Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of T Lymphocytes and Interferon-γ in Ischemic Stroke

Background— Although lymphocyte recruitment and activation are associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, the contributions of specific lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to stroke remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to define the contribution of specific populations of lymphocytes to the inflammatory and prothrombogenic responses elicited in the cerebral microvasculature by I/R and to investigate the role of T-cell–associated IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Methods and Results— Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 1 hour (followed by 4 or 24 hours of reperfusion) in wild-type mice and mice deficient in lymphocytes (Rag1−/−), CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, or IFN-γ. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion was assessed in cortical venules with intravital video microscopy. Neurological deficit and infarct volume were determined 24 hours after reperfusion. Rag1−/−, CD4+ T-cell−/−, CD8+ T-cell−/−, and IFN-γ−/− mice exhibited comparable significant reductions in I/R-induced leukocyte and platelet adhesion compared with wild-type mice exposed to I/R. Infarct volume was reduced and I/R-induced neurological deficit was improved in immunodeficient Rag1−/− mice. These protective responses were reversed in Rag1−/− mice reconstituted with either wild-type or, to a lesser extent, IFN-γ−/− splenocytes. B-cell–deficient mice failed to show improvement against ischemic stroke injury. Conclusions— These findings indicate that CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes, contribute to the inflammatory and thrombogenic responses, brain injury, and neurological deficit associated with experimental stroke. Although IFN-γ plays a pivotal role in stroke-induced inflammatory responses, T lymphocytes appear to be a minor source of this cytokine.
Data for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Neonatal Animals: Physiological Parameters in Mice and Sprague-Dawley Rats

ABSTRACTRecent scientific and policy initiatives have resulted in increased interest in risk to fetuses, infants, and children and consideration of how such risks should be evaluated. A useful way of addressing this issue is to use physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to compare the tissue dose that children and adults receive for a given amount of a chemical ingested or inhaled. The response in children and adults for a given tissue dose can also be compared. To aid in the development of age-specific PBPK models for experimental animals, we have collected information on physiological parameters in neonates and young animals, through 60 days of age. Our effort focused on generic physiological values, such as tissue weight (termed tissue volume in the context of PBPK modeling), intake (alveolar ventilation, food intake, water intake), and flows (blood flows to tissues, bile flow, creatinine clearance, and glomerular filtration rate). To date, parameters for Sprague-Dawley rats and mice of mu.
Dual diagnosis screening: preliminary findings on the comparison of 50 clients attending community mental health services and 50 clients attending community substance misuse services

While dual diagnosis research has often focussed on substance misuse disorders among mental health clients, relatively little is known about comparable rates of dual diagnosis in community mental health and substance misuse settings because of, inter alia, limitations and lack of consistency in screening. In the current study clinicians administered a brief screening tool, which detects problematic alcohol, drug use, psychosis and common mental health symptoms, to 50 substance misuse and 50 mental health treatment attenders. Sixty-four per cent of the total sample screened positive for dual diagnosis (positive for any psychiatric disorder and either a drug or alcohol problem). Highest rates were observed in the alcohol sample (92.3%), followed by the drug sample (87.5%), and lowest in the community mental health (CMHT) sample (38%). Current depression and social phobia were most prevalent in alcohol clients compared to psychosis, mania and suicidal ideation in CMHT clients. Around one-third of CMHT clients reported using drugs (mainly cannabis) and around a fifth reported problematic alcohol use. The study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating a dual diagnosis screen into routine clinical practice. The screen can be used in both mental health and substance misuse treatment settings, which are evidently managing complex client caseloads.
Multiple Choice Tests

In taking multiple choice tests, you want to keep in mind the basics of test taking: read the directions first and carefully, read each question carefully and have a systematic approach to the whole exam. There are also some very specific strategies for approaching multiple choice questions. 1. Cope with Qualifiers Qualifiers are words that alter a statement. Words like always, most, equal, good, and bad. In a multiple choice test, qualifiers can make an option on a test question be a correct option or an incorrect option. For example, the following 2 states are nearly identical: It often rains in Seattle. It always rains in Seattle. The first statement is true, while the word " always " in the second statement makes it false. Keep careful track of qualifiers by circling one that appears in a test question or in the answer options. To beat qualifiers you need to know the qualifier families: Whenever one qualifier from a family is used in answer option, substitute each of the others for it in turn. Then you can tell which of the qualifiers fits best. If the best qualifier is the one in the answer option, then the option is true, if the best qualifier is another one from the family, then the answer option is false.
Highly-Ordered PdIn Intermetallic Nanostructures Obtained from Heterobimetallic Acetate Complex: Formation and Catalytic Properties in Diphenylacetylene Hydrogenation

Formation of PdIn intermetallic nanoparticles supported on α-Al2O3 was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and hydrogen temperature-programmed desorption (H2-TPD) methods. The metals were loaded as heterobimetallic Pd(μ-O2CMe)4In(O2CMe) complex to ensure intimate contact between Pd and In. Reduction in H2 at 200 °C resulted in Pd-rich PdIn alloy as evidenced by XRD and the disappearance of Pd hydride. A minor amount of Pd1In1 intermetallic phase appeared after reduction at 200 °C and its formation was accomplished at 400 °C. Neither monometallic Pd or in nor other intermetallic structures were found after reduction at 400–600 °C. Catalytic performance of Pd1In1/α-Al2O3 was studied in the selective liquid-phase diphenylacetylene (DPA) hydrogenation. It was found that the reaction rate of undesired alkene hydrogenation is strongly reduced on Pd1In1 nanoparticles enabling effective kinetic control of the hydrogenation, and the catalyst demonstrated excellent selectivity to alkene.
Coach, Are You Ready to Save a Life? Injury and Care Knowledge Check for Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Coaches need to become familiar with foundational knowledge on sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), while becoming confident, competent, and proficient in their emergency action plans for using CPR and an AED to provide immediate and appropriate care to athletes. This article refers to a 2011 position statement that examines the importance of a coach's proper emergency response to SCA in athletic programs. The purpose of this article is to provide coaches with mock scenarios that will help expose them to SCA events and test their knowledge on how to provide immediate and appropriate care for this potentially catastrophic condition.
Using units of CEM 43°C T90, local hyperthermia thermal dose can be delivered as prescribed

A randomized study was designed in dogs with spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas to gain information about the relationship between hyperthermia dose and outcome. The study compared two levels of thermal dose applied to dogs with heatable tumours, so it was necessary to deliver either a low (2-5 CEM 43°C T90) or high (20-50 CEM 43°C T90) thermal dose as precisely as possible. It was also desirable to have similar numbers of hyperthermia treatments in each thermal dose group. Identification of heatable tumours and randomization to high or low heat dose group was done during the first hyperthermia treatment. This was readily accomplished using mapping of temperatures in thermometry catheters, manual recording of thermal data, and visual inspection of raw thermal data with subsequent adjustment of the duration of the hyperthermia treatment. An analysis of precision of thermal dose delivery was conducted after approximately 50% of projected accrual had been met in a randomized phase III assessment of thermal dose effect. Fifty-four dogs were eligible for randomization; in 48 dogs the tumour was deemed heatable according to predetermined temperature criteria applied during the first heat treatment. Twenty-four dogs were randomized to the high heat dose group, and 24 to the low heat dose group. Median (range) total thermal dose for dogs in the high dose group was 43.5 CEM 43°C T90 (16.4-66.6) compared to 3.2 CEM 43°C T90 (2.1-4.6) for dogs in the low dose group. There was no overlap of thermal doses between groups. Thus, thermal dose could be delivered accurately, being within the predetermined range in 47 of the 48 dogs. Thermal dose quantified as CEM 43°C T50, however, did overlap between groups and the clinical significance of this finding will not be known until outcome data are analysed. Most dogs in both groups received five hyperthermia treatments. Median (range) treatment duration for dogs in the high dose group was 300min (147-692) compared to 111min (51-381) for dogs in the low dose group. Relatively simple but accurate methods of delivering prescribed thermal dose as described herein will aid the translation of clinical hyperthermia from the research setting into more general practice once the characteristics of the relationship between hyperthermia dose and outcome are understood.
Inocybe section Rimosae in Utah: phylogenetic affinities and new species

Results of a study on species of Inocybe section Rimosae sensu lato in Utah are presented. Eight species, seven from the Pseudosperma clade (section Rimosae sensu stricto) and one from the Inosperma clade (section Rimosae pro parte), are documented morphologically and phylogenetically. Five of the eight species, I. aestiva, I. breviterincarnata, I. cercocarpi, I. niveivelata and I. occidentalis—all members of the Pseudosperma clade—are described as new from Utah and other western states. Two European species, I. spuria and I. obsoleta, are confirmed from Utah. Inocybe aurora, originally described from Nova Scotia, is synonymized with I. obsoleta. The only member of the Inosperma clade recorded from Utah is I. lanatodisca, a widely distributed species for which three geographical clusters were detected. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Pseudosperma clade includes 53 clusters or species worldwide and that the Inosperma clade includes 47 such clusters. Many of these probably correspond to undescribed species. A key to species of section Rimosae sensu lato from Utah is provided together with illustrations of the eight species found in the state.
A PROTECTIVE THERAPY FOR MUMPS

The protection afforded to man against epidemic diseases through the employment of prophylactic antiserum injection is of course best illustrated by the case of diphtheria. It is likewise known that many infections to which animals are subject can be prevented by a similar form of passive immunization. While the number of experimental infections which can be prevented in this manner is not large, it is a notable fact that the blood of animals which have recovered from hog cholera carries a protective principle capable of warding off, for a time, infection with the filterable virus of that disease. That human blood of one individual can be injected safely into another individual is of course a commonplace. Recent experience with the transfusion of large quantities of blood is convincing in establishing the value and safety of this procedure. Experience has also shown that human blood carrying immunity principles can be employed
Is histology required for the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis? a review of published randomised controlled trials

Introduction The need for liver biopsy to diagnose alcoholic hepatitis (AH) in the clinical setting remains controversial. Coagulopathy and/or ascites may preclude percutaneous biopsy and facilities for transjugular biopsy are not universally available. Despite this, some experts still advocate that biopsy confirmation of AH is a prerequisite for determining diagnosis, prognosis and treatment strategy for this condition. Aim The authors aimed to review the already published literature in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of therapy for AH. This was primarily to determine if these data could determine the need for histology in the selection of patients for study. Methods Studies published from 1970 to 2010 were identified through a MEDLINE computer search and manual search of the bibliographies of identified articles. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for each study were determined. The number of biopsies performed and the patients excluded as a consequence of incompatible histology were recorded. Results The authors identified 43 published RCTs trials, with adequate data available in 39. 11 of the trials required ‘biopsy proven’ AH prior to randomisation of patients, however the histological criteria for the diagnosis of AH varied widely between studies. Where figures were provided, it appears 1668 liver biopsies were undertaken in these trials with 1409 showing evidence of AH (84.5%). However if studies defined a minimum value of bilirubin (usually >80–85 μmol/l) as an entry criterion, or the minimum value of bilirubin described was >80 μmol/l, 96% of biopsies confirmed AH (405 of 422 biopsies: p<0.0001 (95% CI 12.2% to 18.2% compared with studies without such stipulations). Where co-existent cirrhosis was mentioned, 839 of 1187 (70.7%) of biopsies had evidence of this. There was no correlation between the proportion of patients with cirrhosis and the mortality in the placebo treated patients (p=0.81; 95% CI −0.54 to 0.44). Conclusion Overall the diagnosis of AH is confirmed in over 80% of cases, but this clinical diagnostic accuracy increases to over 95% with a minimum value of bilirubin. Co-existent cirrhosis does not influence short-term prognosis. These data indicate that in most cases histology is not necessary for the diagnosis and management of AH.
Role of microemuslsions in advanced drug delivery

Microemulsions have gained significant attention from formulation scientists since the time they have been discovered, because of their excellent properties related to their stability, solubility, simplicity, and formulation aspects. The application of microemulsions is not limited to drug delivery via the oral, topical or ocular routes, but may also be seen in cosmetics, immunology, sensor devices, coating, textiles, analytical chemistry, and spermicide. Finally, the objective of this review is to discuss briefly the applications of microemulsions in advanced drug delivery.
The Video Atlas Of Eye Surgery—Vitreoretinal (Part 1)

B C Little, Aylward B, Packer M, and et al. London: DVD $405, 2006, ISBN 19-053-1200-8 Vitreoretinal 1 — Basic Techniques is the second in the series of this video based Video Atlas of Eye Surgery . The presentation is similar to the Phacoemulsification 1 — Basic Techniques . It is supplied on a single DVD, being PC or Mac compatible. The standard Video Atlas interface is used with chapters being presented on the right hand side of the main screen. These are easily collapsible or expanded to reveal the subsections and each video is, therefore, directly accessible from the main menu. The “Learning Pad” is again presented …
Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup A may confer a genetic susceptibility to AIDS group from Southwest China

Abstract The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans was one of the chronic infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the interactions between viral infection and mitochondrial energetic implicated that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation(s) may effect genetic susceptibility to AIDS. Thus, to illustrate the maternal genetic structure and further identify whether mtDNA variation(s) can effect HIV infection among southwest Chinese AIDS group, the whole mtDNA control region sequences of 70 AIDS patients and 480 health individuals from southwest China were analyzed here. Our results indicated the plausible recent genetic admixture results of AIDS group; comparison of matrilineal components between AIDS and matched Han groups showed that mtDNA haplogroup A (p = 0.048, OR = 3.006, 95% CI = 1.109–8.145) has a significant higher difference between the two groups; further comparison illustrated that mtDNA mutations 16,209 (p = 0.046, OR = 2.607, 95% CI = 0.988–6.876) and 16,319 (p = 0.009, OR = 2.965, 95% CI = 1.278–6.876) have significant differences between AIDS and matched control groups, and both of which were the defining variations of mtDNA haplogroup A, they further confirmed that mtDNA haplogroup A may confer genetic susceptibility to AIDS. Our results suggested that haplogroup A may confer a genetic susceptibility to AIDS group from Southwest China.
Endovascular Treatment of Experimental Aneurysms with Use of Fibroblast Transfected with Replication-Deficient Adenovirus Containing Bone Morphogenetic Protein-13 Gene

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Modified coils have failed to improve long-term recanalization of aneurysms. This study examined whether ex vivo transduction of replication-deficient adenovirus containing the bone morphogenetic protein-13 gene (Ad-BMP-13) in fibroblast allografts would improve angiographic results via increased collagen synthesis, compared with fibroblast-coated platinum coils (FBC) and bare platinum coils (PA). Materials and METHODS: Aneurysms were embolized with Ad-BMP-13-coated coils (n = 20). Rabbits were sacrificed at 14 days and at 1, 3, and 6 months after implantation. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) evaluated stability after embolization. Histologic specimens were examined with a qualitative grading system. Masson trichrome evaluated collagen deposition. Findings were compared with previously reported controls for PA and FBC in the same model and time points. RESULTS: The grading system showed a greater total score (P = .0002) in Ad-BMP-13 (6.8 ± 1.6) and FBC (6.3 ± 2.4) compared with PA (4.7 ± 2.4). A group main effects test showed that aneurysm neck tissue coverage in Ad-BMP-13 (2.5 ± 1.1) was higher (P = .0007) than both FBC (1.6 ± 1.4) and PA (0.9 ± 1.1). Ad-BMP-13 had more (P < .0001) collagen deposition than the FBC and PA. One- and 3-month Ad-BMP-13 collagen depositions increased (P < .05) over the FBC and PA. Finally, Ad-BMP-13 showed radiographic stability in 15 (75%) cases, coil compaction in 4 (20%) cases, and progressive occlusion in 1 (5%) case. There were no differences in angiographic results (P = .6522). CONCLUSION: The Ad-BMP-13-coated coils can improve neck coverage and dome fibrosis in the rabbit model, even in the absence of observed differences in angiographic outcome.
Comparison of clinical methods for the phenotypic detection of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Disc diffusion methods with Brilliance TM MRSA agar

This study was based on the comparison of revised guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI), British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) and BrillianceTM MRSA agar (Oxoid) for the phenotypic identification of methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A total of 133 clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested using new CLSI, BSAC guidelines and BrillianceTM MRSA Agar. All the strains were tested according to prescribed guidelines of CLSI (M100-S20, 2010) and BSAC (10.2, 2011). The 30 µg and 10 µg cefoxitin (FOX) performed best for the detection of MRSA and gave 100% sensitivity and specificity. While 1 µg oxacillin (OX) showed less effective results showing sensitivity and specificity of 96.8% and 100% respectively. The cefoxitin disc diffusion method appears to be a good option for the identification of MRSA. BrillianceTM MRSA agar when used for the detection of MRSA, showed sensitivity and specificity of 98.4% and 100% respectively. In conclusion the efficiency of FOX is very high and FOX disc diffusion method is the most efficient method for the identification of MRSA phenotypicallyand could be a second choice for the detection of MRSA. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, CLSI, BSAC, Chromogenic media, MRSA.
Cardiovascular therapy through nanotechnology – how far are we still from bedside?

Abstract Recent years brought about a widespread interest in the potential applications of nanotechnology for the diagnostics and the therapy of human diseases. With its promise of disease-targeted, patient-tailored treatment and reduced side effects, nanomedicine brings hope for millions of patients suffering of non-communicable diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular disorders. However, the emergence of the complex, multicomponent products based on new technologies poses multiple challenges to successful approval in clinical practice. Regulatory and development considerations, including properties of the components, reproducible manufacturing and appropriate characterization methods, as well as nanodrugs’ safety and efficacy are critical for rapid marketing of the new products. This review discusses the recent advances in cardiovascular applications of nanotechnologies and highlights the challenges that must be overcome in order to fill the gap existing between the promising bench trials and the successful bedside applications.
Perceived impacts of a first wheelchair on social participation

Purpose. To document perceived impacts in users' daily activities and social roles (social participation) following the acquisition of a first manual or powered wheelchair. Methods. A qualitative design with a phenomenological approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. An interview guide was developed based on the 12 social participation categories in the Disability Creation Process (DCP) conceptual model as themes underlying the questions: ‘What has changed in your daily life since you got your new wheelchair? ’ and ‘What has not changed in your daily life that you thought you would do differently with your new wheelchair? ’ Results and discussion. The average age of the ten participants was 64.3 years (±16.3) and 90% had received a manual wheelchair. Four main themes emerged from the detailed analysis: changes in daily activities, expectations not met, impacts on social roles and emotional changes. The participants considered the changes in daily activities to be generally positive. Expectations not met mainly related to outdoor mobility. The participants had not anticipated the impacts on social roles and emotional changes, which demonstrate the complexity of human occupation. Conclusion. Getting a wheelchair is a major and complex event in a person's life.