Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Origin of the Types of Hypsilurus godeffroyi (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae) and Early German Contributions to the Herpetology of Palau

The published sale catalogues of the Museum Godeffroy in Hamburg provide hitherto overlooked information regarding early German herpetological research in Palau. The type specimens of the agamid lizard Hypsilurus godeffroyi Peters, 1867 are supposedly from Palau, but have never been seen or collected there again. The Godeffroy catalogues indicate that the data provided for these specimens by the collector, Alfred Tetens, may have been inaccurate. Tetens also traveled to the Anchorite, Hermit, and Ninigo Groups off the northern New Guinea coast and we hypothesize that one of these areas is the true origin of the types of H. godeffroyi. The collections of Tetens and Jan Kubary, both employees of the Godeffroy firm, provided the basis for the first published lists of the herpetofauna of Palau. Among other species, these collectors of the 1860s and 1870s confirmed the occurrence of two of lizards not rediscovered until well into the 20th Century.
Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Fertilisers mediate the short-term effects of sheep grazing in the Icelandic highlands

Sustainable grazing management in tundra ecosystems is receiving increasing attention. In the Icelandic highlands, past grazing practices have played a major role in the extensive soil erosion, leaving many parts of this tundra rangeland in poor condition. However, the impacts of current grazing practices are not well understood. We measured the short-term effect of grazing by comparing the amount of bare ground and aboveground biomass in grazed and ungrazed plots, with and without fertiliser application, in adjacent dwarfshrub heaths and sparsely vegetated areas, at two sites within and outside the volcanic active zone. Grazing did not affect the amount of bare ground, but in the fertilised plots grazing consistently reduced plant biomass (mainly graminoids). Fertiliser application can increase grazing intensity, which can counteract the additional biomass accumulation. Consequently, the removal of biomass by sheep needs to be considered when fertilisers are used as part of a strategy to combat erosion.
Dedicated Nonlinear Control of Robot Manipulators in the Presence of External Vibration and Uncertain Payload

Robot manipulators are often tasked with working in environments with vibrations and are subject to load uncertainty. Providing an accurate tracking control design with implementable torque input for these robots is a complex topic. This paper presents two approaches to solve this problem. The approaches consider joint space tracking control design in the presence of nonlinear uncertain torques caused by external vibration and payload variation. The properties of the uncertain torques are used in both approaches. The first approach is based on the boundedness property, while the second approach considers the differentiability and boundedness together. The controllers derived from each approach differ from the perspectives of accuracy, control effort, and disturbance properties. A Lyapunov-based analysis is utilized to guarantee the stability of the control design in each case. Simulation results validate the approaches and demonstrate the performance of the controllers. The derived controllers show stable results at the cost of the mentioned properties.
DSR EG : U SING D ISTANT S UPERVISION AS A R EGU - LARIZER

In this paper, we aim at tackling a general issue in NLP tasks where some of the negative examples are highly similar to the positive examples, i.e., hard-negative examples). We propose the distant supervision as a regularizer (DSReg) approach to tackle this issue. We convert the original task to a multi-task learning problem, in which we first utilize the idea of distant supervision to retrieve hard-negative examples. The obtained hard-negative examples are then used as a regularizer, and we jointly optimize the original target objective of distinguishing positive examples from negative examples along with the auxiliary task objective of distinguishing soften positive examples (comprised of positive examples and hard-negative examples) from easy-negative examples. In the neural context, this can be done by feeding the final token representations to different output layers. Using this unbelievably simple strategy, we improve the performance of a range of different NLP tasks, including text classification, sequence labeling and reading comprehension.
A Comprehensive Study on the Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Producing Fungi during the Maize Production Cycle in Spain

Mycotoxin contamination is one of the main problems affecting corn production, due to its significant risk to human and animal health. The Fusarium and Aspergillus species are the main producers of mycotoxins in maize, infecting both pre-harvest and during storage. In this work, we evaluated the presence of mycotoxins and their producing species along maize production cycles in three different stages (anthesis, harvest, and storage) during three consecutive seasons (2016–2018). Fungal occurrences were studied using species-specific PCR protocols, whereas mycotoxin levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fumonisin-producing Fusarium species (F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum), as well as the aflatoxin producer Aspergillus flavus, were the most predominant species at all stages; although, during some seasons, the presence of F. graminearum and A. niger aggregate species were also identified. Contrastingly, fumonisins were the only mycotoxins detected and levels were always under legal regulations. The results presented here demonstrate that even when fungal contamination occurs at the early stages of the maize production cycle, the application of good agricultural and storage practices might be crucial to ensure mycotoxin-free grains.
Homogenization estimates for hyperelastic composites and particle-reinforced rubbers

On propose des estimations variationnelles pour la densite d'energie macroscopique de materiaux composites hyperelastiques en utilisant la procedure d'homogeneisation, dite de deuxieme ordre, de Ponte Castaneda. Les estimations qui en resultent sont exactes a l'ordre 2 par rapport au contraste et leur determination se ramene a la resolution d'un probleme de thermoelasticite generalisee pour un materiau composite lineaire. Des applications sont donnees pour des caoutchoucs renforces a particules rigides.
An Evaluation of the Chicago Teacher Advancement Program (Chicago TAP) after Four Years. Final Report.

Mathematica's final report on the Chicago Teacher Advancement Program (Chicago TAP) found that the program did not raise student math or reading scores, but it increased teacher retention in some schools. For example, teachers in Chicago TAP schools at the start of the program in fall 2007 were about 20 percent more likely than teachers in comparison schools to be in those same schools three years later (67 percent versus 56 percent retention rate). However, the program did not have an impact on student achievement overall in the four-year rollout period in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS). Although Chicago TAP increased the amount of mentoring, promotion opportunities, and compensation in participating schools relative to non-TAP schools, the program did not fully implement its performance-based pay or value-added components as intended.
A KDDSE-independent PMML Visualizer

Several knowledge discovery support engines (KDDSE) feature the export and in a few cases even the import of data mining models in the Predictive Modeling Markup Language (PMML) standard. A visualization tool for PMML models that is independent of a specific KDDSE is presented in this paper. An extension of the PMML model for association rules that allows the definition of propositional and first order rules is also presented in its document type description form (DTD).
: Monetary Policy , Inflation , and the Business Cycle

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher, except for reading and browsing via the World Wide Web. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network servers.
What is Intelligence?: List of boxes

Around their 18th birthday, basically all Dutch males born between 1934 and 1964 unknowingly took part in a study of the malleability of intelligence. When these young men appeared before the Dutch military draft board, they took a non-verbal IQ test based on Raven’s (1960) Progressive Matrices. With a little help from Piet Vroon, James Flynn (1987) discovered that those born in 1934 (cohort of 1952) scored on average 20 IQ points lower on the test than those born in 1964 (cohort of 1982). This suggested that in only 30 years, the Dutch male population had shown an increase of more than one standard deviation in average IQ. Flynn (1987) also documented this gain in average IQ in 13 other countries over the course of the 20th century and the effect is now commonly known as the Flynn effect. The Flynn effect raises many questions: How can IQ be substantially heritable, yet show such strong gains that appear to be due to environmental factors? Were Dutch males in 1982 so much smarter than Dutch males in 1952?
Slip and Twinning in Sapphire (α‐Al2O3)

The plastic deformation of sapphire (α-Al2O3) has been studied under hydrostatic confining pressure at temperatures below the ambient pressure brittle-to-ductile transition temperature. Samples oriented for prism plane slip (Type I samples) were deformed via dislocation slip at temperatures as low as 200°C. Samples oriented for basal slip (Type II samples) could be plastically deformed at temperatures as low as 400°C but showed more complicated deformation behavior, inasmuch as the sample orientation also allowed for the activation of basal twinning and two of the three rhombohedral twin systems. The temperature dependence of the critical resolved shear stress (τcrss), ln τcrss= ln τ0– M·T for basal slip was significantly greater than that for prism plane slip (Bbasal > Bprism plane), causing the latter system to be the easy slip system below ∼600°C (basal slip is the easy slip system at elevated temperatures). Type II samples deformed primarily by basal twinning in preference to both rhombohedral twinning and basal slip. The different temperature dependence of τcrss for basal and prism plane slip is attributed to details of the dislocation core structure; prism plane dislocations, having a large Burgers vector (∣bPP∣= 0.822 nm), can dissociate into three collinear par-tials (∣bP∣= 0.274 nm) separated by relatively low-energy stacking faults, whereas the comparable dissociation of basal dislocations (∣bB∣= 0.476 nm) produces two ncncol-linear partials separated by a relatively high energy stacking fault. Thus, dissociation of basal dislocations is most likely restricted to the dislocation core, which is manifested in a higher Peierls stress at low temperatures for basal slip compared to prism plane slip.
Data Analysis of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Radices Paeoniae Alba of Different Proportions in Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic Application

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) formula with different proportions and the treatment for diseases by using the method of statistical analysis. Method: Totally 1 557 TCM formulae of rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae and radices paeoniae alba were retrieved from the ‘Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Database',and then a new database was built to analyze the relationship among the ratio,the corresponding cured disease and the department. Result: The ratio of1∶ 1 appeared to be the most( 734 times,47. 1%) in the 1 557 formulae containing rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae and radices paeoniae alba,which was most frequently used for the treatment of the diseases in internal medicines( 717 times,46. 1%) and gynecology( 581 times,37. 3%). Conclusion: Using the method of statistical frequency analysis can effectively elucidate the relationship between rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae and radices paeoniae alba,which can effectively discover the application pattern of the TCM formulae,to provide a theoretical basis for clinical application,also to provide a reference for TCM formulae research as well as new drug research and development.
Ironing Without Control

I extend Myersonʼs [R. Myerson, Optimal auction design, Math. Oper. Res. 6 (1981) 58–73] ironing technique to more general objective functions. The approach is based on a generalized notion of virtual surplus which can be maximized pointwise even when the monotonicity constraint implied by incentive compatibility binds. It is applicable to quasilinear principal-agent models where the standard virtual surplus is weakly concave in the allocation or appropriately separable in the allocation and type. No assumptions on allocation rules are required beyond monotonicity.
Everybody’s Doing It

In this article, we present findings from a qualitative National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded study of nonmedical prescription drug users in the San Francisco Bay Area. We interviewed young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years, who used prescription drugs nonmedically at least 12 times in the 6 months prior to the interview. Employing Aker’s Social Learning Theory and Zinberg’s Drug, Set, and Setting, we explore the factors that contributed to participants’ choices to begin using prescription drugs nonmedically. Social Learning Theory provides the framework for understanding how deviant behaviors are learned and imitated, while set and setting emphasizes the psychological and social contexts of initiation and the ways in which the set and setting of the initiating user were influenced by exposure, motivation, access, and setting. Together, social learning, and set and setting allow us to understand the interaction of individual and social factors contributing to nonmedical prescription drug use initiation.
What makes a terrorist : economics and the roots of terrorism : Lionel Robbins lectures

PREFACE ix Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1: Who Becomes a Terrorist? Characteristics of Individual Participants in Terrorism 11 CHAPTER 2: Where Does Terror Emerge? Economic and Political Conditions and Terrorism 53 CHAPTER 3: What Does Terrorism Accomplish? Economic, Psychological, and Political Consequences of Terrorism 105 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOLLOWING THE LECTURES 143 REFERENCES 163 INDEX 173
Standard Scores for Women's Weight Training

In brief: The purpose of this study was to develop and determine the reliability of normative data for women by weight classification for one-repetition maximum (1-RM) for five weight-training exercises. Subjects were 221 female students enrolled in beginning coeducational classes for ten weeks. Standard scores were computed for seven body-weight classifications for bench press, half squat, dead lift, bent-arm pullover, and military press. The bootstrap procedure, which is a new computer-intensive technique, was used to estimate standard errors of the norms. This procedure aids in interpreting the stability of each standard score.
Influence of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on serum uric acid level in obstructive sleep apnea patients

Abstract Background: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between successful uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and serum uric acid in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and identify the risk markers for successful UPPP in OSA patients. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study of 73 adult patients with OSA who underwent surgery (nasal or UPPP) at a major, urban, academic hospital in Huaian from 2011 to 2014 who had preoperative and postoperative clinical and laboratory profiles. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and PSG parameters were carefully recorded. Logistic regression was used for the multivariate analysis of independent risk factors. Results: Changes of uric acid (UA), changes of C-reactive protein (CRP), changes of triglyceride, changes of high density lipoprotein before and after UPPP were significantly higher in OSA patients with successful UPPP than in those with unsuccessful UPPP (p<0.05). Among these patients, multiple logistic analyses indicated the independent risk factors for successful UPPP in the OSA subjects included changes of UA and CRP before and after UPPP. The diagnosis analysis showed that changes of UA and CRP before and after UPPP had a significant ability to reflect UPPP success in the OSA patients. Conclusions: The novel finding of this study is that the successful UPPP in OSA patients is strongly related to changes of serum UA level, CRP before and after operation. These results might be helpful for providing valuable information to reflect the effect of UPPP operation, regardless of UA and CRP before operation.
The top ten: best practice recommendations for aphasia

ABSTRACT Background: The move from nationally focused health services towards healthcare globalisation is apparent with the hope that healthcare services will ultimately follow similar quality standards and guidelines throughout the world. Aphasia United, an organisation representing a broad range of professionals and others interested in improving the lives of those with aphasia, undertook a project to gain consensus on best practices to guide aphasia rehabilitation across multiple countries. Aims: To develop and gain multinational consensus on an initial set of best practice recommendations for aphasia. Methods & Procedures: The project entailed three phases: (1) crafting a draft set of recommendations for aphasia management drawing from research evidence and stroke guidelines, (2) obtaining consensus on recommendations from healthcare experts across multiple countries and (3) creating a strategic plan to facilitate dissemination, revision, further development and uptake of best practices. This article reports on the first two phases of this process. Phase 1 entailed reviewing existing research reviews, national clinical guidelines for stroke and/or aphasia and evidence websites to identify recommendations based on high-quality evidence. Nine national stroke and/or aphasia guidelines were identified to serve as the primary source documents. A qualitative theme analysis was used to extract recommendations from these documents. An auditing reviewer examined the source documents and extracts to ensure that results were consistent with sources. Finally, the recommendations were circulated to an expert panel for input. Phase 2 involved a multiple stage consensus process: (1) discussion of draft recommendations by an expanded panel of experts, (2) cycles of revision by an expert working group, (3) an online survey soliciting agreement from a broader panel of experts and (4) an open-ended online survey soliciting consensus from professionals across multiple countries. Outcomes & Results: The cycles of revision and the final consensus of 500 aphasia experts across multiple countries resulted in 10 best practice recommendations for aphasia including screening, assessment, intervention and discharge recommendations. Conclusions: The top 10 recommendations achieved very strong consensus among participants. These results provide an initial set of recommendations that might serve as a basis for translating evidence into practice to improve aphasia services. Future efforts should be directed at determining barriers to implementation. In addition, individual countries or groups (whether represented in the consensus process or not) will necessarily need to consider the applicability of recommendations to their own cultural and ethnic traditions and national practices.
Safety Considerations in Deep Control Policies with Probabilistic Safety Barrier Certificates

Recent advances in Deep Machine Learning have shown promise in solving complex perception and control loops via methods such as reinforcement and imitation learning. However, guaranteeing safety for such learned deep policies has been a challenge due to issues such as partial observability and difficulties in characterizing the behavior of the neural networks. While a lot of emphasis in safe learning has been placed during training, it is non-trivial to guarantee safety at deployment or test time. This paper extends the work on Safety Barrier Certificates to guarantee safety with deep control policies despite uncertainty arising due to perception and other latent variables. In particular, the proposed framework wraps around the existing deep control policy and generates safe actions by dynamically evaluating and modifying the policy from the embedded network. Our framework utilizes control barrier functions to create spaces of control actions that are probabilistically safe, and when the original actions are found to be in violation of the safety constraint, uses quadratic programming to minimally modify the original actions to ensure they lie in the safe set. Representations of the environment are built through Euclidean signed distance fields that are then used to infer the safety of actions and to guarantee forward invariance. We implement this method in simulation in a drone-racing environment and show that our method results in safer actions compared to a baseline that only relies on imitation learning to generate control actions.