Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyzing and inferring the structure of code change

Programmers often need to reason about how a program evolved between two or more program versions. Reasoning about program changes is challenging as there is a significant gap between how programmers think about changes and how existing program differencing tools represent such changes. For example, even though modification of a locking protocol is conceptually simple and systematic at a code level, diff extracts scattered text additions and deletions per file. To enable programmers to reason about program differences at a high-level, this dissertation proposes an approach that automatically discovers and represents systematic changes as first order logic rules. This rule inference approach is based on the insight that high-level changes are often systematic at a code level and that first order logic rules can represent such systematic changes concisely. There are two similar but separate rule-inference techniques, each with its own kind of rules. The first kind captures systematic changes to application programming interface (API) names and signatures. The second kind captures systematic differences at the level of code elements (e.g., types, methods, and fields) and structural dependencies (e.g., method-calls and subtyping relationships). Both kinds of rules concisely represent systematic changes and explicitly note exceptions to systematic changes. Thus, software engineers can quickly get an overview of program differences and identify potential bugs caused by inconsistent updates. The viability of this approach is demonstrated through its application to several open source projects as well as a focus group study with professional software engineers from a large e-commerce company. This dissertation also presents empirical studies that motivated the rule-based change inference approach. It has been long believed that code clones syntactically similar code fragments—indicate poor software design and that refactoring code clones improves software quality. By focusing on the evolutionary aspects of clones, this dissertation discovered that, in contrast to conventional wisdom, programmers often create and maintain code duplicates with clear intent and that immediate and aggressive refactoring may not be the best solution for managing code clones. The studies also contributed to developing the insight that a high-level change operation comprises systematic transformations at a code level and that identification of such systematicness can help programmers better understand code changes and avoid inconsistent updates.
Expressive Character Animation with Energy Constraints

ExpressiveCharacterAnimationwithEnergyConstraintsJae-Kwon Park, Young-Min Kang, Sung-So o Kim, Hwan-Gue ChoGraphics Application Lab. ,Department of Computer Science,Pusan National University, Kum Jung Ku, Pusan 609-735, Korea.E-mail:fjkpark,ymkang,sskim,hgchog@pearl.cs. pusan.ac. krABSTRACTThemainproblemincomputeranimationishowtocontroltheactofacreaturedesiredwayeciently.Therearetoapproachesinthisproblem:oneistoapplylawsofphysicsasconstraints,andtheotheristosynthesizeacontroller.Recentlyveryapp ealingapproach,namedSpacetimeConstraints(SC)paradigmwasintro duced,wherebytheanimatorsp eci eswhat animated gure should, not howto do.Though SC paradigm works well for generating anatural-lo oking act of a creature, it needs huge amount of computations in optimization phase.Inaddition,itcannotexpressthemo o dofcharacter,e.g.,briskness,tiredness,sinceSConlyfo cuses on minimizing the total energy consumed in animating pro cedure.Inthispap er,weprop oseanewmo delingtechniqueforthegaitofanarti cialcreaturewithemotions.Thebasicideaofourapproachisthatwelimittheenergyconsumptiontocontrolthecreatureinadesiredwy. Thusifeanttomakmovenergetically(e.g.,walking briskly, and running or hopping), we only need to supply enough energy to activate itsallarticulationsfully.Similarlyifweanttomakitalkinatiredstate,forcewithaverysmallamountofenergy.Inthiswy,ecaneasilyanimatelimping orstaggeringlo comotion bycontrolling the utilization ratio of energy consumption in each leg indep endently.OuranimationalgorithmwasimplementedandtestedinSGIIndigo2machinewithOp enGL/Inventorvironment.Severalsnapshotpicturestakinthereal-timeanimationpro cedure are given in the nal section.Keywords:character animation, energy constraints, genetic programming, emotion.1MOTIVATIONComputers have b een used to assist p eople withthe creation of animated sequences for more thanadecade.Oneofmultipleasp ectscomputeranimationistheob jectivetosimulaterealitytakingintoaccountbiological,mechanicalorphysicalconstraints,yettheresultinganima-tionstill cannotrepro ducethelifelike qualitiesimpartedtocreaturesthroughtraditionalhandanimation[10]. Therehavebeenseveralmeth-odstocreaterealisticmotionofinanimateob-jects suchaschain and some articulated machinebysimulating physical laws.However the lifelikemotion of animated creature can not b e capturedbyadirectapplicationofNewton'slawsmo-tion since wehaveto knowhowto makeit moeor control muscles in a desired way[5 , 8 ]. Inthis pap er weconsider the problem ofhowto mo del theemotion-basedbehaviors of an arti- cial creature for the purp ose of advertising andentertainment use, including such as carto on-likeexaggerationsorexpression.Therehaveb eenseveralstudiesforanimationofemotion-basedbehavior.Onecommonapproachtocop ewiththis problem is to build huge database of humanbehavior[9]. Otherdynamicsimulationtech-niques can b e used to generate a desirable motionby trial and error o -line exp eriments[3, 8 ]. Recentlyoneapproachisprop osed.Intheirmetho d,characteristicshumanb ehaviorareProc. of Edu+Compugraphics '97, pp. 260-268, 1997. Vilamoura, Portugal.
Stochastic Modelling of Syntax and Semantics

Abstract: Within a ’top-down’ approach for speech understanding (i.e. for converting a spoken utterance into its semantic representation), the semantic model generates semantic structures, which are semantic representations close to the word level. Corresponding to such a semantic structure, the syntactic model generates according word chains. These models can be integrated for language production or automatic translation within a restricted domain.
Joint Coding/Decoding in a Multiple Access System, Application to Mobile Communications

xxiii 1 Work Context 1 1.1 Definitions and system model . 1 1.2 Overview and contribution of thesis . 9 2 Information Theory and State of the Art 13 2.1 Information theory viewpoint . 14 2.1.1 Capacity of the noiseless K-user adder channel . 14 2.1.2 Capacity of the Gaussian multiple access channel . 14 2.1. 3 Capacity of known systems . 16 2.1. 4 Capacity of multi-antenna system . 19 2.2 State of the art . 22 2.2.1 Multi-user detection . 22 2.2.2 Multi-user coding . 23 2.2. 3 Multi-antenna and space-time codes . 23 3 Joint Multi-user Decoding 25 3.1 Uncoded two users . 26 3.1.1 The Gaussian channel . 26 3.1.2 The Rayleigh fading channel . 27 3.2 Convolutional coded systems . 30
Combining Enterprise Architecture & Operational Data To Better Support Decision-Making

Decision-making may be complex in large organizations dealing with many stakes and situations. Currently, decision-making is often done using business intelligence solutions, combined with data warehousing technologies storing operational data. Enterprise architecture is often used for strategy purposes and provides an overview of complex organizational architectures, showing business entities and relations. This thesis combines best of both worlds, filling the gap between enterprise architecture and business intelligence by combining operational data with enterprise architecture using the Enterprise Architecture Intelligence Lifecycle (EAIL), which is the main contribution of this thesis. Furthermore, we present a Concept Match Library (CML), which is a database that is able to store enterprise architecture meta data and operational data in the 'time' dimension. The CML may be used for forecasting purposes; using operational data with enterprise architecture meta data to predict future situations and adapt the corporate strategy to it.
Ideal and Current Teaching Theory: Analysis and Reflection.

This action research project was undertaken to evaluate the difference between the instructional theory as espoused and as practiced by a graduate teaching assistant. The study took place in an elective pharmacy course, involving 3 class sessions and 25 students. The qualitative research methodology consisted of identifying the espoused or ideal theory using self-reflection, journaling, and dialogue with colleagues. The ideal theory identified was "practical": the instructor intended to involve students in the learning process and in the evaluation of the methodology employed. Once this ideal theory was identified, qualitative and quantitative data dealing with the instructional theory as practiced were gathered and compared with the ideal theory. Findings indicated a gap between the ideal espoused theory and the theory in practice. Several reasons, both organizational and personal, for the gap between these two theories were identified. Appendices include session evaluation forms used to collect data, written comments, and results of student evaluation for training lesson. (Contains 11 references.) (Author/ND) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. **********************************************************************
Providing Opportunistic Access to Information Sources and Services for Mobile Users

Abstract Ubiquitous computing is the method of augmenting and improving work practices and knowledge sharing, by making computers of all scales, available but invisible throughout the physical environment, while amplifying human-to-human communication. Personal systems, such as PDAs and cell phones, give users access to computing resources regardless of their location. Handheld computers are being transformed from personal electronic agendas into mobile communication devices with intermittent network connectivity. Thus, they are becoming a natural medium to tap into an ubiquitous computing infrastructure. However, handhelds most often operate disconnected from the network thus reducing the opportunities for spontaneous interoperation with other peers or web services, which is a desirable feature of ubicomp environments. Autonomous agents can enable spontaneous collaboration by representing users, as well as devices or services available through the Web, which has become an ubiquitous medium for information sharing. An agent acts on behalf of the user while he is disconnected, and represents services added to the environment, thus allowing the physical integration and interoperability of these entities. We present the SALSA framework, which allows developers to implement simple agents for ubicomp systems. These agents use an expressive communication language based on XML, which provides protocols for locating and interacting with Web pservices even when the user is disconnected.
Introduction to IND and recursive partitioning, version 1.0

This manual describes the IND package for learning tree classifiers from data. The package is an integrated C and C shell re-implementation of tree learning routines such as CART, C4, and various MDL and Bayesian variations. The package includes routines for experiment control, interactive operation, and analysis of tree building. The manual introduces the system and its many options, gives a basic review of tree learning, contains a guide to the literature and a glossary, lists the manual pages for the routines, and instructions on installation.
Overlaying Graph Links on Treemaps

Every graph can be decomposed into a tree structure plus a set of remaining edges. We describe a visualization technique that displays the tree structure as a Treemap and the remaining edges as curved links overlaid on the Treemap. Link curves are designed to show where the link starts and where it ends without requiring an explicit arrow that would clutter the already dense visualization. This technique is effective for visualizing structures where the underlying tree has some meaning, such as Web sites or XML documents with cross-references. Graphic attributes of the links - such as color or thickness - can be used to represent attributes of the edges. Users can choose to see all links at once or only the links to and from the node or branch under the cursor.
Word Recognition based on Hidden Markov Models with Three-Dimensional Lip Shape Information

We propose a new method of word recognition which is based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and which uses three-dimensional image information. Conventional word recognition methods extract features from two-dimensional image information. However, since such features vary according to the relative position between the camera and face, the recognition rate declines when the speaker is not directly facing the camera [11]. The proposed method extracts features from three-dimensionalimagesgenerated using high-speed three-dimensional restoration from moir´ analysis. The extracted features are modeled by Gaussian distributions and their temporal dependencies by HMMs. We show experimentally, using real sequential images, that the proposed method achieves a higher recognition rate than the subspace method and is not constrained to the relative position between the camera and face.
A Security Assessment of Trusted Platform Modules A Security Assessment of Trusted Platform Modules

Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) are becoming ubiquitous devices included in newly released personal computers. Broadly speaking, the aim of this technology is to provide a facility for authenticating the platform on which they are running: they are able to measure attest to the authenticity of a hardware and software con(cid:2)guration. Designed to be cheap, commodity devices which motherboard and processor vendors can include in their products with minimal marginal cost, these devices have a good theoretical design. Unfortunately, there exist several practical constraints on the effectiveness of TPMs and the architectures which employ them which leave them open to attack. We demonstrate some hardware and software attacks against these devices and architectures. These attacks include Time of Check/Time of Use attacks on the Integrity Measurment Architecture, and a bus attack against the Low Pin Count bus. Further we explore the possibility of side-channel attacks against TPMs.
The effects of cd-rom interactive software in reading skills instruction with second-grade chapter 1 students

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of instruction using both CD-ROM interactive computer-based books and whole language reading instruction on reading achievement and attitudes toward reading of second grade Chapter 1 eligible students. The study was designed to consider reading achievement gains as well as gains in academic and recreational reading attitudes. Data for the study were collected using three different instruments. The first instrument, the Metropolitan Achievement Test, was used to measure achievement of students in vocabulary and comprehension. The second instrument, Mckenna and Kear's Elementary Reading Attitude Survey, was used to assess academic and recreational reading attitudes. The third instrument was an informal student rating scale used to assess class participation. This study shows significantly greater gains in vocabulary and reading comprehension for the treatment group that used interactive computer software and whole language instruction as compared to a treatment group that used whole language instruction only. The study's findings bolster published research suggesting that an increased opportunity for reading from books can foster reading growth. These findings confirm the supposition that a holistic interactive reading environment which includes interactive computer software allows students to become active in their own learning.
The TREC Test Collections

A silicone resin molding composition is proposed which comprises (a) a vinyl-containing organopolysiloxane composed of randomly copolymerized tri-, di- and mono-functional siloxane units in specific mole fractions, (b) a vinyl-containing organopolysiloxane with at least one block composed of from 5 to 1,000 of diorganosiloxane units bonded linearly to each other in an uninterrupted sequence, (c) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane which serves as a crosslinking agent and (d) a platinum catalyst. Being solid at room temperature, the silicone resin molding composition of the present invention is suitable for transfer molding and injection molding, and the molded articles obtained from the composition have the advantages of good dimensional stability with very small thermal expansion coefficients as well as small shrinkage in molding and in post-curing.
Development, Application and Evaluation of Statistical Tools in Pharmacometric Data Analysis

To characterise the pharmacokinetics of dofetilide in patients and to identify clinically relevant parameter-covariate relationships. To investigate three different modelling strategies in covariate model building using dofetilide as an example: (1) using statistical criteria only or in combination with clinical irrelevance criteria for covariate selection, (2) applying covariate effects on total clearance or separately on non-renal and renal clearances and (3) using separate data sets for covariate selection and parameter estimation. Pooled concentration-time data (1,445 patients, 10,133 observations) from phase III clinical trials was used. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM. Stepwise covariate model building was applied to identify important covariates using the strategies described above. Inclusion and exclusion of covariates using clinical irrelevance was based on reduction in interindividual variability and changes in parameters at the extremes of the covariate distribution. Parametric separation of the elimination pathways was accomplished using creatinine clearance as an indicator of renal function. The pooled data was split in three parts which were used for covariate selection, parameter estimation and evaluation of predictive performance. Parameter estimations were done using the first-order (FO) and the first-order conditional estimation (FOCE) methods. A one-compartment model with first order absorption adequately described the data. Using clinical irrelevance criteria resulted in models containing less parameter-covariate relationships with a minor loss in predictive power. A larger number of covariates were found significant when the elimination was divided into a renal part and a non-renal part, but no gain in predictive power could be seen with this data set. The FO and FOCE estimation methods gave almost identical final covariate model structures with similar predictive performance. Clinical irrelevance criteria may be valuable for practical reasons since stricter inclusion/exclusion criteria shortens the run times of the covariate model building procedure and because only the covariates important for the predictive performance are included in the model.
Determining Stopping Criteria in the Generation of Web-Derived Langua ge Models

In this work, we present a small-scale evaluation of two query-based sampling techniques for building language models, using a database comprised of world-wide web documents. We propose a metric by which it is possible to determine when to cease sampling a given web database, and we compare this new metric to other metrics that have been used in previous work to determine the fidelity of sampled language models.
APPLICATION OF A BRATSETH ANALYSIS SCHEME INCLUDING DOPPLER RADAR DATA

The Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS) requires a mesoand storm-scale analysis and assimilation system to support its efforts to develop and test the feasibility of real-time storm scale weather forecasting. The system must be as flexible in implementation as the CAPS Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS, Xue et al., 1995) and be modular with the model and accessory programs that retrieve unobserved variables from sequences of Doppler radar observations (Shapiro et al., 1996). For those situations and locations where there are insufficient data for the retrieval schemes, the system must also incorporate radial velocity and reflectivity data from Doppler radars.
Retail marketing segmentation and customer profiling for forecasting sales

Product Bundling and offering products to customers is of critical importance in retail marketing. In this paper, a predictive mining approach is presented that predicts sales for a new location based on the existing data. The major issue lies in the analysis of sales forecast based on the dependencies among the products and the different segment of customers, which helps to improve the market of the retail stores. The work presents a framework, which models an association relation mapping between the customers and the clusters of products they purchase in an existing location and helps in finding rules for an entirely new location. A novel methodology and model are proposed for accomplishing the task efficiently. The methodology is based on the integration of the popular data mining approaches such as clustering and association rule mining. It focuses on the discovery of rules that vary according to the economic and demographic characteristics and concentrates on marketing the products based on the population.
Practically engageable adversaries for streaming media

Streaming media content providers face a variety of adversaries. At the large scale at which they operate, they can justify defense in breadth: different techniques against different adversaries. Existing analysis techniques awkwardly handle questions about a distribution of adversaries against an evolving series of protocols. Contemporary streaming-media protocols eschew full-stream DRM in favor of tokenbased authentication at the start of each connection. Very recent protocols from several vendors package content in chunks of a few seconds each, rather than a stream continuing for an entire film or live event. Practical attackers work by copy and paste of these authentication tokens, sharing URLs to pay-per-view content in chat rooms or web forums. Others use “deep links” to chunks or lists of chunks to view freely available media in ways that violate the wishes of the providers. Accidental behaviors of so-called transparent proxies similarly violate the goals of the providers. We formalize these attacker descriptions in terms of an adversary who can only comprehend some tags in a tagged-concatenation Strand Spaces model. We use this model to show how current streaming protections work and fail, and suggest directions for new streaming media protocols.