Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Momentum transport, radial electric field, and ion thermal energy confinement in very high temperature plasmas

The supershot regime of plasma confinement, discovered on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR), is characterized by very high core ion temperatures; strong sensitivity to edge conditions; peaked density profiles; favorable scaling of core ion thermal conductivity with both temperature and density peakedness; strong improvements of heat and particle transport with isotopic mass in deuterium-tritium plasmas; and a preference for neutral beam injection with a small torque parallel to the plasma current. Energy confinement times exceed twice those of comparable plasmas having increased edge fueling. The favorable trends are mutually reinforcing, suggesting a common origin. In this thesis, a model which explains the ion thermal confinement trends of supershot plasmas is presented. The ion temperature profiles of over fifty TFTR supershot experiments are wellreproduced, encompassing large variations with density peakedness, lithium conditioning, heating power, isotopic mass, toroidal rotation, and perturbation experiments. The stabilizing effect of radial electric field shear is shown to underly the observed trends. While unimportant at the lowest heating powers, this effect doubles the core ion temperature at moderately high heating powers. The confinement trends are described by adopting the expedient criterion that the radial electric field shearing rate and maximum linear growth rate of the toroidal ion temperature gradient (ITG) instability are approximately equal in the core. The latter is evaluated for the relevant scenario where the ion temperature is much greater the electron temperature and its gradient is relatively strong. This criterion is integrated inward from the half-radius to reproduce the ion temperature profile without relying on estimates of the nonlinear saturation of turbulence. Nonlinear simulations that simultaneously evaluate the radial electric field, ion temperature, and turbulent saturation of toroidal ITG modes are also carried out (the saturation is evaluated using existing nonlinear codes that neglect the effects of trapped electrons and radial electric field shear). Large non-monotonic features in the measured toroidal velocity profiles of impurity ions are consistently explained by a neoclassical calculation which provides the radial electric field. Perturbation experiments separate the relative influences of the temperature gradient and density gradient through their differing recovery timescales. Thesis Co-Supervisor: Bruno Coppi Title: Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Thesis Co-Supervisor: Steven D. Scott Title: Research Physicist, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory
Intelligent Tutoring Goes To School in the Big City

This paper reports on a large-scale experiment introducing and evaluating intelligent tutoring in an urban High School setting. Critical to the success of this project has been a client-centered design approach that has matched our client's expertise in curricular objectives and classroom teaching with our expertise in artificial inte lligence and cognitive psychology. The Pittsburgh Urban Mathematics Project (PUMP) has produced an algebra curriculum that is centrally focused on mathematical analysis of real world situations and the use of computational tools. We have built an intelligent tutor, called PAT, that su pports this curriculum and has been made a regular part of 9th grade Algebra in 3 Pittsburgh schools. In the 1993-94 school year, we evaluated the effect of the PUMP curriculum and PAT tutor use. On average the 470 students in experimental classes outperformed students in comparison classes by 15% on standardized tests and 100% on tests targeting the PUMP objectives. This study provides further evidence that laboratory tutoring systems can be scaled up and made to work, both technically and pedagogically, in real and unforgiving settings like urban high schools.
A Computational and Experimental Study of the Heat Transfer Properties of Nine Different Ionic Liquids

New experimental thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, glass transition temperature, and heat capacity values were measured for nine ionic liquids (ILs): [emim][TFA], [emim][OTf], [emim][DEP], [emim][MeSO3], [emim][SCN], [hmim][Tf2N], [bDMApy][Tf2N], [hDMApy][Tf2N], and [hmDMApy][Tf2N]. Classical molecular mechanics force fields were developed and used to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties for these ILs using molecular dynamics. Two versions of each force field were developed: one with integer charges of ± 1 and one with all charges scaled by 0.8. The force fields with total charges of ± 0.8 generally gave better agreement with experimental results. Very good agreement was obtained for density and heat capacity. Simulated values for thermal conductivity slightly overpredicted experimental results but captured trends between different ILs very well. Experimental Prandtl numbers were determined as a function of temperature and can exceed 10 000 at low temperature. Prandtl numbers on the or.
One-dimensional cyanide- and fumarate-bridged heteronuclear complex, poly[μ-fumaratotetraaminedizinc(II)di-μ-cyanodicyanonickel(II) dihydrate]

Abstract Cyanide- and fumarate-bridged bimetallic complex, poly[μ-fumaratotetraaminedizinc(II)di-μ-cyanodicyanonickel(II) dihydrate], {[Zn2(μ-fum)(NH3)4Ni(μ-CN)2(CN)2]·2H2O}n (1) (H2fum = Fumaric acid) was synthesized and structurally characterized by vibrational (FT-IR and Raman) spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental and thermal analyses techniques. The structure of the complex consists of a one-dimensional polymeric chain, in which the Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions are linked by CN groups. The Ni(II) ion is four coordinated with four cyanide-carbon atoms in a square planar arrangement and the Zn(II) ions are four coordinated with one cyanide nitrogen atom, two amine nitrogen atoms and one fumarate oxygen atom, in a distorted tetrahedral arrangement. In the complex, the adjacent chains are connected by strong O–H···O, O–H···N, N–H···O and N–H···N hydrogen bonding interactions to form a three dimensional network.
Direct Multiple Shoot Induction and Plantlet Regeneration from Cotyledonary Explants of Sapindus emarginatus Vahl (Soapnut)

Multiple shoot induction in S. emarginatus has been achieved by two methods: (1) Direct germination of S. emarginatus in vitro cotyledon explants in BAP/Kn/TDZ (1.0-3.0 mg/L) supplemented MS medium and (2) in plant treatment with BAP/Kn/TDZ (3.0 mg/ L) in combination of 1AA (0.5 mg/L) of the cotyledon explants of plants and maintained under sterile conditions. While the former method resulted in as many as (7.5±8.6 shoot buds) from the cotyledonary explants within four weeks, the latter yielded on average approximately 8 shoot buds from each treated node in eight weeks. The cytokinin treatment in plant consisted of placing sterile filter paper moistened with sterile distilled water over the node and adding different concentrations of 6benzylaminopurine. The best results for shoot bud regeneration were obtained with cotyledons, when cultured in the presence of (0.5 mg/L) IAA in combination with (3.0 mg/L). The shoots elongated and rooted directly in vermiculite after a pulse treatment with IBA (2.5 mg/L) for 15 min. Original Research Article Srinivas et al.; BBJ, 6(1): 1-9, 2015; Article no.BBJ. 2015.021 2 Fungus growth, a serious problem in S. emarginatus tissue culture, was controlled using a fungicide, Bavistin, along with elimination of organic nutrients from the growth medium.
UPLC MS/MS Quantification of Primary Metabolites of Benzo[a]pyrene and Fluoranthene Produced In Vitro by Sole (Solea solea) Liver Microsomal Activation

Biotransformation pathways of PAHs in a flat fish, Solea solea, living in nurseries close to coastal areas and estuaries constitute a great challenge for the environmental risk. Among PAHs, Fluoranthene (Fluo) has a different chemical structure than benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and can influence its biotransformation pathways and genotoxic potential. The aim of this study was to bring some response elements about the in vitro metabolic activation of Fluo and BaP by sole liver microsomes. The quantification of several primary metabolites of BaP and Fluo produced in vitro, following a sole liver microsomal activation, was conducted using a sensitive analytical UPLC MS/MS method. Four types of BaP metabolites (dihydrodiols, diones, OH-BaP, and 7,8-dihydro-epoxide), and three types of Fluo metabolites (2,3-dihydrodiol, 2,3-dione, and sum of OH-Fluo) were quantified. The concentration for which the metabolite production was maximal was of 40 μM and 100 μM for BaP and Fluo, respectively. The biotransformation rate was higher for Fluo (9.97%) than for BaP (6.69%). Whatever the PAH, dihydrodiols and phenols were the major metabolites produced accounting for, respectively, 50% and 30–40% for BaP, and 40 and 60% for Fluo. Despite some differences in conformation, both PAHs seem to be activated by similar pathways and the diol-epoxide appears as a predominant one.
After the first three minutes

This book contains papers on the following topics: spectrum of the cosmic microwave background; isotropy of the cosmic microwave background; the IR background; early star and galaxy formation; large scale structure form galaxy distributions; large scale structure and the intergalactic medium: Mostly velocity-dependent evidence for dark matter; velocity-independent evidence or dark matter; and dark matter candidates and alternatives.
Development of a Chromokinesin-Microtubule System for use in Optical Tweezer-Based Processivity Assays

4 Chapter 1: Introduction.5 Chapter 2: Materials and Methods . 24 Chapter 3: Results and Discussion.31 Chapter 4: Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Work.46 Acknowledgements.48 References.49 Appendix.51
Development of an Inhalation Intake Model for 241Am Based on Mayak Production Association Worker Data

AbstractAmericium-241 is a significant radiation hazard at facilities that handle or reprocess spent nuclear fuels. An inhalation intake model for 241Am was developed using autopsy data obtained from former workers at the Radiochemical and Plutonium Production Plants at the Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA), Ozyorsk, Russia. Accumulation of 241Am in the body can occur though direct exposure to 241Am (termed here “exogenous” exposures), usually as an inhaled aerosol, or though exposure to 241Pu that decays inside the body to 241Am (termed here “endogenous” exposures). Metabolism of endogenous and exogenous 241Am can differ, with endogenous 241Am being initially related to the behavior of 241Pu. For the model, it was assumed that intakes of 241Am and 241Pu were functionally associated with intakes of 239Pu. The current Mayak Worker Dosimetry System model (MWDS-2008) was used to describe metabolism of plutonium and americium in the respiratory tract. The ICRP-30 model was used for the gastrointestinal tract, the ICRP-67 model was used for metabolism after absorption into the blood for americium, and the “Leggett modification” of the ICRP-67 model for plutonium was used for systemic, non-pulmonary organs. The proposed inhalation intake model for americium provides estimates for internal doses from 241Am from both exogenous and endogenous sources.
Effect of Hydrocarbon Chain Length of Disubstituted Triphenyl-amine-Based Organic Dyes on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Three organic dyes incorporating a disubstituted triphenyl-amine unit as the electron donor, a thiophene moiety as the conjugated spacer, and 2-cyanoacrylic acid as the electron acceptor, have been synthesized and applied for the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The conversion efficiencies of the DSSCs range from 4.99 to 6.04%. The influence of the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain length of the substituent group in these dyes on the device performance in DSSCs has been investigated. It was found that the dyes with longer hydrocarbon chains gave higher photocurrents, open-circuit voltages, and efficiency values, which may derive from the higher molar absorption coefficient of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), more appropriate localization of the frontier orbitals and longer electron lifetimes. We attribute the importance of the lengthening of the anchoring groups to the role of the dye as a better absorber for the incoming light and longer blocking layer to avoid charge recombination.
The Synthesis of (25R)-22αN-[15ξ,17α-2H2]-Spirosol-5-en-3β-ol ([15ξ,17α-2H2] Solasodine) and Assignment of the 13C N.M.R. Spectra of Solasodine and its Derivatives

(25R)-22αN-[15ζ,17α-2H2]Spirosol-5-en-3β-ol ([15ζ,17α-2H2]solasodine) has been synthesized from solasodine and used to make unambiguous assignments of the resonance signals for C13, C14, C15, C17 and C20 in the 13C N.M. R. spectrum of solasodine. The complete assignments of the 13C N.M. R. spectra of solasodine and some of its derivatives are based on this, on paramagnetic broadening of signals due to C22, C23, C25 and C26, and on chemical shift considerations.
Protective effect of GSTT preconditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

Aim To explore the gross saponins of Tribulus terrestris(GSTT)preconditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods The animal model of acute myocardial ischemic and reperfusion was established.Rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,ischemia/reperfusion group,ischemic preconditioning group,nicorandil 1.0 mg·kg-1 group,and GSTT 100,30,10 mg·kg-1 groups.Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),2-amino diphenyl methane(MDA),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels were assessed and evaluated by spectrophotometry.The serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were evaluated by ELISA.The histopathological changes of myocardial damage was observed by optical microscope.Apoptosis in myocardial tissue was detected by TUNEL.Results Compared with model group,the contents of LDH,MDA in GSTT 100,30 mg·kg-1 groups were lower,SOD activity was significantly higher(P0.01),and TNF-α and IL-6 levels also decreased significantly.The number of apoptotic cells decreased(P0.01)and myocardial morphology improved significantly in GSTT group.Compared to the I/R group,caspase-3 was significantly lower in GSTT groups.Conclusion GSTT pretreatment has a protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis,which involves the reducing of free radicals.
Preparation of Superoleophobic and Superhydrophobic Titanium Surfaces via an Environmentally Friendly Electrochemical Etching Method

The preparation of superoleophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces requires surface microgeometries and surface chemistry. In this study, an economical and environmentally friendly electrochemical etching method was developed to prepare superoleophobic and superhydrophobic titanium surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and optical contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surface morphologies, crystal structures, chemical compositions, and wettability of the surfaces for both water and oil. The results show that the prepared superoleophobic surface has water, glycerol, and hexadecane contact angles above 150°, with rolling angles of only 1–2°. Analysis of the electrolyte, the reaction process, and the products demonstrates that the proposed method is inexpensive and environmentally friendly. The effects of electrochemical parameters such as current density, electrochemic.
Markov Blanket Discovery using Minimum Message Length

Causal discovery automates the learning of causal Bayesian networks from data and has been of active interest from their beginning. With the sourcing of large data sets off the internet, interest in scaling up to very large data sets has grown. One approach to this is to parallelize search using Markov Blanket (MB) discovery as a first step, followed by a process of combining MBs in a global causal model. We develop and explore three new methods of MB discovery using Minimum Message Length (MML) and compare them empirically to the best existing methods, whether developed specifically as MB discovery or as feature selection. Our best MML method is consistently competitive and has some advantageous features.
Optimizing Gait Libraries via a Coverage Metric

Many robots move through the world by composing locomotion primitives like steps and turns. To do so well, robots need not have primitives that make intuitive sense to humans. This becomes of paramount importance when robots are damaged and no longer move as designed. Here we propose a goal function we call"coverage", that represents the usefulness of a library of locomotion primitives in a manner agnostic to the particulars of the primitives themselves. We demonstrate the ability to optimize coverage on both simulated and physical robots, and show that coverage can be rapidly recovered after injury. This suggests that by optimizing for coverage, robots can sustain their ability to navigate through the world even in the face of significant mechanical failures. The benefits of this approach are enhanced by sample-efficient, data-driven approaches to system identification that can rapidly inform the optimization of primitives. We found that the number of degrees of freedom improved the rate of recovery of our simulated robots, a rare result in the fields of gait optimization and reinforcement learning. We showed that a robot with limbs made of tree branches (for which no CAD model or first principles model was available) is able to quickly find an effective high-coverage library of motion primitives. The optimized primitives are entirely non-obvious to a human observer, and thus are unlikely to be attainable through manual tuning.
Dynamical Backaction in an Ultrahigh-Finesse Fiber-Based Microcavity

The use of low-dimensional objects in the field of cavity optomechanics is limited by their low scattering cross section compared to the size of the optical cavity mode. Fiber-based Fabry-P\'{e}rot microcavities can feature tiny mode cross sections and still maintain a high finesse, boosting the light-matter interaction and thus enabling the sensitive detection of the displacement of minute objects. Here we present such an ultrasensitive microcavity setup with the highest finesse reported so far in loaded fiber cavities, $\mathcal{F} = 195\,000$. We are able to position-tune the static optomechanical coupling to a silicon nitride membrane stripe, reaching frequency pull parameters of up to $\mathrm{\lvert G/2\pi\rvert=1}\,\mathrm{GHz\, nm^{-1}}$. We also demonstrate radiation pressure backaction in the regime of an ultrahigh finesse up to $\mathcal{F}=165\,000$.
Sleep Staging Based on Serialized Dual Attention Network

Sleep staging plays an important role on the diagnosis of sleep disorders. In general, experts classify sleep stages manually based on polysomnography (PSG), which is quite time-consuming. Meanwhile, the acquisition process of multiple signals is much complex, which can aﬀect the subject’s sleep. Therefore, the use of single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) for automatic sleep staging has become a popular research topic. In the literature, a large number of sleep staging methods based on single-channel EEG have been proposed with promising results and achieve the preliminary automation of sleep staging. However, the performance for most of these methods in the N1 stage do not satisfy the needs of the diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a deep learning model ( SDAN) based on raw EEG, which utilizes a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically extract features from raw EEG. It serially combines the channel attention and spatial attention mechanisms to ﬁlter and highlight key information and then uses soft threshold to eliminate redundant information. Additionally, we introduce a residual network to avoid degradation problems caused by network deepening. Experiments were conducted using two datasets with 5-fold cross-validation and hold-out validation method. The ﬁnal average accuracy, overall accuracy, macro F1 score and Cohen’s Kappa coeﬃcient of the model reach 96.74%, 91.86%, 82.64% and 0.8742 on the Sleep-EDF dataset, 95.98%, 89.96%, 79.08% and 0.8216 on the Sleep-EDFx dataset. Signiﬁcantly, our model performed superiorly in the N1 stage, with F1 scores of 54.08% and 52.49% on the two datasets respectively. The results show the superiority of our network over the existing methods, reaching a new state-Preprint
Argument Linking: A Survey and Forecast

Semantic role labeling (SRL) -- identifying the semantic relationships between a predicate and other constituents in the same sentence -- is a well-studied task in natural language understanding (NLU). However, many of these relationships are evident only at the level of the document, as a role for a predicate in one sentence may often be filled by an argument in a different one. This more general task, known as implicit semantic role labeling or argument linking, has received increased attention in recent years, as researchers have recognized its centrality to information extraction and NLU. This paper surveys the literature on argument linking and identifies several notable shortcomings of existing approaches that indicate the paths along which future research effort could most profitably be spent.
Protoplanetary Disk Birth in Massive Star-forming Clumps: The Essential Role of the Magnetic Field

Protoplanetary disks form through angular momentum conservation in collapsing dense cores. In this work, we perform the first simulations with a maximal resolution down to the astronomical unit (au) of protoplanetary disk formation, through the collapse of 1000 M ⊙ clumps, treating self-consistently both non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics with ambipolar diffusion as well as radiative transfer in the flux-limited diffusion approximation including stellar feedback. Using the adaptive mesh-refinement code RAMSES, we investigate the influence of the magnetic field on the disks properties with three models. We show that, without magnetic fields, a population dominated by large disks is formed that is not consistent with Class 0 disk properties as estimated from observations. The inclusion of magnetic field leads, through magnetic braking, to a very different evolution. When it is included, small <50 au disks represent about half the population. In addition, about 70% of the stars have no disk in this case, which suggests that our resolution is still insufficient to preserve the smaller disks. With ambipolar diffusion, the proportion of small disks is also prominent and we report a flat mass distribution around 0.01–0.1M ⊙ and a typical disk-to-star mass ratios of ∼10−2–10−1. This work shows that the magnetic field and its evolution plays a prominent role in setting the initial properties of disk populations.
Mismatched Estimation of rank-one symmetric matrices under Gaussian noise

We consider the estimation of an n-dimensional vector s from the noisy element-wise measurements of $\mathbf{s}\mathbf{s}^T$, a generic problem that arises in statistics and machine learning. We study a mismatched Bayesian inference setting, where some of the parameters are not known to the statistician. We derive the full exact analytic expression of the asymptotic mean squared error (MSE) in the large system size limit for the particular case of Gaussian priors and additive noise. From our formulas, we see that estimation is still possible in the mismatched case; and also that the minimum MSE (MMSE) can be achieved if the statistician chooses suitable parameters. Our technique relies on the asymptotics of the spherical integrals and can be applied as long as the statistician chooses a rotationally invariant prior.