Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke using magnetic resonance imaging

The original description of the ischaemic penumbra asserted that both cerebral blood flow and metabolism would be required to monitor therapeutic intervention in acute ischaemic stroke. However, imaging in stroke trials has predominantly used biomarkers of infarction or perfusion-weighted signal to identify the pathophysiological processes that occur. This approach has neither identified novel treatment targets, nor been shown to consistently select patients who might benefit from intervention. The aim of this thesis was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers to identify and describe the pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke in patients. Patients admitted to the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford were recruited into a clinical imaging study. Serial imaging data were acquired, predominantly in the first hours after symptom onset, to capture the early dynamics of brain pathophysiology. Tissue status was meticulously defined over time to ensure robust interpretation of the novel imaging biomarkers: multiple post labeling delay arterial spin labeling to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF), and amide proton transfer to generate an intracellular pH-weighted signal. At a group level, the regions with the most severe injury had the lowest mean CBF and the greatest acidosis at presentation. There was a gradient of mean CBF and pH-weighted signal from the most ischaemic tissue to healthy tissue, but at the level of the individual there was considerable overlap in both parameters. The dynamics of perfusion were not sufficient to explain tissue outcome. Both acidosis and alkalosis were observed up to 24 hours in tissue that infarcted, and the nature of the pH change correlated with the timing of infarction. These data show that single imaging biomarkers cannot explain the pathophysiology of stroke and tissue fate. There is heterogeneity of pathophysiology both within and between patients, and the dynamics of these processes vary. Insight from pH-weighted imaging highlights the limitations of using perfusion imaging alone to assess tissue status, and supports the use of complementary metabolic imaging in the investigation of ischaemic stroke.
HERBAL DRUG-INDUCED ADVERSE DRUG REACTION: A CASE REPORT

The present study done to focus many adverse drug reactions unrecorded with either patients failing to present to health services due to herbal medicine or no pharmacovigilance analysis is being made. In this case, a 55-year-old female patient with 41 kg weight, she received herbal treatment for gastritis and menstrual disturbance since November 2015. After administration of drug, she suddenly developed 23 small vesicles over neck and upper chest. Few vesicles ruptured over 4–5 days and few gradually increased in size to form bulla. The use of herbal drug has increased tremendously across the world in recent times. Hence, it has become important for pharmacovigilance of herbal drugs and adverse effect issues for the consumers and health-care professionals as it is complex to analyze these products than the conventional pharmaceuticals. “Safe” and “natural” cannot be used anonymously. Sufficient adverse drug monitoring of herbal drugs is as important as any other formularies.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS AND HAZARDS AMONG EMERGENCY MEDICAL RESPONDERS (EMR)IN MANSOURA CITY

Aim of work: This research was done to assess the possibility of higher levels of psychosocial stressors and related hazards (burnout, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder) among EMR compared to control group. Objective assessment of stress exposure was done through measuring levels of urinary cathecholamines. Methods: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted upon (140) emergency medical responders (EMR) and a matched control group composed of (140) non-emergency workers. The groups studied were interviewed using semi structured questionnaireincluding sociodemographic data, job stressors, Malach burnout inventory (MBI),Beck depression inventory (BDI) and Davidson Trauma scale for PTSD. Urine cathecholamine levels were assessed in subsample of studied population. Results: The most severe acute stressors among EMR were dealing with traumatic events followed by dealing with serious accidents and young victims. Chronic stressors were more commonly reported among EMR compared to comparison group. EMR had higher prevalence of high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization compared tocomparative group. More than tenth of EMR had clinical level of PTSD compared to 3% only of comparison group. The mean levels of epinephrine and Nor epinephrine were significantly higher among EMR compared to comparative group. Conclusion: EMR had perceived dealing with traumatic events and serious accidents as the most severeacute stressors. EMR group had higher prevalence of chronic work related stressors than comparative groups.EMR had higher levels of burnout and PTSD compared to control group. Depression was not statistically significant different between EMR and control group.
Application of Ultrasound to Pharmaceutical Industry : An Overview

The term “ultrasound” means vibrations similar to sound waves with a frequency higher than 20 kHz. US waves, apart from sharing the usual properties of sound, they also show some new properties owing to high energies. This makes ultrasonic waves to find use in engineering, material science and medicine. The ability to tune the frequency and amplitude of ultrasonic waves makes this technology attractive in pharmaceutical field also. Ultrasound is a promising technology with wide applications in pharmacy such as in controlling particle size, controlled crystallization, production of nano materials, enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drug candidates. Furthermore, ultrasound can be used in effluent treatment, separation and concentration of particulate sub-populations based on dimensions and physical properties. US technology is also found useful in processing and formulating delicate biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids because it ensures structural integrity of the molecules.
Cell senescence, apoptosis and DNA damage cooperate in the remodeling processes accounting for heart morphogenesis

During embryonic development, organ morphogenesis requires major tissue rearrangements that are tightly regulated at the genetic level. A large number of studies performed in recent decades assigned a central role to programmed cell death for such morphogenetic tissue rearrangements that often sculpt the shape of embryonic organs. However, accumulating evidence indicates that far from being the only factor responsible for sculpting organ morphology, programmed cell death is accompanied by other tissue remodeling events that ensure the outcome of morphogenesis. In this regard, cell senescence has been recently associated with morphogenetic degenerative embryonic processes as an early tissue remodeling event in development of the limbs, kidney and inner ear. Here, we have explored cell senescence by monitoring β‐galactosidase activity during embryonic heart development where programmed cell death is believed to exert an important morphogenetic function. We report the occurrence of extensive cell senescence foci during heart morphogenesis. These foci overlap spatially and temporally with the areas of programmed cell death that are associated with remodeling of the outflow tract to build the roots of the great arteries and with the septation of cardiac cavities. qPCR analysis allowed us to identify a gene expression profile characteristic of the so‐called senescence secretory associated phenotype in the remodeling outflow tract of the embryonic heart. In addition, we confirmed local upregulation of numerous tumor suppressor genes including p21, p53, p63, p73 and Btg2. Interestingly, the areas of cell senescence were also accompanied by intense lysosomal activation and non‐apoptotic DNA damage revealed by γH2AX immunolabeling. Considering the importance of sustained DNA damage as a triggering factor for cell senescence and apoptosis, we propose the coordinated contribution of DNA damage, senescence and apoptotic cell death to assure tissue remodeling in the developing vertebrate heart.
Multiplexed Paper Microfluidics for Titration and Detection of Ingredients in Beverages

Food safety and access to systematic approaches for ensuring detection of food hazards is an important issue in most developing countries. With the arrival of paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) as a promising, rapid, easy-to-use, and low-cost analytical tool, we demonstrated a simple microfluidic-based titration study for the analysis of packaged fruit juices. Similar, to the titration experiments using traditional glassware in chemistry laboratories, in this study the titration experiments were developed using paper microfluidics for the analysis of several analytes such as pH, vitamin C, sugars, and preservatives present in the packaged fruit juices. The allergen found commonly in dairy based mixtures and the non-pathogenic biochemical component responsible for food spoilage in cider based fruit juices were also determined. The results obtained using paper microfluidics were compared with those obtained using a conventional spectrophotometric technique. Finally, a paper microfluidics based multiplexed sensor was developed for the analysis of common nutritional ingredients, an allergen, and a non-pathogenic byproduct present in packaged fruit juices on a single platform. Overall, the results presented in this study reveal that the proposed paper microfluidic assisted colorimetric multiplexed sensor offers a quick and reliable tool for on-spot routine analysis for food safety applications.
Higher Maternal Diet Quality during Pregnancy and Lactation Is Associated with Lower Infant Weight-For-Length, Body Fat Percent, and Fat Mass in Early Postnatal Life

Maternal pregnancy nutrition influences fetal growth. Evidence is limited, however, on the relationship of maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation on infant postnatal growth and adiposity. Our purpose was to examine associations between maternal diet quality during pregnancy and lactation with offspring growth and body composition from birth to six months. Maternal diet quality was serially assessed in pregnancy and at one and three months postpartum, using the Healthy Eating Index–2015 in a cohort of 354 fully breastfeeding mother–infant dyads. Infant length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-length (WLZ) Z-scores were assessed at birth, one, three, and six months. Infant body fat percent (BF%), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured at six months using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Higher maternal diet quality from pregnancy through three months postpartum was associated with lower infant WLZ from birth to six months (p = 0.02) and BF% at six months (p ≤ 0.05). Higher maternal diet quality at one and three months postpartum was also associated with lower infant FM at six months (p < 0.01). In summary, maternal diet quality during pregnancy and lactation was inversely associated with infant relative weight and adiposity in early postnatal life. Additional research is needed to explore whether associations persist across the life course.
To tell or not to tell: Dimensions of disclosure to children with HIV in the Zambezi region of Northern Namibia

ABSTRACT The survival rates of prenatally HIV-infected children in Africa have significantly improved with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Few studies examined the HIV status disclosure of children and the sociodemographics of their caregivers in Northern Namibia. This was a cross-sectional exploratory study with a sample of 83 caregiver-child dyads of HIV-affected children ages 6–18 in Namibia. The mean age of caregivers was 37.1 [range 15–93, SD = 11.9], and the majority were female (87.5%). More than half of the HIV-infected children (55.7%) were between 6–10 years of age at the time of the study. More than two thirds of children (67.1%) had their HIV diagnosis disclosed to them. Some caregivers believed it was very important (42.2%) or good (39.8%) to disclose the HIV status to children, and just a few (3.6%) mentioned it was not important at all. More research is warranted to describe HIV-infected children accessing ART and their caregivers to better inform HIV/AIDS interventions and policies.
Understanding Families' Definitions and Perspectives of Family-Centered Early Intervention Programs.

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 2 6 Evolution of Family Involvement . 26 Implications of the Theoretical Framework . 31 Transactional Theory of Development . 31 Family Systems T h e o r y . 33 Ecological Theory of Human Development . 36 Family-Centered Practices . 39 D i v e r s i t y . 43 S u m m a r y . 52 3 METHODOLOGY . 54 Rationale for Methodology and Design Choice. 54 Description of Methodology and Data Analysis . 56 Participant Observation. 56 Interviews of Participants . 58 Document A n a l y s i s . 59 Site and Participant S e l e c t i o n. 60 Description of Families . 65 The Cook Family . 65 The Brown F a m i l y . 69 The Gordon F a m i l y . 72 The White F a m i l y . 76 The Smith F a m i l y . 80 The Cramer F a m i l y . 82
KRAS and NRAS Testing in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Central Iran (Tehran): A Review on Literature of the Middle East

Abstract Context: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the past three decades in Iran has made it as a major public health burden. Aims: The aim of this study is to report the prevalence of KRAS and NRAS mutations in Iran and the correlation between KRAS mutation status with clinicopathological factors and survival.Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 144 patients were entered into the study based on the criteria. Age, sex, tumor site, grade, metastasis location, familial history, KRAS/NRAS status, and survival were checked for all patients, and the patients were followed for 1 year. DNA was extracted with FFPE QIAGEN kit and then polymerase chain reaction for amplification of gene segments of KRAS and NRAS genes. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 52.9 years (range: 27–72 years) that 39.6% patients had age <50 years and 54.2% were men. KRAS mutation was significantly more in the patients with age ≥50 compared with KRAS wild type. Furthermore, the 6-month overall survival rate in KRAS mutation patients was significantly more than KRAS wild-type patients. Liver metastasis (72.9%) had the highest prevalence of metastasis in the patients, and Grade II with 64.6% had the most prevalence. Conclusions: The metastatic CRC was more prevalent in men than women, and the mean age varied around 50–60 years. The results showed that the present study had the highest prevalence of KRAS mutation in the Middle East and Pakistan with the lowest prevalence in CRC patients.
Impact of Air Exposure Time on the Water Contact Angles of Daily Disposable Silicone Hydrogels

The wettability of silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lens (CLs) is crucial for the pre-lens tear film stability throughout the day. Therefore, sessile drop and captive bubble setups were used to study the advancing and receding water contact angles (CA) of four SiHy materials: narafilcon A (TE), senofilcon A (AOD), stenfilcon A (MD), and delefilcon A (DT). TE and AOD have 48% and 38% water content, respectively, and no surface coating. MD (54% water) implements “smart chemistry” with just 4.4% bulk silicone content, while DT has >80% water at its surface. These SiHy were subjected to continuous blink-like air exposure (10 s)/rehydration (1s) cycles for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 h. The advancing CA, which measures the rehydration propensity of the CL surface, proved to be the most sensitive parameter to discriminate between the samples. The order of performance for the entire time scale was DT > MD >> AOD ≥ TE. The extended desiccation/rehydration cycling increased the differences between the CA of DT and MD compared to AOD and TE. This suggests that the low Si surface content and the high surface hydration are major determinants of SiHy wettability.
A Diallel of the Mouse Collaborative Cross Founders Reveals Strong Strain-Specific Maternal Effects on Litter Size

Reproductive success in the eight founder strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC) was measured using a diallel-mating scheme. Over a 48-month period we generated 4,448 litters, and provided 24,782 weaned pups for use in 16 different published experiments. We identified factors that affect the average litter size in a cross by estimating the overall contribution of parent-of-origin, heterosis, inbred, and epistatic effects using a Bayesian zero-truncated overdispersed Poisson mixed model. The phenotypic variance of litter size has a substantial contribution (82%) from unexplained and environmental sources, but no detectable effect of seasonality. Most of the explained variance was due to additive effects (9.2%) and parental sex (maternal vs. paternal strain; 5.8%), with epistasis accounting for 3.4%. Within the parental effects, the effect of the dam’s strain explained more than the sire’s strain (13.2% vs. 1.8%), and the dam’s strain effects account for 74.2% of total variation explained. Dams from strains C57BL/6J and NOD/ShiLtJ increased the expected litter size by a mean of 1.66 and 1.79 pups, whereas dams from strains WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and CAST/EiJ reduced expected litter size by a mean of 1.51, 0.81, and 0.90 pups. Finally, there was no strong evidence for strain-specific effects on sex ratio distortion. Overall, these results demonstrate that strains vary substantially in their reproductive ability depending on their genetic background, and that litter size is largely determined by dam’s strain rather than sire’s strain effects, as expected. This analysis adds to our understanding of factors that influence litter size in mammals, and also helps to explain breeding successes and failures in the extinct lines and surviving CC strains.
Green Nanotechnology: Advancement in Phytoformulation Research

The ultimate goal of any scientific development is to increase well-being and human health. Novel strategies are required for the achievement of safe and effective therapeutic treatments beyond the conventional ones, and society needs new requirements for new technologies, moving towards clean and green technology development. Green nanotechnology is a branch of green technology that utilizes the concepts of green chemistry and green engineering. It reduces the use of energy and fuel by using less material and renewable inputs wherever possible. Green nanotechnology, in phytoformulations, significantly contributes to environmental sustainability through the production of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, without causing harm to human health or the environment. The rationale behind the utilization of plants in nanoparticle formulations is that they are easily available and possess a broad variability of metabolites, such as vitamins, antioxidants, and nucleotides. For instance, gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention for their controllable size, shape, and surface properties. A variety of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have also been synthesized from plant extracts. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are also important metal oxide nanomaterials that have been synthesized from a number of plant extracts. International and domestic laws, government and private-party programs, regulations and policies are being carefully reviewed and revised to increase their utility and nurture these nanoscale materials for commercialization. Inspiring debates and government initiatives are required to promote the sustainable use of nanoscale products. In this review, we will discuss the potential of the utilization of plant extracts in the advancement of nanotechnology.
Disruption of FBXL5-mediated cellular iron homeostasis promotes liver carcinogenesis

Hepatic iron overload is a risk factor for progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although the molecular mechanisms underlying this association have remained unclear. We now show that the iron-sensing ubiquitin ligase FBXL5 is a previously unrecognized oncosuppressor in liver carcinogenesis in mice. Hepatocellular iron overload elicited by FBXL5 ablation gave rise to oxidative stress, tissue damage, inflammation, and compensatory proliferation of hepatocytes and to consequent promotion of liver carcinogenesis induced by exposure to a chemical carcinogen. The tumor-promoting outcome of FBXL5 deficiency in the liver was also found to be effective in a model of virus-induced HCC. FBXL5-deficient mice thus constitute the first genetically engineered mouse model of liver carcinogenesis promoted by iron overload. In addition, dysregulation of FBXL5-mediated cellular iron homeostasis was found to be associated with poor prognosis in human HCC, suggesting that FBXL5 plays a key role in defense against hepatocarcinogenesis.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and risk of cardiovascular outcomes

Physical fitness is associated with lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, with multiple studies demonstrating a consistent, inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality even after adjustment for the traditional risk factor burden (1,2). This association has persisted across the lifespan, as a single measurement of CRF in midlife is strongly associated with the lifetime risk for cardiovascular mortality decades later. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with a reduced risk of several adverse health outcomes (3-9). Although CRF is recognized as an important marker of both functional ability and cardiovascular health, it is currently one of the most important risk factors that is not routinely and regularly assessed in either the general or specialized clinical setting. The relationship between CRF and other nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes is not well understood, which reflects the limited data on nonfatal cardiovascular events including atrial fibrillation, heart failure (HF) and stroke with objectively measured physical fitness and muscle strength. Much of the focus on the mechanisms of benefit of physical exercise and CRF have focused on prevention of atherosclerosis and its complications, although the specific effects of physical exercise on cardiac and vascular function suggest that low CRF might be an important risk factor for HF and other nonfatal cardiovascular events (10).
A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human hip

Abstract A three-dimensional hip model was created from the MRI scans of one human subject based on constructing the entire pelvis and femur. The ball and socket joint was modelled between the hip’s acetabulum and the femoral head to analyse the multiaxial loads applied in the hip joint. The three key ligaments that reinforce the external surface of the hip to help to stabilise the joint were also modelled which are the iliofemoral, the pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments. Each of these ligaments wraps around the joint connection to form a seal over the synovial membrane, a line of attachment around the head of the femur. This model was tested for different loading and boundary conditions to analyse their sensitivities on the cortical and cancellous tissues of the human hip bones. The outcomes of a one-legged stance finite element analysis revealed that the maximum of 0.056 mm displacement occurred. The stress distribution varied across the model which the majority occurring in the cortical femur and dissipating through the cartilage. The maximum stress value occurring in the joint was 110.1 MPa, which appeared at the free end of the proximal femur. This developed finite element model was validated against the literature data to be used as an asset for further research in investigating new methods of total hip arthroplasty, to minimise the recurrence of dislocations and discomfort in the hip joint, as well as increasing the range of movement available to a patient after surgery.