Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Size-controlled indium(III)–benzenedicarboxylate hexagonal rods and their transformation to In2O3 hollow structures

Size-controlled In2O3 hollow structures have been successfully prepared by a two-step process. Indium(III)–benzenedicarboxylate (In–BDC) hexagonal rods with different sizes were first obtained on a large scale via a simple solution reaction using indium(III) nitrate and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid as starting reactants and DMF as solvent with addition of sodium acetate. Then In2O3 hollow structures were prepared by annealing In–BDC complexes. It was found that the concentration of sodium acetate is important in determining the size of In–BDC hexagonal rods as well as the formation of In2O3 hollow structures. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM). In addition, In2O3 hollow structures were further studied by Raman and room-temperature photoluminescence.
α‐Acetaminocinnamic Acid

α-Acetaminocinnamic acid intermediate: 47 g. (0.25 mole) of the crude azlactone of α-acetaminocinnamic acid product: α-acetaminocinnamic acid Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; cyclization, miscellaneous; hydrolysis, azlactones
Codon-induced tRNA association: quantitative analysis by sedimentation equilibrium

: It is shown by measurements of the sedimentation equilibrium that binding of the codon UUC to tRNAPhe from yeast induces an association of tRNA molecules. Sedimentation measurements at different concentrations demonstrate that the tRNA-codon complexes form dimers. The sedimentation profiles are analyzed quantitatively in terms of a simple monomer-dimer model as well as a model which considers the sedimentation of four species (tRNA, tRNA.UUC, (tRNA.UUC)2, and UUC) separately. The information resulting from the conservation of mass relation is used directly in the determination of equilibrium constants via integration o the sedimentation profiles. Using this procedure, we determine the equilibrium constants for dimerization of the tRNAPhe.UUC complex, KD = 8.6 x 10(4) M-1, and for the binding of UUC to tRNAPhe, KL = 1800 M-1 (5 degrees C). The large free energy for dimerization of the tRNA-codon complex suggests that interactions between adjacent tRNAs are important for the ribosomal translation process.
Following Single Molecules to a Better Understanding of Self-Assembled One-Dimensional Nanostructures

Single-molecule tracking (SMT) methods are now being employed to probe the morphologies and mass-transport characteristics of self-assembled one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Such nanostructures are found in surfactant-templated mesoporous metal oxides, phase-separated block copolymers, and lyotropic liquid-crystal mesophases. This Perspective begins with a review of investigations in which SMT methods have been employed for in situ visualization of 1D nanostructures and their ability to guide and support 1D diffusion of fluorescent probe molecules. New orthogonal regression methods for the quantitative characterization of 1D nanostructure alignment and order are subsequently discussed. Recent investigations in which the confined orientational motions of single molecules are probed by single-molecule emission polarization measurements are highlighted. These data are used to access high-precision estimates of the effective lateral nanostructure dimensions. The results reveal the important role played by.
Structure and Morphology of Nylon-4 Chain Folded Lamellar Crystals

The structure and morphology of nylon 4 chain-folded lamellar crystals has been investigated using TEM, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. Solution-grown crystals are seen in the electron microscope in the form of sheaves with lathlike extremities. Electron diffraction patterns show the 0.44 (200) and 0.37 nm (020) reflections which are representative of the interchain distance within a hydrogen-bonded sheet and the intersheet distance, respectively, and are characteristic of the broader family of polyamides. The orientation of the electron diffraction patterns from individual lamellar crystals establishes that the polymer chains lie perpendicular to the lamellar surface and that the folding plane is parallel to the long axis of the crystal
Highly transparent nanocomposite films from water-based poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)/TiO2 dispersions

Aqueous dispersions containing TiO2 nanoparticles and hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) allow the preparation of highly transparent nanocomposites containing up to 44 wt% of TiO2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images indicate that the nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in the polymeric matrix with no significant agglomeration. Nanocomposite films remain highly transparent to visible light, absorb the ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and their refractive indices can be regulated in the range from 1.52 to 1.65 by the content of TiO2 nanoparticles. While specular gloss measurements reveal an increase of the root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness with TiO2 content, distinctness-of-image gloss measurements demonstrate that it does not negatively affect the image information carried by the underlying layer.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Chemical Mapping and Imaging

The sections in this article are Introduction The Technology and Rationale for Chemical Images Sample-Preparation Considerations for Chemical Mapping and Imaging Chemical Mapping and Imaging Applications Polymorph Analysis Product Design and Development Product Performance and Support Chemical Image Production Using Chemometric Analysis The Hyperspectral Cube and Chemical Images Image Data Analysis Data Preprocessing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Partial Least Squares (PLS) PLS Quantitative Analysis PLS Classification Analysis of Chemical Images Conclusion Acknowledgments Keywords: Raman; near-infrared; mid infrared; microscopy; chemical mapping; chemical imaging; chemical images; chemometrics; active pharmaceutical ingredient; formulations
Sensitivity analysis of energy inputs and cost assessment for almond production in Iran

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between energy inputs and yield, and to perform cost analysis for almond production. Data were collected by administering questionnaire in face‐to‐face interviews from procedures. The results showed that total energy input was 59,542.61 MJ ha−1 and the output was 25,190.13 MJ ha−1. The most important energy consuming inputs were electricity and chemical fertilizers with 55.98% and 17.72% of total energy input, respectively. The energy use efficiency and energy cost ratio values were estimated to be 0.42 and 0.19, respectively. The econometric model was developed using Cobb‐Douglas production function and the results revealed that human labor, machinery, chemical fertilizer, and farmyard manure energy inputs contributed significantly to yield. The results of sensitivity analysis of energy inputs showed the high impact of chemical fertilizers, and farmyard manure inputs on the yield. Economic analysis showed that the total production cost, total gross value, and net return of almond production were 5344.48 $ ha−1, 27,241.29 $ ha−1, and 21,896.81 $ ha−1, respectively. Also, productivity and the benefit to cost ratio were obtained to be 0.16 kg $−1 and 5.10, respectively. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 582–588, 2016
Computational and numerical analysis of differential equations using spectral based collocation method.

In this thesis, we develop accurate and computationally efficient spectral collocation-based methods, both modified and new, and apply them to solve differential equations. Spectral collocation-based methods are the most commonly used methods for approximating smooth solutions of differential equations defined over simple geometries. Procedurally, these methods entail transforming the governing differential equation(s) into a system of linear algebraic equations that can be solved directly. Owing to the complexity of expanding the numerical algorithms to higher dimensions, as reported in the literature, researchers often transform their models to reduce the number of variables or narrow them down to problems with fewer dimensions. Such a process is accomplished by making a series of assumptions that limit the scope of the study. To address this deficiency, the present study explores the development of numerical algorithms for solving ordinary and partial differential equations defined over simple geometries. The solutions of the differential equations considered are approximated using interpolating polynomials that satisfy the given differential equation at selected distinct collocation points preferably the Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto points. The size of the computational domain is particularly emphasized as it plays a key role in determining the number of grid points that are used; a feature that dictates the accuracy and the computational expense of the spectral method. To solve differential equations defined on large computational domains much effort is devoted to the development and application of new multidomain approaches, based on decomposing large spatial domain(s) into a sequence of overlapping subintervals and a large time interval into equal non-overlapping subintervals. The rigorous analysis of the numerical results confirms the superiority of these multiple domain techniques in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency over the single domain approach when applied to problems defined over large domains. The structure of the thesis indicates a smooth sequence of constructing spectral collocation method algorithms for problems across different dimensions. The process of switching between dimensions is explained by presenting the work in chronological order from a simple one-dimensional problem to more complex higher-dimensional problems. The preliminary chapter explores solutions of ordinary differential equations. Subsequent chapters then build on solutions to partial differential
Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments to Two Hawaiian Acid Soils

Abstract Coffee orchards in Hawaii are planted on either volcanic ash-derived Andisols or highly weathered acid Oxisols and Ultisols. These soils are often low in phyto-available calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn), which limit coffee production. To obtain the locally specific information required to remove these soil fertility restrictions, a bench-scale experiment was conducted with six Ca and two Zn treatments, factorially applied to an Andisol and an Ultisol. Three-month-old coffee (Coffea arabica) seedlings, cv. Guatamala, were transplanted (one per pot of 2 kg soil) and grown for 5 months under shaded greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that for maximum biomass production, soil pH should be raised to around 6.0 with lime (CaCO3) or a combination of lime and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) such that Mehlich 3-extractable Ca exceeds 1900 mg kg−1, and that healthy coffee seedlings require Ca ≥ 12 g kg−1, Zn > 15 mg kg−1, and aluminum (Al) <120 mg kg−1 in their leaves.
Grafting of Citric Acid as a Green Coupling Agent on the Surface of CuO Nanoparticle and its Application for Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nanocomposites Based on Poly(amide-imide) Containing N-trimellitylimido-L-valine Linkage

In this article, at first, citric acid (CA) was used as a capping agent to control the size, dispersion and morphology of copper oxide (CuO) NPs (CuO-CA). The presence of CA on the surface of CuO NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses. Then biodegradable poly(amide-imide) (PAI) was synthesized through a polycondensation reaction of N-trimellitylimido-L-valine and 4,4′-methylenebis(3-chloro-2,6-diethylaniline) in green media. PAI/CuO-CA nanocomposites (PAI/CuO-CA NCs) containing different amounts of CuO-CA NPs in the PAI matrix were prepared using an ultrasonic-assisted technique. The PAI/CuO-CA NCs obtained were characterized using different methods. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Effect of the Organic Matter to Ammonia Ratio on Aerobic Granulation during 4-Chlorophenol Degradation in a Sequencing Batch Reactor

The influence of the chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio on the performance of a granular sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system degrading 4-chlorophenol (4CP) was evaluated. Two SBR were operated under the same conditions, but with two different COD/N ratios, 150 and 20. It was observed that successful granule formation was obtained when activated sludge was initially acclimated to 4CP without using a co-substrate, and then hydrodynamic pressure selection was used to generate granules. Removal efficiencies of 4CP were >99.7%, and the specific degradation rates were up to 87 mg 4CP/(mg volatile suspended solid) per hour. It was found that nitrogen limitation had no effect on the removal efficiencies of 4CP and on the specific degradation rates. However, the results indicated that under nitrogen-limited conditions, higher granule sizes and a denser biomass were promoted.
Current-voltage analysis of annealing effects of poly(3-hexlythiophene) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester organic solar cells

Abstract. The field of organic photovoltaics (OPV) has progressed rapidly. With new materials and methods being briskly developed, the characterization of OPV also needs to be updated. Current-voltage (JV) analysis of poly(3-hexlythiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) OPV devices yield valuable insight into the internal physics of devices. A simple lumped circuit model, previously used to analyze various inorganic thin-film PV and more recently applied to OPV, has been used to study annealing parameters. To investigate the change in the lumped circuit model parameters, we carried out an annealing study of P3HT:PCBM blend OPV devices. We annealed devices at various temperatures and before and after evaporating the contact. We characterized and quantified the effect of thermal annealing by studying how the model parameters changed. We found that all parameters studied reacted favorably to annealing, including device resistances and parameters measuring recombination. While studying the resistances in unannealed and annealed devices, a barrier was found around the flat band voltage. This barrier disappeared upon annealing, indicating that it was due to material characteristics related to the crystallinity or the phase separation. The data were used to better characterize annealing effects.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Sb2S3 Crystals

The paper presents the X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of the valence band and core levels of semiconductor ferroelectric Sb2S3 single crystals, which show weak phase transitions and anomalies of various physical properties. The XPS were measured with monochromatized Al K α radiation in the energy range 0-1450 eV and the temperature range 160-450 K. The valence band is located 0.8-7.5 eV below the Fermi level. Experimental results of the valence band and core levels are compared with the results of theoretical ab initio calculations of the molecular model of Sb2S3 crystal. The chemical shifts in Sb2S3 crystal for the Sb and S states are obtained. Results revealed that the small structural rearrangements at the phase transition T c1 = 300 K shift the Fermi level and all electronic spectrum. Also, temperature dependence of a spontaneous polarisation shifts the electronic spectra of the valence band and core levels. Specific temperature-dependent excitations in Sb 3d core levels are also revealed.
Simple method for Fe+ ion production in a microwave ion source

A simple method for Fe+ ion production in a microwave ion source has been developed by making use of the plasma chemical reaction of hematite (Fe2O3) powder with a chemically reactive CCl4 discharge plasma. A stable 56Fe+ ion intensity of over 1.3 mA was obtained when the ion source was installed in our 30 keV ion implanter. This was accompanied by an intense chlorine beam (Cl+), but the intensities of oxygen ions (O+,O+2) and carbon ion (C+) were very small despite the fact that these elements (C and O) are major constituents of CCl4 and Fe2O3. Traces of water vapor residue in the ion source enhanced the production of HCl+ ions and suppressed the yield of Fe+ ion production.
Size-controlled synthesis of water-dispersible superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoclusters and their magnetic responsiveness

Highly water dispersible and size-controllable superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoclusters were synthesized by a simple solvothermal route with sodium citrate as a surface modifier in a mixed-solvent system with diethylene glycol (DEG) and ethylene glycol (EG). The Fe3O4 nanoclusters are small-molecule grafted and the size of the Fe3O4 nanoclusters can be effectively controlled by varying the volume ratio of DEG/EG from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Sodium citrate did not only act as a functional ligand anchor on the particle surface to enhance the dispersibility of the magnetite nanoclusters but also controlled the size of the clusters in the reaction. Magnetic measurements revealed the superparamagnetic nature of the magnetic nanoclusters with no coercivity and remanence but with a magnetization saturation of up to 68.0 emu g−1 at room temperature. These monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoclusters can be used for color display and hyperthermia in biomedical applications because of strong magnetic responsiveness. The diffraction color in the visible light can be modulated under the induction of varied external magnetic fields. Furthermore, the temperature of 20 mg mL−1 Fe3O4 (168 nm) water dispersions can be increased by 46.7 °C within 242 s under an alternating current magnetic field.
Self‐Consistent Field Theory of Block Copolymers

Nature often assembles simple molecular building blocks, such as polymers, lipids and colloids, into complex mesophases. Among these self-assembling soft materials, block copolymers are unique in that the advances in synthetic chemistry have resulted in well-controlled molecular architectures to produce structured materials with tailored mechanical, optical, electrical and other physical properties. Block copolymers are macromolecules composed of chemically different blocks tethered together, which spontaneously form a variety of ordered phases with domain sizes in nanometer range (1-100nm). These materials are widely used industrially, and they also provide an ideal model system for studying self-assembly principles. Understanding the structures and phase transitions in block copolymers has been one of the most active research areas in polymer science in the past the study and study order-order
What Kind of Answer will be Better: Exploring the Features of High-quality Answer Contents in Social Q&A Community

The rigorousness, professionalism and seriousness of answer contents in social Q&A communities have declined sharply. It is of great significance to tell users how to provide excellent answer contents. The purpose of this research is to explore what features of answer content are more likely to make a high-quality answer. For this purpose, the research, taking “Zhihu” as an example, collects the data of answer contents with a crawler, combines initial analysis of the answer contents with related research literature, and selects 9 features that may have impacts on the quality of answer contents. Then the supervised machine learning method will be used to explore the features that can really affect the quality of answer contents, so as to provide reference for guiding users to provide high-quality answer contents.
BGH v. 10. 8. 2006 – IX ZR 28/05, Gewährleistungsrechte des Insolvenzverwalters beim VOB-Bauvertrag

Abstract § 13 Nr. 6 D VOB/B; § 1 S. 1, §§ 38, 45, 87, 103 InsO Der Insolvenzverwalter kann beim VOB-Bauvertrag in dem Insolvenzverfahren über das Vermögen des Hauptunternehmers von dem Nachunternehmer Minderung statt Nachbesserung verlangen, wenn dem Bauherrn wegen der Mängel an dem Bauwerk nur eine Insolvenzforderung zusteht. Urt. des BGH v. 10. 8. 2006 – IX ZR 28/05.
An assessment of mercury-species-dependent binding with natural organic carbon

AbstractIn contrast to many other metal/metalloid contaminants, mercury (Hg) displays a complex environmental speciation behaviour. Widespread, detectable environmental Hg species include divalent mercury (Hg2+), elemental mercury (Hgo) and monomethylmercury (CH3Hg+). Less frequently encountered compounds include dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg; more common in marine environments), monovalent mercury (Hg22+; a species that disproportionates via the following reaction: Hg22+ ⟺ Hg2+ + Hgo) and, more recently, detectable quantities of ethylmercury compounds (e.g., C2H5Hg+, C2H5HgC2H5, etc.) have been reported in environmental media. Environmental mercury is frequently observed to be associated with natural organic matter in aquatic environments. The present study assesses the potential binding of Hg2+, Hgo, CH3Hg+ and (CH3)2Hg with natural organic matter by hydrophobic and ionic mechanisms. The findings suggest: (1) although potential hydrophobic binding with natural organic matter will likely occur in the followi.
Excess Gibbs free energies at several temperatures of butanone with 1-hexanol or 1-octanol

Vapor pressures of butanone + 1-hexanol or 1-octanol, at several temperatures between 288.15 K and 323.15 K, were measured by a static method. Activity coefficients and excess molar Gibbs free energies G{sup E} were calculated by Barker`s method. Reduction of the vapor pressure data is carried out by means of the Redlich-Kister and Wilson correlations.
Electrochemical Thinning for Anodic Aluminum Oxide and Anodic Titanium Oxide

For given electrolytes, different behaviors of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and anodic titanium oxide (ATO) during electrochemical thinning are explained by ionic and electronic current modes. Branched structures are unavoidably created in AAO since the switch of ionic to electronic current is slow, whereas the barrier oxide in ATO is thinned without formation of the branched structures. In addition, pore opening can be possible in ATO if chemical etching is performed after the thinning process. The thinning was optimized for complete pore opening in ATO and potential-current behavior is interpreted in terms of ionic current-electronic current switching.
Effects of Varying Heptylamine and Propionaldehyde Plasma Polymerization Parameters on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Attachment

This paper investigated the impacts of two deposition times (30 s, 60 s) and discharge powers (20 W, 50 W) on the resultant chemical and physical properties of plasma polymers (pp) formed using heptylamine (HA) or propionaldehyde (PA) monomers. Pinhole-free pp films were formed on all surfaces at deposition rates that varied according to both the time and power employed. XPS and ToF-SIMS analysis showed that power has a more of an effect than time on the chemical properties of the pp, which may be attributed to differences in monomer fragmentation and cross-linking. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion did not vary on the four different HApp surfaces, whereas a negative correlation between cell attachment and increasing plasma energy was observed on PApp surfaces. This suggests that the presence of oxygenated groups, particularly aldehyde and carboxylic groups, may have a dominant impact on MSC adhesion to these functional polymer substrates.