Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends in High-Speed Data Networks

In this paper we present a discussion of the trends in high-speed data networking. We describe some of the factors that have been instrumental in the development of today's needs for high-speed interconnection. Based on the experience with the Internet, we find that a successful (high-speed) data networking solution should be offered as a set of services that are valuable to the user, instead of relegating the burden of creating value out of the technology to the user. In light of that, we describe some of the services that have been developed to address the specific needs of LAN applications, like Frame Relay (FR) and Switched Multi-megabit Data Service (SMDS), as well as some of the enabling technologies, like Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). We also discuss the B-ISDN efforts towards providing a general purpose platform for supporting (current and future) applications having high-speed interconnection needs. We finalize the paper with a discussion of technology challenges for supporting applications with widely different high-speed requirements.
Fault mechanisms from near-source data : joint inversion of S polarizations and P polarities

SUMMARY We propose a non-linear inversion method for studying the earthquake mechanism by combining the information carried by both S-wave polarizations and P-wave polarities from near-source records. The posterior probability of parameters (strike, dip and slip fault angles) for the given observational data sets is computed by using a Bayesian approach. The conditional probability density function of S polarizations given a model parameter set is defined assuming a Gaussian distribution for the expected errors. The P polarity information is taken into account in the form of a prior probability density function, which has been defined according to Brillinger, Udias & Bolt (1980). The method is based on the estimate by an exhaustive search of the posterior probability of model parameters. This probability is then represented by its projection on plane sections in the model space. This enables one to locate the maximum likelihood solutions, and to get a reliable estimate of the parameter correlation and resolution. Numerical examples and data analysis show that the addition of a few S polarizations to a P polarity data set greatly improves the resolution on the fault parameters. The proposed method is suitable to study the low-magnitude seismicity in active tectonic and volcanic areas which are monitored by local networks as the use of three-component sensors becomes more systematic.
Stratosphere–troposphere coupling in the lead-up to stratospheric sudden warmings

Major Stratospheric Sudden Warmings occur almost every winter in the Northern Hemisphere, however in the Southern Hemisphere only one such warming has been observed to date, in September 2002. This difference between the stratospheric winter evolution in the respective hemispheres has mainly been attributed to the difference in land-ocean distribution and topography which favors the generation of stationary planetary-scale Rossby waves of zonal wave numbers 1 and 2 in the Northern Hemisphere. Those are the major wavenumbers associated with sudden warmings, corresponding to displacement (wave-1) and splitting (wave-2) events. In the Southern Hemisphere, planetary waves are generally weaker than in the north, with wave-1 being quasi-stationary while wave-2 is dominated by eastwardtraveling components. The strong Antarctic suden warming in 2002 exhibited a strong wave-2 signature. The question arises as to what caused the waves to become so large during this exceptional event.
A Framework for the Ex Situ Reintroduction of the African Lion (Panthera leo)

Ex situ reintroduction remains controversial in conservation scientific debate and practice, and is regarded as a last resort method. It has been argued that this conservational strategy should now be considered, alongside existing in situ practices, for the African lion (Panthera leo). The rapid decline of this culturally important species is symptomatic of the impact a burgeoning human population and their related activities have upon the lion. Published evaluations of reintroductions for all animal groups show relatively poor survival rates per se, particularly when the released animal is captivebred. In this paper we consider contributing factors to failed and successful captive-bred reintroductions and revisit previous ex situ efforts to release the African lion into the wild. Whilst past attempts to release captive lions into the wild are largely undocumented in the scientific literature, they have valuable lessons to offer future undertakings. We propose a framework for the ex situ reintroduction of the lion based on scientific guidance and previous endeavours.
Evaluation of metal availability in sediments of the Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo hydrographic basins

Assessment of continental sediment has become increasingly important over the past several years. The assessment must be predictive of metal transport of potential bioavailability of metals from sediments. The concentration and possible chemical association of Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Pb in fluvial sediments from 10 sites in the northwest state of Sao Paulo, Brazil were studied using the US EPA Method 3051 and hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol L -1 . The ratio of elements leached by 0.1 mol L -1 HCl to those from the US EPA 3051 represents an interesting tool to evaluate the liability of metals in sediments with different compositions, showing a ratio range from 0 to 0.2 (Al, Cd, Fe, Pb, Co, and Mg) and a ratio range from 0.5 to 1.1 (Cu, Mn, Ba, and Ca). Both procedures applied have shown a similar leaching profile in this work. The elements Cu, Mn, Ba, and Ca showed to be more available in the studied sediments.
Replacement of Alternative Improves ACE Regular Salt by a Novel Salt the Cardiovascular Effects Inhibitor Enalapril

The present high levels of sodium chloride (regular salt, RS) intake interfere with the therapeutic effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. In previous studies a novel potassium-, magnesiumand 1lysine-enriched and sodium-reduced salt alternative (SA) has been virtually devoid of the hypertensive, left ventricular hypertrophy producing, and life-span shortening effects, characteristic of RS. We therefore compared the influence of SA on the cardiovascular effects of enalapril with that of RS in male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). During the 28-day experiment, RS alone produced a marked rise in blood pressure, induced remarkable left ventricular hypertrophy, and caused the death of five out of 18 SHRSP. Oral enalapril treatment did not significantly affect either of the detrimental cardiovascular effects of RS but there were no deaths in the enalapril-treated group. The SA supplemented diet neither caused mortality nor induced any significant rise in blood pressure as com-
Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the absorption of phosphorus and zinc by two alfalfa varieties in cadmium contaminated soils

Some agricultural and industrial practices such as mining activities, waste materials of industrial factories, other pollutants and the application of wastewater on farmlands contaminate the agricultural soils. Cadmium is one of the most common heavy metals which accumulates in agricultural soils as a result of the application of phosphorus fertilizers and can easily be absorbed by plants even at very low concentrations with detrimental effects on the living systems. Alfalfa requires high rates of phosphorus fertilizer and therefore the soils under alfalfa are more prone to contamination of cadmium. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi exist as obligate symbiotic organisms on roots of more than 80% of plant families and enhance the growth of the host plant by providing water and nutrients when the plant growth limited by environmental stresses. In order to evaluate the effect of Mycorrhiza symbiosis on nutrient absorption by alfalfa under the cadmium pollution, a factorial experiment base on completely randomized design conducted by using two alfalfa varieties (2122 and Hamadani cultivars); Glomus intraradices fungi; and four levels of cadmium (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg -1 soil) with four replications in green house on 2005. The plants cut at 50% bloom to determine root and shoot dry matter as well as mineral nutrient absorption by using standard laboratory procedures. The soil material rhyzosphere collected to determine colonization percent. Results showed that phosphorus and iron absorption of 2122 was superior under normal growing conditions. However, under cadmium stress Hamadani performed superior where it also proved none suitable as a host plant for symbiosis with Mycorrhiza. Fungi significantly ( ) 1 % = α increased the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc by shoots and phosphorus even in the presence of cadmium adverse effects. Time of harvest also significantly improved the uptake of all the nutrients by the shoots as well as the dry matter production by shoots.
Influence of animal fat substitution by vegetal fat on Mortadella-type products formulated with different hydrocolloids

Meat has played a crucial role in human evolution and is an important component of a healthy and well-balanced diet on account of its nutritional properties, its high biological value as a source of protein, and the vitamins and minerals it supplies. We studied the effects of animal fat reduction and substitution by hydrogenated vegetal fat, sodium alginate and guar gum. Fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, color and instrumental texture as well as the sensorial difference between low, substituted-fat and the traditional formulations for mortadella-type products were analyzed. Both substitution and reduction of animal fat decreased the saturated fatty acids percentage from 40% down to 31%. A texture profile analysis showed differences between the formulations. Furthermore, lipid oxidation values were not significant for treatments as regards the type and quantity of fat used while the use of sodium alginate and guar gum reduced the amounts of liquid released after cooking. Animal fat substitution does cause, however, a difference in overall sensorial perception compared with non-substituted products. The results confirm the viability of substituting vegetal fat for animal fat.
Analysis of Current Account Deficit Determinants of Balance of Payments in Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rate Regimes: A Comparative Study in CFA Franc and Non-Franc Zones

This study compares the impact of certain economic and financial variables on the level of the deficit in the current account of the balance of payments of the countries of the Franc zone and certain countries of the non-Franc zone situated south of the Sahara. The empirical results of the study based on panel data models covering the period 1990-2015 indicate that none of the two zones behaves better against the current account deficit of the balance of payments and that no zone is more competitive than the other. Finally, it was clear from our analysis that the variables of gross domestic, saving and the change in the terms of trade better explain the change in the current account balance in the Franc zone, whereas the variables of net foreign transfers and gross domestic saving impact the most the current account deficit in non-CFA zone.
Training Practice in Central and Eastern European Companies

Summary: In the period of global competition and radical economic changes human resources and their intellectual capital become a vital resource for organizations. Employees’ competence, knowledge, skills and experience have to contribute not only to the company’s financial and marketing success, but also to broader (environmental and social) considerations. The main aim of the Training & Development as a human resource management (HRM) activity is to help this organizational knowledge acquisition systematically. In Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) HRM managers have a challenging task to implement new methods of effective in-company trainings. The aim of this work is to describe some characteristic features of the training practices in 6 CEE (Bulgarian, Czech, Hungarian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian) countries based on Cranet international research results from the year 2008/10. The findings can provide good benchmark for HR practitioners when designing their new region- and country-specific training approaches.
WORLD-RELATED INTEGRATED INFORMATION: ENACTIVIST AND PHENOMENAL PERSPECTIVES

Information integration is a measure, developed by Tononi and co-researchers, of the capacity for dynamic neural networks to be in informational states which are unique and indivisible. This is supposed to correspond to the intuitive "feel" of a mental state: highly discriminative and yet fundamentally integrated. Recent versions of the theory include a definition of qualia, which measures the geometric contribution of individual neural structures to the overall measure. In this paper, we examine these approaches from two philosophical perspectives, enactivism (externalism) and phenomenal states (internalism). We suggest that a promising enactivist response is to agree with Tononi that consciousness consists of integrated information, but to argue for a radical rethink about the nature of information itself. We argue that information is most naturally viewed as a three-place relation, involving a Bayesian-rational subject, the subject's evidence and the world (as brought under the subject's evolving understanding). To have (or gain) information is to behave in a Bayesian-rational way in response to evidence. Information only ever belongs to whole, rationally behaving agents; information is only "in the brain" from the point of view of a theorist seeking to explain behavior. Rational behavior (hence information) will depend on brain, body and world — embodiment matters. Then, from a phenomenal states perspective, we examine the way that internal states of a network can be not only unique and indivisible but also reflect this coherence as it might exist in an external world. Extending previously published material, we propose that two systems could both score well on traditional integration measures where one had meaningful world-representing states and the other did not. A model which involves iconic learning and depiction is discussed and tested in order to show how internal states can be about the world and how measures of integration influence this process. This retains some of the structure of Tononi's integration measurements but operates within sets of states of the world as filtered by receptors and repertoires of internal states achieved by depiction. This suggests a formalization of qualia which does not ignore world-reflecting content and relates to internal states that aid the conscious organism's ability to act appropriately in the world of which it is conscious. Thus, a common theme emerges: Tononi has good intuition about the necessary nature of consciousness, but his is not the only theory of experience able to do justice to these key intuitions. Tononi's theory has an apparent weakness, in that it treats conscious "information" as something intrinsically meaningless (i.e., without any necessary connection to the world), whereas both the approaches canvassed here naturally relate experienced information to the world.
Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoporous Co Oxide (Co3O4) Prepared by Simple Sol-gel Synthesis

Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanorods were prepared by a simple co-precipitation method using ethanol solution of cobalt nitrate as precursor and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. Morphological properties of the nanoparticles were characterized. XRD measurement exhibited the structure of Co3O4 nanocrystals for annealed samples. The SEM images revealed that the particles changed from spherical shape to rod-like shaped by increasing annealing temperature. The TEM results exhibited that the size of cobalt oxide nanoparicles decreased from 25 nm for as-made particles to 50 nm for annealed samples with increasing temperature. The FTIR analysis confirmed the functional group presents in the cobalt oxide nanoparticles. The sharp peaks in FTIR spectrum determined the purity of Co3O4 nanoparticles and existence of Co-O group. Absorbance peak of UV-Vis spectrum showed the band gap energy of 3.69 eV corresponding to wavelength about 335 nm for as-prepared samples and the band gap energy of 3.49 eV corresponding to wavelength about 355 nm for annealed Co3O4 nanoparticles. The results of magnetic measurements indicated a good coercive field and saturation magnetism around 447.81 G and 17.295 emu g -1 , respectively.
The Pluralism of Fairness Ideals: An Experimental Approach

A core question in the contemporary debate on distributive justice is how to understand fairness in situations involving production. Important theories of distributive justice, such as strict egalitarianism, liberal egalitarianism, and libertarianism, provide different answers to this question. This paper presents the results from a dictator game where the distribution phase is preceded by a production phase. Each player's contribution is a result of a freely chosen investment level and an exogenously given rate of return. We estimate simultaneously the prevalence of three principles of distributive justice among the players and the distribution of the weight they attach to fairness. (JEL D63)
Various ways of understanding the concept of andragogy

Abstract This article deals with the concept of andragogy and the understanding of the same from a historical and professional perspective. It also includes a clarification of the difference between European and North American andragogy. Andragogy concerns adult education and learning in some way or another, but, beyond this, the concept is ambiguous. Many perceive it as being synonymous with Knowles’s andragogy from the 1970s, but this perspective is divorced from a sense of history. European andragogy arose long before Knowles’s andragogy did and is also more ambiguous. This article accounts for various understandings of andragogy, from the first known user of the concept to date.
Finding Clusters of Similar Artists – Analysis of DBSCAN and K-Means Clustering.

We have applied k-means clustering and DBSCAN to the problem of finding sets of similar artists based on a large number of artists and their genres. For our experiments we used data from the Million Song Dataset, which is a freely available collection of a million popular music tracks’ metadata created specifically for research. We ran the algorithms with varying values on their parameters and studied the effects. The resulting clusters were analyzed and for k-means we found three different types of clusters. Although the results from k-means were quite noisy, many of the clusters could be used gain some insight in the similarity between artists.This implied that using distances as a representation of similarities between artists is viable. DBSCAN did not prove to be as useful. This was because its clustering method is density-based and the density of the clusters in the input data differed by far too much for DBSCAN to handle. We found that more features in the input data, such as genre per track, would be desirable and would probably improve the results of the algorithms. Further study of other clustering algorithms applied to the same data would shed light on the actual effectiveness of the algorithms studied here.
A Grand Model of Civilization

The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive model of the strategic approach to the development of a civilization and the world civilization, applying the architectural technique of analysis and synthesis. Three models developed by Braudel, Koneczny, and Toynbee are the justification for this type of a study as well as the presented foundation for a new defined model. The presented Tri Element Model of Civilization should allow the development of more components at lower levels of civilization system. Consequently it can be possible to better analyze civilization dynamics and compare different civilizations.
Series Towards Practical P Systems : Discovery Algorithms

In this paper we offer an introduction to P Systems, a relatively new computational model inspired by biology. Our paper covers four of the more popular state-capable systems and provides a brief explanation of each, including at least one problem that each specific P System solves faster than a standard Turing machine (some NP-Complete problems are solved in polynomial P Steps). After determining common elements across the systems we go on to describe discovery algorithms: a high level approach to solving topology problems within P Systems. Our description includes a mapping from our generic or high level system to the low level rule sets for each of the P Systems covered in this paper. We also include some documentation on the usage of our approach with an example and some implications of the model itself. 1 Discovery Algorithms and P Systems P Systems (a field of Membrane Computing) are parallel or distributed computational models inspired by living cells in biology which have been influenced by the needs of Computer Science. P Systems were originally conceived as purely theoretical objects: a recursive membrane or cell structure, i.e. each membrane had a set of ‘child’ membranes (similar to a rooted tree) which could each have their own set of children in turn. In addition to the sub-membranes, each cell stores within it a multiset of objects. Membranes or cells operate under a set of rules which govern their evolution, including communication which may be targeted (e.g. send-to-parent). Some P Systems also have dynamic restructure rules which allow the system itself to change form relatively quickly during the computation. But, arguably, the most powerful aspect of a P System is its parallelism: individual cells work under an intra-parallel model (within the cell itself) and cells interact with each other in an inter-parallel manner across the system (interact with one another simultaneously). We note that a P System is a parallel computing model
Sea surface temperatures did not control the first occurrence of Hudson Strait Heinrich Events during MIS 16

[1] Hudson Strait (HS) Heinrich Events, ice-rafting events in the North Atlantic originating from the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS), are among the most dramatic examples of millennial-scale climate variability and have a large influence on global climate. However, it is debated as to whether the occurrence of HS Heinrich Events in the (eastern) North Atlantic in the geological record depends on greater ice discharge, or simply from the longer survival of icebergs in cold waters. Using sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1313 in the North Atlantic spanning the period between 960 and 320 ka, we show that sea surface temperatures (SSTs) did not control the first occurrence of HS Heinrich(-like) Events in the sedimentary record. Using mineralogy and organic geochemistry to determine the characteristics of ice-rafting debris (IRD), we detect the first HS Heinrich(-like) Event in our record around 643 ka (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 16), which is similar as previously reported for Site U1308. However, the accompanying high-resolution alkenone-based SST record demonstrates that the first HS Heinrich(-like) Event did not coincide with low SSTs. Thus, the HS Heinrich(-like) Events do indicate enhanced ice discharge from the LIS at the end of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, not simply the survivability of icebergs due to cold conditions in the North Atlantic.