Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Paired ROC Curves through a Two-Stage Test

The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is a popularly used index when comparing two ROC curves. Statistical tests based on it for analyzing the difference have been well developed. However, this index is less informative when two ROC curves cross and have similar AUCs. In order to detect differences between ROC curves in such situations, a two-stage nonparametric test that uses a shifted area under the ROC curve (sAUC), along with AUCs, is proposed for paired designs. The new procedure is shown, numerically, to be effective in terms of power under a wide range of scenarios; additionally, it outperforms two conventional ROC-type tests, especially when two ROC curves cross each other and have similar AUCs. Larger sAUC implies larger partial AUC at the range of low false-positive rates in this case. Because high specificity is important in many classification tasks, such as medical diagnosis, this is an appealing characteristic. The test also implicitly analyzes the equality of two commonly used binormal ROC curves at every operating point. We also apply the proposed method to synthesized data and two real examples to illustrate its usefulness in practice.
Autoradiography of Serotonin 5‐HT1A Receptor‐Activated G Proteins in Guinea Pig Brain Sections by Agonist‐Stimulated [35S]GTPγS Binding

Abstract: G protein activation mediated by serotonin 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B/D receptors in guinea pig brain was investigated by using quantitative autoradiography of agonist‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding to brain sections. [35S]GTPγS binding was stimulated by the mixed 5‐HT1A/5‐HT1B/D agonist L694247 in brain structures enriched in 5‐HT1A binding sites, i.e., hippocampus (+140 ± 14%), dorsal raphe (+70 ± 8%), lateral septum (+52 ± 12%), cingulate (+36 ± 8%), and entorhinal cortex (+34 ± 5%). L694247 caused little or no stimulation of [35S]GTPγS binding in brain regions with high densities of 5‐HT1B/D binding sites (e.g., substantia nigra, striatum, central gray, and dorsal subiculum). The [35S]GTPγS binding response was antagonized by WAY100635 (10 µM) and methiothepin (10 µM). In contrast, the 5‐HT1B inverse agonist SB224289 (10 µM) did not affect the L694247‐mediated [35S]GTPγS binding response, and the mixed 5‐HT1B/D antagonist GR127935 (10 µM) yielded a partial blockade. The distribution pattern of the [35S]GTPγS binding response and the antagonist profile suggest the L694247‐mediated response in guinea pig brain to be mediated by 5‐HT1A receptors. In addition to L694247, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin, and flesinoxan also stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding; their maximal responses varied between 46 and 52% compared with L694247, irrespective of the brain structure being considered. Sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and zolmitriptan (10 µM) stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in the hippocampus by 20–50%. Naratriptan, CP122638, and dihydroergotamine stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding to a similar level as L694247 in hippocampus, lateral septum, and dorsal raphe. It appears that under the present experimental conditions, G protein activation through 5‐HT1A but not 5‐HT1B/D receptors can be measured in guinea pig brain sections.
Astroglial Cells in Development, Regeneration, and Repair

Three main cellular components have been described in the CNS: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In the past 10 years, lineage studies first based on retroviruses in the embryonic CNS and then by genetic fate mapping in both the prenatal and postnatal CNS have proposed that astroglial cells can be progenitors for neurons and oligodendrocytes. Hence, the population of astroglial cells is increasingly recognized as heterogeneous and diverse, encompassing cell types performing widely different roles in development and plasticity. Astroglial cells populating the neurogenic niches increase their proliferation after perinatal injury and in young mice can differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes that migrate to the cerebral cortex, replacing the cells that are lost. Although much remains to be learned about this process, it appears that the up-regulation of the Fibroblast growth factor receptor is critical for mediating the injury-induced increase in cell division and perhaps for the neuronal differentiation of astroglial cells. NEUROSCIENTIST 13(2):173—185, 2007.
Fronts from complex two-dimensional dispersal kernels: Theory and application to Reid’s paradox

very rare, LDD component covering distances of 10 3 ‐10 4 m but observed for only about 0.2% of seeds released from the parent tree. They derived such bimodal kernels by means of fluid dynamics simulations of atmospheric transport including turbulent-uplifting events that had been previously neglected. They also checked their new kernels by comparing predicted vertical deposition patterns and uplifting probabilities to observed data. 7,20,21 This opens the possibility to explain Reid’s paradox using complex dispersal kernels which are not hypothetical but derived from physical principles. Below we derive the appropriate front speed formulas for such complex kernels. We also show that the predicted front speeds are about 10 2 ‐10 3 m/yrwhich are two orders of magnitude higher than those obtained neglecting the LDD component. This could eventually solve Reid’s paradox.
Density functional theory for calculation of elastic properties of orthorhombic crystals : Application to TiSi 2

A theoretical formalism to calculate the single crystal elastic constants for orthorhombic crystals from first principle calculations is described. This is applied for TiSi 2 and we calculate the elastic constants using a full potential linear muffin-tin orbital method using the local density approximation ~LDA ! and generalized gradient approximation ~GGA! The calculated values compare favorably with recent experimental results. An expression to calculate the bulk modulus along crystallographic axes of single crystals, using elastic constants, has been derived. From this the calculated linear bulk moduli are found to be in good agreement with the experiments. The shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio for ideal polycrystalline TiSi 2 are also calculated and compared with corresponding experimental values. The directional bulk modulus and the Young’s modulus for single crystal TiSi 2 are estimated from the elastic constants obtained from LDA as well as GGA calculations and are compared with the experimental results. The shear anisotropic factors and anisotropy in the linear bulk modulus are obtained from the single crystal elastic constants. From the site and angular momentum decomposed density of states combined with a charge density analysis and the elastic anisotropies, the chemical bonding nature between the constituents in TiSi 2 is analyzed. The Debye temperature is calculated from the average elastic wave velocity obtained from shear and bulk modulus as well as the integration of elastic wave velocities in different directions of the single crystal. The calculated elastic properties are found to be in good agreement with experimental values when the generalized gradient approximation is used for the exchange and correlation potential. © 1998 American Institute of Physics. @S0021-8979 ~98! 03821-3#
Interaction designers' use of their repertoire in meetings with clients

An important part of an interaction designer's work is meeting with clients during design sessions. It is of great importance that the designers participate in establishing some level of common ground. This research aims at investigating how designer's repertoire, in terms of facts, skills and examples, can help establishing common ground between designers and their clients. The research method is inspired by cognitive ethnography. Initial results from workshops, where interaction designers work together with participants from the Swedish Enforcement Authority, indicate that the interaction designers use examples from several design levels to establish common ground with clients and each other. Our future research aims to show how interaction designer and client work together in multidisciplinary teams.
Survey on Malicious Web Pages Detection Techniques

The World Wide Web has become an inseparable part of millions of people who use online services e.g. online banking, online shopping, social networking, e-commerce, and store and manage user sensitive information, etc. In fact, it is a popular tool for any class of user over the Internet. Rich Web based applications are available over the World Wide Web to provide such types of services. At the same time, the Web has become an important means for people to interact with each other and do business. This is the positive side of this technology. Unfortunately, the Web has also become a more dangerous place. The popularity of World Wide Web has also attracted intruders and attackers. These intruders abuse the Internet and users by performing illegitimate activity for financial profit. The Web pages that contain such types of attacks or malicious code are called as malicious Web pages. While the existing approaches are good indicators in detecting malicious Web pages, there are still open issues in Web page features selection and detection techniques. In this paper, we are giving an extensive survey of existing malicious Web pages detection approaches and features they have used.
CET4 passing rate analysis based on fuzzy decision tree induction and active learning

College English Test Band Four (CET4) in China has been a significant impact on evaluating the English preliminary level of a college student or a class. How to improve the college English teaching and go further to raise passing rate of CET4 are a challenge for many colleges and universities. This paper makes an attempt to quantitatively analyze the CET4 and exam-related factors by using fussy decision tree technique and active learning based on uncertainty. Several features are selected to formulate this problem. The weighted margin is proposed as the new uncertainty measure criterion for unlabeled instance, and a density measure is introduced for avoiding selecting isolated instances. Experiments and simulations on different classes of students show the proposed quantitative analysis method is feasible and effective, which can provide teachers with some useful guidelines for how to improve the college English teaching.
Mothers, babies, and the mothers and babies movement: Australia through depression and war.

Au debut du 20 e siecle, l'Australie, comme la plupart des pays developpes, a vu diminuer son taux de mortalite infantile. Est-ce la consequence d'un changement du comportement maternel ou de l'amelioration du regime alimentaire pour enfants
Thermal performance analysis of 3L-ANPC rotor-side converters for DFIG wind drivetrain

In DFIG drivetrain, traditional two-level (2L) rotor-side converter (RSC) suffers from high thermal stress during its operation with high rotor current at low slip frequency. This paper presents the application of a three-level (3L) ANPC converter as the RSC in DFIG drivetrain. The thermal performance of the 3L-ANPC RSC is analyzed in details through numerical simulator approach for a wide operating range of DFIG RSC, and compared with the traditional 2L RSC employing continuous PWM and 60° DPWM modulation. The results show that 3L-ANPC RSC can effectively reduce device thermal stress across a wide operating range, especially at low slip frequency operation, of the RSC. This benefit enables improved reliability and lifetime of the RSC and DFIG wind drivetrain, and also indicates the capability to increase power rating and power density of the system.
Role of Pilot Study in Assessing Viability of New Technology Projects: The Case of RFID in Parking Operations

The use of pilot studies to evaluate the economic justification of technology projects is common in practice. The pilot studies play even greater role in the projects affecting customer interactions with the product/service offerings since perception and/or reaction of customers is captured and analyzed through such studies. Yet, many times the methodology used in these studies lacks rigor and comprehensiveness, and there are scopes for further improvement. The current literature provides limited information on how the pilot studies should be used to decide whether to go ahead with a proposed technology project or not. In this paper we present guidelines for effectively using pilot studies in making such decisions. With the help of a real-life pilot study on deployment of RFID technology in parking operations at a university, we discuss how the proposed guidelines may be implemented to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the proposed project. In recent times RFID technology is getting increasing attention and many organizations are in the process of deploying this technology. The paper offers a timely and cost-effective evaluation study of a particular application of RFID technology. We found that users’ benefits and costs played a crucial role in determining whether the proposed project should go forward or not. Also, we found that intangible benefits and costs to be important. These findings along with our discussions on the general methodology will provide practical guidelines for evaluating viability of technology projects using pilot studies.
Melan-A (A103) and Inhibin Expression in Ovarian Neoplasms

A103 is a melanocyte-associated monoclonal antibody that recognizes the Melan-A/MART-1 antigen in melanomas. The Melan-A/MART-1 antigen is also expressed in Leydig cells, adrenal tissue, and steroid-secreting tumors. A103 immunoreactivity in ovarian neoplasms, specifically sex cord stromal tumors (SCSTs), has not been well studied. Inhibin is known to be expressed in SCSTs but is also expressed in some carcinomas and other tumors. We sought to explore the usefulness of both antibodies in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms. Using conventional tissue sections and a tissue microarray, we studied the immunoreactivities of 131 ovarian tumors for A103 and inhibin: 30 SCSTs, including fibrothecoma, luteoma, hilus cell tumor, granulosa cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, and sex cord tumor with annular tubules, and a control group of 96 surface epithelial tumors. A few other rare ovarian tumors including 1 small cell carcinoma, 1 adenocarcinoid tumor, 1 ovarian tumor of probable wolffian origin, 1 Krukenberg tumor, and 1 desmoplastic small round cell tumor were also studied. Inhibin staining was generally strong and diffuse in the majority of SCSTs (83%) and at least focally positive in the small cell carcinoma, ovarian tumor of probable wolffian origin, Krukenberg tumor, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Variable immunoreactivities were also present in 7 of 96 (7.3%) surface epithelial tumors. In comparison, A103 expression was usually weaker and more focal than that of inhibin and was present in a smaller proportion of SCSTs (37%) and negative in all the surface epithelial tumors. A103 was typically positive in the lipid-containing cells (both neoplastic and normal components) of these tumors (fibrothecomas, luteomas, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, hilus cell tumors, and granulosa cell tumors), and in some cases, moderate positivity was noted in these cells. Weak A103 positivity was identified in the single case of ovarian tumor of probable wolffian origin. A103 is relatively less sensitive than inhibin for recognizing SCSTs but does not appear to be expressed by ovarian surface epithelial tumors. It is therefore more specific than inhibin for SCSTs and is a useful marker for specifically identifying lipid-containing cells in tumors. Thus, adding A103 to a panel of markers including inhibin may be a valuable adjunct in the differential diagnoses of SCSTs and their distinction from other ovarian neoplasms.
Performance evaluation of a miniature laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer designed for in situ investigations in planetary space research.

Key performance features of a miniature laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer designed for in situ investigations of the chemical composition of planetary surfaces are presented. This mass spectrometer is well suited for elemental and isotopic analysis of raw solid materials with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. In this study, ultraviolet laser radiation with irradiances suitable for ablation (< 1 GW/cm(2)) is used to achieve stable ion formation and low sample consumption. In comparison to our previous laser ablation studies at infrared wavelengths, several improvements to the experimental setup have been made, which allow accurate control over the experimental conditions and good reproducibility of measurements. Current performance evaluations indicate significant improvements to several instrumental figures of merit. Calibration of the mass scale is performed within a mass accuracy (Δm/m) in the range of 100 ppm, and a typical mass resolution (m/Δm) ~600 is achieved at the lead mass peaks. At lower laser irradiances, the mass resolution is better, about (m/Δm) ~900 for lead, and limited by the laser pulse duration of 3 ns. The effective dynamic range of the instrument was enhanced from about 6 decades determined in previous study up to more than 8 decades at present. Current studies show high sensitivity in detection of both metallic and non-metallic elements. Their abundance down to tens of ppb can be measured together with their isotopic patterns. Due to strict control of the experimental parameters, e.g. laser characteristics, ion-optical parameters and sample position, by computer control, measurements can be performed with high reproducibility.
Real-time Classification of Finger Movements using Two-channel Surface Electromyography

The use of a small number of Electromyography (EMG) channels for classifying the finger movement is a challenging task. This paper proposes the recognition system for decoding the individual and combined finger movements using two channels surface EMG. The proposed system utilizes Spectral Regression Discriminant Analysis (SRDA) for dimensionality reduction, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) for classification and the majority vote for the classification smoothness. The experimental results show that the proposed system was able to classify ten classes of individual and combined finger movements, offline and online with accuracy 97.96 % and 97.07% respectively.
Arterial anatomy of the lower lip

The arterial anatomy of the lower lip was investigated in 12 sides of six fresh cadavers that had been injected systemically with a lead oxide and gelatin mixture. We found that the blood supply of the lower lip was derived from the facial artery and three dominant labial arteries: the inferior labial artery, the horizontal labiomental artery, and the vertical labiomental artery. The inferior labial artery was derived from the facial artery or superior labial artery, and ran through the submucous tissue horizontally. The horizontal labiomental artery arising from the facial artery was located between the depressor labii inferioris muscle and orbicularis oris muscle. The vertical labiomental artery arose from the submental artery. These three arteries provided small vessels that traversed vertically. These small vessels and the small branches of the facial artery, that run superficial and deep to the orbicularis oris muscle, formed a vascular network in subcutaneous and submucous tissues and minute vessels branched off to the skin, mucosa, and muscles.
Partial G Protein Activation by Fluorescent Guanine Nucleotide Analogs

N-methyl-3′-O-anthranoyl (MANT) guanine nucleotide analogs are useful environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes for studying G protein mechanisms. Previously, we showed that MANT fluorescence intensity when bound to G protein was related to the degree of G protein activation where MANT-guanosine-5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (mGTPS) had the highest fluorescence followed by mGTP and mGDP, respectively (Remmers, A. E., Posner, R., and Neubig, R. R.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13771-13778). To directly examine G protein conformations with nucleotide triphosphates bound, we synthesized several nonhydrolyzable MANT-labeled guanine nucleotides. The relative maximal fluorescence levels observed upon binding to recombinant myristoylated G (myrG) and myrG were: mGTPS > MANT-5′-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate > MANT-guanylyl-(β,-methylene)-diphosphonate > MANT-guanosine 5′-O-2-(thio)diphosphate. Using protection against tryptic digestion as a measure of the activated conformation, the ability of the MANT guanine nucleotides to maximally activate myrG correlated with maximal fluorescence. Biphasic dissociation kinetics were observed for all of the MANT guanine nucleotides. The data were consistent with the following model, where G protein activation (G*-GXP) is determined by a conformational equilibrium between two triphosphate bound states as well as by the balance between binding and hydrolysis of the nucleotide triphosphate. Compared with myrG, maximal mGTP fluorescence was only 2-fold higher for the myrG Q204L mutant, a mutant with greatly reduced GTPase activity, and only 24% that of mGTPS, indicating that partial activation by mGTP was not just due to hydrolysis of mGTP. These results extend our previous conclusion that GTP analogs do not fully activate G protein.
Resource value affects territorial defense by Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds

Territorial behavior of Broad-tailed (Selasphorous platycercus) and Rufous (Selasphorous rufus) hummingbirds in Colorado was measured at sites with feeders containing10%, 20%, and 30% sucrose solutions, respectively. The presence or absence of territory holders, number of intruders, and intensity of defense were measured at the three levels of energy availability. Migrating Rufous Hummingbirds displaced Broad-tailed Hummingbirds from territories they had defended during the breeding season; Broad-tailed Hummingbirds then defended only lower quality sites. Both Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds employed more energetically expensive behaviors when defending high quality sites, with longer chases more often supplemented with chip calls and hovering. Other investigators have suggested that chip calls and hovering are precursors to a chase. However, I found that chasing was the default response to the presence of an intruder. Chip calls and hovering were added to intensify a chase. In the few cases where chip calls were uttered or hovering occurred without a chase, Rufous Hummingbirds were more likely to exhibit this behavior than Broad-tailed Hummingbirds.
A Similarity-Based Concepts Mapping Method between Ontologies

Ontology mapping is important in many areas, such as information integration, semantic web and knowledge management. Thus the effectiveness of ontology mapping needs to be further studied. This paper puts forward a mapping method between different ontology concepts in the same field. Firstly, the algorithms of calculating four individual similarities (the similarities of concept name, property, instance and structure) between two concepts are proposed. The algorithm features of four individual similarities are as follows: a new WordNet-based method is used to compute semantic similarity between concept names; property similarity algorithm is used to form property similarity matrix between concepts, then the matrix will be processed into a numerical similarity; a new vector space model algorithm is proposed to compute the individual similarity of instance; structure parameters are added to structure similarity calculation, structure parameters include the number of properties, instances, sub-concepts, and the hierarchy depth of two concepts. Then similarity of each of ontology concept pairs is represented by a vector. Finally, Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used to accomplish mapping discovery by training and learning the similarity vectors. In this algorithm, Harmony and reliability are used as the weights of the four individual similarities, which increases the accuracy and reliability of the algorithm. Experiments achieve good results and the results show that the proposed method outperforms many other methods of similarity-based algorithms. key words: ontology mapping, similarity aggregation, SVM