Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS

We diagonalize the second-quantized Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional Bose gas with a nonpoint repulsive interatomic potential and zero boundary conditions. At a weak coupling, the solutions for the ground-state energy E0 and the dispersion law E(k) coincide with the Bogoliubov solutions for a periodic system. In this case, the single-particle density matrix F1(x, x′) at T = 0 is close to the solution for a periodic system and, at T > 0, is significantly different from it. We also obtain that the wave function ⟨ψ(x, t)⟩ of the effective condensate is close to a constant √︀ N0/L inside the system and vanishes on the boundaries (here, N0 is the number of atoms in the effective condensate, and L is the size of the system). We find the criterion of applicability of the method, according to which the method works for a finite system at very low temperature and with a weak coupling (a weak interaction or a large concentration).
A Novel Estimate Method for the Speed and Mechanical Torque of the AC Asynchronous Electrical Dynamometer

A novel estimated method for the speed and mechanical torque of the AC Asynchronous Electrical Dynamometer is proposed in this paper. The method use the voltage, the current and the frequency of the stator of the AC Asynchronous Electrical Dynamometer to estimated the speed and mechanical torque where the wavelet least squared support vector regressions (WLSVR) is used to regression the nonlinear relationship between the variables of the dynamometer. Experiment shows that it is a new way for the measurement of the speed and mechanical torque of the AC Asynchronous Electrical Dynamometer in the powertesting system and can simplify the structure of the currently used measurement system. Keywords—Measure for the speed and the mechanical torque, WLSVR, the AC Asynchronous Electrical Dynamometer, Powertesting
Nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite foams for electrochemical oxidation processes: towards biomolecule sensing

Metal-graphene composites are sought after for various applications. A hybrid light-weight foam of nickel (Ni) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), called Ni-rGO, is reported here for small molecule oxidations and thereby their sensing. Methanol oxidation and non-enzymatic glucose sensing are attempted with the Ni-rGO foam via electrocatalytically, and an enhanced methanol oxidation current density of 4.81 mA/cm^2 is achieved, which is ~1.7 times higher than that of bare Ni foam. In glucose oxidation, the Ni-rGO electrode shows a better sensitivity over bare Ni foam electrode where it could detect glucose linearly over a concentration range of 10 μM to 4.5 mM with a very low detection limit of 3.6 μM. This work demonstrates the synergistic effects of metal and graphene in oxidative processes, and also shows the feasibility of scalable metal-graphene composite inks development for small molecule printable sensors and fuel cell catalysts.
Impact of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato

Salinity reduces tomato seed germination and lengthens the time needed for germination. The seed rate will be increase in the soils where the electrical conductivity (EC) of a saturated extract was equal to or above 8 dS m−1. A study was conducted using fifteen genetically diverse genotypes under normal and salt stress conditions. The tomato genotypes were; 8 BARI varieties (BARI tomato-2, BARI tomato-8, BARI tomato-14, BARI tomato-15, BARI tomato-16, BARI tomato-17, BARI tomato18 and BARI tomato-19) and 7 local varieties (Bonkim Ruby, Pusa Ruby, Suraksa, Patharkuchi, Ruma VF, Ruma 19 and Guli) were used as plant material. Although, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was moderately sensitive to salinity but more attention to salinity is yet to be required in the production of tomato. In present study, germination (%), speed of germination, germination energy, germination capacity, seedling vigor index, fresh and dry weights of roots and root and shoot length, were the parameters assayed on five salinity levels. Increasing salt stress negatively affected germination and seedling growth. When salt concentration increased, germination of tomato seed was reduced and the time needed to complete germination lengthened. Among the varieties, BARI tomato 14 and BARI tomato 15 were found to be the more tolerant genotypes in the present study based on studied parameters.
Rapid Detection of Airborne Inocula of Grapevine Mildews Using PCR and LAMP Assay

Grapes powdery mildew and downy mildew caused by Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola respectively are the most devastating diseases worldwide resulting in significant loss of yield and quality. Epidemics of grapevine mildews are caused by airborne inocula such as conidia and sporangia. Rapid detection of airborne inocula will help to face up timely management strategies under field conditions. The aim of the current study was to design a suction spore trap to trap the airborne mildew inocula and their early detection by molecular methods of PCR and LAMP assay. A total of twelve airborne inocula samples were collected the weekly intervals from 3 to 14 standard weeks of 2021 during the cropping season. The presence of airborne inocula of E. necator was detected on standard weeks 3,6,10 and 13 through PCR assay which yielded an amplicon of 470 bp. Similarly, airborne inocula of P.viticola were detected on standard week 6 only through PCR which yielded an amplicon of 520 bp. A rapid, highly specific , sensitive Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was performed to detect the E. necator and P. viticola using six sets of LAMP primers constructed by targeting rDNA region of ITS and the 5S rRNA and CesA4 a gene, respectively. LAMP assay efficiently detected the presence of airborne inocula of E.necator in most of the samples collected from standard week 3 – 14 except 7, 8, and 9. However, the presence of airborne inocula of P.viticola from standard week 3 – 14 was confirmed by LAMP assay. The LAMP assay is absolutely the best in identifying airborne inocula of grapevine mildews compared to PCR and phenotypic microscopic observation.
Project-based Integration of Contemporary Art Forms into Teaching Visual Arts to Primary School Students in the After-School Art Clubs

This article addresses issues connected with project-based integrative teaching of visual arts to primary school students attending after-school activities. It explores the pedagogical outcomes of using contemporary art forms and materials for the promotion of collaborative knowledge construction and researches these processes in the classroom from the teacher’s perspective. Contemporary art forms, being integrative in their nature, are viewed as a suitable means of introducing students to the varieties of ways for seeing the world around them and using their knowledge acquired in other subjects for the creation of new original artworks through reusing, remediating and bricolaging recyclable materials for the construction of an art installation. The results of this action research prove that such an approach to visual art teaching encourages collaboration and art appreciation and contributes for the development of the student’s aesthetic awareness in a world where the visual image is dominating all aspects of our lives. IJEA Vol. 20 No. 18 http://www.ijea. org/v20n18/ 2
Developing a test of reasoning for preadolescents

ABSTRACT As part of an investigation into the relationship between classroom dialogue and student outcome, a test of reasoning has been developed that is suitable for preadolescents (i.e. c.10–13-year-olds). Building on previous work but expanding this considerably, the test focuses upon four areas of reasoning: differentiation of facts from opinions, differentiation of reasons from conclusions, inference of implications, and evaluation of multiple reasons. This paper reports on the test’s design and development (including the repeated cycles of piloting and redrafting), highlighting the methodological challenges that were faced (e.g. from linguistic demands), and how these were addressed. It also outlines how the test was trialled in English schools, including its use in a paper-based version with 218 students, and in a digital version with 129 students. Patterns of student performance were comparable across the two samples and also provide evidence for acceptable test reliability and validity. Thus, in addition to spotlighting methodological issues of general relevance within educational research, the paper presents a test that successfully assesses key aspects of student reasoning. The test is the first of its kind to be designed for this age group, and is offered as freely available for future research.
Experimental Investigation of Combustion Kinetics of Wood Powder and Pellet

The combustion kinetic characteristics of wood powder and pellet were investigated within thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and tube furnace system. The kinetic parameters of these two different forms of woody fuel were measured and derived by double-step-and-double-equal and isothermal method, respectively. The results showed that the combustion mechanisms of wood powder kept consistent through the whole process, while the combustion mechanisms of wood pellet differed significantly between the volatile and char combustion stages. The most probable mechanism functions of the two different forms of woody fuel were not the same due to the differences in internal heat and mass transfer properties. In addition, activation energy values varied from 92.33 kJ·mol−1 for wood powder to 71.20 kJ·mol−1 for wood pellet, while the preexponential factor value of wood powder (2.55×108 s−1) was far greater than the one of the wood pellet (78.55 s−1) by seven orders of magnitude.
Lineages

Chapter 2 examines lineages in Tibetan society and the Buddhist tradition and explains how they influenced the development of Tibet’s reincarnation lineages. It begins by explaining the role of family lineages in thirteenth-century Tibet, describing how lineages helped form identities, created links between people, and served as a mechanism for inheritance. It then examines the three main forms of Buddhist lineages—monastic, Mahāyāna, and Tantric—and shows how these lineages were often intermingled with Tibetan family lineages and inheritance practices. The chapter ends by outlining how lineages associated with manifestation, particularly lineages associated with Avalokiteśvara, underpinned claims by Tibetans to be the manifestation of this bodhisattva and other celestial beings. This chapter also explains how the Karmapas’ reincarnation lineage, traditions, and institutions were presented not as a break from other lineages but as an extension of them, and it highlights the close relationship between lineages and specific places.
Common Spatial Patterns Feature Extraction and Support Vector Machine Classification for Motor Imagery with the SecondBrain

Recently, a large set of electroencephalography (EEG) data is being generated by several high-quality labs worldwide and is free to be used by all researchers in the world. On the other hand, many neuroscience researchers need these data to study different neural disorders for better diagnosis and evaluating the treatment. However, some format adaptation and pre-processing are necessary before using these available data. In this paper, we introduce the SecondBrain as a new lightweight and simplified module that can easily apply various major analysis on EEG data with common data formats. The characteristics of the SecondBrain shows that it is suitable for everyday usage with medium analyzing power. It is easy to learn and accept many data formats. The SecondBrain module has been developed with Python and has the power to windowing data, whitening transform, independent component analysis (ICA), downloading the public datasets, computing common spatial patterns (CSP) and other useful analysis. The SecondBrain, also, employs a common spatial pattern (CSP) to extract features and classifying the EEG MI-based data through support vector machine (SVM). We achieved a satisfactory result in terms of speed and performance.
Review and classification of trajectory summarisation algorithms: From compression to segmentation

With the continuous development and cost reduction of positioning and tracking technologies, a large amount of trajectories are being exploited in multiple domains for knowledge extraction. A trajectory is formed by a large number of measurements, where many of them are unnecessary to describe the actual trajectory of the vehicle, or even harmful due to sensor noise. This not only consumes large amounts of memory, but also makes the extracting knowledge process more difficult. Trajectory summarisation techniques can solve this problem, generating a smaller and more manageable representation and even semantic segments. In this comprehensive review, we explain and classify techniques for the summarisation of trajectories according to their search strategy and point evaluation criteria, describing connections with the line simplification problem. We also explain several special concepts in trajectory summarisation problem. Finally, we outline the recent trends and best practices to continue the research in next summarisation algorithms.
Black Carbon Particles Physicochemical Real‐Time Data Set in a Cold City: Trends of Fall‐Winter BC Accumulation and COVID‐19

Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in climate and health sciences. Using the combination of a year real‐time BC observation (photoacoustic extinctiometer) and data for PM2.5 and selected co‐pollutants, we herein show that annual BC Mass concentration has a bi‐modal distribution, in a cold‐climate city of Montreal. In addition to the summer peak, a winter BC peak was observed (up to 0.433 μg/m3), lasting over 3 months. A comparative study between two air pollution hotspots, downtown and Montreal international airport indicated that airborne average BC Mass concentration in downtown was 0.344 μg/m3, whereas in the residential areas around Montreal airport BC Mass values were over 400% higher (1.487 μg/m3). During the numerous snowfall events, airborne BC Mass concentration decreased. High‐resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis of the snow samples provided evidence that airborne BC particles or carbon nanomaterials were indeed transferred from polluted air to snow. During the COVID‐19 lockdown, the BC concentration and selected co‐pollutants, decreased up to 72%, confirming the predominance of anthropogenic activities in BC emission. This first cold‐climate BC data set can be essential for more accurate air quality and climate modeling. About one‐third of the Earth's land surface receive snow annually, the impact of this study on air quality, health and climate change is discussed.
Sovereign Default and the Stability of Inflation-Targeting Regimes

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Cracks in the mirror hypothesis: high specularity does not reduce detection or predation risk

1. Some animals, including certain fish, beetles, spiders and Lepidoptera chrysalises, have such shiny or glossy surfaces that they appear almost mirror-like. A compelling but unsubstantiated hypothesis is that a highly specular or mirror-like appearance enhances survival by reflecting the surrounding environment and reducing detectability. 2. We tested this hypothesis by asking human participants to wear a mobile eye-tracking device and locate highly realistic mirror-green and diffuse-green replica beetles against a variety of backgrounds in a natural forest environment. We also tested whether a mirror-like appearance enhances survival to wild predators by monitoring the survival of mirror-green and diffuse-green replica beetles in a forested habitat and an open habitat. 3. Human participants showed no difference in the detection probability or detection latency of mirror versus diffuse replica beetles, indicating that mirror-like appearance does not impair prey capture. The field predation experiment found no difference in survival between the mirror and diffuse replica beetles in forested environments. Similarly, there was
Refined classification and characterization of atmospheric new particle formation events using air ions

Abstract. Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a world-wide observed phenomenon that affects the human health and the global climate. With the growing network of global atmospheric measurement stations, efforts towards investigating NPF have increased. In this study, we present an automated method to classify days into four categories including NPF events, non-events and two classes in between, which then ensures the reproducibility and minimizes the man-hours spent on manual classification. We applied our automated method to 10 years of data collected at the SMEAR II measurement station in Hyytiälä, southern Finland. In contrast to the traditionally-applied classification methods which categorize days into events, non-events and ambiguous days as undefined days, our method is able to classify the undefined days as it accesses the initial steps of NPF at sub-3 nm sizes. Our results show that on ~ 24 % of the days in Hyytiälä, a regional NPF event occurred and was characterized by a nice weather and favorable conditions such as a clear sky and low condensation sink. Another class found in Hyytiälä is the transported event class, which seems to be NPF carried horizontally or vertically to our measurement location and it occurred on 17 % of the total studied days. Additionally, we found that an ion burst, where the ions apparently fail to grow to larger sizes, occurred on 18 % of the days in Hyytiälä. The transported events and ion bursts were characterized by less favorable ambient conditions than regional NPF events, and thus experienced interrupted particle formation or growth. Non-events occurred on 41 % of the days and were characterized by a complete cloud cover and high relative humidity. Moreover, for the regional NPF events occurring at the measurement site, the method identifies the start time, peak time and end time, which helps us focus on variables within an exact time window to better understand NPF in a process level. Our automated method can be modified to work in other measurement locations where NPF is observed.
A simple strategy toward the substitution of styrene by sobrerol-based monomers in unsaturated polyester resins

Sobrerol acrylate (SobAcr) and sobrerol methacrylate (SobMet) were synthesized for the first time through the functionalization of sobrerol with double bonds. Sobrerol was obtained by a green route that involved the hydration of α-pinene oxide in the presence of CO2. As unsaturated monomers (UMs) with rigid structures and extremely low volatilities, these new monomers are interesting alternatives for styrene (Sty) replacement in unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) formulations. The impact of the substitution of Sty by the new Sob-based monomers was studied using three different unsaturated polyesters (UPs): one commercially available and two fully bio-based that are synthesized in this work. The Sob-based monomers were able to fully dissolve the three UPs. Although UPRs with SobAcr showed higher thermal stability than SobMet-based materials, SobMet-based formulations presented higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) and storage moduli (E′). Overall, both Sob-based monomers exhibited promising properties to be used as low-volatile, bio-based effective Sty substitutes, and by that means mitigate a serious environmental issue concerning human exposure to toxic, volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Extraction in cholinium-based magnetic ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system for the determination of berberine hydrochloride in Rhizoma coptidis

A magnetic ionic liquids (MILs)-based aqueous two-phase system (MIL-ATPs) obtained by mixing with a series of inorganic salts, which involves five cholinium MILs with the piperidinyloxy radical anion is reported for the first time. Phase diagrams for the new ATPs were experimentally determined at different temperatures (298.15–318.15 K) and the liquid–liquid equilibrium data for two-phase systems were correlated according to the empirical nonlinear expression. The effects of the types of MILs, temperature and inorganic salts on the binodal curve are discussed in detail. The MIL-ATPs coupled with HPLC-UV analysis was developed in the quantitation of berberine hydrochloride in Rhizoma coptidis. Under optimal conditions, the partition coefficient of berberine hydrochloride was 127.68 with the precision values (RSD%) of 1.40% and 2.83% for intra-day (n = 6) and inter-day (n = 3), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for berberine hydrochloride were 0.023 mg L−1 and 0.077 mg L−1, respectively. The recoveries were obtained in the acceptable range of 97.4–101.2%. Moreover, the content of berberine hydrochloride in the raw material of Rhizoma coptidis was measured as 123.95 mg g−1 with this method. Finally, 99.8% MIL was recovered for cycle application after the removal of berberine hydrochloride by using D101 resin. This study provides a meaningful reference for the application of MIL-ATPs with great prospects.
DETERMINATION OF DEOXYGENATION RATE OF URBAN RIVER USING MODIFICATION METHODS FOR CITEPUS RIVER WATER, BANDUNG, INDONESIA

River water quality modeling needs appropriate and suitable coefficients especially in application for specific river like urban river. Aim: This study aims to determine the value of the coefficient with a short term duration and a variable test time span. Several ways and methods of determining the rate of deoxygenation are developed according to the characteristics of the river and the environment. Modification method was applied in this research in which the test time span was unequal. The river chosen in this study is the Citepus River, Bandung, Indonesia representing an urban river in a tropical country. Methodology and Results: Sampling was carried out in the dry season. The laboratory analysis method used in determining the rate of deoxygenation uses the Slope Method of data from the short term incubation, which is ten days. The results showed that the Thomas Slope method's deoxygenation rate (K1) was 0.095 per day in the upstream segment, 0.917 per day in the middle segment, and 0.180 per day in the downstream segment. While the Ultimate BOD (La) value is 46.95 mg/l in the upstream segment, 38.70 mg/l in the middle segment, and 37.60 mg/l in the downstream segment. Conclusion, significance, and impact of study: The results of this study show that the value of the deoxygenation rate is similar to the theoretical surface water conditions. However, in the upstream segment, there is still a low deoxygenation rate value due to non-optimal activity of microorganisms. This findings will be very useful both in water quality modeling and river management.