Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composition of Eiders Harvested in Newfoundland

Abstract Somateria mollissima (Common Eider) is an important game species throughout its circumpolar range, including eastern Canada and northeastern United States. In eastern Canada, the largest harvest of Common Eiders occurs in Newfoundland; however, the age, sex, and subspecific composition (S. m. borealis and dresseri are both present) of this hunted population is not well quantified. The species, subspecies, age, and sex composition of the harvest was determined by examining heads collected from 1672 eiders (including Somateria spectabilis [King Eider]), taken mostly by hunters, from 1980–1996. Band-recovery information for Common Eiders banded in Newfoundland and Labrador were also summarized, including data from a release program of hand-reared ducklings in northern Newfoundland from 1988–1996. The composition of the eider harvest varied across the province. In northern and eastern areas, borealis Common Eiders made up the bulk of the harvest. King Eiders were also taken in these areas. In southern areas, most Common Eiders taken were dresseri. Sex ratios tend to be near 1:1, and immature birds comprised most of the harvest. Recovery distributions showed that Common Eiders breeding in Newfoundland and Labrador were mainly taken within the province, but also contributed to harvests in Québec and Nova Scotia, and to a lesser extent, Maine. Hand-reared ducklings had direct recovery rates of 0.047 and were most likely to be recovered within the province in the year of banding, but contributed to harvests in Atlantic Canada and New England as they aged. The harvest of eiders in Newfoundland varies regionally and seasonally; therefore specific harvest regulations could be implemented to manage the variety of populations present in the province throughout the year.
How Could Carbon Credits for Reducing Deforestation Compete with Returns from Palm Oil: A Proposal for a More Flexible REDD Valuation Tool

In order for carbon credits awarded for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation of forests (REDD) to be effective, they need to be competitive with alternative land uses. In the case of Southeast Asia, oil palm cultivation is one of the most lucrative possible land uses. Existing mechanisms for awarding certified emission reductions (CERs) might not be adequately flexible to changing commodity prices or to meet the needs of landowners who heavily discount future returns from their land. Real options could be a useful valuation tool for negotiating an annual contract that guarantees a minimum payment or “strike price” to the landowner depending on the potential returns from cultivation of their land. The real option based algorithm computes a competitive payment dependent on the relevant commodity prices contributing to land cover change. This article proposes a method whereby the risk is shared between the seller and buyer, providing a per hectare payment that favors the conservation of forests containing higher biomass per hectare.
Ontogenie und Lebenszyklus der Ulotrichales in phylogenetischer Sicht

Abstract The members of the Ulotrichales are integrated in a clear-cut taxonomic unit by corresponding features of their life cycle and their ontogenetic development. Phylogenetically this group represents a separate line of evolution, independent of groups with a branched or thalloid habit. The characteristic feature of the Ulotrichales is the diplohaplontic life cycle found in all genera. The diploid stage is a Codiolum-like cyst, which cannot be interpreted as a zygote or hypnozygote. In addition, gametes develop parthenogenetically into the sporophytic stage, while haploid zoospores re-establish the gametophyte. Monomorphic and trimorphic species are included in the order when morphology and ontogenetic development evidently call for their incorporation.
Optimal Use Of Phenotypic Data For Breeding Using Genomic Predictions

Genomic selection (GS) has created a lot of excitement and expectations in the animal and plant breeding research communities. In this review, we briefly describe how genomic prediction can be integrated into breeding efforts and point out achievements and areas where more research is needed. GS provides many opportunities to increase genetic gain in plant breeding per unit time and cost. Early empirical and simulation results are promising, but for GS to deliver genetic gains, a systems perspective, as well as, careful consideration of the problem of optimal resource allocation is needed. This means considering the cost-benefit balance of using markers for each trait and stage of the breeding cycle instead of only focusing on recurrent selection with GS on a few complex traits using prediction on unphenotyped individuals. With decreasing marker cost, phenotype data is quickly becoming the most valuable asset and markerassisted selection strategies should focus on making the most of scarce and expensive phenotypes. It is important to realize that markers can also improve accuracy of selection for phenotyped individuals. Use of markers as an aid to phenotype analysis suggests a number of new strategies in terms of experimental design and multi-trait models. GS also provides new ways to analyze and deal with genotype by environment interactions. Lastly, I point to some recent results showing that new models are needed to improve predictions particularly with respect to the use of distantly related individuals in the training population.
A new species of Saussurea (Asteraceae) from Tibet and its systematic position based on ITS sequence analysis

A new species of Saussurea, S. erecta S. W Liu, J. T Pan A J. Q. Liu sp. nov., is described from Tibet. It resembles S. kingii but may be distinguished by having distinct stems and glabrous achenes. Saussurea kingii was placed in sect. Pseudoeriocoryne of subgen. Eriocoryne; this section was circumscribed by acaulescence and an inflorescence with congested capitula surrounded by a rosette of leaves. The discovery of S. erecta with distinct stems, cauline leaves and corymbose capitula blurred the delimitation of sect. Pseudoeriocoryne and suggested that the section may be polyphyletic. Both the close relationship and the significant difference between S. erecta and S. kingii were confirmed by analyses of nrDNA ITS sequences. The resulting phylogenies based on ITS data further suggest that Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne, as traditionally defined, does not constitute a monophyletic group. The rapid radiation and speciation of Saussurea in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, as inferred from ITS phylogeny, are discussed. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.
The normal intestinal flora of the pig. IV. The effect of dietary supplements of penicillin, chlortetracycline or copper sulphate on the faecal flora.

SUMMARY Streptococci, lactobacilli and coli-aerogenes organisms were isolated from pigs receiving penicillin, chlortetracycline or copper sulphate as dietary supplements. Changes in their numbers, physiological type and sensitivity to the supplements fed are described. Penicillin and chlortetracycline rapidly induced a population resistant to the antibiotic fed, but no changes were detected in numbers or types of organisms isolated. Copper sulphate caused a reduction in the numbers of streptococci and a change of predominant type from non-lactose-fermenting to lactose-fermenting; there was also a change from a flora in which L. acidophilus predominated to one in which L. brevis and L. cellobiosus tended to become dominant.
Biological relationships among Siberians : craniometric, serological, and dermatoglyphic approaches

Siberian people, residing in the wide range bounded by the Urals to the West, Beringia to the East, Mongolia to the South, and Arctic to the North, form an important link between Asia, Europe and people in the New World. However, biological contribution of Siberians to Asians, Europeans and people in the New World were not sufficiently studied until recently. Previous extensive Siberian studies were mainly conducted by Russians and Japanese researchers, most of whom agreed that Siberians were clearly classified by typology. However, their typology is problematic when explaining tribes i.e., Evenks and Evens, who are exchanging genes and culture with their neighbors. Previous studies also contain problems such as methodology and lack of data especially for westerners because of political barriers between the U.S. and Russia. This study attempts to reveal biological relationships among Siberians. The extensive data, including 647 crania, more than 3000 fingerprints, and over 340 blood samples, are available from the wide Siberian regions. Biological variation is evaluated with Fst, and biological patterning is summarized with UPGMA clusters and contour maps. Furthermore, matrix comparisons between geography and biological data sets are investigated with Mantel t-test. Siberian biological variation in this study shows low variation except for crania. High cranial variation may hav,e resulted from the selection of measurements, environmental vi influences, selection and genetic drift. Low variation in dermatolyphics and blood may have been related to less environmental effects, and nature or function of blood and dermatoglyphic systems which are used in this study. Siberian biological relationships are patterned primarily regionally and linguistically. Southern Siberian Altaic speakers, for instance, are biologically close to one another. Such regional and linguistic patterning matches Russian typology. However, this study also showed three forces of Siberian population structure, reflecting Siberian history: a north-south connection reflecting dispersions of occupants through prehistory, a west-east connection indicating the migration and diffusion of Bronze cultures, and east and west influences in the Baikal regions reflecting cultural and political influences. Such distributions and migration patterns were insufficiently demonstrated by previous typological studies. Significant correlations between geography and finger ridge counts, fingers and blood, crania and blood, as well as crania and finger ridge counts indicate a common N-S connection. Today, the investigation of origins and divergence of Siberians are more difficult due to heavy admixture with Russians and decrease of "pure" indigenous tribes. This study provides useful biological information of Siberian indigenous populations and their history.
Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Cassia angustifolia. Seeds

Abstract Cassia angustifolia. Vahl (Leguminosae), commonly known as “sanaai,” is employed in various indigenous systems of medicine against several diseases, and almost every part of the plant has diverse medicinal properties. The seeds are used as an anthelmintic, digestive, and to treat piles, skin diseases, and abdominal troubles. According to Ayurveda, it has the property of reducing “kapha” and “Vata. ” The current communication provides a detailed account of the pharmacognostic investigation carried out on the seeds of C. angustifolia. The study includes macro- and microscopical details, SEM studies, fluorescence study of powder, physicochemical studies, and HPTLC fingerprinting. The seed is characterized by a finely ridged seed coat and palisade-like malpighian cells, discontinuous transparent linea lucida in the upper half of the malpighian layer, hilum simple and oblong. The study revealed that the seed samples procured from different places have similar morphological and physicochemical values. These observations are supported by TLC profiles. It was noted that the percentage of active principles (sennoside A and B) varied significantly in samples procured from different parts of the country.
Characterizing forest species composition using multiple remote sensing data sources and inventory approaches

Abstract The purpose of the study was to evaluate tree species composition estimated using combinations of different remotely sensed data with different inventory approaches for a forested area in Norway. Basal area species composition was estimated as both species proportions and main species by using data from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and airborne (multispectral and hyperspectral) imagery as auxiliary information in combination with three different inventory approaches: individual tree crown (ITC) approach; semi-individual tree crown (SITC) approach; and area-based approach (ABA). The main tree species classification obtained an overall accuracy higher than 86% for all ABA alternatives and for the two other inventory approaches (ITC and SITC) when combining ALS and hyperspectral imagery. The correlation between estimated species proportions and species proportions measured in the field was higher for coniferous species than for deciduous species and increased with the spectral resolution used. Especially, the ITC approach provided more accurate information regarding the proportion of deciduous species that occurred only in small proportions in the study area. Furthermore, the species proportion estimates of 83% of the plots deviated from field measured species proportions by two-tenths or less. Thus, species composition could be accurately estimated using the different approaches and the highest levels of accuracy were attained when ALS was used in combination with hyperspectral imagery. The accuracies obtained using the ABA in combination with only ALS data were encouraging for implementation in operational forest inventories.
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF ZIZIPHORA TENUIOR, TEUCRIUM POLIUM, BARBERIS CORCORDE AND STACHYS INFLATE

كچ ي هد فده و هقباس : گ ي ناها وراد يي لد هب ي ل بط ي ع ي هب تبسن ندوب نازرا و سرتسدرد ،مك ضراوع و تارطخ ،ندوب اهوراد ي تتنس ي ،ك ز فرصم ي دا ي دنراد مدرم طسوت . زورب اه تمواقم ي وراد يي لع ي ه اهوراد ي م دض ي بورك ي ش ي م ي ا يي ، اه لاس رد هك تسا هدش ببس ي خا ي ر گ زا هدافتسا هب ي ناها وراد يي اهتنوفع نامردرد هجوت ز ي دا ي دوش . ا فده ي ن قحت ي ،ق سررب ي اچ ،يشحو كشرز ،خلت هورم ،يهوك هنوپ يكلاورديه هراصع ييايرتكاب دض تارثا ي هوك ي دوب . شور و داوم اه : ه هراصع ي لكلاورد ي 4 گ هنوگ ي ها موب ي اسف ناتسرهش اه مان اب ،سراف ي هوك هنوپ ي سنجزا Ziziphora اچ ، ي هوك ي سنجزا Stachys سنجزا خلت هورم ، Teucrium چراز و ي ا شحو كشرز ي سنجزا Barberry درگ جارختسا ي د . رتكاب دض تارثا ي ا يي ا ي ن گ ي ناها د زا راشتنا شور طسوت ي كس هتو ي ه تقر اه ي م لاوت ي زرا ي با ي دش . د زا ،شور ندوب درادناتسا و لرتنك روظنم هب ي كس اه ي تنآ ي ب ي تو ي ك ي وس و ي ه اه ي رتكاب درادناتسا ي لا دش هدافتسا . هتفاي اه : تقر 8 / 1 زا گ هراصع ي ها تقر و خلت هورم 4 / 1 زا گ هراصع ي ها هت شور رد چراز ي ه لاوتم تقر ي تارثا اهم ر گدننك ي دنتشاد دشر . زرا ي ا ب ي اتن ي ج د زا راشتنا شور ي كس ن ي ز اقم رد ي هس د اب ي كس اه ي تنآ ي ب ي تو ي ،ك ثات ي ر ا ي ن گ ود ي ها اقم رد ار ي هس د اب ي كس اه ي سكومآ ي س ي ل ي ،ن س ي ساسكولفورپ ي ،ن و اموكن ي س ي ن ا و ي م ي ود دشر اب هلباقم رد ،منپ وس ي ه E.coli ATCC 25922 و S.aureus ATCC 25923 داد ناشن ، . هجيتن يريگ : اتن ي ج ا ي ن د تاعلاطم و هعلاطم ي نارگ م ناشن ي اه هراصع هك دهد ي گ ي ناها وراد يي م ي اج دنناوت ي رگ ي ن اهوراد ي ش ي م ي ا يي ارب ي دنوش اه تنوفع نامرد . ا تارثا همه هتبلا ي ن اب اهراصع ي د رد in vitro و in vivo تقد هب سررب ي دنوش . هژاو يديلك ياه : گ ي ناها وراد يي ، رتكاب دض تارثا ي لا ، قم وراد تموا يي
The Evolution of Plasmids Carrying Multiple Resistance Genes: The Role of Segregation, Transposition, and Homologous Recombination

We used a mathematical model and experiments with laboratory populations of Escherichia coli to examine conditions for the evolution of plasmids conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics. In our model and its experimental analogue, two different resistance genes are initially carried on separate plasmids, and recombination between the plasmids can generate a third element that carries both resistances. The environment is such that only cells carrying the two resistance genes can replicate. Our simulations predict that under these conditions, populations carrying a single plasmid with both resistance genes increase in frequency at a rate approximately equal to that at which the two-plasmid state decays by vegetative segregation. When the segregation rate is high, the pace of evolution is nearly independent of the rates of recombination and plasmid transfer or of whether the antibiotic is bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal. In the main, our experimental results are consistent with these predictions. When the complementary genes were borne on incompatible plasmids and segregation occurred at a high rate (0.4 h-1), stable inheritance of the resistance genes evolved in less than 150 generations. In the majority of cases, the stable state was achieved by the evolution of a single transmissible plasmid carrying both resistance genes. Variation in rates of conjugation, recombination, and fitness had little or no effect on the rate at which the stable state evolved. When the resistance genes were borne on compatible plasmids and segregation rates were low (0.01 h-1 or lower), there was no evidence for an evolutionary change of the plasmids, although genetic variants were probably generated. Not all of the experimental results were anticipated from our theoretical analysis. In some cases, stable inheritance of the complementary resistance genes was obtained by the movement of one gene to the chromosome and the persistence of the other gene on an unaltered plasmid. In a few cases, we could not determine the molecular basis of evolution.
Competition‐dependent incompatibility in Phormium tenax: Does self‐fertilisation provide reproductive assurance?

Abstract New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax) has a reproductive system in which the early abscission of selfed flowers is determined by the degree of competition with crossed fruits on the same plant. It has been suggested that this functions as a form of reproductive assurance, allowing for high levels of outcrossing when pollinators are abundant, while ensuring seedset when pollinators are scarce. We performed experimental crosses and mating system estimation in natural populations to determine whether P. tenax can set seed in the absence of pollinators, and how pure and mixed pollen loads influence reproductive success and population‐level selfing rates. Phormium tenax can set seed autonomously, although if other flowers on the plant are available for outcrossing, resources are preferentially allocated to maturing those fruits. Experimental crosses suggest that flowers pollinated with mixtures of selfed and outcrossed pollen can result in fruitset, although fruitset is reduced if flowers pollinated with mixed pollen loads compete with cross‐pollinated flowers. Despite the potential for geitonogamy in P. tenax, outcrossing rates from five populations showed that these populations were universally outcrossing (t = 0.83–1.06). In P. tenax, self‐compatibility in the absence of competition from outcrossed pollen can provide some reproductive assurance, but in large populations, selfing and mixed mating rarely occur.
Biases in quantitative genetic analyses using open-pollinated progeny tests from natural tree populations

Abstract In plant quantitative genetic studies conducted ex situ, the large number of seeds produced per individual has promoted the use of open-pollinated progeny tests. In subsequent analyses, seeds collected on the same mother-plant are assumed to be half-sibs. The consequences of the departure from half-sib assumption in progeny tests have been investigated since the 1960s using simulation approaches and, more recently, using molecular-based experimental approaches. This review aims to synthesize the results and conclusions of these simulation and empirical studies. We focus on tree species, where controlled crosses are difficult to carry out experimentally and departures from half-sib assumptions occur frequently in natural populations. First, the average level of relatedness expected within maternal progeny for many tree populations is higher than that of half-sibs. This is the consequence of non-random mating resulting from the small number of effective pollen donors per female, unequal male reproductive success and/or selfing. As result, estimates of genetic variance and heritability for quantitative traits may be upward biased. Alternatively, inbreeding depression, dominance effects and the heterogeneity of the male gamete pool among females are often neglected, which may lead to underestimation of the heritability of traits. A correction based on the mean genetic relatedness between offspring and the relatedness between parents is often used to compensate those biases. However, such correction cannot accurately adjust the estimates in situations where variable levels of genetic relatedness among families, dominance effects or inbreeding depression exist within the progeny. An alternative and promising approach is the use of the “animal model” approach, which optimizes the use of molecular data and paternal information to estimate heritability more accurately.
Trade-Offs and Ontogenetic Changes in Resistance and Tolerance to Insect Herbivory in Arabidopsis

Premise of research. As plants grow and develop larger roots and leaves, their access to resources increases. Consequently, reproductive plants should be able to invest in defense against herbivores more than younger plants. However, because plant defense may occur through resistance (traits that reduce herbivore damage) or tolerance (traits that reduce the negative effects of damage on plant fitness), ontogenetic changes in the pattern of resource allocation to growth, defense, and reproduction are likely to influence the relative investment in resistance and tolerance. Currently, many mechanisms of resistance are known, while mechanisms of tolerance are still rather unexplored. We investigated whether resistance and tolerance increase with ontogeny, whether tolerance is costly (i.e., lower seed production in the absence of damage), whether the relative investment into these two modes of defense changes with ontogeny, and whether plant growth rate and certain biomass allocation patterns are associated with tolerance. Methodology. In a greenhouse experiment, we measured resistance and tolerance to the generalist herbivore Trichoplusia ni in seven accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana at three ontogenetic stages: early vegetative (four-leaf rosette), first flower, and first fruit. Pivotal results. Both resistance and tolerance to T. ni larvae increased from the vegetative stage to flowering and remained high through fruiting in A. thaliana. We found a negative association between resistance and tolerance that was very pronounced at the vegetative stage, decreased during flowering, and disappeared by the fruiting stage. We also found a cost of tolerance at the vegetative stage but not in later stages. Growth rate did not influence tolerance, but plants with greater root ∶ shoot ratios were more tolerant of herbivory. Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that both resistance and tolerance increase with ontogeny and that the cost of tolerance and a pronounced trade-off between resistance and tolerance faded through ontogeny.