Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE GLOBAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ROOTS

Studies in global plant biogeography have almost exclusively analyzed re- lationships of abiotic and biotic factors with the distribution and structure of vegetation aboveground. The goal of this study was to extend such analyses to the belowground structure of vegetation by determining the biotic and abiotic factors that influence vertical root distributions in the soil, including soil, climate, and plant properties. The analysis used a database of vertical root profiles from the literature with 475 profiles from 209 geographic locations. Since most profiles were not sampled to the maximum rooting depth, several techniques were used to estimate the amount of roots at greater depths, to a maximum of 3 m in some systems. The accuracy of extrapolations was tested using a subset of deeply ( .2 m) sampled or completely sampled profiles. Vertical root distributions for each profile were characterized by the interpolated 50% and 95% rooting depths (the depths above which 50% or 95% of all roots were located). General linear models incorporating plant life-form dominance, climate, and soil var- iables explained as much as 50% of the variance in rooting depths for various biomes and life-forms. Annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) and precipitation together accounted for the largest proportion of the variance (12-16% globally and 38% in some systems). Mean 95% rooting depths increased with decreasing latitude from 808 to 308 but showed no clear trend in the tropics. Annual PET, annual precipitation, and length of the warm season were all positively correlated with rooting depths. Rooting depths in tropical veg- etation were only weakly correlated with climatic variables but were strongly correlated with sampling depths, suggesting that even after extrapolation, sampling depths there were often insufficient to characterize root profiles. Globally,. 90% of all profiles had at least 50% of all roots in the upper 0.3 m of the soil profile (including organic horizons) and 95% of all roots in the upper 2 m. Deeper rooting depths were mainly found in water- limited ecosystems. Deeper 95% rooting depths were also found for shrublands compared to grasslands, in sandy soils vs. clay or loam soils, and in systems with relatively shallow
Differential Expression of Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in the japonica/indica Doubled Haploid Rice Population under Field Evaluation and Seedbox Screening Test

Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) -resistance in a japonica / indica doubled haploid (DH) rice population established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chunjiang 06 and susceptible indica TN1, was comparatively evaluated through a field experiment based on the WBPH immigrant density and standardized seedbox screening test (SSST). All the susceptible DH lines in the field experiment behaved accordingly in SSST. However, 35 of resistant 66 lines (53%) in the field, were categorized to susceptible groups in SSST. Likewise, there were no significant differences in WBPH immigrant densities among 70 DH lines that were highly resistant to susceptible in SSST. The results revealed that SSST could not evaluate properly WBPH resistance in the DH lines. Four QTLs for WBPH-resistance phenotyped by the immigrant density were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 11. Of them, the QTL on chromosome 4 was the most effective (LOD 21.8, variance 78%). Five QTLs associated with seedling mortality were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. In addition to the QTL (LOD 10.5, variance 68%) on chromosome 4, there was another major QTL (LOD 12.7, variance 71%) located on chromosome 5, which was SSST-specific but might be irrespective of the WBPH resistance traits.
Facilitative succession in a boreal bryophyte community driven by changes in available moisture and light

Abstract Question: What are the drivers of bryophyte succession in paludifying boreal Picea mariana forests? Location: The Clay-Belt of Québec and Ontario, Canada. Methods: The bryophyte community and habitat variables (forest floor thickness, water table, stand density, canopy openness micro-climate and presence of ericaceous species) were analysed in a chronosequence of 13 stands from 50 to more than 350 years since fire. Results: Across the chronosequence, feathermosses were replaced by shade and desiccation tolerant slower growing hummock Sphagna and then by faster growing hollow Sphagna. These changes were linked with both increasing light availability and the movement of the water table into the forest floor. Conclusions: As water table rise is dependent on forest floor thickness, which is in turn influenced by the presence of Sphagna, this successional sequence represents an example of facilitation. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of water table rise in determining stand level, and landscape level variables such as carbon balance. Nomenclature: Anderson (1990) for Sphagnum, and Crum & Anderson (1981) for other mosses. Abbreviations: CWD = Coarse woody debris; DCA = Detrended Correspondence Analysis; LCR = Live crown ratio; PAR = Photosynthetically active radiation; pCCA = Partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis; TSF = Time since fire; VPD = Vapour pressure deficit.
Descriptive study of COVID-19 outbreak among passengers and crew on Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama Port, Japan, 20 January to 9 February 2020

An outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) occurred on the Diamond Princess cruise ship making an international journey, which led to quarantine of the ship at Yokohama Port, Japan. A suspected COVID-19 case was defined as a passenger or crew member who developed a fever or respiratory symptoms, and a confirmed COVID-19 case had laboratory-confirmation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Between 3 and 9 February 2020, 490 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 172 were positive (152 passengers (median age: 70 years; interquartile range (IQR): 64–75; males: 45%) and 20 crew (median age: 40 years; IQR: 35–48.5; males: 80%). Other than the Hong Kong-related index case, symptom onset for the earliest confirmed case was 22 January, 2 days after the cruise ship left port. Attack rates among passengers were similar across the decks, while beverage (3.3%, 2/61) and food service staff (5.7%, 14/245) were most affected. Attack rates tended to increase with age. A comprehensive outbreak response was implemented, including surveillance, provision of essential medical care, food and medicine delivery, isolation, infection prevention and control, sampling and disembarkation.
River embankments mitigate the loss of grassland biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Agricultural intensification has resulted in severe declines in the extent and diversity of seminatural habitats in Europe, whereas the extent of secondary habitats has increased considerably. River embankments have become one of the most extensive and widespread secondary habitats in former floodplains. We compared the diversity patterns of secondary dry and wet grasslands on river embankments with those of seminatural dry and wet grasslands in a Hungarian agricultural landscape using the following community descriptors: (a) species diversity, (b) phylogenetic diversity and (c) functional diversity. We also performed trait‐based analyses to evaluate the ecosystem services provided by these secondary grasslands. Both grassland types of the embankments showed significantly higher Shannon diversity compared with their seminatural counterparts. The cover of generalist species (i.e., cosmopolitan species, weeds and nonindigenous plant species) was high in the secondary grasslands. We found significant differences in phylogenetic diversity between the secondary and seminatural grasslands: secondary grasslands showed significantly lower mean nearest taxon distances than the seminatural grasslands. Functional diversity did not differ between the secondary and seminatural grasslands according to the Rao's quadratic entropy. However, we found higher community‐weighted means of specific leaf area, plant height and flowering period in the secondary grasslands, which are related to important ecosystem services (via biomass production and pollination). Well‐planned management actions and restoration activities could help further improve the ecological function and conservation value of secondary grasslands on river embankments, contributing to the maintenance of species diversity and sustaining the functionality of ecosystems in agricultural landscapes.
Natural Enemy Impact on the Russian Wheat Aphid in Southeastern Colorado

Abstract The effectiveness of predators and parasitoids of the Russian wheat aphid was experimentally evaluated using mechanical exclusion in production winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. , fields at four locations in southeastern Colorado. Three types of enclosure were used: complete exclusion enclosures, partial exclusion enclosures that permitted entry by parasitic Hymenoptera, and environmental exclusion enclosures that reduced the effects of wind and rain on Russian wheat aphids and trapped emigrating alate Russian wheat aphids so that they could not return to plants within the enclosure. Russian wheat aphids in nonenclosed plots were also studied. Russian wheat aphid density varied among treatments in the following order: complete exclusion ≥ partial exclusion > environmental exclusion > nonenclosed plots. The trapping of alatae within enclosures and reduced adverse stresses such as rain and wind within enclosures were partially responsible for the greater Russian wheat aphid density in complete and partial exclusion enclosures compared with environmental exclusion enclosures and nonenclosed plots. The aphidophagous coccinellid, Hippodamia convergens Guèrin-Mèneville, and the generalist Nabis spp. were the most abundant predators during the increasing phase of Russian wheat aphid population development, but they did not substantially reduce Russian wheat aphid numbers. H. convergens, Coccinella septempuntata L. , and H. sinuata Mulsant were the most abundant predators during the declining phase of Russian wheat aphid population growth. The dominant parasitoid was Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), but parasitism rates were very low. Canonical correspondence analysis showed close associations between the abundance of predators and Russian wheat aphid density, Russian wheat aphid density and wind during the increasing phase of Russian wheat aphid population development, and Russian wheat aphid density and rainfall late in the growing season.
A Quantum Computer Architecture Based on Silicon Donor Qubits Coupled by Photons

A comprehensive circuit architecture and a protocol for realizing 3D cluster states through photonic‐measurement‐based donor‐spin‐qubit entanglement and readout are described. The basic building blocks and protocol are chosen to be compatible with a fully integrated photonic circuit implementation, using Se+ as the photonically coupled matter qubit. The basic operational building blocks of this universal quantum computing machine are local measurements and unitaries, plus an entangling measurement of non‐local Pauli operators. By analyzing several sources of error, a theoretical fault‐tolerant threshold value is estimated on the order of 1%. Considering the literature where required components have already been realized in integrated silicon circuits, albeit not all on the same chip, this suggests the threshold is within reach.
Running Head: Phosphorylation of PEP carboxylase and C4 photosynthesis.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC4.1.1.31; PEPC) plays a key role during C 4 photosynthesis. The enzyme is activated by metabolites such as glucose 6-phosphate and inhibited by malate. This metabolite sensitivity is modulated by the reversible phosphorylation of a conserved serine residue near the N-terminus in response to light. The phosphorylation of PEPC is modulated by a protein kinase specific to PEPC (PEPC-PK). To explore the role PEPC-PK plays in the regulation of C 4 photosynthetic CO 2 fixation we have transformed Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze (a C 4 dicot) with antisense or RNAi constructs targeted at the mRNA of this PEPC-PK. We generated several independent transgenic lines where PEPC is not phosphorylated in the light, demonstrating that this PEPC-PK is essential for the phosophorylation of PEPC in vivo. Malate sensitivity of PEPC extracted from these transgenic lines in the light was similar to the malate sensitivity of PEPC extracted from darkened wild type leaves but greater than the malate sensitivity observed in PEPC extracted from wild type leaves in the light, confirming the link between PEPC phosphorylation and the degree of malate inhibition. There were, however, no differences in the CO 2 and light response of CO 2 assimilation rates between wild type plants and transgenic plants with low PEPC phosophorylation showing that phosphorylation of PEPC in the light is not essential for efficient C 4 photosynthesis for plants grown under standard glass house conditions. This raises the intriguing question of what role this complexly regulated reversible phosphorylation of PEPC plays in C 4 photosynthesis.
How Can Travel Agencies Create Sustainable Competitive Advantages? Perspective on Employee Role Stress and Initiative Behavior

In this study, we aimed to explore the importance of the roles of stress and organizational citizenship behavior toward market orientation in travel agencies from the perspective of organizational culture, and to provide practical suggestions for travel agencies’ human resources. We focused on investigating the relationship among market orientation, competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination, role stress, conflict, ambiguity, and inter-enterprise organizational citizenship behavior. Under an enterprise strategy, the employee behavior model uses role stress and organizational citizenship behavior. Partial least squares (PLS) modelling was used to investigate the hypotheses in this research. We found that travel agency employees who focus on market-oriented strategy are able to reduce stress and promote the growth of organizational citizenship behavior within the enterprise. The results showed that reducing role ambiguity has no significant impact on organizational citizenship behavior. Adopting an accurate management strategy will reduce employee role stress and promote organizational citizenship behavior, thereby constructing a positive organizational culture and continuously creating competitive advantages, providing a strategy for the sustainable development of travel agencies.
Dissimilar Effects of Cisplatin and the Pyridopyrazolo− pyrimidine Derivative KP972 on Free Radicals Odmienny wpływ na procesy wolnorodnikowe cisplatyny i preparatu KP972 - pochodnej pirydopirazolopirymidyny

Background. The toxicity of cytostatic medications and their side effects pose a great problem and there is a con− stant need for new and effective anticancer drugs of potentially lower toxicity. The pyridopyrazolopyrimidine de− rivative KP972 showed antiproliferative activity on the HL−60 cell line similar to that of cisplatin. Objectives. Assessment of the participation of free−radical processes in the activity of KP972 compared with ci− splatin. Material and Methods. The study was performed on in vitro mitochondria isolated from human placenta and ery− throcytes. The degree of lipid peroxidation in the erythrocytes was measured as the TBARS level according to Stocke’s method. The hydroxyl radical (·OH) concentration in mitochondria was determined by deoxyribose de− gradation. KP972 and cisplatin in concentrations of 1–70 µg/ml were used. Results. KP972 in concentrations of 50–70 µg/ml caused a statistically significant decrease in TBARS level in ery− throcytes compared with the control. A statistically significant negative correlation between KP972 concentration and TBARS level (r = –0.5962, p < 0.0005) was observed. This shows that KP972 is able to decrease lipid pero− xidation in erythrocytes. Cisplatin showed quite the opposite effect. All concentrations of cisplatin (1–70 µg/ml) increased the TBARS level compared with the control. The statistically significant positive linear correlation be− tween cisplatin and TBARS level (r = 0.5014, p < 0.0005) also differed from the KP972 relationship. The influen− ce on ·OH generation also differed. KP972 at all concentrations caused a decrease in ·OH radical in mitochondria compared with the control while cisplatin at concentrations of 1–50 µg/ml caused an increase (p < 0.01). Conclusions. The results show that KP972 and cisplatin acted in an opposite manner; however, the final antipro− liferative effects were comparable. It appears that the mechanisms of these compounds’ action are completely dif− ferent, at least in their influence on free radicals. It seems that the proradical effect of cisplatin is connected with its toxicity (increased MDA levels in the urine of patients was noted), but the antiradical effect of KP972 could ha− ve considerable significance in its antiproliferative activity (Adv Clin Exp Med 2009, 18, 6, 551–557).
Bioinformatic analysis of the potential molecular mechanism of PAK7 expression in glioblastoma

The present study aimed to determine the potential molecular mechanisms underlying p21 (RAC1)-activated kinase 7 (PAK7) expression in glioblastoma (GBM) and evaluate candidate prognosis biomarkers for GBM. Gene expression data from patients with GBM, including 144 tumor samples and 5 normal brain samples, were downloaded. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were explored via re-annotation. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including differentially expressed mRNAs and differentially expressed lncRNAs, were investigated and subjected to pathway analysis via gene set enrichment analysis. The miRNA-lncRNA-mRNA interaction [competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)] network was investigated and survival analysis, including of overall survival (OS), was performed on lncRNAs/mRNAs to reveal prognostic markers for GBM. A total of 954 upregulated and 1,234 downregulated DEGs were investigated between GBM samples and control samples. These DEGs, including PAK7, were mainly enriched in pathways such as axon guidance. ceRNA network analysis revealed several outstanding ceRNA relationships, including miR-185-5p-LINC00599-PAK7. Moreover, paraneoplastic antigen Ma family member 5 (PNMA5) and somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1) were the two outstanding prognostic genes associated with OS. PAK7 may participate in the tumorigenesis of GBM by regulating axon guidance, and miR-185-5p may play an important role in GBM progression by sponging LINC00599 to prevent interactions with PAK7. PNMA5 and SSTR1 may serve as novel prognostic markers for GBM.
SSH: A Tool for Predicting Hydrophobic Interaction of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Sequences

Therapeutic antibodies are one of the most important parts of the pharmaceutical industry. They are widely used in treating various diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases. Their development process however is often brought to a standstill or takes a longer time and is then more expensive due to their hydrophobicity problems. Hydrophobic interactions can cause problems on half-life, drug administration, and immunogenicity at all stages of antibody drug development. Some of the most widely accepted and used technologies for determining the hydrophobic interactions of antibodies include standup monolayer adsorption chromatography (SMAC), salt-gradient affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy (SGAC-SINS), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). However, to measure SMAC, SGAC-SINS, and HIC for hundreds of antibody drug candidates is time-consuming and costly. To save time and money, a predictor called SSH is developed. Based on the antibody's sequence only, it can predict the hydrophobic interactions of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Using the leave-one-out crossvalidation, SSH achieved 91.226% accuracy, 96.396% sensitivity or recall, 84.196% specificity, 87.754% precision, 0.828 Mathew correlation coefficient (MCC), 0.919 f-score, and 0.961 area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC).
Age, growth, and sexual maturity of shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus (Ayres)

E-mail address(forMaryelienTimmons):mare@uga.cc. uga.edu Abstract. -Seventy-five shovelnose guitarfish. Rhinobatos productus. were collected between November 1988 and January 1991 near Long Beach, California, to determine age, growth, and sexual maturity. Thirteen guitarfish were kept in captivity and injected with Terramycin to provide a time mark for growth analysis. Later. vertebral centra were examined for opaque band formation, and there were positive results in two individuals. Outer margin analysis ofcentra from captive and field-collected guitarfish indicated that opaque bands formed between August and December. Guitarfish were aged to 11 years, and growth appeared to be best represented by a linear growth equation, TL = 43.33 + 6.9Ox. where TL = total length and x = estimated age in years. Analysis of reproductive tracts showed that female guitarfish matured at 99 cm (estimated age at seven years). Clasper length and width indicated that males matured at 90-100 cm (estimated age at eight years).
Dominance of the semi-wild honeybee as coffee pollinator across a gradient of shade-tree structure in Ethiopia

Abstract: Mass-flowering plant species are often pollinated by social bees that are able to use the abundant resource by recruiting workers from their colonies. In this study we surveyed pollinators on the mass-flowering perennial crop coffee (Coffea arabica) in its native range in Ethiopia. Previous studies in areas where coffee is introduced often find the social honeybee, Apis mellifera, to be the dominant pollinator. In those areas, the bee-species composition visiting coffee varies with a higher bee diversity closer to forest or in less modified habitats. We surveyed pollinators of coffee under different shade-tree structures, by collecting hoverflies and bees landing on coffee flowers in 19 sites in south-west Ethiopia. We found the native honeybee (A. mellifera) to be the dominant visitor of coffee flowers in all sites. Honeybee abundance was not affected by the local shade-tree structure, but was positively affected by the amount of coffee flower resources. Other pollinators were positively affected by complex shade-tree structures. To conclude, the honeybee is clearly the dominant pollinator of coffee in Ethiopia along the whole shade-tree structure gradient. Its high abundance could be a consequence of the provision of traditional bee hives in the landscape, which are colonized by wild swarming honeybees.
Deep learning for prediction of the air quality response to emission changes.

Efficient prediction of the air quality response to emission changes is a prerequisite for an integrated assessment system in developing effective control policies. Yet representing the nonlinear response of air quality to emissions controls with accuracy remains a major barrier in air quality-related decision-making. Here we demonstrate a novel method that combines deep-learning approaches with chemical indicators of pollutant formation to quickly estimate the coefficients of air quality response functions using ambient concentrations of 18 chemical indicators simulated with a comprehensive atmospheric chemical transport model (CTM). By requiring only two CTM simulations for model application, the new method significantly enhances the computational efficiency compared to existing methods that achieve lower accuracy despite requiring 20+ CTM simulations (the benchmark statistical model). Our results demonstrate the utility of deep-learning approaches for capturing the nonlinearity of atmospheric chemistry and physics and the prospects of the new method to inform effective policymaking in other environment systems.