Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supplementation of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to roughage based rations in crossbred heifers

Crossbred heifers (12) of 167 kg body wt. divided into 3 equal groups were offered ration containing either 50:50 (R1), 60:40 (R2) or 70:30 (R3) roughage concentrate ratio for 45 days. In the 2nd phase of 45 days, the above rations were supplemented with yeast culture (Yeasacc 1026). The DM intake per unit metabolic body weight was significantly (P<0.01) higher with R3 as compared with R, and R2 irrespective of addition of yeast culture. It was improved significantly (P<0.01) when the diet was supplemented with yeast culture irrespective of the roughage level. The digestibility of DM, CP, EE and DCP content were significantly (P<0.01) depressed as the level of forage was increased. However, the CF digestibility was progressively increased as the roughage level was increased in rations. The DM intake, digestibility of nutrients and DCP content improved significantly (P<0.05) by dietary supplementation of yeast culture. The average daily gain declined with the increase in roughage level in the diet, but it was improved significantly (P<0.01) when the diet was supplemented with yeast culture and cost/kg gain was increased irrespective of F:C ratio. The feed conversion efficiency was depressed significantly with the increase in roughage level in the ration. Both feed conversion efficiency was improved and cost/kg gain was reduced considerably by supplementing the diet with yeast culture.
Movements and Activity Range Sizes of Northern Pinesnakes (Pituophis Melanoleucus Melanoleucus) in Middle Tennessee

Abstract Movement patterns and activity ranges were examined in a small population of Northern Pinesnakes (Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus), a rare species inhabiting a variety of habitat types. Information was obtained by implanting nine individuals with radio transmitters and monitoring them over a two-year period. Telemetered snakes exhibited a bimodal activity pattern with snakes moving more often during spring and late summer to early autumn. Snakes traveled an average of 273 m per move. Males moved greater distances than females during spring and movements during the autumn months were shorter than movements during spring or summer for all snakes. Northern Pinesnakes traversed large activity ranges averaging 59.9 ha with core centers of activity averaging 7.9 ha. Snakes made long movements across less suitable habitats (late successional forest habitats) to get to preferred areas (early successional field habitats). The mosaic of habitats comprising the study area may be responsible for large movement distances and activity ranges observed in individuals from this population. Telemetered snakes traveled longer distances to and from widely separated areas, resulting in this population needing more extensive, contiguous areas to support their biological needs under the current management regime.
Catalogue of the family Cebrionidae, Elateridae, Lissomidae, Melasidae and Throscidae (Coleoptera) from Turkey

Catalogue of the family Cebrionidae, Elateridae, Lissomidae, Melasidae and Throscidae from Turkey includes 477 species. New distributional data concerning 24 species of the family Elateridae Leach, 1815 (Coleoptera) from Turkey, in accordance with Cate (2007), are provided. First records: Adrastus samedovi Dolin & Agajev, 1974; Agriotes meticulosus Candeze, 1863; Ampedus rufipennis (Stephens 1830); Aplotarsus angustulus (Kiesenwetter, 1858); Denticollis rubens Piller et Mitterpacher, 1783; Elathous buyssoni Reitter, 1890; Isidus letourneuxi Pic, 1902; Lacon unicolor (Candeze, 1874); Paracardiophorus musculus (Erichson, 1840); Procraerus tibialis (Lacordaire, 1835); Melanotus brignolii Guglielmi & Platia, 1985; Melanotus fulvus Reitter, 1891; Melanotus tenebrosus (Erichson, 1841); Negastrius sabulicola (Boheman, 1851); Selatosomus ampliformis Reitter, 1910; Zorochros dermestoides (Herbst, 1806); Zorochros nanus (Gurjeva, 1963) and Zorochros quadriguttatus (Laporte de Castelnau, 1840). Confirmed occurrence: Agriotes lapicida (Falderman, 1835); Hemicrepidius niger (Linnaeus, 1758); Elater ferrugineus Linnaeus, 1758; Ischnodes sanguinicollis (Panzer, 1793); Plastocerus angulosus (Germar, 1844) and Stenagostus rosti (Schwarz, 1897). New distributional data concerning 2 species of the family Melasidae Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera) from Turkey, in accordance with Muona (2007), are provided. First records: Farsus dubius (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783) and Microrhagus emyi (Rouget, 1856). New distributional data concerning 2 species of the family Throscidae Laporte, 1840 (Coleoptera) from Turkey, in accordance with Leseigneur (2007), are provided. First records: Trixagus atticus Reitter, 1921 and Trixagus duvalii (Bonvouloir, 1859). New synonyms: Cardiophorus maritimus Dolin, 1971, syn. nov. is synonymized with C. vestigialis Erichson, 1840; Lacon aurosquamosus (Jagemann, 1939), syn. nov. is synonymized with L. lepidopterus (Panzer, 1801); Peripontius schimmeli Zeising & Brunne, 2003, syn. nov. is synonymized with P. crassus (Buysson, 1906); Selatosomus saginatus (Menetries, 1832), syn. nov. is synonymized with S. latus (Fabricius, 1801).
Tursiocola denysii sp . nov . (Bacillariophyta) from the neck skin of Loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta )

Tursiocola denysii sp . nov . is described from the dorsal neck skin of loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta ), bringing the total number of known species in the genus Tursiocola to eight. A gradient of striae density on the valve face, the low length:width ratio of the valves, radiate striae at mid-valve, and a second partial row of pores on the valvocopulae are characteristics that expand the range of morphological diversity within the genus. The different morphology of the pars interior and the pars exterior of the valvocopula is described for the first time in the genus. T . denysii accounted for up to ca. 40% of all diatom valves on the skin of loggerhead turtles. This is the first report of a new epizoic diatom species from the skin of loggerhead sea turtles.
CHANGES IN BLOOD METABOLITES OF EARLY WEANED NILI -RAVI BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) CALVES

Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of age and sampling time on blood metabolites of early weaned Nili-Ravi male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Eight newly born, male buffalo calves were fed on colostrum for the first 3 days; thereafter, whole milk was fed at 10% of BW for 6 weeks and intakes were adjusted according to l ive BW on a weekly basis. At week 7 and 8 calves were fed at 5% and 2.5% of BW, respectively, and weaned off milk at the end of week 8. Calf starter was offered ad-libitum from week 2 through 12 and intakes were recorded on a daily basis. Jugular blood samples were collected 30 minutes before ( -30) feeding, at the time of feeding (0), 30, 60 and 90 minutes post morning feeding (+30, +60 and +90). Sampling was conducted at week 4, 8 and 12 of age. Results revealed that blood glucose concentration decreased (P<0.01) with advancing age. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration increased (P<0.01) with advancing age and was higher at week 8 and 12 (P<0.05) compared with the concentration at 4 week of age. The concentration of plasma NEFA was highest at week 8 and lowest at week 12 (P<0.05). Changes in blood metabolites with advancing age in calves weaned earlier at 8 weeks of age indicate the association between rumen fermentation and blood metabolites that can be used as an indicator for rumen development.
Decomposition of Three Common Moist-Soil Managed Wetland Plant Species

Abstract Moist-soil wetland management is used to precisely control delivery, duration, and timing of water addition to, and removal from, managed wetlands with targeted responses including germination and growth of desirable moist-soil plant species. Similarly, water delivery and removal drives decomposition of moist-soil plants as well as nutrient cycling within these systems, which is a key driver of productivity in such managed wetlands. Through deployment of litter bags, we examined rate of mass loss and decay coefficients of three locally abundant moist-soil annual species that are potentially valuable wintering-waterfowl food sources (nodding smartweed Persicaria lapathifolia, red-rooted flatnut sedge Cyperus erythrorhizos, and toothcup Ammannia coccinea) within man-made moist-soil managed wetlands on the Richland Creek Wildlife Management Area in East-central Texas. All three species lost nearly 100% of their mass during an 11-mo deployment period, where rate of mass lost and decay coefficient rat.
Distribution and feeding ecology of the angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) in Shalateen region, Red Sea, Egypt

his study aimed to estimate the distribution and feeding ecology of the angelfishes (Family Pomacanthidae) in Shalateen region, Red Sea, Egypt. The total number of recovered species was six species, where Centropyge multispinis and Pygoplites diacanthus were the most abundant at most sites, while Pomacanthus imperator and P. maculosus were the lowest. The royal angelfish, Pygoplites diacanthus, was represented in all sites and all reef zones in Shalateen region. Most angelfish species were not found on the reef flat (except Pygoplites diacanthus), since they prefer the reef slope and increase with depth. Based on the number of individuals, the reef flat comprised only 2.7 % of the total Pomacanthids population, while the slope comprised 97.3 % of population (34.1 % at 1-10 m depth and 63.2 % at 10-20 m depth). The highest feeding rate was recorded for C. multispinis, with 84.3±26.4 bites⋅(5min) -1 , while the lowest was recorded for P. maculosus, with 58.9±21.6 bites⋅(5min) -1 . Most species of angelfishes use biting mode for feeding and diurnal feeders, except Genicanthus caudovittatus that use ram mode for feeding on zooplankton and nocturnal feeder. Feeding guilds are divided into three categories: a) invertebrate-feeders, represented by three species, namely P. asfur, P. imperator and P. maculosus, b) omnivores, represented by two species, C. multispinis and Pygoplites diacanthus, c) zooplankton feeder, represented by only G. caudovittatus.
Phenotypic Variation, Phylogenetic Position and New Distributional Records for the Poorly Known Liolaemus silvai Ortiz, 1989 (Iguania: Iguanidae: Liolaemini)

Abstract. Liolaemus silvai is a poorly known species of the L. nigromaculatus group. Currently, its distribution is restricted to the type locality (Carrizalillo, Atacama Region, Chile) and despite being a highly variable species no study has provided a clear diagnosis or color photographs. Here, we provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for the L. nigromaculatus group based on mitochondrial DNA, where L. silvai is strongly supported as the sister taxon to L. zapallarensis. Also, we provide a detailed diagnosis, description of variation, and four new locality records for L. silvai. In addition, we call attention to several taxonomic issues with the L. nigromaculatus group that need to be solved.
BASIC MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES IN SKIN PERMEATION

Sound knowledge of the underlying mathematical principles of membrane transport is essential if we are to expand our understanding of how membrane barriers fulfill their function and how we can alter their properties to our advantage. The subject of the mathematics of diffusion are enough to fill entire books, but in this chapter we have attempted to pick out those mathematical solutions and descriptions that are both commonly used and most appropriate in the field of percutaneous absorption. It is the purpose of this work to attempt to present these equations in a manner that will enable readers to apply them to real numbers generated in their laboratories. At its simplest and most ideal a membrane can be described as a homogeneous slab of an inert material, with a finite and uniform thickness. This is a convenient theoretical picture and, although it is somewhat removed from the reality of such complex biological membranes as the stratum corneum, it is a logical model with which to begin when attempting to construct any sort of mathematical treatise of the process of membrane permeation.
The Lobarion, an Epiphytic Community of Ancient Forests Threatened by Acid Rain

Abstract Lobaria pulmonaria and other members of the Lobarion were found to inhabit drainage channels below old and large wounds on the trunks of various deciduous trees in stands of long ecological continuity in a forest reserve dominated by Picea abies in southeastern Norway. Such channels were richer in minerals and had a higher pH than normal bark, which was covered with more acidophytic epiphytic communities, mainly the Pseudevernion. Chemical microhabitat differentiation was most clear in edaphically poor sites. The restriction of a previously ubiquitous Lobarion to mineral-rich microsites on stems is probably an effect of acid rain. Since acidification seems to make the Lobarion more dependent upon old and damaged stems, modern forestry probably aggravates the damage caused by acid rain.
Evaluation of stabilised hydrogen peroxide as sanitiser in seafood processing industry

The efficiency and period of effectiveness of three different sanitisers viz . , sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and commercial stabilised hydrogen peroxide were studied at different locations in seafood processing factories. The results were analysed using the analysis of variance technique and means were separated using the Tukey ‘B’ test at 5%level of significance using SPSS16.0. All the treatments were found to be significantly different from each other (p<0.05). The commercial stabilised H2O2 gave a distinctly better overall sanitising action at 5% level of significance. The study has shown that the commercially available stabilised hydrogen peroxide is the most effective sanitiser compared to sodium hypochlorite and plain hydrogen peroxide. Stabilised H2O2 is a better disinfectant for achieving sanitation and hygiene in food processing industries, particularly in the protein and moisture rich seafood processing industry. It is ecofriendly and least harmful compared to chlorine and its derivatives.
Do floral odor profiles geographically vary with the degree of specificity for pollinators? Investigation in two sapromyophilous Arum species (Araceae)

Abstract We compared floral odour profiles among populations of two Arum species which show different degrees of specificity for their fly pollinators. Insects were collected from inflorescences in four populations of Arum italicum and two populations of Arum maculatum. In six Arum populations, we compared inflorescences odour profiles collected by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography. We confirmed that from a pollination point of view, A. italicum is an opportunist species, as it is mainly pollinated by insects of the families Psychodidae, Chironomidae and Sciaridae, whereas A. maculatum is a specialist species, as it is 90% pollinated by Psychodidae. In all populations, Arum italicum was less attractive to pollinators than Arum maculatum. Floral odour profiles of A. italicum were not geographically structured among populations, suggesting a high gene flow or adaptation to a fluctuant guild of pollinators. On the contrary, odour profiles of A. maculatum varied between the two populations studied suggesting a lower gene flow or adaptation to different local pollinator preferences
Evaluation of Persistence of Selected Miticides Against the Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae

Twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a major arthropod pest in greenhouses. Greenhouse producers typically use miticides to control twospotted spider mite (TSM) populations. This study, which involved two replicated experiments, was designed to assess the persistence or longevity and efficacy of translaminar miticides with the active ingredient (a.i.) etoxazole, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and spiromesifen by applying these miticides to either butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii) or marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants, depending on the experiment, and then artificially infesting the plants with TSM. Based on percent mortality and number of live and dead TSM, several miticides provided adequate control of TSM even after having been applied to the test plants 14 days before being artificially infested with TSM. This suggests that these miticides have extended residual activity. The etoxazole 10 to 12 mm and etoxazole water-dispersible formulations provided control (greater than 85% mortality) of TSM over the course of Expt. 1 with four or less live TSM recovered from treated plants across the three evaluation times (21, 28, and 42 days). Spiromesifen, in Expt. 2, was significantly more effective against both the nymph (89% to 99.2%) and adult (37.3% to 87.9%) stages of the TSM than the other miticides and killed more nymphs (165 to 227) than the other treatments. In general, none of the miticides provided consistent or adequate control of TSM adults across all three evaluation times (49, 56, and 70 days).
Characterization of two isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) from peach and apricot in Egypt

Two isolates of PNRSV were isolated from peach and apricot trees at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Univer sity, Giza, Egypt. The peach isolate of PNRSV (PNRSV-PF) was differentiated from the apricot isol ate (PNRSV-AP) by ten differential host species. Both isolates were purified successfully w ith the electro-elution technique. Both isolates had A max and A min at 260 and 240 nm respectively. The A260/280 ratios were 1.55 and 1.6 0 for the AP and the PF isolates, respectively. Electron mic roscopy examination showed spherical virions with ca 27-29 nm in diameter. Both isolates had mo lecular weight of coat protein subunits of 29 kDa, determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophores is (SDS-PAGE). Antisera raised against the two isolates detected their counter antigens in pea ch and apricot trees. Both antisera cross reacted with their homologous and heterologous antigens in dot blot immunoassay (DBIA) and agar-double diffusion (ADD) tests. The two virus isolates appea red to belong to the same sero-group and represent two different pathotypes. PNRSV-AP varie d in sero-grouping of that of beet necrotic ringspot ilarvirus, a tentative isolate of PNRSV, w hen examined in ADD test. Indirect ELISA showed that 64.2 % of 210 tested apricot trees were infected, while 150-inspected peach trees showed 29.5 % infection. Four sets of primers were used to amplify both movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) genes of the two Egyptian iso lates of PNRSV isolated from apricot and peach trees. Amplicons of the correct size (~ 894 bp) fo r the MP gene and (~ 704 bp) for the CP gene were obtained from the two examined isolates of PNR SV. Nested PCR using specific primers for both the MP and the CP genes confirmed the authenti city of the PCR amplified products. RT-PCR detected successfully the presence of PNRSV in the pollen grains of infected apricot and peach trees. Nucleotide sequences of the MP genes of the two isolates were revised by the GenBank and given the accession # EU100388 for the peach isolate and EU106649 for apr icot isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA 3-MP showed ca 65 % si milarity between PNRSV-AP and PNRSV- PF; indicating that the two isolates of PNRSV are d istantly related. The relatedness between the two isolates and other PNRSV isolates is discussed.
Bioconcentration Potential Studies of Heavy Metals in Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (Jaira or Red Tail Shrimp) along the Littoral States of Karachi City

Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (commonly known as Jaira or Red tail shrimp ) is one of the commercially important and abundant species in the coastal areas of Pakistan and export to more than 40 countries world wide. It is a good source of nutrients for human diet because of its highly rich composition of protein, calcium and vitamins. The littoral state of Pakistan is facing much environmental issues during the last many years because of increasing pollution and human induced environmental changes which have gradually declined the export of shrimps. Crustacean species are considered as the bio-indicators of toxic materials due to their high affinity to accumulate heavy metals than fishes. The study was undertaken to quantify the heavy metals like copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in the Red tail shrimp . For this purpose biosamples were collected in year 2011 to 2013 from the littoral states of Karachi city, Pakistan. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) technique was used to analyze the Cu and Zn while Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GAAS) technique was used to quantify the Cd and Pb. Results were compared with the WHO/FAO/FDA values. The concentrations of selected heavy metals were within the normal range in all analyzed samples except for cadmium. Bioconcentration of cadmium was found much higher than the recommended value which is an alarming condition. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the concentration variation of heavy metals in three years research study at p < 0.05. The results suggested that there is no significant effect of year wise variation on accumulation level of heavy metals in F. penicillatus.
Molecular characteristics of the CupB chaperone-usher pathway and the Tps4 two-partner secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a threat for immunocompromised individuals, a major cause of nosocomial infections, and is prevalent in patients with cystic fibrosis. The bacterium can form biofilms that help it evade the immune response. It adheres to host cells using molecular adhesins, such as pili assembled by chaperone-usher pathways (Cup). Understanding the adhesion could, therefore, help develop treatments that prevent the establishment of infections. This thesis considers the CupB system, consisting of an usher (CupB3), two chaperones (CupB2 and CupB4) and two pilin subunits (CupB1 and CupB6). The chaperones target the pilin subunits to the usher assembling a CupB1-containing pilus with a putative CupB6 adhesin at its tip. The cupB operon also encodes the TpsA-like protein (twopartner secretion) CupB5, previously suggested to be secreted by CupB3. The aim of this work was to understand the CupB1-containing pilus assembly and CupB5 secretion mechanism. Genetic and biochemical techniques were used, such as deletion or point mutation, qRT-PCR, pull-down assays, shearing assays, and protein structure prediction or resolution. They led to the following results. First, each chaperone likely has a cognate substrate: CupB1 interacts with CupB2 and CupB6 with CupB4. Second, the crystal structure solved for CupB6 showed that it has a pilin and a putative adhesin domain, connected by a poly-proline linker. Third, CupB5 secretion was observed to be CupB3-independent and TpsB4-dependent. tpsB4 is encoded with its substrate tpsA4. The expression of the cupB and tpsB4/tpsA4 operons was shown to be controlled by the same regulatory pathway, Roc1, and deletion of the tpsB4 transporter gene abolished CupB5 secretion. Fourth, a structural analysis indicated that TpsB4 has two POTRA domains, and POTRA-1 interacts with the highly homologue TPS motifs of CupB5 and TpsA4. Based on these results, the thesis presents a model of CupB pilus assembly and CupB5 secretion.
New Records of the Genus Histioneis F.R. von Stein (Dinophyceae) from Turkish Coastal Waters

The dinoflagellate genus Histioneis F.R. von Stein 1883 and six species belonging to this genus are reported for the first time from the coastal waters of Turkey (north-eastern Mediterranean, lat. 36° 06' N - 36° 07' N, long. 33° 28' E - 33°30' E). Descriptions of the species Histioneis depressa J.Schiller, H. expansa L.Rampi, H. para Murray & Whitting, H. marchesonii L.Rampi, H. striata Kof. & J.R. Michener and H. elongata Kof. & J.R. Michener are given.