Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laminarisation of flow at low Reynolds number due to streamwise body force

It is well established that when a turbulent flow is subjected to a non-uniform body force, the turbulence may be significantly suppressed in comparison with that of the flow of the same flow rate and hence the flow is said to be laminarised. This is the situation in buoyancy-aided mixed convection when severe heat transfer deterioration may occur. Here we report results of direct numerical simulations of flow with a linear or a step-change profile of body force. In contrast to the conventional view, we show that applying a body force to a turbulent flow while keeping the pressure force unchanged causes little changes to the key characteristics of the turbulence. In particular, the mixing characteristics of the turbulence represented by the turbulent viscosity remain largely unaffected. The so-called flow laminarisation due to a body force is in effect a reduction in the apparent Reynolds number of the flow, based on an apparent friction velocity associated with only the pressure force of the flow (i.e. excluding the contribution of the body force). The new understanding allows the level of the flow ‘laminarisation’ and when the full laminarisation occurs to be readily predicted. In terms of the near-wall turbulence structure, the numbers of ejections and sweeps are little influenced by the imposition of the body force, whereas the strength of each event may be enhanced if the coverage of the body force extends significantly away from the wall. The streamwise turbulent stress is usually increased in accordance with the observation of more and stronger elongated streaks, but the wall-normal and the circumferential turbulent stresses are largely unchanged.
Management forecast credibility and underreaction to news

In this paper, we first document evidence of underreaction to management forecast news. We then hypothesize that the credibility of the forecast influences the magnitude of this underreaction. Relying on evidence that more credible forecasts are associated with a larger reaction in the short window around the management forecasts and a smaller post-management forecast drift in returns, we show that the magnitude of the underreaction is smaller for firms that provide more credible forecasts. Our paper contributes to the literature by providing out-of-sample evidence of the drift in returns documented in the post-earnings-announcement drift literature, with the credibility of the news being one explanation for the phenomenon.
An Alternate Way to “Feel Good”: Interventions to Promote Self-Compassionate Students and Classrooms

While well intentioned, conflation of self-esteem and wellbeing within the classroom has contributed to inflated grades, overreliance on accolades, and frustrated efforts to promote “feeling good” over building competence. The current paper suggests self-compassion is a viable alternative to the construct of self-esteem that shares significant overlap, but also transcends inherent shortcomings a focus on selfesteem creates. Classroom interventions to promote self-compassion, such as the blessings exercise, relaxation techniques, gratitude visits, and savoring, are outlined, as well as important cultural and developmental considerations.
Coexistence of different intrathalline symbiotic algae and bacterial biofilms in the foliose Canarian lichen

Parmotrema pseudotinctorum (des Abb.) Hale is a foliose lichen able to colonize large areas on rock surfaces in semiarid and warm localities in the Canary Islands. In this contribution, we investigate the phycobionts of this successful lichen under these extreme environmental conditions using ultrastructural and genetic methodologies. Two populations from La Gomera and La Palma islands were analyzed. After TEM analyses, three algal types were clearly distinguished in intrathalline symbiosis, provisionally named Ph1, Ph2, and Ph3. Two of them (Ph1 and Ph2) were Trebouxia showing a well visible pyrenoid corticola-type the chloroplast thylakoids being very different in both. The type Ph3 could be a taxon included in the genus Asterochloris. Our molecular approach consisted in sequencing two different DNA loci: a portion of the chloroplast psbA gene and nuclear ITS. Sequences of the psbA gene resulted in electrophoretograms showing double peaks when DNA extracted from the whole lichen thallus was used as template. Such double peaks were interpreted as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This interpretation was confirmed by cloning. However, no intrathalline polymorphisms were detected among the nrITS sequences. Phylogenetic analyses on the basis of the psbA gene revealed three distinct clades. It is likely that these clades corresponded to the the three different morphotypes revealed by TEM. One of these clades, was closely related to T. corticola, other was closely related to Asterochloris glomerata and the third did not grouped with any specific taxa. These results are the first piece of evidence that algal coexistence may even be established between species of different genera of the Trebouxiophyceae (Asterochloris and Trebouxia at least). Moreover, the ccoexistence of several microalgal taxa evidenced in this study appears as a consistent character among the populations of this foliose lichen. Further isolation and cultivation of the three different algal types and physiological studies should shed light on the ecological plasticity of the entire holobiont. Along with such variety of intrathalline coexisting algae, another unexpected result was the observation of an almost continuous layer of bacterial-communities coating the lower cortex in all the studied samples of P. pseudotinctorum the lower cortex was coated with an almost continuous layer of bacterial-communities. The function of these biofilms in the lichen symbiosis remains to be elucidated. The existence of such particular symbiosis involving different algal species and bacteria could be explained by an increased fitness in particular habitats or under specific environmental conditions.
in Western Australia Examining the Communication Effects of Health Campaigns : A Case Study Using Find Thirty Every Day ®

Community-wide health communication campaigns have been used for over 30 years to increase awareness of the benefits of physical activity. The relationship between raising campaign awareness influencing physical activity behavior directly or through intermediate variables has not been fully explored. The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between campaign awareness and four socio-cognitive variables on changes in physical activity levels among a cohort of adults exposed to a physical activity campaign. Find Thirty every day was a population-wide, serial mass media campaign delivered in Western Australia. There was a significant association between campaign awareness and higher outcome expectations. The likelihood of higher outcome expectations and higher decisional balance was significantly greater in people who maintained campaign awareness compared with people who had no/relapsed campaign awareness. Those with higher compared with lower outcome expectation, self-efficacy, social support, and decisional balance were more likely to remain sufficiently active. A significant proportion of people who remained insufficiently active were not aware of the campaign. Finally, we found an association between the four individual socio-cognitive variables and levels of change in physical activity that appeared to be independent. The article adds to a small but growing body of literature that reinforces the importance of target audience refinement in physical activity mass media campaigns.
Study of genetic diversities and relatedness of Iranian citrus genotypes using morphological and molecular markers

Having knowledge about genetic relationships among accessions is necessary for developing breeding strategies to produce improved cultivars. In present study, genetic diversity and inter-relationship among 29 genotypes of citrus were comparatively analyzed using morphological and RAPD markers. Significant variability was observed among citrus genotypes for 61 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters of leaves, fruits and seeds. Furthermore, the RAPD markers revealed a high polymorphism rate (91.82 %). A pair-wise similarity value between genotypes ranged from 0.14 to 0.97 with average of 0.62. Both morphological and molecular analysis indicated a high degree of variation among studied genotypes. In current research, genotypes “pummelo” and “mandarin” were confirmed as true species of citrus in distinct cluster. Results of present study proved that both of morphological and molecular markers are potential tools for determining genetic diversities and genetic relationships of citrus genotypes and can be used in citrus breeding programs.
A Review on Conduction Mechanisms in Dielectric Films

The conduction mechanisms in dielectric films are crucial to the successful applications of dielectric materials. There are two types of conduction mechanisms in dielectric films, that is, electrode-limited conduction mechanism and bulk-limited conduction mechanism. The electrode-limited conduction mechanism depends on the electrical properties at the electrode-dielectric interface. Based on this type of conduction mechanism, the physical properties of the barrier height at the electrode-dielectric interface and the effective mass of the conduction carriers in dielectric films can be extracted. The bulk-limited conduction mechanism depends on the electrical properties of the dielectric itself. According to the analyses of bulk-limited conduction mechanisms, several important physical parameters in the dielectric films can be obtained, including the trap level, the trap spacing, the trap density, the carrier drift mobility, the dielectric relaxation time, and the density of states in the conduction band. In this paper, the analytical methods of conduction mechanisms in dielectric films are discussed in detail.
Outcrossing between 'Bacon' Pollinizers and Adjacent 'Hass' Avocado Trees and the Description of Two New Lethal Mutants

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) has an unusual flowering mechanism, diurnally synchronous protogynous dichogamy, that promotes crosspollination among avocado genotypes. In commercial groves, which usually contain pollinizer rows adjacent to the more desirable commercial cultivars, the rate of outcrossing has been measured with variable results. Using microsatellite markers, we estimated outcrossing in a commercial California 'Hass' avocado orchard with adjacent 'Bacon' pollinizers. Seedlings grown from mature harvested fruit of both cultivars were genotyped with five fully informative microsatellite markers and their parentage determined. Among the 919 seedlings of 'Hass', 688 (75%) were hybrids with 'Bacon'; the remaining 231 (25%) seedlings were selfs of 'Hass'. Among the 850 seedlings of 'Bacon', 382 (45%) were hybrids with 'Hass' and the remaining 468 (55%) seedlings were selfs of 'Bacon'. The high outcrossing rate observed in the 'Hass' seedlings was expected, because adjacent rows of opposite flowering types (A versus B) are expected to outcross. However, the high selfing rate in 'Bacon' was unexpected. A previous study in Florida using the cultivars 'Simmonds' and 'Tonnage' demonstrated differences in outcrossing rates between complementary flowering type cultivars. In both Florida and California, the A type parents ('Hass' and 'Simmonds') had similar outcrossing rates ('75%); however, the B type parents ('Bacon' and 'Tonnage'') had highly skewed outcrossing rates of 45% and 96%, respectively. Two new avocado lethal mutants were discovered among the selfed seedlings of 'Hass' and 'Bacon'. These were labeled ''spindly'' and ''gnarly'' and are similar in phenotype to mutants described in Arabidopsis and other crop species.
Playing With Danger: A Taxonomy and Evaluation of Threats to Smart Toys

Smart toys have captured an increasing share of the toy market, and are growing ubiquitous in households with children. Smart toys are a subset of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, containing sensors, actuators, and/or artificial intelligence capabilities. They frequently have Internet connectivity, directly or indirectly through companion apps, and collect information about their users and environments. Recent studies have found security flaws in many smart toys that have led to serious privacy leaks, or allowed tracking a child’s physical location. Some well-publicized discoveries of this nature have prompted actions from governments around the world to ban some of these toys. Compared to other IoT devices, smart toys pose unique risks because of their easily vulnerable user base, and this paper is intended to define these risks and assess a subset of toys against them. We provide a classification of threats specific to smart toys in order to unite and complement existing adhoc analyses, and help comprehensive evaluation of other smart toys. Our vulnerability taxonomy addresses the potential security and privacy flaws that can lead to leakage of private information or allow an adversary to control the toy to lure, harm, or distress a child. Using this taxonomy, we perform a thorough experimental analysis of eleven smart toys and their companion apps. Our systematic analysis has uncovered that several current toys still expose children to multiple threats for attackers with physical, nearby, or remote access to the toy.
Compressive direct imaging of a billion-dimensional optical phase space

Optical phase-spaces represent fields in terms of spatial and spatial frequency variables. Typically, phase-spaces are measured through phase-retrieval methods involving a computational inversion, or a lenslet array, which sacrifices resolution in one domain for the other. Recently, a quantum weak-values technique demonstrated that a beam's Dirac phase-space is proportional to the measurable complex weak-value, regardless of quantum state purity. These direct measurements require scanning through all position-polarization couplings, limiting their dimensionality to less than 100,000 [Phys. Rev. Let. 112, 070405 (2014)]. We circumvent these limitations using compressive sensing, a numerical protocol that allows us to undersample, yet efficiently and directly measure 268-million-dimensional phase-spaces for coherent and partially coherent sources. The distributions are numerically propagated to an object in the beam path, with excellent agreement for both sources. This quantum-inspired application has broad implications in digital signal processing and imaging, including recovery of Fourier amplitudes in any dimension with linear algorithmic solutions and ultra-high dimensional phase-space imaging.
Strong approximation of monotone stochastic partial differential equations driven by white noise

We establish an optimal strong convergence rate of a fully discrete numerical scheme for second-order parabolic stochastic partial differential equations with monotone drifts, including the stochastic Allen–Cahn equation, driven by an additive space-time white noise. Our first step is to transform the original stochastic equation into an equivalent random equation whose solution possesses more regularity than the original one. Then we use the backward Euler in time and spectral Galerkin in space to fully discretise this random equation. By the monotonicity assumption, in combination with the factorisation method and stochastic calculus in martingale-type 2 Banach spaces, we derive a uniform maximum norm estimation and a Hölder-type regularity for both stochastic and random equations. Finally, the strong convergence rate of the proposed fully discrete scheme is obtained. Several numerical experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical result.
Boundary-Layer Meteorology : An International Journal of Physical , Chemical and Biological Processes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer , 133 ( 3 ) ISSN 1573-1472

Previous measurements of urban energy balances generally have been limited to densely built, central city sites and older suburban locations with mature tree canopies that are higher than the height of the buildings. In contrast, few data are available for the extensive, open vegetated types typical of low-density residential areas that have been newly converted from rural land use. We made direct measurements of surface energy fluxes using the eddy-covariance technique at Greenwood, a recently developed exurban neighbourhood near Kansas City, Missouri, USA, during an intensive field campaign in August 2004. Energy partitioning was dominated by the latent heat flux under both cloudy and near clear-sky conditions. The mean daytime Bowen ratio (β) values were 0.46, 0.48, and 0.47 respectively for the cloudy, near clear-sky and all-sky conditions. Net radiation (Rn) increased rapidly from dawn (−34 and −58 W m−2) during the night to reach a maximum (423 and 630 W m−2) after midday for cloudy and near clear-sky conditions respectively. Mean daytime values This research was conducted while the first author was a postdoctoral associate at the University of Missouri Kansas City. A. A. Balogun (B) Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria e-mail: abalogun99@yahoo.com J. O. Adegoke · S. Vezhapparambu Laboratory for Climate Analysis and Modelling, Department of Geosciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA M. Mauder Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany J. P. McFadden Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, USA K. Gallo NOAA/NESDIS Office of Research and Applications, Camp Springs, MD, USA
An experimental study of detection limits and corresponding doses of IRSN in vivo monitoring vehicles in the case of post-accident scenarios

The measurement performances of in vivo monitoring vehicles were studied considering an increase in the radiological background in areas where the population is not evacuated after a nuclear accident. The study focused on 137 Cs and 131 I Detection Limits (DLs) and corresponding doses, for adults and one-year-old children. These DLs for ground contamination were obtained experimentally using a grid of point sources. Then, the DLs and doses were calculated using the experimental data and a safety factor for two accident scenarios. For these scenarios the 137 Cs DL corresponds to a committed effective dose of 0.02 mSv. The 131 I DL corresponds to committed equivalent thyroid doses of 3 mSv (adult) and 30 mSv (one-year-old child). To guarantee a 45 mSv thyroid equivalent dose assessment for the child the surface activity of 131 I + 132 I + 133 I should be below 1.6 MBq/m2 . This study shows that the vehicles can operate in a contaminated area where the population is not evacuated. However, in such a case, the contamination level outside and inside the vehicle should be kept stable to guarantee efficient body counting.
Gondooroo as an Indigenous Method of Conflict Resolution and Justice Administration

Oromo as a society, like many African societies, is rich in indigenous institutions of conflict resolution and justice administration. Gondooroo is one of the multitudes of Oromo indigenous institutions that have exclusively been used to settle blood feuds. In spite of its wider utilization and its multi-disciplinary nature, psycho-social analysis of Gondooroo is lacking in literature. With an aim of helping to fill this gap and of maximizing Gondooroo ’s potential contributions to conflict resolution, justice administration and peace building, this article offers a psycho-social perspective on Gondooroo . Having analyzed combined data from multiple sources regarding Gondooroo within psychological and social frameworks, the author identifies and highlights six interrelated theses (themes) about the key roles Gondooroo plays in conflict resolution, justice administration and peace building (in cases of homicide). Finally, based on the themes identified and highlighted and other pertinent elaborations and case material, the author theorizes Gondooroo as a vital psycho-social method of conflict resolution, justice administration and peace building and calls for its official recognition and revitalization.
Understanding the Effects of Polydispersity on Protein Conjugation

The level of polydispersity or aggregation in a protein population is an important factor to consider when performing conjugation or labeling reactions. In such reactions, the more aggregated portions of a polydispersed protein population have a tendency to be less labeled—or have a lower degree of labeling (DOL)—than the more highly labeled, less aggregated portions of the population. The mechanism by which this differential labeling occurs is thought to work as follows: When conjugating a protein to a detection mechanism or other conjugate of interest, the reaction, as it occurs in solution, can be visualized as taking place in a vast, empty space. In such a scenario, each particle in the reaction is very dilute relative to the total volume of the reaction. Therefore, each protein particle in the reaction has a similar, average number of chemical interactions with the conjugate molecules in the reaction, regardless of the protein particle’s size or number of subunits. The number of molecular interactions a particle will have during the conjugation reaction is very unlikely to be affected by the number of subunits it contains; conversely, however, the number of subunits will have a considerable effect on the DOL calculated for a given set of the dispersed population. If we assume the monomeric portion of a dispersed protein population receives an average of one label during conjugation, then we would also assume that the more aggregated portion of the population will receive the same average number of labels and have the same number of labels per particle. However, because the two sets of particles (monomeric and aggregated) do not contain the same number of subunits, the degree of labeling will differ quite significantly. This is because the amount of protein present is inversely related the degree of labeling; as the protein concentration increases, the degree of labeling decreases. The study described in this thesis seeks to demonstrate that the different polydispersed populations present in a conjugate solution will have significant differences in their DOL with the smaller, less aggregated particles in the conjugate having a DOL than larger, more aggregated particles. To do this, two special batches of fluorescent protein conjugates were prepared, one labeled with Alexa Fluor 594 and the other with Alexa Fluor 488. Both of these conjugates were fractionated by size and the fractions of interest were promptly assayed to determine their DOL and to compare the level of labeling in each of the polydispersed populations in the conjugate sample. The data collected for both prepared conjugates clearly showed that there were considerable differences in DOL and a clear trend indicating that the DOL of each species in a polydispersed conjugate population decreased as the level of aggregation, or number of protein subunits per protein, increased.
Algorithmic Bias : A Counterfactual Perspective

We discuss an alternative approach to measuring bias and fairness in machine learning: Counterfactual evaluation. In many practical settings, the alternative to a biased algorithm is not an unbiased one, but another decision method such as another algorithm or human discretion. We discuss statistical techniques necessary for counterfactual comparisons, which enable researchers to quantify relative biases without access to the underlying algorithm or its training data. We close by discussing the usefulness of transparency and interpretability within the counterfactual orientation.