Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causal scope and causal strength: The number of potential effects of a cause influences causal strength estimates

Causal scope, the number of different effects a cause can produce, is a salient feature of causes. In the present research, we address the question whether reasoners use causal scope as a diagnostic cue to infer the strengths of individual causal links. In three experiments, we manipulated the number of effects of a cause, and asked subjects to assess the causal strengths of single causal links. The results document a clear influence of causal scope on perceived link strength. In particular, subjects tended to display a “dilution” effect. They perceived a causal link to be weaker if that link belonged to a cause that is capable of producing additional effects. This dilution effect can be explained by a dispositional notion of causality according to which a cause possesses a certain amount of causal power or capacity that it distributes across its different causal pathways.
Deteksi Spam pada Twitter Menggunakan Algoritme Naïve Bayes

Di era berkembangnya penggunaan Internet, Twitter merupakan salah satu layanan jejaring sosial yang sering digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi yang saling menghubungkan antar pengguna. Selain itu Twitter juga dimanfaatkan sebagai media untuk promosi, kampanye politik, dan sarana protes. Twitter dihadapkan pada berbagai masalah seperti gangguan privasi pengguna dan spam pada Twitter. Dengan adanya masalah spam, perlu dilakukan klasifikasi untuk tweet spam dan bukan spam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi tweet spam dan bukan spam. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan klasifikasi, terdapat berbagai macam metode klasifikasi, salah satu metode dalam data mining untuk mengklasifikasikan spam dan bukan spam adalah Naïve Bayes. Naïve Bayes banyak digunakan karena kesederhanaan algoritme dan mudah untuk diimplementasikan. Penelitian ini mengumpulkan data spam dari Twitter dengan mengidentifikasi terlebih dahulu akun yang diduga sebagai spammer. Penelitian ini menggunakan 70% data latih dan 30% data uji dengan metode klasifikasi Naïve Bayes. Data Twitter yang diperoleh merupakan data teks yang masih banyak mengandung kata-kata yang tidak baku, sehingga dibutuhkan tahap praproses, tahap yang dilakukan adalah tokenizing, filtering, normalisasi kata, stemming. Akurasi hasil klasifikasi tweet spam dan bukan spam adalah 95.57%. Kata Kunci: klasifikasi spam, Naïve Bayes, text mining, Twitter.
Updates of Empirical Estimates of Marxian Categories: The Philipines 1961–2012

The economies of developing countries have a dualist structure in which feudal and capitalist modes coexist and interact. For the Philippines, this dualism is evident. This paper analyzes the Philippinesâ€™s economic structure through a theoretical framework that draws on a Marxian theory interpreted by Wolff (1977, 1979): the model of social disarticulation and the creation of relative surplus value. Adding on to estimates for 1961â€“2000 for further analysis, this paper updates the estimated Marxian categories for the Philippines using the Input-Output tables from 1961 to 2012 and the formal model used by Venida (2007, 2011). Results of the estimates show labor productivity improvements from 2000 to 2012, which point to the possibility that the Philippine economy could have begun to transition to further capitalist expansion.
Genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1161, a PAO1 derivative with the ICEFP2 integrative and conjugative element

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infections, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis and burn wounds. An attenuated PAO1 strain and its derivatives are widely used to study the biology of this bacterium, however recent studies indicated an ongoing evolution of the laboratory strains, highlighted by changes in the genomes of PAO1 sublines and derivatives used in different laboratories worldwide. Here we have sequenced the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1161 strain, a leu-, RifR, restriction-modification defective PAO1 derivative. This strain is described as the host of IncP-8 plasmid FP2, conferring the resistance to mercury and used in the past for preparation of genetic map of the P. aeruginosa chromosome. Comparison of PAO1161 genome sequence with PAO1-UW reference genome revealed an inversion of the large genome segment between rrnA and rrnB rRNA operons and more than 100 nucleotide polymorphisms and short insertions-deletions, many of which were also found within the recently re-sequenced PAO1 sublines. The PAO1161 specific sequence variants include E108K mutation in PA3792 (leuA), which we showed is responsible for leucine auxotrophy, H531L in PA4270 (rpoB), likely conferring rifampicin resistance, as well as nonsense mutations in PA2735 encoding a DNA methyltransferase as well as a putative OLD family endonuclease PA1939. Additionally, PAO1161 genome poses a 12 kb RPG42 prophage and a 108 kbp insertion within tRNA-Lys, encompassing a putative mercury resistance and showing similarity to PAPI-1 like integrative conjugative elements (ICE). Our data indicate that the ICE can excise from the bacterial chromosome and can be transferred to Pseudomonas putida cells where it integrates in the genome at three specific sites and confers the cells with mercury resistance. Overall this data provide insight into the genome variation between P. aeruginosa laboratory strains. Moreover, this data indicate that the FP2 element for years described as a IncP-8 plasmid is an integrative conjugative element.
Mechanical properties investigations of the plasma sprayed coatings based on alumina powder

In this paper Al2O3 + 13 wt% TiO2 ceramic coatings manufactured by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) have been investigated. The commercial feedstock materials, Metco 6221 (top coat) and Amdry 4535 (bond coat) have been deposited on stainless steel coupons. The main goal of researches was to determine the influence of critical plasma spray parameters (CPSP) on structure and properties of the coatings. In present studies, the electrical power was a variable parameter. Coatings have been characterized by in the terms of microstructure, topography, bond strength adhesion, fracture toughness and wear resistance. As a result, it was observed, that coatings sprayed with higher value of the electrical power exhibit higher mechanical properties due to better cohesion as well as higher melting degree.
Multi-Robot Path Planning for Persistent Monitoring in Stochastic and Adversarial Environments

In this thesis, we study multi-robot path planning problems for persistent monitoring tasks. The goal of such persistent monitoring tasks is to deploy a team of cooperating mobile robots in an environment to continually observe locations of interest in the environment. Robots patrol the environment in order to detect events arriving at the locations of the environment. The events stay at those locations for a certain amount of time before leaving and can only be detected if one of the robots visits the location of an event while the event is there. In order to detect all possible events arriving at a vertex, the maximum time spent by the robots between visits to that vertex should be less than the duration of the events arriving at that vertex. We consider the problem of finding the minimum number of robots to satisfy these revisit time constraints, also called latency constraints. The decision version of this problem is PSPACE-complete. We provide an O(log ρ) approximation algorithm for this problem where ρ is the ratio of the maximum and minimum latency constraints. We also present heuristic algorithms to solve the problem and show through simulations that a proposed orienteering-based heuristic algorithm gives better solutions than the approximation algorithm. We additionally provide an algorithm for the problem of minimizing the maximum weighted latency given a fixed number of robots. In case the event stay durations are not fixed but are drawn from a known distribution, we consider the problem of maximizing the expected number of detected events. We motivate randomized patrolling paths for such scenarios and use Markov chains to represent those random patrolling paths. We characterize the expected number of detected events as a function of the Markov chains used for patrolling and show that the objective function is submodular for randomly arriving events. We propose an approximation algorithm for the case where the event durations for all the vertices is a constant. We also propose a centralized and an online distributed algorithm to find the random patrolling policies for the robots. We also consider the case where the events are adversarial and can choose where and when to appear in order to maximize their chances of remaining undetected. The last problem we study in this thesis considers events triggered by a learning adversary. The adversary has a limited time to observe the patrolling policy before it decides when and where events should appear. We study the single robot version of this problem and model this problem as a multi-stage two player game. The adversary observes the patroller’s actions for a finite amount of time to learn the patroller’s strategy and then either chooses a location for the event to appear or reneges based on its confidence in the learned strategy. We characterize the expected payoffs for the players and propose a search
Effect of methanol extract of Parkia biglobosa root bark on organ and carcass weight and histopathological changes in Eimeria tenella infected broiler chickens

The study evaluated the effect of methanol extract of Parkia biglobosa root in Eimeria tenella infected broilers. One hundred and fifty broilers grouped into six treatment groups were used for the study as follows: uninfected treated with Sulfaquinoxaline (A), uninfected treated with extract (B), uninfected untreated; (control) (C), infected untreated (D), infected treated with Sulfaquinoxaline (E), infected treated with extract (F). Each broiler was infected at 28 days of age with 20,000 infective E. tenella oocysts and treated at day 7 post infection at a dose rate of 250 mg/ml in drinking water for 7 days. Carcass and organ weights were recorded at 35 days of age. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between the treated and untreated groups. In groups E and F, the gross findings showed a thickened and hemorrhagic caecae in 3 and 4 broilers each while in group D, 2 broilers had their caecae ballooned and filled with blood and tissue debris. Gross lesions were not observed in groups A, B and C. In group F histopathology showed that the lymphoid tissues of the Bursa of fabricius were highly reduced and the liver in groups D, E and F showed slight lymphocytic infiltration. No mortality was recorded. This study proved that the root bark of P. biglobosa has no harmful effects on organs of treated broilers, because P. biglobosa extract appeared to have improved carcass weight and significantly reduced clinical signs of coccidiosis such as blood stained droppings consistent with E. tenella infection in broilers. Keywords: Broilers, Carcass, Coccidiosis, Eimeria tenella, Organs, Parkia biglobosa, Weight
The IL-12– and IL-23–Dependent NK Cell Response Is Essential for Protective Immunity against Secondary Toxoplasma gondii Infection

Key Points NK cells are required for immune control of secondary T. gondii infection. NK cells do not develop intrinsic memory-like features during T. gondii infection. Secondary NK cell responses depend upon IL-12 and IL-23. NK cells can develop cell-intrinsic memory-like characteristics. Whether they develop these characteristics during Toxoplasma gondii infection is unknown. We addressed this question and dissected the mechanisms involved in secondary NK cell responses using a vaccine-challenge mouse model of T. gondii infection. NK cells were required for control of and survival after secondary T. gondii infection. NK cells increased in number at the reinfection site and produced IFN-γ. To test if these T. gondii experienced NK cells were intrinsically different from naive NK cells, we performed NK cell adoptive transfer into RAG2/cγ-chain−/− mice, NK cell fate mapping, and RAG1−/− mice vaccine-challenge experiments. Although NK cells contributed to immunity after reinfection, they did not develop cell-intrinsic memory-like characteristics after T. gondii vaccination. The mechanisms required for generating these secondary NK cell responses were investigated. Secondary NK cell responses were CD4+ or CD8+ T cell independent. Although IL-12 alone is required for NK cell IFN-γ production during primary T. gondii infection, in the absence of IL-12 using IL-12p35−/− mice or anti–IL-12p70, secondary NK cell responses were only partially reduced after reinfection. IL-23 depletion with anti–IL-23p19 in vivo also significantly reduced the secondary NK cell response. IL-12 and IL-23 blockade with anti–IL-12p40 treatment completely eliminated secondary NK cell responses. Importantly, blockade of IL-12, IL-23, or both significantly reduced control of parasite reinfection and increased parasite burden. Our results define a previously unknown protective role for NK cells during secondary T. gondii infection that is dependent on IL-12 and IL-23.
RETROSPECTIVE ESTIMATION FOR QUALITATIVE DETECTION OF COVID -19 (CORONA VIRUS) IN BLOOD SAMPLES THROUGH DOT ELISA

In this present pandemic situation across the world wide, India is not deprived of it, like other nation we are also facing the mobilized problem to find out the vaccination for the corona virus. But before its remedy to be found out, one more challenge is there to estimate the patients with corona positive. For a nation with dense population like India our first approach shall be towards the maximum testing of people for concerned virus. In this context the present article is emphasized on, includes previous literature some retrospective estimation of virus detection (plant, animals) techniques with the help of immunological parameters has been observed. Even though so many immuno-techniques are popularly using now days for rapid detection of number of serological tests, but Dot ELISA can be the cheapest, fast and cost effective tool for the qualitative detection of corona virus. This tool will reduce time, labor energy and expenditure up to maximum limit, thereby can make even the lower class people of India able to avail the testing facility for this
Increased rates of genomic mutation in a biofilm co-culture model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

Biofilms are major contributors to disease chronicity and are typically multi-species in nature. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in a variety of chronic diseases but current in vitro dual-species biofilms models involving these pathogens are limited by short co-culture times (24 to 48 hours). Here, we describe the establishment of a stable (240 hour) co-culture biofilm model of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus that is reproducible and more representative of chronic disease. The ability of two P. aeruginosa strains, (PAO1 and a cystic fibrosis isolate, PA21), to form co-culture biofilms with S. aureus was investigated. Co-culture was stable for longer periods using P. aeruginosa PA21 and S. aureus viability within the model improved in the presence of exogenous hemin. Biofilm co-culture was associated with increased tolerance of P. aeruginosa to tobramycin and increased susceptibility of S. aureus to tobramycin and a novel antimicrobial, HT61, previously shown to be more effective against non-dividing cultures of Staphylococcal spp. Biofilm growth was also associated with increased short-term mutation rates; 10-fold for P. aeruginosa and 500-fold for S. aureus. By describing a reproducible 240 hour co-culture biofilm model of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, we have shown that interspecies interactions between these organisms may influence short-term mutation rates and evolution, which could be of importance in understanding the adaptive processes that lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Phytochemical composition, and cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of Semenovia suffruticosa

Objective: In this study, our aim was to extract, and identify and quantify the chemical composition of essential oils of Semenovia suffruticosa grown in Kerman, Iran. Moreover, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of aerial parts of S. suffruticosa were reported. Materials and Methods: GC and GC/MS analysis were used for identifying and quantifying the essential oil components. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity were tested by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and agar disc diffusion methods, respectively and MTT assay was used to determine the anti-proliferative potential of the oil against breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), embryonal carcinoma (NCCIT) cancer cell relative to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) as a normal cell. Apoptosis induction was monitored by ﬂow cytometry using PE annexin V apoptosis detection kit and cell cycle arrest was by with propidium iodide. Results: Z-β-ocimene (25.1%), linalool (17.8%) and β-bisabolol (13.3%) were recognized as major components of the essential oil. Our study demonstrated apoptosis-inducing potential of essential oil on normal and cancer cells. However, methanol extract exerted cytotoxicity against a number of cancer cells and arrested cancer cells in G2/M phase; nevertheless, it did not exert strong cytotoxicity against normal cells. Furthermore, DPPH and disc diffusion results showed that while essential oil has considerable antiradical activity, methanol extract did not exert promising antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Methanol extract of S. suffruticosa shows tumor-cell-specific cytotoxic properties and the essential oil demonstrated a strong antioxidant activity.
Heuristics for Winner Prediction in International Cricket Matches

Cricket is popularly known as the game of gentlemen. The game of cricket has been introduced to the World by England. Since the introduction till date, it has become the second most ever popular game. In this context, few a data mining and analytical techniques have been proposed for the same. In this work, two different scenario have been considered for the prediction of winning team based on several parameters. These scenario are taken for two different standard formats for the game namely, one day international (ODI) cricket and twenty-twenty cricket (T-20). The prediction approaches differ from each other based on the types of parameters considered and the corresponding functional strategies. The strategies proposed here adopts two different approaches. One approach is for the winner prediction for one-day matches and the other is for predicting the winner for a T-20 match. The approaches have been proposed separately for both the versions of the game pertaining to the intra-variability in the strategies adopted by a team and individuals for each. The proposed strategies for each of the two scenarios have been individually evaluated against existing benchmark works, and for each of the cases the duo of approaches have outperformed the rest in terms of the prediction accuracy. The novel heuristics proposed herewith reflects efficiency and accuracy with respect to prediction of cricket data.
EXPLAINING THE WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY OF BIOCHAR BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IMAGES

ABSTRACT Biochar is a solid material formed during biomass thermochemical decomposition processes. This organic compound has particular properties that may cause effects on soils depending on its feedstock and processing conditions. Thus, the characteristics and purpose of use of this material must be recognized prior to its use. Two types of biochar, derived from different wood sources, were compared, one from caatinga biome species and another from cashew trees. Two species from caatinga biome were used, jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora Willd. Poir.), and marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg.). This study aimed to identify the best biochar material regionally available to increase water-holding capacity in the soil, based on laboratory tests and microstructural porosity evaluation. Biochar from Caatinga wood demonstrated an improved water-holding capacity if compared to cashew wood biochar. The particle diameters of 2 and 4 mm showed the highest levels, which were 2,268 g.g-1 for caatinga wood and 0.574 g.g-1 for cashew wood biochars, respectively. While the smaller quantities of macropores and a larger number of micropores (smaller radius) could explain the higher water-holding capacity for biochar from caatinga wood, the thick lignified cell walls of biochar from cashew wood support the idea of a hydrophobic effect contributing to water lower holding capacity.
Polygenic Adaptation to an Environmental Shift: Temporal Dynamics of Variation Under Gaussian Stabilizing Selection and Additive Effects on a Single Trait

Predictions about the effect of natural selection on patterns of linked neutral variation are largely based on models involving the rapid fixation of unconditionally beneficial mutations. However, when phenotypes adapt to a new optimum trait value, the strength of selection on individual mutations decreases as the population adapts. Here, I use explicit forward simulations of a single trait with additive-effect mutations adapting to an “optimum shift. ” Detectable “hitchhiking” patterns are only apparent if (i) the optimum shifts are large with respect to equilibrium variation for the trait, (ii) mutation rates to large-effect mutations are low, and (iii) large-effect mutations rapidly increase in frequency and eventually reach fixation, which typically occurs after the population reaches the new optimum. For the parameters simulated here, partial sweeps do not appreciably affect patterns of linked variation, even when the mutations are strongly selected. The contribution of new mutations vs. standing variation to fixation depends on the mutation rate affecting trait values. Given the fixation of a strongly selected variant, patterns of hitchhiking are similar on average for the two classes of sweeps because sweeps from standing variation involving large-effect mutations are rare when the optimum shifts. The distribution of effect sizes of new mutations has little effect on the time to reach the new optimum, but reducing the mutational variance increases the magnitude of hitchhiking patterns. In general, populations reach the new optimum prior to the completion of any sweeps, and the times to fixation are longer for this model than for standard models of directional selection. The long fixation times are due to a combination of declining selection pressures during adaptation and the possibility of interference among weakly selected sites for traits with high mutation rates.
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Senna occidentalis (Fabales: Fabaceae)

Abstract Senna occidentalis (family: Fabaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant native to the Americans. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of S. occidentalis is 447,106 bp long and contains 53 annotated genes, including 33 protein-coding genes, 17 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome confirmed divergence of S. occidentalis (subfamily: Caesalpinioideae) from the related subfamily Faboideae.