has larger albedo.
Theoretical Study of the Reaction of (2, 2)-Dichloro (Ethyl) Arylphosphine with Bis (2, 2)-Dichloro (Ethyl) Arylphosphine by Hydrophosphination Regioselective by the DFT Method

For this work, we have selected two reactions for the formation of (2,2)-dichloro (ethyl) Arylphosphine and bis (2,2)-dichloro(ethyl)arylphosphine compounds by hydrophosphination. Global and local reactivity parameters, thermodynamic parameters of reactions, Transition states, the Fukui function, the local softness, the local electrophility index, and nucleophility index, Natural population analyses (NPA) and Mulliken (MK) were calculated with DFT method at B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p) level. The analysis of potential energy surfaces and the nature of the reaction mechanism have been determined. The various results obtained revealed that the addition of Arylphosphine is regiospecific. The phenylphosphine is more stable than the thiophenylphosphine. The theoretical results are consistent with experience.
Validation and Pilot Testing of a Guide to Measure the Costs Associated with the Management of COVID-19 and of Healthcare Associated Infections in Residential and Long-Term Care Facilities in Quebec

Introduction: As elsewhere in the world, Quebec (Canada) is currently facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Approximately 92% of deaths have occurred among people aged over 70, and approximately 100 long-term care (LTC) centers (termed CHSLDs in Quebec) were contaminated. This alarming situation is prompting stakeholders from healthcare networks to investigate the socio-economic repercussions of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, there is no valid and reliable tool to measure the costs associated with the management of COVID-19 in CHSLDs. Objectives: This research protocol aims to: i) adapt and validate for use in CHSLDs a combined guide, Cout-COVID19-SLD, developed from 2 guides used in acute care; ii) pilot the Cout-COVID19-SLD guide in CHSLDs and test its feasibility and afterwards resolve any barriers to its administration, and to conduct a partial estimate of costs brought about by COVID-19. Methods: A two-part prospective study will be conducted. Phase 1 will use a Delphi approach with 14 to 17 experts to validate the content of the Cout-COVID19-SLD guide. Phase 2 will pilot test the guide in a cross-sectional study in two CHSLDs. Discussion and conclusion: This study will provide a validated guide for the systematic measurement of costs associated with the management of COVID-19 (costs of preventive measures and costs of illness) in CHSLDs. Finally, this guide will serve as a valid and reliable instrument with which to better plan future research surrounding the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 in CHSLDs.
Optimization, evaluation and application of EEP measurements in the presence of contaminating protons

It is well known that energetic particles can penetrate deep into the atmosphere and initiate a chain of chemical reactions, ultimately leading to enhanced production rates of HOx and NOx molecules and the depletion of local ozone abundances. This, in turn, alters Earth’s radiation balance and might influence winter climate. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted in order to examine the extent of ozone depletion due to precipitation of energetic protons during solar proton events (SPEs), which is mostly restricted to polar cap regions. The significance of a second source of energetic particles during these events, namely energetic electron precipitation (EEP) originating from the outer radiation belt, has however not been established yet. A key element regarding the necessary investigations is to obtain an estimate on the incoming electron flux from the MEPED detectors on board the NOAA POES satellites. Previous efforts have faced various obstacles including detector degradation and cross contamination. In order to correct the measured electron flux for falsely measured protons, the contaminating proton flux is determined and subtracted. During this process, statistical uncertainties arise making it necessary to test the remaining electron flux for significance. The three objectives of this study are motivated by the community’s lack of success in disentangling the EEP contribution, in particular during SPEs. Firstly, a novel criterion for the statistical significance of corrected electron fluxes is presented and implemented in order to improve the POES MEPED losscone dataset. Improvements resulting from the new criterion and general limits set by proton contamination and other technical issues are discussed. By applying a newly developed analysis technique, the losscone fluxes are estimated. Secondly, the improved losscone dataset is compared to the Apbased EEP flux parametrization used in CMIP6. The modelled fluxes are tested with respect to their ability to reproduce general flux levels as well as temporal and spatial variability. The third aim of this work is to investigate the applicability of corrected electron fluxes measured by the MEPED instrument during periods of high contamination. Therefore, six SPEs are investigated with the aim to establish the degree of data rejection and data coverage throughout the events. Even after introducing a less strict contamination criterion, data rejection is high in regions of large proton fluxes. Low latitudes and MLTs corresponding to the post-midnight and morning sector, however, show promising data coverage and are used to determine whether SPE electron fluxes behave identically to regular storm fluxes defined by similar geomagnetic indices.
Programming and Proving with Indexed Effects

Proving properties about effectful programs is hard. New application-specific abstractions based on indexed monads can help simplify programming and proving. However, existing languages lack support to develop and use such abstractions. The main contribution of this paper is a type-and-effect system that enables program proof developers to design new effect-typing disciplines based on indexed monads, making proofs simpler and more abstract and allowing programs to be developed in a direct, applicative syntax while automatically elaborating them into a core language of pure, total functions where the monadic structure is made explicit. We have implemented our system as a new feature in the F ★ programming language, enhancing its existing user-defined effect system to cover all forms of indexed monads. In doing so, we have also simplified the core language of F ★ , allowing us to derive basic Dijkstra monad constructions in F ★ that were previously primitive. Finally, we present several case studies developing new indexed monad constructions to structure program proofs in settings including information flow control, algebraic effects, and low-level binary format parsers.
[Re] Face Reconstruction from Voice using Generative Adversarial Networks

​ A network which is able to reconstruct the face of a speaker was proposed in paper ‘Face Reconstruction from Voice using Generative Adversarial Networks’. We replicated the model following the same architecture and conducted several qualitative experiments. Our retrained model has very similar performance with the original one but shows drawbacks regarding generalizability. We also tuned the hyperparameters of the model, and found that by introducing batch normalization and adding a tanh unit as the last layer of the generator, the model can potentially generate more realistic images and capture more facial features.
Adult mortality by education level in São Paulo: comparative analysis based on different methodological strategies*

In this article, we estimate adult mortality by education level in São Paulo. We compare estimates based on deaths from the 2010 Census and the 2013 Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade – SIM) – DATASUS, and three different ways of measuring education level: recorded in the SIM, reported in the census for the household heads and imputed statistically in the census for individuals who died. For the statistical imputation, we use the Dempester (1977) method, which proposes using the expectation-maximization algorithm (EM algorithm) to deal with missing data. We consider three education levels (low, medium, and high) and estimate mortality rates based on Poisson models. The results indicate that between ages 25 and 59, more years of schooling are associated with mortality rates up to 77% lower. Secondary (medium) education level provides most of the mortality gains at adult ages (about 50%). The mortality differentials calculated with death records from the SIM and census deaths with education imputed statistically are similar. However, estimates based on the assumption that the deceased's education is equal to the household head's in the census resulted in atypical mortality patterns. We hope that the imputation model we propose in the current study can be used in future mortality analyses by SES using census deaths.
Nitrogen loss through anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with iron reduction in a mangrove wetland

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with iron(III) reduction (Feammox) with dinitrogen, nitrite or nitrate as end‐products is the most recently discovered nitrogen cycling process. This reaction has been observed in tropical forest soils, paddy soils and intertidal wetlands. However, Feammox has not been measured in mangrove wetlands. In this study, sediment slurry incubation experiments were combined with isotope tracing and acetylene inhibition techniques. Feammox was detected in mangrove sediments and ‘bare flats’ (mud flats without mangrove), with potential rates of 0.48 (±0.03 SE) mg N kg−1 day−1 (accounting for 6.4% of the total nitrogen loss through N2) and 0.38 (±0.02 SE) mg N kg−1 day−1 (accounting for 6.7% of the total nitrogen loss through N2), respectively. Microbially reducible iron(III) was added, which significantly (P < 0.01) increased the Feammox rate in contrast to no addition of iron(III). It was estimated that a loss of 12.33 t N year−1 was associated with Feammox in mangrove sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary, accounting for 0.04% of the total external inorganic nitrogen transported into the estuary. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Feammox can act as a nitrogen loss mechanism in mangroves.
Bilateral Trade and Per Capita Income Convergence of Selected South Asian countries and among their ‘Major Trade Partners’

This study determines the existence and magnitude of bilateral convergence of per capita income of ‘selected’ South Asian countries and among their ‘major trade partners’. Bilateral convergence is characterized by reduction in income differentials within the group of trading partners. Three approaches; intra-trade convergence, bilateral trade convergence, and difference approach (fixed and common forms) have been used. The results of fixed effect modeltrade increases between the groups, per capita income differential decreases. Results of bilateral convergence approach demonstrate that bilateral trade ratio does not seem to affect the bilateral income difference significantly in any direction. Under difference in difference approach convergence rates-sigma convergence of per capita income convergence both pre-post liberalization periods has converged. However, convergence occurred only in post liberalization period for Asian economies. The panel data of sigma convergence by using fixed effect model demonstrate that convergence rate has been accelerated in Asian economies. However, the rate of convergence process has been decelerated over the postliberalization period in whole sample countries.
2 Response to Referee # 1 comments : Overview :

We study an Earth-like terra-planet (water limited terrestrial planet) with an overland recycling 10 mechanism bringing fresh water back from the higher latitudes to the lower latitudes. By performing model simulations for such a planet we find two drastically different climate states for the same set of boundary conditions and parameter values: A Cold and Wet (CW) state (present-day Earth-like climate) with dominant lowlatitude precipitation and, a Hot and Dry (HD) state with only high-latitude precipitation. We notice that for perpetual equinox conditions, both climate states are stable below a certain threshold value of background soil 15 albedo while above the threshold only the CW state is stable. Starting from the HD state and increasing background soil albedo above the threshold causes an abrupt shift from the HD state to the CW state resulting in a sudden cooling of about 35°C globally which is of the order of the temperature difference between the presentday and the Snowball Earth state. Also, hen When albedo in the CW state is reduced back down to zero the terraplanet does not display a shift back to the HD state (no closed hysteresis). This is due to the high cloud cover in 20 the CW state hiding the surface from solar irradiation. As a result, this reduction of background so that surface albedo has only a minor effect on the top of the atmosphere radiation balance, thereby making it impossible to heat the planet sufficiently strongly to switch back to the HD state. Additional simulations with present day Earth’s obliquity all lead to the CW state, suggesting a similar abrupt transition from the HD state to the CW state for non-zero obliquity which is the only stable state in this configuration when increasing obliquity from zero. Our 25 study also has implications for the habitability of Earth-like terra-planets. At the inner edge of the habitable zone, the higher cloud cover in the CW state cools the planet and may prevent the onset of a runaway greenhouse state. At the outer edge, the resupply of water at lower latitudes stabilizes the greenhouse effect and keeps the planet in the HD state and may prevent water from getting trapped at higher latitudes in frozen form. Overall, the existence of bi-stability in the presence of an overland recycling mechanism hints at the possibility of a wider habitable 30 zone for Earth-like terra-planets at lower obliquities.
Genetic Variation of Native Perilla Germplasms Collected from South Korea Using SSR Markers and Morphological Characteristics

Using morphological characteristics and SSR markers, we evaluated the morphological and genetic variation of 200 Perilla accessions collected from the five regions of South Korea and other region. In morphological characteristics analysis, particularly, leaf color, stem color, degree of pubescence, leaf size were found to be useful for distinguishing the characteristics of native Perilla accessions cultivated in South Korea. A total of 137 alleles were identified in the 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 13, and the average number of alleles per locus was 6.85. The average gene diversity (GD) was 0.649, with a range of 0.290-0.828. From analysis of SSR markers, accessions from the Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do regions showed comparatively high genetic diversity values compared with those from other regions in South Korea. In the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, the 200 Perilla accessions were found to cluster into three major groups and an outgroup with a genetic similarity of 42%, and did not showed a clear geographic structure from the five regions of South Korea. Therefore, it is believed that landrace Perilla seeds are frequently exchanged by farmers through various routes between the five regions of South Korea. The results of this study are expected to provide useful information for conservation of these genetic resources and selection of useful resources for the development of varieties for seeds and leafy vegetables of cultivated var. frutescens of Perilla crop in South Korea.
Application of the Ontology of Activity in the Automation of Decision-Making Processes in Crisis Management of Organizations

Crisis management, or, in other words, management in the "strong" maneuver mode, refers to the most complex types of organizational management. The large dimensionality of decision-making tasks coupled with a shortage of time put forward an urgent need to automate crisis management procedures. However, such features of crisis management as: weak structuring of the tasks to be solved due to their uniqueness, uncertainty of conditions, volatility of goals (aspects) of management -serve as an obstacle to automation. The ontological approach offers a number of advantages with solutions and problems of crisis management automation. Applying the activity ontology to organizational multi-aspect management, one expands significantly the application field of formalized methods. It makes alternatives more detailed.