Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Civilian killings and disappearances during civil war in El Salvador (1980‒1992)

BACKGROUND Debate over the civilian toll of El Salvador’s civil war (1980–1992) raged throughout the conflict and its aftermath. Apologists for the Salvadoran regime claimed no more than 20,000 had died, while some activists placed the toll at 100,000 or more. But no rigorous estimate was available to settle the question, which has returned to prominence because of newly opened war-crimes trials. OBJECTIVE Estimate the total number of civilian killings and disappearances in El Salvador during 1980–1992. METHODS We match and merge four lists of reported civilian killings and disappearances, gathered by multiple organizations – approximately 20,000 unique episodes in all. We use loglinear modeling to estimate the number of uncounted cases from patterns of list overlap. To account for uncertainty in model selection, we use Bayesian model averaging over the set of decomposable graphical models. RESULTS We estimate that there were about 71,629 (60,326, 83,775) civilian killings and disappearances during the conflict, or about 1–2% of El Salvador’s prewar population. Correlations between recorded deaths and estimated deaths are imperfect over both time and space. CONCLUSIONS Unusually, our conservative global estimate is similar to nonstatistical ‘expert guesses. ’ However, the estimated distribution of civilian killings and disappearances does not closely track the reported distribution over time or space. Our approach achieves high quality estimates, even in the presence of relatively sparse data. 1 Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA. Email: aah92@drexel.edu. 2 Human Rights Data Analysis Group, San Francisco, USA. Email: pball@hrdag.org. http://www.demographic-research.org 781 Hoover Green & Ball: Civilian killings and disappearances during civil war in El Salvador (1980–1992) CONTRIBUTION This is the first rigorous estimate of civilian killings and disappearances in the Salvadoran civil war. Both the global estimates and estimates for specific spatiotemporal strata will inform ongoing accountability processes.
Scheduling Nurse Shifts Using Goal Programming based on Nurse Preferences: A Case Study in an Emergency Department

Nowadays, nurses scheduling is one of the most important challenges with which health care centers are encountered. The significance of nurses’ work quality has led researchers to be concerned about scheduling problems, which have an impact on nurses’ performance. Observing the interests of hospital and patients, providing their satisfaction, and meeting their needs are among the main objectives of scheduling, which are focused on in this research. For this end, goal programming is used for modeling and problem solving of the nurses scheduling process. Hence, a developed comprehensive model with 7 goals related to management aspects and nurses’ interests have been designed considering emergency department characteristics of a large hospital in Tehran as a case study. Finally, the model was solved via GAMS software. The model resulted in an optimal pattern for nurses scheduling in a 28-days horizon. According to the definition presented in the modeling process, 3 goals associated with proportion, sequence, and isolation of working days were fulfilled. However, 4 goals of nurses’ interests, number of working days, and isolate off days have illustrated a few deviations due to resource limitation. In addition, a comparison between the results and the current scheduling indicated a higher efficiency of optimal scheduling. Sensitivity analysis of the nurses scheduling also revealed that with an increase in the number of nurses, the goals would improve significantly. Implementation of this scheduling not only improves work justice and performance of the nurses but also increases their satisfaction from the scheduling process.
Delay Locked Loop with Double Edge Synchronization

In CMOS multistage clock buffer design, the dutycycle of clock is liable to be changed when the clock passes through several buffer stages. The pulse-width may be changed due to unbalance of the p and n MOS transistors in the long buffer. This paper describes a delay locked loop with double edge synchronization for use in a clock alignment process. Results of its SPICE simulation, that relate to 1. 2μm CMOS technology, shown that the duty-cycle of the multistage output pulses can be precisely adjusted to (50±1)% within the operating frequency range, from 55MHz up to 166MHz.
Application of Expander Graphs to Error-Correcting Codes

Error-correcting codes are a method of sending messages over a noisy channel, which may corrupt a small fraction of the transmitted bits. Good error-correcting codes are e cient, can resolve many bit-errors, and allow fast (ideally, linear in the message length) encoding and decoding. Expander graphs are sparse graphs with strong connectivity properties, in the sense that the neighbor set of all su ciently small vertex sets is large. In this paper, we study error-correcting codes arising from bipartite expanders. Using this approach, we will construct asymptotically good codes that allow linear-time encoding and decoding. We survey results from [5] and [6].
Extending Answer Prediction for Deep Bi-directional Transformers

The current state-of-the-art technique used to tackle the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) makes use of Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, or BERT. After pre-training a deep bidirectional representation conditioned on both the left and right contexts, BERT can be simply ﬁne-tuned for the SQuAD task with a linear layer that outputs the predicted answer span. We investigate alternative ways to interpret and process BERT encoding outputs, including Pointer-Net, Dynamic Pointing Decoder, and Dynamic Chunk Reader. The best-performing model, the Dynamic Decoder, uses pre-trained BERT encodings and improves F1 from the baseline BiDAF on the test set from 59.920% to 75.035% and the EM score from 56.298% to 71.784%.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINED THERAPY OF SPIRITUAL-COGNITIVE GROUP THERAPY ON DEATH ANXIETY IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER

Introduction: The current study aims to examine the effectiveness of combined therapy of spiritual-cognitive group therapy on decreasing the death anxiety of patients with cancer who referred to cancer treatment centers of Kerman in 2012. Methods: To this aim after a clinical interview, 26 patients with cancer, referred to treatment centers, were selected using convenient sampling method. The study participants were randomly divided into two groups of control and experimental, each including 13 patients. Then, all 26 patients were scrutinized by Templar's death anxiety questionnaire. The experimental group participated in eleven 2-hour sessions of spiritual-cognitive group therapy; however, the control group received no intervention therapy. At the end, a post-test was conducted on all individuals in the sample group (26 patients). After collecting the questionnaires, the gathered data was analyzed applying SPSS software along with covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Results: The study results indicated that the combined therapy of spiritual- cognitive group therapy was significantly effective (p≤0/001) in reducing death anxiety of patients with cancer. Conclusion: The combined therapy of spiritual-cognitive group therapy can decrease the death anxiety in patients with cancer.
We smoothly integrate AARA for functional programs with session types for work analy

Programming digital contracts comes with unique challenges, which include expressing and enforcing protocols of interaction, controlling resource usage, and tracking linear assets. This article presents the type-theoretic foundation of Nomos, a programming language for digital contracts whose type system addresses the aforementioned domain-specific requirements. To express and enforce protocols, Nomos is based on shared binary session types rooted in linear logic. To control resource usage, Nomos uses resource-aware session types and automatic amortized resource analysis, a type-based technique for inferring resource bounds. To track linear assets, Nomos employs a linear type system that prevents assets from being duplicated or discarded. The technical contribution is the design and soundness proof of Nomos’ type system, which integrates shared session types and resource-aware session types with a functional type system that supports automatic amortized resource analysis. To evaluate Nomos’ viability for digital contract development, we include a case study of several blockchain applications and demonstrate how their vulnerabilities do not arise in corresponding Nomos applications. In particular, Nomos ensures that synthetic tokens implement their technical standard and prevents vulnerabilities due to violations of linearity, out-of-gas exceptions, or dependence on transaction ordering. To evaluate Nomos’ session-based design, we report on the performance of three digital contracts implemented in an existing prototype language.
Identification of Metropolitan Areas in Spain and Italy

Metropolitan areas concentrate the main share of population, production and consumption in OECD countries. They are likely to be the most important units for economic, social and environmental analysis as well as for the development of policy strategies. However, one of the main problems that occur when adopting metropolitan areas as units of analysis and policy in European countries is the absence of widely accepted standards for identifying them. This severe problem appeared when we tried to perform comparative research between Spain and Italy using metropolitan areas as units of analysis. The aim of this paper is to identify metropolitan areas in Spain and Italy using similar methodologies. The results allow comparing the metropolitan realities of both countries as well as providing the metropolitan units that can be used in subsequent comparative researches. Two methodologies are proposed: the Cheshire-GEMACA methodology (FUR) and an iterative version of the USA-MSA algorithm, particularly adapted to deal with polycentric metropolitan areas (DMA). Both methods show a good approximation to the metropolitan reality and produce very similar results: 75 FUR and 67 DMA in Spain (75% of total population and employment), and 81 FUR and 86 DMA in Italy (70% of total population and employment).
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography to Detect and Differentiate Ischemic Optic Neuropathy from Papilledema - Systematic Review

Background: Optic disc is a region with a complex vascular stratification, with components from the posterior ciliary arteries and central retinal artery. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) and papilledema can produce disc edema and visual fields defects. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can aid in the rapid differentiation of cases when signals overlap. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to discuss the current information concerning the signs in OCTA that eventually could help to differentiate these situations and analyze the best diagnostic evidence. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE ("Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online") via Pubmed; Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, BVS databases, in addition to a manual search on studies published, from inception until July 2019, with no language restriction. Results: Of the 20935 articles identified, eleven were included. Different methodologies, sample characteristics, types of equipment, potential artifacts, segmentation errors were the main arguments against formal meta-analysis. Conclusion: The main differentiation of papilledema from NA-AION is the vascular dropout. Density values in both retina and optic nerve head images were significantly lower in NA-AION. These vascular changes appears to precede detectable structural or visual field damage.
A Semi-Supervised Machine Learning Approach Using K-Means Algorithm to Prevent Burst Header Packet Flooding Attack in Optical Burst Switching Network

Optical burst switching (OBS) network is a new generation optical communication technology. In an OBS network, an edge node first sends a control packet, called burst header packet (BHP) which reserves the necessary resources for the upcoming data burst (DB). Once the reservation is complete, the DB starts travelling to its destination through the reserved path. A notable attack on OBS network is BHP flooding attack where an edge node sends BHPs to reserve resources, but never actually sends the associated DB. As a result the reserved resources are wasted and when this happen in sufficiently large scale, a denial of service (DoS) may take place. In this study, we propose a semi-supervised machine learning approach using k-means algorithm, to detect malicious nodes in an OBS network. The proposed semi-supervised model was trained and validated with small amount data from a selected dataset. Experiments show that the model can classify the nodes into either behaving or not-behaving classes with 90% accuracy when trained with just 20% of data. When the nodes are classified into behaving, not-behaving and potentially not-behaving classes, the model shows 65.15% and 71.84% accuracy if trained with 20% and 30% of data respectively. Comparison with some notable works revealed that the proposed model outperforms them in many respects.
Secure Sharing of Personal Health Records in Cloud Storage using HASBE

Personal Health Records or PHR is the medical information of an individual, stored and managed by the patient himself, in third party servers like clouds, so as to make it available for global data sharing. As the usage of such servers for storage purposes become more complex, they give rise to various security issues. Privacy, scalability and flexibility are some common issues concerning third party servers. Attribute Based Encryption (ABE), one of the earliest methods used for outsourced data encryption, has been utilized in several schemes as a solution, but such designs suffer from inflexibility, when the access control policies used are complex. This work focuses on the multi-data owner/patient scenario, where the PHR system users are divided into two security domainsthe private domain and public domain, each of which is encrypted using its own set of mechanisms. We present the advantages of using the Hierarchical Attribute Set Based Encryption (HASBE) technique rather than the Multi-Attribute ABE, an extension of Ciphertext ABE, for situations where complex access control policies are required. Hierarchical ASBE uses dynamic constraints while combining attributes and thereby provides greater flexibility. This scheme also supports efficient on-demand user revocation. We have proven its efficiency by implementation.
Dimensions of Servant-Leadership in American Not-for-Profit Hospitals

The leadership of American not-for-profit hospitals is one context in which servant-leadership finds appropriate expression. However, little research exists that explores the sources of servant-leadership within the leader, what processes leaders use to engage in servantleadership, or what impact servant-leadership has on organizations and communities. This research presents a new perspective offering insight into those questions. The Dimensions of Servant-Leadership in American Notfor-Profit Hospitals is a qualitative study of the lives and works of four chief executive officers of successful not-for-profit health systems identified as exemplars of servant-leadership. The researcher further examined perceptions of servant-leadership among colleagues of each of the four CEOs and their health systems. The findings of the study indicated that the common denominators of servant-leadership, as perceived by those served by these four CEOs and their organizations, are that the people grew as individuals; the people felt that they were healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, and more likely themselves to become servants. The servant-leader CEOs gave strong evidence of a group-oriented approach to
Expression of VP 60 gene from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus ( RHDV ) YL strain under control of the ats 1 A promoter in tobacco

The VP60 gene from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) YL strain in Northeast of China, under control of the ats1A promoter from Rubisco small subunit genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, was introduced into the transfer deoxyribonucleic acid (T-DNA) region of plant transfer vector pCAMBIA1300 and transferred to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havanna SR1) with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reverse transcription(RT) and -PCR analysis of the transformed tobacco plants confirmed the integration of the VP60 gene copy into the plant DNA and VP60 gene transcription produced. Western blot analysis revealed that the VP60 protein was expressed in tobacco under control of ats1A promoter.
Chapter 9 Magnetic-Based Contact and Non-Contact Manipulation of Cell Mockups and MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

The use of wireless magnetic control to transport and deliver chemotherapeutic agents selectively to tumor cells has become a promising strategy to mitigate the negative side effects associated with conventional treatment. It is necessary to manipulate and penetrate biological cells using magnetic agent to achieve this targeted drug delivery. Contact and non-contact micromanipulation of cell mockups and biological cells (human astrocytoma cell line U-373 MG and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7) is achieved using magnetic agents (paramagnetic microparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles). The contact manipulation is accomplished under the influence of the controlled magnetic field gradients exerted on the magnetic agent, whereas the non-contact manipulation is done under the influence of the magnetic field and pressure gradients exerted on the agent and biological cells, respectively. We develop a magnetic-based teleoperation system that allows us to control the motion of the magnetic agents using microscopic feedback. This teleoperation is used to manipulate cell mockups toward reference positions in the presence and absence of contact between the cells and the magnetic agents. In addition, we demonstrate that iron oxide nanoparticles selectively move toward an MCF-7 cell and penetrate its walls without permanently damaging the membrane. This penetration is achieved in 28 seconds using controlled external magnetic fields and under microscopic vision guidance. The precise non-contact manipulation of biological cells using microparticles provides broad possibilities in targeted therapy and biomedical applications that require successful releases and selective penetration of cells without causing a permanent damage to the membrane.
QoS Improvement using MIMO-OFDM Technique : Simulation and Performance Evalution with WLAN

Nowadays when everyone is busy with using mobile devices and there are various risk involved in using mobile devices. The future 5G wireless communication systems require high speed data connection with lower bandwidth usage and high QoS with minimal system complexity. So, MIMO is one of the best and suitable solutions for future wireless system demands and not disturbing the bandwidth. The combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) with MIMO enables the users to get the advantages of both OFDM and MIMO. In this paper, we concentrate on minimizing the bit error rate (BER) with better channel coding techniques. With the help of MatLab Simulink the simulation will done and performance improvement was achieved by varying the MIMO antenna with Rayleigh fading concept and output graphs are discussed in this paper.
Exploitation of heterosis for simultaneous improvement in both grain and stover yields of arid zone pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ( L . ) R . Br . )

The requirement for simultaneous increases in stover as well as grain yields in pearl millet in arid zone environments means that conventional selection for grain yield improvement through increased harvest index (HI) is not applicable to such environments. In addition, there is a need to retain the adaptive traits present in local landrace germplasm, so that new cultivars for the arid zone do not trade increased productivity for reduced yield stability and increased risk of crop failure. This research was designed to test the hypothesis that it will be possible to meet these requirements by exploiting heterosis for overall biomass production in topcross hybrids (TCH) made with adapted, landrace-derived pollinators and dual purpose male-sterile seed parents, which partition the extra biomass of their hybrids equally to grain and stover. General combining ability (GCA) estimates for seven landrace-derived populations/varieties, derived from multi-environment tests in arid zone environments, indicated that selection history played a large role in determining GCA for both biomass and HI, with prior selection (for grain yield) favoring GCA for HI at the expense of GCA for biomass. A similar analysis of a set of male-sterile seed parents indicated a wide range of GCA for both grain and stover yields, with a similar tradeoff of GCA for one trait against GCA for the other. It was, however, possible to identify several parental lines with a positive GCA for biomass, achieved by a positive GCA for growth rate, and neutral GCA for HI, resulting in positive/ neutral GCA for both stover and grain yields. A limited test of the ability of parental GCA to predict heterosis in TCH indicated that heterosis for stover yield was closely related to pollinator GCA for stover yield, and heterosis for grain yield was related to both pollinator and A-line GCA for HI. The same test confirmed the original hypothesis that crosses of parents with positive GCA for biomass/growth rate and neutral GCA for HI could produce TCH with positive heterosis for grain yield without an off-setting negative heterosis for stover yield. The frequency of such parental lines was limited, however. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
FAST MOTION ESTIMATION WITH DETECTION OF SCENE CHANGES AND INTERLACED/PROGRESSIVE CONTENT FOR H.264/AVC ENCODING

The novel H.264/AVC video coding standard introduces many improvements in inter-frame motion.compensated prediction, although significantly increasing the computational complexity of the motion estimation process. In this paper, we propose a fast-block based predictive-recursive motion estimation algorithm, which applies two consecutive search steps, achieving same image quality of the classical Full-Search Block Matching by using only 3% of the computation. Furthermore, the output of the first search step can be used for efficient-on-the fly detection of scene changes in the video sequence, and interlaced or progressive coding decision for each picture.