Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bilingual Language Models using Word Embeddings for Machine Translation

Bilingual language models (Bi-LMs) refer to language models that are modeled using both source and target words in a parallel corpus. While translating a source sentence to a target language, the decoder in phrase-based machine translation system breaks down the source sentence into phrases. It then translates each phrase into the target language. While decoding each phrase, the decoder has very little information about source words that are outside the current phrase in consideration. Bi-LMs have been used to provide more information about source words outside the current phrase. Bi-LMs are estimated by first creating bitoken sequences using a parallel corpus and the word alignments between the source and target words in that corpus. When creating the bitoken sequences, the vocabulary expands considerably and Bi-LMs suffer due to this huge vocabulary which in turn increases the sparsity of the language models. In previous work, bitokens were created by first replacing each word in the parallel corpus either by their part-of-speech tags or word classes after clustering using the Brown clustering algorithm. Both of these approaches only take into account words that are direct translations of each other as they only depend on word alignments between the source word and target word in the bitokens. In this thesis, we propose the use of bilingual word embeddings as a first step to reduce the vocabulary of the bitokens. Bilingual word embeddings are a low dimensional representation of words trained on a parallel corpus of aligned sentences in two languages. Using bilingual word embeddings to build Bi-LMs for machine translation is significantly better than the previous state of the art that uses Bi-LMs with an increase of 1.4 BLEU points in our experiments.
The Simple Analytics of Job Displacement Insurance

Job displacement in the U.S. is a serious threat to the earnings of long-tenured workers, through both (i) unemployment spells and (ii) reduced reemployment wages. Although full insurance requires both unemployment benefits and wage insurance, supply difficulties limit actual-loss insurance, and separation packages typically include partial unemployment insurance and scheduled (fixed sum) severance pay. The design of this two dimensional package requires a systems approach as well as a generalized replacement ratio measure of adequacy). Job search moral hazard and layoff moral hazard (firing costs), individually and in combination, introduce potentially serious contracting concerns. Economic theory provides a practical guide to the integration of these insurance instruments in this complex planning environment. One important implication: given the structure of earnings losses at displacement in the U.S., severance pay should increase with length of service in the firm ("tenure"), which is common, and unemployment insurance benefit levels should fall, which is not.
THE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: A LITERATURE SURVEY

Regional economic integration, which could take in different forms ranging from a free trade agreement to an economic and monetary union, could provide a number of opportunities to a member country and, therefore, there has been an increasing interest in the regional economic integration in the last half century among the developed and the developing countries. The aim of this paper is to critically review and evaluate the applied literature on the regional integration in the framework of the gravity model. Keywords: Welfare effects, Economic integration,Trade creation and trade diversion.
A HEURISTIC CASCADING FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH TO REACTIVE NAVIGATION FOR UAV

ABSTRACT: The capability of navigating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) safely in unknown terrain offers huge potential for wider applications in non-segregated airspace. Flying in non-segregated airspace present a risk of collision with static obstacles (e.g., towers, power lines) and moving obstacles (e.g., aircraft, balloons). In this work, we propose a heuristic cascading fuzzy logic control strategy to solve for the Conflict Detection and Resolution (CDR motion planning; obstacle avoidance; path tracking; reactive navigation; UAV
Developing a research framework to inform an evidence base for person-centered medicine: Keeping the person at the centre

Person-centered medicine exists at the intersect of science and humanism and has the dual goals of relational and evidence-based practice. In the operationalization of humanistic medicine the development of a sympathetic and facilitative research framework is, then, a priority. The person-centric research framework is proffered as one such model and will be described in this paper with a view to eliciting discussion about the essential qualities of a person-centered approach to evidence generation. This framework has been emergent from the clinical practice of the author and builds upon other pioneering work in this field. It is operationalized as a practitioner-informed philosophy of the conceptualisation, practice and interpretation of research.
Effects of ractopamine and gender on protein turnover in skeletal muscle of implanted steers and heifers

Effects of the β-agonist, ractopamine-HCl (ractopamine), on skeletal muscle protein turnover were evaluated in 16 steers (512 kg) and 16 heifers (473 kg). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design and included gender (steer vs. heifer) and ractopamine (0 or 200 mg/d). Steers were implanted with 120 mg trenbolone acetate and 24 mg estradiol-17β, heifers with 140 mg trenbolone acetate and 14 mg estradiol-17β. Cattle were fed a diet based on steam-flaked maize. Muscle biopsy samples were collected from m. longissimus and m. biceps femoris on day 0 (prior to ractopamine feeding) and after 14 and 28 d of ractopamine feeding. In vitro protein synthesis rates in m. longissimus tended to be greater for steers than for heifers, but no effect of gender was observed in m. biceps femoris. Gender did not affect in vitro protein degradation rates for either muscle. Ractopamine significantly decreased rates of in vitro protein degradation in m. longissimus, but rates in m. biceps femoris were not affected by ractopamine. Ractopamine did not affect in vitro protein synthesis rates. In general, there were no striking differences between steers and heifers in response to ractopamine, indicating that its effectiveness should be similar between genders. Keywords: Cattle, β-agonist, protein turnover, ractopamine
Spectral states in Be/X-ray pulsars

In the last quarter of a century, a unified characterization of the spectral evolution of low-mass X-ray binaries, both containing a neutron star and a black hole, was possible. In this context, the notion of source states characterizing the X-ray emission from black-hole binaries and neutron-star low-mass X-ray binaries revealed to be a very useful tool to disentangle the complex spectral and aperiodic phenomenology displayed by those classes of accreting objects. Be/X-ray binaries constitute another major class of transient accreting binaries, for which very little work has been done on the correlated timing and spectral variability. Especially, no definition of source states exists for this class, in spite of their highly variable X-ray emission. When active, Be/X-ray binaries are among the brightest objects in the X-ray sky and are characterized by dramatic variability in brightness on timescales ranging from seconds to years. It is then worth it to ask whether a definition of spectral states is possible for these systems. In this work, we try to address such a question, investigating whether accreting X-ray pulsars display source states and characterizing those states through their spectral properties. Our results show that Be/X-ray pulsars trace two different branches in their hardness-intensity diagram: the horizontal branch, a low-intensity state, and the diagonal branch, a high-intensity state that only appears when the X-ray luminosity exceeds a critical limit. We propose that the two branches are the phenomenological signature of two different accretion modes -- in agreement with recently proposed models -- depending on whether the luminosity of the source is above or below a critical value.
Detection and Tracking of Real-World Events from Online Social Media User Data Using Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Based System

Event detection and tracking is always been an efficient strategy of automation. Detecting significant real-world events from the given database or documents using past knowledge has garnered immense research interest in the recent years. Researches have garnered huge in numbers which focuses on utilizing the data like updates, status messages, shared pictures, etc. in social media to identify the occurrence of events. The most popular events of environmental, political, cultural or everyday importance are detected and tracked for various applications all over the world. However detecting the number of common events from the social media content requires efficient strategies as the size of the content and number of users is large, leading to large data to be processed. In order to avoid the limitations of the existing event detection schemes, this paper presents a new approach named Event WebClickviz. This model visualizes the user data and then analyses the similarity between the data to detect the events. Initially the event detection process is considered as a clustering problem as best results are obtained for clustering algorithms. Named Entity recognition with Topical PageRank is employed for extracting the key terms in the texts while the temporal sequences of real values are estimated to build the event sequences. The features are extracted by applying the concept of sentiment analysis using term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). Based on these features the content is clustered using Hierarchical Agglomerative clustering algorithm. Thus the event is detected with high efficiency and they are visualized better using the proposed model. The simulation results justify the performance of the proposed Event WebClickviz.
Educational differentials in fertility intentions and outcomes: family formation in Flanders in the early 1990s

Over the last decades the majority of European countries have witnessed fertility levels considerably below replacement. Particularly completed cohort fertility below two children per woman has raised concerns whether this trend corresponds to a decline of fertility intentions or represents a discrepancy between intended and realised fertility. Using data from the Fertility and Family Survey (FFS) conducted in 1991, we look at fertility intentions of women aged 20-39 in Flanders, documenting how intentions differ in terms of education of women and their partners, activity status and household position. For a larger group of women, we subsequently compare the effects of these characteristics on first-, second- and third-birth hazards in a prospective study based on longitudinal microdata from the 1991 and 2001 Belgian censuses. Our results indicate that lifetime fertility intentions in 1991 were above the replacement level, but also that the proportion of women having a child in the three-year period following the 1991 census is lower than the short-term intentions suggested in the FFS, particularly for first births. We find evidence of a positive educational gradient in both fertility intentions and birth hazards. For the highly educated, higher birth hazards are associated with a stronger attachment to the labour market (both before and after parenthood), homogamy to highly educated partners and more frequent uptake of (in)formal child care.
Opposition theory and the interconnectedness of language, culture, and cognition

The theory of opposition has always been viewed as the founding principle of structuralism within contemporary linguistics and semiotics. As an analytical technique, it has remained a staple within these disciplines, where it continues to be used as a means for identifying meaningful cues in the physical form of signs. However, as a theory of conceptual structure it was largely abandoned under the weight of post-structuralism starting in the 1960s — the exception to this counter trend being the work of the Tartu School of semiotics. This essay revisits opposition theory not only as a viable theory for understanding conceptual structure, but also as a powerful technique for establishing the interconnectedness of language, culture, and cognition.
Variation of the Mn I 539.4 nm line with the solar cycle

As a part of the long-term program at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), the Mn I 539.4 nm line has been observed for nearly three solar cycles using the McMath telescope and the 13.5 m spectrograph in double-pass mode. These full-disk spectrophotometric observations revealed an unusually strong change of this line's parameters over the solar cycle. Optical pumping by the Mg II k line was originally proposed to explain these variations. More recent studies have proposed that this is not required and that the magnetic variability might explain it. Magnetic variability is also the mechanism that drives the changes in total solar irradiance variations (TSI). With this work we investigate this proposition quantitatively by using using the model SATIRE-S. We applied exactly the same model atmospheres and value of the free parameter as were used in previous solar irradiance reconstructions to now model the variation in the Mn I 539.4 nm line profile and in neighboring Fe I lines. We compared the results of the theoretical model with KPNO observations. Our result confirms that optical pumping of the Mn I 539.4 nm line by Mg II k is not the main cause of its solar cycle change. It also provides independent confirmation of solar irradiance models which are based on the assumption that irradiance variations are caused by the evolution of the solar surface magnetic flux. The result obtained here also supports the spectral irradiance variations computed by these models.
Large-amplitude monochromatic ULF waves detected by Kaguya at the Moon

[1] Large amplitude, monochromatic ultra low frequency (ULF) waves were detected by MAP/LMAG magnetometer onboard Kaguya during the period from 1 January 2008 to 30 November 2008 on its orbit 100 km above the lunar surface. The dominant frequency was 8.3 × 10−3 – 1.0 × 10−2 Hz, corresponding to the periods of 120 s – 100 s. The amplitude was as large as 3 nT. They were observed in 10% of the time when the moon was in the solar wind far upstream of the Earth's bow shock. They were detected only by Kaguya on the orbit around the moon, but not by ACE in the upstream solar wind. The occurrence rate was high above the terminator and on the dayside surface. The direction of the propagation was not exactly parallel to the interplanetary magnetic field, but showed a preference to the direction of the magnetic field and the direction perpendicular to the surface of the moon below the spacecraft. The sense of rotation of the magnetic field was left-handed with respect to the magnetic field in 53% of the events, while 47% showed right-handed polarization. The possible generation mechanism is the cyclotron resonance of the magnetohydrodynamic waves with the solar wind protons reflected by the moon. The energy of the reflected protons can account for the energy of the ULF waves. The propagation direction which are not parallel to the incident solar wind flow can explain the observed frequency and the nearly equal percentages of the left-handed and right-handed polarizations.
The Freshwater Reservoir and Radiocarbon Dates on Cooking Residues: Old Apparent Ages or a Single Outlier? Comments on Fischer and Heinemeier (2003)

Fischer and Heinemeier (2003) present a hypothesis that the freshwater reservoir effect produces old apparent ages for radiocarbon dates run on charred cooking residues in regions where fossil carbon is present in groundwater. The hypothesis is based in part on their analysis of dates on charred cooking residues from 3 inland archaeological sites in Denmark in relation to contextual dates from those sites on other materials. A critical assessment of the dates from these sites suggests that rather than a pattern of old apparent dates, there is a single outlying date—not sufficient evidence on which to build a case for the freshwater reservoir effect.
Stock Market Prediction Using Heat of Related Keywords on Micro Blog

Whether the stock market investors’ emotion can influence the stock market itself is one of the hot topic in financial research. In this paper, a method based on the heat of related keywords on Micro Blog is proposed, as Micro Blog is an ideal source for capturing public opinions towards certain topic. We choose Shanghai Composite index as the research object, through correlation analysis, Granger causality analysis, and support vector machine classification, the results have shown that the keywords heat on micro blog can make a short-time prediction of stock market, and the keyword which expresses negative emotion have more powerful prediction ability.
The influence of lexical aspect and input frequency in the L2 French of adult beginners

This article presents a study of the variation found in the oral production of verbs in L2 French by adult beginners with Swedish as L1. The study deals with the production of the two main forms of regular verbs in spoken French, a short form /parl/ and a long form /parle/, in present-tense and infinitive contexts. Learners at beginner stages use these two forms invariantly in both finite and non-finite contexts. The aim of this study is to investigate the choice of the invariant forms made by the learners. This is done by testing the influence of lexical aspect and input frequency. The investigation is made with concrete data from input sources. The results from both a free production task and an imitation test suggest that input frequency contributes more significantly than lexical aspect, although both factors overlap for most of the studied verbs.
Optimal Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy with Home Bias

We analyze optimal monetary policy in a small open economy characterized by home bias in consumption. Peculiar to our framework is the application of a Ramsey-type analysis to a model of the recent open economy New Keynesian literature. We show that home bias in consumption is a sufficient condition for inducing monetary policy-makers of an open economy to deviate from a strategy of strict markup stabilization and contemplate some (optimal) degree of exchange rate stabilization. We focus on the optimal setting of policy both in the case in which firms set prices one period in advance as well as in the case in which firms set prices in a dynamic forward-looking fashion. While the first setup allows us to analytically highlight home bias as an independent source of equilibrium markup variability, the second setup allows us to study the effects of future expectations on the optimal policy problem and the effect of home bias on optimal inflation volatility. The latter, in particular, is shown to be related to the degree of trade openness in a U-shaped fashion, whereas exchange rate volatility is monotonically decreasing in openness.
Client Knowledge Opportunities for a Small Software Firm

In global markets, firms should be connected to a p lurality of external actors to acquire knowledge for sustainable competitive advan tage. Over the last decade, knowledge management scholars have highlighted the opportunity to acquire a wide spectrum of knowledge from clients, not limite d to their characteristics and preferences. This opportunity is particularly evide nt, considering small software firms operating on commission, due to their interac tion with clients; at the same time, it represents a challenge for small companies , because the knowledge acquired from clients is usually context-specific a nd can become an opportunity.
The Dynamics of Economic Policy and Regional Specialization: Evidence from China's High-tech Industry

This paper investigates the effects of economic policy on regional specialization of China's high-tech industries for the period 1996 to 2005. Results indicate that the average level of regional specialization increases over years. Moreover, high-tech industry sector is highly localized in coastal regions. Using a dynamic panel data approach, we find that the implementation of high technology oriented export policy and subsidies for science and high technology activities encourage regional specialization, whereas local government's protections for local high-tech enterprises impede it. The empirical study also confirms the important role of high-skilled labor in determining regional specialization. Keywords: economic policy; specialization; high-tech industry; dynamics
Adjusting variance for sample-size in tree-ring chronologies and other regional-mean timeseries

This note explores the frequently encountered problem that a tuneseries formed as an average of a sample of individr4al timeseries has a variance that depends upon the size of the sample. Methods for adjusting the timeseries to reduce this uar2bnce bias are demonstrated -first a simple one and then extensions to it to allow for time-dependent and tirnescale-dependent effects. The discussion and techniques are applicable to the construction of tree-ring chronologies from an average of individual cores (or trees) and to the calculation of regional tree-growth timeseries by aueraging individual chronologies.
Sea-surface temperature and f-ratio explain large variability in the ratio of bacterial production to primary production in the Yellow Sea

To determine whether parameters related to hydrography and phytoplankton utilization of nitrogenous nutrients are responsible for the variability in ratios of euphotic zone-integrated bac- terial production (BP) to primary production (PP), we measured bacterial production, primary pro- duction, new production, regenerated production and environmental variables in the euphotic zone in May 1995 and June 1996 at a frontal region in the Yellow Sea. The BP/PP ratios were highly vari- able with different hydrodynamic conditions, ranging from 0.03 for mixed waters to 0.40 for stratified waters. The BP/PP ratios were significantly correlated (r 2 = 0.64, p < 0.01) with water-column stabil- ity of the euphotic zone and, to a greater degree, with sea-surface temperature (SST; r 2 = 0.74, p < 0.001). SST was also closely correlated with water-column stability (r 2 = 0.91, p < 0.0001). An inverse relationship was found (r 2 = 0.61, p < 0.01) between BP/PP and ƒ-ratios, indicating close association of the variability of the BP/PP ratios with the relative utilization of nitrogen by phytoplankton. High BP/PP values were found when the euphotic zone was stratified and phytoplankton mostly depended on ammonium for nitrogen source, and low BP/PP values were found when the euphotic zone was completely mixed and phytoplankton mostly depended on nitrate. Our results suggest that both tur- bulent mixing and water temperature were underlying physical forces regulating variations in BP/PP ratios in the Yellow Sea. It might be possible to predict energy pathways in the Yellow Sea and, pre- sumably, in other marine environments by remote-sensing of SST and ocean color.