Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) behaviour and aphid host preference in relation to partially resistant and susceptible wheat landraces

Abstract The bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is a major pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and can cause up to 30% yield losses. Heritable plant resistance to aphids is both an economically and ecologically sound method for managing aphids. Here we report how the behaviour and performance of R. padi differs on two resistant, one susceptible wheat landrace and a susceptible elite wheat variety. Feeding behaviour differed among the genotypes, with aphids on resistant lines spending longer in the pathway phase and less time phloem feeding. These behaviours suggest that both inter‐ and intracellular factors encountered during pathway and phloem feeding phases could be linked to the observed aphid resistance. Locomotion and antennal positioning choice tests also revealed a clear preference for susceptible lines. Although feeding studies revealed differences in the first probe indicating that the resistance factors might also be located in the peripheral layers of the plant tissue, scanning electron microscopy revealed no difference in trichrome length and density on the surface of leaves. Aphids are phloem feeders and limiting the nutrient uptake by the aphids may negatively affect their growth and development as shown here in lower weight and survival of nymphs on resistant genotypes and decreased reproductive potential, with lowest mean numbers of nymphs produced by aphids on W064 (54.8) compared to Solstice (71.9). The results indicate that resistant lines markedly alter the behaviour, reproduction and development potential of R. padi and possess both antixenosis and antibiosis type of resistance.
Revealing the Structure and Oxygen Transport at Interfaces in Complex Oxide Heterostructures via 17O NMR Spectroscopy

Vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) films, comprising nanopillars of one phase embedded in a matrix of another, have shown great promise for a range of applications due to their high interfacial areas oriented perpendicular to the substrate. In particular, oxide VANs show enhanced oxide-ion conductivity in directions that are orthogonal to those found in more conventional thin-film heterostructures; however, the structure of the interfaces and its influence on conductivity remain unclear. In this work, 17O NMR spectroscopy is used to study CeO2–SrTiO3 VAN thin films: selective isotopic enrichment is combined with a lift-off technique to remove the substrate, facilitating detection of the 17O NMR signal from single atomic layer interfaces. By performing the isotopic enrichment at variable temperatures, the superior oxide-ion conductivity of the VAN films compared to the bulk materials is shown to arise from enhanced oxygen mobility at this interface; oxygen motion at the interface is further identified from 17O relaxometry experiments. The structure of this interface is solved by calculating the NMR parameters using density functional theory combined with random structure searching, allowing the chemistry underpinning the enhanced oxide-ion transport to be proposed. Finally, a comparison is made with 1% Gd-doped CeO2–SrTiO3 VAN films, for which greater NMR signal can be obtained due to paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, while the relative oxide-ion conductivities of the phases remain similar. These results highlight the information that can be obtained on interfacial structure and dynamics with solid-state NMR spectroscopy, in this and other nanostructured systems, our methodology being generally applicable to overcome sensitivity limitations in thin-film studies.
Prevalence and Characterisation of Class 1 and 2 Integrons in Multi-drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates from Pig Farms in Chongqing, China

Abstract Introduction Integrons are mobile DNA elements that allow for acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes among pig farm-derived bacteria. Limited information is available on integrons of Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms. The aim of this study was to characterise and investigate the prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolates from pig farms. Material and Methods A total of 724 swabs were collected from 12 pig farms in Chongqing, China, and examined by conventional microbial and molecular methods. Results In total, 68 isolates were S. aureus, 57 of which were methicillin resistant (MRSA). All 68 isolates were MDR strains and carried integrons, of which 88.2% (60/68) harboured both class 1 and 2. In addition, 85.3% (58/68) of the class 2 integron-positive isolates carried the β-lactam resistance gene (blaTEM-1), and 66.7% (40/60) of the class 1 integron–positive isolates carried the aadA1c, aadA1 or dfrA1 gene for respective streptomycin and spectinomycin or trimethoprim resistance. Conclusions Class 1 and 2 integrons are common among the pig farm-derived S. aureus isolates. On account of their significance for public health, the prevalence of the integrons and their associated resistance genes in pig farm-derived S. aureus isolates should be paid special attention.
The Social, Environmental and Economic Effects of a Reclamation Project: From the Lived Experience of the Residents of an Affected Local Coastal Village in the Philippines

One of the offshoots of urbanization is the construction of reclamation sites. In the province of Leyte, the conversion of the municipality of Baybay into a city paves the way for this development project. With this, people living in the city poblacion’s coastal barangays were affected by the new development. Using the qualitative research method of hermeneutic phenomenology, this study aims to investigate the reclamation project’s effects on the lives of the affected residents specifically on the social, environmental and economic aspects. This study then concludes that negative effects have been felt on the social aspect of the residents’ lives as discernible in the violation of their basic human rights to information. This has caused fears and apprehensions among the affected in relation to their housing needs, availability of work and the continuance of their social inter-connectedness. Furthermore, this study concludes that the reclamation project has brought environmental degradation caused by the project’s construction and has prevented the residents to enjoy the aesthetic benefits and other ecosystem services that they used to have before the start of the project. Lastly, this study concludes that the reclamation project has negatively affected the economic aspect ofthe residents’ lives. With the degradation and change of landscape in the residents’ community, the residents’ have been limited and prevented in their fishing activities which have been their main source of income. This also includes the fishermen’s dwindling catch and the obliteration of the residents’ activity of gathering shells and crabs during low tides.
Clotrimazole, a model compound for the host release factor of the coral Plesiastrea versipora

Crude homogenates of animal host tissues stimulate the release of photosynthetic products from symbiotic dinoflagellates isolated from corals and several other invertebrates. It is believed that specific ‘host release factors’ stimulate the symbiotic algae to release water-soluble compounds, chiefly glycerol and amino acids, to the host. Crude host homogenates also contain compounds which sometimes inhibit photosynthesis in isolated algal cells, although this inhibition is not apparent in the intact association. Therefore, use of crude homogenates in translocation experiments may sometimes lead to inconsistent results. We have found that the commercially available synthetic fungicide, clotrimazole (mycosporin), a chemical analogue of naturally occurring mycosporine-like amino acids, can be used as a model for the host release factor of the coral Plesiastrea versipora(Lamarck). Clotrimazole stimulated isolated algal cells from P. versipora to release carbon fixation products to the external medium. Chromatography experiments showed that the released compounds were similar to those found when algae were incubated with crude homogenates of P. versipora. We propose that, in Plesiastrea versipora, clotrimazole may be used as an internal control in experiments using crude host homogenate and in screening partially purified fractions for ‘host factor’ activity. Clotrimazole is the first commercially available compound found to have effects similar to the ‘host factor’ of a coral.
Differences in the support needs of children with developmental disabilities among groups of medical and behavioral needs

Background/Aims Medical and behavioral needs are relevant in organizing and providing support strategies that improve the quality of life for children, along with their families. The present study aims to examine the impact of medical and behavioral needs on the need for support of children with disabilities. Methods Health and education professionals were interviewed using the Supports Intensity Scale-Children’s version to estimate the support needs of 911 children and adolescents (5–16 years) with an intellectual disability, including 55.32% with an additional disability. For data analysis, a model for measuring support needs was specified, consisting of seven support needs factors and three method factors. In estimating the model, four groups of medical and behavioral needs were considered. The factor scores’ means of the groups were compared through t-tests. Results Medical and behavioral needs had an impact on overall support needs. Differences were found in all support domains for medical needs. The greatest influence of behavioral needs was found in the Social and School participation areas but was indistinguishable between the mild and moderate levels of needs. Conclusions Medical and behavioral needs greatly affect the need for support in a child’s daily life, so they need to be considered a priority for support services. The importance of standardized assessments is emphasized to help develop support strategies.
American alligator food habits in northcentral Florida

Stomachs from 350 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) collected in conjunction with 1981-83 experimental harvests on 3 lakes in northcentral Florida were examined for food habits. Common invertebrate foods of subadult alligators were giant water bugs (Belostoma spp.), apple snails (Pomacea paludosa), and crayfish (Procambarus penninsulatus); common terrestrial foods were round-tailed muskrats (Neofiber alleni) and marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris). Larger size classes primarily consumed Florida red-bellied turtles (Pseudemys nelsoni), peninsular cooters (P. floridana), stinkpots (Sternotherus odoratus), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), and Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus). When compared by sex female alligators consumed significantly (P = 0.04) more mammals. Reptiles (turtles) were more important (P = 0.04) in the diet of male alligators. No differences (P > 0.05) were apparent in diets between study area lakes. Alligators in Florida consumed more fish and turtles but fewer mammals than in other parts of their range. Alligator marking tags recovered from 5% of the sample suggest some juvenile mortality may be attributable to cannibalism. Fish and amphibians are probably under-represented in the sample, and turtles, snails, crayfish, birds, and mammals may be overemphasized because of differential digestion rates. Diverse wetland habitat may benefit alligators by providing a variety of foods for different size classes. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 50(2):348-353 Carcasses collected during experimental alligator hunts in Florida provided an opportunity to conduct stomach analysis and determine the role of the alligator in Florida wetlands. Because diet influences alligator growth rate, condition, and reproduction (Chabreck 1972, McNease and Joanen 1981) food habits information may be helpful in evaluating the relationship between alligators and their management in Florida. Previous studies in Florida are limited to 36 juvenile specimens (Fogarty and Albury 1968), part (11 specimens) of a regional sample (Kellog 1929), and a report on the stomach contents of a road-killed alligator (Kinsella 1982). This paper describes the late summerearly autumn diet of alligators in northcentral Florida and relates food habits to alligator size, sex, condition, location, study year, and diges-
Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids differentially regulate adipokine gene expression and are associated with systemic C-Reactive Protein levels.

SATURATED AND MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATE ADIPOKINE GENE EXPRESSION AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC C-REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVELS. Carolina Stryjecki Advisor: University of Guelph, 2011 Dr David M Mutch This thesis investigates the contributions of fatty acids (FA) to adipokine dysregulation and inflammation. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids and changes in adipokine gene expression were measured. Here it was determined that saturated FA (SFA) increased the expression of RANTES and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) decreased the expression of RANTES and IL-6; demonstrating that FA differentially regulate adipokine expression. Relationships between plasma levels of SFA, MUFA and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also identified in a human observational study, further demonstrating the link between FA and inflammation Moreover, an association was also found between stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) activity and CRP, demonstrating that SCD1 activity contributes to the inflammatory state. Genetic variation in SCD1 was also found to alter plasma FA and CRP levels, thus contributing to systemic inflammation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SFA and MUFA influence adipokine dysregulation and systemic
An Analysis of Practices Used to Support New Teachers.

Assisting beginning teachers in their development toward becoming compe tent professionals is critically important in education today. Learning to teach is an evolving process, involving several stages of devel opment and extending well into the first several years Katherine Perez and of teaching (Morey & Murphy, 1990). Effective new Carole Swain are teacher support programs should provide an inte professors in the School grated, systematic approach in order to prepare con of Education at Saint fident teachers who will remain in the profession. Mary's College of Many beginning teachers leave the profession California, Moraga, after only a short time in the classroom. Various California; Carolyn S. estimates suggest that about 30 percent of beginning Hartsough is an associate teachers do not teach beyond two years and that research educator with almost 40 percent leave the profession within their the Graduate School of first five years of teaching (Heyns, 1988; Schlechty Education, University of & Vance, 1981, 1983). Several factors contribute to California Berkeley. this, including the isolation and lack of support often Berkeley, California. experienced by beginning teachers (Dworkin, 1987;
Biological significance in forward and backward blocking: Resolution of a discrepancy between animal conditioning and human causal judgment

Similarities between Pavlovian conditioning in nonhumans and causal judgment by humans suggest that similar processes operate in these situations. Notably absent among the similarities is backward blocking (i.e., retrospective devaluation of a signal due to increased valuation of another signal that was present during training), which has been observed in causal judgment by humans but not in Pavlovian responding by animals. The authors used rats to determine if this difference arises from the target cue being biologically significant in the Pavlovian case but not in causal judgment. They used a sensory preconditioning procedure in Experiments 1 and 2, in which the target cue retained low biological significance during the treatment, and obtained backward blocking. The authors found in Experiment 3 that forward blocking also requires the target cue to be of low biological significance. Thus, low biological significance is a necessary condition for a stimulus to be vulnerable to blocking.
Agricultural privatization, land reform and farm restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe

Agricultural privatization, land reform and farm restructuring in Albania, Azeta Cungu and Johan F.M. Swinnen Bulgaria - economics and politics of post-reform farm structures, Sophia Davidova et al changes in farming structures in the Czech Republic as a result of land reform and privatization, Tomas Ratinger and Ewa Rabinowicz decollectivization and privatization policies and resulting structural changes of agriculture in Eastern Germany, Volker Beckmann and Konrad Hagedorn privatization and restructuring of Hungarian agriculture, Erik Mathijs and Sandor Meszaros restructuring of farms and agricultural systems in Romania, Alexander H. Sarris and Dinu Gavrilescu privatization and decollectivization policies and resulting structural changes of agriculture in Slovakia, Ladislav Kabat and Konrad Hagedorn agricultural privatization and farm restructuring in Slovenia, Stefan Bojnec and Johan F.M. swinnen experience with land reform and farm restructuring in the former Soviet Union, Zvi Lerman agricultural privatization, land reform and farm restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe - a comparative analysis, Johan F.M. Swinnen and Erik Mathijs.
Intergeneric Hybridization between Conimitella williamsii and Mitella stauropetala (Saxifragaceae)

Based on morphology, intergeneric hybridization appeared evident between Conimi- tella williamsii and Mitella stauropetala in a mixed population of these species from western Wyoming. Evidence from starch gel electrophoresis confirmed the occurrence of natural intergeneric hybrid- ization between these taxa. Conimitella williamsii and M. stauropetala each possess unique allozymes at four of 18 loci examined. Using these allozymes as markers, plants of intermediate morphology were determined to be of hybrid origin. Electrophoretic data also suggest that several additional plants were the result of backcrossing of F1 hybrid plants to M. stauropetala, or that they are F2 or later generation plants. Although this is the first report of intergeneric hybridization between Conimitella and Mitella, naturally occurring hybrids have been reported between other related gen- era of tribe Saxifrageae, including Mitella and Tiarella, and Tellima and Tolmiea. The occurrence of hybrids between so many genera of Saxifrageae suggests that barriers to crossability often are not well-developed among genera of this tribe. Furthermore, since these genera are vegetatively very homogeneous and differ largely in floral morphology, the occurrence of intergeneric hybrids sug- gests that they may not be highly differentiated genetically.
ISOKINETIC STRENGTH AFTER TEARS OF THE SUPRASPINATUS TENDON

We measured the isokinetic strength of abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation in ten patients with full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus and ten with partial-thickness tears. The measurements were repeated after intra-articular or intrabursal injection of local anaesthetic. Pain blocks produced significant increases in strength in both full and partial-thickness tears. After the block, the strength in full-thickness tears compared with the opposite side was 67% to 81% in abduction and 67% to 78% in external rotation, both significantly smaller than those on the uninvolved side (p = 0.0064, p = 0.0170). In partial-thickness tears the strength after the block ranged from 82% to 111%, with no significant differences between the involved and uninvolved sides. The decreases in strength of 19% to 33% in abduction and 22% to 33% in external rotation after full-thickness tears appear to represent the contribution of supraspinatus to the strength of the shoulder.
Characterization of the MVST waste tanks located at ORNL

During the fall of 1996 there was a major effort to sample and analyze the Active Liquid Low-Level Waste (LLLW) tanks at ORNL which include the Melton Valley Storage Tanks (MVST) and the Bethel Valley Evaporator Service Tanks (BVEST). The characterization data summarized in this report was needed to address waste processing options, address concerns of the performance assessment (PA) data for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), evaluate the characteristics with respect to the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for WIPP and Nevada Test Site (NTS), address criticality concerns, and meet DOT requirements for transporting the waste. This report only discusses the analytical characterization data for the MVST waste tanks. The isotopic data presented in this report support the position that fissile isotopes of uranium and plutonium were ``denatured`` as required by administrative controls. In general, MVST sludge was found to be both hazardous by RCRA characteristics and the transuranic alpha activity was well about the limit for TRU waste. The characteristics of the MVST sludge relative to the WIPP WAC limits for fissile gram equivalent, plutonium equivalent activity, and thermal power from decay heat, were estimated from the data in this report and found to be far below the upper boundary for any of the remote-handled transuranic waste requirements for disposal of the waste in WIPP.
An experimental test of the costs of antipredatory refuge use in the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis

Prey often respond to predator presence by increasing their use of refuges. However, refuge use may have some costs such as lost opportunities for foraging, and also physiological costs, such as hypothermia. Many lizards escape from predators by fleeing into rock crevices, which because of shady and colder conditions decreases their body temperature below required optimal levels. By experimentally increasing the frequency of attacks by a simulated predator (human) toward a group of wall lizards. Podarcis muralis, we examined the hypothesis that lizards may respond to an increase in risk of predation with an increase in refuge use, but that this strategy entails costs to their body condition. At the end of the experimental period, experimental lizards increased the time spent in a refuge after an attack (recovery time), but they had significantly lower relative body mass than control individuals. We suggest that an increase in the time spent in refuges at unfavourable temperatures during the experiment led to a loss of time available for foraging and a diminution of the efficiency of physiological functions, which resulted in loss of mass.