Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fly Ashes from Polish Power Plants and Combined Heat and Power Plants and Conditions of their Application for Carbon Dioxide Utilization

Poland has large resources of hard coal and brown coal. Therefore power industry is mostly based on these two original energy carriers. The power plants producing heat and electrical energy create combustion byproducts. These products include: fly ashes, slags, carbon dioxide and other gaseous compounds. In year 2003 fly ashes emission from hard coal combustion in Poland reached 37 000 tons and over 15 000 tons from brown coal combustion. Fly ashes are widely used in the economy. They are used in building materials industry, in road building and geotechnics. CO 2 emission in Poland in 2003 originating from hard coal combustion was almost 91 million tons and from brown coal combustion—almost 58 million tons. High emissions of CO 2 originating from power engineering processes of coal combustion are deleterious to the natural environment, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Presently there are carried out studies aimed at limiting CO 2 emission coming from industrial processes. Fly ash properties are determined by qualitative characteristics of combusted coal, its chemical composition and combustion technology. Chemical composition of Polish fly ashes is very diversified. Fly ashes with high calcium oxide content can be used for carbon dioxide fixation. Fly ash carbonation is a complicated process however safe for natural environment. Polish fly ashes coming from power engineering, conditions of their use for the carbon dioxide utilization as well as their quantitative and qualitative characteristics are the subjects of this paper.
An effective Hamiltonian for correlations in interfaces

The effective Hamiltonian Hcap for a liquid–vapor interface is constructed by using the “experimental” direct correlation function obtained from molecular-dynamics simulation. The density fluctuation is parametrized according to: (a) The standard shift of the density profile, parallel and small; (b) the parallel shift; and (c) the shift with rotation as recently introduced, used in a density functional theory and compared with experiment. We find a universal shape of Hcap, discussed in some detail. The shape strongly suggests the existence of two regions of low wave-vector q and of high q corresponding to microscopic distances. Although bending and nonzero curvature of the fluctuating interface are present, the apparent bending (rigidity) coefficient is always negative, thus supporting the contention that the membrane Hamiltonians are not applicable to normal liquid–vapor interfaces. Several definitions of the momentum-dependent surface tension are also discussed.
Explicit solutions of normal form of driven oscillatory systems

We consider an oscillatory dissipative system driven by external sinusoidal perturbations of given amplitude Q and frequency ω. The kinetic equations are transformed to normal form and solved for small Q, near a Hopf bifurcation to oscillations in the autonomous system, for ratios ωn to the autonomous frequency of irrational so that the response of the system is quasiperiodic. The system is assumed to have either two variables or is adequately described by two variables near the bifurcation, and we obtain explicit solutions for this general case. The equations show interesting effects of external perturbations on limit cycles, both stable and unstable. Next we treat a specific model (Brusselator) and show by comparison with results of numerical integration that the theory predicts well the shape of the perturbed limit cycle, its variation with changes in constraints and parameters, and the point of transition from quasiperiodic to periodic response.
Synthesis of Au-MWCNT–Graphene hybrid composite for the rapid detection of H2O2 and glucose

We report the fabrication of a novel amperometric biosensor based on narrow sized Au nanoparticles (∼4 nm) decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube-solar exfoliated graphene (MWCNTs–sG) hybrid composite as an enzyme immobilizer and sensing matrix for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose. Au nanoparticles decorated MWCNTs–sG hybrid composite was synthesized by a green technique using focused solar radiation and was then characterized. The fabricated biosensor displays good catalytic response toward H2O2 redox reaction with wide linearity ranging from 1 mM to 62 mM and with fast amperometric response at a response time of <1 s. The limit of detection is calculated to be 13 μM (S/N = 3). When employed for enzymatic glucose detection, the sensor shows excellent fast response with a response time of ∼0.1 s toward glucose over a concentration range from 50 μM to 20 mM with a detection limit of 2.48 μM. Using Michaelis–Menton enzyme kinetics, the apparent Michaelis–Menton constant (Km) is estimated to be 1.07 mM which depicts high affinity of the enzyme biosensor toward substrate. This is because of the synergistic combination of small sized Au nanoparticles on graphene layers in the presence of MWCNTs as conducting spacer which in turn enhances the electrochemically active surface area. This favors better enzyme immobilization on the hybrid material and promotes direct electron transfer mechanism. In addition, the biosensor shows satisfactory selectivity over coexisting interference species, such as UA, AA, DA, and good reproducibility. On the basis of easy large-scale green synthesis technique of the sensor material, its ultrafast response, wide range of linearity and low detection limit, the present biosensor promises potential applications in electrochemical biosensing.
Amelioration of free copper by hydrothermal vent microbes as a response to high copper concentrations

We examined the effect of increased copper concentrations (0–10 μM) on hydrothermal vent micro- organisms and the production of copper (Cu)-binding ligands as a response. Hydrothermal vent microbes originated from diffuse fluids at the Lilliput mussel field and the Irina II site in the Logatchev hydrothermal vent field, both on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Parallel studies were also conducted with amino acids supplemented to the incubations in order to verify whether dissolved amino acids, present in hydrothermal fluids, can buffer the bioavailable copper and reduce the active production of Cu-binding ligands. In all incubations, ligand concentrations increased with rising copper concentrations, but microbial cell numbers remained constant. This study shows that microbes were able to cope with as much as 10 μM dissolved copper by buffering the free copper concentration. The presence of amino acids had no significant influence on the active ligand production. Our results imply that mediation of chemical speciation by vent microbes may have an important impact on hydrothermal trace metal fluxes into the ocean.
Geostatistics Applied to Groundwater Contamination. II: Application

This paper presents an application of the procedures developed in the first paper in this series (Cooper and Istok 1988) to measured values of groundwater contaminants at the Chem‐Dyne toxic waste site located in Hamilton, Ohio. Six contaminants were studied: boron, barium, iron, manganese, zinc, and TVOC. Experimental semivariograms were computed for each contaminant and were fitted by combinations of pure nugget effect and linear and spherical semivariogram models. Point kriging was performed on the log‐transformed contaminant densities, and maps of the estimated contaminant densities and the kriging variances were drawn.
Annealing Studies of Defects Pertinent to Radiation Damage in Si:B

Annealing studies are made of liquid nitrogen electron irradiation-induced defects in p-type silicon. The signal from the carbon interstitial (CI) is observed to anneal away more rapidly in pulled than in float-zone silicon. This peculiarity of the CI annealing behaviour is tentatively attributed to the difference in the oxygen content between the two materials. The properties of some other levels are reported as well. Es werden Ausheiluntersuchungen Von elektronenstrahlinduzierten Defekten (Temperatur des flussigen Stickstoffs) in p-leitendem Silizium durchgefuhrt. Es wird beobachtet, das das Signal vom Zwischengitterkohlenstoff (CI) schneller in aus der Schmelze gezogenem als aus zonengeschmolzenem Silizium ausheilt. Diese Besonderheit des CI-Ausheilverhaltens wird dem Unterschied im Sauerstoffgehalt zwischen beiden Materialien zugeschrieben. Die Eigenschaften einiger anderer Niveaus werden ebenfalls mitgeteilt.
Surface Passivation of Point-Contacted Solar Cells by Inkjet Printing

The oxide passivation of the localized contacts for p-n junction solar cells by inkjet printing is studied by combining the useful of spin-on-doping (SOD) concept for producing n-Si emitter layer. The phosphorus SOD is a precursor for a dopant source as phosphosilicate glass (PSG). The sheet resistance of the n-emitter layer was obtained in the range of 900–20 Ω/square by increasing the diffusion temperature from 800°C to 1000°C. In addition, an inkjet printing method for patterning a SiO2 dielectric on n-Si emitter layer was demonstrated. With using typical printer, the groove and circular patterns of openings were achieved by the modified printer dropping acetone solution as a resist solvent. The SiO2 layer underneath the resist polymer layer was etching in the region of the groove or circular openings for forming the patterns of SiO2 openings. The formed openings in the thin SiO2 can be produced as point contacts for reducing carrier recombination process of silicon solar cell.
On Hypermomentum in General Relativity I. The Notion of Hypermomentum

Abstract In this series of notes, we introduce a new quantity into the theory of classical matter fields. Besides the usual energy-momentum tensor, we postulate the existence of a further dynamical attribute of matter, the 3rd rank tensor ⊿ijk of hypermomentum. Subsequently, a general relativistic field theory of energy-momentum and hypermomentum is outlined. In Part I we motivate the need for hypermomentum. We split it into spin angular momentum, the dilatation hypermomentum, and traceless proper hypermomentum and discuss their physical meanings and conservation laws.
Magnetic Transition in the Polymerized Fullerene Matrix

Abstract A mechanism of the ferromagnetism in the polymerized fullerene phase is proposed. We show that non‐magnetic defects and impurities give rise to a magnetic transition in the polymerized fullerene matrix. In our model, C60 molecules acquire spin and charge and become magnetically active due to the spin and charge transfer from non‐magnetic dopants. The interaction between magnetic moments of the arising paramagnetic species (C60 ± ions or C60 R radical adducts) dispersed in the polymeric network is inspected by using ab initio Hartree‐Fock and B3LYP hybrid density functional methods. It is revealed that the interaction is ferromagnetic and large enough for creating the high‐T c magnetism.
Earthworm-Processed Organic Wastes as Components Of Horticultural Potting Media for Growing Marigold and Vegetable Seedlings

We germinated and grew tomato, pepper, lettuce, and marigold seedlings in a standard commercial soilless plant growth medium (Metro-Mix 360), and in coir/perlite and peat/perlite-based container media substituted with 10% or 20%, by volume, of vermicompost derived from pig manure or food wastes. Half of the treatments were watered with liquid inorganic fertilizer while the other half received only water. Germination rates of tomato, pepper, lettuce, and marigold seeds in the coir/perlite mixture did not differ significantly from that in Metro-Mix 360. However, the germination rate of tomato, pepper and lettuce seedlings was very low in the peat/perlite mixture. Substituting some of the peat/perlite mixtures with equal amounts of vermicomposts, particularly pig manure vermicompost, enhanced germination rates greatly, making it comparable to that in the commercial medium (Metro-Mix 360). Pepper, lettuce, and marigold seedlings grown in Metro-Mix 360, which already contains a starter nutrient fertilizer in its formulation, had greater root and shoot dry weights than those grown in the control media (coir/perlite mix and peat/perlite mix). Substituting coir/perlite and peat/perlite mixtures with 10% or 20% of either vermicompost enhanced the growth of seedlings significantly, resulting in an overall plant growth as good as and sometimes better than that in Metro-Mix 360. When the plants were provided daily with a complete fertilizer solution, marigold seedlings in peat-based substrate with 20% pig waste vermicompost, and lettuce seedlings in both coir and peat-based substrates, mixed with 20% food wastes vermicompost, produced greater shoot dry weights than those grown in the commercial potting medium. The growth enhancements tended to be greater in peat/perlite-based mixes than in coir/perlite-based mixes, more so with the addition of pig manure vermicompost than with food waste vermicompost. Earthworm-processed pig manure and food wastes would be suitable materials for inclusion into the formulation of soilless potting media, since substitution of these media with relatively low concentrations of vermicomposts can promote plant growth.
Novel Acidic Ionic Liquids as Efficient and Recyclable Catalysts for the Cyclotrimerization of Aldehydes

Abstract A mild, efficient, and ecofriendly procedure for cyclotrimerization of aldehydes was realized by using a series of novel Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) consisting of double–SO3H groups in cations as catalysts. Good conversion of aldehydes and selectivity of trialkyl-1,3,5-trioxanes were achieved by using 1 mol% of BAILs. In addition, the catalyst system could be recycled and reused at least eight times without apparent loss of activity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Intermolecular interactions of liquid dichloromethane and equilibrium properties of liquid–vapor and liquid–liquid interfaces: A molecular dynamics study

Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study the molecular interactions, liquid states, and liquid/vapor properties of dichloromethane. The study is also extended to the equilibrium properties of the liquid/liquid interface of water-dichloromethane. The intermolecular interactions among water, dichloromethane, and water-dichloromethane are described using our polarizable potential models. The equilibrium properties of liquid dichloromethane, including the radial distribution functions, the intermolecular structural factor, the self-diffusion coefficient, and the dielectric constant, are evaluated. The dielectric constant is computed using Ewald summation techniques and the computed result compared reasonably well with the available experimental data. Properties such as surface tensions and density profiles of liquid/vapor dichloromethane are evaluated. We found that the computed surface tensions for several temperatures are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The computed d.
Android大幻象——“千元Android”陷阱

Android的成功是2010年全球科技业最重要的事件之一。 但在中国注定将成为值得回味的“年度幻象”。 关于它的讨论伴随着运营商话费补贴竞赛、“山寨化”浪潮和开发者的“创富”梦想，并幢憬着2011年的“全面胜利”。
The direct measurement of normal and retarded van der Waals forces

A direct measurement has been made of the forces in air between two cylindrical sheets of mica arranged with their axes mutually at right angles. The contact resembles that between a sphere and a flat. The mica sheets are glued to glass formers, their concave face being first slightly silvered. The contact region and the distance of approach are measured by multiple beam interferometry using fringes of equal chromatic order (f. e. c. o.). This gives an accuracy for the distances between the surfaces of ± 0.3 nm. Since the surfaces are molecularly smooth it is possible to bring them very close to one another. One surface is held on a rigid support, the other on a light cantilever beam. The surfaces are slowly brought together and at a critical separation ‘flick’ together. The ‘flick’ distance depends on the stiffness of the cantilever and this in turn provides a direct measure of the surface forces. By using cantilevers of different stiffnesses the method has proved effective for separations ranging from 5 to 30 nm. The results show that for separations less than about 10 nm the forces operating are ‘normal’ van der Waals forces whilst for distances greater than 20 nm they are ‘retarded’ van der Waals forces.
Characterization of quasi-reversible surface processes by square-wave voltammetry

Quasi-reversible redox reactions of species bound to the electrode surface are characterized by standard potential, transfer coefficient, and rate constant. Numerical calculations show that these nonlinear parameters affect the square-wave voltammetric response in complex ways yielding a variety of peak shapes. For typical analytical conditions [step height (nΔE s )=10 mV, amplitude (nE sw )=50 mV], voltammograms fall into three types depending upon the dimensionless rate constant κ o =K o t p , where κ o is the first-order rate constant (s -1 ) and t p (s) is the pulse width of the waveform
A Review of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Analysis of Geological Materials

Abstract Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an analytical technique has been developing into a versatile tool in various fields because of its distinct abilities, especially the simple, rapid, in situ detection of any material (solid, liquid, or gas). Following a brief description of LIBS instrumentation, the recent development in the field of geology is reviewed, including the qualitative and quantitative analysis of geological materials, as well as the LIBS application in some specific fields to the analysis of ores, extraterrestrial materials, speleothems, marine sediments, and fluid inclusion.
Climbing the Vibrational Ladder To Probe the OH Stretch of HNO3 on Silica

The first and second OH-stretching overtones of HNO3 adsorbed on atomically smooth amorphous SiO2 have been probed by evanescent wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (EW-CRDS) using a broadband high-finesse total-internal-reflection-ring resonator. In contrast to the OH-stretching fundamental, the overtone spectra reveal relatively sharp features under conditions of extensive H-bonding. On the basis of a comparison with calculated vibrational frequencies, we find HNO3 exists predominantly as the HNO3−H2O complex on the surface under ambient conditions. Enabling unparalleled spectroscopic studies of monolayers, thin films, and nanoscale materials, the EW-CRDS technique yields polarized absolute absorption spectra for overtone and combination transitions at submonolayer coverage. The TIR-ring resonator in particular permits facile exploration of the visible and near-IR regions with a single optical configuration.
10.3: Polymerization Effect on Electro‐Optic Properties of Blue Phase Liquid Crystals

The effect of polymerization on electro‐optic properties of blue phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is investigated. Once the monomer is added to the pure BPLC, chiral pitch and Kerr constant increase, but decay time decreases. In spite that the chiral pitch of polymer stabilized BPLC is almost no change after polymerization, Kerr constant decreases significantly and the decay time increases.
Adsorption of Gallic Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Fixed Bed Activated Carbon Columns

Naturally occuring matter (NOM), a heterogeneous mixture of complex organic compounds, is invariably present in all surface and ground waters. These materials act as substrate for the growth of bacteria in the distribution system. The disinfection of such water by chlorination produces disinfection by products consisting of several halogenated compounds which are toxic and carcinogenic. As gallic acid is the building block of most NOM, its adsorptive removal from water has been studied using activated carbon columns. The operating variables studied are the hydraulic loading rate (HLR), bed depth (Z), and the feed concentration (Co). The breakthrough curves are S-shaped and the breakthrough time increases with increasing Z and decreases with increasing HLR and Co. The adsorption increases with increasing HLR and is maximum around HLR = 8 m3/hr/m2. The column design parameters such as the critical bed depth and the depth of the mass transfer zone (MTZ) as calculated using the bed depth service time (BDST) approach are found to agree fairly closely with the experimental values. MTZ is smaller for the carbon cloth indicating its better adsorption characteristics. The adsorption column parameters such as the treated volume and the mass of the carbon required for a desired effluent concentration have been determined from the column data.
Distribution and persistence of DDT in soil at a sand dune-marsh environment: Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada

DDT was applied at Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada, between 1948 and 1970 for mosquito control in recreational areas and pest control in former agricultural areas. Recent soil sampling programs produced 275 analyses enabling a statistical comparison of DDT concentrations with land use areas, soil conditions, and hydrologic characte ristics. Concentrations of ΣDDT ranged over several orders of magnitude, with the highest concentrations (maximum 316 000 ng g-1) in former agricultural areas and the lowest concentrations in the natural sand dunes (maximum of 116 ng g-1). DDT is undergoing degradation at Point Pelee along two pathways. DDT is transformed aerobically to DDE within the sandy soils exhibiting average %DDT, %DDE and %DDD of 40%, 55%, and 5% of ΣDDT, respectively. DDT is transformed anaerobically to DDD and DDE within the marsh and flooded soils averaging 14% DDT, 44% DDE, and 42% DDD, respectively. The half-lives for the transformation of DDT to DDE within the well-drained and aerobic sandy soils at .
EFFECT OF SURFACE ENERGY ON THE GROWTH OF DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON/AMORPHOUS SILICON FILMS ON VARIOUS SUBSTRATES

Diamond-like carbon/amorphous silicon bilayer films were deposited on SiO2, Ge, and Ta2O5 substrates using a pulsed filtered cathodic arc (PFCA) system. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer was firstly deposited on three substrates using DC magnetron sputtering, then diamond-like carbon (DLC) film was deposited on a-Si layer via pulsed filtered cathodic arc. The thicknesses of a-Si layer and DLC film as monitored by in-situ ellipsometry during the film deposition were 7 and 10 nm, respectively. The surface energy of SiO2, Ge, and Ta2O5 substrates was determined by measuring the contact angle of water on these substrates. It was found that the contact angles of water on SiO2, Ge, and Ta2O5 substrates were 53°, 63°, and 75°, respectively. This result indicates that SiO2 has the highest surface energy while Ta2O5 has the lowest surface energy. The thickness of the a-Si layer and DLC film was determined from the cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The thinnest a-Si layer of 5.64 nm was obtained from SiO2 substrate which has the highest surface energy. The thickest a-Si layer of 6.97 nm was obtained from Ta2O5 corresponding to the lowest surface energy. This study shows that the thickness of the growth film strongly depends on the surface energy of the substrate. However, the DLC films deposited on each a-Si layer of three substrates have the same thickness approximately of 9.9 nm, because all of them were deposited on a-Si layers having the same surface energy.