Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From wordlists to proto-wordlists: reconstruction as “optimal selection”

In several of my previous publications (Starostin 2010, 2013a, 2013b), I have repeatedly stressed the importance of combining, rather than opposing the classic comparative method, elaborated by several generations of historical linguists over the past two hundred years, and lexicostatistical methodology, originally introduced by Morris Swadesh and his colleagues in the 1950s and once again popular these days due to a massive influx of computational phylogenetic methods from adjacent branches of science. It was with that precise purpose — to integrate the two approaches — that a team of Moscow-based historical linguists set up The Global Lexicostatistical Database (GLD)1, a large-scale project that aims at applying a uniform, maximally formalized lexicostatistical methodology to all the languages of the world in order to arrive at a reasonable genetic classification, while at the same time corroborating the results with knowledge gained from traditional historical linguistics and philology. One of the most important postulates of the GLD is that lexicostatistics, applied on the basis of superficial phonetic comparison of words that belong to thousands of different languages (e.g. similar to the procedure that is currently employed in S. Wichmann's ASJP project, see Holman et al. 2008), will not be of much use to describe language relationships that go beyond several thousand years. In other words, the best way to explore the issue of, say, the external relations of Indo-European on a lexicostatistical basis would be to operate with a single wordlist for Proto-Indo-European, rather than with several hundred wordlists for its daughter languages. Even more than that — to explore the far less controversial, but almost as problematic issue of the internal classification of Indo-European, it would make more sense to operate with the reconstructed proto-wordlists for Proto-Germanic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Slavic, etc., than with mass data from modern languages, which clutter the data with large amounts of secondary accumulated ʻnoiseʼ and raise the risks of distorting the resulting classification.
I Reconstruction of the Cervical Trachea

Metallic mesh cylinders and plastic replacements have included stainless steel,^ Nobil ium,^ Vitalium,^ T a n t u l u m , * Marlex,^ Dacron,* Tygoflex,^ Ivalon,* and Tylon. * A l though some reports show a favor­ able t rend, the use of foreign substances has no t been consistently satisfactory. A n y rigid implan t easily produces pressure necrosis w i th cervical mot ion. Infect ion and body motion are the two main factors con t r ibu t ing to their failure. Animal experiments have dem-
Ethnomedicinal practices among Khonds of Visakhapatnam district

The paper provides information on 11 medicinal plants belonging to 10 families, used by Khonds for treatment of various ailments. The local names, method of preparation and administration of medicine are mentioned. Khonds largely depend on herbal medicines for primary healthcare and the prevalent ethnomedical system is attributed to their cultural framework.
Wouldn’t You Like to Know

A:The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) states, “For most adults, an exercise program including aerobic, resistance, flexibility, and neuromotor exercise training is indispensable to improve and maintain physical fitness and health” (1). Health and fitness benefits are well documented for cardiorespiratory endurance and resistance training (1,5,16). As a result, both aerobic fitness and muscular fitness exercises are included within the goals for Healthy People 2020. Target goals are for 47.9% of U.S. adults to be engaging in recommended amounts of aerobic activity and 24.1% to be engaging in muscular-strengthening activities (17). As a country, the most current report is encouraging, with targeted goals having been attained in these two areas (17). Although a goal related to flexibility exercises was included in the prior Healthy People 2010 objectives, the objective 22-5 related to flexibility (i.e., “Increase the proportion of adults who perform physical activities that enhance and maintain flexibility”) has been “archived” (i.e., no longer included in 2020 Healthy People) (18). However, this is not to imply that flexibility exercises are not valued. The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans states “Flexibility is an important part of physical fitness.Stretching exercises are effective in increasing flexibility, and thereby can allow people to more easily do activities that require greater flexibility. For this reason, flexibility activities are an appropriate part of a physical activity program, even though they have no known health benefits and it is unclear whether they reduce risk of injury. Time spent doing flexibility activities by themselves does not count toward meeting the aerobic or muscle-strengthening guidelines” (16). Although flexibility may not impact health indicators as shown with aerobic or muscular fitness, stretching exercises should be considered as a valuable component of a complete exercise program.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Tools in HIV-Infected Patients - AreThey Adequate?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among HIVinfected patients with seropositive patients developing CVD at higher rates than seronegative patients. Therefore, it is critical to have inexpensive, non-invasive assessment tools for CVD risk assessment in HIV-infected patients. Nearly all CVD risk assessment tools were derived from the general population, and their ability to predict CVD in the HIV population has been variable. In order to more accurately predict CVD risk in HIV-infected patients, a new CVD risk assessment tool derived from the HIV population that accounted for factors specific to HIV infection, disease course, and/or sequelae of treatment with antiretroviral therapy is needed. An improved CVD risk assessment tool for HIVinfected patients will help determine which patients would most benefit from primary prevention strategies.
Segmentation of Brain Tumour and Its Area Calculation

This paper deals with the implementation of Simple Algorithm for detection of range and shape of tumour in brain MR images. Tumour is an uncontrolled growth of tissues in any part of the body. Tumours are of different types and they have different Characteristics and different treatment. As it is known, brain tumour is inherently serious and life-threatening because of its character in the limited space of the intracranial cavity (space formed inside the skull). Most Research in developed countries show that the number of people who have brain tumours were died due to the fact of inaccurate detection. Generally, CT scan or MRI that is directed into intracranial cavity produces a complete image of brain. This image is visually examined by the physician for detection & diagnosis of brain tumour. However this method of detection resists the accurate determination of stage & size of tumour. To avoid that, this project uses computer aided method for segmentation (detection) of brain tumour based on the combination of two algorithms. This method allows the segmentation of tumour tissue with accuracy and reproducibility comparable to manual segmentation. In addition, it also reduces the time for analysis. At the end of the process the tumour is extracted from the MR image and its exact position and the shape also determined. The stage of the tumour is displayed based on the amount of area calculated from the cluster.
The Younger the Patients the Less Adverse Effect of Diminished Oocyte Reserve on Outcome Following in vitro Fertilization-embryo Transfer as Long as the Proper Ovarian Stimulation Protocol is Used

Objective To determine the confounding effect of oocyte reserve and age on pregnancy rates per oocyte retrieval and a comparison of the average number of babies born from a given oocyte harvest. Methods In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles were retrospectively reviewed over a 10-year period. They were stratified according to whether they had normal oocyte reserve (day 3 serum FSH Results For the diminished oocyte reserve group, the live delivered pregnancy rates per transfer were 80% as good in women aged Conclusion The use of mild follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulation allows a live delivered pregnancy rate per transfer that is 75% as good for women aged
Wykorzystanie metody Zamknietego wyrzynania w chirurgiczno-ortodontycznym leczeniu niewyrznietych lub zatrzymanyh zebow

The management of uncrupted/impacted maxillary anterior teeth is of great importance to the patients with this condition. The positions of incisors and canines has a big influence upon the soft tissue profile thus affecting patient's mental and physical condition. Therefore, the successful management ofuncrupted and impacted anterior maxillary teeth and establishing their functionality and esthetics are the object of the treatment performed in our clinic. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the results of the treatment on unerupted and impacted incisors and canines with the use of closed eruption surgical technique. Combined surgical-orthodontic treatment was performed between 1999-2001, initially at the Dental Surgery Outpatient Department and the Department of Orthodontics of the Public Clinical Hospital No 1 and then at the Dental Specialist Centre of the Medical University of Gdansk. The study involved 58 patients, aged 12-35 years. A total of 72 maxillary teeth, 26 incisors and 46 canines were treated. The follow-up examination which was performed no sooner than 12 months post retention involved clinical investigation. The control teeth group comprised contralateral spontaneously erupted teeth of the same patient. The factors affecting the esthetic of the anterior maxillary segment were assessed. The clinical examination showed that the use of closed eruption surgical technique resulted in acceptable esthetics of the anterior maxillary region, regarding both the aligned teeth and teeth and adjacent tissues. In the cases of a labial initial position of the unerupted maxillary incisors and canines, it is more difficult to preserve a regular gingival margin than in the cases of a palatal initial position, which is caused by a reduction of the attached gingival on the labial aspect of the surgically exposed teeth. The analysis of the treatment results leads to a conclusion that the surgical exposure of unerupted and impacted teeth with the use of close eruption technique combined with forced orthodontic eruption provides a satisfactory outcome of the treatment.
Premature Ejaculation and MS: A Review

In contrast, premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common and most problematic form of sexual dysfunction among men throughout the world. It is estimated that between 21 to 30% of men worldwide report this condition across all age groups (Ref 8, 9). This number is greater than the number of men in the United States who report erectile dysfunction (ED), estimated to be between 7 and 20 million, or 5 to 15% of the population, with the majority of cases occurring after age 40. ( Ref 10 Laumann) PE is a self-reported condition and there are a variety of definitions. According to the American Urological Association, PE is defined as the persistent or recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal stimulation before or shortly after penetration AND before the person wishes it to occur, causing distress to one or both partners (Ref 11 Montague )
Développement d'un système de programmation par démonstration de tâches d'insertion pour la robotique collaborative

Depuis maintenant quelques annees, la robotique collaborative nous permet de deployer des robots rapidement dans des environnements plus ou moins controles. A l’aide de technique d’apprentissage kinesthesique, la demonstration d’un point dans l’espace ou d’un deplacement au robot est plus rapide que jamais. Par contre, il est encore difficile de demontrer une tâche complete a l’aide d’une telle methode puisque le robot ne connait que les points dans l’espace montre. Dans ce projet, nous avons developpe un systeme permettant de demontrer une tâche d’insertion physiquement au robot et utiliser cette demonstration pour construire un programme repetant la tâche executee. Dans un premier temps, nous avons developpe un controle par admittance variable pour la demonstration de tâches d’insertion. Notre technique se distingue par sa capacite a ajuster la rigidite du controle lorsque le bras robotique se trouve en situation d’insertion d’objet. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous etudions l’utilisation de l’apprentissage profond pour la detection et la localisation de tâches d’insertion a l’interieur d’une demonstration complete. Nous avons utilise les forces mesurees au poignet du robot pour determiner si une tâche d’insertion a eu lieu pendant une demonstration. Finalement, nous avons developpe un generateur de programme capable de construire une routine de robotique sur un robot Universal Robot. Ce generateur programme automatiquement les trajectoires ainsi que les techniques d’insertion a utiliser pour rejouer la demonstration.
Functional consequences of HSV-1 infection of dendritic cells

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infects a significant proportion of the population, causing widespread morbidity and occasional mortality. An understanding of the interaction of this virus with the immune system will aid in the development of vaccines to reduce the prevalence of this infection, and in evaluating its potential role as a vector in immunotherapy. Dendritic cells (DC) are the critical initiators of adaptive immune responses to HSV-1 and are likely to encounter the virus early after infection of the skin or mucosa. This thesis aims to describe the functional consequences of the interaction between HSV-1 and DC. DCs are readily infected by HSV-1. The function of these cells is affected in a multitude of ways. The capacity of infected DC to stimulate T cell proliferation is reduced, following changes in morphology, IL-12 secretion and surface phenotype. However, the infection of DC by HSV-1 also results in activation of both infected and uninfected cells. The secretion and paracrine activity of type IIFN is responsible for the activation of bystander DC and plays an important amplifying role in the secretion of IL-12 by these cells. In contrast, HSV-1 envelope structures bind to the surface of DC and induce maturation directly. The binding of HSV-1 glycoprotein D is critical to the acquisition of this mature phenotype. In the context of natural HSV-1 infection, these findings suggest the hypothesis that the coupling of viral entry to the activation of DC signalling pathways is counterbalanced by viral disruption of DC maturation. This delays the generation of the immune responses to HSV-1. Nonetheless, the parallel release of type I IFN, resulting in paracrine activation, enables other DC to mount an antiviral immune response.
Dynamic Functional Connectivity

Most generally, dynamic functional connectivity (FC) refers to the non-instantaneous couplings across timeseries from a set of brain areas, here as measured by fMRI. This is in contrast to static FC, which is defined as purely instantaneous relations. In this chapter, we provide a hands-on description of a non-exhaustive selection of different methods used to estimate dynamic FC (such as sliding windows, clustering approaches, Hidden Markov Models, and multivariate autoregressive models), and we explain, using practical examples, how data should be prepared for dynamic FC analyses and how models of dynamic FC can be evaluated. We also discuss current developments in the dynamic FC research field, including challenges of reliability and reproducibility, and perspectives of using dynamic FC for prediction.
Role of cardiac perivascular cells in cardiac repair

iii Declaration . vii Acknowledgements . ix Dedication . xi Table of contents . xiii List of figures . xxi List of tables . xxxvii Abbreviations . xxxix Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Ischaemic heart disease . 1 1.1.1 Global incidence of ischaemic heart disease . 1 1.1.2 Pathophysiology of ischaemic heart disease . 1 1.1.3 Microscopic appearance of ischaemic myocardial injury . 2 1.2 Cardiac Regeneration . 3 1.2. 1 Cardiac progenitors . 4 1.3 Stem cell transplantation as a method of enhancing cardiac regeneration . 6 1.3. 1 Paracrine effects versus differentiation . 8 1.4 Perivascular cells: a source of progenitor cells for regenerative medicine? 9 1.4. 1 The perivascular cell niche . 9 1.4. 2 The origins of perivascular cells . 11 1.4. 3 Perivascular cell markers . 12 1.4. 4 Perivascular cell physiology . 13 1.4. 5 Perivascular cell function . 14 1.4. 6 Progenitor cell potential . 15 1.5 Perivascular cells and cardiac fibrosis . 17 1.5. 1 The cardiac fibroblast . 17 1.5. 2 Perivascular cells: fibroblasts/fibroblast progenitors? 18 1.5. 3 The role of TGF-β in fibrosis . 19 1.5. 4 The role of integrins in fibrosis . 21 1.6 General hypothesis . 24 1.7 General aims . 24
On Some Complexes of Allyl Derivatives of C60 Fullerene: Simulation of Molecular and Electron Structure by DFT

Abstract The problem of existence of η3–π‐complexes of transition metal atoms with the allyl type derivatives C60X3 of C60 fullerene is discussed. It is shown that complexes C60X3Co(CO)3 (X = H, F, Cl, Br), C60H3NiC5H5, C60H3Fe(CO)C5H5, where three atoms X are bound to the C atoms of fullerene in the α‐positions relative to the same five‐membered ring in the C60 fullerene, must be sufficiently stable. In these complexes the metal atoms are η3–π‐bound to the fullerene cage. In contrast to this, the metal atoms with the same allyl type C60H3 derivative of C60 fullerene in the C60H3Li and C60H3FeC5H5 complexes are η5–π‐coordinated to the carbon cage. Calculations were carried out by the DFT with the exchange‐correlation potential by Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhow.
The Metaphoric Use of Slave Terms in the Hebrew Bible

An analysis of metaphoric uses of slavery terms in the Hebrew Bible reveals a culture of hierarchical relationships based on power and status. Associations from slavery that are evoked in these uses are possession (with the derived association, control), inferior status, work, debt/poverty, oppression, and propensity to run away. Of six major categories of metaphoric use (subjects and officials to the king, vassalship, personal servants, people in relation to God, deference), inferior status is the association that is evoked in all contexts.
Development of a nasal formulation containing ketorolac tromethamine and metoclopramide hydrochloride

This manuscript describes the development of a nasal formulation containing a combination of a non-steroidal analgesic, ketorolac tromethamine (KT), and an anti-emetic drug, metoclopramide hydrochloride (MET). Ketorolac tromethamine is usually given orally three or four times a day to deliver total of 30-60 mg of drug. Higher doses cannot be given orally because of gastrointestinal side effects. As a painkiller, it is often administered as an intramuscular injection, three times a day. However, the need for injections limits drug use to a clinical setting and thus limits patient compliance. Therefore, for this drug a nasal formulation seems to be an attractive alternative, especially when repeated doses of the drug could be easily self-administered. This formulation also contains MET to offset the nausea and vomiting due to certain disease states such as migraine, cancer chemotherapy and post-operative periods. In this study, two aqueous formulations of the combined drugs, one a simple saline solution and one a polymeric solution, were tested in rabbits after nasal administration. A dose of 2 mg/kg of KT and 15 mg/kg of MET was given to four rabbits and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the nasal formulation were assessed and compared with an IV formulation. A solid phase extraction of the drugs from blood samples followed by an HPLC analysis was used to evaluate blood profiles. Statistical analysis of the normalized data for polymeric formulation indicated an absolute bioavailability of 80 and 81% for KT and MET, respectively. The results ofthis study strongly suggest that the proposed formulation has excellent potential for nasal delivery in certain disease states, where pain is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting.
ToF‐SIMS imaging and spectroscopic analyses of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are known safe materials to be used in vivo, and so, are becoming increasingly important in biomedical applications. Here, the stability of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs in an aqueous solution was monitored as a function of time using several techniques, namely dynamic light scattering (DLS)‐size analysis, UV‐visible absorption spectrometry and ToF‐SIMS. Roughly 15‐nm‐sized AuNPs were synthesized and pegylated with mPEG (MW = 5 kDa). Four different samples were synthesized, depending on whether or not a dialysis procedure was performed right after synthesis of the AuNPs or pegylation of the AuNPs. The DLS results show that size of mPEG‐conjugated AuNPs and standard deviation increased in cases where a dialysis procedure was performed after pegylation of the AuNPs, indicating aggregation of the AuNPs due to the detachment of mPEG ligands from the surface of the AuNPs. Also, results from UV‐visible absorption spectra and ToF‐SIMS images point to the likelihood that free mPEG ligands in solution help prevent aggregation by maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between the conjugated ligands on the surface of the AuNPs and the free ligands in the aqueous solution. Conversely, once free, mPEG ligands were eliminated from the solution by dialysis and conjugated mPEG ligands detached from the surface of AuNPs into the solution, suspension stability lowered and the AuNPs showed signs of aggregation. We believe that the ToF‐SIMS imaging analysis with DLS and UV‐visible absorption analyses would be useful to study the stability of PEG‐conjugated AuNPs in different environmental conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CAN GOOGLE TRANSLATE BE TAUGHT TO TRANSLATE LITERATURE? A CASE FOR HUMANISTS TO COLLABORATE IN THE FUTURE OF MACHINE TRANSLATION

In fall 2016 at the London headquarters of Google, Inc., a lavish press event was under way in which the company’s CEO, Sundar Pichai, was to make a major announcement about a breakthrough in the ability of machines to translate human language (Gideon Lewis-Kraus). London’s Englishand Urdu-speaking mayor Sadiq Khan welcomed the several hundred journalists, advertisers, and technology entrepreneurs in attendance. When Pichai took the stage, behind him on a huge projector screen was a quote in Spanish by the renowned twentieth-century Argentine poet, author, and translator Jorge Luis Borges: “Uno no es lo que es por lo que escribe, sino por lo que ha leído. ” Next to the original were two translations into English, one by the “old” Google Translate (GT) tool and one by the “new” tool, the focus of the day’s event. Pichai read both out loud: