Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF RESTING CELL FORMATION IN AMPHORA COFFAEFORMIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) 1

The ultrastructure of logarithmic‐growing cells and of resting cells in laboratory cultures of Amphora coffaeformis (Ag.) Kütz. isolated from deep ocean water was examined using electron and light microscopy. The acid Phosphatase activity, chlorophyll a and lipid content were assessed at weekly intervals of resting cell formation during cold‐dark treatment, simulating deep ocean water. Approximately 4 wk are required to complete resting cell formation. During the first week, the cytoplasm undergoes extensive transformation and lysosomal activity is observed. Large vacules decrease in size and many small ones develop, the mitochondria become fewer and one or more massive mitochondria appear possibly by fusion of smaller ones; the cytoplasm becomes densely granular. During the second and third week, the cytoplasm continues to contract, lipid bodies begin to develop and the plastid becomes densely stained. At the fourth week, the mature resting cell is formed containing one or more massive mitochondria, a well‐formed plastid, and granular cytoplasm containing occasional lipid droplets. There is no change in frustule morphology and the cytoplasm does not produce a protective layer. The variation in chemical constituents correlates with microscopic structure of the cells. The fine structure of cells during growth resumption when exposed to light at 25 c is presented. Previous reports of viable, chlorophyll‐containing cells at great depths in the ocean may be explained by the results reported in this paper.
Enzyme-coupled ultrafiltration membranes

Pressure-driven conditions are used to activate and couple enzymes to ultrafiltration membranes such as a homoporous cellulosic membrane having pores of about 15-200 angstroms in diameter. The resultant enzyme-coupled ultrafiltration membranes can be used under pressure-driven conditions for enzymatic conversion of a substrate. The rate of conversion at low substrate concentrations is larger than the rate achieved with the native enzyme.
Novel sources of edible films and coatings

Fil: Lopez, Olivia Valeria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernacion. Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas. Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Criotecnologia de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Criotecnologia de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Criotecnologia de Alimentos; Argentina
The Use of Tracheal Sap in the Study of Apple-tree Nutrition

Most apple-trees consist of two varieties, one forming the stock and another the scion, both clonal in origin. Any study of tree nutrition becomes compli cated when the numerous stock/scion combinations are considered. For instance, Wallace (1950) has pointed out that some apple varieties used as scions have a high potassium and others a high magnesium requirement, and that the intensity of potassium or magnesium deficiency symptoms may also vary according to stock variety. Wormall (1924), Priestley and Wormall (1925), and Burstrom and Krogh (1946, 1947) have studied bleeding sap composition. Dixon and Atkins (1915, 1916) extracted sap by centrifuging short lengths of freshly cut wood. Bennett, Anderssen, and Milad (1927) showed that gas displacement was a more satisfactory method of obtaining tracheal sap. Using this technique Anderssen (1929), Oserkowsky (1932), and Bennett and Oserkowsky (1933) made con ductivity measurements and determined the iron and copper content of tracheal saps of a range of fruit-trees. In the work reported here the possibility of using such an extraction tech nique for studying the nutrition of apple-trees has been investigated.
Studies in Meat Tenderness. 7. Changes in the Fine Structure of Meat During Aging

SUMMARY— During the aging of fiber pieces prepared from bovine sternomandibularis muscles, a loss of adhesion occurs between adjacent myofibrils. This is evidenced by increased readiness of fiber pieces to distintegrate into individual myofibrils during a period of standard disruption. Alterations also appear within the myofibrils themselves in the regions of the Z lines, sometimes leading to the apparent dissolution of this structure. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate present in the suspensions during storage not only prevents these changes, but also preserves the refractory character of the fiber pieces. Meat aging is considered therefore to be due to disruption and possible dissolution of Z-line material, leading to a weakening of inter-myofibrillar linkages probably located at the junctions of adjacent Z lines, and to loss of tensile strength of the myofibrils themselves.
Rice Gene Network Inferred from Expression Profiling of Plants Overexpressing OsWRKY13, a Positive Regulator of Disease Resistance

Accumulating information indicates that plant disease resistance signaling pathways frequently interact with other pathways regulating developmental processes or abiotic stress responses. However, the molecular mechanisms of these types of crosstalk remain poorly understood in most cases. Here we report that OsWRKY13, an activator of rice resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, appears to function as a convergent point for crosstalk among the pathogen-induced salicylate-dependent defense pathway and five other physiologic pathways. Genome-wide analysis of the expression profiles of OsWRKY13-overexpressing lines suggests that OsWRKY13 directly or indirectly regulates the expression of more than 500 genes that are potentially involved in different physiologic processes according to the classification of the Gene Ontology database. By comparing the expression patterns of genes functioning in known pathways or cellular processes of pathogen infection and the phenotypes between OsWRKY13-overexpressing and wild-type plants, our data suggest that OsWRKY13 is also a regulator of other physiologic processes during pathogen infection. The OsWRKY13-associated disease resistance pathway synergistically interacts via OsWRKY13 with the glutathione/glutaredoxin system and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway to monitor redox homeostasis and to putatively enhance the biosynthesis of antimicrobial flavonoid phytoalexins, respectively, in OsWRKY13-overexpressing lines. Meanwhile, the OsWRKY13-associated disease resistance pathway appears to interact antagonistically with the SNAC1-mediated abiotic stress defense pathway, jasmonic acid signaling pathway, and terpenoid metabolism pathway via OsWRKY13 to suppress salt and cold defense responses as well as to putatively retard rice growth and development.
Density-Regulated Selection with Genotypic Interactions

A deterministic model of density-regulated selection with genotypic interactions is developed for a diploid population with discrete, nonoverlapping generations. The population is polymorphic for two alleles at an autosomal locus. Before selection in each generation, the three genotypes are in Hardy-Weinberg frequencies, but genotypes differ in their selective values because of genotypic differences in their intrinsic rates of increase, carrying capacities, and genotypic interactions. The genotypic interactions specify the effect of an individual of one genotype on the fitness of another genotype. By analogy to the Lotka-Volterra model for interspecific competition, our model for intraspecific competition assumes that the selective value of a genotype strictly decreases with numbers of each genotype; therefore, selective values depend on both density and gene frequency. Sufficient conditions for a protected polymorphism are surprisingly simple: the heterozygote must have a carrying capacity greater than that of either homozygote multiplied by the interaction coefficient which expresses the effect of that homozygote on the heterozygote; or, alternatively each homozygous individual must inhibit the fitness of its own genotype, and hence its contribution to population growth, more than it inhibits the fitness of the heterozygote.
An investigation of the feasibility of predicting nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) content in barley from chemical composition and physical characteristics

A study utilizing 91 barley samples was conducted to investigate the feasibility of predicting the nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) value of barley for poultry. The samples included three barley types (six-row malting and feed and two-row feed) that were grown at 12 different locations in Manitoba from 1986 to 1988. Substantial variation in chemical and physical measurements was evident among the barley samples studied, and data indicated TMEn of 13.10–14.59 with a mean of 13.97 (MJ kg−1 on dry matter). It was found that TMEn was negatively correlated with neutral detergent fibre (NDF) level (r = −0.784) and positively correlated with test weight (r = 0.627). Significant relationships also existed between TMEn and contents of starch and fat, but only 7–8% of the variation in TMEn was accounted for by those variables. Inclusion of NDF, gross energy (GE), fat, protein and starch terms in a multiple-regression equation resulted in a slight decrease in residual standard deviation and an inc.
Changes in viability, respiratory activity and morphology of the marine Vibrio sp. strain S14 during starvation of individual nutrients and subsequent recovery

Starvation for different individual nutrients revealed various morphotypes of Vibrio sp. strain S14. Carbon or multiple-nutrient starved cells formed ultramicrocells with low respiratory activity and high culturability. In contrast, cells starved for nitrogen or phosphorus formed filaments or swollen rods with large inclusion bodies of PHB. These cells exhibited a 3–4 log decrease in culturability, nevertheless many were actively respiring and direct viable counts equalled at least 80% of the original number of cells. After 2–3 days of prolonged incubation, microcolonies appeared at approximately the same number of cells as at the onset of starvation. A nutrient-induced increase in respiratory activity, after 120 h of starvation, was instantaneous for cells starved for carbon or multiple-nutrients, but cells depleted of nitrogen or phosphorus exhibited a lag period of at least 3 h.
Die Messung der Katalaseaktivität von Böden

The determination of Catalase Activity in Soils by Dr. Beck 1. The elaboration of a method for the determination of the activity of catalase in soils is described. The method envolves the gasvolumetric determination of oxygen released by decomposition of a H2O2-solution by soils, suspended in buffers in the presence and absence of the catalase inhibitor NaN3. 2. The influences of the following factors on catalase activity were studied: Methods for the determination of developed oxygen, enzyme- and substrate concentration, inhibition of catalase by NaN3, pH- and temperature-optima of catalase and the presence of plant residues in soils. 3. It was found, that there was only a little decrease in catalase activity when fresh or dried samples of soils were stored over a periode of 4 months under laboratory conditions. The catalase activity of different soils showed very good correspondence to the dehydrogenase activity of the soils and less correspondence to the amount of soil respiration and the amylase activity. No relation could be found to the number of microorganisms in soil.
Obligate Cave Fauna of the 48 Contiguous United States

Abstract: We assembled a list of obligate cave‐dwelling species and subspecies, their county distribution, and their provisional global conservation rank. A total of 927 species and 46 additional subspecies in 96 families exclusively from cave and associated subterranean habitats have been described in the 48 contiguous states of the United States. The terrestrial (troglobitic) species are concentrated in northeast Alabama (especially Jackson County), with other concentrations in Kentucky, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Only 23 counties, comprising less than 1% of the land area of the 48 contiguous states, account for over 50% of the terrestrial species and subspecies. The aquatic (stygobitic) species are concentrated in Hays County, Texas, with other concentrations in Florida, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Only 18 counties, comprising less than 1% of the land area, account for over 50% of the aquatic species and subspecies. Endemism is high, with 54% of the species known from a single county. Approximately 95% of the species are listed by The Nature Conservancy as vulnerable or imperiled in the United States. These cave species comprise 50% of all vulnerable or imperiled species listed in databases of the Natural Heritage Program. Less than 4% of these subterranean species have federal status. Conservation can best be accomplished through habitat protection, which must include protection of the associated surface habitat.
An Evaluation of Sustainable Agriculture Training in North Carolina

ABSTRACT In fall 1996, an evaluation of the impact of the SARE Chapter 3 (Professional Development Program) training in North Carolina was undertaken. The evaluation reviewed each of the objectives and outcomes of the North Carolina sustainable agriculture Strategic Plan. The evaluation determined that most of the objectives had been achieved and that it would be worthwhile to develop a new Strategic Plan for sustainable agriculture training. A new plan for 1998–2003 is now developed by the Sustainable Agriculture Task Force based on the evaluation report.
Recent Advances in Molecular Genetic Linkage Maps of Cultivated Peanut

The competitiveness of peanuts in domestic and global markets has been threatened by losses in productivity and quality that are attributed to diseases, pests, environmental stresses and allergy or food safety issues. Narrow genetic diversity and a deficiency of polymorphic DNA markers severely hindered construction of dense genetic maps and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in order to deploy linked markers in marker-assisted peanut improvement. The U.S. Peanut Genome Initiative (PGI) was launched in 2004, and expanded to a global effort in 2006 to address these issues through coordination of international efforts in genome research beginning with molecular marker development and improvement of map resolution and coverage. Ultimately, a peanut genome sequencing project was launched in 2012 by the Peanut Genome Consortium (PGC). We reviewed the progress for accelerated development of peanut genomic resources in peanut, such as generation of expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) (252,832 ESTs as December 2012 in the public NCBI EST database), development of molecular markers (over 15,518 SSRs), and construction of peanut genetic linkage maps, in particular for cultivated peanut. Several consensus genetic maps have been constructed, and there are examples of recent international efforts to develop high density maps. An international reference consensus genetic map was developed recently with 897 marker loci based on 11 published mapping populations. Furthermore, a high-density integrated consensus map of cultivated peanut and wild diploid relatives also has been developed, which was enriched further with 3693 marker loci on a single map by adding information from five new genetic mapping populations to the published reference consensus map
Sparse data to structured imageset transformation

Machine learning problems involving sparse datasets may benefit from the use of convolutional neural networks if the numbers of samples and features are very large. Such datasets are increasingly more frequently encountered in a variety of different domains. We convert such datasets to imagesets while attempting to give each image structure that is amenable for use with convolutional neural networks. Experimental results on two publicly available, sparse datasets show that the approach can boost classification performance compared to other methods, which may be attributed to the formation of visually distinguishable shapes on the resultant images.
The Distributional Status of Some Costa Rican Bats

Distributional records are presented for 229 specimens of 34 species of Costa Rican bats with comments on their taxonomy, life history, and reproductive activity. Species reported from Costa Rica for the first time are Micronycteris minuta, Tonatia minuta, Mimon cozumelae, Mimon crenulatum, Vampyressa nymphaea, Diaemus youngi, Molossops greenhalli, Eumops glaucinus, Eumops hansae, and Molossus bondae. Additional data are presented for Centronycteris maximiliani, Micronycteris megalotis, Micronycteris hirsuta, Tonatia hidens, Tra-chops cirrhosus, Vampyrum spectrum, Lonchophylla concava, Anoura cultrata, Choeroniscus godmani, Hylonycteris underwoodi, Lichonycteris obscura, Sturnira mordax, Vampyrops vittatus, Vampyrodes major, Vampyressa pusilla, Chiroderma villosum, Ectophylla alba, Enchisthenes hartii, Thyroptera tricolor, Myotis albescens, Myotis chiloensis, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus ega, and Rhogeessa tumida.
Securing Digital Systems via Split-Chip Obfuscation

Security is an important facet of integrated circuit design for many applications. IP privacy and Trojan insertion are growing threats as circuit fabrication in advanced nodes almost inevitably relies on untrusted foundries. A proposed solution is Split-Chip Obfuscation that uses a combination trusted and untrusted IC fabrication scheme. By utilizing two CMOS processes, a system is endowed with the stronger security guaranties of a trusted legacy node while also leveraging the performance and density of an advanced untrusted node. Critical to the effectiveness of Split-Chip Obfuscation is finding an optimum partitioning of a system between the two ICs. In this paper, we develop a design flow for the Split-Chip Obfuscation scheme, defining the essential system metrics and creating a tool to rapidly assess the large design space. We demonstrate the concept of such a tool and show its application on an example SoC.
Schottky barrier lowering due to interface states in 2D heterophase devices

The Schottky barrier of a metal–semiconductor junction is one of the key quantities affecting the charge transport in a transistor. The Schottky barrier height depends on several factors, such as work function difference, local atomic configuration in the interface, and impurity doping. We show that also the presence of interface states at 2D metal–semiconductor junctions can give rise to a large renormalization of the effective Schottky barrier determined from the temperature dependence of the current. We investigate the charge transport in n- and p-doped monolayer MoTe2 1T′–1H junctions using ab initio quantum transport calculations. The Schottky barriers are extracted both from the projected density of states and the transmission spectrum, and by simulating the IT-characteristic and applying the thermionic emission model. We find interface states originating from the metallic 1T′ phase rather than the semiconducting 1H phase in contrast to the phenomenon of Fermi level pinning. Furthermore, we find that these interface states mediate large tunneling currents which dominates the charge transport and can lower the effective barrier to a value of only 55 meV.
Can Experiment Determine the Stacking Fault Energy of Metastable Alloys?

Stacking fault energy (SFE) plays an important role in deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals and alloys. In metastable fcc alloys, the SFEs determined from density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental methods often have opposite signs. Here, we show that the negative SFE by DFT reflects the thermodynamic instability of the fcc phase relative to the hexagonal close-packed one; while the experimentally determined SFEs are restricted to be positive by the models behind the indirect measurements. We argue that the common models underlying the experimental measurements of SFE fail in metastable alloys. In various concentrated solid solutions, we demonstrate that the SFEs obtained by DFT calculations correlate well with the primary deformation mechanisms observed experimentally, showing a better resolution than the experimentally measured SFEs. Furthermore, we believe that the negative SFE is important for understanding the abnormal behaviors of partial dislocations in metastable alloys under deformation. The present work advances the fundamental understanding of SFE and its relation to plastic deformations, and sheds light on future alloy design by physical metallurgy.
Uncertainty Quantification Using Neural Networks for Molecular Property Prediction

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is an important component of molecular property prediction, particularly for drug discovery applications where model predictions direct experimental design and where unanticipated imprecision wastes valuable time and resources. The need for UQ is especially acute for neural models, which are becoming increasingly standard yet are challenging to interpret. While several approaches to UQ have been proposed in the literature, there is no clear consensus on the comparative performance of these models. In this paper, we study this question in the context of regression tasks. We systematically evaluate several methods on five regression datasets using multiple complementary performance metrics. Our experiments show that none of the methods we tested is unequivocally superior to all others, and none produce a particularly reliable ranking of errors across multiple datasets. While we believe these results show that existing UQ methods are not sufficient for all common use cases and further research is needed, we conclude with a practical recommendation as to which existing techniques seem to perform well relative to others.
An investigation of the grain yield adaptation of advanced CIMMYT wheat lines to water stress environments in Queensland. I. Crop physiological analysis

Wheat improvement in Australia has made extensive use of germplasm developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). The opportunity for further yield improvement in Queensland was investigated by comparing CIMMYT lines and Queensland cultivars in irrigated and dryland environments at three locations. CIMMYT lines were identified, with greater than 20% yield advantage in individual environments and between 15 and 20% yield advantage over the six environments. The line mean repeatability for yield was moderate (0.492), with the variance component for line by environment (L × E) interaction 4.2 times that for lines. Therefore, while the CIMMYT lines expressed considerable L × E interaction, there was scope for further yield improvement. The water stress differential between the irrigated and dryland environments at the three locations strongly influenced L × E interaction for grain yield. Pre-anthesis water stress generated more L × E interaction for grain yield than post-anthesis stress. At the two locations where pre-anthesis water stress was severe in the dryland environment, there was no association (P > 0.05) between yield under irrigated and dryland conditions. However, at the location where there was little pre-anthesis stress and a degree of post-anthesis stress there was a strong association (P < 0.01) between yield under irrigated and dryland conditions. Grain yield was positively associated with the yield component grain number per unit area in all environments. Grain weight showed little L × E interaction across environments and the majority of L × E interaction for grain yield resulted from L × E interaction associated with grain number per unit area. Grain number per unit area was positively associated with the component grains per fertile tiller but not tiller number per unit area. Grains per fertile tiller was in turn positively associated with total dry matter at anthesis; however, there was no direct association between total dry matter at anthesis and grain number per unit area. There was a weak association between days to anthesis and grain yield in four of the six environments.