Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exotoxinas proteicas de cepas de Vibrio penaeicida y Vibrio nigripulchritudo, patogénicas para camarón

The pathogenicity of two V. penaeicida strains, AM101 and KH-1, with different geographic origin, and V. nigripulchritudo strain AM102, were investigated in juvenile blue shrimp species Litopenaeus stylirostris. Alive bacteria and protein fractions (PFs) obtained from cell-free supernatants (CFS) were used in experimental challenges. Strains AM102, AM101, and KH-1 produced respectively 60, 54 and 12% mortality at 96 h after infection using 10 4 cfu mL –1 of bacterial suspension. Exocellular toxin-like factors were evidenced in CFS from the New Caledonian strains (AM102 and AM101) but not in the Japanese strain (KH-1). At 48 h post injection of each CFS, mortality rates were respectively 96, 98 and 5% when these strains were cultivated at 20°C, whereas only 0, 16 and 5% mortality rates were observed when these strains were cultivated at 30oC. Clear differences in pathogenicity between both V. penaeicida strains of distinct geographic origin (AM101 and KH-1) were thus emphasized. Protein fractions were obtained from CFS of all the strains tested in this study and cultivated at 20°C, by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Whatever the used strain, significantly higher mortalities were produced with PFs obtained with 0–40% of ammonium sulfate saturation, in respect to those produced with PFs60 and PFs80. Shrimp injected with PFs40 from strains AM102, AM101 and KH-1, and at a 20-µg org –1 dose produced respectively 100, 90 and 60% mortality 46 h after the challenge. The strain AM101 showed a median lethal dose of approximately 5 µg protein org –1 (1–1.25 µg protein g –1 body weight) 59 h after injection. The PFs40 from New Caledonian strains were found sensitive to heating and proteinase K treatments, reinforcing thus the hypothesis of their proteinaceous nature. Surprisingly, PFs40 from each bacterial strain displayed similar protein bands by SDS-PAGE suggesting that the tested strains share a common exotoxic compound regardless their distinct geographic origin or species.
RENDIMIENTO, HETEROSIS Y DEPRESIÓN ENDOGÁMICA DE CRUZAS SIMPLES DE MAÍZ YIELD, HETEROSIS AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION OF SINGLE CROSSES OF MAIZE Nérida Escorcia-Gutiérrez, José D. Molina-Galán*, Fernando Castillo-González y

RESUMEN Se evaluaron en tres localidades las generaciones F 1 , F 2 y F 3 de las 45 cruzas simples posibles entre 10 lineas de maiz ( Zea mays L.) con nueve o mas autofecundaciones. Las lineas fueron derivadas en forma aleatoria del compuesto varietal ‘Xolache’ de la raza Chalqueno. Se estimaron los efectos de aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) de las lineas y los efectos de aptitud combinatoria especifica (ACE) de las cruzas y con estos estimadores se construyo la estructura genetica de las cruzas (X ij = µ + g i + g j + s ij ). Con base en la estructura genetica fue posible explicar el potencial de rendimiento, la heterosis y la depresion endogamica de cada cruza. En las cruzas con rendimiento alto, la aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) fue alta en al menos una de sus lineas y la aptitud combinatoria especifica (ACE) de las cruzas tambien fue alta. En las cruzas con rendimiento bajo, al menos una de sus lineas tuvo ACG baja y los efectos de ACE fueron negativos con alto valor absoluto. En las cruzas con rendimiento alto y heterosis alta participo cuando menos una linea de alta ACG y los efectos de ACE fueron positivos con valor absoluto alto. En las cruzas con rendimiento alto y heterosis baja participo cuando menos una linea de alta ACG y los efectos de ACE fueron cercanos a cero. En las cruzas con depresion endogamica alta, los efectos de ACE fueron positivos con valor absoluto alto, mientras que en las de baja depresion endogamica, las dos lineas tuvieron alta ACG y los efectos de ACE fueron cercanos a cero. Por tanto, los programas de mejoramiento genetico de maiz por hibridacion, debieran tener una base de lineas de alta ACG y alto rendimiento, en cuyas cruzas simples seria posible identificar las de mayor heterosis. Palabras clave:
Full Length Research Paper Molecular diagnosis of avian respiratory diseases in commercial broiler chicken flocks in province of Najaf, Iraq

Avian influenza virus subtype 9 and Newcastle virus have been recognized as the most important pathogens in poultry . In Najaf governorate, Iraq, many chickens flocks suffered from high mortality (about 30-70%) with respiratory signs. In this study, trachea swabs and tissue specimens from 53 commercial broiler chicken flocks suffering from respiratory diseases were tested initially by rapid test for antigen influenza type A and by reverse transcription PCR for avian flu virus type A, H5, H7, H9, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The reverse transcription PCR results showed that 75% of these flocks were infected with both avian flu virus type H9 and NDV whereas 25% of them were infected only by H9. On the other hand all flocks were negative for subtypes H5, H7. Our data showed that above mentioned respiratory pathogens were the most important agents of respiratory diseases giving high mortality in broiler chicken in the area of the study.
Fluctuation in density of ciliates in Bukan dam reservoir ,Zarrinehrud, Iran

The abundance and species composition of ciliates were analyzed in the Bukan Dam Reservoir (West Azerbaijan, Iran) from January to December 2008. Surface water samples were collected at monthly intervals from the middle (Stations 1 and 3) and shallow (Stations 2 and 4) areas of the lake. Three samples were taken in the water column using a 5-litre sampler. Totally 30 liters water was collected, 200 ml of which was fixed immediately with 8.6 ml of a saturated HgCl 2 solution and stained with 0.04% bromophenol blue. Three subsamples were counted in a 5-ml chamber and examined with a microscope (100 x) as well as Chlorophyll a and a few ecological parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, transperancy and water temperature were measured. Totally 50 ciliates species were found in Bukan Dam Reservoir. Regarding the density, a high-density period was detected from January to April with a mean density of 2.86 x 10 3 cells.l -1 Ciliata at stations 1 and 3 and 4.16 x 10 3 cells.l -1 at stations 2 and 4. The high density of ciliate in summer may be due to the increase in the density of bacteria and moderate metazooplankton as a result of the appearance of non-edible algae. The ciliata occurring at the highest densities were Coleps tessellates, Didinium nasutum, Paradileptus elephantinus, Stentor polymorphus, Zosterograptus labiatus, Paramecium bursaria, Cyclidium citrullus, Vorticella campanula, Halteria grandinella and Aspidisca costata. The maximum and minimum chlorophyll a values observed at the reservoir water were 10.39 µg. l -l and 1.0 µg. l -l being obtained in May and Octobor respectively.
Leishmania chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937: indigenous or introduced? A brief review Leishmania chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937: nativa ou introduzida? Uma breve revisão Leishmania chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937: ¿nativa o introducida? Una breve revisión

This review focused on the etiology of American visceral leishmaniasis due to a recent polemic regarding the origin of its etiological agent, Leishmania chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937. This parasite was described as a new Leishmania species in light of its inability to produce experimentally visceral disease in domestic dogs; this characteristic distinguished it from the other prior known etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin of Europe, Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908. After 50 years of Leishmania chagasi investigation, the genus Leishmania was reviewed and the parasite was reclassified as a member of the subgenus Leishmania, species Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Recently, after molecular analysis using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique that compared L. (L.) chagasi with L. (L.) infantum, it was concluded that these species were genetically indistinguishable and, therefore, L. (L.) chagasi was regarded as synonymous with L. (L.) infantum. For this reason, this review has evaluated all knowledge concerning the eco-epidemiology of L. (L.) chagasi in the Brazilian Amazon, principally in regard to the sylvatic habits of its phlebotomine sandfly vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, and its vertebrate reservoir, the wild fox Cerdocyon thous, with the aim of showing that L. (L.) chagasi cannot be neglected from the parasitological investigation of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World; it must be considered, at least, at the subspecific level as Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi.
Genetic basis of the RhD-positive and RhD-negative blood group polymorphism as determined by Southern analysis

Several lines of evidence have previously indicated that the RhD, c, and E blood group antigens are most likely carried by three distinct but homologous red blood cell membrane proteins. To determine whether these polypeptides are encoded by one or several related genes, we have performed Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA prepared from donors of different Rh phenotypes. Using an entire Rh cDNA probe and several exon- specific probes covering the cloned gene from its 5′ to 3′ ends, we have shown that the Rh locus carried by the genome of RhD-positive individuals is composed of two different but strongly related genes of identical general organization whether they expressed the C or c and E or e antigens, and, surprisingly, even when they do not express these epitopes, as in the D-- phenotype. The only antigenic variation found to be associated with a consistent genomic polymorphism corresponded to the RhD-positive/RhD-negative phenotypes. Indeed, one of the two Rh genes was completely lacking when the genomes of several unrelated RhD- negative donors were analyzed. From the present study we conclude that one of the two genes of the Rh locus encodes the RhC/c and RhE/e polypeptides while the other encodes the RhD protein. The absence of any D gene and of its postulated allelic form d in the RhD-negative genome explains finally why no Rhd antigen has ever been shown.
Identification of lactic acid bacteria with bio-preservative potential isolated from contaminated avian blood obtained at the slaughterhouse Identificación de bacterias ácido lácticas con potencial biopreservador aisladas a partir de sangre aviar obtenida en mataderos

SUMMARY Blood is a common by-product of the meat industry, which has several potential applications in the animal feed industry. However, since blood is highly susceptible to microbial spoilage, blood and its fractions are often not suitable ingredients for the feed industry. Biopreservation appears as an alternative for the improvement of blood’s quality towards its use as an ingredient in foodstuff. The objective of this work was to isolate and identify Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in avian blood obtained from industrial slaughterhouses and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Ninety-six LAB were isolated from avian blood and genotyped. Eleven Amplified rDNA Restriction Analysis groups were identified. Between two and five different species were detected in each blood sample (31 strains in all blood samples) which were selected to study antagonistic activity. Twenty-eight of them produced antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids, 11 strains produced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), and two released bacteriocin-like compounds. The latter, identified as Lactobacillus salivarius (DSPV 027SA) and Enterococcus faecalis (DSPV 008SA), inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some serotypes of Salmonella spp. These two LAB strains would be candidates for potential application as a blood biopreservation system. This biotechnological tool is cheaper than others sanitation techniques and could reduce the risk of pathogens transmission thought food chain.
Diversidade filogenética de archaea metanogênica em dietas com diferentes proporções de feno

The objective of this research was to detect the presence of archaea in the bovine rumen using genetic sequences from the conserved region of the 16S rDNA. Samples were collected from bovines that were fed two different experimental dietetic ratios of roughage to concentrate. The 16S rDNA region was amplified using PCR and analyzed using the Phred/Phrap/Consed programs. For the treatment with 70% hay diet 96 sequences related to the Methanobacteriaceae family, 47 sequences from non-cultured archaea, and 60 sequences from unknown archaea were identified by the BLAST analysis. For the treatment with 30% hay diet the BLAST analysis identified 125 sequences belonging to the Methanobacteriaceae fa-mily 42 sequences from non-cultured archaea, and 32 sequences from unknown archaea. The analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences of archaea collected from the bovine rumen, allows more sequences matching the unknown archaea were identified in the treatment with 70% hay.
Interleukin-6 regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) expression in malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

We showed previously that human malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components through the action of metalloproteinases and that elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) correlated with a poor clinical outcome in patients with NHL. In the present study we sought to investigate whether there is any correlation between the expression of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), TIMP-1, and the expression of cytokines and growth factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor  (TNF-), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in human NHL. In lymphoma tissues obtained from 32 patients, elevated expression of IL-6 correlated significantly with elevated messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-1. Moreover, in human lymphoid cell lines of B- and T-cell origin (Raji, Jurkat, and NC-37), IL-6 stimulated production of MMP-9 and MMP-2 but not TIMP-1. In the Matrigel invasion assay IL-6 significantly upregulated transmigration of Raji and Jurkat cells, which in turn was inhibited by recombinant human TIMP-1 and anti-MMP-9 and MMP-2 antibodies. We postulate that IL-6 may play a role in the clinical aggressiveness of human NHL by stimulating MMP production.
Simple and Rapid Detection of the Newly Described Mutations in the HLA-H Gene

To the Editor: A candidate gene for hereditary hemochromatosis has been recently described[1][1] (Feder et al, 1996). Two different nucleotide substitutions have been found on the cDNA sequence of that gene in a sample of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. The most important sequence
Production of heterologous proteins using S. cerevisiae expression system

* Corresponding author. E-mail: elena.serviene@botanika.lt In the present work, yeast expression vectors bearing either thioredoxin-encoding gene fused with Abeta peptide (trx-ab) or its mutant sequence or glucose dehydrogenase gene fused with Abeta (GDH-ab) under the control of galactose-inducible CYC1-GAL promoter were constructed. After a successful transformation of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, 3PMR-1, 21PMR and α’1 the eukaryotic producents of the hybrid proteins were isolated. Analysis of stability of heterologous expression plasmids indicated a 90–95% maintenance of auxotrophic markers and only 50% of that of trx-ab or GDH-ab genes. Optimization of cultivation allowed a synthesis of ~20 μg of thioredoxin-Abeta and GDH-Abeta proteins from 1 g of wet yeast biomass.
Seven new species of Allorhogas (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Mexico Siete especies nuevas de Allorhogas (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) de México

Seven new Mexican species of the gall associated doryctine genus Allorhogas are described, illustrated and molecularly characterized: A. amuzgo sp. nov., A. coccolobae sp. nov., A. crassifemur sp. nov., A. jaliscoensis sp. nov., A. marshi sp. nov., A. parvus sp. nov., and A. scotti sp. nov. These new species were collected in tropical dry forests situated along the Pacific coast of Mexico in the states of Jalisco, Oaxaca and Guerrero. Allorhogas coccolobae was reared from leaf galls probably induced by an unidentified cecidomyiid (Diptera) on Coccoloba barbadensis Jacq. , representing the first record of this genus on Polygonaceae galls. A key to the described Mexican species of Allorhogas is provided.
Variation in parental investment and relative clutch mass of the spiny-tail iguana, Ctenosaura pectinata (Squamata: Iguanidae) in central México

We measured the length, width, volume, and weight of 871 freshly laid eggs of 28 clutches of Ctenosaura pectinata. The iguanas were obtained from a tropical dry forest area in central Mexico. The relative clutch mass was related positively to the average egg weight but not to average egg volume. Unlike what usually occurs in lizards, where the body length strongly predicts egg production, in C. pectinata clutch size and egg size were not correlated with female weight or snout-vent length. Observed differences revealed variation in the weight-size of the egg within an individual clutch. Therefore, there is not an optimization of the egg in the studied population of Ctenosaura, as usually occurs in small lizards. This variation associated with reproduction takes place in the middle of the dry season, and may be interpreted as an adaptation to facilitate the adjustment of different phenotypes in environments with extreme drought.
The lysine demethylase LSD1 regulates nuclear envelope formation at the end of mitosis

The metazoan nucleus is disassembled and re-built at every mitotic cell division. The nuclear envelope, including nuclear pore complexes, breaks down at the beginning of mitosis to accommodate the capture of massively condensed chromosomes by the spindle apparatus. At the end of mitosis, a nuclear envelope is newly formed around each set of segregating and de-condensing chromatin. We review the current understanding of the membrane restructuring events involved in the formation of the nuclear membrane sheets of the envelope, the mechanisms governing nuclear pore complex assembly and integration in the nascent nuclear membranes, and the regulated coordination of these events with chromatin de-condensation.
Self-sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenases from Bacillus thuringiensis: amplification and comparative sequence analysis

* Corresponding author. E-mail: donaldas.citavicius@gf.vu. lt Four primers targeting the self-sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene in the Bacillus cereus group were designed in this study. PCR was carried out using these primers, and Bacillus thuringiensis wild type strains C32 and 1.2 as well as the reference strain HER1410 were proven to possess this gene. Our results also showed that B. thuringiensis C32 possesses two different copies of this gene. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative sequence analysis were performed in order to evaluate the differences between the sequences of B. thuringiensis C32, 1.2 and HER1410 as well as those from the public databases. The sequence of B. thuringiensis HER1410 clustered with that of B. cereus 14579T, and the sequences of B. thuringiensis C32 and 1.2 clustered with that of Bacillus weihenstephanensis KBAB4. The sequences of both B. thuringiensis Al Hakam and B. thuringiensis serovar konkukian 97–27 did not cluster with strains C32, 1.2 and HER1410. The diversity of CYP102A in B. thuringiensis strains implies that this species represents an excellent potential resource of different self-sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.
Tansley Review No. 55 Structure and expression of genes coding for structural proteins of the plant cell wall

SUMMARY The best-known protein components of the plant cell wall have highly repetitive, proline-rich sequences. The use of recombinant DNA approaches has enabled complete sequences of these proteins to be determined and features of the expression of the corresponding genes to be examined. These results, coupled with the use of immunological techniques, have shown that proline-rich proteins are interesting probes to study developmental and defence processes in plants. In this review, the sequence and expression of different groups of proline-rich proteins in plants are presented. These groups include hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) or extensins, proline-rich proteins (PRP) and glycine-rich proteins (GRP). The specific features of each group and the possible functions of these proteins are discussed, as well as the data available on the mechanisms controlling the expression of their corresponding genes.
Characterization of Tilletia goloskokovii and allied species

Isolates of Tilletia goloskokovii infecting Apera interrupta collected in the Pacific Northwest were characterized and compared to the T. fusca complex and related taxa. The previous known dis- tribution of T. goloskokovii is based on one collection from Kazakhstan; the 24 isolates from the Pacific Northwest represent the first report of this species in North America. Comparison of teliospore morphol- ogy, host range, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length poly- morphisms (RFLP) of the ITS region showed that T. goloskokovii is distinct from the European species, T separata, the only other smut fungus infecting an Apera host. Mean length, width, depth of reticula- tions and meshes per teliospore diameter were sig- nificantly different between T separata and T golos- kokovii. RAPD analysis indicated that T goloskokovii is more similar to T separata than to the T fusca complex. Two major clusters were separated in the dendrogram based on RAPD analysis, one cluster with isolates of T. controversa, brome-infecting varie- ties of T. fusca, and the Apera-infecting isolates, and a second cluster with Vulpia-infecting isolates of T. fusca. Tilletia sphaerococca and T menieri, morpho- logically similar but distinct taxa, were compared to T. separata and T goloskokovii. The importance of considering host specificity and molecular characters in addition to morphological characters in delimiting discrete taxa in the genus Tilletia is discussed.
The Roll-Tube Method for Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes

Habitats devoid of oxygen include the interior of the alimentary tracts of most mammals, the lower portions of many oligotrophic lakes, the sediment underlying bodies of water, and water logged soils. Water, the continuous phase in all these habitats, is chiefly responsible for the lack of O2. One ml of water equilibrated with air contains only about 8 /il of O2, compared to 210 ? l 02/ml of air. This oxygen is soon used by aerobic microbes if other suitable foods are available. Oxygen is re moved by metabolism as rapidly as it enters anaerobic habitats. Both euryoxic and anaerobic bacteria have evolved in these habitats. In most continuously anaerobic habitats obligate anaerobes are more a bundant than euryoxic types, possibly because the latter bear a burden of aerobic metabolic capacities unused in the anaerobic environment. Usual aerobic petri plates or similar containers are suitable to culture the euryoxic microbes, but most anaerobes fail to grow in the presence of air. The anaerobes can be classed as oxyduric, i.e. surviving exposure to O2 but not growing in its presence, and oxylabile Species, killed by exposure to O2. Many oxyduric anaerobes can be handled in much the same fashion as aerobes, except that after plates are streaked they must be incubated