Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Past and Future of Innovations in Microfinance

The microfinance industry carries every sign of an innovation in its take-off phase. The various aspects of the microfinance innovation were developed in the 1980’s, twenty years later the industry experiences a phenomenal growth rate, and it has diffused to most developing countries in the world. This review paper looks at microfinance as an entrepreneurial activity in its own right, contributing to the development of small and medium-sized firms in developing countries. We trace the innovations in microfinance, for instance group lending, loans to women, and their financing, and we ask whether the business model implied is sustainable once diffusion has gone far, competition enters, and customers enter higher income levels. The analyses indicate that to fulfill the tasks in the longer term, microfinance must manage the transition from idealism to regular business activity in order to fulfill the microfinance promise of financial sustainability and outreach. In this regard the microbanks can learn from the 19th century savings banks that adopted a pragmatic attitude in expanding their missions to serve better-off clients alongside the poor and developed professional banking procedures in order to assure their long term survival.
Riverine and Estuarine Migratory Behavior of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Smolts

Using radio and ultrasonic transmitters, we tracked coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts in the Chehalis River and Grays Harbor estuary, Washington, to document patterns of seaward migration. In spite of dramatic differences in the two habitats, the fish behaved similarly in both systems. Migratory progress was saltatory, characterized by movement in the direction of the current and extended periods of holding in areas of low current velocity. Consequently, smolts were displaced rapidly downstream by swift, unidirectional river currents but were retained in the estuary by relatively low-velocity, reversing tidal currents. Smolts did not use tidal currents to move seaward and appeared to swim most rapidly against strong ebbing currents. Estimated mean total metabolic cost incurred by migrating smolts was 0.027 cal∙s−1∙smolt−1 (1 cal = 4.184 J). Estimated daily caloric expenditure by smolts in 1988 was twice that of smolts tracked in 1989, apparently due to faster water velocities in 1988. The observat.
AKARI/IRC Deep Survey in the North Ecliptic Pole Region

We have made adeep and wide imaging survey with all nine AKARI/IRC bands from 2 to 24 μm within ahalf degree of the North Ecliptic Pole. The survey covered acircular area of 0.38deg2 centered at RA = 17h56m, Dec = 66°37' where adeep optical multi-band survey has been conducted by Subaru/Suprime-Cam. The 5σ sensitivity of the survey for point sources is 11.0, 48, 117, and 275 μJy at wavelengths 3, 7, 15, and 24 μm, respectively. The survey is limited by sky noise at wavelengths from 7 to 24 μm, and limited by source confusion from 2 to 4 μm. We have also made apoint source catalog at each band, consisting of more than 5000 sources with a 50% completeness limit of 93 μ Jy at 15 μm. Our results are consistent with the pilot survey at faint fluxes and has better statistical significance at the bright fluxes. This is the first near- and mid-infrared sub-mJy extragalactic survey with contiguous wavelength coverage from 2 to 24 μm and a large band-merged catalogue. It will provide powerful and unique diagnostics of obscured star-formation and AGN activities in the galaxies up to z = 2.
Propagation and scattering of collimated beam wave in vegetation using scalar transport theory

PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING OF COLLIMATED BEAM WAVE IN VEGETATION USING SCALAR TRANSPORT THEORY by Michael Yu-Chi Wu The scalar time-dependent equation of radiative transfer is used to develop a theory of pulse beamwave propagation and scattering in a medium characterized by many random discrete scatterers which scatter energy strongly in the forward scattering direction. Applications include the scattering of highly collimated millimeter waves in vegetation and optical beams in the atmosphere. The specific problem analyzed is that of a periodic sequence of Gaussian shaped pulses normally incident from free space onto the planar boundary surface of a random medium half-space, such as a forest, that possesses a power scatter (phase) function consisting of a strong, narrow forward lobe superimposed over an isotropic background. After splitting the specific intensity into the reduced incident and diffuse intensities, the solution of the transport equation expressed in cylindrical coordinates in the random medium half-space is obtained by expanding the angular dependence of both the scatter function and the diffuse intensity in terms of Associate Legendre polynomials, by using a Fourier series/Hankel transform to obtain the equation of transfer for each spatial frequency, and by employing the weighted residual method to satisfy the boundary condition that the forward traveling diffuse intensity be zero at the interface. Data generated from the solution will be compared to results obtained from a computationally intensive second method of solution, which follows the procedure used by Chang and Ishimaru to study the propagation and scattering of monochromatic beam waves in random media. In this second method, the timedependent scalar transport equation is solved using a Fourier Series/Hankel transform along with the two-dimensional Gauss quadrature formula and an eigenvalue eigenvector technique. Numerical results are given for received power at different penetration depths, different beam sizes and different scatter directions. PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING OF COLLIMATED BEAM WAVE IN VEGETATION USING SCALAR TRANSPORT THEORY by Michael Yu-Chi Wu A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department May 2001 APPROVAL PAGE PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING OF COLLIMATED BEAM WAVE IN VEGETATION USING SCALAR TRANSPORT THEORY Michael Yu-Chi Wu Dr. Gerald M. Whitman, Thesis Advisor Date Professor of Electrical Engineering, NJIT Dr. Ed ip Niver Date Associate of Professor Electrical Engineering, NJIT Dr. Marek Sosnowski Date Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, NJIT
A secure mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a secure mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor networks. The paper first presents the IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks 6LoWPAN architecture where the routing can be automatically performed. With the architecture, both the hierarchical Internet protocol version 6 address structure and the secure address configuration algorithm for a 6LoWPAN wireless sensor network are proposed. With the architecture and the address structure, the secure intranetwork and internetwork mobility handover algorithms are presented, and they utilize the encryption and authentication to achieve the security. During the mobility process, a mobile node does not need a care-of address, so the mobility handover process includes neither the care-of address configuration operation nor the address-binding operation. As a result, the mobility handover cost and delay are reduced. Moreover, mobile nodes do not need to be involved in the mobility handover process, so the packet loss caused by mobile nodes' failure is avoided. During the intranetwork mobility handover process, a link address is used to identify a mobile node, so the size of a control message is reduced substantially. As a result, the transmission cost and delay are reduced. The paper analyzes the performance parameters of the proposed scheme, including mobility handover cost, delay, and packet loss rate. Compared with the existing scheme without security, the proposed scheme has relatively good mobility handover performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous Multi-Die High-Density Interconnect Stitching

A high-density and a highly scalable heterogeneous multi-die integration technology is presented in this paper. Central to this approach is the dense integration of heterogeneous ICs enabled by fine-pitch Compressible MicroInterconnects (CMIs) and stitch chips, which serve as the interface through which communication between active ICs occurs. A testbed is fabricated in order to characterize and demonstrate the proposed integration technology: concatenated assembly of chips using the stitch chips with fine-pitch CMIs (inline pitch of 20 μm). Electrical characterization, including resistance and S-parameters, of the interconnects are reported as well as the assembly of testbeds. The measured results show robust and low-loss interconnections across multi-chips.
A zoo of growth functions of mapping class sets

Suppose [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are finite complexes, with [Formula: see text] simply connected. Gromov conjectured that the number of mapping classes in [Formula: see text] which can be realized by [Formula: see text]-Lipschitz maps grows asymptotically as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is an integer determined by the rational homotopy type of [Formula: see text] and the rational cohomology of [Formula: see text]. This conjecture was disproved in a recent paper of the author and Weinberger; we gave an example where the “predicted” growth is [Formula: see text] but the true growth is [Formula: see text]. Here we show, via a different mechanism, that the universe of possible such growth functions is quite large. In particular, for every rational number [Formula: see text], there is a pair [Formula: see text] for which the growth of [Formula: see text] is essentially [Formula: see text].
1 Energy Consumption Analysis of D 2 D 2 Communication in 5 G Systems : Latest Advances in 3 3 GPP Standardization 4

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the future fifth generation 9 (5G) system that can be seen as “network of networks”, consisting of multiple seamlessly integrated 10 radio access technologies (RATs). Public safety communications, autonomous driving, social-aware 11 networking, and infotainment services are example use cases of D2D technology. High data rate 12 communications and use of several active air interfaces in the described network create energy 13 consumption challenges for both base stations and the end user devices. In this paper, we review 14 the status of 3GPP standardization which is the most important standardization body for 5G 15 systems.We define a set of application scenarios for D2D communications in 5G networks. We use 16 the recent models of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiFi interfaces in analyzing the power 17 consumption from both the infrastructure and user device perspectives. The results indicate that 18 with the latest radio interfaces the best option for energy saving is minimization of active interfaces 19 and sending the data with the best possible data rate. Multiple recommendations on how to exploit 20 the results in future networks are given. 21
ICT-619555 RESCUE D 2 . 1 . 2 Version 1 . 0 Final Report of The Coding / Decoding Algorithms and Performance Comparison

This deliverable provides comprehensive analytical and simulation results of the coding/decoding algorithms used in RESCUE. The algorithms are applied to various frameworks and investigated the applicability in selected cases. We also address the impact of lossy forwarding (LF) relaying in fading channels and specifically consider the evaluation of frame error rates (FERs) in comparison with lossless decode-andforward (DF). Moreover, the deliverable proposes an algorithm for opportunistic relay selection in LF-based networks where the best relay can be found using a machine learning method. Remarkable performance gains are observed in a case where LF concept is applied in multi-antenna scenario, in which relays can transmit and receive at the same time by using multiple antennas for interference cancelation. Furthermore, we apply joint decoding (JD) into IEEE 802.11 WiFi standard. In addition, we present an error rate model for RESCUE physical layer to be used when designing higher layer protocols. After analyzing the results presented in this deliverable, we conclude that RESCUE concept is especially suitable for the cases where the retransmissions are not preferable or not even possible. Keyword list: 802.11 WiFi, cooperative relaying, decode-and-forward, distributed turbo code, error rate model, iterative decoding, lossy forwarding, multiple antennas, wireless networks
title : Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase defect is implicated in memory impairments associated with Alzheimer-like Tau pathology First

1. Author groups: Please check that all names have been spelled correctly and appear in the correct order. Please also check that all initials are present. Please check that the author surnames (family name) have been correctly identified by a pink background. If this is incorrect, please identify the full surname of the relevant authors. Occasionally, the distinction between surnames and forenames can be ambiguous, and this is to ensure that the authors' full surnames and forenames are tagged correctly, for accurate indexing online. Please also check all author affiliations.
Dependance of weak localization cone with the photons brownian Doppler shift

Laboratoire Kastler Brossel de L’Ecole Normale Sup´erieure UMR 8552 CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond F-75005 Paris(Dated: April 14, 2008)We report the ﬁrst observation of the dependence of the coherent backscattering (CBS) enhancedcone with the frequency of the backscattered photon. The experiment is performed on a diﬀusingliquid suspension and the Doppler broadening of light is induced by the brownian motion of thescatterers. Heterodyne detection on a CCD camera is used to measure the complex ﬁeld (i.e. thehologram) of the light that is backscattered at a given frequency. The analysis of the hologramsyield the frequency and the propagation direction of the backscattered photons. We observe thatthe angular CBS cone becomes more narrow in the tail of the brownian spectrum. The experimentalresults are in good agreement with a simple theoretical model.
Design , Implementation and Evaluation of IPv 4 / IPv 6 Longest Prefix Match support in Multi-Architecture Programmable Dataplanes

With Programming Protocol-Independent Packet Processors (P4) gaining traction to define how the information is processed through the pipeline of programmable datapaths, and OpenDataPlane (ODP) to create an open-source, cross-platform set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for the networking data plane. MultiArchitecture Compiler System for Abstract Dataplanes (MACSAD) is an approach that converges P4 and ODP in a conventional compilation process, archiving portability of dataplane applications without compromising the target performance capabilities. This work aims at adding IPv4/IPv6 Longest Prefix Match (LPM) support to MACSAD. The proposed LPM support combines a lookup algorithm and the ODP library with MACSAD table support to create a complete forwarding base. We develop a new ODP Helper library for IPv6 lookups based on the current IPv4 solution and we evaluate its performance for diverse workloads and target configurations.
Improved water vapour spectroscopy in the 4174-4300 cm-1 region and its impact on SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements

Abstract. The relative abundance of the heavy water isotopologue HDO provides a deeper insight into the atmospheric hydrological cycle. The SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) allows for global retrievals of the ratio HDO/H2O in the 2.3 micron wavelength range. However, the spectroscopy of water lines in this region remains a large source of uncertainty for these retrievals. We therefore evaluate and improve the water spectroscopy in the range 4174–4300 cm−1 and test if this reduces systematic uncertainties in the SCIAMACHY retrievals of HDO/H2O. We use a laboratory spectrum of water vapour to fit line intensity, air broadening and wavelength shift parameters. The improved spectroscopy is tested on a series of ground-based high resolution FTS spectra as well as on SCIAMACHY retrievals of H2O and the ratio HDO/H2O. We find that the improved spectroscopy leads to lower residuals in the FTS spectra compared to HITRAN 2008 and Jenouvrier et al. (2007) spectroscopy, and the retrievals become more robust against changes in the retrieval window. For both the FTS and SCIAMACHY measurements, the retrieved total H2O columns decrease by 2–4% and we find a negative shift of the HDO/H2O ratio, which for SCIAMACHY is partly compensated by changes in the retrieval setup and calibration software. The updated SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O product shows somewhat steeper latitudinal and temporal gradients and a steeper Rayleigh distillation curve, strengthening previous conclusions that current isotope-enabled general circulation models underestimate the variability in the near-surface HDO/H2O ratio.
Geochemical evolution of the Maloin Ranch pluton , Laramie Anorthosite Complex , Wyoming : Trace elements and petrogenetic models

s with Programs, 7, 1287. Taylor, S.R. , and Mcknnan, S.M. (1985) The continental crust: Its composition and evolution, 312 p. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Vocke, R.D, Jr (1983) Petrogenetic modelling in an Archean gneiss lerrain, Saglek, northem Labrador, 273 p. PhD. dissertation, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. Watson, E.B (1976) TwoJiquid partition coefrcients: Experimental data and geochemical implications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 56, 1 1 9-1 34. Watson, E.8. , and Harrison, T.M. (1983) Zircon saturation revisited: KOLKER ET AL.: GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE MALOIN RANCH PLUTON Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64,295-304 Wiebe, R.A. (19? 9) Fractionation and liquid immiscibility in an anorthositic pluton of the Nain Complex, Labrador. Journal of Petrology, 20,239-269. -(1980) Anorthositic magmas and the origin of Proterozoic anorthosite massifs. Nature, 286, 564-567 ' -(1984) Commingling of magmas in the Bjerkrem-Sogndal opolith (southv/est Norway): Evidence for the composition of residual liquids. L i t hos ,17 , l 7 l 188 . Wiebe, R.A. , and Wild, T. (1983) Fractional crystallization and magma mixing in the Tigalak layered intrusion, the Nain anorthosite complex, Labrador. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 84,327-344. Wyllie, P. 1.0977) Crustal anatexis: An experimental review. Tectono-
APPLICATION OF CANDIDA VALIDA AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT

An investigation was carried out on the carbon and nitrogen sources needed for the growth of a yeast, Candida valida (syn. C. mycoderma) isolated from Ogi, a fermented edible corn product given to babies at weaning. The suitability of this organism as a protein supplement in foods was also determined. The yeast was grown in different carbon sources ;glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch, dextrin, mannitol and ethanol and in different nitrogen sources like urea, amino acids, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, as part of the synthetic basal medium for seven days and the growth measured using the dry weight method. A significantly high increase in yield was observed when 1% fructose was used and maximum yield was obtained with 3.5 and 0.2% (w/v) of fructose and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Growing the fungus in 0.3% cane molasses, a natural substrate gave a significantly higher increase in yield than in a synthetic medium. As a food supplement, other nutrient contents of this organism such as ash, crude fibre, lipids, and carbohydrates were also analysed in addition to the protein, free amino acids and energy values.
Classifier Performance Estimation with Unbalanced, Partially Labeled Data

Class imbalance and lack of ground truth are two significant problems in modern machine learning research. These problems are especially pressing in operational contexts where the total number of data points is extremely large and the cost of obtaining labels is very high. In the face of these issues, accurate estimation of the performance of a detection or classification system is crucial to inform decisions based on the observations. This paper presents a framework for estimating performance of a binary classifier in such a context. We focus on the scenario where each set of measurements has been reduced to a score, and the operator only investigates data when the score exceeds a threshold. The operator is blind to the number of missed detections, so performance estimation targets two quantities: recall and the derivative of precision with respect to recall. Measuring with respect to error in these two metrics, simulations in this context demonstrate that labeling outliers not only outperforms random labeling, but often matches performance of an adaptive method that attempts to choose the optimal data for labeling. Application to real anomaly detection data confirms the utility of the approach, and suggests direction for future work.
Design of experiment approach for the process optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from mulberry leaves by response surface methodology

Mulberry is considered as food-medicine herb, with specific nutritional and medicinal values. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total polysaccharide from mulberry using Box-Behnken design (BBD). Based on single factor experiments, a three level, three variable central composite designs were carried out to establish a quadratic regression model for the extraction efficiency of total polysaccharides as a function of extraction time, extraction temperature and material-water ratio. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as follows: extraction temperature of 70°C, material-water ratio of 1:30 (g/ml), and extraction time of 40 min. Under these conditions, the predicted total polysaccharides extraction efficiency was 3.6%, while the experimental value was 3.56%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the statistical significance of the developed model. The result indicates that the established model well predicted the extraction efficiency of total polysaccharides from mulberry leaves. Key words: Mulberry leaves, total polysaccharides, extraction conditions, design of experiment.
Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function Experimental Acute Myocardial Infarction Reduces Infarct Size , Abrogates Adverse Intracoronary Infusion of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Precursor Cells Directly Following

Fatih Arslan, Imo E Hoefer, Gerard Pasterkamp, Silviu Itescu, Marcel Geleijnse, Felix Zijlstra, Jaco H Houtgraaf, Renate de Jong, Kushan Kazemi, Daphne de Groot, Tycho I.G. van der Spoel, Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function Experimental Acute Myocardial Infarction Reduces Infarct Size, Abrogates Adverse Intracoronary Infusion of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Precursor Cells Directly Following Print ISSN: 0009-7330. Online ISSN: 1524-4571 Copyright © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Circulation Research published online May 8, 2013; Circ Res. http://circres.ahajournals. org/content/early/2013/05/08/CIRCRESAHA.112. 300730 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the http://circres.ahajournals. org/content/suppl/2013/05/08/CIRCRESAHA.112. 300730.DC1. html Data Supplement (unedited) at: