Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Local Linear Spatial–Spectral Probabilistic Distribution for Hyperspectral Image Classification

A key challenge in hyperspectral image (HSI) classification is how to effectively utilize the spectral and spatial information of limited labeled training samples in the data set. In this article, a new spatial–spectral combined classification method, termed local linear spatial-spectral probabilistic distribution (LSPD), has been proposed on the basis of local geometric structure and spatial consistency of HSI. LSPD extracts discriminating spatial–spectral information from limited labeled training samples and their spatial–spectral neighbors. Then, it constructs a multiclass probability map by exploiting the local linear representation and spatial information of HSI. Finally, the spatial–spectral weighted reconstruction has been performed on the probability map, and the class of test sample can be predicted by the maximum value of LSPD. LSPD not only exploits spectral information to discover more intrinsic properties of the labeled training data but also utilizes the spatial relationship between samples to effectively improve discriminating power for classification. Experimental results on the Indian Pines, PaviaU, and HoustonU hyperspectral data sets demonstrate that the proposed LSPD method possesses better classification performance by comparing with some state-of-the-art classifiers.
The Dynamical State of a Young Stellar Cluster

The dynamical state of the young star-forming cluster Rho Ophiuchi is considered, with emphasis on the L1688 cloud. Radial velocities are derived for 32 YSOs, with some being multi-epoch, using Markov-Chain Monte Carlo routines based upon the package emcee. Sources are chosen based upon their spectral index to focus on the earlier stages of star formation, in this case, Class I and Flat spectrum objects, and compared with a sample of Class II and III objects from the same embedded cluster. It is found that the radial velocity dispersion for these younger objects is ∆v = 2.8 ± 0.6 km s-1 which is about 2σ higher than the dispersion for Class II and III objects. The implication is that there are either small number statistics at play, or the cluster’s dispersion is being increased as an inverse function of the distance from the center of the cluster due to a collapse-and-rebound phase that has been proposed in recent simulations.
A build of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease airway mucus hypersecretion rat model

Objective:To evaluate the complex modeling methods that combine cigarette smog and LPS to create different epithelial cells in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD) during metaplasia in airway levels of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung disease mucus hypersecretion model are discussed.Methods:36 Wistar rats were randomLy divided into model group and the normal group(n = 18). 1st and 14th day,the model group trickled LPS,2-13th day,15-40th day with Da Qian-men cigarettes,each 8,30min per day.Respectively,in the 21th day,31th day,41th day installments drawn(20,30,40th drawn before instillation of LPS to acute exacerbation) and AB-PAS stain,stained area with mucus and airway epithelial area the ratio reflects airway epithelial goblet cell metaplasia extent.Results:The results of pathological changes in rats at 30th day in line with the performance of COPD organizational structure;airway epithelial mucus and epithelial staining area ratio:normal airway epithelium of 20th,30th day and 40th day group with no difference in area ratio(P 0.05). Model group,20th day,30th day and 40th day were different area ratio(P 0.05). At the same period of the model group and the normal group were different area ratio(P 0.05). Rat airway epithelial of normal 20th day,30th day and 40th day group with no difference in area ratio(P 0.05). Compared with 40th day and 20th day,the model group of 30th day has difference in the area ratio(P 0.05),no difference between 30 days and 40 days.Area ratio at the same period of the model group and the normal group with difference(P 0.05). Small airway epithelium of rats were not seen each mucus staining.Conclusion:The 30th day of composite modeling approach can be used for experimental study in rats the acute phase of COPD airway mucus hypersecretion.
Meso-swimmer suspensions: immersed boundary simulations of hydrodynamic interactions between worm-like swimmers

Hydrodynamic interaction between swimming organisms has long been a topic of interest in fluid-structure interaction. Especially, collective motion of swimming organisms such as bacteria, spermatozoa, and worms has recently received a great deal of attention from researchers in many disciplines, including biology, mathematics, engineering, food science, etc. To fully understand the collective behaviour of swimmers in dilute suspensions, near-field hydrodynamics need to be investigated. In an inertial regime, where Reynolds numbers range roughly from 0.1 to 100, and both advection and diffusion effects are present, the flow dynamics are described by the Navier-Stokes equations. We employed the immersed boundary method to couple the fluid and swimming worms (which we will refer to as meso-swimmers) in a system of integro-differential equations. We numerically examined individual, pairwise, and collective interactions of worms where phenomena such as synchronization, attraction as well as aggregation in dilute suspensions of swimmers are observed.
CO / CI observations of N83C in the early stage of star formation in SMC with ALMA

Abstract The Magellanic Clouds offer the opportunity to obtain a spatially resolved view of external galaxies at reduced metallicity with no distance ambiguity. Our ALMA observations of the active star-forming region N83C in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) revealed subparsec-scale molecular structures in 12CO and 13CO (2-1) emission Muraoka et al. (2017). We found strong CO peaks associated with Young Stellar Objects(YSOs) and derived a typical gas density of ∽104 cm−3 and gas temperature of 40-60 K from the excitation analysis. The high gas density and temperature are presumably due to the effect of the HII region under the low-metallicity environment. We have found that the column density ratios N(CI)/N(CO) are generally high throughout the cloud compared with the Galaxy, ranging from 0.2 to 2.0. A peak of the ratio is observed toward a CO peak associated with a massive protostar.
A $Ka$ -Band 3-D-Printed Wideband Stepped Waveguide-Fed Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna Array

A novel millimeter-wave aperture-coupled magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna with a low-profile metallic geometry is proposed based on the 3-D printing technology. An impedance bandwidth of 53.7%, a gain up to 10.8 dBi, and stable unidirectional radiation patterns with the cross polarization of less than −38 dB are achieved by the antenna. Its operating mechanism and design process are studied in detail as well. In order to widen the bandwidth of the millimeter-wave full-corporate H-plane air-filled waveguide feed network, a wideband H-plane stepped waveguide T-junction with a compact size is then investigated, which has a bandwidth of about 50% for the reflection coefficient of less than −20 dB. By combining the presented radiating element with the feed network, an $8 \times 8$ ME dipole array is designed, printed, and tested in the Ka-band. An enhanced bandwidth of 31%, symmetric radiation patterns with the cross polarization of less than −35 dB, and a gain varying from 25.5 to 28.5 dBi are experimentally obtained. The proposed design demonstrates the advantage of utilizing the 3-D printing method to improve the operating characteristics of the millimeter-wave antenna array and is attractive for the emerging wideband millimeter-wave wireless applications.
Aerodynamic performances improvement of NACA 4415 profile by passive flow control using vortex generators

Improvement of the airfoil NACA 4415 aerodynamic performances by flow control using a passive technique was achieved in this study. Gothic-shaped vortex generators were added at the profile upper surface. Vortex Generators (VG) were used to avoid boundary layer separation at the profile trailing edge, thus reducing the drag force and improving aerodynamic performances. A numerical simulation with fluent code was performed. A parametric study was carried out to determine optimal disposition and dimensions of the VG. Six VG parameters were tested; thickness (E), height (H), length (L), aspect ratio (r), incidence angle (α) and the VG position relative to the chord of the profile (XVG). The results show an increase in the lift coefficient for the profile with vortex generators in the range of high attack angles. Optimal dimensions and positions of the VG were obtained.
Evaluating the Forecast Performance of the Meiyu Front Rainbelt Position: A Case Study of the 30 June to 4 July 2016 Extreme Rainfall Event

An impactful and poorly forecasted heavy rainfall event was observed in association with the Meiyu front over the Yangtze River valley of China from 30 June–4 July 2016. Operational global numerical weather prediction models for almost all forecast lead times beyond 24 h incorrectly forecasted the location and intensity of the precipitation associated with this event. This study presents the first examination of this poleward bias in the operational models for the Meiyu front, which has been frequently noted by meteorologists at the Chinese Meteorological Administration, and explores areas of forecast error and uncertainty in the prediction of the position of the primary frontal rainbelt that is crucial to the placement and intensity of the heavy rainfall. A new zonal mean maximum accumulated precipitation index is introduced and utilized to identify members in the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) that either perform well or perform poorly in forecasting the location of the Meiyu front. Using this new precipitation metric, five-member subgroups representing the EPS members that were most accurate and those that incorrectly displace the Meiyu front the furthest north were identified. An analysis of composite mean fields for the EPS subgroups and the correlation between the rain band placement and the 500 hPa heights was performed for several EPS model runs. We showed that a successful prediction of the location of the Meiyu front rainbelt position by the EPS is most sensitive to the intensity of the 500 hPa trough located over eastern China for the event. The ensemble members that had the largest northward error in the location of the rain band were found to have a more intense 500 hPa trough than the members that more accurately predicted the rainbelt. The more intense upper level trough was found to have enhanced the lower tropospheric southerly flow equatorward of the front and led to a less zonal-oriented Meiyu front, resulting in a northward displacement of both the rainbelt and the regions of more intense precipitation rates. Finally, an examination of the evolution of the differences between the subgroups shows that the primary differences in 500 hPa intensity propagate in-phase with the 500 hPa trough. We show that it is the intensity of the trough, rather than the rate of propagation, that is the most important source of forecast dissimilarities between the successful and failed forecasts.
Allosteric Functionality In Mechanical And Flow Networks

ALLOSTERIC FUNCTIONALITY IN MECHANICAL AND FLOW NETWORKS Jason W. Rocks Andrea J. Liu, Ph.D. Functionally optimized networks abound in nature, efficiently and precisely controlling the propagation of inputs to perform specific tasks. The regulation of protein activity via allostery presents one of the most well-studied examples: such proteins utilize specific conformational or dynamical changes upon the binding of ligands to facilitate communication between distant active sites. Venation networks in animals, plants, fungi and slime molds also display a type of allosteric communication, having the ability to precisely distribute oxygen and nutrients from a limited number of inputs to locally support growth and activity. Whether via genetic evolution or dynamic adaptation, many of these networks are able to create and control allosteric functionality by locally tuning interactions between nodes. Taking inspiration from this ability to regulate function, we approach allostery as a problem in metamaterials design, asking whether it is possible to create synthetic mechanical and flow networks with allosteric properties. We show that not only is this possible, but is remarkably easy, only requiring a small percentage of interactions in a network to be tuned. Leveraging the large statistical ensembles of allosteric networks generated in
The spatial segregation impact on the star formation histories of nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies

Abstract Using our HST/ACS observations of the recently found isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxies, we homogeneously measured their star formation histories (SFHs). We determined SF rate as a function of time, as well as age and metallicity of the stellar populations. All objects demonstrate complex SFH, with a significant portion of stars formed 10–13 Gyr ago. Nevertheless, stars of middle ages (1–8 Gyr) are presented. In order to understand how the SF parameters influence the evolution of dSphs, we also studied a sample of nearest dSphs in different environment: isolated (d < 2 Mpc); beyond the Local Group virial radius (but within the LG zero velocity sphere); and the satellites of M31 located within the virial zone (300 kpc). Using archival HST/ACS observations, we measured their SFHs. A comparative analysis of the parameters obtained give us a possibility to distinguish a possible effect of the spatial segregation on the dSphs evolution scenario.
Empirical Frequency Band Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series

Abstract The time-varying power spectrum of a time series process is a bivariate function that quantifies the magnitude of oscillations at different frequencies and times. To obtain low-dimensional, parsimonious measures from this functional parameter, applied researchers consider collapsed measures of power within local bands that partition the frequency space. Frequency bands commonly used in the scientific literature were historically derived, but they are not guaranteed to be optimal or justified for adequately summarizing information from a given time series process under current study. There is a dearth of methods for empirically constructing statistically optimal bands for a given signal. The goal of this article is to provide a standardized, unifying approach for deriving and analyzing customized frequency bands. A consistent, frequency-domain, iterative cumulative sum based scanning procedure is formulated to identify frequency bands that best preserve nonstationary information. A formal hypothesis testing procedure is also developed to test which, if any, frequency bands remain stationary. The proposed method is used to analyze heart rate variability of a patient during sleep and uncovers a refined partition of frequency bands that best summarize the time-varying power spectrum. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
The Map, A New Method to Define Latin Square

 A Latin Square is generally defined as a matrix, in which each entry occurs exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column, and the range of the entries can be from 1 to the order of the matrix. In the past, the researches of Latin Squares were mainly focused on the 2-dimension case, because the definition as matrix limits the extension of the dimension. In this paper, the Latin Square is redefined by map and is renamed as Latin map. This new definition enables Latin map to describe high dimensional extended Latin square. By exploiting the properties of bijection, the propositions and theorems of Latin square are rebuilt to be algebraic results instead of the usual combinatoric results. The behaviors of Latin square are discussed when regarded as map such as the composition of Latin maps, which finally comes to the Extending Construction theorems
Miniaturized-Element Frequency Selective Surface Metamaterials: A Solution to Enhance Radiation of RFICs

In this article, a technique to improve the radiation characteristics of an active CMOS circuit is presented. A miniaturized-element frequency selective surface (MEFSS) cover is utilized on top of the chip to provide gain enhancement, which is essential for many applications such as radar and communication systems. This is important due to the restrictions on the thickness of metallic layers, losses in substrate, and limitations in real estate. The MEFSS cover consists of partially reflecting surface (PRS) and high-impedance surface (HIS) creating a Fabry–Pérot-type cavity (FPC). When the MEFSS structure is used, the height of FPC can be reduced without causing any deterioration to the antenna radiation. A proximity patch antenna is embedded in the HIS layer, which is fed by a small metallic trace on the last layer of chip using the coupling mechanism. By utilizing the transverse-equivalent network (TEN) of the structure and imposing the resonance condition, the geometrical parameters of the MEFSS unit cell is calculated. For demonstration purposes, a scaled MEFSS cover for gain enhancement at the center frequency of 10 GHz is designed, fabricated, and tested. The measured results, which are in agreement with simulations, show that the proposed technique is reliable in practice and gain enhancement of 9 dB can be achieved for a single-patch antenna.
Sparse Mean-Reverting Portfolios Via Penalized Likelihood Optimization

An optimization approach is proposed to construct sparse portfolios with mean-reverting price behaviors. Our objectives are threefold: (i) design a multi-asset long-short portfolio that best fits an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process in terms of maximum likelihood, (ii) select portfolios with desirable characteristics of high mean reversion through penalization, and (iii) select a parsimonious portfolio using l0-regularization, i.e. find a small subset of a larger universe of assets that can be used for long and short positions. We present the full problem formulation, and develop a provably convergent algorithm for the nonsmooth, nonconvex objective based on partial minimization and projection. We demonstrate model functionalities on simulated and empirical price data, and include comparison with a pairs trading algorithm.
Pattern-Reconfigurable Array Based on a Circularly Polarized Antenna With Broadband Operation and High Front-to-Back Ratio

A design for single-fed circularly polarized (CP) antennas with broadband operation and high front-to-back ratio is first described. The antenna is mainly composed of a monopole slot, a dipole, and a metallic box. When the monopole slot is operated in its half-wavelength mode, the radiated fields of the slot and dipole have the same amplitudes and 90° phase differences; in addition, the two radiating elements are arranged in an orthogonal configuration. Consequently, a CP radiation is obtained. Then, the CP antenna is adopted as a radiating element of a 3-D array, and a feed network composed of power dividers is used to excite the array. Both the simulated and measured results prove that the CP array can give a nearly omnidirectional pattern, bidirectional patterns with 8 dBi directivity, and scanned beams with a directivity of 11 dBi. Moreover, the half-power beamwidth of the scanned beam can be changed among 48°, 124°, and 240°. The total size of the array is about $1.5\lambda _{0} \times 1.5\lambda _{0} \times 2.5\lambda _{0}$ . Details of the designs for the CP element and array are presented.
A Problem of Distributive Justice, Solved by the Lasso

Abstract The problem of dividing an estate among creditors, when their claims total more than the value of the estate, was posed in the Talmud and has been analyzed in the game theory literature. Here, we reveal a close connection between schemes for estate division and linear regression solution paths obtained by least angle regression or by the lasso. We focus primarily on the division scheme known as constrained equal awards, but also consider a more complex approach described by Aumann and Maschler. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Ensembles of Global Climate Model Variants Designed for the Quantification and Constraint of Uncertainty in Aerosols and Their Radiative Forcing

Tropospheric aerosol radiative forcing has persisted for many years as one of the major causes of uncertainty in global climate model simulations. To sample the range of plausible aerosol and atmospheric states and perform robust statistical analyses of the radiative forcing, it is important to account for the combined effects of many sources of model uncertainty, which is rarely done due to the high computational cost. This paper describes the designs of two ensembles of the Met Office Hadley Centre Global Environment Model‐U.K. Chemistry and Aerosol global climate model and provides the first analyses of the uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing and their causes. The first ensemble was designed to comprehensively sample uncertainty in the aerosol state, while the other samples additional uncertainties in the physical model related to clouds, humidity, and radiation, thereby allowing an analysis of uncertainty in the aerosol effective radiative forcing. Each ensemble consists of around 200 simulations of the preindustrial and present‐day atmospheres. The uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing in our ensembles is comparable to the range of estimates from multimodel intercomparison projects. The mean aerosol effective radiative forcing is −1.45 W/m2 (credible interval of −2.07 to −0.81 W/m2), which encompasses but is more negative than the −1.17 W/m2 in the 2013 Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project and −0.90 W/m2 in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. The ensembles can be used to reduce aerosol radiative forcing uncertainty by challenging them with multiple measurements as well as to isolate potential causes of multimodel differences.
Hybrid quantum systems : resonator state preparation with Rydberg atom beams

In this thesis theoretical studies of hybrid quantum systems composed of solid-state superconducting microwave resonators, mechanical oscillators, and gas-phase Rydberg atoms are described. The thesis begins with an overview of the current state of the field of hybrid quantum information processing. An introduction to the physics of Rydberg atoms and the preparation processes of circular Rydberg states follows, including a review of the associated literature. Three main new research results are then presented. These include (1) numerical studies of static electric dipole interactions in strongly polarized gases of Rydberg atoms. The understanding and characterization of these interactions is essential to maximize the quantum-state preparation procedures required for the hybrid systems studied in the thesis; (2) analytical and numerical studies of quantum-state preparation and cooling in coplanar superconducting microwave resonators using beams of atoms in circular Rydberg states; and (3) studies of coupled Rydberg-atom—mechanical-oscillator systems. The results presented in each of these areas are of interest for hybrid quantum information processing and quantum computation, and optical-tomicrowave photon conversion for quantum communication.