Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
"Experiment with a Candle" without a Candle

In the popular experiment in which a burning candle in an airtight cylinder purports to demonstrate the percentage of oxygen in the air, the main reason for the change in volume is the expansion and contraction of gases because of warming up or cooling down, not because the oxygen is used for burning. To support this explanation we have devised two experiments, the results of which are similar to the classic experiment with a candle, although a candle is not used. The experiments demonstrate that burning cannot be the only reason for the reduction of volume of gases in the cylinder.
Hydrogen and electricity from water and light

Four self-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers: n-TiO2/p-CdTe, n-TiO2/p-GaP, n-SrTiO3/p-CdTe and n-SrTiO3/p-GaP were constructed and examined in 1 M NaOH. the current-potential curves of the individual electrodes and the current-cell voltage relationships were measured. Cell current-density measurements versus time demonstrated that the output of each cell is stable for at least 12 h. the n-SrTiO3/p-GaP cell under xenon light irradiation was the most efficient at 0·7 per cent. the n-TiO2/p-GaP cell was estimated as the most efficient under solar light at 0·1 per cent. the stability of p-CdTe and its energy gap of 1·5 eV make it a prospect for use as a photocathode in future photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers.
Nitrate Removal From Drinking Water—Review

Nitrate concentrations in surface water and especially in ground water have increased in Canada, the United States, Europe, and other areas of the world. This trend has raised concern because nitrates cause methemoglobinemia in infants. Several treatment processes including ion exchange, biological denitrification, chemical denitrification, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and catalytic denitrification can remove nitrates from water with varying degrees of efficiency, cost, and ease of operation. Available technical data, experience, and economics indicate that ion exchange and biological denitrification are more acceptable for nitrate removal than reverse osmosis. Ion exchange is more viable for ground water while biological denitrification is the preferred alternative for surface water. This paper reviews the developments in the field of nitrate removal processes.
On the grammaticization of ke′ilu ‘like’, lit. ‘as if’, in Hebrew talk-in-interaction

This study investigates the employment in modern Hebrew of an element having a lexical source involving comparison (k(e)-, ‘like’) that has proliferated over the past decade or so in Israel; ke′ilu ‘like’, lit. ‘as if’. The data come from audio recordings of casual conversations of college-educated Israelis with their friends and relatives, totaling approximately 78 minutes of talk among 72 speakers, transcribed in full and segmented into intonation units. A qualitative analysis of talk-in-interaction reveals four nonliteral functions of this expression: hedging, self-rephrasal, focus-marking, and quotation. A quantitative perspective on the distribution of these functions is presented, and these qualitative and quantitative analyses lead to an examination of the functional itinerary of this word in Hebrew discourse. A comparison with two “equivalents” of ke′ilu, English like and French genre leads to a discussion of functional parallelism across languages and yields further support for Hopper's principle of “persistence” in grammaticization. (Hebrew talk-in-interaction, grammaticization, cross-language pragmatics, discourse particles, hedging, self-rephrasal, focus-marking, quotatives.)* In memory of Suzanne Fleischman
Formulaic language

Creating a timeline for formulaic language is far from simple, because several partially independent lines of research have contributed to the emerging picture. Each exhibits cycles of innovation and consolidation over time: domains take a leading role in developing new knowledge and then fall back, while another area comes to the fore. Thus, some of the first observations about formulaic language, back in the nineteenth century, were in the clinical domain of aphasia studies. By the early to mid twentieth century it was theories of language structure that had most to say, until eclipsed by the Chomskian model, which saw little significance in lexicalised units larger than the word (an issue discussed by Jackendoff 2002; see table entry). Meanwhile, changes in language teaching methodology in the mid to late twentieth century increasingly urged teachers to ask how adult learners could best master multiword strings to improve fluency and idiomaticity – a question still asked today. By the end of the twentieth century, new technological advances revealed frequency in usage as a probable agent of formulaicity, and these chimed with new models of lexical knowledge based on neural pathways and networks that could be strengthened by repeated exposure. Drawing on these models, we have seen, as we move into the twenty-first century, the development of new approaches to modelling language as a system – emergent grammars, including Construction Grammar – that are more accommodating of large, internally complex units. And finally, as we gradually understand more about how the brain accesses and retrieves linguistic material, we are seeing a resurgence of interest in formulaic language in neurological and clinical contexts.
Fourier modelling of the anisotropic line broadening of X-ray diffraction profiles due to line and plane lattice defects

A new model of line-profile broadening due to the effect of linear and planar lattice defects has been incorporated into the conventional Rietveld algorithm for the structural refinement and whole-pattern fitting of powder data. The proposed procedure, applied to face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) structure materials, permits better modelling, even in the case of anisotropic line broadening and other hkl-dependent effects that can be related to the presence of dislocations and planar defects (stacking faults and twinning). Besides better quality of the profile fitting, detailed information on the defect structure can be produced: dislocation density and cut-off radius, stacking- and twin-fault probabilities can be refined together with the structural parameters. For each phase (in different samples or in multi-phase samples) the appropriate size–strain model can be selected. The Fourier formalism, which is the basis of the line-profile modelling, also permits an easy adaptation to different lattice-defect models. New approaches can be easily introduced and tested against or together with the existing ones. Finally, the devised program can also be used for the simulation of powder patterns for materials with different types and amounts of line and plane lattice defects.
The use of carbon nanodots as a new method of genetic modification and gene editing in crop plants

Nanoparticles are defined as aggregates between 1-100nm and occur naturally and synthetically. Engineering nanoparticles have been utilised in many fields, from engineering to medicine, being used in tire production and drug delivery systems. Genetic modification is an area which has only recently had nanoparticles applied, with carbon-based nanoparticles being used to modify animal and plants cells. The use of nanoparticles in genetic modification is a relatively new practice, especially regarding living plant cells, and the production of carbon nanodots shows great potential in this field. 1.1 Nanotechnology development and application Figure 1 – The versatility of nanoparticles, including various sizes, materials, shapes and surfaces (figure personally produced).
MONETARY POLICY, INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT: IN DEFENSE OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE

To what extent did deviations from the Taylor rule between 2002 and 2006 help to promote price stability and maximum sustainable employment? To address that question, I estimate a New Keynesian model with unemployment and perform a counterfactual experiment where monetary policy strictly follows a Taylor rule over the period 2002:Q1–2006:Q4. I find that such a policy would have generated a sizeable increase in unemployment and resulted in an undesirably low rate of inflation. Around mid-2004, when the counterfactual deviates the most from the actual series, the model indicates that the probability of an unemployment rate greater than 8% would have been as high as 80%, whereas the probability of an inflation rate above 1% would have been close to zero.
Effect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide containing electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membrane electrolyte on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) membrane was prepared from a solution of 16 wt % of PVdF-HFP containing acetone/N,N-dimethyl acetamide (7:3 wt %). The prepared electrospun PVdF-HFP membrane (esPM) was then soaked in ionic liquid electrolyte containing 0.5M LiI, 0.05M I-2, and 0.5M 4-tert butylpyridine, 0.5M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (BMImI) in acetonitrile to get electrospun PVdF-HFP membrane electrolyte (esPME). The effect of various concentrations of BMImI containing esPME on ionic conductivity was studied by AC-impedance measurements and the I-/I-3(-) diffusion co-efficients was determined by linear sweep voltammetry. The photovoltaic performance of a DSSC fabricated using 0.5M BMImI containing electrospun PVdF-HFP membrane electrolyte (0.5M BMImI-esPME) has power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.42%. But the stability of the DSSC fabricated using 0.5M BMImI-esPME was considerably superior to that fabricated using 0.5M BMImI containing liquid electrolyte (0.5M BMImI-LE). (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42032.
Use of Exercise Classics in Physical Education Classes for the Development of Vestibular Stability of Schoolchildren

Aim: to determine the influence of exercise Classics on the development of vestibular stability of schoolchildren aged 9-10. Methods: the study was conducted over a period of 9 months, and 40 9-10-year-old schoolchildren took part in. Physical education classes were held 2 times a week for 40 minutes each lesson. The level of development of coordination abilities was assessed on the “Shuttle run” test, and the indicators of vestibular stability on the “Turns on the gym bench” test. The programs bio-stat 2009, Microsoft excel 2016 and t-student were used for mathematical and statistical processing of results. Results: at the beginning of the pedagogical experiment, the indicators of school children between the groups did not have significant differences (P>0.05). At the end of the study, the indicators in both groups improved. In CG, in the Shuttle run test, the indicators improved from 10.2±0.6 to 9.9±0.5 (P>0.05); and in the vestibular stability test, the indicators improved by 2.9% (P>0.05). In EG, in the “Shuttle run 3x10 m” test, performance improved from 9.9±0.5 to 8.5±0.4 (P<0.05), and in the “Turns on the gym bench” test, performance improved by 34.8%. These results indicate the effectiveness of using exercise Classics in physical education lessons in working with younger schoolchildren. Conclusion: if you perform a Classical exercise in physical education classes at school, you will improve not only the indicators of coordination abilities, but also the vestibular stability of schoolchildren.
Longitudinal dispersion of solutes in porous media solely by advection

The purpose of this work is to predict the transport of non-sorbing solutes through water flow in the subsurface. We derive what we consider to be the first reliable calculations of the entire distribution of arrival times, W(t), for non-sorbing solutes in advective flow in strongly disordered porous media. Solutes treated can be contaminant plumes from any source or radioactive tracers, both experimentally and naturally generated. Our approach is microscopic and based on effects of disorder. It generates longitudinal dispersion (in the direction of flow) in the absence of diffusion. Effects on dispersion from a single capillary tube velocity distribution, known to produce long-tailed arrival time distributions, are also neglected. On the other hand, our calculations are based on effects generated from real porous media, such as wide pore-size distributions and complex connectivity. In particular, the calculation of the distribution of arrival times is based on a distribution of conserved fluxes and the known tortuosity of the associated geometrical paths. The results are found to be predictive when compared with simulations of two-dimensional flow on percolation structures, and appear to have relevance for experiments as well.
Optimization of the synthesis of polyhydroxyurethanes using dynamic rheometry

Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) produced by the reaction between dicyclocarbonate and diamine groups are often presented as possible candidates to substitute for classical polyurethanes based on isocyanate precursors. In the literature, the synthesis of this class of polymers is often performed according to arbitrary conditions of time and temperature without any scientific justification. As such, the real potential of PHUs is probably not fully known. Numerous contradictions in previously published results seem to support this hypothesis. Our paper proposes two methodologies based on dynamic rheometry to determine optimized conditions for the synthesis of PHUs. The case of a PHU formed by the reaction between 1,10-diaminodecane and a dicyclocarbonate bearing a central aromatic group is described more precisely. The first approach consists of conducting various rheological experiments (kinetics, thermomechanical analyses) in situ on the reaction mixture. The second one retains the same technique to qualify the viscoelastic properties of PHUs synthesized according to various conditions. In this latter case, all samples show thermomechanical behaviour of amorphous thermoplastic polymers. But discrepancies are observed with regard to the value of the glass transition temperature and the existence or not of a rubbery zone. Comparison of these data with size exclusion chromatography results shows that these differences are direct consequences of the polymer molecular weight that can be predicted using macromolecular theory. The properties of the PHUs obtained after optimization of the polymerization reaction were compared with literature data in order to complete the evaluation of the efficiency of the rheological methodology. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
On the Distribution of the PeñaRodríguez Portmanteau Statistic

Peña and Rodríguez (2002) introduced a portmanteau test for time series which turns out to be more powerful than those proposed by Ljung and Box (1986) and Monti (1994), and approximated its distribution by means of a two-parameter gamma random variable. A polynomially adjusted beta approximation is proposed in this paper. This approximant is based on the moments of the statistic, which can be estimated by simulation or determined by symbolic computations or numerical integration. Various types of time series processes such as AR (1) , MA (1) , ARMA (2, 2) are being considered. The proposed approximation turns out to be nearly exact.
CO2 Reforming of Methane to Syngas over CoOx/MgO Supported on Low Surface Area Macroporous Catalyst Carrier: Influence of Co Loading and Process Conditions

The effect of Co loading (5−30 wt %) and process parameters (reduction pretreatment, reaction temperature, and space velocity) have been investigated over CoOx/MgO(5%)/SA-5205 catalyst for the CO2 methane reforming process. The Co loading had a profound effect on the methane conversion and the hydrogen selectivity (initial and time-on-stream activity) for the unreduced catalysts. While negligible methane conversion was observed for the 5 and 10 wt % Co loading catalyst, methane conversions >95% were obtained over the high Co loading (20 and 30 wt %) catalysts; hydrogen selectivity followed the same trend as methane conversion. The Co loading level had a relatively smaller influence in the case of the reduced catalysts. While the 5 wt % Co catalyst showed low methane conversion activity (<30%), the 10 wt % Co catalyst showed methane conversion levels comparable to those of the high Co loading catalysts. The high Co loading catalysts showed an excellent time-on-stream performance for the CO2 methane reformi.
Conducting polymer blends: polythiophene and polypyrrole blends with polystyrene and poly(bisphenol A carbonate)

Preparation de melanges PT/PS, PPy/PS,PT/PC et PPY/PC pour polymerisation electrolytique du thiophene ou de pyrrole sur des electrodes recouvertes de PS ou de PC et mesure de leur conductivite en fonction de leur composition. La meilleure conductivite du melange PPy/PC est attribuee a la formation de liaisons hydrogenes, en accord avec les resultats de TGA, DSC et IR
Effect of Pre-processing Controlled Atmosphere Storage on the Quality of Fresh-cut Galia Melons

The effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage of whole Galia melon on its physical, chemical, and sensory quality after minimal processing were evaluated. High quality fruits washed with 200 mg/L NaClO water solution were stored at 8 °C and 95% RH under CA of 4 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2 (T1), 4 kPa O 2 + 10 kPa CO2 (T2) and 21 kPa O2 + 0 kPa CO 2 (T3, air as control). Melons were removed from CA after 10 and 28 days, kept in air at 5 °C for 24 h and then minimally processed in a disinfected cold room at 5 °C. Trapezoidal sections were washed with 100 mg/L NaClO, rinsed and drained. Melon pieces were placed in polypropylene (PP) trays which were heat sealed with an oriented PP film of 35 μm thickness and stored at 5 °C. After 9 days the atmosphere within packages was dependent of pre-storage time, but very similar for the three pre-storage CA treatments: around 2 kPa O2 + 21 kPa CO2 for those stored 10 days and 3 kPa O2 + 31 kPa CO2 for those stored during 28 days. Overall quality of minimally processed Galia melon was affected by pre-processing conditions. Trapezoidal sections obtained from melons previously stored during 28 days at 8 °C under 4 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO 2 and MAP stored for 7 days at 5 °C showed the highest firmness and the best sensory quality. However, for all the cases, microbial counts were over the legal limits. Alternative disinfection procedures should be developed to guarantee safety of the product.
SINGLE FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

A comprehensive study on single fluid flow in porous media is carried out. The volume averaging technique is applied to derive the governing flow equations. Additional terms appear in the averaged governed equations related to porosity e, tortuosity τ, shear factor F and hydraulic dispersivity D h. These four parameters are uniquely contained in the volume averaged Navier-Stokes equation and not all of them are independent. The tortuosity can be related to porosity through the Brudgemann equation, for example, for unconsolidated porous media. The shear factor models are reviewed and some new results are obtained concerning high porosity cases and for turbulent flows. It is known that there are four regions of flow in porous media: pre-Darcy's flow, Darcy's flow, Forchheimer flow and turbulent flow. The transitions between these regions arc smooth. The first region, the pre-Darcy's flow region represents the surface-interactive flows and hence is strongly dependent on the porous media and the flowing fluid.
17b-Estradiol induces cyto-genotoxicity on blood cells of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study aimed to evaluate 17bestradiol-induced cyto-genotoxicity in Cyprinus carpio. Increases in frequency of micronuclei, caspase-3 activity and TUNELpositive cells were observed. The comet assay detected significant increases at 24 and 96 h with the 1 mg and 1 ng L"1 of E2. 17b-Estradiol induces cytogenotoxicity on C. carpio. a r t i c l e i n f o
Sorption of iodine on Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide

Abstract From leaching experiments with metallic uranium-aluminium material test reactor fuel elements in repository-relevant MgCl2-rich salt brines, a Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide with chloride as interlayer anion was identified as a crystalline secondary phase component. In the present study, this Mg-Al-Cl-layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al-Cl-LDH) was synthesized and its ability to adsorb iodine was evaluated. The adsorption of I- was rapid, and equilibrium for an initial concentration of 4.25 × 10-5 mole/l was obtained within 48 h. Further results indicated that the adsorption isotherm for I- retention could be fitted to Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations. The values obtained indicate that iodine is adsorbed on Mg-Al-Cl-LDH by an anion- exchange process. The adsorption of I- was also studied as a function of pH. In the pH range between 3.5 and 8.5, the adsorption was independent of the pH. The effects of competiting anions were investigated using an MgCl2-solution instead of water, and indicate that chloride anions have a greater affinity towards the Mg-Al-Cl-layered double hydroxide than iodine.
Rethinking the Graph Visualization for Threat Reports

Understanding threat intelligence is not an easy task for analysts even if they are structured and machine-readable. Therefore, many methods to visualize the threat intelligence structure have been proposed. However, these methods utilize visualization methods developed for the general domain to support a wide variety of use cases for analyzing threat intelligence. This paper introduces a novel visualization method, for a threat report, based on simple observations obtained by a study of threat diagram characteristics of actual threat reports. Because threat report is a reasonable bundle of intelligence and one of the most common ways to share it, by capturing these characteristics, the method visualizes graph-structured STIX 2.0 as a concise overview of the threat structure. Concretely, most of the diagrams use DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) to represent attack ﬂows, emphasize relationships between IoCs and other entities, and focus on differences from existing intelligence. This paper shows the characteristics of diagrams on threat reports and observations obtained from them. Also, this paper describes how simple these observations improve the visibility of complex threat intelligence by proposing a visualization method for graph data converted from STIX 2.0, and this paper demonstrates the utility by visualizing actual threat reports gathered from the ATT&CK knowledge base.
Iridoid Glucoside and Aryl Ester from Buddleja crispa.

Iridoid glucoside (1) and aryl ester (2) have been isolated from Buddleja crispa along with buddlejosides A 2 (3) and A 5 (4) isolated for the first time from this species. The structures of all of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic techniques and chemical studies. Compound 1 displayed lipoxygenase inhibitory potential with an IC 50 value of 52.5 ± 0.03 μM while compound 2 inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with IC 50 values of 36.5 ± 0.03 μM and 12.5 ± 0.02 μM, respectively.