Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of terpineol catalyzed by acid-doped nano-polyaniline.

Polyaniline nanofibers doped by a variety of acids(hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, chloroacetic acid, etc.) were prepared using rapid mixing method. Result of scanning electron microscopy showed that the diameter of the polyaniline fiber is 50-200nm. The hydration of turpentine was regarded as the goal reaction to study the effects of preparation conditions on the catalytic activity. The results showed that the optimum conditions were as follows: sulfuric acid as doping acid, molar concentration 2.0mol/L, aniline molar concentration 0.3mol/L, molar concentration ratio of ammonium persulfate and aniline 1∶1, under these conditions conversion rate of α-pinene reached 93.80%, and the max yield of α-terpineol reached 60.60%.
PII: S0925-4773(99)00069-6

The regionalization of the neural tube along the anteroposterior axis is established through the action of patterning signals from the endomesoderm including the organizer. These signals set up a pre-pattern which is subsequently re®ned through local patterning events. The midbrain-hindbrain junction, or isthmus, is endowed with such an organizing activity. It is able to induce graded expression of the Engrailed protein in the adjacent mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, and subsequently elicits the development of tectal and cerebellar structures. Ectopically grafted isthmus was also shown to induce Engrailed expression in diencephalon and otic and pre-otic rhombencephalon. Fgf8 is a signalling protein which is produced by the isthmus and which is able to mimic most isthmic properties. We show here that the isthmus, when transposed to the level of either rhombomere 8 or the spinal cord, loses its ability to induce Engrailed and cerebellar development in adjacent tissues. This is accompanied by the down-regulation of fgf8 expression in the grafted isthmus and by the up-regulation of a marker of the recipient site, Hoxb-4. Moreover, these changes in gene activity in the transplant are followed by a transformation of the fate of the grafted cells which adjust to their novel environment. These results show that the fate of the isthmus is not determined at 10-somite stage and that the molecular loop of isthmic maintenance can be disrupted by exogenous signals. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00510-X

Several signalling pathways have been defined by studies of genes originally characterised in Drosophila. However, some mammalian signalling systems have so far escaped discovery in the fly. Here, we describe the identification and characterisation of fly homologs for the mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor/platelet derived growth factor (VEGF/PDGF) and the VEGF receptor. The Drosophila factor (DmVEGF-1) gene has two splice variants and is expressed during all stages, the signal distribution during embryogenesis being ubiquitous. The receptor (DmVEGFR) gene has several splice variants; the variations affecting only the extracellular domain. The most prominent form is expressed in cells of the embryonic haematopoietic cell lineage, starting in the mesodermal area of the head around stage 10 of embryogenesis. Expression persists in hemocytes as embryonic development proceeds and the cells migrate posteriorly. In a fly strain carrying a deletion uncovering the DmVEGFR gene, hemocytes are still present, but their migration is hampered and the hemocytes remain mainly in the anterior end close to their origin. These data suggest that the VEGF/PDGF signalling system may regulate the migration of the Drosophila embryonic haemocyte precursor cells. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00354-9

We have isolated the cDNA of avian Mox2 and analyzed its expression pattern during somitogenesis and limb bud formation. Mox2 plays an important role in limb muscle differentiation in the mouse. Mox2 is expressed in the somites of developing chick embryos and in presumptive migrating myoblasts from the dermomyotome to the limb buds. It is also expressed in the ventral and dorsal part of limb buds and is associated with non-proliferating myoblasts. Signi®cant differences were observed in chick and mouse expression patterns, namely in the chick dermomyotome and limb. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(02)00193-4

We used the UAS/GAL4 two component system to induce mRNA interference (mRNAi) during Drosophila development. In the adult eye the expression from white transgenes or the resident white locus is significantly repressed by the induction of UAS-wRNAi using different GAL4 expressing strains. By induced RNAi we demonstrate that the conserved nuclear protein Bx42 is essential for the development of many tissues. Phenotypically the effects of Bx42 RNAi resemble those obtained for certain classes of Notch mutants, pointing to an involvement of Bx42 in the Notch signal transduction pathway. The wing phenotype following overexpression of Suppressor of Hairless is strongly enhanced by simultaneous Bx42 RNAi induction in the same tissue. Target genes of Notch signaling like cut and Enhancer of split m8 were suppressed by induction of Bx42 RNAi. Our results demonstrate that inducible RNAi is a powerful tool to study the role of essential genes throughout development. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00370-7

Desrt is a mouse gene of the AT-rich interaction domain family of transcription factors. Here we describe the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of Desrt during mouse organogenesis. Desrt expression is ®rst detected in the intermediate plate mesoderm, providing an early embryonic marker for this tissue, and subsequently in the nephrogenic cords of the urogenital ridges. A highly dynamic expression pattern is observed in the developing limb, implicating Desrt in limb patterning. Desrt is also detected in the myotome of the somites, the oro-nasopharyngeal ectoderm and underlying mesenchyme, otic vesicles, the gut and its derivatives, and transiently in the liver. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(00)00574-8

Drosophila nemo was ®rst identi®ed as a gene required for tissue polarity during ommatidial development. We have extended the analysis of nemo and found that it participates in multiple developmental processes. It is required during wing development for wing shape and vein patterning. We observe genetic interactions between nemo and mutations in the Notch, Wingless, Frizzled and Decapentaplegic pathways. Our data support the ®ndings from other organisms that Nemo proteins act as negative regulators of Wingless signaling. nemo mutations cause polarity defects in the adult wing and overexpression of nemo leads to abdominal polarity defects. The expression of nemo during embryogenesis is dynamic and dsRNA inhibition and ectopic expression studies indicate that nemo is essential during embryogenesis. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(02)00256-3

The plumage on the dorsal trunk of normal quail embryos exhibits longitudinal black and brown stripes of pigments produced by melanocytes. However, this pigmentation pattern disappeared in Bh (black at hatch) heterozygous and homozygous embryos because of overall black and brown pigmentation of plumages, respectively. To investigate the mechanisms of the pigment pattern formation of plumage and clarify the roles of the Bh locus in the pattern formation, we examined the expression pattern of genes relating to melanocyte development (Mitf, MelEM antigen, Kitl, Kit and EdnrB2) and melanin pigment production (Dct, Tyrp1, Tyr and Mmp115) in Bh mutant and wild-type embryos throughout development. As a result, we found that MelEM antigen was expressed in melanoblasts committed to produce black pigment before apparent melanogenic gene expression, and that Bh heterozygotes and homozygotes showed abnormal expression patterns of the MelEM antigen. These results indicate that MelEM antigen is a good marker for melanoblasts committed to produce black pigment, and suggests that the Bh locus directs melanocytes to produce eumelanin in proper positions. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(00)00482-2

TAFs are thought to play an essential role in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcription by mediating the expression of distinct subsets of genes. TAFII60/70 was studied in yeast, Drosophila and humans: in the present work, we analyzed the homologue PwTAFII70 in Pleurodeles. The gene is expressed in ovarian oocytes and throughout development, and the level of expression decreases in late embryos. The transcripts are localized in the animal hemisphere of the fertilized eggs and in the animal blastomeres of embryos at cleavage; later PwTAFII70 mRNA is expressed in the neural plate and folds. TAFII70 protein, which is present in fertilized eggs and throughout development, progressively shows a lower level of expression starting from the neurula stage. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The C. elegans Gene Iin-44, Which Controls the Polarity of Certain Asymmetric Cell Divisions,

Mutations in the C. elegans gene lin-44 lead to reversals in the polarity of certain asymmetric cell divisions. We have discovered that lin-44 is a member of the Wnt family of genes, which encode secretory glycoproteins implicated in intercellular signaling. Both in situ hybridization experiments using /in-44 transcripts and experiments using reporter constructs designed to mimic patterns of /in-44 expression indicate that lin-44 is expressed in hypodermal cells at the tip of the tail and posterior to the cells with polarities affected by /in-44 mutations. Our mosaic analysis indicates that /in-44 acts cell nonautonomously. We propose that LIN-44 protein is secreted by tail hypodermal cells and affects the polarity of asymmetric cell divisions that occur more anteriorly in the tail.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00437-3

The evolutionarily conserved basic helix±loop±helix (bHLH) transcription factors play important roles during development. Here we report the identi®cation of Nato3 ( nephew of atonal, fer3) orthologs in Drosophila, C. elegans, mouse, and man, all of which share a high degree of similarity within the bHLH domain. Expression analysis revealed Nato3 transcripts in the central nervous system of both ̄y and mouse embryos. In the ̄y, Dnato3 is highly expressed in 9±15 h embryos in a few ventral nerve cord cells and a subset of neurons in the brain. In mouse, the MNato3 transcripts were detected from embryonic day 7 until 5 weeks postnatally, with highest levels in the midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, and medulla oblongata. In contrast to the brain, expression in the spinal cord was limited to the embryonic stages. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Universal equation for argon gas cluster sputtering yields.

An analysis is made of the sputtering yields of materials for argon gas cluster ion beams used in SIMS and XPS as a function of the beam energy, E, and the cluster size, n. The analysis is based on the yield data for the elements Si and Au, the inorganic compound SiO2, and the organic materials Irganox 1010, the OLED HTM-1, poly(styrene), poly(carbonate), and poly(methyl methacrylate). The argon primary ions have cluster sizes, n, in the range 100–16 000 and beam energies, E, from 2.5 to 80 keV. It is found that the elemental and compound data expressed as the yields, Y, of atoms sputtered per primary ion may all be described by a simple universal equation: Y/n = (E/An)q/[1 + (E/An)q−1] where the parameters A and q are established by fitting. The sputtering yields of the three organic materials are given as yield volumes expressed in nm3. For these, an extra parameter B is included multiplying the right-hand side of the equation where B is found by fitting to be of the order (0.18 nm)3 to (0.26 nm)3. This.
PII: S0925-4773(99)00035-0

The netrins are a small but highly conserved family of axonal guidance signals found throughout the animal kingdom. This sequence conservation was used to isolated cDNAs for two mouse netrins. Analysis of their expression patterns and functional properties showed that mouse netrin-1 is in most respects similar to its orthologs in other vertebrates while the properties of netrin-3 differ markedly from those of other members of this protein family. In contrast to netrin-1 which is widely expressed both in the developing nervous system and in mesodermal tissues, netrin-3 transcripts are largely restricted to dorsal root ganglia and the developing limb buds. netrin-3 binds with a signi®cantly lower af®nity to the netrin receptor DCC and is also ineffective in eliciting the outgrowth of commissural axons in vitro. These results demonstrate that, although the netrins are highly conserved signals that guide axons to or away from the midline of the developing nervous system, at the same time they show a surprising degree of divergence in vertebrates. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(00)00453-6

We have adapted the whole-mount in situ hybridization technique to perform high-throughput gene expression analysis in mouse embryos. A large-scale screen for genes showing speci®c expression patterns in the mid-gestation embryo was carried out, and a large number of genes controlling development were isolated. From 35 760 clones of a 9.5 d.p.c. cDNA library, a total of 5348 cDNAs, enriched for rare transcripts, were selected and analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Four hundred and twenty-eight clones revealed speci®c expression patterns in the 9.5 d.p.c. embryo. Of 361 tag-sequenced clones, 198 (55%) represent 154 known mouse genes. Thirty-nine (25%) of the known genes are involved in transcriptional regulation and 33 (21%) in interor intracellular signaling. A large number of these genes have been shown to play an important role in embryogenesis. Furthermore, 24 (16%) of the known genes are implicated in human disorders and three others altered in classical mouse mutations. Similar proportions of regulators of embryonic development and candidates for human disorders or mouse mutations are expected among the 163 new mouse genes isolated. Thus, high-throughput gene expression analysis is suitable for isolating regulators of embryonic development on a large-scale, and in the long term, for determining the molecular anatomy of the mouse embryo. This knowledge will provide a basis for the systematic investigation of pattern formation, tissue differentiation and organogenesis in mammals. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00302-1

A complete cDNA encoding the Xenopus laevis homologue of the aggrecan/versican family member, brevican (Xbcan) was cloned from an embryonic stage 42 cDNA library. In the deduced amino acid sequence, 1152 in length, similarity to the hyaluronan-binding (link) domains of brevicans from other species were present in the N-terminal region as well as EGF-, lectinand complement regulatory proteinlike domains in the C-terminal part, the latter three being characteristic for brevican found within the extracellular matrix (J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 10119). Indeed, Xbcan was secreted into the extracellular space as a soluble protein when expressed in oocytes. No cDNAs encoding a GPI-anchored bcan variant could be isolated from that cDNA library. During embryonic development, the expression of this gene was ®rst observed in the notochord of neurula stage embryos. In addition to this, in tailbuds, Xbcan was also found to be expressed within the ®fth and sixth rhombomere of the hindbrain. In tadpole stage embryos, expression was furthermore observed in periventricular regions of the developing brain and the rostral part of the spinal cord. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00625-6

We examined the expression patterns of the two homologous genes, spinal cord-derived growth factor (SCDGF)/platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C/fallotein and SCDGF-B/PDGF-D in the rat central nervous system. In the spinal cord, SCDGF/PDGF-C/fallotein was expressed in the floor plate at embryonic day (E) 11 and also in the ventricular zone at E16 but not in adult. However, SCDGF-B/PDGF-D was prominently expressed in the adult motoneurons, although faint expression was observed in the ventral ventricular zone at E16. Also in the brain, the expression of SCDGF/PDGF-C/fallotein was more remarkable at E16 than at adult. It was highly expressed in the cortex, pontine area and choroid plexus at E16. Contrary to SCDGF/PDGF-C/fallotein, SCDGF-B/PDGF-D expression was notable in several nuclei at adult. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(99)00179-3

Here we report the cloning of zebra®sh erm and pea3 cDNAs, which are members of the PEA3 subgroup of Ets transcription factors. The expression patterns of these two genes were examined during zebra®sh embryogenesis. Maternal mRNAs of both genes are detectable and transcripts are found ubiquitously until the late blastula, in the marginal zone of gastrula stages and in the presumptive foreand hindbrain and in the trunk region of early somite stages. Later, erm expression is observed in distinct regions of the forebrain, the mid-/hindbrain boundary, the differentiating rhombomeres, branchial arches, otic vesicles, the pectoral ®ns, the somites and the tailbud in a dynamic fashion. In contrast, pea3 is not expressed in the rhombomeres but in the Rohon±Beard neurons, the sensory lateral line placodes and the heart. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(02)00061-8

The Drosophila hindgut develops three morphologically distinct regions along its anteroposterior axis: small intestine, large intestine and rectum. Single-cell rings of ‘boundary cells’ delimit the large intestine from the small intestine at the anterior, and the rectum at the posterior. The large intestine also forms distinct dorsal and ventral regions; these are separated by two single-cell rows of boundary cells. Boundary cells are distinguished by their elongated morphology, high level of both apical and cytoplasmic Crb protein, and gene expression program. During embryogenesis, the boundary cell rows arise at the juxtaposition of a domain of Engrailed (En)plus Invected (Inv)-expressing cells with a domain of Delta (Dl)-expressing cells. Analysis of loss-of-function and ectopic expression phenotypes shows that the domain of Dlexpressing cells is defined by En/Inv repression. Further, Notch pathway signaling, specifically the juxtaposition of Dl-expressing and Dlnon-expressing cells, is required to specify the rows of boundary cells. This Notch-induced cell specification is distinguished by the fact that it does not appear to utilize the ligand Serrate and the modulator Fringe. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(02)00219-8

Analysis of gene function in vertebrates is facilitated by gain-of-function studies, such as injection of synthetic mRNA in amphibian embryos. This approach is hampered by lack of spatial and temporal control of expression of the introduced gene product. An additional level of control is obtained by nuclear-transfer-mediated transgenesis, but functional analyses are complicated by variability and background abnormalities in primary transgenic embryos. The GAL4/UAS system permits establishment of stable lines and elimination of nucleartransfer-associated abnormalities, through generation of separate UAS-‘effector’ and GAL4 ‘transactivator’ transgenic lines. When the GAL4 DNA-binding domain is combined with a steroid hormone ligand-binding domain, this system allows full temporal regulation of transgene expression by introduction of an exogenous steroid analogue, the progesterone antagonist RU486. We show here that by crossing stable Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines, one bearing a UAS-enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) reporter construct, and the other with a GAL4–progesterone receptor fusion driven by a retina-specific promoter, reporter expression in the resulting embryos can be induced with RU486 in a tissue-specific manner. These results suggest that the inducible binary system, in which the target gene expression can be controlled in a stageand tissue-specific pattern, should be readily applicable for gene function studies at all stages of development. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(02)00211-3

Tubby is a mouse gene that may provide a model for adult-onset obesity in humans. It is a member of a four gene family in mammals that collectively encode the Tubby-like proteins (TULPs), putative transcription factors which share similar 260 amino acid ‘tubby domains’ at their C-termini. The mammalian genome also encodes distant relatives of TULPs, which have been called TUSPs (tubby domain superfamily proteins). We have characterized the transcription unit of the single Drosophila TULP homolog, analyzed the expression pattern of the Drosophila TULP and TUSP genes, and determined the evolutionary relationships between the Drosophila proteins and members of the tubby domain superfamily in other organisms. Interestingly, like its mammalian homologs, Drosophila TULP is principally expressed in the embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems. This suggests that mammalian and Drosophila TULPs may possess some conserved functional properties in the nervous system. The Drosophila TUSP gene is also expressed in the central nervous system and olfactory organ but in few other peripheral sensory organs. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00421-X

Vinexin, a recently identi®ed cytoskeletal protein, contains three SH3 domains and plays important roles in regulation of cytoskeletal organization and signal transduction. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we showed here that expression of vinexin a, the longer vinexin transcript, is strictly regulated, although the shorter transcript, vinexin b, is expressed almost ubiquitously during embryonic development in mice. Expression of vinexin a was limited to within part of the eye and heart in 10.5 dpc embryos. Analysis of cryosections of 10.5 dpc embryos showed that vinexin a was expressed in a dorsal half of the retinal pigment epithelium and in the out ̄ow tract and atrioventricular canal of the heart. Furthermore, we also found that vinexin a was expressed in the gonad and in a ventral part of the pons of 12.5 dpc embryos. These results indicated that the expression of vinexin a is strictly regulated in a temporally and spatially restricted manner. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00539-1

The Notch pathway regulates the differentiation of many cell types throughout development of higher metazoa. Different cellular responses are elicited through specific activation of distinct Notch target genes. In the Drosophila wing, for example, the cut gene is activated by Notch signaling along the dorso-ventral boundary but, as we show here, not in other cell types. We identify additional regulatory components, scalloped and strawberry notch, that are targets of the Notch pathway specifically within the wing anlagen. As suggested by physical interactions, these proteins could be co-factors of the cut trans-regulator Vestigial. Additional regulatory input comes from the Wingless pathway. Our data support a model, whereby context specific involvement of distinct co-regulators modulates Notch target gene activation. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.