Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tree species identification based on venation patterns of leaf images photographed with a mobile device in the outdoors

53: 43~52, The aim of this study was to identify tree species based on venation patterns of leaf images,which were photographed with a mobile device in the outdoors. Forty leaves (10 species) collected at the Kyoto University and Kyoto Prefectural University Campus were used as samples in this study. Seven learning patterns were determined from the differences in photography methods and conditions. The venation patterns were evaluated by histograms of oriented gradients (HOG). Two decision-tree algorithms (J48, RandomForest), a lazy learning (IBk) and a neural network (MultilayerPerceptron) were used for machine-learning classification. A performance evaluation of the proposed model was performed with Matthews correlation coefficient ( MCC ) and correct answer rate. The classification accuracy for test data was verified by the 10-fold cross-validation method. Every learning pattern resulted in classification accuracy for training data; however, the classification accuracy for test data varied greatly according to the difference in learning patterns. By considering camera-to-subject distance, the angle at which subjects were photographed, and the light environment, high classification accuracy could be obtained from the leaf images, which were photographed with a mobile device.
A new species of Boletellus
 (Boletaceae, Basidiomycota) from tropical India

Boletellus shoreae is proposed as a new species characterized by a combination of features i.e. small (15–40 mm in diameter), brownish red to reddish brown pileus, yellow pore surface turning green when hurt or bruised, brown with 5% KOH, a stipe that is yellow in upper 1/4 of its length but brownish red in lower 3/4 of its length, becoming green in upper part and greyish red to red towards base with maturity and/or on bruising, basidiospores that are broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, sometimes oblong, inequilateral, and by the occurrence on ground under Shorea robusta in tropical dry deciduous forest. Morphological description, supporting illustrations and phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS and nrLSU (28S) sequence data are also provided.
Interpretable Neural Network Construction: From Neural Network to Interpretable Neural Tree

The neural network has made outstanding achievements in many fields, while comparing with traditional machine learning models, the neural network has poor interpretability, which brings great limitation to its practical application. Therefore, many researchers try to combine neural networks with traditional models to improve the interpretability of the neural network. Their methods either result in performance depreciation or lead to computation-intensive. In this paper, we propose to transform a neural network into the interpretable neural tree. In the interpretable neural tree, each node contains transformation function and routing function. Each transformation function corresponds to a layer in the neural network, using for controlling data transformation. The routing function is utilized to control the direction of data flow in the tree structure. Our experiments have indicated that the interpretable neural tree makes the neural network interpretable to some extent while maintaining the performance.
Determining relevant petiole anatomy characters to delimit Eupolypods I families

Tan JMP, Buot Jr. IE. 2020. Determining relevant petiole anatomy characters to delimit Eupolypods I families. Biodiversitas 21: 2721-2726. The delineation of the families under eupolypods I has been quite challenging. With that, characters that are stable and taxonomically significant are necessary. The study attempted to use petiole anatomy characters to study the taxonomy of the eupolypods I families. Fresh eupolypods I representatives were collected from the field and were fixed with formalin-acetic acid alcohol (FAA). The petioles were cut and processed into permanent mounts using alcohol dehydration series and following standard microtechnique protocols. The petiole anatomy characters of the 21 representative species of eupolypods I were first studied of their stabil ity and subjected to multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to determine the most taxonomically relevant character. The MCA biplot showed that four petiole anatomy characters were useful to describe and delineate families of eupolypods I. These petiole anatomy characters included, xylem shape, vascular bundle shape, and number of vascular bundles.
IMPLIKASI COVID 19 TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN DI PERGURUAN TINGGI

This Research was condusted because of the emergence of a virus namely corona virus disease 19 (called Covid 19) which is endemic throughout the world. The ministry of education in Indonesia which calls for education to be carrid out through cyberspace to reduce contagion of Covid 19. Therefore this research is important because the movement of the learning process is due to to the Covid 19 epidemic that engulfs the world from face to face into face to distance which usually becomes very interesting. This research focuses on the description of learning in tertiary institutions which should change most of the learning process from face to face into face to distance. This research is a field reserach with a qualitative approach. The data colleection techniques using trianggulation (combination), the data analysis caracterized induktive/qualitative, and the result of qualitatif research more emphasis on meanings rather than generalization. The subject of this research are Dr. Rina Khairani Pancaningrum LLM. as a lecturer of Mataram University, Abdul Basit Atamimi. M.Hum. as a lecturer of Muhammadiyah University of Cirebon, Yusuf hasan Baharudin, M.Pd. I. as a lecturer of Nahdlatul Ulama Al Ghazali University in Cilacap, Mochammad Afroni, M.Pd. I as a lecturer of STIT in Pemalang dan Aminul Qodat, M.Pd. as a lecturer STIT Al Mubarok in Lampung Tengah. The method of collecttion data uses observation, interview and documentation study. The data analisys techniques in this resarch use miles and huberman theory, namely data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification (conclution). The result of this research showe that: Firstly , The implications of Covid 19 establish the learning move from face to face learning in the classroom change into on the virtual world, whether face to face or not face to face. Secondly , the learning movement through virtual world presents new problems, namely the unpereparedness of lecturers, the minimum of facilities, high cost and ineffective learning.
Identifying an Elite Panel of Apple Rootstock Germplasm with Contrasting Root Resistance to Pythium ultimum

Apple replants disease (ARD), incited by a soil borne pathogen complex, is a major obstacle to establishing an economically viable apple orchard at replant sites. The predominant control method is pre-plant chemical fumigation of orchard soil, which is expensive and comes with environmental and regulatory concerns. To maximize the exploitation of host resistance for ARD management, high quality resistance phenotypes in apple roots to ARD pathogen infection are required for elucidating the underlying resistance mechanisms. In this study, root resistance responses to Pythium ultimum infection were systematically evaluated among the ‘Ottawa 3’ × ‘Robusta 5’ (O3R5) F1 progeny. Tissue culture-based micro propagation was employed to generate genetically-defined and age-equivalent apple plants for repeated infection assays. A wide range of plant survival rates were observed, with fewer than 30% for the susceptible genotypes and over 80% for the resistant ones. The levels of root and shoot biomass reduction among the surviving plants varied substantially between the most resistant genotypes and the most susceptible genotypes. Contrasting necrosis patterns were demonstrated along the infected roots between resistant and susceptible genotypes using a novel glass-box pot for continuous microscopic observation. Swift necrosis occurred across the entire root system within 24 hours for the susceptible genotypes; in sharp contrast, evidently deterred root necrosis was observed for the resistant genotypes. A well-defined boundary separating healthy and necrotic root tissues were often accompanied with the infected roots of resistant genotypes, while the profuse growth of P. ultimum hyphae was specifically associated with the infected roots of susceptible genotypes. The results from this study represented the first comprehensive and detailed effort undertaken to define the genotype-specific resistance responses in apple roots as they are challenged by a soil-borne pathogen.
Rocking the Boat: How Relative Performance Evaluation Affects Corporate Risk Taking

We argue that relative performance evaluation (RPE) contracts introduce a tournament among the focal firm and peer firms. We test whether a firm’s riskiness is altered by its CEO’s incentive to win the tournament. We find that a firm with an interim losing CEO takes more risk in the remainder of the tournament period than a firm with an interim winning CEO. This effect is stronger when the interim period is closer to the end of the evaluation period and when winning the competition is more important to the CEO. Further analysis of the Sharpe ratio reveals that the increased risk as a result of the tournament incentive reflects a poor risk-return trade-off, an unintended consequence of RPE. In summary, our results suggest that a firm’s risk is determined by the incentive of its management to outperform peer firms in an RPE contract.
Validating outsourced high throughput automated qPCR for increased research outputs from forest pathology trials

Needle diseases of Pinus radiata caused by Phytophthora pluvialis and Phythophthora kernoviae have been increasingly recognised since the discovery of red needle cast in 2008. There is a need for rapid diagnostic screening of numerous samples, but sample processing time, equipment and staff availability limit the throughput and utilisation of diagnostic qPCR analysis in the research environment. Automated and high-throughput capable DNA extraction and real-time PCR provides the opportunity to expand the capacity of research trial analysis and a potential alternative to laborious isolation and plating but must be thoroughly validated before results can be used with confidence. The use of a high-throughput format for qPCR assays targeting Phytophthora pluvialis and Phythophthora kernoviae was validated on a robotic platform, proving to be consistently more sensitive than isolation, achieving qPCR detection down to 1% diluted inoculated material for Phytophthora kernoviae and 10% for Phytophthora pluvialis. Plating results yielded a 60% detection rate of Phythophthora pluvialis in inoculated needle fragments, whereas qPCR yielded a 100% detection on the same material. High throughout automated qPCR can therefore be utilised with confidence in forest pathology research trial analyses in future.
THE REALIZATION OF STUDENTS’ POLITE REJECTION SPEECHES

This research aims to obtain a deep understanding of the realization of polite rejection speech of the Literature Education students at the FKIP UIR. The data sources in this research were all polite rejection speeches expressed by the students. This research used the descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenology approach. The results show that polite rejections are more dominant used with reasons. It shows that giving a reason when rejecting an offer, invitation, command, and appeal would be considered more appropriate and does not hurt the interlocutors. It also shows a scale of unreadiness. Further, the scale of unreadiness may be an alternative that can be applied when performing rejection speeches. This indicates that the rejection speeches expressed by the students are classified as polite.
Stability Improvement of Humic Acid as Sorbent through Magnetite and Chitin Modification

Stability improvement of humic acid (HA) through modification of HA by chitin (HA-chitin) followed by a coating of HA-chitin on magnetite has been successfully performed. The coated magnetite (magnetite/HA-chitin) was conducted by the co-precipitation method, and the synthesized magnetite/HA-chitin was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and VSM. The successful coated-magnetite by HA-chitin was proved by the appearance of a new band at 1627 cm -1 (FT-IR), the formation of a crystalline phase with characteristic 2θ of magnetite: 30.259° [220]; 35.64° [311]; 42.590° [400]; 57.280° [511]; and 62.896° [440] (XRD), an increasing of carbon content in magnetite/HA-chitin (SEM-EDX), and the ease of magnetite/HA-chitin being attracted to external magnetic fields with magnetic saturation strength 29.3 emu/g (VSM). Stability tests at pH 2.0 - 10.0 prove that magnetite/HA-chitin remains stable as a solid sorbent on average above 80%. Its application to Hg (II) sorption occurred optimum at pH 7.0, where 75.89% Hg (II) is sorbed on 0.1 g of sorbent and agreed well to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model of Ho.
Image optimization, feature extraction and classification in Neurobiology: Dendritic spines under stress

In neurons, the dendritic structure is sensitive to changes in the environment. Several treatments have been known to create changes in dendritic structure. 3D confocal images have been used before to evaluate and quantify changes in dendritic structure. In this research, specific treatment with a lentivirus in vivo lead to green fluorescent protein expression. Moreover, the lentiviruses were engineered to knock down the glucocorticoid receptor. Based on these biological features our work created a method for analysing dendritic spines in a semi-automated fashion, which involves the use of a confocal laser scanning microscope, deconvolution, the NeuronStudio software, statistical analysis using SPSS and the WEKA data mining tool. This research showed that the glucocorticoid receptor knockdown causes significant morphological changes in spine structures in the hippocampus of mouse brains. These changes indicate more spine maturation.
Support for the trophic theory of island biogeography across submarine banks in a predator-depleted large marine ecosystem

The trophic theory of island biogeography (TTIB) predicts that when predators are depleted, prey extinction rates decrease, leading to increases in prey alpha diversity and an increase in the slope of the species−area relationship (SAR). The TTIB has been tested and supported in a restricted set of systems at small spatial scales (0.25 m3 [reef patches] to 29 500 m2 [terrestrial]). Across semi-insular fish communities on 10 offshore banks ranging in size from 534 to 10 537 km2 on the Scotian Shelf (northwest Atlantic Ocean), we found support for the predictions of the TTIB. The prey SAR slope was significantly higher after the collapse of large predator populations than before the collapse, due largely to the immigration (or colonization) of many new prey species, principally on the largest banks. Coincident increases in core (resident) prey species densities, primarily on the largest banks, suggests that extinction risk decreased. The appearance of a strong SAR within the mesopredator trophic group in the post-predator collapse era (r2 = 0.55 relative to 0.12 in the pre-collapse era) suggests that the TTIB may also apply to mesopredator release in insular marine communities. Increases in mesopredator densities coincident with the colonization of previously unoccupied banks by core mesopredator species suggests that range expansions contributed to the increased strength of the SAR. Our study contributes to our evolving understanding of island biogeography theory and suggests that TTIB may provide a useful framework for evaluating trophic alterations in large marine (and non-marine) ecosystems.
The complete mitochondrial genome of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Tetraodontiformes; Tetraodontidae) and phylogenetic studies of Tetraodontidae

Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Lagocephalus sceleratus was determined. The complete mitochondrial genome was 16,444 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and two non-coding region (the control region and the origin of light strand replication). The overall base composition was A 27.59%, C 31.43%, G 17.12%, T 23.85%. All protein-coding genes started with an ATG initiation codon, except COI used GTG. With the exception of ND6 and eight tRNA genes, all other genes were encoded on the heavy strand. Additionally, the phylogenetic relationship of 37 Tetraodontidae species based on the complete genome was analyzed, and the result showed that L. sceleratus was clustered with other Lagocephalus species. These results would be useful for the investigation of phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic classification and phylogeography of the Tetraodontidae.
Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 in Oil Exporting Countries: An Analytical Review of the Macroeconomic Indicators in Nigeria

One of the most burning issues that have dominated the public sphere in Nigeria and other oil exporting countries is the covid-19 pandemic and its attendant challenges. This pandemic is a shock on real economic fundamentals and frictionless of the market. It introduces a barrier between the market forces with strong complementary feedbacks in the real economy. The absence of precise vaccine or medication for the virus has necessitated the adoption of several precautionary measures with the aim of containing its wide spread. Critical among which are the travel restrictions, lockdown measures as well as social and physical distancing. These measures have detrimental effect on the demand and price of oil in the international market. In view of that, this study evaluates the social and economic impact of covid-19 in Nigeria taking into cognisance the effect on certain critical macroeconomic indicators. The study adopted an analytical approach to supplement the much ongoing documentations on the subject matter. Result shows that virtually all essential macroeconomic indicators are grossly affected with tax, remittances and employment exhibiting severe consequences. Also, uncertainty, panics and lockdown measures are key to motivating higher decrease in world demand. The supply disruptions and huge death toll generates a heightened uncertainty and panic for household and business. This uncertainty and panic leads to drop in consumption and investment thereby causing a decrease in corporate cash flows and triggered firm’s bankruptcy. Also, lay-off and exiting firms produce higher unemployment while labour income decreased significantly. Since it entails a large amount of government expenditure especially in the health sector which is required to contain the spread of the virus, there is needs for government to diversify its revenue sources and thus drop over dependency on the oil remittance. Furthermore, there is a need to support the financial system to avoid the health crisis becoming a financial crisis in the long-run.
The effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza, rice husk compost and biochar on Iranian borage Echium amoenum Fisch & C. A. Mey and post-harvesting soil properties

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of rice husk compost (RHC), rice husk biochar (RHB) and mycorrhization (MY) on some properties of Iranian Echium amoenum Fisch & C. A. Mey and also on some selected post-harvesting soil properties. A completely randomized design experiment was conducted with six treatments and six replications. Treatments comprised T1: control, T2: MY, T3: RHC, T4: RHB, T5: RHC + MY and T6: RHB + MY. Studied parameters included; shoot and root fresh weights, root and leaf length, shrub height, leaf number, shoot and root NPK content, shoot and root Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentration, root colonization percentage, soil NPK status, soil micronutrients concentrations, soil respiration and microbial biomass. Results revealed that application of RHC, RHB and MY individually or in combination with other treatments significantly affected studied parameters. In all cases except for root colonization, combined application (T5 and T6) had more satisfied impacts compared with a single application of treatments.
The Role of Inflammatory Cytokine and Inflammatory Regulator Protein Related to Severity of Joint Effusion in Osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory degenerative articular disease characterized by damage narrowing the joint gap, pain, and loss of joint function. Joint effusion is a clinical feature often found in OA patients and believed to be directly proportional to the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin 1B (IL-1B), and various other regulatory proteins such as transcription factor proteins, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATC1), and chromosome 1 open reading frame 38 (C1orf38). AIM: The aim of the study was to explore the role of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-alpha and IL-1B) and transcription regulatory proteins (NFATC1 and C1orf38) with the severity of joint effusion in OA patients. METHODS: This study was an observational study with a case series study approach. A total of 80 study subjects with OA joint effusions were included in the study. The diagnosis of OA was based on clinical and radiologic assessment from American College of Rheumatology. Data of clinical severity were assessed with Kellgren-Lawrence criteria, stroke test score, and Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale. Random blood examination was performed to obtain erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and qualitative C-reactive protein to evaluate the level of inflammation in the body. TNF-alpha, IL-1B, NFATC1, and C1orf38 levels were assessed in joint fluid using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The correlation was analyzed with the Pearson correlation test (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The severity of OA joint effusion was not correlated to ESR (p adjusted = 0.169; r = 0.078), TNF-alpha (p adjusted = 0.112; r = −0.087), IL-1B (p adjusted = 0.136, r = −0.078), C1orf38 (p adjusted = 0.121; r = −0.088), and NFATC1 (p adjusted = 0.102; r = −0.081). CONCLUSION: Pro-inflammatory cytokines of TNF-alpha and IL-1B, and the transcription factors of pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression, NFATC1, and C1orf38, did not correlate with the severity of joint effusion in OA.
Botnet Spam E-Mail Detection Using Deep Recurrent Neural Network

The significant amount of SPAM emails that are derived from various botnets worldwide affect the limited capacity of mailboxes. They affect the security of personal mail and the space-loss from the communication. They affect the time required for identifying spam emails and addressing them. Till today, the email spam detection is still considered a challenging process. That is because the email spam is still happening a lot. It is because the detection still needs much improvement. Therefore, the researcher of this study develops a Gated Recurrent Unit Recurrent Neural Network (GRU-RNN) with SVM for Bot Spam email detection. The developed approach got tested by employing the Spambase dataset. The approach shows an accuracy of 98.7%. Through conducting extensive experiments, the researcher concludes that the proposed approach shows an excellent capability of detecting spam email.