Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-answer question answering and rhetorical-semantic relations

Long-Answer Question Answering and Rhetorical-Semantic Relations Sasha J. Blair-Goldensohn Over the past decade, Question Answering (QA) has generated considerable interest and participation in the fields of Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval. Conferences such as TREC, CLEF and DUC have examined various aspects of the QA task in the academic community. In the commercial world, major search engines from Google, Microsoft and Yahoo have integrated basic QA capabilities into their core web search. These efforts have focused largely on so-called “factoid” questions seeking a single fact, such as the birthdate of an individual or the capital city of a country. Yet in the past few years, there has been growing recognition of a broad class of “long-answer” questions which cannot be satisfactorily answered in this framework, such as those seeking a definition, explanation, or other descriptive information in response. In this thesis, we consider the problem of answering such questions, with particular focus on the contribution to be made by integrating rhetorical and semantic models. We present DefScriber, a system for answering definitional (“What is X? ”), biographical (“Who is X? ”) and other long-answer questions using a hybrid of goaland data-driven methods. Our goal-driven, or top-down, approach is motivated by a set of definitional predicates which capture information types commonly useful in definitions; our data-driven, or bottom-up, approach uses dynamic analysis of input data to guide answer content. In several evaluations, we demonstrate that DefScriber outperforms competitive summarization techniques, and ranks among the top long-answer QA systems being developed by others. Motivated by our experience with definitional predicates in DefScriber, we pursue a set of experiments which automatically acquire broad-coverage lexical models of rhetoricalsemantic relations (RSRs) such as Cause and Contrast. Building on the framework of Marcu and Echihabi (Marcu and Echihabi, 2002), we implement techniques to improve the quality of these models using syntactic filtering and topic segmentation, and present evaluation results showing that these methods can improve the accuracy of relation classification. Lastly, we implement two approaches for applying the knowledge in our RSR models to enhance the performance and scope of DefScriber. First, we integrate RSR models into the answer-building process in DefScriber, finding incremental improvements with respect to the content and ordering of responses. Second, we use our RSR models to help identify relevant answer material for an exploratory class of “relation-focused” questions which seek explanatory or comparative responses. We demonstrate that in the case of explanation questions, using RSRs can lead to significantly more relevant responses.
Dictionary-based Named Entity Recognition

An important task in information extraction is the recognition of named entities in natural language texts, NER for short. A named entity is a phrase presenting an item of a class. This work represents a dictionary-based NER framework. It uses multiple dictionaries, which are freely available on the Web. A dictionary is a collection of phrases that describe named entities. The framework is composed of two stages: (1) detection of named entity candidates using dictionaries for lookups and (2) filtering of false positives based on a part-of-speech tagger. Dictionary lookups are performed using an efficient prefix-tree data structure. Optionally, additional filters using word-form-based evidence can be applied to increase precision and recall of the recognition. Most of the existing approaches for NER use machine learning techniques. The main drawback of these systems is the manual effort needed for the creation of labeled training data. Our dictionary-based recognizer does not need labeled text as training data. Furthermore, the dictionary-based framework can be applied to any language that is supported by a part-of-speech tagger. Our dictionary-based recognizer performs on German with up to 89.01% precision at 77.64% recall and 81.60% F1 score, improving Stanford’s NER by five percentage points for precision, recall, and F1 score.
Semantic-Driven Information Recommendation System

Information recommendation systems is the one of the most effective tools to solve the problem of information overload. In this paper, we design SIRSCA, a semantic-driven information recommendation system under cloud architecture. SIRSCA mainly includes four modules: semantics representation of foundation data and user preference informations; indexing mechanism of massive semantic informations under cloud architecture; recommendation approaches based on semantic computation theory; and technologies of dynamic migration under cloud architecture.
Multiantenna capacities of waveguide and cavity channels

MIMO capacity of waveguide and cavity channels is analyzed in details in this paper. The rationale for this is three-fold: (i) waveguide/cavity models can be used to model corridors, tunnels and other confined space channels, (ii) this is a canonical problem; its analysis allows to develop appropriate techniques, which can be further used for more complex problems, (iii) it allows to shed light on the relation between information theory and electromagnetism and, in particular, to establish the limits imposed by the laws of electromagnetism on achievable channel capacity. It is demonstrated that the number of degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field inside of waveguides, which can be used for MIMO communication, is determined by the waveguide cross-sectional area expressed in terms of the wavelength. A system architecture is proposed, which allows using these degrees of freedom.
Learning Analytics Dashboard Applications

This article introduces learning analytics dashboards that visualize learning traces for learners and teachers. We present a conceptual framework that helps to analyze learning analytics applications for these kinds of users. We then present our own work in this area and compare with 15 related dashboard applications for learning. Most evaluations evaluate only part of our conceptual framework and do not assess whether dashboards contribute to behavior change or new understanding, probably also because such assessment requires longitudinal studies.
Towards Spatiotemporal Planning: Practicable Analysis of Day-to-Day Paths through Space and Time

As our environment consists not only of space but also of time, there is cause to develop spatiotemporal planning: the planning of spacetime. To devise and implement spatiotemporal plans practicable methods are needed for obtaining knowledge about behaviour in space and time. In this paper we present a prototype of a new method of space – time analysis which has been developed and tested in a city region in the Netherlands. The main feature of the method is construction of virtual households and individuals whose day-to-day activity patterns are inspected with a view to identifying space – time problems at individual and at collective levels. It thus becomes possible to formulate concrete recommendations for optimizing spatial and temporal organization and to devise spatial-temporal plans which will enhance the quality of life. The method can be employed in improving existing urban areas as well as in designing new ones.
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS ON A DISTRIBUTED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR

Fast Fourier Transforms are used in a variety of Digital Signal Processing applications. As semiconductor process technology becomes more refined, the ability to implement faster and more efficient FFTs increases. However, due to the high costs and design time of custom FFT processors, implementation of the FFT on programmable or reconfigurable platforms is practical. In this work, we present mapping of FFTs of various lengths to a programmable, reconfigurable array of processors. The design of hardware address generators is also presented, as it is tightly coupled with implementation of the Fast Fourier Transform. The reconfigurable array of processors is named Asynchronous Array of Simple Processors (AsAP). A Register Transfer Level (RTL) model of the AsAP architecture is used to simulate Fast Fourier Transforms. Coding for the FFTs is done primarily with assembly-level code. Three FFTs of length 32, 64, and 1024 points were mapped and simulated onto AsAP. The accuracy of each FFT was verified by comparing simulation results to an independent model.
Space-frequency codes for broadband fading channels

The use of space-frequency coding in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based broadband multi-antenna systems has been proposed. The design criteria for space-frequency codes derived by Bolcskei and Paulraj (see Proc. IEEE WCNC-2000, Chicago, IL, vol.1, p.1-6, 2000) are vastly different from the well-known design criteria for space-time codes. In this paper, we provide an explicit construction of a class of space-frequency codes which achieve full spatial and frequency diversity.
Network-Level Infrastructure Management Using Approximate Dynamic Programming

This research introduces the use of approximate dynamic programming to overcome a variety of limitations of distinct infrastructure management problem formulations. The form, as well as the parameters, of a model specifying the long-term costs associated with alternate infrastructure maintenance policies are learned via simulation. The introduced methodology makes it possible to manage large heterogeneous networks of facilities related by budgetary restrictions and resource constraints as well as by dependencies in maintenance costs or deterioration. In addition, the methodology is particularly well suited to consideration of multiple types of infrastructure condition data at the same time, including continuous-valued data and relevant historical data. Introduced techniques will prove valuable when high-quality deterioration and cost estimation models are available but are ill suited for use in a Markov decision problem framework. Computational studies show that the introduced approach is able to find an optimal solution to a relatively simple infrastructure management problem, and is able to find increasingly good solutions to a more complex problem.
Efficient video images retrieval by using local co-occurrence matrix texture features and normalised correlation

Since multimedia data is widely used in many fields, research is needed on how to search that data. As a method of retrieving multimedia data, especially for image data, content based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have obtained lots of interest. In order to develop CBIR systems, many different properties of an image have been considered for methods of retrieving image data such as colour, texture, shape, etc. The paper proposes a simple and efficient image retrieval algorithm, which retrieves images on the basis of subregional texture characteristics. In order to retrieve images in terms of contents, it is in general required to obtain a precise segmentation. However, it is very difficult and takes a lot of computing time for precise segmentation. Therefore, the proposed algorithm subdivides an image in terms of a certain sized windows, and finds out whether an image contains a query pattern on the basis texture features. Also, these texture features are described by only six different texture features produced from a co-occurrence matrix. For an image retrieval system, a normalised correlation is adopted as a similarity function, which is not dependent on the range of texture feature values. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to various images and produces competitive results.
A low jitter 0.3-165 MHz CMOS PLL frequency synthesizer for 3 V/5 V operation

This paper describes a phase-locked loop (PLL) based frequency synthesizer. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) utilizing a ring of single-ended current-steering amplifiers (CSA) provides low noise, wide operating frequencies, and operation over a wide range of power supply voltage. A programmable charge pump circuit automatically configures the loop gain and optimizes it over the whole frequency range. The measured PLL frequency ranges are 0.3-165 MHz and 0.3-100 MHz at 5 V and 3 V supplies, respectively (the VCO frequency is twice PLL output). The peak-to-peak jitter is 81 ps (13 ps rms) at 100 MHz. The chip is fabricated with a standard 0.8-/spl mu/m n-well CMOS process.
Memory synthesis for high speed DSP applications

Describes technique for performing automatic memory allocation and address allocation for high-speed applications. Memory access conflicts are solved and a global strategy to merge memory units is presented. Efficient reuse of memory locations is obtained by the proposed address allocation techniques. The techniques are based on a stream model for describing data transport. As a specific application, the memory management of the PHIDEO silicon compiler is discussed. <<ETX>>
Preserving perpetual access to electronic journals: A Korean consortial approach

Abstract This study describes the key findings of the Korean Electronic Site License Initiative (KESLI), established by the National Digital Science Library to develop a digital archive of electronic journals in Korea. Research and relevant activities included developing a system architecture, suggesting journal selection criteria and publisher selection criteria, choosing a set of metadata elements, and addressing stakeholders' concerns. Recommendations for further tasks have been made in order to have the system fully operating by December 2007.
A novel 3D reconstruction approach by dynamic (de)focused light

In this paper, we propose a novel active 3D recovery method based on dynamic (de)focused light. The method combines both depth from focus (DFF) and depth from defocus (DFD) techniques. With this approach, optimized illumination pattern is projected on the object in order to enforce strong dominant texture on the surface. The imaging system is specifically constructed to keep the whole object sharp in all captured images. Consequently, only projected patterns experience the defocused deformation according to an object depth. Projected light pattern images are acquired within certain focused ranges similar to DFF approach, while the focus measures across these images are calculated for depth estimation by using DFD manner. This guarantees that at least one focus or near-focus image within depth of field exists in the computation. Therefore, the final reconstruction is supposed to be prominent to the one obtained from DFD and also less computational extensive compared to DFF provided.
Comparison of space division multiplexing schemes employing multiple antennas in OFDM forward link

The paper compares the achievable throughput performance of the multiple antenna transmission and reception technique called MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) including the adaptive antenna array beamforming (AAA-BF) transmitter, using a 100 MHz bandwidth for the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) forward link in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel aiming at high frequency efficiency up to 10 bps/Hz. Simulation results elucidate that to achieve high frequency efficiency of greater than approximately 4 bps/Hz, MIMO multiplexing can decrease the required transmission power the most for two and four transmitter and receiver antennas, since lower-level data modulation or a lower channel coding rate is applicable compared to the AAA-BF transmitter and MIMO diversity schemes. We also show that an average PER of 10/sup -2/ is possible for the information bit rate of 1 Gbps using a 100 MHz bandwidth (i.e., 10 bps/Hz) at the transmit signal energy per bit-to-background noise power spectrum density ratio (E/sub b//N/sub 0/) of approximately 10 (13) dB using the combination of 16QAM modulation and the coding rate of 5/6 together with four-branch MIMO multiplexing in a 12-path fading channel with the maximum Doppler frequency of f/sub D/=20 Hz when the fading correlation between antennas is 0 (0.6).
Query Optimization of Distributed RDF Data Based on MapReduce

As the development of the semantic web, RDF data set has grown rapidly, thus causing the query problem of massive RDF. Using distributed technique to complete the SPARQL (Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language) Query is a new way of solving the large amounts of RDF query problem. At present, most of the RDF query strategies based on Hadoop have to use multiple MapReduce jobs to complete the task, resulting in waste of time. In order to overcome this drawback, MRQJ (using MapReduce to query and join) algorithm is proposed in the paper, which firstly uses a greedy strategy to generate join plan, then only one MapReduce job should be created to get the query results in SPARQL query execution. Finally, a contrast experiment on the LUBM (Lehigh University Benchmark) test data set is conducted, the results of which show that MRQJ method has a great advantage in the case that the query is more complicated.
A PHOTOCHROMIC DITHIENYLETHENE THAT TURNS YELLOW BY UV IRRADIATION

1,2-Bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene which shows a reversible color change from colorless to yellow by UV irradiation was synthesized. The color of the photogenerated closed-ring forms was dependent on the substitution position of the thiophene rings to the perfluorocyclopentene moiety.
IMPROVING STUDENTS' CHINESE WRITING ABILITIES IN TAIWAN WITH THE "CONDITIONED WRITING SYSTEM"

This research investigates students’ performance while writing Chinese essays using an interactive online writing system. Participants include students from two seventh-grade classes of a junior high school in Taoyuan County, Taiwan. The experimental group uses the conditioned writing interactive online system, while the control group receives traditional paper-and-pencil writing instruction. Findings show that this writing system makes a significant difference in students’ writing performance in the areas of “argumentation” and “organization and structure”, two essential elements of Chinese essay writing. This study proposes practical applications of the online interactive writing system for junior high school students’ Chinese essay writing.
Using the Internet to Deliver Higher Education

Summary This article reviews the development and delivery of a Higher Education course module as part of a large European University's Integrated Masters Program operating through a regional network of Rural Area Training and Information Opportunities (RATIO) telematic centres. The aim of the project was to provide remote learners living in the southwest of England with computer-supported solutions to access higher education as part of a technology-assisted distance education program. The module represented a shift from traditional educational delivery systems by using instructional courseware via an Internet Web site. Personal communications with module participants were conducted with the use of e-mail and videoconferencing information technology (IT) resources. Out of the original sixteen participants who enrolled in this Masters course module, four actually completed the learning sessions and two submitted final assignments. This article considers the key lessons learned from this attrition rate and shares the mainly positive experiences of the remote tutor and the students engaged in this initiative. The implications regarding the use of the Internet for delivering higher education course modules through online distance learning are discussed in the light of cautions learned from this research project and important practical recommendations for future practice are made.
Regrowth biomass estimation in the amazon using JERS-1/RADARSAT SAR composites

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is known to have a response that is directly related to the amount of living material that it interacts with. It is this property that our research seeks to exploit in order to better understand carbon dynamics in the Amazon. The vegetation density causes the radar response to saturate such that vegetation that is more dense than some threshold is indistinguishable from each other. However, the areas of regrowth are likely to have a low enough biomass during the first 10 years of regrowth to be accurately assessed using radar. Our efforts involve obtaining appropriate pairs of radar images at L and C bands from different sites and for both seasons. These data are then orthorectified to allow accurate calibration and incidence angle correction. The seasonality of the data is used to deal with the moisture sensitivity of the data, and the different frequency data is used to help classify the data into several classes for use in class-specific biomass estimates. We have chosen 2 sites in Brazil for our study. we use the JERS-1 (L-band) and RADARSAT (C-band) data to create a 2-channel composite. These data are then classified into the following classes: flat area (water, bare soil), short vegetation, regrowth, and trees. We report on the accuracy of both our classification and biomass estimation efforts.
A CMOS temperature-compensated current reference

A temperature-compensated current reference for CMOS integrated circuits based on a MOSFET as current-defining element, is described. To minimize the mass-production cost, it uses no external components nor trimming procedures. Comparison with classical current references with a resistor as a current-defining element shows a considerable improvement of the relative tolerance on the current. Theoretical expressions are presented and compared with experimental results from an integrated prototype. For devices from the same batch, the standard deviation is measured to be 2.5%, and the temperature dependence is 3% from 0 to 80 degrees C. From theoretical equations, the standard deviation of devices from different batches is expected to be about 15%. >
Calibration and evaluation of virtual environment displays

Designing safe and effective virtual environment (VE) systems requires human factors research to produce specifications for VE systems that are based on sensory and perceptual requirements necessary for optimal human performance. Part of this research requires establishing performance benchmarks, established in physical environments, with which to compare performance in virtual environments. The authors present two studies in which they used benchmarks based on two fundamental perceptual and motor components of spatial perception and orientation. (1) A virtual visual display was calibrated by comparing the accuracy of pointing to targets in physical and virtual environments. (2) The authors assessed the degree to which a VE represented a physical environment by comparing users' judgments of target direction in the two environments. They discuss implications of the research for the design of VEs. <<ETX>>
Performance evaluation of synthetic waveguide communication in a Nakagami-m fading environment

We examine the scenario, where two communicants use some limited number of relay, units to propagate messages to one another across a Nakagami-m fading environment. Each autonomous relay unit has omnidirectional transmit/receive capability to establish power limited communication links with neighboring relay units. The outage probability is derived for various "synthetic waveguide" configurations, which introduce spatial diversity. As signal fading increases, such spatial diversity provides a dramatic improvement in performance over the nominal "bucket brigade" configuration of placing the relay units at uniform spacing along the line intersecting the communicants.
The role of technology in telecom expansion in India

It is not viable to expand the telecom network in India substantially at the prevalent level of per-line investment. However, systems based on new technologies, many developed in India, promise to more than halve the investment required. This article looks at the telecom scenario, the new technologies, the Indian products based on these technologies, and the cost reductions they promise. The provision of widespread Internet service with low access tariff is an important aspect of the new approach.