Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection and Mitigation of Node Replication Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Wireless sensor networks are a collection of a number of tiny, low-cost, and resource-constrained sensor nodes which are commonly not tamper proof. As a result, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are prone to a wide variety of physical attacks. In this paper, we deem a typical threat known as node replication attack or clone node attack, where an adversary creates its own low-cost sensor nodes called clone nodes and misinforms the network to acknowledge them as legitimate nodes. To instigate this attack, an adversary only needs to physically capture one node, and after collecting all secret credentials (ID, cryptographic keys, etc.), an adversary replicates the sensor node and deploys one or more clones of the compromised node into the network at strategic positions, damaging the whole network by carrying out many internal attacks. Detecting the node replication attack has become an imperative research topic in sensor network security, and designing detection schemes against node replication attack involves different threatening issues and challenges. In this survey, we have classified the existing detection schemes and comprehensively explore various proposals in each category. We will also take a glance at some technical details and comparisons so as to demonstrate limitations of the existent detections as well as effective contributions.
Importance of n-3 PUFA consumption during pregnancy: perception discrepancies between pregnant women and gynaecologists–obstetricians in Belgium

Abstract Objective n-3 PUFA during pregnancy have been subject to intense research interest, but also much controversy, creating a situation of confusion among patients and health-care providers. The present study was carried out to explore knowledge, attitude and practices regarding n-3 PUFA in two independent populations of pregnant women and gynaecologists–obstetricians in Belgium and to assess the relationship between the pregnant women’s attributes and their n-3 PUFA status measured by the omega-3 index. Design Cross-sectional study. Knowledge, attitude and practices were collected by self-administered questionnaires while laboratory data were available for each pregnant woman. Setting During the first antenatal hospital appointment (for the pregnant women) and by email (for the gynaecologists–obstetricians). Participants Women in early pregnancy (n 122) and gynaecologists–obstetricians (n 67). Results Marked discrepancies in perception were evidenced between the pregnant women and health-care providers. While 82 % of the women attached high importance to n-3 PUFA during pregnancy, only a third of the gynaecologists–obstetricians did. About 35 % of the women declared paying particular attention to their consumption of n-3 PUFA. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, these positive dietary practices were significantly associated with higher omega-3 index (P=0·04). Overall, 43·3 % of professionals did not provide any information about n-3 PUFA to their pregnant patients and 46·3 % did not take any preventive actions. Conclusions Evidence-based guidelines, refreshment training and communication tools are needed to improve awareness and clinical practices among caregivers regarding n-3 PUFA to benefit both mothers and their children.
Extraction and Separation of Eight Ginsenosides from Flower Buds of Panax Ginseng Using Aqueous Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Coupled with an Aqueous Biphasic System

Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as a possible replacement of traditional organic solvents, and ILs have been widely applied to extract various compounds. The present work aims to extract ginsenosides from Panax ginseng flower buds using aqueous ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction (IL-UAE). The extraction yields of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different anions and alkyl chains were evaluated. The extraction parameters of eight ginsenosides were optimized by utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). The model demonstrated that a high yield of total ginsenosides could be obtained using IL-UAE, and the optimum extraction parameters were 0.23 M [C4mim][BF4], ultrasonic time of 23 min, temperature of extraction set to 30 °C, and liquid-solid ratio of 31:1. After that, an aqueous biphasic system (ABS) was used to separate ginsenosides further. The nature and concentration of salt, as well as the value of pH in ionic liquid were evaluated, and the optimal conditions (6.0 mL IL extract, 3 g NaH2PO4, and pH 5.0) were obtained. The preconcentration factor was 2.58, and extraction efficiency reached 64.53%. The results indicate that as a simple and efficient method, an IL-UAE-ABS can be considered as a promising method for extracting and separating the natural active compounds from medicinal herbs.
CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool

Bacteriophages are pervasive viruses that infect bacteria, relying on their genetic machinery to replicate. In order to protect themselves from this kind of invader, bacteria developed an ingenious adaptive defence system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Researchers soon realised that a specific type of CRISPR system, CRISPR-Cas9, could be modified into a simple and efficient genetic engineering technology, with several improvements over currently used systems. This discovery set in motion a revolution in genetics, with new and improved CRISPR systems being used in plenty of in vitro and in vivo experiments in recent years. This review illustrates the mechanisms behind CRISPR-Cas systems as a means of bacterial immunity against phage invasion and how these systems were engineered to originate new genetic manipulation tools. Newfound CRISPR-Cas technologies and the up-and-coming applications of these systems on healthcare and other fields of science are also discussed.
TNF receptor type 1 and TNF receptor type 2 mRNA expression was not associated with coronary artery disease in a group of Iranian Turks.

OBJECTIVES Present investigation was carried out to evaluate the mRNA level of TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) in peripheral-blood cells in patients with premature CAD over healthy controls. BACKGROUND TNFα as a pleiotropic cytokine could be concerned in cardiovascular pathophysiology regarding its special effects on endothelial cells. TNFα exerts its activities through its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. METHODS Totally, 40 patients with premature CAD and 40 healthy controls were studied. The qRT-PCR technique was used to determine the mRNA level of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in tested groups. RESULTS The results of this study show that the relative expression was 1.32 ± 0.34 in cases and 1.11 ± 0.16 in controls for TNFR1. The relative expression was 0.96 ± 0.13 in cases and 1.49 ± 0.41 in controls for TNFR2. There is no significant difference in the level of gene expression in the studied groups regarding TNFR1 and TNFR2 genes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the mRNA levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 were not associated with CAD risk. Studies with more details, larger sample size, and new risk loci are necessary to reveal disease-causing mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CAD (Fig. 3, Ref. 21).
Mitochondrial genome of the Torpedo scad Megalaspis cordyla (Perciformes: Carangidae): genome characterization and phylogenetic consideration

Abstract This study presented the complete mitochondrial genome of the Torpedo scad Megalaspis cordyla, the only member of its genus, as well as its phylogenetic position in Carangidae. The genome is 16,566 bp containing the usual 2 rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region. Gene organization is similar to that observed in most other vertebrates. Gene overlapping and separating were also observed in M. cordyla mitogenome. The overall base compositions of mitogenome was 28.83% A, 25.81% T, 15.93% G, and 29.43% C. Phylogenetic analyses using the concatenated sequence of the protein-coding genes of the reported Carangidae mitogenome showed similar results in the neighbour-joining and Bayesian inference trees. Three clades were formed as Subfamilies Caranginae, Seriolinae and Trachinotinae in Carangidae. M. cordyla was most closely related to the species in genus Caranx.
Leveraging Technology and Cultural Adaptations to Increase Access and Engagement Among Trauma-Exposed African American Youth: Exploratory Study of School-Based Telehealth Delivery of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

African American youth are disproportionately represented among trauma-exposed youth; yet, they are significantly less likely to access and complete mental health services. Research suggests that barriers to accessing and engaging in trauma-focused treatment include both logistical factors and engagement factors. This multiple case study sought to illustrate the initial feasibility and acceptability of delivering culturally tailored, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) via telehealth in a school setting with three African American youth presenting with multiple barriers to accessing treatment. Barriers to treatment, telehealth modifications, and cultural tailoring are described for each participant. The UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (UCLA PTSD-RI) was completed at pretreatment and posttreatment. Results demonstrated significant decreases in symptoms of posttraumatic stress, as evidenced by a reduction in total UCLA PTSD-RI scores to nonclinical levels for all participants at posttreatment (UCLA scores posttreatment = 8-12). In addition, at posttreatment no participants met diagnostic criteria for PTSD or adjustment disorder. This multiple case study provides preliminary support for school-based, culturally tailored TF-CBT delivered via telehealth with African American youth.
Multilayer graphene nanobelts on SWCNT films for high current interconnect applications

In this work we propose multilayer graphene (MLG) nanobelts for high current interconnections with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and compare these with metal contacts. MLG contacts were directly printed on the SWCNT, without any additional metal parts, demonstrating the possibility to use these materials as interconnections in microelectronics. Different work function metals Al, Ti and Pd were probed for the lowest contact resistance with the SWCNT. Ti contacts demonstrated the best results among the metals owing to its work function being closest to the SWCNT and therefore giving the lowest Schottky barrier. Even though Ti contacts show the lowest contact resistance, the current density for MLG contacts was higher, giving the best results for high current interconnection applications. Moreover, MLG contacts show a stable and repeatable resistance decrease under high current conditions. Heat treatment of the MLG and metal contacts was completed in vacuum, in order to further reduce the contact resistance and optimal heat treatment conditions were found at 600 °C.
Parallel Connected Generative Adversarial Network with Quadratic Operation for SAR Image Generation and Application for Classification

Thanks to the availability of large-scale data, deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have witnessed success in various applications of computer vision. However, the performance of CNNs on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image classification is unsatisfactory due to the lack of well-labeled SAR data, as well as the differences in imaging mechanisms between SAR images and optical images. Therefore, this paper addresses the problem of SAR image classification by employing the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to produce more labeled SAR data. We propose special GANs for generating SAR images to be used in the training process. First, we incorporate the quadratic operation into the GAN, extending the convolution to make the discriminator better represent the SAR data; second, the statistical characteristics of SAR images are integrated into the GAN to make its value function more reasonable; finally, two types of parallel connected GANs are designed, one of which we call PWGAN, combining the Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN) and Wasserstein GAN with Gradient Penalty (WGAN-GP) together in the structure, and the other, which we call CNN-PGAN, applying a pre-trained CNN as a discriminator to the parallel GAN. Both PWGAN and CNN-PGAN consist of a number of discriminators and generators according to the number of target categories. Experimental results on the TerraSAR-X single polarization dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The disparities in gastrointestinal cancer incidence among Chinese populations in Shanghai compared to Chinese immigrants and indigenous non‐Hispanic white populations in Los Angeles, USA

Gastrointestinal cancer patterns are distinct among populations. Our study aims to compare the incidence and risk of gastrointestinal cancers between Chinese American and non‐Hispanic whites in Los Angeles, CA, USA, to those of people indigenous to Shanghai to elucidate the changing patterns of gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer incidence data from 1988 to 2012 were extracted from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents plus database. The age standardized incidence and estimated annual percentage change were calculated to estimate the temporal trends of gastrointestinal cancers. Traditional Poisson regression models and three‐factor constrained Poisson regression models were applied to compare the gastrointestinal cancer risk across populations. The incidences of oesophageal, stomach, liver and gall bladder cancers were higher among indigenous Chinese residents of Shanghai than among the other two populations in Los Angeles. While the incidences of colorectal and pancreatic cancer were higher among non‐Hispanic whites, Chinese American immigrants were considered to be at an intermediate level for most gastrointestinal cancers. The gender‐specific gastrointestinal cancer disparities across populations, especially between Shanghai Chinese and non‐Hispanic US whites, were significant regardless of age, period or cohort scale. However, the regional differences in gastrointestinal cancer rates decreased over time. Most gastrointestinal cancer patterns in Chinese American immigrants were more aligned to those of their new country of residence than to those of their original country. The disparities in gastrointestinal cancers across populations indicate that environmental factors might play a key role in cancer genesis. Shift in environmental exposures may result in significant changes in gastrointestinal cancer incidence.
Interferon-α for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis Delta: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

Background Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection therapy is unclear. This systematic analysis aimed to clarify the evidence on the efficacy of interferon (IFN)-α-based therapy in HDV. Methods We performed a systematic search on electronic databases including MEDLINE (1970 to January 2011), Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing IFN-α-based therapy with either another drug, placebo or no intervention were included. We excluded paediatric studies. We calculated relative risks (RRs) for comparison of treatment options on the primary outcome measure, which was defined as undetectable levels of HDV RNA and normal alanine aminotransferase at end of treatment (EOT; 1 year). Results Nine RCTs were included. Seven trials evaluated the treatment with IFN-α (n=132). The remaining two trials evaluated treatment with pegylated (PEG)-IFN-α (n=45). We found that 1-year treatment with high-dose IFN-α achieved better primary outcome rates than with PEG-IFN-α (RR=4.14, 95% CI 1.00, 17.14). Data for 1-year treatment with low-dose IFN-α compared with PEG-IFN-α were similar (RR=2.83, 95% CI 0.65, 12.40), as were low-dose IFN-α versus high-dose IFN-α (RR=0.68, 95% CI 0.31, 1.50). High-dose IFN-α and PEG-IFN-α reached similar HDV RNA suppression 24 weeks after EOT (RR=1.00, 95% CI 0.51, 1.97). None of the 55 patients assigned to no intervention obtained undetectable levels of HDV RNA and only one patient achieved normalization of alanine aminotransferase level. Conclusions Based on available RCTs, 1-year high-dose IFN-α monotherapy appears to be more effective than PEG-IFN-α for treatment of HDV patients, with efficacy rates of approximately 30%. There is a lack of head-to-head comparisons. Combination therapies and longer treatment duration need to be investigated.
Paired acute‐baseline serum tryptase levels in perioperative anaphylaxis: An observational study

Anaphylaxis is recognized mainly through clinical criteria, which may lack specificity or relevance in the perioperative setting. The transient increase in serum tryptase has been proposed since 1989 as a diagnostic tool. Sampling for well‐defined acute and baseline determinations has been recommended. We assessed the performance of four proposed algorithms with tightly controlled time frames for tryptase sampling, their robustness with inadequate sampling times, and the possible use of mature tryptase determination.
A Machine Learning-Based Predictive Model of Return to Work After Sick Leave

Objective: This study aims to build a predictive model for “return to work” (RTW) after sick leave by using a machine-learning algorithm. Methods: Panel data of 2000 participants (1686 males and 314 females) from the Labor Welfare Research Institute of the Korea Workers’ Compensation & Welfare Service were used. A gradient boosting machine (GBM) was used to build the predictive model. Results: The GBM showed excellent performance in a binary classification (returned to work vs not working). However, the model of the three-group classification showed suboptimal performance. Conclusions: Although machine-learning algorithms using common predictive factors can accurately predict whether one can work after sick leave, they cannot differentiate the form of returning to work. Future research with detailed information based on the injury or disease is warranted.
Complex modifier landscape underlying genetic background effects

Significance Genetic background impacts the phenotypic outcome of a mutation in different individuals; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are often unclear. We characterized genes exhibiting conditional essentiality when mutated in two genetically distinct yeast strains. Hybrid crosses and whole-genome sequencing revealed that conditional essentiality can be associated with nonchromosomal elements or a single-modifier locus, but most involve a complex set of modifier loci. Detailed analysis of the cysteine biosynthesis pathway showed that independent, rare, single-gene modifiers, related to both up- and downstream pathway functions, can arise in multiple allelic forms from separate lineages. For several genes, we also resolved complex sets of modifying loci underlying conditional essentiality, revealing specific genetic interactions that drive an individual strain’s background effect. The phenotypic consequence of a given mutation can be influenced by the genetic background. For example, conditional gene essentiality occurs when the loss of function of a gene causes lethality in one genetic background but not another. Between two individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, S288c and Σ1278b, ∼1% of yeast genes were previously identified as “conditional essential. ” Here, in addition to confirming that some conditional essential genes are modified by a nonchromosomal element, we show that most cases involve a complex set of genomic modifiers. From tetrad analysis of S288C/Σ1278b hybrid strains and whole-genome sequencing of viable hybrid spore progeny, we identified complex sets of multiple genomic regions underlying conditional essentiality. For a smaller subset of genes, including CYS3 and CYS4, each of which encodes components of the cysteine biosynthesis pathway, we observed a segregation pattern consistent with a single modifier associated with conditional essentiality. In natural yeast isolates, we found that the CYS3/CYS4 conditional essentiality can be caused by variation in two independent modifiers, MET1 and OPT1, each with roles associated with cellular cysteine physiology. Interestingly, the OPT1 allelic variation appears to have arisen independently from separate lineages, with rare allele frequencies below 0.5%. Thus, while conditional gene essentiality is usually driven by genetic interactions associated with complex modifier architectures, our analysis also highlights the role of functionally related, genetically independent, and rare variants.
Vision Sensor Based Fuzzy System for Intelligent Vehicles

Those in the automotive industry and many researchers have become interested in the development of pedestrian protection systems in recent years. In particular, vision-based methods for predicting pedestrian intentions are now being actively studied to improve the performance of pedestrian protection systems. In this paper, we propose a vision-based system that can detect pedestrians using an on-dash camera in the car, and can then analyze their movements to determine the probability of collision. Information about pedestrians, including position, distance, movement direction, and magnitude are extracted using computer vision technologies and, using this information, a fuzzy rule-based system makes a judgement on the pedestrian’s risk level. To verify the function of the proposed system, we built several test datasets, collected by ourselves, in high-density regions where vehicles and pedestrians mix closely. The true positive rate of the experimental results was about 86%, which shows the validity of the proposed system.
CC16 Levels into Adult Life Are Associated with Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure at Birth

Rationale: Lung function and growth are adversely associated with nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure. Lower levels of circulating club cell secretory protein (CC16) in childhood are also associated with subsequent decreased lung function. NO 2 exposure may induce epithelial damage in lungs and alter club cell proliferation and morphology. Objectives: To determine if increased ambient NO 2 levels at participants ’ home addresses in early life were associated with decreased levels of CC16 from age 6 to 32 years. Methods: Participants were enrolled at birth in the Tucson Children ’ s Respiratory Study and had circulating CC16 measured at least once between age 6 and 32. Linear mixed models were used to determine the associationbetweenestimatedambientNO 2 exposureatparticipants ’ home address at birth or age 6 with CC16 levels from age 6 to 32. Measurements and Main Results: NO 2 exposures at birth or age 6 were available for 777 children with one or more CC16 measurement. We found a negative association between NO 2 exposure and CC16 levels, with a 4.7% (95% con ﬁ dence interval, 2 8.6 to 2 0.7) decrease in CC16 levels from age 6 to 32 per interquartile range increase in NO 2 exposure (6.0 ppb) at the participants ’ birth address. We observed modi ﬁ cation by race (p interaction = 0.04), with stronger associations among participants with at least one black parent ( 2 29.6% [95% con ﬁ dence interval, 2 42.9% to 2 13.2%] per interquartile range). NO 2 at participant ’ s age 6 address was not signi ﬁ cantly associated with CC16 levels ( 2 1.9%; 95% con ﬁ dence interval, 2 6.3 to 2.6). Conclusions: Higher exposure to NO 2 at birth is associated with persistently low levels of CC16 from 6 to 32 years. led the analysis of CC16 in the samples by her laboratory. S.G. , D.A. S. , and J.Z. provided and assisted with calculation of covariates. P.I. B. and M.F. conducted the epidemiologic analyses. D.B. provided statistical guidance. P.I. B. , N.L. , and M.F. drafted the initial report. All authors contributed to interpretation of the data, to revision of the report, and approved the version submitted.