Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parallel Evolution of KCNQ 4 in Echolocating Bats

High-frequency hearing is required for echolocating bats to locate, range and identify objects, yet little is known about its molecular basis. The discovery of a high-frequency hearing-related gene, KCNQ4, provides an opportunity to address this question. Here, we obtain the coding regions of KCNQ4 from 15 species of bats, including echolocating bats that have higher frequency hearing and non-echolocating bats that have the same ability as most other species of mammals. The strongly supported protein-tree resolves a monophyletic group containing all bats with higher frequency hearing and this arrangement conflicts with the phylogeny of bats in which these species are paraphyletic. We identify five parallel evolved sites in echolocating bats belonging to both suborders. The evolutionary trajectories of the parallel sites suggest the independent gain of higher frequency hearing ability in echolocating bats. This study highlights the usefulness of convergent or parallel evolutionary studies for finding phenotype-related genes and contributing to the resolution of evolutionary problems. Citation: Liu Z, Li S, Wang W, Xu D, Murphy RW, et al. (2011) Parallel Evolution of KCNQ4 in Echolocating Bats. PLoS ONE 6(10): e26618. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone. 0026618 Editor: David Liberles, University of Wyoming, United States of America Received July 4, 2011; Accepted September 29, 2011; Published October 24, 2011 Copyright: 2011 Liu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by a start-up fund of ‘‘Hundreds-Talent Program’’ from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and by grants from the Key Project from National Natural Science Foundation of China (30930015) to P.S. and by a Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences to R.W. M. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: ship@mail.kiz. ac.cn . These authors contributed equally to this work.
DETECTION OF TATTER LEAF VIRUS OF CITRUS IN FLORIDA

1. Cooper, W. C, A. Peynado, J. R. Furr, R. H. Hilgeman, G. A. Cahoon, and S. B. Boswell, 1963 Tree growth and fruit quality of Valencia oranges in relation to climate. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 82: 180-192. 2. Daubenmire, R. F. and M. E. Deters. 1947. Com parative studies of growth in deciduous and evergreen trees. Bot. Gaz. 109: 1-12. 3. Fritts, H. C. and E. C. Fritts. 1955. A new dendrograph for recording radial changes in a tree. Forest Sci. 1: 271-276. 4. Hilgeman, R. H. 1963. Trunk growth of the Va lencia orange in relation to soil moisture and climate. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 82: 193-198. 5. Kramer, P. J. and T. T. Kozlowski. 1960. Physiology of Trees. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. 6. MacDougal, D. T. 1938. Tree Growth. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass. 7. Schneider, H. 1952. The phloem of the sweet orange tree trunk and the seasonal production of xylem and phloem. Hilgardia 21: 331-353. 8. Schroeder, C. A. and P. A. Wieland. 1956. Diurnal fluctuation in size of various parts of the avocado tree and fruit. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 68: 253-258. 9. Young, Roger. 1961. Influence of day length, light intensity and temperature on growth, dormancy, and cold hardiness of Red Blush grapefruit trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 78: 174-180.
Dynamic Aperture Studies for LHC Optics Version 6 . 2 at Collision

This note summarizes the results of dynamic aperture studies for the LHC optics V6.2 at collision energy. The effects of the triplet errors and beam–beam interactions on the dynamic apertures are extensively studied. The dependence of the dynamic apertures on the particle numbers per bunch are calculated. The chaotic bounds are determined for these tracking runs for 10 and 10 turns tracking respectively.
Performance Assessment Modernization at WIPP-15077

To aid in WIPP PA calculations, the US DOE has undertaken a broad modernization effort that includes: 1) updating the hardware and operating system used; 2) moving the current PA (performance assessment) codes to the new system; and 3) adding a database to store results essential for the analysis of assessments; 4) integrating run-control scripts with a web site to facilitate monitoring of performance assessment calculations; and 5) adding new capabilities via implementation of the PFLOTRAN code to replace multiple codes currently in use. The majority of codes were migrated from an Open VMS/Alpha processor system to a Unix/Intel processor system. Most codes were upgraded to use the dynamic allocation features of Fortran 95 and double precision variables. A few codes were migrated from Linux/Intel systems to the Unix/Intel systems and these code required nearly no changes to the source code. All of the migrated codes were requalified under Sandia’s WIPP QA program. The implementation of some of the conceptual models using PFLOTRAN is being driven by the expectation that changes in the configuration of the repository will require a 3-dimensional representation of the mined areas. Symmetry in the current configuration of the repository made a 2-D representation adequate. PFLOTRAN is an open-source, state-of-the-art massively parallel subsurface flow and reactive transport code. A version of this code is being developed specifically for WIPP PA in order to maintain the capabilities of the current flow and transport codes, as well as add the capabilities of a parallel code that will treat additional processes, including: 1) miscible multi-phase flow; and 2) heat transfer. PFLOTRAN will replace the two codes (i.e. BRAGFLO and NUTS) currently used for flow and transport calculations, simplifying the PA code structure and speeding up calculations by simultaneously solving for flow and transport with a single code. To ensure that PFLOTRAN reproduces the results of the current code suite, existing test cases have been used for verification purposes. Additional test cases have been developed to establish the new capabilities for WIPP PA. The result of the modernization effort will be a state-of-theart subsurface flow and transport capability that will serve WIPP PA into the future.
1 Profiles of Dialogue for Relevance

In order to model relevance, we use argument diagrams (graphs), argumentation schemes, profiles of dialogue, and some tools from artificial intelligence. We show how this method helps an analyst judge relevance or irrelevance of an argument in four real examples, including a criminal trial and a parliamentary debate. We contend that this method offers important lessons for a general theory of relevance for informal logic. Some problems with notions of relevance used in linguistics are pointed out. To help build a better theory of relevance, a list of ten leading characteristics of argumentative relevance
Correlation And Path Analysis Of Grain Yield Components In Some Maize ( Zea Mays L . ) Genotypes Mohammedein

Present study was aimed to investigate the genotypic association among grain yield components and their direct and indirect effects on yield. Correlation studies revealed significant positive d phenotypic relationship of grain yield with plant and ear height, ear length and diameter and hundred kernel weight. Therefore ear length and diameter and hundred kernel weight had high positive direct effects on grain yield. Flowering day such as days tasseling had high negative direct effect on yield. These result depicted that ear length and diameter may be used as reliable criteria for improving grain yield. Heritability estimates described the genetic attributes of the traits under study. All the traits except ear height and grain yield had non additive type of gene action with high heritability. The exploitation of these traits would be effective in hybrid maize breeding. Ear height and grain yield showed both additive and non additive type of gene action with environmental influence due to high environmental variance. These traits can be utilized effectively through selection in varietal development.
Performance test of steel damper and its application in seismic mitigation of bridges

The applications of E-shaped and X-shaped steel dampers in seismic mitigation of bridges are introduced in this paper. Seismic performance tests were firstly conducted to investigate the energy-dissipation behaviours of these dampers. Then the proper constitutive model of steel dampers is developed and discussed based on the test results. Furthermore, two practice applications of these dampers in seismic mitigation of small to medium-span or long-span bridges are introduced. It is concluded that (1) both the E-shaped and X-shaped steel dampers exhibit powerful energy-dissipation capacities through cyclic plastic deformations; (2) the steel dampers with proper design parameters are proved to be quite efficient in seismic control of bridges, especially for those where restrained connections between superstructures and substructures are required for servicelevel loadings, while flexible and high damping connections are desired during earthquake event; (3) The economic steel dampers provide a concise and stable solution for seismic retrofit of bridges.
Advancing Global Capacity for Engineering Education

Engineering education is developing into a domain meriting scientific study. Recognizing this development, the editors of the Journal of Engineering Education and the European Journal of Engineering Education, Jack Lohmann and Jean Michel, respectively, launched a worldwide initiative in 2007 called, “Advancing the Global Capacity for Engineering Education Research. ” Over an 18-month period, workshops were held at 10 international engineering education conferences involving hundreds of persons. The authors of this paper provided leadership in the conduct of the workshops. They have sorted through the wealth of information collected and prepared this thoughtful paper, which was peer reviewed by both journals. Because of the significance of this contribution to the global development of this field, we are pleased to jointly publish this paper to reach both our journals’ audiences.
Modeling the auditory signal processing in reverberant environments

Cocktail-party processors have often been applied to separate superposed signals emitted from different sound sources. Although such techniques show promising results in simple scenarios, they usually fail in realistic – especially reverberant – environments. However, the human listener is able to perform this signal separation task, by applying a sophisticated monaural and binaural signal processing. Hence, it is very important to understand and to model these auditory processes, in order to employ them in modern cocktail-party processors. In this regard, the phenomenon of room reflection masking is analyzed and a model (termed Room Reflection Masked Model) describing the main underlying auditory processes is proposed.
Quantum-Classical Correspondence through Entanglement Dynamics

In the study of quantum chaos relating to entanglement dynamics, it is found that local dynamical features in the classical phase space, such as the tori in regular island and the chaotic sea, can have subtle influence on the entanglement production rate, the maximum entanglement entropy etc. In this paper, we revisit the two-coupled quartic oscillator system, whose entanglement dynamics was shown by Chung and Chew (2009, Phys. Rev. E, 80 016204) to be insensitive to these local dynamical features. By means of a comprehensive set of initial coherent states, and by considering both the quantum and semi-classical regime, we provide additional numerical evidence and physical insights that support the conclusion that the entanglement dynamics of this system is dependent on the global classical dynamical regime while insensitive to the local classical behavior.
CHILD POVERTY AND FAMILY ASSISTANCE IN SOUTHERN EUROPE

The drive to reduce child poverty is of particular interest in southern Europe, where the subsidiary role of the State in matters of family policy has implied that programmes of public assistance to low-income families with children are often meagre or not available at all. The paper examines the effect on child poverty of income transfers to families in Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, using the European microsimulation model EUROMOD. The distributional impact of existing family transfer programmes is shown to be weak, hence the scope for reform great. By way of illustration, universal child benefit programmes similar to those in Britain, Denmark and Sweden are simulated. The impact of such schemes on child poverty is shown to be considerable, but their fiscal cost correspondingly substantial. The paper concludes with a discussion of key findings and policy implications.
Small-Signal Model of a 5 kW High-Output Voltage Capacitive-Loaded Series-Parallel Resonant DC-DC Converter

This paper presents an accurate method, based on first harmonic analysis, to derive the small-signal model of the series-parallel resonant DC-DC converter with capacitive output filter for high-voltage applications. The model provides a fast and reliable way to obtain the desired transfer functions of the system for each operating point. For this reason, the small-signal model simplifies the controller design task for resonant converters by removing the need of complex mathematical analysis and saves the time required for measurements when using trial and error design method. The small-signal model has been verified through simulation and experimental measurements.
REAL-TIME WAVE DIGITAL SIMULATION OF CASCADED VACUUM TUBE AMPLIFIERS USING MODIFIED BLOCKWISE METHOD

Vacuum tube amplifiers, known for their acclaimed distortion characteristics, are still widely used in hi-fi audio devices. However, bulky, fragile and power-consuming vacuum tube devices have also motivated much research on digital emulation of vacuum tube amplifier behaviors. Recent studies on Wave Digital Filters (WDF) have made possible the modeling of multi-stage vacuum tube amplifiers within single WDF SPQR trees. Our research combines the latest progress on WDF with the modified blockwise method to reduce the overall computational complexity of modeling cascaded vacuum tube amplifiers by decomposing the whole circuit into several small stages containing only two adjacent triodes. Certain performance optimization methods are discussed and applied in the eventual real-time implementation.
A TURBINE RESEARCH FACILITY TO STUDY TIP DESENSITIZATION INCLUDING COOLING FLOWS

This paper deals with the description of the Axial Flow Turbine Research Facility (AFTRF) installed at the Turbomachinery Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State University. The AFTRF is a single-stage cold flow turbine specifically designed for studying unsteady/turbulent viscous flow details of three-dimensional passage flows. The facility diameter is 91.66 cm (3 feet) and the hub-to-tip ratio of the blading is 0.73. 23 nozzle vanes and 29 rotor blades followed by outlet guide vanes. The blading design embodies modem HP turbine design philosophy, loading and flow coefficient, reaction, aspect ratio, and blade turning angles, all within current aircraft engine design turbine practice. State-of-the-art quasi-3D blade design techniques were used to design the vane and the blade shapes. The vanes and blades are heavily instrumented with fast response pressure, shear stress, and velocity probes and have provision for flow visualization and laser Doppler anemometer measurement. Furthermore, provision has been made. for detailed nozzle wake, rotor wake and boundary layer surveys. A 150 channel slip ring unit is used for transmitting the rotor data to a stationary instrumentation system. The recent modifications to the cold flow turbine AFTRF include an intra-stage coolant injection system, a stationary-to-rotating air transfer system and a blade tip cooling system. The implementation of a stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system in the rotor frame of reference is under progress. The most recent studies include the installation of tip desensitization geometries such as “tip platform extensions”, “squealer rim arrangements” and “tip cooling schemes” for tip leakage reduction. This document is an updated version of the original AFTRF design papers presented in [1],[2].
A L 2 0 1 2 ) 0 8 0 Distribution of High Mass X-ray Binaries in the Milky

Observations of the high energy sky, mainly with the INTEGRAL satellite, have raised new questions about the formation and evolution of High Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs). The number of detected HMXBs of different types is now high enough to allow us to carry out a statistical analysis of their distribution in the Milky Way. For the first time, we derive the distance and absorption of a sample of HMXBs using a Spectral Energy Distribution fitting procedure, and we examine the correlation with the distribution of Star Forming Complexes (SFCs) in the Galaxy. We show that HMXBs are clustered with SFCs with a typical cluster size of 0.3 ± 0.05 kpc and a characteristic distance between clusters of 1.7 ± 0.3 kpc. Furthermore, we present an investigation of the expected offset between the position of spiral arms and HMXBs, allowing us to constrain age and migration distance due to supernova kick for some sources. These new methods will allow us to assess the influence of the environment on these high energy objects with unprecedented reliability.
THE ( a , b )-ZAGREB INDEX OF NANOSTAR DENDRIMERS

Let be a simple graph, where and are the vertex and edge sets of , and represent the number of vertices and edges of respectively. The degree of a vertex is defined as the number of adjacent vertices of in and is denoted as . A topological index is a real number related to a chemical constitution for correlation of a chemical structure with various physicochemical properties. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) and quantitative structure-properties relationships (QSPR) are mathematical correlation between a specified biological activity and one or more physicochemical properties, known as descriptors as they describe the activity or property under examination. Different topological indices are correlate with biological and physicochemical properties of chemical compounds. Therefore, they are useful descriptors in QSAR and QSPR that are used for predictive purposes, such as prediction of the toxicity of a chemical or the potency of a drug for future release in the market. In chemical graph theory, there are various topological indices were introduced by different researchers, among which the Zagreb indices are oldest and extremely studied vertex degree-based topological indices and were introduced by Gutman and Trinajesti in 1972 [1], to study the total -electron energy ( ) of carbon atoms. The present authors studied these indices for new operations related to different subdivision related
Applying Divergence Principles to French to English Machine Translation

This article presents an implemented prototype of a French-to-English translation system which goal is to ensure a syntactic quality of translation.The method employed relies on a French parser, named SYGFRAN, which in turn is based on an engine that uses Markov’s algorithms applied to tree transducers. SYGFRAN produces a syntactic tree structure as output, with non terminal nodes tagged with partof-speech constituents and dependencies. In this presentation, we show that divergence is the basis upon which we try to model the transformation path between an analyzed French sentence and its corresponding generated English sentence. We present a set of examples of divergence rules with different scopes, and a first evaluation of the prototype on two corpora: A random corpus, and a chosen corpus of ’syntactically difficult’ French sentences.
Putting trade and births together : Estimating the effects of globalization on fertility

The paper presents an analysis of the relationship between globalisation and fertility. Globalisation is measured in terms of exposure to international trade, which is held up against individuals’ decision making in terms of childbearing. The underlying hypothesis is that higher levels of international competition affects fertility behaviour in a negative way. The hypothesis is tested by using the British Household Panel Survey whereas exposure to international trade is accounted in terms of Import Competition Shocks from China. Using an Instrumental Variable approach, we show that those women who work in an industry that faced a higher level of competition from China have a lower probability of having a child. The results are supplemented by several robustness checks that confirm the main analysis. ∗Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University †E-mail: [name]. [surname]@unibocconi.it ‡E-mail: marco.palladino@studbocconi.it
Impacts of Including Rain-Evaporative Cooling in the Initial Conditions on the Prediction of a Coastal Heavy Rainfall Event during TiMREX

A cycling run, which began 36 h before the model forecast, was employed to assimilate special Terraininfluenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX) soundings, Global Telecommunications System (GTS) data, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) refractivity profiles to improve the model initial conditions provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) to study a coastal, heavy rainfall event over southwestern Taiwan during 15–16 June 2008. The 36-h cycling run with data assimilation (DA_ALL_DATA run) has a positive impact on the depiction of subsynoptic flow in the model initial conditions at 1200 UTC 15 June, including the warm moist tongue and southwesterly monsoon flow over the open ocean. Furthermore, the cold pool caused by the evaporative cooling of antecedent rains and orographic blocking over southwestern Taiwan are better resolved in the nested high-resolution domain in the DA_ALL_DATA run as compared to the initial conditions provided by the NCEP GFS. As a result, the heavy rainfall along the southwestern coast and afternoon localized heavy rainfall over northern Taiwan are better predicted in the DA_ALL_DATA run. Model sensitivity tests are also performed to diagnose the effects of terrain and rain-evaporative cooling on the intensity and depth of the cold pool and degree of orographic blocking on the southwesterly flow over southwestern Taiwan. It is apparent that including rain-evaporative cooling from antecedent rains and orographic effects in themodel initial conditions are important to account for the predicted rainfall distribution of this coastal rainfall event. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Contribution Number 9744. a Current affiliation: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan. Corresponding author address: Dr. Yi-Leng Chen, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, SOEST, University of Hawai‘i at M anoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. E-mail: yileng@hawaii.edu Denotes Open Access content. JANUARY 2017 TU ET AL . 253 DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0224.1 2017 American Meteorological Society