Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Helium ion beam lithography and liftoff

We introduce a helium ion beam lithography and liftoff process to fabricate arbitrary nanostructures. Exploiting existing high-resolution positive tone resists such as poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), the process offers three significant advantages over electron beam lithography: (a) the exposing helium ion beam produces a high secondary electron yield leading to fast patterning, (b) proximity effects are negligible due to the low count of backscattered helium ions from the substrate, and (c) the process is transferrable with minimal alteration among different types of substrates (e.g. silicon, fused silica). The process can be used to pattern any material compatible with liftoff such as evaporated metals or dielectrics, and allows overlay of nanostructures precision-aligned to microstructures realised beforehand on the same substrate. The process is demonstrated for several PMMA thicknesses to liftoff different thicknesses of deposited material. Resolution trials are conducted to determine the limits of the process for each PMMA thickness. Isolated lines as narrow as 14 nm, and line-space gratings of 40 nm pitch (50% duty cycle), are produced as resolution tests by lifting off a 20 nm thick Au film. Nanostructures of aspect ratio up to ∼3:1 have been realised. Plasmonic nanoantenna arrays overlaid to microscale contacts are produced as device demonstrators, for which optical measurements are in excellent agreement with theory.
Comparison of energy inputs and energy efficiency for maize in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions

Sustainable crop production requires an efficient usage of fossil energy. This six-year study on a silt loam soil (chernozem) analysed the energy efficiency of four tillage systems (mouldboard plough 25–30 cm, deep conservation tillage 35 cm, shallow conservation tillage 8–10 cm, no-tillage). Fuel consumption, total energy input (made up of both direct and indirect input), grain of maize yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity and energy use efficiency were considered. The input rates of fertiliser, herbicides and seeds were set constant; measured values of fuel consumption were used for all tillage operations. Total fuel consumption for maize (Zea mays L.) production was 81.6, 81.5, 69.5 and 53.2 L/ha for the four tillage systems. Between 60% and 64% of the total energy input (17.0–17.4 GJ/ha) was indirect energy (seeds, fertiliser, herbicides, machinery). The share of fertiliser energy of the total energy input was 36% on average across all tillage treatments. Grain drying was the second highest energy consumer with about 22%. Grain yield and energy output were mainly determined by the year. The tillage effect on yield and energy efficiency was smaller than the growing year effect. Over all six years, maize produced in the notillage system reached the highest energy efficiency.
Bounds on edge shear layer persistence while approaching the density limit

This paper details the theory of edge shear layer collapse as the density approaches the Greenwald density limit. It significantly extends earlier work, which was restricted in applicability. The zonal shear flow screening length is calculated for banana, plateau and Pfirsch–Schluter regimes. Poloidal field scaling persists in the plateau regime. Neoclassical screening and drift wave–zonal flow dynamics are combined in a theory, which is then reduced to a predator–prey model. Zonal noise, due to incoherent mode coupling, is retained. The threshold condition for edge shear layer collapse is computed, and linked to a critical value of the dimensionless parameter ρs/ρscLn . Here ρs is the ion sound radius, ρsc is the zonal flow screening length and Ln is the equilibrium density scale length. The limiting initial edge density for shear layer collapse is derived and shown to scale favorably with the plasma current. The results are discussed in light of the density limit and Ohmic phenomenology.
The impact of oﬀshoring on productivity and innovation: Evidence from Swedish manufacturing ﬁrms ∗

This paper examines the impact of oﬀshoring on total factor productivity (TFP) and innovation measured by patent applications. It applies instrumental variable and matching approaches on a panel of about 7,500 Swedish manufacturing ﬁrms over the period 2001–2014, and identiﬁes oﬀshoring-related intermediate imports by the United Nations Broad Economic Categories system. Accounting for selection and simultaneity bias, no causal impact on TFP can be established, while the estimated positive eﬀect on innovation is found to be weakly signiﬁcant.
Formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the snow cover at Murododaira, Mt. Tateyama, Japan

Introduction , , Koichi WATANABE , Daiki NISHIMOTO , Sachie ISHITA , Nagisa EDA Yoshitoshi UEHARA , Goichiro TAKAHASHI , Noriyasu KUNORI , Tomonori KAWAKAMI , Wataru SHIMADA , Kazuma AOKI and Kunio KAWADA Formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the snow cover at Murododaira, Mt. Tateyama, Japan 33 s Bulletin of Glaciological Research ( ) Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama , Japan Earth Consultant Co., Ltd., Hibari, Imizu, Toyama , Japan Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Kasuya, Fukuoka , Japan University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama , Japan (Received February , ; Revised manuscript accepted April , ) cover was measured. Measurements of snow chemistry Measurements of the concentrations of formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H O ) as well as major ions in the snow pit ( . m deep) at Murododaira (altitude, m), Mt. Tateyama near the coast of the Japan Sea in Central Japan, were performed in April . The peaks of HCHO corresponded to the high nssSO layers above a . m depth. The concentrations of deposited HCHO might have been relatively well preserved in the spring layers. HCHO with sulfate aerosols may be transported to Mt. Tateyama from the Asian mainland. The highest concentration of H O was detected in the granular snow (coarse grain, melt forms) layer. The concentrations of H O were low in the layers of compacted snow (fine grain, rounded grains) and solid-type depth hoar (faceted crystals). Post-depositional modification of H O may be more significant than that of HCHO in snow in an alpine region.
Pretraining of Transformers on Question Answering without External Data

Recent studies have found great success on a wide variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks by leveraging Transformer architectures on large amounts of unlabeled data using a pretrain-finetune approach. In this paper, we investigate the performance of these techniques on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) task in a computational and language resource-restricted setting. Without external data, we find that it is very difficult for Transformer architectures to meaningfully predict more than the majority class, even with ROBERTa or ELECTRA-style pretraining. By reducing the vocabulary size from 50k to 5k and then augmenting the set of non-answerable questions, we are able to improve the F1 score on the dev set from 52.17 to 56.86 and then to 60.46, respectively. However, the final model still performs worse than a baseline BiDAF model, suggesting that the ability of current state-of-the-art training objectives and model architectures to learn effectively from limited data is still severely lacking.
Occurrence of Accessory Mental Foramen

The mental foramen is an oval or circular opening on the anterior surface of the mandible. Mental foramen is the determinant of the mental triangle and forms an important landmark of the human mandible. Mental nerves and vessels pass through it and supply the area from canine to first molar. The mental nerve is the neurosensory nerve. Mental Foramen it’s important landmark and orientation which serves surgical, local anaesthetic and other invasive procedures for oral and maxillofacial surgery. Understanding the anatomy of this region is important for effective nerve block and to avoid neurovascular bundles. It is also important to identify the ideal location of mental foramen for periodontal surgery, flap operation of lower tooth and for orthodontic surgery. Even so, in order to avoid neurovascular complications, particular attention should be paid to the possible occurrence of one or more accessory mental foramen during surgical procedures involving the mandible. The mental foramen is an important structure that needs to be considered in the surgery.
Expression and Prognostic Signi cance of m6A- Related Genes in TP53-Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Zhuochen Zhao First A liated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Junhu Wan First A liated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Manman Guo First A liated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Yangxia Wang First A liated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengwu Yang First A liated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhuofang Li First A liated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Liang Ming (  mingliang3072@163.com ) First A liated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
Understanding Emotion Classification In Audio Data

Spoken audio sentiment classification continues to be a difficult task in natural language processing. Currently, there does not exist a consensus on the best input features nor the best model architectures for neural emotion classification. In the following experiments, we employed the RAVDESS (Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song) dataset to probe speech sentiment classification. We demonstrate the outcome of a series of experiments to identify the optimal combination of neural model inputs for emotion classification, specifically examining MFCCs (Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients), Mel spectrogram, chro-magram, spectral contrast, and Tonnetz representation. Second, we construct three new model architectures, integrating our results from the feature exploration. Our new model architectures consist of an extension of ResNet-50, an extension of DenseNet-201, and a novel combination of ResNet-50 and DenseNet-201 outputs along with custom architectural units that we call MultiNet. Our new proposed architectures and input feature combinations perform better than previous published results on the RAVDESS dataset, demonstrating an exciting novel contribution to the field of speech emotion classification. Finally, we demonstrate that MFCCs and Mel spectrograms are the most important audio representations for the audio sentiment classification task and that Tonnetz representation can aid with a minor boost in accuracy.
BiDAF with Self-Attention for SQUAD 2.0

The primary goal of this work is to build a QA system that improves upon a baseline modified BiDAF model’s performance on the SQuAD 2.0 dataset. To achieve this improvement, two approaches are explored. In the first one, the modified BiDAF model’s embedding layer is extended with character-level embeddings. In the second approach, a self-attention layer is added on top of the existing BiDAF attention layer. The performance of these two approaches is evaluated separately and also when combined together into a single model. The model with character embeddings yielded the best performance on the test set, achieving an EM score of 56.872 and a F1 score of 60.652. The self-attention model performed below expectations overall, though it was the best model when it came to performance on unanswerable questions.
SPILLOVER EFFECT OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ON SECTORAL ECONOMIC GROWTH IN WEST AFRICAN ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION COUNTRIES

For decades, the literature on the relationship between official development assistance (ODA) and economic growth is characterized by ambiguity. This study removes such ambiguity for West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries by considering gross domestic product (GDP) according to the production perspective and paying attention to spatial spillover effects. The results obtained by system generalized method of moments for the period 2000–2018 showed a link between economic growth and ODA, which manifests itself through a positive and significant impact of the latter on the value added in the secondary and tertiary sectors. In addition, the value added in the secondary sector of a WAEMU country depends positively on the aid provided to other WAEMU countries that are geographically close to that country or located on the same road corridor. Our results inform donors for an efficient allocation of development aid in the Union.
Hybrid Processing

Human societies have converted biomass into energy and products for millennia using both biochemical and thermochemical processes. Familiar examples of biochemical processing includes fermentation of sugaror starch-rich crops and milk into sauerkraut, beer, wine, yogurt, and cheese. Familiar examples of thermochemical processing include baking and cooking of food and burning wood for heat and power.
Forecasting indian rupee/us dollar: arima, exponential smoothing, naïve, nardl, combination techniques

The primary purpose of the study is to forecast the exchange rate of Indian Rupees against the US Dollar by combining the three univariate time series models i.e., ARMA/ARIMA, exponential smoothing model, Naïve and one non-linear multivariate model i.e., NARDL. For this purpose, the authors choose the monthly data of exchange rate and macro-economic fundamentals i.e., trade balance, federal reserves, money supply, GDP, inflation rate and interest rate over the period from January 2011 to December 2020. The data from January 2020 to December 2020 are held back for the purpose of in-sample forecasting. By applying all the models individually and combinedly, the NARDL model out performs other individual and combined models with the least MAPE value of 0.6653. It is the evidence that the Indian Rupee may forecast through non-linear analysis of macro- economic fundamentals rather than single univariate models. The findings will be beneficial for the policy makers, FOREX market, traders, tourists and other financial markets.
Relevance of Strategic Planning Process, Organizational Ambidexterity Organizational Capabilities and Decision-Making Style Hotels Performance

In the uncertain environment in the tourism sector especially in Arab Middle East countries, Jordan has been affected by many internal factors such as economic crisis which has threatened the political instability and external factors such as wars in neighboring countries. In order to adapt with these shift in the hotel's sector, they should integrate strategic planning (SP) to the organization of its processes in order to make a better projection for the future. The aim of this research is to elucidate the “black box” connecting strategic planning process and organizational ambidexterity via establishing possible intervening factors. In order to guarantee a significant degree of planning practices, only three, four, and five-star hotels were targeted for data collection for the research. Data were collected from employees of 3 stars and 4 star hotels. IBM SPSS and AMOS software were used to interpret and summarize the data collected as well as to determine the effects of moderation-mediation, hence descriptive statistical techniques was employed to determine the frequency, percentage, means and standard deviation of the respondents. The findings revealed that hotel performance matters. The result also revealed that strategic planning amongst others enhance hotel performance and organization that utilize these constructs have a clear purpose and focus which drive them to optimum productivity.
SCHEDULING OF JOBS ON MACHINES USING NON TRADITIONAL OPTIMIZATION METHODS

Scheduling plays an important role in achieving timely and cost effective production, which is becoming increasingly important in today’s highly competitive manufacturing environments. Scheduling is a decision making process that is concerned with the allocation of limited resources to competing tasks (operations of jobs) over a time period with the goal of optimizing one or more objectives. This project exploits the interactions between the job scheduling on machines with an objective of minimization of make span and to study the overall feasibility of generation of optional schedules. A heuristic scheduling algorithm is developed which takes into account machine constraints and determines the starting and completion times of operations for each job by using priority rules such as Most Work Remaining (MWKR), shortest processing time (SPT) and random rules. In this work job shop scheduling problem is done for a particular type of FMS environment by means of one of the following Non Traditional Methods viz., Tabu Search Method, Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution Method & Variable Neighbourhood Search. Among the above, project objective issues (determining elapsed time and job idle time) is to be resolved by choosing the Tabu Search method. Tabu search is a metaheuristic algorithm which can be used for solving combinational optimization problems.
Graph Minor Embedding for Adiabatic Quantum Computing

In recent years, adiabatic quantum computing (AQC) has established itself as a useful computing paradigm which utilizes the underlying physical process of quantum annealing (QA) to help solve NP-hard problems. The main enabler of this ﬁeld has been the introduction of QA hardware by D-Wave Systems, the latest of which has up to 5640 qubits arranged in the topology of a Pegasus graph. Solving NP-hard problems using QA hardware typically involves a compilation (embedding) step which is equivalent to the graph minor embedding problem; itself an NP-hard problem. This has spurred the development of heuristic algorithms which can ﬁnd valid minor embeddings for a given problem instance in a reasonable amount of time. This paper presents extensions to two papers: Clique Overlap Embedding implements an existing simulated annealing algorithm [1] with an improved guiding pattern and shifting rule; Fault Tolerant Template Embedding extends an integer programming formulation [2] to allow embedding on Chimera graphs with faulty qubits. Benchmark results show a marked improvement in embeddability for both approaches when compared to their original implementation, with each approach also showing distinct areas where they outperform the state of the art.
Analysis of Digital Games Related to Mathematics Education with Deconstructing

In this study, the design and educational aspects of digital games on Steam (Digital Game Sales Platform) were examined. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. Universal design model and principles, educational and game mechanics were used in the analysis of the games. The games were analyzed using the Deconstructing method. In parallel with the findings obtained, it is seen that game mechanics are more various than learning mechanics in games. Also in game designs, it is considered that entertainment is more important than educational use. It was determined that question-answer mechanics are used more frequently among learning mechanics in games. One reason for this may be the ease of construction of question-answer mechanics. The main goal is to establish an interaction between education and game mechanics. In addition, it was defined that another important mechanic used in games is "instant feedback". In addition, in line with the findings, it was detected that in-game rules, levels and awards facilitate learning and increase motivation.
The Influence of Linearsprint and Jump Performance on Change-of-Direction Performance in Male and Female State-Representative Youth Basketball Players

Background: Good change-of-direction sprint performance is considered important for basketball players. Regarding the components of a change-of-direction task, a correlation between the linear sprint and concentric power output can be assumed. Previous studies have shown heterogeneous correlation coefficients between different change-of-direction (COD) tests and linear and jump performance. Methods: Therefore, 47 trained youth basketball players (13.2 ± 3.6 years; 34 males and 13 females) were recruited. Linear sprint (10 and 20 meters), squat jump, and COD sprint tests (the zig-zag test and triangle test) were conducted. One-tailed Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship of sprint and jump performance with COD tests, and two-tailed analysis was used to assess the relationship between the different COD tests. Results: This study showed that both linear sprint variables and concentric power output explained the variance in the different COD tests in a homogeneous manner (r2 = 0.14 to 0.42). The correlation coefficients did not statistically differ between the male and female players, and the different COD tests correlated moderately with one another (r2= 0.42 – 0.46). For both analyses, the intercorrelation results did not differ significantly between sexes and analyzed correlation coefficients. Conclusion: It is recommended that the squat jump, 10to 20 meter linear sprint, zig-zag and triangle tests are included in batteries of tests conducted in youth basketball players. COD tests with the same structure may have similar physiological requirements; however, these tests have task-specific characteristics. Therefore, coaches and sport scientists must review and select different tests with logical validity based on sport-specific requirements.
Use of GPS location clusters analysis to study predation , feeding and maternal 1 behavior of Eurasian lynx 2

Analysis of global positioning system (GPS) location clusters (GLCs) is 9 becoming increasingly popular in studies of carnivore ecology. While promising, this 10 application of GPS technology is still poorly developed for most species. We applied this 11 method to study predation and maternal behavior of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in 12 Dinaric Mountains. Low population densities, rugged terrain, dense vegetation, and 13 administrative borders make studies of this endangered population using traditional 14 methods and a limited budget very challenging. We used geographic information system 15 (GIS) and linear mixed effects models to understand the movement of lynx during the 16 consumption process and denning period and estimate lynx kill rates. 99% of kills were 17 found at GLCs longer than 30 h and with minimum two locations within 300 m. We 18 confirmed 86% of potential kills and all potential dens that were searched for in the field. 19 High success in predicting kill and den sites showed that Eurasian lynx is a suitable 20 species for application of the GLC analysis methods. Comparison of field-confirmed kills 21 with model predictions showed the possibility for remote estimation of approximate kill 22
Imitation-based Artiﬁcial Player for Pic-A-Boo

—Pic-a-boo is game about taking pictures in a dark room. The game-play maintains most information hidden from the player requiring guessing to win. Pic-a-boo is a game that requires more than one player to play, and at the time it did not provide any type artiﬁcial player to ﬁll the missing players. Creating an agent with hidden information is challenging. To solve this problem this project created an agent capable of imitating a human through the use of a neural network. The agent trained by playing against human players. The ﬁnal agent was able to navigate the map believably, however other actions like taking photos were reproduced randomly without any discernible human pattern.