Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in systemic inflammation after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD and severe physical inactivity – an exploratory study

Background: Severe physical inactivity (SPI) in patients with COPD is associated with a poor prognosis. It is unknown whether there is a link between SPI and systemic inflammation, and if systemic inflammation in SPI changes following pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Methods: A prospective, observational study of patients referred for at least 7 weeks of PR comprising 2 h of exercise therapy and education twice weekly. At baseline and after PR, daily physical activity level (PAL) was measured with a validated activity monitor, SenseWear® as well as systemic inflammation: b-eosinophils, p-fibrinogen, p-CRP, s-IL-6 and s-CD 163. SPI was defined as PAL <1.4. Results: At baseline, SPI was present in 31 of the 57 patients included, and 23% (7/31) improved to non-SPI after PR. We observed no differences between patients with SPI and non-SPI, except baseline plasma fibrinogen level was slightly yet significantly higher in patients with SPI (median 13.3 [6.2–23.6] vs 11.2 [6.5–16.7] µmol/l) but change in fibrinogen levels differed insignificantly between patients who improved to non-SPI at follow-up compared to patients with persistent SPI (−0.6 [−16.9–9.9] vs −0.4 [−11.2–1.2] µmol/l). Conclusion: SPI in COPD appears not to be associated with a distinct inflammatory profile compared to less sedentary COPD patients attending pulmonary rehabilitation. Currently biomarkers have no role in the detection of SPI in COPD.
Comparative effectiveness of exercise, antidepressants and their combination in treating non-severe depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Objective To assess the comparative effectiveness of exercise, antidepressants and their combination for alleviating depressive symptoms in adults with non-severe depression. Design Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Data sources Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscus. Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials (1990–present) that examined the effectiveness of an exercise, antidepressant or combination intervention against either treatment alone or a control/placebo condition in adults with non-severe depression. Study selection and analysis Risk of bias, indirectness and the overall confidence in the network were assessed by two independent investigators. A frequentist network meta-analysis was performed to examine postintervention differences in depressive symptom severity between groups. Intervention drop-out was assessed as a measure of treatment acceptability. Results Twenty-one randomised controlled trials (n=2551) with 25 comparisons were included in the network. There were no differences in treatment effectiveness among the three main interventions (exercise vs antidepressants: standardised mean differences, SMD, −0.12; 95% CI −0.33 to 0.10, combination versus exercise: SMD, 0.00; 95% CI −0.33 to 0.33, combination vs antidepressants: SMD, −0.12; 95% CI −0.40 to 0.16), although all treatments were more beneficial than controls. Exercise interventions had higher drop-out rates than antidepressant interventions (risk ratio 1.31; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.57). Heterogeneity in the network was moderate (τ2=0.03; I2=46%). Conclusions The results suggest no difference between exercise and pharmacological interventions in reducing depressive symptoms in adults with non-severe depression. These findings support the adoption of exercise as an alternative or adjuvant treatment for non-severe depression in adults. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD4202122656.
Exploiting constraints in design synthesis

The class of design synthesis problems encompasses a wide spectrum of common encountered problems, including robot planning problems, synthesis of electronic circuits, chemical synthesis, genetics experiment design, and computer program synthesis. This thesis is in two main parts, both dealing with design synthesis. The first part is the Residue Method, an abductive approach to design synthesis, and the second is supersumption, a generalization of consistency checking of partially completed designs. The Residue Method synthesizes designs by reduction of the design goal to another, primitively achievable goal. The reduced goal must be consistent with known facts about the world, must be sufficient to achieve the original goal, and must be a conjunction of formulas from a language of primitively achievable formulas. The Residue Method expresses the design goal, the final design, and all intermediate designs as formulas of first order logic. The usual approach in deductive synthesis has been to express designs as a single term of composed state transformation functions. Expression of designs as a formula rather than a term simplifies synthesis of non-linear plans, allows postponing imposition of ordering constraints, and allows one to reason directly about the proposed design. Soundness and completeness results are given for two resolution-based residue procedures. Supersumption is an attempt to exploit the consistency requirement in order to accelerate synthesis of designs. Not only is consistency of a partially completed design checked, but additional "ramifications" may be derived that must be true for the partial design to remain consistent. By making sure that the ramifications are not violated, one avoids searching parts of the search space that do not contain legal designs. In addition, knowing ramifications may make additional search control heuristics directly applicable. The process of imposing additional constraints on a subgoal is called "supersumption. " Two phenomena are described by which supersumption can speed up the search--use of ramifications as better generators of candidates than the unadorned goal, and use of ramifications as filters to quickly eliminate inconsistent designs. Two resolution-based methods for deriving ramifications are given, along with soundness and completeness results.
Experiences of receiving an increased chance of sex chromosome aneuploidy result from non‐invasive prenatal testing in Australia: “A more complicated scenario than what I had ever realized”

Many non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) platforms screen for sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) and SCA analysis is generally included in Australia where NIPT is available as a self‐funded test. Little is known about the experience of receiving an NIPT result indicating an increased chance of SCA. This study aimed to explore the experiences of people who received this result and their perspectives on the information, care, and support they received from healthcare practitioners (HCPs). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with people who received an NIPT result indicating an increased chance of SCA and continued their pregnancy. Most participants only had contact with a genetic counselor after receiving their result. Transcribed data were analyzed using rigorous thematic analysis to identify important patterns and themes. Participants (18 women, 2 male partners) described embarking on NIPT, primarily based on advice from their HCP and without much consideration. Consequently, participants expressed feeling unprepared for the unanticipated complexity of their NIPT result and were faced with making a time‐sensitive decision about a condition they had not previously considered. While more pre‐test information was desired, timely access to genetic counseling post‐test assisted with adjustment to the result. These findings suggest that routinization of NIPT may be compromising informed decision‐making, resulting in unpreparedness for an increased chance result. Given the increasing uptake and expanding scope of NIPT, resources should be dedicated to educating HCPs offering NIPT and ensuring timely access to genetic counseling post‐result. With appropriate funding, genetics services may be able to play a central role in offering information and support to both people who undertake NIPT and their HCPs ordering the testing. Implementing a publicly funded screening program in Australia could assist with standardizing prenatal screening care pathways and consequently better access to appropriate resources.
Self-Entropic Broadening Theory: Toward a New Understanding of Self and Behavior Change Informed by Psychedelics and Psychosis

The extremes of human experiences, such as those occasioned by classic psychedelics and psychosis, provide a rich contrast for understanding how components of these experiences impact well-being. In recent years, research has suggested that classic psychedelics display the potential to promote positive enduring psychologic and behavioral changes in clinical and nonclinical populations. Paradoxically, classic psychedelics have been described as psychotomimetics. This review offers a putative solution to this paradox by providing a theory of how classic psychedelics often facilitate persistent increases in well-being, whereas psychosis leads down a “darker” path. This will be done by providing an overview of the overlap between the states (i.e., entropic processing) and their core differences (i.e., self-focus). In brief, entropic processing can be defined as an enhanced overall attentional scope and decreased predictability in processing stimuli facilitating a hyperassociative style of thinking. However, the outcomes of entropic states vary depending on level of self-focus, or the degree to which the associations and information being processed are evaluated in a self-referential manner. We also describe potential points of overlap with less extreme experiences, such as creative thinking and positive emotion-induction. Self-entropic broadening theory offers a heuristically valuable perspective on classic psychedelics and their lasting effects and relation to other states by creating a novel synthesis of contemporary theories in psychology. Significance Statement Self-entropic broadening theory provides a novel theory examining the psychedelic-psychotomimetic paradox, or how classic psychedelics can be therapeutic, yet mimic symptoms of psychosis. It also posits a framework for understanding the transdiagnostic applicability of classic psychedelics. We hope this model invigorates the field to provide more rigorous comparisons between classic psychedelic-induced states and psychosis and further examinations of how classic psychedelics facilitate long-term change. As a more psychedelic future of psychiatry appears imminent, a model that addresses these long-standing questions is crucial.
Genetic decline and recovery of a demographically rebuilt fishery species

The demographic history of a population is important for conservation and evolution, but this history is unknown for many populations. Methods that use genomic data have been developed to infer demography, but they can be challenging to implement and interpret, particularly for large populations. Thus, understanding if and when genetic estimates of demography correspond to true population history is important for assessing the performance of these genetic methods. Here, we used double‐digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing data from archived collections of larval summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus, n = 279) from three cohorts (1994–1995, 1997–1998 and 2008–2009) along the U.S. East coast to examine how contemporary effective population size and genetic diversity responded to changes in abundance in a natural population. Despite little to no detectable change in genetic diversity, coalescent‐based demographic modelling from site frequency spectra revealed that summer flounder effective population size declined dramatically in the early 1980s. The timing and direction of change corresponded well with the observed decline in spawning stock census abundance in the late 1980s from independent fish surveys. Census abundance subsequently recovered and achieved the prebottleneck size. Effective population size also grew following the bottleneck. Our results for summer flounder demonstrate that genetic sampling and site frequency spectra can be useful for detecting population dynamics, even in species with large effective sizes.
Inferring Mechanisms of Auditory Attentional Modulation with Deep Neural Networks

Abstract Humans have an exceptional ability to extract specific audio streams of interest in a noisy environment; this is known as the cocktail party effect. It is widely accepted that this ability is related to selective attention, a mental process that enables individuals to focus on a particular object. Evidence suggests that sensory neurons can be modulated by top-down signals transmitted from the prefrontal cortex. However, exactly how the projection of attention signals to the cortex and subcortex influences the cocktail effect is unclear. We constructed computational models to study whether attentional modulation is more effective at earlier or later stages for solving the cocktail party problem along the auditory pathway. We modeled the auditory pathway using deep neural networks (DNNs), which can generate representational neural patterns that resemble the human brain. We constructed a series of DNN models in which the main structures were autoencoders. We then trained these DNNs on a speech separation task derived from the dichotic listening paradigm, a common paradigm to investigate the cocktail party effect. We next analyzed the modulation effects of attention signals during all stages. Our results showed that the attentional modulation effect is more effective at the lower stages of the DNNs. This suggests that the projection of attention signals to lower stages within the auditory pathway plays a more significant role than the higher stages in solving the cocktail party problem. This prediction could be tested using neurophysiological experiments.
Involvement of Type‐I and Type‐II Photodynamic Reactions in Photosensitization of Fragrance Ingredient 2‐acetonaphthone

2‐Acetonaphthone (2‐ACN) is a synthetic fragrance material used in various cosmetics as an adulterant. Due to its frequent use, we have conducted an in‐depth study to understand the photosensitizing potential of 2‐ACN. Results of this study illustrate that 2‐ACN showed photodegradation in 4 h under ambient UV radiation (UVR) and sunlight exposure. It generated (1–25 µg mL−1) superoxide anion radical (O2·–) and singlet oxygen (1O2) in the presence of UVR/sunlight through in chemico and in vitro test systems. 2‐ACN (10 µg mL−1) showed a 43.9% and 57.4% reduction in cell viability under UVA and sunlight, respectively. Photosensitized 2‐ACN generated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (6‐folds in UVA and 8‐folds in sunlight), which compromises the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membrane potential leading to cell death. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining and annexin‐V/PI uptake showed cell death caused via 2‐ACN under UVR exposure. The above findings signify the role of ROS via Type‐I and Type‐II photodynamic pathways in photosensitization of 2‐ACN that ultimately promotes photodamage of important cellular organelles leading to cell death. The study advocates that solar radiation should be avoided by the users after the application of cosmetic products containing 2‐ACN.
Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics: Third Edition

Foreword Preface 1. General data 2. Astronomy and astrophysics 3. Radio astronomy 4. Infrared and submillimeter astronomy 5. Ultraviolet astronomy 6. X-ray astronomy 7. Gamma-ray astronomy 8. Cosmic rays 9. Earth's atmosphere and environment 10. Relativity and cosmology 11. Atomic physics 12. Electromagnetic radiation 13. Plamsa physics 14. Experimental astronomy and astrophysics 15. Astronautics 16. Mathematics 17. Probability and statistics 18. Radiation safety 19. Astronomical catalogs 20. Computer science 21. Glossary of abbreviations and symbols Appendices Index.
Smart Accident Rescue System

: As we witness in our day-to-day life, there are many accidents caused in the road transport. Every day hundreds to thousands of people die due to accidents or are also affected minor or in a severe level due to accidents. It is very important to develop and research some technologies which will avoid accidents, and enable the owner to track the vehicles when there is a large transportation systems. This system will help such transporters as well as ambulances and other vehicle transportation in reducing the risk of accidents. This system is able to differentiate between normal and abnormal movement of vehicles which will therefore notify the owner and will also help in reducing accident causing situations. The rash driving of the driver is detected and the owner is informed about the rash driving along with the location of the driver. This is the important feature of our proposed project. The project also helps in detecting alcohol content in the vehicle. If present, the immediate notification will be sent to the user or the owner and the location will be shared through SMS.
Non-CES Aggregators: A Guided Tour

The constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) aggregator and its demand system are ubiquitous in business cycles theory, macroeconomic growth and development, international trade and other general equilibrium fields; this is because the CES aggregator has many knife-edge properties that help to keep the analysis tractable in the presence of many goods and factors. However, this also makes it hard to tell which properties of CES are responsible for certain results. Furthermore, it is necessary to relax some of those properties for certain applications. In this article, I review several classes of non-CES aggregators, each of which removes some properties of CES and keeps the rest to introduce some flexibility while retaining the tractability of CES as much as possible. These classes are named after the properties of CES they keep. I explain how these classes are related to each other and discuss their relative strengths and weaknesses to indicate which classes are suited for which applications.
On the dihedral Euler characteristics of Selmer groups of abelian varieties

This note shows how to use the framework of Euler characteristic formulae to study Selmer groups of abelian varieties in certain dihedral or anticyclotomic extensions of CM fields via Iwasawa main conjectures, and in particular how to verify the p-part of the refined Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture in this setting. When the Selmer group is cotorsion with respect to the associated Iwasawa algebra, we obtain the p-part of formula predicted by the refined Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. When the Selmer group is not cotorsion with respect to the associated Iwasawa algebra, we give a conjectural description of the Euler characteristic of the cotorsion submodule, and explain how to deduce inequalities from the associated main conjecture divisibilities of Perrin-Riou and Howard.
THE MIOSPORE GENERA IN THE COALS OF RA ~ IGA J STAGE ( UPPER PERMIAN )

43 miospore genera have been refcrred to in this treatis", out of which 15 genera are ncw to science. Th"se have b en diaguos"d, describcd and com­ pared with morphographically cOlJlparable other spore genera. The following gcnera arc ncw­ EIlPIIJlcl1'sporilcs gen. nov., JlicrnbaCl/lispora. gen. nov., AliCl'ofoveolalispora gcn. nov., ll1do,pora. gen. nov., Gomlisporiles gcn. nov., Dl'llSipollcniles gen. nov., SI'ri01l/01lOsarc£tcs gen. nov., DistriolllOl1o­ sacciles gen. nov., l"aliGipollcmlr\ gen. nov., Laki­ rills gcn. nov., Hilldipollruilcs gen. nov., FaZ/Z/i­ pollelliles gen. nov., 51";0 ! Jolleliiles gen. nov., Dis­ trialiles gen. nov., and Tllmoripollenilcs gcn. nov. Be 'idcs these . <;Irialiles, LII/latisporites, SiriaJopodo­ ({u'piles and Sulcalisporiles ha vc be n emendcd.­ Som" su pra-generic taxa havc also been crcated such as Siriasaccili, and HUlislriali. From this study somc nell' morphographi.c fea­ tures hav" come to light, e.g. HI" pres"nc" of ± tri ­ radiate muri on di,tal face of a triangular trilete spore; sculptured and zonate saccus-like body in a trilete spore, the occurrencc of striated een tral budies in monosaccat forms: thc proximal surface of central bodies in di,accate graius bearing hori­ zontal striations also crossed "'ith v rtical, con­ necting striations in many forms; occurrence of only vertical striations on the proximal side of central bodv in some saccate grains; occurrence of striations on the proximal as "'ell as distal faces of the central body (1) in the same direction or (2) at right angles to one another in saccate grains. It has also been discovered that the proximal exine of central body in saccate grains may be smooth or microverru­ eose with indistinct, intrapunetate or intramicro­ reticulate structure. Bisaceate grains comparable to some modern members of Podocarpaceae are richly represented and non-s<tccat' pollen grains morphographically similar tu tllOse of some living species of Ephedra and Wa/witschia are also present in the horizon.
The Link Probability Model: A Network Simulation Alternative to the Exponential Random Graph Model

The Link Probability Model (LPM) can be used as an alternative to Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM) to simulate network data. The LPM characterizes the networks in terms of link probabilities based on historical frequencies. In this paper, the LPM is presented, compared and contrasted with the ERGM. The relative utility of the two approaches is examined by applying both to four longitudinal data sets. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches in terms of data requirements, scalability, and assumptions are described.
Tsunami risk communication and management: Contemporary gaps and challenges International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

Based on lessons learned from a selection of past tsunami events, this paper aims to review the existing body of knowledge and the current challenges in tsunami risk communication, and to identify the gaps in the tsunami risk management methodologies. The important lessons provided by the past events call for strengthening community resilience and improvement in risk-informed actions and policy measures. This paper shows that research efforts related to tsunami risk communication remain frag-mented. The analysis of tsunami risk together with a thorough understanding of risk communi- cation gaps and challenges is indispensable towards developing and deploying comprehensive disaster risk reduction measures. Moving from a broad and interdisciplinary perspective, the paper suggests that probabilistic hazard and risk assessments could potentially contribute towards better science communication and improved planning and implementation of risk mitigation measures. tsunami risk from institutions and are supportive with the inclusion of risk education in school programs. The study further shows that in areas where tsunami risk is addressed, the community has better dealt with the emergency. A testament to the importance of tsunami risk education (as well as risk education in general) in education programs is an episode that happened in Phuket, Thailand during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. A 10-year-old girl (Tilly Smith) saved over a hundred people on the beach thanks to a tsunami lesson she learned at school in U.K. before leaving for Christmas vacation. This was possible because the lesson she learned explained the signs of a tsunami ’ s arrival [119]. ¨ ON, FL, SL, MS, JS, JB, MDZ, SB, IAQ, AA; Abstract and Conclusions: IR, FJ, DS, ¨ ON, MSG; Introduction: IR, FJ, AC, LC, MB, DS, FL, AB, UH, IAA; Lessons Learnt: IR, FL, AB, DS, MB, MS, FJ, SL, JB, IRP, AA, IAA; Risk Communication: AC, LC, IR, ¨ ON, SL, DS, AB, FL, IRP, JB, AA; Preventive Measures: FJ, MB, ¨ ON, MDZ, SB, IAA, FL, IAQ; Capacity Building and Preparedness: IR, SF, MASG, AB, FJ, IAA; Early Warning: SF, SL, IAA, MB, AB, JS, FL, RDR, ¨ ON; Evacuation Planning: IAA, SF, SL, JS, FJ, AB; Building Back Better: IR, MASG, FJ. Substantial revisions: IR, FJ, AC, SL, AB, ¨ ON, FL, DS, LC, SF, MASG, IRP, MB, RDR, MDZ, SB; internal review: all authors.