Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tropical vegetation response to Heinrich Event 1 as simulated with the UVic ESCM and CCSM3

Abstract. We investigated changes in tropical climate and vegetation cover associated with abrupt climate change during Heinrich Event 1 (HE1, ca. 17.5 ka BP) using two different global climate models: the University of Victoria Earth System-Climate Model (UVic ESCM) and the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). Tropical South American and African pollen records suggest that the cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean during HE1 influenced the tropics through a southward shift of the rain belt. In this study, we simulated the HE1 by applying a freshwater perturbation to the North Atlantic Ocean. The resulting slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation was followed by a temperature seesaw between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as a southward shift of the tropical rain belt. The shift and the response pattern of the tropical vegetation around the Atlantic Ocean were more pronounced in the CCSM3 than in the UVic ESCM simulation. For tropical South America, opposite changes in tree and grass cover were modeled around 10° S in the CCSM3 but not in the UVic ESCM. In tropical Africa, the grass cover increased and the tree cover decreased around 15° N in the UVic ESCM and around 10° N in the CCSM3. In the CCSM3 model, the tree and grass cover in tropical Southeast Asia responded to the abrupt climate change during the HE1, which could not be found in the UVic ESCM. The biome distributions derived from both models corroborate findings from pollen records in southwestern and equatorial western Africa as well as northeastern Brazil.
The Parsimony Ratchet, a New Method for Rapid Parsimony Analysis

The Parsimony Ratchet 1 is presented as a new method for analysis of large data sets. The method can be easily implemented with existing phylogenetic software by generating batch command files. Such an approach has been implemented in the programs DADA (Nixon, 1998) and Winclada (Nixon, 1999). The Parsimony Ratchet has also been implemented in the most recent versions of NONA (Goloboff, 1998). These implementations of the ratchet use the following steps: (1) Generate a starting tree (e.g., a “Wagner” tree followed by some level of branch swapping or not). (2) Randomly select a subset of characters, each of which is given additional weight (e.g., add 1 to the weight of each selected character). (3) Perform branch swapping (e.g., “branch‐breaking” or TBR) on the current tree using the reweighted matrix, keeping only one (or few) tree. (4) Set all weights for the characters to the “original” weights (typically, equal weights). (5) Perform branch swapping (e.g., branch‐breaking or TBR) on the current tree (from step 3) holding one (or few) tree. (6) Return to step 2. Steps 2–6 are considered to be one iteration, and typically, 50–200 or more iterations are performed. The number of characters to be sampled for reweighting in step 2 is determined by the user; I have found that between 5 and 25% of the characters provide good results in most cases. The performance of the ratchet for large data sets is outstanding, and the results of analyses of the 500 taxon seed plant rbcL data set (Chase et al., 1993) are presented here. A separate analysis of a three‐gene data set for 567 taxa will be presented elsewhere (Soltis et al., in preparation) demonstrating the same extraordinary power. With the 500‐taxon data set, shortest trees are typically found within 22 h (four runs of 200 iterations) on a 200‐MHz Pentium Pro. These analyses indicate efficiency increases of 20×–80× over “traditional methods” such as varying taxon order randomly and holding few trees, followed by more complete analyses of the best trees found, and thousands of times faster than nonstrategic searches with PAUP. Because the ratchet samples many tree islands with fewer trees from each island, it provides much more accurate estimates of the “true” consensus than collecting many trees from few islands. With the ratchet, Goloboff's NONA, and existing computer hardware, data sets that were previously intractable or required months or years of analysis with PAUP* can now be adequately analyzed in a few hours or days.
Enzymatic polymorphism in natural populations of the sawfly Diprion pini L. (Hymenoptera : Diprionidae)

Diprion pini L est une tenthrede dont les larves causent des defeuillaisons brutales, breves et spectaculaires sur Pinus sylvestris L. En France, coexistent des populations bivoltines en plaine et univoltines en montagne, toutes infeodees a des massifs forestiers plus ou moins distants les uns des autres. Les populations de montagne presentent des caracteres de diapause differents de celles de plaine. Pour tenter d'identifier des marqueurs refletant l'heterogeneite genetique des populations francaises de D pini, six populations naturelles ont ete etudiees par electrophorese enzymatique : trois populations de plaine (Rambouillet, Romorantin, Lorris) et trois populations de montagne (Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert, Ceillac, Fontchristiane). L'etude du polymorphisme enzymatique porte sur six loci : trois loci esterasiques polymorphes, un locus malate deshydrogenase monomorphe et deux loci amino-peptidase dont l'un est monomorphe et l'autre polymorphe. Les distances genetiques entre populations n'ont pas permis de differencier les populations bivoltines de plaine et univoltines de montagne. Deux sous-groupes de populations peuvent etre distinguees : celles des Alpes et de Rambouillet et celles du centre de la France (Lorris, Romorantin et Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert).
Controlling Collisions in a Two-Electron Atomic Gas Two separate groups have managed to control the interactions in a cold atomic gas in which each atom has two valence electrons.

by Simon Cornish∗ O ver twenty years have passed since the first observations of Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic gas, yet the study of ultracold gases continues to reveal fascinating insights into the quantum world. This success is driven by the ability of researchers to understand and harness subtle physical phenomena in order to exert ever-more exacting control over ultracold atoms. For example, it is becoming routine to manipulate, interrogate, and detect individual atoms confined in optical lattices. The behavior of atoms in such artificial crystals of light can mimic the physics of electrons in solids, enabling the simulation of more complex quantum systems. In this context, atoms with two valence electrons, such as strontium and ytterbium, offer new opportunities to simulate systems with many degrees of freedom, such as transition-metal oxides and spin liquids. Unfortunately, an important control technique, the ability to tune atomic collisions with a magnetic field through the use of a Feshbach resonance, was expected to be impossible in two-electron atoms. However, two groups, Simon Fölling and co-workers at the LudwigMaximilian University in Germany and Leonardo Fallani and colleagues at the University of Florence, Italy, have realized a novel type of Feshbach resonance that tunes the collisions between fermionic ytterbium atoms in different electronic and nuclear spin states [1, 2]. In the ultracold regime, atom-atom collisions are dominated by isotropic (s-wave) scattering. Because of this, the s-wave scattering length determines the strength and repulsive/attractive nature of atomic interactions in the gas. At a Feshbach resonance the scattering length diverges, allowing the atomic interactions to be tuned across the full range of possible values. Feshbach resonances arise when the energy of two colliding atoms matches the energy of a bound molecular state. The bound state is associated with a different molecular potential that is normally inaccessible (or closed), lying higher in energy than the colliding atoms in the entrance (or open) channel (see Fig.1, left). In alkali-metal (oneelectron) atoms, the hyperfine interaction between the total
Finding the Bad in Good Code: Automated Return-Oriented Programming Exploit Discovery

This thesis investigates the pervasiveness and widespread applicability of return-oriented programming ---- an exploit technique whereby W\[oplus\]W system protections are evaded by careful stack injections (without code) that cause a vulnerable program to execute pre-existing sequences of runtime code, which in the aggregate form arbitrary computations. In this thesis, we demonstrate that this attack is not limited to the x86 architecture, its original platform of introduction, and can be fully implemented on an architecture as completely different as SPARC. We present automated search tools that effectively and efficiently find full or partially Turing-complete return-oriented gadget sets in arbitrary binaries using a dedicated and extensible query language. We discuss our results from searching thousands of previously unknown binaries and find that potentially exploitable return- oriented gadgets are prevalent in the wild. Finally, we pose that the risks from return-oriented programming are fundamental and general --- our data indicates that the threat of finding a Turing-complete gadget set in an arbitrary binary is correlated simply with instruction count, and not any unique or special aspects of the target program.
Simulation of Impacts of Streamflow and Climate Conditions on Amistad Reservoir

The Rio Grande is the fi fth longest river in North America running North-South from its source in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to El Paso, Texas. From there it turns South-East and, for over 800 miles, serves as the border between Mexico and the United States. Amistad Reservoir in the Rio Grande basin is located 12 miles northwest of Del Rio in Val Verde County, Texas. The Rio Grande – Rio Conchos to Amistad Reservoir watershed encompasses a total of 34,630 sq miles of which 13,910 sq miles are in Mexico and 20,720 sq miles are in the United States. The surface water area features include the Rio Grande and three major tributaries: the Rio Conchos from Mexico (26,404 sq miles watershed), the Pecos River (35,308 sq miles watershed), and the Devils River (4,305 sq miles watershed), with the latter two contributing fl ow directly to Amistad Reservoir. Construction on Amistad Dam and Reservoir began in December 1964 and was completed in November 1969. The dam, located at 29o27’N, 101o 03’W, is an earth fi ll and concrete structure. Amistad Reservoir was designed as a multipurpose facility with considerations given to water supply, fl ood control, irrigation, hydroelectric generation and recreational usage. The reservoir and dam are jointly owned by the United States and Mexico and operated by the International Boundary and Water Commission. To provide adequate fl ood control, the “conservation elevation” for water storage is limited to 1117 feet (340.5 meters) above the mean sea level. The lake covers 89,000 acres (139 sq miles), and its storage capacity is 5,658,600 acrefeet. The Rio Grande Basin was considered to possess an abundant water supply in the past. However, irrigation, growth of urban centers and industries due to rapid population increase, and prolonged droughts in the 1950s and 1990s have resulted in relatively short supply in the basin. Water shortages that challenged traditional lifestyles in far west Texas have stimulated new research interests in the Rio Grande Basin water resources. A comprehensive water management system is crucial to sustaining agricultural, social, economic, environmental and urban uses of the Rio Grande Basin. This paper presents hydrodynamic and water temperature simulations for Amistad Reservoir using a two-dimensional reservoir water quality model. It includes simulation results for various infl ow scenarios due to different water availability and demands upstream of the reservoir as well as for a future climate scenario based on potential global warming. The next step of the study is to simulate water quality conditions in Amistad Reservoir and develop reservoir management strategies or programs for different infl ow and climate conditions. Both hydrodynamic and water temperature have signifi cant impacts on dynamics (distribution and movement) and reaction kinetics of many water quality parameters.
1 The Diagnosis of Pancreatic Disease in Feline Platynosomosis 1

19 Background Platynosomum spp. are cat-specific parasitic trematodes that parasitize the biliary 20 ducts and gallbladder. Due to the common connection to the major duodenal papilla of the 21 pancreas and common bile ducts in addition to the periductal proximity of the pancreas, it is 22 possible that platynosomosis could cause pancreatitis. 23 Hypothesis/Objectives To determine if platynosomosis, a commonly diagnosed parasitic disease 24 in cats on St. Kitts, has any association with pancreatic disease. To investigate this possibility, 25 the pancreas of free roaming cats with naturally acquired platynosomosis were evaluated via 26 ultrasound, serum concentrations of fPL, cobalamin, folate and fTLI, and histopathology. 27 Animals: Twenty free roaming, young adult feral cats, positive for feline immunodeficiency 28 virus, and diagnosed with Platynosomum spp. infection via fecal analysis. 29 Methods: The liver, biliary system, and pancreas were evaluated via ultrasonography during a 30 short duration anesthesia. Serum concentrations of fPL, fTLI, folate, and cobalamin were 31 measured. Sections of the right limb, left limb, and body of the pancreas were evaluated 32 histopathologically using H&E stain. 33 Results: None of the cats had sufficient criteria to fulfill the ultrasonographic diagnosis of 34 pancreatitis. One cat had an elevated fPL concentration in the range consistent with pancreatitis. 35 Four cats had cobalamin deficiencies and eleven had abnormal folate concentration. The fTLI 36 concentration was equivocal for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in one cat. 37 With a single exception, histopathology changes, when present (n=12), were mild, non-specific 38 and predominantly characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates and fibrosis. The exception was a cat 39 which presented a chronic interstitial and eosinophilic pancreatitis of slightly increased severity 40 likely the result of platynosomosis. 41
Do institutions, inequality and cultural differences affect cadaveric versus live-kidney harvesting?

This paper empirically investigates the role of institutions, income inequality, cultural differences and health expenditures on cadaveric versus total kidney transplants scrutinizing information gathered from 63 countries over the period 1998-2002. We show that improvements in income equality and the rule of law encourage cadaveric kidney transplants in low-income countries. We find that cultural differences affect the number of cadaveric kidney transplants both in low- and high-income countries.
Worldwide Low-Frequency Ambient Noise Hydrophone stations deployed for ensuring compliance to the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty offer a tremendous tool for monitoring and understanding the underwater acoustic environment

At very low frequencies (e.g., less than 100 Hz), the physical conditions in the ocean allow for very e cient sound propagation. Brie y, su cient energy from the source must make its way to the depth of the minimum sound speed, referred to as the sound channel axis, which, as illustrated in Figure 1 has some variation in each major ocean basin and also varies with latitude in all basins, ranging from the nominal depth values indicated in Table 1, to at, or near, the ocean surface at polar latitudes.
FIRST RESULTS FROM VERY LARGE TELESCOPE NACO APODIZING PHASE PLATE: 4 μm IMAGES OF THE EXOPLANET β PICTORIS b

Direct imaging of exoplanets requires both high contrast and high spatial resolution. Here, we present the first scientific results obtained with the newly commissioned apodizing phase plate coronagraph (APP) on VLT/NACO. We detected the exoplanet β Pictoris b in the narrowband filter centered at 4.05 μm (NB4.05). The position angle (209.°13 ± 2.°12) and the projected separation to its host star (0.″354 ± 0.″012, i.e., 6.8 ± 0.2 AU at a distance of 19.3 pc) are in good agreement with the recently presented data from Lagrange et al. Comparing the observed NB4.05 magnitude of 11.20 ± 0.23 mag to theoretical atmospheric models, we find a best fit with a 7–10 MJupiter object for an age of 12 Myr, again in agreement with previous estimates. Combining our results with published L′ photometry, we can compare the planet's [L′ − NB4.05] color to that of cool field dwarfs of higher surface gravity suggesting an effective temperature of ∼1700 K. The best-fit theoretical model predicts an effective temperature of ∼1470 K, but this difference is not significant given our photometric uncertainties. Our results demonstrate the potential of NACO/APP for future planet searches and provide independent confirmation as well as complementary data for β Pic b.
Microsimulation of Demand and Supply of Autonomous Mobility On Demand

Agent-based models have gained wide acceptance in transportation planning because with increasing computational power, large-scale people-centric mobility simulations are possible. Several modeling efforts have been reported in the literature on the demand side (with sophisticated activity-based models that focus on an individual’s day activity patterns) and on the supply side (with detailed representation of network dynamics through simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment models). This paper proposes an extension to a state-of-the-art integrated agent-based demand and supply model—SimMobility—for the design and evaluation of autonomous vehicle systems. SimMobility integrates various mobility-sensitive behavioral models in a multiple time-scale structure comprising three simulation levels: (a) a long-term level that captures land use and economic activity, with special emphasis on accessibility; (b) a midterm level that handles agents’ activities and travel patterns; and (c) a short-term level that simulates movement of agents, operational systems, and decisions at a microscopic granularity. In that context, this paper proposes several extensions at the short-term and midterm levels to model and simulate autonomous vehicle systems and their effects on travel behavior. To showcase these features, the first-cut results of a hypothetical on-demand service with autonomous vehicles in a car-restricted zone of Singapore are presented. SimMobility was successfully used in an integrated manner to test and assess the performance of different autonomous vehicle fleet sizes and parking station configurations and to uncover changes in individual mobility patterns, specifically in regard to modal shares, routes, and destinations.
Joint Modeling with Censored Data and Group-based Trajectory Clustering

Trajectories of data are collected in a variety of settings and offer insight into the evolution of a disease in the fields of biomedical, human genetic, and public health research. However, trajectories based on serum biomarkers are often subjected to censoring due to the low sensitivity of the bioassay used to measure the marker. A joint modeling approach incorporating a binary outcome and bivariate normal longitudinal markers which subject to left-censoring is proposed as a method to understand the relationship between two longitudinal outcomes and a binary outcome. The binary outcome is fitted by a logistic regression model, and the bivariate correlated longitudinal data are modeled using a linear mixed model. The binary outcome and bivariate measurements are then joined through the random coefficients that are present in both models. A clinical example from the GenIMS study is given. The public health significance is that the proposed method examined the relationship of the two censored longitudinal biomarkers and the binary outcome in a joint modeling approach which provided for direct inference on the effects of the two censored longitudinal marker measurements on the evolution of the disease outcome in public health. Secondly, latent group-based trajectory modeling has been widely used to categorize individuals into several homogeneous trajectory groups. If there exist a small number of individuals who have unique trajectory patterns that are not similar to those observed in the rest of the population, the latent group-based trajectory modeling may end up identifying a larger number of latent trajectory groups with several groups containing very few individuals. Further analysis treating latent groups as a covariate may then cause unstable estimates of standard errors. The second part of this dissertation applies the idea of the tight clustering method in the human genetic field into group-based trajectory analysis to classify latent trajectory groups that are more efficient, and to classify miscellaneous individuals or outliers whose trajectory patterns are dissimilar to the patterns in the rest of the population. We used the Bayesian information criterion as the criterion for model selection. A clinical example from the Normal Aging PiB study is provided. The public health relevance is that this innovative method is able to identify latent trajectory groups and outliers making it widely applicable in any public health setting where longitudinal trajectories are of interest.
NEURAL AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELLING OF NON-LINEAR HYDROLOGICAL FACTOR

technology has come to be known as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) . ANNs are biologically inspired that is they are composed of elements that perform in a manner that ss analogous to the most elementary functions of the biological neuron. ANNs exhibit a surprising number the brain's characteristics. For example they Learr. from experience, generalize from previous examples to new ones, and abstract essential characteristics from inputs containing irrelevant data. ANNs are very powerful and flexible, going by the multitude of parameters that they provide to their users to adjust , like , the number of hidden layer, learning rules and coefficients, transfer functions and momentum. The hidden layer ABSTRACT The present study is aimed to observe the hydrological study by using neural network. The potential of an artificial neural network to perform hydrological transformations under controlled conditions is examined. The network is trained to recognize patterns of the daily meterological variables of India. The results of artificial neural network by Back Propagation Algorithm method are good in agreement with that of the food and agricultural organization modified Penman tech nique after sufficient training. The advantage of artificial neural network’s ability to use famous parameters. The reported result s demonstrate that neural networks are capable of modelling of hydrological processes and are therefore appropriate tools for hydrological modelling.
ON LIP AND SMILE DETECTION

This paper presents a lip and smile detection method based-on the normalized RGB chromaticity diagram. The method employs the popular Viola-Jones detection method to detect the face. To avoid the false positive, the eye detector is introduced in the detection stage. Only the face candidates with the detected eyes are considered as the face. Once the face is detected, the lip region is localized using the simple geometric rule. Further, the the red color thresholding based-on the normalized RGB chromaticity diagram is proposed to extract the lip. The projection technique is employed for detecting the smile state. From the experiment results, the proposed method achieves the lip detection rate of 97% and the smile detection rate of 94%.