Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Closely related pollen generalist bees differ in their ability to develop on the same pollen diet: evidence for physiological adaptations to digest pollen

Summary 1. Given the enormous quantitative pollen requirements of bees and their high efficiency in pollen removal, flowers should balance the need to attract bees for pollination on the one hand and to restrict pollen loss to bees on the other hand. Although various morphological flower traits have been identified that reduce excessive pollen losses to bees, the question of whether pollen might also be chemically protected remains largely unexplored. 2. In this study we compared the larval performance of the two very closely related and highly pollen generalist solitary bee species Osmia bicornis and Osmia cornuta on four different pollen diets. 3. Despite their very large pollen diet breadth, the two bee species showed striking differences in their ability to develop on pollen of the same plant species. Osmia bicornis developed well on Ranunculus pollen but failed to do so on Echium pollen, whereas the reverse held true for O. cornuta with the exception of two larvae grown on Ranunculus pollen that developed into dwarfish adults. Both bee species performed well on Sinapis pollen, while neither of the two species managed to develop on Tanacetum pollen. 4. The observed differences in larval survival of these two Osmia species when reared on the same pollen diet as well as their failure to develop on Tanacetum pollen clearly demonstrate that bees require physiological adaptations to cope with the unfavourable chemical properties of certain pollen. 5. Our results show a remarkable analogy of bee–flower relationships with herbivore–plant interactions and possibly indicate that the pollen of certain plant taxa might be chemically protected.
Dynamic capabilities, expert and entrepreneurial learning

This article focuses on how managers sense and seize opportunities for learning and developing dynamic capabilities in organisations. An approach of building process theory from cases traces learning events in the technological innovation approaches of three securities custodians facing an increasingly dynamic market. The article extends and elaborates the dynamic capability learning framework (Lecler, 2013) which proposes that managers recognise learning opportunities through two types of learning, expert and entrepreneurial, with variants for technological and organisational problem solving. The concept of entrepreneurial learning is further elaborated to help explain differences in the learning patterns found. Distinctive characteristics of the two types of learning are proposed pertaining to opportunity recognition and realisation, and the problem solving strategy. The framework helps to analyse data in terms of four learning patterns: expert honing and aligning, and entrepreneurial shaping and configuring. Further, entrepreneurial learning is suggested to facilitate dynamic capability development in a highly dynamic environment.
Arctic clouds and surface radiation - a critical comparison of satellite retrievals and the ERA-interim reanalysis

Clouds regulate the Earth's radiation budget, both by reflecting part of the incoming sunlight leading to cooling and by absorbing and emitting infrared radiation which tends to have a warming effect. Globally averaged, at the top of the atmosphere the cloud radiative effect is to cool the climate, while at the Arctic surface, clouds are thought to be warming. Here we compare a passive instrument, the AVHRR-based retrieval from CM-SAF, with recently launched active instru- ments onboard CloudSat and CALIPSO and the widely used ERA-Interim reanalysis. We find that in particular in win- ter months the three data sets differ significantly. While pas- sive satellite instruments have serious difficulties, detecting only half the cloudiness of the modeled clouds in the reanal- ysis, the active instruments are in between. In summer, the two satellite products agree having monthly means of 70- 80 percent, but the reanalysis are approximately ten percent higher. The monthly mean long- and shortwave components of the surface cloud radiative effect obtained from the ERA- Interim reanalysis are about twice that calculated on the basis of CloudSat's radar-only retrievals, while ground based mea- surements from SHEBA are in between. We discuss these differences in terms of instrument-, retrieval- and reanalysis characteristics, which differ substantially between the ana- lyzed datasets.
Sustainability of the IOM 80/20 Nursing Initiative as Viewed through a Decision Support System Supporting “What-If” Benchmarking Capabilities

We present two Decision Support Systems [DSSs] as decision aids to health planners in evaluating the expenditures needed to launch and sustain the 80/20 policy initiative of the IOM. The core DSS is called the Dynamic Change DSS and it is assumed that there is unrestricted activity in the parameter set. The other DSS is called the SWAP DSS; it assumes stasis in the final total number of individuals in the service population and so only a swap between the service classes is permitted. The SWAP is a benchmark to the Dynamic Change information set which is the launching pad to the What-If re-parameterizations that may be needed to address sustainability. The interactive model for these What-If re-parameterizations is an e-Delphi Workspace. These DSSs, the Pilot-Test parameterized versions, and the respective manuals are available from the corresponding author at no charge and with no restriction on their use.
Estimation of above-ground forest biomass using metrics based on Gaussian decomposition of waveform lidar data

Large-footprint waveform light detection and ranging (lidar) data have been widely used in above-ground forest biomass estimation. Waveform metrics derived from basic statistics (e.g. percentile of energy) of the lidar waveform, such as canopy height and height of median energy, have been applied to biomass estimation in numerous studies. In this study, a set of metrics based on Gaussian decomposition (GD) results were developed and evaluated for forest above-ground biomass estimation using NASA’s laser vegetation imaging sensor (LVIS) data. The GD metrics were designed to explicitly incorporate lidar intensity and vertical structures of canopy layers for biomass estimation. The proposed GD metrics used information related to the above-ground height of each Gaussian centroid and the Gaussian area index (GAI), where GAI is the area covered by a Gaussian function. Two types of novel GD metrics were developed: (1) percentile-height GAI metrics expressing the GAI summation of a subset of Gaussian centroids located within a certain percentile height range; and (2) height-weighted GAI metrics, a summation of GAIs of a waveform weighted by the corresponding heights of their Gaussian centroids. A biomass regression model was built by eight newly developed GD metrics using GAI information and five pre-existing GD-derived metrics that have not previously been used for biomass estimation. The performance of the regression model was then compared to another regression model using 12 previously published metrics (non-GD metrics). The Random Forests (RF) regression algorithm was employed for predicting biomass. The RF out-of-bag results indicated that above-ground biomass estimations using GD metrics achieved significantly better results than those derived from non-GD metrics for deciduous plots (19% lower root mean square error (RMSE), 25% higher coefficient of determination (R2), and marginally better results in coniferous plots (4% lower RSME, 6% higher R2). The combination of GD and non-GD metrics achieved comparable biomass estimation results to the model using exclusively GD metrics. GD metrics also showed strong correlation with forest attributes such as mean diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem density. This study contributes to the usage of GD results for accurate estimation of forest above-ground biomass in large-footprint lidar waveform data in temperate deciduous forests, because temperate deciduous forests have been proved challenging in regard to lidar-derived biomass estimations.
The optimisation of the energy-related cost function for the Delft Shoulder & Elbow Model

For inverse-dynamic models cost functions account for the load sharing problem that arises when modelling the musculoskeletal system. This study focuses on the optimisation of the energy-related cost function integrated in the Delft Shoulder & Elbow Model and compares the translation of the obtained representation to results from in vitro measurements. An existing data set containing electromyography (EMG) recordings of elbow flexors (m. biceps brachii, m. brachialis and m. brachioradialis) and extensors (m. triceps brachii and m. anconeus) was used. A grid search was performed over a range of [1, 120] for b¬1 and [1, 60] for b2. The overall explained variance was calculated for each cost function, classifying the particular muscles in flexion and/or extension tasks where activity is expected. For the comparison to in vitro measurements the ratio of contraction dynamics and activation dynamics described by the cost function was determined under varying degree of force production over all muscles used for the analysis. Optimal weight factors were obtained for b1 = 3 and b2 = 50. The contribution of the contraction dynamics compared to the activation dynamics was 60% at 50% of its maximal force generation and 78% at maximal force generation which compares to the in vitro measurements.
Special Considerations in Design of Foundation in Problematic Soils

The ability of a structure to withstand stresses starts from the nature of the soil on which it is built and the suitability of the foundation adopted for the corresponding soil condition. There are different types of problematic soils mostly encountered in practice such as expansive, collapsible and dispersive soils. Expansive soil is highly problematic due to its high rate of swelling and shrinking when they come in contact with moisture. They range from minor cases to severe cases. The minor cases are situations where the depth of the expansive clay is small and the foundation footing can reach beyond it to more stable strata. The severe cases are situations where the expansive clay is considerably deep and would require most preferably the pile foundation. For the purpose of this study, emphasis was placed on the expansive soil. This type of soil is common in North Cyprus due to the nature of its soil and the extremes in its weather conditions. The Haspolat region in the capital Lefkosa was studied. Relevant data such as soil test data, and other documents related to the research subject were obtained and analyzed. A reconnaissance survey was conducted based on an in depth interview with public officials, private sector entities and the inhabitants of Haspolat. Data was obtained from on the spot observation of the site and recorded for analysis. The extent of the depth of expansive soil in the soil strata required the use of raft foundations design in expansive soils. Its initial cost of construction is high but the maintenance cost of the building is minimal since the foundation resists any movement of the expansive soil which would have caused failure.
A survey on species diversity, abundance and community structure of woody plants in burial sites in Gobeya Rural Administrative of Tehuledere District, South Wollo, Ethiopia

Tropical forests generally host high biodiversity and are important sources of ecological, socio-cultural and economic services. There are also many sacred forests in many parts of the world, including burial sites in Gobeya rural administrative, having a significant ecological and socio-economic value. This study aims to quantify species diversity, abundance and vegetation structure, and also to determine the ecological importance of woody plant species in burial forest sites. The study was carried out between February and April, 2015 in Gobeya rural administrative which is located approximately at 430 km North of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Three largest burial sites (Sideni, Merma and Gubahil) were inventoried where three quadrats of 20 × 20 m at 100 m interval around the edge, and other three quadrats of 20 × 20 m at 50 m interval around the interior were randomly laid. A total of 28 woody plant species belonging to 19 families and 26 genera were identified. Analysis of species rarefaction curve at 95% confidence level reveals that Sideni cemetery site tends to have the highest species richness (α-diversity, n=22) with a possibility of finding new species. Estimation of total species richness using Chao-1 also shows that Sideni site to have the highest richness (n=25). Similarly, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination shows that Sideni burial site appears to have the highest species turnover (β-diversity). This is probably due to the presence of an intermediate disturbance in Sideni burial forest site. On the other hand, Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Apocynaceae) is the most abundant tree (56.32%) in Sideni site while Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl (Apocynaceae) is the most abundant shrub in Merma site (29.34%) and Gubahil site (38.13%). In this regard, religious teaching takes the highest social motive behind the tradition of protecting burial sites in the study area. Burial sites provide many socio-economic services including firewood, construction products, livestock forage, medicinal plants and other household products. They also play as important refugia for wild animals such as hyena, fox, porcupine, monkey and many other bird species. So, protection of burial sites should be ensured over long terms, and the indigenous practices of protecting burial forest sites should be preserved. Therefore, burial sites can be delineated as an important landscape to protect and preserve these socio-economically important plant species. Key words: Burial forest, diversity, abundance, species richness, species composition, multi-dimensional
Adaptation and Cognition of High-Risk Environment Teams in an Input-Mediator-Outcome Framework

The aim of this article is to introduce a conceptual, integrative model of the adaptation of teams in high risk environments. The model is a combination of previous theoretical frameworks of adaptation and task execution, with the aim of providing a comprehensive model for understanding team adaptation specific to high risk environments. We give equal importance to adaptation as an input, a mediator, and an outcome by putting it in an Input-Mediator-Outcome model, although we further wish to emphasize the relevance of team cognition in team adaptation. In addition, we aim to highlight that, depending on the trigger and the already existing characteristics of the team, adaptation might either follow an algorithm-based or a knowledge-based pattern.
Outsourcing and Supplier Learning: Insights from the Indian Software Industry

There is increasing agreement that Indian software firms are making the transition from competitive advantage based on low cost to competitive advantage based on innovation. However, there are few insights about how this transition process works. This paper seeks to bring together the outsourcing, global value chains and firm capability literatures. It draws on empirical material focused on learning and innovation 'events' in Indian software firms - their inputs and sources - and makes headway in opening the 'black box' of supplier learning in outsourcing relationships. This paper suggests that learning from customers was important but insufficient for making the transition. Capability formation depended significantly on other channels and mechanisms outside or independent of outsourcing relationships. This paper shows how firms actively mobilised and combined internal and external sources to address spaces for learning and innovation created by outsourcing.
THE COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL TO PRACTICAL CARGO LOADING RATE OF BUTANE - ANALYSIS OF LPG CARRIER RELIQUEFACTION PLANT

This paper presents a performance of reliquefaction plant analysis in order to assess possible cargo loading rate for Butane (C4H10). The highest cargo loading rate is essential in use of LPG carriers because of economical point of view. Loading and discharging cargo time at ports substantially influences on a financial effect of the ship owner. Because of different cargo grades, which number is continuously increasing, crucial is to know real efficiency of gas plan, before signing some contract with customer. On board these types of ships the highest efficiency of reliquefaction plant is crucial. After short description of fully refrigerated gas carrier, theoretical data of analysed ship, taken from ship documentation is shown. Taking into account this data, expected cargo compressors parameters and cargo loading rate are discussed, explained and assumed. In next step, real ambient Butane loading process carried out on board LPG carrier is described. All essential values and reliquefaction plant readings, taken in loading port are presented. The comparison of theoretical result based on available documentation to practical effects obtained in the port is performed. Analysis, mainly taking into account gas plan, answers if it operated with the highest possible efficiency and met cargo loading parameters expected according to ship manuals. Conclusions are discussed.
Effects of the frequency and satisfaction with leisure profile on dementia caregivers distress

Objectives: The PEAR (pleasant events-activity restriction) model has been proposed as a way of understanding leisure effects on de- mentia caregivers" distress. Considering both the PEAR model and the stress and coping model, the purpose of this study was to analyze the po- tential of both frequency and satisfaction with leisure to explain caregivers" distress (depression, anxiety and perceived health), risk of institutionaliza- tion of the care recipient, caregivers" stressors and resources variables (ru- mination and cognitive reappraisal) in 275 caregivers. Methods: The sample was divided in four groups based on caregivers" scores on frequency and satisfaction with leisure: LFLS = Low frequency + low satisfaction; LFHS = Low frequency and high satisfaction; HFLS = High frequency + low sat- isfaction; HFHS = High frequency + high satisfaction. Results: Results in- dicated that while caregivers from the HFHS group showed a generally more positive profile on resources variables, health outcomes and lower levels of risk of institutionalization compared with the other groups, care- givers from the LFLS group used significantly less adaptive emotional regulation strategies and showed worse consequences on health outcomes. Discussion: The results of this study suggest the importance of considering caregivers" profile on frequency and satisfaction with leisure in order to un- derstand caregiving distress.
Why young consumers are not open to mobile marketing communication

This paper explores young people’s motivations for using mobile phones. Older adolescents’ everyday use of traditional and new forms of mediated communication were explored in the context of their everyday lives, with data generated from self-completion questionnaires, diaries and mini focus groups. The findings confirm the universal appeal of mobile phones to a youth audience. Social and entertainment-related motivations dominated, while information and commercially orientated contact were less appealing. While marketers are excited by the reach and possibilities for personalisation offered by mobile phones, young people associated commercial appropriation of this medium with irritation, intrusion and mistrust. In other words, while marketers celebrated mobile phones as a ‘brand in the hand’ of youth markets, young people themselves valued their mobiles as a ‘friend in the hand’. This suggests that the way forward for mobile marketing communications is not seeking or pretending to be young consumers’ friend, but rather offering content that helps them maintain or develop the personal friendships that matter to them.
Optimal wind power integration considering flicker emission levels; A case study

This paper mainly focuses on the challenge of interconnecting significant amounts of wind power into grids dominated by large number of wind power units. In this study, short term and long term flicker emission of wind turbines due to switching operation and in continues operation is estimated and evaluated with respect to the IEC 61000-3-7 standard. In this paper results from computer analyses of a simplified, yet realistic, radial distribution network with wind power integration, proposing possible solutions that enable safe operation of large wind farms are presented. (4 pages)
Fatty Acid Composition of Three Diatom Species Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira sp. and Chaetoceros gracilis

The goal of this research work is to compare the lipid content of three diatom species (Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira sp., and Chaetoceros gracilis) and to identify the fatty acid composition of those species. Highest content of lipid was found in Chaetoceros gracilis, while the lowest was in Skeletonema costatum. The extracts of different solvents shown lipid content in some extent where chloroform produced higher lipid content compared to hexane. The highest Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAME) found in Chaetoceros gracilis was methyl palmitic (C16:0), 33.29 % extraction with chloroform as solvent and methyl palmitoleic (C16:1), 49.42 % extraction with hexane as solvent. The highest Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAME) found in Skeletonema costatum was methyl palmitoleic (C16:1), 31.15 % extraction with hexane as solvent and methyl myristic (C14:0), 41.46 % extraction with chloroform as solvent. The highest Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAME) found in Thalassiosira sp. was methyl palmitic (C16:0), 34.17 % extraction with chloroform solvent and methyl palmitoleic (C16:1), 44.72 % extraction with hexane solvent.
Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exchange between plants and the atmosphere

Abstract. The nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exchange between the atmosphere and needles of Picea abies L. (Norway Spruce) was studied under uncontrolled field conditions using a dynamic chamber system. This system allows measurements of the flux density of the reactive NO-NO 2 -O 3 triad and additionally of the non-reactive trace gases CO 2 and H 2 O. For the NO 2 detection a highly NO 2 specific blue light converter was used, which was coupled to chemiluminescence detection of the photolysis product NO. This NO 2 converter excludes known interferences with other nitrogen compounds, which occur by using more unspecific NO 2 converters. Photo-chemical reactions of NO, NO 2 , and O 3 inside the dynamic chamber were considered for the determination of NO 2 flux densities, NO 2 deposition velocities, as well as NO 2 compensation point concentrations. The calculations are based on a bi-variate weighted linear regression analysis (y- and x-errors considered). The NO 2 deposition velocities for spruce, based on projected needle area, ranged between 0.07 and 0.42 mm s −1 . The calculated NO 2 compensation point concentrations ranged from 2.4 ± 9.63 to 29.0 ± 16.30 nmol m −3 (0.05–0.65 ppb) but the compensation point concentrations were all not significant in terms of compensation point concentration is unequal to zero. These data challenge the existence of a NO 2 compensation point concentration for spruce. Our study resulted in lower values of NO 2 gas exchange flux densities, NO 2 deposition velocities and NO 2 compensation point concentrations in comparison to most previous studies. It is essential to use a more specific NO 2 analyzer than used in previous studies and to consider photo-chemical reactions between NO, NO 2 , and O 3 inside the chamber.