Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phenology of Grape Berry Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Cultivated Grape at Selected Geographic Locations

Abstract The grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana (Clemens) feeds on wild and cultivated Vitis spp. , causing economic damage in the latter. We studied incidence of pheromone trap catch data, and combined this with previous work on development and diapause to construct a comprehensive model of the temporal dynamics of E. viteana. We explored the behavior of this model in six eastern United States locations along Lakes Erie and Michigan, the Finger Lakes in New York, and in Missouri and Virginia. Voltinism of E. viteana is influenced by the accumulated growing degree-days before the postsummer solstice photoperiod at which eggs develop exclusively into diapausing pupae. Our model generally predicted two full and a partial third generation in Geneva, NY, whereas partial fourth generations existed in vineyards along Lakes Erie and Michigan. In more southern latitudes, such as Missouri and Virginia, the absence of a partial fourth generation would be rare. Also, our model suggested the presence of clinal latitudinal variation in diapause induction, with southern populations of E. viteana responding to shorter daylengths than northern populations. These predictions, based on average 10-yr surface temperatures (1991–2000), are supported by past observations and explain the variability in voltinism from year to year that has been reported in the northeastern United States and Niagara Peninsula of Canada.
RAPID RECOVERY OF RODENT POPULATIONS FOLLOWING SEVERE DROUGHT

Abstract Below normal precipitation during June 2001 through June 2002 was recorded at Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, near Catarina, Texas. This drought was followed by a 13-mo period (July 2002 through July 2003) of above average precipitation, providing an opportunity to examine the response of 5 species of rodents to drought conditions. Comparison of the number of unique individuals captured during the drought to the post-drought revealed a significant increase in the total number of individuals (approximately 500%) and in the number of individuals per species. A 3-mo lag time was observed between the end of the drought and the onset of population recovery. Although an increase in population size was anticipated as precipitation patterns returned to normal, the magnitude and rapidity of the recovery exceeded predictions and documented the resilience of rodents to adverse climatic conditions.
The Influence of White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola) on Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Mount Rainier National Park and North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington

Abstract Surveys to assess the status of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) populations, with respect to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.), were conducted in Mount Rainier National Park and North Cascades National Park Service Complex between 1994 and 1999. A total of 2173 whitebark pine trees and 1029 saplings were surveyed. Blister rust was documented in every stand, but rates of blister rust infections were highly variable (0% to 70%). Overall, 22% of trees were infected, 31% were dead, and 47% of all trees showed no signs of infection. Surveys of saplings (< 2.54 cm dbh) documented infection rates of 28%, mortality rates of 10%, and uninfected rates of 62%. Generally, the percent of trees that were infected increased from west to east and with increasing elevation. Mortality rates decreased with elevation, which may be a result of shorter growing seasons at higher elevations and a longer time period for the infection to spread within the tree. A long-term monitoring program, with permanent plots, has been established to track population status and to inform restoration programs.
Clonally Propagated and Seed-derived Papaya Orchards: I. Plant Production and Field Growth

Additional index words. Carica papaya L. , hermaphrodites, micropropagation, rooted cuttings, virus resistant papaya Abstract. Papaya seedlings segregate for sex expression as females or hermaphrodites. Typically only hermaphrodite fruit are marketed in Hawaii. The agronomic practice of growing multiple seedlings that are later thinned to a single hermaphrodite tree is wasteful of seed, labor, and resources, especially when seed is costly. We compared growth of plants propagated by the clonal methods of micropropagation or rooting vegetative cuttings versus plants initiated as seedlings and transplanted. The seedlings were either single-planted hermaphrodites as identifi ed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or multiple-planted, thinned seedlings. The experiments were carried out in three different locations on two islands in Hawaii. Clonally propagated plants were signifi cantly shorter than seedlings and bore fl owers earlier and lower on the trunk at all locations. Stem diameter differences were not signifi cant even though plant size was different at planting time. Percentage of trees in bud varied signifi cantly in the third month after transplanting when about 90% of the rooted cuttings and large micropropagated plants had formed fl ower buds while only one multiple-planted seedling developed a bud. Overall, the clonally propagated plants were more vigorous and earlier bearing than were the seedling plants. There is good potential for adoption of clonal propagation when production becomes effi cient enough to compete in price with the current practice of over planting and thinning. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a polygamous species with all three sex forms: staminate (male), hermaphrodite, and pistillate (female). Sex is determined by a single gene with three alleles: M 1 , male; M 2 , hermaphrodite; and m, female (Hofmeyr, 1938; Storey, 1938, 1941, 1953). Storey (1939, 1953) reported crossing experiments that showed every combination of dominant alleles, M 1 M 1 , M 1 M 2 , and M 2 M 2 , is lethal to the zygotes. Thus, males (M 1 m) and hermaphrodites (M 2 m) are enforced sex heterozygotes while females (mm) are reces- sive homozygotes. A consequence of papaya's lethal sex allele is a skewed segregation of sex among seed obtained from different types of crosses. Seed obtained from female plants cross-pollinated by a hermaphrodite or a male will segregate one female to one hermaphrodite or male; seed obtained from self-pollinated hermaphrodites will segregate one female to two hermaphrodites (Storey, 1953).
Spectrophotometric assessment of leaf UV-B absorbing compounds and chemically determined total phenolic levels are strongly correlated

Investigations concerning the two major ecological roles of phenolics use different methods to quantify these compounds (phenolics as antiherbivores, Folin-Ciocalteu chemical assay; phenolics as UV-B screening pigments, UV-B absorbance). Yet, comparisons of the corresponding results are not possible, since an empirical correlation between the two methods is lacking. In the present study, significant regressions between total phenolic levels (chemically determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu method) and leaf UV-B absorbing capacity (assessed from simple absorbance measurements of methanolic extracts at 300 nm) were found in all seven plant species tested, yet interspecies differences in regression equations were evident. Provided that a standard curve between UV-absorbance versus total phenolic levels is established for each test plant, the latter could be predicted from the former. The UV-absorbance method is preferable because it is time-saving, simpler, and less costly. Given the strong regression between .
Value choices in life cycle impact assessment

Effects o f land use and eco toxicity are no t com m only addressed in life cycle assessm ent on agricultural food production due to the expected h igh level o f uncertain ties in the im pact assessm ent and a lack o f available inventory data. This chapter p rovides an overview o f the cause-effect pathw ays related to the release o f tox ic chem icals and physical land use practices caused by food production practices. It also d iscusses the background and application o f several life cycle im pact assessm ent m ethods th a t p roduce so-called characterization factors (CFs) to quantify the environm ental effects o f the agricultural activ ity occurring along the cause-effect pathw ays. P articu lar atten tion is paid to advances in the data and m odeling o f ecotoxicological and land use im pacts th a t resulted in the developm ent o f a consensus m odel to calculate CFs fo r aquatic eco toxicity and several m odels to calculate CFs fo r land use. F inally , fo r both ecotoxicity and land use m odeling, a num ber o f uncertain ties are d iscussed and several requirem ents fo r im provem ent are proposed.
Postharvest browning of rambutan is a consequence of water loss

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) rapidly lose their attractive appearance after harvest due to a superficial pericarp browning. Storage at high humidity minimizes fruit desiccation and may, therefore, delay browning onset. This paper examines the effect of reduced water loss rate on browning that may occur with time. Rambutan fruit pericarp browning beyond a commercially saleable level occurred at a weight loss of 25% to 40%. This depended on duration and storage relative humidity (RH). Skin browning was 50% greater on the red (R 134) than the yellow (R 156) cultivar at 60% RH. There was a storage time × RH interaction in the development of browning such that browning was observed earlier at lower RHs. Skin browning and spintern (soft spine) browning developed independently. Cracks appeared on the surface of fruit with increased weight loss. Browning occurrence was consistent with increased total phenolic compound levels in the pericarp. Water loss precedes browning occurrence and, over time, water loss is related to browning. Water stress appeared to affect rambutan pericarp tissue in much the same manner as senescence.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the Niphargus transitivus group of species (Crustacea, Amphipoda)

The Niphargus transitivus group includes 12 groundwaterdwelling species. It is defined by an upright body position during locomotion, a small, stout body with short appendages, except for long coxae and dactyli, coxae V-VI equilobate or posterolobate, accessory flagellum subject to reduction, and the body endowed with adaptations for volvation ( = ability to enroll into a ball). The biogeography of this southeastern European group of species is discussed and a cladistic analysis of the group is presented. Some cases of parallel character evolution in groundwater amphipods are mentioned. The inference of biogeographic and phylogenetic information in elucidating the evolutionary history of the group is hampered by inconsistency of the data. One of the hypotheses about the evolutionary history of the group is thought to be the most parsimonious.
ALLOMETRIC GROWTH IN THE FIDDLER CRAB UCA THAYERI (BRACHYURA, OCYPODIDAE) FROM A SUBTROPICAL MANGROVE

Abstract The relative growth of U. thayeri was studied for a subtropical mangrove population in the estuary of the Comprido and Escuro rivers, Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The evaluation of the morphological sexual maturity of U. thayeri was performed using the allometric technique. Remarkable ontogenetic changes were observed in the allometric growth of the male major cheliped and the female abdomen, indicating that these structures are closely connected to the timing of sexual maturity. For males, the relative-growth analysis of cheliped propodus length rendered an estimate of 13.8 mm of carapace width for the size at onset of sexual maturity. A distinct growth pattern was observed for the abdomen of U. thayeri females. It has a wide puberty size range (from 10.7 to 16.8 mm of CW) compared to other brachyurans previously studied. Thus, the females' abdominal growth can be represented by three growth phases: immature, transitional, and mature. The major cheliped is the right one in 50% of males. The median length of the male major cheliped did not differ between right- and left-handed crabs.
Stoichiometric controls on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing litter

The mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus from plant residues provides an important input of inorganic nutrients to the soil, which can be taken up by plants. The dynamics of nutrient mineralization or immobilization during decomposition are controlled by different biological and physical factors. Decomposers sequester carbon and nutrients from organic substrates and exchange inorganic nutrients with the environment to maintain their stoichiometric balance. Additionally, physical losses of organic compounds from leaching and other processes may alter the nutrient content of litter. In this work, we extend a stoichiometric model of litter nitrogen mineralization to include (1) phosphorus mineralization, (2) physical losses of organic nutrients, and (3) chemical heterogeneity of litter substrates. The enhanced model provides analytical mineralization curves for nitrogen and phosphorus as well as critical litter carbon : nutrient ratios (the carbon : nutrient ratios below which net nutrient release occurs) as a function of the elemental composition of the decomposers, their carbon-use efficiency, and the rate of physical loss of organic compounds. The model is used to infer the critical litter carbon : nutrient ratios from observed nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in about 2600 litterbag samplings from 21 decomposition data sets spanning artic to tropical ecosystems. At the beginning of decomposition, nitrogen and phosphorus tend to be immobilized in boreal and temperate climates (i.e., both C:N and C:P critical ratios are lower than the initial ratios), while in tropical areas nitrogen is generally released and phosphorus may be either immobilized or released, regardless of the typically low phosphorus concentrations. The critical carbon : nutrient ratios we observed were found to increase with initial litter carbon : nutrient ratios, indicating that decomposers adapt to low-nutrient conditions by reducing their carbon-use efficiency. This stoichiometric control on nutrient dynamics appears ubiquitous across climatic regions and ecosystems, although other biological and physical processes also play important roles in litter decomposition. In tropical humid conditions, we found high critical C:P ratios likely due to high leaching and low decomposer phosphorus concentrations. In general, the compound effects of stoichiometric constraints and physical losses explain most of the variability in critical carbon : nutrient ratios and dynamics of nutrient immobilization and release at the global scale.
THE CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES OF STARS IN THE HALO (CASH) PROJECT. III. A NEW CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR CARBON-ENHANCED METAL-POOR STARS WITH s-PROCESS ELEMENT ENHANCEMENT

We present a detailed abundance analysis of 23 elements for a newly discovered carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) star, HE 0414−0343, from the Chemical Abundances of Stars in the Halo Project. Its spectroscopic stellar parameters are Teff = 4863 K, log g = 1.25 , ? > ξ = 2.20 km s−1, and [Fe/H] = −2.24. Radial velocity measurements covering seven years indicate HE 0414−0343 to be a binary. HE 0414−0343 has [C/Fe] = 1.44 ? > and is strongly enhanced in neutron-capture elements but its abundances cannot be reproduced by a solar-type s-process pattern alone. Traditionally, it could be classified as a “CEMP-r/s” star. Based on abundance comparisons with asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star nucleosynthesis models, we suggest a new physically motivated origin and classification scheme for CEMP-s stars and the still poorly understood CEMP-r/s. The new scheme describes a continuous transition between these two so-far distinctly treated subgroups: CEMP-sA, CEMP-sB, and CEMP-sC. Possible causes for a continuous transition include the number of thermal pulses the AGB companion underwent, the effect of different AGB star masses on their nucleosynthetic yields, and physics that is not well approximated in 1D stellar models such as proton ingestion episodes and rotation. Based on a set of detailed AGB models, we suggest the abundance signature of HE 0414−0343 to have arisen from a >1.3 M⊙ mass AGB star and a late-time mass transfer that transformed HE 0414−0343 into a CEMP-sC star. We also find that the [Y/Ba] ratio well parametrizes the classification and can thus be used to easily classify any future such stars.
Oxygen and Nitrogen Surface Catalytic Recombination on Copper Oxide in Tertiary Gas Mixtures

Experimentally measured oxygen and nitrogen surface catalytic recombination efficiencies on copper oxide in tertiary gas mixtures are presented. Heat transfer rates at the stagnation point of a blunt body are measured in a shock tube using a thin-film gauge. The measurements were taken at near room temperature using a smooth wall. The heat transfer rates are compared with the theory to obtain the catalytic efficiency. With the oxygen, the efficiency of copper oxide is deduced to be 0.0026 to 0.0032. With the nitrogen, the efficiency is 0.00061 to 0.0014.
CHIP and Hsp70 regulate tau ubiquitination, degradation and aggregation

Molecular chaperones, ubiquitin ligases and proteasome impairment have been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, which are characterized by accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates (e.g. tau and alpha-synuclein respectively). Here we report that CHIP, an ubiquitin ligase that interacts directly with Hsp70/90, induces ubiquitination of the microtubule associated protein, tau. CHIP also increases tau aggregation. Consistent with this observation, diverse of tau lesions in human postmortem tissue were found to be immunopositive for CHIP. Conversely, induction of Hsp70 through treatment with either geldanamycin or heat shock factor 1 leads to a decrease in tau steady-state levels and a selective reduction in detergent insoluble tau. Furthermore, 30-month-old mice overexpressing inducible Hsp70 show a significant reduction in tau levels. Together these data demonstrate that the Hsp70/CHIP chaperone system plays an important role in the regulation of tau turnover and the selective elimination of abnormal tau species. Hsp70/CHIP may therefore play an important role in the pathogenesis of tauopathies and also represents a potential therapeutic target.
Nutrient fluxes and adaptation to environmental dynamics by phytoplankton in the Gulf of Khambhat

Environmental dynamics with a view of understanding the nutrient fluxes and the factors regulating phytoplankton production, in waters off Bhavnagar, Gulf of Khambhat, were investigated during 19962007. The coastal waters of Bhavnagar revealed normal pH (7.97±0.12) and enhanced DO (4.81±1.47 ml/l) level. The fluctuation of salinity (29.7 ± 4.21 ppt) was due to freshwater influx through several rivers. The coastal water of Bhavnagar was characterized with poor concentration of chlorophyll a (0.76±0.34 mg/m 3 ), high phaeophytin (1.24±0.68 mg/m 3 ), poor species diversity of phytoplankton (0.693-1.495, av. 0.749), high SS concentration (1502.58±1038.62 mg/l) and poor irradiance (secchi depth, mean 0.11 cm), with high concentration of NO3 - -N (32.52 ± 12.37 μmol/l), NO2 - -N (2.38 ± 4.12 μmol/l), NH4 + -N (2.33 ± 4.43 μmol/l) and PO4 3- -P (9.04 ± 10.37 μmol/l). The positive significant correlation between SS and NO3 - -N (r=0.443, p=0.000), NO2 - -N (r=0.302, p=0.010) and NH4 + -N (r=0.229, p=0.055) indicated that the strong currents churning out the bed sediments and eroding the shoreline and inputs through several rivers draining into the Gulf, were sources of nutrient fluxes and an enhanced concentration in the region. The presence of Thalassiosira gravida and Navicula distans continuously and Cylindrotheca closterium sometime as the major species in the coastal waters of Bhavnagar over the period of 11 years suggested their adaptation to the environmental condition of the region. Thus, the high concentration of suspended solids was the regulating factor for phytoplankton production.
Adventures in the fish trade

The Systematics Association (SA), a London based organisation dedicated to the promotion of systematic (comparative) biology in all its various aspects, was founded in May 1937. It is based on objectives set out for its earlier incarnation, the “Committee on Systematics in Relation to General Biology” (some relevant history can be found in Winsor 2000). That group’s remit was, and the SA’s still is, “to provide a forum for the discussion of the general theoretical and practical problems of taxonomy” (http://www.systass.org ; see also Nature 140:163, 1938).
Environmental study of some metals on several aquatic macrophytes

Aquatic macrophytes can be used in the study of quality of water ecosystems and in monitoring of metals and other pollutants. This study was focused on assessment of metals accumulation in certain aquatic macrophytes (biomonitors), in comparison with water and sediment (abiotic monitors) of the lake. Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Pb were measured in water, sediment and plant samples, namely in stems and leaves of Bidens tripartitus L. , Polygonum amphibium L. , Lycopus europaeus L. and in roots, stems and leaves of two aquatic plants, Typha angustifolia L. and Typha latifolia L. The concentrations of all investigated metals were higher in sediment than in water. The mean concentrations of metals in macrophytes were sequenced: Fe > Mn > Cu > Pb. This study exhibited different metals concentration in aquatic plants, depending on the plant organ. The highest concentrations of Fe and Pb were recorded in root of T.latifolia L. As means of Mn and Cu, their concentrations were higher in stems and leaves of different investigated species. The application of macrophytes can be possible in finding of solutions for problems of protection, sanation and revitalization of different aquatic ecosystems. Key words: Aquatic macrophytes, metals (Fe, Mn, Cu and Pb), lake contamination.
Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for the fennel Pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus L.

Fennel (= Sago) pondweed ( Potamogeton pectinatus L.) is a submersed macrophyte of nearly cosmopolitan distribution. The plant is of worldwide ecological importance as structuring component of shallow lakes, and as food for waterfowl. We developed nine polymorphic microsatellite primers for the population genetic analysis of P. pectinatus . The loci were identified using a GA/CT-enriched genomic library using subtractive hybridization with magnetic particles. All nine loci were highly polymorphic with 6–9 alleles and heterozygosities ranging from 0.23 to 0.80 in a subset of N = 40 genotypes from five locations.
Specific Amplification of Microsporidian DNA Fragments Using Multiprimer PCR

Using a mixture of several primers, the suitability of multiprimer PCR for the early and simultaneous detection of various kinds of infectious microsporidia of silkworms was evaluated. As a result, specific DNA sequences were amplified by PCR using several primers designed for this study only when genomic DNA of the target microsporidia was used as the DNA template. However, no PCR products were obtained when genomic DNA of the silkworms or other microorganisms was used as the DNA template. In addition, specific DNA sequences were amplified by multiprimer PCR even when silkworms were infected with various kinds of microsporidia. When genomic DNA extracted from silkworm eggs infected with Nosema bombycis was used as the DNA template, the specific DNA sequences were amplified by multiprimer PCR. In addition, similar results were obtained even when genomic DNA extracted from silkworms infected with N. bombycis was used as the DNA template. These findings suggest that multiprimer PCR using several primers designed for this study is suitable for pebrine inspection of silkworm eggs.