Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Block Data Record-Based Dynamic Encryption Key Generation Method for Security between Devices in Low Power Wireless Communication Environment of IoT

The Internet of Things uses low-power wireless communication for wireless connectivity and efficient energy. Low-power wireless communication is applied to IoT for wireless connection and efficient energy consumption in various areas such as wearable devices, smart homes, and power plants in order to send and receive data and control the environment. Security is becoming more important because the Internet of Things controls real physical systems. For the security of the Internet of Things, the encryption key is important to identify and authenticate devices that are trusted. The static encryption key method used for devices is likely to be calculated in reverse through the value of the key and is vulnerable to exploitation attacks. This requires the application of dynamic encryption keys that generate keys periodically. However, in the case of low-power wireless communication, the asynchronous communication method and the packet loss make it difficult to apply existing dynamic encryption key technologies. In this paper, we proposed dynamic encryption key method that applies the mechanism of the block chain to solve these problems. Based on the history of sensor data between devices, encryption keys are dynamically generated. The proposed method is to generate the same encryption key between devices with only one step of asynchronous communication considering packet loss. The proposed method is also validated in terms of availability and security in the Internet of Things low-power wireless communication.
Investigations of the intravascular backscattering distribution of light in optical coherence tomography

The inhomogeneous backscattering distribution of low-coherent light in blood vessels, which appears as waisted double fan-shaped intensity pattern, is investigated in an in vivo mouse model and flow phantom measurements using high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the 1.3 μm wavelength region. Based on a predicted orientation of the red blood cells towards laminar flow, an angular modulation of the corresponding backscattering crosssection inside the vessels is assumed. In combination with the signal attenuation in depth by absorption and scattering, a simple model of the intravascular intensity modulation is derived. The suitability of the model is demonstrated exemplarily at the saphenous artery of the mouse during different states of the heart cycle as well as at phantom measurements with well known flow characteristics. The obtained data and the predicted model show good correspondence to each other which leads to the conclusion that the red blood cell orientation seems to be the reason for the observed intensity distribution inside the blood vessels. Therefore, the analysis of the intravascular intensity pattern might be useful for the evaluation of flow characteristics. Additional investigations of the precise angular backscattering of the complex shaped red blood cells are necessary for further model refinement.
Contractor’s Perspective on Key Performance Indicators of Cost Control in Asian, Middle Eastern, and European Construction Projects

ABSTRACT Construction project costs frequently deviate from their estimated costs. Cost controlling techniques/tools (CCTTs) can be used to monitor these deviations. However, the effectiveness of these techniques and tools has to be evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of CCTTs used in Asian, Middle Eastern, and European construction projects. The study included a series of interviews with 15 experts to categorize the techniques and tools and identify their KPIs. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 300 chartered quantity surveyors to evaluate the level of significance of each CCTT and its KPIs. The highest number of CCTTs is implemented in the execution stage, while only few CCTTs are implemented in the initiation stage. The most significant technique used in the initiation stage is the ‘preliminary project estimate,’ and its most significant KPI is the ‘cost per functional unit. ’ ‘Contract management’ is the most important technique used in the execution stage. ‘Final accounts’ with ‘effective contract sum’ as the KPI is the principle technique used in the closing stage.
The Invisible Crisis of Urban Food Security in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Much of the research on food security in Ethiopia focuses on the rural poor, paying very little attention to the urban poor. The urban poor, marginalized from employment opportunities and other services, are usually made invisible by the government. Hence, exploring the invisible crisis of urban food security can help policymakers to design and implement effective strategies to reduce food insecurity. Study results indicated that unpredictable market prices, lack of employment opportunities, and distress-coping strategies are indicators of household food insecurity. In conclusion, the study argues that attaining food security must be an urgent government concern in urban areas.
Secondary Effects of the Rupture and Reconstruction of the Interosseous Talocalcaneal Ligament on the Peritalar Joints

Background The interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ITCL) is the main soft-tissue contributor to subtalar joint stability. The role of ITCL reconstruction in retaining this stability is minimally reported. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the effects of rupture and reconstruction of the ITCL on the subtalar and peritalar joints. Material/Methods This experimental study randomly divided 72 rabbits into 3 equal groups of 24 rabbits each. Group I underwent reconstruction surgery, group II underwent resection, and group III was the control group. The cartilages between the talocrural and calcaneocrural joints, and between the subtalar and talonavicular joints on both sides were assessed by gross observation, ink staining, histology, and immunohistochemistry at weeks 4, 8, 16, and 32, postoperatively. Results In group II, the quantitative ink staining analysis revealed degeneration of the articular cartilages on the talonavicular joint (T=2.070, P=0.038) and the posterior subtalar joint (T=2.121, P=0.034) compared with the 2 sides of the same rabbit at 4 and 8 postoperative weeks. Comparing the operated sides of all the groups showed the posterior subtalar joints (Hc=9.563, P=0.008) and talonavicular joints (Hc=9.714, P=0.008) had an obvious difference at postoperative week 4; and in the calcaneocrural joints (Hc=6.750, P=0.034), it was noticed at postoperative week 8. Histology and immunohistochemistry findings confirm these observations. Conclusions An ITCL resection can lead to the progressive degeneration of the talonavicular and posterior subtalar joints, while an ITCL reconstruction can be beneficial in restoring the stability of these joints, preventing or postponing their degeneration, and protecting the articular cartilages.
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: evaluation of three different pneumatic and piezo-based sample introduction systems for the characterization of silver nanoparticles

Engineered nanomaterials are used increasingly around the world. In recent years, environmental concerns have being raised that call for risk assessment, toxicity studies, and nanosafety policies. It is therefore important to provide analytical tools that are able to characterize various types of nanomaterials in a sensitive and fast fashion. In this study, the analytical performance of three sample introduction systems, a PFA micronebulizer with a Peltier-cooled cyclonic spray chamber (PC3), a PFA micronebulizer with a heated cyclonic spray chamber and three-stage Peltier-cooled desolvation system (APEX Q), and a monodisperse droplet generator (Microdrop) with an in-house built spray chamber, was compared for the characterization of silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) with different sizes (20–100 nm) using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS). With continuous polydisperse and pulsed monodisperse droplet sample introduction, single 30 nm NP (PC3) and 20 nm NP (APEX Q, Microdrop), respectively, were successfully detected. Detection efficiencies (20–100 nm Ag NP) were in the range of 5.8 × 10−5 to 8.2 × 10−5 counts per atom, cpa (PC3), 7 × 10−5 to 9.5 × 10−5 cpa (APEX Q), and 8.1 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−4 cpa (Microdrop). For a given nanoparticle sample, the variation of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the size distribution width among the three systems was found to be 1–4% (e.g. 1.3% for 100 nm Ag NP with RSDs of 16.3%, 16.8%, and 17.6% for Microdrop, APEX Q, and PC3, respectively). Size measurements performed by SP-ICP-MS were validated by transmission electron microscopy measurements. Because silver toxicity depends on the silver species in the sample, simultaneous detection of Ag NP and free Ag(I) ions was studied with droplet sample introduction.
Evolution and Testing of NB-IoT Solutions

NB-IoT is the first 3GPP technology that has been specifically developed for IoT. In this paper, we will introduce the most important NB-IoT features included in Release 14, Release 15, and Release 16 and the need for testing of NB-IoT solutions. This paper is focused on demonstrating the potential of the new experimentation features included into the TRIANGLE testbed to support testing and benchmarking of Narrowband Internet of Thing (NB-IoT) solutions. TRIANGLE provides an experimentation framework that offers a high level of abstraction using a framework that allows for defining and executing experiments in a very straightforward way. The experimentation framework developed as part of the TRIANGLE project optionally keeps experimenters far from the low level configuration of the infrastructure and provides scenarios which reproduce realistic conditions.
Home Health Care Routing and Scheduling Problem under Uncertainty Considering Patient Preferences and Service Desirability

Home Health Care (HHC) is characterized as preparing medical and paramedical services for patients at their place of residence. In the HHC industry, it is imperative for decision-makers to appoint nurses to patients and plan visiting patterns to confront with conflicting objectives and boost service quality. This study offers important insights into Home Health Care Routing and Scheduling Problem (HHCRSP) by dealing with three patient-oriented objectives. Moreover, the proposed model accounts for real-life constraints such as emergency patients, nurses’ proficiency and patients’ preferences. Owing to the multi-objective nature of the model, the Augmented Epsilon Constraint approach and Fuzzy Goal Programming are used for trading off the objectives. Further, getting as close as possible to the real-world problems, some parameters are considered uncertain and consequently a robust approach along with three dissimilar uncertainty sets are used to control uncertainty. Numerical results demonstrate that, regardless of the type of the uncertainty set, increasing control parameters make objective values farther than ideal ones, and the comparison performed among the sets also highlights the stringency of the Box space. A unique indicator, presented to validate the robust approaches, features all sets are almost the same in terms of equal optimality and feasibility criteria.
Establishment and Validation of Theileria annulata Sporozoite Ak-93 Infection in Laboratory-Reared Hyalomma anatolicum Tick Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Background: Tropical Theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata is a tick-borne disease which transmitted by the ixodid tick members of the genus Hyalomma. Studies on different aspects of disease require to access infective sporozoite of parasite which produced by tick vector. This study was carried out to establish of T. annulata life cycle to achieve T. annulata infected ticks. Methods: Laboratory rabbit and calf were used for rearing of Hyalomma anatolicum different instars. Unfed nymphs were fed on T. annulata infected calf. Clinical signs, Giemsa stained smears and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods were used for detection of infection in blood and tick specimens. Susceptible calf was used for confirmation of sporozoites maturation and infectivity in bioassay test. Results: Hyalomma anatolicum two and three-host strategies of life cycle was lasted 90 and 116 days respectively. The PCR confirmed T. annulata infection in blood and tick samples. Maturation of T. annulata sporozoites was confirmed in bioassy test. First clinical symptom of disease was seen earlier in the case of transmission of disease through feeding of live ticks in comparison with blood injection method. Conclusion: Complete life cycle of T. annulata was done and confirmed by clinical signs, microscopic examination, molecular methods and bioassay test. According to published reports to date, this is the first report of establishment of H. anatolicum tick infection with T. annulata using susceptible calf under controlled conditions in Iran.
Ferroelectric‐Domain Structure in Piezoelectric Ceramics

Twin-related (tetragonal (T), rhombohedral (R)) adjacent ferroelectric domains, which require a smaller energy for the rotation of the polarization vector, have been found to occur in lead zirconate titanate type piezoceramics at the morphotropicphase boundary, explaining the triplet splitting observed in electron diffraction patterns. The values of elastically stored energy density in the walls of the twinning domains are estimated, and a packing model of the ferroelectric domain structure as a T1RT2RT1…succession is proposed to explain the coexistence of the two ferroelectric phases in the morphotropicphase boundary region. A crystallographic analysis of the transformation from the paraelectric to the ferroelectric phase is performed on the basis of martensite transformation theory. The calculated results are in good agreement with the observed transmission electron microscopy data. In particular, the crystallography and morphology of the “herringbone” domain structure, often observed in piezoelectrio ceramics, are well explained by this analysis.
Long‐Term Trends in Acid Precipitation and Watershed Elemental Export From an Alpine Catchment of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA

Acid deposition associated with precipitation is an ecological problem that has affected watersheds in industrialized parts of North America and Europe, but remote landscapes, such as the Colorado Rocky Mountains, have also been impacted. The deposition of strong acids, including nitric and sulfuric acids, has decreased substantially over the past 30 years at Niwot Ridge, a high‐alpine watershed of Colorado. The pH of precipitation has followed these declines and has increased to ~5.5. Meanwhile, NH4+, another important constituent of acid/base balance, and a fertilizing nutrient, has more than doubled in precipitation between 1984 and 2017. A statistical model of long‐term water chemistry concentrations and loads revealed a variety of trends in watershed export of acids and bases, some of which were unexpected, and remain unexplained. For example, despite declining sulfate deposition, sulfate export has increased. On the other hand, watershed nitrate export has remained constant despite decreases in atmospheric deposition, while watershed NH4+ export has increased, albeit minimally, relative to total nitrogen export. Watershed pH and alkalinity appear to have stabilized in response to decreased acid precipitation, which may be explained by geochemical processes, such as carbonate weathering. Overall, in this high‐alpine watershed, atmospheric deposition is trending toward preindustrial conditions, and there is a need to conduct targeted, process‐based studies to determine the mechanisms underlying these trends. The unexpected watershed responses that we identify here require a new framework for understanding acid precipitation recovery.
Microbes and Microbial Products as Herbicides

Microbes and Microbial Products as Herbicides: An Overview Masculosin: Host-Specific Phytotoxin from Alternaria alternata on Spotted Knapweed Biochemistry of Non-Host-Selective Phytotoxins Satellite Metabolites and Synthetic Derivatives of Abscisic Acid as Potential Microbial Product Herbicides Biochemical Responses of Plants to Pathogens Phytoalexins and Their Elicitors Pathogens with Potential for Weed Control Biological Control of Aquatic Weeds with Plants Pathogens Genetic Variability of Fungal Pathogens and Their Weed Hosts Biotechnological Approaches to Control of Weeds with Pathogens Interactions of Pathogens on Plant Leaf Surfaces Functional Significance of Adhesion to the Preparation of the Infection Court by Plant Pathogenic Fungi Herbicide-Pathogen Interactions and Mycoherbicides as Alternative Strategies for Weed Control Synergistic Role of Soil Fungi in the Herbicidal Efficacy of Glyphosate Soilborne Fungi for Biological Control of Weeds Formulation and Application Technology for Microbial Weed Control Bioherbicide Technology: An Industrial Perspective Weed Control with Pathogens: Future Needs and Directions
Sensitive and Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Hg(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) Using Iminodibenzyl and 3-Chloroiminodibenzyl as New Reagents and Their Applications to Industrial Effluents and Soil Samples

Iminodibenzyl (IDB) and 3-chloroiminodibenzyl (Cl-IDB) are proposed as a new class of spectrophotometric reagents for the determination of micro amounts of mercury(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and cobalt(II) in the presence of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline hydrazone hydrochloride hydrate (MBTH) or 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) as electrophilic coupling reagents. The reaction is carried out in neutral aqueous medium. The blue colour formed shows maximum absorbance at 660 nm using MBTH and 630 nm with AAP. The methods obey Beer's law. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity show different values with different metals and reagents. The blue colour can also be extracted quantitatively which can be exploited as an efficient extractive spectrophotometric technique for the separation of metal ion from other interfering species. As many as 15 cations and 12 anions and/or complexing agents listed do not interfere. Both the methods have good reproducibility and can be satisfactorily applied in the determination of metals in industrial effluents and soil samples.
Effect of Fabrication Method on Fracture Strength of Provisional Implant-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses

There has been an increase in utilizing 3D printers in dental restorations. The purpose of the study is to compare mechanical properties of 3D-printed prostheses to those of self-cured and/or computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorations. A metal master typodont was prepared for the mandibular left sextant with implant analogs embedded at the first premolar and first molar positions with a missing second premolar. Three-unit provisional fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) was designed utilizing the 3Shape tooth library and forty-five uniform specimens were fabricated with different materials: self-cured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (N = 15), milled PMMA CAD-CAM blocks (N = 15) and 3D-printed resin (N = 15). All specimens were tested using an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min by an axial load on the occlusal surface of the second premolar pontic site. Statistical analysis was completed with Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Mean fracture force was 300.61 N, 294.64 N and 408.49 N for self-cured PMMA, milled PMMA and 3D-printed resin, respectively. Mean force at FDP fracture of 3D-printed resin was significantly greater than the mean fracture force of either self-cured (p = 0.016, 95% CI [17.86, 197.91]) or milled (p = 0.010, 95% CI [23.83, 203.88]) PMMA.
When punishment goals moderate and mediate the effect of clinical reports on the recidivism risk on prison sentences

This research examined whether an individual’s endorsement of punishment goals moderates and mediates the effect of a clinical assessment of recidivism risk on the length of prison sentences. We measured participants’ endorsement of punishment goals, both before they read a criminal case (i.e. a priori endorsement), and after they had read it (i.e. case-specific endorsement). As expected, the effect of the clinical report’s conclusion on participants’ sentencing decisions was moderated by a priori endorsement of incapacitation as a punishment goal. Participants who expressed strong (versus weak) a priori endorsement of this punishment goal were influenced by the report’s conclusion on the risk of recidivism. In addition, when the clinical report concluded that the offender had a high risk of recidivating, participants expressed greater case-specific motivation to incapacitate him. Finally, the clinical report’s conclusion had an indirect effect on the severity of the sentence through case-specific endorsement of the incapacitation punishment goal.
Effect of agrochemicals on biomass production and quality parameters of tobacco plants

Abstract Modern agriculture involves the use of synthetic compounds (agrochemicals) in order to maximize crop yields. However, inappropriate fertilization and/or the use of pesticides can have adverse effects on crop productivity and quality. In this context, a study has been carried out to ascertain the effect of increasing dosages of a chemical fertilizer (Greenhouse Special) and some widely used pesticides on tobacco plants. To this purpose biomass, chlorophyll contents and the concentration of NO3 − and NH4 + were determined. Results showed that NO3 − and NH4 + significantly accumulated in tobacco plants following the application of the two the highest fertilizer dosages. Furthermore, some pesticides altered NO3 − and NH4 + concentration in leaves. Finally, in order to estimate the effect of these compounds on nitrogen acquisition and metabolism, Nitrogen Use Efficiency was evaluated. Data of NUE evidenced that the optimal dosage of fertilizer was 0.250 g/plant. Moreover, it was found that the active ingredients of pesticides affected NUE in the species studied.
Effect of Annealing on Anisotropic Tensile Properties of Al–12%Si Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

In this study, we systematically investigated microstructures and tensile properties of an Al–12mass%Si alloy additive-manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process and subsequently annealed at various temperatures. Microstructure of the as-fabricated sample was characterized by a number of melt pools consisting of α-Al phases surrounded by Si eutectic phases. Fine Si precipitates were observed in the α-Al phase in the sample annealed at 200 °C. The eutectic Si phase appears to agglutinate, resulting in a coarsened Si phase formed at high temperatures above 300 °C. The initial cellular microstructure completely disappears and a number of coarsened Si phases and plate-shaped intermetallic phases (β-AlFeSi) were formed in the sample annealed at 530 °C. However, the grain morphology of the α-Al matrix slightly changed after the annealing at high temperatures. The as-fabricated specimen showed a high strength above 400 MPa and a low ductility of below 10% in total elongation. The tensile ductility varied depending on the tensile direction. The annealed specimens exhibited a lower tensile strength and larger elongation, whereas the direction dependence of the tensile properties was less pronounced in the specimens annealed at higher temperatures. The anisotropic tensile ductility can be rationalized by preferential fractures occurred around melt pool boundaries.