Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Basic Framework of View Systems Allowing Teleoperators to Pre-Acquire Spatial Knowledge from Survey and Route Perspectives

Abstract One of the most important problems in teleoperation of heavy machinery is that the work efficiency of teleoperation is lower than half that of a typical boarding operation. This difference is primarily caused by operators' difficulty in creating mental representations (i.e., cognitive maps) of work sites. Operators have two opportunities to acquire information, namely before work and during work, because the introduction of teleoperation requires about one week. Therefore, we have developed a view system to be used before work to provide environmental information concerning work sites on the basis of human spatial cognition. Cognitive maps can be built by acquiring knowledge from two perspectives—the survey perspective and the route perspective. We display an external view from any viewpoint to acquire knowledge from a survey perspective and a view from an operator's viewpoint, which can be modified by the operator's intention to acquire knowledge from the route perspective. Experimental results using a simulator suggested that a proposed view system could help operators acquire cognitive maps, which may lead to a decrease in task time, the number of stops, and the moving distance and an increase in speed during grasping.
A General Mechanism of Green-to-Red Photoconversions of GFP

Here we dissect the phenomena of oxidative and reductive green-to-red photoconversion of the Green Fluorescent Protein. We characterize distinct orange- and red-emitting forms (λabs/λem = 490/565 nm; λabs/λem = 535/600 nm) arising during the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) photoconversion under low-oxygen conditions in the presence of reductants. These forms spectroscopically differ from that observed previously in oxidative redding (λabs/λem = 575/607 nm). We also report on a new green-emitting state (λabs/λem = 405/525 nm), which is formed upon photoconversion under the low-oxygen conditions. Based on the spectral properties of these forms, their light-independent time evolution, and the high-level computational studies, we provide a structural basis for various photoproducts. Under the low-oxygen conditions, the neutral quinoid-like structure formed via a two-electron oxidation process is found to be a key intermediate and a most likely candidate for the novel green-emitting state of the chromophore. The observed large Stokes shift is traced to the formation of the zwitterionic form of the chromophore in the excited state. Subsequently, this form undergoes two types of cyclization reactions, resulting in the formation of either the orange-emitting state (λabs/λem = 490/565 nm) or the red-emitting form (λabs/λem = 535/600 nm). The T65G mutant lacks one of the proposed cyclization pathways and, indeed, the photoconverted T65G EGFP exhibits a single orange-emitting state. In oxidative redding, the red-emitting state resembles the structure of the chromophore from asFP595 (λabs/λem = 572/595 nm), which is directly formed upon two-electron oxidation and deprotonation bypassing the formation of the quinoid-like structure. Our results disclose a general “oxidative” mechanism of various green-to-red photoconversions of EGFP, providing a link between oxidative redding and the photoconversion under low-oxygen conditions.
Embryonic Epidermal Lectins in Three Amphibian Species, Rana ornativentris, Bufo japonicus formosus, and Cynops pyrrhogaster

Intelectins (Itlns) are secretory lectins found in several chordate species that recognize carbohydrates on the bacterial cell surface depending on Ca2 + . In newly hatched larvae of Rana ornativentris (R. orn), Bufo japonicus formosus (B. jpn), and Cynops pyrrhogaster (C. pyr), an anti-Itln monoclonal antibody (mAb) labeled a subset of epidermal cells in whole-mount immunocytochemical assays. In western blot analyses, the mAb identified protein bands at approximately 33–37 kDa in the larval extracts and concentrated larval culture media. Using RT-PCR and RACE techniques, we isolated cDNAs from newly hatched larvae that encoded proteins of 343 (R. orn), 336 (B. jpn), and 337 (C. pyr) amino acids having 70%, 71%, and 60% identities with that of the Xenopus laevis embryonic epidermal lectin (XEEL), respectively. The proteins, designated REEL, BEEL, and CEEL, showed characteristics conserved among reported Itln proteins, and their amino acid sequences following the signal peptides were identical to those of the N-terminal peptides determined on Itln proteins in the respective larval extracts. Recombinant REEL (rREEL), rBEEL, and rCEEL proteins produced by HEK-293T cells were homo-oligomers of 34–37 kDa subunit peptides, which were similar to the Itlns found in the newly hatched larvae. The rEELs showed carbohydrate-binding specificities similar to that of XEEL and agglutinated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells depending on Ca2 + . These results suggest that REEL, BEEL, and CEEL are Itlns produced and secreted by epidermal cells of R. orn, B. jpn, and C. pyr larvae, respectively, and that Itlns have a conserved role as pathogen recognition molecules in the larval innate immune system.
Genetic Analysis of Polymorphic DNA Markers in Cucumber

DNA 마커는 유전현상 분석이나 품종육성에 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 내냉성 오이 계통인 'NC76'과 냉해 감수성 계통인 'GY14'로부터 내냉성 연관 마커을 목적으로 기존의 총 995개 SSR 마커의 다형성을 평가하였다. Agarose gel 전기영동법으로 'NC76과 'GY14' 간 PCR증폭 산물의 길이 다형성을 보이는 145개 SSR 마커를 개발하였으며, high resolution melting (HRM) 기술을 사용하여 염기서열 다형성을 보이는 30개의 SSR 마커를 확인하였다. 개발된 175개 SSR 마커 중 20개 마커를 선발하여 'NC76'과 'GY14' 간 $F_2$ 분리 집단에 대한 연관지도를 작성하였으며 그 결과 13개의 마커가 예상했던 연관군에 일치하여 위치됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확인된 175개의 SSR 마커는 향 후 냉해 저항성 연관 마커 개발을 위한 오이 유전자 지도 작성 및 이를 통한 품종 육성에 크게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 【DNA marker is a powerful tool for plant genetics and breeding. In this study, 995 SSR markers were employed with chilling resistant cucumber, known as 'NC76', and chilling susceptible cucumber, known as 'GY14'. Using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, 145 SSR markers were identified as length variation markers between 'NC76' and 'GY14'. The SSR markers that showed no length polymorphism were then screened using high resolution melting analysis technique and additional 30 polymorphic SSR markers were identified. As a preliminary evaluation for mapping, 20 markers among these 175 markers were employed to a $F_2$ population of 'NC76' x 'GY14' cross. Linkage analysis revealed 13 markers that joined into six linkage groups and seven markers that remained unlinked. This result indicates that these 175 markers could be used for construction of a genetic map using a cross between 'NC76' and 'GY14' for further investigation in developing markers related to resistance to chilling in cucumbers. 】
Downlink Transmission of Multicell Distributed Massive MIMO With Pilot Contamination Under Rician Fading

In this paper, we investigate the spectral efficiency (SE) of a multicell downlink (DL) distributed massive MIMO (DM-MIMO) system with pilot contamination operating over Rician fading channels in which each remote access unit (RAU) is equipped with a large number of distributed massive antenna arrays, while each user has a single antenna. In contrast to many previous works about DM-MIMO systems, the channel between users and the RAUs antennas in the same cell is modeled to be Rician fading, which is general for the 5G scenarios like Internet of Things. We explore maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) and line-of-sight (LOS) component-based equal-gain transmission (EGT) under imperfect channel state information. The tractable, but accurate closed-form expressions for the lower bounds of the achievable rate are derived for the MRT and the LOS component-based EGT over Rician fading channels in the DM-MIMO systems. Based on the obtained closed-form expressions, various power scaling laws concerning DL data transmit power and pilot transmit power are analyzed in detail. Numerical results are used to corroborate that these approximations are asymptotically tight, but accurate for systems. They also show that employing the LOS component-based EGT processing is more preferable than the MRT processing for DM-MIMO systems in conditions having a large number of RAU antennas and stronger LOS scenarios. Finally, the simulation results further show that when the number of all antennas for RAUs is fixed, the better SE performance can be obtained with more RAUs.
Nonconvex Sparse Representation With Slowly Vanishing Gradient Regularizers

Sparse representation has been widely used over the past decade in computer vision and signal processing to model a wide range of natural phenomena. For computational convenience and robustness against noises, the optimization problem for sparse representation is often relaxed using convex or nonconvex surrogates instead of using the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm, the ideal sparsity penalty function. In this paper, we pose the following question for nonconvex sparsity-promoting surrogates: What is a good sparsity surrogate for general nonconvex systems? As an answer to this question, we suggest that the difficulty of handling the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm does not only come from the nonconvexity but also from its gradient being zero or not well-defined. Accordingly, we propose desirable criteria to be a good nonconvex surrogate and suggest a corresponding family of surrogates. The proposed family of surrogates allows a simple regularizer, which enables efficient computation. The proposed surrogate embraces the benefits of both <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>- and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norms, and most importantly, its gradient vanishes slowly, which allows stable optimization. We apply the proposed surrogate to well-known sparse representation problems and benchmark datasets to demonstrate its robustness and efficiency.
Ventral Caudate and Anterior Insula Recruitment During Value Estimation of Passionate Rewarding Cues

“Wanting”, a component of reward processing, is a motivational property that guides decision making in goal-oriented behavior. This includes behavior aiming at supporting relational bonds, even at the group level. Accordingly, group belongingness works as this motivational property, which is fundamentally different from romantic or maternal love. While primary rewards (or learned associations, such as money) have been largely used to study the conceptual framework associated with “wanting,” other cues triggering behavior, such as passionate motives, are less well-studied. We investigated the neural correlates of value estimation of a passion-driven incentive in neuropsychologically defined football fans. We asked the participants (n = 57) to compute the value of football tickets (the cues that trigger passionate behavior in this “tribal love” context). The trials were all different, comprising tickets for different matches. The participants had no restrictions on the amount to be introduced. This enabled a parametric functional magnetic resonance imaging design based on the explicit estimated value given by the participants in a trial-by-trial approach. Using a whole-brain approach (to prevent biased focus on value-related regions), only the activity in the ventral caudate and left anterior insula showed a critical relationship with the reported value. Higher normalized values led to more activity in the striatum and left insula. The parametric map shows that these regions encode the magnitude of incentive by indexing self-relevant value. Other regions were involved in value computation, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but did not exhibit parametric patterns. The involvement of the nucleus accumbens in value estimation was only found in region of interest -based analysis, which emphasizes the role of the ventral caudate for the presently studied social “reinforcer” cue.
Optogenetic investigation into the role of the subthalamic nucleus in motor control

The subthalamic nucleus is important achieve intended movements. Loss of its normal function is strongly associated with several movement disorders. Classical basal ganglia models postulate that two parallel pathways, the direct and indirect pathways, exert opposing control over movement, with the subthalamic nucleus part of the indirect pathway through which competing motor programs are prevented. The subthalamic nucleus is regulated by both inhibitory and excitatory projections but experimental evidence for its role in motor control has remained sparse. The objective here was to tease out the selective impact of the subthalamic nucleus on several motor parameters required to achieve intended movement, including locomotion, balance and motor coordination. Optogenetic excitation and inhibition using both bilateral and unilateral stimulations of the subthalamic nucleus were implemented in freely-moving mice. The results demonstrate that selective optogenetic inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus enhances locomotion while its excitation reduces locomotion. These findings lend experimental support to basal ganglia models in terms of locomotion. However, further analysis of subthalamic nucleus excitation revealed grooming and disturbed gait. Selective excitation also caused reduced motor coordination, independent of grooming, in advanced motor tasks. This study contributes experimental evidence for a regulatory role of the subthalamic nucleus in motor control. Highlights Bilateral optogenetic excitation of the subthalamic nucleus in freely-moving mice reduces forward locomotion while optogenetic inhibition leads to its increase. Unilateral optogenetic excitation and inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus cause opposite rotational behavior. Bilateral optogenetic excitation, but not inhibition, of the subthalamic nucleus induces jumping and self-grooming behavior. Engaged in advanced motor tasks, bilateral optogenetic excitation causes mice to lose motor coordination. The results provide experimental support for predictions by the basal ganglia motor model on the role of the subthalamic nucleus in locomotion, and identifies a causal role for the subthalamic nucleus in self-grooming.
HDDse: Enabling High-Dimensional Disk State Embedding for Generic Failure Detection System of Heterogeneous Disks in Large Data Centers

The reliability of a storage system is crucial in large data centers. Hard disks are widely used as primary storage devices in modern data centers, where disk failures constantly happen. Disk failures could lead to a serious system interrupt or even permanent data loss. Many hard disk failure detection approaches have been proposed to solve this problem. However, existing approaches are not generic models for heterogeneous disks in large data centers, e.g, most of the approaches only consider datasets consisting of disks from the same manufacturer (and often of the same disk models). Moreover, some approaches achieve high detection performance in most cases but can not deliver satisfactory results when the datasets of a relatively small amount of disks or have new datasets which have not been seen during training. In this paper, we propose a novel generic disk failure detection approach for heterogeneous disks that can not only deliver a better detective performance but also have good detective adaptability to the disks which have not appeared in training, even when dealing with imbalanced or a relatively small amount of disk datasets. We employ a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based siamese network that can learn the dynamically changed long-term behavior of disk healthy statues. Moreover, this structure can generate a uniﬁed and efﬁcient high dimensional disk state embeddings for failure detection of heterogeneous disks. Our evaluation results on two real-world data centers conﬁrm that the proposed system is effective and outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, we have successfully applied the proposed system to improve the reliability of a data center and exhibit practical long-term availability.
Prevalence of bovine coccidia in Kombolcha district of South Wollo, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2011 up to April 2012 in Kombolcha town to determine the prevalence of coccidia infection in calves. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 288 calves with the age of 1 month to 1 year old which were included in the study purposively. After collection, the samples were transported to the laboratory and examined for the presence of Eimeria oocyst by flotation techniques. For positive sample, a solution of 2.5% potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was added to the feces containing the oocyst for sporulation and identification of the species. Out of 288 calves, 92 (31.9%) were found to be positive forEimeria species. There was statistically significant difference (P 0.05) between coccidia infection and sex, breed, body condition, address or management system. Five species of Eimeria were identified in the study and the most prevalent species wereEimeria bovis (42.3%), Eimeria zuernii (28.3%) and Eimeria auburnensis (13.0%). The other species were E. ellipsoidalis (8.7%), E. alabamensis (4.3%) and unidentified oocyst (3.3%). In conclusion, the present finding has demonstrated that bovine coccidia are one of the important pathogens in calves in the study area. Further epidemiological investigations are required to determine the Eimeria species composition and different agro ecological risk factor on the occurrence of the disease. Key words: Calves, coccidiosis, Eimeria, Kombolcha, prevalence, risk factors.
Hybrid Plasmonic Ring-Resonator Uni-Traveling Carrier Pin-Photodetector on InGaAsP/InP Layer Stack

In this article, for the first time, a hybrid plasmonic (HP) ring resonator uni-traveling carrier pin-photodetector was numerically presented that offers a high responsivity of 0.68 A/W, a high bandwidth of over 125 GHz, and low footprint. This device has the capability of monolithic integration with HP-passive devices on the InP platform at an optical communication wavelength of 1550 nm.
Spatial and temporal context jointly modulate the sensory response within the ventral visual stream

Both spatial and temporal context play an important role in visual perception and behavior. Humans can extract statistical regularities from both forms of context to help processing the present and to construct expectations about the future. Numerous studies have found reduced neural responses to expected stimuli compared to unexpected stimuli, for both spatial and temporal regularities. However, it is largely unclear whether and how these forms of context interact. In the current fMRI study, thirty-three human volunteers were exposed to object stimuli that could be expected or surprising in terms of their spatial and temporal context. We found a reliable independent contribution of both spatial and temporal context in modulating the neural response. Specifically, neural responses to stimuli in expected compared to unexpected contexts were suppressed throughout the ventral visual stream. Interestingly, the modulation by spatial context was stronger in magnitude and more reliable than modulations by temporal context. These results suggest that while both spatial and temporal context serve as a prior that can modulate sensory processing in a similar fashion, predictions of spatial context may be a more powerful modulator in the visual system. Significance Statement Both temporal and spatial context can affect visual perception, however it is largely unclear if and how these different forms of context interact in modulating sensory processing. When manipulating both temporal and spatial context expectations, we found that they jointly affected sensory processing, evident as a suppression of neural responses for expected compared to unexpected stimuli. Interestingly, the modulation by spatial context was stronger than that by temporal context. Together, our results suggest that spatial context may be a stronger modulator of neural responses than temporal context within the visual system. Thereby, the present study provides new evidence how different types of predictions jointly modulate perceptual processing.
Heterogeneous genetic basis of age at maturity in salmonid fishes

Understanding the genetic basis of repeated evolution of the same phenotype across taxa is a fundamental aim in evolutionary biology and has applications to conservation and management. However, the extent to which interspecific life-history trait polymorphisms share evolutionary pathways remains under-explored. We address this gap by studying the genetic basis of a key life-history trait, age at maturity, in four species of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) that exhibit intra- and interspecific variation in this trait – Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Sockeye Salmon, and Steelhead Trout. We tested for associations in all four species between age at maturity and two genome regions, six6 and vgll3, that are strongly associated with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). We also conducted a genome-wide association analysis in Steelhead to assess whether additional regions were associated with this trait. We found the genetic basis of age at maturity to be heterogeneous across salmonid species. Significant associations between six6 and age at maturity were observed in two of the four species, Sockeye and Steelhead, with the association in Steelhead being particularly strong in both sexes (p = 4.46×10−9 after adjusting for genomic inflation). However, no significant associations were detected between age at maturity and the vgll3 genome region in any of the species, despite its strong association with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon. We discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneous nature of the genetic architecture of this key life-history trait, as well as the implications of our findings for conservation and management.
Compact Thermal Modeling of Color LEDs—A Comparative Study

This article concerns the problem of light-emitting diode (LED) compact thermal modeling. The methods currently used to generate such models either require some proprietary information from a device manufacturer or the resulting model element values that do not have any physical interpretation. The methodology proposed in this article allows the generation of compact thermal models based only on measurements of device dynamic temperature responses. The experimental procedure to generate the models is illustrated here with an example of color LEDs. The experiments demonstrated that it is possible to obtain in this way compact models that for various colors of emitted light and in different cooling conditions produce accurate simulation results. Furthermore, the compact model element values can be related to specific regions in the real structures.