Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Upper Cretaceous Crustacea from Mexico and Colombia: similar faunas and environments during Turonian times

Nine taxa represent the crustacean component of the Turonian fauna from the Eagle Ford Group limestones and marls that crop out in several quarries, northwest of Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico. Three crustacean taxa are found in common with deposits of similar age and paleoenvironment of the San Rafael Formation of Colombia. Planktic foraminifera, ammonoids, inoceramid bivalves, fi shes, marine reptiles, a pterosaur and plant remains were preserved in the Muzquiz quarries, in what has been interpreted as an anoxic, low energy bottom at a water depth of no less than 50 m. The cirriped Stramentum preserved on the ammonite Forresteria is described. Stomatopod remains of the family Pseudosculdidae are described, their incompleteness and poor preservation prevent their detailed identifi cation. One species of scyllarid lobster is included. An indeterminant species of nephropid lobster is also part of this assemblage. Presence of Gourretia aquilae (Rathbun) new combination, confi rms correlation with the Eagle Ford Group in Texas. A systematic and morphologic review is provided for Cenomanocarcinus vanstraeleni Stenzel, a species widely distributed during Turonian times, and based on morphologic features of the abdomen and its relationship with coxae, it is assigned to the Podotremata. Also, preservation of soft tissue is reported from C. vanstraeleni and the scyllarid lobster. The raninid Cretacoranina sp. cf. C. dichrous (Stenzel) is also reported. In addition, two raninid taxa are described, their poor preservation prevents more detailed identifi cation. The fl attened appendages of C. vanstraeleni and of the raninid species suggest a burrowing habit and/or active swimming.
First steps towards assessing the evolutionary history and phylogeography of a widely distributed Neotropical grassland bird (Motacillidae: Anthus correndera)

Grasslands in southern South America are extensive ecosystems which harbor a unique biodiversity; however, studies on the evolution of their taxa are scarce. Here we studied the phylogeography and population history of the Correndera Pipit (Anthus correndera), a grassland specialist bird with a large breeding distribution in southern South America, with the goals of investigating its phylogeographic history and relate it to the historical development of South American grasslands. The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit II gene (ND2) was sequenced in 66 individuals from 19 localities and the intron 9 of the sex-linked gene for aconitase (ACOI9) was sequenced from a subset of those individuals, including all five subspecies of A. correndera, as well as the closely related A. antarcticus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct lineages within the complex: the first (A) corresponding to Andean subspecies A. c. calcaratus and A. c. catamarcae and the second (B) including birds traditionally assigned to A. c. correndera, A. c. chilensis, A. c. grayi and some individuals of A. c. catamarcae. A. antarcticus is nested within this second lineage. These results were also supported by evidence of niche divergence for variables associated with precipitation. The oldest split between clade A and B was estimated at c. 0.37 Mya, during the middle Pleistocene. Species distribution models for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) suggest that grassland areas in southern South America remained relatively stable, in contrast to the general view of a reduction in grassland cover in South America since the LGM. Recent divergences and low phylogeographic structure (for lowland vs. highland geographic groups, intra-population genetic variance was greater than inter-groups; e.g., for ACOI9: 95.47% and ND2: 51.51% respectively), suggest widespread gene flow between lowland populations.
Social Protection Discussion Paper Series Consumption Insurance and Vulnerability to Poverty : A Synthesis of the Evidence from Bangladesh , Ethiopia , Mali , Mexico and Russia

Social Protection Discussion Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They present preliminary and unpolished results of analysis that are circulated to encourage discussion and comment; citation and the use of such a paper should take account of its provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. For free copies of this paper, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W. , Washington, D.C. 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: socialprotection@worldbank.org. Or visit the Social Protection website at http://www.worldbank.org/sp. P ub lic D is cl os ur e A ut ho riz ed
Numerical simulation and optimization for electromagnetic noises of permanent magnet synchronous motors in vehicles

In the paper, the numerical simulation is conducted on the motor electromagnetic force firstly. Radial force waves of the motor are the main reason for causing electromagnetic vibration and noise. Then, electromagnetic forces are mapped into a structural model for computing electromagnetic vibration. Computational results are compared with experimental results, so the correctness of the computational model is verified. Then, electromagnetic noises are computed according to the vibration data of the motor. Electromagnetic noises of the motor are axis-symmetric in plane and plane . In plane , the electromagnetic noise of the motor is skew-symmetric relative to a 45° angle. In plane and plane , the noise is caused by the vibration of the end cap, while noise in plane is caused by electromagnetic radial forces. In addition, the motor electromagnetic noise has an obvious directivity. The motor also has obvious peak noises at 300 Hz, 400 Hz, 500 Hz, 600 Hz, 900 Hz, 1200 Hz, 1500 Hz and 1800 Hz. Peak noises are corresponding to 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 18th, 24, 30th and 36th orders of the motor. Finally, modal participation factors of the motor within the analyzed frequency are computed. Results showed that modals at the 3rd, 5th, 12th and 15th orders of the motor have most obvious impacts on electromagnetic noises. In particular, the 3rd order modal shape obviously affects electromagnetic noises. The electromagnetic noise is reduced by applying reinforced bars and damping layer to these key modal shapes, especially the peak noise. The total noise of the original structure is 58 dB, while the total noise of the improved structure is 52.3 dB. Obviously, the total noise is reduced by 9.8 %.
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE The Application of Size-Robust Trend Statistics to Global-Warming Temperature Series

In this note, new evidence is provided confirming that global temperature series spanning back to the mid1800s have statistically significant positive trends. Although there is a growing consensus that global temperatures are on the rise systematically, some recent studies have pointed out that strong serial correlation (or a unit root) in global temperature data could, in theory, generate spurious evidence of a significant positive trend. In other words, strong serially correlated data can mimic trending behavior over fixed periods of time. A serial-correlation‐ robust trend test recently was proposed that controls for the possibility of spurious evidence due to strong serial correlation. This new test is valid whether the errors are stationary or have a unit root (strong serial correlation). This test also has the attractive feature that it does not require estimates of serial correlation nuisance parameters. The test is applied to six annual global temperature series, and it provides strong evidence that global temperature series have positive trends that are statistically significant even when controlling for the possibility of strong serial correlation. The point estimates of the rate of increase in the trend suggest that temperatures have risen about 0.58C (1.08F) 100 yr21. If the analysis is restricted to twentieth-century data, many of the point estimates are closer to 0.68C.
Latitudinal variation in macroalgal consumption by fishes on the Great Barrier Reef

On coral reefs, herbivory is a key factor in maintaining coral-dominated systems. Despite this, few studies have investigated the process of herbivory over broad spatial scales. We examined the patterns of herbivory across sites spanning 900 km along the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. Assays were used to directly quantify the removal rates of the brown macroalgae Sargassum, while feeding rates of herbivorous fishes were measured using remote underwater video. Removal rates of Sargassum by herbivores exhibited a significant regional decline from north to south, driven primarily by changes in the behaviour of the 4 most dominant species and to a lesser extent by a regional decline in herbivore diversity. Whilst the 4 species (Naso unicornis, Kyphosus vaigiensis, Siganus doliatus and S. canaliculatus) consistently dominated feeding, jointly accounting for 85, 99 and 98% of mass standardised bites within the north, central and southern regions, respectively, they recorded over an order of magnitude fewer bites in the south. Interestingly, the decline in bites and the lower feeding diversity was not a result of lower herbivore biomass or density in the southern region. Rather, the major difference between fish herbivory among regions was the feeding propensity of the 4 dominant feeders toward the transplanted Sargassum. Reefs with intact and structurally comparable herbivore communities therefore cannot be assumed to have the same realised functional impact on the reef. Local behaviour may be an important factor.
Partners in Parenting: An Overview of the Literature on Parents' and Nonparental Adults' Perspectives on Shared Responsibilities in Childrearing

The involvement of nonparental adults (NPAs) in the upbringing of children is widely considered to be important for the well-being of both children and parents. However, there has been no systematic overview of parental and nonparental perspectives toward this involvement. This study presents an overview of the international literature on sharing responsibility between parents and NPAs. A structured search resulted in the inclusion of 49 relevant publications. Limitations of the extant research notwithstanding, some generalizations about shared childrearing can be made. However, many issues relating the taboo of sharing childrearing responsibilities remain poorly understood. To break the taboo, future research should further explore the underlying sensitivities.
Multi-union Bargaining : Tari ¤ Plurality and Tari ¤ Competition

We study sequential bargaining between two unions and a single rm. Parties bargain bilaterally and e¢ ciently (over wage and employment). The unions workforces can be substitutable (tari¤ competition) or complementary (tari¤ pluralityor craft unionism). If unions are substitutable, then too many workers from the rst union are employed at the cost of employment from the second union (with overall overemployment). If unions are complementary, then employment of both unions is reduced (with overall underemployment). Unions merge when workers are substitutable but stay separate if complementary, so that the ine¢ ciencies associated with craft unionism persist. We thank Justus Haucap and Beatrice Pagel for valuable comments. Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for the research project Competition and Bargaining in Vertical Chainsis gratefully acknowledged. yHeinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE); e-mail: aghadadashli@dice.hhu. de. zHeinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE); e-mail: wey@dice.hhu. de.
Mechanisms for Providing Causal Consistency on Edge Computing

Today, many applications offload computation and storage to the cloud. Unfortunately, the high network latency between clients and datacenters can impair novel, latencyconstrained applications, such as augmented reality. Edge computing has emerged as a potential solution to circumvent this problem. To unleash its full potential, the edge must cache data that is frequently used. However, building a storage service that is able to maintain many (partial) replicas while providing meaningful consistency guarantees is an open challenge. In this paper, we present Gesto, a data storage architecture that enables scalable causal consistency for edge networks. Gesto integrates a novel causality tracking mechanism that relies on multipart timestamps of constant size, independently on the number of edge caches. As our evaluation shows, this mechanism enables Gesto to simultaneously offer fast local operations, high throughput, fast update replication, great scalability, and, unlike previous work, quick client migrations.
Robust decentralized frequency control: A leaky integrator approach

We investigate the robustness of the so-called leaky integral frequency controller for the power network. In particular, using a strict Lyapunov function, we show the closed-loop system is robust in the input-to-state stability sense to measurement noise in the controller. Moreover, an interesting and explicit trade-off between controller performance and robustness is discussed and illustrated using a benchmark study of the 39-bus New England reference network.
A Survey on Network Game Cheats and P 2 P Solutions 1

The increasing popularity of Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) – games involving thousands of players participating simultaneously in a single virtual world has highlighted the scalability bottlenecks present in centralised Client/Server (C/S) architectures. Researchers are proposing Peer-to-Peer (P2P) game technologies as a scalable alternative to C/S; however, P2P is more vulnerable to cheating as it decentralises the game state and logic to un-trusted peer machines, rather than using trusted centralised servers. Cheating is a major concern for online games, as a minority of cheaters can potentially ruin the game for all players. In this paper we present a review and classification of known cheats, and provide real-world examples where possible. Further, we discuss counter measures used by C/S game technologies to prevent cheating. Finally, we discuss several P2P architectures designed to prevent cheating, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
Microsatellite analysis of mating and kinship in beavers (Castor canadensis)

Abstract Monogamy is rare among mammals and molecular investigations have revealed that many socially monogamous species participate in extrapair mating. The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is a socially monogamous species that exhibits classic monogamous behavior, generally living in discrete colonies composed of a mated pair and their offspring. We examined genetic relationships within and among beaver colonies for 2 populations in Illinois to investigate average relatedness within colonies, occurrences of extrapair mating within or between colonies, and the influence of geographic distance on intercolony relatedness. Seven microsatellite loci developed for the beaver were used to estimate relatedness and parentage for 55 beavers in central Illinois and 72 beavers in southern Illinois. Average within-colony relatedness varied widely in both populations, ranging from 0.04 to 0.64 in central Illinois and from 0.16 to 0.41 in southern Illinois. Colonies were composed primarily of 1st- and 2nd-order relatives, but included unrelated individuals. Paternity analysis revealed that 5 (56%) of 9 litters had been sired by ≥2 males. Extrapair mating frequently occurred between members of neighboring colonies in southern Illinois. In contrast to long-held views that beavers are genetically monogamous and colonies are typically 1st-order relatives, we documented a wide range of relationships among colony members and multiple paternity in >50% of litters.
Upper-Lower Bounds Candidate Sets Searching Algorithm for Bayesian Network Structure Learning

Bayesian network is an important theoretical model in artificial intelligence field and also a powerful tool for processing uncertainty issues. Considering the slow convergence speed of current Bayesian network structure learning algorithms, a fast hybrid learning method is proposed in this paper. We start with further analysis of information provided by low-order conditional independence testing, and then two methods are given for constructing graph model of network, which is theoretically proved to be upper and lower bounds of the structure space of target network, so that candidate sets are given as a result; after that a search and scoring algorithm is operated based on the candidate sets to find the final structure of the network. Simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is more efficient than similar algorithms with the same learning precision.
Converted Mel-Cepstral Coefficients for Gender Variability Reduction in Query-by-Example Spoken Document Retrieval

Query-by-example spoken document retrieval (QbESDR) is a task that consists in retrieving those documents where a given spoken query appears. Spoken documents and queries exhibit a huge variability in terms of speaker, gender, accent or recording channel, among others. According to previous work, reducing this variability when following zero-resource QbESDR approaches, where acoustic features are used to represent the documents and queries, leads to improved performance. This work aims at reducing gender variability using voice conversion (VC) techniques. Speciﬁcally, a target gender is selected, and those documents and queries spoken by speakers of the opposite gender are converted in order to make them sound like the target gender. VC includes a resynthesis stage that can cause distortions in the resulting speech so, in order to avoid this, the use of the converted Mel-cepstral coefﬁcients obtained from the VC system is proposed for QbESDR instead of extracting acoustic features from the converted utterances. Experiments were run on a QbESDR dataset in Basque language, and the results showed that the proposed gender variability reduction technique led to a relative improvement by 17% with respect to using the original recordings.
Redirecting International Trade: Contracts, Conflicts, and Institutions

Summary The global financial crisis has contributed to the redirection of trade towards new markets outside the OECD area, where both demand patterns and the institutional environment differ from those in the OECD. This study provides an empirical examination of the consequences of this shift, based on Swedish firm-level trade data. Results suggest that weak institutions hamper trade and reduce the length of trade relations, especially for small firms. Trade in industries that are characterized by a high frequency of trade conflicts and where transactions require extensive relationship-specific investments are particularly difficult to redirect towards markets with weak institutions.
Effective controller design for the three-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel active power filter

This paper presents the modelling and effective controlled design for the three-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel active power filter (APF). The mathematical model of the CHB-APF is derived using state-space representations, and the discrete domain model is also presented. A robust predictive current controller is proposed, which shows excellent steady-state precision and sufficient dynamic characteristics owing to the Luenberger observer-based adaptive control algorithm. The digital simulation results obtained from the Matlab/Simulink and the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP-ATP) are presented. The validity and effectiveness of the devised control algorithms are validated by the simulation results. Streszczenie. Zaprezentowano modelowanie I projekt trzyfazowego kaskadowego wielopoziomowego filtru aktywnego mocy. Opracowano predykcyjny sterownik prądu z algorytmem bazującym na obserwatorze Leuenbergera. Zaprezentowano symulacje z wykorzystaniem programu Matlab/Simulink i EMTP-ATP. (Projekt sterownika do trzyfazowego kaskadowego wielopoziomowego filtru aktywnego mocy)
Helix-coil transition and 1/f fluctuation in a polypeptide

We report on molecular dynamics simulations of the helix-coil transition of a polypeptide. The simulated transition was two-state-like and similar to the solid-liquid-like transition that has been observed in computer simulations of an atomic cluster. At the transition temperature, the polypeptide chain fluctuated between a helical and a random-coil state, and we observed 1yf fluctuation through potentialenergy fluctuations. The origin of the observed 1yf fluctuation is discussed, considering the underlying potential-energy landscape. [S0031-9007(98)06390-X]
MATERIALS 2 , 095602 ( 2018 ) Phase separation of stable colloidal clusters

Thomas Petersen,1,* Martin Z. Bazant,2,3,† Roland J. M. Pellenq,1,4,‡ and Franz-Josef Ulm1,§ 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 3Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 4MultiScale Material Science for Energy and Environment, MIT-CNRS Joint Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
The composition of fiscal adjustments:new evidence ∗

Many countries are struggling with the question of how to reduce public debts. A large literature (see Alesina Giavazzi and Favero (2014) for a recent assessment and new results) has shown that in general, expenditure based fiscal adjustments (i.e. deficit reduction policies achieved by means of spending cuts) are less costly in terms of short run output losses than tax based adjustments. Depending on various methodological approaches and estimation methods, the differences between the two may be found as very large, with spending cuts on average almost costless, and tax hikes creating deep and long lasting recessions, while following other approaches the differences between the two is less extreme. Different reaction of monetary policy to the two types of fiscal adjustments cannot explain these different output effects. In addition, spending based fiscal adjustments, by stopping the growth of entitlements and other automatic increases in government outlays may also be more effective at stabilizing the debt/GDP ratio in the medium run. This literature however has not gone beyond a discussion of spending cuts versus tax hikes. There has been no disaggregation of which type spending cuts or which tax increases have been more or less effective at reducing deficits at lower output costs. We want to investigate this critical policy implication regarding the composition of fiscal adjustments (different types of spending cuts, e.g. infrastructure vs. public sector wages or different type of tax hikes, e.g. direct versus indirect taxes). By providing a new disaggregated data set of fiscal consolidations and beginning to analyze it, we believe that this paper will achieve two goals. One is to provide some answers regarding the short term costs (if any) in terms of output losses of different types of fiscal adjustments in a panel of countries, overcoming the limits coming from a simple distinction between taxes and spending. The second is that we will provide the data necessary to analyze other issues, such as distributional consequences of different types of fiscal adjustments,