Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variational assimilation of IASI SO 2 plume height and total column retrievals in the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull using the SILAM v5.3 chemistry transport model

Abstract. This study focuses on two new aspects of inverse modelling of volcanic emissions. First, we derive an observation operator for satellite retrievals of plume height, and second, we solve the inverse problem using an algorithm based on the 4D-Var data assimilation method. The approach is first tested in a twin experiment with simulated observations and further evaluated by assimilating IASI SO2 plume height and total column retrievals in a source term inversion for the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull. The inversion resulted in temporal and vertical reconstruction of the SO2 emissions during 1–20 May 2010 with formal vertical and temporal resolutions of 500 m and 12 h. The plume height observation operator is based on simultaneous assimilation of the plume height and total column retrievals. The plume height is taken to represent the vertical centre of mass, which is transformed into the first moment of mass (centre of mass times total mass). This makes the observation operator linear and simple to implement. The necessary modifications to the observation error covariance matrix are derived. Regularization by truncated iteration is investigated as a simple and efficient regularization method for the 4D-Var-based inversion. In the twin experiments, the truncated iteration was found to perform similarly to the commonly used Tikhonov regularization, which in turn is equivalent to a Gaussian a priori source term. However, the truncated iteration allows the level of regularization to be determined a posteriori without repeating the inversion. In the twin experiments, assimilating the plume height retrievals resulted in a 5–20 % improvement in root mean squared error but simultaneously introduced a 10–20 % low bias on the total emission depending on assumed emission profile. The results are consistent with those obtained with real data. For Eyjafjallajokull, comparisons with observations showed that assimilating the plume height retrievals reduced the overestimation of injection height during individual periods of 1–3 days, but for most of the simulated 20 days, the injection height was constrained by meteorological conditions, and assimilation of the plume height retrievals had only small impact. The a posteriori source term for Eyjafjallajokull consisted of 0.29 Tg (with total column and plume height retrievals) or 0.33 Tg (with total column retrievals only) erupted SO2 of which 95 % was injected below 11 or 12 km, respectively.
Dual‐band dual‐sense circularly polarized antenna based on crossed dipole structure for WLAN/WiMAX applications

This paper presents a new approach to design dual‐band antenna with dual‐sense circularly polarized (CP) operation. A principle for CP radiation is the use of two orthogonal dipoles and properly choosing their lengths can produce either right‐hand CP (RHCP) or left‐hand CP (LHCP) operation. In the proposed structure, the lower frequency band at 2.4 GHz is designed with RHCP radiation and LHCP is the operating mode of the higher band at 3.5 GHz. For verification, an antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. Measured data indicate that good performances over the RHCP and LHCP bands can be obtained with usable bandwidths of 2.9% (2.36‐2.43 GHz) and 1.7% (3.48‐3.54 GHz). Along with this, it also observes good unidirectional radiation patterns and the measured broadside gains are around 7.7 and 7.4 dBic across these frequency ranges.
Influence model of evasive decision makers

The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of truthfulness in an influence based decision making model. An expert may submit his opinions truthfully or he may dismantle the original situation by undermining the actual opinion, such a decision maker is called an evasive decision maker or an almost truthful decision maker in this paper. It is assumed that experts in the panel are dignified members hence even though they are not habitual liars, they are either "almost truthful" or evasive. To measure their degree of truthfulness, we use the information provided by them in the form of preference relations. We use this information to state the foundation of influence model of evasive decision makers. Finally, a ranking method is proposed to find best possible solutions.
How Databases Learn

The relational database has been a fixture of the modern research laboratory -- used to catalog and organize specimens and petri dishes, as well as to organize and store research data and analyses. Yet, though there are numerous textbooks on database design and short-term maintenance, there is still a need for deeper exploration of how these artifacts change, grow and are maintained in the long term, and how their very structure can affect their users’ work. Findings from a deeper, more extended exploration of database use over long periods of time would have implications for not just data curation, preservation and management, but also for our understanding of actual, situated information organization practices and needs in science: designing for actual practice rather than for unrealistic idealization of these practices and needs. We draw inspiration, and our title, from Brand’s highly influential book; “How Buildings Learn” (1995). We believe many of the topics Brand discusses regarding buildings’ change and growth over time might usefully be applied to certain aspects of databases. This work is a first step towards understanding how databases, like buildings, learn.
Trends in and closure of the atmospheric angular momentum budget in the 20th century in ERA‐20C

It is well known that global warming in the 20th century has influenced the global circulation of the atmosphere. Atmospheric angular momentum (AAM), a measure of the rotation of the atmosphere around the Earth's axis, is a useful quantity to investigate changes in the global atmospheric circulation. In this study, 20th century trends in the AAM budget are determined using the ERA‐20C reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In addition, the closure of the AAM budget is determined to assess the ability of ERA‐20C to conserve angular momentum. The total AAM has increased in the 20th century, associated mainly with an increasing relative (zonal wind) AAM in most of the stratosphere and the tropical upper troposphere, and a poleward redistribution in the midlatitudes. These trends can be related to the warming in the troposphere and cooling in the lower stratosphere found in this study, likely caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The Ω‐AAM, representing the rotation of the atmosphere along with the Earth, shows no clear trend, but a spurious peak around 1920. This peak is caused by a global increase in surface pressure and is considered an artefact of changes in the amount of assimilated observations. It is also found that the AAM budget is not well closed in ERA‐20C, which is mainly the result of the assimilation of observations during production of the reanalysis. The trends in the AAM budget in ERA‐20C are likely affected by changes in the number of assimilated observations and should be validated with other reanalyses in further research.
Matching deformed and occluded iris patterns: a probabilistic model based on discriminative cues

The complexity and stability of the human iris pattern make it well suited for the task of biometric recognition. However, any realistically deployed iris imaging system collects images from the same iris that exhibit variation in appearance. This variation originates from external factors (such as changes in lighting conditions) as well as the subject's physiological responses (such as pupil motion or eyelid occlusion), which make reliable recognition a difficult task. We discuss pre-processing techniques which isolate and normalize the iris pattern, and survey existing techniques for iris pattern matching. The standard iris matching algorithm aligns the iris pattern in a way that accounts for relative rotations of the eye. However, we assert that the matching performance becomes more robust when the matching algorithm explicitly models and estimates pattern deformation and partial occlusion, and uses this information to determine the final match score. The novel work in this dissertation is divided into three main areas; (i) the analysis of a variety of bandpass filter bank iris pattern representations and optimization of such a representation for its ability to discriminate between iris classes, (ii) the derivation and application of fusion correlation filters to generate distortion-tolerant similarity cues between iris patterns, and (iii) the design and implementation of an iris-specific probabilistic model on the hidden states of deformation and occlusion, capable of estimating the posterior distribution over these states for a given iris pattern match comparison. Fundamentally, this dissertation combines signal processing techniques with probabilistic machine learning techniques to solve the iris recognition problem. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to that of the standard iris matching algorithm on three datasets: one from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), one from the NIST Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE), and one collected by the authors at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). In our experiments, we demonstrate the superior accuracy of the proposed technique using both real and artificially distorted iris data. Finally, we analyze of the computational cost of our iris recognition algorithms in terms of complexity and processing time.
Selected aspects of welding defects identification in MIG/MAG arc welding

Progressing automation and robotization of industry processes call for increasingly eficient and automated means of product quality control. In the case of industrial arc welding, these new monitoring systems cannot only measure and save process parameters, but can also actively use these measurements to control the process by warning when parameters exceed preset thresholds, dynamically interrupting the welding process, and even predicting defects in the nal product. This article presents results for a newly developed method of automatic identi cation of welding (defects, imperfections) in MIG/MAG processes. in polishWybrane aspekty identyfikacji zaklocen procesu spawania lukowego MIG/MAGPostepująca automatyzacja i robotyzacja procesow produkcyjnych wymaga nowych, rownie wydajnych i zautomatyzowanych metod kontroli jakości produktu. W przypadku spawania lukowego, oprocz prowadzonego w tym celu pomiaru i biernej rejestracji parametrow procesu, niektore systemy monitorujące mogą sprawowac funkcje automatycznego nadzoru polączonego np. z sygnalizacją przekroczen, przewidywaniem niezgodności spawalniczych, a nawet ingerencją w prace maszyny i proces spawalniczy. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki nowych badan nad automatyczną identfikacją zaklocen procesu spawania lukowego MIG/MAG.
An analysis of TCP over different routing protocols in ad hoc networks

With the booming of internet, TCP is widely used in both wired and wireless networks. In mobile ad hoc networks, the topology changes frequently due to mobile nodes which leads to significant packet losses and network throughput degradations. This is due to the fact that TCP fails to distinguish the link failure induced packet losses from the congestion induced packet losses. It is well known that routing plays a key role in mobile ad hoc networks. This paper introduces a novel routing scheme in mobile ad hoc networks – Power State Routing (PSR). It is a link state routing. By PSR, a node adjusts the transmission power depending on the number of their neighbors and its transmission power states and that of its neighbors and it computes optimal routes with topology changed. In this paper, the performance of TCP over different routing protocols in ad hoc networks was studied by simulation experiments. Four kind of routing schemes, Fish State Routing (FSR) [3], Power State Routing (PSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [6] and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) [2] were investigated and were analyzed to identify their characteristics when TCP is used over them in ad hoc networks. Index Terms -wireless network, ad hoc network, routing
Cache Enabled Cellular Network: Algorithm for Cache Placement and Guarantees

This letter presents a novel algorithm for content placement in the small base stations (SBSs) caches in a heterogeneous wireless network. The problem of maximizing the average rate of cache hit in a heterogeneous wireless network for a given probability distribution of content popularity and a given network topology, under the constraint of cache size at each SBS is proposed. The optimal cache placement algorithm turns out to be NP-Hard, and hence, a novel approximate solution is presented. Further, the theoretical guarantees on the performance of the proposed algorithm is also provided. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed edge caching strategy performs better than the conventional greedy caching policy, least recently used, and least frequently used algorithms.
Game-Based Writing Strategy Practice with the Writing Pal

In this chapter, the authors consider the value of educational games to support students’ writing strategy acquisition and practice. Sixty-five high school students participated in a summer program using the Writing Pal, an intelligent tutoring system designed to support adolescents’ persuasive writing across multiple phases of the writing process. Overall, students who interacted with the full W-Pal intelligent tutoring system (i.e., animated strategy lessons, game-based practice, and essay-based practice with feedback) were better able to articulate new writing strategies than students who engaged in intensive essay-based practice by writing and revising twice as many essays with feedback. Importantly, performance within several educational games was found to be a significant predictor of strategy acquisition. The authors argue that these strategy benefits arise from the ways in which strategy-specific, game-based practice activities support the decomposition of task goals, clear operations for achieving those goals, compensation for individual differences, and motivation to practice. Rod D. Roscoe Arizona State University, USA Russell D. Brandon Arizona State University, USA Erica L. Snow Arizona State University, USA Danielle S. McNamara Arizona State University, USA
JSON Web Token (JWT) draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token-02

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) object that is digitally signed or MACed using JSON Web Signature (JWS) and/or encrypted using JSON Web Encryption (JWE). The suggested pronunciation of JWT is the same as the English word "jot".
Fingerprint Image Enhancement and Minutiae Extraction

Automatic and reliable extraction of minutiae from fingerprint images is a critical step in fingerprint matching.The quality of input fingerprint images plays an important role in the performance of automatic identification and verification algorithms.Presents a fast fingerprint enhancement and minutiae extraction algorithm which improves the clarity of the ridge and valley structures of the input fingerprint images based on the frequency and orientation of the local ridges and thereby extracts correct minutiae.Experimental results show that the method performs well.
Pig Vs. Hive Use Case Analysis

Corporations are changing their practices to data-driven big data initiatives, as big data analytics has provided companies with the ability to grow their businesses and increase competition. As the importance of data analytics grew, so accordingly did the size of the data to analyze, thus demanding a more powerful data platform. This paper shows a case study of two High Level Query Languages that are constructed on top of Hadoop MapReduce; Pig and Hive. By creating a query in each query language, both resulting in an identical output, and by running each query 30 times on 2 different sized files (120 runs total), this comparison provides a statistically significant conclusion.
Measurement of the Surface Displacement in 1-3 Piezo-composites

Two methods for measuring the out-of-plane displacements of a range of 1-3 piezo-composites have been investigated. The first uses a surface profilometer to scan the surface profile of 1-3 piezo-composites under static DC conditions. The second uses a laser Doppler vibrometer to record dynamic surface displacement profile of the composites at various frequencies and electrical actuation drive level. Regions of composite that have lower than average piezoelectric element density exhibit a reduced overall displacement compared to regions that are more densely packed with piezoelectric phase. This is expected and the manner in which matrix and piezo-rod or fibre interacts, especially near the matrix fibre interface, as a function of frequency and voltage is discussed. The methods have been compared and ways in which the data may be visualised for greater understanding of the effect of composition, volume fraction, aspect ratio etc. have been explored.
Interval analysis and convex optimization to solve a robust constraint feasibility problem

This paper deals with the Robust Constraint Feasibility (RCF) problem which aims ﬁnding all θ such that there exists a vector x satisfying the constraint f(x, θ) < 0. An interval based algorithm will answer the question but with a crippling computational complexity which is exponential with respect to the dimension of the vector (x, θ). If the constraint function is assumed to be convex in x when θ is ﬁxed, the paper shows that the complexity of the problem becomes polynomial with respect to the dimension of vector x and exponential with respect to the dimension of vector θ. Another contribution of the paper is to provide an algorithm which combines convex optimization and interval analysis to solve the problem with the reduced complexity. As an illustration, a simple numerical example is given.
Chromospheric K CaII telescope of Baikal Astrophysical Observatory. New light

In recent years, most results of CaII studies of the solar chromosphere in H and K lines have been based on observations with narrow passband filters. The Baikal Observatory’s full-disk chromospheric telescope for the K CaII line with a birefringent filter (BF) has again been included in observation programs of the Sun Service Station and scientific research. We analyze the methods of telescope and modernized birefringent filter adjustment. After many years of continuous operation, a pressing need arose to replace the damaged parts of the chromospheric telescope. Optics and mechanics of the entire telescope have been cleaned and readjusted. Wavefront interferograms of the teleobjective lens and of the whole telescope show that wavefront distortions of the entire optical path are within 0.25 λ. We present an optical scheme and discuss optical-physical characteristics of BF elements. The interference prefilter and UV polarizers have been replaced, and passbands of BF tunable stages have been adjusted. The BF spectral characteristics provide a fairly high contrast of monochromatic images of large-scale phenomena. Unfortunately, with a collimator and Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-S85 camera, mounted on the telescope, the theoretical resolution of the 180-mm telescope is not realized. We have therefore calculated two optical schemes of telescope changes for possible improvement in spatial resolution.
Ultrasonic Health Monitoring of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Because of the complex physiochemical nature of the lithium-ion battery, it is difficult to identify the internal changes that lead to battery degradation and failure. This study develops an ultrasonic sensing technique for monitoring the commercial lithium-ion pouch cells and demonstrates this technique through experimental studies. Data fusion analysis is implemented using the ultrasonic sensing data to construct a new battery health indicator, thus extending the capabilities of traditional battery management systems. The combination of the ultrasonic sensing and data fusion approach is validated and shown to be effective for degradation assessment as well as early failure indication.
An Automated Vehicle Fuel Economy Benefits Evaluation Framework Using Real-World Travel and Traffic Data

Increasing automation is a consistent development trend in the automobile industry. However, real-world evaluation of the operational and energy consumption differences between automated vehicles and comparable manually driven vehicles has been limited. This study helps fill the information gap by comparing the operation and fuel economy of vehicles in adaptive cruise control (ACC) and non-ACC modes based on large-scale field test data collected by Volvo Car Corporation (Volvo Cars) from vehicles traveling on the designated "Drive Me" project road network in Gothenburg, Sweden. The test vehicles' travel data are classified by driving mode (ACC vs. non-ACC) and driving conditions, which refer to traffic speed and road grade in this study. The results from the data logging fleet are used to estimate the aggregate fuel consumption differences at the Drive Me road-network level for vehicles traveling in ACC vs. non-ACC mode based on appropriately weighting the total amount of travel that took place on the network under different driving conditions. At the ACC penetration levels observed in the field test data, vehicles tended to drive more smoothly in ACC mode than in non-ACC mode. The corresponding travel-weighted fuel consumption rate for vehicles in ACC mode was about 5%-7% lower than for vehicles in non-ACC mode when traveling at similar conditions. Sensitivity analyses impart confidence in this result, and in the future, the established evaluation framework could be used to objectively quantify potential on-road fuel consumption impacts from vehicles with even higher levels of automated driving capability.
Improving internal logistics process with Lean Six Sigma project

The objective of this study is to investigate how lean six sigma can be used in a process improvement project, and how to apply lean six sigma in a real-life situation. The task is to decrease the amount of late deliveries to a factory from a nearby logistics facility, where production materials are stored in. The study will be performed as a case study. The case study begins with a literature review, where scientific publications of the subject are studied. After this, a real-life process improvement project will be carried out in a company. During the project, the learnings from the literature and the tools and methods of lean six sigma will be applied. There will also be examples given on the application of lean six sigma. As a result of this study, suggestions for improvement were made. Implementing these suggestions would help to reduce the amount of late deliveries. Due to the limited time of the project, these suggestions could not be completely carried out to be used practically during the case study. Therefore, it was not possible to report the actual benefits of these improvements. However, a pessimistic annual assessment of the potential benefit was 485,000 euros. The results of this study can be used very well because the tools used in the project can be applied to any field of business. The potential benefit for the process under investigation is not entirely generalizable. However, many companies face the same kind of problems in their processes, for which, this study can be of help to. Additional Information -