Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Prototype Acid Spray Scrubber for Absorbing Ammonia Emissions from Exhaust Fans of Animal Buildings

Mitigation of ammonia (NH3) emissions from animal production buildings has been a challenge because of the large volume of low NH3 concentration laden air being released. Among emission mitigation technologies for concentrated animal feeding operations, acid spray scrubbers have the greatest potential for adaptation to the existing large animal facilities because of their lower fan airflow reduction, ability to simultaneously remove particulate and gaseous pollutants, and viability for zero or less waste generation by recycling effluents as liquid fertilizer. A multi-stage wet scrubber prototype that can be operated with a maximum of three stages was developed and optimized for reducing NH3 emissions using simulated conditions typically encountered at an animal building exhaust. The parameters optimized for a single-stage wet scrubber include nozzle type, nozzle operating pressure, sulfuric acid concentration, spray coverage, and air retention time. The optimized single-stage wet scrubber settings can remove emissions from 60% ±1% at 5 ppmv inlet NH3 concentration (IAC) to 27% ±2% at 100 ppmv IAC at a normal exhaust superficial air velocity (SAV) of 6.6 m s -1 . A high concentration of droplets inside the contact chamber increased the rate of inter-collision between droplets, which led to high droplet coagulation and decreased surface area for gas-liquid contact. These phenomena were prevented by operating the nozzles in the higher stages co-current to the airflow and by using fewer nozzles in higher stage. The two-stage and three-stage wet scrubbers were therefore optimized by determining the least number of nozzles in each stage that provided the most effective NH3 removal. The optimized two-stage scrubber could remove NH3 emissions from 60% ±0% at 5 ppmv IAC and 35% ±1% at 100 ppmv IAC. The optimized three-stage scrubber could remove emissions from 63% ±3% at 5 ppmv IAC and 36% ±3% at 100 ppmv IAC. Airflow retention time was found to significantly affect NH3 absorption. Reducing the superficial air velocity to 3.3 m s -1 from 6.6 m s -1 , which increased the air retention time from 0.2 s to 0.4 s, improved NH3 removal efficiencies to 98% ±3% at 5 ppmv IAC and 46% ±2% at 100 ppmv IAC for the single-stage scrubber. Similarly, the performance of the two-stage scrubber at a SAV of 3.3 m s -1 improved to 77% ±0% at 20 ppmv IAC and 57% ±1% at 100 ppm IAC. Lastly, the performance of the three-stage scrubber at a SAV of 3.3 m s -1 improved to 70% ±1% at 30 ppmv IAC and 64% ±1% at 100 ppmv IAC. It was observed that the three-stage wet scrubber did not increase the overall wet scrubber performance, as predicted theoretically. Further studies are needed so that the application of these scrubber designs becomes feasible for treating air emissions from animal buildings. The wet scrubber caused an additional backpressure of 27.5 Pa, resulting in about 8% airflow reduction for a fan operating at 12.5 Pa.
The Growth of Wage Inequality in Urban China, 1988 to 1999

Using annual urban household survey data from 6 provinces in different regions of China, we analyze the rapid increase in inequality of China’s urban wages from 1988 to 1999. We describe inequality trends and decompose the changes into those due to changes in the distribution of worker attributes and those due to changes in the returns to those attributes. We find that rising returns to unobserved skills, growing regional wage disparities, and rising returns to education explain most of the inequality increase. 1 The authors acknowledge financial support from the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Direct Grant), Research Grant Council of Hong Kong (N_CUHK417/01), National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Visiting Research Fellowship awarded to Yaohui Zhao by the World Bank. We would like to thank participants of the 5 NBER-CCER conference on the Economy of China (July 2002, Beijing) for valuable comments. 1
Soil partitioning and surface store controls on spring runoff from a boreal forest peatland basin in north‐central Manitoba, Canada

The mid‐ to high‐boreal forest in Canada occupies the discontinuous permafrost zone, and is often underlain by glaciolacustrine sediments mantled by a highly porous organic mat. The result is a poorly drained landscape dominated by wetlands. Frost‐table dynamics and surface storage conditions help to control runoff contributions from various landscape elements, hydrological linkages between these elements, and basin streamflow during spring snowmelt. Runoff components and pathways in a forested peatland basin were assessed during two spring snowmelts with contrasting input and basin conditions. Runoff from relatively intense melt (up to 16 mm day−1) on slopes with limited soil thawing combined with large pre‐melt storage in surface depressions to produce high flows composed primarily of meltwater (78% of the 0·29 m3 s−1 peak discharge) routed over wetland surfaces and through permeable upper peat layers. Melt intensity was less in the subsequent year (maximum of 10 mm day−1) and active layer development was relatively greater (0·2 m deeper at the end of spring melt), resulting in less slope runoff. Coupling of reduced slope contributions with lower storage levels in basin wetlands led to relatively subdued streamflows dominated by older water (73% of the 0·09 m3 s−1 peak discharge) routed through less‐permeable deeper peat layers and mineral soil. Interannual differences in runoff conditions provide important insight for the development of distributed hydrological models for boreal forest basins and into potential influences on biogeochemical cycling in this landscape under a warming climate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting competence in a high frequency of transformation marine Vibrio

Summary: Natural plasmid transformation may be a mechanism for the horizontal transfer of non-conjugative plasmids in the marine environment, yet there are few marine model systems available for the study of this process. Using multimers of IncQ/P4 plasmids and a filter transformation assay, we have measured the effects of nutrients, salinity, temperature, as well as the development and maintenance of competence for genetic transformation in the high frequency of transformation (HFT) marine Vibrio strain WJT-1C. Transformation frequency was proportional to the amount of DNA used from 0.1 to 1.0 μg DNA and was saturated at concentrations greater than 1.0 μg. Competence began in the early-exponential phase and reached a maximum at the onset of stationary phase. Once attained, competence was maintained in both spent and nutrient-free media for at least 10 d. Thus, the establishment and maintenance of competence was unique compared to previously described transformation systems. Temperatures ranging from 4 to 33 °C had no significant effect on the maximal transformation frequency of WJT-1C, but at 37 °C the transformation frequency was reduced. However, temperature did affect the rate of the transformation process. Salinities in the range 12 to 50% had no significant effect on the transformation frequency but transformation frequencies were lower at 6% and 63%. Cells were transformed equally well in nutrient-free media or rich media. The ability of this marine HFT Vibrio strain to develop competence under a wide spectrum of conditions and to maintain the competent state indicates that natural plasmid transformation could occur in conditions found in tropical and subtropical estuaries.
For example , a single VectorLens widget allows the user to select multiple angular ranges without instantiating additional lenses

We investigate the selection of curves within a 2D visualization by specifying their angle or slope. Such angular selection has applications in parallel coordinates, time series visualizations, spatio-temporal movement data, etc. Our interaction technique specifies a region of interest in the visualization (with a position and diameter), a direction, and an angular tolerance, all with a single drag. We experimentally compared this angular selection technique with other techniques for selecting curves, and found that angular selection resulted in a higher number of trials that were successful on the first attempt and fewer incorrectly selected curves, and was also subjectively preferred by participants. We then present the design of a popup lens widget, called the VectorLens, that allows for easy angular selection and also allows the user to perform additional filtering operations based on type of curve. Multiple VectorLens widgets can also be instantiated to combine the results of their filtering operations with boolean operators.
Aspects Concerning the Management of the Migraine Syndrome

The relationship between migraine and mental disorders represents not only a clinical reality but also an always actual research theme. There are numerous studies that attest to the high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with migraine. Thereby among the patients presenting with chronic headaches, there is a 2 to 5 times greater likelihood of developing a mental disorder. Among the axis I diagnosed psychiatric disorders, the anxiety spectrum (panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder) along with the major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are in a bidirectional relationship with the migraine syndrome. The high rate of coexistence and the bidirectional relationship between migraine and the psychiatric disorders suggests common etiological mechanisms such as a serotonergic dysfunction, a dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and fluctuations in the serum concentrations of the ovarian hormones. Also, recent studies in genetics are showing a common genetic model that could explain these comorbidities. The psychiatric comorbidities are clinically relevant because of the negative impact on the patient’s quality of life and the increased difficulty of the therapeutic process (a long evolution, an insufficient therapeutic response and an increased risk of polipharmacy). Pharmacotherapy represents a challenge. In the clinical practice monotherapy does not constitute an effective therapeutic conduct. Thus, among all classes of antidepressants, only the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline is effective both as an antidepressant and anxiolytic as well as a treatment of migraine. However, in some cases side effects limit its use. The pharmacotherapeutic attitude requires a separate approach for migraine and comorbidity, taking into account the proper dosages and the potential drug interactions. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence, the negative impact on the quality of life and the therapeutic challenges, further studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms, clinical implications and consequently to develop better therapeutic algorithms for this combination of disorders. Keywords: Case management, Migraine syndrome , antidepressanst, anxiolytics
Sustainability : The New Lean Frontier Gene

This paper promotes sustainability as the new frontier of lean. Historically, lean initiatives have maintained primarily an internal focus. But as the paper explains, sustainability is an evolutionary extension of lean possessing and involves an external focus as well. The external focus of sustainability aims to achieve greater economic value with partnering initiatives that span the entire value chain. Three principle categories of sustainability initiatives are identified, and those initiatives are supported by industry examples that include achieved benefits. The paper also discusses the future of sustainability.
Water interaction with CeO 2 ( 1 1 1 ) / Cu ( 1 1 1 ) model catalyst surface

Interaction of water with fully oxidized and partially reduced CeO2(1 1 1) thin film model catalyst grown on a Cu(1 1 1) surface was investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). On the stoichiometric surface water adsorbs molecularly at low temperatures (≤120 K) while on the reduced surface the adsorption is partially dissociative with formation of OH groups. STM indicates no morphology variation and a very sensitive Ce 4d–4f resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (RPES) no noticeable change of the oxidation state of ceria upon water adsorption and subsequent complete desorption. Formation of co-adsorbed phase of residual water with OH during molecular water desorption, on the other hand, leads to a substantial resonance of the Ce3+ photoemission state around 170 K. We propose that this behaviour indicating ceria reduction is in this case an electronic effect of the Ce 4f charge accumulation and Ce 5d charge depletion. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A systematic revision of the North Eastern Atlantic shallow-water Haplosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae), Part I: Introduction, Oceanapiidae and petrosiidae

The taxonomic history of the sponge order Haplosclerida is reviewed, with emphasis on literature concerning the Haplosclerida of the North Eastern Atlantic Ocean. The characters and their value for a phylogenetic classification are discussed. Two families are treated systematically: the Oceanapiidae, which have two representatives in the area, and the Petrosiidae, represented by one species. Emended diagnoses for the order, families, and genera are given.
De-noising Diurnal Variation Data in Geomagnetic Field Modelling

Ground based geomagnetic observatory series have been used to investigate and describe the residuals between a continuous geomagnetic field model and observed diurnal variation for noise-removal of signal due to external field of magnetospheric ring current sources. In all the observatories studied, the residuals in the X-direction consistently show the noisiest signal. Results show that the residuals in the X-direction correlates closely with the RC-index, suggesting an origin from unmodelled external field variation. Notable cross-correlation is also seen between the residuals and the RCindex at zero-lag. Removal/reduction of this unmodelled signal enhances resolution of fine-scale detail in diurnal variation studies. © 2017 BBSCS RN SWS. All rights reserved
Management Competencies and Organizational Performance in CEE: A Comparison of Slovenia and Austria

Abstract Today management competencies are seen as the only long-term strategic advantage of any company. However, from corporate experience we know that only 10 % of the knowledge acquired is transferred into entrepreneurial practice. Current trends in management development often overemphasize individual learning and ignore the missing fit between individual behavior and organizational performance. To meet these demands, we collected competency attributions of managers attending executive courses in Austria and Slovenia. A questionnaire with closed and open question will help to explore and compare the relation between organizational performance and current management competencies in these countries. The results confirm our predictions to a lesser extent. However, they represent a basis for further examination of the relationship between managerial competencies and organizational performance.
A Keyword Aware Service Recommendation System

Service recommender system is most common in recent year and useful in variety of applications. It is provide appropriate recommendation to the user. In the last year the amount of user, services and online data has grown rapidly , the big data analysis the problem for service recommender system. Traditional recommender system was suffer from scalability and inefficiency problem when analysing large amount of data. Existing recommender system provide same rating and ranking of the services for different user but they does not consider users preferences and therefore they are fail to meet users specific requirement. In this paper, we propose the process of developing travel recommender system for address the above challenges. The aim of Keyword Aware Service Recommender System (KASR) is provide service recommendation list and give appropriate services recommendation to the user. It gives appropriate recommendation by collaborative filtering algorithm and keyword are used for indicating users preferences. To increase scalability and inefficiency, KASR is implemented on Hadoop by using Big Data and for parallel processing MapReduce paradigm is use. Finally, large experiment is conducted by using Real-World dataset , that produce result for KASR significantly improve accuracy and scalability of service recommender system over existing recommender system. Keywords—Personalized Recommendation, Hadoop, Keyword, MapReduce, Preferences, Bigdata, Domain Thesaurus
Macroeconomic Volatility, Institutional Instability and the Incentive to Innovate

This study investigates the channels through which macroeconomic and institutional instability hinders innovative investment undertakings financed by the domestic private sector. The analysis is based on a sample of 44 countries and considers various instability dimensions. The results suggest a negative impact of real, monetary and political instability on the aggregate level of R&D financed by the business sector. Thus, highlighting the importance of stable macro‐institutional environments in preventing avoidance or abandonment of private innovation undertakings.
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEGMENTATION ALGORITHMS IN IMAGE PROCESSING

The main goal of image segmentation is domain independent partitioning of an image into a set of disjoint regions that are visually different and has meaning with respect to some characteristics or computed property, such as grey level, texture or color to enable easy image analysis. The two basic properties of the pixels in relation to their local neighborhood are discontinuity and similarity which is used in many segmentation methods. A pixels value changes from 0 to 1 if it belongs to the object.The segmentation methods that which are relatively related on discontinuity property of pixels are taken as boundary or “edges based techniques” and that are based on similarity or homogeneity are region based techniques. Unfortunately, edge based and region based techniques always fail to give user preferred results. The usage of image segmentation is done in various platforms or application but using single method cannot provide the desired result. It’s all because that the images containing different property and some other factors also like sound, brightness etc. put stress on the images, and it is impossible to apply a single segmentation method and also a single evaluation technique for all types of imagery. This paper is to show the analyses of the results of various segmentation algorithms, using the results obtained from subjective evaluation, on the various types of images and particularly on gray level images. Bottom-up image segmentation continues to be a challenging problem despite a sustained research effort that spans several decades. Many algorithms have been proposed and also demonstrated on handful of images in these recent years, but to ask the real question that is, that, how these comparing of these algorithms with one another has not been addressedproperly. This is mostly because of the unavailability of algorithms during that time comparing to recent years of a suitable, standard set of images and associated ground-truth, as well as the lack of publicly available implementations of major segmentation algorithms (figure 1).
The Impact of Climate on Tourist Destination Choice

We examine the determinants of holiday destination choice for tourists from 182 countries over a fifteen year time period. Our sample is much larger than that used by previous studies. The results are similar. Tourists prefer to stay relatively close to their home country. They like countries that have a long coast and lots of heritage. Tourists dislike poverty, and tourists from richer countries have a greater aversion to poverty. Tourists prefer politically unstable countries (all else being equal). Tourists like countries with high precipitation. Tourists like it hot, but not too hot. Tourists from warmer origins have stronger climate preferences.
The simple method of dynamic visco-elastic analysis of road structure on rheological foundation

In contrast to computationally advanced methods of road pavement dynamic analysis, the one-dimensional, simple method is derived on the basis of visco-elastic simple beam lying on generalized Winkler visco-elastic foundation. By virtue of least square method the visco-elastic constants could be estimated with technically admissible accuracy. The introduced method is useful enough to predict any pavement deformation process in the range of linear visco-elasticity.
A Novel Respiration Rate Monitoring System Using Optical Technique

The respiration rate of patients is an important vital sign that can be used in diagnosing various diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer.etc. It must be continuously monitored during any surgery and in the post-anesthesia care unit. A nasal cannula or a face mask Capnometry is the standard tool for monitoring the respiration rate. However, such tools might be poorly tolerated and displaced, leading to inaccurate measurements or false alarms. In this paper, a novel noninvasive system is presented to measure the respiration rate of patients. The system is based on a LED transmitter and an optical detector array. The results show that the sensory system is able to follow and record the breathing rhythm perfectly. The amplitude of the measured signal and number of peaks indicate the respiration depth and rate, respectively. The number of pulses at the output of the system matches very well the counting of the respiration rate taken by the subject. This system has an advantage in performing the respiration rate measurements non-invasively to avoid the problems of dislodging or displacing the sensor at the interface. Additionally, it has an advantage of separating the sensor from being in-contact with the subject body, which is an important factor to avoid the risk of infectious diseases. Such a system can be considered as a cost effective solution for noninvasive respiration rate monitoring systems. Keywords— Breathing monitoring, Optical sensing, Respiratory rate.
Competent or Competitive? How Employee Representatives Gain Influence in Organizational Decision‐Making

Conflicts of interest between management and employees are part of organizational life. To manage these conflicts, employee representatives (ERs) often participate in organizational decision‐making. The objectives of this article were to investigate the relation between perceived competences of ERs and their influence on organizational decision‐making in different types of issues, and the mediating effect of ERs’ conflict behaviors on these relations. To test the hypotheses, which are based on theories of power and conglomerate conflict behavior, survey data from 614 human resources directors from 11 European countries were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results show that perceived competences are positively related to the influence of ERs on decision‐making, both for traditional and for innovative issues. Perceived competence is positively related to cooperative and negatively related to competitive conflict behavior. Conglomerate conflict behavior partly mediates the relation between perceived competences and influence. Implications for representative influence are discussed.