Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decision-Making under Cognitive Constraints: Evidence from the Emergency Department

Complex, high-stakes decisions are often made solely by human experts. However, many of these decisions are made under significant cognitive constraints. I estimate the causal impact of an increase in cognitive constraints on the quality of Emergency Department care using the universe of ED visits across the state of New York from 2005-2015. I define cognitive constraints as a function of variation in the number and complexity of other patients a doctor sees at the same time. Patients who arrive when the ED is busy versus empty are of similar ex-ante health, but differ in how cognitively constrained their physician is. My empirical analysis focuses on two common complaints: chest pains, where decision-making aids in the form of simple risk-scoring tools are plentiful, and abdominal pains, where no such aids are available. I show that constraints improve survival for high-risk patients, even in the absence of aids. However, cognitive constraints increase mortality for low-risk patients, even when aids are present. Constraints cause doctors to admit more high-risk patients into the hospital, and conduct more diagnostic testing instead of hospital admission for low-risk patients. When aids are present, constraints reduce variation in treatment across hospitals, cause patients to receive more uncommon diagnoses, and create significantly larger increases in patient survival relative to the amount of additional care provided to patients, which suggests that aids assist doctors in identifying patients with the highest expected benefits. Overall, a combination of decision aids and discretion is preferred to either one alone, and the optimal combination hinges critically on patient type. Acknowledgements: I am very grateful to Isaiah Andrews, David Cutler, and Larry Katz for their advice and enthusiasm, from start to finish. Thank you to Peter Blair, Gary Chamberlain, Ed Glaeser, Claudia Goldin, Nathan Hendren, David Laibson, Sendhil Mullainathan, Mandy Pallais, Bruce Sacerdote, Joshua Schwarzstein, Jon Skinner, Doug Staiger, and Tomasz Strzalecki, as well as seminar participants at the Labor/Public Finance Graduate Student Workshop and Seminar at Harvard, the Health Policy Seminar at Harvard Medical School, the P01 Conference at The Dartmouth Institute, the Harvard Kennedy School Applied Microeconomics Seminar, and the Becker Friedman Institute Health Economics Conference for their helpful suggestions. I thank the following physicians for sharing their time and expert insights with me:
Antioxidant enzyme activities in shoots from three mycorrhizal shrub species afforested in a degraded semi-arid soil

Mycorrhizae may help plants to thrive in Mediterranean semiarid ecosystems by altering antioxidant enzyme activities. Our objective was to determine the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with an allochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus claroideum, Schenck & Smith, or with a mixture of native AM fungi, on the activity of antioxidant enzymes from shoots of Olea europaea L. ssp. sylvestris, Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boissier and Rhamnus lycioides L. seedlings afforested in a degraded Mediterranean semiarid soil. One year after planting, shoot biomass of inoculated O. europaea seedlings was about 630%, of non-inoculated plants. Shoot biomass of G. claroideum-colonized R. sphaerocarpa was greater than that of seedlings inoculated with the mixed native AM fungi after 12months. Inoculation with a mix of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for increasing shoot biomass and N, P and K contents in shoot tissues of R. lycioides. Both mycorrhizal inoculation treatments increased the nutrient contents in shoots of O. europaea and R. lycioides. In O. europaea plants, the inoculation treatments increased catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities, but not monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase activities. Inoculation with G. claroideum increased the activities of all antioxidant enzymes in R. sphaerocarpa. Monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities in R. lycioides leaves were preferentially increased by inoculation with the mixture of native AM fungi. This work support the view that increased antioxidant enzyme activities could be involved, at least in part, in the beneficial effects of mycorrhizal colonization on the performance of shrub species grown under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions.
A semi-parametric Probability of Default model

With the implementation of IFRS 9, a new set of impairment rules will be effective as of 1st January 2018. We analyse alternative models for probability of default (PD) estimation that are in accordance with IFRS 9. In our model, PD is dependent on idiosyncratic firm-specific factors and systematic macroeconomic conditions. In order to identify the macroeconomic conditions that affect PD, we fit a semi-parametric Cox Proportional Hazards model to default data in a similar fashion to Figlewski et al. (2012). Subsequently, in line with Chen et al. (2005) and Kim and Partington (2014), we use a SAS macro programme to calculate PDs. We found that the inclusion of macroeconomic covariates in the regression increases explanatory power and improves the regression results. The regression results were transformed into PDs and we calculated PDs for each business partner. With an ’Area Under the Curve’ value of 0.87, our model is able to accurately predict the business partners that will default within the next 12 months. With this study, we present a good foundation for the implementation of a new model in line with IFRS 9. We would like to thank Maria Kim at the University of Wollongong, Australia, for providing us with her SAS macro programme and test data. Her support helped us refine our thinking on Survival Analysis and probability of default modelling. Furthermore, we are grateful to Alexander Kliushnyk from Nordea who never got tired to align our thinking with the thinking of actual practitioners in the field of credit loss provisioning. Lastly, we would like to thank Michael Halling from the Stockholm School of Economics for his invaluable advice and support.
Nutritional status and the use of protease inhibitors among HIV-infected children in Klang Valley, Malaysia

This study determined the association between nutritional status and the use of protease inhibitors (PI) containing regimen among HIV-infected children receiving treatment at the referral centres in Klang Valley. A total of 95 children currently on antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, aged one to eighteen years, were recruited using purposive sampling. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, medical history, were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum micronutrients levels and lipid profile were also examined using blood samples. Mean age was 8.8 3.9 years and 44.2% were on PI. Age (2=10.351, p = .006), weight-for-age ( 2 = 6.567, p = .010), serum selenium ( 2 = 4.225, p = .040) and HDL-C (2=7.539, p=.006) were significantly associated with the use of PI. Fewer children on PI were deficient in selenium as compared to those not on PI. On the contrary, more children on PI were underweight and had low HDL-C. The use of PI was found to have both positive and negative effects with better selenium level but poorer HDL-C level and weight status.
ENHANCED OXIDE EMISSION IN ELECTRODE-AIDED LASER DEPOSITION OF YBa2Cu3O7-x THIN FILMS

Emission spectroscopy was used to study the effect of a polarized electrode on the properties of pulsed laser deposition plasmas. The presence of the electrode can preferentially excite oxides in high-density regions of the plasma: the near target region in vacuum, and behind the shock front in a gas atmosphere.
Lupus Anticoagulant-hypoprothrombinemia Syndrome that did not Progress to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report

Lupus anticoagulant-hypoprothrombinemia syndrome (LA-HPS) is a rare disorder, and appears mostly in children. The primary concern is its potential development into systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A 5-year-old patient was hospitalized with multiple purpuric lesions. A markedly prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were observed and were not corrected after mixing with normal plasma. Decreased factor II activity was consistent with LA-HPS. Identifying risk factors that play an important role in the development of SLE in patients with LA-HPS is of importance. Based on the case described here, anti-double stranded (ds) DNA antibody and the Sapporo criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome are related to subsequent SLE development, whereas there is no correlation with the results of the lupus anticoagulant (LA) test. We recommend an early and serial examination of anti-ds DNA antibody and full evaluation of Sapporo criteria for the screening of patients with LA-HPS who may progress to SLE.
Running head: IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT Collective Identity Development of Bulgarian Adolescents: A Three Wave Longitudinal Study

The goal of this study was to examine developmental change in ethnic, familial and religious identity and to explore differences between Bulgarian mainstream and Turkish-Bulgarian minority adolescents. A total of 208 students aged 12 to 18 completed ethnic, familial and religious identity scales at three time points. Results indicated that Turkish-Bulgarian adolescents scored higher on Turkish ethnic identity than on Bulgarian mainstream identity across all time points. Turkish-Bulgarian adolescents scored higher on religious identity than Bulgarian adolescents whereas Bulgarian adolescents scored higher on Bulgarian and familial identities than Turkish-Bulgarian adolescents across all time points. There was no developmental change in ethnic, familial and religious identities, which remained stable over time. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
2.20 Properties of Rocks and Minerals-Magnetic Properties of Rocks and Minerals

2.20. 1 2.20. 2 2.20. 2.1 2.20. 2.2 2.20. 2.2.1 2.20. 2.2.2 2.20. 2.2. 3 2.20. 3 2.20. 3.1 2.20. 3. 1.1 2.20. 3.1.2 2.20. 3. 1.3 2.20. 3.1. 4 2.20. 3. 1.5 2.20. 3.2 2.20. 3.2.1 2.20. 3.2.2 2.20. 3.3 2.20. 3.3.1 2.20. 3.3.2 2.20. 3.3.3 2.20. 3.3. 4 2.20. 4 2.20. 4.1 2.20. 4. 1.1 2.20. 4.1.2 2.20. 4.1.3 2.20. 4.2 2.20. 4.2.1 2.20. 4.2.2 2.20. 4.2. 3 2.20. 4.2. 4 2.20. 5 2.20. 5.1 2.20. 5.1.1 2.20. 5. 1.2 2.20. 5.1.3 2.20. 5.2 2.20. 5.2.1 2.20. 5.2.2 2.20. 5.2. 3 2.20. 5.2. 4 Introduction Magnetism at the Atomic Length Scale Exchange Interactions and Magnetic Structure in Fe-Bearing Oxides Atomistic Simulations of Magnetic Ordering Theory Application to magnetic nanopartic les Application to coupled magnetic and chemical ordering in solid solutions Magnetism at the Nanometer Length Scale Theory of Off-Axis Electron Holography of Magnetic Materials Amplitude and phase of a TEM image Calcu lation of the mean inner potential Formation of an electron hologram Processing of the electron hologram Removing the mean inner potential contribution Interpretation of Electron Holographic Phase Images Quantification of the magnetic induction Visualization of the magnetic induction Experimental Results Electron holography of isolated magnetite crystals Electron holography of chains of closely spaced magnetite crystals Electron holography of two-dimensional magnetite nanoparticle arrays Exchange interactions across antiphase boundaries in ilmenite-hematite Magnetism at the Micrometer Length Scale Theory The micromagnetic energy Discretization of the micromagnetic energy Finite element discretization Applications of Micromagnetic Simulations Equilibrium domain states in isolated magnetite particles Temperature dependence of domain states in isolated particles Field dependence of domain states Magnetostatic interactions between particles Magnetism at the Macroscopic Length Scale Theory First-order reversal curves and the FORC distribution Interpretation of the FORC diagram Extended FORCs and the reversible ridge FORC Diagrams as a Function of Grain Size SP particles SD particles PSD particles MD particles
Modeling of Behaviors of Participants in Meetings for Decision Making

In this paper, we discuss (i) the modeling of the interaction between the behaviors of participants, (ii) the modeling of the holistic behaviors of all participants in the meeting for decision making. First, we detect the behaviors of participants based on their facial movements. Next, we propose a modeling method of the behaviors based on multilayered neural networks. Moreover, based on experimental results, we discuss the relationships between the behaviors of participants and the parameters of multi-layered neural networks. Especially, we show that the parameters in the proposed models to be strongly related to the behaviors of participants and the meeting progress.
Pretreatment and Refining of Hot Metal – Efficient technologies to cope with today’s Sulphur and Phosphorous challenges

Pretreatment and refining of liquid hot metal (HM) are globally practiced ways to adjust the chemical composition of HM to the requirements of the final product or at least to the requirements of downstream operations. Sulphur, Silicon, Phosphorous, and Carbon are typically adjusted at pretreatment or refining facilities. In particular desulphurization of HM is a well accepted pretreatment technology used today by most of the steel plants worldwide. Desiliconization and dephosphorization of HM are other pretreatment processes which are a little bit outside of the main focus. For many years Phosphorous was not a major issue for many steelmakers due to the strategy of purchasing premium ore qualities. Limited resources and availability as well as highly volatile prices of these selective qualities has inexorably changed this situation since some years which lead to a growing demand to “pretreat” the HM prior to further processing or ingot casting. This development can be recognized not only in steel plants but also in other ferrous metallurgical facilities. Also these plants e.g. ferroalloy producers, are more and more battling with Sulphur and Phosphorous challenges and seeking for economic solutions.
Modelling thermal processes : cooling and freezing

Refrigeration is the most widely used method for preserving the quality of fresh foods, especially meat, fish, dairy products, fruit, vegetables and ready-made meals. Refrigeration can be costly in terms of equipment and energy, and if not done correctly will fail to achieve its objectives and lower the quality and safety of the product. To ensure that refrigeration is effective, we need to be able to calculate processing times, product temperatures, heat loads and water diffusion into and out of the product. These are influenced by both operating conditions (environmental temperature, humidity, air velocities, etc.) and product parameters (type, size, shape, composition). Not surprisingly a lot of research has been carried out to quantify these relationships. Early works on food refrigeration models concentrated on the prediction of freezing or chilling time based on the mean or centre temperature of the food. Plank’s simplified equations for the freezing time of foods were presented in 1913, and more recent efforts have concentrated on removing his rather limiting assumptions on the properties and geometry of the product. Other workers developed models to predict moisture loss from food undergoing refrigeration. For a long time, processing time and moisture loss were the major concern of researchers. With the advent of computers, numerical methods were introduced into food research and the whole temperature field inside the product could be modelled. It was quickly realised that this would enable the prediction of many other quantities of interest related to the quality of the food such as shelf-life, microbial growth, appearance, flavour and texture. At the same time, the use of computers in plant design stimulated research into the prediction of dynamic heat load from food, and integrated models are being developed to take into 15
Cloud Services for Building the Modern Internet of Things

As the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown in popularity, modern Cloud Providers have begun offering IoT-speciﬁc features. These features could provide IoT developers with a lot of aid, but they are new and relatively unexplored. This study aimed to explore these IoT-speciﬁc features in order to build a better foundation for developers looking to leverage them to improve their IoT systems or development process. To do this, a literature study combined with a case study was carried out. The literature study gives insight into the current research around IoT and IoT cloud providers, for example with common issues and possible applications. The case study provides a reference implementation of how a simple proof-of-concept system can be developed using two of the available providers: AWS IoT and Azure IoT.
Structural Slumps: A Cointegrated VAR Analysis

This paper discusses interactions between speculative behavior in the currency markets and aggregate uctuations in the real economy. It builds on the Structural Slumps theory in Phelps (1994) and the recent theory of Imperfect Knowledge Economics in Frydman and Goldberg (2007). The former emphasizes real interest rates and real exchange rates as potentially important determinants underlying the persistent uctuations in aggregate activities, and the latter provides the conditions under which speculative behavior in currency markets generates such persistence. The paper argues that by combing the two theories we can shed new light on the two-way interdependence between persistent swings in asset markets and persistent uctuations in the real economy. In particular, we may improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the long recurrent spells of high unemployment that continue to mar our economies. The views in this paper are strongly inuenced by previous and ongoing research with Roman Frydman, Michael Goldberg and Søren Johansen. I am deeply grateful to Roman and Michael for sharing with me their profound insight in international macro and how imperfect knowledge economics can resolve its many empirical puzzles and to my son, Mikael Juselius, for numerous valuable comments on an early version of this paper.
Survival analysis of private Banks in Brazil

The objective of this research is to analyze the private banks survival. This subject is very important because banking crises around the world show that some instability in the banking system causes many financial and social costs. In this way, to identify problems in the banking system is fundamental. In fact, the financial system is very important for a country economy and a bank system supervision becomes necessary. The banking failure prediction models are able to identify a bank financial condition through the probability of failure. In this research, 66 private Brazilian banks were analyzed, of which 29 are failure banks and 37 are survival banks, between 1994 and 2007. It is used the survival analysis to find the main indicators which can explain the private banking failure in Brazil. Once the survival analysis has a big set of techniques to construct a prediction model, it was necessary to elect one. A Cox proportional hazard model was chosen by a test of Cox-Snell residuals. It was possible to find the main financial ratios to explain the bank failure in Brazil through a construction of a banking failure prediction model. Some peculiar differences were detected in this research result comparing with others studies found in literature.
SIMON SAYS: DO FIRMS SET THE INDUSTRY STANDARD EARNINGS OR ARE THE FIRM’S STANDARD EARNINGS SET BY THE INDUSTRY?

Managers have to deal with numerous contracts to maintain growth and the competitiveness of companies. To do so, there is a chance they recur to manipulation of accounting numbers to keep covenants, reporting results that meet the expectations of investors and analysts or to maintain the company's position within the industry in which it competes. Thus, the objective of this research is to find whether or not companies engages in earnings management to match their earnings with either the industry’s leader’s earnings or the industry’s earnings mean. To investigate the question, we used the modified Jones model and the Herfindahl of the industries on BM&FBOVESPA. The research is quantitative-descriptive, with a sample of 450 companies-year between the years 2010 and 2013. By means of multiple linear regressions, the results showed that, in general, the higher the earnings management, the closer the company's earnings are of those of the leaders of concentrated sectors. For companies that are highly concentrated or unconcentrated industries, accounting earnings tend to move away from the industry average. Earnings management can jeopardize the decisions of various stakeholders. Also, for each percent that logat increases, the distance between the firm’s earnings and its target’s decreases 0.816%. For some reason, the interaction of the dummy variable and the mean discretionary accruals is significant at 5%; besides many other results. Further, this paper investigates a question economicaly inherent to business: a competition. The conclusion is that, in general, the greater the discretionary accruals, i.e. the greater the earnings management, the closer the firm’s earnings will be from the earnings of the leading firm, for moderately concentrated industries.
Hyper ionisation phenomena in the N V region in 20 Oe stars

Spectral lines of Oe and Be stars present DACs or SACs In this paper we study the N V line profiles of a sample of 20 Oe stars (from O4 to O7 spectral subtype). Using the model given by Danezis et al. (2003, 2005a,b) we found that the line shapes are very complex and that they can be fitted by a multi-component N V region. In the sample the region may be divided into two to five subregions which show different kinematical and physical parameters. We give the kinematical parameters of subregions where the N V resonance lines (λλ 1238.81, 1242.804 Å) are formed.
Monitoring aeolian activity during a storm event using a video system

Aeolian sand transport was assessed from an Argus camera system located on a macro-tidal beach along the Belgian coast over a period of 4 days covering a storm surge. Over the study period, observed sand transport event occurred for 9.5% of the time when strong high oblique onshore wind (9.8m/s) combined with a water level below 3.75m TAW moved sand to the beach. Measured post-storm topographic profiles indicated an accretion on the total beach upper beach of 0.70m3/m, which was in agreement with the estimated potential sand supply of 0.91m3/m for the observed sand transport event and expected night transport events. Thus, there was a narrow temporal window in which sediment can be supplied to the beach before and after the storm surge. Also, the study highlights that the presence of berm with a relative height of 3m segments sediment transfer to the backshore.