Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimization of cooling load and coefficient of performance for real regenerated air refrigerator

Abstract The performance analysis and optimization of a real regenerated air refrigerator is carried out by using finite-time thermodynamic method in this article. To maximize the cooling load and the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator, the heat conductance distribution between the hot- and cold-side exchangers and the regenerator for the fixed total heat exchanger inventory and heat capacitance rate matching between the working fluid and heat reservoirs are optimized, respectively. The influences of the pressure ratio, the total heat exchanger inventory, the efficiencies of the compressor and expander, the pressure recovery coefficient, and the ratio of the heat capacitance rates of heat reservoirs on the optimum characteristic of the refrigerator are shown by detailed numerical examples. The results obtained may provide guidance for the design of practice air refrigeration plants.
Photon statistics in the fluorescence of single molecules and nanocrystals: Correlation functions versus distributions of on- and off-times

The stream of photons emitted by a single quantum system such as a molecule or a nanocrystal is often statistically characterized by the distribution of delays between consecutive photons, or by the autocorrelation function of the intensity, or by the distributions of on- and off-times. We derive and discuss general relations between their Laplace transforms, addressing the influence of detection yield and background. Our analytical treatment applies to any distribution of delays and to random telegraph signals, including nonexponential distributions. We examine the special case of systems switching between two states characterized by different distributions of delays, where the switching can obey various statistics. We show that the second-order autocorrelation function keeps track of long-time fluctuations which are obviously lost in averaging the distributions of delays. We apply our formalism to random telegraphs, in particular to those with power-law distributions of on- and/or of off-times, which ar.
Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles on Silica Spheres: A Sonochemical Approach

Gold nanoparticles with an average size of ∼5 nm were deposited on the surface of preformed silica submicrospheres with the aid of power ultrasound. The sonochemical reduction was carried out by ultrasonic irradiation in an argon atmosphere at room temperature. Ultrasonic irradiation of a slurry of silica submicrospheres, chloroauric acid (HAuCl4), and ammonia in an aqueous medium for 45 min yielded a gold−silica nanocomposite. By controlling reaction conditions, we could achieve the deposition of metallic gold on the surface of the silica spheres. A unique crystallization process of the silica particles is observed. The crystallization process is assisted by the gold nanoparticles yielding the cristobalite phase of silica at a relatively low temperature. The resulting gold-deposited silica submicrosphere samples were characterized with XRD, EDAX, TEM, TGA, DSC, HR-SEM, and FT-IR, photoacoustic, and UV−visible spectroscopy.
Microstructural Evolution of Calcium Aluminate Cements Hydration with Silica Fume and Fly Ash Additions by Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Mid and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) is less commonly used as ordinary Portland cements (OPCs) for structural concrete, is relatively expensive, but may have certain advantages when used for solidification of wastes; it introduces rapid strength gain and has a higher resistance to chemical attack than OPC. However, the most widely identified degradation process suffered by CAC is the so-called conversion of hexagonal calcium aluminate hydrate to a cubic form. Mixes of CAC with silica fume (SF) or fly ash (FA) represent an interesting alternative for the stabilization of CAC hydrates, which might be attributed to a microstructure based mainly on aluminosilicates. This paper deals with the microstructure of cement pastes fabricated with binders of CAC–SF and CAC–FA, and their evolution over time. Mid infrared and near infrared spectroscopy have been used to assess the microstructure of these formulations. Microstructural characterization was completed by backscattering electron microscopy observation and microanalysis.
Antioxidant, Anticancer and Antimicrobial, Effects of Rubia cordifolia Aqueous Root Extract

Aims: To evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of Rubia cordifolia root extracts, to test anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, and to evaluate antimicrobial activity of the same extract versus six Gram-positive and negative bacteria.Study Design: In vitro.Place of Study and Duration: School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, July 2014-Sept 2015.Methodology: TAC was tested using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and Folin assays and values were expressed as mg-gallic acid equivalents per 100 g (GAE/100 g) of sample. Anticancer properties were examined against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines using Sulforhodamine B assay. Antimicrobial activity was examined using a disk diffusion assay with three Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi) bacteria.Results: TAC of dry extracts of Rubia cordifolia ranged from 523±43 to 4513±208 (mg GAE mg/100 g) depending on the method of analysis, ABTS> FRAP> Folin > DPPH methods. R. cordifolia dry extract showed cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 with IC50 = 44 µg/ml or 5. 1µM GAE. No antimicrobial activity was observed against the three Gram-positive, or three Gram-negative bacterial species using the water extract or R. cordifolia.Conclusion: R. cordifolia aqueous extract possess high total antioxidant capacity but values depend on the method of analysis. R. cordifolia extract inhibits MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells proliferation but nil anti-bacterial activity was observed for three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial strains tested.
Surface Properties of Biofouled Membranes from a Submerged Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor after Cleaning

The surface structural properties of biofouled membranes from a laboratory-scale submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAnMBR) treating kraft pulping evaporator condensate after cleaning were studied. A flat sheet polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was used for the study. Three different cleaning methods, physical cleaning (PC), maintenance chemical cleaning (MCC), and recovery cleaning (RC) were applied to the fouled membrane surface, and the treated membranes were subject to flux recovery and surface structural analysis by using spectroscopic methods, zeta potential measurement, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and advanced correlative microscopic methods, including confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Neither PC, MCC, nor RC methods restored the membrane permeability to initial conditions. Adhesion of a thin extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) layer, consisting of pr.
Schottky diode via dielectrophoretic assembly of reduced graphene oxide sheets between dissimilar metal contacts

We demonstrate the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) Schottky diodes via dielectrophoretic (DEP) assembly of RGO between two dissimilar metal contacts. Titanium (Ti) was used to make a Schottky contact, while palladium (Pd) was used to make an Ohmic contact. From the current–voltage characteristics, we obtain rectifying behavior with a rectification ratio of up to 600. The ideality factor was high (4.9), possibly due to the presence of a large number of defects in the RGO sheets. The forward biased turn-on voltage was 1 V, whereas the reverse biased breakdown voltage was −3.1 V, which improved further upon mild annealing at 200 °C and can be attributed to an increase in the work function of RGO due to annealing.
Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle Scattering. Morphology of Deposited Clusters and Nanostructure of Thin Films

It is shown that grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is a new experimental technique that combines both grazing incidence and scattering at low angles. The experiments are carried out at or near the critical angle: the result is a considerably enhanced surface sensitivity. It allows morphological characterization of aggregates deposited or gathered on a fiat substrate, such as silicon wafer or Coming glass. The full potential of this technique is realized when using a synchrotron source (flux, collimation and choice of wavelength in order to avoid fluorescence or to perform anomalous measurements) and when patterns are recorded with two-dimensional detectors: gas detectors or imaging plates (IPs). It is then possible to study the anisotropic shape of the scattering pattern and to determine the sizes of the aggregates. Results are presented for gold clusters deposited on a silicon wafer covered by a carbon sublayer in order to make a comparison with transmission electron microscopy and with scanning probe microscopy. Other examples are presented in order to highlight the advantages of such a technique applied to small inclusions in thin surface layers.
Grapevine Rooting Patterns: A Comprehensive Analysis and a Review

Grapevines are grown either on their own roots or on rootstocks that represent a mixture of grapevine species and hybrids. Developmental and physiological factors other than phylloxera resistance, lime tolerance, and ease of propagation were not directly considered during rootstock breeding, including rooting patterns. Here, in a comprehensive literature synthesis, we have compiled information concerning rooting depth distributions of grapevine roots from wall profile studies comprising a broad range of soil environments and rootstock genotypes. We considered the distributions based on the asymptotic equation of Y = (1 − sd), where d = soil depth (cm) and Y = the proportion of roots from the surface to depth d. The median value of s for the root distributions analyzed was 0.9826 and the standard deviation over all observations was 0.0068 (n = 240); most profiles had fitted values of s generally greater than 0.975. This value places the depth distribution of grapevine roots in the vadose zone among the deepest observed for plants worldwide. The data suggested that soil properties such as the presence of soil profiles impermeable to root penetration, stoniness, and presence of gravel lenses have a greater influence on depth distributions than does genotype, even in deep fertile soils. Genotypic differences were not apparent, although the rootstock O39-16 (s = 0.9867 ± 0.0009, mean ± se, n = 11), with a reputation for deep-rooting behavior, did exhibit deeper root distributions. The analysis also suggests that root characteristics other than root horizontal and vertical spread may need to be considered in order to explain some key rootstock characteristics like scion vigor or drought tolerance.
P implantation doping of Ge: Diffusion, activation, and recrystallization

We have studied doping profiles, activation levels, and defect annealing of P introduced in Ge by ion implantation at different doses and energy, and annealed under various conditions by rapid thermal annealing. Common to all implant energies, ion-implanted P in Ge exhibits a “box profile” at high implant doses, when a sufficiently high thermal budget is applied—similarly to the concentration-dependent diffusion of P introduced in Ge from a high-concentration solid source. Upon proper annealing conditions, the active P concentration is limited to (5–6)×1019at. ∕cm3, implying a 50% activation level of the total retained atoms for high-dose implants and 100% for the low-dose implants. A low thermal budget is sufficient to fully regrow the amorphous layer formed by high-dose P implantations, without evidence of residual defects in the regrown germanium layer and at the end of range of the P implant.
Electrostatic beneficiation of fly ash using an ejector‐tribocharger

Abstract Tests were conducted to investigate the triboelectrostatic process for separating unburned carbon from coal fly ash. Using a batch type separator composed of two parallel plates and an ejector‐tribocharger, the charge density and the separation efficiency were evaluated under various operating conditions. These included the air flow rate, the solids loading, the relative humidity and the temperature of the air, and the voltage between the two parallel electrodes. It was found that the relative humidity of the surrounding air was the most influencing factor of the charge density as well as the separation efficiency. The maximum charge density was obtained at the air flow rate of 326 l/min, and the air temperature of 74 °C when operated at solids loadings less than 290 g/m3 and at lower than 30% relative humidity. At the optimum conditions, a fly ash of 7.5% LOI could be processed into a 3.0% LOI product with a recovery over 80%.
Biodiesel Production from the Lipid of Wastewater Sludge Using an Acidic Heterogeneous Catalyst

The production of biodiesel from the lipid of wastewater sludge was studied using SBA-15 impregnated with the heteropolyacid H3PO4·12WO3·xH2O (PW12) as a mesoporous heterogeneous catalyst. X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, thermalgravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were applied to characterize the prepared catalysts. Catalytic performances were evaluated in a microreactor setup under different experimental conditions. The biodiesel yield for a sample impregnated with 15 % PW12 was 30.14 wt-% at a temperature of 135 °C and a pressure of 135 psi for 3 h reaction time.
Use of chitosan for removal of naphthols through tyrosinase‐catalyzed quinone oxidation

In this study, the combined use of chitosan and mushroom tyrosinase was applied to remove 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol from aqueous solutions. In particular, the process parameters, such as the pH value, temperature, and enzyme dose, were discussed for tyrosinase-catalyzed quinone oxidation of 1-naphthol. The optimum conditions of enzymatic quinone oxidation of 1-naphthol were determined to be pH 8.0 and 40°C. Under the optimum conditions, quinone oxidation of 1-naphthol increased with an increase in the enzyme dose. Quinone derivatives enzymatically generated were chemisorbed on chitosan bead sand. The initial velocity of enzymatic quinone oxidation increased with an increase in the amount of added chitosan beads, since unfavorable interactions between quinone derivatives and tyrosinase in the solutions were restrained by quinone adsorption. 1-Naphthol was completely removed for 8 h by quinone adsorption on chitosan beads (0.10 cm3/cm3) at 20 U/cm3. The removal time was shortened by increasing the enzyme dose or the amount of added chitosan beads. 2-Naphthol was also completely removed by increasing the enzyme concentration and reaction time, since enzymatic quinone oxidation of 2-naphthol was much slower than that of 1-naphthol. The above results reveal that the procedure constructed in this study was an effective technique to remove naphthols. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Microbial and photochemical reactivity of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a coastal upwelling system

We observed significant changes in the dissolved oxygen content and the fluorescence of humic substances and dissolved aromatic amino acids after 24 h light and dark incubations in the coastal upwelling system of the Ro´a de Vigo under a wide variety of meteorologic and oceanographic conditions. Respiration rates were inversely correlated with the net production of humic fluorescence in the dark at a net rate of 20.027 6 0.003 mg equivalents of quinine sulphate per mmol of O2, suggesting that marine humics are a by-product of the bacterial respiration of dissolved organic matter (DOM). On the contrary, humic fluorescence consumption in the light minus dark incubations was positively correlated with the net production in the dark, indicating a rapid photodegradation of recently produced marine humic substances. Parallel incubation experiments demonstrated that daily photodegradation rates and residual humic fluorescence levels followed a seasonal pattern characterized by a marked autumn maximum. Finally, a significant linear correlation between the gross primary production (Pg) and the net production of aromatic amino acids fluorescence in the light pointed to the rapid consumption of dissolved protein-like materials at a net average rate of 21.4 6 0.2 ppb equivalents of tryptophan per day, which accumulates in the water column only when Pg exceeds 80 6 20 mmol kg21 d21.
A method of calculation of the matrix elements between the spin‐projected nonorthogonal Slater determinants

In the resonating Hartree–Fock calculation, we have to calculate the matrix element between spin-projected nonorthogonal Slater determinants (S dets). The matrix element between coherently spin-rotated S dets are given by a linear transformation of the spin-projected ones. Using the inverse transformation, we get the projected matrix elements from the coherently spin-rotated ones. By appropriately choosing the angles of the spin rotation, the required computational time is considerably reduced. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Ferroelectric Capacitor Mathematical Model for Spice Simulation

A behavioral ferroelectric capacitor model based on Q-V expression with model parameters extracted from experimental hysteresis loops is proposed. A compact equivalent circuit of this model is described for spice simulation of nonvolatile memories. Excellent agreement was achieved between our measurements and simulation results. The runtime for simulation of a hysteresis loop with 10,000 points is 1.55 seconds, which is similar to 1.15 seconds for a normal capacitor.
A Novel Process Utilizing Subcritical Water to Remove Lead from Wasted Lead Silicate Glass

Lead was removed from lead silicate glass 7.3Na 2 O-6.4K 2 O-3.7MgO-5.4CaO-66.4SiO 2 -7.8PhO-3Al 2 O 3 (mol %), used in color television CRT funnel utilizing a subcritical hydrothermal treatment at 628 K and 24 MPa followed by acid leaching at 373 K. This process may be used to prevent disposal of lead containing waste glass wares to landfills, reduce environmental risks in future.
Multivariate adaptation and classification method for characteristic sample properties

Characteristic properties of samples can be measured by spectrometers, cameras or other applicable equipment. To achieve meaningful classification results with a user‐friendly arrangement of the overall system, a new approach is pursued in which principally unaltered input data are reduced to their essential content using a Wavelet transform and are refined with a special smoothing method in such a manner that certain dimension‐reducing techniques can also be employed in a numerically stable way for discontinuous data sets as they occur, for example, in classification tasks. The introduced multivariate adaptive embedding (MAE) process acts as a universal approximator in the adaptation phase, to a very large extent without iterations and parameter adjustments, and deduces a redundancy‐free model with which untrained input data with outstanding generalization properties, in terms of an application, can be processed in the application phase. While taking advantage of the proximity relationships of the data points, the entire information is mapped into a low‐dimensional coordinate system using a supervised learning process and is scaled and adapted to the respective application using an unsupervised learning process. This approach allows classification of highly related and confused data as they may occur in identification/classification setups for bacteria and other substances using spectroscopic methods.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF OLANZAPINE IN FORMULATED PRODUCT

A novel approach was carried out to develop and validate a rapid and selective analytical method by using Reverse Phase Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-UPLC) technique for the analysis of Olanzapine in raw materials, their pharmaceutical dosage forms. The developed analytical UPLC method is superior in technology to conventional HPLC method with respect to speed, resolution, solvent consumption and cost of analysis. Elution time for the separation was 3.5 min in reverse phase mode and ultra violet detection was carried out at 254 nm. Efficient separation was achieved on Water Acquity BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7μm) UPLC column using 0.1% v/v TFA and acetonitrile as organic solvent in a gradient. The olanzapine sample was first dissolved in ethanol and the final dilution done by using water:acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) as diluent. The method showed excellent recoveries for all drugs in bulk. The test solution was found to be stable in diluent for 72 h when stored at RT (i.e 25 o C) . Recovery data were in the range 96.74 to 101.35%. The developed UPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, stability and specificity. The method was economical in terms of the time taken and the amount of solvent used. To the best of our knowledge, a validated reverse phase analytical method for the analysis of olanzapine by using UPLC technique disclosed in this investigation was not published elsewhere.
Superhydrophobic Surfaces Generated from Water‐Borne Dispersions of Hierarchically Assembled Nanoparticles Coated with a Reversibly Switchable Shell

The objective of this research was the fabrication of super-hydrophobic surfaces by deposition (casting) of the aggregates of nanoparticles from water-born solutions with no surfactant application. This approach to superhydrophobic surfaces is important for technologies which avoid organic solvents, surfactants, and applications of complex methods (e.g., lithography, microprinting, micromolding, etc.) for the fabrication of textured functional surfaces. The casting of textured coatings from water-born dispersions is a non-toxic and environmentally friendly method that can be conducted without expensive equipment and tools. The goal of this research was achieved by the fabrication of aqueous dispersions of hybrid responsive nanoparticles. The hybrid particles consisted of a silica core with a grafted mixed block copolymer brush of poly(styrene-block -4-vinylpyridine) P(S-b -4VP) constituting the responsive particle shell. The responsive shell was used to tune and stabilize the secondary aggregates of the particles of the appropriate size and morphology in an aqueous environment. The suspension of the particles formed a textured hydrophilic coating on various substrates upon casting and evaporation of water. Heating the coating above the glass transition temperature of polystyrene (PS) resulted in production of the superhydrophobic material.