Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synergy between Machine/Deep Learning and Software Engineering: How Far Are We?

Since 2009, the deep learning revolution, which was triggered by the introduction of ImageNet, has stimulated the synergy between Machine Learning (ML)/Deep Learning (DL) and Software Engineering (SE). Meanwhile, critical reviews have emerged that suggest that ML/DL should be used cautiously. To improve the quality (especially the applicability and generalizability) of ML/DL-related SE studies, and to stimulate and enhance future collaborations between SE/AI researchers and industry practitioners, we conducted a 10-year Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on 906 ML/DL-related SE papers published between 2009 and 2018. Our trend analysis demonstrated the mutual impacts that ML/DL and SE have had on each other. At the same time, however, we also observed a paucity of replicable and reproducible ML/DL-related SE studies and identified five factors that influence their replicability and reproducibility. To improve the applicability and generalizability of research results, we analyzed what ingredients in a study would facilitate an understanding of why a ML/DL technique was selected for a specific SE problem. In addition, we identified the unique trends of impacts of DL models on SE tasks, as well as five unique challenges that needed to be met in order to better leverage DL to improve the productivity of SE tasks. Finally, we outlined a road-map that we believe can facilitate the transfer of ML/DL-based SE research results into real-world industry practices.
Look, Listen, and Attend: Co-Attention Network for Self-Supervised Audio-Visual Representation Learning

When watching videos, the occurrence of a visual event is often accompanied by an audio event, e.g., the voice of lip motion, the music of playing instruments. There is an underlying correlation between audio and visual events, which can be utilized as free supervised information to train a neural network by solving the pretext task of audio-visual synchronization. In this paper, we propose a novel self-supervised framework with co-attention mechanism to learn generic cross-modal representations from unlabelled videos in the wild, and further benefit downstream tasks. Specifically, we explore three different co-attention modules to focus on discriminative visual regions correlated to the sounds and introduce the interactions between them. Experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the pretext task while having fewer parameters compared with existing methods. To further evaluate the generalizability and transferability of our approach, we apply the pre-trained model on two downstream tasks, i.e., sound source localization and action recognition. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model provides competitive results with other self-supervised methods, and also indicate that our approach can tackle the challenging scenes which contain multiple sound sources.
Properties of materials considered for improvised masks

Abstract During a pandemic in which aerosol and droplet transmission is possible, such as the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, the demand for face masks that meet medical or workplace standards can prevent most individuals from obtaining suitable protection. Cloth masks are widely believed to impede droplet and aerosol transmission, but most are constructed from materials with unknown filtration efficiency, airflow resistance and water resistance. Here we provide data on a range of common fabrics that might be used to construct masks, complimenting existing studies by largely considering particles in the micron range (a plausible challenge size for human generated aerosols). None of the materials were suitable for N95 masks, but many could provide useful filtration (>90%) of 3 micron particles, with low pressure drop. These were: nonwoven sterile wraps, dried baby wipes and some double-knit cotton materials. Decontamination of N95 masks using isopropyl alcohol produces the expected increase in particle penetration, but for 3 micron particles, filtration efficiency is still well above 95%. Tightly woven thin fabrics, despite having the visual appearance of a good particle barrier, had remarkably low filtration efficiency and high pressure drop. The better material structures expose individual fibers to the flow while the poor materials may have small fundamental fibers but these are in tightly bundled yarns. Despite the complexity of the design of a very good mask, it is clear that for the larger aerosol particles, any mask will provide substantial protection to the wearer and those around them. Copyright © 2021 American Association for Aerosol Research
Unifying supervised learning and VAEs - automating statistical inference in high-energy physics

A KL-divergence objective of the joint distribution of data and labels allows to unify supervised learning, variational autoencoders (VAEs) and semi-supervised learning under one umbrella of variational inference. This viewpoint has several advantages. For VAEs, it clarifies the interpretation of encoder and decoder parts. For supervised learning, it re-iterates that the training procedure approximates the true posterior over labels and can always be viewed as approximate likelihood-free inference. This is typically not discussed, even though the derivation is well-known in the literature. In the context of semi-supervised learning it motivates an extended supervised scheme which allows to calculate a goodness-of-fit p-value using posterior predictive simulations. Flow-based networks with a standard normal base distribution are crucial. We discuss how they allow to rigorously define coverage for arbitrary joint posteriors on $\mathbb{R}^n \times \mathcal{S}^m$, which encompasses posteriors over directions. Finally, systematic uncertainties are naturally included in the variational viewpoint. With the three ingredients of (1) systematics, (2) coverage and (3) goodness-of-fit, flow-based neural networks have the potential to replace a large part of the statistical toolbox of the contemporary high-energy physicist.
Atomic structures and electronic correlation of monolayer 1T-TaSe2

We investigate atomic and electronic structures of monolayer 1T-TaSe2 using density functional theory calculations. Monolayers of 1T-TaSe2 were recently grown on graphene substrates and suggested as an intriguing Mott insulator [Nat. Phys. 16, 218 (2020)]. However, the prevailing structural model for the model system of 1T-TaS2, the cation-centered cluster of a David-star shape with strong electron correlation, could not explain the characteristic and unusual orbital splitting observed in scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments. We suggest an alternative structure model, an anion-centered cluster structure, which can reproduce most of the unusual spectroscopic characteristics with electron doping from the substrate without electron correlation. The unusual spectroscopic features observed, thus, seems to indicate a simple and usual band insulating state. This work indicates the importance of a large structural degree of freedom given for a cluster Mott insulator.
G107.0+9.0: a new large optically bright, radio, and X-Ray faint galactic supernova remnant in Cepheus

Wide-field H-alpha images of the Galactic plane have revealed a new supernova remnant (SNR) nearly three degrees in diameter centred at l = 107.0, b = +9.0. Deep and higher resolution H-alpha and [O III] 5007 Ang images show dozens of H-alpha filaments along the remnant's northern, western, and southwestern limbs, but few [O III] bright filaments. The nebula is well detected in the H-alpha Virginia Tech Spectral-Line Survey images, with many of its brighter filaments even visible on Digital Sky Survey images. Low-dispersion spectra of several filaments show either Balmer dominated, non-radiative filaments or the more common SNR radiative filaments with [S II]/H-alpha ratios above 0.5, consistent with shock-heated line emission. Emission line ratios suggest shock velocities ranging from <70 km/s along its western limb to ~100 km/s along its northwestern boundary. While no associated X-ray emission is seen in ROSAT images, faint 1420 MHz radio emission appears coincident with its western and northern limbs. Based on an analysis of the remnant's spatially resolved H-alpha and [O III] emissions, we estimate the remnant's distance around 1.5 - 2.0 kpc implying a physically large (dia.= 75 - 100 pc) and old (90 - 110 x 10^3 yr) SNR in its post-Sedov radiative phase of evolution expanding into a low density interstellar medium (n = 0.05 - 0.2 cm^-3) and lying some 250 - 300 pc above the Galactic plane.
Versatile multilinked aerial robot with tilted propellers: Design, modeling, control, and state estimation for autonomous flight and manipulation

A multilinked structure can benefit aerial robots in terms of both maneuvering and manipulation owing to its ability of aerial transformation. A coplanar multilinked model was developed in our previous study. However, the maneuvering and manipulation performances of that model were limited owing to the weak controllability. Therefore, we adopt tilted propellers in this study to enhance controllability. The related design, modeling, and control method are developed to achieve stable hovering and transformation with tilted propellers. Further, state estimation which involves time synchronization between sensors and multilinked kinematics is also presented in this study to enable fully autonomous flight in outdoor environments. The experimental evaluation of the design, modeling, and control method is performed to verify stability during aerial transformation. While, various autonomous outdoor experiments including trajectory following, fast maneuvering for intercepting a target, object grasping for delivery, and blanket manipulation for firefighting are also performed to verify the versatility of the proposed robot platform. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of a multilinked aerial robot that can achieve fully autonomous flight and manipulation tasks in an outdoor environment. We also applied our platform in all challenges of the 2020 Mohammed Bin Zayed International Robotics Competition, and we ranked in the third place in Challenge 1 and in the sixth place in Challenge 3 internationally, thereby demonstrating the reliable flight performance in the fields.
Textual Echo Cancellation

In this paper, we propose Textual Echo Cancellation (TEC) - a framework for cancelling the text-to-speech (TTS) playback echo11TTS playback denotes the synthesized TTS voice, and TTS playback echo denotes the reverberated TTS voice captured by the microphone. from overlapping speech recordings. Such a system can largely im-prove speech recognition performance and user experience for in-telligent devices such as smart speakers, as the user can talk to the device while the device is still playing the TTS signal responding to the previous query. We implement this system by using a novel sequence-to-sequence model with multi-source attention that takes both the microphone mixture signal and source text of the TTS play-back as inputs, and predicts the enhanced audio. Experiments show that the textual information of the TTS playback is critical to en-hancement performance. Besides, the text sequence is much smaller in size compared with the raw acoustic signal of the TTS playback, and can be immediately transmitted to the device or ASR server even before the playback is synthesized. Therefore, our proposed approach effectively reduces Internet communication and latency compared with alternative approaches such as acoustic echo cancellation (AEC).
Topologically stable and $\beta$-persistent points of group actions

In this paper, we introduce topologically stable points and $\beta$-persistent points for finitely generated group actions on compact metric spaces. We prove that every shadowable point of an expansive action on a compact metric space is a topologically stable point. We justify that the expansivity of an action is not a necessary condition for the topological stability of a shadowable point of that action and the existence of a dense set of topologically stable points need not imply the topological stability of that action. Finally, we prove that every equicontinuous pointwise topologically stable action on a compact metric space is $\beta$-persistent.
The explicit Zelevinsky–Aubert duality

In this paper, we give an explicit computable algorithm for the Zelevinsky–Aubert duals of irreducible representations of $p$-adic symplectic and odd special orthogonal groups. To do this, we establish explicit formulas for certain derivatives and socles. We also give a combinatorial criterion for the irreducibility of certain parabolically induced representations.
Most super-Earths formed by dry pebble accretion are less massive than 5 Earth masses

Aims. The goal of this work is to study the formation of rocky planets by dry pebble accretion from self-consistent dust-growth models. In particular, we aim to compute the maximum core mass of a rocky planet that can sustain a thin H-He atmosphere to account for the second peak of the Kepler size distribution. Methods. We simulate planetary growth by pebble accretion inside the ice line. The pebble flux is computed self-consistently from dust growth by solving the advection–diffusion equation for a representative dust size. Dust coagulation, drift, fragmentation, and sublimation at the water ice line are included. The disc evolution is computed solving the vertical and radial structure for standard α-discs with photoevaporation from the central star. The planets grow from a moon-mass embryo by silicate pebble accretion and gas accretion. We perform a parameter study to analyse the effect of a different initial disc mass, α-viscosity, disc metallicity, and embryo location. We also test the effect of considering migration versus an in situ scenario. Finally, we compute atmospheric mass loss due to evaporation over 5 Gyr of evolution. Results. We find that inside the ice line, the fragmentation barrier determines the size of pebbles, which leads to different planetary growth patterns for different disc viscosities. We also find that in this inner disc region, the pebble isolation mass typically decays to values below 5 M⊕ within the first million years of disc evolution, limiting the core masses to that value. After computing atmospheric mass loss, we find that planets with cores below ~4 M⊕ become completely stripped of their atmospheres, and a few 4–5 M⊕ cores retain a thin atmosphere that places them in the “gap” or second peak of the Kepler size distribution. In addition, a few rare objects that form in extremely low-viscosity discs accrete a core of 7 M⊕ and equal envelope mass, which is reduced to 3–5 M⊕ after evaporation. These objects end up with radii of ~6–7 R⊕. Conclusions. Overall, we find that rocky planets form only in low-viscosity discs (α ≲ 10−4). When α ≥ 10−3, rocky objects do not grow beyond 1 Mars mass. For the successful low-viscosity cases, the most typical outcome of dry pebble accretion is terrestrial planets with masses spanning from that of Mars to ~4 M⊕.
Guaranteed upper bounds for the velocity error of pressure-robust Stokes discretisations

Abstract This paper aims to improve guaranteed error control for the Stokes problem with a focus on pressure-robustness, i.e., for discretisations that compute a discrete velocity that is independent of the exact pressure. A Prager–Synge type result relates the velocity errors of divergence-free primal and perfectly equilibrated dual mixed methods for the velocity stress. The first main result of the paper is a framework with relaxed constraints on the primal and dual method. This enables to use a recently developed mass conserving mixed stress discretisation for the design of equilibrated fluxes and to obtain pressure-independent guaranteed upper bounds for any pressure-robust (not necessarily divergence-free) primal discretisation. The second main result is a provably efficient local design of the equilibrated fluxes with comparably low numerical costs. Numerical examples verify the theoretical findings and show that efficiency indices of our novel guaranteed upper bounds are close to one.
RATIONAL LOCAL SYSTEMS AND CONNECTED FINITE LOOP SPACES

Abstract Greenlees has conjectured that the rational stable equivariant homotopy category of a compact Lie group always has an algebraic model. Based on this idea, we show that the category of rational local systems on a connected finite loop space always has a simple algebraic model. When the loop space arises from a connected compact Lie group, this recovers a special case of a result of Pol and Williamson about rational cofree G-spectra. More generally, we show that if K is a closed subgroup of a compact Lie group G such that the Weyl group WGK is connected, then a certain category of rational G-spectra “at K” has an algebraic model. For example, when K is the trivial group, this is just the category of rational cofree G-spectra, and this recovers the aforementioned result. Throughout, we pay careful attention to the role of torsion and complete categories.
Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolutionary Trends in the Eublepharine Lizard Genus Coleonyx

Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends in the eublepharine lizard genus Coleonyx are examined. Quantitative phyletic methods and osteologic data are employed in the study of these relationships and trends. Le Quesne's method of character analysis is redescribed and its importance to numerical taxonomy and systematics is emphasized with its application to the Coleonyx data set. The relatively recently described C. reticulatus is cladistically intermediate between C. variegatus and C. elegans. Phenetically it is much more similar to C. variegatus while patristically it is approximately equidistant between the two species. The lacrimal bone reported in C. variegatus is probably not homologous with the element known by that name in primitive reptiles. The predominate evolutionary trend in the skeletal system involves the relative reduction of bone weight and size, and in some instances complete loss, and the degree to which a bone articulates or fuses with adjacent elements. C. brevis is the most highly modified species in the genus, and C. elegans and C. mitratus are the least changed.
Interpreting high spatial resolution line observations of planet-forming disks with gaps and rings: the case of HD 163296

Context. Spatially resolved continuum observations of planet-forming disks show prominent ring and gap structures in their dust distribution. However, the picture from gas observations is much less clear and constraints on the radial gas density structure (i.e. gas gaps) remain rare and uncertain. Aims. We want to investigate the importance of thermo-chemical processes for the interpretation of high-spatial-resolution gas observations of planet-forming disks and their impact on the derived gas properties. Methods. We applied the radiation thermo-chemical disk code PRODIMO (PROtoplanetary DIsk MOdel) to model the dust and gas disk of HD 163296 self-consistently, using the DSHARP (Disk Substructure at High Angular Resolution) gas and dust observations. With this model we investigated the impact of dust gaps and gas gaps on the observables and the derived gas properties, considering chemistry, and heating and cooling processes. Results. We find distinct peaks in the radial line intensity profiles of the CO line data of HD 163296 at the location of the dust gaps. Our model indicates that those peaks are not only a consequence of a gas temperature increase within the gaps but are mainly caused by the absorption of line emission from the back side of the disk by the dust rings. For two of the three prominent dust gaps in HD 163296, we find that thermo-chemical effects are negligible for deriving density gradients via measurements of the rotation velocity. However, for the gap with the highest dust depletion, the temperature gradient can be dominant and needs to be considered to derive accurate gas density profiles. Conclusions. Self-consistent gas and dust thermo-chemical modelling in combination with high-quality observations of multiple molecules are necessary to accurately derive gas gap depths and shapes. This is crucial to determine the origin of gaps and rings in planet-forming disks and to improve the mass estimates of forming planets if they are the cause of the gap.
DNA-based characterization methods for Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis is the leading causative agent of meningitis and rapidly fatal sepsis in all age groups. The treatment, prevention and surveillance of N. meningitidis infection remain a global challenge. N. meningitidis characterization is critical for diagnosis, contact management and herd vaccination. An array of biochemical and genetic methods has been developed for the pathogen detection. This review highlighted the DNA-based molecular characterization methods primarily used for N. meningitidis, with particular reference to invasive serogroups. Compared with the traditional methods, the molecular methods have been well established. The methods including polymerase chain reaction, pulse field gel electrophoresis, microarrays and genome sequencing, are discussed hereby. Meanwhile, the prospective is also predicted in this field.
NEW LECCINUM SPECIES FROM COSTA RICA

The study and documentation of Costa Rican Boletaceae have been ongoing for some 16 years (e.g., G6mez 1992a, 1992b, 1996; G6mez & Singer 1984; Singer et al. 1983, 1990, 1991, 1992; Halling 1996; Singer & G6mez 1984). Previous efforts at documenting other larger fungi of Costa Rica were cited by Halling & Franco-M. (1996). A recent project, documenting Agaricales (including Boletaceae) of Costa Rican Quercus forests, has been underway since 1993 overseen by Gregory M. Mueller (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago) and the present author.2 Species of Leccinum are uncommon in neotropical forests, compared to north temperate forests, due primarily to the paucity of suitable phanerogamic associates (such as Betula, Quercus, Populus and Pinaceae). For example, south of Nicaragua, Quercus appears to be the only traditional associate where it forms canopy stands at montane elevations (generally above 1500 m elevation). Halling (1989) described the first neotropical Leccinum (L. andinum) from Colombia. Two additional new species are described and illustrated here. Other known Costa Rican Leccinum species are listed in Table 1.
The Past, Present, and Future of COVID-19: A Data-Driven Perspective

Epidemics and pandemics have ravaged human life since time. To combat these, novel ideas have always been created and deployed by humanity, with varying degrees of success. At this very moment, the COVID-19 pandemic is the singular global health crisis. Now, perhaps for the first time in human history, almost the whole of humanity is experiencing some form of hardship as a result of one invisible pathogen. This once again entails novel ideas for quick eradication, healing and recovery, whether it is healthcare, banking, travel, education or any other. For efficient policy-making, clear trends of past, present and future are vital for policy-makers. With the global impacts of COVID-19 so severe, equally important is the analysis of correlations between disease spread and various socio-economic and environmental factors. Furthermore, all of these need to be presented in an integrated manner in real-time to facilitate efficient policy making. To address these issues, in this study, we report results on our development and deployment of a web-based integrated real-time operational dashboard as an important decision support system for COVID-19. In our study, we conducted data-driven analysis based on available data from diverse authenticated sources to predict upcoming consequences of the pandemic through rigorous modeling and statistical analyses. We also explored correlations between pandemic spread and important socio-economic and environmental factors. Furthermore, we also present how outcomes of our work can facilitate efficient policy making in this critical hour.