Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adiabatic and entropy perturbations from inflation

We study adiabatic ~curvature! and entropy ~isocurvature! perturbations produced during a period of cosmological inflation that is driven by multiple scalar fields with an arbitrary interaction potential. A local rotation in field space is performed to separate out the adiabatic and entropy modes. The resulting field equations show explicitly how on large scales entropy perturbations can source adiabatic perturbations if the background solution follows a curved trajectory in field space, and how adiabatic perturbations cannot source entropy perturbations in the long-wavelength limit. It is the effective mass of the entropy field that determines the amplitude of entropy perturbations during inflation. We present two applications of the equations. First, we show why one in general expects the adiabatic and entropy perturbations to be correlated at the end of inflation, and calculate the cross correlation in the context of a double inflation model with two non-interacting fields. Second, we consider two-field preheating after inflation, examining conditions under which entropy perturbations can alter the large-scale curvature perturbation and showing how our new formalism has advantages in numerical stability when the background solution follows a non-trivial trajectory in field space.
Lifetime and Failure Mechanisms of an Arrayed Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Cathode

There is interest in the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to create a field emission (FE) cathode for the neutralization of exhaust plumes of low-power (<; 500 W) electric propulsion devices since FE cathodes do not require a gas flow to operate. To incorporate CNT emitters into propulsion systems, the current emission output over the lifetime of the cathode must be understood. Multiple FE cathodes that consist of multiwalled CNT arrays have been fabricated. Seven cathodes are characterized at pressures below 10 5 T at constant voltage between the CNTs, and the gate until failure occurs. The maximum current density observed is 9.08 mA/cm2 with average current densities up to 2.52 mA/cm2, and the maximum life span is 368 h. The behavior of the cathode current emission is highly unstable and consists of oscillations and sudden shifts. Resistive heating is believed to be the primary cause for failure in two thermally assisted modes: 1) oxidative ablation at the root of the nanotube and 2) field evaporation at the tip.
O-raffinose-polymerised haemoglobin. A biochemical and pharmacological profile of an oxygen carrier

Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) represent an interesting class of blood substitutes which are undergoing advanced clinical trials. The therapeutic goal of these compounds is to avoid or reduce blood transfusion in different surgical and medical situations of acute haemoglobin deficiency. Their main advantages include availability in large volumes, storage for prolonged periods, rapid administration (without typing and cross matching) and sterilisation by pasteurisation. Their main known disadvantages are reduced circulation half-life, haemodynamic and gastrointestinal perturbations, probably related to nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, free radical induction, and alterations of biochemical and haematological parameters (increases in liver enzymes levels, platelet aggregation). Cell-free o-raffinose cross-linked and oligomerised human haemoglobin (O-r-poly-Hb) (Hemolink™, Hemosol, Canada) is a modified haemoglobin with molecular weight ranging from 32 - >> 500 kDa. Its affinity for oxygen appears lower than normal blood and an n (Hill coefficient) value of about 1 indicates a very low degree of co-operativity. Probably related to the low O2 affinity value and to the high molecular weight, O-r-poly-Hb has been shown to induce lesser haemodynamic perturbations than other first generation modified haemoglobins. This HBOC is in Phase III clinical trials in cardiac and orthopaedic surgery for perioperative haemodilution, at doses from 25 g (250 ml) - 100 g (1000 ml).
Cytotoxicity of the traditional chinese medicine (TCM) plumbagin in its copper chemistry.

The anticancer traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), plumbagin (PLN), was isolated from Plumbago Zeylanica. Reaction of plumbagin with Cu(II) salt, afforded [Cu(PLN)(2)]. 2H(2)O (1). With 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) as a co-ligand, PLN reacts with Cu(II) to give [Cu(PLN)(bipy)(H(2)O)](2)(NO(3))(2). 4H(2)O (2). 1 and 2 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ESI-MS spectra. Their crystal structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity of PLN, 1 and 2 against seven human tumour cell lines was assayed. The metal-based compounds exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity vs. that of free PLN, suggesting that these compounds display synergy in the combination of metal ions with PLN. The binding properties of PLN, 1 and 2 to DNA were investigated through UV-vis, fluorescence, CD spectra, and gel mobility shift assay, which indicated that 1 and 2 were non-covalent binding and mainly intercalated the neighboring base pairs of DNA. PLN, 1 and 2 exhibit inhibition activity to topoisomerase I (TOPO I), but 1 and 2 were more effective than PLN.
Using Emerging Technologies to Promote Student Engagement and Learning in Agricultural Mathematics

Emerging technologies (Tablet PC and Clickers) were introduced in the delivery of first-year Agricultural Mathematics course at the University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Australia. The digital ink pen and the screen of the Tablet PC were used to develop mathematical concepts in lectures and foster interactive teaching and learning. Ten 'Bonus Mark Sessions' were also conducted during the semester where students were asked to solve an analytical problem based on the week's topic. The student with the first correct solution was awarded a bonus mark after he/she explained the solution to the rest of the class using the Tablet PC. This activity had the effect of gaining students' undivided attention during the lecture, promoting student engagement and developing graduate attributes like communication and presentation skills. The 'delivered' lectures were saved in the form of PowerPoint slides and uploaded on the course Blackboard site for online viewing by internal as well as external students. Clickers were used for collaborative assessment during the mid-semester examination. The impact of these technologies on student engagement and learning was assessed by using the standard university Teaching Evaluation survey and a specific survey developed for this course. The innovative use of Tablet PC was very well received by the students. However, there were mixed reactions to the use of Clickers for assessment. The instant feedback on exam results was appreciated by the students but the inability to change their answers during the examination was cited as the major limitation of the Clickers.
The Progression of Dynamic Reconfigurable Intrusion Identification Wireless Sensor Network

WSN’s are anticipated turn out to be an imperative implementation for an assortment of safety measures and for miscellaneous monitoring applications. We have witnessed and detailed the growth and expansion of a WSN’s with having manifold formation of intrusion recognition and categorization. Initially, reasonably trouble-free nodes by means of indispensable sensing devices, a low computational power microcontroller and faculties of wireless transmission are brought into play. The primary stage nodes are exercised as preface intrusion recognizers/detectors. The subsequent/following sensor node is constructed in the order of a towering performance/act FPGA dealing out an assortment of cameras. Such nodes are able to be vigorously built up to carry out diverse forms of scrutiny and visual data processing to bear out and authenticate the existence of every intruder/burglar/imposter in the prospect and to endow with further facts in relation to the intruder. Specifically, the network is capable of lending a hand to an individual operator to substantiate the system’s assessment weather an identified or discovered intruder is an impending threat.
[Assessment of coronary artery calcium scoring].

OBJECTIVES Calcium accumulation in the coronary arteries is a known indicator of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of patients' demographic characteristics on calcium scoring and the topographic accumulation of calcium in the coronary arteries. STUDY DESIGN Two-hundred ninety-nine patients were included in the study (192 male, 107 female; mean age 59.08±10.7; range 19 to 84 years). All patients with total calcium scores of 1 Hounsfield unit or more underwent 16-slice multi-detector computed tomography with calcium scoring evaluation. Their coronary trees were divided into 14 different segments, and the number of lesions in each segment was calculated separately. RESULTS When the coronary arteries were examined for calcium accumulation by segment, the proximal segment of the LAD (left anterior descending coronary artery) had the most calcium accumulation. Total calcium scores were higher in patients with high total and LDL cholesterol values than in normolipidemic patients. Total calcium scores were higher for patients with hypertension than for patients without hypertension. Calcium scores of smokers and non-smokers were not significantly different. Diabetic patients had higher calcium scores than patients without diabetes. No significant difference was identified between patients with and without a positive family history of coronary artery disease. Total calcium scores were higher for older patients and for patients with hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION Segmental analysis of calcium scoring demonstrates that calcium accumulation is mostly seen in the proximal LAD. Coronary artery calcification is increased by hypertension, age and hyperlipidemia.
Antihistamines considerably modulate the cognitive and psychomotor performance of human volunteers

Abstract This research investigated the modulating effects of antihistamines—Loratadine, Fexofenadine, Meclizine, and Chlorpheniramine on cognitive (executive function, memory, attention, emotion regulation), mood, psychomotor performance, and sedation in healthy human volunteers. Twenty healthy volunteers received Loratadine 10-mg, Fexofenadine 120-mg, Meclizine 50-mg, Chlorpheniramine Maleate 4-mg, and Placebo 250-mg starch tablet in a five-way crossover, double-blind study. Following each dose the participants were subjected to take a series of test of cognitive functions and psychomotor performances at defined interval. A certain amount of washout period was also maintained for each drug. The test battery included PennCNP—Full Battery Test, Psychology Experiment Building Language, Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and Brief Mood Introspection Scale. The test results These test results were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVAs. In general, antihistamines didn't show any statistically significant deviation from that of placebo. However, slight improvement was observed in word memory test (Both immediate and delayed) by Chlorpheniramine; although it increased the reaction time in visual object learning test. Fexofenadine also increased performance in delayed word memory test. Meclizine showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) of reaction time in line orientation task. The subjects receiving Loratadine reported slightly unpleasant mood then control group. This study will contribute to choose antihistamine rightly maximizing the productivity; minimizing the losses of working hours and daytime in school and workplaces. Right options of antihistamines will make wider flexibility for the people needed sharp motor functioning to work in factory with life-threatening machineries achieving less sedation and psychomotor unimpairment.
Influence of rotor structure on performance of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor

The permanent magnet (PM) motor using the rare-earth PM is high performance. However, since these types of permanent magnets are expensive, less amount of magnet must be used to reduce costs or rare earth is not used. In the present paper, the performance of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMASynRMs) with ferrite magnets are examined. The suitable number of poles for high torque and high power performance for a PMASynRM and demagnetization characteristics of the PM are investigated. The rotor design that reduces the demagnetization effect is also clarified.
Hick–Hyman Law is Mediated by the Cognitive Control Network in the Brain

The Hick-Hyman law describes a linear increase in reaction time (RT) as a function of the information entropy of response selection, which is computed as the binary logarithm of the number of response alternatives. While numerous behavioral studies have provided evidence for the Hick-Hyman law, its neural underpinnings have rarely been examined and are still unclear. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, by utilizing a choice reaction time task to manipulate the entropy of response selection, we examined brain activity mediating the input and the output, as well as the connectivity between corresponding regions in human participants. Beyond confirming the Hick-Hyman law in RT performance, we found that activation of the cognitive control network (CCN) increased and activation of the default mode network (DMN) decreased, both as a function of entropy. However, only the CCN, but not the DMN, was involved in mediating the relationship between entropy and RT. The CCN was involved in both stages of uncertainty representation and response generation, while the DMN was mainly involved at the stage of uncertainty representation. These findings indicate that the CCN serves as a core entity underlying the Hick-Hyman law by coordinating uncertainty representation and response generation in the brain.
correlations with aging and Huntington's disease Altered fractal dynamics of gait: reduced stride-interval

[PDF] [Full Text] , November , 2009; 38 (6): 745-748. Age Ageing Kade L. Paterson, Noel D. Lythgo and Keith D. Hill Gait variability in younger and older adult women is altered by overground walking protocol [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , December , 2010; 90 (12): 1850-1859. PHYS THER Beatrix Vereijken The Complexity of Childhood Development: Variability in Perspective [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , June 6, 2013; 10 (83): . J. R. Soc. Interface S. M. Bruijn, O. G. Meijer, P. J. Beek and J. H. van Dieën Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , April 6, 2014; 11 (93): . J. R. Soc. Interface Ellis Philip M. Holloway, Maia Angelova, Sara Lombardo, Alan St Clair Gibson, David Lee and Jason Complexity analysis of sleep and alterations with insomnia based on non-invasive techniques [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , February 24, 2015; 112 (8): 2320-2324. PNAS Johanna H. Meijer Changgui Gu, Claudia P. Coomans, Kun Hu, Frank A. J. L. Scheer, H. Eugene Stanley and young mice Lack of exercise leads to significant and reversible loss of scale invariance in both aged and
A Comparison of Trunk Muscle Activation: Ab Circle vs. Traditional Modalities

Willardson, JM, Behm, DG, Huang, SY, Rehg, MD, Kattenbraker, MS, and Fontana, FE. A comparison of trunk muscle activation: Ab circle vs. traditional modalities. J Strength Cond Res 24(12): 3415-3421, 2010-The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique abdominis (EO), lower abdominal stabilizers (LASs), and lumbar erector spinae (LES) during performance of 3 traditional trunk exercises vs. exercise on the Ab Circle device. Surface electromyography was used to assess 12 subjects (6 men, 6 women) for 6 exercise conditions, including: abdominal crunch, side bridge, quadruped, and Ab Circle levels 1-3. For the RA, the abdominal crunch elicited significantly greater activity vs. the Ab Circle level 1, and the side bridge elicited significantly greater activity vs. the Ab Circle levels 1 and 2. For the EO, the side bridge elicited significantly greater activity vs. the quadruped. No significant differences were noted between conditions for the LASs. For the LES, the side bridge and quadruped elicited significantly greater activity vs. the abdominal crunch. The results of this study indicate that the anterior, posterior, and lateral trunk musculature can be activated to similar or even greater levels by performing the 3 traditional trunk exercises vs. the Ab Circle. This was particularly evident for the side bridge exercise, which elicited significantly greater activity of the RA vs. the Ab Circle levels 1 and 2, and elicited similar activity of the EO, LASs, and LES at all 3 Ab Circle levels.
Book Reviews: Semi-Supervised Learning and Domain Adaptation in Natural Language Processing by Anders Søgaard

Classical machine learning makes at least two assumptions that are at odds with its application to natural language. First, it implicitly assumes there are enough data. This is rarely the case in NLP, where sparse data is the norm, especially for intermediate tasks like parsing that require artificial labeling. Second, it assumes that all examples are drawn from the same distribution. Language is of course not like this: rather than being an ordered landscape, it is a wildly varying one, rich with strange growths and prone to sudden monstrous blooms like micro-blogging. Both these traits can cause a classically trained NLP system to behave poorly. To cope with data sparsity, a common strategy is semi-supervised learning, in which a small labeled data set is augmented by a larger amount of (typically more abundant) unlabeled data. To cope with domain differences between training and test data, adaptation techniques can be used to mitigate training data bias by exploiting whatever is known of the test domain. The link between these two topics is that what is known of the test domain often comes in the form of an unlabeled sample, and hence semi-supervised techniques constitute an important class of adaptation strategies.
All-Oxide Inverters Based on ZnO Channel JFETs With Amorphous ZnCo2O4 Gates

We present integrated inverter circuits based on junction FETs (JFETs) with ZnO channels and amorphous ZnCo2O4 gate contacts. The inverters reach high gain values up to 276 and uncertainty ranges down to 0.3 V for an operating voltage of 3 V. The magnitude of the gain is traced back theoretically to the slope of the JFET saturation current. The use of a level shifter is demonstrated, in order to obtain full inverters, which can be integrated into logic circuits.
Stability in Bidirectional Associative Memory Networks with Time Delays

In the present paper, a bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks with time delays is studied. Without strict conditions imposed on self regulation functions, some new sufficient conditions for the existence and global asymptotic stability of a unique equilibrium are established. It is believed that these results are significant and useful for the design and applications of BAM-type biological and artificial neural networks.
Optical frequency measurement comparison using fiber laser combs between CMS and NMIJ

An Er-fiber laser comb with repetition frequency of 250 MHz made by the Center for Measurement Standards (CMS), Taiwan was shipped to the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) to compare with the NMIJ fiber laser comb by simultaneously measuring the frequency of an optical cavity-stabilized Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The measured average frequency difference is 32 mHz and corresponds to a relative difference of 1.1×10-16, which is limited by the measurement time. Furthermore, method for determining the comb mode number using two combs with large difference of repetition rate is proposed.
Factors affecting the effectiveness and use of Moodle: students' perception

The purpose of this research paper is to identify the factors affecting the effectiveness of Moodle from the students' perspective. The research hypotheses derived from the suggested extended Seddon model have been empirically validated using the responses to a survey on e-learning usage among 255 users. We tested the model across higher education institutions in Serbia, Lithuania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These responses have been examined through partial-least squares. The obtained results strongly support 16 of the 23 research hypotheses for the proposed e-learning model. We defined eight factors (behavioral intention to use in the future, communicativeness, format, information quality, performance outcome, perceived usefulness, satisfaction and system quality) in the initial theoretical e-learning model. Unexpectedly, system and information quality did not influence satisfaction, while communicativeness had the highest significant impact on performance outcome. Satisfaction had a significant effect on behavior intention and accounted for 68.4% of the variance in this area. The findings offer an insight into those factors that are likely significant antecedents for planning and implementing a Moodle e-learning system to enhance student-learning effectiveness.
A Comprehensive Examination of the Health Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Students Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities

There is limited information about African American students attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the areas of health behavior, health knowledge, and attitudes. To fill this gap, a comprehensive examination of first-year students was undertaken at a consortium of HBCUs. A non-random sample of 1,115 freshmen were administered a survey that assessed several domains including: (1) demographics, (2) general health, (3) smoking habits, (4) disease risk, (5) weight perception, (6) physical activity, (7) perceived stress, (8) eating habits, (9) social support, (10) personal/family medical history, (11) leadership, (12) domestic violence, (13) substance use, and (14) sexual behavior. In general, most students knew about health behaviors and disease risk. Areas that warrant further exploration include physical activity, sexual behavior, and drug use. The analyses provide key information for health education and prevention.
Isomaltulose production using free and immobilized Serratia plymuthica cells

Isomaltulose is a low cariogenic sweetener used as a substitute for sucrose in the food industry. In this study, isomaltulose production by Serratia plymuthica ATCC 15928 was performed using free and immobilized cells. Response Surface Methodology was employed to evaluate the influence of temperature, wet cell mass concentration and sucrose concentration during the conversion of sucrose into isomaltulose by free cells. After 2 h of reaction time in shake flasks, a high production of isomaltulose (85.23%) was obtained with a temperature of 25oC, wet cell mass of 20% (w/v) and sucrose solution of 25% (w/v). The free cells were reused during seven successive batches and resulted in efficient isomaltulose conversion between 83.74 and 67.37%. The production of isomaltulose by immobilized cells in calcium alginate was studied in a packed bed bioreactor during seven days in a continuous process. A conversion yield of sucrose into isomaltulose between 81.26 and 70.89% was obtained, using immobilized cells in calcium alginate SynthO 2% (w/v), sucrose solution of 35% (w/v), wet cell mass of 30% (w/v) and temperature of 25oC. The conversion of sucrose into isomaltulose remained high using free cells and using immobilized cells in calcium alginate during the period of execution of the experiments. Key words: Isomaltulose, glucosyltransferase, free cells, immobilized cells, Serratia plymuthica.