Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mineral and slurry nitrogen effects on yield, N uptake, and apparent N-use efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

In NW Europe, autumn-grown oilseed rape normally receives nitrogen (N) in autumn as seedbed N and in the spring as a split application at the beginning of growth and at stem elongation. In the growing seasons 1990/91 to 1992/93, the effects of slurry and mineral N fertilization on yield, N uptake by the seed and apparent N-use efficiency (NUE) by oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were investigated in a factorial field experiment at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel, NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape–winter wheat–winter barley, and soil tillage (conservation tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage), application of pig slurry (none, autumn, spring, autumn+spring) and mineral N fertilization (0 to 200 kg N ha−1) were all varied. Each year, the treatments were applied to all three crops of the rotation and were located on the same plots. Between the years, average seed yield ranged from 3·04 to 3·78 t ha−1, while the corresponding N uptake by the seed varied from 107 to 131 kg N ha−1. Slurry application in spring increased the seed yield and N uptake by the seed in all years, whereas the effect of autumn slurry alone or in combination with spring slurry was negligible. Mineral N fertilizer increased seed yield and N uptake by the seeds except in 1991/92, when N amounts exceeded 160 kg N ha−1. No significant slurry×mineral N interaction occurred. Apparent NUE of mineral N was larger than that of slurry N, but decreased with increasing mineral fertilizer N rates. Only 5% of the autumn slurry N was apparently utilized by the seeds, compared with 24% of the spring slurry N. Despite its ability to take up substantial quantities of N before the winter, oilseed rape utilized very little autumn slurry N for seed production. To minimize environmental impacts, slurry should be applied in the spring, when plants are more able to use N for yield formation, even if NUE of slurry N is lower than that of mineral N. However, since NUE changes with the amount of applied N, it is difficult to find the best combination of slurry and mineral N fertilization to avoid negative environmental effects.
Marine fungi of Hawaii including the new genus Helicascus

Among 27 species of marine fungi recovered from natural substrata by the direct collecting procedure, found on the Hawaiian Islands Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, and Oahu (19 Ascomycetes and 8 Deuteromycetes), 22 were new locality and 12 were new Pacific Ocean records. Eight species and Helicascus kanaloanus Kohlm. gen. et sp. nov. (Pleosporaceae? ) and Robillarda rhizophorae Kohlm. sp. nov. (Sphaeropsidaceae) occurred on roots of Rhizophora mangle L. Substrates not considered before in marine mycology were submerged branches and roots of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (seven fungal species) and Pluchea × fosbergii Cooper-rider et Galang (four species). Algae contained three fungi, and foam collections four arenicolous species. Hyphomycetes known from freshwater foam in Hawaii were not found in foam along the seashore. Collections of driftwood and pilings contained 14 species. The origin of the Hawaiian marine fungal flora is discussed. Host-specific Keissleriella blepharospora and Cytospora sp. appear to have been introduc.
Ribotyping of Bifidobacteriurn Strains Using Cells Embedded in Agarose Plugs and a 16s rDNA Probe

Thirty-five strains of Bifidobucrrrium species obtained from Type Culture collections, or isolated from the faeces of human subjects. were differentiated using an improved ribotyping method in which bifidobacterial cells were embedded in agarose plugs prior to lysis. Twenty ribotypes were detected among the 35 isolates on the basis of BumHI , NarI , and PvuII digests of bifidobacterial DNA hybridised to a 32 P-labelled 16s rDNA probe amplified from B. icfantis ATCC 15697 Keywords: bifidobacteria; ribotyping.
Micropropagation of Mangifera indica L. cv. Kurakkan through somatic embryogenesis

Nucellar embryogenesis was induced in Mangifera indica L. cv. Kurakkan, a polyembryonic salt tolerant, dwarfing rootstock. Nucellus tissue excised from 3.5 cm long fruits developed pro-embryonic callus in 19 days of inoculation on modified MS medium supplemented with 4. 52µM 2,4D, 0.05% malt extract and 13. 78µM spermidine. Somatic embryogenesis exhibited high frequency (158.33 embryos). However, all the differentiated embryos proliferated on medium having low level of sucrose (4% w/v) and auxin (2.26µM 2,4-D). Most of the proembryonic calli converted into heart shaped and cotyledonary embryos by reducing temperature to 15 o C. Somatic embryos were matured on modified MS medium fortified with 0. 38µM ABA, 0. 57µM IAA and 30. 30µM PEG. Matured somatic embryos germinated (around 30%) on MS medium supplemented with 2. 68µM NAA, 11. 60µM kinetin and 2736. 9µM glutamine.
Phylogeny of the World Anthophorini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)

Abstract The phylogenetic relationships of members of the long‐tongued bee tribe Anthophorini were investigated. Twenty‐six ingroup taxa, representing all known genera and the most common subgenera of the Anthophorini, were included in a cladistic analysis of the tribe based on 51 morphological characters. The analysis yielded the generic relationships: ((Habrophorula, Elaphropoda) (Habropoda (Deltoptila (Pachymelus (Amegilla, Anthophora))))). The monophyly of the Anthophorini and each of its genera was confirmed. A second tribe, Habropodini, as postulated by some authors, is paraphyletic. On the basis of the results of the cladistic analysis and the biogeographical data of Anthophorini, an evolutionary scenario is postulated in which all genera of Anthophorini probably evolved in the Late Cretaceous, except Amegilla and Anthophora, which originated in the Oligocene. The northern part of south‐east Asia (India to south‐east China) is regarded as the most probable place of origin and radiation of the Anthophorini. The New World was probably colonized three times independently by Habropoda (upper Cretaceous to Tertiary), by an ancestral lineage of Deltoptila (upper Cretaceous to Tertiary) and by Anthophora (Tertiary to Quaternary).
Raised atmospheric CO2 levels and increased N deposition cause shifts in plant species composition and production in Sphagnum bogs

Part of the missing sink in the global CO2 budget has been attributed to the positive effects of CO2 fertilization and N deposition on carbon sequestration in Northern Hemisphere terrestrial ecosystems. The genus Sphagnum is one of the most important groups of plant species sequestrating carbon in temperate and northern bog ecosystems, because of the low decomposability of the dead material it produces. The effects of raised CO2 and increased atmospheric N deposition on growth of Sphagnum and other plants were studied in bogs at four sites across Western Europe. Contrary to expectations, elevated CO2 did not significantly affect Sphagnum biomass growth. Increased N deposition reduced Sphagnum mass growth, because it increased the cover of vascular plants and the tall moss Polytrichum strictum. Such changes in plant species composition may decrease carbon sequestration in Sphagnum‐dominated bog ecosystems.
Zoogloea ramigera Itzigsohn, identification and description1

SUMMARY The problem of identity and nomenclature of Zoogloea ramigera Itzigsohn has been presented. A new strain I-16-M has been described in terms of modern systematic bacteriology and it is proposed for designation as the neotype strain. An Opinion as to validity of the generic name Zoogloea Cohn is requested, and, if found invalid, designation of Zoogloea Itzigsohn as a nomen conservandum.
Convergences and divergences and thin layer formation and maintenance

The formation and maintenance of thin layers in the presence of turbulent diffusion is considered through the development of a formal framework that evaluates the balance between convergence mechanisms and the diffusive effects of turbulence. Turbulent diffusion acts to broaden layers, thus a convergence is required to produce a persistent and stable layer structure. Convergence mechanisms considered here include straining by a sheared velocity profile, organism motility, and particle buoyancy. The balance between each of these convergences and turbulent diffusion results in a scale estimate for the layer thickness that depends on local conditions. Comparison of these layer thickness scales for each of the three mechanisms enables us to evaluate which mechanism is likely to be dominant in particular situations. An example application of the framework is based on observations of thin layers in East Sound, Washington, for which we conclude that either the buoyancy or straining mechanism could contribute to the maintenance of the layer. Finally, the analytic framework itself provides insights into thin layer dynamics, including the prediction of a finite layer lifetime for shear‐driven layers and the effects of mixing events on the convergence mechanisms acting to maintain the layers.
Expression profile of cold shock protein genes in goats (Capra hircus ) during different seasons

Summary The study was conducted to demonstrate expression profile of cold shock protein genes; cold inducible RNA binding protein (CIRP) and RNA binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) in goats ( Capra hircus ) during different seasons to check the gene expression in different thermal conditions. Blood samples were collected from healthy goats of tropical and temperate region during peak winter, moderate season and peak summer. Goats were divided in three (n=6 in each group) age groups- (I) up to 2 years, (II) 2 to 5 years and (III) above 5 years. RNA isolation was done from separated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by Trizol reagent. Real-time PCR was applied to investigate mRNA expression of examined factors. The mRNA expression of CIRP and RBM3 was higher in all age groups during peak winter season as compared to peak summer season in both tropical and temperate region goats. To conclude, our results demonstrated expression of CIRP and RBM3 mRNAs in caprine PBMCs and increased expression of these genes during winter season could possibly play a significant role to ameliorate deleterious effects of cold stress to maintain cellular homeostasis in goats.
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF WATER EXTRACTS FROM PARCHING GREEN TEA

Cold and hot water extracts (2, 6 and 10%) were prepared from parching green tea and its antioxidant properties studied and potential antioxidant components determined. Yields of hot water extracts (17.53–28.63%) were significantly higher than those of cold water extracts (13.34–16.14%). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values in antioxidant activity and reducing power were 2.17–2.75 and 0.22–0.30 mg/mL, respectively. Scavenging abilities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were comparable. EC50 values in scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals and chelating ability on ferrous ions were 3.31–4.54 and 1.63–3.09 mg/mL, respectively. Contents of total phenols were 220.52–339.83 mg/g whereas those of total catechins in cold and hot water extracts were 130.22–146.28 mg/g and 136.40–191.33 mg/g, respectively. Based on the results obtained, hot water extracts were more effective in antioxidant activity, reducing power and scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals but less effective in chelating ability on ferrous ions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Tea is one of popular drinks in the world. The consumption of green tea is especially popular in Asia, mainly for its health benefits. Parched tea is a Chinese style green tea, which is different from the Japanese style steamed tea. Recently, the tea prepared by brewing tea leaves in cold water has become a new choice in Taiwan in addition to traditionally hot water-brewed tea. Results from this research, the cold and hot water extracts of green tea are good antioxidant. Besides, green tea is also reported to reduce serum cholesterol levels and inhibit hypertension, mutagenesis, and tumourigenesis in several experiments in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the extract of green tea has the potential to be developed into new health foods, and the cold brewing would be a new alternative way to make a tea.
Attention state of children during Schulte tables task

We have analyzed EEG signals of children during cognitive load of specific type in order to estimate level of attention during this task. EEG signals were recorded in accordance with proposed design of experiment. For obtained EEG data we have analyzed behavioral characteristics as well as EEG-related characteristics. We have found that behavioural characteristic changes through the task, so may the attention level. We have also found that cognitive task completion is accompanied by appearance of spatial structure — specific distribution of wavelet energy across cortex, which partially changes during completion of the task as well. We believe that changes in attention level are tied to changes in energy distribution, so we suggest this distribution to be used as the marker for attention state estimation.
Feeding Ecology of Thoropa Miliaris (Anura, Cycloramphidae) in Four Areas of Atlantic Rain Forest, Southeastern Brazil

Abstract We analyzed the feeding ecology of four Thoropa miliaris (Anura, Cycloramphidae) populations from the Atlantic Rain Forest in Brazil. The diet was composed mostly of invertebrates, especially ants, beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars, and spiders. Plant consumption was considered incidental because of its low frequency. Ants were the most frequent (range 70–100%) and numerous (range 54.9–63.8%) dietary items. In terms of volume, ants were the principal item at two localities (26.1% and 47.6%), being also important items for the other two areas (19.3% and 21.9%). Grasshoppers (20.1%) and beetles (22.8%) had the largest volume for two populations. There was a significant relationship of prey size and volume with frog jaw width in three of the four areas. Only in one area was this relationship not found, probably because of the high frequency with which small ants and termites were ingested. Many of the dominant prey taxa of T. miliaris were similar to those of other rain-forest frogs.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism discovery and genotyping within the chicken Tapasin gene

Riassunto Identificazione e genotipizzazione di Single Nucleotide Polymorphism nel gene Tapasin di pollo. Tapasin è una proteina transmembrana localizzata nel reticolo endoplasmatico la cui funzione è quella di permettere il caricamento del peptide antigenico sulla molecola MHC di classe I. Nel pollo il gene tapasin è costituito da 8 esoni ed è localizzato nell’MHC tra i due geni classici di classe II. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è l’individuazione di polimorfismi SNP in linee commerciali e razze autoctone di pollo. L’analisi delle sequenze ottenute,che mostrano un’elevata omologia con le sequenze già depositate in GenBank, ha portato all’identificazione dell’omologia con 2 contig EST e con una sequenza che mappa sul cromosoma 16 del pollo. Inoltre, l’analisi mediante il programma AutoSNP ha permesso l’individuazione di 7 siti polimorfici putativi.
The controls on net ecosystem productivity along an Arctic transect: a model comparison with flux measurements

Assessments of carbon (C) fluxes in the Arctic require detailed data on both how and why these fluxes vary across the landscape. Such assessments are complicated because tundra vegetation has diverse structure and function at both local and regional scales. To investigate this diversity, the Arctic Flux Study has used the eddy covariance technique to generate ecosystem CO2‐exchange data along a transect in northern Alaska. We use an extant process‐based model of the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum to make independent predictions of gross photosynthesis and foliar respiration at 9 of the sites along the transect, using data on local canopy structure and meteorology. We make two key assumptions: (i) soil respiration is constant throughout the flux measurement period, so that the diurnal cycle in CO2 exchange is driven by canopy processes only (except at two sites where a soil respiration–temperature relationship was indicated in the data); and (ii) mosses and lichens play an insignificant role in ecosystem C exchange, even though in some locations their live biomass exceeds 300 g m−2. We found that even with these assumptions the model could explain much of the dynamics of net ecosystem production (NEP) at sites with widely differing vegetation structure and moss/lichen cover. Errors were mostly associated with the predictions of maximum NEP; the likely cause of such discrepancies was (i) a mismatch between vegetation sampled for characterizing the canopy structure and that contained within the footprint of the eddy covariance flux measurements, or (ii) an increase in daytime soil and root respiration. Thus the model results tended to falsify our first assumption but not our second. We also note evidence for an actual reduction in NEP caused by water stress on warm, dry days at some sites. The model–flux comparison also suggests that photosynthesis may be less sensitive to low temperatures than leaf‐level gas‐exchange measurements have indicated.
Comparison of canonical correlation and regression based focal point seed zones of white spruce

The focal point seed zone methodology determines spatially explicit areas of adaptive similarity for any selected geographic point and is used to match seed sources and planting sites. A total of 127 seed sources (provenances) of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) from Ontario and western Quebec were established at a greenhouse and in six field trials throughout Ontario. Growth and phenological variables were measured over three growing seasons. Two focal point seed zone methodologies were employed: (i) using models derived from principal components analysis (PCA) of biological response variables followed by multiple linear regression against climate variables and (ii) using models derived from canonical correlation analysis (CANCOR). While both approaches use climate data to model adaptive variation, CANCOR reduces the number of steps in the analysis by simultaneously finding the relationships of biological and climatic variables that maximize the covariance between the two data sets. Although mor.
Proteus mirabilis surface sensing signal transduction pathway

Title of Document: PROTEUS MIRABILIS SURFACE SENSING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY Vanessa Mercee D. Vargas, Master of Science, 2013 Directed By: Dr. Robert Belas Department of Marine Biotechnology Proteus mirabilis swarmer cell differentiation is induced by physical conditions that inhibit rotation of vegetative swimmer cell flagella. The protein FliL is important however, signal transduction to induce differentiation is unknown. Defects in differentiation result from mutations in genes involved in cell-wall formation and flagellar genes regulations. I hypothesized that upon surface contact, torsional stress due to inhibition of filament rotation activates stress response, induces swarmer cell differentiation and passes this signal to the protein FliL through a second protein, UmoA. My results show that the expression of stress gene cpxP changed over swarming migration with highest levels at zones of initial inoculation and areas where migration stops. I also show that complementation of fliL defect is viscosity-, temperatureand wettability–dependent, and fliL cells show improved swarming migration compared to wild-type on 0.8% agar. The study gave insight on the role of cell wall stress and fliL in swarming. PROTEUS MIRABILIS SURFACE SENSING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
DIETS OF EAST AFRICAN BOVIDAE BASED ON STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

Abstract We provide stable carbon isotope data from 37 species of African bovids to document dietary preferences for C3 browse (or fruits) or C4 grass. These data provide a quantitative measure of the fraction of C4 grass in bovid diets, can be applied on regional to local scales, can be derived from tooth enamel and hair or other tissues, and permit the diets of bovids to be considered in the context of a grazer–browser continuum. We recognize hypergrazers (>95% C4 grass), grazers (70–95% C4 grass), mixed feeders (>30% C4 grass and >30% C3 browse), browsers (70–95% C3 browse), and hyperbrowsers or frugivores (>95% C3 browse or fruit). Our results suggest that, of the extant East African Bovidae, impala (Aepyceros melampus), Thomson’s gazelle (Gazella thomsonii), and oribi (Ourebia ourebi) can be construed as mixed feeders. Dietary estimates based on stable isotope analysis are in broad agreement with other measures of diet such as hypsodonty index, mass relationships, and wear scratches on enamel.
SOURCE OF INORGANIC CARBON FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN TWO MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES 1

Inorganic carbon uptake was investigated in two marine dinoflagellates, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt and Heterocapsa oceanica Stein. Mass spectrometric and potentiometric assays indicated that both species lacked external carbonic anhydrase (CA). The presence of internal CA was demonstrated by potentiometric assay and by the inhibition of photosynthesis upon the addition of 500 μM ethoxyzolamide a membrane‐permeable inhibitor of CA. The capacity for bicarbonate transport was investigated by comparing the calculated rate of spontaneous CO2 formation at pH 8.2 and 25°C with the rate of photosynthesis after the addition of 100 μM NaHCO3. Both species appeared to have a very limited capacity for direct bicarbonate uptake. Monitoring of CO2 and O2 fluxes in both species by mass spectrometry demonstrated a rapid uptake of CO2 on illumination, to concentrations below the CO2 equilibrium concentration, indicating an effective selective uptake of CO2. This dependence of photosynthesis on free CO2 alone suggests that these species are CO2 limited in their natural environment because the CO2 concentration of seawater is very low.
Light Control of Aquatic Insect Activity and Drift

Investigations on aquatic insect activity, measured as drift in an artificial stream system with rigid light and temperature conditions, demonstrated a light—controlled, labile, exogenously—mediated activity rhythm. A threshold value for light, incident at the water surface, which when decreased led to high drift rates, and when increased suppressed activity, was determined to lie between 10—3 and 10—4 ft—c (10—2 and 10—3 lux). Preliminary experiments showed variations in wavelength to have little effect on the activity patterns of the insects. See full-text article at JSTOR