Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Satellite-based Permafrost Mapping and Climate Trend Analysis in Northern North America

A Senior Thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor’s Degree. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor’s Degree from the Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, I agree that the department may make copies or post it on the departmental website so that others may better understand the undergraduate research of the department. I further agree that extensive copying of this thesis is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood, however, that any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes or financial gain is not allowed without my written consent. Abstract The role of permafrost in the carbon cycle remains a major unknown in the study of climate change. Permafrost stores carbon as frozen organic matter within soil, but as rising global temperatures cause it to thaw, the stored carbon is able to decay and escape into the atmosphere. These thaw-based emissions may contribute to further warming and thus further thawing, in a positive feedback loop. In order to understand how severely this may impact future warming scenarios, scientists need to know where permafrost is, how much of it is melting, and how fast. This study contributes to this effort by focusing on large-scale mapping of permafrost in North America over the past 20 years. However, measuring permafrost with traditional methods (e.g. bore-holing) is difficult and expensive, meaning most permafrost datasets suffer from coarse spatial and/or temporal resolution. In this study we design a new approach to work around these measurement limitations by utilizing satellite imagery to provide nearly continuous data. We use a classification algorithm, trained using a 1997 base-map of known permafrost extent, to correlate the presence and extent of permafrost with three key MODIS-derived climatic variables —land surface temperature (LST), vegetation (NDVI), and snow (NDSI)— and two temporally constant variables— elevation (GTOPO30), and latitude. The algorithm succeeded in reproducing the base-map with an overall accuracy of 85% and kappa value of 0.75. With a three-year moving buffer, we apply this model to the last 20 years of MODIS data to produce yearly maps of permafrost extent over North America. We then analyze the spatial and temporal trends of the raw data, as well as permafrost, by using unsupervised clustering to identify regions with similar behavior over the 20-year period. We find that zones with similar climates do not necessarily have similar trends, highlighting the highly localized nature of permafrost’s response to changing climates. Notably, we also observe a consistent decline in inferred regions of “continuous” permafrost, partially mirrored by an increase in “discontinuous” permafrost over the same time period, and we identify other “flashpoints” of permafrost freezing and thawing.
IJOPM-12-2021-0745_proof 1272..1293

Purpose – This study investigates the extent to which structural equivalence between acquiring and target firms is associatedwith post-merger and acquisition (M&A) performance—a relationship that is proposed to be moderated by industry-level vertical relatedness between acquiring and target firms. Design/methodology/approach – Applying social network analysis and regression, this study analyzes a buyer–supplier relationship network dataset of 279 M&A deals completed between 2010 and 2017 to test the hypotheses. Structural equivalence is measured as the proportion of common customers and suppliers between an acquiring firm and a target firm. Findings – Supporting a view about the importance of supply chains in explaining M&As outcomes, the results suggest that the structural equivalence in the supplier network is positively associated with post-M&A firm performance. The results also show that the effect of the structural equivalence in the customer network is moderated by vertical relatedness between two merging firms (i.e. structural equivalence contributes to postM&A performance when vertical industry relatedness is high). Originality/value – This study contributes to the M&A and supply network literature by investigating the performance implications of structural equivalence in supplier and customer networks, demonstrating the importance of taking a supply chain view when explaining M&As outcomes. Specifically, the authors suggest considering structural equivalence as a new type of relatedness between merging firms (i.e. relatedness in network resources in explaining post-M&Aperformance). It also indicates how industry-level vertical resource relatedness, which is about relatedness in internal resources between the two firms, could interact with firmlevel network resource relatedness, which is about relatedness in external supply chain resources between the two firms, in affecting post-M&A performance.
-136-MODERN MUSLIMAH IN MEDIA: A STUDY OF RECEPTION ANALYSIS IN “ SALIHA ” PROGRAM ON NET TV A STUDY OF

The study of the relationship between the media and the audience has long becomes a main concern among the media industry and academics. Not only that the media content provides the individual stimuli in indulging the program served, but also acts as a trigger to an interesting discourse when associated with cultural contexts. The audiences are able to construct the meaning according to the text and context. This study discusses about audience reception regarding the meaning for modern Muslim women's identity, in "Saliha" a program aired on Indonesia national television, NET TV. This research uses the qualitative research approach and uses Stuart Hall's Encoding-Decoding as a concept. Reception analysis provides a tool to look into the audience themselves and how they create the meaning based on their experience regarding the message created by the media. The data was obtained via in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion. Findings indicate shifting views of Muslim women portrayed in television; these findings add to the continuous mediatization of modern Muslims, especially women.
Ascorbylation of a Reactive Cysteine in the Major Apple Allergen Mal d 1

The protein Mal d 1 is responsible for most allergic reactions to apples (Malus domestica) in the northern hemisphere. Mal d 1 contains a cysteine residue on its surface, with its reactive side chain thiol exposed to the surrounding food matrix. We show that, in vitro, this cysteine residue is prone to spontaneous chemical modification by ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, we characterize the chemical structure of the cysteine adduct and provide a three-dimensional structural model of the modified apple allergen. The S-ascorbylated cysteine partially masks a major IgE antibody binding site on the surface of Mal d 1, which attenuates IgE binding in sera of apple-allergic patients. Our results illustrate, from a structural perspective, the role that chemical modifications of allergens with components of the natural food matrix can play.
Special Issue: Navigating unexpected terrain in postgraduate research: Reflections from the field Afterword: On the unexpected challenges of doctoral studies in Aotearoa New Zealand: An indigenous Māori perspective

Under the following terms Attribution—You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use Non-Commercial—You may not use the material for commercial purposes ShareAlike—If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original No additional restrictions – You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
MAPPING THE NEXUS BETWEEN MEDIA REPORTING OF VIOLENCE AGAINST GIRLS

=3384499. Buiten, D. , and Salo, E. 2007. “Silences Stifling Transformation: Misogyny and Gender-Based Violence in the Media. ” Agenda 21 (71), pp. 115–121. Butler, J. 1993. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. New York: Routledge. Cabrera Ullivarri, J. M. 2011. “La política sexual de la dominación masculina: femicidios, medios de comunicación y violencia de género. ” Thesis. University of Chile. https://repositorio.uchile. cl/
Use case on Robust Visual Tracking via Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Societal communities

Object tracking has becoming a huge part in many real-time applications like video surveillance, human-computer interaction, and various automation process. Tracking of an object in real-time process is very complicated because the object is in motion. Algorithm used for image processing are inefficient for this process because they are taking a considerable time for processing a real–time video. Hence this paper proposes a technique to the social communities for object tracking using convolutional neuro-fuzzy network (CNFN) inorder to reduce the delay. Features of high level emotions can be extracted from the video by using CNFN. CNFN is a combination of Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and fuzzy logic domain. This method uses some techniques like automatic contrast stretching, image arithmetic operation, global threshold, and minimum filter. The system must have information about the video condition because it is a single image based object tracking. Since we are using CNFN there will be high level of accuracy in object position with reduced delay.
Experiences across the spectrum of sexual violence are associated with decreased mental health for female university students in Eswatini

The primary function of gender based violence is to maintain gendered power hierarchies. As manifestations of gender-based violence, sexual assault and street harassment have been shown to have significant effects on mental wellbeing in the global North, however there is little research centering the experiences and consequences of gendered harassment in the Africa region. We analyzed a cross-sectional random sample of women attending a major university in Eswatini in 2017 to measure the prevalence of street harassment among female university students and assess the relationship between experiences of sexual assault, sexualized street harassment, and mental health outcomes in this population. We found that in the previous 12 months, women reported experiencing high levels of sexual assault (20%), street harassment (90%), and depression/anxiety (38%). Lifetime sexual assault, past 12 months sexual assault, and street harassment were all significantly associated with symptoms of depression. We then created a structural model to assess social support as a potential mediator in the relationship between gendered violence and depression and found that a history of sexual violence and perceived social support both significantly impacted the association between gendered street harassment and depression.
A Brief Review on Emerging Indoor Chemical Pollutants

Recently, there has been increased concern about emerging pollutants (EPs). Many EPs can be found in consumer products and are regarded as primary indoor contaminants. This review paper focuses on the overview of some emerging indoor chemical pollutants, their negative health effects, appropriate sampling methods, drawbacks associated with them, and the analytical techniques used. Some of the challenges identified during this review included the ease of access to affordable sampling equipment and analytical instruments. More sensitive and cost-effective sampling and analytical equipment should be made available to allow for continuous monitoring of these emerging pollutants, especially in low and middle-income countries.
Optical Time-series Photometry of the Symbiotic Nova V1835 Aquilae

We present time-series CCD photometry in the BVRI passbands of the recently identified symbiotic nova V1835 Aquilae (NSV 11749) over an interval of 5.1 yr with 7–14 day cadence, observed during its quiescence. We find slow light variations with a range of ∼0.9 mag in V and ∼0.3 mag in I. Analysis of these data show strong periodicity at 419 ± 10 days, which we interpret to be the system’s orbital period. A dip in the otherwise-sinusoidal phased light curve suggests a weak ellipsoidal effect due to tidal distortion of the giant star, which in turn opens the possibility that V1835 Aql transfers some of its mass to the hot component via Roche lobe overflow rather than via a stellar wind. We also find evidence that V1835 Aql is an S-type symbiotic star, relatively free of circumstellar dust, and include it among the nuclear burning group of symbiotics. Finally, we provide photometry, periods, and light curve classifications for 22 variable stars in the field around V1835 Aql, about half of which are newly identified.
Cosmic ray propagation in the galaxy and diffuse gamma-ray emission

We model the propagation of galactic cosmic‐ray nuclei with energy above 1 GeV using DRAGON, a new numerical code. We test our code by considering the case of a uniform diffusion coefficient D along the Galactic Plane. Then, for the first time, we also study the case in which D traces the radial distribution of Galactic Supernova Remnants. In both cases we consistently match the observed B/C, as well as other primary/primary nuclide ratios, and the antiproton/proton spectrum. Moreover, we compute the hadronic contribution to the diffuse γ‐ray emission of the Galaxy along the galactic plane, and we point out that the radial dependence of the diffusion coefficient may offer an alternative solution to the well‐known gradient problem.
Majorization for Changes in Angles Between Subspaces, Ritz Values, and Graph Laplacian Spectra

Many inequality relations between real vector quantities can be succinctly expressed as “weak (sub)majorization” relations using the symbol ${\prec}_{w}$. We explain these ideas and apply them in several areas, angles between subspaces, Ritz values, and graph Laplacian spectra, which we show are all surprisingly related. Let $\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Y})$ be the vector of principal angles in nondecreasing order between subspaces ${\mathcal X}$ and ${\mathcal Y}$ of a finite dimensional space ${\mathcal H}$ with a scalar product. We consider the change in principal angles between subspaces ${\mathcal X}$ and ${\mathcal Z}$, where we let ${\mathcal X}$ be perturbed to give ${\mathcal Y}$. We measure the change using weak majorization. We prove that $|\cos^2\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Z})-\cos^2\Theta({\mathcal Y},{\mathcal Z})| {\prec}_{w} \sin\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Y})$, and give similar results for differences of cosines, i.e., $|\cos\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Z})-\cos\Theta({\mathcal Y},{\mathcal Z})| {\prec}_{w} \sin\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Y})$, and of sines and sines squared, assuming $\dim {\mathcal X} = \dim {\mathcal Y}$. We observe that $\cos^2\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Z})$ can be interpreted as a vector of Ritz values, where the Rayleigh-Ritz method is applied to the orthogonal projector on ${\mathcal Z}$ using ${\mathcal X}$ as a trial subspace. Thus, our result for the squares of cosines can be viewed as a bound on the change in the Ritz values of an orthogonal projector. We then extend it to prove a general result for Ritz values for an arbitrary Hermitian operator $A$, not necessarily a projector: let $\Lambda(P_{{\mathcal X}}A|_{{\mathcal X}})$ be the vector of Ritz values in nonincreasing order for $A$ on a trial subspace ${\mathcal X}$, which is perturbed to give another trial subspace ${\mathcal Y}$; then $| \Lambda(P_{{\mathcal X}}A|_{{\mathcal X}})- \Lambda(P_{{\mathcal Y}}A|_{{\mathcal Y}})|\prec_w (\lmax-\lmin)~\sin\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Y})$, where the constant is the difference between the largest and the smallest eigenvalues of $A$. This establishes our conjecture that the root two factor in our earlier estimate may be eliminated. Our present proof is based on a classical but rarely used technique of extending a Hermitian operator in ${\mathcal H}$ to an orthogonal projector in the “double” space ${\mathcal H}^2$. An application of our Ritz values weak majorization result for Laplacian graph spectra comparison is suggested, based on the possibility of interpreting eigenvalues of the edge Laplacian of a given graph as Ritz values of the edge Laplacian of the complete graph. We prove that $|\cos^2\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Z})-\cos^2\Theta({\mathcal Y},{\mathcal Z})| {\prec}_{w} \sin\Theta({\mathcal X},{\mathcal Y})$ where $\lambda^1_k$ and $\lambda^2_k$ are all ordered elements of the Laplacian spectra of two graphs with the same $n$ vertices and with $l$ equal to the number of differing edges.
Continuous optimization : current trends and modern applications

Preface. - PART I. SURVEYS. - Linear Semi-infinite Optimization: Recent Advances (M.A. Goberna). - Some Theoretical Aspects of Newton's Method for Constrained Best Interpolation (H.-D. Qi). - Optimization Methods in Direct and Inverse Scattering (A.G. Ramm, S. Gutman). - On Complexity of Stochastic Programming Problems (A. Shapiro, A. Nemirovski). - Nonlinear Optimization in Modeling Environments: Software Implementations for Compilers, Spreadsheets, Modeling Languages, and Integrated Computing Systems (J.D. Pinter). - Supervised Data Classification via Max-min Separability (A.M. Bagirov, J. Ugon). - A Review of Applications of the Cutting Angle Methods (G. Beliakov). - PART II. THEORY AND NUMERICAL METHODS. - A Numerical Method for Concave Programming Problems (A. Chinchuluun, E. Rentsen, P.M. Pardalos). - Convexification and Monotone Optimization (X. Sun, J. Li, D. Li). - Generalized Lagrange Multipliers for Nonconvex Directionally Differentiable Programs (N. Dinh, G.M. Lee, L.A. Tuan). - Slice Convergence of Sums of Conves Functions in Banach Spaces and Saddle Point Convergence (R. Wenczel, A. Eberhard). - Topical Functions and Their Properties in a Class of Ordered Banach Spaces (H. Mohebi). - PART III. APPLICATIONS. - Dynamical Systems Described by Relational Elasticities with Applications (M. Mammadov, A. Rubinov, J. Yearwood). - Impulsive Control of a Sequence of Rumour Processes (C. Pearce, Y. Kaya, S. Belen). - Minimization of the Sum of Minima of Conves Functions and Its Application to Clustering (A. Rubinov, N. Soukhorokova, J. Ugon). - Analysis of a Practical Control Policy for Water Storage in Two Connected Dams (P. Howlett, J. Piantadosi, C. Pearce).
60 20 18 v 1 8 F eb 1 99 6 Demazure modules and vertex models : the ŝl ( 2 ) case

We characterize, in the case of ŝl(2), the crystal base of the Demazure module Ew(Λ) in terms of extended Young diagrams or paths for any dominant integral weight Λ and Weyl group element w. Its character is evaluated via two expressions, ’bosonic’ and ’fermionic’.
Classification of Hidden Markov Models: Obtaining Bounds on the Probability of Error and Dealing with Possibly Corrupted Observations

In this chapter we consider classification of systems that can be modeled as hidden Markov models (HMMs). Given two1 known HMMs, we discuss how to build an optimal classifier to determine, with minimal probability of error, which competing model has most likely produced a given sequence of observations. The main issue when dealing with HMMs is that the state cannot be directly observed but, instead, only the (possibly non-unique) output associated with the state and/or the transition of the model can be observed. Apart from describing how to optimally perform the classification task (in a way that minimizes the probability of error), we analyze the classification scheme by characterizing the effectiveness of the classifier in terms of a bound on the associated probability of error. We also analyze a more challenging scenario where the observations are possibly erroneous. The likelihood that a given observed sequence has been generated from a particular HMM can be calculated as the sum of the probabilities of all possible state sequences that are consistent with the sequence of observations. This can be done using an iterative algorithm similar to the forward algorithm (Rabiner, 1989), which solves the evaluation problem in HMMs and is used frequently in speech recognition applications (Jelinek, 1998), (Rabiner, 1989), (Poritz, 1988). More specifically, given a model and an observed sequence, the evaluation problem consists of computing the probability that the observed sequence was produced by the model. When there are many competing models, these probabilities can be used to choose the model which best matches the observations, in a way that minimizes the probability of error. The forward algorithm is also used in pattern recognition applications (Fu, 1982), (Vidal et al., 2005) to solve the syntax analysis or parsing problem, i.e., to recognize a pattern by classifying it to the appropriate generating grammar, and in bioinformatics (Durbin et al., 1998), (Koski, 2001) to evaluate whether a DNA sequence or a protein sequence belongs to a particular family of sequences. This chapter begins with an overview of optimal classification schemes for HMMs where the goal is to minimize the probability of error of the classifier. Given a particular sequence of
Thermal Coulomb drag in a bi-layer semiconductor system

In this work, we investigate the existence of a thermoelectric effect that consists of the appearance of an electric field in one layer when a temperature gradient is applied in the other layer of a double quantum well system. This represents a generalization of the Seebeck effect to the case of two spatially separated electron systems allowed to interact only through the Coulomb repulsion. The induced electric field results from the momentum transfer between the electrons driven out of equilibrium by the temperature gradient and the electrons at rest in the passive layer, a mechanism known in the literature as the Coulomb drag. The rate of momentum transfer is calculated from the Fermi’s golden rule applied to a screened Coulomb interaction. The electric field is found to be parallel to and proportional with the temperature gradient. The magnitude of the proportionality constant, an effective Seebeck coefficient, is estimated from the solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation in the two layers. Our result indicates a linear temperature variation, characteristic to degenerate Fermi systems, while the dependence on the distance between the layers introduces the geometric characteristics of the problem.
The Mirage of w=-1

We demonstrate that cosmic microwave background observations consistent with a cosmological constant universe predict in a well-defined sense that lower redshift measures will nearly automatically deliver w=-1 for the dark energy equation of state value unless they are sensitive to w(z). Thus low redshift data pointing to w=-1 does not truly argue for a cosmological constant. Even the simplest question of whether the equation of state of dark energy is equal to the cosmological constant therefore requires experiments able to sensitively constrain time variation w(z) and not merely a constant w. We also note a number of issues regarding parametrization of w(z), demonstrating that the standard form w(z)=w_0+w_a z/(1+z) is robust but use of high order polynomials and cutting off the high redshift behavior can be pathological.
A Cyclic Cosmological Model in the Landscape Scenario

In [1], KKLT give a mechanism to generate de Sitter vacua in string theory. And the scenario, \emph{Landscape}, is suggested to explain the problem of the cosmological constant. In this paper, adopting a simple potential describing the \emph{landscape}, we investigate the decay of the vacuum and the evolution of the universe after the decay. We find that the big crunch of the universe is inevitable. But, according to the modified Friedmann equation in [11], the singularity of the big crunch is avoided. Furthermore, we find that this gives a cyclic cosmological model.