Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Loss-of-Function Mutations of the Rice GAMYB Gene Impair α-Amylase Expression in Aleurone and Flower Development Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.017327.

GAMYB was first isolated as a positive transcriptional regulator of gibberellin (GA)-dependent α-amylase expression in barley aleurone cells, and its molecular and biochemical properties have been well characterized. However, the role of GAMYB elsewhere in the plant is not well understood. To investigate the molecular function of GAMYB outside of the aleurone cells, we isolated loss-of-function mutants from a panel of rice mutants produced by the insertion of a retrotransposon, Tos17. Through PCR screening using primers for rice GAMYB (OsGAMYB) and Tos17, we isolated three independent mutant alleles that contained Tos17 inserted in the exon region. No α-amylase expression in the endosperm was induced in these mutants in response to GA treatment, indicating that the Tos17 insertion had knocked out OsGAMYB function. We found no significant defects in the growth and development of the mutants at the vegetative stage. After the phase transition to the reproductive stage, however, shortened internodes and defects in floral organ development, especially a defect in pollen development, were observed. On the other hand, no difference was detected in flowering time. High-level OsGAMYB expression was detected in the aleurone cells, inflorescence shoot apical region, stamen primordia, and tapetum cells of the anther, but only low-level expression occurred in organs at the vegetative stage or in the elongating stem. These results demonstrate that, in addition to its role in the induction of α-amylase in aleurone, OsGAMYB also is important for floral organ development and essential for pollen development.
Introduction of IncQ plasmids into Rhizobium meliloti. Isolation of a host-range mutant of RSF1010 plasmid

R h i z o b i u m rneliloti is a Gram-negative soil bacterium which induces the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of lucerne. Mutants affected in nodulation properties and nitrogen fixation ability have been described [1-3]. Genetic studies of symbiotic properties would be facilitated by the use of cloning in shuttle vectors of low-Mr, replicating both in Escher i ch ia coli and R. rneliloti. In R. mel i lo t i strains, low-M r ( < 2010 6) indigenous plasmids which could be useful as cloning vehicles have not been detected [4]. IncP-1 plasmids have been used as cloning vehicles in R. meli lot i : cloning of chromosomal fragments into RP4 (3610 6 Mr) has allowed the construction of a polarized transfer system in R. mel i lo t i 2011 [5], and gene banks have been constructed with pRK290 (13. 10 6 Mr) for R. mel i lo t i 102F34 and 104B5 16l. For various cloning purposes it could be useful to introduce into R. mel i lo t i broad host-range multi-copy plasmids from a different incompatibility group and with a low Mr-value. IncQ plasmids RSF1010 and its derivatives [7], which have been
Intrapopulation and Interpopulation Genetic Variation of Quercus in Denmark

Native Danish oak stands are fragmented and decreasing because of the extensive use of foreign seed sources. Therefore, the population structure of natural Danish oak stands was analysed by means of six polymorphic enzyme loci. A total of 17 stands of Quercus robur L. (including an ''outgroup'' sample from The Netherlands), seven Quercus petraea [Matt. ] Liebl. and two putative hybrid stands were included in the study. The average genetic diversity was similar for the two species as well as for the putative hybrid stands: 0.25 for Q. robur, 0.27 for Q. petraea and 0.26 for the hybrid stands. The genotypic proportions at two (Pgm and Mnr) of the six loci showed many significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, always with an excess of homozygotes, whereas the remaining four loci accorded to Hardy-Weinberg proportions, suggesting a low level of inbreeding. The differentiation of the Q. petraea and Q. robur populations was quantified with Wright's F-statistics. The within-species component was low, 0.022, reflecting the wind-pollinated reproductive mode of the two species. The betweenspecies component was 10-fold higher, 0.235, indicating two separate groups. A phylogenetic tree estimated from allele frequencies also supported the presence of these two groups. Despite the two well-separated groups in the tree, it was not possible to assign all individuals to the species to which they supposedly belonged. In total, 10% of the Q. robur individuals and 14% of the Q. petraea individuals were assigned to the other species, suggesting a limited amount of introgression between the two species.
The Biosynthesis of Nicotine from Isotopically Labeled Nicotinic Acids1

The four specific ring hydrogen-labeled nicotinic acids were prepared and fed to tobacco root cultures In sterile media. then the nicotine produced by the roots was Isolated and analyzed. Recoil tritium and carbon-14 labeled nlcotinic acid were similarly employed. The nicotine from all of these except nicotinic acid-6-t show similar and substantial incorroration into the nicotine. Oxidation of nicotinic acid. obtained from the nlcotlne. to the corresponding 2- and 6-pyridones indicate that the position of hydrogen label is conserved during the conversion to nicotine. The 6-labeled acid gave less than 10% of the amount of incorporation shown by the other acids Indicatlng the probablllty of enzymatic attack on the 6-position of nicotinic acid dur ing Its conversion to nicotine by the tobacco roots. The conversion probably does not proceed via oxidation at the 6-position, since both 6-hydroxynicotinic acid-N/sup 15/ and 1methyl-6- oxynicotinamide-2-t failed to be Incorporated. The possibility that the acid is incorporated into nicotine via a 1,6-dinydro intermediate is being investigated. Nicotinartide is incorporated to at least as great an extent as is the corresponding labeled acid. (auth)
Optimisation of selective enrichment for the simultaneous isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in frozen raw seafood products

L'augmentation de la consommation des produits de la mer importes justifie une surveillance de ces denrees. Le but de notre etude est d'optimiser l'etape d'enrichissement selectif, avant l'isolement et l'identification, pour la detection simultanee de Vibrio parahaemolyticus et Vibrio cholerae dans les produits de la mer congeles. Dix protocoles de detection ont ete compares dans deux laboratoires sur 59 echantillons naturellement contamines d'origine geographique variee. L'identification de l'espece et la recherche des facteurs de pathogenicite ont ete realisees par PCR. Au total, 37 echantillons etaient positifs a l'une ou/et l'autre de ces deux especes ; aucun isolat n'etait potentiellement pathogene. L'analyse des resultats met en evidence l'importance de la phase d'enrichissement, principalement la duree d'incubation du milieu d'enrichissement. La methode proposee est appropriee a la detection simultanee de Vibrio parahaemolyticus et Vibrio cholerae dans les produits de la mer congeles. L'utilisation d'un protocole unique de detection presente un reel avantage lors d'analyses de routine dans les laboratoires de microbiologie. Dans l'attente de methodes d'identification et de quantification rapides et specifiques grâce au developpement de la biologie moleculaire, la methode de routine proposee devrait permettre de mieux isoler les principaux Vibrio potentiellement pathogenes dans les produits de la mer congeles.
An update on the status of native and exotic freshwater fishes of Italy

Summary An updated, corrected checklist of both native and established alien freshwater fish species in Italy is given based on molecular, morphological and biogeographical data. Some 12 native species, reported as conspecific with transalpine species in official Italian ichthylogical literature, are in fact endemics. Previous taxonomic confusion has resulted in the introduction of several alien species, either with official stockings or mixed in as impurities. Rehabilitated species include the cyprinids Scardinius hesperidicus, Scardinius scardafa and Telestes savigny from northern Italy, as well as Squalius ruffoi and the Telestes comes from southern Italy. Squalius albus is a junior synonym of S. squalus. The endemic gudgeon, previously assigned to the genus Romanogobio, is returned to the genus Gobio (G. benacensis). Phoxinus lumaireul is a junior synonym of P. phoxinus. Among the Salmonidae, Salmo cenerinus is a junior synonym of S. marmoratus, while Salmo farioides represents the trout species of the Adriatic lineage for which a neotype is designated. Thymallus aeliani represents the endemic lineage of grayling of the Adriatic populations. The esocid Esox cisalpinus is an endemic pike species and Esox flaviae is a junior synonym; the extensive exportation as well as the presence of this species throughout Europe is possibly due to humans. Among sculpins, Cottus scaturigo and C. ferrugineus are junior synonyms of C. gobio. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories for native species of Italy are updated. At present, 52 native freshwater fish species are listed: 2 are extinct (Acipenser sturio and Huso huso), 12 are critically endangered, 7 endangered, 10 vulnerable, 3 near-threatened, 15 low concern and 3 data-deficient; 35 species are the result of human transfers. Among the 51 introduced species, 6 are recently established (Leuciscus leuciscus, Oreochromis niloticus, Poecilia reticulata, Xiphophorus helleri, Amatitlania nigrofasciatus, Hemichromis sp.), 37 are already established, 5 are probably established and 3 are non-established Chinese carp, maintained in the wild by intensive stockings. The family most involved is the Cyprinidae, with 22 alien and 20 native species.
Correction

We have made the following corrections and clarifications: 1. MIM165/166 plants, used as a control in Figure 1, were previously demonstrated to have only mild phenotypic defects at early stages of development and were from line 1 of Todesco et al. (2010). 2. MIM160 plants were from line 18 of Todesco et al. (2010). 3. On page 423, column 2, line 14, “abnormal” should be changed to “severely abnormal. ” In addition,;60% of plants in the wildtype background had a weaker phenotype. The MIM156 plants of Franco-Zorrilla et al. (2007) were reported to be more severely affected, but a direct comparison was not made. 4. The “CTA” structure was described by Franco-Zorrilla et al. (2007). The design rule to prevent regeneration of a cleavable site in the STTM was described in an initially unpublished protocol provided by Detlef Weigel (Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany) and later published in Todesco et al. (2010) and Rubio-Somoza and Manavella (2011).
The higher classification of the ephemeroptera and its evolutionary basis

The higher classification of the extant Ephemeroptera of the world is reviewed. The suborders Schistonota (to include the Baetoidea, Leptophlebioidea, and Ephemeroidea) and Pannota (to include the Ephemerelloidea, Caenoidea, and Prosopistomatoidea) are introduced and defined on the basis of thoracic structure and other characters. The families Ephemerellidae and Tricorythidae are removed from the Leptophlebioidea and placed as the Ephemerelloidea. The phyletic basis for this classification and the evolutionary history of the superfamilies is presented. The Siphlonuridae and Leptophlebiidae are paraphyletic groups as constituted. All extant mayfly lineages take their origin within the Siphlonuridae and their derivations are discussed. The Leptophlebiidae gave rise to the Ephemeroidea. Classificatory modifications in the makeup of the Siphlonuridae, Siphlaenigmatidae, Baetidae, Ametropodidae, Oligoneuriidae, Ephemerellidae, and Tricorythidae are discussed. On the basis of phyletic intermediacy, the Siphlaenigmatinae is recognized as a subfamily of Baetidae, and the Isonychiinae and Coloburiscinae are recognized as subfamilies of Oligoneuriidae.
A Revision of Lepidocephalichthys (Teleostei: Cobitidae) with Descriptions of Two New Species from Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar

Abstract The genus Lepidocephalichthys is revised and diagnosed as having the seventh and eighth pectoral rays modified in the mature male. Other cobitids have different pectoral rays modified (second ray in Cobitis). The 17 valid species of Lepidocephalichthys are discussed and compared. Fifteen species are redescribed: L. annandalei, L. arunachalensis, L. berdmorei, L. coromandelensis, L. furcatus, L. goalparensis, L. guntea, L. hasselti, L. irrorata, L. jonklaasi, L. lorentzi, L. manipurensis, L. micropogon, L. thermalis, and L. tomaculum; and two new species are described from Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. Lepidocephalichthys kranos, new species, is distinguished from all other Lepidocephalichthys except L. irrorata by having conspicuous scales on top of the head and from L. irrorata by its more anterior dorsal fin placement and larger size. Lepidocephalichthys alkaia, new species, is distinguished from all other Lepidocephalichthys by a dark stripe extending from the snout, through the orbit, and continuing to the terminus of the caudal fin. Acanthophthalmus sandakanensis is reassigned from Lepidocephalichthys to Pangio based on its modified first and second pectoral rays. Sexual dimorphism in Lepidocephalichthys is discussed, as are the validity and taxonomic history of forked-tailed species. Species are illustrated, and a taxonomic key to species is provided.
Vitesse de renouvellement du liquide du rumen mesurée par le polyéthylène glycol et le Co-EDTA à trois niveaux du tube digestif

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Vitesse de renouvellement du liquide du rumen mesurée par le polyéthylène glycol et le Co-EDTA à trois niveaux du tube digestif M. Doreau, Marie-Pierre Le Guen, C. Poncet
Species Distribution Modeling of Berberis aristata in Dabka Watershed, Uttarakhand

Berberis aristata is an economically important plant having medical value and has been under constant threat due to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. Species distribution modeling with different algorithms was used to understand the ecological and geographical distribution of the species in the Himalayan region using various climatic and topographic variables. Using six measures of performance evaluation (threshold-dependent and threshold-independent), the best model in the area was of Environmental Distance. Such studies therefore, will try to define the suitable management strategies (conservation and protection) for the region.
Genetic linkage analysis using pooled DNA and infrared detection of tailed STRP primer patterns

The mapping of a disease locus to a specific chromosomal region is an important step in the eventual isolation and analysis of a disease causing gene. Conventional mapping methods analyze large multiplex families and/or smaller nuclear families to find linkage between the disease and a chromosome marker that maps to a known chromosomal region. This analysis is time consuming and tedious, typically requiring the determination of 30,000 genotypes or more. For appropriate populations, we have instead utilized pooled DNA samples for gene mapping which greatly reduces the amount of time necessary for an initial chromosomal screen. This technique assumes a common founder for the disease locus of interest and searches for a region of a chromosome shared between affected individuals. Our analysis involves the PCR amplification of short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRP) to detect these shared regions. In order to reduce the cost of genotyping, we have designed unlabeled tailed PCR primers which, when combined with a labeled universal primer, provides for an alternative to synthesizing custom labeled primers. The STRP pattern is visualized with an infrared fluorescence based automated DNA sequencer and the patterns quantitated by densitometric analysis of the allele pattern. Differences in the distribution of alleles between pools of affected and unaffected individuals, including a reduction in the number of alleles in the affected pool, indicate the sharing of a region of a chromosome. We have found this method effective for markers 10 - 15 cM away from the disease locus for a recessive genetic disease.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L) POLYPHENOL OXIDASE

Polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) has been purified from Jerusalem artichoke tubers by immobilized copper affinity chromatography. The enzyme is primarily an o-dihydroxyphenol oxidase with apparent Km values of 1.9, 3.5 and 3.9 mM for chlorogenic acid, 4-methylcatechol, and catechol, respectively. Several compounds exhibited inhibitory action for the enzyme in the order of: sodium metabisulfite > sodium diethyldithiocarbamate > 2,3-naphthalenediol > thioglycollate. Multiple forms were identified by gel filtration and SDS-gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: two aggregates with apparent MW of 120 and 86 K and two monomeric subnits of 40–42 and 32–34 K, respectively. Concentration dependent association-dissociation phenomena most likely determine the multimeric state of this enzyme. While the aggregated forms exhibited specificity towards mono-, di- and polyhydroxyphenols, the low MW subunits were found active only with o-dihydroxyphenols. The isoelectric points of the various enzyme species were within the range of 4.0 to 10.0. The enzyme was found to contain appreciable amounts of associated carbohydrate material.
The Effect of Hot Boning Broiler Breast Meat Muscle on Postmortem pH Decline

Abstract A total of four experiments were conducted to determine the influence of hot boning, or prerigor excision of muscle, on the postmortem pH decline of broiler breast (Pectoralis major) meat. Broilers 7 to 9 weeks of age were randomly selected, killed, and paired trials were conducted using one breast half as a control and the other breast half as the test muscle. Muscle pH decline and temperature were monitored over time (for 24 hr) on 1) hot-boned (muscle excised prerigor), 2) severed (muscle cut at the humeral insertion but otherwise left intact on carcass), and 3) intact muscle left on the carcass (control). Results obtained indicate that both hot boning and severing of the breast muscle immediately postmortem resulted in a more gradual pH decline than in control muscles over a 24-hr period. The more gradual decline in the excised and severed muscle indicates a decrease in the rate of anaerobic glycolysis. These differences could not be attributed to differences in muscle temperature decline.
Spatio-Temporal Dispersal Strategies and Annual Plant Species Coexistence in a Structured Landscape

Field observations and models have shown: (1) differences in dispersal and dormancy strategies could account for species coexistence in disturbed environments, (2) small scale disturbances contribute to species coexistence in plant communities, and (3) recolonization success may depend on the spatial pattern of suitable sites for establishment. A spatially explicit, two-species, simulation model was developed to examine the interaction between dispersal strategies, dormancy strategies and small-scale disturbances on the pattern of coexistence of two annual plant species in patchy landscapes. Patchy landscapes with three hierarchical levels of structure were randomly generated and the dynamics for species differing in mean dispersal distance and dormancy strategy was simulated. The results showed that when species differed only in mean dispersal distance, the species with the shorter range dispersal would always displace the other. When disturbances prevented reproduction and activated dormant seeds, then differences in dormancy strategy could result in coexistence of species with different dispersal capabilities. When species differed only in their dormancy rate (i.e., the proportion of dormant seeds produced per year), the range of disturbance intensities allowing coexistence was rather narrow, but differences in the response of species to disturbance (i.e., disturbance-broken seed dormancy versus gradual germination of dormant seeds) allowed coexistence under a wider range of disturbance intensities. These results suggest that differences in the ways species exploit the resources in space and time can mediate coexistence through storage effects. The patterns of coexistence obtained in the simulations were consistent with conclusions of a field study, in species-rich Mediterranean old-fields, about the role for coexistence of the interactions among dispersal and dormancy strategies, spatial heterogeneity, and small-scale disturbances. Coexistence patterns depended on the degree of suitability and the patchiness of the landscapes, mostly in relation to the interactions between landscape structure and mean dispersal distance, but also through complex interactions with dormancy characteristics. Therefore, disturbance regimes are not sufficient for predicting patterns of coexistence, and the unique spatial features of the landscapes need to be taken into account.
Mortality of Grasshoppers Exposed to Beauveria bassiana during Oviposition and Nymphal Emergence

Abstract In a controlled environment, Beauveria bassiana conidia in a sand oviposition substrate caused extensive mortality in ovipositing grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) females, associated males, and subsequently, in emergent nymphs. Population densities of viable conidia at the time of oviposition ranged from 7.2 × 106 to 4.2 × 107 colony-forming units/g dry weight of sand. Abdomens of ovipositing females were heavily infested and many of the conidia were aggregated near or in abdominal intersegmental folds. Mating activity was noticeably reduced 5 days after exposure, and by 9 days, 81 to 100% of the females were dead. Mortality of males due to B. bassiana was delayed relative to females but reached 50 to 100% after 14 days. Females exposed to sand amended with viable or nonviable conidia laid similar numbers of eggs during the first oviposition period (1 to 7 days). However, very few eggs were laid by treated females in the sand containing viable conidia during the second oviposition period (8 to 14 days) due to high mortality. Over the 14-day experimental period, the females exposed to viable conidia produced 57.0% fewer eggs. After emergence, exuvia from vermiform larvae were heavily infested with conidia. Newly emerged nymphs were also infested and the incidence of mycosis was 63.9% after 10 days, compared to 0.13% in the control treatment. Unhatched eggs and egg chorions in sand containing viable conidia were frequently colonized by B. bassiana but the hatchability of the eggs was not affected. This study shows that adult grasshoppers of both sexes and emerging nymphs, but not eggs, are susceptible to infection by B. bassiana in sand and that soil inoculation might provide an alternative method for the application of this entomopathogen for control of grasshoppers.