Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination and prediction of the net energy content of seven feed ingredients fed to growing pigs based on chemical composition

Two experiments were conducted to determine the net energy (NE) content of various feed ingredients (Exp. 1) and to establish prediction equations for NE for these same ingredients (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, 36 barrows (27.5 ± 0.5 kg) were assigned to six diets (in a completely randomised design) to give six replicates per diet. The diets were a corn-soybean meal basal diet and five experimental diets containing either wheat, wheat bran, corn dried distillers grains with solubles (cDDGS), canola meal or cottonseed meal. The pigs were housed in six open-circuit chambers (six pigs at a time balanced for dietary treatment) for 16 days, the first 7 days were used for an adaptation to the diets, while for the next 5 days pigs were fed ad libitum (2400 kJ/kg BW0.6·day–1), then fed at 1 × metabolisable energy (ME) for maintenance for 3 days, followed by fasting for 24 h. The NE content of wheat, wheat bran, cDDGS, canola meal, and cottonseed meal were 11.44, 7.78, 10.21, 8.38, and 7.32 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis performed between the chemical composition and the energy value of the ingredients, allowed for the NE to be accurately predicted from chemical characteristics. The best fit equation was: NE = 1.46 + (0.63 × gross energy) – (0.37 × acid detergent fibre), with a R2 of 0.94, a residual standard deviation (RSD) of 0.54 MJ/kg, and P < 0.01. In Exp. 2, 36 barrows (34.6 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allotted to six diets containing various combinations of corn, soybean meal, wheat, wheat bran, cDDGS, canola meal, or cottonseed meal. The chemical composition of each diet was determined and the results were used to establish prediction equations for the NE in the six diets and 16 diets (including six diets from Exp. 1, six diets from Exp. 2 and four diets from our laboratory published data). The best fit equations were as follows: NE = –0.47 + (0.84 × ME) with an R2 of 0.94, a RSD of 0.20 MJ/kg, and P < 0.01; NE = –10.19 + (0.97 × digestible energy) + (0.08 × starch) + (0.05 × acid detergent fibre) with an R2 of 0.84, a RSD of 0.46 MJ/kg, and P < 0.01, respectively. In summary, the NE of the seven ingredients could be better measured by the respiration calorimetry estimated by substitution method. The NE prediction equation determined based on the chemical characteristics of the test ingredients was better than when determined using the chemical characteristics of the diets.
Nutrients and their duration of enrichment influence periphyton cover and biomass in rural and urban streams

Although it is well known that land use affects nutrient dynamics and algal growth in streams, the responses to different durations of nutrient supply are poorly understood. The associations of benthic (periphyton-dominated) biomass with concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in rural and urban streams in New York were quantified. Biomass was significantly greater (2-fold) in the urban compared with the rural stream, which was associated with differences in dissolved nutrients. Experimental field enrichment of nutrient concentrations and duration of exposure altered benthic periphyton. Increasing nutrients by 60-99% of ambient concentrations increased periphyton percentage cover and biomass. Periphyton abundance also increased with increasing duration of exposure to nutrients (2, 4 and 8 weeks); however, short-term pulses of nutrients (2 weeks) had no significant effect in the rural stream. These results indicate that effective management of nutrient delivery, by reducing time periods of high nutrient load, will minimise impacts to benthic environments.
Survival of Discarded Sublegal Atlantic Cod in the Northwest Atlantic Demersal Longline Fishery

Abstract The survival of sublegal Atlantic cod Gadus morhua discarded in the U.S. Northwest Atlantic demersal longline fishery was examined for the effects that handling technique, sea surface temperature, and capture depth have on it. Longline-caught Atlantic cod were either removed from the hook by hand (unsnubbed) or by allowing the hydraulic hauler to pull the fish against the parallel steel cylinders placed vertically on the gunwale, causing the hook to pull through the jaw (snubbed). Jigged-caught fish served as an indicator of mortality occurring because of the experimental design in the survival experiments. Once caught, live fish were placed in underwater cages, and short-term survival was assessed after holding the fish for 3 d (approximately 72 h). Survival was analyzed with respect to three water depths and four sea surface temperature (SST) strata. Atlantic cod survival in these strata ranged from 31% to 100%. Depth and SST affected survival more than the dehooking technique; survival was hig.
Research Article Open Access

The feasibility of transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) combined with intratumoral injection of cisplatin as treatment for hepatocellular carci-noma. 30 cases receiving TACE were denoted the TACE group, another 30 cases receiving TACE combined with an intratumoral multi-point injection of cisplatin were denoted the TACE/cisplatin group. Cases with partial remission/complete remission (PR/CR) were analyzed using 2 tests; alpha fetoprotein (AFP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), erythrocyte, and platelet levels were detected and the differences between two groups were analyzed using the Student's t-test; cases with complications, including intrahepatic metas-tasis (IM), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB), and liver failure were also counted. The correlation of clinical parameters with PR/CR was analyzed using multifactorial correlation analysis. Cases with PR/CR in the TACE/cis-platin group were significantly more than in TACE group, accompanied by significant declination in FAP. There were no significant differences of AST, ALT, TBIL, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and platelets (PLT) between two groups; 3 cases with IM, one case with UGB and one case with LF were found in the TACE group, but only 1 case with IM was found in the TACE/cisplatin group. In addition, tumor stage was correlated with PR/CR. We concluded that TACE combined with intratumoral injection of cisplatin was Assessment of the feasibility of TACE combined with intratumoral injection of cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma
Localization of NADP-dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in Rat Kidney Peroxisomes

The localization of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (cytosolic type, ICD2) in rat kidney peroxisomes was studied using an immunoelectron microscopic technique. Rat kidneys were perfusion-fixed in a fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.2% glutaraldehyde and 0.1 M Hepes-KOH buffer (pH 7.4) for 10 min. Fixed tissue slices were embedded in LR White resin. Thin sections were stained for ICD2 with a combination of anti-ICD2 and protein A-gold probe (15 nm). Signals for ICD2 were found to be present in the peroxisomes of the proximal tubules but not in the cytoplasmic matrix. Within the peroxisomes, ICD2 was detected in the peripheral dense matrix where catalase was present but not in the central clear matrix to which D-amino acid oxidase was confined. The results showed that in the rat kidney ICD2 was confined to the peroxisomes and located in the peripheral dense matrix as catalase.
Diet and sexual maturation of the neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii during autumn and spring in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region

Diet and sexual maturation were examined in the winter–spring cohort of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, during its southward migration through the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region of the western North Pacific. The main prey items are micronektonic animals and small pelagic fish, which were abundantly distributed throughout the study area. Among the prey species, O. bartramii was dependent on the Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus, which also migrate from the northern to southern transition region during the winter, and the micronektonic squid Watasenia scintillans throughout the study period. Other common prey items were Gonatopsis borealis, Diaphus theta, and Ceratoscopelus warmingii from October to November or December, and Tarletonbeania taylori after December. These dietary changes can be explained by the difference in the seasonal north–south migration patterns of the predator and prey species. Male sexual maturation progressed throughout the season, and most individuals were fully mature in January. In contrast, most of the females were immature throughout the study period. The feeding strategy of the squid in relation to their seasonal north to south migration and sexual maturation was discussed.
Changes in chemical composition and nutritional quality of fried sardine (Clupea pilchardus) produced by frozen storage and microwave reheating

Modifications in proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids and –SH groups content, as well as changes in solubility and nutritional quality of protein, were studied in fillets of sardine (Clupea pilchardus) that had been successively pan-fried, frozen stored and reheated by two different means, namely conventional oven and microwave oven. Upon pan-frying in olive oil the sardine absorbed C18: 1(n-9) and C18: 2(n-6) and lost saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); this loss continued upon reheating, and as a consequence the percentage of MUFA increased compared to the just-fried sardine. A loss of water was observed during all processes. Upon frying there was a decrease of cyst(e)ine. Upon reheating by both microwave and conventional oven, methionine decreased; however, cyst(e)ine only decreased with the use of a conventional oven. A loss of –SH groups was recorded during frying and this phenomenon continued upon reheating. Biological value (BV) together with net protein utilisation (NPU) decreased upon both frying and reheating. © 1997 SCI.
Comparative Studies on Synthesis of Water-soluble Vitamins among Human Species of Bifidobacteria

The ability of bifidobacteria to synthesize six water-soluble vitamins (thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B12 and riboflavin) was systematically investigated with twenty-four strains of five species derived from human feces. The vitamins synthesized were determined as those accumulated in cultures grown in a semi-synthetic medium. For the vitamins other than vitamin B12 and riboflavin, extracellular liberation was also examined with the supernatant fluids obtained after removing cells from the cultures. Many strains of the bifidobacteria investigated could indeed synthesize five of the vitamins, the exception being riboflavin. A large portion of each of the vitamins synthesized was excreted into the medium. The concentrations of the vitamins, especially thiamine, nicotinic acid and folic acid, accumulated varied widely among different species or strains. On the basis of the results, these bifidobacteria could be divided into three general types according to the abilities to accumul.
Testing for effects of stump fumigation with chloropicrin on vegetation in an early seral Douglas-fir stand

The biocide chloropicrin has been suggested for the control of laminated root rot (caused by Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. ), a widespread and economically important disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests. This study investigated the effects of chloropicrin use on vegetation. A 65-year-old stand in northwestern Washington dominated by Douglas-fir was harvested by clear-cutting in 1988. At time of harvest, the stand was severely affected by laminated root rot. After harvest, plots were either left unfumigated or fumigated with 3.0-18.2 kg of chloropicrin per 0.04 ha. We used multivariate analyses to investigate the effect of chloropicrin on the abundance of vegetation, accounting for pretreatment plot differences. Five years after harvest and fumigation, no significant differences in vegetation composition or cover were found. Chloropicrin fumigation significantly increased diversity (Hill's measure) but not richness. Of the 10 most abundant species, only two showed significa.
Brown Midrib in Maize and its Linkage relations

As the name implies, the plants possessing this brown midrib character show a browning of the midrib of the leaves. The pigment usually appears when the plant has four or five leaves but has been observed to appear as early ~is the three-leaf stage and as late as the sixAeaf stage. The major part of the material was turned over to the writer by the Division of Agronomy and Plant Genetics in ~9~6, after many of the crosses had been made. The study reported here consists of a description of the character; its location in the plant; physiologic, morphologic, and biochemical studies of the character; and a study of the mode of inheritance and linkage relations.
Effects of sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) grazing in Dusky Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand

Abstract Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) is known to be an important grazer of subtidal barren habitats in northern New Zealand but its role in structuring rocky reef communities at colder southern localities is poorly understood. The present study was prompted by a proposal for the establishment of an E. chloroticus fishery in Dusky Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand. To determine the ecological importance of E. chloroticus in Dusky Sound, sea urchins were experimentally removed from shallow fucoid fringe (upper zone), mid‐depth barrens (middle zone), and deeper algal meadow (lower zone), at eight sites and compared with a paired set of eight control sites. Two years of continuous removal of E. chloroticus resulted in conspicuous changes to the algal community at all depth zones examined. The density of fucoid algae (Carpophyllum spp., Sargassum spp., Cystophora spp., and Landsburgia quercifolia) increased mostly in the upper and middle zones, although smaller increases were also observed in the lower zone. Changes in cover of herbaceous, turfing and crustose algae observed in the middle and lower zones were larger than in the upper zone. Density increases of the kelp Ecklonia radiata were observed mainly in the lower zone, although still important in the middle zone. These results show that E. chloroticus can have a strong influence on the structure of algal assemblages in Dusky Sound hence the development of an E. chloroticus fishery in this area should be treated with caution.
Willingness to pay for a pharmacist’s dispensing service: a cross-sectional pilot study in the state of Penang, Malaysia

Objective The aim of this pilot study was to assess the value of the dispensing service of pharmacists from the general public’s perspective using the contingent valuation technique in the State of Penang, Malaysia. Methods Participants were conveniently sampled from malls and were given a self-completed questionnaire that collected the patient’s demographic information and their knowledge about the pharmacist’s dispensing service. They were then presented with a description of the pharmacist’s dispensing service, the risk of medication errors in prescriptions and their consequences, and the risk reduction of medication errors associated with pharmacist intervention. The willingness to pay (WTP) of the participants was later assessed using a contingent valuation interview that asked the likelihood and maximum amount they were willing to pay. Results In the study, 100 people participated, and 57% were aged between 18 and 35 years. Of these participants, 51% were women, and 46% of them earned more than 1000 MYR (285.71USD) per month. In addition, 8% of the participants had never visited a community pharmacy. Finally, 67% of the participants were willing to pay for the pharmacists’ dispensing service, and the median amount that the participants were willing to pay was 10 MYR (2.86USD). The WTP amount was moderately correlated with their knowledge of the community pharmacist’s dispensing services (r=0.377, p=0.02). Conclusion Generally, the public valued the pharmacist’s dispensing service. Their acceptance can be further improved by educating the public on the role of the pharmacist.
Saponin and sapogenol. XLIII: Acetyl-soyasaponins A4, A5, and A6, new astringent bisdesmosides of soyasapogenol A, from Japanese soybean, the seeds of Glycine max MERRILL

In addition to soyasaponins I, II, and III, three new bitter and astringent bisdesmosides named acetyl-soyasaponin A4(2), acetyl-soyasaponin A5 (3), and acetyl-soyasaponin A6 (4) which are characterized by having a fully acetylated terminal xylosyl moiety, have been isolated from a Japanese species of soybean (Tamanishiki strain), the seeds of Glycine max MERRILL, cultivated in Hokkaido Prefecture. By means of photochemical degradation (a selective cleavage method for the glucuronide linkage), and on the basis of physicochemical evidence including 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, the structures of acetyl-soyasaponins A4, A5, and A6 have been elucidated as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-22-O-[2, 3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]soyasapogenol A (2), 3-O-[β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-22-O-[2, 3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]soyasapogenol A (3), and 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-22-O-[2, 3, 4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]soyasapogenol A (4), respectively.
Nocardiosis in the Tropical Northern Territory of Australia, 1997–2014

Background. Nocardia is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause life-threatening disease. We aimed to characterize the epidemiological, microbiological, and clinical features of nocardiosis in the tropical north of Australia. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of nocardiosis diagnosed between 1997 and 2014. Population-based incidences were calculated using district population data. Results. Clinically significant nocardiosis was identified in 61 patients. The unadjusted population-based annual incidence of nocardiosis was 2.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55–2.60) per 100000 people and was 1.7 (95% CI, .96–2.90) fold higher in Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous persons (P = .027). Of 61 patients, 47 (77%) had chronic lung disease, diabetes, and/or hazardous alcohol consumption; 22 (36%) were immunocompromised; and 8 (13%) had no identified comorbidities. Disease presentations included pulmonary (69%; 42 of 61), cutaneous (13%; 8 of 61), and disseminated nocardiosis (15%; 9 of 61). The most commonly identified species were Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (each 11%). Linezolid was the only antimicrobial to which isolates were universally susceptible; 89% (48 of 54), 60% (32 of 53), and 48% (26 of 54) of isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and imipenem, respectively. Eighteen patients (30%) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and 1-year mortality was 31%. Conclusions. The incidence of nocardiosis in tropical Australia is amongst the highest reported globally. Nocardiosis occurs in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts, and it is associated with high rates of ICU admission, 1-year mortality, and resistance to commonly recommended antimicrobials. Diagnosis should be considered in patients with consistent clinical features, particularly if they are Indigenous or have chronic lung disease.
Crosstalk and Signaling Switches in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades control cell fate decisions, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by integrating and processing intraand extracellular cues. However, similar MAPK kinetic profiles can be associated with opposing cellular decisions depending on cell type, signal strength and dynamics. This implies that signalling by each individual MAPK cascade has to be considered in the context of the entire MAPK network. Here, we develop a dynamic model of feedback and crosstalk for the three major MAPK cascades; extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and also include input from protein kinase B (AKT) signalling. Focusing on the bistable activation characteristics of the JNK pathway, this model explains how pathway crosstalk harmonises different MAPK responses resulting in pivotal cell fate decisions. We show that JNK can switch from a transient to sustained activity due to multiple positive feedback loops. Once activated, positive feedback locks JNK in a highly active state and promotes cell death. The switch is modulated by the ERK, p38 and AKT pathways. ERK activation enhances the dual specificity phosphatase (DUSP) mediated dephosphorylation of JNK and shifts the threshold of the apoptotic switch to higher inputs. Activation of p38 restores the threshold by inhibiting ERK activity via the PP1 or PP2A phosphatases. Finally, AKT activation inhibits the JNK positive feedback, thus abrogating the apoptotic switch and allowing only proliferative signalling. Our model facilitates understanding of how cancerous deregulations disturb MAPK signal processing and provides explanations for certain drug resistances. We highlight a critical role of DUSP1 and DUSP2 expression patterns in facilitating the switching of JNK activity and show how oncogene induced ERK hyperactivity prevents the normal apoptotic switch explaining the failure of certain drugs to induce apoptosis. Manuscript length: 11 pages (not counting figures, tables, abstract and references), 7263 words + 105 inline equations + 14 display equations (by http://app.uio.no/ifi/texcount/), 9 figures, 5 tables. 1 Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland ∗Correspondence: Boris N Kholodenko Systems Biology Ireland Conway Institute University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 boris.kholodenko@ucd.ie
Selective Translation of the Measles Virus Nucleocapsid mRNA by La Protein

Measles, caused by measles virus (MeV) infection, is the leading cause of death in children because of secondary infections attributable to MeV-induced immune suppression. Recently, we have shown that wild-type MeVs induce the suppression of protein synthesis in host cells (referred to as “shutoff”) and that viral mRNAs are preferentially translated under shutoff conditions in infected cells. To determine the mechanism behind the preferential translation of viral mRNA, we focused on the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of nucleocapsid (N) mRNA. The La/SSB autoantigen (La) was found to specifically bind to an N-5′UTR probe. Recombinant La enhanced the translation of luciferase mRNA containing the N-5′UTR (N-fLuc), and RNA interference of La suppressed N-fLuc translation. Furthermore, recombinant MeV lacking the La-binding motif in the N-5′UTR displayed delayed viral protein synthesis and growth kinetics at an early phase of infection. These results suggest that La induced predominant translation of N mRNA via binding to its 5′UTR under shutoff conditions. This is the first report on a cellular factor that specifically regulates paramyxovirus mRNA translation.
Does population genetic structure support present management regulations of the northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in Skagerrak and the North Sea

Halvor Knutsen1,2,3*, Per Erik Jorde2, Enrique Blanco Gonzalez1,3, Ole Ritzau Eigaard4, Ricardo T. Pereyra5, Hanne Sannaes1, Mikael Dahl5, Carl Andre5†, and Guldborg Sovik6† Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Flodevigen, N-4817 His, Norway Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway University of Agder, N-4604 Kristiansand, Norway Danish Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Charlottenlund Slot, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Biological and Environmental Sciences-Tjarno, Gothenburg University, SE-452 96 Stromstad, Sweden Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway *Corresponding author: tel: +47 37059050; fax: +47 37059001; e-mail: halvor.knutsen@imr.no CA and GS shared senior authorship.