Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The first two leading modes of the tropical Pacific and their linkage without global warming

A discrepancy remains in the first two leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) based on observations since the 1980s. The EOF1 mode, representing the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), is a robust result. However, the EOF2 features either El Niño Modoki (EM) or ENSO evolution during different periods, which is probably associated with the impacts of global warming. The underlying question is what the EOF2 mode of the tropical Pacific would be without global warming. Using the CMIP5 preindustrial scenario to exclude the influence of global warming, we find that the EOF1 mode of the tropical Pacific SSTA represents ENSO and that the EOF2 mode is not EM. According to the lead–lag correlation between the ENSO and EOF2 modes, the linkage between these two modes is as follows: …El Niño → EOF2 → La Niña → –EOF2 → El Niño…. By analyzing the evolution of sea surface temperature, surface wind, and subsurface ocean temperature anomalies, we find the mechanism linking the ENSO and EOF2 modes is the air–sea interaction associated with the ENSO cycle. This result suggests that the EOF2 mode represents an aspect of ENSO evolution under preindustrial conditions. Therefore, this study further indicates that the EM is probably due to the influence of global warming.
Dynamical Control of the Tibetan Plateau on the East Asian Summer Monsoon

The origin of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM)—the sole monsoon existing in the subtropics‐midlatitude in the northern hemisphere—has long been recognized as an elevated heating and mechanical forcing of the Tibetan Plateau, and the land‐sea zonal heat contrast. However, the relative contribution of individual processes to the generation of the East Asian summer monsoon and therefore the underlying basic physics are unexplored. Here we show that the EASM is mainly driven by the dynamical effect of the Tibetan Plateau, in which forced topographic Rossby waves induce downstream southerlies, a crucial factor in EASM precipitation. From idealized general circulation model simulations, the dynamical effect of mountains is revealed to account for ~65% of the total East Asian summer precipitation, whereas the elevated heating and land‐sea heat contrast are only responsible for ~15% each and the mountain‐drag effect accounts for less than 5%.
An automated fracture trace detection technique using the complex shearlet transform

Abstract. Representing fractures explicitly using a discrete fracture network (DFN) approach is often necessary to model the complex physics that govern thermo-hydro-mechanical–chemical processes (THMC) in porous media. DFNs find applications in modelling geothermal heat recovery, hydrocarbon exploitation, and groundwater flow. It is advantageous to construct DFNs from the photogrammetry of fractured outcrop analogues as the DFNs would capture realistic, fracture network properties. Recent advances in drone photogrammetry have greatly simplified the process of acquiring outcrop images, and there is a remarkable increase in the volume of image data that can be routinely generated. However, manually digitizing fracture traces is time-consuming and inevitably subject to interpreter bias. Additionally, variations in interpretation style can result in different fracture network geometries, which, may then influence modelling results depending on the use case of the fracture study. In this paper, an automated fracture trace detection technique is introduced. The method consists of ridge detection using the complex shearlet transform coupled with post-processing algorithms that threshold, skeletonize, and vectorize fracture traces. The technique is applied to the task of automatic trace extraction at varying scales of rock discontinuities, ranging from 100 to 102 m. We present automatic trace extraction results from three different fractured outcrop settings. The results indicate that the automated approach enables the extraction of fracture patterns at a volume beyond what is manually feasible. Comparative analysis of automatically extracted results with manual interpretations demonstrates that the method can eliminate the subjectivity that is typically associated with manual interpretation. The proposed method augments the process of characterizing rock fractures from outcrops.
Investigation of stratospheric circulation using long-lived tracers with WACCM, BASCOE CTM and a reanalysis of MLS observations

Contact: daniele.minganti@aeronomie.be Abstract. The stratospheric circulation is investigated using WACCM4 (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 4), together with BASCOE CTM (Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical Observations Chemistry-Transport Model) and a reanalysis of stratospheric composition observed by MLS: BRAM2 (BASCOE Reanalysis of AURA MLS release 2) over the period 2005-2015. Three different reanalyses of the wind fields (ERA-interim, JRA55 and MERRA2) are used to drive the CTM, providing an estimate of the uncertainties in our representation of the actual stratospheric circulation. We use a long-lived tracer (N2O), and the Transformed Eulerian Mean (TEM) framework to analyse the tracer budget. We focus on the residual advection (mainly vertical) and eddy mixing (mainly horizontal) contributions to the N2O variations, studying the mean annual cycle and variability in the higher stratosphere and how it is depicted in the different datasets. The BRAM2 mean annual cycle, for both the vertical and the horizontal terms, is nearly in the middle of the spread. WACCM is in good agreement concerning the vertical term but differs considerably from the other datasets in the horizontal (~mixing) term. WACCM present a smaller variability with respect to the reanalysis in the Tropical higher stratosphere, especially for the vertical term. The next step of our research is to perform such analysis with the newer version of WACCM (version 6) as well as new BASCOE CTM runs using other reanalysis products. Multi-decadal changes in the terms of the budget, and their space dependence, will be investigated as well. EGU2019-7472
Comparison between Zeta Converter and Boost Converter using Sliding Mode Controller

This paper presents a dynamic modelling and control of a Zeta converter as well as boost converter evaluated in MATLAB/SIMULINK based simulation. A Zeta converter topology provides a positive output voltage from an input voltage and also provides option for regulating an unregulated power supply. The Zeta converter is configured from buck converter but unlike buck converter, it includes two inductors and two capacitors. A comparison between Zeta converter and Boost converter is done using sliding mode controller under the load voltage variation. The feedback loop provides voltage regulation against any disturbance in load voltage by keeping input side constant. The simulated output voltage, current and graph between voltage gain and duty ratio are shown in the paper. Keywords— Zeta converter, Boost converter, Voltage mode control, Sliding mode controller etc.
The effects of inclement weather conditions on freeway traffic operations

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Need for Research 1.2.1 Traffic Control Strategies 1.2.2 Traveler Advisory Strategies 1.2.3 Roadway Treatment Levels 1.3 Research Objectives and Scope of Work 1.4 Thesis Organization CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Traffic Flow Theory 2.2 Adverse Weather Impacts on Freeway Operations 2.2.1 Weather and Capacities 2.2.2 Weather and Speeds 2.3 Estimation of Freeway Capacities and Average Speeds 2.4 Summary of the Literature Review Vl
Effect of binders on agricultural crop residues and wastes pellets. A review

Agricultural crop residues and wastes can be pelletized to improve its undesirable characteristics such as low bulk density, poor transportation and storage properties, and low volumetric energy. Trading of agricultural crop residue and wood pellets within North America and Europe have seen a significant growth in the past few years. This is because of potential utilization and application in heat, power and combined cycle generation, gradually replacing fossil fuels. Binders in pellets are employed to improve binding, lubrication, and abrasion characteristics by forming matrix which improves intermolecular bonding within the contact area of the biomass during pelletizing. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of different binders on the physical properties of agricultural crop residues and wastes pellets, and cost of binder a sensitivity factor in pellet production facility and reducing the capital cost of pellet. Detailed studies in the addition of binders using various pretreatment processes and densification of biomass will be presented.
Improvement of both handling stability and ride comfort of a vehicle via coupled hydraulically interconnected suspension and electronic controlled air spring

The trade-off between handling stability and ride comfort is a disadvantage for the bus fitted with passive suspension due to its high center of gravity and heavy load. A novel suspension configuration with both hydraulically interconnected suspension and electronic controlled air spring is created to handle this conflicting requirement. The proposed whole vehicle system model has three subsystems: a 9-degree-of-freedom vehicle multi-body model, hydraulically interconnected suspension model, and electronic controlled air spring. The electronic controlled air spring comprises an air spring and an auxiliary air chamber, and its height can be adjusted by a fuzzy controller. Then, analytical work is performed to evaluate the handling stability and ride comfort of the vehicle with different suspension configurations under various maneuvers and suspension height modes. Finally, the vehicle on-road test is conducted to experimentally validate the proposed models. Both analytical and experimental results indicate that the vehicle fitted with hydraulically interconnected suspension and electronic controlled air spring can obtain high performance for both handling stability and ride comfort.
Steganography : A Brief Survey

Steganography is going to gain its importance due to the exponential growth computer users and for secret communication over the internet. It is defined as hiding a message in such a way that no one apart from receipt knows the existence of data. In this paper we have first explained concept. We have also discussed different methods of steganography.In addition, we discuss steganography techniques and try to mention advantages and disadvantages of them. Keyword Steganography, Data hiding, LSB, DCT,PSNR
The Influence of Tropical Cyclones on Circulation, Moisture Transport, and Snow Accumulation at Kilimanjaro During the 2006–2007 Season

Tropical cyclones represent an important component of intraseasonal atmospheric variability in the southwest Indian Ocean, and their landfall can be devastating to coastal communities. However, little is known about their impact on precipitation in the high‐elevation regions of East Africa. Here we combine in situ measurements from the summit of Kilimanjaro and subkilometer atmospheric modeling of the region to investigate the impact of these storms during the 2006–2007 cyclone season, which was characterized by anomalously positive snow accumulation at the summit coinciding with cyclone activity. Observations indicate that two storms are associated with snowfall amounts exceeding 10 cm per day, an amount representing ~5% of the observed average annual total. Numerical simulations show that some tropical cyclones transport moisture directly to the region while others induce moisture transport from the continental interior. Our study suggests that these synoptic‐scale phenomena have the potential to complicate the extraction of climate signals from glaciers.
Research of 3D point cloud data registration algorithms based on feature points and improved ICP

In the optical non-contact 3D measurement process,the reconstruction of complex object depends on the registering of many point clouds.Iterative closest point(ICP) algorithm is a classical mathematical method in processing data of 3D laser scanning about registration.To obtain better registering result,an algorithm including initial registration and precise registration is proposed based on ICP.It combines algorithm of equal curvature based feature points and improved ICP of neighborhood search to register point cloud data automatically.Through the tooth point clouds model experiment,it is found that the greater the amount of point cloud data,the more obvious advantages of the registration speed of this algorithm is the running time of using ICP algorithm(194.58 s) is far greater than that of this algorithm(89.13 s). Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has advantage of fast speed and high precision.
Automated tutoring of massive open online courses

For massive open online courses, the amount of programs submitted tends to be too big compared to the number of people tutoring the course. In order to provide feedback, the organizators rely on automatic assessment through a test suite, and report the output. Novice programmers however struggle to understand error messages, and require more detailed instructions. We therefore present in this thesis a new approach at automatically fixing incorrect programs and providing the programmers with individual feedback, without the need for test sets and specification. We combine abstract interpretation with statistical language models to create a model of correct programs. We train on a large codebase by extracting sequences of properties, which we call sentences. A student’s submission is then scored by abstracting it into sentences, which are ranked according to the language model. We devised a set of rules that can be applied in order to synthesize a correct program. Our tool performs beam search to find the sequence of rule applications which improve the submission’s score the most. Our results indicate that in over two thirds of all cases, the corrected version of a program scores higher than the original submission. Furthermore, they show that our tool can find good fixes for programs with an an accuracy of 0.63.
Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (TIBs) potential in meeting crop production demand in Nigeria

Free to read on publisher website Micropropagation, popularly known for large-scale clonal propagation, is the first major and widely accepted practical application of plant biotechnology. The commercial utility of conventional micropropagation of important crop species is limited as a result of the large numbers needed annually to start up new farms in addition to high production costs. These result primarily from high labour cost, low multiplication rate or long duration of multiplication before plantlets are taken to the field, and poor survival rates resulting from contamination risks and during acclimatization. All of these constitute a major setback in the use of Micropropagation for scaling up of the several economic species for commercialization. Temporary Immersion Bioreactor system (TIBs) is a relatively recent micropropagation procedure that employs the use of automated gadgets to control rapid multiplication of plant cultures under adequate conditions. TIBs provide a more precise control of the adequate conditions (gaseous exchange, illumination etc.) required by plants for growth, development and survival than the conventional culture vessels. This bioreactor system incorporates a number of features specifically designed to simplify its operation and reduce production costs. The set-up consists of two vessels, one for the plantlets and the other one for the liquid culture media coupled together through a perforated rubber tubing that permits the flow of the liquid media from one vessel to the other. TIBs consist of three main phases: Multiplication, Elongation and Rooting phase. Plantlets propagated in TIBs have better performance than those propagated by conventional methods of micropropagation. This is as a result of a better handling of the in vitro atmosphere and the nutrition. TIBs provide a rapid and efficient plant propagation system for many agricultural and forestry species, utilizing liquid media to avoid intensive manual handling. In addition to diminishing production costs regarding labour force, Temporary Immersion Bioreactors save energy, augment micropropagation productivity and efficiency.
Consistent forest leaf area index retrieval using ground and airborne data

Leaf Area Index (LAI), defined as one half of the total leaf area per unit ground surface area, is a key parameter of vegetation structure for modeling Earth's ecological cycle and its acquisition accuracy always has the need and opportunity for improvement. Active laser scanning provides an opportunity for consistent LAI retrieval at multiple scales because terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS) have the similar physical mechanism. However, the three-dimensional information of laser scanning is not fully explored in current methods and the traditional theories require adaptation. In this thesis, the path length distribution model is proposed to model the clumping effect, and it is applied to the TLS and ALS data. The method of obtaining the path length distribution of different platforms is studied, and the consistent retrieval model is established. This method is found to improve the individual tree measurement in urban areas and LAI mapping in natural forest, and its results at consistent at different scales. The model is expected to facilitate the consistent retrieval of the forest leaf area index using ground and airborne data.
Handbook Of Biometrics

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On the Performance of Medical Information Retrieval using MeSH Terms - A Survey

Internet users have increased everywhere. Searching and retrieving documents is a common thing nowadays. Retrieving related documents from the search engines are difficult task. To retrieve correct documents, knowledge about the search topic is essential. Even though separate search engines are there to retrieve medical documents the users are not familiar with MeSH terms (Medical Subject Heading). So, both the search browser and the MeSH terms have to be integrated to make the search effective and efficient. To implement this integration, SimpleMed and MeSHMed were introduced. The MeSH terms have to be ranked to know how frequently it has been used and to know the importance of the MeSH terms. To rank it a semi ‐ automated tool called MeSHy was developed. The terms were extracted, filtered, ranked and displayed to the user. Classifiers have to be constructed to label the documents as health and non ‐ health. Three strategies were used to classify them. The errors that are commonly done by the users have to be found out. It was calculated based on the queries presented by the user to the search browser.
Wave Power Variation near the Romanian Coastal Waters

In the present work, the relationship between Romanian wave power and the distance to the shoreline is evaluated, by taking also into account the performances of some wave energy converters. Several reference sites located on northern, centre and southern part of this area were taken into account, the wave energy being assessed at 5 km, 15 km and 30 km from the shore. More important resources were noticed close to the Vama Veche (in south) were an average of 4.27 kW/m is reported offshore. As we go from shore to offshore, the wave variations may reach a maximum of 7.7% in the case of the Navodari site (centre), while a 3.3% is expected for Vama Veche. In the case of the wave generators, three types of systems (Seabased, Pelamis and Wave Dragon) were considered, that cover a rated capacity ranging from 15 kW to 7000 kW. For the Saint George s ite (north), the power production is insignificant being located close to zero, while in terms of the capacity factor a maximum of 0.12% may be expected from the Seabased system. The capacity factor significantly increases as we go to south, being reported during winter time values close to 3% for Pelamis system or 6% in the case of Seabased, respectively.
RE-EVALUATION OF SEISMIC HAZARD IN TASIKMALAYA CITY USING PROBABILISTIC APPROACH

Tasikmalaya is one of the earthquake-prone cities in Indonesia as a result of collision of the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian plate. Earthquake mitigation efforts are needed to reduce the impact of future earthquakes. One of the mitigation efforts that can be proposed is a re-evaluation of the seismic hazard of the city. The main objective of this study was to re-evaluate seismic hazard expressed in Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration at bedrock level based on a probabilistic approach, particularly in Tasikmalaya City. We first processed the earthquake data then adopted the new 22 seismogenic structures as the earthquake sources. Furthermore, we determined the characterization of each earthquake sources, selected, and adjusted the ground motion attenuation, and logic tree processed to manage the uncertainty of earthquake recurrence, magnitude distribution, and ground motion attenuation. Using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA), PGA and spectral acceleration at bedrock level corresponding to 2% exceedance of 50 years’ probability were calculated. The seismic hazards were quantified in terms of PGA and spectral acceleration at two fundamental periods of 0.2 and 1.0 s. The results showed that the subduction interface zones in southern Java and background seismicity significantly contributed to the seismic hazard in Tasikmalaya City. If compared with the 2010 Indonesian earthquake hazard maps, the results have relatively higher values in the three hazard maps which might due to the different characterization of earthquake sources, earthquake catalogs, and the GMPE to be used.
Uniform information with a hybrid naming (hn) scheme

This document defines a hybrid naming scheme for unifying all kinds of information including resources, services and data. With many proposals of novel network architectures emerging, such as DONA, ICN NDN, the location-based routing starts to transfer to the content based ones. Currently, it is incompatible that many different information naming schemes are adopted in different network proposals, respectively, i.e. flat names in DONA, hierarchical names in NDN. The proposed naming scheme using a hybrid naming structure, including hierarchical components, and the properties of the component assembly plane. The hybrid naming (hn) scheme enables to identify different routing information uniformly, and provides many great advantages, such as high aggregation, limited length, suffix holes remission, fuzzy matching support, high security and good compatibility with IPv4/IPv6, DONA, CCN/NDN and so on.