Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative measures of unmet need for family planning in developing countries.

Estimates of the unmet need for family planning among currently married women in developing countries who want no more children vary widely within countries and between countries depending upon the measure used to define that need. The authors examine the implications of 12 measures of unmet need in 18 3rd World countries that participated in the World Fertility Survey and address the differential demographic impact of the various measures. By the simplest measure--the percentage of currently married women who want no more children and are not using an effective contraceptive (pill IUD injection sterilization barrier methods)--unmet need averages 40% in these 18 countries ranging from 58% in Peru to 24% in Kenya. (While 2 countries may have the same levels of unmet need as Kenya and Costa Rica do the reasons may be quite different. Very few Kenyan women say they want no more children and so their contraceptive use is extremely low; a large proportion of Costa Rican women on the other hand say they want no more children and their level of contraceptive practice is very high.) When the measure is use of any method including ineffective ones unmet need declines to 35%. As the measures become more rigorous the proportion of unmet need declines. The authors suggest that there is no "best" estimate of unmet need. For a clinic-based family planning program in its early stages with a limited budget and little outreach or educational component the most stringent measure of unmet need is probably the most appropriate to define the programs target group. This group would include women who want no more children desire fewer children than they actually have are not pregnant or infecund are not breastfeeding and are not using any method of contraception but indicate that they intend future use. On the other hand a well financed program with extensive educational activities may want to use the measure that includes all women who want no more children are not pregnant or infecund and are not using an effective method. The investigators point out that in some countries there may be considerable unmet need for contraceptive services for childspacing; adding this measure could raise the total unmet need considerably. In most of the countries analyzed it was found that the fertility rate among women with unmet need was about twice that of women whose need has been met. If all need were met the fertility would decline on average about 11%--ranging from 5% in Kenya and Costa Rica to 25% in Korea. (authors) (summaries in ENG FRE)
The Cochrane Collaboration and the process of systematic reviewing

the obstetricians. Dr Iain Chalmers, an epidemiologist and obstet rician, took up this challenge. Over a decade ago, he and his colleagues began to collect all randomised controlled trials relevant to the care of mothers and babies. They searched electronic databases, handsearched 60 journals, and contacted 40 000 obstet ricians across the world in order to identify unpublished material (Chalmers et al, 1986). Currently the Perinatal Register contains approxim ately 7000 controlled trials. This continually updated register is the basis for the 600 systematic reviews that have been electronically published for the past decade (Enkin et al, 1992). These reviews continue to be updated, every three months, as new evidence is identified (Enkin et al, 1993). There have been many paper publications of these individual systematic reviews. They were also collected in two large academic volumes (Chalmers et al, 1989). In addition, a summary of all these findings was published for consumers of care (Enkin et al, 1996). The final chapter of this book outlines the treatments that are of proven worth, those that are not proven one way or another, and those that are clearly harmful. This colossal task of systematic compilation of data on effectiveness, undertaken by Chalmers and his colleagues, became the pilot study for the Cochrane Collaboration, which is attempting to identify every randomised trial of health care and produce and maintain systematically conducted reviews of these studies (Chalmers et al, 1992). The National Health Service Research and Development Initiative supported the founding of the first Cochrane Centre in the UK. There are now other centres in Africa, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, The Netherlands, and four in the USA, as well as reviewers in many more countries. The work of the Collaboration has even been likened (favourably) to that of the Human Genome Project (Naylor, 1995). The UK Cochrane Centre facilitates the process by which health care groups become established, and helps develop, produce and maintain the Cochrane Library. This is an inexpensive electronic publication that is updated every three months. It is published by Update Software and, hopefully, will be available on the Internet in late 1997 (see Appendix). The Cochrane Library contains several data bases. The 'Cochrane Controlled Trials Register'
15-21-year results of the Charnley low-friction arthroplasty.

: Ninety-three patients had had 116 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties (LFA) 15 to 21 years (mean, 16.6 years) previously. Their mean age at surgery was 53 years (range, 20-71 years). Fifty-two had osteoarthritis and 19 had rheumatoid arthritis. At follow-up, 85.3% were completely pain-free and 11.2% had occasional discomfort. Seventy-eight percent had near full or full range of movements. Acetabular bone-cement junction was unchanged in 32, and 20 had nonprogressive demarcation of the outer one third measuring less than 1 mm in width. In 36, socket demarcation was complete. Medial femoral cortex was unchanged in 56% and 44% showed loss of definition. Endosteal cavitation of the femur was present in 20.7%. Subsidence of the stem or the stem-cement complex was present in 29%. The diameter of the femoral cortex near the tip of the stem remained unaltered in 83.6%. The rate of socket wear was 0.096 mm/year, and there was a highly significant correlation between time and wear but no correlation between wear and patient's weight. Twenty-two and five-tenths percent of sockets migrated; this was statistically related to the depth of socket wear. The excellent clinical results of a relatively unsophisticated early surgical technique strongly supported the correct concept of the low-frictional torque. Improvements in the surgical technique and component design will further improve the long-term results.
Split-Bolus Portal Venous Phase Dual-Energy CT Urography: Protocol Design, Image Quality, and Dose Reduction.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the image quality of split-bolus portal venous phase urography and the potential reduction of radiation dose by using a second-generation dual-source dual-energy CT (DECT) scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS DECT urography was performed in 84 patients. Unenhanced CT was performed 20 minutes after drinking 800 mL of water. The split-bolus protocol consisted of a sequence of injections, as follows: 200 mL of normal saline (2.0 mL/s), 50 mL of contrast medium (2.5 mL/s) at 0 second, 70 mL of contrast medium (2.5 mL/s) at 360 seconds, and a saline flush of 25 mL. The scan was started at 420 seconds. Virtual unenhanced images were reconstructed from contrast-enhanced images. The mean CT density and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the renal parenchyma, vessels, upper urinary tract, normal reference tissues, and tumors were measured for image quantitative analysis. Image quality and opacification of the collecting systems were rated by two radiologists using 3- or 4-point scales. RESULTS The SNR of all measured sites, except the renal pelvis, showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) between the true unenhanced and virtual unenhanced images. The overall sensitivity of stone detection was 87.5% (28/32) in virtual unenhanced images. Image quality of the renal parenchyma, arteries, and veins was excellent in 59.5%, 75.0%, and 97.6% of cases, respectively. Opacification of the intrarenal collecting systems, proximal, middle, and distal ureters, and bladder was complete in 92.9%, 83.9%, 78.6%, 77.4%, and 26.2% of patients, respectively. Omitting the unenhanced scan can reduce the mean radiation dose from 15.6 to 6.7 mSv. CONCLUSION Portal venous phase split-bolus DECT urography provides sufficient image quality with potential to reduce radiation exposure.
Preoperative Pelvic MRI and Serum Cancer Antigen-125: Selecting Women With Grade 1 Endometrial Cancer for Lymphadenectomy.

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine the predictive value of preoperative pelvic MRI and serum cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) evaluation in selecting women with grade 1 endometrial cancer for lymphadenectomy as part of the cancer staging operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A new preoperative clinical protocol including MRI and CA-125 evaluation was adopted at our institution in patients with grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Lymphadenectomy was considered as part of the surgical staging operation if there was an elevated CA-125 value or a positive MRI finding (≥ 50% myometrial invasion, cervical invasion, abnormal lymph nodes, extrauterine disease, or tumor index ≥ 36 cm). From January 2012 through May 2013, a retrospective analysis was performed of 100 women who underwent preoperative MRI and CA-125 evaluation; we refer to this cohort as the "preoperative study cohort. " The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using final surgical pathology and CA-125 results as the reference standard. The rate of metastatic lymph nodes in the preoperative study cohort was determined. From May 2009 through January 2011, a retrospective analysis of a cohort who did not undergo preoperative MRI and CA-125 evaluation was undertaken to compare lymphadenectomy and lymph node metastasis rates before and after implementation of the new protocol; we refer to this cohort as the "historical cohort. " RESULTS The new clinical protocol had sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 91%, PPV of 84%, and NPV of 97%. When histologic grade alone was considered, positive lymph node rates in the preoperative study cohort was 4.0% versus 4.2% in the historical cohort. In the preoperative study cohort, the lymph node metastasis rate increased to 11.1% with a positive MRI finding or elevated CA-125 value. CONCLUSION Preoperative MRI and CA-125 evaluation identified women for lymphadenectomy with a high NPV.
Functional movement screen: inter-rater and subject reliability

Background A screening test evaluates a functional movement by assessing an athlete's functional limitations, weaknesses, or impairments that may increase the risk of injury for the athlete. Objective To assess the inter-rater reliability and subject variability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and to analyze the use of video scoring as opposed to live scoring. Design A reliability study. Each athlete was tested and retested, 1 week apart by the same rater, who also scored the athlete's first session from a video recording. These video recordings were then scored by five other raters. Setting Human Performance Lab using two standard video cameras (sagittal and frontal views) and SiliconCoach video capture software. Participants 21 female (19.6±1.5 years, 64.4±5.1 kg, 1.7±0.1 m) and 19 male (19.7± 1.0 years, 80.1 ±9.9 kg, 1.9±0.1 m) Varsity athletes from swimming, soccer, volleyball, cross-country and gymnastics volunteered to participate, along with six raters. Assessment The FMS consists of seven tasks that focus on mobility and stability. Each task is rated out of 3, with pain being an automatic zero, for a total score out of 21. Raters (6) looked for malalignment and asymmetry. Main outcome measurement The Krippendorff alpha (Kalpha) was used to assess the reliability of each of the three tests: inter-rater, test-retest, live versus video. Results The Kalpha for the inter-rater, the test-retest, and the live/video was 0.3806, 0.6161, and 0.9096, respectively. Conclusion Inter-rater reliability results show that clinicians should avoid comparison across multiple raters. It is possible that with more training this value may increase. Fortunately, if a single rater is used, clinicians can be confident that a change in the FMS score is due to a change in the athlete as the test-retest produced good reliability. This study also demonstrates that streamlining the FMS process with the use of video capture is appropriate.
Public health risks associated with apples and carrots sold in major markets in Osogbo, Southwest Nigeria

This study investigated the public health risks associated with the consumption of carrots and apples sold in major markets in Osogbo metropolis, Osun State Nigeria. Hundred samples of the fruits (49 apples and 51 carrots) were obtained from five randomly selected spots in the four major markets, namely, Igbonna, Oke-fia, Alekuwodo, and Orisumbare in Osogbo metropolis. The samples were screened for microbial and parasitic contaminants using standard procedures. Seven microbial isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aeureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Bacillius cereus , Listeri monocytogenes , Citrobacter species , and Candida species; and two parasitic organisms, cysts of Entamoeba coli and ova of Ascaris lumbricoides were isolated from the fruits. The frequency of contaminants and the microbial load were higher in carrots than apples, though the variations were not statistically significant (P>0.05). There were significant variations in the level of parasitic contaminants of the fruits between the markets (Apple, P=0.035; Carrot, P=0.007). The results therefore demonstrated that carrots and apples sold in the major markets in Osogbo metropolis are contaminated with microbial pathogens and parasites that are capable of causing food-borne disorders to consumers. The vendors and the residents need to be educated on the public health risks inherent in unwholesome hygienic practices and its attendants effects in causing food-borne illnesses in the study area.
Perfusion CT of the Brain and Liver and of Lung Tumors: Use of Monte Carlo Simulation for Patient Dose Estimation for Examinations With a Cone-Beam 320-MDCT Scanner.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to estimate the patient dose from perfusion CT examinations of the brain, lung tumors, and the liver on a cone-beam 320-MDCT scanner using a Monte Carlo simulation and the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS A Monte Carlo simulation based on the Electron Gamma Shower Version 4 package code was used to calculate organ doses and the effective dose in the reference computational phantoms for an adult man and adult woman as published by the ICRP. Three perfusion CT acquisition protocols--brain, lung tumor, and liver perfusion--were evaluated. Additionally, dose assessments were performed for the skin and for the eye lens. Conversion factors were obtained to estimate effective doses and organ doses from the volume CT dose index and dose-length product. RESULTS The sex-averaged effective doses were approximately 4 mSv for perfusion CT of the brain and were between 23 and 26 mSv for the perfusion CT body protocols. The eye lens dose from the brain perfusion CT examination was approximately 153 mGy. The sex-averaged peak entrance skin dose (ESD) was 255 mGy for the brain perfusion CT studies, 157 mGy for the lung tumor perfusion CT studies, and 172 mGy for the liver perfusion CT studies. CONCLUSION The perfusion CT protocols for imaging the brain, lung tumors, and the liver performed on a 320-MDCT scanner yielded patient doses that are safely below the threshold doses for deterministic effects. The eye lens dose, peak ESD, and effective doses can be estimated for other clinical perfusion CT examinations from the conversion factors that were derived in this study.
Potentially Important Extracolonic Findings at Screening CT Colonography: Incidence and Outcomes Data From a Clinical Screening Program.

OBJECTIVE The effect of detection of extracolonic findings at screening CT colonography (CTC) remains controversial. Our objective is to analyze the incidence and outcomes of unsuspected potentially significant (CT Colonography Reporting and Data System [C-RADS] extracolonic category E4) findings in a population undergoing clinical CTC screening. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Over the course of 99 months (April 1, 2004, through June 30, 2012), 7952 consecutive asymptomatic adults (3675 men and 4277 women; mean [± SD] age, 56.7 ± 7.3 years) underwent first-time screening CTC. Examinations were prospectively interpreted by radiologists within our abdominal imaging section, and extracolonic findings were recorded and categorized. Potentially significant (i.e., C-RADS extracolonic category E4) findings were retrospectively reviewed with additional analysis of follow-up (range, 2-10 years) and ultimate clinical outcome. RESULTS Overall, 2.5% (202/7952) of patients had a potentially significant (C-RADS category E4) extracolonic finding for which further imaging (56%; 113/202) or clinical follow-up (44%; 89/202) was recommended. No patients had multiple category E4 findings. Twenty-two patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 180 patients, 68% (123/180) proved to have clinically significant disease, including 23% (42/180) with malignant or potentially malignant neoplasms and 32% (57/180) with abdominal aortic or other visceral artery aneurysms requiring treatment or surveillance. The most commonly involved organs and systems included the vascular system (26%; 53/202), the genitourinary system (18%; 36/202), the liver (15%; 30/202), the gastrointestinal system (9.9%; 20/202), the lungs (9.4%; 19/202), and the gynecologic system (6.9%; 14/202). CONCLUSION Potentially significant extracolonic findings in asymptomatic adults at screening CTC are uncommon (2-3% of cases). However, most of these findings (68%) will prove to be clinically significant, including a number of malignancies and aneurysms requiring treatment or surveillance.
EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE

Background and Aim: Blocking of the adenosine receptor in central nervous system by caffeine can lead to increasing the level of neurotransmitters like glutamate. As the adenosine receptors are present in almost all brain areas like central auditory pathway, it seems caffeine can change conduction in this way. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on latency and amplitude of auditory brainstem response(ABR). Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study 43 normal 18-25 years old male students were participated. The subjects consumed 0, 2 and 3 mg/kg BW caffeine in three different sessions. Auditory brainstem responses were recorded before and 30 minute after caffeine consumption. The results were analyzed by Friedman and Wilcoxone test to assess the effects of caffeine on auditory brainstem response. Results: Compared to control group the latencies of waves III,V and I-V interpeak interval of the cases decreased significantly after 2 and 3mg/kg BW caffeine consumption. Wave I latency significantly decreased after 3mg/kg BW caffeine consumption(p<0.01). Conclusion: Increasing of the glutamate level resulted from the adenosine receptor blocking brings about changes in conduction in the central auditory pathway.
The Effect of Escalating Dose, Multiple Binge Methamphetamine Regimen and Alcohol Combination on Spatial Memory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Rat Brain

Polydrug abuse is a major problem around the world. Methamphetamine (MA) and alcohol (AL) are two abused drugs which are frequently used together. Chronic abuse of either MA or AL causes oxidative stress in the brain and is associated with impairments in cognitive functions including various aspects of memory and learning. The present study examined the effect of escalating dose, multiple binge MA regimen, AL and MA-AL combination on spatial memory and the induction of oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol, an escalating dose of MA either individually or in combination for 28 consecutive days. In order to examine the short- and long-term effects of chronic exposure to the drugs, each group was then subdivided into two further groups. Thereafter, spatial memory was tested using a Morris water maze, either one day or 14 days after the drugs were withdrawn. At the end of the behavioral testing, oxidative stress markers including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Catalase (CAT), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Our results showed that MA, but not AL, impaired spatial memory. Although AL alone had no effect, it exacerbated the impairment due to MA when the drugs were co-administered. In addition, while both drugs significantly induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus when given alone, co-administration of these drugs resulted in a greater oxidative stress and an impairment of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase in rat hippocampus. Taken together, this study demonstrates that MA in combination with AL has synergistic effects on increased oxidative stress in the hippocampus, as well as spatial memory impairment.
Triangulation using a meta-matrix1

Triangulation using a meta-matrix Background and significance. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis are often undertaken as separate enterprises, as they emerge from differing philosophies of science and methodologies for data collection, management and analysis. Quantitative data analysis is sometimes seen in philosophic and methodologic conflict with a naturalistic, human science perspective of science. Researchers interested in data from both realms often rely on triangulation procedures, in which each is considered from its representative lens. Results are then projected out into a common area where data are melded and discussed. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the meta-matrix as a tool for triangulation in nursing research and to demonstrate its usefulness in an exemplar case. Design/methods. The exploratory nature of a recent study led to the decision to manage triangulation using an emerging methodology, thereby allowing consideration of all data simultaneously through the use of a meta-matrix. Discussion of the meta-matrix as a method is presented. Findings. Use of the meta-matrix facilitated data analysis and allowed pattern recognition across data sets. Discovery of several unexpected relationships deepened understanding of the results and assisted in identifying questions for further research. Conclusions/implications. The meta-matrix method provides a useful alternative approach for secondary-level data analysis in mixed-methods research.