Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement instrument for all-polarization image information based on electro-optic modulation

In recent years, it has been demonstrated that polarization measurement is more informative than intensity measurement. As a result, acquisition and detection of polarized information is applied widely in various fields such as remote sensing, medical treatment and soon. However, most detect applications for the polarized information, and linear polarizer is described as the key device. Therefore, only linear polarized light information can be detected and other polarization is filtered.
Synthesis of poly(chloromethylstyrene‐b‐styrene) block copolymers by controlled free‐radical polymerization

The controlled free-radical polymerization of styrene and chloromethylstyrene monomers in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) has been studied with the aim of synthesizing block copolymers with well-defined structures. First, TEMPO-capped poly(chloromethylstyrene) was prepared. Among several initiating systems [self-initiation, dicumyl peroxide, and 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)], the last offered the best compromise for obtaining a good control of the polymerization and a fast polymerization rate. The rate of the TEMPO-mediated polymerization of chloromethylstyrene was independent of the initial concentration of TEMPO but unexpectedly higher than the rate of the thermal self-initiated polymerization of chloromethylstyrene. Transfer reactions to the chloromethyl groups were thought to play an important role in the polymerization kinetics and the polydispersity index of the resulting poly(chloromethylstyrene). Second, this first block was used as a macroinitiator in the polymerization of styrene to obtain the desired poly(chloromethylstyrene-b-styrene) block copolymer. The kinetic modeling of the block copolymerization was in good agreement with experimental data. The block copolymers obtained in this work exhibited a low polydispersity index (weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight < 1.5) and could be chemically modified with nucleophilic substitution reactions on the benzylic site, opening the way to a great variety of architectures. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3845–3854, 2000
Molecular simulation of swelling and structure for Na-Wyoming montmorillonite in supercritical CO2

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) simulations were used to study the swelling stability and interlayer structures of Na-montmorillonite clay in supercritical CO2 (scCO2). From the GEMC simulation, it was found that there exist several stable mechanical spacings for Na-Wyoming montmorillonite immersed in scCO2, which are larger than the stable spacing in vacuum condition. The swelling behaviour of Na-montmorillonite clay in scCO2 fluid is thermodynamically favourable. However, it was also observed that the clay swelling is inhibited when in contact with CO2 gas at atmospheric pressure. The interlayer structures were applied to investigate the mechanism of swelling. In the case of stable spacings, the interlayer sodium cations are not only well solvated with the surrounding CO2 molecules but also show stronger tendency to adhere to the clay surface.
Simulation of the structure of organosilane film coatings

Organosilane compounds are easily coated onto metal and oxide substrates to form protective coatings. In this contribution we consider the intrinsic stability of these films using the surfaces of iron to define 2D arrangements of the molecules within a film. Molecular dynamics simulation is used to analyse the packing energy and structure of the resulting films for two example organosilane molecules differing in chain length. The longer chain is found to form structures with higher absolute values of the packing energy.
Influence of Fungal Fermentation on the Development of Volatile Compounds in the Puer Tea Manufacturing Process

Puer tea is a unique Chinese fermented tea with natural flora manufactured in Yunnan Province of China. Very complex changes take place to form special quality and flavor characteristics in Puer tea due to the coordination of microbial metabolic action and natural oxidation. This paper investigates the isolation and identification of fungi responsible for the fermentation and the development of main volatile compounds of Puer tea during the fermentation process by means of GC/MS. Aldehydes and ketones in parched green tea (raw material) with low boiling‐points decreased significantly, while the amount of terpene alcohols – such as linalool and linalool oxides, methoxybenzene and derivatives, and indole – increased remarkably from the parched green tea to the Puer tea product after the manufacturing process. Degradation caused by heat and microbial growth at the piling stage likely played a key role in the generation of these compounds that contributed to the aromatic characteristics of Puer tea. It is hypothesized that the fungus Aspergillus niger plays a decisive role in the development of the volatile compounds.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detected Temperature Programmed Desorption: Optical Properties, Nanostructure, and Stability of Silver Film over SiO2 Nanosphere Surfaces

In this work, silver film over silica nanosphere (AgFON) surfaces are shown to be thermally stable, SERS-active substrates that are suitable for use in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The metal FON surface is a materials general, cost-effective, and highly SERS-active surface. The SERS activity and thermal stability were investigated by adsorbing benzene, pyridine, and C60 onto the AgFON surface. We chose these adsorbates for the following reasons: (1) vibrational spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) behavior of benzene adsorbed onto metal surfaces has been widely investigated and is a simple system to study, respectively; (2) characteristics of pyridine adsorption on the AgFON surface can be compared to a large body of previous studies; and (3) high-temperature studies of C60 adsorption can be performed. TPD demonstrates that the AgFON surface has two classes of adsorption sites: (1) those that mimic the behavior of single crystal surfaces and (2) defect sites with higher adsorba.
Endothelial vasodilator production by ovine uterine and systemic arteries: ovarian steroid and pregnancy control of ERα and ERβ levels

Pregnancy and the follicular phase are physiological states of elevated oestrogen levels and rises in uterine blood flow (UBF). The dramatic increase in utero‐placental blood flow during gestation is required for normal fetal growth and development. Oestrogen exerts its vasodilatory effect by binding to its specific oestrogen receptors (ER) in target cells, resulting in increased expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to relax vascular smooth muscle (VSM). However, the regulation of endothelial versus VSM ERα and ERβ expression in uterine arteries (UAs) during the ovarian cycle, pregnancy and with exogenous hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are currently unknown. ER mRNA and protein localization was determined by in situ hybridization (ISH) using 35S‐labelled riboprobes and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. UA endothelial (UAendo), UA VSM, omental artery endothelium (OA endo), and OA VSM proteins were isolated and ERα and ERβ protein expression was determined by Western analysis. We observed by ISH and IHC that ERα and ERβ mRNA and protein were localized in both UAendo and UA VSM. Immunoblot data demonstrated ovarian hormone specific regulation of ERα and ERβ protein in UAendo and UA VSM. Compared to luteal phase sheep, both ERα and ERβ levels in UAendo were elevated in follicular phase sheep. Whereas ERβ was elevated by pregnancy in UAendo and UA VSM, ERα was not appreciably altered. eNOS was increased in UAendo from follicular and pregnant sheep. Ovariectomized ewes (OVEX) had substantially reduced UAendo ERβ, but not UAendo ERα or OAendo ERα and ERβ. In contrast, OVEX increased UA VSM ERα and ERβ and decreased OA VSM ERα and ERβ. Treatment with oestradiol‐17β (E2β), but not progesterone or their combination, increased UAendo ERα levels. The reduced ERβ in UAendo from OVEX ewes was reversed by E2β and progesterone treatment. While ERα and eNOS were not elevated in any other reproductive or non‐reproductive endothelia tested, ERβ was augmented by pregnancy in uterine, mammary, placenta, and coronary artery endothelia. ERα and ERβ mRNA and protein are expressed in UA endothelium with expression levels depending on the endocrine status of the animal, indicating UA endothelium is a target for oestrogen action in vivo, and that the two receptors appear to be differentially regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion with regard to the reproductive status or HRT.
Comparative study on sensitivity of different physiological properties of Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleiden to Cr (VI) treatments

The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of various growth and biochemical traits in axenic S. polyrrhiza cultures under chromium (VI) stress. Frond number, fresh weight of plants, number and elongation of roots, frond area, photosynthetic pigment content and anthocyanin accumulation of plants responded sensitively to Cr (VI) treatments in the applied concentration range. Anthocyanic abaxial leaf surface and anthocyanin content of plants showed extremely high sensitivity to Cr (VI) reaching multifold levels to that of control values. Acta Biol Szeged 52(1):181-182 (2008)
4-Furoyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexa­hydro-r-2,c-7-di­phenyl-1H-1,4-diazepin-5-one: supramolecular aggregation through C—H⋯O interactions

In the title compound, C22H20N2O3, the phenyl substituents adopt equatorial orientations. The seven-membered heterocyclic ring adopts a distorted chair conformation. In the solid state, the symmetry-related mol­ecules are linked by intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a supramol­ecular aggregation.
Experimental tests of a new correlated chromophore domain model of self-healing in a dye-doped polymer

Temperature-dependent photodegradation and recovery studies of Dipserse Orange 11 (DO11) dye dissolved in poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene polymer hosts are used as a test of a new model that builds on the recently proposed correlated chromophore domain model. [Ramini and Kuzyk, J. Chem. Phys., 2012, 137, 054705. ] Our model posits that dye molecules form domains or aggregates. The nature of aggregation or how it mediates self-healing is not yet well understood. In this paper we present evidence that supports the hypothesis that the dye molecules undergo a change to a state with higher dipole moment whether it be a tautomer or a TICT state and hydrogen bond with the amines and keto-oxygens of the polymer. Groupings of such molecules in a polymer chain form what we call a domain, and interactions between molecules in a domain make them more robust to photodegradation and mediate self-healing. All of the data is found to be consistent with our new model in the time–temperature–intensity–concentration domain.
A panel study on the relationship between biofuels production and sustainable development

ABSTRACT Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources on which policy makers are greatly dependent on since it is a flexible feedstock capable of conversion into electricity, transport liquid fuels and heat by chemical and biological processes on demand. Though numerous publications have examined the relationship of economic growth with renewable energy and other parameters, biomass energy has never been included in these studies. Then, this study examines the causal relationship within a multivariate panel cointegration/error correction framework which combines the cross-section and time series data while allowing for heterogeneity across different provinces. After employing panel data regression model ranging from 2003 through 2012 to examine the relationships of biofuels production with sustainable development in China, the paper concludes that the development of biofuel energy production integrated with the consideration of the improvement of income per capita, and the attraction of more capital investment, does make a significant contribution to economic growth. However, some negative side effects including the increase of greenhouse emissions and the decrease of marginal land still coexist with the economic development. Of course, the importance of these findings lies on their implications and their adoption on strategic policies.
Gel swelling theories: the classical formalism and recent approaches

In this work, the classical theory of polymer/polyelectrolyte gel swelling is reviewed. This formalism is easy to understand and has been widely applied to gels and microgel particles. Nevertheless, its limitations and obscure aspects should be known before use. The case of temperature-sensitive gels is discussed in some detail because it deserves particular clarification. The application to experimental swelling data (of both gels and microgels) is also reviewed. In this way, strengths and weaknesses of this approach can be elucidated. Moreover, other formalisms are also outlined. Many of them are inspired by the classical one. Their improvements are briefly commented in this case. Others are based on different grounds.
Analysis of Energy‐Efficient Complex Distillation Options to Purify Bioethanol

Three complex extractive distillation options were studied for the purification of a dilute mixture of ethanol and water. The first option uses an extractive distillation column and the other two options use thermally coupled extractive distillation sequences. The results indicate that the fully thermally coupled extractive option can reduce energy consumption by ca. 30 % compared to the scheme that uses an extractive distillation column. This fully thermally coupled extractive distillation sequence can produce ethanol as distillate with a mass fraction of 0.995, the entrainer as the bottoms product and a mixture of ethanol and water as the sidestream.
EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA LEAF AND STEM EXTRACT

The present study is the continuation of a program aimed at investigation of photochemical properties of Andrographis paniculata leaf and stem extract to justify the traditional claim endowed upon this herbal drug as a rasayana in Ayurveda. Andrographis paniculata is a member of the family Acanthaceae. It is commonly known as kalmegh, bhumineeb, chirayata. It is a valuable traditional medicinal plant. It has antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective cardiovascular and anti-virus including inhibited HIV properties. The plant commonly used by the local people, for the treatment of common cold, fever, Malaria, liver diseases, snakebite diabetes, and some skin infection. Phytochemical screening of the methanol, petroleum ether, acetone and chloroform extract of leaves and stem bark of Andrographis paniculata Linn showed the presence of glycosides, phytosterol, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids in all extractions fragments. The presence of terpenoids as major constituents of the plant leaves as well as stem bark…
Accounting for changes in soil carbon under the Kyoto Protocol: need for improved long‐term data sets to reduce uncertainty in model projections

Abstract. Soils can be used as a biospheric sink for carbon under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol and parties are able to use agricultural soil carbon sinks to contribute towards carbon emission reduction targets. This should be done ‘taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, and verifiability’. Models are often tested against data sets of long‐term changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), but most data sets have only mean SOC values available at each sample date, with no estimates of error about the mean. We show that when using data sets that do not include estimates of error about the mean, it is not possible to reduce the error (root mean squared error) between modelled and measured values below 6.8–8.5%, even with site‐specific model calibration. Equivalent errors for model runs using regional default input values are 12–34%. Using error as an indicator of the certainty that can be attached to model projections, we show that a significant reduction in uncertainty is needed for Kyoto accounting. Uncertainties for modelling during the first Kyoto Commitment Period could be reduced by better replication of soil measurements at benchmark sites. This would allow model error to be separated from measurement error, which would allow more comprehensive model testing and, ultimately, more certainty to be attached to model predictions.
Investigations on Single Phase Formation of Dy Doped Y3Al5O12 Nanoparticles

We report the preparation of single phase Dy doped Y3Al5O12 nanoparticles by modified sol-gel technique. The modified sol-gel method consists of a mixture of nitrates in an aqueous media and citric acid as chelating agents. Ethylene glycol was used for esterification. Dy doping concentration was optimized and kept at 1 at. % in the present work. Single phase nanocrystalline material obtained at 850°C. Prepared powder was annealed at different temperatures. These nanoparticles were characterized for size and microstructure using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Average particle sizes were found ranging ∼20-50 nm.
Solid state luminescence of copper(I) (pseudo)halide complexes with neocuproine and aminomethylphosphanes derived from morpholine and thiomorpholine

The copper(I) iodide or copper(I) isothiocyanate complexes with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) and two interesting aminomethylphosphanes: P(CH2N(CH2CH2)2O)3 (1) and novel P(CH2N(CH2CH2)2S)3 (2): CuI(dmp)P(CH2N(CH2CH2)2O)3 (1I), which was presented in our previous papers, CuI(dmp)P(CH2N(CH2CH2)2S)3 (2I), CuNCS(dmp)P(CH2N(CH2CH2)2O)3 (1T) and CuNCS(dmp)P(CH2N(CH2CH2)2S)3 (2T) are discussed in this work. The chemical structures of three new complexes were determined in solution by means of NMR spectroscopy and in solid state using X-ray measurements. For all presented complexes the coordination geometry about the Cu(I) centre is pseudo-tetrahedral showing the small flattening and large rocking distortions. All compounds crystallize as the discrete dimers bound by π-stacking interactions between dmp rings, which strongly depend on the phosphane ligand. Investigated complexes exhibit orange photoluminescence in the solid state of highly diversified intensity, position of the luminescence band and the lifetimes. On the basis of TDDFT calculations, the CT bands observed in UV-Vis spectra are assigned to the two mixed transitions from the CuX (X = I or NCS) bond with a small admixture of the CuP bond to π* orbitals of the dmp ligand: (MX,MPR3)LCT. However, emission bands can be interpreted to be of (MX)LCT type.
Recent advances in the synthesis of quinolines: a review

Quinolines have become important compounds because of their variety of applications in medicinal, synthetic organic chemistry as well as in the field of industrial chemistry. In recent years there are greater societal expectations that chemists should produce greener and more sustainable chemical processes. This review article gives information about the green and clean syntheses using alternative reaction methods for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives. The article includes synthesis by microwave, using clay or some other catalyst which could be recycled and reused, one-pot reaction, solvent-free reaction conditions, using ionic liquids, ultrasound promoted synthesis and photocatalytic synthesis (UV radiation).
Perfluorinated Dendrimers Based on Calix[4]arenes and Cyclam: Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Biological Activities

Four new dendritic structures carrying perfluorobenzyl bromide on the surface and calix[4]arene and cyclam as a core were synthesized by using the convergent approach. These structures were determined by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analysis. Thermal stabilities of fluorinated dendritic structures were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Activation energies and thermal degradation of the structures were calculated with the Ozawa method. Thermogravimetric analysis of the dendritic structures reveals that the thermal stability of the structures increases with an increase in the number of the fluorine atoms. Dendritic structures synthesized were tested for their antimicrobial activity against, Salmonella typhimurium NRRLB, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC-29212, Bacillus cereus ATCC-117787, Klepsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis NRS-744 and Proteus vulgoris, Yersinia enterolitica, Saccharomyces cereviciae. The structures showed comparative activity against different strains of bacteria. Biological activities of the dendritic structures were seen to increase with an increase in fluorination and the number of nitrogen atoms.
Assessment of liquid chromatographic method robustness by use of Plackett-Burman design

Summary Robustness testing is an important part of method validation. Many ideas on robustness testing can be found in the literature, but the most useful approach is application of experimental design. In the work discussed in this paper, Plackett-Burman design was used for robustness testing of an LC method. Robustness was assessed for a previously validated method developed for chromatographic analysis of perindopril tert-butylamine and its impurities. Eleven factors (seven real and four dummies) in twelve experiments were examined. Robustness was assessed by graphical (half-normal probability plots and Pareto charts) and statistical (t-test) methods. For estimation of the standard error of effect (necessary for t-test estimation) calculations based on negligible effects and Dong's algorithm were used at the significance levels α= 0.05 and α = 0.01. In this way the effect of the factors was completely defined and, furthermore, nonsignificant intervals for significant variables were calculated. Finally,.
Dielectrophoresis: Using Inhomogeneous AC Electrical Fields to Separate and Manipulate Cells

AbstractDielectrophoresis is the motion of particles caused by electrical polarization effects in inhomogeneous (nonuniform) electric fields. Unlike electrophoresis, the particles do not require a net electrical charge for motion to occur and AC rather than DC fields are employed to exploit the dielectric properties of the particles. Factors controlling the effective dielectric properties of cells and microorganisms include electrical double layers associated with surface charges, the conductivity and permittivity of their membranes and any cell walls, and their morphologies and structural architectures. In recent years, several laboratories have developed separation and manipulation techniques for cells and microorganisms based on dielectrophoresis, using both static and traveling AC fields. In this article, the basic physical factors influencing the dielectrophoretic behavior of particles are outlined, and ways in which these can be employed to achieve selective separation of cells and microorganisms ar.
Phytase from Wheat Bran

myo-Inositol mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentaphosphate were prepared by enzymic hydrolysis of myo-inositol hexaphosphate with a 1,500-fold purified phytase preparation from wheat bran and the subsequent Dowex 1 column chromatography. Relative initial rates of hydrolysis of these inositol phosphates by phytase were nearly the same each other and the activation energy of hydrolysis was about 11,000 cal. per mole for all these substrates. Km values did not vary widely with the substrates. The hydrolysis of inositol phosphates proceeded in a complicated way, except inositol monophosphate, where the reaction was of the first order. The enzyme hydrolyzed the substrates in the manner that removed phosphate group of them one by one. When mixed substrate was used the enzyme showed a preferential attack on the highest member of the phosphates present. From the mixed substrate test, it was concluded that wheat bran phytase is a single enzyme.