Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teacher attitudes and motivation as mediators between teacher training, collaboration, and differentiated instruction

Leistungsheterogenitat findet sich in vielen Schulklassen. Durch Differenzierung (DI) konnen Lehrkrafte auf die verschiedenen Leistungsniveaus eingehen, wobei der Einsatz dieser Strategie von wahrgenommener Ausbildungsqualitat und Kooperation beeinflusst wird. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte sowohl die Struktur und Pradiktoren von DI als auch Mediationseffekte durch Lehrkrafteinstellungen und -motivation. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen bestatigten eine dreidimensionale Struktur von DI sowie die Ausbildungsqualitat und Kooperation als Pradiktoren. Der erwartete Erfolg als ein Mas von Motivation wurde als Mediator zwischen wahrgenommener Ausbildungsqualitat und DI von den Daten gestutzt, allerdings nicht die Einstellungsaspekte wahrgenommene Nutzlichkeit und Kosten. Die Relevanz der Ergebnisse fur Lehrkraftausbildung und den Arbeitsplatz Schule wird diskutiert.
Design & Development of a Two-Phase Validation Commit Protocol Approach to Guarantee Trustworthiness of Transactions on Cloud Servers

In distributed transactional database systems deployed over cloud servers, entities cooperate to form proofs of authorizations that are justified by collections of certified credentials. These proofs and credentials may be evaluated and collected over extended time periods under the risk of having the underlying authorization policies or the user credentials being in inconsistent states. It therefore becomes possible for policy-based authorization systems to make unsafe decisions that might threaten sensitive resources. In this research paper, we highlight the criticality of the problem. We then define the notion of trusted transactions when dealing with proofs of authorization. Accordingly, we propose several increasingly stringent levels of policy consistency constraints and present different enforcement approaches to guarantee the trustworthiness of transactions executing on cloud servers. We propose a Two-Phase Validation Commit protocol as a solution, which is a modified version of the basic Two-Phase Validation Commit protocols. We finally analyze the different approaches presented using both analytical evaluation of the overheads and simulations to guide the decision makers to which approach to use. KEYWORDS: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),; Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS); Software-as-a-Service (SaaS); automated trust negotiation (ATN); National Institute of Standards and Terminology (NIST); Automated Trust Negotiation (ATN)
Galois theory for schemes

Introduction 1–5 Coverings of topological spaces. The fundamental group. Finité etale coverings of a scheme. An example. Contents of the sections. Prerequisites and conventions. 1. Statement of the main theorem 6–16 Free modules. Free separable algebras. Finité etale morphisms. Projective limits. Profinite groups. Group actions. Main theorem. The topological fundamental group. Thirty exercises. 2. Galois theory for fields 17–32 Infinite Galois theory. Separable closure. Absolute Galois group. Finite algebras over a field. Separable algebras. The main theorem in the case of fields. Twenty-nine exercises. 3. Galois categories 33–53 The axioms. The automorphism group of the fundamental functor. The main theorem about Galois categories. Finite coverings of a topological space. Proof of the main theorem about Galois categories. Functors between Galois categories. Twenty-seven exercises. 4. Projective modules and projective algebras 54–68 Projective modules. Flatness. Local characterization of projective modules. The rank. The trace. Projective algebras. Faithfully projective algebras. Projective separable algebras. Forty-seven exercises. 5. Finité etale morphisms 69–82 Affine morphisms. Locally free morphisms. The degree. Affine characterization of finité etale morphisms. Surjective, finite, and locally free morphisms. Totally split morphisms. Characterization of finité etale morphisms by means of totally split morphisms. Morphisms between totally split morphisms are locally trivial. Morphisms between finité etale morphisms are fi-nité etale. Epimorphisms and monomorphisms. Quotients under group actions. Verification of the axioms. Proof of the main theorem. The fundamental group. Twenty-three exercises. 6. Complements 83–100 Flat morphisms. Finitely presented morphisms. Unramified morphisms. ´ Etale morphisms. Finité etale is finite andétale. Separable algebras. Projective separable is projective and separable. Finité etale coverings of normal integral schemes. The fundamental group of such schemes. Dimension one. The projective line and the affine line. Finite rings. Forty exercises. Bibliography 101–102 Twenty-six references. Acknowledgements are due to Mrs. L. van Iterson for typing the manuscript; to Mr. W. Bosma for preparing the bibliography, the list of symbols, and the index; to Mrs. D. Craig for preparing the second edition and a first electronic version; and to Mr. T. Vorselen for preparing the third edition. Readers are requested to e-mail possible errors – mathematical, typographical, or otherwise – to hwl@math.leidenuniv. nl.
CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS OF WHITE-DWARF BINARIES USING GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS

The space-based gravitational wave (GW) detector, evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA) is expected to observe millions of compact Galactic binaries that populate our Milky Way. GW measurements obtained from the eLISA detector are in many cases complimentary to possible electromagnetic (EM) data. In our previous papers, we have shown that the EM data can significantly enhance our knowledge of the astrophysically relevant GW parameters of Galactic binaries, such as the amplitude and inclination. This is possible due to the presence of some strong correlations between GW parameters that are measurable by both EM and GW observations, for example, the inclination and sky position. In this paper, we quantify the constraints in the physical parameters of the white-dwarf binaries, i.e., the individual masses, chirp mass, and the distance to the source that can be obtained by combining the full set of EM measurements such as the inclination, radial velocities, distances, and/or individual masses with the GW measurements. We find the following 2σ fractional uncertainties in the parameters of interest. The EM observations of distance constrain the chirp mass to ∼15%–25%, whereas EM data of a single-lined spectroscopic binary constrain the secondary mass and the distance with factors of two to ∼40%. The single-line spectroscopic data complemented with distance constrains the secondary mass to ∼25%–30%. Finally, EM data on double-lined spectroscopic binary constrain the distance to ∼30%. All of these constraints depend on the inclination and the signal strength of the binary systems. We also find that the EM information on distance and/or the radial velocity are the most useful in improving the estimate of the secondary mass, inclination, and/or distance.
Emergent neutrality or hidden niches

Emergent neutrality is the idea in community ecology that species interactions may drive a system in a direction where some species become so similar that this similarity will be the primary cause for their coexistence instead of niche differentiation. A recent, widely cited model of emergent neutrality is by Scheffer and van Nes, later applied to species abundance distribution patterns by Vergnon et al. We take issue with the ecological interpretation of this model, demonstrating that it in fact presupposes important differences between superficially similar-looking species. We argue that the temptation to interpret the model as one of emergent neutrality stems from the fact that these differences are unmodeled and therefore hidden, obscuring the underlying coexistence mechanisms. We therefore claim that the model is actually one of hidden niches, and present several alternative ways to make its hidden portions more explicit. These alterations to the model also make its proper interpretation as one of hidden niches more transparent. We also polemize with the claim of Vergnon et al. that multimodality in species abundance distributions is support for their emergent neutrality model: we demonstrate that appropriate stochastic versions of classical resource partitioning or even neutral models can lead to such patterns in a robust way. Observation of these patterns is therefore inconclusive as to the underlying mechanisms that generate them.
A search for gravitationally lensed water masers in dusty quasars and star-forming galaxies

Luminous extra-galactic water masers are known to be associated with active galactic nuclei and have provided accurate estimates for the mass of the central supermassive black hole and the size and structure of the circumnuclear accretion disk i n nearby galaxies. To find water maser systems at much higher redshifts, we have begun a survey of known gravitationally lensed quasars and star-forming galaxies. In this paper, we present a search for 22 GHz (rest frame) water masers toward five dusty, gravitationally lens ed quasars and star-forming galaxies at redshifts between 2.3 and 2.9 with the Effelsberg radio telescope and the Expanded Very Large Array. Our observations do not find any new definite exam ples of high redshift water maser galaxies, suggesting that large reservoirs of dust an d gas are not a sufficient condition for powerful water maser emission. However, we do find the ten tative detection of a water maser system in the active galaxy IRAS 10214+4724 at redshift 2.285. Our survey has now doubled the number of gravitationally lensed galaxies and quasars that have been searched for high redshift water maser emission. We also present an updated analysis of the high redshift water maser luminosity function that is based on the results presented here and from the only cosmologically distant (z > 1) water maser galaxy found thus far, MG J0414+0534 at redshift 2.64. By comparing with the water maser luminosity function locally and at moderate redshifts, we find that there must be some evolution in the luminosity function of water maser galaxies at high redshifts. By assuming a moderate evolution [(1 + z) 4 ] in the water maser luminosity function, we find that blind surveys for water maser galaxies are only worthwhile with extremely high sensitivity like that of the planned Square Kilometre Array (Phase 2), which is scheduled to be completed by 2020. However, instruments like the EVLA and MeerKAT will be capable of detecting water maser systems similar to the one found from MG J0414+0534 through dedicated pointed observations, providing suitable high-redshift targets can be selected.
Fly Ash for Removal of Contaminates from Coal Mine Drainage

In this study, fly ash obtained from a coal burning power plant was used to remove iron from coal mine drainage as well as raising the pH to acceptable limits for natural water using column chromatography. The results of this study indicate that fly ash has the ability to completely remove iron and reduce acidity of coal mine water drainage. This approach can be extended to include other contaminants such as magnesium.
DoA Estimation in EM Lens Assisted Massive Antenna System Using Subsets Based Antenna Selection and High Resolution Algorithms

In recent times, massive antenna array technology has captured significant attention among wireless communication researchers. This is a field with strong potential to increase rates of data transfer; mitigate interference and serve a large number of users simultaneously. To contribute further to this emerging technology, this paper presents an approach for the line-of-sight (LoS) based direction of arrival (DoA) estimation using the electromagnetic (EM) lens-focusing antenna concept. The EM lens focuses the received signal energy as a function of the angle of arrival (AoA) to a small subset/area of the antenna array. This is advantageous, as it helps to reduce both hardware implementation (RF chains) and the complexity of signal processing in the large number of antennas system. Furthermore, this focusing capability of the EM lens provides additional interference rejection gain which leads to estimate the DoA of user terminals precisely. Hence, in this work, subsets based antenna selection approach and subspace-based high resolution DoA estimation algorithms have been considered in combination with the EM lens assisted massive antenna system. In simulations where the DoA is estimated with the EM lens, the results are comparable with conventional methods of DoA estimation without an EM lens, despite the significantly reduced overall system complexity.
Search for Resolution Invariant Wavelet Features of Melanoma Learned by a Limited ANN Classifier

This article addresses the Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of melanoma pigmented skin cancer. We present back-propagated Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifiers discriminating dermoscopic skin lesion images into two classes: malignant melanoma and dysplastic nevus. Features used for our classification experiments are derived from wavelet decomposition coefficients of the image. Our research objective is i) to select the most efficient topology of the hidden layers and the network learning algorithm for full-size and downgraded image resolutions and, ii) to search for resolution-invariant topologies and learning methods. The analyzed classifiers should be fit to work on ARM-based hand-held devices, hence we take into account only limited learning setups. Keywords: melanoma, CAD, wavelets, ANN
Pride and prejudice-a comparison of consumer preferences for country- of-origins of imported organic foods in Germany and China

The aim is to investigate why and when consumers in an emerging economy vs. an economically developed country prefer imported to domestic organic food products. A domestic country bias has been found mostly in developed countries. Three studies were conducted with organic consumers in China and Germany: In-store interviews, focus groups and an online survey. A strong domestic country bias for organic food products is confirmed in Germany, and to a much lesser extent in China. German consumers prefer products imported from countries that are geographically and culturally close. Food safety and health concerns are the primary reasons for Chinese consumers buying organic food. Hence, organic products from developed countries are preferred because of institutions they trust will secure high and credible organic standards. This gives economically developed countries a competitive advantage on the world market.
On Source Analysis by Wave Splitting with Applications in Inverse Scattering of Multiple Obstacles

我们学习为声学或电磁的散布问题切开过程的波浪。 过程是切开一些的这些的想法散布了地进来自不同空间区域的地的和以便这个信息能为倒置算法或为活跃噪音控制被使用。 切开算法能基于一般边界层潜力表示或格林的表示公式。 我们将关于不同参考领域 G 在指定参考领域 G 和远地的模式的唯一的分解外面证明散布波浪的唯一的分解。 进一步，我们与二为 scatterer 为地重建采用切开的技术或更多分开部件，由把它与为波浪恢复的点来源方法相结合。 用散布波浪以及它的远地的模式的分解，切开过程的波浪在这建议纸在障碍，引起远地的模式的多重障碍能独立从被重建附近把一个有效方法给散布波浪的计算。 这更加在反的散布的区域扩大分解方法的范围。 最后，我们将提供数字例子表明切开的方法的可行性。
The impact of traffic flow structure on traffic safety: the case of Slovenian motorways

AbstractRoad traffic accident is an accident on a public road in which at least one moving vehicle has been involved and material damage or injury or death has occurred. Traffic accidents occur for various reasons, with one of them being the transport infrastructure and next the condition of traffic environment. Motorways are considered to be the safest roads, which have initially been planned as dedicated roads intended to be travelled only by personal cars, but the evolution of modal split of freight transport in Europe is causing the heterogeneity of traffic flows on these roads, which consequently affects the traffic safety. The aim of this paper is to explore the effects of changing volume and structure of traffic flows on road safety on Slovenian motorways. After the exhaustive analysis of past data, the paper provides different models for forecasting traffic safety on Slovenian motorways.
Labelling of individual ependymal areas in the third and fourth ventricle of the human brain: ependymal tables

The ependymal lining of the walls of the human brain third ventricle (3v), fourth ventricle (4v) and aqueductus cerebri (A) was studied. For a better localization of different ependymal areas, they were labelled by periventricular structures that represent a basic and stable part of brain nerve tissue and they are localized most closely to ventricle walls. Labelling of individual ependymal areas of the ventricle walls was composed of the number of a brain ventricle, letters: E – ependyma and abbreviation of a Latin name of the periventricular structure, e.g., the corpus mammillare is “CM“. Labelling of ependyma over the corpus mammillare is” 3vE – CM “Results of labelling of ependymal areas were arranged in the form of tables called “ependymal table “(ET), i.e., ET for 3v; ET for 4v; ET for A. It is believed that labelling of individual ependymal areas according to periventricular structures could be useful for unambiguous labelling of ependyma of the ventricle walls and will help to a mutual comparison of the same types of ependymal areas studied by various authors.
COPD and asthma therapeutics for supportive treatment in organophosphate poisoning

Abstract Context: Nerve agents like sarin or VX have repeatedly been used in military conflicts or homicidal attacks, as seen in Syria or Malaysia 2017. Together with pesticides, nerve agents assort as organophosphorus compounds (OP), which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. To counteract subsequent fatal symptoms due to acetylcholine (ACh) accumulation, oximes plus atropine are administered, a regimen that lacks efficacy in several cases of OP poisoning. New therapeutics are in development, but still need evaluation before clinical employment. Supportive treatment with already approved drugs presents an alternative, whereby compounds from COPD and asthma therapy are likely options. A recent pilot study by Chowdhury et al. included β2-agonist salbutamol in the treatment of OP-pesticide poisoned patients, yielding ambiguous results concerning the addition. Here, we provide experimental data for further investigations regarding the value of these drugs in OP poisoning. Methods: By video-microscopy, changes in airway area were analyzed in VX-poisoned rat precision cut lung slices (PCLS) after ACh-induced airway contraction and subsequent application of selected anticholinergics/β2-agonists. Results: Glycopyrrolate and ipratropium efficiently antagonized an ACh-induced airway contraction in VX-poisoned PCLS (EC50 glycopyrrolate 15.8 nmol/L, EC50 ipratropium 2.3 nmol/L). β2-agonists formoterol and salbutamol had only negligible effects when solely applied in the same setting. However, combination of formoterol or salbutamol with low dosed glycopyrrolate or atropine led to an additive effect compared to the sole application [50.6 ± 8.8% airway area increase after 10 nmol/L formoterol +1 nmol/L atropine versus 11.7 ± 9.2% (10 nmol/L formoterol) or 8.6 ± 5.9% (1 nmol/L atropine)]. Discussion: We showed antagonizing effects of anticholinergics and β2-agonists on ACh-induced airway contractions in VX-poisoned PCLS, thus providing experimental data to support a prospective comprehensive clinical study. Conclusions: Our results indicate that COPD and asthma therapeutics could be a valuable addition to the treatment of OP poisoning.
Effects of transverse heterogeneities on the most likely path of protons

The use of a most likely path (MLP) formalism for protons to account for the effects of multiple Coulomb scattering has improved the spatial resolution in proton computed tomography (pCT). However, this formalism assumes a homogeneous medium and a continuous scattering of protons. In this paper, we quantify the path prediction error induced by transverse heterogeneities to assess whether correcting for such errors might improve the spatial resolution of pCT. To this end, we have tracked protons trajectories using Monte Carlo simulations in several phantoms with different heterogeneities. Our results show that transverse heterogeneities induce non Gaussian spatial distributions leading to errors in the prediction of the MLP, reaching 0.4 mm in a 20 cm wide simulated heterogeneity and 0.13 mm in a realistic phantom. It was also shown that when the spatial distributions have more than one peak, a most likely path, if any, has yet to be defined. Transverse heterogeneities also affect energy profiles, which could explain some of the artifacts described in other works and could make the energy cuts usually performed to exclude nuclear events less efficient.
Long-Term Effectiveness of Extra-Short (≤ 6 mm) Dental Implants: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE This systematic review evaluated the mean survival rate and marginal bone loss (MBL) of dental implants with ≤ 6 mm in length, across a time frame of 5 years. The overall prosthetic and biologic complications were evaluated, and their survival rates obtained. In addition, the complication rates of the splinted vs nonsplinted implants were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic literature search in PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE (OVID) and Cochrane were performed, in addition to a manual search through all periodontics and implantology-related journals, up to October 2017, to identify relevant articles. RESULTS Out of 515 potentially eligible articles, 19 investigations assessing a total of 910 extra-short (≤ 6 mm) implants were included and further evaluated. After 5 years of follow-up, a mean survival rate of 94.1% (90% in the maxilla and 96% in the mandible) and a maximum bone loss of 0.53 mm were demonstrated. Additionally, a statistically significant difference in terms of bone loss was observed between tissue-level (0.12 mm) and bone-level implants (0.36 mm) at 12 months (P < .01), but not between internal and external abutment connections (P = .17). The most commonly reported prosthetic complication was screw loosening. Finally, splinted implants showed less overall prosthetic complications (RR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.9 to 5.7), screw loosening (RR = 15.2; 95% CI: 5.92 to 39.31), and implant failure (RR = 1.96; 95% CI: 0.8 to 4.8) than nonsplinted implants. CONCLUSION Extra-short implants are a viable treatment alternative in ridges exhibiting atrophy, demonstrating a satisfactory survival rate, as well as a low rate of prosthetic and biologic complications across a 5-year follow-up. Additionally, splinting extra-short implants is associated with fewer prosthetic complications and lower implant failure rate compared with nonsplinted implants.