Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Species concepts: assumptions, methods, and applications

The assumptions, methods, and applications of various species concepts prevalent in systematics are reviewed in order to clarify issues and terminology. Species concepts are classified as mechanistic-species as participants in the process of speciation, or historical-species as the end results of processes. Mechanistic concepts lack universality and testability because they rely on a knowledge of how speciation proceeded in any particular case. Historical species concepts are preferred because they can be consistently applied and provide a context in which processes of speciation can be investigated. Three historical species concepts are compared: the Genealogical Species Concept, the Species As Taxa Concept, and the Phylogenetic Species Concept. The Gene- alogical Species Concept supports the recognition of the smallest monophyletic lineages (those that occur at the boundary between reticulating and hierarchical systems of relationship), whereas under the Species As Taxa Concept, hierarchy is considered to occur below the level of species, and any monophyletic unit may be recognized as a species. The problems presented by applying the term monophyly to reticulating systems are discussed as they apply to each concept, as are several problems specific to the Genealogical Species Concept, such as metaspecies. An alternative to mono- phyletic species concepts is the Phylogenetic Species Concept, in which the smallest diagnosable unit is recognized as a species. Monophyly is not considered demonstrable at the species level because, in contrast to Species As Taxa, an assumption of the Phylogenetic Species Concept is that species are basal taxa, and thus mark the level at which hierarchic relationships begin. Finally, the application of species concepts is reviewed by surveying the literature in Systematic Botany and Systematic Zoology/Biology during the past five years. Papers in Systematic Zoology/Biology were generally more explicit about the species concept and the criteria being used to delimit species than were papers in Systematic Botany. Because it is clear that a number of different concepts are currently in use, and these are often distinguished only vaguely, botanists are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the various concepts, and to state explicitly which concepts and criteria are being employed in recognizing species.
Molecular cloning and tissue-specific expression of two different chitin deacetylase cDNA sequences from Mamestra brassicae

Chitin deacetylase(CDA) is a kind of chitin-degrading enzyme found in insects that can turn chitin into chitosan and plays an important role in insects' chitin metabolism.Total RNA was isolated from the fifth instar larvae of Mamestra brassicae.Two CDA cDNA sequences were cloned by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE). One cDNA sequence was 2 036 base pairs in length and contained an open reading frame of 1 617 base pairs coding for a polypeptide of 539 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 61.5 ku.This cDNA sequence was designated as cDNA 1.The other cDNA sequence was 1 312 base pairs in length and contained an open reading frame of 1 173 base pairs coding for a polypeptide of 390 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 44.1 ku.This cDNA sequence was designated as cDNA 2.The deduced amino acid sequence of cDNA 1 contained a polysaccharide deacetylase domain,a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain(ChBD) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain(LDLa). This sequence was a member of chitin deacetylase group I.The deduced amino acid sequence of cDNA 2 only contained a polysaccharide deacetylase domain.This sequence was a member of Chitin deacetylase group V.These two CDAs belong to two different CDA groups.Transcript analysis on two CDA sequences during various developmental stages and in different tissues was determined by RT-PCR.The results showed that cDNA 1 was expressed in salivary glands,the midgut and fat bodies in feeding stage,but not expressed in prepupal and pupal stage.cDNA 2 was only expressed in the midgut in feeding stage.These cDNA sequences have been deposited in Genbank with accession numbers HQ680620 for cDNA 1 and HQ680621 for cDNA 2.
The Development of a Chicken Flock Apparently Free of Leukosis Virus

A supply of breeding chickens dependably free of leukosis virus is becoming increasingly desirable for leukosis research and for the production of specialized biological products, particularly vaccines. Waters and Prickett(17) reported the development of a flock of chickens apparently free of leukosis virus-the 151 line, developed at the Regional Poultry Laboratory at East Lansing. Development was accomplished by careful selection and isolation of families having low incidence of the disease. Earlier, Lee and Wileke (12) reported a neural-leukosis-free flock, but without describing the methods by which it was developed. Investigations during the past 10-15 years have demonstrated several important epidemiological aspects of this widespread disease among poultry flocks: the leukosis complex is associated with a virus(1,2,3,4,11); the virus can spread from parent to progeny by ovarian transmission (6,7,8,9,10) and to pen mates by contact (5,17,18). More recently, the importance of congenital transmission of the virus, studied by an in vitro assay method was reported (14). A study of the epidemiology of this disease (15,16) established the following: 1) Viremic hens shed virus into their eggs. Chicks hatching from such eggs become tolerant carriers of the virus. 2) Hens with leukosis antibody usually do not transmit the virus to their progeny.
Identification of (non-) Mendelian factors affecting pork production

This thesis describes the analysis of a large experiment in which Chinese Meishan pigs were crossed with pigs from Dutch commercial lines. Three generations of pigs from this experiment were characterized for molecular markers that cover the entire porcine genome. Linkage was studied between these markers and 17 carcass, meat quality, production, and reproduction traits. Among the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) that were identified, important effects of genomic imprinting were observed for body composition and growth traits. Genomic imprinting, where only one allele from a specific parent is expressed in the offspring, is generally regarded to be a rare phenomenon, affecting only 1-2 % of all the genes. Following the large imprinting effects that were identified in this study, the characteristics of imprinted genes and their detection were studied in an extensive simulation study. It was concluded that imprinted QTL might remain undetected when only standard Mendelian models are applied. However, extra care must be taken with the design and analysis of experiments to prevent the false detection of imprinting for QTL that are actually Mendelian. It was also demonstrated that the statistical power of a QTL mapping experiment can increase considerably by using identified QTL as cofactors in a multiple QTL analysis. Finally an application of some of the identified QTL in a commercial pig-breeding program were proposed.
Boiling lysis quickly separation of Giant Salamander DNA

Objective To found a quick,simple,efficient separation method of Giant Salamander genome DNA.Methods Based on the boiling lysis method of plasmid DNA separation,improved the protocol for Giant Salamander genome DNA extraction.Results The A260/ A280 of DNA extracted from Giant Salamander was pure highly(between 1.7 and 2.1). It took very short time(2h) and have low toxicity of reagent.The fragment of extracted DNA was about 23kb and it was suitable for PCR and subsequent analysis.Conclusions This method was at high pure,short time,harmless,low cost,and fit for extracting of Giant Salamander genome DNA,and also be used to similar studying in other animals.
Evaluation of the External and Internal Quality Characteristics of Quail Eggs Produced in Benghazi

Many countries of the world are trying to increase their production of animal protein by raising other types of poultry other than chicken, including quail, as breeding has become a common issue in the commercial poultry sector for meat and egg production because of its rapid growth and early sexual maturity and its high rate of egg production and its need for feed quantity and a small breeding area Very compared to other poultry (Thiyagasundaram, 1989; Kumari, 200).
Marine flora and fauna of the eastern United States: Anthozoa: Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia, Ceriantharia, and Zoanthidea

This key includes 60 species of sea anemones and their relatives in the orders Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia, Ceriantharia, and Zoanthidea. Species from the intertidal zone, continental slope, and deep sea are included over a geographic range from Atlantic Canada to approximately South Carolina. In addition to the illustrated key itself, characteristics of each species are summarized in tabular form, including morphology, distribution, and types and sizes of cnidae. Ecological and taxonomic information on each species are also included in an annotated species list. (PDF file contains 76 pages.)
GPS tracking reveals rafting behaviour of Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus): implications for foraging ecology and conservation

Capsule Three quarters of tracked Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus) at Grassholm gathered in rafts around the colony, concentrated within a recently designated at-sea Special Protection Area (SPA), but rafting was not correlated with foraging effort. Aims To investigate the incidence, distribution and foraging implications of Northern Gannet rafting behaviour in waters adjacent to a large colony. Methods Using bird-borne global positioning system (GPS) loggers we reconstructed at-sea movement and used a speed filter to identify rafting behaviour within 10 km of the colony. We mapped the spatial distribution of rafting events from 160 breeding individuals over 5 years, and investigated the relationship between foraging effort (trip duration and total distance travelled) and the presence/absence of rafting. Results On average, 74% of tracked birds engaged in rafting. Of the 381 foraging trips analysed, rafting was recorded on 237 (62%). Birds were more likely to raft on outbound (224 trips, 59%), than inbound journeys (38 trips, 10%). Presence/absence of rafting did not correlate significantly with foraging trip distance or duration nor with duration of nest attendance. The majority of rafting was concentrated in a 2-km radius around the colony within a recently designated seaward SPA extension. Birds showed low individual repeatability in rafting, although there was lower variation within, than among, individuals. Conclusion Our results show that rafting is important for breeding gannets on Grassholm, and a recently designated at-sea SPA encapsulates the core distribution of rafting. Rafting did not appear to be correlated with foraging behaviour. Given the dearth of literature on rafting and the wealth of GPS tracking data for seabirds, we suggest that similar research be conducted elsewhere to further elucidate the ecological and applied significance of this behaviour.
SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN THE MAGDALENA RIVER BASIN, COLOMBIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING TROPICAL RIVER PROCESSES AND HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

The Magdalena River Basin of Colombia has a globally relevant sediment flux, however, studies of the sediment regime in the basin are limited in scope. This knowledge gap limits application of understanding of sediment dynamics to hydropower decision making. To close this gap, we implemented a sediment budget framework to quantify the impacts of hydropower development in a 118,000 km2 portion of the Magdalena River basin. We informed this framework with analysis of background erosion rates derived from 10Be cosmogenic nuclides and modern sediment fluxes derived from monitoring and optical remote sensing. We standardized these data to spatially averaged denudation rates and found that background denudation rates range from 331 to 740 t km-2yr-1 with a mean of 571 ± 101 on tributaries and 358 ± 45 on the mainstem. Meanwhile, modern denudation rates range from 206 to 3415 t km2yr-1 with a mean of 852 ± 804 on tributaries and 405 ± 206 on the mainstem. Averaged across sites, denudation rates were higher in tributary watersheds than on the mainstem Magdalena, and modern denudation rates were higher than background denudation rates, but these differences were not statistically significant. Modern sediment fluxes on the mainstem Magdalena increase moving downstream; however, at a site to reach scale, background denudation rates were higher than modern values. Over the past three decades, mainstem sediment fluxes have decreased despite the potential inputs from the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption. To link our understanding of sediment dynamics to evaluation of dam impacts, we tested two end-member hydropower development scenarios with equivalent generating capacity and found that development on the mainstem would trap more sediment than on tributaries. Equivalent tributary development scenarios would require 2-9 dams with varied impacts on the downstream sediment balance. The data and framework that we present provide valuable information about sediment dynamics that can be used to inform hydropower decision making in Colombia and a pathway for decision making when long-term field-based monitoring data of sediment fluxes are not available.
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION ANALYSIS ON LEAN MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE SECTOR: THE PERIOD OF 2010-2019

Yalin yonetim, aksakliklari ortadan kaldirmaya, israf yonetimine ve duzgunlestirilmis uretim ilkelerini mumkun kilmaya odaklanarak surecleri iyilestirmek icin basvurulan bir uretim yonetimi yaklasimidir. Son zamanlarda saglik sektorundeki bilimsel yayinlara ilgi artmistir. Yazarlar, saglik sektoru uygulamalarina uygun olarak yalin yonetim uzerine yapilan calismalarin sonuclarini tanimlamak ve sentezlemek icin arastirma ciktilarini ortaya cikarmayi amaclamistir. 2010-2019 yillari arasinda Web of Science Core Collection'da dizine eklenen ve siralanan yuksek siralarda ve atif alan dergilerde yayinlanan makaleleri analiz etmek icin bibliyometrik yaklasim kullanilmistir. Ayrica, yalin yonetim alanlari ve yayin kaynaklari uzerinde benzer calismalar yapilacaktir. SCIExp ve SSCI endeksli kaynaklarda yuksek dereceli 74 dergi makalesinin verileri bulunmustur.
The impact of feral camels (Camelus dromedarius) on woody vegetation in arid Australia

Data on the extent of feral camel damage on trees and shrubs in inland Australia are scarce, and there is currently no universally accepted theoretical framework for predicting the impact of a novel large mammal browser on arid vegetation. In other (mainly mesic) grassy systems, large mammal browsers can strongly suppress woody biomass across landscapes by limiting the transition of saplings to adulthood and by significantly thinning adult tree canopies. The recent Australian Feral Camel Management Project provided an opportunity to assess the impacts of camel browsing on woody vegetation in inland Australia. We examined browsing intensity and severity (stunting and canopy loss) in 22 species of woody plants in camel-affected regions across inland Australia prior to camel removal operations. The severity of plant damage increased with camel density as both trees and shrub growth were strongly suppressed where camel densities exceeded 0.25 km–2. In most tree and shrub species tested, camel browsing significantly stunted plants, suggesting that camel browsing has long-term impacts on plant populations. Browsing also reduced canopy volume in several species, including the structurally important Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth. Thus, in this dryland ecosystem, camels can curtail the regeneration and growth of woody species enough to threaten ecosystem health. To avoid adverse impacts on woody plant populations, camel densities should be maintained at 0.25 camels km–2 or less over as much of inland Australia as possible.
Regions Based Semi-fragile Watermarking Scheme for Video Authentication

In this paper, we propose a new semi-fragile watermarking scheme in the frequency domain for surveillance videos authentication. Our system starts operating by generating a binary watermark based on a novel watermark construction process. This latter combines Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) and Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) detectors to extract frames relevant features that can resist common attacks while being fragile to intentional manipulations. Furthermore, the watermark security is improved using torus automorphism mapping. For the embedding process, Regions of Interest (ROI) are detected and then used as watermark holders. These regions are decomposed into different frequency sub-bands using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) as well as Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Then, the watermark is embedded in selected bands following an additive method. A blind detection is conducted to extract the hidden signature from the watermarked video. Evaluation results show that the proposed scheme is suitable for authentication purpose since it efficiently discriminates malicious manipulations from non-malicious ones. Besides, it preserves a high level of perceptual quality.
THE BIOCHEMICAL LESION IN VITAMIN B1DEFICIENCY

efficacy of vaccines used for prophylaxis or treatment have been expressed in this and probably every other medical journal that deals with diseases of children; the truth is hard to discover. Smith points out that work on the bacteriology of whooping cough has recently been elaborated so that it is possible to classify the organisms into four phases, all of which are interchangeable by cultural methods, with the possible exception of Phase IV organisms, which are old bacilli, long accustomed to growth on agar. Phase I organisms are those best suited for the preparation of vaccines-these are indeed stated to be necessary for the preparation of useful vaccines. Smith recommends prophylactic vaccination with these organisms in doses of thirty to eighty billions at an early age, preferably between six months and two years of age. He can find no evidence whatever that vaccines are of any value in treatment "except possibly in the earliest stages". He also discusses the use of human convalescent serum.
Analysis of genetic diversity and affinity relationships among 13 species of Dendrobium Sw.by RAPD

Objective Genetic diversity and affinity relationships among 13 species of Dendrobium Sw.were analyzed,the result laid a solid foundation for the better use of this resources.Methods Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) technique was used to analyze genetic diversity,and the dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA.Results Ten RAPD primers were applied to do random amplification.A total of 188 DNA bands was detected,180 among which were polymorphic,the average rate of polymorphic bands was 95.74%. The result of cluster analysis by using UPGMA method showed that 13 genotypes could be classified into three types in genetic distance 0.63. This outcome was corresponding to the result by using traditional classification.Conclusion It is concluded that RAPD markers can be used on the studies of genetic relationships and classification of species of Dendrobium Sw.sensitively.
Genetic Diversity of the mtDNA D-loop in the Population of Schizothorax kozlovi from the Wujiang River

The genetic diversity and sequence variation of the mtDNA D-loop of 32 individuals from the population of Schizothorax kozlovi from the Wujiang River,Guizhou were studied via PCR and DNA sequencing.A total of 9 variable loci(1.94% of total loci) were detected in the 464 bp sequence of the mtDNA D-loop in the population.Nine haplotypes were identified from 32 individuals according to the determined sequences.The haplotype diversity(Hd) was 0.768,and the average genetic distance(P) among the haplotypes in the population was 0.0060. The nucleotide diversity(π) of the 32 individuals was 0.00324,and the average number of nucleotide differences(K) was 1.500. The NJ phylogenetic tree indicated that the 9 haplotypes from 32 Schizothorax kozlovi individuals were clustered into two clades.The genetic diversity of the population of Schizothorax kozlovi from the Wujiang River is very low and the protection for the population is necessary.
Photosynthesis, light energy partitioning, and photoprotection in the shade-demanding species Panax notoginseng under high and low level of growth irradiance.

Partitioning of light energy into several pathways and its relation to photosynthesis were examined in a shade-demanding species Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen ex C.Y. Wu & K.M. Feng grown along a light gradient. In fully light-induced leaves, the actual efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΔF/Fm'), electron transport rate (ETR), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photochemical quenching (qP) were lower in low-light-grown plants; this was also the case in fully dark-adapted leaves under a simulated sunfleck. In response to varied light intensity, high-light-grown plants showed greater quantum yields of light-dependent non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ) and PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) and smaller quantum yields of fluorescence and constitutive thermal dissipation (Φf,d). Under the simulated sunfleck, high-light-grown plants showed greater ΦPSII and smaller Φf,d. There were positive relationships between net photosynthesis (Anet) and ΦNPQ+f,d and negative relationships between Anet and ΦPSII in fully light-induced leaves; negative correlations of Anet with ΦNPQ+f,d and positive correlations of Anet with ΦPSII were observed in fully dark-adapted leaves. In addition, more nitrogen was partitioned to light-harvesting components in low-light-grown plants, whereas leaf morphology and anatomy facilitate reducing light capture in high-light-grown plants. The pool of xanthophyll pigments and the de-epoxidation state was greater in high-light-grown plants. Antioxidant defence was elevated by increased growth irradiance. Overall, the evidences from P. notoginseng suggest that in high-light-grown shade-demanding plants irradiated by high light more electrons were consumed by non-net carboxylative processes that activate the component of NPQ, that low-light-grown plants correspondingly protect the photosynthetic apparatus against photodamage by reducing the efficiency of PSII photochemistry under high light illumination, and that during the photosynthetic induction, the ΔpH-dependent (qE) component of NPQ might dominate photoprotection, but the NPQ also depresses the enhancement of photosynthesis via competition for light energy.
Nucleotide Sequence of a Set of cDNA Clones Derived from the Brome Mosaic Virus ATCC66 Strain and Comparison with the Russian Strain Genome

The complete nucleotide sequence of a set of cDNA clones designated KU1 strain, from which infectious in vitro transcripts can be transcribed, of the ATCC66 strain of brome mosaic virus (BMV) was determined and compared with the Russian strain of BMV in both nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence. Each corresponding genomic RNA in the KU1 strain and the Russian strain was homologous by more than 97% in nucleotide sequence. Base substitution of the transition type was more frequent than that of the transversion type in all three genomic RNAs. Amino acid changes in three regions where significant amino acid sequence homology is shown among the Sindbis-like plant RNA viruses were mostly substitutions for amino acids categorized to similar groups. The nucleotide sequence of the 5′ noncoding region in RNA1 and RNA3 was identical in the corresponding RNAs of the two strains while seven base changes were observed in RNA2. Any base change in the 3′ noncoding region did not disrupt a predicted secondary structure. Two adjacent adenine residues were absent in the noncoding leader sequence of the coat protein gene of both KU1 strain and ATCC66 strain. The intercistronic oligo(A) tract in RNA3 of the ATCC66 strain was heterogeneous in length in which more than two guanine residues were observed by direct RNA sequencing, while one guanine residue was present in the RNA3 of the cDNA clone of the KU1 strain.