Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PROPORTIONAL MYOELECTRIC HAND CONTROL: AN EVALUATION

The authors review the principle of proportional myoelectric control, in which the motor voltage of a prosthetic hand varies in direct proportion to the EMG signal, giving the amputee control over speed and force of grip. This type of myoelectric control is contrasted with digital myoelectric control, in which the system is fully on or off, giving the amputee no control over speed of hand opening and closing, and the grip force is increased only by increasing the time of the sustained EMG signal. A survey was conducted of 33 patients wearing the proportional myoelectric hand. Patients rated quickness of opening and closing; control over speed and force; effort required to open and close; and comfort, convenience, and cosmesis of the hand; as well as giving it an overall rating in comparison with their previous terminal device. The ratings were made on a 5- level scale, so that they could be quantified. Patient responses were grouped according to previous experience with a terminal device type: group A: digital myoelectric hand; group B: body-powered terminal device; group C: no terminal device. Differences in group means were compared using Student's ftest. Previous digital hand wearers gave significantly higher ratings to the proportionally controlled hand overall, especially for its quickness, control of speed and force, and the effort required to open and close the hand. Former body-powered terminal device wearers rated the proportionally controlled hand significantly better on control over speed and force and on cosmesis. Amputees with no previous terminal device had no basis for comparison but gave the proportionally controlled hand high ratings on control over speed and force, effort for opening and closing, and cosmesis. The former digital hand wearers rated the proportionally controlled hand significantly lower on convenience. This reflected early problems with battery life and reliability. Of the three groups of patients, the former digital hand wearers were most impressed with the proportionally controlled hand, and gave it the highest overall ratings.
Influence of next-nearest-neighbor electron hopping on the static and dynamical properties of the two-dimensional Hubbard model.

Comparing experimental data for high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ cuprate superconductors with numerical results for electronic models, it is becoming apparent that a hopping along the plaquette diagonals has to be included to obtain quantitative agreement. However, the values for ${\mathit{t}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ discussed in the literature were obtained comparing theoretical results in the weak-coupling limit with photoemission data and band-structure calculations. The goal of this paper is to study how ${\mathit{t}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ gets renormalized as the interaction between electrons, U, increases. For this purpose, the effect of adding a bare diagonal hopping ${\mathit{t}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ to the two-dimensional Hubbard model Hamiltonian is investigated using numerical techniques. Spin-spin correlations, n(k), 〈n〉 vs \ensuremath{\mu}, and local magnetic moments are studied for several values of U/t and the electronic density. The spectral function A(k,\ensuremath{\omega}) is also discussed. We introduce a criterion to determine probable locations of Fermi surfaces at zero temperature. In general, we conclude that it is very dangerous to extract a bare parameter of the Hamiltonian (${\mathit{t}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) from photoemission spectroscopy data where renormalized parameters play the important role.
Contagion in Heterogeneous Financial Networks

In this paper, we use the financial network contagion model of Gai P. and Kapadia S. [Contagion in financial networks, Proc. R. Soc. A 466 (2010) 2401–2423] to investigatethe interaction of several types of heterogeneity found in real world banking systems. The first source of heterogeneity originates in the distribution of assets across banks in the financial system. The second source is in how individual banks then distribute these assets among their neighbors. We characterize how these two sources of heterogeneity interact to affect the probability and extent of financial contagions in three network structures. We find that greater heterogeneity has a stabilizing effect for networks that are sparsely connected and a destabilizing effect for networks that are highly interconnected. Finally, we consider multiple sequential shocks and find that when banks redistribute assets following an initial mild contagion it increases the stability, on average, of the system to subsequent shocks originating at weakened banks.
Sleep in Persons With Frontotemporal Dementia and Their Family Caregivers

Background:Dementia is associated with disruptions in sleep and sleep quality for patients and their family caregivers. Little is known about the impact of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) on sleep. Objective:The purpose of this study was to characterize sleep in patients with FTD and their family caregivers. Methods:Twenty-two patient–caregiver dyads were enrolled: Thirteen behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) and nine semantic dementia (SD). Sleep and sleep quality data were collected for 2 weeks using diaries and Actiwatches. Results:Patients with bvFTD and SD spent more time in bed at night compared to their caregivers. Nighttime behaviors were reported more frequently by caregivers for the bvFTD patients and strongly correlated with caregiver distress. Actigraphy data showed normal sleep efficiency and timing of the nighttime sleep period for both patients and their caregivers. Caregivers of patients with bvFTD reported poorer sleep quality compared to the SD caregivers. A greater number of bvFTD caregivers compared to SD reported negative aspects of sleep quality for themselves and used sleep medications more frequently. Conclusion:The clinical manifestations of bvFTD appear to be associated with different and more distressing impacts on the caregiver sleep quality than SD.
Phosphorylation and N‐terminal region of yeast ribosomal protein P1 mediate its degradation, which is prevented by protein P2

The stalk proteins P1 and P2, which are fundamental for ribosome activity, are the only ribosomal components for which there is a cytoplasmic pool. Accumulation of these two proteins is differentially regulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by degradation. In the absence of P2, the amount of P1 is drastically reduced; in contrast, P2 proteins are not affected by a deficiency in P1. However, association with P2 protects P1 proteins. The half‐life of P1 is a few minutes, while that of P2 is several hours. The proteasome is not involved in the degradation of P1 proteins. The different sensitivity to degradation of these two proteins is associated with two structural features: phosphorylation and N‐terminus structure. A phosphorylation site at the C‐terminus is required for P1 proteolysis. P2 proteins, despite being phosphorylated, are protected by their N‐terminal peptide. An exchange of the first five amino acids between the two types of protein makes P1 resistant and P2 sensitive to degradation.
Is there an alternative to the full-leg radiograph for determining knee joint alignment in osteoarthritis?

OBJECTIVE To assess the concurrent validity of alternative measures of frontal plane knee alignment, namely the radiographic anatomic axis and 5 clinical measures, in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) as compared with the mechanical axis on radiograph. METHODS Forty individuals (mean +/- SD age 64.7 +/- 9.4 years) with symptomatic medial knee OA participated. Knee alignment was measured according to the following methods: lower-limb mechanical axis on radiograph, lower-limb anatomic axis on radiograph, visual observation, distance between medial knee joint lines or medial malleoli using a caliper, distance between a plumb line and medial knee joint line or malleolus using a caliper, tibial alignment using a gravity inclinometer, and lower-limb alignment using a goniometer. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient or Spearman's rho correlation coefficient and simple linear regression. RESULTS The anatomic axis best correlated with the mechanical axis (r = 0.88), followed closely by the inclinometer method (r = 0.80). Other clinical measures of alignment that were significantly associated with the mechanical axis were the caliper method, the plumb-line method, and visual observation (r = 0.76, 0.71, and -0.52, respectively). However, the goniometer method failed to correlate. CONCLUSION The anatomic axis on radiograph and the inclinometer method appear to be valid alternatives to the mechanical axis on full-leg radiograph for determining frontal plane knee alignment in medial knee OA. These alternative methods of measuring knee alignment may increase the assessment of this parameter by clinicians and researchers alike, given that malalignment is an important indicator of disease progression and treatment outcome.
Polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene are not associated with either anorexia nervosa or schizophrenia in Dutch patients.

Two polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, the – 270C/T SNP and the Val66Met SNP have been reported to show association with anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia, although the results are not unambiguous (Nanko et al., 2003; Szekeres et al., 2003; Ribases et al., 2004). We performed a case– control study with these single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two new markers (BDNF up: 20 kb upstream of the ATG and BDNF down: 33 kb downstream of exon 2) to test whether BDNF is a susceptibility gene for the development of psychiatric disorders across diagnostic boundaries. The study included anorexia nervosa (n=195) and schizophrenia patients (n=273), all diagnosed according to the DSM-IV and all of Dutch origin. The controls were healthy Dutch individuals (n=580). The DNA was genotyped for the markers as described (Bakker et al., 2003) and an allelespecific polymerase chain reaction was used for the two SNPs. The – 270C/T SNP was not polymorphic. The remaining markers were in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in patients and controls. The BDNF_up had nine alleles, four with frequencies > 5% (heterozygosity= 0.69). The BDNF_down had 12 alleles, four with frequencies > 5% (heterozygosity= 0.67). There was strong Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) between the remaining markers (Val66Met-BDNF_up: D0 0.7502; Val66Met-BDNF_down: D0 0.8919 and BDNF_down: D0 0.6432); however, no significant association could be shown between any of the markers and both disorders. Likelihood ratio tests using the UNPHASED program showed P-values of P=0.98 and P=0.5, respectively, for the anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia patients for marker BDNF_up; P=0.59 and P=0.71 for BDNF_down; and P=0.6 and P=0.73 for the Val66Met alleles, with allele frequencies for the Val allele of 79% in anorexia nervosa patients, 80% in schizophrenia patients and 80% in controls, and for the Met allele of 21% in anorexia nervosa patients, 20% in schizophrenia patients and 20% in controls. In conclusion, in Dutch anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia patients, BDNF does not seem to play a role.
Optimal Power Flow With Power Flow Routers

Power flow routing is an emerging control paradigm for the dynamic control of electric power flows. In this paper, we propose a generic model of a power flow router (PFR) and incorporate it into the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. First, a generic PFR architecture is proposed to encapsulate the desired functions of PFRs. Then, the load flow model of PFRs is developed and incorporated into the OPF framework. To pursue global optimality of the non-convex PFR-incorporated OPF (PFR-OPF) problem, we develop a semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation of PFR-OPF. By introducing the regularization terms that favor a low-rank solution and tuning the penalty coefficients, a rank-1 solution can be obtained and used for recovering an optimal or near-optimal solution of the PFR-OPF and the results are verified in numerical tests. The efficacy of the PFR-OPF framework allows us to investigate the impact of PFR integration. With the system loadability as an example, the numerical results show that remarkable enhancement can be achieved by installing PFRs at certain critical buses of the network.
A New Species of Scorpaenodes (Pisces: Scorpaenidae)from the Galápagos and Cocos Islands with Discussions of the Limits of Scorpaenodes and Thysanichthys

Scorpaenodes rubrivinctus sp. nov. is described from seven specimens taken at the Galápagos Islands, bringing the number of scorpaenids known from the archipelago to 15 species in eight genera. The new species was observed and photographed at 203–412 m, often in association with sponges, and collected during two expeditions using the deepwater submersible Johnson Sea-Link in 1995 and 1998. The species has been photographed, but not collected, from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. In head spination, general appearance and many body proportions, the new species is similar to Thysanichthys crossotus, but shares with species of Scorpaenodes palatines that are devoid or nearly devoid of teeth and the presence of a large slit posterior to the posteriormost hemibranch. Among shallow reef species of Scorpaenodes, S. rubrivinctus is similar to S. albaiensis and S. minor, which are placed in the genus Hypomacrus by some authors. Like S. rubrivinctus, those species also have a relatively elongate snout and dorsalmost unbranched rays that are significantly and abruptly longer than the ventralmost branched rays. The latter condition is also seen in T. crossotus. However, the new species differs from S. albaiensis and S. minor in having more vertical scale rows and distinct vertical bars, in fin-spine lengths, and in body proportions. It differs in a number of respects from other deep reef species of Scorpaenodes, most notably in anal fin-spine lengths. We place S. rubrivinctus in Scorpaenodes, pending future cladistic study, but note that generic reassignment may prove necessary because limits of both Scorpaenodes and Thysanichthys are unclear. A 655 bp nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene is presented.
Chemical Evolution in Hierarchical Models of Cosmic Structure. I. Constraints on the Early Stellar Initial Mass Function

I present a new Galactic chemical evolution model motivated by and grounded in the hierarchical theory of galaxy formation, as expressed by a halo merger history of the Galaxy. This model accurately reproduces the "metallicity distribution function" (MDF) for Population II stars residing today in the Galactic halo. Model MDFs are calculated for a fiducial Galaxy formation scenario and a range of assumptions about the astrophysics of star formation and chemical enrichment at early times. The observed MDF and the apparent absence of true Population III stars from the halo strongly imply that there is some critical metallicity, Zcr ≲ 10-4 Z☉, below which low-mass star formation is inhibited and perhaps impossible. The observed constraints from the halo MDF, relative metal abundances from extremely metal-poor Galactic halo stars, and the ionizing photon budget needed to reionize the IGM together imply a stellar IMF below Zcr that is peaked in the range of massive stars that experience core-collapse supernovae, with mean mass ⟨M⟩ = 8-42 M☉. This mass range is similar to the masses predicted by models of primordial star formation that account for formation feedback. A set of five plausible IMF cases is presented, ranging from broadly peaked with mean mass ~15 M☉ to narrowly peaked at mean mass ~70 M☉. These IMF cases cannot be distinguished formally by the available constraints, but the models with lower characteristic mass produce overall better fits to the available data. The model also implies that metal-poor halo stars below [Fe/H] ≲ -3 had only 1-10 metal-free stars as their supernova precursors, such that the relative abundances in these halo stars exhibit IMF-weighted averages over the intrinsic yields of the first supernovae. This paper is the first part of a long-term project to connect the high-redshift in situ indicators of early star formation with the low-z, old remnants of the first stars.
Genetic epidemiology of pharmacogenetic variations in CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and VKORC1 genes associated with warfarin dosage in the Indian population.

AIM Warfarin, a widely used anticoagulant, exhibits large interindividual variability in dose requirements. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms in various ethnic groups have been extensively studied as genetic markers associated with variable drug response. However, allele frequencies of these variants have not been assessed in major ethnic groups in the Indian population. MATERIALS & METHODS To study the functional variants known to affect warfarin dosing, we reanalyzed genotype microarray datasets generated as a part of genome-wide association studies as well as data from the Indian Genome Variation database. We examined data from 2680 individuals across 24 ethnically diverse Indian subpopulations. RESULTS Allelic distribution of VKORC1 (-1639G>A) showed a greater degree of variation across Indian subpopulations, with frequencies as low as 6.5% in an out-group subpopulation to >70% in Tibeto-Burmans. Risk allele frequency of CYP4F2*3 (V433M) was higher in north Indians (0.30-0.44), as compared with other world populations, such as African-American (0.12), Caucasian (0.34) and Hispanic (0.23). TheVKORC1 variant (-1639A) was shown to be prevalent amongst Tibeto-Burmans, whereas CYP2C9 (R144C, I359L) and CYP4F2 (V433M) variants were observed in considerable variability amongst Indo-Europeans. The frequency of CYP2C9*3 (I359L) in north Indians was found to be higher than in most Asian populations. Furthermore, geographical distribution patterns of these variants in north India showed an increased trend of warfarin extensive metabolizers from the Himalayan to Gangetic region. Combined allele frequency (CYP2C9*3 and CYP4F2*3) data suggest that poor metabolizers varied in the range of 0.38-1.85% in Indo-Europeans. CONCLUSION Based on genotypic distribution, the majority of the Indian subpopulation might require higher doses for stable anticoagulation, whereas careful assessment is required for Tibeto-Burmans who are expected to have intermediate dose requirement. This is the largest global genetic epidemiological study examining variants associated with warfarin that could potentially be valuable to clinicians in optimizing dosage strategies.
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Abstract The ade4 package provides tools for multivariate analyses. Whereas new statistical methods have been added regularly in the package since its first release in 2002, the graphical functions, that are used to display the main outputs of an analysis, have not benefited from such enhancements. In this context, the adegraphics package, available on CRAN since 2015, is a complete reimplementation of the ade4 graphical functionalities but with large improvements. The package uses the S4 object system (each graph is an object) and is based on the graphical framework provided by lattice and grid. We give a brief description of the package and illustrate some important functionalities to build elegant graphs.
InP DHBT submillimeter-wave modeling based on electromagnetic simulation method

In this paper, a novel large-signal InP DHBT model upto Submillimeter-wave frequencies is proposed. The intrinsic part of HBT based on the improved agilentHBT model and EM simulation technique is presented to account for the distributed effect of interconnection of the fingers and their surroundings. The combined model implemented in Agilent-ADS is verified by comparing the simulated and measured data in dc and multi bias S-parameters. Good agreement between the measured and the simulated result has been demonstrated.
Replication forks of Escherichia coli are not the preferred sites for lysogenic integration of bacteriophage Mu

The question of whether bacteriophage Mu prefers replication forks for lysogenic integration into Escherichia coli chromosomes was tested by using two different systems. In the first, inactivation of genes was scored in synchronized cultures infected by Mu at various times. No increase in the mutation frequency of a gene was found after infection at the time of its replication. In the second, the composition of colonies formed by bacteria lysogenized by Mu was determined; the newly formed lysogens should give rise to mixed colonies (containing lysogenized as well as nonlysogenized bacteria), uniform colonies, or both, depending on the mode of integration. Both types of colonies were found, and the fraction of uniform colonies was proportional to the relative length of the unreplicated segment of an average chromosome in the culture. The results in both systems clearly preclude the possibility that a lysogenizing Mu integrates with high preference at the chromosome replication forks.
Preparation and properties of a globulin present in the albumin fraction of serum.

IT is now generally accepted that the albumin fraction of blood serum consists of a mixture of proteins and recent chemical and immunological work [Hewitt, 1934; 1936; 1937] has led to the recognition of the presence of crystalbumin, seroglycoid and a globulin in addition to traces of a mucoid. Some characteristic properties of crystalbumin and seroglycoid have been described in previous papers and it is proposed to deal in this communication with the separation of the globulin. This globulin is of interest not only from the point of view of the purification of crystalbumin but also in view of its bearing on the question of the existence of different serum globulins. Many workers have advanced the view that all globulins have fundamentally the same structure with minor modifications of a physical or extraneous character accounting for the observed divergencies in the behaviour of the different globulin fractions that have been isolated. The diverse properties of euglobulin and pseudoglobulin, for example, have been ascribed to different amounts of lipin adsorbed by the proteins [Chick, 1914], it being assumed that the globulins are otherwise structurally identical. This view is in conformity with the similar amino-acid analysis recorded for the two globulins [Hartley, 1914]. On the other hand it has been found that even after the removal of the lipins the solubilities and optical rotatory powers of euglobulin and pseudoglobulin remained different [Hewitt, 1927]. Various analytical differences between various globulin fractions are described by Lustig & Haas [1931] and differing carbohydrate contents have also been observed [Hewitt, 1934]. S0rensen [1925] regards the globulin fraction as a labile association of euglobulin and pseudoglobulin which dissociates during fractionation processes. The ultracentrifuge has enabled Mutzenbecher & Svedberg [1933] to postulate the existence of different globulins and this has recently been confirmed by Tiselius [1937] using an electrophoretic method. As an example of an opposing point of view serum has been regarded as containing a single protein called "orosin" [Block, 1934]. When a question is open to such divergent views further experimental evidence is obviously desirable and it is possible that eventually different viewpoints may be united. Differences between globulins may in some cases be due to minor modifications such as denaturation, etc., whilst other divergencies may be traced to definite variations in chemical structure. Various globulin fractions have been examined with these objects in view.