Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Positive expiratory pressure techniques in respiratory patients: old evidence and new insights

Educational aims To describe the rationale for the use of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) techniques as a means of chest physiotherapy in respiratory patients. To compare both the effectiveness and problems of the most popular PEP devices in clinical practice. To introduce the impact and potential interest of temporary PEP (TPEP) techniques in this field. Summary In recent years, a large number of PEP devices, used to assist in airway clearance or, at the very least, to allow for effective self-administered physiotherapy, have been developed. A secondary clinically relevant objective of these devices is to prevent recurring infections and atelectasis, or to improve pulmonary mechanics and facilitate gas exchange, thus lowering the impact of disease progression. The use of PEP devices in this field has become widely accepted for two main reasons: 1) their clinical efficacy, which is as great as that of conventional chest physiotherapy practice, and 2) the high level of acceptance and compliance by patients, which makes PEP devices very useful in the domiciliary environment. The functional and clinical response of any specific PEP device, with or without vibration effect, may vary according to a specific diagnostic group. Ultimately, the choice of airway clearance strategy may be the one that is clinically effective, cost-effective and preferred by the patient and which, therefore, supports adherence. Recent technology has enabled the development of a new machine, which is able to apply a TPEP at a level several times lower than that applied with previous devices; thus, at least potentially, it is able to reduce the risk of mechanical stress injury to the bronchial tree and lung parenchyma. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for the use of PEP devices and compare both their effectiveness and problems in clinical practice. Finally, we will introduce the application and potential interest of TPEP as a new means for treating patients with hypersecretion.
Outage analysis in mobile radio systems with generically correlated log-normal interferers

A novel methodology is proposed for computing the outage probability in mobile radio systems in the presence of log-normal shadowing. A relevant feature is that the proposed analysis assumes a general correlation for any pair of links. Various approaches are considered to compute the statistics of user signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), namely Schwartz and Yeh's method, Wilkinson's method, and Fenton's method. By a simple reformulation of the problem, these methods can be used to calculate in a straightforward way the parameters of the SIR. The accuracy of the methods is checked in a number of situations of interest. Moreover, when the same correlation is assigned to any pair of links, the novel analysis is more accurate than previously proposed approaches.
Automated Quantification of the Landing Error Scoring System With a Markerless Motion-Capture System.

CONTEXT The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) can be used to identify individuals with an elevated risk of lower extremity injury. The limitation of the LESS is that raters identify movement errors from video replay, which is time-consuming and, therefore, may limit its use by clinicians. A markerless motion-capture system may be capable of automating LESS scoring, thereby removing this obstacle. OBJECTIVE To determine the reliability of an automated markerless motion-capture system for scoring the LESS. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING United States Military Academy. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 57 healthy, physically active individuals (47 men, 10 women; age = 18.6 ± 0.6 years, height = 174.5 ± 6.7 cm, mass = 75.9 ± 9.2 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants completed 3 jump-landing trials that were recorded by standard video cameras and a depth camera. Their movement quality was evaluated by expert LESS raters (standard video recording) using the LESS rubric and by software that automates LESS scoring (depth-camera data). We recorded an error for a LESS item if it was present on at least 2 of 3 jump-landing trials. We calculated κ statistics, prevalence- and bias-adjusted κ (PABAK) statistics, and percentage agreement for each LESS item. Interrater reliability was evaluated between the 2 expert rater scores and between a consensus expert score and the markerless motion-capture system score. RESULTS We observed reliability between the 2 expert LESS raters (average κ = 0.45 ± 0.35, average PABAK = 0.67 ± 0.34; percentage agreement = 0.83 ± 0.17). The markerless motion-capture system had similar reliability with consensus expert scores (average κ = 0.48 ± 0.40, average PABAK = 0.71 ± 0.27; percentage agreement = 0.85 ± 0.14). However, reliability was poor for 5 LESS items in both LESS score comparisons. CONCLUSIONS A markerless motion-capture system had the same level of reliability as expert LESS raters, suggesting that an automated system can accurately assess movement. Therefore, clinicians can use the markerless motion-capture system to reliably score the LESS without being limited by the time requirements of manual LESS scoring.
FrameNet as a “Net”

While FrameNet does not record the range of semantic relations found in thesaurus-style lexical resources like WordNet, it does provide a number of ways in which lexical units (LUs) can be seen as related to each other. This paper characterizes and motivates the networks of frame-to-frame relations that are being built on FrameNet’s frames, and introduces additional representational mechanisms needed for showing similarities among LUs that are independent of frame membership. LU-to-LU relationships are shown by shared membership in a single frame, by membership in frames that are themselves related to each other, and by shared semantic type information.
Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States

Abstract Objective: To examine the association between fat intake and the incidence of coronary heart disease in men of middle age and older. Design: Cohort questionnaire study of men followed up for six years from 1986. Setting: The health professionals follow up study in the United States. Subjects: 43 757 health professionals aged 40 to 75 years free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease or diabetes in 1986. Main outcome measure: Incidence of acute myocardial infarction or coronary death. Results: During follow up 734 coronary events were documented, including 505 non-fatal myocardial infarctions and 229 deaths. After age and several coronary risk factors were controlled for significant positive associations were observed between intake of saturated fat and risk of coronary disease. For men in the top versus the lowest fifth of saturated fat intake (median = 14.8% v 5.7% of energy) the multivariate relative risk for myocardial infarction was 1.22 (95% confidence interval 0.96 to 1.56) and for fatal coronary heart disease was 2.21 (1.38 to 3.54). After ajustment for intake of fibre the risks were 0.96 (0.73 to 1.27) and 1.72 (1.01 to 2.90), respectively. Positive associations between intake of cholesterol and risk of coronary heart disease were similarly attenuated after adjustment for fibre intake. Intake of linolenic acid was inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction; this association became significant only after adjustment for non-dietary risk factors and was strengthened after adjustment for total fat intake (relative risk 0.41 for a 1% increase in energy, P for trend <0.01). Conclusions: These data do not support the strong association between intake of saturated fat and risk of coronary heart disease suggested by international comparisons. They are compatible, however, with the hypotheses that saturated fat and cholesterol intakes affect the risk of coronary heart disease as predicted by their effects on blood cholesterol concentration. They also support a specific preventive effect of linolenic acid intake. Key messages Diets high in saturated fat and cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of coronary disease, but these adverse effects are at least in part explained by their low fibre content and associations with other risk factors Diets high in linolenic acid (N-3 fatty acid from plants) are associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease, independently of other dietary and non-dietary risk factors Uncertainty remains on the optimal amount of polyunsaturated fat in the diet for prevention of coronary heart disease Benefits of reducing intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol are likely to be modest unless accompanied by an increased consumption of foods rich in fibre
Characterization of Two 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase/Inosine Monophosphate Cyclohydrolase Isozymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae *

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADE16and ADE17 genes encode 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase isozymes that catalyze the penultimate step of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. Disruption of these two chromosomal genes results in adenine auxotrophy, whereas expression of either gene alone is sufficient to support growth without adenine. In this work, we show that anade16 ade17 double disruption also leads to histidine auxotrophy, similar to the adenine/histidine auxotrophy ofade3 mutant yeast strains. We also report the purification and characterization of the ADE16 and ADE17gene products (Ade16p and Ade17p). Like their counterparts in other organisms, the yeast isozymes are bifunctional, containing both 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase and inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase activities, and exist as homodimers based on cross-linking studies. Both isozymes are localized to the cytosol, as shown by subcellular fractionation experiments and immunofluorescent staining. Epitope-tagged constructs were used to study expression of the two isozymes. The expression of Ade17p is repressed by the addition of adenine to the media, whereas Ade16p expression is not affected by adenine. Ade16p was observed to be more abundant in cells grown on nonfermentable carbon sources than in glucose-grown cells, suggesting a role for this isozyme in respiration or sporulation.
Adaptive Steganography Based on Logistic Map

umerous novel algorithms have been proposed in the fields of steganography with the goals of increase security,capacity and imperceptibility. In this paper, we introduced a new blind adaptive algorithm in image steganography technique to Improving that goals. The existing methods hide the information using constant bit length in integer wavelet coefficients. This paper uses variable bit length based on float wavelet coefficients to hide the data in a particular positions using secret key. The proposed method try to obtain an optimal mapping function to reduce the difference error between original coefficients values and modified values. we provided with the double security by using a secret key only known to both sender and receiver, therefore improving goals compared to the existing algorithm.
Molecular characterization of clonal population structure and biogeography of arctic apomictic Daphnia from Greenland and Iceland

As part of a continuing international project to characterize the population genetic (clonal) structure of arctic members of the Daphnia pulex complex, 34 populations from western Iceland (N= 1373), and 76 populations from western Greenland (N= 2917), were surveyed for allozymic variation at six polymorphic enzyme loci. Mean clonal richness (±SE) was 1.91±0.19 and 1.50±0.12 for Iceland and Greenland populations, respectively. Mean clonal diversity (±1 SE) was 1.20±0.07 and 1.13±0.04 for Iceland and Greenland populations, respectively. Four widely distributed clones constituted 92.2% of the total animals surveyed from Iceland, while three locally abundant clones constituted 80.1% of the total animals collected primarily from Disko Island, western Greenland. Selected populations were screened for mitochondrial (mt)DNA variation using PCR‐based RFLP analysis of a 2100 bp fragment containing part of the ND4 and ND5 genes. One mtDNA haplotype was very widespread in both western Greenland and western Iceland, although, a number of mutational derivatives were also detected. These data indicate the potential for long‐distance dispersal of mtDNA lineages, of the order of hundreds or thousands of kilometers across the arctic. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence of a 254 base pair (bp) fragment of the control region of the mtDNA molecule revealed two major clades one of which consisted solely of non‐melanic lineages, and the other of which consisted almost exclusively of melanic lineages (i.e. one non‐melanic lineage also clustered in this clade). Sequence divergence between the two clades averaged 7.3%. Both mitochondrial analyses did not reveal any distinct intraregional clustering of lineages. We discuss our results in reference to previous molecular work done on this arctic Daphnia complex, and we attempt to infer phylogeographic patterning based on geological/glaciological historical events in this region of the arctic.
Mathematical Modelling of the Cardiovascular System Haemodynamics

In this paper we propose a model of the cardiovascular system, where stressed blood volume is a model parameter instead of an initial condition. Stressed blood volume (SBV) is an important indicator of fluid responsiveness, i.e., this term can help to classify patients between responders and non-responders to fluid therapy. We study a six compartment model, then using the conservation of total blood volume, one differential equation of the original model is omitted and a new model is obtained. Comparing the haemodynamic signals of the previous model and the new version, we show that the simulations are qualitatively similar. One important difference with the original model is that the initial conditions for solving the proposed model are arbitrary. This allows us to perform a sensitivity analysis using automatic differentiation of the reduced model for all model parameters without excluding any parameter a priori, unlike the authors of the original formulation have done. This analysis showed that two parameters, the heart period and the stressed blood volume, have a major effect on the performance of the model.
Identification of the Peptides That Stimulate the Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Lymphocyte Cell Lines from Peptide Libraries (*)

Peptides which stimulate the formation of inositol phosphates (InoPs) in lymphocyte cell lines were identified by screening synthetic peptide libraries composed of random sequences of hexapeptides. The peptides containing the consensus sequence XKYX(P/V)M were found to be most active in the phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated formation of InoPs in a human B myeloma cell line, U266. The peptides also stimulated the phosphoinositide hydrolysis and the release of [Ca] in HL60 and U937 cell lines. On the other hand, these peptides showed no effect in the following cell lines: NIH3T3, PC12, Daudi, Sp2, Jurkat, H9, Molt-4, SupT-1, K562, and RBL-2H3. The result suggests the possibility that the peptides may have cell type specificity. Experiments with one of the active peptides, WKYMVM-NH showed that its action mimics the effect of AlF which is a G-protein activator in the InoPs generation, and pertussis toxin partially blocked the InoPs accumulation and [Ca] release induced by the peptide in the U266 cells. Binding assays with the peptide labeled with I showed that U266 cells have a saturable number of binding sites for the peptide. Taken together, these results suggest that the peptides could activate PLC-mediated signal transduction via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein coupled receptor in certain cell types.
Demyelination Induces the Decline of the Myelinated Fiber Length in Aged Rat White Matter

To determine the exact reason for the age‐related decline of the myelinated fiber length in white matter, we performed this study. In middle‐aged rats, there was age‐related loss of the unmyelinated fibers with large diameters. The demyelination of the myelinated fibers with small diameters in middle‐aged rat white matter might make the age‐related decrease of the unmyelinated fibers with small diameters in the white matter unnoticeable. However, in old‐aged female rats, the unmyelinated fibers with large and small diameters significantly degenerated together and that the unmyelinated fibers formed from the demyelination of the myelinated fibers could not replenish the age‐related loss of the unmyelinated fibers in the white matter. In conclusion, this study suggested that demyelination of myelinated fibers with small diameters in aged white matter might be the key mechanism of the significant decline of the myelinated fiber length in aged white matter. Anat Rec, 292:528–535, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Iron Loss for Integral-Slot Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine During Flux Weakening

Iron loss resistance is widely used for rapid motor design and maximum efficiency control. However, the harmonic loss obviously increases during flux weakening, and even dominates in total iron loss, especially in deep flux weakening region. This paper presents an analytical calculation method of iron loss for an integral-slot interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) by iron loss resistance, considering harmonic effect during flux weakening. To predict the harmonic loss, both a harmonic loss voltage and a harmonic loss coefficient are employed into an iron loss resistance model, and the relation of harmonic loss to the harmonic voltage and coefficient are studied. The iron loss and efficiency of an integral-slot IPMSM are, respectively, obtained by the proposed model, the conventional model, the experiment, and finite-element analysis (FEA). The proposed model is validated by the comparison with FEA and experimental results.
Use of Inhibitors of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Transaminase for the Estimation of GABA Turnover in Various Brain Regions of Rats: A Reevaluation of Aminooxyacetic Acid

Abstract: The technique of estimating γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) turnover by inhibiting its major degrading enzyme GABA‐T (4‐aminobutyrate:2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase; EC 2.6.1.19) and measuring GABA accumulation has been used repeatedly, but, at least in rats, its usefulness has been limited by several difficulties, including marked differences in the degree of GABA‐T inhibition in different brain regions after systemic injection of GABA‐T inhibitors. In an attempt to improve this type of approach for measuring GABA turnover, the time course of GABA‐T inhibition and accumulation of GABA in 12 regions of rat brain has been studied after systemic administration of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), injected at various doses and with different routes of administration. A total and rapidly occurring inhibition of GABA‐T in all regions was obtained with intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg AOAA, whereas after lower doses, marked regional differences in the degree of GABA‐T inhibition were found, thus leading to underestimation of GABA synthesis rates, e.g., in substantia nigra. The activity of the GABA‐synthesizing enzyme GAD (L‐glutamate‐1‐decarboxylase; EC 4.1.1.15) was not reduced significantly at any time after intraperitoneal injection of AOAA, except for a small decrease in olfactory bulbs. Even the highest dose of AOAA tested (100 mg/kg) was not associated with toxicity in rats. but induced motor impairment, which was obviously related to the marked GABA accumulation found with this dose. The increase in GABA concentrations induced with intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg AOAA was rapid in onset, allowing one to estimate GABA turnover rates from the initial rate of GABA accumulation, i.e., during the first 30 min after AOAA injection. GABA turnover rates thus determined were correlated in a highly significant fashion with the GAD activities determined in brain regions, with highest turnover rates measured in substantia nigra, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, and tectum. Pretreatment of rats with diazepam, 5 mg/ kg i.p., 5–30 min prior to AOAA, reduced the AOAA‐induced GABA accumulation in all 12 regions examined, most probably as a result of potentiation of postsynaptic GABA function. The data indicate that AOAA is a valuable tool for regional GABA turnover studies in rats, provided the GABA‐T inhibitor is administered in sufficiently high doses to obtain complete inhibition of GABA degradation
Sex-related differences in interhemispheric transmission time in the human brain

Many studies on hemispheric specialization for language functions and on morphology of the corpus callosum have revealed stronger lateralization and smaller splenium area in men than in women. We have tested the related prediction that interhemispheric transmission times (IHTTs) of verbal information differ in the two sexes using event-related potentials (ERPs) for determining IHTTs in male and female subjects. The IHTTs were estimated as latency differences between early compon- ents of ERPs, recorded in response to words from symmetrical sites of directly and indirectly stimulated hemisphere, i.e. the hemisphere contralateral and ipsilateral to the visual hemifield of stimulus presentation. In women, IHTTs were similar for the left-to-right and right-to-left directions, whereas in men, IHTTs were directionally asymmetrical and were considerably longer for the left-to-right direction.
Safety, efficacy and extended duration of action of mixed amphetamine salts extended-release capsules for the treatment of ADHD

Stimulant medications have proven to be effective in reducing the core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention and are considered the first line of therapy for patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mixed amphetamine salts extended-release capsules (MAS XR; Adderall XR®, Shire Pharmaceuticals Group) include immediate-release pellets of mixed amphetamine salts that release the first half of the dose upon ingestion and delayed-release pellets that begin to release active drug approximately 4 h later. The MAS XR capsule contains the same 3:1 ratio of dextroamphetamine to levoamphetamine as do mixed amphetamine salts immediate-release tablets (MAS IR; Adderall®, Shire Pharmaceuticals Group), and the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles of MAS XR 20 mg are comparable to those with MAS IR 10 mg b.i. d. MAS XR has a rapid onset of action – within 1.5 h – and provides 12 h coverage. The efficacy, safety and extended duration of action of MAS XR have been established through clinical studies in school-age children, adolescents and adults.