Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
There is no Artificial General Intelligence

The goal of creating Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) -- or in other words of creating Turing machines (modern computers) that can behave in a way that mimics human intelligence -- has occupied AI researchers ever since the idea of AI was first proposed. One common theme in these discussions is the thesis that the ability of a machine to conduct convincing dialogues with human beings can serve as at least a sufficient criterion of AGI. We argue that this very ability should be accepted also as a necessary condition of AGI, and we provide a description of the nature of human dialogue in particular and of human language in general against this background. We then argue that it is for mathematical reasons impossible to program a machine in such a way that it could master human dialogue behaviour in its full generality. This is (1) because there are no traditional explicitly designed mathematical models that could be used as a starting point for creating such programs; and (2) because even the sorts of automated models generated by using machine learning, which have been used successfully in areas such as machine translation, cannot be extended to cope with human dialogue. If this is so, then we can conclude that a Turing machine also cannot possess AGI, because it fails to fulfil a necessary condition thereof. At the same time, however, we acknowledge the potential of Turing machines to master dialogue behaviour in highly restricted contexts, where what is called ``narrow'' AI can still be of considerable utility.
Brief Communication: Is Nasal Polyposis a Determinant of Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Altered Quality of Life in Asthmatic Subjects? A Case-Control Study.

Asthmatic patients with nasal polyposis (NP) have been reported to have a high prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and a worsening of quality of life (QoL). The aim of this case- control study was to evaluate if NP is a determinant of BHR and is responsible for modifying the QoL in asthmatic subjects. Eighty-nine asthmatic subjects, including 24 patients with NP and 65 patients without NP (controls), underwent spirometry, methacholine challenge test (MCHt), skin prick tests, and were evaluated with the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). Results of the MCHt test are expressed as the provocative concentration of methacholine that causes 20% (PC 20 ) fall of forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1). The PC 20 (mean ± SD) in NP cases was 1149 ± 668 μg/ml vs 894 ± 691 μg/ml in controls (p <0.001). This demonstrates that BHR was not enhanced by the presence of NP in asthmatic subjects. No significant differences were found between the NP cases and controls for overall QoL or for single QoL domains. This study shows that the presence of NP did not impair the QoL of asthmatic patients, as indicated by the items included in the AQLQ questionnaire.
Influence of spat origin and environmental parameters on biochemical composition and biometry of the brown mussel Perna perna (Linné, 1758), under culture conditions

La composicion bioquimica, el crecimiento y la supervivencia del mejillon marron (Perna perna), de origenes intermareal y submareal fueron comparados despues de que ambos grupos fueron colocados en un `long line', donde crecieron hasta tamano comercial, en el Golfo de Cariaco, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. Durante el periodo de muestreo fueron registrados para ambos grupos sus respectivas longitudes, masa seca de los tejidos blandos y de la concha, asi como tambien su condicion reproductiva. Los componentes bioquimicos analizados fueron: proteinas, carbohidratos y lipidos. Simultaneamente, se llevaron registros de las condiciones medioambientales representadas por la clorofila a, salinidad, temperatura y el seston. Al inicio del periodo experimental, que duro 213 dias, los contenidos de lipidos y carbohidratos fueron significativamente mas altos en los mejillones de origen submareal mientras que no hubo diferencias significativas en las proteinas entre ambos grupos de mejillones. Estas diferencias fueron mantenidas hasta el dia 15 para los lipidos y el dia 21 para los carbohidratos. En contraste, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en cuanto al crecimiento (longitud y masas de los tejidos blandos) e indice de condicion, mostrando asi un potencial similar para su cultivo bajo condiciones suspendidas. Con respecto a la influencia de variables medioambientales, la temperatura y clorofila a mostraron una influencia marcada en la composicion bioquimica de ambos grupos de mejillones
Cryopreservation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta)

Cryopreserved Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures remained viable when frozen by cooling slowly to −55°C, then plunging into liquid nitrogen for at least 1 day of storage. High viability (>40%) was retained when cultures contained 2–10% (v/v) methanol as a cryoprotective agent prior to freezing, while dimethyl sulphoxide was ineffective. However, methanol was lethal to cells in the presence of light. Frozen cultures became non-viable within 24 h when stored at −80°C, whereas those stored below −130°C remained viable for at least several months. Highest viability was attained in cultures that were frozen and stored at a low cell density. High viability also required that frozen cultures be warmed rapidly and the cryoprotective agent removed immediately thereafter in preparation for culturing in liquid or on solid medium. Individual cell viability was determined by measurements of colony counts after cell plating and by the penetration of Evans blue dye into non-viable cells. Viability in bulk culture was co.
Carbon productivity and flux in the marine ecosystems of the Galapagos Marine Reserve based on cetacean abundances and trophic indices

RESUMEN El rol de los cetaceos en la productividad y flujo de energia en los ecosistemas marinos es escasamente conocido en el Pacifico sureste. Este estudio propone estimar la produccion secundaria y terciaria de cinco especies de cetaceos representativos de diferentes ecosistemas marinos de las Galapagos usando calculos asociados de valores anuales de produccion primaria y flujo de carbono, estimaciones de abundancia relativa, biomasa, densidad absoluta y niveles troficos disponibles en la literatura. De acuerdo a las ecuaciones propuestas para el calculo de productividad, se obtuvo que el cachalote (Physeter macrocephalus) y la orca carnivora-generalista (Orcinus orca) tuvieron el valor mas bajo de produccion terciaria al nivel de depredador tope para regiones del oceano abierto sin afloramientos, mientras que las ballenas de Bryde (Balaenoptera edeni) y azul (B. musculus) alcanzaron los valores mas altos de produccion terciaria (13,7 y 35,4 gC m-2 yr-1, respectivamente) en zonas de afloramientos localizadas al oeste y suroeste de las Islas Galapagos. La produccion primaria anual se correlaciono significativamente con las producciones terciarias de ballenas barbadas y odontocetos, usando un nivel de transferencia de energia del 15%. Cuando se combino a las especies de cetaceos considerados en este estudio, se encontro una correlacion positiva, pero no significativa entre la produccion primaria anual y la produccion terciaria de cetaceos. Esta relacion fue influenciada por los diferentes niveles troficos en la cadena alimenticia y los valores anuales de productividad primaria de cada uno de los ecosistemas marinos seleccionados. Mas investigacion es requerida para determinar la abundancia, seleccion de presas, tasa alimenticias, y tasas de hundimiento de material fecal proveniente de mamiferos marinos en aguas marinas de las Galapagos, asi como su funcion en el flujo vertical de carbon.
Effects of Psychoactive Substances in Schizophrenia – Findings of Structural and Functional Neuroimaging

Schizophrenia is a major mental illness that is characterized by psychosis, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment. High comorbidity rates with substance use disorders have consistently been found – especially with abuse of cannabis and psychostimulants. While the role of these drugs in the onset of psychosis and schizophrenia has received much attention, relatively few studies have been conducted on the impact of psychoactive substances on the course of schizophrenia. In this review, study findings measuring the effects of psychoactive substances with structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods are described in patients suffering from substance use disorder and schizophrenia. Both Schizophrenia and substance abuse are associated with different functional brain alterations. In addicted individuals, drug-related cues and drug administration lead to increased neurofunctional activity in limbic and prefrontal brain regions compared to healthy controls. Chronic drug abuse is associated with gray matter loss in these areas. In schizophrenic patients, cognitive imaging in the frontal and temporal brain areas has showed decreased neural activity during the resting state. In chronic schizophrenic patients, the greatest loss of brain volume was found in those patients with additional substance abuse. Neuroimaging studies highlight the significance of regular drug use in schizophrenia. Whereas schizophrenic patients with and without substance abuse may not differ in structural imaging at the onset of illness, regular drug abuse seems to be a significant risk factor for severe loss of brain volume in the course of schizophrenia.
Convergent patterns of evolution of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes in electric fishes

The ability to generate and detect electric fields has evolved in several groups of fishes as a means of communication, navigation and, occasionally, predation. The energetic burden required can account for up to 20% of electric fishes' daily energy expenditure. Despite this, molecular adaptations that enable electric fishes to meet the metabolic demands of bioelectrogenesis remain unknown. Here, we investigate the molecular evolution of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes in the two most diverse clades of weakly electric fishes—South American Gymnotiformes and African Mormyroidea, using codon-based likelihood approaches. Our analyses reveal that although mitochondrial OXPHOS genes are generally subject to strong purifying selection, this constraint is significantly reduced in electric compared to non-electric fishes, particularly for complexes IV and V. Moreover, analyses of concatenated mitochondrial genes show strong evidence for positive selection in complex I genes on the two branches associated with the independent evolutionary origins of electrogenesis. These results suggest that adaptive evolution of proton translocation in the OXPHOS cellular machinery may be associated with the evolution of bioelectrogenesis. Overall, we find striking evidence for remarkably similar effects of electrogenesis on the molecular evolution of mitochondrial OXPHOS genes in two independently derived clades of electrogenic fishes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking the mitochondrial genotype to phenotype: a complex endeavour’.
Effect of Low-Level LASER Therapy on Wound Recovery and Sequelae After Orthognathic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: Despite the application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in diverse dental procedures, its postoperative effects especially on wound recovery after orthognathic surgery have not been well explored. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of 660 nm LLLT on postoperative consequences of orthognathic surgery through a randomized controlled trial. Material and Methods: In this split-mouth, triple-blind randomized controlled trial, 12 patients who needed bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were recruited. After the surgery, one side of their face was irradiated with a diode low-level laser device of 660 nm during 1, 2, 4, and 7 days after the surgery, and the other side of their face was considered as placebo. Later, LLLT outcomes were assessed in terms of swelling, pain, and wound recovery after the surgery. For estimating the swelling, distances between tragicus to corner of mouth, tragicus to pogonion, and gonion to cantus were measured; for pain evaluation, the visual analog scale was used. Recovery of wounds was assessed via two ways of probing wounds depth and appraising their clinical features. Results: Although both LLLT and placebo sides presented a constant reduction of swelling over three postoperative months, the swelling in LLLT sides was significantly lower than placebos during the second and fourth days after the surgery. Regarding the pain, there were no significant differences on either sides of the face, 4 days after the surgery. Wounds probing indicated better recoveries at LLLT sides for both upper and lower jaws, whereas the results of clinical features did not show any significant differences between LLLT and placebo sides. Conclusion: LLLT can effectively accelerate the wound recovery after an orthognathic surgery. Also, it is helpful for postoperative sequelae of orthognathic surgery including swelling and pain.
Preventive Effect of Opuntiol, Isolated from Opuntia ficus indica (L. Mill), Extract Against Ultraviolet A Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damages in NIH/3T3 Cells

Aim: We investigated the role of opuntiol, isolated from Opuntia ficus indica, against ultraviolet A waveband-mediated oxidative damages in the mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines (NIH‐3T3). Materials and Methods: The antioxidant potential of opuntiol was carried out by hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The preventive effect of opuntiol against UV-mediated cytotoxicity was revealed by MTT assay. Further, the oxidative end points during UV-exposure, in the presence and absence of opuntiol, was analyzed by DCFH-DA staining, rhodamine-123 staining and alkaline comet assay. Results: Opuntiol significantly neutralizes hydroxyl (OH•), superoxide anion (O2•–), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study, the NIH-3T3 cells were treated with UVA-waveband in the presence and absence of opuntiol and oxidative damage markers were analyzed. We observed that opuntiol pretreatment (5 μM-20 μM) prevented 10 mJ/cm2UVA radiation-induced cytotoxicity in NIH-3T3 cells. Further, single UVA-radiation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) through intracellular photosensitizers. Conversely, opuntiol pretreatment prevented UVA-mediated ROS generation and subsequent lipid peroxidation and loss of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) in the NIH-3T3 cells. It has also been observed that the UVA-mediated ROS subsequently induces DNA damage and alters mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP). We noticed that opuntiol prevents UVA-radiation-mediated DNA single-strand breaks. Further, it prevents loss of MMPs and apoptotic morphological changes in the NIH-3T3 cells. Conclusion: Thus, these findings illustrate that opuntiol prevents UVA-radiation-mediated oxidative stress-related biochemical changes in the cellular system.
Effect of Aqueous Extract of Descurainia Sophia on Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhea in Male Rat

ﻪﻠﺠﻣ Background and Objectives: Diarrhea is one of the worldwide health problems and one of the most common causes of childrens ’ mortality. In the present experiment, effect of Descurainia sophia on castor oil-induced diarrhea was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimentd study 24 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: Descurainia sophia with doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg; Diphenoxylate 0.5 mg/kg; and control (vehicle). One hour after orally receiving the drugs or vehicle (normal saline 10 ml/kg), each animal was given castor oil (2 ml/rat) by an oro-gastric catheter. Then the rats were placed in a separate cage and observed for 5 h defecation to determine fecal quality, frequency, and weight. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test and p<0.05 was considered as significant difference. Results: Both Descurainia sophia 600, 400 (mg/kg) and Diphenoxylate attenuated the percentage of weight loss (p<0.005). Compared to the control group, Descurainia sophia 600 and Diphenoxylate (p<0.005) and Descurainia sophia 400 (p<0.05) decreased the total excretion. Also compared to the control group, Descurainia sophia 600 and 400 (mg/kg) decreased stool weight (p<0.05). Conclusions: Extract of Descurainia sophia plant has the same effect as Diphenoxylate on attenuating castor oil - induced diarrhea symptoms and also reduction of fecal water content.
SMIX(λ): Enhancing Centralized Value Functions for Cooperative Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

Learning a stable and generalizable centralized value function (CVF) is a crucial but challenging task in multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL), as it has to deal with the issue that the joint action space increases exponentially with the number of agents in such scenarios. This article proposes an approach, named SMIX(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), that uses an OFF-policy training to achieve this by avoiding the greedy assumption commonly made in CVF learning. As importance sampling for such OFF-policy training is both computationally costly and numerically unstable, we proposed to use the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-return as a proxy to compute the temporal difference (TD) error. With this new loss function objective, we adopt a modified QMIX network structure as the base to train our model. By further connecting it with the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q(\lambda)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> approach from a unified expectation correction viewpoint, we show that the proposed SMIX(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is equivalent to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q(\lambda)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and hence shares its convergence properties, while without being suffered from the aforementioned curse of dimensionality problem inherent in MARL. Experiments on the StarCraft Multiagent Challenge (SMAC) benchmark demonstrate that our approach not only outperforms several state-of-the-art MARL methods by a large margin but also can be used as a general tool to improve the overall performance of other centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE)-type algorithms by enhancing their CVFs.
VARIABILIDAD INTERNA EN EL ALFARERO TEMPRANO DEL CENTRO-SUR DE CHILE: EL COMPLEJO PITRÉN EN EL VALLE CENTRAL DEL CAUTÍN Y EL SECTOR LACUSTRE ANDINO

El presente articulo aborda la variabilidad del Alfarero Temprano en la zona Centro-Sur de Chile mediante la sistematizacion y comparacion del registro arqueologico disponible en la seccion media del valle del rio Cautin y en los lagos Calafquen, Villarrica y Caburgua en ambitos cordilleranos andinos, ademas de referencias a otras areas trabajadas como la costa y ecosistemas insulares que permiten una discusion mas integrada. Se aborda la variabilidad de dicha unidad arqueologica a partir de un analisis comparativo de los tipos, caracteristicas y distribucion de los asentamientos conocidos, sus materiales ceramicos y liticos, junto a otros indicadores materiales y biologicos. Lo anterior enfatiza los diferentes sustratos historicos, correspondientes al periodo arcaico, en los que se desarrollan los grupos adscribibles al Complejo Pitren, postulandose diferentes procesos de integracion y adopcion de las innovaciones alfareras en la costa y en las zonas interiores. Se discute ademas las recurrentes dataciones tempranas y la existencia de expresiones alfareras iniciales diferentes a Pitren. Se plantea la ocurrencia, en el marco de los estudios de complejidad social, de disimiles niveles de heterogeneidad en la estructura social de estas poblaciones alfarero tempranas y sus consecuentes expresiones espaciales y temporales. La relacion con el alfarero tardio se interpreta a la luz del control y la forma en la toma de decisiones y la constitucion de contextos sociales con mayor o menor presencia de dinamicas heterarquicas. Se destaca la necesidad del desarrollo de estudios que diversifiquen la mirada historico-cultural que ha dominado la investigacion regional para los periodos alfareros.
Coulomb (Velocity) Gauge Recommended in Multiconfiguration Calculations of Transition Data Involving Rydberg Series

Astronomical spectroscopy has recently expanded into the near-infrared (nIR) wavelength region, raising the demands on atomic transition data. The interpretation of the observed spectra largely relies on theoretical results, and progress towards the production of accurate theoretical data must continuously be made. Spectrum calculations that target multiple atomic states at the same time are by nomeans trivial. Further, numerous atomic systems involve Rydberg series,which are associated with additional difficulties. In this work, we demonstrate how the challenges in the computations of Rydberg series can be handled in large-scale multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) and relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) calculations. By paying special attention to the construction of the radial orbital basis that builds the atomic state functions, transition data that are weakly sensitive to the choice of gauge can be obtained. Additionally, we show that the Babushkin gauge should not always be considered as the preferred gauge, and that, in the computations of transition data involving Rydberg series, the Coulomb gauge could be more appropriate for the analysis of astrophysical spectra. To illustrate the above, results from computations of transitions involving Rydberg series in the astrophysically important C IV and C III ions are presented and analyzed. (Less)
EMOTION RECOGNITION BASED ON VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS - A REVIEW

Emotion recognition is one of the biggest challenges in human-human and human-computer interaction. There are various approaches to recognize emotions like facial expression, audio signals, body poses, and gestures etc. Physiological signals play vital role in emotion recognition as they are not controllable and are of immediate response type. In this paper, we discuss the research done on emotion recognition using skin conductance, skin temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyography (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Altogether, the same methodology has been adopted for emotion recognition techniques based upon various physiological signals. After survey, it is understood that none of these methods are fully efficient standalone but the efficiency can be improved by using combination of physiological signals. The study of this paper provides an insight on the current state of research and challenges faced during emotion recognition using physiological signals, so that research can be advanced for better recognition.