Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating and Reporting Uncertainties in Remotely Sensed Atmospheric Composition and Temperature

Abstract. Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables typically relies on the inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation. An adequately characterized retrieval provides information on the uncertainties of the estimated state variables as well as on how any constraint or a priori assumption affects the estimate. Reported characterization data should be intercomparable between different instruments, empirically validatable, grid-independent, usable without detailed knowledge of the instrument or retrieval technique, traceable, and still have reasonable data volume. The latter condition of adequacy may force one to work with representative rather than individual characterization data. The main sources of uncertainty are measurement noise, calibration errors, simplifications and idealizations in the radiative transfer model and retrieval scheme, auxiliary data errors, and uncertainties in atmospheric or instrumental parameters. Some of these errors affect the result in a random way, while others chiefly cause a bias or are of mixed character. Beyond this, it is of utmost importance to know the influence of any constraint and prior information on the solution. While different instruments or retrieval schemes may require different error estimation schemes, we provide a list of recommendations which shall help to unify retrieval error reporting.
Treatment‐Resistant Depression: An Update on Diagnosis and Management

World Health Organization predicts that this disorder will be the second leading cause of disability worldwide by the year 2020. Premature death in this population is associated with an increased risk of suicide, as well as a complex interrelationship with other medical disorders such as heart disease and impaired cognition. Data from the National Comorbidity Study indicate that the annual prevalence of major depression in U.S. adults approaches 15 million individuals. Of this population, approximately half are accurately diagnosed, and one-quarter adequately benefit from or can tolerate existing therapies. Further, the longer a patient remains depressed, the more difficult it is to reverse the mood state and the higher the risk of adverse socioeconomic and medical consequences. This article will consider the evolving concept of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and review recent evidence-based approaches to its management. CHARACTERIZING TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION Definition Acritical first step is the accurate identification of treatment resistance. Although the logical assumption is inadequate response to therapy (e.g., psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, various combinations of these approaches), this can be difficult to ascertain, since a substantial proportion of patients may experience poor response because of a variety of factors other than true treatment resistance. In this context, several issues must be considered, including: After reading this article, the practitioner should be able to:
Abstract 3904: Pyridylthiazole-based ureas as inhibitors of Rho-associated protein kinases

Rho GTPase is a small G-protein which plays a critical role in signaling pathways and controls cell growth and division. Rho-associated protein kinase (known as ROCK or Rho kinase) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase activated by GTP-bound Rho and phosphorylates target proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways. Rho and the Rho-kinase signalling pathways are implicated in cell morphology, motility, smooth muscle contraction, formation of stress fibres, focal adhesion and cell transformation. ROCKs have been subject to growing attention, having been implicated in a range of therapeutic areas including cardiovascular diseases, CNS disorders, and cancer. Further, the pharmacological inhibition of ROCKs has been suggested as a promising strategy in the prevention of cell invasion, a central event in the process of metastasis. Potent ROCK inhibitors of a new class of 1-benzyl-3-(4-pyridylthiazol-2-yl)ureas have been identified. Remarkable differences in activity were observed for ureas bearing a benzylic stereogenic center. Derivatives with hydroxy, methoxy and amino groups at the meta position of the phenyl ring give rise to the most potent inhibitors (low nM). Substitutions at the para position result in substantial loss of potency. Changes at the benzylic position are tolerated resulting in significant potency in the case of methyl and methylenehydroxy groups. X-ray crystallography was used to establish the binding mode of this class of inhibitors and provides an explanation for the observed differences of the enantiomer series. Potent inhibition of ROCK in human lung cancer cells was shown by suppression of the phosphorylation levels of the ROCK substrate MYPT-1. One of the series, RKI-1447 inhibits migration, invasion and anchorage-independent tumor growth of breast cancer cells and is discussed in an accompanying poster. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3904. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3904
Manufacture and spectroscopic analysis of Tm3+-doped silica glass and microstructure optical fiber through the laser sintering technique

We demonstrated how a Tm3+-doped silica glass rod was successfully manufactured by the laser sintering technique and made into a Tm3+-doped microstructure optical fiber by the stack-capillary-draw method. Based on the absorption spectrum, the core glass shows outstanding spectroscopic properties through Judd-Ofelt analysis. The fiber core-cladding structure was preserved completely without any crystallization in the core. Besides, a self-built fiber laser at 1.95 μm produces 740 mW output power with a slope efficiency of 16.73%. The results prove that our laser sintering technique is a promising preparation method to acquire fiber materials for a 2.0 μm laser.
Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Total Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery

EC-IC bypass based on the inclusion criteria of Japanese EC-IC Bypass Trial (JET study) is recommended for chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the internal carotid artery (ICA). But patients who do not meet the inclusion criteria of the JET study are also entitled to the best possible medical treatment. Recently several authors have reported the successful endovascular recanalization of CTO of the ICA. We report 10 cases of symptomatic CTO of the ICA that did not meet the inclusion criteria of the JET study that were treated by endovascular recanalization. Cerebral angiogram showed complete occlusion of the ICA and opacification of the cavernous segment of ICA or the more proximal portion of the ICA via collateral channels. Xenon CT (Xe-CT) showed hemodynamic compromise in all cases. The endovascular procedure was performed by proximal balloon protection of the common carotid arery and the external carotid artery via transfemoral route under local anesthesia. The occlusion of the ICA was recanalized successfully in all cases. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) was performed in eight cases identified as occlusion at the cervical ICA, and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with stenting using coronary stents was performed in two cases identified as occlusion at the cavernous or petrous ICA. Neither new ischemic symptoms nor hyperperfusion syndrome appeared after treatment. Endovascular recanalization of symptomatic CTO of the ICA can be considered as an alternative treatment for patients who do not meet the inclusion criteria of the JET study.
Review of Contamination by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Egyptian Aquatic Environment

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the major chemical constituents of petroleum, are widely used and are largely present in all environmental matrices, including aquatic environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are made of fused aromatic rings with no heteroatoms carrying substituents. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are produced naturally from various resources that include volcanic emission and forest fires. , They are present in tar deposits, coal, and oil, and are also produced as byproducts of fuel burning. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can also be present in foods. PAHs are highly lipophilic. They are strongly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and rapidly distributed in various tissues with great tendency to localize fat. In the marine environment, fish and other animal groups can easily pick up residues of PAHs either directly from the water column or indirectly through their food. In this respect, PAHs are transported through the blood stream ending up in body tissues. Fish easily accumulate PAHs either through food and water ingestion, through their gills, and also from sediment. Hydrocarbon residues in Egyptian aquatic environment have been reported by several studies. This study portrays some of the major impacts of PAHs on marine ecosystem with special reference to studies conducted in Egypt.
Terahertz Nonlinear Optics of Graphene: From Saturable Absorption to High‐Harmonics Generation

Graphene has long been predicted to show exceptional nonlinear optical properties, especially in the technologically important terahertz (THz) frequency range. Recent experiments have shown that this atomically thin material indeed exhibits possibly the largest nonlinear coefficients of any material known to date, paving the way for practical graphene‐based applications in ultrafast (opto‐)electronics operating at THz rates. Here the advances in the booming field of nonlinear THz optics of graphene are reported, and the state‐of‐the‐art understanding of the nature of the nonlinear interaction of graphene with the THz fields based on the thermodynamic model of electron transport in graphene is described. A comparison between different mechanisms of nonlinear interaction of graphene with light fields in THz, infrared, and visible frequency ranges is also provided. Finally, the perspectives for the expected technological applications of graphene based on its extraordinary THz nonlinear properties are summarized. This report covers the evolution of the field of THz nonlinear optics of graphene from the very pioneering to the state‐of‐the‐art works. It also serves as a concise overview of the current understanding of THz nonlinear optics of graphene and as a compact reference for researchers entering the field, as well as for the technology developers.
Production, absorption, and metabolic fate of fatty acids in pigs fed high-fiber diets

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 3 DEDICATION. 5 FOREWORD. 6 LIST OF TABLES . 11 LIST OF FIGURES . 13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 15 CHAPTER ONE . 1 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. Background and Problem Statement . 1 1.2. Justification of The Study . 6 CHAPTER TWO . 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW . 7 2.
A closer look at the Debye-Hückel theory and its modification in the SiS model of electrolyte solutions

So far, it has rarely been acknowledged that the initial version of the Debye-Hückel theory provided for different mean distances of closest approach to different ions, but the final formulation of the theory was presented with a single geometric parameter for all the ions in a solution. Here the initial design is recalled by deriving the Debye-Hückel equation for the mean activity coefficient in binary solutions with two geometric parameters for the two ion species present and, in the course of this, looking critically at details of the derivations. The equation is compared with the SiS model of electrolyte solutions (Mol. Phys. 108, 1435 (2010)) both in theoretical aspects and as regards their abilities to reproduce experimental data. It is found that the SiS model, as distinct from the original theory, is thermodynamically inconsistent in that it derives the mean activity coefficient from chemical potentials of ions, which do not represent partial derivatives of a single free-energy function of the solution. In addition, arguments are set forth that the geometric parameters in both equations cannot be interpreted in terms of a realistic structural chemistry. The results of comparing the two equations with experiment are found to bear out this view. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Gender and Height in Relation to Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Medical Students of University of Abuja

Aims: The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of gender and height on blood pressure and heart rate of young adults. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ninety one (91) medical students aged 18-30 years at University of Abuja, Nigeria were recruited in May 2012 for this study. Methodology: The selected study population was administered semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. The blood pressure, the pulse rate and the height of the participants were measured in physiology laboratory of University of Abuja medical school. All the readings were taken by one Original Research Article Ogedengbe et al.; JALSI, 2(3): 107-112, 2015; Article no.JALSI. 2015.011 108 researcher to ensure uniformity. Results: The systolic blood pressure increased significantly with diastolic blood pressure. There was positive correlation between blood pressure and heart rate in males, though not statistically significant, while in females a negative correlation was observed. Males had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure while females had higher heart rate. The blood pressure and heart rate increased with increasing height in males but both reduced with increasing height in females. BMI was positively associated with increase in blood pressure and reduction in heart rate for both sexes. Conclusion: This study found that systolic blood pressure increased significantly with diastolic blood pressure and BMI was positively associated with height, increase in blood pressure and reduction in heart rate for both sexes.
The influence of dietary zinc concentration during periods of rapid growth induced by ractopamine hydrochloride or dietary energy and dietary fiber content on trace mineral metabolism and performance of beef steers

The trace mineral zinc (Zn) is an important constituent of many biological processes associated with growth and maintenance. While Zn is currently recommended to be supplemented to cattle at 30 mg Zn/kg dry matter (DM), this recommended concentration stems from studies conducted in cattle genetically and phenotypically very different than the feedlot cattle of today. Prior research has shown a greater growth response when cattle fed ractopamine hydrochloride were also fed Zn at increasing supplemental concentrations as a blend of inorganic ZnSO4 and Zn-amino acid complex. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation was to investigate if improvements in cattle growth due to greater supplemental Zn concentrations are specific to ractopamine hydrochloride induced growth and if Zn source differentially influences the growth response. It was hypothesized that periods of rapid growth increase the body’s physiological need for Zn above current recommendations, regardless of how this growth is achieved. The influence of dietary energy on growth is well established and dietary energy concentrations can be altered to manipulate rates of growth in beef steers. Therefore, research reported in this dissertation investigates the interaction of Zn and rapid rates of growth. Rapid growth was induced either by ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation or diets differing in energy, designed to imitate the rates of growth typically noted during ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation, in a series of metabolism and performance studies. Results of this research indicated that supplementation of ractopamine hydrochloride did not increase Zn absorption or retention, and no final performance advantages were noted with supplemental Zn at 120 mg Zn/kg DM as either ZnSO4 or a blend of ZnSO4 and Zn-amino acid complex.
Adsorption of phenolic contaminants from water on activated carbon: An insight into single and multicomponent adsorption isotherms

The study focuses on the single and multicomponent adsorption of phenolic compounds from solution onto an activated carbon in the concentration range of 50-500 ppm at room temperature. The observed adsorption isotherms were correlated using various predictive and nonpredictive single and multicomponent adsorption isotherm equations. A strong influence of interadsorbate repulsion was evident based on the model proposed using Nitta's adsorption isotherm model.
Factors Related to Smoking Status of Pregnant Women Aged 15-49 in Turkey

resULTs: The prevalence of smoking among pregnant women was 11.4%. The frequency was higher (12.7%) among educated women than in those who were less educated (7.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the educational status of the pregnant women (OR=2.72; 95% CI=1.14-6.50) and smoking inside the home (OR=20.83; 95% CI=4.23-102.49) were statistically significantly associated with smoking status during pregnancy. Women at high risk age for pregnancy (below 18 years and above 35 years of age) smoked less frequently compared with the other age groups (OR=0.32; 95% CI=0.16-0.65).
Effect of Polymers on Crystallization in Glass-Forming Molecular Liquids: Equal Suppression of Nucleation and Growth and Master Curve for Prediction

Crystal nucleation plays a critical role in the stability of supercooled liquids and glasses and is often controlled through addition of polymers. A dissolved polymer alters both the thermodynamics and the kinetics of nucleation, but the current understanding of these effects is limited. The rate of crystal nucleation has been measured in two molecular liquids, d-sorbitol and d-arabitol, containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at different concentrations (0–15 wt %) and molecular weights (224 g/mol for the dimer up to 2 Mg/mol). We observe a significant inhibitory effect of PVP on crystal nucleation. Near the peak temperature for the nucleation rate (∼20 K above the glass transition temperature), 10 wt % PVP can slow down nucleation by approximately 1 order of magnitude, and the effect increases with polymer concentration exponentially and with molecular weight. Remarkably, the polymer effect on the nucleation rate is nearly the same as that on the crystal growth rate so that the ratio of the two rates is n.
Medicine and Slavery: The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia

'Widely regarded as the most comprehensive study of its kind, this volume offers valuable insight into the alleged medical differences between whites and blacks that translated as racial inferiority and were used to justify slavery and discrimination. In "Medicine and Slavery", Todd L. Savitt evaluates the diet, hygiene, clothing, and living and working conditions of antebellum African Americans, slave and free, and analyzes the diseases and health conditions that afflicted them in urban areas, at industrial sites, and on plantations'.
Spatial Distribution of Enzymes Immobilized in Mesoporous Silicas for Biocatalysis

Mesoporous silica (MPS) particles are promising materials for the immobilization of a variety of enzymes due to the possibility of tailoring their morphology and surface properties. A better understanding of the spatial distribution of enzymes immobilized in these materials is important for improved biocatalytic applications. In this work three types of MPS materials are compared for the immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): two ordered mesoporous silica type SBA-15 particles with 6.8 and 10 nm pore diameters and one mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) with a pore diameter of 26.8 nm and window diameter of 10.7 nm. Nitrogen sorption analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using immunogold staining (IGS) are used to study the immobilized amount and spatial distribution of ADH in the MPS. In the MCF the mesopore volume occupied by the enzymes measured by nitrogen sorption analysis agrees well with the calculated pore filling, which indicates that the amount of enzyme bound to the external surface is small as supported by TEM imaging showing an essentially even distribution in the MCF particles at least up to 2000 nm from the particle surface. In the case of SBA-15 with 6.8 nm pore size the ADH can enter the pores even though the pore size distribution is smaller than the hydrodynamic size of the protein, but the enzymes only penetrate to about 500 nm from the particle surface. With 10 nm pores the ADH penetrates further into SBA-15 but is still not evenly distributed. MCF can accommodate the largest amount of enzyme per gram of particles and still has a substantial fraction of its mesopore volume available, showing that MCF is a good host for the immobilization of large enzymes such as ADH.
Effects of Sleep and Fatigue on Soldiers Health Promoting Behaviors in Korean Army

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate sleep, fatigue, and the level of health promoting behaviors in Korean army soldiers. The factors influencing on health promoting behaviors of soldiers were also identified. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. Data was collected from 269 soldiers in four military units of Korea in July 2015. Verran and Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-Ⅱ were used. Results: The health promoting behaviors were significantly different by perceived health status (p<.001) and presence of fatigue (p<.001). There were significant correlations between quality of sleep, fatigue, and health promoting behaviors of the subjects. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the level of health promoting behaviors were lower in the subjects with high level of fatigue (p<.001) and with fair perceived health status (p=.003). Conclusion: In order to increase health promoting behaviors of soldiers, it takes into account of soldiers’ fatigue and perceived health status. Environmental arrangement for soldiers for the break time is needed urgently to decrease their fatigue as well as to improve their sleep quality.