Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A JÖKULHLAUP FROM THE SUBGLACIAL LAKE BENEATH THE WESTERN SKAFTÁ CAULDRON IN THE VATNAJÖKULL ICE CAP, ICELAND

Results from investigations of a jökulhlaup from the subglacial lake beneath the Western Skaftá cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap are reported. Following thermal drilling into the lake in June 2006, the lake temperature was measured and the elevation of the ice shelf covering the lake recorded with a permanent GPS station. A number of parameters were monitored in the Skaftá river where jökulhlaups from the cauldron regularly emerge. Subsidence of the ice shelf was recorded by the GPS instruments during a jökulhlaup from the Western cauldron in September 2006. We estimate that 64 Gl of water emptied from the cauldron during this jökulhlaup, which reached a maximum discharge of 150 m/s. The maximum discharge at the glacier snout was 135 m/s and the speed of the flood front under the ice cap was found to be in the range 0.2−0.4 m/s. INTRODUCTION Skaftárkatlar are two circular depressions, 1−2 km in diameter and up to 150 m in depth, located in the northwestern part of Vatnajökull. They are formed by steady subglacial melting due to the presence of powerful geothermal areas beneath each cauldron (Björnsson, 2002). The melting sustains 100 m deep subglacial lakes beneath 300 m thick ice cover (Jóhannesson et al., 2007). Jökulhlaups regularly flow into the river Skaftá when the meltwater escapes from the cauldrons. The period between jökulhlaups from each cauldron is 2−3 years and about 40 events are known during the last half century (Zóphóníasson, 2002). The total volume discharged in a single jökulhlaup averages 0.1 km from the western cauldron and 0.25 km from the eastern cauldron.
Equilibrium Dynamics with Semi-Durable Goods *

This paper stlldies the dynamics that arise \Vhell time-consistent firms produce semi-durable goods and compete \vith an active secondary market. The paper constructs a tractable model that incorporates key elements in generating supply-side dynarnics. Thc tractability of thc moJel is achicvcd by specifying a linear-quadratic structure l \vhich allows fOI a dosed-form sollltion to the 1,·farkov-perfect equilibrium and a complete characterization of its dYllamics. The theory predicts a number of empirically-testable implications for the behavior of lnices and sales and their stochastic properties. Several implications are in line with availablc empirical evidence.
Influence of the composition of hydroxypropyl cellulose/maleic acid-alt-styrene copolymer blends on their properties as matrix for drug release

Poly(carboxylic acid)-polysaccharide compositions have been found suitable for obtaining drug formulations with controlled release, most formulations being therapeutically efficacious, stable, and non-irritant. The influence of the characteristics of the aqueous solutions from which the polymer matrix is prepared (i.e. the total concentration of polymer in solutions and the mixing ratio between the partners, hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC and maleic acid-alternating-styrene copolymer, MAc-alt-S) on the kinetics of some drugs release in acidic environment (pH = 2) has been followed by 'in vitro' dissolution tests. It has been established that the kinetics of procaine hydrochloride release from HPC/MAc-alt-S matrix depends on its composition; the diffusion exponent, n is close to 0.5 for matrices where one of the components is in large excess and n~0.02 for middle composition range. The lower value of diffusion exponent for middle composition range could be caused by the so called 'burst effect', therefore the kinetic evaluation is difficult.
The switch model selection criterion for single-parameter exponential families

In this thesis, three properties of model selection criteria are considered: consistency, minimax-rate optimality and insensitivity to the stopping rule. A result of Yang, demonstrated for linear regression, is proven to hold in model selection with single-parameter exponential families as well: consistency and minimax-rate optimality are mutually exclusive. Susceptibility to optional stopping is shown to be asymmetric in nature. While AIC and null hypothesis significance testing are well-known to be sensitive to the stopping rule if the null model is correct, we show that the probability of incorrectly selecting the null model will remain bounded away from one. The main result concerns the switch model selection criterion δsw. It was already known to be consistent and minimax-rate optimal in the cumulative sense. In this thesis, we prove that the worst-case instantaneous standardized quadratic risk in a simple parametric problem is of order log logn n , missing the optimal rate only by a factor log log n. By a result of Shafer et al., δsw is not sensitive to optional stopping. Hence, δsw comes close to combining all three desirable properties in one criterion.
Sustainable co-training of mixture-of-experts for credit scoring of borrowers in social lending

Of late, social lending has been so popular that several services for it are provided based on credit scoring with a variety of personal aspects that affect an individual’s credit. The factors that are not considered in traditional banks might be more influential than the conventional scoring. Loan requisition can be registered continuously, anytime, by whoever wants loan through social lending. At the same time, large-scale unlabeled data are increasing. Labeling data is expensive. In this paper, with focus on these characteristics, we present a global-local co-training algorithm for mixture-of-experts to exploit the unlabeled data for accurate credit scoring. We conducted experiments with dataset from the Lending Club to evaluate the accuracy based on the reliability of unlabeled dataset. To show the usefulness of the proposed method, we compared the performance with other machine learning methods such as Naive Bayes, logistic regression, decision tree and SVM, and analyzed the confusion matrix. A series of repetitive experiments revealed the quantitative superiority in various characteristics.
Superfinishing of microfeature arrays using electrochemical techniques

This paper explores the process of superfinishing microfeatures utilizing electrochemical polishing techniques. The geometries considered for this study are prismatic protrusions that are used to cast microfluidic channels in plastic. Reducing the surface roughness of the microfeatures in the mold enhances the clarity and surface finish of the final cast. This paper studies the challenge of predicting and preventing the deformation of prismatic microfeatures on a bulk surface during electrochemical polishing. High surface area to volume ratios make microfeatures more prone to reacting and dissolving during the process compared to the rest of the part. A finite element model was created in COMSOL to predict the erosion of a microfeature array during electrochemical polishing. The input parameters were a 2-dimensional sketch of the cross-section of the part, voltage drop between the electrodes, gap distance between the electrodes, conductivity of the electrolyte solution, and the time allowed for the process. The results of the COMSOL model were then used to develop a statistical model to optimize polishing parameters to reduce surface roughness without damaging the microfeature array. The statistical model predicted deformation of the features in the X
A Formalization of the Paradigm Coordination Language, applied to the n-Arm Robot Problem

A formalization for the Paradigm coordination language is introduced, in terms of graph products and Markov processes. The n-arm robot problem is presented, where a robot composed of several jointed arms tries to plan and to move. We find that the n-arm robot problem reduces to a concurrent competition for the space in which the arms evolve. This competition for space reduces to the classical reader/writers problem. Moving in space is equivalent to writing and sensing in space is equivalent to reading. Several coordination schemes for the arms are developed in Paradigm. Multiple arms can plan paths concurrently, but reserving space to move has to be done sequentially, and moving can be done concurrently. The solutions are simulated in Matlab, and the code is provided. Thereupon, the solutions are compared, and it is shown that not all coordination schemes are equivalent. Finally an outline of future work is provided.
Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung Center for European Integration Studies

This paper aims at exploring and analysing on a comparative basis the impact of the East enlargement of the EU on border regions in Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia. In order to achieve the overall objective, the paper will first provide a definition and identification of border regions in the candidate countries and, then, a descriptive analysis of their relative position within each country and with respect to the EU-15 average. Thirdly, it will develop an econometric model able to analyse the determinants of regional specialization and growth in different type of regions (internal vs border; western versus eastern border regions, etc.). The results will be used to understand which are the winning and loosing regions in this process, in terms of regional growth prospects. This classification will be used to evaluate the likely distributional implications of enlargement for the accession countries under considerations. The overall empirical results, though limited in some counts, may serve as a reminder of border regions’ challenges. They allow to identify present patterns and trends, and represent a good baseline to make inference on what changes border regions in candidate countries might expect the integration process to bring.
Private Transfers, Family Networks and Welfare Participation

The non-take-up of social assistance has been receiving increased attention among policy makers in recent years as it would apparently underpin the effectiveness of public intervention in alleviating poverty. We examine whether receipt of private transfers affects the household decision to take-up social assistance in Germany between 2009 and 2011. We exploit the follow-up of households in the SOEP to reconstruct family links and estimate a model of welfare participation with endogenous private transfers and sample selection of the instruments. We find that 20% of the non-take-up rate is due to monetary substitution of private transfers lowering the welfare program costs. However, we find that social assistance is more effective in alleviating poverty and its intensity than private transfers.
A Classification Tool for Predictive Data Analysis in Healthcare

A Classification Tool for Predictive Data Analysis in Healthcare Mason Victors Department of Mathematics, BYU Master of Science Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have seen widespread use in a variety of applications ranging from speech recognition to gene prediction. While developed over forty years ago, they remain a standard tool for sequential data analysis. More recently, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) was developed and soon gained widespread popularity as a powerful topic analysis tool for text corpora. We thoroughly develop LDA and a generalization of HMMs and demonstrate the conjunctive use of both methods in predictive data analysis for health care problems. While these two tools (LDA and HMM) have been used in conjunction previously, we use LDA in a new way to reduce the dimensionality involved in the training of HMMs. With both LDA and our extension of HMM, we train classifiers to predict development of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the near future.
Partial flock treatments and removal of rubbed sheep as strategies for low residue control of midseason louse infestations

Summary A potential approach to minimise residues from mid-season treatments for lice is to treat only the infested sheep or to remove the lousy sheep from the mob to reduce the spread of lice to other animals. However, inspecting sheep to determine if they have lice is time consuming and generally not a practical option. This study examined the effectiveness of using fleece derangement as a basis for selecting infested sheep for treatment or culling. Treating or culling sheep with rubbed fleece early in the development of the infestation, before rapid exponential increase in louse numbers, provided the greatest gains. Once the louse population had reached the rapid phase of build up, the delay in population increase from removal of sheep with deranged fleece was short and louse numbers quickly returned to their pre-culling levels. Time between culling or treatment and shearing was also important and the greatest gains were achieved when there was only a small proportion of infested sheep in the mob and a short period of time to shearing. The rate at which the infestation developed significantly influenced the value of the strategies examined and some factors that can affect the rate of spread are noted. Manipulating these factors to slow the rate of increase in louse numbers would improve the effect from partial flock treatments or removal of the infested sheep, emphasising the importance of taking an integrated approach to louse control.
Title Patient complexity and genotype-phenotype correlations inbiliary atresia : a cross-sectional analysis

Background: Biliary Atresia (BA) is rare and genetically complex, and the pathogenesis is elusive. The disease course is variable and can represent heterogeneity, which hinders effective disease management. Deciphering the BA phenotypic variance is a priority in clinics and can be achieved by the integrative analysis of genotype and phenotype. We aim to explore the BA phenotypic features and to delineate the source of its variance. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional observational study collating with case/control association analysis. One-hundredand-eighty-one type III non-syndromic BA patients and 431 controls were included for case–control association tests, including 89 patients (47.19% males, born June 15th, 1981 to September 17th, 2007) have detailed clinical records with follow-up of the disease course (median ~17.2 years). BA-association genes from the genome-wide gene-based association test on common genetic variants (CV) and rare copy-number-variants (CNVs) from the genome-wide survey, the later comprise only CNVs > 100 kb and found in the BA patients but not in the local population (N = 1,381) or the database (N = 11,943). Hereby comorbidity is defined as a chronic disease that affects the BA patients but has no known relationship with BA or with the BA treatment. We examined genotype-phenotype correlations of CNVs, connectivity of these novel variants with BA-associated CVs, and their role in the BA candidate gene network. Results: Of the 89 patients, 41.57% have comorbidities, including autoimmune-allergic disorders (22.47%). They carried 29 BA-private CNVs, including 3 CNVs underpinning the carriers’ immunity comorbidity and one JAG1 micro-deletion. The BA-CNV-intersected genes (N = 102) and the CV-tagged genes (N = 103) were both enriched with immune-inflammatory pathway genes (FDR q < 0.20), and the two gene sets were interconnected (permutation p = 0.039). The molecular network representing CVs and rare-CNV association genes fit into a core/periphery structure, the immune genes and their related modules are found at the coherence core of all connections, suggesting its dominant role in the BA pathogenesis pathway. Conclusions: The study highlights a patient-complexity phenomenon as a novel BA phenotypic feature, which is underpinned by rare-CNVs that biologically converge with CVs into the immune-inflammatory pathway and drives the BA occurrence and the likely BA association with immune diseases in clinics.
Me Too: The Impact of Sexism on Political Engagement and the Moderating Effect of Gender Consciousness

Sexism, sexual harassment, and the objectification of women are issues that have gained a new level of salience in our political culture. The phrase “Me Too” has captured the pervasiveness of these experiences. The present study demonstrates how the marginalizing experiences that women have in their everyday lives affect their engagement in the political sphere. I test the primary hypothesis that gender-based discrimination has an effect on both political engagement and behavior utilizing data from a sample of 311 women living in the United States. Findings indicate that here is a robust connection between gender-based marginalization and political engagement. Women who experience more discrimination and marginalization become more engaged in politics. However, this relationship is conditional on levels of gender consciousness.
Heart Rate Variability in an Elite Female Alpine Skier: a Case Study

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the heart rate variability (HRV) during off-snow and on-snow training in an elite female alpine ski racer. Methods. Using a case study design, a single elite female alpine ski racer (25 years old; 175.6 cm; 69.9 kg) was recruited from the Canadian Alpine Ski Team. Training load was obtained using the sessional rating of perceived exertion method (sRPE), and a weekly sum was calculated using all training loads in a calendar week. Resting heart rate was recorded upon waking using a heart rate monitor. HRV was calculated using the natural logarithms of the root mean square of the successive differences of R-R intervals (lnRMSSD), and the coefficient of variation of lnRMSSD (lnRMSSDCV) with smallest worthwhile change (SWC). Compliance was 19.53%. Results. An inverse relationship was identified between the extreme values for lnRMSSD and sRPE. Daily lnRMSSDCV found two time-points that were significantly greater than SWC. The regression analysis of daily lnRMSSDCV over time had a positive slope of 0.001 (R = 0.0029). Three major depressions in lnRMSSD were observed over the recording period and two coincided with peak sRPE. The largest depression occurred on the same day the subject sustained a shoulder dislocation during a routine strength training session. The subject maintained training status over the training period but it was not predictive of future performance. Conclusion. In this case study, the low compliance limited the ability to identify possible relationships; however periods of functional overreach were identifiable.
An educational dilemma: Are educational experiments working?

The main aim of this study is to investigate the biased effects which affect scientific researches; although most of the researchers ignore them, and make criticism of the experimental works in the educational field, based on this viewpoint. For this reason, a quasi-experimental process has been carried out with five different student teachers groups, to see the John Henry effect which is one of those biased artifacts. At the end of the whole process, it was seen that the John Henry effect plays a great role on students’ achievements. At the end of the study, experimental works were discussed on the basis of those artifacts and some recommendations were presented on how we can reduce the effects of those artifacts or how we can use them to get benefit for our experimental works. Key words: Internal validity, bias effects, the John Henry effect.
The opacity of spiral galaxy disks: IX. Dust and gas surface densities

Our aim is to explore the relation between gas, atomic and molecular, and dust in spiral galaxies. Gas surface densities are from atomic hydrogen and CO line emission maps. To estimate the dust content, we use the disk opacity as inferred from the number of distant galaxies identified in twelve HST/WFPC2 fields of ten nearby spiral galaxies. The observed number of distant galaxies is calibrated for source confusion and crowding with artificial galaxy counts and here we verify our results with sub-mm surface brightnesses from archival Herschel-SPIRE data. We find that the opacity of the spiral disk does not correlate well with the surface density of atomic (H I) or molecular hydrogen (H-2) alone implying that dust is not only associated with the molecular clouds but also the diffuse atomic disk in these galaxies. Our result is a typical dust-to-gas ratio of 0.04, with some evidence that this ratio declines with galactocentric radius, consistent with recent Herschel results. We discuss the possible causes of this high dust-to-gas ratio; an over-estimate of the dust surface-density, an under-estimate of the molecular hydrogen density from CO maps or a combination of both. We note that while our value of the mean dust-to-gas ratio is high, it is consistent with the metallicity at the measured radii if one assumes the Pilyugin & Thuan (2005) calibration of gas metallicity. (C) 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Learning Vector Quantization Capsules

A capsule is a grouping of neurons with the goal to perform a quite complicated computation on tensors and the passing of a highly informative tensor to the next layer. Several capsules form a capsule layer. We present a capsule architecture based on Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) called LVQ-Capsule. Each LVQCapsule corresponds to a certain class and is equipped with prototypes and a respective dissimilarity measure. Our capsule architecture receives two inputs from each capsule in the parent layer: the feature tensors and the dissimilarity value for each feature tensor. A LVQ-Capsule measures the dissimilarity between the prototypes and the given tensors and updates the dissimilarity for each input tensor. Via a dissimilarity routing process without an iteration, we estimate the expected input tensor and the expected dissimilarity value as output quantities of the capsule. If the expected dissimilarity value is small, the feature tensors are potentially close to the prototypes. Thus, a LVQ-Capsule gives a potentially high vote to the output if all the input tensors are similar to the prototypes. In experiments on MNIST, affNIST, CIFAR-10 and smallNORB we show exemplarily the application of LVQ-Capsules and that their performance is competitive to other capsule architectures. Furthermore, we show that the use of dissimilarities and prototypes provide a new framework to visualize what is learned by a capsule.
Some Advances in the Application of Weathering and Cold-Formed Steel in Transmission Tower

Application of weathering and cold-formed steel in transmission lines can reduce steel consumption and environmental pollution. Some advances in the studies on the weathering and cold-formed steel in transmission tower are introduced. Firstly, corrosion-resistant tests of weathering steel samples under different simulating technical atmospheres were carried out separately for 240 hours. It shows that the corrosion degree of joint samples is higher than that of single chip samples, and the corrosion-resistant performance of weathering steel is superior to common carbon steel. The corrosion-resistance of weathering steel meets with the requirement of transmission tower. Secondly, experiments and finite element analysis for cold-formed angles and a 220kV prototype tower were completed, and the stability coeffi-cient fitting curves as well as the modification formulas of slenderness ratio for cold-formed members were determined. According to the structural characteristics of transmission towers, four sections of cold-formed angles with different sections and slenderness ratios were selected in this study. The finite element model well predicted the buckling behav-iour of the cold-formed members. Ultimate loads calculating by the fitting curve were well agreed to the experimental values, especially for the members with small slenderness ratios. Weight of the cold-formed steel tower can be reduced by more than 5 percent after considering the strength enhancement. Cost of the weathering and cold-formed steel transmission tower is nearly equivalent to that of hot-rolled steel tower with hot galvanizing.