Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of full electromagnetic plasma burn-through model and validation in MAST

This paper describes the improvement of the electromagnetic plasma burn-through model. Full circuit equations describing the currents in solenoid, poloidal field coils, and toroidally conducting passive structures have been integrated into the differential equation system of the plasma energy and particle balances in DYON. This enables consistent calculation of the time-evolving loop voltage at a plasma position only using operation signals in a control room, which are current (or voltage) waveforms in solenoid and poloidal field coils and prefill gas pressure. The synthetic flux loop data calculated in the modelling agrees well with the measurement in MAST, confirming the validity of the loop voltage calculation. The electromagnetic modelling also enables calculation of 2D time-evolving poloidal magnetic flux map, thereby modelling the plasma volume evolution during the plasma break-down and burn-through phase. Only using the control room operation signals used in 34 ohmic start-up discharges with the direct induction start-up scenario in MAST, the electromagnetic plasma burn-through modelling has reproduced the time-evolution of plasma current, electron density and temperature, and plasma volume, showing a reasonable level of agreement with experimental measurement.
Defect Characterization in Gel Phantom Using Ac Impedance Spectroscopy

Gel phantoms are useful materials for medical diagnostics and impact testing. The gel phantoms can be tailored to suit various tissues from the bulk, microscopic and molecular components. These components have responses under an AC electric field. In this work, a gel phantom was prepared using a commercially-available gel powder. Cylindrical samples with varying degrees of defects were cut from the prepared gel phantom and tested using an AC impedance analyzer. The defects were created by piercing a needle along the center plane of the sample and the degree of defects was varied by increasing the number of piercings in the sample. The conductivity of the sample at lower frequencies was influenced by the mechanism involved in water leakage due to piercing while the conductivity at higher frequencies was dominantly affected by space charge relaxation and structural conductivity barriers. The Nyquist plots obtained were seen to exhibit modified Randles-type behavior. Equivalent circuit fittings showed the parameters to be distinct with varying degrees of defects.
Leisure-Time Physical Activity Has a More Favourable Impact on Carotid Artery Stiffness Than Vigorous Physical Activity in Hypertensive Human Beings

Aim. To assess the effect of leisure time versus vigorous long-term dynamic physical activity (PA) on carotid stiffness in normotensive versus hypertensive subjects. Methods. The study was conducted on 120 leisure-time exercisers and 120 competitive athletes. One hundred and twenty sedentary subjects served as controls. In addition, participants were classified according to whether their systolic blood pressure was ≥130 mmHg (hypertensives, n = 120) or normal (normotensives, n = 240) according to the ACC/AHA 2017 definition. Carotid artery stiffness was assessed with an echo-tracking ultrasound system, using the pressure-strain elastic modulus (EP) and one-point pulse wave velocity (PWVβ) as parameters of stiffness. Results. The effect of the two levels of PA differed in the normotensives and the hypertensives. Among the normotensives, there was an ongoing, graded reduction in EP and PWVβ from the sedentary subjects to the athletes. By contrast, among the hypertensives, the lowest levels of EP and PWVβ were found among the leisure-time PA participants. EP and PWVβ did not differ between the hypertensive sedentary subjects and the athletes. A significant interaction was found between PA and BP status on EP (p = 0.03) and a borderline interaction on PWVβ (p = 0.06). In multiple regression analyses, PA was a negative predictor of EP (p = 0.001) and PWVβ (p = 0.0001). The strength of the association was weakened after the inclusion of heart rate in the models (p = 0.04 and 0.007, respectively). Conclusions. These data indicate that in people with hypertension, leisure-time PA has beneficial effects on carotid artery stiffness, whereas high-intensity chronic PA provides no benefit to vascular functions.
Silicon Photonic Phase Shifters and Their Applications: A Review

With the development of silicon photonics, dense photonic integrated circuits play a significant role in applications such as light detection and ranging systems, photonic computing accelerators, miniaturized spectrometers, and so on. Recently, extensive research work has been carried out on the phase shifter, which acts as the fundamental building block in the photonic integrated circuit. In this review, we overview different types of silicon photonic phase shifters, including micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), thermo-optics, and free-carrier depletion types, highlighting the MEMS-based ones. The major working principles of these phase shifters are introduced and analyzed. Additionally, the related works are summarized and compared. Moreover, some emerging applications utilizing phase shifters are introduced, such as neuromorphic computing systems, photonic accelerators, multi-purpose processing cores, etc. Finally, a discussion on each kind of phase shifter is given based on the figures of merit.
An Overview of IoT Solutions in Climate Smart Agriculture for Food Security in Sub Saharan Africa: Challenges and Prospects

INTRODUCTION: Climate smart agriculture (CSA) which involves the integration of IoT and cloud computing is an emerging agricultural paradigm that is foreseen to be the main driver of agriculture as the 21st century progresses. Sub-Saharan Africa lags in this regard and therefore deserves a special focus. OBJECTIVES: This paper presents an overview of Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions in CSA in the context of food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) METHODS: An overview of the status of food insecurity in SSA and associated factors is presented. The paper then focused on IoT as a technology and how it can be used for CSA in SSA through use cases; possible challenges were also examined. RESULTS: The paper showed that with CSA, SSA can become a net exporter of food. CONCLUSION: The paper concludes with open issues like the funding of research and development which must be addressed if SSA is to leverage IoT technology to attain food security.
Genomic selection with fixed-effect markers improves the prediction accuracy for Capsaicinoid contents in Capsicum annuum

ABSTRACT Capsaicinoids provide chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) with their characteristic pungency. Several structural and transcription factor genes are known to control capsaicinoid contents in pepper. However, many other genes also regulating capsaicinoid contents remain unknown, making it difficult to develop pepper cultivars with different levels of capsaicinoids. Genomic selection (GS) uses genome-wide random markers (including many in undiscovered genes) for a trait to improve selection efficiency. In this study, we predicted the capsaicinoid contents of pepper breeding lines using several GS models trained with genotypic and phenotypic data from a training population. We used a core collection of 351 Capsicum accessions and 96 breeding lines as training and testing populations, respectively. To obtain the optimal number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for GS, we tested various numbers of genome-wide SNP markers based on linkage disequilibrium. We obtained the highest mean prediction accuracy (0.550) for different models using 3294 SNP markers. Using this marker set, we conducted GWAS and selected 25 markers that were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis genes and quantitative trait loci for capsaicinoid contents. Finally, to develop more accurate prediction models, we obtained SNP markers from GWAS as fixed-effect markers for GS, where 3294 genome-wide SNPs were employed. When four to five fixed-effect markers from GWAS were used as fixed effects, the RKHS and RR-BLUP models showed accuracies of 0.696 and 0.689, respectively. Our results lay the foundation for developing pepper cultivars with various capsaicinoid levels using GS for capsaicinoid contents.
The Impact of China’s Carbon Emission Trading
Policy on Green Total Factor Productivity
– Influence Analysis Based on Super-EBM
and Multiple Mediators

Can China's carbon trading policy promote regional green total factor productivity? What are the specific influencing processes and mechanisms between the two? In this paper, we construct an indicator framework for China's green total factor productivity from the perspective of green development, which comprehensively considers various inputs and outputs. This paper uses a more scientific Super-EBM model considering the mixed distance to accurately measure the regional green total factor productivity in China. The static and dynamic effects and multiple mediating effects of carbon trading policy on green total factor productivity were studied by using DID model combined with stepwise regression method. The robustness of the results was tested by parallel trend test and placebo test. The mediating effects of total energy consumption, energy consumption structure, technological innovation and the moderating effects of financial development level and intellectual property protection degree are studied. The results show that carbon trading policy significantly improves China's regional green total factor productivity. The effect of carbon trading policy on green total factor productivity in pilot areas increased to decreased; Total energy consumption and energy consumption structure have a partial intermediary effect on the relationship between carbon emission trading policy and regional green total factor productivity in China, while technological innovation has a masking effect. Regional financial development level and intellectual property protection intensity play a moderating role in the relationship between carbon emission trading policy and regional total factor productivity. Based on the above conclusions, some suggestions are put forward for the improvement of China's carbon trading policy system.
Separating exponential time classes from polynomial time classes

This thesis examines several of the most central and fundamental complexity classes. These classes are defined by polynomial and exponential time bounds both uniform and nonuniform. Showing classes to be distinct or separate has been a long standing objective in structural complexity theory. It is this objective that we address. Specifically we are interested in separating classes in the exponential time hierarchy, EXPH, from classes in the polynomial time hierarchy, PH. We show that, for any fixed integer $c, P\sp{NP\lbrack O(n\sp{c})\rbrack}\subseteq$ NEXP. This improves a previous result by Fu, Li and Zhong. Further we generalize this separation to related levels of PH and EXPH showing that, for any fixed integer c and $i\ge 1, \Delta\sbsp{i}{P\lbrack O(n\sp{c})\rbrack}\subseteq\Sigma\sbsp{i-1}{EXP}. $ There is also an interest in separating exponential time classes from classes of sets which are nonuniformly computable in polynomial time. By considering polynomial advice classes we show that $EXP \not\subseteq DTIME(2\sp{O(n\sp{c\sb1})})/n\sp{c\sb2}$for fixed integers $c\sb1$ and $c\sb2. $ This implies, for example, that $EXP \not\subseteq E/lin. $ Usually complexity theory is concerned with questions of set membership. An alternative is to allow a model which computes a partial function and outputs a value if one exists. In this way the time and space complexity of classes of partial functions is studied. We show that our results relating both uniform and nonuniform exponential and polynomial classes are true for the corresponding classes of function. Further we show that $PF\sp{NP\lbrack \log\rbrack}\subseteq EXPF\sb{PB}. $ This proof is then generalized to show that $PF\sp{\Sigma\sbsp{i}{P}\lbrack \log\rbrack}\subseteq EXPF\sb{PB}$, for $i\ge 1. $ Neither of these results is known for the corresponding classes of sets and can not be shown using proof techniques which relativize. Also we note that, for $i \ge 1, PF\sp{\Sigma\sbsp{i}{P}\lbrack \log\rbrack}\subseteq PF\sp{NP}$ unless P = NP which demonstrates that the structure of the polynomial hierarchy over function classes is very different from the polynomial hierarchy over sets unless PH collapses to $P\sp{NP}. $
Nutritional, Phytochemical, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Different States of Soy Products

Consumer demand for food nutritional content and quality is driving the design of plant-based foods that are enhanced with proteins. In this study, we aimed to reveal the nutrient compositional differences of various states of soy flours. We compared soy protein concentrate (SPC) with full fat (FF), raw soy flour (RSF), and defatted (DF) soy flour for investigating nutritional content, phytochemicals, and in vitro antioxidant activity. The results showed that the SPC contained significantly (p < 0.001) higher protein content (65.14%) and low-fat content (0.54%) than RSF, FF, and DF. Furthermore, the findings revealed that all products contain a significant (ANOVA, p < 0.001) amount of essential minerals. The RSF contains significantly higher (p < 0.001) potassium (1178.6 mg), calcium (216.77 mg), and magnesium (247 mg) per 100 g than FF, DF, and SPC. SPC contains essential amino acids, but we were unable to detect phenylalanine and tryptophan due to a limitation in the method. Furthermore, using methanolic and aqueous extracts of RSF, FF, DF, and SPC, the flavonoid, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity were also evaluated. According to the findings, soy products in methanolic extract had higher phenolic (about 12-34 mg/g) and flavonoid (about 63-150 mg/g) levels than aqueous extract. Results also demonstrated that FF had higher phenolic content, and SPC had higher flavonoid content than the other products. In vitro models such as phosphomolybdenum blue, FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays were used to study the total antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of soy products, and results found that soy products contained a significant (p < 0.001) amount of antioxidant equivalent to gallic acid and vitamin C standard. In the DPPH and ABTS assays, the results also showed that soy products can reduce free radicals in different in vitro models. Altogether, these findings suggest that soy flours, particularly DF and SPC, could be a beneficial food ingredient in the formulation of functional foods.
The Lactobacillus gasseri G098 Strain Mitigates Symptoms of DSS-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurring inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unclear etiology, but it is thought to be related to factors like immune abnormalities and gut microbial dysbiosis. Probiotics can regulate host immunity and gut microbiota; thus, we investigated the alleviation effect and mechanism of the strain Lactobacillus gasseri G098 (G098) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Three groups of mice (n = 8 per group) were included: normal control (NC), DSS-induced colitis mice (DSS), and colitis mice given strain (G098). Our results showed that administering G098 effectively reversed DSS-induced colitis-associated symptoms (mitigating weight loss, reducing disease activity index and pathology scores; p < 0.05 in all cases) and prevented DSS-induced mortality (62.5% in DSS group; 100% in G098 group). The mortality rate and symptom improvement by G098 administration was accompanied by a healthier serum cytokine balance (significant decreases in serum pro-inflammatory factors, interleukin (IL)-6 [p < 0.05], IL-1β [p < 0.01], and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [p < 0.001], and significant increase in the serum anti-inflammatory factor IL-13 [p < 0.01], compared with DSS group) and gut microbiome modulation (characterized by a higher gut microbiota diversity [p < 0.05], significantly more Firmicutes and Lachnoclostridium [p < 0.05], significantly fewer Bacteroidetes [p < 0.05], and significant higher gene abundances of sugar degradation-related pathways [p < 0.05], compared with DSS-treated group). Taken altogether, our results suggested that G098 intake could mitigate DSS-induced colitis through modulating host immunity and gut microbiome, and strain treatment is a promising strategy for managing IBD.
Spectral-element simulations of separated turbulent internal flows

A direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent flow in a three-dimensional diffuser at Re = 10 000 (based on bulk velocity and inflow-duct height) was performed with a massively parallel high-order spectral element method running on up to 32 768 processors. Accurate inflow condition is ensured through unsteady trip forcing and a long development section. Mean flow results are in good agreement with experimental data by Cherry et al. (Intl J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 29, 2008, pp. 803-811), in particular the separated region starting from one corner and gradually spreading to the top expanding diffuser wall. It is found that the corner vortices induced by the secondary flow in the duct persist into the diffuser, where they give rise to a dominant low-speed streak, due to a similar mechanism as the 'lift-up effect' in transitional shear flows, thus governing the separation behaviour. Well-resolved simulations of complex turbulent flows are thus possible even at realistic Reynolds numbers, providing accurate and detailed information about the flow physics. The available Reynolds stress budgets provide valuable references for future development of turbulence models.
Optimization of detonation velocity measurements using a chirped fiber Bragg grating

Dynamic measurements of detonation velocity profiles are performed using long Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings (CFBGs). Such thin probes, with a diameter of typically 150 μm, are inserted directly into a high explosive sample or simply positioned laterally. During the detonation, the width of the reflected optical spectrum is continuously reduced by the propagation of the wave-front, which physically shortens the CFBG. The reflected optical intensity delivers a ramp down signal type, which is directly related to the detonation velocity profile. Experimental detonation velocity measurements were performed on the side of three different high explosives (TNT, B2238 and V401) in a bare cylindrical stick configuration (diameter: 2 inches, height: 10 inches). The detonation velocity range covered was 6800 to 9000 m/s. The extraction of the detonation velocity profiles requires a careful calibration of the system and of the CFBG used. A calibration procedure was developed, with the support of optical simulations, to cancel out the optical spectrum distortions from the different optical components and to determine the wavelength-position transfer function of the CFBG in a reproducible way. The 40-mm long CFBGs were positioned within the second half of the three high explosive cylinders. The excellent linearity of the computed position-time diagram confirms that the detonation was established for the three high explosives. The fitted slopes of the position-time diagram give detonation velocity values which are in very good agreement with the classical measurements obtained from discrete electrical shorting pins.
Possibility of prediction of avalanches in power law systems

We consider a modified Burridge-Knopoff model with a view to understand results of acoustic emission (AE) relevant to earthquakes by adding a dissipative term which mimics bursts of acoustic signals. Interestingly, we find a precursor effect in the cumulative energy dissipated which allows identification of a large slip event. Further, the AE activity for several large slip events follows a universal stretched exponential behavior with corrections in terms of time-to-failure. We find that many features of the statistics of AE signals such as their amplitudes, durations and the intervals between successive AE bursts obey power laws consistent with recent experimental results. Large magnitude events have different power law from that of the small ones, the latter being sensitive to the pulling speed.
A Resistor-Less nW-Level Bandgap Reference With Fine-Grained Voltage and Temperature Coefficient Trims

A nW-level BJT-based bandgap reference with fine grained voltage and temperature coefficient trimming is presented. The bandgap reference utilizes switched capacitors (SC) as impedance elements instead of resistors in a current mode configuration. This configuration enabled low power (38nW) with a minimal area (0.0174 mm2). The voltage could be trimmed independently without affecting the temperature coefficient. The SC’s are stacked in order to achieve accurate trimming without using unrealistically small capacitors. The temperature coefficient can be trimmed between 50-200 ppm/°C in either direction, while the voltage can be trimmed between 580-800mV.
Training of fuzzy logic systems using nearest neighborhood clustering

The author first constructs an optimal fuzzy logic system which is capable of matching all the input-output pairs in the training set to arbitrary accuracy. Then an adaptive version of the optimal fuzzy logic system is presented, using the nearest neighborhood clustering algorithm. To do this, clusters of the sample data using the nearest neighborhood clustering algorithm are viewed as sample data and the optimal fuzzy logic system is used as an adaptive controller for nonlinear dynamic systems. The simulation results showed that the adaptive fuzzy controller could produce very good tracking control. <<ETX>>
Maximum Lebesgue Extension Of Convex Risk Measures

Given a convex risk measure on $L^\infty$ having the Lebesgue property, we construct a solid space of random variables on which the original risk measure is extended preserving the Lebesgue property (on the entire space). This space is an order-continuous Banach lattice, and is maximum among all solid spaces admitting such a regular extension. We then characterize the space in terms of uniform integrability of certain families. As a byproduct, we present a generalization of Jouini-Schachermayer-Touziâ€™s theorem on the weakcompactness characterization of Lebesgue property, which is valid for any solid vector spaces of random variables, and does not require any topological property of the space.
Sudden ionospheric delay decorrelation and its impact on the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

In the absence of selective availability, the ionosphere represents the largest source of positioning error for single‐frequency users of the Global Positioning System (GPS). In differential GPS systems such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), vertical ionospheric delays are modeled at regularly spaced intervals in geographic latitude and longitude. The broadcast bound on the error at each of these points is designated the grid ionospheric vertical error (GIVE). Higher performance standards planned for future implementations of WAAS require a reduction in the magnitude of the GIVE broadcast under nominal conditions. Achieving this reduction depends upon a better understanding of the decorrelation of ionospheric delay, in both space and time. In this paper we focus on temporal decorrelation. We report a methodology for assessing the impact on WAAS posed by a sudden increase in the level of ionospheric disturbance. The methodology is based upon forming an estimate of the probability PD that a WAAS user will confront a sudden increase in the level of ionospheric disturbance following a period of relative calm. We have determined a limiting upper bound of PD to be 4 × 10−7, which lies well within the margin needed to meet WAAS integrity requirements.
Output feedback controller design for uncertain piecewise linear systems

这篇论文为 uncertainpiecewise 建议输出反馈控制器设计方法线性系统基于片明智的二次的 Lyapunov 功能。 一稳定性 ofclosed 环系统也被考虑。 产量反馈控制器设计不明确的片的过程，这被显示出有一稳定性限制的明智的线性系统能作为解决一套双线性的矩阵不平等(BMI ) 被设计。 在这个论文罐头的 BMI 问题 solvediteratively 作为一套二个凸的优化问题正在包含能高效地数字地被解决的线性矩阵不平等(LMI ) 。 一个数字例子显示出建议方法的有效性。