Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifiers in TIME and SPACE : computational complexity of generalized quantifiers in natural language

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Faunal changes and geographic crypticism indicate the occurrence of a biogeographic transition zone along the southern East Pacific Rise

Aim Deep‐sea hydrothermal vents have now been reported along all active mid‐ocean ridges and back‐arc basins, but the boundaries of biogeographic entities remain questionable owing to methodological issues. Here we examine biogeographic patterns of the vent fauna along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and determine the relative roles of regional and local factors on the distribution of biodiversity associated with mussel beds along a poorly explored zone, the southern EPR (SEPR).
The Development and Morphology of the Gonads of the Mouse. Part II.--The Development of the Wolffian Body and Ducts

This paper is concerned with the embryonic development of the Wolffian body and duct, the Mullerian duct, and the urogenital connection in the mouse. Part I dealt with the development of the indifferent gonad and of the ovary after differentiation. The germinal ridge is first established in the embryo 9 days p. c , and the gonads are definitely differentiated into ovaries or testes 12 days p. c . Parturition takes place 19 days p. c . and sexual maturity is attained at about 8 weeks p. p .
A composable and predictable on-chip interconnect

A Composable and Predictable On-Chip Interconnect A growing number of independent applications, often with firm or soft real-time requirements, are integrated on the same System on Chip (SoC), in the form of either hardware or software Intellectual Property (IP). The applications are started and stopped at run time, creating different use-cases. Resources, such as the on-chip interconnect, are shared between different applications, both within and between use-cases, to reduce silicon cost and power consumption. The functional and temporal behaviour of the applications is verified by simulation and formal methods. Traditionally, designers resort to monolithic verification of the system as whole, as the applications interfere in shared resources, and thus affect each other’s behaviour. Due to interference between applications, the integration and verification complexity grows exponentially in the number of applications, and the task to verify correct behaviour of concurrent applications is on the system designer rather than the application designers. The problem we aim to solve in this work is to provide an on-chip interconnect that enables the design of a SoC with multiple real-time applications with reasonable design effort and cost, even as the number of applications grows. We believe that the challenges introduced require an interconnect that offers scalability on the physical and architectural level, allowing a large number of applications and IPs to be integrated in the SoC. The interconnect must also support application diversity, in terms of behaviours, realtime requirements, communication paradigms, and IP interfaces. To reduce the integration effort, composability of applications is required, thus enabling application-level design and verification. For real-time applications, predictability with lower bounds on performance, is key in enabling bounds on the end-to-end temporal behaviour. To accommodate dynamic starting and stopping of applications, reconfigurability of the hardware platform is required. Lastly, automation of interconnect mapping and synthesis, is essential in helping the designer to quickly turn high-level requirements to an implementation. As the main contributions of this work, we propose a complete on-chip interconnect architecture that fulfils the aforementioned requirements. We show how the associated design flow enables dimensioning, resource allocation, instantiation of the interconnect hardware and software, and verification of application-level performance requirements. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed interconnect by constructing an example multi-processor system instance and mapping it to an FPGA. On this instance we demonstrate how multiple diverse applications, with soft and firm real-time requirements are independently analysed, using different methodologies. In the analysis we do not consider any of the other applications in the system. This is made possible by the composability of our interconnect, and is a major qualitative difference with existing SoC platforms. We demonstrate how the predictability of our
Prevalence of Phasi Charoen virus in female mosquitoes

The authors previously characterized a partial nucleic acid sequence for a novel virus, Phasi Charoen virus (PhaV), which was isolated from Aedes aegypti larvae in Thailand, and PhaV appears to belong to the family Bunyaviridae based on phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences. In this study, we examined whether adult female mosquitoes in Thailand are infected by PhaV, and they found that over 20% of adult female mosquitoes were infected by PhaV. These viruses were genetically similar to strains. This result suggested a high prevalence of PhaV in adult female mosquitoes.
Untersuchungen zur biologischen Bekämpfung von Heterobasidion annosum an Fichte (Picea abies) mit antagonistischen Pilzen II. Interaktionstests auf Holz

Investigations on biological control of Heterobasidion annosum in Norway spruce with antagonistic fungi. II. Interaction experiments in wood. Seventeen fungal species were examined for antagonism against H. annosum in wood. After inoculation of stem sections and stumps by conidia and dowels, the distribution patterns of the mycelia within the wood were recorded. In spruce-wood antagonism was shown only by Hypholoma capnoides, Bjcrkandera adusta, Resinicium bicolor and Trichoderma spp. near the site of inoculation. As the distance from this site increased H. annosum became more dominant. Inoculations by dowels yielded more infections than inoculations by spores. The patterns of myeelial distribution within the wood were similar in stem sections and in stumps. Spruce stumps were colonized naturally mainly by Resinicium bicolor, Armillaria mellea s. I. and Nectria fuckeliana. In stem sections of Pinus sylvestris, however, Phlebiopsis gigantea displaced H. annosum effectively.
CYP1A gene expression in adipose fin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) exposed to benzo(a)pyrene

Proximate to the environment, adipose fin of fish may be considered as a lipid storing tissue, and thus can be a target for either waterborne or dietary polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). We determined the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a model PAC member, on CYP1A gene expression in adipose fin and compared that with the effects in gill of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) using the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). The results of the study demonstrated that constitutive CYP1A mRNA was present in adipose fin of rainbow trout, but the transcripts were far less abundant than those in gill tissue. We confirmed high CYP1A gene induction potential of the gills in rainbow trout injected with benzo[a]pyrene, but also showed moderately and transiently induced CYP1A mRNA in adipose fin. The modest and transitory gene expression may preclude rainbow trout adipose fin CYP1A mRNA levels from using it as an indicator of sustained exposure of fish to the polycyclic aromatic compounds.
Ethanol‐Induced Cytoskeletal Dysgenesis in Developing Skeletal and Cardiac Myocytes a

Ethanol induces embryopathic cytoskeletal dysgenesis in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in humans and fetal alcohol effects (FAE) in Cytoskeletal maldevelopment occurring in myocytes during organogenesis contributes to cellular dysmaturity with resultant hypotonia. Parallel in-vivo and in-vitro studies support these observations. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed the Leiber-DeCarli liquid diets of 10% (LP-E) and 25% (HP-E) protein-derived calories with 36% of the calories derived from ethanol. In control animals, maltose dextrin was substituted for ethanol (low protein, LP; high protein, HP rat chow, C). Ultrastructural studies of muscle biopsies from pups of ethanol-fed dams on days 1,5,10, and I5 showed dysmaturity and myofibrillar dysgenesis. Myofilament damage ranged from focal sarcomeric dysplasia with disorganization of actin-Z-band assembly to total disruption with sarcoplasm reduced to masses of disorganized filaments (FIG. la) . Myocyte dysmaturity persisted to 15 days in pups from both ethanol-fed groups characterized by retention of central nuclei, voids of sarcomeric development, and cytoskeletal dysgenesis (FIG. 2). Muscle from control pups did not show dysgenesis, and central nuclei did not persist past day fivc. To determine if ethanol is the teratogenic agent, cardiac and skeletal myocyte cultures from newborn Sprague Dawley rat pups were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. After 24 hours of growth, 5and 10-mM concentrations of ethanol were added to the medium in separate cultures with daily fresh media-ethanol changes. Morphologic studies of sequentially sacrificed monolayer cultures on days 5, 10, and 15 showed disorganized cytoskeletal development compared to controls. Antiactin immunofluorescence revealed less concentrated, nonlinear, and nonparallel actinZ-band assembly in both 5and 10-mM cultures. Ultrastructural confirmation of dysgenesis included sarcomeric dysplasia and actin filament disorganization in both skeletal and cardiac myocytes exposed to ethanol (FIG. 1 b). The dysgenesis was similar to the in-vivo studies. When developing myocytes are exposed to ethanol during embryogenesis-organogenesis, in vivo. and growth and development, in vitro. cytoskeletal dysgenesis is evident. This dysgenesis contributes to cellular dysfunction resulting in embryopathic damage of the fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects.
Arbitrage Capital and Currency Carry Trade Returns

We develop a model based on risk averse investors and limited arbitrage capital to explain the rationale for the so called carry trades: that is, trades where “the purchase of riskier, higher-yielding assets is funded by selling lower-yielding currencies” (Financial Times, January 28, 2008). In our model, due to partially segmented markets and differences in inflation risk and money supply, the returns to carry trades are positive, but decrease in the amount of arbitrage capital. In the empirical part of the paper, using 32 years of exchange rate data, we document several new results related to carry trades and provide empirical support for the model’s predictions. We empirically document that 1) carry trade returns explain a significant part of hedge fund index returns, providing strong evidence that carry trades are indeed used by arbitrageurs, 2) the positive returns to carry trades have been decreasing over time in parallel with an increase in arbitrage capital, 3) the real interest rates are higher in countries with higher inflation risk and higher per capita money supply, but higher arbitrageurs’ equity capital and a better funding liquidity for them decrease the cross country differences in real interest rates, 4) flow of new arbitrage capital leads to an appreciation (depreciation) of the carry long (short) currencies.
A Bird's-Eye View of Aging: What's in it for Ornithologists?

The Auk, Vol. , Number , pages –. ISSN -, electronic ISSN -.  by The American Ornithologists’ Union. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, http://www.ucpressjournals. com/reprintInfo.asp DOI: . /auk. .  The Auk 126(1):1–23, 2009 The American Ornithologists’ Union, 2009. Printed in USA.
Changes in plankton size structure and composition, during the generation of a phytoplankton bloom, in the central Cantabrian sea.

Six stations situated on a transect perpendicular to the coast were sampled eight consecutive times in the central Cantabrian Sea, during February – March of 2005. A contrast was observed in the timing, magnitude and size structure of a phytoplankton bloom between coastal and oceanic stations, probably due to differences in the depth and mixing of the water column. The increase of biomass during the bloom occurred through the addition of “new” size classes of larger cells. An increase of small particle biomass was also observed at oceanic stations. In view of the results, it is proposed that at coastal stations, improved environmental conditions (nutrients and light) enhanced productivity and increased the number of both small and large cells. Because predation susceptibility is related to size, only large diatoms were able to escape from the predatory pressure exerted by microzooplankton. The results obtained indicate that imaging technology, combined with automatic recognition techniques, constitutes a powerful approach to describe plankton distributions at a fine temporal scale.
Practical Considerations of Molecular Parentage Analysis in Fish

Pedigree information is important in selective breeding programs and hatchery management of aquaculture. However, in aquaculture species, tagging of young fish with physical tags is very difficult. Molecular parentage analyses have been used in reconstructing pedigrees in aquaculture species since the 1990s. Some studies have been carried out to optimize every step to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of molecular parentage analysis. However, molecular parentage analysis of a large number of individuals is still too expensive because some steps of molecular parentage analysis are very cost-intensive. In this review, we have summarized the techniques of major steps in parentage analysis, and provided a guide for aquaculture scientists on how to cost-effectively and rapidly extract DNA from a large number of samples, select the right types of DNA markers, optimize multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and select appropriate methods and software to analyze the genotyping data for reconstructing pedigrees. In addition, we discuss the challenges and future directions of molecular parentage analysis in aquaculture species.
Variation in body size among populations of the bushcricket Poecilimon thessalicus (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae): an ecological adaptation

Abstract We analyzed geographical variation in body size in males and females of nine Greek populations of the bushcricket Poecilimon thessalicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891. We found significant geographic variability in P. thessalicus, with all three morphometric body-size characters (hind femur, front tibia, and pronotum) highly correlated within populations. Populations differed in mean size between three mountain ranges, and were larger on moist eastern, than on dry western slopes. We suggest that the observed smaller size of the bushcrickets on western slopes is mainly the consequence of a shorter growing season due to summer drying on western slopes. Sex-specific growth rates might contribute to the observed smaller body size in males in all populations. Rensch's rule that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) decreases as body size increases is supported, with males growing relatively larger compared to females in populations with larger body sizes. This pattern might be sexually selected, as males that produce larger nuptial gifts are favored as mates in Poecilimon bushcrickets.
Numerical modelling of electromagnetic wave interaction with heterogeneous biological structure

The paper presents a numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave interaction with planar layered structure through reflection and transmission coefficient at boundaries of two biological tissues. Numerical calculation both reflection and transmission coefficients at boundaries is investigated with respect to the multiple reflections of planar electromagnetic wave at boundaries and with the respect to the transmission of reflected wave between two layers represented by fat and muscle with known dielectric properties. In our paper we presented the frequency dependence of reflection and transmission coefficient over the microwave frequency range from 1 GHz to 30 GHz and also the influence of fat layer thickness at investigated coefficients.
Estimating body mass of pumas (Puma concolor)

Context. Body mass of animals has been estimated using body measurements and formulas have been developed for some species of large ungulates and carnivores. Pumas (Puma concolor) are often captured for sport and research in remote and rugged terrain and equipment needed to weigh a captured animal is not often carried because of the remoteness. Aims. We investigated whether body measurements were related to body mass for pumas, to develop an equation that wouldaccuratelyestimatebodymassofpumaswithindesiredtolerances(~10kg). Wealsousedourmodeltopredictthebody mass of pumas captured in other locales, to investigate the effectiveness of our model on other populations. Methods. We used multiple regression to determine the relationships between body measurements and body mass for 58 pumas in the Black Hills. We then applied our top equation to eight pumas that we captured in areas outside the Black Hills study population. Key results. We found that a model using body length (cm) and head and chest circumferences (cm) explained 89% of the variation in body mass; sex and age-class information did not contribute significantly to the model. Our top equation was as follows: body mass (kg)=–61.07+0.21 � body length (cm)+0.56 � head circumference (cm)+0.83 � chest circumference (cm). The 95% prediction interval for our top model was –6.3–6.3kg. We found the difference between predicted and actual body mass of pumas from other populations was –0.40kg � 1.45 (s.e.). Conclusions. We found the relationship between body measurements and body mass to be similar, despite the differences in location and environments. Implications. This model could be used by researchers and sport hunters to estimate the mass of a pumas that were not weighed with a scale.
Predicting animal production on sourveld: a sward-based approach

Abstract Simulation models were developed to assess the effects of sward structure and species composition on average daily gain (ADG) and seasonal live mass gain (LWG) in cattle and sheep on Dohne Sourveld. The models used diet quality and intake data collected from sites of different sward structures and species compositions on this veld type. In model 1, predicted ADG was highest at an optimum sward height (Hopt) of 60‐ 80 mm for sheep and approximately 120 mm for cattle but Hopt is likely to decrease as forage quality declines through the season. Species composition appeared to be the major determinant of ADG above Hopt while sward height appeared to be more important below Hopt. Potential rates of DM intake generally far exceeded predicted voluntary intake, suggesting that on sourveld, intake is seldom likely to be restricted by the effects of sward height on intake rate per se. In model 2, species composition had a major effect on animal production with sites showing large differences in predicted L.
Experimental evaluation of genetic predator identification from saliva traces on wildlife kills

Identification of predators from saliva traces on game species and/or livestock kills is gaining increasing importance in wildlife management, particularly in areas where direct wildlife—human conflicts regularly occur. When the noninvasive sampling of hairs and scats is difficult, as with rare and elusive predators, saliva samples constitute a potentially useful source of DNA. To test the feasibility of this approach in obtaining an accurate genotype of the predator, we applied an experimental approach. Captive wolves (Canis lupus) and lynxes (Lynx lynx) were allowed to feed on freshly killed roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) pieces for 1 min. After removal, pieces were sampled for saliva traces after 1, 24, and 48 h. Microsatellite analysis revealed that error rates and amplification failure increased sharply over time. While samples collected after 1 and 24 h yielded > 83% complete genotypes, values dropped to < 50% for samples collected after 48 h, of which 7% were incorrect even when consensus genotypes from 9 polymerase chain reactions were obtained. Our results stress the importance of rapid sampling after carcass detection, as well as implementing a multiple-tubes approach when using microsatellite markers for genetic predator identification based on saliva traces.
Individual variation in early life-history traits in brown trout

Abstract – We studied the variability of early life history traits in individually raised progeny of brown trout Salmo trutta L. Eggs from two dams were each fertilized with sperm from 10 sires, producing 20 full-sib families. Each individual progeny was followed from fertilization until death without exogenous food. Egg size was positively correlated with a number of life-history traits, especially length and yolk sac volume at hatching and length at death, and these traits were strongly influenced by maternal effects. We found significant additive genetic variance for growth rate, length at death and life span without external food. Thus these early life-history traits may be modulated by natural selection. We found positive phenotypic and genetic correlations between most early life-history traits. However, life span without external food was negatively correlated with growth rate, indicating a genetic trade-off.Note
Conserved oviposition preferences in alpine leaf beetle populations despite host shifts and isolation

Abstract 1. Choosing the plant on which to lay their eggs is the last act of care that most female herbivorous insects bestow upon their offspring. These decisions play a pivotal role in insect–plant interactions, placing host preference under strong selection and contributing to the diversity of phytophagous insects as one of the first traits to adapt to new hosts.
A New Species of the Genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura, Leiuperidae) from Southern Brazil

Abstract A new species of the genus Physalaemus is described from Serra da Pedra Branca do Araraquara, Municipality of Guaratuba, State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Belonging to the P. olfersii species group, Physalaemus insperatus sp. nov. is closely related to P. aguirrei and presents well-developed vocal sacs expanded laterally to the supratympanic fold, digits very thin, and large inguinal glands.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Progesterone, Estradiole by Simultaneous Injection of Different Steroids

We report here the development of hybrid cells producing monoclonal antibodies specific for two different steroid hormones with mixed immunization using hybridoma technology. BALB/c mice were immunized with a mixture of three steroid antigens: progesterone, estradiole and testosterone linked to bovine serum albumine. These mice were used for fusion. In the two fusion experiments, ELISA tests showed that among 645 wells only 2 hybrids reacted with progesterone (MAM 3C2, MAM 3E3) and one of them reacted specifically with estradiol (MAM 7H7). Three types of monoclonal antibodies were detected: IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b and the affinities of these antibodies were found to be 10-8-10-9 M. Monoclonal antibodies did not cross react with the other steroid hormones.