Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Role of Crystal Water in Potassium Manganese Hexacyanoferrate as a Cathode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries

The Prussian Blue analogue K2−δMn[Fe(CN)6]1−ɣ∙nH2O is regarded as a key candidate for potassium-ion battery positive electrode materials due to its high specific capacity and redox potential, easy scalability, and low cost. However, various intrinsic defects, such as water in the crystal lattice, can drastically affect electrochemical performance. In this work, we varied the water content in K2−δMn[Fe(CN)6]1−ɣ∙nH2O by using a vacuum/air drying procedure and investigated its effect on the crystal structure, chemical composition and electrochemical properties. The crystal structure of K2−δMn[Fe(CN)6]1−ɣ∙nH2O was, for the first time, Rietveld-refined, based on neutron powder diffraction data at 10 and 300 K, suggesting a new structural model with the Pc space group in accordance with Mössbauer spectroscopy. The chemical composition was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis combined with mass spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy microanalysis and infrared spectroscopy. Nanosized cathode materials delivered electrochemical specific capacities of 130–134 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 (C/5) in the 2.5–4.5 V (vs. K+/K) potential range. Diffusion coefficients determined by potentiostatic intermittent titration in a three-electrode cell reached 10−13 cm2 s−1 after full potassium extraction. It was shown that drying triggers no significant changes in crystal structure, iron oxidation state or electrochemical performance, though the water level clearly decreased from the pristine to air- and vacuum-dried samples.
Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Ketone Solvents and Effects of Sonication

In recent years, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been intensively studied because of their excellent electrical, thermal, physical, and chemical properties [1,2]. However, CNTs generally form bundles due to strong van der Waals forces, which results in low solubility and processability [3]. Therefore, a number of methods have been developed to disperse CNTs in water and organic solvents, including chemical modification through sidewall functionalization [4,5] and physical modification using dispersants such as surfactants [6-8], aromatic molecules [9], and polymers [10,11]. While the use of dispersants can disperse CNTs without introduction of defects, absolute removal of dispersants from CNTs is quite difficult. Consequently, residual dispersants lower the electrical properties of CNTs because most dispersants are electrically insulating organic molecules [12]. Several organic solvents can disperse CNTs in the absence of dispersants. For example, o-dichlorobenzene [13,14] and polar aprotic solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidinone [15], N,Ndimethylformamide [16], and N,N-dimethylacetamide [17], are known to disperse CNTs without any additives. However, such solvents are quite limited and most of them have high boiling points (over 100°C), relatively high viscosity, and toxicity. Hence, it is demanded to disperse CNTs in common and widely used organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, and ethers. In this study, we have found that ketone solvents, acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), can disperse single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) without any additives. SWCNT dispersions were prepared by sonication of SWCNTs in ketone solvents. The dependence of the sonication time on the SWCNT concentration was examined. Furthermore, the effects of sonication in ketone solvents on SWCNTs were evaluated with respect to the defect generation and the electrical properties.
Land Surface Temperature Retrieval of Beijing City using MODIS and TM Data

Land surface temperature (LST) retrieval has always been a key issue in the thermal infrared remote sensing research area. Landsat5 TM data with a higher spatial resolution thermal infrared band of 120 m was often used to retrieve land surface temperature. However, the fact that Landsat 5 possesses only one thermal infrared band is also a critical limitation for LST retrieval, which does not allow applying a split-window method. LST retrieval from the radiative transfer equation using in situ radiosounding data is often not practical because of the scarcity of in situ radiosounding data. Therefore in most cases, only at-satellite brightness temperature was obtained from TM6 data, which is far different from the land surface temperature. Hence the precision of land surface temperature retrieval was actually not so satisfied. While the proposal of the generalized single-channel algorithm in 2003 makes it possible to figure out land surface temperature from TM6 data with high precision. Based on this algorithm, a test for land surface temperature retrieval of Beijing region was carried out with Landsat5 TM data acquired on 6 May 2005. MODIS data received on the same date was used to compute the total atmospheric water vapor content which is necessary for the algorithm. Furthermore, the retrieving result has been validated using simultaneously measured in situ data. A significantly high precision with a root mean square deviation (rmsd) of 1.67 K has been achieved by the approach introduced in this paper, which shows the advantages of synthetically utilizing multi-satellite data.
Continuous detection of HCl and NH3 gases with a high-performance fluorescent polymer sensor

A novel fluorescent triazine-based covalent organic polymer (COP-1) sensor for HCl and NH3 gases has been designed and synthesized. Both the COP-1 powders that were dispersed in solvents and the COP-1 film that was formed on the surface of quartz sheets exhibited stable fluorescence and a sensitive HCl/NH3 response. Immersion in HCl-bubbled solvents weakens and red-shifts the fluorescence emission of the COP-1 powders, owing to a protonation-induced charge transfer (CT). Subsequent injection of NH3 into the solvents recovers the fluorescence via deprotonation. Interestingly, the microporous COP-1 film also shows a similar fluorescence response to HCl/NH3 gas, with high sensitivity and good reversibility, which suggests that it could serve as a solid-state optical probe for continuous and quantitative detection of HCl and NH3 gases. The formation of the red-shifting hydrogen bonds is found to be the origin of the response.
Gesture in Samba: a cross-modal analysis of dance and music from the Afro-Brazilian culture

In we on the relationship between music and dance in the Afro Brazilian culture. We concentrate on the Afro-Brazilian samba, which belongs to the mu sical/choreographical panorama of the African diasporas and shares with the other pan African cultures the tendency to integrate dance, music and social participation in every instantiation of the culture.
A Perceptual Study of Intonation

List of tables List of figures Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Phonetic aspects of intonation 3. The IPO approach 4. A theory of intonation 5. Declination 6. Linguistic generalizations 7. Applications 8. Conclusion References Author index Subject index.
Solution-casting of Disulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Multiblock Copolymer Films for Proton Exchange Membranes

The overall objective of the project, on which this thesis is based, is to develop a novel hydrocarbon-based proton exchange membrane (PEM) material that can produce a proton conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at the operating conditions of 50 % relative humidity and 120 C, which is the performance target set by the U.S. DOE for automotive application. As a part of this project, our efforts have been focused on the investigation of the effects of solution-casting conditions on the final morphology and properties of disulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) multiblock copolymer films from the viewpoint of phase separation of block copolymers. Of equal importance to this work, is a possibility of utilizing a rheological technique for monitoring the transformation and kinetics of block copolymers during solvent removal process, which was initially examined in order to provide fundamental quantitative understanding and practical information on the solvent removal process. Our results demonstrated that solvent selectivity and drying temperature as well as the block length had considerable effects on the final morphology and properties. The proton conductivity could be significantly increased by simply utilizing a selective solvent, dimethylacetamide (DMAC), which is good and marginal for the sulfonated and unsulfonated blocks, respectively, rather than N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), a neutral solvent for both blocks. The drying temperature was also observed to have considerable
Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Microorganisms in Constructed Wetland System with New Matrix and Its Effect on Sewage Purification

Abstract With construction waste and straw waste as the new matrix and water dropwort as the test plant, the vertical flow wetland system was constructed. Six months after operation of the wetland, the matrix and water samples at different depths were collected to explore the spatial distribution of microorganisms and soil enzyme and the distribution characteristics of the pollutants at different depths. The results showed that the removal rate of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) of the sewage by the constructed wetland selected in this study reached 85.07%, 66.13%, 87.47%, and 89.54%, respectively. In the matrix at the depth of 0–40 cm, the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter by the constructed wetland was the most rapid. The number of microorganisms in the matrix showed an apparent stratification. The number of microorganisms in the depth of 0–20 cm was the largest, decreasing gradually with the increase of depth. The microbial bioma.
Studies on the intiation of callusing and regeneration of plantlets in three different basal media with varied plant growth regulators for the micropropagation of Anthurium scherzeriaum using leaf and spathe as explants

Anthurium scherzeriaum is one of the most common ornamentals used in floriculture industry. However, there is shortage of planting material supplied to the cultivators. To overcome this problem, many breeders adopted micropropagation techniques. The usage of high dosage of plant growth regulators in the media resulted in mutation and loss of potentiality in the regeneration. An attempt was made to derive a suitable medium and selection of proper explants to avoid undesirable results. Explants like young old leaf segments and spathe were used. Three different basal medias such as Murashige and Skoog (MS), Nitsch and White’ media were used with varying concentration of growth regulators. The obtained results indicated marked improvement in the growth pattern and morphological features of the plants obtained by culturing spathe segments in Nitsch’ medium. Key words : Anthurium scherzeriaum , tissue culture, floriculture, ornamental plants
Creating satisfaction in steady dating relationships : The role of personal goals and situational affordances

This research extends previous work indicating that individuals are more effective at regulating their behavior when they are in goal-congruent contexts by examining whether individuals particularly need concrete goal-relevant situational affordances once they are in these broadly affirming contexts. Specifically, the authors explore this issue by using the broad context of steady dating relationships (i.e., intimacy-relevant contexts), and considering the role of both intimacy goals and intimacy-affording daily life situations in producing relationship satisfaction and maintenance over time. Results indicate that those with a strong focus on intimacy experience considerable relationship satisfaction regardless of whether they spend time in daily life situations that facilitate intimacy, whereas those without such a focus depend for satisfaction on the presence of intimacy-conducive situations (e.g., time alone with one's partner, or social support from one's partner). Discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of these findings for the Person X Situation literature.
Prevalence of iron deficiency in 12-mo-old infants from 11 European areas and influence of dietary factors on iron status (Euro-Growth study)

A prospective longitudinal cohort study was performed to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency in European infants at 12 mo of age, and to study the influence of socio-economic status, dietary factors, growth and morbidity on iron status. The cohort consisted of 488 normal term infants from primary healthcare centres in 11 European areas. Assessed were socio-economic variables, dietary intake, anthropometry and morbidity at regular intervals from birth to 12 mo, and haemoglobin, serum ferritin, mean corpuscular volume, transferrin saturation and serum transferrin receptor concentrations at age 12 mo. The prevalence of anaemia was 9.4%, of iron deficiency 7.2%, and of iron deficiency anaemia 2.3%. More than 40% of anaemia was associated with normal iron status and associated with an increased frequency of recent infections. Iron deficiency anaemia was significantly more frequent with low (5.1%) than high socio-economic status (0%). Dietary factors accounted for most of this variation in multiple regression analysis. Early introduction of cows' milk was the strongest negative determinant of iron status. Feeding of iron-fortified formula was the main factor positively influencing iron status. Other dietary factors, including breastfeeding, did not play a significant role as determinants of iron status at age 12 mo. Conclusion. Iron deficiency anaemia is present in 2.3% of 12-mo-old European infants. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia varies strongly with socio-economic status. Avoidance of cows' milk feeding during the first year of life is the key measure in the prevention of iron deficiency.
Sensitivity analysis and simulation uncertainties in predictive geochemical modelling

Computer simulations have become increasingly popular in many different areas over the years, owing mainly to more effective and cheaper machines. In many cases, the trend seems to be that computer simulations are replacing experiments, at least in areas in which experiments are very difficult (expensive) or impossible. One such area is that of attempting to foresee what will happen in the future. Such analyses are very important for a durable construction such as a repository for spent nuclear fuel, for example. In the modelling effort, several computer codes are used and input data are often used without scrutiny. However, this work shows that even the rather simple task of calculating the solubility of a solid phase in a given water is encumbered with the effects of different uncertainties. These uncertainties may make the calculated solubility vary by several orders of magnitude. Thus the input to the more complex codes, simulating processes in connection with the repository, will also be affected. This report presents some computer programs for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of solubility calculations. They are then illustrated by numerical simulations and estimation of uncertainty intervals for a case at the Äspö site in Sweden. Some of the input data treated as uncertain parameters are the stability constants for the reactions between the metal ion concerned and the elements present in the selected water or the rock. Stability constants and the enthalpies and entropies of reaction for the thoriumwater-acetylacetone-phosphate system have been determined experimentally. In addition to the values determined for these entities, uncertainty intervals are also estimated. A complexing mechanism for the thorium-phosphates at pH 8 is also suggested.
Lattice response of the porous coordination framework Zn(hba) to guest adsorption

Analysis of in situ neutron powder diffraction data collected for the porous framework material Zn(hba) during gas adsorption reveals a two-stage response of the host lattice to increasing CO2 guest concentration, suggesting progressive occupation of multiple CO2 adsorption sites with different binding strengths. The response of the lattice to moderate CH4 guest concentrations is virtually indistinguishable from the response to CO2, demonstrating that the influence of host–guest interactions on the Zn(hba) framework is defined more strongly by the concentration than by the identity of the guests.
Lignin biomass conversion into chemicals and fuels

Lignin is a complex polymeric molecule with a high degree of variability, thus making it difficult to design an effective catalytic system for its valorization. For a better understanding of lignin chemical transformations, and to simplify the plethora of products obtained therefrom, a wide number of model compounds have been used. These model compounds contain linkages that resemble those found in the lignin polymer, with the β-O-4 moiety the most common among them, and thus their reactivity provides insight into the degradation and reaction of the polymer structure as a whole [38]. One of the viable methods for the valorisation of lignin and lignin model compounds is oxidative depolymerisation using environmentally friendly oxidants like O2 or H2O2. Oxidative depolymerisation involves the cleavage of ether bonds, such as β-O-4 and other linkages present in lignin and its model compounds, giving aldehydes or carboxylic acids as products, depending on the applied reaction conditions [115]. The aim of this chapter is to describe an efficient catalytic system for the aerobic oxidation of β-O-4 lignin model compounds to simple aromatic chemicals. 2
Quality Evaluation of Awka Market Honey and Honey from Beekeepers in Two Floral Regions of Anambra State, Nigeria

Honey sold in Awka market is supplied from within and outside Anambra State, Nigeria. The quality from identified sellers in the market was evaluated and compared with honey from two floral regions in the state and some reported international standards. Analyses were carried out on the proximate composition, some mineral elements, physical properties, microbial counts and inhibition activities, and organoleptic qualities using standard methods. The parameter values of the market samples and samples from apiarists in the floral regions were found to be similar. The moisture content of the samples ranged between 8.42 and 10.52 g/ 100 g; protein, 0.70 and 1.27 g/ 100 g; ash, 0.40 and 0.60 g/100 g; fat, 0.14 and 0.20 g/ 100 g; and carbohydrate 87.80 and 89.19 g/ 100 g. In descending order, elemental mineral values of K, Ca, Na, Mg and Fe ranged from 47.77 to 54.86 mg/ 100 g, 4.21 – 6.04 mg/ 100 g, 3.82 – 4.28 mg/ 100 g, 2.11 – 3.40 mg/ 100 g and 0.54 – 1.09 mg/ 100 g, respectively. Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) values of 13.62 and 10.28 g/ 100g were observed for floral regions of Adazi-Enu and Ikenga, respectively, but values of 23.26, 24.35 and 45.48 g/ 100 g for market samples 1, 2 and pharmshop, respectively. Market honey samples inhibition activity against P. aeroginosa was 4 cm as against 1 cm for floral region samples. The honey samples had inhibition activity against E. coli except one market sample with activity of 2.6 cm. Adazi-Enu floral region sample exhibited slightly above double the inhibition activity of 7.6 cm against S. aureus than the market samples (3.4 – 3.8 cm). Organoleptic qualities of the floral region samples were comparable to the market samples except the Pharmshop sample that was less acceptable. Except for HMF of pharmshop sample that exceeded international standard, parameters in all honey samples are within the standard and comparable indicating non adulteration of the samples.
Molecular tuning of the magnetic response in organic semiconductors

The tunability of high-mobility organic semi-conductors (OSCs) holds great promise for molecular spintronics. In this study, we show this extreme variability - and therefore potential tunability - of the molecular gyromagnetic coupling ("g-") tensor with respect to the geometric and electronic structure in a much studied class of OSCs. Composed of a structural theme of phenyl- and chalcogenophene (group XVI element containing, five-membered) rings and alkyl functional groups, this class forms the basis of several intensely studied high-mobility polymers and molecular OSCs. We show how in this class the g-tensor shifts, $\Delta g$, are determined by the effective molecular spin-orbit coupling (SOC), defined by the overlap of the atomic spin-density and the heavy atoms in the polymers. We explain the dramatic variations in SOC with molecular geometry, chemical composition, functionalization, and charge life-time using a first-principles theoretical model based on atomic spin populations. Our approach gives a guide to tuning the magnetic response of these OSCs by chemical synthesis.
Satellite Monitoring of Urbanization and Indicator-based Assessment of Environmental Impact

Over the past few decades, there has been substantial urban growth in Stockholm, Sweden, now the largest city in Scandinavia. This research investigates and evaluates the evolution of land cover/use change in Stockholm between 1986 and 2006 with a particular focus on what impact urban growth has had on the environment using indicators derived from remote sensing and environmental data. Four scenes of SPOT imagery over the Stockholm County area were acquired for this study including two on 13 June 1986, one on 5 August 2006 and one on 4 June 2008. These images are classified into seven land cover categories using an object-based and rule-based approach with spectral data and texture measures as inputs. The classification is then used to generate spatial metrics and environmental indicators for evaluation of fragmentation and land cover/land use change. Based on the environmental indicators, an environmental impact index is constructed for both 1986 and 2006 and then compared. The environmental impact index is based on the proportion and condition of green areas important for ecosystem services, proximity of these areas to intense urban land use, proportion of urban areas in their immediate vicinity, and how impacted they are by noise. The analysis units are then ranked according to their indicator values and an average of the indicator rankings gives an overall index score. Results include a ranking of the landscape in terms of environmental impact in 1986 and 2006, as well as an analysis of which units have improved the least or the most and why. The highest ranked units are located most often to the north and east of the central Stockholm area, while the lowest tend to be located closer to the center itself. Yet units near the center also tended to improve the most in ranking over the two decades, which would suggest a convergence towards modest urban expansion and limited environmental impact.
Activation of Persulfates Using Siderite as a Source of Ferrous Ions: Sulfate Radical Production, Stoichiometric Efficiency, and Implications

Ferrous ions (Fe2+) rapidly activate persulfates to produce sulfate radicals. However, the high reactivity of Fe2+ toward sulfate radicals means that they are easily scavenged, which reduces the stoichiometric efficiency of persulfates. To improve the stoichiometric efficiency, siderite was used to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS), with phenol as a model contaminant. Near-100% degradation of phenol was achieved by siderite-activated PDS or PMS. In contrast, only 34% and 25% of the phenol was degraded by Fe2+- and nanoscale-magnetite-activated persulfates, respectively. The stoichiometric efficiencies of PMS and PDS activated by siderite were more than 4.4 and 3.6 times higher, respectively, than those activated by Fe2+. Electron paramagnetic resonance recorded both sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals. The effects of pH, iron dissolution, and scavenging were characterized, and the results indicated that siderite mainly activated persulfates by acting as a source of Fe2+ and tha.