Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multielement 2D layered material photodetectors

The pronounced quantum confinement effects, outstanding mechanical strength, strong light–matter interactions and reasonably high electric transport properties under atomically thin limit have conjointly established 2D layered materials (2DLMs) as compelling building blocks towards the next generation optoelectronic devices. By virtue of the diverse compositions and crystal structures which bring about abundant physical properties, multielement 2DLMs (ME2DLMs) have become a bran-new research focus of tremendous scientific enthusiasm. Herein, for the first time, this review provides a comprehensive overview on the latest evolution of ME2DLM photodetectors. The crystal structures, synthesis, and physical properties of various experimentally realized ME2DLMs as well as the development in metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors are comprehensively summarized by dividing them into narrow-bandgap ME2DLMs (including Bi2O2X (X = S, Se, Te), EuMTe3 (M = Bi, Sb), Nb2XTe4 (X = Si, Ge), Ta2NiX5 (X = S, Se), M2PdX6 (M = Ta, Nb; X = S, Se), PbSnS2), moderate-bandgap ME2DLMs (including CuIn7Se11, CuTaS3, GaGeTe, TlMX2 (M = Ga, In; X = S, Se)), wide-bandgap ME2DLMs (including BiOX (X = F, Cl, Br, I), MPX3 (M = Fe, Ni, Mn, Cd, Zn; X = S, Se), ABP2X6 (A = Cu, Ag; B = In, Bi; X = S, Se), Ga2In4S9), as well as topological ME2DLMs (MIrTe4 (M = Ta, Nb)). In the last section, the ongoing challenges standing in the way of further development are underscored and the potential strategies settling them are proposed, which is aimed at navigating the future advancement of this fascinating domain.
Neuropathology of Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Concise Review

Pediatric brain tumors are an incredibly diverse group of neoplasms and neuropathological tumor classification is an essential part of patient care. Classification of pediatric brain tumors has changed considerably in recent years as molecular diagnostics have become incorporated with routine histopathology in the diagnostic process. This article will focus on the fundamental major histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features that neuropathologists use to make an integrated diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors. This concise review will focus on tumors that are integral to the central nervous system in pediatric patients including: embryonal tumors, low and high grade gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, ependymomas, and choroid plexus tumors.
Relative transmissibility of shigellosis among different age groups: A modeling study in Hubei Province, China

Shigellosis is a heavy disease burden in China especially in children aged under 5 years. However, the age-related factors involved in transmission of shigellosis are unclear. An age-specific Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious/Asymptomatic–Recovered (SEIAR) model was applied to shigellosis surveillance data maintained by Hubei Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2005 to 2017. The individuals were divided into four age groups (≤ 5 years, 6–24 years, 25–59 years, and ≥ 60 years). The effective reproduction number (Reff), including infectivity (RI) and susceptibility (RS) was calculated to assess the transmissibility of different age groups. From 2005 to 2017, 130,768 shigellosis cases were reported in Hubei Province. The SEIAR model fitted well with the reported data (P < 0.001). The highest transmissibility (Reff) was from ≤ 5 years to the 25–59 years (mean: 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–1.17), followed by from the 6–24 years to the 25–59 years (mean: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.35–1.02), from the ≥ 60 years to the 25–59 years (mean: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.29–0.86), and from the 25–59 years to 25–59 years (mean: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.21–0.78). The highest infectivity was in ≤ 5 years (RI = 1.71), and was most commonly transmitted to the 25–59 years (45.11%). The highest susceptibility was in the 25–59 years (RS = 2.51), and their most common source was the ≤ 5 years (30.15%). Furthermore, “knock out” simulation predicted the greatest reduction in the number of cases occurred by when cutting off transmission routes among ≤ 5 years and from 25–59 years to ≤ 5 years. Transmission in ≤ 5 years occurred mainly within the group, but infections were most commonly introduced by individuals in the 25–59 years. Infectivity was highest in the ≤ 5 years and susceptibility was highest in the 25–59 years. Interventions to stop transmission should be directed at these age groups.
Clinical and prognostic role of sarcopenia in elderly patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicentre experience

Elderly classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) (ecHL) is a rare disease with dismal prognosis and no standard treatment. Fitness‐based approaches may help design appropriate treatments. Sarcopenia has been associated with an increased risk of treatment‐related toxicities and worse survival in various solid tumours, but its impact in ecHL is unknown. The aim of this retrospective multicentre study was to investigate the prognostic role of sarcopenia in ecHL.
RNPredATC: A Deep Residual Learning-Based Model With Applications to the Prediction of Drug-ATC Code Association

The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system, designated by the World Health Organization Collaborating Center (WHOCC), has been widely used in drug screening, repositioning, and similarity research. The ATC classification system assigns different codes to drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and/or their therapeutic and chemical characteristics. Correctly identifying the potential ATC codes for drugs can accelerate drug development and reduce the cost of experiments. Several classifiers have been proposed in this regard. However, they lack of ability to learn basic features from sparsely known drug-ATC code associations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel computational methods to precisely predict potential drug-ATC code associations in multiple levels of the ATC classification system based on known associations between drugs and ATC codes. In this paper, we provide a novel end-to-end model, so-called RNPredATC, to predict potential drug-ATC code associations in five ATC classification levels. RNPredATC can extract dense feature vectors from sparsely known drug-ATC code associations and reduce the impact from the degradation problem by a novel deep residual learning. We extensively compare our method with some state-of-the-art methods, including NetPredATC, SPACE, and some multi-label-based methods. Our experimental results show that RNPredATC achieves better performances in five-fold and ten-fold cross validations. Furthermore, the visualization analysis of hidden layers and case studies of predicted associations at the fifth ATC classification level confirm that RNPredATC can effectively identify the potential ATC codes of drugs.
Moderating effect of brand commitment on apparel brand prestige in upward comparisons

ABSTRACT This study explores the location effect on consumers’ perceptions of a particular apparel brand’s prestige when a fashion store is operated adjacent to the apparel boutiques of other prestigious brands. It also aims to examine variations in this effect according to consumers’ brand commitment levels. Via a survey conducted in Japan, the influence of prestige disparity between a particular apparel brand and adjacent brands on perceived brand prestige was assessed across different store location frames. The data reveal that a consumer perceives a particular brand prestige to be higher than before when the prestige of its adjacent brand is moderately higher than its own (assimilation), while this effect disappears once the prestige disparity becomes large. The data also suggest that the assimilation effect is more obvious when a consumer’s calculative brand commitment is high, while the influence of his/her affective commitment level is insignificant. These results suggest that managers should assess whether the prestige disparity is adequate between their brands and adjacent ones and take note of calculative commitment levels of target consumers to predict the location effect on their brand equities.
Strategic profile for positioning eco-apparel among mainstream apparel consumers

ABSTRACT This paper develops a strategic profile for positioning ecologically produced apparel (eco-apparel) to make eco-apparel the preferred choice among mainstream apparel customers. This qualitative study employed 24 in-depth interviews involving eco-apparel consumers and managers. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. This research suggests that there is a mismatch between the value expected by apparel consumers and the value offered by eco-apparel. To attract mainstream apparel consumers, environment-friendliness claims need to be implicit while aesthetic claims should be explicit. Perceived psychological risk due to misleading information, combined with the effort required to purchase due to limited availability, has added to the problems of marketing eco-apparel. Eco-apparel companies could consider this study as a guide to develop value and actions for promoting their products to apparel consumers, through the application of the Four Actions Framework. While previous studies have suggested environment-friendliness as a key factor in marketing eco-apparel, this study suggests that environment-friendliness features should not be the emphasis of eco-apparel marketing. This research has determined the customer value proposition for eco-apparel using the Four Actions Framework, and this is a novel approach that has not been applied by previous research in eco-apparel marketing.
Evaluating the long-term effect of space radiation on the reproductive normality of mammalian sperm preserved on the International Space Station

The effect of space radiation on offspring was evaluated using mouse freeze-dried spermatozoa preserved on the Space Station. Space radiation may cause DNA damage to cells and concern for the inheritance of mutations in offspring after deep space exploration. However, there is no way to study the long-term effects of space radiation using biological materials. Here, we developed a method to evaluate the biological effect of space radiation and examined the reproductive potential of mouse freeze-dried spermatozoa stored on the International Space Station (ISS) for the longest period in biological research. The space radiation did not affect sperm DNA or fertility after preservation on ISS, and many genetically normal offspring were obtained without reducing the success rate compared to the ground-preserved control. The results of ground x-ray experiments showed that sperm can be stored for more than 200 years in space. These results suggest that the effect of deep space radiation on mammalian reproduction can be evaluated using spermatozoa, even without being monitored by astronauts in Gateway.
AC Impedance Spectrum of Electro-deoxidation Reaction of Silicon Dioxide

AC impedance spectrum was used to study the electro-deoxidation reaction of silicon dioxide in the equalmolar molten salt CaCl2 and NaCl.The AC impedance spectra showed that the electro-deoxidation reaction of silicon dioxide is a two-step reaction and corresponding to the two reduction current peaks in the cyclic voltammetry curve.In the XRD pattern the intermediates SiO,CaSiO3 and Ca2SiO4 were found in the reaction system.By fitting the AC impedance spectra with equivalent circuits,the charge transfer resistance,double layer capacitance and activation energy during the reaction were obtained.In the low voltage range the charge transfer resistance and activation energy decrease with increasing cathodic voltage which implies that charge transfer is the rate control step of the electro-deoxidation of SiO2.The results of the study are important to improve the current efficiency in the electro-deoxidation process of silicon dioxide.
THREE CASES OF ACUTE BACTERIAL SEPSIS IN PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMUS (CHOEROPSIS LIBERIENSIS) CALVE SIBLINGS

Abstract: A multiparous pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) dam produced three consecutive calves that died acutely at 13–15 wk of age from bacterial sepsis, for which diagnostic and therapeutic intervention was not possible. Streptococcus iniae (Cases 1 and 3), Escherichia coli (Case 2), and an unidentified member of the family Pasteurellaceae (Case 1) were identified in postmortem tissues through bacterial culture followed by standard and molecular identification methods. After the loss of two calves, a series of vaccinations were administered to the dam during the third pregnancy to enhance transplacental and colostral transfer of antibodies to the calf. The third calf did not survive, and the source of the bacterial infection in these three calves was undetermined. Prior to and after the birth of the fourth calf, nutritional and nutraceutical supplements were provided to the dam and calf. Additionally, pest control around the barn was enhanced. The fourth calf survived. Pygmy hippopotamus calves at the age of 13–15 wk may have increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, possibly due to waning maternally derived immunity. The findings in these cases, combined with a previous association of S. iniae in pygmy hippopotamus deaths, suggest that this bacterium is an especially important pathogen of the endangered pygmy hippopotamus.
The Influence of Environmental and Physiological Factors on Variation in American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) Dorsal Coloration

Abstract. Adaptive coloration in amphibians is widespread and aids in camouflage, communication, and thermoregulation. Understanding the environmental factors that contribute to color variation is important for predicting how changes in climate and habitat parameters may alter amphibian fitness. Studies on toad coloration have focused on genetic elements, dorsal spot patterns, and juveniles, but less is known about the relationship between adult toad coloration and environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to examine dorsal color variation in adult American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus) in Erie County, Pennsylvania, USA, to determine how environmental and morphological factors influence coloration. We conducted visual surveys to sample adult toads across a habitat gradient and recorded several potential predictor variables (i.e., site elevation, substrate type, snout–vent length, and body surface temperature). We calibrated photographs of each toad and quantified red (R), green (G), and blue (B) color values within seven dorsal body regions. We summarized RGB values for each dorsal body region using a principal component analysis and used model selection approaches to select between models containing different predictor variables. The most supported model to explain the variation in color of all dorsal body regions contained only site elevation. On average, the body regions of all toads from higher elevation sites were darker than those of toads from lower elevations, but the amount of variation in dorsal coloration accounted for by elevation was low. Our results suggest that the factors that drive variation in toad dorsal coloration are complex, but that this trait is potentially sensitive to environmental changes.
EFFECTS OF A GNRH VACCINE (IMPROVAC®) ON PATAGONIAN (OTARIA BYRONIA) AND CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS)

Abstract: Improvac® is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine developed to reduce “boar taint” in the meat of male domestic pig. The use of Improvac for contraception of zoo and free-living animals has been increasing in recent years. This study reports the use, efficacy, and side effects of Improvac on five male sea lions. Administration of two injections of 600 µg of Improvac (gonadotropin releasing factor analogue–protein conjugate) 4–5 wk apart were delivered to two Patagonian and three California sea lions to reduce testosterone-related aggression, anorexia, and lethargy that occur during the breeding season. Behavior and physical changes were recorded for all individuals, and blood samples were taken from one Patagonian sea lion to measure plasma testosterone concentrations over time. Observations revealed a descension of the testes into the scrotum, orchitis, lameness, anorexia, and lethargy in all individuals for the first 3–5 d after the first administration of the vaccine. Plasma testosterone concentrations rose after the first dose of the vaccine and remained elevated for 1 mo, decreasing after the second injection to undetectable levels. Improvac administration can cause a peak of testosterone and breeding behavior just after the first inoculation, as previously described in swine and elephants, but has not been documented in pinnipeds. None of the treated animals in this study showed breeding behaviors during their normal breeding season (July–September).
PLASMA VORICONAZOLE CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING SINGLE- AND MULTIPLE-DOSE SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS IN WESTERN POND TURTLES (ACTINEMYS MARMORATA)

Abstract: A recently characterized fungal pathogen, Emydomyces testavorans, has been associated with ulcerative shell disease and significant morbidity in Western pond turtles. Voriconazole is a second-generation triazole antifungal medication that prevents fungal growth through disruption of ergosterol synthesis, causing abnormalities in the fungal cell membrane. Preliminary reports of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) indicate that voriconazole is effective in vitro against E. testavorans. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography was used to measure voriconazole plasma concentrations in blood samples from healthy Western pond turtles after administration of a single SC injection of 10 mg/kg and after multiple doses (10 mg/kg SC q48h for seven doses). The data were analyzed using a naïve pooled approach. Mean (SE) observed time to maximum concentration was 2 (0.18) h for a single dose and 50 (2.2) h for multiple doses; the multiple-dose trial observed mean (SE) maximum concentration was 12.4 (2.2) µg/ml, and observed mean (SE) trough concentration was 1.7 (0.7) µg/ml. Multifocal skin sloughing following the single-dose trial was observed in one turtle and there was a significant increase in polychromatophilic cells amongst the study turtles after the multiple-dose voriconazole trial. No other adverse effects were observed. When voriconazole was administered at 10 mg/kg SC q48h, observed trough plasma concentrations were consistently higher than reported E. testavorans MIC concentrations. Further study is needed to determine the clinical safety and in vivo efficacy of this dose in Western pond turtles.
Assessing the Clonal Nature of Running Glade Clover (Trifolium calcaricum J.L. Collins & T.F. Wieboldt; Fabaceae)

ABSTRACT Limestone cedar glades, one of the rarest ecosystems in the world, are home to several uncommon species, including Trifolium calcaricum (Fabaceae), the running glade clover. Due to habitat destruction and fragmentation, the states of Tennessee and Virginia have listed T. calcaricum as an endangered species. To preserve T. calcaricum and increase its numbers, a reintroduction effort was initiated in 2016 in which individual plants were transplanted from a source site to secondary locations at Cedars of Lebanon State Park and Vesta Cedar Glade State Natural Area in Tennessee. In the current project, the extent of clonality among transplanted individuals was assessed using fluorescently tagged inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Sampled individuals were determined to be moderately clonal, with 46 sampled ramets representing 14 unique genets, with the estimated size of the largest genet being approximately 100 meters across. We provide baseline data for this understudied species and provide context for future work.
Natural History of a Highly Medically Important Snake, Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii), in a Human-Dominated Indian Rural Landscape

Abstract. Venomous snakes are a public health concern in India, where they kill tens of thousands of people annually. Russell's Vipers are the major culprit, but despite their clinical significance, there is virtually no information on their ecology. I used radiotelemetry for a 9-mo period to study the spatial and behavioral ecology of a population of Russell's Vipers (Daboia russelii) in a human-dominated rural landscape in Karnataka, India. Russell's Vipers spent a substantial amount of time in plantations, which make up a significant proportion of the landscape. Snakes were the least active in March, a dry month with the hottest monthly mean maximum temperatures recorded; and spatial activity comparatively increased in late fall-early winter and May, corresponding with the timing of mating activities and the end of the dry season, respectively. Russell's Vipers basked throughout the year, but basking behavior was more frequent in January and February, when the monthly mean minimum temperatures were the lowest. The probability of observing a snake basking increased with decreasing minimum temperatures. Similarly, the snakes were found in ambush foraging postures during daytime throughout the year, and the odds of observing diurnal foraging increased with increasing minimum temperatures and was affected by an interaction between maximum temperature and sex. Overall, the data indicate that this tropical viper actively thermoregulates and is to some extent diurnal. This study provides the first quantitative field-based natural history information on Russell's Vipers, one of the most medically important snakes in the world.
Integrating Genetics, Morphology, and Fungal Host Specificity in Conservation Studies of a Vulnerable, Selfing, Mycoheterotrophic Orchid (Corallorhiza bentleyi Freudenst.)

ABSTRACT Mycoheterotrophic plants derive most or all carbon and nutrients from fungal partners and represent poorly understood components of forest biodiversity. Many are rare or endangered yet can be ecological indicators of forest ecosystem function due to fungal host requirements. One such species is the IUCN red-listed (“vulnerable”), fully mycoheterotrophic orchid, Corallorhiza bentleyi. This recently described species is among the rarest plants in Appalachia, known from five counties in Virginia and West Virginia. The species has a restricted range, small population size, and is self-pollinating. Here, an integrative approach was taken in conservation genetic assessment of C. bentleyi using floral morphometrics, simple-sequence repeats, and fungal host DNA to characterize variation within and among sampling localities. Morphology reveals differentiation among individuals from six sampling localities. Surprisingly, most genetic variation is found within localities, contrary to the expectation for a selfing species. Fungal host DNA reveals extreme specificity upon a few genotypes of a single ectomycorrhizal host species, Tomentella fuscocinerea, across all localities. We discuss conservation implications of morphological, genetic, and symbiotic diversity in this vulnerable species, and recommend additional assessment of conservation status based on: an obligate reproductive mode of selfing, preventing benefits of outcrossing among genetically non-identical individuals; extreme host specificity, severely restricting niche space; and highly fragmented habitat under threat from anthropogenic disturbance. This study underscores the importance of integrative conservation assessment, analyzing multiple data sources, and reveals patterns not readily apparent from census-based assessments alone.