Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in Lipids of Young and Adult Saury Cololabis saira (Pisces)

Class and fatty acid compositions of the lipids were investigated in young and adult saury Cololabis saira from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the flesh of young fish during northward migration, lipid contents were about 3 O/O. Adults in the feeding period contained more than 15 O/o lipid contents in August (males) and September (females). In adult flesh, the lipid contents decreased gradually during southward migration and reached about 4 O/O in late November. Triglycerides in flesh lipids increased with lipid accumulation. Wax esters occurred mainly as a minor component in flesh lipids of saury during the feeding period. Fatty acids of adult non-polar lipids contained more 20:l and 22:l than those of juveniles. These acids increased gradually during southward migration and reached 24.7 '/a for 20:l and 32.8 O/O for 22:l in late November. On the other hand, 16:0, 16: l . 18:l and 18:4w3 tended to decrease. These fluctuations in lipd may be related not only to dietary lipids but also to the utilization of lipids by the fish for migration and gonadal maturation.
RESPONSE OF SOME MAIZE HYBRIDS TO DIFFERENT NITROGEN FERTILIZATION LEVELS AND FILTER MUD CAKE FOR SUGAR PRODUCTION.

Two field experiments were conducted at Bardies, Sohag Governorate, Egypt, during the summer seasons of 2011 and 2012. The objective of this investigation aimed to study the response of some maize hybrids to different nitrogen fertilization levels and filter mud cake. A split-split plot design with three replications was used. Two Maize Hybrids (H1- Single cross Watania-4 and H2- Three way cross-310) were allocated in the main plots. Nitrogen fertilization levels (N1- 80, N2- 100 and N3 120 kg N/fed) were distributed in the sub plots. While, organic fertilizer (filter mud cake B1- Control (without addition, B2- one ton/fed, B3- 1.5 ton/fed and B4- 2 ton/fed) were randomly distributed in the sub-sub plots. The results indicated that single cross Watania-4 surpassed significantly three way cross 310 in ear length cm, ear diameter cm, number of rows/ear, number of kernel/ear, ear weight gm, grains weight/ear gm, 100-grain weight gm and grain yield (ardab/feddan). There were gradual and significant increases in ear length cm, ear diameter cm, number of rows/ear, number of kernel/ear, ear weight gm, grains weight/ear gm, 100-grain weight gm and grain yield (ardab/feddan) resulted from raising mineral N-level from 80 to 100 and 120 kg N/fed. There were significant differences in the studied traits as affected by the organic fertilizer (filter mud cake) in both seasons. Under Sohag Governorate conditions of the present work, growing single cross Watania-4 fertilized with 120 N/fed and applied 2.0 ton filter mud cake that were recommended to get the maximum grain yield (ardab/feddan).
La Structure Fine de Chlorogonium elongatum. I. Etude Systematique au Microscope Electronique.

The flagellate Chlorogonium elongatum has been studied in the electron microscope by thin-sectioning techniques. The nucleus, limited by a porous membrane, contains a large nucleolus and some dense masses, probably of chromatin. When the medium is rich or the culture young, the chloroplast has few lamellae, and very few pyrenoids. Inversely, when the medium is poor or jthe culture old, the lamellae are abundant, appearing as piled discs or as a tortuous lamellar system. The pyrenoids are then numerous and are surrounded by starch grains. They are composed of an opaque, finely granular substance, and are never traversed by chloroplast lamellae. The stigma, within the chloroplast, is a circular or oval plate composed of a single tier of dense granulations. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria which are concentrated near the pellicle of the cell, an endoplasmic reticulum, an abundance of ribo-nucleoprotein particles or ribosomes, and a Golgi apparatus. These organelles resemble those observed in other protozoa. The two fiagella are encased in cylinders situated at the anterior end of the cell. At the base of the fiagella are the basal corpuscles or kinetosomes, which repose within a cupule. A dense granule which probably corresponds to the centrosome appears near this structure.
Energy: Methionine Ratio and Formulating Feed for Commercial Layers

Abstract The results from two experiments conducted with Hy-Line W-36 commercial laying hens indicated that the energy:methionine (Met) ratio in the feed is important. The energy intake of the hens in these experiments increased as the rate of lay and egg weight increased. The hens increased feed intake to meet their increased energy requirement. This situation resulted in a greater intake of Met. The ideal energy:Met ratio would be influenced by other factors such as temperature, which affects feed intake. Feed formulated with the ideal energy:Met ratio would result in the lowest feed cost.
Effects of inactivation methods on the analysis of Bacillus atrophaeus endospores using real‐time PCR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS

A wide range of analytical methods are available for the detection and identification of biological warfare agents. These technologies are often hampered in their performance when the inactivated samples are analyzed. To work with pathogens outside of biosafety level 3 laboratories, a complete inactivation is mandatory when appropriate protection equipment is unavailable. When methods of inactivation are used, the detection of bacteria becomes more difficult. In contrast to measuring viable organisms, inactivation steps can have a massive impact on the intrinsic cellular information. This study examined the effects of autoclaving and chemical inactivation methods on Bacillus spores using biological warfare detection setups like real‐time PCR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Here, the inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores with formaldehyde, which is a suggested model for biological warfare spore agents, was compared with other inactivation reagents like Wofasteril®E400, a commercially available decontaminant based on peroxyacetic acid. With Wofasteril®E400 the critical factor of inactivation time was reduced to about 15 min and a limit of detection of 8500 spores by PCR was still measurable using five‐times‐washed spores. It has also been shown that MALDI‐TOF‐MS peak information can be hampered by inactivation methods.
Hormonal regulation of [Ca2+]i in periosteal‐derived osteoblasts: effects of parathyroid hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3 and prostaglandin E2

The effects of hormonal modulators of osteoblast function, parathyroid hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3 and prostaglandins on [Ca2+]i in periosteal‐derived osteoblasts from rat femurs have been investigated. Our results show that application of parathyroid hormone PTH (10−5 M) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (4 μM) result in a rapid heterogeneous elevation in [Ca2+]i that, in the case of PTH, is dependent on both extracellular and intracellular sources of calcium. Variable responses to treatments have been found within populations of cells. The PGE2 response is dose dependent. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 (10−8 M) induces a brief (60–90 sec) elevation in [Ca2+]i that is almost totally abolished in EGTA‐buffered Ca2+‐free medium. Interactive effects of multiple hormone treatments have been observed. Pretreatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 results in near‐total inhibition of the PTH and PGE2 responses. In conclusion, modulation of [Ca2+]i appears to play a role not only in the direct effects of osteotropic hormones on osteoblasts but also in the synergistic and antagonistic effects between circulating hormones. J. Cell. Physiol. 183:163–171, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A role for plant natriuretic peptide immuno-analogues in NaCl- and drought-stress responses

Higher plants contain biologically active molecules that are recognized by anti-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide rabbit serum (anti-ANP). These molecules are termed immunoreactant plant natriuretic peptides (irPNPs) and have previously been shown to be associated with conductive tissue and to affect ion fluxes, protoplast volume regulation and stomatal guard cell responses. Herein an irPNP from the brassicaceus weed Erucastrum strigosum is identified and it is demonstrated that the relative amounts of irPNP expressed as a percentage of total water : methanol (50 : 50) extracted proteins are increased when plants are exposed to 300 mM NaCl. Since 100 and 200 mM NaCl reduce dry and fresh mass as well as increase total tissue NaCl load, it is hypothesized that irPNP up-regulation is a late and possibly adaptive response. IrPNP is also significantly up-regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension culture cells in response to 150 mM NaCl and even more so in response to iso-osmolar amounts of sorbitol. Finally, a recombinant A. thaliana irPNP (AtPNP-A) promotes net water-uptake into the protoplast and thus volume increases. This response is dependent on de novo protein synthesis and may suggest a complex and possibly regulatory function for irPNP-like molecules in plant homeostasis.
Present and past old-growth forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, Sierra Nevada, US

Abstract We described 38 relictual old-growth stands – with data on the mortality, regeneration, floristic richness, fuel load and disease incidence in our study area in the Tahoe Basin of California and Nevada. The stands are within the lower and upper montane zones (1900–2400 m a.s.l.) and they are rare, occupying < 2% of the land in the Basin's watershed. Correlation matrices and ANOVAs of forest types and conifer species with environmental gradients revealed significant relationships with elevation, distance east of the Sierran crest, slope aspect, annual precipitation, date of complete snow melt, litter depth and degree of soil profile development. Pathogens, parasites and wood-boring insects were present on 23% of living trees; 16% of all trees were dead. We compared these stands to a reconstruction of pre-contact Basin forests and to ecologically analogous old-growth forests of Baja California that have never experienced fire suppression management. Currently, overstorey trees (> 180 yr old) in the Basin stands have ca. 33% cover, 54 m2.ha−1 basal area and 107 individuals.ha−1, values very similar to reconstructions of pre-contact Basin forests and to modern Baja California forests. Understorey trees (60–180 yr old), however, are several times more dense than historic levels and species composition is strongly dominated by A. concolor, regardless of the overstorey composition. The ratio of Pinus : Abies has increased – and the age structure of extant stands predicts that it will continue to increase – from approximately 1:1 in pre-contact time to 1:7 within the next century. Disease incidence and mortality in Baja forests were lower. Although we quantitatively defined current Basin old-growth forests – in terms of stand structure – we realize that our definition will differ from that of both past and future old-growth forests unless management protocols are changed. Nomenclature: Hickman (1993) for vascular plants; Furniss & Carolin (1977) for bark beetles; Hansen & Lewis (1997) for pathogens.
THE IMMATURE STAGES OF MORE AUSTRALIAN CULICOIDES LATREILLE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

The larvae and pupae of six species of Culicoides are described: C. bundyensis Lee and Reye, C. bunrooensis Lee and Reye, C. dycei Lee and Reye, C. fulbrighti Lee and Reye, C. histrio Johannsen and C. parvimaculatus Lee and Reye. Additional information is given on the larvae of C. narrabeenensis Lee and Reye. An earlier larval key is amended to include these species. A revised pupal key will be given later.
Structural, technological and productivity analyses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in the Marmara region, Turkey

Summary This study analyses the structural, technological performance components and the overall productivity of inland rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in the Marmara region, Turkey. Of 81 active farms, 36 were small scale (1–10 t year−1), 32 medium-sized (11–30 t year−1) and 13 large production units (over 30 t year−1). Sufficient data for this study were collected from 70 farms for inclusion in the analyses; 59.3% were so-called combined farms (hatchery and grow-out), 37.9% on-growing farms (for market production) and 2.9% producing juvenile fish only for stocking or for supply to grow-out farms. Juvenile fish production was largely conducted on large farms. Capacity utilization (102.8%) of the large farms was most similar to their projected capacity. Many large farms (43.9%) use high-tech utilities and tools. Small farms mostly use concrete ponds whereas most medium and large-scale farms use fiberglass tanks. Medium and large-scale farms were found to be more successful in broodstock management, fertilization, hatching success and survival rate of juvenile fish. Fish stocking density in medium-sized farms (21.8 kg m−3) was higher than in small-scale (14.5 kg m−3) and large-scale farms (15.5 kg m−3). Overall feed conversion ratio for all farms was estimated as 1.2. From the survey results it appears that production capacity planning was calculated more accurately in the projection phase for small and large-scale farms rather than for medium-sized farms. Medium and large-scale farms were more successful in terms of performance (good experience, good structural and technological capabilities).
Níveis de lisina digestível em rações para poedeiras no período de 24 a 40 semanas de idade

The objective of this study wast to determine the requirement of digestible lysine for light-weight laying hens 24 to 40 weeks of age. Two hundred and sixteen Hy-Line W36 light-weight laying hens were allotted to a randomized complete blocks with six treatments, six blocks and six hens per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a basal diet, with 14.54% crude protein, deficient in digestible lysine (0.545%), supplemented with six levels of L-lysine HCl (78%) 0.00; 0.059; 0.118; 0.177; 0.237 and 0.295%. Considering the digestibility of the lysine to be 97.6%, the amount of L-lysine. HCl added in each diet supplied 0.00; 0.045; 0.090; 0.135; 0.180 and 0.225 digestible lysine, respectively, resulting in diets with 0.545; 0.590; 0.635; 0.680; 0.725 and 0.770% digestible lysine. Feed intake, lysine intake, egg production, average egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion (kg feed/egg dozen), albumen index and final weight gain of the chickens showed a linear response with increase in the digestible lysine levels. There was a quadratic effect for the levels of digestible lysine on feed conversion/egg mass but no significant effect on Haugh Units, yolk index and egg components was detected. The digestible lysine requirement was estimated to be at least 0.770% of the diet, corresponding to the intake of 759 mg of lysine digestible/hen/day.
THE EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE ROOT REMOVAL PRIOR TO PLANTING ON SHOOT AND ROOT GROWTH OF BETULA PENDULA Roth

Summary Root loss during transplanting of bare rooted nursery stock is thought to limit water uptake during establishment. An initial investigation into the effects on growth under well watered conditions of progressive removal of root material from dormant trees of Betula pendula Roth, was set up in spring 1994. Trees with roots ≤1 mm removed (40% removal by mass) and with roots ≤ 5 mm removed (84% removal by mass) were compared to controls. Some limited measurements of water relations were also made. Shoot and root growth were increasingly limited by progressive root removal. Root regrowth was apparently proportional to the amount of old root material left behind after transplanting. In addition, the most severe treatment (roots ≤ 5 mm were removed) limited root growth in favour of shoot growth. Direct measurements of water relations proved to be difficult and inconclusive, however, increases in stem diameter, an indirect measurement of changes in water relations, indicated that progressive root removal subtly increased water stress in the trees. Alternative hypotheses for the observed of changes in growth based on limitations in sugar physiology and hormone imbalance are also discussed.
Casting a Wider Net: Understanding the “Root” Causes of Human-Induced Soil Erosion

Although science has helped us to identify and measure the threat of soil erosion to food production, we need to cast a wider net for effective solutions. Honest assessment suggests, in fact, that this kind of eco-agri-cultural issue exceeds the traditional boundaries of scientific interest. The issue of soil erosion spills out so many ways that it demands a holistic interdisciplinary approach. In this paper we explore a systems “in context” approach to understanding soil erosion built upon the interplay of Aristotle’s virtues of episteme , techne , and phronesis . We model the synergy of collaboration, where diverse ways of knowing, learning and being in the world can offer proactive soil conservation strategies—those that occur from the inside-out—instead of reactive policies, from the outside-in. We show how positivist scientific attitudes could well impede conservation efforts insofar as they can inhibit educational pedagogies meant to reconnect us to nature. In so doing, we make the ultimate argument that disparate fields of knowledge have much to offer each other and that the true synergy in solutions to soil erosion will come from the intimate interconnectedness of these different ways of knowing, learning and being in the world.
CULTURE AND HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES ON GIGARTINA PAPILLATA (RHODOPHYTA) 1

The foliose red alga Gigartina papillata (C. Ag.) J. Ag. was studied in culture to determine its life history and possible relationship to the life history of Petrocelis middendorffii (Ruprecht) Kjellman. Carpospores cultured from individual female plants gave rise to either crustose Petrocelis‐like plants that reproduced by tetraspores, or to another generation of foliose female (cystocarpic) plants that reproduced by carpospores. Apices cultured from blades of individual field‐collected female plants produced either papillae with many procarps that developed cystocarps only when crossed with male plants, or papillae with few procarps that produced cystocarps in the absence of male plants. The results are interpreted to demonstrate that two types of life history occur in G. papillata: one, a sexual life history involving a crustose tetrasporophyte; the other, a possibly apomictic life history involving only cystocarpic plants. Hybridization experiments demonstrated, that G. papillata is interfertile with Gigartina‐phase gametophytes cultured from tetraspores of P. middendorffii. Sexual plants of G. papillata are postulated to represent the naturally‐occurring gametophyte of P. middendorffii in California. The possible relationships of the sexual and apomictic plants of G. papillata are discussed.
Antifungal potential of native strain isolated from rhizosphere soil of Valeriana jatamansi from temperate regions of Himachal Pradesh

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are commonly used as inoculants for improving the growth and yield of agricultural crops. The use of PGPR is steadily increasing in agriculture and offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides and supplements. Thus the present study focuses on the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of potent PGPR isolates with multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and antifungal potential against different phytopathogenic fungi. Biochemical, molecular and phylogenetic characterization of four effective PGPR isolates (CKMV1, CKMV2, CKMV3 and CKMV4) of Valeriana jatamansi demonstrated that three strains belonged to genus Bacillus spp. and one belonged to Aneurinibacillus spp. The strain CKMV1 identifi ed as (Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus) on the basis of 16S rDNA homology showed a considerable antifungal potential against different phytopathogens along with multiple PGP traits like phosphate solubilization, IAA production, HCN production, siderophore production. Signifi cant growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi by CKMV1 was obtained in the order Sclerotium rolfsii > Rhizoctonia solani > Phytopthora cactorum > Alternaria spp. > Fusarium oxysporum. Thus, the secondary metabolite producing A. aneurinilyticus strain CKMV1 exhibited innate potential of plant growth promotion and biocontrol activities in vitro which can further be used as biofertilizer as well as biocontrol agent.
Oestrogen receptor‐β expression in melanocytic lesions

Abstract: Melanomas rarely occur before puberty, have a higher death rate for males, and tend to be more invasive during pregnancy. Prior to the discovery of a second oestrogen receptor (ERβ), studies with the initial oestrogen receptor, ERα, showed no obvious role for oestrogen in the pathophysiology of benign or malignant melanocytic lesions. To investigate the specific immunostaining patterns of ERα and ERβ, benign nevocytic nevi, dysplastic nevi with mild, moderate and severe cytological atypia, lentigo malignas and melanomas of varying depth (Clark) and thickness (Breslow) were studied. ERβ but not ERα was the predominant oestrogen receptor we found in all types of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. The most intense ERβ immunostaining was seen in melanocytes in dysplastic nevi with severe cytological atypia and in lentigo malignas. ERβ expression levels also correlated with the malignant tumor microenvironment; i.e., melanocytes in proximity with keratinocytes>deeper dermal melanocytes in contact with stroma>minimally invasive melanomas>Clark Level III/IV or thick melanomas (Breslow). Discovery that ERβ expression varies in relation to the tumor microenvironment and increasing depth of invasion suggests its possible usefulness as a surrogate marker for neoplasia and prognosis in malignant melanoma.
Fish otoliths from the stomach of a thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus

INTRODUCTION On the 16 June 1982 a thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788), became entangled in a gill net at Bigbury Bay, S. Devon. The stomach contents were found to consist solely of teleost otoliths. The soft tissues of prey taken by large marine predators are often macerated and digested very rapidly or, as in this case, regurgitated during capture or stranding. Identification of the prey is therefore only possible from the hard parts which often remain, e.g. teleost otoliths, bones and scales, and cephalopod beaks, statoliths and gladiuses. The regular seasonal occurrences in the waters off south-west England and south-west Ireland make the thresher the most common of the large sharks in this area. Their accidental capture or collisions with nets are not rare and they have been taken by rod and line on several occasions.
Eukaryotic picoplankton, Mychonastes homosphaera (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta), in Lake Kinneret, Israel

Eukaryotic picoplankton was isolated from Lake Kinneret, Israel. This green picoplankton is spheroidal or ovoidal in shape. The cell wall has a network of ribs on its surface. The chloroplast is cup‐ or mantel‐shaped without a pyrenoid. The morphology and cellular structure of this autosporic alga is identical with Mychonastes homosphaera (Skuja) Kalina et Punčochářová. The phylogenetic tree based on 18S ribo‐somal RNA gene sequence data showed that M. homosphaera is placed in the Chlorophyceae and located at the base of a branch leading to the other algae possessing directly opposed orientation of the flagellar apparatus.