Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lysine requirements of Korean native ducklings for three weeks after hatch

Abstract Dietary lysine content in poultry diets is critical to improve feed utilization efficiency, body protein deposition rate, and carcass traits of growing and finishing poultry. The objective of the current study was to estimate the optimum digestible lysine requirements for maximum growth performance, efficient utilization of nitrogen, and carcass traits of male Korean native ducklings for 3 wk after hatch. A total of 720 one-day-old male Korean native ducklings were used in a completely randomized design having 8 dietary treatments to provide a range of digestible lysine content from 0.44 to 1.07%. Ducklings were randomly allotted to 24 floor pens (6 replicates per treatment and 15 ducklings per pen) and were offered the respective diets on an ad libitum basis for the period of study. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio. At the termination of the experiment, 2 ducklings per pen were euthanized via cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks. The digestible lysine requirement was determined by taking a mean value after fitting the data to both linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models. Digestible lysine requirements for Korean native ducklings for 3 wk after hatch were estimated to be 0.71, 0.74, 0.65 and 1.01% for maximum body weight, daily gain, and daily feed intake, and for minimum feed conversion ratio, respectively.
Censusing 13-Lined Ground Squirrels with Adult and Young Alarm Calls

Recorded adult and simulated young alarm calls of 13-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) were played to 3 populations from April to October 1975. The adult alarm call evoked an erect posture, making it possible to count an average of 83 percent of the population number determined by snaring. Lactating females hearing the simulated young alarm call responded by approaching the sound source. Population census and counts of lactating females facilitated determination of population mortality and projection of population levels after litter emergence. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 41(4):755-759 For centuries man has mimicked animal calls to lure a food source within his weapon's effective range (Densmore 1929:129). Though such calls still are used widely by sportsmen to decoy game, only recently have auditory cues been used to census wildlife. Diem (1954) used a fawn call to determine if an observed doe had young in the vicinity, and Stirling and Bendell (1966) used playbacks of female blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) precopulatory calls to census male grouse. In both instances animals formerly hidden from view made their presence known and were counted easily. Thirteen-lined ground squirrel populations, though usually inhabiting open fields, are difficult to assess. Individuals constantly are moving into and out of their burrows and only rarely will the majority of the population be seen above ground. The object of this study was to show how auditory cues can be used not only to census 13-lined ground squirrel populations, but also to determine reproductive success and the resulting population growth from counts of lactating females. I gratefully acknowledge the Zoology Department of The Ohio State University for furnishing the equipment used in this study. I thank Dr. D. J. Borror for his advice and instruction throughout the project.
A simple technical measure to reduce bycatch and discard of skates and sharks in mixed-species bottom-trawl fisheries

Due to global declines, skates and sharks have become a focus of marine conservation in recent years. Despite protective measures, they remain vulnerable to bycatch by fisheries, especially bottom-trawls and pose a problem for fisheries managementmeasures that aim to eliminate discards in the future. In the mixed-species bottom-trawl fisheries of the North Atlantic catches can be increased by fitting a length of chain known as a “tickler” in front of the groundgear of the trawl. It was hypothesized that the tickler is especially effective at catching skates and rays thatmayotherwise escape beneath the net. A trial was undertakenwith paired towswith andwithout the tickler chain. The trial demonstrated that the catch rate of skates and sharks canbe significantly loweredby removing the tickler. A set of secondary nets (groundgear bags) attachedbehind the groundgear of themain net allowed the number of fish escaping under the net to be estimated and showed that the reduction of skates and sharks in themain net was accompanied by an increase in number in the groundgear bags. This suggests that prohibition of the use of tickler chains in areas that are known to be especially important to skates and sharks could have conservation benefits. The removal of the tickler chain had little effect on catch rates of haddock, whiting, and flatfish, but caused a marked decrease in the catch rate of commercially valuable anglerfish.
Effects of sampling effort based on GPS telemetry on home-range size estimations

Home-range size is widely used in wildlife biology to assess animal-habitat relationships. But home-range size estimation largely depends on the estimator and sample size used. Using 3 different estimators (minimum convex polygons, fixed-kernels, clusters), we used data collected on moose (Alces alces), fitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars (which allow automatic recording of large data sets with fewer field constraints than VHF telemetry) to investigate to what extent increasing the number of locations affects home-range size estimations. Our results indicated that 100 to 300 locations per animal annually and 30 to 100 locations seasonally were needed to reach an asymptote. High biases occurred below this asymptotic value. Minimum convex polygons consistently underestimated home-range sizes, but fixed-kernel and cluster estimators followed variable trends that often overestimated home-range sizes. Low sampling efforts also affected the number of animals needed to ensure an adequate statistical power of analysis to compare space use between 2 groups. Despite the higher cost, our findings indicate that in most instances, GPS telemetry is better suited than conventional radiotelemetry to estimate home-range sizes precisely and accurately. Moreover, this tracking technique is not limited by meteorological constraints and allows for the collection of similar sample sizes for all tracked animals, which is of major importance for further comparisons of space use among individuals.
Abstract Journal for Breast Surgery

Background: Needle localisation followed by open surgical biopsy was introduced in 1965 as a way of obtaining a histological diagnosis of a nonpalpable breast lesion (1). The wire aims to limit the tumour volume excised, while achieving adequate resection margins, without causing too much tissue damage (2,3). There is limited number of publications describing the accuracy of the hookwire as a pre-operative marker of breast lesion; and the impact it has on operative specimen size, and eventually clear histological margins. We aim to review the accuracy of pre-operative hookwire localisation for nonpalpable breast lesion in our institution. Methodology: Retrospective chart review of public patients that were admitted with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the last 3 years to our institution that required a hookwire localisation procedure prior to formal surgical excision. Primary outcome measures are tumour volume on histology, microscopic histological margins, and re-excision rates. Secondary outcome measures are post-procedural complications of infection or haematoma. Statistical analysis was made with IBM SPSS Statistics 22. A P value of < 0.05 was considered signifi cant. Results: 586 patients in the 3 years period presented to our institution for hookwire localisation procedure. Majority of patient had ultrasound-guided localisation, as oppose to mammographic guidance. Small percentage of patients had to undergo re-excision. Conclusion: From our preliminary results, we found that hookwire localisation performed by an experienced radiologist can still provide an accurate localisation, with minimal morbidity. Further collaborative study across different institution may be warranted to gain a better statistical signifi cance.
Effect of temperature,light and pH on activity of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Ectropis obliqua (EoNPV)

The research results showed that the following treatments had made the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Ectropis obliqua (EoNPV) lost the activity, such as ,the suspension of EoNPV was placed in water bath at 80℃ for 15 minutes ,and the dry EoNPV was roasted at 120℃ for 15minutes. After 24 hours directly in sunshine during summer, EoNPV almost lost all activity as it was in the thin layer state. pH 4~ 8 did no influence on the activity of EoNPV.
Quality–orientated financing in intensive care medicine

0venous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes after outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1995: SO: 682-686. 20. Tang J, Wang B, White PF, Watcha MF, Qi J, Wender RH. Effect of timing of ondansetron administration on its efficacy, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit as a prophylactic antiemetic. Anesth Analg 1998 (in press). 21. Kapur PA. Cost containment: at what expense? Anesth Analg 1995: 81: 897-899. 22. White PF, Smith I Impact of newer drugs and techniques on the quality of ambulatory anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1993: 5: 3-13. 23. White PF (Editor). Ambulatory Anesthesia and Surgery. W.B. Saunders Ltd. London, 1997. 24. Shafer A, White PF, Urquhart ML, Doze VA. Outpatient premedication: Use of midazolam and opioid analgesics. Anesthesiology 1989: 71: 495-501. 25. Richardson MG, Wu CL, Hussain A. Midazolam predication increases sedation but does not prolong discharge time. Anesth Analg 1997 85: 301-5. 26. Philip BK. Practical cost-effective choices: ambulatory general anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1995: 7 606-613. 27. Greenberg CP: Practical cost-effective regional anesthesia for ambulatory surgery. Clin Anesth 1995: 7 614-621. 28. Watcha MF, White PF. Is the introduction of new anesthetic drugs and techniques economically justified? Curr Opin Anaesth 1997 10: 158-182. 29. Ghouri AF, Ramirez-Ruiz MA, White PF. Effect of flumazenil on recovery after midazolam and propofol sedation. Anesthesiology 1994: 81: 333-339. 30. White PF (Editorial). Are nonpharmacologic techniques useful alternatives to antiemetic drugs in the prevention of nausea and vomiting? Anesth. Analg. 1997 84: 712-714. 31. Vaghadia H, McLeon DH, Erle Mitchell GW, Merrick PM, Chilvers CR. Small-dose hypobaric lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for short duration outpatient laparoscopy. I. A randomized comparison with conventional dose hyperbaric lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1997 84: 59-64. 32. Volka JD, Hadzic A, Mulcare R et al. Femoral and genitofemoral nerve blocks versus spinal anesthesia for outpatients undergoing long saphenous vein stripping surgery. Anesth Analg 1997 84: 749-752. 33. Smith I, White PF, Nathanson M, Gouldson R. Propofol An update on its clinical uses. Anesthesiology 1994: 81: 10051043. 34. Souter A, Fredman B, White PF. Controversies in the perioperative use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Anesth Analg 1994, 79: 1178-1190. 35. Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth 1997 78 606-617.
Effects of imbibition and modified atmospheres on the soluble sugar content of supersweet sweet corn embryo and endosperm

The contents and compositional changes of soluble sugars in ‘Supersweet Jubilee’ sweet corn kernels exposed to 0, 24, 48 and 72 h water imbibition and modified atmospheres were determined. In the unimbibed dry embryo, sucrose and raffinose constituted a major pool of soluble sugars. There were two to three times more sucrose and raffinose in the embryo than in the endosperm. With progressive duration of imbibition, these sugars decreased five to eight-fold in the embryo and two to eight-fold in the endosperm. Concurrently, the glucose of the imbibed embryo increased significantly and coincided with the time of radicle emergence. Fructose of embryo and endosperm remained relatively unchanged. Modified atmospheres having 4% oxygen or 10% carbon dioxide and normal atmosphere imposed on imbibing sweet corn kernels did not significantly alter the content and composition of soluble sugars, or firmness of the pericarp. However, over half the kernel soluble sugars content was leaked into the external medium durin.
The effect of the lateral cephalometric radiograph on orthodontists’ diagnosis and treatment decisions: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial

Abstract Aims To evaluate the influence of the lateral cephalometric radiograph on orthodontists’ diagnosis and treatment planning decisions. Methods Five patients with full pre-treatment records were selected to represent a spectrum of malocclusions. The records were provided in a web-based questionnaire emailed to 510 Australian registered orthodontists. Participants were asked to formulate a diagnosis and treatment plan for a randomised patient case. The control group received a lateral cephalometric radiograph whilst the intervention group did not. The two groups’ diagnostic accuracy was determined by a comparison with the formative diagnoses determined by five senior academic orthodontists. Their diagnosis and treatment planning decisions were also compared. Results A comparison of the orthodontists’ diagnoses revealed that the lateral cephalometric radiograph did not lead to an increase in the assessment accuracy of dental (p = 0.797) and skeletal (p = 0.273) relationships. Further analysis using logistic regression showed that the orthodontists’ years of experience did not influence the accuracy of skeletal diagnosis (p = 0.177). A comparison between the orthodontists’ dental (p = 0.689) and skeletal (p = 0.321) determinations did not significantly differ between the two groups. An assessment of the vertical growth pattern (p = 0.656) was also unaffected by the omission of the lateral cephalometric radiograph. When the two groups considered treatment planning options, there were no statistically significant differences related to the treatment options of growth modification (p = 0.720), orthognathic surgery (p = 0.101), and/or an extraction decision (p = 0.840). Conclusion Lateral cephalometric radiographs did not significantly influence orthodontists’ diagnosis. There was also little evidence to demonstrate the radiograph’s efficacy in treatment planning cases with no skeletal discrepancy or no significant labiolingual incisor movement planned.
ON THE FUNGUS LUXURIANTRY GROWN ON THE BARK OF THE TREES INJURED BY THE GREAT FIRE OF TOKYO ON SEPTEMBER 1, . 1923

People's utmost attention was directed towards a remarkable reddish-yellow fungus which has grown up luxuriantry on the bark of burnt or half-burnt trees after a few days of the terrible fire of Tokyo on September 1,. 1923. The fungus was found to belong always to the same species, though a number of Coniferous as well as broad-leaved trees were over-grown with it. It appears, ex ternally just like some wild yeast which very commonly is found living on the exudation of some trees or on some organic substances, but under the microscope it reveals itself evidently to be a certain species of Monilia. Since I was able to collect several times samples of this fungus from trees belonging to various species, I have studied its inorphology and life histry, as well as its systematic position. The present paper will bring out the results of these experiments and observations. Here the writer desires to express his sinter thanks to Prof. Dr. M. Shirai for his kind direction and to Mr. R. Fukazu for his assistance throughout my work.
Q Fever in Small Ruminants and its Public Health Importance

Query fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii, it’s a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease where domestic small ruminants are the main reservoirs for human infections. Coxiella burnetii, is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, adapted to thrive within the phagolysosome of the phagocyte. Humans become infected primarily by inhaling aerosols that are contaminated with C. burnetii. Ingestion (particularly drinking raw milk) and person-to-person transmission are minor routes. Animals shed the bacterium in urine and feces, and in very high concentrations in birth by-products. The bacterium persists in the environment in a resistant spore-like form which may become airborne and transported long distances by the wind. It is considered primarily as occupational disease of workers in close contact with farm animals or processing their products, however, it may occur also in persons without direct contact. Doxycycline drug is the first line of treatment for Q fever. Treatment should be commenced immediately whenever Q fever is suspected. To prevent both the introduction and spread of Q fever infection, preventive measures should be implemented including immunization with currently available vaccines of domestic small ruminant animals and humans at risk. And controlling environmental contamination through the control of infected ticks and biosecurity measures may reduce introduction of C. burnetii to the farms. To sum up, the objective of this seminar paper is to give highlight on various aspects of Q fever in small ruminants with emphasis on its epidemiology, diagnosis, and its public health importance.
THE ORIGIN OF THE ASTRAGALUS OF REPTILES

The structure of the tetrapod ankle holds considerable interest for the student of vertebrate history, and much has been written on the subject in the past century. In recent years the comprehensive and valuable study by Schaeffer (1941) has outlined effectively the history of the tetrapod ankle from the functional and morphologic point of view. With Schaeffer's results I am in general agreement, and it is the purpose of my paper to describe new paleontologic evidence which supplements and supports Schaeffer's conclusions concerning the origin of the reptilian tarsus and in particular the astragalar bone. For a review of past work on the tarsus and of concepts formulated, reference may be made to Schaeffer's account.
Seed cryopreservation of seven Spanish native pine species

Summary Progressive forest decline requires the development of conservation strategies to avoid the loss of genetic diversity. Among the ex situ methods for the preservation of forest tree germplasm, conventional seed banking is considered the most efficient method for the majority of species. However, in some forest trees the rapid decrease of seed viability requires new storage methods. Cryopreservation (storage at ultralow temperatures, < ‐130 °C) offers great promise for long-term storage of forest tree seeds. In this paper the effect of storage in liquid nitrogen (‐196 °C) on seven Spanish pines was evaluated. For most of these species, no significant differences were found in seed germination before and after cryopreservation. Only in P. pinea did cryopreservation negatively affect seed viability.
Field Method for Determining the Saltiness of Brackish Water

For the purpose of measuring the salt content of the waters of Back Bay, Virginia, and Currituck Sound, North Carolina, as related to the distribution of different kinds of water plants commonly used for food by ducks and geese, a quick and convenient method for determining the salt content of the water was needed. Since the area to be examined was large, approximately 30 miles long and IO miles wide, a method that could be adapted to use in a motor boat, even while the motor boat was in motion, was wanted. This requirement made it impossible to use a hydrometer since with this instrumiient absence of any jarring motion is necessary. An important requirement for preliminary survey work of this kind is that a determination be made at the time the water sample is taken. Results thus obtained can be used to find out whether the saltiness is increasing or decreasing from place to place, and where the next sample should be taken. This advantage is lost if samples must be collected and transported to a laboratory for testing, and in addition, a duplication of time and effort is caused. It was found that Mohr's method for total chlorides by titration with silver nitrate was suitable; the use of a small graduated pipette for measuring the standard solution, and of ordinary test tubes for holding the samples of water, reduced the amount of needed apparatus to such an extent that the required glassware for a day's trip could be placed in a small basket. This paper describes the method that was found satisfactory, gives directions for making up the solutions needed in making the tests, and shows the results obtained by this method with different samples of water.
Reproduction in a Chesapeake Bay Osprey Population

THE Osprey, Pandion haliaetus, is becoming rare as a breeding bird in some parts of the United States particularly in the north. Unsuccessful reproduction and man's encroachment on its estuarine and seacoast nesting habitat are prime factors in the decline (Schmid, 1966; Ames, 1966; Peterson et al., 1969). Talbot County, Maryland, has the largest knownand reproductively the most successful-population of Ospreys on the east coast of the United States north of Florida. I have studied this large concentration of Ospreys since 1963 to determine the size and reproductive success of the breeding population. This paper reports data from the years 1963 through 1969 on numbers of young at different stages of development, discusses effects of various environmental factors on reproductive success, and compares success of Ospreys in Talbot County with that in other areas of the United States. Preliminary results of this study were presented in Reese (1965).
RAPD Analysis on the Cultivars, Strains and Related Species of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an important native and advantageous fruit tree in China. The genetic relationships between 25 cultivars, strains, and 2 related species (Z.acidojujuba C.Y.Cheng et M.J.Liu.and Z.mauritiana Lam.) of Chinese jujube were studied using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique. A tree diagram was constructed by using AVERAGE method. The genetic relationships of some group of cultivars (strains) were discussed in relation to earlier results basing on morphological characters, utilization and distribution. At the same time, the genetic relationships between the three important species were also revealed; RAPD fingerprint system of 25 cultivars (strains) of Chinese jujube and its 2 related species Z.acidojujuba C.Y. Cheng et M.J.Liu.and Z.mauritiana Lam. was established using only 3 primers: OPE1, OPE9 and S130.
Notes on Captive Colonies and Homing of Bombus Pennsylvanicus De Geer.

While normally these bumblebees nest under a heavy mat of grass on or beneath the surface of the ground, there are occasionally queens which leave the beaten path of tradition and found colonies in unique situations. I have recorded (Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, 24:40-41, 1922), one such nest in an old paint bucket, hanging on a barn wall seven feet from the floor; this bucket, after the paint had dried up, had been used by wrens the year before, and here among the sticks and straws was a growing colony of bumblebees. A second nest was found in a sack filled with straw lying on the floor of an abandoned club-house.