Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences

state of emergency. Declaring a state of emergency forces the government to publicly admit that their country is in a vulnerable condition, which may lead to strained international trade ties. Strong political commitment to tackle HIV and AIDS at the national level, however, has been one of the factors associated with success in countries like Uganda. Thus, governments should be encouraged and supported for taking a proactive stance against HIV and AIDS. In addition, if a country declares a state of emergency but does not have the resources to respond, this could highlight the helplessness of the government and potentially lead to negative political ramifications internally. These consequences could be outweighed by the benefits of immediate and transparent political commitment, as shown by the recent success of Vietnam in securing outside help to respond to its SARS outbreak. The international community must therefore also be proactive in committing and providing necessary help and resources to any country willing to make important steps towards tackling their epidemic. Importantly, providing any agency the power to over-ride bureaucratic, political, and legal barriers to tackle the epidemic carries the risk of potential abuse. The disaster management response must therefore be carefully monitored by the national governments and the international community to ensure that individual human rights are carefully balanced with the need to protect society against the further spread of HIV/ AIDS. International human rights bodies have carefully considered this inherent trade-off and have articulated which rights can and cannot be overridden in times of emergency. Governments may also be concerned about the duration of the state of emergency once it has been declared. A phase based decision making system, however, could provide a checklist for countries to reassess the effect that HIV is having on their society. Thus, countries would be able to “phase in” as well as “phase out” of a state of emergency dependent on progress. There are many complex issues that a disaster management response will not resolve, and this approach should not be seen as a replacement for existing initiatives or a cookie cutter solution to the epidemic. We hope, however, that our suggestions will provide a basis for generating new thinking and a better coordinated, more effective and timely response to the mounting HIV/AIDS crisis.
Effects of urea-prickly pear-molasses block supplementation on growth and milk production of crossbred goats on arid rangelands

This paper discusses the potential use of feed blocks as supplements for grazing goats under a harsh arid zone of northern Mexico. The study was carried out during fall and winter. A flock of 64 goats was randomly allotted into two groups (equal number of animals and categories of goats) both groups were fed a total mixed ration containing 50% ground corn stover, 40% spineless cladodes of Opuntia spp. and 10% corn grain. Additionally, at night, one group had access to a urea-prickly pear-molasses block supplementation, whereas the other group was not supplemented (Control). The block supplementation increased (P<0.05) litter size (1.3 vs. 1.5), litter weight (4.8 vs. 5.2) and daily milk yield in twin bearing does. Results indicate that providing a block supplementation could ameliorate the depressing effect of scarce forage, with a marked improvement in litter size and weight, as well as an increased milk yield in those goats raising twins.
Agronomic, culinary, and genetic characterization of selected cowpea elite lines using farmers' and breeder's knowledge: a case study from Malawi.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is an important crop in Malawi. It provides dietary nutrients and income to poor-resource farmers. However production and productivity are below the potential level due to lack of suitable varieties. The objective of the study was to select the productive and diverse cowpea varieties that are acceptable to farmers and consumers using a participatory variety selection (PVS) strategy. Farmers’ perceptions based on focused group discussions, and interviews varied little among the villages. Yield was the most frequently used selection criteria by farmers, regardless of gender profile. There was great variability for seed production among entries. Other agronomic traits such as days to maturity, seed size, pod shape, disease resistance, growth habit, culinary traits including taste, cooking time, broth color and thickness were used at different stages of the selection process. Initially, farmers were invited at the research stations to select the best 20 lines out of 127 entries. These selected lines were subjected to further evaluation in community plots managed by male and female farmers. The genetic analysis revealed a high level of genetic variation among accessions and confirms the absence of redundancy within the genetic materials used. At the end, farmers selected six entries that were released in the two agricultural development divisions (ADDs). The present study is the first documented case of multidisciplinary approach for the selection of elite accessions while maintaining biodiversity.
Establishment of Rhizobium-mediated transformation of Coptis japonica and molecular analyses of transgenic plants

Coptis japonica is a perennial medicinal plant grown in Asia, and its rhizome is used as crude drug, in which berberine is highly accumulated as the main alkaloid. In this study, a transformation method for C. japonica using Rhizobium has been established. Young petioles were infected with Rhizobium radiobactor Gv3101 (pMP90) harboring a plasmid with β-glucuronidase (gus) driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene as the selection marker. GUS assay showed that 46% of the calli grown on hygromycin plates clearly expressed the gus gene. As an application of the transformation method, an endogenous cDNA encoding an ABC protein, CjMDR1, which is involved in berberine transport, was introduced in sense orientation. Cjmdr1 transgenic plant (Sense-2) regenerated from hygromycin resistant callus line had a single copy of integrated hpt gene in its genomic DNA. Northern analyses of the Sense-2 plant showed that Cjmdr1 mRNA levels were lower in all organs examined than those of wild-type plant, which suggested that co-suppression of Cjmdr1 expression occurred. Indeed, the berberine content in Sense-2 was also suppressed. This is the first report of stable transformation of Coptis spp. and also of the alteration of a secondary metabolite by transport engineering.
Changes in learning ability and mechanism during development of grasshopper nymphs, Melanoplus bivittatus

Abstract. In an experimental arena, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) nymphs of four stadia were observed to determine whether they learn to associate food with positional or light‐related cues. Nymphs were observed for 4 h in the arena containing one yellow box and one green box, then they were trained by placing food in the green box overnight. Following training, the responses of nymphs to green and yellow boxes were observed for a second 4 h period.
The demography of Yellow Wagtails Motacilla flava on abandoned fields in northern European Russia

Capsule Apparent survival rates of Yellow Wagtails breeding in abandoned fields in Russia are determined by previous breeding success. Aims To examine apparent survival and its link to previous breeding success in Yellow Wagtails breeding in abandoned fields in the Vologda region, northern European Russia. Methods We ringed and measured apparent survival of Yellow Wagtails at two abandoned agricultural sites over eight years (2005–2012). We modelled the impact of age, nest stage, and time of season on daily nest survival rates. Results Predation was the main cause of nest failure. Nest daily survival rate was highest at the beginning of the breeding season. Overall nest survival probability was 0.40 ± 0.02. Adult apparent survival after successful breeding was 0.42 ± 0.06 and after unsuccessful breeding this was 0.13 ± 0.06. Conclusion Reproductive success can be regarded as the crucial demographic parameter of the local Yellow Wagtail population in northern European Russia. Apparent survival after successful breeding is significantly higher than after unsuccessful breeding, because unsuccessful breeders probably move to new breeding sites the following year. High adult survival may be particularly important to Yellow Wagtail population dynamics in the study region, because second breeding attempts are apparently unusual.
Survie in vitro et post mortem des gametes de truite fario (Salmo trutta fario)

Post mortem continuation of fertility of the gametes in the trout Salmo trutta fario has been investigated in order to gather more information on the possibility of using ova and sperm from genitors killed accidentally. The percentage of eggs fertilized at 200 day-degrees was used as a measure of the fertility of the gametes left post mortem in the genital tracts of animals kept at 4 °C after killing, in air or water; the measures were compared with those of gametes kept in vitro, at 4 °C also. Gametes taken periodically from live fish during the experiment were used as controls.Gametes kept in the body of killed genitors survive only a few hours and show a significant drop after 12 h and 6–8 h for sperm and live respectively, with no detectable difference between fish kept in water or in air. Gametes kept in vitro maintain their fertility at 51–90% after 72 h (control = 96%) and at 80% after 14 days (control = 97%) for ova and sperm respectively. The fertilizing capacity of control sperm taken from live .
Screening of silkworm strains for efficient recombinant protein production by Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrosis virus (AcNPV)

Baculoviruses base vectors come to be regarded as methods for in vivo gene delivery and transient expression to the silkworm. In the case of silkworm, B. mori, two types of baculoviruses, AcNPV (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus) and BmNPV (Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus), are potentially applicable as vectors. Recently, AcNPV showed promising results with some silkworm strains despite different hostspecificities. We searched for a highly-permissive silkworm strain in the B. mori stocks of Kyungpook National University that could produce high levels of recombinant protein. Seventy strains were screened using the recombinant AcNPV/BmA3-Luc virus. Based on the measured luciferase activity, the strains could be divided into three groups, high-, middle-, and low-permissive strains, according to their relative recombinant protein expression levels. At 48 hours post-injection, the luciferase activity in the high-permissive strains was 500-fold greater than that of the low-permissive strains. At 72 hours post-injection, a significant elevation in luciferase activity was observed in the hemocytes of all strains. Then, based on the above results, the High Permissive Strain (HPS) S10 and the Low Permissive Strain (LPS) S39 were pick up and was carried out Dot blotting, RT-PCR and Real time PCR.
MAP Inference for Customized Determinantal Point Processes via Maximum Inner Product Search

Determinantal point processes (DPPs) are a good ﬁt for modeling diversity in many machine learning applications. For instance, in recommender systems, one might have a basic DPP deﬁned by item features, and a customized version of this DPP for each user with features re-weighted according to user preferences. While such models perform well, they are typically applied only to relatively small datasets, because existing maximum a posteriori (MAP) approximation algorithms are expensive. In this work, we propose a new MAP algorithm: we show that, by performing a one-time preprocessing step on a basic DPP, it is possible to run an approximate version of the standard greedy MAP approximation algorithm on any customized version of the DPP in time sublinear in the number of items. Our key observation is that the core computation can be written as a maximum inner product search (MIPS), which allows us to accelerate inference via approximate MIPS structures, e.g., trees or hash tables. We provide a theoretical analysis of the algorithm’s approximation quality, as well as empirical results on real-world datasets demonstrating that it is often orders of magnitude faster while sacriﬁcing little accuracy.
Systematic relationships in southern African Oxalis L. (Oxalidaceae): congruence between palynological and plastid trnL-F evidence

In the most recent morphology-based taxonomic classification of African Oxalis L. , 206 species were recognized in nine indigenous southern African sections. A subsequent palynological review of these taxa conflicted with their taxonomic classification. In the present study, phylogenetic relationships within section Angustatae subsection Lineares are re-assessed, using plastid trnL-F non-coding DNA sequence data. The results of this study clearly indicate that, based on the DNA evidence, subsection Lineares is non-monophyletic. Previously hypothesized relationships within the subsection are also refuted. In contrast, molecular and palynological data are highly congruent, and both differ substantially from the current morphological classification for subsection Lineares.
Spatial Characteristics of American Badgers (Taxidea taxus) in Southern Texas

Abstract We investigated ecology of the American badger (Taxidea taxus) on the Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, La Salle County, Texas, during February–November 2002. We trapped five individuals (four males, one female) with a mean (±SE) weight of 6.1 ± 0.6 kg. Home ranges and mean daily movements of three males averaged 7.0 ± 3.5 km2 and 758 ± 801 m, respectively. American badgers did not use habitats in proportion to availability and showed a preference for honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) savannah-acacia (Acacia) shrublands. Burrowing sites were dominated by a honey mesquite-bufflegrass (Pennistum ciliare) association. Resumen Estudiamos la ecología del tejón norteamericano (Taxidea taxus) en el Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, condado de La Salle, en Texas durante febrero–noviembre de 2002. Atrapamos cinco individuos (cuatro machos, una hembra) con un peso medio (±SE) de 6.1 ± 0.6 kg. El rango de hogar y media de traslados diarios de tres machos tuvieron un promedio de 7.0 ± 3.5 km2 y 758 ± 801 m, respectivamente. Los tejones norteamericanos no usaron los hábitats en proporción a su disponibilidad y mostraron una preferencia por matorral de mezquite (Prosopis glandulosa) y huizache (Acacia). Los sitios de madrigueras fueron dominados por una asociación de mezquite y pasto buffel (Pennistum ciliare).
A Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Using RSRR for Cognitive Radio Applications

This literature presents the design procedure and performance analysis of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using Rectangular Split Ring Resonators (RSRRs) for cognitive radio applications. The presented design is characterized by small dimensions 30×22×l.6 mm^3, simplified geometry and can be easily reconfigured to other desired frequencies by simply modifying the dimensions of the RSRRs. The design has a circular patch radiator with triangular tapered feed line for UWB mode of operation and the RSRRs are used to achieve the narrowband mode. The mode switching is done through varying the bias conditions of the P-i-N diodes. The antenna is designed on a low cost FR4 substrate to make the design cost effective for commercial applications.
Learning morphosyntactic patterns for multiword term extraction

The identification of valid terms in any domain is fundamental to its computerization. For this reason, in this paper we present a method for obtaining automated morphosyntactic patterns, which will help researchers obtain valid terms from the proposed patterns, in order to build quality ontologies for the translation from one language to another, or to find relevant terms in short sentences, which can be used as parameters in question-answer systems. For this purpose, we use some statistical methods which show candidates in a pattern vector. Then, a heuristic process unfolds to refine the pattern vector obtained, basing on two main parameters: the statistical results previously obtained and the length of the pattern analyzed. As a result, we obtain the collection of the best patterns for the detection of real multiword terms. Key words: Morphosyntactic patterns, multiword terms, incremental learning.
Symbiotic exchange of carbon and phosphorus between cucumber and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

SUMMARY Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was grown in an irradiated soil:sand mixture in PVC tubes containing a root compartment, a hyphal compartment and a hyphal 32P-labelling compartment. The soil was inoculated with either Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders, Glomus sp. or Glomus caledonium (Nicol. & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerdemann or left uninoculated. At 23 d from sowing 20 μCi of an aqueous solution of carrier-free 32P was pipetted into the hyphal labelling compartment. Just 24 h later the plants were labelled with 14CO2 for 16 h. At harvest the plants were analysed for mycorrhizal colonization and distribution of 14C and 32P. Hyphae of G. caledonium proved to have the most rapid 32P uptake and transfer system of the three fungi studied. The host was provided with an order of magnitude more 32P than supplied by either Glomus sp. or S. calospora. The S. calospora-colonized plants contained the least 32P counts of the three mycorrhizal treatments. 75% of the total 32P in the plant was present in the shoots of the plants colonized by G. caledonium; the corresponding figures for the shoots of S. calospora and Glomus sp. were 45 and 25%, respectively. The proportion of assimilated 14C allocated to below-ground events was 35, 32 and 25 with S. calospora, Glomus sp. and G. caledonium, respectively. The specific incorporation of 14C into roots colonized by Glomus sp. was 1.8 and 3.1 times as high as into roots colonized by G. caledonium and S. calospora, respectively. In contrast, the specific root respiration (Bq mg−1 d. wt) was similar in the mycorrhizal treatments. The 14C flow into external hyphae was approximately 0.8% of the total assimilated 14C for all three fungi. Based on these results, mycorrhizal efficiency was calculated as hyphal 14C use per unit 32P transported, below-ground 14C use per unit 32P transported, 32P transported per metre of hyphae and hyphal 14C use per metre of hyphae.
Feeding habits of Scymnorhinus licha in Catalan waters

A study has been made of the diet of Scymnorhinus licha in Catalan coastal waters by means of the analysis of the stomach contents of 97 specimens caught at depths ranging from 300 to 600 metres during a 12 month survey. The annual coefficient of repletion is 80%. Bony fishes form the basic group in the diet for all seasons: they are followed by sharks, crustaceans and cephalopods, which are secondary. As the size of G. licha increases, there is an increase in the frequency of crustaceans and sharks in the stomach contents and a drop in the frequency of cephalopods. Bony fishes are slightly more frequent in the larger specimens. The males have a higher coefficient of repletion and a higher average of prey per stomach and show a greater preference for sharks and bony fishes.
Small snails in a big place: a radiation in the semi-arid rangelands in northern Australia (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae, Nanotrachia gen. nov.)

Continuing the revision of the Camaenidae in the Australian Monsoon Tropics, we employed comparative analyses of morphological features (with a focus on shell and penial anatomy) and genetic markers (with a focus on mitochondrial COI and 16S sequences) to address the systematic relationships of land snails from the Victoria River District, Northern Territory, and adjacent East Kimberley (Western Australia). These analyses revealed that the species under study represented the previously undescribed genus Nanotrachia. This genus differs from all other camaenid genera known from north-western Australia most conspicuously by its small, flat, and ribbed shell. Six species are identified as members of the new genus, four of them new species (Nanotrachia costulata sp. nov., Nanotrachia carinata sp. nov., Nanotrachia coronata sp. nov., Nanotrachia levis sp. nov.). Two further species have already been described previously but assigned to different genera. These species, Ordtrachia intermedia (as the type species of Nanotrachia) and Mouldingia orientalis, are here transferred to Nanotrachia. Like other camaenids from the Australian Monsoon Tropics, species of Nanotrachia are characterized by essentially allopatric distributions, regional endemism, and a patchy distribution across their range.
Presence of autoantibodies against complement

Complement was proposed to play an important role in the onset of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions by inducing physical damage to myelin-producing cells. Every somatic cell is however endowed with a repertoire of membrane-bound molecules which normally down-regulate the complement activation cascade (Regulators of Complement Activation, RCA) and therefore protect cells from complement-dependent lysis. We show here that antibodies against two complement regulatory molecules expressed in the membrane of human cells (CD46 and CD59) are present in sera from relapsing-remitting MS patients in the acute phase, that they are directed against the active site of the RCA molecules and that they inactivate their regulatory function, thus providing a mechanism by which cells of the nervous system might be damaged in a complementdependent fashion during the acute MS phase. Moreover, we found that most of these sera also contain antibodies reacting with an epitope of the transmembrane glycoprotein of HIV which is conserved in most retroviruses; this may support the hypothesis that self-reacting antibodies might have arisen in these patients as an immune response after retroviral infection or expression of endogenous retroviral proteins. Journal of NeuroVirology (2000) 6, S42 ‐ S46.
5G Compact Planar Antenna for Multiple Applications

A 5G antenna for multiple applications is presented in the following paper. The presented geometry is capable of radiating the large frequency band from 2.6 to 20GHz, which covers the 5G-(I) Sub-6GHz band, X-Band/Ku-Band Communication with high efficiency. The impedance bandwidth of the radiator is 153%, with an electrical size of. 13λx. 13λx0. 030λ in lambda. The antenna is simulated with an FR4 substrate using CST Simulator. 04-stages evolution process is also investigated by simulations, and corresponding S-parameter results are presented. The proposed structure also demonstrates stable radiation patterns across the operating bandwidth. The proposed radiator has a high gain of 3.7 dBi, and an efficiency of 85%. Therefore, it is useful for 5G-(I) Sub-6GHz band, X-band, and Ku-band applications, including Mobile, Radar, Space, Terrestrial, and Satellite microwave communication.