Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mecanismos cerebrales de la toma de decisiones

Objetivo. Revisar los estudios sobre los mecanismos cerebrales de la toma de decisiones en el marco de la hipotesis del marcador somatico y basados experimentalmente en el empleo de la tarea de apuestas de Iowa (Iowa Gambling Task). Desarrollo. Se presenta la teoria del marcador somatico y las caracteristicas de la citada tarea de toma de decisiones y otras relacionadas. A continuacion, se revisan los principales estudios llevados a cabo en personas con lesion cerebral y los procedentes de sujetos normales, con el empleo de neuroimagen funcional, que han hecho posible la identificacion de las estructuras neurales implicadas en la toma de decisiones en humanos. Conclusiones. La principal region implicada es la corteza prefrontal ventromedial, donde se produce la integracion de la informacion sensorial, mnesica y emocional necesaria para la tarea. Otras estructuras que intervienen en diferentes procesos relevantes para la toma de decisiones serian la amigdala (procesamiento y codificacion de la senal emocional y su asociacion con estimulos contextuales) y la corteza cingulada (monitorizacion del proceso e inhibicion de respuesta, especialmente en situaciones de incertidumbre). La corteza prefrontal dorsolateral tambien participaria en este proceso debido a la necesaria activacion de la memoria de trabajo en la toma de decisiones, en especial cuando la tarea es compleja.
Development of a family-based treatment programme for childhood obesity using Intervention Mapping methods

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Evaluation of Postoperative Pain After Using Different File Systems: A Randomized Clinical Study

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of instrumentation techniques on the postoperative pain after single-visit root canal treatment. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients having an indication of endodontic treatment were included. Only single rooted teeth were selected The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. In group 1; the root canals were instrumented using ProTaper Next instruments with rotational motion, in group 2 TF Adaptive instruments with adaptive motion were used during instrumentation. Treatments were completed in a single appointment. Postoperative pain questionnaires were scored by patients using a four-point pain intensity scale for 12, 24, and 48 hours. Mann Whitney-U, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used for analyzing the final data. Results: The comparison of time intervals between groups demonstrated no difference between both groups (p>.05). In both groups, the postoperative pain values of 12h time period were significantly higher than both other periods, and significant difference was found between 24h and 48h time periods (p<0.05). The postoperative pain values of 48h time period were significantly lower than the other two time periods (p<0.05). Conclusions: Both instrumentation techniques caused postoperative pain. The pain scores indicated that both techniques caused limited discomfort associated with slight pain which did not require any additional treatment and medication.
The impact of Formula 1 on regional economies in Europe

ABSTRACT The tangible effects of hosting major sporting events have been thoroughly examined in recent years. The consensus among scholars is that the effects on tourism, inbound foreign investments and gross domestic product (GDP) from hosting, for example, the Olympic Games or the football World Cup are absent. Further, only a few studies have been conducted on one of the most commercially successful (major) sporting events: Formula 1 motor racing. This paper applies regression models to test the effects on GDP, employment and tourism in European regions that have hosted Formula 1 grand prix from 1991 to 2017. The output from the models suggests that hosting Formula 1 races does not produce positive effects.
Facilitating translational team science: The project leader model

Abstract Project management expertise is employed across many professional sectors, including clinical research organizations, to ensure that efforts undertaken by the organization are completed on time and according to specifications and are capable of achieving the needed impact. Increasingly, project leaders (PLs) who possess this expertise are being employed in academic settings to support clinical and preclinical translational research team science. Duke University’s clinical and translational science enterprise has been an early adopter of project management to support clinical and preclinical programs. We review the history and evolution of project management and the PL role at Duke, examine case studies that illustrate their growing value to our academic research environment, and address challenges and solutions to employing project management in academia. Furthermore, we describe the critical role project leadership plays in accelerating and increasing the success of translational team science and team approaches frequently required for systems biology and “big data” scientific studies. Finally, we discuss perspectives from Duke project leadership professionals regarding the training needs and requirements for PLs working in academic clinical and translational science research settings.
A Textbook of Audiological Medicine : Clinical Aspects of Hearing and Balance

Section I: Fundamentals of audiological and vestibular medicine. Anatomy of peripheral auditory and vestibular systems. Aging in the auditory and vestibular systems. Pathology of the ear. Genetics of auditory and vestibular disorders. Immunology of cochlear and vestibular disorders. The epidemiology of hearing and balance disorders. Radiology of auditory and vesitibular disease. Ethics, law and related matters. Section II: Audiology. Development and plasticity of the human auditory system. Physiology of the auditory system. Central auditory anatomy and function. Acoustics, measurement of sound and calibration. The threshold of hearing. Psychoacoustic auditory tests. Otoacoustic emissions. Human auditory electrophysiology. Measurements of inner ear fluid pressure and clinical applications. The auditory processing of speech. Speech and language development in normally hearing and hearing-impaired children. Section III: Auditory disorders and their management. Screening programs for hearing loss. Clinical and audiometric assessment of hearing. Assessment of hearing-impaired children. Otitis media with effusion in children (Glue ear). Disorders of the inner ear in children. Management of the hearing-impaired child. Cochlear implants for adults and children. Disorders of the inner ear in adults. Noise-induced hearing loss. Central auditory disorders. Audiological rehabilitation. Auditory amplification in adults. The pathophysiology and assessment of tinnitus. Management of the tinnitus patient. Aspects of the paracuses. Psychological aspects of hearing impairment and tinnitus. Surgical management of hearing impairment in audiological medicine. Section IV: Vestibular science. The pathology of the vestibular system. Function and dysfunction of the vestibular system. Effects of aging on control of stability. Vestibular influences on cardiovascular control during movement. The physiology of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Instrumentation and principles of vestibular testing. Clinical application of vestibular laboratory testing. Posturography. Emerging technologies. Section V: Vestibular disorders and their management. Normal and abnormal balance. Normal and abnormal eye movements. Peripheral vestibular disorders and diseases in adults. Neurological causes of balance disorders. Falls. General medical causes of disequilibrium. Balance disorders in children. Psychiatric consequences of vestibular dysfunction. Medical management of balance disorders and vestibular rehabilitation. The role of surgery in the management of the dizzy patient.
Short selling frictions, investor behavior and stock returns

This dissertation consists of three empirical essays, the first two investigate how frictions in the stock lending market affect the spot market. The last one uses transaction level data to assess the differences in trade performance between retail investors, domestic funds, firms and foreign investors. The first essay shows that increases in stock loan fees have strong causal impact on stock prices. We identify these effects by exploiting exogenous variation in loan fees generated by a tax arbitrage opportunity that existed in Brazil from 1995-2014. Around the record date of IoNE-dividend events, tax arbitrageurs borrowed stocks crowding out short-sellers. We use that as a source of repeated exogenous variation of borrowing fees in short-selling transactions. The second essay shows that there is substantial dispersion in stock loan fees, even for lending contracts for the same stock, traded in the exact same date. This dispersion is a result of the over-the-counter structure of the stock loan market. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to characterize the fee dispersion, but we also show that stocks with larger fee dispersion have lower future returns. In fact, loan fee dispersion is the best predictor of the cross-section of returns when compared to traditional short-sale related measures frequently used in the literature. Importantly, the existence of loan fee dispersion is a direct consequence of the current market structure and could be mitigated by an increase in market transparency. The third essay reports the results of an exploratory data analysis of the Brazilian stock market. We use an unique dataset, with daily information on all stock trading activity in Brazil from 2012 to 2017. A quantitative description of the number of active investors and changes in trade activity through time is provided. Finally, we show that the trades made be retail investors under-perform the ones made by the remaining investor categories. That could be an indicative that retail investors are slower at processing public information or have inferior access to private information and, therefore, make worse and less informed trades.
Disability Rights and Wrongs

1. Introduction Part 1: Conceptualising Disability 2. The Family of Social Approaches 3. Critiquing the Social Model 4. Disability: A Complex Interaction 5. Labels and Badges Part 2: Disability and Bioethics 6. Questioning Prenatal Diagnosis 7. Just Around the Corner: The Quest for Cure 8. Autonomy at the End of Life Part 3: The Social Relations of Disability 9. Care, Support and Assistance 10. Disability Rights and the Future of Charity 11. Love, Friendship and Intimacy 12. The Role of Non-Disabled People in the World of Disability 13. Concluding Thoughts
Green Supplier Selection via an Integrated Multi-Attribute Decision Making Approach

The environmental awareness of society and the global competition market has increased significantly due to the environmental problems that happen today. Companies have recognized the importance of focusing on environmental issues in order to be strong in a modern competitive business environment. Therefore, environmental factors are taken into consideration during the supplier selection process, which is an important decision point in the supply chain. In this study, two robust multi-attribute decision making techniques, Intuitionistic Fuzzy AHP (IF-AHP) and PROMETHEE, are used in an integrated way to better handle this selection problem. The steps are clearly explained in the proposed methodology. First, the relative weights of the criteria are determined by IF-AHP, which allows decision makers (DMs) to deal with the uncertainty of the evaluation process. Subsequently, the weights of criteria obtained are used in the PROMETHEE method for the best ranking of alternative suppliers. An application is performed in the air filtration industry to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
BUILDING CHANGE DETECTION IN VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE STEREO IMAGE TIME SERIES

There is an increasing demand for robust methods on urban sprawl monitoring. The steadily increasing number of high resolution and multi-view sensors allows producing datasets with high temporal and spatial resolution; however, less effort has been dedicated to employ very high resolution (VHR) satellite image time series (SITS) to monitor the changes in buildings with higher accuracy. In addition, these VHR data are often acquired from different sensors. The objective of this research is to propose a robust time-series data analysis method for VHR stereo imagery. Firstly, the spatial-temporal information of the stereo imagery and the Digital Surface Models (DSMs) generated from them are combined, and building probability maps (BPM) are calculated for all acquisition dates. In the second step, an object-based change analysis is performed based on the derivative features of the BPM sets. The change consistence between object-level and pixel-level are checked to remove any outlier pixels. Results are assessed on six pairs of VHR satellite images acquired within a time span of 7 years. The evaluation results have proved the efficiency of the proposed method.
Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation using bipolar radiofrequency ablation in rheumatic mitral disease Tratamento cirúrgico de fibrilação atrial utilizando ablação com radiofrequência bipolar em doença mitral reumática

1. Residente de Cirurgia Cardiaca do Instituto Nacional deCardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.2. PhD; Chefe da Divisao de Procedimentos Cirurgicos do InstitutoNacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.3. Chefe da Cirurgia Cardiaca Pediatrica do Instituto Nacional deCardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.4. Cirurgiao Cardiaco do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio deJaneiro, RJ, Brasil.5. Aluna de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Riode Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.6. Chefe da Divisao de Arritmologia do Instituto Nacional deCardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Principles of Effective Retention.

An overview is provided of the problem of student attrition and the essential components of effective retention programs. Following introductory arguments that the secret of retention is in the development of communities committed to education rather than retention, the paper discusses several major causes of student attrition, including academic difficulty, problems in adjusting to college life, lack of clearly defined goals. uncertainty about career aspirations, and unwillingness to make acadeaic commitments. Special attention is paid to the relationship between persistence and experiences that tend to integrate the individual into the college community, the incongruence between what the individual needs and the college provides, and student isolation. The next section underscores the need for institutional assessment as a beginning step in the formulation of an effective retention prograt. Next, features of effective retention programs are identified, including: (1) an emphasis on the communal nature of college life; (2) a commitment to students; (3) a commitment to education; and (4) clarity of educational mission. The final sections consider limitations on institutional action and issues related to resource allocation. (AJL) *********************************************************************** Peproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** THE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE RETENTION
Moving cast shadow suppression from a Gaussian mixture shadow model

The background modeling of complex environment, moving object detection, and moving cast shadow suppression could be applied to a lot of fields such as intelligent surveillance, robot vision and videoconference ect. In moving foreground detection, an improved mixture Gaussian-based background modeling method was presented, which updated the parameters of Gaussians according to the frequency of pixel value changes, to reduce the cost of computation. In shadow suppression, a mixture Gaussian-based clustering algorithm was provided to detect and suppress shadow. This method firstly identifies whether a pixel value is probable shadow by shadow model in HSV color space, the pixel values detected as probable shadow are then put into mixture Gaussian shadow model to learn and cluster. The experimental results indicates that the proposed approach in this paper can process in real-time and remove shadow more effectively.
Essays on private equity

This paper studies the impact of private equity (PE) buyout fund ownership on the performance of their portfolio firms. Using Danish data during 1991-2004 portfolio firms are compared to otherwise comparable firms not subjected to such an ownership change. The main finding is that PE buyout fund ownership has a significant negative effect on firm performance relatively to similar firms. This result indicates that the socalled superior corporate governance model is not consistent with the data partly because post-buyout ownership concentration falls and that debt does not lead to efficiency improvements. Moreover, a proxy for expropriation seems to be present in the data since post-buyout dividend payments increases. Alternative explanations are examined such as selection bias, valuation bias and measurement errors – but the main finding remains unaffected. JEL classification: G24; G32; G34
Importance of Sex Education from the Adolescents’ Perspective: A Study in Indonesia

This study aims to explore the adolescents’ perspective on sex education as a policy basis of determining whether or not sex education is of importance for adolescents. To date, the concept of sex education is still considered taboo in the community and therefore rarely gets concerned at both home and school. This particularly has an impact on finding less-accurate information among adolescents that leads them into free and risky sexual behaviors. The subjects in this study were 165 adolescents aged 12-19 years. The results of the study show that sex education is of utmost importance from the adolescents’ perspective. The material contents of sex education according to respondents’ perspective include (1) how to avoid sex and promiscuity; (2) the knowledge improvement on proper sex education; (3) the impacts of free-sex, including sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy; (4) self-protection (e.g. from free-sex and sexual harassments). This proves the necessity for both parents and teachers to provide adolescents with sex education.
The Swiss scientific studies of medically prescribed narcotics

The "scientific studies of medically prescribed narcotics" in Switzerland (hereafter for brevity the Swiss trials) were set up to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of prescribing injectable opioid drugs (including heroin, morphine and methadone) to severely opioid dependent and destitute patients under medical supervision. The aim of prescribing injectable opioids was to improve the health and psychosocial well-being of the dependent drug users who either had not responded to, or had not been reached by, existing forms of treatment (Swiss Strategy Against Illicit Drug Use, 1988). A three-year program of studies was approved by the Swiss Council of Ministers in 1992. The first studies were set up in multiple sites throughout Switzerland in January 1994 to provide places for 700 patients (250 places for injectable heroin, 250 places for injectable morphine, and 200 places for injectable methadone). During the course of 1994 and 1995 the design was modified. The number of places on injectable heroin was increased to 800, of which 707 had been filled by April 1996 (as against 33 of 100 places for morphine and 35 of 100 places for intravenous methadone).
Alterations in Integrin Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells of Type II Diabetic Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

Background: To determine the expression of β2 integrins in the peripheral blood of type II diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy compared with healthy age-matched subjects and to examine whether patients with more severe retinopathy express higher levels of β2 integrins in the peripheral blood. Methods: This study was carried out with 3 groups of subjects: (1) type II diabetic patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (n=30); (2) type II diabetic patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (n=26); and (3) healthy volunteers (control group) (n=39), age- and sex-matched to groups 1 and 2, with no history of diabetes mellitus or other systemic diseases. The expression of CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 was measured on neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in peripheral whole blood using flow cytometric analysis. Results: The absolute numbers of total leukocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood did not differ in diabetic patients relative to the control subjects. CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 integrins were present on almost all peripheral neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, with no statistical differences in the ratios between the study groups. Monocytes and lymphocytes express significantly more CD11a than do neutrophils. Lymphocytes express significantly less CD11b than do neutrophils or monocytes. Neutrophils and monocytes express significantly more CD18 than do lymphocytes. The expression of CD18 integrins on neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes was elevated in diabetic patients with either NPDR or PDR compared with healthy control subjects. However, the difference in CD18 expression was statistically significant only between diabetic patients with PDR and control participants (p=0.036). There was no correlation between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and CD18 expression. Conclusions: The development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type II diabetes is not accompanied by a significant increment in β2 integrins CD11a and CD11b on neutrophils, monocytes, or lymphocytes. Although CD18 expression is elevated on the neutrophils of diabetic patients with PDR compared with controls, the pathological role of CD18 integrin in leukocyte adhesiveness in the retinal vasculature of type II diabetic patients requires further clarification, as does its relationship to the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.