Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of psychosocial risk and long-term outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis

This study examined the extent to which patterns of psychosocial risk were uniquely associated with long-term outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), after demographic factors and self-reported symptom severity over time were accounted for. Data were collected over an 8‐year period from 561 individuals with RA who were participants in the ongoing UCSF RA Panel Study in 1995. Panel members were interviewed annually, using a comprehensive structured telephone interview. Psychosocial factors assessed included mastery, perceptions about adequacy of social support, the impact of RA and self-assessed ability to cope with RA and satisfaction with health and function. Cluster analysis of psychosocial factors identified three distinctive patterns/levels of psychosocial risk (high, medium and low risk). The unique effects of psychosocial risk status on changes in depressive symptoms, basic functional limitations, global pain ratings and average annual doctor visits over an 8‐year period were estimated, using growth curve analyses. Analyses controlled for demographic factors (gender, marital/partner status, education, age and ethnicity), disease duration and year in the panel and time-varying self-reported symptom severity (morning stiffness, swollen joint counts, co-morbid medical conditions, extra-articular RA symptoms and changes in joint appearance), as well as self-reported medications taken over time (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs [DMARDS], and prednisone). Overall, 32.4% of total variance in depressive symptoms was accounted for by the fully-estimated model, with 12.9% uniquely associated with psychosocial risk status. Half of the total variance (50.0%) in basic functional limitations was explained, with 12.1% of variance uniquely predicted by psychosocial risk status. Psychosocial risk status accounted for comparatively little total explained variance in global pain ratings (total = 38.6%, incremental = 3.2%), and average annual total doctor visits (total = 10.9%, incremental = 1.5%). Thus, psychosocial risk factors are more closely linked to depressive symptoms and function over time. Global pain and utilization appear to be more closely related to disease factors.
PREDATOR RESPONSES TO ARTIFICIAL BATESIAN MIMICS RELEASED IN A NEOTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

Several investigations of selective forces in nature have been carried out (see review by Ford, 1964), but it has seldom been possible to locate the agents which have caused an observed change. In this respect, mimicry is important because phenotypic characters such as color, pattern, and behavior are thought to be affected by vertebrates that hunt by sight. The main points of mimicry theory, which have been partially investigated in laboratory experiments (Cott, 19 5 7; Brower and Brower, 1962a; Duncan and Sheppard, 1965) are (1) that certain insects are unpalatable and advertise this by bright coloration and conspicuous behavior; (2) that vertebrate predators learn to associate these warning features of the insects with their unpalatability and thereafter avoid them on sight alone; (3) that generalization of the visual stimuli learned by the predators takes place to an extent which allows one species of insect to benefit by looking even slightly like an unpalatable one; and (4) that visual discrimination by the predators is sufficient to favor a better resemblance over a poorer one. In consequence, even minute increases in likeness between an incipient mimic and its distasteful model will be advantageous and each slightly improved mimetic form arising by mutation will gradually replace the poorer one until a great similarity of mimic and model is achieved. If the potential mimic is an edible species and the model distasteful, a Batesian system
A systematic review of cognitive development and child human immunodeficiency virus infection

The objective was to systematically review measures and effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on neurocognitive outcomes for children. Published studies were identified through the use of electronic databases (Cochrane database, Medline, PubMed, Psychinfo) supplemented by hand searching and coverage of the gray literature. All studies including children with HIV infection, which utilized at least one systematic measure of cognitive functioning, reported on place, sample size, age, and outcome measures, and included a control group were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes were coded for each study and broken down by measures when multiple measures were used. A systematic analysis of all measures used was also undertaken, as was a specific investigation of gender. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity of studies, the noncomparability of measures, and the wide age ranges of children included. Fifty-four studies were identified, of which had control groups. The data are highly North American biased (63%) with European studies accounting for 13% and only two from South America and seven from Africa, where the vast majority of HIV-infected children are found. Eighty-one percent of studies reported a detrimental effect on neurocognitive development, however measured, whilst three reported no differences and four had mixed findings. Thirty-three percent provided data on child gender, but only 8% went on to analyse data according to gender. The numbers are too small for definitive findings, but of note that three quarters found no gender differences. There seems to be some evidence of detrimental effects of HIV infection and exposure on cognitive development, but the lack of systematic measures, controlled trials and age-specific investigations render the literature inadequate. There is an urgent need for internationally agreed and validated measures to be incorporated and for these to record data by age and gender. This will allow for clarity of understanding of the effects, the ability to monitor change as a result of intervention, and to mobilize resources.
A tryptophan hydroxlyase 1 reporter that directs Cre recombinase extinguishable placental alkaline phosphatase expression in serotonergic (5‐HT) neurons and peripheral tissues

The serotonergic (5‐HT) system modulates many behaviors and has been implicated in psychiatric disorders, but the density of 5‐HT processes has complicated analyses. We have used regulatory regions from the Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) gene to drive expression of LoxP‐flanked placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) to generate the Tph1‐Lox‐PLAP reporter mouse line. In these mice, PLAP is expressed in the hindbrain raphe nuclei and in peripheral tissues known to express Tph1. Tph1 is expressed at low levels in neurons. While, in Tph1‐Lox‐PLAP mice, most PLAP‐expressing neurons are monoaminergic, PLAP was expressed in only 5–10% of neurons expressing the predominant neuronal 5‐HT biosynthetic enzyme Tph2, serotonin transporter (SERT) or aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). To test this reporter further, we examined the brains of mice carrying the anorexia (anx) mutation, in which increased overall density of 5‐HT immunoreactivity had been previously observed at P21. PLAP‐labeling of processes in anx/anx and anx/+ mice was reduced at P0. By P10, distribution of PLAP‐labeled processes in anx/+ and +/+ cortices was indistinguishable, but differed markedly from that seen in the cortical layers of anx/anx mice. Thus, the Tph1‐LoxP‐PLAP reporter revealed a dosage sensitive role of the anx mutation in the early 5‐HT system and later cortical layer‐specific differences in 5‐HT process distribution in anx/anx mice. Thus, the Tph1‐LoxP‐PLAP reporter provides a sensitive indicator for analyses of serotonergic cells in the brain and periphery. genesis 49:851–861, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation and live imaging of enteric progenitors based on Sox10‐Histone2BVenus transgene expression

To facilitate dynamic imaging of neural crest (NC) lineages and discrimination of individual cells in the enteric nervous system (ENS) where close juxtaposition often complicates viewing, we generated a mouse BAC transgenic line that drives a Histone2BVenus (H2BVenus) reporter from Sox10 regulatory regions. This strategy does not alter the endogenous Sox10 locus and thus facilitates analysis of normal NC development. Our Sox10‐H2BVenus BAC transgene exhibits temporal, spatial, and cell‐type specific expression that reflects endogenous Sox10 patterns. Individual cells exhibiting nuclear‐localized fluorescence of the H2BVenus reporter are readily visualized in both fixed and living tissue and are amenable to isolation by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS‐isolated H2BVenus+ enteric NC‐derived progenitors (ENPs) exhibit multipotency, readily form neurospheres, self‐renew in vitro and express a variety of stem cell genes. Dynamic live imaging as H2BVenus+ ENPs migrate down the fetal gut reveals cell fragmentation suggesting that apoptosis occurs at a low frequency during normal development of the ENS. Confocal imaging both during population of the fetal intestine and in postnatal gut muscle strips revealed differential expression between individual cells consistent with down‐regulation of the transgene as progression towards non‐glial fates occurs. The expression of the Sox10‐H2BVenus transgene in multiple regions of the peripheral nervous system will facilitate future studies of NC lineage segregation as this tool is expressed in early NC progenitors and maintained in enteric glia. genesis 49:599–618, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of the tamoxifen‐inducible DBH‐Cre transgenic mouse line DBH‐CT

We generated transgenic mice bearing a tamoxifen‐dependent Cre recombinase expressed under the control of the dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase promoter. By crossing to the ROSA26 reporter mice we show that tamoxifen‐induced Cre recombinase in adult mice specifically activates β‐galactosidase expression in differentiated noradrenergic neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. Tamoxifen application in adult mice did not induce β‐galactosidase activity in parasympathetic neurons that transiently express DBH during development. Thus, this transgenic mouse line represents a valuable tool to study gene function in mature noradrenergic neurons by conditional inactivation. genesis 49:935–941, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The context of perceived and desired social support among Korean older adults

Social support has multiple dimensions, the context of which can be explored by qualitative methods. In this study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 local senior center members (9 men and 12 women aged 65 and older) in Seoul, South Korea, in order to explore how they perceive and desire social support in an aging society. The qualitative methods in this study also included thematic analysis and constant comparison to identify three main themes: “no or denied support,” “not to be greedy and shameless,” and “justification and hopelessness. ” In the interviews, perceived and desired support did not emerge immediately as the participants were reluctant to share personal concerns with or to seek support from others. Nevertheless, they would turn to spouses and children for both emotional and instrumental support when in dire need. A shared norm among the participants was that seeking support would be an embarrassing and shameless act for themselves and a burden to others. They justified the discrepancy between the perceived and desired support as part of aging and felt hopelessness about it. The findings of this study have implications that implicit, individual social support may be effective than explicit, group support activities for those who are passive in recognizing the need for and seeking social support. In assessing and interpreting social support in old age, both perceived and desired support should be included and contextual approaches can be useful in so doing. The senior centers should be a more active advocate of successful aging that would offset hopelessness, negative attitude toward life, and social disconnection. Future research should focus on identifying effective strategies to bridge the gap between perceived and desired social support in older adults in this society of changing values and social norms.
Efficient, specific, developmentally appropriate cre‐mediated recombination in anterior pituitary gonadotropes and thyrotropes

Tissue‐specific expression of cre recombinase is a well‐established genetic tool to analyze gene function, and it is limited only by the efficiency and specificity of available cre mouse strains. Here, we report the generation of a transgenic line containing a cre cassette with codon usage optimized for mammalian cells (iCre) under the control of a mouse glycoprotein hormone α‐subunit (αGSU) regulatory sequences in a bacterial artificial chromosome genomic clone. Initial analysis of this transgenic line, Tg(αGSU‐iCre), with cre reporter strains reveals onset of cre activity in the differentiating cells of the developing anterior pituitary gland at embryonic day 12.5, with a pattern characteristic of endogenous αGSU. In adult mice, αGSU‐iCre was active in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and in the cells that produce αGSU (gonadotropes and thyrotropes) with high penetrance. Little or no activity was observed in other tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, lungs, testis, ovary, and liver. This αGSU‐iCre line is suitable for efficient, specific, and developmentally regulated deletion of floxed alleles in anterior pituitary gonadotropes and thyrotropes. genesis 51:785–792. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The rapid response system and end-of-life care

Purpose of reviewTo review the recent observational studies reporting the role of the rapid response team (RRT) in end-of-life care (EOLC) planning for hospitalized patients. Recent findingsInitial RRT studies focussed on its role in detecting and preventing avoidable morbidity. However, patients who are in the process of dying will also trigger RRT activation criteria. Single-centre studies from several countries reveal that up to 25% of RRT calls involve patients with a pre-existing limitation of medical therapy (LOMT) and 10% result in new implementation of a new LOMT. A recent seven hospital study revealed that such EOLC RRT calls occur in significantly older patients, who are less likely to be from home and more likely to be admitted with a nonsurgical condition. Importantly, almost 50% of patients subject to EOLC RRT call die in hospital, and in many cases the last RRT call occurs on the day of death. SummaryUp to one-third of RRT calls involve patients at the end of their life. Better understanding of the features of these patients may guide improved advance care and EOLC planning for hospitalized patients.
In vivo cell tracking of mouse embryonic myoblasts and fast fibers during development

Fast and slow TnI are co‐expressed in E11.5 embryos, and fast TnI is present from the very beginning of myogenesis. A novel green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mouse lines (FastTnI/GFP lines) that carry the primary and secondary enhancer elements of the mouse fast troponin I (fast TnI), in which reporter expression correlates precisely with distribution of the endogenous fTnI protein was generated. Using the FastTnI/GFP mouse model, we characterized the early myogenic events in mice, analyzing the migration of GFP+ myoblasts, and the formation of primary and secondary myotubes in transgenic embryos. Interestingly, we found that the two contractile fast and slow isoforms of TnI are expressed during the migration of myoblasts from the somites to the limbs and body wall, suggesting that both participate in these events. Since no sarcomeres are present in myoblasts, we speculate that the function of fast TnI in early myogenesis is, like Myosin and Tropomyosin, to participate in cell movement during the initial myogenic stages. genesis 52:793–808, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rfx2 is required for spermatogenesis in the mouse

RFX transcription factors are key regulators of ciliogenesis in vertebrates. In Xenopus and zebrafish embryos, knockdown of Rfx2 causes defects in neural tube closure and in left–right axis patterning. To determine the essential role of the Rfx2 gene in mammalian development, we generated Rfx2‐deficient mice using an embryonic stem cell clone containing a lacZ gene trap reporter inserted into the first intron of the Rfx2 gene. We found that the Rfx2 lacZ reporter is expressed in ciliated tissues during mouse development including the node, the floor plate and the dorsal neural tube. However, mice homozygous for the Rfx2 gene trap mutation did not have defects in neural tube closure or in organ situs. The gene trap insertion appears to create a null allele as Rfx2 mRNA was not detected in Rfx2gt/gt embryos. Although Rfx2‐deficient mice do not have an obvious embryonic phenotype, we found that Rfx2gt/gt males are infertile because of a defect in spermatid maturation at or before the round and elongating spermatid stage. Our results indicate that Rfx2 is not essential for embryonic development in the mouse but is required for spermatogenesis. genesis 53:604–611, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation and characterization of tamoxifen‐inducible Pax9‐CreER knock‐in mice using CrispR/Cas9

Pax9 encodes a paired‐box homeodomain (Pax) transcription factor and is critical for the development of multiple organs. Using CrispR/Cas9‐mediated homologous directed repair (HDR), we generated a new Pax9‐CreER knock‐in mouse line in which the CreERT2 fusion protein is produced after synthesis of endogenous Pax9 protein. We found that tdTomato reporter expression in Pax9‐CreER;tdTomato reporter mice is detectable in a similar pattern to the endogenous Pax9 expression, faithfully recapitulating the Pax9 expression domains throughout the embryo and in the adult mouse. At early embryonic stages, the tdTomato reporter is expressed first in the pharyngeal pouch region and later in the craniofacial mesenchyme, somites, limbs, and lingual papillae in the adult tongue. These results demonstrate that this new Pax9‐CreER knock‐in mouse line can be used for lineage tracing and genetic targeting of Pax9‐expressing cells and their progeny in a temporally and spatially controlled manner during development and organogenesis.
Mutant analysis by rescue gene excision: New tools for mosaic studies in Drosophila

A host of classical and molecular genetic tools make Drosophila a tremendous model for the dissection of gene activity. In particular, the FLP‐FRT technique for mitotic recombination has greatly enhanced gene loss‐of‐function analysis. This technique efficiently induces formation of homozygous mutant clones in tissues of heterozygous organisms. However, the dependence of the FLP‐FRT method on cell division, and other constraints, also impose limits on its effectiveness. We describe here the generation and testing of tools for Mutant Analysis by Rescue Gene Excision (MARGE), an approach whereby mutant cells are formed by loss of a rescue transgene in a homozygous mutant organism. Rescue‐transgene loss can be induced in any tissue or cell‐type and at any time during development or in the adult using available heat‐shock‐induced or tissue‐specific flippases, or combinations of UAS‐FLP with Gal4 and Gal80ts reagents. The simultaneous loss of a constitutive fluorescence marker (GFP or RFP) identifies the mutant cells. We demonstrate the efficacy of the MARGE technique by flip‐out (clonal and disc‐wide) of a Ubi‐GFP‐carrying construct in imaginal discs, and by inducing a known yki mutant phenotype in the Drosophila ovary.
Do hotter temperatures increase the incidence of self-harm hospitalisations?

A relationship between air temperature and the incidence of suicide has been established in a number of previous studies. Interestingly, the relationship between geographical variation in temperature and suicide incidence has generally been found to be negative, while the relationship between temporal variation in temperature and suicide incidence has generally been found to be positive. It is less clear, however, how temperature relates to the incidence of self-harm. This topic is of particular importance given the presence of ongoing global warming. This study investigated the relationship between temperature and the incidence of self-harm resulting in hospitalisation in New Zealand. Self-harm hospitalisations by date and district for 1993–2009 were obtained from the Ministry of Health. Meteorological data was obtained from NIWA. Generalised linear mixed models were used to estimate the effects of three different components of variation in temperature: geographical, seasonal and irregular. Irregular (random) daily variation in temperature had a modest positive relationship with the incidence of acts of self-harm resulting in hospitalisation, with about 0.7% extra incidents for every 1 °C increase in temperature. However, there was no strong evidence for a positive effect of either seasonal or geographical variation in temperature. We conclude that temperature does appear to bear some relation to the incidence of self-harm, with irregular daily variation in temperature having a positive effect. However, inconsistencies in the effects of different components of variation in temperature make it challenging to accurately predict how global warming will influence the incidence of self-harm.
Understanding time use, stress and recovery practices among early career physicians: an exploratory study

Early career physicians (ECPs) work an average of 80 h per week, and at times may approach 24 continuous hours working. These hours, combined with a stressful work environment, and an inability to physically and psychologically detach from work make ECPs likely to experience burnout and other negative health-related consequences. This study provides insight into the stress and recovery challenges faced by ECPs in a typical hospital environment. Rich qualitative and quantitative data were gathered from participants regarding daily time usage, and recovery practices and needs. ECPs report longer working hours, less leisure time and shorter amounts of sleep than average working adults. ECPs do not participate in many resource-replenishing activities while at work, and when out of work, they tend to participate in more passive than active forms of recovery. Resource-draining activities were identified as requiring much of ECP’s nonwork time, further limiting recovery. The prevention of burnout and other negative health consequences among ECPs requires the building of a workplace and educational culture that supports regular resource replenishment. This includes the need for a curriculum of medical education that teaches ECPs to identify the signs of stress and recovery needs, and how to effectively address these needs.
Time to get happy: associations of time perspective with indicators of well-being

Abstract The present study examined associations of time perspective (TP) with indicators of well-being including satisfaction with life, anxiety and depression, after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Adult participants (N = 413) completed a web-based questionnaire that included a short version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Life satisfaction was more strongly associated with the present hedonistic dimension, suggesting that the tendency to take risks and to fulfil one’s desires may lead to experiencing pleasure in a ‘seize the day’ approach to life. The existence of depressive symptoms and elevated anxiety levels were associated with higher scores on the past present and the present fatalistic dimensions, suggesting that feeling hopeless, or dwelling on bad moments from the past may be largely related to feeling depressed and anxious. Considering the recently reported implications of TP in clinical and counseling settings, the present study contributes to the growing body of research that associates TP with mental health and psychological well-being.