Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corrections to Mileage Accumulation Rates for Older Vehicles and the Effect on Air Pollution Emissions

The MOBILE6 emissions model, currently under development, uses mileage accumulation rates that assume that the average 25-year-old car has been driven more than 337 962 km (210,000 mi), and that the average 25-year-old pickup truck has been driven more than 402 336 km (250,000 mi). Cumulative mileage is used in the model to calculate emission factors that increase with mileage due to air pollution control device “deterioration. ” Odometer readings taken in previous studies by the Environmental Protection Agency and additional data indicate that average mileage accumulations may be much less [i.e., 201 168 km (125,000 mi)] than those used in the MOBILE6 model. This has the effect of overestimating emissions from older vehicles. A simple model is presented that accounts for scrappage of older vehicles as a function of cumulative mileage. This model predicts average cumulative mileage that is much closer to actual odometer readings (taken in Nashville, Tennessee) than the default values used in MOBILE6. The use of more accurate cumulative mileage values for older vehicles should provide improvements to the estimation of emissions from the vehicle fleet.
Effect of depletion layer on the propagation characteristics of MIS transmission lines

The effect of the depletion region that forms in a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) transmission line is considered. MIS lines are normally modeled without regard to this effect. Studies conducted here show that ignoring the depletion region leads to erroneous results in estimating the propagation characteristics. For example, ignoring the effect of the depletion region leads to errors in computing the propagation constant. For the quasi-TEM mode of operation, the imaginary part of the propagation constant (attenuation constant) is off by up to 15%, and the phase constant is off by up to 3%. Moreover, for the slow-wave mode of operation, ignoring the depletion region leads to totally erroneous results, with errors of 50%-90%. Results presented here were obtained using a spatial-domain analysis utilizing the Green's function for a generalized multilayered lossy substrate.
Maximizing Wind Turbine Energy Capture Using Multivariable Extremum Seeking Control

Maximizing energy capture has become an important issue as more turbines are installed in low wind areas. This paper investigates the application of extremum seeking control (ESC) to maximizing the energy capture of variable speed wind turbines. The optimal control torque and pitch angle are searched via ESC based on the measurement of the rotor power. The advantage of this method is the independency from accurate turbine modelling and wind measurement. Simulation was conducted on FAST for a wind turbine dynamic model, under smooth, turbulent and field recorded wind profiles. The simulation results demonstrated significant improvement in energy capture compared to the standard control with fixed reference. An anti-windup ESC was applied to overcome the integral windup due to actuator saturation which would otherwise disable the ESC process. Finally, the integrator and high-pass filter resetting schemes were applied to improve the transient under the abrupt changes of wind.
CAD‐based automated robot trajectory planning for spray painting of free‐form surfaces

Automatic trajectory generation for spray painting is highly desirable for today’s automotive manufacturing. Generating paint gun trajectories for free‐form surfaces to satisfy paint thickness requirements is still highly challenging due to the complex geometry of free‐form surfaces. In this paper, a CAD‐guided paint gun trajectory generation system for free‐form surfaces has been developed. The system utilizes the CAD information of a free‐form surface to be painted and a paint gun model to generate a paint gun trajectory to satisfy the paint thickness requirements. A paint thickness verification method is also provided to verify the generated trajectories. The simulation results have shown that the trajectory generation system achieves satisfactory performance. This trajectory generation system can also be applied to generate trajectories for many other CAD‐guided robot trajectory planning applications.
Frequency Relaying Based on Instantaneous Frequency Measurement

A frequency relay capable of under/over frequency and rate of change of frequency measurements has been implemented on a digital signal processor using an instantaneous frequency measuring algorithm. Careful attention to the filtering aspects of the relay is needed under dynamic conditions due to frequency modulation of the input signal. An algorithm for avoiding unwanted relay operation due to impulsive changes in the input signal is presented. Results are shown for simulated tests using computer based relay testing equipment, and for overloads on a micromachine power system simulator.
Thermal Deformations of Thermoplast during 3D Printing: Warping in the Case of ABS

This research focuses on thermal deformations of thermoplast during three-dimensional printing. A filament acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was used, and the main focus was put on warping. Twenty-seven cuboids divided in six categories by their length, height, surface area, color, nozzle temperature and bed temperature were printed by Fused Filament Fabrication 3D printer. The whole process was captured by a thermal camera and the movies were used to analyze the temperature distribution during printing. All printouts were measured and scanned with a 3D scanner in order to highlight any abbreviations from the original digital models. The obtained results were used to formulate some general conclusions on the influence of selected parameters on the warping process. Based on the outcomes of the study, a set of guidelines on how to minimalize warping was proposed.
An Effective Cloud Removal Algorithm Based on Sparse Expression

In order to remove the clouds cover in remote sensing images, this paper proposes a clouds removal algorithm based on spatiotemporal fusion and sparse expression. In this paper we select two images in the same area with a short time difference, one of them is covered by clouds, the other clear image is basically not. First, we use some indicators [1] to distinguish clouds and clear ground to get classified images, such as NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index). Then we select the cloudless regions in both images to train sparse expression dictionary. For the cloudy regions, we find the corresponding area in the cloudless area in the other image, in which we perform dictionary decomposition and get a sparse representation [2], [3]. We utilize the dictionary of cloudy image to map the sparse representation to the corresponding area in cloudy image, and replace the original cloudy area. The fusion image retains the original real information and predicts the type of ground surface under the clouds. The experimental results show that the algorithm has an excellent effect on the removal of thick clouds, and solves the problem of image distortion and grayscale mutations that may be caused by traditional clouds removal algorithms. Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to evaluate the proposed method, and it was compared with other related algorithms, for example, homomorphic filtering and LRMR(low-rank matrix recovery), the experimental results confirm that the proposed method is effective in correcting clouds contaminated images while preserving the true spectral information.
Gallium alloy interconnects for flip-chip assembly applications

For miniature interconnection applications, innovative material systems based on gallium alloys offer potentially attractive alternatives over commonly used bonding materials, such as solders and conductive adhesives, without the reliability and environmental drawbacks. Gallium alloys are mechanically alloyed mixtures of a liquid metal and metallic powders, formed at room temperature which cure to form solid intermetallic interconnects. Through the course of this work, gallium alloys have been investigated for flip-chip interconnect applications. Specifically, this paper presents the results of a preliminary feasibility study demonstrating the applicability of gallium alloys as flip-chip on laminate interconnect materials. The topics covered include the test vehicle assembly process, reliability screening results, preliminary failure mode analysis, and interconnect microstructure analysis. To demonstrate preliminary feasibility and application, gallium alloyed with copper and nickel was used as micro-miniature interconnects between bare silicon chips and printed circuit boards. This initial study shows feasibility of such interconnects and the reliability tests demonstrate sufficient cyclic fatigue reliability in the presence of underfill material. Moreover, through the course of this work a new micro-dispensing technology for gallium alloys was developed which leverages existing industry infrastructure. This initial study represents a significant advancement in microelectronic interconnect materials unveiling the potential for an innovative lead-free interconnect alternative.
The politics of sameness in the Australian construction industry: comparing operative and manager attitudes towards cultural diversity

Purpose – Australian construction sites are culturally diverse workplaces. This paper aims to compare operative and manager attitudes towards cultural diversity on Australian construction sites, and to examine the strategies that are used to manage it.Design/methodology/approach – A face‐to‐face questionnaire survey was undertaken of 1,155 construction operatives and 180 supervisors on Australian construction sites.Findings – The vast majority of operatives and managers are comfortable with cultural diversity. However, there is some anxiety about cultural diversity, especially around safety risks, and there is evidence of racism. Those concerns are more keenly perceived by operatives than by managers. Both operatives and managers see some of the negative issues (discrimination, racist joke telling) as inevitable daily outcomes of cultural diversity on sites. The normalisation of these negative forms of cross‐cultural interaction reveals a pessimistic disposition towards cultural diversity. Cultural divers.
Asymptotic Analysis of Physical Layer Security versus Reliability in IoT Wireless Transmission

In this paper, we investigate security-reliability tradeoff on physical layer in Internet of Things (IoT) network, when an eavesdropper tries to intercept secure transmission. The best-node scheduling scheme is employed as an auxiliary tool to decrease probability of intercept. The main and also wiretap channels are assumed to be subjected to composite generalized-K fading. Asymptotic expression of security versus reliability, valid in the range of medium to high average main-to-eavesdropper’s signal ratio (MER) values, is derived. The impact of different system parameters such as IoT network dimension, fading/shadowing conditions, path loss and average MER on intercept probability versus outage probability is observed, and then accompanying numerical results are shown.
Probabilistic Analysis of Highway Capacity Manual Models

“Uncertainty analysis” is a relatively new term in traffic capacity analysis, but it is routine in other areas of civil engineering. Three methods are proposed to examine the uncertainty of Highway Capacity Manual models caused by variance in the inputs: one-at-a-time, point estimate, and Monte Carlo simulation. These methods have different levels of computational intensity and input requirements. They are recommended for three levels of detail in probabilistic analysis, depending on the application. Correspondingly, the results of probabilistic analysis vary from simple upper and lower values to a comprehensive output with mean values, standard deviations, confidence intervals, and delay distributions. The methods were applied to a signalized intersection to demonstrate the application of the three levels of analysis. Field data were from an actuated signalized intersection in Honolulu, Hawaii. Application of the three methods is illustrated in detail. Although the probabilistic method is considered to be more robust than the existing deterministic method, the former is not recommended for application to every project. Options are given for conditions under which the probabilistic method should be applied and the appropriate level of probabilistic analysis.
Glasses Influence on the Eyes Exposed to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation

The investigation of the influence of the metal frame spectacles on the electric field and Specific Absorption Rate distribution within the user’s eyes exposed to the mobile phone electromagnetic field is presented in the paper. Numerical analysis of electric field distribution and Specific Absorption Rate has been performed when user's eye is exposed to radiation of the mobile phone operating at 2.45 GHz. Numerical solutions are obtained solving the equations of electromagnetic wave propagation. Accordingly, the obtained results are given for biological tissues within user’s eyes. The 3D models of human head and human eye and spectacles have been developed. The results obtained for the models with and without glasses have been compared in order to determine the effects of the presence of described glasses on distributions of values of interest.
Development and specification of a service agreement and operational rules for La Khe irrigation system, Ha Dong, Vietnam

The paper describes the process development of a level of service specification for the La Khe irrigation system in Vietnam, with the application of computer simulation, flow monitoring and institutional reform. It shows that technical innovation and institutional development need to go hand in hand, and that effective modernisation of irrigation systems requires a good understanding of existing management and infrastructure constraints. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive non-linear model inversion control of a twin rotor multi-input multi-output system using artificial intelligence

Abstract This paper investigates the development of an adaptive dynamic non-linear model inversion control law for a twin rotor multi-input multi-output system (TRMS) utilizing artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. The TRMS is an aerodynamic test rig representing the control challenges of modern air vehicles. A highly non-linear one degree of freedom mathematical model of the TRMS is considered in this study and a non-linear inverse model is developed for the pitch channel. In the absence of model inversion errors, a genetic algorithm-tuned proportional-derivative (PD) controller is used to enhance the tracking characteristics of the system. An adaptive neural network element is integrated, thereafter, with the feedback control system to compensate for model inversion errors. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed method in the simulation environment an inversion error has deliberately been provided as an uncertainty in the real situation. Square and sinusoidal reference command signals are used to test the control system performance, and it is noted that an excellent tracking response is exhibited in the presence of inversion errors caused by model uncertainty.
Shared parameter and copula models for analysis of semicontinuous longitudinal data with nonrandom dropout and informative censoring

Analysis of longitudinal semicontinuous data characterized by subjects’ attrition triggered by nonrandom dropout is complex and requires accounting for the within-subject correlation, and modeling of the dropout process. While methods that address the within-subject correlation and missing data are available, approaches that incorporate the nonrandom dropout, also referred to informative right censoring, in the modeling step are scarce due to the computational intensity and possible intractable integration needed for its implementation. Appreciating the complexity of this problem and the need for a new methodology that is feasible for implementation, we propose to extend a framework of likelihood-based marginalized two-part models to account for informative right censoring. The censoring process is modeled using two approaches: (1) Poisson censoring for the count of visits before dropout and (2) survival time to dropout. Novel consideration was given to the proposed joint modeling approaches for the semicontinuous and censoring components of the likelihood function which included (1) shared parameter, and (2) Clayton copula. The cross-part and within-part correlations were accounted for through a complex random effect structure that models correlated random intercepts and slopes. Feasibility of implementation, and accuracy of these approaches were investigated using extensive simulation studies and clinical application.
The rise and demise of deep accretionary wedges: A long-term field and numerical modeling perspective

Several decades of field, geophysical, analogue, and numerical modeling investigations have enabled documentation of the wide range of tectonic transport processes in accretionary wedges, which constitute some of the most dynamic plate boundary environments on Earth. Active convergent margins can exhibit basal accretion (via underplating) leading to the formation of variably thick duplex structures or tectonic erosion, the latter known to lead to the consumption of the previously accreted material and eventually the forearc continental crust. We herein review natural examples of actively underplating systems (with a focus on circum-Pacific settings) as well as field examples highlighting internal wedge dynamics recorded by fossil accretionary systems. Duplex formation in deep paleo–accretionary systems is known to leave in the rock record (1) diagnostic macro- and microscopic deformation patterns as well as (2) large-scale geochronological characteristics such as the downstepping of deformation and metamorphic ages. Zircon detrital ages have also proved to be a powerful approach to deciphering tectonic transport in ancient active margins. Yet, fundamental questions remain in order to understand the interplay of forces at the origin of mass transfer and crustal recycling in deep accretionary systems. We address these questions by presenting a suite of two-dimensional thermo-mechanical experiments that enable unravelling the mass-flow pathways and the long-term distribution of stresses along and above the subduction interface as well as investigating the importance of parameters such as fluids and slab roughness. These results suggest the dynamical instability of fluid-bearing accretionary systems causes either an episodic or a periodic character of subduction erosion and accretion processes as well as their topographic expression. The instability can be partly deciphered through metamorphic and strain records, thus explaining the relative scarcity of paleo–accretionary systems worldwide despite the tremendous amounts of material buried by the subduction process over time scales of tens or hundreds of millions of years. We finally stress that the understanding of the physical processes at the origin of underplating processes as well as the forearc topographic response paves the way for refining our vision of long-term plate-interface coupling as well as the rheological behavior of the seismogenic zone in active subduction settings.
T- and Y-Branched Three-Terminal Junction Graphene Devices

Heteroepitaxial graphene on semiinsulating silicon carbide was used to fabricate nanoelectronic devices. T- and Y-branched graphene three-terminal junction devices were realized. Room temperature electrical measurements demonstrate pronounced nonlinear electrical properties of the devices. Voltage rectification at room temperature was observed. Increasing branch width reduces the curvature of the voltage rectification response curve of the three-terminal junc¬tions.
Towards an ontology of consumer acceptance in socio-technical energy systems

Policies and economics in social networks are intertwined with a physical system. Research on socio-technical systems, including eco-cities, energy systems, transport infrastructures and supply chains, tries to combine the technical engineering discipline for the physical system with the social perspective on consumer behaviour. However, efforts to develop an ontology, i.e. a shared formal conceptualisation, for socio-technical systems have so far focussed mostly on the technical part of the system. In this paper a first step is made towards inclusion of consumer acceptance by including views from communication science and psychology. This takes advantage of an extensive body of work and enables co-operation and successful communication between different fields of research. This eventually may lead to a more societal realistic ontology of socio-technical urban energy systems for eco-cities. The rationale for the approach and preliminary results of the ontology are explained using the example of a low-carbon city regarding consumer acceptance of new energy technologies.
A new basic technology for magnetic micro-actuators

This paper presents a new technology for the fabrication of electromagnetic micro-actuators. This technology allows "U-core" electromagnets to be built on ferromagnetic substrates. The electromagnets consist of multi-level copper coils and electroplated NiFe poles. Combined with a NiFe "keeper", an electromagnetic actuator is obtained, which can generate a magnetic force up to several tens of mN. The actuator can be implemented in several applications, such as valves, motors and relays. In this paper, an electromagnetic microrelay, to be used, for instance, in the automatic test equipment (ATE) market, is described. First experimental results of the relay, using a driving coil of 127 turns and having gold contacts, have shown an on-resistance of less than 0.4 /spl Omega/ for an input (driving) current of 8 mA, corresponding to a driving power of 14 mW. These data compare favorably well with previous results of electromagnetic microrelays as presented in the literature.
Virtual water flow and water footprint as optimizer of water resource management in the state of Ceará, Brazil

The water exported indirectly by sending products to other countries, or vice versa, is called a virtual water flow and this can be measured through water footprint (WF) calculations, which represent the embedded water needed to manufacture a product. This present study aims to analyze the virtual water flow and the WF of the main products exported by municipalities in the state of Ceará in the year 2019, in order to enhance the management of the state’s water resources. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the most commonly used multicriteria decision-making method in the world, was used to determine which product is more sustainably produced by the municipalities of Ceará, with the criteria: WF, price, and volume exported. The alternatives are at least two of the seven categories of products exported by the state where the “fruit or vegetable juices” class was preferred as the most sustainable. It was found that most cities in the state that export agricultural products use only one basin, which can lead to very low reservoir levels, while the other hydrographic basins in the state are underused. It is worth noting that the Metropolitan Basin concentrates on 11 out of 32 municipalities that export abroad and that it is responsible for supplying more than 4,074,730 inhabitants, according to Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2019).