Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Governmental regulations and concept behind eradication and control of some important poultry diseases

Infectious diseases of poultry are mostly associated with severe economic losses. Many of these diseases once re-emerging or introduced into a geographic area, can explode into an epidemic and may have a significant negative effect on international trade. Beside general control approaches like biosecurity, improvement of rearing management, monitoring, and vaccination several governmental measures on control of poultry diseases were adopted in European countries. Eradication policy and killing of animals for disease control purposes are commonly applied in cases of suspicion or confirmed outbreaks of emergency diseases, outbreaks of diseases with a considerable public health and/or economic impact and in case of possible irregularities during the intra-community trade of live animals and their products. The List A of the Office of International Epizooties (OIE) including rapidly spreading diseases of major economic importance, such as highly pathogenic Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND). The EU legislation to control Avian influenza is laid down in Council Directive 92/40/EEC (EEC, 1992a) introducing Community measures for the control of Avian influenza. For the Newcastle disease the Council Directive 92/66/EEC (EEC, 1992b) introducing Community measures for the control of Newcastle disease is laid down. In addition, the European Union adopted a Council Regulation 2160/2003/EC (EC, 2003b) on the control of salmonella and other specified food-borne zoonotic agents. There are also a number of Council Directives covering the control of diseases such as: - Directive 82/894/EEC on the notification of animal diseases within the Community (EEC, 1982). - Directive 90/425/EEC concerning veterinary and zootechnical checks applicable to intra-Community trade in certain live animals and products with a view to the completion of the internal market (EEC, 1990a). - Directive 90/667/EEC laying down the veterinary rules for disposal and processing of animal waste, for its placing on the market and for the prevention of pathogens in feedstuffs of animal or fish origin (EEC, 1990b) and amending Directive 90/425/EEC. - Directive 90/539/EEC on animal health conditions governing intra-Community trade in, and imports from third countries of, poultry and hatching eggs (EEC 1990c). - Directive 91/496/EEC laying down the principles governing the organization of veterinary checks on animals entering the Community from third countries (EEC, 1991) and amending Directives 89/662/EEC, 90/425/EEC and 90/675/EEC. The aim of this paper is to describe the regulations related to control of the above mentioned diseases and /or infections.
Welfare Maximizing Allocation Without Transfers

Abstract This paper studies welfare maximizing allocation of indivisible objects to ex-ante identical agents in the absence of monetary transfers. The agents, each with a unit demand, share a common ranking of the objects, and are privately informed about their own valuations. The structure of the optimal allocation policy depends on the agents’ relative valuation of the objects and the variation of this relative valuation across different types. When this variation is small, the required loss of welfare for eliciting agents’ private information exceeds its benefits. In this case, evenly randomized allocation is optimal. When this variation is significantly large, it is optimal to waste the less preferred object—not always allocate it to agents—to provide necessary incentives for information elicitation. The planner then uses this information to increase the frequency of allocating the more preferred object to the agent favored by the first best policy. Regardless of the size of the variation, it is never optimal to waste the more preferred object. We also propose an exchange game that implements the incentive efficient allocation.
CEO Overconfidence and the Choice of Debt Issuance

<br>This paper examines how CEO overconfidence affects firms’ choice of debt issuance. We find that firms with overconfident CEOs tend to issue more private debt (i.e., bank loans and non-bank loans) than public bonds compared with firms with non-overconfident CEOs. The effect of CEO overconfidence is more pronounced during periods with high default spread, low GDP growth, and NBER recessions and among firms with higher distress risks and cash flow risks. We also find that the positive association between CEO overconfidence and issuance of private debt is not driven by debt maturity. To alleviate endogeneity concerns, we investigate matched samples and a subsample with exogenous CEO turnover events and find supportive and statistically stronger results.
Analysis of Design Phase Processes with BIM for Blockchain Implementation

The increasing digitalization and thus evidently advancing change in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, requires new business models, processes and strategies. Blockchain (BC), smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) are still underused in AEC. BC and its potential of in-clusion into the communication between project stakeholders has shown that it is not just a technology that is ready to use, but requires a thorough insight into the design process of domain-specific stakeholders, their in-terests and their collaboration workflows for a holistic Building Information Modeling (BIM) and BC-supported solution for the design phase. This paper introduces process modeling of BIM-workflows in the de-sign phase. We propose a conceptual framework for the implementation of a design process with BC based on the integration of three underlying theories: design theory, configuration theory and task-technology fit. The main assumption is, before we can capture processes (1) we need to understand them (design theory) in order to re-engineer them for distributed ledger technologies (DLT) (2) we need to adapt them to changing require-ments (configuration theory), and finally (3) continually re-adjust Information Technology (IT) and processes interdependence (task-technology fit).
The Influence of Individual Mobility on Consumer Choice: A Model of Tariff Change

This paper investigates the influence of individual mobility on consumer choice in the mobile phone market. The aim is to understand whether consumer mobility influences the switching of an individual to another tariff within one mobile operator. Data were obtained from 1,154 mobile phone users of one of the largest mobile operators in Russia for the period from November 2011 to November 2012. Customers had limited choices in fast and low-cost switching from one operator to another. Hence, we use data of users switching between tariffs within one operator. The data were analyzed by a mixed logit model which is applied to a discrete choice from a variety of disordered alternatives. This solves the restriction of the standard logit model by allowing for random taste variation. We developed three mobility metrics limiting the drawbacks of established metrics. The results show that mobility does influence consumer choices. Tariff plans differ from each other according to the categories of people that use them. Subscriber mobility is one of the features that separate these categories. There are tariffs preferred by highly mobile people, and those that are preferred by people with low mobility. When the individual’s mobility changes, it is highly likely that she will switch to another tariff plan. Mobile operators should take consumer mobility into account when analyzing consumer behavior to increase retention rates.
Application of RFLP analysis to identify cyst populations of Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) from Urmia Lake, Iran

A rapid and reliable PCR-RFLP method was optimized to identify cyst batches of Artemia urmiana collected from different regions of Urmia Lake. Following DNA extraction, a 1564 bp region of a mitochondrial gene encoding the ribosomal RNA was successfully amplified by the PCR technique. Eleven restriction endonucleases were subsequently employed in order to digest the PCR product. These enzymes gave specific restriction patterns for discriminating cyst batches collected from top and bottom layers of three main geographical areas of Urmia Lake. Detailed analysis revealed that the RFLP patterns of four restriction enzymes ( Hin fI, Taq I, Msp I, and Mbo I) were sufficient to differentiate between the samples studied. The method described is sensitive, rapid, and reliable, and can be a useful tool for the identification of various populations of A. urmiana existing in the ecosystem of Urmia Lake. Une methode rapide et fiable de PCR-RFLP a ete optimisee pour identifier les œufs de duree d' Artemia urmiana recoltes dans differentes regions du lac Urmia. Apres extraction du DNA, une region de 1564 bp du gene mitochondrial codant pour le RNA mitochondrial a ete amplifiee avec succes par la technique de PCR. Onze endonucleases de restriction ont ete ensuite utilisees afin de digerer le produit de la PCR. Ces enzymes ont donne des patrons de restriction specifiques permettant de discriminer les œufs de duree collectes dans les couches superieure et inferieure de trois principales regions geographiques du lac Urmia. L'analyse detaillee a revele que les patrons RFLP de quatre enzymes de restriction ( Hin fI, Taq I, Msp I et Mbo I) suffisaient pour distinguer les echantillons etudies. La methode decrite est sensible, rapide et fiable, et peut etre un outil utile pour l'identification des diverses populations de A. urmiana presentes dans l'ecosysteme du lac Urmia.
Supplier Network Linkages and CEO Compensation Contracts

This paper investigates the impact of firms’ positions in the network of intersectoral input-output linkages on the use and implementation of relative performance evaluation in CEO compensation contracts. Consistent with a fundamental but not thoroughly investigated prediction from principal-agent theory, we find that firms positioned more centrally or upstream in the supplier network and, hence, more exposed to exogenous interindustry shocks propagating through the network, more frequently compensate CEOs based on relative performance. Further, more central or upstream firms are more likely to measure performance relative to broad indices of firms as opposed to small groups of self-selected peers.
Doubling Down on the Safe(ty) Bet: Bailouts and Risk-Shifting at the Intensive Margin

Banks have a significant funding-cost advantage since their liabilities are protected by various government safety nets. We construct a corporate finance-style model that shows that banks can exploit this funding-cost advantage by just intermediating funds between investors and ultimate borrowers, thereby earning the spread between their reduced funding rate and the competitive market rate. This mechanism leads to a crowding-out of direct market finance and real effects for bank borrowers through bank risk-shifting at the intensive margin. That is, banks induce their borrowers to leverage excessively, to overinvest, and to conduct inferior high-risk projects.
Investor Distraction and Managerial Attention – International Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions

We examine the effects of simultaneous managerial attention and investor inattention on M&A activity and outcomes. During Ramadan in Malaysia, mainly Muslim investors are distracted while mainly non-Muslim managers are attentive and potentially opportunistic. In Thailand, neither managers nor investors are distracted during Ramadan; in other Muslim countries, both are. In Malaysia during Ramadan aggregate M&A activity is higher, managers fail to listen to the market, the probability of deal completion is higher and time to completion is shorter. Post-merger performance in Ramadan acquirers in Malaysia is lower. These results are consistent with the managerial attention – investor inattention hypothesis.
Modern Currency Exchange Rate Behaviour and Proposed Trend-Like Forecasting Model

The study examined high volatile assets, specifically the currency exchange rate of the open financial market. Takes into consideration the five most traded paired currencies of the global financial market. And observed, generally, the data set of the unit currency exchange rate exhibit homoscedastic qualities making it appropriate for the use of auto-regression integrated moving average as a reliable model forecast for future pricing of the volatile assets. However, the current model prediction addresses only the magnitude of asset price ignoring its direction, which is the paramount challenge of forecasters. Hence the paper resolves such weakness of the model by introducing a momentum model as a complementary tool to the ARIMA model to determine not only price magnitude but the vector direction of volatile asset pricing relative to the market, dependent on its lagged values.
Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of biogenic amines in meat and meat products

Twelve biogenic amines (tyramine, histamine, serotonin, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, spermine, and spermidine) were separated and quantified by a liquid chromatographic method in fresh and processed meat. The method consists of the separation of ion pairs formed between biogenic amines and octanesulfonic acid by reversed-phase column, a postcolumn derivatization with o-phtalaldehyde-2-mercaptoethanol, and spectrofluorometric detection. Results of the reliability study were satisfactory. The method was linear for each amine between 0.25 and 10 mg/L. Average recoveries ranged between 88 and 104%. The precision ranged between 0.75 and 9.09% (coefficient of variation) and determination limits were ≤1.5 mg/kg. The method was applied to pork and beef meat samples and to ripened and cooked meat products. Biogenic amine contents, in general, varied greatly among the different meat products as well as among samples of a single product type. Spermine and sp.
Research on the Impact of Innovation on Economic Development: Theoretical Models

The forerunner of modern research was the theoretical work of the 1950-60s, in which it was proposed to measure innovation with the help of indirect indicators, such as the number of patents issued to an organization or its employees; significant capital and operating costs of companies in research and development, design, engineering, manufacturing and marketing, etc. Models of exogenous growth, being part of the general theory of economic growth, originate in the early works of R. Solow [Solow, 1957]. Since consistency was the most important characteristic of the classical Solow model, two main drivers of economic growth stand out in it: an increase in labor costs and the concept of capital. The concept of capital is based on knowledge, which is positioned as a new factor in economic growth. As an indicator integrating "intangible assets" necessary for economic, financial and innovative activities. A model of the logical and meaningful interconnection of long-term economic growth and an increase in the quality of life determined by innovation activity was proposed by R. Solow [Solow, 1957]. Systematic work on the development of endogenous growth models was started in the works of Uzawa [Uzawa, 1965], the Romer model [Romer, 1986], the Uzawa-Lucas model [Lucas, 1988]. A model with human capital — for example, the Mankyu, Romer and Weil model, the Romer model, and the Lucas model — show the impact of exchange of ideas on economic growth. By modifying the neoclassical model of economic growth (by introducing labor mobility), an analysis is made of the impact of migration on economic growth. The paper shows that the effect of migration on the convergence of countries in terms of GDP occurs due to the spread of technology between countries (exchange of ideas).
Mycobacterium avium in a shower linked to pulmonary disease

Mycobacterium avium was isolated from hot and cold water samples and from sediment (biofilm) collected from the showerhead in the home of a woman with M. avium pulmonary disease lacking known M. avium risk factors. IS1245/IS1311 DNA fingerprinting demonstrated that M. avium isolates from the hot and cold water and showerhead sediment demonstrated a clonal relationship with the patient’s M. avium isolate. The data provide evidence that showers may
Identification of Amino Acid Residues 300-315 of the Rat FSH Receptor as a Hormone Binding Domain: Evidence for Its Interaction with Specific Regions of FSHβ-Subunit

Abstract We previously reported that residues 9-30 of the extracellular N-terminus domain of the rat FSH receptor, which has no homologous sequence in receptors for related pituitary glycoprotein hormones, represented a specific FSH binding domain. Further examination of its deduced primary structure identified another region, residues 300-315, which was also unique to the FSH receptor. To determine whether this region of the FSH receptor was involved in hormone binding, a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 300-315 was studied with respect to its ability to bind FSH, as well as a series of nine overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to the entire primary structure of the hormone specific FSHβ-subunit. 125I-FSH rec-(300-315) peptide bound to immobilized human, ovine and bovine FSH, but not to prolactin or ovalbumin. Of the nine synthetic peptides studied, binding was restricted to FSHβ residues 21-35, and to a much lesser extent (20%) to residues 11-25. All binding was abolished in the presence of excess solubilized FSH receptor. Earlier studies indicated that although FSH binds to FSH rec(9-30) peptide, residues 11-25 or 21-35 of the FSHβ-subunit were not involved. Our results suggest the FSH receptor N-terminus, extracellular residues 300-315, may define a FSH binding site, and that binding of FSHβ-subunit may occur via interactions with FSHβ 21-35 and 11-25.
Potential Output, Output Gap and High Inflation in Argentina (2007–2015)

I investigate the causes of the high inflation Argentina experienced from 2007 to 2015. To do so, I estimate the potential output and the output gap using the Blanchard-Quah decomposition for this country and compare it to the estima-tions I obtained for other economies in the region were inflation was kept under control. I find that there are some country specific patterns in Argentina that can explain the high inflation observed during the analyzed years. First of all, Argentinean potential output grew at a slower pace than the rest of the coun-tries, most notably since 2011. Second, there has been in Argentina a positive and increasing output gap since 2007, which was highly correlated with the inflation rate. Last, a comparison between the actual interest rate and the one derived from an ex-post monetary policy rule reveals that monetary policy was too lose in Argentina but that has not been the case in the rest of the countries. The policy implications of these findings are straightforward: Argentina could have reduced inflation by following a monetary rule, just like the rest of the Central Banks in the region seem to have done.
Asset Pricing with Ambiguous Signals: An Experiment

This paper explores how ambiguous signals and ambiguity aversion influence individuals' expectations and the pricing of asset in experimental financial markets. In line with the theory of Epstein and Schneider (2008) we find that subjects' degree of ambiguity aversion is positively correlated with their expectations about the variance of ambiguous signals. These signals matter for the determination of asset prices. We find that the distribution of the excess return of the asset exhibits negative skewness, and that price volatility is significantly larger under ambiguous signals. Our findings provide evidence in support of the idea that ambiguous information and ambiguity aversion may be a source of negative skewness and excess volatility in financial markets.
The Long-Run Effects of Peers on Mental Health

This paper studies how peers in school affect students’ mental health. Guided by a theoretical framework, we find that increasing students’ relative ranks in their cohorts by one standard deviation improves their mental health by 6% of a standard deviation conditional on own ability. These effects are more pronounced for low-ability students, persistent for at least 14 years, and carry over to economic long-run outcomes. Moreover, we document a strong asymmetry: Students who receive negative rather than positive shocks react more strongly. Our findings therefore provide evidence on how the school environment can have long-lasting consequences for the well-being of individuals.
Do Not Torture the Data, Just…Listen to Them: An Alternative Value at Risk Approach

Even though econometric and technological advances have contributed to the vast risk modelling literature, practitioners in most cases use the simplest and most conventional approaches in order to avoid algorithmic complexity and increased costs. In this study we present a new approach which adopts a volatility-based filtering data approach, and uses only the most representative data in order to achieve more accurate VaR estimations than the conventional historical VaR models do. In simple words, the Filtering Historical VaR method, listens to the market’s previously documented behavior and presents more accurate than the conventional approaches VaR estimations.
Leaning Against the Wind and Crisis Risk

Can central banks defuse rising stability risks in financial booms by leaning against the wind with higher interest rates? This paper studies the state-dependent effects of monetary policy on financial crisis risk. Based on the near-universe of advanced economy financial cycles since the nineteenth century, we show that discretionary leaning against the wind policies during credit and asset price booms are more likely to trigger crises than prevent them. (JEL E43, E44, E52, E58, F33)