Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Melody Detection in Polyphonic Musical Signals: Exploiting Perceptual Rules, Note Salience, and Melodic Smoothness

80 Computer Music Journal Melody extraction from polyphonic audio is a research area of increasing interest. It has a wide range of applications in various fields, including music information retrieval (MIR, particularly in query-by-humming, where the user hums a tune to search a database of musical audio), automatic melody transcription, performance and expressiveness analysis, extraction of melodic descriptors for music content metadata, and plagiarism detection, to name but a few. This area has become increasingly relevant in recent years, as digital music archives are continuously expanding. The current state of affairs presents new challenges to music librarians and service providers regarding the organization of large-scale music databases and the development of meaningful methods of interaction and retrieval. In this article, we address the problem of melody detection in polyphonic audio following a multistage approach, inspired by principles from perceptual theory and musical practice. Our system comprises three main modules: pitch detection, determination of musical notes (with precise temporal boundaries, pitches, and intensity levels), and identification of melodic notes. The main contribution of this article is in the last module, in which a number of rule-based systems are proposed that attempt to extract the notes that convey the main melodic line among the whole set of detected notes. The system performs satisfactorily in a small database collected by us and in the database created for the ISMIR 2004 melody extraction contest. However, the performance of the algorithm decreased in the MIREX 2005 database. Related Work
Dual-Band Low-Profile Crossed Asymmetric Dipole Antenna on Dual-Band AMC Surface

A dual-band, low-profile, circularly polarized antenna on an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is introduced in this letter. The antenna employs a single feed and two crossed asymmetric dipoles as the primary radiating elements. In order to achieve a low profile and broadband characteristics in terms of impedance matching and 3-dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidths at both bands, a dual-band AMC is utilized as a reflector of the antenna. The AMC structure utilizes four T-shaped slits in a unit-cell patch to significantly reduce its first and second resonant frequency ratio, and consequently its first and second resonances are easily adjusted for the desired operating frequencies. For performance verification, an antenna prototype was fabricated with an overall 2.4-GHz frequency size of 0. 576λ0 × 0. 576λ0 × 0. 088λ0 (72 × 72 × 11 mm3). The measurements resulted in impedance bandwidths of 2.20-2.60 and 4.90-5.50 GHz for 10 dB and 3-dB AR bandwidths of 2.30-2.50 and 5.05-5.35 GHz. Additionally, the antenna yields right-hand circular polarization and high antenna efficiency at both bands.
A hybrid approach to code reviewer recommendation with collaborative filtering

Code review is known to be of paramount importance for software quality assurance. However, finding a reviewer for certain code can be very challenging in Modern Code Review environment due to the difficulty of learning the expertise and availability of candidate reviewers. To tackle this problem, existing efforts mainly concern how to model a reviewer's expertise with the review history, and making recommendation based on how well a reviewer's expertise can meet the requirement of a review task. Nonetheless, as there are both explicit and implicit relations in data that affect whether a reviewer is suitable for a given task, merely modeling review expertise with explicit relations often fails to achieve expected recommendation accuracy. To that end, we propose a recommendation algorithm that takes implicit relations into account. Furthermore, we utilize a hybrid approach that combines latent factor models and neighborhood methods to capture implicit relations. Finally, we have conducted extensive experiments by comparing with the state-of-the-art methods using the data of 5 popular GitHub projects. The results demonstrate that our approach outperforms the comparing methods for all top-k recommendations and reaches a 15.3% precision promotion in top-1 recommendation.
Alternatives for enrichment of eggs and chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acids

Interest on the enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) has increased given their important role in human metabolism. The inclusion of n-3 FA into eggs and poultry meat is achieved by feeding ingredients such as flaxseed, fish oil, fish meal, marine algae and canola to birds. However, problems in various production parameters and sensory quality of eggs and meat may arise. The former possibly caused by antinutritional and physiological effects and the latter influenced by the interaction of volatile substances. Possible increases in formulation costs also deserve attention. Strategies to ameliorate these undesirable effects include limiting the inclusion levels of n-3 FA sources, time of feeding, mixing different n-3 FA sources in commercial rations, and including high levels of vitamin E along with high-quality ingredients. A mild heat treatment may eliminate some of the drawbacks of feeding flaxseed to birds. Key words: Omega-3, flaxseed, flax, menhaden oil, eggs, chicken meat
Analyzing cross-college course enrollments via contextual graph mining

The ability to predict what courses a student may enroll in the coming semester plays a pivotal role in the allocation of learning resources, which is a hot topic in the domain of educational data mining. In this study, we propose an innovative approach to characterize students’ cross-college course enrollments by leveraging a novel contextual graph. Specifically, different kinds of variables, such as students, courses, colleges and diplomas, as well as various types of variable relations, are utilized to depict the context of each variable, and then a representation learning algorithm node2vec is applied to extracting sophisticated graph-based features for the enrollment analysis. In this manner, the relations between any pair of variables can be measured quantitatively, which enables the variable type to transform from nominal to ratio. These graph-based features are examined by the random forest algorithm, and experiments on 24,663 students, 1,674 courses and 417,590 enrollment records demonstrate that the contextual graph can successfully improve analyzing the cross-college course enrollments, where three of the graph-based features have significantly stronger impacts on prediction accuracy than the others. Besides, the empirical results also indicate that the student’s course preference is the most important factor in predicting future course enrollments, which is consistent to the previous studies that acknowledge the course interest is a key point for course recommendations.
Weight based adaptive clustering in wireless ad hoc networks

This paper proposes a new weight based adaptive clustering algorithm (WBACA) for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). MANETs are multi-hop wireless packet networks in which all the nodes cooperatively maintain network connectivity without the aid of any infrastructure networks. The proposed WBACA takes into account the transmission power, transmission rate, mobility, battery power and the degree of a node for forming clusters. Unlike the lowest-ID algorithm, which finds only the local minima of IDs and the weighted clustering algorithm (WCA), which finds the global minima of weights, the proposed WBACA finds the local minima of weights for the clustering process. Through simulations, we have compared the performance of our algorithm with that of the lowest-ID and WCA algorithms in terms of the number of clusters formed, number of reaffiliations, and the time delay in starting up the clustering process. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.
Enhanced terahertz magnetic near-field by tapered waveguide in double split-ring resonator coupled Tb3Ga5O12 crystal

We report on the enhancement of the terahertz magnetic near-field which is realized by a tapered waveguide. A Tb3Ga5O12 crystal coupled with a double split-ring resonator was pumped by this tightly confined terahertz field, and the magnetic near-field was measured via the magneto-optic sampling. With the use of the tapered waveguide, the amplitude of the magnetic near-field is enhanced by about 2 times on account of the focusing of the pumping terahertz field.
Ankle dorsiflexor, not plantarflexor strength, predicts the functional mobility of people with spastic hemiplegia.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between affected ankle dorsiflexion strength, other ankle muscle strength measurements, plantarflexor spasticity, and Timed "Up & Go" (TUG) times in people with spastic hemiplegia after stroke. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING A university-based rehabilitation centre. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-three subjects with spastic hemiplegia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Functional mobility was assessed using TUG times. Plantarflexor spasticity was measured using the Composite Spasticity Scale. Affected and unaffected ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength were recorded using a load-cell mounted on a foot support with the knee bent at 50º and subjects in supine lying. RESULTS TUG times demonstrated strong negative correlation with affected ankle dorsiflexion strength (r = -0.67, p ≤ 0.001) and weak negative correlations with other ankle muscle strength measurements (r = -0.28 to -0.31, p ≤ 0.05), but no significant correlation with plantarflexor spasticity. A linear regression model showed that affected ankle dorsiflexion strength was independently associated with TUG times and accounted for 27.5% of the variance. The whole model explained 47.5% of the variance in TUG times. CONCLUSION Affected ankle dorsiflexion strength is a crucial component in determining the TUG performance, which is thought to reflect functional mobility in subjects with spastic hemiplegia.
The Role of the Dodecamer Subunit in the Dissociation and Reassembly of the Hexagonal Bilayer Structure of Lumbricus terrestris Hemoglobin (*)

The dissociation of the 3500-kDa hexagonal bilayer (HBL) hemoglobin (Hb) of Lumbricus terrestris upon exposure to Gdm salts, urea and the heteropolytungstates [SiWO] (SiW), [NaSbWO] (SbW) and [BaAsWO] (AsW) at neutral pH was followed by gel filtration, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Elution curves were fitted to sums of exponentially modified gaussians to represent the peaks due to undissociated oxyHb, D (200 kDa), T+L (50 kDa), and M (25 kDa) (T = disulfide-bonded trimer of chains a-c, M = chain d, and L = linker chains). OxyHb dissociation decreased in the order Gdm•SCN > Gdm•Cl > urea > Gdm•OAc and AsW > SbW > SiW. Scanning transmission electron microscopy mass mapping of D showed 10-nm particles with masses of 200 kDa, suggesting them to be dodecamers (a+b+c)d. OxyHb dissociations in urea and Gdm•Cl and at alkaline pH could be fitted only as sums of 3 exponentials. The time course of D was bell-shaped, indicating it was an intermediate. Dissociations in SiW and upon conversion to metHb showed only two phases. The kinetic heterogeneity may be due to oxyHb structural heterogeneity. Formation of D was spontaneous during HBL reassembly, which was minimal (≤ 10%) without Group IIA cations. During reassembly, maximal (60%) at 10 mM cation, D occurs at constant levels (15%), implying the dodecamer to be an intermediate.
Light regulation of specific mRNA species in Lemna gibba L. G-3.

Polyadenylated RNA was isolated from Lemna gibba L. G-3 and translated in a cell-free system from wheat germ. When plants were placed into complete darkness for 4 days, then returned to light for 18 hr, increased amounts of polyadenylated mRNA for at least two polypeptides were detected by in vitro translation over those amounts present in the dark. These two polypeptides have molecular weights of 32,000 and 20,000. The 20,000 dalton polypeptide was identified by immunoprecipitation as the precursor to the small subunit of the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1. 1.39]. The polyadenylated mRNA that codes for the small subunit is not detectable by immunoprecipitation of translation products in the dark-treated tissue. Plants growing in the light actively synthesize both subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, but synthesis of these proteins was found to be greatly diminished in plants placed in darkness for 4 days. These results indicate that white light can dramatically affect the steady-state levels of specific polyadenylated mRNAs.
Self-Care Behavior of Adult Asthma Patients

The purpose of this study was to identify factors potentially associated with asthma self-care behavior among adult asthma patients. A correlational descriptive study was conducted with a convenience sample of 220 adults identified as having moderate-to-severe asthma and receiving outpatient care at a medical center in northern Taiwan. Participants were interviewed by questionnaires. The study found that asthma self-care behaviors were predicted by 5 factors: (1) younger age, (2) not smoking history, (3) better social support, (4) better knowledge, and (5) better skills regarding asthma self-care, accounting for 51.5% of the total variance. The study also showed that the initial model could be modified to obtain a recursive model with good fit. Determinant factors identified by the analysis highlight the need to educate adult asthma patients about self-care to minimize mortality and promote their quality of life.
Influence of Glycosylation on the Efficacy of an Env-Based Vaccine against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 in a Macaque AIDS Model

ABSTRACT The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) is heavily glycosylated, and this feature has been speculated to be a reason for the insufficient immune control of these viruses by their hosts. In a macaque AIDS model, we demonstrated that quintuple deglycosylation in Env altered a pathogenic virus, SIVmac239, into a novel attenuated mutant virus (Δ5G). In Δ5G-infected animals, strong protective immunity against SIVmac239 was elicited. These HIV and SIV studies suggested that an understanding of the role of glycosylation is critical in defining not only the virological properties but also the immunogenicity of Env, suggesting that glycosylation in Env could be modified for the development of effective vaccines. To examine the effect of deglycosylation, we constructed prime-boost vaccines consisting of Env from SIVmac239 and Δ5G and compared their immunogenicities and vaccine efficacies by challenge infection with SIVmac239. Vaccination-induced immune responses differed between the two vaccine groups. Both Env-specific cellular and humoral responses were higher in wild-type (wt)-Env-immunized animals than in Δ5G Env-immunized animals. Following the challenge, viral loads in SIVmac239 Env (wt-Env)-immunized animals were significantly lower than in vector controls, with controlled viral replication in the chronic phase. Unexpectedly, viral loads in Δ5G Env-immunized animals were indistinguishable from those in vector controls. This study demonstrated that the prime-boost Env vaccine was effective against homologous SIVmac239 challenge. Changes in glycosylation affected both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and vaccine efficacy.
Resistors, Markov chains and dynamic path planning

Dynamic planning involves continuously updating a map by sensing changes in the environment and planning appropriate actions, with all tasks sharing common computational resources. We use harmonic functions for dynamic planning. Analogous representations of harmonic functions as Markov chains and resistor networks are used to develop the notion of escape probability and energy dissipation. These measures are used to indicate convergence (event that permits resources to be devote to non-planning tasks) more robustly than monitoring maximum or average field changes between iterations. The convergence of the harmonic function is related quadratically to the number of grid elements. An example of an irregular sampling strategy - quad tree - is developed for harmonic functions, which is complete yet imprecise. Quad trees are not a sufficient sampling strategy for addressing the exponential growth of multiple dimensions and therefore current investigations include other sampling strategies or dimensional parallelization.
Spatial collective intelligence? Credibility, accuracy, and volunteered geographic information

Collective intelligence is the idea that under the right circumstances collections of individuals are smarter than even the smartest individuals in the group, that is a group has an “intelligence” that is independent of the intelligence of its members. The ideology of collective intelligence undergirds much of the enthusiasm about the use of “volunteered” or crowd-sourced geographic information. Literature from a variety of fields makes clear that not all groups possess collective intelligence, this article identifies four pre-conditions for the emergence of collective intelligence and then examines the extent to which collectively generated mapping systems satisfy these conditions. However, the “intelligence” collectively generated maps is hard to assess because there are two difficult to reconcile perspectives on map quality – the credibility perspective and the accuracy perspective. Much of the current literature on user-generated maps focuses on assessing the quality of individual contributions. However, because user-generated maps are complex social systems and because the quality of a contribution is difficult to assess this strategy may not yield an “intelligent” end product. The existing literature on collective intelligence suggests that the structure of groups is more important than the intelligence of group members. Applying this idea to user-generated maps suggests that systems should be designed to foster conditions known to produce collective intelligence rather than privileging particular contributions/contributors. The article concludes with some design recommendations and by considering the implications of collectively generated maps for both expert knowledge and traditional state sponsored mapping programs.
The Forkhead Transcription Factor FOXK2 Promotes AP-1-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation

ABSTRACT The transcriptional control circuitry in eukaryotic cells is complex and is orchestrated by combinatorially acting transcription factors. Forkhead transcription factors often function in concert with heterotypic transcription factors to specify distinct transcriptional programs. Here, we demonstrate that FOXK2 participates in combinatorial transcriptional control with the AP-1 transcription factor. FOXK2 binding regions are widespread throughout the genome and are often coassociated with AP-1 binding motifs. FOXK2 acts to promote AP-1-dependent gene expression changes in response to activation of the AP-1 pathway. In this context, FOXK2 is required for the efficient recruitment of AP-1 to chromatin. Thus, we have uncovered an important new molecular mechanism that controls AP-1-dependent gene expression.
Unbalanced Active Distribution Analysis with Renewable Distributed Energy Resources

This paper presents unbalanced active distribution system analysis with renewable distributed Energy Resources (DER). The renewable DER models have been considered are photovoltaic (PV) and Wind Turbine generation (WTG). The three-phase distribution load flow on the basis of the symmetrical components have been used in the analysis. The unbalanced active distribution system has been analized using IEEE 13 node feeder and IEEE 8500 node feeder with renewable DER units. The variation of wind speed (m/s) for WTG, solar radiation (W/m²) and temperature (°C) for PV have been simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed DER model can be used to analysis renewable DER impacts in unbalanced distribution system. The integration of renewable DER units into an existing distribution network can improve the voltage profile and reduce total system losses. The simulation results show that DERs size and location are important factors to improve voltage profile and line loss reduction.
A direct comparison of conceptual learning and problem solving ability in traditional and studio style classrooms

We present data on student performance on conceptual understanding and on quantitative problem-solving ability in introductory mechanics in both studio and traditional classroom modes. The conceptual measures used were the Force Concept Inventory and the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation. Quantitative problem-solving ability was measured with standard questions on the final exam. Our data compare three different quarters over the course of 2 years. In all three quarters, the normalized learning gain in conceptual understanding was significantly larger for students in the studio sections. At the same time, students in the studio sections performed the same or slightly worse on quantitative final exam problems.
Encoderless Model Predictive Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators in Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Systems

In this paper, an encoderless finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) strategy for doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) based on variable-speed wind turbine systems (WTSs) is proposed. According to the FCS-MPC concept, the discrete states of the power converter are taken into account and the future converter performance is predicted for each sampling period. Subsequently, the voltage vector that minimizes a predefined cost function is selected to be applied in the next sampling instant. Furthermore, a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observer is used to estimate the rotor speed and position of the DFIG. Estimation and control performance of the proposed encoderless control method are validated by simulation results for all operation conditions. Moreover, the performance of the MRAS observer is tested under variations of the DFIG parameters.
Indirect activation of adenosine A1 receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by volatile anaesthetics

Background and objective: Volatile anaesthetics depress excitatory signal transmission by potentiating the inhibitory action of GABAA receptors and there is strong evidence that this is related with anaesthesia. Using primary hippocampal cultures we analyzed the possibility that the volatile anaesthetics enflurane and sevoflurane depress excitatory signal transmission by activation of adenosine A1 receptors. Methods: Primary rat hippocampal cultures on 4 cm poly‐L‐lysine coated glass coverslips were loaded with the Ca2+‐indicator fluo‐3 and incorporated in a gastight, temperature‐controlled perfusion chamber. The intracellular Ca2+‐concentration was monitored with a confocal laser‐scanning microscope (BioRad) using the 488 nm laser line of a krypton‐argon laser for excitation and the Lasersharp Acquisition software for analysis. Results: Continuous perfusion in Mg2+‐free medium generated spontaneous synchronized calcium oscillations, which were dose dependently depressed by the volatile anaesthetics enflurane and sevoflurane (0.25‐1 minimum alveolar concentration). Addition of 100 nmol of 2‐chloro‐N6‐cyclopentyladenosine, a specific adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, partly reversed the anaesthetic‐induced inhibition of the oscillation amplitude of the oscillating cells. The effect of the anaesthetics was mimicked by the addition of S‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)‐6‐thioguanosine, an adenosine transport inhibitor and by the addition of 5‐amino‐5‐deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenosine kinase. Conclusions: The volatile anaesthetics sevoflurane and enflurane activate adenosine A1 receptors in primary rat hippocampal cultures. This effect is mediated by liberation of adenosine most likely by an interaction of the volatile anaesthetics with adenosine transport or key enzymes in adenosine metabolism.