Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training Follow a Detraining Period in Elementary School Students

Abstract Santos, AP, Marinho, DA, Costa, AM, Izquierdo, M, and Marques, MC. The effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training follow a detraining period in elementary school students. J Strength Cond Res 26(6): 1708–1716, 2012—The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an 8-week training period of resistance training alone (GR), or combined resistance and endurance training (GCOM), followed by 12 weeks of detraining (DT) on body composition, explosive strength, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max adaptations in a large sample of adolescent school boys. Forty-two healthy boys recruited from a Portuguese public high school (age: 13.3 ± 1.04 years) were assigned to 2 experimental groups to train twice a week for 8 weeks: GR (n = 15), GCOM (n = 15), and a control group (GC: n = 12; no training program). Significant training-induced differences were observed in 1- and 3-kg medicine ball throw gains (GR: +10.3 and +9.8%, respectively; GCOM: +14.4 and +7%, respectively), whereas no significant changes were observed after a DT period in both the experimental groups. Significant training-induced gains in the height and length of the countermovement (vertical-and-horizontal) jumps were observed in both the experimental groups. No differences were perceived after a DT period in lower limb power. Time at 20 m decreased significantly for both intervention programs (GR: −11.5% and GCOM: −12,4%, <0.00), but either GR or GCOM groups kept the running speed after a DT period of 12 weeks. After training, the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max increased only significantly for GCOM (4.6%, p = 0.01). A significant loss was observed after a DT period in GR but not in GCOM. Performing resistance and endurance training in the same workout does not impair strength development in young school boys. As expected, strength training by itself does not improve aerobic capacity. Our results also suggest that training program effects even persist at the end of the DT period.
The effects of repeated restraint stress on energy balance and behavior of mice with selective deletion of CRF receptors

Mice subjected to restraint stress (RRS) daily for 3 days lose weight. Once stress ends they are slow to recover the weight loss and exhibit increased anxiety and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity in response to novel stressors. We tested the effect of RRS in mice deficient in corticotropin releasing factor receptor one (CRFR1-KO) or two (CRFR2-KO). Wild type (WT) and CRFR2-KO, but not CRFR1-KO, mice lost weight during RRS. All adrenalectomised mice lost weight and CRFR2-KO controls stopped gaining weight on the days of RRS. WT RRS mice returned to the weight of their controls 8 days after restraint. CRFR2-KO mice showed high levels of anxiety in an elevated plus maze (EPM) 11 days after RRS and in a light/dark choice test 14 days after RRS. CRFR1-KO mice displayed low anxiety in both tests, but RRS decreased EPM exploration. By contrast, exploration increased in RRS ADX mice. Testing in the EPM increased serum corticosterone level in all WT and CRFR2-KO mice. Corticosterone increased in RRS CRFR1-KO mice compared with their controls. These results suggest that CRFR1 are required for stress-induced weight loss, but that hyper-reactivity of the HPA axis in RRS mice exposed to a subsequent novel stress is independent of CRFR1.
Why, when and how insulin therapy is being started for patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral medications: an observation study

Background . Secondary failure of oral medications is observed annually in 10% of diabetic patients. Introducing insulin therapy is the next stage in the model of progressive treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the indications for insulin therapy and to determine which insulin preparations and models of their administration were the most frequently used in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes who started insulin treatment. Material and methods . The study involved 68 patients with type 2 diabetes (38 F, 30 M), mean age was 63.1 ± ± 10.1 years. Results . At the start of insulin therapy the mean HbA1c level in the entire group of patients was 8.2%, including 8.7% in persons with secondary failure of oral medications, 7.9% in the subgroup showing symptoms of intolerance to oral medications taken so far, and 6.3% in patients with contraindications for continuing treatment with oral medication due to accompanying diseases. Combining therapy insulin was administered in 64.7% of patients (n = 44), while insulin monotherapy — in 35.3% of patients (n = 24). Insulin treatment was usually based on human classic insulins (66.2%), and less frequently on analogues (33.85%). A model of insulin therapy based on one injection per day was used in 39.7% of patients (n = 27), two injections per day — 41.2% of patients (n = 28). The remaining patients were administered insulin three times per day (8.8%, n = 6) or underwent intensive insulin therapy (10.3%, n = 7). Conclusion . The main indication for introducing insulin therapy was secondary failure of oral medications. Insulin therapy was usually started with the use of human classic insulins administered in the form of two or one injection per day. These were combined with the oral medications the patients had been taking, which facilitated the transition to insulin injection. Diabet Do¶w Klin 2011; 11, 2: 45–50
Implementing a Physical Health Strategy in a Mental Health Service

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe a comprehensive metabolic monitoring strategy within an Australian public mental health service. Methods: Patient physical health was identified as a high priority within the mental health service. A survey of staff attitudes informed the development of metabolic monitoring guidelines and provision of education for clinicians and patients. An audit was subsequently performed to ascertain rates and results of metabolic monitoring, and focus groups helped to understand patient perspectives. Results: Despite significant barriers to the implementation of routine metabolic monitoring from both staff and patient perspectives, our programme delivered on around 60% coverage of routine monitoring of blood glucose and lipids and 54% on weight measurement. Compliance with measurement of waist circumference was much less (7%). Conclusions: To ensure adherence to metabolic monitoring programmes within mental health services, a comprehensive and multifaceted approach is required with ongoing education of both staff and patients.
The Contribution of Step Characteristics to Sprint Running Performance in High-Level Male and Female Athletes

Abstract Debaere, S, Jonkers, I, and Delecluse, C. The contribution of step characteristics to sprint running performance in high-level male and female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 27(1): 116–124, 2013—We investigated the interaction between step length and step rate and its effect on sprint performance in male and female sprinters during initial acceleration (IA) (0–10 m), transition phase (TP) (10–30 m), and at maximal speed (MS). Ten high-level male and female sprinters ran 2 all-out 60-m sprints. Force-time characteristics of start action were recorded by means of instrumented starting blocks. Running speed and acceleration were recorded using a laser system (ULS), whereas step length and step rate were measured for each step (Optojump). Step length was normalized for leg length. Explosive strength of the lower limb muscles was quantified using vertical jump performance, showing a 24.6% higher score in men compared with women. During the 3 phases of sprinting, step rate remained constant and did not differ significantly between men (IA: 4.37 ± 0.21 Hz, TP: 4.47 ± 0.25 Hz, MS: 4.43 ± 0.18 Hz) and women (IA: 4.23 ± 0.18 Hz, TP: 4.34 ± 0.18 Hz, MS: 4.28 ± 0.17 Hz). The data analysis indicates that step characteristics interact differently in men and women across phases. Men do not take full advantage of their higher explosive strength to develop step length and speed during IA, because normalized step length differed only slightly (−4.09%) between men (1.70 ± 0.21) and women (1.66 ± 0.13). However, men outscored women clearly in acceleration (+34.5%) during the TP because they were capable of developing higher step lengths (2.04 ± 0.12 m in men vs. 1.85 ± 0.07 m in women), even when normalized for leg length (2.65 ± 0.12 in men vs. 2.47 ± 0.22 in women). At MS, it was concluded that men and women pursue an optimal balance between step rate and step length because a high negative correlation was found in both sexes (r = −0.94 and r = −0.77). Therefore, training approach needs to be customized to gender-related differences in step length-rate interaction.
From Traumatic Attachment to Somatization Disorder

Objective: This paper emphasizes attachment trauma as an important etiological factor in somatization disorder and psychoanalytic psychotherapy as an effective treatment. Method: Weekly psychotherapy with an 18 year old with somatization disorder, using the Conversational Model, is described. Conclusion: Early cumulative trauma has far-reaching health consequences. Brief psychotherapy produces symptom relief, and long-term analytic therapy is necessary for sustained improvement.
Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE To review the existing human controlled intervention studies of vitamin D as adjunctive therapy in settings of infection and provide recommendations for design and implementation of future studies in this field on the basis of the evidence reviewed. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials that studied vitamin D for treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in humans. Studies from 1948 through 2009 were identified through search terms in PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE. RESULTS Thirteen published controlled trials were identified by our search criteria. Ten trials were placebo controlled, and 9 of the 10 were conducted in a rigorous double-blind design. The selected clinical trials demonstrated substantial heterogeneity in baseline patient demographics, sample size, and vitamin D intervention strategies. Serious adverse events attributable to vitamin D supplementation were rare across all studies. On the basis of studies reviewed to date, the strongest evidence supports further research into adjunctive vitamin D therapy for tuberculosis, influenza, and viral upper respiratory tract illnesses. In the selected studies, certain aspects of study design are highlighted to help guide future clinical research in the field. CONCLUSION More rigorously designed clinical trials are needed for further evaluation of the relationship between vitamin D status and the immune response to infection as well as for delineation of necessary changes in clinical practice and medical care of patients with vitamin D deficiency in infectious disease settings.
Automation to Improve Efficiency of Field Expedient Injury Prediction Screening

Abstract Teyhen, DS, Shaffer, SW, Umlauf, JA, Akerman, RJ, Canada, JB, Butler, RJ, Goffar, SL, Walker, MJ, Kiesel, KB, Plisky, PJ. Automation to improve efficiency of field expedient injury prediction screening. J Strength Cond Res 26(7): S61–S72, 2012—Musculoskeletal injuries are a primary source of disability in the U.S. Military. Physical training and sports-related activities account for up to 90% of all injuries, and 80% of these injuries are considered overuse in nature. As a result, there is a need to develop an evidence-based musculoskeletal screen that can assist with injury prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the capability of an automated system to improve the efficiency of field expedient tests that may help predict injury risk and provide corrective strategies for deficits identified. The field expedient tests include survey questions and measures of movement quality, balance, trunk stability, power, mobility, and foot structure and mobility. Data entry for these tests was automated using handheld computers, barcode scanning, and netbook computers. An automated algorithm for injury risk stratification and mitigation techniques was run on a server computer. Without automation support, subjects were assessed in 84.5 ± 9.1 minutes per subject compared with 66.8 ± 6.1 minutes per subject with automation and 47.1 ± 5.2 minutes per subject with automation and process improvement measures (p < 0.001). The average time to manually enter the data was 22.2 ± 7.4 minutes per subject. An additional 11.5 ± 2.5 minutes per subject was required to manually assign an intervention strategy. Automation of this injury prevention screening protocol using handheld devices and netbook computers allowed for real-time data entry and enhanced the efficiency of injury screening, risk stratification, and prescription of a risk mitigation strategy.
Analysis of the Relationship Between the Amount of Training and Cognitive Expertise. A Study of Young Volleyball Players

Abstract Gil, A, Moreno, MP, Moreno, A, García-González, L, Claver, F, and Del Villar, F. Analysis of the relationship between the amount of training and cognitive expertise. A study of young volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 27(3): 698–702, 2013—The main goal of this research was to analyze the relationship between the amount of practice accumulated in training and the level of cognitive expertise achieved by volleyball players who are still in training. Another goal was to determine the number of training hours per week needed to improve knowledge significantly. The study's sample was composed of 520 volleyball players between the ages of 12 and 16 years. The independent variable was the amount of training, defined as the number of weekly hours that the volleyball player devoted to training. The dependent variable was cognitive expertise, measured by declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. A univariate analysis of variance was done to examine the relationship between the number of weekly hours and the declarative and procedural knowledge reached by volleyball players in the athletic formation training stages. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. There were significant differences in knowledge according to the number of weekly training hours (p < 0.001). These results confirm that there is a relationship between the quantity of practice and the development of cognitive expertise. It is recommended that young players dedicate at least 4 hours weekly to training to achieve a significant improvement in cognitive expertise.
Vertical Jump Performance in Italian Male and Female National Team Soccer Players

Abstract Castagna, C and Castellini, E. Vertical jump performance in Italian male and female national team soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 27(4): 1156–1161, 2013—The aim of this study was to examine the validity of vertical jump (VJ) performance variables in elite-standard male and female Italian soccer players. One hundred eighteen national team soccer players (n = 56 men and n = 62 women) were tested for countermovement (CMJ) and squatting jump (SJ) heights. The stretch-shortening cycle efficiency (SSCE) was assessed as percentage of CMJ gain over SJ ([INCREMENT]CMJ-SJ), difference (CMJ-SJ), and ratio (CMJ:SJ). Results showed significant sex difference in SJ and CMJ. Differences in SSCE were mainly in the absolute variables between sexes. Cutoff values for CMJ and SJ using sex as construct were 34.4 and 32.9 cm, respectively. No competitive level differences in VJ performance were detected in the male players. Female national team players showed VJ performance higher than the under 17 counterpart. The results of this study showed that VJ performance could not discriminate between competitive levels in male national team–selected soccer players. However, the use of CMJ and SJ normative data may help strength and conditioning coaches in prescribing lower limb explosive strength training in elite soccer players. In this, variations in VJ performance in the range of approximately 1 cm may be regarded as of interest in tracking noncasual variation in elite-standard soccer players.
A qualitative study of older people's perceptions of ageing and exercise: the implications for health promotion

Older people's perceptions of ageing and exercise were explored in this qualitative research project. Fifteen focus group discussions were con ducted in Scotland with older (55-75+) and younger (18-49) people, with the aim of investigating how ageing, health and exercise were conceptual ised and of exploring the factors which influence participation in physical activity. Differences between age groups were also examined. The findings demonstrate that many older people are unlikely to participate in exercise for its own sake, nor for health reasons; attempts to promote activity should stress instead the social rewards, and should use different strategies for those currently active and for those who take little or no exercise.
Heart Rate Variability Threshold Values for Early-Warning Nonfunctional Overreaching in Elite Female Wrestlers

Abstract Tian, Y, He, Z-H, Zhao, J-X, Tao, D-L, Xu, K-Y, Earnest, CP, and Mc Naughton, LR. Heart rate variability threshold values for early-warning nonfunctional overreaching in elite female wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 27(6): 1511–1519, 2013—Functional overreaching (FOR) represents intense training followed by a brief reduction in performance and then a rapid recovery (<2 weeks) and performance supercompensation. Nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) occurs when the reduced performance continues ≥3 weeks. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a promising tool for detecting NFOR. In this study, the authors examined HRV thresholds in 34 elite female wrestlers (mean ± SD: age 23 ± 3 years; height 165.6 ± 6 cm, weight 63 ± 8 kg) for FOR/NFOR during training before 11 major competitions. Supine HRV was analyzed weekly at the same time of day using time and frequency domain methods. The authors observed that the time domain index, square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent R-to-R intervals (rMSSD, milliseconds), denoting parasympathetic tone, showed those responding normally to training (82.76 ms, 95% confidence interval 77.75–87.78) to be significantly different to those showing a decrease (45.97 ms, 95% confidence interval, 30.79–61.14) or hyper-responsiveness (160.44 ms, 95% confidence interval, 142.02–178.85; all, p < 0.001). Similar results were observed for mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic signal standard deviation of the NN intervals (ms): normal (65.39; 95% confidence interval, 62.49–68.29), decrease (40.07; 95% confidence interval, 29–51.14), and hyperresponse (115.00; 95% confidence interval, 105.46–124.54; all, p < 0.001) and synonymous frequency domain components. An examination of the 95% confidence interval shows a narrow band surrounding a normal response compared with broader bands accompanying adverse responses. Thus, severe perturbations both above and below normal responses lasting >2 weeks indicated an athlete’s transition to NFOR and, hence, are useful for assessing possible overreaching/training.
Effect of Training Status on Reliability of One Repetition Maximum Testing in Women

Abstract Benton, MJ, Raab, S, and Waggener, GT. Effect of training status on reliability of one repetition maximum testing in women. J Strength Cond Res 27(7): 1885–1890, 2013—In untrained adults, multiple trials of maximal strength testing are necessary to obtain reliable measures. Training status may positively influence test-retest reliability and increase testing efficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of training status on differences between trials of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) measurement in women. Before (untrained women [UTW]) and after (trained women [TRW]) an 8-week resistance training program, 10 women (45.6 ± 1.4 years; body mass index 28.7 ± 1.6 kg·m−2) completed 3 trials of 1RM chest and leg press with at least 24 hours rest between trials. In UTW, differences between chest press trials were nonsignificant (trials 1–2: 2.36 ± 1.39 kg, p = 0.37; trials 2–3: 0.82 ± 0.77 kg, p = 0.95; trials 1–3: 3.18 ± 0.16 kg, p = 0.07), although a significant difference between leg press trials 1–3 was observed (trials 1–2: 6.55 ± 3.31 kg, p = 0.25; trials 2–3: 2.52 ± 1.1 kg, p = 0.15; trials 1–3: 9.07 ± 2.83 kg, p = 0.04). In TRW, differences between all 1RM trials were nonsignificant for both the chest press (trials 1–2: −0.65 ± 2.11 kg, p = 1.0; trials 2–3: 1.62 ± 0.69 kg, p = 0.15; trials 1–3: 0.96 ± 2.07 kg, p = 1.0) and leg press (trials 1–2: −1.51 ± 2.13 kg, p = 1.0; trials 2–3: 3.53 ± 3.0 kg, p = 0.82; trials 1–3: 2.01 ± 3.87 kg, p = 1.0). Our results suggest that training status has a positive influence on the efficiency of maximal strength measurement. For trained middle-aged women, a single trial of 1RM chest or leg press may be sufficient to obtain an accurate and reliable measure of maximal strength.
Handgrip Strength in Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared With Controls

Abstract Kern, JK, Geier, DA, Adams, JB, Troutman, MR, Davis, GA, King, PG, and Geier, MR. Handgrip strength in autism spectrum disorder compared with controls. J Strength Cond Res 27(8): 2277–2281, 2013—The study examined handgrip strength in participants diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as compared with neurotypical children. Thirty-three children, aged 2–17 years, with an ASD and 33 gender-, race-, and age-matched neurotypical controls were tested using a handgrip dynamometer. The handgrip strength in participants with an ASD was significantly (p < 0.0001) lower than the neurotypical controls. The mean handgrip strength was 39.4 ± 17.7 kPa in children with ASD and 65.1 ± 26.7 kPa in controls. The results support the hypothesis that children with an ASD have significantly poorer handgrip strength as compared with neurotypical children. Because the handheld dynamometer has been shown to be a valid tool for measuring overall muscle strength, the results suggest that children with ASD have muscle weakness. Future studies are needed to determine the extent of muscle weakness in ASD, its ramifications, and the possible benefits of muscle strengthening. The present study provides support for the use of handgrip strength as a tool for the assessment of targeted treatment in ASD.
The burden of cholera

Cholera is an acute secretory diarrheal disease that is perceived by World Health Organization (WHO) to be a highly contagious threat. Firstly discovered by an Italian physician, Filippo Pacini, the disease gains a reputation as the most feared epidemic diarrheal disease encountered in developing countries. Despite effort taken by WHO to reduce the incidence rate, cholera-endemic prevail in certain regions. Factors that contribute to the disease transmission and ongoing spreading in cholera-prone areas remain as elusive. Should an awareness and knowledge of cholera be developed, it is the residents of developing nation that stand to benefit the most. This review gives insight into the disease prevalence, pandemic, epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease transmission, major strategies and steps to be pursued toward controlling cholera.