Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of benzoic acid on nitrogen, phosphorus and energy balance and on ammonia emission from slurries in the heavy pig

The effects of two dietary levels of benzoic acid on nitrogen, phosphorus and energy balance were evaluated in the typical Italian heavy pig during the last phase of growth. Six Landrace × Large White barrows of 125 kg body weight (BW) on average were used in a repeated 3×3 Latin Square design and housed in metabolic cages to collect faeces and urine separately, in 3 collection periods of 7 days, after 14 days of adaptation. The animals were individually housed in open circuit respiration chambers to determine the energy metabolism. The dietary treatments were as follows [% on dry matter (DM)]: i) diet C (control): 14.2 crude protein (CP), 3.7 EE, 13.8 NDF; ii) diet B05: diet C plus 0.5% benzoic acid; iii) diet B10: diet C plus 1.0% benzoic acid. DM fed was fixed at 6.8% BW0.75. Apparent digestibility was similar among treatments for all the parameters studied. Nitrogen (N) retention was 35.8, 37.4, 41.6% of intake N for C, B05 and B10, respectively, with no significant difference. Energy and phosphorus balances were not influenced by dietary treatments. Ammonia nitrogen emission from the slurry, expressed as a proportion of the initial slurry nitrogen, was decreased (P=0.049) by the inclusion of benzoic acid in the diet: 35.2, 28.1, 26.2% for C, B05, B10, respectively. The addition of benzoic acid to the diet determined a numerically decrease of the urinary pH. In conclusion, the inclusion of benzoic acid in the diet of the heavy pig is beneficial to the environment without effects on N, phosphorus (P) and energy balances.
Roles of Wnt4/5a in germ cell differentiation and gonad development & ErbB4 in polarity of kidney epithelium

The embryonic urogenital system generates the metanephric kidneys, the gonads and the adrenal glands, and its development is based on sequential and reciprocal cell and tissue interactions. The mechanisms which regulate urogenital ontogeny are still poorly understood. In this thesis, the roles of Wnt-4 and ErbB4 functions in gonad and kidney development were analysed by using in vivo functional genomic technologies. Wnt-4 is crucial in female development since its absence leads to a partial female to male sex reversal. We found that Wnt4 mediated the interactions between the somatic and the germ cells and played a role in meiosis which is regulated in part by the secreted signal retinoic acid (RA). Expression of certain meiosiscontrolling genes (Stra8, Spo11) was inhibited in the Wnt-4 deficient germ cells, while certain pluripotency genes (Oct4, Fgf9, Sox2 and Dnmt3l) were activated similarly as in the wild-type male gonad. In addition to this, we noted that a gene encoding for a Cyp26b1 enzyme, which degrades RA in the embryonic testis was, ectopically expressed in the Wnt-4 deficient ovary. Microarray analysis was used to identify candidate Wnt-4 target genes by using the Wnt-4 knockout mouse. Of these genes, Runx-1 may represent a novel signalling target to mediate Wnt-4 activity in the control female development The role of receptor-tyrosine kinase ErbB4 in kidney development was studied by using both in vivo gain and loss of function approaches. In the gain-of-function situation, we found that certain markers for the epithelial tubules and collecting ducts lost their polarized expression pattern. At the same time, the orientation of the cells in the kidney tubules was deregulated and an increase in cell proliferation was noticed. We suggest that the observed defects gave rise to an increase in the tubule diameter and to cyst formation in the kidney cortex. In the loss-of-function mouse, the lack of ErbB4 expression led to a similar phenotype as with the gain of function, and the renal functions of the mutant adult kidneys were compromised. In conclusion, the results point to specific roles for Wnt-4 and ErbB4 in the control of urogenital development. Wnt-4 appears to be crucial in sustaining proper female somatic cell and germ cell differentiation, and maintenance of gonad development during and after the sex determination event, while ErbB4 activity is critical for the regulation of tubular growth in embryonic kidney development.
OCCURRENCE OF CYHEXATIN AND DICOFOL RESISTANCE IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

Abstract Laboratory bioassays showed the occurrence of 8.5-fold resistance to cyhexatin and ca. 15-fold resistance to dicofol in laboratory-selected populations of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)). Surveys, in 1984, of 45 orchards, using field-collected mites exposed to discriminating concentrations of cyhexatin or dicofol, detected resistance to cyhexatin in ca. 29% of the populations. Resistance to dicofol was identified in 2 of 45 assays. Résumé Des dosages biologiques en laboratoire ont révélé que des populations de tétranyque rouge du pommier (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) sélectionnées en laboratoire résistaient 8,5 fois plus à la cyhexatine et environ 15 fois plus au dicofol. Les enquêtes effectuées en 1984 dans 45 vergers sur des tétranyques récoltées au champ et exposées à diverses concentrations de cyhexatine ou de dicofol ont permis de détecter une résistance à la cyhexatine chez 29% environ de la population. La résistance au dicofol a été identifiée dans 2 essais sur 45.
Oestrus ovis larval infestation among sheep and goats of Green Mountain areas in Libya

Heads of sheep (n=180) and goats (n=120) slaughtered at four regions (Labraq, Shahat, Elbeida, and Masa) of Green Mountain areas in Libya were investigated for the presence of larvae of Oestrus ovis. The animals were divided into sex and age groups. The heads were cut along longitudinal and sagittal axes, and the larvae (L1, L2, and L3) were collected. The infestation rate was significantly higher in sheep (51.66%; n=93/180) as compared to goats (28.33%; n=34/120). In sheep, the rate was higher during May (100%), while in goat, it was higher during August (70%). The incidence of L1 peaked in April (90%) for sheep and October (100%) for goats, while L2 reached to maximum in May for sheep (26.95%) and goats (75%). L3 reached to peak in February (50%) for sheep, and June (25%) for goats. Mean intensity of larval burden was higher in sheep than goat, reaching to peak in June (9.1 larvae/head) for sheep and March (3.5 larvae/head) for goats. The infestation rate was significantly higher in males than females. The older animals were mostly affected as compared to younger animals. Highest infestation rate was recorded in Masa (45.83%), and the lowest rate was found in Labraq (40.27%). In conclusion, these findings may be used in designing the control strategies of myiasis in Libya.
Evaluation of a new collagen‐based medical device (ElastiCo®) for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon injury and prevention of peritendinous adhesions: An in vitro biocompatibility and in vivo investigation

Tendon healing still represents a challenge for clinicians because it is slow and incomplete. The most injured is the Achilles tendon, and surgery is the therapeutic strategy often adopted because it provides a quicker functional recovery. Peritendinous adhesions are the main complication of surgery with hyperplasia and chemotaxis of fibroblasts. A biomaterial that blocks fibroblast migration, without interfering with the passage of cytokines and growth factors, might be useful. The present study evaluated the biocompatibility of a new Type I collagen‐based scaffold (ElastiCo®) and its ability to promote Achilles tendon healing, inhibiting adhesion formation. After verifying in vitro biocompatibility, physical, and mechanical properties of the scaffold, an in vivo study was performed in 28 rats, operated to induce an acute lesion in both Achilles tendons. One tendon was treated with the suture only and the contralateral one with suture wrapped with ElastiCo® film. After 8 and 16 weeks, it was observed that ElastiCo® reduced internal and external peritendinous adhesions and Collagen III content and increased Collagen I. Elastic modulus increased with both treatments over time.
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 2014

2014 was another successful year for the New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Re‐ search in which the rates of submission continued to be good, with about 80% of reviewed papers coming from New Zealand authors. The average time from submission to first decision in 2013 was 7.3 weeks, a considerable improvement over previous years. The current 5-year journal impact factor (JIF) as determined in 2013 is 1.091, the first time the JIF has exceeded 1. In 2014 we welcomed a new member to our editorial team, Joanne Clapcott from the Cawthron Institute, who has taken over from Roger Young. Roger has given the journal very good service as an associate editor. Joanne’s expertise lies in river ecosystem processes, as well as interaction between terrestrial and freshwater environments. I would also like to thank all the associate editors for their very good work in 2014. Taylor & Francis and the Royal Society of New Zealand (RSNZ) are encouraging authors to promote their articles on Facebook and other social media. Articles published in the Journal are increasingly being mentioned on social media or blogging sites. As an example, in January 2014, the journal had eight different articles mentioned on social media in which the highest ranked paper generated an Altmetric score (a measure of social media activity) of 33. In 2014 we also saw the journal’s new ‘Editor’s Choice’ promotional page used for the first time in conjunction with the 16th International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, held in Wellington in October (http:// explore.tandfonline.com/page/est/marine-and-fresh water-research-editors-choice/). The journal has become increasingly accessible to readers via the Taylor & Francis onlineaccess arrangements and now reaches more than 12,000 academic libraries worldwide. Full text downloads in 2013 increased three-fold since 2010, with downloads in Australasia, North America and Asia-Pacific comprising more than 70% of the total (Fig. 1A). Papers published in the journal are cited worldwide and, in 2013, 70% of
Where temperate meets tropical: multi‐factorial effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen enrichment, and competition on a mangrove‐salt marsh community

Our understanding of how elevated CO2 and interactions with other factors will affect coastal plant communities is limited. Such information is particularly needed for transitional communities where major vegetation types converge. Tropical mangroves (Avicennia germinans) intergrade with temperate salt marshes (Spartina alterniflora) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and this transitional community represents an important experimental system to test hypotheses about global change impacts on critical ecosystems. We examined the responses of A. germinans (C3) and S. alterniflora (C4), grown in monoculture and mixture in mesocosms for 18 months, to interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 and pore water nitrogen (N) concentrations typical of these marshes. A. germinans, grown without competition from S. alterniflora, increased final biomass (35%) under elevated CO2 treatment and higher N availability. Growth of A. germinans was severely curtailed, however, when grown in mixture with S. alterniflora, and enrichment with CO2 and N could not reverse this growth suppression. A field experiment using mangrove seedlings produced by CO2‐ and N‐enriched trees confirmed that competition from S. alterniflora suppressed growth under natural conditions and further showed that herbivory greatly reduced survival of all seedlings. Thus, mangroves will not supplant marsh vegetation due to elevated CO2 alone, but instead will require changes in climate, environmental stress, or disturbance to alter the competitive balance between these species. However, where competition and herbivory are low, elevated CO2 may accelerate mangrove transition from the seedling to sapling stage and also increase above‐ and belowground production of existing mangrove stands, particularly in combination with higher soil N.
Etiology of Diarrhea Requiring Hospitalization in Bangladesh by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, 2014–2018

Abstract Background Diarrhea remains a major public health problem and characterization of its etiology is needed to prioritize interventions. However, most data are from single-site studies of children. We tested samples from participants of any age from 11 geographically diverse hospitals in Bangladesh to describe pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhea. Methods We utilized 2 existing diarrhea surveillance systems: a Nationwide network at 10 sentinel hospitals and at the icddr,b hospital. We tested stools from enrolled participants and nondiarrheal controls for enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions (AFs) of diarrhea. Results We analyzed 5516 patients with diarrhea and 735 controls. Overall, rotavirus had the highest attributable burden of diarrhea (Nationwide AF, 17.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3–20.9%; icddr,b AF, 39.9%; 38.0–41.8%), followed by adenovirus 40/41 (Nationwide AF, 17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.9%; icddr,b AF, 16.6%; 95% CI, 14.4–19.4%) and Vibrio cholerae (Nationwide AF, 10.2%; 95% CI, 9.1–11.3%; icddr,b AF, 13.3%; 95% CI: 11.9–15.1%). Rotavirus was the leading pathogen in children <5 years and was consistent across the sites (coefficient of variation = 56.3%). Adenovirus 40/41 was the second leading pathogen in both children and adults. Vibrio cholerae was the leading pathogen in individuals >5 years old, but was more geographically variable (coefficient of variation = 71.5%). Other attributable pathogens included astrovirus, norovirus, Shigella, Salmonella, ETEC, sapovirus, and typical EPEC. Conclusions Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and V. cholerae were the leading etiologies of infectious diarrhea requiring hospitalization in Bangladesh. Other pathogens were important in certain age groups or sites.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Asian Begonia, with an Emphasis on the Evolution of Rain-ballist and Animal Dispersal Mechanisms in Sections Platycentrum, Sphenanthera and Leprosae

Abstract While most Begonia species have a similar fruit morphology that shows adaptations to wind dispersal, a few species have atypical fruits and are adapted to either animal or rain dispersal. Such differences in fruit morphology have traditionally been emphasized in sectional classifications of Begonia and some of the currently recognized sections can only be distinguished using ovary and fruit characteristics. We evaluated the monophyly and evolution of three Asian sections with atypical fruit morphologies: Platycentrum, Sphenanthera, and Leprosae, along with members of nine other Asian sections with fruit morphologies typical of wind dispersed Begonia. A parsimony analysis of nrDNA ITS/ 5.8S sequence data of 46 Asian Begonia species suggests that the members of section Platycentrum, which have fruit morphologies indicative of rain dispersal, evolved from wind dispersed Asian taxa following the colonization of wetter habitats. From within this rain dispersed group, species of section Sphenanthera with fleshy, animal dispersed fruits subsequently evolved on multiple occasions. Members of section Leprosae, which have fleshy fruit, evolved on two separate occasions, in one case independently of the members of the sections Platycentrum and Sphenanthera. As currently recognized, sections Platycentrum, Sphenanthera and Leprosae are polyphyletic.
Overexpression of an α1H (Cav3.2) T-type Calcium Channel during Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Human Prostate Cancer Cells*

Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate epithelial cells is usually associated with an increased aggressivity and invasiveness of prostate tumors and a poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain poorly understood. We have investigated the possible expression of voltage-gated calcium channels in human prostate cancer epithelial LNCaP cells and their modulation during neuroendocrine differentiation. A small proportion of undifferentiated LNCaP cells displayed a voltage-dependent calcium current. This proportion and the calcium current density were significantly increased during neuroendocrine differentiation induced by long-term treatments with cyclic AMP permeant analogs or with a steroid-reduced culture medium. Biophysical and pharmacological properties of this calcium current suggest that it is carried by low-voltage activated T-type calcium channels. Reverse transcriptase-PCR experiments demonstrated that only a single type of LVA calcium channel mRNA, an α1H calcium channel mRNA, is expressed in LNCaP cells. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR revealed that α1H mRNA was overexpressed during neuroendocrine differentiation. Finally, we show that this calcium channel promotes basal calcium entry at resting membrane potential and may facilitate neurite lengthening. This voltage-dependent calcium channel could be involved in the stimulation of mitogenic factor secretion and could therefore be a target for future therapeutic strategies.
Targeted tumor radiotherapy

Targeted tumor radiotherapy is selectively delivery of curative doses of radiation to malignant sites. The aim of the targeted tumor radiotherapy is to use the radionuclides which have high LET particle emissions conjugated to appropriate carrier molecules. The radionuclides are selectively collected by tumor cells, depositing lethal doses to tumor cells while no admission occur to normal cells. In theory, targeted radiotherapy has several advantages over conventional radiotherapy since it allows a high radiation dose to be administered without causing normal tissue toxicity, although there are some limitations in the availability of appropriate targeting agents and in the calculations of administered doses. Therefore, for routine clinical applications more progress is still needed. In this article, the potential use of targeted tumor radiotherapy is briefly reviewed. More general aspects and considerations, such as potential radionuclides, mechanisms of tumor targeting was also outlined.
Amnesia

Glossary Alcoholic blackout Amnesia without loss of consciousness, in which the intoxicated person retains the ability to perform certain ‘automatized’ behaviors, without any subsequent memory for the episode. Amnesia A special case of forgetting in which the memory loss is greater than would be expected under ordinary circumstances. Anterograde amnesia affects memory for events occurring after the instigating event; retrograde amnesia affects memory for events occurring before the instigating event. Amnesic syndrome A profound deficit in learning and memory usually associated with bilateral damage to the diencephalon or the medial portions of the temporal lobe. It always involves an anterograde amnesia, and may involve a retrograde amnesia as well. Functional amnesia A significant loss of memory attributable to an instigating event, usually stressful, that does not result in insult, injury, or disease affecting brain tissue. Its most common forms are psychogenic amnesia, psychogenic fugue, and multiple personality disorder. Implicit memory In contrast to explicit memory, which entails conscious recall or recognition of past events, implicit memory refers to any effect of a past experience on subsequent experience, thought, or action – for example, priming effects. Infantile and childhood amnesia An amnesia observed in adults, affecting memory for personal experiences occurring in the first 5–7 years of life. Infantile amnesia commonly covers the period before language and speech develop. Posthypnotic amnesia A retrograde amnesia induced by means of hypnotic suggestion; it may be canceled by a prearranged reversibility cue. Priming A phenomenon where an event facilitates (positive priming) or impairs (negative priming) performance on another, later task. Source amnesia A phenomenon where a subject retains access to new information acquired during a learning experience, but forgets the learning experience itself; it is commonly reflected in cryptomnesia, or unconscious plagiarism. Transient global amnesia A benign and temporary amnesia characterized by sudden onset, apparently caused by momentary vascular insufficiencies affecting brain tissue. Trauma-memory argument The notion, rooted in the nineteenth century ideas of Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet, that psychological trauma causes amnesia by virtue of a process of repression or dissociation. Traumatic retrograde amnesia A retrograde amnesia resulting from a concussive blow to the head; most of the affected memories are eventually recovered, except for a ‘final RA’ affecting the accident itself.
A Simple and Efficient Protocol for Plant Regeneration and Genetic Transformation of Tomato cv. Micro-Tom from Leaf Explants

A simplified protocol to obtain transgenic tomato plants was established. The effects of culture media composition and Agrobacterium concentration were evaluated. The highest shoot-forming capacity index (5.6) was observed when leaf explants were cultured for 6 weeks with 2 mgL -1 zeatin, 0.1 mgL -1 indoleacetic acid, and 300 mgL -1 timentin. Shoot elongation and root formation were performed in one step on growth regulator-free media. The highest percentage (82%) of fully developed plantlets was obtained when shoots were cultured for 4 weeks with 0.5· Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and 15 gL -1 sucrose. A 100% of plant survival rate was observed after 4 weeks of being transplanted to ex vitro conditions followed by fruit production (15 fruits/plant) after 2 more weeks. Transient expression of b-glucuronidase was visualized in 100% of the leaf explants infected with Agrobacterium at an OD600 = 0.5 and cocultured for 48 h with 2 mgL -1 benzylaminopurine, 0.1 mgL -1 naphthaleneacetic acid, and 100 mM acetosyringone. Stable transformation was confirmed by histochemical glucuronidase assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with a total efficiency of 19.1%. The complete protocol, from shoot induction to fruit production of soil-adapted transgenic plants can be accomplished in only 4 months, and it seems to be very useful for both micropropagation and genetic transformation purposes.
BayesFold: rational 2 degrees folds that combine thermodynamic, covariation, and chemical data for aligned RNA sequences.

BayesFold is a Web application that folds an alignment of closely related sequences and evaluates hypotheses about their shared structure. It uses Bayes's Theorem to combine information from several sources, including chemical mapping (if available), thermodynamic folding, and observed sequence variations. Its method provides a rational basis for integrating results, even when these methods conflict. On a gapped alignment of 86 tRNAPhe sequences each 77 bases long, BayesFold takes 31 sec to perform the calculations; the best structure contained 95% of the base pairs in the true structure, and the true structure was ranked second. Notably, similar results come from random samples of only 10 sequences from the alignment (running time 3 sec), suggesting that remarkably few sequences are required for good results. In contrast, folding single sequences with BayesFold produced structures 9.6 bp different, or with the Vienna package, 13.4 bp different, from the true structure. Similar results were obtained for other families of tRNAs. We especially recommend BayesFold for alignments of 3-50 closely related sequences, such as the sequence families frequently found in SELEX. In addition to providing a convenient way to explore the effects of each of the criteria on the plausibility of different structures, BayesFold also makes it easy to produce publication-quality secondary-structure graphics. The Web interface, available at http://bayes.colorado. edu/fold/, includes the flexibility to thread any of the sequences (or the consensus sequence) through any of the structures, including the one judged most probable.