Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electron number density and temperature measurements in laser produced brass plasma

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been used for brass plasma diagnostic using a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. Optimal experimental conditions were evaluated, including repetition rate, number of laser shots on sample, and laser energy. The plasma temperatures and the electron number densities were determined from the emission spectra of LIBS. Cu and Zn spectral lines were used for excitation temperature calculation using Saha-Boltzmann distribution as well as line pair ratio. It was found that, the excitation temperature calculated by using Saha-Boltzmann distribution and line pair ratio methods are not the same. The electron number density has been evaluated from the Stark broadening of H α transition at 656.27 nm and the calculated electron number density is agreement with literature.
Joule−Thomson Inversion Curves and Third Virial Coefficients for Pure Fluids from Molecular-Based Models

In this work, we present the application of the BACKONE, PC-SAFT, SAFT-VR, and soft-SAFT models to examine the impact of the accuracy of representation of third virial coefficients on the behavior of the correspondingly predicted Joule−Thomson inversion curve (JTIC). Calculations were performed for nonassociating fluids such as ethane and pentane, associating fluids such as alcohols, and quadrupolar fluids such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. By taking advantage of the molecular nature of the models investigated, we were able to evaluate the separate contributions to the Helmholtz free energy. Nonassociating and quadrupolar fluids are mostly governed by the dispersion contribution, whereas, as expected, the association term plays a predominant role for associating compounds. We validated our previous findings that deviations from the correct shape of the JTIC at high temperatures directly reflect the inadequacies in the predicted third virial coefficients. Consequently, much attention should be dedicated .
Importance of Surface Characteristics of Quartz DQ12 for Acute Inflammation

-glucuronidase andmyeloperoxidase. None of these inflammatory markers was increased for both coated quartzpreparations, with the exception of neutrophil influx, which was increased after treatment withAL quartz. Our results indicate that surface characteristics are important in the onset ofquartz-induced lung inflammation and, by implication, the development of persistent inflam-mation. This will be investigated in later follow-up time points of the same animal study.
Occurrence and Treatment of 1,4-Dioxane in Aqueous Environments

1,4-Dioxane is classified as a probable human carcinogen. It is used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and it is formed as a by-product during the manufacture of polyester and various polyethoxylated compounds. Improper disposal of industrial waste and accidental solvent spills have resulted in the contamination of groundwater with 1,4-dioxane. Volatilization and sorption are not significant attenuation mechanisms due to 1,4-dioxane's complete miscibility with water. At present, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the only proven technology for 1,4-dioxane treatment. 1,4-Dioxane was believed to be very resistant to both abiotic and biologically mediated degradation due to its heterocyclic structure with two ether linkages. However, recent studies have shown that 1,4-dioxane can be biodegraded as a sole carbon and energy source, and that cost-effective biological treatment processes can be developed. Future work should be oriented towards the developme.
Self‐Assembling Prodrugs by Precise Programming of Molecular Structures that Contribute Distinct Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Antitumor Efficacy

The availability of precisely modulated chemical modifications dramatically affects the physicochemical properties of pristine drugs and should facilitate the amphiphilic self‐assembly of prodrugs into supramolecular nanoprodrugs (SNPs). However, rationally designing such prodrugs to achieve favorable clinical outcomes still remains a challenge. Here, a library of prodrugs through site‐specific attachment of a variety of lipophilic moieties to the antitumor agent SN‐38 (7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin) is constructed. Taking advantage of the role of hydroxyl groups as solvophilic moieties, these prodrugs exhibit self‐assembly in aqueous environments, allowing for the identification of five prodrugs capable of self‐assembling into SNPs at high drug concentrations. Importantly, in vivo studies demonstrate that the antitumor activity of the SNPs correlates well with their stability and long‐term circulation. In addition, the modular feature of this SNP design strategy offers the opportunity to readily incorporate additional valuable functionalities (e.g., tumor‐specific targeting ligands) to the particle surface, which is further exploited to improve antitumor efficacy in mouse xenograft models. Thus, this structure‐based reconstruction of SN‐38 molecules significantly improves the potency of SNPs for clinical use. These results also provide novel mechanistic insights into the rational design of prodrugs.
Ionic Liquids Plasticize and Bring Ion‐Sensing Ability to Polymer Membranes of Selective Electrodes

Due to the polymer plasticizing ability and ionic nature of ionic liquids (bistrifluoromethanesulfonimidate salts of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium and dodecylethyldiphenylphosphonium, BDMIm Tf2N and DEDPP Tf2N, respectively), they were found to be excellent compounds for preparing ion-selective membrane electrodes. Membrane polymers studied were poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl chloride). The electrodes demonstrated good and extremely stable response to both cations and anions (including surfactants) and were successfully applied to the analysis of detergents.
Patterns Of Circular And Radial Mantle Muscle Activity in Respiration and Jetting of the Squid Loligo Opalescens

1. 1. By simultaneously recording the electromyographic (EMG) activity of squid mantle muscles, changes in mantle cavity pressure and changes in mantle diameter, we have been able to distinguish the pattern of radial muscle activity from circular muscle activity, and in so doing were able to determine the functional role of these muscle groups in motor behaviours. 2. 2. Three distinguishable phases of activity appear during escape jets: (i), hyper-inflation brought about by the contraction of the radial muscles; (ii), the jet powered by the contraction of circular muscles; and (iii), refilling powered largely by the elastic recoil of the mantle wall, but with a small contribution from the radial muscles. 3. 3. Two distinctly different patterns of muscular activity were seen in respiratory movements. One pattern (pattern I) is powered by the radial muscles alone, while the other (pattern II) is powered by the circular muscles alone. In both modes of respiration, the muscles are apparently antagonized by tissue elasticity. 4. 4. Thus, the storage of elastic energy in the connective tissue fibre-lattice of the mantle wall plays a very important role in both modes of squid movement.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Nano-Particles Through Microwave Polyol Process

This article aims to synthesize and character cobalt nano-particles through microwave polyol process. At first, cobalt acetate is used as precursor to synthesize cobalt nano-particles by microwave assisted ethylene glycol in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as capping agent. As measured from ion-coupled plasma (ICP) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), the yields of as-synthesized cobalt particles in average diameters of 40 and 81 nm verified by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), are 71 and 85%, respectively; and the structure of as-synthesized cobalt nano-particle is a face-center cubic structure analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the as-synthesized cobalt nano-particle modified by oleic acid is dispersed in kerosene to character magnetic property. As measured by vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), the saturation magnetisms of cobalt nano-particles with average diameters of 40 and 81 nm are 39.1 and 29.5 emu/g, respectively, in solution.
Cyclic tetrapyrrole based molecules for dye-sensitized solar cells

In this Perspective, recent progress on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on cyclic tetrapyrrole type sensitizers including porphyrins, (bacterio)chlorins, and phthalocyanines has been reviewed. Cyclic tetrapyrrole type molecules have been studied extensively with respect to their photochemical and photophysical properties as well as to various applications. The photophysical properties of tetrapyrrole molecules can be readily controlled upon molecularly structural modification. Their low-lying singlet states are also suitable for studying excited state dynamics in the electron donor–acceptor systems. Here, we selected the most representative porphyrin, (bacterio)chlorin, and phthalocyanine sensitizers to discuss how those structural modifications on the cyclic tetrapyrrole rings affect the performance of DSSCs. The most important factors that strictly determine the power conversion efficiencies of DSSCs based on tetrapyrrole type sensitizers are also discussed in detail.
Research of Characterization of Covalently Cross-linked SPEEK/Cs-Substituted MoPA/Ceria 1wt% Composite Membrane for Water Electrolysis

Ceria () was used to scavenge free radicals which attack the membrane in the polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) circumstance and to increase the duration of the membrane. In order to improve the electrochemical, mechanical and electrocatalytic characteristics, engineering plastic of the sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) as polymer matrix was prepared in the sulfonation reaction of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and the organic-inorganic blended composite membranes were prepared by sol-gel casting method with loading the highly dispersed ceria and cesium-substituted phophomolybdic acid(Cs-MoPA) with cross-linking agent contents of 0.01mL. In conclusion, CL-SPEEK/-MoPA/ceria(1%) membrane showed the optimum results such as 0.1095S/cm of proton conductivity at , 2.906meq. /g-dry-membrane of ion exchange capacity and mechanical characteristics, and 49.73MPa of tensile strength which were better than Nafion 117 membrane.
Estimating regional terrestrial carbon fluxes for the Australian continent using a multiple-constraint approach I. Using remotely sensed data and ecological observations of net primary production

We have developed a modelling framework that synthesizes various types of field measurements at different spatial and temporal scales. We used this modelling framework to estimate monthly means and their standard deviations of gross photosynthesis, total ecosystem production, net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) for eight regions of the Australian continent between 1990 and 1998. Annual mean NPP of the Australian continent varied between 800 and 1100 Mt C yr−1 between 1990 and 1998, with a coefficient of variation that is defined as the ratio of standard deviation and mean between 0.24 and 0.34. The seasonal variation of NPP for the whole continent varied between 50 and 110 Mt C month−1 with two maxima, one in the autumn and another in the spring. NEP was most negative in the winter (a carbon sink) and was most positive (a carbon source) in the summer. However, the coefficient of variation of monthly mean NEP was very large (> 4), and consequently confidence in the predicted net carbon fluxes for any month in the period 1990–1998 for the whole continent was very low. A companion paper will apply atmospheric inverse technique to measurements of CO2 concentration to further constrain the continental carbon cycle and reduce uncertainty in estimated mean monthly carbon fluxes.
Characterization of milk by analysis of its terpene fractions

Summary Thirty-five representative samples of milk from either a highland area of France (Auvergne region) or a lowland area of France (Brittany region) were collected in spring and summer (grazing periods), and in winter (stabling period). The monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes extracted from the milk fat were semi-quantified by dynamic headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (DHS-GC-MS). Milk samples were classified by factorial discriminant analysis. Milk collected in the Auvergne highland area was richer in sesquiterpenes than that collected in the Brittany lowland area. All the samples were correctly classified according to their geographical origin irrespective of seasonal herd management pattern. These findings show that the assay of terpene compounds can provide useful fingerprints for the characterization of dairy produce according to geographical area and production conditions.
Morphology and the growth of electrical trees in a propylene/ethylene copolymer

Growth of electrical trees under 50 Hz high electric stress has been studied in a clarified propylene/ethylene copolymer, to explore the effects of the applied field and the material microstructure. Crystallization of the copolymer at low temperatures (<128/spl deg/C) produces a continuous lamellar texture and the material consequently is optically transparent. At higher crystallization temperatures (134/spl deg/C), more sporadic nucleation occurs and, as a result of the larger scale structural features that develop, the material becomes optically scattering. Nevertheless, CCD images of evolving tree structures could be obtained in both systems. Electrical treeing was found to occur reproducibly, but in a markedly different manner in the two morphologically different but chemically identical materials. In the low temperature crystallized copolymer, electrically conducting tree structures were found to develop with a growth rate that increased monotonically with increasing applied voltage. Conversely non-conducting tree structures formed in the 134/spl deg/C crystallized copolymer that mimic the well documented decreasing tree growth rate with increasing applied voltage behavior of both low density polyethylene and a flexible epoxy resin.
Retention of Ascorbic Acid during Drying of Tomato Halves and Tomato Pulp

The objective of this study was to determine a mathematical model for the reaction kinetics of ascorbic acid degradation to describe the rate of vitamin C loss in a drying process of tomato halves or tomato pulp. Tomato samples with different moisture contents were heated at specified temperatures for different time periods. The kinetics of ascorbic acid degradation followed a first-order reaction with a reaction rate constant dependent on product moisture content, in addition to temperature. Furthermore, there was a maximum rate constant when the moisture content of tomato samples was between 65 and 70%. These effects were expressed by a linear relationship between temperature, moisture content, and natural logarithm of rate constant. The model was used to simulate the vitamin C loss during drying of tomato halves and two drying processes of tomato pulp—evaporative concentration and spray drying. It was concluded that there was a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values of ascorbic acid loss during the tomato pulp concentration, confirming the validity of the proposed model for this process. However, for the spray-drying process and the tomato halves drying a correction coefficient was introduced in the model due to more intense exposure of the product surface to air.
Optimization of Microwave-Vacuum Drying of Button Mushrooms Using Response-Surface Methodology

Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporous) were dried in a microwave-vacuum dryer up to a final moisture content of around 6% (d.b.). The effect of microwave power level (115 to 285 W), system pressure (6.5 to 23.5 kPa), and slice thickness (6 to 14 mm) on drying efficiency and some quality attributes (color, texture, rehydration ratio, and sensory attributes) of dehydrated mushrooms were analyzed by means of response surface methodology. A rotatable central composite design was used to develop models for the responses.Analysis of variance showed that a second-order polynomial model predicted well the experimental data. The system pressure strongly affected color, hardness, rehydration ratio, and sensory attributes of dehydrated mushrooms. A lower pressure during drying resulted in better quality products. Optimum drying conditions of 202 W microwave power level, 6.5 kPa pressure, and 7.7 mm slice thickness were established for microwave vacuum drying of button mushrooms. Separate validation experiment was conducted at the derived optimum conditions to verify the predictions and adequacy of the models.
Formation and properties of nanocomposites made up from solid aspen wood, melamine-urea-formaldehyde, and clay

Abstract Wood polymer nanocomposites were prepared from solid aspen wood, water-soluble melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin, and silicate nanoclays. The nanofillers were ground with a ball-mill before being mixed with the MUF resin and impregnated into the wood. The water-soluble prepolymer was mixed with the nanoclays at a mixing speed of 3050 rpm for 20 min to form impregnation solutions. Wood was impregnated with resin, which polymerized in situ under certain conditions. The physical and mechanical properties of the composite and the effect of ball-milling treatment of nanofillers on these properties were investigated. Significant improvements in physical and mechanical properties, such as density, surface hardness, and modulus of elasticity, were obtained for specimens impregnated with MUF resin and nanoclay-MUF resin mixtures. Ball-mill treatment favors dispersion of the nanofillers into the wood, but also appears to interfere with particle-resin adhesion.
Horizontal two‐dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients in the first dimension in the presence of nonionic detergent

Horizontal two‐dimensional (2‐D) electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients (IPG) in the first dimension, described for soluble proteins in Electrophoresis 1985, 6, 599–604, has been extended to an analysis of complex protein mixtures, such as leukemia cell proteins or bean proteins, in the presence of nonionic detergents. By optimizing the ratio of gel volumes for the first and second dimensional separation, and by decreasing the concentration of Nonidet P‐40 in the IPG gel, undistorted protein patterns in the 2‐D gel are obtained. Horizontal and vertical streaking are considerably diminished by optimized reswelling conditions of the dry IPG strips in presence of both urea and detergent. Resolution is improved and a reduced background is obtained when overcrowded gel areas are spread by flattening the pH gradient (in the first dimension) and the polyacrylamide gradient (in the second dimension).
Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclopentadienyl Titanium Trichloride and Indenyltitanium Trichloride; Monocyclictitanium Trihalide Complexes

CpTiCl3 and IndTiCl3 are homogeneous metallocene catalysts that are produced under highly controlled conditions. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene is carried out using these catalysts while methylaluminoxane (MAO) is used as a cocatalyst. In the present paper synthesis of CpTiCl3 was examined at first by reacting TiCl4 with CpNa, this reaction just led to formation of Cp2TiCl2 so CpNa was not a suitable Cp donor compound, therefore CpSiMe3 was used instead of CpNa. Reaction of CpSiMe3 with TiCl4, produced CpTiCl3 immediately. IndTiCl3 was synthesized by reacting IndSiMe3 and TiCl4 as well. At the end two synthetic catalysts were characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectrometers.
Improved Indirect ELISA for Detection of some Plant Viruses

Addition of 0.1% Triton X-100 improved detection of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by indirect ELISA, which was further increased the absorbance value by 35.04%, when Triton X-100 was added to carbonate buffer. Detailed studies with other three viruses; Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Potato virus Y (PVY) using three concentrations of cellulase, macerozyme or Triton X-100 and two extraction buffers (phosphate or carbonate buffer) were achieved. The absorbance values of CMV, ToMV or PVY infected sap were increased significantly by adding each of the additives tested to both extraction buffers. The most efficient additive was macerozyme when used at 0.1%, since the percent increase in absorbance values of CMV, ToMV and PVY was 40.91, 28.33 and 37.02, respectively when the samples extracted in phosphate buffer. While the percent increase was 40.06, 39.16 and 45.51, respectively when the samples extracted in carbonate buffer. Extraction of CMV, ToMV and PVY infected samples in carbonate buffer increased the absorbance values as compared with phosphate buffer. The maximum increases in absorbance values were 30.89, 29.19 followed by 27.32%, which obtained when PVY infected samples were extracted in carbonate buffer with Triton X-100 (0.25%), (0.1%) and macerozyme (0.1%), respectively. © 2013 Friends Science Publishers
Enhancement of the Performance of Low-Efficiency HVAC Filters Due to Continuous Unipolar Ion Emission

Our novel concept utilizing continuous emission of unipolar ions, which has been recently proven to enhance the efficiency of facepiece respirators, was applied to conventional HVAC filters. Laboratory study demonstrated that the air ion emission in the vicinity of a low-efficiency HVAC filter significantly improves its performance. For example, the collection efficiency of two commercial HVAC filters challenged with 1μm PSL particles jumped from 5–15% (measured with no ion emission) to 40–90% (when the ion output rate was ∼ 1012 e−/sec). The enhancement effect depends on the filter type and, generally, on the distance from the ion emitter to the filter surface. The results were explained as follows. The air ions with high mobility are deposited on the fibers forming a macroscopic electric field, which shield out some incoming unipolarly charged particles due to repelling forces. The field estimate has shown that this explanation is feasible. The enhancement effect seems to have a good potential to be employed in industrial and residential ventilation systems as it enhances the aerosol collection efficiency of a low-efficiency HVAC filter while not affecting its pressure drop.
Aqueous Acrylic Resin for Coating an Original Theophylline Granulate

AbstractSpherical granules of theophylline, microcrystalline cellulose and lactose are prepared in a high speed granulator using an original method. Successively, the fraction of granules selected is coated with Eudragit RS 30D in a fluid bed coating machine using the bottom spray system and the wurster column. Finally, these granules are compressed into tablets of different hardnesses.Dissolution studies reveal a zero order release of theophylline from the coated granules. After compression, the kinetics is modified but the tablets remain efficient to control the theophylline release during 8 hours.
A Rechargeable Battery Employing a Reduced Polyacetylene Anode and a Titanium Disulfide Cathode

Novel rechargeable battery cells have been constructed using a reduced form of the conducting organic polymer, polyacetylene, as the anode, the inorganic intercalating material, titanium disulfide as the cathode, and either 1.0M LiCl0/sub 4/ in THF or 1.0M NaPF/sub 6/ in THF as the nonaqueous electrolyte. A feasibility study of the cells is described. It includes constant current discharge characteristics, stability, and rechargeability. The cells exhibited good stability and reversibility. Their performance was cathode limited, owing to the method used for fabricating the TiS/sub 2/ electrode.