Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Quantify Shallow Water Hydrologic Exchanges in a Large Regulated River Reach

Hydrologic exchange is a crucial component of the water cycle. The strength of the exchange directly affects the biogeochemical and ecological processes that occur in the hyporheic zone and aquifer from micro to reach scales. Hydrologic exchange fluxes (HEFs) can be quantified using many field measurement approaches, however, in a relatively large river (scale > 103 m), these approaches are limited by site accessibility, the difficulty of performing representative sampling, and the complexity of geomorphologic features and subsurface properties. In rivers regulated by hydroelectric dams, quantifying HEF rates becomes more challenging because of frequent hydropeaking events, featuring hourly to daily variations in flow and river stages created by dam operations. In this study, we developed and validated a new approach based on field measurements to estimate shallow water HEF rates across the river bed along the shoreline of the Columbia River, USA. Vertical thermal profiles measured by self-recording thermistors were combined with time series of hydraulic gradients derived from river stages and inland water levels to estimate the HEF rates. The results suggest that the HEF rates had high spatial and temporal heterogeneities over the riverbed, with predicted flux rates varied from +1 × 10−6 m s−1 to −1.5 × 10−6 m s−1 under different flow conditions.
Improved Fracture Toughness and Conversion Degree of Resin-Based Dental Composites after Modification with Liquid Rubber

There are many methods widely applied in the engineering of biomaterials to improve the mechanical properties of the dental composites. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of modification of dental composites with liquid rubber on their mechanical properties, degree of conversion, viscosity, and cytotoxicity. Both flow and packable composite consisted of a mixture of Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and EBADMA resins reinforced with 60 and 78 wt. % ceramic filler, respectively. It was demonstrated that liquid rubber addition significantly increased the fracture toughness by 9% for flow type and 8% for condensable composite. The influence of liquid rubber on flexural strength was not statistically significant. The addition of the toughening agent significantly reduced Young’s modulus by 7% and 9%, respectively, while increasing deformation at breakage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations allowed to determine the mechanisms of toughening the composites reinforced with ceramic particles. These mechanisms included bridging the crack edges, blocking the crack tip by particles and dissipation of fracture energy by deflection of the cracks on larger particles. The degree of conversion increased after modification, mainly due to a decrease in the matrix resin viscosity. It was also shown that all dental materials were nontoxic according to ISO 10993-5, indicating that modified materials have great potential for commercialization and clinical applications.
Monitoring for Rare Events in a Wireless Powered Communication mmWave Sensor Network

The use of a wireless sensor network to monitor an area of interest for possible hazardous events has become a common practice. The difficulty of replacing or recharging sensor batteries dictates the use of energy harvesting as a means to extend the network’s lifetime. To this end, energy beamforming is used in a millimeter wave wireless power sensor network with randomly deployed nodes. A simple protocol is proposed that allows nodes to report their charging conditions in an effort to select efficient energy-beamforming strategies. Analytical expressions for the probability of successful information reception and successful reporting are provided for two benchmark schemes: the random and the circular energy-beamforming scheme. A Markov chain is used for the former to model the energy level of sensor nodes. Simple sector selection strategies are presented and their performance, in terms of delay and failure information delivery, is assessed through simulations.
MODIS tasselled cap: land cover characteristics expressed through transformed MODIS data

The tasselled cap concept is extended to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Nadir BRDF‐Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR, MOD43) data. The transformation is based on a rigid rotation of principal component axes (PCAs) derived from a global sample spanning one full year of NBAR 16‐day composites. To provide a standard for MODIS tasselled cap axes, we recommend an orientation in MODIS spectral band space as similar as possible to the orientation of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) tasselled cap axes. To achieve this we first transformed our global sample of MODIS NBAR reflectance values to TM tasselled cap values using the existing TM transformation, then used an existing algorithm (Procrustes) to compute the transformation that minimizes the mean square difference between the TM transformed NBAR values and NBAR PCA values. This transformation can then be used as a standard to rotate the MODIS NBAR PCA axes into a new MODIS Kauth–Thomas (KT) orientation. Global land cover patterns in tasselled cap space are demonstrated graphically by linking the global sample with several other products, including the MODIS Land Cover product (MOD12) and the MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields product (MOD44). Patterns seen at this global scale agree with previous explorations of TM tasselled cap space, but are shown here in greater detail with a globally representative sample. Temporal trends of eight smaller‐scale BigFoot Project (www.fsl.orst.edu/larse/bigfoot) sites were also examined, confirming the spectral shifts in tasselled cap space related to phenology.
Emergence of Magnetic Order in the Kagome Antiferromagnets

Ple a s e no t e: Ch a n g e s m a d e a s a r e s ul t of p u blishing p roc e s s e s s uc h a s copy-e di ting, for m a t ting a n d p a g e n u m b e r s m ay no t b e r eflec t e d in t his ve r sion. For t h e d efini tive ve r sion of t his p u blica tion, ple a s e r ef e r to t h e p u blish e d sou rc e. You a r e a dvise d to cons ul t t h e p u blish e r’s ve r sion if you wish to ci t e t his p a p er.
Classification of Facial Expressions for Intended Display of Emotions Using Brain–Computer Interfaces

Facial expressions are important for intentional display of emotions in social interaction. For people with severe paralysis, the ability to display emotions intentionally can be impaired. Current brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) allow for linguistic communication but are cumbersome for expressing emotions. Here, we investigated the feasibility of a BCI to display emotions by decoding facial expressions. We used electrocorticographic recordings from the sensorimotor cortex of people with refractory epilepsy and classified five facial expressions, based on neural activity. The mean classification accuracy was 72%. This approach could be a promising avenue for development of BCI‐based solutions for fast communication of emotions. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:631–636
Higher Education in Switzerland: Predictors of Becoming Engaged in Higher Vocational or Higher Academic Education – The Role of Workplace Factors

Context: Vocational education and training enables young people to quickly and effectively enter the labour market. To advance their careers and to develop their professional expertise even more, they must then further their education through higher vocational or higher academic education. In this study, we looked at young people at work: What motivates them to move on towards higher education? As they are engaged in their jobs, their work situations will affect their further educational engagement. We hypothesised that individuals will more likely move towards higher education if their workplaces offer learning opportunities and social support. Human capacities, attitudes, and goals at work develop mainly in informal or non-formal learning situations and in their interactions with their teams. We tested the effect of these workplace factors by taking into account additional important predictors of educational pathways, such as sociodemographic factors (social background, nationality, gender) and motivational factors (values). Methods: Data stemmed from a multi-cohort longitudinal survey on educational decisions and educational pathways in the German part of Switzerland (BEN), running from 2012 to 2016. The selected sample consisted of 601 working individuals who were not engaged in higher education in 2014. Multinomial logistic regressions were run to test the hypothesis.Findings: First, we found that only 35% of the individuals who wanted to become engaged in higher vocational education in 2012 became engaged up to 2016 compared with those intending to become involved in higher academic education, where the rate varied by age—from younger to older—between 45% and 70%. Second, we found distinctive predictors for becoming engaged in higher vocational or academic education. Workplace factors predict engagement in higher vocational education but not sociodemographic factors, whereas sociodemographic and not workplace factors predict engagement in higher academic education. A significant predictor for both groups is the value attributed to higher education.Conclusions: The unique contribution of this paper is to show that distinct patterns of becoming engaged in higher vocational or higher academic education exist. These results confirmed the persistent effect of sociodemographic factors that shape the pathway to higher academic education. Moreover, the results indicated that an individual’s value and workplace factors contribute to enabling paths to higher vocational education, as this depends not on sociodemographic factors but on shaping the work environment that supports learning at work.
Paxos Made Wireless: Consensus in the Air

Many applications in low-power wireless networks require complex coordination between their members. Swarms of robots or sensors and actuators in industrial closed-loop control need to coordinate within short periods of time to execute tasks. Failing to agree on a common decision can cause substantial consequences, like system failures and threats to human life. Such applications require consensus algorithms to enable coordination. While consensus has been studied for wired networks decades ago, with, for example, Paxos and Raft, it remains an open problem in multi-hop low-power wireless networks due to the limited resources available and the high cost of established solutions. This paper presents Wireless Paxos, a fault-tolerant, network-wide consensus primitive for low-power wireless networks. It is a new flavor of Paxos, the most-used consensus protocol today, and is specifically designed to tackle the challenges of low-power wireless networks. By building on top of concurrent transmissions, it provides low-latency, high reliability, and guarantees on the consensus. Our results show that Wireless Paxos requires only 289 ms to complete a consensus between 188 nodes in testbed experiments. Furthermore, we show that Wireless Paxos stays consistent even when injecting controlled failures.
Semiparametric Power Envelopes for Tests of the Unit Root Hypothesis

This paper derives asymptotic power envelopes for tests of the unit root hypothesis in a zero-mean AR(1) model. The power envelopes are derived using the limits of experiments approach and are semiparametric in the sense that the underlying error distribution is treated as an unknown infinitedimensional nuisance parameter. Adaptation is shown to be possible when the error distribution is known to be symmetric and to be impossible when the error distribution is unrestricted. In the latter case, two conceptually distinct approaches to nuisance parameter elimination are employed in the derivation of the semiparametric power bounds. One of these bounds, derived under an invariance restriction, is shown by example to be sharp, while the other, derived under a similarity restriction, is conjectured not to be globally attainable.
Hot flow anomalies at Saturn's bow shock

[1] We present evidence for the occurrence of hot flow anomalies (HFAs) at Saturn’s bow shock. A survey of Cassini magnetic field and electron data taken upstream of the dawn flank bow shock is carried out in order to identify Kronian HFAs. Seventeen events are identified that were all associated with energization of the solar wind electrons and satisfied the majority of the conditions for HFA formation. The majority of the events possessed a central cavity of rarefied plasma; however, for two of the events the central cavity was over dense, possibly indicating that these examples were at an early stage of formation. For the event that occurred on 8 November 2004 the calculation of ion moments is possible, revealing an ion temperature increase by a factor of � 800 in the central region of the event that was associated with a significant deflection of the solar wind bulk flow. The spatial extent of the event was � 4.6 Saturn radii in the direction normal to the current sheet underlying the event. Pressure calculations imply that the heated central region was expanding at the time of the encounter. We conclude that the 8 November 2004 event was a spacecraft encounter with an HFA at Saturn’s bow shock and we propose that the other 16 events identified by the survey were also HFA encounters. These observations suggest that HFAs are a solar-system-wide phenomenon.
Real-World Evidence of Safety and Efficacy of Carboplatin plus Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Preexisting Interstitial Lung Disease: A Retrospective Study

Background Standard chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with preexisting interstitial lung disease (ILD) has not yet been established. Although a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is most frequently used for patients with advanced NSCLC and ILD, the safety and efficacy of carboplatin plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) are yet to be elucidated. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel for advanced NSCLC with ILD. Methods This retrospective study included nine patients with advanced NSCLC and ILD who received carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel as first-line chemotherapy at the National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center between April 2013 and December 2017. The ILD-GAP index was used to evaluate mortality risk of baseline ILD. Results A usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern of ILD was observed in five (55.6%) patients on their baseline high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans. The median ILD-GAP index was 4 (range, 1–5), and six (66.7%) patients had ILD-GAP index ≥4. We observed no ILD exacerbations or chemotherapy-related deaths. The overall response and disease control rates were 77.8% (95% CI, 40.0–97.2) and 88.9% (95% CI, 51.8–97.2), respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 5.8 months (95% CI, 2.1–7.7) and 8.0 months (95% CI, 2.6–16.8), respectively. Conclusions Carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel showed favorable safety and efficacy in patients who had advanced NSCLC and ILD with a high risk of mortality. Prospective studies are required to further confirm these results.
The effect of temporal changes in life-history traits on reproductive potential in an exploited population of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus

Narimatsu, Y. , Ueda, Y. , Okuda, T. , Hattori, T. , Fujiwara, K. , and Ito, M. 2010. The effect of temporal changes in life-history traits on reproductive potential in an exploited population of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 000– 000. The population size of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in the northeastern Pacific has fluctuated at high levels during the past 10 years, despite heavy exploitation from the juvenile stage. Annual changes in growth, age, and standard length (SL) at maturity, potential fecundity (PF), and total egg production are evaluated in relation to the population fluctuations. Most 4-year-old females were mature, and the SL at which 50% of 3-year-old females matured fluctuated very little over the years. However, the proportion of mature 3-year-old females varied significantly among years. The values of PF-at-age also varied among years and were explained by a model containing SL, condition factor, and oocyte diameter. The population size was negatively correlated with the proportion of mature females and the PF of females 3 years old, so the range of total egg production was smaller than that of spawningstock biomasses. Eggs were produced mainly by young adults (3 and 4 years of age). The age of adult females did not affect recruitment success. It is suggested that plasticity of life-history traits allowed for compensation of total egg production and that the compensation contributed to maintaining the abundance of a population consisting mainly of young fish.
Implementing standardized provider documentation in a tertiary epilepsy clinic

Objective To incorporate standardized documentation into an epilepsy clinic and to use these standardized data to compare patients' perception of epilepsy diagnosis to provider documentation. Methods Using quality improvement methodology, we implemented interventions to increase documentation of epilepsy diagnosis, seizure frequency, and type from 49.8% to 70% of adult nonemployee patients seen by 6 providers over 5 months of routine clinical care. The main intervention consisted of an interactive SmartPhrase that mirrored a documentation template developed by the Epilepsy Learning Healthcare System. We assessed the weekly proportion of complete SmartPhrases among eligible patient encounters with a statistical process control chart. We used a subset of patients with established epilepsy care linked to existing patient-reported survey data to examine the proportion of patient-to-provider agreement on epilepsy diagnosis (yes vs no/unsure). We also examined sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who disagreed vs agreed with provider's documentation of epilepsy diagnosis. Results The median SmartPhrase weekly completion rate was 78%. Established patients disagreed with providers with respect to epilepsy diagnosis in 18.5% of encounters (κ = 0.13), indicating that they did not have or were unsure if they had epilepsy despite having a provider-documented epilepsy diagnosis. Patients who disagreed with providers were similar to those who agreed with respect to age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, seizure frequency, type, and other quality-of-life measures. Conclusion This project supports the feasibility of implementing standardized documentation of data relevant to epilepsy care in a tertiary epilepsy clinic and highlights an opportunity for improvement in patient-provider communication.
Structural and Functional Heat Stress Responses of Chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana

Temperature elevations constitute a major threat to plant performance. In recent years, much was learned about the general molecular mode of heat stress reaction of plants. The current research focuses on the integration of the knowledge into more global networks, including the reactions of cellular compartments. For instance, chloroplast function is central for plant growth and survival, and the performance of chloroplasts is tightly linked to the general status of the cell and vice versa. We examined the changes in photosynthesis, chloroplast morphology and proteomic composition posed in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts after a single or repetitive heat stress treatment over a period of two weeks. We observed that the acclimation is potent in the case of repetitive application of heat stress, while a single stress results in lasting alterations. Moreover, the physiological capacity and its adjustment are dependent on the efficiency of the protein translocation process as judged from the analysis of mutants of the two receptor units of the chloroplast translocon, TOC64, and TOC33. In response to repetitive heat stress, plants without TOC33 accumulate Hsp70 proteins and plants without TOC64 have a higher content of proteins involved in thylakoid structure determination when compared to wild-type plants.
A Multi-Scale Filtering Building Index for Building Extraction in Very High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

Building extraction plays a significant role in many high-resolution remote sensing image applications. Many current building extraction methods need training samples while it is common knowledge that different samples often lead to different generalization ability. Morphological building index (MBI), representing morphological features of building regions in an index form, can effectively extract building regions especially in Chinese urban regions without any training samples and has drawn much attention. However, some problems like the heavy computation cost of multi-scale and multi-direction morphological operations still exist. In this paper, a multi-scale filtering building index (MFBI) is proposed in the hope of overcoming these drawbacks and dealing with the increasing noise in very high-resolution remote sensing image. The profile of multi-scale average filtering is averaged and normalized to generate this index. Moreover, to fully utilize the relatively little spectral information in very high-resolution remote sensing image, two scenarios to generate the multi-channel multi-scale filtering index (MMFBI) are proposed. While no high-resolution remote sensing image building extraction dataset is open to the public now and the current very high-resolution remote sensing image building extraction datasets usually contain samples from the Northern American or European regions, we offer a very high-resolution remote sensing image building extraction datasets in which the samples contain multiple building styles from multiple Chinese regions. The proposed MFBI and MMFBI outperform MBI and the currently used object based segmentation method on the dataset, with a high recall and F-score. Meanwhile, the computation time of MFBI and MBI is compared on three large-scale very high-resolution satellite image and the sensitivity analysis demonstrates the robustness of the proposed method.
Safe Automated Refactoring for Intelligent Parallelization of Java 8 Streams

Streaming APIs are becoming more pervasive in mainstream Object-Oriented programming languages. For example, the Stream API introduced in Java 8 allows for functional-like, MapReduce-style operations in processing both finite and infinite data structures. However, using this API efficiently involves subtle considerations like determining when it is best for stream operations to run in parallel, when running operations in parallel can be less efficient, and when it is safe to run in parallel due to possible lambda expression side-effects. In this paper, we present an automated refactoring approach that assists developers in writing efficient stream code in a semantics-preserving fashion. The approach, based on a novel data ordering and typestate analysis, consists of preconditions for automatically determining when it is safe and possibly advantageous to convert sequential streams to parallel and unorder or de-parallelize already parallel streams. The approach was implemented as a plug-in to the Eclipse IDE, uses the WALA and SAFE analysis frameworks, and was evaluated on 11 Java projects consisting of ? 642K lines of code. We found that 57 of 157 candidate streams (36.31%) were refactorable, and an average speedup of 3.49 on performance tests was observed. The results indicate that the approach is useful in optimizing stream code to their full potential.