Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Language Learns : Linking Universals to Acquisition

A recurring question in the study of human language is the origin of its complex structure. Languages are systems of abstract, hierarchically organized symbolic information, capable of generating an infinite number of expressions. Even so, every individual person masters a complete language, without explicit study, in the first few years of life. Complex natural systems do not arise fully formed; they evolve from simpler systems. What are the origins of linguistic structures, and what processes might have promoted an increase in complexity over time? The structures of languages are constantly changing, as they are passed from one generation to the next, and remnants of earlier variants remain in modern forms. We can consider this process to be one of evolution, with some traits of a language being “selected” and successfully passed down, while other traits are repurposed or disappear altogether. If we are to adopt this evolutionary view of language in more than a metaphorical sense, we must consider seriously the mechanisms of reproduction. In the case of languages, reproduction occurs when a language is learned; a language reproduces once in the lifetime of each individual learner. Children observe language being used, adopt a structure similar to that of the observed language, and reproduce the language in their own communication. Accordingly, no piece of language, no matter how useful or elegant, will survive if children are not inclined to acquire it. A change in a language suggests that, for learners, the deviation from the past variant may have been more easily acquired, or more naturally inferred, based on the language model that they observed. In other words, explanations for diachronic facts lie in acquisition. We must appeal to acquisition to explain not only how a language changes, but also how it retains its aspects over generations. Individual speakers from one generation cannot pass a grammar, whole cloth, to their children. All they can do is display their language, and allow children to apply their learning mechanisms to this input to weave a similar structure of their own. How do children convert a stream of language percept into an internal, highly structured abstract system? Utterances occur in a communication context. As each sentence is presented, the child must surmise its meaning, linking it to some event in the world. However, this mapping does not occur directly between parts of the
Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting 1 “ Deadly Sin

Job search is characterized by present costs and delayed benefits. This feature is common to many investment activities in which people experience procrastination problems. As in the case of dieting or exercising, procrastination arises from the tension between long-run plans and short-run impulses. Job search appears to be no exception. Job hunting books routinely warn against falling into the procrastination trap.
The Influence of Some Personality Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions

This study investigated the role of some personality variables on entrepreneurial intentions. The objectives of this study were to examine whether there would be a significant relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intentions and selfefficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. The study employed survey research design and primary data was collected using questionnaires from two hundred and twenty-eight respondents. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intentions (r=.476, N=228; p<.05) and also between selfefficacy and entrepreneurial intentions (r=.548, N=228; p<.05). Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that entrepreneurs should check the level of risk involved in a business before venturing into it so as to avoid and minimize future losses. Also, people are creative and with high level of innovativeness should be encouraged to start their own business in order to reduce the rate of unemployment.
Generic virtual reality treatment applied to space-related phobias

Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) for treating phobias, justifying its use as an alternative to exposure therapy. However, we argue that VR goes beyond in vivo therapy in that it challenges multisensory integration, thereby providing a radically new form of treatment. We recruited 10 patients with space-related phobias to follow a new form of VR therapy. In all cases, samples were homogeneous, presenting one specific phobia. We hypothesized that nonspecific VR treatment would be effective, regardless of the phenomenological specificity of the phobia. We propose the use of global desensitization, by means of VR exposure, for agoraphobic, acrophobic and claustrophobic patients. Three types of virtual environments (VEs) were presented to the patients: − VE devoid of frightening features, to allow the patient to get used to the set up. − VE containing anxiety-generating features. The chosen VE did not include the situation feared by the patient, but could potentially generate anxiety as it dealt with space (VE nonrepresentative of the main phobia). − VR representing the main specific phobia (phobia-specific VE). This type of exposure was designed to address the threat-related beliefs and behavior. Post-treatment evaluations (clinical global improvement, phobia severity, quality of life, handicap, behavioral avoidance, and fear questionnaires) showed an improvement in overall functioning for all measures.
Probing the Slow Adoption of an Online Assignment Submission System

Understanding why people adopt or reject an information system is one of the most challenging issues in information systems research. This paper draws on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and diffusion of innovation theory, and analyses an online assignment submission system in a blended distance learning university, that apparently is very similar to an e-mail system. Such system is supposed to be valuable to students, but after seven years of implementation, it handled a minor portion of the assignments. Data collected via a Web survey from students who did not use the assignments system showed that their behavioral intention to use the system was influenced mainly by its perceived usefulness, its perceived ease of use, and students’ attitude towards new technologies. The important insight emanating from the findings is that although course coordinators’ and tutors’ willingness to use the assignments system is a necessary pre-condition to its use by the students, it is not enough, and the system, as well as the work processes, should become more compatible with students’ needs in order to become valuable to them.
The Potential Prognostic and Diagnostic Role of MiRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PC) is considered the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy, and the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in males worldwide. It is associated with a variety of risk factors as age, family history, race, hormonal change and genetic abnormalities [1,2]. An important prognostic indicator of prostate cancer is the histopathologic grading (Gleason score). Gleason-based grading allows classifying tumors according to their relative degree of differentiation by assigning a score from 1 (most differentiated) to 5 (least differentiated). However, it has been elucidated that tumors with similar histological patterns may provide different clinical outcomes, so Gleason score cannot exactly predict the aggressiveness of the disease although it is a powerful prognostic indicator [3]. prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is the most widely used biomarker for diagnosis of PC, though it has a low specificity [4]. also, using this marker for screening the population leads to over diagnosis of the patients with consequent overtreatment of indolent PC [5,6]. Therefore, identifying new biomarkers that could identify and differentiate different stages of PC (localized, advanced and metastatic) is highly needed. Abstract
Depictive secondary predication and quantization

This thesis analyses depictive secondary predicates and their restrictions. Depictives can be predicated of either the subject or object of a clause (e.g. Johni ate the fish drunki vs John ate the fishj rawj). These types are known as Subject-oriented and Object-oriented depictives respectively. Object-oriented depictives show more restrictions in their distribution than Subjectoriented depictives, e.g. Johni pushed Maryj drunki/∗j . This depends on the verb class, and Object-oriented depictives are generally most acceptable when predicated of objects of accomplishment verbs. This restriction has led to the claim that Object-oriented depictives are unacceptable with non-accomplishment verbs. However, this is incorrect, and there are cases of Object-oriented depictives being acceptable with non-accomplishment verbs, like e.g. John pushed the cartj loadedj . This thesis addresses this variable acceptability, and presents an account that captures and explains the difference in acceptability of Object-oriented depictives with different verb classes. The variable acceptability of Object-oriented (adjectival) depictives with objects of activity verbs depends on the type of adjective scale used, and this is ultimately due to the depictive’s sensitivity to quantization. Since quantization surfaces in various domains (e.g. Mass/Count in nominal, telic/atelic in verbal, Closed/Open scales in adjectival, Stage-Level/Individual-Level predicate in the predicative domain), this predicts that depictive acceptability should interact with changes in these domains, which is shown to be borne out. This can be extended to interactions with lexical aspect more generally, which captures the variable acceptability of Object-oriented depictives with different verb classes. Based on this, this thesis poses the Depictive Aspectuality Constraint: Object-oriented depictives and the sentence they are contained within must be aspectually compatible with durativity and quantization. This constraint gives a greater empirical coverage of depictive behaviour than previous analyses, and successfully predicts and explains previously unnoticed interactions of depictives with other domains.
The Design of Li l ’ Flo , an Affordable Socially Assistive Robot for Telepresence Rehabil i tation

Cerebral Palsy (CP) occurs in 2 to 3 per every 1000 live births, making it the most common motor disorder in young children [1]. There is no cure for CP. However, disciplined therapy can improve outcomes. There is currently a shortage of therapists available to treat CP, a lack of objective measures for the upper extremities (UEx) to evaluate progress of patients, a mismatch of location between therapists and their patients, and high costs associated with therapy. In many ways CP is a good representation of many classes of disorders which impair the UEx. To begin to address the need for an affordable quantitative diagnostic tool in pediatric rehabilitation which can be used both in-person and remotely, the UPenn Rehab Robotics lab is developing a low cost socially assistive robot (SAR) [2] (Lil’Flo) to aid in remote, semi-autonomous, and fully autonomous assessment and treatment of upper extremity impaired pediatric patients. The robot will include a humanoid form seated on a mobile base (fig. 1) which can engage with children in low force contact, acting as a companion to the patient. It will be able to interact with patients and demonstrate activities to facilitate assessment via telepresence based remote control. For example, patients could be asked to play a game of “Simon Says” with the robot or touch various targets on the robot. The system will analyze patient behavior to determine the level of function of the patient and appropriate treatment paths forward. As a final gold standard, we envision a robot which could naturally “play” with patients as an avenue for diagnostics and therapy. There has been previous work in this space, most notably by the NAOTherapist (formerly Therapist, Ursus) project [3-5] and the RAC CP Fun project [6-7]. We have also explored the use of SARs in the elder care space using our Flo robot (fig. 1) [8].
Essay: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK CONTROLLED DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

The main objective of this paper is to develop the artificial neural network control algorithm for the control of DSTATCOM for the improvement of power quality. The presence of nonlinear loads makes the voltage to be deviated and current to be distorted from its sinusoidal waveform quality. Thus harmonics elimination, load balancing and voltage regulation is the heavy task that has to be accomplished to maintain the quality of the power. The performance of any device depends on the control algorithm used for the reference current estimation and gating pulse generation scheme. Thus the artificial neural network based Back Propagation (BP) algorithm has been proposed to generate the triggering pulses for the three phase H F O R S T U D E N T S : A L L T H E I N G R E D I E N T S O F A G O O D E S S AY
39 Divergence Analysis

The growing interest in graphics processing units has brought renewed attention to the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) execution model. SIMD machines give application developers tremendous computational power; however, programming them is still challenging. In particular, developers must deal with memory and control flow divergences. These phenomena stem from a condition that we call data divergence, which occurs whenever two processing elements (PEs) see the same variable name holding different values. This paper introduces divergence analysis, a static analysis that discovers data divergences. This analysis, currently deployed in an industrial quality compiler, is useful in several ways: it improves the translation of SIMD code to non-SIMD CPUs, it helps developers to manually improve their SIMD applications, and it also guides the automatic optimization of SIMD programs. We demonstrate this last point by introducing the notion of a divergence aware register spiller. This spiller uses information from our analysis to either rematerialize or share common data between PEs. As a testimony of its effectiveness, we have tested it on a suite of 395 CUDA kernels from well-known benchmarks. The divergence aware spiller produces GPU code that is 26.21% faster than the code produced by the register allocator used in the baseline compiler.
Visualisation and Exploration of Personal Data in Virtual Reality

Recent research in the personal informatics feld has focused on correlating aspects of self-tracked data, supporting users to arrive at meaningful insights when reecting on aggregated datasets. To date, no research has been completed on how users could explorepersonal data using virtual reality, and the opportunities this presents for users' understanding of multidimensional datasets.In this study we evaluate the open-ended exploration of multidimensional datasets using two separate visualisations. Be The Data immerses users in a three-dimensional scatterplot, allowing them to interpret a dataset from new perspectives. The second visualisation,Parallel Planes, enables a multi-faceted dataset to be chained together, supporting users in perceiving a holistic overview of interrelated dimensions.Through an insight-based evaluation methodology, we find that users conducted depth based explorations of the Parallel Planes visualisation, arriving at valuable and signicant insights through hypothesising about the data. We also find that there was no overall task workload difference between traditional visualisation paradigms and virtual reality. We conclude by outlining future research directions, and making recommendations for future evaluation approaches for data visualisation in VR.
MODELING , DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SIMPLE LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE

Laser Scanning is a wide spread technology largely used in many different areas and plays an important role in the fields of nanotechnology and metrology. It expands the optical limits of conventional microscopes and offers fast, accurate and repeatable measurements. This article presents the design and construction of a simple Laser Scanning Microscope for surface metrology in millimeter range with nanometer resolution. The system is based on the lateral scanning of samples through the deflection of a laser beam with the use of a 2D rotating mirror and on a depth scanning through the displacement of the objective and an astigmatic focus detection procedure. Initially a brief introduction of the system’s working principle is presented, followed by a detailed description of the designed scanning microscope and its simulation using a specially developed software. The constructed system is then presented and the first practical results and measurements are presented and discussed. The construction of the presented laser scanning microscope aims at the development of a simple and versatile microscope for surface metrology and to offer an experimental set-up for the measurement and analysis of different system parameters and their influence in overall system performance.
Curio SmartChat : A system for Natural Language Question Answering for Self-Paced K-12 Learning

During learning, students often have questions which they would benefit from responses to in real time. In class, a student can ask a question to a teacher. During homework, or even in class if the student is shy, it can be more difficult to receive a rapid response. In this work, we introduce Curio SmartChat, an automated question answering system for middle school Science topics. Our system has now been used by around 20,000 students who have so far asked over 100,000 questions. We present data on the challenge created by students’ grammatical errors and spelling mistakes, and discuss our system’s approach and degree of effectiveness at disambiguating questions that the system is initially unsure about. We also discuss the prevalence of student “small talk” not related to science topics, the pluses and minuses of this behavior, and how a system should respond to these conversational acts. We conclude with discussions and point to directions for potential future work.
SDN 4 S : Software Defined Networking for Security

Security Operations Centers (SOCs) rely on analysts to perform largely manual processes to carry out the various stages of the incident management lifecycle. These processes are time-intensive and typically require much context switching and hand-off between monitoring and operations analysts, introducing considerable delays into the resolution of incidents. With enterprise networks facing malware threats of increasing complexity and volume, this approach becomes unsustainable. It is crucial, therefore, to develop solutions that dependably automate and accelerate incident management tasks and only involve the limited pool of highly-trained and experienced analysts an organization can have at its disposal when truly necessary, where it matters. In this report we introduce SDN4S: a system and solution to minimize the time between incident detection and resolution by using automated countermeasures based on Software-Defined Networking (SDN). SDN4S creates incident-specific response workflows orchestrating actions and network-based countermeasures automatically upon receiving an alert, leading to faster and more predictable incident response. We describe the architecture and implementation of SDN4S, and report on the test deployment of the system on our research network. External Posting Date: January 23, 2017 [Fulltext] Internal Posting Date: January 23, 2017 [Fulltext]  Copyright 2017 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP SDN4S: Software Defined Networking for Security Theo Koulouris, Marco Casassa-Mont Hewlett Packard Labs Hewlett Packard Enterprise
2 Proposed Method : Fusion of Non-dominated Solutions Using Reference Points

With recent advancements of multior many-objective optimization algorithms, researchers and decision-makers are increasingly faced with the dilemma of choosing the best algorithm to solve their problems. In this paper, we propose a simple hybridization of population-based multior many-objective optimization algorithms called fusion of non-dominated fronts using reference points (FNFR) to gain combined benefits of several algorithms. FNFR combines solutions from multiple optimization algorithms during or after several runs and extracts well-distrib‐ uted solutions from a large set of non-dominated solutions using predefined struc‐ tured reference points or user-defined reference points. The proposed FNFR is applied to non-dominated solutions obtained by the Generalized Differential Evolution Generation 3 (GDE3), Speed-constrained Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimiza‐ tion (SMPSO), and the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) on seven unconstrained many-objective test problems with three to ten objectives. Experi‐ mental results show FNFR is an effective way for combining and extracting (fusion) of well-distributed non-dominated solutions among a large set of solutions. In fact, the proposed method is a solution-level hybridization approach. FNFR showed prom‐ ising results when selecting well-distributed solutions around a specific region of interest.
Ensemble Methods to Distinguish Mainland and Taiwan Chinese

This paper describes the IUCL system at VarDial 2019 evaluation campaign for the task of discriminating between Mainland and Taiwan variation of mandarin Chinese. We first build several base classifiers, including a Naive Bayes classifier with word n-gram as features, SVMs with both character and syntactic features, and neural networks with pre-trained character/word embeddings. Then we adopt ensemble methods to combine output from base classifiers to make final predictions. Our ensemble models achieve the highest F1 score (0.893) in simplified Chinese track and the second highest (0.901) in traditional Chinese track. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the ensemble methods.
CLOSING THE GAP BETWEEN FPGAs AND ASICs: THE APPLICATIONS OF CLOCK SKEW SCHEDULING ON FPGAs

Since the first field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) production in 1985, were used only as glue logic, FPGAs have dramatically improved to compete with application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Even entire system on chip (SOC) designs can now be built on an FPGA. In addition, today’s trends in shorter life cycles of products, and exponentially increasing costs of the mask and NRE with shrinking process technology make FPGAs the preferred design solutions over ASICs due to the advantages of faster time to market, field reprogrammability, and low non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost. However, the advantages of FPGAs, which have been brought by reconfigurable nature of FPGAs, come with the cost of slower speed, higher power consumption, and larger device size. Since FPGAs must use more transistors and interconnects than ASICs for the same functionality. To reduce the performance and power consumption gaps between FPGAs and ASICs, which are limiting factors of further widespread use of FPGAs, FPGA vendors have aggressively adopted the latest process technology with innovative FPGA architectures. Besides the hardware-wise optimizations, FPGA Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools also have been improved to have state-of-the-art capabilities to optimize logic designs through various stages of the CAD flow. However, even with the optimization efforts, FPGAs are still considered to have 2∼3 time