Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SINGLE-STAR H ii REGIONS AS A PROBE OF MASSIVE STAR SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS

The shape of OB-star ionizing spectral energy distributions (SEDs) is a critical component in many diagnostics of galaxy and interstellar medium properties. To quantitatively examine the shape of the OB-star SED, we compare long slit observations of single-star, Large Magellanic Cloud H ii regions to the predictions from CLOUDY photoionization simulations that use CoStar, TLUSTY, and WM-basic stellar atmosphere models as the ionizing source. For each atmosphere model, we run grids of H ii region simulations with the effective temperature (Teff) of the star as a free parameter. The best SEDs from each atmosphere code are found by matching the predicted emission-line spectra with those observed from the nebulae. By assuming a clumpy gas distribution, all atmosphere codes are able to reproduce the observed emission lines, except at the highest energy transitions ≳ 40 eV. Taking into account both low and high energy transitions, we find that simulations using WM-basic produce the best agreement with the observed line ratios. The rates of ionizing photons from different atmosphere models vary systematically with the relative hardness of the SEDs. However, in general the rates produced by the model SEDs, for standard log(g) = 4.0 models, are consistent with the rates derived from the Hα luminosities. We find that our effective temperatures inferred from the nebular ionization balance are consistent with those predicted by conventional photospheric-based calibrations from the literature. We suggest that future spectral type to Teff calibrations can be constructed from nebular data.
The OGLE view of microlensing towards the Magellanic Clouds – III. Ruling out subsolar MACHOs with the OGLE‐III LMC data★

In the third part of the series presenting the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) microlensing studies of the dark matter halo compact objects (MACHOs), we describe results of the OGLE-III monitoring of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This unprecedented data set contains almost continuous photometric coverage over 8 years of about 35 million objects spread over 40 deg2. We report a detection of two candidate microlensing events found with the automated pipeline and an additional two, less probable, candidate events found manually. The optical depth derived for the two main candidates was calculated following a detailed blending examination and detection efficiency determination and was found to be τ= (0.16 ± 0.12) × 10−7. If the microlensing signal we observe originates from MACHOs, then it means their masses are around 0.2 M⊙ and they comprise only f= 3 ± 2 per cent of the mass of the Galactic halo. However, the more likely explanation of our detections does not involve dark matter compact objects at all and relies on the natural effect of self-lensing of LMC stars by LMC lenses. In such a scenario, we can almost completely rule out MACHOs in the subsolar mass range with an upper limit at f < 7 per cent reaching its minimum of f < 4 per cent at M= 0.1 M⊙. For masses around M= 10 M⊙, the constraints on the MACHOs are more lenient with f∼ 20 per cent. Owing to limitations of the survey, there is no reasonable limit found for heavier masses, leaving only a tiny window of mass spectrum still available for dark matter compact objects.
The Milky Way halo as a QSO absorption-line system New results from an HST/STIS absorption-line catalogue of Galactic high-velocity clouds

We use archival UV absorption-line data from HST/STIS to statistically analyse the absorption characteristics of the high-velocity clouds (HVCs) in the Galactic halo towards more than 40 extragalactic background sources. We determine absorption covering fractions of low-and intermediate ions (Oi, Cii, Si ii, Mgii, Feii, Si iii, Civ, and Si iv) in the range f(c) = 0.20-0.70. For detailed analysis we concentrate on Si ii absorption components in HVCs, for which we investigate the distribution of column densities, b-values, and radial velocities. Combining information for Si ii and Mg II, and using a geometrical HVC model we investigate the contribution of HVCs to the absorption cross section of strong Mg ii absorbers in the local Universe. We estimate that the Galactic HVCs would contribute on average similar to 52 percent to the total strong Mg ii cross section of the Milky Way, if our Galaxy were to be observed from an exterior vantage point. We further estimate that the mean projected covering fraction of strong Mg ii absorption in the Milky Way halo and disc from an exterior vantage point is = 0.31 for a halo radius of R = 61 kpc. These numbers, together with the observed number density of strong Mg ii absorbers at low redshift, indicate that the contribution of infalling gas clouds (i.e., HVC analogues) in the halos of Milky Way-type galaxies to the cross section of strong Mgii absorbers is < 34 percent. These findings are in line with the idea that outflowing gas (e. g., produced by galactic winds) in the halos of more actively star-forming galaxies dominate the absorption-cross section of strong Mgii absorbers in the local Universe.
Space weather monitoring by GPS measurements on board CHAMP

The availability of L‐band radio signals permanently transmitted by satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) has opened a new dimension for ionosphere sounding. Whereas ground‐based GPS measurement techniques have been developed already over many years, the space‐based GPS measurements on board Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites are rather new. GPS measurements onboard the German georesearch satellite CHAMP were used to monitor the ionosphere on global scale since April 2001. Addressed here are the capabilities of the ionospheric radio occultation (IRO) technique for routinely monitoring the global ionosphere with the purpose of deriving value‐added data products and studying ionospheric perturbations. Also discussed is the use of zenith viewing GPS navigation data for reconstructing the three‐dimensional electron density distribution of the topside ionosphere/plasmasphere in the vicinity of the CHAMP orbit plane. Whereas the ground‐based measurements show strong horizontal redistribution of plasma during ionospheric storms, the space‐borne measurements indicate a severe vertical redistribution of the ionospheric plasma during the selected events. In this paper we review the capabilities of the space‐based GPS measurements performed on board CHAMP and discuss ionospheric/plasmaspheric perturbation processes caused by the strong space weather event on 20 November 2003. Space‐based GPS measurements have a high potential for routinely monitoring the ionosphere/plasmasphere systems, thus effectively contributing to global space weather monitoring activities.
Composition and field-tuned magnetism and superconductivity in Nd 1-x Ce x CoIn 5

Abstract: The Nd1-xCexCoIn5 alloys evolve from local moment magnetism (x = 0) to heavy fermion superconductivity (x =1). Magnetic order is observed over a broad range of x. For a substantial range of x (0.83 <= x <= 0.95) in the temperature - composition phase diagram we find that superconductivity may coexist with spin - density wave magnetic order at the Fermi surface. We show that a delicate balance betwen superconducting and magnetic instabilities can be reversibly tuned by both the Ce/Nd ratio and magnetic field, offering a new and unique model electronic system.
RXJ 0921+4529: A BINARY QUASAR OR A GRAVITATIONAL LENS?

We report the new spectroscopic observations of the gravitational lens RXJ 021+4529 with the multi-mode focal reducer SCORPIO of the SAO RAS 6 m telescope. The new spectral observations were compared with the previously observed spectra of components A and B of RXJ 0921+4529, i.e., the same components observed in different epochs. We found a significant difference in the spectrum between the components that cannot be explained with microlensing and/or spectral variation. We conclude that RXJ 0921+4529 is a binary quasar system, where redshifts of quasars A and B are 1.6535 ± 0.0005 and 1.6625 ± 0.0015, respectively.
Cortical and subcortical connections change after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy in cocaine use disorder and predict clinical outcome

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a worldwide public health condition which is suggested to induce pathological changes in macro- and microstructure. Treatments with psychosocial and pharmacological approaches achieve only low to moderate effects on dealing with cocaine clinical symptomatology. Novel approaches such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have gained attention to induce a reduction in CUD symptoms, yet its mechanisms remain partially understood. Here, we sought to elucidate whether rTMS induces changes on white matter (WM) microstructure in frontostriatal circuits after two weeks of therapy in patients with CUD, and to test whether baseline WM microstructure of the same circuits has an effect on clinical improvement. This study consisted of a 2-week, parallel group, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial (acute phase) (sham [n = 23] and active [n = 27]), in which patients received two daily sessions of rTMS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) as an add-on treatment. We acquired T1-weighted and HARDI-DWI 2-shell sequences at baseline and at two weeks. To elucidate the effects from active rTMS on frontostriatal WM tracts, we extracted NODDI metrics and performed a linear mixed model. We further evaluated the relationship between clinical outcomes in craving and impulsivity and the baseline white matter microstructure. After 2 weeks, active rTMS showed a significant increase in neurite density (ICVF or the density of axons and dendrites) compared to sham rTMS in WM tracts connecting left DLPFC with left (B = 0.038, d = -0.278) and right vmPFC (B = 0.034, d = -0.112). Similarly, rTMS showed reduction in orientation dispersion (OD or axon organization) in WM tracts connecting left DLPFC with left caudate nucleus (B = 0.009, d = -0.087), left thalamus (B = 0.006, d = -0.489) and left vmPFC (B = 0.027, d = 0.024). Results also show a greater reduction in craving VAS after 2 weeks rTMS when baseline ICVF was low in WM tracts connecting left caudate nucleus with substantia nigra (B = 22.61, d = 0.729), left pallidum (B = 21.13, d = 0.738), and those connecting left thalamus with substantia nigra (B = 16.30, d = 0.649) and left pallidum (B = 21.92, d = 0.723). Our results suggest that rTMS induced white matter microstructural changes between fronto-striato-thalamic regions after 2 weeks. rTMS-induced microstructural changes may depend on the baseline integrity of the connections between the striatum, thalamus, and the substantia nigra. Connections that predicted clinical improvement in CUD. The current results support the efficacy of rTMS as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of CUD. However, the individual clinical improvement may rely on each patient state of structural connections integrity. Keywords: Cocaine use disorder; Imaging; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Diffusion MRI; NODDI
Antiferromagnetic spintronics

Antiferromagnetic materials could represent the future of spintronic applications thanks to the numerous interesting features they combine: they are robust against perturbation due to magnetic fields, produce no stray fields, display ultrafast dynamics and are capable of generating large magneto-transport effects. Intense research efforts over the past decade have been invested in unraveling spin transport properties in antiferromagnetic materials. Whether spin transport can be used to drive the antiferromagnetic order and how subsequent variations can be detected are some of the thrilling challenges currently being addressed. Antiferromagnetic spintronics started out with studies on spin transfer, and has undergone a definite revival in the last few years with the publication of pioneering articles on the use of spin-orbit interactions in antiferromagnets. This paradigm shift offers possibilities for radically new concepts for spin manipulation in electronics. Central to these endeavors are the need for predictive models, relevant disruptive materials and new experimental designs. This paper reviews the most prominent spintronic effects described based on theoretical and experimental analysis of antiferromagnetic materials. It also details some of the remaining bottlenecks and suggests possible avenues for future research.
Mathematical Reasoning: Writing and Proof

1. Introduction to Writing in Mathematics. 2. Logical Reasoning. 3. Constructing and Writing Proofs in Mathematics. 4. Set Theory. 5. Mathematical Induction. 6. Functions. 7. Equivalence Relations. 8. Topics in Number Theory. 9. Topics in Set Theory. A: Guidelines for Writing Mathematical Proofs. B: Answers and Hints for Selected Exercises. C: List of Symbols.
Effects of linear redshift space distortions and perturbation theory on BAOs: a 3D spherical analysis

The Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) are features in the matter power spectrum on scales of order 100-150 h^{-1} Mpc that promise to be a powerful tool to constrain and test cosmological models. The BAO have attracted such attention that future upcoming surveys have been designed with the BAO at the forefront of the primary science goals. Recent studies have advocated the use of a spherical-Fourier Bessel (sFB) expansion for future wide field surveys that cover both wide and deep regions of the sky necessitating the simultaneous treatment of the spherical sky geometry as well as the extended radial coverage. Ignoring the possible effects of growth, which is not expected to be significant at low redshifts, we present an extended analysis of the BAOs using the sFB formalism by taking into account the role of non-linearities and linear redshift distortions in the oscillations observed in the galaxy power spectrum. The sFB power spectrum has both radial and tangential dependence and it has been shown that in the limit that we approach a deep survey the sFB power spectrum is purely radial and collapses to the Cartesian Fourier power spectrum. This radialisation of information is shown to hold even in the presence of redshift space distortions (RSD) and 1-loop corrections to the galaxy power spectrum albeit with modified tangential and radial dependence. As per previous studies we find that the introduction of non-linearities leads to a damping of the oscillations in the matter power spectrum.
Theory of Non-First Norman Form Relational Databases

Abstract : One of the primary assumptions used in the relational model is that all relations must be in first normal form; that is, all values must be non- decomposable units. This assumption unduly constrains our ability to model data, especially for the non-traditional applications which are taxing our current database systems. This research extends relational database theory by relaxing the assumption that all relations in the database must be in first normal form. Relations containing attributes which may be atomic-valued or relation-valued are said to be in non-first normal form (non-1NF). In this context, we develop a non-1NF model and an extended formal query language based on the relational calculus, and prove its equivalence to a relational algebra extended with nest and unnest operators to deal with non-1NF relations. We define a property which non-1NF relations should satisfy, called partitioned normal form (PNF), and develop a set of extended algebra operators to manipulate non-1NF relations and maintain the PNF property. Our model and the extended operators are then further extended to deal with null values and empty nested relations. We present a user- oriented non-1NF query language, called SQL/NF, which is based on the SQL commercial database language and a proposed relational database language standard.
Convex Treatment Response and Treatment Selection

This paper analyzes the identifying power of weak convexity assumptions in treatment effect models with endogenous selection. The counterfactual distributions are constrained either in terms of the response function, or conditional on the realized treatment, and sharp bounds on the potential outcome distributions are derived. The methods are applied to bound the effect of education on smoking.
Cine-servo lens technology for 4K broadcast and cinematography

Central to the rapid evolution of 4K image capture technology in the past few years, deployment of large-format cameras with Super35mm Single Sensors is increasing in TV production for diverse shows such as dramas, documentaries, wildlife, and sports. While large format image capture has been the standard in the cinema world for quite some time, the recent experiences within the broadcast industry have revealed a variety of requirement differences for large format lenses compared to those of the cinema industry. A typical requirement for a broadcast lens is a considerably higher zoom ratio in order to avoid changing lenses in the middle of a live event, which is mostly not the case for traditional cinema productions. Another example is the need for compact size, light weight, and servo operability for a single camera operator shooting in a shoulder-mount ENG style. On the other hand, there are new requirements that are common to both worlds, such as smooth and seamless change in angle of view throughout the long zoom range, which potentially offers new image expression that never existed in the past. This paper will discuss the requirements from the two industries of cinema and broadcast, while at the same time introducing the new technologies and new optical design concepts applied to our latest “CINE-SERVO” lens series which presently consists of two models, CN7x17KAS-S and CN20x50IAS-H. It will further explain how Canon has realized 4K optical performance and fast servo control while simultaneously achieving compact size, light weight and high zoom ratio, by referring to patent-pending technologies such as the optical power layout, lens construction, and glass material combinations.
Twisting tensor and spin squeezing

A unified tensor description of quadratic spin squeezing interactions is proposed, covering the single- and two-axis twisting as special cases of a general scheme. A closed set of equations of motion of the first moments and variances is derived in Gaussian approximation and their solutions are discussed from the prospect of fastest squeezing generation. It turns out that the optimum rate of squeezing generation is governed by the difference between the largest and the smallest eigenvalues of the twisting tensor. A cascaded optical interferometer with Kerr nonlinear media is proposed as one of possible realizations of the general scheme.
Development of flexible acoustic transmission line for intravascular ultrasonography

A fused quartz rod coated with a thin film of carbon was prepared and tested for ultrasound transmission. The rod was 125 /spl mu/m in diameter and 60 cm long. Both ends of the rod were polished. A PZT transducer was attached at one end, and the other end was kept open. An electrical burst wave with a frequency of between 3 and 30 MHz was applied to the transducer, which generated a correspond ultrasonic signal, and the received signal was observed. It was shown that the L(0,1) mode of the Pochhammer-Chree wave propagated in the 125 /spl mu/m diameter test rod in the frequency range 3-24 MHz. A large dispersion was observed in the frequency range 20-24 MHz. The attenuation constant of the line was estimated to be less than 1 dB/m at 8 MHz. A coil with a diameter of 3 cm was made using the rod, and the same experiment was conducted. The experimental results were similar to that for the straight rod.
Coherent spin dynamics in gadolinium-doped CaWO4 crystal

We report the first observation of Rabi oscillations in the spin-7/2 ensemble of trivalent gadolinium ions hosted in CaWO4 single crystal. A number of transitions within the lowest electronic multiplet 8S7/2 of Gd3+ ion are studied using a combination of continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The corresponding Rabi damping curves and the spin coherence times are detected at varying strengths of the microwave field. These data are well reproduced by a theoretical model which accounts for the inhomogeneity of the microwave field within the crystal sample volume and the magnetic dipole interactions in the diluted spin ensemble.
SuperLupus: A Deep, Long Duration Transit Survey

Abstract SuperLupus is a deep transit survey monitoring a Galactic Plane field in the Southern hemisphere. The project is building on the successful Lupus Survey, and will double the number of images of the field from 1700 to 3400, making it one of the longest duration deep transit surveys. The immediate motivation for this expansion is to search for longer period transiting planets (5-8 days) and smaller radii planets. It will also provide near complete recovery for the shorter period planets (1-3 days). In March, April, and May 2008 we obtained the new images and work is currently in progress reducing these new data.
Dispersive wave emission from dark solitons in microresonator-based Kerr frequency combs

Taking advantage of an extended Lugiato--Lefever equation with third-order dispersion, we numerically show that dark cavity solitons formed in normal dispersion of microresonators are capable of emitting dispersive waves in both normal and anomalous dispersion regions, resembling the behavior of the commonly encountered bright cavity solitons. The generated dispersive waves can be accurately predicted by the dissipative radiation theory. In addition, we demonstrate the stability enhancement of Kerr frequency combs in normal dispersion regime in case the dispersive wave is emitted by dark solitons in presence of third-order dispersion.
Core sizes and dynamical instabilities of giant vortices in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates

Motivated by a recent demonstration of cyclic addition of quantized vorticity into a Bose-Einstein condensate, the vortex pump, we study dynamical instabilities and core sizes of giant vortices. The core size is found to increase roughly as a square-root function of the quantum number of the vortex, whereas the strength of the dynamical instability either saturates to a fairly low value or increases extremely slowly for large quantum numbers. Our studies suggest that giant vortices of very high angular momenta may be achieved by gradually increasing the operation frequency of the vortex pump.
Reformulating and Reconstructing Quantum Theory

We provide a reformulation of finite dimensional quantum theory in the circuit framework in terms of mathematical axioms, and a reconstruction of quantum theory from operational postulates. The mathematical axioms for quantum theory are the following: [Axiom 1] Operations correspond to operators. [Axiom 2] Every complete set of physical operators corresponds to a complete set of operations. The following operational postulates are shown to be equivalent to these mathematical axioms: [P1] Sharpness. Associated with any given pure state is a unique maximal effect giving probability equal to one. This maximal effect does not give probability equal to one for any other pure state. [P2] Information locality. A maximal measurement on a composite system is effected if we perform maximal measurements on each of the components. [P3] Tomographic locality. The state of a composite system can be determined from the statistics collected by making measurements on the components. [P4] Compound permutability. There exists a compound reversible transformation on any system effecting any given permutation of any given maximal set of distinguishable states for that system. [P5] Sturdiness. Filters are non-flattening. Hence, from these postulates we can reconstruct all the usual features of quantum theory: States are represented by positive operators, transformations by completely positive trace non-increasing maps, and effects by positive operators. The Born rule (i.e. the trace rule) for calculating probabilitieso follows. A more detailed abstract is provided in the paper.