Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Algebraic semantics for natural language: some philosophy, some application

Abstract Information processing, when performed by an intelligent agent, draws on a wide array of knowledge sources. Among them are world knowledge, situation knowledge, conceptual knowledge and linguistic knowledge. The focus in this paper will be on the semantic knowledge which is part of the general linguistic competence of any speaker of a natural language (NL). In particular, this knowledge contains ways of organizing the linguistic ontology, i.e. the collection of heterogeneous entities that make up the domain of discourse. The representation language that is proposed here to model this knowledge stresses the structural properties of the ontology. This approach has been persued under the name of algebraic semantics. The paper starts out by explaining the term "algebraic semantics" as it is used in logic. Two senses of "algebraic" are distinguished that are called here "conceptual" and "structural". These two senses of the algebraic method are then applied to NL semantics. The conceptual part is realized by the method of structuring the domains of linguistic ontology in various ways. Thus plural entities are recognized along with mass entities and events. The common outlook here is mereological or lattice-theoretical. Some applications to the study of plurals are given that are to show the usefulness of the algebraic approach. Finally, the ontology of plurals is addressed, and comments are made on some relevant discussion of mereology in recent philosophical work. In sum, it is contended that the algebraic perspective while being of interest in semantics and philosophy proper, also fits both the spirit and the practice of much work that has been done in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) field of knowledge representation.
Supervised classification of packets coming from a HTTP botnet

The posibilities that the management of a vast amount of computers and/or networks offer, is attracting an increasing number of malware writers. In this document, the authors propose a methodology thought to detect malicious botnet traffic, based on the analysis of the packets flow that circulate in the network. This objective is achieved by means of the parametrization of the static characteristics of packets, which are lately analysed using supervised machine learning techniques focused on traffic labelling so as to face proactively to the huge volume of information nowadays filters work with.
Predicting the Effects of Sexual Assault Research Participation: Reactions, Perceived Insight, and Help-Seeking

This study examined effects of participating in survey research for women sexual assault survivors with other trauma histories to understand the role of study participation on perceived insight and long-term help-seeking behaviors. A diverse sample of 1,863 women from a large Midwestern city participated in a 3-year study on women’s experiences with sexual assault. Regression analyses were conducted to (a) examine predictors of immediate positive and negative reactions to survey participation and (b) assess the impact of the survey on perceived insight and women’s long-term help-seeking behavior. Overall, most women in the study had a higher positive than negative reaction to the survey (92%), with a significant proportion indicating they sought additional services as a result of participation (55%). Women with child sexual abuse (CSA), more emotion dysregulation, and more characterological self-blame had more negative reactions to the survey, whereas those with more education and individual adaptive coping had more positive reactions. Women who said they gained insight from answering survey questions were most likely to seek additional help. This study extends the literature by examining cumulative trauma and postassault symptoms in relation to the effects of survey participation. This is also the first study of women sexual assault survivors to find a relationship between gaining perceived insight from research and subsequent help-seeking. Participating in sexual assault research may help survivors gain greater insight into their recovery, which can lead them to seek out more resources for their ongoing trauma-related problems.
Neglect, Sexual Abuse, and Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence During Childhood Predicts Later Life Violent Attitudes Against Children Among Kenyan Women: Evidence of Intergenerational Risk Transmission From Cross-Sectional Data

Violence against children, including corporal punishment, remains a global concern. Understanding sources of support for corporal punishment within cultures, and the potential for intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment, is essential for policy-development and community engagement to protect children. In this study, we use data from a cross-section of women in Meru County, Kenya (n = 1,974) to profile attitudes toward violence against children using the Velicer Attitudes Towards Violence–Child subscale. We find reported histories of sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect, and witnessing interpersonal violence during childhood predict more violent attitudes toward children in adulthood. The pathway between these forms of child maltreatment and violent attitudes is significantly mediated by family function, perceived stress, and attitudes toward violence against women. Interventions to prevent sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and promote attachments between parents and children may benefit future generations in this population. Furthermore, secondary prevention of the effects of these childhood adversities may require development of social support, improving family function and challenging violent attitudes against women.
Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Stalking Victimization and Psychological Distress

The current study aims to understand mediators and moderators of the relationship between stalking victimization and depression. Based on the reformulated learned helplessness theory, which emphasizes the role of internal, global, and stable attributions for negative events in the development of depression, we predicted that the association between stalking victimization and depression would be mediated by attributions for the stalking and characterological self-blame. We predicted that the association between stalking victimization and helplessness attributions or characterological self-blame, in turn, would be moderated by gender, sex-role identity, and length of stalking. Specifically, we hypothesized that female victims, victims possessing a feminine sex-role identity, and victims experiencing longer stalking episodes would be more likely to experience depression in comparison with male victims, victims possessing a masculine sex-role identity, and victims experiencing shorter stalking episodes. The results indicated that global attributions for the cause of stalking significantly mediated the relationship between stalking victimization and depression. The results for stable attributions, internal attributions, and characterological self-blame were nonsignificant. Furthermore, gender, sex-role identity, and length of stalking did not moderate the association between stalking and attributional style or characterological self-blame. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Towards the understanding and evolution of monolithic applications as microservices

Nowadays, software development teams face the challenge of maintenance and evolution of large applications. This is known as modernization and comprises a process of understanding the existing application, and a process of transforming from the as-is state to the to-be state. In this article, we present an approach to modernize legacy applications into microservices. We propose a model-centered process to analyze and visualize the current structure and dependencies between the business layer and the data layer. Furthermore, we propose a modularization into clusters and microservices using four different diagrams. To validate our approach we have analyzed a JEE application with over 74566 LoC. The results show that the understanding is greatly improved through the diagrams proposed, and the modularization proposed constitutes the first step towards the automated modernization of the application.
Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex as a Self-Reported Mode of HIV Acquisition Among a Cohort of Women Living With HIV in Canada

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global epidemic associated with increased HIV exposure. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of HIV acquisition via forced sex among women living with HIV (WLWH) in Canada. Baseline questionnaire data were analyzed for WLWH (≥16 years) with data on self-reported mode of HIV acquisition, enrolled in a community-based cohort study in British Columbia, Ontario, and Québec. We assessed forced sex (childhood, adulthood) as a self-reported mode of HIV acquisition. Of 1,330 participants, the median age was 42 (interquartile range [IQR] = 35-50) years; 23.5% were Indigenous, 26.3% African/Caribbean/Black, 43% White, and 7.2% of Other ethnicities. Forced sex was the third dominant mode of HIV transmission at 16.5% (n = 219; vs. 51.6% consensual sex, 19.7% sharing needles, 5.3% blood transfusion, 3.8% perinatal, 1.3% contaminated needles, 0.4% other, 1.6% do not know/prefer not to answer). In multivariable analyses, significant correlates of HIV acquisition from forced versus consensual sex included legal status as a landed immigrant (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.12, 3.54]) or refugee (aOR = 3.62; 95% CI = [1.63, 8.04]) versus Canadian citizen; African/Caribbean/Black ethnicity versus Caucasian (aOR = 2.49; 95% CI = [1.43, 4.35]), posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (aOR = 3.00; 95% CI = [1.68, 5.38]), histories of group home residence (aOR = 2.40; 95% CI = [1.10, 5.23]), foster care (aOR = 2.18; 95% CI = [1.10, 4.34]), and having one child relative to having three or more children (aOR = 0.52; 95% CI = [0.31, 0.89]). GBV must be considered a distinct HIV risk factor; forced sex is a significant underrecognized risk factor and mode of women’s HIV acquistion. Public health reporting systems can separate consensual and forced sex in reporting modes of HIV acquisition. Practitioners can engage in screening practices to meet client needs.
Supporting Command Reuse: Mechanisms for Reuse

Abstract Reuse facilities help people to recall and modify their earlier activities and re-submit them to the computer. This paper examines such mechanisms for reuse. First, guidelines for building reuse facilities are summarized. Second, existing reuse facilities are surveyed under four main headings: history mechanisms, adaptive systems, programming by example, and explicit customization. The first kind relies on temporally ordered lists of interactions, the second builds statistical dynamic models of past activities and uses them to expedite future interactions, the third collects and generalizes more extensive sequences of activities for future reuse, while in the fourth the user explicitly collects items of interest. Third, the paper presents WORKBENCH, a reuse facility that uses an empirically-derived history system as a way of capturing and organizing one's situated activities. An appendix reports a study of a widely-available history system, the UNIX csh , and explains why it is poorly used in practice.
Compliance with lipid-lowering therapy and its impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Objective: Treatment with hypolipidemic agents reduces the risk of vascular events both in primary and secondary prevention. Although compliance with lipid-lowering therapy is an important determinant of cardiovascular clinical outcomes, relatively little attention is being paid to this issue by physicians. Methods: We searched the literature using Pubmed up to 5 August 2008. Results: Compliance with lipid-lowering therapy is poor in clinical practice, especially in primary prevention. As many as 6 out of 10 patients may stop taking statins during the first 6 months following initiation of treatment. Poor compliance has been associated with worse clinical outcome and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Importantly, statin withdrawal may be even worse compared with not taking statins at all. Several strategies may increase treatment adherence. Conclusions: Poor compliance with lipid-lowering treatment is an important health issue that has been associated with unfavorable cardiovascular outcome. Increasing adherence rates should become a major concern for physicians.
Performance and Cost Modeling Strategy for Cloud Infrastructure Planning

Cloud computing is a computational paradigm in which resources such as storage, applications and networking infrastructures can be offered as services over the internet. Due to dynamic and virtualized nature of cloud environments and diversity of client requests, providing the expected service quality while avoiding over-provisioning is not a simple task. To ensure that the provisioned service is acceptable, providers must exploit techniques and mechanisms that guarantee a minimum level of service quality. This performance evaluation of cloud infrastructures has been receiving considerable attention by providers as a prominent activity for improving service quality. This paper presents a modeling strategy for cloud infrastructure planning with different software and hardware configurations, according to performance and cost requirements. A case study based on Moodle hosted on Eucalyptus platform is adopted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed modeling strategy.
Reasoning in a Restricted Temporal Logic

Abstract We consider RTL, a linear time propositional temporal logic whose only modalities are the [formula] (eventually) operator and its dual [formula] (always). Although less expressive than the full temporal logic, RTL is the fragment of temporal logic that is used most often and in many verification systems. Indeed, many properties of distributed systems discussed in the literature are RTL properties. Another advantage of RTL over the full temporal logic is in the decidability procedure; while deciding satisfiability of a formula in full temporal logic is a PSPACE complete procedure, doing so for an RTL formula is in NP. We characterize the class of ω-regular languages that are definable in RTL and show simple translations between ω-regular sets and RTL formulae that define them. We explore the applications of RTL in reasoning about communication systems. Finally, we relate variants of RTL (when interpreted over a real line segments) to several fragments of Interval Modal Logic and show that the satisfiability problem for RTL when interpreted over a real line is NP-complete.
An Optimal Algorithm for Selection in a Min-Heap

Abstract An O(k)-time algorithm is presented for selecting the kth smallest element in a binary min-heap of size n⪢k. The approach uses recursively defined data structures that impose a hierarchical grouping on certain elements in the heap. The result establishes a further example of a partial order for which the kth smallest element can be determined in time proportional to the information theory lower bound. Two applications, to a resource allocation problem and to the enumeration of the k smallest spanning trees, are identified.
Exponential Size Lower Bounds for Some Depth Three Circuits

Exponential size lower bounds are obtained for some depth three circuits computing conjunction using one layer each of gates which compute Boolean functions of low total degree when expressed as polynomials, parity modulo-2 gates, and parity-modulo-q gates, where q is prime. One of these results implies a special case of the constant degree hypothesis of Barrington et al. The lower bounds are obtained from an algebraic characterization of the functions computed by the circuits: it is shown that certain integer multiples of these functions can be expressed as the sum of a lattice element and a function of small value. It is conjectured that this characterization can be used to resolve the constant degree hypothesis.
Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: an update of current issues and recommendations for future research

Objective: This paper aimed to report the current status of research in the field of post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth (PTSD FC), and to update the findings of an earlier 2008 paper. Background: A group of international researchers, clinicians and service users met in 2006 to establish the state of clinical and academic knowledge relating to PTSD FC. A paper identified four key areas of research knowledge at that time. Methods: Fourteen clinicians and researchers met in Oxford, UK to update the previously published paper relating to PTSD FC. The first part of the meeting focused on updating the four key areas identified previously, and the second part on discussing new and emerging areas of research within the field. Results: A number of advances have been made in research within the area of PTSD FC. Prevalence is well established within mothers, several intervention studies have been published, and there is growing interest in new areas: staff and pathways; prevention and early intervention; impact on families and children; special populations; and post-traumatic growth. Conclusion: Despite progress, significant gaps remain within the PTSD FC knowledge base. Further research continues to be needed across all areas identified in 2006, and five areas were identified which can be seen as ‘new and emerging’. All of these new areas require further extensive research. Relatively little is still known about PTSD FC.
On the Expressiveness of Temporal Logic Programming

In this paper, we address expressiveness issues for temporal logic programming, and in particular for the language TEMPLOG. We focus on the temporal component of the expressiveness by considering the propositional fragment of the language, which we call PTEMPLOG. We prove that PTEMPLOG is able to express positive least-fixpoint temporal properties, which (up to a convention concerning atomic formulas) corresponds to finitely regular ? -languages. Finally, we consider the extension of PTEMPLOG With stratified negation and we show that it is able to express all ? -regular languages.
Relationships between Some Individual Characteristics and Occupational Accidents in the Construction Industry

Relationships between Some Individual Characteristics and Occupational Accidents in the Construction Industry: A Case‐Control Study on 880 Victims of Accidents Occurred during a Two‐ Year Period: Nearkasen Chau, et al. National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 420, Faculte de Medecine—This case‐control study assessed the relationships between certain individual characteristics (age, body mass index, training, length of time in present job, sleep disorders, certain disabilities, smoking habits, sporting activities) and occupational accidents in construction male labourers: 880 cases with at least one occupational accident in 1995‐1996, 880 controls with no occupational accident during the previous five years, matched to cases on the job. A standardised questionnaire, filled in by the occupational physician, was used. The statistical analyses were made by the conditional logistic regression method for paired data. The main causes of accidents were handling or carrying objects, falls to a lower level, construction machinery and devices, falls on the same level, moving objects, hand tools. For all accidents combined, the factors with significant adjusted odds‐ratios (OR) were: age<30 yr (OR 1.30, 95%C11.01‐1.68), sleep disorders (1.97, 1.42‐2.73), and current smoker (1.27, 1.04‐1.54). Sleep disorders were a significant factor in falls to a lower level (OR 2.25, 95%CI 1.14‐4.44), age<30 yr and sleep disorders for accidents caused by moving objects (4.64, 1.48‐14.5 and 13.11, 2.64‐65.2 respectively), and no sporting activity for injuries by handling or carrying objects (1.70, 1.11‐2.60). Sleep disorders were significant for accidents with sick leave lengths of >15 d, whereas age<30 yr and current smoker were significant for the others (<14 d). A relationship was observed between the severity of sleep disorders and accidents. Occupational accidents are mainly due to work conditions, but certain individual characteristics may also play a role; this should be confirmed by further studies.
The Discriminating Power of Multiplicities in the Lambda-Calculus

The? -calculus with multiplicities is a refinement of the lazy? -calculus where the argument in an application comes with a multiplicity, which is an upper bound to the number of its uses. This introduces potential deadlocks in the evaluation. We study the discriminating power of this calculus over the usual? -terms. We prove in particular that the observational equivalence induced by contexts with multiplicities coincides with the equality of Levy? Longo trees associated with? -terms. This is a consequence of the characterization we give of the corresponding observational precongruence, as an intensional preorder involving? -expansion, namely, Ong's lazy Plotkin? Scott? Engeler preorder.
All Pairs Shortest Distances for Graphs with Small Integer Length Edges

Abstract There is a way to transform the All Pairs Shortest Distances (APSD) problem where the edge lengths are integers with small (⩽M) absolute value into a problem with edge lengths in {−1, 0, 1}. This transformation allows us to use the algorithms we developed earlier ([1]) and yields quite efficient algorithms. In this paper we give new improved algorithms for these problems. Forn=|V| the number of vertices,Mthe bound on edge length, andωthe exponent of matrix multiplication, we get the following results: 1. A directed nonnegative APSD(n, M) algorithm which runs inO(T(n, M)) time, where[formula]2. A undirected APSD(n, M) algorithm which runs inO(M(ω+1)/2nωlog(Mn)) time.
SIMULATION ANALYSIS FOR INTERACTIVE RETRIEVAL OF SPOKEN DOCUMENTS WITH KEY TERMS RANKED BY REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

Unlike written documents, spoken documents are difficult to display on the screen; it is also difficult for users to browse these documents during retrieval. It has been proposed recently to use interactive multi-modal dialogues to help the user navigate through a spoken document archive to retrieve the desired documents. This interaction is based on a topic hierarchy constructed by the key terms extracted from the retrieved spoken documents. In this paper, the efficiency of the user interaction in such a system is further improved by a key term ranking algorithm using reinforcement learning with simulated users. Extensive simulation analysis was performed, and significant improvements in retrieval efficiency were observed. These improvements show the relative robustness to speech recognition errors.