Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Norwegian Nutrition and Food Policy: An Integrated Policy Approach to a Public Health Problem

e c on the basis of new information or persuasion. Health K s? education approaches, which are based on the premise of rational consumer behavior, respect cultural values of individual responsibility and freedom of choice in the marketplace. In many areas of public health concern, studies show that educational intervention alone can produce significant changes in knowledge, can raise awareness, and can increase the salience of a health problem or risk factor (1,2). These cognitive changes are rarely translated into health-enhancing behaviors unless accompanied by structural changes which support the new behaviors (3-5). Only exceptional, highly motivated individuals will be able to confront and cope with the social norms, marketing practices, and economic realities which combine to reinforce their current health-compromising behaviors. The Norwegian Nutrition and Food Policy, unique among health behavior change efforts, recognizes the larger social, political, and economic determinants of health. The underlying assumption of this policy is that agricultural production, manufacturing processes, and marketing practices all influence consumer food choices, directly or indirectly. Therefore, in a policy arena where health protection is a priority, agricultural, economic, and health policy must be integrated. The purposes of this paper are 1) to review the Norwegian Nutrition and Food Policy implementation process that has taken place after its ratification in 1976, and 2) to present and discuss data regarding changes in production and consumption since implementation of this policy.
Reliable file sharing in distributed operating system using web RTC

Since, the evolution of distributed operating system, distributed file system is come out to be important part in operating system. P2P is a reliable way in Distributed Operating System for file sharing. It was introduced in 1999, later it became a high research interest topic. Peer to Peer network is a type of network, where peers share network workload and other load related tasks. A P2P network can be a period of time connection, where a bunch of computers connected by a USB (Universal Serial Bus) port to transfer or enable disk sharing i.e. file sharing. Currently P2P requires special network that should be designed in P2P way. Nowadays, there is a big influence of browsers in our life. In this project we are going to study of file sharing mechanism in distributed operating system in web browsers, where we will try to find performance bottlenecks which our research will going to be an improvement in file sharing by performance and scalability in distributed file systems. Additionally, we will discuss the scope of Web Torrent file sharing and free-riding in peer to peer networks.
Socioeconomic Factors and Disability Retirement From Back Pain: A 1983–1993 Population-Based Prospective Study in Norway

Study Design. A prospective observational study with an 11-year follow-up period was performed. Objective. To investigate the influence of education and socioeconomic position on the incidence of permanent disability retirement from back pain. Summary of Background Data. Early retirement because of back pain is the extreme end point of a disabling process that is a great burden to the individual and costly for the society. Groups of employees at particular risk for permanent back pain disability need to be identified. Methods. All employed men and women in Norway between the ages of 20 and 53 years in 1980 were included (n = 1,333,556). Outcome measures were disability retirement from inflammatory back pain (ICD-9 code 720) and noninflammatory back pain (ICD-9 codes 721 to 724). Results. The 11-year cumulative incidence was 0.15% (n = 1990) for disability retirement from inflammatory back pain and 1.64% (n = 21,829) for noninflammatory back pain and was somewhat higher in women than in men. Each year of formal education was independently associated with decreased risk for disability retirement from noninflammatory back pain (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77–0.79) and from inflammatory back pain (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.81–0.86). Whereas disability from inflammatory back pain was moderately associated with socioeconomic status, there was a consistent upward trend in the association between disability retirement from noninflammatory back pain and lower socioeconomic position. The OR for unskilled workers was 3.1 (95% CI = 2.6–3.7) for men and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.7–2.5) for women, as compared with that of higher professionals. Stepwise analyses suggest that the effect of education is not mediated by socioeconomic status. Conclusions. The consistent upward trend in the relation of disability retirement to lower levels of education and socioeconomic position, even for inflammatory back pain, shows that factors related to the occupational and social environment play an important role in the disabling process. The stepwise, monotonic relation between socioeconomic position and disability retirement from back pain, even at the higher end of the socioeconomic scale, suggests that the relation between social class and back pain disability cannot be explained solely in terms of manual versus nonmanual jobs.
Automatic Power-Sharing Modification of $P$/ $V$ Droop Controllers in Low-Voltage Resistive Microgrids

Microgrids are receiving an increasing interest to integrate the growing share of distributed-generation (DG) units in the electrical network. For the islanded operation of the microgrid, several control strategies for the primary control have been developed to ensure stable microgrid operation. In low-voltage (LV) microgrids, active power/voltage (P/V) droop controllers are gaining attention as they take the resistive nature of the network lines and the lack of directly coupled rotating inertia into account. However, a problem often cited with these droop controllers is that the grid voltage is not a global parameter. This can influence the power sharing between different units. In this paper, it is investigated whether this is actually a disadvantage of the control strategy. It is shown that with P/V droop control, the DG units that are located electrically far from the load centers automatically deliver a lower share of the power. This automatic power-sharing modification can lead to decreased line losses; therefore, there is overall better efficiency compared to the methods that focus on perfect power sharing. In this paper, the P/V and P/f droop control strategies are compared with respect to this power-sharing modification and the line losses.
Rapid Degradation of the Complement Regulator, CD59, by a Novel Inhibitor*

Background: Surface expression of complement inhibitors, such as the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein CD59, prevent complement-dependent lysis of cancer cells. Results: The non-toxic domain-4 of the bacterial toxin intermedilysin (rILYd4) blocks CD59 complement inhibitory activity. Conclusion: rILYd4 induces CD59 internalization and rapid degradation in lysosomes in non-small lung carcinoma cells. Significance: CD59 serves as a model for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein trafficking and rILYd4 shows potential for immunotherapy. There is increased interest in immune-based monoclonal antibody therapies for different malignancies because of their potential specificity and limited toxicity. The activity of some therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is partially dependent on complement-dependent cytolysis (CDC), in which the immune system surveys for invading pathogens, infected cells, and malignant cells and facilitates their destruction. CD59 is a ubiquitously expressed cell-surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that protects cells from CDC. However, in certain tumors, CD59 expression is enhanced, posing a significant obstacle for treatment, by hindering effective monoclonal antibody-induced CDC. In this study, we used non-small lung carcinoma cells to characterize the mechanism of a novel CD59 inhibitor: the 114-amino acid recombinant form of the 4th domain of intermedilysin (rILYd4), a pore forming toxin secreted by Streptococcus intermedius. We compared the rates of internalization of CD59 in the presence of rILYd4 or anti-CD59 antibodies and determined that rILYd4 induces more rapid CD59 uptake at early time points. Most significantly, upon binding to rILYd4, CD59 is internalized and undergoes massive degradation in lysosomes within minutes. The remaining rILYd4·CD59 complexes recycle to the PM and are shed from the cell. In comparison, upon internalization of CD59 via anti-CD59 antibody binding, the antibody·CD59 complex is recycled via early and recycling endosomes, mostly avoiding degradation. Our study supports a novel role for rILYd4 in promoting internalization and rapid degradation of the complement inhibitor CD59, and highlights the potential for improving CDC-based immunotherapy.
HAP-Satellte architecture supporting efficient multilayered routing

The integration of different layered network is one of the most feature in the next telecommunication systems, for this reason the paper explains the potential role of an integrated satellite-high altitude platform (HAP)-terrestrial system proposing a new multilayered inter HAPs satellite routing algorithm (IHSR) integrated with an efficient admission control scheme in order to guarantee an adequate quality of service to multimedia traffic connections. The performance of the IHSR algorithm is evaluated through intensive simulations comparing it with a previous classical routing scheme under several traffic load scenarios. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed strategy achieves an improvement in the inter-hap links utilization managing a greater number of active connections without decrease the offered QoS degree.
Comment on "A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators" [with authors' reply]

The above paper (Julier et al. IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr, vol. 45, pp. 477-82, 2000) generalizes the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems by transforming approximations of the probability distributions through the nonlinear process and measurement functions. This comment derives exactly the same estimator by linearizing the process and measurement functions by a statistical linear regression through some regression points (in contrast with the extended Kalman filter which uses an analytic linearization in one point). This insight allows one: 1) to understand/predict the performance of the estimator for specific applications, and 2) to make adaptations to the estimator (i.e., the choice of the regression points and their weights) in those cases where the original formulation does not assure good results. In reply the authors state that the commenters conclusion is unnecessarily narrow interpretation of results.
Effects from consistent internalization of external effects from transport and manufacturing – a CGE analysis for Sweden

This paper uses a static, small open-economy computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of the Swedish economy to study the effects of consistent internalization of external effects from transport and manufacturing. We look at eight policy scenarios: first a fully implemented Social Marginal Cost Pricing (SMCP) in manufacturing, sea and air transport, road transport, and rail transport; and then SMCP in these sectors separately or in various combinations. We evaluate effects on, among others, national and global emission reductions, GDP, government budget, and social welfare. The results show that the fully implemented SMCP in all sectors generates the highest social welfare surplus, largest emission reduction and largest government net revenue. When this option is not feasible, society still could benefit from correcting prices in or more sectors. Correcting prices only for rail transport generates very small social welfare surplus, emission reduction and government revenue; while correcting prices only for road transport generates much larger effects in all aspects. Taking into consideration that sea and air modes are regulated not only by domestic legislation, the findings from this study suggest that the second-best policy scenario could be to correct prices for the rail, road and manufacturing sectors.
Whipple's disease: staging and monitoring by cytology and polymerase chain reaction analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Diagnostic procedures in Whipple's disease usually focus on the intestine, but symptomatic central nervous system involvement is a major threat for patients. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. METHODS A total of 39 CSF samples and 2 brain biopsy specimens that were obtained from 24 patients with Whipple's disease at various intervals after diagnosis were examined. Five patients presented with neurological symptoms, 3 of them as relapses after therapy. Thirty-two CSF samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction for Tropheryma whippelli and 20 CSF samples by cytology. Brain biopsy specimens were examined histologically. RESULTS Positive results were obtained in 4 of 5 patients (80%) with neurological symptoms, in 7 of 10 patients (70%) without neurological symptoms examined before therapy, and in 3 of 11 patients (27%) without neurological symptoms studied during or after therapy. Conversion from positive to negative was observed in 4 patients after antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Testing of CSF in Whipple's disease yields a high rate of positive results, even in patients without neurological symptoms. Examination of CSF is therefore potentially useful for initial staging and for monitoring of the efficiency of therapy.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT ADP-ribosylates CT10 Regulator of Kinase (Crk) Proteins*

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT is a type III cytotoxin that functions as an anti-internalization factor with an N-terminal RhoGAP domain and a C-terminal ADP-ribosyltransferase domain. Although ExoT RhoGAP stimulates actin reorganization through the inactivation of Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, the function of the ADP-ribosylation domain is unknown. The present study characterized the mammalian proteins that are ADP-ribosylated by ExoT, using two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. ExoT ADP-ribosylated two cytosolic proteins in cell lysates upon type III delivery into cultured HeLa cells. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis identified the two proteins as Crk-I and Crk-II that are Src homology 2–3 domains containing adaptor proteins, which mediate signal pathways involving focal adhesion and phagocytosis. ExoT ADP-ribosylated recombinant Crk-I at a rate similar to the ADP-ribosylation of soybean trypsin inhibitor by ExoS. ExoS did not ADP-ribosylate Crk-I. ADP-ribosylation of Crk-I may be responsible for the anti-phagocytosis phenotype elicited by ExoT in mammalian cells.
Quantitative Computed Tomography Classification of Lung Nodules: Initial Comparison of 2- and 3-Dimensional Analysis

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the performance of 2- (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) quantitative computed tomography (CT) methods for classifying lung nodules as lung cancer, metastases, or benign. Methods Using semiautomated software and computerized analysis, we analyzed more than 50 quantitative CT features of 96 solid nodules in 94 patients, in 2D from a single slice and in 3D from the entire nodule volume. Multivariable logistic regression was used to classify nodule types. Model performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) using leave-one-out cross-validation. Results The AUC for distinguishing 53 primary lung cancers from 18 benign nodules and 25 metastases ranged from 0.79 to 0.83 and was not significantly different for 2D and 3D analyses (P = 0.29–0.78). Models distinguishing metastases from benign nodules were statistically significant only by 3D analysis (AUC = 0.84). Conclusions Three-dimensional CT methods did not improve discrimination of lung cancer, but may help distinguish benign nodules from metastases.
Appropriate Econometric Methods for Pharmacoeconometric Studies of Retrospective Claims Data: An Introductory Guide

■ Appropriate Econometric Methods for Pharmacoeconometric Studies of Retrospective Claims Data: An Introductory Guide The Gianfrancesco et al. study in the April 2005 issue of J M C P p rovides a good opportunity to examine some of the data m e a s u rement and statistical issues that should be considered in studies evaluating diff e rences in drug costs or other treatment outcomes using re t rospective insurance claims data. Now that larg e health care claims databases are readily available from govern m e n t p rograms (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans Affairs), commerc i a l i n s u rers (e.g., WellPoint, Pharmetrics, I3 Magnifi, Medstat, etc.), and other sources, it is easy to “crunch the numbers” with e x t re m e l y large national patient data samples and derive conclusions about treatment cost diff e rences, often with very high levels of parameter significance. Whether these conclusions are valid and reliable depends on the robustness of the econometric methods used in the analysis. Jerry Avorn’s recent book Powerful Medicines eloquently and engagingly describes the strengths and limitations of re t ro s p e c t i v e data analysis for pharmacoepidemiology and pharm a c o e c o n o m i c s . T h e re have been a number of situations where re t rospective data analyses have provided invaluable insights into drug treatment outcomes, including studies of phenterm i n e -f e n f l u r a m i n e , troglitazone, and rofecoxib. There are also situations where retrospective data analyses have failed to detect important confounders and have generated biased assessments of drug effects, most notably with estrogen replacement therapy.
Parallel induction by glucose of adherence and a polysaccharide antigen specific for plastic-adherent Staphylococcus epidermidis: evidence for functional relation to intercellular adhesion

The initial attachment and the accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis on polymer surfaces in multilayered cell clusters embedded in amorphous slime, which together lead to the plastic-adherent phenotype detected by the adherence assay used in this study, have been proposed to be major virulence factors of these bacteria. An antigen specific for plastic-adherent S. epidermidis strains was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence test using absorbed antiserum raised against the strongly plastic-adherent S. epidermidis 1457. A coagglutination assay was established, which allowed the quantitation of the antigen in bacterial extracts under different physiologic growth conditions. Expression of the antigen and of plastic adherence depended significantly on the presence of glucose in the growth medium. Parallel to increased plastic adherence, a 32- to 64-fold increase in the amount of the antigen was detected in bacterial extracts of cells grown in tryptone soya broth (TSB) compared with that in extracts of cells grown in TSB lacking glucose. A parallel time-dependent increase of plastic adherence and expression of the antigen was observed after stimulation by glucose of stationary-phase cultures of plastic-adherent S. epidermidis strains grown in TSB lacking glucose. The antigen consisted most probably of polysaccharide, because its immunologic reactivity was completely abolished by periodate oxidation but was resistant to protease digestion. A significant proportion of cells of plastic-adherent as compared with nonadherent S. epidermidis strains grown in TSB were located in large cell clusters exceeding 50 cells, which completely disintegrated after periodate oxidation of the cell preparations. Periodate oxidation of adherent bacterial films in situ led to release of the adherent cells from the plastic surface. These results strongly indicate a functional relation of the antigen to adherence of S. epidermidis to polymer surfaces, most probably by mediating intercellular adhesion of cells leading to accumulation in multilayered cell clusters.
Magnitude Limits of Subduction Zone Earthquakes

Maximum earthquake magnitude ( m x ) is a critical parameter in seismic hazard and risk analysis. However, some recent large earthquakes have shown that most of the existing methods for estimating m x are inadequate. Moreover, m x itself is ill‐defined because its meaning largely depends on the context, and it usually cannot be inferred using existing data without associating it with a time interval. In this study, we use probable maximum earthquake magnitude within a time period of interest, m p( T ), to replace m x . The term m p( T ) contains not only the information of magnitude limit but also the occurrence rate of the extreme events. We estimate m p( T ) for circum‐Pacific subduction zones using tapered Gutenberg–Richter (TGR) distributions. The estimation of the two TGR parameters, β ‐value and corner magnitude ( m c), is performed using the maximum‐likelihood method with the constraint from tectonic moment rate. To populate the TGR, the rates of smaller earthquakes are needed. We apply the Whole Earth model, a high‐resolution global estimate of the rate of m ≥5 earthquakes, to estimate these rates. The uncertainties of m p( T ) are calculated using Monte‐Carlo simulation. Our results show that most of the circum‐Pacific subduction zones can generate m ≥8.5 earthquakes over a 250‐year interval, m ≥8.8 earthquakes over a 500‐year interval, and m ≥9.0 earthquakes over a 10,000‐year interval. For the Cascadia subduction zone, we include the 10,000‐year paleoseismic record based on turbidite studies to supplement the limited instrumental earthquake data. Our results show that over a 500‐year period, m ≥8.8 earthquakes are expected in this zone; over a 1000‐year period, m ≥9.0 earthquakes are expected; and over a 10,000‐year period, m ≥9.3 earthquakes are expected.
Novel feature selection method using mutual information and fractal dimension

In this paper, a novel feature selection method using Mutual Information (MI)) and Fractal Dimension (FD) to measure the relevance and the redundancy features is presented. The proposed algorithm maximises the relevance and minimises the redundancy of the attributes simultaneously. The new framework allows a more efficient method for the selection of features without using any search technique. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with three different feature selection methods on three different datasets. The results obtained confirm the comparable efficiency and effectiveness of the features selected through the proposed algorithm.
The role of perfectionism and excessive commitment to exercise in explaining dietary restraint: replication and extension.

UNLABELLED The etiological complexity of the eating disorders has incited researchers to examine how personality characteristics and other variables operate jointly in the development of deviant eating patterns. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the independent, interactive, and indirect prediction of dietary restraint by perfectionism and excessive commitment to exercise. METHOD Multiple regression analyses designed to test moderating and mediating models were conducted on a sample of female university students (n = 269). RESULTS Several dimensions of perfectionism, as well as excessive commitment to exercise, significantly and independently predicted dietary restraint in these women. There was no evidence for an interaction effect. Mediation analyses suggested that for selected dimensions of perfectionism, the direct relationship between perfectionism and dietary restraint is partially explained by excessive commitment to exercise. DISCUSSION Interventions aimed at challenging perfectionistic standards in the context of dieting need to address not only one's self-standards, but one's perceptions of standards held by others. The mediating role of excessive exercise commitment pinpoints this variable as an alternative intervention target in the prevention of excessive dieting.