Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing three decades of total international trawling effort in the North Sea

Abstract. Fishing – especially trawling – is one of the most ubiquitous anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems worldwide, yet very few long-term, spatially explicit datasets on trawling effort exist; this greatly hampers our understanding of the medium- to long-term impact of trawling. This important gap is addressed here for the North Sea, a highly productive shelf sea which is also subject to many anthropogenic pressures. For a 31-year time span (1985–2015), we provide a gridded dataset of the spatial distribution of total international otter and beam trawling effort, with a resolution of 0.5∘ latitude by 1∘ longitude, over the North Sea. The dataset was largely reconstructed using compiled effort data from seven fishing effort time series, each covering shorter time spans and only some of the countries fishing the North Sea. For the years where effort data for particular countries were missing, the series was complemented using estimated (modelled) effort data. This new, long-term and large-scale trawling dataset may serve the wider scientific community, as well as those involved with policy and management, as a valuable information source on fishing pressure in a large marine ecosystem which is heavily impacted but which simultaneously provides a wealth of ecosystem services to society. The dataset is available on the Cefas Data Hub at: https://doi.org/10.14466/CefasDataHub.61, version 2 (Couce et al., 2019).
NATURAL CONVECTION WITHIN AN ARBITRARILY ORIENTED ECCENTRIC ANNULUS

In this paper, the natural convection within an annulus formed between two eccentric circular cylinders has been numerically investigated. The annulus is placed horizontally and heated isothermally from its inner wall while its outer wall is isothermally cooled. The resulting laminar natural convection flow within the annulus is predicted at different orientations of the annulus symmetry line, ASL. The full governing equations are solved numerically using Fourier Spectral method. The process of heat convection within the annulus is dependent on Rayliegh number, Prandtl numbers, outer to inner cylinder radius ratio, eccentricity and angle of inclination of ASL to the horizontal, λ . The Prandtl number and radius ratio are fixed at 0.7 and 2.6, respectively. The Rayleigh number is taken within the range up to 10, while λ is varied from horizontal position(λ =0) to vertical position ( λ = 90). The results for mean Nussult number are obtained and discussed together with the details of both flow and thermal fields. The study has shown that for a given value of Rayleigh number as λ increases the steady mean Nusselt number increases for negative eccentricities while it deceases for same but positive eccentricities. The study has also shown that for same RaL and λ≠0, the rate of heat transfer in the annulus is higher in case of negative eccentricities than that for same positive eccentricities.
Phonemic Comparison of English and Punjabi

English and Punjabi are languages which do not belong to the same families of languages. English is one of the West Germanic languages whereas; Punjabi is a part of the Indo-Aryan family. Punjabi is spoken by various nations on the globe, especially Pakistan and its province Punjab as well as in Indian Panjab. Both English and Punjabi manifest themselves through various dialects on the basis of diversified geographical areas. English is used as the first language by 379,007,140 speakers and further 753,359,540 speakers use it as a second language in more than 104 nations. So, the total speakers of English around the globe are 1,132,366,680 (Ethnologue, 2019). The importance of Punjabi cannot be denied being the 10th most widely used language on the globe (Ghai & Singh, 2013). According to Ethnologue (2019), the total number of Punjabi speakers is 125,326,840. In Pakistan, it is the language of the majority of the people residing in the most populous province of Pakistan, Punjab. It is among twenty-two languages that have obtained official status. Unfortunately, no considerable work has been done on its phonology. This study is an attempt to describe the phonemic differences between English and Punjabi by using the theoretical framework of the Levenshtein algorithm. The index of differences and similarities is determined through the inventories of both languages. The inventories are used as data in this research paper. The Levenshtein algorithm (Levenshtein, 1965) is used to analyse the inventories to calculate the ratio of differences and similarities. The outcome of the current research shows that both English and Punjabi have a phonemic similarity level of 56.25% whereas the index of difference is 43.75%.
An Updated Crustal Thickness Map of Central South America Based on Receiver Function Measurements in the Region of the Chaco, Pantanal, and Paraná Basins, Southwestern Brazil

Previous compilation of crustal structure in South America had large unsampled areas including the thin crust in the Sub‐Andean lowlands, largely estimated by gravity data, and the sparsely sampled Amazon Craton. A deployment of 35 seismic stations in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay improved the coverage of the Pantanal Basin in Western Brazil, the intracratonic Paraná and the Chaco Basins. Crustal thicknesses and Vp/Vs ratios were estimated with a modified H‐k method by producing three stacked traces to enhance the three Moho conversions (the direct Ps and the two multiples Ppps and Ppss). This modified method gives lower uncertainties than previous studies and shows more regional consistency between nearby stations. The temporary stations and the Brazilian Network (RSBR) have characterized the crustal structure as follows. The Paraná Basin has a thick crust 40–45 km and average Vp/Vs ratio (1.71–1.77), while the Chaco Basin has a slightly thinner crust (35–40 km) and higher Vp/Vs ratio (1.75–1.79). This confirms the lack of widespread magmatic underplating in the Paraná Basin that could be related to the origin of the flood basalts during the South Atlantic opening. A belt of thin crust (30–35 km) with low Vp/Vs (<1.74) is confined to the eastern edge of the Pantanal Basin. Normal crust (38–43 km) is observed along the western edge of the Pantanal, from the southern part of the Amazon craton to the Rio Apa cratonic block. This study, combined with other published data, provides an updated crustal thickness map of South America.
Enhanced correlation between ENSO and western North Pacific monsoon during boreal summer around the 1990s

ABSTRACT The correlation between summertime Niño3. 4 index and western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoon index has strikingly enhanced since the early 1990s, with nonsignificant correlation before the early 1990s but significant correlation afterward. This observed interdecadal change around the 1990s may be associated with more frequent occurrences of central Pacific (CP) El Niño and the interdecadal changes in ENSO-associated SST anomalies. During the post-1990s period (the pre-1990s period), highly noticeable tropical Atlantic (Indian) Ocean SST anomalies tend to co-occur with the summertime Niño3. 4 SST anomalies. The concurrent tropical Atlantic (Indian) Ocean SST anomalies could constructively reinforce (destructively mitigate) the WNP monsoon circulation anomalies induced by the summertime Niño3. 4 SST, thus boosting (muting) the correlation between summertime Niño3. 4 SST and WNP monsoon. In addition, the faster decaying pace of preceding-winter El Niño after the 1990s, which may have been mainly induced by the influences from the spring tropical North Atlantic SST anomalies, could also have contributed to the enhanced correlation between the summertime Niño3. 4 index and WNP monsoon. These results suggest that the enhanced influences from the tropical Atlantic SST may have triggered the intensified correlation between summertime ENSO and WNP monsoon since the early 1990s. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Diagnosing Drivers of Reservoir Sedimentation in the Western Us: a Case Study of Prineville Reservoir, Oregon

There is great need to quantify reservoir storage loss due to sediment. Less than 1% of reservoirs in the US have more than one volume survey. Due to the lack of frequent data collection, a constant rate sediment yield from year to year is often assumed. This study aims to explore the following questions: 1) Can hydrologically-forced sediment algorithms help us advance reservoir sedimentation estimates to improve future planning? 2) To which processes and inputs are reservoir sedimentation estimates most sensitive? 3) What can we learn from models that the linear sediment accumulation assumption fails to assess? It will address these questions through a Sobol Sensitivity analysis a hydrologically forced sediment algorithm ensemble, as well as an evaluation of differences between the hydrologically forced and linear sedimentation assumptions. The hydrologic model used are Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) which is coupled with sediment algorithms including the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF) and Systeme Hydrologique European Sediment Model (SHE-SED) from within the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM). Sediment accumulation will be modeled for Prineville Reservoir near Bend, Oregon.
Statistics and Decisions : The Importance of Communication and the Power of Graphical Presentation

To justify its existence as a practical subject, statistics must ultimately influence people's decisions. It can only do this if statisticians succeed in communicating their findings to the decision makers. The task is difficult, requiring courage and skilful use of words, tables and pictures. Pictures (graphs, charts, etc.) are particularly useful for showing relationships; one type of pictorial device, the cusum chart, is especially powerful and could, with advantage, be much more widely used.
Influence of multidecadal hydroclimate variations on hydrological extremes: the case of the Seine basin

Abstract. The multidecadal hydroclimate variations of the Seine basin since the 1850s are investigated. Given the scarcity of long term observations of hydrological variables, a hydrometeorological reconstruction is developed based on an method that combines the results of a downscaled long-term atmospheric reanalysis and local observations of precipitation and temperature. This method improves the representation of daily flows as well as at longer time steps. This reconstruction provide therefore an interesting tool to study the multidecadal hydroclimate variability of the Seine basin, as well as its possible influence on extreme hydrological events. Based on this reconstruction, it is shown that the Seine river flows, groundwater and soil moisture, have been influenced by multidecadal variations from the 1850s. Spring precipitations play a central role by directly influencing the multidecadal variability of spring flows, but also soil moisture and groundwater recharge, which then modulate summer river flows. Groundwater controls a large part of the multidecadal variations in river flows, particularly in summer and fall. These hydroclimate variations seem to influence extreme hydrological events. The positive multidecadal phases indeed appear to be more conducive to flooding, with twice as many flood days as in the negative phases while the negative multidecadal phases seems to influenced the droughts intensity. These hydroclimate variations over the Seine basin are driven by anomalies in large scale atmospheric circulations, which themselves appear to be influenced by sea surface temperature anomalies over of the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean.
Subjective oral health measures for use with children: New Zealand’s contribution to a burgeoning field

ABSTRACT The last 25 years have seen considerable strides made in the development, validation and field use of self-report oral health scales. New Zealand researchers have played important roles in that work, particularly in respect of child-focused measures. This paper provides an overview of that contribution by describing first the work on child informant scales, followed by an overview of New Zealand researchers’ contribution to the proxy informant scales. The paper concludes by considering the way forward for such work.
The many aspects of fine-grained sentiment analysis : an overview of the task and its main challenges

—In this survey paper, the task of aspect-based sentiment analysis is deﬁned in close detail. We explain how this ﬁne-grained task actually comprises several subtasks and focus on the domain of customer reviews. We reveal which datasets have been made publicly available and describe the state of the art on the subtasks of aspect term extraction, aspect term classiﬁcation and aspect polarity classiﬁcation. We conclude this survey by listing some of the main challenges the domain is still facing which illustrate that this task is far from solved.
The semantic web and computer vision: old AI meets new AI

There has been vast process in linking semantic information across the billions of web pages through the use of ontologies encoded in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF). A prime example is the Wikipedia where the knowledge contained in its more than four million pages is encoded in an ontological database called DBPedia http://wiki.dbpedia. org/. Web-based query tools can retrieve semantic information from DBPedia encoded in interlinked ontologies that can be accessed using natural language. This paper will show how this vast context can be used to automate the process of querying images and other geospatial data in support of report changes in structures and activities. Computer vision algorithms are selected and provided with context based on natural language requests for monitoring and analysis. The resulting reports provide semantically linked observations from images and 3D surface models.
An Analysis of Ground-Point Classifiers for Terrestrial LiDAR

Previous literature has compared the performance of existing ground point classification (GPC) techniques on airborne LiDAR (ALS) data (LiDAR—light detection and ranging); however, their performance when applied to terrestrial LiDAR (TLS) data has not yet been addressed. This research tested the classification accuracy of five openly-available GPC algorithms on seven TLS datasets: Zhang et al.’s inverted cloth simulation (CSF), Kraus and Pfeiffer’s hierarchical weighted robust interpolation classifier (HWRI), Axelsson’s progressive TIN densification filter (TIN), Evans and Hudak’s multiscale curvature classification (MCC), and Vosselman’s modified slope-based filter (MSBF). Classification performance was analyzed using the kappa index of agreement (KIA) and rasterized spatial distribution of classification accuracy datasets generated through comparisons with manually classified reference datasets. The results identified a decrease in classification accuracy for the CSF and HWRI classification of low vegetation, for the HWRI and MCC classifications of variably sloped terrain, for the HWRI and TIN classifications of low outlier points, and for the TIN and MSBF classifications of off-terrain (OT) points without any ground points beneath. Additionally, the results show that while no single algorithm was suitable for use on all datasets containing varying terrain characteristics and OT object types, in general, a mathematical-morphology/slope-based method outperformed other methods, reporting a kappa score of 0.902.
Influence of Types and Doses of Fertilizer on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Water, Composition and Structure of Zooplankton Populations in Ponds

Algrient Nana Towa1*, Thomas Efole Ewoukem1, Serge Hubert Zebaze Togouet2, Georges Fonkwa1, Théophile Fonkou3, Victor Nguetsop3, Paul Zango4 and Tchoumboue1 1Laboratory of Ichtiology and Applied Hydrobiology, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Cameroon 2Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Cameroon 3Laboratory of Applied Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Cameroon 4Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Cameroon
Twitter and Academic Geography through the Lens of #AAG2018

Twitter has emerged as a global social network of active users who share conversations with one another in an online setting. Academics are one community that has increasingly taken to Twitter as a means of connecting with other scholars, sharing research, and obtaining meaningful feedback. Tweeting has become especially popular during academic conferences where conference attendees use Twitter hashtags to filter conference conversations into a separate dialogue. For geographers, the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Geographers (AAG) represents one such occasion to use Twitter to discuss contemporary developments in geographic research. In this article, we provide an overview of Twitter as well as the ways in which the academic community uses the platform. Following this, we discuss the tweets sent using the hashtag for the 2018 AAG Annual Meeting, #AAG2018. To analyze these tweets, we collected all tweets with this hashtag for a period of four weeks and examined the content using word clouds and sentiment analysis to explore general feelings and trends associated with geography and the AAG Annual Meeting. We conclude with suggestions for future research avenues that could use Twitter data to gauge the pulse of the geographic discipline. Key Words: academic conferences, American Association of Geographers, geography, sentiment analysis, Twitter.
Modélisation d'un système karstique par réseaux de neurones : simulation des débits du karst du Baget, France

Apres une presentation de la difficulte de la modelisation des systemes karstiques et de l'identification des systemes avec des reseaux de neurones formels, cet article se propose d'appliquer les reseaux de neurones pour identifier la relation pluie-debit du systeme karstique du Baget (Ariege -France). La simulation effectuee sur une annee entiere permet d'illustrer l 'interet du retour d'etat que peut apporter le reseau de neurones. Dans un deuxieme temps, il est propose de specialiser le reseau en mode «crue» en ne lui faisant apprendre, et simuler, que les evenements de crue. Il est alors satisfaisant de noter que les performances se rapprochent de celles obtenues avec un retour d 'etat. La simulation des crues permet egalement de verifier que le reseau recurrent dirige, possedant des entrees plus riches en information, se satisfait alors d'une architecture simplifiee. Dans tous les cas, les simulations effectuees sont de qualite satisfaisante, conduisant, en l 'absence de donnees climatiques supplementaires aux precipitations, a des criteres de Nash variant entre 0.6 et 0.9.
Iceberg topography and volume classification using TanDEM-X interferometry

Abstract. Icebergs in polar regions affect water salinity, alter marine habitats, and impose serious hazards on maritime operations and navigation. These impacts mainly depend on the iceberg volume, which remains an elusive parameter to measure. We investigate the capability of TanDEM-X bistatic single-pass synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) to derive iceberg subaerial morphology and infer total volume. We cross-verify InSAR results with Operation IceBridge (OIB) data acquired near Wordie Bay, Antarctica, as part of the OIB/TanDEM-X Antarctic Science Campaign (OTASC). While icebergs are typically classified according to size based on length or maximum height, we develop a new volumetric classification approach for applications where iceberg volume is relevant. For icebergs with heights exceeding 5 m, we find iceberg volumes derived from TanDEM-X and OIB data match within 7 %. We also derive a range of possible iceberg keel depths relevant to grounding and potential impacts on subsea installations. These results suggest that TanDEM-X could pave the way for future single-pass interferometric systems for scientific and operational iceberg mapping and classification based on iceberg volume and keel depth.
Importance-Driven Expressive Visualization

In this thesis several expressive visualization techniques for volumetric data are presented. The key idea is to classify the underlying data according to its prominence on the resulting visualization by importance value. The importance property drives the visualization pipeline to emphasize the most prominent features and to suppress the less relevant ones. The suppression can be realized globally, so the whole object is suppressed, or locally. A local modulation generates cut-away and ghosted views because the suppression of less relevant features occurs only on the part where the occlusion of more important features appears. Features within the volumetric data are classified according to a new dimension denoted as object importance. This property determines which structures should be readily discernible and which structures are less important. Next, for each feature various representations (levels of sparseness) from a dense to a sparse depiction are defined. Levels of sparseness define a spectrum of optical properties or rendering styles. The resulting image is generated by ray-casting and combining the intersected features proportional to their importance. An additional step to traditional volume rendering evaluates the areas of occlusion and assigns a particular level of sparseness. This step is denoted as importance compositing. Advanced schemes for importance compositing determine the resulting visibility of features and if the resulting visibility distribution does not correspond to the importance distribution different levels of sparseness are selected. The applicability of importance-driven visualization is demonstrated on several examples from medical diagnostics scenarios, flow visualization, and interactive illustrative visualization.
A palaeoenvironmental study of particle size‐specific connectivity—New insights and implications from the West Sussex Rother Catchment, United Kingdom

Connectivity has become an important conceptual and practical framework for understanding and managing sediment transfers across hillslopes, between hillslopes and rivers, and between rivers and other compartments along the river corridor (e.g., reservoirs, channel substrate, and floodplain). Conventionally, connectivity focuses on the quantity of sediment transferred but here, we also consider the size of the finer sediment (typically particles <500 μm diameter). We examine the role of small rapidly silting reservoirs in the river Rother on storing sediment and disrupting downstream sediment transfers. Spatial and temporal changes in the particle size characteristics of sediment deposited in one of the ponds is explored in detail. Downstream of this pond, we collected sediment from the river on nine occasions over 17 months using two sampling methods at two locations; first, immediately downstream of the pond and a second ~700 m further downstream but upstream of the confluence with the Rother. Results showed a significant depletion in sand‐sized particles immediately downstream of the pond but the sand had been recovered from an in‐channel source before the river reached the downstream sampling point.