Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gravity Tests with Radio Pulsars

The discovery of the first binary pulsar in 1974 has opened up a completely new field of experimental gravity. In numerous important ways, pulsars have taken precision gravity tests quantitatively and qualitatively beyond the weak-field slow-motion regime of the Solar System. Apart from the first verification of the existence of gravitational waves, binary pulsars for the first time gave us the possibility to study the dynamics of strongly self-gravitating bodies with high precision. To date there are several radio pulsars known which can be utilized for precision tests of gravity. Depending on their orbital properties and the nature of their companion, these pulsars probe various different predictions of general relativity and its alternatives in the mildly relativistic strong-field regime. In many aspects, pulsar tests are complementary to other present and upcoming gravity experiments, like gravitational-wave observatories or the Event Horizon Telescope. This review gives an introduction to gravity tests with radio pulsars and its theoretical foundations, highlights some of the most important results, and gives a brief outlook into the future of this important field of experimental gravity.
Homing pigeons as a model for avian navigation

The findings on the navigational mechanisms of homing pigeons and the available data on those of wild birds, in particular migrants, are compared. There are important parallels in the use of the magnetic field and the sun for directional orientation. Also the findings on the navigational ‘map’, its preferred use by experienced birds and the strategy of using route information to acquire the necessary knowledge to establish the ‘map’, obtained in pigeons studies, can probably be generalized to wild birds and migrants in their home region. It seems that birds share a common navigational system. Special development of migratory birds, however, is the innate migration program that enables young first-time migrants to reach their still unknown wintering area.
ClusterMine: a Knowledge-integrated Clustering Approach based on Expression Profiles of Gene Sets

Motivation Clustering analysis is essential for understanding complex biological data. In widely used methods such as hierarchical clustering (HC) and consensus clustering (CC), expression profiles of all genes are often used to assess similarity between samples for clustering. These methods output sample clusters, but are not able to provide information about which gene sets (functions) contribute most to the clustering. So interpretability of their results is limited. We hypothesized that integrating prior knowledge of annotated biological processes would not only achieve satisfying clustering performance but also, more importantly, enable potential biological interpretation of clusters. Results Here we report ClusterMine, a novel approach that identifies clusters by assessing functional similarity between samples through integrating known annotated gene sets, e.g., in Gene Ontology. In addition to outputting cluster membership of each sample as conventional approaches do, it outputs gene sets that are most likely to contribute to the clustering, a feature facilitating biological interpretation. Using three cancer datasets, two single cell RNA-sequencing based cell differentiation datasets, one cell cycle dataset and two datasets of cells of different tissue origins, we found that ClusterMine achieved similar or better clustering performance and that top-scored gene sets prioritized by ClusterMine are biologically relevant. Implementation and availability ClusterMine is implemented as an R package and is freely available at: www.genemine. org/clustermine.php Contact jxwang@csu.edu. cn Supplementary Information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Snow depth, soil temperature and plant–herbivore interactions mediate plant response to climate change

Northern forest ecosystems are projected to experience warmer growing seasons, as well as winters with reduced snowpack depth and duration. Reduced snowpack will expose soils to cold winter air and lead to increased frequency of freeze‐thaw cycles. The interactions between warmer soils in the growing season and colder soils in winter may have important implications for the phenology, productivity and nutrient content of forest plants. We conducted an experiment at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA, to examine the effects of growing season warming, reduced depth and duration of winter snowpack, as well as increased frequency of soil freeze‐thaw cycles on sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and red maple (Acer rubrum) saplings. We examined the direct effects of soil temperatures on plant root health, timing of leaf‐out, foliar nitrogen, rates of photosynthesis and growth, as well as the indirect effects of snowpack reduction on herbivory on plant stems. A smaller winter snowpack and increased frequency of soil freeze‐thaw cycles in winter led to increased root damage and delayed leaf‐out for maple saplings. Snowpack reduction decreased rates of stem herbivory in winter, indicating that alleviation of above‐ground stem damage in winters with reduced snowpack may offset the root damage incurred from successive soil freeze‐thaw cycles in winters with low snowpack. Synthesis. By examining the response of two dominant tree species to simulated climate change in both the growing season and winter, we find that plant responses are mediated through a combination of changes in soil temperature and plant–herbivore interactions that differentially affect above‐ and below‐ground plant components. These results highlight the feedbacks between trophic levels that shape forest function and demonstrate the need for considering climate change across seasons in global change experiments to determine how forest function may change in the future.
Identification and characterisation of RNA editing sites in chloroplast transcripts of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum)

Correspondence Xiaojun Nie, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. Email: small@nwsuaf.edu. cn; and Weining Song, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy and Yangling Branch of China Wheat Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. Email: sweining2002@yahoo.cn
Photocatalytic Umpolung of N- and O-substituted alkenes for the synthesis of 1,2-amino alcohols and diols†‡

We report an organophotocatalytic 1,2-oxyalkynylation of ene-carbamates and enol ethers using Ethynyl BenziodoXolones (EBXs). 1-Alkynyl-1,2-amino alcohols and diols were obtained in up to 89% yield. Photocatalytic formation of radical cations led to Umpolung of the innate reactivity of the alkenes, enabling addition of a nucleophilic benzoate followed by radical alkynylation.
Measuring Fun

The gaming industry and the concept of gamification have altered the way many developers and users approach interactive products. As social gaming demographics expand to what was previously considered “casual” audiences, more users expect an enjoyable experience from their digital applications and games. Developers now request more detailed subjective descriptions of satisfaction and the player experience from user experience (UX) practitioners. Focusing on how fun a product is for users/players requires subjective, situationally dependent metrics rather than the traditional usability pillars: effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. UX professionals are engaged in constructing a comprehensive ecology of the player experience and how to measure it. This article contributes to that ecology by detailing a case in which our team conducted a usability test on a new video game peripheral. Our client’s primary concern lay with how fun experienced gamers found the device. As our test progressed, we encountered a number of funrelated participant behaviors that led us to develop unique metrics beyond an initial systems survey. These new metrics helped our team and our client better define and discuss enjoyability. Our case, in conjunction with a detailed definition and review of player experience and UX scholarship, shows the importance of adopting metrics contextually specific to the video game product and player group when measuring fun or enjoyability is the primary goal.
Nesting ecology of sympatric species of wool carder bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidium) in South America

Using a total of 14,043 trap-nests (potential nest for bees), we documented the nest architecture, host plants, seasonality, and associated organisms of the following six native species of Anthidium (Megachilidae: Anthidiini) from the Central Monte Desert in Mendoza, Argentina: A. andinum Jörgensen; A. chubuti Cockerell; A. decaspilum Moure; A. friesei Cockerell; A. rubripes Friese; and A. vigintipunctatum Friese. Each species exhibited unique features in the arrangement of the fibers used to make their cells, and in the type of material used in the nest plug. Bees used a total of 41 plant species, but relied heavily on Prosopis flexuosa (Fabaceae) and Larrea spp. (Zygophyllaceae). Most bee species are univoltine and exhibited delayed emergence. The oil beetle Nemognatha sp. (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and the cuckoo wasp Chrysis striatula Bohart (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) are recorded for the first time for Anthidium. Nemognatha sp. was the most common brood parasite but C. striatula caused the highest brood mortality.
Academics’ perspectives on the future of sport education

ABSTRACT Background: Sport Education (SE: Siedentop, D. 1994. Sport Education: Quality PE through Positive Sport Experiences. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics) remains the most researched of all the pedagogical models and thus has the strongest body of evidence that it has the potential to deliver on psychomotor, cognitive and affective student learning outcomes. Despite this evidence, there has been less discussion within the academic community regarding the future of the model itself, or the empirical evidence still needed to facilitate its position in school physical education programs. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to garner a reflective summary of collective SE scholarship to frame academics’ perspectives on the potential of SE as a viable pedagogical model for physical education. This viewpoint included strategies that may facilitate an increased use of the model by teachers in school programs and the empirical evidence still needed to help validate its position. Method: Academic participants were 34 university faculty from 11 different countries who had published empirical research on SE. Participants responded to an online survey designed to prompt descriptive reflections on the topics of (a) limits, constraints, and/or challenges in assisting teachers in learning to implement the model, (b) the capacity of SE for framing effective learning, (c) potential need for the model to evolve, (d) challenges in demonstrating the efficacy of the model, and (e) appropriate research designs for evaluating this efficacy? In-depth qualitative content analysis was conducted using open, axial and selective coding techniques with trustworthiness established through processes of credibility, dependability and confirmability strategies. Findings: Findings revealed support for the contemporary utility of SE within school physical education programs. Perceived constraints to its continued proliferation in schools included teachers’ beliefs and values about physical education, and the institutional contexts and curriculum policies that operate in schools. Academics highlighted the need for research that mapped teachers’ use of the model, including what features they consistently use and why they persist with the model to navigate achieving student learning outcomes. Future empirical efforts need to address the model’s contribution to broader curriculum outcomes and as a potential change agent in disrupting the status quo of contemporary physical education curriculum design.
Towards Post-Quantum Security for Signal's X3DH Handshake

Modern key exchange protocols are usually based on the Diffie–Hellman (DH) primitive. The beauty of this primitive, among other things, is its potential reusage of key shares: DH shares can be either used a single time or in multiple runs. Since DH-based protocols are insecure against quantum adversaries, alternative solutions have to be found when moving to the post-quantum setting. However, most post-quantum candidates, including schemes based on lattices and even supersingular isogeny DH, are not known to be secure under key reuse. In particular, this means that they cannot be necessarily deployed as an immediate DH substitute in protocols. In this paper, we introduce the notion of a split key encapsulation mechanism (split KEM) to translate the desired key-reusability of a DH-based protocol to a KEM-based flow. We provide the relevant security notions of split KEMs and show how the formalism lends itself to lifting Signal’s X3DH handshake to the post-quantum KEM setting without additional message flows. Although the proposed framework conceptually solves the raised issues, instantiating it securely from post-quantum assumptions proved to be non-trivial. We give passively secure instantiations from (R)LWE, yet overcoming the above-mentioned insecurities under key reuse in the presence of active adversaries remains an open problem. Approaching one- sided key reuse, we provide a split KEM instantiation that allows such reuse based on the KEM introduced by Kiltz (PKC 2007), which may serve as a post-quantum blueprint if the underlying hardness assumption (gap hashed Diffie–Hellman) holds for the commutative group action of CSIDH (Asiacrypt 2018). The intention of this paper hence is to raise awareness of the challenges arising when moving to KEM-based key exchange protocols with key-reusability, and to propose split KEMs as a specific target for instantiation in future research.
Expanding the Number of Reviewers in Open-Source Projects by Recommending Appropriate Developers

Code review is an important part of the development of any software project. Recently, many open source projects have begun practicing lightweight and tool-based code review (a.k.a modern code review) to make the process simpler and more efficient. However, those practices still require reviewers, of which there may not be sufficiently many to ensure timely decisions. In this paper, we propose a recommender-based approach to be used by open-source projects to increase the number of reviewers from among the appropriate developers. We first motivate our approach by an exploratory study of nine projects hosted on GitHub and Gerrit. Secondly, we build the recommender system itself, which, given a code change, initially searches for relevant reviewers based on similarities between the reviewing history and the files affected by the change, and then augments this set with developers who have a similar development history as these reviewers but have little or no relevant reviewing experience. To make these recommendations, we rely on collaborative filtering, and more precisely, on matrix factorization. Our evaluation shows that all nine projects could benefit from our system by using it both to get recommendations of previous reviewers and to expand their number from among the appropriate developers.
Comparative Sensitivity of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neuronal Subtypes to Chemically Induced Neurodegeneration

Abstract Introduction: Development of an in vitro screening assay to predict the neurodegenerative potential of compounds in humans would benefit the safety assessment of pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of physiologically relevant human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived GABAergic (GABA) and glutamatergic (GLUTA) neurons to chemically induced perturbation of morphological endpoints of neurite outgrowth to evaluate potential lineage-specific neurodegeneration. Materials and Methods: GABA and GLUTA neurons were treated for 24 hours with 0.1–100 μM of 10 chemicals (acetaminophen [negative control], bisindolylmaleimide-1, colchicine, dexamethasone, diazinon, doxorubicin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, paclitaxel, rotenone, U0126) with known neurodegenerative effects in vitro, and then immunofluorescent cells were analyzed using automated high-content imaging analysis to measure neurite outgrowth endpoints. Results: No effect on any endpoint was observed wi.
Building Hopefulness Through Financial Education and Coaching

Financial behaviors play an important role in promoting or reducing financial stability and may have an impact on health outcomes, in general. Hope theory is a framework applicable to promoting behavior change, including financial behavior change. This article describes the hope promoting components of a novel financial education and coaching program and the significant improvement in hopefulness demonstrated by women who participate in the program, as measured in the Finances First randomized controlled trial.
Identification of Colletotrichum brevisporum causing anthracnose on passion fruit

Abstract Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) has become an important commercial fruit with large-scale cultivation in China. A disease affecting the stems, fruits, leaves and tendrils was observed on passion fruit vines in Sanming, Fujian Province, China, in August 2015. The typical symptoms included lesions of oval to irregular shapes, brown to brownish black in colour, with sunken cavities. Acervuli and dark setae were observed within the lesions. The disease incidence varied from 25 to 60% in different fields. The causative pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum brevisporum on the basis of morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-tubulin 2 (Tub2) and actin (ACT) genes. Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfilling Koch’s postulates on plants and detached fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose disease on passion fruit caused by C. brevisporum worldwide.
Association of Race and Change in Ankle-Brachial Index: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort

Objective: This study evaluates the association of self-reported race with change in ankle-brachial index (ABI) over time and modification of this association by paraoxonase gene (PON1, PON2 and PON3) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods: This longitudinal study included 11,992 (N = 2952 Black, N = 9040 White) participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort with PON genotyping. Mixed-effects models examined whether race was associated with change in ABI over time after adjustment for known peripheral artery disease (PAD) risk factors. Results: Change in ABI over time differed between Whites and Blacks (race-time interaction, p 0.0001). Stratified analyses showed that ABI values were better in both Blacks and Whites who completed high school or more education compared to those who completed less education. None of the PON SNPs met the significance level (p 0.001) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions: ABI differences by race were small and although statistically significant, may not be clinically significant. Change in ABI over time varies by race and may be modified by education. Results suggest that higher education may influence the lifestyle and behavioral choices contributing to better ABI in both Blacks and Whites. Further studies are needed to confirm this observation.
When the party’s over: what influences event peer-to-peer accommodation owners to re-enter the market?

ABSTRACT When cities host mega-events, lodging demand temporarily increases, however cities must balance this temporary demand to prevent oversupply. Peer-to-peer accommodations may be a lodging solution for mega-events. Based on the commitment–trust theory this study examined mediating effect of relationship commitment and trust on the impact of financial reward, social reward, sustainability, civic pride, communication and opportunistic behaviour on the intention to re-enter the market for future events. A survey of 300 peer-to-peer accommodation hosts was conducted. Financial reward, social reward, sustainability, civic pride and communication all had a positive, significant impact on hosts’ intention to re-enter the market for future events, however relationship commitment and trust did not significantly mediate the impact for most of the variables. Only sustainability was significantly mediated by relationship commitment.
Inferring the potential impact of human activities on evapotranspiration in the Tumen River Basin based on LANDSAT imagery and historical statistics

Understanding the spatial and temporal changes in actual evapotranspiration (ETa) caused by different human activities is important for water management in water‐sensitive areas, because ETa plays a major role in regulating the availability of water on land. Thus, ETa observation is particularly important for observing land degradation in the watershed. This study used the operational simplified surface energy balance (SSEBop) model to perform ETa estimations and observations in the Tumen River Basin (TRB), covering the border of China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), over the last 30 years by using eight periods of clear‐sky LANDSAT Thematic Mapper/Operational Land Imager (TM/OLI) and thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) data. To assess the reliability of the ETa estimations, multilayer soil temperatures from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Land Data Assimilation System Version 2.0 (CLDAS‐V2.0) were utilized. The highest R2 (.71) between ETa and soil temperature was observed in layers shallower than 10 cm; this value of R2 gradually decreased to . 57 at a depth of 200 cm. The average ETa of the TRB declined from 1.65 mm in 1985 to 1.03 mm in 2017. The impact of human activities on water loss (ETa) was determined by comparing land cover changes observed by an object‐based image analysis (OBIA) approach and economic activities between 1994 and 2008. Varying economic activities and water depletion in different soil layers may have led to the variable ETa values between the northern (China) and southern (DPRK) part of the TRB during the last three decades.
Generalized Grad–Shafranov equation for non-axisymmetric MHD equilibria

The structure of static MHD equilibria that admit continuous families of Euclidean symmetries is well understood. Such field configurations are governed by the classical Grad–Shafranov equation, which is a single elliptic partial differential equation in two space dimensions. By revealing a hidden symmetry, we show that in fact all smooth solutions of the equilibrium equations with non-vanishing pressure gradients away from the magnetic axis satisfy a generalization of the Grad–Shafranov equation. In contrast to solutions of the classical Grad–Shafranov equation, solutions of the generalized equation are not automatically equilibria, but instead only satisfy force balance averaged over the one-parameter hidden symmetry. We then explain how the generalized Grad–Shafranov equation can be used to reformulate the problem of finding exact three-dimensional smooth solutions of the equilibrium equations as finding an optimal volume-preserving symmetry.