Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photochemical reactions in an MDI‐based elastomeric polyurethane

Polyurethanes based on diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) were examined by electronic spectroscopy and by continuous and laser flash photolysis. Fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions were observed, and although the source of the fluorescence could not be identified, the phosphorescence appears to originate from a benzophenone-type oxidation impurity. On laser flash photolysis, transient absorptions were observed at 375 nm and 580 nm. The latter is assigned to a ketyl radical center formed by hydrogen abstraction from the polymer matrix. Participation of these species in the photochemical reactions leading to deterioration of the MDI-based polyurethane is discussed.
Radio Resource Allocation Improvements in Cognitive Radio Sensor Network for Smart Grid: Investigative Study and Solutions

A cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN)-based Smart Grid (SG) is a new paradigm for a modern SG. It is totally different from the traditional power grid and conventional SG. Currently, an SG uses a static resource allocation technique to allocate resources to sensor nodes in the SG network. Static resource allocation is not efficient due to the heterogeneous nature of CRSN-based SGs. Hence, an appropriate mechanism such as dynamic radio resource allocation (RRA) is required for efficient resource allocation in CRSNs for SGs. The objective of this paper is to investigate and propose suitable dynamic RRA for efficient resource allocation in CRSNs-based SGs. This involves a proposal for appropriate strategy that will address poor throughput and excessive errors in resource allocation. In this paper, the dynamic RRA approach is used to allocate resources such as frequency, energy, channels and spectrum to the sensor nodes. This is because of the heterogeneity in a CRSN which differs for SG applications. The dynamic RRA approach is based on optimization of resource allocation criteria such as energy efficiency, throughput maximization, QoS guarantee, etc. The methods include an introduced model called “guaranteed network connectivity channel allocation for throughput maximization” (GNC-TM). Also used, is an optimal spectrum-band determination in RRA for improved throughput. The results show that the model outperforms the existing protocol of channel allocation in terms of throughput and error probability. This study explores RRA schemes for CRSNs for SGs. The paper proposed a GNC-TM model, including demonstration of suitable spectrum band operation in CRSNs for SGs.
Numerical simulation of electric field distributions in electrohydrodynamic two-phase flow regimes

In electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow boiling and condensation heat transfer applications an interdependence exists between two-phase flow patterns and the applied voltage, and subsequently the electric field distribution established. Unlike single-phase flow, in liquid/gas or phase change processes the electric field established is continuously changing as the flow pattern changes due to interfacial vaporization or condensation. To further complicate the variation in this dynamic field effect, the interaction between the electric field and the fluid introduce an electrical force that can also cause a redistribution of the phases. In an effort to understand and analyze this interaction, the electric field distribution must be determined. To contribute to this effort, the evaluation of the static electric field distribution is performed for various flow regimes to provide a qualitative assessment regarding the direction of phase migration and possible flow pattern transition and,to determine the net EHD force acting on the flow for an instant in time, i.e. for a given phase distribution.
The Determinants of Bank Regulations and Supervision on the Efficiency of Islamic Banks in MENA Regions

This study investigates the impact of the country’s governance on the revenue efficiency in the banking sectors of 42 Islamic banks in 15 countries offering Islamic banking and financial services. Technical efficiencies of individual Islamic banks were analyzed using the Data Envelopment Analysis method. The Ordinary Least Square estimation method is employed to examine the impact of country supervision and regulation on the technical efficiency of Islamic banks. With robustness check, the study assesses the impact of bank regulations and supervision on the efficiency of Islamic banks operating in different regions. The empirical findings suggest that supervisory power, activity restrictions, and private monitoring positively influence the efficiency of Islamic banks. On the other hand, we observe a negative impact of capital requirement on Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. The findings indicate that supervisory power, activity restrictions, and private monitoring positively influence the efficiency of Islamic banks in Asia, but vice versa on capital requirement in MENA countries. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge by assessing the types of reforms in bank regulations and supervision that work best for Islamic banks in order to increase the level of efficiency and the level of regulations and supervision of Islamic banks.
THE RELATIONSHIP FAMILY EMOTIONAL SUPPORT WITH ANXIETY OF PREECLAMPSIA PREGNANT MOTHER

Preeclampsia pregnant mothers are high risk population due to risk of physical and psychological disorders. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between the emotionally family support and at the mother and child hospital of the IBI regency of Jember. The study used correlational with cross-sectional study design. The sample size was 57pregnant women with preeclampsia using purposive sampling. Data were obtained by using family emotional support (validity value 0.467 and reliability value 0.9965) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale questionnaire (validity value 0.93 and reliability value 0.97). Data analysis used the Spearman test. The results of this study showed that the 29 respondents have high family`s emotionally support and 40 respondents have mild anxiety. The results show that there is a relationship between the emotional support of the family with anxiety mother (p-value = 0.041) and strength (r= -0.0272). The study showed that the higher the family`semotional support, the lower the mother`s anxiety level. Family`s emotional supportfacilitating mother to more comfort and keep positive behaviour.
Visitor Management in World Heritage Destinations before and after Covid-19, Angkor

The purpose of this research was to analyze the visitor-management tactics and strategies in World Heritage destinations. The Temples of Angkor (Cambodia) were selected as case studies. The analysis was carried out in two phases—before and after COVID-19. A qualitative methodology was used. Participant observation was employed for the pre-COVID-19 strategies, and recommendations of scholars and bodies responsible for tourism were the basis for the strategies proposed for the post-COVID-19 scenario. Grounded theory and the Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software were used. The results showed that the public health goal, together with its related strategies and tactics, should be added to the classic sustainability goals and the hard and soft strategies (physical, regulatory, and educational). It was also noted that new actors came into play—those responsible for public health. In conclusion, this new public health goal and its tactics will condition classic factors such as carrying capacity, and can conflict with goals such as the economic and social goals. The sustainability paradigm is maintained, but with the addition of risk society and the public health goal playing a key role.
A Framework for Classifying Participant Motivation that Considers the Typology of Citizen Science Projects

Citizen science, the participation of the public in scientific projects, is growing significantly, especially with technological developments in recent years. Volunteers are the heart of citizen science projects; therefore, understanding their motivation and how to sustain their participation is the key to success in any citizen science project. Studies on participants of citizen science projects illustrate that there is an association between participant motivation and the type of contribution to projects. Thus, in this paper, we define a motivational framework, which classifies participant motivation taking into account the typologies of citizen science projects. Within this framework, we also take into account the importance of motivation in initiating and sustaining participation. This framework helps citizen science practitioners to have comprehensive knowledge about potential motivational factors that can be used to recruit participants, as well as sustaining participation in their projects.
Tectonics of the Papua‐Woodlark Region

The Papua‐Woodlark region exemplifies many plate tectonic processes, from active continental breakup to double plunging subduction zones. We present a synthesis of geological and geophysical data from the region and interpret these data to characterize the present plate boundaries. A subducted slab shown to underlie the Trobriand forearc is associated with the Papuan volcanic arc and the diapiric emplacement of felsic gneissic domes in the Woodlark rift from previously subducted continental materials in the mantle wedge. In contrast, the Suckling‐Dayman metamorphic core complex formed in the footwall of the Mai'iu extensional detachment, augmented by calc‐alkaline and high‐K magmatic intrusion and uplift. Utilizing Global Positioning System relative velocities, transform fault azimuths, ridge axis azimuths, and two fault slip directions, we derive a plate kinematic model for the Australia, Woodlark, Trobriand, and Solomon Sea plates to describe the neotectonics and provide insight to the past tectonics. We present two cases—with and without subduction at the Trobriand Trough—and favor the former based on our characterization of the plate boundaries. Our model estimates current Trobriand subduction rates of 3–5 mm/yr with obliquity increasing westwards, and full spreading rates, increasing eastwards along the Woodlark Basin spreading center, of 19–35 mm/yr. Based on seafloor morphology, we further estimate the time of the change in the pole of the Woodlark Basin opening at 450 Ka followed by a decrease in spreading rate and complete reorientation of the spreading axis fabric at 225 Ka.
Hygroscopic Growth of an (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Aqueous Solution Droplet Measured Using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)

The contact angle, θ, and volume equivalent diameter of an (NH4)2SO4 aqueous droplet was measured using an environmental scanning electric microscope (ESEM), showing the hygroscopic growth of the solution droplet as the relative humidity (RH) increased from 80% to 98%. (NH4)2SO4 particles with diameters in the range 1–2 μ m were produced by an atomization technique, and collected onto a copper substrate that had been treated with polytetrafluoroethylene. To observe the hygroscope growth, the sample chamber of the ESEM was filled with water vapor at a pressure of 600 Pa, and the sample temperature was adjusted using a cooling stage to control the relative humidity inside the chamber. Before the observation of the hygroscopic growth, we determined the value of θ from overhead views of droplets on the stage at a tilted angle of 45°. The average value of θ was 96 ± 10°, and this value was used to estimate the droplet diameter. We measured the diameter of the (NH4)2SO4 droplets at different RH, and observed that the growth factor, G, increased with increasing RH. The experimental value of G was consistent with the theoretically estimated value. This shows that our method for determining the value of θ was valid, and that the ESEM technique can be used to measure the diameters of droplets of aqueous solutions.
Synthesis, crystal structures, and solid state quadratic nonlinear optical properties of a series of stilbazolium cations combined with gold cyanide counter-ion

Three salts built up from (E)-4′-(dimethylamino)-stilbazolium (DMAS)H+, (E)-4′-(diethylamino)-stilbazolium (DEAS)H+, (E)-4′-{2-(methoxymethyl) pyrrolidinyl}-stilbazolium (MPS)H+, and gold cyanide as a counter-ion, are reported. The crystal structures have been solved for (DEAS)H+ Au(CN)2− (Cc space group), and for (MPS)H+ Au(CN)2− (P1 space group). The semi-empirical (ZINDO) calculated static hyperpolarizability (β0) of (MPS)H+ is equal to 147 × 10−30 cm5esu−1, in solid state, which is 25% higher than that of the cation of the well known (E)-4′-(dimethylamino)-methylstilbazolium tosylate (DAST). (MPS)H+ Au(CN)2− exhibits a unique crystal structure in which the cations are perfectly aligned. This combination of large hyperpolarizability and strict 1-dimensional character leads to a giant dzzz quadratic susceptibility (χ(2)) tensor component estimated between ∼4500 pm V−1 (∼11 × 10−6 esu) and 12 400 pm V−1 (∼30 × 10−6 esu) at 1.064 μm, by a confocal μ-SHG technique. The use of such material in ultra-thin devices is critically evaluated.
Projection maskless patterning for nanotechnology applications

Projection maskless patterning (PMLP) is based on a programmable aperture plate system and on charged particle projection optics with 200× reduction, providing thousands of electron or ion (H+, He+, Ar+, Xe+, C60−) beams working in parallel on the substrate. As part of the European CHARPAN project a PMLP proof-of-concept tool has been realized. Using resolution templates, with 10keV H+ multibeams a resolution of 16nm lines and spaces was achieved in HSQ resist across the proof-of-concept tool 25×25μm2 exposure field at an exposure dose of 25μC∕cm2. Enhancing the dose by 10% there was <1nm increase in linewidth. With 10keV Ar+ multibeams resistless nanopatterning of various materials was accomplished. Inserting a wired programmable aperture plate system providing ∼4000 beams, first HSQ resist exposure and patterning results have been accomplished, implementing gray scale exposure techniques. The system is being upgraded to a PMLP engineering tool integrating an aperture plate system with complementary meta.
Constrained optimization of landscape indices in conservation planning to support ecological restoration in New Caledonia

1. Curbing habitat loss, reducing fragmentation, and restoring connectivity are frequent 14 concerns of conservation planning. In this respect, the incorporation of spatial con- 15 straints, fragmentation, and connectivity indices into optimization procedures is an im- 16 portant challenge for improving decision support. 17 2. Here we present a novel optimization approach developed to accurately represent a 18 broad range of conservation planning questions with spatial constraints and landscape 19 indices. Relying on constraint programming, a technique from artiﬁcial intelligence 20 based on automatic reasoning, this approach provides both constraint satisfaction and 21 optimality guarantees. 22 3. We applied this approach in a real case study to support managers of the “Côte Ou- 23 bliée – ‘Woen Vùù – Pwa Pereeù” provincial park project, in the biodiversity hotspot 24 of New Caledonia. Under budget, accessibility, and equitable allocation constraints, we 25 identiﬁed restorable areas optimal for reducing forest fragmentation and improving inter- 26 patch structural connectivity, respectively measured with the effective mesh size and the 27 integral index of connectivity. 28 4. Synthesis and applications. Our work contributes to more effective and policy- 29 relevant conservation planning by providing a spatially-explicit and problem-focused 30 optimization approach. By allowing an exact representation of spatial constraints and 31 landscape indices, it can address new questions and ensure whether the solutions will 32 be socio-economically feasible, through optimality and satisﬁability guarantees. Our ap- 33 proach is generic and ﬂexible, thus applicable to a wide range of conservation planning 34 problems such as ecological restoration planning, reserve or corridor design. 35
Stability of 1-Bit Compressed Sensing in Sparse Data Reconstruction

1-bit compressing sensing (CS) is an important class of sparse optimization problems. This paper focuses on the stability theory for 1-bit CS with quadratic constraint. The model is rebuilt by reformulating sign measurements by linear equality and inequality constraints, and the quadratic constraint with noise is approximated by polytopes to any level of accuracy. A new concept called restricted weak RSP of a transposed sensing matrix with respect to the measurement vector is introduced. Our results show that this concept is a sufficient and necessary condition for the stability of 1-bit CS without noise and is a sufficient condition if the noise is available.
Hard, not early: putting the New Zealand Covid-19 response in context

A popular narrative that New Zealand’s policy response to Coronavirus was ‘go hard, go early’ is misleading. While restrictions were the most stringent in the world during the Level 4 lockdown in March and April, these were imposed after the likely peak in new infections. I use the time path of Covid-19 deaths for each OECD country to estimate inflection points. Allowing for the typical lag from infection to death, new infections peaked before the most stringent policy responses were applied in many countries, including New Zealand. The cross-country evidence shows that restrictions imposed after the inflection point in infections is reached are ineffective in reducing total deaths. Even restrictions imposed earlier have just a modest effect; if Sweden’s more relaxed restrictions had been used, an extra 310 Covid-19 deaths are predicted for New Zealand – far fewer than the thousands of deaths in some widely reported mathematical simulations.
Theoretical approach to estimate laser process parameters for drilling in crystalline silicon

This paper presents a simple method for estimating the ablation rate during drilling processes in crystalline silicon wafers. Using data from literature, the physical process of material heating, melting, and ejection can be estimated on a time scale and leads to a temporal separation of the pulse duration in two parts. The latter one offers a theoretical determination of the expected average ablation rate. The results of this approximation coincide with experimental values and offer solutions to increase drilling efficiency. The experiments were done with a q‐switched solid‐state laser emitting at 1064 nm wavelength at pulse durations between 810 ns and 1440 ns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsed corona and dielectric‐barrier discharge processing of NO in N2

Experimental results on pulsed corona and dielectric‐barrier discharge processing of very dilute concentrations of NO in N2 are presented. These NO reduction experiments measure the G value for electron‐impact dissociation of N2 and are used to infer the effective electron mean energy in an N2dischargeplasma at atmospheric pressure. The data have been obtained from three different laboratories using widely differing electrode structures, voltage wave forms, power measurements, and chemical analyses. The NO reduction yields from the discharge reactors tested are all similar, corresponding to an electron mean energy of 4.0±0.5 eV.
Crystal chemistry of the ulvöspinel-qandilite series

Abstract Five spinel single-crystal samples within the ulvöspinel-qandilite series [(Fe2-xMgx)TiO4, 0.15 < x < 0.94] were synthesized and structurally and chemically characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe techniques. Site populations, derived from structural and chemical analysis, show that the tetrahedrally coordinated site (T) is exclusively populated by Mg2+ and Fe2+, while the octahedrally coordinated site (M) is populated by Ti4+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and minor amounts of Fe3+. The inverse cation distribution is characterized by parallel substitution of Mg2+ for Fe2+ at both the T and M sites along the series. The variation in the unit-cell parameter from 8.527 to 8.495 Å is mainly related to the occurrence of Mg2+ at the M site rather than the T site. In fact, the substitution of Mg2+ for Fe2+ yields significant variations in M-O (from 2.045 to 2.034 Å) and only limited variation in T-O (from 2.007 to 2.002 Å). In conjunction with data from the literature, the present study provide a basis for quantitative analyses of the variation in TMg-O bond distance from 1.966 Å for Mg-poor ulvöspinel to 1.990 Å for the qandilite end-member.
Biodegradation of Used Engine Oil by a Methylotrophic Bacterium, Methylobacterium Mesophilicum Isolated from Tropical Hydrocarbon-contaminated Soil

A Gram-negative facultatively methylotrophic bacterium putatively identified as Methylobacterium mesophilicum strain RD1 displayed extensive degradative ability on used engine oil (SAE 40W) in liquid cultures. The rate of degradation of used engine oil (1274.85 mg L−1) by the isolate, for the first 12 days and the last 9 days were 65 and 40 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. Gas chromatographic (GC) analyses of residual used engine oil revealed that 61.2% and 89.5% of the initial concentration of the used engine oil were degraded within 12 and 21 days. GC fingerprints of the used engine oil after 12 days of incubation showed total disappearance of C15, C23, C24, C25, and C26 hydrocarbon fractions as well as drastic reductions of C13, C14, C16, and PAHs fractions such as C19-Anthracene and C22-Pyrene. At the end of 21 days’ incubation, total disappearance of C17-pristane, C22-pyrene, one of the C19-anthracene, and significant reduction of C18-phytane (96.8%) fractions were observed. In addition, less than 10% of Day 0 values of medium fraction ranges C13, C14, and C16 were discernible after 21 days. This study has established the potential of Methylobacterium mesophilicum strain RD1 in degradation of aliphatic, aromatic, and branched alkane components of used engine oils.
Extremely Low Contact Resistivity of Ti/Pt/Au Contacts on p + ‐ InGaAs as Determined by a New Evaluation Method

A convenient method for determining a low contact resistivity ρ c is described and experimental results are presented. Small dots of p + -InGaAs on a thick and highly conductive substrate are metallized. The corresponding boundary problem of the current distribution is solved by using an integral equation which can be evaluated numerically. This method can be used to obtain ρ c from experimental data. The procedure overcomes the difficulties usually encountered with the transmission line method since the inhomogeneity of the current density under the contact dots is fully taken into account
Influence of bedding and jointing sand on the shear strength characteristics of Interlocking Paver Blocks – bedding sand interface

ABSTRACT Shear stress behaviour is one of the predominant characteristics which influence the performance of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement. The primary objective of the present study is to find the influence of bedding sand and jointing sand on the interface shear stress behaviour of Interlocking Paver Blocks (IPB) and bedding sand. The shear stress behaviour was studied using a large-scale direct shear test. Three grades of bedding sand were involved in the study. PLAXIS software was used to simulate the laboratory test results and the accuracy of the test results was statistically validated. In order to avoid tedious experimental studies, further analysis was executed using PLAXIS software. Eight gradations of jointing sand were analysed using numerical modelling to interpret its influence on the interface shear stress behaviour. The actual shear stress due to the traffic load for 50 million standard axles was estimated using IITPAVE software and the respective interface shear strength was calculated from the experimental results to ensure that the interface shear strength can resist the actual shear stress. Laboratory and numerical test results unveiled that the IPB when laid on Zone II bedding sand packed by Zone II>>2.36 jointing sand exhibited better interface shear stress behaviour.