Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal Mapping Loss: A Faster Loss for End-to-End Speaker Diarization

Recently, deep neural network based approaches have become more and more popular among modules of speaker diarization such as voice activity detection, speaker embedding extraction and clustering. However, end-to-end speaker diarization training still remains as a challenging task, partly due to the difﬁ-cult loss design for the speaker-label ambiguity problem. The permutation-invariant training (PIT) loss could be a possible so-lution, but its time complexity is O ( T × N × N ! ) , where T and N denote the number of frames and speakers in each audio ﬁle, respectively. In this paper, we investigate the improvement on the PIT loss and further propose a novel optimal mapping loss, which directly computes the best matches between the output speaker sequence and the ground-truth speaker sequence through the Hungarian algorithm. Our proposed loss successfully reduces the time complexity to O ( T × N 2 ) + O ( N 3 ) , meanwhile keeping the same performance as the PIT loss. The implement of three loss functions is available at https://github.com/lawlict/EEND loss.
Expansion of the winter moth outbreak range: no restrictive effects of competition with the resident autumnal moth

1. Both direct and indirect competition can have profound effects on species abundance and expansion rates, especially for a species trying to strengthen a foothold in new areas, such as the winter moth (Operophtera brumata) currently in northernmost Finland. There, winter moths have overlapping outbreak ranges with autumnal moths (Epirrita autumnata), who also share the same host, the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii). Competitive interactions are also possible, but so far unstudied, are explanations for the observed 1–3 years phase lag between the population cycles of the two moth species.
Can the COVID Bailouts Save the Economy?

The covid-19 crisis has led to a sharp deterioration in firm and bank balance sheets. The government has responded with a massive intervention in corporate credit markets. We study equilibrium dynamics of macroeconomic quantities and prices, and how they are affected by government policy. The interventions prevent a much deeper crisis by reducing corporate bankruptcies by about half and short-circuiting the doom loop between corporate and financial sector fragility. The additional fiscal cost is zero since program spending replaces what would otherwise have been spent on intermediary bailouts. The model predicts rising interest rates on government debt and slow debt pay-down. We analyze an alternative intervention that targets aid to firms at risk of bankruptcy. While this policy prevents more bankruptcies and has lower fiscal cost, it only enjoys marginally higher welfare. Finally, we study longer-run consequences for firm leverage and intermediary health when pandemics become the new normal.
Comparative evaluation of the VITEK 2 Advanced Expert System (AES) in five UK hospitals.

OBJECTIVES We carried out an evaluation of VITEK 2 in five UK laboratories, comparing results with 'gold standard' agar-dilution MIC data, assessing its ability to recognize resistant phenotypes and comparing results with those generated by routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. METHODS Laboratories tested a collection of 82 strains selected on the basis of their challenging and characterized resistance mechanisms. RESULTS In comparison with the reference MIC method, VITEK 2 gave an essential agreement of 304/315 (enterococci), 1619/1674 (staphylococci) and 2937/3074 (Gram-negative bacilli): overall 96.0% agreement. Corresponding category (SIR) agreements with VITEK 2 were 247/252, 1496/1561 and 2478/2626 (overall 95.1%). Using five routine methodologies, category agreements ranged from 58/63 to 45/45; 222/232 to 174/174, and 333/372 to 250/259 for the three organism groups with an overall agreement of 95.0%. In contrast to VITEK 2 Advanced Expert System (AES), routine microbiology laboratories did not attempt to detect resistance mechanisms for every antibiotic studied. VITEK 2 AES detected all 19 resistance mechanisms in enterococci: where applicable, routine methods detected 14, 10 and 10. Of 30 resistance mechanisms in staphylococci, VITEK 2 AES detected 25 compared with 23, 20, 17 and 18 detected by routine methods. Finally, of 44 resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacilli, VITEK 2 AES detected 30 compared with 30, 23, 15 and 10 detected by routine methods. CONCLUSIONS VITEK 2 performed susceptibility tests accurately and the AES detected and interpreted resistance mechanisms appropriately. Heavy inocula in a liquid medium possibly favour better expression of certain resistance determinants. Although certain routine microbiology methods performed adequately, VITEK 2 AES offers a rapid, standardized method suited to laboratories lacking experience of resistance mechanisms and/or those not testing an appropriate number, or range, of antibiotics to detect resistance phenotypes.
Phylogenetic relationships of two representative Lepidium species (Brassicaceae) in Qinghai province

Lepidium belongs to Tribe Lepidieae of the family Brassicaceae. There are about 15 species and one variety in China, which are distributed throughout the country. So far, the systematic studies of this genus at the species level still depends on morphological characters, and there is little data on their molecular phylogeny. A total of 162 specimens of Lepidium latifolium and Lepidium obtusum were collected from Qinghai Province. Combined with sequences from GenBank, the phylogenetic relationships of Lepidium were analyzed based on nrITS gene. The results showed that Lepidium clustered into a large clade (Clade A), in which L. hirtum together with L. campestre as a sister group of L. perfoliatum formed a sister clade (98/1) and was located at the bottom. In the middle part, L. densiflorum clustered with L. virginicum (100/1). At the top L. sativum, L. obtusum and L. latifolium L. apetalum L. ruderale formed parallel clades (61/0.83). These results were inconsistent with morphological data. Meanwhile, the haplotype network based on the sequenced nrITS sequences indicated that 6 haplotypes (Hap4-Hap9) of L. obtusum were obtained through a 22-step mutation from haplotype Hap1 from L. latifolium, and the initial haplotype (Hap9) was collected in Xining City, followed by one-step mutation into Hap4 which was widely spread in Qinghai Province. Hap4 transformed into other haplotypes by undergoing one-step mutation (Hap6, Hap7 and Hap8) or two-step mutation (Hap5), respectively. These results will provide the basis for future experiments and further accumulate data for molecular systematic studies of the Chinese Lepidium at species level.
The Effect of Orally Administered Molybdenum on Growth, Spermatogenesis and Testes Histology of Young Dairy Bulls

Summary Sodium molybdate was fed to two Holstein male calves. In general, the usual symptoms of molybdenum poisoning consisting of mild diarrhea, decreased body weight gains, anemia and greying of the black hair areas were observed. In addition, lameness and joint involvement were found. The most striking and heretofore unnoted symptom was the lack of sexual interest or libido exhibited by these two animals. Ilistological examination of the testes showed marked damage to interstitial cells and germinal epithelium with little or no sperma-togenesis present. Further investigations of these effects and the possibility of using molybdenum as a tool in experiments involving the testes and its products are indicated.
Securing Demand Response Management: A Certificate-Based Access Control in Smart Grid Edge Computing Infrastructure

The edge computing infrastructure has enabled a massive amount of data in the smart grid environment by a large number of connected automated devices to be processed at the edge of the network in proximity to the data generation source. The demand response management is a fundamental requirement for an efficient and reliable smart grid environment, which can be accomplished by the transfer of data between smart devices and the utility center (UC) in a smart city, very frequently. However, this frequent data transfer is subject to multiple threats including the tempering. Several authentication schemes were proposed to secure smart grid environment. However, many such schemes are either insecure or lack the required efficiency. To counter the threats and to provide efficiency, a new authentication scheme for demand response management (DRMAS) is proposed in this paper. DRMAS provides all necessary security requirements and resists known attacks. The proposed DRMAS is provably secure under formal analysis supplemented by a brief discussion on attack resilience. Moreover, the DRMAS completes the authentication procedure in just 20.11 ms by exchanging only 2 messages.
Roles of Root Aerenchyma Development and Its Associated QTL in Dry Matter Production under Transient Moisture Stress in Rice

Abstract Enhanced aerenchyma development in rice under transient drought-to-waterlogged (TD-W) stress promotes root system development by promoting lateral root production. This study analyzed the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the plasticity in aerenchyma development under TD-W stress. A mapping population of 60 F2 genotypes of chromosome segment substituted lines (CSSL) derived from CSSL47 and Nipponbare crosses were grown in rootboxes and evaluated for shoot and root growth, and aerenchyma development (expressed as root porosity). The TD-W stress was imposed starting with water saturated soil condition at sowing and then to progressive drought from 0 to 21 days after sowing (DAS) prior to exposure to sudden waterlogging for another 17 days (21 to 38 DAS). We performed simple and composite interval mapping to identify QTLs for aerenchyma development. QTL associated with aerenchyma development was mapped on the short-arm of chromosome 12 and designated as qAER-12. The effect of qAER-12 on the plasticity in aerenchyma development under TD-W was significantly associated with the increase in lateral root elongation and branching. This resulted in greater root system development as expressed in total root length and consequently contributed to higher dry matter production. This qAER-12 is probably the first reported QTL associated with aerenchyma development in rice under TD-W and is a useful trait for the improvement of the adaptive capability under fluctuating soil moisture conditions.
The cause of PSI photoinhibition at low temperatures in leaves of Cucumis sativus, a chilling-sensitive plant

In a chilling-sensitive plant. cucumber, chilling of leaves in the light results in irreversible damage to PSI. Recent in vitro studies suggested that hydroxyl radicals, which are formed in the presence of H 2 O 2 and reduced Fe-S centers, are involved in the PSI inhibition. We therefore examined this possibility in vivo. Chilling of leaves at 5°C in the light caused a temporary increase in H 2 O 2 concentration. which was probably due to the net H 2 O 2 production in vivo. The activity, measured at 5°C, of the thylakoid ascorbate peroxidase (APX), a key enzyme of the H 2 O 2 -scavenging system, was about 20% of that measured at 25°C. The isolated thylakoids retaining high thylakoid APX activity did not show light-dependent net H 2 O 2 production at 25°C. However, at 5°C, net production of H 2 O 2 was observed. Since the rate of electron flow to molecular oxygen in the isolated thylakoids was ca 5 mmol e - mol -1 Chl s -1 at 5°C, the H 2 O 2 -scavenging capacity was below this level. When intact leaves were illuminated at 5°C at an irradiance of 100 μmol m -2 s -1 , the rate of electron transport through PSH was ca 20 mmol e mol -1 Chl s -1 and more than 80% of Q A was in the reduced state. Since thylakoids are uncoupled in cucumber leaves at 5°C in the light, ATP is not formed and energy dissipation in the form of heat is suppressed. Therefore, the electron flow to molecular oxygen would be greater than 5 mmol e - mol -1 Chl s -1 . Moreover, under such conditions, components in the electron transport chain, including Fe-S centers in PSI, were probably reduced. These features indicate that, when cucumber leaves are chilled in the light, hydroxyl radicals can be produced by the Fenton reaction and cause damage to PSI.
Voltage-Controlled Spintronic Stochastic Neuron for Restricted Boltzmann Machine With Weight Sparsity

This work proposes a novel three-terminal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) as a stochastic neuron. The neuron is probabilistically switched based on the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect with the assistance of Rashba effective field. We find that a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) implemented using our proposed neuron for handwritten character recognition can achieve synaptic weight sparsity, without sacrificing the network classification accuracy. Moreover, the RBM implemented by this novel neuron performs even better in the presence of device variations, implying that our device is highly suitable for the hardware implementation of RBM.
Challenging Approaches to Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations in Continuous Cropping Systems in the Great Plains

Cropping systems in the Great Plains have evolved over the past two decades from reliance on summer fallowing to continuous cropping under reduced or no-tillage. Most N recommendation models were developed in fallow systems under conventional tillage and were based on average yield goal, with adjustments for soil profile N content. The objective of this review is to examine the impact of continuous cropping on N requirements. With high-residue continuous cropping systems, N requirements may increase because of increased annualized production, reduced contribution of N mineralization, and increased immobilization and volatilization potential of surface-applied fertilizer N. Mitigating these effects on N availability and supplemental N requirements are the reduction in yield per crop, reduced nitrate (NO,) leaching potential, increased N use efficiency (NUE), and increased rates of N mineralization due to higher soil organic matter (OM) content. Unfortunately, increased year-to-year yield variability with continuous cropping increases the difficulty in accurately estimating yield goals. Also, reducing the frequency and duration of fallow may reduce the usefulness of the preplant soil N tests in estimating N availability. Recent research has evaluated the use of optical sensors during the growing season to assess N stress and to estimate crop N requirements. If proved feasible for many crops, this would provide a drastic change for determining N recommendations. In the absence of a reasonable yield goal and known residual soil N content, a fertilizer N rate near 70 kg N ha - 1 or less was generally sufficient to optimize small-grain or oilseed yields in several continuous cropping studies.
Leaf gas exchange recovery of soybean from water-deficit stress

ABSTRACT As the risk of drought attributable to climate change increases, the development of high-yielding, drought-adapted cultivars will be critical for minimizing yield losses in crops like soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ). In this study, the ability of soybean genotypes to recover transpiration and leaf gas exchange capacity following re-watering from soil drying was investigated. The plants were subjected to controlled water-deficit stress and recovery in growth-chamber experiments. Transpiration was measured on five soybean genotypes and photosynthesis rates on two select genotypes. After water re-supply, transpiration was initially low but increased until a stable rate was reached on day 3, to about 50% to 100% of the rates of reference plants that had not been stressed. The largest difference in maximum transpiration recovery was between the varieties USDA-N8002 and Benning compared to the landrace Geden Shirazu, with Geden Shirazu having the lowest recovery. Photosynthesis and vapor-pressure-deficit response measurements did not show that restricted plant stomatal conductance was responsible for the limitation observed in Geden Shirazu recovery. Since all genotypes showed rapid recovery from water-deficit stress in 3 d, more rapid recovery was not indicated as a major candidate for improving soybean drought tolerance. However, the extent of recovery varied among genotypes and those genotypes that fully recovered to rates of well-watered plants such as Benning and USDA-N8002 would seemingly be advantageous for drought conditions.
O USO DO CASO TALIDOMIDA AUXILIANDO NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE SIGNIFICADOS EM AULAS DE QUÍMICA DO ENSINO SUPERIOR

Studies conducted in the field of education have, in many cases, highlighted the little insertion of teaching and learning theories in Natural Sciences classes, in Higher Education. We developed this study to analyze how Chemistry professors take ownership of a historical case to explain the concepts they develop in their classes. To do so, we analyzed this record of undergraduate classes, at times when professors related pedagogical link-making to the future field of work of the students, using the “Thalidomide case. ” We realized that, by showing the importance of studies involving chirality and related concepts, the students’ attention to the content seems to have increased significantly, which expands the possibilities of construction of meaning. Thus, we argue that the pedagogical link-making can significantly contribute to students’ knowledge.
A novel MPPT algorithm considering solar photovoltaic modules and load characteristics for a single stage standalone solar photovoltaic system

This paper proposes a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm that is combined with the advanced three-point weight comparison method (ATPWC) and MPPT limit detect (LD) mechanism and applied to a single stage standalone solar photovoltaic system. The boost converter is connected to the inverter and filter to deliver single-phase AC 110VAC/60Hz to the load. The MPPT LD detects when the system does not need MPPT based on the solar photovoltaic module’s (SPV module) Rpv and load Ro. In addition, this study performs actual measurements for validation, in which the proposed algorithm is used in the built single-stage standalone solar photovoltaic system and compared with the ATPWC, three-point weight comparison method (TPWC), and conventional perturbation and observation (P&O) for MPPT efficiency. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is better than the other three algorithms. When the system is under a heavy load (Rpv > Ro), the overall system efficiency is 80%, while the efficiency under a non-heavy load (Rpv ≤ Ro) is 99%.
Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Climacocystis (Polyporales) in China

Abstract Climacocystis was a monotypic genus typified by C. borealis. During a continuous survey of poroid basidiomycetes over China, several specimens of a Climacocystis species were collected at high elevations in southwestern China. They deviated from the type species, C. borealis in several microscopic features, including larger and ellipsoid to subcilindrical basidiospores (6-8.8 × 3-4.2 µm versus 5-6.8 × 3.2-4 µm), smooth cystidia (incrusted in C. borealis) and regularly arranged contextual hyphae (interwoven in the type species). Furthermore, phylogenetic inferences based on a combined dataset of ITS, nLSU-rDNA and EF1&agr; regions revealed that our specimens and specimens of C. borealis formed two distinct lineages. We therefore concluded that our chinese collections represent a new species, described below as Climacocystis montana sp. nov. Illustrated descriptions of the two Climacocystis species are provided.
A Novel Handheld Device for Intact Corn Ear Moisture Content Measurement

Kernel moisture content is an important factor in mechanized corn harvesting. However, the rapid and nondestructive in situ detection of the kernel moisture content within an intact corn ear in the field remains challenging. In this work, we designed a novel handheld device with a double-ring sensing probe for nondestructive and convenient kernel moisture detection in intact corn ears based on an active reflection bridge operating in the radio frequency range. By proposing an equivalent first-order resistor–capacitor impedance model for a load composed of a corn ear and the double-ring sensing probe, we found that the reflection coefficient’s phase angle $\theta $ was monotonic with the moisture content and also found that the measurement signal frequency affected the corn grain moisture measurement sensitivity. Before using the handheld device in the field, we investigated its optimal signal frequency range and the effects of temperature variations on the measurement results. In the frequency range of 140–165 MHz, the measured voltages from the device showed a good linear relationship and high sensitivity with respect to both the dielectric constants and the corn ear temperature (9 °C–22 °C). Using this device at a signal frequency of 160 MHz, we conducted corn ear moisture measurements in a total of 73 samples and then established a linear model. The results showed that, for corn ear moisture contents in the range of 15.7%–31.5%, the R values of the training set and the prediction set were 0.7027 and 0.8317, respectively, with a prediction error of 3.54% at the 95% confidence interval.
AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) AIS Electronic EXPLORING PHRONESIS IN DIGITAL INNOVATION EXPLORING PHRONESIS IN DIGITAL INNOVATION

Prior literature has emphasized the challenges of appropriating digital innovation in terms of combin-ing digital and physical components to produce novel goods and services. However, there is a lack of more detailed understanding of how actors draw on experience, careful judgment and learning to drive digital innovation processes towards a projected future vision. In this paper, we explore how actors at a large incumbent car-manufacturing firm engage with digital innovation as they grapple with complex user expectations through the lens of phronesis. On the basis of engaged scholarship and interviews with members of two research and development (R&D) teams, we pay attention to the particular capacities, here termed phronetic principles, that guide user centric development work. Based on this, we propose five principles of importance for understanding digital innovation process: 1) projecting visions, 2) value-based judgment, 3) attuning to particulars, 4) open-mindedness, and 5) perpetual learning.
Nature of Polyphenol−Protein Interactions

Proteins and polyphenols were combined in model systems, and the resulting hazes were measured by light scattering. The amount of haze formed depends both on the concentrations of protein and polyphenol and on their ratio. A conceptual model in which a protein molecule has a fixed number of polyphenol binding sites explains the observed behavior and has implications for turbidimetric methods for estimating haze-active protein and haze-active polyphenol in beverages. The ranking of haze-forming activity of the test polypeptides was different with tannic acid than with catechin; this indicates differences in binding site availability, bridging ability, or specificity for the two polyphenols. More haze was observed when model systems were heated, suggesting that polyphenol binding sites are exposed when protein hydrogen bonds are broken. Freshly formed haze dissolved when dimethylformamide or dioxane was added; this may be useful for recovering compounds from isolated hazes for analysis. Keywords: Haze-activ.