Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endocytosis of Activated Muscarinic m2 Receptor (m2R) in Live Mouse Hippocampal Neurons Occurs via a Clathrin-Dependent Pathway

Our aim was to examine the dynamics of the muscarinic m2 receptor (m2R), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), after agonist activation in living hippocampal neurons, and especially clathrin dependency endocytosis. We have previously shown that the m2R undergoes agonist-induced internalization in vivo. However, the nature of the endocytotic pathway used by m2R after activation is still unknown in living neurons. Using live cell imaging and quantitative analyses, we have monitored the effect of stimulation on the fate of the membrane-bound m2R and on its redistribution in intraneuronal compartments. Shortly (6 min) after activation, m2R is internalized into clathrin immunopositive structures. Furthermore, after clathrin-dependent endocytosis, m2R associates with early and late endosomes and with subcellular organelles involved in degradation. Together, these results provide, for the first time, a description of m2R trafficking in living neurons and prove that m2R undergoes clathrin-dependent endocytosis before being degraded.
Detecting Machine-translated Subtitles in Large Parallel Corpora

Parallel corpora extracted from online repositories of movie and TV subtitles are employed in a wide range of NLP applications, from language modelling to machine translation and dialogue systems. However, the subtitles uploaded in such repositories exhibit varying levels of quality. A particularly difficult problem stems from the fact that a substantial number of these subtitles are not written by human subtitlers but are simply generated through the use of online translation engines. This paper investigates whether these machine-generated subtitles can be detected automatically using a combination of linguistic and extra-linguistic features. We show that a feedforward neural network trained on a small dataset of subtitles can detect machine-generated subtitles with a F1-score of 0.64. Furthermore, applying this detection model on an unlabelled sample of subtitles allows us to provide a statistical estimate for the proportion of subtitles that are machine-translated (or are at least of very low quality) in the full corpus.
The Optimistic Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Studentswith Learning Disabilities

This article reviews three studies that provide evidence that students with learning disabilities (LD) display optimistic academic self-beliefs, even in the face of relatively poor academic performance. In the fi rst study, a quantitative approach was used to explore the spelling and writing self-effi cacy of 133 adolescents with and without LD. Students with LD over-estimated their performance in spelling and writing. In the second study, a series of interviews with 28 adolescents with LD and 7 specialist LD teachers revealed that the students viewed themselves as low in academic optimism, whereas the teachers viewed the students as overly optimistic about academic tasks. A third study explored the academic motivation and procrastination of 208 undergraduates with and without LD, and found students with LD had moderate levels of optimism about academic tasks, but lower levels of optimism about self-regulatory capabilities. The paper concludes with a presentation of common and emergent themes from the three studies, and offers recommendations for practitioners and avenues for future research.
Neural Surface Realization for Italian

We present an architecture based on neural networks to generate natural language from unordered dependency trees. The task is split into the two subproblems of word order prediction and morphology inflection. We test our model gold corpus (the Italian portion of the Universal Dependency treebanks) and an automatically parsed corpus from the Web. (Italian) Questo lavoro introduce un’architettura basata su reti neurali per generare frasi in linguaggio naturale a partire da alberi a dipendenze. Il processo è diviso nei due sottoproblemi dell’ordinamento di parole e dell’inflessione morfologica, per i quali la nostra architettura prevede due modelli indipendenti, il cui risultato è combinato nella fase finale. Abbiamo testato il modello usando un gold corpus e un silver corpus ottenuto dal Web.
Contributions of coniferous and broad-leaved species to temperate forest carbon uptake: a bottom-up approach

Changes in forest species composition could influence ecosystem carbon uptake rates. To understand how species differed in their contributions to canopy photosynthesis, we investigated how the dominant coniferous (eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. ) and broad-leaved (northern red oak, Quercus rubra L.; red maple, Acer rubrum L.) species in a central Massachusetts forest differed in canopy carbon uptake rates. We considered what factors influenced in situ leaf-level photosynthesis and then used a bottom-up summation approach to estimate species-specific total canopy carbon uptake rates. Variation in canopy light strongly influenced leaf-level photosynthetic rates: sunlit leaves had significantly higher rates than shaded leaves, and photosynthesis increased with canopy height. Species also differed in leaf-level photosynthetic rates, with the broad-leaved species having up to twofold higher rates than hemlock. Within hemlock, needles older than 2 years had lower photosynthesis than younger needles.
Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts of some medicinal plants in Tunisia

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the best known plants biomarkers from the locality of Gafsa (Tunisia). Majority of investigated plants had high levels of phenolics and exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity. The plants showing the highest antioxidant activities were P. angustifolia , T. garganica , G. alypum and L. multifida . P. angustifolia demonstrated by far the most potent antioxidant activity, as well as total phenolic and total flavonoids content. In flavonoid structure of the aerial parts of the related species, different amounts of rutin, myricetin, morin, quercetin and kaempferol together with ergosterol, stigma sterol and b-sitosterol as phytosterols, vitamin D, vitamin K, a-tocopherol and retinol as vitamins, and arabinose, fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose as sugars were found. The mineral analysis was related to the existence of Ca, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mg with different amounts in all of the nine tested species.
THE STUDY OF DIVERSITY INDICES OF PLANTS SPECIES USING SHE METHOD (CASE STUDY: JAVAHERDEH RANGELANDS, RAMSAR, IRAN)

Recent attitude of vegetation assessors is using of new ecologic approaches to evaluate and analyse the complex rangeland ecosystems. Plant diversity is the most important indices to assess the ecological changes of rangelands. In order to survey of plant indices of rangelands, two exclosure areas (long-term and mid-term) and a grazing area in rangelands of Javaherdeh (Ramsar, Iran) were selected. Quadrate size and number were respectively obtained by minimal area and statistical formula methods. The diversity, richness, and evenness indices in each quadrate were calculated. For comparing of these indices, one way ANOVA and Duncan test method were used. Results showed that the higher values of diversity and richness indices were obtained in the long term exclosure and the lower values of evenness index were obtained in the grazed area. The SHE analysis clarifies that the highest species richness and diversity was obtained in lower plots number in the long-term exclosure areas and reversely it needs more plots for assessment of grazed area. Along with time elapsing, the long-term exclosure and grazing area had higher and lower evenness, respectively. The mid-term exclosure, however, needs also long time to reach the maximum species richness and diversity. Hence, in order to achieve the ecologic management of the rangeland ecosystems, knowing of bio-indicators and their components analysis (SHE) can draw future trend of the ecosystem and bring out data to program it.
Self-Supervised Dueling Networks for Deep Reinforcement Learning

Sparse rewards in the field of reinforcement learning limit the convergence speed of deep reinforcement learning algorithms. In this paper, we examine the possibilities of using self-supervised signals as auxiliary rewards. In order to better model the environment dynamics, we propose a 2 stream architecture: the controllable stream represents state features that our agent can interact with and modify while the uncontrollable stream represents the state features from the environment that our agent has no control of. To learn about the uncontrollable stream, we propose replay memory aggregation, a method to explicitly collect data about agent-independent environment simulations. Finally, our self-supervised signals include reward prediction, one-step lookahead best action prediction and next frame regularization. These simple and intuitive regularization terms that can be added to the loss function and are independent of the model chosen. We experiment with different settings and found that these self-supervised rewards can help improve the convergence speed and the final performance of the trained model.
Groundwater Exploration for Water Well Site Locations Using Geophysical Survey Methods

Groundwater exploration is the investigation of underground formations to understand the hydrologic cycle, know the groundwater quality, and identify the nature, number and type of aquifers. There are different groundwater exploration methods. Surface geophysical method is one of the groundwater investigation methods. One of the surface geophysical methods is therefore the vertical electrical sounding method. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is one to provide valuable information regarding the vertical successions of subsurface geo-materials in terms of their individual thicknesses and corresponding resistivity values. It is rapid and much effective in estimating aquifer thickness of an area and is cost effective technique for groundwater study. The objective of this study was therefore to locate two well site locations using surface geophysical methods for water supply purposes. However, hydrogeological and geological investigations were also incorporated in addition to the geophysical surveying activities for the betterment of the project. Finally, the intended well site locations with their corresponding thickness and resistivity values were identified using the integrated approaches.
Analysis and visualization of social user communities

In this paper, a novel framework for social user clustering is proposed. Given a current controversial political topic, the Louvain Modularity algorithm is used to detect communities of users sharing the same political preferences. The political alignment of a set of users is labeled manually by a human expert and then the quality of the community detection is evaluated against this gold standard. In the last section, we propose a novel force-directed graph algorithm to generate a visual representation of the detected communities.
Macroeconomic Convergence in the East African Community: A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis of the Exchange Rates

The EAC member countries have to-date implemented various reforms with the aim of achieving macroeconomic convergence before the on-coming EAST African Monetary Union, however, the extent of convergence to-date is an empirical question that is yet to be answered. Various researchers have used the Johansen approach to investigate cointegration but have not catered for the gradual changes that occur during the adjustment period. This study revisited the definition of convergence based on Johansen cointegration approaches to include zero mean, conditional deterministic, stochastic, conditional and unconditional stochastic convergence; and unlike other studies, applied a rolling multivariate cointegration/convergence approach to investigate the extent to which exchange rates in the East African Community (EAC) have converged following macroeconomic reforms. Rolling Johansen, rolling multivariate Engle and Granger, impulse response and Granger-causality approaches were applied. The results revealed that existence of cointegration does not necessarily mean complete convergence. Although the exchange rates in the EAC were cointegrated, there was limited convergence and uni-directional causality in most cases. The shocks arising from Kenya had major effects on the exchange rates for other countries in the region; those from Rwanda affected that for Burundi while shocks arising elsewhere had minimal effects. To ensure smooth transitions in the monetary union, reforms that can ensure convergence thus stable exchange rates are required. Keywords: Macro-economic convergence, Multivariate rolling cointegration tests, Exchange rates, Granger-causality, East African Community integration JEL Nos. C32, E52, E61, E63, F15
Partial Biological and Molecular Characterization of Tomato yellow fruit ring virus Isolates from Potato

Eight potato-producing provinces of Iran were surveyed during the growing seasons of 2004? 2006 to detect the presence of Tomato yellow fruit ring virus (TYFRV), a tentative species in the genus Tospovirus. A total of 1,957 potato leaf samples were collected from plants with tospovirus-like symptoms of chlorotic or necrotic spots, chlorosis and necrosis. The samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using TYFRVspecific antibodies. Among those tested, 498 samples (25.4%) were found to be infected with the virus. The virus was detected in 72.4% of the potato fields in all provinces surveyed. Thirteen potato isolates of TYFRV were selected for further biological and molecular studies. Based on their reactions on Nicotiana tabacum plants, the isolates were separated into two groups, namely L (local infection) and N (systemic infection). The nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) genes of the isolates were determined and compared with the homologous sequences in Genbank. No recombination evidence was found in the isolates using different recombination- detecting programs. In the phylogenetic tree, the potato isolates fell into two major groups: IRN- 1 and IRN-2 corresponding to the two biologically separated groups. This study shows for the first time the biological and phylogenetic relationships of geographically distant TYFRV isolates from potatoes in the mid- Eurasian country of Iran.
Exploring the secrets of the three-dimensional architecture of phototrophic biofilms in caves

INTRODUCTION Biofilms are collectives of one or more species of microorganisms. They provide protection for growth, enabling microorganisms to survive hostile environments (Prakash et al., 2003) and are significant in sediment stabilization and construction (Golubic & Schneider, 2003). Biofilms comprise sessile microorganisms in different stages of growth; hence, they respond quickly to variable conditions (Costerton et al., 1987). When microorganisms adhere to a surface, their immobilised cells grow, replicate and secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that engulf them in a gelatinous matrix (Brading et al., 1995). The development of complex, adhered or aggregated communities plays a key role in the survival and reproductive success of the microorganisms involved. Biofilms can provide refuge for species that face
Patient Experience Journal Patient Experience Journal

Patient experience surveys are increasingly used as a method for evaluating important aspects of quality of care and the results are used politically to support general decision-making. However, there have been limited attempts to summarize the newest and most essential knowledge on how to measure and interpret patient experience data. This paper aims to summarize knowledge on the association between delivered care and patient reported experience and the factors influencing this association, and to outline a conceptual model illustrating the association. The method employed is integrative literature review. Quantitative and qualitative studies as well as theoretical and discussion papers that specifically related to the concept of patient evaluations were included. Identified literature was scoped. Thematic analysis was conducted and the results were used to synthesize a model by integrating identified factors. Expectations, patient characteristics, survey timing, loyalty to health professionals, backing up own choices and questionnaire and item design where identified as factors influencing the association between delivered care and patient reported experience. The developed model suggests that there should be a clear differentiation between patient’s experience and patient reported experience. The model derived from the literature underlines that the association between received care and patient reported experience is complex. Patient reported experience data should be interpreted with caution, as reported positive experiences might neither reflect high quality care nor satisfied patients.
Generalized Diffraction Tomography In Inhomogeneous Background With Finite Data Aperture

Classic diffraction tomography is generalized to inhomogeneous background with finite data aperture (finite frequency band and finite spatial aperture of acquisition). Tomographic inversions derived in this paper can be summarized as a process of backpropagation plus filtering in the local angle domain. The backpropagation is a doubly focusing process, similar to the imaging principle in migration/imaging with modified imaging condition in the local angle domain. The filtering is a deconvolution in the local angle domain, which includes the correction factor for acquisition aperture and propagation effects in arbitrarily heterogeneous media. For the Born model in a homogeneous background with infinite acquisition aperture, the formulation reduces to the classic diffraction tomography.
Evaluation of Cooked and Mechanically Defatted Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Seed Meal as a Replacer for Soybean Meal in the Diet of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meal as dietary replacement of soybean meal in diets of Clarias gariepinus. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous, (40% crude protein), isolipidic (12% lipid) and isoenergetic (18 Mj/g). Cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meals were used to replace soybean meal at a rate of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% respectively. The performance of the fish fed sesame seed meal-based test diets was compared to fish fed a soybean meal-based control diets containing 40% crude protein. Each treatment had three replicates using 15 catfish fingerlings per tank with mean initial body weight of 6.37 ± 0.21g. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed control diets and fish fed diets containing 25% sesame. Similarly there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed fish fed diets containing 25% sesame and fish fed diets containing 50% sesame. However, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was recorded between fish fed control diets and fish fed other test diets using the above indices. Comparable performance in growth nutrient utilization and carcass crude protein deposition in Clarias gariepinus fed diets with SSM25 and SSM50 showed that these meals could be viable means of improving the cost of fish feeding.
Decentralization in Colombia: searching for social equity in a bumpy economic geography

La descentralizacion en Colombia fue concebida para mejorar el acceso de la poblacion a los servicios sociales, reducir la pobreza y proveer bienestar en todo el territorio. Sin embargo, despues de mas de 20 anos persiste una gran brecha social entre los municipios. Este trabajo examina los factores determinantes de la pobreza multidimensional a nivel municipal. En particular, se analiza el impacto de un proceso de descentralizacion basado en la delegacion de la prestacion de servicios sociales, junto con el aumento de transferencias subnacionales desde el Gobierno Central, sobre el logro de mininos sociales descritos por la tasa de pobreza y la brecha de pobreza multidimensional. Utilizamos un enfoque de variables instrumentales para tener en cuenta la endogeneidad que surge al evaluar el impacto de la descentralizacion fiscal sobre la privacion multidimensional; al mismo tiempo se tiene en cuenta la interdependencia espacial de la privacion entre los municipios mediante la implementacion de un modelo espacial autorregresivo con perturbacion espacial autorregresiva. Encontramos resultados estadisticamente significativos en todas las especificaciones probadas que confirman: primero, la existencia de spillovers espaciales de la privacion entre municipios que deben tenerse en cuenta al disenar intervenciones de politica publica. Segundo, efectos causales de la descentralizacion sobre la brecha y la tasa de pobreza multidimensional. Escenarios contrafactuales de politicas de descentralizacion espacialmente diferenciadas muestran ser mas eficaces que aquellas que ignoran el rol de los factores geograficos.
A flexible approach to the syntax-phonology mapping of intonational phrases

This paper addresses ‘a central question for [. ] any theory of the syntactic- prosodic constituency relation’ (Selkirk, 2011, 17): how to best characterize the notion of ‘clause’ in ALIGN/MATCH constraints related to the syntax-prosody mapping of the intona- tional phrase. We propose that the notion of ‘clause’ should be determined in each construc- tion by making reference to the highest projection in the root clause (see Downing, 1970), to which the verbal material (i.e. the verb itself, the inflection, an auxiliary, a question particle) is overtly moved or inserted, together with the material in its specifier. In other words, we argue that no particular functional head plays a role in the theory of intonational phrasing. In support of this flexibility in syntax-prosody mapping, we discuss data from the Bantu language, Basaa, and the Finno-Ugric language, Hungarian. We show that a left-peripheral constituent may be prosodically outside the core intonational phrase even though its syn- tactic position is relatively low, so long as the verb is even lower, and that conversely, a constituent may be phrased inside the core intonational phrase even if it is in a syntactically high position, so long as the verb also moves high.