Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ALLOCHRONIC SPECIATION IN FIELD CRICKETS, AND A NEW SPECIES, ACHETA VELETIS

McNeill (1889) was apparently the first investigator to recognize that the most abundant and widely distributed field cricket in northeastern North America is actually composed of two populations, one overwintering as a late instar nymph and maturing in spring and one overwintering in the egg stage and maturing in middle or late summer. McNeill also noted (1) that the adult males of the nymph-overwintering population more often occupy burrows and are characteristically more solitary and more aggressive than those of the egg-overwintering population, and (2) that the ovipositors of the females in the nymphoverwintering population are usually shorter in relation to the length of the body than those of the females in the eggoverwintering population. Later investigators, such as Blatchley (1903, 1920), Walker (1904), Criddle (1925), Urquhart (1941), Cantrall (1943), Fulton (1952), Alexander (1957), and Bigelow (1958) have corroborated and refined McNeill's observations on these two populations without materially altering his conclusions. It is surprising that in spite of the confusion in field cricket taxonomy, the relationships of this pair of populations have been fairly well understood by field biologists for about seventy years. Prior to Fulton's work, various names had been applied to these two forms, either as binomials or as trinomials. Fulton, Alexander, and Bigelow did not separate the two populations with formal nomenclature. Fulton remained quite uncertain as to their status, being able to deal only with the southernmost fragments of their ranges in the northwestern part of North Carolina. Alexander, puzzled by the apparent identity of the two populations in song, habitat, and distribution, noted that most females could be separated on the basis of ovipositor length, and stated (p. 592), "These two broods may interbreed in mid-summer, or possibly in fall in the southern part of their range, or it maybe that they have been isolated such a short time that no noticeable differences have yet appeared between them. Certainly more investigation is needed to, clarify their relationship. " Bigelow, on the basis of differences he had discovered in the developmental rates of the two' poptulations, and the differences in diapause stage, stated (p. 147), "The distinctive differences between these two' populations are more likely to become further consolidated than they are to break down through any future gene exchange. Therefore, these two populations should be regarded as distinct species, however similar they might be morphologically. " Recently, we have pooled our information on these populations and have concluded that a more detailed discussion of their relationships, and their recognition as distinct species, is in order. We believe that these species have become reproductively isolated through a seasonal' separation of adults initially imposed by'
Seasonal use of resting sites by marten in south-central Alaska

Although a number of studies have dealt with the ecology of marten (Martes americana) in North America during the past decade, little attention has been directed toward the use of resting sites by this species. Marten habitat has generally been defined and evaluated in terms of food abundance or vegetation type (Koehler and Hornocker 1977). Although resting sites of marten have been described (Murie 1961, Mech and Rogers 1977, Masters 1980), seasonal variation in site preference has not been described and the importance of these sites to marten has not been considered. Resting sites may be important because they reduce thermoregulatory costs and provide protection from predators. This report describes resting sites used by marten in south-central Alaska, provides information on habitats in which resting sites occurred, and discusses the energetic importance of resting site
Growth Regulators Do Not Increase Onion Bulb Size or Weight Under Greenhouse Conditions

Exogenously applied plant growth regulators may affect development of onion, but little is know about how concentration or timing of application can affect bulb grade and quality. Two concentrations of the growth regulators abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, indole-acetic acid, jasmonic acid, kinetin, and maleic acid hydrazide, and water controls, were applied at the 7- and 20-leaf stages to the middle of the leaf whorl in greenhouse grown onion plants. Leaf and bulb weights were lighter, and bulb diameters were smaller, from plants treated with growth regulators applied at the 7-leaf stage than those from plants treated at the 20-leaf stage. Bulbs produced on plants treated with water were the same size, or larger, than those produced on plants treated with individual growth regulators.
Impact of Water Quality on Species Composition and Seasonal Fluctuation of Planktons of Batticaloa lagoon, Sri Lanka

This study examines whether planktons of the Batticaloa lagoon could be considered as bio-indicator of areas subjected to various anthropogenic and geomorphologic influences. However the physico-chemical parameters of the lagoon plays vital role in supporting the existence of biological parameters. This study was carried out for planktonic survey and in situ measurement of existing hydrological physico-chemical parameters from 9th July 2008 to 22nd June 2009 over the wet and dry seasons on seven sampling points of the Batticaloa lagoon. Comparatively, a higher number of species was recorded in the dry than in the wet season but there was little variation in species composition with respect to seasons. The compositions of phytoplankton were dominated by Bacillariophyceae which contributed about 55.81% to the total phytoplankton density. Nitzschia sp and Navicula sp lack seasonality and hence observed in both seasons. The 2 holoplankton groups of species increased in abundance during the wet season, while about 4 species lacked seasonality. Few phytoplankton species were reported to be potentially harmful/toxic bloom species. The information and observation in this study will be very useful in formulating management policies for the future of the Batticaloa lagoon.
Life History Dynamics of Menidia beryllina from Lake Texoma

Life history calculations for Lake Texoma Menidia beryllina (Cope) show that female fecundity is size-dependent with egg numbers ranging up to ca. 2000 eggs per female per day of a 3-month breeding period. During that time female growth cannot be demonstrated and extensive mortality results in virtually no adults surviving to spawn a 2nd year. Growth is density-dependent and reproduction can occur if youngof-the-year achieve minimum spawning size before water temperatures exceed the maximum breeding limit of ca. 30 C. INTRODUCTION Detailed life-history summaries are available for few fishes, especially for small species with short life spans. Substantial background information is available on feeding and reproduction that can facilitate life-history calculations for Menidia beryllina (Cope) inhabitating Lake Texoma. Most of the published reports on Menidia in Lake Texoma reference the Mississippi silverside (Menidia audens); however, Chernoff et al. (1981) demonstrate extensive integration with the tidewater silverside (Menidia beryllina). I agree with their conclusion that the two morphs are conspecific and use the latter name to comply with scientific name priority. Lake Texoma was formed by Denison Dam in 1942 and filled to power pool level in 1945. At this level, the lake has a surface area of 36,000 ha and a shoreline of 933 km (Patten et al., 1975). When first filled, Lake Texoma had dense populations of the brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus). The first reported collection of Menidia in Lake Texoma was in 1953 (Riggs and Bonn, 1959). By 1955 Menidia had attained population densities equivalent to those of Labidesthes in earlier years. It seems apparent that Menidia were inadvertently released into Lake Texoma in the early 1950s from an unknown source. This hypothesis of introduction is supported by the first known occurrence of Menidia in Oklahoma in 1949 (Moore and Cross, 1950) and by the absence of Menidia at inland locations in Texas prior to 1950 (Bonn and Kemp, 1952). Tilton and White (1964) demonstrate and document a spread of tidewater silversides in the Colorado River Basin in Texas. The Lake Texoma stock of Menidia was the source of the silversides stocked into Clear Lake, California (Carl D. Riggs, pers. comm.). Food habit studies by Saunders (1959), Elston and Bachen (1976) and R. Drenner (pers. comm.) have shown that the Lake Texoma stock of Menidia feeds extensively on copepods, cladocerans and chironomids. Elston and Brachen (1976) reported they feed mostly during daylight hours (0700-2000 hr) in August and they suggested a 1-hr stomach retention time. If so, they have ca. 14 daily feedings. If those feedings average only 1 % of total biomass, a daily ingestation of 14% of the biomass occurs. Observations during May, June and July 1980 (the Lake Texoma breeding period) suggest more nighttime feeding by Menidia (Michael Bleakley, pers. comm.).
Genetic diversity reduction in improved durum wheat cultivars of Morocco as revealed by microsatellite markers

It has been argued that genetic diversity in crop varieties has been on the decline in recent times due to plant breeding. This can have serious consequences for both the genetic vulnerability of crops and their plasticity when responding to changes in production environments. It is, therefore, vital for plant breeding programs to maintain sufficient diversity in the cultivars deployed for multi-period cultivation. In this study, to understand the temporal genetic diversity in durum wheat, 21 improved durum wheat cultivars released in Morocco, since 1956 and five exotic cultivars currently used in crossing programs were analyzed using 13 microsatellite markers. The analysis revealed a total of 44 alleles and average genetic diversity of 0.485 with genetic distances ranging from 0.077 to 0.846 at 13 microsatellite loci in Moroccan durum wheat cultivars. All the durum cultivars of Morocco could be distinguished using the 13 microsatellite markers. The total number of alleles and unique alleles were highest in cultivars developed before 1990, decreasing in cultivars developed during the 1990s and 2000s, indicating that recent durum breeding efforts have reduced allelic richness in recent cultivars. Thus, deployment of exotic durum wheat lines in breeding programs could enhance genetic diversity in durum wheat cultivars.
Urwald relict species - Saproxylic beetles indicating structural qualities and habitat tradi- tion Urwaldrelikt-Arten - Xylobionte Käfer als Indikatoren für Strukturqualität und Habitattradition

Zusammenfassung On the basis of the list of saproxylic beetles of Germany, the authors present a definition and list of "Urwald relict species", comprising 115 beetles that are considered to be associated with primeval forest ("Urwald") structures and features. We use the term "habitat tradition" to describe a continuity in supply of old growth dead wood and forest structures. The selection of species is made on behalf of the following criteria: relict records in Central Europe; attachment to continuity of deadwood resources and habitat tradition; continuity of old growth stand features like tree and deadwood maturity and di- versity; absence from cultivated Central European forest. Auf der Basis der Liste xylobionter Kafer Deutschlands legen die Autoren eine Definition und Liste von 115 Kaferarten vor, die in Deutschland als Urwaldreliktarten bezeichnet werden konnen. Wir definieren die Kontinuitat eines Bestandes hinsichtlich Totholzangebot und Bestandsstruktur als "Habitattradition". Die Auswahl der Arten erfolgt anhand folgender Kriterien: Reliktares Vorkommen in Mitteleuropa; Bindung an Strukturkontinuitat bzw. Habitattradition sowie Kontinuitat der Alters- und Zerfallsphase; hohe Anspruche an Totholzqualitaten und -quantitaten; aus den kultivierten Waldern Mitteleuropas verschwindend oder schon verschwunden.
Short-term effect of defoliation on terpene content in Thuja plicata

Abstract Insect herbivory or mechanical wounding in conifers can induce monoterpene biosynthesis. Low risk of herbivory, coupled with low availability of resources, is hypothesized to favour induced responses and to decrease constitutive defences. We studied the response to defoliation in western redcedars (Thuja plicata) from two regions: the Haida Gwaii archipelago, where mammalian herbivores were lacking until black-tailed deer were introduced at the end of the 19th century and previous work indicated that trees were less well defended, and the north coast mainland (British Columbia, Canada). We predicted that higher induced defences in the island population would compensate for reduced constitutive defences. We used one- and two-year-old nursery-grown seedlings to test i) whether defoliation would cause a short-term chemical response in island western redcedar and ii) whether mainland western redcedars that have always been exposed to large mammalian herbivores respond differently. The concentration in monoterpene and diterpenes did not vary significantly in response to defoliation over the 5-day period analyzed regardless of the defoliation intensity or the plant’s origin.
Author's reply

1. MuÈ llauer L, Mosberger I, Grusch M, Rudas M, Chott A. Fas ligand is expressed in normal breast epithelial cells and is frequently up-regulated in breast cancer. J Pathol 2000; 190: 20±30. 2. MuÈschen M, Moers C, Warskulat U, et al. CD95 ligand expression in dedifferentiated breast cancer. J Pathol 1999; 189: 378±386. 3. Gutierrez LS, Eliza M, Niven-Fairchild T, Naftolin F, Mor G. The Fas/Fas-ligand system: a mechanism for immune evasion in human breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 54: 245±253. 4. O'Connell J, Bennett MW, O'Sullivan GC, O'Callaghan J, Collins JK, Shanahan F. Expression of Fas (CD95/APO-1) ligand by human breast cancers: signi®cance for tumor immune privilege. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6: 457±463. 5. MuÈschen M, Moers C, Warskulat U, Even J, Niederacher D, Beckmann MW. CD95 ligand expression as a mechanism of immune escape in breast cancer. Immunology 2000; 99: 69±77. 6. Brenner AJ, Aldaz CM. Chromosome 9p allelic loss and p16/ CDKN2 in breast cancer and evidence of p16 inactivation in immortal breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2892±2895. 7. Lehmann TA, Modali R, Boukamp P, et al. p53 mutations in human immortalized epithelial cell lines. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 833±839. 8. Tanner JE, Al®eri C. Epstein±Barr virus induces Fas (CD95) in T cells and Fas ligand in B cells leading to T cell apoptosis. Blood 1999; 94: 3439±3497.
Pollination Biology of Asarum caudatum (Aristolochiaceae) in Northern California

The flowers of Asarum caudatum Lindl. are protogynous and receptive for cross-pollination for approximately one week. After this period, the anthers dehisce near the stigmas and self-pollination occurs. Based largely on studies of garden plants in Europe, Vogel proposed that this species is allogamous but my observations of eight populations in northern California indicate that autogamy predominates because (a) the frequency of flower visitation is extremely low, (b) pollen was found on stigmas of only 8% of female-stage flowers, (c) emasculated flowers set few fruits and seeds compared to controls (fruit set: 20 vs. 99%; seed set: 5 vs. 67%), and (d) fruit and seed sets of bagged flowers were equivalent to those of controls. Fly eggs and larvae were present in some flowers in each population but I found no evidence to support Vogel's hypothesis that mating and ovipositing fun- gus gnats pollinate this species. There has been much speculation about the pollination biology of Wild Ginger (Asarum L.) but few documented field observations of pollination (Peattie 1940; Stebbins 1974). The dark maroon flowers of this familiar understory herb of forests in Asia, North America, and Europe resemble flowers that are pollinated by carrion insects, but they lack the charac- teristic foul odor associated with the sapromyophilous syndrome (Meeuse 1961; Faegri and van der Pijl 1979; Proctor and Yeo 1972). Visitors such as carrion flies, gnats, and beetles have been suggested as possible pol- linators (Muller 1883; Blanchen 1900; Knuth 1909; Morley 1970; Vogel 1973, 1978; Niehaus 1976; Moldenke 1976). Direct self-pollination has been reported for A. europaeum L. (Daumann 1972; Werth 1951; Kugler 1934) and A. canadense (Wildman 1950). Two species of the segregate genus Hexastylis Raf. are also autogamous but require intrafloral move- ment of pollen by insects (Otte 1977). In contrast, Vogel (1973, 1978) proposed that A. caudatum Lindl. is predominantly cross-pollinated. He contends that flowers of this species mimic mushrooms and are polli- nated by fungus gnats that mate and oviposit in them. The majority of his evidence was collected from garden specimens in Europe; in this paper, I report on the pollination biology of A. caudatum in native hab- itats of northern California.
Predição da produtividade da cultura do milho utilizando rede neural artificial

This investigation aimed to evaluate the performance of artificial neural networks to predict the corn grain yield in the city of Jaguari, Central region of Rio Grande do Sul, based on morphological characteristics of this culture. It was used the data published by SOARES (2010) for training the neural networks. Several multilayer perceptron neural networks with backpropagation-optimized algorithm (Levenberg-Marquardt) were tested. The input layer variables used were leaf area index, total green matter, plant height and number of plants m-2 and the output layer: corn grain yield. Each architecture was trained 10 times, picking up at the end of training the one with lower mean relative error and less variance for data validation. efficiency of the networks was analyzed by means of statistical indicators. Among many architectures trained, the network with 35 neurons in the hidden layer had the lowest error in training and validation processes. In this way, the neural network with architecture 4-35-1 presents a good performance, being efficient to estimate grain production, considering the region covered by the experiment.
On the Realized Heritability and Genetic Correlation Estimated from Double Selection Experiments When Two Characters Are Measured

rA2=CRxCRy/RxRy (P. 319, (19.6)) For estimating realized heritability, either a ratio of genetic gain to realized selection differential or regression of generational means on cummulative selection differentials can be used. The latter has an advantage over the former since it gives standard errors. Recently, IDETA and SIEGEL (1966) proposed a method for estimating realized heritability of an unselected trait based on correlated response and indirect selection differential. It should however be pointed out that their estimates are not the realized heritability in our ordinary sense, because the expectation of this estimate gives a ratio of genetic and phenotypic covariances between selected trait and unselected but correlated trait. In this short note the present author attempts (1) to correct the error of IDETA and. SIEGEL, (2) to propose a new parameter of co-heritability and (3) to give appropriate formulae for estimating phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations from double selection experiments, accompanied by numerical examples.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF MELANOCYTES: THE FINE STRUCTURE OF HAIR‐BULB PREMELANOSOMES

Electron microscopical observations of melanocytes from several s0urces1-~ have confirmed the earlier results of Birbeck et al.4 on hair-bulb melanocytes that melanin granule synthesis occurs in the Golgi zone of the cell. It has been shown6 that in this system, granule synthesis involves the preliminary synthesis of a nonmelanized granule with internal structure. Some details of the fine structure have been described by Drochmans' and Charles and Ingram.B High resolution electron micrographs of thin sections of these intermediate granules have now enabled an interpretation of this structure on a molecular level.
Blade research and demonstration platform

At DTU Wind Energy, a 12.6 m reference wind turbine rotor blade and the corresponding blade moulds were designed and manufactured. The entire blade design and the related test data will be published according to the FAIR principles. The blade moulds are intended to serve as a blade research and demonstration platform, allowing to realise theoretical concepts and testing these in full-scale on a wind turbine blade and thus enabling a comparison to numerical solutions. In this article, the preliminary blade design progress and process, initial load calculations and a 3D scan of the blade molds are presented.
An Efficient Protocol for Direct Organogenesis of Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) التکوین العضوى المباشر فى نبات الفلفل

A simple and efficient plantlet regeneration protocol was established for Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) achieved through direct organogenesis from Leaves and cotyledons explants. Leaves were taken from 21 day- old in vitro plantlets and and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (1962) MS medium supplemented with different growth regulators. Thidiazuran (TDZ )or Benzyl adenine (BA) with Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) containing medium was tested. Prolific direct adventitious shoot regeneration occurred on most of the tested growth regulators. The best response in terms of frequency of shoots number per explant (10.5) was obtained from cotyledon cultured on 1.0 mg/L TDZ in combination with 0.5 mg/L IAA. To elongate the shoots it were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3 ) in combination with 0.25 mg/L Kinetin (KIN). The highest shoot length (2.2 cm) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L GA3 and 0.25 mg/L KIN. Regenerated shoots were excised to root. The highest number of root/shoot was obtained with quarter MS salt medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L indole-3- butyric acid (IBA) with high length of root (4.60). plantlets were finally transferred to mixture of peatmoss, vermiculite and sand at equal volume 1:1:1.The plantlets showed 80 % survival after 30 days during acclimatization and transplanting.
Storm surge climatology for the NE Atlantic and the North Sea – where the new RCP 8.5 scenario lead us to?

Long-term storm surge statistics, especially the behavior of extremes, is relevant for numerous applications including coastal protection, adaptation, management and various off-shore activities. Results from transient storm surge projections for the North Sea and parts of Northeast Atlantic obtained with a hydrodynamic model for the IPCC AR4 SRES A1B and B1 and the new IPCC AR5 RCP 8.5 scenarios have been analyzed in terms of stormy conditions. The new generation of RCP 8.5 projections is integrated and ranged in relation with fairly well assessed AR4 projections to better estimate uncertainties related to the ensemble of climate change projections. For assessing alterations in the storm surge climatology changes in the characteristics of the driving wind fields have been also analyzed as a key factor for the surge development and extremes. For the end of the 21 century it was found that changes in wind speed for the four RCP 8.5 projections are within or slightly exceeding the range spanned by the AR4 projections. Single simulated RCP 8.5 surge projection locally expand the range given by the SRES A1B and B1 projections, e.g. showing the tendency to a decrease in surge heights in parts of the southeastern North Sea for which the A1B and B1 projections give the tendency to an increase. Furthermore, the inter-decadal variations within the 21 century for RCP 8.5, A1B and B1 wind and surge changes are in the same order of magnitude as the absolute changes. Additionally, an increased mean sea level would contribute to the enhancement of storm surge extremes.