Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pt-Decorated highly porous flower-like Ni particles with high mass activity for ammonia electro-oxidation

Pt-Decorated Ni particles with different surface morphologies were directly prepared on a conducting substrate for use as electrocatalysts for ammonia electro-oxidation. The whole preparation process avoided the use of surfactants, binders, and reducing and capping agents. Flower-like Ni particles consisting of interconnected thin nanosheets and featureless Ni particles with a relatively smooth surface were obtained by controlling the electrodeposition potential. Pt-Decorated Ni particles were prepared by the galvanic replacement reaction between Ni particles and Pt2+ ions. The surface morphology and chemical composition of Pt-decorated Ni particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Pt loading was determined by an inductively coupled plasma method, and the electrocatalytic activity of the prepared electrocatalysts was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that there is a significant effect of the surface morphology of Ni particles and the Pt replacement time on the electrocatalytic activity. In particular, Pt-decorated flower-like Ni particles with a highly porous structure exhibited a high mass activity of 75.32 mA mg−1, which was 2 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. The improved activity is attributed not only to the highly porous flower-like morphology, but also to the presence of nanopores and small 2–3 nm sized Pt grains with good dispersion on the petals of flower-like particles.
Model‐Informed Therapeutic Dose Optimization Strategies for Antibody–Drug Conjugates in Oncology: What Can We Learn From US Food and Drug Administration–Approved Antibody–Drug Conjugates?

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the specificity of an antibody with the cytotoxicity of a chemical agent. They represent a rapidly evolving area of oncology drug development and hold significant promise. There are currently nine ADCs on the market, more than half of which gained US Food and Drug Administration approval more recently, since 2019. Despite their enormous promise, the therapeutic window for these ADCs remains relatively narrow, especially when compared with other oncology drugs, such as targeted therapies or checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the five dosing regimen optimization strategies that have been leveraged to broaden the therapeutic window by mitigating the safety risks while maintaining efficacy. These include body weight cap dosing; treatment duration capping; dose schedule (e.g., dosing frequency and dose fractionation); response‐guided dosing recommendations; and randomized dose‐finding. We then discuss how the lessons learned from these studies can inform ADC development going forward. Informed application of these dosing strategies should allow researchers to maximize the safety and efficacy for next‐generation ADCs.
The influence of HLA genotype on the severity of COVID‐19 infection

The impact of COVID‐19 varies markedly, not only between individual patients but also between different populations. We hypothesised that differences in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes might influence this variation. Using next generation sequencing, we analysed the class I and class II classical HLA genes of 147 individuals of European descent experiencing variable clinical outcomes following COVID‐19 infection. Forty‐nine of these patients were admitted to hospital with severe respiratory disease. They had no significant pre‐existing comorbidities. We compared the results to those obtained from a group of 69 asymptomatic hospital workers who evidence of COVID exposure based on blood antibody testing. Allele frequencies in both the severe and asymptomatic groups were compared to local and national healthy controls with adjustments made for age and sex. With the inclusion of hospital staff who had reported localised symptoms only (limited to loss of smell/taste, n = 13) or systemic symptoms not requiring hospital treatment (n = 16), we carried out ordinal logistic regression modelling to determine the relative influence of age, BMI, sex and the presence of specific HLA genes on symptomatology. We found a significant difference in the allele frequency of HLA‐DRB1*04:01 in the severe patient compared to the asymptomatic staff group (5.1% vs. 16.7%, P = .003 after adjustment for age and sex). There was a significantly lower frequency of the haplotype DQA1*01:01‐DQB1*05:01‐DRB1*01:01 in the asymptomatic group compared to the background population (P = .007). Ordinal logistic regression modelling confirmed the significant influence of DRB1*04:01 on the clinical severity of COVID‐19 observed in the cohorts. These alleles are found in greater frequencies in the North Western European population. This regional study provides evidence that HLA genotype influences clinical outcome in COVID‐19 infection. Validation studies must take account of the complex genetic architecture of the immune system across different geographies and ethnicities.
Outcomes of bronchial artery embolization for the management of hemoptysis

Introduction: Hemoptysis is an alarming symptom that requires immediate investigation and management. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a minimally invasive procedure that has become the treatment of choice of recurrent and massive hemoptysis. Aim: To assess the efficacy and safety of BAE for management of recurrent and/or massive hemoptysis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out of the medical records of 46 patients who were hospitalized in our department of pneumology in Mohamed Taher Maamouri hospital for hemoptysis and who underwent bronchial arteriography (BA) for the purpose of transarterial embolization. Results: The most frequent causes of hemoptysis included idiopathic bronchiectasis (32.6%), pulmonary tumors (26%) and tuberculosis (8.6%) Embolization was successfully performed in 97.5% of cases. Immediate cessation of haemoptysis was achieved in 95%. Recurrence of haemoptysis was noted in 12% of cases. No major complication involving the vital or the functional prognosis, related to BAE was noted. Conclusions: Our study confirms the safety and the efficacy of the BAE for management of massive and/or recurrent hemoptysis.
Chromatin remodeller CHD7 is required for GABAergic neuron development by promoting PAQR3 expression

Mutations in the chromatin remodeller‐coding gene CHD7 cause CHARGE syndrome (CS). CS features include moderate to severe neurological and behavioural problems, clinically characterized by intellectual disability, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. To investigate the poorly characterized neurobiological role of CHD7, we here generate a zebrafish chd7−/− model. chd7−/− mutants have less GABAergic neurons and exhibit a hyperactivity behavioural phenotype. The GABAergic neuron defect is at least in part due to downregulation of the CHD7 direct target gene paqr3b, and subsequent upregulation of MAPK/ERK signalling, which is also dysregulated in CHD7 mutant human cells. Through a phenotype‐based screen in chd7−/− zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that the small molecule ephedrine restores normal levels of MAPK/ERK signalling and improves both GABAergic defects and behavioural anomalies. We conclude that chd7 promotes paqr3b expression and that this is required for normal GABAergic network development. This work provides insight into the neuropathogenesis associated with CHD7 deficiency and identifies a promising compound for further preclinical studies.
Vitamin E: necessary nutrient for neural development and cognitive function

Vitamin E, discovered in 1922, is essential for pregnant rats to carry their babies to term. However, 100 years later, the molecular mechanisms for the vitamin E requirement during embryogenesis remain unknown. Vitamin E's role during pregnancy has been difficult to study and thus, a vitamin E-deficient (E–) zebrafish embryo model was developed. Vitamin E deficiency in zebrafish embryos initiates lipid peroxidation, depletes a specific phospholipid (DHA-phosphatidyl choline), causes secondary deficiencies of choline, betaine and critical thiols (such as glutathione), and dysregulates energy metabolism. Vitamin E deficiency not only distorts the carefully programmed development of the nervous system, but it leads to defects in several developing organs. Both the α-tocopherol transfer protein and vitamin E are necessary for embryonic development, neurogenesis and cognition in this model and likely in human embryos. Elucidation of the control mechanisms for the cellular and metabolic pathways involved in the molecular dysregulation caused by vitamin E deficiency will lead to important insights into abnormal neurogenesis and embryonic malformations.
A combination of green tea, rhodiola, magnesium and B vitamins modulates brain activity and protects against the effects of induced social stress in healthy volunteers

ABSTRACT Background Magnesium (Mg), green tea and rhodiola extracts have, in isolation, been shown to possess stress and anxiety relieving effects. Green tea and rhodiola have been shown to modulate EEG oscillatory brain activity associated with relaxation and stress perception. The combined capacity of these ingredients to confer protective effects under conditions of acute stress has yet to be examined. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of Mg (with B vitamins) + green tea + rhodiola would acutely moderate the effects of stress exposure. Methods A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, parallel group design was employed (Clinicaltrials.gov:NCT03262376; 25/0817). One hundred moderately stressed adults received oral supplementation of either (i) Mg + B vitamins + green tea + rhodiola; (ii) Mg + B vitamins + rhodiola; (iii) Mg + B vitamins + green tea; or (iv) placebo. After supplementation participants were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test. The effects of the study treatments on electroencephalogram (EEG) resting state alpha and theta, subjective state/mood, blood pressure, heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses after acute stress exposure were assessed. Results The combined treatment significantly increased EEG resting state theta (p < .02) – considered indicative of a relaxed, alert state, attenuated subjective stress, anxiety and mood disturbance, and heightened subjective and autonomic arousal (p < .05). Conclusions Mg, B vitamins, rhodiola and green tea extracts are a promising combination of ingredients that may enhance coping capacity and offer protection from the negative effects of stress exposure. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03262376.
Intimate Partner Stalking/Pursuit: A Pathophysiology of Attachment Style

Approximately half of stalking victims were previously in an intimate relationship with the perpetrator, and attachment style is strongly correlated with intimate partner stalking (IPS). In the first study to investigate polyvagal theory in IPS, we examined 58 adult participants’ attachment style, sex, history of IPS, vagal tone activity (i.e., heart rate variability; HRV), and cognitive processing disruptions (i.e., Stroop performance) in either participants who wished a relationship or in those who wished to maintain a relationship post-break-up. Results showed that males were more likely to perpetrate IPS than females. Anxious-style participants were more likely to have perpetrated IPS, showed greater cognitive disruption and HRV than avoidant-style participants. Our results support theories that attachment is a biological imperative with neurobiological implications that can be indexed physiologically and cognitively. This study is the first to demonstrate a pathophysiology of attachment style to IPS, in a replicable way. IPS is discussed as reflective of disordered arousal and related to anxiety. Recommendations for further research and clinically-relevant interventions are presented.
Psychological impairments in individuals with history of ankle sprain: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) can be used to assess and monitor psychological health following musculoskeletal injury. Studies have reported decreased psychological health after lateral ankle sprain (LAS) using numerous PROs. The purpose of this systematic review was to critically evaluate individual studies, summarize PROs utilized to quantify psychological health, and examine the effect of ankle injury on psychological health between groups (1 LAS, >1 LAS, and healthy controls). Databases searched included: CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, APA, Psychinfo and PubMed Central. All case-control studies were critically appraised using the modified Downs and Black. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated between the groups (1 LAS, >1 LAS, healthy control) for each of the identified studies, for each included PRO used to quantify psychological impairments. Nine high-quality manuscripts were included. Overall, individuals with history of > 1 LAS self-reported greater psychological impairments compared to healthy controls (ES range = −0.37–12.16), while those with 1 LAS had similar psychological health to healthy control groups (ES rang e = −0.65–0.65). Conclusion: The main findings from this systematic review were individuals with > 1 LAS have increased levels of injury-related fear and decreased psychological health compared to healthy controls. PROs can aid clinicians in identifying psychological health concerns during rehabilitation.
Sex Disparities in Enrollment in Recent Randomized Clinical Trials of Acute Stroke: A Meta-analysis.

Importance The underenrollment of women in randomized clinical trials represents a threat to the validity of the evidence supporting clinical guidelines and potential disparities in access to novel treatments. Objective To determine whether women were underenrolled in contemporary randomized clinical trials of acute stroke therapies published in 9 major journals after accounting for their representation in underlying stroke populations. Data Sources MEDLINE was searched for acute stroke therapeutic trials published between January 1, 2010, and June 11, 2020. Study Selection Eligible articles reported the results of a phase 2 or 3 randomized clinical trial that enrolled patients with stroke and/or transient ischemic attack and examined a therapeutic intervention initiated within 1 month of onset. Data Extraction Data extraction was performed by 2 independent authors in duplicate. Individual trials were matched to estimates of the proportion of women in underlying stroke populations using the Global Burden of Disease database. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the enrollment disparity difference (EDD), the absolute difference between the proportion of trial participants who were women and the proportion of strokes in the underlying disease populations that occurred in women. Random-effects meta-analyses of the EDD were performed, and multivariable metaregression was used to explore the associations of trial eligibility criteria with disparity estimates. Results The search returned 1529 results, and 115 trials (7.5%) met inclusion criteria. Of 121 105 randomized patients for whom sex was reported, 52 522 (43.4%) were women. The random-effects summary EDD was -0.053 (95% CI, -0.065 to -0.040), indicating that women were underenrolled by 5.3 percentage points. This disparity persisted across virtually all geographic regions, intervention types, and stroke types, apart from subarachnoid hemorrhage (0.117 [95% CI, 0.084 to 0.150]). When subarachnoid hemorrhage trials were excluded, the summary EDD was -0.067 (95% CI, -0.078 to -0.057). In the multivariable metaregression analysis, an upper age limit of 80 years as an eligibility criterion was associated with a 6-percentage point decrease in the enrollment of women. Conclusions and Relevance Further research is needed to understand the causes of the underenrollment of women in acute stroke trials. However, to maximize representation, investigators should avoid imposing age limits on enrollment.
Listening to the “HITS:” Screening for IPV in African American Co-Parents of Young Children

Relationships among African American (AA) parents living apart can be contentious. A common assumption is that men are the perpetrators and women are the victims of violence. Research examining the symmetry of intimate partner violence (IPV) has not focused enough on AA parents who are co-parenting their young children while living apart. The purpose of this study is to explore reports of IPV among non-cohabiting AA co-parents of 2-6-year-old children enrolled in the Dedicated African American Dad Study (DAADS). Our objectives for this study are to characterize the nature of intimate partner relationships among non-co-residing co-parents by exploring the association between the quality of relationship and co-parenting fathers’ and mothers’ Hurt, Insult, Threaten, and Scream (HITS) scores. The HITS is a domestic violence screening tool for use in the community. As part of the screening protocol for study inclusion, we administered the HITS to father-mother dyads. Fathers were ineligible for participation if either parent reported HITS cut-off scores >10 and identified safety concerns for themselves when interacting with their co-parent. Among DAAD study parenting dyads, we noted symmetry in reports of IPV (i.e., both parents reported elevated HITS scores). The most frequently elevated HITS items were “insult or talk down to” and “scream or curse” indicating the preponderance of verbal conflict among parents in the study. The nature of IPV among co-parents in this study is predominantly verbal. In light of the potential for reciprocity in IPV, interventions for families in this context should focus on communication and problem solving to support fathers and mothers and minimize child harm.
Compliance with a new quality standard regarding administration of prophylactic antibiotics before cesarean section

Abstract Objective Administering prophylactic antibiotics before cesarean section (CS) decreases postpartum infections significantly. They should be administered within 60 min prior to CS. In 2014 the Israeli Ministry of Health introduced the administration of pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis for CS as a quality criterion. This was immediately adopted by the Galilee Medical Center (GMC). This study aimed to examine the compliance to this quality standard in the GMC under 3 criteria: the type of antibiotics, timing of administration, and use of one dose only. Study design Data of women who underwent CS from the day of introducing the new quality standard on January 1, 2014, to July 31, 2015, were retrospectively analyzed. Results The study included 1790 women who delivered by elective (24.4%) or emergency CS. In general, the medical staff’s compliance to this quality standard was 90.9; 95.6% of the patients received the correct antibiotic, 94.6% had it within 65 min before surgery to 5 min after it, and 100% received it in less than 24 h. There was an increase in the overall compliance rate with time (logistic regression, p = .001). During the day shift, 60.4% of CS were emergency surgeries while during the on-call shift (evening and night) almost all (99%) of the CS were emergencies (p < .001, 2-sided). In morning shift’s emergency CS, only 4.1% of the cases were not given prophylactic antibiotics as against 7.8% in the on-call shift (p = .005). Conclusion Over a period of 18 months, the compliance to the new quality standard of administering prophylactic antibiotics before CS was 90.9%. It was particularly high in the subgroup of elective CS during the morning shift. This high compliance rate may be attributed to the introduction of clear guidelines and assignment of a specific team member, the anesthesiologist, to administer the medication. Key points Compliance rate to the guideline was 90.9%. Compliance was better in the morning shift. Compliance was better for elective cesarean section. Compliance was not affected by time.
Alcohol Consumption in the Australian Mining Industry: The Role of Workplace, Social, and Individual Factors

Background: Coal miners have been reported to have higher rates of risky/harmful alcohol misuse; however, it is not known if metalliferous mining employees whose working conditions differ in workplace practices, also have increased rates of risky/harmful alcohol misuse. This study aimed to examine alcohol consumption in a sample of Australian metalliferous mining workers and to examine the demographic and workplace factors associated with risky/harmful alcohol use. Methods: All employees from a convenience sample of four Australian mine sites were invited to complete a paper-based cross-sectional survey between June 2015 and May 2017. The survey contained questions relating to social networks, health behaviors, psychological distress, demographic characteristics, and risky/harmful drinking. Current alcohol use was measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a validated measure of risky and/or harmful drinking. Factors associated with risky/harmful drinking were investigated using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Findings: A total of 1,799 participants completed the survey (average site response rate 95%). Overall, 94.8% of males and 92.1% of females reported using alcohol in the preceding 12 months. The odds of risky/harmful alcohol use were significantly higher in those who were male, younger, and reported higher psychological distress. Conclusions/Application to Practice: This study identified that metalliferous mining employees engage in at-risk levels of alcohol consumption significantly higher than the national average despite workplace policies and practices that restrict alcohol use. Personal and workplace risk factors that may help target specific employee groups and inform the development of tailored, integrated multicomponent intervention strategies for the industry were identified.
Metformin does not improve insulin sensitivity over hypocaloric diets in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review of 12 studies

Abstract Objective To improve insulin action, most clinicians prescribe Metformin in patients with insulin resistance (IR). Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in which IR is an important physiopathological mechanism, treatment with Metformin and specialized diets have been suggested to reduce the patient’s IR. However, numerous studies have demonstrated conflicting results with respect to supplementing a diet with Metformin. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine if Metformin provides a benefit in conjunction with hypocaloric diets to improve insulin sensitivity in PCOS women. Methods PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS, and EBSCO databases and retrieved studies’ bibliographies were searched for prospective studies that investigated the effect between Metformin and hypocaloric diets in PCOS women until April 2020. Pre- and post-intervention values for fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), and IR indices (HOMA1-IR, ISI, and QUICKI) were extracted. Using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, the pooled standard difference in the means (SDM) and 95%CIs were calculated. Results 11 publications (12 studies) were selected. There was not a benefit of adding Metformin to a hypocaloric diet with respect to FPG (SDM= −0.17; 95%CI: −0.48–0.14, p = .28) and FPI (SDM = 0.16; 95%CI: −0.24–0.55, p = .45). None of the IR indices also demonstrated any benefit of using Metformin when a diet intervention was implemented (HOMA1-IR: SDM = 0.28; 95%CI: −0.27–0.84, p = .315; ISI: SDM = 0.344; 95%CI: −0.17–0.85, p = .186; QUICKI: SDM= −0.01; 95%CI: −0.42–0.41, p = .968). Conclusion Here, we determined that adding Metformin to hypocaloric diets did not improve serum glucose or insulin concentrations as well as IR in PCOS women.