Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation into the kinetics and kinematics during running in the heelless shoe

Background: Recent evidence suggests that runners who habitually rearfoot strike suffer higher rates of chronic injuries compared to those who adopt a mid/forefoot strike pattern. Based on this information new experimental heelless footwear was developed with the aim of mediating a mid/forefoot strike pattern.Objectives: The aim of the current investigation was to examine the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRFs) of running in conventional footwear in comparison to the heelless shoes.Methods: Twelve male participants ran at 4.0 m.s−1±5% in each footwear condition. Angular joint kinematics from the hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes were measured using an eight-camera optoelectric motion capture system. Synchronous ground reaction forces were also obtained allowing impact load parameters and estimates of Achilles tendon force to be quantified. Differences in GRFs and 3D kinematics between footwear were assessed using paired t-tests.Results: The kinematic analysis indicated that, in comparison to the conventional running footwear, the heelless shoes were associated with significantly greater plantarflexion at foot strike and peak ankle eversion angle. Furthermore, the GRF analysis revealed that, compared to the conventional footwear, impact parameters were significantly lower in the heelless footwear.Conclusions: Given the reduction in impact loading rates and increases in ankle eversion that were observed in heelless footwear, running in this type of footwear may reduce the incidence of chronic injuries linked to excessive impact forces. However, it may increase the injury potential that is associated with excessive ankle eversion.
Pedestrian induced vibrations in footbridges: Reappraisal of code provisions

Over the last few years, the trend in footbridge design has been towards greater spans and light- ness. Once followed, such trend gives increased flexibility in dynamic behaviour. As a consequence, stiffness and mass sometimes decrease and lead to smaller natural frequencies. In practice, such footbridge has particu- larly been found to be more sensitive to dynamically imposed pedestrian loads. The requirements in the codes for design of this class of structure widely vary because of the poor understanding of the complex human- structure interaction phenomena and associated bio-mechanical problems. Most current design codes in the world consider the dynamic force induced by a single pedestrian. But actually it is more complex in nature. Again, internationally accepted different codes and provisions do not fulfill the design data for footbridge vibrations. These codes do not provide sufficient guidelines and information to address such vibration problems and to ensure safety and serviceability due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamic performance of such footbridge structures. This paper discusses those problems and revision of codes.
7.3 STRUCTURE OF WAKE NORTH OF THE ALPS: STUDY OF PV BANNERS DURING AN EPISODE OF DEEP SOUTH FOEHN

The main objectives of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP), a large internationally coordinated e ort, is to improve numerical forecasting of precipitation and circulation patterns in complex terrain. The Special Observing Period (SOP) of MAP took place from 7 September to 15 November 1999 in the Alps (Bougeault et al. 2001). The objective of the PV banner project (Grubi si c 2000), which falls within the scope of \dry" MAP, was to observationally document structure of a major mountainrange wake, with its characteristic horizontal shearlines and potential vorticity (PV) anomalies. Extensive MAP data sets provide an excellent data base for veri cation of high-resolution numerical simulations, and will provide important clues, if not direct answers, to unresolved questions such as the source of vorticity and PV in complex, real-world, orographic ows. Orographic PV anomalies (banners) are indicators of signi cant horizontal wind shear in the presence of strati cation. For the Alps, numerical studies (e.g., Aebischer and Schar 1998) show individual PV banners originating from the end points of the range (\primary banners") as well as from the edges of major massifs along a complex ridgeline (\secondary banners") that can extend signi cant distances downstream. However, prior to MAP the questions of horizontal scale of individual PV banners and the process of scale selection in the wake of the Alps remained without a clear answer since numerical simulations had shown signi cant sensitivity to horizontal resolution, with higher-resolution simulations producing a larger number of ner PV laments. Six PV banner missions, summarized in Fig. 1, were own during MAP SOP. This paper focuses on the analysis of data collected north of the Alps in the research mission own in IOP 8 on 21 Octo-
Proteomic approaches in search for the protein markers for methamphetamine-associated neurotoxicity and dependence

Lately, protein synthesis has been shown involved in the methamphetamine (MA)-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. We used two-dimensional electrophoresis in an attempt to comprehensively examine the related protein expression in such neurotoxicity. We have established that three and four cumulative doses (10 mg/kg each) of methamphetamine at 2-hr intervals produced a reliable and long-lasting nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. After a series of experiment, we started to notice that the MA-induced neuronal cell apoptosis could induce protein synthesis. To avoid the confounds, we decided to sacrifice the animals 30 minutes following the third dose of MA (10 mg/kg/injection). We, so far, have completed the two-dimensional display for the striatal samples both in MA-treated and saline-treated mice. We completed the spot matching and gel digest for candidate spots followed by identification with mass spectrometry. Increases in alpha-synuclein and alpha-fetoprotein levels while a decrease in F-actin capping protein has been observed associated with the MA-induced nigrostriatal neurotoxicity.
BUILDING AN EMPLOYEE-DRIVEN CRM ONTOLOGY

The information overload in today's web and information systems has a negative impact on the information retrieval process. Most information is stored in an unstructured format, as is the case of valuable customer information in CRM systems. A CRM domain ontology can help in overcoming the problem of unsatisfying search results and ameliorate the customer knowledge creation process. We present an integrated visual approach, where the users themselves can take part in the ontology creation process. In this three-phase approach, we support the users in the process of adding extra information to their content. Our approach is based on an ”employonomy”, a folksonomy created by the employees, text mining and user feedback.
Short-Term Electricity Price Forecasting Based on Grey Prediction GM(1,3) and Wavelet Neural Network

Electricity price is a core index that reflects the operation status of the power market, evaluates the efficiency of market competition, and is the basis for decision-making in the electricity market. Electricity price forecasting is of great significance to guide investment, allocate market resources spontaneously, achieve a basic balance of power supply and demand, and meet various service goals. In this paper, a short-term electricity price forecasting method based on a grey forecasting GM(1,3) and wavelet neural network combination model is adopted. Firstly, the power price sequence is decomposed and reconstructed by using the famous MALLAT algorithm of multi-resolution analysis based on wavelet transform theory, and then the final predictive electricity price sequence is obtained by using the BP neural network model. Then the predicted electricity price sequence is used as a relevant factor affecting the future daily electricity price and input to the grey GM(1,3) forecasting model for electricity price forecasting to obtain the final forecasting result. The model training and forecasting based on the 2012 load and price data published by the PJM power market in the United States show that the prediction model established by this method has higher prediction accuracy. Thus, it has important research significance for electricity market price forecasting.
Relationships between subject matter characteristics and the structure and output of university departments.

The social structure and output of scholars at the University of Illinois are examined in terms of the characteristics of their academic subject matter. On the basis of an earlier multidimensional analysis (Biglan, 1973) academic areas were clustered according to their (a) concern with a single paradigm (hard vs. soft), (b) concern with application (pure vs. applied), and (c) concern with life systems (life system vs. nonlife system). Depending on the characteristics of their area, scholars differed in (a) the degree to which they were socially connected to others, (6) their commitment to teaching, research, and service, (c) the number of journal articles, monographs, and technical reports that they published, and (d) the number of dissertations that they sponsored.
A Drop in the Ocean ? Behavioral Spillover Effects and Travel Mode Choice

This study aims to identify behavioral spillover effects related to travel mode decisions. In particular the effect of a shift towards environmentally friendly day-to-day commuting on occasional longer distance travel modes is explored. Therefore a natural experiment caused by the implementation of congestion charging in Stockholm and Gothenburg is exploited. In a fixed effects model with a control group, the average treatment effect on the treated is estimated by regressing the number of short-haul flight trips on a policy treatment dummy and the amount of the charge, respectively. The findings reveal predominantly positive estimates, confirmed and strengthened by various extensions, and thus point towards negative spillover effects.
GLOBALIZATION CAPACITY OF UNIVERSITY TEACHING STAFF IN UKRAINE AND LITHUANIA: COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

The aim of the research is to investigate and then compare the globalization capacity of modern university lecturers in Ukraine and Lithuania on different stages of their professional development. The strategy which has been chosen for the aim realization is based on a psycho-diagnostic method and comparative approach toward results’ analysis and interpretation. The sample included 302 Ukrainian and 60 Lithuanian lecturers (N = 362). The paper represents a new psycho-diagnostic instrument – a standardized questionnaire GLOBIDMAR – for measuring globalization capacity of academicians from different European countries. Research results allow to compare globalization capacity of university instructors from Ukraine and Lithuania and to discover factors that influence the development of these measures under the conditions of rapid socio-economic, socio-cultural and professional changes. The level of globalization capacity appeared higher one in Lithuanian pedagogues in comparison with Ukrainian ones that affirms a higher level of their readiness to development of their own professional identity in the context of globalization processes in scientific-education area. Lithuanian university lecturers have stably high level of globalization capacity during the whole process of their professional development. KEYWORDS: Globalization capacity, university teaching staff, comparative research. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/ 10.15181/tbb.v66i1. 788
Trees as carbon sinks and sources in the European Union

The carbon (C) sinks and sources of trees that may be accounted for under Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol during the ®rst commitment period from 2008 to 2012 were estimated for the countries of the European Union (EU) based on existing forest inventory data. Two sets of de®nitions for the accounted activities, aorestation, reforestation and deforestation, were applied. Applying the de®nitions by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the trees were estimated to be a C source in eight and a C sink in seven countries, and in the whole EU a C source of 5.4 Tg yearÿ1. Applying the de®nitions by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), the trees were estimated to be a C source in three and a C sink in 12 countries, and in the whole EU a C sink of 0.1 Tg yearÿ1. These estimates are small compared with the C sink of trees in all EU forests, 63 Tg yearÿ1, the anthropogenic CO2 emissions of the EU, 880 Tg C year ÿ1, and the reduction target of the CO2 emissions, 8%. In individual countries, the estimated C sink of the trees accounted for under Article 3.3 was at largest 8% and the C source 12% compared with the CO2 emissions. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of Acid- and Ultraviolet/Ozonolysis-Treated MWCNTs on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites as Bipolar Plate Applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a huge potential as conductive fillers in conductive polymer composites (CPCs), particularly for bipolar plate applications. These composites are prepared using singlefiller and multifiller reinforced multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that have undergone a chemical functionalization process. The electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of these composites are determined and compared between the different functionalization processes. The results show that UV/O3-treated functionalization is capable of introducing carboxylic functional groups on CNTs. Acid-treated CNT composites give low electrical conductivity, compared with UV/O3-treated and As-produced CNTs. The in- and through-plane electrical conductivities and flexural strength of multifiller EP/G/MWCNTs (As-produced and UV/O3-treated) achieved the US Department of Energy targets. Acid-treated CNT composites affect the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. These data indicate that the nanocomposites developed in this work may be alternative attributers of bipolar plate requirements.
Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate

Observations and models have shown that continuously degassing volcanoes have a potentially large effect on the natural background aerosol loading and the radiative state of the atmosphere. We use a global aerosol microphysics model to quantify the impact of these volcanic emissions on the cloud albedo radiative forcing under pre-industrial (PI) and present-day (PD) conditions. We find that volcanic degassing increases global annual mean cloud droplet number concentrations by 40% under PI conditions, but by only 10% under PD conditions. Consequently, volcanic degassing causes a global annual mean cloud albedo effect of −1.06 W m−2 in the PI era but only −0.56 W m−2 in the PD era. This non-equal effect is explained partly by the lower background aerosol concentrations in the PI era, but also because more aerosol particles are produced per unit of volcanic sulphur emission in the PI atmosphere. The higher sensitivity of the PI atmosphere to volcanic emissions has an important consequence for the anthropogenic cloud radiative forcing because the large uncertainty in volcanic emissions translates into an uncertainty in the PI baseline cloud radiative state. Assuming a −50/+100% uncertainty range in the volcanic sulphur flux, we estimate the annual mean anthropogenic cloud albedo forcing to lie between −1.16 W m−2 and −0.86 W m−2. Therefore, the volcanically induced uncertainty in the PI baseline cloud radiative state substantially adds to the already large uncertainty in the magnitude of the indirect radiative forcing of climate.
Contribution QUANTIFICATION OF 1 , N 6-ETHENO-2 V-DEOXYADENOSINE IN HUMAN URINE BY COLUMN-SWITCHING LC / APCI-MS / MS

Ad of Clin 2200 C hepo@ 1 P 11, DK Abstract—1,N-Etheno-2V-deoxyadenosine (qdA) is one of several promutagenic DNA modifications arising from cellular oxidative metabolism. It is believed that these background DNA lesions may contribute to various diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, human biomonitoring of qdA in urine could be a potential marker for oxidative stress-related DNA damage. Existing methods for quantifying urinary qdA use P postlabeling. We have developed a nonradioactive, fast, and easier method based on column-switching liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS/MS) in the positive mode. Differences in column temperatures were used to influence analyte retention and sample focusing. With multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode the afforded limit of detection was about 0.7 pM when starting with 3 ml of urine. The urinary excretion rates of qdA from 28 nonsmoking and 5 smoking men were 10.0–99.6 pmol/24 h, and did not correlate with body weight, age, or plasma vitamin C concentration. The 5 smokers excreted 30.5 F 8.5 and the 28 nonsmokers excreted 38.6 F 2.4 pmol qdA per 24 h, p = . 37 (mean F SEM). The demonstrated level of performance suggests the future applicability of this method to studies of cancer and other diseases related to oxidative stress in humans. D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
WE CAN NEVER STUDY MERELY ONE THING: REFLECTIONS ON SYSTEMS THINKING AND IR

Abstract Robert Jervis's System Effects was published just as systems thinking began to decline among political scientists, who were adopting increasingly strict standards of causal identification, privileging experimental and large-N studies. Many politically consequential system effects are not amenable to research designs that meet these standards, yet they must nonetheless be studied if the most important questions of international politics are to be answered. For example, if nuclear weapons are considered in light of their effect on the international system as a whole, it becomes clear that they have obviated the need for a global balance of power by allowing states to counterbalance threats by acquiring nuclear weapons rather than investing in massive conventional balancing efforts. Similarly, systems thinking should inform our understanding of the impact of a “unipolar power” such as the United States, which has enjoyed an overwhelming preponderance of conventional military power since the fall of the Berlin Wall. A unipolar power is likely to become involved in frequent conflicts because it is not restrained by the presence of a peer competitor.
The Determinants of Capital Structure : Evidence from the GCC Countries

This paper investigates the determinants of capital structure in the context of three GCC countries and the impact of their stock markets' development on the financing choices of firms operating in these markets. This study has adopted the approach of combining the dynamism of capital structure and the impact of stock market development on firms financing choices. The GCC countries are non-tax paying entities which make them an interesting case to investigate whether the determinants of the capital structure of firms operating in these markets are similar to those operating in the developed and industrial countries. Also, there is no single published study which examines and compares the capital structure of firms listed in the GCC stock markets or the stock markets development and firms financing choice in these countries. Our results reveal that 1) corporate capital structure in these countries can be explained by the determinants suggested in corporate finance models 2) stock markets in the these countries have become more developed and considered an important tool for corporate financing decisions.
Precipitation and synoptic regime in two extreme years 2009 and 2010 at Dome C, Antarctica – implications for ice core interpretation

Abstract. At the East Antarctic deep ice core drilling site Dome C, daily precipitation measurements were initiated in 2006 and are being continued until today. The amounts and stable isotope ratios of the precipitation samples as well as crystal types are determined. Within the measuring period, the two years 2009 and 2010 showed striking contrasting temperature and precipitation anomalies, particularly in the winter seasons. The reasons for these anomalies are analysed using data from the mesoscale atmospheric model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) run under the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). 2009 was relatively warm and moist due to frequent warm air intrusions connected to amplification of Rossby waves in the circumpolar westerlies, whereas the winter of 2010 was extremely dry and cold. It is shown that while in 2010 a strong zonal atmospheric flow was dominant, in 2009 an enhanced meridional flow prevailed, which increased the meridional transport of heat and moisture onto the East Antarctic plateau and led to a number of high-precipitation/warming events at Dome C. This was also evident in a positive (negative) SAM (Southern Annular Mode) index and a negative (positive) ZW3 (zonal wave number three) index during the winter months of 2010 (2009). Changes in the frequency or seasonality of such event-type precipitation can lead to a strong bias in the air temperature derived from stable water isotopes in ice cores.
Integral representations at the boundary for Stokes flow and related symmetric Galerkin formulation

A symmetric Galerkin boundary element formulation is given for the first time for two-dimensional, steady and incompressible flow. The formulation requires the derivation of certain integral representations (whose importance extends beyond the present application) for velocity gradient and pressure at the flow boundary; these turn out to be coupled at angular points of the contour profile.
Nitrification Potential Rate of Different Sediment Types of the Ariake Sea Tidal Flat in Summer and Autumn

The purpose of this research was to investigate the nitrification potential in different sediment types in the Ariake Sea tidal flat. The Ariake Sea, a semi-closed shallow sea with macro-tidal and a large tidal flat, is located in the west part of Kyushu Island, Japan. Different kinds of sediment develop in the different parts of its tidal flat. We analyzed and classified the sediment textures, physico-chemical properties of sediment pore water, Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) density, and determined their Nitrification Potential Rate (NPR). The sediment textures from intertidal zone were classified to be silty clay loam, sandy loam and loamy sand, and sediment from a sub-tidal zone to be sandy loam for 6 cm upper most sediment, and loamy sand for 6-9 cm sediment depth. The highest NPR was found in silty clay loam sediment (12.072-59.102 nmol N/g Dry Weight Sediment (DWS)/h) followed by sandy loam (7.29-21.056 nmol N/g DWS/ h), and the other sediment textures. The high AOB densities, 2.278×10 3 -7.171×10 4 and 1.429×10 3 -7.171×10 4 cells/g sediment, were also found in silty clay loam sediment and sandy loam sediment, respectively. Correlations between pore water NH4- N concentration and NPR were found at sediment depths of 3-6 cm (r = 0.381; " = 0.05) and 6-9 cm (r = 0.786; " = 0.05). In these depths, the correlation also exhibited for AOB density and NPR (r = 0.595, " = 0.05 for 3-6 cm and r = 0.679, " = 0.05 for 6-9 cm depths). However, these two correlations was not approved for 3 cm upper most sediment. It is the first report on nitrification potential in the different kinds of sediment of the Ariake Sea which improve our understanding of the nitrification in this area.