Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental Analysis of the Formulation of Counterfactual Statements in Second Order Matching-to-Sample Tasks

A factual statement describes what has happened, while a counterfactual statement makes contrary-to-fact affirmations, such as alternatives to events that occurred (e.g., If I had been more disciplined, I would have managed to turn the article in on time”). The purpose of the current research was to identify the effects of counterfactual formulation on matching behavior when counterfactual statements are produced in repeated occasions. Thirty-five university students participated, distributed at random into five groups that were exposed to the formulation of factual statements, counterfactual statements, free text, auditory interference or nothing. The results showed that the production of counterfactual statements improved performance in the task, while interference made it more difficult; results from the other conditions were not significant in this respect. This finding suggests that the production of counterfactual statements may enhance control by the elements of the task and that the abstraction of a rule may not be the critical variable responsible for the effects of the counterfactual production.
Integrative transformation of Aspergillus oryzae with a plasmid containing the Aspergillus nidulans argB gene.

The transformation of Aspergillus oryzae has been achieved with a plasmid carrying the Aspergillus nidulans argB gene coding for ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCTase). The frequency of transformation was relatively low (0.7 transformants/μg DNA) but the transformed phenotype was extremely stable for many generations without selective pressure.Southern blot analysis revealed that transformation had occurred by integration of multiple tandem copies of plasmid DNA into the host genome through non-homologous recombination. There was no evidence of the existence of free plasmid in the transformants. The number of integrated copies of the plasmid ranged from 15 to 60. The specific activity of OCTase in the cell- free extract was proportional to the copy number of the plasmid, indicating that most of the integrated argB gene was expressed.
Acoustic Timescale Detonation Initiation in 2-D and its Relationship with the 1-D Description

One dimensional numerical simulations of spatially resolv ed thermal power deposition on the acoustic timescale have demonstrated a mechanism to achieve Defla gration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) [1–3]. This mechanism is characterized by heating a spatial ly resolved localized volume of fluid with lengthl and sound speed a for a durationth that is similar in magnitude to the acoustic timescale assoc iated with that fluid volumeta = l/a. This approach is contrasted with other approaches [4] that model detonation initiation subsequent to an instantaneous depo sition of energy at a plane or a point. These approaches are only valid in the limit that th ≪ ta such the dynamics associated with the creation of the initial shock wave occur fast enough that the energy is de posited in a completely constant volume process.
Cardiac Adaptation to Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury a

Abstract: Acute myocardial ischemia initiates a cascade of cellular events that lead to irreversible injury. We previously described the transient nature of heat‐shock induced cardioprotection; treatment with a catalase inhibitor abolished the cytoprotective actions without affecting expression levels of HSP71. Repeated, transient ischemic episodes augment the ischemic tolerance of affected myocardium but the fundamental cytoprotective mechanism(s) for both “early” and “delayed” preconditioning remains unclear. Increased cellular induction of protooncogenes, heat shock genes, and downstream effector proteins might play critical roles in the cytoprotection afforded by delayed preconditioning. We measured c‐fos, c‐jun, c‐myc, and hsp70 induction in preconditioned (2 × 5‐min ischemia/10‐min reperfusion) and control rabbit hearts that either underwent 30‐ or 120‐min coronary occlusion and 60‐min reperfusion, or did not undergo subsequent sustained ischemia; the latter hearts were allowed to recover for 0, 1, 3, 6, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours. Both c‐fos and c‐jun in ischemic tissue were strongly induced by ischemia‐reperfusion injury and preconditioning pretreatment. However, expression levels diminished significantly by 1‐h reperfusion and remained depressed during the 96‐h recovery period. Hsp70 (inducible) mRNA expression levels were highest primarily in ischemic myocardium after 6‐h recovery post‐preconditioning; Hsp70 levels in ischemic myocardium were slightly stronger after 48‐h recovery but subsequently diminished to barely detectable levels by 96‐h post‐preconditioning. Induction of c‐fos and c‐jun preceded that of Hsp70. These findings support the concept that upregulation of immediate early genes and heat shock genes plays an important role in myocardial adaptation to acute ischemic stress.
Top‐Down Impacts on Creosotebush Herbivores in a Spatially and Temporally Complex Environment

I studied top—down effects on creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) insect herbivores by protecting them from bird and arthropod predation. The purpose of my study was to investigate experimentally the differential and/or interactive effects of two predator guilds on herbivore densities. I performed my experiments on 24 creosotebushes at each of three sites within the Jornada Long—Term Ecological Research Site in the Chihuahuan Desert of southwestern New Mexico, USA. At each site the experiment consisted of: six creosotebushes from which birds were excluded with nylon mesh cages; six creosotebushes from which arthropod predators were removed by hand or aspirator; six creosotebushes from which both birds and arthropod predators were removed; and six control creosotebushes from which neither birds nor arthropod predators were removed. I conducted nondestructive nocturnal visual censuses of herbivores on each creosotebush at the beginning of the experiments in mid—May, 6 wk after the start of the experiment in late June, and 12 wk after the start of the experiment in early August. I conducted these experiments and censuses in 1993 and again in 1994. In both years the herbivore densities became significantly higher in experimental than in control creosotebushes. The effects of bird and arthropod predation on herbivore densities were additive in 1993, but they were compensatory in 1994. In 1994 arthropod predator densities became lower in creosotebushes from which birds had been removed than in creosotebushes from which birds had not been removed, but this result did not obtain in 1993. These results may be due to a combination of factors including: avian and arthropod predation on herbivores, “intraguild” predation of birds on arthropod predators, and competition within the herbivore community. The relative numerical impacts of the predator—removal experiments varied among seasons and among sites within either year, but temporal and spatial variation in predator impacts did not correlate strongly with known gradients of climatic or bottom—up heterogeneity in this system. The results of this study confirm the important direct and cumulative effects of multiple predator guilds, even against a complex background of temporal and spatial heterogeneity.
SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE CAPSID PROTEIN GENE OF AN ISOLATE OF Apple stem grooving virus, AND ITS SURVEY IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) is one of the most important viruses infecting fruit trees. This study aimed at the molecular characterization of ASGV infecting apple (Malus domestica) plants in Santa Catarina (SC). RNA extracted from plants infected with isolate UV01 was used as a template for RT-PCR using specific primers. An amplified DNA fragment of 755 bp was sequenced. The coat protein gene of ASGV isolate UV01 contains 714 nucleotides, coding for a protein of 237 amino acids with a predicted Mr of approximately 27 kDa. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein gene showed identities of 90.9% and 97.9%, respectively, with a Japanese isolate of ASGV. Very high amino acid homologies (98.7%) were also found with Citrus tatter leaf capillovirus (CTLV), a very close relative of ASGV. These results indicate low coat protein gene variability among Capillovirus isolates from distinct regions. In a restricted survey, mother stocks in orchards and plants introduced into the country for large scale fruit production were indexed and shown to be infected by ASGV (20%), usually in a complex with other (latent) apple viruses (80%).
New Global Fault Collapsing Techniques for Combinational Library Modules

Abstract Fault collapsing is the process of reducing the number of faults by using redundance and equivalence/dominance relationships among faults. Exact global fault collapsing (EGFC) can be easily applied locally at the logic gates; however, it is often ignored for library modules due to its high demand of resources such as execution time and/or memory. In this paper, we present three methods for global fault collapsing for library modules: (i) an EGFC method that uses binary decision diagrams, (ii) an approximate global fault collapsing method that uses fault simulation with random vectors and (iii) an EGFC method that uses both binary decision diagrams and fault simulation with random vectors. Experimental results show that the three methods reduce the number of faults drastically with feasible resources and produce significantly better results than existing approaches.
Ecophysiological status of bacteria in freshwater lakes during steep summer stratification

Bacterioplankton as a whole comprises a variety of individual cells ranging in physiological status from dead to highly active. Insight into the physiological status of bulk bacterioplankton allows the functional role of bacteria in a particular environment to be better understood. In the present study, three sharply stratifi ed freshwater lakes were studied because such lakes provide a wide variety of ecological niches in a relatively small scale. Water samples were taken from the major layers of the water column and the total number and productivity of bacteria were measured. Two staining methods were used to determine the abundance of cells with respiratory activity and cell membrane integrity. The proportions of dead, intact and respiring bacteria were highly variable. The highest percentage of dead cells observed was close to 90 %, while the highest proportion of respiring bacteria was 31 %. Assuming that only respiring bacteria were responsible for bacterial production, the observed generation times ranged from 7 h to 30 days. When all cells (total number of bacteria) were assumed to grow actively, the calculated generation time increased to 2 years. The relationship between biomass and production indicated that respiring bacteria had lower growth effi ciency in a shallow lake with high primary production; growth effi ciency was higher in a deep lake with lower primary production.
2D Numerical Analysis of Flowfield Interaction in a Multi-tube Pulse Detonation Engine

As a new and alternative propulsion device, Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) has much research interest and is developed for the purpose of practical use. The PDE has many advantages such as simplicity and easy scaling, high thermodynamic efficiency, and intrinsic capability of wide operating conditions (flight Mach number 0-5), compared with the conventional air-breathing engines [1]. The PDE supplies repetitive and intermittent thrust in its nature, and then high-frequency operation is indispensable in order to achieve high performance. As key technologies for the practical PDE, therefore, we consider how to generate stably a quasi-CJ detonation in a short distance and how to reduce the time required for one cycle. In our previous study [2], a purging and filling technique with coaxial jet “ignition-preventor” was proposed to shorten the cycle time and it was shown that this technique can reduce the cycle time effectively. But there is some limitation to reduce the cycle time safely for the single-tube PDE. Then several attempts to use multi-tubes [3-5] are seen in order to increase the operation frequency. To investigate the feasibility of such multi-tube PDE, it is very important to understand the complicated pressure wave interaction among the combustion channels during the PDE cycle. Rasheed et al. [5] show the irregular pressure fluctuations appear in a turbine inlet of their multi-tube pulse detonation combustor (PDC) system in spite of periodical and sequential firing of multi-tube combustors. There is a risk that such irregular pressure peaks cause an undesirable vibration of apparatus and destruction of a nozzle or turbine blades in the PDE. In this study, a two-dimensional oxyhydrogen PDE model with two combustion channels and a common nozzle is simulated numerically. The HLLE scheme with MUSCL method and the four-step Runge-Kutta time integration is used to solve two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, where a simplified two-step chemical reaction model is introduced to simulate a practical-size PDE configuration. The wave propagation and interaction inside the channels are discussed.
Immunological evidence that ECP‐like immunoreactive proteins are present in blood of vertebrates

Abstract Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a small, highly cationic, zinc—containing polypeptide of 16 to 22 kDa, is one of the most abundant proteins in eosinophil granules. It is markedly toxic for a variety of helminth parasites, hemoflagellates, bacteria, single—stranded RNA viruses and mammalian cells and tissues. While to date, the presence of ECP‐like molecules has only been demonstrated in humans and in some mammals, the Authors report some immunological evidence that indicates the presence of ECP—like immunoreactive proteins in serum of non‐mammalian vertebrates including chickens, two amphibian and several teleost species. Western blotting analysis on the same samples showed a complex electrophoretic pattern which suggests the existence of multiple ECP‐like proteins in the different evolutional level vertebrates.
Influence of Size and Shape of Aggregate on the Mechanical Response of Bituminous mixes: A-Review

Road Transport is critical infrastructure, it impacts the pace, structure, and model of advancement for a country. Along with this the road and highway sector perform a critical task in the economic growth of a country. In India, around 64.5 percent of goods are transported via road and nearly 90 percent of passenger traffic is by road. Due to an increased number of heavy vehicles, especially in Tropical regions, causes several performance problems asphalt pavements, which is the most common type of pavement in India, therefore in asphalt pavement wheel loads are delivered by particle-to-particle through the point of contact in the granular combination, by volume, granular combination generally accounts for 92 to 96 percent of asphalt mixture. The asphalt mixture produced in different aspects relates to the characteristic of the granular materials used in the mixes such as the physical characteristics and chemical characteristics of aggregates. The physical properties of the aggregates (gradation, fracture percentage, shape, texture), are among the factors effects on the mechanical property of the structure such as durability, performance, shear resistance, rutting, fatigue reaction, and OBC (optimum banding content) of the mixture. These parameters have long been studied by researchers and numerous validated experiments have been designed and developed to measure them. The present paper introduces an overview of various researches related to the mechanical response of asphalt mixtures by changing the size and shape of
Detailed and Reduced Mechanisms of Jet A Combustion at Low and High Temperatures

Practical fuels, such as aviation kerosene (Jet A), are multi-component fuels consisting of many different chemical species. A detailed, sufficiently accurate modeling of the relevant chemical reactions requires huge computational resources for calculations of reactive fluid dynamics and can be prohibitive even on advanced computing platforms. Hence, a simpler fuel model (surrogate), which exhibits an ignition behavior similar to kerosene, would be useful both in experimental investigations and in computational modeling. In fact, surrogates of real fuels are of great interest, since they can be used to study the effect of chemical composition and fuel properties instead of their parent fuel. Moreover, they can provide information essential for the development of numerical codes and kinetic models. In both cases, the final goal is to improve the efficiency of the real fuel itself and to aid in the design and development of combustors. In addition, the replacement of the real fuel by its surrogate makes it possible to apply first-principles methods to evaluation of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters required for mechanism development. This, in turn, allows the detonation and combustion characteristics of engineering interest to be predicted at a macroscopic level. Different surrogates for modeling the combustion of aviation fuels and available kinetic data for the ignition, oxidation and combustion of kerosene and surrogate mixtures are presented in the most comprehensive review by Dagaut P. [1]. The aims of this work are: 1. to develop a detailed first-principles mechanism that describes Jet A kerosene combustion reasonably well at high temperatures and to verify it with available experimental data ; 2. to reduce the detailed mechanism obtaining a physical mechanism of Jet A combustion that can be used in CFD code and to verify the reduced mechanism based on the available literature data. 3. to extend a reduced mechanism based on first principles so that it can describe the Jet A combustion behavior reasonably well at low, intermediate and high temperatures and to verify it with available experimental data. A surrogate mixture of 9.1 wt % hexane + 18.2 wt % benzene + 72.7 wt % decane was chosen for the development of the detailed kinetic model of Jet A combustion, because of it experimentally demonstrated a good agreement of ignition delay time and dynamics of reflected shock propagation with the corresponding characteristics of Jet A in a heated shock tube [2].
Fatty Acids, Antibiotic Resistance, and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Groups of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

The fatty acid compositions and multiple antibiotic resistance patterns of 32 strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum correlated with two major deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups. In group I, the fatty acid composition was 1.3% 16:1 cis9 acid, 3.6% 16:1C acid, 8.8% 16:0 acid, 1.2% 19:0 cyclopropane acid, and 81.2% 18:1 acid. Group II contained 0.5% 16:1C acid, 11.1% 16:0 acid, 0.8% 17:0 cyclopropane acid, 24.7% 19:0 cyclopropane acid, and 62.3% 18:1 acid. Group I strains were susceptible to rifampin (500 μg/ml), tetracycline (100 μg/ml), streptomycin (100 μ/ml), chloramphenicol (500 μg/ml), erythromycin (250 μg/ml), carbenicillin (500 μg/ml), and nalidixic acid (50 μg/ml), whereas group II strains were resistant to these antibiotics. Both groups were resistant to trimethoprim (50 μg/ml) and vancomycin (100 μg/ml).
New records of microalgae from the New Zealand alpine zone, and their distribution and dispersal

Abstract Chrysocapsa flavescens (Chrysophyceae), Botrydiopsis constricta (Xanthophyceae), and Chlamydomonas pseudogloeogama (Chlorophyceae) were recovered from the alpine zone and constitute new records for New Zealand. Pseudococcomyxa simplex and Stichococcus sp. were also found and subjected to molecular phylogenetic analysis for the first time. Klebsormidium dissectum was isolated for the first time from the alpine zone. RbcL sequences suggest a mix of range restrictions in these taxa, from very little (C. pseudogloeogama, highly similar to a Czech strain) to a well‐supported clade of New Zealand strains (K. dissectum). This mix of biogeographic patterns in these “soft algae” reflects those of the diatom flora, although evidence for widespread range restriction is presently less compelling. Despite the challenges posed by the difficulty of undertaking surveys of microbes, and a paucity of molecular data for many taxa, we suggest Baas Becking's widely quoted biogeographical tenet can be reconciled with both biogeographic structure and long‐distance dispersal under a simple probabilistic framework.
Speechreading Revisited

Abstract Although speechreading has always served an important role in the communication of deaf people, educational interest in speechreading has decreased in recent decades. This paper reviews speechreading in terms of speech processing, neural activity and literacy, and suggests that it has an important role in intervention programmes for all deaf children, including those with cochlear implants.
Different Distributions of α-Glucosidases and Amylases in Milling Fractions of Rice Grains

The distribution of starch-degrading enzymes in dormant rice grains was investigated with specific antibodies against α-glucosidases, α-amylases, and β-amylases. The α-glucosidases were predominantly localized in the inner endosperm. The α-amylases were mainly localized in the outer layers, and the β-amylases were distributed in whole grains. We propose a model to demonstrate how these enzymes degrade starch during rice cooking.
Correlation between Microsatellite Loci and Onset of Lay and Egg Quality Traits in Chinese Silkies, Gallus gallus

This study investigated the correlation between microsatellite DNA polymorphic loci and egg laying traits in Chinese Silkies (Gallus gallus) to find possible candidate loci for marker-assisted selection. 180 experimental birds were used, which were offspring of a dam line and a sire line of Silkies specialized for production and growth performances, respectively. Seventeen chicken-specific microsatellite markers were analyzed for polymorphism. Multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis were used to detect alleles and allele frequencies. All the 17 microsatellite markers were polymorphic. In all, 109 alleles were detected from these polymorphic loci, with a range of 4 to 10 alleles and an average of 6.41 alleles per locus. The frequencies of the 109 alleles ranged from 0.0090 to 0.7559. The average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.644, ranging from 0.357 to 0.859. The average observed heterozygosity of 17 markers was 0.335, and the average expected heterozygosity was 0.681, ranging from 0.370 to 0.876. Ten microsatellite loci were found to be correlated with four egg quality traits and two onsets of lay traits (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Within marker MCW0036, allele 164 had a positive correlation, while allele 174 had a negative correlation with shell proportion. In MCW0254, allele 114 had positive effect on albumen proportion trait, while alleles 108 and 110 had negative effect. Therefore, genotype 164/164 in MCW0036 and genotype 114/114 in MCW0254 are two potential candidate loci for egg quality traits in Chinese Silkies. Furthermore, genotypes 224/224 and 220/220 in MCW0036 are probably candidate loci for onset of lay traits in these birds. These findings would provide a valuable theoretical basis for marker-assisted selection for the improvement of production performances in Silkies.