Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION IN THE PRECIPITATION OF THE AMAZON COASTAL ZONE: USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

Reliable data on the spatiotemporal variability in precipitation patterns are vital to the development of effective public policies for environmental management. The analysis of the variation in rainfall rates is currently limited severely by the dependence on data from rain gauges, in particular in regions with a relatively sparsely-distributed network of meteorological stations, as in the Amazon region. The present study investigated the variability in the precipitation and the principal rainfall patterns at different time scales in the coastal zone of the Amazon region, and associated these patterns with the precipitant meteorological systems present in the region. The study was based on the application of remote sensing (CMORPH) data taken at half-hourly intervals on a 0.088 latitude/longitude scale. The spatiotemporal variability in the region’s precipitation was analyzed at different time scales (monthly, seasonal, and annual), with distribution patterns being assessed using a Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The estimates obtained from the CMORPH data provided a satisfactory overview of the precipitation climatology of the study region at the distinct time scales. The PCA identified a precipitation gradient in the two principal pluviometric modes, which together explained 88% of the total variance in the data. The first mode explained 83% of the variance, with two distinct periods, a rainy season and a dry (or less rainy) period, which are influenced by large-scale precipitant systems, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and High Level Cyclonic Vortices (HLCVs). The second mode, which explains 5% of the variance in the rainfall data, is associated with mesoscale systems that affect primarily the transition periods between the seasons, and depend on the southern extreme of the annual shift in the ITCZ. The understanding of the variation of precipitation patterns using high-resolution CMORPH data, with a comprehensive coverage in both time and space, provides an effective tool for the establishment of public policies at a municipal level, in particular the development of models, and the mediation of the vulnerability of local populations to climatic extremes.
Synopsis of freshwater fishes of China

Water albedo of fish pond has close relation with its physico-chemical features. As compared with most other free actual surfaces. w,ter surface in thisregion is characterized by lower reflection ratio and higher absorption. Except the features of reflection ratio on general water surfaces, the reflection ra ratio on fish ponds has good negative ralation with productivity of phytoplankton in the fish ponds this reason, utilization ratio of light energy has positive relaiton with primary productivity in fish ponds.
Relationships Between Tropical Ascent and High Cloud Fraction Changes With Warming Revealed by Perturbation Physics Experiments in CAM5

Tropical ascent area (Aa) and high cloud fraction (HCF) are projected to decrease with surface warming in most Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. Perturbing deep convective parameters in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) results in a similar spread and correlation between HCF and Aa responses to interannual warming compared to the CMIP5 ensemble, with a narrower Aa corresponding to greater HCF reduction. Perturbing cloud physics parameters produces a comparatively smaller range of Aa responses to warming and a dissimilar HCF‐Aa relation to that in CMIP5; a narrower Aa corresponds to less HCF reduction, likely due to cloud radiative effects. A narrowing of Aa corresponds to a regime shift toward stronger precipitation in both experiments. We infer that model differences in deep convection parameterization likely play a greater role than differing cloud physics in determining the diverse responses of Aa and HCF to warming in CMIP5.
Trends in Persistent Seasonal-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Responsible for Seasonal Precipitation Totals and Occurrences of Precipitation Extremes over Canada

Both large-scale atmospheric circulation and moisture content in the atmosphere govern regional precipitation. We partition recent changes in mean, heavy, and extreme precipitation for all seasons over Canada to changes in synoptic circulation patterns (dynamic changes) and in atmospheric moisture conditions (thermodynamic changes) using 500-hPa geopotential height and precipitation data over 1979–2014. Using the self-organizing map (SOM) cluster analysis, we identify statistically significant trends in occurrences of certain synoptic circulation patterns over the Canadian landmass, which have dynamically contributed to observed changes in precipitation totals and occurrence of heavy and extreme precipitation events over Canada. Occurrences of circulation patterns such as westerlies and ridges over western North America and the North Pacific have considerably affected regional precipitation over Canada. Precipitation intensity and occurrences of precipitation extremes associated with each SOM circulation pattern also showed statistically significant trends resulting from thermodynamic changes in the atmospheric moisture supply for precipitation events. A partition analysis based on the thermodynamic–dynamic partition method indicates that most (~90%) changes in mean and extreme precipitation over Canada resulted from changes in precipitation regimes occurring under each synoptic circulation pattern (thermodynamic changes). Other regional precipitation changes resulted from changes in occurrences of synoptic circulation patterns (dynamic changes). Because of the high spatial variability of precipitation response to changes in thermodynamic and dynamic conditions, dynamic contributions could offset thermodynamic contributions to precipitation changes over some regions if thermodynamic and dynamic contributions are in opposition to each other (negative or positive), which would result in minimal changes in precipitation intensity and occurrences of heavy and extreme precipitation events.
Supplementary material to "The Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE. Part II:
Extensions to the source dispersion and photochemistry for
EPISODE-CityChem v1.2 and its application to the city of Hamburg"

Abstract. This paper describes the CityChem extension of the Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE. The development of the CityChem extension was driven by the need to apply the model in lower latitude cities with higher insolation than in northern European cities. The CityChem extension offers a more advanced treatment of the photochemistry in urban areas and entails specific developments within the sub-grid components for a more accurate representation of the dispersion in the proximity of urban emission sources. The WMPP (WORM Meteorological Pre-Processor) is used in the point source sub-grid model to calculate the wind speed at plume height. The simplified street canyon model (SSCM) is used in the line source sub-grid model to calculate pollutant dispersion in street canyons. The EPISODE-CityChem model integrates the CityChem extension in EPISODE, with the capability of simulating photochemistry and dispersion of multiple reactive pollutants within urban areas. The main focus of the model is the simulation of the complex atmospheric chemistry involved in the photochemical production of ozone in urban areas. EPISODE-CityChem was evaluated with a series of tests and with a first application to the air quality situation in the city of Hamburg, Germany. A performance analysis with the FAIRMODE DELTA Tool for the air quality in Hamburg showed that the model fulfils the model performance objectives for NO2 (hourly), O3 (daily max. of the 8-h running mean) and PM10 (daily mean) set forth in the Air Quality Directive, qualifying the model for use in policy applications. Observed levels of annual mean ozone at the five urban background stations in Hamburg are captured by the model within 15 %. Envisaged applications of the EPISODE-CityChem model are urban air quality studies, emission control scenarios in relation to traffic restrictions and the source attribution of sector-specific emissions to observed levels of air pollutants at urban monitoring stations.
The Experience of Non-Traditional Medical Students in the Clinical Setting

Background/Theoretical Framework: Although the mean age of first year medical students is 24, an increasing number of “mature-aged” students, defined as over age 30, are entering medical school. Most studies of mature-aged medical students have examined academic performance using quantitative research design [1, 2]. Few studies have employed qualitative methodology to determine the experience of mature-aged medical students, especially in the clinical setting.
Impact of artificial light at night on the foraging behaviour of the European Hamster: consequences for the introduction of this species in suburban areas

Among the pressures introduced by urbanization, artificial light at night (ALAN) can be problematic, particularly for nocturnal species. Populations of European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) have dramatically decreased in France since 1972 because of habitat loss due to urbanisation and changes in agricultural methods. The conservation project Life Alister aims to increase the abundance of this species in suburban areas via hamster release. However, the success of this population-restoration project may be compromised due to the possible effects of ALAN on the daily and seasonal cycles and behaviour of this nocturnal species. To understand how hamsters may respond to relocation, we experimentally studied the impact of ALAN on hamster foraging, a decisive behaviour for survival in natural habitats. This study assessed the behavioural responses of 18 animals when choosing between two food sources of different palatability in two different lighting conditions: artificial light (4 or 40 lux) or darkness. Our results show that hamsters avoided lighting that mimics suburban streetlights, particularly when grooming. Moreover, this study reveals that hamsters do not avoid street-lit areas when highly palatable food is present, suggesting they would be more susceptible to predation under these circumstances. Our results suggest that the adverse effects of ALAN on the behaviour of hamsters released on the outskirts of developed suburban areas could be limited by restricting the number of street lights, moderating the intensity of street lighting, or switching lights off during the hours hamsters are most active. We further recommend that wildlife managers avoid planting plants that are highly palatable to hamsters close to lighting in suburban areas to limit the risk of predation for this species.
PREFERENCE IN SELECTING THE CITY MAYOR ELECTION OF BENGKULU UNDER ETHNIC BACKGROUND

This study aims to: first, to find and analyze the correlation and effect of ethnic background of the selecting preferences in the mayor election of Bengkulu City in 2012. Second, to find and analyze whether there was a shift or change in preferences based on ethnic backgrounds in the elections of the Mayor of Bengkulu City between 2007 and2012.This study applied a quantitative approach that classified as causal explanatory descriptive and comparative study. This research is located in the Bengkulu City by taking a sample of 100 respondents by simple random sampling method. To answer the first research objective, statistical analysis is used multinomial logistic regression analysis, whereas to answer the second research purposes used non-parametric statistical analysis of the Mc Nemar test.The results of the data analysis shows there are significance correlation and influence of the ethnic background with preference vote in the election of Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Bengkulu City in 2012. Specifically, ethnic background influence someone to choose candidate for Mayor and Deputy Mayor from ethnic Serawai - Minang, Serawai - Beng- kulu City, and Serawai - Palembang. Then, there was a preference change to choose based on ethnic background in the elections of the city of Bengkulu in 2007 with the election in 2012. Voter preferences based on ethnicity has declined in2012 compared to 2007
Speciation, risks and isotope-based source apportionment of trace elements in soils of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Trace elements in soils might cause contamination and ecological risks to the environment with increasing anthropogenic disturbance. This study investigated the distribution, speciation, risks and possible sources of 28 target trace elements in soils of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The average concentrations of trace elements in soils of the study area ranged from 0.25 (Hg) to 697.38 mg kg−1 (Cr). The residual fraction was the dominant host of V, Cr, Cu, Sn, Sb Hg and REEs, while Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cd and Pb had large proportions in the non-residual fractions. Risk assessment code analysis showed that Cd should be recognized as a priority pollutant in the study area. Correlation analysis indicated that Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Sn might originate from the same or similar source. The 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios of the soils were in the range of 1.166–1.224 and 2.031–2.122, respectively. The anthropogenic Pb contribution proportion was in the range of 0–53.92% for the study area. The anthropogenic Pb contribution was higher in the areas with more intensive anthropogenic activities. Heavy metals and excessive anthropogenic disturbance should be effectively controlled in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau to maintain the ecological sustainability and human health of this fragile area.
Effect of Crystallinity of Apatite in Cremated bone on Carbon exchanges during burial and reliability of Radiocarbon Dating

ABSTRACT This study characterized cremated bone to better understand isotope exchanges during burial, using archeological samples. The cremated bones of Jokei, a Buddhist monk (AD 1155–1213), found in an urn from the Jisho-in Temple, Nara Prefecture, Japan, were used for the analysis. 14C dates were determined for eight of Jokei bone fragments of different colors (black, gray, and white). The white fragments had the highest x-ray diffractometry (XRD) crystallinity index (CI) values (0.89–1.05), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) splitting factor values (IRSF) of 5.3–7.1, and the lowest Ba concentrations. The calibrated date of the white bone fragments is 1152–1216 cal AD, consistent with Jokei’s lifespan, showing these fragments yield reliable 14C ages. Meanwhile, the black and gray fragments, which probably experienced lower temperatures during cremation, had lower CI and IRSF values of 0.25–0.46 and 4.2–4.9, respectively, and higher Ba concentrations. The black and gray fragments tended to show unreliable younger 14C dates and higher 87Sr/86Sr values close to the soil value due to soil contamination. The results in this study indicate that it is important to check crystallinity of apatite and soil contamination using chemical indexing methods such as Ba capture, to clarify the reliability of 14C dates for cremated bone samples.
Validation of self-reported incident cardiovascular disease events in the Greek EPIC cohort study

Background : the aim of the study is to investigate the validity of self-reported incident cardiovascular disease in the Greek EPIC cohort during follow up. Methods : cardiovascular disease was considered in 4 groups: Myocardial infarction (MI), Angina, Cerebrovascular disease, and other coronary heart disease (other CHD). Validation for all reported incident cardiovascular events was sought through medical records of hospitals around the country and local death registries. Results : in total, there had been 121 self reported incident cases of angina, 683 of MI, 622 of other CHD and 855 of cerebrovascular disease. Records were searched for 926 participants with reported cardiovascular disease (CVD), and from those, medical records for the 832 (90%) were obtained from the respective hospitals. Examination of the medical records that were obtained confirmed the self report in 72% of incident strokes, 65% of MIs, 55% of other CHD cases and 32% of angina. Conclusions : it appears that in our study self reported MI and stroke (or transient ischemic attacks) had a higher validity, compared to self reported angina and other CHD. Our results are comparable to those in other cohort studies.
Precursor climate aspects of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

Extreme tropical cyclone (TC) activity was seen in the Atlantic basin during 2005 with overall Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE; Bell et al. 2000) the highest observed since records began. The record activity was under-forecast by the various groups that forecast seasonal hurricane parameters. It is instructive to take a look at the climate factors that are well known to precede active TC seasons and compare whether 2005 fits the mold. High-latitude blocking seems to have played a large role in the maintenance of record warm sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Atlantic. Prevailing steering currents are also examined and contrasted to 2004, another active landfall year.
An Infrastructural Event: Making Sense of Panama’s Drought

Droughts are often characterised as meteorological events: periodic precipitation deficits associated with atmospheric disruption. However, the droughts that concern our societies are typically socioeconomic events: instances in which water demand approaches or exceeds a supply diminished due to low precipitation. This article analyses a 2015-16 drought in Panama, typically among the world’s rainiest countries, to argue that some droughts might be usefully conceptualised as infrastructural events. This analytic complements research on climatic and socioeconomic dynamics by opening up lines of inquiry that might reframe drought events. When, for example, does a drought begin and end? Where do droughts come from? Who and what are (in)visible in drought explanations and responses? The article is organised around three key dimensions of the infrastructural event, each responding to one of the questions above. The first, momentum, makes the case for a deeper temporal understanding of drought that attends to the inertia of water-intensive sociotechnical systems. The second, interconnection, examines how linkages between these systems and regional-to-global infrastructure networks can amplify situated water demands. The third, visibility, explores the mechanisms through which infrastructure frames understandings of and responses to drought, including the normalisation of water distribution politics.
Early Indian Summer Monsoon Onset Driven by Low Soil Moisture in the Iranian Desert

Advancing the leading time for onset prediction of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset is an imperative task; however, it has remained a challenging subject. In particular, the land‐atmosphere coupling associated with monsoon onset prediction is poorly understood. Here we attempt to investigate the land factor as the ISM onset precursor through studying the internal mechanism of atmospheric heating, which is distinguished by monsoon onset. The low (high) soil moisture in the Iranian desert during March and April advances (delays) ISM onset by enhancing (disturbing) the vertical easterly wind shear. In addition, midtropospheric heating is affected by soil moisture in the Iranian desert. By investigating the internal atmospheric heating process and suggesting the relationship between low soil moisture and ISM onset, these findings clarify the monsoon onset mechanism in terms of the vertical atmospheric profile and land‐atmosphere interaction, which eventually extend the lead time for the onset prediction.
The Human Ileocaecal Junction: An Anatomical Study using Classical and Modern Techniques

Introduction As a major site of regulation of the physiological unidirectional flow of gastrointestinal content, the human ileocaecal junction (ICJ) is an important structure for the health of the individual. Although historically it has been considered as a valve, other evidence points to its action as a sphincter. Within the literature, debate continues over the anatomy and action(s) of the ICJ, which prompted further investigation of the anatomy of this discrete region using a combination of established and modern techniques. This is not only important in advancing our understanding of this region but also may assist investigators attempting to devise structures that mimic the actions of the ICJ in patients with distressing symptoms following its surgical removal. The aim of this investigation was to test several hypotheses concerned with the concept that the ICJ is an anatomically specialised region in terms of its musculature, vasculature, nerve supply and distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Methods and Materials A total of 27 ileocaecal specimens were obtained for this study (20 cadaver and seven surgical, 12 male, mean age 78 years, age range 49-94 years). Of these, 10 cadaver and five surgical samples were prepared and processed for histology. Surgical samples were also investigated using immunohistochemistry to identify the following antigens: S100 (neural marker), PGP 9.5 (neural marker) and CD117 (a marker for interstitial cells of Cajal). ImageJ was used for quantitative muscle and vascular analyses within histology sections, and for analysis of S100 immunolabelled sections. Observations within the ileal papilla were compared to the adjacent caecum and terminal ileum. Statistical analyses were undertaken using Student’s t-tests, Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Resin injected vascular corrosion casts were produced from two fresh cadaver ICJ specimens. Seven cadaver and one surgical specimen were used to produce ultrathin (1mm) E12 plastinated slices of the junction for qualitative observations and three-dimensional reconstruction. The poor quality of one cadaver and one surgical specimen precluded further analysis. Results The muscularis externa was thickest at the base of the ileal papilla (4.18 ± 0.4mm), with a gradual increase in thickness in the distal 13mm of the terminal ileum and a gradual
Data‐driven retrieval of primary plane‐wave responses

Seismic images provided by reverse time migration can be contaminated by artefacts associated with the migration of multiples. Multiples can corrupt seismic images, producing both false positives, that is by focusing energy at unphysical interfaces, and false negatives, that is by destructively interfering with primaries. Multiple prediction/primary synthesis methods are usually designed to operate on point source gathers and can therefore be computationally demanding when large problems are considered. A computationally attractive scheme that operates on plane‐wave datasets is derived by adapting a data‐driven point source gathers method, based on convolutions and cross‐correlations of the reflection response with itself, to include plane‐wave concepts. As a result, the presented algorithm allows fully data‐driven synthesis of primary reflections associated with plane‐wave source responses. Once primary plane‐wave responses are estimated, they are used for multiple‐free imaging via plane‐wave reverse time migration. Numerical tests of increasing complexity demonstrate the potential of the proposed algorithm to produce multiple‐free images from only a small number of plane‐wave datasets.