Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contextualized Character Embedding with Multi-Sequence LSTM for Automatic Word Segmentation

SUMMARY Contextual information is a crucial factor in natural language processing tasks such as sequence labeling. Previous studies on contextualized embedding and word embedding have explored the context of word-level tokens in order to obtain useful features of languages. However, unlike it is the case in English, the fundamental task in East Asian languages is related to character-level tokens. In this paper, we propose a contextualized character embedding method using n-gram multi-sequences information with long short-term memory (LSTM). It is hypothesized that contextualized embeddings on multi-sequences in the task help each other deal with long-term contextual information such as the notion of spans and boundaries of segmentation. The analysis shows that the contextualized embedding of bigram character sequences encodes well the notion of spans and boundaries for word segmentation rather than that of unigram character sequences. We ﬁnd out that the combination of contextualized embeddings from both unigram and bigram character sequences at output layer rather than the input layer of LSTMs improves the performance of word segmentation. The comparison showed that our proposed method outperforms the previous models.
Diversity assessment of vanilla (Vanilla species) accessions in selected counties of Kenya using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers

Diversity assessment of vanilla (Vanilla species) in Kenya is a key strategy for germplasm conservation and improvement. Production of vanilla crop in Kenya is limited due to inadequate knowledge on genetic diversity. This study was carried out to characterize 76 vanilla accessions from five counties of Kenya using 14 microsatellite DNA markers. POPGENE version 1.32 was used to compute variety factors. Amplicons ranged between 1 and 4. A total of 27 (96.43%) alleles were observed and their number ranged from 1.00 to 2.00 with a mean of 1.93. Effective allele values ranged from 1.00 to 1.99 with a mean of 1.63. Gene diversity ranged from 0 to 0.50 with a mean of 0.35, mean Shannon information index was 0.50 and Polymorphic information content values ranged from 0 to 0.38 with a mean of 0.35. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.08 to 1.00 with an average of 0.54. Unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed in DARwin 6.0. 8 using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean, clustering the samples into 3 main clusters (A 99.6%, B 98.96% and C 100%) and 6 sub-clusters (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3 and C1). Vanilla accessions grown in Kenya have a broad genetic background but low genetic diversity. Results inform the need to introduce other vanilla species as sources of genetic variation for breeding. Key words: Genetic variation, DNA markers, breeding, Kenya.
Synthesis, growth mechanism and photocatalytic properties of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoflower: a hydrothermal process

Abstract The present report explores the synthesis strategy of flower like Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanostructures from nanosheets as their building blocks in the presence of citric acid as surfactant. An easy and inexpensive hydrothermal technique was designed for the synthesis of NiO nanoparticles. The structural, morphological and compositional analyses were done by the techniques such as X-ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis respectively and growth mechanism of the NiO nanostructure was also dealt in detail. Diffraction pattern confirms that the prepared NiO is belongs to the face cantered cubic structure. The average crystalline size was obtained by Debye Scherrer formula and the values (8 nm, 9 nm, 7 nm and 7.5 nm for NiO nanoflowers synthesized with 0.5 g, 1 g, 1.5 g and 2 g of citric acid respectively) are comparable with the size obtained by the Williamson Hall plot method. Morphological analysis confirms the formation of nanosheets constituted floral microspheres with a diameter ranging from 750 nm to 850 nm. Elemental analysis proves the presence of Ni and O and its purity. The 750 nm sized, regularly arranged NiO nanoflowers were subjected to photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G) under Ultra Violet irradiation and bestow the effective degradation efficiency (76.5% and 92.6% respectively). The photodegradation mechanism was discussed based on the position of conduction and valence bands.
Heated-spray chamber-based low sample consumption system for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry

A systematic study about the effect of the heating of a modified version of the so-called Torch Integrated Sample Introduction System (TISIS) has been performed. The results showed that when working at liquid flow rates of 20–40 µl min−1, it was possible to raise the chamber wall temperature up to 100 °C without degradation of plasma thermal characteristics. Furthermore, a sheathing gas stream was added to the spray chamber so as to improve the aerosol transport towards the plasma. Under these conditions, sensitivity enhancements ranging from 8 to 15 with regard to those found under standard conditions (i.e., with neither chamber heating nor sheathing gas inlet) were reached for the different ionic and atomic emission lines studied. As a result, limits of detection at 20 µl min−1 were improved by a factor between 2.5 and 13. These LODs were only 1.7 to 2 times lower than for a cyclonic spray chamber at an uptake rate of 1 ml min−1. Two direct injection nebulizers were used for comparison: the conventional direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) and its demountable version (d-DIHEN). When TISIS was used under standard conditions quite similar results were found as those provided by d-DIHEN, although at low nebulizer gas flow rates (i.e., 0.1 l min−1), the DIHEN gave rise to higher sensitivities. However, by heating the TISIS chamber at 100 °C, sensitivities were enhanced by a factor up to one order of magnitude with respect to both the DIHEN and d-DIHEN. The result was ascribed both to the production of a finer tertiary aerosol and to the improved plasma excitation conditions. Furthermore, lower limits of detection were encountered for the hot chamber as compared to direct injection nebulizers. Hence, the developed system could be considered to be very promising for the analysis of very low liquid sample volumes through ICP techniques.
DNA methylation signatures of adolescent victimization: analysis of a longitudinal monozygotic twin sample

ABSTRACT Accumulating evidence suggests that individuals exposed to victimization at key developmental stages may have different epigenetic fingerprints compared to those exposed to no/minimal stressful events, however results are inconclusive. This study aimed to strengthen causal inference regarding the impact of adolescent victimization on the epigenome by controlling for genetic variation, age, gender, and shared environmental exposures. We conducted longitudinal epigenome-wide association analyses (EWAS) on DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles of 118 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs from the Environmental Risk study with and without severe adolescent victimization generated using buccal DNA collected at ages 5, 10 and 18, and the Illumina EPIC array. Additionally, we performed cross-sectional EWAS on age-18 blood and buccal DNA from the same individuals to elucidate tissue-specific signatures of severe adolescent victimization. Our analyses identified 20 suggestive differentially methylated positions (DMPs) (P < 5e-05), with altered DNAm trajectories between ages 10–18 associated with severe adolescent victimization (∆Beta range = −5.5%−5.3%). Age-18 cross-sectional analyses revealed 72 blood (∆Beta range = −2.2%−3.4%) and 42 buccal (∆Beta range = −3.6%−4.6%) suggestive severe adolescent victimization-associated DMPs, with some evidence of convergent signals between these two tissue types. Downstream regional analysis identified significant differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in LGR6 and ANK3 (Šidák P = 5e-09 and 4.07e-06), and one upstream of CCL27 (Šidák P = 2.80e-06) in age-18 blood and buccal EWAS, respectively. Our study represents the first longitudinal MZ twin analysis of DNAm and severe adolescent victimization, providing initial evidence for altered DNA methylomic signatures in individuals exposed to adolescent victimization.
Error correction algorithm developed for special-purpose computing devices based on polynomial modular codes

Special-purpose computing devices (SPCD) are used to solve tasks that require either real-time processing of a large amount of data, including digital processing of audio/video signals and OFDM systems, or high accuracy, like friend-or-foe identification for satellite communications systems. To achieve this goal, it is proposed to use parallel processing at various levels. Parallel computing increases circuit costs though, which incites SPCD to fail. The most promising solution to this contradiction lies in the use of position-independent redundant polynomial modular codes (PMC). These codes aim to increase the speed of data processing through the parallelization of computation at the level of arithmetic operations. What is more, thanks to independent and parallel processing of residues, they have the potential to detect and correct errors caused by the failures to occur during computation and during transmission over communication lines due to interference. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an error correction algorithm for special-purpose computing devices based on polynomial modular codes.
Disagreement: a speech act analysis and classroom implications

Disagreement has been widely regarded as one of the most interesting speech acts in EFL context since the way the speaker expresses her or his opposing view can affect the addressee’s self-image and view of the addressor. This article attempted to identify various strategies native speakers of English realized this speech act through a qualitative method by analyzing two sets of authentic data from two half-hour interviews. Next, it investigated the lack of emphasis on disagreement in EFL materials before offering possible suggestions to equip non-native learners of English with pragmatic competence to disagree effectively. The findings and recommendations had implications for EFL teachers, course designers, and materials developers in how and why speech acts and pragmatic competence should be emphasized in order to ensure that nonnative speakers of English could communicate effectively without being perceived as pragmatically inferior.
Optical phonons in colloidal CdSe nanorods

In this work the vibrational properties of colloidal CdSe nanorods (NRs) and CdSe‐ZnS core–shell NRs are investigated via Raman spectroscopy. The longitudinal optical (LO) phonons in NRs are confined to the NR volume. The confinement of the phonon wave function leads to a relaxation of the q = 0 rule and the phonon frequency is found to depend on the NR diameter. The coupling strength between LO phonons and excitons also depends on the NR diameter. The total coupling strength is much lower than in bulk material due to a decrease of the influence of the Coulomb interaction in nanoparticles. However, the coupling strength is found to rise for decreasing diameters. This is due to the increasing contributions of higher frequency phonons for smaller nanoparticle sizes. A radial breathing mode with a diameter dependent frequency is deduced from ab initio calculations and its existence in NRs is verified experimentally. The diameter‐dependence of the modes' frequency can be used to estimate the NR diameter from a Raman measurement. In core–shell structures, the lattice mismatch between core and shell leads to a compressive strain of the core lattice. The exciton wave function changes with the modified boundary. This is reflected in an altered exciton–phonon coupling strength.
The in Vitro Antibiofilm Activity of Waterfall and Marine Bacteria Against Human Bacterial Pathogens

AbstrakKeterlibatan biofilm pada infeksi kronis dan pada permukaan peralatan medis selalu menjadi wacana penting bagi kesehatan umum di dunia. Biofilm bakteri berkaitan dengan tingkat resistensi terhadap antibiotik yang menjadikan infeksi sulit untuk diobati. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, pengendalian yang efektif perlu diimplementasikan, seperti penerapan senyawa antibiofilm. Beberapa tahun terakhir, lingkungan akuatik menjadi salah satu sumber potensi penghasil senyawa bioaktif, termasuk senyawa antibiofilm. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menapis dan mengkarakterisasi bakteri asal air terjun dan laut yang diperoleh dari beberapa lokasi di Indonesia, sebagai penghasil aktivitas antibiofilm. Isolat dievaluasi berdasarkan kemampuan aktivitas antimikroba terhadap enam bakteri patogen dan diikuti dengan penapisan senyawa antibiofilm. Sebanyak 11 dari 65 isolat menunjukkan aktivitas quorum sensing atau quorum quenching, dan hanya terdapat satu isolat yang memiliki aktivitas keduanya. Supernatan kesebelas isolat menunjukkan penghambatan pembentukan biofilm setidaknya terhadap satu patogen dengan metode uji biofilm statis. Karakterisasi senyawa bioaktif dari lima isolat yang terpilih menunjukkan aktivitas senyawa yang berbeda, seperti karbohidrat, protein, dan asam nukleat. Sekuensing gen penyandi 16S rRNA menetapkan kelima isolat tersebut berada dalam dua genus yang berbeda, Vibrio (WK2.4, WK2.6, and WK2.3) dan Pseudomonas (S1.2 dan S1.3). Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan baru terhadap pencarian kandidat bakteri akuatik sebagai agen antibiofilm yang potensial. Abstract Biofilm involvement in chronic infections and on the surface of medical equipments have been considered as public health concern worldwide. Bacterial biofilm is related to antibiotic resistance that made the diseases difficult to treat. An effective control strategy should be implemented, for example, by applying antibiofilm agents. Recently, concerns has been given to aquatic environment as potential sources of bioactive compounds, including the antibiofilm compounds. This study aimed to screen and characterize waterfall and marine bacteria obtained from several locations in Indonesia which have antibiofilm activity. The isolates were first evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against six bacterial pathogens and followed by antibiofilm screening. Eleven out of 65 isolates showed quorum sensing or quorum quenching activity, and one of them showed both activities. Supernatants of 11 isolates inhibited biofilm formation of at least one pathogen by using static biofilm assay. Bioactive compounds characterization of the selected five isolates revealed the presence of different compounds, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis classified five isolates into two different genera, Vibrio (WK2.4, WK2.6, and WK2.3) and Pseudomonas (S1.2 and S1.3). The present study provides insights into the discovery of aquatic bacteria candidates as antibiofilm agents.
Structure and electronic spectroscopy of naphthalene–acenaphthene van der Waals dimer: Hole-burning, dispersed fluorescence, and quantum chemistry calculations

Electronic spectroscopy of 1:1 van der Waals dimer of naphthalene and acenaphthene has been studied in a supersonic free jet expansion by measuring the laser-induced fluorescence excitation, dispersed fluorescence, and two-color hole-burning spectra. In fluorescence excitation spectrum the dimer exhibits a long progression of an intermolecular vibration, and similar vibronic structures are observed also in emission spectra from the origin region of the S1 surface. The excimer formation from the locally excited state appears as a barrier crossing process and excess vibronic energy required to cross the barrier is about 420 cm−1. The equilibrium structure and binding energy of the dimer are computed by the ab initio quantum chemistry method at the MP2/6-31G and MP2/6-31+G*//MP2/6-31G levels. A parallel-displaced structure, in which two molecules are displaced from a fully overlapping geometry by 1.16 and 0.45 A, respectively, along the long and short molecular axes, and maintains a vertical separation of 3.
Effect of Demand Side Management on the Operation of PV-Integrated Distribution Systems

In this new era of high electrical energy dependency, electrical energy must be abundant and reliable, thus smart grids are conducted to deliver load demands. Hence, smart grids are implemented alongside distributed generation of renewable energies to increase the reliability and controllability of the grid, but, with the very volatile nature of the Distributed Generation (DG), Demand Side Management (DSM) helps monitor and control the load shape of the consumed power. The interaction of DSM with the grid provides a wide range of mutual benefits to the user, the utility and the market. DSM methodologies such as Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) and Direct Load Control (DLC) collaborate in the reduction of plant generation and reciprocally to the comprehensive cost. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects caused by the implementation of DSM on the operation of PV-integrated distribution systems. The algorithms of CVR, DLC and the combination of CVR and DLC were implemented using OpenDSS and MATLAB. The effectiveness of the aforementioned schemes was verified on IEEE 30-Bus test system. Various possible integration scenarios between Photovoltaic (PV) and DSM schemes are illustrated. The optimal integration of such schemes constraining the reduction of energy consumed by the user and utility is presented. The results show that the implemented DSM algorithms provide a noticeable reduction in energy losses and reduction in consumed energy.
Effect of Intraoperative Electrical Stimulation on Recovery after Rat Sciatic Nerve Isograft Repair

Peripheral nerve injuries, associated with significant morbidity, can benefit from electrical stimulation (ES), as demonstrated in animal studies through improved axonal growth. This study combined the clinical gold standard of isograft repair in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury to evaluate the effects of intraoperative ES on functional tests and histology. Forty rats underwent a surgically induced gap injury to the right sciatic nerve and subsequent repair with an isograft. Half of these rats were randomly selected to receive 10 min of intraoperative ES. Functional testing, including response time to a heat stimulus and motor functional tests, were conducted. Histology of the sciatic nerves and gastrocnemius muscles were analyzed after 6 and 12 weeks of recovery. Rats that underwent ES treatment showed incremental improvements in motor function between weeks 2 and 12, with a significantly higher push-off response than the no-ES controls after 6 weeks. Although no differences were detected between groups in the sensory testing, significant improvements over time were noted in the ES group. Histology parameters, sciatic nerve measures, and gastrocnemius muscle weights demonstrated nerve recovery over time for both the ES and no-ES control groups. Although ES promoted improvements in motor function comparable to that in previous studies, the benefits of intraoperative ES were not detectable in other metrics of this rat model of peripheral nerve injury. Future work is needed to optimize sensory testing in the rodent injury model and compare electrical activity of collagen scaffolds to native tissue to detect differences.
The Power, Accuracy, and Precision of the Relational Event Model

The relational event model (REM) solves a problem for organizational researchers who have access to sequences of time-stamped interactions. It enables them to estimate statistical models without collapsing the data into cross-sectional panels, which removes timing and sequence information. However, there is little guidance in the extant literature regarding issues that may affect REM’s power, precision, and accuracy: How many events or actors are needed? How large should the risk set be? How should statistics be scaled? To gain insights into these issues, we conduct a series of experiments using simulated sequences of relational events under different conditions and using different sampling and scaling strategies. We also provide an empirical example using email communications in a real-life context. Our results indicate that, in most cases, the power and precision levels of REMs are good, making it a strong explanatory model. However, REM suffers from issues of accuracy that can be severe in certain cases, making it a poor predictive model. We provide a set of practical recommendations to guide researchers’ use of REMs in organizational research.
Dynamics of Lithospheric Overturns and Implications for Venus's Surface

Venus is currently characterized by stagnant‐lid mantle convection, but could have previously experienced episodes of global resurfacing due to lithospheric overturn. Using numerical models of Venus's interior, we attempt to explain Venus's surface characteristics in the context of interior evolution and to understand how Venus's tectonic history has diverged from Earth's. For both the stagnant‐ and the episodic‐lid regime, we explore the role of reference mantle viscosity; for the latter regime, we also explore the role of the lithospheric yield stress. Our stagnant‐lid models predict thicker crust and younger surface than typically inferred from cratering statistics. When considering resurfacing episodes, the yield stress influences the frequency of overturns, which limits crustal thickness to better agree with previous independent estimates. Surface age is variable and depends on overturn frequency and resurfacing rate between overturns but reaches larger values just before an upcoming overturn event compared to values in the stagnant‐lid cases. Both regimes predict substantial lateral variations in surface age, instead of an end‐member uniform surface age indicating the cessation time of the last overturn, because ongoing volcanic resurfacing is spatially heterogeneous and dominates over tectonic resurfacing. Reviewing the crater‐based surface age variations suggests that the model‐predicted age spreads in the episodic scenario could be consistent with Venus's cratering record. Moreover, we find that a small fraction of crust can resist recycling during overturns. These outcomes indicate that overturn events may allow for surface age variations that reproduce Venus's surface better than stagnant‐lid models.