Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Safety Analysis of TN-S and TN-C-S Earthing System

This paper presents safety analysis of TN-S and TN-C-S earthing system considering different sizes of cable and protective earthing conductor (PEC). For this purpose, touch voltage and electric shock calculations are presented. In TN-C-S system, even with the main protective bonding (MPB) and in TN-S system in spite of local grounding at consumer end, computed touch voltages are quite high and thus unsafe for human. Therefore, to safeguard the persons against dangerous touch voltages in both the earthing systems, novel way of protection that is bonding of grounding grid to the exposed conductive part (ECP) of consumer load is proposed in this paper. Also, grid augmentation is investigated for hazardous step and touch voltages. Based on the two cases, that is with and without bonding the ECP of load to grid, touch voltage assessments are done. The results show that with bonding, touch voltages are reduced substantially. Therefore, safety and reliability of the systems are ensured.
Highly Sensitive Microwave Microfluidic Chemical Sensors Based on Metamaterials

In this paper, we mainly introduce three kinds of microwave chemical sensors based on metamaterials. These microfluidic chemical sensors are composed of resonators based on metamaterials and microfluidic channels which are put on the location with the strongest electric field. The performances of these sensors have been validated through full-wave simulations and measurements. The results show that these sensors have the advantages of small size, high sensitivity, small amount of sample and compatibility with lab-on-a-chip platforms.
Energy Consumption Prediction of Electric Vehicles Based on Big Data Approach

An accurate prediction of the electric vehicles (EVs) energy consumption is the crucial requirement to deliver the promise of the green energy solution for relieving the concerns from fossil energy depletion and vehicle emissions. To solve the problem, the most substantial facing challenges are laying down on heterogeneous data insight, modelling the non-linear problem, and the lack of supporting technologies to provide the primary data to model the problem. In this paper, the latent pattern of the heterogeneous data is extracted and presented as a new set of metadata. Statistical features extracted from crowdsourced EVs profiles for the energy prediction since they consider the varying impact factors of the individual impact factors. Supervised learning approach is followed to address the non-linear problem and unseen correlation in the heterogeneous data. The results show an improvement of the energy prediction if the statistical features are considered.
Theory of Mn-Based High-Magnetization Alloys

The realization of the magnetic moment of Mn atoms in ferromagnetic alloys is investigated theoretically. This paper is partly motivated by the recent discovery of high-magnetization Fe–Co–Mn thin films by Snow <italic>et al.</italic>, who reported moments of up to 3.25 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu _{\text {B}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> per atom. Structural and strain effects are discussed with particular emphasis on the distinction between tetragonal martensitic lattice distortions and Bain transitions in body-centered cubic, CsCl, and Heusler alloys. It is outlined how these lattice distortions affect the electronic structure of the alloys, and <italic>ab initio</italic> calculations are used to determine the net moment of cubic Fe<sub>6</sub>Co<sub>63</sub>Mn<sub>31</sub>. The calculated moment, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.90~\mu _{\text {B}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> per atom, is reasonably close to the experimental value.
On Minimum Cost Sparsest Input-Connectivity for Controllability of Linear Systems

This article deals with algorithmic techniques to ensure sparsest input-connectivity while retaining controllability of linear systems. We assume that the input matrix is constrained in the sense that the set of states that each input (if present,) can influence is known a priori, and that each interconnection between an input and a state is associated with a certain cost. In this setting we determine a set of input-connections that lead to the minimum cost and ensures that the resulting system is structurally controllable. We identify large class of systems for which these problems are solvable in polynomial time using efficient algorithms. Graph-theoretic tools are employed to solve the above class of constrained design problems. Illustrative example is included to demonstrate the efficacy of the techniques developed here.
A Single-Temperature-Calibration 0.18-µm CMOS Time-Based Resistive Sensor Interface with Low Drift over a −40°C to 175°C Temperature Range

This paper presents a very-low-drift 0. 181µ m CMOS time-based resistive-bridge sensor interface. It exhibits only 3.8 ppm/° C gain drift and 0.3 ppm/°C offset drift for the entire −40°C to 175°C temperature range using a single-temperature calibration scheme and no external accurate references nor components. The interface provides a 15 ENOB for a 100ms conversion time, consuming 3.41mW of power and 0.26mm2 of active area. The holistic drift-resilience strategy combines time-based chopping and VCO tuning to remove the DC and low-frequency errors introduced by VCO nonidealities and drift.
Comparison of Teleportation and Fixed Track Driving in VR

Comfortable locomotion in VR based games is crucial. Simulation sickness, caused by fast optical movement, lag or mismatch in forces, threatens this comfort and fosters a negative attitude towards further VR experiences. The design of the locomotion interface has a direct impact on the likelihood of inducing sickness. General paradigms and guidelines are being adopted by the game development community, but more data is needed. We use both subjective and objective methods to compare two common modes of travel, teleportation and driving along a fixed track. Our results show that teleportation causes fewer symptoms of sickness and leaves a more positive impression of VR.
Tight-and-Cheap Conic Relaxation for the AC Optimal Power Flow Problem

The classical alternating current optimal power flow problem is highly nonconvex and generally hard to solve. Convex relaxations, in particular semidefinite, second-order cone, convex quadratic, and linear relaxations, have recently attracted significant interest. The semidefinite relaxation is the strongest among them and is exact for many cases. However, the computational efficiency for solving large-scale semidefinite optimization is lower than for second-order cone optimization. We propose a conic relaxation obtained by combining semidefinite optimization with the reformulation-linearization technique, commonly known as RLT. The proposed relaxation is stronger than the second-order cone relaxation and nearly as tight as the standard semidefinite relaxation. Computational experiments using standard test cases with up to 6515 buses show that the time to solve the new conic relaxation is up to one order of magnitude lower than for the chordal relaxation, a semidefinite relaxation technique that exploits the sparsity of power networks.
Neutral Current Compensation in a VSG-Based Three-Phase Four-Wire Microgrid System

A three-phase four-wire system is commonly used on the customer side as a low-voltage power system for supplying universal single-phase loads. The degree of unbalance in the distribution system is growing due to interconnections of distributed energy resources unevenly in different phases. The unbalanced loads may cause an excess neutral current, which can result in the neutral conductor overload and power system security problems. In this paper, a control strategy based on the virtual synchronous generator with a neutral current controller is proposed. The controller enables the microgrid to operate under both grid-connected and islanded mode with the minimum neutral current. A microgrid built in Griffith University, Australia is used to verify the performances of the designed control algorithm. From the results, it is found that the proposed controller ensures smooth transition of microgrids from the grid-tied mode to the islanding mode, while regulating the active, reactive and unbalanced power efficiently.
Vehicle Detection by Fusing Part Model Learning and Semantic Scene Information for Complex Urban Surveillance

Visual-based vehicle detection has been studied extensively, however there are great challenges in certain settings. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a probabilistic framework combining a scene model with a pattern recognition method for vehicle detection by a stationary camera. A semisupervised viewpoint inference method is proposed in which five viewpoints are defined. For a specific monitoring scene, the vehicle motion pattern corresponding to road structures is obtained by using trajectory clustering through an offline procedure. Then, the possible vehicle location and the probability distribution around the viewpoint in a fixed location are calculated. For each viewpoint, the vehicle model described by a deformable part model (DPM) and a conditional random field (CRF) is learned. Scores of root and parts and their spatial configuration generated by the DPM are used to learn the CRF model. The occlusion states of vehicles are defined based on the visibility of their parts and considered as latent variables in the CRF. In the online procedure, the output of the CRF, which is considered as an adjusted vehicle detection result compared with the DPM, is combined with the probability of the apparent viewpoint in a location to give the final vehicle detection result. Quantitative experiments under a variety of traffic conditions have been contrasted to test our method. The experimental results illustrate that our method performs well and is able to deal with various vehicle viewpoints and shapes effectively. In particular, our approach performs well in complex traffic conditions with vehicle occlusion.
Evaluation of Ultrahigh-Speed Magnetic Memories Using Field-Free Spin–Orbit Torque

Ultrahigh-speed magnetization switching mechanism is strongly pursued, as it can improve the write performance of the magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and further extend the application area of spintronics. Currently, a well-studied switching mechanism is the spin transfer torque (STT), whose speed, however, is limited by an intrinsic incubation delay. Recently, spin–orbit torque (SOT) was proposed to solve the speed bottleneck of the STT. In this paper, we evaluate the potential of two types of SOT-MRAMs, whose data can be ultrafast written based on the recently discovered field-free SOT mechanisms, respectively. A cross-layer analysis is presented involving device modeling, circuit-level optimization, and architecture-level evaluation. First, the principle of the magnetization switching is analyzed with the macrospin simulation. Then, the optimization strategies at the circuit level are generalized through the SPICE-type simulation. Finally, we build up the memory architecture with the SOT-MRAMs, STT-MRAM, and static RAM. Their read/write performances are evaluated with NVSim software. It is demonstrated that one of the studied SOT-MRAMs shows the promising prospect in the non-volatile memory, especially suitable for high-capacity cache.
Energy Management Strategy of Microgrids Based on Benders Decomposition Method

This paper discusses an optimal energy management system for microgrids, taking into account distribution power flow and dynamic loads, in presence of storage units and all associated constraints, aiming to reduce microgrid costs under two grid-connected and islanded modes. Getting the unit commitment, the microgrid energy management problem is introduced as a mixed integer nonlinear problem (MINLP). Since solving MINLP problems is complex and time consuming, a linearization technique is applied for simplification of the problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Then, the Benders decomposition method is used to reach an efficient and accurate answer. The model proposed is implemented on a 14-bus microgrid including conventional and renewable distributed resources, storage units, and dynamic loads. The results indicated fair and fast performance of the proposed model.
Variational Simulations for Hydrodynamics Model of the Surface Plasmon Polaritons

A variational integrator for the hydrodynamics model of free electron gas in quasi-neutrality background is developed for high-quality simulations of the surface plasmon polaritons. The Lagrangian density of electron gas with self-consistent electromagnetic field is established and the action of this system is discretized and minimized to obtain the discrete dynamics law. Instead of discretizing the differential equations, the variational integrator has better numerical properties in secular simulations, as it conserves the discrete Lagrangian structure and the general energy-momentum density. The numerical results reproduce characteristic dispersion relations of surface plasmon polaritons.
Portable bacteria-capturing chip for direct surface-enhanced Raman scattering identification of urinary tract infection pathogens

Acute urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common nosocomial bacterial infections, which affect almost 50% of the population at least once in their lifetime. UTIs may lead to lethal consequences if they are left undiagnosed and not properly treated. Early, rapid and accurate uropathogens detection methods play a pivotal role in clinical process. In this work, a portable bacteria-grasping surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip for identification of three species of uropathogens (Escherichia coli CFT 073, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Proteus mirabilis PRM1) directly from culture matrix was reported. The chip was firstly modified with a positively charged NH3+ group, which enables itself grasp the negatively charged bacterial cells through the electrostatic adsorption principle. After the bacterial cells were captured by the chip, concentrated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were used to obtain their Raman fingerprint spectra with recognizable characteristic peaks and good reproducibility. With the help of chemometric method such as discriminant analysis (DA), the SERS-based chip allows a rapid, successful identification of three species of UTI bacteria with a minimal bacterial concentration (105 cells ml−1) required for clinical diagnostics. In addition, this chip could spot the bacterial SERS fingerprints information directly from LB culture medium and artificial urine without sample pre-treatment. The portable bacteria-grasping SERS-based chip provides a possibility for fast and easy detection of uropathogens, and viability of future development in healthcare applications.
Independent and combined associations of maternal and own smoking with adult lung function and COPD

Abstract Background Limited evidence suggests that exposure to maternal smoking in utero or early life might be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but whether this is independent of later own smoking remains unclear. Our objective was to examine the independent and combined association of maternal and own smoking with adult lung function and COPD. Methods We used UK Biobank to examine associations of maternal smoking around delivery, and pack-years of own smoking, with lung function (n = 502 626) and hospitalization/death from COPD (n = 433 863). We calculated the additive interaction between maternal and own smoking on the outcomes of interest, and estimated the association with maternal smoking within categories of own smoking. Results There was no strong evidence that maternal smoking influenced adult lung health among never smokers. Exposure to both maternal and own smoking was associated with lower Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/ forced vital capacity (FVC) and greater risk of hospitalization/death from COPD than expected from their independent associations. For FEV1/FVC, the mean difference according to maternal smoking was –0.02 (–0.06, 0.02), –0.01 (–0.05, 0.03), –0.11 (–0.16, –0.05) and –0.11 (–0.19, –0.04) among women who smoked ≤10, 11–20, 21–30 and >30 pack-years, respectively. The association between maternal smoking and COPD also varied by pack-years of own smoking, with a hazard ratio of 2.25 (1.30, 3.89) for ≤10 years, 1.23 (0.80, 1.89) for 11–20 years, 1.30 (0.85, 2.01) for 21–30 years and 1.14 (0.91, 1.43) for >30 years. Conclusions Our findings indicate an excess reduction in FEV1/FVC and risk of COPD due to maternal smoking that is heterogeneous across levels of own smoking.
Fast 3-D Optimization of Magnetic Cores for Loss and Volume Reduction

This paper presents an effective design method for inductors which is based on the multi-objective optimization accelerated by the artificial neural network (ANN). In the learning phase prior to the optimization phase, ANN is trained for 1000 input–output data sets obtained from the finite-element analysis for randomly generated dimensional parameters. The magnetic hysteresis of the ferrite core is modeled by the play model to evaluate the hysteresis losses. The multi-objective optimization problems are solved by the genetic algorithm in which the magnetic loss is effectively computed by the trained ANN to reduce the core volume as well as magnetic loss. The Pareto solutions for an EI-shaped ferrite core are obtained for different inductances. It is shown that the proposed method works much faster than the conventional optimization, and the magnetic loss and the inductance of the optimized inductor agree well with the experimental results.
Embedding WFRFT Signals Into TDCS for Secure Communications

This paper presents a novel combinatory strategy to embed weighted-type fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT) precoding signals into transform domain communication system (TDCS). The original data can be divided into two parts. One part is modulated with the cyclic code shift keying in the traditional TDCS. The other part is first disguised as other higher order baseband modulations MPSK through WFRFT proceding process, then will further be embedded into the traditional TDCS system. A double-random scheme is designed to dynamically generate the pseudo phase for WFRFT rotation and TDCS basic function’s phase. Theoretical analyses show that the higher spectral efficiency can be obtained while causing little effect on its original communication quality. The final simulations demonstrate that the constellation precoding method can help disguise the original signals into other higher order baseband PSK modulations with a controllable Gaussian-like noise. Besides, owing to the dynamically double-random phase generation scheme, the proposed combinatory WFRFT-TDCS system can gain better anti-eavesdropping capacity while maintaining its own communications’ quality with regards to bit error rate performances.
Interaction between row‐type genes in barley controls meristem determinacy and reveals novel routes to improved grain

Summary Hordeum species develop a central spikelet flanked by two lateral spikelets at each inflorescence node. In ‘two‐rowed’ spikes, the central spikelet alone is fertile and sets grain, while in ‘six‐rowed’ spikes, lateral spikelets can also produce grain. Induced loss‐of‐function alleles of any of five Six‐rowed spike (VRS) genes (VRS1‐5) cause complete to intermediate gains of lateral spikelet fertility. Current six‐row cultivars contain natural defective vrs1 and vrs5 alleles. Little information is known about VRS mechanism(s). We used comparative developmental, expression and genetic analyses on single and double vrs mutants to learn more about how VRS genes control development and assess their agronomic potential. We show that all VRS genes repress fertility at carpel and awn emergence in developing lateral spikelets. VRS4, VRS3 and VRS5 work through VRS1 to suppress fertility, probably by inducing VRS1 expression. Pairing vrs3, vrs4 or vrs5 alleles increased lateral spikelet fertility, despite the presence of a functional VRS1 allele. The vrs3 allele caused loss of spikelet identity and determinacy, improved grain homogeneity and increased tillering in a vrs4 background, while with vrs5, decreased tiller number and increased grain weight. Interactions amongst VRS genes control spikelet infertility, determinacy and outgrowth, and novel routes to improving six‐row grain.
A 320µV-Output Ripple and 90ns-Settling Time at 0.5V Supply Digital-Analog-Hybrid LDO Using Multi-Level Gate-Voltage Generator and Fast-Decision PD Detector

This work presents a digital-analog-hybrid LDO (HLDO) using a multi-level gate-voltage generator (MGG) to achieve a small output ripple (VR) and a fast-transient response. Using the MGG that can partially turn on transistors in the power MOSFET (Mp) and thus reduce Mp's LSB current, VR was limited to less than 320 µV. Also, a fast-decision PD detector having a non-zero decision level expedited the switching of transistors in Mp, thereby reducing the settling time to less than 90 ns.
Discrete Wavelet Analysis of Supra-Harmonic Emissions in Smart Grid (PV Inverter Implementation)

Power line communication on smart grids installation with distributed energy resources (DER) produces electrical noise that may have a serious impact during communication. Also a high level of electrical noise may cause fault measurement and generation of control data may lead to the loss. One of the crucial problems in the steady operation of distribution networks, in the frequency range 2–150 kHz harmonic emissions or supra-harmonics (SH). In this study, the results of experimental studies demonstrate the origin of these distortions. The proposed discrete wavelet transformation method can help to find a solution for SH components.
Power Flow Control Strategy Based on the Voltage Vector Distribution for a Dual Power Electric Vehicle With an Open-End Winding Motor Drive System

A dual inverter feeding an open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system can realize controllable power sharing or power flow between two independent power sources without a dc/dc converter. The two power sources can be selected among many options, such as fuel cells, engine generators, batteries, and supercapacitors. In this paper, the dual inverter’s voltage vector distribution and power flow principles are discussed. Based on the analyses of the overlapping area of the two inverters’ modulation ranges, the dual inverter’s modulation capability is exploited sufficiently. A novel voltage vector distribution strategy is proposed based on a dual space vector pulse-width modulation control scheme, which is composed of four patterns using basic voltage vectors, single-saturated vectors, double-saturated vectors, and linear-saturated vectors, respectively. By selecting the most suitable pattern, the power-sharing demand can be met in its maximum range while the switching frequencies of the two inverters are lowered and well-balanced. Simulation results confirm the validity and the advantages of the proposed strategy and clarify the power-sharing range in the entire operating range of the motor. This system also provides a scheme for energy management in electric vehicle applications.