Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retention of 133Ba in the Trachea of Rabbits, Dogs, and Monkeys Following Local Administration As133BaSO4 Particles

AbstractThe retention of 133Ba in the trachea from intratracheally administered 133BaSO4 particles was determined in rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. A significant retention of Ba in the trachea was observed with two peaks in these three animal species 1 week after administration. The first peak in the cranial region of the trachea corresponded to the approximate position of the tracheostomy and the second peak in the caudal trachea corresponded to the approximate position of the tip of the cannula. The amount of 133Ba retained 1 week after injection in the caudal region of trachea, which indicated the physiological retention of particles in the airway wall, was 0.145, 0.044, and 0.043% of the initial injection dose for rabbits, dogs, and monkeys, respectively. These retention rates were much lower than those measured in a previous rat study. If experimental conditions of anesthesia and relative injection dose (e.g., the amount of 133BaSO4 per surface area of the tracheal lumen) did not affect particle retenti.
SOLIDS DISTRIBUTION IN STIRRED SLURRY REACTORS: INFLUENCE OF SOME MIXER CONFIGURATIONS AND LIMITS TO THE APPLICABILITY OF A SIMPLE MODEL FOR PREDICTIONS

Abstract The features of solids concentration distribution were investigated in baffled and unbaffled tanks of high aspect ratio, stirred with multiple radial, mixed-flow or axial impellers. In the baffled tanks the average profiles can be predicted with the sedimentation-dispersion model regardless of impeller type - in spite of slight systematic departures from the average trend at the impeller plane and/or midway between the impellers. This is hardly possible for the unbaffled tanks due to lack of physical foundation of this simple model. When the unbaffled tank is stirred with hydrofoil impellers, an inverted profile is even obtained. The mentioned departures and this last anomalous behaviour are qualitatively discussed with reference to particle-turbulence interaction.
Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Truncated Octahedral Eu-Doped YF3 Submicrocrystals or Nanocrystals

Highly uniform and monodisperse Eu:YF3 nanosized and submicrosized truncated octahedra are successfully prepared in large quantities using a facile hydrothermal approach assisted by a capping reagent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2H2EDTA). X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction have been used to study the morphologies and crystal structure. The photoluminescence spectra at room temperature show that, in addition to the characteristic red emission peaks of Eu3+, an intense blue emission band centered at about 445 nm originating from the 4f65d to 4f7 configuration in Eu2+ is also observed when the crystals are excited at 393 nm, which is quite different from those reported previously. The results reveal that there should be a redox reaction during hydrothermal preparation of YF3:Eu at 180 °C, and some of the Eu3+ ions should have been reduced to the d.
Atmospheric aerosol models for systems including the ions H+, NH4+, Na+, SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, Br−, and H2O

[1] Mole fraction based equations for aqueous phase activities, together with equilibrium constants for the formation of gases and solids, have been combined with a Gibbs free energy minimization algorithm to create equilibrium phase partitioning models of inorganic atmospheric aerosols. The water content, phase state (solid or liquid), and gas/aerosol partitioning are predicted for known ionic composition, relative humidity, and temperature. The models are valid from <200 to 328 K for the subsystems (H+-SO42−-NO3−-Cl−-Br−-H2O) and (H+-NH4+-SO42−-NO3−-H2O), and 298.15 K only for (H+-NH4+-Na+-SO42−-NO3−-Cl−-H2O). The models involve no simplifying assumptions and include all solid phases identified in bulk experiments, including hydrated and double salt forms not treated in most other studies. The Henry's law constant of H2SO4 is derived as a function of temperature, based upon available data, and the model treatment of the solubility of HBr in aqueous H2SO4 is revised. Phase diagrams are calculated for the (NH4)2SO4/H2SO4/H2O system to low temperature. The models are also used to explore the importance of the double salts in urban inorganic aerosols. These Aerosol Inorganics Model (AIM) models can be run on the Web for a variety of problem types at http://mae.ucdavis. edu/wexler/aim.html and http://www.uea. ac.uk/∼e770/aim.html, and their use is summarized here.
Optimization of Biological Sulphate Reduction to Treat Inorganic Wastewaters:

Ce travail a etudie deux approches differentes pour optimiser la reduction biologique des sulfates: la premiere approche consiste a elaborer une strategie de controle de processus pour optimiser l'ajout d'un donneur d'electrons et la deuxieme a verifier la pertinence de l'utilisation d'une source de carbone bon marche, a savoir, le methane. Une strategie de controle de l'apport du donneur d'electron en se basant sur le suivi de la charge organique a ete mis en place. Des conditions d'abondance et de famine ont ete appliquees a un bioreacteur a bacteries sulfato-reductrices (BSR) pour stimuler les dynamiques du processus. Ces conditions d'abondance/famine ont donne lieu a l'accumulation de carbone et egalement de soufre elementaire (composants de stockage de biomasse reductrice de sulfate). Cette etude a montre que les retards dans le temps de reponse et un gain de commande eleve peuvent etre consideres comme les facteurs les plus critiques affectant l'application d'une strategie de controle de sulfure dans des bioreacteurs a BSR. L'allongement du temps de reponse est explique par l'induction de differentes voies metaboliques au sein des communautes microbienne des boues anaerobies, notamment par l'accumulation de sous produits de stockage. Le polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) et les sulfates ont ete retrouves accumules par la biomasse presente dans le bioreacteur a lit fluidise inverse utilise pour cette etude et donc ils ont ete consideres comme les produits majoritaires de stockage par les BSR. Sur cette base, un modele mathematique a ete developpe, qui montre un bon compromis entre les donnees experimentales et simulees, et confirme donc le role cle des processus d'accumulation. Afin de comprendre les voies metaboliques impliquees dans l'oxydation anaerobie du methane couple a la reduction des sulfates (AOM-SR), differents donneurs et accepteurs d'electrons ont ete ajoutes au cours de test d'incubations in vitro visant a enrichir la communaute microbienne implique dans l'AOM-SR a haute pression avec plusieurs co-substrats. L'AOM-SR est stimulee par l'addition de l'acetate ce qui n'a pas ete rapporte pour d'autres communautes implique dans l'AOM-SR. En outre, l'acetate a ete genere dans le test de controle resultant probablement de la reduction de CO2. Ces resultats renforcent l'hypothese que l'acetate peut servir d'intermediaire dans le processus de l'AOM-SR, au moins pour certains groupes de archees anaerobie methanotrophe (ANME) et les bacteries sulfato-reductrices
Development of ReflEXAFS data analysis for deeper surface structure studies

An analytical approach to the analysis of ReflEXAFS data collected from complex multilayer samples, at a range of angles above and below the critical angle is presented. The aim of the technique is to generate a structural model of the investigated system that is consistent with the variable depth sensitivity of the experimental data. The procedure follows three main steps (i) the determination of the free atom reflectivity background for the multilayer system, (ii) the estimation of the depth dependent EXAFS signals and (iii) the calculation of the corresponding ReflEXAFS components. By iterating between steps (ii) and (iii), and varying the estimates of the EXAFS signals, a consistent set of structural parameters is extracted that reflects the bulk structure of the multilayer system through the basic reflectivity signals, and the depth dependent local atomic structure through the estimated EXAFS components. An example of the depth dependent structure of copper in a copper-chromium multilayer stack is presented to illustrate the capabilities of the method.
Synthesis of TiO 2 /SiO 2 Core/Shell Nanocable Arrays

Silica sheathed titania nanocable arrays were synthesized on Si substrates by using a vapor phase method. The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the nanocables were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and spatial-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. Raman spectroscopy combined with the other characterization methods elucidates that the nanocable core is of rutile titania. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the existence of Ti−O−Si bonds as well as Ti−O−Ti and Si−O−Si bonds. A possible growth mechanism of the nanocables was also proposed on the basis of thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. The as-grown nanocable arrays may find applications as photocatalysts.
Empirical, Semi-Empirical and Experimental Determination of K X-Ray Fluorescence Parameters of Some Elements in the Atomic Range 21 ≤ Z ≤ 30

In this study, the semi-empirical and empirical calculations of K X-ray intensity ratios, K-shell fluorescence yields, and vacancy transfer probabilities have been performed for 3d transition elements. Also, σKα, σKβ production cross-sections, Kβ/Kα intensity ratios, ωK fluorescence yields, and ηKL vacancy transfer probabilities of 3d transition elements have been measured. The samples were excited by 59.5 keV γ-rays from a 241Am annular radioactive source. K X-rays emitted by samples were counted by an Ultra-LEGe detector with a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV.
Effective collision strengths for electron-impact excitation of singly ionized sulfur

The multichannel R-matrix method has been used to compute effective collision strengths for electron impact excitation of the P-sequence ion S II. Included in the expansion of the total wave function are the lowest 18 LS target eigenstates of S II, consisting of twelve n = 3 levels with configurations 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 3}, 3s3p{sup 4}, and 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 2}3d, and six n = 4 levels with configurations 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 2}4l (l = s, p). These 18 ionic states correspond to 43 fine-structure levels, leading to a total possible 903 independent transitions (including all forbidden, and allowed). The effective collision strengths which are obtained by averaging the electron collision strengths over a Maxwellian distribution of velocities are tabulated for all fine-structure transitions to include those between the n = 3 levels, those from the n = 3 to n = 4 states, and those between the n = 4 levels, for electron temperatures, T, in the range log T (K) = 3.5 to log T(K) = 5.0. The present results are compared with a variety of other close-coupling data and some significant differences are found to occur. In particular we find that resonances converging to the high lying 3s{sup 2}3p{sup 2}nlmore » levels enhance the effective collision strength for many of the forbidden transitions at low impact energies. 25 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs. « less
Comparison of Silver and Gold Inquarting in the Fire Assay Determination of Palladium/Platinum and Rhodium in Geological Samples

The classical lead fire assay is still the most important method for the pre‐concentration and separation of Ag, Au and some of the platinum‐group elements (PGE) in the analysis of geological materials. The most frequently used fire assay procedure is the determination of Au, Pd and Pt with Ag as collector. When Au is used instead of Ag as a collector, Pd, Pt, Rh and possibly Ir can also be determined. In this study the recoveries by Au and Ag collectors, also called inquarts, were compared in the fire assay analysis of Pd, Pt and Rh in geological reference materials. The amount of gold to be added was optimised. Variable recoveries were obtained with Ag inquart for Rh, but a 2 mg inquart of Au gave good recoveries for all three of these elements in the analysis of reference samples of different geological materials. A procedure, alternative to scorification, to overcome interferences caused by base metals in the cupellation step is presented. The procedure involves cutting the Pb button into pieces and analysing the pieces separately. Prior to this, a homogeneity study of the lead button was made, and it showed that Pd, Pt and Rh were evenly distributed in the Pb button. All determinations were made using inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES).
The Optimum Nanomicro Structure of LiFePO4/Ortho-Rich Polyacene Composites

An optimum nanomicro structure of LiFePO4/o-polyacene (LiFePO4/O-PAS) with a high proportion of ortho linkages has been constructed using special processing technologies. O-PAS produces a thin, uniform conductive network because of its unique structure with low-branching and long-range order. The nanomicro structure of the composite cooperates with O-PAS to improve the electronic conductivity and lithium ion mobility, decrease the specific surface area, and improve the quality of the prepared electrode, which are the key factors for the large scale manufacture of lithium iron phosphate materials.
Electrodiffusion bonding of aluminum to glass

Strong Al-glass bonds are obtained by low temperature electrodiffusion process. The electric field used during formation of the bond allows to perform sealing in temperatures far below the softening point of the sodium silicate glass. The electric forces keep the joined surfaces of glass and Al in intimate contact during process, so there is no need to use external pressure to the joined parts. Bonding time is typically about 1 minute. Such parameters of bonding process allow to perform seals with no deformation of glass. The strength of electrodiffusion seals is about a typical value of bonds obtained by conventional methods. We propose structural model of the bonding process. Electron- microprobe studies, photo-electron spectroscopy and strength investigations were made to confirm the proposed model.
Estimation of Hydrogen Redistribution in Zirconium Hydride under Temperature Gradient

To evaluate irradiation behavior of δ-ZrHx+U fuel, thermal migration of hydrogen under temperature gradient has been estimated according to traditional diffusion theory. Hydrogen profiles at steady state and diffusion kinetics in single-phase δ-ZrHx have been calculated for a cylinder specimen. When a temperature gradient is imposed on the initial uniform ZrH1.6 hydride, considerable thermal migration from the higher temperature center region to the pellet surface can be expected. Larger temperature gradient and lower temperature will cause greater inclination of the hydrogen distribution. The hydrogen transportation process in single-phase δ-ZrHx as a function of time was simulated by a finite difference method. In the case of two-phase δ-ZrHx+45 wt%U, the uranium phase tends to slow down the thermal migration rate of hydrogen by about 50% compared with that in single phase δ-ZrHx though it may have little influence on the final hydrogen distribution in the δ-ZrHx matrix. For the cylinder specimen under the temperature conditions of interest, the steady state would be reached at an early stage of the typical irradiation cycle. Finally, the engineering impact due to the redistribution was discussed.
Kitchen inspired nanochemistry: dispersive, exfoliation and hybridization of functional MoS$_{2}$ nanosheets using culinary hydrocolloids

— As a material, molybdenum disulﬁde (MoS 2 ) has drawn wide attention due to its broad applications and fascinating properties. In order to ac-cess its valuable properties, however, van der Waals interactions between the sheets within the bulk crystalline material must be overcome in order to produce stable single- or few-layer nanosheets (S/FLNS). Previous methods to exfoliate MoS 2 into nanoscale sheets were time consuming, employed expensive, environmentally unfriendly methods, or produced poorly stabilized nanosheets (yielding sheet aggre-gation). Known exfoliation methods also suﬀer poor scalability and reproducibility, making them ill-suited for the development of large scale devices and nanocom-posites. In light of these facts, a simple and eﬃcient approach to exfoliate bulk MoS 2 and generate stable S/FLNS using approaches that embrace the principles of green chemistry is long-awaited. We present results on the sonication-assisted aque-ous phase exfoliation of bulk MoS 2 into dispersed S/FLNS using popular culinary agents, including guar gum, tannic acid, and xanthan gum. Subsequent decoration of the sterically-stabilized nanosheets with gold nanoparticles via in situ reduction by the sorbed culinary agent gave a plasmonic nanocatalyst hybrid exhibiting ex-cellent activity toward 4-nitrophenol reduction using sodium borohydride. These agents are green and inexpensively available commercially, opening up interesting possibilities that will be discussed.
Rapid calculation of the Coulomb component of the stress tensor for three-dimensional systems with two-dimensional periodicity

Computationally efficient formulas were developed for calculating the Coulomb component of the stress tensor in Ewald summations for three-dimensional systems with two-dimensional periodicity. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the formulas were compared with existing computational methods for water systems in the shapes of cubes, quadratic prisms, and slabs, all with two-dimensional periodicity. For these three systems, the formulas in our method significantly reduced the computational time required, and yielded sufficiently accurate evaluations of the Coulomb component of the stress tensor.
Investigation of nanotribological and nanomechanical properties of the digital micromirror device by atomic force microscopy

The digital micromirror device (DMD) is one of the successfully commercialized devices in the emerging field of microelectromechanical systems. In this study, an atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to characterize the surface roughness and the adhesive forces of landing sites. Micromirror tilting measurements on the DMD chip were made using an AFM to obtain the force required to tilt the micromirror. An asperity contact model was used to analyze the contact area and contact stresses between the spring tip and the landing site. Nanoscale bending tests were conducted on the hinge to measure elastic modulus which was needed in the analysis. These data were used to understand the potential mechanisms for “soft” stuck micromirror occurrences.
Chemical degradation of epoxidized natural rubber using periodic acid: Preparation of epoxidized liquid natural rubber

Oxidative degradation of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was effectively performed in latex phase by using periodic acid at 30°C. The ENR was prepared from the epoxidation of natural rubber in latex phase using performic acid generated in situ by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid. The prepared ENR latex was subsequently treated with periodic acid. It was found that the higher the amount of the periodic acid employed the faster the molecular weight of the ENR decreased. Different epoxidation levels of the ENR had no significant effect on the degradation reaction. Based on 1 H NMR analysis, the epoxide content in the epoxidized liquid natural rubber (ELNR) obtained was about the same as that observed in the ENR before degradation. FT-IR analysis showed an increase in carbonyl signal after prolonged reaction time or when higher amounts of periodic acid were employed.
Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces. Effects of Topography Length Scales on Wettability

We discuss dynamic hydrophobicity from the perspective of the force required to move a water droplet on a surface and argue that the structure of the three-phase contact line is important. We studied the wettability of a series of silicon surfaces that were prepared by photolithography and hydrophobized using silanization reagents. Hydrocarbon, siloxane, and fluorocarbon surfaces were prepared. The surfaces contain posts of different sizes, shapes, and separations. Surfaces containing square posts with X−Y dimensions of 32 μm and less exhibited ultrahydrophobic behavior with high advancing and receding water contact angles. Water droplets moved very easily on these surfaces and rolled off of slightly tilted surfaces. Contact angles were independent of the post height from 20 to 140 μm and independent of surface chemistry. Water droplets were pinned on surfaces containing square posts with larger dimensions. Increasing the distance between posts and changing the shape of the posts from square to staggered .
Thermostimulated conductivity in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract The theory of thermostimulated conductivity (TSC) in amorphous semiconductors containing a continuous distribution of localized gap states is discussed. We find that neither the low- nor the high-temperature TSC peaks are caused by peaks in the energy dependence of the density of gap states g(E). The theory is compared with TSC experiments on hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Values for the mobility-lifetime density of states product are obtained.
Analysis of Drug–Protein Binding Using Nuclear MagneticResonance Based Molecular Diffusion Measurements

1 H and 19 F NMR spectroscopic approaches are presented for investigation of protein–ligand binding using the measurement of molecular diffusion coefficients. This has been exemplified by investigation of the binding of 4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (TFBA), and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and flurbiprofen to human serum albumin (HSA). To avoid the need to define the number of independent binding sites and their individual dissociation constants, the relative binding of the ligands to HSA was quantified using a binding capacity, defined as log (ratio of ligand to HSA) required to give 50% of the ligand bound. The diffusion-based approach to the study of protein–ligand binding offers a number of advantages over previous NMR methods, which rely on the error-prone determination of bound-ligand chemical shifts, relaxation times or linewidths. The comparative simplicity of the diffusion method may allow its widespread use in the investigation of drug–macromolecule interactions, particularly for the weak but extensive binding of drugs to HSA in blood, which can affect biological activity in vivo.
Prediction of Crowdfunding Project Success Probability using Machine Learning

Crowd markets have established as alternative financing means where the borrowers preserve funding from the crowd in small increments. However, crowd markets mainly reward-based crowd markets are facing the problem of very low project success rate. Consequently, it's leading to low revenues for platforms and the project creators are challenged to meet fund targets. These problems are due to lack of project optimization tools for project creators. This research will contribute academically to establish a research area to provide a solution in terms of probability of success of crowd markets projects and on the other hand will act as a foundational work for practitioners to optimize project success decisioning systems.This research is evaluating the predictive accuracy of probability predicted by the machine learning models. Support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) and Random forest are used to predict probability. Sorting smoothing method (SSM) is used to predict the estimated actual probability. Linear regression is used to evaluate the relation between predicted probability and the estimated actual probability. Probability is the better parameter to provide project success insights facilitating borrowers for the decision making, increased revenue for the platform and increased transparency for the funders. Results of this research found random forest model have the highest predictive accuracy as (R-Squared=0.93) in predicting the probability of the success of the project and would be used to build decisioning systems.