Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caracterização histoquímica e determinação do ciclo secretor da glândula salivar do tórax de Polistes versicolor (Olivier, 1791) (Hymenoptera: vespidae)

The salivary system of Vespidae consists of mandibular, hypopharyngeal and salivary (thoracic) glands. Our aim was to describe the thoracic glands ultrastructure in adult Polistes versicolor by transmission electron microscope, paying attention to various component cell types. In P. versicolor, the thoracic glands exhibit a secretory portion consisting of pseudoacini. Each pseudoacinose secretory unit includes a central cell (TA), surrounded by several parietal cells (TB). From these pseudoacini, canaliculus arises and joins together to form the main ducts (ducts 1, 2, 3, according to their increasing diameters). Epithelial cells form the duct system, namely type C cells (TC), but lacks any reservoir. Near the base of duct 2 are included further cell types, namely type D cells (TD). From these data, it seems that component cells in P. versicolor thoracic glands perform several, sequential role: secretory biosynthesis (TA), modification (TB, TC in duct 1, TD) and conduction of secretion (TC).
The Effect of Process-genre Approach on EFL Students’ Writing Performance

The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of Process-Genre Approach (PGA) on EFL students’ writing performance. This study also investigated students’ and lecturer’s perceptions of the strategies in PGA. The subjects were 67 second year undergraduate students taking a writing course at a public university in Riau, Indonesia. The PGA group was exposed to 4 hours of PGA strategies over twelve weeks whereas the comparison group was given Product Traditional Approach (PTA) of teaching writing. Both groups were given an expository writing post-test. The results of the t-test (t=4.483; p=0.00) showed that the PGA group (M=71.125; SD=20.60) outperformed the PTA group (M=62.485;SD=26.09) on the writing test. The findings from the questionnaires reveal that both students and lecturer had highly favorable perceptions of the PGA. The findings suggest that PGA has potential to be used as an instructional tool in enhancing second-year university students’ EFL writing skills.
Exploring the Use of Free Bioinformatics Modules in an Introductory Biochemistry Course

Although bioinformatics, the use of computational science to study biology, has become imperative in many areas of the biological sciences and related career paths, introductory biochemistry courses may disregard practical knowledge on bioinformatics. For this reason, we merged a hands-on activity module into an undergraduate biochemistry course in two ways. First, we incorporated bioinformatics modules for building phylogenetic trees by aligning the active sites of 10 chosen related α-amylase enzymes using freely available data. Secondly, we chose three of those 10 α-amylase enzymes to compare the 3D structure of their active sites. This module gives the students an opportunity to understand how to access biological information from public databases such as GenBank, and analyze the information using software like MEGA, ClustalW, and RasMol. Overall, our module should provide instructors with ideas on how to develop similar modules and encourage students to develop further independence in the use of bioinformatics tools.
Regulation of Nkx2.2 gene expression in the vertebrate neural tube; a target of graded Sonic hedgehog signalling.

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen implicated in the developmental patterning of many vertebrate tissues. One such tissue is the neural tube (NT). In ventral regions of the NT distinct neuronal subtypes emerge in precise spatial order from progenitor cells arrayed along its dorsal-ventral axis. Shh regulates this process by controlling the expression patterns of transcription factors in progenitor cells. In addition, cross- repressive interactions between pairs of transcription factors, expressed in adjacent regions, ensures the generation of defined domains. The regulation of Nkx2.2 and Nkx2.9 expression represents an example of this mechanism. The expression of these genes is restricted to a ventral (p3) domain, comprising neural progenitors dorsal to the floor plate. Induction of Nkx2.2 and Nkx2.9 requires high levels of Shh signalling. In part this appears to be because the homeodomain protein Pax6 must be repressed to allow Nkx2.2/2.9 induction. We have analysed the regulatory regions of the Nkx2 genes in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning their expression pattern. The 5' flanking region of Nkx2.2 and Nkx2.9 contains a 250bp block of highly conserved DNA (CNCR) that is found in human, mouse, Fugu and zebrafish. This region includes a binding site for the transcriptional regulators of the Shh pathway: Gli (GBS). Using a BAC homologous recombination system and assays in zebrafish, we provide evidence that the CNCR is required to direct Nkx2.2a-like gene expression. Mouse in vivo reporter assays using fragments containing the CNCR of zNkx2.2a, indicate the CNCR is sufficient to direct reporter gene expression in the p3 domain of the NT. Mutational analysis indicates that the GBS is necessary but not sufficient to account for this expression profile. In vivo assays further suggest correct Nkx2.2 expression requires input from additional transcriptional activators as well as a floor plate repressor. All these factors appear to act through regulatory elements within the CNCR.
Production of Organometallic Polymer-Based Biomaterials by Laser Two-Photon Polymerisation

Laser two-photon polymerisation is a 3D printing technique based on the process of two photon absorption, where a photosensitive molecule becomes a radical upon absorbing two photons with double the wavelength of its absorption peak. By moving the sample relative to the laser focal point, 3D structures with sub-micron features can be fabricated from a variety of materials. Here, we present a novel organometallic polymer biomaterial composed of aluminium isopropoxide, methacrylic acid and 3-methacryloxypropyltrihydroxysilane. We describe the preparation, fabrication, development aspects of this material and characterise some structures fabricated directly from computer-aided design (CAD) files using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). KEYWORDS: Biomaterials, Laser Two-Photon
Toxic effect of cadmium on seed germination, growth and biochemical contents of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata l.) plants

Treatment of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) with different concentrations of cadmium decreased the germination percentage, growth parameters and biochemical contents. The experiment was conducted at Botanical Garden, Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, during the period of January to March 2011. In the pot culture experiment, cowpea plants were analysed on three different sampling (viz., 15 th , 30 th and 45 th ) days, in soil amended with various levels of cadmium (viz, 10, 30, and 50 mg kg -1 ). The inner surfaces of pots were lined with a polythene sheet. Each pot containing 3kg of air dried soil. Six seeds were sown in each pot. All pots were watered to field capacity daily. Plants were thinned to a maximum of three per pots, after a week of germination. Cadmium at all levels (10,30 and 50mg kg -1 ) tested, decreased the growth parameters such as, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, total leaf area and biochemical constituents such as, chlorophyll - a , chlorophyll - b , total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of cowpea plants compared to untreated plants.
Effect of seasons on productive performance, metabolic changes and immunity response in rabbits

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of season on growth performance traits, metabolite assays and gene expression for innate immune in response to vaccination against pasteurellosis. APRI line, weaned females rabbits of were used in this study a local population. Rabbits weaned at 35 days and introduced in the experiment. Weight at 5 weeks considered as the beginning and all rabbits were weighed every 7 days until 12 weeks old. The feed consumption measured at the same weekly interval. Immunity response was studied by vaccination with Pasteurella multocida at 8 and 10 weeks of age as challenge experiment and the blood samples taken at 8 , 10 and 12 weeks of age. Gene expressions for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) were assayed by Real Time-PCR. Metabolite assays included glucose, triglycerides, and urea nitrogen and blood samples were taken at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. The body weights in winter at W5, W8and W12 of age were higher than those in other seasons. Season had significant (P<0.05) influence on daily gain and feed intake. Triglycerides were significantly higher (P< 0·05) in rabbits during summer. From summer to spring season, the urea values gradually increased significant in rabbits. Vaccination with Pasteurella multocida led to an increase in expression for IL-6 in autumn and winter. Expression for IL-6 in spring was lowest the values. Gene expression of TLR4 in rabbits under different seasons had not significantly different. With vaccination by Pasteurella multocida , it is recommended by using additives to enhance immunity during summer and spring in rabbit.
Characterization and evolutionary studies of carcharhine shark immunoglobulin heavy chain genes

Sharks, the most primitive vertebrates that have been found to possess bona fide immunoglobulins, are known as "living fossils". This dissertation describes my studies on the characterization of carcharhine shark Ig heavy chain genes. Shark VH genes have been cloned from both cDNA and genomic DNA, and the sequence data reveals that these carcharhine shark Ig VHS(V|X) contain essentially all VH canonical structures and are associated with a four domain IgM-like constant region. Shark Vjj-s are shown to be highly diversi­ fied, and can be divided into six families based on the sequences of this work. Another class of VHS (VCO) associated with six C-region domains has been found in the carcharhine shark. This molecule represents a new isotype of heavy chain (IgW). The higher homology of the Vo) with its own constant regions may indicate that Vco is more primitive. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the VHS of the homed shark and the skate can also be divided into two major classes (VO) and V|i). The divergence of these two major VH classes must have occurred prior to the divergence of the sharks and the skates, which is about 350 million years ago. The VHS of all other vertebrates are found lo­ cated between these two major shark/skate classes on phylogenetic trees. Here, I suggest that Vco is the primordial Vn-region based on my phylogenetic analy­ sis. The cDNA enccxiing a whole IgM heavy chain was cloned and sequenced. This heavy chain has four C-region domains which are homologues to the IgM C-region domains of representative vertebrate classes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the divergence of IgM C-region domains from the primordial C-
Xanthoceras sorbifolia

This paper gives a comprehensive statement about the present studies on flower abscission and fruit drop, male sterility, heredity and variability, in vitro propagation and medicinal use of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. We hold that the flower abscission and fruit drop of Xanthoceras sorbfo1ia may be the result of malnutrition of the tree, and the primary reason of male sterility is anther indehiscence, with the secondary reason being pollen sterility. It is very useful for researching organogenesis of woody plants with discovered petal mutation and culture of somatic embryos. Because the natural resources of Xanthoceras sorbifolia are reducing annually, we should take measures to protect them for sustainable use. The medicinal value of Xanthoceras sorbifolia should be studied thoroughly and systematically.
Efficacy of border collies to control nuisance Canada geese.

We performed a retrospective analysis of the efficacy of a border collie program implemented in 1990 to control nuisance Canada geese (Branta canadensis) at the Dow Jones & Company (DJC) corporate complex in New Jersey. Personnel at DJC were interviewed to obtain the origin, details, costs, and perceived effects of the program. Aerial waterfowl survey and ground count data (1982 to 1997) were examined to document yearly changes in Canada goose numbers at DJC and for the surrounding area. At DJC, the border collie program successfully eliminated Canada geese and the problems associated with their presence, despite the fact that the number of geese in the surrounding area increased during the same time period. The estimated cost of implementing the program in 1990 was $9,400, with an approximate annual maintenance cost of $2,000. Logistic, social, and legal aspects of the program are discussed and recommendations for implementing a border collie goose control program are provided. The border collie program was effective in addressing overabundance of Canada geese at DJC; however, it did not contribute to a solution for the larger problem of overabundance of both resident and wintering goose populations in the region.
Situasi Diglosia Suku Bonai di Provinsi Riau

Suku Bonai (suku terasing dan minoritas di Provinsi Riau) merupakan masyarakat yang dwi/multilingual. Mereka berpotensi menjadi masyarakat yang diglosik karena menguasai dan menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa dalam komunikasi. Untuk mengetahui potensi tersebut, kajian ini difokuskan pada kediglosiaan suku Bonai. Tujuannya adalah untuk menentukan dan mendeskripsikan status kediglosiaan suku Bonai dari segi fungsi, prestise, warisan budaya, pemerolehan, standardisasi, stabilitas, leksikon, dan sistem fonologis. Kajian ini bersifat kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan studi kepustakaan. Sampel berjumlah 78 orang, ditarik dengan teknik acak bertujuan. Data kuantitatif diolah dengan program Excel dan SPSS sedangkan data kualitatif dengan diolah dengan analisis wacana. Dari analisis data, suku Bonai dapat dikategorikan sebagai masyarakat yang diglosik sekaligus bilingualisme. Simpulan tersebut didasari oleh aspek fungsi, prestise, pemerolehan, standardisasi, leksikon, dan sistem fonologis. Dari analisis data juga terungkap bahwa bahasa Indonesia merupakan kode H ( high ) sementara bahasa suku Bonai merupakan kode L ( low ). Walaupun demikian, situasi diglosia pada suku Bonai belum mantap dari segi stabilitas karena belum berlangsung dalam masa ratusan tahun. Di samping itu, juga terjadi ketirisan diglosia ( diglossia leaked ), yaitu penyusupan kode L ke ranah-ranah kode H atau sebaliknya.
The analysis of erythropoiesis and other early developmental events in the chick embryo using mesodermal-inducing factors.

The causal and temporal aspects of blood tissue specification in the chick embryo were investigated in this study. The main focus was on the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the determination of the erythropoietic tissue, particularly in context with its representation as a non-axial mesodermal derivative which arises in the posterior domain of the chick embryo. The initial strategy employed in this study was the use of agents that are known to block the activity of bFGF, and to determine their effects on erythropoiesis. Treatment of unincubated chick embryo explants with heparin, which binds specifically to the FGF family, was found to inhibit primitive streak formation and erythropoiesis, and also inhibited the formation of other mesodermal tissues. These initial findings suggested that one or more growth factors had become bound to the heparin, and that their activity is important for the specification of primitive streak formation and mesodermal patteming. The development of the erythropoietic tissue was assayed by a cytochemical test for haemoglobin using 0dianisidine; and by histological examination for blood islands and red blood cells in serial sections of the embryos after 48 hours incubation. Microscopic examination of the embryos at the stages of gastrulation on the first day of incubation revealed that heparin caused holes to appear in the ventral layer; and although a primitive streak did not form, a middle layer of mesenchymal cells were seen to accumulate between the ectodermal and ventral "endodermal" layers. It was significant that heparin's inhibitory effect on erythropoiesis could be reversed after the addition of a recombinant bovine bFGF to the heparin-treated embryos. However, the exogenous bFGF did not neutralize the inhibitory effect of heparin on the primitive streak and other mesodermal derivatives (Chapter Two). The inhibition of erythropoiesis by heparin was also reversed by the addition of a mesodermal-inducing factor extracted from a Xenopus embryonic cell line, namely XTC. The XTC mesodermal-inducing factor (MIF), which belongs to the transforming growth factor-~ family and is a homologue of activin, could also reverse the inhibitory effect of heparin on primitive streak formation; but no recognizable axial mesodermal structures subsequently developed. Of consequence, was that both bFGF and XTC-MIF blocked heparin's effect on the ventral layer, preventing the gaps forming. Therefore, it is suggestive that the
Cloning and sequence analysis of Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-18 of Marwari horse

Cytokines play very important roles in the development of protective immune responses against a variety of pathogens. During the last decade rapid progress has been made in the cloning and characterization of cytokines from livestock and companion animals. However, no such work was carried out on cytokines of Indian horse breed. The present work was undertaken with the objective of generating sequence information of cytokines of Marwari horse. The cDNAs encoding interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-18 of Marwari horse were cloned, sequenced and subsequently compared with respective interleukin sequences of mammalian species including zebra, donkey, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, camel and pig available in GenBank database. Horse IL-10 and IL-18 shows nearly 90% sequence homology both at nucleotide and amino acid level with major livestock species. But horse IL-2 and IL-4 had significant sequence divergence with corresponding interleukins of domestic animals. Structural and functional conservation of horse interleukins in respect of cysteine residues, glycosylation, myristoylation, and phosphorylation motifs revealed that IL-10 and IL-18 molecules are evolutionary conserved across species. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences identity and phylogenetic analyses of the 4 cytokine genes in the present study indicated that horse cytokines are closely related to that of pig and camel cytokines.
A Statistical Approach to Genetic Epidemiology: Concepts and Applications

INTRODUCTORY GENETICS Molecular Genetics Formal Genetics Genetic Markers Data Quality LINKAGE ANALYSIS AND FAMILY STUDIES Genetic Map Distances Model Based Linkage Analysis Model Free Linkage Analysis for Binary Traits Model Free Linkage Analysis for Quantitative Traits Family Studies not Involving Genetic Markers ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS Fundamental Concepts of Association Analyses Association Analysis with Unrelated Individuals Family Based Association Analysis Haplotypes GWAs Appendix Solutions References
Perspectives in amino acid and protein geochemistry

Amino Acids are not only the essential constituents of all living organisms, they also provide vital clues about life in the past. This book of contributed papers updates the science of amino acid geochemistry and replaces a classic but now outdated work, The Biogeochemistry of Amino Acids (out of print). The new book will have a wider focus than its predecessor, covering preservation of ancient proteins and amino acids, diagenesis of proteins and amino acids through geologic time and on short time scales (relevant to the preservation of museum materials), stable isotope geochemistry of proteins and amino acids, amino acid racemization, the origin of life, the stability of amino acids at hgh temperatures and pressures, and extraterrestrial amino acids. The primary audience for this book will be academics and graduate students in geochemistry, organic chemistry, archaeology, geochronology, and stratigraphy, although it will also be of interest to workers in forensic science.
Irrigation schedules and production of processed tomatoes on the San Joaquin Westside

In processed tomatoes production of ripe fruit was significantly affected by irrigation schedules. Within the range of the test treatments, the longer the period between irrigations, the higher the percentage of ripe fruit and of solids. However, there was a highly significant reduction in yield and an increase in the amount of sunburn as the irrigation interval increased from 10 to 15 and 20 days. The 10-day irrigation cycle appeared to be the most suitable practice, yielding the highest tomato tonnage per acre, and consistent with the evapo transpiration and the gypsum block records. Longer irrigation frequencies depressed yield, stressed the tomato plants, and increased the percentage of sunburned fruits. Pre-irrigation is a very important practice in the production of tomatoes on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley.
A Test of the Role of α5 Integrin/Fibronectin Interactions in Tumorigenesis

Published data show that reduction or loss of fibronectin or its receptor, α5β1 integrin, occurs frequently in tumors and transformed cells. Furthermore, restoration of these adhesion proteins has been reported to reduce tumorigenesis. These results suggest that fibronectin/α5β1 interactions may act to suppress tumor development or progression. To test this hypothesis in the context of spontaneous tumor formation, we have analyzed tumor development in mice genetically altered in the genes for fibronectin or α5 integrin. Our results show that heterozygosity for either does not lead to an increased incidence of tumors, alteration in tumor spectrum, or increased levels of metastasis, even when the fibronectin or α5 mutations are combined with mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene that lead to spontaneous tumor formation and could also cause loss of heterozygosity. Furthermore, loss of heterozygosity for α5 was not a common concomitant of tumorigenesis or metastasis. Finally, chimeric animals containing high proportions of α5-null cells did not show an increased incidence of tumors or a change in tumor progression. We conclude that, in the genetic backgrounds studied here, loss of fibronectin or α5β1 integrin does not contribute to tumorigenesis or metastasis.
Verification of interconnects

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