Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of Spam Using Particle Swarm Optimisation in Feature Selection

Spamming is a major issue in the area of web search. There are many features (Link & Content based) which are used for spam and non-spam classification. This paper recommends CFS+PSO, which takes the advantages of swarm behaviour (uses randomness and global communication between particles) and Correlation Based Feature Selection Technique (CFS). The objective of feature selection is to build logical model with improved performance in time and accuracy. The performance of CFS+PSO is evaluated on WEBSPAM-UK2006 with Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), J48 & AdaBoost. Experimental results show great decline in existing features and computational time while increases in the accuracy measures (F 1 Score and AUC).
The Role of Garlic Extract on the Effect of Organic Pesticides on Murine Liver Cells

INTRODUCTION: Organophosphorus pesticides are most widely preferred pesticides owing to their efficiency, and known to have detrimental effects on various living organisms act by the inhibition of neuronal transmission 1 . Pesticide poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries 2 . The dependence on pesticides to increase agricultural yield is a steadily augmenting phenomenon and is the single most instrumental factor in causing accidental exposure as also the degradation of soil nutrients 3 . Chlorpyriphos causes degradation of hepatocytes and renal cells 4 . Moreover, liver and Kidney are the primary organs affected by pesticide poisoning 5 . Oxygen free radical (OFR) enzymatic scavenger such as SOD, GST, GR and GPx have all been observed to play a pivotal role in protection of the cellular system from various deleterious effect of free radicals induced by pesticides 6-8 . Antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic compounds are known to be present in commonly consumed vegetables, fruits, spices, nuts, vegetable oil, tea 9 . Garlic play an important role in dietary and medicinal, and recognized as a flavoring agent for food.
Direct Causation: A New Approach to an Old Question

Causative constructions come in lexical and periphrastic variants, exemplified in English by Sam killed Lee and Sam caused Lee to die. While use of the former, the lexical causative, entails the truth of the latter, an entailment in the other direction does not hold. The source of this asymmetry is commonly ascribed to the lexical causative having an additional prerequisite of “direct causation", such that the causative relation holds between a contiguous cause and effect (Fodor 1970, Katz 1970). However, this explanation encounters both empirical and theoretical problems (Nelleman & van der Koot 2012). To explain the source of the directness inferences (as well as other longstanding puzzles), we propose a formal analysis based on the framework of Structural Equation Models (SEMs) (Pearl 2000) which provides the necessary background for licensing causal inferences. Specifically, we provide a formalization of a 'sufficient set of conditions' within a model and demonstrate its role in the selectional parameters of causative descriptions. We argue that “causal sufficiency” is not a property of singular conditions, but rather sets of conditions, which are individually necessary but only sufficient when taken together (a view originally motivated in the philosophical literature by Mackie 1965). We further introduce the notion of a “completion event” of a sufficient set, which is critical to explain the particular inferential profile of lexical causatives. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: https://repository.upenn. edu/pwpl/vol26/iss1/4 Direct causation: A new approach to an old question Rebekah Baglini and Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal∗
IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY: REVIEW STUDY

-The evolving of Internet technology has achieved to the need of high level of data safety during its spread. For this purpose steganography shows a main role in society. Steganography is mostly the art of secretly hiding data or message in any cover media such as an image, audio or video. Hence it allows secret communiqué to take place without the information of any unintended user. This article gives a brief overview of image steganography and the techniques used for hiding data in the original image to get stego-image. The estimate of performance is based on the PSNR value.The aim of Steganography is to maintain secret communication between two events. This paper shows how Steganography is used in a new situation while providing a practical understanding of what Steganography is and how to complete it. In this research there exists a large change of steganographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different techniques have different requirements of the steganography method used. After studying and analyzing of the research papers, the following gaps are identified:1)theessential of multi-level key security with random key generation is arises so that the data security will become more robust.2)The length of the key should be maximized up to 256 to 512 bytes. 3)The grouping of cryptography with steganography is a stronger way to enhance the security.4)The uses of steganography ways with the help of image encryption enhance the retrieval complexity.This paperpresents a relative study of many procedure steganalysis techniques. It investigated and compared the performances of each technique in the detection of embedding methods considered. Based on the results of our analysis, this paper provides information as to which specific steganalysis technique needs to be used for a particular steganography method. Finally, we suggest a procedure which may help a legal examiner to agree an order in which different steganalysis methods need to be measured in the detection process to complete the best finding results in terms of together time and accuracy.
Seismic internal multiple attenuation based on constructing virtual events

The method of estimating internal multiple based on constructing virtual events is an extended result of Kirchhoff integral representation theorem.In this paper,the downward reflection point is shifted from subsurface to free surface skillfully by constructing virtual events,and then the internal multiple can be predicted simply by using surface scattering points without subsurface information.After estimation of multiple,a multi-channel L1 norm matching method is used to implement true amplitude multiple subtraction.In addition,the examples of seismic data processing results of a simple model and a South Yellow Sea geological model verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the method developed in this paper.
In silico analysis of fluoride transport proteins from prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

In silico analysis of Fluoride transporter proteins obtained from database are presented in this study. The composition of alanine and glycine was high while low concentrations of aspartic acid, cysteine and glutamine were seen when compared to other aminoacids. Molecular weight of fungal transporters was the highest while the bacterial showed relatively less molecular weights. The instability index of all the proteins was less than 40 showing that all of them are stable except that of Neurospora and Bifidobacterium. Aliphatic index was found to be within a range of 65 to 100.
Palaeoboganium gen. nov. from the Middle Jurassic of China (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Boganiidae): the first cycad pollinators?

Palaeoboganium jurassicum gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou formation in northern China. Palaeoboganium jurassicum is the first fossil representative of the enigmatic family Boganiidae, currently known from Gondwanan localities in South Africa, Australia and New Caledonia. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of adult external characters, Palaeoboganium is recovered as the sister group of Paracucujus Sen Gupta & Crowson and Metacucujus Endrödy-Younga & Crowson (Paracucujinae), whose adults pollinate cycads in Australia and South Africa. Based on phylogenetic evidence this taxon is suggested to be a potential pollinator of Jurassic cycads. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7EDB8295-5EF3-40ED-9A84-479AD23611AF
Response of Drought-Stressed Grafted and Nongrafted Tomato to Postemergence Metribuzin

Tomato grafting is practiced worldwide as an innovative approach to manage stress from drought, waterlogging, insects, and diseases. Metribuzin is a commonly used herbicide in tomato but has potential to cause injury after application if plants are under stress. The influence of metribuzin on grafted tomato under drought-stress has not been studied. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in Raleigh, NC to determine the tolerance of drought-stressed grafted and non-grafted tomato to metribuzin. The tomato cultivar ‘Amelia’ was used as the scion in grafted tomato, and for the non-grafted control. Two hybrid tomato ‘Beaufort’ and ‘Maxifort’ were used as rootstocks for grafted plants. Drought-stress treatments included: no drought-stress; 3 d of drought-stress before metribuzin application with no drought-stress after application (3 d DSB); and 3 d of drought-stress before metribuzin application with 3 d of drought-stress after application (3 d DSBA). Metribuzin was applied at 550 g ai ha-1. No difference in injury from metribuzin was observed in grafted and non-grafted plants. However, at 7 and 14 d after metribuzin treatment (DMT), less injury was observed on tomato in the 3 d DSBA treatment (5 and 2% injury, respectively) than on plants in the 3 d DSB treatment (15 and 8% injury, respectively) or those that were never drought-stressed (18 and 11% injury, respectively). Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance measured prior to metribuzin application were reduced similarly in grafted and non-grafted tomato subjected to drought-stress. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of grafted and non-grafted tomato at 7 DMT was not different among drought-stress treatments or metribuzin treatments. Grafted and non-grafted tomato plants under drought-stress exhibit similar tolerance to metribuzin. The risk of metribuzin injury to grafted tomato under drought-stress is similar to non-grafted tomato. Nomenclature: Metribuzin; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.
Assessing the potential of non-harmful, natural feeding deterrents tested on captive primates

ABSTRACT Crop damage by non-human primates can cause friction between local people, government wildlife agencies and conservationists. Consequently, developing effective, non-lethal methods to protect crops against primate foraging could benefit farmers, reduce conflicts between interest groups, and even promote primate conservation The purpose of this research was to (1) develop a simple, economical protocol for testing the deterrent properties of non-lethal plant substances on captive primates prior to testing in the field; (2) examine the preliminary effectiveness of neem (Azadirachta indica) and ocimum (Ocimum kilimandscharicum) essential oils, and spent coffee grounds (SCGs) as feeding deterrents in captive macaques. The test methods developed involved exposing primates to possible feeding deterrents whilst feeding and comparing to a control. This was used to identify likely repellent substances, which could then be tested in the field to determine their effectiveness against crop damage. SCGs were most effective at deterring the macaques; ocimum and neem essential oils were less effective, though animals appeared less willing to access food when protected by these oils than they were under control conditions.
Ecosystem services and disservices provided by small rodents in arable fields: Effects of local and landscape management

In agriculture, both valuable ecosystem services and unwanted ecosystem disservices can be produced by the same organism group. For example, small rodents can provide biological control through weed seed consumption but may also act as pests, causing crop damage. We studied the hypothesized causal relationships between ecosystem services (removal of weed seeds) and disservices (removal of wheat grains and crop damage) derived by small rodents (voles and mice) at multiple spatial scales. At the landscape scale, we studied the effects of landscape compositional and configurational heterogeneity on the abundance of voles and mice and their related ecosystem services and disservices along the former inner German border in east and west Germany. At the local scale, we studied how abundance and ecosystem functions are affected by management intensity (organic vs. conventional winter wheat), associated differences in crop characteristics and edge effects. Linear mixed-effects models and path analysis show that voles drove ecosystem disservices, but not ecosystem services, in agricultural fields. Daily wheat seed removal by voles was influenced by increasing wheat height and was almost three times higher than weed seed removal, which was not related to local- or landscape-scale effects. Abundance of voles and associated crop damage decreased with lower crop density and higher wheat height, which were associated with organic farming. Abundance of voles and crop damage were highest in conventional fields in west Germany. Synthesis and applications. As the ecosystem disservice of wheat seed consumption by small rodents must be considered mainly during crop sowing, management before crop harvest should focus on decreasing the pest potential of voles but not mice. Our results suggest that densities of voles and their ecosystem disservices could be reduced by having fields with low crop density and high wheat height, practices associated with organic farming. Surrounding landscapes with low compositional and configurational heterogeneity could further reduce voles’ pest potential, but with probable negative effects on farmland biodiversity.
Micro-engineered substrates as bone extracellular matrix mimics

Actually, it is well-established that maintaining the stemness character of stem cells or eliciting their lineage-specific differentiation is closely related to the nature of their microenvironment, known as stem cell niche. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a key component of stem cell niche, not only provides a support function for stem cells but also dictates their fate decision. From a rational point of view, a biomaterial intended to replace a damaged tissue should mimic the natural ECM in all its aspects, including its biochemistry, 3D structure, topography, porosity, rigidity…. etc. Unfortunately, the design of biomaterials that fully mimic the natural ECM is still a big challenge, due to its high structural and functional complexity. Towards the development of finely-tuned biomaterials, it seems important to start by deconstructing and then reconstructing the complexity of the ECM. In this context, the thesis project, herein, seeks to evaluate both the individual and the synergistic effect of different properties inherent to the natural ECM on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) osteogenic differentiation. Indeed, we investigated whether the biochemical composition of the ECM and the spatial distribution of its components modulate hMSCs osteogenesis. This was achieved by creating different artificial ECMs, in vitro, containing RGD and/or BMP-2 mimetic peptides, distributed randomly or as specific micropatterns on the surface of a model material.
The genetic profiles of two salmonid populations from Romania obtained through nuclear markers analysis

The Salmonidae fish family is well represented in Romanian fauna, with a total of six species in the wild and reared in fish farms. Among them, the brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) can be found in all major Romanian river basins. However, anthropogenic activities might disrupt salmonids’ habitats, so that inbreeding and genetic isolation might easily occur in the wild populations. We analyzed two wild brown trout populations from rivers targeted by anthropogenic activities, by using nuclear markers and genotyping in order to observe their genetic structure. We analyzed nine microsatellites and we observed their alleles frequencies, number of private alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity, as well as their population structure. The two populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for most of the loci and the inbreeding coefficient for both populations suggests a heterozygote deficit. Further sequencing data are needed in order to have a better view upon their complete genetic structure.
Endophytic Yeasts Colonize Roots of Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. and Quercus salicina Blume

BACKGROUND: Identification and characterization of endophytic yeasts inhabiting the roots of Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. and Quercus salicina Blume require biotechnological and culture-based techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS: Homogenized U. parvifolia and Q. salicina root samples were spread onto four types of agar medium containing ancgtibiotics, L-sorbose, and Triton X-100. In total, 25 yeast strains were isolated and subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on their internal transcribed spacer region sequences. The results revealed that the yeast genera Cyberlindnera (12 isolates) and Cryptococcus (1 isolate) were associated with roots of U. parvifolia ; and the genera Rhodotorula (8 isolates), Trichosporon (3 isolates), and Kluyveromyces (1 isolate) were associated with roots of Q. salicina . Additionally, a Kluyveromyces isolate produced a detectable level of bioethanol. The yeast strains reported herein may be used in industrial production of biosurfactants and bioethanol. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that the endophytic yeast genera Cyberlindnera and Cryptococcus predominated in roots of U. parvifolia ; and the genera Rhodotorula (8 isolates), Trichosporon (3 isolates), and Kluyveromyces (1 isolate) predominated in roots of Q. salicina . Additionally, Kluyveromyces isolates produced a detectable level of bioethanol.
Predicting Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Winter Mortality in Connecticut Forests by Climate Divisions

Abstract Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) is a devastating non-native pest of North American Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) and Tsuga caroliniana (Carolina Hemlock). I analyzed 15 years of data collected during the period 2000–2015 to determine important winter variables influencing HWA mortality in the 3 Connecticut climatic divisions. Absolute minimum daily winter temperature, the number of subzero days (temperature drops below -17.8 °C [0 °F]), and a new interaction variable—negative degree days (NDD)—were identified as significant predictors of HWA winter mortality. The absolute minimum daily winter temperature was the most critical factor. Minimum daily winter temperatures of -24 °C, 5.5 subzero days, and -130 NDD in Division 1(Northwest); -22.4 °C, 6 subzero days, and -100 NDD in Division 2 (Central); and -21.2 °C, 2.6 subzero days, and -45 NDD in Division 3 (Coastal) resulted in 90% HWA mortality. Patterns of HWA winter mortality in coastal Division 3 were distinct from the interior and suggest cold adaptation in northern interior populations. Recent, consecutive, arctic cold air outbreaks associated with weak polar vortex events have greatly reduced HWA populations statewide, with implications for the survival, spread, and control of HWA in the northeastern US.
Genome-wide divergence among invasive populations of Aedes aegypti in California

In the summer of 2013, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus was first detected in three cities in central California (Clovis, Madera and Menlo Park). It has now been detected in multiple locations in central and southern CA as far south as San Diego and Imperial Counties. A number of published reports suggest that CA populations have been established from multiple independent introductions. Here we report the first population genomics analyses of Ae. aegypti based on individual, field collected whole genome sequences. We analyzed 46 Ae. aegypti genomes to establish genetic relationships among populations from sites in California, Florida and South Africa. We identified 3 major genetic clusters within California; one that includes all sample sites in the southern part of the state (South of Tehachapi mountain range) plus the town of Exeter in central California and two additional clusters in central California. A lack of concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genealogies suggests that the three founding populations were polymorphic for two main mitochondrial haplotypes prior to being introduced to California. One of these has been lost in the Clovis populations, possibly by a founder effect. Genome-wide comparisons indicate extensive differentiation between genetic clusters. Our observations support recent introductions of Ae. aegypti into California from multiple, genetically diverged source populations. Our data reveal signs of hybridization among diverged populations within CA. Genetic markers identified in this study will be of great value in pursuing classical population genetic studies which require larger sample sizes.
Experimental nutrient enrichment of forest streams increases energy flow to predators along greener food‐web pathways

Nutrient enrichment is a key stressor of lakes and streams globally, affecting the relative availability of important basal resources such as algae and detritus. These effects are controlled by responses of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms that subsequently affect primary consumers and higher level predators. Despite the potential for propagation of these bottom-up effects, few studies have examined how nutrients affect “green” (autotrophic) versus “brown” (heterotrophic) energy pathways to predators via changes in the quantity or type of prey consumed. We studied the pathways by which nutrient enrichment affected two predatory salamander species (Desmognathus quadramaculatus and Eurycea wilderae) using detailed diet analyses before and during 2-year nutrient additions to five headwater forest streams. The streams were continuously enriched with different concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), creating relatively greater N or P concentrations and distinct N:P ratios (2:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1 and 128:1) in each stream. Nutrient addition resulted in greater prey number, size and biomass consumed by D. quadramaculatus, an effect driven more by P than by N additions. Some of these effects were greater in the second year of enrichment and were greater for larger individuals. Shifts in the prey composition of D. quadramaculatus included increases in algivores and decreases in detritivores, tracking observed treatment effects on basal resource quantity (e.g. algivore abundance in guts was related to algal biomass, which increased with enrichment, and detritivore abundance in guts was related to detrital standing stocks, which declined with enrichment). For E. wilderae diets, there was limited evidence for increased prey size and number, or for alteration of prey composition with enrichment despite evidence of increased larval growth. We hypothesise that body size differences between the two salamander species partially explain their different dietary responses to enrichment. Our results show that nutrient addition, primarily of P, affected the quantity and composition of predator diets in our nutrient-poor streams. These effects on diet were consistent with concurrent studies showing that P enrichment resulted in faster growth of salamanders and occurred partly via effects on algal biofilm or “green” food-web pathways, despite the dominance of detrital or “brown” resources in our heavily shaded forest stream sites. Thus, nutrient enrichment can promote algae- versus detritus-based energy-flow pathways in nominally light-limited stream ecosystems, with associated changes in food-web characteristics and function.