Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polish e-cigarettes: users reasons to start vaping – a survey of 1142 Polish vapers

Background. the electronic cigarette (eC) is a small device used as a potentially less harmful alternative to regular cigarettes. it is often advertised as a new tool for smoking cessation. after its introduction to the market in 2004, eCs became a global hit with few billion usd worth sales each year. although it has global popularity, not much is known about the real reasons users choose them instead of other tobacco products. Objectives. to understand the reasons why Polish vapers start using eCs. Material and methods. this was a cross-sectional study based on an especially prepared questionnaire. this included the multiple choice question: “what made you start vaping e-cigarettes? ”. a link to a survey published on the survey Monkey web platform was distributed among eC facebook groups and vaper forums. Results. after collection of the results of the survey (run during in the last 6 months of 2016), 1142 responses were included into final analysis. the studied population included mainly men in the age group of 18–25 with secondary and higher education, living in urban areas. three major reasons to start vaping were stated: lack of unpleasant odour (65.7%), belief in less harmfulness of eCs (64.6%) and better taste of eCs (58.8%) in comparison to regular cigarettes. Conclusions. Perception of lesser harmfulness of e-cigarettes, lack of unpleasant odour and better taste of eCs as compared to regular cigarettes are important reasons for Polish vapers to start using eCs. Because many users switch to eCs from cigarettes and are convinced about their positive health effects, family physicians should inform them about lack of evidence on eC safety and encourage them to quit smoking no matter which nicotine delivery system they use.
GETTING UNIFORM ION DENSITY ON TARGET IN HIGH-ENERGY BEAM LINE OF CYCLOTRON U-400M WITH TWO

Formation of a uniform ion distribution in the existing beam line of U400M cyclotron with the help of octupole magnets has been studied. The simulation was performed for 40 Ar 17+ ions with energy of 41.3 MeV/amu. The required level of beam non-uniformity on the target with diameter of 60 mm is ±7.5%. Two octupoles with static magnetic fields have been used to achieve the desired uniformity of the beam density in both coordinates simultaneously. The results of calculations are presented. This method of improving the uniformity of the beam will be implemented soon at Flerov laboratory of JINR.
Machine learning and law: An overview

This Article explores the application of machine learning techniques within the practice of law. Broadly speaking “machine learning” refers to computer algorithms that have the ability to “learn” or improve in performance over time on some task. In general, machine learning algorithms are designed to detect patterns in data and then apply these patterns going forward to new data in order to automate particular tasks. Outside of law, machine learning techniques have been successfully applied to automate tasks that were once thought to necessitate human intelligence — for example language translation, fraud-detection, driving automobiles, facial recognition, and data-mining. If performing well, machine learning algorithms can produce automated results that approximate those that would have been made by a similarly situated person.This Article begins by explaining some basic principles underlying machine learning methods, in a manner accessible to non-technical audiences. The second part explores a broader puzzle: legal practice is thought to require advanced cognitive abilities, but such higher-order cognition remains outside the capability of current machine-learning technology. This part identifies a core principle: how certain tasks that are normally thought to require human intelligence can sometimes be automated through the use of non-intelligent computational techniques that employ heuristics or proxies (e.g., statistical correlations) capable of producing useful, “intelligent” results. The third part applies this principle to the practice of law, discussing machine-learning automation in the context of certain legal tasks currently performed by attorneys: including predicting the outcomes of legal cases, finding hidden relationships in legal documents and data, electronic discovery, and the automated organization of documents.
DELPHI TECHNIQUE: ENHANCING RESEARCH IN TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Irdayanti, M. N.

Empirical studies conducted within the Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) discipline in Malaysia tends to give greater emphasis to quantitative data collection techniques. Aware of the potential usefulness of combination of techniques, this paper discusses the application of the Delphi technique where qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques are used to reach useful results. The Delphi technique provides the opportunity for researchers to gather input from participants without requiring them to work face-to-face. Often, the process is used to find consensus among experts who have differing views and perspectives. The Delphi technique enables group problem-solving using an iterative process of problem definition, discussion, feedback, and revisions.This paper discusses the basics of the Delphi techniques, its application potential, the selection of expert panels and the means on how consensus can be reached among the participants using examples from our past research using the technique.
Observation of lower hybrid drift instability in the diffusion region at a reconnecting magnetopause

Intense lower hybrid waves are observed in the Hall current region of a reconnecting current sheet at the earth's magnetopause. Large measured cross‐field drifts and density gradients are the likely sources of free energy through a lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI), which is stabilized near the neutral point where the plasma β is large. Harris neutral sheet and linear models are fitted to the data and inferred current density profiles are compared to the observed current density from particle measurements. We estimate the contribution of LHDI anomalous resistivity to the parallel electric field and show that it is more than 100 times smaller than the measured parallel field at the separator boundaries and essentially zero near the neutral point, leaving gradient electron pressure tensor and inertial terms or anomalous resistivity from higher frequency instabilities to support any parallel fields there and, hence, control the reconnection process.
Product Differentiation by Competing Vertical Hierarchies

We revisit the choice of product differentiation in the Hotelling model, by assuming that competing firms are vertically separated, and that retailers choose products' characteristics. The “principle of differentiation” does not hold because retailers with private information about their marginal costs produce less differentiated products in order to increase their information rents. Hence, information asymmetry within vertical hierarchies may increase social welfare by inducing them to sell products that appeal to a larger number of consumers. We show that the socially optimal level of transparency between manufacturers and retailers depends on the weight assigned to consumers' surplus and trades off two effects: higher transparency reduces price distortion but induces retailers to produce excessively similar products.
SAR processing in the temporal domain: application to direct interferogram generation and mountain glacier monitoring

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry has the potential to measure temperate glacier displacement with a large coverage of the surface compared with pointwise terrestrial ground measurements. The significant topographic relief in mountainous areas, however, where most alpine glaciers are located, makes the use of SAR imagery rather difficult. Among the difficulties, when the resolution increases, the focusing of satellite SAR images, usually performed in the frequency domain with a constant-height hypothesis, becomes a critical issue. SAR processing in the temporal domain is a different approach that enables the use of information such as the local topography. In this paper, we present an original method to perform this temporal domain focusing by modeling the relative motion of the satellite and Earth points. The method allows production of SAR single look complex (SLC) images directly in ground geometry and reduces the need for resampling and phase correction to obtain interferograms. A tandem pair of European remote sensing (ERS) SAR images acquired over the Mont-Blanc area is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The results are presented with amplitude images and interferograms measuring glacier 1 day displacements and are compared with the results from the differential interferometric automated process applied to survey of nature (DIAPASON) and repeated orbit interferometry package (ROI-PAC) conventional SAR processors.
Strategies for Sequence Assembly of Plant Genomes

The field of plant genome assembly has greatly benefited from the development and widespread adoption of next-generation DNA sequencing platforms. Very high sequenc‐ ing throughputs and low costs per nucleotide have considerably reduced the technical and budgetary constraints associated with early assembly projects done primarily with a traditional Sanger-based approach. Those improvements led to a sharp increase in the number of plant genomes being sequenced, including large and complex genomes of eco‐ nomically important crops. Although next-generation DNA sequencing has considerably improved our understanding of the overall structure and dynamics of many plant ge‐ nomes, severe limitations still remain because next-generation DNA sequencing reads typically are shorter than Sanger reads. In addition, the software tools used to de novo assemble sequences are not necessarily designed to optimize the use of short reads. These cause challenges, common to many plant species with large genome sizes, high repeat contents, polyploidy and genome-wide duplications. This chapter provides an overview of historical and current methods used to sequence and assemble plant genomes, along with new solutions offered by the emergence of technologies such as single molecule se‐ quencing and optical mapping to address the limitations of current sequence assemblies.
Differentiability and partial Hölder continuity of the solutions of non-linear elliptic systems of order $2m$ with quadratic growth

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Building a Robust Linux Kernel piggybacking The Linux Test Project

The Linux TM kernel is growing at a rapid rate and runs across many architectures and platforms; ensuring that the kernel is reliable, robust, and stable is very critical. The Linux Test Project (LTP) was established to meet the very goals stated above. Testing is often ignored in major development, and we pay the cost through frequent updates, frequent crashes and unhappy users. LTP is now breathing a new life; we want to add more test cases, cover more code, test new features, update existing test cases, and improve the framework. In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of testing via LTP, and look at coverage statistics and number of new test cases added. We look at where LTP development and kernel testing via LTP stands with regard to kernel development. This paper also demonstrates how to write a simple LTP test case, and enjoy the benefits of using it over and over again.
Efficient Method of Optimizing Reverberation Chamber Using FDTD and Genetic Algorithm Method

 An efficient method combining the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed for the reverberation chamber (RC) optimization. In this method, the GA is utilized to optimize the parameters of RC model built by the FDTD method, such as the stirrer position and stirrer shape. Since the application of GA in the RC optimization and the RC model is automatically varied along with the optimization process, this method improves the accuracy and efficiency of the RC optimization. In addition, the influence of transmitting antenna position on the field uniformity around the lowest usable frequency is also investigated by this method. This method has been verified by comparing with the experiment
Metatranscriptomic Analysis of Co-Occurring Phytoplankton Species in the Ross Sea Polynya

Primary production (PP) of the Ross Sea Polynya (RSP) contributes a significant proportion of the total PP of the Southern Ocean. As a result, the photosynthetic activities of phytoplankton communities in the RSP play important roles in the overall biochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients and structuring the marine food-web. Environmental change, especially in light and iron regimes, regulates variations in PP and affects the phytoplankton community dynamics. Since individual phytoplankton species have unique nutrient requirements, the limited resources impact these algal taxa in different ways. In this study, we used metatranscriptomic analysis to examine how the algal taxa Fragilariopsis, Thalassiosira, Pseudo-nitzschia, Micromonas, and Phaeocystis antarctica differ in their acclimation to their shared environment during the bloom season in the RSP. During the austral spring and summer of 2013-2014, the phytoplankton communities in the RSP were iron limited across all sampling sites and exposed to high-light conditions at some sampling sites. However, the acclimation of individual algal taxa to these conditions was different. Niche partitioning between the diatom group and the haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica was detected. Phaeocystis dominated at the greater depths (80-100m) and showed relatively low abundances at the surface (average 8.9±5.8%). Pseudo-nitzschia showed optimal niche adaptation among near the surface with a largest population size (average relative abundance 32.0±18.0%) and increased genetic activity. The expression of key-genes of Pseudo-nitzschia showed potential acclimation to limited iron and cobalamin conditions. However, the expression levels of those genes were not only controlled by the related environmental parameters, but also by a set of physical and biochemical environmental factors. Our study is limited to examining the interaction between the phytoplankton communities and the environments. The potential effects of bacterial communities, viruses and predators should be included to further the understanding of individual algal species’ niche adaptation in the future. This study demonstrates that, although some environmental factors control the overall bulk PP, those factors have variable effects on the individual algal taxon. We also show the need to consider a combination of environmental parameters to accurately predict shifts in phytoplankton community composition within the context of long-term climate change.
An integrated study of a Mississippian tripolitic chert reservoir - Osage County, Oklahoma, USA

Summary With the advent of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing in the Midcontinent, U.S.A. , fields once thought to be exhausted are now experiencing renewed exploitation. However, traditional Midcontinent seismic analysis techniques no longer provide satisfactory reservoir characterization, and new seismic analysis methods are needed to properly characterize these radically innovative play concepts. Seismic attributes such as impedance inversion are sensitive to lithology while coherence and curvature are sensitive to lateral changes in waveform and structure. Our objective is to map tripolitic high porosity chert sweet spots within a highly fractured Mississippian lime reservoir, located in Osage County, Oklahoma, which also contains tight nonporous chert using impedance inversion correlated with surface seismic attributes and well log information in the survey.
Contribution of both soluble and insoluble fractions of untreated and treated Acacia saligna and Leucaena leucocephala with different levels of urea to rumen fermentation, in vitro

The objectives of this work are to characterise the in vitro fermentation contribution of both soluble and insoluble fractions, and the effects of ensiling of acacia (Acacia saligna, AC) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala, LE) leaves with different levels of urea (U, 0, 1, 3 or 5%) on gas production, energy value and organic matter digestibility (OMD%) of AC and LE. The acacia and leucaena were ensiled for 35 days. Ground samples (200 mg DM) of the ensiled materials from the eight treatments were incubated in glass syringes with rumen fluid obtained from fistulated sheep fed berseem hay and commercial concentrate mixture twice a day. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation and the kinetics of gas production was described by using the equation: Gas (Y) = a + b (1-exp). Ensiling of AC and LE leaves with U increased crude protein and ash, while the contents of tested samples of total phenol (TP), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) were decreased. Also, ensiling of AC and LE leaves with U significantly (P <0.05) decreased gas production. All washed samples showed losses of soluble material. The gas production was, in general, significantly (P<0.05) higher for the unwashed substrates. Leucaena gave the highest values of gas production compared with acacia. The gas production volume was significantly (P <0.05) higher for ensiled AC and LE leaves without U than ensiled AC with 5%U or ensiled LE with 3%U. The maximum rate of gas production increased after ensiling AC and LE leaves with 5% and 3% U, respectively. The calculated values of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) were significantly (P<0.05) increased for ensiled AC with 3 and 5%U, while ensiled LE with U was not significantly affected. The organic matter digestibility (OMD %) and microbial protein production were significantly (P<0.05) higher for ensiled AC and LE with U, while short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. The concentrations of TP, TT and CT were strongly correlated (p<0.01). The TP, TT and CT were negatively related (p<0.01) with neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), but not with hemicelluloses (HEMI). The crude protein was strongly correlated (p<0.01) with NDF, ADF and CT and negatively related (p<0.01) with TF and TT, but not with HEMI. In conclusion, there were negative effects on the in vitro gas production occurring more consistently when AC and LE were ensiled with different levels of U, while OMD% and microbial proteins were significantly (P<0.05) increased. The in vitro digestibility and gas production parameters were significantly correlated with chemical composition of shrubs. Finally, it is generally more appropriate to measure the degradation of organic matter as usual dry matter can give problems of interpretation of the significance of the soluble fraction.
STUDIES ON SWEET BASIL MOSAIC VIRUS DISEASE AND ITS CONTROL BY USING SOME ESSENTIAL OILS

The current study, the mosaic virus disease of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) was identified and the different effects of three essential oils on growth, oil content and composition as well as reducing CMV disease symptoms of sweet basil plants in vivo. During 2012 season, natural occurrence of mosaic virus disease was observed on sweet basil in Assiut, Egypt. The causal agent of basil mosaic disease was detected as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by PCR product that revealed presence of approximately expected size (~ 781 bp) in naturally infected basil. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out during two successive seasons 2013 and 2014 on sweet basil plants at the Experimental Farm of Arab El Awamer Agricultural Research Station, Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Ten treatments of three essential oils extracted from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) plants were applied as foliar spray at 1% concentration before and after inoculation with isolated virus and two controls (healthy and infected plants) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results revealed that application of essential oils under field condition improved growth and yield (branches, weight of fresh and dry plant (g/plant) as well as essential oil percentage), reduced the CMV disease symptoms compared to untreated infected control. As well as significant increase in total identified of essential oil composition of basil plant. Whereas the treatment with rosemary oil before and after inoculation respectively, was increased in myrcene, linalool when applied before inoculation and with a great increase in 1, 8-cineole when applied after inoculation. Also a great increase was related to peppermint oil treatment for eugenol, myrcene and 1, 8-cineole % before inoculation comparable to untreated infected plants. While, using of peppermint oil significantlyincreased number of branches, fresh and dry weights, essential oil content and composition when applied before inoculation with virus compared to infected and healthy controls. Lemongrass essential oils exhibited a moderate protective effects. Generally, applying of rosemary essential oil as curative seemed to be superior for improving branches, weight of fresh and dry plant (g/plant), and essential oil percentage and composition comparing to other treatments.
The prediction of parental self-efficacy and hyper-anxiety symptoms based on the components of mindfulness in women with multiple sclerosis

Introduction: The present study aimed to predict parental self-efficacy and hyper-anxiety symptoms based on the components of mindfulness in women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all women with MS in Mashhad during March-Jun 2016 who referred for treatment to clinics, neurologists and psychological centers. The statistical sample consisted of 105 women with MS who were selected using convenient sampling method. In order to collect data, Parental Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BIA) and Mindfulness Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression method. Results: The results revealed that the components of mindfulness, judgment and non-reactivity can reduce anxiety significantly in women with MS. In addition, action with awareness, judgment and non-reactivity can increase parental self-efficacy (P<0.05). Conclusion: Due to the results obtained from the study, it is suggested that components of mindfulness, judgment and non-reactivity can increase parental self-efficacy and reduce anxiety among women with multiple sclerosis.
Implicit Theories of Attraction

Sexual satisfaction is an important component of relationship well-being within romantic relationships. Yet, relatively little is known about the psychological factors that predict responses to the inevitable sexual challenges couples face. Four studies provide evidence that implicit theories of sexual attraction as either fixed or malleable predict responses to sexual challenges. In Studies 1 and 2, individual differences in these beliefs predicted (above and beyond other implicit theories, relationship beliefs, and measures of sexual desire) perceptions of success for a relationship lacking sexual chemistry. In Study 3, these beliefs predicted actual relationship outcomes in committed couples. Finally, in Study 4, these beliefs predicted willingness to engage in destructive behaviors in response to a sexual challenge — but not in response to a non-sexual challenge — in a hypothetical long-term relationship. This latter finding was mediated by expectations that the problem faced by the couple was solvable.