Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recolonisation of an apple orchard by leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) following spraying

Abstract The recolonisation of a 2.2 ha apple block by three leafroller species was studied in autumn in each of 2 years, 1–4 months after an intensive organophosphate insecticide programme finished. Two transects at right angles, each bisecting the block, were set up with 16 stations located 0–40 m in from each side and one in the centre. Between 60 and 80% of larvae, shoot damage, pheromone and molasses bait trap catches were recorded within 10 m of the outermost trees. The presence of leafroller-hosting trees adjacent to the orchard had a major influence on the spatial pattern of infestation. Adult leafrollers were trapped throughout the study, but few larvae and little shoot damage appeared until 3–4 months after spraying stopped. Ctenopseustis obliquana (51%) and Planotortrix octo (44%) comprised the majority of larvae. Compared with these proportions, catches in bait and pheromone traps under-represented C. obliquana, but over-represented Epiphyas postvittana. Almost 4 months after spraying ended, the parasitism rate (3%) and parasitoid species diversity had not recovered to levels at sites where organophosphates were not used. The implications of these results for current integrated fruit production practices are discussed.
Modeling Greater Roadrunners' (Geococcyx californianus) Habitat Use in West Texas

Abstract We studied Greater Roadrunners' (Geococcyx californianus) habitat use during spring and summer of 2011 in the Red Rolling Plains of west Texas. We captured 10 roadrunners (one male and nine females) and fitted each with a 10-g backpack style radio-transmitter. Roadrunners were relocated 2–4 times per week from February–August. We used these data to build a logistic regression model to better understand the vegetative and topographic features important to roadrunners during the nesting season. The initial data set consisted of 30 random and 30 used locations. The best model showed both percent rock and percent litter to be higher at used locations and correctly classified 88% of the sites. Evaluation of the model with an additional 30 random and 30 used locations maintained significance of both the model and variables and correctly classified 83% of sites. Both variables were associated with the location's mesa ridge slopes. Litter dominated locations under shrubs on the ridge tops and slopes and likely provided security from predators, nest sites, and relief from extreme summer temperatures. Percent rock cover characterized locations on ridge tops and slopes which provided perch sites, travel lanes, and foraging sites where the roadrunners could find basking prey.
Distribution and abundance of Abarenicola affinis (Arenicolidae, Polychaeta) in tidal inlets of Otago, New Zealand

Lugworms are important members of the macrobenthos of sheltered intertidal sediments, and this study assessed the abundance and distribution of Abarenicola affinis in Otago, southern New Zealand. Using a faecal cast:lugworm ratio (1.00:1.09) revealed a patchy distribution across inlets, with an overall mean abundance of 11.1 individuals/m2 (range: 3.8 to 21.3 individuals/m2). Distribution patterns varied among inlets, with lugworms mostly confined to the high intertidal zone, but spread across all intertidal zones in one inlet. The lugworm habitat was characterised by muddy to medium sand (55–233 µm mean grain size) with low organic matter (< 2%) and chlorophyll a (1–12 µg/g dry sediment) contents. Depending on the inlet, lugworm abundance was related to sediment parameters, indicating that their distribution across Otago inlets is habitat dependent. The present findings also indicate that factors other than those measured contribute to A. affinis distribution and abundance patterns in this region.
Enamel incremental periodicity in the pig‐tailed macaque: A polychrome fluorescent labeling study of dental hard tissues

Dental development, Circadian periodicity, Peri- ABSTRACT Bromage and Dean originally outlined a nondestructive method for the study of enamel formation and concluded that early hominids resembled the extant apes more closely than they did modern humans in their rates of growth and maturation. The method used assumed that an enamel circadian rhythmicity was referable to a longer near-weekly period repre- sented by perikymata (periodic surface growth features). This assumption became a matter of debate and discussion. In this study, developing teeth in Mucacu nemestrina were labeled with polychrome fluorescent dyes. Examina- tion of the distribution of these dyes in two sectioned teeth provides experi- mental confirmation of enamel circadian periodicity.
Chemical Composition of Fish Sauces Produced in Southeast and East Asian Countries

Abstract Liquid fish sauces ( n =61) collected from seven Southeast and East Asian countries were analyzed for free amino acids, organic acids, nucleosides and nucleic acid bases as well as creatine, creatinine, pH, salt content, moisture, and total nitrogen. The fish sauces were only made from fish species such as anchovy and sardine. A high nitrogen recovery of 97.9% was obtained for all nitrogen-containing compounds in a Vietnamese fish sauce. The fish sauces of Vietnam, Japan, and Thailand showed high concentrations of these compounds except for organic acids and a very close amino acid pattern whereas those of Myanmar and Laos exhibited the lowest contents and a different amino acid pattern from those of the above three countries. Korean and Chinese fish sauces showed intermediate contents and the same amino acid pattern. Of all organic acids determined, acetate dominated in Myanmar and Chinese fish sauces, suggesting that acetic acid fermentation is predominant. In the fish sauces from other countries, pyroglutamate and lactate were high. These data will give a standard for the chemical composition of fish sauces from various Southeast and East Asian countries and during the production of fish sauce. These results also indicate that creatinine which originates from creatine during fish sauce fermentation and receives only small bacterial decomposition is a possible marker for the quality control in fish sauce factories, because its determination is much easier and time saving than for the other compounds.
A Mobile Game (Safe City) Designed to Promote Children’s Safety Knowledge and Behaviors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Children have high levels of curiosity and eagerness to explore. This makes them more vulnerable to danger and hazards, and they thus have a higher risk of injury. Safety education such as teaching safety rules and tips is vital to prevent children from injuries. Although game-based approaches have the potential to capture children’s attention and sustain their interest in learning, whether these new instructional approaches are more effective than traditional approaches in delivering safety messages to children remains uncertain. Objective The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of a game-based intervention in promoting safety knowledge and behaviors among Hong Kong school children in Grades 4-6. It will also examine the potential effect of the game-based intervention on these children’s functioning and psychosocial difficulties. Methods This study comprises the development of a city-based role-playing game Safe City, where players are immersed as safety inspectors to prevent dangerous situations and promote safety behavior in a virtual city environment. The usability and acceptability tests will be conducted with children in Grades 4-6 who will trial the gameplay on a mobile phone. Adjustments will be made based on their feedback. A 4-week randomized controlled trial with children studying in Grades 4-6 in Hong Kong elementary schools will be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the Safe City game–based intervention. In this trial, 504 children will play Safe City, and 504 children will receive traditional instructional materials (electronic and printed safety information). The evaluation will be conducted using both child self-report and parent proxy-report data. Specifically, child safety knowledge and behaviors will be assessed by a questionnaire involving items on knowledge and behaviors, respectively, for home safety, road safety, and sport-related safety; child functioning will be assessed by PedsQL Generic Core Scales; and psychosocial difficulties will be assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. These questionnaires will be administered at 3 time points: before, 1 month, and 3 months after the intervention. Game usage statistics will also be reviewed. Results This project was funded in September 2019. The design and development of the Safe City game are currently under way. Recruitment and data collection will begin from September 2020 and will continue up to March 1, 2021. Full analysis will be conducted after the end of the data collection period. Conclusions If the Safe City game is found to be an effective tool to deliver safety education, it could be used to promote safety in children in the community and upgraded to incorporate more health-related topics to support education and empowerment for the larger public. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04096196; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04096196 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/17756
γ‐mRNA and Hb F levels in β‐thalassaemia

Summary. The Hb F levles in β‐thalassaemia can be affected by factors both linked and unlinked to the β‐globin gene cluster. We have recently analysed a group of patients with a homozygosity for the IVS‐1–6 (T → C) mutation, showing a wide variation in Hb F levels (2–47%) which could not be accounted for by any sequence variation within regulatory elements of the β‐globin gene cluster. In order to further investigate factors underlying this phenotypic difference we have developed a competitive reverse trascription/polymerase chain reaction procedure and used this method to determine the relative amounts of γ‐and β‐mRNAs in 10 patients with the IVS‐1–6 homozygosity and 15 heterozygous parents, two IVS‐I‐6δβ‐thalassaemia compound heterozygotes, five homozygotes for the βd́; IVS‐I‐110 (G → A) mutation, and in two with a homozygosity for the β† codon 39 (C → T) mutation. Three heterozygotes were also included. The percentages of γ/(γ+β) mRNA were 10–73% in the IVS‐I‐6 homozygotes and <2% to 10% in their heterozygous parents. A direct relationship existed between the level of mRNA and the % Hb F. However, the relative γ‐mRNA levels in the IVS‐I‐6 homozygotes were higher than their Hb F levels, indicating a possible competition between the γ and β transcripts for translational factors with a less effcient initiation of protein synthesis on the γ‐mRNA or a preferential survival of cells with mainly β‐globi gene expression at the post‐reticulocye stage. The γ‐mRNA levels in the two IVS‐I‐6/δβ‐thalassaemia compound heterozygotes were 71% and 62%, similar to their Hb F levels (63% and 59%), and averaged 82% (range 65–91%) in the five IVS‐I‐110 homozygotes and 97.5% in the two codon 39 homozygotes. The correlation between these values and the % Hb F could not be evaluated because of the transfusion regimens; however, the levels, of γ‐mRNA were as expected for patients with these β‐thalassaemia alleles.
Comparison of Single-Pass Electrofishing to Depletion Sampling for Surveying Fish Assemblages in Small Warmwater Streams

ABSTRACT Species diversity and richness, relative abundance, and community structure were compared between simultaneous single-pass electrofishing and depletion sampling. Additionally, the number of fish displaced from sample reaches when not using block nets was estimated at each sample site. A total of 40 depletion samples was obtained during the spring and summer of 1999 and 2000 in small first- and second-order warmwater streams of central Tennessee; first passes were used as single-pass samples. Shannon-Wiener diversity values obtained with the single-pass approach were strongly correlated to those obtained with depletion sampling (r2 = 0.95). The same number of species was captured using both approaches in 15 of 40 streams; depletion sampling richness values exceeded single-pass values by more than two species in only one stream. Using bootstrap analyses, relative abundance values from single-pass samples differed from those of depletion samples in 21 of 40 streams. However, community structure comparisons using similarity indices (SIMI) indicated that the single-pass approach effectively sampled fish abundance. SIMI values were above 0.90 in 32 of 40 streams and above 0.75 in the other eight. Fish were displaced from sample reaches when not using block nets in 32 of 40 streams, but displaced fish species represented less than 10% of the total number of species in 29 of these streams. Fish movement from sampled reaches did not negatively affect estimates of diversity, richness, or relative abundance; the single-pass approach effectively sampled fish communities in these streams.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide Hexarelin Reduces Neonatal Brain Injury and Alters Akt/Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Phosphorylation

Hexarelin (HEX) is a peptide GH secretagogue with a potent ability to stimulate GH secretion and recently reported cardioprotective actions. However, its effects in the brain are largely unknown, and the aim of the present study was to examine the potential protective effect of HEX on the central nervous system after injury, as well as on caspase-3, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling cascades in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Hypoxic-ischemic insult was induced by unilateral carotid ligation and hypoxic exposure (7.7% oxygen), and HEX treatment was administered intracerebroventricularly, directly after the insult. Brain damage was quantified at four coronal levels and by regional neuropathological scoring. Brain damage was reduced by 39% in the treatment group, compared with vehicle group, and injury was significantly reduced in thecerebralcortex,hippocampus,andthalamusbutnotinthe striatum. The cerebroprotective effect was accompanied by a significant reduction of caspase-3 activity and an increased phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3, whereas ERK was unaffected. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that HEX is neuroprotective in the neonatal setting in vivo and that increased Akt signaling is associated with downstream attenuation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and caspase-dependent cell death. (Endocrinology 146: 4665–4672, 2005)
Perceptions About Technologies That Help Community-Dwelling Older Adults Remain at Home: Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND The population of Europe is aging rapidly. Most community-dwelling older adults (CDOAs) want to remain in their homes, particularly those experiencing functional decline. Politicians and academics repeatedly praise technological instruments for being the preferred solution for helping older adults with deteriorating health to remain at home. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to understand the perceptions of CDOAs and their informal caregivers (ICs) and professional caregivers (PCs) about technologies that can help keep older adults at home. METHODS This qualitative study used personal interviews, focus groups, and photo-elicitation interviews to better understand the perceptions of a convenience sample of 68 CDOAs, 21 ICs, and 32 PCs. RESULTS A fraction of CDOAs did not perceive technological instruments to be a very useful means of helping them remain at home. However, the ICs and PCs were more positive. The CDOAs preferred and were more willing to adopt technologies related to their mobility and safety and those that would help slow down their cognitive decline. The ICs preferred technological aids that assist in the activities of daily living as well as safety-related technologies for detecting falls and helping to locate disoriented older adults. The PCs preferred integrated communication and information systems to improve collaboration between all stakeholders, housing equipped with technologies to manage complex care, high-performance ancillary equipment to transfer people with reduced mobility, and surveillance systems to ensure safety at home. CONCLUSIONS Although our study reports that CDOAs have limited interest in innovative technologies to help them remain at home, their technological skills will undoubtedly improve in the future, as will those of ICs and PCs. Technological tools will play an increasingly important role in home health care.
Comparison of 2 Diagnostic Criteria for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome- High Prevalence in Biliary Atresia: Comparison of the available Diagnostic Criteria for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in Children with Liver Diseases.

OBJECTIVES There is lack of clarity regarding the exact prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) in pediatric liver diseases owing to lack of standardised diagnostic criteria. Thus, we aimed to do a comparative study of HPS with respect to its prevalence using the available diagnostic criteria. METHODS All consecutive children with biliary atresia (BA) & other chronic liver diseases (CLDs) were studied. Prevalence of HPS was compared using the two available criteria: demonstration of intrapulmonary vascular dilatation along with either alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (P (A-a) O2) on arterial blood gas analysis of more than 15 mm of Hg (criteria 1), or higher than age appropriate calculated value for P (A-a) O2 (criteria 2). RESULTS A total of 42 children in BA group and 62 in the non-BA CLD group were included. Using the criteria 1, the prevalence of HPS was 42.3%: 57.1% in the BA group and 32.2% in the CLD group, while using criteria 2, the prevalence was 48.1%: 61.9% in the BA group and 38.7% in the CLD group. Criteria 2 diagnosed six additional patients with HPS compared to criteria 1 (p value 0.405). BA subjects had higher risk (2.9-3 folds) of developing HPS compared to other CLDs. CONCLUSION There is high prevalence of HPS in pediatric liver disease subjects. Age appropriate formula for HPS diagnosis may be better applicable in pediatric population. BA subjects have a higher risk of developing HPS compared to other CLDs overall, irrespective of the severity of liver disease and/or portal hypertension.
Innovation and the Evidence Base

Innovation has been a persistent theme in probation reform and probation practice over recent years. At a system level, when the Coalition government’s ‘rehabilitation revolution’ was first articulated, it encompassed innovation by frontline staff, by organisations working within a mixed economy and even social entrepreneurs. Under Transforming Rehabilitation, innovation remained a stated aim of probation reform, although the scope of innovation envisaged appeared to have narrowed. Innovation is also integral to ideas of evidence-based and evidence-led practice and there are numerous examples of innovative practice developing within probation and the wider criminal justice system. Applying the ‘innovation lens’ to evidence-based practice also raises interesting questions for the future development of such practice.
Electromagnetic Steering of Nanomedicine to the Olfactory Mucosa for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

The nasal passage is not only very narrow but also with a complex structure, which filters most nasally inhaled aerosols, preventing effective nose-to-brain drug delivery with a conventional method. Different methods have been tested to optimize targeted drug delivery to the olfactory mucosa, where deposited drugs can enter the brain. These include pointed drug release, bi-directional intranasal delivery, electromagnetic guidance, and pulsating flows. Both in vitro experiments and computational simulations were used to quantify the aerosol deposition rate to the olfactory region. Results showed that point drug release and the bi-directional technique both yielded improved but very small percentage of deposition in the olfactory region. Electric charge or magnetize aerosol particles can further improve olfactory targeting by applying an appropriate external electric or magnetic field in the nose. The olfactory deposition was sensitive to the voltage of the electrode close to the nose. For both the normal and bi-directional deliveries, electric field guidance resulted in a significant increase (3~5 times) in the olfactory deposition.
Environmental variability, life-history covariation and cohort effects in the red-billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax

Summary 1 The consequences of environmental variability for life-history evolution are predicted to depend on the pattern of covariation amongst life-history traits. Using data from a 20-year study of individually marked red-billed choughs, we investigate the short- and long-term life-history consequences of population-wide variation in reproductive conditions, and demonstrate clear among-cohort variation and covariation in life-history parameters. 2 The mean number of offspring fledging per breeding event varied among years, and was correlated with environmental conditions (temperature and rainfall) during the months preceding breeding. As the variance in breeding performance did not differ among years and choughs did not miss breeding seasons, variation in environmental conditions affected the whole breeding population. Thus the quality of the chough's breeding environment varied amongst years. 3 Juvenile survival, the probability of recruitment to the breeding population and breeding longevity varied amongst cohorts, and these were positively correlated with the quality of the cohort's natal environment. Offspring fledging under good conditions were more likely to survive to breeding age and recruit, and had longer breeding lives than offspring fledging under poor conditions. 4 Age at first breeding varied amongst cohorts, and increased with population size at maturity rather than natal conditions. 5 The total number of offspring that recruits ultimately fledged varied primarily with breeding longevity rather than recruitment age. Thus, the consistent positive covariation amongst life-history traits meant that the total number of offspring fledged by recruits during their breeding life varied amongst cohorts, and was correlated with the quality of a cohort's natal conditions. Choughs fledging under good conditions themselves ultimately fledged more offspring. 6 Such environmentally determined variation in offspring fitness is expected to influence optimal patterns of parental investment. We discuss the predictions that environmental variability should select for investment in adult survival and for reduced reproductive effort in poor years.
A New Species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) from Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: We describe a new species of Pseudopaludicola endemic to the Caatinga ecoregion of northeastern Brazil. The new species is characterized morphologically by small size, lack of T-shape terminal phalanges, smooth upper eyelids, presence of abdominal and vocal sac folds, light cream-colored vocal sac, and short hind limbs with tibia–tarsal articulation reaching the eye. The tadpole has a globular body shape, low tail fins, and a ventral oral disc bordered by a single row of marginal papillae with a wide anterior gap and two ventrolateral gaps; oral formula: 2(2)/2(1). The advertisement call consists of a well-defined sequence of notes comprising three nonconcatenated pulses, each with long interpulse intervals (111 ± 21 ms) and average note duration of 238 ± 31 ms. The mean dominant frequency is 5636 ± 300 Hz, and increases from the first to the last pulse in each note. The advertisement call easily distinguishes the new species from all other congeners for which calls are known.