Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors : From a Clinical, Genetic and Pathologic Perspective

Neuroendocrine tumors may develop on the whole body with the majority being found in the gastrointestinal and pulmonary system. Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors comprise 20% of all lung cancers and represent a spectrum of tumors with variable histopathological characteristics, genetic features and biological behaviors. The latest World Health Organization classification separated these tumors into 4 subgroups: typical carcinoid tumor, atypical carcinoid tumor, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma. The clinical presentation depends on site, size, and growth pattern of the tumor but centrally localized tumors cause obstructive respiratory symptoms as coughing, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and chest pain, while peripheral tumors are usually asymptomatic with incidentally signs. Genetically large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and small cell carcinomas have higher mutation rates associated with tobacco-carcinogens. Typical and atypical carcinoids are respectively low, and intermediate grade tumors but they both have the capacity to develop metastases into regional or distant lymph nodes. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and small cell carcinomas are biologically aggressive tumors and have a poorer prognosis than other non-small cell carcinomas. The management of lung neuroendocrine tumors should be individualized by multidisciplinary teams including pulmonologists, surgeons, pathologists, medical and radiation oncologists, and radiologists. Ebru Cakir* Izmir Katip Celebi University, Department of Pathology, Turkey *Corresponding author: Ebru Cakir, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Turkey, Tel: +90 5054526648, Email: arabaci. ebru@gmail.com Published Date: November 03, 2017 Gr up SM
Conservative Constraints on Early Cosmology: an illustration of the Monte Python cosmological parameter inference code

Models for the latest stages of the cosmological evolution rely on a less solid theoretical and observational ground than the description of earlier stages like BBN and recombination. As suggested in a previous work by Vonlanthen et al., it is possible to tweak the analysis of CMB data in such way to avoid making assumptions on the late evolution, and obtain robust constraints on ''early cosmology parameters''. We extend this method in order to marginalise the results over CMB lensing contamination, and present updated results based on recent CMB data. Our constraints on the minimal early cosmology model are weaker than in a standard ΛCDM analysis, but do not conflict with this model. Besides, we obtain conservative bounds on the effective neutrino number and neutrino mass, showing no hints for extra relativistic degrees of freedom, and proving in a robust way that neutrinos experienced their non-relativistic transition after the time of photon decoupling. This analysis is also an occasion to describe the main features of the new parameter inference code MONTE PYTHON, that we release together with this paper. MONTE PYTHON is a user-friendly alternative to other public codes like COSMOMC, interfaced with the Boltzmann code CLASS.
Temporal and Spatial Changes in Snow Cover and the Corresponding Radiative Forcing Analysis in Siberia from the 1970 s to the 2010 s

In the context of global climate change, the extent of snow cover in Siberia has significantly decreased since the 1970s, especially in spring. The changes of snow cover at middle and high latitudes have significant impacts on the meteorological and hydrological processes because the snow cover can affect the surface energy, water balance, and the development of the atmospheric boundary layer. In this paper, the temporal and spatial changes in snow cover were firstly estimated based on a long time series of remote sensing snow cover data, both showing a decreased trend. Based on this, we estimated the radiative forcing caused by the snow cover changes from the 1970s to the 2010s and compared it with the radiative forcing caused by the vegetation cover changes over the same time period in Siberia, indicating that the snow cover changes in Siberia can accelerate climate warming and the vegetation cover changes here have the opposite effect. Furthermore, the snow cover changes may play a more important role than the vegetation cover changes in regulating the surface radiation balance in Siberia on the regional scale.
Technical Note: Atmospheric CO 2 inversions on the mesoscale using data-driven prior uncertainties: methodology and system evaluation

Abstract. Atmospheric inversions are widely used in the optimization of surface carbon fluxes on a regional scale using information from atmospheric CO2 dry mole fractions. In many studies the prior flux uncertainty applied to the inversion schemes does not directly reflect the true flux uncertainties but is used to regularize the inverse problem. Here, we aim to implement an inversion scheme using the Jena inversion system and applying a prior flux error structure derived from a model–data residual analysis using high spatial and temporal resolution over a full year period in the European domain. We analyzed the performance of the inversion system with a synthetic experiment, in which the flux constraint is derived following the same residual analysis but applied to the model–model mismatch. The synthetic study showed a quite good agreement between posterior and true fluxes on European, country, annual and monthly scales. Posterior monthly and country-aggregated fluxes improved their correlation coefficient with the known truth by 7 % compared to the prior estimates when compared to the reference, with a mean correlation of 0.92. The ratio of the SD between the posterior and reference and between the prior and reference was also reduced by 33 % with a mean value of 1.15. We identified temporal and spatial scales on which the inversion system maximizes the derived information; monthly temporal scales at around 200 km spatial resolution seem to maximize the information gain.
Autocratic Adaptation: The Strategic Use of Transparency and the Persistence of Election Fraud

Why would an autocrat want, or at least make it appear to want, to reduce election fraud? In recent years, non-democratic rulers have surprisingly begun to embrace fraud-reducing technologies, like web cameras or transparent ballot boxes. The reason for this is found in the relative ease by which one type of fraud can be replaced with another. With the help of new fraud identification techniques, I argue that the installation of web cameras in polling stations changes how fraud is conducted. Web cameras do not reduce fraud, but rather make certain blatant forms of fraud, like ballot box stuffing, more costly. Autocrats then substitute for other types of fraud, such as fabricating the vote count out of view of the cameras.
Consumption Behavior Across the Distribution of Liquid Assets1

I study household consumption responses to predictable income using transaction data from a U.S. financial institution. I document large consumption responses that are highly front-loaded to income receipt, decline moderately in levels of liquidity, and are significant for households with substantial liquid assets; in contrast with canonical buffer-stock theory. To interpret these facts, I develop a model of mental accounts in which households partition their consumption choice set between a current income and a current asset account. The model nests the buffer-stock and hand-to-mouth consumption models as limiting cases. I estimate the model and show that these two extremes are inconsistent with the timing and magnitude of the documented consumption responses. I show that an intermediate case, in which households are moderately averse to dissaving, predicts consumption responses across levels of liquidity that are consistent with the data. The sensitivity of households to income fluctuations has direct positive implications for the design of fiscal stimulus policies. The model predicts a redistributive stimulus to liquidityconstrained households is 53% less effective relative to a standard buffer-stock economy.
A new phlegethontiid specimen (Lepospondyli, Aistopoda) from the Late Carboniferous of Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire, France)

A new specimen of aistopod from the famous Stephanian deposits of Montceau-les-Mines was discovered in the collections of the Museum d'Histoire naturelle d'Autun. It is the first nodule of this site that has been studied by X-ray tomography. This specimen is probably a juvenile of the genus Phlegethontia, also known in the Westphalian of North America and eastern Europe. The teeth of this animal seem pedicellate, which would reveal that this character was more homoplasic than previously suggested. It also seems that aistopods were terrestrial rather than aquatic.
The Use of Starter Cultures in Traditional Meat Products

Starter cultures could play an essential role in the manufacture of traditional cured meat products. In order to achieve objectives related to meat products’ quality and safety improvement, the selection of particular strains constituting a starter culture should be carried out in the context of its application, since its functionality will depend on the type of sausage and process conditions. Also, strain selection should comply with particular requirements to warrant safety. The aim of the current review is to update the knowledge on the use of starter cultures in traditional meat products, with focus on dry-fermented products. In this manuscript, we will try to give answers to some relevant questions: Which starter cultures are used and why? Why are LAB used? What are their role and their specific mode of action? Which other groups of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) are used as starter cultures and how do they act? A particular revision of omics approach regarding starter cultures is made since the use of these techniques allows rapid screening of promising wild strains with desirable functional characteristics, enabling the development of starter cultures better adapted to the meat matrix.
Re-defining and quantifying inorganic phosphate pools in the soil and water assessment tool

The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), a large-scale hydrologic model, is used to estimate phosphate (P) loading in streams and water bodies. The labile, active, and stable P pools are currently used to represent P cycling in SWAT; however, these pools are conceptual without any chemical basis. The current structure allows SWAT to reasonably represent P cycling; however, restructuring and incorporation of recent research results should produce more accurate P simulations. This paper presents a redefined SWAT structure using four inorganic soil P pools (water soluble, labile, active, and stable) combined with soil extraction methods to determine initial values for each pool. The redefined structure was selected by examining the chemical characteristics of laboratory tests relative to soil P pools and analyzing the relationships between test results. Water soluble P, labile P and active P are determined using water, H3A, Mehlich 3 extraction, respectively. Stable P is determined with an acid digestion. Redefining SWAT’s inorganic soil P pools based on soil and extractant chemistry will improve the defensibility, credibility, and the accuracy of SWAT P routines in water resource planning, management, and decision making.
First moments of the nucleon generalized parton distributions from lattice QCD

A. Sternbeck∗1† , M. Gockeler1, Ph. Hagler2, R. Horsley3, Y. Nakamura4, A. Nobile5, D. Pleiter1,5, P.E. L. Rakow6, A. Schafer1, G. Schierholz7, J. Zanotti8 1 Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Universitat Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany 2 Institut fur Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany 3 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK 4 RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan 5 JSC, Julich Research Centre, 52425 Julich, Germany 6 Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK 7 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany 8 School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia E-mail: andre.sternbeck@ur.de
Finite Element Analysis of Ventilation System Fire Damper Dynamic Time-History

Abstract The paper presents results of the numerical analysis of the fire damper used in ventilation systems under the earthquake loading. The research was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Nuclear Safety Standards Commission. The aim of the analysis was to examine the fire damper with respect to its resistance to service loadings, structural integrity, and capability to stay operative after an earthquake. The analysis was carried out using the Finite Element Method in LS-Dyna software. The earthquake loading was modelled as accelerations, measured in three directions during the earthquake. For modelling of the materials behaviour, material models taking into account the influence of strain rate on hardening were used. The analysis consisted of three stages, which were: loading the construction with the earth gravity, earthquake simulation by loading with accelerations in three directions, and, finally, closing the fire damper. The analysis has shown that some of the construction elements undergo plastic deformations. However, the performed simulation of fire damper closing showed that despite these deformations, the device remains capable to keep its functionality and the damper closes hermetically. The results of the analysis were important design indications for the fire damper prototype.
The Distributional Effects of Peer and Aspirational Pressure

We develop a theoretical framework where the cross-sectional distributions of hours, earnings, wealth and consumption are determined jointly with a set of expenditure targets defining peer and aspirational pressure for members of different social classes. We show existence of a stationary socio-economic equilibrium, under idiosyncratic stochastic productivity and socio-economic class participation. We calibrate a model belonging to this framework using British data and find that it captures the main patterns of inequality, between and within the social groupings. We find that the effects of peer pressure on within-group inequality differ between groups. We also find that wealth and consumption inequality increase within groups who aspire to match social targets from a higher class, despite a reduction in within-group inequality in hours and earnings.
THE CALMODULIN-LIKE PROTEIN CML42 IS INVOLVED IN TRICHOME BRANCHING IN ARABIDOPSIS

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii ABBREVIATIONS viii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW . 1 Plant signal transduction 1 Calcium signalling in plants 1 Calcium sensors 2 CaM and CaM target proteins 3 CMLs and their roles 5 CML42 in Arabidopsis 7 Regulation of trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis 11 Objectives of research 15 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 Plant material and growth conditions 17 Confirmation of homozygous T-DNA insertion lines 17 Southern blotting to confirm single T-DNA insertion in cml42 knockout Arabidopsis 20 Generation of „rescued‟ plants (Complementation of cml42 mutants with CML42) . 21 Cloning of CML42 and KIC expression vectors 22 Recombinant full-length CML42 protein production and purification 23 Production and purification of His-tagged CML42Nt, CML42Ct, and KIC recombinant protein 24 ANS Fluorescence Spectroscopy 25 Isolation and analysis of Arabidopsis trichomes 26 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS 27 Transgenic plants lacking CML42 displayed increased branching trichome phenotype 27 cml42 knockout plants exhibited rescued trichome phenotype by wildtype CML42 . 32 Transgenic plants lacking KIC did not exhibit a mutant trichome phenotype 32 Double knockout cml42 kic plants exhibited increased trichome branching 35 Expression and purification of recombinant proteins 35 ANS fluorescence spectroscopy 35
Enzyme conductometric biosensor for maltose determination

Aim. To develop enzyme conductometric biosensor for maltose determination. Methods. A conductometric transducer consisting of two gold pairs of electrodes was applied. Three-enzyme membrane (glucose oxidase, mutarotase, a-glucosidase) immobilized on the surface of the conductometric transducer was used as a bioselective element. Results. A linear range of maltose conductometric biosensor was from 0,002 mM to 1 mM for glucose and maltose detection. The time of maltose analysis in solution was 1–2 minutes. The dependence of biosensor responses to substrate on pH, ionic strength, and buffer capacity of work solution was studied. The data of biosensor selectivity are presented. The developed conductometric biosensor is characterized by high operational stability and signal reproducibility. Conclusion. The enzyme conductometric biosensor for maltose determination has been developed. The analytical characteristics of the maltose biosensor were investigated. The proposed method could be used in food industry to control and optimize production.
- 1-Tort Liability and Probability Weighting according to Prospect Theory 1

This paper analyzes unilateral tort liability assuming that the tort-feasor weights probabilities similar to Prospect Theory, thus, the tort-feasor underestimates very high probabilities and overestimates very low ones. The results with a precise standard of due care are: (a) Probability weighting decreases the marginal benefits of taking care, thus, the tort feasor may choose too little care. (b) Whereas a negligence rule not always causes underdeterrence with probability weighting, strict liability does. With a vague standard of due care, results are more ambiguous. Probability weighting tends to reduce overdeterrence and might even induce efficient care. Still, a corner solution with even more excessive care is possible. In contrast to strict liability, a negligence rule provides certainty, which is valuable and affects a tort-feasor’s behaviour. JEL-Classification: K 13
Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine Vol01_Issue01

Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia and metabolic abnormalities due to decreased insulin level or action, causing metabolic and physiological changes in various organs. [1] It is also associated with disturbances concerned with protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. [2] The reduced uptake of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue leads to chronic extra cellular hyperglycemia that results in tissue damage and micro as well as macrovascular complications in both type I and II Diabetes Mellitus. [3,4] The development of endothelial dysfunction is considered an important element of diabetic microvascular disease. [5] The adherence of circulating leucocytes to dysfunctional endothelium and their subsequent transmigration into the arterial intima is the subsequent step of the complication. The recruitment of leucocytes into the tissues is dependent on a multiple cascade of events mediated by distinct adhesion molecules. [6-8] The soluble fraction of Association of hsCRP and soluble fraction of E-selectin with diabetic and non-diabetic individuals
ertilizer rate influences production scheduling of sedum-vegetated reen roof mats ary

To investigate the influence of controlled-release fertilizer application rates on summer-propagated sedum-vegetated green roof mat production timing, unfertilized sedum-vegetated mats (control) were compared to mats fertilized in August 2011 with Nutricote® Total 18–6–8 100 day controlled-release fertilizer at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 35 g m−2 N. Fertilization rate influenced vegetative coverage, shoot height, inflorescence height and canopy area, leaf greenness and weed biomass. Mat production was completed late fall, following fertilization at ≥25 g m−2 N, while production was completed early the next spring, following fertilization at <25 g m−2 N. Although vegetative coverage of individual Sedum spp. changed over the course of the study, acceptable overall vegetative coverage was maintained following fertilization at −2 ontrolled-release fertilizer rowing substrate fertility iving roof ≥25 g m N throughout the 2012 growing season. Production time ranged from 63 to 300 days following fertilization at 25 g m−2 N and the control, respectively. Fertilization rate influenced inflorescence characteristics of Sedum spp. and maximum leaf greenness was calculated to occur after fertilization with 25.6 g m−2 N. Therefore, by adjusting controlled-release fertilizer rates, production of green roof mats can be accelerated or slowed to meet production scheduling timelines. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ( m W o p B c a t b 2 p m . Introduction The area of installed North American green roofs has been ncreasing annually, with over one million more square feet of reen roofs installed in 2012 than 2011 (Green Roofs for Healthy ities, 2013). In 2012, 1.3 million square feet of green roofs were nstalled in the Washington DC metropolitan region alone (Green oofs for Healthy Cities, 2013) with the main purpose of increasng building energy efficiency and increasing ecological functions n the urban environment (Getter et al., 2011; Oberndorfer et al., 007). The high demand for green roof plants continues to provide pportunities for the horticultural industry to meet these needs. xtensive green roofs (i.e., sedum-vegetated green roof systems rown in ≤15 cm growing substrate; FLL, 2008) are most commonly nstalled (Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, 2013). Sedum spp. are sed on green roofs because they can grow in shallow substrates ∗ Corresponding author at: University of Guelph, School of Environmental Scinces, 50 Stone Rd. E. , Bovey Building, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada. el. : +1 519 824 4120x52741. E-mail address: yzheng@uoguelph.ca (Y. Zheng). a
Mixing times for exclusion processes on hypergraphs

We introduce a natural extension of the exclusion process to hypergraphs and prove an upper bound for its mixing time. In particular we show the existence of a constant $C$ such that for any connected, regular hypergraph $G$ within some natural class, the $\varepsilon$-mixing time of the exclusion process on $G$ with any feasible number of particles can be upper-bounded by $CT_{\text{EX}(2,G)}\log(|V|/\varepsilon)$, where $|V|$ is the number of vertices in $G$ and $T_{\text{EX}(2,G)}$ is the 1/4-mixing time of the corresponding exclusion process with just two particles. Moreover we show this is optimal in the sense that there exist hypergraphs in the same class for which $T_{\mathrm{EX}(2,G)}$ and the mixing time of just one particle are not comparable. The proofs involve an adaptation of the chameleon process, a technical tool invented by Morris and developed by Oliveira for studying the exclusion process on a graph.