Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interannual Dynamics of Ice Cliff Populations on Debris‐Covered Glaciers From Remote Sensing Observations and Stochastic Modeling

Ice cliffs are common on debris‐covered glaciers and have relatively high melt rates due to their direct exposure to incoming radiation. Previous studies have shown that their number and relative area can change considerably from year to year, but this variability has not been explored, in part because available cliff observations are irregular. Here, we systematically mapped and tracked ice cliffs across four debris‐covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia for every late ablation season from 2009 to 2019 using high‐resolution multi‐spectral satellite imagery. We then quantified the processes occurring at the feature scale to train a stochastic birth‐death model to represent the cliff population dynamics. Our results show that while the cliff relative area can change by up to 20% from year to year, the natural long‐term variability is constrained, thus defining a glacier‐specific cliff carrying capacity. In a subsequent step, the inclusion of external drivers related to climate, glacier dynamics, and hydrology highlights the influence of these variables on the cliff population dynamics, which is usually not a direct one due to the complexity and interdependence of the processes taking place at the glacier surface. In some extreme cases (here, a glacier surge), these external drivers may lead to a reorganization of the cliffs at the glacier surface and a change in the natural variability. These results have implications for the melt of debris‐covered glaciers, in addition to showing the high rate of changes at their surface and highlighting some of the links between cliff population and glacier state.
Head and Upper Limb Motor Control in Elementary School Children with Handwriting Difficulties

ABSTRACT Children with suspected developmental disabilities often have handwriting difficulties and show problems with motor control of the head and upper limbs, but it has not been examined in detail. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of motor control in children with suspected developmental disabilities and writing difficulties. Nineteen right-handed males who were receiving support in the resource room for handwriting difficulties (SDD group) were compared with 17 right-handed age-matched male controls. Both groups completed two handwriting tasks. The main measures were jerk and changes in joint angle, which were measured by a 3D motion analysis system. The SDD group had significantly higher mean values of jerk in the head, forearms, and hands and significantly greater changes in the joint angle of neck flexion in both handwriting tasks compared to the control group. Children with suspected developmental disabilities and handwriting difficulties had less smooth forearm movements and greater fixed head movements.
EMOTION DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM

Automatic emotion detection is a key task in human machine interaction,where emotion detection makes system more natural. In this paper, we propose an emotion detection using deep learning algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses end to end CNN. To increase computational efficiency of the deep network, we make use of trained weight parameters of the MobileNet to initialize the weight parameters of our system. To make our system independent of the input image size, we place global average pooling layer On top of the last convolution layer of it. Proposed system is validated for emotion detection using two benchmark datasets viz. Cohn–Kanade+ (CK+) and Japanese female facial expression (JAFFE). The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the other existing methods for emotion detection.
Application of Nanomaterials in Water Purification: A review

Providing clean water all over the world at low cost to meet human needs is a big challenge in the current century. As the world strives to keep pace with the increasing demand for clean water as quickly as possible due to the permanent increase in population density and the deterioration of the state of water and its quality in addition to climate changes. The requirement for developing technological innovations incorporated water managing can't be exaggerated. As reached by previous researchers, nanotechnology possesses vast capabilities to improve water treatment and purify it from organic and inorganic pollutants through the safe use of unconventional water sources. This review covers the methods that have been examined both laboratory and commercially in purifying and treating water. This research provides a discussion of the used methods, advantages and their limitations and also covers a study of nanomaterials used as photocatalysts, whether manufactured or under study. This is done by studying and reviewing the chemical and physical properties of these nanomaterials and their applications in treating water pollution.
Machine learning applied to pore-space geometry in sandstones: a tool for evaluating grain-scale similarity?

The ability to identify similar sandstones to a given sample is important where the provenance of the sample is unknown or the quarry of origin is no longer in operation. In the case of building stones from heritage buildings in protected areas, it may be mandatory. Here, a proof of concept for an automated similarity measure is presented by means of a convolutional autoencoder that is able to extract features from a sample thin section and use these features to identify the most similar sample in an existing image library. The approach considers only the shape of the pore space between grains, as, if the pore space alone contains enough information to distinguish between samples, the required image pre-processing and training of a model is greatly simplified. The trained model is able to predict correctly the progenitor quarry of a thin section, from an eight-class dataset of Scottish sandstones, with an accuracy of 47.9%. This prototype, although insufficient for commercial purposes, forms a benchmark for future models against which improvements can be assessed and some of which are suggested. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Digitization and Digitalization in engineering geology and hydrogeology collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection. org/cc/digitization-and-digitalization-in-engineering-geology-and-hydrogeology
Consumer‐perceived appearance tolerances in construction quality management

Purpose – To develop a method for measuring consumer‐perceived tolerances concerning the appearance of unitised construction finishes (e.g. tiling, brickwork, paving, jointed facades). Design/methodology/approach – Consumer perceptions were converted into physical tolerances by drawing on an area of the behavioural sciences known as psychophysics. In particular, Weber's Law was used, which applies a formulaic approach to creating perception‐based constants. A trial of this approach was undertaken on floor tiling in 50 residential properties. Tiling was chosen because it was considered representative of situations where the appearance of the finished work was important to consumer perceptions. In particular, consistency of tile joint width was measured, which had the advantage of tapping into tiles laid askew, in poor alignment or affected by variable tile sizes.Findings – Weber's Law offers an appropriate means of objectifying consumer perceptions into physically measurable tolerances. It was found that jo.
Martial burnout in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: the role of marital communication and sociodemographicfactors

: Raising a child with special needs poses a challenge for their parents, not only as caregivers but also as spouses. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between communication behaviors, both mothers’ own and their partners’, and the level of marital burnout in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The moderating role of selected sociodemographic factors, such as duration of marriage, number of children, age of a child with the disorder, professional activity of mothers, and perceived parents' contribution to caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder was also tested. The Marital Communication Questionnaire, the Marital Burnout scale and a sociodemographic survey were used in the study. The sample was composed of 100 women, married mothers of a child with ASD. The results showed an inverse relationship between own and partner’s supportive and engaged communication behaviors, and the feeling of marital burnout. At the same time, there was a positive relationship between depreciation in their own and partner’s communication and female burnout. These relationships were not moderated by any of the sociodemographic variables.
A Test Platform for Managing School Stress Using a Virtual Reality Group Chatbot Counseling System

Student life causes many sources of stress due to the requirements of managing schoolwork, family, friends, health and wellbeing, and future career planning. Some students are overwhelmed and lack resilience to overcome stress, especially if they are inexperienced in managing setbacks, fail to achieve expectations, or lack skills to independently manage social skills, recreation, and study time. The long-term accumulation of stress has a negative impact on students’ physical and mental health, and may lead to a range of symptoms such as depression, anxiety, headache, insomnia, and eating disorders. Although most universities provide psychological counseling services, there is often a shortage of professional psychologists, which leads to students suffering from stress for longer than necessary without immediate assistance. The build-up of stress can lead to tragic consequences including abnormal reasoning, anti-social behavior, and suicide. There should never be a need for a student to wait more than a month to make an appointment for counseling services and every request for help should be immediately addressed and assessed. In this research, we designed a unique test platform for an immersive virtual reality group chatbot counseling system so students can receive psychological help and stress management counseling anytime and anywhere. First, the research used questionnaires to measure the stress levels and identifies how stress affects their lives. An immersive virtual reality chatbot was developed using professional psychological counseling knowledge that can provide answers during individual or group counseling sessions. Students can log in to the platform as avatars and ask the chatbot questions or interact with other students on the platform. This research provides college students with a new technology-based counseling environment designed to help relieve stress and learn new ways to improve student life quality from others. The platform provides a test base for future clinical trials to evaluate and improve the automated virtual reality chatbot counseling system.
IMPROVED ESTIMATES FOR THE ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF A VIBRATING ELASTIC STRUCTURE VIA THE INPUT IMPEDANCE AND MOBILITY: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION

Abstract An efficient method for estimating the vibration energy characteristics (such as the potential energy, kinetic energy, loss factor, etc.) of a forced vibrating structure proposed earlier (Journal of Sound and Vibration 1998,217 , 351–386) [1] is improved and validated numerically and experimentally. The main problem of experimental implementation of the method—differentiation of the measured input impedance and mobility with noise present—is solved with the help of the Pade approximation by ratios of polynomials. The results of computer simulation and laboratory experiment conducted on a flexurally vibrating beam show that the improved method gives reliable estimates of the vibration energy characteristics at low and middle frequencies.
Tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea during the monsoon onset phase

Generally, monsoon conditions are unfavourable for cyclogenesis in the Arabian Sea due to the strong vertical wind shear present over the basin which prevents the vertical development of cyclones. However, there are instances where tropical cyclones form over the basin during the onset phase of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). The current study examines the evolution of the synoptic conditions in the years during 1979–2019 in which a cyclone forms during the onset phase of the ISM. The effect of various atmospheric and oceanic factors, the modulation of wind circulation over the Indian subcontinent and the north Indian Ocean region due to the possible influence of tropical and extratropical weather systems has been taken into consideration. Our analysis indicates that a weak mean monsoonal wind circulation caused by the southward intrusion of subtropical westerlies (at 200 hPa) is conducive for cyclogenesis over the Arabian Sea during the monsoon onset phase. Such a weak onset phase of the monsoon, coupled with the seasonal warm SSTs, may lead to cyclone formation in the Arabian Sea.
Design and Simulation of a Birdcage Coil using CST Studio Suite for Application at 7T

This work describes the study of coils for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) applications. The principal objective is the design of a birdcage Radio Frequency (RF) coil to use in a 7 Tesla (7T) scanner. Higher strength field generates a better SNR and increased chemical shift effect, improving spectral fat suppression and spectroscopy. Moreover, a better SNR increases the spatial resolution or reduces the imaging time. This research work presented recent developments based on high field 7T design using CST studio. The birdcage coil achieves circular polarization and generates a high homogeneous radio frequency magnetic field under many conditions. Design of a Birdcage coil for a 7T to obtain the images from s mall animals (i.e. mouse). It opens the door to design and construct a Birdcage coil for a 7T to obtain human brain images. Firstly we design a birdcage coil then the results are obtained with simulator CST Wave Studio, creating a 3D model and generating a simulation. Finally the parameters are re adjusted to obtain our desired Larmor frequency 298.2 MHz for a correct operation in 7T. This research work demonstrates the theoretical results from our design and shows the designed antenna behavior.
Key influences of innovation magnitude and mode

There is plenty of recognition of the need for more innovation in the construction sector. Increasing levels of competition, rapid technological and regulatory change, the current economic climate and environmental concern all accentuate this requirement. In response, many construction firms are seeking ways to manage innovation more actively and conscientiously in order to remain competitive. However, there is little practical guidance for construction professionals on how to make innovation flourish in their teams. Those who aspire to improve the management of innovation will need to understand how innovation happens, what are the driving forces and how can they be influenced. This paper reports on an empirical investigation that was undertaken to explore some of these questions, specifically the role of organisational climate, customers, risk and complexity on the levels of innovation in teams and the various modes of innovation that prevail – with the aim of providing practitioners with clearer guidan.
Strategic Rivalries, Protracted Conflict, and Crisis Escalation

Underlying the emerging interest in the role of rivalry processes as antecedents to interstate conflict is the simple idea that conflict within the constraints of rivalry works differently than conflict outside of rivalry. In this article, we inspect the concepts of protracted conflict, as developed within the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project, and rivalry, and discuss some of their applications to crisis escalation. The protracted conflict and rivalry concepts are not identical, but they do overlap in terms of their emphases on historical context, serious goal incompatibilities, and stakes that might be resolved coercively. Developing an argument for the concept of rivalry possessing fewer limitations than protracted conflict, we proceed to analyze and test the interaction between rivalry and other variables, again making use of an ICB escalation model, when predicting crisis escalation to war. Throughout, our basic question concerns what role interstate rivalry plays in crisis behavior. Are the crises of rivals more lethal than those of non-rivals? If so, can we pinpoint why that is the case? We find that rivalry not only makes escalation more likely, but also significantly interacts with more traditional predictors of conflict, such as capability ratios, the number of actors in a crisis, democracy, and the issues under contention.
Luminescent First-Row Transition Metal Complexes

Precious and rare elements have traditionally dominated inorganic photophysics and photochemistry, but now we are witnessing a paradigm shift toward cheaper and more abundant metals. Even though emissive complexes based on selected first-row transition metals have long been known, recent conceptual breakthroughs revealed that a much broader range of elements in different oxidation states are useable for this purpose. Coordination compounds of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu now show electronically excited states with unexpected reactivity and photoluminescence behavior. Aside from providing a compact survey of the recent conceptual key advances in this dynamic field, our Perspective identifies the main design strategies that enabled the discovery of fundamentally new types of 3d-metal-based luminophores and photosensitizers operating in solution at room temperature.
The introduction of approved document L: a study of enforced change

The majority of designers exhibit conservative rather than innovative behaviour when specifying. Earlier research found that specifiers tend to seek out products that are new to them only when their usual solution is inappropriate. In this paper we report the observation of two specifiers working in an architect’s office and their response to the introduction of Approved Document Part L, which forced them to pursue new solutions. This ethnographic study helps to illustrate different approaches to the decision-making process by individuals working within the same office and within the same organizational culture. Analysis of the specifiers’ action also helps to highlight a number of issues concerning the management of design and knowledge transfer. In particular some of the pressures associated with the adoption of a more ecologically friendly approach to design are revealed in the work reported here. A number of issues are raised for practitioners and design managers as well as identifying areas for further research, some of which is currently being addressed in ongoing research work.
Experimental Study on Different Types of Curves for Ride Comfort in Automated Vehicles

Vehicle automation is among the best possible solutions for traffic issues, including traffic accidents, traffic jams, and energy consumption. However, the user acceptance of automated vehicles is critical and is affected by riding comfort. In addition, human factors in automated vehicle control should be clear. This study evaluates the effect of different courses on driving comfort in automated vehicles using field experiments with 25 subjects. This study focused on lateral motion, but speed control was not targeted. Further, generating a path for obstacle avoidance and lane keeping, which have several constraining conditions, was also not targeted. Rendering a comfortable path is beneficial for developing an acceptable system as a car developer and for building new curves for automated or driving assistance systems from the perspective of construction. The automated vehicle drove at a speed of 30 km/h on four courses, namely, clothoid, two types of spline curves, and arc, based on the real intersection. Each participant sat on both the driver and passenger seat and answered a questionnaire. The experimental data indicated the clothoid course to be the most comfortable, while the arc was most uncomfortable for a significance level of 1%. These tendencies are applicable to driver and passenger seats, all genders, and experiences and will be beneficial for human factor research in automated vehicle control.
Elementary Students’ Reasoning in Drawn Explanations Based on a Scientific Theory

Constructing explanations of scientific phenomena is a high-leverage practice that promotes student understanding. In the context of this study, we acknowledge that children are used to receiving explanations from teachers. However, they are rarely encouraged to construct explanations about the causes and consequences of phenomena. We modified a strategy to elicit and analyze primary students’ reasoning based on scientific theory as a methodological advance in learning and cognition. The participants were fourth-graders of middle socioeconomic status in Chile’s geographical zone with high seismic risk. They drew explanations about the causes and consequences of earthquakes during a learning unit of eighteen hours oriented toward explanation-construction based on the Tectonic Plates Theory. A constant comparative method was applied to analyze drawings and characterize students’ reasoning used in pictorial representations, following the first coding step of the qualitative Grounded Theory approach. The results show the students expressed progressive levels of reasoning. However, several participants expressed explanations based on the phenomena causes even at an early stage of formal learning. More sophisticated reasoning regarding the scientific theory underpinning earthquakes was found at the end of the learning unit. We discuss approaching elementary students’ scientific reasoning in explanations based on theory, connected with context-based science education.
Key Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Based on Planned Behavior Theory: Case Study in Shanghai, China

To advance public transportation development, it should be explored from the perspective of behavioral analysis. This paper adopts the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to study public transportation choice behaviors. The first aim is to explore the necessity of dividing subjective norms into an injunctive norm and a descriptive norm and to explore their roles in predicting behaviors. The second aim is to investigate the mechanism related to several key variables and their role in forming the intention to take transit. The third aim is to develop appropriate improvement strategies through the analysis of behavior, subjective norms, or perceived control beliefs. Empirical data were collected by distributing online and hard-copy questionnaires in Shanghai, China. A sample of 393 valid questionnaires was collected. An ordinal regression model was constructed based on the empirical data. The results reveal that TPB can be applied to explain choice behaviors with respect to public transport. Among the factors affecting travelers’ intentions, attitude toward public transport is most decisive. Descriptive norms seem to have more direct effects on public transport use behaviors on the basis of the correlation coefficients. Injunctive norms, at least in this case, have a more obvious influence on travelers’ intention to take public transport than do descriptive norms. Furthermore, on the basis of belief analysis, some critical approaches to improving the competitiveness of Shanghai public transportation are proposed that can be used to develop people-oriented public transportation policies and strategies in other similar cities.