Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design of a permanent magnetic excited transverse flux machine for robotic applications

This paper presents the design and optimization process of a permanent magnetic excited transverse flux machine, which shall be used as a shoulder joint motor in an articulated six axis robot arm in service robotics. Starting from given application specific requirements, a parametrized model of the machine is presented. For transverse flux machines, the typically high number of design parameters leads to a large parameter space. A full factorial analysis simulating every possible parameter variation would lead to simulation times in the order of years. Therefore, a suitable classification of the parameters is proposed, which is used for an iterative optimization algorithm performing several parametric sweeps in a three dimensional finite element simulation. Results from the sensitivity analysis and the final optimization results are discussed.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE IPA Belgian Standard Dutch

Dutch is a language spoken by about 20 million people in the Netherlands and Belgium. This region is not only characterised by a complex dialect situation, but also by the use of two institutionalised varieties of the Standard language: Netherlandic Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands and is documented in Collins & Mees (1982), Mees & Collins (1983) and Gussenhoven (1999), while Belgian Dutch is spoken in the northern part of Belgium (Flanders) by approximately 6 million speakers. This variety is the same as what is commonly referred to internationally as ‘Flemish’. However, the term ‘Flemish’ is avoided here since it erroneously suggests that this language is different from the one spoken in the Netherlands: the lexical and syntactic differences between the two language varieties are very small. Nevertheless, there are significant phonetic differences as well as substantial regional variability within the two speech communities. Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French and German. Each language is confined to a specific area of the country. Dutch is spoken in the northern part of Belgium (Flanders), while in the southern part (Wallonia), French is spoken. In the province of Liege, in the east of Belgium, there is a small area with German as an official language. Within the Dutch-speaking area there is a bilingual (French–Dutch) enclave, i.e. Brussels. The present situation was instituted by law in 1962.
Adaptive Neuro Control of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper, an adaptive control method based on neural networks for controlling parallel hybrid electric vehicles is presented. Power sharing between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor is the key point for efficient driving. The control strategy will be implemented using a neural network. The controller will be designed based on the powertrain desired torque and the state of charge of the batteries. The output of the controller adjusts the fuel throttle angle in the combustion engine. The main contribution of this paper is the development of an online controller based on neural networks, which maximises the output torque of the engine while minimising fuel consumption. In other words, a compromise solution between torque and fuel can be achieved. Also, the state of charge of the batteries, which has been estimated by the ampere-hour counting technique, has been considered. Simulation results show good performance of the proposed controller.
Changes in the core tonsillar bacteriology of recurrent tonsillitis: 1977-1993.

Microbiological studies of the core of tonsils removed from children with recurrent tonsillitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were conducted during three periods, with 50 patients in each period: 1977-1978 (period 1), 1984-1985 (period 2), and 1992-1993 (period 3). Mixed flora were present in all tonsils, with 8.1 organisms per tonsil (3.8 aerobes and 4.3 anaerobes). The predominant isolates in each period were Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Peptostreptococcus species, pigmented Prevotella species, Porphyromonas species, and Fusobacterium species. The rate of recovery of Haemophilus influenzae type b increased from 24% in period 1 to 76% in period 2 (P < .001); a decline to 12% in period 3 correlated with a concomitant increase in the frequency of recovery of non-type b strains of H. influenzae from 4% and 10% in periods 1 and 2, respectively, to 64% in period 3 (P < .001). Both the rate of recovery of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria and the number of these organisms per tonsil increased over time. Specifically, beta-lactamase-producing strains were detected in 37 tonsils (74%) during period 1, in 46 tonsils (92%) during period 2, and in 47 tonsils (94%) during period 3, and the number of such strains per tonsil increased from 1.1 in period 1 to 2.9 and 3.3 in periods 2 and 3, respectively.
Multiband High-Order Bandstop 3-D Frequency-Selective Structures

A general methodology for the design of multiband high-order three-dimensional (3-D) frequency-selective structures (FSSs) is proposed. The methodology is based on employing multiple resonators inside a unit cell (UC) to obtain a multiband response, and by controlling the coupling between identical resonators, a high-order filtering performance is achieved. This provides more transmission zeros in the operating bands, which lead to improved bandwidth and high selectivity. Detailed analysis for the coupling between identical resonators is provided as well as equivalent circuit models to explain the operating principle. Three structures are designed, fabricated, and measured to verify the proposed methodology. The first structure is a triband secondorder FSS with center frequencies at 9.6, 13.4, and 17.5 GHz and their -3-dB fractional bandwidths of 13.5%, 8.5%, and 12.6%, respectively. The second structure is designed to have a dualband third-order response with center frequencies at 13.2 and 19.6 GHz and their -3-dB fractional bandwidths of 16% and 13.3%, respectively. The last structure is designed to exhibit a dual-band second-order response under both TE and TM polarizations with center frequencies at 11.2 and 13.8 GHz and -3-dB fractional bandwidths of 5.5% and 4%, respectively.
Dynamic traffic light timing optimization model using bat algorithm

Nowadays, traffic congestion is a crucial issue for many urban or even suburban areas. A potential but manageable cause of this effect is the inefficient control of traffic light timing cycle that is not proactively respond to the characteristics of the considering intersection and time-dependent condition of the traffic. In this paper, we propose a finite-interval model that finds effective green time for each of the four phases light timing in each cycle. The objective is to acquire satisficing solution, by means of Bat algorithm (BA) to minimize spoilage time at an intersection. The effectiveness of model was validated using a simulation experiment on a crowded intersection in Bangkok that has imbalanced numbers of accommodated lanes and formless urbanism. The traffic condition is simulated by the microscopic traffic simulator called `Simulation of Urban Mobility' (SUMO). The experimental result confirmed the effective improvement when compared with the traditional fix-time operational control.
Effects of high fat diet and losartan on renal cortical blood flow using contrast 2 ultrasound imaging

Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department 5 of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, and Research Service and 6 Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 7 Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92161 8 Targeson, Inc, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121 9 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92121 10 11 RUNNING HEAD: Obesity-related kidney injury and contrast ultrasound imaging 12 13 CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: 14 Anne-Emilie Declèves, PhD 15 Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension 16 405 Stein Clinical Research Building, MC 0711 17 University of California San Diego 18 La Jolla, CA, 92093 19 Phone number: 858-822-0860 20 Fax number: 858-822-7483 21 adecleves@ucsd.edu 22 23 24 Articles in PresS. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (September 18, 2013). doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00326. 2013
4,5-BIS(ETHOXYCARBONYL)-[1,3]DIOXOLAN-2-YL AS A NEW ORTHOESTER-TYPE PROTECTING GROUP FOR THE 2′-HYDROXYL FUNCTION IN THE CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF RNA

We wish to report 4,5-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-[1,3]dioxolan-2-yl as a new protecting for the 2′-hydroxyl function. Our cyclic orthoester-type group is compatible with the DMTr strategy for oligonucleotide synthesis. This group was introduced to the 2′-hydroxyl group of appropriately protected nucleoside derivatives in good yields under mild acidic conditions. Post-synthetic conversion of the moiety of this protecting group with an amine resulted in formation of a new amide moiety that is more stable to acid deprotection in aqueous solution, but it can still be easily removed by treatment with acids in organic solvents. In this article, we also describe the stability of not only the original and modified protecting groups but also internucleotidic phosphate linkages of protected RNA intermediates under deprotection conditions.
Mechanism of the

Stereochemical studies on [2 + 2] photoaddition of cis-/trans-4-propenylanisole (cis-1 and trans-1) and cis-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethylene-2-d(1) (cis-3-d(1)) to C(60) exhibit stereospecificity in favor of the trans-2 cycloadduct in the former case and nonstereoselectivity in the latter. The observed stereoselectivity in favor of the cis-6-d(3) [2 + 2] diastereomer by 12% in the case of the photochemical addition of (E)-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-prop-1-ene-3,3,3-d(3) (trans-5-d(3)) to C(60) is attributed to a steric kinetic isotope effect (k(H)/k(D) = 0.78). The loss of stereochemistry in the cyclobutane ring excludes a concerted addition and is consistent with a stepwise mechanism. Intermolecular secondary kinetic isotope effects of the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 3-d(0) vs 3-d(1), and 3-d(6) as well as 5-d(0) vs 5-d(1), and 5-d(6) to C(60) were also measured. The intermolecular competition due to deuterium substitution of both vinylic hydrogens at the beta-carbon of 3 exhibits a substantial inverse alpha-secondary isotope effect k(H)/k(D) = 0.83 (per deuterium). Substitution with deuterium at both vinylic methyl groups of 5 yields a small inverse k(H)/k(D) = 0. 94. These results are consistent with the formation of an open intermediate in the rate-determining step.
Estimating Propensity Scores and Causal Survival Functions Using Prevalent Survival Data

Summary This article develops semiparametric approaches for estimation of propensity scores and causal survival functions from prevalent survival data. The analytical problem arises when the prevalent sampling is adopted for collecting failure times and, as a result, the covariates are incompletely observed due to their association with failure time. The proposed procedure for estimating propensity scores shares interesting features similar to the likelihood formulation in case‐control study, but in our case it requires additional consideration in the intercept term. The result shows that the corrected propensity scores in logistic regression setting can be obtained through standard estimation procedure with specific adjustments on the intercept term. For causal estimation, two different types of missing sources are encountered in our model: one can be explained by potential outcome framework; the other is caused by the prevalent sampling scheme. Statistical analysis without adjusting bias from both sources of missingness will lead to biased results in causal inference. The proposed methods were partly motivated by and applied to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked data for women diagnosed with breast cancer.
Optimal placement and sizing of multiple STATCOM in distribution system to improve voltage profile

Power quality is an important issue when integrating renewable distributed generations and power electronic devices in distribution systems. Possible issues are unacceptable voltage fluctuation and harmonic current injections that may result in unstable and unreliable power networks. Voltage profile can be improved by compensating reactive power using flexible AC transmission systems (FACTSs) such as the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) which has gained wide attention due to its prodigious performance. The main objectives of this paper are placement and sizing of STATCOM units as well as evaluating their performances using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve voltage profiles of highly distorted distribution systems. The 15-bus unbalanced test system is used for the analyses and simulations. A five level neutral-point clamped (FL-NPC) inverter with an adaptive hysteresis current controller (AHCC) is used to model the STATCOM in Matlab/Simulink.
An H∞ T-S fuzzy observer-based controller design for wind turbine systems

This paper treats the control of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) based on a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) model combined with the H∞ performance. This control strategy proposes a new stabilization condition to the LMI formulation, which gives us the best conservative stabilization conditions published recently in the literature for the fuzzy observer and H∞ controller designs, where the H∞ performance of a feedback control system is designed to be robust by taking into account direct wind speed as a perturbation. The main objective of this controller is to maintain a satisfactory quality of power in region with high wind speed by reducing mechanical loads. Also, the performances of the wind turbines in terms of stability and rotational speed are discussed. The results of the simulations stated show the effectiveness and the merit of the approach proposed.
TRPM8 is required for survival and radioresistance of glioblastoma cells

TRPM8 is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel belonging to the melastatin sub-group of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. TRPM8 is aberrantly overexpressed in a variety of tumor entities including glioblastoma multiforme where it reportedly contributes to tumor invasion. The present study aimed to disclose further functions of TRPM8 in glioma biology in particular upon cell injury by ionizing radiation. To this end, TCGA data base was queried to expose the TRPM8 mRNA abundance in human glioblastoma specimens and immunoblotting was performed to analyze the TRPM8 protein abundance in primary cultures of human glioblastoma. Moreover, human glioblastoma cell lines were irradiated with 6 MV photons and TRPM8 channels were targeted pharmacologically or by RNA interference. TRPM8 abundance, Ca2+ signaling and resulting K+ channel activity, chemotaxis, cell migration, clonogenic survival, DNA repair, apoptotic cell death, and cell cycle control were determined by qRT-PCR, fura-2 Ca2+ imaging, patch-clamp recording, transfilter migration assay, wound healing assay, colony formation assay, immunohistology, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting. As a result, human glioblastoma upregulates TRPM8 channels to variable extent. TRPM8 inhibition or knockdown slowed down cell migration and chemotaxis, attenuated DNA repair and clonogenic survival, triggered apoptotic cell death, impaired cell cycle and radiosensitized glioblastoma cells. Mechanistically, ionizing radiation activated and upregulated TRPM8-mediated Ca2+ signaling that interfered with cell cycle control probably via CaMKII, cdc25C and cdc2. Combined, our data suggest that TRPM8 channels contribute to spreading, survival and radioresistance of human glioblastoma and, therefore, might represent a promising target in future anti-glioblastoma therapy.
On the nature of supernovae Ib and Ic

Utilizing non-local thermodynamic equilibrium time-dependent radiative-transfer calculations, we investigate the impact of mixing and non-thermal processes associated with radioactive decay on Type IIb/Ib/Ic supernova (SN IIb/Ib/Ic) light curves and spectra. Starting with short-period binary models of ≾5M_⊙ helium-rich stars, originally 18 and 25M_⊙ on the main sequence, we produce 1.2B ejecta which we artificially mix to alter the chemical stratification. While the total ^(56)Ni mass influences the light-curve peak, the spatial distribution of ^(56)Ni, controlled by mixing processes, impacts both the multiband light curves and spectra. With enhanced γ-ray escape. Non-thermal electrons, crucial for the production of He_I lines, deposit a large fraction of their energy as heat, and this fraction approaches 100 per cent under fully ionized conditions. Because energy deposition is generally local well after the light-curve peak, the broad He_I line characteristics of maximum-light SN IIb/Ib spectra require mixing that places ^(56)Ni and helium nuclei to within a γ-ray mean free path. This requirement indicates that SNe IIb and Ib most likely arise from the explosions of stripped-envelope massive stars (main-sequence masses ≾25M_⊙) that have evolved through mass transfer in a binary system, rather than from more massive single Wolf-Rayet stars. In contrast, the lack of He_I lines in SNe Ic may result from a variety of causes: a genuine helium deficiency; strongly asymmetric mixing; weak mixing; or a more massive, perhaps single, progenitor characterized by a larger oxygen-rich core. Helium deficiency is not a prerequisite for SNe Ic. Our models, subject to different mixing magnitudes, can produce a variety of SN types, including IIb, IIc, Ib and Ic. As it is poorly constrained by explosion models, mixing challenges our ability to infer the progenitor and explosion properties of SNe IIb/Ib/Ic.
Lagrangean decomposition/relaxation for the routing and wavelength assignment problem

This work deals with solving the Routing and Wavelength Assignment problem where the number of accepted connections is to be maximized. Lagrangean decomposition as well as Lagrangean relaxation are studied for both node‐arc formulations and arc‐path formulation. It is shown that relaxing the demand constraints yields an edge‐disjoint path problem with profits that is NP‐hard, while the Lagrangean problem obtained when the clash constraints are relaxed becomes a shortest path problem or a 0–1 linear knapsack problem, depending on the formulation used. Moreover, it is shown that the Lagrangean decomposition is not stronger than the Lagrangean relaxation of the demand constraints. We also propose a subgradient algorithm to solve the Lagrangean dual obtained by relaxing the clash constraints. Numerical results demonstrate a high quality of Lagrangean dual bounds with fast computation time. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Germanium MOS: an evaluation from carrier quantization and tunneling current

Ge is promising as an alternative channel material due to its high carrier mobility. In this work, we report an evaluation of Ge MOS from quantization and gate tunneling current simulations. Key findings are: (1) Electron quantization effect is stronger and thus more important in Ge than in Si, and results in smaller inversion capacitance in NMOS. (2) Using constant inversion charge for supply voltage V/sub DD/ scaling, moderate reduction in inversion charge is required to meet ITRS roadmap, which can be achieved with high mobility channel. (3) Due to its smaller electron mass and resulting higher electron quantization energy, Ge MOS shows considerably larger gate tunneling current than Si MOS for the same gate dielectric. (4) High-K gate dielectrics are required for low leakage; however, significant challenges exist in the formation of high quality interface layer between high-K and Ge.
EVALUATION OF RANKING SIMILARITY IN ORDINAL RANKING PROBLEMS

In ordinal ranking problems objects, alternatives, products, services, etc. are ranked by several experts and the goal is to convert a set of (generally different) rankings into the final group consensus ranking. However, this goal depends on a degree of agreement among rankings. With random rankings one cannot expect to get meaningful consensus, but if rankings are „close“ and represent agreement between experts, then the final group consensus has much more sense. The aim of this article is to present the evaluation of similarity among rankings, which is based on Kendall’s τ and W, Spearman’s ρ, Pearson’s r and dot product of vectors. Cases without and with ties are discussed as well as a problem of similarity between incomplete rankings (top k lists). Explanations are based on examples.
Towards a Linguistic Ontology with an Emphasis on Reasoning and Knowledge Reuse

The Dictionaries division at Oxford University Press (OUP) is aiming to model, integrate, and publish lexical content for 100 languages focussing on digitally under-represented languages. While there are multiple ontologies designed for linguistic resources, none had adequate features for meeting our requirements, chief of which was the capability to losslessly capture diverse features of many different languages in a dictionary format, while supplying a framework for inferring relations like translation, derivation, etc., between the data. Building on valuable features of existing models, and working with OUP monolingual and bilingual dictionary datasets, we have designed and implemented a new linguistic ontology. The ontology has been reviewed by a number of computational linguists, and we are working to move more dictionary data into it. We have also developed APIs to surface the linked data to dictionary websites.
Streamflow Greatly Reduced by Converting Deciduous Hardwood Stands to Pine

Fifteen years after two experimental watersheds in the southern Appalachians had been converted from a mature deciduous hardwood cover to white pine, annual streamflow was reduced about 20 centimeters (20 percent) below that expected for the hardwood cover. Streamflow was reduced during every month, with the largest monthly reductions (1.5 to 3.5 centimeters) occurring in the dormant and early growing seasons.
High Frequency Soft Switching Dual Mode Resonant Converter with SW/PDM Control for Improved Efficiency of Domestic IH Applications

Domestic Induction Heating (IH) systems are based on a dc-link resonant converter which supplies high frequency currents (20100 kHz) to an inductor, which heats up the pan. In resonant converters, maximum output power and efficiency occurs at the resonant frequency, and the switching frequency is increased to reduce the output power. It results in increased switching losses and lower efficiency in the low-medium-output power range. Thus class-D/DE dual-mode-operation resonant converter is proposed to achieve higher efficiency in a wide output power range. In such converters, resonant capacitors are replaced with electromechanical relays in order to change the operation mode. Class-D half bridge converter with square wave( SW) control is used in the high output power range, whereas class-DE half-bridge converter with pulse density modulation (PDM) is used in the low to medium output power range. The combination of these operation modes achieves high efficiency levels in a wider range of output power levels. The dual-mode resonant converter is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Class D/DE dual mode resonant converter operation is a cost-effective procedure for the entire improved efficiency of the cooking process.