Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hints on halo evolution in scalar field dark matter models with galaxy observations

A massive, self-interacting scalar field has been considered as a possible candidate for the dark matter in the universe. We present an observational constraint to the model arising from strong lensing observations in galaxies. The result points to a discrepancy in the properties of scalar field dark matter halos for dwarf and lens galaxies, mainly because halo parameters are directly related to physical quantities in the model. This is an important indication that it becomes necessary to have a better understanding of halo evolution in scalar field dark matter models, where the presence of baryons can play an important role. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.87. 021301
The unity of instantaneous spectral moments and physical moments

A modulated oscillation in two or three dimensions can be represented as the trajectory traced out in space by a particle orbiting an ellipse, the properties of which vary as a function of time. Generalizing ideas from signal analysis, the signal variability can be described in terms of kinematic quantities, the instantaneous moments, that formalize our intuitive notions of time-varying frequency and amplitude. On the other hand, if we observed an ellipse evolving in space we would seek to describe it in terms of its physical moments, such as angular momentum, moment of inertia, etc. The main result of this paper is to show that the two sets of moments are identical. Most significantly, an essential physical quantity---the circulation---is the same as the product of the two most important kinematic quantities, the instantaneous frequency and the squared instantaneous amplitude. In addition to providing a rich set of geometric tools for the analysis of nonstationary oscillations in two or three dimensions, this result also has implications for the practical problem of inferring physical ellipse parameters from the trajectory of a single particle on the ellipse periphery, as is frequently encountered in the study of vortex motions.
Solar Neutrino Matter Effects Redux

Following recent low-threshold analysis of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and asymmetry measurements of the BOREXINO Collaboration of the solar neutrino flux, we revisit the analysis of the matter effects in the Sun. We show that solar neutrino data constrains the mixing angle $\theta_{13}$ poorly and that subdominant Standard Model effects can mimic the effects of the physics beyond the Standard Model.
Polar Wax as Adhesion Promoter in Polymeric Blend Films for Durable Photovoltaic Encapsulants

Technological developments in the solar photovoltaic field must guarantee the high performance and low deterioration of solar cells in order for solar power plants to be more efficient and competitive. The solar cell needs comprehensive protection offered by a polymeric encapsulant, which improves UV stability, reduces water and moisture absorption, reduces oxygen and vapor permeability and enhances mechanical resistance. Moreover, high transparency and adhesion yields improved the solar panel performance. The current work analyzes polymeric films based on poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and polyolefin (PO) for photovoltaic encapsulant use (the high temperature resistance is improved by adding PO to EVA, as investigated and documented before). To enhance the mechanical resistance and optical properties of the investigated matrices, a crosslinking agent, an adhesion promoter and stabilizing agents have been incorporated in both EVA and EVA/PO systems. The adhesion promoter is a polar wax–silane-free agent; the absence of the silane function allows the integrity of the module to be maintained over time. All samples were characterized through mechanical and rheological analysis, and their long-term UV stability was investigated by accelerated ageing and by FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy. The obtained results suggest that the presence of a crosslinking agent, an adhesion promoter and stabilizers in EVA/PO-based films allows for the achievement of the required features for the encapsulants, showing mechanical and rheological behavior similar to those of EVA containing the same additives.
Constraints on non-Gaussianity from Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster surveys

We perform a Fisher matrix analysis to forecast the capability of ongoing and future Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster surveys in constraining the deviations from Gaussian distribution of primordial density perturbations. We use the constraining power of the cluster number counts and clustering properties to forecast limits on the $\fnl$ parameter. The primordial non-Gaussianity effects on the mass function and halo bias are considered. We adopt self-calibration for the mass-observable scaling relation, and evaluate constraints for the SPT, Planck, CCAT--like, SPTPol and ACTPol surveys. We show that the scale-dependence of halo bias induced by the local NG provides strong constraints on $\fnl$, while the results from number count are two orders of magnitude worse. When combining information from number counts and power spectrum, the \planck\ cluster catalog provides the tightest constraint with $\sigma_{\fnl}=7$ (68% C.L.) even for relatively conservative assumptions on the expected cluster yields and systematics. This value is a factor of 2 smaller than the $1\sigma$ error as measured by WMAP CMB measurements, and comparable to what expected from Planck. We find that the results are mildly sensitive to the mass threshold of the surveys, but strongly depend on the survey coverage: a full-sky survey like Planck is more favorable because it can probe longer wavelengths modes which are most sensitive to NG effects. In addition, the constraints are largely insensitive to priors on nuisance parameters as they are mainly driven by the power spectrum probe which has a mild dependence on the mass-observable relations.
One-loop renormalization of non-Abelian gauge theory and beta function based on loop regularization method

All one-loop renormalization constants for non-Abelian gauge theory are computed in detail by using the symmetry-preserving loop regularization method proposed in Refs. 1 and 2. The resulting renormalization constants are manifestly shown to satisfy Ward Takahaski-Slavnov-Taylor identities, and lead to the well-known one loop beta function for non-Abelian gauge theory of QCD. (3-5) The loop regularization method is realized in the dimension of original field theories, it maintains not only symmetries but also divergent behaviors of original field theories with the introduction of two energy scales. Such two scales play the roles of characterizing and sliding energy scales as well as ultraviolet and infrared cutoff energy scales. An explicit check of those identities provides a clear demonstration how the symmetry-preserving loop regularization method can consistently be applied to non-Abelian gauge theories.
Prevalence and Management of Incidental Testicular Masses—A Systematic Review

Management of incidentally diagnosed small testicular masses (STM) is controversial. Although there is the risk of malignancy, it might be realistic to safely seek preservation of testicles bearing benign masses. This study aims to systematically evaluate the evidence regarding prevalence of STMs, their benign or malignant histology and their management. We conducted a systematic literature search for studies reporting small or incidental testicular masses and their management by radical orchiectomy, testis sparing surgery (TSS) or ultrasound (US) surveillance. We initially screened 2126 abstracts and from these, 57 studies met the inclusion criteria. Testicular masses were detected in 1.74% of patients undergoing US examination. Regarding STMs removed by surgery, 41.12% were benign. Intraoperative frozen section examination (FSE) is a reliable tool to discriminate between benign and malignant testicular masses (average 93.05% accuracy), supporting TSS. Benign lesions were associated with smaller diameter (<1 cm 68.78% benign), were often hypoechoic and exhibited regular margins on US. Conclusions: Small testicular masses are often benign. Clinical and US patterns are not accurate enough for including patients in surveillance protocols and TSS paired with FSE is pivotal for precluding the removal of testicles bearing benign lesions. Future research might unveil new imaging tools or biomarkers to support clinical management.
Synthesizing Shaped-Beam Cylindrical Conformal Array Considering Mutual Coupling Using Refined Rotation/Phase Optimization

A novel method of synthesizing shaped-beam cylindrical conformal array by rotating the antenna elements and optimizing their excitation phases is presented. Rotation of antennas on curved surface is mathematically described by rotating its vectorial active element pattern (VAEP) in its local coordinate system (LCS). Then the scalar patterns and polarization unit vectors of all the rotated VAEPs are properly transformed and then interpolated at a unified angle sampling grid in a common coordinate system, where they are summed to obtain an approximated array expression. With this expression, element rotations and phases can be optimized using the constriction factor particle swarm optimization (CF-PSO) to synthesize desired shaped-beam pattern with controlled sidelobe level (SLL) and cross-polarization level (XPL). However, since rotations on curved surface introduce considerable variations to the element curvature and mutual coupling (MC), the synthesized array pattern would have considerable errors. A refined strategy is adopted then to improve the synthesis accuracy. The proposed method uses uniform amplitude weighting, thus saving many unequal power dividers. Three typical shaped pattern synthesis examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. A cylindrical array prototype with 24 rotated U-slot loaded patch antennas is fabricated and measured for practical validation.
Spin-orbit-coupled one-dimensional Fermi gases with infinite repulsion

The current efforts of studying many-body effects with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) using alkali-metal atoms are impeded by the heating effects due to spontaneous emission. Here, we show that even for SOCs too weak to cause any heating, dramatic many-body effects can emerge in a one-dimensional (1D) spin-1/2 Fermi gas provided the interaction is sufficiently repulsive. For weak repulsion, the effect of a weak SOC (with strength Omega) is perturbative, inducing a weak spin spiral (with magnitude proportional to Omega). However, as the repulsion g increases beyond a critical value (g(c) similar to 1/Omega), the magnitude of the spin spiral rises rapidly to a value of order 1 (independent of Omega). Moreover, near g = +infinity, the spins of neighboring fermions can interfere destructively due to quantum fluctuations of particle motion, strongly distorting the spin spiral and pulling the spins substantially away from the direction of the local field at various locations. These effects are consequences of the spin-charge separation in the strongly repulsive limit. They will also occur in other 1D quantum gases with higher spins.
An approach to improve ill-conditioned steepest descent methods, application to a parabolic optimal control problem via time domain decomposition

In this paper we present a new steepest-descent type algorithm for convex optimization problems. The method combines a Newton technique together with time domain decomposition in order to achieve the optimal step-length for the given set of descent directions. This is a parallel algorithm, where the parallel tasks turn on the control during a specific time-window and turn it off elsewhere. This new technique significantly improves computational time compared with recognized methods. Convergence analysis of the algorithm is provided for an arbitrary choice of partition. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the efficiency of our algorithm.
Synthetic pathways of sinensetin and derivatives as an alternate source in biological activity study

Sinensetin is one of the polymethoxyflavones existed in citrus peels. The effective antioxidant, inhibitory effect of inflammation, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity of sinensetin has been revealed recently. However, the amount of sinensetin isolated from the nature source is extremely low relating to the needs for its in vivo and efficacy study. Herein we summarized the alternative routes, i.e. the organic synthesis of sinensetin and its associated derivatives to provide a complete but concise reference in the preparation of this class of compounds as an effective source for in-depth study of sinensetin and related molecules.
A CLASS OF PHYSICALLY MOTIVATED CLOSURES FOR RADIATION HYDRODYNAMICS

Radiative transfer and radiation hydrodynamics use the relativistic Boltzmann equation to describe the kinetics of photons. It is difficult to solve the six-dimensional time-dependent transfer equation unless the problem is highly symmetric or in equilibrium. When the radiation field is smooth, it is natural to take angular moments of the transfer equation to reduce the degrees of freedom. However, low order moment equations contain terms that depend on higher order moments. To close the system of moment equations, approximations are made to truncate this hierarchy. Popular closures used in astrophysics include flux-limited diffusion and the M1 closure, which are rather ad hoc and do not necessarily capture the correct physics. In this paper, we propose a new class of closures for radiative transfer and radiation hydrodynamics. We start from a different perspective and highlight the consistency of a fully relativistic formalism. We present a generic framework to approximate radiative transfer based on relativistic Grad's moment method. We then derive a 14-field method that minimizes unphysical photon self-interaction.
Phenotypic Selection on Staminal Trichomes of Agalinis auriculata (Orobanchaceae) in Relation to Pollen Transfer by Bumble Bees

Premise of research. How pollen is transferred, both its removal from stamens and its deposition on stigmas, plays an important role in the reproductive success of plants. Pollen transfer models typically depend on pollinator visitation rate where a single visit is sufficient for pollen deposition but multiple visits enhance pollen removal. Frequently visited flowers may be structured so as to restrict the amount of pollen released per visit (pollen presentation hypothesis). However, alternative models predict rapid loss of pollen if the probability of fertilization is time limited. Here we present an experimental study on a staminal trait, filament trichomes, and its role in pollen transfer (pollen removal and deposition). Methodology. Agalinis auriculata flowers are short-lived and possess trichomes along the longer abaxial stamens. Bombus impatiens vibrated stamens and foraged sternotribically, whereas Bombus pensylvanicus foraged nototribically without vibrating. Experiments involving single bee visits to unvisited flowers were used to estimate pollen transfer dynamics as related to filament trichome number. Selection differentials were calculated for both transfer processes and compared between the two types of foraging behaviors. Pivotal results. We found significant differentials for both types of foraging for pollen removal but not pollen deposition. Contrary to our expectation, the number of trichomes along the filament had a significant positive effect on pollen removal for sternotribic, vibrating visits but had a significant negative effect for nototribic visits. Conclusions. We conclude that the short-lived flowers result in time-dependent fertilization favoring rapid pollen loss for vibrating visits. Filament trichomes seem to facilitate grasping of trichomes by the pollinator, which most likely explains the contrasting influence trichomes had on pollen removal by differing bee foraging behaviors.
Fixed‐Effect Versus Random‐Effects Models

Introduction Definition of a summary effect Estimating the summary effect Extreme effect size in a large study or a small study Confidence interval The null hypothesis Which model should we use? Model should not be based on the test for heterogeneity Concluding remarks INTRODUCTION In Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 we introduced the fixed-effect and random-effects models. Here, we highlight the conceptual and practical differences between them. Consider the forest plots in Figures 13.1 and 13.2. They include the same six studies, but the first uses a fixed-effect analysis and the second a random-effects analysis. These plots provide a context for the discussion that follows. Both plots show a summary effect on the bottom line, but the meaning of this summary effect is different in the two models. In the fixed-effect analysis we assume that the true effect size is the same in all studies, and the summary effect is our estimate of this common effect size. In the random-effects analysis we assume that the true effect size varies from one study to the next, and that the studies in our analysis represent a random sample of effect sizes that could Introduction to Meta-Analysis.
miRNA: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cancer

microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate several genes post-transcriptionally by complementarity pairing. Since discovery, they have been reported to be involved in a variety of biological functions and pathologies including cancer. In cancer, they can act as a tumor suppressor or oncomiR depending on the cell type. Studies have shown that miRNA-based therapy, either by inhibiting an oncomiR or by inducing a tumor suppressor, is effective in cancer treatment. This review focusses on the role of miRNA in cancer, therapeutic approaches with miRNAs and how they can be effectively delivered into a system. We have also summarized the patents and clinical trials in progress for miRNA therapy.
Effects of focusing on third-order nonlinear processes in isotropic media. [laser beam interactions

A theoretical analysis of third-order nonlinear interactions of focused laser beams is performed for the processes \omega_{1} + \omega_{2} + \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4}, \omega_{1} + \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4} , and \omega_{1} - \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4} . The total power and far-field beam profile of the generated radiation is related to the total powers of the fundamental beams, to the tightness and location of the focus, and to the value of the difference between the wave vectors of the generated radiation and driving polarization. The optimum degree of wave-vector mismatch as a function of tightness and location of focus is determined for each of the three processes. The process \omega_{1} + \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4} is found to be unique in that it is always optimized by focusing as tightly as possible. Experimental results, which verify the theory for the processes \omega_{1} + \omega_{2} + \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4} and \omega_{1} + \omega_{2} - \omega_{3} \rightarrow \omega_{4} , are presented.
THE CRIRES SEARCH FOR PLANETS AROUND THE LOWEST-MASS STARS. I. HIGH-PRECISION NEAR-INFRARED RADIAL VELOCITIES WITH AN AMMONIA GAS CELL

Radial velocities measured from near-infrared (NIR) spectra are a potentially powerful tool to search for planets around cool stars and sub-stellar objects. However, no technique currently exists that yields NIR radial velocity precision comparable to that routinely obtained in the visible. We are carrying out an NIR radial velocity planet search program targeting a sample of the lowest-mass M dwarfs using the CRIRES instrument on the Very Large Telescope. In this first paper in a planned series about the project, we describe a method for measuring high-precision relative radial velocities of these stars from K-band spectra. The method makes use of a glass cell filled with ammonia gas to calibrate the spectrograph response similar to the “iodine cell” technique that has been used very successfully in the visible. Stellar spectra are obtained through the ammonia cell and modeled as the product of a Doppler-shifted template spectrum of the object and a spectrum of the cell, convolved with a variable instrumental profile (IP) model. A complicating factor is that a significant number of telluric absorption lines are present in the spectral regions containing useful stellar and ammonia lines. The telluric lines are modeled simultaneously as well using spectrum synthesis with a time-resolved model of the atmosphere over the observatory. The free parameters in the complete model are the wavelength scale of the spectrum, the IP, adjustments to the water and methane abundances in the atmospheric model, telluric spectrum Doppler shift, and stellar Doppler shift. Tests of the method based on the analysis of hundreds of spectra obtained for late-M dwarfs over 6 months demonstrate that precisions of ∼ 5 m s−1 are obtainable over long timescales, and precisions of better than 3 m s−1 can be obtained over timescales up to a week. The obtained precision is comparable to the predicted photon-limited errors, but primarily limited over long timescales by the imperfect modeling of the telluric lines.
Milk Exosomal microRNAs: Postnatal Promoters of β Cell Proliferation but Potential Inducers of β Cell De-Differentiation in Adult Life

Pancreatic β cell expansion and functional maturation during the birth-to-weaning period is driven by epigenetic programs primarily triggered by growth factors, hormones, and nutrients provided by human milk. As shown recently, exosomes derived from various origins interact with β cells. This review elucidates the potential role of milk-derived exosomes (MEX) and their microRNAs (miRs) on pancreatic β cell programming during the postnatal period of lactation as well as during continuous cow milk exposure of adult humans to bovine MEX. Mechanistic evidence suggests that MEX miRs stimulate mTORC1/c-MYC-dependent postnatal β cell proliferation and glycolysis, but attenuate β cell differentiation, mitochondrial function, and insulin synthesis and secretion. MEX miR content is negatively affected by maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, psychological stress, caesarean delivery, and is completely absent in infant formula. Weaning-related disappearance of MEX miRs may be the critical event switching β cells from proliferation to TGF-β/AMPK-mediated cell differentiation, whereas continued exposure of adult humans to bovine MEX miRs via intake of pasteurized cow milk may reverse β cell differentiation, promoting β cell de-differentiation. Whereas MEX miR signaling supports postnatal β cell proliferation (diabetes prevention), persistent bovine MEX exposure after the lactation period may de-differentiate β cells back to the postnatal phenotype (diabetes induction).