Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who let the dogs In? An epidemiological study quantifying domestically sourced and imported dogs in Southern Ontario, Canada

Dogs are reservoirs for many zoonoses. In southern Ontario, Canada, minimal data exist on the sources from which domestic dogs are acquired (i.e., domestic or imported). The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the proportions of domestically sourced and imported dogs in southern Ontario, Canada, (2) describe the characteristics of newly acquired dogs including their province/country of origin, accompanying health documentation and respondent opinion regarding disease risks from different sources, and (3) determine whether a difference in the proportion of imported dogs exists between rural and urban households in southern Ontario, Canada. We conducted a cross‐sectional observational study using an online questionnaire. A total of 2,006 respondents (1,002 rural and 1,004 urban), each representing one household, participated. Over the previous seven‐year period, 731 (36.44%, (731/2,006)) respondents domestically sourced at least one dog, with 684 providing information regarding 962 dogs. Domestically sourced dogs were frequently puppies three to five‐month‐old (25.05%, (241/962)), male (51.87%, (499/962)), from a breeder (30.98%, (298/962)), and sourced from within Ontario (92.93%, (894/962)). As self‐reported by respondents, 63.52% (484/762) of domestically sourced dogs greater than 3 months were vaccinated against rabies. Over the same period, individuals from 55 of 2,006 households (2.74%) imported at least one dog. Imported dogs were frequently under three months of age (29.09%, 16/55)), male (58.18%, (32/55)), and found via a breeder (32.73%, (18/55)). Most imported dogs originated from the USA (52.73%, (29/55)). Rabies vaccination in dogs three months and older is provincially required in Ontario and is also required for canine importation into Canada; however, some imported dogs over three months were unvaccinated (7.69%, (3/39)). The odds ratio for importing at least one dog in urban households compared with rural households was 1.93 (95% CI: 1.03–3.62) when controlling for number of household occupants and gross household income.
Molecular Evolution of Ecological Specialisation: Genomic Insights from the Diversification of Murine Rodents

Abstract Adaptive radiations are characterized by the diversification and ecological differentiation of species, and replicated cases of this process provide natural experiments for understanding the repeatability and pace of molecular evolution. During adaptive radiation, genes related to ecological specialization may be subject to recurrent positive directional selection. However, it is not clear to what extent patterns of lineage-specific ecological specialization (including phenotypic convergence) are correlated with shared signatures of molecular evolution. To test this, we sequenced whole exomes from a phylogenetically dispersed sample of 38 murine rodent species, a group characterized by multiple, nested adaptive radiations comprising extensive ecological and phenotypic diversity. We found that genes associated with immunity, reproduction, diet, digestion, and taste have been subject to pervasive positive selection during the diversification of murine rodents. We also found a significant correlation between genome-wide positive selection and dietary specialization, with a higher proportion of positively selected codon sites in derived dietary forms (i.e., carnivores and herbivores) than in ancestral forms (i.e., omnivores). Despite striking convergent evolution of skull morphology and dentition in two distantly related worm-eating specialists, we did not detect more genes with shared signatures of positive or relaxed selection than in a nonconvergent species comparison. Although a small number of the genes we detected can be incidentally linked to craniofacial morphology or diet, protein-coding regions are unlikely to be the primary genetic basis of this complex convergent phenotype. Our results suggest a link between positive selection and derived ecological phenotypes, and highlight specific genes and general functional categories that may have played an integral role in the extensive and rapid diversification of murine rodents.
Polymorphic Phase Control Mechanism of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Engineered by Dual-Site Alloying

As a next-generation solar cell, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been attracting considerable attention. FAPbI3 is particularly considered as an optimal material with a proper band gap and thus has been employed as a base material for the PSCs with more than 20% efficiency; however, the competitive polymorphic growth of α- and δ-phases is a major hurdle in utilizing this material. To provide the theoretical model of the polymorphic phase competition of FAPbI3 for the first time, we here investigate how compositional engineering can pave a route to control the polymorphic growth of FAPbI3 using density functional theory combined with a statistical-mechanical treatment of the configurational space. We find that dual-site alloying of both cations and halides is critically important to achieve the specific stabilization of the α-phase while maintaining the good miscibility, thermodynamic stability, and optimal band gap property. Based on our first successful theoretical modeling of the FAPbI3 system and it.
A subcellular map of the human kinome

The human kinome comprises 538 kinases playing essential functions by catalyzing protein phosphorylation. Annotation of subcellular distribution of the kinome greatly facilitates investigation of normal and disease mechanisms. Here, we present Kinome Atlas (KA), an image-based map of the kinome annotated to 10 cellular compartments. 456 epitope-tagged kinases, representing 85% of the human kinome, were expressed in HeLa cells and imaged by immunofluorescent microscopy under a similar condition. KA revealed kinase family-enriched subcellular localizations and discovered a collection of new kinase localizations at mitochondria, plasma membrane, extracellular space, and other structures. Furthermore, KA demonstrated the role of liquid-liquid phase separation in formation of kinase condensates. Identification of MOK as a mitochondrial kinase revealed its function in cristae dynamics, respiration, and oxidative stress response. Although limited by possible mislocalization due to overexpression or epitope tagging, this subcellular map of the kinome can be used to refine regulatory mechanisms involving protein phosphorylation.
A nine-gene signature to improve prognosis prediction of colon carcinoma

ABSTRACT This study aims to establish a gene model that can robustly and effectively predict the prognosis of colon carcinoma patients via bioinformatics. Data along with clinical information in GSE39582 Series Matrix were firstly downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Next, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained through “edgeR” analysis. Finally, a risk predication model was established through a series of regression analyses, and then prognostic performance of the model was comprehensively evaluated though Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was further performed. Totally, 846 DEGs were obtained by analyzing the gene expression data in GSE39582 dataset. A 9-gene signature-based risk predication model was established via regression analyses, and the model-based risk score was formulated as: Riskscore = (−0.1214) * TNFRSF11A + (−0.2617) * TMEM97 + (−0.1041) * LGR5 + 0.0973 * KLK10 + 0.1655 * HOXB8 + 0.227 * FKBP10 + (−0.1312) * CXCL13 + (−0.1316) * CXCL10 + 0.2593 * CD36. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that colon carcinoma patients in the high-risk group had a lower survival rate. GSEA showed that high-risk group and low-risk group displayed significant difference in biological pathways including ECM RECEPTOR INTERACTION. Besides, correlation analysis between the riskscore of the model and clinical features of patients revealed that the model could effectively predict the prognosis of patients in different ages (age>65, age<65) and stages (tumor_stage I/II, tumor_stage III/IV, T3&T4, N0&N1, N2&N3, M0). This study provides a robust model for the prognosis prediction of colon carcinoma, and lays a basis for researching the molecular mechanism underlying the development of colon carcinoma.
Mean platelet volume in familial Mediterranean fever related AA amyloidosis and comparison with common primary glomerular diseases.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Compared to healthy controls, mean platelet volume (MPV) is frequently higher in patients with Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) but lower in AA amyloidosis patients. The reason for the difference in MPV levels in FMF patients with and without AA amyloidosis is unclear. The aim of the study was to determine whether low MPV is unique to AA amyloidosis or MPV is similarly low in all glomerular diseases as a result of proteinuria and/or renal dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS We compared pre-biopsy MPV levels of patients with AA amyloidosis secondary to FMF, to MPV levels of patients with membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and IgA nephropathy that all present with proteinuria and renal dysfunction. RESULTS 703 patients (411 male, 292 female) were included in the study. Mean age was 42.6? 14.3 years. There were 124 patients with AA amyloidosis, 224 patients with IgA nephropathy, 188 patients with membranous glomerulonephritis and 167 patients with FSGS. Patients with AA amyloidosis had lower MPV levels compared to patients without AA amyloidosis (7.9? 1.2 fL vs. 8.2? 0.9 fL respectively, p=0.008). Patients with AA amyloidosis had significantly lower MPV compared to patients with each of the other diagnoses. Independent predictors of MPV were platelet count (ß= - 0.321, p < 0.001) and CRP (ß= - 0.134, p < 0.03). CONCLUSION This study is the largest study of MPV in patients with biopsy proven AA amyloidosis and confirms previous studies reporting low MPV in AA amyloidosis. This study indicates that low MPV in AA amyloidosis cannot be explained with proteinuria and renal dysfunction.
The effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on pregnancy-related diseases and fetal development in diabetes in pregnancy

Background This study aimed to determine the association of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection with pregnancy-related diseases and fetal development in women with diabetes in pregnancy (DIP). Methods All the participants were recruited before 16 weeks of gestation. According to their medical history and the results of a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at the 24th week of pregnancy, the participants were divided into a normal control group (NC group), a gestational diabetes mellitus group (GDM group), and a pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus group (PGDM group). According to the results of an H. pylori serum antibody detection test, each group was further divided into two subgroups: an H. pylori positive subgroup (HP+ subgroup) and an H. pylori negative group (HP- subgroup). The incidences of pregnancy-related diseases, the fetal developmental status, and the newborn status were compared among the groups. Results This study recruited 356 pregnant women. The infection rates of type I H. pylori were significantly higher in the GDM group and the PGDM group than in the NC group (χ2=6.949, P=0.031). With the exception of the NC-HP+ subgroup, there were higher incidences of pregnancy-related diseases in the HP+ subgroups than in the HP− subgroups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the incidences of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), preeclampsia, and premature delivery were significantly higher in the GDM-HP+ subgroup and the PGDM-HP+ subgroup than in the NC-HP+ subgroup (P<0.05). At the end of pregnancy, all 3 HP− subgroups showed better fetal development than the HP+ subgroups (P<0.05), and the NC-HP+ subgroup showed better fetal development than the GDM-HP+ and PGDM-HP+ subgroups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the PGDM-HP+ subgroup showed poor fetal development, even in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Conclusions H. pylori infection is extremely common in DIP. For women with DIP, infection with H. pylori can increase the risks of pregnancy-related diseases and poor fetal development. H. pylori screening and eradication therapy before pregnancy may aid in preventing pregnancy-related diseases and improve fetal development.
Targeting monoamine oxidase A for T cell–based cancer immunotherapy

Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) restrains antitumor T cell immunity, suggesting potential use of MAO-A inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. Repurposing antidepressants for cancer immunotherapy Antibodies targeting immune checkpoints that restrain the antitumor effects of T cells are now a proven therapeutic approach for many forms of human cancer. The search for additional drug-targetable checkpoint molecules that regulate tumor immunity continues. Wang et al. identified monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) as a gene up-regulated in tumor-infiltrating immune cells in mice. Tumor cells grew at a slower rate in mutant mice with decreased MAO-A expression. Inhibition of MAO-A activity by the antidepressant drug phenelzine enhanced the resistance of wild-type mice to tumor growth and exhibited synergy with anti–PD-1 treatment. These findings set the stage for further studies assessing the potential of repurposed MAO-A inhibitor drugs in the immunotherapy of cancer. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme best known for its function in the brain, where it breaks down neurotransmitters and thereby influences mood and behavior. Small-molecule MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) have been developed and are clinically used for treating depression and other neurological disorders. However, the involvement of MAO-A in antitumor immunity has not been reported. Here, we observed induction of the Maoa gene in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Maoa knockout mice exhibited enhanced antitumor T cell immunity and suppressed tumor growth. MAOI treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in preclinical mouse syngeneic and human xenograft tumor models in a T cell–dependent manner. Combining MAOI and anti–PD-1 treatments generated synergistic tumor suppression effects. Clinical data correlation studies associated intratumoral MAOA expression with T cell dysfunction and decreased patient survival in a broad range of cancers. We further demonstrated that MAO-A restrains antitumor T cell immunity through controlling intratumoral T cell autocrine serotonin signaling. Together, these data identify MAO-A as an immune checkpoint and support repurposing MAOI antidepressants for cancer immunotherapy.
Fabrication of Array of Mesas on Superconducting Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O8+δ single crystals

The superconducting properties of multi-layered high temperature superconductors (HTS) result mainly from the CuO 2 planes, while the other structural components behave simply as charge reservoirs. Using these perfect-layered structures of HTS, arrays of mesas have been fabricated on the surfaces of Bi 2 Ss 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + δ (Bi2212) single crystals using hotolithography and argon ion beam etching techniques. These arrays have current-voltage (I-V) characteristics that consist of some branches corresponding to different intrinsic Josephson junctions in the mesas. The surface topography and heights of the mesas were examined with atomic force microscopy. Due to the small mesa area, conventional wire bonding techniques are not applicable. A novel method, point contact tunneling apparatus with a sharp Au tip, was used to obtain the I-V characteristics of the fabricated intrinsic Josephson junctions, below the critical temperature of Bi2212. Since the ultimate goal was to obtain an ordered group of mesas with small lateral dimensions, to eliminate heating effects during I-V measurements, we showed that submicron-sized mesas could be characterized by the new technique.
The structure of an infectious immature flavivirus redefines viral architecture and maturation

The structure of an infectious immature flavivirus redefines viral architecture and maturation. Flaviviruses are the cause of severe human diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks. These viruses use a potent fusion machinery to enter target cells that needs to be restrained during viral assembly and egress. A molecular chaperone, premembrane (prM) maintains the virus particles in an immature, fusion-incompetent state until they exit the cell. Taking advantage of an insect virus that produces particles that are both immature and infectious, we determined the structure of the first immature flavivirus with a complete spike by cryo–electron microscopy. Unexpectedly, the prM chaperone forms a supporting pillar that maintains the immature spike in an asymmetric and upright state, primed for large rearrangements upon acidification. The collapse of the spike along a path defined by the prM chaperone is required, and its inhibition by a multivalent immunoglobulin M blocks infection. The revised architecture and collapse model are likely to be conserved across flaviviruses.
Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Grid‐scale energy storage systems (ESSs) that can connect to sustainable energy resources have received great attention in an effort to satisfy ever‐growing energy demands. Although recent advances in Li‐ion battery (LIB) technology have increased the energy density to a level applicable to grid‐scale ESSs, the high cost of Li and transition metals have led to a search for lower‐cost battery system alternatives. Based on the abundance and accessibility of Na and its similar electrochemistry to the well‐established LIB technology, Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted significant attention as an ideal candidate for grid‐scale ESSs. Since research on NIB chemistry resurged in 2010, various positive and negative electrode materials have been synthesized and evaluated for NIBs. Nonetheless, studies on NIB chemistry are still in their infancy compared with LIB technology, and further improvements are required in terms of energy, power density, and electrochemical stability for commercialization. Most recent progress on electrode materials for NIBs, including the discovery of new electrode materials and their Na storage mechanisms, is briefly reviewed. In addition, efforts to enhance the electrochemical properties of NIB electrode materials as well as the challenges and perspectives involving these materials are discussed.
Cork-in-bottle mechanism of inhibitor binding to mammalian complex I

A multidisciplinary approach reveals a unique mechanism of mammalian complex I inhibition relevant for cancer therapeutics. Mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), a major contributor of free energy for oxidative phosphorylation, is increasingly recognized as a promising drug target for ischemia-reperfusion injury, metabolic disorders, and various cancers. Several pharmacologically relevant but structurally unrelated small molecules have been identified as specific complex I inhibitors, but their modes of action remain unclear. Here, we present a 3.0-Å resolution cryo–electron microscopy structure of mammalian complex I inhibited by a derivative of IACS-010759, which is currently in clinical development against cancers reliant on oxidative phosphorylation, revealing its unique cork-in-bottle mechanism of inhibition. We combine structural and kinetic analyses to deconvolute cross-species differences in inhibition and identify the structural motif of a “chain” of aromatic rings as a characteristic that promotes inhibition. Our findings provide insights into the importance of π-stacking residues for inhibitor binding in the long substrate-binding channel in complex I and a guide for future biorational drug design.
Programmable two-dimensional nanocrystals assembled from POSS-containing peptoids as efficient artificial light-harvesting systems

A class of POSS-containing 2D nanocrystals was developed to offer high stability, biocompatibility, and programmability. Inspired by the formation of hierarchically structured natural biominerals (e.g., bone and tooth), various sequence-defined polymers have been synthesized and exploited for design and synthesis of functional hybrid materials. Here, we synthesized a series of organic-inorganic hybrid peptoids by using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoclusters as side chains at a variety of backbone locations. We further demonstrated the use of these hybrid peptoids as sequence-defined building blocks to assemble a new class of programmable two-dimensional (2D) nanocrystals. They are highly stable and exhibit an enhanced mechanical property and electron scattering due to the incorporated POSS nanoclusters. By varying peptoid side-chain chemistry, we further demonstrated the precise displacement of a large variety of function groups within these 2D nanocrystals and developed a highly efficient aqueous light-harvesting system for live cell imaging. Because these 2D nanocrystals are biocompatible and highly programmable, we expect that they offer unique opportunities for applications.
Toward practical stratospheric aerosol albedo modification: Solar-powered lofting

Solar-powered lofting makes stratospheric aerosol injection viable with the existing aircraft fleet. Many climate intervention (CI) methods have been proposed to offset greenhouse gas–induced global warming, but the practicalities regarding implementation have not received sufficient attention. Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) involves introducing large amounts of CI material well within the stratosphere to enhance the aerosol loading, thereby increasing reflection of solar radiation. We explore a delivery method termed solar-powered lofting (SPL) that uses solar energy to loft CI material injected at lower altitudes accessible by conventional aircraft. Particles that absorb solar radiation are dispersed with the CI material and heat the surrounding air. The heated air rises, carrying the CI material to the stratosphere. Global model simulations show that black carbon aerosol (10 microgram per cubic meter) is sufficient to quickly loft CI material well into the stratosphere. SPL could make SAI viable at present, is also more energy efficient, and disperses CI material faster than direct stratospheric injection.
Three-dimensional wake transition of a diamond-shaped cylinder

Abstract Three-dimensional (3-D) wake transition for flow past a diamond cylinder is investigated numerically. Detailed 3-D direct numerical simulations (DNS) show that the wake is represented by mode A with global vortex dislocations for Reynolds numbers Re = 121–150, followed by a mode swapping between modes A and B for Re = 160–210 and increasingly disordered mode B for Re ≥ 220. In the mode swapping regime, different characteristics of the dislocation and non-dislocation periods are revealed by decomposing flow properties (e.g. the root-mean-square lift coefficient) into the values corresponding to the dislocation and non-dislocation periods. Such decomposition helps to explain some major differences observed for the cases of a diamond and a circular cylinder. In addition to DNS, Floquet stability analyses are conducted to identify the 3-D wake instability modes of a diamond cylinder up to Re = 300. Phase-averaged base flow is used to eliminate the quantitative uncertainties induced by the aperiodic secondary vortex street of the base flow. Interestingly, a subharmonic instability mode is identified at Re ≥ 285, whereas mode B is absent. The origin of the subharmonic mode is explained. The disagreement between the DNS and the Floquet analysis regarding the existence of mode B and the subharmonic mode is also explained. It is found that the natural 3-D flow involves complex interactions between the streamwise and spanwise vortices, as well as between the 3-D wake transition and the two-dimensional base-flow transition, which excite mode B and suppress the subharmonic mode.