Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
¿Evaluamos lo que realmente importa? el desafío de la evaluación auténtica en educación superior

El presente ensayo propone la evaluación auténtica como una herramienta necesaria de incorporar en educación superior. Los instrumentos de evaluación de los aprendizajes, que tradicionalmente se utilizan en la universidad, presentan grandes debilidades a la hora de medir el conocimiento profundo de los estudiantes. En cambio, la evaluación auténtica otorga pertinencia al vincular lo que ocurre en las aulas con la vida real y laboral, midiendo saberes en contexto. Se examinan las tres dimensiones que conforman la evaluación auténtica y que facilitan su implementación: 1) realismo, entendido como la inclusión de contextos del mundo del trabajo; 2) desafío cognitivo, que implica medir habilidades cognitivas de orden superior con las que el estudiante debe construir conocimiento; y 3) juicio evaluativo, referido a incluir procesos de retroalimentación que permitan a los estudiantes comprender e integrar en su comportamiento los criterios de buena calidad para transferirlos en otros contextos.
The Political Crisis in Somalia and the Clan System: A Sociological Review of News Media Analyses

This research explores the roles and patterns of clan conflicts as underlying causes and outcomes of the political crises in Somalia. Following a historical research design, I intended to explain the Somali clan-based political system and clan involvement in the political conflicts in Somalia. I used the historical method and qualitative content analysis of the international news media reports (for e.g., 50 news reports by CNN, BBC, Hiiran, and Shabelle) from 1991–2019 on clan involvement in the Somalian civil war. The study was guided by the sociological theory of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital by Pierre Bourdieu. I identified how various types of capital or other resources possessed by the different clans became involved as causes and outcomes of the political crises in Somalia. A theory-informed coding system will be developed to analyze news media articles from international (BBC, CNN, Al Jazeera, and Reuters) and local (Hiiran, Garoowe, Kismayo, and Shabelle) news media sources, which would help to understand and explain the patterns of clan differences, the causes and outcomes of conflict in Somalia. The link between the clan system and political crises would explain the deep-rooted problems in Somalia. I argue that Somalia have fallen victim to civil war due to an effort to eradicate the traditional Somali culture and common fidelities based on clanship and the ancestry system.
Approximating centrality in evolving graphs: toward sublinearity

The identification of important nodes is a ubiquitous problem in the analysis of social networks. Centrality indices (such as degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, PageRank, and others) are used across many domains to accomplish this task. However, the computation of such indices is expensive on large graphs. Moreover, evolving graphs are becoming increasingly important in many applications. It is therefore desirable to develop on-line algorithms that can approximate centrality measures using memory sublinear in the size of the graph. We discuss the challenges facing the semi-streaming computation of many centrality indices. In particular, we apply recent advances in the streaming and sketching literature to provide a preliminary streaming approximation algorithm for degree centrality utilizing CountSketch and a multi-pass semi-streaming approximation algorithm for closeness centrality leveraging a spanner obtained through iteratively sketching the vertex-edge adjacency matrix. We also discuss possible ways forward for approximating betweenness centrality, as well as spectral measures of centrality. We provide a preliminary result using sketched low-rank approximations to approximate the output of the HITS algorithm.
Rational Inattention as an Empirical Framework: Application to the Welfare Effects of New-Product Introduction

In the conventional economic models of discrete choice where consumers are fully informed about choice alternatives, consumer-welfare increases whenever more alternatives are added to the choice set. However, endowed with subjective prior beliefs over choice alternatives, consumers often end up acquiring only incomplete information about the alternatives. Under the presence of incomplete information over alternatives, a new alternative added to the choice set may either improve or reduce the chance of consumers' choosing the best alternative. Then it becomes an empirical question whether the actual consumer welfare rises or falls when more products are added to the set of alternatives. To address the question, this paper develops a novel empirical framework of discrete-choice and consumer-welfare evaluation wherein increasing variety does not mechanically predict higher consumer-welfare. The empirical framework incorporates consumers' subjective prior belief to Rational Inattention (RI) theory by Matĕjka and MacKay (2015); Fosgerau et al. (Forthcoming), accounting for the role of both consumers' subjective prior belief and incomplete information acquisition over alternatives. The framework developed is applied to a case of the consumer-welfare effects from the introduction of the new Tide Pods products into the laundry detergent market in 2012. The proposed empirical framework suggests Tide Pods' entry reduced consumer-welfare on average. A counterfactual pricing experiment suggests a 6%-7% price cut of Tide Pods will make an average consumer just as well off as prior to Tide Pods' entry.
Understanding the relation between behavioral self-regulation, academic learning, and children’s drawings in kindergarten

ABSTRACT While research consistently demonstrates that behavioral self-regulation (BSR) is associated with early academic abilities, it may not yet account for the multiple ways in which young children symbolically communicate their knowledge. This study builds on previous research in the areas of early learning and self-regulation by including children’s drawings as a method of accessing and assessing young children’s learning and by exploring this relation over a two-year kindergarten program. Measures of BSR and academic skills (math, reading, writing, and drawing) were administered at the end of a two-year kindergarten program (M age = 70.25 month) to 109 children (49 girls, 60 boys). Results from four separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that BSR significantly predicted academic skills (math, reading, writing, and drawing) after controlling for age and maternal education. Practical implications of these findings highlight how self-regulated behaviour in kindergarten fosters a wide range of academic development including drawing.
The association between corporate governance and firm performance – a meta-analysis

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance by conducting a meta-analysis of 25 previous studies. The analysis has three specific concerns, i.e. the moderating effects of legal systems (common law or civil law), governance mechanisms (external or both external and internal governance together) and performance measures (accounting or market value). Design/methodology/approach - – The methodology used is the meta-analysis technique developed by Hunter Findings - – The findings show that the external governance mechanisms measured by anti-takeover provisions and market value of firm performance measured by Tobin’s Q and market to book value are the key moderators of this relationship. Practical implications - – This paper has important implications for regulators and directors by proposing external governance to be an influential factor of firm performance. This paper is also of interest to the investors and companies by highlighting the significant relationship between corporate governance and market value of the firm. Originality/value - – As the author finds that the external governance mechanism (anti-takeover provisions) exerts more influential effect on firm performance than both external and internal governance together, this research confirms the imperative for external governance to increase the firm value.
A Hmong Birth and Authoritative Knowledge: A Case study of choice, control, and the reproductive consequences of refugee status in American childbirth

One area in which anthropologists are concerned is in examining what the state of good health consists of from society to society, and what happens when practitioners of western medicine intersect with people who hold other explanations of well being. This paper explores how the western medical practices of childbirth in America are forced on Hmong refugee childbirth, and therefore, used as a continuation of governmentality, or refugee objectification. Ethnographic data is drawn from a case study of Hmong experiences with the birth process in an American hospital setting. Parallels are drawn between refugee resettlement programs which ultimately produce bodies that are objects of the state; and authoritative medical knowledge in childbirth which produces bodies that are objects of medicine. This research suggests that the American birth process becomes yet another site of refugee reprogramming and a struggle between western medicine and the refugee‟s understanding of experience.
The Conceptual Model of Spiritual Leadership and Spirit at Work as Organizational and Individual Capabilities in Supporting Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction

: This conceptual model of spiritual leadership and spirit at work is aimed to integrate workplace spirituality in a resource-based view strategic management approach, where organizational capabilities is in the form of Spiritual Leadership and individual capabilities is in the form of Spirit at work. Both are supporting Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction as a competitive advantage. It starts with a vast exploration on Strategic Management and the Resource Based View approach from the Management perspective, and Psychology aspect through the work in Managerial Psychology and through the spiritual and theological perspective which influences the individual resources and capabilities. The multiple origins are possible in the Strategic management field which is intertwined with many other fields, and through the heterogeneous Resource Based View approach toward competitive advantage. The significance of the study is to show that workplace spirituality matters in a resource-based view strategic management approach where the intangible resource and capabilities show the valuable, rare, inimitable and organized (VRIO) traits. Once managed properly it has the potential to be a sustainable competitive advantage policy.
The Moderating Effect of LMX between Salesperson Competencies and Work Performance: A Case of Taiwanese Department Store

: The positive relationship between competency and performance has been supported by many studies. However, some managerial factors might moderate the relationship. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the moderating effect of LMX between salesperson competencies and work performance. The survey was conducted, and 289 valid questionnaires were collected from the salespersons who work in a Taiwanese department store. The results pointed out: (1) Flexibility, self-confidence and self-control were positively related to task performance, (2) Self-confidence and self-control were positively related to contextual performance, (3) LMX was positively related to task and contextual performances, (4) The interaction of self-confidence and LMX had negative moderating effect in the relationship between competency and task performance. Furthermore, some managerial suggestions were proposed as well.
Effects of Teacher Attitudes on Academic Growth and Connectedness for Students with Learning Disabilities: a Quantitative Case Study

Moulton, Emily Ellen. Effects of teacher attitudes on academic growth and connectedness for students with learning disabilities: A quantitative case study. Published Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, 2019. The purpose of this quantitative case study was to explore several variables for students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs) and their teachers at the elementary level with a large local school district. I wanted to examine the relationship between teacher perceptions of students with SLDs, academic growth, and school connectedness for this subgroup of students, along with the demographic school characteristics. Existing school-level data were examined, including growth for students with disabilities on state and district assessments of skills in both literacy and math, along with the results of the district’s School Connections Survey (SCS). A newly developed measure of teacher perceptions of students with learning disabilities, the TPLDS, was then distributed to a sample of licensed educators (n = 197). Analyses compared the outcomes on the TPLDS to groups formed based on academic growth shown over the previous academic year and results on the connections survey. Demographic variables were also included, to rule out whether any significant between-groups differences could be attributed to underlying differences in schools in their student populations.
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Beginner's Guide

인공지능 기술이 가까운 미래에 의료 분야에 많은 영향을 미 칠 것으로 예상한다. 인공지능 기술이 처음 등장한 것은 이미 오래전의 일이나(1) 의학/의료 분야에 있어 본격적인 화두가 된 것은 최근 수 년 동안의 일이다. 특히, 다른 의학/의료 분야에 비해 영상의학 분야에 더 큰 화두가 되고 있는데, 이는 최근 화 제가 되고 있는 인공지능 기술인 딥러닝(deep learning) 기술 중 현재 가장 각광을 받는 기술의 하나인 컴퓨터 비전(computer vision)으로도 알려진 컨볼루션 신경망(convolutional neural network)이 의학영상 분석에 직접 적용될 수 있기 때문이다. 컨 볼루션 신경망(convolutional neural network)을 포함한 딥러닝 (deep learning) 기술의 의학/의료 분야 적용이 처음 소개될 때 에는, 이러한 기술이 가까운 미래에 영상의학과 또는 병리과와 같이 영상분석 및 판독을 전문으로 하는 분야의 전문 의료인력 을 대체할 것이라는 많이 과장된 섣부른 “예측”들이 나오기도 하였고, 이로 인해 해당 분야의 전공의 지원을 기피하는 촌극과 같은 일이 일어나기도 하였다. 하지만, 이러한 일들은 새로운 기 술에 대한 이해와 지식의 부족에서 오는 일시적인 현상으로, 인 공지능 기술에 대한 이해가 증가함에 따라 이후 약 1~2년 정도 의 짧은 기간을 거치며 의료인공지능을 바라보는 시각에 매우 큰 변화가 나타났다. 최근 주요 의학/과학 학술지들에 나온 의 료인공지능에 대한 의견을 보면(정확한 의미의 전달을 위해 원 영어 문장들을 Table 1에 그대로 인용하였다) 인공지능이 의학/ 의료 분야에 처음 소개될 때의 반응과는 사실상 정 반대에 가 까운 입장을 제시하고 있다(2-5). 인공지능 기술의 임상 적용 은 현재 초기 단계이고, 현재 실제로 임상 진료에 널리 사용되 는 예를 별로 찾아볼 수 없는 상황이다. 이러한 현실 상황은, 부 분적으로는 아직까지 인공지능 의료기술의 임상 도입에 필요한 평가 및 인허가 체계가 원활하게 갖추어지지 않았다는 것과 연 Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Beginner’s Guide 의료인공지능: 인공지능 초심자를 위한 길라잡이
Psychophysiological Reactions to Persuasive Messages Deploying Persuasion Principles

Measurement of physiological reactions to persuasive messages can improve our understanding of psychological processes of persuasion, and potentially further enhance and personalize current persuasion interventions. However, little is known about the relationship between psychophysiology and persuasive processes. This study focused on four persuasion principles: scarcity, commitment, consensus, and authority, and people's susceptibility to them. Physiological measures included the cardiovascular, respiratory, and electrodermal system, as well as facial motor systems. Psychological measures consisted of self-reported attitude towards oral care and susceptibility to persuasion (STPS). We performed a randomized within-subject experiment in which fifty-six participants viewed persuasive messages deploying the aforementioned persuasion principles to improve their oral care. Results indicated different physiological patterns during persuasion versus rest. We found no different physiological patterns in exposure to distinct persuasion principles, nor a clear correlation with susceptibility to individual persuasion principles. However, mixed model analysis illustrated that overall STPS scores help explain variance in reactivity of skin conductance level and skin conductance response, and reactivity in the zygomaticus major: lower susceptibility relates to higher reactivity. Summarizing, we have found no conclusive support for distinct psychophysiological patterns associated with different persuasion principles, although overall susceptibility seems to be reflected in physiology to some extent.
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF POST-DECISIONAL SPREADING OF ALTERNATIVES

Human choices are not only driven by inner preferences, but also have an impact on behavior. Economists and psychologists have extensively demonstrated that choosing between two attractive options leads to a downgrade of the rejected option and to an upgrade of the chosen one. Preference modulation after the mere act of making a choice has been repeatedly demonstrated over the last 50 years by an experimental paradigm called the 'free-choice paradigm'. In the past decade the phenomenon of choice-induced preference change generated by cognitive dissonance has been explored by neuroscientists. An increasing amount of research has highlighted the central role of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) in social conformity and cognitive dissonance. This area represents the dissonance between one's currently inconsistent and ideally consistent states. However, other brain areas have been linked to cognitive dissonance and its resolution, but as yet the mechanisms underpinning cognitive dissonance and the functional connection among brain areas found involved in cognitive dissonance are still unknown. Here, we firstly review the neural mechanisms and brain areas involved in post-decisional preference change and cognitive dissonance. Secondly, we suggest an integration of the existing neurocognitive mechanism of cognitive dissonance. Finally, we suggest new research lines to further explore neural principles of cognitive dissonance and subsequent post-decisional preference change.
A full‐duplex relay selection strategy based on potential game in cognitive cooperative networks

In this paper, we study the full‐duplex relay selection strategy based on a potential game in a cognitive cooperative network under the interference power constraint from secondary users to the primary receivers, the total available transmission power constraint for the secondary system, and the self‐interference constraint at each secondary relay. The relay selection problem is modeled as a non‐cooperative game where the total rate of a cognitive cooperative network has common utility. Then, we prove that the game is a potential game that has at least a pure strategy Nash equilibrium (NE), and the optimal strategy set that able to maximize cognitive cooperative system rate is also a pure strategy NE of the proposed game model. On the premise of having no information of infeasible strategy sets, we solve the feasibility conditions of the pure NE in the proposed game. Furthermore, we propose a cognitive full‐duplex relay iterative algorithm that can achieve a pure strategy NE, and the complexity and the convergence of the proposed algorithm are studied. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve optimal or near optimal rate performance with low complexity and offers significant performance gain compared with the traditional half‐duplex mode.
The Relationship Between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (Ppvt-R) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (Wisc-R)

This paper proposes an investigation designed to compare the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised (WISC-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Revised (PPVT-R). The historical development of intelligence testing and emergence of theories of intelligence are discussed. The Wechsler instruments, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Validation research relevant to the WISC-R and PPVT-R are reviewed. Based on the relative lack of studies designed to establish the concurrent validity of the PPVT-R, four hypotheses are proposed concerning the relationship of this new instrument to the WISC-R. These hypotheses are: 1) the Full Scale IQ (FS IQ) of the WISC-R will differ significantly from the standard scores of the PPVT-R; 2) the correlational relationship between the standard scores of the PPVT-R and the three WISC-R IQ scores will adhere to an order of Verbal Scale IQ vs (IQ) > FS IQ > Performance Scale IQ (PS IQ); 3) the standard scores of the alternate forms of the PPVT-R will not differ significantly from one another; and 4) the order of administration of the PPVT-R and WISC-R will not affect the scores of either instrument. Forty regular classroom second grade students will serve as subjects for this study. The hypotheses will be evaluated through the use of Pearson product-moment correlations, regression lines, standard errors of estimate scores, correlate t tests, and analysis of variance statistical procedures. The results will be discussed in relation to previous research and the appropriateness of using the PPVT-R as a screening instrument.
Two Methods to Improve the Efficacy of ReSuMe

Neuron learning is the basis of the more complex learning of neuron network. Resume is the one of the most popular used supervised learning algorithm for spiking neurons. It corresponds to the Widrow-Hoff rule and its weights adjustment is derived from the spike-based Hebbian processes. Although it makes quite success the learning accuracy decreases quickly when the desired output spike train gets longer. This paper analyzes two important factors related to the learning convergence of Resume. And we proposed two methods based on them to improve the efficacy of Resume. The experimental results show that the two improved algorithms both can achieve better performance.
Overbounding Revisited: Toward a More Practical Approach for Error Modeling in Safety-Critical Applications

Overbounding navigation measurement error is essential to ensuring integrity for safety-of-life applications. Most existing overbounding methods rely on representing the actual measurement error distribution with a continuous probability distribution model (e.g. a Gaussian). A key limitation of these methods is validation using empirical data, since it is not immediately evident how to develop tests to establish the conservatism of a continuous distribution using a very large (and continuously growing) population of statistical samples. This problem is particularly acute in the distribution tails, where comparatively little statistical data is available. We propose a discretized overbounding methodology as a practical solution for safety validation. With a discrete overbound, it is possible to (1) define a clear and consistent set of empirical validation tests and to (2) introduce a distribution shape that directly accounts for uncertainty in modeling the distribution’s far tails.