Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gluon distributions and their applications to Ioffe-time distributions

We investigate unpolarized and polarized gluon distributions and their applications to the Ioffe-time distributions, which are related to lattice QCD calculations of parton distribution functions. Guided by the counting rules based on the perturbative QCD at large momentum fraction $x$ and the color coherence of gluon couplings at small $x$, we parametrize gluon distributions in the helicity basis. By fitting the unpolarized gluon distribution, the inferred polarized gluon distribution from our parametrization agrees with the one from global analysis. A simultaneous fit to both unpolarized and polarized gluon distributions is also performed to explore the model uncertainty. The agreement with the global analysis supports the ($1\ensuremath{-}x$) power suppression of the helicity-antialigned distribution relative to the helicity-aligned distribution. The corresponding Ioffe-time distributions and their asymptotic expansions are calculated from the gluon distributions. Our results of the Ioffe-time distributions can provide guidance to the extrapolation of lattice QCD data to the region lacking precise gluonic matrix elements. Therefore, they can help regulate the ill-posed inverse problem associated with extracting the gluon distributions from discrete data from first-principle calculations, which are available in a limited range of the nucleon momentum and the spatial separation between the gluonic currents. Given various limitations in obtaining lattice QCD data at large Ioffe time, phenomenological approaches can provide important complementary information to extract the gluon distributions in the entire momentum fraction region, especially at small $x$. The possibility of investigating higher-twist effects and other systematic uncertainties in the contemporary first-principle calculations of parton distributions from phenomenologically well-determined Ioffe-time distributions in the large Ioffe-time region is also discussed.
A Moderated-Mediation Model of the Relationship between Dietary Satisfaction and Fatigue in Older Adults with Diabetes: The Role of Meal Planning and Depressive Symptoms

Little research has examined the pathways between psychological factors and fatigue in older adults with diabetes. This study explored the pathways between diet-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in predicting fatigue using a moderated-mediation model. A convenience sample of adults ≥65 years (n = 127) with diabetes completed a cross-sectional survey including measures of fatigue severity, diet-related quality of life, and depressive symptoms, and a moderated-mediation analysis assessed the relationships between them. Diet satisfaction was negatively related to fatigue, which was mediated by depressive symptoms. In the moderated-mediation model, diet satisfaction had a conditional effect on fatigue through the mediating effect of depressive symptoms, moderated by meal planning difficulty. At higher levels of perceived meal planning difficulty, lower diet satisfaction was indirectly associated with higher fatigue through depressive symptoms, but this pathway was non-significant at lower levels. Findings suggest that supportive care for diet therapy might improve psychological outcomes in older adults with diabetes, especially for those having difficulties with daily dietary practice. Meal planning difficulties in the dietary management of diabetes accompanied by low diet satisfaction may lead to negative psychological outcomes. Monitoring satisfaction and burdens associated with dietary practices could improve fatigue in this population.
Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1a (CRIP1a) in Health and Disease

Endocannabinoid signaling depends upon the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and intracellular proteins that mediate responses via the C-terminal and other intracellular receptor domains. The CB1 receptor regulates and is regulated by associated G proteins predominantly of the Gi/o subtypes, β-arrestins 1 and 2, and the cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a). Evidence for a physiological role for CRIP1a is emerging as data regarding the cellular localization and function of CRIP1a are generated. Here we summarize the neuronal distribution and role of CRIP1a in endocannabinoid signaling, as well as discuss investigations linking CRIP1a to development, vision and hearing sensory systems, hippocampus and seizure regulation, and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. We also examine the genetic and epigenetic association of CRIP1a within a variety of cancer subtypes. This review provides evidence upon which to base future investigations on the function of CRIP1a in health and disease.
Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Accessibility to Necessary Resources for Those Working Per Diem Services.

CONTEXT As the demand for athletic training services has grown, the per diem athletic training setting has expanded to fulfill this need. Per diem services are provided by athletic trainers (ATs) who are hired as independent contractors for short time periods. These service opportunities help to increase access to care for medically underserved populations; however, due to the transient nature of the work, the quality of care may be compromised. OBJECTIVE To examine current practices in per diem services and evaluate ATs' accessibility to resources. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Online survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 448 participants responded (access rate = 9.57%), of whom 210 were ineligible (46.9%). Of those who were eligible, 192 participants completed the entire tool (completion rate = 80.7%, age = 38 ± 12 years, years certified = 14 ± 11, years providing per diem services = 8 ± 8). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The survey comprised 3 sections: (1) demographics, (2) accessibility to resources and influence on patient care, and (3) domains of athletic training while providing per diem services. Resources assessed included those that are relevant to ATs practicing in accordance with the Board of Certification Standards of Professional Practice. The final instrument included approximately 30 questions (depending on display logic) and took an average of 12 minutes to complete. RESULTS Of the 11 primary resources assessed, participants had limited accessibility to 6. Critical resources related to informatics, legalities, and health care delivery were often not available, were seen as unimportant to providing medical services, or both. CONCLUSIONS Participants indicated varied perceptions about the need for and access to these resources. Yet such resources contribute to the creation of a safe infrastructure for providing medical services and should be part of the routine dialogue regarding independent contracting.
ACE-Net: Fine-Level Face Alignment through Anchors and Contours Estimation

We propose a novel facial Anchors and Contours Estimation framework, ACE-Net, for fine-level face alignment tasks. ACE-Net predicts facial anchors and contours that are richer than traditional facial landmarks and more accurate than facial boundaries. In addition, it does not suffer from the ambiguities and inconsistencies in facial-landmarks definitions. We introduce a weakly supervised loss enabling ACE-Net to learn from existing facial landmarks datasets without the need for extra annotations. Synthetic data is also used during training to bridge the density gap between landmarks annotation and true facial contours. We evaluate ACE-Net on commonly used face alignment datasets 300-W and HELEN, and show that ACE-Net achieves significantly higher fine-level face alignment accuracy than landmarks based models, without compromising its performance at the landmarks level. The proposed ACE-Net framework does not rely on any specific network architecture and thus can be applied on top of existing face alignment models for finer face alignment representation.
Domain Adaptation with Incomplete Target Domains

Domain adaptation, as a task of reducing the annotation cost in a target domain by exploiting the existing labeled data in an auxiliary source domain, has received a lot of attention in the research community. However, the standard domain adaptation has assumed perfectly observed data in both domains, while in real world applications the existence of missing data can be prevalent. In this paper, we tackle a more challenging domain adaptation scenario where one has an incomplete target domain with partially observed data. We propose an Incomplete Data Imputation based Adversarial Network (IDIAN) model to address this new domain adaptation challenge. In the proposed model, we design a data imputation module to fill the missing feature values based on the partial observations in the target domain, while aligning the two domains via deep adversarial adaption. We conduct experiments on both cross-domain benchmark tasks and a real world adaptation task with imperfect target domains. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Gaia Early Data Release 3: Structure and properties of the Magellanic Clouds

We compare the Gaia DR2 and Gaia EDR3 performances in the study of the Magellanic Clouds and show the clear improvements in precision and accuracy in the new release. We also show that the systematics still present in the data make the determination of the 3D geometry of the LMC a difficult endeavour; this is at the very limit of the usefulness of the Gaia EDR3 astrometry, but it may become feasible with the use of additional external data. We derive radial and tangential velocity maps and global profiles for the LMC for the several subsamples we defined. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the two planar components of the ordered and random motions are derived for multiple stellar evolutionary phases in a galactic disc outside the Milky Way, showing the differences between younger and older phases. We also analyse the spatial structure and motions in the central region, the bar, and the disc, providing new insights into features and kinematics. Finally, we show that the Gaia EDR3 data allows clearly resolving the Magellanic Bridge, and we trace the density and velocity flow of the stars from the SMC towards the LMC not only globally, but also separately for young and evolved populations. This allows us to confirm an evolved population in the Bridge that is slightly shift from the younger population. Additionally, we were able to study the outskirts of both Magellanic Clouds, in which we detected some well-known features and indications of new ones.
Towards Compositional Verification for Modular Robotic Systems

Software engineering of modular robotic systems is a challenging task, however, verifying that the developed components all behave as they should individually and as a whole presents its own unique set of challenges. In particular, distinct components in a modular robotic system often require different verification techniques to ensure that they behave as expected. Ensuring whole system consistency when individual components are verified using a variety of techniques and formalisms is difficult. This paper discusses how to use compositional verification to integrate the various verification techniques that are applied to modular robotic software, using a First-Order Logic (FOL) contract that captures each component's assumptions and guarantees. These contracts can then be used to guide the verification of the individual components, be it by testing or the use of a formal method. We provide an illustrative example of an autonomous robot used in remote inspection. We also discuss a way of defining confidence for the verification associated with each component.
Value Alignment Verification

As humans interact with autonomous agents to perform increasingly complicated, potentially risky tasks, it is important that humans can verify these agents' trustworthiness and efficiently evaluate their performance and correctness. In this paper we formalize the problem of value alignment verification: how to efficiently test whether the goals and behavior of another agent are aligned with a human's values? We explore several different value alignment verification settings and provide foundational theory regarding value alignment verification. We study alignment verification problems with an idealized human that has an explicit reward function as well as value alignment verification problems where the human has implicit values. Our theoretical and empirical results in both a discrete grid navigation domain and a continuous autonomous driving domain demonstrate that it is possible to synthesize highly efficient and accurate value alignment verification tests for certifying the alignment of autonomous agents.
Neural Deformation Graphs for Globally-consistent Non-rigid Reconstruction

We introduce Neural Deformation Graphs for globally-consistent deformation tracking and 3D reconstruction of non-rigid objects. Specifically, we implicitly model a deformation graph via a deep neural network. This neural deformation graph does not rely on any object-specific structure and, thus, can be applied to general non-rigid deformation tracking. Our method globally optimizes this neural graph on a given sequence of depth camera observations of a non-rigidly moving object. Based on explicit viewpoint consistency as well as inter-frame graph and surface consistency constraints, the underlying network is trained in a self-supervised fashion. We additionally optimize for the geometry of the object with an implicit deformable multi-MLP shape representation. Our approach does not assume sequential input data, thus enabling robust tracking of fast motions or even temporally disconnected recordings. Our experiments demonstrate that our Neural Deformation Graphs outperform state-of-the-art non-rigid reconstruction approaches both qualitatively and quantitatively, with 64% improved reconstruction and 54% improved deformation tracking performance. Code is publicly available.1
Leaderless Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus

Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) consensus has recently gained much attention because of its intriguing connection with blockchains. Several state-of-the-art BFT consensus protocols have been proposed in the age of blockchains such as Tendermint [5], Pala [9], Streamlet [8], HotStuff [23], and Fast-HotStuff [17]. These protocols are all leader-based (i.e., protocols run in a series of views, and each view has a delegated node called the leader to coordinate all consensus decisions). To make progress, leader-based BFT protocols usually rely on view synchronization, which is an ad-hoc way of rotating the leader and synchronizing nodes to the same view with the leader for enough overlap time. However, many studies and system implementations show that existing methods of view synchronization are complicated and bug-prone [2], [15], [16], [19]. In this paper, we aim to design a leaderless Byzantine fault tolerant (LBFT) protocol, in which nodes simply compete to propose blocks (containing a batch of clients' requests) without the need of explicit coordination through view synchronization. LBFT also enjoys several other desirable features emphasized recently by the research community, such as the chain structure, pipelining techniques, and advanced cryptography [5], [6], [9], [17], [23]. With these efforts, LBFT can achieve both good performance (e.g., O(n)or O(nlog(n)) message complexity) and prominent simplicity.
How Merger-driven Gas Motions in Galaxy Clusters Can Turn AGN Bubbles into Radio Relics

Radio relics in galaxy clusters are extended synchrotron sources produced by cosmic-ray electrons in the microgauss magnetic field. Many relics are found in the cluster periphery and have a cluster-centric, narrow arc-like shape, which suggests that the electrons are accelerated or reaccelerated by merger shock fronts propagating outward in the intracluster plasma. In the X-ray, some relics do exhibit such shocks at the location of the relic, but many do not. We explore the possibility that radio relics trace not the shock fronts but the shape of the underlying distribution of seed relativistic electrons, lit up by a recent shock passage. We use magnetohydrodynamic simulations of cluster mergers and include bubbles of relativistic electrons injected by jets from the central active galactic nucleus or from an off-center radio galaxy. We show that the merger-driven gas motions (a) can advect the bubble cosmic rays to very large radii and (b) spread the relativistic seed electrons preferentially in the tangential direction—along the gravitational equipotential surfaces—producing extended, filamentary, or sheet-like regions of intracluster plasma enriched with aged cosmic rays, which resemble radio relics. Once a shock front passes across such a region, the sharp radio emission edges would trace the sharp boundaries of these enriched regions rather than the front. We also show that these elongated cosmic-ray features are naturally associated with magnetic fields stretched tangentially along their long axis, which could help explain the high polarization of relics.
Unifying Molecular Weights of Highly Linear Polyethylene Waxes through Unsymmetrical 2,4-Bis(imino)pyridylchromium Chlorides

By dealing CrCl3∙3THF with the corresponding ligands (L1–L5), an array of fluoro-substituted chromium (III) chlorides (Cr1–Cr5) bearing 2-[1-(2,4-dibenzhydryl-6-fluoro- phenylimino)ethyl]-6-[1-(arylimino)ethyl]pyridine (aryl = 2,6-Me2Ph Cr1, 2,6-Et2Ph Cr2, 2,6-iPr2Ph Cr3, 2,4,6-Me3Ph Cr4, 2,6-Et2-4-MePh Cr5) was synthesized in good yield and validated via Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Besides the routine characterizations, the single-crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed the solid-state structures of complexes Cr2 and Cr4 as the distorted-octahedral geometry around the chromium center. Activated by either methylaluminoxane (MAO) or modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), all the chromium catalysts exhibited high activities toward ethylene polymerization with the MMAO-promoted polymerizations far more productive than with MAO (20.14 × 106 g (PE) mol−1 (Cr) h−1 vs. 10.03 × 106 g (PE) mol−1 (Cr) h−1). In both cases, the resultant polyethylenes were found as highly linear polyethylene waxes with low molecular weights around 1–2 kg mol−1 and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD range: 1.68–2.25). In general, both the catalytic performance of the ortho-fluorinated chromium complexes and polymer properties have been the subject of a detailed investigation and proved to be highly dependent on the polymerization reaction parameters (including cocatalyst type and amount, reaction temperature, ethylene pressure and run time).
Light effect on the interface resistance of Ba$_{0.8}$Sr$_{0.2}$TiO$_3$/LaMnO$_3$ heterosctructure

The effect of green and ultraviolet laser light on Ba$_{0.8}$Sr$_{0.2}$TiO$_3$/LaMnO$_3$ heterostructure electrical resistance was studied. In 80-200 K range illumination induces transient resistance component at ~15% of the steady-state value, the time constant associated with the transient component is ~12 s. The negative photoresistance effect is found under green, infrared and ultraviolet illumination.
Spectral variability of radio sources at low frequencies

Spectral variability of radio sources encodes information about the conditions of intervening media, source structure, and emission processes. With new low-frequency radio interferometers observing over wide fractional bandwidths, studies of spectral variability for a large population of extragalactic radio sources are now possible. Using two epochs of observations from the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey that were taken one year apart, we search for spectral variability across 100–230 MHz for 21 558 sources. We present methodologies for detecting variability in the spectrum between epochs and for classifying the type of variability: either as a change in spectral shape or as a uniform change in flux density across the bandwidth. We identify 323 sources with significant spectral variability over a year-long time-scale. Of the 323 variable sources, we classify 51 of these as showing a significant change in spectral shape. Variability is more prevalent in peaked-spectrum sources, analogous to gigahertz-peaked spectrum and compact steep-spectrum sources, compared to typical radio galaxies. We discuss the viability of several potential explanations of the observed spectral variability, such as interstellar scintillation and jet evolution. Our results suggest that the radio sky in the megahertz regime is more dynamic than previously suggested.
Spatial distribution and associated factors of underweight in Ethiopia: An analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey, 2016

Background Underweight is one form of indicators of under-nutrition, which results from the poor nutrient intake and underlying health problems. Its impact is beyond an individual and extends to a country level. It has been known from the literature that underweight has a negative effect on income and development of a country. In the context of Ethiopia, factors predicting underweight remain unknown and there is a paucity of evidence on geographical distribution of underweight among individuals aged 15–49 years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of underweight and its associated factors among individuals aged 15–49 years in Ethiopia. Methods Secondary data analysis was done on a data set consisting of 28,450 individuals and obtained from the Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016. The spatial distribution of underweight across the country was identified by ArcGIS software. Hotspots analysis was done using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic within ArcGIS. In SaTScan software, the Bernoulli model was fitted by Kulldorff’s methods to identify the purely spatial clusters of underweight. A binary logistic regression was applied to determine factors associated with being underweight. Result In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of underweight was clustered with Global Moran’s I = 0.79 at p-value < 0.0001. The highest underweight clusters were observed in Tigray, Gambella, eastern part of Amhara, and western and central part of Afar regions. Male individuals [AOR = 1.21; 95% CI: (1.15 1.28)], never married [AOR = 1.14; 95% CI: (1.05, 1.24)], rural residents [AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: (1.18, 1.47)], rich [AOR = 0.85; 95% CI: (0.76, 0.94)], cigarette smoking [AOR = 1.25; 95% CI: (1.07, 1.46)], drinking treated water [AOR = 0.91; 95% CI: (0.83, 0.99)] and open filed defecation [AOR = 1.17; 95% CI: (1.08, 1.26)] were found to have a significant association with being underweight. Conclusions There was a significant clustering of underweight among individuals aged 15–49 years. Gender, age, marital status, place of residence, wealth index, cigarette smoking, using untreated water and types of toilet were the significant factors of being underweight. Therefore, effective public health interventions like building safe and supportive environments for nutrition, providing socio-economic protection and nutrition-related education for poor and rural resident would be better to mitigate these situations and associated risk factors in hot spot areas. In addition, policymakers should strengthen and promote nutrition sensitive policies and activities in order to alleviate the underlying and basic causes of underweight.