Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An open-source automatic survey of green roofs in London using segmentation of aerial imagery

Abstract. Green roofs can mitigate heat, increase biodiversity, and attenuate storm water, giving some of the benefits of natural vegetation in an urban context where ground space is scarce. To guide the design of more sustainable and climate-resilient buildings and neighbourhoods, there is a need to assess the existing status of green roof coverage and explore the potential for future implementation. Therefore, accurate information on the prevalence and characteristics of existing green roofs is needed, but this information is currently lacking. Segmentation algorithms have been used widely to identify buildings and land cover in aerial imagery. Using a machine learning algorithm based on U-Net (Ronneberger et al., 2015) to segment aerial imagery, we surveyed the area and coverage of green roofs in London, producing a geospatial dataset (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7603123, Simpson et al., 2023). We estimate that there was 0.23 km2 of green roof in the Central Activities Zone (CAZ) of London, 1.07 km2 in Inner London, and 1.89 km2 in Greater London in the year 2021. This corresponds to 2.0 % of the total building footprint area in the CAZ and 1.3 % in Inner London. There is a relatively higher concentration of green roofs in the City of London, covering 3.9 % of the total building footprint area. Test set accuracy was 0.99, with an F score of 0.58. When tested against imagery and labels from a different year (2019), the model performed just as well as a model trained on the imagery and labels from that year, showing that the model generalised well between different imagery. We improve on previous studies by including more negative examples in the training data and by requiring coincidence between vector building footprints and green roof patches. We experimented with different data augmentation methods and found a small improvement in performance when applying random elastic deformations, colour shifts, gamma adjustments, and rotations to the imagery. The survey covers 1558 km2 of Greater London, making this the largest open automatic survey of green roofs in any city. The geospatial dataset is at the single-building level, providing a higher level of detail over the larger area compared to what was already available. This dataset will enable future work exploring the potential of green roofs in London and on urban climate modelling.
Industry 4.0 And InformalSector: Preliminary Gaps And Scope For Innovation

Industry 4.0 (I40) is fuelled by emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud, Big Data, Block Chain, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), Industrial Internet of Things (I-IoT), so on, and is driven by the demand for sustainability and personalization expectations from customers [Lasi et al.,2014]. Industrial production under I40 is expected to become flexible and responsive to changing customer expectations and deliver outputs considering sustainability aspects attached to ‘growing environmental risks and ecological scarcities’ [Beier et al.,2020; UNEP,2011]. It calls for a nexus between technology and organizations that simultaneously facilitates a meaningful and ethical design of work for humans [Dregger et al., 2016; Romero et al., 2016].
Algebras over ∞-operads

We develop a notion of an algebra over an ∞-operad X with values in ∞-categories which is completely intrinsic to the formalism of dendroidal sets. Its definition involves the notion of a coCartesian fibration of dendroidal sets and extends Lurie’s definition of a coCartesian fibration of simplicial sets. We show how, for a dendroidal set X, the coCartesian fibrations over X fit together to form an ∞-category coCart(X). Using a generalization of the Grothendieck construction, we prove that coCart(X) is equivalent to the ∞-category of algebras in ∞-categories over the simplicial operad hcτd(X) associated to X. This equivalence can be restricted to give an equivalence between algebras taking values in ∞groupoids (or equivalently, spaces) and the ∞-category of so-called left fibrations over X.
10 CHAPTER Market design ✩

This Handbook chapter seeks to introduce students and researchers of industrial organization (IO) to the field of market design. We emphasize two important points of connection between the IO and market design fields: a focus on market failures — both understanding sources of market failure and analyzing how to fix them — and an appreciation of institutional detail. Section 2 reviews theory, focusing on introducing the theory of matching and assignment mechanisms to a broad audience. It introduces a novel “taxonomy” of market design problems, covers the key mechanisms and their properties, and emphasizes several points of connection to traditional economic theory involving prices and competitive equilibrium. Section 3 reviews structural empirical methods that build on this theory. We describe how to estimate a workhorse random utility model under various data environments, ranging from data on reported preference data such as rank-order lists to data only on observed matches. These methods enable a quantification of trade-offs in designing markets and the effects of new market designs. Section 4 discusses a wide variety of applications. We organize this discussion into three broad aims of market design research: (i) diagnosing market failures; (ii) evaluating and comparing various market designs; (iii) proposing new, improved designs. A point of emphasis is that theoretical and empirical analysis have been highly complementary in this research.
A Geoscientist’s Perspective on Immersive 3D Data Visualization

A growing need at the forefront of Earth science, and other domains, is the analysis of complex 3D volume data produced by observations or numerical models. Visualization, and especially interactive visualization in immersive VR environments, is a powerful method of exploring unknown data, and of identifying and quantifying unknown features in those data. We describe a visualization software, Visualizer , that was developed speciﬁcally for visual exploration in VR. Visualizer contains carefully optimized algorithms and data structures to support the high frame rates required for immersion, and the real-time feedback required for interactivity. As an application developed for VR from the ground up, Visualizer realizes beneﬁts that usually can not be achieved by software initially developed for the desktop and later ported to VR. However, can also be used on desktop systems with a similar level of real-time interactivity, bridging the “software gap” between desktop and VR that has been an obstacle for the adoption of VR methods by the sciences. Toevaluate the effectiveness of Visualizer in both its native VR environment and on the desktop, we performed a user study comparing it to a widely used desktop visualization application. Our study’s results show that scientists can receive substantial beneﬁts from using VR methods for their research, and that carefully designed VR applications can be as effective on desktop systems as native desktop applications.
Backpropagation neural networks A tutorial

Wythoff, B.J., 1993. Backpropagation neural networks. A tutorial. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 18: 115-155. Artificial neural networks have enjoyed explosive growth in the past ten years. An indication of the rate of growth of research in this area is the fact that, although the first research journal devoted exclusively to this subject was just introduced in 1987, there are now at least five refereed neural net research journals. These developments are being taken seriously by the semiconductor industry as well: in addition to a host of products developed by smaller firms, Intel, AT&T Bell Labs, Motorola and Hitachi have all introduced silicon implementations of neural network algorithms. Neural networks have a very broad scope of potential application, including many tasks central to chemical research and development. This tutorial begins with a short history of neural network research, and a review of chemical applications. The bulk, however, is devoted to providing a clear and detailed introduction to the theory behind backpropagation neural networks, along with a discussion of practical issues facing developers.
Isolation and Screening of Biosurfactant-producing Bacteria from Hydrocarbon-contaminated Soil in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

Biosurfactants are surface-active biomolecules produced by microorganisms that have different applications in solving many environmental problems. This study was carried out to screen biosurfactant-producing bacteria isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil of Kano Metropolis, Kano State- Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and processed. Biosurfactant-producing bacteria were enumerated, isolated and characterized using cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Blood haemolysis, oil drop collapse and oil displacement tests were employed for the screening of the bacterial isolates for the potential to produce biosurfactant. The viable aerobic heterotrophic bacterial count of the samples ranges from 1.0 to 8.4×106 cfu/g. Eight bacterial genera were biochemically identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas sp. , Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter alvei, Bacillus sp. and Klebsiella sp. Bacillus subtilis had the highest frequency of occurrence of 5(27%) while Bacillus sp. and Enterobacter alvei have the least occurrences of 1(6%) each. The eight identified bacterial isolates were all positive for the haemolysis test, drop collapse and oil displacement test.
CAVES Generalization Framework

Diversity of issues and modeling paradigms do not allow for a direct generalization of the models built for CAVES case studies. Instead, we propose to investigate abstract representations (concepts) of certain aspects of CAVES case studies models. Then we can introduce measures related to these representations and compare the same set measures over all case studies models. We assume that agents' behavior is constructed based on her/his perception of variety of in uences, which can be classi ed as individual, interpersonal and environmental factors (see Figure 1).
Study on the Segmentation Method of the Improved DeepLabv3+ Algorithm in the Basketball Scene

Aiming at the weak robustness and low segmentation accuracy of traditional basketball scene segmentation methods, this study proposed an improved basketball scene semantic segmentation model based on DeepLabv3+ for the purpose of basketball scene segmentation and accurate positioning of players. In this model, a relatively complex decoder is designed based on the DeepLabv3+ network. Multiple feature fusion is used to restore the semantic information of the image, and the convolutional block attention mechanism is introduced to optimize the channel weight and position information, reduce the computational complexity of the model, and improve the edge sensitivity. Experimental results show that the proposed model is 21.8% better than FCN’s full convolution model and 1.9% better than DeepLabv3+. At the speed of segmentation, it can process 6 pictures per second, greatly improving the accuracy of semantic segmentation for basketball scenes. In the future, real-time detection of sports such as basketball using computer vision methods will become more and more important.
Complex Networks Theory and Agent-based Social Networks

The final version of this draft is intended to be a working paper for the CAVES 1 (Complexity, Agents, Volatility, Evidence and Scale) project as well as part of the Centre for Policy Modelling Discussion Papers series, and would be available online. This note surveys some of the most important concepts in the field of the so-called ‘complex networks’, and some classical and recent applications in various disciplines. Social networks are introduced in Section 2, and an overview of the traditional analysis techniques is presented. Section 3 addresses the issue of the techniques and issues that arise in the fieldwork research about social networks. We discuss, in Section 4, some recent critique of the traditional social networks analyses techniques and the ideas to tackle their dynamics, as presented researchers in the field. Finally, Section 5 discusses the used of agent-based modeling in the study of social networks.
Multilayer structures and laboratory X-ray laser research; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, Aug. 19, 20, 1986

Papers are presented on X-ray laser research; soft X-ray amplification by Li-like ions in recombining plasmas; time- and space-resolved spectroscopy of X-ray laser experiments from 81 to 220 A; X-ray laser cavity experiments; and measurements on a proposed short wavelength laser system in Xe III. Consideration is given to the characterization of multilayer structures for soft X-ray laser research; TEM and X-ray analysis of multilayer mirrors and beamsplitters; the fabrication and evaluation of Mo-Si multilayer mirrors for soft X-ray; damage to multilayer mirrors in a hostile environment; the design and fabrication of heat resistant multilayers; Si diffraction gratings for multilayer structures; a Schwarzschild microscope for studying the preheat of laser heated targets; and the use of kinetic ellipsometry as a control system for ultrathin-layer stacks growth. The design and application for X-ray CCD cameras and a performance model for a CCD X-ray detector are discussed.
Comparison of modern periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia with total hip arthroplasty for hip osteoarthritis—10-year outcomes are comparable in young adult patients

ABSTRACT Young adult patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and marginal secondary osteoarthritis can be faced with the decision to either undergo periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) to relieve symptoms and slow osteoarthritis progression or wait until progression to more advanced disease and undergo total hip arthroplasty (THA). The decision can be difficult, and contemporary literature to guide these decisions is sparse. Therefore, we retrospectively assessed complication rate, survivorship and patient-reported clinical outcomes [modified Harris Hip score (mHHS), UCLA Activity score] in two, consecutive cohorts of patients aged 18–40 years that underwent either PAO for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia (mean age 28.9 years) or THA for advanced secondary osteoarthritis (32.5 years). PAO patients were followed for a mean of 10.5 years (8–19) and THA patients for 11.9 (8–17) years. Between PAO and THA groups, there were no differences in overall complication rate (4.7% versus 4.7%), non-revision reoperation rate (5.9% versus 2.3%, P = 0.37) or end-revision rate [7 (8.2%) PAOs converted to THA at mean 10.8 years versus 3 (7.0%) THAs revised at 6.2 years, P = 0.80]. Latest scores remained significantly improved from baseline in both the PAO (mHHS 86.1 versus 63.3, P < 0.001; UCLA 7.5 versus 6.9, P < 0.05) and THA (mHHS 82.6 versus 48.4, P < 0.001; UCLA 7.2 versus 4.6, P < 0.001) cohorts. Final scores were similar between groups (mHHS 86.1 versus 82.6, P = 0.46; UCLA 7.5 versus 7.2, P = 0.37). Clinical success [mHHS minimal clinically important difference (8) OR PASS (>70) at latest follow-up without end-revision] was achieved in 81.2% of PAO hips and 83.7% of THA hips (P = 0.72).
Phosphorylation of RGS regulates MAP kinase localization and promotes completion of cytokinesis

Phosphorylation of the RGS Sst2 alters its subcellular distribution, MAPK localization, and interaction with Kel1, which promotes coordination of polarized growth with completion of cytokinesis. Yeast use the G-protein–coupled receptor signaling pathway to detect and track the mating pheromone. The G-protein–coupled receptor pathway is inhibited by the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) Sst2 which induces Gα GTPase activity and inactivation of downstream signaling. G-protein signaling activates the MAPK Fus3, which phosphorylates the RGS; however, the role of this modification is unknown. We found that pheromone-induced RGS phosphorylation peaks early; the phospho-state of RGS controls its localization and influences MAPK spatial distribution. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of the RGS promotes completion of cytokinesis before pheromone-induced growth. Completion of cytokinesis in the presence of pheromone is promoted by the kelch-repeat protein, Kel1 and antagonized by the formin Bni1. We found that RGS complexes with Kel1 and prefers the unphosphorylatable RGS mutant. We also found overexpression of unphosphorylatable RGS exacerbates cytokinetic defects, whereas they are rescued by overexpression of Kel1. These data lead us to a model where Kel1 promotes completion of cytokinesis before pheromone-induced polarity but is inhibited by unphosphorylated RGS binding. Graphical Abstract
Flexoelectric engineering of van der Waals ferroelectric CuInP2S6

Van der Waals layered CuInP2S6 (CIPS) is an ideal candidate for developing two-dimensional microelectronic heterostructures because of its room temperature ferroelectricity, although field-driven polarization reversal of CIPS is intimately coupled with ionic migration, often causing erratic and damaging switching that is highly undesirable for device applications. In this work, we develop an alternative switching mechanism for CIPS using flexoelectric effect, abandoning external electric fields altogether, and the method is motivated by strong correlation between polarization and topography variation of CIPS. Phase-field simulation identifies a critical radius of curvature around 5 μm for strain gradient to be effective, which is realized by engineered topographic surfaces using silver nanowires and optic grating upon which CIPS is transferred to. We also demonstrate mechanical modulation of CIPS on demand via strain gradient underneath a scanning probe, making it possible to engineer multiple polarization states of CIPS for device applications.
Evaluating the feasibility and potential efficacy of a brief eTherapy for binge‐eating disorder: A pilot study

Abstract Objective For those with binge‐eating disorder (BED), access to evidence‐based, face‐to‐face treatment is often constrained by clinician availability and high treatment costs. Emerging evidence suggests online therapy (eTherapy) may navigate these barriers and reduce binge‐eating symptomatology; however, less evaluation has been done in those with BED, particularly with briefer programs targeting early change. This study investigated the feasibility and potential efficacy of a brief, supported eTherapy in those with BED or subthreshold BED. Method Participants were 19 women with BED who completed a four‐session eTherapy. This was a single‐arm, pre‐post intervention study, with participants completing weekly content and attending telehealth sessions. Key outcomes were assessed by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire‐Short (EDE‐QS): objective binge episode days, loss of control over eating days, and eating disorder (ED) psychopathology via a total EDE‐QS score. Results Generalized and linear mixed models showed significantly reduced loss of control over eating days and ED psychopathology. Program feasibility was high, with strong program adherence and a below average attrition rate. Discussion Pilot results support the feasibility and potential efficacy of a brief, behavioral‐focused eTherapy program in reducing ED pathology in those with BED. Future research should further investigate findings in an adequately powered randomized controlled trial. Public significance This study suggests that a brief, behavioral‐focused online therapy, guided by non‐expert clinicians, can be successfully administered to those with binge‐eating disorder (BED) and may be efficacious at reducing eating disorder and other related symptomatology. Brief eTherapies that are effective, accessible, and rapidly available may facilitate earlier intervention in illness and improve treatment outcomes for individuals who experience this common and distressing disorder.
Quantification of noradrenergic‐, dopaminergic‐, and tectal‐neurons during aging in the short‐lived killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by phosphorylation and aggregation of the protein α‐Synuclein and ensuing neuronal death progressing from the noradrenergic locus coeruleus to midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In 2019, Matsui and colleagues reported a spontaneous age‐dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and an even greater neurodegeneration of the noradrenergic neurons in the short‐lived killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. Given the great possible relevance of a spontaneous model for PD, we assessed neurodegeneration of noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in two further laboratory strains of N. furzeri. We implemented, for the first time in N. furzeri, a whole‐brain clarification technique and proceeded to entire 3D nuclei reconstruction to quantify total cell numbers in two different stains of N. furzeri. In both strains, we observed that age‐dependent neurodegeneration is limited to the locus coeruleus and does not involve the posterior tuberculum. We also applied 3D counting to the optic tectum, an area of active adult neurogenesis, and detected an increase of neurons with age. Our results confirm age‐dependent neurodegeneration of noradrenergic neurons, a condition reminiscent of the presymptomatic stage of PD indicating that N. furzeri could be used in the future to identify modifying factors for age‐dependent neurodegeneration and open the intriguing possibility that natural genetic variation may influence the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons.
Passivity-based control of Euler-Lagrange systems : mechanical, electrical and electromechanical applications

1 Introduction. - 2 Euler-Lagrange systems. - 3 Set-point regulation. - 4 Trajectory tracking control. - 5 Adaptive disturbance attenuation: Friction compensation. - 6 Modeling of switched DC-to-DC power converters. - 7 Passivity-based control of DC-to-DC power converters. - 8 Nested-loop passivity-based control: An illustrative example. - 9 Generalized AC motor. - 10 Voltage-fed induction motors. - 11 Current-fed induction motors. - 12 Feedback interconnected systems: Robots with AC drives. - 13 Other applications and current research. - A Dissipativity and passivity. - 1 Circuit example. - 3 Passivity and finite-gain stability. - 4 Feedback systems. - 5 Internal stability and passivity. - 6 The Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma. - B Derivation of the Euler-Lagrange equations. - 1 Generalized coordinates and velocities. - 2 Hamilton's principle. - 3 From Hamilton's principle to the EL equations. - 4 EL equations for non-conservative systems. - 5 List of generalized variables. - 6 Hamiltonian formulation. - C Background material. - D Proofs. - 3 The BP transformation. - 3.1 Proof of Proposition 9.20. - 3.2 A Lemma on the BP Transformation. - 4 Proof of Eqs. (10.41) and (10.77). - 4.1 A theorem on positivity of a block matrix. - 4.2 Proof of Eq. (10.77). - 4.3 Proof of Eq. (10.41). - 5 Derivation of Eqs. (10.55) and (10.56). - 5.1 Derivation of Eq. (10.55). - 5.2 Derivation of Eq. (10.56). - 6 Boundedness of all signals for indirect FOC. - 6.1 Proof of Proposition 11.10.