Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature sheets and aspect sensitive radar echoes

Abstract. here have been years of discussion and controversy about the existence of very thin and stable temperature sheets and their relationship to the VHF radar aspect sensitivity. It is only recently that very high-resolution in situ temperature observations have brought credence to the reality and ubiquity of these structures in the free atmosphere and to their contribution to radar echo enhancements along the vertical. Indeed, measurements with very high-resolution sensors are still extremely rare and rather difficult to obtain outside of the planetary boundary layer. They have only been carried out up to the lower stratosphere by Service d’A´ eronomie (CNRS, France) for about 10 years. The controversy also persisted due to the volume resolution of the (Mesosphere)-Stratosphere-Troposphere VHF radars which is coarse with respect to sheet thickness, although widely sufficient for meteorological or mesoscale investigations. The contribution within the range gate of many of these structures, which are advected by the wind, and decay and grow at different instants and could be distorted either by internal gravity waves or turbulence fields, could lead to radar echoes with statistical properties similar to those produced by anisotropic turbulence. Some questions thus remain regarding the manner in which temperature sheets contribute to VHF radar echoes. In particular, the zenithal and azimuthal angular dependence of the echo power may not only be produced by diffuse reflection on stable distorted or corrugated sheets, but also by extra contributions from anisotropic turbulence occurring in the stratified atmosphere. Thus, for several years, efforts have been put forth to improve the radar height resolution in order to better describe thin structures. Frequency interferometric techniques are widely used and have been recently further developed with the implementation of high-resolution data processings. We begin by reviewing briefly some characteristics of the ST radar echoes with a particular emphasis on recent works. Their possible coupling with stable sheets is then presented and their known characteristics are described with some hypotheses concerning their generation mechanisms. Finally, measurement campaigns that took recently place or will be carried out in the near future for improving our knowledge of these small-scale structures are presented briefly. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (turbulence; instruments and techniques) – Radio Science (remote sensing)
Asymptotically Efficient Moment-Based Estimator of the $\kappa $  Parameter for the $\kappa -\mu $ Distribution

The κ- μ distribution is a general fading model applied to predict multipath faded envelope in wireless channels, under a line-of-sight propagation condition. However, its algebraic moment-based estimator of the parameter κ available in the literature depends on higher-order statistical moments, which impose a high penalty over the estimator efficiency. In this letter, we have proposed a new moment-based estimator of the parameter κ, which depends on a simple average of the normalized envelope and takes advantage of lower estimation errors. We have proved that the proposed estimator is asymptotically efficient, from a practical point of view, since its normalized asymptotic variance closely attained the Cramer-Rao lower bound for the useful range of κ. In addition, big sample size Monte Carlo simulations have revealed that the algebraic estimator is positively biased with a highly broad sample confidence region, in contrast to the almost unbiased proposed estimator with a much narrower sample confidence region. Furthermore, the proposed estimator yielded a much lower sample variance for the wide range of sample number when compared to the algebraic one.
Sp 1 and Smad Proteins Cooperate to Mediate Transforming Growth Factor-b 1-induced a 2 ( I ) Collagen Expression in Human Glomerular Mesangial Cells *

The mechanism(s) by which Smads mediate and modulate the transforming growth factor (TGF)-b signal transduction pathway in fibrogenesis are not well characterized. We previously showed that Smad3 promotes a2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) activation in human glomerular mesangial cells, potentially contributing to glomerulosclerosis. Here, we report that Sp1 binding is necessary for TGF-b1-induced type I collagen mRNA expression. Deletion of three Sp1 sites (GC box) between 2376 and 2268 or mutation of a CAGA box at 2268/2260 inhibited TGF-b1-induced a2(I) collagen promoter activity. TGF-b1 inducibility was also blocked by a Smad3 dominant negative mutant. Chemical inhibition of Sp1 binding with mithramycin A, or deletion of the GC boxes, inhibited COL1A2 activation by Smad3, suggesting cooperation between Smad3 and Sp1 in the TGF-b1 response. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that Sp1 and Smads form complexes with 2283/2250 promoter sequences. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that endogenous Sp1, Smad3, and Smad4 form complexes in mesangial cells. In a Gal4-LUC reporter assay system, Sp1 stimulated the TGF-b1-induced transcriptional activity of Gal4-Smad3, Gal4Smad4 (266–552), or both. Using the transactivation domain B of Sp1 fused to the Gal4 DNA binding domain, we show that, in our system, the transcriptional activity of this Sp1 domain is not regulated by TGF-b1, but it becomes responsive to this factor when Smad3 is coexpressed. Finally, combined Sp1 and Smad3 overexpression induces marked ligand-independent and liganddependent promoter activity of COL1A2. Thus, Sp1 and Smad proteins form complexes and their synergy plays an important role in mediating TGF-b1-induced a2(I) collagen expression in human mesangial cells.
Differential responses of production and respiration to temperature and moisture drive the carbon balance across a climatic gradient in New Mexico

Southwestern North America faces an imminent transition to a warmer, more arid climate, and it is critical to understand how these changes will affect the carbon balance of southwest ecosystems. In order to test our hypothesis that differential responses of production and respiration to temperature and moisture shape the carbon balance across a range of spatio‐temporal scales, we quantified net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 and carbon storage across the New Mexico Elevational Gradient, which consists of six eddy‐covariance sites representing biomes ranging from desert to subalpine conifer forest. Within sites, hotter and drier conditions were associated with an increasing advantage of respiration relative to production such that daily carbon uptake peaked at intermediate temperatures – with carbon release often occurring on the hottest days – and increased with soil moisture. Across sites, biotic adaptations modified but did not override the dominant effects of climate. Carbon uptake increased with decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation across the elevational gradient; NEE ranged from a source of ∼30 g C m−2 yr−1 in the desert grassland to a sink of ∼350 g C m−2 yr−1 in the subalpine conifer forest. Total aboveground carbon storage increased dramatically with elevation, ranging from 186 g C m−2 in the desert grassland to 26 600 g C m−2 in the subalpine conifer forest. These results make sense in the context of global patterns in NEE and biomass storage, and support that increasing temperature and decreasing moisture shift the carbon balance of ecosystems in favor of respiration, such that the potential for ecosystems to sequester and store carbon is reduced under hot and/or dry conditions. This implies that projected climate change will trigger a substantial net release of carbon in these New Mexico ecosystems (∼3 Gt CO2 statewide by the end of the century), thereby acting as a positive feedback to climate change.
Magnetism and Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy in Low-Dimensional Rh and Ir

We report the ab initio calculations for angle resolved anisotropy in spin and orbital moment for zigzag chains of Rh and Ir. We present the site specific information about the spin and orbital moment in Rh and Ir zigzag chains. We observed a significant magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) up to 17.5 meV/atom for Ir chains. We show that at the angles off the principal axes, orbital (L) and spin (S) angular momenta have different dynamics. We found a strong non-collinearity in the direction of spin and orbital moments in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the chains. The maximum orbital moments for the chains are along the axis of the chains. A ferromagnetic coupling has been observed in the zigzag chains of Rh as well as Ir. A key feature of the study is the alteration of the occupation states on changing the direction of magnetization vector, which results in switching the direction of MAE.
Madly Ambiguous: A Game for Learning about Structural Ambiguity and Why It’s Hard for Computers

Madly Ambiguous is an open source, online game aimed at teaching audiences of all ages about structural ambiguity and why it’s hard for computers. After a brief introduction to structural ambiguity, users are challenged to complete a sentence in a way that tricks the computer into guessing an incorrect interpretation. Behind the scenes are two different NLP-based methods for classifying the user’s input, one representative of classic rule-based approaches to disambiguation and the other representative of recent neural network approaches. Qualitative feedback from the system’s use in online, classroom, and science museum settings indicates that it is engaging and successful in conveying the intended take home messages. A demo of Madly Ambiguous can be played at http://madlyambiguous.osu. edu.
Anatomy of a blastocyst: Cell behaviors driving cell fate choice and morphogenesis in the early mouse embryo

The preimplantation period of mouse early embryonic development is devoted to the specification of two extraembryonic tissues and their spatial segregation from the pluripotent epiblast. During this period two cell fate decisions are made while cells gradually lose their totipotency. The first fate decision involves the segregation of the extraembryonic trophectoderm (TE) lineage from the inner cell mass (ICM); the second occurs within the ICM and involves the segregation of the extraembryonic primitive endoderm (PrE) lineage from the pluripotent epiblast (EPI) lineage, which eventually gives rise to the embryo proper. Multiple determinants, such as differential cellular properties, signaling cues and the activity of transcriptional regulators, influence lineage choice in the early embryo. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms governing these cell fate decisions ensuring proper lineage allocation and segregation, while at the same time providing the embryo with an inherent flexibility to adjust when perturbed. genesis 51:219–233. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pilot Based Channel Estimation in Broadband Power Line Communication Networks

In this paper pilot based channel estimation is being considered for broadband power line communication (BPLC) networks witch used orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in order to transmit high rate data. To estimate channel in time or frequency some pilot must be used. Number of these pilots and deployment of them is very important for proper estimation in different channel with varying time and frequency. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and hybrid multiple access protocol are taken into consideration in MAC sub-layer. Multilayered perceptions neural network with backpropagation (BP) learning channel estimator algorithm with different pilot deployment compare to classic algorithm in for channel estimating. Simulation results show the proposed neural network estimation decreases bit error rate and therefore network throughput increases.
Simulation of defects in sequential NSDDL Master / Slave D flip flop circuit

Testing of the NSDDL Master/Slave D flip flop (MSDFF) that represents a sequential cell, being part of NSDDL (No Short-circuit current Dynamic Differential Logic) sidechannel-attack-resistant library, will be presented in this paper. Fault dictionary will be created based on repetitive simulation preformed on the circuit level description of the flip-flop with faults inserted one by one. Only open-circuit and short-circuit will be considered.
Research on generation ideas process for product radical innovation based on technology evolution theory

Radical innovation (RI) is a high efficient technology innovation for modern enterprises to participate in market competition. The main function substance-field model of product technology system was established after the technology system function decomposition for target product and radical innovation method of product technology system was put forward. The radical innovation technology forecasting was carried out for realizing the product main function technical subsystems based on technology evolution theory and the technology potential state was realized by using CAI software effect tool. Synthesize the mentioned analysis to establish the generation ideas process model for radical innovation. The innovation ideas generation process of the vibration broken dropping pill machine is taken as an example to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
return of a forgotten polymer — Polycaprolactone n the 21 st century aria

During the resorbable-polymer-boom of the 1970s and 1980s, polycaprolactone (PCL) was used extensively in the biomaterials field and a number of drug-delivery devices. Its popularity was soon superseded by faster resorbable polymers which had fewer perceived disadvantages associated with long-term degradation (up to 3–4 years) and intracellular resorption pathways; consequently, PCL was almost forgotten for most of two decades. Recently, a resurgence of interest has propelled PCL back into the biomaterials-arena. The superior rheological and viscoelastic properties over many of its aliphatic polyester counterparts renders PCL easy to manufacture and manipulate into a large range of implants and devices. Coupled with relatively inexpensive production routes and FDA approval, this
Oral Immunization with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Prime and Intramuscular Protein Boost Provides Protection against Intrarectal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge in Macaques

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition occurs predominantly through mucosal transmission. We hypothesized that greater mucosal immune responses and protective efficacy against mucosal HIV-1 infection may be achieved by prime-boost immunization at mucosal sites. We used a macaque model to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of orally delivered, replication-competent but attenuated recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing full-length HIV-1 SF162 envelope (Env) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol proteins. We examined the dose and route that are suitable for oral immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses. We showed that sublingual inoculation of two vaccinia virus-naive pigtailed macaques with 5 × 108 PFU of recombinant vaccinia viruses was safe. However, sublingual inoculation with a higher dose or tonsillar inoculation resulted in secondary oral lesions, indicating the need to optimize the dose and route for oral immunization with replication-competent vaccinia virus vectors. Oral priming alone elicited antibody responses to vaccinia virus and to the SF162 Env protein. Intramuscular immunization with the SF162 gp120 protein at either 20 or 21 weeks postpriming resulted in a significant boost in antibody responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments. Furthermore, we showed that immune responses induced by recombinant vaccinia virus priming and intramuscular protein boosting provided protection against intrarectal challenge with the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-SF162-P4.
Very Small Footprint 60 GHz Stacked Yagi Antenna Array

Millimeter wave applications such as short-range high-speed wireless links require modular, compact-size and high-directivity antennas. In this paper, high-gain compact stacked multilayered Yagi designs are proposed and demonstrated in the V-band. This novel design shows for the first time an antenna array of Yagi elements in millimeter wave stacked structure. To demonstrate the proposed concepts and design features, a 4 × 4 antenna array is created having excellent gain performance as well as very small footprint. A single element stacked Yagi antenna fed with microstrip is studied in order to obtain the desired performance. An analysis is performed to define the structure limitations. Measured results of the fabricated antenna prototypes are in good agreement with simulated results The measured Yagi antenna attains 11 dBi gain over 4.2% bandwidth with a size of 6.5 × 6.5 × 3.4 mm3. A 4 × 4 array of Yagi antenna using an SIW (Substrate Integrated Waveguide) feeding technique is conceived. Both simulated and measured results match with each other very well. The 4 × 4 array has a size of 28 × 24 × 2.4 mm3 , and reaches a measured gain of 18 dBi over 7% bandwidth. An alternate configuration of the array using angled Yagi antenna elements allows a significant improvement of the side lobe level (SLL) with a low impact on the gain performances. The proposed antennas are excellent candidates for integrated low-cost millimeter-wave and even terahertz systems. The small foot print, the antenna design flexibility as well as its easy adaptation to automatic fabrication processes are good assets for making short range portable imaging systems.
Physical Layer Security Assisted 5G Network Security

After 4G network becomes a global commercial success, the researchers are now looking at the future 5G technologies, both in standardization bodies and in research projects. Researchers find that the security architecture used in 4G can not satisfy the needs of 5G. Some researchers proposed a kind of unified network security architecture which we find it inflexible. In this paper, we will propose a more flexible hierarchical security architecture which can be adjusted to the needs of the application scenarios of 5G-eMBB, mMTC and URLLC. Under this architecture, we will introduce a cross-layer light weight authentication scheme and a novel physical layer security assisted encryption scheme which is based on both the key streams and the channel information in f-OFDM system.
A Fast Weighted Bayesian Bootstrap Filter for Nonlinear Model State Estimation

We have shown that dilution of precision terms for relative positioning, using double-difference processing of GPS satellite signals, are bounded by the corresponding dilution of precision terms for point positioning. This result is valid for the case of four satellites, with a common reference satellite. An example is provided which shows that such a common reference is required. It remains to extend our result to an arbitrary number of satellites. Simulations conducted to date have yielded no counterexamples for the case of n > 4 satellites.
AlGaN/GaN power HEMT devices for future energy conversion applications

The AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has drawn great interest in high power and high frequency applications owing to its outstanding material advantages, such as large critical electric field, high electron saturation velocity and the ability to form the high-density two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) conduction channel at the hetero interface. In this paper, a topical review on the device features is made, namely on its polarisation effects that lead to 2DEG formation at the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction, the surface field plate influence and the trap charges induced current collapse phenomenon during pulse operations. These effects are very important in understanding the AlGaN/GaN power HEMT devices.
Measurements and computations of mass flow and momentum flux through short tubes in rarefied gases

Gas flows through orifices and short tubes have been extensively studied from the 1960s through the 1980s for both fundamental and practical reasons. These flows are a basic and often important element of various modern gas driven instruments. Recent advances in micro- and nanoscale technologies have paved the way for a generation of miniaturized devices in various application areas, from clinical analyses to biochemical detection to aerospace propulsion. The latter is the main area of interest of this study, where rarefied gas flow into a vacuum through short tubes with thickness-to-diameter ratios varying from 0.015 to 1.2 is investigated both experimentally and numerically with kinetic and continuum approaches. Helium and nitrogen gases are used in the range of Reynolds numbers from 0.02 to 770 (based on the tube diameter), corresponding to Knudsen numbers from 40 down to about 0.001. Propulsion properties of relatively thin and thick tubes are examined. Good agreement between experimental and numerica.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE TO OROBANCHE CRENATA (FORSK.) IN A PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.) LOW-STRIGOLACTONE LINE

Crenate broomrape ( Orobanche crenata Forsk.) is a root parasitic weed severely threatening the cultivation of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) in Mediterranean agricultural settings. We recently characterized a pea line highly resistant to O . crenata , named ROR12. Analysis of root exudates indi- cated that ROR12 resistance is possibly due to lower exu- dation of strigolactones, carotenoid-derived compounds acting in the rhyzosphere as broomrape germination stim- ulants. Here, we provide a first genetic characterization of ROR12 resistance. Two segregating F 2 populations origi- nating from the cross between ROR12 and two susceptible commercial pea cultivars were assayed for response to O . crenata , together with the respective parental lines and F 1 generations. Susceptibility of F 1 individuals indicated that resistance is recessively inherited. In F 2, significant devia- tion from Gaussian distribution suggested that broomrape resistance is not a quantitative trait, as it was previously hypothesized, but is rather controlled by one or a few ma- jor loci. Molecular analysis with RAPD and SSR markers identified a genomic region on pea linkage group 3 associ- ated with the resistant phenotype. Finally, transcriptional evidence was provided, supporting the hypothesis that ROR12 resistance is due to reduced strigolactone biosyn- thesis. Overall, this study provides insights on the control of broomrape resistance and lays the foundation for future work addressing the fine-mapping and cloning of genes controlling strigolactone biosynthesis and/or broomrape resistance.
A Novel Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna Using Switched Printed Elements

A novel pattern-reconfigurable antenna is investigated for wireless application. The antenna operates over a bandwidth from 2.4 to 2.8 GHz with good impedance matching and the gain around 8 dB. Switchable driven monopole and parasitic elements are designed to provide three modes with 17 fundamental radiation patterns. The parasitic elements can be switched to be a director or a reflector by controlling the RF switch on the parasitic element. Meanwhile, the driven monopole can match different switch combinations of parasitic elements by switching its length. We investigate the antenna's impedance bandwidth and its radiation characteristics. Simulated and measured results are given, and they agree well with each other.