Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Aqua-Planet Experiment (APE): CONTROL SST Simulation

Climate simulations by 16 atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are compared on an aqua-planet, a water-covered Earth with prescribed sea surface temperature varying only in latitude. The idealised configuration is designed to expose differences in the circulation simulated by different models. Basic features of the aqua-planet climate are characterised by comparison with Earth. The models display a wide range of behaviour. The balanced component of the tropospheric mean flow, and mid-latitude eddy covariances subject to budget constraints, vary relatively little among the models. In contrast, differences in damping in the dynamical core strongly influence transient eddy amplitudes. Historical uncertainty in modelled lower stratospheric temperatures persists in APE. Aspects of the circulation generated more directly by interactions between the resolved fluid dynamics and parameterized moist processes vary greatly. The tropical Hadley circulation forms either a single or double inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) at the equator, with large variations in mean precipitation. The equatorial wave spectrum shows a wide range of precipitation intensity and propagation characteristics. Kelvin mode-like eastward propagation with remarkably constant phase speed dominates in most models. Westward propagation, less dispersive than the equatorial Rossby modes, dominates in a few models or occurs within an eastward propagating envelope in others. The mean structure of the ITCZ is related to precipitation variability, consistent with previous studies. The aqua-planet global energy balance is unknown but the models produce a surprisingly large range of top of atmosphere global net flux, dominated by differences in shortwave reflection by clouds. A number of newly developed models, not optimised for Earth climate, contribute to this. Possible reasons for differences in the optimised models are discussed. The aqua-planet configuration is intended as one component of an experimental hierarchy used to evaluate AGCMs. This comparison does suggest that the range of model behaviour could be better understood and reduced in conjunction with Earth climate simulations. Controlled experimentation is required to explore individual model behaviour and investigate convergence of the aqua-planet climate with increasing resolution.
Marriage Patterns of Black Women: Education, Competition, and the Shortage of Available Men

Black women who drop out of high school are far less likely to marry than those who do not. I hypothesize that these discrepancies are due to dierences in the marriage markets women face at each education level. I motivate this with a simple model based on Becker (1981)’s work, which includes two key features: marriage markets that are integrated across education levels and positive assortative mating on education. This model predicts that the marriage prospects of any woman depend on both the total number of available black men at all education levels and the competition from more educated black women. Importantly, it predicts that any gender imbalance disproportionately aects the marriage prospects for the
Anti-colon cancer activity of endophytic fungal strains from Terminalia chebula Rezt

Endophytic microorganisms are fungi or bacteria that live inside the healthy tissues of the host plants causing no apparent symptoms of diseases. Five endophytic fungal strains labeled as IR-1, IR-2, IR-4, IR-6 and IR-7 (identified as Penicillium thiomii) were isolated from the medicinal plant of Terminalia chebula Retz by culture and sub-culture. The ethyl acetate extract of fungal strains, IR-4, IR-6 and IR-7 inhibited the growth of CaCo-2 colon cancer cell lines in MTT assay with IC 50 values of 55, 44 and 67 µg/mL, respectively.
PRESSURE ANALYSIS AND SPATIAL QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON LAGOON ECOSYSTEM: A CASE STUDY IN XINCUN AND LI’AN LAGOONS, HAINAN, CHINA

Compared to bays, coastal lagoons are more vulnerable to the effects of human activities. The continued deterioration of the Xincun and Li’an Lagoon ecosystems has affected habitat health in the region; therefore, the State Oceanic Administration has proposed the “Blue Bay Remediation Action Plan”. To formulate a comprehensive, evidence-based remediation plan, a comprehensive assessment of ecosystem pressure that includes a quantitative spatial study of the cumulative impact intensity of human activities was conducted in the study region. The results showed that the Xincun Lagoon ecosystem pressure composite values have gradually decreased since 2012. Additionally, the area of extremely strong human activities accounted for only 6.67% of the sea area, most of which was distributed at the mouth of the lagoon. However, the ecosystem pressure composite value of the Li’an Lagoon continued to grow until 2014, at which time the area of extremely strong human activities accounted for 13.53% of the sea area, primarily in the Li’an town center region.
Dynamic Quantized Predictive Control for Systems with Time-Varying Delay and Packet Loss in the Forward Channel

Stability and design of a dynamic quantized predictive control system with time-varying delay and packet loss are studied. For the system with time-varying delay and packet loss in the forward channel, a dynamic quantizer that can minimize the quantized output error is designed and a networked quantized predictive control (NQPC) strategy is proposed to compensate for the delay and packet loss. Stability of the NQPC system is then analyzed and a sufficient stability condition is derived and presented in the form of matrix inequality. Finally, both simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Herbarium Data Reveal an Association between Fleshy Fruit Type and Earlier Flowering Time

Herbarium phenology data were evaluated and then applied in a phylogenetically independent contrast study in which flowering times were compared between fleshy and nonfleshy‐fruited plants growing in the north‐temperate provinces of Uppland and Södermanland, southeastern Sweden (59°–60°N). To evaluate herbarium phenology data, flowering‐time information taken from herbarium specimens in the Swedish Natural History Museum (S) was compared with two independent field phenology data sets. Herbarium collections and the field studies were restricted to the province of Uppland. Flowering times derived from herbarium specimens correlated equally well with each of the two field‐phenology data sets as the field phenology data sets did to each other. Differences between flowering times derived from field and herbarium collections were not affected by the number of herbarium specimens used. However, these differences in flowering times were affected by flowering season such that herbarium‐derived flowering times were later for early spring‐flowering species and earlier for late summer‐flowering species when compared with flowering times derived from field data. In the phylogenetically independent contrast study of mean flowering times in fleshy‐ compared with nonfleshy‐fruited plants, herbarium data were compiled for 77 species in 17 phylogenetically independent contrasts. Flowering time was found to be earlier for fleshy‐fruited taxa, illustrating the evolutionary interdependence between flowering and fruiting phases and the constraining effects of a north‐temperate climate on phenology evolution. This study shows that herbaria are reliable and time‐saving data sources for comparative phenology studies and allow for studies at large phylogenetic and geographic scales that would otherwise be impossible.
Spatial variations in snowpack chemistry , and isotopic composition of NO 3-along aand nitrogen deposition gradient from the ice sheet margin to the coast in West Greenland

The relative roles of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition and climate change in causing ecological change in remote Arctic ecosystems, especially lakes, have been the subject of debate over the last decade. Some palaeoecological studies have cited isotopic signals (δ(N)) preserved in lake sediments as evidence linking N deposition with ecological change, but Aa key limitation of most published palaeoecological studies has been the lack of co-located data on both deposition input fluxes and isotopic composition of deposited nitrate. , which has been assumed to determine isotopic signals (δ(N)) preserved in lake sediments In Arctic lakes including those in west Greenland, previous palaeolimnological studies have indicated a spatial variation in δ(N) trends in lake sediments but data were lacking for deposition chemistry, input fluxes and stable isotope composition of nitrate. Snowpack In the present study, snowpack chemistry, nitrate stable isotopes and net deposition fluxes for the largest ice-free region in Greenland were investigated to determine whether there are spatial gradients from the ice sheet margin to the coast linked to a gradient in precipitation. Late-season snowpack was sampled in March 2011 at 8 locations within 3 lake catchments in each of 3 regions (ice sheet margin in the east, central area near Kelly Ville and the coastal zone to the west). At the coast, snowpack accumulation averaged 181 mm snow water equivalent (SWE), compared with 36 mm SWE by the ice sheet. Coastal snowpack showed significantly greater concentrations of marine salts (Na, Cl, other major cations), ammonium (regional means 1.4-2.7 μmol L), total and non-sea salt sulfate (total 1.8-7.7, non-sea salt 1.0-1.8 μmol L) than the two inland regions. Nitrate (1.5-2.4 μmol L) showed significantly lower concentrations at the coast. Despite lower concentrations, higher precipitation at the coast results in a stronggreater net deposition gradient for NO3 as well as NH4 + and non-sea salt sulfate (nss-SO4 ) increasing fromrelative to the inland regions to the coast (lowest at Kelly Ville 6, 4 and 3; highest at coast 9, 17 and 11 mol ha yr of NO3 , NH4 + and nss-SO4 2respectively). The δ(N) of snowpack NO3 shows a significant decrease from the ice sheet margininland regions (-7.55.7 ‰ at Kelly Ville) to the coast (-11.3 ‰). We attribute the spatial gradient patterns of δ(N) in SW Greenland to post-deposition processing rather than differing sources because of 1) the climatic gradient from ice sheet margin to coast, 2) within-catchment isotopic differences between terrestrial snowpack and lake-ice snowpack, and 3) similarities between fresh snow (rather than accumulated snowpack) at Kelly
The comparison of endurance training with moderate intensity and overtraining on Th1/Th2 balance in wistar male rats

Immune system has role in inflammatory and anti inflammatory function. Base of these activities is produce IL4 and IFNγ. This study is about effects of endurance training with moderate intensity and overtraining on balance these two cytokines. In this study 30 rats selected and divided to 3 groups control, moderate and overtraining exercise. Moderate training protocol was done for 12 weeks with speed 30 m/min in first week and 23m/min in last week. Overtraining protocol was done with speed 15 m/min in first week and 25 m/min in last week. All protocol of training was for 12 weeks. Speleenectomy where done after interval training protocol, and Eliza method used to, Interleukin 4 (IL4) and Interferon γ (IFNγ). The results of this study showed a increase in the amount of (IFNγ) and decrease in the levels of IL4 in moderate training group that difference was significant (p=0.01). The results also showed increase in levels of IL4 and decrease IFNγ levels in overtraining group difference was significant (p=0.01). Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that doing moderate training lead to increase IFNγ and overtraining case to increase IL4
Signaling and the Design of Delegated Management Contracts for Public Utilities

This article analyzes the shape of contracts between local governments and the contractors they hire to run public facilities on their behalf. Governments are privately informed about the quality of the facility while risk neutral contractors undertake a non-verifiable operating effort. The design of the contract signals the quality of the facility in such a way that the better this quality, the greater the share of operating risk kept by the government. This feature reduces the agent's marginal incentives, creating a trade-off between signaling and moral hazard. We provide extensions of our framework in several directions allowing for risk aversion on the agent's side, double moral hazard and political delegation. The model is supported by some stylized facts from the water industry.
Do the organization types of audit firms matter to earnings conservatism? Evidence from China

This study explores whether legal liability of audit firms is associated with client’s earn- ings conservatism. In China, audit firms are allowed to choose between legal forms of general partnership (GP) and limited liability corporation (LLC). Because part- ner auditor is personally liable for all partners’ service in general partnership form, that will provide an incentive for audit partners to monitor each other’s audit quality. Conversely, personal assets of individual partner, under LLC, are no longer available to pay a partnership’s liability, thus reducing the incentives for intrafirm monitoring by partners within an audit firm. Using several different methods for identifying earnings conservatism, this study finds that LLC audit firms are associated with reduced conservatism.
Elements of Motivational Structure for Studying Mechanical Engineering

The article presents the findings on students' reasons for studying mechanical engineering. These reasons were covered in terms of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation additionally related to selected independent variables of the sample – students' secondary school Grade Point Average, their gender and the socio-economic status. The research was conducted with the first year students of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. The sample consisted of 282 students (228 males and 54 females) and comprised students of all majors. According to descriptive character of the questionnaire type survey characteristics of the sample are presented. Composite variables of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation were dichotomized to present different levels of the students' overall motivational structure. Results indicate a students' interest in the field of science and technology as the most important element of intrinsic motivation, with no significant relation to any of independent variables. By contrast, extrinsic motivation has manifested as significantly related to the variables of Grade Point Average and to parents' education as one component of the socio-economic status. However, a significant level of indecisive respondents regarding the both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that the choice of the study programme is not always a consistent and an unambiguous process.
A new grid of NLTE accretion-disc models for AM CVn systems: application to CE 315

Context. AM CVn stars are very compact interacting binary systems with helium-dominated spectra. The nature of the donor star remains unclear, but the accretion disc represents the chemical composition of the donor’s atmosphere. Analysing the disc will therefore help us to understand the donor star and the formation of these systems. Aims. We investigate the influence of primary mass, mass-accretion rate, chemical abundances, irradiation by the primary, and inclination on the spectrum of the accretion disc to determine the extent to which it is possible to deduce these system properties by comparison with observed spectra. Methods. We compute a grid of metal-line blanketed NLTE accretion-disc spectra for an extensive parameter space by solving selfconsistently the radiative-transfer equations and the equations describing the vertical structure using our accretion disc code AcDc. Results. We detect emission-line spectra for low and absorption-line spectra for high mass-accretion rates. Irradiation of the accretion disc by the primary has almost no influence on the spectrum. The spectroscopic detection of the primary is achievable most easily in the UV. Comparing an observed spectrum of CE 315 with our accretion-disc models, we find the qualitatively closest match for a
Rookvrije schoolterreinen - 2016

Anno 2016 geldt voor ruim drie kwart van de po-scholen, ruim de helft van de vo-scholen en vier procent van de mbo-scholen dat de schoolpleinen geheel rookvrij zijn. In het po en vo zijn er nauwelijks scholen die geheel niet rookvrij zijn. Voor het mbo geldt dat de meeste schoolpleinen gedeeltelijk rookvrij zijn, maar ook dat iets minder dan een vijfde van de schoolpleinen geheel niet rookvrij is. Die situatie is niet heel veel anders dan in 2015. Voor de partijen die het rookvrij maken bepleiten en daar hard aan werken, is dat een teleurstellende conclusie. Tussen 2012 en 2015 was er, althans voor het voortgezet onderwijs, wel een tendens zichtbaar dat meer scholen hun schoolpleinen rookvrij hadden gemaakt. Voor het feit dat die ontwikkeling nu stokt, dienen zich twee redenen aan. Een reden zou kunnen zijn dat met de integratie van het beleid gericht op het rookvrij maken van schoolterreinen in het bredere SGBL-beleid, de aandacht voor het thema rookvrij wat is verflauwd of verdund. Roken 'concurreert' nu immers met gezonde kantines en het stimuleren van bewegen, beide jongere thema's die maatschappelijk veel aandacht krijgen en waar de winstkansen wellicht iets gunstiger lijken dan bij het al wat oudere en soms ook lastigere thema van het niet-roken. Een andere verklaring wijst op het feit dat er inmiddels al de nodige progressie is geboekt, maar dat daarmee het 'laaghangende fruit' wel is geplukt. Naarmate in de loop der jaren meer scholen hun beleid hebben aangepast, is het lastiger geworden om ook de 'last men standing' hun beleid te doen veranderen.
Study of Bootstrap Estimates in Cox Regression Model with Delayed Entry

In most clinical studies, patients are observed for extended time periods to evaluate influences in treatment such as drug treatment, approaches to surgery, etc. The primary event in these studies is death, relapse, adverse drug reaction, or development of a new disease. The follow-up time may range from few weeks to many years. Although these studies are long term, the number of observed events is small. Longitudinal studies have increased the importance of statistical methods for time-to event data that can incorporate time-dependent covariates. The Cox proportional regression model is a widely used method. It is a statistical technique for exploring the relationship between the survival of a patient and several explanatory variables. We apply Cox regression models when right censoring and delayed entry survival data are considered. Su and Wang (2012) stated that delayed entry produced biased sample. In the paper we present how re-sampling together with effect of delayed entry affect estimated parameters. The possibilities as well as limitations of this approach are demonstrated through the retrospective study of mitral valve replacement in children under 18 years.
Intra- and inter-individual variation in glucose response to white bread and oral glucose in healthy women

Objectives: To determine within- and between-individual variation in plasma glucose and serum insulin after the intake of the two standards, glucose and white bread, used to calculate the glycaemic index (GI) of foods, and to determine the number of subjects necessary for GI testing. Design and methods: Nine healthy female volunteers randomly took four repeats each of 50 g glucose or 50 g available carbohydrate from white bread. Venous blood samples were drawn before, and every 15 minutes for 1 hour after the test meals, and thereafter every 30 minutes for 1 hour. The incremental areas under the glucose and insulin response curves were calculated using two different methods (AUCmin and AUC0). Coefficients of variation (CV) were measured for each time interval and for the AUCs. The GI of bread, taken on four occasions by the same subjects, was calculated using the mean of four glucose responses as standard. Power calculations were done to determine the number of subjects necessary for determining the GI of foods. Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) for between- or within-subject variation in plasma glucose were found at any time interval. After glucose, mean plasma glucose was significantly greater at the 15-minute time interval, and the incremental AUCs were significantly greater for glucose. The mean GI of bread varied from 46% to 77%. Power calculations, based on this variation, indicated that if a 10% range for the GI of a food is sought with 80% confidence, between 24 and 90 subjects should participate in GI testing. Conclusion: Patients and clients should be made aware that responses in the same person may differ from week to week, and that ranges for low, medium and high GI foods, rather than specific values, best describe the glycaemic response to foods.
Railway Track Degradation: Shape and Influencing Factors

This paper presents the results of a study aiming at increase the knowledge of degradation phenomenon resulting in geometrical railway track irregularities. The paper show how data collected from ROGER 1000 together with variables affecting the degradation can be used to predict progression of railway track irregularities. The paper also describes a model which has been developed to show the relations between the irregularities and variables affecting it. The model has been developed using multivariable regression modeling.
A Novel Method for Document Clustering using Ant-Fuzzy Algorithm

Availability of large full-text document collection in electronic forms has created a need for tools techniques that assist users in organization. Document clustering is one of the popular methods used for this purpose. Ant-based text clustering is a promising technique that has attracted great research attention. This paper attempts to improve the standard ant-based text-clustering algorithm. The ant behavior model is modified to pursue better algorithmic performance. In this paper, a hybrid approach based on Ant clustering and Fuzzy clustering methods is used. First ant based clustering is used for creating raw and imprecise clusters and then these clusters are refined by means of fuzzy C-Mean (FCM) algorithm. For large datasets these two stages does not suffice and many homogenous small clusters are formed. Thus more iteration of these two stages is usually required and clusters from previous iterations are used as a building block in the following iterations to build finer and larger clusters. The proposed algorithm is tested with a sample set of documents excerpted from the Reuters-21578 corpus and the experiment results partly indicate that the proposed algorithm perform better than the standard ant-based text-clustering algorithm and the k-means algorithm.
Decolonization in Charles Brockden Brown‘s Edgar Huntly

This study tries to show decolonization in Charles Brockden Brown’s Edgar Huntly; or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker. Browns applies some narrative techniques which closely match those of the decolonization process. The narrative has a potentially representative content which opens one’s horizons toward new sources of meaning and conceptual interpretation. The focal point, in this study, is to examine the decolonization level and its strategies as agency, abrogation, undermining and appropriation to see how tangibly these terms agree with the very context of the above-mentioned novel and to find out whether the purely abstract terms extracted from decolonization theory can be concretized in a practical form. Furthermore, this study aims at scrutinizing in detail the frequency and the possibility of the decolonization in the very fabric and texture of fictional narrative of colonized nations in general.