Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of elemental and isotopic evaporation processes by laser heating in an aerodynamic levitation furnace

We carried out evaporation experiments on a B-type calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion (CAI) melt in a gas-mixing aerodynamic levitation laser furnace, at 1873 K and an oxygen partial pressure of 10−9.1 atm, for durations ranging from 60 to 600 s. Evaporation of SiO2 and MgO follow the same trend as those observed in vacuum furnace experiments at the same temperature and starting composition, showing that their evaporation relative to one another from the melt is independent of pressure, oxygen fugacity, and hydrodynamical regime specific to the furnace. Isotopic ratios of Mg and Si in evaporation residues are used to derive fractionation factors of αMgvap−liq = 0.9906± 0.0004 and αSivap−liq = 0.9943± 0.0003, which are both significantly closer to unity than those found for evaporation in a vacuum, which translates to less isotope fractionation. The residues are also less isotopically fractionated than expected for cases in which transport of the gas species away from the melt is diffusion-controlled at 1-atm. By analysing the flow regimes in our furnace, we find that advection by the levitating gas is the primary mode of mass transport away from the melt surface, as opposed to diffusion-limited transport in a vacuum or 1-atm tube furnace. A modified Hertz– Knudsen–Langmuir formulation accounts for this process, and shows that isotopic fractionation of both Si and Mg reflect a saturation factor (ratio of the pressure of the evaporating species to vapour saturation pressure) equal to 0.75. This is in perfect accord with recent measurements of Cu isotopic fractionation using a similar furnace. The fact that three elements (Mg, Si, Cu) with varying equilibrium vapour pressures, activity coefficients in the liquid, and diffusion coefficients in the gas have the same scaling behaviour to saturation pressure is a strong indication that the mechanism controlling evaporation is driven by the hydrodynamical regime imposed in the furnace. Therefore, this class of experiments can be used to constrain processes in which advection dominates over ∗Corresponding author. ISSN (electronic) : 1778-7025 https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/geoscience/ 102 James Badro et al. diffusion, such as (but not limited to) planetary ejecta, tektites, giant impacts, nebular condensation in a turbulent flow, or nuclear fallout material. Finally, the possibility to reach high temperatures (in excess of 3500 K) in this furnace allows it to be used to evaluate the activity coefficients of melt components in extreme conditions relevant to molten planetary interiors (i.e., magma oceans), with a specific focus on refractory elements.
Decline in Aboveground Biomass Due to Fragmentation in Subtropical Forests of China

Fragmentation has long been considered the primary cause for ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss worldwide. Forest fragmentation affects ecosystem functioning and biodiversity in multiple ways. Here, we ask how forest fragmentation influences aboveground biomass storage (AGB) in sub-tropical forests in China. We established 207 20 m × 20 m plots within 69 forest fragments of varying size. Forest fragmentation process simulation was carried out via repeated quadrat sampling using different sized quadrats in two non-fragmented stands. AGB was estimated and compared across forest fragments and quadrats with different sizes within two non-fragmented stands. Our results indicate that AGB is significantly lower in forest fragments than in quadrats within two non-fragmented forests. In addition, species richness and abundance were lower in fragmented stands, respectively. In fragmented forests, the average diameter at breast height (DBH) increased with decreasing patch size, while declined for non-fragmented plots. Species richness, abundance, and mean DBH have strongly positive effects on AGB. This was the case both in forest fragments and quadrats within two non-fragmented forests. Forest fragmentation leads to lower richness, lower abundance, and higher mean DBH in forest fragments than in the two non-fragmented forests. Our results suggest that forest fragmentation increases edge habitats, which drastically decreases forests aboveground biomass storage. These results show that land degradation not only reduces the area of forests, but also reduces the aboveground biomass carbon density of forests.
The formation of feed-in tariffs and the emergence of wind power in Finnish routine corporatism: favoring the economics of large-scale energy production

ABSTRACT We explore the role and influence of the Finnish energy elite’s inner circle in the process of transition to renewable energy. Finland is a corporatist country where economic interest groups have privileged access to government decision-making circles. These dense networks reproduce decades-long energy policy structures that have always favored centralized electricity production, a model now implemented in renewable energy production. We address the formation of feed-in tariffs (FITs, a government subsidy for electricity produced by renewable energy) in Finland’s routine corporatist system between 2006 and 2011. The views of inner-circle actors expressed in formal government documents correspond to legislative outcomes regarding FITs. They preferred market-based solutions and cost-efficiency and transferred the costs of FITs to the state budget, which benefited large companies. This was partly possible because Finland’s corporatist energy policy model excludes non-inner-circle actors. Nevertheless, FITs have enabled the growing significance of wind power.
A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for determination of bongkrekic acid in plasma by LC-MS/MS

Abstract In this study, we describe a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction strategy for bongkrekic acid (BA) purification, enrichment, and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Bongkrekic acid (BA) was an important toxin that could cause liver and kidney damages, or even death. Furthermore, there were several food poisoning incidents occurred by BA in many countries including Indonesia, China, and so on. A rapid, simple and reliable determination of BA in plasma was of great value in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of poisoning patients. In this study, we describe a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction strategy for purification and enrichment of BA followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The BA (pKa value was 4.15) in the plasma samples were dispersed and extracted by methanol, dichloromethane and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution successively, in which the proper ratios and the dosages were all optimized in this study. The conditions for ionization source and the extracting conditions for BA were also optimized. The matrix effect ranged from 95.0% to 102%, indicating matrix effects may be negligible. The feasibility of the extraction method was tested by analysis of BA in plasma samples. The mean recoveries for BA determination were achieved between 88.3% and 98.4%. The LOD and LLOQ for BA were 3.7 and 10 µg L−1, respectively. The proposed method is fast and simple, and highly sensitive for testing BA in plasma. Graphical Abstract
Printed Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with the Highest Efficiency of 9.5%

The current work reports a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.54% achieved with nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs) based on PTB7‐Th donor and 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene) (ITIC) acceptor fabricated by doctor‐blade printing, which has the highest efficiency ever reported in printed nonfullerene OSCs. Furthermore, a high PCE of 7.6% is realized in flexible large‐area (2.03 cm2) indium tin oxide (ITO)‐free doctor‐bladed nonfullerene OSCs, which is higher than that (5.86%) of the spin‐coated counterpart. To understand the mechanism of the performance enhancement with doctor‐blade printing, the morphology, crystallinity, charge recombination, and transport of the active layers are investigated. These results suggest that the good performance of the doctor‐blade OSCs is attributed to a favorable nanoscale phase separation by incorporating 0.6 vol% of 1,8‐diiodooctane that prolongs the dynamic drying time of the doctor‐bladed active layer and contributes to the migration of ITIC molecules in the drying process. High PCE obtained in the flexible large‐area ITO‐free doctor‐bladed nonfullerene OSCs indicates the feasibility of doctor‐blade printing in large‐scale fullerene‐free OSC manufacturing. For the first time, the open‐circuit voltage is increased by 0.1 V when 1 vol% solvent additive is added, due to the vertical segregation of ITIC molecules during solvent evaporation.
Is the Journey more Important than the Destination? EU Accession and Corporate Governance and Performance of Banks

This article examines how accession to and subsequent membership of the EU has influenced the dissemination of corporate governance characteristics and the financial performance of the banking industry. Using a hand-collected, cross-national dataset from EU member and candidate states the analysis indicates the candidacy period is associated with the better financial performance of banks than the latter period of EU membership. EU membership also has a significant negative influence on adopting some corporate governance arrangements. We infer this result is consistent with instrumental rationality explanations of Europeanization. While the process of accession has brought benefits, these are not always reinforced by subsequent EU membership.
Extraction and Detection Techniques for PAHs Determination in Beverages: A Review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitary contaminants, which constitute a wide range of or- ganic compounds. Many of them proved to be carcinogenic and mutagenic, produced mainly by industrial and non-industrial combustion processes, but also are present in water, air, soil, and as contaminants in foods, and beverages. Several industrial processes and artificial human activities can increase naturally environmental levels of these ubiquitary compounds, thereby increas- ing the levels of detected PAHs in final alimentary products. This paper reports PAHs extraction and detection techniques in beverages, including the analysis of beer, wine, spirits, tea, and coffee and, more generally, the standard drinks intended for human consumption. The state of the art in terms of sample pre-treatment techniques, and the main assays for their analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with relative detection techniques, are described and catered. Moreover, ma- jor metabolites were determined in beverages, in order to provide a complete scenario for these kinds of ubiquitary con- taminants.
Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review

Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp. , Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp. , whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. , Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.
THE TRANSLATION OF ENTERTAINMENT NEWS FROM ENGLISH TO INDONESIAN WITH MACHINE TRANSLATION

News has been spread internationally since it was digitalized. This situation makes machine translation used as a tool to solve the language barrier problem, as it is cheap and fast compared to human translators. However, the translation by Machine Translation is not always correct. In fact, it results in more problems than in successful translation; in other words, the use of this machine is like ‘garbage in, garbage out’. However, not many studies have been conducted to provide evidence of the weaknesses of machine translation. This research paper attempts to discover the translation methods and procedures of the “translate to Indonesian” featured by Google Translate in the translation of CNN International current news from English to Indonesian. The data consist of 10 pieces of entertainment news that are published online on CNN International News. A descriptive-qualitative approach is used to analyze the data. The scope of the analysis is lexical words only. The translated news was observed and compared to the original news in order to identify the methods and procedures applied in the translation results by the Machine Translation. The results of this analysis reveal that the “translate to Indonesian” feature from Google Translate commonly uses the literal and faithful translation methods and the procedure mostly found is borrowing. Consequently, the translation by this machine is still awkward and requires substantial improvement.
Comparative Effects of Solvents on the Herbal Extraction of Antidiabetic Phytochemicals

Aims: The study determined and compared the herbal extraction yields using water, ethanol and hydromethanol solvent and the solvent extracting the highest antidiabetic constituents. Place: The study took place in the Department of Chemistry (Organic Laboratory), Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria. Methodology: The antidiabetic contents of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) were extracted by soaking using water, ethanol and hydromethanol (1:1) as solvents. The phytochemicals analysis was done both qualitatively and quantitatively (using Spectrophotometer (UV-V15)). Data collected were statistically analysed using SPSS version 10 tools. Results: The crude ethanolic extraction was found to give the highest extract yield of 46.06% and Original Research Article Iwuji et al.; JPRI, 33(28B): 149-159, 2021; Article no.JPRI. 61210 150 38.91% from Moringa and bitter leaf, respectively. There were more phytochemicals obtained from Moringa (28+) than from Vernonia crude extracts (21+). The antidiabetic phytochemicals identified in both plants included Steroids, Phenols, Cardiac glycosides and Terpenoids. Ethanol extracted the Glycosides, Terpenoids and Phenols in relative abundance. Hydromethanol solvent extraction yielded the highest concentrations of Steroids from Moringa (59.87mg/100g) and bitter leaves (75.43mg/100g) as well as highest extraction of Cardiac glycosides from both plants. Water extracted the highest concentrations of Phenols from both Moringa (0.32mg/g); bitter leaf (0.25mg/g) and Terpenoids from Moringa. Conclusion: This study suggests that the choice of solvent (s) for phytochemical extraction (s) should consider factors such as the plant material (s) and the phytochemical (s) involved. So, Water > Hydromethanol > ethanol could be used for extracting phytochemicals for diabetes therapy.
On Improving Physicians’ Trust in AI: Qualitative Inquiry with Imaging Experts in the Oncological Domain

BackgroundAlthough the role of image-based AI in cancer research has been substantial, its impact on the clinical side has been limited so far. Physicians’ trust in AI, and its wider acceptability, has been significantly lower owing to its “black-box” nature, which raises liability questions concerning its use in the clinical context. MethodsTo comprehend the barriers in AI’s adoption, and to inform the future discourses in the human-centric and ethical design of AI, we designed and conducted semi-structured interviews with 7 imaging experts in the oncological domain. ResultsData saturation was achieved despite the small sample size, gathering concordant emerging needs and recommendations. Our findings demonstrate the divergent nature and focus of clinical and research practices, with differing AI needs. AI is afforded a peripheral, and yet a crucial role of a “decision help”, which can enable oncologists and related imaging specialists (i.e. radiologists, radiation-oncologists and nuclear medicine physicians) to push the boundaries of biological reasoning in treating cancers. Furthermore, our interviewees emphasized the need to embody ethics and liability in designing AI systems, and the development of educational opportunities for AI and cancer experts to enable an integrative vision of image-based AI. To this end, specific design guidelines are provided to inform both the Human-Centered Design and AI researchers in order to meaningfully address the contextually-sensitive concerns and challenges around the adoption of intelligent interactive technologies in cancer care. ConclusionsThe existing impact of AI in the clinical practices is limited as compared to the clinical research. In the future, AI is afforded a peripheral role of a ‘decision helper’ which might enable doctors to better understand the peculiarities and subtleties of cancers, and support them in developing novel treatment methods. Finally, in order to develop physicians’ trust in AI and its wider acceptability in clinical oncology, designers would have to address the ethical and liability concerns in relation to the use of AI systems.
Home-Based Activities in Support of New Zealand Children’s Literacy and Numeracy Skills

Little is known about the possible benefits of parent-led activities to enable school readiness for New Zealand young children. A two-year longitudinal study of parents and their children (102 4-year-olds and 104 5-year-olds at Time 1) was conducted. Parents completed the Encouragement of Academic Skills in Young Children (EASYC) self-report measure of in-home academic activities, and children’s literacy and mathematics achievement were tested initially and one year later. Several parent-led activities were found to predict improved child academic ability across the sampled age range: 1) teaching basic addition and subtraction; and 2) writing and drawing practice.
Theoretical Study of the Decomposition and Hydrogenation of H2O2 on Pd and Au@Pd Surfaces: Understanding toward High Selectivity of H2O2 Synthesis

Three possible pathways for the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water on Pd and Au@Pd catalysts are investigated with periodic density functional theory calculations: (1) the decomposition of H2O2 (H2O2 → H2O + O), including the dissociation of H2O2 to two OH groups (H2O2 → 2OH) and the disproportionation of two OH groups to water and oxygen (OH + OH → H2O + O); (2) the hydrogenation of the OH group to water (OH + H → H2O); and (3) the direct hydrogenation of H2O2 to water (H2O2 + 2H → 2H2O). The results show that the decomposition of H2O2 and the hydrogenation of OH groups are two available channels for the formation of water, and the former plays a main role. A key step in the overall process is the dissociation of H2O2, which is facile and irreversible. The direct hydrogenation of H2O2 to water has a very high activation barrier and is unlikely to occur. The competitions between the dissociation of H2O2 and the release of H2O2 on Pd and Au@Pd surfaces are analyzed. The high selectivity of H2O2 synth.
Financial Contagion and the European Debt Crisis

Since the beginning of 2010, the Euro Area faces a severe sovereign debt crisis, now generally known as the Euro Crisis. While the Euro Crisis has its origin in Greece, problems have now spread to several other European countries as well. Dynamic conditional correlation models (DCC) are estimated in order to assess if contagious effects are identifiable during the Euro Crisis, or if the countries’ problems are instead due to fundamental problems in the affected economies. Our findings show that there is contagion within the Euro Area. Additionally, contagious effects generated by rating announcements are documented. These results are crucial when it comes to choosing the correct measure and timing of policy intervention.
A New Metric of the Biological Carbon Pump: Number of Pump Passages and Its Control on Atmospheric pCO2

We develop novel locally defined diagnostics for the efficiency of the ocean's biological pump by tracing carbon throughout its lifetime in the ocean from gas injection to outgassing and counting the number of passages through the soft‐tissue and carbonate pumps. These diagnostics reveal that the biological pump's key controls on atmospheric pCO2 are the mean number of lifetime pump passages per dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) molecule at the surface and the mean aphotic sequestration time of regenerated DIC. We apply our diagnostics to an observationally constrained carbon‐cycle model that features spatially varying stoichiometric ratios and is embedded in a data‐assimilated global ocean circulation. We find that for the present‐day ocean an average of 44 ± 4% of DIC in a given water parcel makes at least one lifetime passage through the soft tissue pump, and about 4% makes at least one passage through the carbonate pump. The global mean number of lifetime pump passages per molecule, including the fraction with zero passages, is N¯soft=0.65±0.08 and N¯carb∼0.04 for the soft‐tissue and carbonate pumps. Using idealized perturbations to sweep out a sequence of states ranging from zero biological activity ( pCO2atm=493±1 ppmv) to complete surface nutrient depletion ( pCO2atm=207±1 ppmv), we find that fractional changes in pCO2atm are dominated by fractional changes in the number of soft‐tissue pump passages. At complete surface nutrient depletion, the mean fraction of DIC that has at least one lifetime passage through the soft‐tissue pump increases to 69 ± 5% with N¯soft=1.6±0.3 .