Addressing the growing burden of atrial fibrillation: evidence, sustainability and accessibility more important than territory

The systematic review by Lowres and colleagues describes best current evidence on lifestyle interventions in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. The findings are noteworthy, encouraging and tantalizing. The promise of lifestyle interventions is evident in the review. Although the review only included five trials of moderate quality, the findings are broadly positive. Lowres et al. found the interventions, which focused predominantly on exercise, reduced heart rate at rest (9–15%) and during moderate exercise (6–9%), and improved exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in AF patients. The review also drew attention to important trends. The comparatively low volume and quality of research into the interventions is in inverse proportion to the current and future AF burden. In highincome countries, the prevalence of AF will double over the next 40 years. As with heart failure (HF), the increasing burden of AF has its roots in rising life expectancy. Risk of AF increases 25-fold from ages 55–85 years and almost 1 in 5 people aged 85 or over have AF. Rising obesity levels compound these patterns. A recent high-quality meta-analysis of 16 epidemiological studies identified that obesity increases risk of AF by 49% (RR: 1.49, 95% CI:1.36 to 1.64). Effective non-pharmacological interventions for people with AF are needed to address this large and growing burden. Most of the extensive and rising costs of providing treatment to the growing population with AF arise from hospitalization. Though a range of effective medicines exists for patients with AF, there is consistent evidence of under-prescription of anticoagulation drugs to patients at high risk of stroke. Medication non-compliance also occurs in around 30% of patients and is associated with adverse psychosocial health. Non-pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing the AF burden should not only promote physical activity but also include other components including weight, psychosocial health, medication reviews and management, help seeking, smoking and self-care skills. Family members who may assist with ongoing self-care should also be included in these interventions. Well-designed randomized trials of lifestyle interventions in AF populations are needed to establish with more precision the size of any benefits. Key outcomes of future trials should include: hospitalization, quality of life and return to work. Interventions should incorporate cost-benefit analyses and not exclude patients based on age. Where possible, blinding of assessors of outcomes should be incorporated to reduce the likelihood of bias. Trials are needed to test interventions using different methods and in different venues. Interventions using technology such as the internet, telecommunications and telehealth offer economical and potentially more accessible alternatives to complement face-to-face provision. General practice, community and home-based programs offer viable alternatives to centralized provision of programs in hospitals. In this research, the components of interventions must be developed well and described comprehensively. Prior to evaluation in full-scale trials, interventions should be designed carefully to ensure patient needs and preferences are adequately addressed. Qualitative research and surveys can be used to ascertain the nature and prevalence of particular patient needs that programs need to focus on. As potentially important determinants of outcomes, the effects of exercise timing, type and duration should be examined.