Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of plant growth regulators on pollen germination in kiwifruit

In order to provide reference for cross breeding and artificial supplementary pollination,effects of different plant growth regulators on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in kiwifruit in vitro.The results showed that the effects of different growth regulators on pollen germination and pollen tube growth were different.6-BA inhibited the pollen germination and pollen tube growth.10mg/L NAA had the best effect of stimulating pollen germination,but inhibited pollen tube growth.60-90mg/L GA3stimulated pollen germination and pollen tube growth,and 90mg/L was the best mass concentration.Only 50mg/L PP333stimulated pollen germination,but inhibited pollen tube growth.0. 5mg/L 2,4-D stimulated pollen germination and pollen tube growth,but 2,4-D at the other mass concen-trations showed inhibitory action.0. 025mmol/L spermine and 0.05mmol/L putrecine stimulated pollen germination and pollen tube growth.However,spermidine showed inhibitory action.
Production of Aneuploid Plants by Anther Culture in Nicotiana tabacum L.

Anther culture technique was applied to the production of various aneuploid plants by using autopolyploids and androgenetic progenies from tetraploids. Various gametes not having exact multiples of the basic chromosome numbers were proved beyond doubt to differentiate into plants as well as into euhaploid or eupolyploid state of the gametes.
The influence of phylogeny, size and behaviour on patterns of covariation in salmonid life histories

We evaluated covariation in eight life history traits within the family Salmonidae. Principal components analysis defined a primary tactic ranking salmonids from large, early-maturing, semelparous individuals bearing few, large, rapidly developing eggs to the opposite suite of characters in small, iteroparous individuals. The analysis also defined a secondary dine from anadromous to freshwater forms, and a tertiary tactic describing variation in development. Clustering of species on the basis of life history traits reflected taxonomic affiliations. Life history traits appear to co-evolve and form successful life history strategies best suited to the biology and environment of a given taxon. Migratory behaviour and life histories are closely linked. The correspondence between behaviour and life histories may lead to unanticipated but nevertheles successful life history strategies.
BIOGEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE CENTRAL DEPRESSION OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO, WITH COMMENTS ON SURROUNDING AREAS

A brief physical description of the Central Depression of Chiapas, Mexico, and a list of the amphibian and reptilian species known to occur there are given. The 85 species are discussed relative to their occurrence within the Depression and to other physiographic regions of northwestern Nuclear Central America. The species are arranged into assemblages or a non-assemblage group for assessing their distributional patterns within Mesoamerica. The herpetofaunal elements found within the Central Depression are not distinct to that region but related to Gulf lowland areas of Mesoamerica and to the subhumid to semihumid Pacific versant of Mexico and northern Central America. The mostly subhumid Central Depression was probably more moist in the recent past (Pleistocene or early Holocene), as a few relict species occur in wetter localities. The Depression has been a dispersal route for dry-adapted species that moved primarily southeastward through Mesoamerica. The orogeny associated with the origin of the Depression (Oligocene through Pliocene) caused the formation of three vicariant highland areas that produced endemic species, some of which dispersed to other highland areas during environmental depression of the Pleistocene. Those species occur in two or all three highland areas today and probably dispersed through the extreme southeastern section of the Central Depression. The northeastern Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Central Plateau have never been con- tinuous for highland species due to barriers formed by the deep entrenchments of the Northern Highlands. However, species that tolerate both highlands and lowlands have been (many still are) distributed continuously within the humid areas of the northwestern Sierra Madre, Northern High- lands, and Central Plateau. Those species used surrounding montane environments to effectively bypass the Central Depression.
Sex Pheromone Traps as a Means of Improving Control Programs for the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Pheromone traps were reliable for detection and estimation of Heliothis armigera adult populations in cotton fields. An increase in male catches in traps was usually followed by an increase in larval density, but no correlation was found between the two. Pheromone traps may therefore serve as a warning device indicating potential attack, but larval counts are required before deciding on control procedures.
Isolation and identification for strains from wild Phellinus and analysis on its secondary metabolites

Objective To isolate and identify the strains from wild Phellinus linteus and analyze its secondary metabolites.Methods Strains isolated and purified were investigated by optical microscope to observe the characteristics of mycelia,ITS sequence was used for molecular identification and its secondary metabolite content was analyzed by chemical colorimetry.Results The morphological characteristics of mycelia from pinus,Morus alba,Syringa reticulata,and populus were the same.The growth rate of four flamentous colonies and their colors were different,wherein the growth rate of the colony from M.alba was the fastest,up to 0.47 cm/d.Four strains all belonged to genus Phellinus sp,where strain from pinus was identified as P.pini,M.alba was P.linteus,S.reticulata and populus were P.baumii. The species of the secondary metabolites in the sporocarp and mycelia of Phellinus were the same,but the content was different.For the sporocarp,the highest polysaccharide content was in the sporocarp from S.reticulata with the content of 98.20 mg/g,the highest flavonoids,terpenoids,and polyphenols contents were all in the sporocarp from poplar with the contents of 548.49,1.48,and 33.70 mg/g,respectively.For mycelia,the highest polysaccharide,flavonoids,terpenoids,and polyphenols contents were all in the mycelia of M.alba,the contents were 259.64,223.11,43.78,and 24.80 mg/L,respectively.Additionally,the content of terpenoids in the mycelia was higher than that of the sporocarp.Among them,the content of terpenoids in the mycelia from M.alba was about 7 times as that in fruit body.Conclusion There are no differerences amony form of mycelia from four strains of P.linteus. rDNA ITS sequence analysis could be used for the identification of strains.The species four Phellinus strains and its secondary metabolite content are clarified.
Two new species of Catonidia Uhler (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Achilidae) from southwestern China, with the first description of the male of Catonidia wuyishanana Wang & Huang

The following two species of the genus Catonidia Uhler, 1896 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Achilidae: Achilini) from China are described as new to science: C. lii sp. nov. (southwestern China: Guizhou) and C. daozhenensis sp. nov. (southwestern China: Guizhou). The male of C. wuyishanana Wang & Huang, 1990 (southern China: Fujian) is reported and described for the first time. The generic characteristics are redefined. A key to the species of the world is presented.
The Estimation and Analysis of Orosomucoid in Normal and Pathological Sera

tube or telex to the ward, where the physician now has had an answer to his question. In the laboratory the computer will continue to make statistical analyses etc. on all data, print out daily and monthly reports, calculate the correlation between the biochemical findings and various diagnoses, etc. We have tested several versions of analytical systems of this type during the last few years. At present, the analytical machine is capable of analysing 60 serum or urine samples per hour for sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride, i.e. 240 analyses per hour, and soon creatinine and total protein will be included into the system. The experience we now have indicates that the following advantages will be achieved with an automatic analytical system of this type:
Utility of 16S-23S ITS sequence and secondary structure for recognition of intrageneric and intergeneric limits within cyanobacterial taxa: Leptolyngbya corticola sp. nov. (Pseudanabaenaceae, Cyanobacteria)

An unusual species of Leptolyngbya was isolated from tree bark by Marie Takacova in 1983. Originally it was considered to be a Lyngbya species, but since revision of the Oscillatoriales (Anagnostidis & Komarek 1988), it has resided in the Culture Collection of the Czech Academy of Sciences under the tentative designation Leptolyngbya foveolarum TAKACOVA 1983/4. We have studied the morphology, ultrastructure and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data for this strain and have found it to be unique among all previously described species. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence data for many Leptolyngbya taxa indicates close affinity with L. boryana, L. tenerrima and L. angustata, which is consistent with the morphological similarity we have seen among the three taxa. The 16S-23S ITS regions of 19 strains in the polyphyletic taxon Leptolyngbya were sequenced and folded, and the structure and sequence of these ITS regions were highly congruent with phylogeny determined from 16S rRNA gene sequence data. This agreement provides a straightforward way of recognizing intrageneric and possibly intergeneric taxonomic diversity. This taxon has distinct 16S23S ITS sequences which, together with the morphological autapomorphies it possesses, are sufficient to clearly differentiate it from the three sister taxa sequenced thus far. For this strain, we propose the name L. corticola. *Corresponding author: johansen@jcu.edu
Sustainable Production of Bio-Based Chemicals by Extremophiles

To improve microbial fermentation as an efficient way to sustainably produce green chemicals from renewable resources, novel production organisms are being explored. Extremophiles, in general, and moderate thermophiles in particular, offer important advantages over well-known mesophilic biotechnology hosts, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These advantages include robust performance at temperatures that allow high substrate and product solubility, decreased contamination risk and growth conditions that match with the optimal conditions for enzymes used in saccharification processes, allowing efficient simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. In this review we will evaluate the use of extremophiles for the production of bio-based chemicals, with the main focus on the potential of these organisms for efficient production of bulk products such as platform chemicals. Examples include the application of thermophilic Bacillus and Clostridium species for organic acid production. Furthermore, we will discuss the development of genetic tools for biotechnologically-relevant extremophiles, as this is crucial for optimizing their specific production capacities, as well as for developing them as industrial platform organisms
A New Trichoglossum

Although in other genera of the family species are separated by characters such as the nature and shape of the paraphyses, the form and color of the ascomata, the size of the asci, and the color, shape, size, and septation of the spores, Durand, after examination of a wealth of material, concluded that in Tricho? glossum the only characters constant enough to be of use in separating species are the number of spores in the ascus and the spore length and septation. Of these characters he considers spore length to be of primary value in separation. On this basis he recognizes in his monograph five species. He separates them as f ollows :
Fructose metabolism and regulation of 1-phosphofructokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase in Brevibacterium flavum

A 6PFK-lacking mutant of B. flavum grew on fructose but its FBPase-lacking mutant did not. The product of the PTS reaction from fructose as a substrate was not F6P but F1P. These indicate that fructose is metabolized through FI P. 1PFK and 6PFK which form FI, 6P2, an intermediate common to both glucose and fructose metabolism, were highly specific for their respective substrates, F1P and F6P. Both the reactions followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Kms of 1PFK for FIP and ATP were 0.6 and 0.18 mm, and those of 6PFK for F6P and ATP were 2.4 and 0.15 mm, respectively. Reaction mechanisms of 1PFK and 6PFK were of Ordered Bi Bi and of Ping Pong, respectively. 1PFK was inhibited by F6P and the reaction products, FI, 6P2 and ADP, with Kis of 0.9, 2.1, and 1.5 mm, respectively. 6PFK was inhibited only by ADP with a Ki of 0.45 mm, but was neither inhibited by ATP, citrate, and PEP nor activated by AMP and F2, 6P2. The inhibition of 1PFK by F6P and F1, 6P2 was competitive to F1P and of mixed type to ATP and that by .
Energy Metabolism of Dormant Australian Water-Holding Frogs (Cyclorana platycephalus)

TAYLOR, C. R. , K. SCHMIDT-NIELSEN AND J. L. RAAB. 1970. Scaling of energetic cost of running to body size in mammals. Amer. J. Physiol. 219:1104-1107. ULTSCH, G. R. 1973. A theoretical and experimental investigation of the relationships between metabolic rate, body size and oxygen exchange capacity. Respir. Physiol. 18:143-160. 1974. Gas exchange and metabolism in the Sirenidae (Amphibia: Caudata)-I. Oxygen consumption of submerged sirenids as a function of body size and respiratory surface area. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 47A:485-498. 1976a. Respiratory surface area as a factor controlling the standard rate of 02 consumption of aquatic salamanders. Respir. Physiol. 26:357-369. 1976b. Eco-physiological studies of some metabolic and respiratory adaptations of sirenid salamanders, p. 287-312. In: Respiration of amphibious vertebrates. G. M. Highes (ed.). Academic Press, New York. WHITFORD, W. G. , AND V. H. HUTCHISON. 1965. Gas exchange in salamanders. Physiol. Zool. 38:228242.
Metacognitive ability predicts hippocampal and prefrontal microstructure

The ability to introspectively evaluate our experiences to form accurate metacognitive beliefs, or insight, is an essential component of decision-making. Previous research suggests individuals vary substantially in their level of insight, and that this variation predicts brain volume and function, particularly in the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC). However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects are unclear, as qualitative, macroscopic measures such as brain volume can be related to a variety of microstructural features. Here we used a newly developed, high-resolution (800µm isotropic) multi-parameter mapping technique in 48 healthy individuals to delineate quantitative markers of in vivo histological features underlying metacognitive ability. Specifically, we examined how neuroimaging markers of local grey matter myelination, macromolecular and iron content relate to insight. Extending previous volumetric findings, we found that metacognitive ability, as determined by a signal-detection theoretic model, was positively related to the myelo-architectural integrity of aPFC grey matter. Interestingly, perceptual metacognition predicted decreased macromolecule content coupled with increased iron in the hippocampus and precuneus, areas previously implicated in meta-memory rather than meta-perception. Further, the relationship of hippocampal-precuneus and prefrontal microstructure to an auditory memory measure was respectively mediated or suppressed by metacognitive ability, suggesting a dynamic trade-off between participant’s memory and metacognition. These results point towards a novel understanding of the relationship between memory, brain microstructure, and metacognition. Significance Statement By combining a signal-theoretic model of individual metacognitive ability with state of the art quantitative neuroimaging, our results shed new light on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying introspective insight. Myelination and iron are core determinants of both healthy brain maturation and neurodegeneration; particularly in the hippocampus where iron accumulation is linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Our results may thus indicate that metacognition depends upon the development and integrity of a memory-related brain network, potentially revealing novel biomarkers of neurodegeneration. These results highlight the power of quantitative mapping to reveal neurobiological correlates of behaviour.
Artificial Fungal Colony and Its Fruiting of Phlebopus portentosus (Boletaceae) in Pot

Nutrient solution was added into soil to improve the growth of hyphae and its host seedlings(Coffea arabica). Pure culture of Phlebopus portentosus was inoculated in the roots of the host seedling.Results showed that over 92.5% of seedlings were found with mycorrhiza.External hyphae develop to the top or side of the roots,and even in the soil around roots.Fungal colonies(shiros)were ultimately formed.It was found that young fruit bodies appeared around or among the host seedlings after inoculation of 20 days.52 of 162 young fruit bodies grew into mature in pots.
Can climate change enhance biology lessons? A quasi-experiment

ABSTRACT Climate change is a highly charged topic that some adults prefer to ignore. If the same holds true for secondary students, teachers could be challenged to teach about climate change. We structured one activity about the biological concepts of carbon cycle and carbon sequestration in two ways: with and without mention of climate change. Results suggested that students (n = 22) who learned about carbon in the context of climate change made significant improvements in their knowledge of the carbon cycle and sequestration over those (n = 24) who learned about carbon without mention of climate change. Interest in climate change may increase learning.
Antioxidant and physicochemical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts from two particle sizes.

The effect of average particle sizes (APS: 0.45 and 1.01 mm), solvent types (ST: distilled water, 2% citric acid solution, and 50% ethanol), and extraction times (ET: 40, 50, and 60 min) on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and half maximal effective concentration (EC50) in calyces of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) was analyzed. The extracts obtained with distilled water and 2% citric acid solution had an intense red color which purities (C) were 78.5 ± 2.3 and 79.8 ± 2.2, respectively. The alcoholic extracts showed a dark red color (C = 75.9 ± 1.8). The alcoholic (820.2 ± 73.7 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g dry calyces) and acid extracts (773.34 ± 53.0 mg TE/100 g dry calyces) showed higher antioxidant capacity than the aqueous extracts (673.24 ± 116.0 mg TE/100 g dry calyces). The EC50 value was better for the alcoholic extracts, followed by the 2% citric acid extracts and finally by the aqueous extracts (13.4 ± 1.0, 14.9 ± 1.0, and 17.2 ± 1.2 mg of extract, respectively). According to results, the best antioxidant properties were achieved using an APS of 0.45 mm, 50:50% ethanol:water ratio, and ETs of 30 or 45 min.
Marine Subsidies of Island Communities in the Gulf of California: Evidence from Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes

Coastal sites support larger (2 to >100x) populations of many consumers than inland sites on islands in the Gulf of California. Previous data suggested that subsidies of energy and nutrients from the ocean allowed large coastal populations. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes are frequently used to analyze diet composition of organisms; they are particularly useful to distinguish between diet sources with distinct isotopic signatures, such as marine and terrestrial diets. We analyzed the 13 C and 15 N concentrations of coastal versus inland spiders and scorpions to test the hypothesis that coastal individuals exhibited more strongly marine-based diets than inland individuals. Coastal spiders and scorpions were significantly more enriched in 13 C and 15 N than inland spiders and scorpions, suggesting that the coastal individuals consumed more marine-based foods than their inland counterparts. These patterns existed in both drought years and wet El Nino years. However, the marine influence was stronger in drought years when terrestrial productivity was nearly non-existent, than in wet years when terrestrial productivity increased by an order of magnitude.
Phytoplankton Abundance and Species Diversity in Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Punjab (India)

Species diversity, dominance and abundance of the phytoplankton community of the Ranjit Sager Wetland were studied during June, 2012 to May, 2014 on monthly basis. The main aim was to provide information about overall phytoplankton diversity of this wetland. Phytoplankton samples were collected using phytoplankton net and preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution on the spot, then brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Algae belonging to Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were recorded. The Bacillariophyceae was the most dominant group followed by the Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. A total of 26 genera were recorded, 12 were belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 11 to Chlorophyceae and 3 to Cyanophyceae. The different types of indices such as Margalef’s index, Simpson index, Shannon-Weaver index and species evenness index were employed to analysis the data. Phytoplankton converts light energy to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis so they act as primary producers and food for variety of aquatic organisms. Phytoplankton are also act as efficient bio-indicators to measure quality of water.
Cherry chlorotic rusty spot : Description of a new viruslike disease from cherry and studies on its etiologic agent

A novel cherry disease that has been observed in southern Italy is characterized by chlorotic leaf spots that later develop a rusty appearance, small and deformed fruits with color alterations, and tree decline. We propose to call it cherry chlorotic rusty spot disease. The disease spreads naturally in the field, but the vector is not known. A bacterial or fungal etiology is unlikely based on testing that indicates the probable involvement of a virus- or viroidlike agent. In agreement with this hypothesis, 12 double-stranded (ds) RNAs and one or two small, circular RNAs have been consistently isolated only from symptomatic cherry plants. The pattern of dsRNAs is reminiscent in its complexity, but not in the size of the components, of that characteristic of phytoreoviruses. This pattern could also be produced by the genomic and subgenomic dsRNAs resulting from the infection of one, or a mixture of more than one, single-stranded RNA virus. The close association in symptomatic tissue between the small, circular RNAs and the dsRNAs suggests that the former could be viroidlike satellite RNAs rather than autonomously replicating viroids, although definitive conclusions must await infectivity bioassays.
Relations between leaf and stem water potentials and stomatal conductance in three field-grown woody species

SummarySimultaneous measurements of stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf (ψleaf) and stem (ψstem) water potentials were conducted from 0900 hours to early afternoon on field-grown trees of apple, grapevine and nectarine which received different irrigation rates. The correlations of gs with ψstem (r2 = 0.85, 0.85, 0.79) was significantly higher than those with ψleaf (r2 = 0.51, 0.61, 0.37) for apple, grapevine and nectarine, respectively. The high correlation between gs and ψstem has been explained through a qualitative analysis of a water transport model which takes into account the control of gs by root signals (Tardieu and Davies, 1993). The model suggests that gs, ψleaf, root water potential, root-signal intensity, and transpiration rate are linked in a feedback mechanism which leads to the high correlation of gs and ψstem and causes it to be better than that with ψleaf.