Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of difficulty in comprehending programming code based on complex network metrics of EEG data

Studying Electroencephalography (EEG) and the derived brain signals can lead to technical and methodological improvements in software development like programming languages, building platforms for teams, and team working schemes. Many studies have been analyzing the role of the human factor in software development, from different perspectives (Kosti et al., 2018; Peitek et al., 2018; Dimitriadis, Laskaris, et al., 2010; Ivanova et al., 2020). Several empirical research have emphasized the effect of the human element in software engineering. These studies use psychometric measurements on the way to locate connections between elements, which include personality, job mindset and performance on one side, and options or project results or outcomes on the other side. As software developers are engaging in several tasks of programming, like coding, debugging, testing and code comprehension, researchers turned to neuroscience in an effort to better characterize and apprehend programmers’ mental workload. The present study’s main purpose of research concerns brain’s neural synchrony. In particular, we have used Phase Locking Value (PLV) for estimating functional connectivity and then, measure the efficacy of the derived connectivity patterns, utilizing network metrics defined to describe information exchange between neural regions, while a human brain is performing programming tasks. Specifically, electroencephalography (EEG) signals of the brain activity of 10 subjects performing two different types of programming tasks, comprehending, and finding syntax errors of code snippets. The participants in the described experiments, performed four sessions, which include a resting state period, 5 comprehension tasks and 5 syntax tasks, while their brain activity is being recorded by a portable electroencephalography device. Moreover, participants were requested to grade the tasks they performed, in order for the tasks to be classified as easy and difficult, and proceed with further analysis regarding mental workload. Here, we are studying only the signals recorded during the performance of comprehension tasks, that were separated from the syntax tasks’ recordings and the resting state session. We are examining the signals from the aspects of phase synchrony and specified network connectivity metrics. We are applying feature ranking and selection, as well as performing classification, using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, in order to predict comprehension task’s difficulty based on the connectivity network measures of global and local efficiency and strength. The classifier is being tested using Cross Validation methods, and particularly Leave One Out Cross Validation and also, measuring the accuracy of the predictions.
Indirect determination of riboflavin in pharmaceuticals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In the present work,a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method was developed for indirect determination of riboflavin.An excessive sodium periodate was used to react with riboflavin,and the remaining periodate was precipitated with excessive lead nitrate or copper nitrate.The precipitation,lead periodate or copper periodate formed was separated from the reaction medium by membrane filtration,and then was dissolved in 0.2 mol L-1 nitric acid following the determination of lead or copper by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.001～0.020 mg mL-1 and 0.0025 ～ 0.0500 mg mL-1;the relative standard deviation(RSD) for determination of 0.005 mg mL-1 riboflavin was 4.8% and 5.2%;and the detection limit was 0.0006 and 0.0005 mg mL-1,respectively,with lead or copper AAS measurement.The method was used for determination of riboflavin in Vitamin B2 tablets and injections.
Comparison and analysis of Passive-blind techniques for detection of digital image

truthfulness and authenticity 3 . Digital image forensic techniques include two approaches-active and passive approaches 4 . The active approach requires the digital image to be embedded with certain information in the form of digital watermarking or signatures during its acquisition. This embedded information is later checked to establish authenticity of the image and is usually robust and imperceptible against most of the attacks like compression, rotation, cropping, resampling, filtering, addition of noise etc. But, a major drawback of active approach is that specially designed digital cameras are required that are equipped with a watermarking chip or a digital signature chip which authenticates every image the camera takes before storing it on its memory card. So, digital signatures and watermarking (active approach) as image forgery detection tools are not widely used 2 .
The Diffusion Process of Mobile Telephony in Europe

The main goal of this paper is to describe the penetration process of mobile telephony across European countries in the eightieth and ninetieth decades. To achieve this goal we have revised different alternative specifications for the well-known diffusion models, starting with a simple logistic curve and moving through more flexible formulations like Nelder’s model. Since there is no "physical" or "technical" limit a priori which would mark the ceiling of penetration, needed in the estimation process, we have explored different ways to state that ceiling, including the Bass proposal to derive it from observed data. The main findings from the diffusion processes as estimated, apart from their asymmetry with respect to the inflexion point, is that they are very uniform across countries as regards the time when they reach that inflexion point (around 2000), implying that growth in mobile telephony markets started to tail off after that point.
Delegation, Promotion, and Manager Selection

Promotions serve two purposes. They ought to provide incentives for employees and to select the best employee for a management position. However, if non-contractible managerial decision rights give rise to private benefits and preference misalignment between managers and the firm, these two purposes are in conflict. This is because the worker with the largest private benefit as a manager has the strongest incentives to work hard to get promoted. This article shows how the interplay of managerial decision rights and performance-based promotions leads to a situation often referred to as the Peter principle: employees that create lower expected profits as managers have yet better promotion prospects. That finding still holds when the firm owner optimally chooses the promotion rule, the degree of delegation, and wage payments to both employees and managers. To optimize organizational design, the firm balances better worker incentivization but worse manager selection by using performance-based promotions and restricting managerial decision rights. JEL classification codes: D2, L22, M51, M52
A Review on Latest Trends in Non-Technical Loss Detection∗

An increasing interest in digging out the consumption patterns in power and energy sector is observed globally. This includes electrical, gas, and water supply industries. A reason behind analyzing the consumption patterns Copyright © 2021 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). ∗The work/publication is supported by the EFOP-3.6. 1-16-2016-00022 project. The project is co-financed by the European Union and the European Social Fund.
A Real-time Crowd Counting application with Live analytics and selective detection using YOLOv4

: With increase in population and development of countries crowd occurrences have increased all over the world and have provided a necessity to create a crowd analysis tool for the sake of security and crowd management. To ensure public safety, it is critical to understand crowd dynamics and congestion circumstances at crowded scenes. These analytics can be provided by Crowd Counting using computer vison and neural networks. There have been many methods that have proposed various methods for Crowd Counting. In this paper we propose an application for Real-time Crowd Counting with a selective detection feature and we are using YOLOv4 as a base for object detection and we also a created an analytics system that makes use of the live data.
A Flash-based B+-Tree using Sibling-Leaf Blocks for Efficient Node Updates and Range Searches

Recently, as the price per bit is decreasing at a fast rate, flash memory is considered to be used as primary storage of large-scale database systems. Although flash memory shows off its high speeds of page reads, however, it has a problem of noticeable performance degradation in the presence of increasing update workloads. When updates are requested for pages with random page IDs, in particular, the shortcoming of flash tends to impair significantly the overall performance of a flash-based database system. Therefore, it is important to have a way to efficiently update the B+-tree, when it is stored in flash storage. This is because most of updates in the B+-tree arise at leaf nodes, whose page IDs are in random. In this light, we propose a new flash B+-tree that stores up-to-date versions of leaf nodes in sibling-leaf blocks (SLBs), while updating them. The use of SLBs improves the update performance of B-trees and provides the mechanism for fast key range searches. To verify the performance advantages of the proposed flash B+-tree, we developed a mathematical performance evaluation model that is suited for assessing B-tree operations. The performance comparisons from it show that the proposed flash B+-tree provides faster range searches and reduces more than 50% of update costs.
Identification of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in Aethina tumida

Aethina tumida Murray (small hive beetle, SHB) is an invasive pest of Apis mellifera L. colonies, and is attracted to honey bee colony odors and pheromones. This work aims to investigate A. tumida odorant binding proteins (Atum_OBPs) from adult individuals, to improve the knowledge on the molecular basis of olfaction and, thus, contribute to the development of sustainable, sciencebased pest control strategies. RNA was extracted and sequenced from dissected SHB heads and antennae. Complete and partial Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) were identified in downstream analysis. Overall, four classical OBP from heads and one MinusC from antennae were recognized as complete OBPs. A phylogenetic analysis showed high sequence homology with previously predicted Atum_OBPs and OBPs described in other coleopteran species. Notably, the antennal OBP showed high similarity with one of the OBPs found in the head. Moreover, partial OBP 29 was detected for the first time in SHB head. This investigation provides an additional knowledge about the OBPs in A. tumida. The molecular mechanisms of olfactory perception include compounds other than OBPs. A more complete vision of the involved functions, structures and pathways is necessary to develop attractants for the SHB control in the field.
Scalability Benchmarking of Kafka Streams Deployment Options

Kubernetes, Kafka, and Kafka Streams are commonly used together in software systems. The Theodolite method allows to benchmark the scalability of such systems. Kafka Streams provides many con-ﬁguration options. Thus, it is diﬃcult to set the conﬁguration options in the best possible way. Previous research with Theodolite, however, considers only few conﬁguration options for the scalability. Therefore, we explore further conﬁguration options for Kafka and Kafka Streams in this paper. On one hand we apply the topology optimization option, on the other hand we focus on high availability and resiliency options. We deﬁne diﬀerent parameters for these conﬁguration options and execute the Theodolite benchmark with them. Ultimately, we present and discuss the results of the benchmark executions and identify the inﬂuence of the parameters regarding the scalability of Kafka Streams applications.
Human Resource Development Practices and Challenges in Public Sector: Evidence from Selected Regional Public Sector Bureaus in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to assess Human Resource Development (HRD) practices and challenges in the selected Regional Public sector Bureaus in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. Mixed research approach with descriptive cross sectional survey was employed. A sample of 171 respondents was selected through simple random sampling technique to collect data through questionnaire. Besides, FGDs and interview were used to breadth the information. Data were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics based on SPSS 16.0 and qualitative technique. The finding of the study showed that the employees have good awareness towards HRD concepts and they were able to relate those concepts with HRD. However, as the results proved the sector bureaus were not in a good track in practicing training and development, career development, organizational development and performance appraisal. As the finding also indicated that the sector bureaus were not in a way that doing personal analysis and encountered by variety of challenges in the practice of HRD. Generally, based on the findings evidenced the sector bureaus did not have good HRD system. To minimize problems in the practice of HRD first and foremost, in the sector bureaus, HRD should get due attention since it is an engine for other resources. In Meeting HR need, the HRD practices should also focus on career development and post training evaluation should be exercised in order to increase the effectiveness of the program. Moreover, to overcome the challenges of HRD practice there is a need for skilled human and financial resources, to differentiate high and low performers by using performance criteria and providing the necessary technical and interpersonal support to make HRD process more sustainable.
Snail1 expression in endothelial cells controls growth, angiogenesis and differentiation of breast tumors

Snail1 is a transcriptional factor required for epithelial to mesenchymal transition and activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). Apart from that, tumor endothelial cells also express Snail1. Here, we have unraveled the role of Snail1 in this tissue in a tumorigenic context. Methods: We generated transgenic mice with an endothelial-specific and inducible Snail1 depletion. This murine line was crossed with MMTV-PyMT mice that develop mammary gland tumors and the consequence of Snail1 depletion in the endothelium were investigated. We also interfere Snail1 expression in cultured endothelial cells. Results: Specific Snail1 depletion in the endothelium of adult mice does not promote an overt phenotype; however, it delays the formation of mammary gland tumors in MMTV-PyMT mice. These effects are associated to the inability of Snail1-deficient endothelial cells to undergo angiogenesis and to enhance CAF activation in a paracrine manner. Moreover, tumors generated in mice with endothelium-specific Snail1 depletion are less advanced and show a papillary phenotype. Similar changes on onset and tumor morphology are observed by pretreatment of MMTV-PyMT mice with the angiogenic inhibitor Bevacizumab. Human breast papillary carcinomas exhibit a lower angiogenesis and present lower staining of Snail1, both in endothelial and stromal cells, compared with other breast neoplasms. Furthermore, human breast tumors datasets show a strong correlation between Snail1 expression and high angiogenesis. Conclusion: These findings show a novel role for Snail1 in endothelial cell activation and demonstrate that these cells impact not only on angiogenesis, but also on tumor onset and phenotype.
Application of Decision Trees to Detect Process Disruptions in Aluminum Production

This paper considers the task of elaborating the tools that enable early detection of process disruptions in aluminum production using the technology of decision trees. The suggested method to forecast the process disruptions are based on the data on daily average process indicators. The method includes a necessary stage of preliminary processing of inputs and consequent construction of a math model. The study defined the most informative properties, solved the problem of unbalanced data, and compared approaches based on decision trees. The quality metrics revealed the most effective method to solve the set task.
A Comparison of Text Representation Methods for Predicting Political Views of Social Media Users

The paper focuses on the task of predicting political views of social media users. The aim of this study is to identify the most effective method for representation textual information from user profile. We compared several text representation methods, including a bag of words modeling, averaged word2vec embeddings, Sentence Transformers representation, and text representations obtained with three BERT-based models, such as Multilingual BERT, Slavic-BERT, and RuBERT. We conducted our experiments on the dataset of VKon-takte users' data collected with VK API. We evaluated the effectiveness of binary classification for the pages of users with radical political views, including ultraconservatives, communists, and libertarians, and users who are indifferent to politics. Further, we compared the impact of various text representations for distinguishing users belonging to different radical political movements, such as communists vs. libertarians, libertarians vs. ultraconservatives, ultraconserva-tives vs. communists. Best results were predictably shown by BERT-based models. Moreover, in each task, the best result was achieved by different models.
Evaluation of a Clinical Index as a Predictive Tool for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Background: In primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) there is no single diagnostic test. Different predictive tools have been proposed to guide referral of high-risk patients for further diagnostic workup. We aimed to test clinical index (CI) on a large unselected cohort and compare its characteristics with other widely used tools—PICADAR and NA-CDCF. Methods: CI, PICADAR, and NA-CDCF scores were calculated in 1401 patients with suspected PCD referred to our center. Their predictive characteristics were analyzed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and compared to each other. Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) was measured in 569 patients older than 3 years. Results: PCD was diagnosed in 67 (4.8%) patients. CI, PICADAR, and NA-CDCF scores were higher in PCD than in nonPCD group (all p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CI was larger than for NA-CDCF (p = 0.005); AUCPICADAR and AUCNA-CDCF did not differ (p = 0.093). An overlap in signs and symptoms among tools was identified. PICADAR could not be assessed in 86 (6.1%) patients without chronic wet cough. For CI laterality or congenital heart defects assessment was not necessary. nNO further improved predictive power of all three tools. Conclusion: CI is a feasible predictive tool for PCD that may outperform PICADAR and NA-CFCD.
Harmonic-Mean Cox Models: A Ruler for Equal Attention to Risk

Survival analysis models are necessary for clinical forecasting with data censorship. Implicitly, existing works focus on the individuals with higher risks while lower risk individuals are poorly characterized. Developing survival models to represent different risk individuals equally is a challenging task but of great importance for providing accurate risk assessments across levels of risk. Here, we characterize this problem and propose an adjusted log-likelihood formulation as the new objective for survival prognostication. Several models are then proposed based on the newly designed optimization objective function which produce risks that count individuals “equally” on risk ratios thus providing representative attention to individuals of varying risk. Extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach.
Philosophical Intuitions Are Surprisingly Stable Across both Demographic Groups and Situations

In the early days of experimental philosophy, a number of studies seemed to suggest that people's philosophical intuitions were in a certain sense ​unstable​. Such studies typically used one of two broad approaches. First, some studies looked at the impact of demographic factors. In these studies, all participants received the same question, but different participants belonged to different demographic groups. The results appeared to show that people from different demographic groups had radically different patterns of philosophical intuition (e.g., Machery, Mallon, Nichols & Stich, 2004; Weinberg, Nichols & Stich, 2001). Second, some studies manipulated features of the situation. In these studies, all participants received the same question, but researchers manipulated something about the situation participants were in while answering. The results appeared to show that people in different situations had very different patterns of philosophical intuition (e.g., Swain, Alexander, & Weinberg, 2008; Wheatley & Haidt, 2005). These early studies attracted an enormous amount of attention in the philosophical community, and they inspired a sustained effort to explore the philosophical implications of instability. The core question guiding this research has been: “If we learn that people's intuitions are unstable, what should we conclude about the use of intuitions in philosophy? ” Attempts to answer this question have shown truly impressive levels of sophistication and ingenuity. In more recent years, however, there has been an explosion of new empirical research about philosophical intuitions. These more recent studies offer a very different picture of people's philosophical intuitions. The evidence now suggests that ​philosophical intuitions are surprisingly​ ​stable​ . Indeed, the available evidence suggests that philosophical intuitions are surprisingly stable across both demographic groups and situations. The entire aim of the present paper is to review evidence for this one claim. Of course, if the claim does turn out to be true, it immediately leaves us with some deeper theoretical questions, but I will not be defending any view about those deeper questions here. The reason is not that such questions lie outside the scope of the paper. It is simply that I have not been able to come up with any good answers.
Towards Co-Build: An Architecture Machine for Co-Creative Form-Making

Based on Negroponte’s idea of man-machine symbiosis, this paper proposes Co-Build – A real-time web-based collaborative 3D modeling platform with a co-creative agent (machine). The study aims to extract different circumstances under which the co-creative agent’s contribution appears to make sense. The study identifies varied aspects of human-human collaboration applicable to human-machine collaboration. These research objectives are set in order to understand the “symbiosis”. The behavior of the machine in Co-Build is based on the enactive model of co-creativity. For the purpose of this study, machine intelligence is emulated using the wizard of oz technique, and the machine action is restricted to mimicking. To simplify the architectural design process, the study focuses on additive massing models in a concept design game’s theoretical context, namely, the silent game. Two variations of the silent game, namely, switch silent game and simultaneous silent game, are proposed to test two kinds of interactions between the collaborators: turn-taking and simultaneous interactions. This paper reports the results of an online user study with 20 participants. The user study involves participants playing both the variation of silent games with a human and then with the wizard of oz ’machine. ’ Retrospective video walk-through and post-task interview are the methods utilized to collect data for evaluation.