Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decision Tree Classification with Differential Privacy: A Survey

Data mining information about people is becoming increasingly important in the data-driven society of the 21st century. Unfortunately, sometimes there are real-world considerations that conflict with the goals of data mining; sometimes the privacy of the people being data mined needs to be considered. This necessitates that the output of data mining algorithms be modified to preserve privacy while simultaneously not ruining the predictive power of the outputted model. Differential privacy is a strong, enforceable definition of privacy that can be used in data mining algorithms, guaranteeing that nothing will be learned about the people in the data that could not already be discovered without their participation. In this survey, we focus on one particular data mining algorithm -- decision trees -- and how differential privacy interacts with each of the components that constitute decision tree algorithms. We analyze both greedy and random decision trees, and the conflicts that arise when trying to balance privacy requirements with the accuracy of the model.
A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher‐level classification

Pyraloidea, one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, comprise more than 15 684 described species worldwide, including important pests, biological control agents and experimental models. Understanding of pyraloid phylogeny, the basis for a predictive classification, is currently provisional. We present the most detailed molecular estimate of relationships to date across the subfamilies of Pyraloidea, and assess its concordance with previous morphology‐based hypotheses. We sequenced up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, in each of 42 pyraloids spanning both families and 18 of the 21 subfamilies, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 21 of those pyraloids plus all 24 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses yield trees that, within Pyraloidea, differ little among datasets and character treatments and are strongly supported at all levels of divergence (83% of nodes with bootstrap ≥80%). Subfamily relationships within Pyralidae, all very strongly supported (>90% bootstrap), differ only slightly from a previous morphological analysis, and can be summarized as Galleriinae + Chrysauginae (Phycitinae (Pyralinae + Epipaschiinae)). The main remaining uncertainty involves Chrysauginae, of which the poorly studied Australian genera may constitute the basal elements of Galleriinae + Chrysauginae or even of Pyralidae. In Crambidae the molecular phylogeny is also strongly supported, but conflicts with most previous hypotheses. Among the newly proposed groupings are a ‘wet‐habitat clade’ comprising Acentropinae + Schoenobiinae + Midilinae, and a provisional ‘mustard oil clade’ containing Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae and Noordinae, in which the majority of described larvae feed on Brassicales. Within this clade a previous synonymy of Dichogaminae with the Glaphyriinae is supported. Evergestinae syn. n. and Noordinae syn. n. are here newly synonymized with Glaphyriinae, which appear to be paraphyletic with respect to both. Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae as sampled here are each monophyletic but form a sister group pair. Wurthiinae n. syn. , comprising the single genus Niphopyralis Hampson, which lives in ant nests, are closely related to, apparently subordinate within, and here newly synonymized with, Spilomelinae syn. n.
A COMPARISON OF 1983 AND 1994 BIRD SURVEYS OF POHNPEI, FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

Abstract Relative abundance and habitat use of 29 forest bird species, including 22 land birds (18 indigenous breeding residents, 3 exotics, 1 migrant) along with a rail, heron, and five seabirds (shearwater, tropicbird, 3 terns) were assessed on Pohnpei [Island] during summer 1994 and compared with the results of the first survey in 1983. The most frequently encountered species in both surveys were the Purple-capped Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus porphyraceus), Pohnpei Lory (Trichoglossus rubiginosus), Micronesian Starling (Aplonis opaca), and Micronesian Honeyeater (Myzomela rubratra). Among the five species endemic to Pohnpei, the Pohnpei Mountain Starling (Aplonis pelzelni) verges on extinction, with only one confirmed sighting in nearly 50 years; the Long-billed White-eye (Rukia longirostra) is vulnerable to encroaching agriculture in its preferred and limited montane habitat, where nearly 90% of the sightings were on approximately 10% of the land area, and the Pohnpei Lory (Trichoglossus rubiginosus), Pohnpei Flycatcher (Myiagra pluto), and Pohnpei Fantail (Rhipidura kubaryi) are widespread and common, but were less frequently encountered in 1994 than in 1983. The total number of birds encountered per observation station during 8-minute point counts in each of six elevation zones was 67–80% fewer in 1994 than in 1983. Encounter rates (birds/hour) were reduced by at least 50% in both uplands and lowlands in at least 14 of 29 species; none of the 29 showed an overall increase. Artifacts of sampling and sampling bias may have contributed to reduced observation rates, but anecdotal evidence suggests a decline in numbers is real and may be attributed to combined effects of habitat degradation, hunting practices, and possibly predation by introduced species. Protection of the upland forests from further degradation and more frequent monitoring to better assess population trends are recommended.
Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max)

Inhibition of root elongation and modification of membrane properties are sensitive responses of plants to aluminium. The present paper reports on the effect of AI on lipid peroxidation and activities of enzymes related to production of activated oxygen species. Soybean seedlings (Glycine max L. cv. Sito) were precultured in solution culture for 3–5 days and then treated for 1–72 h with Al (AICI3) concentrations ranging from 10 to 75 μM at a constant pH of 4.1. In response to Al supply, lipid peroxidation in the root tips (< 2 cm) was enhanced only after longer durations of treatment. Aluminium-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation was intensified by Fe2+ (FeSO4). A close relationship existed between lipid peroxidation and inhibition of root-elongation rate induced by Al and/or Fe toxicity and/or Ca deficiency. Besides enhancement of lipid peroxidation in the crude extracts of root tips due to Al, the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) increased, whereas catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity decreased. This indicates a greater generation of oxygen free radicals and related tissue damage. The results suggest that lipid peroxidation is part of the overall expression of Al toxicity in roots and that enhanced lipid peroxidation by oxygen free radicals is a consequence of primary effects of Al on membrane structure.
Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.
Three-year investigations into sperm whale-fall ecosystems in Japan

We report the first study of sperm whale-fall ecosystems, based on mass sinking of whale carcasses at shelf depths in the northwest Pacific. We conducted three observations over a 2-year period on replicate sperm-whale carcasses implanted at depths of 219‐254 m off the southern part of Japan from July 2003 to August 2005. The study was made possible by a mass stranding of sperm whales in January 2002, and the subsequent sinking of 12 carcasses in the waters off Cape Nomamisaki. Dense aggregations of unique chemosynthesis-based fauna had formed around the whale carcasses after 18 months (July 2003). The mytilid mussel Adipicola pacifica was the most abundant macrofaunal species and covered most of the exposed bone surfaces. The general composition of the fauna was similar to that of deep-water reducing habitats, but none of the species appearing in this study has been found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps or deep-water whale falls. A new species of lancelet, which was the first record of the subphylum Cephalochordata from reducing environments, a new species of Osedax; a rarely encountered benthic ctenophore, and a rare gastropod species were discovered at this sperm whale-fall site. Benthic communities were similar across all the carcasses studied, although the body sizes of the whales were very different. The succession of epifaunal communities was relatively rapid and the sulphophilic stage was considerably shorter than that of other known whale falls.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF SOME IMPORTANT ECONOMIC TRAITS IN BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

Graphic and component analysis of five different genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L) namely LU-26, Pak.81, Pb. 85, S-131 and S-1080, indicated the presence of additive genetic variance with partial dominance for peduncle length, spike length. spike lets per spike and number of grains per spike while complete dominance was reported for grain yield per plant. Wheat genotypes Pak. 81 and S131 showed relatively higher combining ability. From the preponderance of additive genetic control and absence of epistasis, it may be suggested that careful selection of desirable traits in early segregating generations would provide fruitful results.
Prevalence of theileriosis in small ruminants in Lahore-Pakistan.

Theileriosis is an important hemoparasitic disease in small ruminants in Pakistan. A total of 529 animals were selected to determine the prevalence of theileriosis in Lahore, Pakistan. On microscopic examination, 59/529 (11.2%) samples were positive for theileria. The prevalence of Theileria spp. was found to be 8.2% and 13.9% in goats (21/256) and sheep (38/273). Age, sex and season had no effect on theileria infection in goat (p > 0.05). The prevalence of theileriosis in sheep was affected by age and season (p < 0.05) with a trend noticed for gender (p = 0.013). Pyrexia was noticed in about 85.71% sheep and 78.95% goat. Further prevalence studies are needed to establish the effect of the risk factors on sheep and goats.
Comparison of Coefficient of Variation with Non-uniformity Coefficient in Evaluation of Grain Drills

External fluted feed rolls are commonly used in grain drills. The fluted feed roll meters a volume of seeds and does not singulate the seeds as do the precision planters; therefore, there will be inherent variation in the number of seeds delivered per unit of time. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of seed meter drive shaft and ground speeds and outlet positions in a grain drill on the variation in wheat seeding rate and seed flow evenness from various outlets in short time intervals using the coefficient of variation ( CV ) and the nonuniformity coefficient ( NU C). In this study, a grain drill with straight fluted metering mechanisms was evaluated on a test rig. Two rotational speeds of 16 and 23 rpm and two speeds of 2.5 and 3.6 km h -1 were selected for the seed meter drive shaft and the movement of the test rig, respectively. The results showed that, for a given test rig speed, the seeding rate changed proportional to the seed meter drive shaft speed, whereas for a constant speed of seed meter drive shaft , the seeding rate decreased as the speed of the test rig increased. Also, the seeding rates from all outlets were not the same. Outputs of some of the outlets were autocorrelated, for which selecting 12 or 24 seed samples randomly out of 36 consecutive samples were not essentially non-autocorrelated. Increasing rotational speed of seed meter drive shaft significantly increased the coefficient of uniformity of all outlets. The seed breakage was significantly increased with the speed of seed meter drive shaft . The CV and NU C exhibited similar trends. It can, therefore, be concluded that in grain drill evaluation, either CV or NU C could be used as an index of seed flow non-uniformity.
Allometry for Sexual Size Dimorphism: Pattern and Process in the Coevolution of Body Size in Males and Females

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is common in both plants and animals, and current evidence suggests that it reflects the adaptation of males and females to their different reproductive roles. When species are compared within a clade, SSD is frequently found to vary with body size. This allometry is detected as β ≠ 1, where β is the slope of a model II regression of log(male size) on log(female size). Most frequently, β exceeds 1, indicating that SSD increases with size where males are the larger sex, but decreases with size where females are larger, a trend formalized as “Rensch's rule. ” Exceptions are uncommon and associated with female-biased SSD. These trends are derived from a sample of 40 independent clades of terrestrial animals, primarily vertebrates. Their extension to plants and aquatic animals awaits quantitative assessments of allometry for SSD within these groups. Many functional hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of allometry for SSD, most featuring sexual selection on males .
Protein Separation in Functional Rice Grains Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

The proteins from functional rice cultivars (Nogwonchalbyeo, Giant embryonic, Arhyangchalbyeo, and Goamibyeo) and general white rice were extracted and separated using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. A wide variation in the molecular weight (MW) and pH range of the expressed proteins in rice samples were observed. The green-kerneled rice (Nogwonchalbyeo) exhibited proteins with MW of 9-57 kDa and appeared at a pH range of 4-7. The Giant embryonic contained proteins with MW of 31-63 kDa and a pH range of 5-6. The aromatic glutinous rice (Arhyangchalbyeo) showed proteins with MW of 24-28 and pH of 5.8-6.8. The high-amylose rice (Goamibyeo) exhibited proteins with MW of 3-63 and pH of 5.2-5.6. The identified proteins uniquely found and highly expressed in each cultivar may have a significant role on rice functionality. The results illustrate that the 2D gel electrophoresis is a valuable method in the determination of the protein expression profiles in functional rice grains and may be useful in the identification of specific marker proteins associated with the functional property of rice.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the tropical tree species Tabebuia aurea (Bignoniaceae)

In this study, we report the development and characterization of 21 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Tabebuia aurea, using genomic library enrichment. Number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity ranged from nine to 26 and from 0.808 to 0.955. The high combined probability of genetic identity (1.03 × 10−37) and probability of paternity exclusion (0.9889) showed that multilocus genotypes are likely to be unique and will allow detailed parentage studies in natural populations of T. aurea. Additionally, a high percentage of transferability was achieved for the four species of the same genus studied.
Cloning and expression of an amylase gene from Bacillus sp. isolated from an agricultural field in West Bengal, India

The use of fertilizer is pivotal to ensure soil fertility. Green fertilizers have many advantages and bio-molecules generated in a bacterial cell that can be used as green fertilizer. To produce bio-molecules from a bacterial cell, a bacterium was isolated that uses natural starch as sole carbon source. The organism was grown in presence of various natural starchy materials. The organism was partially identified as Bacillus sp. The optimum conditions for growth of the strain were: temperature of 37.0°C and pH 7.0. However, it grows well even above 55.0°C . The optimum conditions for degradation of various starchy substrates using extra-cellular amylase of the strain were studied. The optimum pH was 4.0 for soluble starch whereas it was pH 5.0 for other substrates and temperature was 17.0°C for soluble starch and 37.0°C for others. Prolongation of time of incubation, velocity of enzyme reaction, and optimum concentration of various metal ions for amylase activity was also studied using optimum assay conditions. Molecular cloning and expression of amy gene of the strain was done in Escherichia coli DH5α. The host cell harboring the recombinant plasmid was grown in the presence of potato starch and incubated for many days to obtained cellular lysate and the liquid biomass might be used as bio-fertilizer. Keywords: Amylolytic bacteria, amylase, bio-molecules, bio-fertilizer, single cell fertilizer. African Journal of Biotechnolo , Vol 13(31) 3281-3291
Analysis of T3SS-independent autonomous internalization of the bacterial effector protein SspH1 from Salmonella typhimurium

Previous studies identified the effector protein YopM of Yersinia enterocolitica as a novel bacterial cell-penetrating protein. YopM’s ability to translocate across the host cell plasma membrane independently of Yersinia’s type III secretion system (T3SS) is mediated by its two N-terminal α-helices. The SspH1 effector protein of Salmonella typhimurium shares significant homology in sequence and structure with YopM, which prompted us to investigate potential cell-penetrating abilities of this effector protein. For this, we recombinantly expressed SspH1 in Escherichia coli and analyzed a potential T3SS-independent translocation of the protein by cell fractionation of HeLa cells, immunofluorescence microscopy and FACS analyses. The functionality of the recombinant protein as an E3 ubiquitin- ligase was determined using in vitro -ubiquitination assays. Additionally, an effect of the recombinant protein on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. In this study, we could show that the SspH1 effector protein of Salmonella typhimurium is able to translocate autonomously into eukaryotic cells without requiring additional factors. Furthermore, we could show that recombinant SspH1 is a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase that is able to undergo auto-ubiquitination following T3SS-independent translocation and to reduce the expression of Interleukin-8 in IL-1β stimulated cells.
Genetic distance between Nasutitermes takasagoensis (Isoptera: Termitidae) populations in Taiwan and the Yaeyama Islands, analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers

Dispersal ability and degree of inbreeding in a population can indirectly be assessed using genetic markers. It has been suggested that winged termites are not able to fly distances greater than several hundred meters. Using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique, we previously analyzed the population substructure of Nasutitermes takasagoensis in the Yaeyama Islands, southern Japan. We found that there is moderate subpopulation structure based on the AFLP data. Moreover, the relatively low Gst and genetic distances among insular populations suggest that there is a possibility that winged termites are able to fly over distances of several kilometers. To learn more about this, in the present study, we compared new samples collected from the Hengchuen Peninsula in southern Taiwan with samples previously collected from the Yaeyama Islands. Using the samples collected in Taiwan, genetic distance was calculated against samples from six of the Yaeyama Islands. Genetic diversity, average heterozygosity, percentage of polymorphic loci, Gst and gene flow (Nm) were calculated. A total of 155 AFLP fragments were obtained for three primer combinations used, with 8 (5%) polymorphic bands. Genetic distance between the populations of Taiwan and the rest of the islands was greater than the genetic distance among the Yaeyama Islands. Although previous studies showed that average Nm among the Yaeyama Islands was 2.47, all of the observed Nm between Taiwan and the Yaeyama Islands were below 1. These findings suggest that the geographic distance between Taiwan and the Yaeyama Islands is large enough to prevent gene flow between them.
The wing stalk in Diptera, with some notes on the higher-level phylogeny of the order

The wing stalk in Diptera is examined, and its structures are re-evaluated and re-interpreted. The non-homology of A2 in Tipulomorpha and "A2" in other Diptera is claimed. Some notes are presented on the higher-level phylogeny of Diptera, especially those concerning Tipulomorpha. The family Trichoceridae is restored among Tipulomorpha, and the Tipulomorpha are re-affirmed as the sister group of the remaining Diptera. The clade Anisopodidae + Culicomorpha + Bibionomorpha is suggested as the sister group of Brachycera.
A Comparison of Songs from Four Species of Fairy-wrens (Malurus)

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