Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting an HIV/AIDS epidemic and measuring the effect on it of population mobility in mainland China.

Abstract HIV has spread widely in mainland China, but there is significant geographic variation in the severity of the epidemic. We aimed to assess the HIV/AIDS epidemic in mainland China accurately, and address the effect of population mobility on it. Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo simulations and Latin Hypercube Sampling were used to estimate the basic reproductive ratio and its sensitivity to parameter variations. We estimated a mean reproduction number of 1.708 (95% CI 1.440-1.977). Our analysis using national surveillance data indicates that HIV-positive individuals most likely move from economically developed regions to regions with more numerous HIV cases, whilst mobility of AIDS patients likely flows in the opposite direction, due to the current policy that AIDS patients must return to their registered residence to receive free antiretroviral therapy. Our results based on a spatially stratified population dynamical model show increasing mobility rates of HIV/AIDS cases can have a significant effect on the number of HIV/AIDS cases per province and has the potential to decrease the overall number of HIV/AIDS cases in the country. We recommend that the community-based HIV/AIDS support and care program should be implemented by some local governments (especially in epidemically severe areas) to mitigate HIV infections in China.
An Interstellar Synthesis of Glycerol Phosphates

Glycerol phosphates define key molecules pertaining to the Origin of Life question and represent the essential stereo-dictating unit of phospholipids that may self-assemble in aqueous media into prebiotic cell membranes. However, the prebiotic formation pathways to glycerol phosphate have remained elusive to date. In this Letter, we expose a facile pathway toward the abiotic synthesis of glycerol phosphate isomers in phosphine (PH3) doped interstellar analog ices of methanol (CH3OH), carbon dioxide (CO2), or water (H2O) upon exposure to energetic electrons as a proxy of secondary electrons generated by the penetration of Galactic cosmic rays into interstellar ices at 10 K. The synthetic routes proposed here overcome obstacles of terrestrial-based scenarios that are inhibited by the low solubility of phosphates in water and the unfavorable nature of phosphorylation reactions in aqueous solution, thus revealing a potential pathway to prebiotic glycerol phosphates.
Diet reconstruction of wolves following a decline in Manitoba moose populations

In southern Manitoba, moose (Alces americanus) populations have declined in recent years. Although the primary cause of this decline has been unexplained, wolf (Canis lupus) predation has been suggested as a main contributor because wolves have been known to limit moose populations elsewhere. To understand the importance of moose in wolf diets we estimated annual and seasonal variation in diet as well as spatial differences related to prey availability, using a comprehensive hierarchical multivariate Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR). We tested the assumptions of MixSIAR before reconstructing wolf diet by running several sensitivity analyses on trophic discrimination and the influence of prior information. Trophic discrimination values measured in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) produced the most reasonable diet estimates compared to wolf and arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) values. Informative priors provided a clearer delineation of important prey consumed, so all subsequent analyses used informative priors estimated by Manitoba Conservation. We estimated wolf diets in winter (from stable isotope ratios of muscle) and summer (using guard hair) over four years. During winter wolf diet alternated between deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and moose, but overall deer were the most prominent prey, even for wolves captured in an area where moose dominated and deer were rare, suggesting a preference for deer. In summer, however, wolves consumed less deer, and instead ate mainly moose and beaver (Castor canadensis). This seasonal shift could be due to changes in prey accessibility, as in winter deep snow reduces deer movements and ice restricts access to beaver, whereas in summer naïve yearling moose have become independent and are no longer defended by the cow. Thus, catchability of a prey species may override the importance of prey density. These results suggest wolf predation has the greatest impact on moose populations in summer. Management efforts focused on increasing the abundance and accessibility of alternative prey may have the greatest impact on moose conservation during summer.
Data collected by fruit body‐ and DNA‐based survey methods yield consistent species‐to‐species association networks in wood‐inhabiting fungal communities

1833 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– © 2020 The Authors. Oikos published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Society Oikos This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Subject Editor: Wolf Eiserhardt Editor-in-Chief: Dries Bonte Accepted 10 August 2020 129: 1833–1843, 2020 doi: 10.1111/oik.07502 129
Pembangkitan Pola Batik dengan Menggunakan Neural Transfer Style dengan Penggunaan Cost Warna

In this research, the neural transfer styles technique was applied to transfer styles of pattern of Batik, a traditional Indonesian cloth painted using the wax-resist dyeing technique, to some certain images. The transfer was performed using a well-known convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. Some neural transfer tests were done to produce solid color which originally came from color clustered images. The color cost function of the CNN was computed at every epoch of the iterative neural computation. The result of the transfer are images with clustered colors and a slightly apparent color gradient. The produced images can be classified as "Creative Batik". Keywords— Batik; Convolutional Neural Network; Color cluster; Neural transfer style.
A Focus on Aflatoxins in Feedstuffs: Levels of Contamination, Prevalence, Control Strategies, and Impacts on Animal Health

Aflatoxins are mold-synthetized secondary metabolites that are ubiquitously present in agricultural commodities, such as cereals which in turn are substantial part of feed formulation. These toxins are capable of causing disease, exert severe toxic effects, and even death in humans and other animals. Aflatoxins are the only mycotoxins with the regulatory framework, hence we present the legal threshold uphold till now by international and regional control organizations. Additionally, herein we discuss worldwide prevalence of aflatoxins in feeds to demonstrate a global issue and major risks involved in toxin contamination. Furthermore, we present recent data regarding negative effects usually presented by food-producing and companionship animals when ingested. Also, we discuss briefly practical approaches to mitigate aflatoxin burden during feed processing focusing in Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) and we include novel approaches reported in literature to decontaminate feedcontaining aflatoxins. Finally, we cite the literature so far published describing the effects of changing climate on aflatoxin production and contamination.
Vaccine strain selection for influenza A viruses is complicated by unique pre-exposure histories and rapid mutation of glycoproteins

Influenza viruses cause millions of infections worldwide each year. Influenza viruses constantly acquire mutations in their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), through a process called antigenic drift. HA is the main target of anti-influenza neutralizing antibodies (Abs). Due to antigenic drift, the seasonal influenza vaccines must be updated annually to include the most antigenically relevant strains. Each year, the World Health Organization collects thousands of clinical influenza isolates, propagates them in cell culture, and performs both sequencing and serological analyses to assess the antigenic characteristics of circulating viral strains. In this dissertation, we investigate multiple factors associated with surveillance and vaccine strain selection that could be improved to produce more reliable and effective seasonal influenza vaccines. We first demonstrate that recent H3N2 subtype viral isolates rapidly acquire mutations in both HA and NA when propagated in cell culture, resulting in increased receptor binding avidity or NA-dependent receptor binding, respectively. These mutations impact antigenic analyses that are routinely used for viral surveillance. We then explore how a single mutation in HA antigenic site B contributed to the antigenic drift and subsequent vaccine mismatch of newly emerged H3N2 viruses during the 2014-2015 influenza season. Finally, we found that antisera collected from previously na�ve ferrets infected for the first time with influenza (that are commonly used for antigenic analyses during vaccine selection) do not accurately represent the Ab repertoires found in humans that have been infected or vaccinated multiple times with different influenza virus strains. We identified some individuals who have an Ab response targeted to a region of the HA of H1N1 viruses that recently acquired a mutation. Overall, our studies identify ways to improve the process of choosing seasonal influenza virus vaccine strains. We propose that the implementation of “sequence-first” surveillance, new cell culture systems, and the use of clinical human antisera for antigenic characterization of viruses will improve the process of selecting seasonal influenza vaccine strains. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Scott E. Hensley
Chirality Transfer from Sub‐Nanometer Biochemical Molecules to Sub‐Micrometer Plasmonic Metastructures: Physiochemical Mechanisms, Biosensing, and Bioimaging Opportunities

Determining the structural chirality of biomolecules is of vital importance in bioscience and biomedicine. Conventional methods for characterizing molecular chirality, e.g., circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, require high‐concentration specimens due to the weak electronic CD signals of biomolecules such as amino acids. Artificially designed chiral plasmonic metastructures exhibit strong intrinsic chirality. However, the significant size mismatch between metastructures and biomolecules makes the former unsuitable for chirality‐recognition‐based molecular discrimination. Fortunately, constructing metallic architectures through molecular self‐assembly allows chirality transfer from sub‐nanometer biomolecules to sub‐micrometer, intrinsically achiral plasmonic metastructures by means of either near‐field interaction or chirality inheritance, resulting in hybrid systems with CD signals orders of magnitude larger than that of pristine biomolecules. This exotic property provides a new means to determine molecular chirality at extremely low concentrations (ideally at the single‐molecule level). Herein, three strategies of chirality transfer from sub‐nanometer biomolecules to sub‐micrometer metallic metastructures are analyzed. The physiochemical mechanisms responsible for chirality transfer are elaborated and new fascinating opportunities for employing plasmonic metastructures in chirality‐based biosensing and bioimaging are outlined.
Passive UHF RFID Voice Prosthesis Mounted Sensor for Microbial Growth Detection

Capacitive loading due to human tissue can lead to low efficiency for implantable Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antennas. The presented passive UHF antenna sensor provides read distances above 0.5 meters (within a body phantom) by utilizing a convoluted half-wave dipole design. It is able to detect simulated early to mature <italic>Candida albicans</italic> biofilm growth when mounted upon a voice prosthesis (up to a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$30~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> biofilm thickness). Depending on the propagation frequency of interest, as early 4-hour growth (5 to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> biofilm thickness) equivalent could be detected and before any device failure could occur due to the colonization. This was accomplished by utilising thin layers of polyurethane to decouple the saliva from the presented UHF sensor (biofilm growth is known to increase layer hydrophobicity). This presented sensor has better functionality within the U.S. UHF frequency band as it detects changes above <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. If there is a need for implantation within additional tissues with variable dielectric properties, a shunt capacitance of 2.6 pF could allow the system functionality within the permittivity range of 21 to 58. Allowing for immediate medical intervention before medical prosthesis failure.
Comparative Analysis of Associated Risk Factors Amongst Young and Old Stroke Survivors

Background: Stroke is an important health condition and is one of the leading cause of death worldwide. Disability and impairments following stroke makes the management challenging. Aims and objectives : 1.To analyze the associated risk factors in young and old stroke.2. To find the associated risk factors in young age patients having stroke.3. To find the associated risk factors in old age patients having stroke.4. To compare between the associated risk factors in young and old stroke. Material and Method: Survey study was carried out in the department of medicine, neurosurgery and department of physiotherapy, KIMSDU, Karad. Sample size: 696 subjects with first ever stroke, both male and female above 18 years. Data was anonymously coded and entered into spreadsheet program before analyzed using statistical method. Statistical analysis was done using instat software. The chi square test was used. Percentage and frequency was calculated to summarize the response. Results: The study included 434 were Male (62%) and 262 were Female (38%). The age distribution was, 335 people were belonging to 20-50 years (48%) and 361 people to 50 to 96 years (52%). This is analyzed that association of these risk factors is increased in young age stroke survivors. Patients with older age had higher frequency of Hypertension (HTN) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). There is more no. of smokers in young age group. There is a more no. of male stroke survivors than female. Conclusion: The influence of risk factors at different ages is different. Risk factors like HTN and DM were frequent in older age while more smokers in young age group. Awareness of stroke risk factors and preventive measures can reduce the burden of stroke.
Analyses of High‐Iron Sedimentary Bedrock and Diagenetic Features Observed With ChemCam at Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars: Calibration and Characterization

Curiosity investigated a topographic rise named Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR) in Gale Crater, for which a distinct hematite‐like signature was observed from orbit. However, the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) and Alpha Particle x‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) instruments on board the rover did not record any significant iron enrichment in the bulk of the ridge compared to previous terrains. For this study, we have reverified ChemCam iron calibration at moderate abundances and developed more accurate calibrations at high‐iron abundances using iron‐oxide mixtures in a basaltic matrix in order to complete the ChemCam calibration database. The high‐iron calibration was first applied to the analysis of dark‐toned diagenetic features encountered at several locations on VRR, which showed that their chemical compositions are close to pure anhydrous iron oxides. Then, we tracked iron abundances in the VRR bedrock and demonstrated that although there is no overall iron enrichment in the bulk of the ridge (21.2 ± 1.8‐wt.% FeOT) compared to underlying terrains, the iron content is more variable in its upper section with areas of enhanced iron abundances in the bedrock (up to 26.6 ± 0.85‐wt.% FeOT). Since the observed variability in iron abundances does not conform to the stratigraphy, the involvement of diagenetic fluid circulation was likely. An in‐depth chemical study of these Fe‐rich rocks reveals that spatial gradients in redox potential (Eh) may have driven iron mobility and reactions that precipitated and accumulated iron oxides. We hypothesize that slightly reducing fluids were probably involved in transporting ferrous iron. Mobile Fe2+ could have precipitated as iron oxides in more oxidizing conditions.
Diversification in a biodiversity hotspot: Genomic variation in the river frog Amietia nutti across the Ethiopian Highlands

Isolation is a major driver of population differentiation, due to long-term biogeographic barriers as well as habitat fragmentation across smaller geographic scales. East Africa is a highly heterogeneous and fragmented landscape and contains high numbers of endemic plants and animals, particularly in the Afromontane regions of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Albertine Rift Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands. Despite high levels of endemism, few studies have looked at intraspecific genetic variation in these regions, and fewer still within a genome-wide context. Here, we use two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and 16S) and large single nucleotide polymorphism panels to investigate patterns and processes of diversification in Ethiopian Highland populations of the river frog Amietia nutti. We identify a potential out-of-Ethiopia pattern of diversification, although further investigation is required to confirm this scenario. Within Ethiopia, regional populations diverged in isolation with little or no gene flow. Biogeographic barriers—including the Great Rift, Blue Nile and Omo River Valleys—and geographic distance, not environmental differences or watershed barriers, explain a large proportion of the genomic differentiation between populations. The timing of diversification in the group suggests genomic differentiation may have been facilitated by Pleistocene shifts of suitable habitat between glacial and interglacial periods. Strong regional genetic differences across A. nutti populations suggest that highland-adapted species harbour unique genetic variation across several regions of Ethiopia. This highlights the necessity for sampling many populations in phylogeographic analyses across this region to fully understand patterns of genetic variation and diversification across the complex topographical landscape of the Ethiopian Highlands.
Sexually dimorphic characters and shared aposematic patterns mislead the morphology-based classification of the Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae)

The Lycini (Elateroidea: Lycidae) contains > 400 species placed in four typologically based genera and numerous subgenera. We assembled a mito-ribosomal dataset representing ~100 species from the whole range and recovered a phylogeny rejecting Lycus and Lycostomus as polyphyletic assemblages. The male-specific wide elytra and elytral thorns are identified in unrelated Neolycus and Lycus. The morphological similarity based on sexual dimorphism and aposematic patterns defined terminal clades and misled the genus-rank classification. We delimit Neolycus, Rhyncheros reinst. name (= Thoracocalon syn. nov. = Lyconotus syn. nov.), LipernesLycostomus, Haplolycus and Lycus. Demosis and six subgenera of Lycus are synonymized with Lycus. Celiasis Laporte, 1840 is kept in the classification as a nomen dubium until any specimen is available. The deep lineages are known from the Americas and Asia. Africa was colonized by Lycus and Haplolycus. Each specific aposematic pattern occurs in a limited range, and the similar body shape and coloration evolved in unrelated sympatrically occurring lineages. High intraspecific polymorphism is putatively a result of the adaptation of various populations to local mimetic assemblages. Therefore, the delimitation of many phenotypically diverse species should be investigated.
Diversifying Task-oriented Dialogue Response Generation with Prototype Guided Paraphrasing

Existing methods for Dialogue Response Generation (DRG) in Task-oriented Dialogue Systems (TDSs) can be grouped into two categories: template-based and corpus-based. The former prepare a collection of response templates in advance and fill the slots with system actions to produce system responses at runtime. The latter generate system responses token by token by taking system actions into account. While template-based DRG provides high precision and highly predictable responses, they usually lack in terms of generating diverse and natural responses when compared to (neural) corpus-based approaches. Conversely, while corpus-based DRG methods are able to generate natural responses, we cannot guarantee their precision or predictability. Moreover, the diversity of responses produced by today's corpus-based DRG methods is still limited. We propose to combine the merits of template-based and corpus-based DRGs by introducing a prototype-based, paraphrasing neural network, called P2-Net, which aims to enhance quality of the responses in terms of both precision and diversity. Instead of generating a response from scratch, P2-Net generates system responses by paraphrasing template-based responses. To guarantee the precision of responses, P2-Net learns to separate a response into its semantics, context influence, and paraphrasing noise, and to keep the semantics unchanged during paraphrasing. To introduce diversity, P2-Net randomly samples previous conversational utterances as prototypes, from which the model can then extract speaking style information. We conduct extensive experiments on the MultiWOZ dataset with both automatic and human evaluations. The results show that P2-Net achieves a significant improvement in diversity while preserving the semantics of responses.
Restoration of Legacy Trees as Roosting Habitat for Myotis Bats in Eastern North American Forests

Most eastern North American Myotis roost in forests during summer, with species forming maternity populations, or colonies, in cavities or crevices or beneath the bark of trees. In winter, these bats hibernate in caves and are experiencing overwinter mortalities due to infection from the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which causes white-nose syndrome (WNS). Population recovery of WNS-affected species is constrained by the ability of survivors to locate habitats suitable for rearing pups in summer. Forests in eastern North America have been severely altered by deforestation, land-use change, fragmentation and inadvertent introduction of exotic insect pests, resulting in shifts in tree distributions and loss of large-diameter canopy-dominant trees. This paper explores patterns in use of tree roosts by species of Myotis across Canada and the United States using meta-data from published sources. Myotis in western Canada, the Northwest, and Southwest selected the largest diameter roost trees and also supported the largest maximum exit counts. Myotis lucifugus, M. septentrionalis and M. sodalis, three species that inhabit eastern forests and which are currently experiencing region-wide mortalities because of WNS, selected roosts with the smallest average diameters. Recovery efforts for bark- and cavity-roosting Myotis in eastern North American forests could benefit from management that provides for large-diameter trees that offer more temporally-stable structures for roosting during the summer maternity season.