Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Law of Impersonal Transactions

Most economic interactions happen in a context of sequential exchange in which innocent third parties suffer information asymmetry with respect to previous �originative� contracts. The law reduces transaction costs by protecting these third parties but preserves some element of consent by property right holders to avoid damaging property enforcement -e.g., it is they as principals who authorize agents in originative contracts. Judicial verifiability of these originative contracts is obtained either as an automatic byproduct of transactions or, when these would have remained private, by requiring them to be made public. Protecting third parties produces a sort of legal commodity which is easy to trade impersonally, improving the allocation and specialization of resources. Historical delay in generalizing this legal commoditization paradigm is attributed to path dependency -the law first developed for personal trade- and an unbalance in vested interests, as luddite legal professionals face weak public bureaucracies.
Climate of the Past Discussions Interactive comment on “ Modelling snow accumulation on Greenland in Eemian , glacial inception and modern climates in a GCM ” by H . J . Punge et al

past periods, and part of it stems from the deficiencies in GCMs regarding processes that gain relevance on long time scales. In the article, we try to document one step forwards in the second category of difficulties, by improving the physical representation of snow which, as we show, is of high importance for the mass balance of ice caps. The present quality of model results may appear disappointing to some readers, but we think the results are useful in particular in pointing at the scale of uncertainties involved in the developments. We will discuss this approach in our new version.
Ten years on, living with the ‘psychological troubles’: retired police officers in Northern Ireland

The Psychological Therapies Department within the Police Rehabilitation and Retraining Trust (PRRT) was established in Northern Ireland in 1999 to provide a specialist clinical service to retired police officers who have been psychologically affected through their experiences as a serving officer. The past decade has brought with it a more stable political climate and the prospect of peace in Northern Ireland. The objective of the present study therefore was to establish the current level of psychopathology among retired officers, which in turn would help inform service provision. Out of a randomly selected sample of 3000 retired officers, 972 responded to a postal questionnaire, which incorporated the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Modified PTSD Symptoms Scale -Self Report (MPSS-SR), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results found that 25% of respondents viewed retirement as a trigger to their current problems. Overall, 55% of respondents scored clinically on at least one of the psycho.
Maternal age and offspring sex ratio variation in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).

Different evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain variation in offspring sex ratios among mammalian populations. The Trivers and Willard and local resource competition hypotheses, which are based on adaptive modification by maternal investment, are two opposing hypotheses commonly used for ungulates, but empirical patterns often do not fit either hypotheses' expectations. We investigated sex ratio variation in 1658 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves in relation to their mothers' mass and age, while accounting for potential density-independent factors such as climate. The most parsimonious model included only the effect of maternal age, the proportion of males increasing with increasing maternal age. Similar models in terms of parsimony included (in addition to maternal age) the winter temperature or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index when the mothers were in utero, indicating that climatic conditions experienced by mothers in their year of birth, have the potential to influence variation in a cohort's offspring sex ratio. Thus, a combination of both density-dependent and density-independent factors may influence sex ratio variation in reindeer and perhaps in other ungulates. We suggest that, if an adaptive maternal strategy is present, it may be induced and/or inhibited by, or interact with other factors such as climate.
Morphological variability and molecular characterisation of thirty soybean genotypes using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

The genetic and morphological diversity of soybean germplasms was studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and morphological traits such as plant height, height of cotyledon leaves, basal leaf length, basal leaf width, basal leaf area, terminal leaflets number, terminal leaflet length, terminal leaflet width, terminal leaflet area and basal leaf petiole length. A total of 30 germplasms were investigated. The number of amplification products obtained ranged between 6 and 9. An average of five bands was obtained per primer set. The RAPD analysis of the 30 soybean germplasms revealed a total of 23 bands, amplified by 14 different oligonucleotide primers. Sixteen of these bands were highly polymorphic with percentage polymorphism at 70%, indicating the germplasms investigated had a high level of genetic diversity. The consensus tree generated from the genetic diversity analysis placed the soybean germplasms into five groups at an agglomerate coefficient of 0.6 (similarity level). Similarly, cluster analysis from the morphological characterisation revealed 5 clades with an average distance between clusters of 0.75. There was a significant lack of correlation between the RAPD markers and the morphological traits evaluated. Although, both analyses grouped the soybean genotypes into 5 clades, the composition of the individual clusters were very variable and divergent with the correlation between the largest clusters in the molecular and morphological characterisation at only 35-42%. Key words: Soybean, germplasm, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), genetic diversity, morphological variability, polymorphism.
Scaling of the energy spectra of turbulent channels

The spectra and correlations of the velocity fluctuations in turbulent channels, especially above the buffer layer, are analysed using new direct numerical simulations with friction Reynolds numbers up to Re$_{\tau}\,{=}\,1900$. It is found, and explained, that their scaling is anomalous in several respects, including a square-root behaviour of their width with respect to their length, and a velocity scaling of the largest modes with the centreline velocity $U_c$. It is shown that this implies a logarithmic correction to the $k^{-1}$ energy spectrum, and that it leads to a scaling of the total fluctuation intensities away from the wall which agrees well with the mixed scaling of de Graaff & Eaton (2000) at intermediate Reynolds numbers, but which tends to a pure scaling with $U_c$ at very large ones.
Design of intelligent surfaces for energy intensive processing industry

There are three different factors that can affect adhesion: the process fluid, the processing conditions and the surface of the processing equipment. Of these three factors, the surface properties of the processing equipment are the factor that offers the greatest opportunity for manipulation. The two key surface properties that have been identified to reduce adhesion are the surface energy and the surface topography. The surface energy of a material determines its degree of wettability and, a surface’s affinity for water. In previous studies the surface energy of materials have been leveraged in order to create a surface with reduced levels of fouling through surface modification or the addition of polymer coatings with varying degrees of hydrophobicity. In addition, the topography of surfaces has been modified to reduce the level of particle adhesion. These modifications involve creating either a structured or random porous microstructure on the surface. Additional methods identified to reduce fouling include the application of liquid infused porous surfaces at low shear conditions and the use of non-contact heating through techniques such as microwave processing.
Climate of the Past The key role of topography in altering North Atlantic atmospheric circulation during the last glacial period

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 yr before present) was a period of low atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, when vast ice sheets covered large parts of North America and Europe. Paleoclimate reconstructions and modeling studies suggest that the atmospheric circulation was substantially altered compared to today, both in terms of its mean state and its variability. Here we present a suite of coupled model simulations designed to investigate both the separate and combined influences of the main LGM boundary condition changes (greenhouse gases, ice sheet topography and ice sheet albedo) on the mean state and variability of the atmospheric circulation as represented by sea level pressure (SLP) and 200-hPa zonal wind in the North Atlantic sector. We find that ice sheet topography accounts for most of the simulated changes during the LGM. Greenhouse gases and ice sheet albedo affect the SLP gradient in the North Atlantic, but the overall placement of high and low pressure centers is controlled by topography. Additional analysis shows that North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and sea ice edge position do not substantially influence the pattern of the climatological-mean SLP field, SLP variability or the position of the North Atlantic jet in the LGM.
Static anti-windup synthesis for linear systems with time-varying input delays

Abstract This article considers the design of an anti-windup compensator for linear systems subject to time-varying input delays and saturating actuators. Local and global stabilization conditions ensuring both external as well as internal stability of the closed-loop system are derived directly as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). To compute the anti-windup gains, these conditions are cast into the following optimization problems: maximization of the set of admissible initial conditions, maximization of the bound of admissible L 2 disturbances or the maximization of the L 2 -gain from the disturbance to the regulated output. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the proposed solution.
Recent advances in multiband printed antennas based on metamaterial loading

It is shown that printed antennas loaded with metamaterial resonators can be designed to exhibit multiband functionality. Two different antenna types and metamaterial loading are considered: (i) printed dipoles or monopoles loaded with open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs) and (ii) meander line or folded dipole antennas loaded with split ring resonators (SRRs) or spiral resonators (SRs). In the first case, multiband operation is achieved by series connecting one or more OCSRRs within the dipole/monopole. Such resonators force opens at their positions, and by locating them at a quarter wavelength (at the required operating frequencies) from the feeding point, it is possible to achieve multiple radiation bands. In the second case, dual-band functionality is achieved through the perturbation of the antenna characteristics caused by the presence of the metamaterial resonators. This latter strategy is specially suited to achieve conjugate matching between the antenna and the chip in radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags at two of the regulated UHF-RFID bands.
Systems resemblance and workpractice evolution: implications for work activity (re)design

This paper is concerned with addressing the question of how apparently disparate and unconnected systems can resemble each other. The question of what counts as a systems resemblance necessitates developing contextual workpractice descriptions associated with the systems features and ultimately entire systems. Using systemic semiotics an apparent ontogenetic convergence between entirely different systems is used to show that systems resemblance can be inferred when the constituent workpractices of information systems consist of comparable register features and especially if they exhibit comparable generic features. The implications of these findings for a new class of work activity (re)design practices are considered.
Evaluation of Public Design Guidelines for Bus Stop Jeju

Jejudo recently reorganized public transportation in order to improve the quality of life through the activation of public transportation. As the bus information system has been improved, the use of public transportation has been promoted by the residents and travelers, but the change in the improvement of bus stops has been relatively low. In this study, we will investigate the bus stop in Jejudo and evaluate it as the three basic elements of the 'Public Design Guidelines'. The survey method was divided into two administrative cities (Jeju city, Seogwipo city) and selected sample models centered on bus stops in urban areas, middle mountains, and coastal areas. The evaluation method was based on the three elements, specialization, functionality, and symbolism of the basic direction of 'Public Design Guidelines', which is a detailed item of Jeju Public Design Guidelines. The results of the guideline evaluation showed the highest functionality to provide stability. It is necessary to improve the characteristics of the region, the specialization that provides a unified environment, the pleasant and nature-friendly culture, and the symbolism symbolizing the tourist city.
Voices of Women at Entry Level Positions of Educational Administration

If women are to stand on equal professional footing with males in educational administration, a neworganizational paradigm must emerge. Alternative voices, experiences, backgrounds, and histories mustbe acknowledged as valid. Each and every individual must be considered valuable to the organization.Compassion, respect, generosity, and connectedness must be the norm.
Vibration-based gearbox fault diagnosis using deep neural networks

Vibration-based analysis is the most commonly used technique to monitor the condition of gearboxes. Accurate classification of these vibration signals collected from gearbox is helpful for the gearbox fault diagnosis. In recent years, deep neural networks are becoming a promising tool for fault characteristic mining and intelligent diagnosis of rotating machinery with massive data. In this paper, a study of deep neural networks for fault diagnosis in gearbox is presented. Four classic deep neural networks (Auto-encoders, Restricted Boltzmann Machines, Deep Boltzmann Machines and Deep Belief Networks) are employed as the classifier to classify and identify the fault conditions of gearbox. To sufficiently validate the deep neural networks diagnosis system is highly effective and reliable, herein three types of data sets based on the health condition of two rotating mechanical systems are prepared and tested. Each signal obtained includes the information of several basic gear or bearing faults. Totally 62 data sets are used to test and train the proposed gearbox diagnosis systems. Corresponding to each vibration signal, 256 features from both time and frequency domain are selected as input parameters for deep neural networks. The accuracy achieved indicates that the presented deep neural networks are highly reliable and effective in fault diagnosis of gearbox.
Treatment Outcome in a Community Based Children's Outpatient Mental Health Clinic: Pre-Managed Care.

This paper discusses the results of a study that investigated the progress of 51 children receiving long-term dynamically-oriented therapy at a naturalistic "real world" clinic. The orientation of the Outpatient Clinic of the Yale Child Study Center is primarily long-term, psychodynamic treatment. Parents and clinicians completed,measures before initiation of treatment and at termination. Results indicated the children improved in their functioning as rated by parents and clinicians. In addition, parents reported improved family management practices and a decrease in social isolation from the beginning to the end of treatment. The paper discusses the difficulties inherent in evaluating effectiveness in naturalistic settings where clinicians are less motivated to adhere to research designs, especially those involving the administration of post measures. The need to conduct more outcome studies is urged. Findings for the study suggest that reliable and positive results can be achieved for those families and therapists in "real world" clinics who remain committed and accountable to the therapeutic process. (Contains 19 references.) (CR) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. The 9th Annual Research Conference Proceedings, A System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base (February 26 28, 1996). Treatment Outcome in a Community Based Children's Outpatient Mental Health Clinic: Pre-Managed Care
Differential effects of various types of disturbances on the structure of nematode assemblages: an experimental approach

Nothing is known about the structure of free-living marine nematode communities in the high Antarctic. Our attempt at surveying this numerically most abundant meiobenthic taxon along the continental shelf and slope (200 to 2000 m) furnished information on generic, trophic and age composition in 2 regions in the Weddell Sea (Kapp Norvegia, 6 stations, 71-72 °S, 12-13 °W; Halley Bay, 11 stations, 74-75 °S, 25-29 °W). A total of 7300 nematode identifications to generic level were analyzed by means of a variety of statistical techniques. The spatial structure indicated the existence of 4 major nematode genus associations colonizing the upper slope, downslope, Halley shelf and a muted habitat consisting of shelf break and Kapp Norvegia shelf. Dominated by genera like Sabatiena, Molgolaimus, Microlaimus, Monhystera, Daptonema, Leptolaimus, Acantholaimus and Dichromadora, these habitats often contained distinct associations of less abundant genera. The trophically diverse communities exhibited an equal sharing of epistrate, nonselective and selective deposit feeders, with a slight dominance of the first feeding category. Each feeding guild was considered in light of the correlations with microbial food and fresh versus decomposing organic matter, leading to the conclusion that the applied classification does not adequately explain the trophic status of the deep-water communities. Global-scale comparisons with literature data indicated the broad geographical distribution of predominant nematode taxa and a lack of Antarctic endemism. Only a weak separation of the entire nematode communities on a geographical basis was suggested by multivariate techniques. Although ocean-wide comparison was hampered by limited comparable literature data, diversity indices scored high and surpassed the Arctic bathyal assemblage The major agents behind the observed patterns involved sediment grain size and food content, operating over different scales. Depth per se had no major effect. Underlying mechanisms included water-column productivity, hydrodynamics, iceberg activity and macrofaunal presence.
Oscillation mode lifetimes of red giants observed during the initial and first anticentre long run of CoRoT

Context. Long timeseries of data increase the frequency resolution in the power spectrum. This allows for resolving stochastically excited modes with long mode lifetimes, as well as features that are close together in frequency. The CoRoT fields observed during the initial run and second long run partly overlap, and stars in this overlapping field observed in both runs are used to create timeseries with a longer timespan than available from the individual runs. Aims. We aim to measure the mode lifetimes of red giants and compare them with theoretical predictions. We also investigate the dependence of the mode lifetimes on frequency and the degree of the oscillation modes. Methods. We perform simulations to investigate the influence of the gap in the data between the initial and second long run, the total length of the run and the signal-to-noise ratio on the measured mode lifetime. This provides us with a correction factor to apply to the mode lifetimes measured from a maximum likelihood fit to the oscillation frequencies. Results. We find that the length of the timeseries, the signal-to-noise ratio and possible gaps do have a non-negligible effect on the measurements of the mode lifetime of stochastically excited oscillation modes, but we can correct for it. For the four stars for which we can perform a fit of the oscillation frequencies, we find that the mode lifetimes depend on frequency and on degree of the mode, which quantitatively agrees with theoretical predictions.
Cell Sources for Treating Diabetes

Diabetes is one of the most prevailing metabolic disorders worldwide. The number of individuals suffering from diabetes is increasing significantly. There are two main types of diabetes; Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D). T1D results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. This results in a complete loss of insulin, a hormone that is essential for loading any excess circulating glucose into target organs. Individuals with T1D therefore need daily injections of insulin so as to regulate their circulating blood glucose concentrations and survive with the disease. Although such lifelong insulin therapy supports glucose metabolism, patients often develop complications related to renal function, endothelial damage and retinopathy. T1D usually develops in children or young adults. T2D on the other hand results from insulin resistance, a condition in which insulin is not properly recognized by receptors on cell surface. It is sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency as eventually these patients loose their β cells and are then classified as type 2 diabetic individuals requiring insulin. It usually occurs in people over 40 years of age, but is also being observed at younger age. A cure for diabetes came in with the demonstration to support insulin action and regain the patient’s quality of life by transplantation of cadaveric insulin-producing cells (Tzakis et al., 1990). Such a therapy, which in practice includes whole pancreas transplantation or transplantation of the endocrine portion; the islet of Langerhans, has been carried out in several patients suffering from Diabetes. In year 2000, the Edmonton group successfully demonstrated transplantation of cadaveric islets using a steroid-free immunosuppressive regimen, which was a major advance in the field. The Edmonton Protocol involves isolating islets from a cadaveric donor pancreas using enzymatic digestion. Islets from one to as many as three donors were transplanted in to each recipient. Cadaveric islets are infused into the patient's portal vein, and are then kept from being destroyed by the recipient's immune system through the use of two immunosuppressants, sirolimus and tacrolimus (Shapiro et al., 2000). Several hundred people have received islet transplants since 2000. By a year after transplantation, about 50 68% of patients were observed off insulin, but by five years after the procedure, less than 10% of total patients were seen to be free of daily insulin injections. One of the major factors in success of these