Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Institution Building: State Aids, the European Commission, and the European Court of Justice

This work takes a dynamic perspective on institution building and studies the interactions between the European Commission and the European Court of Justice in the construction of the European Union. We focus in particular on how these two bodies attempt to strengthen their legitimacy by making decisions in line with the mandates they got from the member states. The Commission is mandated to deepen the EU integration, while the Court establishes is aimed at establishing the rule of law. Consequently, the Commission puts pressure of those states who are resistant to the integration, and the Court checks for potential decisions by the Commission that would surpass its mandate. To do so, we focus on the decision of both bodies related to state aids; i.e. subsidies granted by national governments in favor economics players involved in the provision of services related infrastructures. Relying on an original database covering all state aids programs between 2000 and 2015, we show that the Commission tends to reject programs originating from countries who are resistant to the integration of internal market, which is proxied by transposition deficit. On the other hand, we show that when firms or national governments appeal the decision made by the Commission, the reversal of the Commission decision by the European Court of Justice is positively correlated with the transposition deficit. Since the Commission acts before the Court, we interpret these two results as evidence showing that the Commission is actually biased against countries with greater resistance to European integration, while the Court corrects the bias created by the Commission. Overall our analysis suggests that both institutions make their decisions according to their different mandates, while resulting in a positive dynamic of EU integration and legitimization of European institutions based on credible checks and balance among the Commission, the European Court of Justice and the Member States.
Admission Exam Web Application Prototype for Blind People at the University of Sciences and Humanities

Currently, there is a large sector of Peru's population that has some type of disability. Every year, the government creates norms for their integration into society. However, to date, total integration is not achieved. One of the points that can be seen is at the moment of taking an entrance exam, where to this day, they do not have the tools to perform in an autonomous and optimal way. Taking this into account, the objective of this article is the development of a prototype admission test for blind people at the University of Sciences and Humanities. A hybrid methodology is used with between Soft Systems and Scrum. The results were obtained from the analysis of both methodologies and a final product prototyped with Balsamiq, demonstrating an optimal union between these two methodologies. Therefore, the prototype will facilitate the performance of blind people during their entrance exam. Keywords—Admission; Balsamiq; blind; scrum; soft systems
Limiting Coherent Longitudinal Beam Oscillations in the EIC Electron Storage Ring

We study coherent longitudinal beam oscillations in the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) electron storage ring (ESR). We show that to avoid unacceptable hadron emittance growth due to finite crossing angle, the amplitude of these oscillations needs to be limited to a fraction of a millimeter. We estimate the amplitude of these oscillations under the two scenarios: 1) the beam is passively stable and the oscillations are driven by RF phase noise only; 2) a coupledbunch instability, presently expected in the ESR, is damped by a longitudinal feedback system. We show that, for the 2nd scenario, comfortable specifications for RF phase noise and feedback sensor noise will be sufficient to maintain the oscillations within the required limits.
Separation of contributions to spin valve interlayer exchange coupling field by temperature dependent coupling field measurements

In this work, interlayer exchange coupling fields of spin valve samples have been measured as a function of temperature, and fit to a temperature dependent combination of RKKY and Neel coupling fields. The RKKY coupling strength is assumed proportional to the form (T/T0)/sinh(T/T0), where T is temperature and T0 is characteristic temperature. [N. Persat and A. Dinia, Phys. Rev. B 56, 2676 (1997)] This allows the RKKY coupling and Neel coupling field to be separated quantitatively. The results of such an analysis on various CoFe/Cu/CoFe spin valve structures allow the extraction of a roughness parameter from the Neel model and the T0 parameter from the RKKY model. The measured roughness on the top surface was generally 2–3 times greater than the value obtained from the Neel analysis. The extracted T0 parameter was one order of magnitude smaller than that measured for bulk Cu by the de Hass–van Alphen effect. [N. Persat and A. Dinia, Phys. Rev. B. 56, 2676 (1997); B. Lengeler and W. R. Wampler, Phys. Rev. B.
An Analysis of the Indian Further Education System Regarding Gender Inequality

The research aims to analyse the Indian education system as a way to understand why there is vast gender inequality there. Looking at the country’s gender statistics gives a good overall indication of what has been happening in India since the Millennium Development Goals were set, and how close they are to achieving various gender specific goals set by the United Nations and the Government of India. Women are crucial to a country’s development and the economic survival of their own personal households (Khalid, 2008). Very little recognition is given to the role they play in development, especially as in the developing world the majority are employed in the informal sector. Education remains the most important tool for enhancing women’s socio economic situation and statistically has been associated with better health, lower fertility rate, higher economic growth and better standards of living (Khan, 1993, Khalid, 2008). Especially in India, institutional, social, psychological and cultural boundaries limit a female’s potential (Jain, 2003, Khalid, 2008). As UNICEF (2014) found, many demand-side barriers still arise from sociocultural norms and so can be extremely difficult to change.
Ochratoxin A and brewing technology: a review.

Ochratoxins are a hazardous group of mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by several fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium families. Ochratoxins have been detected and determined in foods and beverages, including barley, malt and beer, at ppb levels. Varied analytical methods have been developed for the detection of ochratoxin A [OTA] in cereals and beer. Ochratoxin A has hazardous effects on health and has been classified within group 2B, as a possible human carcinogen by IARC. Scientists have expressed great concern about the presence of ochratoxin A in foods. In this article, chemical structure, biosynthesis by microorganisms, analytical methods for testing, regulations, changes during brewing, and detoxification of OTA, are reviewed. Beer poses very little risk as a source of ochratoxin in the diet.
Trust in information, political identity and the brain: an interdisciplinary fMRI study

Misinformation has triggered government inquiries and threatens the perceived legitimacy of campaign processes and electoral outcomes. A new identity polarization has arisen between Remain and Leave sympathizers in the UK Brexit debate, with associated accusations of misinformation use. Competing psychological accounts of how people come to accept and defend misinformation pit self-reinforcing motivated cognition against lack of systematic reasoning as possible explanations. We harness insights from political science, cognitive neuroscience and psychology to examine the impact of trust and identity on information processing regarding Brexit in a group of Remain identifiers. Behaviourally, participants' affective responses to Brexit-related information are affected by whether the emotional valence of the message is compatible with their beliefs on Brexit (positive/negative) but not by their trust in the source of information. However, belief in the information is significantly affected by both (dis)trust in information source and by belief compatibility with the valence of the information. Neuroimaging results confirm this pattern, identifying areas involved in judgements of the self, others and automatic processing of affectively threatening stimuli, ultimately supporting motivated cognition accounts of misinformation endorsement. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
How to Write Applied Papers in Economics∗

How does one write good research papers? Though many research economists instinctively know how to do so, most have spent too little time thinking about how one writes good research papers, and even the most successful economists often have a hard time articulating a clear answer to that question. This is due to both (i) what economists read and (ii) how they read it. The goal of this paper is to teach readers how to write applied economics papers that will eventually be published in a peer-reviewed journal. The various components of an applied economics paper are discussed in as much detail as possible, roughly in the order in which they are tackled in the context of the typical research project.
Effects of Scouring with Enzymes, Organic Solvents, and Caustic Soda on the Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleached Cotton Yarn

Three different scouring methods are applied to open-end and ring spun yarns prior to hydrogen peroxide bleaching with and without metal ions present. The scouring procedures include a penetrating treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, a nonswelling solvent extraction, and a fiber surface-affecting treatment with pectinase enzymes. Properties of the treated yarns and fiber damage are studied after each process step. Conventional scouring with sodium hydroxide followed by peroxide bleaching causes the highest deterioration on the molecular level, but results in a high level of whiteness, Solvent extracted yams exhibit superior tensile strength, which is preserved more or less unchanged throughout any subsequent treatment. The bioscouring process with enzymes renders the yams strikingly soft. The effects are generally more pro nounced for open-end spun yams, suggesting that differences in yarn structure may have an impact on the effectiveness of scouring.
Evaluating the surface energy partitioning in ERA5

Climate reanalyses provide a plethora of global atmospheric and surface parameters in a consistent manner over multidecadal time scales. Hence, they are widely-used in many fields, and an in-depth evaluation of the different variables provided by reanalyses is a necessary means to provide feedback on the quality to their users and the operational centers producing these data sets, and to help guiding their development. Recently, the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast 5 (ECMWF) released the new state-of-the-art climate reanalysis ERA5, following up on its popular predecessor ERA-Interim. Different sets of variables from ERA5 were already evaluated in a handful of studies, but so far, the quality of surface energy partitioning has not been assessed yet. Here, we evaluate the surface energy partitioning over land in ERA5, and concentrate on the appraisal of the surface latent heat flux, surface sensible heat flux, and Bowen ratio against different reference data sets and using different modelling tools. Most of our analyses point towards a better quality of surface energy partitioning in ERA5 10 than in ERA-Interim, which may be attributed to a better representation of land-surface processes in ERA5, and certainly to the better quality of near-surface meteorological variables. One of the key shortcomings of the reanalyses identified in our study is the overestimation of the surface latent heat flux, which – although substantially lower than in ERA-Interim – still remains in ERA5. Overall, our results indicate the high quality of the surface turbulent fluxes from ERA5 and the general improvement upon ERA-Interim, thereby endorsing the efforts of ECMWF to improve their climate reanalysis and to provide useful data to 15 many scientific and operational fields.
Understanding Instructors’ Behaviors in Using Facebook for Educational Purposes

Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this qualitative study examines instructors’ behaviors in using Facebook in their teaching practices. Participants were ten instructors enrolled at various departments of universities in Turkey. Interviews were analyzed in order to understand the instructors' Facebook use for educational purposes. Results indicated that access, management, cooperation-socialization, sharing, and motivation were the main factors affecting instructors’ behaviors in using Facebook for educational purposes. While usefulness was prominent, ease of use was also frequently addressed in terms of TAM elements. Considering TAM, some external factors such as students’ use and social pressures were also influenced instructors’ intention and attitudes toward using Facebook in their classes. The implications of notable findings and directions for future studies are discussed.
Development of Highly Active Pd‐ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts for Microscale Fuel Processor Applications

A series of alumina supported Pd-ZnO catalysts were synthesized and studied for methanol steam reforming. Pd loading and Pd/Zn ratio were optimized to improve catalyst activities. Among all the catalysts studied, the catalyst with a Pd loading of 8.9 wt % and a Pd/Zn molar ratio of 0.38 exhibited the highest methanol conversion and the lowest CO selectivity. The significantly improved Pd-ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst activity was one of the main factors improving the efficiency of a microscale fuel processor from 9 % to 15 %.
The Recommended Online Social Networks (OSN) and Big Data System Using Large Scale Graph Partitioning with Mahout and PowerGraph

Introduction : Social Big data is generated by interactions of connected users on social network. Sharing of opinions and contents amongst users, reviews of users for products, result in Social Big data. If any user intends to select product such as movies, books etc. from e-commerce sites or view any topic or opinion on social networking sites, there are a lot of options and these options result in information overload. Case Description : Social recommendation systems assist users to make better selection as per their likings. Recent research works have improved recommendation systems by using matrix factorization, social regularization or social trust inference. Furthermore, these improved systems are able to alleviate cold start and sparsity but not efficient for scalability. Discussion and Evaluation: The main focus of this paper is to improve scalability and provide better recommendations to users with large-scale data in less response time. We have partitioned social big graph and distributed it on different nodes based on Mahout and PowerGraph like system. Conclusion : In our approach, partitioning is based on direct as well as indirect trust between users and comparison with state-of-the-art approaches proves that statistically better partitioning quality is achieved using our approach. In our proposed approach ScaleRec, hyperedge and transitive closure are used to enhance social trust amongst users. Experiment analysis on standard datasets proves that better locality and recommendation accuracy is achieved by using our proposed approach.
Relationship between thermally stimulated depolarization and conductivity

It is shown that there is a close relationship between the conductivity and the occurrence of a peak in measurements of thermally stimulated depolarization. Supposing a reciprocal heating scheme (d(1/T)/dt = const) a simple relation between the dark conductivity and the position and the height of the corresponding peak of the depolarization current is found. In a survey all possibilities of carrying out measurements of optically or thermally stimulated polarization or depolarization are compiled. Es wird gezeigt, das ein enger Zusammenhang besteht zwischen der elektrischen Leitfahigkeit und dem Auftreten eines Signals bei Messungen der thermisch stimulierten Depolarisation. Fur den Fall der Verwendung eines reziproken Aufheizprogramms (d(1/T)/dt = const) ergibt sich eine einfache Beziehung zwischen der Dunkelleitfahigkeit und der Lage und Hohe des dazugehorigen Depolarisationsstromsignals. Daruber hinaus sind in einer Ubersicht die verschiedenen Moglichkeiten der Messung der optisch oder thermisch stimulierten Polarisation bzw. Depolarisation zusammengestellt.
FORECASTING 7 BE CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE AIR USING TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 1

5 Be is a cosmogenic radionuclide widely used as an atmospheric tracer, whose evaluation and forecasting can 6 provide valuable information on changes in the atmospheric behavior. In this study, measurements of Be 7 concentrations were made each month during the period 2007-2015 from samples of atmospheric aerosols 8 filtered from the air. The aim was to propose a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) 9 model to develop an explanatory and predictive model of Be air concentrations. The Root Mean Square Error 10 (RMSE) and the Adapted Mean Absolute Percentage Error (AMAPE) were selected to measure forecasting 11 accuracy in identifying the best historical data time window to explain Be concentrations. A measure based on 12 the variance of forecast errors was calculated to determine the impact of the model uncertainty on forecasts. 13 We concluded that the SARIMA method is a powerful explanatory and predictive technique for explaining Be 14 air concentrations in a long-term series of at least eight years of historical data to forecast Be concentration 15 trends up to one year in advance. 16 17
Integrating Clinical and Genomic Analyses of Hippocampal-Prefrontal Circuit Disorder in Depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent, devastating and recurrent mental disease. Hippocampus (HIP)-prefrontal cortex (PFC) neural circuit abnormalities have been confirmed to exist in MDD; however, the gene-related molecular features of this circuit in the context of depression remain unclear. To clarify this issue, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to comprehensively analyze the genetic characteristics of the two brain regions and used weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to determine the main depression-related gene modules in the HIP-PFC network. To clarify the regional differences and consistency for MDD, we also compared the expression patterns and molecular functions of the key modules from the two brain regions. The results showed that candidate modules related to clinical MDD of HIP and PFC, which contained with 363 genes and 225 genes, respectively. Ninety-five differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the HIP candidate module, and 51 DEGs were identified in the PFC candidate module, with only 11 overlapping DEGs in these two regional modules. Combined with the enrichment results, although there is heterogeneity in the molecular functions in the HIP-PFC network of depression, the regulation of the MAPK cascade, Ras protein signal transduction and Ephrin signaling were significantly enriched in both brain regions, indicating that these biological pathways play important roles in MDD pathogenesis. Additionally, the high coefficient protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via STRING, and the top-10 coefficient genes were identified as hub genes via the cytoHubba algorithm. In summary, the present study reveals the gene expression characteristics of MDD and identifies common and unique molecular features and patterns in the HIP-PFC network. Our results may provide novel clues from the gene function perspective to explain the pathogenic mechanism of depression and to aid drug development. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the genetic regulation mechanisms of different neural networks in depression.
Knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 among health professionals in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic on 11th March, 2020. In Ethiopia, more than 90,490 and 1,300 confirmed cases and deaths were reported by the Federal Ministry of Health at the time of writing up this project. As health care providers are frontline workers managing the COVID-19 pandemic, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled level of knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among health professionals in Ethiopia. Methods PubMed, Google Scholar, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and African Journal of Online (AJOL) were searched. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using STATA version 14. Publication bias was checked by funnel plot and more objectively through Egger’s regression test, with P < 0.05 considered to indicate potential publication bias. The heterogeneity of studies was checked using I2 statistics. Pooled analysis was conducted using a weighted inverse variance random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was done related to geographic region and time. A leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was also employed. Result A total of 11 studies with 3,843 study participants for knowledge, eight studies with 2,842 study participants for attitude and 10 studies with 3, 435 study participants for practice were used to estimate the pooled level of good knowledge, positive attitude and poor practice among health professionals. The overall estimated good level of knowledge, positive attitude and poor practice towards COVID-19 was found to be 79.4% (95% CI: 73.5%-85.2%; I2 = 96%), 73.7% (95%CI: 63.09%-84.4%; I2 = 98.3%) and 40.3% (95%CI: 31.1%-49.6%; I2 = 97.1%) respectively. Conclusion Study findings showed that there were significant gaps in COVID-19 related knowledge, attitude and practice with respect to World Health Organization recommendations on COVID-19 management and personal protection practices. This study therefore recommends that institutions provide with immediate effect accurate and up-to-date information on COVID-19 and training that encourages improved knowledge, attitude and practice to mitigate this pandemic.