Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development and implementation of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute COVID-19 common data elements

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) instigated a flurry of clinical research activity. The unprecedented pace with which trials were launched left an early void in data standardization, limiting the potential for subsequent data pooling. To facilitate data standardization across emerging studies, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) charged two groups with harmonizing data collection, and these groups collaborated to create a concise set of COVID-19 Common Data Elements (CDEs) for clinical research. Methods: Our iterative approach followed three guiding principles: 1) draw from existing multi-center COVID-19 clinical trials as precedents, 2) incorporate existing data elements and data standards whenever possible, and 3) alignment to data standards that facilitate data sharing and regulatory submission. We also supported rapid implementation of the CDEs in NHLBI-funded studies and iteratively refined the CDEs based on feedback from those study teams Results: The NHLBI COVID-19 CDEs are publicly available and being used for current COVID-19 clinical trials. CDEs are organized into domains, and each data element is classified within a three-tiered prioritization system. The CDE manual is hosted publicly at https://nhlbi-connects.org/common_data_elements with an accompanying data dictionary and implementation guidance. Conclusions: The NHLBI COVID-19 CDEs are designed to aid data harmonization across studies to achieve the benefits of pooled analyses. We found that organizing CDE development around our three guiding principles focused our efforts and allowed us to adapt as COVID-19 knowledge advanced. As these CDEs continue to evolve, they could be generalized for use in other acute respiratory illnesses.
Research on Supervision Mechanism of Big Data Discriminatory Pricing on the Asymmetric Service Platform - Based on SD Evolutionary Game Model

Big data discriminatory pricing behavior of service platforms frequently occurs, which affects the legitimate rights and interests of consumers as well as the healthy development of the platform economy. The SD (System Dynamics) evolutionary game model characterizing the game relationship of a big platform, small platform, and government is constructed together with its equilibrium solutions in order to analyze the regulatory dilemma and governance mechanism against big data discriminatory pricing of service platforms. This paper finds that government punishment on the behavior of big data discriminatory pricing plays a decisive role. When the government punishment is large enough, both platforms tend towards fair pricing; when the government punishment is insufficient, the big platform always tends towards discriminatory pricing. The supply chain of the service platform falls into the regulatory dilemma of big data discriminatory pricing behavior. Due to the hidden characteristics of big data discriminatory pricing and technical challenges in authentication and proof, a third party is introduced for supervision, and an SD evolutionary game model with a collaborative supervision mechanism of the government and the third party is constructed. The results show that positive supervision of the third party can effectively regulate the big data discriminatory pricing behavior of the big platform, which has specific implications for the design of the supervision mechanism against big data discriminatory pricing of service platforms.
Bose–Fermi duality and entanglement entropies

Entanglement (Rényi) entropies of spatial regions are a useful tool for characterizing the ground states of quantum field theories. In this paper we investigate the extent to which these are universal quantities for a given theory, and to which they distinguish different theories, by comparing the entanglement spectra of the massless Dirac fermion and the compact free boson in two dimensions. We show that the calculation of Rényi entropies via the replica trick for any orbifold theory includes a sum over orbifold twists on all cycles. In a modular-invariant theory of fermions, this amounts to a sum over spin structures. The result is that the Rényi entropies respect the standard Bose–Fermi duality. Next, we investigate the entanglement spectrum for the Dirac fermion without a sum over spin structures, and for the compact boson at the self-dual radius. These are not equivalent theories; nonetheless, we find that (1) their second Rényi entropies agree for any number of intervals, (2) their full entanglement spectra agree for two intervals, and (3) the spectrum generically disagrees otherwise. These results follow from the equality of the partition functions of the two theories on any Riemann surface with imaginary period matrix. We also exhibit a map between the operators of the theories that preserves scaling dimensions (but not spins), as well as OPEs and correlators of operators placed on the real line. All of these coincidences can be traced to the fact that the momentum lattice for the bosonized fermion is related to that of the self-dual boson by a 45° rotation that mixes left- and right-movers.
Sodium β-Diketonate Glyme Adducts as Precursors for Fluoride Phases: Synthesis, Characterization and Functional Validation

Very few sodium complexes are available as precursors for the syntheses of sodium-based nanostructured materials. Herein, the diglyme, triglyme, and tetraglyme (CH3O(CH2CH2O)nCH3, n = 2–4) adducts of sodium hexafluoroacetylacetonate were synthesized in a single-step reaction and characterized by IR spectroscopy, 1H, and 13C NMR. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies provide evidence of the formation of the ionic oligomeric structure [Na4(hfa)6]2−•2[Na(diglyme2]+ when the diglyme is coordinated, while a mononuclear seven-coordinated complex Na(hfa)•tetraglyme is formed with the tetraglyme. Reaction with the monoglyme (CH3OCH2CH2OCH3) does not occur, and the unadducted polymeric structure [Na(hfa)]n forms, while the triglyme gives rise to a liquid adduct, Na(hfa)•triglyme•H2O. Thermal analysis data reveal great potentialities for their applications as precursors in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and sol-gel processes. As a proof-of-concept, the Na(hfa)•tetraglyme adduct was successfully applied to both the low-pressure MOCVD and the sol-gel/spin-coating synthesis of NaF films.
The thermal stability of helium burning on accreting neutron stars

Thermonuclear burning on the surface of accreting neutron stars is observed to stabilize at accretion rates almost an order of magnitude lower than theoretical models predict. One way to resolve this discrepancy is by including a base heating ux that can stabilize the layer. We focus our attention on pure helium accretion, for which we calculate the eect of a base heating ux on the critical accretion rate at which thermonuclear burning stabilizes. We use the MESA stellar evolution code to calculate _ mcrit as a function of the base ux, and derive analytic tting formulae for _ mcrit and the burning temperature at that critical accretion rate, based on a one-zone model. We also investigate whether the critical accretion rate can be determined by examining steady-state models only, without timedependent simulations. We examine the argument that the stability boundary coincides with the turning point dyburn=d _ m = 0 in the steady-state models, and nd that it does not hold outside of the one-zone, zero base ux case. A linear stability analysis of a large suite of steady-state models is also carried out, which yields critical accretion rates a factor of 3 larger than the MESA result, but with a similar dependence on base ux. Lastly, we discuss the implications of our results for the ultracompact X-ray binary 4U 1820-30.
The Impact of Climate Change Risks on Residential Consumption in China: Evidence from ARMAX Modeling and Granger Causality Analysis

Estimating the impact of climate change risks on residential consumption is one of the important elements of climate risk management, but there is too little research on it. This paper investigates the impact of climate change risks on residential consumption and the heterogeneous effects of different climate risk types in China by an ARMAX model and examines the Granger causality between them. Empirical results based on monthly data from January 2016 to January 2019 suggest a significant positive effect of climate change risks on residential consumption, but with a three-month lag period. If the climate risk index increases by 1 unit, residential consumption will increase by 1.29% after three months. Additionally, the impact of climate change risks on residential consumption in China mainly comes from drought, waterlogging by rain, and high temperature, whereas the impact of typhoons and cryogenic freezing is not significant. Finally, we confirmed the existence of Granger-causality running from climate change risks to residential consumption. Our findings establish the linkage between climate change risks and residential consumption and have some practical implications for the government in tackling climate change risks.
Late time cosmic acceleration from vacuum Brans-Dicke theory in 5D

We show that the scalar-vacuum Brans–Dicke equations in 5D are equivalent to Brans–Dicke theory in 4D with a self-interacting potential and an effective matter field. The cosmological implication, in the context of FRW models, is that the observed accelerated expansion of the universe comes naturally from the condition that the scalar field is not a ghost, i.e. ω > −3/2. We find an effective matter-dominated 4D universe which shows accelerated expansion if −3/2 < ω < −1. We study the question of whether accelerated expansion can be made compatible with large values of ω, within the framework of a 5D scalar-vacuum Brans–Dicke theory with variable, instead of constant, parameter ω. In this framework, and based on a general class of solutions of the field equations, we demonstrate that accelerated expansion is incompatible with large values of ω.
Efficient Waveguide Feeds for Low-Profile Submm-wave Lens Antennas

A small volume and low-mass THz spectroscopy instrument, integrated in a CubeSat platform, enables an accessible and low-cost pathway to earth science. Low-profile lens antennas emerge as a suitable candidate to realize a high gain, 50 dB, over a wide bandwidth, from 450 GHz to 550 GHz. To achieve a high aperture efficiency with a large numerical aperture lens, an advanced waveguide feed is required. In this work a concentric corrugated waveguide feed and multi-layer leaky-wave feed are presented and benchmarked against an open-ended circular waveguide feed. All three feeds are fabricated and will be evaluated in combination with a 7.4 cm diameter silicon lens. It is shown that the two feeds result in a 65% aperture efficiency, i.e. a 13% improvement with respect to the open-ended waveguide.
Sliding Mode Observer-Based Stuck Fault and Partial Loss-of-Effectiveness (PLOE) Fault Detection of Hypersonic Flight Vehicle

In order to improve the safety and reliability of the hypersonic flight vehicle, a sliding mode observer-based fault detection scheme is applied in this paper to handle the actuator fault detection issue, including stuck fault detection and PLOE fault detection. A dynamic linear model with uncertainty is first derived from the original nonlinear hypersonic flight vehicle model by using Taylor’s linearization approach at the equilibrium point. Secondly, the actuator fault model, reflecting stuck faults and PLOE faults, is constructed. Then, a sliding mode-based fault detection observer, considering system decomposition, is developed based on the linearized hypersonic flight vehicle model. At last, the designed sliding mode observer is applied to the original nonlinear hypersonic flight vehicle for single-input, single-style actuator fault detection. The simulation results show that stuck faults and big proportion PLOE faults can be timely and accurately detected at the fault time, and the stuck actuator fault from input 3 can cause a deadly impact to the hypersonic flight vehicle, which deserves much more attention than the actuator faults from the other three inputs. Meanwhile, the detection of a small proportion of PLOE faults encounters some difficulties and needs special attention and further investigation.
An Experimentally Validated Novel Analytical Approach for Modeling of a Saturated Switched Reluctance Motor

This article proposes a new “switched lumped reluctance network”-based equivalent circuit for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) under saturation. The proposed circuit incorporates the effects of the position-dependent switching of the phase windings and changing position of the rotor with respect to the stator. This feature enables the analysis of non-uniform and dynamic variation of flux in motor iron sections along with that in the air gap and their effects on the phase current. The proposed model, thus, emulates the operation of an SRM, more truly, through an equivalent circuit approach. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by comparing the analytical results of five different stator–rotor sets (having different air gaps and tooth angular widths) with the finite-element method (FEM) simulated results and found to be in excellent mutual agreement. The static and dynamic performance obtained using the proposed model has been validated by experiments on a four-phase, 1-kW, 300-V, 1000-rpm SRM.
Pulse stretching in an alexandrite laser

Summary form only given. The idea of using an energy limiting process such as two photon absorption to increase the pulse duration of Q-switched lasers is not recent. We demonstrate that by using this idea it is possible to achieve pulse stretching on the order of microseconds in a Q-switched alexandrite laser (750 nm) using ZnSe as the two photon absorber.
Thermoelectric properties of antiperovskite calcium oxides Ca3PbO and Ca3SnO

We report the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline samples of Ca3Pb1−xBixO (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) and Ca3SnO, both crystallizing in a cubic antiperovskite-type structure. The Ca3SnO sample shows metallic resistivity and its thermoelectric power approaches 100 μV K−1 at room temperature, resulting in the thermoelectric power factor of Ca3SnO being larger than that of Ca3Pb1−xBixO. On the basis of Hall and Sommerfeld coefficients, the Ca3SnO sample is found to be a p-type metal with a carrier density of ∼1019 cm−3, a mobility of ∼80 cm2 V−1 s−1, both comparable to those in degenerated semiconductors, and a moderately large hole carrier effective mass. The coexistence of moderately high mobility and large effective mass observed in Ca3SnO, as well as possible emergence of a multivalley electronic structure with a small band gap at low-symmetry points in k-space, suggests that the antiperovskite Ca oxides have strong potential as a thermoelectric material.
Understanding China’s urban functional patterns at the county scale by using time-series social media data

ABSTRACT Understanding urban functions help with government planning and resource allocation to promote economic development. Few studies have reflected the influence of population movement and migration on urban functions overtime on a large scale. This study adopted the time-series social media data and points of interest to analyse urban functions’ distribution at the county scale. By employing dynamic time warping distance and K-Medoids to cluster cities, the result of China’s hourly population distribution over different periods achieves a high accuracy (Pearson’s R = 0.821, R2 = 0.668). From the clustering results, time-series population data effectively reflect cities’ socioeconomic characteristics and identify the spatial distribution of China’s urban functional patterns. We select four representative urban agglomerations to deeply analyse their urban function patterns. Furthermore, urban functions can also influence changes in time-series populations. This study explores the correlations between time-series population mobility and urban functions, which could help analyse urban functions and urban socioeconomic conditions.
Targeting Signaling Pathway Downstream of RIG-I/MAVS in the CNS Stimulates Production of Endogenous Type I IFN and Suppresses EAE

Type I interferons (IFN), including IFNβ, play a protective role in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Type I IFNs are induced by the stimulation of innate signaling, including via cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors. In the present study, we investigated the potential effect of a chimeric protein containing the key domain of RIG-I signaling in the production of CNS endogenous IFNβ and asked whether this would exert a therapeutic effect against EAE. We intrathecally administered an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) encoding a fusion protein comprising RIG-I 2CARD domains (C) and the first 200 amino acids of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) (M) (AAV-CM). In vivo imaging in IFNβ/luciferase reporter mice revealed that a single intrathecal injection of AAV-CM resulted in dose-dependent and sustained IFNβ expression within the CNS. IFNβ expression was significantly increased for 7 days. Immunofluorescent staining in IFNβ-YFP reporter mice revealed extraparenchymal CD45+ cells, choroid plexus, and astrocytes as sources of IFNβ. Moreover, intrathecal administration of AAV-CM at the onset of EAE induced the suppression of EAE, which was IFN-I-dependent. These findings suggest that accessing the signaling pathway downstream of RIG-I represents a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory CNS diseases, such as MS.
Modulation of Hedgehog Signaling for the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma and the Development of Preclinical Models

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. While the survivability of BCC is high, many patients are excluded from clinically available treatments due to health risks or personal choice. Further, patients with advanced or metastatic disease have severely limited treatment options. The dysregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade drives onset and progression of BCC. As such, the modulation of this pathway has driven advancements in BCC research. In this review, we focus firstly on inhibitors that target the Hh pathway as chemotherapeutics against BCC. Two therapies targeting Hh signaling have been made clinically available for BCC patients, but these treatments suffer from limited initial efficacy and a high rate of chemoresistant tumor recurrence. Herein, we describe more recent developments of chemical scaffolds that have been designed to hopefully improve upon the available therapeutics. We secondly discuss the history and recent efforts involving modulation of the Hh genome as a method of producing in vivo models of BCC for preclinical research. While there are many advancements left to be made towards improving patient outcomes with BCC, it is clear that targeting the Hh pathway will remain at the forefront of research efforts in designing more effective chemotherapeutics as well as relevant preclinical models.
Dust temperature and CO → H2 conversion factor variations in the SFR-M∗ plane

Deep Herschel PACS/SPIRE imaging and 12 CO(2−1) line luminosities from the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer are combined for a sample of 17 galaxies at z > 1 from the GOODS-N field. The sample includes galaxies both on and above the main sequence (MS) traced by star-forming galaxies in the SFR-M∗ plane. The far-infrared data are used to derive dust masses, Mdust, following the Draine & Li (2007, ApJ, 657, 810) models. Combined with an empirical prescription for the dependence of the gas-to-dust ratio on metallicity (δGDR(μ0)), the CO luminosities and Mdust values are used to derive for each galaxy the CO-to-H2 conversion factor, αCO. Like in the local Universe, the value of αCO is a factor of ∼5 smaller in starbursts compared to normal star-forming galaxies (SFGs). We additionally uncover a relation between αCO and dust temperature (Tdust; αCO decreasing with increasing Tdust )a s obtained from modified blackbody fits to the far-infrared data. While the absolute normalization of the αCO(Tdust) relation is uncertain, the global trend is robust against possible systematic biases in the determination of Mdust, δGDR(μ0) or metallicity. Although we cannot formally distinguish between a step and a smooth evolution of αCO with the dust temperature, we can unambiguously conclude that in galaxies of near-solar metallicity, a critical value of Tdust = 30 K can be used to determine whether the appropriate αCO is closer to the “starburst” value (1.0 M� (K km s −1 pc 2 ) −1 ,w henTdust > 30 K) or closer to the Galactic value (4.35 M� (K km s −1 pc 2 ) −1 , when Tdust < 30 K). This indicator has the great advantage of being less subjective than visual morphological classifications of mergers/SFGs, which can be difficult at high z because of the clumpy nature of SFGs. Using Tdust to select the appropriate αCO is also more indicative of ISM conditions than a fixed LIR criterion. In the absence of far-infrared data, the offset of a galaxy from the star formation main sequence (i.e., Δlog (SSFR)MS = log[SSFR(galaxy)/SSFRMS(M∗,z)]) can be used to identify galaxies requiring the use of an αCO conversion factor lower than the Galactic value (i.e., when Δlog (SSFR)MS 0. 3d ex).
Parametrization of gamma-ray production cross-sections for pp interactions in a broad proton energy range from the kinematic threshold to PeV energies

Using publicly available Monte Carlo codes as well as compilation of published data on p--p interactions for proton kinetic energy below 2 GeV, we parametrize the energy spectra and production rates of $\gamma$-rays by simple but quite accurate ($\leq 20 \%$) analytical expressions in a broad range from the kinematic threshold to PeV energies.
Patching Leaks in the Charformer for Generative Tasks

Character-based representations have important 001 advantages over subword-based ones, includ-002 ing increased robustness to noisy input and re-003 moving the need of tokenization preprocessing. 004 However, they also have a crucial disadvan-005 tage: they notably increase the length of text se-006 quences. The GBST method from Charformer 007 groups (aka downsamples) characters to solve 008 this, but allows information to leak when ap-009 plied to a Transformer decoder. We introduce 010 novel methodology to solve this information 011 leak issue, which opens up the possibility of us-012 ing character grouping in the decoder. We show 013 that Charformer downsampling has no apparent 014 benefits in NMT over previous downsampling 015 methods. 016
Addressing Segmentation Ambiguity in Neural Linguistic Steganography

Previous studies on neural linguistic steganography, except Ueoka et al. (2021), overlook the fact that the sender must detokenize cover texts to avoid arousing the eavesdropper’s suspicion. In this paper, we demonstrate that segmentation ambiguity indeed causes occasional decoding failures at the receiver’s side. With the near-ubiquity of subwords, this problem now affects any language. We propose simple tricks to overcome this problem, which are even applicable to languages without explicit word boundaries.