Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of Defects on Selected Apple Cultivars Using Hyperspectral and Multispectral Image Analysis

Apple defects cause food safety concerns touching the general public and strongly affect the commodity market. Because accumulations of human pathogens are usually observed on surface lesions, detection of lesions is essential for assuring quality and safety. This article presents the application of hyperspectral image analysis to the development of multispectral techniques for the detection of defects on three apple cultivars: Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, and Gala. Two steps were performed: (1) hyperspectral image analysis to characterize spectral features of apples for the specific selection of filters to design the multispectral imaging system and (2) multispectral imaging for rapid detection of apple contaminations. Good isolation of scabs, fungal, soil contaminations, and bruises was observed with hyperspectral imaging using either principal component analysis or the chlorophyll absorption peak. This hyperspectral analysis allowed the determination of three spectral bands capable of separating normal from contaminated apples. These spectral bands were implemented in a multispectral imaging system with specific band pass filters to detect apple contaminations. In this preliminary work with 153 samples, good separation between normal and contaminated apples was obtained for Gala (95%) and Golden Delicious (85%). However, separations were limited for Red Delicious (76%).
With or Without U? The Appropriate Test for a U-Shaped Relationship

Non-linear relationships are common in economic theory, and such relationships are also frequently tested empirically. We argue that the usual test of non-linear relationships is flawed, and derive the appropriate test for a U shaped relationship. Our test gives the exact necessary and sufficient conditions for the test of a U shape in both finite samples and for a large class of models.
Limitations of Extreme Nonlinear Ultrafast Nanophotonics

Abstract High-harmonic generation (HHG) has been established as an indispensable tool in optical spectroscopy. This effect arises for instance upon illumination of a noble gas with sub-picosecond laser pulses at focussed intensities significantly greater than 1012W/cm2. HHG provides a coherent light source in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral region, which is of importance in inner shell photo ionization of many atoms and molecules. Additionally, it intrinsically features light fields with unique temporal properties. Even in its simplest realization, XUV bursts of sub-femtosecond pulse lengths are released. More sophisticated schemes open the path to attosecond physics by offering single pulses of less than 100 attoseconds duration. Resonant optical antennas are important tools for coupling and enhancing electromagnetic fields on scales below their free-space wavelength. In a special application, placing field-enhancing plasmonic nano antennas at the interaction site of an HHG experiment has been claimed to boost local laser field strengths, from insufficient initial intensities to sufficient values. This was achieved with the use of arrays of bow-tie-shaped antennas of ∼ 100nm in length. However, the feasibility of this concept depends on the vulnerability of these nano-antennas to the still intense driving laser light.We show, by looking at a set of exemplary metallic structures, that the threshold fluence Fth of laser-induced damage (LID) is a greatly limiting factor for the proposed and tested schemes along these lines.We present our findings in the context of work done by other groups, giving an assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Models in Systems Medicine

Abstract Systems medicine is a promising new paradigm for discovering associations, causal relationships and mechanisms in medicine. But it faces some tough challenges that arise from the use of big data: in particular, the problem of how to integrate evidence and the problem of how to structure the development of models. I argue that objective Bayesian models offer one way of tackling the evidence integration problem. I also offer a general methodology for structuring the development of models, within which the objective Bayesian approach fits rather naturally.
DOC-dynamics in a small headwater catchment as driven by redox fluctuations and hydrological flow paths – are DOC exports mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles?

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports from many catchments in Europe and North-America are steadily increasing. Several studies have sought to explain this observation. As possible causes, a decrease in acid rain or sulfate deposition, concomitant reductions in ionic strength and increasing temperatures were identified. DOC often originates from riparian wetlands; but here, despite higher DOC concentrations, ionic strength in pore waters usually exceeds that in surface waters. In the catchment under study, DOC concentrations were synchronous with dissolved iron concentrations in pore and stream water. This study aims at testing the hypothesis that DOC exports are mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles. Following the observed hydrographs, δ 18 O of water and DOC fluorescence, the wetlands were identified as the main source of DOC. Antecedent biogeochemical conditions, i.e., water table levels in the wetlands, influenced the discharge patterns of nitrate, iron and DOC during an event. The correlation of DOC with pH was positive in pore waters, but negative in surface waters; it was negative for DOC with sulfate in pore waters, but only weak in surface waters. Though, the positive correlation of DOC with iron was universal for pore and surface water. The decline of DOC and iron concentrations in transition from anoxic wetland pore water to oxic stream water suggests a flocculation of DOC with oxidising iron, leading to a drop in pH in the stream during high DOC fluxes. The pore water did not per se differ in pH. There is, thus, a need to consider processes more thoroughly of DOC mobilisation in wetlands when interpreting DOC exports from catchments. The coupling of DOC with iron fluxes suggested that increased DOC exports could at least, in part, be caused by increasing activities in iron reduction, possibly due to increases in temperature, increasing wetness of riparian wetlands, or by a shift from sulfate dominated to iron reduction dominated biogeochemical regimes.
Syllable frequency effects in immediate but not delayed syllable naming in English

ABSTRACT Syllable frequency effects in production tasks are interpreted as evidence that speakers retrieve precompiled articulatory programs for high frequency syllables from a mental syllabary. They have not been found reliably in English, nor isolated to the phonetic encoding processes during which the syllabary is thought to be accessed. In this experiment, 48 participants produced matched high- and novel/low-frequency syllables in a near-replication of Laganaro and Alario’s [(2006) On the locus of the syllable frequency effect in speech production. Journal of Memory and Language, 55(2), 198–196, http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jml. 2006.05. 001] production conditions: immediate naming, naming following an unfilled delay, and naming after delay filled by concurrent articulation. Immediate naming was faster for high frequency syllables, demonstrating a robust syllable frequency effect in English. There was no high frequency advantage in either delayed naming condition, leaving open the question of whether syllable frequency effects arise during phonological or phonetic encoding.
Unconsciousness at Emergency as a Manifestation of Hashimoto's

Unconsciousness is a common symptom of the emergency cases with various and complicated causes. Now we presented 4 patients with the disturbance of consciousness as a clinical manifestation of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE). All the four patients were suffered from different degrees of disturbance of consciousness at the emergency department and subsequently were diagnosed with HE at in-patient department. Finally, three patients of them got satisfactory prognosis and one patient died.
2 Sequential Bayesian updating for Big Data

The velocity, volume, and variety of big data present both challenges and opportunities for cognitive science. We introduce sequential Bayesian updating as a tool to mine these three core properties. In the Bayesian approach, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding parameters in terms of their posterior distributions, and use these as prior distributions when new data become available. Crucially, we construct posterior distributions in such a way that we avoid having to repeat computing the likelihood of old data as new data become available, allowing the propagation of information without great computational demand. As a result, these Bayesian methods allow continuous inference on voluminous information streams in a timely manner. We illustrate the advantages of sequential Bayesian updating with data from the MindCrowd project , in which crowd-sourced data are used to study Alzheimer’s Dementia. We ﬁt an extended Linear Approach to Threshold with Ergodic Rate model to reaction time data from the project in order to separate two distinct aspects of cognitive functioning: speed of information accumulation and caution.
Definition of the Moist-Air Exergy Norm: A Comparison with Existing “Moist Energy Norms”

This study presents a new formulation for the norms and scalar products used in tangent linear or adjoint models to determine forecast errors and sensitivity to observations and to calculate singular vectors. The new norm is derived from the concept of moist-air available enthalpy, which is one of the availability functions referred to as exergy in general thermodynamics. It is shown that the sum of the kinetic energy and the moist-air available enthalpy can be used to define a new moist-air squared norm that is quadratic in 1) wind components, 2) temperature, 3) surface pressure, and 4) water vapor content. Preliminary numerical applications are performed to show that the new weighting factors for temperature and water vapor are significantly different from those used in observation impact studies, and are in better agreement with observed analysis increments. These numerical applications confirm that the weighting factors for water vapor and temperature exhibit a large increase with height (by several orders of magnitude) and a minimum in the midtroposphere, respectively.
ROSSBY WAVE INSTABILITY AT DEAD ZONE BOUNDARIES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL RESISTIVE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICAL GLOBAL MODELS OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS

It has been suggested that the transition between magnetorotationally active and dead zones in protoplanetary disks should be prone to the excitation of vortices via Rossby wave instability (RWI). However, the only numerical evidence for this has come from alpha disk models, where the magnetic field evolution is not followed, and the effect of turbulence is parameterized by Laplacian viscosity. We aim to establish the phenomenology of the flow in the transition in three-dimensional resistive-magnetohydrodynamical models. We model the transition by a sharp jump in resistivity, as expected in the inner dead zone boundary, using the Pencil Code to simulate the flow. We find that vortices are readily excited in the dead side of the transition. We measure the mass accretion rate finding similar levels of Reynolds stress at the dead and active zones, at the α ≈ 10−2 level. The vortex sits in a pressure maximum and does not migrate, surviving until the end of the simulation. A pressure maximum in the active zone also triggers the RWI. The magnetized vortex that results should be disrupted by parasitical magneto-elliptic instabilities, yet it subsists in high resolution. This suggests that either the parasitic modes are still numerically damped or that the RWI supplies vorticity faster than they can destroy it. We conclude that the resistive transition between the active and dead zones in the inner regions of protoplanetary disks, if sharp enough, can indeed excite vortices via RWI. Our results lend credence to previous works that relied on the alpha-disk approximation, and caution against the use of overly reduced azimuthal coverage on modeling this transition.
Energy dissipation in C 3 plants under drought

A general quantification of the relative contribution of different light energy dissipation processes to total dissipation under different drought conditions is lacking. Here we compare six studies, including enough data for such a general quantification, to build up a general pattern of the relative importance of several energy dissipation mechanisms in response to drought in C3 plants. Such a general pattern apparently emerges independently of specific acclimation to drought, but largely dependent on CO2 availability in the chloroplasts, which may be regulated under drought by adjustments in stomatal and mesophyll conductances. Under irrigation and saturating light, more than 50% of absorbed light is thermally dissipated, while photosynthesis dissipates 20–30% and photorespiration 10–20%. Under mild drought, the contribution of photosynthesis decreases, and that of photorespiration increases in a compensatory manner. During moderate to severe drought, the contribution of both photosynthesis and photorespiration decreases, and thermal dissipation increases up to 70–90% of the total light absorbed. The contribution of other processes, like the Mehler reaction, is shown to be very low under both irrigation and drought. Therefore, in C3 plants subjected to different degrees of drought, more than 90% of the total energy absorbed by leaves is dissipated by the sum of thermal dissipation, photorespiration and photosynthesis.
F Interpretation of User ’ s Feedback in Human-Robot Interaction

In this paper we will propose the use of social robots as interface between users and services in a Smart Environment. We will focus on the need for a robot to recognize the user’s feedback, in order to respond and revise its behaviour according to user’s needs. As we believe speech is a natural and immediate input channel in human-robot interaction, we will discuss the importance of recognising, besides the linguistic content of the spoken sentence, the attitude of the user towards the robot and the environment. In this way, the meaning of the user dialog will be made clear when hardly recognisable by the analysis of the utterance structure. Then, we will present the results of the application of a potential approach used for integrating the linguistic analysis with the recognition of the valence and arousal of the user’s utterance. In order to achieve this goal, we collected and analysed a corpus of data to build an interpretation model based on a Bayesian network. Then we tested the accuracy of the model using a test dataset. Results will show that the integration of the linguistic content with the recognition of some acoustic features of spoken sentences perform better in recognising the key aspects of user’s feedback.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in Adults: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide

Part I. The Clinical Perspective: 1. Introduction 2. Approach to the patient Part II. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and its Treatment: 3. Obsessive-compulsive disorder 4. Managing the side effects of serotonergic drugs 5. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenic disorders 6. Medical conditions associated with obsessive and compulsive symptoms Part III. OCD Spectrum Disorders: 7. Tourette's disorder 8. Body dysmorphic disorder 9. Hypochondriasis 10. Pathological jealousy 11. Trichotillomania 12. Skin picking 13. Nail biting 14. Compulsive buying 15. Kleptomania 16. Pathological gambling 17. Nonparaphilic sexual disorders 18. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Appendix 1: Accessing patient education materials Appendix 2: Rating scales for clinical use Appendix 3: Trademark drug names: an international list.
Pain and Dementia. A Brief Review

Background: Advanced age is associated with increased prevalence of pain and of dementia. Objective: To describe the phenomenon of pain in dementia. Methods: A systematic research (Cochrane Library and PubMed) was carried out (only upper time limit: February 2018). Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed and manually screened to identify relevant studies. Search terms used included “assessment, dementia, elderly, management, pain”. We manually added chapters of books articles identified through other sources (i.e. Google Scholar and key journals).
Optimization of Formulation and Process Conditions of Gluten-Free Bread from Sorghum using Response Surface Methodology

Grain and flour characterizations of two improved sorghum varieties (Gambella-1107 and 76T1#23) grown in Ethiopia was conducted from the perspective of their incorporation into Gluten-Free Bread (GFB). The sample varieties were evaluated for physicochemical and functional properties and their antinutrient compositions. In addition, GFB was produced from sorghum flour (50% flour weight basis), corn flour (20%), potato flour (10%) and chick pea flour (20%). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the formulation and process conditions. The independent variables (factors) for the experiment were egg albumin level, milk powder level, baking temperature and time. The investigated responses were volume expansion, moisture loss, loaf height and bread hardness. Overall optimization, conducted by overlaying the 3-D plots under investigation, was able to identify an optimal range of the independent variables within which the four responses were simultaneously optimized. The point chosen as representative of this optimal area corresponded to egg albumin (2.5% flour-weight basis), milk powder (7.5%), temperature (220°C) and baking time (35 min), process conditions under which the model predicted volume expansion (597 cm3), moisture loss (4.02%), loaf height (3.43 cm) and bread hardness (3.88 N/g). The optimum GFB contain 78.9% dry matter, 12.3% crude protein, 3.9% crude fat, 2.4% crude fiber, 1.7% total ash and 58.6% total carbohydrates. Sensory evaluation indicated that the overall acceptability of the optimum GFB was much more similar to commercial GFB produced by local bakeries than the existing formulated GFB. Hence, the optimum formulation and process conditions can be used as starting point for bakers to produce GFB and to contribute to the eradication of the celiac problems in Ethiopia.
GALAXIES IN ΛCDM WITH HALO ABUNDANCE MATCHING: LUMINOSITY–VELOCITY RELATION, BARYONIC MASS–VELOCITY RELATION, VELOCITY FUNCTION, AND CLUSTERING

It has long been regarded as difficult if not impossible for a cosmological model to account simultaneously for the galaxy luminosity, mass, and velocity distributions. We revisit this issue using a modern compilation of observational data along with the best available large-scale cosmological simulation of dark matter (DM). We find that the standard cosmological model, used in conjunction with halo abundance matching (HAM) and simple dynamical corrections, fits—at least on average—all basic statistics of galaxies with circular velocities Vcirc > 80 km s−1 calculated at a radius of ∼10 kpc. Our primary observational constraint is the luminosity–velocity (LV) relation—which generalizes the Tully–Fisher and Faber–Jackson relations in allowing all types of galaxies to be included, and provides a fundamental benchmark to be reproduced by any theory of galaxy formation. We have compiled data for a variety of galaxies ranging from dwarf irregulars to giant ellipticals. The data present a clear monotonic LV relation from ∼50 km s−1 to ∼500 km s−1, with a bend below ∼80 km s−1 and a systematic offset between late- and early-type galaxies. For comparison to theory, we employ our new ΛCDM “Bolshoi” simulation of DM, which has unprecedented mass and force resolution over a large cosmological volume, while using an up-to-date set of cosmological parameters. We use HAM to assign rank-ordered galaxy luminosities to the DM halos, a procedure that automatically fits the empirical luminosity function and provides a predicted LV relation that can be checked against observations. The adiabatic contraction of DM halos in response to the infall of the baryons is included as an optional model ingredient. The resulting predictions for the LV relation are in excellent agreement with the available data on both early-type and late-type galaxies for the luminosity range from Mr = −14 to Mr = −22. We also compare our predictions for the “cold” baryon mass (i.e., stars and cold gas) of galaxies as a function of circular velocity with the available observations, again finding a very good agreement. The predicted circular velocity function (VF) is also in agreement with the galaxy VF from 80 to 400 km s−1, using the HIPASS survey for late-type galaxies and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) for early-type galaxies. However, in accord with other recent results, we find that the DM halos with Vcirc < 80 km s−1 are much more abundant than observed galaxies with the same Vcirc. Finally, we find that the two-point correlation function of bright galaxies in our model matches very well the results from the final data release of the SDSS, especially when a small amount of scatter is included in the HAM prescription.
An extended structural economic dynamics approach to balance-of-payments constrained growth: level of the real exchange rate and endogenous elasticities

The aim of this paper is to show that the level of the real exchange rate affects the rate of economic growth. More specifically, we extend the model developed by Araujo and Lima (2007) to derive a balance-of-payments equilibrium growth rate analogous to Thirlwall’s Law based on a Pasinettian multi-sector macrodynamic framework in which income elasticities are endogenous to the level of the real exchange. Furthermore, the model is built to relate growth, the real exchange rate and sectoral heterogeneity. We thus demonstrate the effect of the level of real exchange rates on the generation of technological progress, from a cumulative causation perspective, and how these rates also impact the growth of the whole economy via a balance-of-payments constraint approach. Hence, we show that an undervalued real exchange rate has positive effects on economic growth in developing countries.
Pre-Activity and Post-Activity Stretching Perceptions and Practices in NCAA Division I Volleyball Programs.

The purpose of this study was to determine if NCAA Division I women's volleyball programs were in compliance with suggested current preand post-activity stretching protocols. Questionnaires were sent to NCAA division I women's volleyball programs in the United States. Fifty six coaches (23 males & 33 females) participated in the study. Some results seemed to conflict with current suggested practices for pre-activity stretching. The results of this study indicate that certification may not influence how well research guidelines are followed. Further research is needed to delineate how these factors affect coaching decisions.