Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Classification of the Phenomena of Hypersensitiveness

I. By Arthur F. Coca. Robert Doerr was the first to recognize the need of a classification of the phenomena of hypersensitiveness. In attempting such a classification Doerr (7), unfortunately chose as the main heading the term Allergie (allergy) which had been introduced by von Pirquet. This choice was particularly unhappy because Doerr felt obliged in using it to observe with some strictness the etymological significance of the term (altered reactivity). The result of this observance was the inclusion in Doerr's category of allergies of phenomena of such different nature as to make their association valueless if not positively confusing. There seems, for example, to be no advantage in associating in one category two so widely different phenomena as the well known morphine tolerance and morphine idiosyncrasy. Doerr's subdivision of “allergic” phenomena into those exhibited to non-antigenic substances and those exhibited to antigenic substances is also inadvisable because such subdivision necessitates a confusing separation of identical conditions of hypersensitiveness in human beings, merely in accordance with the presence or absence of antigenic property in the exciting agent.
Optimal Control of Gas Exchange during Drought: Empirical Evidence

The optimal regulation model by Ma$ kela$ , Berninger and Hari (Annals of Botany 77: 461‐467, 1996) was applied to data for photosynthesis and transpiration of Scots pine during a 22-d drought period. There was a clear decrease in photosynthesis and transpiration during that period. The agreement between model and photosynthesis data was good. The residuals of photosynthesis were not systematic with respect to temperature, irradiance or water vapour deficit. However, the model initially overestimated transpiration by 50%, although there was a clear linear relationship between measured and estimated values. The results suggest that there was no decrease in photosynthetic capacity during the period, but a decrease in stomatal conductance was responsible for the changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. The observations are similar to results in the literature. # 1996 Annals of Botany Company
Plectranthias lamillai , a new Anthiine fish species (Perciformes, Serranidae) from the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile

Plectranthias lamillai new species, is described and illustrated as a new anthiine serranid fish from Alejandro Selkirk Island, the westernmost island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, about 700 km west of Chile at 33°45´S, 80°51´W. The following combination of characters distinguishes it from all other serranids: dorsal fin rays X,16; principal caudal-fin rays 17 (8+9); pectoral-fin rays 16; gillrakers 28 (8+20); tubed lateral-line scales 40-41; 10 rows of scales on cheek; maxilla narrow and rounded; posterior margin of bony opercle with three spinous processes, the middle one largest; subopercle 2-6 small serrae; pseudobranch with 24 filaments; circumpeduncular scales 16; pelvic fin inserted beneath base of pectoral fin, the tip reaching a vertical through base of tenth dorsal-fin spine, falling short of the anus; a broad red bar from sixth dorsal-fin spine to base of fifth ray, extending to anus and above anal fin as a narrow band that widens on the peduncle and then bifurcates over the upper and lower margins of the caudal fin; rest of the caudal fin yellowish. Pectoral fins orange; pelvic and anal fins whitish.
Temporal analysis and fungicide management strategies to control mango anthracnose epidemics in Guerrero, Mexico

The temporal progress of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) epidemics was studied in mango (Mangifera indica) orchards treated with fungicides from different chemical groups, mode of action, and application sequences in two regions of contrasting climates (sub-humid and dry tropics) in Guerrero, Mexico. Full flowering, initial setting, and 8-15mm O fruits were identified as critical stages for infection. Epidemics started 20-26 days after swollen buds, and maximum severity was attained at 40-42 days after the first symptoms were detected. The Weibull model described (r2>0.89) anthracnose epidemics in both floral and vegetative flushes. Active ingredients of different fungicide groups, mode of action, and residuality such as myclobutanil, azoxystrobin, cyprodinil+fludioxonil, quinoxyfen, and chlorotalonil + sulfur led to significantly low values (LSD 30oC (rFl=0.79-0.86; rVeg=0.80-0.95) and relative humidity > 90% (rFl=0.66-0.86; rVeg=0.67-0.94). In both regions, conidial sporulation was related to temperature >30oC (r=0.72-0.74), relative humidity <60% (r=0.66), severity (rFl=0.62-0.98; rVeg=0.75-0.97) and dew point <25oC (r=0.68-0.69).
Chemical Communication in Fish

Chemical signals (pheromones) have been shown to be involved in schooling, territorial marking, species, sex and individual recognition, courtship, the induction of physiological readiness for mating, and in parent–young interactions. Alarm substances released from damaged skin elicit avoidance behavior. Pheromones may also be involved in homestream recognition in some anadromous species. Most pheromones investigated act as "releasers"; a few "priming" effects have been observed. In most of the chemically mediated interactions surveyed it is not clear that communication in a generally accepted sense is involved, or whether fish are simply responding adaptively to those metabolic products which inevitably "leak" into the environment and only fortuitously provide "information" to conspecifics. In a few cases, specializations in chemical secretions or secretory structures indicate that they have evolved for communication. It is proposed that a combination of factors — the availability of a wide array of solu.
Effects of Interactions between Low-temperature Treatments, Gibberellin (GA3) and Photoperiod on Flowering and Stem Height of Spring Rape (Brassica napus var. annua)

Abstract Exogenous gibberellin A 3 (GA 3 ) reduced the number of leaf nodes at flowering and time to flowering and increased the stem height at flowering in three genotypes of spring rape ( Brassica napus var. annua L.). The responses to GA 3 were similar to those for long days (LD) and low-temperature treatments, suggesting that the effect of photoperiod and the vernalization response are probably mediated through gibberellins. The response to exogenous GA 3 was greatest in non-cold-treated plants in short days (SD) suggesting that endogenous GAs are limiting in these conditions. CCC, an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, caused a small increase in the number of leaf nodes at flowering and time to flowering and a small decrease in the stem height at flowering, but unexpectedly, its effect was hardly influenced by the application of exogenous GA 3 . Genotypes that showed the clearest responses to the treatments with regard to the number of leaf nodes at flowering and time to flowering did not show the clearest responses with regard to the stem height at flowering; the pattern of responses of the number of leaf nodes at flowering and time to flowering was distinct from that of stem height at flowering. This indicates that flower formation and stem elongation are separable developmental processes which may be controlled by different endogenous gibberellins, different levels of a specific endogenous gibberellin, or different responses to gibberellin.
Redescription and compilation of Nearctic freshwater Nematomorpha (Gordiida), with the description of two new species

Abstract We compiled information on freshwater Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) from North America including new records of more than 100 specimens from 66 new locations and the description of two new species. From the 30 species names that have been used for Nearctic nematomorphs, 15 are regarded as valid species. The descriptions of most of these species were supplemented with new material and documented by light and scanning electron microscopy. Three species, Gordius agassizi, Gordius fasciatus and Gordius hawaiiensis are synonymized with Gordius robustus. Gordius leidyi is not a valid species, but its assignment is uncertain. Gordius tenuis is not a nematomorph, but a mermithid nematode. Parachordodes densareolatus is a questionable species and might belong to Gordionus. New combinations are given for three species. The two new species described here raise the number of gordiids known from the Nearctic region to 17. A taxonomic key and a geographic list of species distributions are given in appendices. Species novae: Gordionus sinepilosus (British Columbia, Canada), Pseudochordodes texanus (Texas, U.S.A.).
Patterns of Speciation in Marine Gastropods: A Review of the Phylogenetic Evidence for Localized Radiations in the Sea*

Abstract: Modern speciation theory is heavily influenced by Mayr's postulate that prolonged geographical isolation is necessary for differentiated populations to evolve reproductive isolation. Present-day distributions of sister species are consistent with allopatric or peripatric speciation in many terrestrial and freshwater animal groups. However, the oceans present few obstacles to dispersal for marine taxa with planktonic larvae, and sister species are not often split at biogeographical breakpoints in the sea. Theory predicts that disruptive selection on habitat choice or resource use can split a population into divergent ecotypes without physical separation, yet sympatric speciation is still often viewed as improbable. Here, I review phylogenetic evidence from diverse marine gastropods to test Mayr's prediction that recently diverged sister species should not be sympatric over most of their ranges. In contrast to expectations, young sister species are often broadly sympatric in many gastropod groups, suggesting that classical models of allopatric divergence are insufficient to explain marine speciation. I discuss four mechanisms that may contribute to this deviation from predicted biogeographical patterns: transient allopatry along continuous coastlines, rapid evolution of gamete recognition proteins, shifts to non-planktonic development, and ecological divergence. The available evidence argues that patterns of marine speciation depend on complex interactions between geography, life history, and ecology, often resulting in local radiations within a basin or endemic to an island group. Whether selection acts on ecotypes in sympatry or on populations during secondary contact, ecological factors may promote speciation in the sea at smaller spatial scales than expected. I highlight areas for future study to improve our understanding of the forces generating marine biodiversity, and why the geography of speciation may be fundamentally different for shallow-water animals.
Variabilidade genética de etnovariedades de mandioca, avaliada por marcadores de DNA

The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic diversity among cassava folk varieties as well as to examine the distribution of the genetic diversity among varieties of different origin and type. Fifty-four cassava varieties were chosen from 4 Brasilian regions: 45 of the Amazon basin (23 from River Negro, 6 of the River Branco and 16 of the River Solimoes) and 9 of the south coast of the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The modern variety Mantiqueira was also included as a reference. Among these, 38 were bitter varieties and 17 sweet. Three different types of DNA markers were used: RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA), AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and microsatellites. Analysis of the results consisted of a description of band patterns, a calculation of similarity indexes (Nei & Li) and a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) for each marker type. Heterozygosity, diversity indexes (DI, Weir) and genetic differentiation coefficients (GST) were calculated for the microsatellite loci.Genetic variability was more concentrated within regions, then among regions (GST = 0.07). Mean heterozygosity was 56%. Mean similarity indexes were dependent on the marker used: S = 0.89 for RAPD, S = 0.85 for AFLP and S = 0.59 for microsatellites. PCoA analysis revealed groups, distinguishing bitter from sweet varieties.
Over expression of the Interferon β-1b by optimizing induction conditions using response surface meth-odology

"High expression of therapeutic proteins is crucial for industrial scale manufacturing. In the present study, induction conditions for the production of interferon β-1b by recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) were optimized using response surface methodology based on the central composite design (CCD). The induction conditions included isopropyl β -Dthiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration, induction start time (OD600 nm), post-induction time and temperature. The optimal set of culture conditions for high interferon β-1b was determined: 0.7 mM IPTG, an induction start time (OD600 nm) of 0.58, a post-induction time of 5h, and a post-induction temperature of 37°C. A high level of interferon beta-1b protein was expressed in the optimized conditions, which accounted for about 40.2 % of the total cell proteins. "
Beetles (Coleoptera) caught in traps baited with pheromones for Dendroctonus rufi pennis (Kirby) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Lithuania

* Corresponding author. E-mail: vaathe@vaat.lt Sticky traps baited with pheromones for Dendroctonus rufi pennis were set up in the Klaipėda port and at the Vaidotai railway station alongside temporary stored timbers and in forests along roads in June–July 2000 (21 localities across the entire Lithuania); 111 beetle species and 6 genera were detected. Eight trophic groups of beetles were identifi ed, and among them the largest number (38.7% of species detected and 28.5% of beetle specimens) presented a decaying wood and mycetobiont beetle group. Most frequent beetles were Dasytes plumbeus (Dasytidae), Sciodrepoides watsoni (Leiodidae) and Polygraphus poligraphus (Curculionidae). Scolytinae were represented by 5 species and 83 beetle specimens, No D. rufi pennis was trapped. Rhacopus sahlbergi (Eucnemidae) and Anobium nitidum (Anobiidae) beetles were caught in two localities, and the species were ascertained as new for the Lithuanian fauna. Th ere was detected 71 new localities with the occurence of 54 beetle species rare for Lithuania.
Effect Of Crude Oil Pollution On TheOil-degrading Bacteroids Community In TheNodules Of Arachis Hypogaea

The exposure of the environment in Kuwait to crude oil pollution has detrimental effects on the ecological systems. The selective pressure created by the addition of crude oil is expected to impact the bacterial community structures of affected ecosystems such as the nodule bacteroids by enhancing the growth of crude oildegrading and/or tolerant microbiota. In the present study, the effect of crude oil on the structure of the crude oil-degrading nodule bacteroids community of Arachis hypogaea is investigated. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA amplified from nodule-bacteroids isolated from Arachis hypogaea grown in crude oil untreated and treated soils demonstrated the tendency of Gram negative bacteroids (β-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria) to prevail in treated soils. Crude oil mineralization studies showed that predominant bacteroids have higher rates of crude oil mineralization (5.5 μg/min) compared to Gram positive bacteroids (2.1 μg/min). Furthermore, the effect of crude oil addition on nodules size, number and distribution was recorded. Bigger nodules (diameter of 3.13±0.058mm) were detected in untreated soil compared to that of treated soil (diameter of 1.97±0.122mm). In addition, the distribution of nodules on different parts of roots of untreated and treated plants was significantly different (P<0.05). Higher numbers of nodules were detected in the upper parts of the roots of Arachis hypogaea grown in untreated and treated soils (124±0.455 and 79±1.10 nodules/plant respectively) compared to that observed in the lower parts of the roots (76±1.13 and 7±0.31 nodules/plant respectively). However, highest number of nodules (200±0.361 nodules/plant) was recorded for plants grown in untreated soils followed by that of treated soils (86±1.4 nodules/plant). These results are discussed in the context of using Arachis hypogaea to restore degraded soils and to bioremediate crude oil contamination in Kuwait.
New conditions and intraspecific variation of some muscles of hands and feet of Dendropsophus labialis (Peters, 1863) (Anura, Hylidae)

Systematics of frogs have been based on osteological and molecular characters; however, the morphology of the muscles of hands and feet has proven to be an important complement to these studies, but it has not been sufficiently studied. This study presents undescribed conditions based on the origin, insertion or arrangement of 18 muscles of hands and feet of Dendropsophus labialis, and intraspecific variation. Muscles of four specimens (two males and two females) were examined to observe both sides of each specimen determining new conditions, and comparing them with documented species of Dendropsophus. Four intraspecific variant categories were established: Minor, unique, explosive and mimicking. Mainly mimicking, explosive and unique variations were found. Our results show the need to expand intraspecific studies in more species of Dendropsophus and to assess its value in the phylogeny of the genus. The family Hylidae may be identifiable based upon the combination of character states of some of these muscles: the m. flexor indicis superficialis proprius and the group of tendines superficialis digitorum of hands and foot, the m. extensor brevis superficialis Digiti III of the hand, the m. extensor brevis superficialis Digiti IV in hands and the mm. extensores breves profundi Digiti III in hands.
Disruption of transforming growth factor-β signaling by curcumin induces gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in rat hepatic stellate cells

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the major effectors of hepatic fibrogenesis, is coupled with sequential alterations in gene expression, including an increase in receptors for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and a dramatic reduction in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). The relationship between them remains obscure. We previously demonstrated that curcumin induced gene expression of PPAR-γ in activated HSC, leading to reducing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and suppressing expression of extracellular matrix genes. The underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. We recently observed that stimulation of PPAR-γ activation suppressed gene expression of TGF-β receptors in activated HSC, leading to the interruption of TGF-β signaling. This observation supported our assumption of an antagonistic relationship between PPAR-γ activation and TGF-β signaling in HSC. In this study, we further hypothesize that TGF-β signaling might negatively regulate gene expression of PPAR-γ in activated HSC. The present report demonstrates that exogenous TGF-β1 inhibits gene expression of PPAR-γ in activated HSC, which is eliminated by the pretreatment with curcumin likely by interrupting TGF-β signaling. Transfection assays further indicate that blocking TGF-β signaling by dominant negative type II TGF-β receptor increases the promoter activity of PPAR-γ gene. Promoter deletion assays, site-directed mutageneses, and gel shift assays localize two Smad binding elements (SBEs) in the PPAR-γ gene promoter, acting as curcumin response elements and negatively regulating the promoter activity in passaged HSC. The Smad3/4 protein complex specifically binds to the SBEs. Overexpression of Smad4 dose dependently eliminates the inhibitory effects of curcumin on the PPAR-γ gene promoter and TGF-β signaling. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the interruption of TGF-β signaling by curcumin induces gene expression of PPAR-γ in activated HSC in vitro. Our studies provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of curcumin in the induction of PPAR-γ gene expression and in the inhibition of HSC activation.
NUMEROS CROMOSOMICOS DE CUATRO ESPECIES DE COSTUS (COSTACEAE), UNA DE CALATHEA, UNA DE MARANTA Y UNA DE STROMANTHE (MARANTACEAE)

Chromosome counts of the following species were done: Costus pictus, C. scaber and C. pulverulentus all have 2n = 18; Costus dirzoi 2n = 27, 28; Calathea ovandensis 2n = 25; Maranta gibba 2n = 40 and Stromanthe macrochlamys 2n = ca. 60, ca. 63. Observations on Costus lead us to consider the probable existence of a polyploid series, with the recently described C. dirzoi being triploid.
Characterization of the Protective Effect of Tetrahydrobiopterin Against S-Nitroso-N -Acetyl-D ,L-Penicillamine Induced Endothelial Cell Injury

The purpose of this study was to characterize the protective effect of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), one of the cofactors of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, against NO-induced endothelial cell injury. The addition of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor, to endothelial cells induced the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a marker for cell injury. The SNAP-induced endothelial cell injury was markedly reduced by pretreatment with sepiapterin, a precursor of BH4 synthesis. On the other hand, exogenous BH4 had little effect on the SNAP-induced endothelial cell injury. We recently found that NO-induced endothelial cell injury involves a part of H202 production, since the injury was blocked by the treatment with catalase. Although BH4 released reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell-free conditions, the increase in intracellular BH4 by pretreatment with sepiapterin strongly reduced H202-induced intracellular oxidative stress. These findings suggest that the increase in intracellular BH4 content but not extracellular BH4, strongly attenuates NO-induced endothelial cell injury by at least one of the mechanisms by which BH4 reduces H202-induced oxidative stress. Intracellular BH4 seems mainly to play a role as an antioxidant or as a ROS-scavenger.
Implicit Learning

Implicit learning appears to be a fundamental and ubiquitous process in cognition. Although defining and operationalizingimplicit learning remains a central theoretical challenge, scientists' understanding of implicit learning has progressed significantly. Beyond establishing the existence of “learning without awareness,” current research seeks to identify the cognitive processes that support implicit learning and addresses the relationship between learning and awareness of what was learned. The emerging view of implicit learning emphasizes the role of associative learning mechanisms that exploit statistical dependencies in the environment in order to generate highly specific knowledge representations.
Efficiency Motives and Normative Forces: Combining Transactions Costs and Institutional Logic

This paper provides a synthesis of transaction cost economics and institutional theory. It reviews each of these approaches and provides suggestions on how these perspectives might be broadened via this synthesis. It presents an illustrative model of organization theorizing that combines relevant aspects of transaction cost theory and institutional theory in order to strengthen the explanatory power of both. The model explores conditions under which one or both theories may be most appropriate in explaining decision behavior, focusing on two important situational factors--the degree of ambiguity surrounding transaction cost analyses and the organization’s temporal survival orientation.