Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spin Hall nano-oscillator arrays: towards GHz neuromorphics

This thesis explores the vibrant phenomena of spin Hall nano–oscillators (SHNOs); from wideband oscillation at the GHz range, through propagating spin–wave emission, to mutual synchronization in two–dimensional SHNO arrays, and tries to lay the foundation for a far-reaching SHNO technology, targeting magnonics, microwave signal generation, and neuromorphic computing. After a short introduction to the theoretical background in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2, ways of improving the spin transport properties between NiFe and Pt are explored: an 0.4 nm ultra–thin layer of Hf at the NiFe/Pt interface is found to reduce the threshold current by 20% as a result of the change in spin mixing conductance GÖ eff. Then, W/CoFeB/MgO stacks with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are used to demonstrate wide frequency tunability and sub–mA threshold currents in CMOS compatible SHNOs. By further increasing the PMA, the auto–oscillation frequency exceeds the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency, turning the SHNO into a propagating spin–wave emitter in which the propagation wave–vector is tunable with applied current and field. Finally, a GHz nano-scale SHNO modulated by an 80 MHz radio–frequency (RF) current is presented. The modulation needs no bulky microwave mixer, promising a compact modulator unit. Chapter 3 introduces two–dimensional SHNO arrays. Robust mutual synchronization is demonstrated in arrays accommodating up to 64 oscillators, achieving record high quality factors of 170,000 at an operating frequency of 10 GHz. Injection of two external microwave signals reproduces the two-dimensional synchronization maps used in neuromorphic vowel recognition. Chapter 4 emphasizes the importance of individual SHNO control in arrays. Gated SHNOs are demonstrated with substantial voltage tuning of the threshold current and the SHNO frequency. Voltage controlled mutual synchronization is also demonstrated. The MgO/AlOx/Si3N4 gate is found to exhibit a memristive behavior governed by ion migration and acts as an embedded memory making each SHNO a complete non-volatile oscillator with integrated weights. The exciting nature of coupled non-volatile oscillator arrays controlled by electric field could lead to a paradigm shift in non–conventional computing. Chapter 5 discusses the implications of the demonstrated SHNO technology and how it may impact future applications.
Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children

__Abstract__ Acute kidney injury (AKI) (previously called acute renal failure) is characterized by the abrupt inability of the kidneys to adequately excrete waste products and regulate fl uid and electrolyte homeostasis appropriately. This results in an at least partially reversible increase in the blood concentration of creatinine and nitrogenous waste products. Renally eliminated medication will accumulate, and nephrotoxic drugs may provide a “second hit” to the already injured kidneys. Furthermore, fl uid management and nutrition will be hampered by oliguria. AKI is typically classifi ed as pre-renal, intrinsically renal, or post-renal. Pre-renal AKI may occur as a consequence of a reduced renal blood fl ow due to several conditions leading to intravascular volume depletion and/or compromised cardiac output. Since the kidneys are intrinsically normal, pre-renal injury is considered reversible once the hemodynamic conditions have been restored to normal. When pre-renal injury persists for a longer period of time, hypoperfusion of the kidneys will lead to hypoxic or ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN), a form of intrinsic AKI. During the evolution of pre-renal to intrinsically renal injury several compensatory pathways in the kidney are activated to maintain renal perfusion. These compensatory pathways include intra-renal generation of vasodilatory prostaglandins and angiotensin II, which increases eff erent arteriolar resistance, thereby increasing intraglomerular pressure to maintain or even raise the glomerular fi ltration rate. There are, however, certain clinical circumstances (e.g., administration of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or nephrotoxic drugs) that may inhibit or interfere with one of the compensatory mechanisms and thus precipitate AKI . In intrinsic AKI, the pathology lies within the kidney itself. In the critically ill patient it is often caused by ATN or interstitial nephritis, elicited by a wide range of drugs or infectious agents. Other causes are glomerulonephritis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Post-renal AKI is caused by an obstruction of the urinary outfl ow tract such as intraluminal obstruction due to urethral valves or coagulated blood, functional obstruction due to a neurogenic bladder or extraluminal obstruction which may result from malignant conditions. This form of AKI can be restored by removal of the actual obstruction or by insertion of a urinary deviation proximal to the obstruction. Altogether, AKI occurs with variable severity and in many clinical scenarios.
Complexity in the AdS/CFT correspondence

The main goal of this thesis is to carefully analyze aspects of the gravitational quantities conjectured to be dual to quantum complexity in the AdS/CFT correspondence. The two most promising candidates for such holographic proposals are known as the complexity=volume (CV) and complexity=action (CA) proposals, which will be the main objects of study in this thesis. The latter involves the evaluation of the gravitational action in a region of spacetime known as the Wheeler-DeWitt patch, whose boundary includes null hypersurfaces and null codimension-two joints. There are several subtleties when evaluating the action in a region bounded by null surfaces, and a major part of the work presented here is based on a careful treatment of the boundary contributions to the gravitational action.We start by evaluating the complexity of formation in holography, which is the additional complexity required to build the thermofield double state (TFD) in comparison to the complexity of building two copies of the vacuum. From the gravitational perspective, such quantity is interesting as it involves geometries with black holes. We find that for AdS-Schwarzschild black holes, both the CA and CV proposals yield a UV finite complexity of formation, and at large temperatures it becomes proportional to the thermodynamic entropy for boundary spacetime dimensions d>2. In addition, we investigate dynamical properties of the holographic duals of complexity. We study the time evolution of the thermofield double state for AdS-Schwarzschild and AdS-Reissner-Nordstrom black holes. In the AdS/CFT correspondence, this time evolution corresponds to time slices that cover the interior region of the black hole. We find the striking result that the late time rate of change of complexity in the CA proposal is approached from above, which implies that the originally proposed connection to the conjectured Lloyd's bound on computation rate is violated. In contrast, the CV proposal growth rate is approached from below at late times for these geometries.Next, we investigate the time evolution of holographic complexities when the bulk spacetime has non-trivial dynamics. We investigate both one-sided and two-sided Vaidya geometries, which are sourced by the collapse of an infinitesimally thin layer of null dust. In order to evaluate the complexity in the CA proposal, we construct a null fluid action that sources the Vaidya geometry. Our main result is that the inclusion of a surface counterterm that ensures reparametrization invariance to the null normals at the null boundaries of the Wheeler-DeWitt patch is necessary in order to reproduce desired properties of complexity, such as the switchback effect. In addition, we find that for one-sided black holes, the late time rate of change is approached from below in the CA approach, in contrast to what was found in two-sided geometries.
Time-Dependent Anisotropic Wetting Behavior of Deterministic Structures of Different Strut Widths on Ti6Al4V

This study investigated the wetting behavior of Ti6Al4V surfaces that were groove-structured by means of femtosecond laser irradiation. The material was treated under ambient air conditions by use of a laser wavelength of 1030 nm and a pulse duration of 300 fs. Highly accurate structures with a gap width of 20 µm, a gap depth of 10 µm, and varying strut widths (1–300 µm) were generated and the contact angles in parallel and perpendicular direction were determined using sessile drop method with ultrapure water 1, 8, and 15 days after irradiation. All deterministic surfaces exhibited a pronounced contact angle change over time. The structures showed a strong anisotropic wetting behavior with a maximum contact angle aspect ratio of 2.47 at a strut width of 40 µm and a maximum difference between the parallel and perpendicular contact angle of 47.9° after 1 day.
A Survey of Nontimber Forest Products and their Conservation Status in the Gimbo District, SNNPR, Southwest Ethiopia

The study was carried out to document the NTFPs and assess their conservation status within the Bonga Forest of Gimbo District. Also in the study, by comparing two forest patches one managed by PFM and another freely accessed by the local people, the role of PFM in forest conservation is evaluated. To do all these, ethnobotanical studies, market surveys and vegetation studies were carried out. Ethnobotanical and market data collection were done in accordance with PRA techniques. And vegetation data were collected within 60 sample plots that have a dimension of 30 m X 30 m wherein data for all trees and lianas were recorded. Data for all the shrubs and herbs were also collected within subplots of 5 m X 5 m and 2 m X 2 m respectively. Random walking technique was used to lay the main plots. Vegetation study determined stem density, forest structure, population structures of important tree species, IVI and biodiversity patterns. The study documented 26 NTFPs categories. Out of these, house construction materials, honey and coffee are the most preferred NTFPs. NTFPs; coffee, honey and beeswax, korrorima, wild pepper, carpets made of phoenix reclinata leaves, fruits of Fagaropsis angolensis, Ramnus prinioides leaves and branchs, firewood, charcoal, ropes of different kinds are the NTFPs widely found in the local markets. The status of NTFPs in the study area has reduced over the years and the stutus of Fagaropsis angolensis was known to have reduced highly. Student’s t-test revealed that neither total stem density nor trees and shrubs density separately in the forests under PFM and free access differ significantly. This shows that although higher rate of selective logging is evident in the free access forest, there is also high rate of reproduction or regeneration or succession within this forest. The biodiversity pattern of the forests in the study area was found to be high (H’= 4.37 & 4.27) and (E =0.94 & 0.91) in the PFM and free access forests respectively. Preference ranking results shows that Olea welwitschii, Elaeodendron buchananii, Syzygium guineense, Allophylous abyssinicus, Millettia ferruginea, Cordia Africana, Ehretia cymosa , Euphorbia ampliphylla, Ficus sur, Poutera adolfi-friedericii, Shefflera abyssinica and vernonia amygdalina are the most preferred tree species that are source of NTFPs and the IVI result indivcated Cordia africana, Ficus thonningii, Dombeya torrida, Ekebergia capensis, Vernonia auriculifera, Fagaropsis angolensis, Galinieria saxifrage, Pitosporum virdiflourm and Psychotria orophilia to be the least important tree species. Therefore, the above-mentioned tree species should be a center of foret conservation scheme in the area either due to their high preferredness or due to their low abundance.
Soil C, N, and P from Poultry Manure on Grazed and Ungrazed Bermudagrass in the Southeastern USA

The impact of animal manure application to grasslands is of importance to the understanding of agronomic and animal productivity, soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental quality. Pastures have the potential to serve as a significant sink for carbon (C) sequestered in soil organic matter. Efficient utilization of nitrogen (N) is of concern agronomically and environmentally. Plant production can be limited by low levels of available phosphorus (P) due to high P fixation capacity in soils of the southeastern USA. On the other hand, there is increasing concern about the excessive application of P to soil, especially when manure application rate is based upon N content. We evaluated the changes in soil C, N, and P during the first five years of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ] management varying in fertilization [(1) inorganic, (2) crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) cover crop plus inorganic, and (3) chicken (Gallus gallus) broiler litter] and harvest strategies [(1) unharvested, (2) low and (3) high cattle (Bos taurus) grazing pressure, and (4) haying). Fertilization strategy had the greatest impact on total and extractable soil P, while soil organic C and total soil N were minimally affected. At a depth of 0 to 6 cm, extractable soil P increased at a rate of 0.8 mg · kg -1 · yr -1 (4 % of total P added) with inorganic only, 2.4 mg · kg -1 · yr -1 (9 % of total P added) with clover + inorganic, and 8.7 mg · kg -1 · yr -1 (6 % of total P added) with broiler litter fertilization. At the end of five years of broiler litter application to grazed land, extractable soil P was 135, 50, 22, and 4 mg · kg -1 higher than with inorganic fertilization at depths of 0 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 20 cm, respectively, primarily because of greater P application with broiler litter. Harvest strategy had large impacts on all soil elements. Soil organic C sequestration during the first five years of management was similar between low and high cattle grazing pressures (140 g · m -2 · yr -1 ), but much less in unharvested (65 g · m -2 · yr -1 ) and hayed (29 g · m -2 · yr -1 ) management. Most of the net change in soil organic C and total soil N occurred in the 0- to 2-cm depth. With cattle grazing of forage, fertilizer applications contributed to forage and animal production and 67-75% of the total N applied was subsequently stored as total soil N. Broiler litter fertilization was effective at increasing extractable soil P to an agronomically acceptable level (50 to 60 mg · kg -1 · 15 cm -1 ) during the first five years, but continued application could lead to excessive P accumulation that could threaten water quality from surface runoff unless appreciable soil fixation or removal of forage biomass were to occur.
Low-Temperature Polymorphic Transformation of β-Lactam Antibiotics

Abstract: Polymorphic screening and transformation of molecular crystals are presently popular research areas in pharmaceutical studies. In this study, we developed an ab initio method to examine the structures, spectra, and stabilities of β-lactam (trans-13-azabicyclo[10.2.0]tetradecan-14-one), an important component of antibiotics. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) and second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) methods, the present work demonstrated that forms I and II have isomorphic structures but can be distinguished by their Gibbs free energies and vibrational spectra. Forms I and II show a low-temperature polymorphic transformation at 308 K, where form I is stable below 308 K and form II is stable above 308 K. The proposed method suggests that the theoretical calculation can be used as a tool to effectively distinguish the isomorphic structures, and temperature-induced polymorphic transformation has far-reaching significance for drug storage and design.
Pulmonary Function Testing and Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing

Equipment For Volume And Flow Measurement. Test For Pulmonary Mechanics. Equipment For Gas Analysis. Test For Pulmonary Volumes And Ventilation. Tests For Pulmonary Gas Distribution. Test For Pulmonary Gas Diffusion. Predicted Normal Values For Pulmonary Function Testing. Pulmonary Function Testing Regimens. Pulmonary Function Testing For Children. Equipment For Blood Gas Analysis. Tests For Oxygenation, Ventilation, and Acid/Base Balance Exercise Physiology. Equipment Used For Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing. Administration Of Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing. Administration Of Tests For Metabolic And Nutritional Assessment. Quality Assurance For Pulmonary Function Testing.
Is Positive Deviance in Growth Simply the Converse of Negative Deviance?

The term “positive deviance” has been widely used to describe children who do not show evidence of protein-energy malnutrition when many others living in a similar unfavourable environment are malnourished. Implicit in this concept is that the determinants of positive deviance are something more than the converse of the determinants of poor growth. We modified and operationalized this concept using data on child growth from rural southern India. We divided children on the basis of anthropometry into positive deviants and what we called negative deviants and median growers. Our analysis suggests that the mechanisms producing positive and negative deviance are not always opposites or mirror images of each other. This finding has important implications for targeting and intervention strategies.
Plasma Polymerized Films for Mass Sensitive Biosensors

Mass sensitive biosensors represent promising tool that used in many areas such as biomedical applications, food, environmental, military and in other fields instead of conventional methods. However, surface modifications are needed to design this rapid and reliable sensors. Plasma polymerization is a commonly used technology which offers easily-controllable, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive processing of various materials when compared to the wet chemical methods. This review includes working principle of mass sensitive biosensors, surface modification of piezoelectric crystals by plasma technology and applications of these crystals as a mass sensitive biosensor in biomedical applications.
ZAMAN PENCERELİ BÖLÜNMÜŞ-DAĞITIMLI ARAÇ ROTALAMA İLE AFET SONRASI YARDIM MALZEMESİ DAĞITIMI PLANLAMASI

Bu calismada, afet sonrasi gecici-afet-mudahale tesislerinden afetzedelere yardim malzemesi dagitim problemi icin bir cozum yaklasimi onerilmektedir. Problem literaturde bulunan Zaman Pencereli Bolunmus-Dagitimli Arac Rotalama Problemi’ne uyarlanarak modellenmistir. Onerilen cozum yaklasimi, yakin tarihli baska bir calismada gelistirilen iki-asamali stokastik programlama modeli sonuclarini kullanarak, yardim malzemelerinin stokastik programlama modeli ile onceden konumlandirilmis gecici-afet-mudahale tesislerinden afetzedelere en kisa surede dagitiminin yapilmasini amaclamaktadir. Soz konusu stokastik programlama modelinin sonuclari kullanilarak, baslangic dagitim problemi, her birisi onerilen cozum yaklasimiyla Zaman Pencereli Bolunmus-Dagitimli Arac Rotalama Problemi olarak cozulen daha kucuk boyutlu alt-problemlere (bagimsiz tasima problemleri) bolunmustur. Problem boyutundaki kuculmenin cozum suresi acisindan katkilar sagladigi, Bursa’nin buyuk bir ilcesi icin gelistirilen ornek olay kullanilarak olusturulan her bir alt-problemin kisisel bir bilgisayarda saniyeler icinde cozulebildigi gorulmektedir.
Numerical Studies of Nanoparticle Transport and Deposition in Terminal Alveolar Models with Varying Complexities

Background: The integration of inhalation drug delivery and nanotechnology offers exciting potentials to enhance the targeting, release, diagnostic, and therapeutic outcomes of drugs. Human lungs provide many advantages over other routers such as noninvasive delivery, a large surface area for absorption, avoiding the first-pass metabolism, and quick therapeutic onset. It is crucial to understand nanoparticle dosimetry in the acinar region to reliably evaluate the therapeutic outcomes of nanomedicines. However, an acinus unit comprises up to 10,000 alveoli and to model a complete acinus is still a prohibitive task. Besides, the presence of inter-alveolar septa creates a labyrinth pathway for inhaled airflow and particles. Methods: The objective of this study is to numerically investigate nanoparticle deposition in three alveolar models with varying physical complexities, which retain 1, 4, and 45 alveoli, respectively. A discrete-phase Lagrangian model was implemented to track nanoparticle trajectories under the influence of rhythmic wall expansion and contraction. Both temporal and spatial dosimetry in the alveoli were computed. Results: Strikingly different behaviors were observed in the dynamic alveolar model between micron particles and nanoparticles. Minimal deposition rates were predicted for 500–600 nm particles for all the three models considered. Consistently lower deposition rates were found in the 45-alveoli model than the other two simplified models for all particles ranging from 1 nm to 1000 nm. Considering the gravitational orientation effect, nanoparticles smaller than 200 nm appears insensitive to the alveolar orientation and only becomes perceivable around 500 nm. For nanoparticles larger than 500 nm, lower doses were predicted in the horizontal alveoli than in the vertical alveoli, regardless of the model complexity. Conclusions: The magnitude of the airflow velocity (depending on ventilated volume) is an essential factor in determining the deposition of inhaled nanoparticles. Future correlation development for acinar deposition should consider the velocity distribution in different regions of the acinus.
Effects of electron–phonon coupling on damage accumulation in molecular dynamics simulations of irradiated nickel

ABSTRACT The role of the electronic system in high energy displacement cascades is explored. The energy exchange between the electronic and the atomic subsystem is described by the electron–phonon coupling. The electronic effects on the damage accumulation due to 100 keV Ni ion cascades in nickel, a prototype system to a large group of nickel-based high entropy alloys, are investigated for overlapping cascades. It is shown that the energy exchange between the two subsystems affects microstructure evolution, resulting in the formation of smaller clusters and more isolated defects. This effect is more significant for the vacancy cluster formation and size distribution. IMPACT STATEMENT The effect of electron–phonon coupling on the damage accumulation due to ion irradiation is investigated for the first time, with results showing significant effects on the vacancy cluster formation. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Plasmonic metasurface Luneburg lens

We present a new design of a plasmonic Luneburg lens made from a gradient-index metasurface that was constructed with an array of nanometer-sized holes in a dielectric thin film. The fabricated structure consists of a planar lens with a diameter of 8.7 μm composed of a rectangular array of holes with a periodicity of 300 nm. The experimental characterization includes leakage-radiation microscopy imaging in the direction and frequency space. The former allows for characterization of the point spread function and phase distribution, whereas the latter grants access to qualitative measurements of the effective mode indices inside the plasmonic lens. The experimental results presented here are in good agreement with the expected average performance predicted by the numerical calculations. Nevertheless, the robustness of the characterization techniques presented here is also exploited to determine deviations from the design parameters.