Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trust in government regarding COVID-19 and its associations with preventive health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the pandemic: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study

Abstract Background The effective implementation of government policies and measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires compliance from the public. This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of trust in government regarding COVID-19 control with the adoption of recommended health behaviours and prosocial behaviours, and potential determinants of trust in government during the pandemic. Methods This study analysed data from the PsyCorona Survey, an international project on COVID-19 that included 23 733 participants from 23 countries (representative in age and gender distributions by country) at baseline survey and 7785 participants who also completed follow-up surveys. Specification curve analysis was used to examine concurrent associations between trust in government and self-reported behaviours. We further used structural equation model to explore potential determinants of trust in government. Multilevel linear regressions were used to examine associations between baseline trust and longitudinal behavioural changes. Results Higher trust in government regarding COVID-19 control was significantly associated with higher adoption of health behaviours (handwashing, avoiding crowded space, self-quarantine) and prosocial behaviours in specification curve analyses (median standardised β = 0.173 and 0.229, p < 0.001). Government perceived as well organised, disseminating clear messages and knowledge on COVID-19, and perceived fairness were positively associated with trust in government (standardised β = 0.358, 0.230, 0.056, and 0.249, p < 0.01). Higher trust at baseline survey was significantly associated with lower rate of decline in health behaviours over time (p for interaction = 0.001). Conclusions These results highlighted the importance of trust in government in the control of COVID-19.
Impact of adenosine on mechanisms sustaining persistent atrial fibrillation: Analysis of contact electrograms and non-invasive ECGI mapping data

Background We evaluated the effect of adenosine upon mechanisms sustaining persistent AF through analysis of contact electrograms and ECGI mapping. Methods Persistent AF patients undergoing catheter ablation were included. ECGI maps and cycle length (CL) measurements were recorded in the left and right atrial appendages and repeated following boluses of 18 mg of intravenous adenosine. Potential drivers (PDs) were defined as focal or rotational activations completing ≥ 1.5 revolutions. Distribution of PDs was assessed using an 18 segment biatrial model. Results 46 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 63.4 ± 9.8 years with 33 (72%) being male. There was no significant difference in the number of PDs recorded at baseline compared to adenosine (42.1 ± 15.2 vs 40.4 ± 13.0; p = 0.417), nor in the number of segments harbouring PDs, (13 (11–14) vs 12 (10–14); p = 0.169). There was a significantly higher percentage of PDs that were focal in the adenosine maps (36.2 ± 15.2 vs 32.2 ± 14.4; p < 0.001). There was a significant shortening of CL in the adenosine maps compared to baseline which was more marked in the right atrium than left atrium (176.7 ± 34.7 vs 149.9 ± 27.7 ms; p < 0.001 and 165.6 ± 31.7 vs 148.3 ± 28.4 ms; p = 0.003). Conclusion Adenosine led to a small but significant shortening of CL which was more marked in the right than left atrium and may relate to shortening of refractory periods rather than an increase in driver burden or distribution. Registered on Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03394404.
A Survey of Mental Health in Graduate Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Elevated levels of stress, anxiety, and depression are common symptoms in graduate students pursuing a degree in the health care professions. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic likely complicated these existing issues. Purpose To confirm this hypothesis, researchers created a survey to examine the experiences of graduate nursing students during COVID-19. Methods Graduate nursing students (n = 222) completed the survey, which included 2 instruments: the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale (IES-R). Results Nearly 25% of students expressed moderate to extremely severe levels of negative emotional states on the DASS-21, and 23.8% of students scored within the area of clinical concern for the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder on the IES-R. Conclusions Understanding levels of mental health and associated factors that may contribute to changes can assist administration, faculty, and staff in targeting resources and interventions to support graduate nursing students to continue their education.
Development of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Prediction of Financial Toxicity in Localized Breast Cancer Following Surgical Treatment

PURPOSE Financial burden caused by cancer treatment is associated with material loss, distress, and poorer outcomes. Financial resources exist to support patients but identification of need is difficult. We sought to develop and test a tool to accurately predict an individual's risk of financial toxicity based on clinical, demographic, and patient-reported data prior to initiation of breast cancer treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We surveyed 611 patients undergoing breast cancer therapy at MD Anderson Cancer Center. We collected data using the validated COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) patient-reported outcome measure alongside other financial indicators (credit score, income, and insurance status). We also collected clinical and perioperative data. We trained and tested an ensemble of machine learning (ML) algorithms (neural network, regularized linear model, support vector machines, and a classification tree) to predict financial toxicity. Data were randomly partitioned into training and test samples (2:1 ratio). Predictive performance was assessed using area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristics-curve (AUROC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS In our test sample (N = 203), 48 of 203 women (23.6%) reported significant financial burden. The algorithm ensemble performed well to predict financial burden with an AUROC of 0.85, accuracy of 0.82, sensitivity of 0.85, and specificity of 0.81. Key clinical predictors of financial burden from the linear model were neoadjuvant therapy (βregularized, .11) and autologous, rather than implant-based, reconstruction (βregularized, .06). Notably, radiation and clinical tumor stage had no effect on financial burden. CONCLUSION ML models accurately predicted financial toxicity related to breast cancer treatment. These predictions may inform decision making and care planning to avoid financial distress during cancer treatment or enable targeted financial support. Further research is warranted to validate this tool and assess applicability for other types of cancer.
Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 vaccine in frail or disabled nursing home residents: COVID‐A study

The safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine in older adults with different frailty and disability profiles have not been well determined. Our objective was to analyze immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine in older adults across frailty and disability profiles.
Thermodynamic Properties of Real Porous Combustion Reactor under Diesel Engine-Like Conditions

Thermodynamic conditions of the heat release process under Diesel engine-like conditions in a real porous combustion reactor simulated in a special combustion chamber were analyzed. The same analyses were performed for a free volume combustion chamber, that is, no porous reactor is applied. A common rail Diesel injection system was used for simulation of real engine fuel injection process and mixture formation conditions. The results show that thermodynamic of the heat release process depends on reactor heat capacity, pore density, specific surface area, and pore structure, that is, on heat accumulation in solid phase of porous reactor. In real reactor, the gas temperature and porous reactor temperature are not equal influenced by initial pressure and temperature and by reactor parameters. It was found that the temperature of gas trapped in porous reactor volume during the heat release process is less dependent on air-to-fuel-ratio than that observed for free volume combustion chamber, while the maximum combustion temperature in porous reactor is significantly low. As found this temperature depends on reactor heat capacity, mixture formation conditions and on initial pressure. Qualitative behavior of heat release process in porous reactors and in free volume combustion chamber is similar, also the time scale of the process.
Costs and cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening strategies in women living with HIV in Burkina Faso: The HPV in Africa Research Partnership (HARP) study

Introduction This study estimated the costs and incremental cost per case detected of screening strategies for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) in women living with HIV (WLHIV) attending HIV clinics in Burkina Faso. Methods The direct healthcare provider costs of screening tests (visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), VIA combined visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VIA/VILI), cytology and a rapid HPV DNA test (careHPV)) and confirmatory tests (colposcopy, directed biopsy and systematic four-quadrant (4Q) biopsy) were collected alongside the HPV in Africa Research Partnership (HARP) study. A model was developed for a hypothetical cohort of 1000 WLHIV using data on CIN2+ prevalence and the sensitivity of the screening tests. Costs are reported in USD (2019). Results The study enrolled 554 WLHIV with median age 36 years (inter-quartile range, 31–41) and CIN2+ prevalence of 5.8%. The average cost per screening test ranged from US$3.2 for VIA to US$24.8 for cytology. Compared to VIA alone, the incremental cost per CIN2+ case detected was US$48 for VIA/VILI and US$814 for careHPV. Despite higher costs, careHPV was more sensitive for CIN2+ cases detected compared to VIA/VILI (97% and 56%, respectively). The cost of colposcopy was US$6.6 per person while directed biopsy was US$33.0 and 4Q biopsy was US$48.0. Conclusion Depending on the willingness to pay for the detection of a case of cervical cancer, decision makers in Burkina Faso can consider a variety of cervical cancer screening strategies for WLHIV. While careHPV is more costly, it has the potential to be cost-effective depending on the willingness to pay threshold. Future research should explore the lifetime costs and benefits of cervical cancer screening to enable comparisons with interventions for other diseases.
Neural network model assisted Fourier ptychography with Zernike aberration recovery and total variation constraint

Abstract. Significance: Fourier ptychography (FP) is a computational imaging approach that achieves high-resolution reconstruction. Inspired by neural networks, many deep-learning-based methods are proposed to solve FP problems. However, the performance of FP still suffers from optical aberration, which needs to be considered. Aim: We present a neural network model for FP reconstructions that can make proper estimation toward aberration and achieve artifact-free reconstruction. Approach: Inspired by the iterative reconstruction of FP, we design a neural network model that mimics the forward imaging process of FP via TensorFlow. The sample and aberration are considered as learnable weights and optimized through back-propagation. Especially, we employ the Zernike terms instead of aberration to decrease the optimization freedom of pupil recovery and perform a high-accuracy estimation. Owing to the auto-differentiation capabilities of the neural network, we additionally utilize total variation regularization to improve the visual quality. Results: We validate the performance of the reported method via both simulation and experiment. Our method exhibits higher robustness against sophisticated optical aberrations and achieves better image quality by reducing artifacts. Conclusions: The forward neural network model can jointly recover the high-resolution sample and optical aberration in iterative FP reconstruction. We hope our method that can provide a neural-network perspective to solve iterative-based coherent or incoherent imaging problems.
CONTRIBUTION OF SOIL, SULFATE, AND BIOMASS BURNING SOURCES TO THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF PM10 FROM MEXICO CITY

This study is aimed to identify sources of particulate matter with mean aerodynamic diameterbelow 10 μm (PM10) present in the atmosphere of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), usingsamples obtained from January 1st to June 30th, 2009, analyzed with X-ray spectrometric techniques.MiniVol samplers were used to collect samples on polycarbonate filters in three sites (North, Center, andSouth) of the MAMC. The filters were exposed along 24 h every two days, starting at 8:00 AM, and thenanalyzed with particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), a microPIXE (μPIXE) system, and X-ray fluorescence(XRF). Statistical multivariate tests with positive matrix factorization (PMF) were conducted to identifypossible contributing factors. The model HYSPLIT was used to determine back-trajectories and the MODISdatabase for fire spot localization. The multivariate methods identified five factors in the Center and South,and four in the North, including Soil, Sulfate, Fuel/Industry, and Biomass burning, with certain differences inthe factors and contributions. Application of HYSPLIT back-trajectories associated these factors to threemain Soil sources and points of secondary aerosols production, as well as locations where Biomass burningaerosols were originated. The combination of X-ray spectrometric methods, receptor modeling, back-trajectorydetermination, and fire site localization, allowed the identification of possible sources of PM10 in the MAMC,namely, the dry Texcoco lake, the Toluca Valley, and the North dry plains for Soil aerosols, the influence oflocal industrial areas for Sulfate (secondary) aerosols, and the appearance of fires for Biomass burning.
mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection

Boosterism could save lives Postinfection immune protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfection is not fully understood. It will be devastating if waves of new variants emerge that undermine natural immune protection. Stamatatos et al. investigated immune responsiveness 4 to 8 months after previously infected individuals were given a messenger RNA–based vaccine developed for the original Wuhan variant (see the Perspective by Crotty). Before vaccination, postinfection serum antibody neutralization responses to virus variants were variable and weak. Vaccination elevated postinfection serum-neutralizing capacity approximately 1000-fold against Wuhan-Hu-1 and other strains, and serum neutralization against the variant B.1. 351 was enhanced. Although responses were relatively muted against the variant, they still showed characteristic memory responses. Vaccination with the Wuhan-Hu-1 variant may thus offer a valuable boost to protective responses against subsequent infection with variant viruses. Science, abg9175, this issue p. 1413; see also abj2258, p. 1392 Previous infection results in enhanced vaccine-induced immune protection against variant B.1. 351 and other variants. Emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have raised concerns about resistance to neutralizing antibodies elicited by previous infection or vaccination. We examined whether sera from recovered and naïve donors, collected before and after immunizations with existing messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, could neutralize the Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1. 351 variants. Prevaccination sera from recovered donors neutralized Wuhan-Hu-1 and sporadically neutralized B.1. 351, but a single immunization boosted neutralizing titers against all variants and SARS-CoV-1 by up to 1000-fold. Neutralization was a result of antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain and was not boosted by a second immunization. Immunization of naïve donors also elicited cross-neutralizing responses but at lower titers. Our study highlights the importance of vaccinating both uninfected and previously infected persons to elicit cross-variant neutralizing antibodies.
Twin Study of the Relationship between Childhood Negative Emotionality and Hyperactivity/Inattention Problems

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the genetic and environmental etiology of the association between childhood negative emotionality (NE) and hyperactivity/inattention problems (HIP) using South Korean elementary school twins (mean age = 10.19 years, SD = 1.79 years). Telephone interviews were given to mothers of 919 twins (229 monozygotic males: 112 pairs and 5 individuals; 148 dizygotic males: 73 pairs and 2 individuals; 180 monozygotic females: 87 pairs and 6 individuals; 103 dizygotic females: 50 pairs and 3 individuals; 259 opposite-sex dizygotic twins: 127 pairs and 5 individuals) to assess their children’s NE and HIP. Consistent with prior studies, the phenotypic correlation between NE and the HIP was moderate (r = .29; 95% CI = .24, .34). Model-fitting analysis revealed that additive genetic and nonshared environmental influences on NE were . 45 (95% CI [.34, .54]) and . 55 (95% CI [.46, .66]), respectively, and that additive and nonadditive genetic, and nonshared environmental influences on HIP were . 08 (95% CI [.03, .26]), . 41 (95% CI [.21, .51]) and . 51 (95% CI = .42, .61), respectively. In addition, the additive genetic correlation between NE and HIP was 1.0 (95% CI [.52, 1.00]), indicating that additive genetic factors are entirely shared between the two phenotypes. Nonadditive genetic influences were unique to HIP and not responsible for the NE-HIP association. Nonshared environmental correlation was significant but modest (re = .18, 95% CI [.06, .30]).
Wait times in the management of non–small cell lung carcinoma before, during and after regionalization of lung cancer care: a high-resolution analysis

Background Timeliness can have a substantial effect on treatment outcomes, prognosis and quality of life for patients with lung cancer. We sought to evaluate changes in wait times for patients with non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and to identify bottlenecks in cancer care. Methods We included patients who received treatment with curative intent or palliative treatment for NSCLC, diagnosed through mediastinal staging by a thoracic surgeon. Data were collected from 3 cohorts over 3 time periods: before the regionalization of lung cancer care (2005–2007, C1), immediately postregionalization (2011–2013, C2) and 5 years after regionalization (2016–2017, C3). Total wait time and delays along treatment pathways were compared across cohorts using multivariate Cox proportionality models. Results Our total sample size was 299 patients. Overall, there was no significant difference in total wait time among the 3 cohorts. However, wait time from symptom onset to first physician visit significantly increased in C3 compared with C2 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.41, p < 0.01) and C1 (HR 0.43, p < 0.01). Time from first physician visit to computed tomography (CT) scan significantly decreased in C3 compared with C2 (HR 1.54, p < 0.01). Time from abnormal CT scan to first surgeon visit also significantly decreased in C2 (HR 1.43, p < 0.01) and C3 (HR 4.47, p < 0.01) compared with C1, and between C3 and C2 (HR 2.67, p < 0.01). In contrast, time from first surgeon visit to completion of staging significantly increased in C2 (HR 0.36, p < 0.01) and C3 (HR 0.24, p < 0.01) compared with C1, as well as between C3 and C2 (HR 0.60, p < 0.01). Time to first treatment after completion of staging was significantly shorter for C3 than C1 (HR 1.58, p < 0.01). Conclusion Trends toward a reduction in wait time are evident 5 years after the regionalization of lung cancer care, primarily led by shorter wait times for CT scans and thoracic surgeon consults. However, wait times can further be reduced by addressing delays in staging completion and patient and provider education to identify the early signs of NSCLC.
BCG vaccination potential for COVID-19: an analytical approach

ABSTRACT In order to assess the possible protective potential of BCG vaccination as regards to COVID-19, we have analyzed BCG vaccination status and SARS CoV-2 morbidity and mortality in China and we have also examined other studies performed in other countries to assess the potential of booster doses of BCG vaccination for adults. We have concluded that BCG vaccination early in life is highly unlikely to be a tool that might prevent SARS CoV-2 infection in adults. Furthermore, we have suggested that BCG vaccination potential benefit to decrease COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in children is confounded by many factors, e.g. age limitations of exposure and other vaccines. However, BCG vaccination booster doses in adults might be of protective value until the results of well-designed clinical trials are published to confirm, or refute, this potential.
Purposeful Fentanyl Use and Associated Factors among Opioid-Dependent People Who Inject Drugs

Abstract Introduction: In recent years, opioid-related mortality has increased steadily in the United States. Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, has been a primary driver of the current wave of overdose-related deaths. Little is known, however, about fentanyl use among opioid-dependent people who inject drugs (PWID). We, therefore, sought to characterize purposeful fentanyl use among PWID. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administrated to 104 opioid-dependent PWID on methadone who self-reported drug- or sex-related risk behaviors. Participants were recruited between July 2018 and October 2019 from a methadone clinic in New Haven, Connecticut. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify independent correlates of purposeful fentanyl use. Results: Overall, 43.2% and 22.1% of the participants reported any (lifetime) or recent (past 30 days) purposeful fentanyl use, respectively. Independent correlates of any purposeful fentanyl use were younger age (aOR= 0.94; p = 0.021), recent daily injection (aOR= 3.52; p = 0.047), recent cocaine use (aOR= 3.54; p = 0.041), and moderate/severe depression (aOR= 3.82; p = 0.028). Independent correlates of recent purposeful fentanyl use were moderate/severe depression (aOR= 10.94; p = 0.031), recently sharing injection equipment (aOR= 2.96; p = 0.044), and recently engaging in transactional sex (aOR= 3.60; p = 0.026). Conclusions: These findings indicate that opioid-dependent PWID on methadone remain at increased risk for overdose given the high prevalence of ongoing purposeful fentanyl exposure. Interventions to reduce the harms associated with fentanyl use should target young PWID and active fentanyl users, with an emphasis on achieving adequate methadone dosage and screening and treating depression in methadone-maintained patients who preferentially seek fentanyl.
Single dose of a mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is associated with lower nasopharyngeal viral load among nursing home residents with asymptomatic COVID-19

Abstract In nursing home residents with asymptomatic COVID-19 diagnosed through twice-weekly surveillance testing, single dose BNT162b2 vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech) was associated with -2.4 mean log10 lower nasopharyngeal viral load than detected in absence of vaccination (p=0.004). Since viral load is linked to transmission, single dose mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may help control outbreaks.