Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Neural Correlates of Positive Versus Negative Thought-action Fusion in Healthy Young Adults

Objective Thought-action fusion (TAF), one of the most-studied dysfunctional beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder, represents an individual’s belief that his/her thoughts directly influence events. TAF belief types are divided into personal thoughts relating to positive (positive TAF) and negative outcomes (negative TAF). However, the neural mechanisms underlying both aspects of the TAF response remain elusive. Methods This functional magnetic resonance imaging study aimed to investigate the neural circuits related to positive and negative TAF and their relationships with psychological measures. Thirty-one healthy male volunteers participated in a modified TAF task wherein they were asked to read the name of a close person embedded in positive statements (PS) or negative statements (NS). Results Conjunction analysis revealed activation of the fusiform and lingual gyri, midcingulate and superior medial frontal gyri, inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, and temporoparietal junction. The NS > PS comparison showed additional activation in the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, insula, globus pallidus, thalamus, and midbrain. Precuneus activity was associated with the TAF score among these areas. Moreover, activity in the inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, insula, superior, middle and medial frontal gyri, globus pallidus, inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus was associated with dimensional obsessive-compulsive scores. In contrast, the PS > NS comparison revealed no significant activation. Conclusion These results suggest that negative TAF, relative to positive TAF, recruits additional regions for self-referential processing, salience, and habitual responding, which may contribute to the activation of the belief that a negative thought increases the probability of that negative outcome.
Left Ventricular Dysfunction Among Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source and the Effect of Rivaroxaban vs Aspirin: A Subgroup Analysis of the NAVIGATE ESUS Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance It is uncertain whether anticoagulation is superior to aspirin at reducing recurrent stroke in patients with recent embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Objective To determine whether anticoagulation is superior to aspirin in reducing recurrent stroke in patients with ESUS and LV dysfunction. Design, Setting, and Participants Post hoc exploratory analysis of data from the New Approach Rivaroxaban Inhibition of Factor Xa in a Global Trial vs Aspirin to Prevent Embolism in ESUS (NAVIGATE ESUS) trial, a randomized, phase 3 clinical trial with enrollment from December 2014 to September 2017. The study setting included 459 stroke recruitment centers in 31 countries. Patients 50 years or older who had neuroimaging-confirmed ESUS between 7 days and 6 months before screening were eligible. Of the 7213 NAVIGATE ESUS participants, 7107 (98.5%) had a documented assessment of LV function at study entry and were included in the present analysis. Data were analyzed in January 2021. Interventions Participants were randomized to receive either 15 mg of rivaroxaban or 100 mg of aspirin once daily. Main Outcomes and Measures The study examined whether rivaroxaban was superior to aspirin at reducing the risk of (1) the trial primary outcome of recurrent stroke or systemic embolism and (2) the trial secondary outcome of recurrent stroke, systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular mortality during a median follow-up of 10.4 months. LV dysfunction was identified locally through echocardiography and defined as moderate to severe global impairment in LV contractility and/or a regional wall motion abnormality. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess for treatment interaction and to estimate the hazard ratios for those randomized to rivaroxaban vs aspirin by LV dysfunction status. Results LV dysfunction was present in 502 participants (7.1%). Of participants with LV dysfunction, the mean (SD) age was 67 (10) years, and 130 (26%) were women. Among participants with LV dysfunction, annualized primary event rates were 2.4% (95% CI, 1.1-5.4) in those assigned to rivaroxaban vs 6.5% (95% CI, 4.0-11.0) in those assigned aspirin. Among the 6605 participants without LV dysfunction, rates were similar between those assigned to rivaroxaban (5.3%; 95% CI, 4.5-6.2) vs aspirin (4.5%; 95% CI, 3.8-5.3). Participants with LV dysfunction assigned to rivaroxaban vs aspirin had a lower risk of the primary outcome (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.93), unlike those without LV dysfunction (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.93-1.46) (P for treatment interaction = .03). Results were similar for the secondary outcome. Conclusions and Relevance In this post hoc exploratory analysis, rivaroxaban was superior to aspirin in reducing the risk of recurrent stroke or systemic embolism among NAVIGATE ESUS participants with LV dysfunction. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02313909.
Methods Used to Generate Consensus Statements for Clinical Practice Guidelines

Study Design: This was a research methodology study. Objective: This review discusses the most commonly utilized consensus group methodologies for formulating clinical practice guidelines and current methods for accessing rigorous up-to-date clinical practice guidelines. Summary of Background Data: In recent years, clinical practice guidelines for the management of several conditions of the spine have emerged to provide clinicians with evidence-based best-practices. Many of these guidelines are used routinely by administrators, payers, and providers to determine the high-quality and cost-effective surgical practices. Most of these guidelines are formulated by consensus groups, which employ methodologies that are unfamiliar to most clinicians. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed. The literature was then summarized in accordance with the authors’ clinical experience. Results: The Nominal Group Technique, Delphi method, and RAND-UCLA Appropriateness Model are 3 commonly utilized consensus group methodologies employed in the creation of clinical practice guidelines. Each of these methodologies has inherent advantages and disadvantages, is dependent on rigorously performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses to inform the panel of experts, and can be used to answer challenging clinical questions that remain unanswered due to a paucity of class I evidence. Conclusions: This review highlights the most commonly utilized consensus group methodologies and informs spine surgeons regarding options to access current clinical practice guidelines. Level of Evidence: Level V.
Symbiont shuffling induces differential DNA methylation responses to thermal stress in the coral Montastraea cavernosa

Algal symbiont shuffling in favour of more thermotolerant species has been shown to enhance coral resistance to heat‐stress. Yet, the mechanistic underpinnings and long‐term implications of these changes are poorly understood. This work studied the modifications in coral DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism involved in coral acclimatization, in response to symbiont manipulation and subsequent heat stress exposure. Symbiont composition was manipulated in the great star coral Montastraea cavernosa through controlled thermal bleaching and recovery, producing paired ramets of three genets dominated by either their native symbionts (genus Cladocopium) or the thermotolerant species (Durusdinium trenchi). Single‐base genome‐wide analyses showed significant modifications in DNA methylation concentrated in intergenic regions, introns and transposable elements. Remarkably, DNA methylation changes in response to heat stress were dependent on the dominant symbiont, with twice as many differentially methylated regions found in heat‐stressed corals hosting different symbionts (Cladocopium vs. D. trenchii) compared to all other comparisons. Interestingly, while differential gene body methylation was not correlated with gene expression, an enrichment in differentially methylated regions was evident in repetitive genome regions. Overall, these results suggest that changes in algal symbionts favouring heat tolerant associations are accompanied by changes in DNA methylation in the coral host. The implications of these results for coral adaptation, along with future avenues of research based on current knowledge gaps, are discussed in the present work.
Nasal molding prevents relapse of nasal deformity after primary rhinoplasty in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip: An outcomes‐based comparative study of palatal plate alone versus nasoalveolar molding

In recent years, many studies have reported that the presurgical nasoalveolar molding method improves the nose morphology; however, the reason for its effectiveness after surgery has never been understood. We evaluated the effect of nasoalveolar molding by comparing it with a passive orthopedic method without a nasal stent and focusing on the nostril morphology after primary cheiloplasty using various measurement methods. We then analyzed the essential factors.
Concordance Among 10 Different Anticholinergic Burden Scales in At-Risk Older Populations

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the concordance among 10 anticholinergic scales for the measurement of anticholinergic drug exposure in at-risk elderly complex chronic patients in primary care. Methods An 8-month cross-sectional, multicenter study was carried out in a cohort of complex chronic patients older than 65 years in treatment with at least 1 drug with anticholinergic activity. Demographic, pharmacological, and clinical data were collected. Anticholinergic burden and risk were detected using the 10 scales included on the anticholinergic burden calculator (http://www.anticholinergicscales.es/). We used κ statistics to evaluated the concordance 2 to 2 (according to risk: high, medium, low or without risk) among the included scales. Results Four hundred seventy-three patients were recruited (60.3% female, median age of 84 years [interquartile range = 10]). Eighty was the total number of anticholinergic drugs with any scale (1197 prescriptions), with a median of 2 drugs with anticholinergic activity per patient (interquartile range = 2). The κ statistics comparing all the 10 scales ranged from −0.175 (Drug Burden Index versus Chew Scale) to 0.708 (Anticholinergic Activity Scale [AAS] versus Chew Scale). The best concordance was obtained between AAS and Chew Scale (κ = 0.708), followed by Clinician-Rated Anticholinergic Scale and Duran Scale (κ = 0.632) and AAS and Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (κ = 0.618), being considered substantial strengths of concordance. Conclusions The agreement among the 10 scales in elderly patients with complex chronic conditions was highly variable. Great care should be taken when assessing anticholinergic drug exposure using existing scales because of the wide variability among them. The only scales that showed agreement were the AAS-Chew, Clinician-Rated Anticholinergic Scale–Duran, and AAS–Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale pairs. In the rest of the cases, the scales are not interchangeable.
Roza: a new and comprehensive metric for evaluating classification systems

Abstract Many metrics such as accuracy rate (ACC), area under curve (AUC), Jaccard index (JI), and Cohen’s kappa coefficient are available to measure the success of the system in pattern recognition and machine/deep learning systems. However, the superiority of one system to one other cannot be determined based on the mentioned metrics. This is because such a system can be successful using one metric, but not the other ones. Moreover, such metrics are insufficient when the number of samples in the classes is unequal (imbalanced data). In this case, naturally, by using these metrics, a sensible comparison cannot be made between two given systems. In the present study, the comprehensive, fair, and accurate Roza (Roza means rose in Persian. When different permutations of the metrics used are superimposed in a polygon format, it looks like a flower, so we named it Roza.) metric is introduced for evaluating classification systems. This metric, which facilitates the comparison of systems, expresses the summary of many metrics with a single value. To verify the stability and validity of the metric and to conduct a comprehensive, fair, and accurate comparison between the systems, the Roza metric of the systems tested under the same conditions are calculated and comparisons are made. For this, systems tested with three different strategies on three different datasets are considered. The results show that the performance of the system can be summarized by a single value and the Roza metric can be used in all systems that include classification processes, as a powerful metric.
Evaluating Sensory Nerve Outcomes After Horizontal Osteotomy for Mandibular Distraction in Infant Robin Sequence Patients

Abstract There has yet to be a consensus on the appropriate technique for mandibular distraction in the infant Pierre Robin population nor is their sufficient data on sensory nerve outcomes. The purpose of this study is to validate the safety of the horizontal osteotomy by: (1) determining mandibular foramen location in infant Pierre Robin patients relative to the dentoalveolar plane and (2) evaluate long-term function of the inferior alveolar nerve in previously distracted Pierre Robin patients. Preoperative 3D Computed tomography (CT) scans of Pierre Robin patients < 1 year old were reviewed. A line at the level of the mandibular dentoalveolar plane was drawn across the lingual surface of the ramus and the distance to the mandibular foramen was then measured. Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments of the lower lip and chin bilaterally was performed on mandibular distraction patients in clinic. Inclusion criteria was patients >6 years of age having undergone bilateral mandibular distraction at <1 year of age. Fifteen patients’ CT studies were examined. The mandibular foramen was consistently below the level of the dentoalveolar plane at an average distance of 4.7 mm. Eight patients were included in the prospective arm. Average age was 12.2. All patients had normal sensation at 2.83 through all areas. The mandibular foramen reliably exists below the dentoalveolar plane. In addition, all patients reviewed postoperatively with >10 years of follow up demonstrated normative sensation. The horizontal corticotomy performed just above the mandibular dentoalveolar plane spares the inferior alveolar nerve in young Pierre Robin patients undergoing distraction.
Sleepiness and safety at work among night shift NHS nurses

Abstract Background Sleepiness associated with night shift working (NSW) is known to adversely affect workers’ health and well-being. It has been associated with adverse safety outcomes and is a recognized workplace hazard among healthcare workers. Aims This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of self-reported sleepiness in NSW nurses and midwives. This study also explored the consequences of sleepiness on safety at work and driving. Methods A cross-sectional study of NSW nurses and midwives was conducted at an National Health Service (NHS) hospital trust from 16 March 2020 to 1 June 2020. Data were collected by online questionnaire and included information on demographics, shift work and safety aspects. Sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results Data collection coincided with the first coronavirus pandemic peak in England. Out of 1985 eligible NSW nurses and midwives, 229 participated in the study, with a response rate of 12%. The prevalence of sleepiness was 28%. Following a night shift, 49% of nurses reported nodding off at the wheel and 44% reported a near-miss car accident in past 12 months. An abnormal ESS score was significantly associated with near-miss car accidents (odds ratio [OR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–5.77) and with low confidence in undertaking complex tasks at night (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.20–5.84). Conclusions More than a quarter of NSW nurses and midwives reported excessive daytime sleepiness although, due to the low response rate, this may not be representative. Adverse driving events were common. Elevated ESS scores correlated well with safety issues relating to work and driving.
Prevalence and comparisons of alcohol, candy, energy drink, snack, soda, and restaurant brand and product marketing on Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming

Abstract Objective: To compare and evaluate the prevalence of food and beverage marketing on the livestreaming platforms Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming, as well as examine growth of food and beverage marketing on these platforms over a 17-month period of data collection. Design: Cross-sectional data were analysed across three livestreaming platforms and six food and beverage categories: alcohol, candy, energy drinks, snacks, sodas and restaurants. Setting: Stream titles of livestreamed events as well as corresponding hours watched on Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming. Participants: None. Results: There were significant differences between the use of food and beverage brand mentions in stream titles across all three studied platforms (P < 0·05), as well as hours watched across platforms (P < 0·05). Energy drinks dominated food and beverage brand mentions across platforms, followed by restaurants, soda and snacks. All platforms demonstrated growth over the 17-month data collection period. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted both immediate and sustained growth across all platforms, with the greatest impact observed on the Twitch platform. Conclusions: Food and beverage marketing as measured through stream titles is widely prevalent across the three most popular livestreaming platforms, particularly for energy drinks. Food marketing on these platforms experienced growth over the past 17 months which was accelerated substantially by the COVID-19 pandemic. Future work should assess the sustained impact this growth may have on marketing practices and eating behaviour.
How does the British public understand mental health? A qualitative analysis of open-text responses

Background: An individual’s understanding of mental health can influence their attitudes towards those experiencing mental health problems, and also impact their response to any mental health problems they experience. However, what the lay public understand about mental health is not well explored in existing research. Aims: This study aims to gain a deeper insight into what the general public understand by the term ‘mental health problem’. Methods: Data were taken from a large-scale representative sample of adults from Great Britain (n = 2,708). A thematic analysis was carried out on an open-text question which asked people what they understood by the term ‘mental health problem’. Results: Six themes were identified in the thematic analysis, which included understanding mental health through thinking about cause and effect, thinking about the location of mental health problems in the body, the universality and variation of mental health problems, reflections on lived experience and identifying a specific mental health problem. Conclusion: The analysis suggests that there are many diverse ways the public conceptualises mental health. The themes identified may be useful for future quantitative analyses, and also may suggest how information about mental health can be best communicated to the public.
Validation of two self-reported physical activity instruments against accelerometer data in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery

ABSTRACT Introduction Finding ways of identifying patients with low levels of physical activity after lung cancer surgery would be beneficial when planning and providing interventions aimed at increasing physical activity. Purpose To validate two self-reported physical activity instruments against accelerometer data. Methods Self-reported physical activity was assessed with the four category One Month Physical Activity Question (OMPAQ) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire modified for the elderly (IPAQ-E). Objective measurement of physical activity was performed with the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer. All measurements were performed three months after lung cancer surgery. Results Three months after surgery, 83 patients provided complete physical activity measurements. There were statistically significant correlations between both of the self-reported physical activity assessed by OMPAQ (r = 0.54, p < .01) as well as IPAQ-E (r = 0.50, p < .01) and objectively measured physical activity (steps/day). The correlations were consistently stronger for the higher intensities of physical activity. Both instruments could identify patients not reaching the recommended levels of physical activity. Conclusion Both OMPAQ and IPAQ-E give valid information on physical activity after lung cancer surgery, and might be used for screening patients in clinical settings. The OMPAQ provided stronger correlation and specificity than the IPAQ-E, and might be the preferred clinical choice.
Inter-intra Variant Dual Representations for Self-supervised Video Recognition

Contrastive learning applied to self-supervised representation learning has seen a resurgence in deep models. In this paper, we find that existing contrastive learning based solutions for self-supervised video recognition focus on inter-variance encoding but ignore the intra-variance existing in clips within the same video. We thus propose to learn dual representations for each clip which (\romannumeral 1) encode intra-variance through a shuffle-rank pretext task; (\romannumeral 2) encode inter-variance through a temporal coherent contrastive loss. Experiment results show that our method plays an essential role in balancing inter and intra variances and brings consistent performance gains on multiple backbones and contrastive learning frameworks. Integrated with SimCLR and pretrained on Kinetics-400, our method achieves $\textbf{82.0\%}$ and $\textbf{51.2\%}$ downstream classification accuracy on UCF101 and HMDB51 test sets respectively and $\textbf{46.1\%}$ video retrieval accuracy on UCF101, outperforming both pretext-task based and contrastive learning based counterparts. Our code is available at \href{https://github.com/lzhangbj/DualVar}{https://github.com/lzhangbj/DualVar}.
On quantitative Laplace-type convergence results for some exponential probability measures, with two applications

Laplace-type results characterize the limit of sequence of measures $(\pi_\varepsilon)_{\varepsilon>0}$ with density w.r. t the Lebesgue measure $(\mathrm{d} \pi_\varepsilon / \mathrm{d} \mathrm{Leb})(x) \propto \exp[-U(x)/\varepsilon]$ when the temperature $\varepsilon>0$ converges to $0$. If a limiting distribution $\pi_0$ exists, it concentrates on the minimizers of the potential $U$. Classical results require the invertibility of the Hessian of $U$ in order to establish such asymptotics. In this work, we study the particular case of norm-like potentials $U$ and establish quantitative bounds between $\pi_\varepsilon$ and $\pi_0$ w.r. t. the Wasserstein distance of order $1$ under an invertibility condition of a generalized Jacobian. One key element of our proof is the use of geometric measure theory tools such as the coarea formula. We apply our results to the study of maximum entropy models (microcanonical/macrocanonical distributions) and to the convergence of the iterates of the Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics (SGLD) algorithm at low temperatures for non-convex minimization.