Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transition to chaos in the cylinder wake through the Mode C flow

The evolution of Mode C wake characteristics with the Reynolds number (Re) for Re up to 400 is investigated numerically. The Mode C wake instability is generated by placing a small wire in the near wake of a main circular cylinder. This setup ensures that the wake is unstable to Mode C only (without potential mode interactions), as demonstrated by Floquet stability analysis. Based on three-dimensional direct numerical simulations, three evolution regimes are identified for the fully developed Mode C flow. In the uniform periodic regime (Re = 166.4 – 210), the Mode C structure is uniformly distributed along the spanwise direction. The flow structure is 2T-periodic (T being the vortex shedding period) but retains a spatiotemporal symmetry every 1T. In the non-uniform periodic regime (Re = 220 – 230), the slightly non-uniform Mode C structure remains 2T-periodic at Re = 220 but undergoes a period quadrupling to 4T-periodic at Re = 230 before transitioning to chaos. In the chaotic regime (Re ≥ 240), the flow loses periodicity and becomes increasingly chaotic with increasing Re. The progressive wake transition to chaos is found to originate from the instability in the braid shear layer region, through the uneven growth in strength and the consequent non-uniformity of the Mode C streamwise vortices. The wake transitions to chaos through the routes of Mode C and Mode B (for an isolated circular/square cylinder) are compared. Email address for correspondence: liang.cheng@uwa.edu. au Th is is the au tho r’s pe er re vie we d, ac ce pte d m an us cri pt. H ow ev er , th e o nli ne ve rsi on of re co rd w ill be di ffe re nt fro m thi s v er sio n o nc e i t h as be en co py ed ite d a nd ty pe se t. PL EA SE C IT E TH IS A RT IC LE A S DO I: 1 0.1 06 3/1 . 51 34 85 0
StatNet: Statistical Image Restoration for Low-Dose CT using Deep Learning

Deep learning has recently attracted widespread interest as a means of reducing noise in low-dose CT (LDCT) images. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are typically trained to transfer high-quality image features of normal-dose CT (NDCT) images to LDCT images. However, existing deep learning approaches for denoising LDCT images often overlook the statistical property of CT images. In this paper, we propose an approach to statistical image restoration for LDCT using deep learning. We introduce a loss function to incorporate the noise property in image domain derived from the noise statistics in sinogram domain. In order to capture the spatially-varying statistics of CT images, we increase the receptive fields of the neural network to cover full-size CT slices. In addition, the proposed network utilizes $z$-directional correlation by taking multiple consecutive CT slices as input. For performance evaluation, the proposed networks are trained and validated with a public dataset consisting of LDCT-NDCT image pairs. We also perform a retrospective study by testing the networks with clinical LDCT images. The experimental results show that the denoising networks successfully reduce the noise level and restore the image details without adding artifacts. This study demonstrates that the statistical deep learning approach can restore the image quality of LDCT without loss of anatomical information.
An improved algorithm for incremental extreme learning machine

Incremental extreme learning machine (I-ELM) randomly obtains the input weights and the hidden layer neuron bias during the training process. Some hidden nodes in the ELM play a minor role in the network outputs which may eventually increase the network complexity and even reduce the stability of the network. In order to avoid this issue, this paper proposed an enhanced method for the I-ELM which is referred to as the improved incremental extreme learning machine (II-ELM). At each learning step of original I-ELM, an additional offset k will be added to the hidden layer output matrix before computing the output weights for the new hidden node and analysed the existence of the offset k. Compared with several improved algorithms of ELM, the advantages of the II-ELM in the training time, the forecasting accuracy, and the stability are verified on several benchmark datasets in the UCI database.
Meclatis in Clematis: yellow flowering Clematis species: systematic studies in Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae), inclusive of cultonomic aspects

The general classification of the genus Clematis (Ranunculaceae) was subject of study in chapter 1. Based on species character scores, the infrageneric classification was analyzed by applying Hennig86 as phylogenetical analysis package. As result of this analysis Clematis was subdivided into 18 sections, one of them subdivided in 3 subsections. The world distribution of Clematis was also studied with Hennig86. It was not possible to postulate the area of origin of the genus Clematis with the available data set. A interspecific cross polygon was made and analyzed by seed set and pollen tube growth. Its systematic significance with regard to Clematis and in general was discussed. Dependent on the adopted species concept, these crosses are crucial or just academic. The adoption of the phylogenetic species concept made that this choice for Clematis is academic. Nevertheless, it is useful information for plant breeders. A general description of the genus Clematis was presented with some background information on certain characters, such as overall habitus, nectar leaves and the position of nectaries. Chapter 2 was devoted to Clematis sect. Meclatis . This particular section consists of the yellow-flowering Clematis spp. , that are gaining popularity in gardening. Many efforts were directed to reveal the species delimitation. It appeared that the phenetic methodology is of restricted value in such a complex of quite similar species. Using a combination of methods, the phylogenetic analysis by Hennig86 finally revealed the species delimitation: Clematis orientalis , C. graveolens , C. intricata , C. ispahanica , and C. tibetana . C. tibetana was subdivided into three subspecies: subsp. tibetana , subsp. tangutica and subsp. vernayi . Well-known 'horticultural species' such as C. tangutica and C. vernayi were reduced in rank and others such as C. glauca and C. akebioides were reduced to synonymy. A summary of chromosome, pollen and isozyme data was presented. Chapter 3 was focusing on more fundamental aspects of systematics of cultivated plants. It has been shown that the cultivar group is of crucial importance in classifying cultivars, that the classification principle for cultivated plants is open instead of closed and consequently that the basal term in systematics of cultivated plants for an entity cannot be taxon, but should be a new term culton (plur. culta; cultonomy for culta vs. taxonomy for taxa). Clematis is one of the first genera for which a cultivar group classification was presented in a systematic way, as was outlined in chapter 4. A short survey was given of the introduction into cultivation of yellow-flowering Clematis spp. , and a major part of the yellow-flowering Clematis cultivar assortment has been described. So far no cultivar groups are needed for these cultivars.
Characterization of bacteria associated with omphalitis in chicks

This study was conducted to isolate and characterize the bacteria present in cases of omphalitis in chicks. Yolk swabs (n = 60) were aseptically collected from affected chicks and cultured for isolation and identification of bacteria. E. coli , Salmonella and Staphylococci were identified. Bacteria were tested for sensitivity to ten common antibiotics. E coli isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and resistant to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, amoxycillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, sulphamethoxazole and erythromycin. Salmonella were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and resistant to tetracycline. Staphylococci were sensitive to ampicillin, amoxycillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, sulphamethoxazole, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin and resistant to nalidixic acid and tetracycline. The existence of multi-drug resistance emphasises the need to prevent omphalitis in chicks by hygiene. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bvet.v29i2. 14344 Bangl. vet . 2012. Vol. 29, No. 2, 63-68
GENERATING SPATIALLY-VARIANT METAMATERIAL LATTICES DESIGNED FROM SPATIAL TRANSFORMS

Spatial transform techniques like transformation optics and conformal mapping have arisen as the dominant techniques for designing metamaterial devices. However, these techniques only produce the electrical permittivity and permeability as a function of position. The manner in which these functions are converted into physical metamaterial lattices remains elusive, except in some simple or canonical configurations. Metamaterial lattices designed by spatial transforms are composed of elements of different sizes, orientations, and designs. The elements must be distributed and oriented in a manner that makes the final lattice smooth, continuous, have uniform density, be free of unintentional defects, and have minimal distortions to the elements. Any of these would weaken or destroy the electromagnetic properties of the lattice. This paper describes a general purpose method to generate such arbitrary metamaterial lattices. Inputs to the algorithm are the permittivity and permeability functions as well as the baseline metamaterials that can provide the necessary permittivity and permeability values. In prior research, we reported a simple finite-difference technique for calculating the permittivity and permeability functions for arbitrary shaped devices using transformation optics. The methodology presented in this work is illustrated by generating an electromagnetic cloak of arbitrary shape that was designed using the previously reported technique. The final metamaterial cloak is simulated using the finite-difference time-domain method and performance compared to other cloaks reported in the literature.
Analytical Studies on the Gum Exudates from Anogeissus leiocarpus

Anogeissus leiocarpus gum samples were collected randomly as natural exudates from 3 different locations in Sudan, namely Abojebiha (season 1994-1995), Elfula and Rosaries (season 1996-1997). Physicochemical properties of gum samples (moisture, ash, nitrogen, protein, specific rotation, relative viscosity, refractive index, equivalent weight, pH, uranic acid, reducing sugar and tannin content). Results showed significant differences within each location in most parameters studied except in the refractive index values which was found to be constant in all samples (1.334). The effect of location on the properties of gum samples was also studied and the analysis of variance showed insignificant differences (p<0.05) in al l properties studied except in ash content and this may be due to the differences in the type of clay soil which found in the three different locations. The general characteristics of Anogeissus leiocarpus gum might be described as the mean value of all properties studied of all gum samples of the three different location as follows: 9.2% moisture, 3.4% ash, 0.72% nitrogen, 4.74% protein%, -35.5° specific rotation, 1.68 relative viscosity, 4.2 pH, 1.334 refractive index, 14.3% uranic acid, 0.44% reducing sugar 1336.0% equivalent weight and 0.68% tannin content. UV absorption spectra of gum samples were determined and the maximum absorption points were found the same ranging between wave length 243 and 285. Cationic composition of gum samples was also determined and the results showed that magnesium (Mg) has the highest value in all samples followed by iron (Fe), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) and trace amount of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Functionality (water holding capacity and emulsifying stability of Anogeissus leiocarpus gum were studied. The water holding capacity value was found to be 65.5% and emulsifying stability value was found to be 1.008 insignificant differences were observed between Anogeissus leiocarpus gum and Acacia senegal gum for the 2 parameters studied.
Intention the Role of Halal Awareness, Religious Orientation and Consumer Motive Toward Purchase Intentions, Case: Muslim Consumer in Indonesia

in this study, examining Halal Awareness, Religious Orientation, and Consumer motive purchase Intention in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach – Data are collected through self-administered questionnaires. This paper SEM-PLS analysis is to identify the relationship of halal awareness, religious orientation, and consumer motive purchase intention the Indonesian consumers. Findings – The SEM PLS analysis results indicate that all factors have positive and significant influence on Halal Product Purchase Intention. Research limitations/implications – Like other empirical studies, this study is not without its limitations. The study can be strengthened by including participants in other geographical areas. As Indonesia is trying to play for a bigger role in the halal industry, more research is needed to identify and address problematic aspects of the consumption of halal Product. Originality/value – This study contributes to and extends our understanding of the halal product purchase Intentions, identifying the Role of halal awareness and consumer motive. From a managerial viewpoint, the findings provide support for investment decisions and for decisions relating to the establishment of Indonesia as a target market for the halal product that addresses and take the concerns and needs of businesses and Indonesian Government agencies into consideration.
Observations on the Fine Structure of Zoids of the Genus Phaeocystis [Haptophyceae]

Observations on the fine structure of two clones of zoids derived from Phaeocystis pouchetii s.l. are presented, with special reference to the scales, pyrenoids and haptonema, in which both clones agree. An unexplained difference between them in the form of a threadlike deposit external to the scales in one clone only is described in a preliminary way. The most remarkable feature encountered is the presence of some unexplained bulbous inclusions distorting the tip of the haptonema but perhaps also present in a less extreme form in other types recently examined alive. The interpretation of these findings is discussed.
A Wideband, 1 bit Transmitarray Antenna Design With Flat Gain Response

A wideband transmitarray antenna exploiting 1 bit polarization-rotation unit cell is proposed in this article. A printed antipodal fermi tapered slot antenna is introduced as the source feed. Considering the radiation characteristics of the source feed, system-level performances in terms of spillover, illumination, and aperture efficiencies are analyzed, revealing the inherent restriction of wideband operation. In order to obtain wideband performance, a novel three-layer polarization-rotation 1 bit unit cell is developed to introduce phase errors over the aperture, which act as one kind of degree-of-freedom during the system design. An optimization method is employed to further balance the overall phase errors experienced over a wide frequency band, resulting in a flat gain response. To verify the design concept, a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$13\times 17$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-element (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$195\,\, \text {mm}\times 255 \,\,\text {mm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) antenna prototype is fabricated and measured with a realized gain of 22.5 dBi at 10 GHz and 1 dB fractional gain bandwidth of 37% achieved, demonstrating great potentials in many communication applications.
No evidence for extra‐pair paternity in the western gull

The genetic mating system of western gulls Larus occidentalis breeding on Southeast Farallon Island, California, was determined using multilocus DNA fingerprints of 33 chicks from 22 broods. No extra‐pair paternity (EPP) was found, despite extra‐pair copulations (EPCs) occurring. This suggests that paternity guards are effective, and that females gain few genetic benefits from EPCs. The EPP in western gulls concurs with that of other seabirds, reinforcing the idea that seabirds generally have a monogamous genetic mating system.
Preliminary Characterization of Carrageenan from the Red Seaweed Halymenia floresii

Increasing worldwide demand and development of new applications of carrageenan have added urgency to the search for new or additional raw material sources. Native and alkali-treated carrageenan from Halymenia floresii from Yucatán was extracted and preliminarily characterized. Results showed that this species contains a highly sulfated carrageenan, with minor amounts of 3,6-anhydro-galactose. Native sulfated galactan seems to be rheologically and chemically similar to the lambda-family carrageenan with appropriate thickening ability for food applications. Further studies are needed to precisely define the structure of these complex polymers and its potential use as a source of industrial lambda family.
Contribution of Terrestrial Invertebrates to Yearly Brook Trout Prey Consumption and Growth

Abstract Terrestrial invertebrates are an important component of stream fish diets, especially during the summer months, when aquatic invertebrates are limited. The seasonal diet composition of the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis inhabiting two West Virginia streams was used in a bioenergetics model to simulate yearly prey consumption for two cohorts of age-1 brook trout in each stream. Baseline simulations were run by fitting the model to observed growth from June 2000 to June 2001 for the first cohort and from June 2001 to June 2002 for the second cohort. Terrestrial invertebrate inputs can be negatively impacted by anthropogenic effects (e.g., timber harvest and pesticide application). To determine the degree to which growth would be suppressed by a reduction in terrestrial invertebrate consumption, we ran simulations in which the amount of terrestrial invertebrate consumption was reduced by 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Simulations were then run to determine the consumption of aquatic invertebrates that wou.
The effect of arginine dietary supplementation in broiler breeder hens on offspring humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

The influence of supplementing the diet of broiler breeder hens with arginine (Arg) on their offspring’s humoral and cell-mediated immune response was evaluated in two experiments. In experiments I and II, breeder hens were fed diets containing graded levels of Arg (0.943, 1.093, 1.243, 1.393 and 1.543% digestible Arg). In experiment I, the offspring was randomly grouped according to the treatment received by the breeder hens, with five levels of Arg in the maternal diet and six replicates, giving a total 30 experimental units. In experiment II, the offspring were grouped in accordance with the treatment received by the breeder hens; however, Arg was added to the starter diet (1.300, 1.450, 1.600, 1.750 and 1.900% digestible Arg) and also the growing diet (1.150, 1.300, 1.450, 1.600 and 1.750% digestible Arg). Supplementation of the broiler breeder hen diet did not influence (p>0.05) the development of the lymphoid organs (cloacal bursa, thymus and spleen) of the offspring, whether their diet were supplemented or not. Nevertheless, greater weight and dimensions cloacal bursa were found in the supplemented offspring in comparison with the nonsupplemented offspring. Macrophage phagocytic activity was found to be unaffected (p>0.05), independently of the Arg supplementation. The offspring fed with supplemented diets showed a linear reduction in the antibody titer against Newcastle Disease (p 0.05) by the breeder hen diet. This study concluded that supplementing the breeder hen diet with arginine is insufficient to improve the humoral and cellular immune response, requiring supplementation of the offspring diet.
Impact of changing cropping pattern on the regional agricultural water productivity

SUMMARY Water scarcity is a major constraint of agricultural production in arid and semi-arid areas. In the face of future water scarcity, one possible way the agricultural sector could be adapted is to change cropping patterns and make adjustments for available water resources for irrigation. The present paper analyses the temporal evolution of cropping pattern from 1960 to 2008 in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), China. The impact of changing cropping patterns on regional agricultural water productivity is evaluated from the water footprint (WF) perspective. Results show that the area under cash crops (e.g. sunflower and melon) has risen phenomenally over the study period because of increased economic returns pursued by farmers. Most of these cash crops have a smaller WF (high water productivity) than grain crops in HID. With the increase of area sown to cash crops, water productivity in HID increased substantially. Changing the cropping pattern has significant effects on regional crop water productivity: in this way, HID has increased the total crop production without increasing significantly the regional water consumption. The results of this case study indicate that regional agricultural water can be used effectively by properly planning crop areas and patterns under irrigation water limitations. However, there is a need to foster a cropping pattern that is multifunctional and sustainable, which can guarantee food security, enhance natural resource use and provide stable and high returns to farmers.
Estimating tree canopy water use via xylem sapflow in an old Norway spruce forest and a comparison with simulation-based canopy transpiration estimates

Tree xylem sapflow rates of 140-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) were scaled to the stand level and compared to canopy transpiration predicted by the stand gas exchange model STANDFLUX. Variation in sapflux densities between individual sensors was high (coef- ficient of variance = 0.4) and included both variation within and between trees, but it was not dif- ferent between two applied sapflow methodologies (radial flowmeter according to Granier, vari- able heating tissue heat balance method according to Cermak and Kucera). During the morning, a time-lag of typically 2 h elapsed between sapflow (Eand predicted canopy transpiration rate (EDuring this time total water use was as high as 0.3 mm, which was less than the estimated capacity of easily available water in the tree canopy (0.45 mm, on average 14 L per tree). Canopy conductance derived from stand sapflow rates (gand from STANDFLUX (g was in the same range (g10 mm sbut a stronger decline with increasing vapor pressure deficit of the air
Explaining income inequality trends: An integrated approach

In large parts of the world, income inequality has been rising in recent decades. Other regions have experienced declining trends in income inequality. This raises the question of which mechanisms underlie contrasting observed trends in income inequality around the globe. To address this research question in a comparative study, we examine a global sample of 73 countries between 1981 and 2010. Yet, we are particularly interested in the heterogeneity of inequality determinants across world regions, and along the income distribution.