Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sustainable production of industrial chemicals from sugars.

The use of sugar as a raw material for sustainable production of existing industrial chemicals offers great potential for cane- and beet-sugar producers to capture added value while helping to transform the chemical industry to a renewable feedstock base. Large-scale global manufacture of existing industrial chemicals requires approximately 3 billion barrels/year of oil and its equivalents as the primary source of raw materials, heat, and power. In addition to being energy intensive, the chemical industry contributed significantly to the nearly 30 billion tonnes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emitted globally into the atmosphere in 2008. 1 This article highlights the important benefits of sustainable chemicals manufacturing and provides an overview of Genomatica's sucrose-based process for the manufacture of 1,4-butanediol, an existing 1.3 million tonne/year petrochemical. Commercial production of 1,4-butanediol from sugar using an engineered microorganism will require much less energy, will release significantly less carbon dioxide, and is expected to be substantially cost advantaged relative to current petrochemical processes.
X-RAY PROPERTIES OF YOUNG EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES. II. ABUNDANCE RATIO IN THE HOT INTERSTELLAR MATTER

Using Chandra X-ray observations of young, post-merger elliptical galaxies, we present X-ray characteristics of age-related observational results by comparing them with typical old elliptical galaxies in terms of metal abundances in the hot interstellar matter (ISM). While the absolute element abundances may be uncertain because of unknown systematic errors and partly because of the smaller amount of hot gas in young ellipticals, the relative abundance ratios (e.g., the α-element to Fe ratio, and most importantly the Si/Fe ratio) can be relatively well constrained. In two young elliptical galaxies (NGC 720 and NGC 3923) we find that the Si to Fe abundance ratio is super-solar (at a 99% significance level), in contrast to typical old elliptical galaxies where the Si to Fe abundance ratio is close to solar. Also, the O/Mg ratio is close to solar in the two young elliptical galaxies, as opposed to the sub-solar O/Mg ratio reported in old elliptical galaxies. Both features appear to be less significant outside the effective radius (roughly 30″ for the galaxies under study), consistent with the observations that confine to the centermost regions the signatures of recent star formation in elliptical galaxies. Observed differences between young and old elliptical galaxies can be explained by the additional contribution from SNe II ejecta in the former. In young elliptical galaxies, the later star formation associated with recent mergers would have a dual effect, resulting both in galaxy scale winds—and therefore smaller observed amounts of hot ISM—because of the additional SN II heating, and in different metal abundances, because of the additional SN II yields.
Independent of Cerebral Infarcts Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Reduced Brain Volume and Cognitive Function

23 心房細動は脳梗塞とは関係なく,脳容積の減少および認知機 能の低下と関連する Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Reduced Brain Volume and Cognitive Function Independent of Cerebral Infarcts Hrafnhildur Stefansdottir, MD1,7; David O. Arnar, MD, PhD1,2; Thor Aspelund, PhD1,3; Sigurdur Sigurdsson, MSc3; Maria K. Jonsdottir, PhD3,4; Haukur Hjaltason, MD, PhD5; Lenore J. Launer, PhD6; Vilmundur Gudnason, MD, PhD1,3 1 Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; 2 Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; 3 The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; 4 Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; 5 Department of Neurology, LandspitaliThe National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; 6 Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute of Aging, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and 7 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA. Abstract 背景および目的:心房細動(AF)は,脳卒中とは無関係の 認知機能低下と関連しており,このことから,AF の脳に 対するさらなる影響が示唆される。 本研究は,一般的な高 齢者集団における,AF と脳機能および脳構造との関連性 の評価を目的とした。 方法:本研究では,集団ベースの Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study(年齢,遺伝子/環境感受 性-レイキャビク研究)における,非認知症の被験者 4,251 例(平均年齢76±5 歳)を対象とした横断解析を実施した。 AF の存在,サブタイプ,および最初の AF 診断からの経 過時間に関して診療記録データを収集したところ,330 例 が AF を有していた。 頭蓋内容積で調整した脳容積,およ び脳梗塞の存在を磁気共鳴画像法により判定した。 記憶, 情報処理速度および実行機能の複合スコアを認知機能検査 バッテリーから算出した。 多変量線形回帰モデルにおいて, 患者背景因子,心血管危険因子,および脳梗塞について調 整した。 結果:AF を有する被験者は,AF を有さない被験者と比 較して,脳の総容積が低下していた(p < 0.001)。 脳の総 容積の低下は,発作性 AF よりも持続性/永続性 AF との 関連性が強く,最初の AF 診断からの経過時間の長さとの 関連性が強かった。 脳組織の容積のうち,AF は,灰白質 (p < 0.001)および白質(p = 0.008)の容積低下と関連し ていたが,白質の高信号病変の容積低下とは関連していな かった(p = 0.49)。 AF を有する被験者では,記憶力テス トのスコアが低下していた。 結論:AF は,脳容積の低下と関連しており,この関連は 不整脈負荷の増加に伴い強くなる。 これらの所見により, AF は,脳梗塞とは無関係に,脳に対して累積的なマイナ スの影響を及ぼすことが示唆される。 Stroke 2013; 44: 1020-1025 図 1 心房細動(AF)を有さない被験者,発作性 AF を有する被 験者,持続性/永続性 AF を有する被験者において,脳容 積の平均値を,総頭蓋容積に占める割合[縦線は標準誤差 (SE)を示す]で示した。 年齢,性別,教育レベル,高血圧, 心筋梗塞,糖尿病,心不全,喫煙,アルコール摂取,高コ レステロール血症,肥満度指数,身長および磁気共鳴画像 法で測定した脳梗塞で調整した。 71
Seasonally varying nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of particulate organic matter in Lake Kinneret, Israel

Large temporal variations in the nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) of particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) species in Lake Kinneret occurred in response to seasonal phasing of dominant nitrogen cycle processes. The lowest δ15N POM values (25.5‰) were observed in early winter, a consequence of isotopic fractionation by chemoautotrophic microbial NH4+ assimilation, and during the first phase of the nitrification period, by seasonally dominant NH4+ oxidizers. Nitrification itself was strongly fractionating, producing 15N‐depleted NO3− and strongly enriching water‐column NH4+ in 15N. Toward the end of nitrification and into the phytoplankton bloom period in later winter and early spring, there was a corresponding 15‐30‰ jump in POM δ15N because of assimilation of high‐δ15N NH4+. Maximal δ15N POM values were thus measured during the algal blooms of Peridinium gatunense in 2004 and Debarya sp. and Microcystis sp. in 2005. Toward the end of the blooms in mid‐ to late spring, POM δ15N values decreased to values similar to δ15N for NO3− (8‐12‰), indicating a switch to this DIN source. NO3− assimilation into POM appeared to occur without isotopic fractionation. Late spring was also the denitrification period with NO3− removal in the newly suboxic hypolimnion. Though δ15NO3− increased in the residual NO3−, complete consumption by denitrification suggests no net effect, as supported by a lack of increase in δ15N POM at this time. Oligotrophic conditions are found in the epilimnion in late summer and early autumn and low (3.3‰) δ15N POM was found during the bloom of the filamentous N2‐fixing cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Cylindrospermopsis cuspis. The δ15N‐dissolved organic nitrogen isotopic signature at this time was significantly higher, 8–12‰, suggesting a phytoplankton source from earlier in the seasonal cycle. Overall, the largest known seasonal variations in N isotope composition have been observed in Lake Kinneret, providing a uniquely useful biogeochemical tool for studying N cycling in lakes as well as detecting long‐term changes in N source and cycling in response to watershed land use changes and climate change.
Testing many treatments within a single protocol over 10 years at MRC CTU at UCL Multi ‐ arm, multi stage platform, umbrella and basket protocols

There is real need to change how we do some of our clinical trials, as currently the testing and development process is too slow, too costly and too failure ‐ prone ‐ often we find that a new treatment is no better than the current standard. Much of the focus on the development and testing pathway has been in improving the design of phase I and II trials. In this paper we present examples of new methods for improving the design of phase III trials (and the necessary lead up to them) as they are the most time consuming and expensive part of the pathway. Key to all these methods is the aim to test many treatments and/or pose many therapeutic questions within one protocol.
Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6Cl2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure

Abstract Differences in the inter- and intracrystalline partitioning behavior of rare earth elements (REE) between chlorapatite (ClAp), fluorapatite (FAp), and hydroxylapatite (OHAp) are directly or indirectly related to substitution mechanism and spatial accommodation. The substitution of REE for Ca is charge compensated by Na in ClAp, Na and Si in FAp, and Si in OHAp. Twinned crystals of REEsubstituted ClAp [La-ClAp, Nd-ClAp, Sm-ClAp, Dy-ClAp; Ca10-2yNayREEy(PO4)6Cl2, with y = 0.05- 0.09; space group P21/b] have been grown from SiO2-bearing, H2O- and Na-rich phosphate-chloride melts, and their hexagonal (P63/m) subcell structures refined at room temperature with single-crystal X-ray intensities to R = 0.020-0.023. The crystal/melt partition coefficients for La, Nd, Sm, and Dy are 0.073, 0.128, 0.122, and 0.101. Thus, uptake of REE is up to two orders of magnitude lower in ClAp than in REE-substituted FAp and OHAp crystallized under equivalent conditions, but remains peaked at Nd. REE site occupancy ratios [(REE-Ca2)/(REE-Ca1)] obtained from direct refinement of electron densities are 0.71, 1.11, 0.21, and 0.09 for La-, Nd-, Sm-, and Dy-ClAp, respectively, and are consistent with relative change in Ca-O bond distances and sizes of Ca polyhedra. Thus, La, Sm, and Dy favor the Ca1 position of ClAp, not Ca2, as in FAp and OHAp; this unusual site preference is attributed to the large increase in size (6-8%) and distortion of the Ca2O6X polyhedron on substitution of Cl for (F,OH). The slight preference of Nd for Ca2 and the peaking of REE uptake at Nd are attributed to a 4f crystal-field contribution, which is revealed by an anomalous decrease in the Ca2-O1 bond length and volume of the Ca2O6X polyhedron in Nd-ClAp, Nd-Fap, and Nd-OHAp. The P21/b structure of La-ClAp has been refined by detwinning the diffraction pattern, confirming that this monoclinic superstructure largely represents ordering of Cl atoms displaced along [001]. The P21/b structure of Dy-OHAp has been refined similarly. The intensity of superstructure reflections decreases abruptly with increasing substitution of REE for Ca, showing that REE cations interfere with ordering of Cl atoms(and OH- groups) during the P63/m → P21/b transition.
Job-Related Burnout Among Civilian and Sworn Police Personnel

Employee burnout can affect workers’ health, motivation, and job performance, and speed staff turnover. In law enforcement, burnout has been attributed to a variety of job-related, organizational, and personal factors, ranging from the danger inherent to the job to the liabilities of late shift work, tension with supervisors, and gender relations in the organization. Overlooked in almost all of these studies has been the place of civilians in police work, and how their burnout experiences differ from—or resemble—those of their sworn counterparts. This study is based on surveys of both sworn and civilian employees of 12 police agencies from across the United States. In the survey they described their extent of emotional exhaustion, and reported on features of their lives and work that have been hypothesized to magnify or minimize this stress reaction. The study found that the burnout process is a universal one, driven by virtually the same factors among both civilians and sworn officers. Difficulties balancing work and life responsibilities, the support they receive from coworkers and supervisors, the fairness of personnel policies, and several personal factors contributed to burnout levels. The implications of these findings for both research and practice are also explored.
Monolithic active pixel sensor development for the upgrade of the ALICE inner tracking system

ALICE plans an upgrade of its Inner Tracking System for 2018. The development of a monolithic active pixel sensor for this upgrade is described. The TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS imaging sensor process has been chosen as it is possible to use full CMOS in the pixel due to the offering of a deep pwell and also to use different starting materials. The ALPIDE development is an alternative to approaches based on a rolling shutter architecture, and aims to reduce power consumption and integration time by an order of magnitude below the ALICE specifications, which would be quite beneficial in terms of material budget and background. The approach is based on an in-pixel binary front-end combined with a hit-driven architecture. Several prototypes have already been designed, submitted for fabrication and some of them tested with X-ray sources and particles in a beam. Analog power consumption has been limited by optimizing the Q/C of the sensor using Explorer chips. Promising but preliminary first results have also been obtained with a prototype ALPIDE. Radiation tolerance up to the ALICE requirements has also been verified.
Common‐mode suppressed differential bandpass filter based on open complementary split ring resonators fabricated in microstrip technology without ground plane etching

A differential (or balanced) bandpass filter based on open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs) coupled through admittance inverters is presented in this article. Pairs of OCSRRs are symmetrically placed in a mirror configuration between the strips of the differential line and are modeled by means of two series connected parallel resonators. For the differential (odd) mode, there is a virtual ground at the connecting plane between the OCSRR pairs, and the structure is roughly described by the canonical model of a bandpass filter, consisting of a cascade of shunt resonators coupled through admittance inverters. It is demonstrated that, through a proper design of the OCSRR stages, the common mode noise in the vicinity of the differential filter pass band can be efficiently suppressed. Due to the differential mode operation of the filter, it is not necessary to incorporate metallic vias to ground the OCSRRs. Moreover, as compared to other differential filters based on OCSRRs, defected ground structures are not present in the proposed filters. To illustrate the potential of the approach, two balanced bandpass filters are designed, fabricated, and characterized. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:910–916, 2014
Autonomous Vehicle Speaker Verification System

With the increasing interest in vehicle automation, security methods for these systems have become a primary concern. One possible security measure is a speaker verification system (SVS), which can identify certain features of a pre-selected user’s voice. The goal of this project was the implementation of a speaker verification-protected voice command system on a Texas Instruments (TI) c5535 eZdsp development board. The complete system is intended for integration with an autonomous vehicle control system, although this integration is outside the scope of the project. For safety reasons, the SVS was designed to minimize true speaker rejection errors at the cost of elevated imposter acceptance errors. Similarly, the speech recognition system was designed to minimize command rejection errors and command misinterpretation errors at the cost of elevated foreign word acceptance errors. The system accepts speech data through a handheld cardioid microphone. The speech data is stored in a buffer, processed with a Hamming window, and condensed into feature vectors of Mel-warped cepstral coefficients (MWCC). A set of four artificial neural networks (ANN) are used to accomplish both the speech recognition and speaker verification tasks. These ANN’s are trained externally with feature vectors of prerecorded training speech using the back-propagation algorithm. ANN training is performed in MATLAB and the resulting weight vectors are exported for real-time implementation of each ANN on the eZdsp. With a speaker population size of eleven and a word population size of six, simulations of the system have yielded a true speaker rejection rate of 0.5%, an imposter acceptance rate of 6.5%, a command rejection or misinterpretation rate of 0%, a true speaker foreign word acceptance rate of 13%, and an imposter foreign word acceptance rate of 0%. Early implementation results with a speaker population size of six and a word population size of twelve have yielded a true speaker rejection rate of 3.1%, an imposter acceptance rate of 5%, a command rejection or misinterpretation rate of 0%, a true speaker foreign word acceptance rate of 15.5%, and an imposter foreign word acceptance rate of 3.5%.
TV Broadcasting in Turkey. The Turkish Television Audience in the Frame of Uses and Gratification Approach

The aim of this paper is to give detailed information about the television industry of Turkey from the perspective of the audience. The first part of the paper is a conceptual analysis of "Uses and Gratification Approach". The second part is an evaluation from the audience perspective to the Turkish television industry in the frame of Uses and Gratification approach and includes a review of the previous researches done in the world and Turkey for the television audience in the sight of this approach. The research will apply a survey of 833 people who had graduated from university of Istanbul to specify the reasons of "why the university graduated Turkish audience watch television", "how do the university graduated Turkish audience watch television" in the frame of Uses and Gratification approach. The paper will make a determination the about the television consuming habits of Turkish audience in the sight of technological use, media time and distribution.
MEASURING THE MASS DISTRIBUTION IN GALAXY CLUSTERS

Cluster mass profiles are tests of models of structure formation. Only two current observational methods of determining the mass profile, gravitational lensing, and the caustic technique are independent of the assumption of dynamical equilibrium. Both techniques enable the determination of the extended mass profile at radii beyond the virial radius. For 19 clusters, we compare the mass profile based on the caustic technique with weak lensing measurements taken from the literature. This comparison offers a test of systematic issues in both techniques. Around the virial radius, the two methods of mass estimation agree to within ∼30%, consistent with the expected errors in the individual techniques. At small radii, the caustic technique overestimates the mass as expected from numerical simulations. The ratio between the lensing profile and the caustic mass profile at these radii suggests that the weak lensing profiles are a good representation of the true mass profile. At radii larger than the virial radius, the extrapolated Navarro, Frenk & White fit to the lensing mass profile exceeds the caustic mass profile. Contamination of the lensing profile by unrelated structures within the lensing kernel may be an issue in some cases; we highlight the clusters MS0906+11 and A750, superposed along the line of sight, to illustrate the potential seriousness of contamination of the weak lensing signal by these unrelated structures.
N CSA tensors and 15 N – 1 H dipolar couplings of protein hydrophobic core residues investigated by static solid-state NMR

In this work, we assess the usefulness of static N NMR techniques for the determination of the N chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensor parameters and N–H dipolar splittings in powder protein samples. By using five single labeled samples of the villin headpiece subdomain protein in a hydrated lyophilized powder state, we determine the backbone N CSA tensors at two temperatures, 22 and 35 C, in order to get a snapshot of the variability across the residues and as a function of temperature. All sites probed belonged to the hydrophobic core and most of them were part of a-helical regions. The values of the anisotropy (which include the effect of the dynamics) varied between 130 and 156 ppm at 22 C, while the values of the asymmetry were in the 0.32–0.082 range. The Leu-75 and Leu-61 backbone sites exhibited high mobility based on the values of their temperature-dependent anisotropy parameters. Under the assumption that most differences stem from dynamics, we obtained the values of the motional order parameters for the N backbone sites. While a simple one-dimensional line shape experiment was used for the determination of the N CSA parameters, a more advanced approach based on the ‘‘magic sandwich” SAMMY pulse sequence (Nevzorov and Opella, 2003) was employed for the determination of the N–H dipolar patterns, which yielded estimates of the dipolar couplings. Accordingly, the motional order parameters for the dipolar interaction were obtained. It was found that the order parameters from the CSA and dipolar measurements are highly correlated, validating that the variability between the residues is governed by the differences in dynamics. The values of the parameters obtained in this work can serve as reference values for developing more advanced magic-angle spinning recoupling techniques for multiple labeled samples. 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Proceedings of the 4 th Workshop on ICT Uses in Warfare and the Safeguarding of Peace 2012 ( IWSP 2012 )

The term Entropy has been borrowed from thermodynamics. Entropy measures the disorderliness with which energy is stored in a system. This paper reviews the possible use of Information Warfare (IW) within the information sphere (infosphere) to achieve Entropy Warfare. This is not to indicate on the “how” or to prove that IW is Entropy Warfare. It is rather to indicate that the application of IW can lead to Entropy within the Information Sphere, thus contributing towards Information Superiority and the winning of skirmishes, battles or campaigns (military operations). Furthermore the paper strives to open an area for research within the Infosphere to apply Entropy Warfare through IW. To give a different approach of Entropy-Based Warfare away from the utilisation of precision guided kinetic weapons to create chaos. The creation of chaos can be non-kinetic of nature and within the cognitive domain forcing chaos within the decision making and command and control system of the enemy, breaking their will to fight.
spectroscopy to predict in vitro digestibility and the maturity index of different forage crops during the growing cycle and after freeze- or oven-drying treatment

The aim of the study is to focus on the progression of intra- and inter-family maturity using near 2 infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on forage quality as a predictive tool. NIRS calibrations were 3 developed on two instrument using two samples sets. The freeze-dried samples (n=158) and oven- 4 dried samples (n=158) were examined using two NIRS instruments: a Perkin Elmer (PE, 5 considering two bands: 714–2500 nm and 2501–3333 nm) and a portable Analytical Spectral 6 Device (ASD, 350–1250 nm). NIRS technology was able to predict Daisy digestibility parameters 7 more accurately using PE than with ASD for in vitro true digestibility over neutral detergent fiber 8 digestibility. Using the PE instrument, the 2501–3333 nm band was 29% more efficient than the 9 714–2500 nm band. Digestible neutral detergent fiber content was fairly (ratio-performance 10 deviation (RPD) 2.0 for PE) or not predicted (RPD 1.2 for ASD), while indigestible neutral 11 detergent fiber was predicted by NIRS with accuracy (RPD 4.8 and 2.7, respectively). A 12 multivariate maturity index based on composition, digestibility and tillage traits was formulated to 13 rank species and botanic families according to their ontogeny, which was accurately predicted by 14 the NIRS spectra (RPD 5.2 and 2.9 for PE and ASD, respectively). 15