Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synaptic events that generate fast oscillations in piriform cortex

Prominent, odor-evoked, fast (40–60 Hz) oscillations have been reported in the olfactory bulb and piriform (primary olfactory) cortex of both awake-behaving and anesthetized animals. The present study used current source-density analysis to examine the origin of the fast oscillations evoked by single weak shocks to afferent fibers. These shock-evoked oscillations closely resemble those evoked by odor. The results revealed that each cycle of the oscillatory field potential was generated by a stereotyped series of membrane currents similar to those previously characterized in the nonoscillatory response to strong afferent fiber shocks. Each cycle began with a strong inward current in layer la identified as an EPSC mediated by afferent fibers in distal apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. This afferent input was followed by a strong inward current in layer Ib identified as an EPSC mediated by intrinsic association fibers in middle apical dendritic segments. These excitatory events were followed by a smaller inward current at the depth of pyramidal cell somata (layers II and superficial III) that may be the depolarizing Cl(-)-mediated IPSC previously identified in the strong-shock response. Based on an analysis of the timing of the EPSCs it was concluded that the weak shock-evoked oscillation is generated in the olfactory bulb and that the resulting periodic activity in afferent fibers drives the oscillation in the piriform cortex. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quantum transport of a two-dimensional electron gas in a spatially modulated magnetic field.

Electrical transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas are studied in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field B modulated weakly and periodically along one direction, B=(B+${\mathit{B}}_{0}$cosKx)z^, with ${\mathit{B}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\ll}B, K=2\ensuremath{\pi}/a, and a being the period of the modulation. ${\mathit{B}}_{0}$ is taken constant or proportional to B. The Landau levels broaden into bands and their width, proportional to the modulation strength ${\mathit{B}}_{0}$ oscillates with B and gives rise to oscillations in the magnetoresistance at low B. These oscillations reflect the commensurability between the cyclotron diameter at the Fermi level and the period a and consequently they are distinctly different from the Shubnikov\char21{}de Haas ones, at higher B, in period and temperature dependence. The bandwidth at the Fermi energy can be one order of magnitude larger, at low B, than that of the electric case for equal modulation strengths. The resulting magnetoresistance oscillations have a much higher amplitude than those of the electric case with which they are out of phase. Explicit asymptotic expressions are derived for the temperature dependence of the transport coefficients. The case when both electric and magnetic modulations are present is also considered. The position of the resulting oscillations depends on the ratio \ensuremath{\delta} between the two modulation strengths. When the modulations are out of phase there is no shift in the position of the oscillations when \ensuremath{\delta} varies and for a particular value of \ensuremath{\delta} the oscillations are suppressed.
A randomized trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. North America Nephrotic Syndrome Study Group.

UNLABELLED A randomized trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. BACKGROUND A clinical trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was conducted. Despite the fact that it is the most common primary glomerulonephritis to progress to renal failure, treatment trials have been very limited. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 49 cases of steroid-resistant FSGS comparing 26 weeks of cyclosporine treatment plus low-dose prednisone to placebo plus prednisone. All patients were followed for an average of 200 weeks, and the short- and long-term effects on renal function were assessed. RESULTS Seventy percent of the treatment group versus 4% of the placebo group (P < 0. 001) had a partial or complete remission of their proteinuria by 26 weeks. Relapse occurred in 40% of the remitters by 52 weeks and 60% by week 78, but the remainder stayed in remission to the end of the observation period. Renal function was better preserved in the cyclosporine group. There was a decrease of 50% in baseline creatinine clearance in 25% of the treated group compared with 52% of controls (P < 0.05). This was a reduction in risk of 70% (95% CI, 9 to 93) independent of other baseline demographic and laboratory variables. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cyclosporine is an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of steroid-resistant cases of FSGS. Although a high relapse rate does occur, a long-term decrease in proteinuria and preservation of filtration function were observed in a significant proportion of treated patients.
Rotavirus VP 7 epitope mapping using fragments of VP 7 displayed on phages

cDNA copies of the complete porcine rotavirus CRW-8 VP7 gene were randomly digested to fragments of about 30±60 or 30±500 base pairs by DNase1 in the presence of Mn. The fragments were cloned and expressed in a ®lamentous phage fd-tetderived vector to create speci®c-gene-related peptide libraries. Polyclonal antibodies were then used to pan the SGRP libraries for antibody-binding phages. Analysis of the phage isolates revealed that the majority (86%) of them only had a single insert. However, phages displaying composite inserts containing the VP7 antigenic regions A, B, and C, originally de®ned by neutralising monoclonal antibody escape mutants, were also isolated. Inserts containing A or C region peptide were found to contain extra sequences from the C region, while the B region epitope was linear and had additional sequence from either upstream or downstream. In addition a dominant and possibly non-neutralising VP7 epitope was identi®ed around amino acids 263±270. One of the recreated antigenic epitopes has also been fused to the outer membrane protein A (OmpA ) of Escherichia coli and shown to maintain its antigenicity. The results in this study may have signi®cant implication for recreation of conformational epitopes and vaccine development. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Size of the Hepatitis Delta Agent

The size of the hepatitis delta virus was determined by filtration of infectious plasma through polycarbonate membranes and the inoculation of filtrates into chimpanzees. Chimpanzees inoculated with filtrates of 50 nm and 30 nm, but not 15 nm filters, developed delta hepatitis. The minimum size of infectious hepatitis delta virus was estimated to be approximately 30 nm, which is consistent with measurements of particles thought to be the virus.
Modeling the Dynamics of Adaptation to Transgenic Corn by Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract A simulation model of the population dynamics and genetics of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, was created for a landscape of corn, soybean, and other crops. Although the model was created to study a 2-locus problem for beetles having genes for resistance to both crop rotation and transgenic corn, during this first phase of the project, the model was simulated to evaluate only resistance management plans for transgenic corn. Allele expression in the rootworm and toxin dose in the corn plant were the two most important factors affecting resistance development. A dominant resistance allele allowed quick evolution of resistance to transgenic corn, whereas a recessive allele delayed resistance >99 yr. With high dosages of toxin and additive expression, the time required to reach 3% resistance allele frequency ranged from 13 to >99 yr. With additive expression, lower dosages permitted the resistant allele frequency to reach 3% in 2–9 yr with refuges occupying 5–30% of the land. The results were sensitive to delays in emergence by susceptible adults and configuration of the refuge (row strips versus blocks).
Serum suppresses myeloid progenitor apoptosis by regulating iron homeostasis

The growth and survival of committed hematopoietic progenitors is dependent upon cytokine signaling. However, serum is also required for optimal growth of these progenitors in culture ex vivo. Here we report that serum withdrawal leads to myeloid progenitor cell apoptosis. Although serum deprivation‐induced cell death has many hallmarks typical of apoptosis, these cell deaths were not inhibited by hemopoietins, survival factors such as IGF‐I, or treatment with a broad‐spectrum caspase inhibitor. Rather, apoptosis due to serum withdrawal was associated with damage to mitochondria. Surprisingly the serum factor required for myeloid cell survival was identified as iron, and loss of iron led to marked reductions in ATP production. Furthermore, supplementing serum‐deprived myeloid cells with bound or free iron promoted cell survival and prevented mitochondrial damage. Therefore, serum suppresses hematopoietic cell apoptosis by providing an obligate source of iron and iron homeostasis is critical for proper myeloid cell metabolism and survival. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 171–186, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Unified Standard Traffic Light Display - The Single Pedestrian Light

The Single Pedestrian Light is an all-in-one pedestrian light, which is capable of simultaneously displaying a walk or stop sign and real time countdown information on the same screen of a pedestrian light. The main objective of the Single Pedestrian Light is to save energy, cut cost, protect the environment, reduce wastages and improve road safety. To examine the Single Pedestrian Light with different criteria such as law, safety, economization, energy saving, environmental regulations were carried out in this study. The results showed that the Single Pedestrian Light was complied with the Green Policy. Accordingly, the Single Pedestrian Light is able to replace the conventional pedestrian lights on the road. That means the era of unified standard traffic display has come.
Quantitative Correlation between Infectivity and Gp 120 Density on HIV-1 Virions Revealed by Optical Trapping

The envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp120/gp41 is required for HIV-1 infection of host cells. Although in general it has been perceived that more Env gives rise to higher infectivity, the precise quantitative dependence of HIV-1 virion infectivity on Env density has remained unknown. Here we have developed a method to examine this dependence. This method involves 1) production of a set of single-cycle HIV-1 virions with varied density of Env on their surface, 2) site-specific labeling of Envspecific antibody Fab with a fluorophore at high efficiency, and 3) optical trapping virometry to measure the number of gp120 molecules on individual HIV-1 virions. The resulting gp120 density per virion is then correlated with the infectivity of the virions measured in cell culture. In the presence of DEAE-dextran, the polycation known to enhance HIV-1 infectivity in cell culture, virion infectivity follows gp120 density as a sigmoidal dependence and reaches an apparent plateau. This quantitative dependence can be described by a Hill equation, with a Hill coefficient of 2.4 0.6. In contrast, in the absence of DEAE-dextran, virion infectivity increases monotonically with gp120 density and no saturation is observed under the experimental conditions. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that Env trimers cooperate on the virion surface to mediate productive infection by HIV-1. Moreover, as a result of the low number of Env trimers on individual virions, the number of additional Env trimers per virion that is required for the optimal infectivity will depend on the inclusion of facilitating agents during infection.
Serum and sputum concentrations of netilmicin in combination with acylureidopenicillin and cephalosporins in clinical treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis.

The pharmacokinetics of netilmicin was studied in 14 patients with cystic fibrosis, aged 4-21 years (mean 16 years) during treatment of pulmonary exacerbations of pseudomonas infection. The patients received 24 courses of netilmicin (10 mg/kg/day) in combination with azlocillin (600 mg/kg/day), cefsulodin (200 mg/kg/day) or ceftazidime (150 mg/kg/day) for 9-14 days. Seven patients received two or three courses of different combinations. Serum and sputum concentrations of netilmicin were determined on day 2 and 6. Mean (+/- S.E.M.) trough serum values were 1.4 +/- 0.2 mg/l (same on day 2 and 6), peak values at 10 min 13.6 +/- 1.0 and 13.7 +/- 0.9 mg/l, and serum concentration at 1 h 7.5 +/- 0.6 and 7.5 +/- 0.5 mg/l, on days 2 and 6 respectively. The half-life was about 1 h. The pharmacokinetics did not differ on day 2 and 6. Sputum concentrations increased up to 2-3 h after administration, mean (+/- S.E.M.) peak values being 2.6 +/- 0.6 and 1.5 +/- 0.4 mg/l at day 2 and 6, respectively. The study shows that the pharmacokinetics of netilmicin was not influenced by different combinations with beta-lactams. All patients improved clinically, but pseudomonas growth was only reduced in nine courses. In one case transient resistance to netilmicin developed during the treatment. The clinical efficacy and tolerance were good and similar to those seen with combinations with other aminoglycosides.
Measurement of Radio Receivers' Front-End Nonlinearity by the Frequency Slipping Technique

An incremental technique for measuring the power transfer characteristic of the radio receivers' input units is proposed. The technique is useful in frequent cases when this characteristic can not be measured directly because of the distortions introduced by the receiver's back-end nonlinearity and by the automatic gain control. To avoid those distortions, the level of the intermediate frequency output signal is maintained constant during the measurements (which is reached by tuning the test signal out from the receiver's working frequency simultaneously with increasing the test signal level). Experimental results illustrating the efficiency of the proposed technique are given.
Dynamical Expansion of Ionization and Dissociation Front around a Massive Star: A Starburst Mechanism

We quantitatively examine the significance of star formation triggered in the swept-up shell around an expanding H II region. If the swept-up molecular gas is sufficiently massive, new OB stars massive enough to repeat the triggering process will form in the shell. We determine the lower limit (Mthr) for the mass of the star that sweeps up the molecular gas, where at least one new star with mass M* > Mthr forms after shell fragmentation. To calculate the threshold stellar mass Mthr, we examine how massive molecular shells can form around various central stars, by performing detailed numerical radiation hydrodynamics calculations. The mass of the photodissociated gas is generally larger than the mass of the photoionized gas. However, the swept-up molecular mass exceeds the photodissociated mass with a higher mass star of M* ≳ 20 M☉. The accumulated molecular mass generally increases with the stellar mass, and amounts to 104-105 M☉ for M* ≳ 20 M☉ with an ambient density of n ~ 102 cm-3. The threshold stellar mass is Mthr ~ 18 M☉ with a star formation efficiency of ϵ ~ 0.1 and n ~ 102 cm-3. We examine the generality of this mode of runaway triggering for different sets of parameters and find that Mthr ~ 15-20 M☉ in various situations. If the ambient density is too high or the star formation efficiency is too low, the triggering is not runaway, but a single event.
Polysaccharides based nanomaterials for targeted anti-cancer drug delivery

Abstract Polysaccharides, an important class of biological polymers, are effectively bioactive, nontoxic, hydrophilic, biodegradable and offer a wide diversity in structure and properties. These can be easily modified chemically and biochemically to enhance the bioadhesion with biological tissues, better stability and can improve bioavailability of drugs. Most of the chemotherapeutic drugs have a narrow therapeutic index, slow drug delivery systems and poor water solubility that usually proves toxic to human bodies. The inherent biocompatibility of these biopolymers have shown enhancement of solubility of some chemotherapeutic drugs which also leads to the preparation of nanomaterials for the delivery of antibiotics, anticancer, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids using several routes of administration. Recently, synthesis and research on polysaccharides based nanomaterials have gained enormous attention as one of the most applicable resources in nanomedicine area. This review article will provide a specific emphasis on polysaccharides as natural biomaterials for targeted anticancer drug delivery system.
An Empirical Investigation of the Lucas Hypothesis : the Yield Curve and on Linearity in the Money-Output Relationship Matteo Modena University of Glasgow First Draft : May 2009 This Draft : June 2010

Existing evidence about the effectiveness of money growth to stimulate economic activity has been criticized from different perspectives. In addition, high correlation between money and output is not helpful to detect the direction of causality. From a policy perspective, in fact, positive correlation may arise from two opposite policy conducts: either the monetary authority sets the supply of money to influence future output fluctuations, or the central bank controls money growth as a reaction to the recent evolution of macro variables. In this work the relationship between money and output is analysed within a non linear framework that ascribes a primary role to expectations. In particular, we find evidence that the Lucas (1973) hypothesis, that exists an inverse correlation between the variance of nominal shocks and the magnitude of output response to nominal shocks, is supported by data evidence when the yield curve is either flat or downward sloping. We also provide evidence suggesting that the Friedman (1977) hypothesis, that the variability of inflation exerts a negative effect on the natural level of output, holds when a positive risk premium is incorporated in an upward sloping term structure of interest rates. JEL classification: C01, C22, E32, E44, G12.
Craniomaxillofacial Deformity Correction via Sparse Representation in Coherent Space

Patients with Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) deformities always get isolated deformed jaws with normal midfaces. Orthognathic surgery is specifically designed to correct jaws of the patients with normal midfaces. To improve performance of the surgery, a patient-specific normal reference jaw shape is necessary to guide surgical planning prior to the treatment. Sparse representation (SR) technique can be used to predict the reference jaw shape with guidance from the jaws of normal subjects with similar midfaces as the patient’s midface. Current SR-based prediction method implicitly assumed that patient’s midface shape was strongly correlated with his/her jaw shape. Unfortunately, the assumption is difficult to meet in practice due to different data distributions of midface and jaw. To alleviate this issue, we propose a patient-specific reference jaw shape prediction method via sparse representation in a coherent space mapped by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Moreover, we iteratively refine the predicted reference jaw shape by a multi-layer mapping and refinement (MMR) scheme. Experimental results on clinical data containing 30 sets of computed tomography (CT) models of normal and patient subjects show that the proposed method predicts more accurate patient-specific reference jaw shapes for surgical planning than the state-of-the-art method.
Microwave indirect holographic imaging using an adaptation of optical techniques

Indirect holography provides a quick and inexpensive three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique at optical frequencies which has not been directly adapted to microwave imaging. This letter describes a technique whereby a radiated offset reference plane wave can be electronically synthesized allowing this technique to be used at microwave frequencies. In this letter, this technique has been applied to the problem of determining antenna radiation patterns and reconstructing complex near fields. Early experimental results compare favorably with results taken using traditional methods.
Death and Television: Terror Management Theory and Themes of Law and Justice on Television

Based on terror management theory, it was hypothesized that media choices may be affected by the salience of death-related thoughts. Three experiments with samples of undergraduate students were conducted to investigate whether such a process would affect preferences for law and justice television programming. In the first experiment (n = 132), individuals for whom mortality had been made salient through experimental induction preferred more programs with law and justice themes than individuals for whom mortality had not been made salient. In the second experiment (n = 161), this effect was observed regardless of trust in law enforcement and only for participants induced to think about death, not those induced to think about pain. In the third experiment (n = 163), participants for whom mortality was salient who watched a crime drama that showed justice being carried out showed a diminished self-enhancing bias compared to participants who watched a version of the same program in which justice was thwarted. Results indicate that entertainment choices are influenced by thought of death beyond simply seeking distraction and that entertainment programming emphasizing justice can effectively ameliorate existential anxiety that arises from thoughts of death.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Arrest Patterns in a Sample of Sexual Offenders

Developmental psychopathology theories suggest that childhood adversity can contribute to antisocial conduct and delinquent activities. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on arrest patterns in a sample of sexual offenders (N = 740). Higher ACE scores were associated with a variety of arrest outcomes, indicating that the accumulation of early trauma increased the likelihood of versatility and persistence of criminal behavior. Rapists of adults had higher ACE scores, lower levels of specialization, and higher levels of persistence than sex offenders with minor victims only. Child sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and domestic violence in the childhood home were significant predictors of a higher number of sex crime arrests. For measures of nonsexual arrests and criminal versatility, it was the household dysfunction factors—substance abuse, unmarried parents, and incarceration of a family member—that were predictive, suggesting that family dysfunction and a chaotic home environment contributed significantly to increased risk of general criminal behavior. Sex offenders inspire little sympathy in our society but may be among those most in need of trauma-informed models of treatment that recognize the influence of early adversity on maladaptive schema and self-regulation deficits related to criminal behavior.
Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in epileptic patients.

The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine were examined after oral and intravenous administration to 20 epileptic subjects receiving antiepileptic drug therapy. Bioavailability was essentially complete (mean bioavailability 101.2% +/- 14.4 (s.d.] indicating that even in enzyme induced subjects, antipyrine behaves as a restrictively eliminated compound with negligible presystemic elimination in the gut or liver. Of the generally used measures of enzyme induction (oral clearance, oral half-life and intravenous half-life) oral clearance was the most closely related to the intravenous clearance of antipyrine (r = 0.919, P less than 0.001). Oral antipyrine administration is an alternative to intravenous administration in epileptic subjects who are enzyme-induced.