Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphogenesis of the early development of the skeletal muscle in the El-Salam chicken strain.

chicken; somite; dermatome; dermomyotome; myotome; sclerotome This paper describes the histomophological character of the skeletal muscle of El-Salam strain from HH12 (Day 2, D2) to HH27 (D5) during incubation period by using the light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Twenty eight embryos with age range from stage HH12 (D2) to HH27 (D5). During HH12 stage, the first three newly formed somites (SI to SIII) were composed of an outer columnar epithelial layer and a mesenchymal core in the center. SI was slightly elongated, larger than SII and SIII, but SIII was smaller than SII and became spherical. The differentiated somites have two main components, dermomyotome and sclerotome, separated by myocoele. At HH20 (D3) stage, somites have three components; dermomyotome, sclerotome and myotome. At HH24 (D4) stage, the epaxial myotome and the dorsomedial lip of the dermomyotome became larger than hypaxial myotome and the ventrolateral lip of the dermomyotome due to hypaxial myotomal cells migrated faster than the epaxial cells. By HH 27 (D5) stage, the dermomyotome disappeared and it became difficult to distinguish cells of dermatome, myotome and sclerotome. Our results should provide a foundation for understanding the histomorphological changes of skeletal muscle during development and growth in El-Salam chicken which subsequently can help researchers to improve meat production in these chickens. Corresponding Author: abdelmohsen.sarah@yahoo.com
Energy, Fitness, and Information-Augmented Electromagnetic Fields in Drosophila melanogaster

Exposure of developing larvae to a few specific electromagnet- ic fields (EMFs) and information-augmented EMFs modified (a ) the ex- pression of larval development time, a genetically based trait relevant to development and whole organism fitness, and (b ) a measure of energy me- tabolism, the (adenine triphosphate/adenine diphosphate) ((ATP)/(ADP)) ratio in isofemale strains of Drosophila melanogaster . The study represents a compilation of approximately 10,000 larvae and 7,000 adults counted. The specific EM frequencies used in this study, 5.0, 7.3, 8.0, and 9.3 MHz at output power levels in the approximately 1 microwatt range, were pro- duced by two small electronic devices of physically identical nature, but one was intentionally imprinted with specific information. Exposure peri- ods varied from 4 hours to one life cycle. Larval development time was sig- nificantly shortened (approximately 10%) and the (ATP)/(ADP) ratio sig- nificantly increased (approximately 30%) in a Faraday cage without the EMFs compared to a Faraday cage with the specific EMFs. The Faraday cage represents a shielded environment that facilitates exposure to both fewer and specific electromagnetic frequencies. Larval development time results for development in the laboratory environment, which represents exposure to background EMFs of various frequencies, were intermediate. The information-augmented EMFs also gave intermediate results. Overall, there were no significant effects observed for the other measured fitness components— third instar larval weight, adult survival, and surviving adult weight. We discuss a thermodynamic model to account for our results and general bioelectromagnetic effects and attribute the change in development time to EMFs modifying electron transport chain activity and the (ATP)/(ADP) ratio via the influence of the EMF/magnetic vector potential upon electron availability and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels.
Studies of Ammonia Uptake and Loss by Lichens

Abstract The passive uptake of ammonium ions to extracellular cation binding sites has been demonstrated for a range of lichen species. The possible competitive effect of other cations on ammonium binding is discussed. Binding of uncharged gaseous ammonia to exchange sites was also shown. The rapid loss of exchangeable ammonium from extracellular sites has been demonstrated and, because the greatest losses occur in living material, intracellular uptake is inferred. The labile nature of bound ammonium means that transfer of material to the laboratory for analysis may result in the underestimation of the amount bound.
Spectroscopic study of protonation of oligonucleotides containing adenine and cytosine

Acidobasic properties of purine and pyrimidine bases (adenine, cytosine) and relevant nucleosides (adenosine, cytidine) were studied by means of glass-electrode potentiometry and the respective dissociation constants were determined under given experimental conditions (I = 0.1 M (NaCl), t = (25.0 ± 0.1) °C): adenine (pKHL = 9.65 ± 0.04, pKH2L = 4.18 ± 0.04), adenosine (pKH2L = 3.59 ± 0.05), cytosine (pKH2L = 4.56 ± 0.01), cytidine (pKH2L = 4.16 ± 0.02). In addition, thermodynamic parameters for bases: adenine (ΔH0 = (−17 ± 4) kJ mol−1, ΔS0 = (23 ± 13) J K−1 mol−1), cytosine (ΔH0 = (−22 ± 1) kJ mol−1, ΔS0 = (13 ± 5) J K−1 mol−1) were calculated. Acidobasic behavior of oligonucleotides (5′CAC-CAC-CAC3′ = (CAC)3, 5′AAA-CCC-CCC3′ = A3C6, 5′CCC-AAA-CCC3′ = C3A3C3) was studied under the same experimental conditions by molecular absorption spectroscopy. pH-dependent spectral datasets were analyzed by means of advanced chemometric techniques (EFA, MCR-ALS) and the presence of hemiprotonated species concerning (C+-C) a non-canonical pair (i-motif) in titled oligonucleotides was proposed in order to explain experimental data obtained according to literature.
Endochitinase from Gliocladium virens : isolation, charactenization, and synergistic antifungal activity in combination with gliotoxin

The culture filtrate from the biocontrol agent Gliocladium virens strain 41 grown in chitin-containing medium was strongly inhibitory to mycelial growth of different plant-pathogenic fungi. The antibiotic gliotoxin was isolated from the culture liquid. The culture filtrate also contained different types of chitinolytic enzyme activities, including endochitinase, chitin 1,4β-chitobiosidase, and glucan N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, as well as glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase activity. An endochitinase was purified to homogeneity []
Effects of Agricultural Land Use Change on Fungal Community Composition

ABSTRACT Anthropogenic disturbances, such as tillage, management practices, and fertilization, can influence soil microbial communities, but little is known about the effects of land use type on soil fungal communities. In this study, fungal abundance, diversity and community composition in soils were analyzed, to determine the impacts of different agricultural land use types, including old rice paddies (ORP), the long-term and (LTV), short-term (STV) cultivation of vegetables and Magnolia nursery plantations (MNP). Compared to the soils in ORP, the fungal abundance, determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, was significantly higher in soils from LTV fields and lower in those from MNP; the copy numbers of the fungal ITS genes in the LTV soils were 30 times greater than in the MNP soils. The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) results showed that the fungal community composition was obviously different in the different soils, based on land use type. Only three T-RFs were found in the soils from the LTV fields, followed by seven in the STV soils and nine in the MNP soils; the most (11) T-RFs were found in the ORP soils. Of the measured soil chemical properties, SOC, available P and NO3--N were the dominant factors that influenced the fungal communities based on the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The present study showed that conversion from paddy soil to vegetable cultivation changed soil properties, decreased soil fungal diversity, increased fungal abundance, and shifted fungal community composition.
Nucleoprotein-RNA Complex Crystal Structure of the Rabies Virus

www.sciencemag. org (this information is current as of June 9, 2007 ): The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/313/5785/360 version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/1125280/DC1 can be found at: Supporting Online Material http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/313/5785/360#otherarticles , 10 of which can be accessed for free: cites 24 articles This article 3 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. cited by This article has been http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/313/5785/360#otherarticles 2 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection/biochem Biochemistry : subject collections This article appears in the following http://www.sciencemag. org/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining
Pharmacognostic standardization and pharmacological study of Sisymbrium irio L.

Pharmacognostic study was carried out on sisymbrium irio (Family Brassicaceae) on the basis of quantitative microscopy, fluorescence characteristics, phytochemical screening tests and pharmacological study. Ethanolic extracts of S. Irio exhibited plant growth inhibition at 1000 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml concentrations. The insecticidal activity of crude ethanolic extract varied with the concentration and the test organisms. In cytotoxic bioassay the ethanolic extract exhibited high lethality, which was dose dependent.
ORIENTAL RICE THRIPS, STENCHAETOTHRIPS BIFORMIS (BAGNALL), RECORDED ATTACKING SUGARCANE FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AUSTRALIA

ON 4 JUNE 2012, Oriental rice thrips, Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall), was detected damaging sugarcane seedlings on the BSES Experiment Station at Meringa, Mulgrave region, Queensland. It has since been detected on young cane plants on two other farms in the Mulgrave area. The pest was first suspected to be Oriental sugarcane thrips (Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus)), an exotic pest species. This triggered an Emergency Response course of action, with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Queensland (DAFF) being notified immediately and all cane movement out of Meringa station being halted. Specimens were sent to the Queensland Primary Industries Insect Collection (QDPC), and an accurate identification was made within 48 hours from initial detection. This resulted in the Emergency Response action being terminated as S. biformis is already established in Australia. DNA barcoding was conducted on specimens of S. biformis, as well as specimens of F. serrata that were sourced from colleagues in Reunion and South Africa for future reference. Reasons for what seems to be an expansion of the host range by S. biformis in Australia are unknown, but this incidence highlighted the industry’s preparedness to deal with a sudden pest or disease incursion. It also provides the first record of S. biformis attacking sugarcane in Australia. The impact of S. biformis on sugarcane in Australia and its ultimate geographical distribution in canegrowing regions are yet to be determined.
Cytoplasmic β‐catenin in esophageal cancers

β‐Catenin has 2 distinct roles in E‐cadherin‐mediated cell adhesion and carcinogenesis through APC gene mutation. One occurs at cell‐adhesion sites, where cadherins become linked to the actin‐based cytoskeleton. The others occur in the cytoplasm and nuclei and are thought to regulate cell transformation. We studied these different β‐catenins and evaluated their significance in carcinogenesis. Fresh surgical specimens were obtained from 22 patients with squamous‐cell carcinoma of the esophagus. β‐Catenin in the free soluble fraction and the insoluble fraction was immunoblotted separately. At the same time, its localization was observed by immuno‐histochemical techniques. In the normal esophageal epithelium, 91% of β‐catenin was detected in the insoluble fraction and β‐catenin staining occurred at the cell membrane, in co‐existence with E‐cadherin. In cancerous tissues, the amount of soluble β‐catenin was significantly (about 4‐fold) higher than in normal tissues. Also, in cancerous tissues with higher amounts of soluble β‐catenin, immuno‐histochemical techniques revealed the presence of β‐catenin in the cytoplasm and nuclei, as well as in the cell membrane. However, in samples with lower amounts of β‐catenin, expression was found only at the cell boundaries. The amount of soluble β‐catenin was not associated with the clinico‐pathological grading of the tumors. Our results show that the accumulation of free soluble β‐catenin in the cytoplasm and nuclei frequently occurs during carcinogenesis of the squamous epithelium of the esophagus. Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol.) 84:174–178, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Weather Conditions, Time of Breeding, Brood Size and Hatching Order on Eurasian Bittern Nestling Growth in a Food-Rich Fishpond Habitat

The development of nestlings depends on both biological and weather factors. However, their combined effect differs among bird species. In this study, the impacts of three temperature variables, precipitation, wind speed, timing of breeding, brood size and hatching order on the growth of Eurasian bittern Botaurus stellaris chicks were analysed. Measurements of 183 nestlings from 57 nests were made at fishpond complexes in eastern Poland. Relative growth rates (RGR) were calculated on the basis of tarsus length and body mass. Generalised linear mixed models showed that brood size, hatching order and precipitation were the most important factors. Nestlings in broods of two and three grew faster than those from broods of four and five. In the largest broods, the fifth-hatched chicks had lower growth rates; this also applied to the oldest chicks in all brood-size categories. Nestlings from late-season nests showed enhanced mass and tarsus growth, while heavier precipitation and strong winds depressed growth rates. The study emphasises that even among bitterns breeding in food-rich habitats like fishponds, the chicks in largest broods run the risk of lower growth rates.
Two-sex life table analysis of population characteristics of almond moth, Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on dry and semi-dry date palm varieties

Life table of almond moth, Cadra cautella Walker was studied on four main dry and semi-dry date palm varieties (Deyri, Zahedi, Piarom, and Rabbi) of Iran under laboratory conditions. Data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. Duration of total preadult stages was 42.54, 45.79, 51.48 and 50.41 days on Deyri, Zahedi, Piarom, and Rabbi, respectively. The highest fecundity of female almond moth on date palm varieties was 245.29 eggs on Zahedi. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) on different varieties of date palm ranged from 0.069 d -1 (on Piarom) to 0.105 d -1 (on Deyri). The highest net reproductive rate (R0) was on Deyri (95.81 offspring) and the lowest value was on Rabbi variety (42.37 offspring). Our results showed that the highest rm, the largest fecundity and the shortest generation time of almond moth were observed on Deyri variety. It was concluded that among date palm varieties, Deyri was the most favorable host plant for almond moth reproduction performance.
The performance of range maps and species distribution models representing the geographic variation of species richness at different resolutions

Aim The method used to generate hypotheses about species distributions, in addition to spatial scale, may affect the biodiversity patterns that are then observed. We compared the performance of range maps and MaxEnt species distribution models at different spatial resolutions by examining the degree of similarity between predicted species richness and composition against observed values from well-surveyed cells (WSCs). Location Mexico. Methods We estimated amphibian richness distributions at five spatial resolutions (from 0.083° to 2°) by overlaying 370 individual range maps or MaxEnt predictions, comparing the similarity of the spatial patterns and correlating predicted values with the observed values for WSCs. Additionally, we looked at species composition and assessed commission and omission errors associated with each method. Results MaxEnt predictions reveal greater geographic differences in richness between species rich and species poor regions than the range maps did at the five resolutions assessed. Correlations between species richness values estimated by either of the two procedures and the observed values from the WSCs increased with decreasing resolution. The slopes of the regressions between the predicted and observed values indicate that MaxEnt overpredicts observed species richness at all of the resolutions used, while range maps underpredict them, except at the finest resolution. Prediction errors did not vary significantly between methods at any resolution and tended to decrease with decreasing resolution. The accuracy of both procedures was clearly different when commission and omission errors were examined separately. Main conclusions Despite the congruent increase in the geographic richness patterns obtained from both procedures as resolution decreases, the maps created with these methods cannot be used interchangeably because of notable differences in the species compositions they report.
The Copper-Enzyme Family of Dopamine β-Monooxygenase and Peptidylglycine α-Hydroxylating Monooxygenase: Resolving the Chemical Pathway for Substrate Hydroxylation*

Dopamine -monooxygenase (D M)2 and peptidylglycine -hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) belong to a small class of copper proteins found exclusively in higher eukaryotes. These physiologically important enzymes catalyze the transformation of dopamine to norepinephrine (D M) (Equation 1) and C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to their -hydroxylated products (PHM) (Equation 2). Although their substrate specificities are grossly different,
Cell-Line Annotation on Europe PubMed Central

A cell line is a cell culture developed from a single cell and therefore consisting of cells with a uniform genetic make-up. A cell line has an important role as a research resource such as organisms, antibodies, constructs, knockdown reagents, etc. Unique identification of cell lines in the biomedical literature is important for the reproducibility of science. As data citation, resource citation is also important for resource re-use. In this paper, we mention the challenges of identifying cell lines and describe a system for cell line annotation with perluminary results.
First Recorded Parasitoid from China of Agrilus planipennis: A New Species of Spathius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)

Abstract The first reported parasitoid reared from Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, Spathius agrili n. sp. , is described from China. S. agrili was reared from A. planipennis in China attacking a Fraxinus species native to North America, Fraxinus velutina Torr. , and one endemic to the region, Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. Life history observations of S. agrili in the field and laboratory indicate it is a gregarious idiobiont ectoparasitoid and has up to four generations per year. Parasitism rates in the field ranged from 30 to 90%, with one to 35 S. agrili eggs associated with a single host. From a host larva 1–18 adult wasps (average of 8.4) were reared. Based on laboratory rearings, the emerging adult female to male ratio is 3:1.
Effect of host plant nitrogen fertilization on the biology of the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

Females of Tetranychus urticae Koch were reared on leaf discs of apple trees and bush beans grown at different N concentrations (0.6–75 mM NO−3. N‐deficiency increased pre‐imaginal development time, pre‐ oviposition period, and decreased female weight, fecundity and oviposition rate of the mites. N, water, amino acid, and sugar content of the apple leaves were positively correlated with weight and egg production and negatively correlated with development time and pre‐oviposition period. The reverse correlations were found with total phenol content of the leaves and above mite parameters. A reduction of leaf N by 50% was related with a tenfold decline in fecundity on apple leaves. The stress mainly affected the oviposition rate and to a lesser extent the oviposition period. On apple leaves the net reproductive rate (av. no. ♀ offspring per ♀, Ro), mean length of a generation (T), and innate capacity for increase (rm) were Ro = 40.3, T = 17.1, and rm = 0.22 for the standard N concentration, and 4.7, 25.0, and 0.06 for strong N‐deficiency, respectively.
GROWTH AND ENERGETICS OF ARCTIC TERN CHICKS

We studied energy requirements of Arctic Tern chicks (Sterna paradisaea) in Ny ,idesund, Svalbard (79oN, 12oW) with special emphasis on thermoregulatory and activity costs. We used doubly labeled water to estimate energy expenditure in the field (Eaw) and made laboratory measurements of the different components of total energy requirement Comparison of DLW-estimates with oxygen consumption measurements showed that underestimated total energy expenditure 4.5-16.0% depending on the duration of the ex- periment. This was probably due to incorporation of isotopes in newly synthesized tissue. Field estimates of total energy expenditure from Ea  were corrected accordingly. A tern chick model was used to measure operative temperature (T,). At midday T, reached values up to 20oC above ambient temperature (Ta) which ranged from 3.4-9.0oC. Based on the field estimates of Eaw and Te and the laboratory measurements of basal metabolic rate and thermal conduc- tance, we conclude that there was a considerable energy saving (456 kJ = 26% ofeq) during the first 10-11 days of life, due to parental brooding. After this period, when the parents stop brooding, the energy required for thermoregulation accounted for only 16% of F_q. From 10 days after hatching onwards, the energy needed for activity increased considerably, up to 50% of Er,q just before fledging (Day 20). Comparison of the energy budgets of Arctic Tern chicks with the more southerly occurring closely related Common Tern (S. hirundo; Ricklefs and White 1981) revealed only a slightly higher energy expenditure in the Arctic Tern chicks. Received 5 April 1988, accepted 23 November 1988.
BIRD EXTINCTIONS AND FOSSIL BONES FROM MANGERE ISLAND, CHATHAM ISLANDS

Fossil bones and earlier observations indicate that up to 22 species of bird have become extinct on Mangere Island. The extinctions appear to have been primarily a result of predation by cats, but human hunting and bush clearance are likely to account for the disappearance of some species. A crested penguin Eudyptes ? n.sp. , two species of Pterodroma petrel, a shelduck Tadorna ? n.sp. , Dieffenbach's Rail Gallirallus dieffenbachii, and a kaka Nestor ? n.sp. are present in fossil deposits on Mangere Island, but have not been reported from the island before. The relative proportion of remains in the deposits suggest that Blue Penguins Eudyptula minur, Broad-billed Prions Pachyptila vinata and Sooty Shearwaters Puffinus griseus have become more common on the island. Any such increases on Mangere Island, could have been a response of a few species to the large decrease in numbers and diversity that has affected seabirds as a whole at the Chatharns. Some seabird species mav have been able to increase because of reduced competition for-food.