Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment planning algorithm for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy considering multiple tumor lesions and organs at risk

PURPOSE Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has shown promising results in the treatment of tumors with high expression of somatostatin receptors such as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and meningioma. However, PRRT potentially produces high renal and red marrow (RM) toxicity, the kidneys usually being the dose-limiting organ. Previously, it was shown that an improved therapeutic index can be achieved by choosing an optimal combination of injected activity and peptide molar amount. The aim of this work was to develop a clinically applicable algorithm for treatment planning in PRRT. To demonstrate the applicability and possible advantages of the algorithm thus developed, an in silico clinical trial applying the algorithm to 177 Lu-DOTATATE therapy in nine virtual patients was conducted. METHODS An algorithm for treatment planning in PRRT was developed, which simultaneously considers multiple tumor lesions, maximum tolerated biologically effective doses (BEDs) for multiple organs at risk (OARs) and a maximum achievable molar activity. The algorithm, subject to the abovementioned constraints, aims at maximizing the total number of killed tumor cells in the considered lesions/metastases. An in silico clinical trial was conducted with nine virtual patients. For each virtual patient, simulations increasing the molar dose of 177 Lu-DOTATATE from 2 to 2048 nmol by factors of 25 were performed. Maximum tolerated BEDs per cycle for the kidneys (10 Gy2.5 ) and for the RM (0.5 Gy15 ) were defined based on a planned total treatment of four cycles. A maximum achievable molar activity of 420 MBq/nmol was assumed. Optimal combinations of molar dose and activity were determined by applying the developed algorithm. For comparison, simulations for a typical plan with 177 Lu-DOTATATE (7.4 GBq, 265 nmol) were performed and BEDs for the OARs and for individual tumor lesions were calculated. Furthermore, to determine treatment efficacy, overall tumor control probability (oTCP) values after a four-cycle treatment were estimated for the optimal and typical plans. RESULTS The conducted in silico clinical trial yielded optimal molar doses and activities ranging from 24 to 512 nmol and from 6 to 30 GBq, respectively. Tumor BEDs ranged from 2 to 107 Gy10 and from 1 to 65 Gy10 for the optimal and typical plans, respectively. The estimated oTCP values showed that the optimal plans may produce adequate tumor control in six of the nine virtual patients after four cycles of 177 Lu-DOTATATE while the typical plan may be sufficient in only two virtual patients. CONCLUSIONS The algorithm presented can derive plans with higher tumor control than the typically delivered plan. Therefore, we propose this algorithm for clinical validation and possibly future implementation in treatment planning in molecular radiotherapy.
View-Volume Network for Semantic Scene Completion from a Single Depth Image

We introduce a View-Volume convolutional neural network (VVNet) for inferring the occupancy and semantic labels of a volumetric 3D scene from a single depth image. Our method extracts the detailed geometric features from the input depth image with a 2D view CNN and then projects the features into a 3D volume according to the input depth map via a projection layer. After that, we learn the 3D context information of the scene with a 3D volume CNN for computing the result volumetric occupancy and semantic labels. With combined 2D and 3D representations, the VVNet efficiently reduces the computational cost, enables feature extraction from multi-channel high resolution inputs, and thus significantly improve the result accuracy. We validate our method and demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness on both synthetic SUNCG and real NYU dataset.
Stochastic Lyapunov Results for Multi-agent Networks

We tackle the problem of proving stochastic stability using different notions for randomized algorithms modeled as a jump linear system. By resorting to a Lyapunov function, the condition for exponential mean square stability is rewritten for the case where such function is bounded in its evolution. Other stability notions (in expectation and almost surely) are also proved based on the same analysis. The proposed approach is used to recover the results in three examples in the literature, namely: general randomized gossip; state-dependent social network; and randomized average broadcast and gossip algorithms. In addition, it is also illustrated how the technique can be employed to find new results with an example of self-triggered observers.
Multivariate pattern classification of brain white matter connectivity predicts classic trigeminal neuralgia

Abstract Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe form of chronic facial neuropathic pain. Increasing interest in the neuroimaging of pain has highlighted changes in the root entry zone in TN, but also group-level central nervous system gray and white matter (WM) abnormalities. Group differences in neuroimaging data are frequently evaluated with univariate statistics; however, this approach is limited because it is based on single, or clusters of, voxels. By contrast, multivariate pattern analyses consider all the model's neuroanatomical features to capture a specific distributed spatial pattern. This approach has potential use as a prediction tool at the individual level. We hypothesized that a multivariate pattern classification method can distinguish specific patterns of abnormal WM connectivity of classic TN from healthy controls (HCs). Diffusion-weighted scans in 23 right-sided TN and matched controls were processed to extract whole-brain interregional streamlines. We used a linear support vector machine algorithm to differentiate interregional normalized streamline count between TN and HC. This algorithm successfully differentiated between TN and HC with an accuracy of 88%. The structural pattern emphasized WM connectivity of regions that subserve sensory, affective, and cognitive dimensions of pain, including the insula, precuneus, inferior and superior parietal lobules, and inferior and medial orbital frontal gyri. Normalized streamline counts were associated with longer pain duration and WM metric abnormality between the connections. This study demonstrates that machine-learning algorithms can detect characteristic patterns of structural alterations in TN and highlights the role of structural brain imaging for identification of neuroanatomical features associated with neuropathic pain disorders.
Towards Implementation of Robust and Low-Cost Security Primitives for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

In recent years, due to the trend in globalization, system integrators have had to deal with integrated circuit (IC)/intellectual property (IP) counterfeiting more than ever. These counterfeit hardware issues counterfeit hardware that have driven the need for more secure chip authentication. High entropy random numbers from physical sources are a critical component in authentication and encryption processes within secure systems [6]. Secure encryption is dependent on sources of truly random numbers for generating keys, and there is a need for an on chip random number generator to achieve adequate security. Furthermore, the Internet of Things (IoT) adopts a large number of these hardware-based security and prevention solutions in order to securely exchange data in resource efficient manner. In this work, we have developed several methodologies of hardware-based random functions in order to address the issues and enhance the security and trust of ICs: a novel DRAM-based intrinsic Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) [13] for system level security and authentication along with analysis of the impact of various environmental conditions, particularly silicon aging; a DRAM remanence based True Random Number Generation (TRNG) to produce random sequences with a very low overhead; a DRAM TRNG model using its startup value behavior for creating random bit streams; an efficient power supply noise based TRNG model for generating an infinite number of random bits which has been evaluated as a cost effective technique; architectures and hardware security solutions for the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. Since IoT devices are heavily resource constrained, our proposed designs can alleviate the concerns of establishing trustworthy and security in an efficient and low-cost manner.
Elastic properties of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene monolayers and bilayers

Nanoindentation experiments show that Ti3C2Tx MXenes have a higher elastic modulus than other solution-processed 2D materials. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, are a large class of materials that are finding numerous applications ranging from energy storage and electromagnetic interference shielding to water purification and antibacterial coatings. Yet, despite the fact that more than 20 different MXenes have been synthesized, the mechanical properties of a MXene monolayer have not been experimentally studied. We measured the elastic properties of monolayers and bilayers of the most important MXene material to date, Ti3C2Tx (Tx stands for surface termination). We developed a method for preparing well-strained membranes of Ti3C2Tx monolayers and bilayers, and performed their nanoindentation with the tip of an atomic force microscope to record the force-displacement curves. The effective Young’s modulus of a single layer of Ti3C2Tx was found to be 0.33 ± 0.03 TPa, which is the highest among the mean values reported in nanoindentation experiments for other solution-processed 2D materials, including graphene oxide. This work opens a pathway for investigating the mechanical properties of monolayers and bilayers of other MXenes and extends the already broad range of MXenes’ applications to structural composites, protective coatings, nanoresonators, and membranes that require materials with exceptional mechanical properties.
Early diagnosis of amblyopia

Abstract Amblyopia can be improved or eliminated more easily when treated early in life. Because amblyopia in older children is generally less responsive to treatment (Holmes et al., 2011), there is a premium on the early identification of amblyopia and its risk factors and the subsequent treatment thereof. Clinical preference is to institute treatment in children before 7 years of age when an optimal visual outcome is typically easier to obtain.
Les Outils Informatiques au Service de la Terminologie Saussurienne

Bien que l’œuvre de Ferdinand de Saussure ait ete diffusee a travers le monde, sa pensee a ete en grande partie reconstruite et interpretee par ses etudiants et disciples. Ses ecrits authentiques revetent pourtant, de notre point de vue, une importance fondamentale : ils mettent en lumiere l’attention que Saussure accorde a la terminologie linguistique. Lui-meme utilise souvent un vocabulaire particulier. Il forge des neologismes ou confere un sens nouveau a des mots existants, il emploie quelques termes de facon ephemere, change la denotation de certains concepts au fil du temps, creant ainsi une terminologie qui lui est propre. Dans cet article, nous presentons le premier thesaurus-lexique electronique de la terminologie linguistique saussurienne, en cours de creation. La population de ce lexique est constituee par une nomenclature mise a jour, comprenant non seulement la terminologie repertoriee par Godel et Engler mais egalement de nouveaux termes extraits de manuscrits actuellement a l’etude. A travers ce lexique, nous nous proposons de fournir une representation structuree de la terminologie saussurienne, de definir le contenu semantique de chacun des termes ainsi que la nature des relations qui les unissent. A cet effet, nous avons choisi de customiser le modele lexical SIMPLE qui, dans le panorama de la Lexicographie Computationnelle, s’est impose comme standard de facto et offre une representation semantique hautement structuree des unites lexicales. Le processus de customisation du modele de base s’est tout d’abord focalise sur la conception d’une ontologie lexicale de domaine (ontologie SIMPLE_FdS), et sa traduction dans le langage de representation d’ontologie Web OWL. Puis, les deux autres composants du modele de base, i.e. un reseau de relations semantiques et un ensemble de traits semantiques, ont ete egalement adaptes aux exigences du domaine traite. Les moyens expressifs juges appropries pour rendre compte de la terminologie saussurienne ont ete retenus tandis que des traits et relations specifiques ont ete crees afin d’exprimer des proprietes et des liens qui caracterisent l’organisation conceptuelle de ce domaine de la connaissance. Le lexique est ici illustre par des exemples d’entrees lexicales et le potentiel de la base de connaissance par des requetes sur les donnees memorisees. L’organisation structuree de la connaissance lexicale et la richesse de la representation semantique font de ce lexique un outil de recherche semantique particulierement performant et qui devrait contribuer de maniere significative a mieux maitriser le vocabulaire saussurien et a eclairer certains aspects originaux de la pensee du maitre genevois.
The consideration of future consequences and health behaviour: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the direction and strength of associations between the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scale and intended and actual engagement in three categories of health-related behaviour: health risk, health promotive, and illness preventative/detective behaviour. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies that measured CFC and health behaviour. In total, 64 effect sizes were extracted from 53 independent samples. Effect sizes were synthesised using a random-effects model. Aggregate effect sizes for all behaviour categories were significant, albeit small in magnitude. There were no significant moderating effects of the length of CFC scale (long vs. short), population type (college students vs. non-college students), mean age, or sex proportion of study samples. CFC reliability and study quality score significantly moderated the overall association between CFC and health risk behaviour only. The magnitude of effect sizes is comparable to associations between health behaviour and other individual difference variables, such as the Big Five personality traits. The findings indicate that CFC is an important construct to consider in research on engagement in health risk behaviour in particular. Future research is needed to examine the optimal approach by which to apply the findings to behavioural interventions.
Automatic formation of the structure of abstract machines in hierarchical reinforcement learning with state clustering

We introduce a new approach to hierarchy formation and task decomposition in hierarchical reinforcement learning. Our method is based on the Hierarchy Of Abstract Machines (HAM) framework because HAM approach is able to design efficient controllers that will realize specific behaviors in real robots. The key to our algorithm is the introduction of the internal or "mental" environment in which the state represents the structure of the HAM hierarchy. The internal action in this environment leads to changes the hierarchy of HAMs. We propose the classical Q-learning procedure in the internal environment which allows the agent to obtain an optimal hierarchy. We extends the HAM framework by adding on-model approach to select the appropriate sub-machine to execute action sequences for certain class of external environment states. Preliminary experiments demonstrated the prospects of the method.
Day‐flying moths are smaller: evidence for ecological costs of being large

Research on evolutionary forces determining optimal body sizes has primarily relied on experimental evaluation of respective selective pressures. Accounting for among‐species variation through application of phylogenetic comparative methods is a complementary although little used approach. It enables the direct association of body size values with particular environments. Using phylogenetically explicit comparative analyses, we show that small body size is associated with diurnal (rather than nocturnal) activity of adults among temperate species of the moth family Geometridae. The association of an exclusively adult trait with species‐specific body size suggests that optimal body sizes are at least partly determined by the costs being a large adult, as opposed to the more frequently considered costs of attaining large size. It appears likely that size‐selective predation by insectivorous birds is the primary factor responsible for selection against large body size in day‐flying moths.
Robotic Surgery – Who is The Boss?

Zusammenfassung Der Roboter-assistierten Chirurgie (RAC) im Kopf-Hals-Bereich wird ein großes Potenzial zugeschrieben. Vor allem in der operativen Onkologie wird der Einsatz von Roboter-Systemen als besonders interessant erachtet. Bislang sind 2 Gerätetypen (DaVinci® und FLEX®) für die klinische Anwendung im Kopf-Hals-Bereich zugelassen, und multiple weitere Systeme befinden sich in der präklinischen Erprobungsphase. Auch wenn prinzipiell bestimmte Patientengruppen von der RAC profitieren könnten, finden sich keine systematischen randomisierten Studien. Ein möglicher Vorteil der RAC gegenüber den bisherigen Standardverfahren kann daher bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden. Der begrenzte klinische Nutzen und die finanzielle Zusatzbelastung scheinen aktuell der Hauptgrund zu sein, warum der flächendeckende Einsatz der RAC bislang ausgeblieben ist. Diese Übersichtsarbeit beschreibt die verschiedenen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der RAC im Kopf-Hals-Bereich. Außerdem werden die finanziellen und technischen Herausforderungen, sowie anstehende Weiterentwicklungen der RAC beleuchtet. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf spezielle Risiken der Roboter-Chirurgie und aktuell laufende klinische Studien gelegt. Mittelfristig wird davon ausgegangen, dass die RAC Einzug in die klinische Routine erhalten wird und sich das medizinische Personal zunehmend mit den technischen, wissenschaftlichen und auch ethischen Besonderheiten auseinandersetzen muss. Abstract In the head and neck region, great potential is seen in robot-assisted surgery (RAS). Mainly in cancer surgery, the use of robotic systems seems to be of interest. Until today, two robotic systems (DaVinci® und FLEX®) have gained approval for clinical use in the head and neck region, and multiple other systems are currently in pre-clinical testing. Although, certain groups of patients may benefit from RAS, no unbiased randomized clinical studies are available. Until today, it was not possible to satisfactorily prove any advantage of RAS as compared to standard procedures. The limited clinical benefit and the additional financial burden seem to be the main reasons, why the comprehensive application of RAS has not been realized so far.This review article describes the large variety of clinical applications for RAS in the head and neck region. In addition, the financial and technical challenges, as well as ongoing developments of RAS are highlighted. Special focus is put on risks associated with RAS and current clinical studies. We believe, that RAS will find its way into clinical routine during the next years. Therefore, medical staff will have to increasingly face the technical, scientific and ethical features of RAS.
Association of the Risk of Dental Caries and Polymorphism of MBL2 rs11003125 Gene in Iranian Adults

This case-control study aimed to investigate the effect of rs11003125 in dental caries. For this purpose, a total number of 404 individuals – from Fars Province in Iran – were studied. The technique of this research was the tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR. Dental caries prevalence among the 404 individuals was assessed by counting the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth. In this research, individuals were divided into two groups: cases (n = 238) and controls (n = 166), and the peripheral blood samples were used to extract the genomic DNA. For genotyping of DNA, the tetra-primer ARMS-PCR method was conducted using specific primer pairs. While examining MBL2 rs11003125 polymorphism, we found significant differences in the genotype frequencies between the case and the control group. The pooled estimates indicated that the GG and GC genotypes of MBL2 rs11003125 polymorphism significantly increased, and therefore caries risk (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.31–4.40, p = 0.004) under the dominant model. These findings suggested that polymorphism in MBL2 gene was associated with dental caries in Iranian adults. Further verification is needed with more ethnic groups and larger sample sizes to determine whether rs11003125 polymorphism is related to dental caries in other regions or not.
Association of electrocardiogram alterations of rescuers and performance during a simulated cardiac arrest: A prospective simulation study

Background Performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) causes significant mental stress for rescuers, especially if performed by inexperienced individuals. Our aim was to study electrocardiogram (ECG) alterations in rescuers and its association with gender and CPR performance. Methods We included 126 medical students in this prospective, observational simulator study. Each student was equipped with a 3-lead continuous ECG device tracking the individual electrocardiographic output before, during and after CPR. We analyzed variations in heart rate, heart-rate variability (HRV) and ST- and T-wave morphology. Results Compared to baseline, mean heart rate (bpm) significantly increased during resuscitation and again decreased after resuscitation (from 87 to 97 to 80, p<0.001). Heart-rate variability (the standard deviation of all N-N intervals, SDNN) (ms2) showed the opposite pattern, decreasing during resuscitation and increasing after resuscitation (117 to 92 to 93ms, p<0.001). Abnormalities in T-waves and ST-segments were observed in 29.4% of participants. Maximal heart rate (r = 0.25, p = 0.046) as well as heart rate reactivity (r = 0.7, p<0.001) correlated with hands-on time, a measure of CPR performance. Compared to males, female rescuers had a significantly higher maximal heart rate (136bpm vs. 126bpm, p = 0.008) and lower HRV (SDNN 102 vs. 119ms, p = 0.004) and tended to show more abnormalities in T-waves and ST-segments (36% vs. 21%, p = 0.080). Conclusion CPR causes significant ECG alterations in healthy medical students with ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities, with more pronounced effects in females. Clinical implications of these findings need to be further investigated.