Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultra-violet footpoints as tracers of coronal magnetic connectivity and restructuring during a solar flare

Context. The bright, compact ultraviolet sources that appear in flare ribbons are interpreted as sites of energisation of the chromosphere, most likely by electron beams from the corona. Previously we have developed an algorithm to track these compact sources in observations by the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), recording position and intensity. We now exploit this further. Aims. We aim at identifying conjugate footpoint pairs by cross-correlating the TRACE 1600 A lightcurves in one particular event – the 2002-July-17 M 8.5 flare. We also seek the spatial relationship between the magnetic flux transfer (reconnection) rate, well-connected locations, and energy input by electrons. Methods. We performed wavelet a trous filtering on the UV light curves, followed by a linear cross-correlation, to identify wellcorrelated pairs. We used RHESSI data to determine the locations of strong electron beam input. Results. Maps of footpoint pairs were produced in which we can identify well-separated locations that have well-correlated 1600 A light curves. The time lag between credible conjugate footpoint brightenings can be a few seconds. The flare magnetic connectivity is found to evolve with time. RHESSI hard X-ray sources are found where the flux transfer rate is highest. Conclusions. We propose that the correlated footpoints are in fact conjugate pairs that are magnetically linked. In some instances, this linkage may be via a coronal null. The time lag in many cases is consistent with excitation by relativistic particles, but correlations with a longer time lag may suggest excitation by waves.
Identifying the dimensions of logistics service quality in an online B2C context

There is theoretical and practical evidence indicating the existence of significant differences between the needs and wants of firms and end consumers, as well as the existence of significantly different needs between offline and online environments. Therefore, it is not clear how effectively measures of logistics service quality developed in an offline, B2B context can be applied to an online, B2C environment. This manuscript explores the elements of logistics service quality that end consumers value in an online context. The literature on logistics service quality in B2B and the literature on online consumer satisfaction are integrated. This results in the development of a set of dimensions for measuring online logistics service quality in online, B2C environments. Specifically, the dimensions of a new scale for measuring online logistics service quality (labeled oLSQ) were identified and defined. Managers can use the dimensions of logistics service quality identified in the oLSQ scale as a guide when designing and managing online retail stores.
PERSISTENCE OF ATRAZINE, METRIBUZIN AND SIMAZINE HERBICIDES IN TWO SOILS

An oat bioassay was conducted in pots under greenhouse conditions to determine the persistence of atrazine, metribuzin and simazine herbicides in soils of the southeast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Atrazine rates of 0, 0.58, 1.16 and 2.32 μg g-1 of active ingredient (a.i.), metribuzin rates of 0, 0.14, 0.28 and 0.56 μg g-1 of a.i., and simazine rates of 0, 0.72, 1.45 and 2.9 μg g-1 of a.i. dry soil weight were applied to pots containing soils from Balcarce and San Cayetano sites. Organic matter (OM) content and pH of Balcarce soil were 5.5% and 5.8%, while for San Cayetano soil were 2.9% and 6.7%, respectively. Relative dry weight (RDW) of oat shoots was calculated as percentage of control. Considering a 20% RDW reduction of oat shoots, persistences of recommended rates for the region were: atrazine (1.16 μg g-1 of a.i.), 78 and 130 days after treatment (DAT) for Balcarce and San Cayetano soil, respectively; metribuzin (0.28 μg-1 of a.i.), 63 and 77 DAT for Balcarce and San Cayetano soil, respectively; simazine (1.45 μg g-1 of a.i.), 81 and 156 DAT for Balcarce and San Cayetano soil, respectively. Results show that persistence of atrazine, metribuzin and simazine in soil increased with high rates, low OM content and high pH.
On wing disparity and morphological variation of the Santana Group pterosaurs

Pterosaurs were widely spread throughout the Mesozoic Era, populating the whole world. Among this great diversity, two groups are commonly found in Brazil: the Anhangueridae and Tapejaridae. These can be mainly identified by cranial synapomorphies. However, because of the fragility of the pterosaur skeleton and rarity of the fossilisation process, the fossils found are usually incomplete, which hampers a proper taxonomic identification of the specimens. The specific proportions of these two groups of pterosaurs were obtained from bibliographic data and measurements of specimens. Eight Anhangueridae-like and seven Tapejaridae were used: Anhanguera piscator, Anhanguera santanae, Anhanguera spielbergi, Araripesaurus castilhoi, Barbosania gracilisrostris and three Anhangueridae sp. indet. ; Sinopterus dongi, Tapejara wellnhoferi and five Tapejaridae sp. indet. We find that proportions of the humerus, wing metacarpal, first phalanx of the wing digit, femur and tibia are sufficient to identify partial remains of Araripe pterosaurs. A principal component analysis shows that each clade has different, non-overlapping scores in the studied ratios and these can be used with precision. Specific bone ratios for fast identification of anhanguerids and tapejarids are given, opening a broader way to diagnostic fragmentary bones.
Mind The Gap: Unilateral Effects Analysis Arrives in EC Merger Control

With the adoption of a new substantive test in the revised Merger Regulation, and the publication of the European Commission’s Guidelines on the assesment of horizontal mergers, unilateral effects analysis is poised to become an integral part of merger review in the European Union. Notwithstanding the Commission’s insistence on a European terminology (”non-coordinated” rather than “unilateral” effects), the EC thus embraces a concept that has gained substantial traction in the United States since its explicit recognition in the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines as one variant of a ”substantial lessening of competition” (SLC) under s.7 of the Clayton Act. This is an interesting development given that only a year ago, the Commission was –at least publicly– still very hesitant to recommend any departure from the traditional dominance test in order to bring the EC merger regime closer to the US SLC test. This article discusses the likely impact of the inclusion of unilateral effects analysis in EC merger control. First, it gives a general introduction to unilateral effects analysis, and illustrates the tentative differences in approach when compared with the traditional dominance test on the basis of a concrete example. Secondly, the article examines merger cases in which the Commission has already undertaken a unilateral-effects type analysis under the guise of the traditional dominance concept. Thirdly, the articles describes the inclusion of unilateral effects analysis into the Merger Regulation and the EC Horizontal Merger Guidelines, and briefly recalls the debate preceding these changes. Fourthly, building on the above considerations, the article discusses the possible impact of the introduction of unilateral effects analysis on the conduct and outcome of EC merger control proceedings.
A Novel Student Risk Identification Model using Machine Learning Approach

This research work aim at addressing issues in detecting student, who are at risk of failing to complete their course. The conceptual design presents a solution for efficient learning in non-existence of data from previous courses, which are generally used for training state-of-art machine learning (ML) based model. The expected scenarios usually occurs in scenario when university introduces new courses for academics. For addressing this work, build a novel learning model that builds a ML from data constructed from present course. The proposed model uses data about already submitted task, which further induces the issues of imbalanced data for both training and testing the classification model. The contribution of the proposed model are: the design of training the learning model for detecting risk student utilizing information from present courses, tackling challenges of imbalanced data which is present in both training and testing data, defining the issues as a classification task, and lastly, developing a novel non-linear support vector machine (NL-SVM) classification model. Experiment outcome shows proposed model attain significant outcome when compared with state-of-art model.
Effects of Environment on Wheat Varieties' Yellow Rust Resistance, Yield and Yield Related Traits in South-Eastern Ethiopia

Bread Wheat is one of Ethiopia’s most important cereal crops in terms of area allocated, volume produced and the number of farmers engaged in its production. However, its production and productivity is curtailed by biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, wheat yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is the most important disease. Field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of environment on wheat varieties’ yellow rust resistance and yield performance at three locations, Sinana, Agarfa and Ginir in Bale in 2012 main cropping season. Six bread wheat varieties having different level of resistance to yellow rust were used in the experiment. Plots were arranged in randomized complete block design in three replication. Environment had a significant effect on epidemic development of yellow rust through its effect on growth and progress rate of the pathogen. The test locations were different in their weather variables and created significant difference (p≤ 0.05) in yellow rust severity among the varieties. Due to weather variables across locations, the same variety responded differently to yellow rust severities at different locations. Environment had varying effect on yield and yield related traits. The tested bread wheat varieties had significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) for all yield-related traits at all locations. There was inconsistent behavior of the varieties across locations for yield and yield components. Variation in the environmental factors affected wheat varieties’ yellow rust resistance and yield performance. The varieties responded differently in their resistance to yellow rust and yield performance when exposed to different environments varying in minimum and maximum temperature regimes and rainfall status.
A PCR-RFLP based method for assigning mitochondrial control region haplogroups in hybridizing Chatham Islands Cyanoramphus parakeets

The two endemic Chatham Islands parakeet species, Cyanoramphus forbesi (Forbes parakeet) and C. novaezealandiae chathamensis, (Chatham Islands Red-crowned parakeet) have had a long history of hybridisation which has increased recently as a result of habitat modification. Previous genetic research showed the introgression of ancestral Red-crowned parakeet mtDNA into Forbes parakeet, resulting in four distinct mitochondrial haplogroups spread across the two parent species and their hybrids. A PCR-RFLP assay was designed to determine individuals haplogroup membership and thus calculate the extent of hybridisation between the two species. It was found that the majority of individuals belong to the ancestral Forbes parakeet haplogroup, with a significant number of Forbes parakeets having the ancestral Red-crowned parakeet mitochondrial types. A small number of individuals from both species had mtDNA of the other species, but this was not reflected in the plumage of the parakeets, suggesting the presence of cryptic hybrids in the Chatham Islands parakeet population.
Active adaptive auxiliary circuit for stabilizing dc distribution systems with constant power loads

ii Preface . iii Table of Contents . iv List of Tables . vi List of Figures . vii List of Abbreviations . xi Acknowledgements . xii Dedication . xiii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Motivation . 1 1.1.1 Alpha Technologies DC Distribution System . 2 1.1.2 Increasing Challenge of Dynamic Stability . 5 1.2 Existing Solutions for Suppressing Instability . 6 1.3 Research Objectives . 7 Chapter 2: Modeling of DC Grids for Stability Studies . 10 2.1 General Source-Load System Approach . 10 2.1.1 N Order Source Impedance Model . 10 2.1.2 Generic First-Order Constant Power Load Model . 11 2.1.3 Small-Signal Source-Load Impedance Interactions . 12 2.1. 4 State-of-the-Art Passive and Active Damping Methods . 15 2.2 DC Source Flyback Converter System Identification . 16 2.2.1 Detailed Model of the Flyback Source Converter . 16 2.2.2 Converter Magnetizing Inductance and Control Scheme Identification . 17 2.2. 3 Dynamic Average-Value Modeling . 22 2.2. 4 Verification of Detailed and Average-value Models in Load Transients . 24 Chapter 3: Proposed Active Damping Approach Using Auxiliary Circuit . 26 3.1 Active Linear Damper Emulating a Virtual Low-Pass RC Filter . 26 3.1.1 Routh-Hourwitz Criterion and Gain Margin Goal for Determining Virtual Filter Parameters . 27 v 3.2 Adaptive Active Nonlinear Damper as Variable Low-Pass RC Filter . 29 3.2.1 Injected Damping Current Calculation . 29 3.2.2 Nonlinear and Small-Signal Models of the Active Damping Filter . 30 3.2. 3 Shaping the Constant Power Load Input Impedance . 32 3.3 Simulation Studies with Constant Power Loads . 35 3.3.1 Linear Damper with Fixed RC Parameters . 38 3.3.2 Adaptive Nonlinear Damper with Operating-Point-Dependent Parameters . 42 Chapter 4: Practical Implementation of the Proposed Active Damping . 44 4.1 Proposed Power Stage and its Basic Analysis . 44 4.1.1 Average Value Model . 45 4.1.2 Small-Signal AC Equivalent Model . 46 4.2 Control of the Proposed Power Stage Auxiliary Circuit . 47 4.2.1 Peak-Valley Current Control Mode . 47 4.2.2 Standard Average Current Control Mode . 49 4.2. 3 Proposed Corrected Average Control Mode with Current Prediction . 51 4.3 Output Filter Specifications and Design . 53 Chapter 5: Hardware Verification of the Proposed Active Damping Methodology . 56 5.1 Experimental Setup and its Components . 56 5.1.1 Load Setup Description . 57 5.1.2 Hardware Realization of the Proposed Auxiliary Converter Circuit . 57 5.2 Experimental Case Studies . 59 5.2.1 Investigation of Unstable Operation . 60 5.2.2 Stable Operation with Proposed Auxiliary Converter Circuit . 65 Chapter 6: Conclusions and Summary . 72 6.1 Summary of Achieved Objectives and Contributions . 72 6.2 Future Work . 74 References . 75 Appendices . 80 Appendix A: Description and parameters of the source, load and auxiliary circuit for the experiment . 80 Appendix B: Experimental setup used to verify the proposed active damping method . 81
An approximation to household overcrowding: evidence from Ecuador

Abstract: This paper addresses the household overcrowding problem. To do so, a binary choice model with logit specification is constructed. The cross section data used in the empirical analysis comes from Ecuador which is a developing South American country. Although, household overcrowding has more incidence in developing countries, it also takes place in developed economies. The findings of the research suggest that a set of variables related to the head of the household like his/her gender, age, and level of education affect the probability of being under overcrowding situation in the household. Furthermore, the regime of tenancy under which the household is living in the dwelling also influences the probability of being in overcrowding situation. Resumen: En este trabajo se aborda el problema de hacinamiento de los hogares. Para ello, un modelo de eleccion binaria con especificacion logit es construido. Los datos de corte transversal utilizadas en el analisis empirico proviene de Ecuador, que es un pais en desarrollo de America del Sur. Aunque, el hacinamiento de los hogares tiene mas incidencia en los paises en desarrollo, tambien tiene lugar en las economias desarrolladas. Los resultados de la investigacion sugieren que un conjunto de variables relacionadas con el jefe de la familia como su sexo, edad y nivel de educacion afecta a la probabilidad de estar en situacion de hacinamiento en el hogar. Por otra parte, el regimen de tenencia en las que la familia esta viviendo en la vivienda tambien influye en la probabilidad de estar en situacion de hacinamiento.
The effects of menstrual and menopausal factors on bone mineral content in healthy Polish women

The aims of the study were the following: (1) An evaluation of which factor, aging itself or the occurence of menopause, revealed a more detrimental effect on bone mineral content (BMC) of healthy women; (2) An assesment of influence of other factors (the menarcheal age, the total number of reproductive years and the lenght of the period after menopause) on BMC. Our sample material comprised a group of 928 healthy females (715 pre- and 213 postmenopausal), aged 20-62. BMC at the ultra-distal radius was assessed by pQCT. BMC differences between particular groups were tested using a two-way ANOVA. The menopause was related to BMC decline and the impact of menopausal hormonal alterations was much stronger than that of chronological age. Among postmenopausal women, the total number of reproductive years was not an independent predictor of better bone status. In premenpausal women the beneficial effect of earlier menarche on bone tissue is maintained.
Export Diversification Dynamics in Latin America.

The abundance of natural resources in Latin American countries has led to a challenge for governments when designing their public policies for economic growth. Moreover, in recent years the increase in the price of commodities has stimulated a rise in the terms of trade and a tendency towards export concentration. Conversely, today there is more agreement about the role of export diversification in order to enhance economic growth in developing economies. This paper presents a detailed description of the exporter behavior for seventeen countries in Latin America between 1990 and 2011 focusing on export diversification in terms of commodities and markets. Also we explore the diversification by dividing the export growth rate into the contribution of existing, new and disappearing exports. We found that exports in Latin American have diversified across countries with Mexico, Brazil and Argentina being the most diverse. However in all the Latin American countries the export growth rate is strongly supported by existing exports more than new exports
Birkeland current effects on high‐latitude ground magnetic field perturbations

Magnetic perturbations on ground at high latitudes are directly associated only with the divergence‐free component of the height‐integrated horizontal ionospheric current, J⊥,df. Here we show how J⊥,df can be expressed as the total horizontal current J⊥ minus its curl‐free component, the latter being completely determined by the global Birkeland current pattern. Thus, in regions where J⊥=0, the global Birkeland current distribution alone determines the local magnetic perturbation. We show with observations from ground and space that in the polar cap, the ground magnetic field perturbations tend to align with the Birkeland current contribution in darkness but not in sunlight. We also show that in sunlight, the magnetic perturbations are typically such that the equivalent overhead current is antiparallel to the convection, indicating that the Hall current system dominates. Thus, the ground magnetic field in the polar cap relates to different current systems in sunlight and in darkness.
Population diversity in salmon: linkages among response, genetic and life history diversity

Response diversity and asynchrony are important for stability and resilience of meta-populations, however little is known about the mechanisms that might drive such processes. In salmon populations, response diversity and asynchrony have been linked to the stability of their meta-populations and the fi sheries that integrate across them. We examined how population diversity infl uenced response diversity and asynchrony in 42 populations of Chinook salmon from the Fraser River, British Columbia. We examined diversity in the survival responses to large-scale ocean climate variables for populations that diff ered in life history. Diff erent life-histories responded diff erently to ocean environmental conditions. For instance, an increase of off shore temperature was associated with decreased survival for a population with ocean rearing juveniles but increased survival for a population with stream rearing juveniles. In a second analysis, we examined asynchrony in abundance between populations, which we then correlated with life history, spatial, and genetic diversity. Populations that were more genetically distant had the most diff erent population dynamics. Collectively, these results suggest that fi ne-scale population diversity can contribute to the asynchrony and response diversity that underpins the stability of fior metapopulation dynamics, and emphasize the need to manage and conserve this scale of population diversity.
Stable carbon isotope fractionation by marine phytoplankton in response to daylength , growth rate , and CO 2 availability

Stable carbon isotope fractionation (%) of 7 marine phytoplankton species grown in different irradiance cycles was measured under nutrient-replete conditions at a high light intensity in batch cultures. Compared to experiments under continuous light, all species exhibited a significantly higher instantaneous growth rate (pi), defined as the rate of carbon fixation during the photoperiod, when cultivated at 12:12 h. 16:8 h, or 1 8 6 h light:dark (L/D) cycles. Isotopic fractionation by the diatoms Skeletonema costatum, Asterionella glacialis, Thalassiosira punctigera, and Coscinodiscus wailesii (Group I) was 4 to 6 % lower in a 16:8 h L/D cycle than under continuous light, which we attribute to differences in pi. In contrast, E, in Phaeodactylum tn'cornutum, Thalassiosira weissflogii, and in the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea (Group 11) was largely insensitive to daylength-related differences in instantaneous growth rate. Since other studies have reported growth-rate dependent fractionation under N-limited conditions in P. tricornutum, pi-related effects on fractionation apparently depend on the factor controlling growth rate. We suggest that a general relationship between E, and pi/[C02,,,] may not exist. For 1 species of each group we tested the effect of variable CO2 concentration, [COz,,,], on isotopic fractionation. A decrease in [CO2,,,] from ca 26 to 3 pm01 kg-' caused a decrease in E, by less than 3%0 This indicates that variation in h in response to changes in daylength has a similar or even greater effect on isotopic fractionation than [COz,,,] m some of the species tested. In both groups E, tended to be higher in smaller species at comparable growth rates. In 24 and 48 h time series the algal cells became progressively enriched in 13C during the day and the first hours of the dark period, followed by l3C depletion in the 2 h before beginning of the following Light period. The daily amplitude of the algal isotopic composition (613C), however, was <1.5%0, which demonstrates that diurnal variation in Fl3C is relatively small.