Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Under Construction: On Becoming a Constructivist in View of the "Standards.".

ince the beginning of time, trends in the philosophy and methods of pedagogy have come and gone, with only minor variations from traditional instructional methods. These trends have included progressive movements, essentialist movements, teacher-centered instruction as opposed to studentcentered instruction, drill and practice, projectbased instruction, discovery learning, and many other movements (Cuban 1993). In his studies, however, Cuban found that teachers have basically taught the same way, with little variation, despite these instructional trends. One can only speculate why significant change never took place. Many factors are involved in making changes in instructional methods within the classroom, but the central figure responsible for producing change is the teacher (Cuban 1993; Sandholtz, Ringstaff, and Dwyer 1997). Many educational movements never became widely accepted because teachers as a whole did not buy into the new methods. Some teachers may have exactly followed the new guidelines for a brief time, whereas others changed only a few strategies; but soon, because of a lack of support, training, and continuity of approach, all fell back into the traditional methods of instruction. As the old saying goes, “There’s nothing new under the sun”; and so each new idea continues to present itself to educators as the answer to all their problems. Some of these methodologies are simply untested fly-by-night fads, whereas others are based on research and experience. The professional educator needs to examine and verify the claims of various trends before considering any change. Change that does not make an improvement is detrimental because it disrupts current instruction even more. For mathematics teachers, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) performs the service of determining the efficacy of various methods by conducting or examining extensive research (Hiebert 1999). A product of its efforts is the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989), which advocates a need to change from a rote computational emphasis to an instructional approach that emphasizes critical thinking. An extension of this work is called Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000). NCTM affirms that students who actively participate in their educational processes have greater retention and become more independent learners than their peers. If teachers want to follow the ideals of the Standards documents, they must first learn about the research behind the NCTM’s recommendations. When teachers understand the validity of the NCTM’s approach, they are more likely to endure the difficulties encountered when implementing change.
Physical properties of the candidate quantum spin-ice system Pr 2 Hf 2 O 7

Physical properties of a pyrohafnate compound Pr2Hf2O7 have been investigated by ac magnetic susceptibility \chi_ ac(T), dc magnetic susceptibility \chi(T), isothermal magnetization M(H) and heat capacity C_p(T) measurements on polycrystalline as well as single crystal samples combined with high-resolution synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural characterization and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) to determine the crystal field energy level scheme and wave functions. Synchrotron XRD data confirm the ordered cubic pyrochlore (Fd-3m) structure without any noticeable site mixing or oxygen deficiency. No clear evidence of long range magnetic ordering is observed down to 90 mK, however the \chi_ac(T) evinces slow spin dynamics revealed by a frequency dependent broad peak associated with spin freezing. The INS data reveal the expected five well defined magnetic excitations due to crystal field splitting of the J = 4 ground state multiplet of the Pr^3+. The crystal field parameters and ground state wavefunction of Pr^3+ have been determined. The Ising anisotropic nature of magnetic ground state is inferred from the INS as well as \chi(T) and M(H) data. Together these properties make Pr2Hf2O7 a candidate compound for quantum spin-ice behavior.
THE GENGA CODE: GRAVITATIONAL ENCOUNTERS IN N-BODY SIMULATIONS WITH GPU ACCELERATION

We describe an open source GPU implementation of a hybrid symplectic N-body integrator, GENGA (Gravitational ENcounters with Gpu Acceleration), designed to integrate planet and planetesimal dynamics in the late stage of planet formation and stability analyses of planetary systems. GENGA uses a hybrid symplectic integrator to handle close encounters with very good energy conservation, which is essential in long-term planetary system integration. We extended the second-order hybrid integration scheme to higher orders. The GENGA code supports three simulation modes: integration of up to 2048 massive bodies, integration with up to a million test particles, or parallel integration of a large number of individual planetary systems. We compare the results of GENGA to Mercury and pkdgrav2 in terms of energy conservation and performance and find that the energy conservation of GENGA is comparable to Mercury and around two orders of magnitude better than pkdgrav2. GENGA runs up to 30 times faster than Mercury and up to 8 times faster than pkdgrav2. GENGA is written in CUDA C and runs on all NVIDIA GPUs with a computing capability of at least 2.0.
‘Publish or perish’: Family life and academic research productivity

Research purpose: The influence of work-to-family and family-to-work spillovers is well documented in the human resources literature. However, little is known of the relationships between the pressures faced by academics to publish and the potential family life consequences of being a highly productive academic. Research design, approach and method: This research sought to investigate these relationships within the context of a large South African university by testing associations between family life variables such as marriage and dependent children against measures of the following specific types of research publication: (1) South African Department of Higher Education and Training–accredited journal publications; (2) Thompson Reuters Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and ProQuest’s International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)– indexed journal article publications; (3) conference proceedings publications; (4) conference paper presentations; (5) book chapter publications; (6) book publications; and (7) gross research productivity, reflecting a volume or quantity measure of research publication. Main findings: ISI and/or IBSS journal article publication is found to be negatively associated with dependent children, but only for male academics, and to be negatively associated with female gender over and above the effect of family life variables in testing. Practical/managerial implications: Human resources managers in universities need to be cognisant of the specific pressures faced by staff that are required to produce ever more research publications, in order to help them achieve work–life balance. Contribution: In a global context of increasing pressures for research publication, and for higher and higher numbers of publications, it is necessary to identify the potential costs involved for high-volume–producing academics, particularly in terms of family versus work. Keywords: research productivity; family-work life balance
ISUAL A NALOGIES BETWEEN A TARI G AMES FOR S TUDYING T RANSFER L EARNING IN RL

In this work, we ask the following question: can visual analogies, learned in an unsupervised way, be used in order to transfer knowledge between pairs of games and even play one game using an agent trained for another game. We attempt to answer this research question by creating visual analogies between a pair of games: a source game and a target game. For example, given a video frame in the target game, we map it to an analogous state in the source game and then attempt to play using a trained policy learned for the source game. We demonstrate convincing visual mapping between four pairs of games (eight mappings). These mappings are used to evaluate three transfer learning approaches. The code and models are available at https://github.com/doronsobol/ Visual_analogies_for_RL_transfer_Learning
Erfolgreicher Anbau von Körnerleguminosen in Mischkultur mit Getreide

Das Merkblatt beschreibt die Anbaueignung der vielversprechendsten, in Praxisversuchen getesteten Kornerleguminosen-Getreide-Mischungen und vermittelt vertiefte Informationen zu Anbau, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Verwendung bewahrter Mischungen in der Schweiz.
MULTI-MODAL X-RAY FLUORESCENCE DETECTION AT THE ID21 X-RAY MICROSCOPY BEAMLINE

The ID21 ESRF beamline is dedicated to micro-Xray fluorescence (μXRF) and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (μ-XANES) in the X-ray energy domain between 2 keV and 7 keV [1]. The scanning x-ray microscope enables the localization and speciation of trace elements down to the ppm range with a submicrometer beam size. It provides access to the absorption edges of a wide range of elements of interest in the areas of Environmental Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Life Sciences and Cultural Heritage. Recently, several developments in the field of x-ray detection have been made to enlarge the measurement possibilities available at the beamline and to improve the detection limits for x-ray fluorescence. The scanning X-ray microscope (SXM) of ID21 was completely refurbished in 2008. It is now a highly versatile instrument in terms of focusing optics, detectors, and sample environment [2]. The X-ray beam spot size ranges from ~20 μm (obtained with a polycapillary optics) to ~500 nm (obtained with focusing zone plates or a Kirk-Patrick Baez mirror system). The SXM employs several detectors, which are complementary in terms of count-rate throughput, solidangle collection efficiency and spectral resolution. For experiments demanding high sensitivity, a singleor a seven-element Ge detector provide large fluorescence detection solid angle, absence of detector K-escape peak contributions, and detector peak-to-valley ratio >5 k. For the case of highly concentrated samples, or for samples where the matrix signal dominates the fluorescence signal, either 30 mm or 100 mm silicon drift diode (SDD) detectors can be used at count rates approaching 1 Mcps. Finally, in order to resolve overlapping or closely spaced fluorescence lines, a polycapillary optic based, scanning wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (WDS) has been developed [3]. In many applications the WDS makes possible detailed elemental and chemical analyses that are simply not accessible with the lower resolution solid state detectors. We present the operational characteristics, the construction details and the performance achieved with the detectors of ID21. In particular the throughput count rates, spectral resolutions and achievable detection limits are compared. We describe the application of different detection systems for two-dimensional elemental mapping and micro-XANES analysis. The x-ray fluorescence spectra obtained are compared to theoretical simulations and discussed in terms of absorption, reabsorption and scattering phenomena.
Correction for Barth et al., Toward high-resolution prediction and design of transmembrane helical protein structures

BIOPHYSICS. For the article ‘‘Toward high-resolution prediction and design of transmembrane helical protein structures,’’ by P. Barth, J. Schonbrun, and D. Baker, which appeared in issue 40, October 2, 2007, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (104:15682–15687; first published September 28, 2007; 10.1073 pnas.0702515104), the authors note that ‘‘Renumbering the protein structure files to start at residue 1 in our calculations resulted in shifts in the residue numbering of the protein segments reported in Fig. 1 and Table 2 relative to those in the Protein Data Bank. In the Fig. 1 legend, the middle panels correspond to the helix of halorhodopsin kinked at Pro-117 rather than Pro-94, and the bottom panels correspond to bovine rhodopsin rather than halorhodopsin. ’’ These errors do not affect the conclusions of the article. The corrected table and its legend appear below.
Physics 7450 : Solid State Physics 2 Lecture 3 : Bosonic matter

Abstract In these lectures, starting with a review of secondand coherent-state path-integral quantization, we will formulate a quantum field theory of bosonic matter and will study its thermodynamics and correlation functions. We will explore the transition to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of noninteracting bosons. Including interactions, we will study the properties of a superfluid and a phase transition into it within a mean-field theory, quantum “hydrodynamics”, Bogoluibov theory and Lee-Huang-Yang expansion of a weakly interacting Bose gas.
Chapter 1 Issues in Diagnosis : Categorical vs . Dimensional

Psychiatric diagnosis is fundamental to the understanding of mental illness. Without it, the study, assessment, and treatment of psychopathology would be in disarray. In this chapter, we examine: (1) the raison d’etre underlying psychiatric diagnosis; (2) widespread misconceptions regarding psychiatric diagnosis; (3) the present system of psychiatric diagnosis and its strengths and weaknesses; and (4) and fruitful directions for improving this system. There are a myriad of forms of abnormality housed under the exceedingly broad umbrella of mental disorders. Indeed, the current psychiatric classification system contains well over 350 diagnoses (American Psychiatric Association [APA], (2000)). The enormous heterogeneity of psychopathology makes a formal system of organization imperative. Just as in the biological sciences where Linnaeus’ hierarchical taxonomy categorizes fauna and flora and in chemistry where Mendeleev’s periodic table orders the elements, a psychiatric classification system helps to organize the bewildering subforms of abnormality. Such a system, if effective, permits us to parse the variegated universe of psychological disorders into more homogeneous, and ideally more clinically meaningful, subtypes. From the practitioner’s initial inchoate impression that a patient’s behavior is aberrant to later and better elaborated case conceptualization, diagnosis plays an integral role in the clinical process. Indeed, the essential reason for initiating assessment and treatment is often the observer’s sense that ‘‘something is just not quite right’’ about that person. Meehl (1973) commented that the mental health professional’s core task is to answer the question, ‘‘what does this person have, or what befell him, that makes him different
Activity of Isolated Staphylococcal Bacteriophage in Treatment of Experimentally Induced Chronic Osteomyelitis in Rabbits

| The central goal of this research was to explore the use of Staphylococcus aureus specific-bacteriophage as an alternative to antibiotics in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in rabbits by inoculation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in tibia. The current study included isolation of bacteriophage from swage water by using agar overlay method. While the second experiment was evaluation of phage activity in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in rabbits in comparison with ceftaroline. Results of our research showed that all animals of infected groups with MRSA before treatment exhibited clinical signs of osteomyelitis after 21 days of inducing infection. Group C animals that dosed with 3 × 108 pfu/ml of Staph-specific bacteriophage for two weeks intramuscularly showed faster recovery than group D that treated with 40 mg/ kg B.W of ceftaroline for two weeks intramuscularly. We came in concluded that a bacteriophage was a good choice for treatment of a multiple drug resistant pathogen such as Staphylococcus aureus in shorter time with minimal side effects.
Relationship of Saliva Microcrystalline Characterization and Contractile Duration of Skeletal Muscle in Medical Students

Aim of the study was to analyze possibility of diagnostic use of saliva investigation in relation to medical condition among medical students, and provide background of non-invasive physiological-based preventive measures for their health outcomes. Methods. The study was conducted among 70 students from Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (Ukraine), interviewed on the subject of general information, lifestyle risk factors related to physical inactivity, circadian rhythmicity, use of technical gadgets, and presence of functional gastrointestinal disorders. The saliva secretion and microcrystallization were evaluated. For detection of the microcrystallines non-organic origin in saliva, X-Rays diffractional powder analysis was used. Results of the study indicated that 70% of students have decreased daily skeletal muscle contractile duration, circadian dysfunction and extended time of using gadgets that lead to changes in saliva secretion and microcrystalline of biogeneous substances. About 30% of participants have signs of functional disorders of upper gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion. Integrative view on saliva microcrystalline changes could be novel diagnostic tool for detection early health disorders and maintaining regular skeletal muscle contractile activity and normal circadian rhythmicity are a promising physiological approach to improve outcomes of health in young people.
LOW-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY OF GAMMA-RAY BURST OPTICAL AFTERGLOWS: BIASES IN THE SWIFT SAMPLE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ABSORBERS

We present a sample of 77 optical afterglows (OAs) of Swift detected gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) for which spectroscopic follow-up observations have been secured. Our first objective is to measure the redshifts of the bursts. For the majority (90%) of the afterglows, the redshifts have been determined from the spectra. We provide line lists and equivalent widths (EWs) for all detected lines redward of Lyα covered by the spectra. In addition to the GRB absorption systems, these lists include line strengths for a total of 33 intervening absorption systems. We discuss to what extent the current sample of Swift bursts with OA spectroscopy is a biased subsample of all Swift detected GRBs. For that purpose we define an X-ray-selected statistical sample of Swift bursts with optimal conditions for ground-based follow-up from the period 2005 March to 2008 September; 146 bursts fulfill our sample criteria. We derive the redshift distribution for the statistical (X-ray selected) sample and conclude that less than 18% of Swift bursts can be at z > 7. We compare the high-energy properties (e.g., γ-ray (15–350 keV) fluence and duration, X-ray flux, and excess absorption) for three subsamples of bursts in the statistical sample: (1) bursts with redshifts measured from OA spectroscopy; (2) bursts with detected optical and/or near-IR afterglow, but no afterglow-based redshift; and (3) bursts with no detection of the OA. The bursts in group (1) have slightly higher γ-ray fluences and higher X-ray fluxes and significantly less excess X-ray absorption than bursts in the other two groups. In addition, the fractions of dark bursts, defined as bursts with an optical to X-ray slope βOX < 0.5, is 14% in group (1), 38% in group (2), and >39% in group (3). For the full sample, the dark burst fraction is constrained to be in the range 25%–42%. From this we conclude that the sample of GRBs with OA spectroscopy is not representative for all Swift bursts, most likely due to a bias against the most dusty sight lines. This should be taken into account when determining, e.g., the redshift or metallicity distribution of GRBs and when using GRBs as a probe of star formation. Finally, we characterize GRB absorption systems as a class and compare them to QSO absorption systems, in particular the damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs). On average GRB absorbers are characterized by significantly stronger EWs for H i as well as for both low and high ionization metal lines than what is seen in intervening QSO absorbers. However, the distribution of line strengths is very broad and several GRB absorbers have lines with EWs well within the range spanned by QSO-DLAs. Based on the 33 z > 2 bursts in the sample, we place a 95% confidence upper limit of 7.5% on the mean escape fraction of ionizing photons from star-forming galaxies.
On-stack two-dimensional conversion of MoS2 into MoO3

Chemical transformation of existing two-dimensional (2D) materials can be crucial in further expanding the 2D crystal palette required to realize various functional heterostructures. In this work, we demonstrate a 2D ‘on-stack’ chemical conversion of single-layer crystalline MoS2 into MoO3 with a precise layer control that enables truly 2D MoO3 and MoO3/MoS2 heterostructures. To minimize perturbation of the 2D morphology, a nonthermal oxidation using O2 plasma was employed. The early stage of the reaction was characterized by a defect-induced Raman peak, drastic quenching of photoluminescence (PL) signals and sub-nm protrusions in atomic force microscopy images. As the reaction proceeded from the uppermost layer to the buried layers, PL and optical second harmonic generation signals showed characteristic modulations revealing a layer-by-layer conversion. The plasma-generated 2D oxides, confirmed as MoO3 by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were found to be amorphous but extremely flat with a surface roughness of 0.18 nm, comparable to that of 1L MoS2. The rate of oxidation quantified by Raman spectroscopy decreased very rapidly for buried sulfide layers due to protection by the surface 2D oxides, exhibiting a pseudo-self-limiting behavior. As exemplified in this work, various on-stack chemical transformations can be applied to other 2D materials in forming otherwise unobtainable materials and complex heterostructures, thus expanding the palette of 2D material building blocks.
cient data structures for dynamic graph analysis

In the era of social networks, gene sequencing, and big data, a new class of applications that analyze the properties of large graphs as they dynamically change over time has emerged. The performance of these applications is highly influenced by the data structures used to store and access the graph in memory. Depending on its size and structure, update frequency, and read accesses of the analysis, the use of di↵erent data structures can yield great performance variations. Even for expert programmers, it is not always obvious, which data structure is the best choice for a given scenario. In this paper, we present a framework for handling this issue automatically. It provides compile-time support for automatically selecting the most e cient data structures for a given graph analysis application assuming a consistent workload on the graph. We perform a measurement study to better understand the performance of five data structures and evaluate a prototype Java implementation of our framework. It achieves a speedup of up to 4.7⇥ compared to basic data structure configurations for the analysis of real-world dynamic graphs.
The First 50 Years at Palomar: 1949–1999 The Early Years of Stellar Evolution, Cosmology, and High-Energy Astrophysics

PROLOGUE ▪ Abstract In 1999 we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the initial bringing into operation of the Palomar 200-inch Hale telescope. When this telescope was dedicated, it opened up a much larger and clearer window on the universe than any telescope that had gone before. Because the Hale telescope has played such an important role in twentieth century astrophysics, we decided to invite one or two of the astronomers most familiar with what has been achieved at Palomar to give a scientific commentary on the work that has been done there in the first fifty years. The first article of this kind which follows is by Allan Sandage, who has been an active member of the staff of what was originally the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories, and later the Carnegie Observatories for the whole of these fifty years. The article is devoted to the topics which covered the original goals for the Palomar telescope, namely observational cosmology and the study of galaxies, together with discoveries that were not a.