Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revisiting iso-recursive subtyping

The Amber rules are well-known and widely used for subtyping iso-recursive types. They were first briefly and informally introduced in 1985 by Cardelli in a manuscript describing the Amber language. Despite their use over many years, important aspects of the metatheory of the iso-recursive style Amber rules have not been studied in depth or turn out to be quite challenging to formalize. This paper aims to revisit the problem of subtyping iso-recursive types. We start by introducing a novel declarative specification that we believe captures the “spirit” of Amber-style iso-recursive subtyping. Informally, the specification states that two recursive types are subtypes if all their finite unfoldings are subtypes. The Amber rules are shown to be sound with respect to this declarative specification. We then derive a sound, complete and decidable algorithmic formulation of subtyping that employs a novel double unfolding rule. Compared to the Amber rules, the double unfolding rule has the advantage of: 1) being modular; 2) not requiring reflexivity to be built in; and 3) leading to an easy proof of transitivity of subtyping. This work sheds new insights on the theory of subtyping iso-recursive types, and the new double unfolding rule has important advantages over the original Amber rules for both implementations and metatheoretical studies involving recursive types. All results are mechanically formalized in the Coq theorem prover. As far as we know, this is the first comprehensive treatment of iso-recursive subtyping dealing with unrestricted recursive types in a theorem prover.
Connected Autonomous Vehicles: Safety During Merging and Lane Change and Impact on Traffic Flow

Despite the recent advancement of autonomous vehicle technology, performing lane changes in dense traffic environments remains an open challenge. One important issue is finding a suitable space to merge without putting either the lane changing vehicle or others in a situation which they cannot handle in case of an emergency. While humans often put themselves at risk for periods of time, autonomous systems must operate as safely as possible at all times without taking any such risks. In this report we address the problem of cooperative lane change maneuvers where vehicles communicate with each other and negotiate the creation of safe spacings in order to merge without taking any safety risks. The proposed approach requires that the merging vehicle negotiates the creation of a safety gap in the destination lane and till the lane change maneuver is completed it operates as having two possible leaders, one in its own lane and one in the destination lane. In addition, the future following vehicle in the destination lane operates as if the merging vehicle has already changed lanes. This approach leads to a smooth creation of spacings for the vehicle to merge into while safety is guaranteed. Furthermore, we expand this solution to platoons of vehicles, develop the communication protocol to be followed, which includes a rule to avoid possible conflicts, and propose measurement verification steps to identify sensor or communication failures. Extensive simulations are used to demonstrate and evaluate the approach under different conditions. They allow us to verify that the proposed control policy generates the desired smooth gap generation behavior. Moreover, we can conclude that the developed methods improve traffic safety and efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
SINGLE MOLECULE STUDIES OF A SHORT RNA

Cyanine dyes are widely used to study the folding and structural transformations of nucleic acids using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The extent to which FRET can be used to extract inter- and intra-molecular distances has been the subject of considerable debate in the literature; the contribution of dye and linker dynamics to the observed FRET signal is particularly troublesome. We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the dynamics of the indocarbocyanine dyes Cy3 and Cy5 attached variously to the 30 or 50 terminal bases of a 16 base-pair RNA duplex. We then used Monte Carlo modeling of dye photophysics to predict the results of single-molecule sensitive FRET measurements of these same molecules. Our results show that the average value of FRET depends on both the terminal base and on the linker position.In our knowledge, there is no analytical function given in the literature for the autocorrelation function of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) data within droplets.
Revision of V.I. Belizin’s type material of Alloxysta (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Charipinae) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

A revision of the type material of species of the genus Alloxysta described by V.I. Belizin deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences is provided. Six Alloxysta species were studied, three of which are valid: A. aurata Belizin, 1968, A. proxima Belizin, 1962, and A. salicicola Belizin, 1973. Valid species are completely re-described and their diagnostic characters are illustrated. Three remaining species are synonymised with other species of this genus: Alloxysta brevicella Belizin, 1966 with A. citripes (Thomson, 1862), A. capillata Belizin, 1962 with A. castanea (Hartig, 1841), and A. contineus (Belizin, 1962) with A. victrix (Westwood, 1833). The characters used to establish these new synonymies are also illustrated.
Heat and Water Vapor Transfer in the Human Respiratory System at Hyperbaric Conditions.

Abstract : Heat and mass transfer mechanisms are characterized in physical models of the human upper respiratory tract (nares to trachea) and lower respiratory tract (main bronchus to alveoli) to simulated depths of 305 meters with various gas mixtures. Such characterizations offer a detailed understanding of the effects of environmental pressures, gas composition, and respiratory rates on the body cooling capacity of the respiratory airways. The Chilton-Colburn j-factor is used to derive corresponding mass transfer data from the experimental recordings (Author).
Amélioration du comportement électrochimique des batteries plomb-acide à usage photovoltai͏̈que

Dans un systeme photovoltaique, la batterie est le point faible de l'installation. Sa capacite de recharge est liee aux proprietes de conduction de l'interface grille/MA positive, interface qui evolue en fonction de l'etat de charge. Les grilles positives sont en alliages PbCaSn et ont le double role de collecteur de courant et de support de la MA. A temperature ambiante, ces alliages sont sujets a des changements d'etats metallurgiques qui s'accompagne d'une chute des proprietes mecaniques et d'une diminution de la resistance a la corrosion quelque soit les conditions de charges rencontrees. L'application d'un traitement thermique permet de maintenir durablement l'alliage dans l'etat garant des meilleurs comportements. L'ajout d'etain a l'alliage, associe a un traitement thermique, permet d'ameliorer encore les proprietes mecaniques du materiau. Par ailleurs, l'etain, comme l'argent, le lanthane et le cerium, influence la formation et la croissance des oxydes de plomb mais aussi l'adherence de la couche de corrosion dans des conditions de cyclage.
Clustering of countries in terms of deaths and cases of COVID-19

Introduction: The novel coronavirus ‘Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2’ (SARSCoV-2), responsible for the disease termed as ‘Coronavirus disease 2019’ (COVID-19 pandemic) first broke out in Wuhan, Hubei province, mainland China. With its rapid spread and reports revealing the crucial consequences of this spread, countries adopted strict measures to tackle the disease. The objective of this study is to cluster the various countries describing the course of the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: The data used was obtained from the Worldometers' website on October 22, 2020 in its most current form for 191 countries. The number of total cases and deaths were used. The numbers were calculated considering population sizes. The total deaths / 1million population and total cases/ 1million population were used for clustering. For clustering k-means clustering method and elbow method were used. Also the two-step clustering method was used for the clustering process. Results: As a result, Armenia, Aruba, Bahrain, French Guiana, Israel, Kuwait, Montenegro, Oman, Qatar, San Marino were a single cluster apart from other countries for two-step clustering. Also in k-means clustering Aruba, Bahrain, French Guiana, Israel and Qatar was a single cluster apart from other countries for k-means clustering. Conclusion: This study will be of great importance, when showing the differences among countries in terms of total deaths and cases in terms of population. Proper use of these data will help states take precautions regarding COVID-19. Journal of Health and Social Sciences 2020; 5,4:587-594 The Italian Journal for Interdisciplinary Health and Social Development
Body image and self concept in women : toward an empirical identification of the body image construct

T w o hundred w o m e n were recrui ted f r o m a general campus populat ion fo r part ic ipat ion i n the current study. In i t ia l pr inc ipal components analysis o f subject scores o n 15 body image indices y ie lded a f i vefac tor so lu t ion wh ich accounted f o r 73% o f the to ta l variance. T w o o f these fac tors (Body size dissatisfaction, Body esteem) re f lec ted interpretable b o d y image dimensions; the other three fac tors were def ined b y method variables. Subsequently, addit ional correlat ional and pr inc ipal components analyses were employed t o evaluate the pat tern o f relat ionships among b o d y image variables, weight , age, se l f concept and personal i ty variables. Body size d issat is fac t ion was s t rong ly associated w i t h weight and f o o d at t i tude variables. Al though there w a s some over lap between b o d y esteem and m o r e general se l f concept variables, current f indings suggest that b o d y perceptions, awareness, and at t i tudes cannot be w h o l l y subsumed under constructs such as se l f concept o r sel f esteem. A second focus o f the s tudy concerned the e f f e c t s o f se l f vs. other compar isons on b o d y size sat is fact ion. Subjects were randomly assigned t o one ' o f four experimental condi t ions. I n Condition 1, subjects v iewed a picture o f an at t ract ive female model , read a br ie f biography which described her as a successful business woman, and made comparat ive self-rat ings o n bo th physical (i.e., f igure, physical condi t ion) and non-physical (i.e., intel l igence, competence) characterist ics. Subjects i n Condition 2 v iewed on ly the picture and made comparat ive self-rat ings o n physical characterist ics only. Condition 3 subjects read the biography and made comparat ive sel f rat ings o n non-physical characterist ics only. Immedia te ly be fo re and f o l l o w i n g the experimental task, b o d y size sa t is fac t ion was assessed using a v ideo camera technique. Subjects i n Condition 3) were s ign i f i cant ly less sat is f ied w i t h their perceived b o d y size f o l l o w i n g the rat ing task than were cont ro l subjects. Simi lar trends were observed w i t h respect t o Conditions 1 and 2 but these di f ferences were no t s ta t is t ica l ly signif icant. The results are discussed in the context o f a "thin i s competent " socia l s tereotype which has important consequences f o r bo th se l f concept and b o d y image in
Antimicrobial Sutures for Periodontal Surgeries

Background: Flap surgeries could sometimes be followed by complications as they are more vulnerable to developing infection, due to surgical site contamination. Suture materials play an important role in this and it has led to the idea of developing suture materials coated with antimicrobial agents. Highlights: Several metals and chemical agents that are known to have antimicrobial properties have been used to create and/or coat these suture materials to protect the surgical site from possible infections and enhance the healing process. Some of these even exhibit gradual drug release to keep the site relatively free of any active microbial action. These are especially useful in the oral cavity which is an easy access home to several micro-organisms. This review article carefully studies and elaborates on the effects of antimicrobial sutures and its advantages, as documented by various studies, obtained via electronic searches on various databases. Conclusion: Many clinical trials have been done to assess the effectiveness of triclosan based sutures and their beneficial outcomes have been widely endorsed, while there is limited documentation on the effects of the other materials. Further research in this area would be useful to promote the future use of antimicrobial sutures, with a broad range of alternatives to choose from.
Eriocaulon albosetaceum: a new species of Eriocaulaceae from the Brazilian Cerrado

ABSTRACT Eriocaulon is a predominantly pantropical and monophyletic genus, with aquatic or amphibian species and a high endemism rate. The number of nerves in the leaves varies widely among the species of the genus, but up to now only four have one-nerved leaves: Eriocaulon araguaiense, E. cylindratum, E. huanchacanum and E. setaceum. These species are exclusive to South America, except E. setaceum, which is broadly distributed. Eriocaulon setaceum is easily recognised by its aquatic habit, linear, one-nerved leaves, and the cucullate sepals of the pistillate flowers. However, it has characters with wide variation, including the scape number, stem length, and the presence or absence of trichomes, which make the species difficult to delimit. Here, we describe a new species from the Cerrado: Eriocaulon albosetaceum that is similar to E. setaceum. To clarify the differences between them, we present tables of distinguishing characters, including the seed coat and anatomical data. Also, we describe the seed coat and the scape anatomy of vouchers of E. setaceum collected in Brazil. The results show a different kind of seed projection when compared with specimens from Asia, corroborating the idea that E. setaceum is a complex of at least two species that occur in both the Old and New Worlds.
IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF RAS CHEESE MADE FROM GOATS MILK

The effect of heat treatment of goat’s milk and cold storage of milk pasteurization with or without refrigerated storage on the properties and keeping quality of Ras cheese was studied. Chemical composition, yield, ripening indices and microbiological properties were examined. Pattern of fatty acids and organoleptic properties of the resultant Ras cheese showed that the moisture, fat, yield and pH value of the cheese produced from goats milk were higher, while lower acidity was detected. Also values of ripening indices were higher in goat’s milk cheese. On the other hand, a noticeable increase of short chain fatty acids in goats milk Ras cheese than cow’s milk particularly T₂ however Ras cheese made from goats milk T₂ obtained the highest scoring points as in cow’s milk cheese.
NO{sub x} control technologies applicable to municipal waste combustion

Nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}) are of environmental significance because of their role as a criteria pollutant, acid gas, and ozone precursor. The current New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for municipal waste combustors (MWCS) limit NO{sub x} emissions to a daily average of 180 parts per million (ppM) at 7% oxygen, dry basis. By comparison, typical NO{sub x} emissions from modern mass burn waterwall (MB/WW) MWCs range from 220 to 320 ppM. To comply with the NSPS, most recently built MWCs have used a combination of combustion controls to limit NO{sub x} formation and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) to convert NO{sub x} to molecular nitrogen. Because of pressure to achieve even lower emission levels, questions have been raised regarding the potential for advancement in NO{sub x} control technologies. To respond to these questions, the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory initiated this assessment of three alternative NO{sub x} control technologies: natural gas injection (NGI), SNCR, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The objectives of this assessment were to (1) document the key design and operating parameters, commercial status, demonstrated performance, and cost of each technology, and (2) identify technology research and development needs.
Does harvest time influence fruit quality traits in primocane fruiting raspberry cultivars

In the present study, physical and chemical fruit traits of five primocane fruiting raspberry cultivars ('Himbo Top', 'Lyulin', 'Rossana', 'Heritage' and 'Golden Bliss') affected by the harvest time were analysed. Results from this study showed that the earliest ripening time was observed in cv. 'Himbo Top' (3rd July), whereas cv. 'Rossana' was the latest (12th August). 'Himbo Top' exhibited the highest values of fruit weight in both harvest dates (summer 3.97 g and autumn 1.98 g), followed by yellow fruited cv. 'Golden Bliss' which is characterized by the lowest amounts of total soluble solid (TSS) and the highest levels of titratable acidity (TA) in both harvesting dates. An increase of TSS and total phenolic contents (TPH) from summer to autumn harvest can also be observed and explained by the influence of environmental factors. Very high contents of TPH were found in cv. 'Rossana' ranging from 3.62 mg GA g-1 FW (summer harvest) to 4.71 mg GA g-1 FW (autumn harvest). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) also tended to increase in fruit harvested in autumn achieving the highest value in cv. 'Rossana' (3.58 mg asc g-1 FW).
Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Tables for the First Thirty-Four Elements in the Standard Order of Arrangement.

Abstract : The tables contain values where known of the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity at 298.15 K (25 C), and the enthalpy of formation at 0 K, for all inorganic substances and organic molecules containing not more than two carbon atoms. In some instances such as metal-organic compounds, data are given for substances in which each organic radical contains one or two carbon atoms. No values are given in these tables for metal alloys or other solid solutions, fused salts, or for substances of undefined chemical composition.
IMPACT OF WEATHER ON STOCK RETURNS AND VOLATILITY-A STUDY ON PAKISTANI STOCK MARKETS AND SELECTED INDUSTRIES

Last few years have come up with various theoretical and empirical evidences which support the work of financial modeling for the markets with less than rational investors. Such investors base their trading strategy on psychological factors like mood and emotions. Weather condition is one of the factors which have substantial impact on investor decisions. Present study examines the impact of weather (temperature) on stock market returns and volatility in Pakistan during the years 2002 to 2012. This study analyses the relationship among the temperature of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad on KSE 100, LSE 25 and ISE 10 Index respectively. It also examines the relationship between weather and returns of two industries namely Food & Beverages and Textile. This study uses ARCH/GARCH and Regression Models for the purpose of estimation. Results from this method lead to the conclusion that KSE-100 index is positively related to the temperature of Karachi and ISE 25 index is negatively related to the temperature of Islamabad, however, LSE 25 index is not affected by the temperature of Lahore. Similarly, Food and beverages index is positively related and Textile index is negatively related to the temperature of Karachi. This shows that investors are not rational and weather has an impact on their decisions. These variations in results can be attributed to the difference in the behavior of the citizens of the respective city. Like citizens of Karachi face warm weather in comparison to Lahore therefore, they are positively affected by such conditions whereas residents of Islamabad are more comfortable in moderate to cloudy weather hence they are negatively affected to high temperature. The results also suggest that food and beverages sector is more profitable while textile sector is less profitable in summer. Pakistan, like other developing countries needs to integrate climate changes into development actions by better planning and making stronger policies with long-term vision.
Steam condensation on the underside of a horizontal surface

Experiments and data analysis for the condensation of steam on the underside of a horizontal surface in a closed vessel are described. Heat transfer measurements for condensation with air and helium as noncondensables are reviewed. Observations, including photographs of the condensate configurations, related to the occurrence of dropwise condensation are also discussed. It is noted that data reproducibility over long periods of time was possible only with film condensation and that with dropwise condensation condensing surface temperatures exhibited large nonuniformities and random fluctuations with time. The well known mass transfer calculational model for accounting for the presence of noncondensable gases was found to be reasonable with air. The same model when applied to the helium data was not successful except for small gas contents. It appears that the suppression of convection that would be expected to occur with the less dense gas is counteracted by convection induced by fog or mist formation. 20 refs., 11 figs.
Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of the Composite Connection of Steel Joist Embedded in Concrete Girder

Great deal of studies has been, so far, conducted on the performance of Composite Reinforced Concrete-Steel (RCS) beam-to-column connections. This paper deals with performance of composite connection of embedded steel joist in concrete girder with appropriate numerical analysis. The proposed model is validated by experimental data presented in reference studies. performance of connection of steel beam to concrete girder are, however, assessed through different approaches including influences of embedment ratio, double web angle, size of web angle, tie distances, studs, steel beam with flanges cut in connection zone and plates in web of steel beam. As a result, an appropriate embedment ratio is offered to achieve maximum bending capacity of the connection. Using double web angles at the embedment region, however, reduce the ratio. Damage analyses show that bending capacity of the concrete girder slightly reduces in the connection zone. Better performance of steel plate installed in web at connection zone is also observed among composite connection approaches. Using low tie distances at connection zone increases capacity by 10%. Performance of double web angle is, further, compared under hysteretic and monotonic loadings. The ratio of L/h in hysteretic behavior of connection was 20% higher than that of monotonic loading.
Predicting and Using Target Length in Neural Machine Translation

Attention-based encoder-decoder models have achieved great success in neural machine translation tasks. However, the lengths of the target sequences are not explicitly predicted in these models. This work proposes length prediction as an auxiliary task and set up a sub-network to obtain the length information from the encoder. Experimental results show that the length prediction sub-network brings improvements over the strong baseline system and that the predicted length can be used as an alternative to length normalization during decoding.