Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic on Adolescents: A Large Sample Study in China

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health emergency. However, little is known about the psychological impact of this pandemic on adolescents. We aim to assess the prevalence and influencing factors of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents in a large sample study. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 175,416 adolescents covering 31 provinces, centrally administered municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China from February 23 to March 8, 2020. The status of depression, anxiety, and PTG was assessed by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, seven-item generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire, and post-traumatic growth inventory. Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and PTG in adolescents was 35.9, 28.0, and 45.6%, respectively. The prevalence of depression and anxiety in the slight or severe epidemic areas was similar. Regression analysis showed that female sex and older age were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and lower levels of PTG. Symptoms related to COVID-19, excessive attention to epidemic information, living in urban or severe epidemic areas, and conflicts with parents during home quarantine were risk factors for depression, anxiety, and PTG. Frequent communication with peers, exercise, and receiving public welfare psychological assistance were protective factors. Poor family economic status was a significant risk factor for depression and PTG. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that positive and negative psychological reactions coexist in adolescents faced with the pandemic. The factors associated with psychological problems and PTG provide strategic guidance for maintaining adolescents' mental health in China and worldwide during any pandemic such as COVID-19.
The Impact of Age Difference on the Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective This meta-analysis compared the efficacy and safety of five kinds of COVID-19 vaccines in different age groups (young adults and older adults), aiming to analyze the difference of adverse events (AEs) rate and virus geometric mean titer (GMT) values between young and older people, in order to find a specific trend, and explore the causes of this trend through meta-analysis. Method Meta-analysis was used to analyze the five eligible articles. The modified Jadad scoring scale was used to evaluate the quality of eligible literature with a scoring system of 1 to 7. The primary endpoint of the effectiveness index was GMT. The primary endpoints of the safety index were the incidence of local AEs and systemic AEs. Stata 12.0 software was used for meta-analysis. Revman 5.0 software was used to map the risk of publication bias, and Egger’s test was used to analyze publication bias. Results The GMT values of young adults were higher than older adults (SMD = 1.40, 95% CI (0.79, 2.02), P<0.01). There was a higher incidence of local and systemic AEs in young people than in the elderly (OR = 1.10, 95% CI (1.08, 1.12), P<0.01; OR = 1.18, 95% CI (1.14, 1.22), P<0.01). Conclusion The immune effect of young people after being vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines was better than that of the elderly, but the safety was worse than that of old people, the most common AEs were fever, rash, and local muscle pain, which were tolerable for young people. As the AEs of the elderly were lower, they can also be vaccinated safely; the reason for the low level of GMT in the elderly was related to Immunosenescence. The vaccine tolerance of people of different ages needs to be studied continuously.
Case Report: Self-Administration of Omalizumab in an Adolescent With Severe Asthma During SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Acute asthma remains one of the most frequent causes of children's access to healthcare. Asthma exacerbation is an essential defining characteristic of its severity, and respiratory infections entail increased risks of exacerbations with potential hospitalization. In the literature, contradictory findings have been reported about the risk and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients affected by asthma, with several implications for its management. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody therapy is meant for patients affected by severe persistent allergic asthma without adequate control with other treatments. Indeed, biological therapies, such as omalizumab, are used as add-on treatments (step 5 in the Global Initiative for Asthma report) for severe asthma with several benefits, including a reduction in the frequency of exacerbations. To the best of our knowledge, we hereby report the first case in which an adolescent with severe allergic asthma treated with omalizumab has switched to self-administration at home during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on our peculiar experience, physicians may consider switching to self-administration of omalizumab at home, even during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, more extensive research data from future studies are needed to confirm these first findings.
Do Children Need Adult Support During Sociodramatic Play to Develop Executive Functions? Experimental Evidence

The cultural-historical approach provides the deep theoretical grounds for the analysis of children’s play. Vygotsky suggested three critical features of play: switching to an imaginary situation, taking on a play role, and acting according to a set of rules defined by the role. Collaboration, finding ideas and materials for creating an imaginary situation, defining play roles, and planning the plot are complex tasks for children. However, the question is, do children need educator’s support during the play to develop their executive functions, and to what extent? This experimental study was aimed at answering this inquiry. The four modes of sociodramatic play were created which differed in the adult intervention, from non-involvement in the play to its entire organization. The play could be child-led (with adult help), adult-led, or free (without any adult intervention); and there was also a control group where the children heard the same stimulus stories as the other groups but then followed them up with a drawing activity instead of a play activity. The study revealed that, firstly, the ways of educator’s involvement in the play differed in their potential in respect to the development of executive functions, and, secondly, this influence was not equal for different components of executive functions. Free play in the experiment was not a beneficial condition for the development of any of the studied components of executive functions, compared to the conditions involving the participation of an adult in the play. Furthermore, the type of adult intervention stimulated the development of various executive functions. The entire organization of the play by the adult had a positive impact of their general development. In contrast, the adult’s assistance in the organization of the children’s play had a positive effect on the development of inhibitory control. The study results can be helpful when considering educational practices within a cultural-historical approach to engaging the potential of play in children’s learning and development around the world.
The Effects of Refilling Additional Rooting Material on Exploration Duration and Tail Damages in Rearing and Fattening Pigs

Pigs housed in commercial barns with slatted floors cannot fully perform their natural behavioral needs such as rooting or exploring. Enrichment materials can stimulate these behaviors in pigs. Here, we investigated whether exploration can be stimulated by offering additional enrichment material, i.e., chopped straw, once compared to four times daily. In two replicates each with four rearing and eight fattening pens, a total of 192 pigs with undocked tails continuously received chopped straw from a dispenser, while a stimulus to explore was given by filling the rooting area of the dispenser either once (R1) or four times (R4) daily with additional chopped straw. The dispensers were equipped with an ultra-high-frequency radio-frequency-identification (UHF-RFID) system in order to record the exploration durations of each individual pig at the dispenser. At four times throughout rearing and fattening, pigs were weighted and tail injuries and length losses were assessed. This resulted in three temporal sections within each replicate, for each of which the difference in tail length to the previous section (Δ-tail length) was calculated. Exploration durations did not change in long-term but increased from rearing throughout fattening. The refillings in which additional chopped straw was offered (R1 vs. R4) did not affect the overall exploration duration during rearing (linear mixed effects model (LME), P = 0.85) or fattening (LME, P = 0.66). However, descriptive evaluations showed that exploration durations decreased within the first 10-min sequences within the hour after refilling the rooting area with additional chopped straw in both treatments (R1 and R4). Exploration durations were affected by week, day, and hour within day during rearing (LME, all factors, P < 0.0001) and fattening (LME, all factors, P < 0.0001). Neither tail injuries nor length losses were affected by the refilling treatment (R1 vs. R4) during rearing (GLMM, both P > 0.1) or fattening (GLMM, both P > 0.1). Offering additional straw four times compared to once a day had no advantage in the present setting with regard to exploration duration and tail damages of pigs. However, refilling the rooting area with additional chopped straw triggered a short-term increase of exploration that decreased within 1 h, thus, exploration was more spread over the day.
Risk Management in Wellhead Protection

The theoretical basis of a risk‐management approach to wellhead protection is developed. Contaminant sources are divided into two categories: chronic sources and spills. For chronic sources, such as residential septic tanks, contaminant influx to the ground water, decay rates, and retardation factors are viewed as random variables with defined probability density functions, and risk‐analysis yields the expected risk of an adverse health effect to the population served by the wells. In the case of spills, risk analysis yields the maximum probable concentration (MPC) in the pumped water for a given design spill. From a regulatory viewpoint, chronic sources must have regulated contaminant loadings, and facilities handling significant quantities of hazardous materials must have design spills. Using the risk‐analysis procedure developed in this study, a defined level of protection is associated with land uses within the zone of contribution of a wellfield. This is an improvement over conventional wellhead prot.
Investigation of a load-limited, magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO)

The magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) is a crossed-field microwave tube that is closely related to the linear magnetron. We discuss research involving a MILO whose DC operating characteristics (voltage and impedance) are determined by a current-carrying load. The load also forms part of a unique power extraction scheme. We show that maximum power is obtained from the load-limited MILO when an RF choke is used for the upstream boundary. This efficiency-enhanced version of the load-limited MILO yields gigawatt-level output power in both experiments and numerical simulations, results of which are also presented. In addition, we use the parapotential theory of magnetically insulated transmission lines in conjunction with observed simulation results to obtain estimates of maximum spoke current, spoke drift velocity, and maximum efficiency.
Design Thinking in Healthcare: Innovative Product Development through the iNPD Process

ABSTRACT This paper details the design process of an innovative surgical product called the non-invasive patient tracker, based on user-centred research carried out in the operating rooms of a hospital in Hong Kong. Through examination of the first two phases of Cagan and Vogel's integrated New Product Development (iNPD) process, the author makes an inquiry into design thinking in the healthcare arena. Innovative surgery teeters on the horns of a dilemma. Although a surgical innovation may offer substantial improvement over conventional treatment strategies on the one hand, it may be perceived by both the surgeon and the patient as involving significant risk on the other. The author argues that surgical innovation, as well as the responses to it, develops through a process of ‘nested’ circular causalities that arise from a linearly directed intention, i.e. the intention to cure illness. She also argues that rigid and unquestioning adherence to prevailing assumptions and practices can serve to stifle originality. Surprise and novelty emerge only when the surgeon challenges both existing assumptions and the validity of their constituent elements.
Module orientation algorithm using reconstruction of nets and mean field annealing

A new module orientation algorithm using mean field annealing for minimising the half-perimeter routing length of all the nets in a circuit based on a multipin net model is presented. Experimental results on some example circuits have shown 13 to 24% reductions of half-perimeter routing length compared to the initial module orientation which was arbitrarily given.
An Experimental and Clinically Controlled Study of the Prevention of Dental Caries Using 1.23% Fluoride Gel in Elderly Patients

Aim: To describe the enamel and dentin fluoride mineralization process in practical application and assess the fluoride gel (NaF 1.23%) effectiveness in dental caries prevention for elderly patients. Materials and Methods: Two different types of study were applied: (a) experimental study of fluoride mineralization of enamel and dentin in vitro; (b) clinical controlled interventional studies of the effectiveness in dental caries prevention using 1.23% fluoride gel. Experimental research was performed in laboratory conditions. Teeth of the elderly extracted due to dental diseases served as research objects. Enamel surface and dental root surface were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after demineralization with 37% phosphoric acid within 15 s, as well as after remineralization with toothpaste and 1.23% fluoride gel. Controlled clinical research included 218 older people divided into two groups (intervention group, n = 106; control group, n = 112). In the intervention group, the application of the gel lasts 4 min in the morning for 18 months. The control group received adult P/S toothpaste and a P/S toothbrush. The DIAGNOdent device was used to assess damage both before and after demineralization. For the clinical evaluation of dental caries, international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) has been used. Decay missing-filled index (DMFT), effective index (Ef-I), and intervention index (In-I) were determined. Statistical data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test and χ2 test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: An SEM image of the enamel surface and dental root surface after teeth remineralization with fluoride gel shows a hard enamel surface without cracks, even in color and structure. After brushing with toothpaste, numerous cracks remain on the surface of the enamel, and the surface layer of the enamel with a depth of 9.64 microns remains damaged without remineralization. After 18 months of intervention, the rate of dental caries in the control group increased from 42.1% to 68.8%, and in the intervention group it increased from 30.8% to 17.0%. A comparison of the 1.23% fluoride gel with toothpaste shows that the former exhibits performance in protecting teeth from decay and it is 108.2% more effective than the latter. Conclusions: Practical experiments proved the function of remineralizing the enamel and dentin of 1.23% fluoride gel on the teeth of the elderly. Intervention research has proven the performance of preventing dental decay from 1.23% fluoride gel for the elderly in question.
Assessing the Relationship between Joint Damage and Gait Impairment in Children with Haemophilic Arthropathy. A Clinical Study

The long term consequence of repeated haemarthrosis is the damage of joint tissue and irreversible haemophilic arthropathy, with severe gait related disability. Physical Therapy represents an inexpensive therapeutical intervention, with a central place in the management of the children with haemophilia, especially in the developing countries, where the profilactic substitution treatment is not established as standard procedure. Preventing and delaying the progress of the disease are essential objectives. The related interventions must be based on an appropriate assessment. The aim of our study is to investigate the relations between the joint damage – evaluated clinically and functionally, and the overall scores concerning the walking ability in children with haemophilia.
Sealing Ability of Various Types of Root Canal Sealers at Different Levels of Remaining Gutta Percha After Post Space Preparation at Two Time Intervals

Objective: This study evaluated the apical sealing ability of various types of sealers (Sure-Seal Root, AH Plus, and GuttaFlow2) at different levels of remaining gutta percha after post space preparation at two time intervals (1 day and 1 week after obturation). Materials and Methods: One hundred and two single canal mandibular premolars were decoronated at the cement–enamel junction and biomechanically prepared. Twelve samples served as negative and positive controls (n = 6). The remaining 90 samples were distributed into three groups (n = 30 each), based on the used sealer for obturation with gutta percha (Sure-Seal Root, AH Plus, GuttaFlow2). Each experimental group was divided into two subgroups (n = 15 each), subgroup I: post space prepared 1 day after obturation and subgroup II: post space prepared 1 week after obturation. For each subgroup, the post space was prepared to a length that remained 3, 4, or 5 mm of gutta percha apically for each of five samples. Then, the dye penetration technique was used to measure the apical microleakage. Data were analyzed using “ANOVA test” and “post hoc Duncan’s test. ”Results: Sure-Seal Root sealer demonstrated the best apical seal compared with other tested sealers. Post space preparation 1 day after obturation exhibited less microleakage than the group with 1 week after obturation. Additionally, 5 mm of remaining gutta percha showed superior sealing value than 3 and 4 mm. Conclusion: Bioceramic (Sure-Seal) sealer is the material of choice to be used when post space preparation is required. Post space preparation was preferred to be done 1 day after obturation than 1 week after obturation. Superlative apical seal was obtained with a maximum length of remaining gutta percha.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Oral Health-related Behaviors in 18-Year-Old Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study

Aims: This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in oral health-related behaviors, such as frequency of toothbrushing, flossing, and dental appointments, in 18-year-old Portuguese adolescents. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the third National Prevalence Study of Oral Health Diseases (III ENPDO), which was carried out in Portugal between 2012 and 2013. This study included 1075 adolescents aged 18 years. The information on socioeconomic status and oral health behaviors was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression models were used to assess the association between social determinants and oral health-related behaviors. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals were estimated. Results: The results found that father’s educational level and both father’s and mother’s employment status were associated with adolescents not visiting a dental professional before the last 12 months. Male sex, living in a rural area, and lower adolescent’s educational level were associated with toothbrushing less than twice a day. Furthermore, father’s educational level and mother’s employment status were also associated with a lower frequency of toothbrushing, whereas only mother’s employment status was associated with a lower frequency of flossing. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that socioeconomic inequalities in oral health-related behaviors of 18-year-old adolescents were associated with parental employment status and educational level, adolescent’s educational level, sex, and residential zone.
Making a (Counterfactual) Difference One Rationale at a Time

Rationales, snippets of extracted text that explain an inference, have emerged as a popular framework for interpretable natural language processing (NLP). Rationale models typically consist of two cooperating modules: a selector and a classifier with the goal of maximizing the mutual information (MMI) between the"selected"text and the document label. Despite their promises, MMI-based methods often pick up on spurious text patterns and result in models with nonsensical behaviors. In this work, we investigate whether counterfactual data augmentation (CDA), without human assistance, can improve the performance of the selector by lowering the mutual information between spurious signals and the document label. Our counterfactuals are produced in an unsupervised fashion using class-dependent generative models. From an information theoretic lens, we derive properties of the unaugmented dataset for which our CDA approach would succeed. The effectiveness of CDA is empirically evaluated by comparing against several baselines including an improved MMI-based rationale schema on two multi aspect datasets. Our results show that CDA produces rationales that better capture the signal of interest.
for “Score-Based Point Cloud Denoising”

Overview This supplementary material is organized as follows. • In Section A, we present more experiments using different noise models such as non-isotropic Gaussian noise, unidirectional noise, Laplace noise, uniform noise, and discrete noise. • In Section B, we present the full results and analysis of ablation studies. • In Section C, we adapt the unsupervised training objective of TotalDn [4] to train an unsupervised adaptation of our model, and compare the adaptation to TotalDn. • In Section D, we present hyper-parameters and other implementation details for reproducing our model. • In Section E, we show more visual results on both synthetic point clouds and real-world point clouds.
Microplastics in White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii) and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Upper Thames River, Ontario

Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) are abundant in aquatic environments, particularly near urban areas. Little is known, however, about how variation in microplastic abundances within watersheds affects fishes. Microplastics were examined in demersal fishes—white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)—across 11 sites in the Thames River, Ontario. Microplastics were found in 44% of white sucker, ranging from 0-14 particles per fish, and 31% of common carp, ranging from 0-128 particles per fish. Across both species, the number of microplastics in fish was higher in urban sites than rural sites, and there was a positive relationship between the number of microplastics in the fish and the abundance of microplastics in the sediment. Body mass was also positively related to number of microplastics in fish. Together these results provide insight into environmental and biological factors that may be influencing the variation of microplastic ingestion in demersal river fishes.