Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Effect of Control-Point Spacing on the Multisolution Phenomenon in the P3P Problem

The perspective 3-point (P3P) problem, also known as pose estimation, has its origins in camera calibration and is of importance in many fields: for example, computer animation, automation, image analysis, and robotics. One possibility is to formulate it mathematically in terms of finding the solution to a quartic equation. However, there is yet no quantitative knowledge as to how control-point spacing affects the solution structure—in particular, the multisolution phenomenon. Here, we consider this problem through an algebraic analysis of the quartic’s coefficients and its discriminant and find that there are significant variations in the likelihood of two or four solutions, depending on how the spacing is chosen. The analysis indicates that although it is never possible to remove the occurrence of the four-solution case completely, it could be possible to choose spacings that would maximize the occurrence of two real solutions. Moreover, control-point spacing is found to impact significantly on the reality conditions for the solution of the quartic equation.
Confinement and local transport in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)

The NSTX operates at low aspect ratio (R/a ∼ 1.3) and high beta (up to 40%), allowing tests of global confinement and local transport properties that have been established from higher aspect ratio devices. The NSTX plasmas are heated by up to 7 MW of deuterium neutral beams with preferential electron heating as expected for ITER. Confinement scaling studies indicate a strong BT dependence, with a current dependence that is weaker than that observed at higher aspect ratio. Dimensionless scaling experiments indicate a strong increase in confinement with decreasing collisionality and a weak degradation with beta. The increase in confinement with BT is due to reduced transport in the electron channel, while the improvement with plasma current is due to reduced transport in the ion channel related to the decrease in the neoclassical transport level. Improved electron confinement has been observed in plasmas with strong reversed magnetic shear, showing the existence of an electron internal transport barrier (eITB). The development of the eITB may be associated with a reduction in the growth of microtearing modes in the plasma core. Perturbative studies show that while L-mode plasmas with reversed magnetic shear and an eITB exhibit slow changes in across the profile after the pellet injection, H-mode plasmas with a monotonic q-profile and no eITB show no change in this parameter after pellet injection, indicating the existence of a critical gradient that may be related to the q-profile. Both linear and non-linear simulations indicate the potential importance of electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes at the lowest BT. Localized measurements of high-k fluctuations exhibit a sharp decrease in signal amplitude levels across the L–H transition, associated with a decrease in both ion and electron transport, and a decrease in calculated linear microinstability growth rates across a wide k-range, from the ion temperature gradient/TEM regime up to the ETG regime.
High-throughput proteomics : optical approaches.

Realistic cell models could greatly accelerate our ability to engineer biochemical pathways and the production of valuable organic products, which would be of great use in the development of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and the crops for the next green revolution. However, this level of engineering will require a great deal more knowledge about the mechanisms of life than is currently available. In particular, we need to understand the interactome (which proteins interact) as it is situated in the three dimensional geometry of the cell (i.e., a situated interactome), and the regulation/dynamics of these interactions. Methods for optical proteomics have become available that allow the monitoring and even disruption/control of interacting proteins in living cells. Here, a range of these methods is reviewed with respect to their role in elucidating the interactome and the relevant spatial localizations. Development of these technologies and their integration into the core competencies of research organizations can position whole institutions and teams of researchers to lead in both the fundamental science and the engineering applications of cellular biology. That leadership could be particularly important with respect to problems of national urgency centered around security, biofuels, and healthcare.
ROLE OF IRON IN PLANT GROWTH AND METABOLISM

Iron is an essential micronutrient for almost all living organisms because of it plays critical role in metabolic processes such as DNA synthesis, respiration, and photosynthesis. Further, many metabolic pathways are activated by iron, and it is a prosthetic group constituent of many enzymes. An imbalance between the solubility of iron in soil and the demand for iron by the plant are the primary causes of iron chlorosis. Although abundant in most well-aerated soils, the biological activity of iron is low because it primarily forms highly insoluble ferric compounds at neutral pH levels. Iron plays a significant role in various physiological and biochemical pathways in plants. It serves as a component of many vital enzymes such as cytochromes of the electron transport chain, and it is thus required for a wide range of biological functions. In plants, iron is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll, and it is essential for the maintenance of chloroplast structure and function. There are seven transgenic approaches and combinations, which can be used to increase the concentration of iron in rice seeds. The first approach involves enhancing iron accumulation in rice seeds by expressing the ferritin gene under the control of endosperm-specific promoters. The second approach is to increase iron concentrations in rice through overexpression of the nicotianamine synthase gene (NAS). Nicotianamine, which is a chelator of metal cations, such as Fe+2 and zinc (Zn+2), is biosynthesized from methionine via S-adenosyl methionine synthase. The third approach is to increase iron concentrations in rice and to enhance iron influx to seeds by expressing the Fe+2- nicotianamine transporter gene OsYSL2. The fourth approach to iron biofortification involves enhancing iron uptake and translocation by introducing genes responsible for biosynthesis of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs). The fifth approach to enhance iron uptake from soil is the over expression of the OsIRT1 or OsYSL15 iron transporter genes. The sixth approach to enhanced iron uptake and translocation is overexpression of the iron homeostasis-related transcription factor OsIRO2. OsIRO2 is responsible for the regulation of key genes involved in MAs-related iron uptake. The seventh approach to enhanced iron translocation from flag leaves to seeds utilizes the knockdown of the vacuolar iron transporter gene OsVIT1 or OsVIT2. The present review discusses iron toxicity in plants with regard to plant growth and metabolism, metal interaction, iron-acquisition mechanisms, biofortification of iron, plant-iron homeostasis, gene function in crop improvement, and micronutrient interactions.
Study on the decomposition of the amadori compound N‐(1‐deoxy‐D‐fructos‐1‐y1)‐glycine in model systems: Quantification by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry

A new method for the quantification of N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-glycine (DFG) was developed based on isotope dilution fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry using 13C-labelled DFG as an internal standard. This method, which requires neither derivatization nor clean-up of the samples, was used to study the degradation of DFG under different conditions (time and pH). It was found that the decomposition of DFG at 90°C was favoured at pH 7 compared to pH 6. The higher stability of DFG at pH 6 was due to 1,2-enolization leading to the relatively stable 3-deoxglucosone.
Using Two Pedotransfer Functions to Estimate Soil Moisture Retention Curves From One Experimental Site of South Moravia

KAMENICKOVA IVANA, LARISOVA LUCIE. 2014. Using Two Pedotransfer Functions to Estimate Soil Moisture Retention Curves From One Experimental Site of South Moravia. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 62(3): 501–506. The soil moisture retention curves (SMRCs) were measured in laboratory conditions. The sand table and pressure extractor method were used to obtain a 9-point SMRCs for undisturbed soil samples taken from 20 cm depth. The data points of the individual retention curves were parameterized using the RETC computer program. For the same soil, the SMRCs were estimated by two models of pedotransfer functions (PTFs). In the fi rst part of the study the Rosetta program with the model of artifi cial neural network (Schaap et al., 1998) was used. The PTFs derived by Wosten et al. (1998) were used in the second part of the study. The reliability of selected PTFs models were tested on local soils from one site of the South Moravia. The quality of estimated retention curves was evaluated using the coeffi cient for correlation R between the measured and the estimated soil water content at several pF values and the root mean squared error RMSE. Of the two models of PTFs, which have been tested in the study, Wosten’s model showed better agreement with the measured retention curves (RMSESch = 0.0383 (cm 3.cm−3), RMSEW = 0.0264 (cm 3.cm−3)).
CORRUPTION, MILITARY SPENDING AND GROWTH

This paper considers the effect of corruption and military spending on economic growth, analysing both the direct impact of public spending and the effect of allocating resources between categories of public spending within the framework of an endogenous growth model. The model exhibits non-linearities as a result of the links between the components of public spending, corruption and economic growth. The main findings of the empirical analysis confirm the expectation that corruption and military burden lower the growth rate of gross domestic product per capita. They also suggest that when the effect of the complementarity between military spending and corruption is omitted, as in most studies, the impact of military burden on economic performance is underestimated.
The Potato Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans Mont de Bary as Selection Factor of Phurejas Potatoes ( Solanum phureja Juz et Buk) in Endemic Areas of the Bolivian Andes

Phurejas potatoes (Solanum phureja Juz et Buk) are cultivated in very restricted areas of the Bolivian Andes. Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a destructive, endemic disease that affects the survival and cultivation of this crop. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance characteristics of phurejas potato varieties to P. infestans in a traditional area of cultivation. An experimental plot was prepared in the locality of Chojchoni (3200 m) and planted with different phurejas varieties: 1) Chojllu Phureja (Sste); 2) Phureja Amarilla (Sphu); 3) Polo Phureja (Sphu); 4) Phureja Roja (Sphu); 5) Phureja Negra (Sphu) and 6) Waych’a Pacena (Sadg), a susceptible control. Severity was assessed according to the criteria of the Centro Internacional dela Papa, determining the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Regression analysis (logN disease severity against time) was performed using the logistic model [ln(y/1 - y)] to determine infection rates. The different varieties showed different levels of resistance. The disease progress curve, the AUDPC and the linear regression results revealed the varieties Chojllu Phureja, Phureja Amarilla and Polo Phureja to likely have larger copy numbers of minor resistance genes against P. infestans than Phureja Roja or Phureja Negra. Late blight caused by P. infestans could cause the long-term loss of some phurejas varieties through farmers selecting others less severely affected by the disease.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Buyers and Sellers on Search Advertising Revenues in Business-to-Business Electronic Platforms

Platform companies such as Alibaba.com increasingly rely on search advertising as a revenue source. This study examines (1) the direct effect of new and existing buyers and sellers on platform advertising revenue, (2) their indirect effect through two intermediary performance variables (buyer's click rate and seller's click price), and (3) how the effects differ between launch and mature stages of the search advertising service. Unique data collected from a leading transactional business-to-business electronic platform suggest that new buyers click on more search advertisements than existing buyers, especially after the firm's buyers and sellers have learned and adapted to the service (mature stage). New sellers tend to outbid existing sellers in the mature stage, but the opposite is true when the service is newly introduced (launch stage). Because existing sellers can more effectively send quality signals in the launch stage, attracting existing, rather than new, sellers has a greater effect on click rate in the launch stage; however, the opposite is true in the mature stage. Attracting new buyers also has a greater effect on click rate and price, especially in the mature stage. Finally, using cost data from the platform, this article examines the economic returns of attracting new and existing buyers and sellers with respect to advertising revenue.
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL FOR MONITORING A DIFFUSION PROCESS

This study presents a new statistical process control (SPC) procedure for a process together with degradation and diffusion effects. One of such examples is the initial cool-down process of high-pressure hose production. The air temperature readings during the initial cool-down process often exhibit a non-increasing trend with a diffusion effect in that profiles generated from cycle to cycle deviate from each other more over time. A new charting procedure using the Wiener diffusion model is developed in this article. A real data set, generated from the cool-down process of high-pressure hose production, is used to demonstrate the application of proposed method.
GEOTHERMAL SPACE HEATING AND THERMAL STORAGE USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL IN CHUMATHANG, INDIA

The present work discusses utilization of geothermal energy for space heating in combination with a phase change energy storage system. The thermodynamics and thermoeconomics of the combined heating and thermal storing system were studied to show the scope of energy storage and cost savings. The analysis was done taking the second law of efficiency into consideration since the second law represents the true flow of energy. Results show the scope of utilization of phase change material for low ambient temperature conditions.
Managing Experience And Knowledge In High-Tech Building Project Using Knowledge Map Approach

Knowledge management involves creating, securing, capturing, coordinating, combining, retrieving and distributing knowledge. The knowledge can be reused and shared among the involved engineers and experts to improve the construction process and reduce the time and cost of solving problems. This paper proposes a new and practical methodology to capture and represent construction project knowledge by using network knowledge maps approach. Using Network Knowledge Maps (NKM), users can get an overview of available and missing knowledge in core project areas and take appropriate management in tacit and explicit knowledge. This study addresses application of knowledge management in the construction phase of construction projects and proposes a construction Map-based Knowledge Management (MBKM) concept and system for subcontractors. The MBKM system is then applied in selected cases study of a High-Tech factory building enterprise in Taiwan to verify our proposed methodology and demonstrate the effectiveness of sharing knowledge special in the construction phase. By effectively using information and web technologies during the construction phase of a project, knowledge can be captured and managed to benefit future projects. The combined results demonstrate that, an MBKM-like system can be an effective tool for construction knowledge managements in construction industries by utilizing the map-based knowledge management approach and web technology.
Enzyme-Containing Paints Inhibit the Growth of Marine Microorganisms

A new strategy to prevent the biofouling of water-submerged surfaces is presented here. In particular, the authors show that carbonic anydrase from Methanosarcina thermophila can be entrapped into polyacrylic paints, preserving enzyme activity. In addition, the authors also show that enzyme-containing paints inhibit the growth of marine microorganims, preventing biofouling.
Non-LTE line transfer with spatially correlated turbulence: Fluctuation against average emergent radiation field

The increasing interest in using turbulence to explain anomalies observed in stellar spectral lines is discussed. This turbulence occurs at a nite spatial scale, a key parameter. In our previous work on non-LTE radiation transfer in the presence of a turbulent velocity eld (Loucif & Magnan 1982), we calculated individual proles representing intensity fluctuations around the averaged line shape for photon diusion with complete redistribution in frequency (CFR), a function well-adapted to media where collisional excitations dominate. We now generalize the problem by accounting for partial redistribution in frequency (PFR). To show the eect of the spatial correlation in the velocity eld on the emergent line proles as well as the importance of fluctuations in the medium's optical properties against the average, exhaustive calculations of emergent non-LTE line proles are performed in the frame of a systematic comparison between the two processes of redistribution for the three following cases: static medium, averaged turbulent medium, and deviation from the average. In all cases, we conrm the dierences and similarities in CFR and PFR descriptions previously derived for static media. These results seem reasonable since light scattering occurs at the atomic level{a scale well below the macroscopic size of the turbulence scale length. In addition, pronounced dierences in the emergent radiation eld are obtained between the average case and the so-called deviation from average for both frequency redistribution functions. These systematic dierences rule out classical treatment of line formation in turbulent elds that assume averaged media to model observations obtained over an exposure time shorter than the turbulent eld time scale (t l=VT). Beyond the dierent assumptions made to describe the non-LTE line formation in a turbulent medium, our model provides a simple and coherent description of realistic media applicable to dierent astrophysical observational backgrounds. For this purpose, a unied picture is proposed for the radiation eld formation, invoking mainly the medium opacity, the turbulence correlation length, and the velocity. Observations of variable objects, or along extended lines of sights, allowing a high probability for such deviations to occur (e.g., quasars), are suitable for application of our model.
Artificial neural network modeling of methane emissions at Istanbul Kemerburgaz-Odayeri landfill site

This study reports on Istanbul Kemerburgaz-Odayeri (Turkey) solid waste landfills, models CH 4 , CO 2 , CO. atmospheric temperature parameters of this area, and predicts CH 4 using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Here, ANN structure employs 4 input, 10 hidden and 1 output neurons. In order to evaluate performance of ANN model, statistical performance indices between real and estimated data have been measured and the correlation is found as 0.983 and 0.806 for training and testing respectively.
PRESENCE OF A RECOMBINANT ISOLATE OF PLUM POX VIRUS IN APULIA

During spring 2003, a small focus of infection by Plum pox virus (PPV) that involved four trees was discovered in an apricot orchard in the Province of Brindisi (Apulia, southern Italy). Virus isolates from all these trees were serologically typed by DASI-ELISA using four strain-specific monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). One isolate (PPV-BR) was also characterized by RFLP analysis of PCR products derived from two genome regions, i.e. coat protein (CP) and P3-6K1. PPV-BR proved to be a recombinant as it typed as PPV-M by strain-specific Mabs and RFLP analysis of the CP gene, but as PPVD by analysis of the P3-6K1 gene. Sequence analysis of the (Cter)NIb-(Nter)CP region of this recombinant showed that the recombination breakpoint was located in the C terminus of the NIb gene, as has been reported for other recognized PPV recombinants. This represents the first record of a recombinant isolate of PPV from Italy.
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS ON WEEDS IN POTATO ( SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L . ) CULTIVATION IN ARDABIL PROVINCE , IRAN

Potato is one of the most important crops in Iran and on average, this crop is affected annually by weeds damage which must be prevented by various control methods. Crop residues and other types of mulches are non-chemical methods of weed control in sustainable agricultural systems. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of chemical and non-chemical control methods on weeds in potato crop. An experiment was conducted in 2015 in two agricultural research stations of Alarogh and Samian in Ardabil city in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were as follows: 1) Trifluralin herbicide, 2) Metribuzin herbicide, 3) cultivator, 4) wheat straw mulch, 5) canola straw mulch, 6) black plastic mulch, 7) transparent plastic mulch 8) weed infested and 9) weed free. Based on results, all treatments were affected by weed control methods (P≤ 0.01), so that Shannon-Wiener index treatment was (P≤ 0.05). The greatest diversity of Shannon-Wiener index measured in present experiment was observed in weed infested treatment (average comparison by Duncan test). The treatments of Trifluralin herbicide, cultivator and transparent plastic mulch after the weed infested treatment had the highest species diversity. The lowest density of weeds was related to the wheat straw mulch. Most weeds density was counted as 99.1 plants/m 2 of weed infested treatment. The wheat straw mulch deceased weeds density as 84% compared to weed infested. The canola straw mulch also was deceased weeds density as 79% comparing to weed infested. However, weed biomass in the treatments of transparent and black plastic mulch compared to the weed infested treatment had the highest weeds biomass as 48 and 40%, respectively. The lowest weed biomass was observed in canola and wheat mulch by 16 and 18% after the weed infested. It can be conducted that, the use of plant mulches or residues can provide more proper control of weeds compared to the use of herbicide and the use of plant mulches reduces use of herbicides.
Effect of inclusion of NDF in ration of Bergamasca ewes in lactation about the milk production and composition

Ruminant milk composition is directly affected by diet, which can interfere in rumen fermentation and in the availability of precursors for the synthesis of fat, protein and lactose. This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on dry matter intake, feed efficiency, milk production and composition of Bergamacia ewes. Sixteen lactating ewes were divided into four 4x4 Latin squares. The experimental diets consisted of protein concentrate and alfalfa hay. Concentrate:forage ratios varied according to treatment, to achieve the required levels of NDF: (T1) 23%, (T2) 32%, (T3) 41% and (T4) 50% NDF in total ration. The ewes were milked twice a day in a milking machine. Milk samples were collected for two days in each sub-period to determinate the composition by infrared method. There was a linear effect (P<0.01) in milk production and average daily production efficiency (P<0.02) with the inclusion of fiber in the diet. A quadratic effect was observed for DMI (1.69, 1.71, 1.58 and 1.32 kilograms). Increasing fiber in the diet reduced milk production without altering its composition. The maximum intake was achieved at 37.8% NDF in the ration.