Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analytical tools beyond Gini index to study inequality: a case of City of Blitar, East Java, Indonesia

This paper demonstrates the use of some analytical tools beyond usual Gini index to study inequality in the City of Blitar (henceforth, Blitar), East Java, Indonesia. The Blitar’s mid-term development plan has set social and macroeconomics indicators as basis to evaluate how local development is carried out by the city government. Of the government’s primary concerns is how the city’s economic pie is distributed between its citizens. As in many other places or context, Gini index has long been a to-go indicator to gauge inequality at first glance. Gini is in fact a never obsolete since it has many desirable properties to be a good indicator for inequality. However, it is necessary to go deeper so the policy makers would better understand the inequality decomposition and dynamics. Attempts to understand inequality should also include an assessment whether the observed growth is pro-poor. Better equality and pro-poor growth make quality growth, which is a primary dimension of sustainable development goals. This paper offers rather comprehensive yet practical guidance for policy analysts or planning practitioners to study inequality in a more meaningful way.
Influence of Different Irrigation Methods and Water Salinity Levels on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth under Vertisols of Tungabhadra Project Command

The world’s oceans may seem unbounded, the amount of fresh water virtually available to the mankind is the most finite. The fresh water is about 2.5 per cent (3.5 crore km 3 ) of the total global waters which is distributed in glaciers and snow lakes (69%), lake and rivers (0.3%). The salt water is about 97.5 per cent (136.5 crore km 3 ) of which 0.7% in the form of soil moisture and 30% as ground water. Human use of fresh water has International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 08 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Calibration of NSRP Models from Extreme Value Distributions

In this work, the authors investigated the feasibility of calibrating a model which is suitable for the generation of continuous high-resolution rainfall series, by using only data from annual maximum rainfall (AMR) series, which are usually longer than continuous high-resolution data, or they are the unique available data set for many locations. In detail, the basic version of the Neyman–Scott Rectangular Pulses (NSRP) model was considered, and numerical experiments were carried out, in order to analyze which parameters can mostly influence the extreme value frequency distributions, and whether heavy rainfall reproduction can be improved with respect to the usual calibration with continuous data. The obtained results were highly promising, as the authors found acceptable relationships among extreme value distributions and statistical properties of intensity and duration for the pulses. Moreover, the proposed procedure is flexible, and it is clearly applicable for a generic rainfall generator, in which probability distributions and shape of the pulses, and extreme value distributions can assume any mathematical expression.
Rangeland Health, Condition and Biodiversity in Kırşehir Province

Son yillarda mera islah ve yonetimi calismalari oldukca onem kazanmis olup ulkemizde bu alanda bircok yeni proje yurutulmektedir. Bolgemizde yer alan iller bu konuda cok sayida projeye onculuk etmektedir. Bu calisma Kirsehir ilinde 2008 yilinda yapilan mera vejetasyon sorveylerini icermektedir. Calismada toplam 36 mera duragina gidilmis ve modifiye edilmis tekerlekli lup yontemine gore mera vejetasyonu olculmustur. Yapilan vejetasyon etudlerine dayanarak mera durum ve saglik siniflari belirlenmistir. Bitki ile kapli alan orani %65.35 olarak hesaplanmis, azalici ve cogalici turlerin orani sirasiyla %11.54 ve %35.26 olarak bulunmustur. Calisilan duraklardan 1 tanesi iyi, 30 tanesi orta ve 5 tanesi zayif mera durum sinifinda yer almistir. Mera durum siniflari temel alindiginda toplam duraklarin 35 âdeti orta ve zayif sinifa girmistir. Ote yandan mera saglik sinifina baktigimizda; duraklardan 8 tanesi saglikli, 20 tanesi riskli ve 8 tanesi sagliksiz sinifa girmistir. Toplam duraklarin 28 âdeti son iki sinifta yer almistir. Mera vejetasyonunun biyolojik cesitliligini degerlendirmek icin hesaplanan Simpson indeks degeri 0,229 olarak belirlenmistir. Calisma sonuclari meralarin asiri otlatildigini ve mera vejetasyonunda bozulma oldugunu gostermistir. Ilk olarak il meralarindaki bu asiri otlatma ve bozulma durdurulmali, daha sonra meralarin rehabilitasyonu icin acil onlemler devreye sokulmalidir.
The Sensitivity of North American Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes to Spatial and Temporal Variation in Soil Moisture: An Analysis Using Radar‐Derived Estimates of Root‐Zone Soil Moisture

This study examines the impact of variation in root‐zone soil moisture (RZSM), a key component of the Earth's hydrologic cycle and climate system, on regional carbon fluxes across seven North American ecosystems. P‐band synthetic aperture radar‐derived RZSM estimates were incorporated into the ecosystem demography (ED2) terrestrial biosphere model through a model‐data blending approach. Analysis shows that the model qualitatively captures inter‐daily and seasonal variability of observed RZSM at seven flux tower sites (r = 0.59 ± 0.26 and r = 0.70 ± 0.22 for 0–10 and 10–40 cm of soil layers, respectively; P < 0.001). Incorporating the remotely sensed RSZM estimates increases the accuracy (root‐mean‐square deviations decrease from 0.10 ± 0.07 and 0.09 ± 0.06 m3·m−3 to 0.08 ± 0.05 and 0.07 ± 0.03 m3 ·m−3 for 0–10 and 10–40 cm of soil layers, respectively) of the model's RZSM predictions. The regional carbon fluxes predicted by the native and RZSM‐constrained model were used to quantify sensitivities of gross primary productivity, autotrophic respiration (Ra), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and net ecosystem exchange to variation in RZSM. Gross primary productivity exhibited the largest sensitivity (6.6 ± 10.7 kg·cm−2·year·θ−1) followed by Ra (2.9 ± 7.3 kg·cm−2·year−1·θ−1), Rh (2.6 ± 3.1 kg·cm−2·year−1·θ−1), and net ecosystem exchange (−1.7 ± 7.8 kg·cm−2·year−1·θ−1). Analysis shows that these carbon flux sensitivities varied considerably across regions, reflecting influences of canopy structure, soil properties, and the ecophysiological properties of different plant functional types. This study highlights (1) the importance of improved terrestrial biosphere model predictions of RZSM to improve predictions of terrestrial carbon fluxes, (2) a need for improved pedotransfer functions, and (3) improved understanding of how soil characteristics, climate, and vegetation composition interact to govern the responses of different ecosystems to changing hydrological conditions.
Optical in-situ sensors capture dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics after prescribed fire in high-DOC forest watersheds

Fires alter terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports into water, making reliable post-fire DOC monitoring a crucial aspect of safeguarding drinking water supply. We evaluated DOC optical sensors in a pair of prescribed burned and unburned first-order watersheds at the Santee Experimental Forest, in the coastal plain forests of South Carolina, and the receiving second-order watershed during four post-fire storm DOC pulses. Median DOC concentrations were 30 and 23mgL−1 in the burned and unburned watersheds following the first post-fire storm. Median DOC remained high during the second and third storms, but returned to pre-fire concentrations in the fourth storm. During the first three post-fire storms, sensor DOC load in the burned watershed was 1.22-fold higher than in the unburned watershed. Grab samples underestimated DOC loads compared with those calculated using the in-situ sensors, especially for the second-order watershed. After fitting sensor values with a locally weighted smoothing model, the adjusted sensor values were within 2mgL−1 of the grab samples over the course of the study. Overall, we showed that prescribed fire can release DOC during the first few post-fire storms and that in-situ sensors have adequate sensitivity to capture storm-related DOC pulses in high-DOC forest watersheds.
REDUCING ENERGY INTENSITY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT: A CROSS COUNTRY ANALYSIS

The article analyses the way the quality of institutions affects the performance of energy saving policies. Based on the analysis of dynamic panel data for 69 countries over the period from 2002 to 2012, using Arellano-Bond approach, we have shown that the elasticity of energy consumption by price of energy depends on institutional factors. We also demonstrated that absolute values of the said indicators are higher in OECD than CIS countries over the whole data sample, which is explained by a higher quality of institutions. Similar valuations and calculations have been produced for the industrial sector as well as the production sphere. The energy consumption in the industrial sector has proved to be more sensitive to the quality of institutions than in production sphere as a whole. We have also performed a general analysis of trends of GDP energy consumption for a number of countries pointing out that a growth of energy prices enhances energy saving processes.
Abrupt Bølling‐Allerød Warming Simulated under Gradual Forcing of the Last Deglaciation

During the last deglaciation, a major global warming trend was punctuated by abrupt climate changes, likely related to Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). One problem is that an abrupt increase in the AMOC during the Bølling‐Allerød (BA) transition occurred when the melting of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets was significant, which tended to weaken the AMOC. Here, from transient simulations of the last deglaciation using an atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model, we show that an abrupt increase in the AMOC during the BA transition could occur without reduction in glacial meltwater. The abrupt increase in the AMOC accompanied abrupt warming in Greenland and sea ice retreat in the North Atlantic, consistent with proxies and previous modeling studies. The results imply that abrupt BA warming during the middle stage of the last deglaciation was a response to gradual warming under the presence of meltwater from continental ice sheets.
Comparison of filtering algorithms used for DTM production from airborne lidar data: a case study in Bergama, Turkey

lidar, airborne lidar, filtering algorithm, digital elevation model, point cloud lidar, aerolasersko skeniranje, algoritmi za filtriranje, digitalni model reliefa, oblak točk UDK: 528.8. 044.6:528.2:(560.11) Klasifikacija prispevka po COBISS.SI: 1.01 Prispelo: 17. 12. 2018 Sprejeto: 23 6. 2019 DOI: 10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2019. 03.395-414 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Received: 17. 12. 2018 Accepted: 23. 6. 2019 Baris Suleymanoglu, Metin Soycan PRIMERJAVA ALGORITMOV ZA FILTRIRANJE ZA IZDELAVO DMR IZ LIDARSKIH PODATKOV: ŠTUDIJSKI PRIMER BERGAMA, TURČIJA COMPARISON OF FILTERING ALGORITHMS USED FOR DTM PRODUCTION FROM AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA: A CASE STUDY IN BERGAMA, TURKEY
A New Index for Remote Sensing of Soil Organic Carbon Based Solely on Visible Wavelengths

Remote sensing is a powerful method for mapping soil properties, such as soil organic carbon (SOC), a key property of soil quality. Spectral remote sensing indices that rely on shortwave-infrared (SWIR) or near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths have been developed to quantify spatial patterns in SOC. However, the application of SWIR- and NIR-based indices for quantifying fine-scale patterns of SOC is limited due to the requirement of high-resolution multispectral or hyperspectral imagery. Visible wavelengths are measured by virtually all sensors, often at high resolution; hence, development of a visible wavelength–based index can greatly increase the ability to remotely estimate SOC. Here we develop such an index by assessing the relationship between laboratory-measured SOC and spectral reflectance using 7916 SOC and hyperspectral measurements from the nationwide USDA Rapid Carbon Assessment. Our new SOC index (SOCI) predicts SOC concentrations for the 7916 samples with a RMSE of 1.5%, which is comparable to predictions from the SWIR/NIR ratio (RMSE = 1.3%) and outperforms the predictions of an index based on NIR and red wavelengths (RMSE = 2.8%). We applied the index to a high-resolution satellite image and tested the ability of the image-based SOCI to predict measured SOC concentrations for a plowed field in Iowa. Regression models with and without local calibration data accurately predict measured SOC, with RMSE values of ∼0.5%. Given the widespread availability of imagery with spectral data in the visible wavelengths, there is potential to use the SOCI to address a range of soil-agronomic problems.
Adjustment of Spouses With Caregiving of Mentally Impaired, Physically Impaired, and Nonimpaired Elderly.

R E F E R E N C E S . 64 A P P E N D I C E S . 85 A. Measures of Upsetting Behaviors and Controllability. 85 B. Ways of Coping C h e c k l i s t . 87 C. Loevinger's Sentence Completion F o r m . 91 D. Subjective Well-Being S c a l e . 94 E. Health Inventory. 96 F. Activities of Daily L i v i n g . 98 G. Memory and Behavior Problem C hecklist. 100 V I T A . 103
Predisposing and Facilitating Factors of Severe Psychological Distress among Frail Elderly Adults

ABSTRACT A sample of frail older adults (65 years and over) living at home or institutionalized (n = 664) with a significant functional limitation was used to document predisposing and facilitating factors of severe psychological distress among frail elderly adults. Our results indicated that 48.2 per cent of the older adults living at home presented severe psychological distress symptoms, compared to 34.3 per cent of elderly adults living in institutions. The probability of reporting a severe level of psychological distress was associated with the respondents' social support, cognitive and functional status. When the respondents' cognitive and functional status were controlled, no evidence of a significant association was found between the respondents' age, gender, marital status, education or income and the level of their psychological distress symptoms. Our results showed that 77.9 per cent of the respondents with severe psychological distress symptoms were still severely distressed 12 months after their first interview. Findings suggest that severe psychological distress represents an important challenge for practitioners in gerontology and geriatrics. It is suggested that other studies focusing on the consequences of psychological distress on older adults' quality of life, functional decline, institutionalization and mortality may help document the gravity of this symptomatology in the elderly population. RÉSUMÉ Un échantillon de la population âgée (65 ans et plus) vivant à domicile ou en institution avec une limitation fonctionnelle significative (n = 664) a été utilisé pour documenter les facteurs prédisposants et facilitants associés à la détresse psychologique sévère chez les personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie. Nos résultats indiquent que 48,2 pour cent des sujets vivant à domicile présentaient une symptomatologie sévère de détresse psychologique, comparativement à 34,3 pour cent des personnes vivant en institution. La probabilité de rapporter un niveau sévère de détresse psychologique a été associée au statut fonctionnel et cognitif des répondants et à la disponibilité d'un soutien social. Après que l'association entre le statut cognitif et fonctionnel des répondants et les symptômes de détresse psychologique ait été contrôlée, aucune association significative n'a pu être mis en évidence entre l'âge, le sexe, le statut civil, l'éducation, le revenu et le niveau de détresse psychologique des répondants. Nos résultats ont montré que 77,9 pour cent des répondants ayant des symptômes sévères de détresse psychologique étaient encore en détresse sévère 12 mois plus tard. Nos résultats suggèrent que la détresse psychologique sévère chez les personnes âgées constitue un défi important pour les intervenants en gérontologie et gériatrie. Il est suggéré que d'autres recherches documentent les conséquences de ces symptômes sur la qualité de vie, la perte d'autonomie, le risque d'institutionnalisation et de mortalité de façon à évaluer la gravité de ce phénomène dans cette population.
Changes of Annual Precipitation and Probability Distributions for Different Climate Types of the World

Analysis of Spatio-temporal changes in precipitation (Pre) on the land surface of the earth was the focus of this study. Thiel-Sen median slopes and Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test were utilized to draw inferences. Majority of the regions were identified to show an increasing trend of annual precipitation except some of the low to mid-latitude regions in Northern hemisphere. The trends of wet-day frequency (Wet) were found in agreement with precipitation for most of the regions, but the inverse relationship was found for the subtropical regions of Northern hemisphere. These changes were examined for the world climate types based on Koppen-Gieger climate classes. Also, it was tried to find the probability distribution, which best describes the annual precipitation pattern in different climate types of the world among 21 commonly assumed probability distributions.
Use of the SONET Score to Evaluate High Volume Emergency Department Overcrowding: A Prospective Derivation and Validation Study

Background. The accuracy and utility of current Emergency Department (ED) crowding estimation tools remain uncertain in EDs with high annual volumes. We aimed at deriving a more accurate tool to evaluate overcrowding in a high volume ED setting and determine the association between ED overcrowding and patient care outcomes. Methods. A novel scoring tool (SONET: Severely overcrowded-Overcrowded-Not overcrowded Estimation Tool) was developed and validated in two EDs with both annual volumes exceeding 100,000. Patient care outcomes including the number of left without being seen (LWBS) patients, average length of ED stay, ED 72-hour returns, and mortality were compared under the different crowding statuses. Results. The total number of ED patients, the number of mechanically ventilated patients, and patient acuity levels were independent risk factors affecting ED overcrowding. SONET was derived and found to better differentiate severely overcrowded, overcrowded, and not overcrowded statuses with similar results validated externally. In addition, SONET scores correlated with increased length of ED stay, number of LWBS patients, and ED 72-hour returns. Conclusions. SONET might be a better fit to determine high volume ED overcrowding. ED overcrowding negatively impacts patient care operations and often produces poor patient perceptions of standardized care delivery.
Predictive Model and Probabilistic Assessment of Sliding Displacement for Regional Scale Seismic Landslide Hazard Estimation in Iran

A semiempirical model is presented to predict earthquake-induced sliding displacement of earth slopes based on earthquake records of the Iran plateau. The earthquake database selected for the analyses contains 3319 records (of two horizontal components) of ground acceleration relative to 738 earthquakes that occurred in Iran. The predictive model is a function of Arias intensity, yield acceleration coefficient, and the slip length of sliding mass. The performance of the proposed model was tested by comparing its predictions with those of other regional and global models. As an example of possible application of the proposed model, fragility curves are presented, which were calculated according to three damage levels.
A high‐precision time–frequency analysis for thin hydrocarbon reservoir identification based on synchroextracting generalized S‐transform

Improving the seismic time–frequency resolution is a crucial step for identifying thin reservoirs. In this paper, we propose a new high‐precision time–frequency analysis algorithm, synchroextracting generalized S‐transform, which exhibits superior performance at characterizing reservoirs and detecting hydrocarbons. This method first calculates time–frequency spectra using generalized S‐transform; then, it squeezes all but the most smeared time–frequency coefficients into the instantaneous frequency trajectory and finally obtains highly accurate and energy‐concentrated time–frequency spectra. We precisely deduce the mathematical formula of the synchroextracting generalized S‐transform. Synthetic signal examples testify that this method can correctly decompose a signal and provide a better time–frequency representation. The results of a synthetic seismic signal and real seismic data demonstrate that this method can identify some reservoirs with thincknesses smaller than a quarter wavelength and can be successfully applied for hydrocarbon detection. In addition, examples of synthetic signals with different levels of Gaussian white noise show that this method can achieve better results under noisy conditions. Hence, the synchroextracting generalized S‐transform has great application prospects and merits in seismic signal processing and interpretation.
Correlation between African Hospitality and Human Flourishing among Young African adults in Kenya

The practice of the value of hospitality contributes to individual and communal wellbeing in the society. Mental Health Continuum Scale-Short Form (MHC-SF), and Hospitality Scale were used to investigated the correlation between hospitality as a character strength and human flourishing among 308 young African adults. The study found significant positive correlation between the overall hospitality and human flourishing. The findings offer insights into promotion of the practice of hospitality correlation with human flourishing.