Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Confessional State in International Politics: Tudor England, Religion, and the Eclipse of Dynasticism

Whilst religion and collective identity have become issues of central concern to international relations scholars, dynastic concerns and national interests still dominate their analyses of early modern international politics. This analysis contributes to the constructivist emphasis on collective identity to foreign policy by examining Tudor England in light of the concept of confessionalisation. Based on the recent historiography of Tudor England, this analysis demonstrates the importance of religion in defining not only the collective identity of international actors, but also their foreign policies, choice of alliances, and, more generally, their international outlook. Through such a lens, it seeks to draw analyses of the confessional state away from their focus on domestic state formation to the “external” dimension of confessionalisation and its importance for international politics.
Volatiles from green‐lipped mussel as a lead to vespid wasp attractants

Vespid wasps (Vespula vulgaris L. and V. germanica Fab. Hymenoptera; Vespidae) are highly abundant in 1 million ha of New Zealand's indigenous beech forests (Nothofagus spp.) and have had detrimental effects on the New Zealand native fauna. This hyperabundance is due in part to the vast supply of carbohydrate‐rich honeydew produced by scale insects Ultracoelostoma spp. native to New Zealand. Current control methods include the use of wet cat food as a protein source with insecticide as a lure‐and‐kill‐based system, but there are problems with fresh baits degrading rapidly, and a more durable formulation would enable the expansion and longevity of wasp control. Four crude protein baits were tested for vespid attraction. Green‐lipped mussels had the highest vespid catch of the crude baits tested, and aged and fresh mussels were equally attractive. From headspace analysis of the green‐lipped mussel volatiles, a series of butanoate esters, 3‐octanone and 1‐octen‐3‐ol were identified as possible attractants. These compounds were tested individually and in various blend combinations for the attraction of Vespula wasps in matagouri vegetation at the edge of beech forests. We found synergistic effects between single attractive compounds when tested in various combinations, and the multicomponent lures were more attractive to these wasps than heptyl and octyl butanoate, previously identified attractants for vespid species. The new multicomponent lures could form the basis for a new generation of attractants for social wasps that can provide sustained control methods for invasive vespid wasps.
Land restitution and income generation in protected areas in Mpumalanga, South Africa

In many cases protected areas in South Africa have been established with little or no regard for communities living in or adjacent to them. The new challenge to protection of biodiversity is to find an equitable balance between conservation, beneficiation of the new land owners, and “balancing the books”. This article discusses the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve as a case study to illustrate some of the potential outcomes that co-management of protected areas can offer towards income generation, and highlights challenges towards success: it asks, can co-management be financially sustainable for both the conservation agency and the land claimants?
Variations in lamb growth on coastal and mountain pastures, will climate change make a difference?

Abstract In Norway domestic sheep are mostly kept on mountain pastures over summer. Previous studies have shown that climate conditions affect the growth of mountain grazing lambs in contrasting ways. We analysed a data-set from the Tjøtta research farm in northern Norway comprising weights and growth of 8696 lambs over 17 years. The lambs grazed coastal or a mountain pasture, 15 km apart. We found that the lambs grew faster when grazing the mountain pasture. Spring and integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) affected only the lambs grazing in the mountains. Winter conditions (North Atlantic Oscillation) and summer temperature had a positive effect on growth in both pastures while spring temperature and spring NDVI were important only in the mountains. The positive effect of spring NDVI suggests that the mountain pasture will produce bigger lambs under future climate warming, while the lambs on the coastal pasture will be less affected.
Determinants of Interpersonal Trust in Productivity and Organisational Commitment: Evidence from Indonesia

The research aims to find empirical evidence of participation, feedback, and empowerment towards increasing interpersonal trust. Also, the positive influence of increasing interpersonal trust on productivity and organisational commitment. The research data was collected through a mail survey, and the sample of only government auditors was based on the reason that the performance of government auditors as an institution is assessed by the public through the work of it’s auditors. Then the data was analysed against the theoretical model building using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis techniques using primary data obtained by distributing 147 questionnaires to the government auditor in the East Java Provincial. The results showed that the participation variable had a significant effect on interpersonal trust. The results also showed that participation, feedback and empowerment had a significant effect on interpersonal trust. In addition, the effect of interpersonal trust on productivity and organisational commitment showed significant results.
TGF‐β: a mobile purveyor of immune privilege

Summary: Functionally barricaded immune responses or sites of immune privilege are no longer considered dependent on specific anatomical considerations, but rather, they can develop in any location where immunoregulatory cells congregate and express or release products capable of deviating the host response to foreign antigens. Among the pivotal molecules involved in orchestrating these ectopic sites of immune suppression is transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), a secreted and cell‐associated polypeptide with a multiplicity of actions in innate and adaptive immunity. While beneficial in initiating and controlling immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis, immunosuppressive pathways mediated by TGF‐β may obscure immune surveillance mechanisms, resulting in failure to recognize or respond adequately to self, foreign, or tumor‐associated antigens. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells represent a dominant purveyor of TGF‐β‐mediated suppression and are found in infiltrating tumors and other sites of immune privilege, where they influence CD8+ T cells; CD4+ T‐helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cells; natural killer cells; and cells of myeloid lineage to choreograph and/or muck up host defense. Defining the cellular sources, mechanisms of action, and networking that distinguish the dynamic establishment of localized immune privilege is vital for developing strategic approaches to diminish or to embellish these tolerogenic events for therapeutic benefit.
EFFECTS OF DROUGHT AND PROLONGED WINTER ON TOWNSEND'S GROUND SQUIRREL DEMOGRAPHY IN SHRUBSTEPPE HABITATS

During a mark–recapture study of Townsend’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) on 20 sites in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, Idaho, in 1991 through 1994, 4407 animals were marked in 17639 capture events. This study of differences in population dynamics of Townsend’s ground squirrels among habitats spanned a drought near the extreme of the 130-yr record, followed by prolonged winter conditions. Townsend’s ground squirrels have a short active season (≈4 mo) in which to reproduce and store fat for overwintering. Their food consists largely of succulent grasses and forbs in this dry shrubsteppe and grassland habitat. The drought in the latter half of the 1992 active season produced early drying of Sandberg’s bluegrass (Poa secunda) and was associated with low adult and juvenile body masses prior to immergence into estivation/hibernation. The following prolonged winter was associated with late emergence of females in 1993. Early-season body masses of adults were low in 1993 r.
Examining the Combined Effect of E- CRM and Sensory Marketing, on Customer Satisfaction and Hotel Image in Thailand: The Moderating Role of Anxiety

The postmodern era of business is basically a product of technology and particularly e-technology. Technology in general, and the internet and web, have changed traditional marketing and management practices. Service is an emerging yet least explored area of CRM. Meanwhile, the emergence of a concept such as e-CRM as brought a revolution in CRM research. Therefore, examining the link between hotel image and e-CRM is the objective of this study. In addition to that, the two-aspect sensory marketing known as ‘touch and taste’ are also examined. Satisfaction is examined as a mediator among e-CRM, touch, taste and hotel image. Finally, following the theoretical justification, we trace the moderating role of anxiety in the relationship between e-CRM and customer satisfaction. The data is collected from visitors to the Thai hotel industry. It transpired that the response rate was 54 percent, which is higher than the threshold level. SEM-PLS is one of the most robust statistical techniques for measuring structural relationships between and among variables. It is used to analyse the data. The study findings support the proposed or hypothesized relationships. The e-CRM appears as a significant determinant of a hotel’s image as well as customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction and anxiety appeared in significant mediating and moderating roles.
Polyamine Patterns as Chemotaxonomic Markers for the Genus Xanthomonas

Polyamine profiles of 140 Xanthomonas strains were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed that there are two polyamine profiles within the genus Xanthomonas. The first profile, characterized by spermidine as the major polyamine, was shared by Xanthomonas albilineans, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas fragariae, Xanthomonas oryzae, Xanthomonas populi, and some unclassified xanthomonads. The second profile was typical of Xanthomonas maltophilia strains and contained spermidine and cadaverine as the major polyamines.
Establishing the Measurement Variables of the Chinese Hotel Guest Experience in Malaysia

The growth of the world's tourism industry has developed the hotel industry, and the continuous growth of Chinese outbound tourists has brought opportunities to the Malaysian hotel industry. However, attracting more Chinese outbound tourists to hotels and retaining customers has become a problem for Malaysian hotels, as guests’ experience highly depends on their evaluation of their visit. The experience is reflected in their evaluation of numerous variables. However, the literature indicates no single, agreed framework to measure hotel visit experience. Hence, this paper evaluates the scale that can measure hotel visit experience. It uses Chinese guests as respondents. To do so, a model consisting of perceived value, satisfaction and commitment on electronic word-of-mouth responses is proposed. Using the pilot research method, the empirical data came from Chinese hotel guests visiting Malaysia hotels, using a survey questionnaire. The study used quantitative approach and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21, utilized for data analysis procedures. This paper has vital significance and purpose, as it fills gaps in the literature on hotel management research.
Inversed Illiquidity and Corporate Investment on the Indonesian Stock Exchange’s Kompas 100 Index

Investors will respond to high investment by increasing trading volume, while firms will also boost this growth with their capital spending as a form of investment. Through inversing illiquidity, we can find another measurement viewpoint on the stock liquidity while also assessing the impact of corporate investments. This paper investigated empirical evidence on the Kompas 100 Index, which consisted of one hundred of the most liquid stocks in the Indonesian Stock Market. The result showed that corporate investment has a negative relationship to stock liquidity, caused by the increasing leverage to fund the investment. Investors viewed this as an increasing risk and reacted negatively.
An Effort to Mitigate Deviant Behaviour in the Workplace: Does Justice Matter?

A salesperson is required to interact with internal companies and external parties. In this case, the customer. Several research studies rank salespersons among the most unethical professional jobs. This study is carried out on 312 salespersons through online surveys. The research found that the injustices felt by the salesperson are proven to significantly influence their deviant work behaviour. Furthermore, the existence of moral disengagement in the salesperson can also mediate the influence of organisational injustice on the deviant work of the behaviour, partially.
On metric characteristics of two disability measures applied to acute ischaemic stroke patients

Systematic assessment of patient performance has a long tradition and it is being intensely developed within stroke rehabilitation. Functional outcome has been assessed primarily in terms of degree of physical independence, the criteria of independence being performance-oriented and conceptualised in the ADL (Activities of Daily Living) approach. Two ADL-scales were compared in the study: the Barthel Index (BI) and the Extended Barthel Index (EBI). BI has become the standard ADL measure for rehabilitation research, while EBI is a modification of the BI with extended scoring of physical disability and addition of a second, cognitive part. Thirty-three patients with first ischaemic stroke, all having received early rehabilitation service within the neurology department, were assessed at week 1, week 3 and week 6 post stroke. Four principal issues were addressed: sensitivity of EBI to clinically important changes compared to BI (the question of ceiling effect); ability of both scales to show the rehabilitation trend; reliability of both scales; and criterion validity of EBI (relation to a motor scale and a memory test). While all the questions were answered positively bar the first one, emphasis was also put on combining diverse data-analysis methodologies: inferential statistics and data visualisation, bivariate and multivariate methods and parametric as well as nonparametric tests. G. Vidmar, J. Janša 2 / 10
Embedding Machine & Deep Learning for Mitigating Security & Privacy Issues in IoT Enabled Devices & Networks

The future Internet of Things (IoT) will have a deep economical, commercial and social impact on our lives. The participating nodes in IoT networks are usually resource-constrained, which makes them luring targets for cyber-attacks. In this regard, extensive efforts have been made to address the security and privacy issues in IoT networks primarily through traditional cryptographic approaches. However, the unique characteristics of IoT nodes render the existing solutions insufficient to encompass the entire security spectrum of the IoT networks. This is, at least in part, because of the resource constraints, heterogeneity, massive real-time data generated by the IoT devices, and the extensively dynamic behavior of the networks. Therefore, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques, which are able to provide embedded intelligence in the IoT devices and networks, are leveraged to cope with different security problems. In this paper, we systematically review the security requirements, attack vectors, and the current security solutions for the IoT networks. We then shed light on the gaps in these security solutions that call for ML and DL approaches. We also discuss in detail the existing ML and DL solutions for addressing different security problems in IoT networks. At last, based on the detailed investigation of the existing solutions in the literature, we discuss the future research directions for ML and DL-based IoT security.
Loss of heather moorland in the Scottish uplands: the role of red grouse management

Scottish upland moorland dominated by heather Calluna vulgaris is the primary habitat for red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, and has been declining since the 1940s. At the same time red grouse numbers have also fallen. We compared land cover change on sites managed for grouse shooting (1945-1990), and on sites which were managed for grouse in the 1940s but on which management had stopped by the 1980s. Land cover type for sites (N = 229) containing >10% heather cover in the 1940s were examined during the 1940s, 1970s, and 1980s. Grouse management existed on 49% of sites in the 1940s, a number which had fallen to 20% by the 1980s. In the 1940s there were no significant differences in land cover type between areas that were managed for grouse, and areas that were not. However, differences emerged during the 1970s and 1980s; areas where grouse management had ceased by the 1980s showed an expansion in woodland cover from 6% in the 1940s to 30% in the 1980s, and a reduction in heather cover from 53% to 29%. In areas where active grouse management had been maintained, woodland increased from 3% to 10% and heather decreased from 51% to 41% during the same period. These changes may be, in part, a consequence of government agricultural and forestry policy. When profitable, grouse management reduces the attractiveness of such subsidies and thereby results in a slower loss of heather.
The Perception of Voice Onset Time by English-speaking L2 Learners of Spanish with an Extended Partial Immersion Experience

The Perception of Voice Onset Time by English-Speaking L2 Learners of Spanish with an Extended Partial Immersion Experience Jeremy Leigh Ingersoll Department of Spanish and Portuguese, BYU Master of Arts For adult learners of a second language, the similarities and differences in acoustic properties between their native language and the language they are learning can affect how they perceive the sounds of the new language. How learners perceive these acoustic properties will directly affect their ability to communicate. According to the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) (Best 1995), learners will perceive the sounds of a language that is new to them based on how similar or different the sounds are from the learner’s native language. Between the English and Spanish language, there are some sounds that share acoustic properties and others that show contrast. Such is the case with the stop consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, and /g/. These consonants exist in both Spanish and English, and though they are similar, there are important differences in how they should be perceived and produced. Despite the differences, these sounds are likely to be confused by L2 learners due to similarity in acoustic cues. This study will use Best’s Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) as a framework. It will test the L2 perception of native English-speaking adults who are L2 learners of Spanish, have spent between 18 and 24 months speaking the target language as Latter-day Saint (LDS or Mormon) missionaries in the United States, and who are also currently university students enrolled in an upper-level Spanish course. It will focus on their perception of the acoustic cue of Voice Onset Time (VOT) of stop consonants.
SIMULTANEOUSLY TRANS-ESTERIFICATION AND AMIDIFICATION OF COCONUT OIL INTO COCAMIDE-DEA USING HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

Cocamide-DEA were synthesized by trans-esterification of coconut oil to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) followed by amidification of FAME with diethanolamine (DEA) using CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst. The triglycerides in coconut oil were trans-esterified with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide in the first step of the reaction. The trans-esterification reaction occurred in 3 h and GC spectra confirmed that FAME obtained was 84.08%. Furthermore, the amidification of a reaction of FAME was investigated by using Box Behnken Design and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Several effective parameters were evaluated in term of substrate mole ratio (4/1-6/1 DEA/FAME), the solvent ratio (2/1-4/1 v/wFAME), and reaction time (3-5 h) on the percentage of fatty acid conversion to Cocamide-DEA. The results showed that the effect of each variable, the effect of the quadratic variable and the effect of interaction between variables were significant on the yield. In contrast, the quadratic effect of solvent ratio has a negative effect, although it is not significant for cocamide DEA acquisition. The optimal condition from RSM obtained was substrate mole ratio of 4/1 (DEA/FAME), the solvent ratio of 3/1 (v/wFAME) and reaction time of 4 h. Under the above condition, the maximum fatty acid conversion of 84.65% was obtained.
Climate-driven range shifts and demographic events over the history of Kruper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi

Capsule This study is the first ever documented evidence of an interglacial refugium during the Last Interglacial for birds in Anatolia and suggests the need of a re-examination of the effects of the Last Interglacial on the geographic distribution and genetic structure of species. Aims We tested whether, in accordance with the ‘refugia within refugia’ model, multiple refugia existed for Kruper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi during the Last Glacial Maximum or the species survived along the coastal belt of Anatolia through the Late Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles. Methods An ecological niche model was developed to predict the geographic distribution of Kruper's Nuthatch under reconstructed past (the Last Interglacial and the Last Glacial Maximum), present, and projected future bioclimatic conditions. Also, robust coalescent-based analyses were used to assess demographic events over the history of Kruper's Nuthatch. Results Kruper's Nuthatch survived the Last Glacial Maximum almost along the coastal belt of Anatolia, but not in multiple refugia, and surprisingly, contrary to expectations, it survived the Last Interglacial in southern Anatolia, but not along the coastal belt of Anatolia. Conclusion A kind of the ‘refugia within refugia’ model (i.e. the ‘refugium within refugium’ model) was supported because range shifts took place within Anatolia (itself also a refugium) for Kruper's Nuthatch.