Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Wood Anatomy of Twelve Woody Plant Species in Northeastern Mexico and Its Relation to Taxonomy and Wood Quality

The present study has been undertaken on wood anatomy of 12 woody species at Linares, northeast Mexico. The results show large variation among species in wood anatomical traits such as porosity, vessel diameter, its distribution, parenchyma, compactness of ground tissues and fibre cell characteristics. Most of the species are ring to semiring porous viz. , Acacia shaffneri, Acacia wrightii, and Eysenhardtia polystachya . Fibre cell characteristics also showed large variations in morphology, size, and lumen breadth. Most of the species have narrow vessels, viz . , Acacia shaffneri, Acacia wrightii, Helietta parvifolia, contained medium sized vessels. Many of the species possess narrow vessels which although impose transport of water but protect the vessels against cavitation during drought and freezing and the species with small narrow vessels mentioned have strategy to adapt both to hot and cold climate against cavitation. All these wood anatomical traits could be utilized to distinguish species as well as quality determinations of species. The variation in hydraulic systems determines the capacity of water transport among species. Besides, these variations in wood anatomical traits such as wood compactness, high density of thick walled wood fibres could be related to good quality of timber for fabrication of strong furniture, on the other hand, the species having broad lumen and thin cell wall could produce good paper pulp which should be confirmed in future study.
Low emittance lattice for the storage ring of the Turkish Light Source Facility TURKAY

The TAC (Turkish Accelerator Center) project aims to build an accelerator center in Turkey. The first stage of the project is to construct an Infra-Red Free Electron Laser (IR-FEL) facility. The second stage is to build a synchrotron radiation facility named TURKAY, which is a third generation synchrotron radiation light source that aims to achieve a high brilliance photon beam from a low emittance electron beam at 3 GeV. The electron beam parameters are highly dependent on the magnetic lattice of the storage ring. In this paper a low emittance storage ring for TURKAY is proposed and the beam dynamic properties of the magnetic lattice are investigated.
Unveiling the Nature of IGR J17497–2821 Using X-Ray and Near-Infrared Observations

We report on a Chandra grating observation of the recently discovered hard X-ray transient IGR J17497-2821. The observation took place about 2 weeks after the discovery of the source at a flux level of about 20 mcrab in the 0.8-8 keV range. We extracted the most precise X-ray position of IGR J17497-2821, i.e., αJ2000 = 17h49m38.037s, δJ2000 = -28°21'17.37'' (with a 90% uncertainty of 0.6''). We also report on optical and near-infrared photometric follow-up observations based on this position. With the multiwavelength information at hand, we discuss the possible nature of the source, proposing that IGR J17497-2821 is a low-mass X-ray binary, most likely hosting a black hole, with a red giant K-type companion.
Recollections of Professor George W. Gray

This article collects together personal reminisces of George Gray from a number of colleagues, and friends: Lev Blinov, Duncan Bruce, Atsuo Fukuda, Mark Goulding, Ken Harrison, Cyril Hilsum, Alan Leadbetter, Martin Pellatt, and Peter Wells. Read together they paint a picture not only of a remarkable scientist, and brilliant teacher, but also of a modest, warm and generous man.
Metode Validasi Analisis Senyawa Kimia Obat dalam Sampel Biologis (Plasma Darah)

Plasma darah digunakan sebagai sampel biologis dalam menentukan kadar senyawa obat dikarenakan konsentrasi dari obat akan berikatan dengan reseptornya dan menentukan besar kecilnya efek farmakologi yang diberikan dari suatu obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keakuratan plasma darah manusia sebagai sampel pada beberapa metode validasi dengan berbagai analit yang berbeda. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan studi literatur pada beberapa jurnal yang kredibel dengan kriteria jurnal 10 tahun terakhir mengenai penentuan kadar senyawa obat dalam darah manusia. Hasil yang didapatkan dari lima analit yang berbeda yaitu glibenklamid kombinasi dengan metformin, formalin, vankomisin, lisinopril dan a-mangostin yang telah dilakukan uji validasi dengan berbagai metode validasi yaitu SPE-MIP dilanjut KCKT, spektorofotometer UV-VIS, KCKT-UV, UPLC dan KLT densitometri dengan menggunakan sampel plasma darah manusia, semuanya memenuhi persyaratan validasi. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa, plasma darah manusia yang dijadikan sebagai sampel dalam uji validasi dengan berbagai metode dan analit yang berbeda yang telah dilakukan seluruhnya akurat karena seluruh metode uji validasi memenuhi persyaratan.
Mechanism for the κ-Al 2 O 3 to the α-Al 2 O 3 transition and the stability of κ-Al 2 O 3 under volume expansion

The $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ metastable phase is an important material for producing cutting tools. However, at temperatures above 1000 K the $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ phase transforms into the stable modification $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}. $ We have investigated mechanisms for this transformation by means of molecular dynamic simulations using pair potentials. We have found that for the temperature range above 1000 K the mean square displacement of the atoms at the free surface changes its behavior drastically. Since, as was calculated, all other possible driving mechanisms of the phase transition such as pressure and/or temperature without a free surface are not sufficient to cause the transition, the free surface is the major factor initiating the unwanted transition. To hinder the transition one has to slow down the diffusion at the free surface. As an alternative to chemical vapor deposition of thin films of $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase at surfaces of cutting tools, it is found that it is thermodynamically possible to obtain $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in a stable phase at a volume expansion of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase at a negative pressure of about $\ensuremath{-}40\mathrm{kbar}. $
A Review on Modal Clustering

In spite of the current availability of numerous methods of cluster analysis, evaluating a clustering configuration is questionable without the definition of a true population structure, representing the ideal partition that clustering methods should try to approximate. A precise statistical notion of cluster, unshared by most of the mainstream methods, is provided by the density‐based approach, which assumes that clusters are associated to some specific features of the probability distribution underlying the data. The non‐parametric formulation of this approach, known as modal clustering, draws a correspondence between the groups and the modes of the density function. An appealing implication is that the ill‐specified task of cluster detection can be regarded to as a more circumscribed problem of estimation, and the number of clusters is also conceptually well defined. In this work, modal clustering is critically reviewed from both conceptual and operational standpoints. The main directions of current research are outlined as well as some challenges and directions of further research.
Applications of Effective Field Theories to the Many-Body Nuclear Problem and Frustrated Spin Chains

Modern effective-theory techniques are applied to the nuclear many-body problem and frustrated quantum spin chains. A novel approach is proposed for the renormalization of nucleon-nucleon operators in a manner consistent with the construction of the effective potential. To test this approach a one-dimensional, yet realistic, nucleon-nucleon potential is introduced. An effective potential is then constructed by tuning its parameters to reproduce the exact effective-range expansion and a variety of bare operators are renormalized in a fashion compatible with this construction. Predictions for the expectation values of these effective operators in the ground state reproduce the results of the exact theory with remarkable accuracy (at the 0.5% level). We illustrate the main ideas of this work using the elastic form factor of the deuteron as an example. We also apply the COntractor REnormalizator technique to the study of frustrated anti-ferromagnetic zig-zag spin chains with arbitrary half-integer spin. A basis is employed in which three neighboring spins are coupled to a well-defined value of total angular momentum. The basis is then truncated to retain only the lowest lying energy states, and the Hamiltonian renormalized to reproduce the low-lying energy spectrum of the original system. We prove the necessity of retaining two, rather than one, lowest energy eigenstates as frustration is increased. A finite size scaling approach is used to extract ground state energy densities in good agreement with DMRG calculations and spin gaps in qualitative agreement with the disappearance of the Haldane phase around α = 0.3. Moreover, we are able to develop a renormalization group equation that predicts accurately the ground state energy density of the chain in the thermodynamic limit.
Riemann solver for irreversibly compressible three‐phase porous media

The Riemann problem for an irreversibly compressible three‐phase medium has been solved. This solution introduces the maximum medium density that is attained in the process of active loading. The possible wave configurations have been analyzed, and the corresponding equations for the evaluation of the contact pressure and velocity have been obtained. The existence and uniqueness of the solution has been proven. The technique of the Riemann problem's solution for the arbitrary Lagrange–Euler mesh was developed. Examples of the Riemann problem solution for various wave configurations show that neglecting the bulk elastic plastic deformations yields significant errors in the results both quantitatively and qualitatively. The effect of the air volumetric content in a three‐phase soil medium on the Riemann problem solution has been investigated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow batteries with solid energy boosters

Adding solid electroactive materials as energy boosters to flow battery tanks provides a path to electrical energy storing systems with unprecedently high specific energy and specific power, that can solve the needs of both automotive and stationary energy storage markets. This work reviews the physical and chemical principles behind this new class of flow batteries, the history of this technology, and the most promising research directions.
The Chemical Composition of the 30 Doradus Nebula Derived from Very Large Telescope Echelle Spectrophotometry

Echelle spectrophotometry of the 30 Doradus nebula in the LMC is presented. The data consist of VLT UVES observations in the 3100-10350 Å range. The intensities of 366 emission lines have been measured, including 269 identified permitted lines of H0, He0, C0, C+, N+, N++, O0, O+, Ne0, Ne+, S+, S++, Si0, Si+, Si++, Ar+, and Mg+; many of them are produced by recombination only while others mainly by fluorescence. Electron temperatures and densities have been determined using different line intensity ratios. The He+, C++, O+, and O++ ionic abundances have been derived from recombination lines; these abundances are almost independent of the temperature structure of the nebula. Alternatively, abundances from collisionally excited lines have been derived for a large number of ions of different elements; these abundances depend strongly on the temperature structure. Accurate t2 values have been derived from the Balmer continuum and by comparing the C++, O+, and O++ ionic abundances obtained from collisionally excited and recombination lines. The chemical composition of 30 Doradus is compared with those of Galactic and extragalactic H II regions. The values of ΔY/ΔO, ΔY/ΔZ, and Yp are also discussed.
Tumor Response and NIR‐II Photonic Thermal Co‐Enhanced Catalytic Therapy Based on Single‐Atom Manganese Nanozyme

Single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) can effectively mimic the metal active centers of natural enzymes at the atomic level owing to their atomically dispersed active sites, thereby maximizing atom utilization efficiency and density of active sites. Hence, SAzymes can be considered the most promising candidates to replace natural enzymes. Herein, a PEGylated mesoporous Mn‐based single‐atom nanozyme (PmMn/SAE) employing a coordination‐assisted polymerization pyrolysis strategy that uses polydopamine for photothermal‐augmented nanocatalytic therapy is designed. PmMn/SAE exhibits excellent multiple enzymatic performance, including catalase‐like, oxidase‐like, and peroxidase (POD)‐like performance, due to the atomically dispersed Mn active species. As a result, PmMn/SAE not only catalyzes the decomposition of endogenous H2O2 to generate O2 for relieving hypoxia inside the tumor but also transfers electrons to O2 to produce superoxide radicals to kill tumor cells. Meanwhile, PmMn/SAE is able to trigger Fenton‐like reactions to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicals to induce cancer cell apoptosis. The POD‐like catalytic mechanism of mMn/SAE is revealed using experimental results and density functional theory. Furthermor, PmMn/SAE shows good photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 22.1%) in the second near‐infrared region (1064 nm). Both the in vitro and in vivo experimental results indicate that PmMn/SAE can effectively kill cancer cells through photothermal‐enhanced catalytic therapy.
In situ degradation of dairy cattle feedstuffs using reusable local nylon fabric bags

Background and Aim: Disposable imported nylon bags used in an in situ digestibility measurement restrict the effort of scientists to obtain more accurate information about ruminant feed quality due to their low affordability and environmentally unfriendly characteristics. This study aimed to find reusable local nylon fabrics to substitute imports. Materials and Methods: Five local fabrics (B1 = Abutai, B2 = Taffeta, B3 = Organza, B4 = N57, and B5 = M100) were used to make nylon bags and compared with the imported bag (B6 = Ankom technology). The research consisted of three steps: (1) Observing the similarity of the local nylon bag’s hole number to the imported bag. (2) Testing feed in situ degradation (F1 = Napier grass, F2 = Cornmeal, and F3 = Dairy cattle total mixed ration) using bags B1–B6. (3) The reusability of the bag was tested using different washing methods (under running water [R1], rinse [R2], and ultrasonic water bath [R3]). Results: It was shown that the hole numbers of B1 (1223 hole numbers) and B2 (1245 hole numbers) were not significantly different from B6 (1248 hole numbers). It was shown with dry matter degradability measurement using the in situ method that there was no significant difference in feed solubility (a), potential degradability (b), and the effective degradation between local fabrics (B1–B5) and B6. According to the degradation rate (c), there were interactions between the feeds and fabrics. For F1, all local fabrics were similar to B6, while for F2, only B1 was different from B6. For F3, only B5 was different from B6. It was also shown by the organic matter degradability measurements that there was a similar trend. The exception was the solubility (a) component in F3, in which it was shown that B1 was also different from B6. It was shown in the reusable test that there was no difference in the weight of the bag before and after all washing methods. In contrast, the hole number increased due to the shrinking of the bag after drying in a 60°C oven. Conclusion: According to this in situ study, local nylon bag B2 can substitute imported bags. A lower drying temperature is suggested to prevent shrinking and make the bag reusable.
On Galois matrix rings of a ring

Let R be a ring with 1, Mn(R) the ring of n × n-matrices over R for an integer n, and G an inner automorphism group of Mn(R) of order n2 induced by {Ui ∈ Mn(R), i = 1, . , n2}. Then the Galois matrix ring Mn(R) over R with inner Galois group G is characterized in terms of {Ui} and the trace of G.
Noise Correlations and Coherent Coupling in Solid-State Qubits

This thesis is devoted to the study of quantum mechanical effects that arise in systems of reduced dimensionality. Specifically, we investigate coherence and correlation effects in quantum transport models. In the first part, we present a theory of Markovian and non- Markovian current correlations in nanoscopic conductors. The theory is applied to obtain the spectrum of quantum noise and high-order current correlations at finite frequencies in quantum-dot systems. One of the main conclusions is that only the non-Markovian approach contains the physics of vacuum fluctuations. In the second part, we study the coupling of superconducting qubits to optical atomic systems and to cavity resonators. We propose a hybrid quantum system consisting of a flux qubit coupled to NV centers in diamond. We also demonstrate the existence of the so-called Bloch-Siegert shift in the ultra-strong coupling regime between a flux qubit and a LC resonator. Throughout the thesis, we make special emphasis on the study of decoherence effects produced by the distinct dissipative baths to which the various types of qubits presented in this thesis are inevitably coupled.
Examining competition during the agnathan/gnathostome transition using distance-based morphometrics

Abstract. The rise of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and extinction of nearly all jawless vertebrates (agnathans) is one of the most important transitions in vertebrate evolution, but the causes are poorly understood. Competition between agnathans and gnathostomes during the Devonian period is the most commonly hypothesized cause; however, no formal attempts to test this hypothesis have been made. Generally, competition between species increases as morphological similarity increases; therefore, this study uses the largest to date morphometric comparison of Silurian and Devonian agnathan and gnathostome groups to determine which groups were most and least likely to have competed. Five agnathan groups (Anaspida, Heterostraci, Osteostraci, Thelodonti, and Furcacaudiformes) were compared with five gnathostome groups (Acanthodii, Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, Placodermi, and Sarcopterygii) including taxa from most major orders. Morphological dissimilarity was measured by Gower's dissimilarity coefficient, and the differences between agnathan and gnathostome body forms across early vertebrate morphospace were compared using principal coordinate analysis. Our results indicate competition between some agnathans and gnathostomes is plausible, but not all agnathan groups were similar to gnathostomes. Furcacaudiformes (fork-tailed thelodonts) are distinct from other early vertebrate groups and the least likely to have competed with other groups.
Thermionic emission including both space charge and image forces. Technical report

The net emission current for a uniform planar thermionic emitter is determined for a range of voltages, temperatures, and various values of the work function. Poisson's equation is self-consistently solved, using numerical techniques, without any additional phenomenological assumptions. This work accurately specifies the net current in the transition region between space charge-limited and temperature-limited emission, and the first determination of the shape of the interelectrode potential there is presented. A comparison with earlier approximate techniques is also included.
A magnetohydrodynamic theory for the lunar response to time variations in a spatially uniform ambient magnetic field

An analytic theory based on principles of magnetohydrodynamics is derived for interpreting the lunar magnetic response to magnetic field fluctuations in the lobes of the geomagnetic tail. Only the case of magnetic perturbations parallel to a spatially uniform ambient magnetic field is treated. The theoretical frequency-dependent MHD transfer function depends on both the lunar electrical conductivity profile and the Alfven speed of the tail lobe plasma. For circular frequencies much less than the Alfven speed/lunar radius, the MHD transfer function reduces to the vacuum transfer function, while at higher frequencies the finite propagation speed of magnetic disturbances affects the response. These characteristics of the MHD transfer function are in qualitative agreement with observation. A carefully selected set of magnetic field transient events could be used together with this theory to infer lunar electrical conductivity profiles and the tail lobe plasma density (via its dependence on the Alfven speed).
Fuzzy modeling with multi-objective neuro-evolutionary algorithms

Interpretability aspects of fuzzy models have received quite some attention in recent years and may be obtained by using transparent rule-structures and well characterized fuzzy membership functions. Moreover, model compactness is important for the interpretability and is related to the number of rules and fuzzy sets. Besides these two criteria, the model accuracy should always be taken into account. In this way, several criteria appear in fuzzy modeling and then multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are suitable to capture several nondominated solutions in a single run of the algorithm. For fuzzy modeling, we describe a multi-objective neuro-evolutionary algorithm that considers all three objectives. The algorithm applies an accuracy criterium and a transparency criterium, based on fuzzy set similarity, while compactness is achieved by a specific technique, incorporated ad hoc within the evolutionary algorithm. Results are shown for an approximation problem studied before by other authors.
Feedback vertex set on chordal bipartite graphs

Let G=(A,B,E) be a bipartite graph with color classes A and B. The graph G is chordal bipartite if G has no induced cycle of length more than four. Let G=(V,E) be a graph. A feedback vertex set F is a set of vertices F subset V such that G-F is a forest. The feedback vertex set problem asks for a feedback vertex set of minimal cardinality. We show that the feedback vertex set problem can be solved in polynomial time on chordal bipartite graphs.
Low-Lying Spin-Flip Excitonic States Of ??12?12 (????)16 [?2?]4 MOLECULE (Mn12 − ??)

Molecules and materials constructed from Mn atoms offer diverse assortments of geometrical and spin structures. The diversity of structures, in comparison with other transition metals, along with nature’s decision to use a Mn-based molecule to catalyze solar-driven water splitting and oxygen evolution, suggests that there is indeed something special about the location of Mn valence electrons, both energetically and geometrically, that endows Mn with its multifaceted behaviors that, in turn, provide such chemical, physical and magnetic diversity. Based upon recent work on the Mn3 monomer and the Mn(taa) there is an expectation that Mn I I centers can exist in local spin states with S=2 (3d↑↑↑↑) or S=1 (3d↑↑↑↓). While the high-spin states are usually more stable based on Hund’s first rule, the Mn3 monomer and the Mn(taa) provide examples where the presence of S=1 states is energetically favorable. In this work we examine the possibility that such S=1 centers, referred to as Spin-Flip Excitons (SFE) can exist in the Mn12O12(COOR)16[H2O]2 molecule (Mn12-Ac). Our results shown that up to eight of these excitons can exist as metastable electronic states. We examine the relative stability per exciton as a function of the number of these excitons and determine spin-crossover paths between the Mn12-Ac zero-exciton ground state (S=10), a four-exciton state (S=6) and an eight-exciton state (S=2). The magnetic anisotropy of these states decreases monotonically and significantly with the number of excitons. In other words the creation of excitons provides a means for switching the magnetic strength.