Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Critical exponents proposed for marginal Fermi liquid

Iqbal, Liu and Mezei (ILM) [1] have proposed critical exponents α, β and δ in terms of a quantity νILM, which gives marginal Fermi liquid behaviour when νILM = 1/2. In particular, this value reproduces in the normal state of high T c cuprates, the electrical resistivity proportional to temperature (T) over a wide range of T, as found experimentally. A consequence shown here is that Griffiths' inequality becomes an equality for all νILM, while Josephson's inequality is also satisfied for all positive values of νILM. The choice νILM = 1/4, on the other hand, reproduces the mean field values of α, β and δ. We propose a specific relation between δ and η for the Ising model by using the ILM family as a guideline.
Ternäre Phosphide und Arsenide des Lithiums mit Eisen, Kobalt oder Chrom im Cu2Sb‐Typ

In den Systemen LiFeAs. LiFeP und LiCoAs wurden die Phasen LiFeAs. LiFeP und LiCoAs gefunden. Ferner wurde ein Mischkristall Fe2AsLiFeAs sowie eine Phase LiCo3As, festgestellt. Die Homogenitatsbereichie der bis Raumtemperatur stabilen Phasen LiFeAs, LiFeP und LiCoAs wurden fur eine Temperatur von etwa 800°C durch Abschreckversuche ermittelt. Die Phasen kristallisieren tetragonal, Raumgruppe D–Pd/nmm. Folgende Punktlagen awerden besetzt: 2 As (P) in 2c (z = 0,76); 2 Fe(Co) in 2a; 2 Li in 2c (z = 0,24). Die Gitterkonstanten sind: a = 3,776; c = 6,349 A (Li1,1Fe1,0As); a = 3,691; c = 6,023 A (Li1,05Fe1,0P); a = 3,758; c = 6, 170 A (Li1,1Co1,0As). Im System LiCrAs wurde keine analoge LiMeAs-Phase gefunden. Eine Mischkristallreihe Li(Fe, Cr)As wurde herestellt. und die Gitterkonhtanten der Reihe auf die Hypothetische Chromphase extrapoliert. Tn the systems LiFeAs, LiFeP and LiCoAs the phases LiFeAs, LiFeP and LiCoAs, were found. In addition, a solid solution between Fe2As and LiFcAs and the existence of a phase LiCo2As2 were established. The ranges of composition of the phases LiFeAs, LiFeP and LiCoAs, which are stable down to room temperature, were determined by quenching the runs from 800°C. The phases are tetragonal. The following positions in the space group D–P4/nmm are ocupied: 2 As (P) on 2c (z = 0.76); 2 Fe (Co) on 2a; 2 Li on 2c(z = 0.24). The lattice constants are: a = 3.776; c = 6.349 A (Li1.1 Fe1.0As); a = 3.69,; c = 6.023 A (Li1.05 Fe1.0P); a = 3.758; c = 6.170, A (Li1.1Co1.0As). No analogue phase of LiMeAs-type was encountered in the system LiCrAs. A series of solid solutions Li(Fe, Cr)As was synthesized, and the lattice constants of the hypothetical phase LiCrAs mere estimated by an extrapolation of the lattice constants of the series.
Cognition as Computation: From Swift to Turing

If one is going to compile a catalogue of the central concerns of Gulliver’s Travels, it goes without question or hesitation that the concept of reason looms large, if not possessing the uppermost priority, in Jonathan Swift’s authorial agenda. Swift is not only interested in reason insofar as practical rationalities, rational practicalities, and moral mores are concerned but also in the nature and constitution of reason itself. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to look at Swift’s treatment of the nature and constitution of reason and rationality in two of the Gulliver’s voyages: viz. the journeys to Brobdingnag and Balnibarbi. What is intriguing is that Swift seems to anticipate in the former voyage Alan Turing’s Imitation Game and in the latter voyage Turing’s idea of computational mechanization of intelligence, where he relates the two tales with diametrically opposite sentiments. The discussion of Swift’s anticipations is then set against the backcloth of the vicissitudes of the idea of Logical Machine from William of Soissons in the twelfth century to Alonzo Church’s Theorem and David Hilbert’s broad-ranging Entscheidungsproblem in the twentieth century.
Study of the PM Gas-Phase Filter Artifact Using a Setup for Mixing Diesel-Like Soot and Hydrocarbons

The filter artifact is a significant source of error in gravimetric measurements of particulate matter (PM) exhaust. However, only a few studies on the subject exist. Results from these studies show a large discrepancy mainly because the experiments were performed using real diesel vehicle exhaust with varying exhaust composition. In this study, a setup for mixing diesel-like soot and hydrocarbon vapor was constructed for generating a stable exhaust aerosol with adjustable composition. The particle size distribution of the diesel-fueled soot generator (GMD [geometric mean diameter] adjustable between 27 and 164 nm) was found to represent “real” exhaust particulate emission. This setup was applied for studying the filter artifact on Teflon-coated glass fiber filters using pentadecane as the hydrocarbon vapor. Experiments were performed using particle and hydrocarbon concentrations of 130–700 μg/m3 and 10–12 ppm, respectively. It was found that the particle concentration of the aerosol affects the filter artifact. At lower particle concentrations, more hydrocarbon adsorption was detected. In the absence of particles, the adsorption was highest. Furthermore, filter soot load, corresponding to 0.13%–0.66% of the clean filter mass, was found to affect adsorption. Sooty filters adsorbed less vapor than clean filters. However, increasing the soot load resulted in more adsorption. Moreover, it was found that the backup filter serves as a reasonable estimate of the filter artifact only for low particle concentrations and filter soot loads. These results indicate that the filter soot load is an important parameter influencing the filter artifact, and therefore, it should be considered when performing gravimetric sampling. The setup was proven to be a unique tool for quantitative studies of the filter artifact. Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research
Effect of Scale and Confinement on Gap Tests for Liquid Explosives

The factors influencing initiation of detonation in gap tests for liquid explosives are investigated experimentally. A calibrated donor charge (nitromethane) and PMMA attenuator disk arrangement are used to transmit shocks of known strength (2–10 GPa) into a test explosive of nitromethane sensitized with 5% diethylenetriamine. The test explosive is contained in capsules of different wall materials (PVC, Teflon, aluminum), and the dimensions of the charges vary from 25 mm to 100 mm in diameter. For the small-scale charges, the presence of the confining wall of the test capsule is seen to have a pronounced effect on the detonation initiation. Certain wall materials (PVC, Teflon) exhibit a multi-valued critical gap thickness, meaning that a weaker shock may result in initiation while a stronger shock does not. The effect of the wall materials could not be correlated with their acoustic or shock impedance, and the only way to eliminate these effects was to make the diameter of the test charge larger than the donor charge. When the size of the donor charge was increased, the critical pressure required for initiation decreased. These results could be correlated to “ideal” shock initiation experiments that use flyer plates as shock sources assuming that lateral rarefactions quench detonation initiation if they reach the central axis of the charge before the onset of detonation is complete.
Electric Potential (ψδ and ψd) at Outer Helmholtz Plane and Midplane on the Clay Colloid Surface with Overlapping Flat Double Layers

Abstract An anion negative adsorption equation in the condensed colloidal suspension with overlapping flat double layers was derived according to Gouy–Chapman theory. The electric potential at the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP), ψδ, and the electric potential at the midplane, ψd, were numerically solved by computer using the anion negative adsorption equation on the basis of experiments. The results showed that ψδ and ψd increase with the decrease of the distance between two clay plates, λ, at first in the given electrolyte concentration. When λ is smaller than 50–70 A, ψd remains almost unchanged while ψδ declines remarkably with the further decrease of λ. The change of ψd/ψδ with λ can explain and manifest overlapping degree of flat double layers more appropriately than ψd in previous works. Due to compression of the flat double layer on the clay colloid surface at increasing electrolyte concentration, the magnitude of the electrical potentials at OHP and midplane is considerably reduced at a given λ.
Colloidal suspensions of mercapto-functionalized nanosized mesoporous silica

Different synthesis routes yielding colloidal suspensions of mercapto-functionalized mesoporous silica particles of nanosize dimensions between 50 and 200 nm are presented. Mercaptopropylsilane was introduced into the silica networks through co-condensation. The mercapto group induces significant changes in the morphology, transforming highly ordered hexagonal particles either into filaments or small agglomerates with nanoscale domains. The addition of triethanolamine base instead of NaOH leads to the formation of colloidal suspensions of spherical particles having a diameter of ca. 100 nm. The grafting of the thiol group into the colloidal mesoporous silica was characterized with sorption measurements, thermal analysis, 29Si-MAS-NMR, and Raman spectroscopy. Oxidative treatment of the thiol groups anchored to the internal surface of the nanoscale mesoporous particles results in the formation of grafted sulfonic acid residues. The latter reaction proceeds to complete conversion as demonstrated with FT Raman spectroscopy.
Subpicosecond predissociation dynamics of the methyl radical Rydberg 3 s state

The subpicosecond dissociation dynamics of the methyl radical 3 s Rydberg state have been examined using rotational resonance Raman spectroscopy. The rovibronic dependence of the excited state predissociation rates and lifetimes are obtained for the B state origin vibrational level of CH3 and CD3. Analysis of the tunneling rates using a cubic potential barrier yields estimates for the height (2200 cm−1) and position of the barrier along the dissociation coordinate (1.38 A). A comparison of the potential energy surface parameters for the Rydberg 3 s states of methyl radical and ammonia is presented.
CORRUPTION IN EUROPE Economic determinants

Corruption is a phenomenon which affects societies negatively in various ways. The costs of corruption are pollical, economic and social, as well as environmental. The phenomena have numerous explanations, and this study focuses on the economic determinants of corruption being economic development, economic freedom and income distribution. The aim with this study is to examine the relationship between corruption and its economic determinants, answering the research question “How does economic determinants, such as economic development, economic freedom and income distribution, affect corruption in Europe? ”. Previous research has placed great emphasis on the relationship between economic components and corruption, however more focus on the determinants and their effects on corruptions needs to be contributed. Further, the relationship needs more recent examination as well as focus on the European countries. By using data from the Quality of Government Institute (QoG), regression analysis is carried out examining the relationship between corruption and its economic determinants. The results indicate that some economic determinants have an effect on corruption in Europe, where economic development has an explanatory effect, and economic freedom has a direct effect on corruption. Income distribution indicated no significance when testing at a bivariate level but turned out significant at a multivariate level with controls. Bachelor thesis: 15 credits Programme: European Studies Programme Level: First Cycle Semester year: Autumn 2019 Supervisor: Marina Nistotskaya Keyword: Word count: Corruption in Europe, Economic Determinants, Economic Development, Economic Freedom, Income Distribution 8250
Products of the Gas-Phase Reaction of OH Radicals with Cyclohexane: Reactions of the Cyclohexoxy Radical

Products of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with cyclohexane and cyclohexane-d12 in the presence of NO have been investigated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, combined gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, and in situ direct air-sampling atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (API-MS). Cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl nitrate (and their deuterated analogues) were identified and quantified, with formation yields of cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl nitrate from the cyclohexane reaction of 0.321 ± 0.035 and 0.165 ± 0.021, respectively, and with cyclohexanone-d10 and cyclohexyl nitrate-d11 formation yields from the cyclohexane-d12 reaction of 0.156 ± 0.017 and 0.210 ± 0.025, respectively. The remaining products must arise from the decomposition and/or isomerization reactions of the intermediate cyclohexoxy radical. API-MS analyses of the cyclohexane and cyclohexane-d12 reactions showed the formation of cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl nitrate (and their deuterated analogu.
The Esterification of Sodium Lignosulfonate with Maleic Anhydride in Water Solution

The esterification of sodium lignosulfonate (LS) with maleic anhydride (MA), which is a by-product of the papermaking industry, was successfully carried out in water solution under mild conditions. The esterification percentage was influenced by many factors including the concentration of LS and the weight ratio of LS/MA, temperature, pH, and reaction time. Optimum conditions of the factors studied obtained after a series of single-factor experiments for lignosulfonate reacted with maleic anhydride were weight ratio of 1.2 to 1.0 under vigorous stirring at 55°C in alkaline solution for 4 h. The products were characterized by FT-IR, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The emergence of a 1717 cm−1 peak of the FT-IR curves indicated that the esterification reaction was successfully carried out. Moreover, the TG results showed an increase in thermal stability of esterified lignosulfonate compared to unmodified lignosulfonate.
Fenton-like ionic liquids/H2O2 system: one-pot extraction combined with oxidation desulfurization of fuel

The extraction desulfurization (EDS) and extraction combined with oxidation desulfurization (EODS) for the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT), benzothiophene (BT), and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiphene (4,6-DMDBT) in a model oil were carried out in Fenton-like ionic liquids, such as [Et3NHCl]FeCl3, [Et3NHCl]CuCl2, [Et3NHCl]ZnCl2, [Et3NHCl]CoCl2, [Et3NHCl]SnCl2 and [Et3NHCl]CrCl3. The deep desulfurization could be achieved in [Et3NHCl]FeCl3 for only 5 min at room temperature. The reaction conditions such as temperature, the molar ratio of H2O2 and DBT and the amount of ionic liquid (IL) were investigated in the EODS system. By controlling the way of adding H2O2 into the desulfurization system, the sulfur content in the model oil could decrease from 500 mg L−1 to less than 10 mg L−1 at the IL/oil volume of 1 : 5. The oxidation reactivity of the different sulfur-containing compounds was found to be in the order of DBT > BT > 4,6-DMDBT. Moreover, the EODS system could be recycled ten times with a slight decrease in activity to model oil. EODS process was applied to prehydrotreated gasoline and the sulfur content could decrease from 150 to 15 mg L−1 after two rounds of reaction.
Improved multiple‐particle tracking for studying flows in multiphase systems

Positron Emission Particle Tracking is a powerful and noninvasive technique and has been successfully used in a wide range of fundamental research and industrial applications. However, it is only capable of following a single tracer. This article presents a Multiple-Positron Emission Particle Tracking technique for tracking two freely moving particles in opaque systems and its application. The developed technique has been validated through tracking two stationary particles and two moving particles, respectively. The results showed that it is a reliable technique and can be potentially used to acquire more comparative information, such as the interactions and relative motions of particles with different sizes, densities, and material textures in multiphase systems. Tracking two polyethylene particles, labeled using 18F, in a cylindrical fluidized bed has been given as an example. The information obtained provides significant insights into phenomena in flow and mixing processes. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Reduced CO2 release from decomposing wheat straw under N‐limiting conditions: simulation of carbon turnover

The turnover of residue carbon in soil containing little available N can affect the management of crop residues. The effects of N deficiency on CO2 release from decomposing wheat straw were measured in an incubation experiment and interpreted by computer simulation. Straw with a C:N ratio of 91, incubated for 460 days in sand that was inoculated with a soil suspension, released CO2 much more slowly than when inorganic N was added to obtain a C:N ratio of 5. The evolution of CO2 continued longer without added N, approaching the amount released in the high N treatment with time. The simulation model NCSOIL was modified to simulate reduced CO2 release from decomposing residue when N limits microbial growth by (i) including the decomposers' biomass in the rate of residue decomposition in the form of a Monod‐type equation, where the biomass reduced the rate when its concentration was small compared with a saturation constant, and (ii) including formation of a polysaccharide‐like pool that received the decomposed C that could not be assimilated by the biomass because of insufficient N. The modified model simulated the reduced CO2 production in the absence of sufficient N, as a result of a smaller microbial biomass that reduced the rate of residue decomposition, and the formation of polysaccharides as long as N limited synthesis of microbial biomass.
Impact of gate–source/drain channel architecture on the performance of an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA)

In this work, we report on the significance of gate–source/drain extension region (also known as underlap design) optimization in double gate (DG) FETs to improve the performance of an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). It is demonstrated that high values of intrinsic voltage gain (AVO_OTA) > 55 dB and unity gain frequency (fT_OTA) ∼ 57 GHz in a folded cascode OTA can be achieved with gate-underlap channel design in 60 nm DG MOSFETs. These values correspond to 15 dB improvement in AVO_OTA and three fold enhancement in fT_OTA over a conventional non-underlap design. OTA performance based on underlap single gate SOI MOSFETs realized in ultra-thin body (UTB) and ultra-thin body BOX (UTBB) technologies is also evaluated. AVO_OTA values exhibited by a DG MOSFET-based OTA are 1.3–1.6 times higher as compared to a conventional UTB/UTBB single gate OTA. fT_OTA values for DG OTA are 10 GHz higher for UTB OTAs whereas a twofold improvement is observed with respect to UTBB OTAs. The simultaneous improvement in AVO_OTA and fT_OTA highlights the usefulness of underlap channel architecture in improving gain–bandwidth trade-off in analog circuit design. Underlap channel OTAs demonstrate high degree of tolerance to misalignment/oversize between front and back gates without compromising the performance, thus relaxing crucial process/technology-dependent parameters to achieve ‘idealized’ DG MOSFETs. Results show that underlap OTAs designed with a spacer-to-straggle (s/σ) ratio of 3.2 and operated below a bias current (IBIAS) of 80 µA demonstrate optimum performance. The present work provides new opportunities for realizing future ultra-wide band OTA design with underlap DG MOSFETs.
How Prices, Income, and Weather Shape Household Electricity Demand in High-Income and Middle-Income Countries

Abstract This analysis provides an international perspective geared towards understanding the future demands being placed on the world's electricity system. It focuses upon the household or residential demand for electricity in a number of high-income and middle-income countries that may raise power demands for cooling in a warming world. Panel estimates on 26 high-income and 29 middle-income countries over the 1978–2013 period provide critical information on how household electricity demand responds to income, weather, and prices. Our dynamic panel estimates address nonstationarity, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. We believe these are the first panel estimates for middle-income/non-OECD countries and the first panel estimates for high-income/OECD countries to address all three of the previously identified statistical issues. Relative to high-income country responses, long-run elasticities for middle-income nations are larger for income (0.8 compared to 0.6), larger for cooling (0.3 versus insignificant), and smaller for prices (−0.08 relative to −0.2). As middle-income economies are likely to grow more rapidly than high-income/OECD economies, the trends related to income and cooling responses are likely to place greater pressure on a warming world unless the power sector can be decarbonized globally.
Liquidity and Volatility

Liquidity provision is a bet against private information: if private information turns out to be higher than expected, liquidity providers lose. Since information generates volatility, and volatility co-moves across assets, liquidity providers have a negative exposure to aggregate volatility shocks. As aggregate volatility shocks carry a very large premium in option markets, this negative exposure can explain why liquidity provision earns high average returns. We show this by incorporating uncertainty about the amount of private information into an otherwise standard model. We test the model in the cross section of short-term reversals, which mimic the portfolios of liquidity providers. As predicted by the model, reversals have large negative betas to aggregate volatility shocks. These betas explain their average returns with the same risk price as in option markets, and their predictability by VIX in the time series. Volatility risk thus explains the liquidity premium among stocks and why it increases in volatile times. Our results provide a novel view of the risks and returns to liquidity provision.
Structural basis of AMPA receptor inhibition by trans‐4‐butylcyclohexane carboxylic acid

AMPA receptors, which shape excitatory postsynaptic currents and are directly involved in overactivation of synaptic function during seizures, represent a well‐accepted target for anti‐epileptic drugs. Trans‐4‐butylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (4‐BCCA) has emerged as a new promising anti‐epileptic drug in several in vitro and in vivo seizure models, but the mechanism of its action remained unknown. The purpose of this study is to characterize structure and dynamics of 4‐BCCA interaction with AMPA receptors.
Detection of Unauthorized Transmissions in a Frequency Spectrum Using Wireless Sensor Network

—In the dawn of innovation in which technology interconnects the machine and user to more intentional levels than ever before, security of this newfound technology must be harnessed in order to ensure confidentiality of the consumer’s information in addition to the protection of device performance. A transmitter could be used to maliciously emit an unauthorized signal in order to gain access to sensitive information or control over a device. In order to prevent this, a wireless detector could be implemented to warn a user of malicious activity. The designed detector is comprised of a mesh network of multiple sensors that monitor a frequency spectrum. When an unauthorized signal is detected, the user must be alerted. Each sensor is comprised of a software-defined radio (SDR) which monitors the frequency spectrum and a XBee device that utilizes the Zigbee communication protocol to communicate with the other sensors in the network. The information collected from each sensor is received by the fusion center which alerts the user of a detection of an unauthorized transmission.