Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THY1 IS A CONSERVED MARKER OF SPERMATOGONIAL STEM CELLS IN THE PRE-PUBERTAL BULL TESTIS

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the precursors of sperm and their ability to self-renew and differentiate provides the foundation for sustaining spermatogenesis. Culture and transplantation of SSCs in bulls has the potential to enhance the efficiency of cattle production and provide a novel avenue for generation of transgenic animals. Because of their rarity, these techniques depend on the ability to isolate SSCs from the total testis cell population. However, this capability is currently unavailable for any livestock species. In both the mouse and nonhuman primate, SSCs express the cell surface molecule Thy1 and selection of Thy1+ cells from the total testis cell population results in SSC-enrichment. In this study, the hypothesis that Thy1 is a conserved marker of SSCs in the bull testis was tested. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the Thy1+ cell fraction comprises a rare subpopulation of cells in the testis of prepubertal bulls. Next, Thy1+ cells were isolated from prepubertal bull testes using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and further examined for characteristics of the proliferating spermatogonial population. Expression of Plzf, a transcription factor expressed exclusively by proliferating spermatogonia, was highly enriched in isolated Thy1+ cells compared to the unselected total testis cell population. Further analysis revealed that the majority of cells in the isolated Thy1+ testis cell population are Plzf+. Lastly, xenogeneic transplantation of bull testis cells into seminiferous tubules of immunodeficient nude mice resulted in a greater than 6-fold increase of germ cell colonies from Thy1+ cells compared to the unselected total testis cell population. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Thy1 is a marker of SSCs in the prepubertal bull testis and isolation of Thy1+ cells produces an SSC-enriched fraction compared to the total testis cell population. iii
How to Dance Harlem Shake in Finland - Creating a Video Project

The purpose of the study is to introduce the video project, Harlem Shake and questions that are related to its descriptions, editing, video making and pedagogy. The presentation is divided into three parts: planning, realization and evaluation. In the study, the use of videos in an educational context is considered. Research Questions are: How was the video project, Harlem Shake created at the University of Helsinki? What factors must be taken into consideration regarding music, pictures, and marketing? What statistical data can be concluded about the video? What are the pedagogical dimensions of the video project? What kinds of information and marketing-related factors must be taken into account when making videos? The Research method is a case study research where planning, realization and evaluation of a video project are analysed. Stimulated recall is used as an actual research method. The results show that a video project requires much work, planning, implementation and evaluation. The editor devises personal solutions to artistic and other questions. There are innumerable options. The making of the video gives many kinds of opportunities and has become one part of teaching. The videos are a part of the culture of children and
PROOF OF UNSATISFIABILITY OF ATOM SETS BASED ON COMPUTATION BY EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMATION RULES

Equivalent Transformation (ET) rules can be used to construct correct sequential and parallel programs, as they are inherently correct. One important method for making ET rules uses logical formulas. Among logical formulas, unsatisfiable conjunctions of finite atoms, each of which is represented by an atom set in this paper, are especially useful for making many ET rules that are used for constructing efficient programs. This paper proposes a method of proving unsatisfiability of an atom set based on computation by ET rules. The proposed method is recursive, in the sense that, during proving the given atom set, it may find a new atom set based on subset relation or inductive structure. Since our proposed method incorporates search based on subset and inductive relations, it can be used to prove unsatisfiability of various atom sets that cannot be proven by conventional methods.
The Random Walk Hypothesis Pertaining to Stock Prices in India: A Firm Level Analysis

Modelling various financial variables involving time series data have received greater attention among economists and policy makers across economies. Random walk model is one among such model which has widely applied pertaining to stock prices and other time series data. However, this paper applies a different dimension of the model for stock prices using firm level data in the Indian context. Daily adjusted closing prices of A rated 33 companies, spread across, different categories of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Mumbai, have been used to tests whether stock prices follow random walk process or not. Perhaps this is a unique piece of study of RWM which applies to firm level data. Applying various unit root tests such Dickey and Fuller, Ng-Perron etc. The study finds sufficient evidence that stock prices of various firms supports random walk hypothesis during the study period and conclude that, it is practically difficult to predict the stock price based on past observations. Stock price do follow random walk process mainly due to firm specific factors apart from economic and financial factors.
Agricultural Efficiency and Labor Supply to Common Property Resource Collection: Lessons from Rural Mexico

Most common property resource (CPR) collection in developing countries occurs in imperfect market environments, in which endogenous prices link the economic returns in non-resource activities (i.e., agriculture) with effort supplied to CPR collection. A model of an imperfectly integrated rural household demonstrates the theoretically ambiguous connection between agricultural productivity and resource collection. Using unique panel data from rural Mexico, we find evidence that households with higher agricultural efficiency supply less labor to CPR collection. Interventions that raise agricultural productivity thus may complement resource conservation efforts.
Attachment to forests in Romania: does a history of collectivism make a difference?

Forests in Romania are facing significant environmental problems. Due to the large transformations the forestry sector has undergone as a result of the communist period, sustainable forest management is highly relevant. Rural communities, who are dependent on the forests for their daily livelihood, need to be included in discussions regarding sustainable forest management. This paper calls for the need of understanding how these transformations have affected rural people’s attachment to the forests that have been for such a long time taken away from them. Two types of rural communities can be distinguished, those affected by collectivisation of agricultural land and those not. This paper addresses the functional and emotional attachment to the local forests of a former collectivized and of a non-collectivized community. We found that people in both communities are functionally attached to the forest, through a range of social benefits, mostly ‘recreation’ and ‘healthiness’, and economic benefits, especially the use of wood. Attachment was negative thru the economic detriments ‘decrease of wood availability’, ‘high costs of forest management’, ‘wood theft’ and ‘ineffective forest regime’. People in both communities are emotionally attached to the forest through feelings triggered mostly by a sense of kinship with family members. As a final conclusion, in the former collectivized rural areas, people are less attached to the forest compared to people in the non-collectivized rural areas and these differences can be linked to the transformations triggered by the former collectivisation process, but also to the weak regulation of the privatized forests, the limited financial possibilities and access restrictions.
Estimating the Revealed Inflation Target: An Application to U.S. Monetary Policy

This paper proposes a new method of estimating the Taylor rule with a time-varying implicit inflation target and a time-varying natural rate of interest. The inflation target and the natural rate are modelled as random walks and are estimated using maximum likelihood and the Kalman filter. I apply this method to U.S. monetary policy over the last 25 years to understand how the Federal Reserveâ€™s target has varied during this broadly successful period. Stability tests indicate significant time variation in the implicit target. In the early 1980s, during the Volcker disinflation, the inflation target is near 3%. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the target is close to actual inflation of 3-4% and only declines once the 1990-91 recession reduces inflation to 1-2%, corroborating historical evidence of an â€œopportunistic approach to disinflation. â€ Finally, over 2001-2004, the target rises to 2-3%, behaviour that can be interpreted as a response the risks of hitting the zero bound on nominal interest rates
Tjandra Mathematical Modelling of Evacuation Problems : A State of Art Berichte

This paper details models and algorithms which can be applied to evacuation problems. While it concentrates on building evacuation many of the results are applicable also to regional evacuation. All models consider the time as main parameter, where the travel time between components of the building is part of the input and the overall evacuation time is the output. The paper distinguishes between macroscopic and microscopic evacuation models both of which are able to capture the evacuees' movement over time. Macroscopic models are mainly used to produce good lower bounds for the evacuation time and do not consider any individual behavior during the emergency situation. These bounds can be used to analyze existing buildings or help in the design phase of planning a building. Macroscopic approaches which are based on dynamic network ow models (minimum cost dynamic ow, maximum dynamic ow, universal maximum ow, quickest path and quickest ow) are described. A special feature of the presented approach is the fact, that travel times of evacuees are not restricted to be constant, but may be density dependent. Using multicriteria optimization priority regions and blockage due to re or smoke may be considered. It is shown how the modelling can be done using time parameter either as discrete or continuous parameter. Microscopic models are able to model the individual evacuee's characteristics and the interaction among evacuees which in uence their movement. Due to the corresponding huge amount of data one uses simulation approaches. Some probabilistic laws for individual evacuee's movement are presented. Moreover ideas to model the evacuee's movement using cellular automata (CA) and resulting software are presented. In this paper we will focuss on macroscopic models and only summarize some of the results of the microscopic approach. While most of the results are applicable to general evacuation situations, we concentrate on building evacuation.
The effect of different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol as cryoprotectant in preserving Vero cells.

Different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol were used for cryopreservation of Vero cells. After total cell count Vero cells were preserved in liquid nitrogen. Two frozen stocks were made simultaneously from the cell suspensions of same concentrations using DMSO or glycerol at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15%. After six months of cryopreservation both frozen stocks were used providing same nutrients and environment for the viability of the Vero cells. The cell viability analysis was performed immediately after thawing by Trypan Blue Exclusion Test. Both cryoprotectants showed a protective effect on Vero cells. When Glycerol was used, a maximum cell viability rate of 89.4% and a lowest cell viability rate of 63% were achieved at concentrations of 10% and 2.5%, respectively. On the other hand, DMSO at a concentration of 10% had the highest effect on cryoprotectivity and showed highest cell viability (75%), while at 15% concentration it showed the lowest cell viability (53%). It is suggested that DMSO and glycerol are appropriate protective materials for the cryopreservation of Vero cells. The solutions at concentration of 10% of DMSO and glycerol could be the best choice of cryoprotectant for long-term (6 months) preservation of Vero cells. Bangl. vet . 2016. Vol. 33, No. 1, 1-7
Interactive comment on “Dust optical properties over North Africa and Arabian Peninsula derived from the AERONET dataset” by D. Kim et al

The authors describe optical properties of mineral dust over North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula as derived from AERONET observations. The presented results may well contribute to the understanding of variability in dust optical properties from samples, observations and remote sensing. It gives clear evidence that there is a lot of variability e.g. in absorption also within dust observed at one station with the same method. The paper is well written and easy to follow. Besides the minor comments listed below, I have two major comments regarding the manuscript and the analyses and interpretations presented.
Biodegradable hollow fibres containing drug-loaded nanoparticles as controlled release systems

A 'multiple' delivery system was studied, consisting of hollow microfibres containing drug- loaded nanoparticles. Both fibres and nanoparticles are made of biodegradable polymers, so that the system does not need any surgical operation to be removed. The main advantage of the system is that it allows the contemporaneous release of different kinds of drugs. Copolymers of poly(lactic acid) and e e-caprolactone were used for the preparation of the fibres through both wet and dry-wet spinning procedures. Two types of nanoparticles, gelatin and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles, were prepared by simple water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, respectively. Drugs such as dexametha- sone and methotrexate were used to load the particles. The technique employed for the preparation of the nanoparticles filled fibres was described and the drug release characteristics of this system were investigated and compared with those of the free nanoparticles. # 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Exercise for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Evidence

Diabetes mellitus is a public health problem in both developed and developing countries and has increased alarmingly, giving the disease the dimension of an epidemic. The aetiology of diabetes is multifactorial involving genetic, environmental, and behavioural origins. Exercise is an important part for the management of diabetes mellitus. Regularly planned exercise reduces insulin resistance, improves glucose tolerance, improves lipid profile and increases cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary function. This article critically reviews the more relevant evidence on the interrelationships between exercise and diabetes mellitus. This study included bibliography research from both the review and the research literatures on exercise in diabetes mellitus. From this review it appears that the effects of aerobic exercise are well established, and interventions with more vigorous aerobic exercise programmes resulted in greater reductions in HbA1c, greater increase in oxygen consumption and greater increase in insulin sensitivity. Considering the available evidence, it appears that resistance training could be an effective intervention to help glycaemic control, especially considering that the effects of this form of intervention are comparable with what is reported with aerobic exercise. It is well established that physical activity produces general and specific health benefits for diabetic patients. The basic principles of an effective exercise programme are the intensity, duration and frequency of exercise in an appropriate environment. Usually, moderate-intensity and long-duration exercise programmes are considered most suitable for diabetic patients. As it is supported by published evidence, encouragement to adopt increased physical activity and reduction of sedentary behaviour is a successful public health approach for diabetes mellitus prevention and management. Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 99-108 DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2. 16133
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of HD 76534

We present the first Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE ) spectrum of HD 76534, a Herbig Be star. Here we focus on the analysis of the H 2 absorption lines which allow to quantify the gaseous content along the line of sight. This analysis evidences large amounts of cold and warm H 2 toward the star. We demonstrate that the H 2 is bound to HD 76534 and we argue that it is likely distributed in a circumstellar envelope. In addition, the present study gives clues for the existence of common properties for the circumstellar H 2 of Herbig Ae/Be stars.
PROPAGATION OF SOME ENDANGERED INDIGENOUS TREES FROM THE SOUTH NANDI DISTRICT OF KENYA USING CHEAP, NON-MIST TECHNOLOGY

Vegetative propagation studies were carried out at Maseno University, Kenya in the year 2004 and 2005 using stem cuttings on three endangered indigenous tree species namely Asystasia schimperi, carissa edulis and Toddalia asiatica to test the effect of IBA on rooting of the stem cuttings of these plant species. Juvenile stem cuttings of these plant species were dipped in different concentrations of auxin (indole Butyric Acid (IBA) of 0, 100 ppm, 200ppm, 400ppm and 500ppm. Completely, randomized design (C.R.D) was used and the treatments replicated three times in a non mist polypropagator. The treated cuttings were planted in polythene pots. The duration of the experiment was four months. Data taken were plant height, number of leaves and number of rooted cuttings every 2 weeks. Data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated by L.S. D at 5% significance level. The results showed that hormone concentration, species and date of sampling affected the number of rooted plants, plant height and number of leaves Asystasia schimperi had the best rooting and subsequent plant growth followed by Carissa edulis and lastly Toddalia asiatica. It can be concluded that Asystasia schimperi and Toddalia asiatica can be propagated by stem cuttings easily hence farmers can cultivate them.
A COMPARISON OF ACCURACIES OF THE RPC MODELS: HOMO- AND HETERO-TYPE STEREO PAIRS OF GEOEYE AND WORLDVIEW IMAGES

We investigated the accuracy in three dimensional geo-positioning derived by two homo-type stereo pairs and four hetero-type stereo pairs of high resolution satellite images using the vendor-provided rational polynomial coefficients (RPC) in this research. The results of 3D geo-positioning from six different stereo combinations were assessed with seventeen GPS points which were commonly well distributed in the scenes. Recently, satellite image vendors provide homo-type stereo pair images taken by the same sensor during a short time period. Stereo pair images have good geometry for achieving accurate ground coordinates. However it is difficult to acquire them at the request time because of the revisit time of the satellite and current weather conditions. Due to these reasons, a new methodology using hetero-type stereo pairs has been suggested to derive ground coordinates. High resolution satellite images include the rational function model in the form of RPC which represents the relationship between the image coordinates and object coordinates with rational polynomials. RPC makes it fast, accurate, and simple to calculate ground coordinates without any exterior orientation parameters of satellites. We constituted six different stereo pairs from four images of GeoEye-1 in-track stereo pair images and WorldView-2 in-track stereo pair images which were collected for the same region (17.5 km x 10.0 km) of the west coast in Korea. We collected GCPs by differential GPS surveying. The ground coordinates derived from six different pairs without and with some GCPs were compared to all GPS points respectively. The accuracy of ground coordinates from hetero-type stereo pairs is equivalent to the accuracy from homo-type stereo pairs. This research demonstrates that we can achieve comparatively accurate ground coordinates without GCPs using any stereo combinations of images containing proper RPCs, although we don't have in-track stereo pair images. Furthermore, some proper combinations of images with GCPs can improve the positioning accuracy.
Layer-by-Layer Polypyrrole Coated Graphite Oxide and Graphene Nanosheets as Catalyst Support Materials for Fuel Cells

For the production of advanced types of catalyst support materials, the distinguished properties of graphene nanosheets were combined with the structural properties of conducting polypyrrole by the incorporation of graphene nanosheets into a polymer matrix by the proposed simple and low-cost fabrication technique. A precise tuning of electrical conductivity and thermal stability was achieved by controlling the polymer thickness of randomly dispersed graphene nanosheets. Initially, graphene nanosheets were fabricated in large quantities via a mild chemical synthetic route involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic treatment, and chemical reduction. Then, polypyrrole/graphene nanosheet composites with improved conductivity, thermal stability, and high surface area were synthesized by in situ polymerization with the different pyrrole feed ratios. Although graphite oxide sheets have electrically insulating property, partially oxidized graphite oxide was also utilized as conductive fillers in polymer matrix. However, polypyrrole/graphene nanosheet composites have better electrical conductivity than polypyrrole/graphite oxide composites.
Vanishing coccolith vital effects with alleviated carbon limitation

Abstract. By recreating a range of geologically relevant concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the laboratory, we demonstrate that the magnitude of the vital effects in both carbon and oxygen isotopes of coccolith calcite of multiple species relates to ambient DIC concentration. Under high DIC levels, all the examined coccoliths exhibit significantly reduced isotopic offsets from inorganic calcite compared to the substantial vital effects expressed at low (preindustrial and present-day) DIC concentrations. The supply of carbon to the cell exerts a primary control on biological fractionation in coccolith calcite via the modulation of coccolithophore growth rate, cell size and carbon utilisation by photosynthesis and calcification, altogether accounting for the observed interspecific differences between coccolith species. These laboratory observations support the recent hypothesis from field observations that the appearance of interspecific vital effect in coccolithophores coincides with the long-term Neogene decline of atmospheric CO2 concentrations and bring further valuable constraints by demonstrating a convergence of all examined species towards inorganic values at high pCO2 regimes. This study provides palaeoceanographers with a biogeochemical framework that can be utilised to further develop the use of calcareous nannofossils in palaeoceanography to derive sea surface temperature and pCO2 levels, especially during periods of relatively elevated pCO2 concentrations, as they prevailed during most of the Meso-Cenozoic.