Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Entropy Feature Signal Extraction Based on Activation Mode and Its Recognition in Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit Network

In brain-computer-interface (BCI) devices, signal acquisition via reducing the electrode channels can reduce the computational complexity of models and filter out the irrelevant noise. Differential entropy (DE) plays an important role in emotional components of signals, which can reflect the area activity differences. Therefore, to extract distinctive feature signals and improve the recognition accuracy based on feature signals, a method of DE feature signal recognition based on a Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit network was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the DE and power spectral density (PSD) of each original signal were mapped to two topographic maps, and the activated channels could be selected in activation modes. Secondly, according to the position of original electrodes, 1D feature signal sequences with four bands were reconstructed into a 3D feature signal matrix, and a radial basis function interpolation was used to fill in zero values. Then, the 3D feature signal matrices were fed into a 2D Convolutional Neural Network (2DCNN) for spatial feature extraction, and the 1D feature signal sequences were fed into a bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) network for temporal feature extraction. Finally, the spatial-temporal features were fused by a fully connected layer, and recognition experiments based on DE feature signals at the different time scales were carried out on a DEAP dataset. The experimental results showed that there were different activation modes at different time scales, and the reduction of the electrode channel could achieve a similar accuracy with all channels. The proposed method achieved 87.89% on arousal and 88.69% on valence.
Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed: Sources of Monetary Disorder 1922–1938. By Thomas M. Humphrey and Richard H. Timberlake. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2019. Pp. xix, 201. $21.21, hardcover.

ignores many of the other structural explanations for the crisis that have been advanced by libertarians, conservatives, technocrats, and socialists in the United States and in the other countries that were affected by the global financial crisis. Given that this book is much shorter than Adam Tooze’s recent book on the crisis (Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World. London: Penguin, 2018), the author could easily have added a chapter to evaluate the competing explanations for the crisis in light of his very impressive historical research in the archive.
Spirometric indices in primary ciliary dyskinesia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic, heterogeneous disease caused by dysfunction of cilia. Evidence is sparse and reports of lung function in PCD patients range from normal to severe impairment. This systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of lung function in PCD patients examines the spirometric indices of PCD patients and differences by age group and sex. We searched PubMed, Embase and Scopus for studies that described lung function in 10 or more patients with PCD. We performed meta-analyses and meta-regression to explain heterogeneity. We included 24 studies, ranging from 13 to 158 patients per study. The most commonly reported spirometric indices were forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity presented as mean and standard deviation of percent predicted values. We found considerable heterogeneity for both parameters (I2=94–96%). The heterogeneity remained when we stratified the analysis by age; however, FEV1 in adult patients was lower. Even after taking into account explanatory factors, the largest part of the between-studies variance remained unexplained. Heterogeneity could be explained by genetic differences between study populations, methodological factors related to the variability of study inclusion criteria or details on the performance and evaluation of lung function measurements that we could not account for. Prospective studies therefore need to use standardised protocols and international reference values. These results underline the possibility of distinct PCD phenotypes as in other chronic respiratory diseases. Detailed characterisation of these phenotypes and related genotypes is needed in order to better understand the natural history of PCD. Spirometric indices of PCD patients vary between published studies, which suggests not only the possibility of methodological differences between centres but also real differences in disease expression based on genotype–phenotype associations http://ow.ly/wopw30nYaJo
One Size Does Not Fit All: TFP in the Aftermath of Financial Crises in Three European Countries

We analyse the impact of both the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and the European sovereign and banking crisis of 2011-13 on firm-level productivity in France, Italy and Spain. We firstly show that relying on a single break date in 2008 misses both the euro crisis and countries' institutional speci_cities. Secondly, although leverage and financial constraints affect firm-level productivity negatively, high-leverage firms su_er more from financial constraints only in Italy, when they are relatively small or when their debt is of short maturity. These results, which are robust to a series of alternative explanations, call for approaches taking into consideration country-level characteristics of financial institutions and time varying _nancing constraints of the firms, instead of pooling data and adopting a common break date. One size does not fit all when it comes to identifying the impact of financial crises on firm level productivity.
Research on Intrusion Detection Algorithm of JRNB Nework Based on Feature Weighting

With the development of the Internet Era, the network attacks are on the rise. To some extent, the conditional independence assumption of Naive Bayes (NB) algorithm sacrifices the accuracy of classification, especially in dealing with complex network intrusion data. Aiming to solve this problem, this paper proposes a feature weighted JRNB intrusion detection algorithm. First, in order to remed for the deficiency of the equal analysis of all feature terms in Naive Bayesian algorithm, JS divergence method is introduced to measure the weight of each feature term to highlight the difference between different feature terms; Then, take into consideration of the impact of class frequency on sample classification, the reverse class frequency (RCF) is proposed to improve the calculation of feature weight and further reducing the impact of conditional independence. Compared with the traditional Naive Bayes algorithm and other popular classification algorithms, this algorithm in this paper has some improvement in detection performance.
Multi-class Models for Assessing the Financial Condition of Manufacturing Enterprises

Since 2007, the operating conditions of companies have changed significantly and can be described as more unpredictable. Insolvency of one company may, by the domino effect, have negative impacts on other operators. In extreme cases, these impacts can lead to their bankruptcy. Therefore, it is important to constantly monitor both the financial condition of a company and the financial condition of its business partners. In order to evaluate the financial standing of a company different types of methods can be employed. The aim of the paper was to build two models that specify more than two states of financial standing of manufacturing businesses. The use of the models enables recognition of the deteriorating financial condition of manufacturing companies a few years before insolvency is declared. The traditional discriminant model and Bayesian model were constructed. Cluster analysis was used to select classes of financial standing of the analyzed companies. The models were tested on two sets of samples. A small sample consisted of 224 (112 + 112) companies and a large sample consisted of more than 10,600 companies. The results showed that the traditional discriminant model performs better than the Bayesian model for classifying companies.
Knowledge Transfer for Object Detection

Object detection is one of the basic tasks of computer vision. Although deep neural networks have greatly promoted the development of target detection, the training of deep neural networks often requires certain computing resources, especially when dealing with more complex detection tasks. It will become more complicated, and the increase in model complexity will increase its demand for computing resources. This is not desirable for platforms with limited computing resources. Without sacrificing excessive detection accuracy, how to make the model run efficiently on a platform with limited resources has become a big challenge. In order to solve this problem, we have introduced the idea of knowledge distillation in this work. We use the knowledge learned by complex models as prior knowledge, and pass the prior knowledge to the small-scale neural network model, so that the small-scale neural network model can acquire the similar functions of large-scale networks. Based on this, we proposed a framework for target detection based on knowledge distillation and conducted experiments on PASCAL VOC [1] and KITTI [2]. The experimental results show that the proposed framework can make the smaller student network show similar performance to the larger teacher network. This provides a possibility for the deep learning system to run efficiently on a resource-limited platform.
Urophyseal control of plasma ionic concentration in Oreochromis mossambicus (Pisces) exposed to osmotic stress

Freshwater-and seawater-adapted Oreochromis mossambicus were submitted to 5 different treatments (urophysectomy, sham operation, urophyseal extract injection, saline injection and control) and transferred to brackish water. In freshwater – adapted fish transfarred to brackish water, urophysectomy increases plasma Na + , K + , Ca + and osmotic concentrations. In seawater-adapted fish transferred to brackish water, plasma Na + and K + concentration were lower in control than other treatment group. The utophysis seems to act only in the “fine tuning” of osmoregulatory processes. Adaptations to changes in the salinity of the medium probably are regulated mainly by prolactin and cortisol.
Peaks in frequency, but not relative abundance, occur in the center of tree species distributions on climate gradients

The abundant-center hypothesis posits species are most abundant in the center of their climatic range and forms a key assumption in many species distribution models. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously evaluated in plant communities, in part because abundance as a fraction of dominance is rarely incorporated. Here, we ask whether tree species frequency and abundance peak in the center of their distributions on continental-scale climate gradients across the Rocky Mountains and Interior West, USA. We used forest inventory data to model frequency (percentage of plots in a given climate a species occurred in) and relative abundance (percentage of basal area in plots) as a flexible function of climate for the 20 most common tree species on temperature and precipitation gradients. Frequency patterns were predominately “bell-shaped” and centered for species in the middle of both gradients and monotonic toward the extremes. Relative abundance patterns were primarily monotonic, especially with precipitation. In the middle of the temperature gradient, however, it is notable that six dominant and widespread species had peaks in both frequency and abundance that were centered and symmetric. Only one species had this pattern with precipitation. When frequency is considered, evidence for the abundant-center hypothesis is robust, especially in the middle portion of each gradient, and indicates patch occupancy probability generally declines away from a species' climatic optimum. For relative abundance, the hypothesis is largely refuted, particularly on the precipitation gradient. Together, these results suggest that climate's influence on patch colonization and occupancy dynamics is a fundamental filter on distribution patterns in Rocky Mountain forests, but that climate gradients are only weakly related to relative abundance and hence provide limited insight into the ecological processes that determine local dominance once a species is present
English teachers’ motivation for a professional development program: Perspectives of self-determination theory

The externally driven motivation for a teacher professional development (PD) program is considered less favorable in achieving the desired outcomes than the internally-driven one. When the PD involves a large number of participants, not achieving the outcome leads to a significant waste of time, money, and energy. Unfortunately, this is a common condition in the Indonesian context where teachers go to a PD program due to external motivation. This study examines school English teachers’ motivation to attend a PD program in the Yogyakarta province of Indonesia recruited in their district teacher forum (MGMP) meetings. It seeks to answer whether or not externally driven motivation or controlled motivation might become more autonomous. Following the framework of the Self-determination Theory, teachers’ motivation was measured using the Teacher Motivation for a Professional Development Scale (TMPDS). Findings suggest that although participants still perceived externally driven attendance by reporting high scores on both introjected regulation (M = 5.73; SD = 2.28) and external regulation (M = 6.51; SD = 1.54), they also reported high on their intrinsic motivation (M = 7.58; SD = 1.08 ) and the identified regulation (M = 7.91; SD = 1.04). Findings indicate that initial extrinsic motivation or controlled could become more intrinsic or autonomous depending on the levels of internalization among the individuals. Findings imply when motivation is external, PD programs should make sure that autonomy supports are available to facilitate internalization.
Occurrence of non-native red cherry shrimp in European temperate waterbodies: a case study from Hungary

The international pet trade has caused numerous introductions of non-native species globally. This is also true for freshwater decapod crustaceans including the red cherry shrimp. This tiny creature has been previously found in thermally polluted waters in Europe (Germany and Poland). Here, we present its first occurrence in Hungary and in the entire Carpathian Basin. The species was sampled once per month over 1 yr, from November 2017 to November 2018 in a natural thermal pond (spa) and also in an adjoining non-thermal brook in Miskolctapolca, Hungary. Shrimps were preyed upon by adult fishes in the locality but many individuals, including ovigerous females and juveniles, were recorded within the survey continuously. The density of shrimps was positively correlated with the water temperature, despite some individuals being found in the non-thermal stream and also in winter. We consider that the population of this species in Hungary is now well-established and self-sustaining.
Aging as a Context for the Role of Inflammation in Depressive Symptoms

Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis and maintenance of depressive symptoms. The role of inflammation in depressive symptomatology may be complex, varying within endophenotypes and across the lifespan. Aging is associated with myriad changes in the structure and function of the brain. Yet, little attention has been given to the role of inflammation in depressive symptoms within a lifespan developmental framework. In this study, we examined whether the association between inflammation and depressive symptom domains varied by age. Participants were a community sample of individuals (N = 2,077, Range = 30–84) who participated in the Biomarker projects of the MIDUS2, MIDUS Refresher, or the MIDJA study. Inflammation was indexed by two inflammatory markers consistently implicated in depressed individuals, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), measured in blood. Depressive symptom domains, including depressed affect, anhedonia, somatic complaints, and interpersonal problems, were reported via the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale (CES-D). Inflammatory markers were associated with more somatic complaints, more interpersonal problems, and less anhedonia. Age moderated the relationship between inflammatory markers and two depressive symptom subscales. Specifically, the positive association between inflammation and somatic complaints and the negative association between inflammation and anhedonia increased with age. These observations offer preliminary evidence from a large community sample that aging may be an important context for the role of inflammatory signaling in different aspects of psychological and behavioral well-being.
TEKNOLOGI KULTUR INVITRO ANGGREK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KERAGAMAN TANAMAN DI AGROWISATA SERANG

Serang merupakan Desa di Kecamatan Karangreja Kabupaten Purbalingga dengan ketinggian tempat berkisar 1.300 m.dpl, curah hujan rata-rata 6.240 mm/tahun temperatur udara berkisar 16 – 20 oC. Desa Serang memiliki lahan pertanian dan perkebunan yang luas dengan seluruh wilayahnya terdapat tanaman sayuran dan tanaman buah. Komoditas utama holtikultra di Desa Serang berupa jagung dengan luas lahan 16,75 ha, padi ladang 16 ha, ubi kayu 20 ha, ubi jalar 8 ha, cabe 3 ha, tomat 4 ha, kentang 12,6 ha, kubis 22 ha, mentimun 1 ha, buncis 5 ha, wortel 30 ha, dan stroberi dengan luas lahan 64 ha. Stroberi merupakan komoditas utama di Desa Serang, dan dijadikan Agrowisata dengan komoditas andalan stroberi. Petani Desa Serang pertama kali menanam stroberi pada tahun 2003. Bibit yang pertama kali ditanam berasal dari pertanaman stroberi PT. Zeta Agro. Bibit stroberi yang ditanam berasal dari California dan Amerika Serikat dengan varietas Oso Grande. Bibit awal yang diperoleh dijadikan sebagai tanaman parental yang kemudian digunakan sebagai bahan perbanyakan. Sistem pertanaman pada bibit indukan banyak ditumbuhi gulma dan terserang penyakit, sehingga apabila digunakan sebagai bibit stek maka bibit akan terkena penyakit yang dibawa oleh induknya, dan terjadi penurunan produksi stroberi. Dampak dari penurunan produksi ini adalah penurunan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan ke Agrowisata Serang. Berdasarkan kenyataan tersebut maka perlu upaya peningkatan kunjungan wisatawan, dengan cara meningkatkan variasi tanaman yang dibudidayakan petani yaitu dengan budidaya tanaman anggrek bulan (Phaenopsis sp) dengan teknologi kultur jaringan. Hasil kegiatan ini menunjukkan masayarakat yang diberi pelatihan mampu melaksanakan aklimatisasi, hal iini ditunjukkan dari hasil erawatan mereka dalam waktu 3 bulan tanaman remaja tumbuh bunga. Lokasi tempat kegiatan in sangat cocok untuk pertumbuhan anggrek bulan. Kata kunci : agrowisata, serang, kultur in vitro, Phalaenopsis sp.
Developmental plasticity in metabolism but not in energy reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly

ABSTRACT The evolution of seasonal polyphenisms (discrete phenotypes in different annual generations) associated with alternative developmental pathways of diapause (overwintering) and direct development is favoured in temperate insects. Seasonal life history polyphenisms are common and include faster growth and development under direct development than in diapause. However, the physiological underpinnings of this difference remain poorly known despite its significance for understanding the evolution of polyphenisms. We measured respiration and metabolic rates through the penultimate and final larval instars in the butterfly Pieris napi and show that directly developing larvae grew and developed faster and had a higher metabolic rate than larvae entering pupal diapause. The metabolic divergence appeared only in the final instar, that is, after induction of the developmental pathway that takes place in the penultimate instar in P. napi. The accumulation of fat reserves during the final larval instar was similar under diapause and direct development, which was unexpected as diapause is predicted to select for exaggerated reserve accumulation. This suggests that overwinter survival in diapause does not require larger energy reserves than direct development, likely because of metabolic suppression in diapause pupae. The results, nevertheless, demonstrate that physiological changes coincide with the divergence of life histories between the alternative developmental pathways, thus elucidating the proximate basis of seasonal life history polyphenisms. Summary: The switch between diapause and direct development results in developmental pre-diapause plasticity in life history and metabolism but not in reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly.
HIV-1 Accessory Protein Vpr Interacts with REAF/RPRD2 To Mitigate Its Antiviral Activity

For at least 30 years, it has been known that HIV-1 Vpr, a protein carried in the virion, is important for efficient infection of primary macrophages. Vpr is also a determinant of the pathogenic effects of HIV-1 in vivo. A number of cellular proteins that interact with Vpr have been identified. So far, it has not been possible to associate these proteins with altered viral replication in macrophages or to explain why Vpr is carried in the virus particle. Here, we show that Vpr mitigates the antiviral effects of REAF, a protein highly expressed in primary macrophages and one that inhibits virus replication during reverse transcription. REAF is degraded by Vpr within 30 min of virus entry in a manner dependent on the nuclear localization of Vpr and its interaction with the cell’s protein degradation machinery. ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vpr enhances viral replication in both macrophages and, to a lesser extent, cycling T cells. Virion-packaged Vpr is released in target cells shortly after entry, suggesting it is required in the early phase of infection. Previously, we described REAF (RNA-associated early-stage antiviral factor; RPRD2), a constitutively expressed protein that potently restricts HIV replication at or during reverse transcription. Here, we show that a virus without an intact vpr gene is more highly restricted by REAF and, using delivery by virus-like particles (VLPs), that Vpr alone is sufficient for REAF degradation in primary macrophages. REAF is more highly expressed in macrophages than in cycling T cells, and we detected, by coimmunoprecipitation assay, an interaction between Vpr protein and endogenous REAF. Vpr acts quickly during the early phase of replication and induces the degradation of REAF within 30 min of viral entry. Using Vpr F34I and Q65R viral mutants, we show that nuclear localization and interaction with cullin 4A-DBB1 (DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase are required for REAF degradation by Vpr. In response to infection, cells upregulate REAF levels. This response is curtailed in the presence of Vpr. These findings support the hypothesis that Vpr induces the degradation of a factor, REAF, that impedes HIV infection in macrophages. IMPORTANCE For at least 30 years, it has been known that HIV-1 Vpr, a protein carried in the virion, is important for efficient infection of primary macrophages. Vpr is also a determinant of the pathogenic effects of HIV-1 in vivo. A number of cellular proteins that interact with Vpr have been identified. So far, it has not been possible to associate these proteins with altered viral replication in macrophages or to explain why Vpr is carried in the virus particle. Here, we show that Vpr mitigates the antiviral effects of REAF, a protein highly expressed in primary macrophages and one that inhibits virus replication during reverse transcription. REAF is degraded by Vpr within 30 min of virus entry in a manner dependent on the nuclear localization of Vpr and its interaction with the cell’s protein degradation machinery.