Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of the many-body theory of Dissado and Hill to the complex permittivity of 1,2,4-butanetriol at pressures to 1 GPa

The dielectric relaxation of 1,2,4-butanetriol in its supercooled liquid state has been studied at pressures up to 1 GPa. The frequency of the applied field is varied within the range from 1 mHz to 10 MHz. The automated and computer controlled dielectric spectroscopy measuring system is presented in detail. It is found that neither the dielectric relaxation spectra nor the static susceptibility can be accurately described within the theoretical framework which only considers the behaviour of non-interacting dipoles. Instead, the dielectric loss is described by the many-body correlated cluster theory of Dissado and Hill (1983). A relationship between the correlation parameters and the static susceptibility is discussed. The results are compared with previous findings on the homologues glycerol and 1,2,6-hexanetriol.
Hyperpolarised xenon production via Rb and Cs optical pumping applied to functional lung MRI

Hyperpolarisation encompasses a multitude of methods to increase the species' spin polarisation for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. Hyperpolarised 129Xe is produced via spin-exchange optical-pumping (SEOP). Firstly, electronic spins of alkali metal vapour are polarised via absorption of circularly polarised light. Alkali metal polarisation is subsequently transferred to noble gas nuclei via collisions. Within this thesis, the SEOP process is examined by probing the kinetics of the 129Xe polarisation build up. A combination of diagnostic techniques are used including low field NMR to measure 129Xe polarisation (PXe) at different spatial positions, near-IR optical absorption to give a global estimate of the alkali metal polarisation, and in situ Raman spectroscopy to spatially monitor the energy transport processes by detecting the internal gas temperatures (TN2). TN2 values were found to be dramatically elevated above oven thermocouple readings, with observations of up to 1000 K for an oven heated to only 400 K. Internal gas temperatures are presented for the first time along the length of the optical cell, showing spatial temperature and PXe variations during steady state and rubidium runaway conditions. Two contrasting methods of Raman spectroscopy are examined: a conventional orthogonal arrangement of detection and excitation optics, where intrinsic spatial filtering of the probe laser is utilised; and a newly designed inline module with all components in the same optical plane. Optical filtering is used to reduce the Rayleigh scattering and the probe laser line. This new inline device is presented herein and has a 23 fold improvement in signal to noise enabling increased accuracy and precision of `real-time' temperature monitoring. Rubidium, caesium and a rubidium/caesium hybrid are compared as the alkali metal of choice in the SEOP process. Caesium has a higher spin-exchange cross-section with 129Xe, thus a system is envisaged where current Rb D1 lasers in many polarisers can be utilised with a Rb/Cs hybrid to gain improvements in polarisation rates or levels. Xenon polarisations are shown up to 50% for a hybrid cell. Finally, preparatory experiments crucial to the imminent lung imaging study are presented, including measurements of PXe at low and high magnetic fields. In addition, polariser technology is examined including the current Nottingham device and an open-source consortium polariser.
A Review on â€œEthosomes: An Emerging Approach for Drug Delivery through the Skinâ€

Ethosomes are the ethanolic phospholipid vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin as compared to liposomes hence these can be used widely in place of liposomes. The increased permeation of ethosomes is probably due to its ethanolic content. Ethanol increases the cell membrane lipid fluidity which results in increased skin penetrability of the ethosomes. Transdermal administration of drugs is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin. Vesicular systems are one of the most controversial methods for transdermal delivery of active substances. The interest in designing transdermal delivery systems was relaunched after the discovery of elastic vesicles: transferosomes and liposomes. This article reviews various aspect of ethosomes including their preparation, characterization, potential advantages and their applications in drug delivery. Because of their unique structure, ethosomes are able to encapsulate and deliver through the skin highly lipophilic molecules such as cannabinoids, testosterone, andminoxidil, as well as cationic drugs such as propranolol, trihexyphenidil, Cyclosporine A, insulin, salbutamol etc. Ethosomes provides a number of important benefits including improving the drugâ€™s efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort and reducing the total cost of treatment.
Intumescent flame retardancy of a DGEBA epoxy resin based on 5,10-dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide

5,10-Dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide (DPPA) served as a co-curing agent for 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane in the curing reaction of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) epoxy resin (EP). 1H NMR tracking the reaction of DPPA with DGEBA revealed that the P–H bond in DPPA had a higher reactivity with the epoxy group than the N–H bond. DPPA could promote the curing reaction of DDM with DGEBA. DPPA endowed the epoxy resin with a high flame-retardant efficiency due to the unique combination of phosphorus and nitrogen in the phenophosphazine ring. The cured epoxy resin could achieve a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.6% at only 2.5 wt% DPPA. The reduced peak heat release rate and total heat release, and increased char yield further verified the excellent flame retardancy of EP. The flame-retardant mechanism of the epoxy resin was investigated by thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis and FTIR spectrometry. The results indicated that DPPA catalyzed the formation of the rigid intumescent char and the generation of the blowing-out effect in the epoxy resin matrix.
Diagnosis of Multiple Gases Separated from Transformer Oil Using Cavity-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

煤气的分子的拉曼信号由于它的小散布的生气的节是很弱的。 这里，一个在共焦附近的提高洞的拉曼察觉系统被表明。 在洞， 9W 的一盏高力量灯被使用 cw 完成 200 mW 532 nm 激光，它极大地提高气体的察觉敏感种类。 连接到一个分光计的一个光电倍增管试管被用作察觉系统。 与变压器油分开的混合气体的拉曼系列被观察了。 绝对拉曼紧张和煤气的压力的关系也被获得。 到我们的知识，这是第一个拉曼系统检测与变压器油分开的气体。 [从作者抽象]
Growth response of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) in soil polluted with Abura petroleum oil

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude petroleum oil on cocoyam ( Colocasia esculenta L. ). Plants were grown in substrates exposed to 0, 1, 2 and 3 L/m 2 of Abura crude petroleum oil. There was significant growth stimulation (p 0.05) in terms of number of leaves, petiole length, leaf area, plant dry weight, and chlorophyll content in plants subjected to 1-2 L/m 2 oil. The dry biomass as well as other plant growth attributes showed significant reductions in plants grown in soil polluted with 3 L/m 2 oil. The highest applied oil dosage also adversely affected the leaf chlorophyll content. The experiment demonstrated that cocoyam is sensitive to crude petroleum oil pollution. @JASEM Keywords : Crude oil; pollution; cocoyam; petroleum; hydrocarbon; crop
Changes of Physicochemical Quality in Hardy Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) during Storage at Different Temperature

The effect of storage temperature and the storage period of hardy kiwifruits on the fruit firmness, soluble solids and fruit weight were studied in this work. The investigation was carried out on the Sae-Han cultivar of Actinidia arguta. It has an edible smooth skin and contains high amounts of sugar and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). In this research, the measurement of fruit firmness, soluble solids, and fruit weight were carried out at various temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20℃) during 14 days. Fruit firmness rapidly decreased and soluble solids content increased at 15 and 20℃. We also investigated the correlation between fruit firmness and soluble solids content. There was a strong correlation between fruit firmness and soluble solids content. That means that fruit firmness affect the soluble solids content of hardy kiwifruit.
Gut and muscle tissue PO2 in endotoxemic dogs during shock and resuscitation

There is indirect evidence that tissue hypoxia occurs in human sepsis and surface measures of muscle tissue PO2 (PtiO2) in hypodynamic endotoxic animals are decreased. This study assessed systemic and regional tissue oxygenation in a more relevant model of hyperdynamic endotoxicosis. We isolated venous outflow from the left hindlimb and a segment of ileum in six anesthetized dogs to measure muscle and gut O2 delivery and uptake (VO2) and lactate flux, gut intramucosal pH (pHi) by tonometry, and PtiO2 by multi-point surface electrodes placed on mucosal and serosal surfaces of gut and on muscle. We then infused Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 mg/kg) over 1 h followed by a 2-h infusion of dextran (0.5 ml.kg-1.min-1). LPS infusion significantly decreased systemic and gut VO2, cardiac output (Q), and blood pressure and increased arterial lactate and gut lactate flux. Resuscitation increased Q to above baseline and restored systemic VO2. In response to LPS and then resuscitation, muscle PtiO2 distribution did not change, suggesting little microcirculatory disturbance, although mean PtiO2 first decreased and then increased. In contrast, gut VO2 and pHi remained low and lactate output remained high, despite restoration of gut blood flow. Gut VO2, lactate flux, pHi, and PtiO2 histograms were consistent with a marked redistribution of blood flow within the gut wall, away from the mucosa and toward the muscularis. These data show that, in hyperdynamic acute endotoxemia, skeletal muscle PtiO2 and VO2 are well maintained, but blood flow within the gut is significantly disturbed with mucosal hypoxia.
FEASIBILITY OF USING A MINIATURE FIBER OPTIC UV-VIS-NIR SPECTROMETER TO ASSESS TOTAL POLYPHENOL INDEX, COLOR INTENSITY AND VOLUMIC MASS IN RED WINE FERMENTATIONS

This study sought to assess the feasibility of using ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy to monitor changes in total polyphenol index, color intensity and volumic mass, three indicators of quality during red wine fermentation. Samples (n = 68) collected from eleven tanks during fermentation were scanned in three types of quartz flow cells, path lengths 0.1, 2 and 50 mm, in the UV-VIS-NIR region (200–1,100 nm), using a fiber spectrometer system in transmission mode. Principal component analysis and partial least squares regression were used to interpret spectra and develop calibrations for predicting wine composition during fermentation. Models for the prediction of total polyphenol index displayed coefficients of determination (r2) ranging between 0.21–0.98, whereas values for the standard error of cross-validation (SECV) ranged from 2.29 to 14.91, depending on the spectral region used. Values for the prediction of color intensity were: r2 = 0.56–0.98 and SECV = 0.43–1.88. Corresponding values for volumic mass were r2 = 0.31–0.94 and SECV = 8.71–30.20 g/dm3. These results suggest that UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy using a miniature fiber optic spectrometer as a promising tool could be used as an alternative method for the rapid monitoring of quality parameters during red wine fermentation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The study develops ultraviolet-visible-near infrared calibrations to monitor changes in total polyphenol index, color intensity and volumic mass, main indicators of quality during red-wine fermentation, taking into account and responding to the requirements of the enological industry that looks for a swift, efficient, economical and – particularly – nondestructive analytical technique for measuring quality parameters during fermentation process with a single instrument and in a matter of seconds, saving time and enhancing the decision-making process. The work also evaluates the efficacy of a simple, efficient and low-cost instrument that belongs to so called new near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) generation, which are most suitable to be implemented for on-line analysis in the winemaking industry. The results suggest that the miniature fiber optic NIR spectrometer is a promising tool for monitoring the red wine fermentation process, allowing the instantaneous prediction of the main parameters to be controlled. At the same time, suitable wavelengths for these parameters are also proposed according to x-loading weights and regression coefficients.
Ligand-conjugated pH-sensitive polymeric micelles for the targeted delivery of gefitinib in lung cancers

The aim of the present study was to investigate the tumor targeting potential of a mannose-conjugated pH-sensitive nanosystem for the effective delivery of gefitinib (Gnb) to lung cancers. We have successfully demonstrated the potential of mannose-tagged nanomicelles as an efficient vector to transport the anticancer drug. The micelles had nanosized particles with excellent dispersity index. The nanomicelles exhibited a pH-responsive nature with enhanced drug release in acidic pH conditions. Fluorescence and flow cytometer analysis showed a superior cellular uptake for the mannose-tagged nanomicelles. Confocal laser scanning microscopy study revealed a receptor-mediated cellular internalization process. The M-NP-Gnb showed a superior anticancer effect in A549 cancer cells and remarkably inhibited cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, M-NP-Gnb significantly increased the proportion of cells in the apoptosis and necrosis region. Importantly, the half-life of Gnb encapsulated in nanomicelles increased by about 5-fold compared to that of free Gnb. The augmented half-life clearly indicates the maximum residence time of the drug in the systemic circulation. Consistently, M-NP-Gnb showed a 7-fold higher accumulation of drug in tumor tissues compared to that of free Gnb. Overall, PLGA/His-based nanomicelles could be a promising delivery system to increase the therapeutic efficiency of Gnb in lung cancers.
De invloed van de wind op regenwaarnemingen: een vergelijkend regenmeteronderzoek

Het meten van neerslag en de fouten die daarmee gepaard gaan hebben al veel pennen in beweging gebracht. Dit is niet te verwonderen. Immers het grillige beeld van de neerslag met somtijds plaatselijke tekorten of overschotten is de oorzaak van veel hydrologische problemen. Ook drukt de neerslag in al haar vormen van voorkomen een belangrijk stempel op leefen werkomstandigheden en is daardoor in het maatschappelijk verkeer wel de meest bekende grootheid van de hydrologische kringloop.
The Solar Spectrum 2935 Å to 8770 Å

From Abstract: "An introductory text gives a detailed description of each column of the solar ledger. Tables include counts of lines of each spectrum recorded in the identification column, leading lines in the first and second spectra, and summaries of molecules and elements present in the sun. About 73 percent of the lines are wholly or partially identified. Sixty-three elements are recorded as present. "
Extraction of Nitroguanidine (NQ) from Triple-Base Gun Propellant

Abstract : Laboratory-scale solubility and extraction studies were carried out to investigate the feasibility for recovery of nitroguanidine (NQ) from M30 triple-base gun propellant. The recovery process that was investigated involved stripping nitroglycerine (NG) from M30 propellant using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2), followed by aqueous extraction of NQ. The solubilities of NQ and NG in supercritical CO2 were investigated. NQ was found to be relatively insoluble. NG was found to be up to six orders of magnitude more soluble than NQ in supercritical CO2. The solubility of NQ in water was investigated at atmospheric pressure. Data were taken over a range of temperatures from 28 deg C to 75 deg C. The solubility data were found to follow an exponential function of 1/T over a range of 0 deg C to 100 deg C. The solubility of NQ varies by almost two orders of magnitude over this temperature range. A significant matrix effect was observed for the extraction of NG from M30 propellant. Prior micromilling of the propellant considerably enhanced the extraction of NG using supercritical CO2. NQ was readily extracted from NG-depleted M30 propellant using hot water. The bulk of the NQ was recovered by precipitation at 1 deg C. A small amount of NQ remained unrecovered in the extraction solution.
Reconciliation Procedure for Gas−Liquid Interfacial Area and Mass-Transfer Coefficient in Randomly Packed Towers

Interfacial areas (aw) and volumetric mass-transfer coefficients (kLaw, KLaw, kGaw, and KGaw) required for randomly packed tower design were gathered from the literature to generate a working database including over 3780 measurements. A set of artificial neural network correlations for the gas−liquid interfacial area and the pure local mass-transfer coefficients was proposed. Thus, the gas−liquid interfacial area and the pure local mass-transfer coefficients (kγ, where γ = G or L) were extracted using a reconciliation procedure which combined actually measured interfacial areas with pseudo interfacial areas inferred from the actually measured volumetric mass-transfer coefficients. The neural network weights of the two aw and kγ correlations were adjusted using a least-squares composite criterion simultaneously over the five mass-transfer parameters. The first correlation representing the gas−liquid interfacial area [aw/aT = f(ReL,FrL,EoL,χ,K)] yielded an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 22.5% for.
Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization. The synthesis of unsaturated polyesters

The first acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization using the molybdenum catalyst Mo(CHCMe 2 R)(N-2,6-C 6 H 3 -i-Pr 2 )[OCCH 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ] 2 (R=Me, Ph) is presented. This catalyst is much faster in the metathesis of terminal olefins than its tungsten counterpart. 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic bis(1-hexenyl) ester, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic bis(1-pentenyl) ester, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic bis(1-butenyl) ester, and 1-hexenyl 1-pentenoate succesfully undergo ADMET homopolymerization to produce the unsaturated polyesters [OCOPHCOO(CH 2 ) m CH=CH(CH 2 ) m ] n (m= 2,3,4) and [OCO(CH 2 ) 2 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 4 ] n , respectively
Energy relaxation in IR laser excited Hg1-xCdxTe

IR laser excitation of Hgl-xCdxTe by low-fluence femtosecond and high fluence microsecond pulses was explored for the technologically important alloy fractions x ~ 0.2 and x ~ 0.28. We have used first principles (LAPW) electronic structure calculations and finite element modelling, supported by Monte Carlo simulation for the description of femtosecond pulse carrier relaxation and the transport parameters. Laser wavelengths considered were 6.4 – 10.6 μm for x ~ 0.2 and 3.8 – 4.8 μm for x ~ 0.28, with an incident 1 microsecond pulse fluence of 2 J/cm2. Many energy transfer mechanisms are invoked due to the long timescales of the microsecond pulses, and a main challenge is therefore to elucidate how these interplay in situations away from thermal equilibrium. Mechanisms studied include one- and two-photon absorption (OPA and TPA) across the band gap, inter-valence band absorption (IVA) between light- and heavy hole bands, electron-hole recombination/impact ionization, band gap renormalisation, intra-band free carrier absorption (FCA), excess carrier temperatures, non-equilibrium phonon generation, and refractive index changes. In the high fluence case, lattice temperatures evolve considerably during the laser pulse in response to the heated carriers. The chosen photon energies lie just above the band gap at the starting lattice temperature of 77 K, and nonlinear effects therefore dominate as the material heats up and the band gap begins to exceed the photon energy. Because of the low photon energy we must rely on Auger recombination, inter-valence band absorption and free carrier absorption to heat the carrier plasma. Although some Hgl-xCdxTe material parameters are now relatively well known, existing data for many of the processes are inadequate for cases far away from thermal equilibrium. Furthermore, the role of Auger recombination in relation to non-intrinsic recombination has been a matter of debate lately. In this respect, information from experiments can only be interpreted correctly if the intrinsic behaviour of the material is well known, and we have therefore assumed intrinsic Hgl-xCdxTe for the present study.
Analysis of cosmetics with regard to legislation

A general picture of toxicological approach and practical aspects of cosmetic safety is described in this thesis. Such considerations are the basis for introducing negative and positive lists of cosmetic ingredients into cosmetic legislation. The first Dutch Cosmetic Act of 1968 already has several of these lists, but no analytical methods were given to control these lists. Therefore a study has been started with the aim to make analytical market surveys of several classes of potentially risk-bearing compounds. The analytical experience gained in the study can be used for the developments of official methods for the Dutch Cosmetic Act. The results of these market surveys can moreover be used as information on the actual use of risk-bearing compounds and will therefore contribute to the establishment of sound and significant cosmetic legislation in the Netherlands. Eye make-up colours were identified by a set of characteristic reactions. Lipstick colours were identified by wellknown chromategraphic methods. Colour intermediates for the oxidative hair colouring were identified by two-dimensional thin- layer chromatography. The aromatic amines were confirmed by direct gaschromatographic analysis which permitted quantitative determination. A separation of phenolic intermediates by means of gaschromatography is also described. Suntan preparations were analysed for the presence of UV-absorbers, browning agents and local anesthesics. A simple aerosol sampling method, prior to gaschromatographic analysis was developed, thus permitting a total analysis of propellants and solvents in single-phase aerosols within an hour. Hormonal substances were detected in selected samples by chromatographic methods. These chemical findings supported the results of the biological assay for the detection of oestrogenic and androgenic activity of cosmetic products. Finally antimicrobial compounds were analysed in many kinds of cosmetic products, in which they were used for preservation or for its deodorizing, antidandruff or antiseptic actions. The diversity in chemical structure did not allow the development of universal methods, but most of the compounds could be identified and determined by chromatographic methods. Formaldehyde was determined by fluorometry. A study of the stability of formaldehyde releasing substances is presented.
WATER ACTIVITY IN SOLUTIONS CONTAINING ORGANIC ACIDS

ABSTRACT A thermodynamic model for the activity coefficient was used to predict au in some food-related solutions. Water activity values for organic acids solutions (malic, tartaric and citric) were measured experimentally and used to adjust interaction parameters for the UNIFAC model. The partial dissociation phenomenon for weak electrolytes in aqueous systems was considered and concentrations of species were calculated. Predictions of au with mean deviations of 0.26% were obtained.