Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advances in Deriving the Exact Distribution of Maximum Annual Daily Precipitation

Maximum annual daily precipitation does not attain asymptotic conditions. Consequently, the results of classical extreme value theory do not apply to this variable. This issue has raised concerns about the frequent use of asymptotic distributions to model the maximum annual daily precipitation and, at the same time, has rekindled interest in deriving and testing its exact (or non-asymptotic) distribution. In this review, we summarize and discuss results to date about the derivation of the exact distribution of maximum annual daily precipitation, with attention on compound/superstatistical distributions.
Southern Ocean Wind Stress in CMIP5 Models: Role of Wind Fluctuations

The Southern Ocean (SO) surface wind stress is a major atmospheric forcing for driving the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the global overturning circulation. Here the effects of wind fluctuations at different time scales on SO wind stress in 18 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are investigated. It is found that including wind fluctuations, especially on time scales associated with synoptic storms, in the stress calculation strongly enhances the mean strength, modulates the seasonal cycle, and significantly amplifies the trends of SO wind stress. In 11 out of the 18 CMIP5 models, the SO wind stress has strengthened significantly over the period of 1960–2005. Among them, the strengthening trend of SO wind stress in one CMIP5 model is due to the increase in the intensity of wind fluctuations, while in all the other 10 models the strengthening trend is due to the increasing strength of the mean westerly wind. These discrepancies in SO wind stress trend in CMIP5 models may explain some of the diverging behaviors in the model-simulated SO circulation. Our results suggest that to reduce the uncertainty in SO responses to wind stress changes in the coupled models, both the mean wind and wind fluctuations need to be better simulated.
Study of Domain Wall Propagation in FePt and FePd Nanowires Driven by Sub-nanosecond Pulse of Magnetic Field by Micromagnetic Simulation

In this study, we investigated the domain wall propagation behavior in FePt and FePd nanowires by micromagnetic simulation based on LLG equation. A rectangular shape nanowire model was generated with a fixed length of 2000 nm and varied thicknesses of 2.5 nm and 5 nm. The wire widths were varied of 50 nm, 100 nm, and 150 nm. The 500 ps length of magnetic-pulse was applied in-plane to a transverse type domain wall. We observed the Walker Breakdown field (HWB), which means the maximum domain wall velocity before it was abruptly decreased. The transverse DW structure was maintained below HWB while vortex/antivortex wall structure was formed in the higher magnetic field. Interestingly, the HWB value of both FePt and FePd were decreased as the width and thickness of the nanowires increased. We have also analyzed the changing of the demagnetization and exchange energy for the domain wall structure transition from transverse wall to vortex/anti-vortex wall.
Line-Intensity Mapping with COMAP

Over the last few decades science has gained a remarkable insight into the workings of the early universe. Modern CMB measurements and galaxy surveys have provided us with precise estimations of both the statistical properties of the universe at the time of decoupling, as well as the distribution of large scale structures, such as individual galaxies and clusters. However, there is a significant gap between the time of the first structures and the ones bright enough to be observed by modern surveys. As the first luminous structures heralded the Epoch of Reionization, thus ending the dark ages, the detection and measurement of their statistical distribution may help to shed further light on several different science areas, such as galaxy evolution and complementing precision experiments, such as CMB projects. In this thesis we will present the work of the CO Mapping Array Pathfinder experiment, which through the technique of Line-Intensity mapping, aims to measure these old large scale structures. Special emphasis will be placed on the numerical pipeline, created and maintained by the Oslo group, which processes the data in order to create sky maps of the observations. Finally, we present the preliminary results of the pipeline where we conclude that through simple filters, we are able to remove the vast majority of the correlated noise. This in turn enables the implementation of a Naive filtering and Binning map-making scheme, which significantly reduces the computational time of the pipeline.
Analysis of the application of an advanced classifier algorithm to ultra-high resolution unmanned aerial aircraft imagery – a neural network approach

ABSTRACT Mapping the existing land use is the essential activity in the management of an area, especially in densely urbanized areas. Knowing the development, amount, and extent of specific land use will be very helpful in management activities. The availability of geospatial data acquisition technology such as unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is currently beneficial for monitoring and inventory activities. Geospatial data with ultra-high resolution are now easily obtained using UAS. This study evaluated the performance of advanced classification algorithms on ultra-high-resolution UAS aerial imagery data based on the different number of regions of interest (ROIs) with two different algorithms, namely, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN). Evaluation was carried out regarding both the performance of computing time and accuracy. The final result shows that the number of ROIs affects the results of classification accuracy as well as the computing time. The MLP algorithm provides inconsistent accuracy but fast computing time, while the RBFNN algorithm provides consistent accuracy with slow computing time. The MLP algorithm is suitable if the researcher prioritizes the computational speed performance, but if the researcher prioritizes the accuracy, the RBFNN algorithm is the best choice.
A novel tilt sensor for studying ice deformation: application to streaming ice on Jarvis Glacier, Alaska

Abstract We developed a tilt sensor for studying ice deformation and installed our tilt sensor systems in two boreholes drilled close to the shear margin of Jarvis Glacier, Alaska to obtain kinematic measurements of streaming ice. We used the collected tilt data to calculate borehole deformation by tracking the orientation of the sensors over time. The sensors' tilts generally trended down-glacier, with an element of cross-glacier flow in the borehole closer to the shear margin. We also evaluated our results against flow dynamic parameters derived from Glen's exponential flow law and explored the parameter space of the stress exponent n and enhancement factor E. Comparison with values from ice deformation experiments shows that the ice on Jarvis is characterized by higher n values than that is expected in regions of low stress, particularly at the shear margin (~3.4). The higher n values could be attributed to the observed high total strains coupled with potential dynamic recrystallization, causing anisotropic development and consequently sped up ice flow. Jarvis' n values place the creep regime of the ice between basal slip and dislocation creep. Tuning E towards a theoretical upper limit of 10 for anisotropic ice with single-maximum fabric reduces the n values by 0.2.
Probing depth and lateral variations of upper-mantle seismic anisotropy from full-waveform inversion of teleseismic body-waves

While seismic anisotropy can potentially provide crucial insights into mantle dynamics, 3-D imaging of seismic anisotropy is still a challenging problem. Here, we present an extension of our regional full-waveform inversion method to image seismic anisotropy in the lithosphere and asthenosphere from teleseismic P and S waveforms. The models are parametrized in terms of density and the 21 elastic coefficients of the fourth-order elasticity tensor. The inversion method makes no a priori assumptions on the symmetry class or on the orientation of the symmetry axes. Instead, the elasticity tensors in the final models are decomposed with the projection method. This method allows us to determine the orientation of the symmetry axes and to extract the contributions of each symmetry class. From simple synthetic experiments, we demonstrate that our full-waveform inversion method is able to image complex 3-D anisotropic structures. In particular, the method is able to almost perfectly recover the general orientation of the symmetry axis or complex layered anisotropic models, which are both extremely challenging problems. We attribute this success to the joint exploitation of both P and S teleseismic waves, which constrain different parts of the elasticity tensor. Another key ingredient is the pre-conditioning of the gradient with an approximate inverse Hessian computed with scattering integrals. The inverse Hessian is crucial for mitigating the artefacts resulting from the uneven (mostly vertical) illumination of teleseismic acquisitions.
Numerical Analysis of Reinforced Soil Walls with Finite Element Method

The technique of reinforced soil has been widely used in construction of retaining walls and levee foundations. Nowadays geosynthetic reinforced soil walls are one of the important options in the design of retaining walls due to their superiority than other reinforcements. Traditionally, the design of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls is performed using the simplified classical analysis or empirical methods. Unfortunately, the applications of these methods render various degrees of approximations in determination of major designing factors. In this research, the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls is studied by the numerical method (FEM) with PLAXIS 2-D software. The numerical model simulates the panel with beam elements, the reinforced layers with geogrid elements and the soil-structure contact area with interface elements. Furthermore, the Mohr-Coulomb plastic model is used for the soil. The wall construction is modeled with staged construction. Then, numerical models are calibrated by using instrumented model results or experimental model and the ability of PLAXIS software in prediction of wall displacement, facing deformation and tension of reinforcement layers is assessed. Finally, one of the models is selected and the parametric study is performed. The effect of factors such as: property of soil, type of mesh and stiffness, length, distance and number of reinforcements on reinforced soil wall behavior will be investigated. The effect of changes in length of reinforcements on the model output results compared to the model are calibrated. In that case, the length of reinforcements than the calibrated models have changed, the maximum displacement of the wall is a big change than calibrated model. According to the results of numerical analysis, increasing the length of reinforcements, the effect of small on the maximum deformation of the facing has a total height of the wall. When the length of reinforcements have reduced or increased, the tension in reinforcements than the calibrated model respectively increased or decreased.
A New Catalog of Explosion Source Parameters in the Utah Region with Application to ML–MC‐Based Depth Discrimination at Local Distances

A catalog of explosion source parameters is valuable for testing methods of source classification in seismically active regions. We develop a manually reviewed catalog of explosions in the Utah region for 1 October 2012 to 30 June 2018 and use it to assess a newly proposed, magnitude‐based depth discriminant. Within the Utah region we define 26 event clusters that are primarily associated with mine blasts but also include explosions from weapons testing and disposal. The catalog refinement process consists of confirming the explosion source labels, revising the local (ML) and coda duration (MC) magnitudes, and relocating the hypocenters. The primary features used to determine source labels are waveform characteristics such as frequency content, the proximity of the preliminary epicenter to a permitted blast region, the time of day, and prior notification from mine operators. We reviewed 2199 seismic events of which 1545 are explosions, 459 are local earthquakes, and 195 are other event types. Of the reviewed events, 127 (5.8%) were reclassified with new labels. Over 74% of the reviewed explosions have both ML and MC, a sizable improvement over the unreviewed catalog (65%). The mean ML–MC value for the new explosion catalog is −0.196±0.017 (95% confidence interval) compared with a previously determined value of 0.048±0.008 for naturally occurring earthquakes in the Utah region. The shallow depths of the explosions lead to enhanced coda production, which in turn leads to anomalously large MC values. This finding confirms that ML–MC is a useful metric for discriminating explosions from deeper tectonic earthquakes in Utah. However, there is significant variation in ML–MC among the 26 explosion source regions, suggesting that ML–MC observations should be combined with other classification metrics to achieve the best performance in distinguishing explosions from earthquakes.
Eldercare in context : narrative, gender and ethnicity

This study is an investigation of informal elder caregiving among Canadians of Italian, Japanese, and Anglo ancestry who have links to the Vancouver area of British Columbia, Canada. In this study, I explore the meanings attached to eldercare in the specific contexts of narrative, gender and ethnicity. In order to conduct the study, I analyzed transcripts generated in qualitative, in-depth interviews with 3 0 caregivers (24 women and 6 men). In addition, I employed interactive and observational techniques in care facilities, at support group meetings, during a course for caregivers, and in various community settings. I also wrote extensive fieldnotes and garnered information from academic sources, media reports, and popular culture. The collected information is used to show how personal meanings are expressed through mixed-genre, co-constructed, dialogical (in the Bakhtinian sense) eldercare narratives that generally focus on a senior care-recipient who is a parent or spouse, his/her need for care, and the caregiving experience itself. I argue that both differences and similarities occur in the meanings given to caregiving. Eldercare narratives are different yet similar. Each caregiver, care-recipient, and caregiving situation is unique, and each eldercare narrative reflects these unique differences. Yet there are also parallels and differences attributable to other factors. These other factors include caregivers' situated involvements with a problem-fraught health
Adhesion and Young’s Modulus Estimation for Chemically Treated Argan Nut Shell Particles Reinforced Poly-Lactic Acid Polymer

Abstract The use of natural fillers as reinforcements for polymer plastics takes place in a variety of industrial applications. Henceforth, the use of theoretical models to predict the properties of such bio-composites is essential. In this work, we estimated the Young’s modulus of poly-lactic acid (PLA) bio-composites reinforced with argan nut shell (ANS) chemically treated particles (successive alkali treatment, bleaching and silane treatments) using five theoretical models and compared the predicted results with our prior experimental results. These models allowed us to study the assumed spherical form of the ANS particles and the adhesion/distribution of these particles in a PLA matrix. The results indicated that the ANS chemically treated particles could be considered as spherical particles having good adhesion with the PLA matrix. In addition, three other mathematical models were used to predict Young’s modulus of the ANS chemically treated particles. The results showed that the highest value of Young modulus among the three treatments was obtained for the ANS alkali-bleached particles. In addition, the silane treatment enhanced the adhesion between the ANS particles and the PLA matrix, but decreased the Young’s modulus value compared to the other two treatments.
Horizontal axis wind turbine testing at high Reynolds numbers

Detailed studies of modern large-scale wind turbines represent a significant challenge. The immense length scales characteristic of these machines, in combination with rotational effects, render numerical simulations and conventional wind tunnel tests unfeasible. Field experiments can give us important insight into the aerodynamics and operation, but they are always accompanied by large amounts of uncertainty, due to the changing nature of the inflow and the lack of accurate control of the test conditions. Here, a series of experiments is presented, using an alternative method that enables us to represent and study much of the physics governing the large-scale wind turbines in small-scale models. A specialized, compressed-air wind tunnel is used to achieve dynamic similarity with the field-scale, but under accurately controlled conditions of the laboratory. Power and thrust coefficients are investigated as a function of the Reynolds number up to ReD = 14 × 106, at tip speed ratios representative of those typical in the field. A strong Reynolds number dependence is observed in the power coefficient, even at very high Reynolds numbers (well exceeding those occurring in most laboratory studies). We show that for an untripped rotor, the performance reaches a Reynolds number invariant state at Rec 3.5 × 106, regardless of the tip speed ratio. The same model was also tested with scaled tripping devices, with a height of only 9 μm, to study the effect of transition on the rotor performance. In the tripped case, the Reynolds number dependence was eliminated for all tested cases, suggesting that the state of the boundary layer is critical for correct predictions of rotor performance.
Development of a LiDAR Sensor-based Small Autonomous Driving Robot for Underground Mines and Indoor Driving Experiments

In this study, a LiDAR sensor-based small autonomous driving robot for underground mines was developed. The robot measures the distances to the leftand right-wall surfaces using the LiDAR sensor and controls its steering according to the difference. In addition, using the Bluetooth beacon, the robot can be stopped automatically without any control when it gets close to the destination. An autonomous driving test of the robot was performed by constructing an indoor test site that simulates underground mine tunnels. As a result of 10 repeated driving experiments, the robot showed stable driving performance in widening, narrowing, and straight sections. In the curve section, the rate of deviation from the acceptable driving area was 38.75%; however, there were no collisions with the wall of the road.
Analysis of category co-occurrence in Wikipedia networks

Wikipedia has seen a huge expansion of content since its inception. Pages within this online encyclopedia are organised by assigning them to one or more categories, where Wikipedia maintains a manually constructed taxonomy graph that encodes the semantic relationship between these categories. An alternative, called the category co-occurrence graph, can be produced automatically by linking together categories that have pages in common. Properties of the latter graph and its relationship to the former is the concern of this thesis. The analytic framework, called t-component, is introduced to formalise the graphs and discover category clusters connecting relevant categories together. The m-core, a cohesive subgroup concept as a clustering model, is used to construct a subgraph depending on the number of shared pages between the categories exceeding a given threshold t. The significant of the clustering result of the m-core is validated using a permutation test. This is compared to the k-core, another clustering model. The Wikipedia category co-occurrence graphs are scale-free with a few category hubs and the majority of clusters are size 2. All observed properties for the distribution of the largest clusters of the category graphs obey power-laws with decay exponent averages around 1. As the threshold t of the number of shared pages is increased, eventually a critical threshold is reached when the largest cluster shrinks significantly in size. This phenomena is only exhibited for the m-core but not the k-core. Lastly, the clustering in the category graph is shown to be consistent with the distance between categories in the taxonomy graph.
Factors Affecting Real Estate Broker Selection: What Really Counts?

This paper explores agent sales presentations in the real estate property listing process using structural equation modeling. Data were collected from both vendors and agents to identify important agent attributes in both successful and unsuccessful presentation attempts. The research found that agents consider really hearing the vendor, getting along with the vendor and getting to know the vendor as key elements of a listing attempt, whilst vendors suggest the path to listing is through negotiation, that some level of negotiation must take place. Research should now examine the influence of time in this critical listing process step with reference to both agent and vendor perspectives using metrics other than perceptions of vendor satisfaction.
MODELING AND FORECASTING GLACIER NATIONAL PARK VISITATION

Chairperson: Douglas Dalenberg National parks have recently seen increased visitation demand. Glacier National Park is located in an area where changes in weather and climate will occur at an accelerated rate. Changes in fire and precipitation regimes are taking place at a time when Glacier National Park is setting new visitation records. This paper uses regression and forecast models to investigate the changing landscape of park visitation. Findings suggest important impacts to monthly visitation and cycling on Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park are associated with forest fire activity and precipitation. The conclusions of this paper support perceptions about the effect natural occurrences have on park use and help give direction to actions that Glacier National Park can take to keep visitation high and promote efficient use of park facilities. Economic prosperity in communities around Glacier National Park relies on successful park operation bringing a seasonal influx of visitors each year. Adapting park planning to unpredictable natural events as well as forces outside the park will facilitate efficient use of resources in and around Glacier National Park.