Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ventral Hippocampal Input to the Prelimbic Cortex Dissociates the Context from the Cue Association in Trace Fear Memory

The PFC, through its high degree of interconnectivity with cortical and subcortical brain areas, mediates cognitive and emotional processes in support of adaptive behaviors. This includes the formation of fear memories when the anticipation of threat demands learning about temporal or contextual cues, as in trace fear conditioning. The PFC, through its high degree of interconnectivity with cortical and subcortical brain areas, mediates cognitive and emotional processes in support of adaptive behaviors. This includes the formation of fear memories when the anticipation of threat demands learning about temporal or contextual cues, as in trace fear conditioning. In this variant of fear learning, the association of a cue and shock across an empty trace interval of several seconds requires sustained cue-elicited firing in the prelimbic cortex (PL). However, it is unknown how and when distinct PL afferents contribute to different associative components of memory. Among the prominent inputs to PL, the hippocampus shares with PL a role in both working memory and contextual processing. Here we tested the necessity of direct hippocampal input to the PL for the acquisition of trace-cued fear memory and the simultaneously acquired contextual fear association. Optogenetic silencing of ventral hippocampal (VH) terminals in the PL of adult male Long-Evans rats selectively during paired trials revealed that direct communication between the VH and PL during training is necessary for contextual fear memory, but not for trace-cued fear acquisition. The pattern of the contextual memory deficit and the disruption of local PL firing during optogenetic silencing of VH-PL suggest that the VH continuously updates the PL with the current contextual state of the animal, which, when disrupted during memory acquisition, is detrimental to the subsequent rapid retrieval of aversive contextual associations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Learning to anticipate threat from available contextual and discrete cues is crucial for survival. The prelimbic cortex is required for forming fear memories when temporal or contextual complexity is involved, as in trace fear conditioning. However, the respective contribution of distinct prelimbic afferents to the temporal and contextual components of memory is not known. We report that direct input from the ventral hippocampus enables the formation of the contextual, but not trace-cued, fear memory necessary for the subsequent rapid expression of a fear response. This finding dissociates the contextual and working-memory contributions of prelimbic cortex to the formation of a fear memory and demonstrates the crucial role for hippocampal input in contextual fear learning.
The value of the inferior vena cava ultrasound in the decision to hospitalise in patients with acute decompensated heart failure; the best sonographic measurement method?

Abstract Objectives The primary aim of this study was to determine the value of the inferior vena cava (IVC) ultrasound in the decision to hospitalise acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients. Our secondary aim was to find the most successful IVC measurement method in monitoring volume status. Methods ADHF patients were accepted over a 1-year period in this study. Patients’ vital signs, laboratory tests and IVC measurements measured by six methods (in B- and M-mode; maximum, minimum diameter and caval index) performed on an hourly basis were recorded. The presence of any statistically significant difference between the IVC measurement methods, laboratory tests and vital parameters between the hospitalised and discharged patients was calculated. ROC curves were produced in order to determine the ability of parameters to differentiate two groups. Spearman’s correlation test was used to investigate correlation between the IVC measurement methods and patients’ urine outputs. Results A total of 71 patients were included in the study; 42 of these were hospitalised and 29 were discharged. Potassium, brain natriuretic peptide, respiration rate, urine output, maximum and minimum IVC diameters differed significantly between the two groups. Minimum IVC diameter measured in M-mode was identified as a weak marker with 65% sensitivity and 64% specificity (+PPV: 73%; −NPV:54%) for hospitalisation. Change in maximum IVC diameter measured in B-mode exhibited a high degree of correlation with change in body fluid (cc: 0.802). Conclusion IVC ultrasound may have a limited value in the decision to hospitalise ADHF patients. But Maximum IVC diameter may be an ideal method for monitoring hypervolemic patients’ volume status. Clinical Trials Identifier NCT02725151
An update on the pharmacogenomics of NSAID metabolism and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several reports suggest a possible association between polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) gene and the risk for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-related adverse gastrointestinal events, including gastrointestinal bleeding. Because findings were controversial, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of eligible studies on this putative association was conducted. Areas covered: The authors have revised the relationship between CYP2C9 polymorphisms and the risk of developing NSAID-related gastrointestinal bleeding, as well as other adverse gastrointestinal events, and performed meta-analyzes. The bias effect and potential sources of heterogeneity between studies was analyzed. Expert opinion: Individuals classified as poor metabolizers after CYP2C9 genotyping (activity scores equal to 0 or 0.5) have an increased risk of developing NSAID-related gastrointestinal adverse events with an odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, (p = 0.004) and the OR for subjects with gastrointestinal bleeding is = 1.90, (p = 0.003). Gene-dose effect for variant CYP2C9 alleles (p = 0.005 for all gastrointestinal adverse events, and p = 0.0001 for bleeding patients) was observed. Also, there is an allele-specific effect in the association: CYP2C9*2 is a poor risk predictor, whereas CYP2C9*3 is a highly significant predictor of gastrointestinal adverse events (p = 0.006) and gastrointestinal bleeding (p = 0.0007).
A GENERAL METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF VISIBILITY THRESHOLD FOR IMAGE COMPRESSION OF MONOCHROMATIC 2D IMAGE

In this paper, the lossless image is achieved by using the lossless compression technique. In lossless compression technique a decompressed image would give back the original image without the loss of any information or data. Monochromatic 2D images are 2D images in gray scale or black and white. JPEG2000 is the coding technique developed by (Joint Photographic Expert Group) in 2000 having developed scalability and edit ability feature than JPEG. In JPEG2000 Discrete Wavelet Transform is used. In Discrete Wavelet Transform, wavelet compression converts image into a series of wavelets that can be stored more efficiently than blocks. There exist various compression techniques. In this paper, we are going to use Run-Length encoding and Huffman code for lossless image compression. Run-Length encoding is a simple technique in which same data values in a sequence occurs in the same data elements. In Huffman code lossless technique shorter code are assigned to the most frequently used symbols and longer codes to the symbols which appear less frequently. This methodology can be used in image sharing applications like hike, WhatsApp, mails, etc. where a particular image is compressed and depressed to achieve the original image.
C-Reactive Proteins and Cardiovascular Risk Indices in Hypertensive Nigerians.

C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation, has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and its determination has been proposed as one method of improving the prediction of the risk of cardiovascular events. CRP was determined in 150 hypertensive patients aged 30-59 years and 30 apparently healthy normotensive individuals matched for age and socioeconomic status by ELISA technique. Atherogenic index (LDL-C/HDL-C) and coronary heart disease risk (HDL-C/TC) were also calculated from the lipid profile. Among the hypertensive patients, only 1 (1.2%) female had a dangerous coronary heart disease risk, while 14 (9.3%) (6 males and 8 females) were at high risk of CHD and only 16 (10.7%) (11 males and 5 females) had probable protection against CHD. Hypertensive patients were significantly (p < 0.05) heavier than the normotensive patients (28.34 ± 4.40kg/m vs. 25.79 ± 2.91kg/m), with significantly higher atherogenic indices and CRP. Among the hypertensive patients, CRP positively correlated with atherogenic index (r = 0.551, p < 0.05) and CHD risk (r = 0.589, p < 0.05). However, in normotensive patients, CRP was positively correlated with atherogenic index (r = 0.492, p < 0.01) but negatively correlated with CHD risk (r = -0.475, p < 0.01). In conclusion, hypertensive Nigerians have significantly higher CRP than their normotensive counterparts, which correlates with CHD risk.
PREDICTION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN EDUCATIONAL DATA MINING - A SURVEY

: Adaption of global culture in education system has paved an imbalance in intake and pass out ratio of educational institutions. It opens up an enormous research work to try balancing this imbalance. This paper surveys on the research works focusing on students’ performance prediction, analysis to improve performance, increase student retention published since 2004 to till date
ANTIOXIDANT AND LIPID PEROXIDATION STATUS IN PRE AND POST OPERATIVE BREASTCARCINOMA

Antioxidant enzymes considered as therapeutic agents for variety of disorders associated with oxidative stress. Serum Superoxide dis mutase, Catalase, Lipid peroxidation were quantified in 50 histopathologically proved Breast cancer patient in order to evaluate the changes in serum antioxidants status in pre and post breast carcinoma. When the data’s were compared with age matched healthy female, the level of antioxidant were found to decrease in patients with Breast cancer due to increased oxygen species. The levels of Catalase & Superoxide dis mutase was found to increase after surgery, showing improvement in treatment except few of the patients which showed no change in level indicating a chance of recurrence. The level of lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in Breast cancer patients and decreased after surgery. However further elaborate clinical studies are required to evaluate the role of such antioxidant enzymes in Breast
Effectiveness of Trust Repair Strategies in the Crisis of Corporate Internet Public Opinion

In the Internet environment, the network public opinion of corporate quality defects will cause enterprises to fall into the crisis of consumer trust. Enterprises often choose to issue announcements to deal with public opinion. Can an announcement release effectively restore trust? Are there differences in the effectiveness of different strategies in the announcement? It has become an urgent problem to be explored in the management of corporate public opinion crisis. This study takes the three corporate defect events exposed at the March 15th Evening Party as cases, and crawls the online comments and corporate response announcements on the microblogs about defect events. First, the sentiment analysis is used to calculate the emotional strength of the defect events. Secondly, the content analysis method is used to classify the trust repair strategies of the enterprise announcements. Finally, by constructing the trust repair strategy effectiveness model, the effectiveness of the trust repair strategy adopted by enterprises in different evolution stages is analyzed. The results show that in different stages of public opinion evolution, the release of response announcements can effectively enhance the emotional intensity of consumers. Moreover, in the emergency period, the relationship repair strategy is more effective; in the sustained period, the informational repair strategy is more effective; in the regression period, the functional repair strategy is more effective. Through practical cases, the research explores the effectiveness of enterprise trust repair strategy under the network public opinion crisis, expands the research content of enterprise network public opinion field, and provides strategic advice for enterprise public opinion crisis management.
ALLOMETRIC EQUATIONS AT NATIONAL SCALE FOR ESTIMATING TREE AND FOREST BIOMASS IN VIET NAM

Natural forest types of Viet Nam thus no tools have been developed to estimate its carbon stock at national level. In the context of climate change mitigation through forestry sector and REDD+ mechanism, developing allometric equations with a dataset of tree biomass at national level could provide improved carbon stock estimates, with a known accuracy. This study developed a set of models to estimate above ground biomass (AGB) in evergreen broadleaf forests (EBLF). The dataset for EBLF included 860 trees located in five eco-regions of Viet Nam. DBH (diameter at breast height), H (tree height), WD (wood density) were used as input variables. The modelling was performed by applying non-linear mixed effect models and power models on residuals, with or without random effects of eco-regions or environment variable to models’ parameters. Indicators to select the best models were the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the sum of squared error (SSE), and R as well as visual interpretation of each model. An independent dataset with 1,303 trees was used for validation, with bias (percent error of total trees, S%), efficiency factor (EF) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE%) were the main indicators for validation of selected. The results indicated that random effects of eco-regions improved estimates; the best model of AGB = a*[(DBH/100)^2*H*WD]^b had the highest accuracy with a S% bias under 3%, MAPE% < 18% and EF of more than 0.95. By using the best model of this study, MAPE% was reduced significantly by 14 percent compared to models from IPCC (2003) and Brown (1997) and 10-18 percent to Chave (2005, 2014).
Count data time series models for telecommunications data

The aim of the thesis is to try out the Poisson time series model for count data, in order to analyze telecommunications monitoring data from Ericsson AB. The amount of data a telecommunications network produces is untenable to check manually, and thus the detections of malfunctions can be both time consuming and extremely lengthy. In this thesis we will explore the implementation of the above mentioned count data time series model on a subset of the data from a telecommunications network and the viability of such an approach, in particular, we will using identity link based generalized linear models to perform the analysis-We will also attempt to select the best model amongst several based on Akaike’s information criteria. Finally we will cover how to implement said models in R and cover some of the more technical aspects of the Poisson time series model for count data. It turns out that the model ﬁts quite well on most of the studied time series, although, some of the data the telecommunications network produces have counts in order of magnitudes of millions, hence a better approach would probably have been to use an ordinary time series based framework using a Gaussian response model.
Sputtered porous Pt for wafer-scale manufacture of low-impedance flexible microelectrodes

Objective. Recording electrical activity from individual cells in vivo is a key technology for basic neuroscience and has growing clinical applications. To maximize the number of independent recording channels as well as the longevity, and quality of these recordings, researchers often turn to small and flexible electrodes that minimize tissue damage and can isolate signals from individual neurons. One challenge when creating these small electrodes, however, is to maintain a low interfacial impedance by applying a surface coating that is stable in tissue and does not significantly complicate the fabrication process. Approach. Here we use a high-pressure Pt sputtering process to create low-impedance electrodes at the wafer scale using standard microfabrication equipment. Main results. We find that direct-sputtered Pt provides a reliable and well-controlled porous coating that reduces the electrode impedance by 5–9 fold compared to flat Pt and is compatible with the microfabrication technologies used to create flexible electrodes. These porous Pt electrodes show reduced thermal noise that matches theoretical predictions. In addition, we show that these electrodes can be implanted into rat cortex, record single unit activity, and be removed all without disrupting the integrity of the coating. We also demonstrate that the shape of the electrode (in addition to the surface area) has a significant effect on the electrode impedance when the feature sizes are on the order of tens of microns. Significance. Overall, porous Pt represents a promising method for manufacturing low-impedance electrodes that can be seamlessly integrated into existing processes for producing flexible neural probes.
Artificial Neural Networks for Prediction of severe weather systems over Guwahati, North – Eastern Region of India

Forecasting thunderstorm is one of the most difficult tasks in weather prediction, due to their rather small spatial and temporal extension and the inherent nonlinearity of their dynamics and physics. Accurate forecasting of severe thunderstorms is critical fora large range of users in the community.In this paper, a study is conducted on artificial neural network (ANN) model (adopted Litta et al. 2012 procedure) to predict severe thunderstorms that occurred over Guwahati during pre-monsoon of 2010 by utilizing Severe thunderstorm observations and Regional Modelling (STROM) data collected by the Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa. To identity thunderstorm and its temporal and spatial resolution a Micro Rain Radar data is utilized. The capabilities of six algorithms, namely, Step, Momentum, Conjugate Gradient, Quick Propagation, Levenberg-Marquardt, and Delta-Bar-Delta, in predicting thunderstorms and the usefulness for the advanced prediction were studied and their performances were evaluated. A statistical analysis based on mean absolute error, root mean square error, correlation coefficient and percentage of correctness is performed to compare the predicted and observed data. The results show that the ANN model with Levenberg Marquardt algorithm predicted the thunderstorm activities well in terms of sudden fall of temperature and intensity as compared to other five algorithms. Our results are in good agreement with Litta et al., 2013 observations and prediction of thunderstorms over Kolkata but their maximum occurrence was in early hours of the day at Guwahati whereas their occurrence in the evenings in West Bangal region.
Results of the HySafe CFD Validation Benchmark SBEPV 5

The different CFD tools used by the NoE HySafe partners are applied to a series of integral complex Standard Benchmark Exercise Problems (SBEPs). All benchmarks cover complementarily physical phenomena, addressing application relevant scenarios, and refer to associated experiments with an explicit usage of hydrogen. After the blind benchmark SBEPV1 and SBEPV3 with subsonic vertical release in a large vessel and in a garage like facility, SBEPV4 with a horizontal under­expanded jet release through a small nozzle, SBEPV5 covers the scenario of a subsonic horizontal jet release in a multi­compartment room. As the associated dispersion experiments conducted by GEXCON, Norsk Hydro and STATOIL were disclosed to the participants the whole benchmark was conducted openly. For the purpose of validation, only the low momentum test D27 had to be simulated. The experimental rig consists of a 1.20 m x 0.20 m x 0.90 m (Z, vertical) vessel, divided into 12 compartments, partially even physically by four baffle plates. In each compartment a hydrogen concentration sensor is mounted. There is one vent opening at the wall opposite the release location centrally located about 1 cm above floor with dimensions 0.10 m (Y) times 0.20 m (Z). The first upper baffle plate close to the release point is on a sensitive location as it lies nearly perfectly in the centre of the buoyant jet and thus separates the flow into the two compartments. The actual release was a nominally constant flow of 1.15 norm liters for 60 seconds. With a 12mm nozzle diameter this corresponds to an average exit velocity of 10.17 m/s. 6 CFD packages have been applied by 7 HySafe partners to simulate this experiment: ADREA­ HF by NCSRD, FLACS by GexCon and DNV, KFX by DNV, FLUENT by UPM and UU, CFX by HSE/HSL, and GASFLOW by FZK. The results of the different participants are compared against the experimental data. Sensitivity studies were conducted by FZK using GASFLOW and by DNV applying KFX. Conclusions based on the comparisons and the sensitivity studies related to the performance of the applied turbulence models and discretisation schemes in the release and diffusion phase are proposed. These are compared to the findings of the previous benchmark exercises.
Setting up a SWMM-integrated model for the evapotranspiration of urban vegetation Mise en place d'un modèle intégré SWMM pour l'évapotranspiration de la végétation urbaine

In urban areas, the water and energy balance as well as the urban climate have changed. As part of sustainable urban development, vegetation is considered to have the function of shading and evaporation. Urban hydrology has so far lacked a suitable simulation model for this. The developed simulation model SWMM-UrbanEVA allows the site-specific simulation of the evapotranspiration of vegetation in urban areas. For homogeneous hydrotopes of urban green spaces, process modelling of the energy and water balance of the soil-plant-atmosphere system is carried out on the basis of FAO grass reference evaporation (ET0). With including meteorological and vegetation characteristics, a spatio-temporal differentiated calculation is possible that also displays the yearly vegetation dynamics. Blue-green infrastructure for stormwater management is explicitly considered. The connection to the hydrological model SWMM (US EPA) and the integration of internationally accepted standards, such as the FAO grass reference evaporation or the leaf area index (LAI), ensure simple application. Due to the scalability to microand mesoscale investigations, the model offers the possibility of analysing various effects in the urban water and energy balance.
Ancestral Gumbel-Top-k Sampling for Sampling Without Replacement

We develop ancestral Gumbel-Top-k sampling: a generic and eﬃcient method for sampling without replacement from discrete-valued Bayesian networks, which includes multivariate discrete distributions, Markov chains and sequence models. The method uses an extension of the Gumbel-Max trick to sample without replacement by ﬁnding the top k of perturbed log-probabilities among all possible conﬁgurations of a Bayesian network. Despite the exponentially large domain, the algorithm has a complexity linear in the number of variables and sample size k . Our algorithm allows to set the number of parallel processors m , to trade oﬀ the number of iterations versus the total cost (iterations times m ) of running the algorithm. For m = 1 the algorithm has minimum total cost, whereas for m = k the number of iterations is minimized, and the resulting algorithm is known as Stochastic Beam Search . 1 We provide extensions of the algorithm and discuss a number of related algorithms. We analyze the properties of Gumbel-Top-k sampling and compare against alternatives on randomly generated Bayesian networks with diﬀerent levels of connectivity. In the context of (deep) sequence models, we show its use as a method to generate diverse but high-quality translations and statistical estimates of translation quality and entropy.