Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and diversity of flooded and unflooded forests in a Brazilian Atlantic rain forest: a 16-year study

Background: Disturbance and small-scale variation in environmental conditions are potential factors that influence structure and diversity in tropical forest communities. In the coastal lowland vegetation in Brazil, forests that differ in flooding regimes could differ in these metrics, although long-term data are usually lacking. Aims: Our aim was to determine if a stand in an unflooded forest and a stand in a flooded forest had distinct structural characteristics and patterns of change over a 16-year period. Methods: Individuals ≥4.44 cm in diameter at breast height were recorded on two 0.3-ha plots in 1991 and 2007. The differences in stem density, species richness, community-level mortality and recruitment, and stem growth rates were assessed. Results: The unflooded forest plot had a higher density of smaller individuals, but a substantially lower basal area than the flooded forest plot. Basal area increased by 4% and 20% over 16 years in the flooded and unflooded plots, respectively. Species richness per area was twice as high in the flooded forest plot than in the unflooded plot. Conclusions: These data provide tentative support for the hypothesis that enhanced tree turnover contributes to maintenance of small-scale differences in diversity at the landscape scale. We conclude that flooded and unflooded habitats provide distinct environments that support contrasting communities of woody plants.
Planothidium iberense sp. nov., a new brackish diatom of the Ebro Estuary, northeast Spain

This study describes the diatom species Planothidium iberense sp. nov. from a salinity gradient of the Ebro River Estuary in northeastern Spain. A detailed description is given based on light and scanning electron microscopy observations, and the diatom species is compared with morphologically similar Planothidium species. Planothidium iberense is distinguished from P. linkei mainly by its morphometric characteristics, but also by the presence of multiseriate striae, in contrast to biseriate striae in P. linkei. Planothidium iberense is also distinguished from P. delicatulum and P. septentrionale by the presence of an one-side expanded central area on the sternum valve, which is absent in the latter two Planothidium species.
Population genetic structure of Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae) and genetic differentiation from co‐occurring Cistus species

Amplified fragment length polymorphism and inter simple sequence repeat markers were used to assess the genetic structure of Cistus ladanifer and its genetic differentiation from co-occurring Cistus species. Clear genetic differentiation was found between two populations corresponding to the morphological description of Cistus palhinhae and the 23 Cistus ladanifer populations analyzed. However, the magnitude of differentiation (DICE coefficients >0.98) appears to be more in agreement with the taxonomic designation of Cistus ladanifer ssp. sulcatus, which has been proposed by some authors, and not C. palhinhae. Dendrogram analysis of the genetic relationships among Cistus ladanifer, Cistus populifolius, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus crispus, Cistus libanotis, Cistus salvifolius and Cistus albidus, with Halimium halimifolium as an outgroup, showed two main clusters. Taxa composition of these clusters concurs with the taxonomic classification proposed for Iberian species on the basis of flower color. One cluster comprised species with pink flowers (C. crispus and C. albidus, P = 81.3%) classified into the subgenus Cistus, and the other cluster contained the remaining five species (P = 77.9%) that have white flowers and are classified into two subgenera, Leucocistus (C. ladanifer, C. populifolius, C. salvifolius and C. monspeliensis) and Halimioides (C. libanotis). Within the subgenera Leucocistus, C. ladanifer was found to be distinct and can be separated into the section Ladanium, while the remaining species that are grouped together in a branch (P = 74.8%) can be separated into the section Ledonia.
Prediction of balsam fir sawfly defoliation using a Bayesian network model

Predictions of defoliation are an important component of planning aerial insect control programs, especially for defoliators such as balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis (Harris)) that cause severe impacts on forest growth and yield. Currently, defoliation prediction is done manually based on field observations and experience, but it is a good candidate for a Bayesian network (BN), a flexible tool for combining available expert knowledge and empirical data. We created a BN model and linked it to a geographic information system to map predicted defoliation for balsam fir sawfly in western Newfoundland over an area of 5.7 million ha from 2001 to 2008. Based on expert knowledge, probabilistic influence of egg counts, previous defoliation, and stand characteristics (species composition, stand age, and management intervention) on subsequent-year defoliation was quantified. For validation purposes, maps created using the BN model were compared with manual defoliation predictions and with measured aerial defoli.
Termite Resistance of The Less Known Tropical Woods Species Grown in West Java, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in West Java, Indonesia against subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus). It was observed that both heart-wood and sapwood of Kiara payung (Filicium decipiens); heartwoods of Nangka (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and Simpur (Dillenia grandifolia); and sapwood of Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) were rated as resistant (natural durability classⅡ) according to Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207. 2006 (BSN 2006). Both heartwood and sapwood of Salam (Syzigium polyanthum), Pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus), Bisbul (Diospyros discolor), Rukam (Flacourtia rukam) and Trembesi (Samanea sa-man); heartwood of Puspa (Schima walichii), Bungur, Tanjung (Mimusops elangi) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) were rated as moderately resistant (natural durability classⅢ). Both heartwood and sapwood of Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pine (Pinus merkusii), Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Afrika (Maesopsis eminii); sapwoods of Mahoni, Puspa and Tanjung were rated as poorly resistant (natural durability class Ⅳ). Both heartwood and sapwood of Agathis (Agathis dammara), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Ki sampang (Evodia latifolia) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba); sapwoods of Nangka and Angsana were rated as very poorly resistant (natural durability class Ⅴ). This reserach showed that woods with lower resistance against C. cur-vignathus attack (natural durability class Ⅳ and Ⅴ) tend to have lower termite mortality values compared to woods with higher resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability classⅡ and Ⅲ). Results of the study will provide some valuable information on termite resistance of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in Indonesia.Keywords : natural durability, subterranean termite, termite mortality, ropical wood, heartwood, sapwood
Cytotoxic evaluation of essential oil from Casearia sylvestris Sw on human cancer cells and erythrocytes

A Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae) e uma planta popularmente conhecida como "guacatonga" e e usada por povos indigenas da America do sul (Brasil, Peru e Bolivia) no tratamento de muitas doencas, incluindo câncer. Estudos citotoxicos mostraram que esta planta apresenta um possivel e interessante potencial antitumoral devido a presenca de moleculas chamadas casearinas. Alem disso, a composicao do oleo essencial mostrou uma alta concentracao de sesquiterpenos de alto potencial citotoxico. Neste trabalho, nos verificamos que o oleo essencial da C. sylvestris apresentou uma boa citotoxicidade seletiva contra as linhagens de celulas tumorais HeLa, A-549 and HT-29 (CD50 63,3, 60,7 e 90,6 µg.ml-1, respectivamente) quando comparada as celulas nao-tumorais Vero (CD50 210,1 µg.ml-1) e macrofagos de camundongos (CD50 234,0 µg.ml-1). Alem disso, o oleo causou hemolise em sete diferentes tipos de eritrocitos, indicando que a C. sylvestris precisa ser usada com cuidado. Tambem foram testados padroes de β-cariofileno e α-humuleno que mostraram citotoxicidade similar aquelas apresentadas pelo oleo, indicando que estes compostos podem ser os responsaveis pelos efeitos toxicos que foram observados neste estudo.
Plant choice, herbivory and weight gain of wood crickets under the risk of predation

Predators can indirectly reduce herbivory by killing herbivores. In addition, predation risk can influence the feeding rate and feeding location of herbivores. Herbivores are expected to avoid plants currently occupied by a predator. Consequently, less herbivory is expected on plants bearing fresh predator cues. We examined whether wood crickets, Nemobius sylvestris Bosc (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), avoided plants bearing the chemical cues of nursery web spiders, Pisaura mirabilis Clerck (Araneae: Pisauridae), or red wood ants, Formica rufa L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). We conducted a series of behavioural experiments, in which crickets had the choice between a plant with spider or ant cues vs. a control plant, a plant with spider cues vs. a plant with ant cues, or two control plants. For all plants, we quantified leaf damage and the position and weight change in the crickets. Crickets avoided plants with spider cues. In contrast, ant cues did not significantly deter crickets. The herbivory pattern among the plants reflected the plant choice of the crickets. However, net herbivory was not affected by the presence of predator cues. Thus, our results suggest that spider cues affect feeding location rather than the total amount of herbivory.
Thermal Biology of Sea Turtles

Sea turtles are not confined to the tropics but may experience and tolerate widely different temperatures. This paper discusses the role of temperature in determining sexual differentiation of the embryos, incubation duration, emergence from the nest, activity, growth, survival, hibernation, internesting interval and distribution of sea turtles. Methods of measuring temperatures of adult turtles are considered in detail. Particular attention is devoted to the question of sex ratio and whether temperature determination of sexual differentiation has adaptive value.
Aspects of the biology of estuarine fish populations sampled from power station trash screens

In the absence of previous investigations the present study considers fish populations in the Medway (England) Estuary; their type, composition and migration patterns. Seasonal growth of first‐year plaice and flounder is also investigated. Fish were sampled monthly between 1973 and 1975 using power station trash screens as the quantitative sampling method. A total of 46,228 fish, 49 species and weighing 325.0 kg were taken. Monthly samples were dominated by sprats which, with 13 other species, formed more than 90 percent of the catch in most months. Based on seasonal distributions and length‐frequency changes in consecutive months a model of fish migration patterns was constructed. In most cases emigration and immigration were separated by one or more months between spring and autumn, while in clupeoids they appeared to occur coincidentally during spring and summer.
The effects of temperature on the growth and polypeptide composition of several snow mold species

Myriosclerotinia borealis (W51), Coprinus spp. (13W1 and 14W2), Typhula idahoensis (W21), and Typhula incarnata (W29) were incubated in the dark on a defined agar medium at permissive (4 °C) and nonpermissive temperatures (22 and 30 °C). Isolates of Coprinus spp. and Typhula spp. required higher temperatures than M. borealis to arrest vegetative growth completely. The effects of incubation at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures on the polypeptide compositions of M. borealis, Coprinus spp. , T. idahoensis (W21), and T. incarnata (W29) were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the number of polypeptides in the polypeptide complement of M. borealis and both Typhula species decreased significantly during incubation at nonpermissive temperatures. In contrast, Coprinus sp. (13W1) showed no significant change in the number of polypeptides observed during incubation at nonpermissive temperatures. Furthermore, there appeared to be an increase in the.
The role of environmental variables on interannual variation in species composition and biomass in a subtropical minerotrophic floating marsh

Floating marshes supporting emergent vascular vegetation occur in expansive areas in many parts of the world. We analyzed the long-term variability in species composition and related plant biomass to environmental variables in a subtropical minerotrophic floating marsh, Louisiana, U.S.A. Patlicum hernitomon was the dominant plant species, representing 76% of the total mean end of season aboveground dry weight of 840 g . m-'. Multivariate analyses showed that community structure in the Lake Boeuf floating marsh has changed little during the 11 years included in this study. Individual species occurring in varying frequency with the dominant, Panicum hetnitotnon, form two marginally distinct assemblages. Mean live end of season biomass varied from a low of 602 g dry wt . m-' to a high of 1173 g dry wt . m-' during the period of the study. Ninety-nine percent of the variation in total aboveground biomass can be predicted by environmental variables related to temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and water level. Mapping of the area for the years 1945, 1952, 1981, and 1992 show that a net loss of about 4% of marsh has occurred between 1945 and 1992.
Beta diversity at multiple hierarchical levels: explaining the high diversity of scarab beetles in tropical montane forests

High gamma diversity in tropical montane forests may be ascribed to high geographical turnover of community composition, resulting from population isolation that leads to speciation. We studied the evolutionary processes responsible for diversity and turnover in assemblages of tropical scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) by assessing DNA sequence variation at multiple hierarchical levels.
Leaf-litter breakdown in tropical streams: is variability the norm?

Many forested headwater streams are heterotrophic ecosystems in which allochthonous inputs of plant litter are a major source of energy. Leaves of riparian vegetation entering the stream are broken down by a combination of biotic and abiotic processes and, in most temperate and boreal streams, provide food and habitat for dense populations of detritivorous invertebrates. However, tropical streams in different parts of the world show substantial variability in the number and diversity of leaf-shredding detritivores (hereafter detritivores). We used data obtained with standardized methods from multiple streams in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Australia to test the hypothesis that this variability would lead to differences in the relative role of detritivores and microorganisms in the breakdown process. We also tested the hypotheses that variability in litter breakdown rates changes with litter type (native litter mixtures vs nonnative alder [Alnus glutinosa]) and is higher across regions within than outside the tropics. We found that litter breakdown rates were highly variable across sites, with no consistent pattern within geographic areas, although litter consumption by detritivores was negligible at several sites, all in America. Geographic patterns of litter breakdown also varied between litter types, with higher breakdown rates for alder than for native litter in most but not all regions. When litter breakdown rates at the tropical sites were compared to previously reported values from temperate and boreal regions, we found that differences in variability between tropical and temperate sites were inconsistent, with great differences among studies. Further global-scale studies will be needed to assess the extent to which latitudinal changes in the diversity and composition of microbial and detritivore assemblages contribute to variability in litter breakdown rates.
Growth and Nutritive Value of Three Old World Bluestems and Three Legumes in the Semiarid Texas High Plains

ABSTRACT Benefits of legume–grass mixtures are well known but water required for legume growth limits use in semiarid, irrigation-dependent environments. esearch conducted over 4 yr r(2007 to 2010) in the semiarid Texas High plains compared alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), yellow sweetclover [ Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. ], and sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) interseeded into three old world bluestems ( Bothriochloa spp.). No fertilizer N (control) and 60 kg N ha -1 treatments were applied to grasses alone. The five treatments imposed on each grass were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design with the legume and N treatments in a split-plot arrangement. Irrigation water applied through subsurface drip was limited to 250 mm annually. Annual dry matter yield of grass monocultures exceeded grass–legume mixtures in year 1 but yield of grass–legume mixtures was similar to N fertilizer in subsequent years. Crude protein (Cp) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were higher while cell wall was lower in the mean of grass–legume mixtures than grass monocultures. Nitrogen fertilization increased Cp but had little effect on cell wall or DMD (g kg
Aspects of Epilepsy and Psychiatry

What do you do to start reading aspects of epilepsy and psychiatry? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. It's not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this aspects of epilepsy and psychiatry.
Cytokinins

Cytokinins are N6 substituted adenine derivatives that affect many aspects of plant growth and development, including cell division, shoot initiation and growth, leaf senescence, apical dominance, sink/source relationships, nutrient uptake, phyllotaxis, and vascular, gametophyte, and embryonic development, as well as the response to biotic and abiotic factors. Molecular genetic studies in Arabidopsis have helped elucidate the mechanisms underlying the function of this phytohormone in plants. Here, we review our current understanding of cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling in Arabidopsis, the latter of which is similar to bacterial two-component phosphorelays. We discuss the perception of cytokinin by the ER-localized histidine kinase receptors, the role of the AHPs in mediating the transfer of the phosphoryl group from the receptors to the response regulators (ARRs), and finally the role of the large ARR family in cytokinin function. The identification and genetic manipulation of the genes involved in cytokinin metabolism and signaling have helped illuminate the roles of cytokinins in Arabidopsis. We discuss these diverse roles, and how other signaling pathways influence cytokinin levels and sensitivity though modulation of the expression of cytokinin signaling and metabolic genes.
Senescence of broccoli buds is related to changes in lipid peroxidation

Chlorophyll (Chl), total soluble protein, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), C18 PUFA hydroperoxides, and total fatty acid declined and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) increased in senescing broccoli flower buds during postharvest storage of broccoli florets at 5 degrees C over 96 h. The nonpackaged storage treatment resulted in a significant decrease in moisture, Chl, soluble protein, PUFA, and LOX activity and an increase in TBA-RS. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and automatic misting (AM) treatments maintained Chl and soluble protein. MAP and AM storage reduced losses in PUFA and LOX activity and also reduced increases in TBA-RS for up to 96 h of storage. Further analysis of the data showed that a correlation existed between deterioration indices and lipid peroxidation (LP) parameters and the changes in LP indices preceded Chl losses in senescing broccoli buds. These results indicate a relationship between changes in LP and broccoli bud senescence.
Assessment of Antioxidant Constituents and Anti-Oxidative Properties of Vegetable Soybean

Vegetable soybean is fast becoming a popular nutritious snack outside South-Eastern countries where its consumption is in vogue since ages. Reports have appeared in the literature concerning the nutritional value of green seeds; however, the information on its antioxidative properties is lacking. In the present investigation, 16 vegetable-type soybeans were evaluated for antioxidant constituents and antioxidative properties at picking stage. Vitamin C, total phenolic content, and total isoflavone were significantly different among different genotypes with ranges of 34.8–88.7 mg/100 g seed, 0.68–1.39 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and 8.6–33.2 mg/100 g, respectively. ‘Dada-cha 2000’ had the highest total isoflavone followed by ‘ASG328 Sricanan’. Genotypic differences were also observed for antioxidative properties viz. ferric reducing antioxidative power, free radical-scavenging activities, and β-carotene bleaching inhibition. ‘Dada-cha 2000’ showed the highest ferric reducing antioxidative power value (10.9μmoles/g), while ‘Kegone’ showed the lowest (3.95μmoles/g). ‘Dada-cha ma-me’, ‘Dada-cha 2000’, ‘ASG328 Sricanan’, and ‘ASG328 Kohine’ exhibited the highest free radical-scavenging activities. ‘AGS439’ and ‘Dada-cha ma-me’ exhibited the highest values for β-carotene bleaching inhibition followed by ‘ASG328 Sricanan’. Correlation studies revealed significant positive correlation of ferric reducing antioxidative power and free radical-scavenging activities with individual forms of isoflavones and total isoflavone content.
Relative importance of plant ontogeny, host genetic variation, and leaf age for a common herbivore

Using an experimental eucalypt forest of known pedigree and laboratory feeding trials, we examined the relative importance of plant ontogeny (heteroblasty), genetic variation among host trees, canopy height, and leaf age as potential drivers that could affect the distribution and feeding preference of a common insect herbivore, Chrysophtharta agricola. We found that ontogeny is a major factor affecting this insect. Its importance rivaled leaf physiological age, a well-documented factor, which served as our standard for judging the relative importance of other effects. Three patterns emerged: (1) In the field, beetle feeding was nine times greater in the adult zone than in the juvenile zone of heteroblastic trees (i.e., trees with both adult and juvenile foliage). (2) Laboratory feeding trials confirmed their strong preference for adult foliage. (3) Although eucalypt species, hybrid cross type (F1, F2, and backcrosses), and canopy height also exhibited significant effects on beetle feeding in laboratory trials, their relative importance was much less than ontogeny and leaf physiological age. We conclude that beetles perceive greater variation in host quality within individual plants than between different eucalypt species and their hybrids. The magnitude of these effects argues that ontogeny may rival other better studied plant traits that affect herbivores. We discuss how genetic regulation of phenotypic expression in plants may affect herbivore populations and structure communities.
Factors affecting the Abscission of Reproductive Organs in Yellow Lupms (Lupinus luteus L.) II. THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH SUBSTANCES, DEFOLIATION, AND REMOVAL OF LATERAL GROWTH

Abscission of flowers in Lupinus luteus L. (var. Weiko II) without growth of ovaries is followed by abscission of small pods (15-20 mm. long). Normally flower abscission is much more pronounced than pod abscission. Abscission was delayed on plants from which laterals or their terminal and axilliary buds were removed. Flower abscission was not affected, but pod abscis sion increased as a result of defoliation.