Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suitable Chemical Properties of Animal Manure Compost to Facilitate Pb Immobilization in Soil

Chemical immobilization using animal manure compost is one of the most useful for low-cost, in-situ soil remediation techniques. The present study aimed to determine suitable chemical properties of animal manure compost to facilitate lead (Pb) immobilization in soil. The level of mobile Pb in soil amended with swine compost was higher than that amended with cattle compost during the early stage of incubation. However, the level of mobile Pb was almost the same in soil amended with both types of compost on day 184 of incubation. The ratio of the residual fraction after sequential extraction was enhanced in soil amended with both types of compost, particularly swine compost. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results demonstrated the precipitation of Pb phosphate minerals, such as pyromorphite, in Pb-sorbed composts, particularly swine compost. Amendment using swine compost could reduce Pb solubility even when it had a high content of water-soluble organic matter because it significantly lowered Pb phase solubility. The amendment with swine compost improved plant growth and microbial activity. This study suggests that composts with high phosphorus (P) content are suitable for Pb immobilization amendment even if they have a high water-soluble organic matter content.
Nonadiabatic tapered optical fiber sensor for measuring interaction nicotine with DNA

A nonadiabatic tapered optical fiber sensor was utilized for studying of bimolecular interactions including DNA-DNA and DNA-Drug interaction. This work presents a simple evanescent wave sensing system based on an interferometric approach, suitable to meet the requirements of lable-free sensor systems for detecting biomolecular interactions. We have demonstrated the measuring refractive index and the real time detection of interactions between biomolecules. Furthermore basic experiments were carried out, for detecting the hybridization of 25-mer DNA with an immobilized counterpart on the surface. The overall shift after the successful DNA hybridization was 9.5 nm. In this work, a new approach for studying DNA-drug interactions was successfully tested. Nicotine as a carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke plays an important role in interaction with DNA. Different concentrations of nicotine were applied to observe the Longmuir interaction with DNA.
Crystallographic and electrical characterization of tungsten carbide thin films for schottky contact of diamond photodiode

Tungsten carbide (WC) thin films are sputter deposited using a WC target on different substrates such as Si (111), Si (100), sapphire (0001), and Si (111) coated with Ti thin film. These films are characterized for their crystallographic structure, composition, electrical resistivity, optical transmittance and oxidation resistance in order to use WC as thermally stable electrodes for diamond devices. Preferentially (100) oriented cubic WC1−x thin films are obtained at room temperature, irrespective of the various deposition conditions and substrates. The electrical resistivity of the films is about 200–300μΩcm. No deterioration of the properties occurs after annealing at 500°C in argon ambient. However, the films suffer from decomposition at 800°C with the depletion of carbon. The well characterized WC and Ti∕WC bilayer are used as Schottky and ohmic contacts of diamond photodiodes, respectively. The excellent Schottky properties with rectifying ratio of 108 and reverse leakage current lower than 10−14A a.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Physical Properties of a New Member of Ternary Lithium Layered Compounds – Li2RhO3

Li2RhO3 was synthesized by solid state reaction and its crystal structure was refined from X-ray powder data by the Rietveld-method. The compound was obtained as a black powder and crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m, with unit cell parameters a = 5.1198(1), b = 8.8497(1), c = 5.1030(1) A, β = 109.61(2) °, V = 217.80(1), and Z = 4. The structure determination shows that the oxygen atoms in Li2RhO3 form an approximate cubic close packing, where all octahedral voids are occupied by Rh4+ and Li+ cations. The structure is closely related to the α-NaFeO2 and Li2MnO3 layered structure types (layered variants of the NaCl-type), but in Li2RhO3 the lithium and rhodium atoms are partially disordered. Li2RhO3 behaves as a semiconductor with rather small activation energy of 7.68 kJ·mol–1 and is thermally stable up to 1273 K in argon atmosphere. According to measurements of the magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range from 2 to 330 K, Li2RhO3 is paramagnetic, obeys the Curie–Weiss law at temperatures above 150 K, and has an effective magnetic moment of 1.97 μB at 300 K.
Experimental Study of the Spreading of a Viscous Droplet on a Nonviscous Liquid

We describe experiments on the spreading of liquid droplets deposited on a (wettable) liquid substrate, when the friction in the droplet dominates. We find that the horizontal radius R increases with the spreading time t like t0.26±0.02 in the capillary regime (R < κ-1, the interfacial capillary length), and like t0.51±0.02 in the gravity regime. These results are in good agreement with a recent theory.
Investigation of the Microstructure of Disordered, Non‐graphitic Carbons by an Advanced Analysis Method for Wide‐Angle X‐ray Scattering

The analysis of the wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) data of non-graphitic carbons is challenging due to the broad and overlapped (hk)- and (00l)-reflections. A recently developed advanced analysis method developed by Ruland and Smarsly allows for the fitting of the WAXS data by a continuous model function, providing a detailed insight into the sp2-carbon microstructure. Obtaining parameters like the graphene layer extent La, the average stack height Lc and disorder effects permits the quantification of microstructural features. Firstly, this publication gives a brief review over historical und recent developments regarding the evaluation of the WAXS of disordered carbons. Secondly, the applicability of this algorithm to carbon samples possessing a substantial degree of disorder is tested by investigating activated carbons, heat treated coal tar pitch and furfuryl alcohol. It is seen that several structural parameters are determined with reasonable accuracy and thereby the influence of the precursor and the temperature on the resulting carbon microstructure is identified. The decrease in disorder within the 2D graphene lattice and in the stacking of the layers at higher synthesis temperatures is quantified. Moreover, this study reveals that the graphene layer extent La is only about a few nanometers in size, showing that typical non-graphitic carbons used for diverse applications possess quite small dimensions of graphene stacks.
Determination of heavy metals in aerosol fractions of different particle sizes from the healing gallery of Badgastein (Austria)

Summary In the Badgastein healing gallery aerosol fractions were collected with an 8-stage cascade impactor device. The Fe, Cr, Zn, Co and Sc concentrations were measured by INAA. The values found for Fe, Cr and Co and especially their increase with particle size in the coarse aerosol mode indicated their origin by mechanical grinding of the gallery train tracks or old metal wall brackets. Metal ratios derived from irradiation of a gallery rock sample as well as from wipe tests from the tracks and floor supported these findings. Fe2O3 contents in the particles >1 μm were 19% (1–2 μm) and 70% (2–4 μm); however, also in the impactor stages covering the accumulation mode the rust content was between 1.7 and 5.1%. As these numbers clearly succeeded the Fe content of the rock sample, the Fe origin (as well as the origin of Cr and Co) presumably was again in the tracks and wall brackets; for the metal loads of the smaller aerosol fractions chemical weathering in the mine atmosphere might be the predominant process. Zn was mainly found in the fine particles; it probably had corroded from the zinc coatings of the gallery train.
Service-Learning and Chinese College Students' Knowledge Transfer Development

As a form of experiential education, service learning (SL) shows great potential for promoting students' knowledge transfer as it offers students opportunities to apply what they have learned in classrooms to serve communities in real-life contexts. To explore how students' knowledge transfer evolves during SL, we collected longitudinal survey data from 96 Chinese college students in a 9-week SL program. Results indicate that (a) students' perceived knowledge transfer in SL did not follow a linear trajectory. Although students' perceived knowledge transfer at the end of SL was significantly higher than those at the beginning, a slight drop was observed in the middle of SL; (b) the developmental pattern of perceived knowledge transfer varied across students; and (c) students' perceived knowledge transfer development during SL was associated with mastery goal orientation and perceptions of psychologically controlling behaviors from their SL supervisors. By providing evidence of the dynamic process and mechanisms of students' knowledge transfer development, the present study adds to our understanding of how, when, and why the benefits of SL are realized.
Climate Extreme Seeds a New Domoic Acid Hotspot on the US West Coast

A heatwave that blanketed the northeast Pacific Ocean in 2013–2015 had severe impacts on the marine ecosystem through altered species composition and survival. A direct result of this marine heatwave was a sustained, record-setting harmful algal bloom (HAB), caused by the toxigenic diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia, that led to an unprecedented delay in harvest opportunity for commercial Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) and closure of other recreational, commercial and tribal shellfish harvest, including razor clams. Samples collected during a cruise in summer 2015, showed the appearance of a highly toxic “hotspot” between Cape Mendocino, CA and Cape Blanco, OR that was observed again during cruises in the summers of 2016–2018. The transport of toxic cells from this retentive site northward during wind relaxations or reversals associated with storms resulted in economically debilitating delay or closure of Dungeness crab harvest in both northern California and Oregon in 2015–2019. Analyses of historic large-scale Pseudo-nitzschia HABs have shown that these events occur during warm periods such as El Niño, positive phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, or the record-setting marine heatwave. In order to reduce the impacts of large-scale HABs along the west coast of North America, early warning systems have been developed to forewarn coastal managers. These early warning systems include the Pacific Northwest and California HAB Bulletins, both of which have documented elevated domoic acid and increased risk associated with the northern California hotspot. These early warnings enable mitigative actions such as selective opening of safe harvest zones, increased harvest limits during low risk periods, and early harvest in anticipation of impending HAB events. The aims of this study are to show trends in nearshore domoic acid along the US west coast in recent years, including the recent establishment of a new seed bed of highly-toxic Pseudo-nitzschia, and to explore how early warning systems are a useful tool to mitigate the human and environmental health and economic impacts associated with harmful algal blooms.
Access to Interaction and Context Through Situated Descriptions: A Study of Interpreting for Deafblind Persons

This article focuses on how to provide environmental descriptions of the context with the intent of creating access to information and dialogical participation for deafblind persons. Multimodal interaction is needed to communicate with deafblind persons whose combined sensory loss impedes their access to the environment and ongoing interaction. Empirical data of interpreting for deafblind persons are analyzed to give insight into how this task may be performed. All communicative activities vary due to their context, participants, and aim. In this study, our data are part of a cross-linguistic study of tactile sign language and were gathered during a guided tour for a deafblind group. The guided tour was tailored to a specific group (adult deafblind tactile signers and their interpreters) visiting one of the oldest cathedrals and pilgrim sites in Scandinavia, with interpreters following up the guide’s presentation and providing descriptions based on the given situation. The tour and the interpreters’ work were videotaped, and the ongoing interaction and communication have been studied through video-ethnographic methods and conversational analysis. The data have been investigated for the research question: What elements are involved in descriptions to provide deafblind individuals access to their environments? Theories from multimodality communicative studies are relevant for the ways tactile descriptions are presented and analyzed. Some of this is an investigation at a microlevel of interaction. An overall inspiration for this study is interaction studies with data from authentic formal and informal conversations and ways of analyzing embodied action and situated gestures in studies of human interaction. Also, concepts of “frontstage,” “backstage,” and “main conversation” are brought into our interpreter-mediated data to follow the role of building meaning in complex conversations. Theories on interaction are used in the analyses to illustrate the participating framework between the guide, the interpreter, the deafblind person, and the situated frame of their interaction. The study opens for a broader understanding of the repertoire of multimodal interaction and how such interaction may be handled as inputs in communication processes. This is of relevance for communication with deafblind persons, for professionals meeting blind and deafblind clients, and for knowledge of multimodal interaction in general.
Multicomponent solute transport model with cation exchange in a redox subsurface environment.

In order to clarify the behaviour of chemical species under reducing condition in a subaqueous soil similar to a paddy field, a column experiment was carried out. As Mn- and Fe-(hydr)oxides were dissolved by microbially mediated reduction, Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Fe 2+ existed in the pore water as major cations. The Ca 2+ concentration had a tendency to decrease in the layer at 5-25 cm depth in the column, whereas the Ca + concentration increased with time below 45 cm depth. This phenomenon can be assumed to be due to the desorption of Ca 2+ , by Mn 2+ and Fe 2+ , and its infiltration. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a solute transport model which takes into account both biochemical and cation exchange reactions. In this paper, a simulation model that considers both reactions is described and applied to simulate the results of the column experiment. The reliability of this model was evaluated by comparing the calculated results with the result of the experiment.
Recognition of Initiative in an Infantry Company’s Battle Exercise to Support Tactical Overall Analysis

The scientific goal of this paper is to demonstrate, from the viewpoint of tactical overall analysis, how different quantitative (e.g. distribution analysis) and qualitative research (e.g. text analysis) methods could be used to support the traditional ways (tactical maps and event catalogues) of analyzing tactical phenomena ― in this case the initiative in a battle ― and how different types of instruments could be utilized and developed (e.g. NASA-TLX) for analyzing subjective human factors during the battle ― in this case especially the feeling of having initiative. In this paper, as an example, numerical values are calculated to determine whether there is a correlation between the casualty ratio and initiative. The results are verified based on battle space situation pictures. In addition, the analyses of distributions describing the variation of the feeling of one’s own force and of the adversary of having the initiative are used to support the results showing which fighting side has the initiative.
Effect of oxygen, methyl mercaptan, and methyl chloride on friction behavior of copper-iron contacts

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with an iron rider on a copper disk and a copper rider on an iron disk. The sputter cleaned iron and copper disk surfaces were saturated with oxygen, methyl mercaptan, and methyl chloride at atmospheric pressure. Auger emission spectroscopy was used to monitor the surfaces. Lower friction was obtained in all experiments with the copper rider sliding on the iron disk than when the couple was reversed. For both iron and copper disks, methyl mercaptan gave the best surface coverage and was most effective in reducing friction. For both iron and copper disks, methyl chloride was the least effective in reducing friction. With sliding, copper transferred to iron and iron to copper.
Theoretical study on clusters of magnesium

The energetic and structural properties of neutral magnesium clusters Mgn (n = 2 to 22 and selected clusters up to 309) are investigated by means of density functional theory. The small clusters of sizes n = 4, 10 and 20 show enhanced stability, which is in line with the predictions of the shell model. Larger clusters were selected according to the principle of geometric shell closings; different kinds of shapes and packing types were considered. Among the cluster sizes studied, icosahedral packings are most favourable, which supports the experimental findings. Weak evidence is found for hcp packings to become most stable for large n. The calculated cohesive energies lead to an extrapolated bulk value of 1.4 eV, in reasonable agreement with experiment (1.51 eV). The electronic shell structure of large clusters is discussed in terms of the shell model, which is found to be reliable for up to 40 electrons, while the stability of higher shells is very dependent on the cluster shape.
Influences of Phosphorous Gettering on Minority Carrier Lifetime Distribution of Polycrystalline Silicon Wafer

The influences of the phosphorus gettering in PN junction formation on the distribution of minority carrier lifetime of polycrystalline silicon wafer in solar cell production process were studied. The experimental results shows that the distribution of internal defects and impurities in polycrystalline silicon wafer significantly impact on the effectiveness of the phosphorus gettering during preparation of PN junction through the phosphorus diffusion technology. Especially when the impurities were transition metal elements, it caused a large difference of the phosphorus gettering effectiveness in PN junction preparation, which was due to the presence and interaction of defects and impurities on polycrystalline silicon wafer, such as grain boundaries, dislocations, oxygen and carbon, and other metal elements. In addition, the uneven distribution of impurities and defects of also influenced the phosphorus gettering effectiveness.
Saccharification and Ethanol Fermentation from Uncooked Starch using Aspergillus niger Koji

The energy for cooking starch prior to saccharification could be saved by fermenting raw starch into ethanol using Aspergillus niger koji of wheat bran. Optimum cultivation time to produce glucoamylase was 4 days in wheat bran medium. The rate of saccharification from uncooked corn starch were optimum at pH 3.3 and 40-. Corn and sweet potato starch were saccharified more efficiently by wheat bran koji than other tested starch sources. 5 days of fermentation were required for optimum yield of ethanol using a mixture of AspergiUus niger koji and dried yeast. Final ethanol yields from raw corn, sweet potato, and rice starch with agitation at the rate of 100 rpm were about 95% at .
On predicting the fate of radioactive caesium in soil beneath grassland

SUMMARY A simple mechanistic model is developed for predicting the fate of radioactive caesium in the soil beneath grassland. A continuity equation is derived describing the diffusion, leaching and reaction of caesium in soil, with uptake by a uniformly distributed root system. The soil reaction is characterized by three phases: an instantaneous exchange, a moderately-fast reversible reaction and a slow reversible reaction. The time-dependent reactions and root uptake have first-order kinetics. It is shown that caesium is unlikely to be removed from the root zone by leaching and diffusion, even under prolonged high rainfall. Therefore, since the rates of the soil reactions and root uptake are much greater than the rates of diffusion and leaching, it is not necessary to calculate the concentration profile to find the rate of uptake. The computer program for the model is just 30 lines of fortran, and requires only a few seconds of micro-computer CPU time for each year of simulation. Some predicted rates of plant uptake and distributions in the soil are given. It is seen that the fate of the caesium is markedly influenced by soil parameters dependent on soil clay content, clay mineralogy, organic matter content, cation saturation and pH, and by the rooting density. The predicted rates of uptake vary from about 0.5% to 50% per annum, which is compatible with data reported elsewhere. The predictions are intended to expose gaps in knowledge of the fate of caesium in soil: in particular, the mobility of sorbed radio-nuclides on soil surfaces needs further study. Predictions are not given for the fate of caesium in any real situations because insufficient data are available.
Use of a simple model for studying oceanic tracer distributions and the global carbon cycle

We have studied, based on work of Shaffer and Sarmiento (1992), a model for simulating the transport of CO 2 and tracers in the ocean (HILDA, for High-Latitude Exchange/Interior Diffusion-Advection Model) that combines features of box models and of the box-diffusion model. It is latitudinally divided into two zones; in the low latitudes, transport into the deep ocean occurs by eddy diffusion, while the high-latitude zone consists of two boxes (surface and deep ocean). We compare different ways of calibration and find that in order to reproduce the distributions of natural 14 C as well as of bomb-produced 14 C, the vertical eddy diffusivity K must decrease with depth. The concept of eddy diffusion is discussed by calculating apparent eddy diffusivities from 3-D model tracer simulations. The depth dependence of K is qualitatively confirmed by these calculations, reflecting the fact that the water circulation is more vigorous near the surface than at depth. We find that eddy diffusivities derived from 14 C are not appropriate for representing the large-scale vertical temperature distribution, because the latitudinal distribution of temperature differs in a systematic way from that of 14 C and also of anthropogenic CO 2 . Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 , biospheric CO 2 emissions and isotopic perturbations are calculated, based on the observed atmospheric CO 2 concentration history. The results indicate an oceanic uptake of 1.9 Gt C yr -1 in 1980 and a near-zero net contribution from the biota in the past several decades. The HILDA model is compared with other models, and we find that its response to atmospheric CO 2 perturbations is rather similar to that of a 3-D ocean carbon cycle model of Sarmiento et al. (1992). DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992. t01-2-00003.x