Effects of Wheat Bran and Clostridium butyricum Supplementation on Cecal Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentration, pH and Histomorphometry in Broiler Chickens

Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance issues and growing consumer demand promote the need for antibiotic-free meat production. Fostering animal productivity without antibiotic growth promoters accelerates the use of non-antibiotic feed additives and encourages researchers to gain a deeper understanding of diet-gut microbiota interactions. Little information is available about the effects of single strain probiotic bacteria Clostridium butyricum and wheat bran on the gut microbiota of chickens using next-generation sequencing. Therefore, these components were evaluated in the present study on gut microbiota composition and other gut health characteristics of broiler chickens. Results showed that probiotic supplementation decreased cecal Akkermansia spp. abundance, whereas wheat bran supplementation increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia spp. compared to the control and symbiotic groups, respectively. Dietary treatment also altered cecal crypt depth and had a trend to modify cecal fermentation profiles. Besides, the combination of probiotic and wheat bran supplementation did not have further effects on any investigated parameters. Members of the Akkermansia genus have several beneficial health effects in mammals, but less is known about its role in chicken health. The results of the present study expand our understanding of diet-gut microbiota interaction in chickens, which helps to approximate antibiotic-free meat production. Abstract Feed additives that can improve intestinal health and maintain a diverse and resilient intestinal microbiota of poultry are of great importance. Thus, the current study investigated the effects of a single strain butyric acid-producing Clostridium (C. butyricum) with (symbiotic) or without wheat bran supplementation on cecal microbiota composition and gut health characteristics of broiler chickens. In total, 384 male Ross 308 day-old chickens were divided into four dietary treatment groups and fed ad libitum until day 37 of life. Cecal samples were taken for Illumina sequencing and pH and short-chain fatty acid analyses, as well as for histological analysis at the end of the experimental period. Neither of the supplemented diets improved chicken growth performance. Caecum was dominated by the members of Bacteroidetes phyla followed by Firmicutes in each dietary group. At the genus level, Bacteroides, Oscillospira, Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus and Streptococcus genera exceeded 1% relative abundance. Dietary treatment influenced the relative abundance of the Akkermansia genus, which had a lower relative abundance in the C. butyricum group than in the other groups and in the symbiotic group compared to the wheat bran supplemented group. Dietary treatment also altered cecal crypt depth and had a trend to modify the cecal fermentation profile. Additive effects of wheat bran and C. butyricum supplementation were not detected. Our results suggest that Akkermansia muciniphila colonization in chicken can be influenced by diet composition.