Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic data reveal a cryptic species of New World flying squirrel: Glaucomys oregonensis

The genus Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) is currently considered to be comprised of 2 species, the northern flying squirrel (G. sabrinus) and the southern flying squirrel (G. volans). We synthesize new information from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and microsatellite data to demonstrate that the genus consists of 3, rather than 2 species, and that Glaucomys sabrinus, as currently recognized, is actually composed of 2 separate, apparently non-hybridizing species. Control region mtDNA data from 185 individuals across North America revealed 2 distinct clades embedded within G. sabrinus: a widespread “Continental” lineage and a more geographically restricted “Pacific Coastal” lineage. The geographic distributions of these 2 lineages are largely mutually exclusive, with sympatry observed at only 3 sites in the Pacific Northwest. Analysis of 8 microsatellite loci showed no evidence of hybridization between the 2 lineages of G. sabrinus in the region of sympatry. This lack of gene flow is noteworthy given that populations of the Continental lineage of G. sabrinus have been shown to hybridize with G. volans in southeastern Canada. Finally, phylogenetic analyses and estimates of divergence times show that G. volans and Continental G. sabrinus are actually sister taxa that diverged from one another more recently than either did from Pacific Coastal G. sabrinus. We propose that these observations provide strong evidence for a third, previously unrecognized species of North American flying squirrel, whose geographic range extends along the Pacific Coast from southern British Columbia to southern California. Glaucomys oregonensis (Bachman, 1839), whose type locality is in Oregon, is the senior available name for this taxon. We propose that this newly recognized species be given the common name “Humboldt's flying squirrel. ”
Four Types of Effect Modification: A Classification Based on Directed Acyclic Graphs

It is possible to classify the types of causal relationships that can give rise to effect modification on the risk difference scale by expressing the conditional causal risk-difference as a sum of products of stratum-specific risk differences and conditional probabilities. Directed acyclic graphs clarify the causal relationships necessary for a particular variable to serve as an effect modifier for the causal risk difference involving 2 other variables. The directed acyclic graph causal framework thereby gives rise to a 4-fold classification for effect modification: direct effect modification, indirect effect modification, effect modification by proxy and effect modification by a common cause. We briefly discuss the case of multiple effect modification relationships and multiple effect modifiers as well as measures of effect other than that of the causal risk difference.
Searching for Safety: Addressing Search Engine, Website, and Provider Accountability for Illicit Online Drug Sales

Online sales of pharmaceuticals are a rapidly growing phenomenon. Yet despite the dangers of purchasing drugs over the Internet, sales continue to escalate. These dangers include patient harm from fake or tainted drugs, lack of clinical oversight, and financial loss. Patients, and in particular vulnerable groups such as seniors and minorities, purchase drugs online either naïvely or because they lack the ability to access medications from other sources due to price considerations. Unfortunately, high risk online drug sources dominate the Internet, and virtually no accountability exists to ensure safety of purchased products. Importantly, search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and MSN, although purportedly requiring “verification” of Internet drug sellers using PharmacyChecker.com requirements, actually allow and profit from illicit drug sales from unverified websites. These search engines are not held accountable for facilitating clearly illegal activities. Both website drug seller anonymity and unethical physicians approving or writing prescriptions without seeing the patient contribute to rampant illegal online drug sales. Efforts in this country and around the world to stem the tide of these sales have had extremely limited effectiveness. Unfortunately, current congressional proposals are fractionated and do not address the key issues of demand by vulnerable patient populations, search engine accountability, and the ease with which financial transactions can be consummated to promote illegal online sales. To deal with the social scourge of illicit online drug sales, this article proposes a comprehensive statutory solution that creates a no-cost/low-cost national Drug Access Program to break the chain of demand from vulnerable patient populations and illicit online sellers, makes all Internet drug sales illegal unless the Internet pharmacy is licensed through a national Internet pharmacy licensing program, prohibits financial transactions for illegal online drug sales, and establishes criminal penalties for all parties—including websites, search engines, and health care providers—who engage in and facilitate this harmful activity.
Stop Signal Reaction Time Deficits in a Lifetime Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample

Abstract Objectives: Several studies have found impaired response inhibition, measured by a stop-signal task (SST), in individuals who are currently symptomatic for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to assess stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, in comparison to a healthy control group. This is the first study that has examined OCD in participants along a continuum of OCD severity, including approximately half of whom had sub-syndromal symptoms at the time of assessment. Methods: OCD participants were recruited primarily from within the OCD clinic at a psychiatric hospital, as well as from the community. Healthy controls were recruited from the community. We used the stop signal task to examine the difference between 21 OCD participants (mean age, 42.95 years) and 40 healthy controls (mean age, 35.13 years). We also investigated the relationship between SST and measures of OCD, depression, and anxiety severity. Results: OCD participants were significantly slower than healthy controls with regard to mean SSRT. Contrary to our prediction, there was no correlation between SSRT and current levels of OCD, anxiety, and depression severity. Conclusions: Results support prior studies showing impaired response inhibition in OCD, and extend the findings to a sample of patients with lifetime OCD who were not all currently above threshold for diagnosis. These findings indicate that response inhibition deficits may be a biomarker of OCD, regardless of current severity levels. (JINS, 2016, 22, 785–789)
A 28.1GHz ultra-low-power SHM with AC-DC spliting LC-tank and an analysis of the switch-conversion efficiency

This paper presents a 28.1GHz ultra-low-power down-conversion sub-harmonic mixer (SHM). Two novel circuit topologies are proposed. First circuit introduces an AC-DC signal splitting LC-tank based on the conventional mixer. By utilizing the LC-tank, the resistor for small signal is enhanced and just one stage transistor exists between a voltage supply (VDD) and ground (GND). A Single-NMOS switch is employed in the second novel circuit to simplify the circuit structure and to reduce the chip size. To improve the conversion gain, switching conversion efficiency is analyzed. The circuit was simulated with the GLOBALFOUNDRIES 56-nm SOI CMOS process. Simulation results show that the conversion gain is 4 dB with a dc current of only 600 μA at a supply voltage of 500 mV for the mixer core.
Making big data, in theory

In this paper, I explore four conceptual interventions that can contribute to the “big theory” sorely needed in regard to big data. This includes temporality and the possibilities of “dated theory,” the implicit histories of the meta- prefix shaping notions of metadata, “the dialectic of surveillance and recognition,” and questions of interpretation understood in terms of “rotted data” and “thick data. ” In developing these concepts, I seek to expand frameworks for addressing issues of time, context, and power. It is vital that a vibrant theoretical discussion shape emerging regimes of “big data,” as these regimes are poised to play an important role regarding the mutual constitution of technology and society.
Grand mal convulsion after an accidental intravenous injection of ropivacaine.

UNLABELLED A 36-yr old, ASA physical status I patient scheduled for hip arthroplasty under regional anesthesia received at the end of surgery an i.v. injection of approximately 200 mL of a 0.15% ropivacaine solution (300 mg = 4.6 mg/kg) in approximately 5 min. The bag prepared for postoperative epidural infusion was accidentally connected to a peripheral i.v. line. The patient developed grand mal convulsions, hypotension, and respiratory arrest. No arrhythmias were observed. Twenty minutes after the event, the arterial plasma concentration of ropivacaine was 3.10 microg/mL. Using a pharmacokinetic model, the peak plasma concentration at the time of the accidental administration was estimated at 17.04 microg/mL. The patient recovered uneventfully. IMPLICATIONS An accidental i.v. injection of approximately 300 mg of ropivacaine was followed by seizures without any arrhythmia. The patient recovered uneventfully.
Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solution of Optimal Control of Waste Water Model

Most often, our waterways are being polluted by municipal, agricultural and industrial wastes. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria in decomposing the waste, thereby robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. In this paper, we consider the solution of the optimal control problem for the modified Dissolve Oxygen(DO)/ Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) system by the method of Adomain Decomposition.
A New Nonpolar N-Hydroxy Imidazoline Lead Compound with Improved Activity in a Murine Model of Late-Stage Trypanosoma brucei brucei Infection Is Not Cross-Resistant with Diamidines

ABSTRACT Treatment of late-stage sleeping sickness requires drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the parasites located in the brain. We report here the synthesis and evaluation of four new N-hydroxy and 12 new N-alkoxy derivatives of bisimidazoline leads as potential agents for the treatment of late-stage sleeping sickness. These compounds, which have reduced basicity compared to the parent leads (i.e., are less ionized at physiological pH), were evaluated in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and in vivo in murine models of first- and second-stage sleeping sickness. Resistance profile, physicochemical parameters, in vitro BBB permeability, and microsomal stability also were determined. The N-hydroxy imidazoline analogues were the most effective in vivo, with 4-((1-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(4-((1-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)amino)phenyl)benzamide (14d) showing 100% cures in the first-stage disease, while 15d, 16d, and 17d appeared to slightly improve survival. In addition, 14d showed weak activity in the chronic model of central nervous system infection in mice. No evidence of reduction of this compound with hepatic microsomes and mitochondria was found in vitro, suggesting that N-hydroxy imidazolines are metabolically stable and have intrinsic activity against T. brucei. In contrast to its unsubstituted parent compound, the uptake of 14d in T. brucei was independent of known drug transporters (i.e., T. brucei AT1/P2 and HAPT), indicating a lower predisposition to cross-resistance with other diamidines and arsenical drugs. Hence, the N-hydroxy bisimidazolines (14d in particular) represent a new class of promising antitrypanosomal agents.
BISTRO: An outer‐volume suppression method that tolerates RF field inhomogeneity

A technique is described for performing frequency‐selective signal suppression with a high degree of tolerance to RF field inhomogeneity. The method is called B1‐insensitive train to obliterate signal (BISTRO). BISTRO consists of multiple amplitude‐ and frequency‐modulated (FM) pulses interleaved with spoiler gradients. BISTRO was developed for the purpose of accomplishing band‐selective signal removal, as in water suppression and outer‐volume suppression (OVS), in applications requiring the use of an inhomogeneous RF transmitter, such as a surface coil. In the present work, Bloch simulations were used to illustrate the principles and theoretical performance of BISTRO. Its performance for OVS was evaluated experimentally using MRI and spectroscopic imaging of phantoms and in vivo animal and human brain. By using FM pulses featuring offset‐independent adiabaticity, BISTRO permitted high‐quality, broadband suppression with one (or two) discrete borders demarcating the edge(s) of the suppression band. Simulations and experiments demonstrated the ability to operate BISTRO with reasonably attainable peak RF power levels and with average RF energy deposition similar to other multipulse OVS techniques. Magn Reson Med 45:1095–1102, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Results of eight years' examination of the habitats of residual urban Norway rat populations after eradication

Author(s): Bajomi, Daniel; Sasvari, Katalin | Abstract: In Budapest (population 2 million), 33 out of 100 buildings were rat-infested in the early seventies. Thus general deratization was decreed to cover the whole of the city in 1971 to 1972. As a result of the global eradication method applied, the rate of rat-infested premises could be reduced below 0.5% annually. After control the sparsely occurring rats could freely choose any of the habitats released for settling. The habitats of Budapest most preferred by Norway rats are presented after a wide-ranging investigation carried out over 8 years. Our examination data support and in some cases reveal the requirements of Norway rats living in Central European large cities as regards to the environment as well as their ethological features. This knowledge may help in improving deratization and especially maintenance operations, thus increasing the efficiency of the fight against rats.
ADVANCES IN THE PREVENTION OF GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AFTER HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION

A brief historic review of bone-marrow transplantation, human leukocyte antigen matching, pretransplant conditioning, and the use of peripheral blood stem cells in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is presented. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the primary challenges to successful HCT. GVHD, its clinical impact and traditional prophylactic therapies, as well as recent advances in GVHD prevention, are discussed.
Colorism and perceived sexual risk taking among African American adolescent girls: where does racial socialization fit in this relationship?

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the influences of colorism on perceived harm of sexual risk taking behaviors among 243 African American adolescent females. Additionally, this study sought to examine the potential moderating role of cultural pride reinforcement messages and cultural endorsement of the mainstream messages. Hierarchal linear regressions were conducted to examine the study's hypotheses. The findings revealed that higher levels of acceptance of Eurocentric standards of beauty were associated with lower levels of perceived harm of sexual risk taking variables. However, further analyses revealed that this relationship did not remain significant. Additionally, neither cultural pride reinforcement messages or cultural endorsement of the mainstream messages served as significant moderators in the relationship between colorism and perceived harm of sexual risk taking.
Modelling of hydraulic turbine for dynamic studies and performance analysis

Classical ideal lossless representation of the hydraulic turbine has been used widely in the past for governor stability studies. This model is suitable for small perturbations around the initial operating condition, and approximates to the practical turbine characteristics at low frequencies only. For satisfactory fast response and stable operation of governor studies, this classical model may not be adequate, rather a more accurate modelling of the turbine-penstock characteristics is desired to capture and depict the essential dynamic performances for wide variety of system analyses. In this paper, a hydraulic turbine model with long penstock is represented where the water hammer effects and friction are taken in consideration. A detailed hydraulic turbine-penstock utilised for governing stability studies is used to analyse the transient response when subject to a load disturbance. Frequency response analysis as well as transient response analysis is performed to evaluate the effects of the detailed modelling of the turbine-penstock to the stability analyses and the dynamic performances.
Nonlinear analysis of Direct Sampling Mixers using F-matrix

Direct Sampling Mixer (DSM) is a circuitry that performs down-conversion, filtering, and decimation. However, one of the serious problems of DSM is nonlinearity due to low supply voltage. In addition, DSM has frequency conversion of periodically time-variant system due to some MOS switches and frequency response due to current sampling and filtering, and so generally this type of nonlinear analysis is known to be difficult. In this paper, we present the analysis method using Fundamental matrix with Volterra expansion function and frequency conversion. Then, we discuss the accuracy of this analysis method by the result of comparison with circuit simulation (ADS).
Using GNSS-R Imaging of the Ocean Surface for Oil Slick Detection

Even though reflectometry using Global Navigation Satellite System's signals (GNSS-R) was first envisioned for mesoscale ocean altimetry, nowadays a number of different applications have been developed (ocean scatterometry, ice monitoring, soil moisture retrieval, etc.). Recently, imaging of the ocean surface from a GNSS-R spaceborne receiver has been proposed by treating the measured delay-Doppler Maps (DDM) as a blurred image of the surface's scattering coefficient in the delay-Doppler domain. Thus, by deconvolving the DDM with the GNSS code Woodward ambiguity function (WAF), and appropriate domain transform, an image of the surface's scattering coefficient distribution can be obtained. In this work this technique is applied to oil slick detection. A realistic scenario is simulated, and the performance of the GNSS-R imaging technique is evaluated on the retrieved image. Error below 10% in the retrieved scattering coefficient distribution is achieved (except for regions affected by deconvolution artifacts), and the image resolution of the order of 2 km is comparable to that of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system with equivalent specifications.
OSPFv2 HMAC-SHA Cryptographic Authentication

This document describes how the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Secure Hash Standard family of algorithms can be used with OSPF version 2's built-in, cryptographic authentication mechanism. This updates, but does not supercede, the cryptographic authentication mechanism specified in RFC 2328. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
CRTS & improved equivalent Ampere Turn method

This paper describes how to calibrate a window type high current transformer keeping with the traceability chain for the primary standard of a current comparator whose maximum allowable current 100 A. In order to expand a nominal current or current ratio of the current comparator, combination of the traditional equivalent Ampere Turns method and a Current Ratio Transfer Standard were proposed.
Movement of multiple DNA units between Myxococcus xanthus cells

Myxococcus xanthus YS produces particles (Mx alpha particles) that transmit genetic information between cells. Mx alpha particles might be viruses, although no host able to sustain lytic growth of Mx alpha has been discovered. The particles could be detected by their ability to transduce a Tn5 transposon tag to recipient bacteria. DNA from purified particles hybridized to a limited number of DNA restriction fragments of strain YS, suggesting that Mx alpha particles contain only specific DNA sequences. A set of Tn5 insertions residing in the transducible region provided genetic markers for cloning cellular DNA packaged by Mx alpha. A map of this region showed that transducible DNA comprised multiple units of approximately 80 kilobases each. Individual units share DNA homology but are divergent in the location of restriction sites. Other wild-type isolates of Myxococcus species contained DNA sequences with homology to Mx alpha DNA, indicating that Mx alpha DNA is widespread in nature. Experiments on the transfer of Mx alpha DNA in strain YS suggested that DNA transfer is enhanced during the developmental cycle.
FYI on a Network Management Tool Catalog: Tools for Monitoring and Debugging TCP/IP Internets and Interconnected Devices

The goal of this FYI memo is to provide an update to FYI 2, RFC 1147 [1], which provided practical information to site administrators and network managers. New and/or updated tools are listed in this RFC. Additonal descriptions are welcome, and should be sent to: noctools- entries@merit.edu.
Opinion competition dynamics on multiplex networks

Multilayer and multiplex networks represent a good proxy for the description of social phenomena where social structure is important and can have different origins. Here, we propose a model of opinion competition where individuals are organized according to two different structures in two layers. Agents exchange opinions according to the Abrams – Strogatz model in each layer separately and opinions can be copied across layers by the same individual. In each layer a different opinion is dominant, so each layer has a different absorbing state. Consensus in one opinion is not the only possible stable solution because of the interaction between the two layers. A new mean ﬁ eld solution has been found where both opinions coexist. In a ﬁ nite system there is a long transient time for the dynamical coexistence of both opinions. However, the system ends in a consensus state due to ﬁ nite size effects. We analyze sparse topologies in the two layers and the existence of positive correlations between them, which enables the coexistence of inter-layer groups of agents sharing the same opinion.
Parallel algorithms for optimal compression using dictionaries with the prefix property

The authors study parallel algorithms for lossless data compression via textual substitution. Dynamic dictionary compression is known to be P-complete, however, if the dictionary is given in advance, they show that compression can be efficiently parallelized and a computational advantage is obtained when the dictionary has the prefix property. The approach can be generalized to the sliding window method where the dictionary is a window that passes continuously from left to right over the input string. <<ETX>>