Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing and Detecting Malicious Hardware in Integrated Circuits

System security often focuses on the software, causing hardware security to be overlooked. Such oversight allows for attacks that can completely undermine the use of hardware as the root of trust. During the design of an integrated circuit, there are several opportunities for adversaries to make malicious modifications or insertions to a design. These attacks, known as hardware Trojans, can have catastrophic effects on a circuit if left undetected. This dissertation addresses Trojan impact, and proposes two low-cost detection methods for hardware Trojans inserted at different points in the production pipeline, namely: (1) Trojans hidden within third-party intellectual property (IP) licensed from a vendor, and (2) Trojans inserted during the fabrication steps taking place at external fabrication plants. Determining whether third-party IP does only its intended function and nothing else is a major challenge. Through comparison of two similar but untrusted designs using design unrolling and Boolean satisfiability, functional differences can be identified for all possible input combinations within a window of time. This technique was tested on multiple Trojan benchmarks and demonstrated effective and accurate detectability. Process variation poses the greatest obstacle to detecting Trojans in chips. In order to detect Trojans inserted during fabrication, a digital model is created. This model can then be trained using the fabricated chip to account for different parameters, such as process variation. The parameters of the trained model can be used to identify suspicious areas of the chip. Furthermore, this process does not require expensive test equipment, nor does it require a costly golden, trusted chip for comparison. Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my family for their continued support. It's been a long trek, and they never stopped believing in me. This dissertation would not be what it is now without their constant help. I would also like to thank my advisor, Dr. William H. Robinson, for putting up with me over the years. His steadfast support has been critical in finishing this work, and for me in finishing my degree. Further thanks go to Katy Clark, for all of her help with proofreading and editing. Special thanks is also deserved for Dr. Bharat Bhuva, who has given me a huge amount of assistance ever since I darkened his door as an undergraduate. I also thank those in the JPAC group for their support and friendship. Finally, I would like to thank the National Science Foundation for financial support in …
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CHIRAL SEPARATION USING A CHIRAL AGP COLUMN

A chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic separation was developed for bupropion active ingredient. The mobile phase parameters that may influence the separation were studied and included: mobile phase pH, type and concentration of organic modifier, type and concentration of buffer, amount of analyte injected, and column temperature. The optimized chiral separation baseline resolved the two enantiomers in less than 10 minutes. Method validation was also performed for the separation. The method was found to be linear over a range of 0.5 μg/g to 99.8 μg/g with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.25 μg/g while the limit of quantitation was found to be 0.5 μg/g. Method precision was found to be 0.8% and 1.9% for the two enantiomers, while the system precision was found to be 0.4% and 0.5% for the two enantiomers.
Polystyrene-supported amines : Affinity for mercury(II) as a function of the pendant groups and the Hg(II) counterion

Amine ligands (-CH2NR2, where R = H, CH3, or CH2CH2OH) immobilized on cross-linked polystyrene beads have a high affinity and selectivity for Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. The high affinity is dependent on solution pH and the background acid (HNO3 or HCl). There is no affinity for Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Ca(II) cations from solutions up to pH 3.5; high background levels of NO3-, Cl-, and SO42- anions do not affect complexation of Hg(II) by the resins. Key results include the following: (1) simple monoamines have a high affinity for Hg(II); (2) tertiary amines have a higher affinity than the primary amine resin; (3) electron donors on the nitrogen allow for high levels of Hg(II) complexation but the trend is affected by the counterion in solution; and (4) linear correlations in the log−log plot of the distribution coefficient and solution acidity with a slope of 0.6−0.8 from HNO3 and 1.3−1.5 from HCl suggest that Hg(II) uptake occurs through ion exchange and coordination with Hg(II) speciatio.
From glycidyl carbonate to hydroxyurethane side-groups in alternating fluorinated copolymers

Fluoropolymers bearing five-membered cyclocarbonate pendant groups were synthesized by radical coor ter-polymerization of chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) with various vinyl ethers [glycerol carbonate vinyl ether (GCVE), ethyl vinyl ether (EVE) and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE)] in good yields. Poly[(CTFE-alt- EVE)-co-(CTFE-alt-GCVE)] and poly[(CTFE-alt-CEVE)-co-(CTFE-alt-GCVE)] terpolymers feature higher molecular weights than poly(CTFE-alt-GCVE) copolymers. Then, the first examples of fluorinated polymers bearing hydroxyurethane moieties (PFHUs) were prepared by the chemoselective reaction of the pendant cyclocarbonates with isopropylamine, leading to primary and secondary hydroxyl dangling groups. The chemical structure of these PFHUs was confirmed by FTIR analysis and 1D (1H, 13C, 135DEPT/ APT) and 2D (COSY, HMQC) NMR spectroscopies. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses of the PFHUs revealed a higher molecular weight and a decrease in the glass transition and decomposition temperatures, as compared to the parent cyclocarbonate polymers.
Aerobic Biofiltration Processes—Advances in Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater biofiltration is a distinct process as compared to other biological treatments as the microorganisms are fixed to a support and wastewater flows through it to be treated. The biofiltration process technologies can be broadly divided into two categories—self-attached natural systems (conventional) and artificial fixation of microorganisms on polymeric materials (recent research advances). In advanced biofiltration systems, microorganisms are either immobilized on a support or entrapped on membranes or encapsulated and often offer enhanced biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids removal with respect to conventional fixed film technologies. Further, amelioration of BOD, and suspended solids removal of wastewater is achievable due to better understanding and control of the mechanisms and parameters that strengthen the binding of the biofilms to the artificial surfaces. This paper is an effort to explore the advances that have taken place in the field of aerobic biofiltration for wastew.
Three-dimensional dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of driven polymer transport through a hole in a wall

Three-dimensional dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of polymer translocation through a cylindrical hole in a planar slab under the influence of an external driving force are performed. The driving force is intended to emulate the effect of a static electric field applied in an electrolytic solution containing charged monomer particles, as is relevant to the translocation of certain biopolymers through protein channel pores embedded in cell membranes. The time evolution of the probability distribution of the translocation coordinate (the number of monomers that have passed through the pore) is extracted from three-dimensional (3-D) simulations over a range of polymer chain lengths. These distributions are compared to the predictions of a 1-D Smoluchowski equation model of the translocation coordinate dynamics. Good agreement is found, with the effective diffusion constant for the 1-D Smoluchowski model being nearly independent of chain length.
Carbon Composite Electrode Modified with Copper(II) Phosphate Immobilized in a Polyester Resin for Voltammetric Determination of Catechin in Teas

A carbon composite electrode modified with copper (II) phosphate immobilized in a polyester resin (Cu3(PO4)2-Poly) was proposed for the voltammetric determination of catechin in teas. The modified electrode allows the determination of catechin (CAT) at lower potential than that observed at an unmodified electrode. Several parameters that can influence the voltammetric response of the proposed electrode such as carbon composite composition, pH of electrolyte, and others were investigated. The peak current was proportional to the concentration of catechin in the range from 9.9 × 10−8 to 1.2 × 10−6 mol L−1, with a detection limit of 5.8 × 10−8 mol L−1. The stability and repeatability of the electrode for the determination of catechin were discussed, and the modified electrode was applied with success in the determination of catechin in teas.
Natural Amino Acid Based Phenolic Derivatives for Synthesizing Silver Nanoparticles with Tunable Morphology and Antibacterial Studies

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with spherical and prism morphologies were formed at room temperature depend on the amino acid attached with phenolic unit. Absorption studies showed 410-420 nm surface plasmon resonance absorption for spherical nanoparticles whereas prism morphology showed three absorption peaks (382, 452 and 523 nm). The formation of spherical and prism morphology was confirmed by scanning and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Antibacterial studies of both the morphologies did not show any significant differences in the inhibition of bacterial growth.
A switchable salicylaldimine-based achiral bent-shaped mesogen: synthesis and characterization

The first achiral bent core banana-shaped mesogen consisting of a thermally and hydrolytically stable salicylaldimine (2-hydroxybenzylideneamine) mesogenic segment has been synthesized and evaluated for its liquid crystalline behavior. This novel compound exhibits a single switchable mesophase over 60 °C temperature range. The textural and electro-optic switching characteristics suggest that the phase could be of the antiferroelectric type.
Copper Adsorption on Chitosan-Derived Schiff Bases

The adsorption of Cu(II) ions onto the chitosan derived Schiff bases obtained from the condensation of chitosan with salicyaldehyde (polymer I), 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (polymer II) and with 4-(diethylamino) salicyaldehyde (polymer III) in aqueous solutions was investigated. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of contact time, pH, and polymer mass. The amount of metal-ion uptake of the polymers was determined by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and the highest Cu(II) ions uptake was achieved at pH 7.0 and by using sodium perchlorate as an ionic strength adjuster for polymers I, II, and III. The isothermal behavior and the kinetics of adsorption of Cu(II) ions on these polymers with respect to the initial mass of the polymer and temperature were also investigated; adsorption isothermal equilibrium data could be clearly explained by the Langmuir equation. The experimental data of the adsorption equilibrium from Cu(II) solution correlates well with the Langmuir isotherm equation.
Topochemistry of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals resulting from TEMPO-mediated oxidation

Surface carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals with different sizes and degrees of oxidation were prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of cotton linters and microfibrils of parenchyma cell cellulose (PCC). The size of the oxidized crystals depended on (i) the starting material, (ii) an eventual acid prehydrolysis, and (iii) the oxidation conditions. The oxidized cellulose nanocrystals were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, conductometric titration, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. During TEMPO oxidation, the main reaction corresponded to a selective oxidation of surface primary hydroxyl groups into carboxylic groups. At the same time, a decrease of the crystal size occurred, resulting from some degradation in the amorphous areas of the starting material. The introduction of negative charges at the interface of the crystalline domains induced a better individualization of the crystallites. The degrees of oxidation (DO) determined by conductometric titration were in agreement with those deduc.
An automated peak fitting procedure for processing protein diffraction data from a linear position‐sensitive detector

A data processing method is presented which allows reliable intensities to be obtained from the weak neutron diffraction produced by protein crystals. Three components are used to reduce the errors in the intensities: (1) a pattern-recognition technique to find the peak centers; (2) a position-sensitive linear detector, whose spatial resolution characteristics increase the accuracy with which the boundary between the peak and background may be defined; and (3) an averaging technique to obtain accurate backgrounds. Test results with a 2.2 A data set collected from a small crystal of the proteolytic enzyme trypsin indicate that data processed by this method are superior in both reproducibility and statistical reliability to the same data processed by more conventional methods. Refinement results with the trypsin structure indicate that the data are accurate as well.
Deposition of Hydrocarbon Films by Means of Helium‐Ethylene Fed Glow Dielectric Barrier Discharges

The present work provides a detailed study of helium-ethylene dielectric barrier glow discharges. The effect of ethylene concentration, total gas flow rate, excitation frequency and applied voltage have been investigated in order to clarify both discharge operational mode, and coating composition. The discharge has been characterized by means of electrical measurements and optical emission spectroscopy, while the stable species contained in the gas effluent have been sampled and analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection to achieve indications on the reactive fragments generated inside the discharge. It has been observed that polyethylene-like coatings can be obtained for a wide range of electrical conditions, and the deposition rates have been found to range between 20 and 80 nm . min - 1 .
Site selective spectroscopy and crystal field analysis of Eu3+ doped lanthanum–calcium–zirconium–silicon borate

The fluorescence of Eu3+ doped lanthanum–calcium–zirconium–silicon borate ceramic was studied at 77 and 300 K using laser excited site selective spectroscopy. The fluorescence spectrum excited at 514.532 nm reveals the presence of three distinct sites for Eu3+. The sites were assigned to Eu3+ substituting for lanthanum in a ninefold coordination site in LaBO3 and Eu3+ substituting for Ca2+ in six‐ and sevenfold coordination sites in Ca2B2O5. To assign the spectra to the definite sites a phenomenological crystal field analysis was conducted, using C2v symmetry. The crystal field for Eu3+ in Ca2B2O5 was found to be dominated by electrostatic effects. The large 7F1 level splitting and the value of the B20 parameter support the concept of strong ionic bonding between europium and oxygen in Ca2B2O5.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Long‐Chain Branched Polyethylene Chains Synthesized with Dual‐Site‐Type Catalyst Systems

A Monte Carlo model for the polymerization of ethylene with long-chain branch formation using dualsite catalyst systems was developed. It was shown that, unlike single-site catalyst systems, a detailed knowledge of the specifics of catalyst sites and reactor conditions is essential to determine the required probabilities. Therefore, a kinetic model was developed for a CSTR at steady state to simulate the polymerization process. A methodology was also proposed for the calculation of the seven required Monte Carlo model probabilities from the kinetic model. It was shown how the information obtained from the Monte Carlo model complemented the kinetic model results in mapping out the chain microstructure and modeling the polymerization reactor. Eight different dual-site catalyst systems were simulated to evaluate the proposed methodology.
Preparation and porous properties of materials prepared by selective leaching of phlogopite

Porous silica products obtained by selective leaching of phlogopite using an acid solution were investigated by XRD, MAS NMR, SEM, TEM, DTA/TG, and N2 and Ar gas adsorptions. The phlogopite powder was leached by a nitric acid solution at various concentrations (0.01–10 M) at 5–150°C for 10 min–480 h. Selective leaching of the phlogopite powder became extensive when the concentration of nitric acid was >1 M. Only SiO2 remained after the treatment, the other components (MgO, Al2O3, K2O and Fe2O3) being selectively leached from the product. At higher leaching temperatures, the leaching rate became faster and the resulting maximum specific surface area of the porous silica product became larger at each leaching temperature. The porous silica products were found by SEM and TEM, to maintain their original platy particle shape even after the selective leaching. The 29Si MAS NMR spectra of the products, however, revealed that the linkage structure of SiO4 tetrahedra converted to a framework type from a layered type in the original phlogopite. The porous silica product with the maximum specific surface area (532 m2/g) was obtained by leaching in a nitric acid solution with concentration of 5 M at 90°C for 15 min. The pore-size distribution of the porous silica product was bimodal with micropores of ∼0.7 nm and mesopores of ∼4 nm. The pore size of the products changed from 0.7 nm to 4 nm and further to 6 nm with increased leaching time. The present results are discussed in relation to those reported for phlogopite by other workers.
Linear scaling second-order Moller–Plesset theory in the atomic orbital basis for large molecular systems

We have used Almlof and Haser’s Laplace transform idea to eliminate the energy denominator in second-order perturbation theory (MP2) and obtain an energy expression in the atomic orbital basis. We show that the asymptotic computational cost of this method scales quadratically with molecular size. We then define atomic orbital domains such that selective pairwise interactions can be neglected using well-defined thresholding criteria based on the power law decay properties of the long-range contributions. For large molecules, our scheme yields linear scaling computational cost as a function of molecular size. The errors can be controlled in a precise manner and our method reproduces canonical MP2 energies. We present benchmark calculations of polyglycine chains and water clusters containing up to 3040 basis functions.
A practical approach to Rietveld analysis. Comparison of some programs running on personal computers

Three computer programs for Rietveld analysis DBWS-9411, HILL-93.06, and FULLPROF-3.1 have been tested and compared using data for two samples of different complexity, spinel, and anglesite. The investigation shows that results are “program dependent. ” The obtained R indices for spinel are in the ranges 10.60%–13.26%(Rwp) and 3.15%–5.25%(RB). Similarly, the ranges for anglesite are 9.76%–14.06%(Rwp) and 2.15%–5.06%(RB). Some atom and displacement parameters are significantly different, too. In attempt to define the standard procedure for Rietveld analysis, three parameters, n, BKPOS, and RLIM were examined. It was found that the most appropriate values for them are: n=8–10, BKPOS=90°, and RLIM=40° 2θ. Using Fourier filtering for background modeling, significantly lower R indices were obtained in comparison to polynomial and interpolated background. At the same time the great numbers of atom and cell parameters agree within ±3σmax and e.s. d. 's were identical or lower than those achieved for polynomial and interpolated background. It was found that the function given by Bérar and Baldinozzi (1993) (J. Appl. Crystallogr. 26, 128–129) much better described asymmetric peak profiles at low 2θ angles. This function and Fourier filtering were implemented only in FULLPROF, which has more possibilities and some advantages over the other two programs. In addition, the peak shift parameters (sample displacement and transparency) were tested. It was shown that under present circumstances these parameters do not have much effect on atom parameters and R indices. However, differences in unit cell parameters were considerable greater, most probably because of the large correlation between zero-point, lattice, and peak shift parameters.
Improving information retrieval by semantic embedding

This research focuses on using semantic embedding to improve the performance of Information Retrieval (IR) for the Covid-19 related tasks. According to previous research, the technology of word embedding can significantly improve the performance of IR. There are many types of semantic embedding models at present. The purpose of this research is not to develop a new one, but to combine multiple popular semantic embedding models and to find a more effective ranking for retrieving a better IR result by a comparative analysis of these semantic embedding technologies. Besides, the current embeddings are mostly based on words, phrases, or documents, not on entities. So, providing the entity-based IR function, which is missing in PubMed or other search engines like Google, is another goal of this research. The expected outcome of this research is an entity-based working prototype focusing on the Covid-19 data, which can visually mark the differences between the search results of different semantic embedding models.
Optimized intermolecular potential functions for liquid alcohols

Intermolecular potential functions have been developed for use in computer simulations of liquid alcohols and other molecules with hydroxyl groups. The functions are based on earlier work for liquid hydrocarbons and required introduction of few new parameters. Optimization of the parameters involved studids of hydrogen-bonded complexes and Monte Carlo simulations for liquid methanol. Further application then consisted of Monte Carlo simulations for liquid methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol at 25 O C and 1 atm. Extensive thermodynamic and structural results are reported for the liquid alcohols and are compared with experimental data. The excellent accord between simulation and experiment is remarkable in view of the simple form and facile parametrization of the potential functions. The five liquid alcohols all feature winding hydrogen-bonded chains with averages of close to two hydrogen bonds per molecule. The hydrogen bonding is also found to have interesting effects on the torsional energy surfaces for molecules in the liquids. Most striking is a narrowing of the conformational energy wells for rotation about the C-0 bonds.
Transmission Measurement Using Extreme Ultraviolet Light for the Development of Extreme Ultraviolet Resist

A transmission measurement system with high accuracy was installed in the BL10 beamline of the NewSUBARU synchrotron facility. We measured the transmittance of a resist using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light, and evaluated the relation between the E0 sensitivity and the transmittance of the resist under EUV exposure. The measured transmittance was almost the same as the calculated value obtained using from the table of Henke atomic scattering factors. Furthermore, it is confirmed that there is a correlation between the photoabsorption coefficient of the anion of PAG and the E0 sensitivity under EUV exposure at a wavelength of 13.5 nm. Thus, increasing the atomic photoabsorption cross section of the anion of PAG is effective in increasing the sensitivity of the chemically amplified resist in EUVL.
Synthesis of Germanium Nanowires

We report here a novel and simple method, without using any seeds or catalysts, to synthesize single-crystal germanium nanowires with tunable 10−115 nm diameters and of 10−20 μm length by the decomposition of a precursor [(CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7CH2NH2)4Ge]4+·(Cl-)4 (TOG) at 360 °C in trioctylamine. The diameter of Ge nanowires can be controlled by varying the concentration of TOG in solution.