Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validating Spray Coverage Rate Using Liquid Mass on a Spray Card

Validation of agricultural sprayers is important for quantifying as-applied coverage rates under field conditions. The complexity of modern sprayer control systems presents a challenge for precise field validation due to the use of nozzle control technologies, such as pulse width modulation, to meter chemical flow rates at individual nozzles. Non-uniform flow over time may result in local variations at high spatial resolutions that are ignored when estimating as-applied coverage rates across a field. The purpose of this study was to test several methods for estimating the mass of water applied to a water-sensitive paper spray card target using steady-state and instantaneous measurement techniques. The steady-state method consisted of a spray patternator table used to quantify the mass flow rate distribution across the nozzle width at varying nozzle pressures. The mass flow rate was then projected onto a two-dimensional area traveling across the spray width to calculate the mass of water that was deposited in the area. Two instantaneous sampling methods were used. The first method directly measured the mass of the spray card and water for 5 min after exposure to model the evaporation rate and solve for the initial mass at the time of exposure. The second method indirectly used the percent coverage of the exposed spray card by droplets. Results showed that the error between the calculated mass of water from the mass flow rate and the estimated initial mass of water from the evaporation rate varied between 2% and 8%. The relationships between the calculated and estimated initial mass of water methods and the spray card percent coverage were highly linear (R2 > 0.98). Both instantaneous methods produced results with higher variability between replications than the steady-state method, but the number of replications resulted in acceptably small differences between average mass measurements. These results show the potential for using evaporation rates for laboratory validation and percent coverage for laboratory or field validation of as-applied coverage rates.
Decap: Deprivileging Programs by Reducing Their Capabilities

Linux enables non-root users to perform certain privileged operations through the use of the setuid (“set user ID”) mechanism. This represents a glaring violation of the principle of least privilege, as setuid programs run with full superuser privileges—with disastrous outcomes when vulnerabilities are found in them. Linux capabilities aim to improve this situation by splitting superuser privileges into distinct units that can be assigned individually. Despite the clear benefits of capabilities in reducing the risk of privilege escalation, their actual use is scarce, and setuid programs are still prevalent in modern Linux distributions. The lack of a systematic way for developers to identify the capabilities needed by a given program is a contributing factor that hinders their applicability. In this paper we present Decap, a binary code analysis tool that automatically deprivileges programs by identifying the subset of capabilities they require based on the system calls they may invoke. This is made possible by our systematic effort in deriving a complete mapping between all Linux system calls related to privileged operations and the corresponding capabilities on which they depend. The results of our experimental evaluation with a set of 201 setuid programs demonstrate the effectiveness of Decap in meaningfully deprivileging them, with half of them requiring fewer than 16 capabilities, and 69% of them avoiding the use of the security-critical CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability.
Needs Analysis of Entrepreneurships Pedagogy of Technology and Vocational Education with Production Base Learning Approach in Higher Education

This research is aimed to analyze entrepreneurship pedagogy needs of Technology and Vocational Education in higher education. This needs analysis explored deeply the importance of entrepreneurship pedagogy of Technology and Vocational Education including curriculum aspects, instructional materials, pedagogy, and instructional materials needs. The type of the research is descriptive with survey methods. Technique of data collection was spreading questionnaire and interview. The sample is students of Technology and Vocational Education, lecturer of entrepreneurships course, and entrepreneurs. Technique of data analysis used in this research was quantitative and qualitative. Based on the result of needs analysis which is done quantitatively and qualitatively, it can be concluded that (1) there are needs disparity between students and entrepreneurship lecturer, especially in the aspect of learning models (methods, approaches, materials, modules and other instructional materials used), and (2) entrepreneurs hope that there is a curriculum which can enhance the creativity and innovation of the students by considering input from experts in the curriculum preparation. Besides, this research revealed that the students of Technology and Vocational Education, lecturer of entrepreneurships course, needs a development of learning model which supports entrepreneurship pedagogy especially in Technology and Vocational Education.
A mechanized framework for specifying problem domains and verifying plans

This dissertation presents a framework for modeling problem domains in the Boyer-Moore logic so that we can verify mechanically solutions to various problems using the Boyer-Moore theorem prover. A problem domain is given by a set of states of the physical world and a set of actions that can be executed sequentially to change state. A problem is given by an initial condition and a goal condition. A solution is a plan that when executed in a state satisfying the initial condition will bring about a goal state. We are mainly interested in verifying plans that involve conditional and repetitive actions for solving problems in domains such as the blocks world. Such domains arise in both artificial intelligence and software engineering. Our main contribution is a method of specifying problem domains in the Boyer-Moore logic for verifying plans interactively. We illustrate our method by verifying plans for solving problems in some variations of the blocks world. We show how solutions to problems in a class of domains can be verified using the n x n mutilated checkerboard problem. Our method of specifying domains does not suffer from many of the limitations of current approaches such as the need for stating explicitly a large number of separate frame axioms and state constraints necessary for reasoning about actions with side-effects. Our formalization also allows us to express many other properties of plans such as efficiency requirements. Because both specifications and plans are executable, we can prove properties about them in logic as well as test them on concrete data. Our method can also be used to obtain a formalization that would enable a program to verify plans depending on changes to domain specifications received as input at various times. Non-monotonic formalisms have generally been used for this purpose but have proven difficult to implement. We illustrate our approach by mechanizing reasoning about actions described in the language ${\cal A}$.
Asymptotic behavior of non-linear wave systems integrated by the inverse scattering method

Recently it has been established that a whole number of non-linear wave equations of importance to physics can be integrated exactly by means of a new mathematical method-the inverse scattering method. Among those we have the Korteweg-de Vries equation, tl] the non-linear Schrodinger equation, [2,3] the Sine-Gordon equation, [4.5] and others. The formalism of the inverse method enables us to find easily extensive classes of exact solutions which describe the propagation and interaction of solitary waves-solitons, and to determine their asymptotic behavior. [2,3,6-8] However, the problem of the asymptotic behavior of an arbitrary initial condition is in this way far from exhausted; it is still necessary to determine the asymptotic behavior of the "non-soliton" part of the solution which is connected with the continuous spectrum of the corresponding differential operator. 1l The present paper is devoted to the solution of that problem.
Response Characteristics of the DeepCwind Floating Wind Turbine Moored by a Single-Point Mooring System

In recent years, the SPM (Single-Point Mooring) concept has been widely employed in several branches of the naval architecture and marine engineering field, such as FPSOs (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading units), offshore oil rigs, etc., but not yet popular in the offshore wind energy. To investigate the response characteristics of an SPM-moored FWT (Floating Wind Turbine), in the present work, we perform a numerical study on the DeepCwind semisubmersible wind turbine, using the state-of-the-art open-source tool FAST. The free-decay test results show that the SPM layout affects the natural periods of the wind turbine in rotational modes, as well as the mooring stiffness of the diagonal rotational and crossing rotational-translational terms, especially in relation to the yaw mode. Comparisons of the RAOs (Response Amplitude Operators) elucidate that the presence of wind influences significantly the sway, roll and yaw motions of the SPM layout. Finally, the weathervane test shows that an asymmetry exists in the free-yaw motion response when the semisubmersible wind turbine is moored by an SPM system.
VCO-Based ADC With Built-In Supply Noise Immunity Using Injection-Locked Ring Oscillators

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) based on voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) demonstrate superior hardware efficiency. They benefit from the technology scaling; however, they exhibit inferior performance against supply noise. The objective of this brief is, therefore, to present a VCO-based ADC architecture with built-in immunity against supply noise. The proposed technique exploits the dynamics of injection locking oscillation in multiphase ring topology. It provides a system-level cancelling of power supply noise, independent of the VCO architecture used in the time-mode ADC. The design functionality has been demonstrated using behavioral and transistor-level simulations using 65 nm technology. Under a 10% mismatch of VCO gain and a 128 MS/s data rate, the reported power supply noise rejection improvement is 25 dB, as compared with a typical VCO-based ADC.
Design and analysis of wideband eight‐way SIW power splitter for mm‐wave applications

High‐performance, wideband three‐stage power splitters based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) are presented. Broadband‐tapered microstrip transitions are used for feeding the SIW structures, which provide 7.5 GHz bandwidth from 21.5 to 29 GHz with return loss below −20 dB. In addition, various T junctions are tuned, not only to provide broadband performance up to mm‐wave frequencies but also offer low‐phase and amplitude imbalance when cascaded in multistage 1 × 8 splitters. 1 × 4 and 1 × 2‐T junctions are adjusted through parametric analysis to provide wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz at 24.5 GHz and −15 dB reflection coefficient. The optimal microstrip transitions and T junctions are used to design a broadband, eight‐way power splitter with 15 dB return loss from 23.0 to 26.4 GHz and phase and amplitude imbalance of ±2.5° and ±0.8° dB, respectively. Furthermore, optimum positions of all inductive posts in terms of guided wavelength are also provided for assisting the direct design of mm‐wave, high‐performance power splitters.
Valuing consumer participation in security enhancement of microgrids

This study proposes a time-based security (TBS) evaluation mechanism for radial microgrids (MGs) short-term operation. In the proposed framework, system security is modelled using time-based sensitivity analysis in the load points. Occurring branch contingencies in a radial MG creates some islands with oscillating frequencies. The settling time of frequency oscillation, as the successful islanding time, and the island's capability to continue the load supply are considered in TBS assessment. A system frequency response model and the stored energy of storages are used to calculate the two mentioned factors. Depending on the loads' sensitivities to the successful islanding time and the service continuity duration, they are exposed to extreme damage. In the case of branches' sudden outages, it may be impossible to operate the MG without any extreme damage of loads, due to the capacity shortage in the island, dynamic behaviours of the MG and inadequate stored energy of storages. Under these conditions, the load shedding unit participates considering the customer damage function. To evaluate the performance of the proposed security assessment mechanism, the 123-bus distribution test system is precisely analysed.
Establishment of tropical forage grasses in the Cerrado biome

: This study was carried out to evaluate the time for the establishment of tropical forage grasses in the “Cerrado” biome, based on morphogenetic and structural traits. Three Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Urochloa brizantha ) cultivars (Paiaguás, Ipyporã and Marandu) and two Panicum maximum (Syn. Megathyrsus maximus ) cultivars (Quênia and Tamani) were distributed in a randomized-block design with four replicates. Morphogenetic and structural traits of the pasture were assessed from d 35 to d 65 after sowing, at seven-day interval. Canopy height rose linearly with the establishment period, in all cultivars. In the Megathyrsus cultivars, tiller density decreased as the experimental period progressed, whereas the number of tillers in the Urochloa cultivars increased. The cultivars Ipyporã and Marandu had the highest leaf appearance rates. The lowest leaf elongation rates occurred in the cultivars Paiaguás, Ipyporã and Tamani, and the highest elongation rates in cv. Quênia. As a result, cv. Quênia showed the highest values of final leaf length (64.9 cm) and leaf blade mass (3,352.9 kg DM ha -1 ). The higher senescence rate of cv. Tamani (2.1 cm tiller -1 d -1 ) resulted in the highest percentage of dead material (1,815.5 kg ha -1 ) being found in the herbage mass of this cultivar. Cultivars Paiaguás, Marandu and Tamani were established at 44 d, whereas cv. Quênia and Ipyporã were established at 51 and 58 d after sowing, respectively, in the Brazilian Cerrado.
Data annotation with active learning: application to environmental surveys

R´esum´e. Une proc´edure d’apprentissage actif est propos´ee pour r´eduire le coˆut d’annotation d’images a´eriennes pour des suivis environnementaux. La s´election des instances `a ´etiqueter `a chaque ´etape du processus actif est contrainte `a l’appartenance `a un groupe, une image (ou une partie d’image) dans notre cas. Un score pour classer les images et identiﬁer celle qui doit ˆetre annot´ee `a chaque it´eration est d´eﬁni, en fonction de l’incertitude et des performances de d´etection du classiﬁeur. Les performances de plusieurs strat´egies concernant le gain d’interaction avec l’utilisateur sont discut´ees `a partir d’une exp´erience sur des donn´ees d’images r´eelles collect´ees pour une ´etude environnementale. Mots-cl´es. Apprentissage actif, annotation d’images a´eriennes, suivis environnementaux Abstract. An active learning framework is introduced to deal with reducing the annotation cost for aerial images in environmental surveys. The selection of the queried instances at each step of the active process is here constrained by requiring that they belong to a group, an image (or a part of it) in our case. A score to rank the images and identify the one that should be annotated at each iteration is deﬁned, based on both classiﬁer uncertainty and performances. The performances of several strategies regarding the interaction gain are discussed based on an experiment on real image data collected for an environmental survey.
Privacy-Preserving Monotonicity of Differential Privacy Mechanisms

Differential privacy mechanisms can offer a trade-off between privacy and utility by using privacy metrics and utility metrics. The trade-off of differential privacy shows that one thing increases and another decreases in terms of privacy metrics and utility metrics. However, there is no unified trade-off measurement of differential privacy mechanisms. To this end, we proposed the definition of privacy-preserving monotonicity of differential privacy, which measured the trade-off between privacy and utility. First, to formulate the trade-off, we presented the definition of privacy-preserving monotonicity based on computational indistinguishability. Second, building on privacy metrics of the expected estimation error and entropy, we theoretically and numerically showed privacy-preserving monotonicity of Laplace mechanism, Gaussian mechanism, exponential mechanism, and randomized response mechanism. In addition, we also theoretically and numerically analyzed the utility monotonicity of these several differential privacy mechanisms based on utility metrics of modulus of characteristic function and variant of normalized entropy. Third, according to the privacy-preserving monotonicity of differential privacy, we presented a method to seek trade-off under a semi-honest model and analyzed a unilateral trade-off under a rational model. Therefore, privacy-preserving monotonicity can be used as a criterion to evaluate the trade-off between privacy and utility in differential privacy mechanisms under the semi-honest model. However, privacy-preserving monotonicity results in a unilateral trade-off of the rational model, which can lead to severe consequences.
Positive and Negative Expressions Classification Using the Belief Theory

In this paper, a method based on the transferable belief model is used to classify facial expressions into positive, negative or neutral classes. The classification is based on different visible deformations of facial features. Three kinds of data are extracted from facial deformations: (1) facial distances, (2) nasolabial angle (if any) and (3) facial transient features (if any). For each source of information, a local basic belief assignment is computed. At the end all local belief assignments are fused in order to make a final decision about the classification of the considered expression. Several facial expression databases were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. We get more than 95% of correct classification rate to either positive or negative expressions.
Bad Job: Abusive Work on Alternative Microtask Platforms

—Microtask platforms aim to pair employers and workers to complete small tasks for modest pay, but the purposes of these tasks are not always benign. Researchers have identiﬁed problematic tasks on popular microtask platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk, and such tasks may be relatively more common on smaller platforms. Recent work examining these smaller alternative platforms is limited, and the nature of the work on these platforms evolves with the desires of employers and the practices of the platforms. We provide an up-to-date view of the work available via alternative microtask platforms. To do so, we collected details from three alternative platforms over approximately a month, categorizing the available work. We ﬁnd that potentially abusive work persists in well-known categories like search engine optimization, but we also uncovered new and emerging categories of work, such as tasks that may manipulate spam ﬁlters. We comprehensively explore these categories and discuss potential mitigation approaches.
RRT-Dijkstra: An Improved Path Planning Algorithm for Mobile Robots

The Path planning problem is one of the most researched topics in autonomous vehicles. During the last decade, sampling-based algorithms for path planning have gained significant attention from the research community. Rapidly exploring Random Tree (RRT) is a sampling-based planning approach, which is a concern to researchers due to its asymptotic optimality. However, the use of samples close to obstacles in path planning and the path with sharp turns does not make it efficient for real-time path tracking applications. For overcoming these limitations, this paper proposes a combination of RRT and Dijkstra algorithms. The RRT-Dijkstra reliefs a shorter and collision-free path solution. It is measured by various factors such as path length, execution time, and the total number of turns. The aim here is review and performance comparison of these planners based on metrics, i.e., path length, execution time, and the total number of turning points. The algorithms are tested in complex environments structured with obstacles. The experimental performance shows that RRT-Dijkstra requires less turning point and execution time in 2D environments. These are advantages of the proposed method. The proposed method is suitable for off-line path planning and path-following.
Direct Conductive Patterning on 3D Printed Structure Using Laser

Recently, several investigations have been reported on hybrid technology that embeds circuits on 3D printed models during processing. A new direct fabrication method of conductive patterns on 3D printed structure with laser is suggested for process simplicity. In order to fabricate conductive patterns, a conventional 1064 nm fiber laser is utilized to selectively remove the polymer and connect the copper particles to each other. The fabricated patterns achieve high conductivity with a resistance of 0.15 Ω cm−1 when the length of the pattern is 50 mm. In this study, the surface property changes of the 3D printed structure through laser irradiation are presented and the influences of the laser parameters, including average power, scanning mode (repetition rate), scanning speed, and scan line spacing, on the process efficiency are investigated. Finally, a prototype of an electronic circuit is made and demonstrated for powering up LEDs. The proposed method allows to easily and rapidly fabricate high conductive patterns on complex 3D structures by combining the additive manufacturing technology with laser irradiation.
Correlative Site-Specific Sample Preparation for Atom Probe Tomography on Complex Microstructures

Abstract Abstract Site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography (APT) is a challenging task. Small features need to be located using a suitable imaging technique and captured within a volume of less than 0.01 μm3. Correlative microscopy has shown to be helpful for target preparation as well as to gain complementary information about the material. Current strategies developed in that direction can be highly time-consuming and not always ensure the correct site extraction in complex microstructures. In this work, we present a methodology to study grain boundaries and interfaces in martensitic steels by combining electron backscattered diffraction, transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), and APT. Furthermore, we include the design of a sample holder that allows to perform TKD and scanning transmission electron microscopy on the specimen during preparation without breaking the vacuum of the scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam workstation. We show a case study where a prior austenite grain boundary is traced from the bulk material to the apex of the APT specimen. The presence of contamination due to the specimen exposure to the electron beam and the use of plasma cleaning to minimize it are discussed.