Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metabolic inflexibility is a feature of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and is associated with both insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism.

CONTEXT Metabolic inflexibility, ie, the impaired ability of the body to switch from fat to carbohydrate oxidation under insulin-stimulated conditions, is associated with insulin resistance. This alteration in metabolic plasticity can lead to organ dysfunction and is considered a key issue among the abnormalities of the metabolic syndrome. It is still unknown whether this phenomenon occurs in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine whether metabolic inflexibility is a feature of PCOS women and whether hyperandrogenism may contribute to this phenomenon. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Eighty-nine Caucasian women with PCOS were submitted to hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Respiratory exchange ratios were evaluated at baseline and during hyperinsulinemia by indirect calorimetry to quantify substrate oxidative metabolism. Total testosterone was measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and free testosterone by equilibrium dialysis. SETTING Outpatients were seen in a tertiary care academic center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Metabolic flexibility was assessed by the change in respiratory quotient upon insulin stimulation. RESULTS Sixty-five of the 89 PCOS women (73%) had increased serum free testosterone, 68 (76%) were insulin resistant, and 62 (70%) had an impaired metabolic flexibility. Comparison of hyperandrogenemic and normoandrogenemic women showed that the 2 subgroups were of similar age but differed in terms of several anthropometric and metabolic features. In particular, hyperandrogenemic women had greater body mass index (32.9 ± 1.0 vs 24.7 ± 0.9 kg/m(2), P < . 001) and lower glucose utilization during the clamp (9.2 ± 0.4 vs 10.9 ± 0.7 mg/kg fat-free mass · min, P = .023) and metabolic flexibility (0.09 ± 0.06 vs 0.12 ± 0.01, P = .014). In univariate analysis, metabolic flexibility was associated with several anthropometric, endocrine, and metabolic features. In multivariate analysis, this feature was directly associated with baseline respiratory quotient and insulin sensitivity and inversely with free testosterone and free fatty acids concentrations under insulin suppression (R(2) = 0.634, P < . 001). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic inflexibility is a feature of PCOS women. Both insulin resistance and androgen excess might contribute to this abnormality.
Social ranking effects on tooth-brushing behaviour.

OBJECTIVE A tooth-brushing social rank hypothesis is tested suggesting tooth-brushing duration is influenced when individuals position their behaviour in a rank when comparing their behaviour with other individuals. DESIGN Study 1 used a correlation design, Study 2 used a semi-experimental design, and Study 3 used a randomized intervention design to examine the tooth-brushing social rank hypothesis in terms of self-reported attitudes, cognitions, and behaviour towards tooth-brushing duration. METHODS Study 1 surveyed participants to examine whether the perceived health benefits of tooth-brushing duration could be predicted from the ranking of each person's tooth-brushing duration. Study 2 tested whether manipulating the rank position of the tooth-brushing duration influenced participant-perceived health benefits of tooth-brushing duration. Study 3 used a longitudinal intervention method to examine whether messages relating to the rank positions of tooth-brushing durations causally influenced the self-report tooth-brushing duration. RESULTS Study 1 demonstrates that perceptions of the health benefits from tooth-brushing duration are predicted by the perceptions of how that behaviour ranks in comparison to other people's behaviour. Study 2 demonstrates that the perceptions of the health benefits of tooth-brushing duration can be manipulated experimentally by changing the ranked position of a person's tooth-brushing duration. Study 3 experimentally demonstrates the possibility of increasing the length of time for which individuals clean their teeth by focusing on how they rank among their peers in terms of tooth-brushing duration. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of interventions using social-ranking methods relative to those that emphasize comparisons made against group averages or normative guidelines are discussed. STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION What is already known on this subject? Individual make judgements based on social rank information. Social rank information has been shown to influence positive health behaviours such as exercise. What does this study add? The health benefits of tooth-brushing are predicted by how tooth-brushing duration ranks within a distribution. Focussing on how teeth-cleaning duration ranks among others produces longer teeth-cleaning durations.
A Statistical Study on DH CMEs and Its Geoeffectiveness

A detailed investigation on geoeffectiveness of CMEs associated with DH-type-II bursts observed during 1997–2008 is presented. The collected sample events are divided into two groups based on their association with CMEs related to geomagnetic storms Dst ≤−50 nT, namely, (i) geoeffective events and (ii) nongeoeffective events. We found that the geoeffective events have high starting frequency, low ending frequency, long duration, wider bandwidth, energetic flares, and CMEs than nongeoeffective events. The geoeffective events are found to have intense geomagnetic storm with mean Dst index (−150 nT). There exists good correlation between the properties of CMEs and flares for geoeffective events, while no clear correlation exists for nongeoeffective events. There exists a weak correlation for geoeffective events between (i) CME speed and Dst index and good correlation between (i) CME speed and solar wind speed , (ii) Dst index and solar wind speed , and (iii) Dst index and southward magnetic field component () . From our study we conclude that the intense and long duration southward magnetic field component () and fast solar wind speed are responsible for geomagnetic storms, and the geomagnetic storms weakly depend on CME speed. About 22% (50/230) of the DH-type-II bursts are associated with geomagnetic storms. Therefore the DH-type-II bursts associated with energetic flares and CMEs are good indicator of geomagnetic storms.
In search of a learning model.

While the four commentaries reflect a range of different perspectives on my target paper (Vihman, 2017), all basically accept the overall approach, which has been central to my research for 30 years. Each commentary proposes ways of deepening aspects of the ideas expressed or points out limitations and potential areas in which elaboration would be useful. This response takes up each commentary in turn.
Reducing risk factors for adolescent behavioural and emotional problems: A pilot randomised controlled trial of a self-administered parenting intervention

Abstract Parenting practices and parent-child relationships affect adolescent adjustment. This study examined the efficacy of a self-directed parenting intervention for 51 parents of early adolescents (aged 12–14 years), who reported experiencing difficulties with their adolescent’s behaviour. Two levels of intensity of a self-directed intervention (self-directed alone and self-directed plus brief therapist telephone consultations) were compared with a waitlist control group. At post-intervention, parents in the enhanced condition reported significantly fewer adolescent behavioural problems and less use of over-reactive parenting strategies than parents in either the standard or waitlist conditions. Improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This research suggests that a self-directed behavioural family intervention with minimal therapist contact may be an effective early intervention for adolescent problems. It has implications for providing minimally sufficient interventions for parents using a multilevel approach to intervention as well as for making interventions more accessible for families.
Newcomers' cognitive development of social identification: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of self-anchoring and self-stereotyping.

Upon joining a new social category, group members strive to establish and maintain high social identification. Thus far, we know relatively little about the cognitive underpinnings of social identification when developing from a new to a well-established group member. This research investigates the differential impact of newcomers' self-stereotyping (i.e., assimilation of the self to group stereotypes) and self-anchoring (i.e., projection of self-attributes onto the ingroup) on the development of social identification over time. Across two time points during the academic year, first year psychology students (N = 123) filled in a questionnaire on their perceptions about the self, psychology students, and social identification. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses confirmed our hypotheses that self-anchoring instigated new group members' social identification, while self-stereotyping instigated social identification once group membership was more well-established. This research emphasizes the interactive role of the personal and social self in the development of social identification.
The status-legitimacy hypothesis revisited: Ethnic-group differences in general and dimension-specific legitimacy.

The status-legitimacy hypothesis, which predicts that low-status groups will legitimize inequality more than high-status groups, has received inconsistent empirical support. To resolve this inconsistency, we hypothesized that low-status groups would display enhanced legitimation only when evaluating the fairness of the specific hierarchy responsible for their disadvantage. In a New Zealand-based probability sample (N = 6,162), we found that low-status ethnic groups (Asians and Pacific Islanders) perceived ethnic-group relations to be fairer than the high-status group (Europeans). However, these groups did not justify the overall political system more than the high-status group. In fact, Māori showed the least support for the political system. These findings clarify when the controversial status-legitimacy effects predicted by System Justification Theory will - and will not - emerge.
Vulvar lichen sclerosus is very frequent in women with Turner syndrome.

Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine (Z.C., S.V., C.C., I.T., P.T.), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pierre et Marie Curie University, 75013 Paris, France; Center of Rare Gynecologic Diseases (Z.C., S.V., C.C., I.T., P.T.), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, 75103, France; and Center of Rare Endocrine Growth Diseases (Z.C., S.V., C.C., I.T., P.T.), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, 75103, France
Work and freedom? Working self‐objectification and belief in personal free will

The current work aimed to extend the burgeoning literature on working objectification by investigating the effects of particular job activities on self-perception. By integrating relevant theoretical reflections with recent empirical evidence, we expected that performing objectifying (i.e., repetitive, fragmented, and other-directed) tasks would affect participants' self-objectification and, in turn, their belief in personal free will. In three studies, we consistently found that performing a manual (Study 1 and Study 2) or a computer (Study 3) objectifying task (vs. a non-objectifying task and vs. the baseline condition) led participants to objectify themselves in terms of both decreased self-attribution of human mental states (Study 1 and Study 3) and increased self-perception of being instrument-like (Study 2 and Study 3). Crucially, this increased self-objectification mediated the relationship between performing an objectifying activity and the participants' decreased belief in personal free will. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are considered.
Plasma estrogen levels, estrogen receptor gene variation, and ischemic arterial disease in postmenopausal women: the three-city prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND In older postmenopausal women, high levels of endogenous estrogen have been related to adverse health outcomes including ischemic arterial disease (IAD). Whether estrogen receptor-α (ESR1) and -β (ESR2) polymorphisms modulate the effects of estrogens on IAD has not been investigated. METHODS In the Three-City prospective cohort study among subjects older than 65 years, we used a case-cohort design in which plasma levels of total and bioavailable 17β-estradiol were measured. After exclusion of postmenopausal women using hormone therapy, a random subcohort of 533 women and 105 incident cases of first IAD events over 4 years of follow-up were analyzed. Five common polymorphisms of ESR1 and ESR2 were genotyped. Hazard ratios (HRs) of IAD for a 1-SD increase in hormones levels by the genotypes were estimated from Cox models after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and a correction for multiple testing. We also investigated the role of hemostasis and inflammation as potential mediators. RESULTS Neither estrogens nor IAD risk was significantly associated with estrogen receptor polymorphisms. Overall, IAD risk increased with total estradiol [HR1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.77]. Stratified analysis by genotypes showed that total estradiol was positively related to IAD risk in women with ESR1 rs9340799-AA genotype but not in women with the AG/GG genotype (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.22-2.17 and HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.30, respectively; P for interaction <.05). An additional adjustment for hemostatic variables reduced the HR by about one third in women carrying the rs9340799-AA genotype (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.06-1.90). CONCLUSION The ESR1 rs9340799 genotype may modify the IAD risk related to high endogenous estrogens levels in older postmenopausal women. Hypercoagulability may act as a mediator.
5α-Reductase Type 1 Modulates Insulin Sensitivity in Men

Context: 5α-Reductase (5αR) types 1 and 2 catalyze the A-ring reduction of steroids, including androgens and glucocorticoids. 5α-R inhibitors lower dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia; finasteride inhibits 5αR2, and dutasteride inhibits both 5αR2 and 5αR1. In rodents, loss of 5αR1 promotes fatty liver. Objective: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of 5αR1 causes metabolic dysfunction in humans. Design, Setting, and Participants: This double-blind randomized controlled parallel group study at a clinical research facility included 46 men (20–85 years) studied before and after intervention. Intervention: Oral dutasteride (0.5 mg daily; n = 16), finasteride (5 mg daily; n = 16), or control (tamsulosin; 0.4 mg daily; n = 14) was administered for 3 months. Main Outcome Measure: Glucose disposal was measured during a stepwise hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Data are mean (SEM). Results: Dutasteride and finasteride had similar effects on steroid profiles, with reduced urinary androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites and reduced circulating DHT but no change in plasma or salivary cortisol. Dutasteride, but not finasteride, reduced stimulation of glucose disposal by high-dose insulin (dutasteride by −5.7 [3.2] μmol/kg fat-free mass/min, versus finasteride +7.2 [3.0], and tamsulosin +7.0 [2.0]). Dutasteride also reduced suppression of nonesterified fatty acids by insulin and increased body fat (by 1.6% [0.6%]). Glucose production and glycerol turnover were unchanged. Consistent with metabolic effects of dutasteride being mediated in peripheral tissues, mRNA for 5αR1 but not 5αR2 was detected in human adipose tissue. Conclusion: Dual inhibition of 5αRs, but not inhibition of 5αR2 alone, modulates insulin sensitivity in human peripheral tissues rather than liver. This may have important implications for patients prescribed dutasteride for prostatic disease.
No adverse affect in clinical outcome using low preablation diagnostic (131)i activity in differentiated thyroid cancer: refuting thyroid-stunning effect.

CONTEXT Published studies of thyroid stunning due to preablation (131)I scanning in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy had shown inconsistent clinical impact. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical outcome in patients who were given a low diagnostic (131)I activity (1.1 mCi or 40 MBq) 6 days prior to radioiodine ablation (RAI). DESIGN/SETTING Two cohorts of patients were treated in a cancer referral center in 2004-2011. The eligibility criteria were as follows: 1) diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer; 2) total or near total thyroidectomy; 3) no distant metastasis; and 4) receiving 82.4 mCi or greater (3050 MBq) therapeutic (131)I activity. PATIENTS/INTERVENTIONS Three hundred five consecutive patients treated in 2004-2008 (group A) had a diagnostic activity 1.1 mCi of (131)I prior to RAI. The second cohort treated in 2009-2011 (group B) consisted of 237 patients who did not undergo diagnostic (131)I scanning prior to RAI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The tumor recurrence rate at 3 years and quantitative assessment using diagnostic whole-body radioiodine scans and TSH-stimulated thyroglobulin levels at 3-12 months after RAI were measured. RESULTS The 3-year recurrence-free survival rates were 96.4% in both groups, with 4.3% in group A and 3.4% in group B having tumor recurrence (P = .91). The ablation success rates measured by diagnostic whole-body radioiodine scans were 97.6% and 100% and by stimulated thyroglobulin were 85.3% and 85.8% in group A and B, respectively (P = .62). CONCLUSIONS The use of low diagnostic (131)I activity (1.1 mCi) given 6 days prior to RAI was safe and convenient without adversely affecting the long-term clinical outcome.
Intratester reliability and measurement error of the adapted crossover hop for distance

Abstract Objective : To determine the intratester reliability of the adapted crossover hop for distance in uninjured subjects. Design : Within-subject between-session repeated measures with random selection from a sample of convenience. Setting : University physiotherapy laboratory. Participants : Twelve subjects (male: n =4; female: n =8; age=22·4±5·5 years; height=168·7±5·2cm; mass=65·8±8·5kg) without a history of lower limb or low back injury. Methods and Measures: Subjects performed three sub-maximal warm-up trials followed by three measured trials of the adapted crossover hop for distance utilising the self-reported dominant limb on two test sessions. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) form (2,1), standard error of measurement (SEM), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated utilising subjects' highest scores to determine intratester reliability and measurement precision. Results: The ICC (2,1) was 0·94. The SEM was 28·8cm. The 95% CI was 56·5cm. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate the adapted crossover hop for distance has high intratester reliability and acceptable measurement error in uninjured subjects. Thus, a new hop test with potential for identifying knee dysfunction in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured population is presented. Future research should determine the reliability, measurement error, and validity of the adapted crossover hop for distance in an ACL-injured population.
Science made simple: tissue microarrays (TMAs)

Traditionally, in diagnostic histology laboratories, most tissues are fixed in formalin to stop enzymatic decomposition and reduce infection risk. They are then processed through various alcohols and organic solvents before being embedded in paraffin wax blocks. This embedding process enables very thin sections to be cut, which in turn can be placed on slides and stained with dyes to enable viewing down a microscope. Technical advances have led to more sophisticated tests being developed where specific proteins, DNA or RNA sequences can also be visualised microscopically. These tests are, by their very nature, difficult to perform, reproduce and have significant costs per slide. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were designed, primarily as a research tool, to enable representative samples of small pieces of tissue from hundreds of individual paraffin blocks to be placed in a single block. This facilitates the manufacture of slides containing a large number of different tissues (or patient cases), which can then be tested simultaneously (Fig. 1). For researchers this reduces costs, provides statistically relevant results and avoids variation in laboratory tests from batch to batch.
Novel somatic mutations in the catalytic subunit of the protein kinase A as a cause of adrenal Cushing's syndrome: a European multicentric study.

CONTEXT Somatic mutations in PRKACA gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), have been recently found in a high proportion of sporadic adenomas associated with Cushing's syndrome. The aim was to analyze the PRKACA mutation in a large cohort of patients with adrenocortical masses. METHODS Samples from nine European centers were included (Germany, n = 4; Italy, n = 4; France, n = 1). Samples were drawn from 149 patients with nonsecreting adenomas (n = 32 + 2 peritumoral), subclinical hypercortisolism (n = 36), Cushing's syndrome (n = 64 + 2 peritumoral), androgen-producing tumors (n = 4), adrenocortical carcinomas (n = 5 + 2 peritumoral), and primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasias (n = 8). Blood samples were available from patients with nonsecreting adenomas (n = 15), subclinical hypercortisolism (n = 10), and Cushing's syndrome (n = 35). Clinical and hormonal data were collected. DNA amplification by PCR of exons 6 and 7 of the PRKACA gene and direct sequencing were performed. RESULTS PRKACA heterozygous mutations were found in 22/64 samples of Cushing's syndrome patients (34%). No mutations were found in peritumoral tissue and blood samples or in other tumors examined. The c.617A>C (p.Leu206Arg) occurred in 18/22 patients. Furthermore, two novel mutations were identified: c. 600_601insGTG/p.Cys200_Gly201insVal in three patients and c.639C>G+c. 638_640insATTATCCTGAGG/p.Ser213Arg+p.Leu212_Lys214insIle-Ile-Leu-Arg) in one. All the mutations involved a region implicated in interaction between PKA regulatory and catalytic subunits. Patients with somatic PRKACA mutations showed higher levels of cortisol after dexamethasone test and a smaller adenoma size, compared with nonmutated subjects. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm and extend previous observations that somatic PRKACA mutations are specific for adrenocortical adenomas causing Cushing's syndrome.