Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cryptocurrency : Trends , Perspectives and Challenges

There are many types of currency but the bitcoin is one of the most successful Cryptocurrencies due to its anonymity. Bitcoin has many names like it is known as cryptocurrency, cyber currency or alt coins. Bitcoin or BTC is known as a digital coin, issued for the first time in 2009 and based on a peer to peer system. Bitcoin is most widely used and emerging currency in today world. Bitcoin is valuable because of its various advantages. First of all it is decentralized money. Its two main strength are its anonymity and low transaction cost. So this paper discusses the bitcoin with its history and transaction procedure. Its trends and perspectives are also discussed in this paper. Block chain which seems to come from the concept of Bitcoin is also a part of this paper.
TERRAIN-BASED NAVIGATION: A TOOL TO IMPROVE NAVIGATION AND FEATURE EXTRACTION PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEMS

Terrain-referenced navigation (TRN) techniques are of increasing interest in the research community, as they can provide alternative navigation tools when GPS is not available or the GPS signals are jammed. Some form of augmentation to cope with the lack of GPS signals is typically required in mobile mapping applications in urban canyons and is of interest for military applications. TRN could provide alternative position and attitude fixes to support an inertial navigation system, since such systems inevitably drift over time if not calibrated by GPS or other methodologies. With improving imaging sensor performance as well as growing worldwide availability of terrain high-resolution data and city models, terrain-based navigation is becoming a viable option to support navigation in GPS-denied environments. Furthermore, the feedback from the imaging sensors can be used even during GPS availability, which increases the redundancy of the measurement update step of the navigation filter, enabling more reliable integrity monitoring at this stage. The relevance of TRN to mobile mapping applications is twofold: (1) the process of obtaining real-time position and attitude fixes for the navigation filter is based on feature extraction, and, in particular, on the capability to separate the static and dynamic objects from the image data, and (2) the use of already available terrain data, including surface models (DSM), raster or vector data in CAD/GIS environments, such as city models, can effectively support the extraction processes. These two tasks could overlap, although the separation of the static and dynamic objects should work without any terrain data, and in fact, this is, to a large extent, the idea behind the removal of vehicles (moving objects) from imagery. The overall TRN concept, where LiDAR and optical imagery are matched with the existing terrain data is discussed and initial performance results are reported.
Retail Investor Recognition and the Cross Section of Stock Returns

We test and offer support to Merton’s (1987) theory that difference in a stock’s investor recognition affects its cost of capital. In the U.S. market, using the breadth of ownership among retail investors as a proxy for investor recognition, we show that a long-short portfolio based on the annual change of shareholder base earns a compounded annual abnormal return of 6.42% after controlling for the Fama-French three factors. These results are more pronounced among young, low visibility and high idiosyncratic volatility stocks. Moreover, we present evidence that the investor recognition effect can explain approximately 20% of the puzzling net equity issuance effect documented by Pontiff and Woodgate (2008).
Serological Surveillance of Avian Influenza Virus in Nepal

A serological survey for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) subtype H5, H7 and H9 antibodies in domestic ducks was carried out in 2009 at Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 1000 serum samples were tested from various localities of 11 districts of Nepal, categorized as to be at high risk for the introduction of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) of H5N1 subtype. Sero-positive result against AIV H5 was found in three districts of eastern region with the highest prevalence (6.28 %) in Jhapa (p< 0.001). Likewise, sero-positive samples against AIV H9 were detected in Chitwan, Kapilbastu, Nawalparasi and Kaski districts. However, none of the samples was found to be sero-positive against AIV H7. All the samples positive against H5 were sampled in December 2008 exclusively (p< 0.001). In contrast, two samples collected before September 2008 and three samples after this time until January 2009 were sero-positive against AIV H9. Our findings indicate higher prevalence of AIV subtype H5 compared to H7 and H9 in duck species of Nepal.
Getting Explicit About the Implicit

Accumulated evidence from social and cognitive psychology suggests that many behaviors are driven by processes operating outside of awareness, and an array of implicit measures to capture such processes have been developed. Despite their potential application, implicit measures have received relatively modest attention within the organizational sciences, due in part to barriers to entry and uncertainty about appropriate use of available measures. The current article is intended to serve as an implicit measurement “toolkit” for organizational scholars, and as such our goals are fourfold. First, we present theory critical to implicit measures, highlighting advantages of capturing implicit processes in organizational research. Second, we present a functional taxonomy of implicit measures (i.e., accessibility-based, association-based, and interpretation-based measures) and explicate assumptions and appropriate use of each. Third, we discuss key criteria to help researchers identify specific implicit measures most appropriate for their own work, including a discussion of principles for the psychometric validation of implicit measures. Fourth, we conclude by identifying avenues for impactful “next-generation” research within the organizational sciences that would benefit from the use of implicit measures.
Backward Stochastic Differential Equations in Finance

We are concerned with different properties of backward stochastic differential equations and their applications to finance. These equations, first introduced by Pardoux and Peng (1990), are useful for the theory of contingent claim valuation, especially cases with constraints and for the theory of recursive utilities, introduced by Duffie and Epstein (1992a, 1992b).
A Universal Pricing Framework for Guaranteed Minimum Benefits in Variable Annuities

Variable Annuities with embedded guarantees are very popular in the US market. There exists a great variety of products with both, guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed minimum living benefits (GMLB). Although several approaches for pricing some of the corresponding guarantees have been proposed in the academic literature, there is no general framework in which the existing variety of such guarantees can be priced consistently. The present paper fills this gap by introducing a model, which permits a consistent and extensive analysis of all types of guarantees currently offered within Variable Annuity contracts. Besides a valuation assuming that the policyholder follows a given strategy with respect to surrender and withdrawals, we are able to price the contract under optimal policyholder behavior. Using both, Monte-Carlo methods and a generalization of a finite mesh discretization approach, we find that some guarantees are overpriced, whereas others, e.g. guaranteed annuities within guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB), are offered significantly below their risk-neutral value.
The IMF as a function of supersonic turbulence

Recent studies seem to suggest that the stellar initial mass function (IMF) in early-type galaxies might be different from a classical Kroupa or Chabrier IMF, i.e. contain a larger fraction of the total mass in low-mass stars. From a theoretical point of view, supersonic turbulence has been the subject of interest in many analytical theories proposing a strong correlation with the characteristic mass of the core mass function (CMF) in star-forming regions, and as a consequence with the stellar IMF. Performing two suites of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations with different mass resolutions, we aim at testing the effects of variations in the turbulent properties of a dense, star-forming molecular cloud on the shape of the system mass function in different density regimes. While analytical theories predict a shift of the peak of the CMF towards lower masses with increasing velocity dispersion of the cloud, we observe in the low-density regime the opposite trend, with high Mach numbers giving rise to a top-heavy mass distribution. For the high-density regime we do not find any trend correlating the Mach number with the characteristic mass of the resulting IMF, implying that the dynamics of protostellar accretion discs and fragmentation on small scales is not strongly affected by turbulence driven at the scale of the cloud. Furthermore, we suggest that a significant fraction of dense cores are disrupted by turbulence before stars can be formed in their interior through gravitational collapse. Although this particular study has limitations in its numerical resolution, we suggest that our results, along with those from other studies, cast doubt on the turbulent fragmentation models on the IMF that simply map the CMF to the IMF.
Trauma Exposure, Psychosocial Functioning, and Treatment Needs of Youth in Residential Care: Preliminary Findings from the NCTSN Core Data Set

Given the high prevalence rates of trauma exposure in youth in residential treatment, evidence-based guidelines are needed to identify youth most likely to benefit from this setting. We examined trauma exposure, functional impairments, and treatment outcomes in a large clinical dataset. When compared to youth in nonresidential settings (n = 9,942), youth in residential settings (n = 525) reported both higher rates of trauma exposure across types and higher rates of impairments. Moreover, as the number of trauma types increased among youth in residential care, so did the rates of impairment. Pretreatment and post-treatment rates of impairment significantly decreased in both groups; however, nearly a third of the youth in residential care continued to manifest some impairment. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
ATROPINE AND ATROPINE-LIKE SUBSTANCES USABLE IN WARFARE

Plant tropane alkaloids atropine and scopolamine are very strong anticholinergic drugs used in medicine and also found their place in military medicine, in particular atropine as an antidote in case of poisonings by nerve gases. Atropine and scopolamine both easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier and may cause central nervous system toxicity. Its symptoms are delirium, restlessness, confusion, and impairment of mental capacities. Scopolamine is much more likely to produce sedation and amnesia than atropine. Synthetic atropine-like compounds are also strong anticholinergics, and found use as a modern type of chemical weapons that incapacitate enemy for some time, but do not kill him. They are so-called non-lethal weapons, which are able to temporarily disable personnel from combat action and to protect the environment without limiting desired negative consequences to the enemy's national economy. Such non-lethal weapons is Agent BZ.
Lithospheric 3-D flexure modelling of the oceanic plate seaward of the trench using variable elastic thickness

SUMMARY Whendescribingthemechanicalbehaviourofthelithospheremodelledasathinplate,themost important parameter corresponds to itsflexural rigidity, which is commonly expressed through the effective elastic thickness, Te. This parameter is a measure of the stiffness of the plate and defines the maximum magnitude and wavelength of those surface loads that can be supported without suffering unelastic deformation. Realistic 3-D models of the flexural response of the lithosphere near the trench are scarce because of the mathematical and computational complexity. We present a method for determining the flexure of the lithosphere caused by the combined effect of 3-D seamount loading and bending of the lithosphere near the trench. Our method consists on solving numerically the flexure equations of the Reissner–Mindlin thin plate theory, including variable thickness, using the finite element method with mesh adaptation. The method was applied to study the flexure of the oceanic Nazca lithosphere beneath the O’Higgins seamount group which lies ∼70km seaward of the Chile trench. The results show that an elastic thickness Te of ∼5km under the seamounts, a Te of ∼15km far from the trench and a Te of ∼13km near the trench can explain both, the down deflection of the oceanic Moho and bending of the oceanic lithosphere observed in seismic and gravity profiles. In order to study the impact of high trench curvature on the morphology of the outer rise, we apply the same methodology to study and model the flexure of the lithosphere in the Arica Bend region (14 ◦ S–23 ◦ S). Results indicate that the Te values are overestimated if the 3-D trench curvature is not included in the modelling.
Handedness Predicts Social Preferences: Evidence Connecting the Lab to the Field

It is now generally accepted that some people are more altruistic, more trusting, or more reciprocal than others, but it is still unclear whether these differences are innate or a consequence of nurture. We analyse the correlation between handedness and social preferences in the lab and find that left-handed men are significantly more generous when recipients have the possibility to reciprocate and exhibit stronger positive reciprocity themselves. Left-handed women are significantly less altruistic. We test the external validity of these findings by connecting them to large-scale survey data from the Netherlands and the US covering altruistic behaviour and reciprocity outside the lab. The results largely carry over. We argue that our findings demonstrate that social preferences are at least partially determined by nature and help to shed light on their neural origins.
TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Exchange Multi-model study of HTAP II on sulfur and nitrogen deposition Multi-model study of HTAP II on sulfur and nitrogen deposition

This study uses multi-model ensemble results of 11 models from the second phase of Task Force Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP II) to calculate the global sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition in 2010. Modeled wet deposition is evaluated with observation networks in North America,
Realities Toolkit # What to do with contradictory data ?

This toolkit focuses on the issue of data integration within mixed methods research. The term ‘mixed methods’ is used here to denote research that combines qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis in one study. One of the main issues facing many mixed methods researchers is the question of how to integrate data, with the particular problem of ‘contradictory’ data. Mixed methods research is perhaps particularly prone to ‘contradictions’ in data because of the different categories and levels of analysis, as well as contrasting explanatory logics, that are employed. This toolkit discusses different approaches to the issue of integration and ‘contradictory’ data.
Ants respond more strongly to grazing than changes in shrub cover

Increases in the cover or density of woody plants (encroachment) and overgrazing by European livestock are 2 major drivers of ecosystem structure and function in drylands and are often associated with land degradation. Although the effects of encroachment and overgrazing on vascular plants are relatively well known, little is known about their effects on arthropods such as ants. We examined ant community composition at sites ranging in shrub cover in a wooded dryland in eastern Australia, testing the notion that increasing shrub cover and grazing intensity would alter ant assemblages and functional group composition. We used ants because they are abundant, diverse, and respond to small‐scale environmental changes. Increasing shrub cover had no effect on ant richness, diversity, or evenness but increased the abundance of Subordinate Camponotini. Larger shrubs tended to have greater ant richness, and abundance of Cold Climate Specialists, but fewer Generalized Myrmicinae and Hot Climate Specialists. More intense grazing was associated with greater ant richness, diversity, and evenness; a greater abundance of Hot Climate Specialists and Dominant Dolichoridae; and lower abundance of Subordinate Camponotini. Our study indicates that changes in grazing intensity had stronger effects on ant richness than any increase in shrub cover. The effects of grazing likely resulted from changes in soil surface complexity such as barer ground associated with grazing‐induced degradation.
Imaging Flash Lidar for Autonomous Safe Landing and Spacecraft Proximity Operation

3-D Imaging flash lidar is recognized as a primary candidate sensor for safe precision landing on solar system bodies (Moon, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn moons, etc.), and autonomous rendezvous proximity operations and docking/capture necessary for asteroid sample return and redirect missions, spacecraft docking, satellite servicing, and space debris removal. During the final stages of landing, from about 1 km to 500 m above the ground, the flash lidar can generate 3-Dimensional images of the terrain to identify hazardous features such as craters, rocks, and steep slopes. The onboard fli1ght computer can then use the 3-D map of terrain to guide the vehicle to a safe location. As an automated rendezvous and docking sensor, the flash lidar can provide relative range, velocity, and bearing from an approaching spacecraft to another spacecraft or a space station from several kilometers distance. NASA Langley Research Center has developed and demonstrated a flash lidar sensor system capable of generating 16k pixels range images with 7 cm precision, at a 20 Hz frame rate, from a maximum slant range of 1800 m from the target area. This paper describes the lidar instrument design and capabilities as demonstrated by the closed-loop flight tests onboard a rocket-propelled free-flyer vehicle (Morpheus). Then a plan for continued advancement of the flash lidar technology will be explained. This proposed plan is aimed at the development of a common sensor that with a modest design adjustment can meet the needs of both landing and proximity operation and docking applications.
Constraint-Based Clustering to Find Communities in a Social Network

Social network analysis is used to improve the performance of userspecific information dissemination in many internet-based applications like, social networking websites, on-line viral marketing, and recommendation network based applications. Detecting communities, which are basically subgraphs or clusters, within a social network has been the central focus of this work. Here, we present a divisive hierarchical clustering procedure based on minimum edge-cut principle that is already followed by CHAMELEON: Two Phase Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering [1]. As the stopping criteria of this algorithm depends on two threshold constraints namely, balance constraint(BC) and MINSIZE (MS), it is termed as Constraint-Based Clustering . As per our claim this divisive hierarchical clustering method divides the nodes of social network into disjoint communities by removing minimum number of edges. As a measure of the quality of community, we follow network centrality measure clustering coefficient. Our experimental results, using some well-known benchmark social networks, also show that our method determines similar communities with good average clustering coefficient as the other existing well known methods of various research papers.
Strategic Planning in two Border Regions in the Czech Republic – Comparison of Project Impact in Zlín and South Bohemia Regions

One of the methods of effective management is the use of strategic planning that represents a very important tool for development of regions. An integral part of strategic planning is to create individual projects through which strategic objectives are subsequently carried out. The objective of the paper was to examine perception of local population related to the impact of development projects in two selected regions in the Czech Republic (Zlín and South Bohemia Region). The researched projects, implemented in the programming period of 2007-2013, focused on impacts of the projects from Regional Operational Programs with special emphasis on tourism. In terms of an overall impact, it is possible to state that in both researched regions the greatest impacts were perceived to be those that accomplish purpose and brought something new, followed by met expectations of residents and not so much behind those projects that had an impact on improve equipment.
Integral Field Unit Spectrograph for Extremely Large Telescopes

We have carried out a concept study for a wide-field monolithic integral field unit (IFU) spectrograph for extremely large telescopes (ELTs). We target in this paper the technological challenges that have to be faced in order to build such an instrument, focusing on the adaptive optics (AO) requirements, the image slicer technology, and the detectors status. We also address the main science drivers, together with the concept design and the expected performance applied to the European-ELT (E-ELT) case. A monolithic wide-field spectrograph provides a continuous field of view (FOV) separated by a field splitter in several subfields, each of them feeding a module featuring an image slicer, a collimator and a spectrograph. The use of image slicers provides 3D spectrographic images of the complete FOV, allowing for detection and study of sources without need of targeting them, a very useful property especially for the deep observation of faint high-redshift objects, whose density on the sky is expected to be quite high. In light of this discussion, we suggest the advantages of using shorter wavelengths and its implication in both the scientific program and the budget.
Flow cytometric analysis of virus-like particles and heterotrophic bacteria within coral-associated reef water

Using flow cytometry, two distinct populations of virus-like particles (VLP) and heterotrophic bacteria were defined within the 12 cm water layer immediately overlying healthy, diseased and dead acroporid corals. Bacterial abundances were similar in overlying water for all coral types, however, VLP were 30% higher above diseased corals than healthy or dead corals. Mean virus to bacteria ratios (VBR) were up to 30% higher above diseased corals than above healthy or dead coral or in distant water. Concomitant with increasing VLP concentrations within 5 cm of coral surfaces, VBR distributions were generally highest above healthy and diseased coral and depressed above dead coral. These results suggest fundamental shifts in the VLP and bacterial community in water associated with diseased corals.