Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE OF THREE CHELONUS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) SPECIES TO KAIROMONES IN SCALES OF SIX LEPIDOPTERA

Abstract Three species of egg–larval parasites in the genus Chelonus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) exhibited host-searching behavior when exposed to body scales from 6 species of Lepidoptera representing 3 families. The nonspecific response to scales from several hosts appears to be of adaptive value to Chelonus spp. , as it is consistent with the polyphagous habits reported for this genus. The searching response was more widespread and intense in an Ethiopian Chelonus sp. than in 2 other species. It is thought that the broad responsiveness to host scales may detrimentally affect parasite searching ability through excessive loss of searching time, although sensory adaptation to the kairomones might serve to attenuate such effect. Some coevolutionary aspects of this host–parasite chemical interaction are discussed. Résumé Trois espèces de parasites d’oeufs–larves appartenant au genre Chelonus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) ont manifesté le comportement typique de recherche de l’hôte en présence d’écailles provenant d’individus de 6 espèces de lépidoptères représentant 3 familles. La réaction non-spécifique aux écailles de plusieurs hôtes semble adaptative pour ces espèces de Chelonus, puisqu’elle est en accord avec les habitudes polyphages rapportées pour ce genre. La réponse de recherche était plus fréquente et plus intense chez 1 espèce éthiopienne de Chelonus que chez 2 autres espèces. On croit que la sensibilité élevée à la présence d’écaillés d’hôtes pourrait réduire l’efficacité de recherche du parsite dû à la perte de temps passé en recherche inutile, bien que l’adaptation sensorielle aux kairomones pourrait atténuer cet effet. La discussion porte sur certains aspects coévolutifs de cette interation hôte–parasite de nature chimique.
Comparative Toxicities of Some Insecticides to the Tobacco Budworm and Its Ichneumonid Parasite, Campoletis sonorensis

Representatives of different insecticide classes were tested for toxicity to larvae of an organophosphate (OP) resistant strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and adults of one of its Ichneumonid parasites, Campoletis sonorensis (Carlson). Organochlorine insecticides, most phosphorothionates (P=S), a carbamate, a formamidine and natural pyrethrins were at least 100 times as toxic to the parasite as to the host. An S -alkyl phosphorodithioate, several S -alkyl phosphorothiolates and phosphates (P=O), and several synthetic pyrethroids were more nearly equal in toxicity to the parasite and the host. Those insecticides much more toxic to the parasite than the host are detoxified primarily by oxidative processes. Many of the insecticides of similar toxicity to both insects are detoxified in large part by hydrolytic processes. The data indicate that hydrolytically metabolized insecticides may be best suited for use in integrated control programs as they are less likely to selectively kill parasite populations.
DNA probes as molecular markers to monitor the seasonal occurrence of walnut witches-broom mycoplasmalike organism

A rapid and sensitive method was developed to monitor the occurrence of walnut witches'-broom (WWB) mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) in infected walnut (Juglans nigra) trees. Walnut leaf tissues from both asymptomatic and symptomatic trees were collected monthly during the growing seasons of 1990 and 1991 and freeze-dried. Southern blots of CTAB-extracted DNA without endonuclease digestion were used for hybridization with 32 P-labeled chromosomal and extrachromosomal WWB MLO DNA probes (.)
The vegetation carbon storage variation in Europe since 6000 BP: reconstruction from pollen

A method is devised to reconstruct the vegetation ecosystems from pollen data. The twelve ecosystems undisturbed by man used by Olson, Watts & Allison (1985) for Europe are refined into twenty-three more homogeneous entities. Each entity is characterized by three typical pollen spectra. A canonical correlation analysis is performed to optimize the climatic signal in the pollen data. A set of 1249 modem spectra and 330 fossil spectra for 6000 BP is available. Each of these pollen spectra is transformed into canonical coordinates and compared to the sixty-nine typical spectra to obtain the best analogue ecosystem. The carbon density provided by Olsen for each of the ecosystems are refined by using a regression model and a net primary productivity model. The area covered by each of the ecosystems and these carbon densities are used to calculate the total carbon storage in the vegetation. In this study, we do not take into account the carbon stored in the soil. It appears that the carbon storage in the phytomass has not changed since 6000 BP, because the quasi-disappearance of the tundra was compensated by the extension of the deciduous forest which contains less carbon than the conifer forests.
Clonal Multiplication of Dioscorea Alata L. and Dioscorea Rotundata Poir. Yams by Tissue Culture

SummaryA tissue culture method is described for the rapid clonal multiplication of Dioscorea alata and D. rotundata. Nodal segments of plants grown under long days (16 h light/8 h dark) were used as expiants and cultured on the Murashige and Skoog basal medium without growth regulators.
Carbon Isotope Characterization of Vegetation and Soil Organic Matter in Subtropical Forests in Luquillo, Puerto Rico1

We examined natural abundances of "3C in vegetation and soil organic matter (SOM) of subtropical wet and rain forests to characterize the isotopic enrichment through decomposition that has been reported for temperate forests. Soil cores and vegetative samples from the decomposition continuum (leaves, new litter, old litter, wood, and roots) were taken from each of four forest types in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. SOM 613C was enriched 1.6%o relative to aboveground litter. We found no further enrichment within the soil profile. The carbon isotope ratios of vegetation varied among forests, ranging from -28.2%o in the Colorado forest to -26.9%o in the Palm forest. Isotope ratios of SOM differed between forests primarily in the top 20 cm where the Colorado forest was again most negative at -28.0%o, and the Palm forest was most positive at -26.5%o. The isotopic differences between forests are likely attributable to differences in light regimes due to canopy density variation, soil moisture regimes, and/or recycling of CO2. Our data suggest that recalcitrant SOM is not derived directly from plant lignin since plant lignin is even more "3C depleted than the bulk vegetation. We hypothesize that the anthropogenic isotopic depletion of atmospheric CO2 (ca 1.5%o in the last 150 years) accounts for some of the enrichment observed in the SOM relative to the more modern vegetation in this study and others. This study also supports other observations that under wet or anaerobic soil environments there is no isotopic enrichment during decomposition or with depth in the active profile.
Verification of Flutter Method for the Purposes of Building a Very Flexible Wing Generative Model

First step of aircraft design is calculation of initial parameters, based on assumptions determining flight parameters which designed aircraft should meet. During these calculations, it is possible to pre-detect structure instability called a flutter. These calculations are made based on the geometric parameters assumed in the first conceptual drawings of the flying vehicle. Assumed masses and speeds allow for preliminary analysis of forces acting on the structure. The next step is to determine the displacements and deformations occurring in the structure of the aircraft in different phases of flight and under different conditions. The article presents all the stages of wing analysis for a proposed stratospheric drone with a highly flexible wing structure. This analysis, after integration with CAD software, will allow for the preparation of a comprehensive generative model. The basic assumptions of the designed aircraft are: flight altitude, wings area, very extended or unlimited flight time, approximate flight speed, climbing time, hull parameters, rudder size and placement, wing profile and mass of the structure. These assumptions made it possible to carry out a preliminary analysis of loads, wing pressure distribution, lift force and total resistance force. The goal of the research is to develop a methodology of preliminary flutter analysis which can be easily integrated in the form of calculation backgound for generative model. This methodology has been developed to determine displacements, structure stability and critical vibration frequencies. CAD software after integration with constantly optimizing calculation software will allow the generation of optimal shape and structure rigidity for given initial assumptions.
Population Ecology of a Desert Rodent: Dipodomys Merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert

We show that the extremely flexible life history and other facultative be- haviors of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, facilitate adult survival and enable this small mammal to maintain remarkably stable populations despite wide, unpredictable fluctuations in its desert environment. Mark-recapture methods provided data on popu- lation density, growth, reproduction, dispersal, and survival for a population of D. merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert of southeastern Arizona from 1978 through 1984. Population density showed both annual and interannual fluctuations, but varied only from -3 to 15 individuals/ha. The life history is characterized by long survival (up to at least 3.5 yr), modest and variable reproductive effort (zero to at least two litters per year, and an average of two young per litter), slow growth and maturation of young (at least 3 mo from birth to reproductive maturity), and frequent, facultative dispersal of adults as well as juveniles (75% of the males and 59% of the females that lived >4 mo dispersed). This combination of life history traits enabled D. merriami to confine reproduction to favorable periods, with the result that although adults of both sexes showed a loss of body mass associated with reproduction, there was no evidence that they experienced increased risk of mortality. Frequent and male-biased dispersal of adults is probably not unique to this species. Most standard methods of analyzing mark-recapture data probably underestimate the frequency of dispersal and its effects on sex ratio and genetic structure.
A simulation model for vegetable-insect pest-insect nucleopolyhedrovirus epidemic system

A generalized model for the epidemiology of baculoviruses in an insect population was implemented in the multi-platform computer language Java. The model consists of a basic insect life table model, supplemented with all relevant infection pathways for the baculovirus and a simple crop growth and damage model. The simulation model is developed to provide a research tool and a teaching model for the epidemiology of pest insect diseases. The model simulates insect population dynamics, active baculovirus dynamics as well as crop injury. The model can be parameterized for various crops, pest insects, and accommodates variable temperatures. It can be used to study the likely behavior of genetically modified baculovirus in agro-ecosystems.
Administration of Three Natural Products as Protective Agents Against The Genotoxic And Cytotoxic Effect of Methotrexate in Mice (Mus Musculus).

Background: Methotrexate is an antimetabolite and antifolate drug. It is used in treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases. Material and methods: 210 healthy adult male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus), were allotted among three groups. The animal were given daily (0.065mg/ml) of methotrexate intraperitonealy followed by injection of Omega-3 plus at dose (8.58 mg/20g mice), Apple at dose (1.43 mg/20 g mice) and Psyllium at dose (18.2mg /20 g mice) for five days. Results: Various Structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells; mitotic activity and sperm head abnormality were recorded, quantitated, and statistically analyzed. Also DNA extraction and apoptosis detection in liver was done. The intensity of apoptotic bands located at 200 b p; 400b p ; 600 b p;800 b p and intact DNA measured by software Gel Pro program as maximum optical density values. Conclusion:, Methotrexate had adverse effect on chromosomal and sperm head structure, also it induce apoptosis, necrosis and decrease total DNA in mice liver.Omega-3 plus, Apple, and Psyllium attenuate the methotrexate-related toxic effects.
Apple Fruit Bud Development and Growth; Analysis and an Empirical Model

Analysis of the information available on apple bud development and growth after dormancy leads to an empirical model of growth to full bloom. The analysis and model are set in the framework of the physiological mechanisms considered to be responsible for dormancy and subsequent bud growth. It is necessary to introduce an arbitrary ‘growth unit’ scale to describe these processes quantitatively, which is done by the equation G = A/(I+be−k(I). P) where G and A are in growth units, the value of k is controlled by a dormancy index I and P is a temperature summation. The model fulfils the main requirements laid down for it and the values of P at full bloom, derived from controlled environment work and field observations, are very similar.
Application of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) in Patients During Prolonged Gynecological Surgery

Abstract Introduction: A lot of clinical studies have shown that during prolonged surgery protective ventilation strategy, including low tidal volume, PEEP and recruitment maneuvers (RM) can reduce the rate of postoperative pulmonary complications, which are the second most common cause for postoperative mortality. Therefore, it is important to investigate clinical methods for preventing them. The strategy of protective ventilation is easy and safe for the patients and inexpensive for application during prolonged surgery. Aims: The objective of this trial was to study whether application of PEEP in patients during prolonged gynecological surgery could decrease the postoperative complications. Material and Methods: We compared the rates of postoperative complications in patients after prolonged open gynecological surgery, who were divided into 2 groups – group A, which was the control group on non-protective ventilation (35 patients) and group B on protective ventilation (35 patients). The patients in the control group were ventilated with tidal volume (VT) of 8-10 ml/kg without PEEP and RM; the patients in group B were ventilated with VT = 6-8 ml/kg according to their Predicted Body Weight, with a PEEP of 6 cm H2O and RM, which consisted of applying continuous positive airway pressure of 30 cm H2O for 30 seconds. RM was performed after intubation, after every disconnection from ventilator and before extubation. The study was successfully performed without a need for a change in the type of ventilation strategy because of hypoxia or hemodynamic instability. Statistical nonparametric test (e.g. chi-square) was applied. Results: Total rate of all postoperative complications observed in both groups was 27,1%. We found a significant relationship between application of PEEP and lower rates of postoperative pulmonary complications in group A (39,4%) compared to group B (12,1%), lower rate of respiratory failure (33,3% in group A vs. 9,1% in group B -) and atelectasis (21,2% in group A vs. 0% in group B). Conclusion: The protective ventilation strategy (low VT, PEEP and RM) in patients during prolonged gynecological surgery can reduce the rate of postoperative pulmonary complications such as respiratory failure and atelectasis.
Stimulation of cephalosporin C production by Acremonium chrysogenum M35 with fatty acids

Supplementation with rice oil and its major components (oleic acid and linoleic acid) was found to have a significant influence on cephalosporin C (CPC) production and cell growth by A. chrysogenum M35 in shake flask cultures. Five percent (v/v) rice oil had the most robust effect and 5% (v/v) oleic acid was the second most efficient on cell growth, whereas 3% (v/v) linoleic acid was found to be optimal for CPC production. Rice oil, oleic acid, and linoleic acid also significantly improved the rates of glucose consumption. When glucose was almost consumed, CPC production was initiated and, on the addition of rice oil, lipase activity increased steadily to 1.56 U/ml for 4 days. These results suggest that rice oil and fatty acids are used as carbon source to produce CPC by A. chrysogenum M35. Moreover, a mixture, composed of 40% (v/v) oleic acid and 60% (v/v) linoleic acid, had the strongest stimulatory effect on CPC production, due to a synergistic effect of the two fatty acids. Consequently, the maximum CPC titer (7.44 g/l) was improved about 4.5-fold.
Comparative Profile of Rubisco-interacting Proteins From Arabidopsis : Photosynthesis Under Cold Conditions*: Comparative Profile of Rubisco-interacting Proteins From Arabidopsis : Photosynthesis Under Cold Conditions*

Rubisco (Ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, EC 4.1.1.39) is crucial in biological circumstance fluctuation. Although disassembly of Rubisco after chill treatment has been reported in previous studies, there is only little known data on Rubisco interactive proteins involved in the disassembly process of Rubisco. Both repression of net photosynthesis rate and disassembly of Rubisco large subunits (Ru-L) have been investigated in the wild type, Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0), treated at 4°C for 4 h and 24 h together with their 24 h recoveries at 20°C . Co-immunoprecipitation coupled with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and MALDI-TOF MS identification was used to explore Rubisco-interacting proteins. Five protein candidates were profiled. The identified AAA-type ATPase family and glycosyltransferase were determined crucial for Rubisco activity. It is also strongly correlated to cold acclimation. Results suggest that the disassembly of Rubisco might have been the main cause of photosynthesis rate reduction under chill conditions, rather than photosystem or biogenesis involvement.
Callus induction and RAPD analysis of Simarouba glauca DC

Callus induction for somatic embryogenesis from Simarouba glauca DC leaf explants of three genotypes (S. glauca 5, S. glauca 19 and S. glauca 21) was studied. Leaf explants (leaf segments from basal, middle and tip of the leaves) were cultured on two types of nutrient media; SGC1 and SGC2. Both media contained Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with vitamins: 100 mg/L ascorbic acid, 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.5 to 5.0 mg/L NAA (1-napthaleneacetic acid), and 3.0 g/L sucrose. The SGC2 media additionally contained 0.5 to 5.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). SGC2 media generated better callusing response compared to SGC1, thus displaying the importance of using 2,4-D in combination with NAA for callus induction. MS medium containing 2.5 mg/L NAA (SGC1.5) was noted to be the most effective in the initiation of friable embryogenic callus. On the other hand, MS medium containing a combination of 2.0 mg/L NAA and 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D was effective in the early initiation of friable embryogenic callus. In addition, a higher frequency of callus formation was observed from basal leaf segment as compared to that from middle and apical leaf segments. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was also performed to see the genetic differences between the three S. glauca genotypes used in this study. The performance of S. glauca 5 and S. glauca 19 for higher callus frequency over the S. glauca 21 could be attributed to the genotypic differences between these genotypes. Overall, our protocol using SGC 2.4 media yielded optimal results and is suitable for large scale micropropagation of S. glauca. Key words: Simarouba glauca, somatic embryogenesis, callus, plant growth regulators, RAPD and biofuel.
Deep sequencing analysis of the circadian transcriptome of the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis

The study of the circadian clock has benefited greatly from using Drosophila as a model system. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that the fly might not be the canonical insect model. Here, we have analysed the circadian transcriptome of the Jewl wasp Nasonia vitripennis by using RNA-seq in both constant darkness (DD) and constant light (LL, the wasps are rhythmic in LL with period shortening). At a relatively stringent FDR (q < 0.1), we identified 1,057 cycling transcripts in DD and 929 in LL (fraction of 6.7% and 5.9% of all transcripts analysed in DD and LL respectively). Although there was little similarity between cycling genes in Drosophila and Nasonia, the functions fulfilled by cycling transcripts were similar in both species. Of the known Drosophila core clock genes, only pdp1e, shaggy and Clok showed a significant cycling in Nasonia, underscoring the importance of studying the clock in non-model organisms.
Individual Consistency of Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Deer Mice

Individual physiological performance is often assumed to be consistent and repeatable. We examined the individual consistency of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner). Correlations of repeated measures on individuals were studied over time, short-term captivity, long-term cold acclimation to 3 0C, and acclimation to low (340 m) and high (3800 m) altitudes. The latter three treatments are known to induce significant changes in Vo2max. Two measurement protocols, severe cold exposure and intense exercise, were used to elicit Vo2max. The 1Vo2max as elicited by exercise and cold exposure were strongly and significantly correlated for all experimental treatments. Individual correlations across experimental treatments were generally strong for whole-animal Vo2max data, using both the exercise and cold exposure protocols. Correlations were weaker, but usually remained significant, when effects of body mass were removed. Across-altitude correlations were significant in most cases but correlation coefficients were lower than for other treatments. Our results suggest that in many cases, individual Vo2max measurements in one experimental situation are useful indicators of performance relative to the group mean in other situations or acclimation regimes. Key-words: Deer mice, high altitude, maximal aerobic metabolism, phenotypic plasticity, physiological performance, repeatability, within-individual variation
The effect of static and dynamic balance training on balance in children with congenital blindness

Aim: Visual information is very important in predicting the speed of body segments and objects and providing balance, as well as in the timing of psychomotor responses. The maintenance of posture and balance is negatively affected by partial or total loss of vision. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of static and dynamic balance training on balance in children with congenital blindness. Materials and methods : The study included 18 congenitally blind children, comprising 9 males and 9 females with a mean age of 10.94 ± 1.89 years. All participants were attending a special primary/secondary school for the blind. Balance functions were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the training program using the Balance Subtests of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test Short Form (BOT-2, SF), Timed Up and Go Test, the Functional Reach Test and the One Legged Stance Test. The training program of static and dynamic balance exercises was applied twice weekly for 8 weeks. Results: A significant improvement was determined in all the balance tests after the training program (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that balance-specific static and dynamic exercises contribute to improvements in the balance of children with congenital blindness. Therefore, balance exercises should be to rehabilitation programs to improve the balance of children with congenital blindness