Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (Bos grunniens)

An epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (EHDV-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in Colorado between August 21 and October 3, 2012. Affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. Ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necropsy. Blood and tissue samples from 8 yaks with similar clinical signs and necropsy findings were positive for EHDV-2 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and 5 yaks were seropositive for EHDV. Tests for malignant catarrhal fever (Ovine herpesvirus 2), Bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bovine herpesvirus 1, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, and Vesicular stomatitis virus were negative. The findings indicate that yaks are susceptible to infection with EHDV-2 and exhibit the clinical signs, and gross and histologic lesions of hemorrhagic disease observed in other ruminant species.
Comparison of Bovine coronavirus–specific and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus–specific antibodies in serum versus milk samples detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Bovine coronavirus (BCV; Betacoronavirus 1) and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) are significant causes of enteric and respiratory disease in beef and dairy cattle throughout the world. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are widely used to detect serum antibodies for herd monitoring and prevalence studies. In dairy herds, milk is more readily collected than serum. Hence, in order to investigate the test agreement between serum and milk, both serum and milk samples from 105 cows in 27 dairy herds were analyzed in parallel for presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies to BCV and BRSV. The Bland–Altman analyses of data demonstrated good agreement between serum and milk antibody titers for both viruses. The results indicate milk samples are sufficient for surveillance of antibodies to BCV and BRSV.
Brain state evolution during seizure and under anesthesia: A network-based analysis of stereotaxic eeg activity in drug-resistant epilepsy patients

Epilepsy is a neurological condition with a prevalence of 1%, and 14-34% have medically refractory epilepsy (MRE). Seizures in focal MRE are generated by a single epileptogenic zone (or focus), thus there is potentially a curative procedure - surgical resection. This procedure depends significantly on correct identification of the focus, which is often uncertain in clinical practice. In this study, we analyzed intracranial stereotaxic EEG (sEEG) data recorded in two human patients with drug-resistant epilepsy prior to undergoing resection surgery. We view the sEEG data as samples from the brain network and hypothesize that seizure foci can be identified based on their network connectivity during seizure. Specifically, we computed a time sequence of connectivity matrices from EEG recordings that represent network structure over time. For each patient, connectivity between electrodes was measured using the coherence in a given frequency band. Matrix structure was analyzed using singular value decomposition and the leading singular vector was used to estimate each electrode's time dependent centrality (importance to the network's connectivity). Our preliminary study suggests that seizure foci may be the most weakly connected regions in the brain during the beginning of a seizure and the most strongly connected regions towards the end of a seizure. Additionally, in one of the patients analyzed, the network connectivity under anesthesia highlights seizure foci. Ultimately, network centrality computed from sEEG activity may be used to develop an automated, reliable, and computationally efficient algorithm for identifying seizure foci.
Monetering of Infectious Diseases in Katsina and Daura Zones of Katsina State: A Clustering Analysis

In this paper, data of infectious diseases were collected from the two senatorial zones of Katsina state, and analyzed using cluster analysis, a multivariate technique. This necessitated a partition of the set of diseases into groups such that the diseases with similar degree of prevalence were identified. The result of the cluster formation shows that Malaria is more prevalent in all of the two zones, followed by Cholera and Typhoid fever using the Single Linkage and Centroid methods. The Complete Linkage and Ward methods showed that Malaria is the most prevalent followed by Typhoid fever and Cholera in Katsina zone, while in Daura zone Typhoid fever is more prevalent followed by Malaria and Cholera. The number of clusters tends to vary from one zone to another. This is achieved by using Chi-square test for independence. The study concludes that the use of clustering methods provides a suitable tool for assessing the level of infections of the disease.
The Influence of Masking Phenomenon on Coverage Capability of Single Fault Test Sets in PLA's

It is relatively easy to generate a complete single contact fault detection test set Tc for a PLA. However such a test set may fail to detect all multiple faults due to the phenomenon of masking. In previous papers attempting to quantitatively predict the multiple fault coverage capability of a single fault detection test set Tc in PLA's, it was proved that every multiple contact fault in an irredundant PLA is detected by Tc if the multiple fault does not contain any four-way masking cycle. In this correspondence, the masking relations are studied in detail and it is shown that Tc in fact detects a signifilcant percentage of faults with four-way masking. Based on these results more realistic bounds of the coverage capability of Tc are determined. It is shown that the multiple fault coverage ratio of Tc increases with the increasing number m of rows of a PLA and for m = 24 Tc detects 99 percent of all contact faults of size 8 or less.
The organoid architect.

Hans Clevers, the head of the Hubrecht Laboratory in Utrecht, the Netherlands, has pioneered the development of organoids, miniature versions of human organs that are transforming science and medicine. Clevers and other scientists have developed organoids of the gut, liver, lung, brain, and many other human organs that can be used to model disease or to serve as test beds for drugs. For example, organoids grown from the guts of individual cystic fibrosis patients are used to predict their response to drugs. Researchers have also created organoids from tumors to mimic cancer, and they’re introducing mutations into organoids grown from healthy tissue to study how cancer arises.
A Generalized Theory for System Level Diagnosis

System-level diagnosis appears to be a viable alternative to circuit-level testing in complex multiprocessor systems. A completely new generalization of the characterization problem in the system-level diagnosis area is developed in this paper. This generalized characterization theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions for any fault-pattern of any size to be uniquely diagnosable, under the symmetric, and asymmetric invalidation models with or without the intermittent faults. Moreover, it is also shown that the well known t-characterization theorems under these models can be derived as special cases. In addition to the generalization provided by these results, it is hoped that these results will also have a great impact on the diagnosis of faulty units in uniform structures based on the system-level diagnosis concepts and would be particularly useful in the diagnosis of WSI-oriented multiprocessor systems.
Histopathology case definition of naturally acquired Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin infection in young Holstein cattle in the northeastern United States

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin (Salmonella Dublin) is a host-adapted bacterium that causes high morbidity and mortality in dairy cattle worldwide. A retrospective search of archives at the New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center revealed 57 culture-confirmed Salmonella Dublin cases from New York and Pennsylvania in which detailed histology of multiple tissues was available. Tissues routinely submitted by referring veterinarians for histologic evaluation included sections of heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Of the 57 Salmonella Dublin–positive cases, all were Holstein breed, 53 were female (93%), and 49 (86%) were <6 mo of age. Specifically, in calves <6 mo of age, >90% (45 of 49) of lungs, 90% (28 of 31) of livers, 50% (11 of 22) of spleens, and 62% (18 of 29) of lymph nodes examined had moderate-to-severe inflammation with or without necrosis. Inconstant lesions were seen in 48% (10 of 21) of hearts examined, and consisted of variable inflammatory infiltrates and rare areas of necrosis. We propose a histopathology case definition of Salmonella Dublin in <6-mo-old Holstein cattle that includes a combination of pulmonary alveolar capillary neutrophilia with or without hepatocellular necrosis and paratyphoid granulomas, splenitis, and lymphadenitis. These findings will assist in the development of improved protocols for the diagnosis of infectious diseases of dairy cattle.
Simultaneous detection of antibodies to five Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars using bead-based multiplex analysis

We developed and made a preliminary validation of a bead-based multiplexed immunoassay for simultaneous detection of porcine serum antibodies to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 2, 6, 7, and 12. Magnetic fluorescent beads were coupled with A. pleuropneumoniae antigens and tested with a panel of serum samples from experimentally infected pigs and with serum samples from uninfected and naturally infected pigs. The multiplex assay was compared to in-house ELISAs and complement fixation (CF) tests, which have been used for decades as tools for herd classification in the Danish Specific Pathogen Free system. Assay specificities and sensitivities as well as the corresponding cutoff values were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and the A. pleuropneumoniae multiplex assay showed good correlation with the in-house ELISAs and CF tests with areas under ROC curves ≥ 0.988. Benefits of multiplexed assays compared to ELISAs and CF tests include reduced serum sample volumes needed for analysis, less labor, and shorter assay time.
Leptospira spp. vaccinal antibodies do not react with Borrelia burgdorferi peptides used in the AccuPlex 4

We attempted to determine if Leptospira spp. antibodies induced by vaccination would cross-react with Borrelia burgdorferi antigens used in a commercial automated immunofluorescent assay (AccuPlex 4 BioCD; Antech). Staff- and student-owned dogs (n = 31) were recruited at a veterinary teaching hospital in a B. burgdorferi nonendemic area. The dogs were randomized and administered 1 of 4 commercial Leptospira spp. vaccines that contained serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona, then booster vaccinated 3 wk later. Blood was collected on weeks 0, 3, 4, 8, and 12. After confirming that maximal Leptospira spp. titers occurred on week 4, aliquots of sera from week 4 were shipped frozen for analysis of B. burgdorferi antibodies against OspA, OspC, OspF, P39, and SLP with the AccuPlex system. Week 4 sera from all 31 dogs had a titer of 1:100 for at least 1 Leptospira spp. serovar. Titers of 1:800 or greater were detected against multiple serovars in 27 dogs. None of the samples contained antibodies against the B. burgdorferi OspA, OspC, OspF, P39, and SLP peptides used in the commercial assay. The B. burgdorferi peptides used in the AccuPlex system do not recognize naturally occurring Leptospira spp. antibodies or those induced by the commercial Leptospira spp. vaccines administered in our study.
Epidemiologic survey of feline leukemia virus in domestic cats on Tsushima Island, Japan: management strategy for Tsushima leopard cats

The Tsushima leopard cat (TLC) Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, a subspecies of P. bengalensis, is designated a National Natural Monument of Japan, and lives only on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. TLCs are threatened by various infectious diseases. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) causes a serious infectious disease with a poor prognosis in cats. Therefore, the transmission of FeLV from Tsushima domestic cats (TDCs) to TLCs may threaten the TLC population. We investigated the FeLV infection status of both TDCs and TLCs on Tsushima Island by screening blood samples for FeLV p27 antigen and using PCR to amplify the full-length FeLV env gene. The prevalence of FeLV was 6.4% in TDCs and 0% in TLCs. We also demonstrated that the virus can replicate in the cells of TLCs, suggesting its potential cross-species transmission. The viruses in TDCs were classified as genotype I/clade 3, which is prevalent on a nearby island, based on previous studies of FeLV genotypes and FeLV epidemiology. The FeLV viruses identified on Tsushima Island can be further divided into 2 lineages within genotype I/clade 3, which are geographically separated in Kamijima and Shimojima, indicating that FeLV may have been transmitted to Tsushima Island at least twice. Monitoring FeLV infection in the TDC and TLC populations is highly recommended as part of the TLC surveillance and management strategy.
A Dimensional Analysis of the Concept: Good Death of a Child With Cancer

The death of a child is painful to all witnesses, but the experience varies among individuals, and differing perspectives lead to a variety of definitions for a good death. This analysis is undertaken to clarify the dimensions involved in a good death of a child with cancer and to examine them from 3 perspectives: the dying child, the child's family, and the health care providers.
Efficient design diversity estimation for combinational circuits

Redundant systems are designed using multiple copies of the same resource (e.g., a logic network or a software module) in order to increase system dependability: Design diversity has long been used to protect redundant systems against common-mode failures. The conventional notion of diversity relies on "independent" generation of "different" implementations of the same logic function. In a recent paper, we presented a metric to quantify diversity among several designs. The problem of calculating the diversity metric is NP-complete (i.e., can be of exponential complexity). In this paper, we present efficient techniques to estimate the value of the design diversity metric. For datapath designs, we have formulated very fast techniques to calculate the value of the metric by taking advantage of the regularity in the datapath structures. For general combinational logic circuits, we present an adaptive Monte-Carlo simulation technique for estimating accurate bounds on the value of the metric.
Supporting demanding hard-real-time systems with STI

Software thread integration (STI) is a compilation technique which enables the efficient use of an application's fine-grain idle time on generic processors without special hardware support. With STI, a primary function is automatically interleaved with a secondary function to create a single implicitly multithreaded function which minimizes context switching and, hence, both improves performance and also offers very fine-grain concurrency. In this work, we extend STI techniques to address two challenges. First, we reduce response time for interrupts or other high-priority threads by introducing polling servers into integrated threads. Second, we enable integration with long host threads, expanding the domain of STI. We derive methods to evaluate the response time for threads in systems with and without these new integration methods. We demonstrate these concepts with the integration of various threads in a sample hard-real-time system on a highly-constrained microcontroller. We use an inexpensive 20 MHz AVR 8-bit microcontroller to generate monochrome NTSC video while servicing a high-speed (115,2 kbaud) serial communication link. We have built and tested this system, achieving graphics rendering speed-ups of 3.99/spl times/ to 13.5/spl times/.
Design and Performance Evaluation of Queue-and-Rate-Adjustment Dynamic Load Balancing Policies for Distributed Networks

In this paper, we classify the dynamic distributed load balancing algorithms for heterogenous distributed computer systems into three policies: queue adjustment policy (QAP), rate adjustment policy (RAP), and queue and rate adjustment policy (QRAP). We propose two efficient algorithms, referred to as rate-based load balancing via virtual routing (RLBVR) and queue-based load balancing via virtual routing (QLBVR), which belong to the above RAP and QRAP policies, respectively. We also consider algorithms estimated load information scheduling algorithm (ELISA) and perfect information algorithm, which were introduced in the literature, to implement QAP policy. Our focus is to analyze and understand the behaviors of these algorithms in terms of their load balancing abilities under varying load conditions (light, moderate, or high) and the minimization of the mean response time of jobs. We compare the above classes of algorithms by a number of rigorous simulation experiments to elicit their behaviors under some influencing parameters, such as load on the system and status exchange intervals. We also extend our experimental verification to large scale cluster systems such as a mesh architecture, which is widely used in real-life situations. From these experiments, recommendations are drawn to prescribe the suitability of the algorithms under various situations
Early Analysis of Fault-based Attack Effects in Secure Circuits

Security often relies on functions implemented in hardware. But, various types of attacks have been developed, in particular, fault-based attacks allowing a hacker to observe abnormal behaviors from which secret data can be inferred. Analyzing very early, during a circuit design, the potential impact of faults therefore becomes necessary to avoid security flaws. Dependability analysis environments have been developed to analyze the effect of "natural" faults, for example, those induced by particles. This paper discusses the similarities and differences between the two types; of application areas and proposes extensions of the classical fault models to cover security-related constraints. Experimental results on a coprocessor for RSA encryption demonstrate the need for such an extended fault model.
Psychometric and Clinical Assessment of the 13-Item Reduced Version of the Fatigue Scale–Adolescent Instrument

Fatigue is one of the most common and distressing symptoms experienced by adolescents during and after treatment for cancer. The lack of reliable and valid instruments has prevented an accurate assessment of the trajectory of fatigue among adolescent oncology patients. The purposes of this study were to identify the items on the Fatigue Scale–Adolescent (FS-A) that distinguished adolescents with high fatigue and to identify the most sensitive and specific score (“cut score”) in order to identify those in need of a fatigue intervention. Rasch methods were used to identify FS-A items that distinguished adolescents with high cancer-related fatigue, and results indicated that the 14-item FS-A could be reduced to 13 items. The 13-item FS-A was assessed for its psychometric properties, with application of the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to the responses from 75 adolescents. The internal consistency coefficient was . 87, and a 4-factor confirmatory analysis achieved good fit coefficients. The identified cut score was 31, with 66.6% sensitivity and 82.6% specificity; 16 (21.33%) of the patients scored 31 or higher. The 13-item FS-A has acceptable psychometric properties and is able to identify adolescent oncology patients with high fatigue.
A New Finite-Field Multiplier Using Redundant Representation

A novel serial-in parallel-out finite field multiplier using redundant representation is proposed. It is shown that the proposed architecture has either a significantly lower complexity and comparable critical path delay or a significantly smaller critical path delay and comparable complexity in comparison to the previously proposed architectures using the same representation. For the class of fields where there exists a type I optimal normal basis, the proposed multiplier compares favorably to the normal basis multipliers. A digit-level version for the new multiplier is also presented in this paper.
High-Performance Hardware Architectures for Galois Counter Mode

Various high-performance hardware architectures for Galois counter mode (GCM) in conjunction with various advanced encryption standard (AES) circuits and multiplier-adders are proposed. A total of 17 GCM-AES circuits were synthesized by using a 130-nm CMOS standard cell library, and the trade-offs between speed and hardware resources were evaluated. Our flexible architectures achieved a wide variety of performances from compact (2.56 Gbps with 34.5 Kgates) to high speed (62.6 Gbps with 979.3 Kgates). All of our architectures support key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits, while only one previous approach does. Even with variable-length key support, our architecture also achieved the highest hardware efficiency (defined as throughput per gate) among the designs using the same generation of process technology.
Growing Up With Cancer

Adolescence and young adulthood are transitional periods of rapid and dramatic personal change. Few events can cause as unpredictable and challenging alterations to this process as the onset of a serious illness, such as cancer. Although we know much about the physical and psychological consequences of having cancer at this time, we know little about the effect of cancer on young people’s relationships. We conducted interviews with 15 women and 12 men aged between 16 and 29 years, who had survived cancer. Our findings demonstrate that the experience of cancer and how it affects relationships is complex. It arrests young people’s development by increasing their dependence on parents, giving them life experiences unavailable to peers, and complicating the process of establishing new relationships. However, it also accelerates development by facilitating closer and more mature relationships with parents and giving young people wisdom and insight not shared by peers. Cancer profoundly shapes how young people conduct their relationships. These changes require ongoing accommodation by young people with cancer, their parents, peers, and new acquaintances.
A temporal model for Clinical Data Analytics language

The proposal of a special purpose language for Clinical Data Analytics (CliniDAL) is presented along with a general model for expressing temporal events in the language. The temporal dimension of clinical data needs to be addressed from at least five different points of view. Firstly, how to attach the knowledge of time based constraints to queries; secondly, how to mine temporal data in different CISs with various data models; thirdly, how to deal with both relative time and absolute time in the query language; fourthly, how to tackle internal time-event dependencies in queries, and finally, how to manage historical time events preserved in the patient's narrative. The temporal elements of the language are defined in Bachus Naur Form (BNF) along with a UML schema. Its use in a designed taxonomy of a five class hierarchy of data analytics tasks shows the solution to problems of time event dependencies in a highly complex cascade of queries needed to evaluate scientific experiments. The issues in using the model in a practical way are discussed as well.