Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constantine: dynasty, religion and power in the later Roman empire

country. Taste is personal. It was however disappointing to find that garlic, in the dish, identified as coming from Pakistan, of Eggplant in Yogurt Sauce, was omitted. This is an ingredient found in the recipes written by the people from Pakistan and indeed the entire subcontinent of India. Also the spelling of Benjan ka Bhurta is curious and perhaps would not be readily recognized on the subcontinent where it is known as Baingan ka Bharta. No mention is made in the book of the mustard oil that normally gives this dish a particular taste, or the generous number of cloves of garlic that are required. This dish – as specified by the book – was considered to be somewhat tasteless. The Gramajo Omelet from Argentina which is a variation of the Spanish tortilla was also disappointing. It was difficult to know what sort of ham to use, if one lives in a country where there are countless types of ham. Once again the two ingredients that add taste to this dish, the onion and the garlic, were omitted. In Spain, chorizo is used instead of ham and this makes up for the loss in taste. The Argentinian recipes found on the Internet add onions and garlic which act as a compensation. The tasters agreed that the indigenous recipes for this dish were infinitely more pleasing. One group of cooks had young children and the Avocados with Tuna (Abacate com Atum) from Guinea Bissau were a great hit. When the recipe was compared with those on the Internet, the variations only extended to the way this dish was presented. The Italian recipes were the most successful in regard to the availability of ingredients and the method of cooking. This would be due to the fact that Italian cooking is well known and would also be well known to young people. There was the occasional omission of garlic, but on the whole the dishes were tasty to all the people who ate them. This book is basic in its approach. That is not to say that it will not succeed in introducing young people to foods that they have never cooked or tasted. It is enthusiastic and simply set out. The fear is that it will remain in libraries and be used as a reference book. It is to be hoped that this will not be so. Cooking well can conserve the environment.
How well do individuals predict their future life satisfaction? Rationality and learning following a nationwide exogenous shock

Over recent years a number of papers have uses individual or household longitudinal survey data to investigate the rationality of income expectations. In this paper we provide a novel contribution to this literature by examining the ability of individuals to correctly predict their own future life satisfaction using longitudinal data for East Germans. The environment in which this analysis is based is the decade following reunification of Germany, and it is generally accepted that reunification was completely unexpected and delivered a particularly large shock to the future prospects of the inhabitants of the former East Germany. We therefore take it as a 'natural' experiment through which to study the rationality of expectations and the adjustment of expectations over a period of substantial transition. Our results show that the majority of East Germans significantly over-estimated the gains from reunification. As with the recent literature on income expectations, we find strong evidence of micro-heterogeneity with the largest prediction errors being for the young, the poorly educated and those with children. An important result, however is that expectations and realisations of life satisfaction in East Germany had essentially converged only five years after reunification, at a level considerably below that of West Germans.
Residual effect of municipal solid waste compost on microbial biomass and activities in mustard growing soil: Restwirkung von müllkompost auf die mikrobielle biomasse und mikrobielle aktivitaten in boden mit senfbewuchs

Residual effect of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) on microbial biomass and enzyme activities of mustard after submerged rice paddies was studied. Experiments were conducted during the two consecutive winter seasons of 1997 to 1998 on mustard grown at the Agriculture Experimental Farm, Calcutta University, Baruipur, West Bengal, India. The treatments consisted of control, no input and MSWC, at 60 Kg N/ha and well rotted cow dung manure (CDM), at 60 Kg N/ha and MSWC (30 Kg N/ha) + Urea (U, 30 Kg N/ha) and CDM (30 Kg N/ha) + U (30 Kg N/ha) and F (at recommended dose at 60 : 30 : 30 NPK/ha through urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively). Soil microbial biomass-C (MBC), urease (UR) and acid phosphatase (AP) activities were higher in CDM than MSWC-treated soils, due to the qualitative differences between the two materials. The studied parameters were higher when urea was integrated with CDM or MSWC than when applied singly. The MBC, UR and AP activities of soil periodically declined up to day 60, and then increased after harvest. The appreciable amounts of heavy metals in MSWC produced no evidence of any detrimental influence on MBC, UR and AP activities of soil. This indicated the suitability of MSWC as an alternate source of organic matter in mustard.
Catalytic enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones

The rapid developments in the field of catalytic enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones which have occurred during the last six years are reported. A series of catalysts has been applied for both the normal electron-demand and inverse electron-demand 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones with electron-deficient and electron-rich alkenes, respectively. In several cases a high degree of control of both the diastereo- and enantioselectivity has been achieved.
Radio‐Frequency Spectra of NaCl by the Molecular‐Beam Electric Resonance Method

The molecular‐beam electric resonance method served to measure the radio‐frequency spectra of NaCl and to determine the hyperfine constants and the dipole moments for the υ = 0, 1, 2, and 3 vibrational levels of Na35Cl, and for the υ = 0 and 1 vibrational levels of Na37Cl.
The effect of boron‐doped on capacity of carbon cathode of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries

Purpose – To focus on the development of negative materials with a large Li ion capacity.Design/methodology/approach – All calculations were performed using the Own N‐layered Integrated molecular Orbital and molecular Mechanics method with Becke 3‐parameter, Lee, Yang, Parr for high‐level treatment and with the universal force field for low‐level treatment.Findings – It was found that boron substitution created an electron acceptor level in a lower energy region than that for the pristine carbon. So that the Li absorption energy for the boron‐substituted cluster was much larger than that for the pristine carbon. Moreover, with the increase of the concentration of boron, adsorption energy increased considerably all cases.Research limitations/implications – Two Li ions in the centre of the model were considered. Li ions of quantity 4, 6, 8, etc. could also be considered.Practical implications – The method developed provided a simple and practical solution to development of negative materials with a large Li.
Physiographic study of Shatt Al-Arab Delta South of Iraq by Application of Remote Sensing Technique

The Shatt Al-Arab River is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers near Qurna 75 km, Basrah Governorate, approximately 75 km north of the city of Basrah, southern of Iraq. Satellite images of Landsat 7 ETM+ for years 2000, 2002 and 2006 were processed with ERDAS Imagine 8.4 and ArcGIS 9.3. They were used to interpret the geomorphology of Shatt Al-Arab delta. Shuttle Topographic Radar Mission. Geomorphologic structures, suspended load distribution and lateral movement of the main channel are interpreted and three lobes are distinguished at the formative delta front, confirming lateral channel movement as the prime factor in the delta’s formation. A westward deviation in the main channel of the Shatt Al-Arab River could divert into Abdullah Creek within a few years.
Extraction of diagenetic and detrital ages and of the 40Kdetrital/40Kdiagenetic ratio from K-Ar dates of clay fractions

AbstractIllite age analysis (IAA) is a classical method for extracting diagenetic and detrital ages from mixed ages measured by K-Ar. This approach is based on measuring the masses of diagenetic and detrital illitic components in a few different grain-size fractions of one rock sample and measuring the mixed ages of these fractions. The 1Md illitic polytype is usually considered to be diagenetic, while 2M1 is considered detrital. A plot of the function: exp(λt)−1 (where t is time and λ is the decay constant) vs. weight percent of the detrital fraction is constructed. On the basis of linear extrapolation to end-member fractions, the diagenetic and the detrital age is obtained. This approach does not take into account various K contents in different polytypes (%Kdetrital and %Kdiagenetic). In order to do that, the detrital mass fraction (wt.%detrital) should be recalculated into the percentage of detrital K (%Id(K)): $$\% {I_{{\rm{d}}\left( {\rm{K}} \right)}} = {{{\rm{wt}}. {\% _{{\rm{detrital}}}} \times \% {{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{detrital}}}}} \over {{\rm{wt}}. {\% _{{\rm{detrital}}}} \times \% {{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{detrital}}}} + {\rm{wt}}. {\% _{{\rm{diagenetic}}}} \times \% {{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{diagenetic}}}}}} \times 100$$%Id(K)=wt. %detrital×%Kdetritalwt. %detrital×%Kdetrital+wt. %diagenetic×%Kdiagenetic×100Analytical constraint of the K content of different polytypes is very difficult, so a new approach to this problem has been developed. In the present study, the plot of 40Ar*/40K vs. %Id(K) for a precisely determined ratio of 40Kdetrital/40Kdiagenetic was observed to be linear. On the basis of this observation, a computer program, MODELAGE, was written in the Java programming language using as input a few measured detrital illite mass fractions along with the mixed K-Ar ages of the relevant grain fractions. It then calculates the end-member ages and the 40Kdetrital/40Kdiagenetic ratio using genetic algorithms.The errors in diagenetic and detrital illite mass-fraction determination mean that the 40Kdetrital/40Kdiagenetic ratio and the end-member ages can be evaluated only with some uncertainty. The best results are obtained if the measured mass fractions represent a relatively broad range. Constraining one of the unknowns (particularly the 40Kdetrital/40Kdiagenetic ratio) improves the results significantly.Evaluation of data obtained from the literature using the proposed approach leads to the conclusion that the 40Kdetrital/40Kdiagenetic ratio is often >1.00, and some of 1Md illite polytype materials may be of detrital origin. If this is not the case, if a broad range of mass fractions is covered, and if the differences between end-member ages are relatively small, IAA analysis still gives appropriate results, even if the true 40Kdetrital/40Kdiagenetic ratio is different from 1.00.
Influence of the pH value of a colloidal gold solution on the absorption spectra of an LSPR-assisted sensor

The localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of gold particles assembled on a crystal plate are a powerful tool for biological sensors. Here, we prepare gold colloids in different pH solutions. We monitor the effects of the particle radius and particle coverage on the absorption spectra of AT-cut (r-face dihedral angle of about 3°) crystal plates supporting gold nanoparticles. The surface morphologies were monitored on silicon dioxide substrates using ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the gold particle coverage decreases with increasing pH value of the gold colloid solution. This phenomenon demonstrates that self-assembled gold surfaces were formed via the electrostatic adsorption of gold particles on the positively charged, ionized amino groups on the crystal plates in the acidic solution. The spectrum of gold nanoparticles with different coverage degree on the crystal plates showed that the LSPR properties are highly dependent on pH.
Structure and composition of the surface of urethane/acrylic composite latex films

Polyurethane dispersions were prepared and urethane/acrylic composite latices were synthesized with polyurethane dispersions as the seed, and core-shell emulsion polymerization. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analyses showed that the films obtained from the composite latices were rich in polyurethane component or segments at air-facing and substrate-facing surfaces, in comparison with their average composition. Moreover, the substrate-facing surface contained even more polyurethane component or segments than the air-facing surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detection also indicated that the polyurethane component or segments preferentially migrated to the surface layer of the films from the bulk, and that the films from blend latices displayed more polyurethane component or segments near the surface layer. Both FTIR-ATR and XPS analyses suggested that some reorientation had happened in synthesizing the composite latices and/or after film formation. This structure and composition endow urethane/acrylic composite films with both surface properties (such as mar-resistance, adhesion, wettability) from pure polyurethane, and film hardness from acrylic copolymers. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular design of photoswitchable surfaces with controllable wettability

In this work, we developed a photocontrollable substrate which was prepared using an azobenzene-containing self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the silicon surface via the chemisorption of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) and 4-(4′-aminophenylazo) benzoic acid (APABA). The prepared surfaces were chemically characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The reversible photoswitching performance of APABA molecules were investigated by UV spectroscopy in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution. To understand and control this reversible photoswitchable mechanism and wettability properties, contact angle measurements were performed by using a variety of liquids after UV and visible light irradiation. These contact angle results are used to approximate the components of the APABA-modified surface energy under UV and visible light using the Lifshitz–van der Waals/acid–base approach. The total surface energy (γs) after visible light irradiation (for trans formation) was calculated to be 37.28 mJ m−2, whereas the value after UV light exposure (for cis formation) was also calculated to be 36.95 mJ m−2. All the results demonstrate the great potential to control molecular events within and on the surfaces of molecular constructs using light.
The Dynamic Restructuring of Electrolytic Silver during the Formaldehyde Synthesis Reaction

Abstract The partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde was studied over an industrial electrolytic silver catalyst. Special attention was paid to the influence of reaction-induced restructuring of the silver surface and bulk on the activity for the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Drastic differences are observed in the performance exhibited by fresh samples and those which have been previously treated at high temperature ( T > 873 K) reaction conditions. The temperature dependence of the conversion for a fresh catalyst shows a pronounced hysteresis which can be separated into three temperature regimes. These regimes are strongly correlated with various morphological changes induced in the silver during reaction. SEM images reveal that heating silver in an excess of methanol to 773 K results in the destruction of grain-boundary defects. Comparison of the various hysteresis profiles with TDS analysis of silver pretreated at high temperature in oxygen shows that elimination of these defects results in the inhibition of oxygen diffusion from the bulk to the surface in the temperature region between 673 K and 873 K. The formation of holes resulting from the reaction of bulk-dissolved hydrogen and oxygen indicates that diffusion along these defect structures supplies bulk oxygen for the catalytic reaction. Hole formation above 923 K is no longer restricted to grain boundaries, indicating that volume (interstitialcy) diffusion replaces grain-boundary diffusion at elevated temperatures. This incorporation of oxygen into the silver lattice results in an increased conversion of methanol with a higher conversion to formaldehyde. Consequently, no hysteresis is observed subsequent to having treated the sample in the reaction mixture at temperatures in excess of 873 K. Reaction-induced restructuring of the catalyst on the time scale of a typical run occurs. This leads to an improvement in the catalytic performance of silver for this extremely structure-sensitive reaction.
Vibrational Deactivation in Methane Mixtures

The vibrational relaxation of the bending modes of CH4 in mixtures with rare gases and diatomic molecules has been studied by laser‐excited vibrational fluorescence. The measured energy transfer probabilities cannot be understood, even qualitatively, in terms of simple theories of either vibration‐to‐translation energy transfer or vibration‐to‐rotation energy transfer. The data indicate that vibrational energy is transferred into translation, methane rotation, and collision partner rotation. The relative distribution among these degrees of freedom appears to vary greatly among the collision partners studied. Ethane was found to be an efficient catalyst for the vibrational relaxation of CH4. Since it is one of the major impurities in methane samples, this observation explains why some authors have observed relaxation times for “pure” CH4 less than 2 μsec·atm.
Theoretical Studies of Palladium−Gold Nanoclusters: Pd−Au Clusters with up to 50 Atoms

Global optimization of Pd−Au bimetallic clusters in the size range N = 2−50 has been performed using a genetic algorithm, coupled with the Gupta many-body empirical potential (EP) to model interatomic interactions. Three sets of EP parameters have been examined in this work: (a) an average of pure Pd and Au parameters, (b) experimental Pd−Au-fitted parameters, and (c) DFT-fitted parameters. Stability criteria, such as binding energy and second difference in energy, have been used to determine the lowest energy structures, that is, the global minima (GM). DFT local relaxations have been performed on all the “putative” GM structures for 1:1 compositions of (Pd−Au)N/2 up to N = 50 for the three sets of EP parameters. It is found that the average parameter set a leads to a PdcoreAushell segregation, whereas the fitted parameter sets b and c lead to more Pd−Au mixing. DFT reoptimization of the structures produced by potentials a, b, and c shows small differences in binding energies. In addition, 34- and 38-ato.
The conductor-like screening model for polymers and surfaces

The DMol3 COSMO method is revisited and generalized for infinite polymer and surface models with periodic boundary conditions. The procedure works also for three dimensionally periodic solid models with internal surfaces. A new solvent accessible surface grid construction is presented, where the grid points and weights are a continuous function for all atomic geometries. The calculated solvation energy is also continuous by consequence, which is useful for all calculations which involve geometry changes of the atomic framework. The new method is tested with a few examples.
Understanding the Structural and Binding Properties of Collagen: A Theoretical Perspective

The change in the stability and conformational dynamics of a collagen-like microfibril segment (CMS), 23 amino acid residues long (around 5[3(GLY−X−Y)8]), as a result of the interaction with water, formaldehyde, and gallic acid is studied by performing a series of nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations. Major changes in the conformation of CMS occur when interacting with water while in the other solutions: (1) pure formaldehyde, (2) 8.0% (v/v) formaldehyde/water, and (3) 1.4% (v/v) gallic acid/water; the variation is less evident. Possible CMS/modifying agents' binding sites are evidenced by the analysis of radial distribution functions, coordination number, and H-bonding network. In particular, in the case of formaldehyde a high preference for ARG, LYS, and GLN residues is found. Gallic acid molecules preferably bind to PRO and HPR residues. The examination of average interaction energies per residue and their van der Waals and electrostatic components confirms the results obtained with the structura.
Scoping study: training and capacity building in vertebrate pest management

In Australia, pest animals have major economic, environmental and social impacts. They cause significant damage to agricultural industries and create severe land degradation. Many vertebrate pests prey on native animals, compete for or destroy their habitat, and generally threaten the survival of many of Australia's animals and plants. In response to a perceived reduction in appropriate vertebrate pest management training over the past decade - which is impacting on the capacity of agencies to appropriately manage the damage these animals cause - the Training Working Group of the National Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC) initiated this scoping study into past and present pest animal training and capacity building. The study has identified significant variation in the content and modes of delivery of vertebrate pest management training across Australia. Training in vertebrate pest management needs to focus on strategic management rather than eradication programs. It also needs to have a stronger practical component than it currently does. The study also identified the need for all training in vertebrate pest management to be codified and consistent with the National Training Framework with qualifications readily transferable between jurisdictions.
Aminolytic depolymerization of poly (ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste by conventional and microwave irradiation heating

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most popular thermoplastic polymer. The ever-growing production and utilization of PET has led to postconsumer waste disposal problems because of its nonbiodegradability. The chemical depolymerization of PET waste is a possible remedy, as it results in some recyclable products. The aminolytic depolymerization of PET bottle waste with hydrazine monohydrate by conventional and nonconventional (with microwave irradiation) heating was carried out with simple chemicals as catalysts, such as sodium acetate and sodium sulfate. The yield of the product was optimized through variations in the time of aminolysis, the catalyst concentration, and the PET:hydrazine monohydrate ratio. The pure product obtained in good yield (86%) was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry and was identified as terephthalic dihydrazide. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012