Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CROSS-REACTIVE DETERMINANTS BETWEEN PRIMATE

Past observations on serologic cross-reactions between malarias of different species indicated that malaria parasites have common antigenic determinants (interspecies antigens) (I, 2). However, the molecular nature and subcellular localization of interspecies antigens have never been determined. Such an analysis is complicated by the fact that the malaria parasite has morphologically distinct stages in its life cycle (i.e., sporozoites, asexual erythrocytic parasites, and gametes). Furthermore, antigens of a particular stage may be on the surface or located internally. Even asexual erythrocytic parasites, the focus of this study, have developmental stages. On invasion of an erythrocyte, the merozoite rapidly transforms into a ring form. Developmental stages include the trophozoite and the schizont, the latter stage being a dividing parasite that contains, at full maturation, individual merozoites. When the infected erythrocyte ruptures, the released merozoites have a short extracellular life in the plasma before invading other erythrocytes. New antigens are expressed as the parasite develops from its ring form to the schizont stage (3). Parasite antigens also appear on the erythrocyte membrane as the intraerythrocytic parasite matures (4). Extracellular merozoites are antigenically similar to schizont-infected erythrocytes (3). Recently, Schmidt-Ullrich et al. (5) demonstrated that malaria antigens in the infected erythrocyte membrane from the Malaysian and Philippine strains of Plasmodium knowlesi had common antigenic determinants. Importantly, these surface determinants were the main antigens recognized by antibodies in sera from monkeys rendered immune by prior P. knowlesi infection. These observations raised the possibility that surface antigens on extracellular merozoites, as well as membranes of infected erythrocytes, even from different species of malaria may have determinants in common. In the present study we have determined the cross-reactivity between surface antigens on P. knowlesi merozoites and P. falciparum schizont-infected erythrocytes. Sera from adults who live in the Gambia, an area of West Africa hyperendemic for P. falciparum malaria, bind to the surface of intact P. knowlesi merozoites, although Gambian adults have never been exposed to this Asian malaria of monkeys. In addition, antibodies in the sera form complexes with the Triton X-100 (Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.) -solubilized surface determinants from P. knowlesi merozoites. Triton extracts from P. falciparum schizonts inhibited the immune reaction between
Vocalizations of the white-breasted nuthatch

The White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) is the most widespread nuthatch in North America and has been the subject of several studies (Tyler 1916; Kilham 1968, 1972, 1981; Long 1982). Each study has included descriptions of, and proposed functions for, some of this nuthatch's vocalizations. However, none of these works featured a description of the complete vocal repertoire. Herein I describe and analyze all known vocalizations of the Whitebreasted Nuthatch. A description of the behavioral context of these vocalizations is presented, and possible functions are suggested.
I. DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PLAQUE-FORMING CELL RESPONSES TO THE RANDOM TERPOLYMER L-GLUTAMIC ACID6°-L-ALANINE3°-L-TYRoSINEI° (GAT) BY MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS IN VITRO* BY JUDITH A. KAPP, CARL W. PIERCE,:~ AND BARUJ BENACERRAF

The immune responses of inbred strains of mice to certain synthetic polypeptide antigens are controlled by dominant immune response (It) I genes which are closely linked to genes controlling expression of the major histocompatibility antigens (1, 2). The antibody response in mice to one of these antigens, the random terpolymer of L-glutamic acid6°-I,-alaninea°-L-tyrosine 1° (GAT), is an "all-or-none" response (3, 4). After injection of GAT in Maal0x-pertussis anti-GAT antibody is produced by mice with the 11-2 genotypes a, b, d, or k (responder strains), whereas no detectable antibody to GAT is produced by mice with 11-2 genotypes p, q, or s (nonresponde'r strains). However, both responder and nonresponder strains produce anti-GAT antibodies after immunization with GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA) (5, 6).
syngeneity requirements in the induction and effector phase of the anti-H-Y cytotoxic response, as well as by the lack of immunogenicity of H-Y antigen

The male specific antigen, H-Y, which is encoded or controlled by gene(s) situated in the Y chromosome (1), has its probable physiological function in the development of maleness (2). But it is also a weak transplantation antigen which may cause skin graft rejection and the production of cytotoxic T cells (1, 3). The cytotoxic response to H-Y in mice is H-2-restricted in the manner first described by Doherty et al. (4) for viruses, and Shearer et al. (5) for haptenmodified autologous cells. The cytotoxic responses against other minor histocompatibility antigens seem to have similar requirements of syngeneity for cytotoxicity to occur (6). The production of cytotoxic cells against H-Y antigens is under the control of I r genes, and there appear to be two kinds of gene regulating this response: the H-2 b haplotype contains gene(s) which enable the production of cytotoxic cells in in vitro secondary responses (7), whereas mice of all other independent haplotypes tested so far have failed to respond (3). This trait of the H-2 b haplotype seems to be dominant: F1 hybrids with one H-2 b parent are able to produce anti-H-Y cytotoxic cells against both the H-2 b parent and the nonresponder parent (8). The mating of two nonresponder strains may also produce F1 mice which are responders, thus indicating the presence of complementary I r genes (9, 10). We have previously shown that both the dominant gene(s) of the H-2 b haplotype and the complementary genes of other haplotypes are located in the H-2 complex and at least one of the complementary genes is in the IC region (10). The mapping of these Ir genes is complicated by the H 2 K and/or H-2D syngeneity requirements in the induction and effector phase of the anti-H-Y cytotoxic response, as well as by the lack of immunogenicity of H-Y antigen associated with certain K and D end antigens (10). But by using appropriate F1 hybrids, we are now able to demonstrate that the dominant I r gene(s) of the H2 b haplotype is located in the IA region, whereas at least some of the complementary I r genes are located in the IC region.
Results Time Course of VDJ Gene Diversification in B Cells of Young Rabbits

Rabbits are born with a limited VDJ gene repertoire formed primarily by rearrangement of one V H gene, VH1. The VDJ genes are undiversified at birth but become diversified by ,'-~2 mo of age. To investigate more closely the time during which this diversity occurs, we determined the nucleotide sequences of VDJ genes from peripheral blood leukocytes taken from young rabbits at various time points, and we examined the extent of the diversification of the VDJ genes. At 4 wk of age there were, on average, 3 nucleotide changes per VH region, with "~ of the genes showing some diversification. The number of nucleotide changes per V n region increased to 12 by 6-8 wk of age, and all but I of the 35 sequences analyzed were diversified. Because only a limited number of genes can be examined by nucleotide sequence analysis, we used an RNase protection assay to examine a large number of genes and we determined the level of undiversified VH1 m R N A in lymphoid organs of both young and adult rabbits. In young rabbits, we found a high level ofundiversified VDJ genes, but the level was greatly reduced by 2 mo of age. By adulthood, essentially all VDJ genes of cells from appendix, peripheral blood, and bone marrow were diversified. Because we had expected B lymphopoiesis to be ongoing in the bone marrow of adult rabbits, we were surprised not to find undiversified VDJ genes from the newly generated B cells. Therefore, we searched for evidence of ongoing B lymphopoiesis in bone marrow by isolating and examining circular DNA for the presence of VD and DJ recombination signal joints. We found highly reduced levels of recombination signal joints in bone marrow of adult rabbits relative to the levels found in bone marrow of newborn rabbits. These data indicate that limited VD and DJ gene rearrangements occur in bone marrow of adult rabbits, and we therefore suggest that B lymphopoiesis is limited in adults.
Microtubules Polymerized from Beef Brain Tubulin

the pituitary to respond to secretory stimuli. The mechanism of this enhancement is not clear, and the biochemistry of the events which intervene between the addition of prostaglandin E2 or increase in the K + concentration and the release of growth hormone is equally not known. Prostaglandin E2 may act by increasing the concentration of cyclic A M P in the pituitary (2), and high K § leads to depolarization (6) and increased Ca 2+ incorporation (11) without changing the cyclic A M P concentration (10). Since pronase potentiates the effect of both stimuli it is probable that it affects a fundamental property of the secretory system, for example, membrane Ca 2+ permeability. Alternatively, since the release of growth hormone is known to be inhibited by the hypothalamic peptide somatostatin (i), pronase could increase release by destruction of somatostatin present in the tissue at the t ime it was removed from the animal.
An Experience Report on Applying Passive Learning in a Large-Scale Payment Company

Passive learning techniques infer graph models on the behavior of a system from large trace logs. The research community has been dedicating great effort in making passive learning techniques more scalable and ready to use by industry. However, there is still a lack of empirical knowledge on the usefulness and applicability of such techniques in large scale real systems. To that aim, we conducted action research over nine months in a large payment company. Throughout this period, we iteratively applied passive learning techniques with the goal of revealing useful information to the development team. In each iteration, we discussed the findings and challenges to the expert developer of the company, and we improved our tools accordingly. In this paper, we present evidence that passive learning can indeed support development teams, a set of lessons we learned during our experience, a proposed guide to facilitate its adoption, and current research challenges.
T H E EFFECT OF BORDETELLA P E R T U S S I S ON LYMPHOCYTE CYCLIC AMP METABOLISM* BY CHARLES W. PARKER~ AND STEPHEN I. MORSE

In recent years BordetelIa perlussis (or soluble products obtained from fluid cultures of this organism) has been shown to have potent biological activity in mice and rats. Thus, pertussis-treated animals exhibit the following : (a) marked leukocytosis (1, 2) ; (b) an increase in sensitivity to the lethal effects of histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, bradykinin, endotoxin, and a variety of nonspecific stimuli such as cold stress (3); (c) potentiation of the immune response with selective stimulation of homocytotropic antibody synthesis (4, 5); (d) a decreased physiological and metabolic response to the intravenous injection of epinephrine (5, 6). The reduction in epinephrine responsiveness has been interpreted as being due to/3 adrenergic blockade, and has led to speculation that alterations in adrenergic responsiveness might underlie other biological effects of the organism (5). Since adrenergic agents exert their effects on cells by producing changes in intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations, it would be desirable to study the effect of pertussis on cyclic AMP metabolism, preferably in a wholly in vitro system so that the complexities of in vivo metabolic studies could be avoided. A suitable tissue for these studies would be lymphocytes, since the ability of cells in the recirculating lymphocyte pool to emigrate from the blood is markedly decreased in pertussis-treated animals, which suggests a change in the surface properties of these cells (7). In the present report, evidence indicating that B. pertussis is able to alter cyclic AMP metabolism in human lymphocytes is presented.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CELLULAR INTERACTIONS REQUIRED FOR ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION BY THE GRAFT- VERSU-s-HosT REACTION* BY DAVID H. KATZ AND DAVID P. OSBORNE,

A critical question raised by the initial observations in guinea pigs (1) and in the studies in mice presented in the preceding paper (2) is that of the precise role of the host T cell in the mediation of the allogeneic effect on antibody production. Thus, the phenomenon requires the existence of an active graft-versus-host (GVH) 1 reaction in which the primed B lymphocytes are those of the host cell population. The occurrence of a host rejection reaction is not only not required, but also appears to play little, if any, role (1, 3). This suggests that, by direct action on primed B cells, the allogeneic effect obviates entirely the need for the interaction between isologous T and B lymphocytes specific for the challenging conjugate, or, alternatively, enhances the functional effectiveness of the small number of isologous T cells specific for the second carrier.
Ant Colonies Prefer Infected over Uninfected Nest Sites

During colony relocation, the selection of a new nest involves exploration and assessment of potential sites followed by colony movement on the basis of a collective decision making process. Hygiene and pathogen load of the potential nest sites are factors worker scouts might evaluate, given the high risk of epidemics in group-living animals. Choosing nest sites free of pathogens is hypothesized to be highly efficient in invasive ants as each of their introduced populations is often an open network of nests exchanging individuals (unicolonial) with frequent relocation into new nest sites and low genetic diversity, likely making these species particularly vulnerable to parasites and diseases. We investigated the nest site preference of the invasive pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis, through binary choice tests between three nest types: nests containing dead nestmates overgrown with sporulating mycelium of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum (infected nests), nests containing nestmates killed by freezing (uninfected nests), and empty nests. In contrast to the expectation pharaoh ant colonies preferentially (84%) moved into the infected nest when presented with the choice of an infected and an uninfected nest. The ants had an intermediate preference for empty nests. Pharaoh ants display an overall preference for infected nests during colony relocation. While we cannot rule out that the ants are actually manipulated by the pathogen, we propose that this preference might be an adaptive strategy by the host to “immunize” the colony against future exposure to the same pathogenic fungus.
Semantic Boost on Episodic Associations: An Empirically-Based Computational Model

Words become associated following repeated co-occurrence episodes. This process might be further determined by the semantic characteristics of the words. The present study focused on how semantic and episodic factors interact in incidental formation of word associations. First, we found that human participants associate semantically related words more easily than unrelated words; this advantage increased linearly with repeated co-occurrence. Second, we developed a computational model, SEMANT, suggesting a possible mechanism for this semantic-episodic interaction. In SEMANT, episodic associations are implemented through lateral connections between nodes in a pre-existent self-organized map of word semantics. These connections are strengthened at each instance of concomitant activation, proportionally with the amount of the overlapping activity waves of activated nodes. In computer simulations SEMANT replicated the dynamics of associative learning in humans and led to testable predictions concerning normal associative learning as well as impaired learning in a diffuse semantic system like that characteristic of schizophrenia.
Development of Holistic Face Processing From Childhood and Adolescence to Young Adulthood in Chinese Individuals

Previous studies have indicated that holistic face processing is important for the development of face perception. The purpose of this study was to verify the development trajectory of holistic processing, from older childhood to young adulthood, using the complete composite paradigm. Participants from three different age groups (children, adolescents, young adults) were recruited for this study. The results showed that all groups demonstrated the composite effect with similar magnitude. Furthermore, face processing performance improved with age. These results, together with previous results, imply it is a race-general phenomenon that holistic face processing is similar among older children, adolescents, and young adults.
Altered Sarcomeric Structure and Function in Woody Breast Myopathy of Avian Pectoralis Major Muscle

The “Woody” or “Wooden” breast disease is a severe myopathy of pectoralis major muscle recently identified within rapidly growing broiler lines all around the world with a prevalence rate around 20%, or even higher. Although of significant ethical and economic impact, little is known regarding the structural and functional aspects of the contractile apparatus in the woody breast muscle. The aim of the present study was to determine physiological properties of the contractile system in the morphologically intact muscle fibers of focally damaged woody breast in comparison with normal muscle fibers to gain insight into the muscle function of the animal and possibly mechanisms involved in the disease development. Muscle samples were taken from woody breast (non-lesioned areas) and normal breast muscles from broilers. Length-tension curves, maximal active stress, maximal shortening velocity, calcium sensitivity, rate of tension development, lattice spacing and muscle biochemical composition were investigated on single skinned fibers. Sarcomeres of woody breast fibers were more compliant, which is very likely related to the wider spacing (18% wider compared to controls) between thick and thin filament. No differences were found in optimal sarcomere length (2.68 ± 0.04 vs. 2.65 ± 0.05 μm) nor in maximal active stress (116 ± 17 vs. 125 ± 19 mN mm–2). However, woody breast fibers had less steep descending arm as shown in length-tension curve. Woody breast muscle fibers had 40% bigger sarcomeric volume compared to controls. Content of contractile proteins (myosin and actin), and maximal shortening velocity were unchanged indicating that the growth in woody breast muscle fiber was associated with synthesis of new contractile units with unaltered kinetics. Calcium sensitivity was decreased in woody breast muscle fibers significantly. In conclusion, the results show that the rapid growth of muscle in woody breast disease is associated with significant structural and functional changes in the pectoralis major musculature, associated with alterations in the mechanical anchoring of contractile filaments.
Depth Influences Symbiodiniaceae Associations Among Montastraea cavernosa Corals on the Belize Barrier Reef

In Belize, shallow populations (10 and 16 m) of the coral species Montastraea cavernosa from the back reef and reef crest are genetically differentiated from deeper populations on the fore reef and reef wall (25 and 35 m). Like many species of scleractinian corals, M. cavernosa has an obligate symbiosis with dinoflagellate microalgae from the family Symbiodiniaceae. Here, we describe the Symbiodiniaceae taxa found within previously sampled and genotyped M. cavernosa populations along a depth gradient on the Belize Barrier Reef by implementing high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 region of Symbiodiniaceae ribosomal DNA and the SymPortal analysis framework. While Symbiodiniaceae ITS2 type profiles across all sampling depths were almost entirely (99.99%) from the genus Cladocopium (formerly Symbiodinium Clade C), shallow (10 and 16 m) populations had a greater diversity of ITS2 type profiles in comparison to deeper (25 and 35 m) populations. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) confirmed significant differences in ITS2 type profiles between shallow and deep sample populations. Overall Symbiodiniaceae communities changed significantly with depth, following patterns similar to the coral host’s population genetic structure. Though physiological differences among species in the cosmopolitan genus Cladocopium are not well-described, our results suggest that although some members of Cladocopium are depth-generalists, shallow M. cavernosa populations in Belize may harbor shallow-specialized Symbiodiniaceae not found in deeper populations.
Trouble and Repair in Child–Robot Interaction: A Study of Complex Interactions With a Robot Tutee in a Primary School Classroom

Today, robots are studied and expected to be used in a range of social roles within classrooms. Yet, due to a number of limitations in social robots, robot interactions should be expected to occasionally suffer from troublesome situations and breakdowns. In this paper, we explore this issue by studying how children handle interaction trouble with a robot tutee in a classroom setting. The findings have implications not only for the design of robots, but also for evaluating their benefit in, and for, educational contexts. In this study, we conducted video analysis of children's group interactions with a robot tutee in a classroom setting, in order to explore the nature of these troubles in the wild. Within each group, children took turns acting as the primary interaction partner for the robot within the context of a mathematics game. Specifically, we examined what types of situations constitute trouble in these child–robot interactions, the strategies that individual children employ to cope with this trouble, as well as the strategies employed by other actors witnessing the trouble. By means of Interaction Analysis, we studied the video recordings of nine group interaction sessions (n = 33 children) in primary school grades 2 and 4. We found that sources of trouble related to the robot's social norm violations, which could be either active or passive. In terms of strategies, the children either persisted in their attempts at interacting with the robot by adapting their behavior in different ways, distanced themselves from the robot, or sought the help of present adults (i.e., a researcher in a teacher role, or an experimenter) or their peers (i.e., the child's classmates in each group). In terms of the witnessing actors, they addressed the trouble by providing guidance directed at the child interacting with the robot, or by intervening in the interaction. These findings reveal the unspoken rules by which children orient toward social robots, the complexities of child–robot interaction in the wild, and provide insights on children's perspectives and expectations of social robots in classroom contexts.