Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Moveable Benefit? Spillover Effects of Quotas on Women’s Numerical Representation

Abstract Quotas have helped women achieve greater numerical representation in government around the world. Yet do they have indirect effects on representation elsewhere? We take advantage of plausibly exogenous variation in when and which states enacted legislation mandating 50% women’s representation in the lowest level of government in India to analyze how quotas affect women’s candidacy, vote share, and winning probability at the state level of government. We find that women are more likely to compete and win for the higher political office when women reservation is implemented at the local levels of political governance. This suggests that gender quotas have spillover effects onto other levels in politics. As women continue to be under-represented in politics, this paper highlights the role of policy instruments in shaping political careers for women and building inclusive political institutions.
AoI-centric Task Scheduling for Autonomous Driving Systems

An Autonomous Driving System (ADS) uses a plethora of sensors and many deep learning based tasks to aid its perception, prediction, motion planning, and vehicle control. To ensure road safety, those tasks should be synchronized and use the latest sensing data, which is challenging since 1) different sensors have different sensing periods, 2) the tasks are interdependent, 3) computing resource is limited. This work is the first that uses Age of Information (AoI) as the performance metric for task scheduling in an ADS. We show that minimizing AoI is equivalent to jointly minimizing the response time and maximizing the throughput. We formally formulate the AoI-centric task scheduling problem. To derive practical scheduling solutions, we extend the formulation and formulate the optimal AoI-centric periodic scheduling problem with a given cycle. A reinforcement learning-based solution is designed accordingly. With experiments simulated according to the Apollo driving system, we compare the scheduling performance of the AoI-centric task scheduling with Apollo’s schedulers from the perspective of AoI, throughput, and worst case response time. The experiment results show that the maximum AoI in the proposed scheduling solution with 4 cores is lower than that in Apollo’s schedulers with 8 cores.
A review on smart irrigation management strategies and their effect on water savings and crop yield

Appropriate irrigation water management has attracted a considerable degree of attention because it is crucial to guarantee water and food security worldwide. A smart irrigation system is applied for the rational use of water in agricultural fields and for maximizing crop yield. Thus, the high demand for water resources is decreased, and the adverse environmental impacts of irrigation are reduced. Different irrigation approaches were developed to reduce overirrigation by assessing the soil moisture content or crop water stress index. This paper aims to review conventional and smart irrigation technologies and discuss their effect on water savings, yield, and crop quality. The analysis of prominent studies highlighted that the water use efficiency based on soil moisture sensors depends on the volumetric moisture content threshold value set by farmers. Soil moisture sensor controllers, evapotranspiration controllers, and rain sensors have been shown to save 20%–92%, 20%–71%, and 7%–50% of water, respectively, while maintaining crop growth and quality. The optical sensor‐based system showed a better ability to assess crop and soil variability in the field than the on‐site measurements. The conventional controlled deficit irrigation technique was found to decrease the crop yield to less than 25% with water savings of up to 13%.
Gender Differences in Coping, Depression, and Anxiety in Patients with Non-Metastatic Lung Cancer

Background Depression and anxiety are prevalent issues amongst individuals suffering from thoracic cancer. Gender differences in coping with thoracic cancer have a serious impact upon the management of emotional distress. The purpose of our study has been to assess sex variations in handling anxiety and depression, including the use of coping mechanisms and their relationship with respect to anxiety and depression. Methods This cross-sectional study registered 18 women and 22 men with non-metastatic lung cancer and operated upon. Pre-operatively and at one month post-operatively, the patients were assessed by means of scales (COPE, GAD-7 and PHQ-9). Results Post-operatively, the intensity of depression and anxiety was substantially greater in males than in females (p = 0.049, p = 0.042). Male individuals tended to use coping mechanisms of humour (p = 0.009) and restraint (p = 0.029) significantly more frequently than women. Moreover, in women, depression correlated significantly with denial and behavioural deactivation (rho = 0.465, p = 0.029, respectively, rho = 0.562, p = 0.006); whilst anxiety, similarly, correlated with positive interpretation, behavioural deactivation, and use of social-emotional support (rho = 0.484, p = 0.022, respectively, rho = 0.590, p = 0.004 and rho = 0.502, p = 0.017). Furthermore, in males, depression correlated significantly with mental deactivation, use of social-instrumental and social-emotional support (rho = 0.702, p = 0.001, respectively, rho = 0.505, p=0.033, and rho = 0.773 with p < 0.001), whilst anxiety correlated significantly with mental deactivation, denial, and use of social-emotional support (rho = 0.597, p = 0.009, respectively, rho = 0.553 with p = 0.017 and rho = 0.755, p < 0.001). Conclusion There were gender divergences in the use of coping mechanisms and the level of post-surgical anxiety and depression. We found significant positive relationships between some coping mechanisms and depression/anxiety. The patient’s gender governs the coping style, which in turn has bearing upon the post-operative evolution.
Remote Sensing and GIS Based Crop Acreage Estimation of the Rabi Season Growing Crop of the Middle Gujarat (India)

Accurate and precise information about crop type, crop stage, and crop acreage is essential for sustainable utilization of available water resources. The present study is concerned with the estimation of Rabi season growing crops in the Panchmahal district of Gujarat state, India. In these study generation of spectral profiles and crop acreage estimation, Sentinel-2 satellite images were classified using unsupervised classification with ISODATA clustering classification techniques. The satellite image of the study area was classified into 52 classes and overlaid with a ground truth point shape file on the classified image. Total twelve date NDVI based signature derived from sentinel – 2 data during rabi season 2020 - 2021. NDVI based data set is used to classify the study area's major crops, which are maize, wheat, castor, chilli, cotton, pigeon pea, sorghum, and tobacco. The total research area's growing crops was estimated as 34472.59 ha, 16517.09 ha, 2186.92 ha, 250.59 ha, 8005.56 ha, 1130.93 ha, 1719.38 ha and 1468.52 ha for maize, wheat, castor, chilli, cotton, pigeon pea, sorghum and tobacco, respectively. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient for crop acreage estimation were calculated to be 90.71% and 0.78%, respectively. The resulted acreage estimation will help to understand the cropping pattern and their interaction with spatial and temporal variability for present and future estimation of crop water requirement and proper resource availability in this selected region.
Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior: The Roles of Employee Strengths Use and Strengths-Based Leadership

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of employee growth mindset with innovative behavior and the mediating role of use of strength as well as the moderating role of strengths-based leadership in this relationship. Data with a sample of 244 employees working in diverse Chinese organizations were collected at two points in time. Results of bootstrapping analyses demonstrated that growth mindset is positively related to innovative behavior, employee strengths use partially mediates the positive relationship of growth mindset with innovative behavior, and strengths-based leadership strengthens the direct relationship between employee growth mindset and innovative behavior and the indirect relationship of employee growth mindset with innovative behavior via strengths use. This study advances growth mindset and innovative behavior theories and research.
The effect of hoisting on variants of Hierarchical Delta Debugging

Minimizing failing test cases is an important preprocessing step on the path of debugging. If much of a test case that triggered a bug does not contribute to the actual failure, then the time required to fix the bug can increase considerably. However, test case reduction itself can be a time‐consuming task, especially if done manually. Therefore, automated minimization techniques have been proposed, the minimizing Delta Debugging and the Hierarchical Delta Debugging (HDD) algorithms being the most well known. In this paper, we investigated the input format of HDD, searching for structures that the algorithm cannot reduce. Motivated by the findings, we have created an algorithmic framework that enabled the use of transformations other than pruning. Furthermore, with the Transformation‐based Minimization framework, we propose to extend HDD and its coarse and recursive variants with a reduction method that does not prune subtrees but replaces them with compatible subtrees further down the hierarchy, called hoisting. We have evaluated various combinations of pruning and hoisting on multiple test suites and found that hoisting can help to further reduce the size of test cases by 27% on average and by 80% as best case compared with the baseline algorithm.
Maternal antibiotics disrupt microbiome, behavior, and temperature regulation in unexposed infant mice.

Maternal antibiotic (ABx) exposure can significantly perturb the transfer of microbiota from mother to offspring, resulting in dysbiosis of potential relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies in rodent models have found long-term neurobehavioral effects in offspring of ABx-treated dams, but ASD-relevant behavior during the early preweaning period has thus far been neglected. Here, we exposed C57BL/6J mouse dams to ABx (5 mg/ml neomycin, 1.25 μg/ml pimaricin, .075% v/v acetic acid) dissolved in drinking water from gestational day 12 through offspring postnatal day 14. A number of ASD-relevant behaviors were assayed in offspring, including ultrasonic vocalization (USV) production during maternal separation, group huddling in response to cold challenge, and olfactory-guided home orientation. In addition, we obtained measures of thermoregulatory competence in pups during and following behavioral testing. We found a number of behavioral differences in offspring of ABx-treated dams (e.g., modulation of USVs by pup weight, activity while huddling) and provide evidence that some of these behavioral effects can be related to thermoregulatory deficiencies, particularly at younger ages. Our results suggest not only that ABx can disrupt microbiomes, thermoregulation, and behavior, but that metabolic effects may confound the interpretation of behavioral differences observed after early-life ABx exposure.
Invest until the End? Examining Camp Counselor Experiences of Inevitable Exit, Identification, and Support

This research examined how camp counselors anticipate and experience inevitable exit from roles centrally characterized as requiring intensive emotional work. This study extended previous inquiry on planned exit from organizations, examining the way known exit shapes socialization, identification, and social support in helping professions. The researchers analyzed counselor membership and exit experiences through three primary themes regarding inevitable exit, identification, and support. This study theoretically contributes to current scholarship on organizational exit and offers practical insight regarding member care in the workplace, specifically demonstrating that members often hyper-invest or completely withdraw as they anticipate inevitable exit from emotionally-intensive roles.
Basal and Stress-Induced Network Activity in the Adrenal Medulla In Vivo

The adrenal medulla plays a critical role in mammalian homeostasis and the stress response. It is populated by clustered chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine or norepinephrine along with peptides into the bloodstream affecting distant target organs. Despite been heavily studied, the central control of adrenal medulla and in-situ spatiotemporal responsiveness remains poorly understood. For this work, we continuously monitored the electrical activity of individual adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in the living anesthetized rat using multielectrode arrays. We measured the chromaffin cell activity under basal and physiological stress conditions and characterized the functional micro-architecture of the adrenal medulla. Under basal conditions, chromaffin cells fired action potentials with frequencies between ~0.2 and 4 Hz. Activity was almost completely driven by sympathetic inputs coming through the splanchnic nerve. Chromaffin cells were organized into independent local networks in which cells fired in a specific order, with latencies from hundreds of microseconds to a few milliseconds. Electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve evoked almost exactly the same spatiotemporal firing patterns that occurred spontaneously. Hypoglycemic stress, induced by insulin administration resulted in increased activity of a subset of the chromaffin cells. In contrast, respiratory arrest induced by lethal anesthesia resulted in an increase in the activity of virtually all chromaffin cells before cessation of all activity. These results suggest a stressor-specific activation of adrenomedullary chromaffin cell networks and revealed a surprisingly complex electrical organization that likely reflects the dynamic nature of the adrenal medulla’s neuroendocrine output during basal conditions and during different types of physiological stress.
Effects of tillage and nutrient management on yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)

A field experiment of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) was conducted in Gazipur under Agro–ecological Zone 28 during kharif 2015. The objectives of the study were to observe the effects of tillage depth and nutrient management on growth and yield of okra and to find out the suitable fertilizer dose for maximizing the yield of okra. The treatments comprised of three different tillage options viz., minimum tillage (0–4 cm; T1), conventional tillage (10–12 cm; T2) and deep tillage (20–22 cm; T3) in combination with four nutrient management packages viz., 100% STB (N100P18K49S12Zn1.75B0.60 kg ha–1) all from chemical fertilizer (M1), 125% STB (N125P22.5K61S15Zn2.19B0.75 kg ha–1) all from chemical fertilizer (M2), 100% STB by using chemical fertilizer 75% (N75P13.5K37S9Zn1.31B0.45 kg ha–1) and rest 25% from compost (4.3 t ha–1) as integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS; M3) and native fertility (M4). The experiment was set up in 2 factors Randomized Completely Block Design having 12 treatment combinations with 3 replications. There were no significant effects of tillage on the yield and yield components of okra although deep tillage produced the highest yield (12.69 t ha–1) followed by conventional tillage. Irrespective of tillage, a highly significant variation was observed for fruit yield due to different fertilizer management packages. The highest green edible fruit yield (14.96 t ha–1) was recorded from M2 where 125% STB fertilizer dose was applied, which was statistically identical to M3 (IPNS based dose) but significantly higher over rest of the treatments. The lowest fruit yield (7.83 t ha–1) was obtained from M4, which was significantly lower than all other treatments. The yield benefit over M4 was 51.7, 91.1 and 87.6% for M1, M2 and M3, respectively. An almost similar trend of results was observed for yield parameters as growth factors. The interaction effect between tillage depth and nutrient management on the fruit yield of okra appeared to be statistically non–significant, but T3 × M3 package gave the highest yield (15.21 t ha–1), which was 30.56% higher over conventional practice (T2 × M1). Highly significant positive linear relationships (R2 > 0.87; P < 0.01) were observed between fruit yield with plant height, fruits plant–1, fruit length and branch plant–1. Present fertilizer recommendations for okra should be updated by increasing 25% more nutrients. Organic manure as compost at 4.3 t ha–1 in combination with 75% STB chemical fertilizer dose employing medium depth tillage appeared to be remunerative in augmenting the yield and economic return. For eco–friendly agriculture, IPNS package (M3) with medium depth tillage may be the best option. Thus, the said package may be recommended for maximizing the yield of okra and sustaining the soil health.
Test Particle Simulations of Ringed Barred Galaxies

The gas component is simulated by 10000 inelastically colliding test particles. Integration of orbits is done with the leapfrog method. In the beginning of each time-step, a collision search is done for each cloud particle. Compared to many previous simulations with colliding clouds (e.g. Schwarz) the basic difference is that we do not use any grid for collisions: instead, exact intersection points and impact times are searched for each close particle pair. If a collision occurs, the relative velocities of colliding particles are changed as follows:
Individual mobility pattern in Malaysia during COVID‐19 Recovery Movement Control Order partial lockdown

Abstract Malaysia Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) aims to bring the business, education, tourism and other industry sectors back into operation. Due to movement constraints that result in local economic patterns, individual mobility patterns are expected to occur. However, this matter needs further investigation from people's spatial behaviour during the RMCO. Therefore, this research proposed a new technique for analysing people's spatial behaviour patterns via geo‐tagged data. The data from social media users are gathered using data mining techniques. Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to show the geolocation of social media users and analyse their spatial behaviour. The finding of this analysis shows higher people's movement recorded when the RMCO was enforced; a distinctive pattern where spatial trajectory length is high but spatial area coverage is low. It is noticed that the focal points are concentrated in urban areas and tourism attractions.
Designing Enterprise Architecture Management Services – A Transformation Journey in the Public Sector

Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) is widely used in the public sector and is increasingly understood as a driver of digital transformation. After reviewing the current literature on the EAM Services in the public sector, this article reports on experiences in the realignment of the EAM services in Deutsche Rentenversicherung (DRV - German pension insurance), presents an approach supported by Value Proposition Canvas (VPC), and details the EAM services that were designed using the method.
Human Development and Government Expenditure in Asian Countries: An Empirical Study

This study examines the impact of public spending on human development in Asian countries, considering both investment and current spending. The empirical method is a system-GMM, using a dataset of 35 Asian countries collected from 2005 to 2014 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The findings indicated that government spending, both investment and current spending, had effects on the human development index, but these effects are not linear. Depending on the type of expenditure, the detected threshold effect is U-shape or inverted U-shape. According to this study, government spending could adversely impact human growth if the optimal expenditure thresholds are broken. These findings have significant implications for enhancing the effectiveness of public expenditure to improve the human development index. This study also provides meaningful lessons that are especially pertinent for Asian countries, including Vietnam.
Proteomic Analysis of Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) during Embryonic Development Provides Functional Insight

In oviparous animals, the egg contains all resources required for embryonic development. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a placenta-like structure produced by the embryo for acid-base balance, respiration, and calcium solubilization from the eggshell for bone mineralization. The CAM is a valuable in vivo model in cancer research for development of drug delivery systems and has been used to study tissue grafts, tumor metastasis, toxicology, angiogenesis, and assessment of bacterial invasion. However, the protein constituents involved in different CAM functions are poorly understood. Therefore, we have characterized the CAM proteome at two stages of development (ED12 and ED19) and assessed the contribution of the embryonic blood serum (EBS) proteome to identify CAM-unique proteins. LC/MS/MS-based proteomics allowed the identification of 1470, 1445, and 791 proteins in CAM (ED12), CAM (ED19), and EBS, respectively. In total, 1796 unique proteins were identified. Of these, 175 (ED12), 177 (ED19), and 105 (EBS) were specific to these stages/compartments. This study attributed specific CAM protein constituents to functions such as calcium ion transport, gas exchange, vasculature development, and chemical protection against invading pathogens. Defining the complex nature of the CAM proteome provides a crucial basis to expand its biomedical applications for pharmaceutical and cancer research.
Watermark-Based Proactive Defense Strategy Design for Cyber-Physical Systems With Unknown-but-Bounded Noises

In this article, a novel proactive attack defense strategy is proposed to deal with the secure remote estimation issue in cyber-physical systems with unknown-but-bounded noises in the presence of man-in-the-middle attacks. It is assumed that the residue calculated by the smart sensor is sent to the remote estimator and the abnormal intrusion detector via a wireless network, and the watermark is assumed to belong to a zonotope. In order to guarantee the detection rate, the data processes and the watermark are time-varying and secret to an adversary. Moreover, the effect on system performance caused by the watermark can be removed when the system is attack free. Furthermore, four different attack scenarios are discussed to analyze the detection ability of the proposed defense approach, and the designed strategy can be applied to detect replay attacks. Finally, an unmanned aircraft system subject to malicious attacks is leveraged to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed proactive defense strategy.