Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum Contextuality in Quantum Mechanics and Beyond

We describe a notion of simulation between quantum resources. This will also be discussed in the talk by Martti Karvonen. Here we provide a wider perspective, and discuss some directions of ongoing research. The notion of simulation is expressed as a morphism of empirical models, in a form which allows the behaviour of one set of correlations to be simulated in terms of another using classical processing and shared randomization. Mathematically, this is expressed as coKleisli maps for a comonad of “measurement protocols” on the category of empirical models. This setting is expressive, and allows for a number of variations, e.g. grading the simulation by the number of copies of the simulating resource, and also allows for a natural relaxation to approximate simulation. As with classical notions of reduciibility in computability and complexity theory, the existence of simulation maps allows us to compare diﬀerent contextual behaviours in a ﬁne-grained, mathematically robust way. We can deﬁne a degree of contextuality as an equivalence class of empirical models under two-way simulability. These degrees are then partially ordered by the existence of simulations between representatives. Some existing results from the study of non-locality can be interpreted as showing the richness of this order, and there are many natural further questions which arise. Since non-contextuality itself can be expressed as the existence of a certain special form of simulation, there are natural generalizations of existing results on contextuality. In particular, we can formulate a “generalized Vorob’ev conjecture”, relating to the well-known Vorob’ev theorem.
A novel approach in the management of mandibular degree II furcation defects using bone grafts in conjunction with a biomimetic agent: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Aim: Of the periodontal defects requiring regeneration, degree II furcation defects pose a substantial challenge to clinicians. This study was designed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of bone autograft (BA) and autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as against decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) along with autologous PRF in the management of degree II mandibular furcation defects.Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients (11 men and 3 women; mean age: 42.36 years), with bilateral degree II buccal furcation defects in the mandibular molars, were enrolled in the study. In each patient, randomly selected sites were divided into control site (site A) which received BA with PRF membrane and test site (site B) received DFDBA + PRF mixed with graft and also as a membrane using split-mouth design. Clinical parameters including plaque index, gingival index, gingival marginal levels, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and at 3 and 6 months' postsurgery. Horizontal and vertical furcation measurements were taken prior to the surgery through sounding and after degranulation. These measurements were repeated after 6 months. Results: The mean reduction in the horizontal defect depth was 1.86 ± 0.66 mm (70.75%) in site A and 1.71 ± 0.73 mm (74.25%) in site B. The mean improvement in the vertical defect fill was 1.64 ± 0.74 mm (55.8%) in site A and 1.43 ± 1.34 mm (64.86%) in site B was achieved. Conclusion: The use of combination therapy using either BA or DFDBA in conjunction with PRF appears to be effective in treating furcations.
Economic impacts of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy shortage and the proposed solutions for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder Cancer in Aseer Province, Saudi Arabia

Objective: To report the magnitude, the financial and the economic impact of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shortage in our institute and transfer of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients to higher centers to receive the treatment. Methods: This is a retrospective study, between January 2015 and December 2017, the cases of NMIBC diagnosed at Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia were studied. Demographic features, clinical presentations, histopathological features, and the BCG therapy shortage and its economic impact were addressed. Results: Over a three years study review of 62 urothelial bladder cancer, NMIBC was diagnosed in 55 (89%) patients. Forty-three (78%) patients were males and 12 (22%) patients were females. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) (range) in this cohort was 59 ± 12 years (38–87). Gross hematuria was the main presentation in 51 (92%) patients of this cohort. Dysuria and other lower urinary tract symptoms were the presentations in 18 (32%) patients. Smoking history was positive in 33 (60%) patients and the rest 22 (40%) patients denied any form of tobacco consumptions. The BCG eligible were 46 (84%) patients of all NMIBC patients in this study. Twenty-seven (59%) patients of them received BCG in our institute. The rest 19 (41%) patients were opted to be transferred to a higher medical center to receive the BCG because of the BCG shortage in our center. The financial cost of traveling to receive the six-weeks induction BCG therapy was on average of 7200 Saudi riyals (1.745 €) for every patient. Conclusions: The BCG shortage in our institute is almost approaching half of eligible BCG cases. This has had an economic impact on the health budget. Such health catastrophe could be mitigated with proper health plans of a provision of the BCG to all tertiary care centers. Alternative therapies for such cases should be considered in cases of global BCG shortage.
Brand popularity, endogenous leadership, and product introduction in industries with word of mouth communication

This paper considers the impact of popularity on duopolists’ entry strategies into an emerging industry, where each consumer holds a preference for one of two competing brands. Brand popularity is influenced by word of mouth communication, as early adopters recommend the brand they have bought to later buyers. Early introduction is, however, a costly strategy. The timing of product introduction is therefore of strategic importance to firms. I investigate the equilibria of the game when firms choose their time to market strategies sequentially, and observe how they relate to the popularity of the Stackelberg leader’s brand. This analysis reveals firms’ individual incentives for leader and follower roles, and the market structure that would result in this noncooperative game. As von Stackelberg showed a leader’s commitment to a strategy can preempt the follower. The present model shows that this situation, where both firms prefer the leader role, most likely occurs when brands hold equal levels of popularity. On the other hand it is interesting to observe that in certain markets, in particular where popularity is highly asymmetric, it is optimal for the dominant firm to become follower, and for the inferior firm to lead, because this facilitates soft competition. Still, the market structure may be insensitive to the order of moves. This warrants investigation of the connection between leadership and brand popularity, and the effect on market structure. JEL classification: D83, L11, O33
Topographic characterization and in vitro biofilm adhesion to titanium and polypropylene membranes used for alveolar preservation

Background: Nonresorbable membranes have been widely used in guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures in posttooth extraction alveoli. In this context, one of the properties suggested by the GBR technique is that these barriers, when exposed to the oral environment, control or prevent the infiltration of connective and epithelial tissue cells, favoring the proliferation of bone cells inside the alveolus, without the growth of biofilm. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated the topographic characteristics and in vitro biofilm adhesion on membranes used for alveolar preservation, bone Heal™ and Titanium Seal™. Fragments of these membranes (5 mm × 5 mm) were used for all experiments. The topographical morphology and chemical characterization of the membranes were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and dispersive energy X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. For the in vitro biofilm adhesion assay, samples were immersed in Candida albicans (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 10231) and Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923) mixed biofilm for 7 and 14 days. Biofilm formation was measured by quantitative analysis with crystal violet aqueous solution, in a spectrophotometer, with a wavelength of 590 nm. Results: The ultrastructural images showed a rough surface for the titanium membrane, without homogeneity in the surface structure, while the polypropylene membrane presented a smoother surface without depressions. The chemical composition of the membranes by Ehlers–Danlos syndrome has identified the presence of copolymer and traces of zinc for the polypropylene membrane; in contrast, the titanium membrane revealed the unique presence of titanium. In addition, there was a decrease in biofilm formation on the surface of the titanium membrane compared to polypropylene (P < 0.05), at both evaluated times. Conclusions: It can be concluded that despite the greater heterogeneity of the titanium membrane surface, the results showed less biofilm formation on this membrane (P < 0.05), which may be indicated in cases of oral cavity exposure.
Measurement of Genetic Parameters Within and Between Haimen Chicken Populations Using Microsatellite Markers

A total of 240 genomic DNAs were isolated from the four Haimen chicken populations: Rugao, Jiangchun, Wan-Nan and Cshiqishi, through a saturated salt procedure. The samples were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 15 microsatellite markers. Amplified PCR-products with the markers were separated on a 12% polyacrylamide gel. Genetic parameters measured included allele number within locus per population, mean allele number across populations, mean allele number among loci for each population, effective allele number for each locus, mean across populations and among loci effective number of alleles ( ). Polymorphism information content (PIC) per locus and for all loci obtained as well as the average heterozygosity (H) among loci in the populations. The mean allele number for all loci ranged between 5.73±0.85 (Cshiqishi) to 6.00±0.74 (Rugao) and 6.00±0.84 (Jiangchun) with across populations for all loci equals 5.88±0.06; while (H) ranged from 0.6486±0.06 (Wan-Nan) to 0.7017±0.03 (Jiangchun) among loci and across populations, (H) was 0.6828±0.01. The ( ) ranged from 3.96±0.60 (Wan-Nan) to 4.11±0.47 (Rugao); and ( ) have values between 0.6068±0.06 (Wan-Nan) to 0.6509±0.04 (Jiangchun). The average heterozygosity among loci in each population was used further to obtained the cumulative power of discrimination (CPD) and was 99%. Angular genetic distances (D ) calculated ranged between 0.1691 A (Rugao vs Wan-Nan) to 0.3372 (Rugao vs Cshiqishi). Dendrogram developed linked Rugao and Jiangchun as closely related, Wan-Nan been intermediate and Cshiqishi distantly related. It was concluded that the markers were suitable for the measurement of all genetic parameters of Haimen chicken populations.
Phytoplankton–zooplankton dynamics vary with nutrients: a microcosm study with the cyanobacterium Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes and cladoceran Moina micrura

Anti-grazer responses of phytoplankton have been widely documented to vary with external abiotic factors (e. g. nutrient status), suggesting an environment-dependence of phytoplankton-zooplankton dynamics. Here, we examined the trophic interaction between the cyanobacteria Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes and the cladoceran Moina micrura under three nutrient levels from oligotrophic to hypereutrophic conditions (0.3, 3.0 and 100.0 mu M PO43-; molar ratio NO3- : PO43- - 16 : 1) to determine the effect of nutrients on the stability of a phytoplankton-zooplankton system. In the absence of M. micrura, cell density and filament (single-filament) length of C. chthonoplastes were lower at the low nutrient level compared with those at the medium and high nutrient levels. When M. micrura was present, cell density, filament length, colony proportion and size (the mean number of cells per colony) of C. chthonoplastes were highest under the medium nutrient level, corresponding to the lowest amplitude of density fluctuations in M. micrura. Regression analyses revealed that low cell densities of C. chthonoplastes (due to its limited ability to form colonies and long filaments and hence a high consumption rate of M. micrura) at low and high nutrient levels limited the growth of M. micrura adult females, leading to a sharp decline in embryo length, clutch size and population density. In general, our results suggest that the stability of phytoplankton-zooplankton systems varies with nutrients because of the nutrient-dependent morphology in phytoplankton, and imply that extremely low or high nutrient load may destabilize phytoplankton-zooplankton systems.
Macroeconomic drivers of baseline scenarios in dynamic CGE models: review and guidelines proposal

For dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling, long-term baseline construction is key and depends on the applied methods and the sources of projections considered. For dynamic CGE models, baseline assumptions and base data are both important determinants of results. This paper reviews the assumptions made by 24 modeling teams on baseline macroeconomic drivers, understood as factor accumulation and gross domestic product (GDP) growth. We critically review the various methods, identifying state-of-the-art practices and propose simple guidelines, particularly focusing on consistency between data sources and models, which is intended to help dynamic CGE modelers build their own baselines.
Nitrogen- and carbon-isotope fractionation between mothers and offspring in red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi)

Small mammals are income breeders, but the degree to which females draw from maternal reserves and partition nutrients to the mammary glands in the wild is not known. This study examined stable-nitrogen and stable- carbon isotopes in red-backed vole, Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors, 1830), hair to determine mother-offspring trophic relationships and to consider the extent to which voles rely on maternal reserves during lactation. Both dependent and independent young showed isotopic enrichment in 15 N and depletion of 13 C in their hair relative to mothers. We sug- gest that growing offspring, both dependent and independent, may catabolize body reserves to support both growth and moult. We propose that the nitrogen- and carbon-isotope compositions of hair may be more useful indicators of meta- bolic rate than mother-offspring trophic relationships in small mammals. Resume : Les petits mammiferes utilisent leurs apports energetiques quotidiens (revenu) pour se reproduire; on connait cependant mal dans quelle mesure les femelles en nature puisent dans leurs reserves maternelles et allouent des nutri- ments aux glandes mammaires. Notre etude examine les isotopes stables d'azote et de carbone dans le poil des campagnols a dos roux de Gapper, Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors, 1830), afin de determiner les relations trophiques mere-petits et evaluer dans quelle mesure les campagnols utilisent leurs reserves maternelles durant l'allaitement. Tant chez les petits dependants qu'independants, i lyau nenrichissement isotopique en 15 N et un appauvrissement en 13 C dans le poil, par comparaison a leur mere. Nous croyons que les rejetons en croissance, tant dependants
Local environmental factors affect reproductive investment in female edible dormice

Abstract Edible dormice (Glis glis) are exposed temporally and spatially to a tremendous variation in food resources. This variation strongly influences reproduction; in edible dormice reproduction is tightly linked to the availability of energy-rich seeds. Although most dormice reproduce in full mast years of beech or oak, entire populations skip reproduction in years without seed production; however, nearly 50% of all years are intermediate mast years, during which only part of the dormouse population reproduces. We investigated how the beech mast pattern, local habitat characteristics, and individual traits (body mass and age class) influence whether individual female edible dormice invest in reproduction in intermediate mast years. Our field study, conducted during 2006–2009 in the Vienna Woods, revealed that in intermediate mast years the probability of females reproducing increased with the age of trees but not with the proportion of beech trees within their home ranges. Mean litter size was larger in years with higher seed availability and also increased with the mean age of trees within the home range of the dormice. More adult than yearling females reproduced, but this effect was modulated by yearly and local variation in food availability. Whether a female edible dormouse reproduces in an intermediate mast year depends mainly on the local food availability and age of the individual.
Interaction between flight, reproductive development and oviposition in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis

1 The development of reproductive and flight capacity of pine weevils Hylobius abietis during the spring and their dispersal to, and subsequent development at, new clearfell oviposition sites comprise key phases in their life cycle in managed forests. At an old clearfell site where autumn‐emerging weevils had overwintered, weevils were trapped as they re‐emerged in the spring and tested for their ability to fly and then dissected to determine the degree of wing muscle and egg development. 2 Re‐emerging weevils were most abundant in pine growing at the edge of the clearfell and, over most of the trapping period (April to June), their capacity for flight (proportion flying and wing muscle width) was more advanced than in weevils from the clearfell itself, with a similar trend in the degree of reproductive development (proportion with mature eggs and egg volume). 3 In weevils from the clearfell, flight capacity and reproductive development increased concurrently to a peak around mid‐May. In weevils from pine, wing muscles were already well developed at the start of trapping, although few of them flew. Their more advanced development was attributed to the increased opportunities for maturation feeding after emergence in the previous autumn. 4 In the spring, weevils reached the canopy of trees for maturation feeding by walking and, to a lesser extent, by flight. Weevils dispersed by flight to oviposition sites in mid‐May when most of them were reproductively mature. After arrival, flight ability and wing muscle size declined rapidly but egg production was maintained until most weevils had stopped flying. When wing muscles reached their minimum size, there was a marked decline in egg size, suggesting that wing muscle breakdown is important in maintaining egg production at oviposition sites. Prospects for further wing muscle and reproductive development are discussed.
Redescription of Hierodula coarctata Saussure (Mantodea: Mantidae) from Maharashtra, India

In the current study a mantid species, Hierodula coarctata (Saussure, 1869) is redescribed. The study is based on 15 male and 5 female specimens (live and preserved) collected from different parts of Maharashtra, India during 2002-2004. Striking color variations, structure of male genitalia and other important morphological characters are discussed and illustrated. The species is redescribed as the previous reported description was insufficiently short and does not provide any information on color variations and character-based differences between the sexes.
Nomenclatural notes in Membracidae (Homoptera): a new name for Bordonia Sakakibara

Bordoniana is here proposed as a new name for Bordonia Sakakibara, 1997 (praeoc.) - non Bordonia Cobos, 1978 (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) -, and, consequently, the following changes: Bordoniana venezuelana (Sakakibara, 1979) comb.n. ; B. clypeata (Sakakibara, 1997) comb.n. ; B. majuscula (Sakakibara, 1997) comb.n. ; B. nigricosta (Goding, 1926) comb.n. ; B. virescens (Funkhouser, 1940) comb.n.
Spanish barbel hybridization detected using enzymatic markers: Barbus meridionalis Risso × Barbus haasi Mertens (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae)

Five Barbus populations were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis to verify hybridization between two species in Spain, B. meridionalis and B. haasi. Two populations supposed to be hybrid have been named B. meridionalis- 2 and B. haasi- 2 because of their morphological resemblance to the corresponding parent species. 88.9% of B. haasi- 2 genes are of the "meridionalis " type, a value obtained using six loci distinguishing the two species. None of the individuals in this population was identified as an F1 hybrid. On the other hand, B. meridionalis- 2 showed no sign of introgression and is thus a population of the pure species B. meridionalis. The absence of known current contact between the hybrid population and both parent populations and the present genetic results suggest that the hybridization is currently interrupted in the studied locality.
Food intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation in reindeer fed baled timothy silage in summer and winter

SUMMARY Reindeer calves(Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were used in parallel feeding trials with two different qualities of round-bale timothy silage in September 1992 (summer) and April 1993 (winter) in northern Norway, to determine the effect of season on their food intake and ability to utilize silage of different fibre contents. The silages were prepared from first-cut (FC) and regrowth (RG) timothy. The FC silage contained (on a dry matter (DM) basis) 12·3% crude protein, 30·4% cellulose and 6·2% water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), whereas the RG silage contained 14·3% crude protein, 18·7% cellulose and 30·0% WSC. For each trial, six male calves were taken directly from a natural range and divided into two groups of three animals. One group was offered FC silage and one RG silage ad libitum, for 46 days. Mean daily DM food intake (g/kg liveweight) was not significantly different in summer compared to winter(P > 0·05), but significantly higher in the animals fed RG silage compared to the animals fed FC silage (P < 0·0001). The apparent digestibility coefficient of DM was high for both silages both in summer and winter, ranging from 74·4 to 86·6%. However, the digestibility in winter was significantly higher than in summer(P < 0·002) and the digestibility of RG silage was higher than that of the FC silage (P < 0·009). The ruminal VFA concentration was significantly higher in winter than in summer (P < 0·03) and in the animals fed RG silage (range 55·3–104·9 mM) compared to the animals fed FC silage (range 35·2–61·7 mM) (P < 0·002). In spite of the high digestibility of both the FC and RG silages, the nitrogen balance was significantly higher in the animals in winter compared to summer(P < 0·0001) and in the animals fed RG silage compared to the animals fed FC silage(P < 0·0001). Thus, utilization of grass silage in reindeer appears to be influenced both by season and by plant quality.
FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR GAIT IDENTIFICATION BY USING TRAJECTORY ATTRACTORS

In this study, we address a time-series analysis method for human motion analysis based on the symbolization of sensor data. In our approach, the time series of the periodical signals are expressed by dynamical systems having attractors, which symbolize the time series in state space. This paper discusses the methodology for the application of our approach to actual motion data for the clariﬁcation of any issues that may occur. To achieve this purpose, we use human walking data as actual motion data for detecting individual characteristics in motion. The results suggest that symbol space designed by our approach can be used to discriminate individual characteristics in walking motion