Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian hot spot detection in the presence of a spatial trend: application to total nitrogen concentration in Chesapeake Bay

Extreme concentrations of water quality variables can cause serious adverse effects in an ecosystem, making their detection an important environmental issue. In Chesapeake Bay, a decreasing gradient of total nitrogen concentration extends from the highest values in the north at the mouth of the Susquehanna river to the lowest values in the south near the Atlantic ocean. We propose a general definition of ‘hot spot’ that includes previous definitions and is appealing for processes with a spatial trend. We model these data using the Bayesian Transformed Gaussian (BTG) random field model proposed by De Oliveira et al. ( 1997 ), which combines the Box–Cox family of power transformations and a spatial trend. The median function is used as the measure of spatial trend, which offers some advantages over the customarily used mean function. The BTG model is fitted by an enhanced Monte Carlo algorithm, and the methodology is applied to the nitrogen concentration data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of settling tanks - a critical review

Modelling of settling tanks started in 1905, when Hazen presented his simple one-dimensional laminar flow model with single-sized solid particles. In the period 1904-1967 simple theoretical models were developed, which assumed a simplified (e.g. a uniform) flow pattern. Between 1967 and 1977 empirical models followed, which correlated removal efficiency with important design parameters. Since 1976 advanced, two-dimensional, numerical models have been developed. These model have been applied to settling tanks with increasing geometrical and process complexity, ranging from simple rectangular tanks without density effects to tanks with complicated geometries with inlet deflectors, inlet vanes, sludge hoppers and density effects. Future models for settling tanks are expected to be three-dimensional, computationally more efficient and including biological parameters as process variables. These models would be capable to handle complicated tank geometries and deal with problems encountered in settling tanks, such as sludge rising and bulking.
The paradox of island evolution

After colonising isolated islands, many types of plants and animals undergo extreme morphological diversification. In stark contrast, other island taxa change more subtly and converge evolutionarily on intermediate body size (the island rule). This paradox of island evolution has gone undetected for decades, perhaps because each pattern has been investigated separately using different analytical tools. Here, I investigate the paradox of island evolution in the endemic floras of four oceanic archipelagos in the Southwest Pacific.
Activated Sludge and Other Suspended Culture Processes

A review of the literature published in 2011 on topics related to activated sludge and other aerobic suspended growth processes is presented. The review encompasses modeling, nutrient removal, system design and operation, oxygen transfer and solids separation. Two topics that have seen an increase in activity compared to historical reviews are membrane bioreactors and fate and occurrence of hormones and pharmaceuticals, which are referred to as microconstituents following current WEF terminology. Microconstituents as they relate to suspended growth reactors are covered in this review, while membrane bioreactors are reviewed in another section in this journal. Other subsections from the Treatment Systems section that might also be related to this section include: Wastewater Collection Systems; Biological Fixed Film Systems; and Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Many of the subsections in the Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants sections could also have some overlap with this section.
Seasonal Hydroclimate Recorded in High Resolution δ18O Profiles Across Pinus palustris Growth Rings

Rainfall amount and intensity are increasing under anthropogenic climate change, but many instrument records span less than a century. The oxygen isotopic composition of tree‐ring cellulose (δ18Ocell) reflects local source water, climate, and tree physiology. The patterns of δ18Ocell within tree‐rings has the potential to extend pre‐instrument climate records with subannual resolution, but the influences on intra‐ring δ18Ocell profiles are unexplored in many settings. In this study, high‐resolution δ18Ocell profiles were analyzed on three longleaf pine trees growing in a native savanna in Louisiana, United States. The time series covers a wide range of rainfall conditions from 2001 to 2008 C.E. with a total of 421 δ18Ocell analyses. The δ18Ocell values for individual years are well correlated with each other both within and between trees (r = 0.71–0.78). We used principal components analysis and k‐means clustering to differentiate δ18Ocell profiles into two groupings: symmetrical δ18Ocell profiles versus asymmetrical profiles that have depressed latewood δ18Ocell values. The slope of latewood δ18Ocell profiles and mean δ18Ocell values of latewood tissue correlate with total June‐November precipitation. We hypothesize that poorly drained soils in the study area mediate the influence of any individual storm event: in dry years, 18O‐depleted signals from convective storms are moderated by subsequent evaporative enrichment of standing water, whereas in wet years, increased humidity and frequent re‐supply of 18O‐depleted water overrides evaporative enrichment effects, resulting in low δ18Ocell of latewood. These results suggest that δ18Ocell proxies for tropical storm occurrence need to account for soil conditions at the site of tree growth.
Activated Sludge and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes

Introduction This is a literature review for the year 2006 and contains information specifically related to suspended growth processes including activated sludge and sequencing batch reactors. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual literature review. The review encompasses modeling, microbiology, nutrient removal, system design and operation, oxygen transfer, and solids separation. A couple of topics that have seen an increase in activity compared to historical reviews ————————— Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 2219, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007; Tel. 605-688-5726; Fax. 605-688-6476; e-mail: Christopher.schmit@sdstate.edu Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey GE Water & Process Technologies, ZENON Membrane Solutions, Oakville, Ontario, Canada Brinjac Engineering, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey include membrane bioreactors and occurrence and fate of compunds of emerging concern. A separate literature review section for membrane bioreactors is included in the annual literature review. The occurrence and fate of compounds of emerging concern are covered in this particular review. Other subsections from the Treatment Systems section that might also be related to this section include: Wastewater Collection Systems; Biological Fixed Film Systems; and Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Many of the subsections in the Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants sections will also have some overlap with this section.
The consideration of atmospheric stability within wind farm AEP calculations

The annual energy production of an existing wind farm including thermal stratification is calculated with two different methods and compared to the average of three years of SCADA data. The first method is based on steady state computational fluid dynamics simulations and the assumption of Reynolds-similarity at hub height. The second method is a wake modelling calculation, where a new stratification transformation model was imposed on the Jensen an Ainslie wake models. The inflow states for both approaches were obtained from one year WRF simulation data of the site. Although all models underestimate the mean wind speed and wake effects, the results from the phenomenological wake transformation are compatible with high-fidelity simulation results.
DES Prediction of Cavitation Erosion and Its Validation for a Ship Scale Propeller

Lloyd's Register Technical Investigation Department (LR TID) have developed numerical functions for the prediction of cavitation erosion aggressiveness within Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. These functions were previously validated for a model scale hydrofoil and ship scale rudder [1]. For the current study the functions were applied to a cargo ship's full scale propeller, on which the severe cavitation erosion was reported. The performed Detach Eddy Simulation (DES) required a fine computational mesh (approximately 22 million cells), together with a very small time step (2.0E-4 s). As the cavitation for this type of vessel is primarily caused by a highly non-uniform wake, the hull was also included in the simulation. The applied method under predicted the cavitation extent and did not fully resolve the tip vortex; however, the areas of cavitation collapse were captured successfully. Consequently, the developed functions showed a very good prediction of erosion areas, as confirmed by comparison with underwater propeller inspection results.
THE WHO, WHAT, WHY, AND HOW OF Counter terrorism Issues

This article discusses how concern regarding an intentional terrorist attack on US infrastructure that would include water systems has heightened considerably since the end of the Cold War. Because guns and explosives are easier to obtain than large amounts of contaminants or toxic chemicals, the most likely scenario for a terrorist attack on a water system would involve physical destruction of the system's components to disrupt the supply of water, rather than actions that would cause a contamination event. Five types of perpetrators are discussed in this article, along with a listing of available resources to help utilities improve security at their facilities.
Authors’ response

but with the unjustified liberalism in attributing the labels of ‘outlier’ and ‘skew’. In summary, there is more uncertainty in how the funnel plot should be filled in than is allowed for. Finally, the significance of RAAA as a medical cause of mortality, 7500 cases in 1989 in England and Wales, should be presented in the relevant context of about 500000 deaths, i.e. 1.5%. Although addressed to Jackson et al. (2005) directly, this letter is motivated by numerous other references to meta-analysis, and publication bias in particular, which have similar deficiencies.
Integrating Modeling and Field Experiments to Evaluate Impacts of Vegetative Practices on Ponderosa Pine Watersheds 1

Abstract: Determining watershed response to vegetation treatment has been the subject of numerous hydrologic studies over the years. However, generalizing the information obtained from traditional paired‐watershed studies to other watersheds in a region is problematic because of the empirical nature of such studies and the context dependence of hydrologic responses. This paper addresses the issue of generalizing hydrologic information through integration of process‐based modeling and field observations from small‐scale watershed experiments. To this end, the results from application of a process‐based model were compared with the results from small‐scale watershed experiments in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona. The model simulated treatment impacts reasonably well when compared to the traditional paired‐watershed approach. However, the model tended to overestimate water yields during periods of low flow, and there was a significant difference between the two approaches in the estimation of treatment impacts during the first four years following treatment. The results indicate that the lumped‐parameter modeling approach used here may be limited in its ability to detect small changes, and tends to overestimate changes that occur immediately following treatment. It is concluded that watershed experiments can be highly informative due to their direct examination of cause‐effect relationships, while process‐based models are useful for their processing power and focus on functional relationships. The integrated use of both watershed experiments and process‐based models provides a way to generalize hydrologic information, illuminate the processes behind landscape treatment effects, and to generate and test hypotheses.
An Availability Analysis and Energy Consumption Model for a Flemish Fleet of Electric Vehicles

This paper determines a simulation model to create realistic driving patterns for a fleet of vehicles (availability analysis) and a model to calculate the energy consumption (Wh/km) of electric vehicles (EVs). The first model creates a unique driving behavior for each vehicle in the fleet, based on Flemish data on travel behavior. The second model calculates the energy consumption of EVs based on representative driving cycles and vehicle characteristics based on data sheets from manufacturers. The main contribution of this paper is to show the decoupling of both models. The results of the energy consumption calculations can be used as an input for the availability analysis to calculate the energy demand and to determine the battery state of charge (SoC). As such, it is not necessary to have the drive cycles as an input for the availability analysis, which would drastically slow down these simulations because of a different time scale (second versus minute scale). Both models will be used to analyze the battery sizing for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Since the specific energy consumption depends on several vehicle parameters. The sensitivity to these parameters on the energy requirements (from the availability analysis) will be discussed. Also the power requirements (from the energy consumption calculations) will be checked.
Editorial

In 1973, Francis Anscombe (Anscombe, 1973) published a fascinating simulated dataset containing four pairs of variables. On calculating the sample correlation coefficient or fitting a least squares line of best fit the results appear similar, however, anyone who had first conducted a visual exploration of the data would be aware that the datasets had very different properties indeed. The simulation process was later generalised by Chatterjee and Firat (2007). Our first article this issue addresses a related issue. Despite the existence of techniques such as smoothing functions, dichotomising continuous variables remains a much used technique. We’re delighted to present an article featuring five datasets generated by Oliver Kuss. These have the property of giving identical two-way tables of counts when suitably dichotomised, but yet clearly have very different properties. Hopefully these data will be widely used to illustrate caveats around dichotomising variables. Ordinary linear regression plays a big part in this issue, with an article by Bittner looking at limitations of predictions and some interesting work by Quinino, Reis Bessegato using distributional characteristics of the coefficient of determination – results that don’t feature in many introductory text books yet which may provide additional insights into linear regression. We are also fortunate to have an article by Falk and Lann on weighted means which provides a very thorough introduction to this key concept – a concept that often requires revisiting at higher levels of education despite learners thinking they already know everything they need to know about the topic. The potential for sport to motivate classroom activities is exemplified with articles by Oke Gerke on collecting football cards (which could actually include non-football cards) as well as an article by Shiwalker and Deshpande on the cricket world cup (for readers in the US cricket is a bat and ball game somewhat akin to baseball). Finally, given growing interest in online learning we are pleased to host an article specifically concerning learning statistics online by Susan Gazioglu and as usual present a stimulating statistical diversions column from Peter Petocz and Eric Sowey.
Design, Analysis and Improvisation of Helical Cross Flow Hydro Kinetic Turbine

Pico-hydro power plants can be a future for the fulfillment of ever increasing demand of energy. This brief paper reports on study carried out for designing a work producing hydrokinetic turbine with the help of waste energy in flowing water. The lift type turbine is designed upon the basics of Gorlov turbine. Various other turbines and their parameters where studied and analyzed in CFD simulation software. Many different kinds of models were derived from the study conducted. These designed models were compared with each other and an optimized model was obtained. We conclude this paper by providing comparative system characteristics of the turbine.
Method for parametrization of turbine inlet manifold for CFD-analysis

In this master thesis a method is developed to deal with parametric studies in order to improve evaluation of aerodynamic performance in turbine inlet manifolds for high pressure turbo pumps used in space propulsion. The main objective has been to develop a method where the analysis engineer takes control of the entire pre-process from geometry to analysis, and more independently change geometry parameters. To facilitate large parameter studies, CAD automation is implemented together with a programmed mesh script to speed up the process. A parametric study has been performed using CFD for model verification. The performance parameters studied are the impact of inlet pipe angle and percentage blocking influence in the manifold torus. The blockage has been implemented as a porous media and the performance output investigated are flow recirculation, manifold pressure loss and stator inlet condition variation. Statistical software, ModeFRONTIER, has been used to set up the test plan, and to finally analyse the results to establish correlations between input and output values. To conclude, a relatively flexible geometry model is developed using CAD-automation. To enable fully automatic mesh generation for the manifold, challenges remain. This thesis work has been done in collaboration with GKN Aerospace Engine System, within the Space Business Unit, in Trollhattan Sweden.
Full‐wave modeling and optimization of Bøifot junction ortho‐mode transducers

The full‐wave design of broadband ortho‐mode transducers based on the Bøifot junction has two main aspects: an efficient analysis method and a design process divided into tasks with relatively low computational effort. In the analysis part, a rigorous mode‐matching technique has been developed to obtain the generalized admittance matrix of the Bøifot junction. The other elements of the device are also analyzed by mode‐matching. With respect to the design, the proposed procedure starts with the optimization of the individual building blocks of the device. Their interaction is also taken into account in a systematic process. The analysis and design methods have been validated with other numerical methods and an experimental prototype. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2008.
Visualisation and Cognition: Drawing Things Together

It would be nice to be able to define what is specific to our modem scientific culture. It would be still nicer to find the most economical explanation (which might not be the most economic one) of its origins and special characteristics. To arrive at a parsimonious explanation it is best not to appeal to universal traits of nature. Hypotheses about changes in the mind or human consciousness, in the structure of the brain, in social relations, in “mentalites”, or in the economic infrastructure which are posited to explain the emergence of science or its present achievements are simply too grandiose, not to say hagiographic in most cases and plainly racist in more than a few others. Occam’s razor should cut these explanations short. No “new man” suddenly emerged sometime in the sixteenth century, and there are no mutants with larger brains working inside modern ! laboratories who can think differently from the rest of us. The idea that a more ! rational mind or a more constraining scientific method emerged from darkness ! and chaos is too complicated a hypothesis. It seems to me that the first step towards a convincing explanation is to adopt! this a priori position. It clears the field of study of any single distinction between ! prescientific and scientific cultures, minds, methods or societies. As Jack Goody ! points out, the “grand dichotomy” with its self-righteous certainty should be ! replaced by many uncertain and unexpected divides (Goody, 1977). This negative first move frees us from positive answers that strain credulity1. All such ! dichotomous distinctions can be convincing only as long as
Taming Interference Through Collaboration in Network Systems

There is an ever increasing demand for wireless communication. All wireless communication links access the same wireless medium. These multiple simultaneous transmissions increase the interference in the medium. This interference must be dealt with in today’s wireless networks. Traditionally, to avoid the collision in wireless medium, different scheduling policies exist to ensure that no two transmitters in the same area transmit at the same time. The main focus of the dissertation is to explore alternative mechanisms to deal with interference: devices in the same neighbourhood collaborate by sharing channel information to control the collision of different independent wireless signals. Taming the interference collaboratively, we show we could improve the capability of WiFi system as well as explore new applications of wireless communications. This dissertation shows four systems taming the interference to improve our lives. First we propose Symphony to improve the uplink traffic performance in Enterprise Wireless LAN. It is a packet recovery architecture that encourages collisions among transmitters, and utilizes the unused capacity in the backbone to transmit recovered data packets and coordinate the efficient recovery of collided packets. Furthermore we start to look into the scenario when wireless devices are equipped with more than one RF chain. In this case there are several techniques that are
Optimised power allocation to maximise secure rate in energy harvesting relay network

For an energy harvesting relay network, an optimal secure transmission scheme is proposed. In the case of limited harvesting energy and total power, destination-based jamming technique is applied to protect the confidential information from relay's jamming and eavesdropping. Moreover, the penalty function algorithm is utilised to obtain the optimal power allocation factor to maximise secure rate. The impacts of power allocation factor and energy transformation efficiency on the system secure rate are analysed. Simulation results validate the correctness and efficiency of the proposed scheme.