Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Computing: An Introduction to Data Analysis Using S-PLUS

Crawley’s unusual book is intended as a textbook for students and statistical novices, but it in fact is much more suitable as a reference book for experienced statisticians, a vehicle for learning the S statistical computing language, or a resource for statistics instructors. The commercial statistical package S-Plus, as well the very similar but freely available R, provides a superb environment for data exploration, manipulation, analysis, and graphical display. In addition to very high-level built-in functions for statistical and graphical analysis, S-Plus and R include a well-developed programming language, which makes them highly extensible. The strongest feature of Crawley’s book is its clear, step-by-step, examplebased presentation of how to use S-Plus for exploratory data analysis and statistical testing and modeling. The subject matter ranges from simple descriptive statistics and standard hypothesis-testing procedures through much more advanced topics including bootstrap and jackknife estimation of bias and standard errors, permutation tests, complex linear models, linear and nonlinear regression, generalized linear models, tree models, nonparametric smoothing, survival analysis, time series, and spatial statistics. No exercises are included. Datasets and code for all examples in the book are available from the companion Web site. The Preface states that “the computing is presented in S-Plus, but all the examples will also work in the freeware programcalled R. ”The text also includes some excellent hypothetical examples that promote intuitive understanding of such ideas as the perils of nonrandomized assignment of experimental units to treatments and pseudoreplication. It is written in an engaging, conversational style with liberal dashes of British humor. Unfortunately, the poor presentation of elementary and crucial concepts of statistics and probability renders the book unsuitable for use by people who are not already well-versed in these subjects. Again and again, Crawley states as fact the very misconceptions that we statistics instructors work so hard to prevent our students from acquiring. A typical example is on page 174, where, in the context of the two-sample t test, Crawley states, “our null hypothesis is that the two sample means are the same. ” After obtaining a large P value for a Wilcoxon rank-sum test, he states (p. 178), “this p-value of 0.433 is much bigger than 0.05, so we accept the null hypothesis: : : we have just demonstrated, rather convincingly, that the true mu is equal to 0. ” After getting a value of ¡3:87 for a t statistic, he states (p. 175), “with t tests you can ignore the minus sign; it is only the absolute value of the difference between the two sample means that concerns us. ” Of course, this holds only for a two-sided test and is not a characteristic of t tests per se. The following comes from Chapter 7 on the normal distribution:
Participation Styles, Turn-Taking Strategies, and Marginalization in Intercultural Decision-Making Discourse

Marginalization in decision-making discourse results in disempowerment of the marginalized and detracts from the efficacy of participatory decision making. In ESL contexts, it is usually associated with English proficiency. But this view ignores the influence of preferences for different participation styles, an understanding of which is essential for the development of effective pedagogical remedies to the problem of marginalization. The present study addresses this gap by investigating discourse participation and marginalization from a participation styles perspective. Findings reveal that marginalization resulted from a failure to adopt turn-taking strategies associated with dominant participation styles. Implications for pedagogy are discussed.
COVID-19 Impact and Psychological Adjustment Among College Students: Variability Across Race/Ethnicity and Generational Status

ABSTRACT College students (N = 619) self-reported psychological and resource impact of COVID-19, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. Greater COVID-19 impact was associated with more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem. First-generation students reported greater resource-related COVID-19 impact. Among continuing-generation students, Black students reported greater resource impact than White students. The positive association between economic COVID-19 impact and depressive symptoms was stronger for Black first-generation students than for White first-generation students or White continuing-generation students. The positive association between COVID-19 psychological impact and depressive symptoms was particularly strong among continuing-generation White students and was stronger among first-generation White students than continuing-generation Black students.
Erratum: “The Lyα Forest Flux Distribution at z ~ 5.2 and the Evolution of the Ionizing Background” (ApJ, 549, L11 [2001])

These values of were later found to be in error by a factor (McDonald et al. 2001, erratum [2003]), which, when 1/4 q 0.65 B corrected for, leads to a factor increase in our inferred values of . After both of these corrections, the values 1/2 0.65 p 1.24 G 12 of for in our Figure 3 increase by a factor 1.07 to at G z ! 4 G p (0.698 0.096, 0.518 0.083, 0.380 0.045) z p 12 12 . The rest of the Letter is unaffected, including the points at in Figure 3. (2.4, 3.0, 3.9) z 1 4
Covert Attack Detection for LFC Systems of Electric Vehicles: A Dual Time-Varying Coding Method

In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely used due to their remarkable decrease in carbon emissions and gasoline consumption. When the EVs are incorporated into the load frequency control (LFC) system, which can be seen as both the power supply and load of the power systems. However, the LFC system with EVs is vulnerable to the covert attacks and consequently the reliable operation performance and security of the power system will be affected. To solve this security issue, the real-time monitoring and detection problems are investigated in this article. First, a networked LFC system with EVs is well established, which takes load disturbances, measurement noises, and covert attacks into account so as to truly reflect the operation process of the power system. Then, an ${\mathcal {H}}_{\infty }$ sliding mode observer (SMO) is proposed to accurately estimate the internally physical state of the LFC system with EVs. In order to detect and disclose the covert attacker, a dual time-varying coding detection scheme is proposed, wherein both the control and measurement signals are encrypted before transmitting to the communication network. Subsequently, a dual time-varying coding-based detection algorithm is established, which ensures that the covert attacks can be detected without significant delay. Finally, one simulation is presented to provide tangible evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed real-time monitoring and detection methodology.
Hidden Local Symmetry and Dense Half-Skyrmion Matter

Transition from baryonic matter to color-flavor-locked quark matter is described in terms of skyrmion matter changing into half-skyrmion matter. The intermediate phase between the density $n_p$ at which a skyrmion turns into two half skyrmions and the chiral transition density $n_c^{\chi SR}$ at which hadronic matter changes over to quark matter corresponds to a chiral symmetry restored phase characterized by a vanishing quark condensate and a {\em non-vanishing} pion decay constant. When hidden local fields are incorporated, the vector manifestation of Harada-Yamawaki HLS theory implies that as density approaches $n_c^{\chi SR}$, the gauge coupling $g$ goes to zero (in the chiral limit) and the symmetry "swells" to $SU(N_f)^4$ as proposed by Georgi for the "vector limit. " This enhanced symmetry, not present in QCD, can be interpreted as "emergent" in medium due to collective excitations. The fractionization of skyrmions into half-skyrmions resembles closely the magnetic N\'eel--to-valence bond solid (VBS) paramagnet transition where "baby" half-skyrmions enter as relevant degrees of freedom in the intermediate phase. It is suggested that the half-skyrmion phase in dense matter corresponds to the "hadronic freedom" regime that plays a singularly important role in inducing kaon condensation that leads to the collapse of massive compact stars into black holes.
Human cytomegalovirus and relationship with abortion among Iraqi females: a systematic review

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) seroprevalence is a significant health problem, especially among pregnant women in lower socioeconomic societies. This study aims to explore the prevalence of HCMV infections among women in Iraq. Methods: A systematic review was designed to collect and summarize articles concerning the relationship between HCMV infection and abortion in Iraq. We identified the titles and abstracts of the publications from 2008 to 2022. A pre-defined keyword was recruited to recognize the publications and filter the articles to eliminate duplication and remove irrelevant articles. In the reviewed studies, the HCMV was detected using diagnostic methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatography (rapid test) or molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction. Results: Twenty-four eligible articles have been included in this review sourced data from about 5442 patients covering 15 of 18 provinces in Iraq. The prevalence of HCMV IgG and IgM was (0%-100%) and (0%-93%), respectively. Many factors influenced the varied results, including the design of the study and sociodemographic and clinical aspects. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HCMV infection indicates a causative relationship with repeated abortion among Iraqi females.
Digital Material: a flexible atomistic simulation code

The complexities of today's materials simulations demand computer codes which are both powerful and highly flexible. A researcher should be able to readily choose different geometries, different materials and different algorithms without having to write low-level code and recompile each time. We describe a molecular dynamics (MD) code, called Digital Material, in which we have sought to maximize flexibility without sacrificing efficiency. Our approach starts from the software engineering concept of Design Patterns and involves dividing the work of an MD simulation into well-defined components. The bulk of this paper is taken up with a detailed description of the different components, their interfaces and implementations and the reasoning behind these. The level of detail is not at the line-by-line level, but at such a level that a reader could implement a similar code sharing the same design principles.
The female chief communication officer: An exploration into her leadership traits

This study uses leadership theory, specifically leadership styles, to explore the leadership traits female Chief Communication Officers (CCOs) believe they exhibit. A qualitative, phenomenological design is used to conduct in-depth interviews with female CCOs for this exploration. This study found female CCOs believe they exhibit a combination of transactional (managerial) and transformational (relationship-building) leadership traits, as well as leadership traits that are not necessarily associated with either leadership style, such as being a constant learner and having humility. Additionally, these women identify these leadership traits as strengths or areas for improvement, emphasizing their desire to be effective leaders.
On the Use of [Na/Fe] and [α/Fe] Ratios and Hipparcos-based (U, V, W) Velocities as Age Indicators among Low-Metallicity Halo Field Giants

We have examined the [Na/Fe] and [Mg/Fe] ratios in a sample of 68 field halo giants with -3 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ -1. We recalculated the Galactic (U, V, W) velocity components for these stars, using Hipparcos proper motions and a new Hipparcos-based distance scale. We used these data to see how the abundance ratios may relate to kinematical substructure in the Galactic halo. To isolate a set of true halo stars, we eliminated metal-weak thick-disk stars, about 10% of our sample. The field halo giants show the expected correlation of Na and Mg abundances, so we can use Na as a surrogate for Mg and the α-elements. The most metal-poor stars show a wider dispersion of [Na/Fe] ratios than do the less metal-poor stars; the difference is most striking for stars on retrograde galactic orbits. Some 20% of our retrograde giants and 13% of all our halo giants have [Na/Fe] ≤ -0.35 and may be significantly younger than the oldest halo objects. Halo giants considered "young" by this Na abundance criterion show a preference for retrograde orbits. Giants in some globular clusters (e.g., M13) do not exhibit the Mg versus Na correlation found among halo field giants. Instead, they have very large [Na/Fe] ratios and widely scattered [Mg/Fe] ratios, probably induced by deep mixing, which field halo giants apparently do not experience.
Darknet Traffic Classification

Darknet Traffic Classification by Nhien Rust-Nguyen The anonymous nature of darknets is commonly exploited for illegal activities. Previous research has employed machine learning and deep learning techniques to automate the detection of darknet traffic to block these criminal activities. This research aims to improve darknet traffic detection by assessing Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Auxiliary-Classifier Generative Adversarial Networks (AC-GAN) for classification of network traffic and the underlying application types. We find that our RF model outperforms the state-of-the-art machine learning techniques used by prior work with the CIC-Darknet2020 dataset. To evaluate the robustness of our RF classifier, we degrade its performance through obfuscation scenarios, confusing application types by transforming their traffic features mathematically. We demonstrate that our best-performing classifier could be defeated by obfuscation, then show how to defeat that obfuscation.
Some aspects of monitoring and control of univariate dynamic systems

A model considered by Bather (1963) for optimal machine tool compensation with fixed adjustment costs and squared off target costs is revisited. A hub machin­ ing operation at Deere and Company has many features of the historic model but has several distinctive traits as well. Some of these distinctions such as finite pro­ duction runs, linear tool wear, adjustment error and costly sampling have recently been incorporated into the literature. This paper studies discreteness of the adjust­ ment variable. Under a suitable regularity condition an optimal adjustment policy is shown to be of the deadband form in which no adjustment is made if a Kalman filter estimate of the process mean is near the target value. \n optimal nonzero discrete adjustment is to correct (as nearly as possible) for the estimated misadjustment. Un­ der another regularity condition the optimal finite horizon deadband limits are shown to converge as the horizon increases in length. Numerical results are discussed which allow comparisons of expected run cost for different levels of discreteness.
Smoothing Splines: Methods and Applications

Introduction Parametric and Nonparametric Regression Polynomial Splines Scope of This Book The assist Package Smoothing Spline Regression Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space Model Space for Polynomial Splines General Smoothing Spline Regression Models Penalized Least Squares Estimation The ssr Function Another Construction for Polynomial Splines Periodic Splines Thin-Plate Splines Spherical Splines Partial Splines L-Splines Smoothing Parameter Selection and Inference Impact of the Smoothing Parameter Trade-Offs Unbiased Risk Cross-Validation and Generalized Cross-Validation Bayes and Linear Mixed-Effects Models Generalized Maximum Likelihood Comparison and Implementation Confidence Intervals Hypothesis Tests Smoothing Spline ANOVA Multiple Regression Tensor Product Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces One-Way SS ANOVA Decomposition Two-Way SS ANOVA Decomposition General SS ANOVA Decomposition SS ANOVA Models and Estimation Selection of Smoothing Parameters Confidence Intervals Examples Spline Smoothing with Heteroscedastic and/or Correlated Errors Problems with Heteroscedasticity and Correlation Extended SS ANOVA Models Variance and Correlation Structures Examples Generalized Smoothing Spline ANOVA Generalized SS ANOVA Models Estimation and Inference Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy Smoothing Spline Estimation of Variance Functions Smoothing Spline Spectral Analysis Smoothing Spline Nonlinear Regression Motivation Nonparametric Nonlinear Regression Models Estimation with a Single Function Estimation with Multiple Functions The nnr Function Examples Semiparametric Regression Motivation Semiparametric Linear Regression Models Semiparametric Nonlinear Regression Models Examples Semiparametric Mixed-Effects Models Linear Mixed-Effects Models Semiparametric Linear Mixed-Effects Models Semiparametric Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Models Examples Appendix A: Data Sets Appendix B: Codes for Fitting Strictly Increasing Functions Appendix C: Codes for Term Structure of Interest Rates References Author Index Subject Index
Design of PFD with free dead zone and minimized blind zone for high speed PLL application

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present the high-speed phase frequency detector where the phase characteristics are enhanced. This PFD has a simple structure where the dead zone is annihilated and blind zone is highly reduced. This PFD generates UP and DN signal only when it gets the distinct phase difference. With the reduction of the reset time, the proposed PFD function is in the order of 1.5 − 4 operating frequency. The design shows the improvement by completely eliminating the dead zone. However, the blind zone is minimised to 74.6 in the phase characteristics which improves the output phase noise as −132.9 at 1 offset frequency. The power consumption is minimised upto 417.3 @ 4 operating frequency. The design is simulated in standard 0.18 CMOS technology node with 1.8 power supply. Furthermore, the achieved frequency band is applicable for high-speed and low-power PLL application such as Zigbee, Wifi, Bluetooth and 4 G communication.
Morroniside Protects Human Granulosa Cells against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage by Regulating the Nrf2 and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Morroniside is the main ingredient of Cornus officinalis and has a variety of biological activities including antioxidative effects. Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) are responsible for regulating the development and atresia of follicles, which are susceptible to oxidative stress. In this study, we determined whether morroniside can inhibit the oxidative stress of GCs induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to improved oocyte quality. The oxidative damage and apoptosis of ovarian GCs cultured in vitro were induced by the addition of H2O2. After pretreatment with morroniside, the levels of ROS, MDA, and 8-OHdG in ovarian GCs were significantly decreased. Morroniside significantly upregulated p-Nrf2 and promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which transcriptionally activated antioxidant SOD and NQO1. In addition, morroniside significantly regulated the levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 via the p38 and JNK pathways. These results suggest that morroniside can reduce the oxidative damage and apoptosis of ovarian GCs induced by H2O2.
Determinants of Foreign exchange exposure during the COVID-19 crisis: A Multi-country evidence

ABSTRACT The research question of which firm-level factors make firms more vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations during periods of crisis has rarely been explored by prior literature. Using a large sample of 1577 firms from 9 developed and 11 emerging countries, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of how firm-level factors affect firms’ foreign exchange exposure before and during the COVID-19 crisis. The results provide evidence of a substantial increase in firms’ linear exposure during the COVID-19 period. The cross-sectional analysis reveals that the effects of firm-level variables on exposure are more pronounced during crisis periods and are different from non-crisis periods. Firms that have effective asset utilization or large operating profit margins remain less exposed during times of stress. Contrary to hedging theory, firms that have high incentives to hedge such as firms with high financial leverage become highly exposed to currency fluctuations during crisis periods. The interaction analysis provides further evidence that firms with high leverage can limit their foreign exchange exposure during periods of crisis if they have high asset turnover or high operating profits. The results offer important practical implications to firms for risk management during periods of crisis.
Advancing Global Citizenship of Underrepresented and Hypersegregated U.S. Students in Higher Education through Virtual Exchange

The celebration of diversity is at the heart of global education initiatives. Yet, participation in study abroad and related programs in the United States – a purported ‘melting pot’ of races and cultures – remains, disproportionately, the domain of affluent whites. Against this background, this study seeks to learn from the experiences of underrepresented and hypersegregated students in international virtual exchange, an educational experience involving sustained interaction between geographically separated participants using technology and trained facilitators. Using a survey, semi-structured interviews, exchange field notes, and the researcher’s own abroad experiences, the data revealed five main themes: ‘Virtual connections beyond the classroom,’ ‘Bias reduction,’ ‘Color matters,’ ‘Equality in digital space,’ and ‘One step closer to abroad. ’ Findings suggest that U.S. universities and other educational institutions serving underrepresented groups can increase student international experiences by promoting IVE on their campuses and encouraging professors to include exchange as a component in their courses.
An Interpretive Description of Sociocultural Influences on Diabetes Self-Management Support in Nigeria

The purpose of this study is to explore how Nigeria’s social and cultural environment influences professional diabetes self-management support practices. This interpretive descriptive study is based on two diabetes clinics in southeastern Nigeria. Nineteen healthcare providers, including nurses, were purposely selected and engaged in participant observation and interviews. Concurrent data generation and analysis facilitated iterative constant comparative analysis. Findings show significant factors influencing diabetes self-management support include belief in the supernatural origin of diabetes, individual–family interdependence, myths and limited understanding of diabetes, lack of health insurance, poverty, and the rigidity of a hierarchical acute care model of diabetes services. Thus, there is an urgent need to adapt diabetes self-management support strategies to fit people’s contexts. By doing so, specific challenges in the healthcare system can directly be addressed while capitalizing on identified strengths and adapting select strategies that constructively foster person-centered and culturally appropriate care.