Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of Deep Centers in Conducting Gallium Arsenide

A technique has been developed for determining the properties of deep centers in conducting, n‐type gallium arsenide. A Schottky barrier is produced at the surface by means of a blocking contact of gold or electrolyte. A reverse bias is applied and the ionization of deep centers in the dark causes the barrier capacitance to change with time. After this, electrons may be injected into the barrier by strongly absorbed light and captured by the deep centers that have previously ionized. Again, the kinetics of the process can be determined from measurements of the barrier capacitance as a function of time. The concentration, energy level, and capture cross section of the dominant center have been determined. It is a donor lying 0.74 eV below the conduction band edge and typically present in concentrations around 1016/cm3. From capture‐cross‐section data it appears to be negatively charged when occupied. This property is sufficient to limit minority‐carrier lifetimes to very small values.
A Preliminary Study on Reproduction and Development of Bushymouth Catfish (Ancistrus dolichopterus) in Aquarium Conditions

Dwarf suckermouth catfish are preferred especially for small aquariums. They are usually referred to as tank cleaners and commonly traded in the ornamental fish sector. Since these fish are nocturnal, it is difficult to observe their reproductive behavior and larval development. This study was carried out to determine the reproductive variables of bushymouth catfish (Ancistrus dolichopterus) under aquarium conditions. Three broodstocks bushymouth catfish with an average initial weight and a total length of 10.5±0.3 g and 9.5±0.2 cm were stocked in three 240-L aquariums with the ratio of 1:2 (male: female). The observations were made in triplicate tanks for six months. Females laid an average of 39.78±0.41 eggs and fertilization and hatching rates were 75.05% and 62.94%, respectively. It was found that the transition time from egg to apparently larval stage was 105.28 h, and bushymouth catfish showed an indistinguishable development from the hatching to juvenile stage without a real larval transition stage. The results of the study provide basic information on the reproductive performance and early development of bushymouth catfish.
NANCY: Combining Adversarial Networks with Cycle-Consistency for Robust Multi-Modal Image Registration

—Multimodal image registration is a profoundly complex task which is why deep learning has been used widely to address it in recent years. However, two main challenges remain: Firstly, the lack of ground truth data calls for an unsupervised learning approach, which leads to the second challenge of deﬁning a feasible loss function that can compare two images of different modalities to judge their level of alignment. To avoid this issue altogether we implement a generative adversarial network consisting of two registration networks G AB , G BA and two discrimination networks D A , D B connected by spatial transformation layers. G AB learns to generate a deformation ﬁeld which registers an image of the modality B to an image of the modality A. To do that, it uses the feedback of the discriminator D B which is learning to judge the quality of alignment of the registered image B. G BA and D A learn a mapping from modality A to modality B. Additionally, a cycle-consistency loss is implemented. For this, both registration networks are employed twice, therefore resulting in images ˆ A, ˆ B which were registered to ˜ B, ˜ A which were registered to the initial image pair A, B. Thus the resulting and initial images of the same modality can be easily compared. A dataset of liver CT and MRI was used to evaluate the quality of our approach and to compare it against learning and non-learning based registration algorithms. Our approach leads to dice scores of up to 0 . 80 ± 0 . 01 and is therefore comparable to and slightly more successful than algorithms like SimpleElastix and VoxelMorph.
The complete mitochondrial genome of Amyda cartilaginea (Testudines: Trionychidae)

Abstract The Asiatic softshell turtle, also known as the black-rayed softshell turtle (Amyda cartilaginea; Accession no: MT039230), is found in northeastern India (Mizoram), Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. This turtle is thought to have been introduced into the Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, and Yunnan, China, through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Herein, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of A. cartilaginea for the first time using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The assembled mitogenome was 16,763 bp in length and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), and one control region (CR). The PCGs based maximum-likelihood phylogeny discriminated A. cartilaginea from other Testudines and clusters within family Trionychidae with the sister taxa of Nilssonia nigricans.
Fast synthesis method and phase diagram of hydrogen clathrate hydrate

We report a very fast method for hydrogen clathrate production. The formation of hydrogen clathrate from H2 gas and ice-Ih at 77–273K occurs at least 100 times faster compared to the reaction with water. This effect is probably the result of a partial penetration of hydrogen into the ice-Ih body, which favors clathrate formation. With the ice method, the ice-Ih∕48H2*136H2O system can quickly trap and release up to 3.77 mass % of hydrogen, which gives it an advantage over other chemical-bonding hydrogen storage technologies. New data on the hydrogen-water phase diagram are presented and discussed.
Hypervalent iodine oxidation of 1-phenyl-3-arylpyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde oximes: a facile and efficient synthesis of new 3,4-bis(1-phenyl-3-arylpyrazolyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole-N-oxides

Oxidation of pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde oximes 2 with iodobenzene diacetate leads to dimerization of initially formed nitrile oxides, thereby offering an easy and efficient method for the synthesis of new 3,4-bis(1-phenyl-3-arylpyrazolyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole-N-oxides (4).
Kinetics of the high-temperature reaction of sulfur dioxide with calcium oxide particles using gas-phase Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The reaction of SO 2 with CaO particles (size ∼ 4 μm), at temperatures between 100 and 1000°C, in both the presence and absence of O 2 , has been investigated by using gas-phase FTIR spectroscopy of SO 2 . By analyzing the time dependence of the fractional capture of SO 2 up to 1 min at each temperature, it is concluded that diffusion through the product layer is the controlling step for this reaction at all temperatures investigated
Assessment of the Proteolytic Activity of α-Chymotrypsin Immobilized on Colloidal Particles by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

The immobilization of enzymes on solid materials is a promising strategy in biotechnological applications and proteomics. It can improve the enzymes’ stability, and enables a more convenient handling, easy separation from the reaction solution, and cyclic reuse of the enzymes. In order to investigate the proteolytic properties of a particle-bound protease, chymotrypsin was covalently immobilized on silica and alumina colloidal particles. The enzymatic activity of the bound chymotrypsin at different times, in consecutive proteolytic cycles, and after storage up to several weeks was investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). Using this approach, the proteolysis products were identified without using artificial protease substrates or intermediate chemicals. Lysozyme was used as a model protein to perform enzymatic digestion using immobilized chymotrypsin and the peptides generated from the proteolytic digestion were determined. Compared to the activity of chymotrypsin applied for the immobilization reactions, more active chymotrypsin was bound to alumina (between 1 and 10% of the initial concentration) than to silica (below 1%) colloidal particles. Compared to an excess of unbound chymotrypsin, the digestion of lysozyme was slower with chymotrypsin immobilized on colloidal particles and only 60% of the maximal amounts of lysozyme peptides were detected. The proteolytic activity of chymotrypsin immobilized on colloidal particles was maintained during storage at room temperature for up to at least seven weeks, while it was lowered during consecutive digestions.
Duration of Pre‐university Education and Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Quasi‐experiment in Ghana

This paper provides new evidence on the causal effect of shortening the duration of pre-university education on long-term labour market outcomes in Ghana. We use the education reform of 1987 as a natural experiment, which reduced the years of education prior to university from 17 to 12 years. Our identification strategy uses a regression discontinuity design, taking advantage of the situation that pre- and post-reform birth cohorts entered the labour market around the same time, thus facing similar conditions.
Extended Physics-informed Neural Networks (XPINNs): A Generalized Space-Time Domain Decomposition based Deep Learning Framework for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

We propose a generalized space-time domain decomposition framework for the physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to solve nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) on arbitrary complex-geometry domains. The proposed framework, named eXtended PINNs ( XPINNs ), further pushes the boundaries of both PINNs as well as conservative PINNs (cPINNs), which is a recently proposed domain decomposition approach in the PINN framework tailored to conservation laws. Compared to PINN, the XPINN method has large representation and parallelization capacity due to the inherent property of deployment of multiple neural networks in the smaller subdomains. Unlike cPINN, XPINN can be extended to any type of PDEs. Moreover, the domain can be decomposed in any arbitrary way (in space and time), which is not possible in cPINN. Thus, XPINN offers both space and time parallelization, thereby reducing the training cost more effectively. In each subdomain, a separate neural network is employed with optimally selected hyperparameters, e.g., depth/width of the network, number and location of residual points, activation function, optimization method, etc. A deep network can be employed in a subdomain with complex solution, whereas a shallow neural network can be used in a subdomain with relatively simple and smooth solutions. We demonstrate the versatility of XPINN by solving both forward and inverse PDE problems, ranging from one-dimensional to three-dimensional problems, from time-dependent to time-independent problems, and from continuous to discontinuous problems, which clearly shows that the XPINN method is promising in many practical problems. The proposed XPINN method is the generalization of PINN and cPINN approaches, both in terms of applicability as well as domain decomposition approach, which efﬁciently lends itself to parallelized computation. The XPINN code will be available on https://github.com/AmeyaJagtap/XPINNs .
First 3-D grid-based gas-dust simulations of circumstellar disks with an embedded planet

Substructures are ubiquitous in high resolution (sub-)millimeter continuum observations of circumstellar disks. They are possibly caused by forming planets embedded in their disk. To investigate the relation between observed substructures and young planets, we perform novel three-dimensional two-fluid (gas+1-mm-dust) hydrodynamic simulations of circumstellar disks with embedded planets (Neptune-, Saturn-, Jupiter-, 5 Jupiter-mass) at different orbital distances from the star (5.2AU, 30AU, 50AU). We turn these simulations into synthetic (sub)millimeter ALMA images. We find that all but the Neptune-mass planet open annular gaps in both the gas and the dust component of the disk. We find that the temporal evolution of the dust density distribution is distinctly different from the gas’. For example, the planets cause significant vertical stirring of the dust in the circumstellar disk which opposes the vertical settling. This creates a thicker dust disk than disks without a planet. We find that this effect greatly influences the dust masses derived from the synthetic ALMA images. Comparing the dust disk masses in the 3D simulations and the ones derived from the 2D ALMA synthetic images, we find the former to be a factor of a few (up to 10) larger, pointing to that real disks might be significantly more massive than previously thought based on ALMA continuum images using the optically thin assumption and equation. Finally, we analyze the synthetic ALMA images and provide an empirical relationship between the planet mass and the width of the gap in the ALMA images, including the effects of the beam size.
EXPLOSIVE POWER IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Explosive power in basketball is manifested through various variants of jumps, starting acceleration, sudden changes in direction, deceleration, sudden stops and passing. The aim of this research is to identify and sum up the relevant literature published in the period from 2000 to 2019, focusing on the explosive power of basketball players, and to explain relations between training programs and explosive power development. The results confirmed that explosive power is a significant characteristic of professional basketball players and one of the most important factors for achieving top results. The results show that in spite of the inborn coefficient, the development of explosive power can be realized through planned, rational and well-organized training. A positive correlation was determined between explosive power and running at short distances, jumps and throwing, as well as between explosive power and lean body mass in basketball players of different ages. It is necessary to give greater attention to the training of explosive power, because it is an effective means that contributes to the efficiency of the basketball player.
The challenges of curtailing the outbreak and spread of Lassa fever in Nigeria

In Nigeria, the Lassa Fever outbreak of 2015 had been persistent up till the present (end of 2019), with significant mortality and morbidity. The epidemiology of Lassa Fever is gradually changing towards assuming an endemic dimension despite several evidence-based efforts taken by stakeholders towards disease control. Several challenges militate against prevention and control efforts. These are related to environmental and climatic factors, poor knowledge risk perception and preventive practices among community members and health care workers, poor diagnosis and treatments of the disease. It is doubtful that Nigeria could successfully win the war against Lassa Fever without surmounting the challenges identified in this review article. The efforts to curtail Lassa Fever would yield significant reduction in prevalence if these challenges militating against prevention and control are removed. This would require collaborative efforts among all stakeholders that are relevant to this task, and Governments creating an enabling environment for prevention and control efforts to thrive.
Clustering based feature selection using Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM)

High dimensional data contains a large number of features. With a large number of features, high dimensional data requires immense computational resources, including space and time. Several studies indicate that not all features of high dimensional data are relevant to classification results. Dimensionality reduction is inevitable and is required due to classifier performance improvement. Several studies of dimensionality reduction techniques had been carried out, including feature selection techniques and feature extraction techniques. Sequential forward feature selection and backward feature selection are feature selection using a greedy approach. The heuristics approach is also applied in feature selection, using the Genetic Algorithm, PSO, and Forest Optimization Algorithm. PCA is the most well-known feature extraction method, besides other methods such as multidimensional scaling and linear discriminant analysis. In this work, a different approach is applied to perform feature selection. Cluster analysis based feature selection using Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering is carried out. Our experiment results showed that classification accuracy gained when using medoids of feature vectors to represent the original dataset is high, that is above 80%.
Impact of Humble Leadership on the Boundary Spanning Behavior

This paper discussed the impact mechanism of humble leadership to the team boundary spanning behavior, examined the mediating role of team psychological processes. Based on the statistical analysis of questionnaire data, the results showed that: (1) Humble leadership has a positive influence on team boundary spanning behavior. (2) Team psychological safety has full mediation effect between the relationship of humble leadership and team boundary spanning behavior. Research conclusions expanded the empirical effect of humble leadership in the team level and the dynamic mechanism of team boundary spanning behavior in the Chinese organizational situation, which provided many theoretical references and managerial revelations for the R&D team leader to practice humility leadership behavior or effectively promote team boundary spanning behavior.
Intermediate-layer lithography method for producing metal micropatterns

Motivated by a macrocutting process often used in manufacturing industry to pattern sheet metals, an innovative intermediate-layer lithography (ILL) approach is developed in this work to generate micropatterns in a thin metal film. In the ILL method, an intermediate layer of polymethyl methacrylate PMMA is introduced between a silicon substrate and a thin metal film. Subsequently, the metal is printed through the insertion of a silicon mold using a hot-embossing technique. Al films of thickness ranging from 100to500nm have been patterned by silicon molds of depths of 10–100μm. Various Al patterns of lateral dimensions ranging from 10to300μm have been produced, including channels, lines, square dots, square holes, and truss structures. The effects of printing temperatures, thicknesses of Al films, and geometries of silicon mold structures on the patterning results were experimentally investigated, followed by numerical exploration. As a new patterning method, the ILL approach has advantages of simplicity a.
Sample stacking capillary electrophoresis with ICP-(Q)MS detection for Cd, Cu and Zn speciation in fish liver metallothioneins

Speciation of different metal isoforms present in metallothioneins (MTs) of living organisms requires both a high efficiency separation technique, e.g., CE, and a multielement, specific and highly sensitive detector (e.g. ICP-MS). To cope with naturally occurring low metal-MTs levels in biological systems and compensate for CE lack of sensitivity a large volume sample stacking (LVSS) methodology for CE-ICP-MS measurements is presented here. Two different CE-ICP-MS interfaces, including the use of a Babington and a HEN nebulizer, are investigated in detail and compared in terms of repeatability (%RSD) and limit of detection (LOD). By using the LVSS technique developed here the LODs obtained were improved 9–13 times. Finally, the proposed methodology was successfully applied to metal speciation studies of MT isoforms present in eel liver, both in control and Cd-induced groups, revealing a clear increase in Cd isoform signals by this metal exposure. Clear differences in profiles and signal intensities of the isoforms detected in both groups were also observed when Cu and Zn are monitored.
Designing Multimodal Composition Activities for Integrated K-5 Programming and Storytelling

: A broad interest in embedding computing into K-5 settings has resulted in a proliferation of research on integrated approaches to programming. Although much of these efforts focus on supporting learning in science, engineering, and mathematics (or STEM), less work in non-STEM (e.g. literacy) disciplines has been conducted. This paper examines the potential for integrating computing and literacy education through designing and implementing multimodal composition activities in a visual programming environment, Scratch. Ten primary students took part in an after-school intervention in an inner-city primary school in the midlands of England. Tasks focused on algorithm design, program execution and loops for programming, and representation choice, and structural and visual design for storytelling. Our results demonstrate how a non-STEM context supported the process of integrated programming and storytelling in meaningful ways. We detail our results and their implications for future work.
The Role of Executive Function and Theory of Mind in Pragmatic Computations

In sentences such as "Some dogs are mammals," the literal semantic meaning ("Some and possibly all dogs are mammals") conflicts with the pragmatic meaning ("Not all dogs are mammals," known as a scalar implicature). Prior work has shown that adults vary widely in the extent to which they adopt the semantic or pragmatic meaning of such utterances, yet the underlying reason for this variation is unknown. Drawing on theoretical models of scalar implicature derivation, we explore the hypothesis that the cognitive abilities of executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) contribute to this observed variation. In Experiment 1, we show that individuals with better ToM are more likely to compute a scalar implicature and adopt the pragmatic meaning of an utterance; however, EF makes no unique contribution to scalar implicature comprehension after accounting for ToM. In Experiment 2, we replicate this finding and assess whether it generalizes to the comprehension of other pragmatic phenomena such as indirect requests (e.g., "It's hot in here" uttered to ask for something to be done) and metaphor (e.g., "to harvest courage"). This is the first evidence that differences in ToM are associated with pragmatic competence in neurotypical adults across distinct pragmatic phenomena.
A generalized reaction field method for molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations of ionic systems require the inclusion of long‐range electrostatic forces. We propose an expression for the long‐range electrostatic forces based on an analytical solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation outside a spherical cutoff, which can easily be implemented in molecular simulation programs. An analytical solution of the linearized Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation valid in a spherical region is obtained. From this general solution special expressions are derived for evaluating the electrostatic potential and its derivative at the origin of the sphere. These expressions have been implemented for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, such that the surface of the cutoff sphere around a charged particle is identified with the spherical boundary of the Poisson–Boltzmann problem. The analytical solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation is valid for the cutoff sphere and can be used for calculating the reaction field forces on the central charge, assuming a uniform continuum .
Structural and spectroscopic study of 3,6-dibutanoic-1,2,4,5-tetroxane

This paper deals with the synthesis of 3,6-dibutanoic-1,2,4,5-tetroxane and the theoretical study of its IR and UV spectra as well as the determination of its optimized molecular structure. Theoretical calculations are performed at the molecular dynamics (MD), molecular mechanics, semi empirical, ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) levels. The different structural and electronic effects determining the molecular stability of the conformers are discussed in a comparative fashion.