Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vitro morphogenetic response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) to the elevated levels of copper and myo-inositol

The elevated levels of copper and myo -inositol in the MS medium were demonstrated to enhance culture growth and morphogenetic response of apple and pear explants. The results revealed that the highest number of branches per explant (2.80) for apple was obtained from the levels of 0.0+ 100 and 0.050+400 mg/l of both copper and myo -inositol, respectively (C1M2 and C4M4), while for pear 3.40 branches per explant were achieved from the same treatment. The mean length of branches was significantly lower in the case of the control treatment (the absence of copper and inositol). The highest number of leaves per explant (29.73 and 29.80) for both apple and pear, respectively, was recorded for treatment C4M4 (0.050+ 400 mg/l of both copper and myo -inositol, respectively. At the rooting stage, the elevated levels of copper and myo -inositol were very effective in stimulating root formation in both apple and pear shoots. The highest number of roots in apple (2.00 roots/ explant) was achieved while using 0.100+ 800 (C5M5) of both copper and myo -inositol, whereas the highest number of roots for pear (3.17 roots/ explant) was recorded for C6M6 (0.200+ 1600). The highest mean length of roots for apple reached 1.23 cm in treatment C3M3 and 1.10 cm for pear in treatment C6M6. These data suggest that the higher levels of copper and myo -inositol enabled shoot and root formation in the explants, and it might be necessary to use higher levels of these two medium components in order to enhance morphogenetic potential of explants.
Characterization of the Structure, Function and Assembly of the DrrAB Antibiotic Efflux Pump in Streptomyces Peucetius

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest families of transport proteins. The occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in human cancer cells has been correlated with the over expression of human ABC, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Streptomyces peucetius produces two anticancer agents, doxorubicin and daunorubicin, that belong to the anthracycline family of antibiotics. The organism is self-resistant to the potent effects of the antibiotics it produces due to the action of an efflux pump, DrrAB. Both Pgp and DrrAB carry out similar functions, but in two different cell types. An understanding of the bacterial drug transporter DrrAB is thus expected to help in obtaining a better understanding of the function and evolution of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein. In DrrAB, the catalytic and membrane domains are present on separate subunits, DrrA and DrrB respectively. How the catalytic ATP-binding domains and the membrane domains in transporters interact with each other, or how energy is transduced between them, is not well understood. We introduced several single cysteine substitutions in DrrB and then by using a cysteine to amine hetero-bifunctional cross-linker showed that DrrA interacts predominantly with the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail of DrrB. Within this region of DrrB, we also identified a sequence with similarities to the EAA motif found in importers of the ABC family of proteins, thus leading to the proposal that the EAA or the EAA-like motif may be involved in forming a generalized interface between the ABC and the TMD of both uptake and export systems. By using a combination of approaches, including point mutations and disulfide cross-linking analysis, we show here that the Q-loop region of DrrA plays an important role in dimerization of DrrA as well as in interactions with DrrB. Furthermore, we also show that the interaction of the Q-loop with the N-terminus of DrrB is involved in transmitting conformational changes between DrrA and DrrB. The scope of the present study further extends into identifying the factors involved in the biogenesis of the DrrAB pump. We have identified two accessory proteins namely, FtsH and GroEL that may be involved in proper folding and assembly of the transporter. INDEX WORDS: ABC transporter, Multidrug resistance, ATPase subunit, Transmembrane subunit, DrrAB, Q-loop, FtsH, GroEL, Disulphide cross-linking. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND ASSEMBLY OF THE DrrAB ANTIBIOTIC EFFLUX PUMP IN STREPTOMYCES PEUCETIUS
Personal and Social Aspects of Teacher Burnout in Georgia

The study aimed to identify personal and social factors having impact on teacher burnout in Georgia. The survey was conducted on 373 Georgian school teachers. Teacher burnout phenomena was studied in connection with psychological factor such as locus of control and social factors - school climate dimen - sions: Principals’ attitude to teachers, teachers’ attitude to colleagues and to students. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the research. The highest teacher burnout was identified on Emotio - nal Exhaustion subscale of burnout. Correlatios were confirmed between burnout and locus of control, school climate variables and burnout, teacher burnout and number of students. The research findings are important as teacher burnout identification and its prevention is closely connected to teacher well-being and health ultimately having impact on teaching quality.
Modelling the interplay between pest movement and the physical design of trap crop systems

Abstract 1 The interplay between pest movement and trap crop physical design is modelled in a situation where the pest moves by a random walk with spatially variable mobility. Questions addressed are: (i) how does the proportion of trap crop area of the total field area influence the equilibrium distribution of pests among the crop and the trap crop and (ii) how do crop patch size and shape influence the speed of pest redistribution from the crop to the trap crop.
Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands

Abstract In the present paper, cercosporoid hyphomycetes known from New Caledonia, Vanuatu (New Hebrides), Wallis and Futuna, and French Polynesia are summarised and discussed, along with a few collections from Fiji and Samoa. New species Cercospora phaseolicola, Cladosporium nigrel‐loides, Phaeoramularia malpighiae, Pseudo‐cercospora alocasiae, P. aracearum, P. artocarpicola, P. barringtoniicola, P. brassicae, P. dioscoreae, P. musicola, P. pipturicola, P. polysciatispinnatae, P. scaevolae, and P. vanuatuensis, the new variety Passalora mucunae var. denticulata, and the new genus Scolecostigmina are described. The new combinations Mycovellosiella gliricidiae, M. nervisequens, Passalora arachidicola, P. colocasiae, P. mucunae, Pseudocercospora alphitoniae, P. morindicola, P. musae‐sapienti, P. pterocarpicola var. guzmanii, P. vignicola, P. vexillatae, Scolecostigmina confluens, S. mangiferae, and S. tirumalensis are made. The genus Oreophylla is reduced to synonymy with Passalora.
Lecidea rubrocastanea, a new lichen species from conifer bark and wood in interior western North America (Lecanorales, lichenized ascomycetes)

Abstract: Lecidea rubrocastanea T. Sprib. & Printzen is described as new from conifer bark and wood in montane valleys of inland British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington State. It is characterized by its combination of a crustose olivaceous thallus lacking secondary lichen substances, small, dark burgundy-red or maroon apothecia, dark-capped paraphyses, Lecidella-type ascus, small, thin-walled ascospores, and bacilliform conidia. The generic affinities of the species based on analysis of ITS DNA are unclear, but it has numerous morphological traits in common with Japewia.
Long Term Effect of Economic Growth on Unemployment Level: In Case of Pakistan

This study investigates the long term impact of economic growth on unemployment of Pakistan, from 1990 to 2006, using ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration. The estimated result shows the existence of significant long run negative effect of economic growth on unemployment levels, whereas, in short run no relationship is observed. A one percent increase in economic growth is associated with reduction in the unemployment level by 1.665 percent in the long run. The coefficient of short run parameters is insignificant. The ECM term shows high speed of adjustment as 83 percent short run disequilibrium adjusts in a year. Pakistan should attempt to increase its economic growth, which will reduce its unemployment in the long run. Key word: Unemployment, Economic Growth, Okuns’ Law, ARDL approach to cointegration, Pakistan
Range expansion during the Pleistocene drove morphological radiation of the fir genus (Abies, Pinaceae) in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Himalayas

Range expansion caused by climate oscillations in the past probably promoted morphological radiation in a few plant groups. In this study, we aim to test this hypothesis through phylogeographical analysis of the cold-tolerant fir genus (Abies) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and Himalayas, where it comprises 12 described species. We examined sequence variation in two maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt) DNA fragments (nad5-4 and nad7-1) and two paternally inherited plastid DNA fragments (trnS-G and trnL-F) for 733 individuals from 75 populations of the species in a monophyletic group. Only six mtDNA haplotypes were recovered, but five were shared between multiple species and one occurred at a high frequency, providing strong evidence of range expansion. Forty-three plastid DNA haplotypes were detected, 19 of which were shared between species and three occurred at high frequency. Network, mismatch and Bayesian skyline plot analyses of all plastid DNA haplotypes from this clade clearly suggested range expansion. This expansion was dated as having occurred during the longest and most extensive glaciation in the Pleistocene. Our results therefore supported the range expansion hypothesis for this clade of Abies during the Pleistocene; expansion probably drove the morphological radiation of the clade in the QTP and Himalayas, although it remains unclear whether the different morphotypes should be acknowledged as independent, reproductively isolated species. (C) 2015 The Linnean Society of London.
The effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal concentrations of ammonia in animals given diets of grass silage

Summary A total of 15 rumen-cannulated sheep and four rumen-cannulated goats (Expt 3) were used in five latin square experiments designed to investigate the effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal ammonia concentration in animals given grass silage diets. In Expt 1 barley supplements were given at the same time, 1 h before or 2 h before a meal of silage. The treatments were designed to alter the synchronization between energy release from fermentation of barley and ammonia release from the degradation of silage N compounds. As compared with the unsupplemented control diet, barley supplements reduced (P < 0–05) rumen ammonia concentration and increased (P < 0–01) the number of total protozoa, but the time at which barley was given was without effect. In Expt 2 animals receiving silage or silage-barley diets were defaunated chemically. This treatment led to a 20–25 % reduction in rumen ammonia concentration. In Expt 3 supplements of maize starch, glucose and sucrose were compared. Mean ammonia concentrations were 231 mg/1 for the control unsupplemented diet and 205, 155 and 160 mg/1 (S.E. 21) for the starch, glucose and sucrose treatments. Corresponding numbers of protozoa were 7–7, 15–1, 6–1 and 6–3 x 10s/ml (S.E. 1–8). In Expt 4 the diets were unsupplemented silage or the same diet plus supplements of sucrose or xylose. Xylose reduced ammonia concentration more than sucrose, the values (mg/1) being 236 (control), 206 (sucrose) and 125 (xylose) (S.E. 19). There was no difference between the supplements in numbers of protozoa. Xylose induced a smaller reduction in pH, a higher (P < 0–05) proportion of acetate and a lower (P < 0–05) proportion of butyrate in rumen fluid than did sucrose. Effects of rumen pH were examined in Expt 5 where supplements of sucrose were given alone or together with NaHCO3. Rumen pH values were 6–38 for the control unsupplemented diet and 5–99, 6–28 and 6–55 (S.E. 0–06) for the diets supplemented with sucrose, sucrose plus 50 g NaHC03 and sucrose plus 100 g NaHCO3. Corresponding values for ruminal ammonia were 193, 151, 93 and 41 mg/1 (S.E. 10). Differences in VFA proportions between sucrose treatments were small and significant (P < 0–05) only for butyrate. It is concluded that there are important differences between carbohydrate sources in their effects on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Differences between starch and sugars appear to relate to the influence of the carbohydrates on the microbial population of the rumen, as was indicated by the differential effects of the carbohydrate sources on the number of total protozoa; differences between sugars appear to depend in part on the rates of sugar fermentation and the associated reduction in rumen pH.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE GENUS AURICULARIA (AURICULARIALES, BASIDIOMYCOTA) IN RUSSIA

The paper covers the study of the genus Auricularia in Russia. The taxonomic history of the genus and problems of its morphological systematics are described in details. The evolutionary relationships of species and species complexes were revealed based on a comparative study of the nucleotide sequences of nrDNA (ITS, rpb2). The occurrence of A. auricula-judae only in European of Russia part was conﬁ rmed by molecular data, whereas the morphologically similar species A. americana had the Far Eastern distribution in Russia. In total, 7 taxa of Auricularia have so far been recorded from Russia: known species A. mesenterica , A. minor , A. cornea , A. americana , A. auricula-judae , newly described species — A. villosula and undescribed Auricularia sp. An identiﬁ cation key to the studied Auricularia species and its morphological descriptions are also provided. Some collections previously doubtfully recognized as A. polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. and A. papyracea Yasuda appeared to belong to A. cornea , that was concluded from our detailed examination of their morphology and molecular data. The absence of these species at the territory of Russia was conﬁ rmed by our study.
Modeling cell interaction with the stiffness of the extracellular matrix

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Optimal Control of Photovoltaic Enabled Grid with Energy Storage System in Utility Side

This work introduces a model predictive control (MPC) scheme to reduce power loss and voltage oscillation for a grid connected with photovoltaic cells (PV) and battery energy storage system from utility side. The power consumption data from Southern California Edison (SCE) is used in the DistFlow equations to simulate the dynamics of a power distribution system. A simple battery model is built from terminal voltage versus state-of-charge (SOC) curves with different charge/discharge currents. The proposed MPC coordinates PV-inverter and battery to shift the real power generated from PV cells during the non-demanding time period to the peak time such that the voltage fluctuation can be reduced and meets the operational requirements. Through numerical studies, we show that the battery can be integrated into the end of distribution lines to efficiently manipulate the voltage whereas the power loss can be lowered by increasing the capacity of PV-inverter.
Mechanisms of Termite Spread in Wisconsin and Potential Consequences as a Result of Changing Climate Trends

Mature colonies of Reticulitermes spp. reproduce and spread mainly by secondary (rather than alate) reproductives throughout their geographical distribution, but especially near the northern boundaries of their range. Historically in Wisconsin, winged reproductives of the one established species, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), have been noted only a few times in ground-dwelling colonies and are thus not thought to spread in this manner. Previous research suggests that populations in Wisconsin were introduced by anthropogenic movement of infested materials, a hypothesis supported by recent results from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data. Both spatial and non-spatial genetic clustering models suggested strong genetic differentiation among all colonies sampled, indicating little transfer of genetic material. On May 02, 2012 numerous alate reproductives were seen in Janesville, Wisconsin, independent of heated structures after a particularly warm winter. Triggers of alate formation and the influence of temperature in alate differentiation are topics of ongoing research to better assess the risks for future termite introductions, which could rapidly expand the range of R. flavipes northward. INTRODUCTION Subterranean termites cause extensive damage to wood and wood products, with estimated annual damages in the billions of dollars. In North America the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), has a broad distribution and is responsible for much of this cost. This species is most common in southeastern North America but is found as far north as Wisconsin and some parts of Canada. Success of termite colonies results, in part, from their high level of developmental plasticity. Unlike social Hymenoptera, termites can undergo major phenotypic changes at various stages of development in response to changing colony needs or environmental conditions. In general, R. flavipes colonies reproduce by secondary or supplementary reproductives rather than primary, alate reproductives (Howard and Haverty 1980), resulting in large, subterranean populations. This is particularly true of colonies along the northern boundary of their distribution. In Wisconsin, alates have been reported numerous times from heated structures during the spring, but swarming of winged reproductives in the field has never been observed. Esenther (1969) noted alates in ground-dwelling colonies in May and June of 1966-1967, an observation that was not repeated until May 02, 2012, when hundreds of alates were seen at a field site in Janesville, Wisconsin. This observation followed a particularly warm winter, which may have played a role in differentiation into this rarely seen, terminal caste form (Figure 1). AMERICAN WOOD PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
QTL for grain yield under water stress and non-stress conditions over years in rice ('Oryza sativa' L.)

A RIL population (F12 and F13 generation) developed from a cross between the two indica cultivars, Danteshwari (high yielding variety) and Dagad deshi (drought tolerant local land race). The population was phenotyped under combination of absolute rainfed (RF), terminal stage drought (TSD) and irrigated (I) conditions with direct seeding and transplanting during 2011 and 2012 to identify QTL for grain yield. Genotyping of all 122 RIL lines were done using 162 polymorphic SSR and HvSSR markers. The phenotypic and genotypic data was analyzed using QTL cartographer 2.5 and QTL IciMapping 3.2. The recombinant inbred lines exhibited significant interaction with conditions. In general, the lines performing better under stress were poor under non-stress condition; however, two lines (#17 and 57) performed well under all sets of conditions. These lines had high tillering, 10 and 27 and spikelet fertility, 80 and 95% under stress and non-stress conditions, respectively. A total of 20 QTL were detected for grain yield under different conditions by employing QTL cartographer 2.5 and 7 QTL by employing QTL IciMapping 3.2; out of which 5 QTL were common under both the software. Among the major QTL, QTL on chromosome 1 (qDTY1.1) under rainfed transplanted condition between RM 3825 (143.7cM) to RM 302 (147.8cM) had LOD score of 5.09, QTL on chromosome 3 (qDTY3.3) under irrigated transplanted condition between RM 7 (64.0cM) to RM 232 (76.7cM) had LOD score of 6.59 and QTL on chromosome 11 (qDTY11.1) under TSD transplanted condition between RM 21 (85.7cM) to RM 26334 (90.0cM) had LOD score of 7.39. This study has resulted in identification of new major QTL, one on chromosome 11 (qDTY11.1) under TSD condition, which is different than most of other QTL reported by earlier workers. These QTL except qDTY 3.3, had positive additive effects, indicating that alleles at these loci increase grain yield under different conditions and come from tolerant parent Dagad deshi. Two regions of chromosome #1 and 3 had QTL for grain yield under stress as well as non-stress conditions. These genomic regions associated with grain yield under different conditions will be useful in marker assisted breeding for drought tolerance in rice.
Cooperative interaction of Igα and Igβ of the BCR regulates the kinetics and specificity of antigen targeting

Following the binding of antigens, the BCR transduces signals and internalizes antigens for processing and presentation, both of which are required for initiating an effective antibody response. The BCR, consisting of membrane Ig and Ig(alpha)/Ig(beta) heterodimer, facilitates antigen processing by accelerating antigen targeting to the processing compartment. Previous reports showed that Ig(alpha) or Ig(beta) alone is competent for internalizing antigens. However, both Ig(alpha) and Ig(beta) are required for BCR-enhanced antigen presentation. Using chimeric proteins containing the extracellular and transmembrane domains of human platelet-derived growth factor receptor fused with the cytoplasmic domain of Ig(alpha) or Ig(beta), we studied the roles of the cytoplasmic tails of Ig(alpha) and Ig(beta) in BCR-mediated antigen transport. The Ig(beta) chimera rapidly moves through the endocytic pathway to lysosomes, while the Ig(alpha) chimera slows down this movement. The Ig(alpha), but not the Ig(beta) chimera, is required for an increase in the turnover rate of the chimeras in response to stimulation. Only when Ig(alpha) and Ig(beta) chimeras are co-expressed do the chimeras rapidly and specifically target antigens to the processing compartment. These findings suggest that Ig(alpha) and Ig(beta) play distinct roles in BCR trafficking, and the cooperative interaction of Ig(alpha) and Ig(beta) controls and regulates the kinetics and specificity of antigen targeting.
Food and foraging behavior in relation to microhabitat use and survival of age-0 Atlantic salmon

We examined, using underwater snorkeling observations and field experiments, the influence of food availability on foraging behavior, habitat use, and survival of age-0 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the critical first-summer growth period. While most feeding attempts were directed at drifting invertebrate prey, we found a higher rate of benthic feeding forays than previously reported for salmon. Greater food abundance was associated with higher feeding foray rates, more time allocated to foraging, occupancy of higher microhabitat velocities, and greater first-year survival between two study streams. Experimental drift reduction reduced drift foray rates and triggered a change in behavior to increased benthic feeding. In contrast, within a single stream, greater predicted invertebrate drift in high-velocity microhabitats (1 m2) was unrelated to either microhabitat occupancy or drift foray rates of age-0 salmon. We suggest that, in some situations, salmonid foraging is related more directly to overal.