Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Concepts of structural underspecification in Bantu and Romance

The paper explores parallelisms between Bantu (specifically Otjiherero) and Romance (through Latin and Spanish) with respect to left and right peripheries, and subject and object clitics. The analysis is formulated in Dynamic Syntax (DS, Cann et al. 2005) and centrally involves notions of structural underspecification. Through providing detailed analyses of different word order possibilities in the Bantu and Romance languages discussed, we show how DS concepts of structural growth over initially underspecified tree relations, such as the building of linked structures and unfixed nodes, provide a uniform basis for analyses of word order variation across the two language groups. We then extend our analysis to include Bantu subject/object markers, which we analyze by employing the same formal tools as used in the analysis of Romance (object) clitics, namely unfixed nodes which have to be construed within a tightly locally restricted domain. Empirical support for our analysis comes from restrictions on the presence of object markers in passive and locative inversion constructions in Otjiherero, which we show to follow from independent constraints of the availability of unfixed nodes within a given domain. The analyses of Bantu and Romance presented show that despite differences in surface morphology between the two language groups, both exhibit a striking parallel with respect to the way lexical information and general structure building principles of DS interact. The difference between Romance clitic systems and the agglutinative morphology of Bantu subject and object makers is thus seen to be comparatively superficial, while the DS analysis brings out the strong structural parallelism between the two language groups.
Viroid-induced DNA methylation in plants

Abstract In eukaryotes, DNA methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group to the fifth atom in the six-atom ring of cytosine residues. At least in plants, DNA regions that become de novo methylated can be defined by homologous RNA molecules in a process termed RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). RdDM was first discovered in viroid-infected plants. Viroids are pathogenic circular, non-coding, single-stranded RNA molecules. Members of the Pospiviroidae family replicate in the nucleus through double-stranded RNA intermediates, attracting the host RNA silencing machinery. The recruitment of this machinery results in the production of viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that mediate RNA degradation and DNA methylation of cognate sequences. Here, we provide an overview of the cumulative data on the field of viroid-induced RdDM and discuss three possible scenarios concerning the mechanistic details of its establishment.
The history of induction motors in America

This paper briefly reviews the history of the induction motor from its invention by Nicola Tesla in 1888 through the various stages of its development-the invention of the cast aluminum squirrelcage winding, improvements in magnetic steel and insulation, and the progressive reduction of the dimensions for a given horsepower rating, so that today a 100-hp motor has the same mounting dimensions as the 7.5-hp motor of 1897.
Unipotent and Nilpotent Classes in Simple Algebraic Groups and Lie Algebras

This book concerns the theory of unipotent elements in simple algebraic groups over algebraically closed or finite fields, and nilpotent elements in the corresponding simple Lie algebras. These topics have been an important area of study for decades, with applications to representation theory, character theory, the subgroup structure of algebraic groups and finite groups, and the classification of the finite simple groups. The main focus is on obtaining full information on class representatives and centralizers of unipotent and nilpotent elements. Although there is a substantial literature on this topic, this book is the first single source where such information is presented completely in all characteristics. In addition, many of the results are new--for example, those concerning centralizers of nilpotent elements in small characteristics. Indeed, the whole approach, while using some ideas from the literature, is novel, and yields many new general and specific facts concerning the structure and embeddings of centralizers.
Volume-controlled Bronchopulmonary Lavage of Normal and Pneumonic Calves

Saline bronchopulmonary lavage of the right lung of 16 anesthetized calves was performed using a single-lumen cuffed endotracheal tube. The initial volume of saline introduced was based on the functional residual capacity (FRC) of the right lung lobes as determined from the proportional weights of the right (58% of total FRC) and left (42% of total FRC) lung lobes. Calves were divided into “pneumonic” and “normal” groups based on clinical signs. Five sequential washes were done on each calf. There was no difference in the percentage of total lavage fluid volume recoverable between normal (83.8 ± 4.2%) and pneumonic (81.1 ± 8.2%) calves. Cell yield in the initial wash was consistently greater than in subsequent washes for both normal (12.7 ± 6.6 × 106 cells/kg body weight) and pneumonic (58.1 ± 37.6 × 106 cells/kg body weight) calves, and constituted 62.0% (normal) and 75.4% (pneumonic) of the total recoverable cell yield. Total cell yields were higher (P < 0.05) in pneumonic calves, primarily due to neutrophil leukocytes (PMN). Neutrophils constituted 53.7 ± 25% of the total cell yield in the pneumonic calves, but only 12.3 ± 9.5% in the normal calves. The pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) was the major recoverable cell in normal calves (85.7 ± 8.7% of total lavage cells). Macrophages constituted a smaller (42.9 ±23.5) percentage of the total lavage cells in the pneumonic group due to increased PMN numbers. Viability of recovered cells from the pneumonic calves (91.5 ± 4.8%) was lower than for the normal calves (94.1 ± 2.5%), but the difference was not significant. Volume-controlled bronchopulmonary lavage proved to be a safe, simple technique producing an abundant yield of viable cells from both normal and pneumonic calves for in vitro study.
Catalase has a key role in protecting cells from the genotoxic effects of monomethylarsonous acid: A highly active metabolite of arsenic

Although it is widely known that arsenic‐contaminated drinking water causes many diseases, arsenic's exact mode of action (MOA) is not fully understood. Induction of oxidative stress has been proposed as an important key event in the toxic MOA of arsenic. The authors' studies are centered on identifying a reactive species involved in the genotoxicity of arsenic using a catalase (CAT) knockout mouse model that is impaired in its ability to breakdown hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The authors assessed the induction of DNA damage using the Comet assay following exposure of mouse Cat+/+ and Cat−/− primary splenic lymphocytes to monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) to identify the potential role of H2O2 in mediating cellular effects of this metalloid. The results showed that the Cat−/− lymphocytes are more susceptible to MMAIII than the Cat+/+ lymphocytes by a small (1.5‐fold) but statistically significant difference. CAT activity assays demonstrated that liver tissue has approximately three times more CAT activity than lymphocytes. Therefore, Comet assays were performed on primary Cat+/+, Cat+/−, and Cat−/− hepatocytes to determine if the Cat−/− cells were more susceptible to MMAIII than lymphocytes. The results showed that the Cat−/− hepatocytes exhibit higher levels of DNA strand breakage than the Cat+/+ (approximately fivefold) and Cat+/− (approximately twofold) hepatocytes exposed to MMAIII. Electron spin resonance using 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide as the spin‐trap agent detected the generation of ·OH via MMAIII when H2O2 was present. These experiments suggest that CAT is involved in protecting cells against the genotoxic effects of the ·OH generated by MMAIII. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:317–326, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nerve Growth Factor, But Not Epidermal Growth Factor, Increases Fra-2 Expression and Alters Fra-2/JunD Binding to AP-1 and CREB Binding Elements in Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cells

In pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) activate similar receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways but evoke strikingly different biological outcomes: NGF induces differentiation and EGF acts as a mitogen. A novel approach was developed for identifying transcription factor activities associated with NGF-activated, but not EGF-activated, signaling, using random oligonucleotide clones from a DNA recognition library to isolate specific DNA binding proteins from PC12 nuclear extracts. A protein complex from NGF-treated, but not EGF-treated, cells was identified that exhibits increased mobility and DNA binding activity in gel mobility shift assays. The binding complex was identified in supershift assays as Fra-2/JunD. The clones used as probes contain either AP-1 or cAMP response element binding (CREB) recognition elements. Time course experiments revealed further differences in NGF and EGF signaling in PC12 cells. NGF elicits a more delayed and sustained ERK phosphorylation than EGF, consistent with previous reports. Both growth factors transiently induce c-fos, but NGF evokes a greater response than EGF. NGF specifically increases Fra-1 and Fra-2 levels at 4 and 24 hr. The latter is represented in Western blots by bands in the 40–46 kDa range. NGF, but not EGF, enhances the upper bands, corresponding to phosphorylated Fra-2. These findings suggest that prolonged alterations in Fra-2 and subsequent increases in Fra-2/JunD binding to AP-1 and CREB response elements common among many gene promoters could serve to trigger broadly an NGF-specific program of gene expression.
Does Thompson's Thatcher Effect Reflect a Face-Specific Mechanism?

The Thatcher Illusion or Thatcher Effect (TE—Thompson 1980, Perception 9 483–484) reflects the difficulty in perceiving the local inversion of parts when the whole object, generally a face, is globally inverted. We tested the generality of the TE with a range of faces and non-face objects, and observed the TE with many non-face categories including cars, buildings, bikes, and letter strings. In terms of magnitude, the face TE is not exceptionally large compared to other object categories, and the magnitude of the TE can be predicted by performance on this task for upright stimuli, regardless of whether the object is a face or not. We did not observe evidence for a unique mechanism contributing to the TE for faces. We discuss factors that influence the magnitude of the TE, some common across domains and others more specific to a particular category.
Genetic structure of spruce population and forest management

Genetic diversity and spatial structure of a young planted Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) stand, localized in the Giant Mts. near Špindlerův Mlýn, was investigated. Average tree height was 15.1 m, average diameter at breast height was 245 mm. The spatial distribution of trees was random. Spruce branches of all trees in the selected part of the stand were sampled in order to accomplish isozyme analysis. One–dimensional horizontal electrophoresis on starch gel was used to determine the alleles of isozyme loci G–6–PDH, GDH, SDH–A, SDH–B, PGM–A, IDH–B, AAT–B and AAT–C. Subsequently, allele numbers per loci, allelic frequency and heterozygosity were evaluated. Genotype combinations were a basis to calculate coefficients of genetic diversity: Shannon's index and Rao's quadratic entropy. Further, three variants of thinning with removal of 30% of the trees in each case were simulated: trees with the highest diameter were removed in the variant v1, 15 % of the trees with the highest and 15 % with the lowest diameter in the variant v2, and the trees with the lowest diameter in the variant v3. The genetic diversity is affected by the simulated thinning. Differences in heterozygosities and diversities between the whole population and subpopulations were statistically tested using the Monte–Carlo randomization test.
Tumor Progression Locus-2 Is a Critical Regulator of Pancreatic and Lung Inflammation during Acute Pancreatitis*

Pancreatic and lung inflammation during acute pancreatitis is a poorly understood, but clinically important, phenomenon. The proto-oncogene Tpl2 (tumor progression locus-2) has recently been shown to have important immunomodulatory effects on some inflammatory processes, but its importance to pancreatitis has not been previously examined. Our studies were designed to (a) define the effects of Tpl2 on pancreatic and lung inflammation during pancreatitis and (b) identify mechanisms and cell types responsible for those effects. We examined pancreatitis-associated Tpl2 effects in wild type and Tpl2-/- mice subjected to either secretagogue-induced or bile salt-induced pancreatitis. To determine the myeloid or non-myeloid lineage of cells responsible for the Tpl2 effects, we used Tpl2-/- chimeric mice generated by lethal irradiation followed by bone marrow transplantation. Mechanisms responsible for the effects of Tpl2 ablation on caerulein-induced proinflammatory events were evaluated under in vivo and in vitro conditions using the techniques of electrophoretic mobility shift assay, immunoblot analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We found that Tpl2 ablation markedly reduced pancreatic and lung inflammation in these two dissimilar models of pancreatitis, but it did not alter pancreatic injury/necrosis in either model. The reduction in caerulein-induced pancreatic inflammation is dependent upon Tpl2 ablation in non-myeloid cells and is associated with both in vivo and in vitro inhibition of MEK, JNK, and AP-1 activation and the expression of MCP-1, MIP-2, and interleukin-6. Non-myeloid cell expression of Tpl2 regulates pancreatic inflammation during pancreatitis by mediating proinflammatory signals and the generation of neutrophil chemoattracting factors.
An efficient near-optimal algorithm for the joint traffic and trunk routing problem in self-planning networks

The configuration and routing problem (or the joint trunk and traffic routing problem) is first formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear minimization problem. Then certain properties are proved about the problem structure. These properties lead to an efficient algorithm that determines near-optimal configurations and routing assignments. A lower bound is also computed in order to evaluate the quality of the solution. The algorithm was coded and tested on several networks. Present computational experiments clearly show that the performance of a self-planning network is always better than that of the same network without the trunk routing capability. The reduction in average packet delay is as much as 67%. <<ETX>>
An antibody derivative expressed from viral vectors passively immunizes pigs against transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection when supplied orally in crude plant extracts

Summary To investigate the potential of antibody derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed a small immune protein (SIP) in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus X (PVX) and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The ɛSIP molecule consisted of a single‐chain antibody (scFv) specific for the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) linked to the ɛ‐CH4 domain from human immunoglobulin E (IgE). In some constructs, the sequence encoding the ɛSIP molecule was flanked by the leader peptide from the original murine antibody at its N‐terminus and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (HDEL) at its C‐terminus to allow the expressed protein to be directed to, and retained within, the endoplasmic reticulum. Western blot analysis of samples from Nicotiana clevelandii or cowpea tissue infected with constructs revealed the presence of SIP molecules which retained their ability to dimerize. The analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that the plant‐expressed ɛSIP molecules could bind to and neutralize TGEV in tissue culture, the levels of binding and neutralization reflecting the level of expression. Oral administration of crude extracts from SIP‐expressing plant tissue to 2‐day‐old piglets demonstrated that the extracts which showed the highest levels of in vitro neutralization could also provide in vivo protection against challenge with TGEV.
Measurement of Single-Molecule Resistance by Repeated Formation of Molecular Junctions

The conductance of a single molecule connected to two gold electrodes was determined by repeatedly forming thousands of gold-molecule-gold junctions. Conductance histograms revealed well-defined peaks at integer multiples of a fundamental conductance value, which was used to identify the conductance of a single molecule. The resistances near zero bias were 10.5 ± 0.5, 51 ± 5, 630 ± 50, and 1.3 ± 0.1 megohms for hexanedithiol, octanedithiol, decanedithiol, and 4,4′ bipyridine, respectively. The tunneling decay constant (βN) for N-alkanedithiols was 1.0 ± 0.1 per carbon atom and was weakly dependent on the applied bias. The resistance and βN values are consistent with first-principles calculations.
A comparison of the Chinese 1992 and fifth‐edition International Union Against Cancer staging systems for staging nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The Chinese 1992 staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been widely adopted in mainland China since 1992. The fifth edition of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM classification defines new rules for classifying NPC. The current study compares the two in predicting NPC prognosis.
Surface appendages similar to fimbriae (pili) on pseudomonas species.

SUMMARY: Twenty-two strains of Pseudomonas, representing 15 species, were examined by electron microscopy, utilizing the techniques of negative contrast staining and to a lesser extent shadowing and ultrathin sectioning. Fimbria-like appendages were found on cells of 12 strains, representing 8 species. Polar, fimbria-like filaments were observed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. acidovorans, P. testosteroni, P. maltophilia, P. alcaligenes and P. solanacearum. Peritrichous filaments were found on P. multivorans and P. fragi.
Analysis of sotalol-induced effects on cardiac electrical activity

This study aimed at investigating the effects of the antiarrhythmic drug sotalol on ventricular myocardium. Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings of two groups of patients, with and without a history of the ventricular arrhythmia Torsades de Pointes, were analyzed prior and after they were administered sotalol. Furthermore, a multi-scale computational model of sotalol action at ionic, cellular and tissue levels was investigated. The model was validated with the results from the ECG analysis as well as with additional data available from the literature. The study contribution was the determination of biomarkers capable of identifying the cardiotoxicity associated with sotalol treatment. From the results of clinical ECG analysis and simulation of the effects of sotalol administered at different doses, we concluded that sotalolinduced prolongations of the corrected QT (QTc) and Tpe (Tpec) intervals over 15% and 20%, respectively, are associated with high arrhythmic risk and, therefore, indicate drug-induced cardiac toxicity.
Multiple SNP Set Analysis for Genome‐Wide Association Studies Through Bayesian Latent Variable Selection

The power of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) for mapping complex traits with single‐SNP analysis (where SNP is single‐nucleotide polymorphism) may be undermined by modest SNP effect sizes, unobserved causal SNPs, correlation among adjacent SNPs, and SNP‐SNP interactions. Alternative approaches for testing the association between a single SNP set and individual phenotypes have been shown to be promising for improving the power of GWAS. We propose a Bayesian latent variable selection (BLVS) method to simultaneously model the joint association mapping between a large number of SNP sets and complex traits. Compared with single SNP set analysis, such joint association mapping not only accounts for the correlation among SNP sets but also is capable of detecting causal SNP sets that are marginally uncorrelated with traits. The spike‐and‐slab prior assigned to the effects of SNP sets can greatly reduce the dimension of effective SNP sets, while speeding up computation. An efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is developed. Simulations demonstrate that BLVS outperforms several competing variable selection methods in some important scenarios.
Reusing UML Class Models to Generate OWL Ontologies - A Use Case in the Pharmacotherapeutic Domain

: This paper presents a method for the reuse of existing knowledge in UML software models. Our purpose is being able to adapt fragments of existing UML class diagrams in order to build domain ontologies, represented in OWL-DL, reducing the required amount of time and resources to create one from scratch. Our method is supported by a CASE tool, VisualWADE, and a developed plug-in, used for the management of ontologies and the generation of semantically tagged Web applications. In order to analyse the designed transformations between knowledge representation formalisms, UML and OWL, we have chosen a use case in the pharmacotherapeutic domain. Then, we discuss some of the most relevant aspects of the proposal and, ﬁnally, conclusions are obtained and future work brieﬂy described.
Brief Report: Efficacy and Safety of a Quadruple Combination Combivir + Abacavir + Efavirenz Regimen in Antiretroviral Treatment‐Naive HIV‐1‐Infected Adults: La Francilienne

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a protease inhibitor sparing, quadruple therapy (Combivir + abacavir + efavirenz) in antiretroviral treatment‐naive HIV‐1‐infected adults. Design: Multicenter open‐label pilot study. Clinical and biological assessments were performed at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48. Results: Thirty‐one subjects enrolled with a median baseline viral load (VL) of 4.69 log10 copies/mL and CD4 cell count of 322 cells/mm3. At week 48, 90% (intention‐to‐treat [ITT] switch included) and 77% (ITT switch = failure) patients had a VL <50 copies/mL. These results were similar in the population (n = 13) with a VL >100,000 copies/mL at baseline. Combivir + abacavir + efavirenz demonstrated an early antiretroviral response: 58% of patients had plasma HIV‐1 RNA <50 copies/mL at week 8. Using a modified assay, the percentage of patients with VL <5 copies/mL at week 48 was 55% (17/31) and 42% (13/31) using ITT (switch included) and ITT (switch = failure), respectively. Median VL decreased by ‐4.0 log10 copies/mL at week 48 (ITT). Median CD4+ cell count change from baseline at week 48 was +129 cells/mm3 (ITT). Most patients experienced at least one drug‐related adverse event that was not considered treatment‐limiting by the investigator. There were no cases of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions. Conclusions: Safety and efficacy results from this study demonstrated that the quadruple regimen Combivir/abacavir/efavirenz is generally safe and displays potent and durable antiretroviral activity in antiretroviral treatment‐naive HIV‐1‐infected patients, offering a promising therapeutic option in a PI‐sparing strategy.