Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of feature set for effective tool condition monitoring by acoustic emission sensing

In tool condition monitoring systems, various features from suitably processed acoustic emission signals are utilized by researchers. However, not all of these features are equally informative in a specific monitoring system: certain features may correspond to noise, not information; others may be correlated or not relevant for the task to be realized. This study comprehensively takes all these known signal features and aims to identify the most effective set that can give robust and reliable identification of tool condition. In this paper, the aim is investigated through feature selection, in which automatic relevance determination (ARD) under a Bayesian framework and support vector machine (SVM) are coupled together to perform this task. In tool condition monitoring, this proposed method is able to identify the worst features according to their corresponding ARD parameters and delete them. Then the effectiveness of this pruning may be evaluated by a model validation. Finally, the effective feature set in the developed tool wear recognition system is obtained. The experimental results show that the AE feature set selected through this method is more effective and efficient to recognize tool status over various cutting conditions.
Effect of an Acoustic Field on the Combustion of Coal Particles in a Flat Flame Burner

The effects of an acoustic field on the enhancement of coal combustion are investigated. A flat flame burner using methane-air mixtures as the fuel is used for the experiments. Micronized coal particles 20-70 {mu}m in diameter are injected into the burning gas stream at the same velocity as the gas. The light intensity emitted from the flame, temperature and pictures of the flame with and without an acoustic field are recorded. The nominal values of the intensity of the acoustic field are between 140-160 dB and the frequency is between 500-3500 Hz. A definite increase in the rate of combustion of the coal particles is observed with the application of an acoustic field. The enhancement can be seen from the increased light intensity of the flame and the flame width. This paper presents the data and a discussion of light intensity emitted by the flame as a function of acoustic parameters.
Al‐Doped TiO2 Films with Ultralow Leakage Currents for Next Generation DRAM Capacitors

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is used as the main memory of every modern computer, due to its high density, high speed and efﬁcient memory function. Each DRAM cell consists of one transistor, which functions as a switch for the stored charge, and one capacitor where the positive or negative electric charges corresponding to the digital 1 or 0 data are stored (see Fig. 1a). For successful operation of DRAM, a large cell capacitance ( (cid:1) 25 fF) and low leakage current at the operation voltage (10 (cid:2) 7 A cm (cid:2) 2 or 1 fA/ cell) are required because of the following reasons; during the reading operation, stored charge is shared between the cell capacitor and bit line, which is connected to the sense ampliﬁer. In modern DRAMs, hundreds of capacitors are connected to one bit-line so that the bit-line capacitance is usually a few ten times larger than that of the capacitor. Therefore, for a bit-line voltage variation of (cid:1) 100 mV through the charge sharing, which is the sensing margin of the circuit, at least (cid:1) 25 fF of cell capacitance is necessary. [1–3] The low leakage current is also essential to ensure a sufﬁcient refresh time.
Making SQUIDs a practical tool for quantum detection and material characterization in the micro- and nanoscale

The investigation of quantum effects and materials at low and ultra-low temperature often requires very sensitive measurements of weak magnetic signals, small electric currents or voltages. Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) have been proven as very attractive tools in this field. However, well established fabrication technology and readout techniques usually fail, particularly, when going to nanoscale magnetic detection where off- the-shelf devices can rarely be used. As an alternative to elaborate nanoSQUID technology, SQUID concepts for nanoscale magnetic detection which are employing conventional, and hence, reliable technology are discussed. Magnetic coupling of nano-sized samples to conventional SQUIDs, e.g. simple gradiometers or more complex devices as fully integrated susceptometers, can be improved significantly by integrating nanoscale detection loops into these devices. Furthermore, appropriate SQUID current sensors are a prerequisite for the readout of micro- and nanoSQUIDs and small-area detection coils. The conventionally made devices are intended for fabrication in moderate numbers to make them available for a broader community.
The largest players rule the media playground

The top media companies increasingly do a lot more than create content. The 12 companies outlined in this article deliver content via cable systems and the Internet. They also have investments in makers of personal video recorders (PVRs) and set-top boxes and suppliers of video on demand. Consider the former Moxi Digital, builder of a personal entertainment hub that can play DVDs and CDs and can function as a PVR and a set-top box. Moxi's investors, before Vulcan purchased it, included AOL Time Warner, Vulcan, and Scientific-Atlanta. Vulcan also owns Digeo, another hub maker, with which Moxi was merged. Eight of the companies listed-AOL Time Warner, Comcast, Disney, GE, Liberty Media, Sony, Viacom, and Vulcan-were investors in ReplayTV before it was bought by SonicBlue. TiVo, an up-and-coming PVR maker, has attracted hefty investments from almost all major media companies. The most-connected company is AOL Time Warner. Under its umbrella one of its several movie or TV studios can create a film that gets shown on its HBO channel via the Time Warner cable system. Only US business interests are shown here. Many have overseas media holdings, notably France's Vivendi Universal, Japan's Sony, and News Corp. in Australia.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FLY ASH BY X-RAY ANALYSIS METHODS

Techniques have been developed for quantitative determination of elemental and crystalline composition of fly ash by X-ray fluorescence and diffraction. In addition to being fast, the methods are accurate and the knowledge provided from quantitative crystalline composition explains many of the behavioral characteristics of fly ash. From the study on one Class C, cementitious fly ash it was found that 23 percent of its composition is crystalline and that significant amounts of aluminous cements (tricalcium aluminate and calcium aluminum sulfate) are present. The cements explain this fly ash's capability for high strengths after hydration. A study involving continuous X-ray diffraction monitoring of hydration products showed that both Ettringite and monosulfoaluminate were formed; but when sufficient quantities of gypsum were introduced, Ettringite formation became dominant. Free calcium oxide was also found in this fly ash, and its behavior with water suggests a hard burned form, which is a feature of particular importance to use of fly ash in Portland cement concrete.
Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells: progress and future challenges

High energy conversion efficiency is one of the most important keys to the commercialization of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) in the huge electricity generation market. According to our experience in the persistent efforts that helped to achieve high efficiency DSCs, we selectively review the major progress of improving the energy conversion efficiency of DSCs which may be useful for future applications. We start the discussion from modelling the device by macroscopic equivalent circuit and then highlight some approaches to improve the device performance, such as the molecular engineering of novel dye sensitizers and light trapping effect, tuning the potential of redox shuttles and surface passivation of photoelectrodes, and optimizing the resistance. Finally, we illustrate a roadmap of possible future directions of DSCs with the challenges of how to further improve the efficiency to accelerate the progress in the commercialization of DSCs.
Adaptive general regression neural network for modelling of dynamic plants

Abstract This paper proposes an integrated general regression neural network (GRNN) adaptation scheme for dynamic plant modelling. The scheme can be used in a noisy and dynamic environment for on-line process control. It possesses several distinguished features compared with the original GRNN proposed by Specht, such as a flexible pattern nodes add-in and delete-off mechanism, a dynamic initial sigma assignment using a non-statistical method, automatic target adjustment and sigma tuning. These adaptation strategies are formulated on the basis of the inherent advantageous features found in GRNN, such as highly localized pattern nodes, good interpolation capability and instantaneous learning. Good modelling performance was obtained when the GRNN is tested on a linear plant in a noisy environment. It performs better than the well-known extended recursive least-squares identification algorithm. In this paper, analysis of the effects of some of the adaptation parameters involving a non-linear plant is also investigated. The results show that the proposed methodology is computationally efficient and exhibits several attractive features such as fast learning, flexible network sizing and good robustness, which are suitable for the construction of estimators or predictors for many model-based adaptive control strategies.
Characterizing organizations as service systems

Over the past 50 years, the service sector has grown in most advanced industrialized economies to be the dominant economic activity. Researchers are working to understand service activities and define scientific concepts and methods of service under an emerging research area called service science. Service is defined as the application of competence and knowledge to create value. Value is realized through interactions and cocreation among service systems. Service systems vary in scope (from individuals to businesses, organizations, governments, and nations) and adapt dynamically and connect to other service systems through value propositions. The service system has been proposed as an abstraction for service science, and yet it is not clear how to characterize a given organization as a service system. In this article, we present a review of literature on service system concepts and define a service system framework developed from the literature that can be used to characterize an organization as a service system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Head-coupled remote stereoscopic camera system for telepresence applications

The Virtual Environment Workstation Project (VIEW) at NASA's Ames Research Center has developed a remotely controlled stereoscopic camera system that can be used for telepresence research and as a tool to develop and evaluate configurations for head-coupled visual systems associated with space station telerobots and remote manipulation robotic arms. The prototype camera system consists of two lightweight CCD video cameras mounted on a computer controlled platform that provides real-time pan, tilt, and roll control of the camera system in coordination with head position transmitted from the user. This paper provides an overall system description focused on the design and implementation of the camera and platform hardware configuration and the development of control software. Results of preliminary performance evaluations are reported with emphasis on engineering and mechanical design issues and discussion of related psychophysiological effects and objectives.
Correction of full spatial frequency errors with ion beam figuring

For Lens that will be used in photo lithography systems, not only Low Spatial Frequency (LSF) errors, but also Middle and High Spatial Frequency (M/HSF) errors should be corrected to very low level. Ion Beam Figuring (IBF) is believed to be one of the most effective ways that can fabricate lens to especially high surface accuracy; In fact, it has also certain effects on removing errors in higher spatial frequency range. Firstly, the principle of IBF was introduced; Then, Power Spectral Density (PSD) is introduced, which is used to evaluate IBF’s corrective effects on errors in different spatial frequency ranges; Finally, by the use of IBF machine, a convex lens with diameter 90mm was fabricated, and its surface error was improved from PVr value15nm to less than 10nm, measured by Fizeau phase shift interferometer precisely. Also, M/HSF errors were measured before and after IBF fabrication, by White Light Interferometer and Atom Force Microscope separately. The initial and final Power Spectrum Density (PSD) curves of the lens were generated and compared with each other, which shows that IBF technic has really good ability to remove LSF errors, and can also reduce M/HSF errors greatly in the meantime. The results help to evaluate the corrective effects of IBF technic on errors in the full spatial frequency range.
Receivers' positioning in multiple-input multiple-output digital video broadcast-terrestrial-based passive coherent location

Using multiple illuminators of opportunity at the transmit side and multiple antennas at the receiver side in a passive coherent location (PCL) scheme is expected to improve the detection performance. However, in such multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration choosing the position of the receivers is an obstacle that can have significant influence on the resulting performance. In this study, the authors consider the case of digital video broadcast (DVB)-T stations as non-cooperative transmitters and introduce a procedure based on the probability of missed detection to properly place receive antennas in a MIMO digital video broadcasting (DVB)-T based PCL configuration.
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER HYDRAULIC PROPORTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

Our development program fabricated a proportional control valve that exclusively uses water as its working fluid. The valve is equipped with a spool, and the spool is directly driven by a proportional solenoid that is modified for water use. Characteristics of the proportional solenoid are described first in this report while proving its performances similar to those of the conventional oil hydraulics.Following, structural characteristics of the water hydraulic proportional control valve are discussed. Water, the valve's working fluid, is low in lubricity and viscosity; therefore, hydrostatic bearings that support the spool are installed in the valve. In addition, to stabilize movement of the spool, damping orifices are provided. Particularly, the hydrostatic bearing portion is designed such that it minimizes the total leakage including bearing flow while obtaining load carrying capacity. The constant flow from the hydrostatic bearings prevents water from decaying in the valve. Lastly, the paper introduces experimental results of cylinder positioning controlled by the developed water hydraulic proportional control valve to verify its satisfactory performances as a control valve.
Prediction of Project Performance Based on Degree of Interaction

This paper demonstrates a direct relationship between designer/builder interaction and project performance, based on a large database. It also presents a predictive model to forecast project performance based on the planned level of interaction. Degree of interaction (DOI) is defined as the extent of interaction among designers, builders, and project team members during all project phases. As DOI scores rise, project performance quickly improves and becomes more consistent. Regression analysis of 38 recently completed projects shows a modest but significant correlation between DOI and project performance, including user satisfaction. Beyond a certain DOI score, performance tends to level off. Achieving this score takes only a modest increase in interaction. Threshold analysis separates the projects into those with DOI scores above and below this score. Performance is significantly better for projects with higher DOI in all areas except design deficiencies. Finally, these results are combined with statisti.
GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and User's Guide

Geostatistics can be defined as the statistical study of phenomena that fluctuate in space and time. Originally the objective of the field was to improve forecasts of ore grade and reserves, but the mathematical generality of the approach has led to the application of geostatistics to other areas, ranging from pest control to pollution monitoring. GSLIB provides a source code that can be used as a starting point for custom programs, advanced applications and research. GSLIB is addressed to the reasonably advanced practitioner or researcher who needs powerful, flexible and documented programs that are not confined to user-friendly menus. It offers the most advanced methods in the field, including co-kriging and several forms of conditional simulations, all developed in three-dimensions, which can be run on any kind of computer.
Just Like Fireworks in My Brain – An Interview Study on Experiences of Emotions in Patients with Eating Disorders

Background: Patients with eating disorders have reported poorer emotional awareness, more emotional suppression, less use of adaptive emotional regulation strategies, and more use of maladaptive emotional regulation strategies compared to people in healthy control groups. Aim: To explore experiences of emotions by a sample of patients with eating disorders. Method: Nine patients with eating disorder diagnoses at an eating disorder outpatient clinic in Sweden were interviewed for their thoughts on emotions. The interviews were analyzed with Thematic Analysis. Result: Four themes were constructed: "Not knowing what one feels", "Switch off, run away, or hide behind a mask", "Emotions in a lifelong perspective", and "Using eating behaviors to regulate emotions". The patients described uncertainty regarding whether they experienced emotions correctly. They described how they tried to avoid difficult emotions through suppressive strategies and eating disorder behavior. All described strategies were inefficient and all emotions were experienced as problematic, even joy. Since joy was used as a mask, the real experience of happiness was lost and mourned.Conclusion: All kinds of emotions were considered problematic to experience, but shame, fear, and sadness were considered worst. It is difficult to know if the emotional difficulties preceded an eating disorder, but at least those problems seem to have increased by the eating disorder.
THEORY AND APPLICATION OF THE HARD INCLUSION TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF IN SITU STRESSES IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX-GIRDER BRIDGES.

The assessment of prestressed concrete bridges often requires a special inspection to determine the level of prestress. This paper describes the development of an indirect stressmeter, in the form of an instrumented inclusion, for measuring the in situ stresses in such bridges, from which an estimate of the prestress can be determined. This can then be compared to original design levels and, if it is found to be significantly less than expected, appropriate action can be taken to discover the cause of the loss and to consider ways of rehabilitating the bridge. The operational principle and fabrication of the stressmeter is described, the basic theory used to model its behaviour is explained, and finite-element simulation is alluded to. The tests carried out are reported and conclusions drawn. (A)
Assessing and comparing fault coverage when testing analogue circuits

A new technique for calculating fault coverage when testing analogue circuits is presented. The fault models employed for individual circuit components relate to the importance of those components to overall circuit functionality and therefore permit benchmark assessments and comparisons of fault coverage for different devices, test techniques and test programs. The application of this principle to a simple analogue circuit is demonstrated and the fault coverage obtained, as a function of the detection threshold, employed to differentiate between faulty and fault-free circuit responses, is presented.
A gallium nitride FET based DC-DC converter for the new 48 V automotive system

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a gallium nitride hard switched non isolated DC-DC converter for the future 48 V automotive power system. The use of new wide band gap devices would allow an increase of the switching frequency to the MHz region allowing the design of a smaller, lighter and more energy dense converter. The work presents a single phase leg converter with peak efficiencies greater than 90% and an output power of 198 W.
Range and image sensor combination for three‐dimensional reconstruction of objects or scenes

Purpose – Laser scanning is increasingly used in many three‐dimensional (3‐D) measurement and modeling applications. It is the latest technique used in 3‐D measurement, and is becoming increasingly important within a number of applications. However, many applications require photogrammetric data in addition to laser scanning data. The purpose of this paper is to present a range and image sensor combination for three‐dimensional reconstruction of objects or scenes.Design/methodology/approach – In this study, a Nikon D80 camera was mounted on an Ilris 3D laser scanner and CPP was estimated according to the laser scanner coordinate system. The estimated CPP was controlled using three different methods which were developed in this study and a sample application as coloring of point cloud using image taken by the camera mounted on the laser scanner was performed.Findings – It was found that when a high‐resolution camera is mounted on laser scanners, camera position parameters (CPP) should be estimated very acc.
Fault Diagnosis of AUV’s Thrusters Based on SVM

An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) should have the ability of adapting the complexity and unpredictability of the marine environment, which means that the technology of AUV’s fault diagnosis is very significant, especially the part of thrusters. In order to make it possible, one fault diagnosis strategy of AUV’s thrusters is proposed, which is based on the support vector machine (SVM). SVM has many unique advantages in solving small-sample, nonlinear and high dimensional problems. In this paper, different character signal is inputted SVM to train and test it. The simulation results show that the fault diagnosis of AUV’s thrusters based on offline SVM can classify the fault styles successfully, which proves its feasibility and effectiveness. This method offers a new way to solve the fault diagnosis of AUVs.
Image processing technology for enhanced situational awareness

This paper discusses the integration of a number of advanced image and data processing technologies in support of the development of next-generation Situational Awareness systems for counter-terrorism and crime fighting applications. In particular, the paper discusses the European Union Framework 7 'SAMURAI' project, which is investigating novel approaches to interactive Situational Awareness using cooperative networks of heterogeneous imaging sensors. Specific focus is given to novel Data Fusion aspects of the research which aim to improve system performance through intelligently fusing both image data and non image data sources, resolving human-machine conflicts, and refining the Situational Awareness picture. In addition, the paper highlights some recent advances in supporting image processing technologies. Finally, future trends in image-based Situational Awareness are identified, such as Post-Event Analysis (also known as 'Back-Tracking'), and the associated technical challenges are discussed.