Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subcloud-Layer Feedbacks Driven by the Mass Flux of Shallow Cumulus Convection over Land

The processes and feedbacks associated with the mass flux of shallow cumulus clouds over land are studied by analyzing the results from large-eddy simulations and a mixed-layer model. The primary focus is to study the development of the (well mixed) subcloud layer and understand the four primary feedbacks between the subcloud-layer dynamics and cumulus mass flux. Guided by numerical experiments in large-eddy simulations that show the transition from clear to cloudy boundary layers at midlatitudes over land, the feedbacks introduced by shallow cumuli are first conceptually described. To study the complex interplay between the subcloud and cloud layer, a mixed-layer model is proposed and validated with large-eddy simulations for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains case. The mixed-layer model is shown to identify and reproduce the most relevant feedbacks in the transition from clear to cloudy boundary layers: a reduced mixed-layer growth and drying of the subcloud layer by enhanced entrainment and mass flux transport of moisture to the cloud layer. To complete the study, the strength of the different feedbacks is further quantified by an analysis of the individual contributions to the tendency of the relative humidity at the top of the mixed layer.
Democratic Citizenship Attitude Scale : A Validity and Reliability Study *

DOI: 10.14812/cuefd.303672 The aim of this study is to develop a scale with validity and reliability in order to measure the democratic citizenship attitudes of secondary school students. 59 item were identified in the direction of data obtained from student interviews, teacher interviews and literature review and reduced to 45 items with expert opinions. The created test form was applied to 374 students who attended a secondary school in Aydin, Turkey. As a result of the explanatory factor analysis (EFA), a structure consisting of six factor and 29 items was obtained: culture of democracy (CD), democratic participation (DP), duties and responsibilities (DR), democratic rights and equality (DRE), values of citizenship (VC), and global citizenship (GC). The model fit indices examined in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the EFA results. The significance of the differences between the 27% lower and upper groups was evidence that the scale was distinctive. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was employed to determine if there was evidence that democratic citizenship attitude scale (DCAS) and each subscale were internally consistent. Cronbach’s Alpha varied between . 60-. 79 for DCAS sub-scales and was . 78 for the total score.
Convergent and discriminant validity of psychiatric symptoms reported in The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study at age 3 years with independent clinical assessment in the Longitudinal ADHD Cohort Study

Epidemiological studies often use parent questionnaires to assess children's development and mental health. To date, few studies have investigated the validity of parent questionnaires with standardized clinical assessments as criterion. The current study examines discriminant and convergent validity of parent questionnaires for symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD) as well as symptoms of Separation Anxiety employed in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study by using structured clinical interviews performed 5 months later in the Longitudinal ADHD Cohort Study as a criterion. The comparison of confirmatory factor analysis models and examination of factor correlations indicate convergent and discriminant validity of MoBa parent questionnaires for preschool children, especially for the assessment of ADHD and ODD/CD. Future research should attempt to further improve parent questionnaires, examine their validity in representative samples, and explicitly test their utility for screening.
Seeing Google through the Eyes of Turkish Academicians

With its new variety of IT products and services created in the last decade for students, teachers and schools, Google has changed the face of education. Google technologies that can be used completely free of charge via a single account in any device offer innovative alternatives to meet the needs of education. These technologies also help continuously improve digital competencies of students and teachers. On the other hand, criticisms against the monopolization of the company as well as its privacy and transparency policies have been increasing. In the light of these developments, the current study aims to examine academicians’ metaphorical perceptions related to Google. The study was designed based on metaphorical analysis as a method of qualitative research. The study group was comprised of academicians working at education faculties of four state universities located in the middle west of Turkey. The data were collected through a closed web-based questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions. Results revealed that large majority of the academicians have a positive perception of Google. A group of participants also views it as a threat. Results offer important insights about the academicians' perceptions of Google and how and why they make use of Google products.
The impact of pre-analytical treatment and sorting on human neutrophil function

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that pre-analytical treatment of relatively fragile cells is more important for their viability and function than shear forces and decompression shocks on a flow cytometric sorter. Human neutrophils were enriched using different techniques (sedimentation, hypotonic or ammonium chloride-mediated erythrocyte lysis) and their function was evaluated by measuring their capabil - ity of mounting oxidative burst. In contrast to other isolation techniques, neutrophils enriched by spontaneous sedimentation were found to be intact both in terms of their function and relative numbers within the leukocyte population; such preparations were thus run on a FACSAria cell sorter using 70, 85 and 100 µm nozzles and the corresponding internal pressure values. The viability and function of sorted neutrophils with or without subsequent cultivation were re-evaluated using phagocytosis assays. Independent of the nozzle size and internal sorter pres - sure, the capability of neutrophils of responding to E. coli stimulation was impaired after sorting while phorbol myristate acetate stimulation remained intact. In tested samples, only 20 h incubation of sorted cells confirmed the expected influence of the nozzle size on the sorted cell function. We conclude that pre-analytical treatment is more important for cell function than conditions during sorting.
Ecological Restoration and Physiology: An Overdue Integration

ABSTRACT There is growing recognition that opportunities exist to use physiology as part of the conservation and management of populations and ecosystems. However, this idea has rarely been extended to the field of restoration ecology. Physiological metrics (e.g., gas exchange, energy transfer and metabolism, stress response, nutritional condition, gene expression) from a range of taxa can be used to understand the function of ecosystems as well as the factors that influence their structure. Such knowledge can assist the development and implementation of effective restoration strategies that recognize the role of habitat quality on organismal performance. Furthermore, physiological tools can be used to monitor the success of restoration projects during their implementation and as part of postproject monitoring. The often rapid response of physiological metrics provides more immediate information, enabling an adaptive approach to restoration, than can usually be obtained if the focus is solely on population- or ecosystem-level metrics. Greater integration of physiological responses into ecological restoration will provide practitioners with fundamental scientific information needed to design, implement, and monitor restoration activities to aid in repairing ecosystems around the globe.
One-pot polymer brush synthesis via simultaneous isocyanate coupling chemistry and "grafting from" RAFT polymerization†

One-pot ‘grafting from’ of polystyrene on polydopamine coated SiO2 particles was investigated using a newly developed carbonyl-azide reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent. Simultaneously during the RAFT polymerization of styrene, the carbonyl-azide group of the CTA rearranges into an isocyanate moiety permitting the one-pot coupling to functional surfaces. The one-pot coupling to the polydopamine surfaces was investigated, separately, using both the non-catalyzed amine–isocyanate coupling and the metal catalyzed alcohol–isocyanate coupling. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the catalyzed one-pot ‘grafting from’ process produced nearly double the weight increase, and thus higher grafting density, when compared to the uncatalyzed system. These results are consistent with more available hydroxyl groups on the polydopamine surface. Finally, both one-pot ‘grafting from’ approaches exhibited higher grafting density when compared to their analogous ‘grafting to’ strategies using α-isocyanate terminated polystyrene and thus superseding previous ‘grafting from’ processes where two-steps were normally required.
Toxic Leadership in Educational Organizations.

While research on the traits and skills of effective leaders is plentiful, only recently has the phenomenon of toxic leadership begun to be investigated. This research report focuses on toxic leadership in educational organizations – its prevalence, as well as the characteristics and early indicators. Using mixed methods, the study found four patterns that describe toxic leaders: egotism, ethical failure, incompetence, and neuroticism. In addition, results identified a set of behaviors that suggest early warning signs of toxic leadership. In addition, recommendations include training personnel who participate in the search and selection process for leaders in schools, colleges, and universities so that they are better equipped to assess leadership potential, as well as the potential for toxic leadership.
Microscopy with a single-molecule scanning electrometer

The single-molecule limit in electromechanical sensing is realized through TERS-relayed molecular force microscopy. The vibrational spectrum of a single carbon monoxide molecule, adsorbed on the tip apex of a scanning tunneling microscope, is used to image electrostatic fields with submolecular spatial resolution. The method takes advantage of the vibrational Stark effect to image local electrostatic fields and the single-molecule sensitivity of tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) to optically relay the signal. We apply the method to single metalloporphyrins adsorbed on Au(111) to image molecular charges, intramolecular polarization, local photoconductivity, atomically resolved hydrogen bonds, and surface electron density waves.
INTEGRATED MODELLING OF PHOSPHORUS FLUXES AT THE CATCHMENT SCALE

A model (HBV-P) is developed for calculations of present P status, fluxes through the river system, source apportionment, and the combined effect at the catchment-scale of several nutrient reduction measures (e.g. changed agricultural practices, buffer zones, and constructed wetlands). HBV-P is based on the hydrological rainfall-runoff model HBV. The model is dynamic, using a daily time-step. Models of agricultural leaching, lake and river/river bank processes are integrated in the catchment model, as well as diffuse leaching from forests and urban areas, and emissions from point sources. Agricultural leaching estimates are based on the ICECREAM model, which is a field scale model that at present is being further developed by including macoropore flow to tile drains. Upscaling of sediment transport and surface runoff from agricultural land are made in a GIS-environment. Lake processes are simulated with a simple lake module. Processes in the river have been included, and also a routine for streambank erosion. Routines for reduction in buffer zones and wetlands will soon be added to the model.
Network Dynamics, Plot Analysis: Approaching the Progressive Structuration of Literary Texts

In recent years, the application of network analysis methods to literary texts has evolved into an independent research field of digital literary studies. Methods for the automated extraction of network data (named entity recognition, co-reference resolution) and their evaluation are of particular importance (Elson et al. 2010; Park et al. 2013; Agrarwal et al. 2013; Fischer et al. 2015; Waumans et al. 2015; Jannidis et al. 2016). Based on the data obtained, several types of analyses were developed: an empirical, quantitative and hierarchical description of literary characters (Jannidis et al. 2016), corpus-based analyses exploring options for historical periodisation of literature (Trilcke et al. 2015) and types of aesthetic modelling of social formations in and by literary texts (Stiller et al. 2003; Stiller & Hudson 2005; Trilcke et al. 2016). What has been neglected so far (although already suggested by Moretti 2011) is the application of network analysis as a tool for quantitative plot analysis. In fact, current approaches in the field of literary network analysis are not suited to gaining insights into the plot development of literary texts (Prado et al. 2016). The sequential dimension of literary texts, as a consequence of their temporality, usually remains in the dark: what is extracted, visualised and analysed are static networks. Plot, however, is essentially a concept supposed to theoretically encompass the temporality of narrative (as well as dramatic) texts: "the repeated attempts to redefine parameters of plot reflect both the centrality and the complexity of the temporal dimension of narrative" (Dannenberg 2005: pp. 435). Plot can be understood as a concept for the description of the "progressive structuration" (Kukkonen 2013: §4) of literary texts.
Local Corporate Social Responsibility, Media Coverage, and Shareholder Value

Using news articles covering firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, we find that publicized CSR activities are positively associated with shareholder value and improved future operating performance. Furthermore, we find that media coverage on CSR engagements with local impact on companies’ communities and employees, rather than those with broader social impact on the general public, is the main driver in explaining higher shareholder value and operating performance. We also implement a two-stage least-squares regression (2SLS) and propensity score matching to establish a causal link between publicized local CSR activities and shareholder value. Our evidence is consistent with the notion that shareholders put positive value on locally-oriented CSR when it is also complemented with high level of stakeholder awareness.
Phylogeography of a widespread Asian subtropical tree: genetic east–west differentiation and climate envelope modelling suggest multiple glacial refugia

Fossil‐based biome reconstructions predict that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the subtropical zone of East Asia was reduced to a narrow southern belt. In contrast, previous phylogeographical studies of subtropical plant species, many of which are rare, indicated different glacial refugia north of this predicted area. Here, we aim to elucidate the phylogeographical structure and putative refugia of Castanopsis eyrei, a widely distributed tree of subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forests of China.
Selection for Vulnerability to Angling in Largemouth Bass

Abstract Although a great deal of effort has been expended to try to understand the consequences of fishing-induced selection by commercial fisheries, relatively little effort has been put into trying to understand the selective effects of recreational angling. We conducted a long-term selection experiment to assess the heritability of vulnerability to angling in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Three successive generations of artificially selected largemouth bass were produced from a single experimental study population. Within each generation, individual adult largemouth bass were identified as having either high or low vulnerability to angling through a series of controlled catch-and-release angling trials. Individuals of each vulnerability group (high and low) were then selected from that population for breeding to produce the next generation. The response to selection for vulnerability to angling increased with each generation; that is, the magnitude of the difference between the high- and low-.
Corpus luteal angiogenesis in a high milk production dairy breed differs from that of cattle with lower milk production levels

Globally, high producing, young dairy cows often have health and fertility problems such as ovarian, uterine and placental dysfunction, mastitis and impaired wound healing. These health issues can result in a shortened average lifespan of fewer than three lactations. We hypothesise that many of these health issues may be an effect of altered angiogenesis. Hence, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate the status of vascularisation in the corpus luteum of a high milk-producing cattle breed (Holstein Friesian) compared with that of low milk producing beef cattle (Limousin) and of dual purpose cattle (Fleckvieh, Rotbunt). The corpus luteum was chosen because as a transient endocrine gland it is one of the few tissues with physiological angiogenesis in the adult. Blood vessels were labelled in paraffin sections of corpora lutea with the lectin Bandeiraea simplicifolia agglutinin I and the following angiogenesis parameters were analysed morphometrically using image analysis: (a) number of blood capillaries per mm(2), (b) intercapillary distance, (c) percentage area occupied by blood vessels and (d) area of blood vessel lumina (mu m(2)). This analysis revealed that the extent of corpus luteal vascularisation is greater in high milk-producing cattle than in beef and dual purpose cattle as shown by a significantly higher number of blood capillaries per mm(2), significantly shorter intercapillary distances and a higher percentage of the corpus luteum area covered by blood vessels (non-significant). Only the average value of the luminal area of the luteal blood capillaries in the high milk-producing cattle is smaller than that measured in the low producing cattle.
Concurrent treatment with ursolic acid and low-intensity treadmill exercise improves muscle atrophy and related outcomes in rats

The objective of this study was to analyze the concurrent treatment effects of ursolic acid (UA) and low-intensity treadmill exercise and to confirm the effectiveness of UA as an exercise mimetic to safely improve muscle atrophy-related diseases using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Significant muscle atrophy was induced in male SD rats through hind limb immobilization using casting for 10 days. The muscle atrophy-induced SD rats were group into four: SED, sedentary; UA, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg; EX, low-intensity (10–12 m/min, 0° grade) treadmill exercise; and UEX, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg, and low-intensity (10–12 m/min, 0° grade) treadmill exercise. After 8 weeks of treatment, endurance capacity was analyzed using a treadmill, and tissues were extracted for analysis of visceral fat mass, body weight, muscle mass, expression of muscle atrophy- and hypertrophy-related genes, and endurance capacity. Although the effects of body weight gain control, muscle mass increase, and endurance capacity improvement were inadequate in the UA group, significant results were confirmed in the UEX group. The UEX group had significantly reduced body weight and visceral fat, significantly improved mass of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles, and significantly decreased atrophy-related gene expression of MuRF1 and atrogin-1, but did not have significant change in hypertrophy-related gene expression of Akt and mTOR. The endurance capacity was significantly improved in the EX and UEX groups. These data suggest that concurrent treatment with low-intensity exercise and UA is effective for atrophy-related physical dysfunctions.
INITIAL CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF THE SWAT MODEL FOR THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN

A simulation study using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model (Arnold et al., 1998) has been initiated to assess current and alternative nutrient, cropping, and management practices in the Upper Mississippi River Basin (URMB), in an effort to help mitigate water quality problems in the Mississippi River and it’s tributaries. The framework for the simulation is constructed around the National Resources Inventory (NRI ) database that contains extensive cropping history, conservation practice, and other landuse information for the entire United States. Crop rotation and management practices derived from the NRI and/or other data sources are used to configure SWAT for both baseline conditions and scenarios depicting alternative cropping and management practices. The i_SWAT software system has been constructed to manage the input and output data for the SWAT simulations, and the execution of the model for each scenario. An overview of the modeling structure that has been developed for the UMRB is presented, including the spatial representation of the region within SWAT. Initial results for the baseline simulation are also presented for monthly stream flows near the outlet of the UMRB and a subwatershed located in Iowa, and for annual stream flows for the UMRB and several subwatersheds.
Green tails in lizards of the genus Podarcis: Do they influence the intensity of predation?

Juveniles of a variety of lizard species exhibit bright tail colors that contrast clearly to the cryptically colored body. The "predator escape" hypothesis suggests that bright tail colors deflect the attack of a predator towards the lizard's tail, which can be autotomised, and hence increase the probability of surviving a predatory attack. Although this hypothesis is widely accepted, surprisingly few empirical data exist to support it. Here, we examined the relative frequencies of predatory attack on plasticine replicas of juvenile lizards in the genus Podarcis with either green or brown tails in nine areas of Spain. Replicas with bright green tail color experienced, over a oneweek period, the same rates of attack by birds and other predators as replicas with cryptic brown tails. However, the proportion of replicas that showed bill markings on the tail only was highest for the green-tailed replicas. In contrast, the frequency of predatory attacks towards the head or body was similar in the two groups of replicas. Our experiment appears to support the classical prediction of the adaptive value of a green autotomic tail in lizards. However, lizard species with multiple tail colors may also represent alternative anti-predator strategies that may have arisen by different selective pressures between habitats. We also suggest that the evolution of bright tail coloration in juveniles of Podarcis as an antipredator mechanism may be favored by the correlated evolution of morphological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics