Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Pax3 in Neuronal Differentiation of the Ophthalmic (OpV) Trigeminal Placode and Neural Tube during Chicken Embryonic Development

THE ROLE OF PAX3 IN NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE OPHTHALMIC (OPV) TRIGEMINAL PLACODE AND NEURAL TUBE DURING CHICKEN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT James R. Bradshaw Department of Zoology Doctor of Science Pax3 has been used as a valuable marker in research aimed at understanding tissue interactions involved in trigeminal ophthalmic (opV) placode development. While Pax3 expression coincides with opV neuron specification, the function of Pax3 in these cells has not previously been investigated. Splotch mutant mice (which lack Pax3) have a reduced trigeminal ganglion; however it is not clear whether this reduction is due to neural crest or placode cells. We have used electroporation in the chick model system to block or ectopically express Pax3 at key times in opV placode development. Using several markers of placode cell differentiation, we have determined the experimental effects manipulating Pax3. Blocking placodal Pax3 with gene specific morpholinos resulted in a loss of migratory placode cells, and a downregulation of all opV placode markers in targeted cells. Ectopic expression of Pax3, either within the placode domain or in adjacent cranial ectoderm, resulted in the upregulation of some but not all placode markers. We conclude that opV placodal Pax3 expression is required for normal placode cell development, and hypothesize that its expression must be tightly regulated in order for placode cells to fully differentiate. The precise role of Pax3 and Pax7 in the restriction and differentiation of dorsal interneuron progenitors has been difficult to assess due to the many additional factors involved in specification and patterning of the neural tube. We have used electroporation in the chick model system to ectopically express Pax3 and Pax7 unilaterally in the neural tube. Using several markers for differentiation of ventral and dorsal neuronal progenitors, we have experimentally determined the effects of Pax3 and Pax7 ventrally and dorsally. Ectopic expression of these transcription factors in the ventral neural tube resulted in the loss of motorneurons. Though mis-expression did not qualitatively affect commissural neurons as assayed by neurofilament staining, ectopic expression of Pax3 and Pax7 in the dorsal neural tube stopped dorsal interneuron progenitors from differentiating. We conclude that Pax3 and Pax7 expression is sufficient to restrict ventral neuron identity. We also hypothesize that downregulation of these transcription factors in the dorsal neural tube is required for normal dorsal interneuron differentiation.
Analysis of Social-Acceptance Strategies of Nurses with Their Role in Relation to Culture and Tendency towards Resistance at Hospitals

1 Ph.D Student of Management, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Economic, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management and Economic, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Management and Economic, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran * Corresponding author: Seyed Aligholi Rowshan, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Economic, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. E-mail: salirowshan@gmail.com Received: 05 Sep 2016 Accepted: 07 Nov 2016
Online and Scalable Unsupervised Network Anomaly Detection Method

Nowadays, network intrusion detectors mainly rely on knowledge databases to detect suspicious traffic. These databases have to be continuously updated which requires important human resources and time. Unsupervised network anomaly detectors overcome this issue by using “intelligent” techniques to identify anomalies without any prior knowledge. However, these systems are often very complex as they need to explore the network traffic to identify flows patterns. Therefore, they are often unable to meet real-time requirements. In this paper, we present a new online and real-time unsupervised network anomaly detection algorithm (ORUNADA). Our solution relies on a discrete time-sliding window to update continuously the feature space and an incremental grid clustering to detect rapidly the anomalies. The evaluations showed that ORUNADA can process online large network traffic while ensuring a low detection delay and good detection performance. The experiments performed on the traffic of a core network of a Spanish intermediate Internet service provider demonstrated that ORUNADA detects in less than half a second an anomaly after its occurrence. Furthermore, the results highlight that our solution outperforms in terms of true positive rate and false positive rate existing techniques reported in the literature.
Trump Voters and the White Working Class

To evaluate the claim that white working-class voters were a crucial block of support for Trump in the 2016 presidential election, this article offers two sets of results. First, self-reports of presidential votes in 2012 and 2016 from the American National Election Studies show that Obama-to-Trump voters and 2012 eligible nonvoters composed a substantial share of Trump’s 2016 voters and were disproportionately likely to be members of the white working class. Second, when county vote tallies in 2012 and 2016 are merged with the public-use microdata samples of the 2012-to-2016 American Community Surveys, areal variations across 1,142 geographic units that sensibly partition the United States show that Trump’s gains in 2016 above Romney’s performance in 2012 are strongly related to the proportion of the voting population in each area that was white and working class. Taken together, these results support the claim that Trump’s appeal to the white working class was crucial for his victory.
α-Glycerophosphate Oxidase in Streptococcus faecium F 24

α-Glycerophosphate oxidase, in a strain of Streptococcus faecium, was found to be adaptive to aerated conditions of growth. The enzyme was purified and found to mediate electron transfer from α-glycerophosphate to O2, with the production of stoichiometric concentrations of H2O2 and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The enzyme is an anionic flavoprotein, with flavine adenine dinucleotide as the apparent prosthetic group. By manometric methods, a Km of 6 × 10−3m, with reference to substrate concentration, was obtained. An active reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase was closely associated with this enzyme in chromatographic mobility on ECTEOLA-cellulose. The purified α-glycerophosphate oxidase was not inhibited by KCN, azide, or sulfhydryl reagents, nor was it stimulated by α-lipoate, yeast extract, or other supplements.
ASCRIPTION OF Nt-ISOLATES OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI TO ANASTOMOSIS GROUP 2-1 (AG-2-1) ON ACCOUNT OF rDNA-ITS SEQUENCE SIMILARITY

A homogeneous group of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from tobacco, which showed intermediate features between anastomosis groups BI and 2-1 (AG-BI and AG- 2-1), was recently characterized. It was not conclusively assigned to any previously known AG and was provisionally named ‘Nt-isolates’. The rDNA sequence similarity in the ITS1 region of the Nt-isolates was evaluated and a high similarity (> 90%) was found with AG-2- 1 tester isolates, while it was remarkably lower with tester isolates from AG-BI and other AG-2 subgroups. Therefore, despite a low anastomosis frequency, Nt-isolates are to be considered members of AG-2-1.
Power and Bandwidth Efficient Coded Modulation for Linear Gaussian Channels

A scheme for power- and bandwidth-efficient communication on the linear Gaussian channel is proposed. A scenario is assumed in which the channel is stationary in time and the channel characteristics are known at the transmitter. Using interleaving, the linear Gaussian channel with its intersymbol interference is decomposed into a set of memoryless subchannels. Each subchannel is further decomposed into parallel binary memoryless channels, to enable the use of binary codes. Code bits from these parallel binary channels are mapped to higher-order near-Gaussian distributed constellation symbols. At the receiver, the code bits are detected and decoded in a multistage fashion. The scheme is demonstrated on a simple instance of the linear Gaussian channel. Simulations show that the scheme achieves reliable communication at 1.2 dB away from the Shannon capacity using a moderate number of subchannels.
Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Egg and Larval Stages of Some Citrus Root Weevils

The effects of temperature and humidity on eggs and of temperature on larvae of Artipus floridanus Horn, Pachnaeus litus Germar, Pachnaeus opalus (Olivier), and Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) were determined. The low and high temperatures lethal to neonate larvae were determined by 12-hour exposure to temperatures ranging from -5 to 50@*C. The combined effects of temperature and RH on egg hatch were determined. Saturation vapor pressure deficit accounted for 59.4, 81.9, and 94.2% of the observed variation in percent egg hatch for A. floridanus, P. opalus, and P. cervinus, respectively. The thermal constant (K) and developmental threshold (@f) was calculated for egg development of each species. A. floridanus was reared on artificial media at constant temperatures from 15 to 35@*C. At 35@*C, larvae died at ecdysis to the last instar. Between 20 and 30@*C, 1412 degree days were required to complete development. Larvae held at 15@*C had not pupated after 8 months (3600 degree days).
Morphogenesis : origins of patterns and shapes

Introduction. - Self-organization at equilibrum. A model system: ferrofluids. - Hierarchical networks of fractures. - Liquid crystals and morphogenesis. - Biological self-organization by way of the dynamics of reactive processes. - Sand dunes. - Morphodynamics of secretory pathways. - From epigenomics to morphogenetic emergence. - Animal morphogenesis. - Phyllotaxy. - Logic of forms. - Forms emerging from collective motion. - Systems of cities and levels of organization. - Levels of organization and morphogenesis: the viewpoint of D'Arcy Thompson. - Morphogenetic models of Rene Thom. - Morphogenesis, structural stability and epigenetic landscape. - Morphological and mutational analysis: tools for morphogenesis study. - Morphogenesis in computer science.
Efficience d'utilisation de l'eau chez le peuplier noir (Populus nigra L.) : variabilité et plasticité en réponse aux variations de l'environnement.

Cette these visait (i) a quantifier la variabilite de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau (WUE) chez le peuplier noir (Populus nigra L.), (ii) a juger de sa plasticite phenotypique en reponse a des contraintes hydrique et thermique et (iii) a juger des liens entre WUE, croissance et survie. A cette fin, des etudes a partir de semis, en chambre de croissance et en milieu naturel, ainsi qu’a partir de populations installees en dispositifs de pepiniere ont ete realisees. Nos travaux ont permis de montrer une importante variabilite et une importante plasticite du caractere ‘efficience d’utilisation de l’eau’ quels que soient l’echelle d’etude, le fond genetique et les conditions de croissance. Une diminution de WUE a ete observee en reponse a la contrainte thermique alors qu’une augmentation de WUE a ete observee en reponse a un deficit hydrique modere. Nos travaux demontrent egalement un lien entre WUE et la survie sous de fortes temperatures suggerant que sous ces conditions, une faible efficience d’utilisation de l’eau confererait un avantage pour les individus. De plus in situ, un lien negatif entre WUE et la densite de regeneration a ete observe demontrant que les plus faibles valeurs de WUE sont observees pour les plus fortes densites. Le caractere ‘efficience d’utilisation de l’eau’ pourrait donc s’averer un caractere limitant de la regeneration de l’espece dans des conditions d’augmentation de temperature ; une telle augmentation pourrait alors avoir une consequence directe sur la structuration genetique des populations futures. Ces travaux suggerent enfin une structuration geographique de la variabilite de WUE qui reste a confirmer a partir d’un plus grand nombre de populations. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives interessantes pour l’identification des bases physiologiques a l’origine des variations de WUE, de sa plasticite et de sa structuration geographique.
Structure, fonction et évolution de LEAFY, facteur de transcription clé du développement floral

LEAFY (LFY) est un facteur de transcription central pour le developpement des plantes, en particulier pour la floraison chez les angiospermes. LFY est tres conservee, meme chez les especes ne portant pas de fleurs. On dispose de nombreuses donnees genetiques sur LFY et son reseau de regulation chez la plante modele Arabidopsis thaliana, mais les mecanismes moleculaires impliques dans son fonctionnement ne sont pas entierement elucides. LFY possede deux domaines conserves : un domaine de liaison a l'ADN et un domaine de fonction inconnue en position N-terminal. L'objectif a ete de comprendre le role du domaine N-terminal et d'etudier l'evolution de la specificite de liaison a l'ADN de LFY. Nous avons obtenu la structure cristallographique du domaine N-terminal de LFY et decouvert qu'il s'agissait d'un domaine SAM (Sterile Alpha Motif) permettant l'oligomerisation de la proteine. Nous avons valide l'importance de cette propriete pour la fonction florale de LFY chez A. thaliana. Nous avons ensuite montre, par des analyses in vitro et in vivo en ChIP-seq que l'oligomerisation influencait la liaison a l'ADN en permettant une liaison cooperative sur plusieurs sites de liaison, en assurant la selectivite de la proteine vis-a-vis de l'ADN et en permettant l'acces de la proteine a des regions genomiques ou la conformation de la chromatine est normalement defavorable a la liaison. Cette etude integrative a permis de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de LFY. Des modifications dans les reseaux de regulation de l'expression des genes sont source de nouveaute et d'evolution. LFY etant tres conservee et ne faisant pas partie d'une famille multigenique, nous nous sommes demande si sa specificite de liaison a l'ADN avait evoluee. Nous avons montre que LFY etait apparue chez les algues multicellulaires et que sa specificite avait connue au moins deux changements majeurs au cours de l'evolution. Nous avons explique ces modifications au niveau moleculaire par des approches de biologie structurale et de biochimie. Nous avons identifie une espece chez qui LFY a une specificite relâchee et nous proposons qu'une telle forme ait pu permettre les transitions d'une specificite a une autre.
Friend or Foe? Exploring the Factors that Determine the Difference Between Positive and Negative Effects on Photosynthesis in Response to Insect Herbivory

Photosynthesis is a central process for the survival of plants, providing essential elements for growth and reproduction. As its name implies, the excitation of chlorophyll by photons, initiates an electron current that results in the generation of NADPH and ATP, which are subsequently used by the plant to sustain growth and development. However, precise and challenging energy equilibrium between the synthesis of NADPH and ATP and the downstream reactions that consume them must be maintained to ensure that the photosynthetic process runs efficiently. This balancing act is not trivial considering the necessity to integrate extremely rapid, temperature-independent photochemical reactions with relatively slow, temperature-dependent biochemical reactions. In addition, the equilibrium can be perturbed with relative ease when plants face adverse ambient conditions, including biotic stresses, leading to negative effects on the photosynthetic apparatus and concomitant disruption of the orderly transfer of electrons to their proper final acceptors. To avoid or minimize damage, plants have developed several strategies to maintain stability, the details of which will be explored in this chapter. Together with many other biotic stresses, insect herbivory is known to alter photosynthetic activity and/or photosynthetic gene expression levels in affected plants. The effects are predominantly negative, although compensatory responses are not uncommon. Both positive and negative effects can be detected in injured and adjacent, intact, plant tissue, which may include, in some species, photosynthetically active stems in addition to leaves. Indirect effects on photosynthesis have been clearly demonstrated with the use of fluorescence and thermal imaging system techniques. The negative insect herbivory-derived effects on photosynthesis are frequently explained by a theoretical framework constructed on the argument that the resource-rich photosynthetic apparatus is sacrificed to provide the metabolic precursors and energy needed for the proper deployment of the resource-
Analysis of the Function of DNA Polymerase Kappa and M17 in the Immune System

In T cell-dependent immune responses, activated B cells undergo a phase of rapid expansion and form distinct histological structures, the germinal centers (GC). GCs are the sites of secondary antibody diversification. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) introduces mutations into the rearranged V genes, whereas class switch recombination (CSR) alters the IgH constant region to modulate effector function. The current model of SHM postulates cytidine deamination by AID, followed by error-prone repair that involves short-patch DNA synthesis by error-prone DNA polymerases. The Pol k (DinB1) gene encodes a specialized mammalian DNA polymerase called DNA polymerase k. The mouse Pol k gene is expressed in most tissues of the body including B cells. The ability of Pol k to generate mutations when extending primers on undamaged DNA templates identifies this enzyme as a candidate for the introduction of nucleotide exchanges during SHM. Here, I show that Polk-deficient mice are viable, fertile and able to mount a normal immune response to the antigen (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl-chicken globulin (NPGC). Polk-deficient mice mutate their Ig genes normally. Pol k-/- Pol l-/- Pol i-/- mice also show no defects in SHM, indicating that these error-prone DNA polymerases do not substitute for each other's function during SHM. However, Polk-deficient embryonic fibroblasts are sensitive to cell death following exposure to ultraviolet radiation, suggesting a role for Polk in translesion DNA synthesis. The human gene HGAL serves as marker in the prognosis of patients with GC-derived diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL). The mouse gene M17 is the homologue of HGAL. M17 is predominantly expressed in the GCs, indicating a role in GC function. In the present study, I analyzed M17-/- mice to investigate the role of M17 in the GC reaction. M17-/- mice form normal GCs, undergo efficient CSR and SHM and mount a T cell-dependent immune response. Thus, M17 is dispensable for the GC reaction and the current data support a rather indirect role for HGAL as a prognostic marker in the biology of DLBCL.
Control of powdery mildew on pumpkin leaves: 2008 field trial

Powdery mildew of cucurbits, caused by the pathogen Podosphaera xanthii or other Erysiphaceae, is an important foliar disease in California. Disease is often managed by application of synthetic fungicides. We tested 11 fungicide treatment regimes to assess control of powdery mildew on pumpkin in a field trial in northern California. Foliage was sprayed weekly or biweekly; two biocontrol treatments were also soil-drenched prior to foliar applications. Disease attained high levels of incidence (nearly 100% of leaves infected) and severity (from 0.97 to 2.2 colonies per cm2) on the upper surface of leaves in unsprayed/undrenched, unsprayed/water drenched and water-sprayed controls. Biological and organic treatments, including Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus WYEC108) and Phyton 016-B (copper sulfate pentahydrate), did not effectively control the disease. Treatment with Rally alternated with Quintec (myclobutanil/quinoxyfen), LEM17 (penthiopyrad), LEM17 + other synthetics, or Inspire Super (difenoconazole + cyprodinil) however, lowered disease incidence on the upper surface of leaves and gave up to several fold reductions in colony density relative to plants sprayed with water.
Cellular remodeling in creatine kinase-deficient muscles : adaptive changes and regulatory mechanisms

Optimal balancing of production, distribution and consumption of cellular energy is of pivotal importance for every cell in the body. Therefore, all cells possess an elaborate network of enzymes that help in safeguarding energy homeostasis. Members of the creatine kinase (CK) family of enzymes play an important role in maintaining adequate energy levels in the cell. This thesis describes the consequences that ablation of the CK gene(s) has on other enzymes and signaling molecules in the cellular network for energy homeostasis. We studied skeletal muscles of different CK knockout mice using several molecular and physiological approaches. CK-deficient mice show changes in energy metabolism, an adaptive remodeling which partially compensates for the genetic defect. Muscle cells are obviously capable of 'sensing' the genetic defect and 'translating' this into an altered expression profile of mRNAs and proteins with a role in cellular energetics, presumably serving to sustain adequate levels of cellular ATP. These compensatory changes appear to be dependent on the tissue-specific cellular environment of CK. Furthermore, CK optimizes the function of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) Ca2+-ATPase and is directly involved in the refill of the SR. The MM-CK/ScCKmit system plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular ATP homeostasis in muscle, in the fine regulation of energy production and consumption, but this role can be compensated for by other enzyme systems. The studies in this thesis point to the importance of 'whole system' approaches for studying CK in the context of its dynamic (tissue specific) cellular environment (proteins, and presumably other molecules such as metabolites). Only by combining information obtained from different scientific approaches, we can elucidate the true function of the CK circuit, and the (many) regulatory principles that underlie its flexible role in muscle cell bioenergetics and physiology.
Effect of Apple Dietary Fiber on the in vitro Growth of Intestinal Bacteria

Various fractions of apple fibers such as crude pulp, total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, and insoluble dietary fiber were prepared and added to the proteose peptone-yeast extract-fildes (PYF) media to see their effects on the growth of type cultures of intestinal bacteria. Most microbes tested in this experiment grew well in PYF media with the soluble dietary fiber of apple than with the insoluble dietary fiber. Especially Bifidobacterium species such as B. adolescentis, B. animalis, B. infantis, B. longum, B. thermophilum showed higher growth in PYF media containing the soluble dietary fiber than other fiber fractions. However, pectin-added media didn't promote the growth of most microbes used in the experiment. In the in vitro mixed culture using rat feces as starter, the addition of the soluble dietary fiber or pectin to the basal medium showed larger proportion of Bifidobacterium species in total bacteria than that of glucose.