Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The biosynthesis pathway of di‐myo‐inositol‐1,1′‐phosphate in Pyrococcus woesei

From in vitro experiments with dialyzed cell-free extracts of the hyperthermophilic Archaeum Pyrococcus woesei, the biosynthetic pathway of di-myo-inositol-1,1′-phosphate was deduced. Starting from glucose 6-phosphate, the synthesis proceeds in two steps with l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate as intermediate. (1) Interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate to inositol 1-phosphate was observed without adding cofactors, such as nucleoside triphosphates or pyridine dinucleotides suggesting that the first enzyme reaction corresponds to the NAD+-dependent inositol 1-phosphate synthase reaction as already described for eukaryal systems, but differing from the latter by a stronger pyridine dinucleotide binding rendering the enzyme virtually independent from external NAD+. (2) In a second step, two l-myo-inositol 1-phosphates are coupled under the expense of NTP to yield di-myo-inositol-1,1′-phosphate. The coupling of two l-myo-inositol 1-phosphates without preceding dephosphorylation of one of both by a phosphorylase as proposed for the di-myo-inositol-1,1′-phosphate synthesis in Methanococcus igneus (Chen, L. and Roberts, M. (1998) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 2609–2615) is supported by labeling experiments which resulted only in a labeled product with l-myo [U-14C]inositol 1-phosphate, but not with radiolabeled l-myo-[U-14C]inositol and non-labeled l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate.
Further steps of Cryptorchestia garbinii invasion in Polish inland waters with insights into its molecular diversity in Central and Western Europe

Cryptorchestia garbinii Ruffo, Tarocco and Latella, 2014 (Amphipoda: Talitridae), a semiterrestrial amphipod, reported (as Orchestia cavimana Heller, 1865) from the Polish inland waters, e.g., the lowermost Vistula River, for the first time in 2009. Now, we have reported this species from the upper Oder River, which is c.a. 350 km SE from the closest known localities near Berlin, Germany. We confirmed its identity by the DNA barcodes and showed that all individuals found so far in other countries in Central and Western Europe represent the same haplotype, excluding a singleton from the locus typicus of this species in Lake Garda, Italy.
Reproductive sensitivity to elevated water temperatures in female Atlantic salmon is heightened at certain stages of vitellogenesis

In order to compare the effects on reproductive performance of short-term or prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures during vitellogenesis, female Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were held at a water temperature of 22° C for periods of 4 or 6 weeks during the austral summer and autumn. Plasma levels of 17β-oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and vitellogenin (Vtg) were monitored and reproductive success was compared to that in groups of fish maintained at 14 or 22° C for 12 weeks from mid-January. Significant endocrine effects were observed within as few as 3 days of the commencement of exposure to 22° C, when plasma levels of E2 (c. 0·5 ng ml−1) and Vtg (c. 1·4 mg ml−1) were approximately half those observed in fish maintained at 14° C (c. 1·0 ng ml−1 and 2·7 mg ml−1 respectively). The fertility and survival to the eyed stage of ova from fish held at 14° C exceeded 85 and 70% respectively, whereas ova from fish held at 22° C for 6 or 12 weeks exhibited significantly reduced fertility (<70 and <45% respectively) and survival (c. 40 and 13% respectively). In spite of significant endocrine effects at all stages, a 4 week exposure to 22° C only generated significant reductions in egg fertility (<65%) and survival (c. 30%) when it occurred between mid-February and mid-March. Together, these data confirm that high temperature spikes can affect reproductive success as strongly as more prolonged exposures, and indicate that there is a critical period of reproductive sensitivity to elevated temperature in late February and early March in this stock of Atlantic salmon.
Effects of Postharvest Putrescine Treatment on Extending Shelf Life and Reducing Mechanical Damage in Apricot

: Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L. cv Mauricio) harvested at commercial ripening stage were treated with putrescine (1 mM), then mechanically damaged with a 25 N force and stored at 10 °C for 6 d. Putrescine treatment increased fruit firmness and reduced the bruising zones caused by the mechanical damage. Putrescine-treated fruits (both damaged and nondamaged) showed different physiological behavior than controls. Color change, weight loss, ethylene emission, and respiration rate were reduced in putrescine-treated fruits. The most remarkable effect of the mechanical damage was the significant increase in spermidine concentrations found after the compression in control apricots, which could be considered as a physiological marker of mechanical damage.
Genetic Mapping of Agronomic Traits Using Recombinant Inbred Lines of Soybean

Many agronomic traits of interest to plant breeders are quantitative. Recombinant inbred (RI) lines are particularly useful in genetic mapping studies of quantitative traits. A recombinant inbred population was derived from the Glycine max (L.) Merr. parents 'Minsoy' and 'Noir 1'. This soybean population was used to investigate the genetic basis of several agronomic traits: days to flower (R1), days to maturity (R8), reproductive period (R8-R1), plant height, lodging score, height divided by lodging (the ability of tall plants to stand upright), seed protein content, seed oil content, seed size, yield, seed number, yield divided by height (the yield from short plants), leaf width, leaf length, and leaf area. In this RI population, transgressive segregation was observed for all of these traits. As expected, height and lodging were correlated, as were height and maturity; height and maturity with yield; and leaf length and width with leaf area. Height divided by lodging and yield divided by height showed little correlation with other traits, indicating that these traits measured new plant phenotypes. A genetic map was constructed for this population, with restriction fragment length polymorphism markers, simple sequence repeat markers and classical markers. Approximately 2000 cM of linkage was defined. The data were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by linking quantitative phenotypes to qualitative genetic markers. For many traits, a few QTLs accounted for a large proportion of the variation observed. QTLs for most of the traits were associated with three linkage groups, often with the same genetic locus within the linkage group. At the level of resolution of the genetic map for this population, it was not possible to determine whether these QTLs have pleiotrophic effects or are clusters of separate, tightly linked genes. The data suggest that separation of QTLs for different traits (such as maturity or lodging and yield) may be difficult, but that this RI population will be useful in resolving questions concerning marker assisted selection of quantitative traits.
THE EFFECTS OF SHAPE ON THE INTERACTION OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES

Introdzution. The shapes of colloidal particles are often reasonably compact, so that no diameter greatly exceeds the cube root of the volume of the particle. On the other hand, we know many coiloids whose particles are greatly extended into sheets (bentonite), rods (tobacco virus), or flexible chains (myosin, various Iinear polymers). In some instances, a t least, solutions of such highly anisometric particles are known to exhibit remarkably great deviations from Raoult’s law, even to the extent that an anisotropic phase may separate from a solution in which the particles themselves occupy but one or two per cent of the total volume (tobacco virus, bentonite). We shall show in what follows how such results may arise from electrostatic repulsion between highly anisometric particles. Most colloids in aqueous solution owe their stability more or less to electric charges, so that each particle will repel others before they come into actual contact, and effectively claim for itself a greater volume than what it actuaily occupies. Thus, we can understand that colloids in general are apt to exhibit considerable deviations from Raoult’s law and that crystalline phases retaining a fair proportion of solvent may separate from concentrated solutions. However, if we tentatively increase the known size of the particles by the known range of the electric forces and multiply the resulting volume by four in order to compute the effective van der Waal’s co-volume, we have not nearly enough to explain why a solution of 2 per cent tobacco virus in 0.005 normal NaCZ forms two phases.
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CITRUS BLIGHT (Citrus spp.)

Brazil is the largest citrus producer in the world, being responsible for more than 20% of its production, which is, however still low due to phytosanitary issues such as citrus blight. Citrus blight is an anomaly whose causes still have not yet been determined, therefore there are no efficient control measures to minimize the production losses with the use of resistant varieties being considered the most appropriate method. However, little is known about the genes involved in the defense response of the plants to this anomaly. Considering that many physiological alterations associated with plant stress responses are controlled at a transcriptional level, in this study we sought the identification and characterization of the gene expression products differentially expressed in the response to the citrus blight. Through the suppressive subtractive hybridization technique, expressed cDNA libraries were built using mRNAs isolated from "Cravo" lemon tree roots (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck) under "Pera" orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) of healthy and sick plants. 129 clones were obtained by subtraction and their sequences were compared in databases. 34 of them linked to proteins associated to stress processes, while the others were similar to sequences of unknown functions or did not present similarity with sequences deposited in the databases. 3 genes were selected and their expressions were studied by RT - qPCR in real-time. Plants with citrus blight presented an increase of the expression level in two of those genes, suggesting that these can be directly involved with this anomaly.
High-Efficiency Control Strategy for 10-kV/1-MW Solid-State Transformer in PV Application

This article proposes a systematic control strategy for solid-state transformer (SST) composed of dual active bridge (DAB) and cascaded H-bridge, which increases SST efficiency over a wide operating range in PV application. In real practice, the PV panel presents a wide voltage range, which could significantly affect SST efficiency, mainly for DAB. To improve the efficiency, a universal loss model for DAB under frequency domain analysis is established. Based on this, the optimum efficiency modulation scheme is derived. Besides the efficiency improvement of DAB from the modulation scheme, this article fully explores extra control freedom, which is an intermediate voltage between DAB and H-bridge. Then, the variable intermediate voltage control scheme is proposed, which reduces the conduction loss and switching loss of DAB. Furthermore, zero-sequence modulation signal injection and the proportional-resonant controller is implemented in the proposed control strategy, which expands the range for further efficiency improvement. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the experiment is carried out on the submodule and 10-kV/1-MW SST real scale prototype. Under the proposed method, the SST system achieves 0.9% efficiency improvement compared with the conventional method.
Optimization of HiPIMS discharges: The selection of pulse power, pulse length, gas pressure, and magnetic field strength

In high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) operation, there are basically two goals: a high ionized flux fraction of the sputtered target material and a high deposition rate. In this work, it is demonstrated that the former always comes at the cost of the latter. This makes a choice necessary, referred to as the HiPIMS compromise. It is here proposed that this compromise is most easily made by varying the discharge current amplitude, which opens up for optimization of additionally four external process parameters: the pulse length, the working gas pressure, the magnetic field strength, and the degree of magnetic unbalance to achieve the optimum combination of the ionized flux fraction and the deposition rate. As a figure of merit, useful for comparing different discharges, ( 1 − β t ) is identified, which is the fraction of ionized sputtered material that escapes back-attraction toward the cathode target. It is shown that a discharge with a higher value of ( 1 − β t ) always can be arranged to give better combinations of ionization and deposition rate than a discharge with a lower ( 1 − β t ). Maximization of ( 1 − β t ) is carried out empirically, based on data from two discharges with Ti targets in Ar working gas. These discharges were first modeled in order to convert measured plasma parameters to values of ( 1 − β t ). The combined effects of varying the different process parameters were then analyzed using a process flow chart model. The effect of varying the degree of unbalance in the studied range was small. For the remaining three parameters, it is found that optimum is achieved by minimizing the magnetic field strength, minimizing the working gas pressure, and minimizing the pulse length as far as compatible with the requirement to ignite and maintain a stable discharge.
A comparison of arthropod abundance and arthropod mediated predation services in urban green spaces

The need to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban landscapes is widely recognised, yet specific planning and design strategies that promote conservation in urban areas are limited. Little is known about the ability of different types of urban green spaces to support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. In this study, we compared the abundance of beneficial arthropods (predators and bees) and measured predation services in two different types of green space, areas of turf and prairies. Beneficial arthropods and predation services were measured three times during the 2011 field season in six Chicago (IL, USA) parks that contained both turf and prairie. Using a repeated measures analysis, we found bee abundance was significantly higher in the prairie compared to turf by August, and predator abundance was higher in the prairie throughout the summer. While predation services were not significantly different between the turf and prairie in June, predation steadily increased in the prairie over the course of the summer with significantly higher rates of predation by August. Of the predators measured, spiders were positively correlated with prairie habitat and negatively correlated with the survival of pest insects. We found turf and prairie differentially supported beneficial arthropod abundance and ecosystem services, suggesting the type of green space incorporated into urban areas may be an integral component to expanding the conservation potential of urban landscapes.
The Parent Play Questionnaire: Development of a parent questionnaire to assess parent–child play and digital media use

We introduce the Parent Play Questionnaire (PPQ), a parent-report measure designed to assess frequency of parent–infant play, parents’ attitudes towards play with their infant, and infants’ use of digital media. We describe measure development and empirical data across three samples of parent–infant dyads (total N = 414, offspring a ged 0.3–2.5 years). Three latent factors explain the PPQ, corresponding with theoretically defined subscales. Summary scores showed good internal consistency and normally distributed results. Weak to moderate correlations were found between the frequency and attitude play scales, and with standardized measures of family social and emotional characteristics. Overall, frequency of digital media use was not correlated with play or broader family variables. Results suggest that the PPQ will be a useful tool for researchers interested in assessing parent–child play during early childhood.
Factors Associated With High School Physical Education Teachers’ Adoption of a Supplemental Online Instructional System (iPE)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with high school physical education (PE) teachers’ adoption of a supplemental online instructional system. Method: Semistructured, open-ended phone interviews with 28 high school PE teachers were used as the primary data collection method. All teachers were using or had used a supplemental online instructional system at the time of the study. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) guided the directed content analysis. Results: Four main categories were generated, including perceived programmatic, instructional, and inclusivity improvements; minimal personal and student usage effort; school and curriculum provider support facilitated use; and administrators’ dictated long-term use. Discussion/Conclusion: The results aligned well with the UTAUT and served to situate the theory within the secondary PE context. The participants’ perceptions and experiences were also contradictory to much of the current research on teachers’ technology adoption in PE and K–12 education, more generally.
Exploring Thermospheric Variations Triggered by Severe Geomagnetic Storm on 26 August 2018 Using GRACE Follow‐On Data

With the successful launch of the satellite mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Follow‐On in May 2018 the opportunity arises to resume the analysis of accelerometer data regarding space weather induced perturbations of the Earth's thermosphere. On 21 August 2018 a complex interplanetary coronal mass ejections occurred on the Sun, which subsequently triggered an unexpected large geomagnetic storm on 26 August. We present a detailed analysis of the interplanetary coronal mass ejection eruption and explore the occurred perturbation of the neutral mass density in the upper Earth's atmosphere. Due to the heating and the subsequent expansion of the thermosphere also the drag force acting on the spacecraft is enhanced. This leads to an additional storm‐induced orbit decay, which we calculate by means of variations in the semimajor axis. The evaluation is based on the utilization of accelerometer measurements from GRACE Follow‐On. For the reduction of disturbing nongravitational forces we implemented a physical shadow function, which incorporates the Earth's oblateness and the atmospheric refraction and extinction. Additionally, the estimation of Earth's reradiation is now based on hourly measurements by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System. The resulting atmospheric densities and orbit decays are compared with predictions from our preliminary thermospheric forecasting tool, which is based on the study by Krauss et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025778). The evaluation shows that the maximum estimated orbit decay triggered by the geomagnetic storm on 26 August is in the order of approximately 8.2 m and thus in good accordance with the forecasted value (9.5 m)—predicted with a lead time of about 60 min.
Changes in Cortisol Dynamics in Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) During Smoltification

Cortisol dynamics were examined in hatchery and wild juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) over the spring of 1991 and 1992 when the fish were smolting. Wild fish were caught in the upper Quinsam River, British Columbia and at the downstream enumeration fence when they started to migrate. Two groups of hatchery fish were from the top and bottom ends of an earthen rearing channel. Plasma cortisol levels increased during the spring in all groups, but were significantly greater in wild than in hatchery smolts. The half-life of plasma cortisol decreased as fish smolted; however, there was no difference among the groups. Corticosteroid receptor (CR) concentration and affinity decreased during the spring. Wild fish consistently possessed the greatest gill concentration of CR. The change in dissociation constant (kD) was similar for hatchery and wild fish during spring 1991. In 1992, hatchery fish showed a similar gradual increase. In contrast, wild fish did not show an increase in kD until May. The change.
Regression between Headmaster Leadership, Task Load and Job Satisfaction of Special Education Integration Program Teacher

Managing school is a daunting task for a headmaster. This responsibility is exacerbated when it involves the Special Education Integration Program (SEIP). This situation requires appropriate and effective leadership in addressing some of the issues that are currently taking place at SEIP such as task load and job satisfaction. This study aimed to identify the influence of headmaster leadership on task load and teacher job satisfaction at SEIP. This quantitative study was conducted by distributing 400 sets of randomized questionnaires to SEIP teachers across Malaysia through google form. The data obtained were then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and AMOS software. The results show that there is a significant positive effect on the leadership of the headmaster and the task load of the teacher. Likewise, the construct of task load and teacher job satisfaction has a significant positive effect. However, for the construct of headmaster leadership and teacher job satisfaction, there was no significant positive relationship. This finding is very important as a reference to the school administration re-evaluating their leadership so as not to burden SEIP teachers and to give them job satisfaction. In addition, the findings of this study can also serve as a guide for SEIP teachers to increase awareness of the importance of managing their tasks. This study also focused on education leadership in general and more specifically on special education leadership.
Evolution of Phenolic Compounds during Wine Fermentation and Post-fermentation: Influence of Grape Temperature

The evolution of different phenolic compounds during the first year of vinification of Monastrell wines as well as the influence of grape temperature at the moment of crushing on the quantitative composition and evolution of polyphenols were studied. Phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and flavonols were determined by HPLC. The results showed that temperature strongly influenced the rate of polyphenol extraction during the first three or four days of alcoholic fermentation but did so to a lesser degree as vinification progressed. At the end of the experiment, only caftaric and coutaric acids showed differences regarding the temperature of grapes at the moment of crushing.