Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Application of Error Analysis in Writing Based on Automatic Scoring System

Students should master the basic knowledge of the primary skill of writing, so as to form a comprehensive application of English knowledge and ability. English writing plays a vital role as the output skill among the four basic skills. However, numerous studies have shown that most junior high school students cannot easily complete an English composition without any problems. For the sake of improving students‟ English writing ability, it is quite necessary to analyze mistakes in compositions and find out effective teaching methods. Error analysis is of great guiding significance to students‟ English writing. However, facing with the large number of students in one class, this task seems to be heavy and inefficient for teachers. Artificial intelligence technology can be widely used in the process of English teaching and students' learning. One of the applications of artificial intelligence technology related to students' English writing correction is automatic scoring system. By using the automatic scoring system, the workload of teachers can be effectively reduced so that students can get amendments to their own composition. According to this amendment, students can modify their English composition appropriately so as to improve their English writing level.
An Empirical Comparison of Unsupervised Constituency Parsing Methods

Unsupervised constituency parsing aims to learn a constituency parser from a training corpus without parse tree annotations. While many methods have been proposed to tackle the problem, including statistical and neural methods, their experimental results are often not directly comparable due to discrepancies in datasets, data preprocessing, lexicalization, and evaluation metrics. In this paper, we first examine experimental settings used in previous work and propose to standardize the settings for better comparability between methods. We then empirically compare several existing methods, including decade-old and newly proposed ones, under the standardized settings on English and Japanese, two languages with different branching tendencies. We find that recent models do not show a clear advantage over decade-old models in our experiments. We hope our work can provide new insights into existing methods and facilitate future empirical evaluation of unsupervised constituency parsing.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROWTH IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA OF TWO BARLEY CULTIVARS GROWN FROM MAGNETICALLY TREATED AND UNTREATED SEED

Growth of two barley cultivars (Gait and Betzes) grown from magnetically treated and untreated seed was analyzed quantitatively both to determine their response to the environment of southern Alberta and to identify which phases, if any, are stimulated by magnetic treatment. Plants grown under controlled environment conditions, on irrigated land, and on dryland were sampled at about weekly intervals to determine leaf area and dry weight for growth analyses. Tiller numbers, grain yield, and kernel weights were also measured. The two cultivars differed significantly in the number of tillers and heads per plant, in the net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR) in the later stages of growth, and in grain yield. The only apparent effect of magnetic seed treatment was a small stimulation of NAR, under controlled environment conditions, between 29 and 57 days after planting. No response to magnetic seed treatment could be detected under field conditions.
Is Being Large More Important for Female Than for Male Parasitic Wasps

We compared the impact of differences in body size on reproductive success of males and females in a species of parasitic wasps (Lariophagus distinguendus; Hym., Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae), in an effort to obtain an estimate of the consequences of being large or small in terms of classical fitness (the expression of an individual's success of passing on its genes to future generations, DAWKINS, 1982). Body size of male and female Lariophagus may vary over about the same range, but, on average, males are distinctly smaller than females. Sex ratio theory has generated a number of models which predict in what ways a parasite like Lariophagus will treat hosts of variable size (reject, use for a daughter, use for a son) in order to make the most profitable investments (e.g. CHARNOV, 1979, 1982; WERREN, 1984). Assumptions on size and sex-related differential fitness returns underly these models. Our experiments served as a test of CHARNOV'S (1979) hypothesis, that a smaller size may be less of a disadvantage to males than to females. The results give support to this assumption. Large females produced more offspring than small ones because they were more fecund and because they lived longer; large and small differed by a factor 3. Large males lived about twice as long as small ones. Large males were able to inseminate about twice as many females but successful courtship displays of both categories proved to be of equal duration. In competitive situations large males were about 1.2 times more successful to court and copulate first, 1.4 times more successful in stealing a copulation and about twice as successful in obtaining an exclusive copulation without any prior investment in courtship behaviour. Small males were less successful than large ones in avoiding sperm competition; difference were in the order of a factor 2.
Objective Selection of Sensitive Species Indicative of Pollution-Induced Change in Benthic Communities. I. Comparative Methodology

Isolation of groups of species indicative of pollution-induced effects on benthic communities has traditionally been based on subjective ecological expertise. A review of more general methods covering the use of diversity indices, computer based multivariate analyses is glven. The conclusion drawn is that there are many drawbacks with these methods too and their so-called 'objectivity' is questioned. Using a modification of the log-normal distribution of individuals among species a new method is proposed which can be used to isolate objectively groups of species sensitive to pollution effects. An example is drawn from a time-series study on effects of organic enrichment on a soft-sediment community. The method suggested has a sound theoretical base, is simple to plot, utilizes all the data on individuals and species in a community and identifies groups of species that can be used in reduced scale monitoring programmes.
Mean Field Game for Equilibrium Analysis of Mining Computational Power in Blockchains

In a blockchain network, to mine new blocks like in cryptocurrencies or secure IoT networks, each node or player specifies the amount of computational power as its strategy by compromising between the cost and expected utility. Since the strategies of all players affect the expected utility of others through the probability of success, in this article, we first formulate the mining competition among the players in a blockchain network as a noncooperative game. The existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium (NE) point of the game are proven. We consider a gradient learning strategy for the players while preserving their private information as a bounded rational learning model. Furthermore, the convergence of this learning strategy to the $\epsilon $ -NE point of the game is studied analytically using the concept of the mean field (MF) game theory. While conventional analytical tools face problems in dealing with a large number of participants, which is a key feature in many IoT networks, deploying the MF game theory facilitates analyzing the behavior of a large population of players by encapsulating the network behavior in an MF term. As the number of players becomes larger, the accuracy of the MF method becomes greater. Moreover, in the MF approach, no information exchange among the agents is needed for optimal decision making and the privacy of the players is preserved. The minimal information exchange is also a proper motivation for using the MF approach in the IoT networks.
Relationship between Planting Date, Growing Degree Days and the Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) Variety “Rymin” in Minnesota

This study evaluated the influence of fall planting date on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) anthesis at three Minnesota locations for five dates from late August through October. This represents the time when fall-planted cover crops would likely be seeded in Minnesota. Earliness to anthesis is important in organic production systems where timing of rye management is affected by rye growth stage. The relationships among growing degree days (GDD), growth stage, and aboveground biomass were evaluated to predict how these factors influence anthesis date and how late in the fall rye could be planted without delaying anthesis. The study occurred in 2006 and 2007, which happened to have abnormally warm and cool growing seasons, with the earliest anthesis dates in 2007 being 25 May, 28 May, and 5 June at St. Paul, Lamberton, and Roseau, respectively, and dates in 2008 of 10 June, 11 June, and 17 June. Our results indicate that there was no fall biomass requirement but also that it was critical to accumulate at least 309 GDD in the fall so as not to delay spring anthesis. This information enables growers to choose appropriate planting dates for rye that will not delay anthesis. The optimal planting date corresponded to planting by late September (~20) in southern and early September (~8) in northern Minnesota.
Molecular Markers Associated with Maize Kernel Oil Concentration in an Illinois High Protein × Illinois Low Protein Cross

The Illinois Long Term Selection Strains offer a unique opportunity to investigate the quantitative genetic basis of kernel chemical traits. This study was conducted to determine the number and magnitude of quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing kernel oil concentration and kernel weight in a maize (Zea mays L.) population derived from a cross of Illinois High Protein (IHP) × Illinois Low Protein (ILP). The parental strains had been divergently selected for protein concentration for 76 cyles, yet varied in oil concentration from 29 g kg -1 (ILP) to 54g kg -1 (IHP) and in 300 kernel weight from 76.5g (ILP) to 41.1g (IHP) [. ]
Amorphous and ‘crystalline’ penta-silicene

ABSTRACT Atomic structure, thermodynamic and mechanical behaviours of the penta-silicene (p-silicene) obtained by cooling from the melt are studied by the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We find that p-silicene can ‘naturally’ form from the liquid state using the appropriate interatomic potential, density and buckling. The charge-optimised many body (COMB) potential is employed. Depending on the cooling rate used in simulations, ‘crystalline’ or amorphous p-silicene can be obtained. ‘Crystallisation’ and glass transition temperatures ( and , respectively) have reasonable values compared to those of the hexa-silicene (h-silicene). We find that the Poisson’s ratio of the obtained ‘crystalline’ p-silicene is positive unlike the negative one found for the p-graphene. The reasons for the formation of p-silicene instead of tetra-silicene (t-silicene) are analysed and discussed, i.e. 2D liquid silicene with COMB potential has a significant fraction of pentagons which grow with decreasing temperature, unlike 2D liquid silicene with the Stillinger–Weber potential.
Evaluation of Metal Oxide Thin-Film Electrolyte-Gated Field Effect Transistors for Glucose Monitoring in Small Volume of Body Analytes

Monitoringof chronic diseases such as diabetes without painful detection from blood enables people to improve their quality of life. Although various nanomaterials have remarkable characteristics that allow them to be used, the complexity of reliable fabrication is still challenging for their real applications. By using InGaZnO, simply deposited as thin-film structure, combined with electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors, highly sensitive sensing performance was demonstrated. The sensor characteristics were evaluated on the device level in various concentration of pH and glucose. It also exhibited good sensing capability in a high ionic solution over the screening effect with low interference among potential impediments for glucose. The sensing range and detection limit of device represent that sensing glucose in tear level could be practicable.
An analysis of nucleotide and amino acid variability in the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) in fishes

The 655 bp cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode region of single specimens of 388 species of fishes (four Holocephali, 61 Elasmobranchii and 323 Actinopterygii) was examined. All but two ( Urolophus cruciatus and Urolophus sufflavus ) showed different cox1 nucleotide sequences (99.5% species discrimination); the two that could not be resolved are suspected to hybridize. Most of the power of cox1 nucleotide sequence analysis for species identification comes from the degenerate nature of the genetic code and the highly variable nature of the third codon position of amino acids. Variation at the third codon position is bimodally distributed, and the more variable mode is dominated by amino acids with four or six codons, while the less variable mode is dominated by amino acids with two codons. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synomymous changes is much less than one, indicating that this gene is subject to strong purifying selection. Consequently, cox1 amino acid sequence diversity is much less than nucleotide sequence diversity and has very poor species resolution power. Fourteen of the 16 amino acid residues recognized as having important functions in the region of cox1 sequenced were completely conserved over all 388 species (and the bovine cox1 sequence), with one fish species varying at one of these sites, and three fish at another site. No significant differences in amino acid conservation were observed between residues in helices, strands and turns. Patterns of nucleotide and amino acid variability were very similar between elasmobranchs and actinopterygians.
Non-budding Hydra: Form Regulation and Bud Induction

Form regulation and bud induction were studied in a non-budding strain of Chlorohydra viridissima . Regeneration at a cut surface in a column piece with an existing hydranth was observed and found to be dependent on the column length Another aspect of form regulation, formation and control of supernumerary tentacles, was investigated by grafting. Supernumerary tentacle formation in long polyps can be suppressed by implants of hypostomal or subhypostomal tissue. Non-budding hydra can be induced to bud by implanting small pieces of normal tissue into their columns. The cellular basis of this process was investigated by means of grafting, radioautography, and histological methods. No differences in the proportions or appearances of the cell types were observed between non-budding and normal animals. However, induced buds have higher proportions of interstitial cells and their derivatives (nerves and nematoblasts) than do normal buds. Many of these interstitial cells and derivatives originate from cells in the grafted implant. Normal tissue from which interstitial cells have been previously removed will not induce buds in non-budding hydra. The non-budding syndrome is probably related to a deficiency in interstitial cell differentiation. If nerve cells are involved in bud initiation and form regulation, these results suggest interstitial cells of non-budding hydra are unable to transform into sufficiently active and/or numerous nerve cells to control those processes.
A new frontier in biodiversity inventory: a proposal for estimators of phylogenetic and functional diversity

Complete sampling of all dimensions of biodiversity is a formidable task, even for small areas. Undersampling is the norm, and the underquantification of diversity is a common outcome. Estimators of taxon diversity (TD) are widely used to correct for undersampling. Yet, no similar strategy has been developed for phylogenetic (PD) or functional (FD) diversity. We propose three ways of estimating PD and FD, building on estimators originally developed for TD: (i) correcting PD and FD values based on the completeness of TD; (ii) fitting asymptotic functions to accumulation curves of PD and FD; and (iii) adapting nonparametric estimators to PD and FD data. Using trees as a common framework for the estimation of PD and FD, we tested the approach with European mammal and Azores Islands arthropod data. We demonstrated that different methods were able to considerably reduce the undersampling bias and often correctly estimated true diversity using a fraction of the samples necessary to reach complete sampling. Besides the utility of knowing the true diversity of an assemblage from incomplete samples, the use of estimators may present further advantages. For instance, comparisons between sites or time periods are possible only if either sampling is complete or sampling effort is equivalent and sufficient to allow sensible comparisons. Also, as PD and FD asymptote faster than TD, comparisons between these different dimensions may require unbiased values. The framework now proposed combines taxon, phylogenetic and functional diversity into a single framework, offering a tool for future developments involving these different facets of biological diversity.
Preparation of Zr-Al-Mo-Cu Single Targets with Glass Forming Ability and Deposition of Thin Film Metallic Glass

Generally, thin-film metal glass (TFMG) is deposited using two or more elemental targets. Thus, achievement of a homogeneous coating during mass production is difficult. As a new method of TFMG deposition, a single target with high glass-forming ability (GFA) has been used to improve the sputtering process, facilitating easy processing and broad application of sputtering targets. In this study, three kinds of targets (i.e., cast, amorphous, and crystalline targets) are prepared via casting and powder processes. The thermal and mechanical properties of the three targets prepared using the various methods are investigated, and the crystalline target is found to be the most thermodynamically and mechanically stable of the three alternatives. In addition, for TFMG deposited using the microcrystalline target, excellent compositional uniformity between the target and coating is achieved. Therefore, this study experimentally demonstrates that a fine crystalline target is most suitable for use as a multi-component single target in GFA manufacturing methods. These findings are expected to facilitate commercial use of TFMGs.
Solvent Effects on Catechol Crystal Habits and Aspect Ratios: A Combination of Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

This work could help to better understand the solvent effects on crystal habits and aspect ratio changes at the molecular level, which provide some guidance for solvent selection in industrial crystallization processes. With the catechol crystal habits acquired using both experimental and simulation methods in isopropanol, methyl acetate and ethyl acetate, solvent effects on crystal morphology were explored based on the modified attachment energy model. Firstly, morphologically dominant crystal faces were obtained with the predicted crystal habit in vacuum. Then, modified attachment energies were calculated by the molecular dynamics simulation to modify the crystal shapes in a real solvent environment, and the simulation results were in agreement with the experimental ones. Meanwhile, the surface properties such as roughness and the diffusion coefficient were introduced to analyze the solvent adsorption behaviors and the radial distribution function curves were generated to distinguish diverse types of interactions like hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Results show that the catechol crystal habits were affected by the combination of the attachment energy, surface structures and molecular interaction types. Moreover, the changing aspect ratios of catechol crystals are closely related to the existence of hydrogen bonds which contribute to growth inhibition on specific faces.
PS-HOMO: A Protection Scheme for iOS SMS

iOS Short Message Service (SMS) transmits messages in plaintext, which would lead to potential security threats of data. It is meaningful to design a safe and effective SMS. In this paper, all iOS Security Guides are referred to and all the cryptographic algorithms in iOS data protection are analyzed. Because there is no homomorphic encryption, a library of homomorphic encryption algorithms for iOS based on RSA and Paillier is developed. Using this library, a protection scheme PS-HOMO for protecting iOS SMS data is proposed and implemented. Under the premise of ensuring the data confidentiality, PS-HOMO also has the function of ciphertext operation due to the multiplicative homomorphism of RSA and additive homomorphism of Paillier. A comprehensive performance test was performed on PS-HOMO. The results show that the performance is in line with our expectations and will not have a major impact on the original system. The security of PS-HOMO is theoretically analyzed from man-in-the-middle attack, replay attack, and traffic analysis attack. Two application scenarios of the PS-HOMO, remote anonymous voting and privacy telemedicine service are envisaged. We hope PS-HOMO would play a significant role in privacy protection.
Changes in the individual sugars of tomato fruit during ripening

Changes in the concentrations of the individual sugars of the walls and locular contents of tomato fruit during ripening have been studied. The major sugars were glucose and fructose together with much smaller amounts of sucrose and myoinositol. During the initial stages of development the fruit contained approximately twice as much glucose as fructose, but with approaching maturity and the onset of ripening the glucose/fructose ratio declined to less than unity. On a per fruit basis the distribution of the major sugars between the walls and locular contents was about 3 : 1 at the green stage, falling to 2 : 1 as the fruit ripened. Total reducing sugars (% fresh weight or per fruit) increased markedly between the mature green and green-yellow stages with a tendency to decrease with subsequent ripening. These changes were predominantly influenced by changes in fructose content, with glucose changing little. The concentrations of sucrose and myoinositol, both less than 0.05% fresh weight, declined with ripening. The green areas of the outer walls of “blotchy” fruit contained much less glucose and fructose than did the walls of normal mature green fruit, while the red areas contained amounts similar to those encountered in normally ripened red fruit.