Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inkjet Printing of Back Electrodes for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

Evaporation is the most commonly used deposition method in the processing of back electrodes in polymer solar cells used in scientific studies. However, vacuum‐based methods such as evaporation are uneconomical in the upscaling of polymer solar cells as they are throughput limiting steps in an otherwise fast roll‐to‐roll production line. In this paper, the applicability of inkjet printing in the ambient processing of back electrodes in inverted polymer solar cells with the structure ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag is investigated. Furthermore, the limitation of screen printing, the commonly employed method in the ambient processing of back electrode, is demonstrated and discussed. Both inkjet printing and screen printing of back electrodes are studied for their impact on the photovoltaic properties of the polymer solar cells measured under 1000 Wm−2 AM1.5. Each ambient processing technique is compared with evaporation in the processing of back electrode. Laser beam induced current (LBIC) imaging is used to investigate the impact of the processing techniques on the current collection in the devices. We report that inkjet printing of back electrode delivers devices having photovoltaic performance comparable to devices with evaporated back electrodes. We further confirm that inkjet printing represent an efficient alternative to screen printing.
Laboratory Assays and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Estimates of Feeding Value of Corn Silage

Abstract Corn silages samples from the Virginia Tech Forage Testing Program were classified by color, presence or absence of mold, aroma, and fermentation type. In the sample of 142 corn silages, in vitro digestible organic matter averaged 59.8% (range 38.5 to 74.7%) and indicated a range of silage quality. Simple and multiple regression of in vitro digestible organic matter on chemical constituents were derived for the full data set and within fermentation groups. Acid detergent fiber and dry matter explained the largest portion of the variation of digestibility. Simple regression on the full data set had coefficients of determination of . 352 and . 208 with standard errors of prediction of 5.29 and 5.86 for acid detergent fiber and dry matter. Multiple regression analyses improved coefficient of determination and standard error slightly. Corn silage in vitro digestible organic matter was predicted by near infrared reflectance techniques. A calibration equation resulted in coefficient of determination of . 88 and standard error 5.38. The calibration equation was tested for prediction of an additional 90 corn silages. Regression of digestibility predicted by near infrared reflectance resulted in coefficient of determination of . 37 and standard error of 4.04. Prediction of corn silage digestibility by near infrared reflectance or laboratory methods was similar.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE PVTX PROPERTIES IN PART OF THE TERNARY SYSTEM H2O-NaCl-CO2

(ABSTRACT) Phase equilibria and volumetric properties in the system H 2 O-NaCl-CO 2 were determined experimentally for pressures between about 1 to 6 kbar, temperatures of 300° to 800°C, and fluid compositions up to 40 wt% NaCl and 20 mol% CO 2 , both relative to water. This was accomplished by using the synthetic fluid inclusion technique in conjunction with conventional microthermometry, a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and Raman spectroscopy. At constant salinity, the high-pressure portion of the solvus migrates to higher pressures and temperatures with increasing CO 2 concentration. Immiscibility is possible in this ternary system over almost the entire range of crustal P-T conditions at salinities equal to or in excess of 20 wt% NaCl and carbon dioxide concentrations between about 30 and 70 mol% CO 2. The dP/dT slopes of lines of equal homogenization temperature decrease nonlinearly with increasing homogenization temperature; at constant homogenization temperature, these slopes become steeper (higher) along pseudobinaries with addition of carbon dioxide and particularly with addition of NaCl. Up to concentrations of 20 wt% NaCl and 20 mol% CO 2 , a sharp rise in the critical temperature was observed with increasing salinity at a fixed H 2 O/CO 2 ratio. The critical point shifts rapidly towards higher pressures with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. Addition of carbon dioxide to an aqueous 40 wt% NaCl solution results in a slight elevation of the halite dissolution temperature under vapor-saturated conditions. A significant error can be associated with the calculation of molar volumes from measured densities of the carbonic phase of H 2 O-NaCl-CO 2 inclusions. To avoid such errors, phase diagrams were constructed based on the obtained lines of equal homogenization temperature for salinities between 6 and 40 wt% NaCl and carbon dioxide concentrations between 5 and 20 mol% relative to water. These diagrams are of direct applicability to the interpretation of natural fluid inclusions from a wide variety of geologic environments. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research presented here could not have been accomplished without the funding, guidance, help, and encouragement of Bob Bodnar, who was instrumental in my development as a student and scientist; I was lucky to have him as advisor. I am grateful to I-Ming Chou and Bill Bassett who made the analysis of synthetic fluid inclusions using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell possible, and look forward to continued collaboration. I would also like to thank Ed Roedder, Bob Tracy, and Jim Craig for …
Thermoresponsive Properties of N-Isopropylacrylamide Oligomer Brushes Grafted to Gold Nanoparticles: Effects of Molar Mass and Gold Core Size

To explore the thermal response of the densely packed inner regime of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes grafted to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), we systematically studied the thermoresponsive properties of NIPAM oligomeric brushes affected both by oligomer molar mass and Au core size. A series of NIPAM oligomers with various molar masses ranging from ca. 600 to 3400 g/mol were obtained by RAFT polymerization and fractionated with HPLC. The AuNPs stabilized with various NIPAM oligomers were prepared by a one-pot reaction and further fractionated to achieve three pairs of AuNP fractions with narrow size distributions. When decreasing the molar mass of brush chains from ca. 3300 to 700 g/mol, a significant molar mass effect on the thermal transition was found, i.e., the phase transition temperature (defined as the endothermic peak temperature Tp by DSC) shifted from ca. 31 to 15 °C and the endothermic peak became broadened. As a comparison, we also studied the aqueous solutions of free NIPAM oligome.
Suppression of relaxation modes in dye dispersed SmC* phase

We report the results of dielectric and electro-optical properties of ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC), Felix 17/100, exhibiting chiral smectic C phase and dye dispersed FLCs. The polarization measurement on pristine and dye dispersed FLC mixture shows decrease in the value of polarization, indicating the distribution of dye dipole in a direction opposite to the orientation of FLC molecule. The rotational viscosity also decreases accordingly as shown by the measurement of response time. Dielectric measurement shows existence of two relaxation modes both in pure FLC and dye dispersed FLC. The relaxation strength of Goldstone mode decreases with the dispersion of dye and the relaxation frequency of this mode shifts towards the high-frequency side. The second relaxation mode arises due to the formation of domains at the surface interface. The dispersion of dye into FLC suppresses the domains.
Segcache: a memory-efficient and scalable in-memory key-value cache for small objects

Modern web applications heavily rely on in-memory keyvalue caches to deliver low-latency, high-throughput services. In-memory caches store small objects of size in the range of 10s to 1000s of bytes, and use TTLs widely for data freshness and implicit delete. Current solutions have relatively large per-object metadata and cannot remove expired objects promptly without incurring a high overhead. We present Segcache, which uses a segment-structured design that stores data in fixed-size segments with three key features: (1) it groups objects with similar creation and expiration time into the segments for efficient expiration and eviction, (2) it approximates some and lifts most per-object metadata into the shared segment header and shared information slot in the hash table for object metadata reduction, and (3) it performs segment-level bulk expiration and eviction with tiny critical sections for high scalability. Evaluation using production traces shows that Segcache uses 22-60% less memory than state-of-the-art designs for a variety of workloads. Segcache simultaneously delivers high throughput, up to 40% better than Memcached on a single thread. It exhibits close-to-linear scalability, providing a close to 8× speedup over Memcached with 24 threads.
Application of first derivative fluorescence spectrometry to the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and salicylamide in pharmaceuticals

Abstract The determination of paracetamol and salicylamide in the presence of each other was performed by means of a first-derivative spectrofluorimetric method with a “zero-crossing” technique of measurement. The reported method is based on the oxidation of the paracetamol with potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) to give a fluorescent substance. The quantitative ranges are 80–640 μg l−1 for paracetamol and 3.2–150.4 μg l−1 for salicylamide, with relative standard deviations of 3.1 and 1.3 μg l−1, respectively. Good results, both in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility, were obtained in the determination of paracetamol and salicylamide in the presence of each other by using this technique. The method was applied to several pharmaceutical formulations containing the drugs and was found to be satisfactory.
QUANTITATIVE AUTECOLOGICAL STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

The fluorescent antibody (FA) technique makes possible an autecological approach to microbial ecology because it permits specific microorganisms to be seen and identified in their natural habitats. A method is reported which further extends the FA technique to the quantification of specific bacteria in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Procedures were developed for the most difficult FA-quantification problem, that of the microorganism growing in soil. The protocol that was evolved included: release of bacteria from soil in a dispersed suspension; flocculation of soil colloids out of suspension; concentration, on a special membrane filter, of the bacteria remaining in a known volume of suspension; staining with appropriate homologous FA; and enumeration of reactive cells by incident light immunofluorescence microscopy. Data are reported on the quantification of several bacteria in soil. FA-counts of Rhizobium japonicum, strain USDA 110, agreed well with viable plate counts as the population developed in sterilized soil. Growth of the same organism in nonsterile soils could be followed only by FA-counts. Growth rates and population features for nonsterile soils differed greatly from those observed in sterile soil or laboratory cultures. Escherichia coli die-off was studied quantitatively in normal, nonsterile soil by selective plating, and by the FA-membrane filter count. Agreement between the two methods was good, but FA counts were high at certain stages, probably due to the rapid accumulation of recently-dead cells. As a final example Nitrobacter was enumerated by specific FA-membrane filter counts during nitrification in a partially sterilized soil to relate the dynamics of growth to the conversion of nitrite to nitrate.
Mechanisms of interdot coupling in (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot arrays

Interdot coupling in (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot arrays is studied by means of steady state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL). A peculiar dependence of the PL decay time on the excitation and detection energy is revealed and ascribed to the peculiarities of the carrier and energy relaxation caused by both immediate electronic interdot coupling and long-range coupling through the radiation field.
HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF CRYSTALLINE HYDROXYAPATITE ULTRAFINE PARTICLES

ABSTRACT Crystalline hydroxyapaiite ultrafine particles were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of the same powders prepared by mining aqueous ratio of Ca to P (1·67) at room temperature. The relations of the particle size and shape to such operating conditions as hydrothermal temperature, Ca(NO3) 2 concentration, stirring speed and treatment time were investigated systematically. A mechanism of particle growth was proposed.
ADSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF N-HEXANE IN SILICALITE-1 BY THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE TECHNIQUE

The adsorption and mass-transfer behaviour of n-hexane in silicalite have been investigated using a gravimetric balance and the frequency response (FR) method, respectively. Deviations of the isotherms of this system from the type-I (Langmuir model) at low temperatures have been observed and attributed to the immobilisation of n-hexane molecules in the sinusoidal channels of silicalite-1. It was found that the FR spectra of the system can be described by a model involving two independent diffusion processes or a diffusion–rearrangement model, rather than a non-isothermal diffusion model. The first two models may be two special cases of a model which assumes that three processes occur in the n-hexane–silicalite-1 system, two diffusion processes in the straight and sinusoidal channels, respectively, and a mass exchange process between the two channels. Surface barriers have been observed from the FR data of the system and the development of more complicated models describing better the overall processes taking place in the system has been suggested. Comparisons between the diffusivities and activation energies of n-hexane diffusion in silicalite-1 determined by both FR and pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR methods are also discussed.
Near Infrared Hyperspectral Image Regression: On the Use of Prediction Maps as a Tool for Detecting Model Overfitting

Calibration models developed from hyperspectral imaging data may be applied at the pixel level to generate prediction maps that estimate the spatial distribution of components in a sample. Such prediction maps facilitate direct visual interpretation of model performance, and performance indicators can be extracted from them. These maps can be used as a tool to evaluate calibration models developed on hyperspectral imaging data. This paper presents a method for calibration model evaluation based on information obtained from prediction maps and demonstrates its usefulness for preventing overfitting. Partial least-squares regression was used for model calibration in this study, although in principle the proposed method may be used to evaluate other multivariate calibration methods, e.g. ridge regression and principal-components regression.
Speedy fabrication of free-standing layer-by-layer multilayer films by using polyelectrolyte complex particles as building blocks

A novel method for speedy fabrication of free-standing layer-by-layer (LbL) multilayer films in salt free media, and without the need for a sacrificial sublayer is described by using two different polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles as LbL self-assembly building blocks. Negatively charged polyelectrolyte complex particles (PEC−) consisting of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (PDDA/CMCNa), and positively charged polyelectrolyte complex particles (PEC+) consisting of PDDA/poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PDDA/PSSNa) were prepared and characterized by FT-IR, zeta-potential (ζ potential) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The LbL self-assembly of PEC+/PEC− and PDDA/PEC− was followed by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), optical transmittance, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). QCM results show that the thickness growth rate of the PEC+/PEC− pair is 9 times faster than that of the PDDA/PEC− pair and this result is also supported by optical transmittance and UV-vis absorption. A robust free-standing multilayer film of (PEC+/PEC−)25 can be easily peeled off from the substrate after being cross-linked in 3.5 wt% glutaraldehyde (GA) (80 °C, 50mins). Field emission electron scanning microscopy (FESEM) indicates that both the surface and cross-section of the multilayer film display layered structures. Furthermore, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can also be uniformly incorporated into the free-standing LbL multilayer film by pre-incorporating MWCNTs into PEC− particles. The experimental results show that using oppositely charged PEC particles as LbL assembly components is a speedy and convenient method to fabricate free-standing LbL multilayer films either with or without nanofillers.
Structure/Property Relationships of Poly(L-lactic Acid)/Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites

Biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/mesoporous silica nanocomposites were prepared by grafting L-lactic acid oligomer onto silanol groups at the surface of mesoporous silica (SBA-15). The infrared results showed that the lactic acid oligomer was grafted onto the mesoporous silica. Surface characterization of mesoporous silica proved that the grafted oligomer blocked the entry of nitrogen into the mesopores. Thermal analysis measurements showed evidence that, once mixed with PLLA, SBA-15 not only nucleated the PLLA but also increased the total amount of crystallinity. Neat PLLA and its nanocomposites crystallized in the same crystal habit and, as expected, PLLA had a defined periodicity compared with the nanocomposites. This was because the grafted macromolecules on silica tended to cover the lamellar crystalline order. The g-SBA-15 nanoparticles improved the tensile moduli, increasing also the tensile strength of the resultant nanocomposites. Overall, the silica concentration tended to form a brittle material.
Viscous Liquids and the Glass Transition. III. Secondary Relaxations in Aliphatic Alcohols and Other Nonrigid Molecules

The dielectric permittivity and the dielectric loss factor of 5‐methyl‐3, 4‐methyl‐3 and 3‐methyl‐3‐heptanol, n‐ and iso‐butanol, 1,2‐propanediol, dimethyl and diethyl phthallate, and 3‐methylpentane have been measured from 50 to 105 Hz and from −196 to about 20°C above their respective glass transition temperatures. The glass transition temperature Tg of these substances, several more isomeric octanols, and 1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol have been measured by differential thermal analysis. All substances except for 3‐methylpentane and iso‐butanol show either a well‐defined secondary relaxation peak in tanδ, or a clear indication of the presence of a secondary relaxation below their Tg's. Arrhenius plots for the α‐relaxation process of the isomeric octanols are linear with an activation energy of 16–18 kcal/mole, while for other substances they are nonlinear with the activation energy changing from 30 to 70 kcal/mole. The Arrhenius plots for the secondary relaxations are linear and have an activation energy of 4–8 k.
Dislocations, crystallite size, and planar faults in nanocrystalline ceria

The modified Williamson–Hall and Warren–Averbach methods were used successfully for analyzing experimentally observed anisotropic X-ray diffraction line broadening and for determining reliable values of crystallite size and dislocation density in cerium oxide. The modified Williamson–Hall plot gives 22.3(2) nm for volume-weighted crystallite size, while the modified Warren–Averbach produces 18.0(2) nm for area-weighted grain size. The dislocation density and effective outer cut-off radius of dislocations obtained from the modified Warren–Averbach method are 1.8(3)×1015 m−2 and 15.5(1) nm, respectively.
Development of force and electron microscopy for thequantification of nanoparticle number concentrationmeasurements

The development of metrological and analytical methods for the detection and quantification of nanomaterials (NMs) has been identified as one of the most urgent and important research priorities to advance nanotechnology. Several nanometrics such as mass, number and surface area are currently under scrutiny by nanotechnologists in order to identify the most appropriate metrics to express the hazard of NMs and therefore to perform risk assessments. Currently, NM mass concentration is almost universally used as a metric because of challenges with analytical measurements, while the mass concentration is measured by a analytical technique called inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. For example, the mass concentration doesn't facilitate to quantify the NM aggregation but can be quantified by particle number measurement. The particle number concentration is an important metric in nanotechnology. However tools/methods capable of providing fully quantitative assessment of the number size distribution and number particle concentration are lacking and are urgently needed.
COD fractionation and biodegradation kinetics of segregated domestic wastewater: black and grey water fractions

BACKGROUND: Household wastewater was segregated to grey and black water components as part of a recent approach aiming to separate wastewater fractions for more efficient treatment and reuse. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation and biodegradation characteristics of black and grey water were determined by means of model calibration of the oxygen uptake rate profiles. An ASM1 type of model modified for endogenous respiration was selected for this purpose. RESULTS: Calibration identified, aside from the readily biodegradable COD, two hydrolysable COD fractions in the black water, and only a single, slowly biodegradable COD fraction, in the grey water. The relative magnitude of the readily biodegradable COD fraction was high compared with typical domestic sewage, especially for grey water, and the level of particulate inert COD fraction, was relatively low. Biodegradation of soluble COD fractions in both wastewaters approximated typical rates observed for domestic sewage. However, the hydrolysis rate of the slowly biodegradable COD was quite low, reflecting the characteristics and impact of settleable organic matter. CONCLUSION: Based on the process rates obtained, aerobic biodegradation was equally effective for black and grey water fractions, both for the removal of soluble COD and the stabilization of particulate COD. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry