Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biomedical HIV Prevention

In 2009, an estimated 33.3 million adults and children worldwide were living with HIV, while 2.6 million were newly infected that year (UNAIDS, 2010). The epidemic most severely affects sub-Saharan Africa, where 22.5 million people live with the virus, and 1.8 million were newly infected in 2009 (UNAIDS, 2010). The predominant mode of HIV transmission in this hardest hit area is heterosexual intercourse, with young women particularly vulnerable to acquisition of the virus (Laga et al., 2001), a result of intersecting biological, social and cultural vulnerabilities (Coovadia et al., 2009; Hladik & Hope, 2009). Although initially considered a fatal diagnosis, HIV is fast becoming a chronic disease, manageable through the use of antiretroviral (ARV) medications. Under good health-care conditions, people living with HIV may now enjoy a life-span that is not significantly different from that of an uninfected person, even without ARV treatment (van Sighem et al., 2010). Over the past 25 years since the identification of the causative agent of HIV, researchers have investigated many methods for the prevention of acquisition of the virus. It has become increasingly clear that a combination HIV prevention approach to combating the epidemic will be necessary, since no single intervention has yet been shown to have more than approximately 60% effectiveness in preventing infection (Klausner et al., 2008; Vermund et al., 2009). Biomedical prevention encompasses the use of medical treatments such as ARVs for prevention or post-exposure prophylaxis, barrier methods such as male and female condoms, procedures such as medical male circumcision or other methods to reduce the chance of transmission of HIV (Padian et al., 2008). Rather than dichotimising the response to the epidemic into separate biomedical and behavioural interventions, the most effective intervention is likely to incorporate both behavioural change and widespread provision of one or more biomedical prevention options for both men and women.
Engineered Drug Resistant Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy

In principle, gene therapy is the introduction of a nucleic acid sequence(s) into target cells to prevent or cure a wide range of diseases. Such a therapeutic approach was initially directed toward the correction of inherited disorders. For example, one strategy involves introduction of a corrected gene into cells followed by transplantation of the genetically modified cells into patients. But technological hurdles such inadequate transfer of genetic materials into cells, thus leading to low transgene integration, and safety concerns with gene transfer methodologies have limited the use of gene therapy. However, significant improvements in gene delivery systems that are both efficient and safe have now directed the growth of gene therapy, as evidenced by several hundred gene therapy-based clinical trials being conducted worldwide. Advancements in all areas of gene therapy now allow for the development of genetically engineered immunocompetent cell-based therapies for cancer. The therapeutic role of immune cells to control malignancies has been well established. For example, immunocompetent hosts frequently reject transplanted tumors while tumors can easily be established in immunosuppressant hosts. In vitro studies have demonstrated that immunocompetent cells exhibit powerful cytotoxicity toward a broad range of cancer cells and tumorigenic animal models have shown that these cells can infiltrate tumors resulting in tumor regression. Tumor infiltration by immunocompetent cells indicates favorable prognosis in various cancers, such as melanoma, colon, ovarian cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and lung cancer (Haanen et al., 2006; Halliday et al., 1995; Inoue et al., 2000; Kerr et al., 1998; Pages et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2003). These observations have led to the development of cell based immunotherapy strategies to target cancer. However, intensive chemotherapy regimens, the frontline therapy to treat patients with advanced cancer, frequently lead to non-specific cellular toxicity to adoptively transferred immunocompetent cells and to hematopoietic stem cells. One strategy to combat druginduced toxicity is to genetically engineer immune cells to make them drug resistant. Several genes, such as methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), cytidine deaminase (CD), and multidrug resistant protein (MDR-1) have been identified that can confer drug resistance to anti-cancer immune cells, and advances in gene therapy techniques have made it possible to test the feasibility of using the cDNAs encoding these sequences in drug resistant gene therapy studies. The ability to generate chemo­ resistant immune cells can be exploited to test novel anti-cancer therapies, such as “Drug
Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Semicontinuous Chemical Reduction Using Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Stabilizing Agent and Its Antibacterial Capacity

Preparation of silver nanoparticles was carried out by semicontinuous reduction of Ag+ ions at low temperatures. Silver nitrate was used as the Ag0 precursor, the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as stabilizer and primary reducing agent, and sodium borohydride as reducing agent. Weight ratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 of AgNO3 : CMC were used for carrying out the reactions. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD spectroscopy and by the presence of an absorption peak around 400 nm in the UV-visible spectrum. Unimodal size distributions of spheroidal nanoparticles were observed by TEM. Greater productivities than those reported by other authors were obtained with the advantage of using a lower temperature and minor reaction times. By using a higher CMC/AgNO3 weight ratio or a higher concentration of AgNO3, AgNPs with larger average size were produced. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs against S. aureus and E. coli was determined by the agar disk diffusion method. The higher the AgNPs concentration, the larger the inhibition zone. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs against S. aureus and E. coli was 5 μg/disk.
EFFECTS OF MYRISTICA FRAGRANS , MURRAYA KOENIGI AND AFRAMOMUM MELEGUETA LEAVE ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ALBINO RATS

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A – normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
Seasonality of photochemical dissolved organic carbon mineralization and its relative contribution to pelagic CO2 production in northern lakes

Boreal and northern temperate lakes (hereinafter referred to as northern lakes) are sites of intense processing of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is reflected in part in the persistent CO2 supersaturation of their surface waters. These ecosystems are subject to strong seasonal fluctuations in both irradiance and DOC amount and quality, which in turn should result in temporal shifts in the magnitude of DOC photodegradation. Here we explore the temporal patterns in the magnitude of water column DOC photomineralization and its potential contribution to pelagic CO2 production in three northern lakes of different DOC content. We performed laboratory DOC photodegradation incubations and combined the resulting rates with field measurements and modeling to reconstruct the annual cycle in depth‐integrated DOC photomineralization. We found that areal rates of DOC photomineralization were driven by both irradiance and intrinsic DOC photoreactivity, both of which showed seasonality. Over an annual cycle, depth‐integrated DOC photomineralization rates were remarkably similar across lakes, averaging 4.4 (SD = 0.7) g C m−2 yr−1 and daily rates followed an apparent seasonal pattern. The contribution of DOC photomineralization to total pelagic CO2 production (as the sum of respiration and DOC photomineralization) peaked after ice melt (up to 49%), averaging 14% for the entire open water season. Our study identifies potential hot periods of photochemical activity that result from the interplay between DOC properties and environmental conditions, which should be incorporated into models of lake functioning.
Aluminum abundance on the surface of Mercury: Application of a new background-reduction technique for the analysis of gamma-ray spectroscopy data

[1] A new technique has been developed for characterizing gamma-ray emission from a planetary surface in the presence of large background signals generated in a spacecraft. This technique is applied to the analysis of Al gamma rays measured by the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer to determine the abundance of Al on the surface of Mercury. The result (Al/Si = 0.29� 0.13 +0.05 ) is consistent with Al/Si ratios derived from the MESSENGER X-Ray Spectrometer and confirms the finding of low Al abundances. The measured abundance rules out a global, lunar-like feldspar-rich crust and is consistent with previously suggested analogs for surface material on Mercury, including terrestrial komatiites, low-iron basalts, partial melts of CB chondrites, and partial melts of enstatite chondrites. Additional applications of this technique include the measurement of other elements on Mercury’s surface as well as the analysis of data from other planetary gamma-ray spectrometer experiments.
A Proposed Data Mining Methodology and its Application to Industrial Procedures

Data mining is the process of discovering correlations, patterns, trends or relationships by searching through a large amount of data stored in repositories, corporate databases, and data warehouses. Industrial procedures with the help of engineers, managers, and other specialists, comprise a broad field and have many tools and techniques in their problem-solving arsenal. The purpose of this study is to improve the effectiveness of these solutions through the application of data mining. To achieve this objective, an adaptation of the engineering design process is used to develop a methodology, specifically designed for industrial procedures’ operations. This paper concludes by describing some of the advantages and disadvantages of the application of data mining techniques and tools to industrial procedures; it mentions some possible problems or issues in its implementation; and finally, it provides recommendations for future research in the application of data mining to facilitate decisions relevant to industrial procedures.
Biometric template protecting applied to iris recognition systems

Nowadays reliable authentication of people by their biometrics has become necessary in many applications. Biometric authentication systems have the potential to offer more security and convenience to users than common cryptographic methods can. A biometric represents the physical properties of an individual that cannot be lost or forgotten like for example a password. However storing biometrics in a database introduces privacy risks. Once a biometric has been measured, it is compromised forever and cannot be renewed, updated or destroyed. Moreover, unprotected biometric data can be used to perform cross-matching. The goal of this work is to show the feasibility of a privacy protected authentication system based on noisy iris biometrics. For this purpose two existing schemes, the iris recognition system designed by J. Daugman and a method for the secure protection of biometric templates, were joined. The idea is to prevent impersonation by storing information in a database or smartcard that is independent from the measured true iris features. Several strategies are proposed to select components in an iris template that are robust to noise. Moreover, a method to integrate mask vectors into the iris privacy protection system is explained. Mask vectors are typically used in iris systems, indicating whether an information feature component is possible corrupted by noise. This work shows that privacy and security can be achieved against an acceptable probability (1.24%) of rejecting a genuine verification attempt. This is higher than the performance of the unprotected iris recognition, which lies close to 0%. The probability of a false accepted impostor attempt remains 0%. All experiments in this work have been tested using iris images taken from the CASIA database. © Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. 2006 1
Toward an ice‐free Barents Sea

Arctic winter sea ice loss is most pronounced in the Barents Sea. Here we combine observations since 1850 with climate model simulations to examine the recent record low winter Barents Sea ice extent. We find that the present observed winter Barents Sea ice extent has been reduced to less than one third of the pre‐satellite mean and is lower than the minimum sea ice extent in all multicentury climate model control simulations assessed here. The current observed sea ice loss is furthermore unprecedented in the observational record and appears as an uncommon trend in the long control simulations. In a warming climate, projections from the large ensemble simulation with the Community Earth System Model show a winter ice‐free Barents Sea for the first time within the time period 2061–2088. The large spread in projections of ice‐free conditions highlights the importance of internal variability in driving recent and future sea ice loss.
Modeling and simulation of stand-alone hybrid power system with fuzzy MPPT for remote load application

: Many parts of remote locations in the world are not electrified even in this Advanced Technology Era. To provide electricity in such remote places renewable hybrid energy systems are very much suitable. In this paper PV/Wind/Battery Hybrid Power System (HPS) is considered to provide an economical and sustainable power to a remote load. HPS can supply the maximum power to the load at a particular operating point which is generally called as Maximum Power Point (MPP). Fuzzy Logic based MPPT (FLMPPT) control method has been implemented for both Solar and Wind Power Systems. FLMPPT control technique is implemented to generate the optimal reference voltage for the first stage of DC-DC Boost converter in both the PV and Wind energy system. The HPS is tested with variable solar irradiation, temperature, and wind speed. The FLMPPT method is compared with P&O MPPT method. The proposed method provides a good maximum power operation of the hybrid system at all operating conditions. In order to combine both sources, the DC bus voltage is made constant by employ-ing PI Controllers for the second stage of DC-DC Buck-Boost converter in both Solar and Wind Power Systems. Battery Bank is used to store excess power from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and to provide continuous power to load when the RES power is less than load power. A SPWM inverter is designed to convert DC power into AC to supply three phase load. An LC filter is also used at the output of inverter to get sinu-soidal current from the PWM inverter. The entire system was modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink Environment. The results presented show the validation of the HPS design.
Herbivore response to anti-quality factors in forages.

Plants possess a wide variety of compounds and growth forms that are termed "anti-quality" factors because they reduce forage value and deter grazing. Anti-quality attributes can reduce a plant's digestible nutrients and energy or yield toxic effects. Herbivores possess several adaptive mechanisms to lessen the impacts of anti-quality factors. First, herbivores graze selectively to limit consumption of potentially harmful plant compounds. Grazing animals rely on a sophisticated system to detect plant nutritional value or toxicity by relating the flavor of a plant to its positive or negative digestive consequences. Diet selection skills are enhanced by adaptive intake patterns that limit the deleterious effects of plant allelochemicals; these include cautious sampling of sample new foods, consuming a varied diet, and eating plants in a cyclic, intermittent, or carefully regulated fashion. Second, grazing animals possess internal systems that detoxify or tolerate ingested phytotoxins. Animals may eject toxic plant material quickly after ingestion, secrete substances in the mouth or gut to render allelochemicals inert, rely on rumen microbes to detoxify allelochemicals, absorb phytochemicals from the gut and detoxified them in body tissues, or develop a tolerance to the toxic effects of plant allelochemicals. Understanding the behavioral and metabolic abilities of herbivores suggests several livestock management practices to help animals contend with plant anti-quality characteristics. These practices include offering animals proper early life experiences, selecting the appropriate livestock species and individuals, breeding animals with desired attributes, and offering nutritional or pharmaceutical products to aid in digestion and detoxification. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v54i4_launchbaugh
Multi-Cloud Storage Data Possession Based Data Integrity Verfication And Security Cooperative Schedule

Now a days in any site for every data transfer we are using cloud data transfer[1]. But previously we used distributed data transfer. Now we must concentrate on security[1][2]. we have many techniques to provide the security. In this paper we are using Provable data possession (PDP) technique [4][3]for the data integrity in outsourcing storage. we present a schema for the construction of an effective PDP schema. This schema is used for distributed cloud storage[5] to support the scalability of service and data migration[3][6]. In this we consider the existence of multiple cloud service providers to store the data cooperatively[7] and maintain the client’s data. Now we present a cooperative PDP (CPDP) scheme [5][7]based on verifiable response using hash index hierarchy[6][8] and cryptography[9]. The security of our schema based on zero-knowledge proof system[1][10] , which can satisfy knowledge soundness , completeness and zero- knowledge properties. We are using AES method for cryptographic. The results of our experiment shows us that our solution introduces lower computation and communication overheads in comparison with non-cooperative approaches.
Factors Underlying Academic Underachievement Among Pakistani Secondary School Students

Present study is aimed at investigating the predictors of academic underachievement and high-achievement among secondary school students. A total sample comprising of 352 including 213 underachievers (Mage= 15.21, SD = 1.13) with 85 boys and 128 girls, and a comparative group of 139 high-achievers (Mage = 14.64, SD = .90) including 61 boys and 78 girls was drawn from a total of 1276 students from 16 conveniently selected schools. Underachievers were identified using cut-off score method. Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Rotgans, 2010), Student-life Stress Inventory (Akhtar, 2005), two subscales of Teacher Checklist of Social Behaviors that is Aggression and Prosocial Behavior (Loona and Kamal, 2002) and School Social Behavior Scale (Loona and Kamal, 2002) were administered on the students. MANOVA revealed significant differences on motivation, learning strategies, teachers’ reporting of social behavior, and school social behavior between high- and low-achievers. Binary logistic regression model was statistically significant for all the measured personal variables including age, locality of school, class size, and family income. Two motivation strategies i.e., control beliefs and extrinsic goal orientation and two learning strategies i.e., rehearsal and elaboration showed significant findings. Among social behaviors, aggression and academic behavior were significant predictors of achievement level, whereas all other behaviors had a nonsignificant effect.
Organisational Support, Knowledge Sharing and Utilisation as Correlates of Social Capital of Insurance Managers in Lagos Metropolis

Managers in insurance companies in Nigeria went through a difficult period after the recapitalization which was aimed at achieving a consolidation that will produce companies capable of meeting claims obligations, compete at the continental and global levels, increase the industry’s low retention capacity which had stunted its growth among others. This study therefore examined the organisational support, knowledge sharing and utilisation as correlates of social capital of insurance managers in Lagos metropolis. This research adopted the correlation type of descriptive survey design to determine the direction and degree of the relationship or association between variables. Total enumeration technique called census coupled with a self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data on a population size of 280 managers in 23 insurance companies in Lagos metropolis, out of which 211 responded giving a response rate of 75.4 percent.The study found out that organisational support, knowledge sharing and utilisation had significant multiple effect on social capital of the respondent (R = 0.656, p < 0.05). In addition, each of the independent variables, namely, organisational support, knowledge sharing and utilisation significantly predicts the social capital of the respondents respectively.The study recommends among others that knowledge utilisation and information literacy education should be inculcated in the training of managers since they are the critical decision makers in the firm. This may improve the managers’ ability to exploit the sum of the actual and potential resources embedded within, available through, and derived from the their network of relationships. This may also encourage the managers to freely exchange ideas, insight, information and knowledge. Keywords: Organisational support, knowledge sharing, knowledge utilisation, Insurance companies, Nigeria.