Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating imitation and rule-based behaviors of eye contact and blinking using an android for conversation

In this paper, we investigate which approach to generate eye behaviors using an android robot makes what impressions on humans and clarify which are the important factors for attractive eye behaviors. Thus, we evaluate the human impression of eye behaviors displayed by an android robot while talking to a human by comparing the motions generated by the two approaches. In the first approach, we develop a method to imitate human eye behavior obtained from eye trackers. In the second approach, we control the eye direction, eye-contact duration, and eyeblinks based on the findings of human eye behavior in psychology and cognitive research. In the experiments, we asked male and female subjects to evaluate their impression by comparing the eye behaviors with an android that controls the eye-contact duration and eyeblinks by editing the imitation parameters or the rule-based behavior. In the experiments, we asked subjects to evaluate their impression of different eye behaviors displayed by an android. The eye behaviors were generated by modifying the imitation parameters or the rule-based behavior, which resulted in different eye-contact duration and eyeblink duration and timing. From the results, we found that (1) the imitation and rule-based behaviors showed no difference in terms of human-likeness, (2) the 3-second eye contact obtained better scores regardless of the imitation or rule-based eye behavior, (3) the subjects might regard the long eyeblinks as voluntary eyeblinks, with the intention to break eye contact, and (4) female subjects preferred short eyeblinks rather than long ones and considered that short eyeblinks might be one of the keys to making eye contact more suitable, in contrast to male subjects who preferred long eyeblinks. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Plant Disease Identification Using Discrete Wavelet Transforms and SVM

Disease detection in plants is one of the essential steps in the field of agriculture to improve the quality and yield of crops. Applications of image processing play a major role in the early detection of diseases and also in terms of accuracy and time consumption. In many plant health monitoring systems, Fourier and wavelet transform is applied for feature extraction from plant images and then they are classified using different classifiers. In this study, tomato leaf images are collected from the PlantVillage database, images are preprocessed to improve the contrast, and then image segmentation is performed using the k-means clustering technique. Texture features are extracted from the region of interest using Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT). Fourteen image features obtained from Daubechies (db3), Symlet (sym3), and biorthogonal (Bior 3.3, Bior 3.5, Bior 3.7) wavelets. These features are used to classify the images as healthy and unhealthy with the help of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Performance of the system is measured in terms of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Accuracy. The proposed system classifies the images with a sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 84%, and accuracy of 88%.
Effects of EGCG on the Mobilization of Mineral Elements from Tea Plantation Soil

ABSTRACT Tea polyphenols (TPs) may reach the soil through root secretions and the decomposition of fallen leaves in the tea garden ecosystem and may activate elements existing in the soil through complexation. We designed different epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration, residence time, and extraction reagent to determine the effect of these treatments on the mobilization of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). The results showed that the EGCG concentration had a significant impact on the mobilization of these five elements. According to the correlation coefficient of desorptive kinetic equations, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn desorption onto soil was well described by first-order kinetic equation model (R2 > 0.98, P < .01). The effect of LMWOAs (low molecular weight organic acids) was greater than that of EGCG on mobilizing amounts of large elements including K, Ca, and Mg. Our study provides a more detailed understanding of the interactions between EGCG and minerals, which may offer prospects for improving plant nutrient acquisition through direct modifications of rhizosphere management.
The Effect of Electric Bridge Lighting at Night on Mayfly Activity

Phototactic and polarotactic aquatic insects, such as mayflies, can be drawn to electric lighting on bridges at night. Past research investigating the effect of light intensity, polarization, and spectrum on mayflies suggests that a combination of different techniques can reduce the number of mayflies attracted to bridges. Here, various lighting strategies are systematically tested on Veterans Memorial Bridge in Pennsylvania to investigate the effect of lighting on mayflies and address safety concerns caused by their mass crowding. Isolated trials on different parts of the bridge tested the effectiveness of correlated color temperature, chromaticity, ultraviolet radiation, shielding, and polarization. Results indicate that mayflies were more attracted to ultraviolet radiation, blue and green light, and polarized light than other lighting conditions. Shielding was minimally effective in reducing the number of mayflies on the bridge when supported by the change in light source spectrum. While the correlated color temperature did not result in a statistically significant impact, the spectral power distribution of the light sources was a major influencer for mayfly activity. Future research should investigate the effect of radiant intensity and timing on mayfly activity. Smart solid-state lighting systems and controls can also be used to adjust the light levels when needed to reduce adverse effects on aquatic insects and aid traffic safety.
The role of dew and radiation fog inputs in the local water cycling of a temperate grassland during dry spells in central Europe

Abstract. During dry spells, non-rainfall water (hereafter NRW) mostly formed from dew and fog potentially plays an increasingly important role in temperate grassland ecosystems with ongoing global warming. Dew and radiation fog occur in combination during clear and calm nights, and both use ambient water vapor as a source. Research on the combined mechanisms involved in NRW inputs to ecosystems is rare, and distillation of water vapor from the soil as a NRW input pathway for dew formation has hardly been studied. Furthermore, eddy covariance (EC) measurements are associated with large uncertainties on clear, calm nights when dew and radiation fog occur. The aim of this paper is thus to use stable isotopes as tracers to investigate the different NRW input pathways into a temperate Swiss grassland at Chamau during dry spells in summer 2018. Stable isotopes provide additional information on the pathways from water vapor to liquid water (dew and fog) that cannot be measured otherwise. We measured the isotopic composition (δ18O, δ2H, and d=δ2H-8⋅δ18O) of ambient water vapor, NRW droplets on leaf surfaces, and soil moisture and combined them with EC and meteorological observations during one dew-only and two combined dew and radiation fog events. The ambient water vapor d was found to be strongly linked with local surface relative humidity (r=-0.94), highlighting the dominant role of local moisture as a source for ambient water vapor in the synoptic context of the studied dry spells. Detailed observations of the temporal evolution of the ambient water vapor and foliage NRW isotopic signals suggest two different NRW input pathways: (1) the downward pathway through the condensation of ambient water vapor and (2) the upward pathway through the distillation of water vapor from soil onto foliage. We employed a simple two-end-member mixing model using δ18O and δ2H to quantify the NRW inputs from these two different sources. With this approach, we found that distillation contributed 9 %–42 % to the total foliage NRW, which compares well with estimates derived from a near-surface vertical temperature gradient method proposed by Monteith in 1957. The dew and radiation fog potentially produced 0.17–0.54 mm d−1 NRW gain on foliage, thereby constituting a non-negligible water flux to the canopy, as compared to the evapotranspiration of 2.7 mm d−1. Our results thus underline the importance of NRW inputs to temperate grasslands during dry spells and reveal the complexity of the local water cycle in such conditions, including different pathways of dew and radiation fog water inputs.
Estimating the Impact of "Humanizing" Customer Service Chatbots

In this work, we investigate how applying human-like characteristics to customer service chatbots can influence retail outcomes. This is an important managerial question as creating effective chatbot experiences through messaging platforms has proven difficult for organizations. Often, chatbot developers apply characteristics such as giving a chatbot a human name, adding humor, and so on, without knowing how these features influence end user behavior. Implementing a field experiment in collaboration with a dual channel clothing retailer based in the United States, we automate a used clothing buy-back process, such that individuals engage with the retailer's autonomous chatbot to describe the used clothes they wish to sell, obtain a cash offer, and (if they accept) print a shipping label to finalize the transaction. We provide evidence that, in this retail setting, anthropomorphism is beneficial for transaction outcomes, but that it also leads to significant increases in consumers’ sensitivity to the offer amount. We argue that the latter effect occurs because, as a chatbot becomes more human-like, consumers shift to a fairness evaluation or negotiating mindset.
A novel local impedance algorithm and contact force sensing to guide high power short duration radiofrequency ablation is efficient and safe for circumferential pulmonary vein isolation

Type of funding sources: None. Local impedance (LI) drop can predict sufficient lesion formation during radiofrequency ablation (RF). Recently, a novel ablation catheter technology able to measure LI and contact force has been made available for clinical use. High power short duration (HPSD) RF ablation has been shown to be feasible for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation with short procedure time. We used LI drop and plateau formation to guide duration of 50 Watt RF power applications for circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Consecutive patients with indication for de novo AF ablation (n = 32, age 65 ± 10 years) with paroxysmal (n = 16) or persistent (n = 16) AF underwent ultra high density 3D mapping of the left atrium and catheter ablation. Thereafter, ipsilateral PV encircling with 50 Watt RF-applications targeting an interlesion distance of ≤ 6mm and a contact force of 10-30g was performed. Duration of HPSD RF application between 7-15s was guided by impedance drop >20 Ohm and plateau formation of LI. Further ablation strategy was left to the investigator’s discretion. Esophageal temperature measurement was performed using a three thermistor catheter with temperature cut off 39.0°C. In case of temperature rise or very near esophageal contact to the circumferential line, RF application time was shortened to 7s. Patients underwent adenosine testing after PVI. Previously we performed all types of AF ablation using an LI guided HPSD ablation without contact force measurement capability in 80 patients. Complete PVI was achieved in all pts with only 13.5 ± 4.3 min cumulative RF application duration and an ablation procedure duration of 46.5 ± 10.4 min with the novel LI measuring catheter. First-pass isolation of ipsilateral veins was achieved in 75% of circles. Recurrence of PV conduction during waiting period (20min) and adenosine testing occured in 25% of circles, and was reablated in most patients with a single spot of HPSD application. Using 94 ± 36 RF application per patient, mean maximum LI drop was 23.6 ± 4.0 Ohm. Reconnected fibers were associated with low LI drop due to instability of contact in most cases due to breathing in case of difficult sedation of the patients. No serious complications occurred in all 32 pts using HPSD with the novel contact force catheter design. Guiding of HPSD RF ablation by LI is highly efficient and safe. A novel local impedance algorithm in combination with contact force sensing enable short PVI times with low early recurrence of PV conduction. Prediction of permanent lesions seems possible and the only limitation seems to be unstable RF catheter contact due patients breathing. Follow up have to be waited.
Consequence assessment using threat zone analysis on sulphuric acid production plant

The consequence assessment is one of the crucial methods in the process safety engineering fields to determine and quantify the threat zone derived on the respective chemical plant and this method will guide the designer regarding the most suitable preventive measure to avoid the disaster of a chemical plant. This work highlights the consequence assessment on sulphuric acid production plant using threat zone analysis, one of the steps in Quantitative Risk Assessment. The plant has decided to produce 80,000 MT per year of sulphuric acid in Malaysia with the selected site location of Kerteh, Terengganu. The process layout and location of the equipment installed for the processing steps of sulphuric acid production have been simulated by the Aspen HYSYS simulation software. All possible hazardous chemical for every equipment has been identified and the consequence assessment method focusing on threat zone distance was developed through the six steps of methodology to estimate the worst-case scenario. Distance of threat zone was simulated using ALOHA, MARPLOT and Google Earth software. Results show that the absorber tower produces the worst-case scenario among all equipment in the plant, which red threat zone of toxicity reaches more than 10 km to the surrounding area.
Influence of frugality, materialism and employee demographics on workplace deviant behaviors

This paper explores the impact of frugality and materialism on workplace deviant behaviors in business organizations. The investigation sample was drawn from selected business organizations (Stanbic IBTC Bank, Globacom Limited, International Alpha Limited, and Nextzon Business Services Firm) across the Ibadan and Lagos cities of Nigeria. This study espouses a quantitative research approach, and the study’s questionnaires were randomly dispersed. Out of 400 questionnaires, 323 questionnaires were useful for investigation, and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The research results show that the frugal are less likely to engage in workplace deviant behaviors, while materialists are more inclined to exhibit workplace deviant behaviors in business organizations. This paper further indicates that demographics (gender, marital status, and educational qualification) have a statistical effect on workplace deviant behavior. It was confirmed that frugality, materialism, and employee demographics significantly influenced workplace deviant behaviors in business organizations. Therefore, business organizations’ leadership and management should encourage frugality, thereby directly reducing employee workplace deviant behaviors. Besides, the main focus should be on reducing materialistic tendencies through periodic training and seminars on debt prevention, particularly among vulnerable employees who discourage workplace deviant behaviors. AcknowlendgmentThe authors acknowledge the Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, under Professor Wilfred Ukpere, for funding this study and publishing it.
Multiyear statistics of columnar ice production in stratiform clouds over Hyytiälä, Finland

Abstract. Formation of ice particles in clouds at the temperatures of −10 °C or warmer was documented by using ground-based remote sensing observations. At these temperatures, the number concentration of ice nucleating particles (INP) is not only expected to be small, but also this number is highly uncertain. In addition, there are a number of studies reporting that the observed number concentration of ice particles exceeds expected INP concentrations, indicating that other ice generation mechanisms, such as secondary ice production (SIP), may play an important role in such clouds. To identify the formation of ice crystals and report conditions in which they are generated, W-band cloud radar Doppler spectra observations collected at the Hyytiala station for more than two years were used. Given that at these temperatures ice crystals grow mainly as columns, which have distinct linear depolarization ratio (LDR) values, spectral LDR was utilized to identify newly formed ice particles. Our results indicate that that the columnar ice production took place in 5 to 13 % of clouds, where cloud top temperatures were −12 °C or higher. For colder clouds, this percentage can be as high as 33 %. 40 ~ 50 % of columnar-ice-producing events last less than 1 hour, while 5 ~ 15 % can persist for more than 6 hours. By comparing clouds where columnar crystals were produced with the ones where these crystals were absent, we found that the columnar-ice-producing clouds tend to have larger values of liquid water path and precipitation intensity. The columnar-ice-producing clouds were subdivided into subcategories, using the temperature difference, Δ T, between the altitudes where columns are first detected and the cloud top altitude. The cases where Δ T is less than 2 °C are typically single-layer shallow clouds where needles are produced at the cloud top. In multilayered clouds, where Δ T > 2 °C, columns are produced in a layer that is seeded by ice particles falling from above. This classification allows to study potential impacts of various SIP mechanisms, such as Hallet-Mossop process or freezing breakup, on columnar ice production. To answer the question whether the observed ice particles are generated by SIP in the observed single-layer shallow clouds, ice particle number concentrations were retrieved and compared to several INP parameterizations. It was found that the ice number concentrations tend to be 1 ~ 3 orders of magnitude higher than the expected INP concentrations.
Complete formalization of taxa with their names, contents and descriptions improves taxonomic databases and access to the taxonomic knowledge they support

As concepts, taxa should be addressed through their name, their description (definition by intension) or their content (definition by extension). Each part of this taxonomic triplet is necessary but none alone sufficient to fully formalize a taxon without ambiguity. However, in practice, taxa are most often only addressed through their name and their extension, circumscribing them by their components (child-taxa) that are added or excluded following the progress of knowledge and discoveries. Here we show that without modifying its content, moving a taxon in the classification affects fundamentally its definition by intension, while the taxon remains considered the same. During taxonomic revisions, a taxonomic concept is not only extended or restricted according to its components, but it can be definitively modified when its contextualization in a classification changes. Because of the recursive property of the classification, defining a taxon by intension is equivalent to addressing its classification, and the taxon is necessarily contextualized. Accordingly, a taxon is therefore only fully defined as a triplet, documenting at the same time its name, its content and its classification, each issue varying independently from each other. If one wants to correctly report or aggregate taxonomic knowledge in taxonomic databases, managing these three issues independently is therefore necessary to assure the relational integrity in the database. Particularly, all aspects managing the taxon contextualization (e.g. its classification) and its eventual changes should be included in taxonomic databases and some recommendations are provided. As discussed, consequences in the taxonomic treatment of the related data that follows the taxa (not the name! ) remain underestimated and still need to be better understood and formalized. As complex human concepts, taxa modelization for the digital world remains a real challenge and shows that taxonomy is a much more complex science than usually expected.
Quantitative Analysis for RBS and PIXE Spectrums of Thin Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) Films

The objective of this work is to introduce a different technique to existing studies that determine the stoichiometric ratios of thin CZTS structures. To this end, the CZTS targets were propagated by sol-gel process and later RBS and PIXE spectra were achieved by irradiating these samples with protons of 3.034 MeV energy into microbeam chamber. RBS spectrum was taken with RBS detector and PIXE spectra were collected with IGe and SDD detectors. As energy calibration was performed to these spectra and the RBS spectrum was fixed with the SIMNRA simulation program and the PIXE spectra adjusted with the Gaussian function. In the RBS spectrum, quantitative analysis measurements could not be performed due to the presence of Mo peak, which supplies electrical conductivity, while PIXE spectra results close to expected values. For this, least squares regression method were carried out PIXE spectra for the reference material, and the analytical elemental amount ratios for CZTS were specified with the calibration coefficients found. It was observed that the results acquired with the SDD detector were convenient with the required values, except sulfur content. This technique is a fast and simple method that can be employed analytically to help improve the accuracy of the existing methods in the literature that used to determine the constituent quantities and the depth analysis of thin films. However, this method should be compared with inverse least squares model or eigenvector quantitative analysis methods.
Methylobacterium oryzae Influences Isoepoxydon Dehydrogenase Gene Expression and Patulin Production by Penicillium expansum

Biofilms can be considered the main source of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). The ecology of a biofilm is dependent on a variety of factors, including the presence of microbial metabolites excreted by its inhabitants. This study reports the effect of the Gram-negative bacteria Methylobacterium oryzae on the idh gene expression levels and patulin production of Penicillium expansum mature biofilms. For this purpose, a RT-qPCR method to quantify idh mRNA levels was applied. In addition, the idh expression levels were compared with the patulin production. The results obtained revealed that the effect of the bacterium on pre-established P. expansum biofilms is dependent on the time of interaction. More mature P. expansum biofilms appear to be more resistant to the inhibitory effect that M. oryzae causes towards idh gene expression and patulin production. A positive trend was observed between the idh expression and patulin production values. The results indicate that M. oryzae affects patulin production by acting at the transcriptional level of the idh gene.