Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Navigation Flow Map Method of Representing Students' Searching Behaviors and Strategies on the Web, with Relation to Searching Outcomes

To acquire a better understanding of the online search strategies that students employ to use the Internet, this study investigated six university students' approaches to Web-based information searches. A new method, called navigation flow map (NFM), is presented that graphically displays the fluid and multilayered relationships between Web navigation and information retrieval that students use while navigating the Web. To document the application of NFM, the Web search strategies of six university students were analyzed as they used the Internet to perform two different tasks: scientific-based and social studies-based information searches. Through protocol analyses using the NFM method, the students' searching strategies were categorized into two types: Match or Exploration. The findings revealed that participants with an Exploration approach had more complicated and richer task-specific ways of searching information than those with a Match approach; and further, through between-task comparisons, we found that participants appeared to use different searching strategies to process natural science information compared to social studies information. Finally, the participants in the Exploration group also exhibited better task performance on the criterion measures than those in the Match group.
Copaxone interferes with the PrPSc–GAG interaction

The hallmark of prion disease‐induced neurodegeneration is the accumulation of PrPSc, a misfolded form of PrPC. In addition, several lines of evidence indicate a role for the immune system and, in particular, inflammation in prion disease pathogenesis. In this work, we tested whether Copaxone, an immunomodulatory agent currently used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, can affect prion disease manifestation in scrapie‐infected hamsters. We show here that Copaxone exerted no effect on prion disease incubation time when treatment commenced 2 weeks after i.p. prion infection. However, when Copaxone was mixed with the initial prion inoculum or administered to hamsters weekly starting on the day of infection, prion disease incubation time was prolonged by 30 days. This suggests that Copaxone may affect the initial infection process. In vitro experiments indicate that Copaxone significantly reduced PrPSc binding to both Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and heparin beads and also binds to heparin by itself. Interestingly, Copaxone also abolished PrPSc accumulation in scrapie‐infected cells. We propose that Copaxone delays prion infection by competing with the PrPSc–glycosaminoglycans interaction. Whether the immunomodulating activity of Copaxone is related to its heparin binding and anti‐prion properties remains to be established.
Estimating post-mortem interval using accumulated degree-days and a degree of decomposition index in Australia: a validation study

The development of new and more accurate methods for estimating post-mortem interval (PMI), which can be applied universally, are gaining in popularity. However, given the geographically specific nature of soft tissue decomposition, these methods need to be tested for their accuracy and applicability in a variety of regions before being applied to police and forensic investigations. This study tested two methods for PMI estimations to validate their applicability when used in the Hawkesbury region of New South Wales, Australia. The first method, referred to as the ‘Accumulated degree day (ADD)’ method, was proposed by Megyesi et al.1 in 2005 and the second method, referred to as the ‘Degree of decomposition index (DDI)’ method, was proposed by Fitzgerald and Oxenham2 in 2009. Four adult pig carcasses were placed on a soil surface and left to decompose undisturbed from July–September, 2013. The ADD and DDI methods were applied to the remains during this post-mortem interval. Results show that both methods under-estimated the time since death of the remains; however, the ADD method did have the potential to be effective when remains were in the advanced decomposition stages. Failure to validate these methods likely occurred because they could not account for the underlying factors affecting decomposition in this specific environment. An alternative equation was created for these methods, using data collected from the decomposition site in the Hawkesbury region and further validation is being carried out to account for inter- and intra-year variation.
Lactate damages primary hippocampal neurons in vitro

In the present study, rat primary cultures were used to study the effect of lactate on the survival of hippocampal neurons in the presence or absence of glucose. Our results showed no extensive cell damage under glucose‐free conditions compared with glucose‐rich conditions. Addition of 10 and 50 mM lactate to glucose‐free and glucose‐rich media increased the cell damage significantly, as observed by morphology and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The results of the present study suggest that primary neurons in vitro are not sensitive to glucose deficiency and the presence of lactate damages the neurons in a concentration‐dependent manner.
Core–shell La1−xSrxMnO3 nanoparticles as colloidal mediators for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

Core–shell nanoparticles consisting of La0.75Sr0. 25MnO3 cores covered by silica were synthesized by a procedure consisting of several steps, including the sol–gel method in the presence of citric acid and ethylene glycol, thermal and mechanical treatment, encapsulation employing tetraethoxysilane and final separation by centrifugation in order to get the required size fraction. Morphological studies revealed well-separated particles that form a stable water suspension. Magnetic studies include magnetization measurements and investigation of the ferromagnetic–superparamagnetic–paramagnetic transition. Magnetic heating experiments in ‘calorimetric mode’ were used to determine the heating efficiency of the particles in water suspension and further employed for biological studies of extracellular and intracellular effects analysed by tests of viability.
A Comparison of Auditory and Tactual Presentation of a Single-Band Envelope Cue as a Supplement to Speechreading

Research on auditory supplements to speechreading has clearly demonstrated that even highly simplified auditory signals can lead to substantial improvements in intelligibility. In g e n e r a l, the effects observed with such auditory supplements are greater than those typically observed with tactual aids to speechreading. The pur pose of the current study was to compare benefits to speechreading of a supplemen tary low bandwidth signal presented through either the auditory or tactual system. The supplementary signal, which consisted of a 200 Hz carrier amplitude modulated by the envelope of an octave band of speech cen tered at 500 Hz, was presented through a high-performance single-channel vibrator for tactual stimulation or through head phones for auditory stimulation. Performance of normal-hearing subjects on the reception of words in sentences and the reception of several suprasegmental p r o p e r t i es was examined under conditions of speechread ing alone and speechreading supplemented by either the auditory or tactual signal. Benefits to speechreading were observed with both the auditory and tactual supple ments for the reception of words in sen tences. The size of the benefit observed with the tactual signal was roughly one-third of that observed with the auditory signal. In suprasegmental tests of the ability to dis criminate rising from falling pitch contours and the location of the stressed word in a short phrase, neither the auditory nor tactual supplement resulted in improvements in performance over speechreading alone. Possible explanations for the differential effects obtained for auditory and tactual presentation of the same envelope cue are discussed.
The umbilical cord matrix is a better source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) than the umbilical cord blood

Many studies have drawn attention to the emerging role of MSC (mesenchymal stem cells) as a promising population supporting new clinical concepts in cellular therapy. However, the sources from which these cells can be isolated are still under discussion. Whereas BM (bone marrow) is presented as the main source of MSC, despite the invasive procedure related to this source, the possibility of isolating sufficient numbers of these cells from UCB (umbilical cord blood) remains controversial. Here, we present the results of experiments aimed at isolating MSC from UCB, BM and UCM (umbilical cord matrix) using different methods of isolation and various culture media that summarize the main procedures and criteria reported in the literature. Whereas isolation of MSC were successful from BM (10:10) and (UCM) (8:8), only one cord blood sample (1:15) gave rise to MSC using various culture media [DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) +5% platelet lysate, DMEM+10% FBS (fetal bovine serum), DMEM+10% human UCB serum, MSCGM®] and different isolation methods [plastic adherence of total MNC (mononuclear cells), CD3+/CD19+/CD14+/CD38+‐depleted MNC and CD133+‐ or LNGFR+‐enriched MNC]. MSC from UCM and BM were able to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and hepatocytes. The expansion potential was highest for MSC from UCM. The two cell populations had CD90+/CD73+/CD105+ phenotype with the additional expression of SSEA4 and LNGFR for BM MSC. These results clearly exclude UCB from the list of MSC sources for clinical use and propose instead UCM as a rich, non‐invasive and abundant source of MSC.
Kleine‐Levin syndrome is associated with LMOD3 variants

Kleine‐Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare periodic hypersomnia with associated behavioural abnormalities but with often favourable prognosis. There is excess risk of KLS in first‐degree relatives, suggesting a strong genetic contribution. So far, no mutation is identified in KLS and comprehensive genetic analysis of affected individuals is lacking. Here we performed whole genome single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and exome sequencing in a large family with seven affected members. The identified gene with a mutation was resequenced in 38 sporadic KLS patients and the expression of the gene product was mapped in the mouse brain. Linkage analysis mapped the disease locus to chromosome 3 and exome analysis identified a heterozygous missense variant in LMOD3 (p.E142D) in the linkage interval. The variant was found to segregate in all affected and one presumably unaffected member of the family. Resequencing LMOD3 in 38 other KLS patients and their families revealed three other low frequency or rare missense variants in seven cases that were inherited with incomplete penetrance. LMOD3 is expressed in the brain and colocalized with major structures involved in the regulation of vigilance states. LMOD proteins are structural proteins and seem to be developmentally regulated. Our findings suggest that KLS might be a structural/neurodevelopmental brain disease.
The Moral Community Divide: Underage Marijuana Use Across Religious Contexts

Compared to individual-level research on religion and marijuana use, much less research has been conducted to investigate how the overall religious context of a geographic location may influence marijuana use during adolescence and early adulthood. Using multilevel analyses on two waves of the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) merged with county-level variables from the U.S. Census and the Religious Congregations and Membership Study (RCMS), this study finds that a county’s higher Catholic population share is negatively associated with underage marijuana use frequency even after controlling for a wide range of individual and county-level variables. Besides being robust, the Catholic contextual effect on marijuana use is also diffusive, influencing both Catholic and non-Catholic youth who live in the same county. This study highlights the importance of viewing religious influence on substance use as a contextual, cultural force across different kinds of religious moral communities.
Women and Traumatic Brain Injury: “It's not visible damage”

Abstract With advances in medical technology, more people are surviving major trauma experiences. Those with a traumatic brain injury are one such group who may survive for several decades with significant health consequences including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial sequelae. Traumatic brain injury sufferers are typically young males with a premorbid history of risk taking. Consequently, the differential needs of female traumatic brain injury survivors are less likely to be acknowledged in the literature or by allied health workers. A large quantitative and qualitative study of people with traumatic brain injury was conducted in rural areas of New South Wales, Australia in 2004–2005. The qualitative component of the study included in-depth interviews with 11 women and 21 men. This paper focuses on the interviews with the 11 women who live in two rural areas of New South Wales. These data illustrate the psychosocial consequences of traumatic brain injury for women. They reveal that women are particularly vulnerable to isolation, disempowerment, and in extreme cases, abuse, and are less likely to have a carer. The need for gender to be a factor in ongoing social work and allied health treatment and support of traumatic brain injury sufferers and their carers is evident from this research.
Endopolyploid and proliferating trophoblast cells express different patterns of intracellular cytokeratin and glycogen localization in the rat placenta

The presence of keratin intermediate filaments is a characteristic of trophoblast differentiation. Meantime, their intracellular localization in the functionally different subtypes of placental trophoblast is poorly investigated in rodent, whereas their placentae are being broadly investigated in recent years as a model of the feto‐maternal interaction. The purpose was to study the intracellular distribution of cytokeratin filaments in correlation with glycogen deposits, both being important constituents of the trophoblast cells in rat placenta. Different rat trophoblast cell populations exhibited different patterns of cytokeratin immunolocalization. The most intensive immunostaining was observed in the highly endopolyploid SGTCs (secondary giant trophoblast cells) at the border with decidua basalis. The most prominent cytokeratin‐positive threads were found at the periphery of cytoplasm and in the extensive system of cytoplasmic sprouts by which the SGTC connect each other. Similar cytokeratin intensity and distribution was detected in the TSC (trabecular spongiotrophoblast cells) of the junctional zone of placenta that line the lacunae with the maternal blood. Clusters of highly proliferative pre‐glycogen as well as glycogen cells showed some weaker cytokeratin signals mostly in the perinuclear and peripheral zones of cytoplasm. At the 11.5th to the 13.5th day of gestation, the interstitial and endovascular invasive endopolyploid TGTCs (tertiary giant trophoblast cells) prove the intensive cytokeratin staining throughout the cytoplasm and its sprouts. Meantime, the TGTCs were glycogen negative. By contrast, glycogen was heavily accumulated in the glycogen cells that belong both to the junctional zone of placenta and the cuff of the central arterial channel underlying the monolayer of endovascularly invading TGTCs. Thus, the TGTCs that are first to penetrate into the depth of the uterine wall do not contain glycogen but are accompanied by the glycogen‐rich cells. The SGTC also contained the prominent deposits of glycogen at the periphery of cytoplasm and in the cytoplasmic sprouts. At the 16th day of gestation, an extensive interstitial invasion of the cytokeratin‐positive glycogen trophoblast cells from the junctional zone was observed. The patterns of cytokeratin and glycogen intracellular localization are specific for each subtype of the rat trophoblast; that is, most probably, accounted for by the functional diversity of different trophoblast populations, i.e. patterns of invasion/phagocytosis and their involvement in a barrier at the feto—maternal interface.
Friend Me or You'll Strain Us: Understanding Negative Events That Occur over Social Networking Sites

Social networking sites (SNSs) provide the ideal infrastructure for the maintenance of existing relationships and the development of new contacts. Although these Web-based technologies supplement offline relationships, several of their characteristics have the potential to provoke negative experiences. The interpersonal strain and other relational problems stemming from negative events have recently gained notoriety. This investigation examines personal accounts of users who have experienced these negative events, which are described as any encounter or behavior exercised by others that instigates interpersonal strain, on SNSs to understand better the nature of this phenomenon. Using a mixed-methods approach, open coding of open-ended responses revealed 10 negative event types that surface during participation on SNSs. Quantitative coding was then used to identify a cut-off point for the most frequently experienced negative events. The findings reveal that the three most commonly experienced negative event types include ignoring or denying friend requests, deleting public messages or identification tags, and identifying ranking disparities on Top Friends applications. The practical, theoretical, and negative social implications of participation on SNSs are discussed.
Screening for Hazardous/Harmful Drinking and Depressive Symptoms in an At‐Risk Emergency Department Population

&NA; Although co‐occurring alcohol use and depression have been identified in many populations, wide‐spread screening for these disorders has not occurred in many Emergency Departments (EDs). Co‐morbidity of alcohol use and mood disorders places a person at increased risk for psychosocial and medical‐physical problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between hazardous/harmful alcohol use and depressive symptoms in an urban ED population of problem drinkers and risky drivers. Cross‐sectional data from the baseline interview of a randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention protocol to reduce problem drinking and risky driving in the ED population were used to test the study hypothesis. Data were collected using the Health Interview Schedule, a modification of the WHO Composite Interview Schedule, with addition of the AUDIT questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES‐D 10). Data from a sample of 255 individuals (68% male) were used in the present study (age: M = 28.38, CES‐D 10: M = 9.79, SD = 6.22, AUDIT: M = 8.10, SD = 4.13). Multiple regression analyses indicated that total CES‐D 10 scores were significantly associated with total AUDIT scores, drinks per week, income, and gender [ F (4, 242) = 3.81, p = . 005, R2 = . 06]. Total AUDIT scores were positively associated with CES‐D 10 scores (p < .001). Due to co‐morbidities associated with co‐occurring depressive symptoms and hazardous/harmful drinking, it is imperative to assess ED patients for both of these conditions to provide expedient, optimal referral and treatment for patients at risk, particularly for patients injured in vehicular collisions because of their risky driving.
Experiments of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is caused by a shock interacting with a density-stratified interface. The mixing of the fluids is driven by vorticity created by the interaction of the density and pressure gradients. Because the flow is shock driven, the ensuing mixing occurs rapidly, making experimental measurements difficult. Over the past 10 years, there have been significant improvements in the experimental techniques used in shock-driven mixing flows. Many of these improvements have been driven by modelling and simulation efforts, and others have been driven by technology. High-resolution measurements of turbulence quantities are needed to advance our understanding of shock-driven flows, and this paper reviews the current state of experimental diagnostics, as well as paths forward in studying shock-driven mixing and turbulence.
Changes in volatile compounds upon aging and drying in oolong tea production.

BACKGROUND Long-term storage (aging) with periodic drying of fresh oolong tea gives rise to so-called old oolong tea. Alteration of aroma compounds is expected when a fresh oolong tea is converted into an old one, as the two teas smell drastically different. The aim of this study was to compare the volatile compounds in fresh and old oolong teas. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the volatile compounds in fresh and old oolong teas. This observation suggested that long straight chains of alcohols and acids were putatively decomposed while shorter-chain acids, their amide derivatives and many nitrogen-containing compounds were generated during the tea conversion processes. The overall patterns of volatile compounds observed in five different preparations of old oolong tea were fundamentally identical. This consensus pattern was different from that observed in oolong tea either stored for more than 10 years without drying or prepared at relatively low temperatures and short baking time. CONCLUSION Characteristic aroma nitrogen-containing compounds, including N-ethylsuccinimide, 2-acetylpyrrole, 2-formylpyrrole and 3-pyridinol, were consistently found in the examined old oolong teas. These compounds might be regarded as typical constituents at least for a certain kind of old oolong tea.
Stemness characteristics and osteogenic potential of sheep amniotic epithelial cells

We set out to characterize stemness properties and osteogenic potential of sheep AEC (amniotic epithelial cells). AEC were isolated from 3‐month‐old fetuses and expanded in vitro for 12 passages. The morphology, surface markers, stemness markers and osteogenic differentiation were inspected after 1, 6 and 12 passages of expansion, with an average doubling time of 24 h. AEC clearly expressed the stemness markers Oct‐3/4 (octamer‐binding protein‐3/4), Nanog, Sox2 and TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) and displayed low levels of global DNA methylation. Culture had moderate effects on cell conditions; some adhesion molecules progressively disappeared from the cell surface, and the expression of Sox2 and TERT was slightly reduced while Nanog increased. No changes occurred in the levels of DNA methylation. Cells organized in 3D spheroids were used for IVD (in vitro differentiation). Within these structures the cells developed a complex intercellular organization that involved extensive intercellular coupling despite continuous cell migration. Marked deposition of calcein in the ECM (extracellular matrix), increased ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity, expression of bone‐related genes (osteocalcin) and the matrix mineralization shown by Alizarin Red staining demonstrate that AEC can undergo rapid and extensive osteogenic differentiation. AEC introduced in experimental bone lesions survived in the site of implantation for 45 days and supported consistent bone neoformation, thus showing promising potential applications in osteogenic regenerative medicine.