Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards automated segmentation of repetitive music recordings

The principle of repetition is of central importance in music and the segmentation of music recordings into recurrent patterns constitutes an important task in the field of music information retrieval. In this thesis, we consider the special case of folk songs, which often consist of a large number of stanzas. Here, a tune is repeated over and over again with changing lyrics and possibly variations in melody and intonation. To deal with such variations, we present and compare two different segmentation procedures. In the first procedure, we assume the availability of a reference stanza given in form of a symbolic score representation. This reference stanza is then locally compared with the audio recording by means of a local variant of dynamic time warping to derive the segmentation results. In the second procedure, we introduce a reference-free segmentation approach which does not require any additional information. Here, the idea is to automatically derive the recording’s most representative passage, which then plays the role of the reference. Our experiments show that our reference-free procedure yields segmentation results similar to the reference-based procedure. As a further contribution of this thesis, we show how the segmentation results can be used for music visualization and navigation applications. In particular, we describe several novel functionalities, which have been implemented as plug-ins for the SyncPlayer framework.
Relation Adaptation: Domain Adaptation of Relation Extraction Systems

Supervised relation extraction systems which are trained to extract a particular relation type (source relation) does not accurately extract a new type of a relation (target relation) for which it has not been trained. We propose a method to adapt an existing relation extraction system to extract new relation types with minimum supervision. Our proposed method comprises two stages: learning a lowerdimensional projection between different relations, and learning a relational classifier for the target relation type with instance sampling. We evaluate the proposed method using a dataset that contains 2000 instances for 20 different relation types. Our experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a statistically significant macro-average F -score of 62.77.
University Climate and Counseling Students’ Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy has been one of the main focuses of both counseling research and practice due to the influential impacts of counselors’ perceptions towards their counseling abilities on their performance and success. One of the primary missions of counseling education programs is to shape and develop students' counseling self-efficacy so that they can successfully perform their future tasks and effectively solve clients' problems. However, there is not enough information on the factors that influence counseling students’ selfefficacy formation and development specifically university climate. This research attempted to narrow the gap through employing a quantitative research method. The sample consisted of 109 undergraduate counseling students who were in the final year of their counseling education program and in practicum. These students were selected from three Malaysian universities. To measure the relationship between university climate and its components and the students' counseling self-efficacy, a questionnaire was developed in two main sections. First, Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales assessed the students' counseling self-efficacy. Second, university climate section which contained four scales including University Environment, University Facilities and Social Support and Mentoring Scale. Analysis of the data indicated high and direct correlations between university climate and its components with students' counseling self-efficacy. More specifically, a high and significant correlation was found between university environment, social support (friends), supervision and university facilities and students' counseling self-efficacy. Therefore, a combination of factors in university climate develops counseling self-efficacy among students. Implication of the findings and agendas for future research are discussed in
Are Psychiatrists Paying Attention to Sleep

Sleep medicine is a relatively new medical discipline since the 1970’s. It has developed tremendously and has come across as an independent discipline in the United States over the last thirty years. The US has a well-developed and respected sleep medicine training structure which allows specialists from various disciplines, including psychiatry, to acquire specialty training in sleep and become certified sleep specialists. This is not the case in Europe and the United Kingdom where there is no structured training and the practice of sleep medicine is limited to respiratory physicians (such as pulmonologists). In the last decade there has been an increased interest among US psychiatry residents in pursuing further training in sleep medicine. This article gives a brief overview of the development of sleep medicine in the US in the past 30 years and the current structure of training in the US compared to several European countries. It highlights the value of sleep medicine as a career choice for psychiatrists and the advantage psychiatrists have in treating sleep disorders.
WHAT NEXT IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION?

We argue in this article that searching for and proposing a good knowledge representation is a ﬁne balancing act between two types of opposing forces: computational and ergonomic requirements. On one hand, we need representations that are computer-friendly , i.e. well-structured, rigorous, and unambiguous, such that automated processing of knowledge is straightforward. On the other hand, the representations must be ergonomic, i.e. ﬁt the humans as the ultimate input providers and consumers of the results of methods that automatically process knowledge. A class of knowledge representations, called natural language based knowledge representations (NL-based KRs), seem to meet these opposing requirements. That is, NL-based KRs are close to natural language, i.e. ergonomic, while also being computationally attractive. If enriched with various categories of linguistic and logical information, NL-based KR can be extremely powerful. We brieﬂy review in this article several natural language-based knowledge representations, both statistical and symbolic, and then focus on an extremely powerful NL-based KR, the latent semantic logic form (LS-LF), whose properties will be discussed. Rich NL-based knowledge representations, such as LS-LF, are the most promising choice for large scale, automated knowledge processing from textual repositories. While not all human knowledge can be best encoded in words, e.g. visual artifacts or tacit knowlege in general, we strongly argue that NL-based KRs are the most promising choice for representing most of the human knowledge. This claim is based on the fact that most of the human knowledge is encoded textually. This is particularly true in verbose domains such as conceptual physics, biology, or computer literacy, where textual or conceptual knowledge is the primary form of encoding knowledge. A basic principle supporting our argument is that if you cannot talk about something you do not understand it. In other words, once knowledge is crystallized it becomes conceptually, i.e. textually, describeable and in turn able
Prognostic Value of the C-reactive Protein Levels in the Head Injury

Objective: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein, whose the blood levels increase rapidly in response to infection, trauma, and other inflammatory conditions. The relation of CRP levels to TBI is not well known. This study is to assess the association of early serum CRP concentrations, with the degree of the brain damage and the prognosis of the patients with the diffuse head injury. Material & Method: From September 2004 to March 2004, we measured serum CRP at least twice, the first within 2 days (initial; CRPi) and the second between 3 to 7 days (early; CRPe) after the trauma. Serum CRP was measured by immunoturbidity method. In 187 patients, the relationship between the clinical features and serum CRP level was analyzed. Results: The serum levels of CRPi were not significantly different according to the age, the initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, the outcome, and the operative intervension. High serum levels (20 mg/l<) of CRPe were more common in patients with low GCS (3-12), in patients who underwent surgery, and in patients with poor outcome. Conclusion: CRPe can be a useful adjuvant, especially in cases of diffuse brain injury where imaging studies are usually less optimal to reveal the severity of TBI.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences (An international peer-reviewed Bi-monthly journal) is a peer-reviewed journal of high quality devoted to provide a platform to scientists and researchers all over the world, for the dissemination of knowledge in the field of Pharmaceutical, Biological and other allied sciences. The journal policy is to publish work deemed by peer reviewers to be a coherent and sound addition to scientific knowledge and to put less emphasis on interest levels, provided that the research constitutes a useful contribution to the field. The Journal publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications in all aspects of Pharmacy, Biology and other allied sciences.
Feature Engineering and Probabilistic Tracking on Honey Bee Trajectories

Honeybees are a popular model for analyzing collective behavior. The BeesBook system was developed to track the behavior of all individuals in the colony over their entire life spans. The bees are marked with a unique bar code-like marker, the comb is recorded, and the images are evaluated automatically to detect, localize, and decode the markers. This thesis focuses on the development of a tracking method, i.e., linking detections through time, and a method to determine correct ids for the resulting tracks. As a result, a random forest classifier was found to perform best to decided if two detections should be linked. The features implemented for it are based on id similarity of the detections and a simple motion model. Evaluation results show that the tracking merges about 90 % of the tracks correctly. The id assignment returns correct ids for more than 85 % of all computed tracks or track fragments. Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit an Eides Statt, dass diese Arbeit von niemand anderem als meiner Person verfasst worden ist. Alle verwendeten Hilfsmittel wie Berichte, Bücher, Internetseiten oder ähnliches sind im Literaturverzeichnis angegeben, Zitate aus fremden Arbeiten sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungskommission vorgelegt und auch nicht veröffentlicht. Berlin, den 21.02. 2017
Data Estimation and Prediction for Natural Resources Public Data

USDA Forest Service Res. Note RMRS-RN-2. 1998 Abstract—A key product of both Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) of the USDA Forest Service and the Natural Resources Inventory (NRI) of the Natural Resources Conservation Service is a scientific data base that should be defensible in court. Multiple imputation procedures (MIPs) have been proposed both for missing value estimation and prediction of non-remeasured cells in annualized forest inventories such as the Southern Annual Forest Inventory System (SAFIS). MIPs generate clean-looking data bases that are easily used but hide a serious weakness: under different assumptions made by reasonable people, very different data bases and conclusions can be generated. A MIP is an interesting idea for prediction but should only be used for analyses by users, not for filling in data in a public data base. Simple illustrations are given to make our points. To maintain a defensible data base, FIA and NRI should only provide algorithms to facilitate user-generated data for prediction of non-remeasured cells. Users, not FIA and NRI, should be responsible for generating data bases that utilize these algorithms or other algorithms of their choosing, incorporating assumptions that they are willing to make. But they should be encouraged to work with FIA and NRI personnel in utilizing such algorithms.
Therapeutic Trials of Johne’s Disease With Amikacin and Cinnamon in Experimentally Challenged Rabbits

Muhammad Anwarullah1*, Aneela Zameer Durrani1, Muhammad Ijaz1, Aftab Ahmad Anjum2, Ghulam Mustafa3, Muhammad Husnain1 and Muhammad Usman1 1Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 2Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 3Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Article Information Received 25 October 2018 Revised 01 March 2019 Accepted 27 March 2019 Available online 03 December 2019
The Post‐Mortem Pressure Distortion of Human Crania Uncovered in an Early Medieval Pohansko (Czech Republic) Graveyard

Clanek se zabýva studiem tafonomicke deformace pohřbených lebek vlivem tlaku, kterým na lebky působi hrobový zasyp. Vztah mezi tvarovou variabilitou a polohou uloženi v hrobove jamě je studovan za pomoci geometricke morfometrie.
CREATING A TOOL FOR FACILITATING AND RESEARCHING HUMAN ANNOTATION OF MUSICAL PATTERNS

The use of musical patterns is highly widespread in all music, and we define them to be noteworthy sequences of notes that repeat in a given piece of music [1]. Annotations of such patterns are valuable in many problems tackled by the field of music information retrieval, such as music similarity, classification, prediction, and labelling, and these annotations can be procured from domain experts or algorithmically. Unfortunately, there is a distinct lack of domain expert annotations, in part due to the laborious process of the traditional "pen-and-paper" method of annotating music by hand and consequently digitising these annotations for use in music information retrieval systems. Any automatic musical pattern annotation method that is data-driven needs a large number of annotations to be trained on, but there is a lack of digital infrastructure in place for manually annotating music to produce these annotations.
Is the Capital Asset Pricing Model Valid in the Indian Context?

CAPM has been a great milestone in asset pricing theory, explaining the risk-return characteristic of financial assets. However, over a few decades the validity of CAPM has been put to test by a large number of researchers. In this study, we test the validity of CAPM in India on the stocks listed on the National Stock Exchange by using Fama and McBeth (1973) two step procedure. Our results show absence of any significant relationship between betas and risk premiums and therefore we conclude that CAPM is not a valid test in explaining the risk-return characteristics of assets listed on the National Stock Exchange over the sample period.
EUROPA : A Platform for AI Planning, Scheduling, Constraint Programming, and Optimization

EUROPA is a class library and tool set for building and analyzing planners within a Constraint-based Temporal Planning paradigm. This paradigm has been successfully applied in a wide range of practical planning problems and has a legacy of success in NASA applications. EUROPA offers capabilities in 3 key areas of problem solving: (1) Representation; (2) Reasoning; and (3) Search. EUROPA is a means to integrate advanced planning, scheduling and constraint reasoning into an end-user application and is designed to be open and extendable to accommodate diverse and highly specialized problem solving techniques within a common design framework and around a common technology core. In this paper, we will outline the core capabilities of this open-source planning & scheduling framework. While EUROPA is the complete planning and scheduling software suite, we will pay special attention to the aspects that are relevant to knowledge engineering: modeling support, embedding a planner into an end-user application, and plan visualization and analysis.
WST 48(3) 057-064

Wastewater treatment facilities produce large amounts of sludge, which is a pollutant to the environment if not properly managed. Among the three most common methods (landfills, land application, incineration) of sludge disposal, thermophilic digestion to produce Class-A biosolids for land application is recognized as the most cost-effective, environmentally sustainable option. Full-scale experience revealed that thermophilically digested biosolids consumed a higher dosage of chemicals for conditioning and dewatering than conventionally (mesophilically) digested biosolids. This paper presents findings of a recent study to investigate how major operational parameters affect dewatering properties of thermophilically digested biosolids, and to search for the inter-relationship between digestion, characteristics of digested biosolids, and dewatering properties of thermophilic biosolids. Experimental work was carried out using bench-scale aerobic digesters. This study found that feed sludge composition has a significant effect on dewaterability. A higher content of secondary sludge resulted in poorer dewaterability in undigested and digested sludge. Dewatering properties are sensitive to a temperature effect. Such an effect is physicalchemical in nature. Excessive high shear results in significant deterioration in dewaterability. Thermophilic digestion resulted in a substantial increase in ammonia and phosphate concentrations, but these two factors seem to not have much impact on dewaterability. Instead, cellular biopolymers have a significant role in affecting dewatering properties of thermophilically digested biosolids.
Gender Wage Gap in the Finnish Private Sector: Evidence from Quantile Regression Analysis

The paper compares the gender wage differentials of two occupation groups – innovation and non-innovation workers – separately for manufacturing and services using Finnish private-sector data. We apply a decomposition method based on unconditional quantile regression techniques to identify key factors underlying the gender wage gaps observed along the whole wage distribution, as well as changes in these wage gaps between 2002 and 2009. This more nuanced approach provides important new insights. We find conspicuous differences in average gender wage gaps, in gender wagegap profiles across the wage distribution and also in the evolution of gender wage differentials over time between sectors and occupation groups. Our results imply that sector-specific factors are a more important driving force behind these differences in patterns and trends of gender wage gaps, although occupation-specific factors cannot be totally dismissed. Hence, comparisons of gender wage gaps, including their underlying sources, of innovation and non-innovation workers for too broadly defined segments of the labour market may result in misleading conclusions concerning the factual role of intangible capital.
Smart Resources for Smart Cities: Distributed Architecture to Integrate Sensor Information

Objects recognition is a necessary task in smart city environments. This recognition can be used in processes such as the reconstruction of the environment map or the intelligent navigation of vehicles. This paper proposes an architecture that integrates heterogeneous distributed information to recognize objects in intelligent environments. The architecture is based on the IoT / Industry 4.0 model to interconnect the devices, called Smart Resources. Smart Resources can process local sensor data and send information to other devices. These other devices can be located in the same operating range, the Edge, in the same intranet, the Fog, or on the Internet, the Cloud. Smart Resources must have an intelligent layer in order to be able to process the information. A system with two Smart Resources equipped with different image sensors has been implemented to validate the architecture. Experiments show that the integration of information increases the certainty in the recognition of objects between 2\% and 4\%. Consequently, in the field of intelligent environments, it seems appropriate to provide the devices with intelligence, but also capabilities to collaborate closely with other devices.
Health-Related Life-Cycle Risks and Public Insurance

This paper analyzes health-related risks of consumption and old-age poverty on the basis of a dynamic life-cycle model of health, employment, early retirement, and wealth accumulation. In particular, the model allows for health effects on employment risks, on productivity, the correlation between health risks, productivity and preferences, and the financial incentives of the German public insurance schemes. The model is estimated using data on male employees from the German Socio-Economic Panel and by applying an extension of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. Simulations based on the model suggest that health shocks induce average losses in annual consumption of about 7% and account for two-thirds of the cases of old-age poverty. This motivates a policy analysis of minimum pension benefits as insurance against old-age poverty. While this raises a concern about abuse of the disability pension, the simulations indicate that a means test mitigates the moral hazard problem substantially.
Measurement properties of the translations of instruments evaluating the subjective effects of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products:  a systematic review of the literature

Background: Several instruments are widely used for assessing dependence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, and reinforcing effects in users of tobacco- and nicotine-containing products (TNP), including the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Questionnaire of Smoking Urges, original (QSU) and brief (QSU-b) versions; Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, original (MNWS) and revised (MNWS-R) versions; and Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire, original (CEQ) and modified (mCEQ) versions. Although these instruments have been translated extensively, their translations and corresponding measurement properties have not been systematically assessed. This study aimed to (1) identify the translations of these instruments for which psychometric properties have been published, (2) describe the methods used for translation, and (3) describe the measurement properties and the context in which these translations were evaluated (e.g., target population and TNP used). Methods: Embase and MEDLINE databases were systematically searched. Results: While no information could be found for the CEQ/mCEQ, several translations were available for the remaining instruments: FTND, 25; QSU and QSU-b, 4 each; QSU (12-item version), 1; MNWS, 4; and MNWS-R, 1. Cigarette smokers represented the main target population in which the validation studies were conducted. Information about the translation process was reported for 25 translations. In most cases, the properties of the translations mirrored those of the originals. Differential item functioning was explored in only one case. Conclusions: There are few publications describing the measurement properties of the translations of the FTND, QSU/QSU-b, and MNWS/MNWS-R. None of these translations have been validated for TNPs other than cigarettes, which suggests the need for greater development and validation of instruments in this area.