Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The geographic relationship between sexual health deprivation and the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010: a comparison of two indices.

OBJECTIVES To construct an Index of Sexual Health Deprivation (ISHD), examine its sensitivity, investigate the association between the ISHD and the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010 (IMD2010), and interpret the observed geographic variation. METHODS The modified IMD method was informed by the IMD2010. Thirteen profiles relating to sexual health were selected and grouped into four domains. The observed profile values for each primary care trust (PCT) were smoothed and converted to a normal distribution before principal component analysis. Loadings were used to calculate profile weights. Domain scores were calculated by combining weighted profiles, which were combined to create the ISHD. A Bayesian approach acted as a comparator for the ISHD. RESULTS Substantial variation in sexual health deprivation was seen across strategic health authorities (SHA). The London SHA had the highest proportion of PCTs (61%) among the most deprived quartile, followed by North-West SHA (29%). More than half of PCTs in East of England (71%), South Central (56%) and South-West (50%) SHAs fell into the least deprived quartile. No PCTs within the East of England, South Central and South-West SHAs were in the most deprived quartile. Only 57% of PCTs were attributed to the same quartile of the ISHD as the IMD2010. The modified IMD method and the Bayesian approach produced consistent results. CONCLUSIONS The ISHD provides a robust picture of the geography of sexual health and shows a weak association with the IMD2010. It can be used to guide public health action to reduce the geographical gradient in sexual health inequality.
Carbon Nanotube/Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene Bilayers for Discrimination Between Nonpolar Volatile Organic Compounds of Cancer and Humid Atmospheres

Testing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is currently being investigated as a potentially useful method for detecting cancer. [ 1–3 ] The cellular biochemical processes associated with cancer cause subtle metabolomic changes by (i) producing certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are not present in a healthy person, and by (ii) changing the relative concentration levels of a wide variety of cancer-related VOCs. The cancer-related VOCs differ from those of a healthy person mostly in nmol/l –pmol/l (ppb-ppt) concentrations of C 4 -C 11 straight or monomethylated alkanes and some benzene derivatives. [ 1–3 ]
Predicting cetuximab accumulation in KRAS wild‐type and KRAS mutant colorectal cancer using 64Cu‐labeled cetuximab positron emission tomography

Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is common in colorectal cancer. However, cetuximab as an EGFR‐targeting drug is useful only for a subset of patients and currently no single predictor other than V‐Ki‐ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation status has been established. In the present study, we investigated cetuximab accumulation in colorectal tumors and major organs using 111In‐DOTA‐cetuximab. We also evaluated the potential of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 64Cu‐DOTA‐cetuximab. Colorectal tumor xenografts with a different EGFR expression level and KRAS mutation status were subjected to in vivo biodistribution study and PET imaging at 48 h post‐injection of radiolabeled cetuximab. The EGFR expression levels on colorectal tumors were determined by ex vivo immunoblotting and ELISA. We found that KRAS wild‐type tumors had significantly higher 111In‐DOTA‐cetuximab accumulation than KRAS mutant tumors (P < 0.001). Based on KRAS mutation status, a strong correlation was found between 111In‐DOTA‐cetuximab tumor uptake and EGFR expression level (KRAS wild type: r = 0.988; KRAS mutant: r = 0.829), and between 64Cu‐DOTA‐cetuximab tumor uptake with EGFR expression level (KRAS wild type: r = 0.838; KRAS mutant: r = 0.927). Significant correlation was also found between tumor uptake of 111In‐DOTA‐cetuximab and 64Cu‐DOTA‐cetuximab (r = 0.920). PET imaging with 64Cu‐DOTA‐cetuximab allowed clear visualization of tumors. Both radiolabeled cetuximab had effectively visualized cetuximab accumulation in colorectal tumors with a wide variety of EGFR expression levels and different KRAS mutation status as commonly encountered in the clinical setting. Our findings suggest that this radioimmunoimaging therefore can be clinically translated as an in vivo tool to predict cetuximab accumulation in colorectal cancer patients prior to cetuximab therapy. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 600–605)
Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon: A Review

This article presents an overview of the essential aspects in the fabrication of silicon and some silicon/germanium nanostructures by metal‐assisted chemical etching. First, the basic process and mechanism of metal‐assisted chemical etching is introduced. Then, the various influences of the noble metal, the etchant, temperature, illumination, and intrinsic properties of the silicon substrate (e.g., orientation, doping type, doping level) are presented. The anisotropic and the isotropic etching behaviors of silicon under various conditions are presented. Template‐based metal‐assisted chemical etching methods are introduced, including templates based on nanosphere lithography, anodic aluminum oxide masks, interference lithography, and block‐copolymer masks. The metal‐assisted chemical etching of other semiconductors is also introduced. A brief introduction to the application of Si nanostructures obtained by metal‐assisted chemical etching is given, demonstrating the promising potential applications of metal‐assisted chemical etching. Finally, some open questions in the understanding of metal‐assisted chemical etching are compiled.
Overexpression of the DNA sensor proteins, absent in melanoma 2 and interferon‐inducible 16, contributes to tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma with p53 inactivation

The development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a multistep process that requires the accumulation of genetic alterations. To identify genes responsible for OSCC development, we performed high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis and genome‐wide gene expression profiling on OSCC tumors. These analyses indicated that the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) gene and the interferon‐inducible gene 16 (IFI16) mapped to the hematopoietic interferon‐inducible nuclear proteins. The 200‐amino‐acid repeat gene cluster in the amplified region of chromosome 1q23 is overexpressed in OSCC. Both AIM2 and IFI16 are cytoplasmic double‐stranded DNA sensors for innate immunity and act as tumor suppressors in several human cancers. Knockdown of AIM2 or IFI16 in OSCC cells results in the suppression of cell growth and apoptosis, accompanied by the downregulation of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells activation. Because all OSCC cell lines have reduced p53 activity, wild‐type p53 was introduced in p53‐deficient OSCC cells. The expression of wild‐type p53 suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis via suppression of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells activity. Finally, the co‐expression of AIM2 and IFI16 significantly enhanced cell growth in p53‐deficient cells; in contrast, the expression of AIM2 and/or IFI16 in cells bearing wild‐type p53 suppressed cell growth. Moreover, AIM2 and IFI16 synergistically enhanced nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells signaling in p53‐deficient cells. Thus, expression of AIM2 and IFI16 may have oncogenic activities in the OSCC cells that have inactivated the p53 system. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 782–790)
Strain‐Gated Piezotronic Logic Nanodevices

www.MaterialsViews. com C O M Strain-Gated Piezotronic Logic Nanodevices M U N By Wenzhuo Wu , Yaguang Wei , and Zhong Lin Wang * IC A IO N A self-powered [ 1 ] autonomous intelligent nanoscale system should consist of ultrasensitive nanowire (NW) based sensors, [ 2–5 ] integrated high-performance memory and logic computing components for data storage and processing as well as decision making, [ 6–12 ] and an energy scavenging unit for sustainable, self-suffi cient, and independent operation. [ 1 , 13–20 ] The existing semiconductor NW logic devices are based on electrically-gated fi eld-effect transistors, which function as both the drivers and the active loads of the logic units by adjusting the conducting channel width. [ 22 , 23 ] Moreover, the currently existing logic units are “static” and are almost completely triggered or agitated by electric signals, while the “dynamic” movable mechanical actuation is carried out by another unit possibly made of different materials. Here, we present the fi rst piezoelectric triggered mechanicalelectronic logic operation using the piezotronic effect, through which the integrated mechanical electrical coupled and controlled logic computation is achieved using only ZnO NWs. By utilizing the piezoelectric potential created in a ZnO NW under externally applied deformation, strain-gated transistors (SGTs) have been fabricated, using which universal logic components such as inverters, NAND, NOR, XOR gates have been demonstrated for performing piezotronic logic calculations, which have the potential to be integrated with the NEMS technology for achieving advanced and complex functional actions in applications of vital importance in portable electronics, medical sciences and defense technology, such as in nanorobotics for sensing and actuating, in microfl uidics [ 24 ] for controlling the circuitry of the fl uid fl ow, in other micro/nano-systems for intelligent control and action. ZnO is unique because of its coupled piezoelectric and semiconductor properties, which is the piezotronic effect dealing with the piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) tuned/gated charge carrier transport process in a semiconductor material. [ 25–27 ] The piezopotential created inside a ZnO NW under strain can be effectively used as a gate voltage, which has been applied for fabricating a range of piezotronic nanodevices, [ 26 , 28 ]
Chemokine C‐C motif receptor 5 and C‐C motif ligand 5 promote cancer cell migration under hypoxia

The chemokine CC motif receptor 5 (CCR5) and its ligands have been reported to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Although recent researches have demonstrated a fundamental role of hypoxia in cancer, the effect of hypoxia on the expression and function of CCR5 and its ligands in cancer cells is unknown. Here, we investigated the status of CCR5 and its ligands in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that hypoxia induced a strong increase of CCR5 expression. Dual luciferase assay and mRNA stability analysis indicated that hypoxia‐induced CCR5 mRNA expression relied on both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. We detected the expression of CCR5 ligands and found that chemokine CC motif ligand 5 (CCL5) was induced under hypoxia. Recombinant human CCL5 stimulated cell migration rather than cell proliferation under hypoxia, and neutralization of CCL5 inhibited hypoxia‐induced migration of cancer cells. Similarly, overexpression of CCR5 increased cell migration, and knockdown of CCR5 attenuated hypoxia‐mediated cell migration. We further showed that hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) was involved in CCR5 and CCL5 regulation under hypoxia. HIF‐1α mRNA levels were highly correlated with CCR5 mRNA and CCL5 mRNA levels in clinical samples. CCR5 and CCL5 were highly expressed in breast cancer lymph nodes metastases. Taken together, our data suggest that CCR5‐CCL5 interaction promotes cancer cell migration under hypoxia. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 904–912)
Ordered Nanowire Array Blue/Near‐UV Light Emitting Diodes

[∗] S. Xu , C. Xu , Y. Liu , Y. F. Hu , R. S. Yang , Q. Yang , Prof. Z. L. Wang School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia, 30332–0245 (USA) E-mail: zlwang@gatech.edu J. H. Ryou , H. J. Kim , Z. Lochner , S. Choi , Prof. R. Dupuis School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia, 30332–0245 (USA) ZnO-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been considered as a potential candidate for the next generation of blue/ near-UV light sources, [ 1 ] due to a direct wide bandgap energy of 3.37 eV, a large exciton binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature, and several other manufacturing advantages of ZnO. [ 2 ] While the pursuit of stable and reproducible p-ZnO is still undergoing, [ 3,4 ] heterojunctions of n-ZnO and p-GaN are employed as an alternative approach in this regard by considering the similar crystallographic and electronic properties of ZnO and GaN. [ 5–7 ] Compared with the thin fi lm/thin fi lm LEDs, [ 5,6 , 8 ] which may suffer from the total internal refl ection, n-ZnO nanowire/p-GaN thin fi lm heterostructures are utilized in order to increase the extraction effi ciency of the LEDs by virtue of the waveguiding properties of the nanowires. [ 9–11 ] But in all of these cases, the n-ZnO nanowires are randomly distributed on the substrate, which largely limits their applications in high performance optoelectronic devices. Here in this work, we demonstrate the capability of controlling the spatial distribution of the blue/near-UV LEDs composed of position controlled arrays of n-ZnO nanowires on a p-GaN thin fi lm substrate. The device was fabricated by a conjunction of low temperature wet chemical methods and electron beam lithography (EBL). The EBL could be replaced by other more convenient patterning techniques, such as photolithography and nanosphere lithography, rendering our technique low cost and capable of scaling up easily. Under forward bias, each single nanowire is a light emitter. By Gaussian deconvolution of the emission spectrum, the origins of the blue/nearUV emission are assigned particularly to three distinct electronhole recombination processes. By virtue of the nanowire/thin fi lm heterostructures, these LEDs give an external quantum effi ciency of 2.5%. This approach has great potential applications in high resolution electronic display, optical interconnect, and high density data storage. The design of the LED is shown in Figure 1a . Ordered ZnO nanowire arrays were grown on p-GaN (Figure 1 b–d), [ 12–14 ]
Private Safety-Net Clinics: Effects of Financial Pressures and Community Characteristics on Closures

In order to better understand what threatens vulnerable populations’ access to primary care, it is important to understand the factors associated with closing safety-net clinics. This paper examines how a clinic’s financial position, productivity, and community characteristics are associated with its risk of closure. We examine patterns of closures among private-run primary care clinics (PCCs) in California between 2006 and 2012. We use a discrete-time proportional hazard model to assess relative hazard ratios of covariates, and a random-effect hazard model to adjust for unobserved heterogeneity among PCCs. We find that lower net income from patient care, smaller amount of government grants, and lower productivity were associated with significantly higher risk of PCC closure. We also find that federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) and non-FQHCs generally faced the same risk factors of closure. These results underscore the critical role of financial incentives in the long-term viability of safety-net clinics.
Recombination Dynamics as a Key Determinant of Open Circuit Voltage in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Comparison of Four Different Donor Polymers

[*] Prof. J. R. Durrant, Mr. A. Maurano, Dr. R. Hamilton, Dr. C. G. Shuttle, Dr. B. O’Regan, Dr. W. Zhang, Prof. I. McCulloch Departments of Chemistry, Imperial College London South Kensington SW7 2AZ (United Kingdom) E-mail: j.durrant@imperial.ac. uk Dr. A. M. Ballantyne, Prof. J. Nelson Departments of Physics, Imperial College London South Kensington SW7 2AZ (United Kingdom) Dr. H. Azimi, Dr. M. Morana, Prof. C. J. Brabec Konarka Austria, Altenbergerstrasse 69 A-4040 Linz (Austria) Dr. H. Azimi Christian Doppler Laboratory for Surface Optics Johannes Kepler University Linz (Austria)
Silver Clusters Embedded in Glass as a Perennial High Capacity Optical Recording Medium

[∗] Dr. A. Royon , Dr. M. Bellec , G. Papon , Dr. B. Bousquet , Prof. L. Canioni Centre de Physique Moleculaire Optique et Hertzienne University of Bordeaux 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence (France) E-mail: l.canioni@cpmoh.u-bordeaux1.fr K. Bourhis , Dr. T. Cardinal Institut de Chimie de la Matiere Condensee de Bordeaux University of Bordeaux 87 Avenue du Docteur Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac (France) Dr. Y. Deshayes Laboratoire de l ′ Integration du Materiau au Systeme University of Bordeaux 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence (France)
Alcohol outlet density and assault: a spatial analysis.

AIMS A large number of studies have found links between alcohol outlet densities and assault rates in local areas. This study tests a variety of specifications of this link, focusing in particular on the possibility of a non-linear relationship. DESIGN Cross-sectional data on police-recorded assaults during high alcohol hours, liquor outlets and socio-demographic characteristics were obtained for 223 postcodes in Melbourne, Australia. These data were used to construct a series of models testing the nature of the relationship between alcohol outlet density and assault, while controlling for socio-demographic factors and spatial auto-correlation. Four types of relationship were examined: a normal linear relationship between outlet density and assault, a non-linear relationship with potential threshold or saturation densities, a relationship mediated by the socio-economic status of the neighbourhood and a relationship which takes into account the effect of outlets in surrounding neighbourhoods. FINDINGS The model positing non-linear relationships between outlet density and assaults was found to fit the data most effectively. An increasing accelerating effect for the density of hotel (pub) licences was found, suggesting a plausible upper limit for these licences in Melbourne postcodes. CONCLUSIONS The study finds positive relationships between outlet density and assault rates and provides evidence that this relationship is non-linear and thus has critical values at which licensing policy-makers can impose density limits.
Site-specific mutations in the mature form of human IL-18 with enhanced biological activity and decreased neutralization by IL-18 binding protein

IL-18 can be considered a proinflammatory cytokine mediating disease as well as an immunostimulatory cytokine that is important for host defense against infection and cancer. The high-affinity, constitutively expressed, and circulating IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), which competes with cell surface receptors for IL-18 and neutralizes IL-18 activity, may act as a natural antiinflammatory as well as immunosuppressive molecule. In the present studies, the IL-18 precursor caspase-1 cleavage site was changed to a factor Xa site, and, after expression in Escherichia coli, mature IL-18 was generated by factor Xa cleavage. Mature IL-18 generated by factor Xa cleavage was fully active. Single point mutations in the mature IL-18 peptide were made, and the biological activities of the wild-type (WT) IL-18 were compared with those of the mutants. Mutants E42A and K89A exhibited 2-fold increased activity compared with WT IL-18. A double mutant, E42A plus K89A, exhibited 4-fold greater activity. Unexpectedly, IL-18BP failed to neutralize the double mutant E42A plus K89A compared with WT IL-18. The K89A mutant was intermediate in being neutralized by IL-18BP, whereas neutralization of the E42A mutant was comparable to that in the WT IL-18. The identification of E42 and K89 in the mature IL-18 peptide is consistent with previous modeling studies of IL-18 binding to IL-18BP and explains the unusually high affinity of IL-18BP for IL-18.
A qualitative analysis of compliance with smoke-free legislation in community bars in Scotland: implications for public health.

AIM To explore compliance with the smoke-free legislation within a cross-section of community bars in Scotland. DESIGN Ethnographic case study combining unobtrusive observation and in-depth interviews conducted pre- and post-introduction. SETTING Eight Scottish community bars in three contrasting study communities. PARTICIPANTS Ten bar proprietors, 16 bar workers and 44 customers. Measurements Observations and participant reports of compliance over the first 12 months of the smoking ban. FINDINGS All eight study bars endeavoured to enforce the ban, but with varying enthusiasm. Compliance varied, with violations more prevalent in those bars serving deprived communities. Most violations occurred in peripheral areas and generally went unchallenged. Six bars reported some form of complicit behaviour with staff and customers smoking together, either in the entrance area or during 'lock-ins' when access to the bar was restricted to regular customers. Three factors were particularly important to explaining variance between bars: smoking norms, management competency and management attitudes towards the ban. The first and last were related to social disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS Official data provide only a crude assessment of compliance in licensed premises. Data from this study offer a detailed picture of the nature and levels of compliance, and suggest a need for more sophisticated surveillance methods, greater enforcement and use of prosecutions where merited, and targeted support for bars serving deprived communities to help ensure that the major gains already achieved are retained and built upon. It is also suggested that acceptance of the smoke-free legislation could be enhanced by complementary initiatives targeting support to smokers in deprived communities. Those planning to introduce smoke-free legislation need to set in place these measures in advance in order to realize the benefits of full compliance.
Reanalyses of Gulf of Mexico fisheries data: Landings can be misleading in assessments of fisheries and fisheries ecosystems

We used two high profile articles as cases to demonstrate that use of fishery landings data can lead to faulty interpretations about the condition of fishery ecosystems. One case uses the mean trophic level index and its changes, and the other uses estimates of fishery collapses. In earlier analyses by other authors, marine ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and U.S. Atlantic Ocean south of Chesapeake Bay were deemed to be severely overfished and the food webs badly deteriorated using these criteria. In our reanalyses, the low mean trophic level index for the GOM actually resulted from large catches of two groups of low trophic level species, menhaden and shrimp, and the mean trophic level was slowly increasing rather than decreasing. Commercial targeting and high landings of shrimps and menhaden, especially in the GOM, drove the index as previously calculated. Reanalyses of fishery collapses incorporating criteria that included targeting, variability in fishing effort, and market forces discovered many false cases of collapse based simply upon a decline of catches to 10% of previous maximum levels. Consequently, we suggest that the low mean trophic level index calculated in the earlier article for the GOM did not reflect the overall condition of the fishery ecosystem, and that the 10% rule for collapse should not be interpreted out of context in the GOM or elsewhere. In both cases, problems lay in the assumption that commercial landings data alone adequately reflect the fish populations and communities.