Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toxic Code Snippets on Stack Overflow

Online code clones are code fragments that are copied from software projects or online sources to Stack Overflow as examples. Due to an absence of a checking mechanism after the code has been copied to Stack Overflow, they can become toxic code snippets, e.g., they suffer from being outdated or violating the original software license. We present a study of online code clones on Stack Overflow and their toxicity by incorporating two developer surveys and a large-scale code clone detection. A survey of 201 high-reputation Stack Overflow answerers (33 percent response rate) showed that 131 participants (65 percent) have ever been notified of outdated code and 26 of them (20 percent) rarely or never fix the code. 138 answerers (69 percent) never check for licensing conflicts between their copied code snippets and Stack Overflow's CC BY-SA 3.0. A survey of 87 Stack Overflow visitors shows that they experienced several issues from Stack Overflow answers: mismatched solutions, outdated solutions, incorrect solutions, and buggy code. 85 percent of them are not aware of CC BY-SA 3.0 license enforced by Stack Overflow, and 66 percent never check for license conflicts when reusing code snippets. Our clone detection found online clone pairs between 72,365 Java code snippets on Stack Overflow and 111 open source projects in the curated Qualitas corpus. We analysed 2,289 non-trivial online clone candidates. Our investigation revealed strong evidence that 153 clones have been copied from a Qualitas project to Stack Overflow. We found 100 of them (66 percent) to be outdated, of which 10 were buggy and harmful for reuse. Furthermore, we found 214 code snippets that could potentially violate the license of their original software and appear 7,112 times in 2,427 GitHub projects.
Formative evaluation of an adaptive game for engaging learners of programming concepts in K-12

As the global demand for programmers is soaring, several countries have integrated programming into their K-12 curricula. Finding effective ways to engage children in programming education is an important objective. One effective method for this can be presenting learning materials via games, which are known to increase engagement and motivation. Current programming education games often focus on a single genre and offer one-size-fits-all experience to heterogeneous learners. In this study, we presented Minerva, a multi-genre (adventure, action, puzzle) game to engage elementary school students in learning programming concepts. The game content is adapted to play and learning styles of the player to personalize the gameplay. We conducted a formative mixed-method evaluation of Minerva with 32 Korean 6th grade students who played the game and compared their learning outcomes with 32 6th grade students who studied the same concepts using handouts. The results indicated that, in terms of retention, learning was equally effective in both groups. Furthermore, the game was shown to facilitate engagement among the students. These results, together with uncovered issues, will guide Minerva’s further development.
Reducibility and Computational Lower Bounds for Problems with Planted Sparse Structure

The prototypical high-dimensional statistics problem entails finding a structured signal in noise. Many of these problems exhibit an intriguing phenomenon: the amount of data needed by all known computationally efficient algorithms far exceeds what is needed for inefficient algorithms that search over all possible structures. A line of work initiated by Berthet and Rigollet in 2013 has aimed to explain these statistical-computational gaps by reducing from conjecturally hard average-case problems in computer science. However, the delicate nature of average-case reductions has limited the applicability of this approach. In this work we introduce several new techniques to give a web of average-case reductions showing strong computational lower bounds based on the planted clique conjecture using natural problems as intermediates. These include tight lower bounds for Planted Independent Set, Planted Dense Subgraph, Sparse Spiked Wigner, Sparse PCA, a subgraph variant of the Stochastic Block Model and a biased variant of Sparse PCA. We also give algorithms matching our lower bounds and identify the information-theoretic limits of the models we consider.
High molecular weight hyaluronic acid: a two‐pronged protectant against infection of the urogenital tract?

Recurrent urinary tract infections are associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) ascending and infecting the urinary tract. Antibiotics provide only symptomatic relief, not prevent recurrence. Clinical evidence suggests that intravesical glycosaminoglycan therapy, such as hyaluronic acid (HA), helps reduce UTI recurrence. This has been investigated here using in vitro systems modelling the urogenital tract tissues.
Isomorphism Test for Digraphs with Weighted Edges

Colour refinement is at the heart of all the most efficient graph isomorphism software packages. In this paper we present a method for extending the applicability of refinement algorithms to directed graphs with weighted edges. We use {Traces} as a reference software, but the proposed solution is easily transferrable to any other refinement-based graph isomorphism tool in the literature. We substantiate the claim that the performances of the original algorithm remain substantially unchanged by showing experiments for some classes of benchmark graphs.
Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and Alpha-Amylase Level: A Pilot Study

Recent research suggests that the P3b may be closely related to the activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. To further study the potential association, we applied a novel technique, the non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), which is speculated to increase noradrenaline levels. Using a within-subject cross-over design, 20 healthy participants received continuous tVNS and sham stimulation on two consecutive days (stimulation counterbalanced across participants) while performing a visual oddball task. During stimulation, oval non-targets (standard), normal-head (easy) and rotated-head (difficult) targets, as well as novel stimuli (scenes) were presented. As an indirect marker of noradrenergic activation we also collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) before and after stimulation. Results showed larger P3b amplitudes for target, relative to standard stimuli, irrespective of stimulation condition. Exploratory post hoc analyses, however, revealed that, in comparison to standard stimuli, easy (but not difficult) targets produced larger P3b (but not P3a) amplitudes during active tVNS, compared to sham stimulation. For sAA levels, although main analyses did not show differential effects of stimulation, direct testing revealed that tVNS (but not sham stimulation) increased sAA levels after stimulation. Additionally, larger differences between tVNS and sham stimulation in P3b magnitudes for easy targets were associated with larger increase in sAA levels after tVNS, but not after sham stimulation. Despite preliminary evidence for a modulatory influence of tVNS on the P3b, which may be partly mediated by activation of the noradrenergic system, additional research in this field is clearly warranted. Future studies need to clarify whether tVNS also facilitates other processes, such as learning and memory, and whether tVNS can be used as therapeutic tool.
A CADe System for Gliomas in Brain MRI using Convolutional Neural Networks

Inspired by the success of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), we develop a novel Computer Aided Detection (CADe) system using CNN for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) detection and segmentation from multi channel MRI data. A two-stage approach first identifies the presence of GBM. This is followed by a GBM localization in each "abnormal" MR slice. As part of the CADe system, two CNN architectures viz. Classification CNN (C-CNN) and Detection CNN (D-CNN) are employed. The CADe system considers MRI data consisting of four sequences ($T_1$, $T_{1c},$ $T_2$, and $T_{2FLAIR}$) as input, and automatically generates the bounding boxes encompassing the tumor regions in each slice which is deemed abnormal. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CADe system, when used as a preliminary step before segmentation, can allow improved delineation of tumor region while reducing false positives arising in normal areas of the brain. The GrowCut method, employed for tumor segmentation, typically requires a foreground and background seed region for initialization. Here the algorithm is initialized with seeds automatically generated from the output of the proposed CADe system, thereby resulting in improved performance as compared to that using random seeds.
Primary total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced neck femur fractures in older patients

Background: Hip fractures in older patients are associated with impaired mobility, excess morbidity and mortality, and loss of independence. Objectives: To determine whether total hip arthroplasty is associated with lower reoperation rates, mortality, and complications, and better function and quality of life than hemiarthroplasty for displaced fractures of the femoral neck in older patients. Materials and methods: We prospectively as well as retrospectively studied 46 patients treated with total hip replacement or hemiarthroplasty. Pain, range of motion, hip function, haris hip score and complications were assessed clinically while hip stability, femoral anteversion, acetabular cup inclination and acetabular erosions were assessed radiographically. Results: In our study according to Harris hip score, group A (hemiarthroplasty group) showed 58.33% excellent to good result whereas 33.34% shows fair to poor result. In group B (total hip replacement group) 90.91% showed excellent to good result and 9.08% showed fair to poor result. In this study, the overall Harris hip score was 76.33 with SD±19.091 in hemiarthroplasty group and 86.45 with SD±6.363 in Total hip replacement group with p-value 0.0224(<0.05). Nitin Kumar Singh, Himanshu Jain, Sonal Garg, Sachin Yadav. Primary total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced neck femur fractures in older patients. IAIM, 2017; 4(10): 209-215. Page 210 Conclusion: So we concluded in our one year of study that total hip replacement had better functional outcome in fracture neck of femur in elderly treated by either hemiarthroplasty or total hip replacement and total hip replacement is less painful than hemiarthroplasty.
Effect of dry salting on flavonoid profile and antioxidant capacity of Algerian olive cultivars

This study investigated the changes in the flavonoid profile and antioxidant capacity of five olive cultivars after dry salting. The antioxidant activity was determined using ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and β-carotene bleaching assays. The results showed that the effects of dry salting on the analyzed parameters were significant ( P < 0.05). It caused a decrease in total flavonoids with a loss rate of 55%. The HPLC analysis of extracts revealed the presence of four flavonoids: rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside. Among the studied cultivars, Azeradj was characterized by high levels of flavonoids. Concerning the antioxidant activity, diverging results were obtained using different antioxidant assays. Overall, the dry salting induced a reduction in the antioxidant activity with variable values depending on the cultivar. Among the used methods, high correlations were found between flavonoid contents and the FRAP assay.
Sequential change-point detection in high-dimensional Gaussian graphical models

High dimensional piecewise stationary graphical models represent a versatile class for modelling time varying networks arising in diverse application areas, including biology, economics, and social sciences. There has been recent work in offline detection and estimation of regime changes in the topology of sparse graphical models. However, the online setting remains largely unexplored, despite its high relevance to applications in sensor networks and other engineering monitoring systems, as well as financial markets. To that end, this work introduces a novel scalable online algorithm for detecting an unknown number of abrupt changes in the inverse covariance matrix of sparse Gaussian graphical models with small delay. The proposed algorithm is based upon monitoring the conditional log-likelihood of all nodes in the network and can be extended to a large class of continuous and discrete graphical models. We also investigate asymptotic properties of our procedure under certain mild regularity conditions on the graph size, sparsity level, number of samples, and pre- and post-changes in the topology of the network. Numerical works on both synthetic and real data illustrate the good performance of the proposed methodology both in terms of computational and statistical efficiency across numerous experimental settings.
PetRoomba : Interacting with household pets via SCI

In this paper we wish to explore the ability of Shape-Changing Interfaces (SCI) to change pets’ perception of autonomous household robots (AHR). More specifically we look at the effects of adding different types of shape change that resemble animal behaviour, and investigate how this affects canines. Studies have suggested that canines have issues with the entry of AHR’s into the home, due to disruptions in the hierarchy. We suggest that by placing various SCI’s on the robot, some basic animal behaviour can be mimicked, making it easier for the canine to place the robot within its social hierarchy, while still maintaining the core functionality of the AHR. We present the PetRoomba that draws on previous work within the Human-Robotic Interface and SCI community and try to draw this work into Animal-Computer Interaction. This early work with the PetRoomba shows a promising opportunity for further work in the ACI field. ACM Classification
Master ' s Program in Exersie Biomediine-Human Performance , 60 credits Self-Reported Health and Pain Sensitivity in Low Back Pain

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability and is often accompanied with a back-related leg pain (around 60%), where those with radiating pain show worse overall clinical outcomes. Previous studies comparing these two groups have involved individuals with chronic LBP. It is not known if subjects who currently have LBP differ in pain sensitivity from those who have currently LBP accompanied with pain radiation to lower limbs. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in self-reported health and pain sensitivity between individuals currently having LBP with and without pain radiation to lower limbs. Method: Individuals with LBP (n=100) aged 40 to 70 years participated in this study. According the first question of STarT Back Pain Screening Tool about the pain radiation to leg(s), individuals were divided into two groups: radiation group (RG, n=36) and no radiation group (noRG, n=64). To gain the information about self-reported health, following questionnaires were used: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were measured with algometer (6 sites and 4 points of ’lower body’: gluteal and knee points). Mann-Whitney U-test was used to calculate differences on group and gender level. A logistic regression analyses was calculated (crude model), where belong to RG or not was the dependent variable and all self-reported data and PPTs were independent variables, all data were controlled for gender and age. Results: The RG reported worse disability (p=0.017), higher fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB) about physical activity (p=0.003), worse score in anxiety (p=0.002) and depression (p=0.001), and increased pain sensitivity (p=0.043) in 6 sites PPTs compared to the noRG. Higher score of disability, FAB (physical activity and work), anxiety and depression were associated with an increased risk of belonging to the RG (OR 1.05-1.50, 95% CI 1.01-1.94), controlled for gender and age. Conclusion: Individuals with LBP and pain radiation to lower limbs showed worse selfreported disability and fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity than those with LBP only. Further, those with pain radiation were more sensitive to pain in general. Worse scores of all studied self-reported data were associated with an increased risk of belonging to the groups with pain radiation. To study gender differences larger sample sizes are needed. Individuals with LBP and pain radiation to lower limbs showed worse outcomes and therefore should receive a different treatment approach than those who have only LBP. List of Abbreviations FAB – fear-avoidance beliefs FABQ – fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire FABQpa – subscale Physical Activity of FABQ FABQw – subscale Work of FABQ HADS – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HADSa – subscale Anxiety of HADS HADSd – subscale Depression of HADS
Interest of a New Instrumented Mountain Bike Trial

The aim of this study is to present a new instrumented mountain bike trial and the possible applications for analyse and improve the trial sport performance. This bike has been equipped with a strain gage on the chain stay and of an electronic device to store the data (200 Hz) in the goal to analyse the biomechanics of the pedalling during the impulsion phase. Different performance determinants like maximal and mean crank torque and pedal force, the impulsion, the duration of the pedal stroke, the rate of torque development, the flight time have been measured and analysed during a maximal jump test. The mean crank torque values were 137, 104 and 92 N.m for the first, second and third pedal stroke, respectively. The mean impulsion values at the pedal were 432, 183 and 143 N.s for the first, second and third pedal stroke, respectively. The results of this study show the possibly of use of this new instrumented bike. This prototype can be used with usefulness to improve the mountain bike performance determining new performance factors, give biomechanical feedbacks to the riders and control the effect of specific training.
Phylogeny of carabid beetles as inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The phylogeny of carabid tribes is examined with sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA from eighty‐four carabids representing forty‐seven tribes, and fifteen outgroup taxa. Parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood methods are used to infer the phylogeny. Although many clades established with morphological evidence are present in all analyses, many of the basal relationships in carabids vary from analysis to analysis. These deeper relationships are also sensitive to variation in the sequence alignment under different alignment conditions. There is moderate evidence against the monophyly of Migadopini + Amarotypini, Scaritini + Clivinini, Bembidiini and Brachinini. Psydrini are not monophyletic, and consist of three distinct lineages (Psydrus, Laccocenus and a group of austral psydrines, from the Southern Hemisphere consisting of all the subtribes excluding Psydrina). The austral psydrines are related to Harpalinae plus Brachinini. The placements of many lineages, including Gehringia, Apotomus, Omophron, Psydrus and Cymbionotum, are unclear from these data. One unexpected placement, suggested with moderate support, is Loricera as the sister group to Amarotypus. Trechitae plus Patrobini form a monophyletic group. Brachinini probably form the sister group to Harpalinae, with the latter containing Pseudomorpha, Morion and Cnemalobus. The most surprising, well supported result is the placement of four lineages (Cicindelinae, Rhysodinae, Paussinae and Scaritini) as near relatives of Harpalinae + Brachinini. Because these four lineages all have divergent 18S rDNA, and thus have long basal branches, parametric bootstrapping was conducted to determine if their association and placement could be the result of long branch attraction. Simulations on model trees indicate that, although their observed association might be due to long branch attraction, there was no evidence that their placement near Harpalinae could be so explained. These simulations also suggest that 18S rDNA might not be sufficient to infer basal carabid relationships.
Advanced Applications of Thiol-Ene Formulations

Thiol-Ene polymerization has gained ever increasing interest during the last decade. Advantages such as low oxygen inhibition and shrinkage, uniform networks with significantly improved mechanical properties are accompanied by up to now unsolved disadvantages such as unpleasant odor and poor storage stability. We have addressed the latter issue with twocomponent stabilizer systems that provide thiol-(meth)acrylate compositions with nearly no increase in viscosity after one year. We have also explored the advantages of thiols to help increase the reactivity of vinyl esters and vinyl carbonates. These monomers are low toxic alternatives to acrylates that are not only suitable for biomedical applications but also for classical coatings. Copolymerization of vinyl carbonates and vinyl esters with diand tetrathiol monomers is shown to proceed at rates intermediate to (meth)acrylates. Material properties are strongly influenced by degree of crosslinking. Processing of these novel thiolene compounds by multiple modes of photo-based AMT will also be presented.
Parent–Child Cohesion, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, and Emotional Adaptation in Left-Behind Children in China: An Indirect Effects Model

This study aimed to validate an indirect effects model of parent–child cohesion in emotional adaptation (i.e., loneliness and depression) via basic psychological needs satisfaction in Chinese left-behind children as well as the applicability of the model to both genders. A cross-sectional study was conducted and included 1,250 children aged between 9 and 12 years (635 left-behind children and 615 non-left-behind children) from rural primary schools. The results showed that: (1) relative to non-left-behind children, left-behind children exhibited significantly higher loneliness and depression scores and greater disadvantages involving father–child cohesion, mother–child cohesion, and psychological needs satisfaction. (2) Father– and mother–child cohesion were significantly negatively correlated with loneliness and depression and significantly positively correlated with psychological needs satisfaction in left-behind children. (3) Through structural equation modeling showed that psychological needs satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between parent–child cohesion and emotional outcomes in left-behind children. (4) Through multi-group analyses showed significant gender differences in structural weighting between parent–child cohesion and emotional adaptation, in that parent–child cohesion in left-behind boys was a stronger negative predictor of unfavorable emotional outcomes relative to that observed in left-behind girls, while psychological needs satisfaction in left-behind girls was a stronger negative predictor of unfavorable emotional outcomes relative to that observed in left-behind boys. The implications of these findings for interventions directed at Chinese left-behind children were discussed.