Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitigating systematic error in topographic models for geomorphic change detection: accuracy, precision and considerations beyond off‐nadir imagery

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry enable detailed quantification of geomorphic change. However, rigorous precision‐based change detection can be compromised by survey accuracy problems producing systematic topographic error (e.g. ‘doming’), with error magnitudes greatly exceeding precision estimates. Here, we assess survey sensitivity to systematic error, directly correcting topographic data so that error magnitudes align more closely with precision estimates. By simulating conventional grid‐style photogrammetric aerial surveys, we quantify the underlying relationships between survey accuracy, camera model parameters, camera inclination, tie point matching precision and topographic relief, and demonstrate a relative insensitivity to image overlap. We show that a current doming‐mitigation strategy of using a gently inclined (<15°) camera can reduce accuracy by promoting a previously unconsidered correlation between decentring camera lens distortion parameters and the radial terms known to be responsible for systematic topographic error. This issue is particularly relevant for the wide‐angle cameras often integrated into current‐generation, accessible UAV systems, frequently used in geomorphic research. Such systems usually perform on‐board image pre‐processing, including applying generic lens distortion corrections, that subsequently alter parameter interrelationships in photogrammetric processing (e.g. partially correcting radial distortion, which increases the relative importance of decentring distortion in output images). Surveys from two proglacial forefields (Arolla region, Switzerland) showed that results from lower‐relief topography with a 10°‐inclined camera developed vertical systematic doming errors > 0·3 m, representing accuracy issues an order of magnitude greater than precision‐based error estimates. For higher‐relief topography, and for nadir‐imaging surveys of the lower‐relief topography, systematic error was < 0·09 m. Modelling and subtracting the systematic error directly from the topographic data successfully reduced error magnitudes to values consistent with twice the estimated precision. Thus, topographic correction can provide a more robust approach to uncertainty‐based detection of event‐scale geomorphic change than designing surveys with small off‐nadir camera inclinations and, furthermore, can substantially reduce ground control requirements. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Proteins β and δ Mediate the Repression of Gene Transcription of Cartilage-derived Retinoic Acid-sensitive Protein Induced by Interleukin-1β*

Cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP) is a secreted protein expressed by chondrocytes; the expression is repressed by interleukin 1β (IL-1β). To investigate the transcriptional mechanism, by which CD-RAP expression is suppressed by IL-1β, deletion constructs of the mouse CD-RAP promoter were transfected into rat chondrocytes treated with or without IL-1β. The results revealed an IL-1β-responsive element located between −2138 and −2068 bp. As this element contains a CAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) motif, the function of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ was examined. IL-1β stimulated the expression of C/EBPβ and -δ, and the direct binding of C/EBPβ to the C/EBP motif was confirmed. The −2251-bp CD-RAP promoter activity was down-regulated by co-transfection with C/EBP expression vectors. Mutation of the C/EBP motif abolished the inhibitory response to IL-1β. Additionally, C/EBP expression vectors were found to down-regulate the construct containing the promoter and enhancer of the type II collagen gene. Finally, the enhancer factor, Sox9, was shown to bind adjacent to the C/EBP site competing with C/EBP binding. Taken together, these results suggest that C/EBPβ and -δ may play an important role in the IL-1β-induced repression of cartilage-specific proteins and that expression of matrix proteins will be influenced by the availability of positive and negativetrans-acting factors.
pH Affects the thermal inactivation parameters of R-phycoerythrin from Porphyra yezoensis

: R-phycoerythrin (PE), a protein that fluoresces in the visible range, was purified from Porphyra yezoensis. PE had a molecular mass of 292 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.1 to 4.2. Thermal inactivation parameters of PE, calculated on the basis of fluorescence loss, were determined under different pH conditions. PE was more thermostable between pH 5.0 and 8.0, and became more heat sensitive at pH 4.0 and 10.0. PE at pH 6.0 had the highest D value (12258.7 min) at 70 °C. The z values of PE increased from 4.58 °C at pH 5.0 to 9.15 °C at pH 9.0. PE could be used as a time-temperature integrator by adjusting the inactivation kinetics of PE to match those of target microorganisms in a thermal process.
Two threatened coexisting indigenous conifer species in the dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia are associated with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

The molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing roots of Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. (Podocarpaceae) in the dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia was investigated. The nuclear gene coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA (nucSSU rDNA) was amplified from colonized roots of P. falcatus, cloned, and sequenced using AM fungal specific primers. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the glomeromycetous sequences from mycorrhizae of P. falcatus belong to the Glomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, and Archaeosporaceae. Overall, 16 Glomus, three Diversispora, and one Archaeospora sequence types were identified. These sequence types were distinct and only distantly related to se- quences from the available defined species. The composition of the AM fungal communities differed significantly between the two study sites. Comparison of the AM fungal community composition of P. falcatus with that of previously investi- gated Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. (Cupressaceae), the only coexisting indigenous conifer tree species in the dry Afromontane forest ecosystem, yields that the two tree species are colonized by distinct AM fungal communities. This suggests that fungal communities are host plant specific in the natural stand conditions. Therefore, in the conservation of these endangered species and restoration of the degraded ecosystem, the use of appropriate mycorrhizal fungi should be taken into account in future projects.
Naegleria: A Research Partner For Cell and Developmental Biology 1

ABSTRACT. Organisms in the genus Naegleria offer special opportunities for research in contemporary biology. the dramatic cell differentiation from amebae to flagellates is unique among eukaryotes in the rapidity, synchrony, reproducibility, homogeneity, and accessibility of a major phenotypic change. Environmental signals initiate a progressive signal transduction pathway in which genes are turned on, including those for several calcium‐binding proteins, and newly synthesized proteins become localized in newly assembled organelles, including the centriole‐like basal bodies, with the overall consequence that the cell changes its shape, motility, and behavior. This essay reviews research opportunities for which Naegleria excels, as well as interesting aspects of its biology that provide challenges for future investigations. Because these organisms alternate between two major eukaryotic motility forms, their phylogenetic position is also provocative. Although there are hints that Naegleria is capable of sexual reproduction in nature, mating has not yet been observed in the laboratory. In order to fully exploit the opportunities offered by this wonderful experimental system we are working to develop means to do genetic manipulation, in particular via DNA‐mediated transformation.
Phyletic Trends in Section Coreopsis of the Genus Coreopsis (Compositae)

Artificial hybridization, fertility of interspecific hybrids, chromosome numbers, and trends in habit and morphology in taxa of section Coreopsis of the genus Coreopsis are used to derive a presumed phylogeny for the section. The perennials in the section are relatively primitive and rather closely related to each other, while the annuals are relatively advanced and not closely related to the perennials. The annual species consist of two pairs of species; the pairs are not closely related, but the two members of each pair are closely connected in a progenitor-derivative relationship. Chromosome evolution in the section has involved descending aneuploidy in two of the annuals and polyploidy in one perennial.
Saline stress tolerance partly matches with habitat preference in ground‐living wolf spiders

Salinity interacts with many physiological functions and therefore probably influences the distribution of terrestrial fauna in tidal flooded salt marshes. The present study tests the hypothesis that the physiological tolerance of stenotopic wolf spiders for saline conditions at least partially determines their occurrence throughout salt‐marsh and nonsaline habitats. The duration of survival of three stenotopic wolf spider species (Araneae: Lycosidae) with different habitat preferences is compared in a controlled laboratory experiment. The forest‐dwelling Pardosa saltans, the salt‐marsh resident Pardosa purbeckensis and its sister species the inland‐living Pardosa agrestis are exposed to experimental conditions with different levels of salinity. Individuals (45 males and 20–45 females per treatment) are placed in individual air‐tight boxes filled with water‐saturated sand. Three levels of salinity are tested: nonsaline (0‰), medium saline (33–35‰) and highly saline (66–70‰). Contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and the molar ration carbon/nitrogen remain constant over time and do not differ among salinity treatments, indicating that starvation effects on survival, if any, are similar for all treatments. Conversely, body water significantly decreases over time and differs among salinity treatments, in accordance with patterns of survival. Conforming to their habitat preference, the survival of P. saltans and P. agrestis decreases quickly under highly saline conditions. Pardosa purbeckensis, however, has a high survival under both saline and nonsaline conditions. The duration of survival of females is significantly lower than that of males of P. saltans and P. purbeckensis. Durations of survival of ground‐living wolf spiders exposed to salinity partly match their habitat distribution but do not explain the restriction of salt‐marsh species to saline habitats.
The Analysis of Magnetic Flux Density Inside Rogowski Coil Based on Full Current Theory

The Rogowski coil is the most common sensor for measuring alternating and impulse currents. At present, the coil is used to measure the current with frequencies ranging from hertz to gigahertz. Ampere's law has been the basis for Rogowski coil measurement principle. However, Ampere's law is just an approximate theory of full current theory when the frequency is low. Therefore, full current theory should be adopted instead of Ampere's law to support the measurement of the Rogowski coil under high frequency. In this letter, the exact expression of the magnetic field through the coil based on full current is presented. Furthermore, the error between the result based on Ampere's law and full current law is discussed. The results show that the error is related to the frequency and coil radius. It increases with the increasing frequency and radius of the coil. The error will be 10% when the frequency is 50 MHz and about 200% when the frequency is 1 GHz at 0.3 m radius.
Hedychium menghaiense (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China

Abstract Hedychium menghaiense X. Hu & N. Liu, a new species of the Zingiberaceae from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is currently known only from its type locality, Nannuoshan Mountain, Menghai County, growing under evergreen broad‐leaved forests at altitudes of 1400–1700 m. It is similar to Hedychium forrestii Diels, but differs in its narrower and emarginate labellum folded inwards lengthwise, narrower staminodes, and scarlet stamen. The recognition of the new species is supported by the results from analysis of sequence‐related amplified polymorphism markers.
The Ecology of Small Mammals in Northeastern Tasmania .1. Rattus-Lutreolus-Velutinus

Aspects of the ecology of Rattus lutreolus velutinus (Thomas) were studied in dry sclerophyll forest, buttongrass and heathland communities in north-eastern Tasmania. In each habitat environmental parameters which might influence the species' microhabitat selection (e.g, soil moisture, vegetation structure and floristics) and diet (e.g. monocotyledon food), were assessed. R. I, velutinus began to breed during late August. Sexually active males were captured between September and February, inclusive. Pregnant females were captured between September and November, and the number of lactating females peaked during November in all habitats. Juveniles were captured between December and February. R. I. velutinus was predominantly herbivorous, preferring stem and leaf tissue but also eating seeds, insects, roots and fungus. Captures of rats were positively correlated with vegetation cover less than 50 cm high and with a monocotyledonous food index. Population density was substantially higher in heathland than in buttongrass and dry sclerophyll forest. Animals had similar body condition in each habitat.
Under-Sampled Spherical Near-Field Antenna Measurements With Error Estimation

This article proposes an under-sampling scheme in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol {\varphi }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for spherical near-field antenna measurements. Reducing the number of samples along one of the spherical coordinates allows to decrease the number of positioner steps. Therefore, the savings in the number of samples are almost directly translated into measurement time savings. Under-sampling usually leads to aliasing; however, it can be controlled by exploiting the properties of the spherical wave expansion. The axial symmetry of conventional antennas leads to narrow azimuthal spectra, where the influence of this aliasing is small. By designing an estimator of the error introduced by the aliasing, the required number of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol {\varphi }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> samples for a given accuracy can be determined, without any <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$a$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <italic>priori</italic> knowledge about the antenna under test. This allows the application of this technique for any kind of antenna regardless of its level of axial symmetry, obtaining different values of measurement time savings depending on the level of symmetry. Several examples using the numerical and measured data are presented, showing significant reductions in the measured samples for different antennas. In addition, the algorithm is successfully tested against antennas with poor axial symmetry to demonstrate its robustness.
Expression of high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance against stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in Pakistan wheat landraces

Abstract Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) is an important disease of wheat in the United States and Pakistan. Genetic resistance in wheat is a cost-effective and convenient control measure. In the present study, resistance testing of 115 wheat landraces from Pakistan was carried out initially at the seedling stage with seven races of the pathogen, four from the USA and three from Pakistan. The germplasm showed a general lack of effective seedling resistance. Only two genotypes (PI 210916, PI 219752) were resistant against all races. Adult plants of the wheat genotypes were also tested at high temperatures under greenhouse conditions and at two field locations in Washington State. In the test with US Pst race PST-127, 28 (32%) of the landraces had seedling resistance and 41 (52%) had high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance. When tested with Pakistan isolate PK07-2, 14 (13%) of the wheat genotypes had seedling resistance and 61 (53%) had HTAP resistance. In the test with Pakistan isolate PK07-6, 32 (40%) had seedling resistance and 38 (48%) had HTAP resistance. In field tests, 94 (86%) genotypes were resistant and four (4%) were intermediate at Pullman, Washington; and 72 (89%) were resistant and none was intermediate at Mount Vernon, Washington. The greenhouse and field tests revealed that the majority of the wheat landraces possess HTAP resistance against stripe rust. These landraces should be useful genetic resources for developing stripe rust resistant cultivars in regions where climatic conditions are suitable for the expression of the durable type of resistance.
Where is the Model Looking At? – Concentrate and Explain the Network Attention

Image classification models have achieved satisfactory performance on many datasets, sometimes even better than humans. However, the model attention is unclear since the lack of interpretability. This paper investigates the fidelity and interpretability of model attention. We propose an Explainable Attribute-based Multi-task (EAT) framework to concentrate the model attention on the discriminative image area and make the attention interpretable. We introduce attributes prediction to the multi-task learning network, helping the network to concentrate attention on the foreground objects. We generate attribute-based textual explanations for the network and ground the attributes on the image to show visual explanations. The multi-modal explanation can not only improve user trust but also help to find the weakness of the network and dataset. Our framework can be generalized to any basic model. We perform experiments on three datasets and five basic models. Results indicate that the EAT framework can give multi-modal explanations that interpret the network decision. The performance of several recognition approaches is improved by guiding network attention.
Late defoliation of ‘Chardonnay’ grapevine in subtropical highland climate

: Chardonnay cultivar has shown great potential of planting and development in sites above 900 m of Brazilian southeast for sparkling wines production. The quality of this product is related to vineyard climate and management, since both affect the vine development and grape composition. In this study, three defoliation orientations (east, west and east/west face), at veraison, and a group without defoliation, were compared in order to observe the impacts of this management on the productivity, grape and base wine quality. Yield, grape components, must and base wine composition were analyzed for two years. East/west defoliation increased alcohol content and decreased acidity in base wines, while the group without defoliation increased acidity, according to the higher and lower sun exposure, respectively. Defoliation at veraison increased the incidence of bunch rots. Differences in the aromatic composition of the base wines between the harvests were identified. The east/west defoliation treatment presented more intense fruity, citrus and tropical aromas. For regions characterized by subtropical highland climate (Cwb) in the Brazilian Southeast, late defoliation is not recommended since defoliated plants were more susceptible to fungus infection at flowering and berry formation.
Metal-doped polymer-derived SiOC composites with inorganic metal salt as the metal source by digital light processing 3D printing

ABSTRACT Metal-doped polymer derived ceramics (PDCs) exhibits multifunctional properties due to the introduction of special metal element; however as one of the cheapest metal element carriers, metal inorganic salts have rarely been reported for the fabrication of metal-doped PDCs. In this article, a novel hydrophilic photosensitive γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy modified polyhydroxymethylsiloxane preceramic polymer was firstly synthesised and three different metal-doped SiOC ceramic lattices with a strut thickness of 200 μm were successfully fabricated using inorganic metal salts as the metal source by digital light processing. The photosensitive coefficient, initial photocuring coefficient and the corresponding working curves were employed to evaluate the photocurable ability of preceramic polymers with different recipes. Results showed that both the metal-containing polymer lattices and the metal-doped SiOC ceramic lattices exhibited high-resolution microstructure and homogeneous metal element distribution, indicating that the inorganic metal salt is an effective metal source for the fabrication of metal-doped PDCs.
Balancing broad ideas with context: an evaluation of student accuracy in describing ecosystem processes after a system-level intervention

Promoting student understanding of ecosystem processes is critical to biological education. Yet, teaching complex life systems can be difficult because systems are dynamic and often behave in a non-linear manner. In this paper, we discuss assessment results from a middle school classroom intervention in which a conceptual representation framework is embedded in a suite of technology tools. We use both hand-drawn models and open-ended written responses to evaluate student understanding. While we speculated that our intervention would help students use ecosystem mechanisms to describe broader processes, we found instead that students tended to express constructs in isolation (as opposed to a unified picture of ecosystem processes). In addition, students provided greater elaboration of ideas mostly when specifically prompted. Specific prompts also tended to produce more accurate representations of the ecosystem processes our curriculum covered. Our findings have allowed us to refine our intervention to better translate these critical concepts, and how they are interrelated, to young learners. As such, these findings have important implications for encouraging broader ecosystem thinking in K-12 classrooms.
Below- and above-ground allometries of shade-tolerant seedlings in a Japanese warm-temperate rain forest

A comparative study has been made of the allometric relationships among below-ground and above-ground dimensions of seedlings (6.5-27 cm tall) of 14 abundant shade-tolerant species taken from the forest floor in a warm-temperate rain forest on Yakushima Island, southern Japan. The allometric lines between below-ground dimensions are significantly different between species, which reflects the differentiation between the species developing tap-roots and those developing horizontal fine roots in the same forest. The difference correlates with a difference in seed size, but not with height at maturity or habitat (ridge vs slope or gully). It is hypothesized that the differences in root architecture are related to «choices» in microsite for establishment, the large-seeded tap-rooted species being better suited to soft soil and deep litter, and the small-seeded lateral rooters to rocky soil and a lack of litter (.)