Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The microcystins-induced DNA damage in the liver and the heart of zebrafish, Danio rerio

Microcystins (MCYST) are the freshwater cyanobacterial toxins, known to induce hepatocellular carcinoma, necrosis, intrahepatic bleeding, as well as human and livestock mortality. Within hepatocytes, MCYST selectively bind to protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, resulting in severe liver damage. The toxicology of MCYST in mice and rats has been well studied, but little is known regarding genotoxicity in aquatic animals. In this study, the zebrafish, Danio rerio was exposed to crude extract of Microcystis aeruginosa bloom. Liver and heart were examined for MCYST-induced toxicity. Light microscopy at 36 h revealed severe, widespread apoptotic necrosis of the majority of hepatocytes, and cytoskeletal deformation in myocardiocytes. Hepatocytes were dissociated with cell shrinkage and margination of nuclear chromatin. Laddering of genomic DNA from the liver and heart of the exposed fish in an increment of 180–200 bp was consistent with apoptosis. Fluorimetric analysis of DNA unwinding was carried out to determine the DNA strand breakage. After 36 h exposure, the % double-stranded DNA was significantly reduced in hepatocytes and myocardiocytes. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study indicate that, the extract of M. aeruginosa bloom is genotoxic to fish. The DNA damage observed in this study may be attributed to the activation of DNA endonucleases. This model of DNA damage may contribute for identifying novel molecular mechanisms of interest for therapeutic application.
Hydrated Clay for Catalyst Removal in Copper Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A simple method has been described to remove catalyst from the copper mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of benzyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate in anisole at 25 °C using hydrated natural clay (sodium montmorillonite, Na-clay). The method consists of (1) addition of hydrated clay (Cu I /clay ≈ 5 wt.-%) either during or after the polymerization, (2) oxidation of catalyst complex by exposing the terminated reaction mixture in air, and (3) filtration to obtain catalyst free polymer solution. A strong coordination of CuBr-ligand complex onto hydrated clay (10 wt.-% < H 2 O/clay < 30 wt.-%) upon oxidation resulted in polymers with no or insignificant residual catalyst (<1.74 ppm), as determined by UV-vis and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The recovered clay exhibited expanded intercalary layers and absence of polymer within it.
Measurement of Ozone Concentrations in Ambient Air Using a Badge-Type Passive Monitor

Abstract A badge-type passive monitor was used to evaluate the effectiveness of four ozone trapping reagents for measuring O3 concentrations in the air. These were sodium nitrite (NaNO2), 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone acetone azine (MBTH), p-acetamidophenol (p-ATP), and indigo carmine. Experiments in an exposure chamber showed that only NaNO2 and MBTH monitors gave sensitive and linear responses over realistic ranges of O3 concentrations. When tested in ambient air, NaNO2 and MBTH monitors with a single-layer diffusion barrier overestimated O3 concentrations by a significant amount. This was largely canceled out in the NaNO2 monitor by using a multi-layered diffusion barrier to combat wind turbulence effects. However it had almost no effect on the MBTH monitor, and it was found that NO2 was a source of serious interference. We concluded that using the NaNO2 monitor with an effective diffusion barrier can measure O3 in ambient air with an accuracy of ±16%.
Organic Synthesis Inside Particles in Water: Lewis Acid−Surfactant-Combined Catalysts for Organic Reactions in Water Using Colloidal Dispersions as Reaction Media

A Lewis acid−surfactant-combined catalyst (LASC) has been developed and applied to Lewis acid-catalyzed organic reactions in water. LASCs are composed of water-stable Lewis acidic cations such as scandium and anionic surfactants such as dodecyl sulfate and dodecanesulfonate and are easily prepared. These catalysts have been successfully used for various typical carbon−carbon bond-forming reactions such as aldol, allylation, and Mannich-type reactions in water. Furthermore, the results of aldol reactions in various solvents show that water is the best solvent for the LASC-catalyzed reactions. A preliminary kinetic study of the aldol reaction showed that the initial rate in water was 1.3 × 102 times higher than that in dichloromethane. In the workup procedure, it was demonstrated that centrifugation of the reaction mixture led to phase separation without addition of any organic solvents. The LASCs was found to form stable colloidal dispersions rapidly in the presence of reaction substrates in water, even wh.
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) of Poly(alkyl acrylates): An Experimental Study

In a two-part investigation, an experimental study and a kinetic model analysis of the initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) of alkyl acrylate polymers are described. In this first part, an experimental study was performed to look at the effect of process parameters on iCVD polymerization. A homologous series of alkyl acrylates, from ethyl up to hexyl acrylate, were iCVD polymerized. The resulting polymers matched well spectroscopically with those from liquid-phase polymerization, demonstrating that stoichiometric polymers with no observable cross-linking can be achieved in a chemical vapor deposition environment. Deposition rate and molecular weight increased by a factor of over 300 and 60, respectively, when monomer saturated vapor pressure, Psat, was reduced from 42.6 to 0.584 Torr at equal gas pressures, PM. Over three times increase in deposition rate was observed for ethyl acrylate when substrate temperature was reduced from 29 to 17 °C. These trends are attributed to an increase in PM/Psat or,.
Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Using Pt/MWNT–Pt/C Composites as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been synthesized by the pyrolysis of acetylene using hydrogen decrepitated Mischmetal based AB 3 alloy hydride catalyst. Structural, morphological, and vibrational characterizations have been carried out using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. Pt-supported MWNTs (PtIMWNTs) have been prepared by chemical reduction method using functionalized MWNTs. Composites of Pt/MWNTs and Pt/C in different weight proportions have been used as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the performance on the accessibility of Pt electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFC has been systematically studied. The cyclic voltammetric studies of the electrodes have been performed in order to understand the factors influencing the elecetrocatalytic activity and fuel cell performance and the results have been discussed.
DIESEL EXHAUST ODOR AND IRRITANTS: A REVIEW

This paper deals with the measurement and characterization of light-duty vehicle odor and irritant emissions and with their environmental consequences. The engine control technologies being introduced to limit other exhaust pollutants are discussed here only as they relate to the problems of odor and irritation from light-duty diesels. However, control technologies specific to odor and irritants are discussed here in more detail.
Determination of Dissipation Rate in Stirred Vessels Through Direct Measurement of Fluctuating Velocity Gradients

2-D and 3-D PIV and 4-channel LDA techniques were employed to measure the turbulence energy dissipation rate in vessels stirred by Rushton impellers. The measurements were made in vessels of diameter T = 100 mm and 294 mm and stirred by impellers of diameter D = T/3. The impellers were rotated at speeds corresponding to Reynolds number of 40,000 to ensure fully-turbulent flow in the vessels. e was determined directly from measurements of the Reynolds stress gradients by analyzing the PIV images over interrogation areas down to 0.1 mm. Similar LDA data were obtained in the larger 294 mm vessel, with a resolution of around 50 μm. The fluctuating gradient results obtained with the two techniques compare well and show that direct measurement of the e distribution is feasible with both PIV and LDA methods. © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co.
The Impact of Data Aggregation and Risk Attributes on Stress Testing Models of Mortgage Default

Stress testing models have been developed at various levels of data aggregation with or without risk attributes, but there is limited research on the joint impact of these modeling choices. In this paper, we investigate how data aggregation and risk attributes affect the development and performance of stress testing models by studying residential mortgage loan defaults. We develop mortgage default models at various data aggregation levels including loan-level, segment-level, and top-down. We also compare the models with and without risk attributes as control variables. We assess model performance for goodness-of-fit, prediction accuracy, and projection sensitivity for stress testing purposes. We find that the loan-level models do not always win among models with various data aggregation levels, and including risk attributes greatly improves goodness-of-fit and projection accuracy for models of all data aggregation levels. The findings suggest that it is important to consider data aggregation and risk attributes in developing stress testing models.
Diffusion of vinyl chloride from PVC packaging material into food simulating solvents

Two models are used to describe vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) diffusion from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) packages to food simulating solvents. It was found that when the initial solid concentration in a PVC package is 0,35 ppm: (a) For poor solvents such as water and oils, VCM concentration in the solvent, Cl, theoretically will not exceed 20 ppb. (b) For strong solvents, the volume ratio of package solid/solvent should not exceed 0.1 in order to keep (Cl)max below 20 ppb. (c) It was demonstrated that thickness can be adjusted to give a Cl = 20 ppb at the time equal to the shelf-life of the package. The method can also be used to calculate the initial concentration of VCM in a package which will give a proposed level of maximum Cl when the solvent and package geometry are fixed. VCM diffusion from PVC pressure pipe to pipe fluids was similarly analyzed.
Interlaboratory Analyses of Carbonaceous Aerosol Samples

The California Air Resources Board (ARB) sponsored a 9-day field study for the intercomparison of methods for the measurement of carbonaceous aerosol species on the campus of Citrus College, Claremont, CA, in August 1986. As the quality assurance manager for the 1986 ARB-sponsored Carbonaceous Aerosol Methods Comparison Study, Environmental Monitoring and Services, Inc. distributed a set of “reference” aerosol samples to 13 laboratories for a comparison of different analytical methods for carbon. This paper describes the different reference samples used in the interlaboratory study and the analytical methods used by the different groups for their analysis. The analytical results from all participating laboratories are summarized in this paper. In general, the agreement between all laboratories for total carbon was within 20% for all samples. However, there were large interlaboratory differences in the organic carbon/ elemental carbon ratio for all samples, with the largest differences occurring of the aut.
Shear‐Rate Dependence of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Flexible Linear Macromolecules

Shear‐rate dependence of the intrinsic viscosity has been studied on polystyrene in four different solvents by using a Zimm—Crothers rotational viscometer and Ubbelohde viscometers. The former viscometer was employed particularly for measuring zero‐shear intrinsic viscosity [η]0. The results are summarized in terms of the [η]/[η]0 versus generalized rate of shear β=([η]0ηsM/RT)G, where ηs is the solvent viscosity, M the solute molecular weight, G the rate of shear, and others have usual significance. It has been found that, (i) at the values of β below 0.1, [η] is practically independent of rate of shear (or shear stress); (ii) the non‐Newtonian effect does exist even in θ conditions; and (iii) at the values of β below 2, the [η]/[η]0‐vs‐β curves of the systems with different molecular weights and in different solvents give a single composite curve, which fairly well resembles to the curve of a prolate ellipsoid with the axial ratio p=3.
Nuclear transparency from quasielastic A(e,e′p) reactions up to Q2 = 8.1 (GeV/c)2

The quasielastic (e,e$^\prime$p) reaction was studied on targets of deuterium, carbon, and iron up to a value of momentum transfer $Q^2$ of 8.1 (GeV/c)$^2$. A nuclear transparency was determined by comparing the data to calculations in the Plane-Wave Impulse Approximation. The dependence of the nuclear transparency on $Q^2$ and the mass number $A$ was investigated in a search for the onset of the Color Transparency phenomenon. We find no evidence for the onset of Color Transparency within our range of $Q^2$. A fit to the world's nuclear transparency data reflects the energy dependence of the free proton-nucleon cross section.
Dynamic cure kinetics of epoxy resins using an amine‐containing borate as a latent hardener

An amine-containing borate (labeled NBD) was obtained by a one-step esterification using neopentyl glycol, boric acid and N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) as reactants, and nuclear magnetic resonance as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements were used to characterize its chemical structure. The thermally latent curing properties of NBD were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FTIR and gelation time results. The cure processes of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxy resins (E51) using NBD as a latent hardener in comparison with a common hardener, DMEA, were studied by DSC measurements. The Avrami and Arrhenius methods as well as the Horowitz-Metzger method were used to calculate kinetic parameters. These methods also revealed a transition at which the cure reaction mechanism showed a marked change and provided the apparent activation energy Ea associated with the cure reaction at different reaction stages. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The determination of cyclicity, hexagonality and other properties of polytypes

The cyclicity of a polytype, the percentage of hexagonality, and the distribution of figures `1' among even and odd places of the Zhdanov symbol may be deduced directly from measured intensities. These values are given for a 66R polytype whose sequence has been determined earlier and for a hypothetical 114R polytype. A discussion is given of the errors in these values originating from the errors of the |S|2 values used and of the errors produced, if instead of the exact formula for the cyclicity an approximation advocated by Mardix and his coworkers is used.
On-line chemiluminescence detector for hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan

The need for continuous monitoring of species like H/sub 2/S and CH/sub 3/SH in the atmosphere is obvious because of their toxic nature and is particularly important in synfuel production and geothermal energy utilization. Chemiluminescence under the right conditions is an extremely sensitive method, with the possibility of obtaining one photon for each molecule of interest. It is apparent that a selective detector should be based on emission from a species related chemically to the analyte rather than the reagent. ClO/sub 2/ is an interesting reagent in that it reacts, vide infra, with H/sub 2/S and CH/sub 3/SH to produce sulfur atoms, which recombine to form electronically excited S/sub 2/ and in turn result in fluorescence. To minimize the effects of quenching, one must keep the reaction zone at reduced pressures. To maximize sensitivity despite the high-order reaction, one must keep the volume of the reaction zone small, and the reagent gas (ClO/sub 2/) must be in excess to produce complete reaction in a pseudo-first-order regime. A successful on-line chemiluminescence detector is therefore dependent on meeting these various design parameters and is reported here.
Position-Controlled Direct Graphene Synthesis on Silicon Oxide Surfaces Using Laser Irradiation

We have demonstrated a simple method of directly synthesizing graphene on dielectric surfaces using laser irradiation without a carbon source gas. The position of the graphene synthesis was precisely controlled. Moreover, channels were formed during graphene synthesis by scanning the laser beam across the substrate. The resulting device showed typical ambipolar transport behavior, which indicates that the channel consisted of graphene and that the device acted as a field-effect transistor (FET). Our laser irradiation technique does not require transfer processes and carbon source gases, and is a promising method for graphene synthesis and fabricating graphene FETs.
Radioiodination of humic substances

Abstract The known IODO-GEN™-method [1] was adapted for radiolabeling of humic and fulvic acids with 131I. The water insoluble oxidizing agent 1,3,4,6tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenylglycoluril (IODO-GEN™) forms an iodous ion species (I+), which undergoes an electrophilic I/H-substitution on aromatic moieties of the humic and fulvic acids. This method offers mild conditions with a lesser extent of oxidative alterations of the target molecule, accompanied by an easy handling due to the virtual water-insolubility of the oxidizing agent. The method was optimized and different techniques were tested for the purification of the radioiodinated humic material. The yield of the labeling procedure varies between 45 and 75% depending on the provenance of the humic material and the applied purification method. A specific activity up to 40 MBq/mg was achieved. Furthermore, the known inherent photo-susceptibility of the iodinated humic substance and the influence of reducing agents were verified. An additional release of 131I up to 20% and up to 35%, respectively were observed.
High-Temperature Atomic Force Microscopy of Normal Alkane C60H122 Films on Graphite

The morphology of ultrathin films of normal alkane C60H122 has been examined with atomic force microscopy at temperatures between 25 and 150 °C. The films were prepared by spin-casting of diluted alkane solutions on graphite. Epitaxial alkane layers, which are formed directly on the substrate surface, are characterized by lamellar morphology. A lamellar width of 7.5 nm corresponds to the length of the extended C60H122 molecule. A topmost layer was formed of nanocrystals up to 10 nm in height. The nanocrystals consist of multiple layers of C60H122 lamellae, which are oriented parallel to the substrate. Imaging of the alkane films at elevated temperatures has revealed that the nanocrystals melted around 95 °C, while the epitaxial layers have been observed at temperatures up to 140 °C. In some locations, a spontaneous reorientation of alkane lamellae has been noticed at temperatures in the 130−140 °C range.
DEPOSITION IN FRACTURES

Fractures are relatively planar discontinuities in rocks induced by the huge internal stresses which are created by the slow but constant motions of the underground masses. Deposition of a single solute in a single fracture is addressed in the limit where the geometrical changes are very slow compared to the average fluid velocity. The deposition fluxes are calculated by means of a finite-difference scheme which is much more efficient than random walks. Examples of deterministic fractures, random but uncorreiated fractures, Gaussian and self-affine fractures are studied for four different values of the Peclet and the Peclet-Damkohler numbers. Some general trends are discussed.
Effects of electron-electron collisions on the characteristics of DC and microwave discharges in argon at low pressures

The authors present a systematic investigation of the effects caused by electron-electron collisions on the electron kinetics in Ar under the action of DC and microwave fields. The analysis is based on solutions to the homogeneous electron Boltzmann equation using the effective field approximation, i.e. assuming that the electron energy distribution function is time independent. The calculated electron transport parameters and ionization coefficient are used together with a generalized charged particle balance equation to derive the characteristics for the maintenance field and the mean absorbed power per electron for steady-state DC and microwave discharges in Ar. Results are provided for the cases of (i) single-step ionization; (ii) multi-step ionization, via the metastable and the resonance levels of Ar.
Zur Chemie des Ecdysons, VII: Die Kristall‐ und Molekülstrukturanalyse des Insektenverpuppungshormons Ecdyson mit der automatisierten Faltmolekülmethode

Die vollstandige Struktur und Konfiguration des Insektenverpuppungshormons Ecdyson wird durch Rontgenstrukturanalyse der naturlichen, schweratomfreien Verbindung als 2β. 3β. 14α. 22βF. 25-Pentahydroxy-Δ7-5β-cholestenon-(6) ermittelt.
Capacidade antioxidante e composição química da casca de maracujá (Passiflora edulis)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition of flour obtained from the peel of passion fruit and their antioxidant activityin vitro. The fruits were cleaned, the peels were separated from pulp, dried in an oven with circulating air and ground to obtain the flour. The centesimal composition was determined and the polyphenols present in the peel were extracted by three methodologies. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined using three different methods (scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl - DPPH free radical, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power - FRAP e Oxigen Radical Absorbance Capacity - ORAC). The results show that the flour has high fiber content (65.22±0.27%) and 74% of which correspond to insoluble fraction. Although the results of total polyphenol indicate that there is a predominance of compounds with hydrophilic characteristics in the peel, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts showed that the antioxidant power of lipophilic compounds present in the methanol / acetone extract was superior to the compounds present in the aqueous and ethanol extracts. The results of this study demonstrate that the passion fruit peel could be used as a source of fiber and antioxidants, however , its incorporation into food formulations must address their physical, chemical and sensory, to ensure their best use and acceptance among consumers.
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Novel N-Alkyl Quinoline-Based Cationic Gemini Surfactants

Two series of cationic dimeric (gemini) surfactants are prepared with respect to key surfactants properties, such as surface activity and solubilization. The influence of both the dimerization and the spacer group is examined in order to establish structure-property relationships. The surface tension and critical micelle concentration can be markedly reduced compared to the monomeric surfactants in the pure state. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of each series has been determined using equilibrium surface tension measurements. Furthermore, air/water interface parameters including effectiveness (πcmc), efficiency (PC20), maximum surface excess (Γ max ), and minimum surface area (A min ) have been also derived using Gibb's adsorption equation at 25°C. Standard free energies of micellization and adsorption were calculated. Solubilization behaviors of the synthesized surfactants were measured towards paraffin oil as solubilized material using light transmission technique.