Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Riesgo de oídio (Erysiphe necator) de la vid en relación con el desarrollo de los racimos

En los ultimos anos, el oidio (Erysiphe necator) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) ha tenido especial importancia economica en la zona central y norte de Chile. Epidemias se desarrollan a partir del micelio latente que sobrevive en yemas infectadas la temporada precedente y/o a partir de cleistotecios desarrollados en hojas u otros organos infectados de la vid. La susceptibilidad de los racimos varia a traves de la temporada, siendo muy susceptibles las bayas jovenes y resistentes en la medida que maduran. El riesgo de infeccion se puede pronosticar en funcion de la temperatura maxima del aire. Con el proposito de mejorar la efi cacia del control del oidio, se realizo este trabajo con el objetivo de estudiar el riesgo de infeccion en funcion del desarrollo del racimo. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que las aplicaciones fungicidas (kresoxim-metil, 65-70 mg? L-1 or miclobutanil, 24 mg? L-1) aplicadas a inicios de plena floracion (estadio 23) proporciono el mejor control del oidio en los racimos de vides cvs. Criolla? , ? Pedro Jimenez? y ? Semillon? Por el contrario, la incidencia y severidad invariablemente aumento en racimos tratados en otros estadios. Esto se relaciono con la existencia de temperaturas del aire muy favorables al desarrollo de oidio, las que predominaron durante la floracion, determinando indices de riesgo de infeccion moderados a altos. En conclusion, los estadios del desarrollo comprendidos entre inicios de la fl oracion y bayas pequenas (estadios 19 a 29) fue el periodo mas critico para el desarrollo del oidio. Por lo tanto, tratamientos fungicidas aplicados durante la floracion son indispensables para controlar esta enfermedad.
Two minD Genes in Physcomitrella patens Are Functionally Redundant

We investigated two genes that encode a homolog of the bacterial cell division site determinant MinD, PpMinD1 and PpMinD2, which were previously identified in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Southern analysis suggested that the P. patens genome does not contain minD genes other than PpMinD1 and PpMinD2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and the results of a transient expression assay using MinD : green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions implied that PpMinD1 and PpMinD2 are cyanobacterium-derived, closely related genes encoding chloroplast-targeted MinD proteins. Disruption of the genomic PpMinD1 or PpMinD2 locus had no detectable effects on plastid division. This implies that there is functional redundancy in the two minD genes in P. patens.
Decomposition of Nothofagus fallen woody debris in forests of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

We report the decay constants of fallen fine (<1 cm in diameter) and coarse ($1 cm) woody debris of the southern beeches lenga (Nothofagus pumilio(Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser), nire (Nothofagus antarctica(Forst.) Oerst. ), and guindo (Nothofagus betuloides(Mirb.) Oerst. ) in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. The decomposition of small branches (<1 cm) was assessed with the nylon mesh bag technique. A tethered-branch method was used for the decomposition of branches 1-16 cm in diameter of nire and guindo incubated in the field for a period of approximately 4 years. For large lenga branches (8-17 cm) and boles (19-60 cm), we used a chronosequence method, using a 3.5- to 55-year series of natural field incubations. Small lenga branches decayed faster (k =0 .47 ·year -1 ) than those of nire (k =0 .23 ·year -1 ) and guindo (k =0 .17 ·year -1 ). For branches 1 cm, decomposition rates of the species were not significantly different, but diminished with diameter increase. The rate of change of k versus diameter was significantly greater for lenga. In the full range of lenga wood diameters studied, k decreased exponentially with diameter (k =0 .553 ·exp(-0.177·diameter)) attaining a nearly constant value (k =0 .010 ·year -1 ) between 30 and 60 cm. Residence time increased from 2 to 100 years for small branches to large boles, respectively. There was no lag time for decomposition initiation. The decay constants for large lenga branches and boles appeared similar to or slightly greater than those of cold temperate conifers and less than those of hardwoods of the cold and warm temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Resume : Cet article traite des constantes de decomposition des debris ligneux tombes au sol, fins (<1 cm de diametre) et grossiers ($1 cm), des lenga (Nothofagus pumilio(Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser), nire (Nothofagus antarctica(Forst.) Oerst. ) et guindo (Nothofagus betuloides(Mirb.) Oerst. ) a la Terre de Feu, en Argentine. La decomposition des petites branches
Bulgecin A : a novel inhibitor of binuclear metallo-β-lactamases

Bulgecin A, a sulphonated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine unit linked to a 4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethylproline ring by a β-glycosidic linkage, is a novel type of inhibitor for binuclear metallo-β-lactamases. Using steady-state kinetic analysis with nitrocefin as the β-lactam substrate, bulgecin A competitively inhibited the metallo-β-lactamase BceII from Bacillus cereus in its two-zinc form, but failed to inhibit when the enzyme was in the single-zinc form. The competitive inhibition was restored by restoring the second zinc ion. The single-zinc metallo-β-lactamase from Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria, ImiS, was not inhibited by bulgecin A. The tetrameric L1 metallo-β-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was subject to partial non-competitive inhibition, which is consistent with a kinetic model in which the enzyme bound to inhibitor retains catalytic activity. Docking experiments support the conclusion that bulgecin A co-ordinates to the zinc II site in metallo-β-lactamases via the terminal sulphonate group on the sugar moiety.
INHERITANCE OF BUNT REACTION IN A REDMAN × S-615 WHEAT CROSS

Inheritance of reaction to race T-2 of Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. was studied in populations of F3 and B2 lines from the cross Redman × S-615 (Triticum aestivum L.) and the respective backcrosses. Redman and S-615 were found to differ by three genes for bunt reaction. Redman possesses a major gene recessive for resistance, and two minor genes. Each of the minor genes is capable of conditioning a moderate degree of resistance alone but together they are capable of conditioning high resistance as a result of geometric gene actionCorrelation coefficients show that bunt reaction to race T-2 is not associated with wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) reaction, total stem solidness, solidness in each internode, awn type, glume color, plant height, or heading date.
Manipulating Agricultural Plants for a Future High CO2 Environment

This paper discusses the potential ways in which C3 plant performance may benefit from a future high-CO2 environment. These include increases in the efficiencies for light, nitrogen and water utilisation, particularly at elevated temperatures, resulting from the improvement which will occur in the performance of the primary carboxylating enzyme, Rubisco. However, while growth experiments at elevated CO2 indicate that C3 plants show stimulation of dry matter accumulation, the potential gains are greatly ameliorated by a redistribution of plant resources. This primarily occurs via a reduction in the leaf area ratio which offsets increases in the net assimilation rate. In addition, there may be an overcommitment of nitrogen in key photosynthetic components such as Rubisco and the thylakoid electron transport system. It is concluded that plants may not be genetically adapted to optimise their growth and performance at elevated CO2 and that consideration should be given to exploring avenues for manipulating plants for more optimal responses. Targets for improvement of growth at elevated CO2 include (1) altering source-sink relations; (2) improving the redistribution of nitrogen between the photosynthetic machinery and the rest of the plant; and (3) changing the response of stomata to CO2 and humidity to increase water-use efficiency even further than is currently predicted.
Urinary corticosterone responses and haematological stress indicators in the endangered Fijian ground frog (Platymantis vitiana) during transportation and captivity

Physiological stress assessment is important for in-situ conservation and captive management of threatened wildlife. Leukocyte (white blood cell) evaluation, especially the neutrophil : lymphocyte (N : L) ratio, provides a logical representation of experimentally elevated corticosterone (stress hormone) in amphibians. Urinary corticosterone enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) is a rapid non-invasive tool for assessing stress responses in amphibians. To our knowledge, no one has explored the relationship between N : L ratio and urinary corticosterone in wild amphibians in a non-experimental way. This study provides a comparative assessment of relative leukocyte numbers, N : L ratios and urinary corticosterone responses of the endangered Fijian ground frog (Platymantis vitiana) during transportation and captivity. Adult frogs (n = 40) were collected from Viwa, Fiji Island for captive breeding. Frogs showed significant changes in leukocyte proportions during transportation and captivity. N : L ratios were higher 6 h after transportation and over 5 and 15 days in captivity. Urinary corticosterone responses of the frogs were also higher 6 h after transportation and after 5 and 15 days in captivity. All leukocyte proportions, N : L ratios and urinary corticosterone concentrations of the frogs returned near baseline levels after the frogs were kept in an environmentally enriched outdoor enclosure for over 25 days. These results highlight the value of leukocyte evaluation and urinary corticosterone EIAs as physiological tools for evaluating stress in amphibians.
No outbreeding depression at a regional scale for a habitat-forming intertidal alga with limited dispersal

Hormosira banksii is distributed throughout southern Australasia, but dispersal of propagules is thought to be limited. In the present study, the hypothesis that outbreeding depression occurs in H. banksii was tested by assessing fertilisation success and early development of embryos in crosses between populations at local to regional spatial scales. Hierarchical experiments were conducted at three spatial scales with nesting present within each scale: small scale (within a rocky shore population), intermediate scale (regions separated by 70 km) and large scale (450-km separation between two states: Victoria and Tasmania). In each experiment, eggs and sperm were crossed within and between each population located in the spatial scale of interest. There were no consistent patterns of variable fertilisation success and subsequent development within a population or at different spatial scales. It was concluded that outbreeding depression is not detected in analyses of fertilisation success or early development processes in H. banksii. The results suggest one of the following to be likely: (1) H. banksii is capable of longer distance dispersal than previously considered, thus maintaining gene flow between distant populations, (2) gene flow is restricted by limited dispersal, but populations have not been isolated for a sufficient length of time to cause genetic divergence or (3) outbreeding depression is manifested as effects on later life-history stages.
Inbreeding and incompatibility in Trichogramma nr. brassicae: evidence and implications for quality control

Inbreeding effects and incompatibility relationships were examined in strains of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma nr brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from southeastern Australia. Crosses between strains provided weak evidence of incompatibility in a few cases. However, sex ratio in crosses within strains tended to be more female‐biased than in crosses between strains. Inbreeding was imposed for four generations (F>0.59) of sib mating. The fitness of inbred strains was compared to that of outbred strains generated by crossing the inbred strains. No effects of inbreeding were found for any of the four female traits examined (fecundity, body length, head width and hind tibia length), indicating that T. nr. brassicae is not subjected to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding effects were also not found for male mating success as expected for the haploid sex. There were differences among strains for all traits apart from fecundity, indicating heritable variation. Strain differences for fitness measures were uncorrelated with wasp size. The potential use of inbreeding in the quality control of Trichogramma for mass‐release is discussed. Inbreeding may be a useful tool in minimising the effects of laboratory adaptation, thereby extending the useful life of a strain.
Low genetic diversity and inbreeding depression in Queensland koalas

The amount of genetic variation in two natural populations of Queensland koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus adustus) was assessed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Levels and any adverse effects of inbreeding (inbreeding depression) were estimated from the pedigree of a well-characterised captive colony. Genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA was found to be exceedingly low both within and between the two populations, but the variation detected was found to be strongly structured geographically. Inbreeding levels in the captive colony were moderate to high yet the only apparent evidence of inbreeding depression was a male-biased sex ratio. There was no evidence for decreased juvenile survivorship or growth rate with inbreeding. Because of the limited data it would be premature to conclude that koalas are relatively resistant to the effects of inbreeding. However, we suggest the hypothesis that koalas have a history of small population size, resulting in reduced susceptibility to inbreeding depression.
Repetitive DNA polymorphism analysis as a tool for identifying Phytophthora species

The analysis of repetitive DNA profiles discriminated between the very similar species P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri. It also supported the heterogeneous status of P. megasperma by differentiating the soybean isolates. In contrast, complete homogeneity was observed among profiles from 12 isolates of P. parasitica, including eight isolates from tobacco. It is suggested that, because of its simplicity, the method might be useful, not only in investigating taxonomical problems, but also for identification purposes
The effects of feeding 3-nitrooxypropanol at two doses on milk production, rumen fermentation, plasma metabolites, nutrient digestibility, and methane emissions in lactating Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding 3-nitrooxypropanol (NOP) in the total mixed ration of lactating Holstein cows on rumen fermentation, ruminal microbial population, enteric methane production, milk production, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. Fifteen ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in mid to late lactation were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design study with 28-day periods. Cows were fed a 60%-forage diet (dry matter basis) with 2500 (HIGH), 1250 (LOW) or 0 (CON) mg/day of NOP. After a 20-day diet adaptation period, dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were recorded daily. Rumen digesta and rumen fluid were collected on Days 21 and 28 and ruminal pH was determined on Days 23–28. Methane emissions were measured on Days 23–27 using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique. Faecal and blood samples were taken on Days 25–27. Feeding NOP at either dose did not affect DMI, milk production or bodyweight gain. Total concentration of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid did not differ; however, there was a decrease in molar proportion of acetate and increase in molar proportion of propionate with feeding NOP in a dose-dependent manner. Microbial profile and ruminal pH were not affected by treatment. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM (62.7% vs 58.4%; P < 0.05) and neutral detergent fibre (38.0% vs 30.7%; P < 0.05) were increased with the HIGH dose compared with CON. Feeding NOP reduced methane yield from 19.9 to 15.3 g/kg DMI for CON versus LOW (P < 0.05) and from 19.9 to 12.6 for CON versus HIGH (P < 0.05). Feeding NOP at 1250 or 2500 mg/day reduced methane yield and affected ruminal volatile fatty acid profile without compromising DMI or apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility.
IPTG can replace lactose in auto‐induction media to enhance protein expression in batch‐cultured Escherichia coli

Auto‐induction media containing glucose, lactose, and glycerol are a simple and efficient approach for high‐throughput protein expression in Escherichia coli with lac‐derived expression systems. Its principle is based on inducer exclusion between glucose and lactose, preventing the induction by lactose before the depletion of glucose. Isopropyl‐β‐d‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)—at least in typically used millimolar concentrations—is thought to be unsuitable for this purpose since it can enter the cell by diffusion independently of inducer exclusion. In this study, using parallel batch cultivations in stirred‐tank bioreactors on a milliliter scale, we show that the induction by micromolar concentrations of IPTG is prevented in the presence of glucose. With up to 40 μM IPTG, full induction and heterologous protein expression start only after the depletion of glucose. Thus, auto‐induction is possible with either lactose or IPTG, and the expression greatly depends on the type and concentration of the inducer. The best expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein was achieved with 40 μM IPTG in stirred‐tank bioreactors on a milliliter scale. The IPTG‐based auto‐induction was also reproduced in shaking flasks. Therefore, IPTG can be used in auto‐induction media for protein expression in batch‐cultured E. coli. Furthermore, we show that acetate or arabinose can have significant effects on the auto‐induction mechanism.
Occurrence of extra-pair paternity and intraspecific brood parasitism in the Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida

Capsule Patterns of parentage were studied in a colony of Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybrida in central Poland. We assessed the parentage of 64 chicks from 30 broods using five polymorphic microsatellite loci. The rate of extra-pair paternity was estimated at 8.1% of offspring and 11.8% of broods (the upper 95% CL: 16.9% and 27.1%, respectively), whereas intraspecific brood parasitism was recorded in 4.7% of offspring and 10.0% of broods (the upper 95% cl: 9.9% and 20.7%, respectively). The data obtained on the occurrence of alternative reproductive strategies in Whiskered Tern are consistent with general patterns of parentage found in other colonial larids.
A floristic‐structural gradient related to land forms in the southern Chihuahuan Desert

The purposes of this study were to elucidate the floristic and structural characteristics of the vegetationin the Mapimi subdivision of the Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico, and to relate them to environmental variation. The main question addressed was: How does floristic composition, total species richness and life-form species richness vary in relation to environmental change? 154 sites, randomly selected and stratified over seven landscape units, were analyzed. Results showed the existence of a land form gradient along which vegetation types were ordered. Species richness varied along the gradient, the richest land form was bajada, indicating that the maximum species richness did not occur at one extreme of the water availability gradient but in a moderately poor situation. The lowest species richness was found in the playa land form. Cover-based life form spectra varied significantly with land forms, while presence-absence based life form spectra did not. It is suggested that this may be a consequence of the relatively young age of this desert.
Species identity and aqueous calcium concentrations as determinants of calcium concentrations of freshwater crustacean zooplankton

Calcium (Ca) is a major component of the crustacean zooplankton carapace. As crustacean zooplankton obtain most of their Ca from lake water, taxa with high Ca demands may be negatively affected if environmental Ca concentrations fall below thresholds necessary for adequate Ca uptake rates. Currently, Ca concentrations are falling in many soft-water lakes with a history of acid deposition, both within Canada and globally. Hence, there is a need to identify species with high Ca demands. We analyzed Ca concentrations of eight crustacean zooplankton taxa from nine lakes spanning a 0.435 mg·L1 Ca gradient. Our objectives were to determine (i) if both species identity and lake Ca concentrations are determinants of zooplankton Ca concentration and (ii) if zooplankton Ca concentration varies seasonally. Large differences in Ca concentrations were observed among taxa. Levels in Daphnia sp. ranged from 2% to 8% of dry body weight, whereas levels in copepods and non-daphniid cladocera were much lower at 0.2%0.4%.
Effects of Low-Protein, Amino Acid-Fortified Diets Formulated on a Net Energy Basis on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Pigs

Abstract Smith, J.W. II, O'Quinn, P.R. , Goodband, R.D. , Tokach, M.D. and Nelssen, J.L. 1999. Effects of low-protein, amino acid-fortified diets formulated on a net energy basis on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 15: 1–16. Two hundred eighty-eight crossbred gilts (PIC L326 x C22, initially 48 kg) were used to determine the effects of corn-soybean meal or low protein, amino acid-fortified diets formulated to equal net energy (NE) concentrations on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Diets were formulated to two NE concentrations, 2.51 and 2.58 Mcal/kg during growing and 2.58 and 2.65Mcal/kg during finishing period. Amino acids were provided from soybean meal or a combination of soybean meal and crystalline amino acids (L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, and L-tryptophan) formulated on an ideal protein basis. Pigs fed diets containing intact protein had greater (P<0.01) ADG, G:F and percentage lean than pigs provid.
Feeding flaxseed enhances deposition of omega-3 fatty acids in broiler meat portions in different manner

Feeding a diet containing 12% flaxseed for 36 d significantly increased the n-3 fatty acid deposition in broiler meat. Based on this study, consuming 100 g of such fatty acid-enriched breast meat, whole leg or wing, a total of 0.2, 1.6 and 2.0 g of n-3 fatty acids, including 10.4, 20.3 and 25.3 mg of docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, would be provided by each portion, which offers consumers an alternative to enhance their daily n-3 fatty acid intake.Key words: Flaxseed, n-3 fatty acid, broiler chicken
Population characteristics of the Whooping Crane, Grus americana

The principal migratory population of Whooping Cranes is now increasing at an annual rate of about 4%, about twice the rate observed prior to the mid-1950's. Significant periodic fluctuations in total numbers overlay these average trends. These fluctuations can be explained by observed fluctuations in annual recruitment. On average, both the number of breeding pairs and the number of young fledged each year are roughly consistent with what is known about the life history of the species. Around these averages, however, significant variations in both parameters remain unexplained. Further research should focus on the factors responsible for successful pair formation, hatching, fledging, and 1st-year migration from the summer grounds at Wood Buffalo Park to the winter grounds at Aransas Wildlife Refuge.