Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validity and limitations of the superexchange model for the magnetic properties of Sr 2 IrO 4 and Ba 2 IrO 4 mediated by the strong spin-orbit coupling

Layered perovskites Sr2IrO4 and Ba2IrO4 are regarded as the key materials for understanding the properties of magnetic relativistic insulators, mediated by the strong spin-orbit (SO) coupling. One of the most fundamental issues is to which extent these properties can be described by the superexchange (SE) model, formulated in the limit of the large Coulomb repulsion. In the present work we address this issue by deriving the relevant models and extracting parameters of these models from the first-principles calculations. First, we construct the effective Hubbard-type model for the t2g bands, by recasting the problem in the language of Wannier orbitals. Then, we map the obtained electron model onto the pseudospin model by applying the theory of SE interactions. We discuss the microscopic origin of anisotropic SE interactions, inherent to the compass Heisenberg model, and the appearance of the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya term, associated with the additional rotation of the IrO6 octahedra in Sr2IrO4. In order to evaluate the Neel temperature (TN), we employ the non-linear sigma model. While for Sr2IrO4 our value of TN agrees with the experimental one, for Ba2IrO4 it is overestimated by a factor two. We argue that this discrepancy is related to limitations of the SE model: while for more localized t2g states in Sr2IrO4 it works reasonably well, the higher-order terms, beyond the SE model, play a more important role in the more "itinerant" Ba2IrO4, giving rise to the new type of isotropic and anisotropic exchange interactions. This conclusion is supported by unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations for the same electron model, where in the case of Ba2IrO4, already on the mean-field level, we were able to reproduce the experimentally observed magnetic ground state, while for Sr2IrO4 the main results are essentially the same as in the SE model.
Language complexity as an evolving variable

1. A Linguistic Axiom Challenged 2. How Much grammar Does it Take to Sail a Boat? 3. On the Evolution of Complexity - Sometimes Less is More in East and Mainland Southeast Asia 4. Testing the Assumption of Complexity Invariance: The Case of Elfdalian and Swedish 5. Between Simplification and Complexification: Non-standard Varieties of English Around the World 6. Implicational Hierarchies and Grammatical Complexity 7. Sociolinguistic Typology and Complexification 8. Linguistic Complexity: A Comprehensive Definition and Survey 9. Complexity in Core Argument Marking and Population Size 10. Oh noo! : A Bewilderingly Multifunctional Saramaccan Word Teaches us How a Creole Language Develops Complexity 11. Orality Versus Literacy as a Dimension of Complexity 12. Individual Differences in Processing complex Grammatical Structures 13. Origin and Maintenance of Clausal Embedding Complexity 14. Layering of Grammar: Vestiges of Protosyntax in Present-day Languages 15. An Interview With Dan Everett 16. Universals in Language or Cognition? Evidence from English Languae Acquisition and from Piraha 17. "Overall Complexity" - a Wild Goose Chase? 18. An Efficiency Theory of Complexity and Related Phenomena 19. Envoi References Index
Overview of Position Servo Control Technology and Development of Voice Coil Motor

—Voice coil motor (VCM) is a special direct drive linear motor, which can convert electric energy directly into mechanical energy without the use of transmission mechanism. VCM has the advantages of simple structure, good rigidity, fast response, silence, high linearity, no cogging force, no pulsation et al. It is widely used in the field of high-precision control. This paper reviews and summarizes the results of VCM research conducted by scholars from various countries, and summarizes the general situation of VCM servo control technology. Firstly, a basic description of VCM's mathematical model and common control mechanisms is provided. The benefits, drawbacks, and application of control techniques in the field of VCM are all explored in detail; At the same time, the methods to improve control strategy are proposed; Then, combined with the analysis and research of scholars in various countries on VCM, the problems of difficult to establish accurate model, friction disturbance and mechanical vibration of VCM and the solutions to the corresponding problems are summarized; Finally, a summary of VCM's application fields is provided.
Weak magnetic field, solid-envelope rotation, and wave-induced N-enrichment in the SPB star ζ Cassiopeiae

Aims. The main-sequence B-type star ζ Cassiopeiae is known as a N-rich star with a magnetic field discovered with the Musicos spectropolarimeter. We model the magnetic field of the star by means of 82 new spectropolarimetric observations of higher precision to investigate the field strength, topology, and effect. Methods. We gathered data with the Narval spectropolarimeter installed at Télescope Bernard Lyot (TBL, Pic du Midi, France) and applied the least-squares deconvolution technique to measure the circular polarisation of the light emitted from ζ Cas. We used a dipole oblique rotator model to determine the field configuration by fitting the longitudinal field measurements and by synthesizing the measured Stokes V profiles. We also made use of the Zeeman-Doppler Imaging technique to map the stellar surface and to deduce the difference in rotation rate between the pole and equator. Results. ζ Cas exhibits a polar field strength Bpol of 100-150 G, which is the weakest polar field observed so far in a massive mainsequence star. Surface differential rotation is ruled out by our observations and the field of ζ Cas is strong enough to enforce rigid internal rotation in the radiative zone according to theory. Thus, the star rotates as a solid body in the envelope. Conclusions. We therefore exclude rotationally-induced mixing as the cause of the surface N-enrichment. We discuss that the transport of chemicals from the core to the surface by internal gravity waves is the most plausible explanation for the nitrogen overabundance at the surface of ζ Cas.
Non‐parametric Bayesian Hazard Regression for Chronic Disease Risk Assessment

Assessing the absolute risk for a future disease event in presently healthy individuals has an important role in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and other chronic conditions. In this paper, we study the use of non‐parametric Bayesian hazard regression techniques and posterior predictive inferences in the risk assessment task. We generalize our previously published Bayesian multivariate monotonic regression procedure to a survival analysis setting, combined with a computationally efficient estimation procedure utilizing case–base sampling. To achieve parsimony in the model fit, we allow for multidimensional relationships within specified subsets of risk factors, determined either on a priori basis or as a part of the estimation procedure. We apply the proposed methods for 10‐year CVD risk assessment in a Finnish population. © 2014 Board of the Foundation of the Scandinavian Journal of Statistics
The Ap 2‐1 nebula and the surrounding molecular cloud G35.2 − 0.74: an active star‐forming region

ABSTRACT Usingdatafromlarge-scalesurveys:2MASS,GLIMPSE,MIPSGAL,VGPS,GRS,and IPHAS, we performed a multiwavelength study of the ISM in a region of about20 0 20 0 towardsthe molecularcloudG35.2-0.74. Additionally, theAp2-1nebula,thatis seen in projection over the molecular cloud, was studied using optical data obtainedwith the 2.15 m telescope at CASLEO, Argentina. From the HI absorption study weestimate a distance of ˘ 2 kpc for Ap 2-1 con rming that the nebula is embedded inthe south portion of the molecular cloud G35.2-0.74. Performing a photometric studyand analysing the spectral energy distributions of the sources likely embedded in thecloud, we con rm that this region is very active in star formation, mainly towardsthe north, where we discover a cluster of young stellar objects. From the H and[NII] lines we obtain a radial velocity of v LSR ˘ 31 km s 1 for the Ap 2-1 nebula, incoincidence with the velocity of the molecular cloud. Finally, we conclude that Ap 2-1is an HII region probably excited by an early B-type star.Key words: ISM: clouds - (ISM:) HII regions - Stars: formation
Protection of Indonesian Fishermen from China's Threat in the North Natuna Sea Region During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The economic importance of the North Natuna Sea is premised not only on its function as one of the largest marine sources in Indonesia but also as an important location for the Indonesian military to conduct large-scale exercises. Amidst the ongoing outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, unauthorized fishing by Chinese flagged boats continues to be pervasive in the Indonesian EEZ off Natuna Islands. Chinese coast guard and military vessels were constantly and visibly present in those waters, testing the patience and perseverance of Indonesia’s authorities. The purpose of this article is to find out the cause related to the problem of protecting Indonesian fishermen in catching fish in the region. The Indonesian government is committed to ensuring rapid mobilization of its military and naval assets in the area when required to protect the fishermen. The method used in this research employed the qualitative method and critical content analysis. The legal consequences of ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) with Law No. 17 of 1985 concerning the ratification of UNCLOS, Law No. 32/ 20014 concerning about the sea are the substance of law regulation. The type of data used is secondary data, namely data obtained through literature study. The study matches that Indonesia must develop fishermen with the spirit of defending the country, especially in areas where the waters are partially located within China’s nine-dash line. Keywords: fisherman, North Natuna Sea, Covid-19 pandemic
Application of sampling theory in modelling of continuum processes: photoionization cross-sections of atoms

We describe a method for the calculation of photoionization cross-sections using square-integrable amplitudes obtained from the diagonalization of finite-basis set representations of the electronic Hamiltonian. Three examples are considered: a model example in which the final state is a free particle, the hydrogen atom and neutral atomic sodium. The method exploits the Whittaker–Shannon–Kotel’nikov sampling theorem, which is widely used in digital signal sampling and reconstruction. The approach reproduces known data with very good accuracy and converges to the exact solution with increase of the basis set size.
The Neurocognitive Theory of Dreaming

A comprehensive neurocognitive theory of dreaming based on the theories, methodologies, and findings of cognitive neuroscience and the psychological sciences. G. William Domhoff's neurocognitive theory of dreaming is the only theory of dreaming that makes full use of the new neuroimaging findings on all forms of spontaneous thought and shows how well they explain the results of rigorous quantitative studies of dream content. Domhoff identifies five separate issues—neural substrates, cognitive processes, the psychological meaning of dream content, evolutionarily adaptive functions, and historically invented cultural uses—and then explores how they are intertwined. He also discusses the degree to which there is symbolism in dreams, the development of dreaming in children, and the relative frequency of emotions in the dreams of children and adults. During dreaming, the neural substrates that support waking sensory input, task-oriented thinking, and movement are relatively deactivated. Domhoff presents the conditions that have to be fulfilled before dreaming can occur spontaneously. He describes the specific cognitive processes supported by the neural substrate of dreaming and then looks at dream reports of research participants. The “why” of dreaming, he says, may be the most counterintuitive outcome of empirical dream research. Though the question is usually framed in terms of adaptation, there is no positive evidence for an adaptive theory of dreaming. Research by anthropologists, historians, and comparative religion scholars, however, suggests that dreaming has psychological and cultural uses, with the most important of these found in religious ceremonies and healing practices. Finally, he offers suggestions for how future dream studies might take advantage of new technologies, including smart phones.
Energy Efficiency and Delay Optimization of Virtual Slicing of Fog Radio Access Network

To develop the energy efficient of 6G networks, the fog radio access network (F-RAN) is expected to meet various use cases of high-performance mobile services. Although network virtualization greatly enhances the flexibility to accommodate various services, the interaction and optimization between delay and energy efficiency (EE) in virtual slicing (VS)-based F-RAN have not been well studied. To accomplish the EE and delay optimization of VS of F-RAN. The key technical challenges lie in the construction of new network architecture, the integration and optimization of radio, caching, and computing 3-D resources, reducing the algorithm’s complexity, and simulation verification. We first design a novel network architecture based on VS and fog computing. The VS method in F-RAN to embed VS assembles virtual radio, caching, and computing resources into physical substrates, transforming nonconvex problems into convex optimization problems by transforming constraints and using Lyapunov optimization methods. We further propose a virtual resource allocation optimization algorithm based on EE. To reduce the complexity of the algorithm, a low-complexity EE optimization algorithm is further proposed for virtual resource allocation. The simulation results show that the low-complexity virtual resource allocation EE optimization algorithm proposed in this article has better performance than the existing fog access network resource allocation methods. The EE is further improved by about 30% under the condition that the guaranteed delay threshold is two slots (i.e., 1 ms).
X-ray absorption and occultation in LS 5039

Gamma-ray binaries are systems containing a massive star and a compact object that have been detected up to TeV energies. The high-energy emission could result from particle acceleration in the region where the stellar wind from the massive star interacts with the relativistic wind from a young pulsar. LS 5039 has the most compact orbit amongst gamma-ray binaries and its X-ray light curve shows a stable modulation synchronized with the orbital period. Photoelectric absorption of X-rays in the O star wind and occultation of the X-ray emitting region by the massive star can alter the X-ray light curve and spectrum along the orbit. Yet, the X-ray spectrum and light curve of LS 5039 do not show intrinsic absorption or X-ray eclipses. We study these effects in the framework of the pulsar wind scenario as a function of the binary inclination angle, the stellar wind mass-loss rate and the size of the X-ray emitter. An extended X-ray emission region ≳3R * appears necessary to reconcile the pulsar wind scenario with observations.
KECK AND VLT OBSERVATIONS OF SUPER-DAMPED Lyα ABSORBERS AT z ∼ 2–2.5: CONSTRAINTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS

We report Keck/Echellette Spectrograph and Imager and Very Large Telescope/Ultraviolet-Visual Echelle Spectrograph observations of three super-damped Lyα quasar absorbers with H i column densities log NH i ≥ 21.7 at redshifts 2 ≲ z ≲ 2.5. All three absorbers show similar metallicities (∼−1.3 to −1.5 dex), and dust depletion of Fe, Ni, and Mn. Two of the absorbers show supersolar [S/Zn] and [Si/Zn]. We combine our results with those for other damped Lyα a absorbers (DLAs) to examine trends between NH i, metallicity, and dust depletion. A larger fraction of the super-DLAs lie close to or above the line [X/H] = 20.59 − log NH i in the metallicity versus NH i plot, compared to the less gas-rich DLAs, suggesting that super-DLAs are more likely to be rich in molecules. Unfortunately, our data for Q0230−0334 and Q0743+1421 do not cover H2 absorption lines. For Q1418+0718, some H2 lines are covered, but not detected. CO is not detected in any of our absorbers. For DLAs with log NH i < 21.7, we confirm strong correlation between metallicity and Fe depletion, and find a correlation between metallicity and Si depletion. For super-DLAs, these correlations are weaker or absent. The absorbers toward Q0230−0334 and Q1418+0718 show potential detections of weak Lyα emission, implying star formation rates of ∼1.6 and ∼0.7 M⊙ yr−1, respectively (ignoring dust extinction). Upper limits on the electron densities from C ii*/C ii or Si ii*/Si ii are low, but are higher than the median values in less gas-rich DLAs. Finally, systems with log NH i > 21.7 may have somewhat narrower velocity dispersions Δv90 than the less gas-rich DLAs, and may arise in cooler and/or less turbulent gas.
Uncertainty evaluation in reference material characterization by double isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS)

Double isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) is one of the most important measurement methods in the establishment of measurement standards for inorganic analysis. However, there is still no good consensus on approaches for uncertainty evaluation in double ID-ICP-MS. Particularly, approaches to treating the instrumental isotopic fractionation (IIF) phenomenon and correlation between uncertainty sources are diverse and often unclear in the literature. Here, an approach for uncertainty evaluation in double ID-ICP-MS measurements is described. Using three certified reference materials (CRMs), it is shown that the IIF effects cancel out and should not be included in the uncertainty budget. Further, a consistent way of considering correlated sources of uncertainty to prevent double counting of uncertainties is described in detail along with an example of measuring the mass fraction of magnesium in an oyster powder CRM.
Collisional dark matter density profiles around supermassive black holes

We solve the spherically symmetric time dependent relativistic Euler equations on a Schwarzschild background space-time for a perfect fluid, where the perfect fluid models the dark matter and the space-time background is that of a non-rotating supermassive black hole. We consider the fluid obeys an ideal gas equation of state as a simple model of dark matter with pressure. Assuming out of equilibrium initial conditions we search for late-time attractor type of solutions, which we found to show a constant accretion rate for the non-zero pressure case, that is, the pressure itself suffices to produce stationary accretion regimes. We then analyze the resulting density profile of such late-time solutions with the function A/r � . For different values of the adiabatic index we find different slopes of the density profile, and we study such profile in two regions: a region one near the black hole, located from the horizon up to 50M and a region two from � 800M up to � 1500M, which for a black hole of 10 9 M⊙ corresponds to � 0.1pc. The profile depends on the adiabatic index or equivalently on the pressure of the fluid and our findings are as follows: in the near region the density profile shows values of κ < 1.5 and in the limit of the pressure-less case κ ! 1.5; on the other hand, in region two, the value of κ < 0.3 in all the cases we studied. If these results are to be applied to the dark matter problem, the conclusion is that, in the limit of pressure-less gas the density profile is cuspy only near the black hole and approaches a non-cuspy profile at bigger scales within 1pc. These results show on the one hand that pressure suffices to provide flat density profiles of dark matter and on the other hand show that the presence of a central black hole does not distort the density profile of dark matter at scales of 0.1pc.
Dwarf galaxy populations in present-day galaxy clusters – I. Abundances and red fractions

We compare the galaxy population in the Virgo, Fornax, Coma and Perseus cluster to a state-of-the-art semi-analytic model, focusing on the regime of dwarf galaxies with luminosities from approximately 108 to 109 L⊙. We find that the number density profiles of dwarfs in observed clusters are reproduced reasonably well, and that the red fractions of model clusters provide a good match to Coma and Perseus. On the other hand, the red fraction among dwarf galaxies in Virgo is clearly lower than in model clusters. We argue that this is mainly caused by the treatment of environmental effects in the model. This explanation is supported by our finding that the colours of central (‘field’) dwarf galaxies are reproduced well, in contrast to previous claims. Finally, we find that the dwarf-to-giant ratio in model clusters is too high. This may indicate that the current model prescription for tidal disruption of faint galaxies is still not efficient enough.
Procedure for Organizing a Post-FDA-approval Evaluation of Antidepressants

Purpose: The study reports the construction of a cohort used to study the effectiveness of antidepressants. Methods: The cohort includes experiences of 3,678,082 patients with depression in the United States on antidepressants between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2018. A total of 10,221,145 antidepressant treatment episodes were analyzed. Patients who had no utilization of health services for at least two years, or who had died, were excluded from the analysis. Follow-up was passive, automatic, and collated from fragmented clinical services of diverse providers. Results: The average follow-up was 2.93 years, resulting in 15,096,055 person-years of data. The mean age of the cohort was 46.54 years (standard deviation of 17.48) at first prescription of antidepressant, which was also the enrollment event (16.92% were over 65 years), and most were female (69.36%). In 10,221,145 episodes, within the first 100 days of start of the episode, 4,729,372 (46.3%) continued their treatment, 1,306,338 (12.8%) switched to another medication, 3,586,156 (35.1%) discontinued their medication, and 599,279 (5.9%) augmented their treatment. Conclusions: We present a procedure for constructing a cohort using claims data. A surrogate measure for self-reported symptom remission based on the patterns of use of antidepressants has been proposed to address the absence of outcomes in claims. Future studies can use the procedures described here to organize studies of the comparative effectiveness of antidepressants.
A SPITZER/INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH SPECTRAL STUDY OF A SAMPLE OF GALACTIC CARBON-RICH PROTO-PLANETARY NEBULAE

Recent infrared spectroscopic observations have shown that proto-planetary nebulae (PPNs) are sites of active synthesis of organic compounds in the late stages of stellar evolution. This paper presents a study of Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph spectra for a sample of carbon-rich PPNs, all except one of which show the unidentified 21 μm emission feature. The strengths of the aromatic infrared band, 21 μm, and 30 μm features are obtained by decomposition of the spectra. The observed variations in the strengths and peak wavelengths of the features support the model that the newly synthesized organic compounds gradually change from aliphatic to aromatic characteristics as stars evolve from PPNs to planetary nebulae.