Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving English Listening Skill Through Language Laboratory Media

The objective of research is to improve English listening ability through the use of the language laboratory at SMA Sandikta. This study used action research methods which involved two cycles. This study was conducted at Sandikta Senior High School XI IPA. School year 2014/2015.The research carried out at the beginning of January to May 2015. Based on the data from the pre test, it shows that the students' competencies in listening English is still low. After given treatment throughout the cycles (planning, acting, observing, and reflecting)and the result of post tests, the students' ability in listening English had been improved. Qualitative data analysis shows that the students are interested and enjoyed during the process. The students listen better after the treatment. The results of the analysis is strengthen by quantitative data analysis which shows an increase in listening skills (listening) English. It can be seen from the data of the students, in cycle 1, average value of 60.375 students while in the cycle 2 of the average value of 81.25 students. Therefore, there is improvement in English listening through language laboratory.
Functional analysis of the MERS-coronavirus spike protein

Ten years after the outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, SARS-CoV, which caused the first pandemic of the 21st century, a novel betacoronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, MERS-CoV, emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. Its ongoing spread poses a significant threat to public health. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses mediates viral entry into target cells and is a key determinant of viral tropism and pathogenesis. Understanding the parameters governing MERS-CoV spike (MERS-S)-driven entry might thus yield valuable information on MERS-CoV biology and was the first goal of the present study. In order to facilitate host cell entry, coronavirus S proteins depend on activation by host cell proteases, which are potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the second goal of the present thesis was to identify the proteases responsible for MERS-S activation. The coronavirus S protein is the major target for the neutralizing antibody response and experimental systems for MERS-S can be used as diagnostic tools. The final goal of this thesis was thus to investigate the MERS-CoV seroprevalence in Saudi Arabian individuals. A lentiviral vector system was established that allows the analysis of MERS-S-driven host cell entry. With the help of this system, MERS-S was found to mediate entry into a broad spectrum of human cell lines, including cells from lung, kidney and colon which is in concordance with the clinical picture of MERS. Host cell entry was independent of previously described coronavirus entry receptors but was promoted by the endosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L and the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2. In contrast, the activity of proprotein convertases was dispensable for MERS-S protein-driven entry. Finally, neutralization of S protein-mediated entry revealed that neutralizing antibodies were absent in sera from patients of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia taken between 2010-2011 and 2012, indicating that MERS-CoV infections were rare events before the MERS outbreak in 2012. Collectively, these results provide important insights into the processes governing MERS-CoV entry and shed light onto MERS epidemiology. Furthermore, the demonstration that the protease inhibitor camostat, which is approved for use in humans in Japan, blocks MERS-CoV entry by inhibiting TMPRSS2, might help to establish treatment options for MERS patients.
A developmental scale for perennial forage grasses based on the decimal code framework

Accurate descriptions of developmental stages in perennial forage grasses are important for management decisions during the growing season. It would be advantageous to have a scale and index equivalent to those for other grasses such as cereals. Similar scales would simplify the activities of people working with several crops and facilitate comparisons between perennial forage grasses and related crops (e.g. whole-crop cereals). The objective of this paper is to develop a ‘forage grass decimal scale’, by adapting the universal decimal code framework already understood and used by many agricultural personnel. Furthermore, to improve harvest timing for high-quality silage, new definitions, based on stem development, are used to improve upon the morphological precision of the universal code for the pre- and post-booting periods. The code is adapted to describe individual tillers, while approaches to describe whole stands of forage grasses are also evaluated.
Living arrangements and social support as predictors of mental health and life satisfaction of older adults

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether living arrangement and social support are significant predictors of mental health and life satisfaction among older adults. Data were collected by using convenience sampling technique from 300 older adults (100 living in old home and 200 living in their own home with spouse or children) of Dhaka and Gazipur districts. The instruments used for collecting data were: (1) Demographic and personal information questionnaire, (2) Bangla version of Social Support Scale, (3) Bangla version of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and (4) Bangla version of Satisfaction with life scale. The results of the current study indicated that the type of living arrangement has the most influence towards mental health (29.05%) and life satisfaction (30.91%) than social support. Older adults who live in own home have higher life satisfaction (M = 25.86) and less mental health problems (M = 32.55) than those living in old home (M = 17.78) and (M = 39.80). The result also revealed that older people living in old homes have higher social support (M = 51.73) than those who are living with children, spouses or other family relatives (M = 48.02)).
Optimalisasi Teknik Ekstraksi dan Isolasi DNA Tanaman Suren (Toona Sureni Merr.) untuk Analisis Keragaman Genetik berdasarkan Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

The species of trees have different secondary compounds that need optimum extraction techniques. Appropriate extraction techniquesdetermine the quality and quantity of DNA produced. This research aims to found optimal of extraction methods and DNA isolation, thento created genome DNA in high quality and quantity, so that it can be using for genetic variation analyses in Suren (Toona sureni Merr.) byRandom Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This study shows that DNA concentrates were 763.3 μg/ml, 180.0 μg/ml, 383.3 μg/ml, and436.7 μg/ml. While based on the results of PCR amplification using the primers OPD 03 shows that the four extraction methods used, theextraction method of number 3 has been able to produce genomic DNA with better quality and more number of bands, although the quantityis lower.
Role of transcription factors in sensory neuron specification

The interface between our mind and the internal and external environments is the peripheral nervous system. A range of different sensory neuron subtypes detects cold, heat, pain, touch, and other stimuli. Specialized receptor molecules defining the sensory modality of the cell, specific target innervation, and central connectivity characterize the neuronal subtypes. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient population of pluripotent cells in the embryo that arise between the neural ectoderm and the ectoderm, go through epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migrate through the embryo and give rise to a wide range of tissues and cell types. Among NCC derivatives are the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, with sensory neurons populating the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic neurons populating the sympathetic chain; other cell types are melanocytes, and jawbone tissue. During migration, an individual NCC gradually goes through a series of fate restrictions, driven by extrinsic cues and intrinsic properties. How and when is the diversity of neural crest derived cells and more specifically sensory neuronal subtypes created? This thesis explores the role of transcription factors in sensory neuron specification. We describe the transcription factor Foxs1 as an early sensory neuronal marker and use it to describe molecularly distinct waves of neurogenesis in the DRG. Our work shows that Runx1 directs the establishment of the TrkA+ nociceptive subclass of neurons. We describe context-dependent downstream effects of Runx1 overexpression, as well as loss of function effects. These effects include direct transactivation of TrkA, incompatibility with multipotency marker Sox10, increased axonal growth, and branching, and effects on survival prior to the period of programmed cell death. We report the results of an unbiased screen for downstream targets of Runx transcriptional activities in sensory neuron development and apoptosis. In conclusion, this thesis describes crucial aspects of sensory neuron development and subtype specification, focusing on the role of transcription factors. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS I. Frédéric Marmigère*, Andreas Montelius*, Michael Wegner, Yoram Groner, Louis F. Reichardt. (2006) The Runx1/AML1 transcription factor selectively regulates development and survival of TrkA nociceptive sensory neurons. Nature Neuroscience 9, 180-187 II. Andreas Montelius*, Frédéric Marmigère*, Christel Baudet, Jorge B. Aquino, Sven Enerbäck, Patrik Ernfors. (2007) Emergence of the sensory nervous system as defined by Foxs1 expression. Differentiation. In press. III. Andreas Montelius, Xin Li, Francois Lallemend, Patrik Ernfors. (2007) Downstream targets of Runx transcriptional activities in sensory neuron development and apoptosis. Manuscript *) Equal contribution
First Report of Calonectria ilicicola Causing a New Disease on Laurus (Laurus nobilis) in Europe

Crown and root rot has been detected on potted Laurus nobilis plants in a nursery located in the Catania province (Italy). Perithecia referable to a Calonectria species were consistently detected on crowns and stems of symptomatic plants. Based on morphology, cultural features and molecular analysis, the species was identified as Calonectria ilicicola. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by pathogenicity tests carried out on potted Laurus nobilis seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of a disease caused by Ca. ilicicola on Laurus nobilis.
A Study of clinical profile, disease severity and treatment response of Movement disorders at a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Movement disorders are one of the common neurological problems seen by General physicians and neurophysicians. The clinical phenotype of Movement disorders is variable. Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to study the clinical profile, disease severity and treatment response of Movement disorders at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Results: The present study was a prospective observational study comprising 55 clinically detectable patients of movement disorders. Out of fifty-five, the frequency of various Movement disorders were as follows: Parkinson’s disease25 (45.5%), Wilson`s disease (WD)-9 (16.36%), Progressivesupranuclear palsy8(14.54%), Essential Tremor with Parkinson disease 5 (9.0%), Choreiform disorders5(9.0%). Mean MDS-UPDRS Part III score in OFF stage of PD was 57.7±13.2 and in ON stage was 28.2±10.2 suggesting significant improvement. Seventy-six percentages of PD patients had Good response to Dopaminergic agonists and Levodopa administration, while better response was seen in WD, ET+PD and the poor response in PSP patients respectively. Conclusion: Identifying and describing the clinical phenomenology of Movement disorders is the first step in the diagnostic evaluation of the patients as against to the localization in General Neurological disorders. Disease severity scales do assess the progression of the disease at the earliest and there are affordable regimes of various medications are available to treat them at the earliest, so as to reduce the morbidity and to increase health related quality of life.
What Does It Mean to Provide the Right Level of Support during Tutorial Dialogue

We describe and illustrate factors that specify what it means for a tutor to provide different “levels of support”, based on our analyses of models of the levels of support provided during human tutoring and teacher-led small group work. We then show how we used these factors to implement contingent scaffolding in a tutorial dialogue system for physics.
Weed flora and seed yield in quinoa crop (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as affected by tillage systems and fertilization practices

The effects of tillage system and fertilization regimes on weed flora in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) were evaluated by means of two field experiments in 2011 and 2012. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot design with two main plots (conventional and minimum tillage) and four sub-plots (fertilization regimes). The results indicated that weed biomass and density in quinoa were influenced by the different fertilization and tillage treatments. Moreover, seed yield in conventional was 5%–13% higher than that of minimum tillage, probably due to the lower weed density and biomass. Concerning fertilization treatments, total weed density and biomass increased under manure application and inorganic fertilization. Tillage effects on weeds were species specific. The density of perennial weeds such as purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and the density of small-seeded weeds such as redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) were significantly lower under the conventional tillage than under the minimum tillage system.
Przedsiębiorstwo w polskim systemie prawnym

ENTERPRISE IN THE POLISH LEGAL SYSTEMThe presented study is a presentation of the problem of the concept of enterprise in the Polish legal system. The purpose of this paper is to present the complexity of the definition of an enterprise in the light of applicable legal provisions, judicial decisions and legal dogmatics. Due to the nature of the article, the main research method will be an objective analysis of the legal order regulating the enterprise’s issues aimed at systematizing the most important issues in the presented topic.
The role of tryptophan-rich basic protein (WRB) in inner hair cell synaptic transmission and hearing

The tryptophan-rich basic protein (WRB) has recently been proposed to act as the receptor of tail-anchored (TA) proteins. Together with the cytosolic protein TRC40 it presumably builds the main components of the posttranslational membrane insertion pathway in mammalian cells. A mutation in the wrb homologue gene in zebrafish causes visual, hearing, and balance deficits, as observed in the pinball-wizard (pwi) zebrafish mutants. In this study, I investigated the role of WRB in hearing by studying the synaptic transmission at the first auditory synapse, the cochlear inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapse in the Pwi conditional knockout mice. In this mouse model, the Wrb gene was targeted for excision through Cre-mediated homologous recombination in tissues that express the vesicular glutamate transporter-3. The findings indicated a progressive hearing loss accompanied by epileptic attacks and vestibular deficits. Further, the knockout animals did not survive beyond two months after birth. Patch-clamp recordings revealed a normal exocytosis of the readily-releasable pool of vesicles in IHCs, but diminished sustained component of exocytosis, suggesting a defect in vesicle replenishment. These findings were further supported by ultrastuctural analysis of the knockout IHC ribbon synapses, where unusually large vesicle clusters were observed together with significantly fewer ribbon-associated vesicles. Otoferlin, a putative calcium sensor for synaptic vesicle fusion and/or priming factor at the IHC ribbon synapse, has recently been predicted to be a TA protein. In support of the hypothesis that the disrupted pathway of membrane insertion could affect the molecular components of the IHC synapse, otoferlin protein levels in IHCs of the Pwi knockout mice were decreased. Moreover, the expression of TRC40 was also strongly reduced. In conclusion, the IHC synaptic dysfunction probably contributes to the progressive hearing loss in the Pwi knockout mice. Although not yet quite understood, this synaptic defect might be attributed to deficits in certain IHC synaptic proteins, like otofelin that are disrupted upon deletion of the WRB protein. Furthermore, as a parallel study, a viral silencing approach was established, utilizing adeno-associated viruses for the delivery of miRNA-like silencing molecules in the developing otocyst. The results of the effort to knock-down the protein levels of otoferlin were suggestive of the success of the method, which nevertheless, needs further optimization.
The confirmation of Camellia formosensis (Theaceae) as an independent species based on DNA sequence analyses

The endemic ‘Taiwanese wild tea’ represents an invaluable natural resource for the tea industry. The taxon is distributed in the central, southern and eastern regions of Taiwan with populations shrinking dramatically in the past decade. Taxonomically, it has long been treated as a lower taxon either under Camellia sinensis var. sinensis or C. sinensis var. assamica. Nevertheless, our recent morphological study indicated that this taxon is different from the other two taxa. In this report, we provide molecular evidence for reassessing its systematic status. Samples representing all the wild populations that are available in Taiwan were sequenced along with samples from the other two taxa at the introns 12-16 and 23 of the RPB2 gene of nuclear DNA. Phylogenetic analysis recovered a monophyletic group of ‘Taiwanese wild tea’ well separated from the other taxa. In addition, genetic distances and previous phenetic analyses all supported the identity of this species. A new combination of C. formosensis (Masamune et Suzuki) M. H. Su, C. F. Hsieh et C. H. Tsou is proposed herein.
Palm fiber as novel substrate for enhanced xylanase production by isolated Aspergillus sp. RSP-6

Among all agro industrial material hydrolyzing enzymes, xylanases gained importance due to their role in production of xylose based products of industrial importance. An isolated fungal strain, Aspergillus sp. RSP-6, having potential in xylanase production specific to palm fiber was characterized for enzyme production properties under solid suspend fermentation environments. Effective enzyme production was achieved with palm fiber as carbon source compared to all other tested agro materials and carbohydrates. Among different nitrogen sources, beef extract supported maximum enzyme production. Various fermentation parameters (pH of the medium, particle size and its concentration, incubation time and medium volume in addition to carbon and nitrogen sources) influenced the xylanase production. Maximum enzyme production of 62,480 U/l was observed in the medium of pH 3.0 containing 2% palm material having particle size of 2.8–1.4 mm and 1% (w/v) beef extract in presence of other mineral salts in 144 hours of incubation. Over all, the enzyme production has increased significantly from 20,000 to 62,480 U/l under optimized environment and observed to be constitutive in nature in this fungal strain.
Receptors: Models for Binding, Trafficking, and Signaling

Introduction. 1: Cell Surface Receptor/Ligand Binding Fundamentals. 2: Receptor/Ligand Trafficking. 3: Physical Aspects of Receptor/Ligand Binding and Trafficking Processes. 4: Signal Transduction. 5: Receptor-Mediated Cell Behavior. 6: Future Directions
Global numerical modeling of magnetized plasma in a linear device

Understanding the turbulent transport in the plasma-edge in fusion devices is of utmost importance in order to make precise predictions for future fusion devices. The plasma turbulence observed in linear devices shares many important features with the turbulence observed in the edge of fusion devices, and are easier to diagnose due to lower temperatures and a better access to the plasma. In order to gain greater insight into this complex turbulent behavior, numerical simulations of plasma in a linear device are performed in this thesis. Here, a three-dimensional drift-fluid model is derived from first principles for a magnetized plasma in a linear device. To account for the fluctuations at the same level as the background plasma, the traditional split between background and fluctuations has not been made. The model is implemented using the BOUT++ framework and is solved numerically. Special attention is given to the treatment of the singularity at the cylinder axis, and at the inversion of the non-linear elliptic equation, which is done to obtain the electrical potential. The evolution of the plasma through the steady-state, linear phase, and turbulent phase is investigated and compared for different B-field strengths. It is found that drift-waves are responsible for the onset of turbulence, and that the turbulent radial flux is causing a flattening of the density profiles. Coherent structures from the intermittent radial flux in the turbulent state are investigated. Results of simulations using the Boussinesq approximation is compared to full simulations. It is found that the Boussinesq approximation leads to an unphysical increase of the electrical potential as ions and electrons are lost at a different rate. Finally, the results from the full simulations are compared with simulations performed at different ionization levels, using a simple model for plasma interaction with neutrals. It is found that the steady state and the saturated state of the system bifurcates when the neutral interaction dominates the electron-ion collisions.