Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas submetidas ou não à restrição nutricional durante a gestação

EnglishThis research was carried out in order to evaluate effects of pregnancy, fetus number and nutritional restriction on ingestive behavior of ewes. Were used 24 ewes of the breed Santa Ines evaluated at 90, 110 and 130 pregnancy days distributed among treatments according to fetus number. They received free or restricted diet, the last one with reduction of 15% of protein and energy requirements. Ewes were individually observed each five minutes for three days, being two periods of 24 h intercalated with 24 h of resting. During the observations was determinated the time spent in feeding, rumination, idle and chewing. Feed management did not influence time spent in feeding. In both pregnancy categories, at 90 days of pregnancy the animals spent less time in rumination and feeding. Ewes on nutritional restriction ruminate longer time and at 90 days of pregnancy spent less time ruminating. Ewes with twin fetus spent less time chewing than with single pregnancy. Pregnancy progress increased time spent to feeding, rumination ant chewing. Nutritional restriction increased idle time in ewes with one fetus. Ewes with single and twin pregnancy showed variable ingestive behavior at the studied phases. portuguesFoi avaliada a influencia da gestacao, do numero de fetos e da restricao nutricional no comportamento ingestivo de 24 ovelhas Santa Ines avaliadas aos 90, 110 e 130 dias de gestacao, divididas entre os tratamentos em funcao do numero de fetos. Essas receberam dietas a vontade ou restritas, sendo essa com reducao de 15% nos requisitos de proteina e energia. As ovelhas foram observadas individualmente, a cada 5 minutos, por 3 dias, sendo dois periodos de 24 h intercalado com 24 h de descanso. Durante as observacoes foram determinando os tempos gas- tos com ingestao, ruminacao, ocio e mastigacao. O manejo nutricional nao influenciou o tempo gasto com a ingestao. Em ambas as categorias de prenhez, aos 90 dias de gestacao, as ovelhas despenderam menos tempo para ingestao do ali- mento. Animais recebendo dieta restrita ruminaram mais tempo e aos 90 dias de gestacao despenderam menos tempo ruminando. Ovelhas gestantes de dois fetos gastaram menos tempo mastigando do que as de gestacao simples. O avanco da gestacao aumentou o tempo despendido com ingestao, ruminacao e mastigacao. A restricao nutricional aumentou o tempo em ocio de ovelhas com um feto. Animais gestantes de um e dois fetos apresentaram comportamento ingestivo variavel nas fases da gestacao estudadas.
Effect of temperature on the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenue (F.) (Hem., Aphididae)

The effect of temperature within the range 10–30°C on Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.) was measured in controlled environment cabinets. Development rates increased with temperature to a maximum at 20°C for Metopolophium dirhodum , 22·5°C for Macrosiphum avenae and 25°C for R. padi , decreasing thereafter to zero by 30°C when all the nymphs died. The fourth instar and pre-reproductive adult appeared to be affected at temperatures below those for the younger instars. Mortalities of immature M. avenae were similar between 10° and 25°C, but more immature Metopolophium dirhodum died at high, and R. padi at low, temperatures. Survival rates decreased with increase of temperature, and fecundity was largest at 20°C. Rates of increase became largest at 20°C for M. dirhodum and Macrosiphum avenae and at 25°C for R. padi . Above 15°C, R. padi had a 4–16 times larger capacity for increase than the other two species because it developed faster and achieved its rate of maximum fecundity sooner.
Observations of health indices used to monitor a tailwater trout fishery

Abstract Health of the population of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the San Juan River tailwater was monitored to determine the effects of potential crowding from a reduced winter flow test at Navajo Dam, northwestern New Mexico. A systematic necropsy-based health profile provided a rapid method to detect gross changes in the health of the fish population. The health assessment index (HAI) was calculated to quantify the necropsy system and allow statistical comparisons of data sets. Other suborganismic indices were selected to encompass a range of responses specific to the stress of environmental alterations: physiology assessment using total protein and percent muscle lipids, an immune assessment using serum lysozyme, and a cellular-based evaluation using histology. The HAI values showed no clear trend in fish health, although significant differences occurred among fish samples during the test. Significant declines in condition factors and percent muscle lipids throughout the study suggested a seas.
Temporal fluctuations in the pseudomonad population associated with sugar beet leaves

A total of 473 fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from sugar beet leaves, sampled approximately every 30–40 days, over three consecutive growing seasons. Total cellular fatty acid composition and restriction fragment length polymorphism data for the flanking regions of the ribosomal RNA operon were obtained for each isolate to assess the temporal variability in diversity of leaf-associated fluorescent pseudomonad populations. A total of 115 distinct ribotypes (genotypes) were detected within the cluster identified by principal component analysis of cellular fatty acid content. Although the abundance of isolates was lognormally distributed, individual ribotypes were detected more often than would be predicted by such a distribution. The number of ribotypes identified in each sample was directly related to the size of that sample. Despite the implication that the sample size was too small, the data suggested that some individual ribotypes were capable of long-term survival and that there was a dynamic, non-random and continuous turnover within the population. A seasonal pattern of isolate reoccurrence was observed. As one group suffered decline, the next group, better adapted to the prevailing conditions, proliferated.
Functional and phylogenetic diversity and assemblage structure of frugivorous birds along an elevational gradient in the tropical Andes

Tropical mountains are hotspots of biodiversity, but the factors that generate this high diversity remain poorly understood. To identify possible mechanisms that influence avian species assemblages in the tropical Andes, we studied the functional and phylogenetic diversity and the structure of species assemblages of an avian feeding guild. We analysed how functional and phylogenetic diversity, structure and composition of frugivorous bird assemblages changed along a 3300 m elevational transect from the lowlands to the tree line with a novel combination of functional and phylogenetic approaches, and used null models to infer possible drivers of the observed patterns. Species richness, functional richness and phylogenetic diversity decreased almost monotonically with increasing elevation, but assemblage structure and composition changed abruptly in the Andean foothills at around 1200 m. In the lowland assemblages, species were functionally and phylogenetically less similar than expected from null models, whereas species in the highland assemblages were functionally and phylogenetically more similar than expected by chance, suggesting an abrupt reduction in the number of functionally and phylogenetically distinct species in the transition from lowlands to the highlands. Nevertheless, the functional and phylogenetic evenness of the assemblages, i.e. the regularity of the spacing of species in functional trait space and phylogeny, remained constant along the gradient, which suggests that the mechanisms that influence the co-occurrence of species within the assemblages are similar in lowlands and highlands. The observed differences between lowland and highland assemblages imply sharp distributional limits for frugivorous bird species in the Andean foothills, probably caused by environmental factors other than climate, e.g. changes in habitat types or topography, or independent species radiations in lowlands and highlands. These strong distributional limits may hinder uphill range shifts of frugivorous bird species, and the plant species they disperse, in the tropical Andes as a response to climate change.
Putting multi-dimensionality back into niche : diel vs. day-only niche breadth separation in stream fishes

Since its original description, the niche concept has undergone a variety of interpretations. In large majority, subsequent applications of the niche concept began to simplify, or were selective of, the various components used to assess 'fundamental' and/or 'realised' niche. As a result, the term 'niche' is being used (and misused) increasingly in univariate and single-species investigations of species resource use, which deal mostly (if not solely) with microhabitat or diet. And in some cases, the ill-conceived concept of 'filling an empty niche' is perpetuated. To re-introduce multi-dimensionality to the applications of the niche concept, and to test the hypothesis that niche breadth is influenced by the time of day samples are collected, published data on the diel microhabitat use and diet of ten species/age classes of fish (barbel Barbus barbus, chub Leuciscus cephalus, minnow Phoxinus phoxinus, gudgeon Gobio gobio, bullhead Cottus gobio, stone loach Barbatula barbatula) collected from the River Lee (Hertfordshire, England) during three diel cycles over a 10-day period in 1997 were used to construct and separate the niches for specimens collected during daytime only and for those collected over the entire diel cycle. Niche breadth was found to be significantly greater for specimens from the entire diel cycle compared with those from daytime-only sampling, indicating that estimates of niche breadth based solely on resource use during a restricted period of the day are potentially mis-leading. As demonstrated here, niche should not be used as a catch-all for simple investigations of microhabitat or of diet.
Deriving Fertilizer Recommendations with a Flexible Functional Form

General fertilizer response models are useful to derive robust recommendations for farmers who face different circumstances. This paper shows that a flexible functional form such as the transcendental can be applied to develop both agronomically and economically sound recommendation tables using a set of soil test, climate, and management variables. Data farm thirty-eight experiments on wheat response to N and P in the Humid Pampa, Argentina, were used to build a general response model that incorporates the initial levels of soil test measures (NO 3 -N and Bray-1 P), rainfall farm sowing to maturity, and previous crop. The economic analysis was performed for relevant nutrient/grain price ratios r n = 8.0 and r p = 18.3 for N and P, respectively [. ]
Methodological issues related to antifungal drug interaction modelling for filamentous fungi

Given the high mortality of invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi and the limitations of current antifungal therapies, the interest in combination therapy is increasing. However, assessment of the nature and the intensity of antifungal interactions depends on the in vitro methodology used as well as on the approach chosen to analyse the data. Regarding in vitro methodology, despite the considerable progress that has been made with the M-38P standard proposed by the National Committee Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), many variables in antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi such as the inoculum, incubation conditions, medium and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) endpoints remain unstandardized. Visual determination of the MIC is subjective and does not allow precise quantification of fungal growth, thus hindering the modelling of the concentration-dependent effects of antifungal drugs on filamentous fungi. Colorimetric assays based on the conversion of tetrazolium salts may help to overcome these problems and enable the development of modern approaches to modelling the interaction of antifungal drugs with moulds. Regarding the modelling of drug interactions, various models have been developed based on non-parametric and parametric approaches of the two main competitors – the Loewe additivity and the Bliss independence – to the zero interaction theory. The standard approach in medical microbiology has been the calculation of a fractional inhibitory concentration index but this appears not to be suitable for moulds. Alternative approaches of drug interaction modelling consist of response surface approaches and fully parametric models which incorporate modern concepts of statistical and regression analysis and provide an objective and quantitative tool for the study of drug interaction.
Light-induced increase in the contents of ferulic and diferulic acids in cell walls of Avena coleoptiles: its relationship to growth inhibition by light

White fluorescent light (5 W m−2) inhibited Avena coleoptile growth. Light caused in increase in minimum stress relaxation time and a decrease in extensibility (strain/load) of coleoptile cell walls. Light increased the contents of ferulic acid (FA) and diferulic acid (DFA) ester-linked to the hemicellulose I in cell walls. These changes in the phenolic contents correlated with those of the mechanical properties of cell walls, suggesting that light stimulates the formation of DFA in hemicellulose I, making cell walls rigid, and thus results in growth inhibition. The ratio of DFA to FA was almost constant in the dark, but decreased in light, although it was almost constant in Oryza coleoptiles either in the dark or in light (Tan et al. 1992). From this fact, it is speculated that in the light condition, the formation of DFA in cell walls is limited in the step of the peroxidase catalyzed coupling reaction to produce DFA, while in the dark it is limited in the step of the feruloylation of hemicellulose I.
Revision of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from the Melinau Limestone in Gunung Mulu National Park and Gunung Buda National Park, Sarawak, Borneo, including thirteen new species

Besides Begonia conipila, 13 new species ( Begonia apiensis , B. benaratensis , B. conniegeriae , B. divergens , B. lucychongiana , B. magentifolia , B. melinauensis , B. ramosissima , B. rhodoneura , B. umbratica , B. vulgare , B. yiii and B. xiphophylloides ) and a putative natural hybrid between B. conipila and B. lucychongiana are described from the Melinau limestone. All these species are endemic in the Melinau limestone and 10 species are restricted to limestone habitats. The Melinau limestone includes the highest limestone hills in Malaysia with Gunung Api (1710 m) and Gunung Benarat (1615 m), which above 800 m are covered by montane forest. The vegetation types and habitats of each species are described. Conservation-wise, all are of Least Concern following IUCN criteria and categories, except for B. apiensis that is extremely local and threatened by tourist activities and is designated Rare following Malaysian criteria and categories.
Morphological and molecular evidences within Osmundea (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Canary Islands, eastern Atlantic Ocean

The genus Osmundea is a strongly supported monophyletic group within the Laurencia complex and shows a disjunct distribution occurring in the North-East and South-West Pacific, the Indian and Atlantic oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. Its phenotypic plasticity on the Canary Islands may be the result of the high ecological variability partially due to the particular oceanographic characteristics in this region. The combination of molecular analyses based on the comparison of the chloroplast-encoded rbcL sequences and morphological data allowed us to delimit three distinct taxa from the coasts of the Canarian Archipelago: Osmundea pinnatifida, Osmundea truncata and an unidentified species, Osmundea sp. Moreover, the high value of genetic divergence between Osmundea sp. and the rest of the Osmundea species suggests that this taxon should be assigned to a new species within the Osmundea genus. Occurrence of O. hybrida and O. oederi (synonym: O. ramosissima) has not been confirmed. Our results also suggest a possibly questionable record of the taxa O. hybrida and O. oederi on the Canary Islands.
Effects of size and diet on stable hydrogen isotope values (δD) in fish: implications for tracing origins of individuals and their food sources

Recent studies suggest that stable hydrogen isotope ratios (dD) of fish can be used to track their watershed origin and the relative contributions of source material. Both applications assume that there is no metabolic or trophic effect on tis- sue dD. We studied the local variation of dD values in four fish species of contrasting size and feeding habits in an isotopi- cally homogenous reservoir (Flix, Spain). Other isotopic values (d 15 N, d 13 C) and trace metal content were measured as indicators of trophic and bioaccumulation patterns. In addition, isotopic values (dD, d 15 N, d 13 C) of other food web compo- nents were measured for comparison. Muscle dD values differed greatly among fish species: European catfish, Silurus glanis (-131‰); common carp, Cyprinus carpio (-141‰); rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (-158‰); and roach, Rutilus rutilus (-163‰). The influence of fish size and trophic position affected the fish dD values. Possible mechanisms that drive dD variation among fish might be a metabolic effect and (or) the compounding effect of ambient water dD on exchangeable H at each trophic stage. Our findings showed that size and feeding habits are factors that should be controlled when tracing origins of fish or their dependence on nutrient inputs using dD measurements. Resume : Des etudes recentes indiquent que les rapports d'isotopes stables d'hydrogene (dD) des poissons peuvent servir a retracer leur bassin versant d'origine et les contributions relatives des materiaux sources. Ces deux utilisations presupposent qu'il n'y a pas d'effet metabolique ou trophique sur le dD des tissus. Nous avons etudie la variation locale des valeurs de dD chez quatre especes de poissons de tailles et d'habitudes alimentaires tres differentes dans un reservoir homogene par ses isotopes (Flix, Espagne). Nous avons determine les autres valeurs isotopiques (d 15 N, d 13 C) et les concentrations des me- taux en trace comme indicateurs des patrons trophiques et des patrons de bioconcentration. Nous avons, de plus, mesure les valeurs isotopiques (dD, d 15 N, d 13 C) des autres composantes du reseau alimentaire pour etablir des comparaisons. Les va- leurs de dD du muscle varient considerablement d'une espece de poisson a une autre : le silure glane, Silurus glanis (-131 ‰), la carpe commune, Cyprinus carpio (-141 ‰), le rotengle, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (-158 ‰) et le gardon, Rutilus rutilus (-163 ‰). La taille du poisson et sa position trophique affectent les valeurs de dD du poisson. Les mecanis- mes explicatifs possibles de la variation de dD chez les poissons pourraient inclure un effet metabolique et (ou) l'effet cumu- latif du d Dd e l'eau ambiante sur l'H echangeable a chaque stade trophique. Nos resultats demontrent qu'il faut tenir compte de la taille et des habitudes alimentaires pour retracer a l'aide de mesures de dD les origines des poissons ou leur dependance des apports de nutriments. (Traduit par la Redaction)
The ecology of beach-dwelling Peromyscus maniculatus on the Pacific Coast

Live- and snap-trapped Peromyscus maniculatus from Barkley Sound, B.C., were compared between beach and inland habitats as well as between island and mainland populations. Densities, as indicated by trapping success, were not consistently different between beach and inland habitats, although the islands appeared to be more densely populated than the mainland. Mice in beach and inland habitats showed fidelity to those sites. Pregnancy rates were higher in beach habitats than in inland habitats. Beach mice were also larger, but less fat, than inland mice. We suggest that future comparisons between island and mainland populations take into consideration the variance in demographic and morphological parameters within, as well as among, islands.
Frequent Multiple Insemination in a Natural Population of Drosophila pseudoobscura

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Pasture Growth, Production, and Quality Under Rotational and Continuous Grazing Management

Management intensive rotational grazing (MIRG) is an expanding practice among dairy farmers in the Upper Midwest Despite the high productivity associated with MIRG pastures, many acres of unmanaged, continuously grazed pastures still exist. Our goal was to document relationships between forage growth, production, and quality in rotational and continuous grazing systems and to evaluate the role that management plays in the productivity of these pastures. Forages were monitored under farmer management on three MIRG dairy farms and on three continuously grazed pastures (CON) on conventional livestock farms in 1994 and 1995. Evaluation of the results was complicated by the range of conditions and management practices that characterized the study's participants. As is typical for this region, CON pastures in this study were unmanaged. In contrast, MIRG pastures were monitored daily by their owners and sward health was maintained through movement of the herd and such practices as interseeding legumes. Forage mass for MIRG pastures was greater than CON every week of the 24-wk grazing season, averaging 1763 lb/acre for ready-to-graze MIRG paddocks vs. 850 lb/acre for CON. Crude protein averaged 16.6% for MIRG vs. 15.3% for CON. Seasonal average ADF values were 34.2% for MIRG and 34.1% for CON. Average NDF values were 53.4% for MIRG and 56.8% for CON. Forage mass between 1300 and 1900 lb/acre appeared to provide a balance between yield and quality on MIRG pastures. Cooperating farmers most often chose to graze paddocks at this level. For CON, forage quality decreased as forage biomass increased. Ready-to-graze MIRG paddocks had significantly higher quality than CON pastures at equivalent levels of forage biomass. It was not possible in this study to isolate individual management practices and test them separately, so no one factor can be viewed as responsible for the differences we observed. Indeed, these differences probably are the result of the interaction among several management practices on MIRG farms and the lack of pasture management on CON farms.