Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non‐stationary characteristics of intraseasonal precipitation variability in Northeast Asia during the boreal summer

In this study, we examined the non‐stationary characteristics of precipitation variability in Korea on intraseasonal timescales during the boreal summer (June–July–August) for 1979–2017 by analysing the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐interim reanalysis data set. We reconstructed the Korean precipitation variability on intraseasonal timescales in each year using three empirical orthogonal function modes of precipitation anomaly representing northward propagating intraseasonal oscillation from the tropics to subtropics. Then, we compared the reconstructed precipitation variability with the total precipitation variability in Korea. We found that the correlation coefficients between two precipitation variabilities change from year to year, indicating non‐stationary characteristics of intraseasonal precipitation variability contributing to the total precipitation variability. Years, when reconstructed precipitation is highly (less) correlated with total precipitation variability, are characterized by a large (small) amount of total precipitation, an early (late) start of the rainy season and enhanced (reduced) precipitation variability on an intraseasonal timescale. We further examined the reason why the relationship between two variabilities is non‐stationary. A large convective forcing in the western tropical Pacific and the associated atmospheric conditions, including the weakening of Western North Pacific subtropical high with its eastward shift and vertical shear of zonal wind affect the characteristic change of intraseasonal precipitation variability in Korea.
Disparities in physical activity descriptive norms: the case of immigrants and racial/ethnic minorities in New York City

ABSTRACT Descriptive norms – conceptualized as the tendency for individuals to initiate given behaviours because significant others are engaged – have been considered helpful in increasing the uptake of physical activity. Yet, the literature pays little attention to the attainment of descriptive norms among the populations with inadequate levels of physical activity such as racial/ethnic minorities and immigrants. Using a representative survey from New York City, this study aimed to address this void. We found at the bivariate level that immigrants and racial/ethnic minorities (i.e., Black, Hispanic, and Asian) had lower levels of descriptive norms than their native-born and White counterparts. Importantly, such disparities were completely attenuated once socioeconomic status was controlled for, except for Asian Americans. Based on these findings, we provided some policy implications. First, intervention programs may need to prioritize the integration of minority populations. Second, there is the urgent need to create avenues for the social mixing of immigrants and racial/ethnic minorities, which may provide them opportunities to interact and network with those who actively engage in physical activity. Finally, it is important to reduce socioeconomic disparities between foreign-born and native-born populations as well as racial/ethnic minorities and their white counterparts.
Gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor with an effective graphene-based heat removal system

The self-heating effect is a major problem for gallium nitride electronic, optoelectronic and photonic devices. Average temperature increase and non-uniform distribution of dissipated power in the gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor lead to the forming of a hot spot in the vicinity of the conducting channel and to degradation of the drain current, output power and gain, as well as poor reliability. The purpose of this work is to develop the design using numerical simulation and to study the thermal phenomena that occur in the gallium nitride high-electron mobility transistor with a graphene-based heat removal system. The objects of the research are the structures fabricated on sapphire, silicon and silicon carbide substrates. The subject of the research is the electrical, frequency and thermal characteristics of the gallium nitride high-electron mobility transistor with a graphene-based heat removal system. The calculation results show that the integration of a graphene-based heat removal element into the design of the high electron mobility transistor can effectively mitigate the self-heating effect and thus improve the device performance. The advantage of the proposed concept is that the graphene-based heat removal element is structurally connected with a heat sink and aims at removing heat immediately from the maximum temperature region, providing an additional heat escape channel. The obtained results can be used by the electronics industry of the Republic of Belarus for developing the hardware components of gallium nitride power electronics.
Seeding depth in relation to plant development, winter survival, and yield of No-till winter wheat

In the present study, a total of 14 no-till winter wheat field trial were seeded into standing stubble on several Saskatchewan soil types (Aridic, Typic, Vertic and Udic Haploborolls, and Udic Agriborolls) to investigate the effect of seeding depth on plant growth and development. The influence of seeding depth and date on winter wheat growth and development were also investigated in a hand-planted trial on conventional summerfallow. These observations demonstrate that seeding shallow (10-25 mm) at the recommended date is necessary to optimize plant establishment in the fall, minimize the risk of winter damage, and maximize yield potential of no-till winter wheat produced on the Canadian prairies
Two alleles of unc-52 locus disrupting potential cell-binding motif of UNC-52

Figure 1: A: Muscle cell of NK358 pat-3::GFP animal. The dotted lines represent dense bodies (arrows) and straight lines represent M-lines (arrowheads); B: Muscle cell of a pat-3::GFP; unc-52(kq748) animal. The dotted lines represent dense bodies (arrows) and straight lines (arrowheads) represent M-lines. Localization appears similar to Figure 1A; C: Rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin staining of an N2 muscle cell. Actin cytoskeletons along the length of muscle are stained (arrows); D: Rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin staining of an unc-52(kq748) muscle cell. No obvious abnormalities in thin (actin) filaments (arrows) are present. Scale bar = 10 μm. ; E: Thrashing assay results for unc-52 (kq748) (1.4454 average thrashes/second, n=50), unc-52(kq745) (1.339 average thrashes/second, n=50), and N2 wild-type (1.99 average thrashes/second, n=50). * p-value < 0.05 compared to N2 wild-type.
Observations on oetrus and the oestrous cycle in the marsupials Isoodon Macrourus and Perameles nasuta

Observations have been made on oestrus and the oestrous cycle in the bandicoots I. macrourus and P. nasuta caged indoors. Oestrus was diagnosed from a number of criteria, particularly the sexual behaviour of the males. Attempted matings, non-fertile matings and matings leading to pregnancy were restricted to one day of the oestrous cycle, except on one occasion when a male I. macrourus attempted to mate on two consecutive days. The lips of the urogenital opening of the female were usually greatly swollen at oestrus but pouch changes at this time were not detected. Vaginal smears at oestrus usually showed an increase in the number of partly and fully cornified epithelial cells and few, if any, polymorphonuclear leucocytes. During the winter and spring of 1972 and spring of 1973, over 1000 vaginal smears were taken from 29 P. nasuta and about 700 smears were taken from 21 I. macrourus. Information on the length of the oestrous cycle in P. nasuta, using all criteria, was obtained from only nine cycles in eight animals. The cycle length averaged 21 days but the range was from 10 to 34 days. Considerably more information on the length of the cycle was obtained from the smaller number of I. macrourus; the average length of 39 cycles in 15 animals was 20 days, the range being 9-34 days.
Communication-avoiding TT-tensor Orthogonalization and Rounding Procedures

High dimensional data arise in various areas of scientific computing. Parametric PDEs, molecular simulations, and classification are examples among many others [2–4]. For this reason, low-rank tensor approaches gained intensive attention of researchers in recent years. These methods allow to store the data implicitly and perform arithmetic operations on them with a reasonable complexity avoiding the curse of dimensionality. Most of the research focused on the establishment of representation formats and their corresponding arithmetic operations that reduce the floating point operations complexity [1,3,5]. However, few work considered efficient parallel algorithms for tensor computations. In this work, we present communication-avoiding algorithms for tensors represented in tensor train (TT) format. Left and right orthogonalization procedures play an important role in most computations with TT tensors, e.g., during the projection step in the Alternating Least Squares method, rounding of formal structures, etc. We analyze data distribution and communication cost of the orthogonalization and rounding procedures. Due to the sequential scheme of TT tensors with respect to the modes, the performance of parallel algorithms becomes quickly communication bounded when increasing the number of modes, d. To tackle this issue, we use a mixed representation TT-Tucker to which it was pointed out in the literature [5] and introduce a communication-avoiding orthogonalization and rounding corresponding procedures. A factor of d in terms of number of messages is saved with respect to the TT variant. Numerical experiments on large number of processes demonstrate the scalability of the proposed methods.
Efficient implementation and performance improvement of three‐phase EPLL under non‐ideal grid conditions

In this study, an advanced phase-locked-loop (PLL), which has a simple structure and a low computational burden is proposed. The proposed PLL also improves the dynamic performance and the filtering capability of the conventional three-phase enhanced-PLL (3pEPLL) significantly. The conventional 3pEPLL operates three individual EPLL blocks for each phase voltage and a fourth EPLL for estimation of the magnitude, frequency, and phase angle, which considerably increases the structural complexity and computational burden. However, the proposed PLL called enhanced-3pEPLL (E2PLL) employs only two single-phase EPLL modules in its pre-filtering stage. A moving-average-filter (MAF) is also supplemented on the error signal path of these EPLL modules, which allows smoother estimation of the magnitude, frequency, and phase angle, and improves the filtering capability of the EPLLs. Unlike the conventional 3pEPLL, the proposed E2PLL employs a quasi-type-1 PLL (QT1-PLL) to estimate the magnitude, frequency, and phase information of the fundamental grid voltage. The structure of QT1-PLL is similar to a type-1 PLL, which offers a low transient response time. The small-signal model of the proposed PLL is derived for stability analysis and parameter design procedure. The effectiveness of the E2PLL is verified owing to experimental results and comparison with the conventional 3pEPLL and QT1-PLL.
HISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL DEMONSTRATION OF γ-GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY

A simultaneous coupling azo dye method for the histochemical demonstration of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity using the new substrate γ-glutamyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide has been described. The method appears superior to previously reported methods for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and can easily be modified for the electron microscopic localization of the enzyme by bridging osmium to the copper chelate of the azo dye via thiocarbohydrazide. The optimum conditions for the histochemical reaction were developed and the distribution of enzymatic activity in the tissues of the rat is described for light microscopy and with rat pancreas for electron microscopy. The electron-opaque deposits were seen in the endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the zymogen granules in the apical portion of the acinar cell.
Current Sensor Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Encoderless PMSM Drives Based on Single Sliding Mode Observer

In encoderless field-oriented-controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, current sensors may malfunction in harsh working environments. A current sensor fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy with a single sliding mode observer (SMO) is proposed in this article, which can achieve both phase current error construction and rotor position estimation. This strategy can simplify the system structure and reduce the FTC algorithm complexity. By utilizing the current error construction module, the estimated current error can be obtained from the healthy current sensor. The parameter design of the construction module is investigated to improve the performance. The stability and the convergence rate of the observer can be ensured by selecting appropriate sliding mode parameters. As the proposed current error construction module is independent of motor parameters and the SMO is also less affected by the motor parameter variation, the proposed FTC strategy owns satisfactory robustness. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by experiments on a 2.2-kW PMSM drive platform.
Expression of the α5 Integrin Subunit Gene Promoter Is Positively Regulated by the Extracellular Matrix Component Fibronectin through the Transcription Factor Sp1 in Corneal Epithelial Cells in Vitro *

The accumulation of fibronectin (FN) in response to corneal epithelium injury has been postulated to turn on expression of the FN-binding integrin α5β1. In this work, we determined whether the activity directed by the α5 gene promoter can be modulated by FN in rabbit corneal epithelial cells (RCEC). The activity driven by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase/α5 promoter-bearing plasmids was drastically increased when transfected into RCEC grown on FN-coated culture dishes. The promoter sequence mediating FN responsiveness was shown to bear a perfect inverted repeat that we designated the fibronectin-responsive element (FRE). Analyses in electrophoretic mobility shift assays provided evidence that Sp1 is the predominant transcription factor binding the FRE. Its DNA binding affinity was found to be increased when RCEC are grown on FN-coated dishes. The addition of the MEK kinase inhibitor PD98059 abolished FN responsiveness suggesting that alteration in the state of phosphorylation of Sp1 likely accounts for its increased binding to the α5 FRE. The FRE also proved sufficient to confer FN responsiveness to an otherwise unresponsive heterologous promoter. However, site-directed mutagenesis indicated that only the 3′ half-site of the FRE was required to direct FN responsiveness. Collectively, binding of FN to its α5β1 integrin activates a signal transduction pathway that results in the transcriptional activation of the α5 gene likely through altering the phosphorylation state of Sp1.
Looking for the edge: emerging segmentation abilities in atypical development

The ability to extract word-forms from continuous speech plays a crucial role in language acquisition, particularly for vocabulary development. This ability develops differently across languages, and was recently shown to be modulated by prosody: words at prosodic edges are segmented earlier than in utterance-medial position. Studies on word segmentation in atypical development are scarce, and the role of prosody has not been explored. The current study investigated emerging segmentation abilities in European Portuguese (EP)-learning infants with Down Syndrome (DS), and in a mixed group of infants at-risk for language impairment (AR). We examined whether prosody facilitated word segmentation, as previously shown for EP typically developing infants (TD), and whether segmentation abilities correlated with concurrent language skills. DS, unlike AR infants, did not segment either at prosodic edge or medial position. AR, like TD, successfully segmented at the edge only, but unlike TD did not show the emergence of segmentation in medial position. Both DS and AR infants’ segmentation abilities at the prosodic edge were correlated with concurrent vocabulary scores measured with the CDI. Our findings demonstrate that prosody drives early segmentation abilities, and that segmentation abilities and receptive and expressive language skills are closely linked in atypical development.
Technological Socialization and Digital Inclusion: Understanding Digital Literacy Biographies among Young People in Madrid

The main goal of this article is to analyze young people’s technological socialization experiences to build a comprehensive model of the distinctive digital literacies interwoven with their biographies. Considering that digital accessibility is a necessary but not sufficient condition for inclusion, we identify which types of digital literacies are linked to the acquisition of digital competencies, confidence, and dispositions towards the incorporation of ICTs into daily activities; on the other hand, we also identify digital literacies that might engender motivated processes of self-exclusion from the digital realm, therefore reinforcing subjects’ digital exclusion. Methodologically, this article is based on 30 in-depth biographically-oriented qualitative interviews with young people living in the region of Madrid, Spain. Regarding results, four techno-social dimensions are proposed—motivation, degree of formality, degree of sociality, and type of technological domestication—to construct a typology of four ideal forms of digital literacy: unconscious literacy, self-motivated literacy, professional literacy, and social support. To achieve digital inclusion, self-motivation towards using digital technologies is mandatory, but social practices, academic and professional literacy might work as a secondary socialization process that enhance subjects’ affinity with ICTs. Nevertheless, the effect of social support is ambivalent: It could promote digital inclusion among people already interested in digital technologies, but it could also lead to dynamics of self-exclusion among people who are not confident regarding their digital competencies or disinterested in ICTs.
Oviposition Site Selection in Three Glass Frog Species

Oviposition site selection is critical for the reproductive success of oviparous organisms. We investigated oviposition site selection in three species of glass frogs—Espadarana prosoblepon, Hyalinobatrachium valerioi, and Teratohyla spinosa—in northeastern Costa Rica. We conducted nocturnal visual encounter surveys to estimate glass frog egg mass abundance and characterize oviposition site features in streams of three different habitats (pasture, secondary forest, and mature forest). Our results show differential oviposition site selection among all three species depending on vegetation and stream features. Hyalinobatrachium valerioi and T. spinosa, which oviposit almost exclusively on the underside of leaves, selected smooth leaves, while E. prosoblepon, which oviposits on the upper side of leaves or in moss, used moss eight times more than expected on the basis of availability. Hyalinobatrachium valerioi was found on larger leaves than T. spinosa and E. prosoblepon. Teratohyla spinosa and E. prosoblepon both oviposited most frequently above slow-moving water, while H. valerioi oviposited most frequently above fast-moving water. Espadarana prosoblepon was the only species affected by habitat type and had higher abundances of egg masses in mature forest than in secondary forest and pasture. Our results suggest that microhabitat plays a larger role in oviposition site selection than larger habitat classification. We propose that appropriate riparian microhabitat is a critical factor in sustaining glass frog populations in modified habitats and highlight the importance of preserving riparian corridors in altered landscapes.
Multilevel Modeling and the Explanatory Autonomy of Psychology

This article argues for the explanatory autonomy of psychology drawing on cases from the multilevel modeling practice. This is done by considering a multilevel linear model in personality and social psychology, and discussing its philosophical implications for the reductionism debate in philosophy of psychology. I argue that this practice challenges the reductionist position in philosophy of psychology, and supports the explanatory autonomy of psychology.
Learning to Anticipate Contrast with Prosody: A Visual World Study with L2 Learners

This study tested how L2 learners use contrastive accent to anticipate upcoming information during instructed visual search. In two visual-world eye-tracking experiments, we compared the processing patterns between native English speakers and Japanese learners of English. Participants’ eye-movements were recorded and analyzed to investigate whether listeners reached the correct target object faster when the sentence carried contrastive accent (L+H*) on the adjective in an adjective-noun pair (e.g., First, find the red cat. Next, find the PURPLE L+H* cat ) compared to the condition in which the adjective carried new information accent (H*). The results showed that the use of contrastive L+H* accent led anticipatory looks to the target object both with native speakers and with L2 learners. In addition, the difference between the two types of prosody was increased in the final block of the experiment for L2 learners. This indicates that L2 learners learned to use the contrastive function of prosody in processing more as the experiment advanced by associating the phonetic features of L+H* with a contrastive interpretation with increased exposure.
Uses of coded data in study of Calothrix and Rivularia

Data concerning the morphology of 100 species of Calothrix and Rivularia have been coded and stored on a computer file, and then used for a variety of comparisons using two different association coefficients. A table of nearest neighbours shows that the values for the association coefficients are sometimes so high that the use of one of the binomials seems superfluous. With the simple matching coefficient, SSM , ten pairs of nearest neighbours (including two pairs showing the reciprocal relationship) combine one species of Calothrix with one of Rivularia, rather than two species from the same genus. Three different types of data are compared with a master set of coded data: new taxa in a recent paper, named strains from culture collections and field populations of Rivularia collected by us. In each case only a minority of names indicated by conventional taxonomy correspond to the names indicated by comparison with the coded data.
Implementation of Hybrid Deep Learning Model (LSTM-CNN) for Ionospheric TEC Forecasting Using GPS Data

Prominent advances in the field of artificial intelligence during the past decade and the breakthrough of deep learning would be useful for investigating ionospheric weather using ground and space-based ionospheric sensors data. The significance of deep learning algorithms needs to be assessed in forecasting the low latitude ionospheric disturbances (delays) for the global positioning system (GPS) signals. Total electron content (TEC) data sets prepared by taking advantage of GPS satellite radio frequency (RF) signals. This letter provides the application of deep learning models, long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and a hybrid model that consists of LSTM combined with convolution neural network (CNN) to forecast the ionospheric delays for GPS signals. The deep learning models implemented using the vertical TEC (VTEC) time-series data estimated from GPS measurements over Bengaluru, Guntur, and Lucknow GPS stations. The LSTM-CNN model performs well when compared to other ionospheric deep learning forecasting algorithms with minimum root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.5 TEC units (TECUs) and a high degree of $R^{2} = 0.99$ .