Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced gas migration through permeable bubble networks within consolidated soft sediments

Many consolidated sediments experience in situ gas generation from methanogenesis, corrosion, or radiolysis reactions and can retain bubbles for long periods. Particular interest is motivated by the retention and acute release of flammable hydrogen from nuclear legacy waste sludge. X-ray computed tomography was employed to observe 0.07–10 mm bubble populations within 30–1112 Pa yield strength Mg(OH) sediments. High rates of partial coalescence were observed among sub-millimeter microvoids, forming extensive bubble networks which spanned the 32 mm field of view. Lattice Boltzmann and Monte Carlo modeling demonstrated these networks to be highly pervious to gas, with effective diffusivities for hydrogen of 3.7–12.5 × 10 m s. Continuous vessel-spanning bubble networks, dynamic connectivity between ganglia of coalesced bubbles, Haines jumps, and composite diffusion through the gas and aqueous phase can account for enhanced gas migration over length-scales of several meters, thus enabling chronic gas release from low-intermediate strength sediments (10 Pa ≲τ≲1 kPa) too strong for buoyant bubble ebullition and too weak for vertical channel formation.
Comparison of multiple glacier inventories with a new inventory derived from high-resolution ALOS imagery in the Bhutan Himalaya

Abstract. Digital glacier inventories are invaluable data sets for revealing the characteristics of glacier distribution and for upscaling measurements from selected locations to entire mountain ranges. Here, we present a new inventory of Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) imagery and compare it with existing inventories for the Bhutan Himalaya. The new inventory contains 1583 glaciers (1487 ± 235 km2), thereof 219 debris-covered glaciers (951 ± 193 km2) and 1364 debris-free glaciers (536 ± 42 km2). Moreover, we propose an index for quantifying consistency between two glacier outlines. Comparison of the overlap ratio demonstrates that the ALOS-derived glacier inventory contains delineation uncertainties of 10–20 % which depend on glacier size, that the shapes and geographical locations of glacier outlines derived from the fourth version of the Randolph Glacier Inventory have been improved in the fifth version, and that the latter is consistent with other inventories. In terms of whole glacier distribution, each data set is dominated by glaciers of 1.0–5.0 km2 area (31–34 % of the total area), situated at approximately 5400 m elevation (nearly 10 % in 100 m bin) with either north or south aspects (22 and 15 %). However, individual glacier outlines and their area exhibit clear differences among inventories. Furthermore, consistent separation of glaciers with inconspicuous termini remains difficult, which, in some cases, results in different values for glacier number. High-resolution imagery from Google Earth can be used to improve the interpretation of glacier outlines, particularly for debris-covered areas and steep adjacent slopes.
A new definition of a pseudo-rigid continuum

En In the context of a purely mechanical development, the concept of a “globally constrained” continuum is employed here to construct a theory of pseudo-rigid bodies. The Cauchy stress tensor T for the pseudo-rigid body is assumed to be decomposed into an “active” part T (A) ,which is specified by a constitutive equation, and a “reactive” part T (R) ,which is called into play to maintain the global constraint. The theory generalizes one presented by the author in 2004, in which the active stress tensor was given by the same response function throughout the body, i.e., pseudo-rigid bodies were regarded there as homogeneous globally constrained continua. Material inhomogeneity is now admitted. A set of Lagrange’s equations follows as before.
Nutritive value of cultured white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Biochemical assays play a major role in recent years. The biochemical composition is the yardstick to measure and assess the nutritional quality of food sources. In the present study, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, moisture and ash in Litopenaeus vannamei was 35.69, 3.20, 19, 76.2 and 1.2% respectively. Calcium content was maximum (154.5 mg) followed by sodium (67.7 mg) and potassium (56.7 mg). Manganese was reported to be minimum (0.898 mg). Copper and chromium were observed in trace. Totally 18 amino acids were detected, among these, argentine, histamine, isoleucine ,leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine and valine are essential amino acids and alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine are non-essential amino acids. In individual essential amino acids, valine (23.72%) was maximum, followed by lysine (13.42%) and methionine (13.06%). Histidine was minimum (1.08%). Glycine (9.8%), cystine (5.56%) and proline (4.26%) contributed as major non-essential amino acids. Ten individual fatty acids were identified, which includes both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Three saturated fatty acids (SFA) were recorded (Palmitic acid, Margaric acid and Stearic acid). The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the most dominant common fatty acids (38.5%) with the higher levels of linoleic acid (16.3%) and alpha-linolenic acid (11.2%). Oleic acid is the only monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contributed 12.48% of total fatty acids. At the same time the Omega – 6 and omega - 3 fatty acids accounted for 16.3 and 35.4% of the total PUFA (51.7%). the present study confirming that based on the results, L.vannamei species can be considered as a good source of fatty acid as well as protein. Key words: Litopenaeus vannamei, proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, shrimp nutrition.
The dilute magnetic and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanowires

We present a study of the dilute magnetic and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanowires (Nws) fabricated by means of a liquid phase evaporation deposition process. The samples were grown using a mixed Zn/Mn liquid source with a mol ratio of Mn 10% in a constant O2/Ar gas at 580°. The nanowires show a strong UV emission at 405nm and a blue emission at 433nm in the photoluminescence spectrum. In addition, they present a strong reversible smooth ferromagnetic hysteresis loop at room temperature, and the corresponding saturation magnetization Ms is up to 0.015 emu/g Oe, showing that the nanowires are of a ferromagnetism semiconductor (DMS). With the strong magnetic and photoluminescence properties, ZnO :Mn Nws will be used in fields of making electromagnetic devices and magneto-optical storage devices.
Groundwater and Subsidence Modeling Combining Geological and Multi-Satellite SAR Data over the Alto Guadalentín Aquifer (SE Spain)

In the current context of climate change, improving groundwater monitoring and management is an important issue for human communities in arid environments. The exploitation of groundwater resources can trigger land subsidence producing damage in urban structures and infrastructures. Alto Guadalentin aquifer system in SE Spain has been exploited since 1960 producing an average piezometric level drop of 150 m. This work presents a groundwater model that reproduces groundwater evolution during 52 years with an average error below 10%. The geometry of the model was improved introducing a layer of less permeable and deformable soft soils derived from InSAR deformation and borehole data. The resulting aquifer system history of the piezometric level has been compared with ENVISAT deformation data to calculate a first-order relationship between groundwater changes, soft soil thickness, and surface deformation. This relationship has been validated with the displacement data from ERS and Cosmo-SkyMed satellites. The resulting regression function is then used as an empirical subsidence model to estimate a first approximation of the deformation of the aquifer system since the beginning of the groundwater extraction, reaching 1 to 5.5 m in 52 years. These rough estimations highlight the limitations of the proposed empirical model, requiring the implementation of a coupled hydrogeomechanical model.
Experience Effects in Consumption ∗

This paper studies whether individual consumption patterns can be traced to prior lifetime experiences of macroeconomic conditions. Does the extended experience of economic downturn induce more cautious consumption, even when times have become better? Does the extended exposure to prosperous times have the opposite effect? Using detailed micro-data from the Nielsen Homescan Panel, Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX), and Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) on household purchases, we find that households who have witnessed times of higher unemployment rates spend significantly less, after controlling for income and demographics. They also are more likely to use coupons and allocate expenditure toward on-sale items, generic store brand items, and lower-end products. The effects are stronger for cohorts with shorter lifetime histories. That is, the young lower their consumption expenditure to significantly more than older cohorts during economic busts, and vice-versa during booms. Our results point to a novel link between consumption, life-cycle and the state of the economy — individuals’ past experiences have a lasting effect on consumption behavior and give rise to heterogeneity in consumption behavior across cohorts, both in the cross section and over time. Furthermore, our findings suggest experience effects in consumption could constitute a novel source of micro-foundation underlying fluctuations in aggregate demand and long-run effects of macroeconomic shocks. ∗We thank Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, and workshop participants at UC Berkeley for helpful comments and Ian Chin for excellent research assistance. †Department of Economics and Haas School of Business, University of California, 501 Evans Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880, ulrike@econ.berkeley. edu ‡Department of Economics, University of California, 610 Evans Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880, lsshen@econ.berkeley. edu
Soil organic matter distribution and microaggregate characteristics as affected by agricultural management and earthworm activity

Stable microaggregates can physically protect occluded soil organic matter (SOM) against decomposition. We studied the effects of agricultural management on the amount and characteristics of microaggregates and on SOM distribution in a marine loam soil in the Netherlands. Three long‐term farming systems were compared: a permanent pasture, a conventional‐arable system and an organic‐arable system. Whole soil samples were separated into microaggregates (53–250 µm), 20–53 µm and < 20 µm organo‐mineral fractions, sand and particulate organic matter, after complete disruption of macroaggregates. Equal amounts of microaggregates were isolated, irrespective of management. However, microaggregates from the pasture contained a larger fraction of total soil organic C and were more stable than microaggregates from the two arable fields, suggesting greater SOM stabilization in microaggregates under pasture. Moreover, differences in the relative contribution of coarse silt (> 20 µm) versus fine mineral particles in the microaggregates of the different management systems demonstrate that different types of microaggregates were isolated. These results, in combination with micromorphological study of thin sections, indicate that the great earthworm activity under permanent pasture is an important factor explaining the presence of very stable microaggregates that are relatively enriched in organic C and fine mineral particles. Despite a distinctly greater total SOM content and earthworm activity in the organic‐ versus the conventional‐arable system, differences in microaggregate characteristics between both arable systems were small. The formation of stable and strongly organic C‐enriched microaggregates seems much less effective under arable conditions than under pasture. This might be related to differences in earthworm species' composition, SOM characteristics and/or mechanical disturbance between pasture and arable land.
iii CSISE : CLOUD-BASED SEMANTIC IMAGE SEARCH ENGINE

Due to rapid exponential growth in data, a couple of challenges we face today are how to handle big data and analyze large data sets. An IBM study showed the amount of data created in the last two years alone is 90% of the data in the world today. We have especially seen the exponential growth of images on the Web, e.g., more than 6 billion in Flickr, 1.5 billion in Google image engine, and more than 1 billon images in Instagram [1]. Since big data are not only a matter of a size, but are also heterogeneous types and sources of data, image searching with big data may not be scalable in practical settings. We envision Cloud computing as a new way to transform the big data challenge into a great opportunity. In this thesis, we intend to perform an efficient and accurate classification of a large collection of images using Cloud computing, which in turn supports semantic image searching. A novel approach with enhanced accuracy has been proposed to utilize semantic technology to classify images by analyzing both metadata and image data types. A two-level classification model was designed (i) semantic classification was performed on a metadata of images using TF-IDF, and (ii) image classification was performed using a hybrid image processing model combined with Euclidean distance and SURF FLANN measurements. A Cloud-based Semantic Image Search Engine (CSISE) is also developed to search an image using the proposed semantic model with the dynamic image repository by connecting online image search engines that include Google Image Search, Flickr, and Picasa. A series iv of experiments have been performed in a large-scale Hadoop environment using IBM's cloud on over half a million logo images of 76 types. The experimental results show that the performance of the CSISE engine (based on the proposed method) is comparable to the popular online image search engines as well as accurate with a higher rate (average precision of 71%) than existing approaches.
On the Statistical Estimation of Diffusion Processes - A Survey

Data available on continuos-time diffusions are always sampled discretely in time. In most cases, the likelihood function of the observations is not directly computable. This survey covers a sample of the statistical methods that have been developed to solve this problem. We concentrate on some recent contributions to the literature based on three di§erent approaches to the problem: an improvement of the Euler-Maruyama discretization scheme, the use of Martingale Estimating Functions and the application of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).
Quality and Shelf-life of Vacuum and Aerobic Packed Chevon Patties under Refrigeration

Patties were prepared using Barbari male goats meat (age about 4 yrs) and packed in HDPE under vacuum (VP) and aerobically (AP). Packed patties were stored at 4±1°C and evaluated for physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory changes on days 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25. Overall mean water activity (aw), moisture (%), fat (%), pH, TBA number and W-B shear force values (kg/cm 2 ) of patties were 0.983, 61.93, 18.39, 6.38, 0.150 and 0.86, respectively. Except pH that was significantly higher and TBA number significantly lower in VP patties, treatment had no significant (p>0.05) effect on other physico-chemical traits. However, storage period significantly (p<0.05) affected physico-chemical traits. Moisture (63.79%) and aw (0.985) were significantly (p<0.05) higher on day 25. Patties became firmer on day 20 onwards as indicated by higher W-B shear force. Though packaging method had no significant effect, storage period influenced microbial counts. The standard plate counts (SPC), which were initially log 5.98 CFU/g decreased significantly (p<0.05) on day 10 followed by steady increase and reaching log 4.89 on day 25. Almost similar trend was observed for psychrotrophic bacteria counts. Lactic acid bacteria counts declined as the storage period progressed. Coliforms, and yeast and mould counts were either not detected by the method used or were very low in numbers. All samples of AP patties revealed swollen, greasy and sticky surface with spongy texture on day 20 whereas only some of the VP patties shown such changes on day 20. Results indicated that vacuum packaging had definite advantage in preserving the sensory quality of patties than aerobic packaging but it did not help in extending the shelf-life beyond 15 days. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 4 : 548-553)
Multiple imputation of household income in the first wave of PASS

"The report summarizes the results of a project aimed at the completion of household income in the first wave of the 'Panel Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung' (PASS) by using multiple imputation routines. The imputation approach chosen is an iterative procedure combining individual information on respondents and non-respondents with household level information. The report discusses the various steps of the imputation procedure and demonstrates some quality aspects of the imputed data. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information further information about PASS
Crossability Studies among Twenty Accessions of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

Increasing exploitation of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and its products require that commercial varieties with superior attributes are developed to replace landrace varieties and to meet the growing demand for commercial-scale cultivation of the crop. In this study, twenty landrace varieties of roselle collected from three geographical regions of Ghana were artificially crossed in a pairwise mating scheme. The aim was to obtain relevant information pertaining to fertility status and extent of crossability among the accessions to facilitate breeding of improved varieties. Attempts at hybridisation were made both between and among 6 accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Altissima and 14 accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Sabdariffa. Crosses between accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Altissima and Hibiscus sabdariffa var Sabdariffa yielded no hybrids, suggestive of a crossability barrier between the two mating groups. All intra-varietal crosses involving accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Altissima were successful regardless of direction of cross while only few of the crosses among those of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Sabdariffa produced successful hybrids. Also fertility estimates of members of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Altissima were significantly higher (30.00%-80.00%) compared to those of var Sabdariffa (0.00%-43.00%). This implies that complete pairwise design could be used for intra-varietal crosses involving accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Altissima, whereas only a partial pairwise design is feasible for members of Hibiscus sabdariffa var Sabdariffa.
46 000 years of alternating wet and dry phases on decadal to orbital timescales in the cradle of modern humans: the Chew Bahir project, southern Ethiopia

Abstract. Rapid changes in environmental conditions are considered to be an important driver for human evolution, cultural and technological innovation, and expansion out of Africa. However, the nature of these environmental changes, their amplitude and correlation with steps in human evolution is the subject of current debates. Here we present a high-resolution (~3–12 yr) and well-dated (32 AMS 14C ages) lake-sediment record of the last 46 000 yr from the Chew Bahir basin in the southern Ethiopian Rift. The record was obtained from six cores along a NW–SE transect across the basin, which has been selected as the drilling location within the ICDP Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project (HSPDP). Multi-proxy data and the comparison between the transect coring sites provide initial insight into intra-basin dynamics and major mechanisms controlling the sedimentation of the proxies that was used to develop a basic proxy concept for Chew Bahir for the last two wet-dry cycles. The environmental response to orbitally induced sinusoidal insolation changes is usually nonlinear, as climate changes abruptly compared to changes in the forcing, or gradual but punctuated by multi-decadal intervals of drier conditions. The second major control on the environment is millennial-scale climate variability lasting ~1500 yr, similar in duration to the high-latitude Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles and Heinrich events including the Younger Dryas cold reversal at the end of the last glacial, mostly causing abrupt shifts from extreme arid to wet conditions. The duration and character of orbitally induced, high-latitude controlled, and multi-decadal climate shifts provides important constraints for the adaptation of humans to the changing environment. Therefore, Chew Bahir is a perfect site to study and understand climatic variability on different timescales.
Social business models in Norway : how do they finance and monetise social value creation? : a qualitative approach

Although the total wealth has increased in many countries, social differences prevail and the environment suffers. As a response to these challenges, social entrepreneurs find innovative solutions to both social and environmental issues, which could relieve public welfare systems and create an enormous socioeconomic surplus. In Norway, social entrepreneurship is on the rise. However, while the majority of academic literature has discussed the potential of social entrepreneurs to create social value (i.e. to benefit the society and/or environment), very few studies exist that shed light on the challenges of capturing a sufficient part of the value for the entrepreneur. Thus, the question arises how social entrepreneurs can design their business models to ensure financing of their social venture. We aim to address this question by a two-step approach. First, we categorise a sample of 30 social business models according to their main features. This helps us compare them in how they help a social target group, and how they finance their activities. We then, based on a multiple-case study with in-depth interviews, identify challenges and opportunities that come with each social business model type, and offer recommendations. Based on our sample, we identified four main types of social business models in Norway. The Ideal and the Two-Sided are non-commercial, and depend largely on grants, donations and volunteerism. An important challenge these business models face is the short time frame, the political risk and the inflexibility of the funding. The Inclusive and the ConsumerOriented business models are more commercial, and need to balance their commercial and social goals more carefully. On one hand, a purely commercial focus might harm the social mission and the goodwill they receive. On the other hand, too much emphasis on “doing good” might lead to financial losses, and thus jeopardise the core social activities. Hereby, by using a business model perspective, our findings contribute to the literature on social entrepreneurship in general and to Norway in particular. We describe challenges and opportunities social entrepreneurs face in financing and monetising their value creation, and provide concrete recommendations on how they can overcome these challenges.