Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Shallow Water Flows Using the Discontinuous Galerkin Method

Introduction A historical overview Organization of the book References General formulation of the discontinuous Galerkin method Conservation form of equations Shape functions Isoparametric mapping Numerical integration Approximate Riemann solvers Time integration References Discontinuous Galerkin method for one-dimensional nonconservative equations Discontinuous Galerkin method for ordinary differential equations 1D Linear convection 1D Transient diffusion 1D Steady diffusion References One-dimensional conservation laws Burgers' equation Total variation diminishing slope limiter Shallow water flow equations in rectangular channels DG method for shallow water flow equations Numerical tests References One-dimensional shallow water flow in nonrectangular channels General form of the Saint Venant equations Discontinuous Galerkin method for general Saint Venant equations Numerical tests References Two-dimensional conservation laws Pure convection in 2D Governing equation of convection in 2D Discontinuous Galerkin formulation for 2D convection Slope limiters Numerical tests References Two-dimensional shallow water flow in channels with horizontal beds Two-dimensional shallow water flow equations for a horizontal bed channel Numerical flux Dry bed treatment Numerical tests References Two-dimensional shallow water flow in channels with bed variations Two-dimensional shallow water flow equations for natural channels Numerical flux and source term treatment Numerical tests in channels with irregular beds References Pollutant transport Pollutant transport in 1D Pollutant transport in 2D References Concluding remarks Summary Current research topics References Index
Snowmass Instrumentation Frontier IF08 Topical Group Report: Noble Element Detectors

Particle detectors making use of noble elements in gaseous, liquid, or solid phases are prevalent in neutrino and dark matter experiments and are also used to a lesser extent in collider-based particle physics experiments. These experiments take advantage of both the very large, ultra-pure target volumes achievable and the multiple observable signal pathways possible in noble-element based particle detectors. As these experiments seek to increase their sensitivity, novel and improved technologies will be needed to enhance the precision of their measurements and to broaden the reach of their physics programs. The areas of R&D in noble element instrumentation that have been identified by the HEP community in the Snowmass process are highlighted by five key messages: IF08-1) Enhance and combine existing modalities (scintillation and electron drift) to increase signal-to-noise and reconstruction fidelity; IF08-2) Develop new modalities for signal detection in noble elements, including methods based on ion drift, metastable fluids, solid-phase detectors and dissolved targets. Collaborative and blue-sky R&D should also be supported to enable advances in this area; IF08-3) Improve the understanding of detector microphysics and calibrate detector response in new signal regimes; IF08-4) Address challenges in scaling technologies, including material purification, background mitigation, large-area readout, and magnetization; and IF08-5) Train the next generation of researchers, using fast-turnaround instrumentation projects to provide the design-through-result training no longer possible in very-large-scale experiments. This topical group report identifies and documents recent developments and future needs for noble element detector technologies. In addition, we highlight the opportunity that this area of research provides for continued training of the next generation of scientists.
Advice complexity of online graph problems

Online problems are special kinds of algorithmic problems where the input is not fully known until the end, it rather is revealed piecewise over a finite number of rounds. The challenge of designing so-called online algorithms for these problems is that, whenever a further piece of the input is revealed, the algorithms need to react to the new information and compute a piece of the output without knowing the remaining part of the input. Moreover, the output computed so far cannot be changed afterwards. The output quality of online algorithms is measured using the established competitive analysis. It is based on determining the ratio of the quality of the output and the quality of an optimal solution. Clearly, solving online problems is not an easy task for the online algorithms. Hence, the challenge when doing research on online algorithms is to devise algorithms that still operate reasonably well within these constraining limits. Various online problems have been studied over the years. Many of them are not only of theoretical interest, but also of huge relevance in practice. What information about the future parts of the input are these online algorithms missing? Of course, if an algorithm knows the whole input in advance, it just has to solve a classical optimization problem. In advice complexity theory, we are interested in measuring the least amount of information about the upcoming input, the crucial information, that is necessary and/or sufficient to compute an optimal output, or one of reasonable quality. In order to measure the crucial information, we imagine a clairvoyant oracle that knows the complete input and can write advice onto an infinite advice tape for later use by a specifically prepared online algorithm. These augmented algorithms are called online algorithms with advice. The advice complexity of these algorithms is the number of advice bits that are read during their computation in the worst-case. Consequently, the advice complexity of an online problem is the number of advice bits that are necessary and sufficient to compute an optimal, or competitive, output for the problem. Proving lower bounds on the advice complexity is an especially interesting aspect and requires novel approaches. One of these approaches uses partition trees. Although this approach has been used before, we formalize this technique in this dissertation to make it more accessible for future use. This technique is demonstrated by determining the advice complexity of the ski rental problem, the stock market problem, and the disjoint path allocation problem on paths.
A study of dense cloud cores and star formation in Lupus

We have made an extensive study of dense cloud cores and star formation in the Lupus dark-cloud complex. Millimeter-wave observations in the C 18 0 (J = 1-0) emission at 2.6 mm wavelength were made with the "NANTEN," a 4-m mm-wave telescope of Nagoya University at Las Campanas Observatory. Thirty-six dense cores were identified and mapped in the C 18 0 emission at 2' grid spacing with a 2.7 beam. The typical mass, radius, H 2 column density, and line width of the C 18 0 cores are 9.7 M®, 0.17 pc, 4.1 x 10 21 cm -2 , 0.90 km s" 1 , respectively. The mass spectrum of the C 18 0 cores was fitted by a single power-law index of 7 = -1.7 ±0.6 for M core > 3 M®. The physical parameters of the dense C 18 0 cores were derived and compared with those in Taurus, Ophiuchus North, and L 1333. The average characteristics of the C 18 0 cores in Lupus are similar to those in Ophiuchus North and L 1333, although those in Taurus are found to be different, especially in the line width, virial ratio, and mass spectrum index among the four regions. By comparing the physical properties of the C 18 0 cores with the distribution of YSOs and H 13 CO + condensations in Lupus, we have confirmed a trend suggested in previous studies, that star formation preferentially occurs in cores having a small virial ratio, M vir /M core , and a large H2 column density.
Remarkable Relation from Minimal Imaginary Action Model

If it is to be true that the history of the universe should be adjusted to minimize the "imaginary part of action" [arXiv:0802.2991, arXiv:0711.3080, arXiv:0707.1919, arXiv:hep-ph/0612032, arXiv:hep-th/0509205, arXiv:hep-th/0701018], it would be "easiest" to have this "imaginary part of the action" to be rather independent of whether the neutrons are converted to electrons and protons (and neutrinos), and therefore of whether the contribution to the imaginary part of the Lagrangian were conserved under this conversion. Under the further assumption - which is reasonable - that the by far dominant term in the imaginary part of the Lagrangian density is the one corresponding to the Higgs mass square term in the Standard Model Lagrangian density mH**2 |phi(x)|**2 we derive a relation: (down mass square minus up mass square) = constituent quark mass times electron mass/"ln", where "ln" is defined by = "ln"/ and is of the order of 1 to 4, where gamma stands for relativity gamma of a valence quark inside a nucleon. This relation is very well satisfied with the phenomeno- logically estimated current algebra quark masses mu, md, and the constituent mass mconstituent for the light quarks, taken say to be one third of the nucleon mass. Our model has been criticised on the ground that it should have prevented cosmic rays with energies capable of producing Higgs particles, when hitting say the atmosphere. Indeed there is, however, a well known "knee" in the density curve as function of energy at an order of magnitude for the cosmic ray particle energy close to the effective threshold for Higgs production. A parameter giving the order of magnitude of number of Higgsses to be produced in order to get a significant effect is estimated to be about 300000.
Dewetting acceleration by evaporation

Abstract Dewetting of a substrate, i.e. the liquid film retraction under partial wetting conditions, has been studied extensively over the past decades. This theoretical work deals with the dewetting phenomenon in the presence of liquid evaporation into the pure vapour atmosphere driven by substrate superheating with respect to the saturation temperature corresponding to the vapour pressure. The dynamic profile of the vapour–liquid interface is analysed numerically by using the generalised lubrication approximation that can be applied to an interface slope larger than its conventional counterpart. This approximation uses a phenomenological argument to increase the precision of calculations. For small slopes, it reduces to the conventional lubrication approach. Several nanoscale effects are included in the theory to obtain more precise results: the Kelvin effect, the hydrodynamic slip, the Marangoni effect, the vapour recoil and the interfacial thermal resistance. Their relative importance is discussed. The results include the film shape evolution, the apparent contact angle and the contact line speed, all defined by the substrate superheating and its wetting properties. These dependencies agree with existing experimental results. It is found that the dewetting is accelerated by evaporation. The numerical results are compared to those of the multiscale theory that uses two main parameters, the Voinov angle (the apparent angle obtained within the microregion problem) and the Voinov length. The latter is studied for several fluids as a function of superheating, and an approximate expression for it is proposed. A good agreement between the numerics and the multiscale theory shows the validity of the latter. This means that the dewetting speed in the presence of evaporation can be calculated with an analytical expression that requires only the Voinov angle as a numerical input. Such results are important for many applications, for instance, bubble growth in boiling or film dynamics in heat pipes.
ACCARDI CONTRA BELL (CUM MUNDI): THE IMPOSSIBLE COUPLING FINAL VERSION, 18/09/02

An experimentally observed violation of Bell’s inequality is supposed to show the failure of local realism to deal with quantum reality. However, ﬁnite statistics and the time sequential nature of real experiments still allows a loophole for local realism. We show that the randomised design of the Aspect experiment closes this loophole. Our main tool is van de Geer’s (1995, 2000) martingale version of the classical Bernstein (1924) inequality guaranteeing, at the root n scale, a not-heavier-than-Gaussian tail of the distribution of a sum of bounded supermartingale diﬀerences. The results are used to specify a protocol for a public bet between the author and L. Accardi, who in recent papers (Accardi and Regoli, 2000a,b, 2001); Accardi, Imafuku and Regoli, 2002) has claimed to have produced a suite of computer programmes, to be run on a network of computers, which will simulate a violation of Bell’s inequalites. At a sample size of twenty ﬁve thousand, both error probabilities are guaranteed smaller than about one in a million, provided we adhere to the sequential randomized design while Accardi aims for the greatest possible violation allowed by quantum mechanics.
Resistance to diversity and inclusion initiatives within the Dutch Armed Forces:

In my position as the first Diversity and Inclusion Officer within the military organization, I have encountered hostility in multiple negative comments in real life, corridors at work, in my business mailbox and on social media such as LinkedIn. These outings have triggered my interests in the phenomenon of resistance to diversity and inclusion initiatives within the military organization. The link between the military and hegemonic masculinity is crucial for understanding a possible backlash to the (gendered) diversity and inclusion initiatives and the construction of a prevailing dominant discourse. For instance, resistance to diversity and inclusion initiatives is dependent of how the resistor conceptualizes these organizational changes. Contributing to the theories on resistance to diversity and inclusion initiatives, this paper increases our understanding of tensions between different perspectives on diversity and inclusion initiatives amongst resistors and how these perspectives affect the prevailing dominant discourse. Drawing on an autobiographical case study, this study presents a discourse-analysis on the discursively practices of resistance to diversity and inclusion initiatives. The tensions and paradoxes between and within practices of resistances display how these perspectives work counterproductive to the contribution to a safer and more just world. In addition, I presented how resistance to diversity and inclusion initiatives might trickle down to other organizational members, which ultimately affects the prevailing discourse.
A summary on the FRI low degree test

This document is an informal summary on the FRI low degree test [BSBHR18a], [BSCI + 20], and DEEP algebraic linking from [BSGKS20]. Based on its most recent soundness analysis [BSCI + 20], we discuss parameter settings for practical security levels, how FRI is turned into a polynomial commitment scheme
Predicting Dense and Context-aware Cost Maps for Semantic Robot Navigation

—We investigate the task of object goal navigation in unknown environments where the target is speciﬁed by a semantic label (e.g. ﬁnd a couch). Such a navigation task is especially challenging as it requires understanding of semantic context in diverse settings. Most of the prior work tackles this problem under the assumption of a discrete action policy whereas we present an approach with continuous control which brings it closer to real world applications. We propose a deep neural network architecture and loss function to predict dense cost maps that implicitly contain semantic context and guide the robot towards the semantic goal. We also present a novel way of fusing mid-level visual representations in our architecture to provide additional semantic cues for cost map prediction. The estimated cost maps are then used by a sampling-based model predictive controller (MPC) for generating continuous robot actions. The preliminary experiments suggest that the cost maps generated by our network are suitable for the MPC and can guide the agent to the semantic goal more efﬁciently than a baseline approach. The results also indicate the importance of mid-level representations for navigation by improving the success rate by 7 percentage points.
Perception of Probabilities which are Subject to Change

To navigate stochastic and changing environments, people need to keep track of ongoing probabilities as those probabilities are subject to change. Two distinct theories of mental-model updating are compared. In trial-by-trial updating models, every sample is immediately integrated into a working estimate of the probability. In change-point detection, a single estimate of the probability is maintained until evidence accumulates to reject that model to adapt a new model. Disentangling these theories of updating frequencies has been difficult due to a confound found in previous tasks. Participants have been given their last response as their default response, and this has made it easier for them to maintain the same estimate rather than update it. This favours change-point models. To address whether response-maintenance is due to the extra effort it takes to update a response, participants were separated into two groups. In the Automatic condition, participants were given their old response as default. In the Manual condition, participants were given no default and were asked to generate a new estimate of the probability every trial. While offering a default response was found to partially explain response maintenance in previous tasks, it did not fully explain it. Participants in the Manual group showed spontaneous meticulous response maintenance over long series of trials despite being asked to respond anew every trial. This suggests that the hypothesis-testing strategy developed in the change-point detection literature is a fundamental component of probability estimation and is not an artifact of previous task designs.
Building Multi-Agent Environments with Theoretical Guarantees on the Learning of Ethical Policies

This paper tackles the open problem of value alignment in multi-agent systems. In particular, we propose an approach to build an ethical environment that guarantees that all agents in the system learn to behave ethically while pursuing their individual objectives. Our contributions are founded in the framework of Multi-Objective Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning. Firstly, we characterise a family of Multi-Objective Markov Games (MOMGs), the so-called ethical MOMGs, for which we can formally guarantee the learning of ethical behaviours. From these, we specify the process for building single-objective ethical environments that simplify the learning in the multi-agent system. Interestingly, our theoretical results for multi-agent environments generalise recent state-of-the-art results for single-agent environments.
The therapeutic mechanism of transcranial iTBS on nerve regeneration and functional recovery in rats with complete spinal cord transection

Background After spinal cord transection injury, the inflammatory microenvironment formed at the injury site, and the cascade of effects generated by secondary injury, results in limited regeneration of injured axons and the apoptosis of neurons in the sensorimotor cortex (SMC). It is crucial to reverse these adverse processes for the recovery of voluntary movement. The mechanism of transcranial intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) as a new non-invasive neural regulation paradigm in promoting axonal regeneration and motor function repair was explored by means of a severe spinal cord transection. Methods Rats underwent spinal cord transection and 2 mm resection of spinal cord at T10 level. Four groups were studied: Normal (no lesion), Control (lesion with no treatment), sham iTBS (lesion and no functional treatment) and experimental, exposed to transcranial iTBS, 72 h after spinal lesion. Each rat received treatment once a day for 5 days a week; behavioral tests were administered one a week. Inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, neuroprotective effects, regeneration and synaptic plasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI) were determined by immunofluorescence staining, western blotting and mRNA sequencing. For each rat, anterograde tracings were acquired from the SMC or the long descending propriospinal neurons and tested for cortical motor evoked potentials (CMEPs). Regeneration of the corticospinal tract (CST) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve fibers were analyzed 10 weeks after SCI. Results When compared to the Control group, the iTBS group showed a reduced inflammatory response and reduced levels of neuronal apoptosis in the SMC when tested 2 weeks after treatment. Four weeks after SCI, the neuroimmune microenvironment at the injury site had improved in the iTBS group, and neuroprotective effects were evident, including the promotion of axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity. After 8 weeks of iTBS treatment, there was a significant increase in CST regeneration in the region rostral to the site of injury. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the number of 5-HT nerve fibers at the center of the injury site and the long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) fibers in the region caudal to the site of injury. Moreover, CMEPs and hindlimb motor function were significantly improved. Conclusion Neuronal activation and neural tracing further verified that iTBS had the potential to provide neuroprotective effects during the early stages of SCI and induce regeneration effects related to the descending motor pathways (CST, 5-HT and LDPT). Furthermore, our results revealed key relationships between neural pathway activation, neuroimmune regulation, neuroprotection and axonal regeneration, as well as the interaction network of key genes.
Industry 4.0 Innovations in Construction: Proposal of a Maturity Model

The dawn of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, better known as Industry 4.0, is set to enable global networks of machines and equipment in an environment of smart factories, capable of instantly exchanging information in an independent manner and having the Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems as backbone for an autonomous operation. Great gains in productivity and flexibility are expected, which tend to intensify global competitiveness, promote social changes and economic development, besides stimulating new academic works, such as the proposal of models capable of identifying the maturity level of an organization in this context. Therefore, the present work proposes a maturity model to measure the maturity level of civil construction companies regarding the adoption of technologies and practices of Industry 4.0. Based on a systematic literature review, the proposed model was built from existing maturity models and their characteristics and relevant components. The model is supported by a elaborated questionnaire of twenty-three questions considering four dimensions (Technology, Organization, People and Sustainability) which was sub-mitted to seven different companies in the city of Manaus/Brazil. The results after the practical application of the model showed that most companies had a low level of adoption of Industry 4.0 principles and there is plenty of room for improvement.