Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Should We Expect Each Year in the Next Decade (2019–28) to Be Ranked among the Top 10 Warmest Years Globally?

of global the place the most recent year in a historical perspective, as a first-order metric of recent climate change that is easily digestible by the general public. Merged Land Ocean Global Surface Temperature Analysis the year 2018 the warmest year on record globally The most recent 5 years in the record comprise the 5 warmest years on record, with 2016 currently ranking as the warmest year. Given this streak of record or near-record global warmth in recent years, should we expect each year in the next decade (2019–28) to be ranked among the top 10 warmest years globally? In other words, given historical observations (including the most recent ones), can we assume that near-record annual rankings are already “baked into the cake” for the next several years? To these questions, we analyze the monthly version of NOAAGlobalTemp to select a methodology for projecting the end-of-year (i.e., “monitoring year”) annual global ranking as well as the rankings for the subsequent 9 years (i.e., years 2–10 or “outlook years”). We utilize autoregressive modeling with and without extension of the long-term trend, and also consider an adjustment based on real-time ENSO conditions. In addition, to address the pro-pensity for virtually every recent year to be ranked (at least initially) as a top 10 warmest year, we introduce a “temperature score” product that will allow NOAA to better communicate the coolness or warmth of a recent year versus the long-term trend. To the best of our knowledge, no such projected ranking or temperature score products are currently produced operationally by any other major climate monitoring center around the world, nor are we of any research documenting the global annual ranking errors associated with projected rankings of any type. It is our expectation that these new tools will improve the communication of climate change impacts to the general public. Data. We utilize the monthly operational version of global surface temperature time series produced by the NOAAGlobalTemp analysis. NOAAGlobalTemp includes land-based near-surface air temperatures from the Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly dataset (GHCN-M; version 4.0.1) and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature dataset (ERSST; version 5). The operational monthly time series are accessible online. 1 Prior to mid-2019, the operational version of NOAAGlobalTemp was based on GHCN-M version 3.3. 0 and ERSST version 4. We repeated our analyses using this previous operational version of NOAAGlobalTemp, and the results were virtually indistinguishable from those presented here. We also utilize the oceanic Niño index (ONI), a 3-month running average of SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region. The current operational version of ONI is produced by NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center using ERSST, version 5, and is also accessible online. 2 our experiment select use. We begin utilizing We
Multivehicle Coordinated Lane Change Strategy in the Roundabout Under Internet of Vehicles Based on Game Theory and Cognitive Computing

The roundabouts exist widely in urban road networks and reduce the number of traffic crashes by reducing vehicle conflicts. However, road restrictions at the entrances and exits increase the collision possibility between vehicles as they enter or leave the roundabouts. Focusing on the driving scenes in a roundabout, this article proposes a multivehicle coordinated lane change strategy for the mandatory lane change of vehicles. First, depending on the fluctuation of the vehicle acceleration, the driver’s aggressive coefficient is defined. Second, according to the vehicle’s driving state and its distance to the exit, a cost function is proposed and model predictive control is used to control the vehicle’s motion. Moreover, the Stackelberg game is utilized to model the relationship between the lane change vehicle and its surrounding vehicles, and then to determine the timing of the changing lane. Finally, the simulation experiments verify whether the algorithm can improve the average speed of the vehicle and maintain the driving stability.
'Ready to shoot!' vs. 'Ready to loot!': The violent potentialities of demonstrations in Kenya

On 9 August 2017, a day after Kenyans cast their vote, the first author received a gruesome photo from a human rights activist in Mathare17 depicting the body of a young man whose head had been completely bashed in. A second later, the female activist sent a picture of a protester near Number 10, a neighbourhood in Mathare, at Juja Road and another one of a police officer in riot gear approaching her (the activist) as she tried to document what was happening. During a later phone conversation, she explained that Opposition supporters, mostly neighbours and friends in Mathare, had gathered at different spots to discuss their concerns over alleged irregularities in the process of vote tallying by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). According to the activist, police in riot gear had been waiting in lorries by the roadside and as soon as they got wind of these small groupings, went into Mathare to disperse them by force. In the chaos that followed, one police officer allegedly broke a door to a house, whereas two others started hitting people with huge pieces of wood, wounding several and killing one. Her narration was corroborated by several eyewitnesses during later interviews conducted in November 2017.
Is the particle deposition in a cell exposure facility comparable to the lungs? A computer model approach

Abstract Cell exposure experiments at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are used increasingly as indicators for health effects and for the impact of aerosols on the lung. Thereby the aerosol particles are kept airborne and can deposit on a cell surface area similar to the human respiratory tract (RT). However, geometry and air flow rates of an ALI system deviate considerably from the RT. As the tissue-delivered particle dose to the lungs (TD) can hardly be measured, computer models of particle deposition are used here to mimic both the particle deposition at ALI and in the RT. An ALI exposure setup (VitroCell GmbH) for an airflow rate of 100 cm3 min−1 is selected, where the particle deposition model has been verified experimentally. For the RT we use the hygroscopic lung deposition model of Ferron et al. (2013). Model runs are performed for the particle deposition and for the deposited particles per surface area in both the ALI and the RT. The results show that the ALI-deposited mass is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in the alveolar region, because the surface area of the lung region is substantially larger. A particle size range from 40 to 450 nm is identified, where the ratio of both the deposition in a lung region and the deposition at the ALI varies by a factor less than two. Mean values for this ratio are 31 and 101 for the tracheo-bronchial and the alveolar region, respectively. The same size range is found for the ratio of the deposited particles per surface area in a lung region and at the ALI. For this range the mean surface deposition at the ALI is 23- and 1575-times larger than in the tracheo-bronchial and the alveolar lung region, respectively. The effect is partly compensated by different flow rate and cell size. Copyright © 2020 American Association for Aerosol Research
Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Stagnation and Decline in the 1980s

After independence, Sub-Saharan Africa experienced a rapid succession of economic, social and political issues. The magnitude of this crisis has led to attempts by international organizations and political economists to explain with two prevailing approaches: an internalist one and an externalist one. The externalist perspective predominantly attributed the responsibility of this crisis to deteriorating terms of trade and the instability of international markets, while the internalist one blamed mainly local policies. The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in this literature, bringing the contribution of structural and historical factors. A weak institutional base, the low quality of human capital, and corruption created conditions for misguided sectoral strategies and unsustainable economic policies, making the productive sector unable to generate momentum in the economy and, therefore, producing economic and social stagnation in the region.
A High-Fidelity Dynamic Model for Origami Based on Iso-Parametric Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (Iso-ANCF)

Origami-inspired structures and material systems have been used in many engineering applications because of their unique kinematic and mechanical properties induced by folding. However, accurately modeling and analyzing origami folding and the associated mechanical properties are challenging, especially when large deformation and dynamic responses need to be considered. In this paper, we formulate a high-fidelity model — based on the iso-parametric Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) — for simulating the dynamic folding behaviors of origami involving large deformation. The center piece of this new model is the characterization of crease deformation. To this end, we model the crease using rotational spring at the nodes. The corresponding folding angle is calculated based on the local surface normal vectors. Compared to the currently popular analytical methods for analyzing origami, such as the rigid-facet and equivalent bar-hinge approach, this new model is more accurate in that it can describe the large crease and facet deformation without imposing many assumptions. Meanwhile, the ANCF based origami model can be more efficient computationally compared to the traditional finite element simulations. Therefore, this new model can lay down the foundation for high-fidelity origami analysis and design that involve mechanics and dynamics.
A Fully Integrated 0.27-THz Injection-Locked Frequency Synthesizer With Frequency-Tracking Loop in 65-nm CMOS

A fully integrated sub-terahertz (sub-THz) frequency synthesizer is proposed cascading a radio frequency subsampling phase-locked loop (SS-PLL) with millimeter-wave injection-locked frequency multipliers (ILFMs) and a sub-THz mixer for frequency extension. Enhanced third-harmonic and fourth-harmonic-extraction techniques are proposed for the ILFMs with different multiplication ratios. In addition, a frequency-tracking loop (FTL) with automatic frequency and amplitude calibration is embedded for the ILFMs. Finally, a distributed bias technique is employed to improve the linearity of the wideband magnetic-tuning sub-THz oscillator. Designed in a 65-nm CMOS process, the proposed prototype achieves an ultra-wide frequency tuning range from 61.2 to 100.8, 122.4 to 136.8, and 198.5 to 273.6 GHz with a phase noise at 1-MHz offset from −79.3 to −95.4 dBc/Hz and an integrated jitter from 124 to 159 fs over the tuning range. The synthesizer occupies a core area of 0.58 mm2 and measures an output power of −11 dBm at 211.4 GHz with 49.5 mW, corresponding to a dc-to-radio frequency (RF) efficiency of 0.16%, an FoM from −171.4 to −177.7 dBc/Hz, and ${\mathrm {FoM}}_{T}$ from −177 to −190.5 dBc/Hz.
Novel Reconfigurable Filtering Rat-Race Coupler, Branch-Line Coupler, and Multiorder Bandpass Filter With Frequency, Bandwidth, and Power Division Ratio Control

In this article, for the first time, a novel four-port coupler with reconfigurable multifunctions of filtering rat-race coupler (FRC), filtering branch-line coupler (FBC), and conventional single-ended two-port multipole bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed. It simply consists of four varactor-loaded stepped-impedance resonators that are arranged symmetrically. Through appropriate coupling-type (electrical coupling or magnetic coupling) conversion, 90° or −90° phase shift between the adjacent resonators can easily be obtained and works as a key factor in the transformation between different filtering coupler modes. With this simple configuration, the proposed coupler achieves reconfigurable FRC and FBC with not only operating frequency tuning over a wide tuning range but also bandwidth and power division ratios (PDRs) control for each filtering mode. In addition, by imposing open circuit at any two ports, the four-port coupler can be converted to the conventional single-ended two-port BPFs with reconfigurable filter orders of second, third, and fourth. The measured results show that the FRC and FBC can continuously cover the frequency ranges of 1.21–1.67 and 1.2–1.61 GHz with −1-dB bandwidth tuning of 60–120 and 55–110 MHz, respectively. The 3- and 6-dB PDRs have been demonstrated for both filtering coupler modes. In single-ended two-port BPF mode, the frequency tuning ranges are measured of 1.12–1.6, 1.16–1.6, and 1.2–1.61 GHz, respectively, for the proposed two-port second-, third-, and fourth-order BPFs. Measured and simulated results are in good agreement, validating the proposed design method.
A study of incidence of bipolar disorder in patients treated for major depression

Aim: Recurrent episodes of depression are common in both unipolar and bipolar disorder, but diagnostic and clinical problem with bipolar mood disorder is that hypomanic episodes usually go unnoticed by caretakers and clinicians. Several studies have indicated that if carefully looked for, 25% of patients with major depressive disorder have history of bipolarity. So we aim to assess the proportion of patients with features of bipolar disorder amongst those primarily diagnosed and treated as major depressive disorder and compare the symptom profile of unipolar depression and bipolar depression. Methodology: One hundred consecutive patients, in tertiary care hospital in Ahmadabad, who were being treated as major depressive disorder according to DSM-4 TR and assessed using scales, HAM-D, GAF, Hypomania Check List-32(HCL) and Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Patients who scored higher in HCL and MDQ were assessed in details by MINI. Results: 100 patients of unipolar depression were taken in study, out of which 16 patients were found to have bipolar mood disorder after assessment. Our incidence of bipolar mood disorder in patients treated as unipolar depression is 16%. Patients of bipolar depression had significantly higher number of prior mood episodes, family history of mood disorder and episodes with psychotic features. Conclusion -Bipolarity is confidently diagnosable in a substantial proportion of patients being treated as unipolar major depression. All the patients of unipolar depression must be screened for bipolarity to give them specific treatment with better results and better quality of life. Keywords: Major depressive disorder, Unipolar depression, Bipolar depression.
Recent progress in flexible–wearable solar cells for self-powered electronic devices

Photovoltaic devices have become ideal alternatives to common energy sources due to their excellent mechanical robustness and high power conversion efficiency, which can meet the human requirements for green, inexpensive and portable electricity sources. Moreover, due to the rapid development of wearable devices, telecommunication, transportation, advanced sensors, etc., the need for green and accessible power sources for these state-of-the-art devices accompanied with appropriate mechanical stability has become a new challenge. In this regard, flexible–wearable photovoltaic platforms can be easily adapted to any device/substrate and can supply diverse electronic devices with their required energy via harvesting energy from sunlight. Similarly, photovoltaic platforms can be integrated into hybrid platforms and can be used in diverse applications. Herein, we summarize the recent approaches to developing flexible–wearable solar cells as energy sources for supplying self-powered wearable devices. In this regard, first, recent advances in transparent flexible electrodes and their diversities are reported; then, recently developed flexible solar cells and important factors for designing these platforms are summarized. Further, flexible solar cells are categorized into five different sections (i.e., perovskite, dye-sensitized, organic, fiber-shaped and textile solar cells) and their mechanisms, working principles and design criteria along with their recent advances have been discussed. Finally, novel applications of wearable sensors/devices are summarized and reported to highlight the functionality of these practical platforms.
La complexité du mouvement humain : aspects théoriques et pratiques de l’évaluation et de l’interaction des complexités au service de la réhabilitation

Il suffit d’observer nos athletes de plus haut niveau, leur capacite a s’adapter dans des temps records lors de changements soudains dans les phases tactiques, ou encore la coordination quasi parfaite des nageuses synchronisees de niveau olympique, pour comprendre que le mouvement humain ne peut se reduire a quelconque modele d’une simplicite excessive. Nous proposons ici une mise en application des sciences de la complexite, et plus particulierement des methodes d’analyse fractale ayant pour but de donner une image globale de la complexite du mouvement humain. Dans un premier temps, en partant des aspects theoriques, jusqu’a leur mise en application pratique, nous montrons que l’evaluation la plus fine des exposants fractals necessite l’utilisation combinee d’une analyse fractale et d’une tâche physiologique bien specifique. Puis, dans un deuxieme temps, nous nous interessons a la coordination de deux systemes complexes. En partant de plusieurs cadres theoriques existant dans le champ des sciences du mouvement humain, nous proposons de nouvelles methodes pour analyser cette synchronisation. Enfin, l’ensemble des travaux que nous presentons sont attaches a des buts de rehabilitation et nous montrons que malgre une alteration typique de la complexite avec l’âge il existe des moyens simple et efficaces de retablir cette complexite.
Portion Size Communication by Means of Package Design

This qualitative study assessed consumers’ current methods of determining portion sizing of chicken products and examined their perceptions of how effectively three package designs communicate portion size. Everett M. Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations (DI) Theory analyzes the characteristics of the consumer of the innovation (adopter) and the impact these characteristics have on adopting new innovations. The innovation in this study will be the prototype packaging. Focusing on Rogers’ adopter characteristics and defined proprietary consumer segmentation characteristics, this study will be pivotal for future package design projects targeting nutrition education. Focus group questions were scrutinized through a pilot study and revised where appropriate. Two semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted with 30 participants in total. Each focus group was audio and visually recorded, then transcribed verbatim. Data were coded and analyzed using constant comparison analysis technique. Results showed that many participants thought that measuring portion size is somewhat important, but sometimes difficult. In general, all three package designs were acknowledged as being helpful in consumers’ nutritional literacy and portion control. Two of the package designs were viewed positively in understanding appropriate portion size, but the nutrition information in the form of call-outs/benefits on the front of the packages may have been seen as more helpful that the single serve package design. Some participants felt that there were cost implications due to the structure of one of the packages. The study concludes further package designs could educate consumers about proper portion size consumption and would be instrumental in promoting healthy dietary habits and addressing the obesity issues that are prevalent.
Synch-Graph: Multisensory Emotion Recognition Through Neural Synchrony via Graph Convolutional Networks

Human emotions are essentially multisensory, where emotional states are conveyed through multiple modalities such as facial expression, body language, and non-verbal and verbal signals. Therefore having multimodal or multisensory learning is crucial for recognising emotions and interpreting social signals. Existing multisensory emotion recognition approaches focus on extracting features on each modality, while ignoring the importance of constant interaction and co-learning between modalities. In this paper, we present a novel bio-inspired approach based on neural synchrony in audio-visual multisensory integration in the brain, named Synch-Graph. We model multisensory interaction using spiking neural networks (SNN) and explore the use of Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) to represent and learn neural synchrony patterns. We hypothesise that modelling interactions between modalities will improve the accuracy of emotion recognition. We have evaluated Synch-Graph on two state-of-the-art datasets and achieved an overall accuracy of 98.3% and 96.82%, which are significantly higher than the existing techniques.
Inpatient Brief Group Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa: Patient Experience

ABSTRACT There is increasing interest in group therapy for the treatment of eating disorders. However, there is a lack of research evaluating group therapy that reflects on patient feedback in order to inform practice and improve treatment. This exploratory qualitative study attempted to evaluate patient feedback about the group therapy offered on a specialist inpatient eating disorders program. This qualitative analysis of patients’ feedback highlights areas for improvement that can be targeted to increase the effectiveness of the psychotherapy groups in the future. The research has implications for making inpatient hospitalization more effectively tailored to patients’ needs. This study also helps to improve qualitative research protocols.
The Effect of Choice Attributes of Internet Specialized Banks on Integrated Loyalty: The Moderating Effect of Gender

There is growing interest in how Internet specialized banks that provide the Internet as a major customer channel can change the paradigm of the banking industry by securing a niche market in competition with existing banks that have a multi-channel strategy. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the choice attributes of Internet specialized banks affect attitudinal loyalty and intention of continuous use, and to identify the moderating effect of gender. A structural equation analysis was performed using 215 respondents. They have experience using Internet specialized banks in South Korea. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, information, transaction, and safety of choice attributes in Internet specialized banks have a positive effect on attitudinal loyalty. Second, information, transaction, and safety of choice attributes in Internet specialized banks have a positive effect on intention of continuous use. Third, attitudinal loyalty has a positive effect on intention of continuous use. Fourth, the gender moderating effects between information, transaction, safety and attitudinal loyalty, and intention of continuous use are rejected at the significance level of 0.05. It is found that information, transaction, and safety, which are choice attributes of Internet specialized banks, are the main factors that improve attitudinal loyalty and intention of continuous use. Contrary to expectations, the gender moderating effect between the choice attributes, attitudinal loyalty, and intention of continuous use is not significant, but there is a difference in the degree of influence between men and women. Therefore, in order to improve the performances of attitudinal loyalty and intention of continuous use in Internet specialized banks, the choice attribute should be managed from users’ perspective. The management of successful choice attributes that customers want will be the foundation for Internet specialized banks’ sustainability.