Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ASSESSING THE CLIMATE WATER BALANCE MODEL’S ABILITY TO PREDICT SOIL MOISTURE VARIABILITY AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF A FORESTED WATERSHED IN THE NORTHERN CUMBERLAND PLATEAU

Spatial patterns of moisture and tree species have been studied using environmental gradients, often represented by terrain attributes in GIS. With climate change, GIS terrain variables, which are static as long as the elevation remains unchanged, will not reflect alterations in temperature, water cycle, and atmospheric conditions. In this study commonly used terrain variables and climate water balance variables were evaluated and compared for their ability to explain soil moisture and tree species distributions in a forested watershed in the Northern Cumberland Plateau of the Appalachian region.
Variation in Organ Biomass with Changing Climate and Forest Characteristics across Chinese Forests

Forest biomass allocation patterns are important for understanding global carbon cycling and climate change, which might change with environmental conditions and forest characteristics. However, the effects of climate and forest characteristics on biomass allocation fractions (the fraction of total forest biomass distributed in organs) remains unknown. The authors use a large Chinese biomass dataset (1081 forests encompassing 10 forest types) to analyse the responses of biomass allocation fractions to biogeography, climate, and forest characteristics. The authors found that the stem mass fraction significantly increased with age and precipitation and significantly decreased with latitude and temperature. The branch mass fraction significantly decreased with age and density, but significantly increased with temperature and latitude. The leaf mass fraction significantly decreased with age and precipitation and significantly increased with temperature. The root mass fraction significantly increased with latitude and density, and significantly decreased with precipitation. The results suggest that latitude, temperature, precipitation, stand age and density are good predictors of biomass partitioning. These findings support the hypotheses that variation in resource availability constrains organ allocation and provides biogeographically explicit relationships between biomass allocation and both environmental and forest characteristics, which might be used for assessing the impact of changing environmental and forest characteristics on forest carbon dynamics and fixation.
Functional diversity changes over 100 yr of primary succession on a volcanic island: insights into assembly processes

Changes in species diversity following volcanic eruptions have been studied extensively, but our knowledge on functional diversity and community assembly under such conditions is very limited. Here, we study the processes following the destruction of vegetation after a volcanic eruption. Specifically, we investigate (1) the temporal patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity over time since a previous eruption (alpha diversity) and beta diversity, (2) the temporal patterns of 26 individual traits (vegetative characteristics, plant taxa ecological preferences, and regenerative characteristics) providing more detailed information on species strategies at the initial and later stages of succession, and (3) the processes driving species assembly and whether they changed over time since the eruption an eruption. We analyzed data recorded during five floristic censuses that took place between 1911 and 2011, calculated alpha and beta facets of taxonomic and functional diversity and examined how community structure changed over time, using 26 functional characteristics, based on their ability to discern primary from later colonists, including longevity, growth form, Ellenberg’s indicator values, seed production and weight, flower size and sex, pollination type, and dispersal mode. Null model analysis was used to test whether the observed functional diversity deviates from random expectations. Alpha diversity, both taxonomic and functional, increased over time after an eruption, while beta diversity did not display a clear trend. This finding indicates that mainly abiotic processes determine species assembly over time after an eruption (at least for the time span studied here), contrary to theoretical expectations. It is most interesting that, simultaneously, some aspects of diversity indicated the effect of biotic interactions (facilitation and competition) on the assembly of species a few years after an eruption. This finding implies a legacy effect, since a high percentage of perennial species was noticed in the assemblage right after the eruption, as well as the effect of the harsh environmental conditions on the assembly of the plant communities. In conclusion, our results indicate the role of legacy effects in succession (most probably through the survival of underground plant parts) and underline the importance of disturbance history in providing the context needed for understanding effects of past events on succession.
Physiotherapeutic stimulation in infants with Down syndrome to promote crawling

Abstract Introduction: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder characterized mainly by ligament laxity and hypotonia. Infants with this syndrome have substantial motor retardation also with crawling. To reach this motor milestone, postural control and head and neck control in the prone position are necessary. Seeking to avoid atypical muscular synergies and facilitate the execution of functional activities, the Bobath Concept aims to stimulate weight transfers, promoting motor acquisitions in the prone, supine, sitting and standing positions. Objective: To evaluate and compare crawling before and after the intervention through the Bobath Concept method in infants with DS. Method: A longitudinal, prospective, evaluative and interventional study was carried out. The sample was composed of 4 infants with DS, aged 7 to 24 months. There were three stages of treatment: evaluation in accordance with the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS); short term intervention by the Bobath Concept; and re-evaluation using the same scale. Results: According to statistical analysis, there was no significant difference between pre- and post-treatment (t -3.1705, p=0.0504). However, the results obtained by evaluation and reevaluation, showed progress in infants’ activity, the greatest progress being in the prone position. Infant 4 had the most satisfactory result, in percentage, as much as in the prone position (evolving 9.5%), as in general (evolving 22.4%). Conclusion: Infants submitted to intervention with the Bobath Concept obtained evolution in motor development, when comparing before and after therapy.
Advanced Breeding Time in Line with Climate Did Not Affect Productivity of Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus Despite the Shortening of the Nestling Period

Abstract. Recent climate warming has resulted in advancement in laying dates and changes in various bird breeding parameters. The study of the breeding biology of Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus was carried out at Milicz fishponds (SW Poland) during 18 discontinuous breeding seasons between 1970 and 2017. Over the study period, Great Reed Warblers started breeding progressively earlier; both the earliest and median first egg laying dates advanced, whereas the latest laying dates remained unchanged. Egg volume and clutch size did not change between 1972 and 2017. Mean clutch size of all nesting attempts was 4.8 (SD = 0.69, n = 1135). Nestling growth rates were similar in 1971 and 2016. Nestling period shortened during the study period. The decrease amounted to 0.7 days between 1970–1984 and 2004–2017. No temporal trends in fledgling production were observed. The proportion of successful broods varied considerably between years (range: 37%−76%) but did not show any consistent trend throughout the study period. More cases of Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism were observed in 1997−2017 than in 1970−1984 (7% of nest losses versus 0 respectively), whereas starvation of nestlings was more frequent in 1970−1984 (10% versus 2% of nest losses). Breeding densities varied between seasons with no significant trend across the study years. This study concludes that the advanced start of breeding has not significantly influenced basic parameters of breeding ecology of the Great Reed Warbler.
Integrated lake-watershed acidification study. Volume 1: model principles and application procedures. Final report

The ILWAS model has been developed to simulate the biogeochemical processes occurring along the pathways which precipitation follows as it passes through the forest canopy, soil horizons, streams, bogs, and lakes. The model accepts as input precipitation quantity, precipitation quality, ambient air quality and basin properties. It calculates the volumetric flow rates and the concentrations of cations (H/sup +/, Ca/sup 2 +/, Mg/sup 2 +/, K/sup +/, Na/sup +/, and NH/sub 4//sup +/), anions (SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/, NO/sub 3//sup -/, Cl/sup -/, and F/sup -/), monomeric aluminum, total inorganic carbon, and an organic acid analog throughout the lake-watershed system. The model segments heterogeneous lake-watershed systems into cascades of homogeneous compartments. Precipitation is routed through the compartments using hydraulic formulations and the principle of continuity. Alkalinity is used as a master variable; major alkalinity producing and consuming reactions are simulated. Slow reactions are presented by rate expressions; fast reactions by multiphase equilibria. Modeled processes are all formulated in terms of deterministic equations. Application of the model involves eight steps: (1) system segmentation, (2) preparation of data on lake-watershed characteristics, (3) selection of model coefficients, (4) preparation of wet and dry deposition data, (5) model calibration, (6) sensitivity analysis, (7) hypothesesmore » testing, and (8) evaluation of management scenarios. 89 references, 36 figures, 8 tables. « less
Cost-effective Indoor Localization for Autonomous Robots using Kinect and WiFi Sensors

Indoor localization has been considered to be the most fundamental problem when it comes to providing a robot with autonomous capabilities. Although many algorithms and sensors have been proposed, none have proven to work perfectly under all situations. Also, in order to improve the localization quality, some approaches use expensive devices either mounted on the robots or attached to the environment that don't naturally belong to human environments. This paper presents a novel approach that combines the benefits of two localization techniques, WiFi and Kinect, into a single algorithm using low-cost sensors. It uses separate Particle Filters (PFs). The WiFi PF gives the global location of the robot using signals of Access Point devices from different parts of the environment while it bounds particles of the Kinect PF, which determines the robot's pose locally. Our algorithm also tackles the Initialization/Kidnapped Robot Problem by detecting divergence on WiFi signals, which starts a localization recovering process. Furthermore, new methods for WiFi mapping and localization are introduced.
Accurate predictions of coexistence in natural systems require the inclusion of facilitative interactions and environmental dependency

Coexistence between plant species is well known to depend on the outcomes of species interactions within an environmental context. The incorporation of environmental variation into empirical studies of coexistence are rare, however, due to the complex experiments needed to do so and the lack of feasible modelling approaches for determining how environmental factors alter specific coexistence mechanisms. In this article, we present a simple modelling framework for assessing how variation in species interactions across environmental gradients impact on niche overlap and fitness differences, two core determinants of coexistence. We use a novel formulation of an annual plant population dynamics model that allows for competitive and facilitative species interactions and for variation in the strength and direction of these interactions across environmental gradients. Using this framework, we examine outcomes of plant–plant interactions between four commonly co‐occurring annual plant species from Western Australian woodlands. We then determine how niche overlap and fitness differences between these species vary across three environmental gradients previously identified as important for structuring diversity patterns in this system: soil phosphorus, shade and water. We found facilitation to be a widespread phenomenon and that interactions between most species pairs shift between competitive and facilitative across multiple environmental gradients. Environmental conditions also altered the strength, direction and relative variation of both niche overlap and fitness differences in nonlinear and unpredictable ways. Synthesis. We provide a simple framework for incorporating environmental heterogeneity into explorations of coexistence mechanisms. Our findings highlight the importance of the environment in determining the outcome of species interactions and the potential for pairwise coexistence between species. The prevalence of facilitation in our system indicates a need to improve current theoretical frameworks of coexistence to include noncompetitive interactions and ways of translating these effects into explicit predictions of coexistence. Our study also suggests a need for further research into determining which factors result in consistent responses of niche overlap and fitness differences to environmental variation. Such information will improve our ability to predict outcomes of coexistence, invasion events and responses of whole communities to future environmental change.
Scaling-Basis Chirplet Transform

In this study, a novel time–frequency (TF) analysis method, referred to as the scaling-basis chirplet transform (SBCT), is developed by extending the conventional chirplet transform. This method includes a replacement kernel function that can vary the chirp rate with frequency and time by scaling the TF basis at and around the corresponding time center. This enables the corresponding chirplets to accurately match the targeted slopes for every trajectory of a multicomponent signal and within any window length. Therefore, the TF representation obtained via the SBCT can achieve significantly higher energy concentrations even for multicomponent signals with close-spaced frequencies and high levels of background noise. The effectiveness of the proposed SBCT approach was demonstrated by analyzing a numerical multicomponent signal and a vibration signal obtained from a gearbox test rig. Both numerical and experimental results showed that the SBCT can satisfactorily handle multicomponent signals with nonlinear frequency trajectories, close-spaced frequencies, and noisy backgrounds, demonstrating its superiority.
Comparative Diagnosis of Infectious Bacteria in Bovine Milk

| Bovine milk is highly nutritive for people and calves as it contains macronutrients such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, in addition to micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Raw bovine milk is considered as a vehicle for many infectious bacterial diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and Mycoplasma infection. In addition to, infectious bacterial species associated with mastitis including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacteriun, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella species were also recorded. The aim of the present work is to high light on the diagnosis of the infectious bacteria in bovine milk. There are many available conventional and modern techniques used for the diagnosis of infectious bacteria in bovine milk. Conventional field tests such as somatic cell count, California mastitis test, electrical conductivity and pH tests have many advantages as they are convenient, non-expensive and can be used to monitor the udder health of the cattle. Microbial culture is a traditional technique which involves bacterial isolation, identification, microscopical examination, Gram staining, cultivation on enriched and selective media and studying of biochemical characters. Modern molecular diagnostic techniques are more valuable and offer more sensitive, fast and highly confident results such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex PCR, real time PCR and whole genome sequencing. Another available diagnostic technique include immunological diagnosis using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect not only antibody in bovine milk samples against many infectious bacteria, but also it is used to evaluate the levels of acute phase proteins such as hapatoglobin, c-reactive protein and mammary associated serum amyloid A3. The early and accurate diagnosis is necessary for achieving successful control programs against the infectious bacteria in bovine milk. It is recommended to use modern molecular diagnostic techniques as they are more valuable and offer more sensitive, fast and highly confident results, moreover they deliver a detailed understanding of the exact diagnosis. In addition, their ability to detect bacterial pathogens in dead or living stage from fresh or preserved milk samples was reported.
ViMo: Multiperson Vital Sign Monitoring Using Commodity Millimeter-Wave Radio

The continuous development of 802.11ad technology provides new opportunities in wireless sensing. In this work, we propose ViMo, a calibration-free remote vital sign monitoring system that can detect stationary/nonstationary users and estimate the respiration rates (RRs) as well as heart rates (HRs) built upon a commercial 60-GHz WiFi. The design of ViMo consists of two key components. First, we design an adaptive object detector that can identify static objects, stationary human subjects, and human in motion without any calibration. Second, we devise a robust HR estimator, which eliminates the respiration signal from the phase of the channel impulse response (CIR) to remove the interference of the harmonics from breathing and adopts dynamic programming (DP) to resist the random measurement noise. The influence of different settings, including the distance between a human and the device, user orientation and incidental angle, blockage material, body movement, and conditions of multiuser separation is investigated by extensive experiments. The experimental results show that ViMo monitors user’s vital signs accurately, with a median error of 0.19 and 0.92 breaths per minute (BPM), respectively, for RR and HR estimation.
High Isolation Substrate Integrated Waveguide Diplexer With Flexible Transmission Zeros

This letter presents a high isolation substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) diplexer using dual-mode resonators. Each dual-mode SIW resonator can generate one transmission pole (TP) and one transmission zero (TZ) for the channel filter. The frequencies of the TZs can be easily controlled by the perturbation vias. One channel filter’s two TZs’ frequencies are designed to cover the other channel filter’s passband. Thus, high isolation performance is achieved. The proposed diplexer is designed and fabricated with lower and upper channels centered at 8.04 and 9.07 GHz, respectively. Simulated and measured results are in good agreement for the two channels with better than 49/53-dB channel isolation.
Transport Optimal entre Graphes exploitant la Diffusion de la Chaleur

Le Transport Optimal entre donnees structurees pour l'apprentissage a fait l'objet de nombreusesetudes, notamment pour traiter des tâches de classification ou d'apprentissage par transfert entre graphes. Dans cet article, nous introduisons la distance de Wasserstein de diffusion (DW) qui generalise la distance classique de Wasserstein aux graphes attribues non-orientes connexes. DW exploite la diffusion de la chaleur sur le laplacien du graphe pour capturer de l'information non seulement au niveau des attributs des noeuds maisegalement sur la structure du graphe. Nouś etudions le comportement asymptotique de DW et montrons que cette distance peutetre directement exploitee dans la distance Fused Gro-mov Wasserstein, recemment proposee dans la litterature, donnant ainsi naissancea une nouvelle famille de distances entre graphes, appelee DifFused Gromov Wasserstein. Nous montrons que ces dernieres permettent de significativement ameliorer l'etat de l'art sur des tâches d'adaptation de domaine sur graphes par transport optimal.
Family Communication Patterns, Agreeableness Personality Trait and Homosexual Behavior Tendency

The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between family communication patterns, agreeableness personality trait and the tendency of homosexual behaviour. The Quantitative method was used to examine the relationships between family communication patterns and agreeableness personality toward homosexual behaviour tendency. Three hundred and fifty students (Senior High School students) were recruited from three areas, namely: Surakarta, Boyolali, and Klaten, Central Java. Multivariate analysis of variance was used for hypothesis testing. The results obtained shows that there is a significant relationship between the agreeableness personality trait and the tendency of homosexual behaviour. There was no relationship between patterns of communication in the family and the tendency of homosexual behaviour. Conclusion: The personality traits of agreeableness was a positive character, mainly related to interpersonal relationships, and prosocial behaviour. However, there is a probability for homosexual behaviour tendency when an individual could not control his or her principles in life.
Introduction to Food Chemistry

CHEMISTRY AND FOOD CHEMISTRY OVERVIEW Review of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Food Chemistry Organization of This Book FOOD ANALYSIS Proximate Analysis Column Chromatographic Analysis Photometric Analysis STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The Potato Chip Scenario Descriptive Statistics Distribution Curves Testing Hypothesis Statistical Procedures for Calibration Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides Sucrose and Other Disaccharides Starch Pectin Alginate Xanthan and Microbial Exo-Polysaccharides Guar, Tara and Locust Bean Gum Functionality of Polysaccharides LIPIDS AND FAT REPLACERS Processing Edible Oils Fatty Acids Chemical Reactivity of Fats and Oils Physical Properties of Triacylglycerides Functionality of Fats and Oils Fat Replacers and Mimetics PROTEINS Protein Classification Protein Structure Stabilization of Protein Structure Protein Hydration Denaturation Protein Ingredients Technology PRINCIPLES OF FOOD MATERIAL SCIENCE Kinetics of Free Radical Reactions Polymer Structure Order-Disorder Transitions Within Materials Biopolymer Conformation and Shape Solution Tertiary Structure Solid State Tertiary Structure Techniques in Food Material Science FOOD RHEOLOGY Stress-Strain Curves On the Nature of Solid and Liquid Foods Measuring the Rheology of Solids Solid and Jelly-Like Foods Liquid Foods Measuring Viscosity-Cone Viscometer Sensory Evaluation of Texture NON-ENZYMATIC OXIDATION Characteristics of Food Oxidation Reactive Oxygen Species Catalyzing Food Oxidation Antioxidants Lipid Oxidation - Practical Aspects MAILLARD REACTION Maillard Reaction Chemistry of the Maillard Reaction Productions of the Maillard Reaction Variables Affecting the Maillard Reaction Concurrent Enzymes and Browning FOOD ENZYMES Enzyme Kinetics Michaelis-Menten Equation Enzyme Inactivation Enzyme Isolation and Purification Food Quality Related Enzymes POST-HARVEST CHEMISTRY Metabolic Design and Engineering Senescence and Fresh Food Quality Membrane Senescence Patterns of Fruit Growth and Ripening Molecular Biology of Fruit Ripening Biochemical Changes in Muscle Foods Post-Harvest Versus Post-Mortem Changes