Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sustained Nonphotochemical Quenching Shapes the Seasonal Pattern of Solar‐Induced Fluorescence at a High‐Elevation Evergreen Forest

Traditional methods of carbon monitoring in mountainous regions are challenged by complex terrain. Recently, solar‐induced fluorescence (SIF) has been found to be an indicator of gross primary production (GPP), and the increased availability of remotely sensed SIF provides an opportunity to estimate GPP across the Western United States. Although the empirical linkage between SIF and GPP is strong, the current mechanistic understanding of this linkage is incomplete and depends upon changes in leaf biochemical processes in which absorbed sunlight leads to photochemistry, heat (via nonphotochemical quenching [NPQ]), fluorescence, or tissue damage. An improved mechanistic understanding is necessary to leverage SIF observations to improve representation of ecosystem processes within land surface models. Here we included an improved fluorescence model within the Community Land Model, Version 4.5 (CLM 4.5), to simulate seasonal changes in SIF at a subalpine forest in Colorado. We found that when the model accounted for sustained NPQ, this provided a larger seasonal change in fluorescence yield leading to simulated SIF that more closely resembled the observed seasonal pattern (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment‐2 [GOME‐2] satellite platform and a tower‐mounted spectrometer system). We found that an acclimation model based on mean air temperature was a useful predictor for sustained NPQ. Although light intensity was not an important factor for this analysis, it should be considered before applying the sustained NPQ and SIF to other cold climate evergreen biomes. More leaf‐level fluorescence measurements are necessary to better understand the seasonal relationship between sustained and reversible components of NPQ and to what extent that influences SIF.
Growing and marketing kohlrabi at local green markets in Southeast Florida

The growers for Stephen's Produce began growing and marketing kohlrabi Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L. , in 2001 from a 0.15-acre backyard market garden to help supply the West Palm Beach Green Market with a Saturday supply of Agarden fresh@ produce. The garden has been expanded each year. In 2006-07, 0.38 acres were under cultivation and clientele were being served at two weekend green markets. Kohlrabi (green and purple cultivars) were two of the 30 crops grown and have been included in the crop mix for the past six seasons. Planting schedules, growing and harvesting methods, yields, and sales figures will be discussed. For the 2006-07 season, 28 plantings of kohlrabi were made for the 28-week sales season that began 21 Oct. and concluded 29 Apr. Kohlrabi was cut, excessive leaves trimmed off, and lightly spray-washed the day before sales. Kohlrabi quot;bulbsquot; were generally sold for $1.00 each. In 2003-04, an average of 32 green and 19 purple kohlrabi were grown and sold each week. In 2005-06, an average of 14 green and 25 purple kohlrabi were grown and sold each week.
System-Level Leakage Power Estimation Model for ASIC Designs

With advances in CMOS- technology and sub-micron process, leakage power dissipation has become a critical design metric. To incorporate more functions, designs are getting complex, thereby increases leakage power dissipation. Low power design objective requires early exploration and estimation. In this paper, we present the power estimation models for ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) based designs at the C-level of abstraction. The method includes analysis and extraction of the application specific information from the LLVM (Low-Level Virtual Machine) bit-code; which further applies to train the neural network. The trained model is applied in the estimation of the leakage power. Estimation of design power using our models is compared to the implemented measurement, which demonstrates its accuracy. In addition, the proposed methodology is significantly quicker and abolishes the need of synthesis based exploration.
Wave Propagation along Flagella

1. The types of bending waves which can propagate along a thin elastic filament immersed in a viscous medium are derived. 2. It is not possible to account for the form of the waves observed on actual flagella if the flagellum is regarded merely as a passive elastic filament driven from its proximal end. 3. The observed wave forms can be explained by assuming active contractile elements distributed along the length of the flagellum. These elements could be activated by local bending.
Host Specificity of a Biotype of the Fire Ant Decapitating Fly Pseudacteon curvatus (Diptera: Phoridae) from Northern Argentina

Abstract We tested the host specificity of Pseudacteon curvatus Borgmeier from Formosa, Argentina, on North American colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, and the native fire ants Solenopsis geminata (F.) and Solenopsis xyloni McCook. No-choice tests showed that P. curvatus hovered over and attacked all three species of fire ants. The number of pupae successfully completing development to adult flies in the trials was 5.03 ± 1.55 (mean ± SE) per female fly in S. invicta, 0.66 ± 0.24 per female fly in S. xyloni, and 0 per female fly in S. geminata. Paired preference tests showed that P. curvatus preferred to hover over S. invicta instead of S. xyloni 77 ± 3% (mean ± SE) of the time and preferred S. invicta over S. geminata 87 ± 4% of the time. The oviposition attempts of active female P. curvatus were 2.8 times higher on S. invicta than on S. xyloni and 16 times higher on S. invicta than on S. geminata. These results demonstrate that this new biotype of P. curvatus is more host specific to North American red imported fire ants than a previous biotype collected from black imported fire ants.
Conservative Predictions Using Surrogate Modeling

[Abstract] Conservative prediction refers to calcu lations or approximations that tend to estimate safely the response of a system. The aim o f this study is to explore and compare the alternatives to produce conservative predictions wh en using surrogate models. We propose four different approaches: empirical approaches (Safety factors and margins), biased fitting approaches, that constrain the surrogate to be on o ne side of the training points, statisticbased approaches that use the prediction errors of the surrogates, and indicator kriging, that provides probabilities to exceed some cut-off value s. Since the more conservative estimators tend to overestimate the true values, the problem c an be considered as a multi-objective optimization, and results are presented in the form of Pareto fronts: accuracy vs. conservativeness. The best approach is the one that provide the best chance to be on the conservative side with the least impact on accuracy . Two surrogate models, polynomial response surface and universal kriging, are evaluat ed through two test problems: a simple analytical function and a structural analysis that uses finite elements modeling. Results show that using safety factors is the least efficient me thod, while the other methods are equivalent. Using safety margins results with the least variabi lity, but statistical-based methods prevent better from large unconservative errors. The relati ve equivalence of safety margin and error distribution allows us to use the error distributio n to accurately choose the margin corresponding to a certain level of conservativenes s.
Morphology and Petrogenesis of Pillow Lavas from the Ganj Ophiolitic Complex, Southeastern Kerman, Iran

The Upper Cretaceous Ganj complex, a part of the Jazmurian ophiolitic belt, is located on the western boundary of Jazmurian depression and separated from Kahnuj ophiolitic complex by north-south trending Jiroft fault. The complex consists of lava flows, pillow lavas, acidic plutonic and sedimentary rocks which are intruded by northwest-southeast trending dykes. It does not resemble a classical ophiolitic sequence due to lacking of intrusive crustal and mantle sections. The basaltic pillow lavas occur as flattened-tubular shape normal and mega sized bodies with bread crust crack surfaces. They show three textural zones from surface to interior: glassy, glassy and crystalline, and holycrystalline. Each zone characterized by different textures and varying assemblages of plagioclase ± olivine ± pyroxene and opaque. The glassy surface of the pillows frequently consists of one or rarely multiple rinds: sideromelane, dark tachylyte; and tachylyte with elongated vesicles. On Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO2 and SiO2 versus Nb/Y diagrams the pillow lavas plot in the field of basalt and sub-alkaline respectively. The relatively low immobile trace elements ratios are another sign of their tholeiitic nature. The absence of Eu anomaly on chondrite-normalized REE patterns suggests insignificances of plagioclase fractionation, or magma was relatively oxidized. They are similar to transitional basalts that lie between enriched MORB and OIB and some BABB. However enrichment in incompatible elements, depletion in Nb and low La/Nb ratios (0.94-1.81) are signature of BABB. They were formed by 15-30% partial melting of plagioclase lherzolite where fractionation was controlled by removal of olivine, spinel and clinopyroxene.
The Use of Antihypertensive Medicines in Primary Health Care Settings

This chapter is drawing out the patterns and evidences for the use of antihypertensive medicines in general and in primary health care settings in particular. It presents the overview of the recent advances in clinical effectiveness of the antihypertensive medicines, but also document the implication for management of hypertension in low level health facilities. The discussions are based on the new evidences from clinical practice, reviews and meta-analysis studies. The chapter as whole is written from a comprehensive health care system development rather than from a purely medicines description perspective. Finally the authors do not intend to substitute the students or prescribers vademecum or medicines’ handbooks but providing an update in their daily questions when comes the issue of whom, what (and with what) to treat –as far as arterial hypertension is concerned, in primary health care settings.
Spatial variability of in situ weathered soil

The founding depths of pile foundations depend primarily on the loading conditions of the superstructure and the strength of subsoil. The depth of Grade III weathered rock, the top of completely decomposed granite (CDG), and standard penetration test N-value of 200 (SPT-200) are often used as indicators for decision-making in arriving at the preliminary founding depth of piles in Hong Kong. The work reported in this paper focuses on evaluation of the spatial variability characteristics of the above founding depth indicators at a construction site, using statistical models based on random field theory. Spatial variability characteristics are evaluated using the measured data in terms of scale of fluctuation. Geostatistics is used to obtain additional data at unsampled locations for mapping profiles of founding depth indicators over the site, using the measured data from borehole records and site investigation results. It is observed from the results that, if faults are not present, the depth of the Grade I.
A method for generating highly nonlinear periodic waves in physical wave basins

This abstract describes a new method for generating nonlinear waves of constant form in physical wave basins. The idea is to combine fully dispersive linear wavemaker theory with nonlinear shallow water wave generation theory; and use an exact nonlinear theory as the target. We refer to the method as an ad-hoc unified wave generation theory, since there is no rigorous analysis behind the idea which is simply justified by the improved results obtained for the practical generation of steady nonlinear waves. We seek a method to provide a time history of the piston wavemaker position X(t) as a function of the depth-averaged horizontal fluid velocity under a wave U(x,t). For nonlinear shallow water waves, the horizontal particle velocity is nearly uniform with depth and we can directly relate the two quantities by dX sw (t) dt = U(X sw (t),t) (1) as proposed by [3] who successfully used the technique to generate nonlinear waves with Cnoidal wave theory providing U(x,t). Linear potential theory can also be used to provide the wave paddle motion corresponding to a given linear wave condition in the far field. Assuming a periodic solution at frequency ! with far field surface elevation �(x,t) = ℜ{A(! )exp(i(! t − kx))}, the required motion of a piston wavemaker is given by
Estimating the impact of transport efficiency on trade costs: Evidence from Chinese agricultural traders

Using a unique survey data on agricultural traders in China in 2004, this study provides direct evidence on significance of interregional transport costs and their key determinants. Our major findings are as follows : (1) the trade barriers within China are dominated by transport-related costs but not artificial barriers, approximated by tolls and fines; (2) Labor and fuels costs are the most significant component of transport costs; (3) road quality is very important for transportation efficiency. Our results indicate that if increasing transport speed by 1 km per hour now, the fuel costs and total direct transportation costs for Chinese traders would reduce by 1.3% and 0.7% respectively.
The Productivity Impact of R&D Investment: Evidence from European Microdata

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between a firm's RD more specifically, we used an unbalanced longitudinal database consisting of 532 top European RD this general result is largely consistent with previous literature in terms of the sign, the significance and the estimated magnitude of the relevant coefficient. More interestingly, the coefficient increases monotonically when we move from the low-tech to the medium-high and high-tech sectors, ranging from a minimum of 0.05/0.07 to a maximum of 0.16/0.18. This outcome, in contrast with recently-renewed acceptance of low-tech sectors as a preferred target of R&D investment, suggests that firms in high-tech sectors are still far ahead in terms of the impact on productivity of their R&D investments, at least as regards top European R&D investors.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF GROUNDNUT PLANTS BY FOLIAR APPLICATION WITH SALICYLIC ACID

To study the response of groundnut plant to foliar application of Salicylic acid (100,200 and 400 mg/L) as well as their interaction on vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments content, yield and some biochemical constituents of groundnut grains. The data indicated that, an enhancement effect of growth characters of plants and yield. The total carbohydrate, fats and proteins in groundnut grains was also increased by 100 or 200 mg/ L of Salicylic acid (SA) application. SA at 400 mg/L recorded the lowest values of yield and above components compared to their corresponding controls.
Growth of Bacillus Coagulans Using Molasses as a Nutrient Source

Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) can be utilized as microbial inoculant to speed up the bioremediation of wastewater. The effectiveness of the microbial inoculant for treatment is highly selective and relying on the characteristics of the wastewater. A feasible carbon source must be first chosen to pre-culture the microbe prior to the bioremediation. Commercial nutrient broths are efficient to grow the microbial; they are costly for the treatment of large volume of wastewater treatment. This study aims to evaluate the growth rate of B. coagulans using a cheaper nutrient source, i.e. molasses. The commercial Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) media was used as a benchmark. The growth rate of B. coagulans was conducted at different concentrations of molasses (1 %, 3 % and 5 % (w/v)) and in the MRS broth as benchmark. B. coagulans grown in the MRS has shown a much higher maximum specific growth rate (0.69 h-1) compared to that grown in 1 % (w/v) molasses (0.14 h-1). No growth was observed in the higher concentrations of molasses (3 and 5 % (w/v)). Measuring the colonyforming units of B. coagulans in both the MRS and molasses mediums validated the results. Molasses is a desirable carbon source as it is relatively cheaper and easily available. More studies are needed to improve the maximum specific growth rate of B. coagulans in 1 % (w/v) of molasses.
Inactivation of Streptococcus iniae in substitution of chemicals and drugs to develop vaccine for mono-sex Nile tilapia

Streptococcus iniae is an important pathogen that can cause a broad range of disease in aquatic animals. To avoid the use of antibiotics and drugs, it is critical to identify protective antigens for developing highly effective vaccines against this pathogen. Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases; however, few vaccines are effective against Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) in mono-sex Nile Tilapia. This work presents an efficacious and safe vaccine against S. iniae infections in monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The vaccine candidate was the S. iniae F-1 strain. The vaccination was administered by intraperitoneal injection, and consisted of inactivated antigens; both the vaccinated and non-vaccinated fishes were challenged intraperitoneally with S. iniae (1 × 107 CFU ml−1) isolates and PBS (negative control). Peripheral blood samples were collected for SDS-PAGE, phagocytosis and agglutination assays. Present results indicated that immunoglobulin M (IgM) was maximally expressed in the low-amperage electric current inactivated (ECKC) vaccinated group at 3 months post-secondary vaccination (PSV). Phagocytic activity and index increased significantly in (ECKC) vaccinated group. Furthermore, fish in (ECKC) vaccinated group exhibited significantly elevated agglutination titers compared to fish in the control group, in which almost no agglutination reaction was detected. In the efficacy test, the vaccinated fishes had a significant increase in RPS (69 and 89, respectively); the percentage mortality declined from 83 ± 0.6 and 74 ± 0.7 in challenged and control fishes to 25% ± 0.8% and 8% ± 0.8% in vaccinated and challenged fish groups, respectively. Furthermore, the level of protection observed in the field trial closely resembled that achieved on a laboratory scale. Therefore, EC-killed showed the highest molecular weight 31 kDa in SDS-PAGE and Western blot and increased RPS (91%), suggested that the EC-killed cells of S. iniae could play an important role in immunizing monosex Nile tilapia. The EC-killed cells of S. iniae will may safe and long-lasting protection against streptococcosis.
Real-time segmentation of the temporal evolution of musical sounds

Since the studies of Helmholtz, it has been known that the temporal evolution of musical sounds plays an important role in our perception of timbre. The accurate temporal segmentation of musical sounds into regions with distinct characteristics is therefore of interest to researchers in the field of timbre perception as well as to those working with different forms of sound modelling and manipulation. Following recent work by Hajda (1996), Peeters (2004) and Caetano et al (2010), this paper presents a new method for the automatic segmentation of the temporal evolution of isolated musical sounds in real-time. We define attack, sustain and release segments using cues from a combination of the amplitude envelope, the spectro- temporal evolution and a measurement of the stability of the sound that is derived from the onset detection function. We conclude with an evaluation of the method.
Coordination Reduction in Complex Words : A Case for Prosodic Phonology

This type of coordination reduction is peculiar in that internal parts of words are affected by a deletion rule that looks like a syntactic rule, since it is conditioned by the presence of coordination. Thus, this phenomenon seems to violate the principle of Lexical Integrity, which states that the ^nternal structure of words is opaque to syntax, a principle that is also cnown as the Generalized Lexical Hypothesis (Lapointe 1979: 22) or the Word Structure Autonomy Condition (Selkirk 1982: 70). A second peculiarity involved here is that deletion can take place even when the identical parts have a different morphological/syntactic status. In the following examples the deleted constituent is part of a compound, whereas the identical counterpart is an independent word, or vice versa:
CSR, LOCAL EMBEDDEDNESS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF MNCs IN BRAZIL DURING THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS

Although the effects of the financial crisis of 2008 affected companies in several industries, not all organizations were affected in the same manner. When evaluating the implications of the 2008 financial crisis for the performance of multinational subsidiaries operating in Brazil during this period it is clear that some companies were better able to overcome the challenges imposed by the crisis. One explanation for that could be related to strategies adopted by these organizations that increase local embeddedness which in turn creates a reciprocal commitment between the company and the network in a sense that it provides a mutual support during challenging moments. In that sense, in order to relate to different stakeholders needs in foreign markets, the subsidiaries of multinational companies adopt CSR and governance practices. In order to verify the implications of CSR practices to the performance of multinational subsidiaries in Brazil during the financial crisis of 2008, the present study utilizes a panel data with 110 subsidiaries of multinational companies active in Brazil during 2008, 2009 and 2010. We perform a Pairwise Granger Causality test to confirm the causal relationship between CSR practices and performance. The results indicate that regardless of the size, there is a positive relationship between CSR and the performance of these organizations during the financial crisis of 2008.
Optimal investment strategy for a DC pension plan with mispricing under the Heston model

Abstract In this article, we consider the optimal investment problem for a defined contribution (DC) pension plan with mispricing. We assume that the pension funds are allowed to invest in a risk-free asset, a market index, and a risky asset with mispricing, i.e. the prices are inconsistent in different financial markets. Assuming that the price process of the risky asset follows the Heston model, the manager of the pension fund aims to maximize the expected utility for the power utility function of terminal wealth. By applying stochastic control theory, we establish the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. And the optimal investment strategy is obtained for the power utility function explicitly. Finally, numerical examples are provided to analyze effects of parameters on the optimal strategy.