Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Models for electron and hole mobilities in MOS accumulation layers

We present new physically based effective mobility models for both electrons and holes in MOS accumulation layers. These models take into account carrier-carrier scattering, in addition to surface roughness scattering, phonon and fixed interface charge scattering, and screened Coulomb scattering. The newly developed effective mobility models show excellent agreement with experimental data over the range 1/spl times/10/sup 16/-4/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ for which experimental data are available. Local-field dependent mobility models have also been developed for both electrons and holes, and they have been implemented in the two-dimensional (2-D) device simulators, PISCES and MINIMOS, thus providing for more accurate prediction of the terminal characteristics in deep submicron CMOS devices. In addition, transition region mobility models have been developed to account for the transition in the mobility in going from the accumulation layer in the gate-to-source overlap region to the inversion layer region in the channel.
Modeling of UPFC Operation under Unbalanced Conditions with Dynamic Phasors

The paper describes an analytical large-signal mode or unbalanced operation of the unified power flow controller (UPFC). This nonlinear, time-invariant model is expressed in terms of dynamic symmetric components, and it is validated on a benchmark power system example taken from the literature. The model is evaluated via simulations in unbalanced operation and during unbalanced (one phase to ground) faults. In both cases it achieves a very good accuracy in addition to a reduction in simulation time when compared with detailed time-domain models.
Research on Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Computable General Equilibrium Policy Analysis Model

: Based on the existing Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) policy analysis model, a set of Computable Food Equilibrium (CFE) system models are established. Efficiency, profitability, sustainability, and equity are introduced as essential indicator of our model. To optimize and predict the data selected for sustainability and equity, factor analysis is used to select the main relevant indicators. According to the existing multi-objective programming model, function programming is applied to the optimization of sustainability. By applying neural network model, the time of implementation of optimized system is predicted, which is 2027. Through the simulation of the CFE model, we have found that the model is particularly approximate for data from developing countries, and in the case study of Mexico we found that our system has some advantages to investigate indicators in terms of equity and sustainability.
Science Literacy in Early Childhood: Development of Learning Programs in the Classroom

The importance of science literacy in early childhood greatly influences the development of scientific thinking ability. Early childhood is the most critical learning goal that can be done with a student-centered approach to the classroom. This article discusses the needs of science literacy at an early age. Various investigative processes have been carried out by uncovering qualitative methodology. The interview method was conducted to five early childhood teachers. Teknik data analysis using Heurmeutical analysis and Miles and Huberman models. The results showed that early childhood in the application of science literacy as a learning development program in the classroom requires three aspects that need to be considered, namely: attitude, skills, self-competence in children's cognitive ability, and participation in classroom strategies mapped by teachers. While the needs of learning in the classroom are very important to be done as an effort to improve the competence of teachers to the quality of teaching. In the long term, this research has implications in the field of education, namely the development of teacher competencies on the ability to manage science literacy at an early age.
Occupancy analysis of the 2.4 GHz ISM band

A survey and analysis of the 2.4 GHz ISM band has been carried out in order to assess the occupancy of this band by a range of services. Both the time-varying nature of usage and the density of users in the areas covered were assessed. The sites surveyed included private sector, public sector and city centre locations. The study concluded that the use of 2.4 GHz services appears to be very widespread. Generally, the recorded levels of activity were low. An instance of WLAN interference, due to microwave detectors operating legitimately in the 2.4 GHz band, was observed. This and subsequent studies will be used to inform the spectrum management process in this and other bands where WLANs are being deployed.
Power handling and temperature coefficient studies in FBAR duplexers for the 1900 MHz PCS band

Duplexers for 1900 MHz PCS handsets based on FBARS have been realized by micro-machined thin film AlN devices. A major advantage of the FBAR duplexer is a 10-fold reduction in physical volume compared to that of dielectric types. However, since the RF input power to the transmit (Tx) filter remains at levels up to +29 dBm input, the Poynting power density is /spl sim/1 kWatts/cm/sup 2/ with concomitantly large RF strain RF levels. The in-band insertion loss for the entire multi-element Tx ladder filter is/spl sim/3 dB (343 mW dissipated maximum), which results in a volume power dissipation per FBAR/spl sim/1 MWatts/cm/sup 3/. Power densities of this order can lead to 1) frequency shifts due to heating, 2) long term degradation, 3) strain levels approaching the fracture limit of the thin films comprising the FBAR, and 4) thermal destruction of the Tx filter FBARS. We discuss two methods to measure the temperature coefficient of frequency: 1) probing individual FBAR resonators on a hot chuck, or 2) heating packaged duplexers in an oven. The measured resonator frequency temperature coefficient is/spl sim/27 ppm//spl deg/C, while the duplexer Tx response shows a somewhat lower value. Self-heating temperatures can be estimated from this and the observed frequency shift, and were also measured by infrared microscopy. Next, we present preliminary results on the duplexer power handling capabilities, based on a small sample of parts. The Tx devices will withstand up to +36 dBm (4 Watts) input power without destruction. Above this, catastrophic failures can be observed. A scanning electron micrograph example illustrating a catastrophic failure in the duplexer Tx filter will be presented. Finally, we will discuss the effects of high power (+30 to +36 dBm) on duplexer performance. At present we do NOT observe any long term, cumulative effects which could lead to catastrophic failures. Our observations support a model in which device characteristics shift slightly with time.
Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Analysis of Power Spilt Device Gear Train

Power Spilt Device (PSD) is the key power component of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). It is very important to simulate and analyze the temperature field and stress field of PSD gear train. The thermal-mechanical coupling analysis is difficult, as it involves the interaction between temperature field and stress field. This paper presents the process of the thermal-mechanical coupling simulation in ABAQUS, and tooth surface temperature and contact stress are obtained and analyzed.
CLIENT EXPECTATION FROM RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY DESIGN SERVICES AND ARCHITECTS' PERCEPTION

Very few studies exist on the expectations of clients from architects. There are however, anecdotal evidences that architects may not fully grasp what is most important to their clients. As a pilot study, the aim of this paper was to investigate the expectations of clients from residential design services and architects’ perceptions of those expectations. A questionnaire was designed to suit the purpose of comparison of responses of the two groups. The factor analysis conducted revealed that the expectations from design services could be described in terms of value, professionalism, and empathy. Using mean gap analysis, the study identified areas where architects have under-estimated the expectations of clients as well as those areas where the expectations have been over-estimated. The results would help architects to focus on areas, which are important to the clients and possibly reduce client dissatisfaction. This is study, which is one of the first on the subject, is limited in three ways. First, residential clients were the only ones considered. In addition, respondents were only taken from Nigeria and the sample size as well as the response rate was small.
OBSERVABILITY ANALYSIS IN NAVIGATION SYSTEMS WITH AN UNDERWATER VEHICLE APPLICATION

Precise navigation of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) is one of the most important challenges in the realization of distributed and cooperative algorithms for marine applications. We investigate an underwater navigation technology that enables an AUV to compute its trajectory in the presence of unknown currents in real time and simultaneously estimate the currents, using range or distance measurements from a single known location. This approach is potentially useful for small AUVs which have severe volume and power constraints. The main contribution of this work is observability analysis of the proposed navigation system using novel approaches towards uniform observability of linear time-varying (LTV) systems. We utilize the notion of limiting systems in order to address uniform observability of LTV systems. Uniform observability of an LTV system can be studied by assessing finite time observability of its limiting systems. A new definition of uniform observability over a finite interval is introduced in order to address existence of an observer whose estimation error is bounded by an exponentially decaying function on the finite interval. We also show that for a class of LTV systems, uniform observability of a lower dimensional subsystem derived from an LTV system is sufficient for uniform observability of the LTV system. Acknowledgement My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor Dr. Dan Stilwell for his invaluable assistance, guidance, and encouragement in bringing this research work to a successful completion. He showed extraordinary patience and was always available for a friendly advice. I am also grateful to my thesis committee members, Dr. Pushkin Kachroo, for their advise and help. I am grateful to current and past members of the Autonomous Systems and Controls Lab (ASCL) at Virginia Tech. We were a great team and it was a great pleasure knowing them and working with them over all these years. I have acquired a large number of great friends during my years at Virginia Tech. I express my deepest thanks to them, for it was their company and the great moments we shared that kept my spirits high. This is a major milestone in my life and it would not have been possible without love and constant support and encouragement of my parents Shrikant and Anuradha and my wife Amruta. There are innumerable others who were indirectly supportive of my work and I would like to thank all of them from my heart.
A Reply to Ronald Griffiths’ Comment

Our original objective was to assess the theory upon which BioMAP is based by testing predictions about the general pattern ofresponse ofthe core metric, the water quality index (Barton and Kilgour, 1999). Griffiths (this volume) argues that our inability to relate the BioMAP water quality index to stream size was a result of ( 1) not having used the proper collection methods, (2) using inappropriate measures of stream size, and (3) misunderstanding the BioMAP model. Griffiths further suggests that our assessment of the correlation between the BioMAP index and substrate size was inappropriate. We welcome these comments, as this is the first time that the merits of the BioMAP approach have been debated in the open literature. We found no associationbetween BioMAP water qualityindexvalues and stream size as measured by mean summer discharge. Griffiths insists that discharge is an inappropriate measure ofstream size, but it is not clear why. In his second paragraph, he notes that bankfull width (his optimal measure of size) "is correlated with a varietyofvariables (discharge, velocity, depth, sediment size, basin area.). Typically, bank width, water velocity and discharge increase, while slope and sediment grain size decline along the length of a watercourse". We seem to agree that discharge is a measure of stream sizel We disagree, however, with respect to current velocity and grain size which are generally inversely related; larger particles occur in areas of faster flows and current velocities tend to decline in the lower reaches of river systems (Vannote et al.,1980). Another criticism of our analysis was that "predictions of the BioMAP model are only for unimpaired watercourses". Our evaluation was based on data from streams which are the best currently available in southern Ontario. We found no relationship between BioMAP scores and stream size using data only from sites that had highly forested (60-960/o) catchments and wooded riparian bufferstrips at least 50 m in width, and supported populations of resident salmonids. We suggest that those streams are at least as "unimpaired" as Oshawa and Spencer Creeks which Griffiths uses to demonstrate a correlation between BioMAP water quality index and stream size. Both ofthese basins have extensive agricultural and urban areas, and Spencer Creek also flows through a substantial impoundment. Similarly, the "sensitivity values" for individual taxa used to calculate BioMAP index scores are apparently based on "data collected from more than 200 unimpaired sampling sites throughout southwestern Ontario" (Griffiths, 1998). As we have argued earlier (Barton 1996; Barton and Kilgour, 1999), all watercourses in southern Ontario have been subjected to at least some human influence. It seems strange to argue that our
Large-signal transient analysis of forward converter with active-clamp reset

The forward power converter with active-clamp reset offers many advantages over the forward power converter with other transformer reset methods. However, during line and load transients, the maximum magnetizing current of the transformer and the peak voltage of the primary switch are strongly affected by the active-clamp circuit dynamics. As a result, the design of a forward power converter with active-clamp reset cannot be optimized based only on its DC characteristics. In this paper, a large-signal analysis of the forward power converter with active-clamp reset and output-voltage feedback control is presented. The analysis can be used to predict the power converter's dynamic performance.
Put the Horse NEXT to the Lake and FAR from the Water Tower: Locative Understanding in Geographic Environments

Locatives, or spatial concepts, are phrases or words that denote place location and are essential for descriptions of locations in space. Despite their importance, how locatives are used and understood in large-scale geographical spaces has received little attention in the literature. Existing research on the cognitive development of locatives by English speakers has focused primarily on locative understanding in one spatial context, that of small-scale tabletop spaces. In addition, these studies have provided few data about the development of locative understanding beyond the age of about seven years. In this article we report the results of a portion of a multiyear study that examined the understanding of locatives in both a small-scale tabletop space and a large landscape model space. Participants of ages three, four, five, seven, and nineyears old and an adult control group responded to these instructions: “Put the [object] [using a locative term] the [in relation to a referent]” in either the tabletop model or the landscape model. The location and the context of object placement were recorded and analyzed. This article focuses on the results of object placement in the model town. Results show a developmental progression in all but two of the twenty locatives tested. In addition, results show that scale and context are important for locative understanding in geographic environments.
Supply of electricity for electrified lines in Finland

The decision to electrify the railways in Finland was taken in 1965. The author shows how the use of power electronics on tractive stock made it possible to choose the 25 kV 50 Hz electrification system. As a result, the feeding system could be made as simple as possible. Energy is fed to electrified lines by means of single-phase transformers connected directly between two phases of the national grid. Thus the railways need no power stations or energy transmission lines of their own.
Enhancement of Dual Band Characteristics of Cross Slot Filter using Semicircular Spur Lines

In this paper, a microstrip dual band filter is designed by using the cross slots and semicircular spur lines. The spur lines are introduced to provide more current distribution distortions which help in improving the insertion loss. The filter structure is designed on a substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 with thickness of 1.58mm. The dual band filter gives passband of 90 MHz at first resonant frequency of 1.54 GHz and that of 80 MHz at the second resonant frequency of 2.44 GHz. The spur-lines and cross slots control the resonant frequencies. A detail parametric study of various design parameters is also presented with empirical equations. This filter has number of advantages like simple and compact structure, low profile, high selectivity and low cost. Index Terms-Dual band, Band pass filter, Cross slots resonator, Semicircular spur line, 2.4 GHz
Fundamentals of the eMaintenance Concept

Many intellectual, societal, business and technological forces are continuously pushing forward the frontiers of science. When being effectively combined, they may provide an umbrella for generating new fields and exploring new grounds. One such emerging field is eMaintenance. It is based on the fields from operation & maintenance engineering, software engineering, information systems, business management, and many other strongly varying fields related to the application domains of eMaintenance. As a novel field, eMaintenance addresses new needs and provides various benefits in form of increased availability, reduced lifecycle cost and increased customer-value. On the other hand, being in a continuous flux, it suffers from many infant illnesses in form of lack of or fuzzy definitions and theoretical foundations. This paper constitutes the first call to the eMaintenance community to gather their forces and commonly define the eMaintenance concept. As an initial step, it outlines its ten essential components. These are (1) Definition, (2) Business, (3) Organization, (4) Product, (5) Service, (6) Methodology, (7) Technology, (8) Information, (9) Customer, and (10) Education and Training. The paper also suggests a timeless definition of eMaintenance, it places eMaintenance in the context of other eDomains, and it elicits eMaintenance intellectual opportunities and challenges to be met by both the academia and industry when researching on or transitioning to the eMaintenance mode.
Curtain Wall Designs for Wind and Blast: Three Case Studies

Current design for curtain walls subjected to wind, wind-borne debris, and blast contain relatively new structural requirements for the curtain wall designer to address. These new criteria are defined and discussed in application to three case studies of curtain wall systems. The case studies illustrate the impact of these criteria on modern curtain wall designs and offer conclusions regarding the process and impact of designing curtain walls to current standards. It is concluded that projects in hurricane regions require fairly stout deigns and can withstand moderate blast loads. Wind tunnel testing remains a viable option to define design load criteria. Even low-rise building projects in high-velocity wind zones can benefit from wind tunnel modeling due to more precise and often reduced design pressures.
Exploring the use of Macrophytes as Biological Indicators for Organic Pollution of Chanchaga River in North Central Nigeria

Macrophytes are creatures with low versatility and cannot stay away from any mix of streamflow, nutrient accessibility, and other physical and chemical attributes that impact their survival in the aquatic system. Sampling for macrophytes in Chanchaga River was conducted monthly for a 6-month period (May - October 2019). Sampling stations were selected at approximately equal distance along the streamline, the aquatic vegetation were surveyed, and some environmental variables were analysed using standard methods. Results obtained indicated that temperature ranged from 24.6-28.4°C; pH 6.4 -9.7; Electrical conductivity 28.0-79. 0μS cm-1; Total dissolved solids 16-75 mg L-1; Dissolved oxygen(DO) 1.3-5.2 mg L-1; Nitrate 0.217-0.654 mg L-1; Phosphate 0.084-0.211 mg L-1; Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 0.89-5.4 mg L-1 and total alkalinity 8.00-11.00 mgL-1 for the study period. A total of eleven (11) macrophyte species belonging to ten genera and eight families were identified during the entire study. Variations in terms of families showed that Araliaceae was the most abundant followed by Poaceae, while Cyperaceae had more species throughout the study period. The high frequency of Araliaceae, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae families suggests that the environmental characteristics favour these species. We propose the use of Cyperus digitatus, Cyperus papyrus and Mimosa spp. as macrophytes indicators of organic pollution in Chanchaga River.
Effect of field voltage source impedance on load rejection test results of large rating synchronous generators

This paper presents a technique to determine the effect of the field voltage circuit during the load rejection test of a large rating salient pole synchronous generator. Once the circuit powered by a six-pulse converter connected to the excitation transformer of the generator unit corresponds to a power supply voltage not constant immediately after the load rejection, a careful evaluation of the resulting signals is necessary to extract rotor and stator parameters from the comparison with theoretical expressions derived under the assumption of constant field terminal voltage and excluding external effects. The results obtained in the load rejection test of a 179 MVA, 13.8 kV generating unit at Nova Ponte Power Plant show the parameters that are more affected by the external impedance in series with the rotor circuit and how to compensate them.
A REGULATORY ANALYSIS OF INCIDENTAL WASTE

Spent nuclear fuel and vitrified high-level waste (HLW) have been selected as the main candidates for disposal at the proposed deep geologic repository at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada. The question remains: what should be done about the components, residuals, and side streams from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel? In general, reprocessing involves dissolving spent nuclear fuel. Subsequent chemical processing can then be used for selective removal of fissile material for reuse and other needed isotopes. The associated waste stream is a solution of fission products and other radioactive elements. By definition, from the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, as amended, both the supernate and sludge resulting from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel are classified as HLW. In other words, wastes from reprocessing are classified by source, and not by risk to human health or the environment. At the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Savannah River Site, the supernates and sludges from reprocessing, and from production of weapons-grade fissile material, are stored in 51 underground tanks until they can be separated and processed. The supernate is treated to remove fission products, and the remaining low-activity liquid is then made into saltstone and disposed of onsite. The removed fission products are combined with the HLW sludges and vitrified at the Defense Waste Processing Facility for eventual disposal at YM. Thus, the supernate stream, originally classified as HLW, is separated into an HLW fraction, and an incidental or low-level waste (LLW) fraction.