Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Valuation of Razorback Executive Stock Options: A Simulation Approach

Executive stock options with a time-varying strike price are a recent innovation in Australia and New Zealand, and possibly other parts of the world. These options have a strike price that increases at a prespecified rate and also have a dividend protection feature that reduces the strike price by the amount of any dividend payment. With an upward trend and dividend-induced drops, the path of the strike price over time appears jagged. Hence the label 'razorback' options. Standard option pricing methodology is not easily applied to value razorback options, since the strike price is typically a path-dependent function of the stock price. For example, suppose the company pays a dividend yield as a constant percentage of the stock price. In this case, the cumulative dividend adjustment to the strike price depends on the particular path of the stock price. While analytic valuation appears intractable, these path-dependent options can be valued using a least squares Monte Carlo approach developed by Longstaff and Schwartz (2001). We examine the effects of changing volatility, maturity, vesting period and dividend yield on these executive stock option values. Our results indicate that valuations can differ quite significantly from those obtained from standard Black-Scholes valuations.
The Deviance Problem in Effort Estimation

A system enables a user to maintain a catalog of network objects of interest to the user. The system comprises a diary owner system, a diary server and content providers, each coupled to a computer network. Each content provider includes presentable objects, annotated universal addresses which identify the objects and have annotations for controlling aspects of the objects or addresses, and transfer scripts enabling the transfer of the annotated universal addresses to the diary server. The diary server maintains the annotated universal addresses and presentation context information for subsequent retrieval. Accordingly, a diary owner or other user can access the annotated universal addresses and presentation context information to present the diary. Since content providers generate the annotations within the annotated universal addresses, the content provider can control aspects of the objects from within the user's diary. Since the presentation context information is separated from the content, presentation context can easily be modified.
Probability of a reduction in the formation rate of the subsurface water in the North Pacific during the 1980s and 1990s

Comparing the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and apparent CFC tracer ages (τ) between extensive decadal reobservation data along 47°N (’85–’99) and 165°E (’87–’00) lines, we found that both AOU and τ markedly increased over the North Pacific between 26.4–27.4 σθ. The observed AOU increase was almost consistent with the AOU increase calculated from observed change of τ. Based on a linear trend of increasing AOU over 30 years (’68–’98) in the subpolar region [Ono et al., 2001], we concluded that the formation rate of the subsurface water in the North Pacific has continuously reduced at least during the last fifteen years. In the North Pacific, the recent uptake rate of oceanic anthropogenic carbon was also estimated as reduced by as much as 10% from the efficiency of anthropogenic carbon absorption in the middle of 1980s.
Orientation Invariant Object Recognitions Using Geometric Moments Invariants and Color Histograms

Object recognition is a very challenging task in artificial intelligence and robotics. Many approaches have been implemented to achieve this task with greater precision and accuracy. In this paper we have implemented the approach of detecting objects in images undergo with the change in scale, rotation, and orientation. Extracting Geometric moments invariant which are extensively use to extort global features and using color histogram approach we have improved the previously recognition rate to a significant measure. The accuracy of classification is increased by adding the new feature of color Histogram which is also an invariant feature for change in scale rotation, translation, and orientation of objects and using support vector machine learning algorithm for classification.
EMERGENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A COMPLEXITY SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE

A dominant, but contested, view in the literature is that social entrepreneurship should be treated as “market failure,” with related performance measures. This paper suggests that the emergence of social entrepreneurship lies in adaptive tension created via societal disruptions and disequilibria brought on by greenhouse gases, dirty water, polluted air, etc., and that performance measures can range from ROI to performance relative to stakeholder interests. Drawing from complexity theory, and in particular the concept of adaptive tension as the basis of new socioeconomic order creation, we suggest an alternative explanation of how social entrepreneurial firms emerge. Seven 1 Principles of efficacious adaptation are presented. Scalefree theories and causes are reviewed for the purpose of outlining basic elements required for social entrepreneurial firms’ success. Testable propositions are included. Discussion of research and practitioner implications follows, as does a conclusion.
Relevant Factors in Assessing Vulnerability of Urban Systems in Latin-American Cities

Urban vulnerability is difficult to quantify, basically because of the difference among variables that contribute to its definition. Some of these parameters are originated in environmental processes and could be estimated by using efficiency indicators, others are more difficult to evaluate because of their dependence by social phenomena. In this work some ideas respect to an interdisciplinary and holistic approach are presented and discussed, developing a methodology to assess metabolism and resilience of cities under social, environmental and urban planning point of view. Preliminary results of study cases in northern Chile are also presented to justify proposed methodology to be used as predictive instrument of interventions in middle size cities.
Comparison of Panasonic`s dosimetric system with Gamma-31 dosimeters

Equipment being used in medical or industrial institutions is often a source of ionizing radiation with different energies and types, which complicates the detection and assessment of doses. Up until now, for dosimetric measurements of ionizing radiation, Gamma-31 dosimeters have been used in the Central Mining Institute for many years. Now, this system will be expanded by a Panasonic system, for which measurement procedures were developed and comparisons with other dosimeters were held. The method is based on a four-element dosimeters UD-802 Panasonic equipped with CaSO and LiBO detectors additionally sheltered by filters of different surface mass. The use of UD-802 dosimeters, in contrast to Gamma-31 dosimeters, permits measuring radiation doses in a different range of photon energy. Consequently, it is possible to obtain a more accurate analysis of the hazards caused by gamma radiation in underground mines. The publication includes a description of the dosimetry system and presents the results of measurements conducted by means of both types of dosimeters. In order to verify the correctness of the indications of the new dosimetry system a series of measurements were carried out, which allowed examining the behaviour of the dosimeters under different environmental conditions. As a place of exposure, the selected laboratories in the Silesian Centre for Environmental Radiometry were chosen, where the work is connected with (TE)NORM and equipment producing ionizing radiation or containing sources of this type of radiation. Moreover, to observe the dosimeters behaviour in difficult environmental conditions, they were exposed in water treatment plants and an underground potassium salt mine.
The Impact of Aid and Macroeconomic Policy on Growth in Nigeria: A Bounds Testing Approach

This paper explores the impact of aid and macroeconomic policy on growth with Nigeria as a case study. Given its limited use in the aid efficiency literature on Nigeria, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was applied in this study for time series data covering 44 years (1970-2014) in an attempt to expand the use of this approach and to check if a similar (negative) relationship is found between aid and growth. The results showed a positive correlation i.e. aid supports growth in Nigeria in the long-term. The other variables identified above and trends such as labour force and technological change were also found to be positive towards economic growth in the long-term, though governance showed an insignificant relationship. In the short-term, investment and policy were found to have a negative correlation on growth. More data on governance (before 1996) could be applied to expand the findings of this study and other measures of macroeconomic policy could be used to test if a similar result is obtained as principal component analysis was applied in this case. Given our findings, this paper recommends that the government of Nigeria should prioritize aid since it has been empirically found to support growth.
Imprinting effects on visual attention to faces and judgements of attractiveness

Previous studies have shown that human mate-choice can be influenced by exposure to opposite-sex parent characteristics. In this study we examined whether there are sexual-imprinting effects of fathers on their daughter’s partner-choice. To this end our participants were asked to bring a picture of their father to the laboratory, and next an eye-tracker was used to determine participants’ gaze directions while they were judging male faces for attractiveness. Participants were single, female undergraduates (n = 50, M age = 22, SD = 2.36), and they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. They were instructed to judge the stimuli faces on their attractiveness while imagining they were looking either for a short-term (ST) or a long-term (LT) relationship. After calculating percentage differences and similarities between fathers’ faces and the stimuli pictures, the results showed that a sub-sample, which fulfilled imprinting criteria, did rate stimuli pictures with a high father resemblance as significantly more attractive.
Cloud Detection of Gray Photographs by Cloud Region Detectionand Optimal Region Grow Threshold

The most cloud detection method depends on various bands such as thermal band. In this paper, we propose an automatic cloud detection algorithm for gray photographs. Based on the properties of cloud derived from gray photographs and the human visual perception, we present a novel scheme for detecting clouds in the gray photographs. We first cut an input graph into many pieces. Through the conditional contrast and area feature, we label these pieces into thick cloud, thin cloud and no cloud. We select the point of maximal gray as seed point and calculate the optimal threshold. Then, we consider the texture feature of the growing area and fix some errors of detection results. Finally, we get the detected result. The algorithm is evaluated in terms of aerial photograph scenes with manually generated cloud masks was created, and the evaluation results show that the method works well for the cloud detection of gray photographs. Keywords-Cloud detection; Gray photograph; Human visual perception; Conditional contrast; Region grow; Optimal threshold; Texture
Parametric Studies on Resonance Frequency Variation for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting With Varying Proof Mass and Cantilever Length

This paper demonstrates the potential of the resonance frequency for a piezoelectric beam clamped on one of its end to be altered to a higher or lower range by introducing additional proof mass or by reducing the piezoelectric cantilever length. When the effective mass of the cantilever is increased, the resonance frequency of the cantilever is expected to shift to lower region, while when the stiffness of the cantilever is increased, the resonance frequency of the cantilever is expected to shift to higher region. These statements have been proven and validated in this paper. Overall, the experimental result showed good agreement with the theoretical result, however, there was still 20% and 35% error different for the proof mass experiment and length reduction experiment respectively.
Do Principals Help Teach Principles? Administrator Compensation andSchool Performance in Colorado Public Schools

This study examines the relationship between principal salaries and student performance on Colorado Student Assessment Program (CSAP) tests of math, reading and writing, using multivariate quartile regressions on data from the 2002-2007 school years. Using instrumental variables to allay the concerns of potential endogeneity in administrator and teacher salaries, and random effects panel data estimation to control for schoolspecific factors beyond those which we explicitly include, we confirm the intuitive and historically documented effects of funding and conduct violations on average scholastic achievement. Most interestingly, we find that high-performance schools receive an unambiguously positive impact from higher administrator salaries at the expense of teacher salaries, while low-performance schools see the reverse effect.
BigData and MapReduce with Hadoop

The paper describes the application of the MapReduce paradigm for processing and analyzing large amounts of data, coming from a computer simulation for a specific scientific problem. The Apache Hadoop open source distribution was installed on a cluster built of six computing nodes, each with four cores. The implemented MapReduce job pipeline is described and the essential Java code segments are presented. The experimental measurements of the employed MapReduce tasks execution times result in a speedup of 20, which indicates that a high level of parallelism is achieved.
Maltreatment Experiences and Depression in Adolescents: The Moderating Effect of Psychosocial Functioning

Depression is a serious health problem among adolescents which may be associated with poor psychosocial functioning and may be a consequence of maltreatment experiences. The aims of this study are to explore the predictive effect of the occurrence of maltreatment and poor psychosocial functioning in depressive symptoms, and the moderating effect of psychosocial functioning in the relation between maltreatment experience and depressive symptomatology, that is underexplored in the literature. The sample consists of 432 adolescents (between 13-17 years, mostly female) who participated in a Portuguese study about prevention of adolescent depression (PTDC/MHC-PCL/4824/2012). Two self-report questionnaires were used: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003; Portuguese version: Matos & Pereira, 2012) to evaluate the maltreatment experience, and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1985; Portuguese version: Marujo, 1994) to measure the level of depressive symptomatology. To assess the psychosocial functioning of adolescents was applied the Adolescent Longitudinal Interval FollowUp Evaluation (A-LIFE, Keller et al., 1993; Portuguese version: Matos & Costa, 2011). Results showed that the experience of emotional maltreatment and poor psychosocial functioning are predictors of depressive symptoms. The psychosocial functioning has a moderating effect on the relationship between emotional abuse experience and depressive symptoms. Adolescents with high scores of emotional abuse and a poor
On the Specification of the Gravity Model of Trade: Zeros, Excess Zeros and Zero-Inflated Estimation

Conventional studies of bilateral trade patterns specify a log-normal gravity equation for empirical estimation. However, the log-normal gravity equation suffers from three problems: the bias created by the logarithmic transformation, the failure of the homoscedasticity assumption, and the way zero values are treated. These problems normally result in biased and inefficient estimates. Recently, the Poisson specification of the trade gravity model has received attention as an alternative to the log-normality assumption (Santos Silva and Tenreyro, 2006). However, the standard Poisson model is vulnerable for problems of overdispersion and excess zero flows. To overcome these problems, this paper considers modified Poisson fixed-effects estimations (negative binomial, zero-inflated). Extending the empirical model put forward by Santos Silva and Tenreyro (2006), we show how these techniques may provide viable alternatives to both the log-normal and standard Poisson specification of the gravity model of trade.
AN ONLINE LEARNING ALGORITHM APPROACH FOR LOW VOLTAGE GRID MANAGEMENT

The smart grid concept introduces improved possibilities for coordinated distribution grid management in order to increase the receptivity for Renewable Energy Sources while simultaneously guaranteeing a safe and reliable grid operation. This paper presents a smart grid control strategy for real-time low voltage (LV) grid management applications based on an online-learning algorithm. It enables for the derivation of a schedule-forecast for installed assets. Next to coordinated voltage and line utilization control the approach optimally exploits the potential benefits of innovative grid assets for grid operation. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by a simulation study using a typical LV grid.
Numerical simulation of operation processes in the combustion chamber and gas generator of oxygen-methane liquid rocket engine

The results of numerical simulations of processes in gas generators and combustion chambers operating on oxygen and methane are presented. Specific features of mixing, evaporation, and combustion of propellants have been investigated. The degree of combustion completeness in chambers with three types of injectors − coaxial-jet gas-liquid, liquid-liquid monopropellant, and bipropellant impinging-jets injectors − has been estimated.
The Effect of Teaching Models and Teaching Materials Towards Situational Interest

The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of teaching models (inquiry and direct instruction) and teaching materials towards situational interest. The sample of the research was Class X students at SMAN 1 Batujaya Karawang which was taken as random cluster sampling from 4 classes. The study uses a 2 x 2 factorial experimental design conducted over 16 meetings. Student's Situational Interest measured by using situational interest scale from Chen et al (2001) which had validity and reliability coefficients 0.718. Data was analysed using ANOVA. The findings showed that (1). Teaching models were not significantly giving the positive effect on situational interest, the significance values is 0.24. (2). Teaching materials were significantly giving positive effect on student's situational interest, the significance value is 0.002. (3). There was no significant relation between teaching models and teaching materials on student's situational interest, the significance value is 0.410. Based on the result, it can be concluded that teaching materials were more able to arise student's interest rather than teaching models, meanwhile game material which had been taught by using inquiry model was teaching physical education which students more like. It needed to be more research on mixture models between teaching materials and teaching models.
A Simplified Approach to Analyzing Multi-regional Core-Periphery Models

This paper shows that the evolutionary process of spatial agglomeration in multi-regional core-periphery models can be explained analytically by a much simpler method than the continuous space approach of Krugman (1996). The proposed method overcomes the limitations of Turing's approach which has been applied to continuous space models. In particular, it allows us not only to examine whether or not agglomeration of mobile factors emerges from a uniform distribution, but also to trace the evolution of spatial agglomeration patterns (i.e., bifurcations from various polycentric patterns as well as from a uniform pattern) with decreases in transportation cost.
THE DISCOVERY OF COMETARY ACTIVITY IN NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID (3552) DON QUIXOTE

The near-Earth object (NEO) population, which mainly consists of fragments from collisions between asteroids in the main asteroid belt, is thought to include contributions from short-period comets as well. One of the most promising NEO candidates for a cometary origin is near-Earth asteroid (3552) Don Quixote, which has never been reported to show activity. Here we present the discovery of cometary activity in Don Quixote based on thermal–infrared observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope in its 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands. Our observations clearly show the presence of a coma and a tail in the 4.5 μm but not in the 3.6 μm band, which is consistent with molecular band emission from CO2. Thermal modeling of the combined photometric data on Don Quixote reveals a diameter of 18.4 km and an albedo of , which confirms Don Quixote to be the third-largest known NEO. We derive an upper limit on the dust production rate of 1.9 kg s−1 and derive a CO2 gas production rate of (1.1 ± 0.1) × 1026 molecules s−1. Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectroscopic observations indicate the presence of fine-grained silicates, perhaps pyroxene rich, on the surface of Don Quixote. Our discovery suggests that CO2 can be present in near-Earth space over a long time. The presence of CO2 might also explain that Don Quixote's cometary nature remained hidden for nearly three decades.
Experimental Verification of Inertial Navigation with MEMS for Forensic Investigation of Vehicle Collision

This paper studies whether low-grade inertial sensors can be adequate source of data for the accident characterization and the estimation of vehicle trajectory near crash. The paper presents outcomes of an experiment carried out in accredited safety performance assessment facility in which full-size passenger car was crashed and the recordings of different types of motion sensors were compared to investigate practical level of accuracy of consumer grade sensors versus reference equipment and cameras. Inertial navigation system was developed by combining motion sensors of different dynamic ranges to acquire and process vehicle crash data. Vehicle position was reconstructed in three-dimensional space using strap- down inertial mechanization. Difference between the com- puted trajectory and the ground-truth position acquired by cameras was on decimeter level within short time window of 750 ms. Experiment findings suggest that inertial sen- sors of this grade, despite significant stochastic variations and imperfections, can be valuable for estimation of veloc- ity vector change, crash severity, direction of impact force, and for estimation of vehicle trajectory in crash proximity.