Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying carbon sequestration as a result of soil erosion and deposition: retrospective assessment using caesium‐137 and carbon inventories

The role of soil erosion in the global carbon cycle remains a contested subject. A new approach to the retrospective derivation of erosion‐induced quantitative fluxes of carbon between soil and atmosphere is presented and applied. The approach is based on the premise that soil redistribution perturbs the carbon cycle by driving disequilibrium between soil carbon content and input. This perturbation is examined by establishing the difference between measured carbon inventories and the inventories that would be found if input and content were in dynamic equilibrium. The carbon inventory of a profile in dynamic equilibrium is simulated by allowing lateral and vertical redistribution of carbon but treating all other profile inputs as equal to outputs. Caesium‐137 is used to derive rates of vertical and lateral soil redistribution. Both point and field‐scale estimates of carbon exchange with the atmosphere are derived using the approach for a field subject to mechanized agricultural in the United Kingdom. Sensitivity analysis is undertaken and demonstrates that the approach is robust. The results indicate that, despite a 15% decline in the carbon content of the cultivation layer of the eroded part of the field, this area has acted as a net sink of 11 ± 2 g C m−2 yr−1 over the last half century and that in the field as a whole, soil redistribution has driven a sink of 7 ± 2 g C m−2 yr−1 (6 ± 2 g C m−2 yr−1 if all eroded carbon transported beyond the field boundary is lost to the atmosphere) over the same period. This is the first empirical evidence for, and quantification of, dynamic replacement of eroded carbon. The relatively modest field‐scale net sink is more consistent with the identification of erosion and deposition as a carbon sink than a carbon source. There is a clear need to assemble larger databases with which to evaluate critically the carbon sequestration potential of erosion and deposition in a variety of conditions of agricultural management, climate, relief, and soil type. In any case, this study demonstrated that the operation of erosion and deposition processes within the boundaries of agricultural fields must be understood as a key driver of the net carbon cycle consequences of cultivating land.
Associations between host migration and the prevalence of a protozoan parasite in natural populations of adult monarch butterflies

1. Monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) are susceptible to infection by the obligate protozoan parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (McLaughlin and Myers) (Apicomplexa: Neogregarinida). Because monarchs form resident and migratory populations in different parts of the world, this host–parasite system provides the opportunity to examine how variation in parasite prevalence relates to host movement patterns.
Comparison of Bacterial Communities Associated with Microcrustaceans from the Floodwater of a Paddy Field Microcosm: Estimation Based on DGGE Pattern and Sequence Analyses

Bacterial communities associated with five kinds of microcrustaceans (Tanycypris sp., Moina sp., Mesocyclops sp., Cypretta sp. and Heterocypris sp.) from the floodwater of a paddy field microcosm were examined by the application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to PCR-amplified 16S rDNA products with universal bacterial primers and by sequencing of characteristic DGGE bands. The number of DGGE bands of the associated bacteria was small, indicating the association of specific bacterial members with the microcrustaceans studied, among which Tanycypris sp. showed the smallest number of bands. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the community structure of the associated bacteria could be divided into three groups: Podocopida (Tanycypris sp., Cypretta sp. and Heterocypris sp.), Moina sp. and Mesocyclops sp. , and further analysis separated Tanycypris sp. and Heterocypris sp. into different clusters. The duration of the incubation period affected the bacteria associated with Tanycypris sp. , Moina sp. and Cypretta sp. only. Nearly all of the associated bacteria belonged to Gram-negative bacteria, especially the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group. Closest relatives of the DGGE bands common to three Podocopida and Mesocyclops sp. belonged to an invertebrate endosymbiont.
The performance of wombat gates in controlling wildlife movement through a predator fence

Because of the ubiquitous and intractable threat posed by fox predation in many parts of south-east Australia, exclusion fences are increasingly seen as playing an important role in the long-term management of some biodiversity reserves. However, while fences can help to reduce predation pressure on populations of small to medium-sized vertebrates, they may also restrict the movement of non-target species and require maintenance to ensure their continued effectiveness. One of the challenges facing conservation agencies is to construct fences that reduce maintenance costs while reliably and selectively controlling the movement of desirable and undesirable species into and out of areas of conservation significance. In this study 10 custom-designed ‘wombat gates’ were monitored with motion-detecting cameras to determine whether they remained an effective barrier to foxes and other taxa after more than a decade of operation. Wombats and echidnas frequently passed through gates while foxes and black wallabies were apparently unable or unwilling to use them. This type of gate may prove valuable in the management of fenced conservation reserves.
Molecular diversity of native Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.). A casual agent of Fusarium wilt in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Fusarium wilt in tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the one of the problematic diseases. In this study, 12 native Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different land use types in Rayalaseema region of Andhrapradesh, India and were tested for antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum using dual culture method; the maximum inhibition occurred in WT2 (78.4%) compared to the control. Molecular characterisation using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique reported 91.8% polymorphism among 12 isolates of Trichoderma. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA amplification with genus-specific ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers produced amplicon size from 569 bp in all the isolates. The study resulted in identification of good competitive Trichoderma isolates against F. oxysporum. A relationship was found between the polymorphism showed by the Trichoderma isolates and their hardness to F. oxysporum during antagonism. Also, exhibition of sufficient genetic polymorphism aids further exploitation in genomic fingerprinting.
Assessment of genetic and phenotypic variation among intraspecific somatic hybrids of potato, Solanum tuberosum L.

Intraspecific somatic hybrids have been produced by protoplast fusion in eight combinations involving 10 dihaploids (2n = 2x = 24) in an attempt to provide new material for potato breeding. Cytological analysis revealed extensive variation in chromosome number, such as aneuploid, aneusomatic and mixoploid hybrids. Most of the hybrids represented the expected chromosome number of 48; however, the frequency of aneuploids reached 50% in some combinations. Some hybrids carried structurally rearranged chromosomes and exhibited a high frequency of aberrant anaphases. Isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns of the hybrids from the same fusion combination were uniform. In the field, somatic hybrids showed wide phenotypic variation in 20 morphological characters. There was a significant correlation between certain leaf characters and the ploidy level, which may be used to distinguish the tetraploid hybrids from hexaploids and octoploids. Tuber yield and flowering intensity were highest in tetraploid hybrids (2n = 4x = 48). Eighteen of the 73 hybrids reached higher yields than the standard variety 'Adretta'. Floral development and fertility were restored in hybrids derived from fusions between non-flowering or sterile dihaploids.
Alpine and High Subalpine Plant Communities of the North Cascades Range, Washington and British Columbia

Community types were described from 209 stands in the alpine zone of the North Cascades Range. The maritime to continental climatic change from west to east has a profound effect on regional vegetation patterns. Most of the community types in the eastern North Cascades are closely related to those in the Rocky Mountains, southern Alaska and the southern Yukon whereas communities in the western North Cascades are more similar to communities in other west coast ranges. Soils in the region include Entisols, Inceptisols, and Spodosols. Physical properties are quite similar in most soils. Organic matter, total cation exchange capacity, and pH generally decrease from west to east while exchangeable cations and nutrient levels are low throughout the region. A fellfield—dry graminoid—mesic environmental gradient was examined on Grouse Ridge, Mt. Baker. High soil temperature and low soil moisture regimes were typical of the ridgetop fellfield. During drought periods, on the vegetated portion of the slope, soil temperatures decreased and soil moisture stress increased with distance downslope; a reflection of increased plant cover and greater evapotranspiration towards the base of the slope. Species at the base of the slope had reduced vigor and much lower leaf water potential than those upslope. Phenological patterns were closely related to date of snowmelt and early—season temperature regimes along the gradient.
Porcentagem de proteína em suplementos para ovinos mantidos em pasto de capim-aruana na época seca

The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage intake and grazing sheep performance keep on Aruana grass subjected to increasing crude protein (CP) levels in the supplement on dry season. Twenty Santa Ines male lambs were used, with initial body weight of 31.80kg by a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The supplements were provided daily at 1% of body weight, with protein levels of 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30%. The increase of the crude protein levels promoted a squarely effect on dry matter intake (kg/day and % of BW), with maximum estimated values of 1296g and 3.2% of DM in CP levels of 21.48 and 21.89, respectively. The maximum forage intake estimated of 893g/day occurred in CP level de 21.51%. The increased of crude protein level in supplements increased squarely the average daily gain, with a maximum of 104g/day, for the 23% crude protein in the supplement. Thus, the use of the multiple supplements supplied in 1% of body weight with CP levels ranged 21 a 23% is indicated for sheep grazing Aruana grass on dry season.
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE TERMINOLOGY APPLIED TO THE PARTS OF AN INSECT’S LEG

-'ri01,. LV. ORILLIA, JUNE, 1923. No. 6. -. -PREI,ISIISA\RY NO'l'E, OK THE TTBRMINOLOGY APPLIED TO THE I'IYRTS OF . AX INSECT'S LEG'" 131G. C. CRXAII'TOX, Amherst, Mass. 111 the ~i~oveillents of loconiotion, tlie hind legs of an insect are used lai-gely foipushing the insect along (i.e., with a "1iicl;ing movement") ; the hind cosae are therefore not so freely nob bile, and in a dead insect, the hind legs iisually project bacli\vard along the body. 'l'he forelegs ai-e used largely fo r 11ulling the insect along; the fore coxae are slightly lilore mobile than the hind ones, and the forelegs are frequently directed forward in a dead insect. The middle legs, on the other hand, are used chiefly as supports in the tripod formed '3y the sets of legs in \valliing, and the illiddle coxae are usually freely mobile. 'The middle legs niay p1-oject outn:ard or even h a c k ~ a r d or forward in a dead insect. The varying positions assun~ed by the legs in a dried specimen (in which the legs cannot reatlily be inoved about without breaking them off) make it extremely difficult to apply a unifoi-111 termi~lology to honlologous surfaces in all of the legs, since the outer or lateral surface of one leg inay be turned inward or iilesally in ai~other, etc., and this difficulty led Grimshan~, 19oj, (Entom. l lou . Mag., 2d. Ser. Vol. 16, p. 174) to propose the following method of designating the surfaces of any ieg. If the leg he stretched out Iiorizontally (or perpendicular to the body wall) so that the tarsus and tibia ai-e as nearly as possible in a line ~v i th the femur, there are eight surfaces \vhich GI-imshaw designates as tlie dorsal, postero-dorsal? posterior, postel-o-ventral, ventral, antero-ventral, anterior, and aiitei-o-dorsal (counting cloclc-wise, as one loolis at the lateral surface of the body). 'i'he ventral surface of the femur is applied to the ventral sui-face of the tibia TI-lien the leg is tightly closed upon itself, and certain entoniologists apply the terms "flexor surface" to the surfaces thus opposed when the leg is closed, and the>then call the opposite surfaces the extensor surfaces. The ventral surface of the tarsus is son~etinies called the "plantar surface" by entoniologists. There are a 11uinbe1oi other ternis whicll have been applied to the surfaces of the leg (Bolivar, Genei-ZL Iiisectorutll, Fasc. 90; Schnabl, 1906, \I7ien. Ent. Zeitschr. 1-01. 25, etc.) ; hut GI-imsl~a\\-'s terms are the olies iilost generally used.
Induction of cIAP-2 in Human Colon Cancer Cells through PKCδ/NF-κB*

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) prevents apoptosis in certain cells; however, the mechanisms are largely unknown. Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family members, including NAIP, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, XIAP/hILP, survivin, and BRUCE, block apoptosis by binding and potently inhibiting caspases. Activation of NF-κB contributes to cIAP-2 induction; however, the cellular mechanisms regulating cIAP-2 expression have not been entirely defined. In this study, we examined the role of the PKC and NF-κB pathways in the regulation of cIAP-2 in human colon cancers. We found that cIAP-2 mRNA levels were markedly increased in human colon cancer cells by treatment with the phorbol ester, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), or bryostatin 1. Inhibitors of the Ca2+-independent, novel PKC isoforms, but not inhibitors of MAPK, PI3-kinase, or PKA, blocked PMA-stimulated cIAP-2 mRNA expression, suggesting a role of PKC in PMA-mediated cIAP-2 induction. Pretreatment with the PKCδ-selective inhibitor rottlerin or transfection with an antisense PKCδ oligonucleotide inhibited PMA-induced cIAP-2 expression, whereas cotransfection with a PKCδ plasmid induced cIAP-2 promoter activity, which, taken together, identifies a role for PKCδ in cIAP-2 induction. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132 or inhibitors of NF-κB (e.g. PDTC and gliotoxin), decreased PMA-induced up-regulation of cIAP-2. PMA-induced NF-κB activation was blocked by either GF109203x, MG132, PDTC, or gliotoxin. Moreover, overexpression of PKCδ-induced cIAP-2 promoter activity and increased NF-κB transactivation, suggesting regulation of cIAP-2 expression by a PKCδ/NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a role for a PKC/NF-κB-dependent pathway in the regulation of cIAP-2 expression in human colon cancer cells. These data suggest a novel mechanism for the anti-apoptotic function mediated by the PKCδ/NF-κB/cIAP-2 pathway in certain cancers.
Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 possesses at least nine distinct glucanase genes

The construction of genomic libraries of Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 in λ-Dash, λ-DashII, and pUC19, and the screening of recombinant clones for carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis yielded 38 glucanase clones. These clones along with a collection of 10 glucanase clones in pUC8, were compared by restriction fragment and Southern hybridization analyses. Seven distinct glucanase clones (pCe14, pCe15, and pCe17 in pUC8, pCe16 in pUC19, and LCe18, LCel10, and LCel12 in λ-Dash) were identified, which were nonhomologous to previously studied cel3, lichenase, and cello-dextrinase genes from F. succinogenes S85. Specific activities of the encoded enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli were higher for carboxymethyl cellulose, barley β-glucan, and lichenan, and lower for acid-swollen cellulose, laminarin, and xylan. The enzymes were predominantly acidic, with pIs between 3.5 and 5.2, with the exception of the pCe16 enzyme, which was basic with a pI of about 8.4. As determined by zymogram analysis after SDS-PAGE, the L.
Effects of Supplemental Amino Acid-Chelated Trace Elements on the Immune Response of Rainbow Trout Subjected to Bacterial Challenge

Abstract This study examined whether supplemental amino acid-chelated trace elements were effective in improving disease resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Four semipurified diets containing trace elements from either sulfates or an amino acid chelate source were fed to the fish for 18 weeks. Subsequently, fish weighing about 20–40 g were challenged with β-hemolytic Streptococcus sp. The cumulative mortality was less in the chelate-supplemented groups but not significantly different from that of the sulfate groups. Antibody titer was significantly higher in the chelate-fed fish. Lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin content were slightly more enhanced in the chelate-fed than in the sulfate-fed groups. Despite the increased antibody production, no distinct improvement in disease resistance against Streptococcus sp. was achieved by supplementing rainbow trout diets with amino acid-chelated trace elements. Further confirmatory studies focusing on the amounts of the trace elements used are .
Purification and heat stability of Cox's apple pulp peroxidase isoenzymes

Summary Three peroxidase isoenzymes, two anionic and one cationic, were isolated from extracts of apple pulp using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The homogeneity of the purified isoenzymes was established by isoelectric focusing and staining for peroxidase activity. The isoenzymes varied in their heat stability: the anionic isoenzymes were found to be more heat stable than the cationic isoenzyme. The measured enzymic activity of the isoenzymes was greatest when o-dianisidine was used as the test substrate. After heating solutions of the anionic isoenzymes at 80–100°C for 2 min, up to 80% of the original enzymic activity was observed to regenerate when the heat-treated isoenzymes were held at 30°C for 1 hr. Regeneration of enzymic activity following heat inactivation was not observed for the cationic isoenzyme.
Carmine cochineal killers: the flower fly genus Eosalpingogaster Hull (Diptera: Syrphidae) revised

The flower fly genus Eosalpingogaster Hull, predator of the carminic acid producer cochineal (Dactylopiidae), is revised. Two new species are described (knutsonisp.n. and umbrasp.n.) and an identification key is provided for all known species. Diagnoses, illustrations, synonymies and distributional and biological data are given. Three new synonyms are proposed [texana Curran as jun.syn. of cochenillivora (Guérin‐Méneville); liposeta Fluke and dactylopianus Blanchard as jun.syn. of nigriventris (Bigot)] and two lectotypes are designated for cochenillivora (Guérin‐Méneville) and nigriventris (Bigot). Eosalpingogaster is elevated to full generic status based on adult morphological characters, biological data and a new phylogenetic analysis of molecular characters with genes 28S, 18S and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. All data, images and drawings are available online as an example of the utility of international standards for biodiversity informatics.
Toxoplasma gondii in the sheep industry: a global overview and the situation in Brazil

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widely studied parasites due to its medical and veterinary importance. The parasitic infection of sheep occurs worldwide, with studies showing prevalences ranging from 1.8% in North Tunisian to 95.7% in Turkey. In this ruminant species, infection with T. gondii causes fetal death, mummification, stillbirth, the birth of debilitated animals and frequent abortion. The latter has been reported as the primary cause of economic losses in the sheep industry because of the high rates of infection. Concerns over toxoplasmosis infections in sheep, as well as the economic losses they can cause, induced this literature review. A review of the topic will provide the reader with some basic information concerning the importance of this parasite in the sheep industry in Brazil and worldwide, which might assist in controlling the disease and promptly identifying the problem in a flock, thus avoiding losses from potential abortions caused by this important parasite.
Casuarina ecology: factors limiting cone production in the drooping sheoak, Allocasuarina verticillata

Allocasuarina verticillata is an important species for biodiversity conservation on Kangaroo Island (South Australia) because it is the primary food source for the endangered glossy black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus. Two potentially limiting factors, pollen and soil nutrients, were studied in the context of A. verticillata as foraging habitat for glossy black-cockatoos. Cone production was not limited by the amount of pollen available to female plants. The soils on which A. verticillata occurs on Kangaroo Island were low in nutrients. Available N, P and K were significantly increased via the application of slow-release fertiliser and the added nutrients resulted in a corresponding increase in the productivity of A. verticillata. The additional nutrients increased the number of cones produced on female branches, branch growth and potentially therefore, tree size. Since cone profitability appears to increase with tree size, the additional growth may also result in greater cone profitability in the long term. Adding slow-release fertiliser to small female A. verticillata trees and revegetation on sites with higher concentrations of soil nutrients would benefit the cockatoos. This is because other studies have shown that the cockatoos increase their foraging efficiency by cropping cones from large trees with greater cone profitability and branches with high densities of cones.
SOMATIC INCOMPATIBILITY AND FIELD DISTRIBUTION OF THE ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS SUILLUS LUTEUS (BOLETACEAE)

Summary Tissue isolates were collected from 25 basidiocarps of Suillus luteus (L. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray under pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) at nine sites in a small forest area (approximately 1 km2) and tested for somatic incompatibility. Eleven distinct clones were detected, none of which was found in more than one site. This ectomycorrhizal fungus therefore possesses a population structure similar to that of many wood-decomposing basidiomycetes.
Atmospheric sulfur loading by the ongoing Nornahraun eruption, North Iceland

The ongoing Nornahraun fissure eruption has maintained a 1–4 km-high, gas-charged and sulfur-rich eruption plume since the onset of eruption on 31 August 2014 and had discharged ∼1 km of lava at the end of 2014. During this time (i.e. September through December 2014), the SO2 emissions have produced significant volcanic pollution across Iceland with several short-lived events where the SO2 concentrations have exceeded toxic levels [1]. Although measurements of SO2 concentrations and fluxes is relatively straightforward at specific sites or localities within Iceland, it has been challenging to obtain good groundor satellite-based time series measurements of the SO2 flux released by the magma upon venting. These difficulties arise because: (i) the eruption site is remote and nested in the centre of the Icelandic highland, thus these measurements are hampered by access and by weather conditions, (ii) the plume is confined to the lower troposphere where the conversion rate of SO2 to H2SO4 aerosols is very rapid, or hours (? ) to days [2] and (iii) the plume is commonly obscured by clouds due of its low rise heights.