Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in a Bifid Ureter

Abstract Background: Secondary malignancies of the ureter are uncommon. We report the diagnosis and management of metastatic colon cancer to the bifurcation of a bifid ureter. Case Presentation: A 59-year-old man presented with diffuse metastasis with right hydronephrosis in both renal moieties of a partially duplicated system and an enhancing lesion within the proximal common ureter. Ureteral biopsy was positive for colorectal adenocarcinoma. The patient was subsequently started on palliative chemoradiation. Conclusion: The ureter is a rare location for hematogenous/lymphatic metastases. When a ureteral mass is present on imaging, ureteroscopy should be performed to characterize the extent of tumor and to rule out secondary malignancy.
Structural biology in the battle against BCR-Abl

Background: The clinical success of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (Gleevec; STI-571) in the treatment of several leukemias has emphasized the proof-of-concept that molecularly targeted drug design is a viable approach to cancer therapy. However, the emergence of imatinib-resistant phenotypes has spurred a vast amount of research towards finding newer and more potent kinase inhibitors that can overcome drug resistance. Unexpectedly, the newest inhibitors are often less specific than imatinib, inhibiting not only BCR-Abl (the target of imatinib), but also the Src family of tyrosine kinases, which have recently been shown to be downstream effectors of BCR-Abl. Objective: This review summarizes some of the new BCR-Abl inhibitors that have followed from the teaming of combinatorial library searches and structure-based drug design, giving attention to the structural aspects of drug recognition. Conclusion: The use of lower-specificity inhibitors seemingly undermines the rationale behind targeted therapy, yet it appears to be a critical aspect of overcoming drug resistance. Combination therapy with a cocktail of drugs, including an inhibitor of the T315I resistance mutation, will be the next maneuver in the battle against BCR-Abl in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Hurricane disturbance accelerates invasion by the alien tree Pittosporum undulatum in Jamaican montane rain forests

Abstract Questions: Do past disturbance, soil nutrients, or species diversity predict the invasion success of the alien tree Pittosporum undulatum in an island montane rain forest? What are the consequences of its invasion for forest composition and species diversity? Location: Blue Mountains, Jamaica. Methods: Censuses of trees ≥ 3 cm DBH in permanent plots in four sites within ca. 7 ha; 1974–2004 (intensive sites) and in 16 plots within 250 ha; 1990–2004 (extensive plots). Results: Pittosporum was unrecorded in the intensive sites before a severe hurricane in 1988: by 2004 all four sites were invaded. Pittosporum had invaded 25% of the extensive plots in 1990 and 69% in 2004, where its basal area increased from 0.5 ± 0.4 (SEM) m2.ha−1 in 1990 to 2.8 ± 1.3 m2.ha−1 in 2004. It had zero stem mortality and diameter growth rate exceeded that of native species fourfold. Pittosporum's basal area in the extensive plots in 2004 was positively related to the stand basal area damaged in the 1988 hurricane and negatively related to soil N concentrations. Pittosporum invasion was unrelated to stand-level tree species diversity in the extensive plots but as its basal area increased over time the basal area of native species and stand-level diversity declined. Conclusions: There are no obvious functional attributes of Pittosporum unrepresented in the native tree flora although it has high photosynthetic efficiency compared with native trees. More widespread invasion of these forests by Pittosporum seems inevitable since hurricanes, which accelerated the invasion, affect these forests frequently. Nomenclature: Adams (1972) except where other authorities given.
RUMINANTS ET ENVIRONNEMENT: LA METHANOGENESE

Ruminants and environment: methanogenesis. Methane, the most important green- house gas after carbon dioxyde, contributes for 16% to the greenhouse effect. Only 30% of total methane emission originates from natural sources, whereas 70% is linked to human activities, includ- ing livestock production. Rumen methanogenesis can be incorporated into models of different lev- els of complexity, based on stoichiometry and kinetics of fermentation and estimation of energy content of nutrients. Nevertheless, recent efforts in estimating ruminant methanogenesis remain sub- ject to important variability, both on the animal and population level. In general, methane production in the digestive tract of production animals is estimated to be responsible for 22% of the anthro- pogenic sources. Attempts have been made to decrease this contribution, using methane inhibitors such as long chain fatty acids, halogenated methane analogues, antibiotics and biotechnological inter- ventions such as defaunation or reductive acetogenesis. However, none of the proposed methods for methane inhibition is acceptable nor applicable today due to the interaction of inhibitors with different rations or individual animal characteristics and series of interrelated effects associated with consumer scepticism towards certain additives. methanogenesis / rumen / greenhouse gas / environment
Diet, Density, and Distribution of the Introduced Greenhouse Frog, Eleutherodactylus planirostris , on the Island of Hawaii

This research is motivated by the recent introduction of the Cuban terrestrial greenhouse frog, Eleutherodactylus planirostris, to Hawaii. Studies from other invaded habitats suggest that greenhouse frogs may impact Hawaiian ecosystems by consuming and potentially reducing Hawaiian endemic invertebrates. However, until now, there has been no research investigating its diet in Hawaii. To determine its potential impacts on native invertebrates, we conducted a stomach content analysis of 427 frogs from 10 study sites on the island of Hawaii. At each site, we also collected invertebrates with two sampling methods, leaf litter collection and sticky traps, to determine if diets were representative of the available resources. Dominant prey items consisted of Hymenoptera: Formicidae (32.4%), Acari (19.2%), and Collembola (17.4%). Nonnative invertebrate orders comprised 43.2% of their diet (Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrate orders containing endemic species most threatened by the invasion include Acari (mites), Araneae (spiders), Collembola (springtails), and Psocoptera (booklice), which each comprised greater than 2% of their diet. Greenhouse frogs consumed predominantly leaf litter invertebrates and selected more Formicidae than was available in the environment. A total population of 12,500 frogs ha was estimated at a single study site. With these high densities and number of prey consumed, the greenhouse frog may consume 129,000 invertebrates ha night at some sites. This research highlights the 2 This chapter is co-authored with Karen H. Beard and written for the journal Copeia. 34 need for an understanding of the indirect effects of greenhouse frog predation on invertebrates in Hawaii.
Public approval plus more wildlife: twin benefits of reduced mowing of amenity grass in a suburban public park in Saltdean, UK

We examined the effects of reduced mowing on wildflower bloom and flower‐visiting insects in the Saltdean Oval, a 6 ha suburban public park in Saltdean, UK. In 2012, a novel management regime was initiated in which approximately half the grass area was left uncut, with the plan being to mow it once per year in autumn. In spring 2013, we set up four blocks, with each block subdivided into four 30 × 5 m strips treated under different mowing regimes: (a) regular mowing every 2 weeks all spring and summer, (b) regular mowing until 2 June, (c) regular mowing until 5 July, and (d) no mowing. The abundance of both flowers and flower‐visiting insects increased significantly with reduced mowing, being ca. 3 and 5 times greater in (d) than (a), respectively, with (b) and (c) intermediate. Mowing intensity, however, had a weak effect on wildflower species richness, which was only lower in (a). A 1 km bee, butterfly, and moth transect walk, 500 m within the long grass part of the park and 500 m within the short, recorded ca. 50× greater insect abundance in the long grass. A questionnaire of public opinion found that 97% of park visitors favoured encouraging insects and wildflowers. In terms of enjoyment of the park, 26% said that it had increased, 64% said that it stayed the same, and 10% said that it decreased. These results present an encouraging example of a potential win–win situation in urban land management change, where the interests of humans and wildlife are aligned, thereby making the goals of conservation easier to achieve.
Antenna control systems for flexible structure under a wind load

Higher levels of pointing (directional) accuracy are required with the increase of diameter of large reflector antennae. The influence of wind disturbance on the level of pointing error has become a serious problem with the increased size of antenna. Newer, larger antenna designs have to combine increased control and more accurate pointing mechanisms that challenge existing technology. With reference to the typical Cassegrain antenna, this paper aims to improve the accuracy of antenna pointing mechanisms under a variety of wind conditions. This is based on the pointing model derived from combining both structural dynamics and electromechanics such that the pointing error caused by wind can be estimated efficiently. Using different controller design methods, which present the flexible pointing error as a combination of rotation angle error, torque disturbance, and state disturbance, the pointing error is compensated effectively. Tests and analysis of a 7.3 m antenna have been conducted. The results show that the linear-quadratic-Gaussian controller can reduce the maximum pointing errors by 79.3%, and the sliding mode controller is found to significantly outperform other controllers as it has the smallest root mean square of pointing error.
δ13C in Pentaclethra macroloba trees growing at forest edges in north-eastern Costa Rica

Abstract Fragmented forest landscapes with large proportions of edge area are common in the tropics, though little is known about functional responses of trees to edge effects. Foliar δ13C can increase our understanding of tree function, as these values reflect changes in ci/ca as trees respond to environmental gradients. We expected that foliar δ13C would be enriched, indicating a decline in ci/ca, in Pentaclethra macroloba trees growing at forest edges in north-eastern Costa Rica. We also anticipated this isotopic shift in δ13C values of soil carbon and soil respired CO2. Three transects perpendicular to forest edges were established at three study sites, and six plots per transect were located 0–300 m from edges. Within plots, foliage, soil and soil respired CO2 were collected for isotopic analyses. Foliar δ13C, thus ci/ca, and soil carbon δ13C did not vary along the edge to interior gradient. δ13C for canopy and understorey foliage averaged −29.7‰ and −32.5‰, respectively, while soil carbon δ13C averaged −28.0‰. Soil respired CO2 δ13C ranged from −29.2‰ to −28.6‰ and was significantly depleted within 50 m of edges. The predominant lack of functional responses at forest edges indicates that P. macroloba trees are robust and these forests are minimally influenced by edge effects.
Discriminative Active Learning

We propose a new batch mode active learning algorithm designed for neural networks and large query batch sizes. The method, Discriminative Active Learning (DAL), poses active learning as a binary classification task, attempting to choose examples to label in such a way as to make the labeled set and the unlabeled pool indistinguishable. Experimenting on image classification tasks, we empirically show our method to be on par with state of the art methods in medium and large query batch sizes, while being simple to implement and also extend to other domains besides classification tasks. Our experiments also show that none of the state of the art methods of today are clearly better than uncertainty sampling when the batch size is relatively large, negating some of the reported results in the recent literature.
COULD A CLADOGRAM THIS SHORT HAVE ARISEN BY CHANCE ALONE?: ON PERMUTATION TESTS FOR CLADISTIC STRUCTURE

Abstract Absolute criteria for evaluating cladistic analyses are useful, not only because cladistic algorithms impose structure, but also because applications of cladistic results demand some assessment of the degree of corroboration of the cladogram. Here, a means of quantitative evaluation is presented based on tree length. The length of the most‐parsimonious tree reflects the degree to which the observed characters co‐vary such that a single tree topology can explain shared character states among the taxa. This “cladistic covariation” can be quantified by comparing the length of the most parsimonious tree for the observed data set to that found for data sets with random covariation of characters. A random data set is defined as one in which the original number of characters and their character states are maintained, but for each character, the states are randomly reassigned to the taxa. The cladistic permutation tail probability, PTP, is defined as the estimate of the proportion of times that a tree can be found as short or shorter than the original tree. Significant cladistic covariation exists if the PTP is less than a prescribed value, for example, 0.05. In case studies based on molecular and morphological data sets, application of the PTP shows that:
OBSERVATION OF ROOT TIPS OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM L.) BY ELECTRONMICROSCOPY AFTER TREATMENT WITH CADMIUM

The effects of different concentrations of cadmium chloride on ultrastructure of root tips of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were investigated by SEM and TEM. Progressive changes in thickness of the epidermal cells were observed near the terminal of the root tips treated with Cd and the cells with the terminal end were partly or entirely collapsed. The amount of the substance secreted on the surface of the root tip cells progressively increased with increasing exposure to Cd. The presence of Bacilluscoagulans and Klebsiella was observed on the surface of root tips throughout the test. As the Cd concentration increased, more bacteria appeared on the surface of the root tips.
Indoor Localization System Based on Correlation of MVDR Spatial Spectra

Indoor angle of arrival localization systems generally require the setup of multiple antenna arrays at fixed positions. They rely on line-of-sight connections for the localization of a mobile node. This paper presents a solution that consists of a single antenna array. By using the Minimum Variance Distortionless Response algorithm for angle of arrival estimation, a spatial spectrum is calculated from antenna array measurements. This spatial spectrum is correlated with a reference set of spatial spectra, resulting in an estimated position. The reference data set is not acquired with labour-intensive fingerprinting techniques, but with a ray tracing algorithm. The proposed system is evaluated in simulations to investigate the influence of Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) connections and interfering multipath components. Results for various configurations show that reasonable performance in NLOS conditions is achievable.
A simulated archival tagging programme for albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in the Northeast Atlantic, including an analysis of factors affecting tag recovery

Cosgrove, R. , Arregi, I. , Brophy, D. , Arrizabalaga, H. , Ortiz de Zarate, V. , and Griffin, N. 2010. A simulated archival tagging programme for albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in the Northeast Atlantic, including an analysis of factors affecting tag recovery. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1216-1221.An archival tagging programme in the Northeast Atlantic would assist in testing the hypothesis that subpopulations of juvenile albacore exist within the region and provide important information on fish behaviour in relation to environmental variables. No information was available, however, on the ability of juvenile albacore to carry costly implanted archival tags, or on rates of tag recovery. A simulated archival tagging study on albacore using simulated or “dummy” archival tags was therefore carried out in the Bay of Biscay from 2005 to 2008. In all, 353 fish were tagged and released, and 9 fish (2.55%) were recaptured. A comprehensive ICCAT database of conventionally tagged fish in the Northeast Atlantic was also analysed to determine whether optimal conditions at the time of release could be identified and used to boost recovery rates in future tagging programmes. A binary logistic regression model using a response variable with two possible outcomes, recaptured or not recaptured, was developed, then tested on two datasets to deal with association between variables. Effort and fishing gear were significant in the first dataset, and length class and fishing gear in the second. The last two factors can be manipulated, and a recapture rate of >5% was predicted if derived optimal tagging conditions are followed in future tagging programmes.
Home Range and Spatial Organization of Maned Wolves in the Brazilian Grasslands

Abstract The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America, weighing up to 30 kg, and exhibits an omnivorous diet based on fruits and small vertebrates. Maned wolves are considered to live in monogamous pairs defending a common territory, with mates living a largely solitary life, but these conclusions come from few studies with small samples. We captured maned wolves in Emas National Park, central Brazil, and monitored their use of space using radiotelemetry. Home-range size and overlap of 45 adults, and interactions between members of 5 pairs, were investigated. Home-range sizes of resident adults averaged 80.18 km2 using the fixed kernel with 95% of the locations, and averaged 13.78 km2 with 50% of the locations. Overlap of 95% ranges between male–male, female–female, or mixed dyads was similar, approximately 0.20, whereas 50% ranges of maned wolves showed less overlap overall but more tolerance for overlap with the opposite sex. Members of a pair were located alone more often than together, and even when located simultaneously maintained a mean distance of >0.5 km apart, independent of time of day. Results are in agreement with a spatial organization based on monogamous mating pairs with little intrapair sociality, but the latter needs to be investigated in more detail.
Origin and Early Development of Secondary Embryos in Quercus suber L.

Somatic embryos of the cork oak (Quercus suber L.) obtained after many generations of recurrent embryogenesis do not show signs of major structural abnormalities except for the appearance of more than two cotyledons or embryos fused at their embryonic axes. Secondary embryogenesis is mainly of multicellular origin and takes place after a slight proliferation of cells in the external layers of the primary embryo root cap. The first sign of secondary embryo formation is the appearance of meristematic primordia on the periphery of the proliferating tissue. They soon develop into bipolar structures and form cotyledonary primordia, and then the new embryos emerge from the proliferation mass. However, the unicellular pathway for secondary embryogenesis cannot be disregarded. In some cases the proliferation mass becomes brownish and takes on a more friable appearance. In this case, single cells, groups of cells, and globular proembryos appear isolated from the surrounding necrotic tissue. However, no further development of these structures can be observed in solid cultures. When microscopic fragments are cultured in a liquid medium, isolated globular and torpedo embryos are obtained. Culture conditions may determine the pathway through which secondary embryogenesis takes place.
Fault‐tolerant consensus control of second‐order multi‐agent system based on sliding mode control theory

This paper mainly investigates the consensus implementation problem of multi-wheeled mobile robot system in the case of actuator additive fault and external disturbance. By constructing the traditional sliding surface, the adaptive law about the upper bound estimation of actuator fault is designed and a fault-tolerant consensus control algorithm for the second-order multi-agent system (MAS) in the case of actuator additive fault is proposed. Subsequently, the theoretical rationality of this algorithm is proved by Lyapunov-related theory. In addition, the authors also propose a solution for the chattering problem of the traditional sliding surface by adjusting the adaptive law of the upper-bound estimation of faults. Finally, the authors use a multi-wheeled mobile robot system to verify the effectiveness of fault-tolerant consensus algorithm proposed by this paper.
Four New Tylenchids (Tylenchina: Nematoda) for Nematode Fauna of Iran

Four tylenchid species, namely, Aglenchus agricola, Malenchus exiguus , Psilenchus curcumerus, and P. terextremus are reported from Iran. The Iranian population of A. agricola is characterized by 542-659 µm long body, 10-12 µm long stylet, excretory pore at 70-87 µm distance from anterior end, prominent lateral fields, with four lines, tail of 170198 long, and rare males with 15-20 µm long spicules. Iranian population of M. exiguus is characterized by 362-412 µm long body, 8-10 µm long stylet, lateral fields with two crenated lines, originating at mid-region of procorpus and ending at 1/3 of the tail length, PUS of 6-9 µm, tail 65-89 µm long and common males with 13-19 µm long spicules. The recovered population of P. curcumerus is characterized by having a smooth head region, 12-15 µm long stylet, presence of post-rectal sac and filiform tail with clavate terminus and the Iranian population of P. terextremus is characterized by lateral fields with crenate margins, appearing as a simple band, with two or three weakly developed bands in cross section and lateral view, respectively, median bulb anterior to the middle of the pharynx and filiform tail with rounded tip. The morphological and morphometric characters of the recovered populations and their differences and similarities with those given in the original descriptions are discussed.
Tree species distribution and its impact on soil properties, and nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in a humid subtropical forest ecosystem of northeastern India

The impact of tree species on net N and P mineralization, and soil properties beneath their canopy were studied in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of northeastern India. Four types of experimental plots were identified based on tree species dominance. The first plot was dominated by Myrica esculenta Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don. , the second by Rhododendron arboreum Sm. , the third by Neolitsea cassia Koster. , and the fourth was a mixed-species plot. Organic carbon content (3.11%) and NH4+-N concentration (11.40 μg·g–1) in the Rhododendron plot, pH (4.64) and total N content (0.89%) in the mixed plot, available P (5.16 μg·g–1) and NO3–-N (8.63 μg·g–1) concentrations in the Neolitsea plot were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the other plots. All these soil parameters were lowest in the Myrica plot. The net N and P mineralization rates in an annual cycle across different plots ranged between 18.83 and 22.14 μg·g–1·month–1 and between 4.54 and 5.87 μg·g–1·month–1, respectively. The flux varied signif.