Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Semantic Property in Scrambled Constituents: The Case of Objects in Japanese Transitive Clauses

While several studies have found syntactic and pragmatic properties in scrambled constituents, little is known regarding the connection between semantics and word order. In the present study, a corpus analysis was performed to assess if semantic roles affect word order. Objects in SOV and OSV clauses were classified in accordance with their semantic role, demonstrating that objects whose semantic role was a path appeared more often in OSV clauses than in SOV clauses. The results are discussed in terms of the action chain model in cognitive grammar (Langacker 2008), which posits that the weaker the interaction between the subject and object is, the easier it is to place the object before the subject; objects whose semantic role is a path have a weaker interaction with the subject, which results in a relatively high frequency of paths in OSV clauses. Consequently, the strength of the interaction between a subject and object may be regarded as a semantic property in scrambled constituents.
Admittance spectroscopy of deep impurity levels: ZnTe Schottky barriers

A new method of deep‐level spectroscopy is demonstrated on ZnTe Schottky‐barrier diodes. Peaks in conductance measured as a function of temperature and frequency yield level depths and capture coefficients. A small‐signal theory is developed for numerical comparison to capacitance data, yielding level types and densities.
Context-Aware System for Indoor Localization

User location is an important information to provide personalized service in any domain of interest. In this paper, we present a context-aware system to find location of a user at office domain. Hence, smartphone of the user transmits Wi-Fi signal and our system identifies the user by matching MAC address of the smartphone. Wi-Fi signal strength is used to calculate the distance of user from office room. Additionally, PIR sensor value and office time are used to increase localization accuracy as well as minimize the conflict of user location. Raspberry pi 3, a low-cost embedded platform, is used to collect and process sensed information, generate low-level context, and reason user location from available contexts. Demonstration result of our system shows an excellent performance within our domain of interest.
Within-School Heterogeneity in Quality: Do Schools Provide Equal Value Added to All Students?

Low-socioeconomic status (SES), minority, and male students perform worse than their high-SES, non-minority, and female peers on standardized tests. This paper investigates how within-school differences in school quality contribute to these educational achievement gaps by SES, ethnicity, and sex. Using individual-level data on the universe of public-school students in California, I estimate school quality using a value added methodology that accounts for the fact that students sort to schools on observable characteristics. I run three separate analyses, in which I allow each school to provide a distinct value added to their low-/high-SES, minority/non-minority, and male/female students. I find that there is within-school heterogeneity in value added by SES, ethnicity, and sex, as on average schools provide less value added to their low-SES, minority, and male students. Thus within-school heterogeneity in quality is one factor that contributes to differential outcomes for disadvantaged students.
Solvent-Assisted Rearrangements between Tautomers of Protonated Peptides

The presence of an interacting water or methanol molecule has been shown to catalyze the 1,3-proton shift in a peptide linkage between the tautomers of protonated formamide and glycylglycylglycine. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory show that, for glycylglycylglycine, the forward barrier of this shift decreases from a free energy at 298 K of 39.6 kcal/mol in the absence of solvent to 26.7 kcal/mol in the presence of water and to 22.0 kcal/mol in the presence of methanol. Protonation at the amide nitrogen of the second residue results in a large increase in the C -N bond distance from 1.336 to 1.519 A, whereas protonation at the carbonyl oxygen leads to a decrease in the C-N bond distance from 1.336 to 1.321 A. Solvent-catalyzed tautomerism may play an important role in the fragmentation of electrosprayed, protonated peptides in the gas phase.
First passage times, correlation functions, and reaction rates

The mean lifetime of a particle in the presence of an absorbing boundary is the mean first passage time to the boundary. For diffusive dynamics on a one dimensional potential, we establish an exact relation between the mean first passage time to x=a, averaged over a (pseudo) equilibrium distribution in the region a⩽x<∞, and the time integral of certain equilibrium correlation functions determined by dynamics on the entire (−∞<x<∞) surface in the absence of an absorbing boundary at x=a. As an application, we show that the sum of the forward and reverse rate constants for diffusive barrier crossing obtained using mean first passage times and obtained from the time integral of the normalized number correlation function, are identical for an arbitrary choice of the dividing surface.
Synthesis of Pterostilbene by Julia Olefination

Abstract A simple, E-stereoselective route for the synthesis of the biologically active compounds trans-pterostilbene and tetramethoxy stilbene from the readily available starting materials 3,5-dimethoxy benzyl alcohol and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde was developed using Julia olefination as a key reaction. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resources: Full experimental and spectral details. ] GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Comparison of two SH-based methods for estimation of metallothionein level in the digestive gland of naturally occurring mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis

Two methods for the evaluation of metallothionein (MT) level in Mytilus galloprovincialis digestive gland homogenate extract, polarographic and spectrophotometric, were compared in combination with sample subjected to heat treatment (at 70 and 85°C) as well as to solvent precipitation. Spectrophotometric measurements ranging within 0.081–0.144 mg MTg−1 were at least one order of magnitude lower in comparison with the polarographic ones (2.21–2.88 mg MTg−1) depending on the particular sample treatment as well as two specific reagents and reference standards applied. Sephadex G-75 column chromatography of the differently treated samples and subsequent polarographic analysis in the pooled elution fractions indicated that a level of nonMT interfering thiolic component in homogenate extract may be accounted for more than 50% of the total polarographic signal, irrespective of a method o sample treatment applied. Consequently, the large discrepancy between methods could not be attributed only to the sample treatment procedures but more likely to certain not entirely explained analytical problems, particularly calibration with appropriate reference standard.
"Preparation of Nanostructured Catalysts by Grafting Metal Alkoxides on the Surface of Oxides Supports and their Performances in Some Reactions of Industrial Interest"

Metal alkoxide grafting technique can be used for changing the acid-base and/or the redox properties of the surface of an oxide rich in hydroxyls. The preparation of catalysts by grafting different commercial available alkoxides, such as: Si, Ti, Zr, and V on the surface of oxides, such as: SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , is reviewed. The performances of the acid catalysts were evaluated by adequate test reactions such as: methanol dehydration, skeletal isomerization of 1-butene and alkane isomerization and cracking. The redox properties of vanadium based catalysts, obtained by grafting vanadyl alkoxide on SiO 2 and TiO 2 /SiO 2 supports, have been tested in reactions, such as: the SCR of NO with NH 3 , the Oxidative Dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethanol and methanol to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, the ODH of propane, isobutane and n-butane.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MOLECULAR SIMULATION Velocity auto-correlation function of ions and water molecules in different concentrations, anions and ion clusters

The characteristics of ion solvation are important for electrochemical and biophysical phenomena because all such phenomena occur under the presence of solvated ions. In this study, we performed an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of aqueous NaCl ranging from 0.5 to 3.0M, and aqueous NaF, NaBr and NaI in 2.0M, to investigate the timeaveraged velocity auto-correlation function (TAVAF) of ions and water molecules. By comparing the concentrations and ion pairs, we observed three behaviours: (i) in the case of NaCl, the velocity auto-correlation of Cl becomes weaker as the concentration increases, whereas those of Naþ are not clearly different, (ii) the intensity of fluctuations of the TAVAF gradually decreases following the decrease in ionic radius and (iii) every TAVAF of water molecules in ionic solutions is clearly lower than that of bulk because of the cage effect. Furthermore, we observed that the first minimum of the TAVAF in the cluster is smaller than that of the isolated ions. These results indicate that the diffusion of ions and water molecules is affected by cage effect, and that the generation of ion cluster affects the diffusion of ions.
The use of peepers to sample pore water in acid sulphate soils

Serious environmental impacts of acidic drainage from acid sulphate soils in coastal areas are the result of the interactions between the hydrologic cycle, land use and drainage management, and pore water chemistry. In this study, in situ, diffusion‐controlled dialysis profile samplers, or peepers, were used to examine pore water chemistry of acid sulphate soils in a coastal, sugarcane‐producing area in Eastern Australia. The peepers sampled pore water at 20‐mm intervals over a 1.0‐m length, permitting excellent resolution of the sharp transitions in pore water chemistry that occur around a soil profile’s iron sulphide oxidation front. Comparison of peeper profiles with soil water profiles extracted from soil samples by centrifuging, illustrated the advantages of peepers over conventional soil water sampling techniques in unconsolidated, sulphidic soils. For conventional sampling, the low permeability, gel‐like, unoxidized soil samples had to be frozen then thawed before water could be extracted by centrifuging. Peeper profiles of species not involved in redox reactions agreed well with those from centrifuged soil extracts. Redox sensitive species, however, were in poorer agreement because of the lengthy soil sample preparation and extraction procedures required for extraction by centrifuging. The approximately 6‐day equilibration time required for peeper sampling allows them to follow monthly or seasonal changes in pore water chemistry in acid sulphate soils due to variations in climate, and land use and management.
High-Temperature Crystallization of Thermostable T1 Lipase

The gene encoding thermostable T1 lipase secreted by Geobacillus sp. strain T1 has been overexpressed in a prokaryotic system. Preliminary crystallization was conducted with crystal screen and crystal screen II through a sitting drop vapor diffusion method with 0.5 mg/mL purified T1 lipase at 16 °C. Crystallization at 16 °C using formulation 21 of crystal screen II at 2.5 mg/mL yielded bigger and more defined crystals. Good crystals could easily be obtained as the temperature was increased further while retaining other conditions. In fact, crystallization of T1 lipase is still possible at 60 °C. The ability to form crystals at 60 °C is a new discovery in lipase crystallization.
Atypical cortical tracking of the speech envelope in children who stutter: a potential contributor towards phonological processing differences

A growing body of evidence suggests that individuals with developmental stuttering exhibit phonological processing differences when compared to fluent peers. However, it has yet to be unveiled which factors may contribute towards this atypical processing. It has been argued that the speech mechanisms which process these phonological units are monitored within a hierarchical system, whose foundation is controlled by low-frequency neural oscillating networks (Giraud & Poeppel, 2015). Thus, phonological processing differences may arise due to impairments in fundamental mechanisms associated with low-frequency neural oscillating networks, such as temporal speech encoding. For this reason, this study sought to investigate cortical temporal response functions in 14 children who stutter (3-7 years of age) compared to 13 normally fluent peers. EEG data were recorded as participants encoded natural speech during a dichotic listening task. When comparing between groups, the results provide evidence that children who stutter experience significantly weaker cortical tracking for unattended speech and more efficient cortical tracking for attended speech, suggesting that phonological processing is atypical at the level of speech envelope encoding. Considering these findings, we propose that children who stutter may be increasing cognitive effort during speech and language processing, in order to compensate for an atypical phonological processing mechanism.
Generating Privacy-Preserving Synthetic Tabular Data Using Oblivious Variational Autoencoders

A vast amount of the world’s data is stored in tabular form, and a signiﬁcant portion of it contains personally identiﬁable attributes (e.g., electronic health records and ﬁnancial records). The public sharing of such data could expedite AI research for resolving pressing societal, medical and other problems, but attempts to do so are riddled with obstacles because of privacy concerns. To circumvent the privacy issues, a line of statistical and deep learning models seeks to generate synthetic tabular data, which adhere to the distributional statistics of the original data, without disclosing any personally identiﬁable information. Those preliminary models show promising results, but have not attained their full potential because they have yet to exploit a strong inductive bias that pre-disposes them to tabular data. We propose a new model called Oblivious Variational Autoencoder (OVAE) that combines variational autoencoders (VAEs) with a differentiable version of oblivious decision trees (ODTs) (Lou & Obukhov, 2017). Boosted ODTs have been highly successful for predictive tasks on tabular data, outperforming even deep learning systems in many Kaggle competitions. However, their use in generative models has largely been overlooked. OVAE incorporates ODTs’ amenability to tabular data as an inductive bias in VAEs, thereby generating synthetic tabular data of high ﬁdelity to the original tables. In an extensive set of experiments, OVAE demonstrates its efﬁcacy and surpasses several state-of-the-art models on a wide range of datasets.
Extractive Summarization and Simplification of Scholarly Literature

Research papers and journals have always played a crucial role in the field of research and development. However, these research papers usually have a complex usage of language which limits the range of target readers. The language and the terms used in these literary works can make the concept or the topic tough to understand for a naive reader. The goal of this project is to simplify a complex piece of literature into something meaningful without sounding verbose. The idea is based upon Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman’s learning technique known as the Feynman Technique that emphasizes the usage of words that are simple to understand. Such simplification can help a researcher gain more information from more literature in less amount of time. The proposed system can also be used to simplify other text documents apart from research papers and journals. This novel model based on simplicity can be considered a new learning model.
Volume dependence of AlH3 band gap at high pressures

The volume dependence of the band gap for aluminum hydride (alane) is compared at high static and dynamic pressures. Room temperature high pressure isotherm data and multiple-shock conductivity data were used for the reconstruction of the volume dependence of the alane band gap in the pressure range 50–75 GPa. The traditional exponential relationship for the temperature dependence of semiconductor conductivity with the power law volume dependence of the aluminum hydride band gap is suggested in the regions of volumes 11.5–12.5 cm3/mol, pressures 50–75 GPa and temperatures 1270–1370 K.
The STEM approach to the imaging of surfaces and small particles

The characteristics of scanning transmission electron microsopy, which make it a particularly powerful tool for the study of surfaces and small crystals, include the serial nature of the image signal which makes it amenable to recording and image processing procedures, the possibility of correlating the image data with microdiffraction patterns and microanalysis of chosen small regions and the possibilities for combining several different image signals obtained simultaneously. Images obtained from surfaces using reflected diffraction beams may be very sensitive to variations of surface structure but the resolution, depth of focus and contrast of the images are strongly dependent on the nature of the surface and the aperture sizes used in the microsope. Microdiffraction patterns may be obtained from small surface features. Electron energy loss analyses of the diffracted beams provides sensitive indications on surface electron excitations. Microdiffraction patterns obtained in transmission from regions of 1–5 nm diameter provide valuable information on the structure and defects of small crystals, such as those of platinum and gold which are of interest in relation to the study of catalysts.
Monte Carlo backbone sampling for polypeptides with variable bond angles and dihedral angles using concerted rotations and a Gaussian bias

An efficient concerted rotation algorithm for use in Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations of polypeptides is reported that includes flexible bond and dihedral angles. A Gaussian bias is applied with driver bond and dihedral angles to optimize the sampling efficiency. Jacobian weighting is required in the Metropolis test to correct for imbalances in resultant transition probabilities. Testing of the methodology includes Monte Carlo simulations for polyalanines with 8–14 residues and a 36-residue protein as well as a search to find the lowest-energy conformer of the pentapeptide Met-enkephalin. The results demonstrate the formal correctness and efficiency of the method.
Pulmonary Function and Particle Deposition and Clearance in Rats After a 90-Day Exposure to Shale-Oil-Derived Jet Fuel JP-4

AbstractA computerized, semiautomated plethysmograph system with a frequency response flat to 50 Hz was developed for pulmonary function evaluations in the rat. Before measuring the pulmonary effects of a 90-d exposure to shale-oil-derived JP-4, the sensitivity of this system was evaluated using papain-induced emphysema and bleomycin-induced fibrosis. The effects from these pulmonary insults were evaluated in tests of lung volumes, dynamic resistance and compliance, quasistatic compliance, partial and full forced vital capacities, carbon monoxide (CO) diffusion capacity, and closing volume. In addition, particle deposition and clearance were evaluated using 51Cr -labeled polystyrene latex microspheres. lntratracheally instilled bleomcyin (7 IU/kg) induced patchy interstitial fibrosis and generated a pattern of restrictive lung disease with significant changes in lung volumes and flow rates and significant differences in particle deposition and clearance. lntratracheally instilled papain (300 IU/kg) induce.
Influence of in-plane and bridging oxygen vacancies of SnO2 nanostructures on CH4 sensing at low operating temperatures

Role of “O” defects in sensing pollutant with nanostructured SnO2 is not well understood, especially at low temperatures. SnO2 nanoparticles were grown by soft chemistry route followed by subsequent annealing treatment under specific conditions. Nanowires were grown by chemical vapor deposition technique. A systematic photoluminescence (PL) investigation of “O” defects in SnO2 nanostructures revealed a strong correlation between shallow donors created by the in-plane and the bridging “O” vacancies and gas sensing at low temperatures. These SnO2 nanostructures detected methane (CH4), a reducing and green house gas at a low temperature of 50 °C. Response of CH4 was found to be strongly dependent on surface defect in comparison to surface to volume ratio. Control over “O” vacancies during the synthesis of SnO2 nanomaterials, as supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and subsequent elucidation for low temperature sensing are demonstrated.
Design and Development of Oral Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Formulation Bearing Atorvastatin: In Vitro Assessment

The objective of the present investigation was to design a thermodynamically stable and dilutable nanoemulsion formulation of AT-Ca with minimum surfactant concentration that could improve its solubility as well as its oral bioavailability. The composition of optimized nanoemulsion formulation was Sefsol 218 and oleic acid (1:1) 10% w/w, as an oil phase, Tween-20 (19% w/w) as a surfactant, Carbitol (19% w/w) as a cosurfactant and distilled water (52% w/w) as an aqueous phase, containing 10 mg of AT. The optimized formulation showed higher% drug release (99.34%), lower droplet size (42.8 ± 0.42 nm) with low polydispersity index (0.237 ± 0.012), less viscosity (27.51 ± 1.01 cP) and infinite dilution capability. In vitro drug release from the nanoemulsion formulations was highly significant (p < 0.01) as compared to drug suspension.
Competitive preferential solvation theory of weak molecular interactions

The use of linear Benesi–Hildebrand, Scott or Scatchard equations to characterize molecular interactions leads frequently to anomalous results which cannot be interpreted easily in terms of traditional concepts. The situation is more serious for weak interactions, whose study requires the use of high concentrations of interacting partners. In the present paper a simple theory is proposed (Competitive Preferential Solvation theory or COPS theory) which can reasonably account for the observed anomalies without employing ad hoc arguments for individual problems. The theory is applied to a series of eighteen molecular interactions involving some degree of charge-transfer. These interactions have been studied by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is shown that the theory can be applied successfully to various physico-chemical techniques such as u.v. spectroscopy, kinetics and molecular relaxation processes. The new theory is compared with current ones.