Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Distribution and Moments of Record Values in Increasing Populations

Consider a sequence of n independent observations from a population of increasing size i, i = 1,2,. and an absolutely continuous initial distribution function. The distribution of the kth record value is represented as a countable mixture, with mixing the distribution of the kth record time and mixed the distribution of the nth order statistic. Precisely, the distribution function and (power) moments of the kth record value are expressed by series, with co- ecients being the signless generalized Stirling numbers of the first kind. Then, the probability density function and moments of the kth record value in a geometrically increasing population are expressed by q-series, with coecients being the signless q-Stirling numbers of the first kind. In the case of a uniform distribution for the initial popu- lation, two equivalent q-series expressions of the jth (power) moment of the kth record value are derived. Also, the distribution function and the moments of the kth record value in a factorially increasing population are deduced.
Phytotoxicity of cadmium on peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in growing peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)

A pot experiment treated with cadmium (Cd) was conducted to evaluate the physiological and yield responses of peanut to cadmium in different growth stages. The results indicated that the peanut treated with cadmium level of 12 mg/kg did not cause obvious visible toxic symptoms, while the antioxidant enzymes activities concluding superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) showed significant decrease in tested growth stages. The content of total chlorophyll decreased significantly in the growth stages (P < 0.05). The results indicated that Cd destroyed the balance of free radical metabolisms, which resulted in increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the relative cell membrane permeability (RMP). The kernel yield and kernel rate per pot showed significant decrease under cadmium stress (P < 0.05). The varieties FengHua3, HuaYu20 and Luhua 12 showed more sensitive than the other varieties. The results indicated that the MDA, total chlorophyll content and RMP may be more sensitive or indicative than the others under Cadmium stress. Key words: Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), cadmium, phytotoxicity, physiological mechanism. Abbreviation: SOD, Superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; POD, peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; Chl, chlorophyll; RMP, relative cell membrane permeability.
Giant pulsations as modes of a transverse Alfvénic resonator on the plasmapause

The paper assumes that the giant pulsations are oscillations trapped within a resonator resulting from finite plasma pressure on the outer edge of the plasmapause. This resonator is bounded, across the L-shells, by two turning points allowing the wave energy to be channeled azimuthally. This assumption can explain the basic properties of the giant pulsations: strong localization across magnetic shells, poloidal polarization, presence of a significant compressional component in the Pg magnetic field, the fact that their frequency does not depend on the radial coordinate. The wave field structure both across the L-shells and along the field lines is studied. In order to explain the amplitude modulation it is sufficient to suppose that the resonator is excited by some non-stationary process. Generation by a moving source comprised of substorm-injected particles is considered.
Social learning with differentiated products

Learning from friends is a key process by which consumers acquire information about available products. This article embeds social learning in a model of firms producing differentiated products. I consider how the structure of social relationships between consumers influences pricing and welfare. In particular, how a variety of characteristics of social networks ‐ distribution of friendships, homophily, clustering, and correlations between an individual's preferences and number of friends ‐ influence these outcomes. I also find conditions under which consumer awareness and the sensitivity of demand to prices are useful measures of the informational efficiency of markets.
Stock Returns Under Alternative Volatility and Distributional Assumptions: The Case for India

This paper has attempted studying the twin issues of asymmetry/leverage effect and excess kurtosis prevalent in India’s stock returns under alternative volatility specifications as well as conditional distributional assumptions. This study has been carried out using daily-level data, based on India’s premier stock index, BSESENSEX, covering India’s post-liberalisation period from January 1996 to December 2010. Apart from lag returns, three other variables viz., call money rate, nominal exchange rate and daily dummies have been used as explanatory variables for specifying the conditional mean. Three alternative models of volatility representing the phenomenon of ‘leverage effect’ in returns viz., EGARCH, TGARCH and asymmetric PARCH along with standard GARCH have been considered for this study. As regards the assumption on conditional distribution for the innovations, apart from the Gaussian distribution, two alternative conditional distributions viz., standardized Student’s distribution and standardized GED for capturing the leptokurtic property of the return distribution have been considered. Further, comparisons across these models have been done using forecast evaluation criteria suitable for both in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts. The results indicate that the asymmetric PARCH volatility specification performs the best in terms of both in-sample and out-of-sample forecasts. Also, the assumption of normality for the conditional distribution is not quite statistically tenable against the standardized GED and standardized Student’s distribution for all the volatility models considered.
Who Has Access to Mobile Devices in an Online Opt-in Panel? An Analysis of Potential Respondents for Mobile Surveys

In most countries the spread of mobile devices in the general population has increased very quickly in the last years, changing people’s habits of accessing and using the web. Because of this, if one wants to involve respondents who access the web with the new devices, it is necessary to adapt web surveys to these devices. Nowadays, even if some probability-based online panels exist, the large majority of web surveys are done by means of non-probability-based panels (also called ‘opt-in’ or ‘access’ panels). People volunteer to participate in these panels. Thus, we can expect that the spread of mobile devices in these panels differs from the spread of mobile devices in the general population and is probably higher. However, little is known about the exact spread of different mobile devices (tablets and smartphones) within the population of panelists in access panels. Moreover, little knowledge has been acquired about which combination of devices panelists have, in general and in different countries. However, this is crucial information, since access panels represent the majority of web surveys and the participation of the panelists in these surveys is conditioned by the equipment they own. Therefore, in this chapter we study data from the Netquest online panel to get a more precise idea of the proportion of potential respondents in access online panels who would participate to surveys through mobile devices. The aim is mainly to evaluate the current spread of devices and their combination in a set of countries not studied before: Spain, Portugal and Latin American countries.
Climatic Change, Wildfire, and Conservation

Abstract: Climatic variability is a dominant factor affecting large wildfires in the western United States, an observation supported by palaeoecological data on charcoal in lake sediments and reconstructions from fire‐scarred trees. Although current fire management focuses on fuel reductions to bring fuel loadings back to their historical ranges, at the regional scale extreme fire weather is still the dominant influence on area burned and fire severity. Current forecasting tools are limited to short‐term predictions of fire weather, but increased understanding of large‐scale oceanic and atmospheric patterns in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation) may improve our ability to predict climatic variability at seasonal to annual leads. Associations between these quasi‐periodic patterns and fire occurrence, though evident in some regions, have been difficult to establish in others. Increased temperature in the future will likely extend fire seasons throughout the western United States, with more fires occurring earlier and later than is currently typical, and will increase the total area burned in some regions. If climatic change increases the amplitude and duration of extreme fire weather, we can expect significant changes in the distribution and abundance of dominant plant species in some ecosystems, which would thus affect habitat of some sensitive plant and animal species. Some species that are sensitive to fire may decline, whereas the distribution and abundance of species favored by fire may be enhanced. The effects of climatic change will partially depend on the extent to which resource management modifies vegetation structure and fuels.
Mobility as a function of social and spatial factors: the case of the Upper Austria Region

Household structure, land use pattern and travel behaviour interact to produce the observed flows of traffic. This paper explores these interactions using a structural equation modelling (SEM) approach based on the 1992 Upper Austria travel survey. The survey was based on a one third sample of the households of that Austrian province. The results highlight the key importance of car ownership, gender and work status to explain the observed level and intensity of travel. Of the land use variables only the local provision of basic services and facilities and the vicinity to the next centre in the place hierarchy had a significant influence on behaviour.
Laryngeal realism and laryngeal relativism : two voicing systems in Polish?

Th is paper argues against the ‘what you see is what you get’ bias in laryngeal phonology. It contains a new analysis of voicing in modern Polish, which incorporates phonetic interpretation into representation based phonology, and which assumes that the relation between the two aspects of sound systems is largely arbitrary. It is demonstrated that Polish in fact possesses two opposite laryngeal systems, corresponding to its two major dialects and yielding virtually identical phonetic facts, except for the phenomenon of Cracow sandhi voicing.
Human Capital, Technology Diffusion and Economic Growth in Low-to-Middle Income Country: A Time Series Perspective of Guatemala, 1950-2001

This paper investigates the impact of human capital on economic growth in Guatemala through the application of an error-correction methodology. Two channels are analyzed, by which human capital is expected to influence growth. A better-educated labor force appears to have a positive and significant impact on economic growth both via factor accumulation as well as on the evolution of total factor productivity. The results have been found robust concerning data issues and parameter stability.
Quantifying uncertainty sources in an ensemble of hydrological climate‐impact projections

The quantification of uncertainties in projections of climate impacts on river streamflow is highly important for climate adaptation purposes. In this study, we present a methodology to separate uncertainties arising from the climate model (CM), the statistical postprocessing (PP) scheme, and the hydrological model (HM). We analyzed ensemble projections of hydrological changes in the Alpine Rhine (Eastern Switzerland) for the near‐term and far‐term scenario periods 2024–2050 and 2073–2099 with respect to 1964–1990. For the latter scenario period, the model ensemble projects a decrease of daily mean runoff in summer (−32.2%, range [−45.5% to −8.1%]) and an increase in winter (+41.8%, range [+4.8% to +81.7%]). We applied an analysis of variance model combined with a subsampling procedure to assess the importance of different uncertainty sources. The CMs generally are the dominant source in summer and autumn, whereas, in winter and spring, the uncertainties due to the HMs and the statistical PP gain importance and even partly dominate. In addition, results show that the individual uncertainties from the three components are not additive. Rather, the associated interactions among the CM, the statistical PP scheme, and the HM account for about 5%–40% of the total ensemble uncertainty. The results indicate, in distinction to some previous studies, that none of the investigated uncertainty sources are negligible, and some of the uncertainty is not attributable to individual modeling chain components but rather depends upon interactions.
Detrital zircon ages from the Lower Santa Rosa Formation, Chiapas: implications on regional Paleozoic stratigraphy

Samples from the Rio Aguacate sequence that defi nes the Lower Santa Rosa Formation (SRF) in Chiapas were collected in the Jaltenango river valley that is currently partly fl ooded by the La Angostura Lake. U-Pb geochronologic analyses by Laser-Ablation Multicollector ICPMS have been conducted on 209 zircons from two quartz-rich samples of a monotonous slate and phyllite section cropping out above the lake. The maximum depositional age of the upper sample is defi ned by an overlapping group of three zircons having ages from 325 to 315 Ma. The youngest cluster of ages from the the second sample, which comes from an outcrop ~3000 meters below the fi rst, range from 341 to 331 Ma. The results indicate that most of the Santa Rosa Formation (SRF) accumulated in Mississippian time. Most detrital zircons have ages that correspond to the Pan-African-Brasiliano orogenic cycle (~700–500 Ma). Secondary peaks in the age spectra are Mesoproterozoic (~1600–900 Ma), Paleoproterozoic (~2150 Ma), Archaean (~2.6–3.3 Ga), and also Silurian-Lower Devonian (~420–360 Ma). Mesoproterozoic zircons with a major peak at 1237 Ma and a second at 1025 Ma are present only in the stratigraphically lower sample. Otherwise, the provenance ages of the Lower SRF are similar to those from the Upper SRF, indicating that the SRF probably comprises a continuous sequence. The results further indicate that early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Maya block are not part of the SRF . Similarities in detrital age distributions suggest a potential correlation with the Cosoltepec Formation of the Acatlan Complex, but a correlation with Paleozoic strata (Ixtaltepec and Santiago Formations) covering the Oaxacan complex is not indicated.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Raw Caprine , Ovine , Buffalo , Bovine , and Camel Milk Using Cell Cultivation , Cat Bioassay

This study was conducted to determine the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in animal milk samples in Iran. From a total of 395 dairy herds in three provinces of Iran, 66 bovine, 58 ovine, 54 caprine, 33 buffalo, and 30 camel herds were studied, and from these parts of Iran, 200 bovine, 185 ovine, 180 caprine, 164 buffalo, and 160 camel milk samples were collected from various seasons. Samples were tested for Toxoplasma gondii by cell line culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Only the results of cell line cultivation were confirmed by bioassay in cat. Results indicated that all herds were infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The culture method showed that 51 out of 889 milk samples (5.73%) were positive for Toxoplasma gondii, and all 51 positive culture results were positive with bioassay in cat. The Fars province had the highest prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (6.84%). The ELISA test showed that 41 milk samples (4.61%) were positive for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, while the PCR showed that 46 milk samples were positive for Toxoplasma gondii. The results showed higher sensitivity of PCR and higher specificity of ELISA. Caprine had the highest (10%) and camel had the lowest (3.12%) prevalence rate of parasite. The summer season had the highest (76.47%) but winter (3.92) had the lowest incidence of Toxoplasma gondii. This study is the first prevalence report of direct detection of Toxoplasma gondii in animal milk samples in Iran.
Constraint Mechanism of Reputation Formation Based on Signaling Model in Social Commerce

A typical feature of weak relationship between the users and sellers emerges in social commerce. The seller's reputation is a key element to ensure smooth online transactions in this weak ties environment. This paper constructs a model which integrated Bayes rule and signaling model to analyses the key factors constraining reputation formation. First, to get the reputation constraint factors under separating equilibrium conditions by setting up a model based on the seller's reputation signal between sellers and users' dynamic game process; then, to establish computing model of the seller's reputation in social commerce according to Bayes' theorem; last, analyzing the meaning of constraints to reputation calculation. This research will provide theoretical guidance to reasonable setting of two key elements affecting the seller's reputation.
Study on Dynamic Behaviors of Ionization Waves Influenced by Feedback in a Glow Discharge Plasma

Dynamic behaviors of ionization waves influenced by feedback are experimentally studied. Delayed feedback is useful for stabilization of chaotic system; it has applicability in controlling chaos. However, delayed feedback can also result in a stable system becoming unstable, or even chaotic. The ionization wave system in our experiment has one spatial degree of freedom. Neon gas is introduced into a glass tube that has been evacuated to high vacuum, and a glow discharge Ne plasma is produced by an electric current between two electrodes. Fluctuations in the light intensity are sampled using two photodiodes placed a certain distance apart; the intensity sampled from one photodiode is fed back to the system through an external circuit. The largest Lyapunov exponents are calculated from the time series sampled from the photodiodes. The value of the largest Lyapunov exponent is positive for chaotic oscillations, with higher values for more chaotic systems. The value becomes close to zero for a system with periodic oscillations. In our studies, we found that a chaotic system can be made periodic by applying feedback while the distance between two photodiodes is a multiple of a particular value.
Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Emulation in Wind Application

As the penetration of distributed generators like wind turbines increasing, more and more negative influences are reflected on power systems such as the balance of reactive power, the voltage quality and voltage stability. Variable speed wind turbines connect with grid through full or partial power ac-dc-ac converters. In order to improve the power system stability and voltage quality, virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control method is proposed for inverter control in this paper. The proposed method, which includes the electrical part, the excitation part and the mechanical part of the synchronous generator, makes the inverter imitate a synchronous generator’s behavior. In the paper, the P-Q closed loops are respectively added to the virtual stator current control, and the inverter’s output current references can be obtained. The active power and reactive power can be controlled independently by using the PQ closed loop control. At last, a simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink and the simulation results are presented to verify this control method. The effect of the PQ closed loop control will be shown as well. Finally, the VSG method is verified to improve the system’s stability and can make the grid-connected inverter work very well in wind application.
Modelling cultural, national and innovation identities in order to understand New Zealand's modest innovation performance

In a world that has moved swiftly to global trade, innovation rates have become one of the tools by which nations achieve success in the world. New Zealand is a middling international performer with regards to innovation. Utilizing discourse analysis and cultural consensus analysis we built models of New Zealand culture, national identity and innovation identity in order to gain insights into cultural and identity attributes that help and hinder New Zealand’s level of innovation. Results show that while inventiveness is an important cultural trait, a trait based in New Zealand’s history as a pioneering nation, there are other cultural factors such as a ‘make do’ attitude, the tall poppy syndrome, and an emphasis on lifestyle which potentially limit the innovation performance of New Zealand.
Usage of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and extractive fractionation in studies of the Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions in soils

XANES spectroscopy is an effective method for the study of bonds between metals and soil components. The study of structural organization in different soil samples and soil phases saturated with Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ions by using XANES allowed determining the mechanism of their interaction with soil phases and all the chemical bindings taken place in the course of this process. Changes in the structure of the metal ion, in particular breakdown of the symmetry of electron orbits of atoms, take place due to interaction with soil components. Application of this method demonstrated that the state of copper and zinc introduced in chernozem as oxides did not change after one year of incubation. Copper is absorbed after being introduced as soluble salts, and copper ions are incorporated in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites of minerals and bonded with humic materials at the expense of covalent bond and the formation of coordination humate copper complexes. Zinc included into octahedric structures of layered minerals and hydro(oxides) can be inner-and outer-sphere adsorbed. It is shown that the action of the metal bound to soil components becomes weakened in case of increasing the Cu and Zn load (from 2000 to 10000 mg/kg) especially applied in the form of soluble salts. Extractive fractionation of metal compounds in chernozem samples, artificially contaminated with copper and zinc salts serves as evidence of absorbing the applied Cu 2+ ions by the soil organic matter and Zn 2+ ions – by silicates, carbonates, and Fe-Mn oxides.
Analysis of change in surface roughness of samples printed using screen printing with variable mesh type

This paper presents results of experiment conducted in order to determine influence of mesh density on surface roughness of textile materials printed with screen printing technology. Experiment was conducted to prove hypothesis that printing with different mesh density of the screen will cause changes in surface roughness parameters. Density of the screen mesh is usually used for determining volume of the ink transfer to the substrate. Volume of the transfer ink has a significant influence on changes in surface roughness of substrates. Surface structures of the textile substrates are filled with ink thus causing changes in surface roughness. For these experiment three different types of screen printing mesh were used with variable mesh density, 46, 54, as well as 90 threads per centimeter. Printing substrates used in the experiment was textile material composed of 100 % cotton. Inks used for printing were cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and green. All together 15 samples were made and their surface roughness was measured using TR 200 measuring unit. Mean value of 10 measurements is presented and further analyzed. The results showed a correlation between the type of screen printing mesh used and changes in surface roughness.