Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Underspecified quantification

Many noun phrases in text are ambiguously quantified: syntax doesn't explicitly tell us whether they refer to a single entity or to several and, in main clauses, what portion of the set denoted by the subject Nbar actually takes part in the event expressed by the verb. For instance, when we utter the sentence Cats are mammals, it is only world knowledge that allows our hearer to infer that we mean All cats are mammals, and not Some cats are mammals. This ambiguity effect is interesting at several levels. Theoretically, it raises cognitive and linguistic questions. To what extent does syntax help humans resolve the ambiguity? What problem-solving skills come into play when syntax is insufficient for full resolution? How does ambiguous quantification relate to the phenomenon of genericity, as described by the linguistic literature? From an engineering point of view, the resolution of quantificational ambiguity is essential to the accuracy of some Natural Language Processing tasks. We argue that the quantification ambiguity phenomenon can be described in terms of underspecification and propose a formalisation for what we call underquantified subject noun phrases. Our formalisation is motivated by inference requirements and covers all cases of genericity. Our approach is then empirically validated by human annotation experiments. We propose an annotation scheme that follows our theoretical claims with regard to underquan-tification. Our annotation results strengthen our claim that all noun phrases can be analysed in terms of quantification. The produced corpus allows us to derive a gold standard for quantification resolution experiments and is, as far as we are aware, the first attempt to analyse the distribution of null quantifiers in English. We then create a baseline system for automatic quantification resolution, using syntax to provide discriminating features for our classification. We show that results are rather poor for certain classes and argue that some level of pragmatics is needed, in combination with syntax, to perform accurate resolution. We explore the use of memory-based learning as a way to approximate the problem-solving skills available to humans at the level of pragmatic understanding. 3 4 Acknowledgments I would like to thank. my supervisor Dr Ann Copestake, who supported me in more ways than will fit on this page: in particular for mentioning the phenomenon of genericity in the first place, for reading and re-reading countless papers and drafts and always providing the most enlightening comments on my work, for pushing me …
Molecular design of peptides. Synthesis, molecular structure and beta-turn II' formation of N-Boc-L-Phe-dehydro-Abu-NH-CH3 in crystals.

The peptide N-Boc-L-Phe-dehydro-Abu-NH-CH3 was synthesized by the usual workup procedure. The crystals grown from methanol at 4 degrees C belong to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 7.589(2), b = 13.690(4), c = 21.897(6) A, Z = 4 and dc = 1.149(5) g cm-3 for C19H29N3O5.CH3OH. The peptide crystals were highly sensitive to radiation. The final agreement factor R was 0.055 for 1109 observed reflections (I > or = 2 sigma) with data extending to a 2 theta value of 103 degrees. The methanol oxygen atom is split into two occupancies. Both sites are involved in identical hydrogen bonding. As a result of substitution of a dehydro-Abu residue at the (i + 2) position the peptide adopts an ideal beta-turn II' conformation with torsion angles of corner residues as phi 1 = 63(1) degrees, psi 1 = -127(1) degrees, phi 2 = -66(1) degrees and psi 2 = -10(1) degrees, and an intramolecular hydrogen bond N-H.O of length 3.01(1) A. This shows that the conformational constraints produced by dehydro-Abu are similar in nature to but different in magnitude than those produced by dehydro-Phe and dehydro-Leu. The methanol-peptide interactions show characteristic features of multiple hydrogen-bond formations involving polar sites of participating peptide and methanol molecules. The packing of the molecules in the unit cell is stabilized by interactions through methanol molecules with the help of several hydrogen bonds.
Cellular N-Ras Promotes Cell Survival by Downregulation of Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase and p38

ABSTRACT Cellular N-Ras provides a steady-state antiapoptotic signal, at least partially through the regulation of phosphorylated Akt and Bad levels. Fibroblasts lacking c-N-Ras expression are highly sensitive to the induction of apoptosis by a variety of agents. Reduction of pBad and pAkt levels using a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor was not sufficient to sensitize the control cell population to the high level of apoptosis observed in the N-Ras knockout cell lines, suggesting that c-N-Ras provides at least one other antiapoptotic signal. Stimulation of the control cells with apoptotic agents results in a transient increase in Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK)/p38 activity that decreased to baseline levels during the time course of the experiments. In all cases, however, sustained JNK/p38 activity was observed in cells lacking c-N-Ras expression. This correlated with sustained levels of phosphorylated MKK4 and MKK3/6, upstream activators of JNK and p38, respectively. Mimicking the sustained activation of JNK in the control cells did result in increasing their sensitivity to apoptotic agents, suggesting that prolonged JNK activity is a proapoptotic event. We also examined the potential downstream c-N-Ras targets that might be involved in regulating the duration of the JNK/p38 signal. Only the RalGDS 37G-N-Ras protein protected the N-Ras knockout cells from apoptosis and restored transient rather than sustained JNK activation. These data suggest that cellular N-Ras provides an antiapoptotic signal through at least two distinct mechanisms, one which regulates steady-state pBad and pAkt levels and one which regulates the duration of JNK/p38 activity following an apoptotic challenge.
A model reference observer for time-delay control and its application to robot trajectory control

This paper addresses the estimation problem of the states and their derivatives for time-delay control (TDC), a robust control technique for nonlinear systems. To this end, an observer design method is presented. In addition, the sufficient conditions are discussed and implementation issues are addressed. Finally, experiments were undertaken on a SCARA-type robot subject to substantial inertia variations and external disturbances. The results showed that the controller/observer performs quite robustly under inertia variations and disturbances and is much less sensitive to sensor noise than the controller using numerical differentiations.
The Relationship Between Symptoms and Stress in Adolescents with Schizophrenia

Stress predicts outcomes in adults with schizophrenia, but its effect in adolescents is unknown. We used exploratory data analysis to examine changes in symptoms and to correlate symptoms with stress at 0, 6, 30, and 54 weeks in 40 adolescents with schizophrenia. Symptoms were measured with the Early Signs and Symptoms Scale; stress was measured with the Hassles Scale. From baseline to 54 weeks, symptom severity decreased significantly. Symptom severity and stress correlated significantly at baseline, 30 weeks, and 54 weeks, after controlling for the number of hospitalizations and baseline symptom severity. These results implicate stress in schizophrenia symptoms in adolescents and justify examining stress management for these patients.
Uyghur Short Text Classification Using Morphological Information

In this paper, we propose a novel method for improving the classification performance of short text strings using conditional random fields (CRFs) that combine morphological information. Experimental results on three datasets (Uyghur, Chinese, and English) demonstrate that our method can yield higher classification accuracy than Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier and Maximum Entropy Model (MEM) classifier. Moreover, we show that our method can greatly decrease error rates, particularly if the number of training texts or the size of the strings in the train set is small.
Car model recognition from frontal image using BRISK

Car Recognition is a part of Intelligent Transportation System. This research proposes the manufacture of ITS-based system to identify car model from Its frontal image using Binary Robust Invariant Scalable method. The BRISK method is used to detect image keypoint, and it uses Hamming Distance for keypoint matching. As for matching error, this research depends on RANSAC. BRISK method excellence lies in the speed of scale space searching of images. Car model recognition using BRISK has an accuracy rate of 96.25%.
Apprentissage statistique de classes sémantiques pour l'interprétation d'images aériennes. (Statistical learning of classes Semantics for interpretation Aerial images)

Ce travail concerne l'interpretation du contenu des images aeriennes optiques panchromatiques tres haute resolution. Deux methodes pour la classification du contenu de ces images ont ete developpees. Une methode basee sur la detection des instances des differentes categories d'objets et une autre methode basee sur la segmentation semantique des superpixels de l'image utilisant un modele de contexte entre les differentes instances des superpixels. La methode de detection des objets dans une image tres haute resolution est basee sur l'apprentissage d'un melange de modele d'apparence de la categorie d'objets a detecter puis d'une fusion des hypotheses renvoyees par les differents modeles. Nous proposons une methode de partitionnement en sous categories visuelles basee sur une procedure en deux etapes des exemples d'apprentissages de la base en fonction des metadonnees disponibles et de l'apparence des exemples d'apprentissage. Cette phase de partitionnement permet d'apprendre des modeles d'apparence ou chacun est specialises dans la reconnaissance d'une sous-partie de la base et dont la fusion permet la generalisation de la detection a l'ensemble des objets de la classe. Les performances du detecteur ainsi obtenu sont evaluees sur plusieurs bases d'images aeriennes tres haute resolution a des resolution differentes et en plusieurs endroits du monde. La methode de segmentation semantique contextuelle developpee utilise une combinaison de la description visuelle d'un superpixel extrait d'une image et des informations de contexte extraient entre un superpixel et ses voisins. La representation du contexte entre les superpixels est obtenu en utilisant une representation par modele graphique entre les superpixels voisins. Les noeuds du graphes etant la representation visuelle d'un superpixel et les aretes la representation contextuelle entre deux voisins. Enfin nous presentons une methode de prediction de la categorie d'un superpixel en fonction des decisions donnees par les voisins pour rendre les predictions plus robustes. La methode a ete teste sur une base d'image aerienne tres haute resolution.
Characterization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Incorporation into Starch by Isolated Intact Cauliflower-Bud Plastids

Intact plastids from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var Prince de Bretagne) buds were isolated according to the method described by Journet and Douce (E.P. Journet and R. Douce [1985] Plant Physiol 79: 458–)467). Incubation of these plastids with various 14C-labeled compounds revealed that glucose-6-phosphate can act as a precursor for starch synthesis. However, significant rates (incorporation of 120 nmol glucose mg-1 protein h-1) could only be observed when both 3-phosphoglyceric acid and ATP were present as well. Starch synthesis in isolated plastids was strongly dependent upon the intactness of the organelle. The presence of a high-affinity ATP/ADP translocator with a Km for ATP of 12 [mu]M was demonstrated by uptake experiments with [14C]ATP. ADP inhibited both ATP uptake and effector-stimulated starch synthesis. Effector-stimulated glucose-6-phosphate-dependent starch synthesis was not significantly influenced by fructose-6-phosphate or 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate but was strongly inhibited by triose phosphate and inorganic phosphate. Starch synthesis was also inhibited by 4,4[prime]-diisothio-cyanostilbene-2,2[prime]-disulfonate, which is known to be a potent inhibitor of the chloroplast phosphate translocator. The data presented here support the view that starch biosynthesis in heterotrophic tissues is powered by increasing levels of cytosolic 3-phosphoglyceric acid and ATP when glucose-6-phosphate is available.
“We Don't Have a Back-Up Plan”: An Exploration of Family Contingency Planning for Emergencies Following Stroke

Little research has explored emergency preparedness among families coping with stroke. In this longitudinal qualitative study, we explored contingency caregiving planning by interviewing (N = 18) family caregivers providing care for a stroke survivor at home during the first 6 months post-discharge from the hospital. Emergent themes showed most families did not have a concrete “back-up plan” for a crisis or disaster situation involving the primary caregiver being unable to provide care. Furthermore, they assumed formal respite services or long-term care would be available should the need arise. Despite increased awareness over time, most caregivers had not devised contingency plans at 6 months.
Investigation of CISPR 12 test sites: Deviations due to nonspecified ground parameters

According to CISPR 12 an absorber lined shielded enclosure (ALSE) can be used if the results gained there match those obtained on an outdoor test site (OTS) [1]. Currently there are discussions on validation methods to be included in future editions of CISPR 12. One main problem for a systematic evaluation is the OTS as a reference, due to nonspecific ground parameters.
Quantification of Vessel Density in Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Images Using Local Fractal Dimension.

PURPOSE To evaluate a fully automated local fractal dimension method to quantify vessel density and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. METHODS Fifty-two healthy Asian Indian eyes underwent imaging prospectively with OCTA system. Superficial and deep retinal vascular plexus was imaged. Local fractal analysis was applied to the OCTA images. A scan area of 3 × 3 mm was selected in the superficial and deep retinal layers. Foveal avascular zone area and vessel density were quantified in circular and sectoral zones around the fovea. A unique contour map of vessel density and dropout zones was developed to perform regional comparisons. RESULTS Foveal avascular zone of superficial (0.35 ± 0.013 mm2) and deep (0.49 ± 0.012 mm2) retinal vascular plexus was segmented. The agreement between the manually segmented and local fractal dimension segmented FAZ area was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-0.98) and did not change significantly with age (P = 0.94 and 0.21, respectively). The vessel density was greater in the deep than the superficial retinal vascular plexus (P < 0.0001). When the image was subdivided into sectors around the FAZ, inferior sector had greater vessel density than the others (temporal, superior, and nasal) in both superficial and deep retinal vascular plexus (P < 0.05). These observations were similar to recent studies on animal retinal vasculature map. CONCLUSIONS A novel implementation of local fractal dimension to calculate vessel density and FAZ area was demonstrated. Age did not impact vessel density but sectoral analyses showed greater vessel density in the inferior zone.
Enhanced Password Based Security System Based on User Behavior using Neural Networks

There are multiple numbers of security systems are available to protect your computer/resources. Among them, password based systems are the most commonly used system due to its simplicity, applicability and cost effectiveness But these types of systems have higher sensitivity to cyber-attack. Most of the advanced methods for authentication based on password security encrypt the contents of password before storing or transmitting in the physical domain. But all conventional encryption methods are having its own limitations, generally either in terms of complexity or in terms of efficiency. In this paper an enhanced password based security system has been proposed based on user typing behavior, which will attempt to identify authenticity of any user failing to login in first few attempts by analyzing the basic user behaviors/activities and finally training them through neural network and classifying them as genuine or intruder.
Hybrid Adaptive Vision—Force Control for Robot Manipulators Interacting with Unknown Surfaces

A hybrid control scheme based on adaptive visual servoing and direct force control is proposed for robot manipulators to perform interaction tasks on smooth surfaces. The camera parameters, as well as the constraint surface, are considered to be uncertain. A fixed camera with optical axis non-perpendicular to the robot workspace is used for position control, while a force sensor mounted on the robot wrist is used for force regulation. In order to solve the interaction problem on unknown surfaces, a method is developed to estimate the constraint geometry and keep the end-effector orthogonal to the surface at the contact point, during the task execution. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the performance and feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Investigation of Anti–Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Antibodies in Blood Donors and Slaughterhouse Workers in Jeddah and Makkah, Saudi Arabia, Fall 2012

Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel, potentially zoonotic human coronavirus (HCoV). We investigated MERS-CoV antibodies using a staged approach involving an immunofluorescence assay (IFA), a differential recombinant IFA, and a plaque-reduction serum neutralization assay. In 130 blood donors sampled during 2012 in Jeddah and 226 slaughterhouse workers sampled in October 2012 in Jeddah and Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 8 reactive sera were seen in IFA but were resolved to be specific for established HCoVs by discriminative testing. There is no evidence that MERS-CoV circulated widely in the study region in fall 2012, matching an apparent absence of exported disease during the 2012 Hajj.
Analysis and Design of a Novel 3-DOF Lorentz-Force-Driven DC Planar Motor

In this paper, a novel Lorentz-force-driven DC planar motor with low force ripple is proposed. The magnetic field distribution is calculated analytically by using magnetic surface charge model and image method. The expressions of force and torque are derived based on the Lorentz force law. A method for electromagnetic design of the motor is also discussed. The static force characteristic is measured experimentally. The experiment results are in good agreement with the results of the analysis and simulation.
Solar powered automated external defibrillators in remote areas: A computer simulation

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are used to restore normal heart rhythm of patients suffering from sudden cardiac arrest. Proper functioning of AEDs depends on sufficient amount of power supplied by batteries. The available capacity of AED batteries deteriorates with time. Solar radiation being available in abundance may be employed to charge batteries of AEDs in emergent situations. Design and development of solar cell based AEDs require primary focus to optimize efficiency of solar power conversion in order to maintain requisite power. In the research article, an attempt has been made to simulate Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (INC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms to extract maximum power of solar cell suitable for powering AEDs using MATLAB. Simulations of P&O and INC techniques were implemented using datasheet of BP SX 150S photovoltaic module. Peak power points indicated on powervoltage plots proved that the INC technique yielded more maximum power as compared to P&O technique for each value of radiation. The simulation demonstrated capability of solar cell based power supply to charge the battery of AED. The practical implementation of solar cell powered AEDs could increase overall lifespan and may reduce cost of maintenance.
Application of Enriched Stable Isotopes in Element Uptake and Translocation in Plant

Isotope technique including radioisotopes and stable isotopes is useful and potent tool for various scientific areas. Especially, enriched stable isotopes are indispensable tools for researchers in biological systems (Sturup et al. 2008). Stable isotope ratios are usually used in examining the biogeochemical cycling of light elements such as carbon(C), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) in the environment. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) for the isotope analysis has been the most standard technique for many years. However, for TIMS analysis, time for sample preparation is needed because sample need to ensure efficient ionization. On the other hand, ICP-MS analysis has some advantages that sample preparation is simple and high sample throughput for isotope experiments where a large amount of samples need to be analyzed (Sturup et al. 2008). The disadvantage to resolve in isotope analysis using ICP-MS is spectroscopic interferences in the process of analysis. It is therefore needed to be resolved these interferences. When plant physiologists investigate mineral absorption mechanisms in roots of plant, evaluation of symplastic mineral absorption capacity in roots cell in kinetics and time course experiments is very important because mineral translocation in shoots is mainly contributed to capacity of symplastic absorption in roots. In these experiments, radioisotopes methods are mainly used for element uptake in plants. Radioisotopes in solute were the most useful markers used in nutrient uptake and translocation in plants because they are chemically similar to the solute and can be distinguished from non-labeled solutes already contained in the roots (Davenport 2007). However, there are limitations to this method, including radioisotope administrative restriction and the restricted half-life of the radioisotope. Isotope tracer experiments, using a stable isotope, are very similar to those using a radioisotope on element to analyse plant mechanisms (Sturup et al. 2008). Accurate and precise determination of mineral isotope ratios is required for analysis of enriched stable isotopes. Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has now become the effective and potent technique for enriched stable isotope tracer experiments due to increased availability. Therefore, the application of enriched stable isotopes in various biological systems increased rapidly.
A 5.1GHz 0.34mm2 Router for Network-on-Chip Applications

A five-port two-lane pipelined packet-switched router core with phase-tolerant mesochronous links forms the key communication fabric for an 80-tile network-on-chip (NoC) architecture. The 15FO4 design combines 102 GB/s of raw bandwidth with low fall-through latency of 980 ps. A shared crossbar architecture with a double-pumped crossbar switch enables a compact 0.34 mm2 router layout. In a 65nm eight-metal CMOS process, the router contains 210K transistors and operates at 5.1GHz at 1.2 V, while dissipating 945 mW.
Image retrieval by shape-focused sketching of objects

Content-based image retrieval deals with retrieval in large databases using the actual visual content. In this paper we propose to use hand-drawn object sketches highlighting the outline of an object of interest as query. Due to the lack of appearance, the focus lies on the shape of an object. Such a scenario requires a common representation for the sketch and the images. We propose novel shapebased descriptors that are calculated on local contour fragments. The contour descriptors are stored in a hierarchical data structure, which enables efficient retrieval in sub-linear time, potentially handles millions of images, and does not require retraining when inserting new images. We demonstrate superior performance in this query-by-shape-sketch retrieval for our novel features, and efficient retrieval in 50 milliseconds on a standard single core computer.