Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Culture Medium , Hormones , and Growth Factors

In previous studies, we and others have demonstrated that the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) a normally is restricted to primitive lymphoid cells, most certainly of the T cell series and possibly of the B cell series as well (reviewed in 1-3). Our studies have also suggested that T d T + bone marrow cells or their immediate precursors (pre-TdT + cells) may serve as the transformable target cells for the Gross leukemia virus (4), and that abnormalities in the development of T d T + bone marrow cells and thymocytes are among the earliest lymphoid defects to occur in mutant strains of autoimmune NZB/W, BXSB, and SJL/J mice. 2 Other authors (5-7) have postulated that T d T may itself play an important role in the antigen-independent development of lymphocytes, either in the generation of immunological diversity and/or in the elimination of selfreactive clones of immature lymphocytes. Thus, it is likely that further studies of T d T + bone marrow cells would provide valuable information concerning the early stages of normal and abnormal lymphocyte development. Progress in the study of the development and differentiation of T d T + cells, and of the antigen-independent phase of lymphopoiesis generally, has been hampered by the absence of a selective in vitro system for culturing lymphoid stem and progenitor cells. Earlier (8), we demonstrated that small numbers (~2%) of mouse T d T + bone marrow cells could be generated in modified Dexter-
DADA-17-68-C-8124, by Grant AI-07809 from the United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program administered by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and in part by Grant AM-11038 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Dis-

Acquired resistance in tuberculosis (1), brucellosis (2), listeriosis (3), and salmonellosis (4) is primarily cell mediated. The macrophages, which act as effectors of this type of antimicrobial immunity are derived mainly from circulating monocytes (5). The abundance of macrophages in tissue lesions may be due in part to the state of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) 1 which develops during these infections (6). In this connection, there is evidence that a high proportion of the macrophages which accumulate within a DTH reaction site arise from the further differentiation or maturation of inonocytes that emigrate from the blood (7). The expression of peripheral delayed hypersensitivity is, in fact, dependent upon the presence of such macrophages in the test sites (8, 9). Monocytes in most mammalian species constitute only a small proportion of the circulating white blood cells. I t follows that in systemic infections of this type the demand for macrophages within infective foci could deplete the blood of monocytes unless compensatory mechanisms were operative. Still, there is little information concerning the activity of such mechanisms within the monocyte system. The strongest evidence for an operative homeostasis is in fact the constancy of the blood monocyte count. Most evidence on this point is inferential and based on data derived from studies of nonspecific inflammation. Thus, virtually nothing is known concerning the capacity of the monocyte system to meet the demands imposed by infection or the means by which the delivery of monocytes can be increased in such circumstances. The present studies were therefore addressed to the problem of monocyte mobilization in response to Salmonella infection in the rat. This model was chosen on the basis of unpublished observations that the rapid development of immunity in rats infected with Salmonella enteritidis was associated with abundant granulomatous accumulations of macrophages in the liver and spleen, an absolute monocytosis in the blood, and the development of high levels of cutaneous DTH. The cytokinetic changes underlying the obvious and rapid mobilization of monocytes in these animals were
Arthroscopic Management of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Injuries

Background: Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury is major cause of ulnar side wrist pain. It can lead to distal radio ulnar joint instability. Aim of the work: was to examine the efficacy of arthroscopic management of the TFCC injuries, and assess the functional outcome of this procedure. Patients and Methods: Twenty patients with torn TFCC underwent arthroscopic management. Five patients had central TFCC tears to which arthroscopic debridement was done. Five patients had superficial peripheral TFCC tears to which arthroscopic reattachment to the capsule was done. Ten patients had deep foveal TFCC tears with DRUJ instability to which arthroscopic assisted foveal reattachment by suture anchor was done. All patients were assessed before and after surgery (at follow-up) by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, the Modified Mayo Wrist Score (MMWS), and the incidence of complications. Results: Twenty patients were available for follow-up at a mean of 12.9 months. VAS improved from a mean of 6 to a mean of 1.3 (p<0.001). The DASH score improved from a mean of 28.2 to a mean of 5.8 (P < 0.001). MMWS improved from a mean of 66.3 to a mean of 88.5 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Arthroscopic management of TFCC tears has shown to reach good results according with different TFCC lesions and improvement in pain and function. However, the current study is limited by absence of conservative or open control group for comparison and the relatively short follow-up period.
CELL INTERACTIONS I N T H E I M M U N E RESPONSE I N VITRO I I I . SPECIFIC COLLABORATION ACROSS A CELL IMPERMEABLE MEMBRANE* BY MARC FELDMANN$ AND ANTONY BASTEN§

Interaction between thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes I and nonthymusderived (B) lymphocytes is essential for optimal antibody production to many antigens, including heterologous erythrocytes (1-3), serum proteins (4, 5), and hapten-protein conjugates (6, 7). In contrast, other antigens such as polymeric flagellin (POL) (8), polyvinylpyrrolidone (9), and pneumococcal polysaccharide Type I I I (10), which display a large number of repeating determinants, can apparently immunize B cells directly. The requirement for T cells in the immune response would thus appear to be related to the physical structure of the antigen, and not to the specificity of its antigenic determinants. Confirmation of this concept was obtained in an in vitro system by coupling the hapten, the dinitrophenyl (DNP) determinant, to different carriers, one of which, donkey red cells (DRC), elicits a thymus-dependent response and the other, POL, a thymus-independent response. When D N P antigens in these two physical forms were cultured with B cells obtained from adult thymectomized, heavily irradiated and bone marrow-protected (ATXBM) mice, an antihapten response occurred with DNP POL but not with DNP DRC (8). Direct triggering of B cells by polyvalent antigens is thought to be related to their capacity to form multiple bonds with receptor sites on the B cells' surfaces. Multiple bond formation greatly prolongs the duration of the antigen-
Brief DeBnitive Report

A number of cell surface markers are expressed on resting peripheral blood (PB) T cells (1). However, there are a number of surface markers that are expressed only in low proportions or not at all on resting T cells, but that are clearly expressed in varying proportions on activated T cells. Among these markers of activated T cells, the receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcyR) are on small fractions of PB sheep erythrocyte (E)-rosetting cells, usually referred to as Ty cells (2, 3). The proportions of FcTR-positive cells increase markedly upon activation of the cell (4). In addition, Ia-like antigens are expressed on a small proportion of freshly isolated circulating T cells; these are included within the Ty fraction (5). Again, upon activation of T cells, variable proportions will express Ia-like antigens (6-8). Recently, a monoclonal antibody (4F2) has been described which binds to a non-Ia, 120,000-mol wt cell surface antigen present on resting PB monocytes, but which is present in negligible amounts on resting PB lymphocytes (9, 10). However, the 4Fz antigen is expressed on a large proportion of lymphocytes which have been activated by mitogen and/or alloantigen stimulation (9). The precise identity of the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)-activated specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) in humans has not been characterized by currently available cell surface markers. In this study we have analyzed MLR-act ivated T cells to determine the relationship between specific cytotoxicity and the phenotypic expression of these activation markers. The results indicate that C T L are found exclusively in a population of cells lacking detectable FcyR (FcyR-) but expressing 4F2 antigen. By contrast, C T L were detectable in both the Ia-positive and Ia-negative population of activated T cells.
IV. THE ROLE OF LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES IN PASSIVE TRANSFER AND THE MECHANISM OF THEIR INTERACTION BY G. L. ASHERSON,*

Contact sensi t ivi ty to 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene oxazolone (oxazolone) is readily produced in mice and can be transferred to normal recipients by peritoneal exudate, lymph node, and bone marrow cells. There is some evidence tha t this is a mixed immediate and delayed type hypersensi t iv i ty reaction with both humoral and cellular components (1, 2). We wished to investigate the abi l i ty of purified peri toneal exudate lymphocytes and macrophages to transfer these reactions. Nonspecific swelling (toxic reaction) caused by the applicat ion of the contact sensitizing agent to normal mice is a troublesome factor in assessing skin reactions. This difficulty was overcome by using i r radia ted recipients. I t was found tha t either purified peri toneal exudate lymphocytes or purified macrophages were able to transfer skin reactions to i r radia ted recipients and tha t normal macrophages, passively sensitized by lymphocytes within a Millipore chamber (Mill ipore filter Corp., Bedford, Mass.) were also active.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title

A study of the collective motions of nuclear matter has been made. We first give a purely classical macroscopic description of hydrodynamic waves in nuclear matter, an¢1. suggest some experimental consequences of their excitation. Next a quantum mechanical study of the collective eigenstates of nuclear matter is taken up. The starting point of this discussion is the theory of the nuclear ground state as given by Brueckner and his collaborators. The excited states are des.cribed by means of the method developed by Sawada to apply to an electron gas. , We generalize this method so as to include the internal degrees of freedom associated with spin and i . spin and to handle the momentum dependence of the levelshift operator K used by Brueckner. The connection between the quantum=mechanical eigenstates "and the classical hydrodynamic motion is established. As a consequence of the internal degrees of freedom, there exist not only the usu~l compressive waves, but spin, ispin, and coupled spin-i-spin waves. The i-spin waves can be associated with the GoldhaberTeller oscillations. We have investigated the corrections to. the Sawada theory. This gives rise to the damping of the stable Sawada collective eigenmodes, analogous to the viscous damping of a plasma oscillation. In some cases, however, we find not damped but· exponentially growing waves . This seems to correspond to the system's collapsing on itself. This difficulty must lie in our description of the ground state and we can at the moment only speculate on the origin of this I""' difficulty.
Rapid and Easy In Silico Serotyping of Escherichia coli Isolates by Use of Whole-Genome Sequencing Data

ABSTRACT Accurate and rapid typing of pathogens is essential for effective surveillance and outbreak detection. Conventional serotyping of Escherichia coli is a delicate, laborious, time-consuming, and expensive procedure. With whole-genome sequencing (WGS) becoming cheaper, it has vast potential in routine typing and surveillance. The aim of this study was to establish a valid and publicly available tool for WGS-based in silico serotyping of E. coli applicable for routine typing and surveillance. A FASTA database of specific O-antigen processing system genes for O typing and flagellin genes for H typing was created as a component of the publicly available Web tools hosted by the Center for Genomic Epidemiology (CGE) (www.genomicepidemiology.org). All E. coli isolates available with WGS data and conventional serotype information were subjected to WGS-based serotyping employing this specific SerotypeFinder CGE tool. SerotypeFinder was evaluated on 682 E. coli genomes, 108 of which were sequenced for this study, where both the whole genome and the serotype were available. In total, 601 and 509 isolates were included for O and H typing, respectively. The O-antigen genes wzx, wzy, wzm, and wzt and the flagellin genes fliC, flkA, fllA, flmA, and flnA were detected in 569 and 508 genome sequences, respectively. SerotypeFinder for WGS-based O and H typing predicted 560 of 569 O types and 504 of 508 H types, consistent with conventional serotyping. In combination with other available WGS typing tools, E. coli serotyping can be performed solely from WGS data, providing faster and cheaper typing than current routine procedures and making WGS typing a superior alternative to conventional typing strategies.
Subjective Memory Ability and Long-Term Forgetting in Patients Referred for Neuropsychological Assessment

It has been suggested that the memory complaints of patients who are not impaired on formal memory tests may reflect accelerated forgetting. We examined this hypothesis by comparing the 1-week delayed recall and recognition test performance of outpatients who were referred for neuropsychological assessment and who had normal memory performance during standard memory assessment with that of a non-patient control group. Both groups performed equally in verbal learning and delayed recall. However, after 1 week, the patients performed worse than controls on both recall and recognition tests. Although subjective memory ability predicted short-term memory function in patients, it did not predict long-term delayed forgetting rates in either the patients or controls. Thus, long-term delayed recall and recognition intervals provided no additional value to explain poor subjective memory ability in the absence of objective memory deficits.
Facial Action Recognition Combining Heterogeneous Features via Multikernel Learning

This paper presents our response to the first international challenge on facial emotion recognition and analysis. We propose to combine different types of features to automatically detect action units (AUs) in facial images. We use one multikernel support vector machine (SVM) for each AU we want to detect. The first kernel matrix is computed using local Gabor binary pattern histograms and a histogram intersection kernel. The second kernel matrix is computed from active appearance model coefficients and a radial basis function kernel. During the training step, we combine these two types of features using the recently proposed SimpleMKL algorithm. SVM outputs are then averaged to exploit temporal information in the sequence. To evaluate our system, we perform deep experimentation on several key issues: influence of features and kernel function in histogram-based SVM approaches, influence of spatially independent information versus geometric local appearance information and benefits of combining both, sensitivity to training data, and interest of temporal context adaptation. We also compare our results with those of the other participants and try to explain why our method had the best performance during the facial expression recognition and analysis challenge.
MACROPHAGE OXYGEN-DEPENDENT ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Assay for 1-1202 Generation

O u r pr ior observat ions wi th ac t iva ted mononuc lea r phagocytes have impl i ca ted oxygen in te rmedia tes as impor t an t effector molecules in bo th the in t race l lu la r destruct ion and the growth inhib i t ion of Toxoplasma gondii (1-3). Because this complex ox ida t ive in terac t ion m a y be m o d u l a t e d by the presence of endogenous scavengers wi th in e i ther the paras i te or host cell, we examined the roles of superoxide d ismutase (SOD)l , catalase, and g lu ta th ione peroxidase (GP). Together , these enzymes comprise a po ten t t r i ad of in t race l luar defense mechanisms against the toxici ty of superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2Oz) (4). The i r ac t iv i ty has been invest igated in T. gondii and in various ma c ropha ge popula t ions , ob ta ined from in vivo and in vi tro envi ronments , that express different an t imic rob ia l behavior . O u r f indings demons t ra te tha t the levels of these three scavengers of oxygen in te rmedia tes vary from cell to cell du r ing cul t iva t ion , and that they can be corre la ted with the effectiveness of m a c r o p h a g e an t i t oxop la sma activity. In par t i cu la r , in t race l lu la r cata lase appears to p l ay an impor t an t m o d u l a t i n g role in mac rophage toxop la sma interact ion.
EFFECTS OF A R G I N I N E DEPRIVATION, ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION, AND X-RADIATION ON CULTURED KB CELLS A Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Study

Cultured KB cells (derived from a human oral carcinoma) grown in monolayers were injured by one of three agcnts: starvation by arginine deprivation or trcatment with high doses of either ultraviolct radiation or x-radiation. The different agents produced changes in nucleolar structure and varying accumulations of triglyceridc and glycogcn. All three agents produced an increase in number and size of lysosomes. Thcse were studied in acid phosphatase preparations, viewed by both light and electron microscopy, and, occasionally, in vital dye, estcrase, and aryl sulfatase preparations. Ultrastructurally, alterations in lysosomes suggcsted that "residual bodies" developed in a variety of ways, i.e., from the endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies, or autophagic vacuoles. Following all three agents the endoplasmic reticulum assumed the form of " rough" or "smooth" whorls, and, aftcr two of the agents, arginine deprivation or ultraviolet radiation, it acquired cytocbemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity. Near connections between the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes raisc the possibility that in KB cells, at least when injured, the endoplasmic rcticulum is involved in the formation of lysosomes and the transport of acid phosphatase to them. I N T R O D U C T I O N Strains of cultured cells grown for short periods in nutrient media deficient in a single amino acid remain viable, for restoration to complete medium results in survival of a proportion of the cells (8, 13). Similarly, cells treated with high-level (lethal) doses of radiation remain viable for a certain length of time before the onset of death (33, 57). Such injured cells grown in controlled fashion lend themselves to a study of the events leading to cell death. This report describes the profound changes in the structural organization and cytochemical properties of KB cells following injury; in two instances (ultraviolet and x-irradiation) the changes are irreversible while in the other (arginine deprivation) they are still reversible. The most dramatic alterations occur in the endoplasmic reticu lum and the lysosomes. M A T E R I A L A N D M E T H O D S The heteroploid KB line, derived from a human oral carcinoma (12), was used in these investigations. The cells were grown at 37 ° as monlayers on glass coverslips in Petri dishes containing Eagle's minimum essential medium (14) with added 10 per cent calf serum, non-essential amino acids, glutamine, and antibiotics. Cultures were refed every other day. Amino acid-deprived cells were grown in a deficient
The relationship of infections with certain types of group A streptococci (nephri- togenic streptococci) to the subsequent development of acute poststreptococcal glo-

The relationship of infections with certain types of group A streptococci (nephritogenic streptococci) to the subsequent development of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) 1 has been clearly established (1). However, this is not a constant phenomenon since the incidence of APSGN has varied considerably in those individuals infected with nephritogenic types of streptococci (2). These observations have suggested as one possible explanation that only certain strains within these nephritogenic types have the capability of inducing this disease. The mechanisms by which only a limited number of nephritogenic streptococcal strains exert their noxious effects upon the glomerulus have not been clearly elucidated. One school of thought postulates that streptococcal antigen-antibody interactions initiate the immunological damage (3, 4). Others propose that an endogenous immune complex system initiated by the streptococcus could be of pathogenic significance; either streptococcal antigens cross-reactive with components of the human glomerulus (5) or alteration by streptococcal products of human immunoglobulin molecules (6). A third point of view suggests that direct complement activation by streptococcal components without the participation of immunoglobulins is of primary importance in some cases of APSGN (7, 8). In an effort to determine the streptococcal antigen(s) involved, two main avenues of investigation have been explored. Using immunofluorescence techniques, Seegal et al. (3) have suggested that the antigen in question is part of the streptococcal cell wall complex and limited only to nephritogenic types of streptococci. In contrast, Lange et al. (4) have reported that the antigen lies within the streptococcal cell and is unrelated to the serological type of the streptococcus. The second approach has been the examination of structural and biological differences between nephritogenic and nonnephritogenic strains of streptococci. In general, these studies have been inconclusive or controversial (9). The possible reasons for these discrepancies might be the