Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wintertime grassland dynamics may influence belowground biomass under climate change: a model analysis

Abstract. Rising temperatures and changes in snow cover, as can be expected under a warmer global climate, may have large impacts on mountain grassland productivity limited by cold and long winters. Here, we combined two existing models, the multi-layer atmosphere-SOiL-VEGetation model (SOLVEG) and the BASic GRAssland model (BASGRA), which accounts for snow, freeze–thaw events, grass growth, and soil carbon balance. The model was applied to simulate the responses of managed grasslands to anomalously warm winter conditions. The grass growth module considered key ecological processes under a cold environment, such as leaf formation, elongation and death, tillering, carbon allocation, and cold acclimation, in terms of photosynthetic activity. Input parameters were derived for two pre-Alpine grassland sites in Germany, for which the model was run using 3 years of data that included a winter with an exceptionally small amount of snow. The model reproduced the temporal variability of observed daily mean heat fluxes, soil temperatures, and snow depth throughout the study period. High physiological activity levels during the extremely warm winter led to a simulated CO2 uptake of 100 gC m −2 , which was mainly allocated into the belowground biomass and only to a minor extent used for additional plant growth during early spring. If these temporary dynamics are representative of long-term changes, this process, which is so far largely unaccounted for in scenario analysis using global terrestrial biosphere models, may lead to carbon accumulation in the soil and/or carbon loss from the soil as a response to global warming.
Intraocular Lens Surgery

Description Ophthalmologic surgery has seen ever-evolving advancements in treatment methodologies. An expanding choice of intraocular lenses and implantation approaches has contributed to improved quality of life in people with vision impairments. Although cataract surgery has a very high success rate, unexpected complications can occur. Being prepared for challenges is integral to achieving positive outcomes.
Composite Scoring of Speed and Accuracy for Face Detection Models

We propose a way to give a single score to a face detection model considering both its detection accuracy and runtime speed. This method will be used in the face detection track of the WIDER 2019 challenge. The major idea is that a better model than the reference one should achive Pareto improvement in terms of speed-accuracy trade off. We use the challenge reference model as the reference point and compare the method with the one proposed in [1]. The
Glutamate receptors in the spinal cord with emphasis on the dorsal horn

Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter throughout the CNS, including the spinal cord. It acts on ionotropic (iGluR) and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Three iGluR families have been identified by the development of more-or-less selective agonists: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors. Both AMPA (GluR1-4) and NMDA (NR1, NR2A-D) receptors have been detected in the spinal cord and these play a major role in physiological processes such as fast excitatory transmission, synaptic plasticity and neuronal development. In addition, they have also been implicated in pathological conditions including neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative disorders. However, very little is known about the synaptic distribution of these receptors in the spinal gray matter. This is because conventional immunocytochemical techniques, generally used to investigate the location of proteins in the CNS, fail to detect these subunits at synapses due to the presence of an elaborate protein meshwork associated with the postsynaptic membrane, which masks synaptic receptors. Postembedding immunocytochemistry on freeze-substituted, Lowicryl-embedded material is a technique which has been used exclusively for the detection of synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors. This project initially set out to use this method to examine these receptors on neurons of the adult rat spinal cord, with emphasis on their involvement in the sensory processing of the dorsal horn. With antibodies against the GluR1, GluR2/3, NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits, heavy labelling was observed at many asymmetrical synapses and where the plane of section was perpendicular to the cleft, most of the immunogold particles were associated with the postsynaptic density. To examine the receptor expression pattern of selected cell populations a new method was developed which involved the combination of postembedding electron microscopy with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. However, during the course of this study heavy immunogold labelling of dense-cored vesicles (dcvs) inside axonal boutons was observed with all NMDA antibodies. Several studies have found iGluRs in primary afferent terminals in the spinal gray matter and these are thought to function as presynaptic receptor, in order to determine whether gold particles found over dcvs corresponded to presynaptic receptors in transit, immunogold reactions were carried out on transgenic mice which lacked the NR2A subunit. Surprisingly, not only did the dev labelling remain in these knock-out animals, but there was also a significant synaptic labelling. This suggested that the postembedding immunogold labelling observed with the NR2A antibody was non-specific. Since the labelling patterns were similar with other NMDA antibodies this cast doubts on the validity of the postembedding method for detecting NMDA receptors. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)
Performance of various forecasting algorithms to reduce the number of transmitted packets by sensor node in wireless sensor networks

The development of wireless sensor networks originated in military research and the application of monitoring conflict areas. One of the main features of WSNs is the limited energy of their wireless sensor nodes. Energy consumption is an important issue in WSN. Reducing the number of transmission packet messages for sensor nodes is one of the techniques. Furthermore, forecasting is one of the most common solutions to reduce them. Therefore, the main contribution of this thesis is to study the performances of different algorithms that can reduce the number of data packets transmitted by sensor nodes within the WSN. The simulation experiments are done using MATLAB software for a variety of algorithms. The selected algorithms for the reduction algorithm in the transmissions include Move Average algorithm (MA), Autoregressive all-pole model parameters — Burg’s algorithm. (AR-B), Autoregressive all-pole model parameters — Yule-Walker algorithm (AR-YW) and an Efficient Data Collection and Dissemination Algorithm (EDCD1). The data has been extensively gathered at 500 data points. The performance comparison shows that the on the basis of reduction in the data packet transmissions from the source to the sink EDCD1 algorithm shows the maximum reduction of 92% while a minimum reduction of 23% is shown in case of MA and the reduction of AR-B and AR-YW are 58% and 56, respectively. Moreover, in term of overall performance for reduction in a number of data transmission reduction EDCD1 algorithm shows the highest ratios. Additionally, in terms of absolute error in the data at the sink, the EDCD1 algorithm shows the best performance with less average error at 2.2803 for all sensors compared to others algorithms.
Hybrid ARIMA and Neural Network Modelling Applied to Telecommunications in Urban Environments in the Amazon Region

This study explores the use of a hybrid Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Neural Network modelling for estimates of the electric field along vertical paths (buildings) close to Digital Television (DTV) transmitters. The work was carried out in Belem city, one of the most urbanized cities in the Brazilian Amazon and includes a case study of the application of this modelling within the subscenarios found in Belem. Its results were compared with the ITU recommendations P. 1546-5 and proved to be better in every subscenario analysed. In the worst case, the estimate of the model was approximately 65% better than that of the ITU. We also compared this modelling with a classic modelling technique: the Least Squares (LS) method. In most situations, the hybrid model achieved better results than the LS.
A comparative analysis of online newsoaper articles

In European Union citizens are expected to take responsibility and actions to limit the threat of climate change as well as authorities or corporations. However, while only 36 percent of citizens in Lithuanian take personal action, 75 percent of British do. In light of framing as media effects theory media coverage can be considered as an explanation for different levels of personal contribution. Based on the latter assumption the online news content in Lithuania and the United Kingdom was investigated in terms of attribution of responsibility to citizens, authorities and industry/corporations. The findings showed that the use of the same frames varies by country and political preferences of media. However, the findings were not explicit enough to prove the one directional relationship between media content and individual level behavior, where media is perceived as having power upon individuals. Contrary, the results showed that social problems guide thematic choices of editorials and therefore individuals have impact on media. As a result, findings raised concerns that the notion of framing as an interactive process would more relevant than the assumption of framing as linear process. © 2015 Elixir All rights reserved. ARTICLE INF O Articl e h istory: Received: 19 April 2013; Received in revised form: 11 January 2015; Accepted: 26 January 2015;
Growth and development of young male inflorescences of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) In tissue culture system: The effect of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

An effort in developing a standard protocol for rapid clonal propagation of oil palm through somatic embryogenesis was established with the aim to determine the effect of various concentrations of growth regulators on the development of embryogenic callus from immature inflorescences as explants source. Immature male inflorescences were obtained from 4 – 5 years old oil palm planted in Teaching Farm, Faculty of Agriculture University of Jambi. The inflorescences were taken from leaf axils between 8th and 15th leaf from the top (the upper most exposed leaf). Following surface sterilization with 70% alcohol, the inflorescences were cut into segments of approximately 5 mm long, and cultured on solid MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 ppm respectively. Cultures were kept in culture room with photoperiod of 16 hour per day for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the application of 2, 4-D in culture medium was proven to be crucial in accelerating callus formation as well as increasing the percentage of from young male inflorescence of oil palm forming callus. Among the treatments tested, the application of 70 ppm 2, 4-D was the best concentration in initiating callus formation on young male inflorescence explants of oil palm plants.
Violence targeting children or violent society? Craniofacial injuries among the pre-Hispanic subadult population of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)

Historical Sciences Department, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain El Museo Canario, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Tarha Research Group, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Correspondence Javier Velasco‐Vázquez, Historical Sciences Department, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Pérez del Toro St. s/n. E‐35003, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. Email: javier.velasco@ulpgc.es
Modeling of Coupling Mechanism between Ballast Bed and Track Structure of High-Speed Railway

In this paper, a discrete and continuous body coupling algorithm is used to study the dynamic contact characteristics between ballasts and between ballasts and track structures. Firstly, the three-dimensional fine modeling of ballast particles is realized based on the three-dimensional laser scanning method, and then through the discrete and continuum coupling algorithm from the micro-macro point of view, a multiscale and unified particle-track structure coupling model is established. Based on the coupling model, the macro- and microdynamic characteristics of the ballast bed and the mechanical characteristics of the track structure under the dynamic load of high-speed trains with different driving speeds are studied. It is shown that the cumulative settlement of the ballast bed is directly proportional to the contact force and rotation speed of the ballast, and the faster the driving speed is, the greater the cumulative deposition speed and cumulative settlement of the ballast are. The contact force between the ballast and sleeper mainly comes from the bottom of the sleeper, and its contact force and contact strength increase with the increase of driving speed.
DNA-Based Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Grassland Plant Species: Challenges, Approaches, and Applications

Grasslands are wide-spread, multi-species ecosystems that provide many valuable services. Plant genetic diversity (i.e., the diversity within species) is closely linked to ecosystem functioning in grasslands and constitutes an important reservoir of genetic resources that can be used to breed improved cultivars of forage grass and legume species. Assessing genetic diversity in grassland plant species is demanding due to the large number of different species and the level of resolution needed. However, recent methodological advances could help in tackling this challenge at a larger scale. In this review, we outline the methods that can be used to measure genetic diversity in plants, highlighting their strengths and limitations for genetic diversity assessments of grassland plant species, with a special focus on forage plants. Such methods can be categorized into DNA fragment, hybridization array, and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) methods, and they differ in terms of resolution, throughput, and multiplexing potential. Special attention is given to HTS approaches (i.e., plastid genome skimming, whole genome re-sequencing, reduced representation libraries, sequence capture, and amplicon sequencing), because they enable unprecedented large-scale assessments of genetic diversity in non-model organisms with complex genomes, such as forage grasses and legumes. As no single method may be suited for all kinds of purposes, we also provide practical perspectives for genetic diversity analyses in forage breeding and genetic resource conservation efforts.
The Effect of 8 weeks Aerobic Training and Glycogon Consumption on Serum Apelin and Insulin Resistance in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

oday, diabetes has become a growing health problem around the world. The rapid changes in lifestyle caused increase of the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence, especially in developed and developing countries (1). The adipose T 1. MSc, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 2. PHD, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Culture, Identity, and Structure in Social Exchange: A Web-based Trust Experiment in the U.S. and Japan

Cross-cultural trust and cooperation are important concerns for international markets, political cooperation, and cultural exchange. Until recently, this problem was difficult to study under controlled conditions due to the inability to conduct experiments involving interaction between participants located in physically distant locations. We report results of an experiment using a Web-based “virtual lab” to study trust and trustworthiness between Japanese and Americans in real-time interaction. Participants played a variation of the Trust Game in two different experimental conditions: a “flags-on” condition in which everyone’s nationality was publicly identified during the session, and a “flags-off” condition in which participants did not know who was Japanese or American. The findings most strongly support Yamagishi’s structural theory of trust, which predicts that Japanese will form more durable exchange relations compared to Americans. We found less support for explanations that focus on cultural differences in trust and trustworthiness associated with the nationality of the participants, and for cognitive explanations that point to the effects of a shared social identity between participants and partners with common nationality.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FIBERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE SILICATE BOARDS

Fibers play an important role in the preparation and the properties of the composite silicate boards. In this paper, fibers from two different varieties of trees were used in the boards. The cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin contents in different fibers were investigated, as well as the morphology. The effects of different fibers on manufacture process and properties of the boards were also considered. The results show that different fibers have a significant effect on the resistance of water filtration and absorbability to cementitious material in the boards. Because fibers can reduce the mass loss of cementitious materials through absorption in the process of water filtration, the boards will be comprised by fiber layers and cement layers, and fine fiber will lead to longer water filtration time. Through these researches, the utilization of fibers can be controlled to improve the properties of composite silicate boards.
A housing price index for Stockholm 1840-2017: Putting new light on the “hockey stick”

The aim of this paper is to investigate the long-term development of housing and real estate prices in Stockholm. In Sweden there is an ongoing discussion whether the substantial price increases since the early 1990s are generating a new housing bubble. Recently property prices have decreased fast, which may point towards the end of the long-term increase seen in the last decades. A longer time horizon can add significant weight to this discussion. The experience of the last years shows that the lessons learned from previous crises are still relevant. A historical housing price index for Stockholm is presented for the period 1840-2017, which extend a previous index by 35 years, which puts the recent upturn in house prices in a new perspective. In real terms there have been two long upswings of similar magnitude, one by 335 percent in 1855-1887, and one by 370 percent in 1993-2017. In the other periods, real prices were stagnant or even slightly declining. This new data puts new light on the picture of a “hockey stick” in house prices, i.e. of long stagnation followed by sharp rise upward. The development in Stockholm is similar to other cities for which data exist. We also show that volatility was higher in the beginning of the period of investigation. 1 This paper has been written within a project financed by Torsten Söderbergs Stiftelse. For support were are also grateful to Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and the Swedish Collegium for Adanced Study. 2 Department of Economic History and International Relations, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm. E-mail: rodney.edvinsson. @ekohist.su. se, klas.eriksson@ekohist.su. se, gustav.ingman@ekohist.su. se.
Estimation of inspiration and expiration time by using fuzzy control with respect to lung's dynamics

In this study, estimation of inspiration and expiration time in positive pressure ventilator, which is used in intensive care units and implements patient's artificial respiratory system that has been disturbed is performed with fuzzy logic controller. The goal of this system is to reduce workload of anaesthetist. Since he/she has many patients in intensive care units so he has no so much time each patients. Fuzzy logic controller determines time of inspiration and expiration. By estimating inspiration and expiration time, lung's dynamics which are resistance and compliance are considered. Performed system is run in the pressure control ventilation (PCV) which is one of the most used modes among other ventilation modes.
Report on Save the Redwoods League grant: Developing Conservation strategies for Giant Sequoia, an imperiled California endemic

1. Is genetic diversity at neutral markers partitioned evenly among populations of giant sequoia? If so, does the architecture of diversity follow the common model for long-lived outcrossing woody species in which most genetic diversity is held within populations and population differentiation is low. The consequences of such a genetic architecture are that conservation strategies can be focused at the level of the species and not of individual populations. Hypothesis: Due to small population sizes, particularly in the northern range of giant sequoia, genetic diversity has been lost and populations have diverged through the stochastic effects of genetic drift. 2. Is there evidence of deep lineage divergence among populations consistent with long separation of population lineages, or is divergence among populations low suggesting that contemporary populations are the result of colonization from single source populations? If divergence is deep, this would suggest that different lineages of giant sequoia should be given particular attention in conservation management because they are more likely to have different adaptive gene complexes that could play an important role in adaptation under climate change. Hypothesis: The northern populations have a long history of separation from southern groves. Colonization during population demographic fluctuations has been from local populations. 3. Is present population size correlated with levels of inbreeding? If there is a strong inbreeding effect, assisted outcrossing by introducing plants from other populations may reduce risks of inbreeding depression and the possible extinction of populations. Hypothesis: Small populations, particularly in the northern disjunct range, will have high levels of inbreeding as a result of low levels of migration among populations.
THE EFFECT OF LASER IRRADIATION IN SMEAR LAYER REMOVAL – A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Objectives: Objectives of this study were to compare the impact of ultrasound and laser on the removal of the adhesive layer. Find out whether lasers activate the ability of irrigation solutions to remove the adhesive layer. Also compare different laser systems their efficiency. Methods: a review of the literature in PubMed (MEDLINE) database and the Cochrane library.
Time students spend working at home for school: A hierarchical model analysis

The present study investigates time investment in doing homework and in preparing for exams in relation to selected determinants of school success based on the model of Helmke and Schrader (1996). Data of 1862 students (1037 girls, 825 boys) attending 30 Austrian compulsory schools in 88 different classes from grades 7 to 9 were collected with questionnaires. Two different models using ordinal multi-level analyses were generated; one to explain time invested in doing homework and one for time invested in preparing for exams. Data are available on individual level (student-level) and classroom-level (context level). On individual level both models show effects of gender, scholastic interest, and scholastic pressure to perform. In addition, parental pressure to perform and academic achievement display a significant impact due to time invested in preparing for exams. On context level in both models all included variables (grade, quality of teaching, scholastic pressure to perform) show significant effects. © 2014 Published by C-crcs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Editor of the Volume.