Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
X-RAY AND OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE UNIQUE BINARY SYSTEM HD 49798/RX J0648.0-4418

We report the results of XMM-Newton observations of HD 49798/RX J0648.0-4418, the only known X-ray binary consisting of a hot sub-dwarf and a white dwarf. The white dwarf rotates very rapidly (P = 13.2 s) and has a dynamically measured mass of 1.28 {+-} 0.05 M{sub sun}. Its X-ray emission consists of a strongly pulsed, soft component, well fit by a blackbody with kT{sub BB} {approx} 40 eV, accounting for most of the luminosity, and a fainter hard power-law component (photon index {approx}1.6). A luminosity of {approx}10{sup 32} erg s{sup -1} is produced by accretion onto the white dwarf of the helium-rich matter from the wind of the companion, which is one of the few hot sub-dwarfs showing evidence of mass loss. A search for optical pulsations at the South African Astronomical Observatory 1.9 m telescope gave negative results. X-rays were also detected during the white dwarf eclipse. This emission, with luminosity 2 x 10{sup 30} erg s{sup -1}, can be attributed to HD 49798 and represents the first detection of a hot sub-dwarf star in the X-ray band. HD 49798/RX J0648.0-4418 is a post-common-envelope binary which most likely originated from a pair of stars with masses {approx}8-10 M{sub sun}. more » After the current He-burning phase, HD 49798 will expand and reach the Roche lobe, causing a higher accretion rate onto the white dwarf which can reach the Chandrasekhar limit. Considering the fast spin of the white dwarf, this could lead to the formation of a millisecond pulsar. Alternatively, this system could be a Type Ia supernova progenitor with the appealing characteristic of a short time delay, being the descendent of relatively massive stars. « less
Mass ejection from the merger of binary neutron stars

Numerical-relativity simulations for the merger of binary neutron stars are performed for a variety of equations of state (EOSs) and for a plausible range of the neutron-star mass, focusing primarily on the properties of the material ejected from the system. We find that a fraction of the material is ejected as a mildly relativistic and mildly anisotropic outflow with the typical and maximum velocities $\sim 0.15$ -- $0.25c$ and $\sim 0.5$ -- $0.8c$ (where $c$ is the speed of light), respectively, and that the total ejected rest mass is in a wide range $10^{-4}$ -- $10^{-2}M_{\odot}$, which depends strongly on the EOS, the total mass, and the mass ratio. The total kinetic energy ejected is also in a wide range between $10^{49}$ and $10^{51} {\rm ergs}$. The numerical results suggest that for a binary of canonical total mass $2. 7M_{\odot}$, the outflow could generate an electromagnetic signal observable by the planned telescopes through the production of heavy-element unstable nuclei via the $r$-process or through the formation of blast waves during the interaction with the interstellar matter, if the EOS and mass of the binary are favorable ones.
Giant Rings in the CMB Sky

We find a unique direction in the CMB sky around which giant rings have an anomalous mean temperature profile. This direction is in very close alignment with the afore measured anomalously large bulk flow direction. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we estimate the significance of the giant rings at the $3\sigma$ level and the alignment with the bulk flow at $2.5\sigma$. We argue that a cosmic defect seeded by a pre-inflationary particle could explain the giant rings, the large bulk flow and their alignment.
Static analysis and program transformation for secure computation on the cloud

Cloud computing allows clients to upload data and computation to untrusted servers, which leads to potential violations to the confidentiality of client data. We propose a static program analysis which transforms a Java program into an equivalent one, so that it performs computation over encrypted data and preserves data confidentiality. The proposed analysis consists of two stages. The first stage is a type-based information flow analysis which partitions the program so that only sensitive part needs to be encrypted. The second stage is an inter-procedural data flow analysis which deduces the appropriate encryption scheme for sensitive variables. In the end, we show the preliminary experimental results and outlines the research directions.
PERCEPTION OF TEACHE R‟S PROFESSION: LOOKING BACK AND AHEAD

: (cid:3) All over the world, there is a new meaning of education that reflects the change in teacher s‟ profession. Grounded on this, the research aim of this paper is to understand the change taking place in teacher profession perception. Narrative as a qualitative research approach was used within the frame of this study. A focus group discussion was conducted with 105 participants in 15 randomly selected schools in the Shirak region in Armenia. Content analysis as a research tool has been used to analyze the collected data. Results of the study indicate that the teacher‟s profession needs to be rehabilitated, and within this scope, new ap-proaches on the state level need to be taken. At the same time, teacher education should be renewed, and new demanded qualities must be included in the features, prerequisites, and outcomes of the profession. Reform is a key subject at the state and national level – specialists in the field of education, as well as in the related fields with interest in education, should rethink the meaning of education for today and enable the creation of a new teacher personality.
Document-level Neural Machine Translation Using Dependency RST Structure

Document-level machine translation (MT) ex-001 tends the translation unit from the sentence 002 to the whole document. Intuitively, discourse 003 structure can be useful for document-level 004 MT for its helpfulness in long-range depen-005 dency modelling. However, few efforts have 006 been paid on leveraging discourse informa-007 tion for document-level neural machine trans-008 lation(NMT). In this paper, we propose a de-009 pendency Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) 010 tree enhanced NMT model, RST-Transformer. 011 The model only needs to encodes the depen-012 dency RST tree of the source document via the 013 attention mask, and can enhance both the en-014 coder and the decoder. Experiments on English-015 German datasets in both non-pretraining and 016 pretraining settings show that our discourse in-017 formation enhanced approach outperforms the 018 current state-of-the-art document-level NMT 019 model. 020
Neural correlates of an illusionary sense of agency caused by virtual reality

Sense of agency (SoA) is the sensation that self-actions lead to ensuing perceptual consequences. The prospective mechanism emphasizes that SoA arises from motor prediction and its comparison with actual action outcomes, while the reconstructive mechanism stresses that SoA emerges from retrospective causal processing about the action outcomes. Consistent with the prospective mechanism, motor planning regions were identified by neuroimaging studies using the temporal binding effect, a behavioral measure often linked to implicit SoA. Yet, temporal binding also occurs during passive observation of another’s action, lending support to the reconstructive mechanism, but its neural correlates remain unexplored. Here, we employed virtual reality (VR) to modulate such observation-based SoA and examined it with functional magnetic resonance imaging. After manipulating an avatar hand in VR, participants passively observed an avatar’s “action” and showed a significant increase in temporal binding. The binding effect was associated with the right angular gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, which are critical nodes for inferential and agency processing. These results suggest that the experience of controlling an avatar may potentiate inferential processing within the right inferior parietal cortex and give rise to the illusionary sense of agency without voluntary action.
Cell-type specific deletions of Neuroligin 2 reveal a vital role of synaptic excitation-inhibition balance

Synaptic excitation (E) and inhibition (I) stay relatively proportional to each other over different spatiotemporal scales, orchestrating neuronal activity in the brain. This proportionality, referred to as E-I balance, is thought to be critical for neuronal functions because its disruption was observed in many neurological disorders. However, the causal evidence demonstrating its significance is scarce. Here we show that deleting Neuroligin-2 (Nlgn2), a postsynaptic adhesion molecule at inhibitory synapses, from mouse glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons reduces inhibition cell-autonomously without affecting excitation, thereby disrupting E-I balance and causing lethality. In contrast, deleting Nlgn2 constitutively or simultaneously from both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons results in viable mice. A neural network model shows that reducing inhibition in either neuronal type is detrimental to network activity, but in both types partially re-establishes E-I balance and activity. Together, our results provide evidence for an essential role of E-I balance in brain functions and organism survival.
Reciprocal best structure hits: using AlphaFold models to discover distant homologues

The conventional methods to detect homologous protein pairs use the comparison of protein sequences. But the sequences of two homologous proteins may diverge significantly and consequently may be undetectable by standard approaches. The release of the AlphaFold 2.0 software enables the prediction of highly accurate protein structures and opens many opportunities to advance our understanding of protein functions, including the detection of homologous protein structure pairs. In this proof-of-concept work, we search for the closest homologous protein pairs using the structure models of five model organisms from the AlphaFold database. We compare the results with homologous protein pairs detected by their sequence similarity and show that the structural matching approach finds a similar set of results. Additionally, we detect potential novel homologues solely with the structural matching approach, which can help to understand the function of uncharacterised proteins and make previously overlooked connections between well-characterised proteins. We also observe limitations of our implementation of the structure based approach, particularly when handling highly disordered proteins or short protein structures. Our work shows that high accuracy protein structure models can be used to discover homologous protein pairs, and we expose areas for improvement of this structural matching approach.
Erythrocyte invasion-neutralising antibodies prevent Plasmodium falciparum RH5 from binding to basigin-containing membrane protein complexes

Basigin is an essential host receptor for invasion of Plasmodium falciparum into human erythrocytes, interacting with parasite surface protein PfRH5. PfRH5 is a leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate and a target of growth-inhibitory antibodies. However, basigin is not alone on the erythrocyte surface. Instead, we show that it is exclusively found in one of two macromolecular complexes, bound predominantly to either plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase 1/4, PMCA1/4, or monocarboxylate transporter 1, MCT1. PfRH5 binds to either of these complexes with a higher affinity than to isolated basigin ectodomain, making it likely that these are the physiological targets of PfRH5. PMCA-mediated Ca2+ export is not affected by PfRH5, ruling this out as the mechanism underlying changes in calcium flux at the interface between an erythrocyte and the invading parasite. However, our studies rationalise the function of the most effective growth inhibitory antibodies targeting PfRH5. While these antibodies do not reduce the binding of PfRH5 to monomeric basigin, they do reduce its binding to basigin-PMCA and basigin-MCT complexes. This indicates that the most effective PfRH5-targeting antibodies inhibit growth by sterically blocking the essential interaction of PfRH5 with basigin in its physiological context.
Breakdown of the impulse approximation and its consequences: the low-Q^2 problem

Neutrino scattering data and the standard calculations of the cross section show a discrepancy in the low-Q^2 (four-momentum transfer squared) region. The calculations rely on the assumption, called the impulse approximation, that the nucleus the neutrino scatters off can be described as a collection of independent nucleons and therefore only one nucleon takes part in the interaction. It is known from electron scattering that such picture is valid only when transferred momentum |q|>400 MeV/c. For lower |q|'s, the nucleus is probed with a lower spatial resolution and a few nucleons are involved in the scattering, so the use of the impulse approximation is unjustified. It means that the standard calculations of the cross sections are unreliable for |q|<400 MeV/c. I show that the contribution of low-momentum interactions to the quasielastic neutrino cross section cannot be reduced below ~19% by any selection of the beam energy in the few-GeV region. Moreover, low-Q^2 neutrino events happen only when transferred momentum is low too. Hence the discrepancy in the low-Q^2 region is caused by the inappropriate description of low-|q| interactions in the models commonly used in Monte Carlo simulations.
Strong gravitational lensing by a Konoplya-Zhidenko rotating non-Kerr compact object

Konoplya and Zhidenko have proposed recently a rotating non-Kerr black hole metric beyond General Relativity and make an estimate for the possible deviations from the Kerr solution with the data of GW 150914. We here study the strong gravitational lensing in such a rotating non-Kerr spacetime with an extra deformation parameter. We find that the condition of existence of horizons is not inconsistent with that of the marginally circular photon orbit. Moreover, the deflection angle of the light ray near the weakly naked singularity covered by the marginally circular orbit diverges logarithmically in the strong-field limit. In the case of the completely naked singularity, the deflection angle near the singularity tends to a certain finite value, whose sign depends on the rotation parameter and the deformation parameter. These properties of strong gravitational lensing are different from those in the Johannsen-Psaltis rotating non-Kerr spacetime and in the Janis-Newman-Winicour spacetime. Modeling the supermassive central object of the Milk Way Galaxy as a Konoplya-Zhidenko rotating non-Kerr compact object, we estimated the numerical values of observables for the strong gravitational lensing including the time delay between two relativistic images.
Early Guessing for Dialect Identification

This paper deals with the problem of incre- 001 mental dialect identification. Our goal is to 002 reliably determine the dialect before the full 003 utterance is given as input. The major part of 004 the previous research on dialect identification 005 has been model-centric with a focus on perfor- 006 mance. We address a new question: How much 007 input is needed to identify a dialect? Our ap- 008 proach is a data-centric analysis that results in 009 general criteria for finding the shortest input 010 needed to make a plausible guess. Working 011 with two sets of dialects (Swiss German and 012 Indo-Aryan languages), we show that the di- 013 alect can be identified well before the end of 014 the input utterance. To determine the optimal 015 point for making the first guess, we propose a 016 heuristic that involves calibrated model confi- 017 dence (temperature scaling) and input length. 018 We show that the same input shortening criteria 019 apply to both of our data sets. While the per- 020 formance with the early guesses is still below 021 the performance on the full input, the gap is 022 smaller when the overall performance of the 023 fine-tuned model is better 1 . 024
Interacting quintessence. The Coincidence problem and cosmic acceleration

Faced by recent evidence for a flat universe dominated by dark energy, cosmologists grapple with deep cosmic enigmas such as the cosmological constant problem, extreme fine-tuning and the cosmic coincidence problem. The extent to which we observe the dimming of distant supernovae suggests that the cosmic acceleration is as least as severe as in cosmological constant models. Extrapolating this to our cosmic future implies terrifying visions of either a cold and empty universe or an explosive demise in a ``Big Rip. '' We construct a class of dynamical scalar field models of dark energy and dark matter. Within this class we can explain why supernovae imply a cosmic equation of state $w\lesssim-1$, address fine tuning issues, protect the universe from premature acceleration and predict a constant fraction of dark energy to dark matter in the future (thus solving the coincidence problem), satisfy the dominant energy condition, and ensure that gravitationally bound objects remain so forever (avoid a Big Rip). This is achieved with a string theory inspired Lagrangian containing standard kinetic terms, exponential potentials and couplings, and parameters of order unity.
Axion from Quivers in Type II Superstrings

We investigate a string‐inspired axion extension of the standard model obtained from Type II superstrings using quiver method. In the first part, we discuss intersecting Type IIA D6‐branes wrapping non trivial 3‐cycles in the presence of the Peccei‐Quinn symmetry U(1) PQ . Concretely, a complex scalar field ϕ=ρexp(iσfσ) , where σ is a stringy axion generates a general fermion Yukawa coupling weighted by a flavor‐dependent power nf taking specific values. Using string theory and standard model data with adequate scales, we show that the corresponding axion window could lie in the allowed range 109GeV≤fσ≤1012GeV matching with the recent cosmological results.
Atazanavir-Concentrate Loaded Soft Gelatin Capsule for Enhanced Concentration in Plasma, Brain, Spleen, and Lymphatics

This study investigates the development of atazanavir-concentrate loaded soft gelatin capsule for achieving enhanced atazanavir (ATV) concentration in plasma, brain, spleen, and lymphatics beneficial in the significant reduction of viral load in HIV infection. For this purpose, ATV-concentrate in the presence and absence of Soluplus with corn oil, oleic acid, tween 80, and propylene glycol was developed. The developed ATV-concentrate was found to have enhanced dispersibility with no signs of precipitation after dilution with simulated G.I fluid as evident from particle size (16.49±0.32 nm) and PDI (0.217±0.02) analysis. The rheological and molecular docking studies explainedthe reduction of viscosity of SuATV-C due to the intermolecular H-bond between ATV and Soluplus that helps to retard crystallization. The shell of the soft gelatin capsule retains its integrity when subjected to a folding endurance test on a texture analyzer depicting that the concentrate did not affect the integrity of the soft gelatin capsule shell. An ex vivo and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that the SuATV-C soft gelatin capsule (SuATV-C SGC) indicated 2.9 fold improvement in rate and extent of permeation and absorption than that of ATV-suspension. The tissue distribution study also exhibited higher drug concentration in the brain (2.5 fold), lymph nodes (2.7 fold), and spleen (1.2 fold) administered with SuATV-C SGC, revealing the overwhelming influence of Soluplus and corn oil. In a nutshell, these studies demonstrated that SuATV-C SGC seems to have the potential to deliver an anti-retroviral drug to the viral sanctuaries for the better management of HIV.
Merging Galaxies with Tidal Tails in COSMOS to z=1

Tidal tails are created in major mergers involving disk galaxies. How the tidal tails trace the assembly history of massive galaxies remains to be explored. We identify a sample of 461 merging galaxies with long tidal tails from 35076 galaxies mass-complete at $M_\star\ge 10^{9.5}\,M_{\odot}$ and $0.2\leq z\leq1$ based on HST/ACS F814W imaging data and public catalogs of the COSMOS field. The long tails refer to these with length equal to or longer than the diameter of their host galaxies. The mergers with tidal tails are selected using our novel $A_{\rm O}-D_{\rm O}$ technique for strong asymmetric features together with visual examination. Our results show that the fraction of tidal-tailed mergers evolves mildly with redshift, as $\sim (1+z)^{2.0\pm0.4}$, and becomes relatively higher in less massive galaxies out to $z=1$. With a timescale of 0.5 Gyr for the tidal-tailed mergers, we obtain that the occurrence rate of such mergers follows $0.01\pm 0.007\,(1+z)^{2.3\pm 1.4}$ Gyr$^{-1}$ and corresponds to $\sim0.3$ events since $z=1$ and roughly one-third of the total budget of major mergers from the literature. For disk-involved major mergers, nearly half of them have undergone a phase with long tidal tails
Concepts and conjectures concerning predatory performance of myxobacteria

Myxobacteria are excellent model organisms for investigation of predator–prey interactions and predatory shaping of microbial communities. This review covers interdisciplinary topics related to myxobacterial predation and provides current concepts and challenges for determining predatory performance. Discussed topics include the role of specialized metabolites during predation, genetic determinants for predatory performance, challenges associated with methodological differences, discrepancies between sequenced and environmental myxobacteria, and factors that influence predation.
Levels of adhesion molecules and clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy

Background and purpose Data on adhesion molecule levels in patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the association among adhesion molecule levels, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and clinical outcome and to determine whether the sICH influences the association of adhesion molecules with functional outcome. Methods Patients with large artery occlusion in the anterior circulation and treated with MT were prospectively recruited. Adhesion molecules, such as soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) were tested. An unfavorable outcome was defined as a 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 3–6. The sICH was diagnosed according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification within 72 h of endovascular treatment (EVT). Results Of the 310 enrolled patients (mean age, 68.5 years; 198 men), 46 (14.8%) experienced sICH and 173 (55.8%) experienced an unfavorable outcome at 90 days. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with higher sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin levels had an increasing trend of sICH [4th quartile vs. 1st quartile for sVCAM-1; odds ratio (OR), 2.766, p = 0.085; sE-selectin; OR, 2.422, p = 0.086] and poor outcome (4th quartile vs. 1st quartile for sVCAM-1; OR, 2.614, p = 0.025; sE-selectin; OR, 2.325, p = 0.046). Furthermore, the sICH might partially mediate the worse functional outcome in patients with higher adhesion molecules levels (Sobel test, p < 0.001 for sVCAM-1 and p = 0.007 for sE-selectin). Conclusions There were significant relationships between levels of adhesion molecules and a 90-day poor outcome in patients with ischemic stroke treated with MT, which was partially mediated by sICH.