Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ethanol Addition in a Biodiesel Operated DI Diesel Engine on Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics

In this study, diesel fuel, biodiesel, and biodiesel–ethanol blends (BEBs) were tested in a single cylinder direct-injection (DI) diesel engine to investigate the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of the engine at the maximum torque and an engine speed of 1500 rpm. The results indicate that when compared with biodiesel, the combustion characteristics of BE blends changed; the engine performance has improved slightly with 5% ethanol in biodiesel (BEB5). The brake thermal efficiency increases slightly with lower blends and no significant improvement with higher ethanol blends. The effectiveness of NOx and smoke density increases with increasing ethanol in the blends. With a high percentage of ethanol in the BE blends, the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions could increase. But the use of BEB5 could reduce the HC and CO emissions as well. In general, the BE blends have lower NOx emissions, compared with biodiesel and diesel fuel. The smoke density decreases for lower ethanol blends compared with diesel and biodiesel fuel. On the whole, the BE blends give lower HC, CO, smoke density, and NOx emission compared with diesel fuel. But the additions of more ethanol with biodiesel have no significant improvement in the emission levels.
Fractionation of paraffin wax mixtures

Experimental results for the supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) of paraffin wax using supercritical carbon dioxide are presented and compared with short path distillation (SPD). A simple simulation algorithm is presented and used to simulate SCFE cases. From these simulations it appears that supercritical extraction with reflux can be used to produce products with narrower carbon number distributions than those that can be obtained with SPD.
Facile synthesis of controlled‐structure primary amine‐based methacrylamide polymers via the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer process

We report here a novel direct method for the syntheses of primary aminoalkyl methacrylamides that requires mild reagents and no protecting group chemistry. The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) of the aminoalkyl methacrylamide revealed to be highly efficient with 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CTP) as chain transfer agent and 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) as initiator. Cationic amino-based homopolymers of reasonably narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn < 1.30) and predetermined molecular weights were obtained without recourse to any protecting group chemistry. A range of block and random copolymers were also synthesized via the RAFT process. The homopolymers and copolymers were characterized by aqueous conventional and triple detection gel permeation chromatography systems. Furthermore, the primary amine-based methacrylamide monomers and polymers revealed to be highly stable both with the primary amino group in the protonated and deprotonated form. We have also demonstrated that stabilized gold nanoparticles can be generated with the RAFT-synthesized amine-based polymers via a photochemical process. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4984–4996, 2008
Synthesis and Bioevaluation of 3-(substitutedphenyl)-1- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-ones and their Carbamate Derivatives against Root - Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)

Synthesis of 3-(4-chloro/methyl/nitro/methoxy/3,4,5-trimethoxy/2,4-dichloro/ 4-bromo/ 3, 4-dimethoxy/ 2, 4-dimethoxy/ 3-bromo/ 2-chloro/ 2-methoxy phenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1one (14-25) has been carried out from substituted benzaldehyde (1-12) and 4-hydroxy acetophenone (13). The condensation of synthesized 2-propen-1-ones (14-25) with phenyl isocyanate (26) gave 4-[3-(4-chloro/ methyl/nitro/methoxy/3, 4, 5-trimethoxy/2, 4-dichloro/4-bromo/3, 4-dimethoxy/2, 4-dimethoxy/3-bromo phenyl) prop-2-enoyl] phenyl phenylcarbamate (27-36). The synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of analytical and spectral data. All the compounds were evaluated for their nematicidal activity in- vitro against second stage juveniles (J 2 ) of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Incorporation of carbamoyloxy moiety in 2-propen-1-ones enhanced the activity. Irrespective of the concentration, compounds 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (17) and 4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-enoyl] phenyl phenyl carbamate (30) have shown maximum nematode mortality i.e. 30% and 51.8%.
Dynamics of vibrating atomic force microscopy

An atomic force microscope which is operated in the oscillating mode is an example of an impact oscillator. The description of such dynamical systems can be reduced to a mathematical mapping, which displays a square-root singularity. A direct consequence of this property is the emergence of an infinite series of period-adding bifurcations. This extremely characteristic phenomenon should be observed in atomic force microscopes. We consider an atomic force microscope in which the tip-substrate forces are modelled by a liquid-bridge interaction. By integrating the dynamical equations we show that the atomic force microscopy (AFM) dynamical behaviour has the same characteristic bifurcation scenario as the square-root map. We point to the remarkable role of the energy that is dissipated upon impact. We finally suggest ways to improve the operation of AFM.
Enhanced mechanical energy harvesting using needleless electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibre webs

Randomly oriented poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibre webs prepared by a needleless electrospinning technique were used as an active layer for making mechanical-to-electrical energy harvest devices. With increasing the applied voltage in the electrospinning process, a higher β crystal phase was formed in the resulting PVDF nanofibres, leading to enhanced mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion of the devices. The power generated by the nanofibre devices was able to drive a miniature Peltier cooler, which may be useful for the development of mechanically driven cooling textile. In addition, the needleless electrospinning also showed great potential in the production of nanofibres on a large scale.
Developing an Environmental Manure Test for the Phosphorus Index

Abstract Widespread implementation of the phosphorus (P) index has focused attention on environmental manure tests that can be used to estimate the relative availability of P in manure to runoff water. This article describes the development and use of a water extractable P (WEP) test to assess the capacity of land‐applied manure to enrich P in runoff water. WEP of surface‐applied manure has been shown to be strongly correlated to dissolved P concentrations in runoff from agricultural soils. WEP tests that have a defined water‐to‐manure‐solids ratio and involve extraction times of 30 to 120 min provide the best prediction of dissolved P in runoff across a wide range of manures. Consistent measurement of manure WEP can be achieved with manure sample storage times of up to 22 days (4°C), acidified extract holding times of 18 days, and solid separation by either centrifugation or paper filtration. Reproducibility of WEP tests is comparable to that of other common manure tests (e.g., total P), as verified by within‐laboratory and inter laboratory evaluations. A survey of 140 livestock manures revealed significant differences in mean WEP among different livestock manures, with swine greater than poultry (turkey, broiler and layer chickens) and dairy cattle greater than beef cattle. Such results support the use of WEP‐based coefficients to modify the source component of the P index.
A physical approach to the radiation damage mechanisms induced by X‐rays in X‐ray microscopy and related techniques

A physical approach is used to analyse the various mechanisms induced by the absorption of X‐ray photons of energies in the 0.2–20 keV range. At the atomic scale, besides the (Auger and photo) electron transport in the bulk or the ejection into the surrounding media, special attention is devoted to the specific consequences of the initial Auger decay mechanism. At the macroscopic scale, the decisive role of the poor electronic conductivity of the radiation‐sensitive materials is outlined and it is shown that the damaging effects occur in irradiated insulators because the lack of conduction electrons prevents the initial charge of the excited atoms being quickly restored. Correlating irradiation conditions and physical properties of the specimen, various expressions are proposed for the first time to quantify these effects. Some are neither dose‐ nor dose‐rate‐dependent and the influence of the surrounding medium is also considered. The fundamental mechanisms investigated here hold for a wide variety of specimens or components investigated in X‐ray microscopy. Their consequences can be easily transposed to other techniques using transmitted X‐rays.
Continuum-configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations of long-chain alkanes

The recently introduced continuum-configurational-bias method for Monte Carlo simulations is employed for the generation of large samples of many-chain n-alkane systems with chain lengths of 11, 24 and 71 carbon atoms. The simulations are used to investigate the adequacy of representing methylene groups as united-atom Lennard-Jones interaction sites, and to test the configurational-bias approach against traditional random moves and reptation moves with respect to the computational efficiency and numerical stability of the calculated ensemble averages. The results of simulations with constant pressure, temperature, and number of molecules demonstrate that, with an appropriate mixture of different types of Monte Carlo moves, an efficient and stable strategy can be obtained. Adjustment of the Lennard-Jones parameters leads to results that are in good agreement with experimental data for the density of liquid alkanes over a large temperature interval.
ENHANCED IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF MUSA ACCUMINATA INDUCED BY HUMIC ACID FROM COAL EXTRACT AS COMPARED WITH COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE HUMIC ACID PRODUCTS

Humic acids (also known as the black gold of agriculture) are complex molecules that exist naturally in humic matter found in soils and are an excellent natural and organic way to provide soil with a concentrated dose of essential nutrients, vitamins and trace elements. A source of humic acids is found in soft brown coal referred to as Leonardite. The Humic acid was extracted from Leonardite collected from Neyveli and it was estimated. The estimated Humic acid was used for the micropropagation of Grand Naine (Musa accuminata) at five different concentrations (0.1 – 0.5%) and compared with commercially available Keradix and Humic Rooting. The various trials were used to check the growth propagation of the Humic acid in full MS media, ¾ MS media, ½ MS media and ¼ MS media and comparison was made among the samples in full MS. After the micropropagation, the explants were selected for the initiation stage and the proliferation stage. The Rooting and Shooting stage were developed in the media with the Humic acid of all the samples against the control of various concentrations and the characteristics such as the Length, height, weight of the roots and shoots were studied and the best concentration for the growth of plants using Humic acid and the media were reported.
Effect of acid diffusion on performance in positive deep ultraviolet resists

Two methods to measure acid diffusion in positive acid catalyzed resists are described. The first method employs a spectrophotometric titration to determine the acid concentration ([H+]) followed by measuring the ion conductivity (σ) of the resist film to determine the diffusion coefficient (D). This method allows the diffusion coefficient of acid in the resist to be determined at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to different post‐exposure bake (PEB) temperatures. The second method is based on the threshold acid density theory of image formation, which assumes that when a critical concentration of acid is reached, the developer solubility of the resist is changed. With this method, a constant level of acid can be followed at different PEB times and the diffusion coefficient determined. A comparison of the two methods to measure the acid diffusion coefficient will be made and the temperature dependence of diffusion for different types of organic acids will be presented. Based on a previ.
Catalytic asymmetric heterogeneous aziridination of styrene using CuHY: effect of nitrene donor on enantioselectivity

The copper-catalysed aziridination of styrene with copper-exchanged zeolite Y (CuHY) and copper(II) triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate) (Cu(OTf)2) as catalysts is described in detail. Two nitrene donors, [N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)imino)]phenyliodinane (PhINTs) and [N-(p-nitrophenylsulfonyl)imino]phenyliodinane (PhINNs) are compared. Modification of the catalyst with bis(oxazolines) affords enantioselective catalysts and a range of chiral bis(oxazolines) has been studied. The ratio of nitrene donor to styrene is shown to be an important factor controlling both the yield and ee of aziridine formed. The best results are obtained with PhINNs; ee, ≥ 90%, together with high yields (≥ 85%), can readily be achieved with this nitrene donor using acetonitrile as solvent. Addition of the nitrene donor over a period of time, rather than all at the start of the reaction, is shown to enhance the yield of the aziridine but the ee is significantly decreased for both the homogeneous and the heterogeneous catalysts. Experiments in which the breakdown products of the nitrene donor, iodobenzene and the corresponding sulfonamide, are added at the start of the reaction show that a complex interplay exists at the copper active site between the reactants, products, chiral modifier and the solvent. However, the heterogeneous catalyst, CuHY, is found to give enhanced enantioselection for a range of bis(oxazolines) compared to the homogeneous catalyst, and the effect is considered to be due to the confinement of the catalyst within the micropores of the zeolite.
Real time PCR based on Fluorescent Quenching of Mercaptoacetic Acid-Modified CdTe Quantum Dots for Ultrasensitive Specific Detection of Nucleic Acids

A ultra-sensitive, highly specific, real-time polymerase chain reaction system based on mercaptoacetic acid-modified CdTe nanocrystals(mQDs) is reported. With the addition of 3 nm mQDs into the PCR reagent, the photoluminescent(PL) intensities of mQDs decreased gradually as the DNA templates and PCR cycles increased, in an approximate negative linear relation to the DNA concentration logarithm or cycles, the PL peaks exhibited red-shifts synchronously. Mg 2+ ions decreased the PL intensity of mQDs in a dose-dependent means, and Taq DNA polymerase enhanced the PL intensity of mQDs in a dose-dependent means. Real-time PCR based on mQDs showed an increased sensitivity at least 103 fold higher than that based on SYBR Green I. The specificity of PCR was enhanced in the PCR reagent with less than 1.33mg/mL mQDs. The potential mechanism is also discussed. This novel PCR system based on mQDs has great potential in applications such as ultra-sensitive specific DNA or RNA detection, dynamic molecular imaging, and photoelectric biosensors.
Deformation modes of complex fluid interfaces

The rheology of complex fluid interfaces influences the dynamics of emulsion droplets and foam bubbles, vesicles, polymersomes and polymer microcapsules, biological cells, lung alveoli, or thin liquid films. With recent progress in improved and robust measuring techniques, both the shear and the dilatational viscoelastic properties of interfacial adsorption layers have received much attention. Understanding the relation between interfacial rheology, interface structure, and macroscopic material properties of complex fluids remains a challenge. In this article, the role of these links is discussed for the most important interface deformation modes, shear and dilatation, in the context of adsorption layers formed by surfactants, proteins, nanoparticles and for composite interfaces.
Synthesis and curing of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) nanoparticles

Glycidyl-functional polymer nanoparticles [poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA)] were fabricated with microemulsion polymerization. The successful fabrication of PGMA nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A TEM image showed that the average diameter of the PGMA nanoparticles was approximately 10–28 nm and was fairly monodisperse. As the surfactant concentration increased, the average size of the nanoparticles decreased and approached an asymptotic value. A significant reduction of the nanoparticle size to the nanometer scale led to an enhanced number of surface functionalities, which played an important role in the curing reaction. The PGMA nanoparticles were cured with a low-temperature curing agent, diethylene triamine, to produce ultrafine thermoset nanoparticles. The low-temperature curing process was performed below the glass-transition temperature of PGMA to prevent the coagulation and deformation of the nanoparticles. A TEM image indicated that the cured PGMA nanoparticles did not exhibit interparticle aggregation and morphological transformation during curing. The average size of the cured PGMA nanoparticles was consistent with that of the pristine PGMA nanoparticles © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2258–2265, 2005
Trichloroethene Elimination from Air by Means of Biofoltration

The aim of this study was to develop a biofiltration system able to remove TCE from contaminated air and to optimize its operating conditions. Three types of one- and two-step installations were examined for the capacity to remove gas-phase trichloroethene from waste air. The immobilizate of the biomass active in TCE decomposition was used in the process. The efficiency of the process and metabolic activity of biomass were investigated. The stable and effective biofiltration process was achieved when a two-step installation was used with hybrid bioreactor containing activated sludge suspension with active biomass immobilizate (bioscrubber) being the first step. The second step was a biofilter filled with traditional deciduous leaf debris compost mixed with wood chips and activated carbon. The efficiency of contaminant elimination achieved during 2.5 months of operation was between 52% and 92%. The bioscrubber activity in gas purification was high − even up to 76%, and biofilter capacity for contaminant elimination was in the range 65-88.3 g TCE/ m 3 /h. Active strains of microorganisms selected in the course of the process were isolated and identified. Dominant bacteria belonged to the genus Streptomyces, Sarcina, Arthrobacter, Bacillus and also to Gramnegative rods from species Agrobacterium radiobacter and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Moreover, two dominant strains of moulds and one strain of yeast were isolated from the biofilter-bed.
Polarizability as a landmark property for fullerene chemistry and materials science

The review summarizes data on dipole polarizability of fullerenes and their derivatives, covering the most widespread classes of fullerene-containing molecules (fullerenes, fullerene exohedral derivatives, fullerene dimers, endofullerenes, fullerene ions, and derivatives with ionic bonds). These are currently presented by experimental and mainly theoretical works. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the computational data in terms of additive schemes that assist in understanding the changes in polarizability upon fullerene functionalization and provide a general formula for calculation of polarizability for certain classes of the exohedral derivatives. Additionally, application of polarizability to the physical and chemical problems of fullerene science is discussed. It includes aspects of fullerene reactivity, physicochemical processes in carbon nanostructures (quenching of electronically-excited states, nanocapillarity, etc.) as well as use of fullerene adducts as electron-acceptor materials for organic solar cells and molecular switch devices.
Diffuse scattering, size effect and alloy disorder in ternary and quaternary III–V compounds

Abstract The diffuse intensity present in the X-ray and electron diffraction patterns of the ternary and quaternary III–V alloys with mixed sublattice(s) hosting atoms of different covalent radii is studied in detail. It consists of portions of {110}-oriented reciprocal planes passing slightly away from the main diffraction spots. Using a valence force field model to calculate the static atomic displacement field, and the kinematical approximation for diffraction, it is shown that the experimental patterns are compatible with a total lack of correlation between the occupations of the various sites of the mixed sublattice(s) without, however, excluding the existence of some moderate ordering or clustering. The characteristic intensity distribution observed is interpreted in terms of the correlated atomic displacements from the average lattice induced in its vicinity by any atom belonging to a mixed sublattice. The particularly strong anisotropy of this size effect is related to the covalent character of th.
Use of laminar flow water storage tank (LFWS) to mitigate the membrane fouling for reuse of wastewater from wafer processes

This study employed the modified fouling index (MFI) to determine the performance of a two-step recycling system - a membrane filtration integrated laminar flow water storage (LFWS) tank followed by an ion exchange process to reclaim ultrapure water (UPW) from the wastewater generated from semiconductor wafer backgrinding and sawing processes. The first step consisted of the utilization of either ultrafiltration (UF) or nanofiltration (NF) membranes to remove solids in the wastewater where the second step consisted of an ion exchanger to further purify the filtrate. The system was able to produce high purity water in a continuous operating mode. However, higher recycling cost could be incurred due to membrane fouling. The feed wastewater used for this study contained high concentration of fine particles with low organic and ionic contents, hence membrane fouling was mainly attributed to particulate deposition and cake formation. Based on the MFI results, a LFWS tank that was equipped with a turbulence reducer with a pair of auto-valves was developed and found effective in minimizing fouling by discharging concentrated wastewater prior to any membrane filtration. By comparing flux behaviors of the improved system with the conventional system, the former maintained a high flux than the latter at the end of the experiment.
Synthesis of magnetic/silica nanoparticles with a core of magnetic clusters and their application for the immobilization of His-tagged enzymes

We synthesized magnetic/silica nanoparticles with a core/shell structure. The average diameter of the spherical particles was approximately 100 nm, and the average thickness of the silica shell was 20 nm. Due to the core of the magnetic clusters, the particles exhibited strong magnetization (21 emu/g). To immobilize His-tagged lipase, copper complexes with three different ligands were anchored to the surfaces of the particles. Up to 70% of the initial activity was obtained after three uses. Differences in the enzymatic activity and ligand-dependent reusability are discussed.