Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A taxonomy of thinking

Imagine visiting a large goup of islands and exploring each of them thoroughly. You leam how to find your way around each, yet you lack a complete understanding of the overall topography of the islands because you have no idea of the relations among them. You do not kno$ how they were shaped into an archipelago. Indeed, you do not even know whether you have visited them all. When I tell you that the names of these islands ate "Induction," "Deduction," "Problem solving," and so on, you will realize that I have in mind your predicament as a diligent reader of this book. Each of its chapters is a guide to some domain of thought, but there has so far been no account of the relations amoog tbese domains. Hence, you may wonder how many sorts of thinking there are and how they are rclated to one another. To answer these questions it is helpful to bear in mind the distinction between the function of thinking and the underlying procedures that it relies on. The late David Marr (1982) referred to this distinction as one betweeo the computational level (what the mind is doing) and the algorithmic level (iow it is doing it). Many of the chapters in this book have described thought processes at the algorithmic level. My task in this final chapter is to establish the outlines of a taxonomy that will belp you to fit the domains of thought into a single framework a single map of the mind. To establish this taxonomy, I shall be concerned mainly with what the mind accomplishes at the computational evel.
Maximum-likelihood estimation of a log-concave density based on censored data

We consider nonparametric maximum-likelihood estimation of a log-concave density in case of interval-censored, right-censored and binned data. We allow for the possibility of a subprobability density with an additional mass at $+\infty$, which is estimated simultaneously. The existence of the estimator is proved under mild conditions and various theoretical aspects are given, such as certain shape and consistency properties. An EM algorithm is proposed for the approximate computation of the estimator and its performance is illustrated in two examples.
Recognize Actions by Disentangling Components of Dynamics

Despite the remarkable progress in action recognition over the past several years, existing methods remain limited in efficiency and effectiveness. The methods treating appearance and motion as separate streams are usually subject to the cost of optical flow computation, while those relying on 3D convolution on the original video frames often yield inferior performance in practice. In this paper, we propose a new ConvNet architecture for video representation learning, which can derive disentangled components of dynamics purely from raw video frames, without the need of optical flow estimation. Particularly, the learned representation comprises three components for representing static appearance, apparent motion, and appearance changes. We introduce 3D pooling, cost volume processing, and warped feature differences, respectively for extracting the three components above. These modules are incorporated as three branches in our unified network, which share the underlying features and are learned jointly in an end-to-end manner. On two large datasets, UCF101 [22] and Kinetics [16], our method obtained competitive performances with high efficiency, using only the RGB frame sequence as input.
Development of ‘Bioethical Values Inventory’ for Pupils in Secondary Education within the Scope of Bioethical Education

This study has led to the development of the ‘Bioethical Values Inventory’ that can be used to reveal secondary school students’ ethical values in decisions that they make during ethical debates regarding the application of biological sciences. An original inventory development model was used, consisting of four steps and involving qualitative as well as quantitative data collection processes in line with the objectives of the study. In the first step of this model an analysis of ethical debates on biological sciences was followed by the statement of the inventory topics. In the second step, scenarios were created on the ethical dilemmas related to each chosen topic. In the third step, these scenarios were applied to ninth graders (n = 493) in 18 secondary schools in eight districts of Ankara, Turkey. The students’ responses to the scenarios were revealed through content analysis strategies and the inventory was converted into a multiple-choice questionnaire through thematic coding. In the fourth step, the inventory was finalized by gathering experts’ and students’ views on the multiple-choice items. The final version of the inventory and its importance for science/bioethics education is discussed in the light of the relevant literature.
Cultivation of Drought-Tolerant and Insect-Resistant Rice Affects Soil Bacterial, but Not Fungal, Abundances and Community Structures

The impacts of rice varieties with stacked drought tolerance and insect resistance on soil microbiomes are poorly understood. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects resulting from the cultivation of the drought-tolerant and insect-resistant rice cultivar, Hanhui3T, on soil physical–chemical properties, and bacterial and fungal community composition. Soil samples of Hanhui3T and conventional rice varieties (Hanhui3 and Zhonghua11) were collected in triplicate at the booting stage, and bacterial and fungal population sizes and community structures were assessed using qPCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing, respectively. The Bt protein concentration of Hanhui3T was significantly higher than that of Hanhui3 and Zhonghua11, while the pH of Hanhui3T was significantly lower. Bacterial population sizes and community composition were significantly different between Hanhui3T and Hanhui3 (or Zhonghua11), while no similar effects were observed for fungal communities. These differences suggest that the effect of Hanhui3T cultivation on bacterial community composition is stronger than the effect on fungal communities. Moreover, bacterial abundance was positively correlated to soil pH, while bacterial community structure variations were mainly driven by soil pH and Bt protein concentration differences. In conclusion, the abundances and structure of bacterial communities were altered in rhizosphere with Hanhui3T cultivation that changed soil pH and Bt protein concentrations, while fungal communities displayed no such responsiveness.
Batch scheduling on parallel machines with dynamic job arrivals and incompatible job families

We study the scheduling problem of minimising weighted completion times on parallel identical batching machines with dynamic job arrivals and incompatible job families. Each job is associated with a family, weight (priority), release time, and size. Batching machines can process simultaneously up to a specified total size of the jobs of a particular family. The scheduling problem can be represented by . We present a mathematical model and heuristic algorithms employing different local search procedures individually and sequentially under a variable neighbourhood search scheme. We have shown that among local searches, repositioning the batches instead of jobs yields better results. The best-performing heuristic algorithm is capable of generating solutions within 0.6% of the best overall heuristic solution for each instance in a reasonable amount of time. When this heuristic is compared against the mathematical model, solutions that are 3.7% above optimal on average in the 15-job problem instances are possible.
On the shelf resonances of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Arafura Sea

Abstract. A numerical model is used to investigate the resonances of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Arafura Sea, and the additional insights that come from extending the analysis into the complex angular velocity plane. When the model is forced at the shelf edge with physically realistic real values of the angular velocity, the response functions at points within the region show maxima and other behaviour which imply that resonances are involved but provide little additional information. The study is then extended to complex angular velocities, and the results then show a clear pattern of gravity wave and Rossby wave like resonances. The properties of the resonances are investigated and used to reinterpret the response at real values of angular velocity. It is found that in some regions the response is dominated by modes trapped between the shelf edge and the coast or between opposing coastlines. In other regions the resonances show cooperative behaviour, possibly indicating the importance of other physical processes.
Gender, sexual orientation, and romantic partner influence on body image

Although social influences are implicated in the development of body image, research has yet to address the roles of women’s sexual orientation and romantic partners’ weight statuses in predicting women’s body image. This study examines both heterosexual (n = 104) and lesbian (n = 144) women and their partners’ body mass indexes and body image using actor–partner interdependence models. The results indicated that lesbian women preferred larger body ideals than heterosexual women and that women’s ideal body preferences were not related to their partners’ weight status. However, both lesbian and heterosexual women’s perceptions of their actual body size were related to their partners’ weight status such that heavier women who had relatively thin partners were most at risk of perceiving themselves as overweight.
Analysis and design of mastery learning criteria

ABSTRACT A common personalisation approach in educational systems is mastery learning. A key step in this approach is a criterion that determines whether a learner has already achieved mastery. We thoroughly analyse several mastery criteria for the basic case of a single well-specified knowledge component. For the analysis we use experiments with both simulated and real data. The results show that the choice of data sources used for mastery decision and the setting of thresholds are more important than the choice of a learner modelling technique. We argue that a simple exponential moving average method is a suitable technique for mastery criterion and discuss techniques for the choice of a mastery threshold. We also propose an extension of the exponential moving average method that takes into account practical aspects like time intensity of items and we report on a practical application of this mastery criterion in a widely used educational system.
Measurements of transmural strain variations by two dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is known to progress from the inner layers towards the epicardium. Since it is important to detect MI early, to prevent a negative remodeling process of the left ventricle (LV), the hypothesis of this study was that evaluation of layer-specific strains is feasible, and it will enable differentiation between subjects with large MI, small MI and normal LV. Methods: In this study a commercial speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) program was modified to measure the strains at three myocardial layers instead of for the total-wall-thickness. After a validation process by using software implemented phantoms, the commercial and modified programs were applied to echocardiography of 54 subjects. Results: The validation study results for 972 segments showed an agreement between the endocardial strains, manually measured by the commercial program, and automatically measured by the modified program. Finally, the algorithm was applied to scans of 15 normal subjects, 9 patients with small MI and to 6 patients with large MI. The results show that the strain elevated from the endocardium towards the epicardium for the normal and small MI groups, but not for the large MI group. Conclusions: In conclusion, the layer-specific STE method allows accurate analysis of the transmural variations of the strains.
Seasonality of the Physical and Biogeochemical Hydrography in the Inflow to the Arctic Ocean Through Fram Strait

Eastern Fram Strait and the shelf slope region north of Svalbard is dominated by the advection of warm, salty and nutrient-rich Atlantic Water (AW). This oceanic heat contributes to keeping the area relatively free of ice. The last years have seen a dramatic decrease in regional sea ice extent, which is expected to drive large increases in pelagic primary production and thereby changes in marine ecology and nutrient cycling. In a concerted effort, we conducted five cruises to the area in winter, spring, summer and fall of 2014, in order to understand the physical and biogeochemical controls of carbon cycling, for the first time from a year-round point of view. We document (1) the offshore location of the wintertime front between salty AW and fresher Surface Water in the ocean surface, (2) thermal convection of Atlantic Water over the shelf slope, likely enhancing vertical nnutrient fluxes, and (3) the importance of ice melt derived upper ocean stratification for the spring bloom timing. Our findings strongly confirm the hypothesis that this ``Atlantification'', as it has been called, of the shelf slope area north of Svalbard resulting from the advection of AW alleviates both nutrient and light limitations at the same time, leading to increased pelagic primary productivity in this region.
Nestling begging intensity and parental effort in relation to prelaying carotenoid availability

Carotenoids are antioxidants playing major roles in physiological functions at various stages of an animal’s life. Female birds deposit large amounts of carotenoids into their eggs. Carotenoids are, however, a limiting resource, and females are expected to balance carotenoid deposition into the eggs with their utilization for themselves. Carotenoid availability is thus likely to determine both the levels of yolk carotenoids and maternal care during rearing. Carotenoids have been shown to benefit the embryo and the growing nestling, and it can be hypothesized that an increase in carotenoid availability during laying leads to higher nestling condition and competitive ability. We manipulated carotenoid availability to great tit pairs prior to and during egg laying and later partially cross-fostered chicks at hatching. During the rearing period, we measured how carotenoid availability affected nestlings begging behavior and male and female feeding effort. We also manipulated the ectoparasite load, predicting that carotenoid supplementation would help adults and nestling to cope with parasites. Nestlings hatched from eggs laid by carotenoid-supplemented females and raised in small broods begged more intensely. Nestlings in small deparasitized broods also begged more actively. The feeding effort of control females increased with brood size, whereas the feeding effort of carotenoidsupplemented females was high whatever the brood size. Male feeding effort was unaffected by our treatment. Our results support the hypothesis that maternally derived carotenoids increase nestling begging behavior and hence competitive ability. They further suggest that carotenoid availability determines the level of parental investment and can mediate trade-offs between life-history traits. Key words: begging, food provisioning, maternally derived carotenoids, parasites, parental care, reproductive investment. [Behav Ecol]
Using Iterative Design to Create Efficacy-Building Social Experiences with a Teachable Robot

: Teachable robots are a form of social robot for education, where learners engage in conversation to teach the robot like they would a peer. Part of the popularity of social robots is their ability to utilize social channels of communication to foster productive social experiences, interactions which help individuals grow and develop. Teachable robots have potential to utilize social channels of communication to create social experiences which can help learners develop self-efficacy, an individual’s belief in their ability to succeed. In this paper, we present a fully autonomous robot for middle school math; we iterate through three design phases and analyze responses to identify how to better foster productive social experiences for self-efficacy. We report six design recommendations; for example, for low self-efficacy individuals, an ideal design should incorporate problem-solving statements and positivity to foster social experiences of mastery and social persuasion.
Predicting CEFRL levels in learner English on the basis of metrics and full texts

This paper analyses the contribution of language metrics and, potentially, of linguistic structures, to classify French learners of English according to levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL). The purpose is to build a model for the prediction of learner levels as a function of language complexity features. We used the EFCAMDAT corpus, a database of one million written assignments by learners. After applying language complexity metrics on the texts, we built a representation matching the language metrics of the texts to their assigned CEFRL levels. Lexical and syntactic metrics were computed with LCA, LSA, and koRpus. Several supervised learning models were built by using Gradient Boosted Trees and Keras Neural Network methods and by contrasting pairs of CEFRL levels. Results show that it is possible to implement pairwise distinctions, especially for levels ranging from A1 to B1 (A1=>A2: 0.916 AUC and A2=>B1: 0.904 AUC). Model explanation reveals significant linguistic features for the predictiveness in the corpus. Word tokens and word types appear to play a significant role in determining levels. This shows that levels are highly dependent on specific semantic profiles.
Orosius' Histories: A Digital Intertextual Investigation Into The First Christian History Of Rome

The research described in these pages is made possible by openly available Classical texts and linguistic resources. It aims at performing semi-automatic analyses of Paulus Orosius’ (385-420 AD) most celebrated work, the Historia adversum Paganos Libri VII, against its sources. The Histories, as this work is known in English, constitute the first history (752 BC to 417 AD) to have been written from a Christian perspective. To do so, Orosius drew from earlier and contemporary christian and pagan authors, providing a rich narrative fraught with intertextual references to poetry and prose alike. Orosius’ vast network of references challenges automatic text reuse detection tasks both qualitatively and quantitatively. In fact, information retrieval algorithms face differences in reuse style –from verbatim quotations to paraphrase and allusions (Navarro, 1991)– and millions of words to sift through. To understand how Orosius reused texts, it is necessary to detect, extract, classify and evaluate all references and compare them to their sources, mindful of the balance between the precision of the results and their recall or number.
Improvement of X-Ray Reflectivity Analysis on Surface and Interface Roughness Estimation

X-ray reflectivity (XRR) is usefull tool to estimate surface and interface roughness. In the conventional XRR analysis, the reflectivity is calculated based on the Parratt formalism, accounting for the effect of roughness by the theory of Nevot-Croce. However, the calculated results have shown often strange behavior due to the fact that the diffuse scattering at the rough interface was not taken into account in the equation. Then we developed new improved formalism to correct this mistake. For deriving more accurate formalism of XRR, we tried to compare the measurements of the surface roughness of the same sample by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and XRR. The results of analysis show that the effective roughness measured by xrrmay depend on the angle of incidence. In this paper, it shows that new improved XRR formalism which derives more accurate surface and interface roughness with depending on the size of the probing area of coherent X-rays.
AN APPROACH FOR DETECTING SYNTAX AND SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY IN SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

Software requirements are considered to be ambiguous if the requirements statement could have more than one interpretation. The ambiguous requirements could cause the software developers to develop software which is different from what the customer needs. The focus of this paper is to propose an approach to detect syntax and syntactic ambiguity in software requirements specification. In this paper, Parts of speech (POS) tagging technique has been used to detect these ambiguities. A prototype tool has been developed in order to evaluate the proposed approach. The evaluation is done by comparing the detection capabilities of the proposed tool against human capabilities. The overall results show that the humans do have some difficulties in detecting ambiguity in software requirements, especially the syntactic ambiguity and software requirements that contains both syntax and syntactic ambiguity in one sentence. The proposed tool can definitely help the analyst in detecting ambiguity in Software requirements.
Supercontinuum Source for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing in Square Photonic Crystal Fiber via Fluidic Infiltration Approach

In this paper, a square-lattice photonic crystal fiber based on optofluidic infiltration technique is proposed for supercontinuum generation. Using this approach, without nano-scale variation in the geometry of the photonic crystal fiber, ultra-flattened near zero dispersion centered about 1500 nm will be achieved. By choosing the suitable refractive index of the liquid to infiltrate into the air-holes of the fiber, the supercontinuum will be generated for 50 fs input optical pulse of 1550 nm central wavelength with 20 kW peak power. We numerically demonstrate that this approach allows one to obtain more than two-octave spanning of supercontinuum from 800 to 2000 nm. The spectral slicing of this spectrum has also been proposed as a simple way to create multi-wavelength optical sources for dense wavelength division multiplexing.
Partner Comparison Weight Disparities Between Female Same-Sex Romantic Partners and Weight Concerns : Examining

In the current study, we investigated the relevance of women’s own and their romantic partners’ weight status to the development of weight concerns. Seventy-two female same-sex couples (n 1⁄4 144 women) completed the Weight Concerns Scale and a researcher measured their height and weight to compute body mass index as a measure of weight status. Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model, which accounts for the dependency in these data, analyses revealed a significant link between women’s own weight status, their weight concerns, and their partners’ weight status and their weight concerns. Further, an interaction indicated that women who were heavier and who had thinner female partners were most at risk of experiencing weight concerns. These findings are discussed as evidence for the importance of partner comparisons in the context of romantic relationships and should inform research examining links between romantic relationships and health, particularly among sexual minority couples. Clinical implications of our research include the potential role of couples’ therapy in treating not only relationship problems but also potential health challenges.