Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling analysis of intratumoral disposition of anticancer agents and drug delivery systems

Introduction: Solid tumors are characterized by complex morphology. Numerous factors relating to the composition of the cells and tumor stroma, vascularization and drainage of fluids affect the local microenvironment within a specific location inside the tumor. As a result, the intratumoral drug/drug delivery system (DDS) disposition following systemic or local administration is non-homogeneous and its complexity reflects the differences in the local microenvironment. Mathematical models can be used to analyze the intratumoral drug/DDS disposition and pharmacological effects and to assist in choice of optimal anticancer treatment strategies. Areas covered: The mathematical models that have been applied by different research groups to describe the intratumoral disposition of anticancer drugs/DDSs are summarized in this article. The properties of these models and of their suitability for prediction of the drug/DDS intratumoral disposition and pharmacological effects are reviewed. Expert opinion: Currently available mathematical models appear to neglect some of the major factors that govern the drug/DDS intratumoral disposition, and apparently possess limited prediction capabilities. More sophisticated and detailed mathematical models and their extensive validation are needed for reliable prediction of different treatment scenarios and for optimization of drug treatment in the individual cancer patients.
A Power Quality Compensator With DG Interface Capability Using Repetitive Control

This paper presented an expandable grid-connected power quality compensator with distribution generation interface for three-phase three-wire system. The proposed system not only can control the active power flow, but also mitigate load unbalance, harmonics, and manage reactive power. The power quality compensator can simultaneously perform the two functions of power control station and active power filter or either one. To make the system more flexible, the grid current, instead of output current of the converter, is shaped to be a sinusoidal current in phase with the grid voltage. The reference currents are generated by multiplying the voltage loop controller output by the corresponding grid voltage waveforms. Consequently, harmonic analysis or dq transformation, as required in the conventional design, is not necessary. In this manner, controlling the dc voltage level is equivalent to performing an active power balance for the whole system. As a result, no additional hardware and interface are required. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Site-Specific Mutation of the Sensor Kinase GraS in Staphylococcus aureus Alters the Adaptive Response to Distinct Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides

ABSTRACT The Staphylococcus aureus two-component regulatory system, GraRS, is involved in resistance to killing by distinct host defense cationic antimicrobial peptides (HD-CAPs). It is believed to regulate downstream target genes such as mprF and dltABCD to modify the S. aureus surface charge. However, the detailed mechanism(s) by which the histidine kinase, GraS, senses specific HD-CAPs is not well defined. Here, we studied a well-characterized clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain (MW2), its isogenic graS deletion mutant (ΔgraS strain), a nonameric extracellular loop mutant (ΔEL strain), and four residue-specific ΔEL mutants (D37A, P39A, P39S, and D35G D37G D41G strains). The ΔgraS and ΔEL strains were unable to induce mprF and dltA expression and, in turn, demonstrated significantly increased susceptibilities to daptomycin, polymyxin B, and two prototypical HD-CAPs (hNP-1 and RP-1). Further, P39A, P39S, and D35G-D37G-D41G ΔEL mutations correlated with moderate increases in HD-CAP susceptibility. Reductions of mprF and dltA induction by PMB were also found in the ΔEL mutants, suggesting these residues are pivotal to appropriate activation of the GraS sensor kinase. Importantly, a synthetic exogenous soluble EL mimic of GraS protected the parental MW2 strain against hNP-1- and RP-1-mediated killing, suggesting a direct interaction of the EL with HD-CAPs in GraS activation. In vivo, the ΔgraS and ΔEL strains displayed dramatic reductions in achieved target tissue MRSA counts in an endocarditis model. Taken together, our results provide new insights into potential roles of GraS in S. aureus sensing of HD-CAPs to induce adaptive survival responses to these molecules.
Beschäftigung durch erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland: Ausbau und Betrieb, heute und morgen; Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie

Der weitere Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien verandert nicht nur das Energiesystem in Deutschland sondern hat auch spurbare Auswirkungen auf die Volkswirtschaft und ihre strukturelle Entwicklung. Im Fokus der Untersuchung stehen insbesondere die Auswirkungen auf die Beschaftigung. Untersucht wurden zum einen die aktuellen Entwicklungen der Beschaftigung durch den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2014 (Entwicklung der Bruttobeschaftigung). Zum anderen werden die langfristigen Wirkungen auf die Beschaftigung in der Volkswirtschaft und in ihren Sektoren im Rahmen von Szenarioanalysen untersucht (Entwicklung der Nettobeschaftigung). Der Untersuchungshorizont ist hier der Zeitraum bis 2030 mit einem Ausblick auf 2050. Neben primaren Datenerhebungen wurden modellgestutzte Analysen (Input-Output-Analyse sowie okonometrische Modellanalyse) in Form von Szenarioanalysen durchgefuhrt. Die Ergebnisse geben einen Eindruck von den kurz- und langfrsitigen Auswirkungen des Ausbaus der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, insbesondere auf die Beschaftigung.
Observations on and modifications to the Rutgers Master to support a mixture of passive haptics and active force feedback

We are researching the use of haptic feedback during user interactions with a virtual control panel. One approach we consider is a combination of passive haptics and active force feedback. We use a static panel for the passive component and a Rutgers Master system for the active component. This mixed approach requires higher spatial accuracy and haptic quality than has been required by previous applications of force-feedback gloves. We relate the capabilities and limitations of the device to the requirements of our approach and describe a number of developments that result in a successful mix of passive haptics and active force feedback. These are useful for other applications of the device, and some can be generalized to other equipment.
Recent Advances in Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Based Drug Delivery Systems

Delivering the drug accurately and safely to its target site at the precise time period to have a controlled release and attain the maximum therapeutic effect remains a benchmark in the design and development of newer drug delivery systems. In this review, the latest research developments of the Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) according to the recent relevant literatures were focussed. This paper highlights various production techniques for SLNs as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Analytical techniques for characterization of SLNs like electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance are discussed. Aspects of principles of drug release and different administration routes of SLNs were described. These SLNs have been claimed to overcome the shortcomings of other colloidal drug delivery systems.
Tipping Points in the Climate System

In climatic time series abrupt changes are observed. We hypothesize that these abrupt changes are due to nonlinear responses inherent in the climate system, specifically, so-called tipping points. This behaviour result from non-linear climate response to either external forcing, internal stochastic fluctuations or a combination of both. At some point the forcing will cause the climate to jump from one stable state to another. This scenario is termed a tipping point. The concept of a tipping point is quite broad, but here we shall refrain from any general definitions and consider the following more restricted framework: We consider the climate or some components of the climate as a dynamical system depending on a set of parameters. Factors, not included in the system interacting with components of the system, can then be considered external forcing or stochastic fluctuations. Two common, and often competing, hypotheses are: The climate system’s steady state loses its stability and disappears as an external system (control-)parameter slowly changes, so-called b-tipping, b for bifurcation-induced; or fluctuations spontaneously push the climate system from one stable state to another, so-called n-tipping, n for noise-induced. The cause of the tipping can be very different in the two cases, and especially the possibility of predicting a tipping will be different. In the case that the underlying dynamics or the control-parameter are not completely known, there could still be early warning signals in the statistics of the observed fluctuations prior to a tipping point. The Pleistocene climate is documented in a variety of geological records, most promi-
An off-line dictionary attack on a simple three-party key exchange protocol

Key exchange protocols allow two or more parties communicating over a public network to establish a common secret key called a session key. Due to their significance in building a secure communication channel, a number of key exchange protocols have been suggested over the years for a variety of settings. Among these is the so-called S-3PAKE protocol proposed by Lu and Cao for password-authenticated key exchange in the three-party setting. In the current work, we are concerned with the password security of the S-3PAKE protocol. We first show that S-3PAKE is vulnerable to an off-line dictionary attack in which an attacker exhaustively enumerates all possible passwords in an off-line manner to determine the correct one. We then figure out how to eliminate the security vulnerability of S-3PAKE.
Comments on "An Architecture for Addition and Subtraction of Long Word Length Numbers in the Logarithmic Number System''

D.M. Lewis (ibid., vol.39, no.11, p.1325-36, Nov. 1990) recently described an architecture for performing addition and subtraction in the logarithmic number system using a Taylor series approximation and ROM tables. Here it is shown that a 25% improvement can be achieved in the table used to implement addition. This improvement is significant when Lewis' technique is used to implement variations of the logarithmic number system which do not require the subtraction logarithm. >
Agreement between psychophysical tuning curves and the threshold equalizing noise test in dead region identification

Objective: Identification of dead regions is currently based on the results of psychophysical tuning curves (PTC) and the threshold equalizing noise (TEN) test. Summers et al (2003) found poor agreement (56%) between PTC- and TEN test results. Kluk and Moore (2005) argued that these results are explained by beat- and/or combination tone detection. The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic dead region relationship between PTCs, modified for beats and/or combination tone detection, and the TEN test with levels calibrated in hearing levels (HL), i.e. TEN[HL]. Design: Twenty-four hearing-impaired ears were evaluated using PTCs and the TEN[HL] test. Results: The results show an agreement of about 75%, depending on the criteria applied, between PTC and the TEN[HL] test. Results also show that PTC probe levels affected diagnostic results in PTCs. Conclusions: Recommended criteria based on the highest agreement score included a PTC shift of 20% and an 8-dB probe elevation above TEN masking levels for the TEN[HL] test. Low agreement scores and level dependent effects in PTCs and the TEN[HL] test suggest that identification of dead regions using a single test is not reliable.
Role of Androgen Metabolism Genes CYP1B1, PSA/KLK3, and CYP11α in Prostate Cancer Risk and Aggressiveness

Candidate genes involved with androgen metabolism have been hypothesized to affect the risk of prostate cancer. To further investigate this, we evaluated the relationship between prostate cancer and multiple potentially functional polymorphisms in three genes involved in androgen metabolism: CYP1B1 (two single nucleotide polymorphisms: 355G/T and 4326C/G), prostate-specific antigen (PSA/KLK3 (three single nucleotide polymorphisms: −158A/G, −4643G/A, and −5412C/T), and CYP11α [(tttta)n repeat], using a moderately large (n = 918) sibling-based case-control population. When looking at all subjects combined, no association was observed between any polymorphism—or their haplotypes—and prostate cancer risk. However, among men with more aggressive prostate cancer, the CYP1B1 355G/T variant was positively associated with disease: carrying one or two T alleles gave odds ratios (OR) of 1.90 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.09-3.31; P = 0.02] and 3.73 (95% CI, 1.39-10.0; P = 0.009), respectively. Similarly, carrying the CYP1B1 355T-4326C haplotype was positively associated with prostate cancer among men with high aggressive disease (P = 0.01). In addition, the PSA −158G/−158G genotype was positively associated with prostate cancer among men with less aggressive disease (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.06-6.94; P = 0.04). Our findings suggest that CYP1B1 and PSA variants may affect the risk of prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness.
Nucleotide sequence of the gelatinase gene (gelE) from Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens

The gene coding for gelatinase (also called metalloendopeptidase II; microbial proteinase, EC 3.4.24.4) of Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens strain OG1-10 was cloned in an Escherichia coli-Enterococcus shuttle vector, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The DNA sequence encodes one large open reading frame (ORF) with 509 amino acid residues. The ORF contains a signal sequence in its N-terminal region, whereas the N-terminal amino acid sequence determined from the purified extracellular proteinase starts at residue 192 deduced from the ORF. This implies that the gelatinase is synthesized as a prepropolypeptide or prezymogen. The mature gelatinase contains 318 amino acid residues (molecular weight, 34,582) and has significant homology with neutral proteinases from Bacillus species and elastase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
THE ROLE OF THE HYDRATED ELECTRON IN PHOTOREDUCTION OF CYSTINE IN THE PRESENCE OF INDOLE

ThE POSSIBILITY of cooperative interactions between the aromatic amino acids and cystine in the ultraviolet inactivation of enzymes has been the subject of considerable current interest. The indirect destruction of aqueous cystine was reported by Dose[ I ] , who found that the addition of tryptophan, and to a lesser extent tryosine. enhance the reduction of the S-S bond. Previous work in this laboratory has shown that ultraviolet irradiation of the aromatic amino acids generates the hydrated electron [2-41 which suggests that it might act as the short-lived intermediary in such “sensitized” reactions. The object of the present work was to study the flash photolysis of an appropriate aromatic molecule in the presence of cystine in order to clarify the mechanism. Unfortunately the intermediates of interest ! ave broad, overlapping spectra in the visible region. However, it was possible to obtain adequate resolution by taking difference spectra. The best results were obtained with indole, which is the main subject of this note.
HFE gene mutations are associated with osteoarthritis in the index or middle finger metacarpophalangeal joints.

OBJECTIVE . To test the hypothesis that possession of either C282Y or H63D mutations in the HFE gene is associated with primary osteoarthritis (OA) in joints commonly affected in hemochromatotic arthropathy. METHODS HFE genotyping was performed in 87 patients with radiologically proven OA in 3 joint regions: index or middle finger metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP2,3; n = 52), elbow joints (n = 8), ankle, intertarsal or tarsometatarsal joints (ankle/IT/TMT; n = 27); and in 56 patients with radiologically proven OA in finger interphalangeal (IP) joints, but not MCP2,3 joints (IP OA control group). HFE mutation frequencies in these groups were also compared to those in a similar population (Busselton population control group). RESULTS A statistically significant association between HFE mutations and OA was observed for the MCP2,3 joints (p = 0.0001) and the ankle/IT/TMT joint group (p = 0.002) as well as for the 3 joint regions collectively (p = 0.0001), but not for the elbow joints (p = 0.062). Comparison with the Busselton population controls showed similar statistically significant associations, except for the elbow and ankle/IT/TMT groups, where similar trends were observed. CONCLUSION HFE gene mutations are associated with OA in the MCP2,3 joints. These mutations may be markers for a polyarticular OA phenotype.
Preclinical characterization of WAY‐211612: a dual 5‐HT uptake inhibitor and 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist and potential novel antidepressant

Background and purpose: As a combination of 5‐HT selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with 5‐HT1A receptor antagonism may yield a rapidly acting antidepressant, WAY‐211612, a compound with both SSRI and 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist activities, was evaluated in preclinical models.
A survey: Render of PUE attack in cognitive radio compressed by software defined radio

PU Emulsion attack is one of the most important Threats of Spectrum sensing for wireless Cognitive Radio Network. On the basis of the Wireless Signal a PU is detected in a given band, all secondary Users should avoid accessing that band. However, when a Secondary user is detected other Secondary users may choose to share that same band. In a Primary user Attack, a malicious Secondary tries to gain priority over other Secondary users by transmitting signals that emulate the characteristic of Primary user's. In this paper we have to adversary to modify the Radio Software of a Cognitive Radio is to change its emission characteristics (i.e. Modulation, Frequency, Power, etc.) so that the emission characteristics resemble those of a PU.
Amplification Reduction for Flash Memory SSDs

Write amplication is an undesirable phenomenon with ash memory based SSDs, which not only reduces endurance of ash memory, but also imposes write performance penalty on SSDs. is paper discusses how to eliminate or reduce the write amplication of SSD interface presenting ash memory as a linear array of updatable sectors so that SSD’s performance and endurance can be both improved greatly. A workload, called IRR, is identied which can lead to zero write amplication with a simple data layout manager and a garbage collector implemented in the FTL of SSD. e paper then proposes a workload decomposition algorithm which can decompose a general workload into sub-workloads with the IRR property to be stored in dierent regions in ash memory so that write amplications of the whole workload can be minimized. Extensive simulation results on various oine workloads have validated the workload decomposition algorithm’s eectiveness in reducing write amplications. e paper also proposes a practical online region-hint decomposition algorithm by employing a generalized data layout manager at the FTL to reduce write amplications. We envision the concepts and results presented in this paper to be guidelines for design and implementation of future le system and FTL for SSDs where applications can pass workload knowledge and prediction to FTL so that write amplication can be minimized.
Apo‐nitrophorin 4 at atomic resolution

The nitrophorins from Rhodnius prolixus, the kissing bug, are heme‐containing proteins used for the transport of nitric oxide to aide the insect in obtaining a blood meal. The Rhodnius nitrophorins display an eight‐stranded antiparallel beta‐barrel motif, typical of lipocalins, with a histidine‐linked heme in the open end of the barrel. Heme is stabilized in the ferric state and highly distorted, displaying a ruffled conformation that may be of importance in the setting of the reduction potential. To help in understanding the means by which the protein matrix, an inherently soft material, is able to distort the heme from its low‐energy planar conformation, we have determined the crystal structure of apo‐nitrophorin 4–1.1 Å resolution. Removal of the heme from nitrophorin 4 has very little effect on its structure: The heme binding cavity remains open and the loops near the cavity entrance respond to lower pH in the same manner as the intact protein. We conclude that the general stability of the lipocalin fold and apparent rigidity of the beta‐barrel provide the means for distorting the heme cofactor.
Discretionary Accruals and Earnings Management: An Analysis of Pseudo Earnings Targets

We investigate whether the positive associations between discretionary accrual proxies and beating earnings benchmarks hold for comparisons of groups segregated at other points in the distributions of earnings, earnings changes, and analystsbased unexpected earnings. We refer to these points as “pseudo” targets. Results suggest that the positive association between discretionary accruals and beating the profit benchmark extends to pseudo targets throughout the earnings distribution. We find similar results for the earnings change distribution. In contrast, we find few positive associations between discretionary accruals and beating pseudo targets derived from analysts‐based unexpected earnings. We develop an additional analysis that accounts for the systematic association between discretionary accruals and earnings and earnings changes. Results suggest that the positive association between discretionary accruals and earnings intensifies around the actual profit benchmark (i.e., where earnings management i.
Interface states and fixed charges in nanometer-range thin nitrided oxides prepared by rapid thermal annealing

Ultra-thin oxides (5-12 nm) were nitrided by lamp-heated rapid thermal annealing in an ammonia ambient at 900-1150°C for 5-300 s. Interface states and fixed charges in the nitrided oxides have been studied, and, for a given temperature, both are found to vary in a similar manner as nitridation time increases: at first both increase, reach respective maxima at a certain nitridation time, and then decrease gradually showing turnarounds. Interface state densities and fixed charge densities at the initial and the final nitridation stages are in the low 1010- cm-2/eV range and the low 1011-cm-2range, respectively, and are comparable with those of thermally grown oxides.
Impact of land registration and certification on land border conflicts in Ethiopia

This paper assesses factors related to local land border conflicts and how lowcost land registration and certification has affected land conflicts during and after land registration and certification using data from northern Ethiopia. Border conflicts were more common near district centers, further away from markets, and where property rights had been redistributed more recently. A higher probability of reduction in conflicts during and after the reform was positively associated with nearness to markets, longer distance to district centers, more recent land redistribution, better quality border demarcation and plot measurement during registration, and less involvement by local elders in adjudication. (JEL-codes: Q15).