Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Updated high‐resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3.10 Dataset

This paper describes the construction of an updated gridded climate dataset (referred to as CRU TS3.10) from monthly observations at meteorological stations across the world's land areas. Station anomalies (from 1961 to 1990 means) were interpolated into 0.5° latitude/longitude grid cells covering the global land surface (excluding Antarctica), and combined with an existing climatology to obtain absolute monthly values. The dataset includes six mostly independent climate variables (mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, precipitation, wet‐day frequency, vapour pressure and cloud cover). Maximum and minimum temperatures have been arithmetically derived from these. Secondary variables (frost day frequency and potential evapotranspiration) have been estimated from the six primary variables using well‐known formulae. Time series for hemispheric averages and 20 large sub‐continental scale regions were calculated (for mean, maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation totals) and compared to a number of similar gridded products. The new dataset compares very favourably, with the major deviations mostly in regions and/or time periods with sparser observational data. CRU TS3.10 includes diagnostics associated with each interpolated value that indicates the number of stations used in the interpolation, allowing determination of the reliability of values in an objective way. This gridded product will be publicly available, including the input station series (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ and http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/cru/). © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTING UNDERGROUND SPACES EFFECT ON HISTORIC BUILDINGS

Underground spaces in contemporary cities have many uses. One major use of such spaces is to construct metro tunnels. Utilizing such spaces has a number of advantages but there is the potential of damaging existing buildings because of changes incurred to the substrate. This is more pronounced for historic buildings in cities with ancient origins. Computer modeling can estimate much of this damage before starting construction. Since Mashhad metro line3 passes under the city’s old texture, this research was conducted using Plaxis 3D Tunnel software to create 15-node elements with 40×80m dimensions. Maximum loading relates to Imam Reza street buildings which had the most critical subsidence potential.
Tracking eye movements when solving geometry problems with handwriting devices

The present study investigated the following issues: (1) whether differences are evident in the eye movement measures of successful and unsuccessful problem-solvers; (2) what is the relationship between perceived difficulty and eye movement measures; and (3) whether eye movements in various AOIs differ when solving problems. Sixty-three 11th grade students solved five geometry problems about the properties of similar triangles. A digital drawing tablet and sensitive pressure pen were used to record the responses. The results indicated that unsuccessful solvers tended to have more fixation counts, run counts, and longer dwell time on the problem area, whereas successful solvers focused more on the calculation area. In addition, fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts in the diagram area were positively correlated with the perceived difficulty, suggesting that understanding similar triangles may require translation or mental rotation. We argue that three eye movement measures (i.e., fixation counts, dwell time, and run counts) are appropriate for use in examining problem solving given that they differentiate successful from unsuccessful solvers and correlate with perceived difficulty. Furthermore, the eye-tracking technique provides objective measures of students’ cognitive load for instructional designers.
Coordination in Markets with Consumption Externalities: Advertising and Product Quality

This paper studies advertising in markets with positive consumption externalities. In such markets, we show that firms may engage in advertising competition to coordinate consumer expectations on their own brand as long as they produce goods of similar quality. The firm with the lower quality product has a greater incentive to advertise. Hence in equilibrium, the lower quality product will often be more popular. We would like to thank James Albrecht and Curtis Taylor for their comments on a paper we presented at the North American Winter Meetings of the Econometric Society in Washington, D.C. This paper is a direct result of the issues they raised. We would also like to acknowledge the assistance and advice of Neil Arnwine. All errors are of course our own.
Studies on chemogenetic inhibition of the ACC excitatory neurons in a mouse model of inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by CFA

I n t r o du c t i o n . 8 Me t hods . 1 4 R e s u l t s . 2 0 F i g u r e s . 2 5 D i s c u s s i o n . 3 5 Re fe r ence s . 3 8 국문초록 . 4 8
Despiking Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Data

A new method for detecting spikes in acoustic Doppler velocimeter data sequences is suggested. The method combines three concepts: (1) that differentiation enhances the high frequency portion of a signal, (2) that the expected maximum of a random series is given by the Universal threshold, and (3) that good data cluster in a dense cloud in phase space or Poincare maps. These concepts are used to construct an ellipsoid in three-dimensional phase space, then points lying outside the ellipsoid are designated as spikes. The new method is shown to have superior performance to various other methods and it has the added advantage that it requires no parameters. Several methods for replacing sequences of spurious data are presented. A polynomial fitted to good data on either side of the spike event, then interpolated across the event, is preferred by the authors.
Evaluation of the Relationship between Professional Ethics of University Professors and Academic Progress of Students in Southern Tehran

This research was performed with the purpose of evaluation of the relationship between professional ethics of university professors with academic progress of students and Payame Noor University, Southern Tehran. Statistical population consisted of 1969 Master’s Degree students at Payame Noor University, Southern Tehran from which 162 students were selected by stratified random sampling to participate in the study. For data collection, questionnaire for evaluation of professional ethics of professors by Babasafari (2013) was used for evaluation of professional ethics of professors by students with reliability coefficient of 0/92 and also mean scores of students from the relevant unit were used. For data analysis SPSS and AMOS software were used. Results showed that meaningful correlation existed between professional ethics of professors in five subcategories (teaching, research, manners, humane relations and organization) with academic progress of students. Additionally, the five subcategories mentioned were able to explain 0/48 of academic progress of students.
TSUNAMI RISK ASSESSMENT MODELLING IN CHABAHAR PORT, IRAN

Abstract. The well-known historical tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) region was generated by the earthquake of November 28, 1945 in Makran Coast in the North of Oman Sea. This destructive tsunami killed over 4,000 people in Southern Pakistan and India, caused great loss of life and devastation along the coasts of Western India, Iran and Oman. According to the report of "Remembering the 1945 Makran Tsunami", compiled by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO/IOC), the maximum inundation of Chabahar port was 367 m toward the dry land, which had a height of 3.6 meters from the sea level. In addition, the maximum amount of inundation at Pasni (Pakistan) reached to 3 km from the coastline. For the two beaches of Gujarat (India) and Oman the maximum run-up height was 3 m from the sea level. In this paper, we first use Makran 1945 seismic parameters to simulate the tsunami in generation, propagation and inundation phases. The effect of tsunami on Chabahar port is simulated using the ComMIT model which is based on the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST). In this process the results are compared with the documented eyewitnesses and some reports from researchers for calibration and validation of the result. Next we have used the model to perform risk assessment for Chabahar port in the south of Iran with the worst case scenario of the tsunami. The simulated results showed that the tsunami waves will reach Chabahar coastline 11 minutes after generation and 9 minutes later, over 9.4 Km2 of the dry land will be flooded with maximum wave amplitude reaching up to 30 meters.
Sensometrics: identifying pen digitizers by statistical multimedia signal processing

In this paper a new approach will be introduced to identify pen-based digitizer devices based on handwritten samples used for biometric user authentication. This new method of digitizer identification based on their signal properties can also be seen as an influencing part in the new research area of so-called sensometrics. The goal of the work presented in this paper is to identify statistical features, derived from signals provided by pen-based digitizer tablets during the writing process, which allow identification, or at least group discrimination of different device types. Based on a database of a total of approximately 40,000 writing samples taken on 23 different pen digitizers, specific features for class discrimination will be chosen and a novel feature vector based classification system will be implemented and experimentally validated. The goal of our experimental validation is to study the class space that can be obtained, given a specific feature set, i.e. to which degree single tablets and/or groups of pen digitizers can be identified using our developed classification by a decision tree model. The results confirm that a group discrimination of devices can be achieved. By applying this new approach, the 23 different tablets from our database can be discriminated in 19 output groups.
Renewal of mature industry in an old industrial region: regional innovation policy and the co-evolution of institutions and technology.

The objective of this paper is to further insights on the potentials and barriers for industrial renewal in locked-in regions and industries. To do so, the paper analyzes the Swedish policy program ‘Biorefinery of the Future’ (BioF). This initiative is geared to develop a strong regional innovation environment for forestry-based biorefinery development in the area of Ornkoldsvik and Umea in Northern Sweden. Theoretically, the paper draws on concepts from evolutionary economic geography regarding path-dependence, related variety and lockin, and combines these with institutional approaches found in science and technology studies to explain disruptive shifts or transitions in socio-technical systems.
A Cyclooxygenase 2 Gene Polymorphism is a Risk Factor for the Complication of Medication Overuse Headaches in Patients with Migraines

We determined whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene polymorphisms were involved in the aggravation of migraines due to the overuse of medication. Polymorphisms in the COX-2 (rs20417, rs689466) gene were examined. Forty-seven patients with migraine (6 males and 41 females; 5 with migraines with aura (MA), 36 with migraines without aura (MO), 6 with MA + MO; 1 with MA and 21 with MO; 36.4 ± 10.3 years) and 22 patients with medication overuse headache (MOH) (1 male and 21 females; 39.6 ± 9.9 years) who had migraines participated in this study. The genotypes of each polymorphism were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. No significant differences were observed in the genotypic distributions of rs20417 (C/C + G/C vs. G/G, p=0.220) between migraine patients and MOH patients. The frequencies of the rs689466 G/G genotype were significantly higher in patients with MOH than in patients with migraines (G/G vs. A/A+A/G, p=0.008). Furthermore, the frequencies of the rs689466 G/G genotype were significantly higher in patients with MOH who had migraines without aura (MO) than in patients with MO (G/G vs. A/A+A/G, p=0.001). The results of this study showed that the COX-2 polymorphism (rs689466) was independently related with the complication of MOH in patients with MO.
School books or wedding dresses? Examining the cultural dissonance experienced by young Gypsy/Traveller women in secondary education

ABSTRACT Although considerable attention has been given to issues impacting on the educational experiences of Gypsy/Traveller learners in the UK, most of the literature is oriented towards ethnicity rather than gender. This paper illuminates the experiences of young Gypsy/Traveller women who are engaging with secondary education, and functioning in a dual cultural framework, in a time of increased gender equality. The intersectionality of culture, class and religion frequently conflicts with the notions of gender equality and education, requiring young women to make difficult choices. It is suggested there is an urgent need to problematise and deconstruct stereotypes typically held about Gypsy/Traveller girls, as not all young women feel disengaged, restricted, excluded and in conflict. While some young women, as is their right, wish to conform to cultural-gendered norms, this study has revealed some strong, resilient women who critically challenge values and norms within their community, which negate their right to a full education, to bring about positive change.
Evaluating Off-Site Environmental Mitigation Using Choice Modelling

Evaluation of off-site mitigation entails comparison of utility changes between two sites. Choice modelling has been used to identify community willingness to trade-off attributes for two different types of stream in New Zealand. Estimated utility functions are used to derive marginal rates of substitution and stream attribute part worths which can be used to design or evaluate both on-site and off-site mitigation policy. Latent class multinomial logit models identified classes of citizens who valued stream attributes quite differently. Significant differences in values for some attributes on different stream types imply heterogeneous mitigation ratios across environmental attributes.
The Investigation of the Book "The Education of Little Tree" within Context of Instructional Principles.

It is aimed to investigate "The Education of Little Tree" (a novel book) in relation with instructional principles. By taking into consideration the principles; "Student Relativity", "Connection to Life", "From the Near to the Far", "From the Known to the Unknown", "Clarity", "From the Concrete to the Abstract", "Economy", "Learning by Doing and Experiencing", and "Integrity" wholeness, the checklist was prepared and the convenience of the chosen book was analyzed. In this study, of the qualitative research methods, document review method was used. Content analysis method, one of the qualitative methods, was used within the study. Results show that instructional principles are taken into account in the novel book and it is in accordance with the instructional principles, especially the ones; "Student Relativity", "Connection to Life", "Clarity", "From the Concrete to the Abstract", "From the Known to the Unknown" and "Learning by Doing and Experiencing". Furthermore, it is remarkable that the information given to the boy was taken in a concrete way.
Analysis and Applications of PCA Information Features

This paper makes a brief introduction about the principle of principal component analysis (PCA). Then according to information entropy theory, and making full use of the inherent characteristic of eigenvalues of correlation matrix of data, the 2 information function, the 2 information entropy and geometry entropy under PCA are proposed firstly, by which the information features of PCA are metricized. In addition, two new concepts of information rate (IR) and accumulated information rate (AIR) are proposed, which are used to illustrate the degree of information feature extraction of PCA. In the end, through simulated application in practice, the results show that the method proposed in this paper is efficient and satisfactory. It provides a new research approach of information feature extraction for pattern recognition, machine learning, data mining and so on.
Integrated systems: "Environmentally clean" aquaculture

The negative impact of aquaculture derives mainly from particulate and dissolved nutrients. Different methods have been tried to minimize the effects of nutrient loading. Integrated aquaculture is a feasible method to reduce the environmental impacts of by-products from fish culture. In this paper a revision is made of different models whose main target is the realisation of integrated mariculture, introducing cultivations of algae, molluscs in a fish farm. The use of seaweeds as biofilters to remove dissolved nitrogen from fish pond effluents has been widely studied. Different approaches to integrate the seaweed biofilters into fish culture for a sustainable mariculture have been described by several authors. Therefore, cultivation of molluscs on fish farms may control nutrient production and ensure better water flows around the fish net.
Introducing Generation Y to the Wilderness

Today's Western culture is characterized by high technology, time compression and a disconnection from the natural world. What happens when a group of young adult students who are firmly embedded within this world, embark on a 6-day unassisted wilderness experience? When divorced from the structural support of the everyday, and placed in an emotionally and physically taxing environment, one would imagine students would retreat to the security of the known world upon return. However, our study sheds new light on this phenomenon by revealing its antithesis. These students manifest a strong desire for a simpler life. What is the nature of the simpler life they envisage? What is its innate appeal? And what are the implications for those involved in Outdoor Education? Even if such a desire for a more primal existence were expressed, is it possible or probable, that this notion can be executed? Our research proposes that a necessary precursor for sustainable living and a deep attachment to the environment is for educators to provide experiences that strip back the superfluity of everyday life and introduce bare subsistence. This facilitates the transition into a heightened and more sensitive environmental ethic.
Evaluation of fermented whole crop wheat and barley feeding on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal volatile fatty acid emission, blood constituents, and faecal microbiota in growing pigs

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding diets with fermented whole crop wheat (FWW) and fermented whole crop barley (FWB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood constituents, faecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) emission and faecal microbiota in growing pigs. A total of 200 growing pigs were randomly allotted to five treatments with eight replicates per treatment and five pigs per replicate. Dietary treatments consisted of i) CON (basal diet), ii) 0.5% FWW (CON + 0.5% fermented whole crop wheat), iii) 1.0% FWW (CON + 1.0% fermented whole crop wheat), iv) 0.5% FWB (CON + 0.5% fermented whole crop barley), and v) 1.0% FWB (CON + 1.0% fermented whole crop barley). The digestibility of total dietary fibre was significantly higher in pigs fed FWW diets. The faecal emissions of VFA of pigs fed the fermented treatments was increased significantly compared with CON. Concentrations of cortisol and triglyceride in blood of pigs fed 1.0% FWW were significantly lower than pigs fed CON diets. The pigs fed 1.0% FWB diets had a significantly decreased level of total cholesterol in blood compared with CON. In conclusion, the current results indicated that diets supplemented with FWW and FWB could increase faecal VFA emission and reduce concentration of triglyceride and cortisol, while 0.5% and 1.0% FWW had no negative effects on growth performance, and could increase digestibility of dietary fibre in growing pigs. Keywords: Dietary fibre, faecal short-chain fatty acid emissions, fermented feed, serum parameter, swine
The Nutritional Value of Quality Protein Maize for Weaner Pigs

This study was done to find out the potential and efficacy of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) as a substitute for normal maize variety in intensive pig production in an attempt to reduce the cost of production. Thirty-two weaner pigs were assigned to four treatment groups in a completely randomized block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Blocking was done on initial weight and sex. The treatments were a high inclusion rate of both QPM and normal maize at 72.3% inclusion rate compared to a low inclusion rate of 64.3% in both cases. Water and feed was provided ad-libitum throughout the study period. Feed intake, water consumption, weight gain and mortality were recorded. Feed intake was more (P 0.05). The results indicated that feeding QPM to weaner pigs at a higher level of 72.3% inclusion level could command a higher food conversion efficiency and at a reduced cost of production.
Lévy flights: transitions and meta-stability

We consider L? vy flights of stability index ? (0, 2) in a potential landscape in the limit of a small noise parameter. We give a purely probabilistic description of the random dynamics on the basis of a special decomposition of the driving L? vy processes into independent small jumps and compound Poisson parts. We prove that escape times from a potential well are exponentially distributed and their mean values increase as a power ? of the noise intensity ? This allows us to obtain meta-stability results for a jump diffusion in a double-well potential.
The Importance of Orientation in Evaluating Recovery in Pediatric TraumaticBrain Injury

Objective: Decisions about whether children who have sustained a traumatic brain injury are ready to transition from a medical facility to home and school life requires insight into their cognitive status. This study evaluates whether orientation to time, place, and self (Ox3) serves as sufficient indicator of general cognitive status to support such decisions. Design: Participants with and without TBI were administered the PTBI in one to three individual testing sessions. Performance on Ox3 items were compared between groups, as well as performance on subtests representing broader cognitive and linguistic skills. Setting: Pediatric brain injury in patient acute and rehab units. Participants: Twenty-eight children with TBI (18 male, 10 female) between the ages of 6 and 16 years of age served as participants. Of these, 12 were initially classified as severe, 6 moderate, and 10 mild on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Interventions: NA Main Outcome Measures: The Pediatric Test of Brain Injury (PTBI) is a criterion-referenced, standardized test designed to measure neurocognitive, language and literacy abilities in children recovering from brain injury. The entire test, including its Orientation subtest, was administered to participants during the acute phase of recovery (within 3 months of injury). Results: Despite no differences between the TBI and control group on the Orientation subtests, deficits occurred in other cognitive-linguistic domains that are relevant to functioning outside medical and rehabilitation environments. Furthermore, even neurologically-normal children sometimes failed some Ox3 items. Conclusion: The findings on Orientation items from the PTBI indicates that caution is warranted in applying the “Ox3” standard for evaluating cognitive status to a pediatric TBI population.