Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Information-Based Theory of International Currency Job Market Paper

This paper develops an information-based theory of international currency based on search frictions, private trading histories, and imperfect recognizability of assets. Using an openeconomy search model with multiple competing currencies, the value of each currency is determined without requiring agents to use a particular currency to purchase a country’s goods. Strategic complementarities in portfolio choices and information acquisition decisions generate multiple equilibria with dierent types of payment arrangements. While some ination can benet the country issuing an international currency, the threat of losing international status puts an ination discipline on the issuing country. When monetary authorities interact in a simple policy game, the temptation to inate can lead optimal policy to deviate from the Friedman rule. A calibration of the generalized model shows that for the U.S. dollar, the welfare cost of losing international status ranges from 1.3% to 2.1% of GDP per year.
Fostering Nonverbal Immediacy and Teacher Identity through an Acting Course in English Teacher Education

This research study focuses on integrating acting theories in pre-service English teacher education so as to improve nonverbal immediacy behavior and to contribute to the development process of teacher identity. Studies on incorporation of acting literature into teacher education provide educators with some significant findings clearly indicating that certain teacher competences can be fostered effectively by benefiting from acting theories and practices. While focusing on different aspects and competences of the teaching profession, these studies are in a general accord with the idea that teacher education programs should give more attention to actor preparation theories and techniques so as to promote effective teaching at all levels of instruction. The results indicate that the nonverbal immediacy behavior of pre- service teacher trainees improved significantly via an acting course for teachers. Also, prospective teachers displayed a remarkable development in constructing their professional identities.
Climate‐dependent allocation of resources to secondary sexual traits in red deer

Fitness in highly polygynous male ungulates is related both to body size, weight and antler size. Males must therefore allocate resources both to growth of the body and growth of the antlers, which may lead to tradeoffs whenever resource levels are in limited supply. Several studies have reported how (absolute) growth of antlers and horns are related to environmental conditions, but few have looked for the relative allocation patterns (i.e. relative to body size and weight). We analyzed how the influence of variation in climate (the North Atlantic oscillations, NAO) and population density affected the allocation of resources to antlers, based on data from 2720 red deer stags two years or older harvested during 1965/2002 along the west coast of Norway. Number of antler tines increased up to six years of age, remained stable until 12 years of age, and then decreased significantly (� /12 years, n /45). The NAO was positively related to number of antler tines in prime aged males (6/12 years, n /629), also after controlling for both body size and weight. Our study thus suggests that deer have a higher allocation of resources to antlers relative to body weight during favorable environmental conditions.
Purification of Rare Earth Amide Salts by Hydrometallurgy and Electrodeposition of Rare Earth Metals Using Ionic Liquids

This paper reports a novel bench-scale hydrometallurgical procedure and electrodeposition using triethyl-pentyl-phosphonium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)amide ([P 2225 ][TFSA]) ionic liquids (ILs) for the recovery of rare earth (RE) metals from spent Nd-Fe-B magnets. The hydrometallurgical treatments were carried out at bench scale to produce RE amide salts of high purity. In the leaching process employing 1.7 kg of oxidized Nd-Fe-B fine powder and 14.2 L of an acid medium of 1,1,1-trifluoro- N -[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]methanesulfonamide (H[TFSA]), selective leaching of RE ions (85.7±5.8% Nd) was performed at bench scale. Then, Fe (<99.9%) was successfully separated from RE ions in the deironization process. The total amount of the recovered amide salts through the evaporation treatment using a spray dryer was 3.57 kg. From the CV/EQCM measurements for Nd(III) at 373 K, a clear cathodic peak with the mass increased, and the ηρ decreased was observed at −2.79 V. Considering our previous investigations, the reduction of Nd(III)/Nd(0) was indicated as [Nd (III) (TFSA) 5 ] 2− + 3e − → Nd(0) + 5[TFSA] − . In addition, the M app value in the range of −2.49 V ~ −2.94 V was 46.8 g mol −1 , which was close to the theoretical value for the electrodeposition reaction of Nd(III)/Nd(0), 48.1 g mol −1 . Moreover, the electrodeposition of Nd(0) was carried out under the condition of −3.20 V versus Fc/Fc + at 373 K. The electrodeposits were identified with the metallic Nd in the middle layer investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, we demonstrated that the novel recovery process consisted of hydrometallurgy and electrodeposition using ILs was effective by calculating material flow. electrodeposition IL an for the electrodeposition reaction of Nd(III)/Nd(0). potential −2.79 and values
Global governance and how norms travel : the case of gender based violence in Russia

5 Introduction. 6 Norm Diffusion and Norm Localization . 8 Methodology . 12 Some information about the Convention of the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) . 13 Evolution of Women’s Rights and Gender Based Violence Legislation in Russia. 14 What is the Legislation on Gender Based Violence in Russia Today? From Bad to Worse in the Post-Communist Era. 17 Women’s Rights Activism from the Soviet Times to Present. 22 Gender Stereotypes. 28 Russian Identity through Gender Perspective. 29 Russian Orthodox Church and the Gender Politics. 34 Regime. 36 Conclusion. 39 References. 42
Knowledge engineering and management for integral design based on C-K theory

This paper presents a theoretical approach for collaborative engineering design management. The goal is to integrate design and engineering knowledge in the conceptual phase of building design in a structured and transparent process steps. Based on an Integral Design process model, morphological overviews are used as a tool to implement C-K (Concept-Knowledge) theory, to look into knowledge creation and knowledge exchange within building design teams. The project was done in close cooperation with the professional architectural and consulting engineering societies with in the building design field. The workshops set-up, used to implement and to test the approach, are presented. More than over hundred experienced professionals participated in the workshops. The workshops have become part of the permanent professional training program of one of the Dutch architectural professional society.
Antipattern discovery in Basque folk tunes

This paper presents a new pattern discovery method for labelled folk song corpora. The method discovers general patterns that are rare or even entirely absent in a corpus, and among those the ones that are the most general or frequent in the background set. The method is applied to two parallel ontologies of a large corpus of Basque folk tunes.
Emergence of Scrub Typhus in Northern India: Experience from Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: We undertook this study in view of sudden outbreak of acute febrile illness, with associated thrombocytopenia and multiorgan failure, to assess the underlying etiological agent in these cases occurring in the district of Haryana, Northern India. Methods: Adult patients with acute febrile illness who visited out-patient and emergency department, from July to November 2012 were examined. Suspected cases were tested for specific IgM antibodies against Orientia tsutsugamushi. Results: Among 25 seropositive cases, 22 (88%) presented from July to September, while 3 (12%) during October and November. Mostly patients presented with fever (88%), hypotension (40%), maculopapular rash (28%) mostly on face and trunk, eschar (12%) predominantly over lower limbs and pleural effusion (12%). Abnormal liver function tests were seen in the form of elevated transaminases (84%) and serum alkaline phosphatase (72%). Anemia (36%), leukocytosis (32%) and thrombocytopenia (72%) were also detected. Proteinuria was found in 64% of patients while 40% had increased blood urea on presentation. The most common complications were shock in 32% and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 20% of the patients, eventually requiring ventilator support. Patients were treated with doxycycline 100 mg bid for 12-14 days. Three patients could not recover despite the addition of azithromycin and injectable chloramphenicol apart from doxycycline, and succumbed to the illness giving a mortality rate of 12%. Conclusions: Scrub typhus forms one of the most differentials in patients of acute febrile illness presenting with thrombocytopenia, shock, abnormal liver function tests, renal dysfunction, ARDS and multiorgan dysfunction. Measures avoiding direct contact with infected mites and reducing the time of contact of mites with the body coupled with early diagnosis and treatment should be considered to prevent the development of fatal complications. Klimik Dergisi 2014; 27(1): 6-11.
Ecotoxicological performances and biochemical effect of selected pesticides on Trichogramma chilonis ishii. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

In this context the toxic effect of the selected insecticide, BIOVECTRA, which contains Bacillus thuringiensis, SICORIN 10 (Cypermethrin), SUFOS (Monocrotophos), Thiodan (Endosulfan) and Vijay Neem (Neem oil + Azadirachtin) as active ingredients on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis ishii were studied. Toxicological bioassays were performed in different pesticides on T. chilonis. Lethal doses LC50 of B. thuringiensis (52.70mg), cypermethrin (0.960ppm), monocrotophos (7.76ppm), endosulfan (20.87ppm) and Vijay Neem (621.71ppm) were estimated in bioassays, with residual contact bioassay. Maximum significant inhibition of egg hatchability was observed after Cypermethrin treatments followed by Monocrotophos and Endosulfan. Maximum adult emergence was recorded with Vijay Neem treatment followed by B. thuringiensis. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids constituents were maximum inhibited by the cypermethrin, monocrotophos and endosulfan treatments. Our outcome strongly suggested that botanical pesticides and microbial pesticides which are safe and sound to the nontarget organisms.
Interactive comment on “ The impact of China ’ s vehicle emissions on regional air quality in 2000 and 2020 : a scenario analysis ” by E . Saikawa

1. There are a few areas in which results may be presented with a different emphasis or focus to enhance the significance of this work. The main conclusion is, presently, that if vehicle emissions in China were regulated, air quality in China would be improved. This may seem somewhat obvious, particularly after having established that the projected increases in vehicle emissions are occurring at a much more substantial rate than those for the other emissions sectors (i.e., total CO emissions less than double, yet
Revealing Seed Coat Colour Variation and Their Possible Association with Seed Yield Parameters in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

The seed coat colour variation of 70 common vetch genotypes were determined by using uniform colour scale and their possible correlation with seed yield parameters including the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, pod dimension, and seed yield (kg/da) was determined. The results revealed presence of highly significant () variations for both the seed yield and the seed coat colour parameters measured. The number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and seed yield ranged from 5.8 to 16.03, from 5.2 to 7.66, and from 143.37 to 531.1, respectively. The lightness value varied from 19.00 to 40.28 while chromaticity and values ranged from −0.16 to 8.99 and from 0.79 to 22.11, respectively. The highest correlation coefficients were determined between and (), and and (). The seed coat colour traits and seed yield parameters generally showed weak negative correlations. Seed yellowness () and seed yield had correlation coefficient of −0.25, while correlation between and seed yield was determined as −0.23. The results indicated that lightness and yellowness of seed coat may be used as an important parameter to prescreen high yield genotypes of common vetch.
Two-Photon Driven Kerr Resonator for Quantum Annealing with Three-Dimensional Circuit QED

We propose a realizable circuit QED architecture for engineering states of a superconducting resonator off-resonantly coupled to an ancillary superconducting qubit. The qubit-resonator dispersive interaction together with a microwave drive applied to the qubit gives rise to a Kerr resonator with two-photon driving that enables us to efficiently engineer the quantum state of the resonator such as generation of the Schrodinger cat states for resonator-based universal quantum computation. Moreover, the presented architecture is easily scalable for solving optimization problem mapped into the Ising spin glass model, and thus served as a platform for quantum annealing. Although various scalable architecture with superconducting qubits have been proposed for realizing quantum annealer, the existing annealers are currently limited to the coherent time of the qubits. Here, based on the protocol for realizing two-photon driven Kerr resonator in three-dimensional circuit QED (3D cQED), we propose a flexible and scalable hardware for implementing quantum annealer that combines the advantage of the long coherence times attainable in 3D cQED and the recently proposed resonator based Lechner-Hauke-Zoller (LHZ) scheme. In the proposed resonator based LHZ annealer, each spin is encoded in the subspace formed by two coherent state of 3D microwave superconducting resonator with opposite phase, and thus the fully-connected Ising model is mapped onto the network of the resonator with local tunable three-resonator interaction. This hardware architecture provides a promising physical platform for realizing quantum annealer with improved coherence.
The Role of Income and Non-homothetic Preferences in Trading Differentiated Food and Beverages The Case of Canada, the United States, and Selected EU Countries

This study investigates the role of income in determining the agrifood exports of selected EU countries, Canada, and the United States (U.S.) by estimating per capita bilateral trade flows for 10 commodity groups across 52 countries for the period 1990–2000. About 43 percent of the total observations of bilateral trade-flows for the selected regions and commodities are zero. Therefore, the fixed-effects Heckman two-step estimation procedure is used to account for the zero observations instead of ignoring or truncating the zeros. A number of hypotheses are tested to highlight the role of income in determining agrifood exports of differentiated agrifood products. The results show that the three regions (selected EU countries, Canada, United States) face statistically significant, positive and relatively elastic expenditure elasticities from the developing countries as compared to developed countries. Middle income developing countries, among developing countries, are the growth market of the future as growth in their expenditure on agrifood imports outpaces growth in their per capita income. However, all U.S. agrifood exports face statistically significant expenditure elasticities as compared to only a few for Canadian and EU commodities. The study also finds that Canadian exports face homothetic preferences, U.S. exports face homothetic preferences for more than one-half of the commodities, and the selected EU countries’ exports face non-homothetic preferences for nine commodity groups. The study concludes that income plays an important role in agrifood trade; however, further investigation is needed to help us understand the forces that determine the divergent results Revised and published as: Haq, Zahoor and Karl Meilke. 2009. “The Role of Income in Trading-Differentiated Agri-Food Products: The Case of Canada, the United States, and Selected EU Countries. ” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 57(3):343-363.
Accelerated Desensitization and Adaptive Attitudes Interventions and Test Gains with Academic Probation Students.

The study evaluates the test-gain benefits of an accelerated desensitization and adaptive attitudes intervention for test-anxious students. College students were screened for high test anxiety. Twenty anxious students, half of them on academic probation, were assigned to an Intervention or to a minimal treatment Control group. The Intervention was a desensitization protocol which included stretch–tense, deep breath, release-relax, and positive suggestion sequences to expedite anxiety reduction and also positive adaptive attitudes associated to each of eight learning, review, and testing scenes. The intervention was presented via a 31 minute recording, which students reviewed an average of two times. Test gains were calculated from final tests and final grades after the intervention, minus the midterm scores from before the intervention. The Intervention group attained significant test gains over the Controls, with considerably stronger gains among academic probation students as compared to students in good standing. Test gains correlated positively to anxiety-reduction benefits. Methodological limitations warrant some caution in interpreting the findings, although the strength of the attained benefits do suggest that the accelerated desensitization does improve test scores for struggling students with high test anxiety. The use of the recorded intervention is seen to vastly reduce the amount of training and the number of professional hours required for an anxiety-reduction program. It seems reasonable to recommended that college retention programs for probation students screen for test anxiety and intervene with highly test-anxious students.
Stability Analysis for the Virtual Element Method

We analyse the Virtual Element Methods (VEM) on a simple elliptic model problem, allowing for more general meshes than the one typically considered in the VEM literature. For instance, meshes with arbitrarily small edges (with respect to the parent element diameter), can be dealt with. Our general approach applies to different choices of the stability form, including, for example, the "classical" one introduced in [L. Beirao da Veiga, F. Brezzi, A. Cangiani, G. Manzini, L. D. Marini, and A. Russo, Basic principles of virtual element methods, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 23 (2013), no. 1, 199-214], and a recent one presented in [Wriggers, P., Rust, W.T. , and Reddy, B.D. , A virtual element method for contact, submitted for publication]. Finally, we show that the stabilization term can be simplified by dropping the contribution of the internal-to-the-element degrees of freedom. The resulting stabilization form, involving only the boundary degrees of freedom, can be used in the VEM scheme without affecting the stability and convergence properties. The numerical tests are in accordance with the theoretical predictions.
The “state of play” concerning New Zealand’s transition to innovative learning environments: Preliminary results from phase one of the ILETC project

Abstract Driven by international trends and government policy, it is a requirement for all newly built schools in New Zealand to be designed as innovative learning environments (ILEs) with flexible learning spaces. These environments, celebrated by some for the “transformational” educational opportunities they may provide, also raise questions about whether the anticipated pedagogical value of these “non-traditional” spaces is based on idealised visions of teaching and learning rather than empirically derived evidence. Before such complex issues can be efficiently addressed, evidence of the actual “state of play” of ILEs is required. Drawing on New Zealand specific data from a large Australasian research project, this paper triangulates principals’ opinions, teachers’ perspectives, and the literature on some key preliminary issues: what types of learning spaces can be found in New Zealand schools; what teaching styles are evident in these spaces; what pedagogical beliefs are driving ILE teaching practices; and what types of learning activities are occurring in ILEs? The paper provides an evidencebased platform for further discussion about the opportunities and challenges surrounding the use and practice of ILEs in New Zealand.
A CNN Based Solution for InSAR Phase Denoising

InSAR phase are affected by noise that impairs the performance of applications such as topography, 3D reconstruction, DEM profile, etc. Therefore a denoising step is fundamental. In the last decades many methods for InSAR phase denoising have been proposed such as Local, Non Local and other kind of filters. Inspired by the great success of deep learning in image denoising, methods relying on convolutional neural networks have been proposed recently. In this work, inspired by the outcomes of an amplitude despeckling filter, a multi-objective neural network for interferometric phase denoising is proposed: a cost function composed of three terms takes into account fringe, edges and statistical preservation. The encouraging results are validated quantitatively and qualitatively on a simulated dataset.
LONG-RUN AND SHORT-RUN DYNAMICS OF FOREIGN RESERVES AND DOMESTIC CREDIT

This study formulates and examines the monetary approach to the balance of payments by incorporating the currency substitution version of money demand function for Pakistan over the period 1962-2005 using FM-OLS and Johansen-Juselius cointegration techniques. The results suggest that real output, real exchange rate and domestic credit play an important role in the determination of foreign reserves in Pakistan in long-run as well in short-run. Moreover, the monetary authorities sterilize foreign exchange reserves by 12% in long-run and 34% in short-run. The results support the evidence of long-run causality running from foreign reserves to domestic credit. One important policy implication from the empirical analysis is that the validity of the monetary approach to the balance of payments and the effectiveness of monetary policy depend on the nature of the money demand function. As the specification of money demand function undergoes a change, the evidence for monetary approach has also alters.
Theory of Intrinsic Defects in Crystalline GeTe and of Their Role in Free Carrier Transport Novel Materials and Device Research

Abstract : We present a study of the electronic structure and formation energies of germanium/tellurium vacancy and antisite defects in germanium telluride. We find that germanium vacancies are the most readily formed defect, independent of Fermi level. Furthermore, we find that, while the ideal crystal is predicted to be a semiconductor, the predicted large densities of germanium vacancies result in partially filled valence band and p-type conductivity.