Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Economical, Green Pathway to Biaryls: Palladium Nanoparticles Catalyzed Ullmann Reaction in Ionic Liquid/ Supercritical Carbon Dioxide System

In this paper, an economical, green pathway involving the palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) catalyzed reductive Ullmann reaction of an aryl chloride to afford a biaryl with high conversion and selectivity in an ionic liquid (IL)/supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO 2 ) system was developed. The combination of IL and ScCO 2 provides superior advantages in product separation, catalyst recycling and reuse of reaction media over traditional organic solvents. Further investigations showed that the Bronsted-acidic imidazolium IL {e.g., (1-butyl-3-(sulfobutyl)-imidazolium) hydrogen sulfate, [bmim(HSO 3 C 4 )][HSO 4 ]}, can replace the traditional active hydrogen donor readily with much enhanced product separation efficiency, the use of IL also led to an obvious improved stability of the Pd NPs, which was very helpful for catalyst recycling. Carbon dioxide, a naturally abundant, non-flammable, relatively non-toxic, economical and recyclable "greenhouse" gas, was found to significantly promote the selectivity of the Pd NPs-catalyzed aluminium-induced reductive Ullmann reaction of aryl chlorides. Investigations showed that the Pd NPs catalyst and IL can be recycled for at least five runs, indicating the economic viability of this process.
Parent Involvement, Socioeconomic Status and Reading Performance

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to understand whether and to what extent parenting behaviors mediated the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and 8-year old children’s reading performance. The study used video recordings of parent–child interactions in Danish public schools while the child was assigned a difficult reading task (N = 122). Results showed that low-SES parents tended to get involved in their children’s problem-solving activities in unconstructive ways and that this type of involvement mediated one-third of the association between parental SES and reading performance after controlling for prior measures of children’s academic skills. These results may have important implications for understanding how parents can best assist – or not assist - children in developmental activities such as homework tasks and for interventions aimed at increasing the quality of the time low SES parents spend with their children.
On the climatic changes of the surface air temperature in the White Sea region

Analysis of the monthly average surface air temperature (SAT) data of the White Sea showed its significant growth over the past decades. Against the background of this growth, the interannual variability was revealed with periods close to the periods of El Niño – Southern Oscillation (2-7 years) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (7-10 years). The effect of these oscillations on the interannual variability of the SAT of the White Sea is shown and the periods of their synchronization and desynchronization are found. During the periods of 1960s and from the second half of the 1980s to the mid-2010s during the El Niño events in the White Sea negative SAT anomalies were usually observed, and during the La Niña events – positive anomalies. In the period from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, NAO had a strong positive effect on the SAT anomalies of the White Sea, in the second half of the 1990s this influence changed its sign, but from the beginning of the 2000s it became positive again.
How Are Systematics and Biological and Ecological Features Related to Silica Content in Plants? A Study of Species from Southern South America

Premise of research. Plant silica content depends on the phylogenetic position of a taxon; however, biological or ecological factors may also affect it. In this work, we analyzed data on silicophytolith content from 105 species of South America, examining, in a phylogenetic context, its relationship with anatomy and ecological features such as life cycle, growth form, plant origin, and environmental preferences. Methodology. Data on the silicophytolith content and bioecological features of the species were obtained from published and unpublished sources. The relations between systematics, silica content, and bioecological variables were analyzed through measurements of phylogenetic signal and phylogenetic generalized least squares regressions. Pivotal results. Eighty-six percent of the species produced between 0.38% and 19% of silicophytolith dry weight in leaves. Silica content was variable between and within clades. Values of λ and K indicate a low phylogenetic signal for the variable silica content. Dicotyledons accumulated silica in typical epidermal cells, and a few families also stored it in cystoliths. Most of the monocot families showed high silicophytolith contents and a high diversity of silicified cells. Plant origin affected the silica contents: exotic species accumulated more than native ones. On the other hand, no statistical relationship was found between silica content and the other ecological variables. Conclusions. Silicophytolith accumulation is a common feature in most of the species studied. The low phylogenetic signal of silica content is explained by inter- and intraclade variability, which in turn supports the hypothesis that silicophytolith accumulation is a homoplasic character among plants. On the basis of the overall analysis of silicophytolith content and tissue distribution, high content could be related to the specific accumulation mechanisms and roles of silica. The origin of the plant was the only bioecological variable that influenced plant silica content. This finding may indicate some ecological role for silica in exotic plants involving their success in novel environments.
Monitoring and diagnostics of technological processes with the possibility of dynamic selection of variables

The article describes a method for monitoring and diagnosing the state of technological processes with the possibility of dynamic selection of variables. As a basis, the algorithm known from machine learning algorithm of single-class classification OneClassSVM was used, which showed a high percentage of accuracy in determining the normal state of the technological process. A model of a technological process as an infinite data stream with changing properties with a large number of parameters is proposed. A probabilistic model of the state space is used for possible dynamic selection of variables. An experiment is described in which the effectiveness of the proposed method was studied, and its results are presented. Its validity is shown, and it is noted that it can be used in modern systems for monitoring the state of technological processes to identify malfunctions and threats to information security.
Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow

Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.
Conducting cross-cultural qualitative interviews with mainland Chinese participants during COVID: Lessons from the field

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had a significant impact on researchers as the normal and expected difficulties of research are exacerbated as education and our way of life has drastically changed. This research note is a reflective narrative of the author’s experience transitioning from face-to-face to online interviews in light of social distancing and global travel restrictions. Through a descriptive analysis, this article details the numerous ethical, logistical, practical, and cultural issues the author confronted in preparation for qualitative cross-cultural online interview research through personal reflections, current events, and existing literature. The aim of this article is to highlight personal experience to better inform future research and encourage flexibility and reflexivity in research. It is hoped that this article can be of use to further develop cross-cultural qualitative methodology and expand upon the emerging field of literature surrounding videoconferencing qualitative research.
THE EFFECT OF OIL PRICES ON INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN OIL-IMPORTING COUNTRIES: PANEL COINTEGRATION TEST

The industrialization levels of the countries are an indicator of development. Countries trying to increase their production in the industrial sector prefer to have access to energy in a cheap and easy way. However, economies that do not have sufficient energy reserves may be affected by the changes in energy prices since they will import the necessary energy input. Although there are many studies discussing the effects of energy or oil prices on macroeconomic variables in countries, the research based on industrial production is limited. In this study, the long-term relationship between the changes in oil prices and industrial production in the ten most oil-importing countries (China, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom and United States) was analyzed by Pedroni, Kao and Johansen Fisher cointegration tests. According to the empirical findings of the study, it is concluded that the relationship between the industrial production of oil importing countries and oil prices is positive. This situation can be interpreted as these countries with high levels of industrialization process the crude oil and market the products they produce to foreign countries more profitably.
Quantitative assessment of the conditioning of the inversion of quasi-elastic and static light scattering data for particle size distributions

The rank of the data transfer matrices is used as a quantitative criterion for the assessment of the degree of ill conditioning of the inversion of static, single-angle, and multiangle quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) data for particle size distributions by intensity, number, and volume. It is shown that the simultaneous (constrained) inversion of three-angle and more angle data sets for distributions by volume can be well-conditioned. The inversion of QELS spectral data is hardly better conditioned compared to the inversion of correlation data. However it appears that spectral data require about 10 times slower sampling times in the data-collecting procedures. The inversion of static data for distributions by volume appears also to be well-conditioned.
Heavy Metal Sorption by Sludge-Derived Biochar with Focus on Pb2+ Sorption Capacity at μg/L Concentrations

Municipal wastewater management causes metal exposure to humans and the environment. Targeted metal removal is suggested to reduce metal loads during sludge reuse and release of effluent to receiving waters. Biochar is considered a low-cost sorbent with high sorption capacity for heavy metals. In this study, heavy metal sorption to sludge-derived biochar (SDBC) was investigated through batch experiments and modeling and compared to that of wood-derived biochar (WDBC) and activated carbon (AC). The aim was to investigate the sorption efficiency at metal concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater (<1 mg/L), for which experimental data are lacking and isotherm models have not been verified in previous works. Pb2+ removal of up to 83% was demonstrated at concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater, at pH 2. SDBC showed superior Pb2+ sorption capacity (maximum ~2 mg/g at pH 2) compared to WDBC and AC (<0 and (3.5 ± 0.4) × 10−3 mg/g, respectively); however, at the lowest concentration investigated (0.005 mg/L), SDBC released Pb2+. The potential risk of release of other heavy metals (i.e., Ni, Cd, Cu, and Zn) needs to be further examined. The sorption capacity of SDBC over a metal concentration span of 0.005–150 mg Pb2+/L could be predicted with the Redlich–Peterson model. It was shown that experimental data at concentrations comparable to those in municipal wastewater are necessary to accurately model and predict the sorption capacity of SDBC at these concentrations.
Fundamental mode intensity evolution in tapered optical fibres

The mode field intensity, spot size, central peak intensity evolution and adiabaticity are calculated for different points along the transition of an optical fibre taper that adiabatically tapers from the standard 125 nm down to 1 µm and then to 440 nm diameter for low loss operation at 1550 nm wavelength. The first section of the taper is evaluated using a weak guidance approximation. The second section is treated as a three-index layer structure (double-clad) and evaluated with eigenvalue equations for three refractive indices. The third and thinnest section of the taper is studied using an exact mode eigenvalue equation. The results show that the fundamental mode for the third section has a discontinuity at the fibre edge with a peak intensity larger than the intensity at the centre of the fibre. Since the guiding by the core disappears in the first section of the taper, the mode field does not simply reduce monotonously along the taper with the outer diameter of the fibre. By this novel approach, and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the taper shape that complies with the adiabaticity criterion, the mode intensity profile and the spot size (first Petermann definition) of the fundamental mode evolution, along their position on the taper are determined.
Anodization Constants for Tantalum

It is common practice to use so-called ''anodization constants'' (in units of angstroms per volt) to predict the thickness of oxide which will be produced by anodizing at constant current until a chosen voltage is reached and then holding at this constant voltage for a fixed time. Thicknesses are computed for voltages from 10 to 200 volts for constant-current anodization of Ta in dilute H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/. It is found that the film thickness is not linear in the voltage, and an explanation for this result is offered. 1 figure, 1 table. (RWR)
Identifikasi Life Form dan Persentase Tutupan Terumbu Karang untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Ekosistem Pantai Tiga Warna

Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem yang sangat kompleks dan memiliki peran penting bagi lingkungan di laut. Life form terumbu karang dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, salah satunya adalah kedalaman. Identifikasi life form dan pengukuran persentase tutupan karang di Pantai Tiga Warna perlu dilakukan, dengan menggunakan metode line intercept transect dan observasi lapangan. Hasil pengukuran life form di kawasan ini, baik di kedalaman 2 dan 5 meter, didominasi coral foliose . Persentase tutupan terumbu karang yaitu 43,83% yang menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang adalah cukup baik untuk mendukung ketahanan ekosistem di Pantai Tiga Warna.
We are All Behavioral, More or Less: A Taxonomy of Consumer Decision Making

We examine how 17 behavioral biases relate to each other, to three standard measures of risk and time preferences, to cognitive skills, personality, and demographics, and to outcomes in household finance, well-being, and health. Most consumers in our nationally representative panel data exhibit multiple biases, with substantial cross-person heterogeneity. Biases are positively correlated within person, especially after adjusting for measurement error. From that correlation structure, we reduce our 20 bias and standard preference measures to four behavioral common factors. Each BCF reflects a group of related biases re: beliefs, decision quality, discounting, or risk/uncertainty attitudes. The first two BCFs also strongly correlate with each other (positively) and cognitive skills (negatively). The first three BCFs and cognitive skills strongly correlate with various outcomes in the expected directions. Our results support processing-based models where basic limitations in cognition and/or attention produce multiple biases, and have several other implications for theory and practice.
Image Dehazing Algorithm Based On Improved Guided Filtering

Aiming at the problem that the image defogging algorithm based on the dark channel prior will cause the edge halo effect in the restored image, an image defogging algorithm based on improved guided filtering is proposed. First, the calculation method of atmospheric light value based on the quadtree algorithm is adopted to obtain a more accurate atmospheric light value; then, the edge weight factor based on the Canny operator is added to the guided filtering algorithm to solve the local halo effect; finally, the image is restored based on the atmospheric physical model. Experiments show that this algorithm is better than other algorithms in subjective visual effects, and the image edge defogging is more natural; the comparison of objective performance indicators shows that the improved defogging algorithm has higher image quality and better image restoration.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION,
 ENERGY‐SAVING
 TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND ENERGY INTENSITY: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

: This paper discusses the transmission mechanism and effects that trade liberalization influences energy intensity through energy-saving technological change (ESTC). We construct panel data from manufacturing industries in China over the period of 1994-2017, thereby conducting empirical tests through mediation models and discontinuity regression models. The results find that trade liberalization significantly promotes the lowering of energy intensity through ESTC. Heterogeneity test results show that the trade liberalization effect is higher in industries with low barriers to entry and industries with high-pollution. Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity (FRD) results show that energy intensity decreasing as China ’ s accession to the WTO. pollution among developing countries is an issue of concern among many scholars. This paper studies the transmission mechanisms and effects of trade liberalization on energy intensity. This paper constructs panel data for 27 manufacturing industries in China over the period of 1994-2017, thereby conducting empirical tests through mediation models. The results find that trade liberalization significantly promotes the lowering of energy intensity, and trade liberalization promotes a decrease in energy intensity through ESTC. Heterogeneity test results show that the trade liberalization effect is higher in industries with low barriers to entry and high-pollution industries. Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity (FRD) results show that energy intensity decreasing as China ’ s accession to the WTO (which is a breakpoint). The above results have passed the robust test and endogenous test.
Consensus Regarding the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors - 2019

The aim of this paper is to discuss and update criteria that can guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary neoplasms. It was elaborated during the IV Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine and Feline Mammary Neoplasia, held on April 29th and 30th, 2019 in Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.
New Sources of Aluminum Tolerance in South African Maize

Abstract Laboratory nutrient culture techniques were used to screen maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes, including commercial cultivars as well as seed collected from traditional farmers located in various parts of the province KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa, for aluminum (Al) tolerance. Tolerance was assessed after 10 days’ growth in nutrient solutions on the basis of measurements involving Al-induced (0; 100 µM) changes in primary root growth and a loss of root apical dominance. Among the commercial cultivars Al tolerance decreased in the order Sc 602, Sr 52, Snk 2665, Kalahari Early Pearl, Ls 8501, Pan 6479, Zm 521, Sc 709. The commercial maize cultivars all had lower levels of Al tolerance to that observed in the better adapted seed collected from traditional sources (Khum, Mbon, Aj) which indicated that the fixation of important Al tolerance genes has occurred in some maize populations in response to external environmental conditions. Not all the seed from traditional sources proved to be Al tolerant (Mak, Emb, Msomi). Large intervarietal differences in root development (length and mass) were also identified. No meaningful relationships existed between Al tolerance and root development (size of root system) or between plant performance in solutions containing Al and leaf chemical contents.