Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decadal Changes in Soil and Atmosphere Temperature Differences Linked With Environment Shifts Over Northern Eurasia

The difference between soil and air temperatures (ΔT) in a specified time is dependent on meteorological conditions, properties of soil and land covers. Understanding ΔT is critical in assessing land–atmosphere thermal interactions in changing environment. However, systematic knowledge of interannual variations and responses of ΔT to the environmental changes (e.g., snow cover and soil moisture) at decadal scales remain limited. Here, variations of the mean annual air and soil temperatures, and ΔT were investigated at 217 sites in northern Eurasia during 1981–2015. It is found that changes in the mean annual air and soil temperatures were inconsistent as the average increase in soil temperature was generally less than that of air. The relationships between trends in soil and air temperatures were significant in the upper ground (0.2 and 0.8 m) over the seasonal frost region but insignificant in the permafrost regions and deeper ground. During the period, widespread changes in ΔT occurred and closely responded to the environmental changes, but the relationships varied with soil depth. Among the tested factors, trends in snow cover thickness dominantly control trends in ΔT, followed by trends in snow cover duration and solar radiation. Both linear and nonlinear analyses indicate enhanced relationships between trends in snow depth and ΔT as depth increases. This study provides the first view of decadal trends in ΔT and conjunctions with the environmental changes during 1981–2015 over northern Eurasia. The findings are relevant to quantify land–atmosphere thermal interactions given impacts of future environmental changes.
Preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from Rabdosia rubescens and study on its membrane properties

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from Rabdosia rubescens was prepared by acid hydrolysis, and the corresponding yield of MCC was about 94% when the hydrochloric acid concentration was 10%, the acid hydrolysis time was 70min and the acid hydrolysis temperature was 70℃. The MCC was dissolved in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide(NMMO)by phase transformation method to prepare MCC membrane. The structure and mechanical properties of MCC membrane were studied systemically. The results showed that the cellulose structure changed from type I to type II in the process of membrane formation, and the thermal stability also decreased. The content of MCC in the casting solution has a great influence on the mechanical properties of the membranes. The higher the content of MCC, the better the comprehensive mechanical properties of the membranes. When the MCC content is 9%, the tensile strength is 8.38 MPa and the elongation at break is 26.72%. Finally, the separation properties of membrane studed by separation bovine serum albumin (BSA) from water. The results showed that the rejection rate and water flux changed positively and negatively with the change of MCC content. When the content was 5%, MCC membrane showed the best comprehensive performance, its rejection of BSA was 37.23 g/(m2·h), and the corresponding rejection rate and water flux were 88.87% and 41.89 L/(m2·h) respectively.
A Novel IoT Enabled System for detection of Infected Leaf for Smart Agricultural

As we know 2020 is a year which created lots of issues with every type of the business. Even it affects the agricultural eco system. Due to COVID-19 there is very less man power is available and farmers who are doing forming in larger way, they need lots of man power to monitor & maintain their farmers. Due to lack in man power its very difficult for the formers to monitor their farms from remotely, so there is need of system which is able to provide smart agricultural features like temperature & humidity monitoring remotely apart from that farmer have the power to monitor the quality of their leaves. So, in this paper we present an IoT enabled system which is able to track the temperature & Humidity from the remotely apart from that it is also able to capture the image of the leaf and send to server where in server using Computer vision & machine learning system, we will track the leaf quality. In this paper we proposed a hardware unit which is basically using ESP32 Cam and DHT11. Here ESP-32 work as smart CAM which is able to track the image of the leaf and send those real time image to the server. Here we are using think speak to store the accuracy level parameters of each leaf record. Similar we will store temperature & humidity real time data on the think speak server. Think speak server is powered by math work.
Cosmeceutical Potential of Grateloupia turuturu: Using Low-Cost Extraction Methodologies to Obtain Added-Value Extracts

The invasive macroalga Grateloupia turuturu is known to contain a diversity of bioactive compounds with different potentialities. Among them are compounds with relevant bioactivities for cosmetics. Considering this, this study aimed to screen bioactivities with cosmeceutical potential, namely, antioxidant, UV absorbance, anti-enzymatic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as photoprotection potential. Extractions with higher concentrations of ethanol resulted in extracts with higher antioxidant activities, while for the anti-enzymatic activity, high inhibition percentages were obtained for elastase and hyaluronidase with almost all extracts. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, all extracts showed to be active against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Extracts produced with higher percentages of ethanol were more effective against E. coli and with lower percentages against the other two microorganisms. Several concentrations of each extract were found to be safe for fibroblasts, but no photoprotection capacity was observed. However, one of the aqueous extracts was responsible for reducing around 40% of the nitric oxide production on macrophages, showing its anti-inflammatory potential. This work highlights G. turuturu’s potential in the cosmeceutical field, contributing to the further development of natural formulations for skin protection.
Late Pliocene population divergence and persistence despite Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in the Rio Doce snouted Treefrog (Ololygon carnevallii)

Correspondence Edward A. Myers, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. Email: eddie.a. myers@gmail.com Abstract The causes of population genetic divergence within the Atlantic Forest of South America are diverse. For example, studies have pointed to the importance of regions of stable suitable habitat throughout the Pleistocene, large rivers acting as biogeographic barriers, as well as changes in elevation. Here, we generate a phylogeographic dataset for the Rio Doce Snouted Treefrog (Ololygon carnevallii), a species that is endemic to a narrow portion of the Atlantic Forest. Genetree analyses demonstrate that this species is composed of three distinct lineages that diverged from one another during the Pliocene. Ecological niche models projected to climate during the Pleistocene and midHolocene suggest that regions of suitable habitat would have shifted through time since the last glacial maximum, and regions of stable habitat were identified. Using generalized dissimilarity modeling, we find no association between genetic divergence and ecological niche models, riverine barriers, elevation, slope, or current climate suggesting that none of these variables have been responsible for lineage formation in the Rio Doce Snouted Treefrog. We suggest that additional phylogeographic studies of narrowly endemic species within the Atlantic Forest are needed to better understand the drivers of diversification and accumulation of biodiversity.
Recyclable Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Doped g-C3N4/MoS2 for Efficient Photocatalysis of RhB and Cr(VI) Driven by Visible Light

Photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation of organic pollution and heavy metals require not only a strong visible light response and high photocatalytic performance, but also the regeneration and reuse of catalysts. In this work, a ternary hybrid structure material of a nanoscale zero valent iron (Fe0) doped g-C3N4/MoS2 layered structure (GCNFM) was synthesized by a facile strategy. Compared with the pure GCN, GCNM, and Fe-GCN, the photodegradation efficiency of the GCNFM toward the RhB and Cr(VI) under visible light is considerably enhanced, to 98.2% for RhB and 91.4% for Cr(VI), respectively. In addition, the reaction rate constants (KRhB and KCr) of GCNFM are much higher than those of GCN, GCNM, and Fe-GCN, which is attributed to the fact that Fe0 and MoS2 composited with GCNM promote the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Moreover, with the loading of MoS2 and/or Fe0, the holes could displace the •O2– as the main reactive oxygen species in GCN. GCNFM maintains an efficient .
The Effect of Public Defender and Support Staff Caseloads on Incarceration Outcomes for Felony Defendants

Objective: Although scholars have suggested that the lack of resources available to public defenders—and the associated high caseloads—hinders case outcomes for defendants, this has rarely been studied empirically. We hypothesized that smaller public defender and support staff caseloads would be associated with lower levels of pretrial detention, use of incarceration at final disposition, and length of incarceration sentences. Method: We linked county-level data on public defender and support staff caseloads from the 2007 Census of Public Defender Offices to data on individual felony defendant sentencing outcomes in large urban counties from the 2006 and 2009 State Court Processing Statistics. The sample included more than 5,000 felony defendants in 11 large urban counties in Arizona, California, New York, and Ohio. To explore associations, we used multivariate statistical models with state–year fixed effects. Results: Results suggest that felony defendants in counties with higher public defender and support staff caseloads are more likely to be detained pretrial and that felony defendants in counties with smaller support staff caseloads receive shorter incarceration sentences. Conclusions: Reducing caseloads is an important potential target for criminal justice reform. These efforts should not only prioritize attorney caseloads, but also support staff caseloads.
Conceptualising and educating for global citizenship: the experiences of academics in an Australian university

ABSTRACT Education for global citizenship is one of many of strategies adopted by higher education institutions. We share the findings of a qualitative study in one Australian university that examined the impact of a university goal to embed global citizenship. We found Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model to be a suitable framework to examine the process of developing global citizens at our institution. Our findings suggest that university strategies at the macro-level need better understanding of forces within the exo-system – the academic educator workforce – to achieve greater engagement and impact on academic goals. Despite apparent shortcomings with implementation, transformative educational processes were revealed.
Flattening the Curve: Pandemic-Induced Revaluation of Urban Real Estate

We show that the COVID-19 pandemic brought house price and rent declines in city centers, and price and rent increases away from the center, thereby flattening the bid-rent curve in most U.S. metropolitan areas. Across MSAs, the flattening of the bid-rent curve is larger when working from home is more prevalent, housing markets are more regulated, and supply is less elastic. Housing markets predict that urban rent growth will exceed suburban rent growth for the foreseeable future.
Flow-injection electrochemical determination of glucose by a poly[1-(2-aminophenyl) pyrrole] modified gold electrode

ABSTRACT Poly[1-(2-aminophenyl) pyrrole] film was electropolymerized on a gold electrode and used for the first time as the matrix for the electrochemical determination of glucose. The working electrode where glucose oxidase was chemically immobilized by amine groups of the poly[1-(2-aminophenyl) pyrrole] film was used for online glucose determination with flow-injection operation. The optimum conditions for glucose were a flow rate of 4 mL/min at +0.7 V in 100 mM using pH 6.5 phosphate buffer as the carrier. The electrode provided a long linear dynamic range between 0.2 mM and 30 mM, a response time of 9 s, a detection limit of 63 µM, a relative standard deviation of 0.7%, and an accuracy of 99.95%. The working electrode preserved 64% of its initial current value following six weeks. The optimized device was employed to determine glucose in wastewater from the Zonguldak Biological Treatment Plant, Turkey.
An improved cloud index for estimating downwelling surface solar
irradiance from various satellite imagers in the framework of a
Heliosat-V method

Abstract. We develop a new way to retrieve the cloud index from a large variety of satellite instruments sensitive to reflected solar radiation, embedded on geostationary as non geostationary platforms. The cloud index is a widely used proxy for the effective cloud transmissivity, also called clear-sky index. This study is in the framework of the development of the Heliosat-V method for estimating downwelling solar irradiance at the surface of the Earth (DSSI) from satellite imagery. To reach its versatility, the method uses simulations from a fast radiative transfer model to estimate overcast (cloudy) and clear-sky (cloud-free) satellite scenes of the Earth’s reflectances. Simulations consider the anisotropy of the reflectances caused by both surface and atmosphere, and are adapted to the spectral sensitivity of the sensor. The anisotropy of ground reflectances is described by a bidirectional reflectance distribution function model and external satellite-derived data. An implementation of the method is applied to the visible imagery from a Meteosat Second Generation satellite, for 11 locations where high quality in situ measurements of DSSI are available from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network. Results from our preliminary implementation of Heliosat-V and ground-based measurements show a correlation coefficient reaching 0.948, for 15-minute means of DSSI, similar to operational and corrected satellite-based data products (0.950 for HelioClim3 version 5 and 0.937 for CAMS Radiation Service).
Physico-chemical treatment of pulping effluent: Characterization of flocs and sludge generated after treatment

ABSTRACT The present study deals with the treatment of simulated pulping effluent (pH = 11, and total organic carbon (TOC) = 1900 mg/L) by acid precipitation and coagulation-flocculation processes. The maximum TOC removal (= 4845 mg/g Al3+) from the effluent was found with Al2(SO4)3 coagulant. Addition of sufloc (a flocculant) improved the sludge settling significantly. Hydrolyzed mono- and polynuclear species generated from Fe and Al coagulants could have resulted in TOC removal. Thermal analysis of sludge showed release of gases like CO, CO2, HCHO, CH3SH and SO2 during combustion. Afterwards, the dissolved metal species in treated wastewater samples should be removed.
XPM‐Induced Vector Asymmetrical Soliton with Spectral Period Doubling in Mode‐Locked Fiber Laser

Cross phase modulation (XPM) can induce soliton trapping in nonlinear medium, which has been employed to achieve vector soliton, optical switching, and optical analog of gravity‐like potentials. Here, the first observation of a novel soliton operation is reported whose wavelength exhibits redshift and blueshift periodically in a mode‐locked fiber laser under appropriate birefringence and dispersion map. XPM dominates the dynamics by inducing and sustaining the vector asymmetrical soliton (VAS) with spectral period doubling, and exhibits a unique trajectory of pulse trapping. The XPM‐induced VAS is an idiosyncratic steady state featured with asymmetry in the model based on the coupled Ginzburg–Landau equation, which depicts the distinct pulse features in comparison with vector soliton, soliton molecule, and traditional period‐doubling evolutions. The two orthogonal polarized directions of mode‐locked fiber laser can be regarded as the XPM‐coupled dissipative resonators guiding the further study of the optical nonlinear dynamics and chaos for soliton, which is helpful to laser design and brings useful insights into nonlinear science and applications.
Development of an Epitaxial Growth Technique Using III-V on a Si Platform for Heterogeneous Integration of Membrane Photonic Devices on Si

The rapid increase in total transmission capacity within and between data centers requires the construction of low-cost, high-capacity optical transmitters. Since a tremendous number of transmitters are required, photonic integrated circuits (PICs) using Si photonics technology enabling the integration of various functional devices on a single chip is a promising solution. A limitation of a Si-based PIC is the lack of an efficient light source due to the indirect bandgap of Si; therefore, hybrid integration technology of III-V semiconductor lasers on Si is desirable. The major challenges are that heterogeneous integration of III-V materials on Si induces the formation of dislocation at high process temperature; thus, the epitaxial regrowth process is difficult to apply. This paper reviews the evaluations conducted on our epitaxial growth technique using a directly bonded III-V membrane layer on a Si substrate. This technique enables epitaxial growth without the fundamental difficulties associated with lattice mismatch or anti-phase boundaries. In addition, crystal degradation correlating with the difference in thermal expansion is eliminated by keeping the total III-V layer thickness thinner than ~350 nm. As a result, various III-V photonic-device-fabrication technologies, such as buried regrowth, butt-joint regrowth, and selective area growth, can be applicable on the Si-photonics platform. We demonstrated the growth of indium-gallium-aluminum arsenide (InGaAlAs) multi-quantum wells (MQWs) and fabrication of lasers that exhibit >25 Gbit/s direct modulation with low energy cost. In addition, selective-area growth that enables the full O-band bandgap control of the MQW layer over the 150-nm range was demonstrated. We also fabricated indium-gallium-arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) based phase modulators integrated with a distributed feedback laser. Therefore, the directly bonded III-V-on-Si substrate platform paves the way to manufacturing hybrid PICs for future data-center networks.
Realistic head modeling of electromagnetic brain activity: an integrated Brainstorm-DUNEuro pipeline from MRI data to the FEM solutions

Human brain activity generates scalp potentials (electroencephalography – EEG), intracranial potentials (iEEG), and external magnetic fields (magnetoencephalography – MEG), all capable of being recorded, often simultaneously, for use in research and clinical purposes. The so-called forward problem is modeling these fields at their sensors for a given putative neural source configuration. While early approaches modeled the head as a simple set of isotropic spheres, today’s ubiquitous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data allows detailed descriptions of head compartments with assigned isotropic and anisotropic conductivities. In this paper, we present a complete pipeline, integrated into the Brainstorm software, that allows users to generate an individual and accurate head model from the MRI and then calculate the electromagnetic forward solution using the finite element method (FEM). The head model generation is performed by the integration of the latest tools for MRI segmentation and FEM mesh generation. The final head model is divided into five main compartments: white matter, gray matter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skull, and scalp. For the isotropic compartments, widely-used default conductivity values are assigned. For the brain tissues, we use the process of the effective medium approach (EMA) to estimate anisotropic conductivity tensors from diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) data. The FEM electromagnetic calculations are performed by the DUNEuro library, integrated into Brainstorm and accessible with a user-friendly graphical interface. This integrated pipeline, with full tutorials and example data sets freely available on the Brainstorm website, gives the neuroscience community easy access to advanced tools for electromagnetic modeling using FEM.
Formation of a low‐level barrier jet and its modulation by dust radiative forcing over the Hexi Corridor in Central China on March 17, 2010

A low‐level barrier jet (LLBJ) formed along the northeast slope of the Tibetan Plateau on March 17, 2010. The LLBJ was accompanied by a major dust event. Numerical simulations conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting dust (WRF‐dust) model show that the formation of the LLBJ was primarily due to mid‐level, southeastward descent of high momentum air, which impinged on the north slope of the Tibetan Plateau, resulting in ageostrophic flow acceleration under geostrophic adjustment. The LLBJ was reinforced by the Bernoulli effect, where the physical barrier associated with the Tibetan Plateau to the southwest and the virtual barrier associated with sloped, packed isentropic surfaces to the northeast combined to constrict the air flow, thus augmenting the acceleration of the air as it entered the Hexi Corridor. The simulations show that the LLBJ, which stayed close to the western entrance of the Hexi Corridor, gradually descended during the daytime until early evening. During this period, the core of the LLBJ stayed directly above the 302‐K isentropic surface. The LLBJ, which was located to the south of the main dust plume, was modulated by dust radiative heating and cooling. Over the main dust plume, as well as in the LLBJ region, radiative heating of the dust warmed the upper part of the boundary layer and cooled it below, which stabilized the boundary layer, decreased the boundary layer depth, and reduced the vertical mixing, causing the surface winds to weaken. As a consequence of the feedback between the circulation and the dust radiative forcing, the total dust emission was reduced by ∼9.7–11% and peaked 1–2 hr earlier than without dust radiative effects, while the LLBJ's intensity, which was 1–2 m·s−1 stronger, was better maintained within the boundary layer during the daytime until early evening.