Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Code Is Deliberately Excluded from Test Coverage and Why?

Test coverage is largely used to assess test effectiveness. In practice, not all code is equally important for coverage analysis, for instance, code that will not be executed during tests is irrelevant and can actually harm the analysis. Some coverage tools provide support for code exclusion from coverage reports, however, we are not yet aware of what code tends to be excluded nor the reasons behind it. This can support the creation of more accurate coverage reports and reveal novel and harmful usage cases. In this paper, we provide the first empirical study to understand code exclusion practices in test coverage. We mine 55 Python projects and assess commit messages and code comments to detect rationales for exclusions. We find that (1) over 1/3 of the projects perform deliberate coverage exclusion; (2) 75% of the code are already created using the exclusion feature, while 25% add it over time; (3) developers exclude non-runnable, debug-only, and defensive code, but also platform-specific and conditional importing; and (4) most code is excluded because it is already untested, low-level, or complex. Finally, we discuss implications to improve coverage analysis and shed light on the existence of biased coverage reports.
Supporting Information Fenozyme Protects the Integrity of Blood Brain Barrier against Experimental Cerebral Malaria

Author Affiliation: 1CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 2College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences, Suzhou 215133, China; 4Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes in Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
Measuring Customer Service Experience in Offline and Online Retail Environments

Spectacular shifts have been led to by The COVID-19 crisis in consumer behavior. Retailers will have to work hard to meet ever-evolving customer service experience with respect to the ways in which it may be differently affected by offline or online transactions in order to win and stay relevant. We suggest an integrative framework and construct customer service experience hypotheses, based on its antecedents and consequences that will contribute to academic study as well as managerial implications. The hypotheses are tested by a simultaneous equation model employing two data sets of the retail industry's offline and online customers. In this study, 571 samples of these businesses, 319 and 252 respondents from offline and online retail channels, respectively, were collected by means of an online web survey of consumers. The results show that the impact of consequences and antecedents of CSX differs based on the media utilized. The integrative framework of CSX in its online medium is far more effective than its explanatory power offline. The outcomes are reasonably counterintuitive in so far as they demonstrate that while most elements of CSX where a service is selected offline is the same in terms of customer loyalty and value equity, the emotional element related to the service provider is higher when the service is selected offline rather than online. These outcomes indicate that, contrary to popular fears, the online medium enables firms to develop a loyal customer foundation. These findings offer perceptivity into how an online channel could be used to better complement the offline channel, contributing towards new knowledge and understanding on CSX and how it may be utilized for managerial decision-making.
A MODE-JUMPING ALGORITHM FOR EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS WITH CONTINUOUS AND BINARY RESPONSES BY ALBERT MAN

Exploratory factor analysis is a dimension-reduction technique commonly used in psychology, finance, genomics, neuroscience, and economics. Advances in computational power have opened the door for fully Bayesian treatments of factor analysis. One open problem is enforcing rotational identifability of the latent factor loadings, as the loadings are not identified from the likelihood without further restrictions. Nonidentifability of the loadings can cause posterior multimodality, which can produce misleading posterior summaries. The positive-diagonal, lower-triangular (PLT) constraint is the most commonly used restriction to guarantee identifiability, in which the upper m×m submatrix of the loadings is constrained to be a lower-triangular matrix with positive-diagonal elements. The PLT constraint can fail to guarantee identifiability if the constrained submatrix is singular. Furthermore, though the PLT constraint addresses identifiability-related multimodality, it introduces additional mixing issues. We introduce a new Bayesian sampling algorithm for both continuous and binary responses that efficiently explores the multimodal posterior surface and addresses issues with current approaches.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Xylanase Gene from Bacillus polymyxa in Escherichia colit

Genomic fragments of BaciUus polymyxa derived from separate and complete digestion by EcoRI, HindIII, and BamHI were ligated into the corresponding sites of pBR322, and the resulting chimeric plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli. Of 6,000 transformants screened, 1 (pBPX-277) produced a clear halo on Remazol brilliant blue xylan plates. The insert in the pBPX-277 recombinant, identified as an 8.0-kilobase BamHI fragment of B. polymyxa, was subsequently subjected to extensive mapping and a series of subclonings into pUCl9. A 2.9-kilobase BamHI-EcoRI subfragment was found to code for xylanase activity. Xylanase activity expressed by E. coli harboring the cloned gene was located primarily in the periplasm and corresponded to one of two distinct xylanases produced by B. polymyxa. Xylanase expression by the cloned gene occurred in the absence of xylan and was reduced by glucose and xylose. Southern blot hybridization with the cloned fragment as a probe against complete genomic digests of the bacilli B. polymyxa, B. circulans, and B. subtilis revealed that the cloned xylanase gene was unique to B. polymyxa. The xylanase expressed by the cloned gene had a molecular weight of approximately 48,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.9.
SpanDB: A Fast, Cost-Effective LSM-tree Based KV Store on Hybrid Storage

Key-Value (KV) stores support many crucial applications and services. They perform fast in-memory processing, but are still often limited by I/O performance. The recent emergence of high-speed commodity NVMe SSDs has propelled new KV system designs that take advantage of their ultra-low latency and high bandwidth. Meanwhile, to switch to entirely new data layouts and scale up entire databases to high-end SSDs requires considerable investment. As a compromise, we propose SpanDB, an LSM-tree-based KV store that adapts the popular RocksDB system to utilize selective deployment of high-speed SSDs. SpanDB allows users to host the bulk of their data on cheaper and larger SSDs, while relocating write-ahead logs (WAL) and the top levels of the LSM-tree to a much smaller and faster NVMe SSD. To better utilize this fast disk, SpanDB provides high-speed, parallel WAL writes via SPDK, and enables asynchronous request processing to mitigate inter-thread synchronization overhead and work efficiently with polling-based I/O. Our evaluation shows that SpanDB simultaneously improves RocksDB’s throughput by up to 8.8⇥ and reduces its latency by 9.558. 3%. Compared with KVell, a system designed for high-end SSDs, SpanDB achieves 96-140% of its throughput, with a 2.3-21.6⇥ lower latency, at a cheaper storage configuration.
Education Expectations and Income Level of Families: An Assessment within the Framework of Human Capabilities Approach

This study aimed to examine the education expectations of the parents of compulsory education students (primary, secondary and high schools) according the income levels within the context of the human capabilities approach. The study used a qualitative phenomenological research design. The study group consisted of 128 parents of students. Convenience sampling, which is one of the purposive sampling methods, was employed in the study. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that parents mostly had social and individual expectations. However, they were found to differ by income groups. The most frequently expressed expectation, on the other hand, was having a good job and serving the nation and country.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium.

Android’s ﬁlesystem access control provides a foundation for system integrity. It combines mandatory (e.g., SEAndroid) and discretionary (e.g., Unix permissions) access control, protecting both the Android platform from Android/OEM services and Android/OEM services from third-party applications. However, OEMs often introduce vulnerabilities when they add market-differentiating features and fail to correctly reconﬁgure this complex combination of policies. In this paper, we propose the PolyScope tool to triage Android systems for vulnerabilities using their ﬁlesystem access control policies by: (1) identifying the resources that subjects are authorized to use that may be modiﬁed by their adversaries, both with and without policy manipulations, and (2) determining the attack operations on those resources that are actually available to adversaries to reveal the speciﬁc cases that need vulnerability testing. A key insight is that adversaries may exploit discretionary elements in Android access control to expand the permissions available to themselves and/or victims to launch attack operations, which we call permission expansion . We apply PolyScope to ﬁve Google and ﬁve OEM Android releases and ﬁnd that permission expansion increases the privilege available to launch
130 mA / mm β-Ga 2 O 3 MESFET with Low-Temperature MOVPE-Regrown Ohmic Contacts

We report on the demonstration of metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy-regrown (MOVPE) ohmic contacts in an all MOVPE-grown β-Ga2O3 metalsemiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET). The lowtemperature (600°C) heavy (n+) Si-doped regrown layers exhibit extremely high conductivity with sheet resistance of 73 Ω/sq and a record metal/n+-Ga2O3 contact resistance of 0.08 Ω. mm and specific contact resistivity of 8.3 x 10-7 Ω. cm2 were achieved. The fabricated MESFETs exhibit a maximum drain-to-source current of 130 mA/mm, a high ION/IOFF of > 1010 with a high power FOM of 25 MW/cm2 was achieved without any field plates. Nanoparticle-assisted Raman thermometry, thermal modeling, and infrared thermography were performed to assess the device selfheating under the high current and power conditions. This demonstration shows the promise of MOVPE technique for realization of high performance lateral β-Ga2O3 devices and also highlights the need for device-level thermal management.
Lithium–potassium superbases as key reagents for the base-catalysed isomerisation of some terpenoids

Some representative monoterpenes have been isomerised under the influence of Schlosser's lithium–potassium mixed superbases, promoting β-elimination reactions. The results are compared with those obtained with butyllithium and LDA. Different selectivities and different reaction yields are achieved as a function of the base employed. These results confirm the particular reactivity of bimetallic reagents. In this paper it is proposed that the observed selectivities might depend on the conformational features of the substrate, on the strength of the organometallic reagent, as well as on steric requirements of the elimination reaction.
RESPIRATORY AND CARDIAC PERFORMANCE IN LOLLIGUNCULA BREVIS ( CEPHALOPODA , MYOPSIDA ) : THE EFFECTS OF ACTIVITY , TEMPERATURE AND HYPOXIA

Lolliguncula brevis Blainville is a small euryhaline squid found at temperatures between 11 and 31 °C. Changes in VO2, heartbeat and ventilation frequencies were observed throughout this temperature range and under a variety of conditions, including acute hypoxia and swimming by jet propulsion in a tunnel respirometer. Resting V ^ showed a Q10 of 1-47, and heart rate and ventilation rate Q10 values of 1-92 and 1-73, respectively; oxygen uptake could exceed l-01kg~h~ at 30°C even at rest. The squids regulated their oxygen uptake at all temperatures. Oxygen extraction rates were in the region of 5-10% in saturated water, increasing to 15-20% in hypoxic water or after exercise. One effect of this variability is that ventilation stroke volume can remain constant throughout the range of temperatures and oxygen concentrations that the animal is likely to encounter, a necessary condition since the ventilation stream is also the principal mode of locomotion by jet propulsion. Blood oxygen-carrying capacity (from the copper concentration) was 4-6 ± l-8vols%. Cardiac output and stroke volume were estimated from the observed VO2 values and heartbeat frequencies. Resting at 25°C, the output was close to ll-51kg~bodymassh~. The systemic heart of Lolliguncula weighed only 2-06 ± 0-62 g kg". In exercise the cardiac output must exceed 14x 10 lkg" heart mass h", pumping more than the heart's own mass of blood at each stroke.
Identification of main contamination points by hygiene indicator microorganisms in beef processing plants

The microbiological quality of beef and meat products is strongly influenced by the conditions of hygiene prevailing during their production and handling. Without proper hygienic control, the environment in slaughterhouses and butcher shops can act as an important source of microbiological contamination. To identify the main points of microbiological contamination in the beef processing chain, 443 samples of equipment, installations and products were collected from 11 establishments (1 slaughterhouse and 10 butcher shops) located in the state of Parana, Brazil. The microbiological quality of all the samples was evaluated using Petri dishes to obtain counts of mesophilic aerobes (AC), total coliforms, Escherichia coli (EC), yeasts and molds (YM). The main contamination points identified in butcher shops, in decreasing order, were stainless steel boxes, beef tenderizers, grinders, knives, mixers, sausage stuffers, plastic boxes, floors and drains. In the slaughterhouse, these points were sausage stuffers, platforms, floors and drains. The most severely contaminated products were fresh sausages and ground beef. This information about the main points of microbiological contamination in the beef processing chain is expected to aid professionals responsible for hygiene in similar establishments to set up proper hygienic procedures to prevent or reduce microbiological contamination of beef and meat products.
Multi-agent learning in mixed-motive coordination problems

Cooperation in settings where agents have diﬀerent but overlapping preferences ( mixed-motive settings) has recently received considerable attention in multi-agent learning. However, the mixed-motive environments typically studied are simplistic in that they have a single cooperative outcome on which all agents can agree. Multi-agent systems in general may exhibit many payoﬀ proﬁles which might be called cooperative, but which agents have diﬀerent preferences over. This causes problems for independently trained agents that do not arise in the case of that there is a unique cooperative payoﬀ proﬁle. In this note, we illustrate this problem with a class of games called mixed-motive coordination problems (MCPs) . We demonstrate the failure of several methods for achieving cooperation in sequential social dilemmas when used to independently train policies in a simple MCP. We discuss some possible directions for ameliorating MCPs.
Remote Tracking of Dynamic Sources under Sublinear Communication Costs

We study the remote monitoring of multiple sensors with evolving states following a Wiener Process under communication cost. We assume that the communication cost is sublinear such that the cost decreases with the number of simultaneous state updates. Such sublinear structures emerge in various settings, such as frame aggregation, and give rise to interesting unexplored tradeoffs between: updating a smaller subset of the processes earlier at a higher cost-per-process; and updating a larger subset of them later at a lower cost-per-process. We attack this problem by first providing two competitive benchmark strategies of All-at-once and Multi-threshold policies. Then, we propose a novel strategy of MAX-k policy that not only includes the two benchmark threshold-based policies as special cases, but also improves over them by better exploiting the aforementioned tradeoff. Further, we develop the GPSO optimization technique to develop an online learning algorithm that adaptively optimizes the parameters of MAX-k policy. We demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the well-known online learning algorithm based on UCB index.
A Hybridized Deep Learning Method for Bengali Image Captioning

An omnipresent challenging research topic in com-puter vision is the generation of captions from an input image. Previously, numerous experiments have been conducted on image captioning in English but the generation of the caption from the image in Bengali is still sparse and in need of more refining. Only a few papers till now have worked on image captioning in Bengali. Hence, we proffer a standard strategy for Bengali image caption generation on two different sizes of the Flickr8k dataset and BanglaLekha dataset which is the only publicly available Bengali dataset for image captioning. Afterward, the Bengali captions of our model were compared with Bengali captions generated by other researchers using different architectures. Additionally, we employed a hybrid approach based on InceptionResnetV2 or Xception as Convolution Neural Network and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory or Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit on two Bengali datasets. Furthermore, a different combination of word embedding was also adapted. Lastly, the performance was evaluated using Bilingual Evaluation Understudy and proved that the proposed model indeed performed better for the Bengali dataset consisting of 4000 images and the BanglaLekha dataset.
The accountant, the Admonisher and the Animator: Global climate governance in transition

The climate summit COP25, organised in December 2019 under Chilean presidency in Madrid, took place under the shadow of an increasingly polarized global political situation. Its objective was to complete the transition of UN climate governance to the framework laid out in the Paris agreement in 2015. The report takes COP25 as a starting point, to examine how the current transition of climate governance is unfolding in practice, and what obstacles it is encountering. It places the focus not only on states and formal negotiation outcomes, but also on side-events, happenings and the role of wider civil society. Based on our observations, we argue that UN climate governance currently faces a set of distinct and partly conflicting expectations. We condense these into three stylized roles: the accountant, the admonisher, and the animator. After discussing each of these roles in turn, we go on to explore the dissonances and disconnects accompanying the current transformation of global climate governance. We relate these to institutional features and legacies of the UNFCCC, but also to new tensions that are rooted in inherent contradictions between the three roles. We conclude by reflecting on possible evolutions of global climate governance, sketching three plausible future scenarios.
Vapor Phase Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon

This work introduces and explores vapor phase metal‐assisted chemical etching (VP‐MaCE) of silicon as a method to bypass some of the challenges found in traditional liquid phase metal‐assisted chemical etching (LP‐MaCE). Average etch rates for Ag, Au, and Pd/Au catalysts are established at 31, 70, and 96 nm/min respectively, and the relationship between etch rate and substrate temperature is examined experimentally. Just as with LP‐MaCE, 3D catalyst motion is maintained and three‐dimensional structures are fabricated with nanoparticle‐ and lithography‐patterned catalysts. VP‐MaCE produces less microporous silicon compared with LP‐MaCE and the diffusion/reduction distance of Ag+ ions is significantly reduced. This process sacrifices etch rate for increased etch uniformity and lower stiction for applications in micro‐electromechanical systems (MEMS) processing.
NEW INSTRUMENTATION FOR HIGH-PRESSURE SINGLE CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION AT ISIS

The newly installed, much-improved single-crystal diffractometer, SXD at ISIS, received its first neutrons in May 2001. The detector area now covers slightly more than 2re steradians in solid angle. High-pressure research using single crystals is becoming an increasingly important part of the user programme and thus, efforts are underway to provide a new sample environment as well as state-of-the-art data analysis software to open new opportunities in high-pressure single-crystal diffraction. Recently, a new gas-pressure cell with pressures up to 0.5 GPa has been successfully commissioned. First results from a series of molecular compounds containing short hydrogen bonds are presented. More recent developments at ISIS include a sapphire anvil cell for pressures up to 8 GPa, which has been successfully tested on the GEM powder diffractometer. It will shortly also be tested on SXD, as well as a modified Paris-Edinburgh cell to take 5-l5mm3 single-crystal samples to pressures of more than lOGPa.
SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF A POLYACRYLONITRILE BASED ACTIVATED CARBON AND THE EFFECT OF pH ON ITS ADSORPTION FROM AQUEOUS PHENOL AND 2,3,4-TRICHLOROPHENOL SOLUTION

Granular highly nanoporous activated carbon was prepared from polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The BET surface area was found to be 544 m 2 /g with V \rm tot = 0.278 cm 3 /g, and V \rm micro = 0.266 cm 3 /g. Aqueous treatment reduced the surface area to 364 m 2 /g. This carbon contains O and N related surface functional groups. Surface groups containing these hetero atoms are responsible for the acid/base character of this carbon in aqueous solutions. The microporous pore network produces a wide hysteresis loop, observed when the granular carbon was studied by continuous titration. This loop, which was found to diminish, but not to disappear completely when the particle size was reduced, is attributed to irreversible hydrolysis of surface esters and/or lactones. The surface concentration of the functional groups titrated by the equilibrium Boehm method is 449.2 \mu equiv/g, of which 112.9 \mu equiv/g have acidic and 336.3 \mu equiv/g have basic character. Within the acidic species three subgroups were distinguished corresponding to carboxylic, lactonic and phenolic surface groups. PAN based carbon was investigated as a means of removing weak aromatic acids, phenol and 2,3,4-trichlorophenol from aqueous solutions. Both the adsorption capacity and the overall interaction parameter, K (both derived from a fit to the Langmuir equation) depend on the adsorbed species and on the pH. The former is a consequence of the different water solubilities of the solute molecules, while the latter stems from the pH sensitivity of both the surface functional groups and these weak acids. The effect of pH is more marked for 2,3,4-trichlorophenol.