Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The changing Phytophthora infestans population : implications for late blight epidemics and control

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Lattice Boltzmann method for shallow water flow with wave radiation stress

The protection of the marine environment is of growing concern, and the development of hydrodynamic models is required to study ocean processes. In this work, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic lattice Boltzmann model was developed to study wave–current coupling problems that combine wave radiation, bed shear stress and wind shear stress. The model is based on nonlinear shallow water equations and two different forms are developed to model wave radiation stress. The first form uses an additional external force term, including a weight factor in the lattice Boltzmann equation at the streaming step. The second form modifies a local equilibrium distribution function at the collision step. Von Neumann stability method is used to study the two schemes. This model was verified by three classic cases: waves diffracted by a straight vertical wall, waves diffracted by two breakwaters, and waves in a circular channel. The numerical results demonstrate the validity of the proposed model, indicating that it can accurately describe the characteristics of water flow with interactions between waves and currents.
Impacts of drought stress on growth, protein, proline, pigment content and antioxidant enzyme activities in rice (Oryza sativa L. var. BRRI dhan-24)

One of the major problems associated with rice cultivation and production is the deficiency of water resources. In here the effect of drought stress on growth, protein-, proline-, pigment contents and antioxidant enzymes activities in rice var. BRRI Dhan-24 was determined and analyzed under drought and wellwatered condition. Drought stress caused the decrease of growth and pigment contents chlorophyll-a, b, a/b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content of leaves of rice plants. On the other hand, the accumulation of protein, proline contents and antioxidant enzymes activities was increased under drought stress. It may be suggested that antioxidant enzymes activities and proline accumulation were associated with the growth of the plant and consequently with the mechanisms of drought tolerance in rice. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop in the world and it is the primary source of food and calories for about half of the mankind(1). It is a nutritious cereal crop, provides 20% calories and 15% protein requirements of world population. Rice grows in the tropics, subtropics, semi-arid tropics and temperate regions of the world. More than 90% of the world’s rice production is in Asia(2). Bangladesh is the 4th largest rice producer in the world. It covers about 77% of agricultural land and engages about 70% of population in rice production activities (Hand Book of Agricultural Technology 2013). Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that severely affect and reduce the yield and productivity of food crops worldwide up to 70%(3). Droughts, being the most important environmental stress, severely impair plant growth and development, limits plant production and the performance of crop plants, more than any other environmental factors(4). The response of plants to drought stress is complex and involves changes in their morphology, physiology and metabolism. Reduction of plant *Author for correspondence: <sahashukanta@gmail.com, saha.s@bot.jnu. ac.bd> 1Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka‐1000, Bangladesh.
A Review: Robust Locomotion for Biped Humanoid Robots

One of the most interesting and pressing challenges in the study on biped humanoid robots is to achieve high robustness in locomotion. This paper presents a brief overview of work and methods on robust walking and running for bipedal robots. So far, many robust walking methods have been proposed to reject terrain disturbances and impulsive force disturbances. The applications of the proposed methods to real robots improve the robustness and adaptivity of robots by large margin. Up to now, bipedal robots can traverse unknown terrains with ground variation exceeding 20% of leg length. The height of obstacles increases more than threefold compared to decades ago. With regards to unexpected external force, bipedal robots can recover the balance from sudden push not only at stationary state, but also during the walk. On the other hand, the biped running is underdeveloped compared to the robust walking. Still the highest running speed is less than 3.0 m/s, not to mention the poor robustness to large disturbances.
Shelf life and quality of Bologna-type fat reduced turkey sausage

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of refrigerated storage on the microbial properties and organoleptic quality of Bologna-type turkey sausage, in which fat was partially replaced with pea fibre or potato starch. Each manufactured sausage had lower counts of Esherichia coli and enterobacteria than 1 log CFU·g−1, counts were below 2 log CFU·g−1 for Staphylococcus aureus, moreover, no Salmonella spp. were found in any of the sausages. The counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria did not exceed 4 log CFU·g−1 for each sausage formulation during four-week storage at 4 °C. Spectrocolorimetric measurements revealed that there was no decline in luminosity (L*) and redness (a*) by time, namely colour fading did not occur. Saltiness and juiciness values of sausages were directly proportional. Low-fat sausages were perceived less salty than full-fat analogue with the same salt content at the early stage of storage. Nevertheless, this phenomenon was temporary as sausages had the same saltiness at the end of four-week storage period. Sausages, in which 25% of fat was substituted with pea fibre or potato starch, were assessed as having the same odour, consistency, taste, and overall impact like control during the four-week refrigerated storage.
A comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties and fracture analysis of metallic glass nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes and Cu nanowires: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract Reinforced by nanowires (NWs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and NW encapsulated CNT (NW@CNT), tensile behavior of various types of Cu-Zr based metallic glass (MG) nanocomposites are studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is observed that pure two-toms alloy MG and the one reinforced with bigger CNT demonstrates higher tensile properties than other types of MGs. Further, it is observed that the ultimate strength of reinforced MGs with individual CNTs is slightly higher than that of NW@CNT reinforced analogous. In this case, it is noticed that reinforced three-atoms Cu-Zr MG nanocomposites including Ti atoms demonstrate the highest ultimate strength and strain.
Increasing Inclusive Education Through a Learning Center Model: A California Approach

Learning center models offer students with disabilities learning experiences in general education classrooms, while retaining support and services from special education personnel. The learning center approach examines existing educational perspectives, practices and structures, surrounding access to general education for students with disabilities. This study used a document analysis, a qualitative data method, to examine how two California school districts developed a learning center model to transform special education programming from segregated special education classrooms and practices to placement and access to general education. The findings inform educational programming for students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment, to comply with the American federal mandate. Findings suggest that the deep structure of educational practices complicated the ease of a change in practices for both general and special educators. However, the community approach of the learning center model, where all teachers assume the educational responsibilities for all students, forced these educators to be flexible, reexamine structures and practices, and challenge the ethos of traditional schooling.
Supervised Content Aware Online Review Spam Detection

: In today’s world, where internet has become a convenience for household, reviews posted in online. It became a critical tool for business to control their online reputation. Reviewing has drastically changed the face of marketing in this era. Nowadays, majority of the companies invest money to gain competitive intelligence in mining the reviews and are hiring individuals to write fake reviews. The fraudster’s activities redirect the potential customers to mislead and organizations reshaping their business and opinion mining techniques from reaching accurate conclusions. Hence, it is very essential to detect fake reviews among them using supervised learning techniques using synthesized fake reviews as training dataset. Large volume of user generated content become available to help people to make reasonable judgments about quality and services. In this proposed work, a review spam detection scheme based on the deviation between the aspect specific opinion extracted by LDA from individual review and aggregated opinions. Additionally, this work can able to measure the user’s trustworthiness and faithfulness based on opinions expressed.
Evaluation of the Genetic Management of the Endangered Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pulla)

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CONTVERB: Continuous Virtual Emotion Recognition Using Replaceable Barriers for Intelligent Emotion-Based IoT Services and Applications

With a recent advent of technology, it is possible to recognize human emotion through various schemes which cover audio, visual data, facial expression and wireless signal and its reflection. When we design a virtual emotion system with an applicability of replaceable barrier concept in IoT environment, it is a critical issue to avoid the weak hole in the barriers. In this article, we introduce a continuous virtual emotion detection system toward suitable emotion-based services in advanced intelligent smart cities. Then, we formally define a MaxContLDA problem whose objective is to maximize the continuous lowest emotion detection accuracy to avoid weak detection holes in replaceable barriers. To solve the problem, we propose a novel approach using lowest edge replacement and implement it through extensive simulations with different scenarios. Also, we analyze the performance of the proposed approach which returns possible maximum lowest emotion detection accuracy value for those various simulation settings and scenarios. Furthermore, we discuss future research challenges, issues and plans with expanded perspectives.
A critical reflection on constructive alignment in theory and practice

This essay provides a critical reflection on constructive alignmnet (CA) in higher education. In CA, teaching and learning activities are aligned with intended learning outcomes that need to be adequately assessed. The essay focuses on the work by educational psychologist John B. Biggs, who together with Kevin Collis, developed the SOLO taxonomy for the qualitative assessment of learning outcomes. It describes Biggs’ notion of teaching as forming a complex whole - a system - where the different components of teaching and learning interact with each other and strive towards a stable equilibrium. The essay relates Biggs’ work to early influential predecessors, discusses the assessment process, and how CA predominantly is skewed to reinforce cognitive learning on behalf of the affective domain in Bloom’s Taxonomy. It concludes by questioning to what extent CA can be used to align more complex, interdisciplinary based university programs, such as Sustainability Science and Natural Resource Management.
Binary Block Codes for Noisy Channels With Unknown Offset

Decoders minimizing the Euclidean distance between the received word and the candidate codewords are known to be optimal for channels suffering from Gaussian noise. However, when the stored or transmitted signals are also corrupted by an unknown offset, other decoders may perform better. In particular, applying the Euclidean distance on normalized words makes the decoding result independent of the offset. The use of this distance measure calls for alternative code design criteria in order to get good performance in the presence of both noise and offset. In this context, various adapted versions of classical binary block codes are proposed, such as (i) cosets of linear codes, (ii) (unions of) constant weight codes, and (iii) unordered codes. It is shown that considerable performance improvements can be achieved, particularly when the offset is large compared to the noise.
Culture of ovine keratinocytes : An experimental model for wool growth

Wool fibres are formed from the germinative epithelium, a population of keratinocytes at the base of wool follicles. In order to test the function of candidate wool growth genes and pharmaceuticals, we have developed methods to isolate and maintain these cells in culture. Pure, clonal lines of ovine keratinocytes were isolated from both vibrissae and wool follicles. Vibrissa-derived cells proliferated more extensively before senescing, but cells from both follicle types possessed ample proliferative potential for further experimentation. Standard assays have been established to quantify keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis in culture. Differentiation of keratinocytes could be induced by maintaining them at high density for a week. Keratinocytes expressed differentiation markers for epidermis and inner root sheath. Expression of a chosen gene could be up-regulated by transfection with a liposome-borne plasmid. A transfected plasmid encoding a fluorescent reporter protein was expressed in 68-100% of cells. Similarly, expression of a gene of interest could be suppressed by RNA interference. The experimental tractability of these keratinocytes suggests that they will be a valuable model for investigating the cell biology and molecular genetics of wool growth. The methods described form a unique experimental system to identify leads for new technologies that improve
Topology Analysis and Review of Three-Port DC–DC Converters

In order to realize power flow control among photovoltaic (PV) panel port, battery port, and load port in the distributed photovoltaic power generation system, integrated three-port dc–dc converters (TPCs) are widely adopted. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive, comparative, and insightful analysis and overview of these TPCs. First, based on the power transmission and control requirements of the system, five topological structures of three-port dc–dc conversion system (TPCS) composed of two or three two-port dc–dc converters are presented. And the five structures are comparatively analyzed. Second, based on these topological structures, and combing with the basic two-port dc–dc converters, three groups of typical TPCs with different galvanic isolation requirements are derived, respectively, by sharing switches, combining branches, etc., And comprehensive analysis, comparisons, and reviews of these TPCs with different structures of each isolation type are presented with tables and figures. Finally, the comparison results of the three isolation groups are summarized, which leads to a guidance for the selection of TPCs in different applications, and then some suggestions for the future research on TPCs are given.
Patterns of Human Growth

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Background to the study of human growth 2. Basic principles of human growth 3. The evolution of human growth 4. Evolution of the human life cycle 5. Growth variation in living human populations 6. Environmental factors influencing growth 7. Genetic and endocrine regulation of human growth 8. A biocultural view of human growth Glossary References Index.
Interval Rough Neutrosophic TOPSIS Strategy for Multi-Attribute Decision Making

In this chapter, the authors present a new strategy for multi-attribute decision making in interval rough neutrosophic environment. They define Hamming distance and Euclidean distance between interval rough neutrosophic numbers. They also define interval rough neutrosophic relative positive ideal solution (IRNRPIS) and interval rough neutrosophic relative negative ideal solution (IRNRNIS). Then the ranking order of the alternatives is obtained by the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) strategy. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed interval rough neutrosophic TOPSIS strategy.
Comprehensive Modeling and Design of Raman Lasers on SOI for Mid-Infrared Application

In this article, we present a comprehensive model for a CW Raman laser in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. We validate this model by comparing its output with experimental results from the literature. We then design a 2.232 μm Raman laser with an on-chip ring resonator cavity. Numerical analysis of laser characteristics, such as threshold power and output power, are conducted. The optimized values for the cavity length and power coupling ratios are determined taking into account fabrication variations. Finally, by designing a tunable directional coupler (DC) for the laser cavity, a robust design of Raman laser is presented. We show that the reduction of propagation loss down to 0.6 dB/cm for the silicon waveguides and free carriers removal, by the use of a p-i-n junction, will enable a Raman laser with a threshold power of 16 mW and a slope efficiency of 62%.
State-Based Transcription of Components of Carnatic Music

Automatic Carnatic Music (CM) transcription is an open problem in need of a standardized descriptive notation. The level of detail needed in a descriptive transcription makes it tedious to obtain ground truth by manual means. In this paper, we propose a novel state-based representation of the pitch curve motivated by CM components called constant-pitch notes and stationary points. We also propose a novel transcription technique that uses the Viterbi algorithm to estimate the states and quantized pitch-values. The proposed technique adheres best to rāga-notes compared to the existing critical-points technique and uniform quantization. In a listening test, clips synthesized from the proposed notation were rated significantly better (324 ratings, p < 0.001) than those from critical-points. Further, speed-halving based on state information best matches the actual, observed CM component-duration ratios without losing rāga-characteristics. Thus, the proposed transcription can be corrected manually to obtain ground truth and can enhance learning tools.
Characterization and mapping of RpsYu25, a novel resistance gene to Phytophthora sojae

With 3 figures and 2 tables Abstract Phytophthora root rot (PRR), caused by Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. and Gerd. , is one of the most devastating diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] worldwide. Growing PRR resistant cultivars is the major method of controlling this disease. However, populations of P. sojae, existing in many soybean-growing regions, cause disease on plants with the known Rps (Resistance to P. sojae) genes. Consequently, the need for new resistance loci is great. Chinese soybean lines ‘Yudou 25’ and ‘Zheng 92116’ showed different reaction types to P. sojae isolates as compared with those with known Rps genes, which suggests that these lines may carry novel resistance loci or alleles. To map the possible gene(s) for PRR resistance in ‘Yudou 25’ and ‘Zheng 92116’, two soybean populations, ‘Yudou 25’ × ‘NG 6255’ and ‘Zheng 92116’ × ‘NH 5’, were evaluated to determine their responses to P. sojae and genotypes of SSR markers. Results indicated that the resistance in these lines was conferred by the same single dominant gene, which is located on MLG N and temporarily designated RpsYu25.
Protected areas and prime hoverfly areas: Safe haven for hoverflies or not?

The efficiency of protected areas (PAs) has often been questioned due to global decline of biodiversity. Invertebrates, especially insects, have been historically underrepresented in conservation studies. Our study focuses on hoverflies, an important group of insect pollinators and proven to be good bioindicators. Research was focused in Serbia, one of Europe's hotspots of hoverfly diversity, with a long tradition of hoverfly research, which provided sufficient information for achieving our aims: identifying areas of high hoverfly diversity, evaluating the efficiency of PAs and prime hoverfly areas (PHAs) in the conservation of hoverflies, determining how well they cover the distribution of hoverfly species, especially those of conservation concern, and testing the importance of the size of the area for conservation of hoverfly diversity. We applied weighting of the species to help stress the importance of species of conservation concern. The results indicated that PHAs cover the areas with high hoverfly diversity better than PA networks, especially when it comes to species of conservation concern. Generalized linear model results showed that the area size was a significant predictor of number of species in both PA and PHA. This indicates that area size is key when designating new areas important for conservation, but there are also other factors that need to be taken into account, such as habitat quality or suitability. Studies like this are useful in aiding designation of new areas important for conservation of certain species and in identifying sampling gaps, which could potentially aim future research in that direction.
Robust Transmission Over Channels with Channel Uncertainty: an Algorithmic Perspective

The availability and quality of channel state information heavily influences the performance of wireless communication systems. For perfect channel knowledge, optimal signal processing and coding schemes are well studied and often closed-form solutions are known. On the other hand, the case of imperfect channel information is much less understood and closed-form solutions remain unknown in general. This paper approaches this question from a fundamental, algorithmic point of view to study whether or not such optimal schemes can be found algorithmically in principle (without putting any constraints on the computational complexity of such algorithms). To this end, the compound channel is considered as a model for channel uncertainty and it is shown that although the compound channel itself is a computable channel, the corresponding capacity is not computable in general, i.e., there exists no algorithm or Turing machine that takes the channel as an input and computes the corresponding capacity. As an implication of this, it is then shown that for such compound channels, there are no effectively constructible optimal signal processing and coding schemes that achieve the capacity. This is particularly noteworthy as such schemes must exist (since the capacity is known), but they cannot be effectively, i.e., algorithmically, constructed.