Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Missing SO 2 oxidant in the coastal atmosphere? – observations from high-resolution measurements of OH and atmospheric sulfur compounds

Abstract. Diurnal and seasonal variations of gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) were measured in NE Atlantic air at the Mace Head atmospheric research station during the years 2010 and 2011. The measurements utilized selected-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SI/CIMS) with a detection limit for both compounds of 4.3 × 104 cm−3 at 5 min signal integration. The H2SO4 and MSA gas-phase concentrations were analyzed in conjunction with the condensational sink for both compounds derived from 3 nm to 10 μm (aerodynamic diameter) aerosol size distributions. Accommodation coefficients of 1.0 for H2SO4 and 0.12 for MSA were assumed, leading to estimated atmospheric lifetimes on the order of 7 and 25 min, respectively. With the SI/CIMS instrument in OH measurement mode alternating between OH signal and background (non-OH) signal, evidence was obtained for the presence of one or more unknown oxidants of SO2 in addition to OH. Depending on the nature of the oxidant(s), its ambient concentration may be enhanced in the CIMS inlet system by additional production. The apparent unknown SO2 oxidant was additionally confirmed by direct measurements of SO2 in conjunction with calculated H2SO4 concentrations. The calculated H2SO4 concentrations were consistently lower than the measured concentrations by a factor of 4.7 ± 2.4 when considering the oxidation of SO2 by OH as the only source of H2SO4. Both the OH and the background signal were also observed to increase significantly during daytime aerosol nucleation events, independent of the ozone photolysis frequency, J(O1D), and were followed by peaks in both H2SO4 and MSA concentrations. This suggests a strong relation between the unknown oxidant(s), OH chemistry, and the atmospheric photolysis and photooxidation of biogenic iodine compounds. As to the identity of the atmospheric SO2 oxidant(s), we have been able to exclude ClO, BrO, IO, and OIO as possible candidates based on {ab initio} calculations. Nevertheless, IO could contribute significantly to the observed CIMS background signal. A detailed analysis of this CIMS background signal in context with recently published kinetic data currently suggests that Criegee intermediates (CIs) produced from ozonolysis of alkenes play no significant role for SO2 oxidation in the marine atmosphere at Mace Head. On the other hand, SO2 oxidation by small CIs such as CH2OO produced photolytically or possibly in the photochemical degradation of methane is consistent with our observations. In addition, H2SO4 formation from dimethyl sulfide oxidation via SO3 as an intermediate instead of SO2 also appears to be a viable explanation. Both pathways need to be further explored.
Habitat Characteristics of Winter Roost Sites of Wild Turkeys in Trans-Pecos, Texas

Abstract Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) occur intermittently throughout Trans-Pecos, Texas. In the lower desert of the Trans-Pecos, turkeys are associated strongly with the limited riparian habitat where roosting habitat is found. We initiated a study to document microhabitat characteristics of roost sites in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. We measured microhabitat characteristics (canopy cover, density of stand, visual obstruction, understory herbaceous cover, height of tree, diameter at breast height (dbh), height-to-lowest live branch, slope, and aspect) at 15 winter roosts and 15 random sites in three habitats in the Trans-Pecos region: ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), live oak (Quercus virginiana), and sugar hackberry (Celtis laevigata). All roost sites were <1 km from riparian corridors and located in riparian regions. Among the three habitats, large diameters and height of trees were a prerequisite for roost trees in live oak and sugar hackberry habitat, where live oaks used as roost trees were larger (mean dbh = 57.78 cm) than non-roosting trees (mean dbh = 39.13 cm). Roost trees in live oak habitat had a greater height than trees in random sites (13.58 and 11.28 m, respectively). Sugar hackberries used as roost trees had larger dbh, height, height-to-lowest live branch, and canopy cover than nonroost trees in random sites. Due to the sparse density of trees, we recommend that riparian corridors with potential roosting habitat be protected throughout the Trans-Pecos. In addition, exotic species (e.g., Tamarix) should be controlled and native riparian habitats should be preserved.
Improving sensor network robustness with multi-channel convergecast

Most of the existing sensor network deployments are convergecast applications that transmit data from multiple sources to one or more sinks. In this paper, we present the design of a self-organizing, collision-free multi-channel convergecast protocol. We present experiments that demonstrate our protocol’s energy-efficiency for low duty cycle applications by comparing it to X-MAC. Our experiments also demonstrate that our protocol’s ability to switch channels dynamically increases robustness against interference.
TGF-β1-Dependent Downregulation of HDAC9 Inhibits Maturation of Human Osteoblasts

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key regulator of bone density. Recently, we have shown that TGF-β1 effectively blocks bone morphogenetic protein-induced maturation of human osteoblasts (hOBs) in a histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent manner. To better understand the underlying mechanisms and to identify possible therapeutic targets, the current study aimed at characterizing the expression changes of different HDACs in hOBs following recombinant human TGF-β1 treatment and investigating the effect of the altered HDACs on both the proliferation and maturation of hOBs and osteogenic cell lines. As expected from our previous work, exposure to rhTGF-β1 induced the expression of HDACs (HDAC1, -2, -3, -6). However, to our surprise, rhTGF-β1 treatment strongly suppressed the expression of HDAC9 during osteogenic differentiation. HDAC9 is reported to suppress osteoclastogenesis; however, little is known about the role of HDAC9 in osteogenesis. Chemical inhibition of HDAC9 with TMP269 increased cell numbers of hOBs, but significantly decreased their osteogenic function (alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization). In osteogenic cell lines (MG-63, CAL-72 and SAOS-2), the expression of HDAC9 negatively correlates with their proliferation capacity and positively correlates with their osteogenic differentiation potential. Being able to boost osteoclasts while inhibiting osteoblasts makes HDAC9 an interesting therapeutic target to support fracture healing and bone metabolisms.
Strategies to increase in vitro embryo yield: lessons from cell and mocelular research

Numerous reproductive biotechnologies are commonly employed to enhance animal production mainly through multiplying animals with high-quality traits in a large-scale production system. There is, however, several peculiarities during the process of embryo in vitro production that are still in need of further studies in order to obtain a higher efficiency. This present review discuss some of such particularities, as well as new models of embryo and gamete production, which will probably be part of a new era of reproductive biotechnologies in a near future.
Mapping the extent and spread of multiple plant invasions can help prioritise management in Galapagos National Park

Mapping is an important tool for the management of plant invasions. If landscapes are mapped in an appropriate way, results can help managers decide when and where to prioritize their efforts. We mapped vegetation with the aim of providing key information for managers on the extent, density and rates of spread of multiple invasive species across the landscape. Our case study focused on an area of Galapagos National Park that is faced with the challenge of managing multiple plant invasions. We used satellite imagery to produce a spatially-explicit database of plant species densities in the canopy, finding that 92% of the humid highlands had some degree of invasion and 41% of the canopy was comprised of invasive plants. We also calculated the rate of spread of eight invasive species using known introduction dates, finding that species with the most limited dispersal ability had the slowest spread rates while those able to disperse long distances had a range of spread rates. Our results on spread rate fall at the lower end of the range of published spread rates of invasive plants. This is probably because most studies are based on the entire geographic extent, whereas our estimates took plant density into account. A spatial database of plant species densities, such as the one developed in our case study, can be used by managers to decide where to apply management actions and thereby help curtail the spread of current plant invasions. For example, it can be used to identify sites containing several invasive plant species, to find the density of a particular species across the landscape or to locate where native species make up the majority of the canopy. Similar databases could be developed elsewhere to help inform the management of multiple plant invasions over the landscape.
COMPARISON OF GENERAL HEALTH, LIFE SATISFACTION AND HAPPINESS IN WIVES OF ADDICTED AND NON-ADDICTED MEN IN ZANJAN

Background: This study aimed to compare mental health, life satisfaction and happiness of non-addicted men's wives and addicted men's wives in Zanjan. Methods: This study was a comparative study of ex post facto. Two groups including 192 wives of addicted men and 192 non-addicted men's wives were selected. The case Group was selected purposefully and from the patients admitted to addiction treatment centers. The people in the control group were randomly selected from the same areas. The groups were assimilated with respect to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected by using GHQ-28, Satisfaction with Life Scale by Denier and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. To analyze the data, considering that data follow a normal independent two-sample t-test and its subscales two both groups was difference case and
The Influence of Traffic Structure on Airspace Capacity

Airspace structure can be used as a procedural mechanism for a priori separation and organization of en-route air traffic. Although many studies have explored novel structuring methods to increase en-route airspace capacity, the relationship between the level of structuring of traffic and airspace capacity is not well established. To better understand the influence of traffic structure on airspace capacity, in this research, four airspace concepts, representing discrete points along the dimension of structure, were compared using large-scale simulation experiments. By subjecting the concepts to multiple traffic demand scenarios, the structure-capacity relationship was inferred from the effect of traffic demand variations on safety, efficiency and stability metrics. These simulations were performed within the context of a future personal aerial transportation system, and considered both nominal and non-nominal conditions. Simulation results suggest that the structuring of traffic must take into account the expected traffic demand pattern to be beneficial in terms of capacity. Furthermore, for the heterogeneous, or uniformly distributed, traffic demand patterns considered in this work, a decentralized layered airspace concept, in which each altitude band limited horizontal travel to within a predefined heading range, led to the best balance of all the metrics considered.
Note on the Solvability of the Lewy Operator

It is known that the Lewy operator P = −i∂x + ∂y − 2iy∂z − 2x∂z, is not globally solvable [11, 13]. The purpose of this note is to solve the operator P in certain sense, by means a topological isomorhism of C ∞ (R 3 ), which intertwines the Cauchy -Riemann operator Q = i∂x +∂y
Consumption dynamics, Interest rate behavior and the Euler Equation: Time series evidence for Nigeria

The study investigated the Consumption-Interest rate Euler relationship for Nigeria in the periods 1980 to 2015. Applying commonly used vector autoregression (VAR) techniques on annual data obtained for the country, the study found that there exists the Consumption-Interest rate Euler relationship for Nigeria. However, our finding refutes the general assertion of theorist that the substitution effect is always larger (and more workable) in the Euler relationship than the income effect. Our results show that the consumption Euler equation for Nigeria is consumption-driven, an indication that income effect may be more workable in Nigeria thus crowding out the substitution effect. This was further supported by a uni-directional causality that runs through consumption to interest rate. We recommend, among other things, interest rate policy framework that is flexible to economic needs of the region and motivates saving-dissaving culture of the people and consumptions patterns that is financed by cashless financial products.
Relative vs. absolute cerebral oximetry: does a skin pigmentation effect normal values on cardiopulmonary support?

Introduction : Real-time cerebral oximetry has been used to monitor perfusion in the brain. Two types of oximetry devices employed at our institution are: INVOS (Covidien, Mansfield, MA) and FORESIGHT (CAS Medical Systems, Branford, CT) which are relative and absolute cerebral oximetry, respectively. We have observed inaccuracy with relative oximetry compared to absolute oximetry in patients with dense melanin pigmentation. Case Presentation : A 71 year-old African American female without carotid disease underwent coronary artery bypass. Baseline cerebral saturations with relative oximetry were ~ 40-45% immediately after induction of anesthesia, decreasing consistently to 20-30% during the procedure. Attempts to increase cerebral oximetry during CPB included volume expansion, increase flow and vasopressors. Upon arrival to the ICU, simultaneously tracings of cerebral oximetry from relative (INVOS) and absolute (FORESIGHT) were obtained. The cerebral saturations using FORESIGHT were found to be adequate >60 bilaterally (>50 = normal). Vasopressor support was weaned quickly and the absolute cerebral saturations were maintained. The patient had no neurologic deficits or mental status changes postoperatively. Conclusions : An inaccurate reading using relative oximetry was most likely produced by the dense presence of melanin in the patient’s skin, as melanin has a similar absorption spectrum as hemoglobin. Absolute oximetry uses a fiber optic laser light source with four wavelengths (690, 780, 810, and 880nm), while relative oximetryutilize two wavelengths (730 and 810nm) and an LED light source. The four wavelengths used by absolute oximetry have been proven necessary for accurate measurement of oxy and de-oxy hemoglobin in determining absolute cerebral saturation by accounting for interference from other background light absorbers, including melanin.
Source model of the 2009 Mw 7.6 Padang intraslab earthquake and its effect on the Sunda megathrust

SUMMARY We investigate the source of the Mw 7.6 Padang earthquake by inverting three-component global positioning system (GPS) data and broad-band regional seismic-displacement waveforms. The earthquake involved oblique-reverse slip either on an E–W, south-dipping plane, or on a N–S, west-dipping plane. Finite-fault inversions indicate that the rupture primarily propagated downdip and southwest from the hypocentre, with a scalar seismic moment between 3.4 and 3.7 × 10 20 Nm( Mw 7.62–7.65). Analysis of the seismic and geodetic data do not allow for unique identification of the causative focal plane. Aftershock patterns strongly suggest the E–W plane was the causative focal plane, but aligned geological structures in the downgoing plate favour the N–S plane. In either case, this unusually large intraslab earthquake has moved closer to failure the deepest portion of the overlying megathrust, which last ruptured during a great earthquake more than two centuries ago and is late in its seismic cycle.
Recent developments in low-energy electron/photon transport for MCNP6

Recently a variety of programmatic needs have driven the development of improved methods for low-energy photon/electron transport in the Monte Carlo particle transport code MCNP6. Aspects of this development include a significant reworking of the MCNP coding to allow for consideration of much more detail in atomic relaxation processes, new algorithms for reading and processing the Evaluated-Nuclear-Data-File photon, electron, and relaxation data capable of supporting such detailed models, and extension of the electron/photon transport energy range below the traditional 1-kilovolt limit in MCNP, with the goal of performing transport of electrons and photons down to energies in the few-electron-volt range.
Technologies for Intensification of Production and Uses of Grain Legumes for Nutrition Security

Malnutrition resulting from intake of food poor in nutritional value, particularly lacking in micronutrients, has been recognized as a serious health problem in developing countries including India. Nutritional security is a priority for India. Crop diversification in agriculture contributes to balanced diet and nutritional security. Production intensification of nutrient-dense crops, contributes to their increased production, and consequently enhances their accessibility at affordable prices to meet nutritional security. Grain legumes produce nutrient-dense grains rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and micronutrients essential for growth and development. However, cultivation of grain legumes is often neglected resulting in poor production in the country, and consequently poor access to legumes at affordable prices. Pigeonpea or red gram (Cajanus cajan L.), chickpea or bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the three nutritious grain legumes are grown widely across the country and are major constituents of Indian diets. They are climate- resilient crops adapted to water-limiting conditions making them choice crops for cultivation in adverse conditions. Policy options for promoting cultivation and increased production of pigeon pea, chickpea and groundnut are needed. Technology options for intensification of their cultivation include improved cultivars of grain legumes with enhanced adaptation and nutritional properties, their processing, plugging post-harvest and storage losses, and development of alternative food products. The chapter discusses the contribution of agriculture to nutritional security and the need to diversify cultivation of crops to include nutrient-dense grain legumes, and intensification of their cultivation to achieve their enhanced production and productivity. The scope to develop bio-fortified grain legumes is also discussed. Some countries have successfully harnessed the potential of processed grain legumes for use as food supplements for children and elderly, as well as to prepare readyto-use-therapeutic-food products to treat acute malnutrition.
Long-term changes in rainfall and tropical cyclone activity over South and Southeast Asia

Abstract. Long-term changes in rainfall and associated tropical cyclone (TC) activity in transition seasons between the wet and dry seasons in South and Southeast Asia, namely boreal spring and fall, were examined, using gridded rainfall, TC tracks, and reanalysis datasets, the focus of discussion being the long-term changes in coastal regions. It was found that long-term changes in rainfall during the transition seasons in South and Southeast Asia were closely associated with those in TC activity over the north Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Rainfall in May increased in the last 40 years over and around Myanmar, which indicates an earlier monsoon onset over the western Indochina Peninsula. Rainfall over and around northern Vietnam also increased in the last 40 years during October, which is known as the monsoon retreat period. These increases were associated with the long-term changes in TC activity. Furthermore, although linear trends have been previously suggested, monotonically increasing or decreasing trends in these long-term changes were not found over the last 60 years.
System-in-Package: Electrical and Layout Perspectives

The unquenched thirst for higher levels of electronic systems integration and higher performance goals has produced a plethora of design and business challenges that are threatening the success enjoyed so far as modeled by Moore's law. To tackle these challenges and meet the design needs of consumer electronics products such as those of cell phones, audio/video players, digital cameras that are composed of a number of different technologies, vertical system integration has emerged as a required technology to reduce the system board space and height in addition to the overall time-to-market and design cost. System-in-package (SiP) is a system integration technology that achieves the aforementioned needs in a scalable and cost-effective way, where multiple dies, passive components, and discrete devices are assembled, often vertically, in a package. This paper surveys the electrical and layout perspectives of SiP. It first introduces package technologies, and then presents SiP design flow and design exploration. Finally, the paper discusses details of beyond-die signal and power integrity and physical implementation such as I/O (input/output cell) placement and routing for redistribution layer, escape, and substrate.
Growth hormone ( GH ) / STAT 5 signaling during the growth period in liver of mice overexpressing GH

Growth hormone (GH)/STAT5 signaling is desensitized in liver of adult transgenic mice overexpressing GH; however, these animals present greater body size. To assess if the STAT5 pathway is active during the growth period in liver of these animals, and how signaling modulators participate in this process, growing transgenic mice and normal siblings were evaluated. STAT5 does not respond to an acute GH-stimulus but presents higher basal phosphorylation in liver of growing GH-overexpressing mice. GH receptor and positive modulators GR and HNF1 display greater abundance in transgenic animals, supporting STAT5 activity. Negative modulators CIS and PTP1B are increased in GH-overexpressing mice. Suppressors SOCS2 and SOCS3 exhibit higher mRNA levels in transgenic mice but lower protein content, suggesting they are being actively degraded. Therefore, STAT5 signaling is increased in liver of GH-transgenic mice during the growth period, with a balance between positive and negative effectors resulting in an accelerated but controlled growth.
Innovation and Productivity in Services:Evidence from Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom

This paper examines the links between innovation and productivity in service enterprises. For this purpose, we use micro data from the Community Innovation Survey 2008 in Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom, and estimate an augmented structural model. Our results indicate that innovation in service enterprises is linked to higher productivity. In all three countries analysed, among the innovation types that we consider, the strongest link between innovation and productivity was found for marketing innovations. Our empirical evidence highlights the importance of internationalisation in the context of innovation outputs in all three countries. The determinants of innovation in service enterprises appear remarkably similar to the determinants of innovation in manufacturing enterprises.