Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetocardiography with sensors based on giant magnetoresistance

Biomagnetic signals, mostly due to the electrical activity in the body, are very weak and they can only be detected by the most sensitive magnetometers, such as Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). We report here biomagnetic recordings with hybrid sensors based on Giant MagnetoResistance (GMR). We recorded magnetic signatures of the electric activity of the human heart (magnetocardiography) in healthy volunteers. The P-wave and QRS complex, known from the corresponding electric recordings, are clearly visible in the recordings after an averaging time of about 1 min. Multiple recordings at different locations over the chest yielded a dipolar magnetic field map and allowed localizing the underlying current sources. The sensitivity of the GMR-based sensors is now approaching that of SQUIDs and paves way for spin electronics devices for functional imaging of the body.
Fasc . 1 2003 STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGY OF THE AFRICAN LONGFIN TETRA , BRYCINUS LONGIPINNIS GÜNTHER , 1864 IN THE JAMIESON RIVER ( NIGER DELTA , NIGERIA )

Ikomi R.B. , Sikoki F.D. , 2003. Studies on the ecology of the African longfin tetra, Brycinus longipinnis Günther, 1864 in the Jamieson River (Niger Delta, Nigeria). Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 33 (1): 17–36. Background. African longfin tetra, Brycinus longipinnis Günther, 1864, an ornamental fish, commonly occurs in a number of African rivers. The aim of the present paper was to describe elements of ecology of this fish, not hitherto studied in the Niger River delta. Material and methods. The fish were sampled monthly in the Jamieson River (tributary of the Benin River, the Niger delta) during dry and wet season at four stations (1994–1995). Length, weight, sex, fecundity, and food records were collected. Methods (parameters and coefficients) used (calculated) in data processing include: Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Fulton condition factor, gonadosomatic index. Results. B. longipinnis was a dominant characid (49.0%) in the Jamieson River. It occurred in all stretches of the river throughout the year with peak abundance during the rainy season. The length frequency distribution pattern was leptokurtotic and the growth pattern was allometric for the males and isometric for the females and immature specimens. Condition factor fluctuated with season and increased with individual length of fish irrespective of sex. K-values were significantly higher in males. B. longipinnis was a mesopredator and fed mainly on insects. Fecundity estimates ranged between 160 and 1130 and about 2.26% of its body weight was utilized in egg production. Breeding activities occurred throughout the year. Conclusion. The present study contributes important data on ecology of Brycinus longipinnis living in the particular habitat of the Jamieson River, Nigeria.
PROXQUANT: QUANTIZED NEURAL NETWORKS VIA

To make deep neural networks feasible in resource-constrained environments (such as mobile devices), it is beneficial to quantize models by using low-precision weights. One common technique for quantizing neural networks is the straightthrough gradient method, which enables back-propagation through the quantization mapping. Despite its empirical success, little is understood about why the straight-through gradient method works. Building upon a novel observation that the straight-through gradient method is in fact identical to Nesterov’s dual-averaging algorithm on a quantization constrained optimization problem, we propose a more principled alternative approach, called PROXQUANT, that formulates quantized network training as a regularized learning problem instead and optimizes it via the prox-gradient method. PROXQUANT does back-propagation on the underlying full-precision vector and applies an efficient prox-operator in between stochastic gradient steps to encourage quantizedness. For quantizing ResNets and LSTMs, PROXQUANT outperforms state-of-the-art results on binary quantization and is on par with state-of-the-art on multi-bit quantization. We further perform theoretical analyses showing that PROXQUANT converges to stationary points under mild smoothness assumptions, whereas variants such as lazy prox-gradient method can fail to converge in the same setting.
NON-DOUBLE-COUPLE EARTHQUAKES 1

Historically, most quantitative seismological analyses have been based on the assumption that earthquakes are caused by shear faulting, for which the equivalent force system in an isotropic medium is a pair of force couples with no net torque (a “double couple,” or DC). Observations of increasing quality and coverage, however, now resolve departures from the DC model for many earthquakes and find some earthquakes, especially in volcanic and geothermal areas, that have strongly non-DC mechanisms. Understanding non-DC earthquakes is important both for studying the process of faulting in detail and for identifying nonshear-faulting processes that apparently occur in some earthquakes. This paper summarizes the theory of “moment tensor” expansions of equivalent-force systems and analyzes many possible physical non-DC earthquake processes. Contrary to long-standing assumption, sources within the Earth can sometimes have net force and torque components, described by first-rank and asymmetric second-rank moment tensors, which must be included in analyses of landslides and some volcanic phenomena. Non-DC processes that lead to conventional (symmetric second-rank) moment tensors include geometrically complex shear faulting, tensile faulting, shear faulting in an anisotropic medium, shear faulting in a heterogeneous region (e.g., near an interface), and polymorphic phase transformations. Undoubtedly, many non-DC earthquake processes remain to be discovered. Progress will be facilitated by experimental studies that use wave amplitudes, amplitude ratios, and complete waveforms in addition to wave polarities and thus avoid arbitrary assumptions such as the absence of volume changes or the temporal similarity of different moment tensor components.
Growth and Volatility Analysis Using Wavelets

The magnitude and persistence of growth in gross domestic product are topics of intense scrutiny by economists. Although the existing techniques provide a range of tools to study the nature of growth and volatility time series, these usually come with shortcomings, including the need to arbitrarily define acceleration spells, and focus on a particular frequency at a time. This paper explores the application of"wavelet-based"techniques to study the time-varying nature of growth and volatility. These techniques lend themselves to a more robust analysis of short-term and long-term determinants of growth and volatility than the traditional decomposition techniques, as demonstrated on a small sample of countries. In addition to having desirable technical advantages, such as localization in time and frequency and the ability to work with non-stationary series, these techniques also make it possible to accurately decompose the association between growth trajectories of different countries over different time horizons. Such"co-movement"analysis can provide policy makers with important insights on regional integration, growth poles, and how short and long term developments in other countries affect their domestic economy.
The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information

There is an impressive body of empirical evidence which indicates that successive price changes in individual common stocks are very nearly independent. Recent papers by Mandelbrot and Samuelson show rigorously that independence of successive price changes is consistent with an efficient market, i.e., a market that adjusts rapidly to new information. It is important to note, however, that in the empirical work to date the usual procedure has been to infer market efficiency from the observed independence of successive price changes. There has been very little actual testing of the speed of adjustment of prices to specific kinds of new information. The prime concern of this paper is to examine the process by which common stock prices adjust to the information (if any) that is implicit in a stock split. In doing so we propose a new event study methodology for measuring the effects of actions and events on security prices.
Research on Material Assets M & A Reorganization Performance of China ’ s A-Share Listed Companies

Using 2009-2012 material assets reorganization events initiated by A-share listed companies in Shenzhen and Shanghai Stock Exchanges in China as research samples, this paper compares successful M&A listed companies with failed M&A listed companies from solvency ability, operation ability, profitability, development ability and comprehensive performance indicators to measure whether M&A have an impact on acquiring companies’ performance. The results show that M&A successful listed companies’ short-term profitability decline compared with that of M&A failed listed companies, and with the strengthen of M&A both sides’ integration, M&A successful listed companies’ long-term profitability have improved. M&A events have a positive impact on acquiring companies’ solvency ability. Contrast with M&A failed companies, the change in M&A successful companies’ long-term solvency ability has been more obvious. For the comprehensive performance indicator calculated by factor analysis, except for the second year after merger, the success group performs better than the failed group, but only in the first year the difference is significant. For the change of total performance, there is no significant difference between the two groups.
The Application of Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers on 1l -norms Problems

l1 regularization is commonly used for variable or model selection, and it is often incorporated into the penalized likelihood framework for the sparse solutions. Lasso, group lasso and graphical lasso are three representative methods among them. The objective functions of these methods all contain a ll penalized term. Several algorithms have been developed to solve those problems, such as least angle regression for lasso, group nonnegative garrote for group lasso and block coordinate descent for graphical lasso. However, they are designed for the solution of a specific problem and none of them can solve l1 -norm problems generally. A convex optimization algorithm called ADMM(Alternating Direction method of multipliers)splits targets problems into two distinct parts and handles them separately, which makes it a natural fit for l1 -norm problems consisting of a likelihood term and a penalty term. Based on the methodology of ADMM, we derived a framework for the solution of lasso, group lasso and graphical lasso. The proposed framework outperforms the existing methods in simulations. Finally, we apply our method to analyze a birth weight dataset birthwt which could be found in R package MASS.
1 Trans-Mexican Migration : a Case of Structural Violence

This paper argues that the violence experienced by migrants crossing Mexico in their way to the United States needs to be understood as a case of structural violence. Based on several months of field work conducted along the migrant route in Mexico, the paper emphasizes that trans-Mexican migrants suffer not only from forms of direct violence such as beatings, kidnappings, and rape, but also endure great suffering from expressions of indirect violence such as poverty, hunger, marginalization, and health threats. Addressing trans-Mexican migration as a case of structural violence is also crucial in grasping the complex dynamics that characterize this violence, including the impunity and systematization of violence, and the social forces, policies, and institutions that perpetuate it.
Visualizing Meta-Explanations in Early Intervention Systems for Police Departments

The recent spread of machine learning methods into critical decisionmaking, especially in public policy domains, has necessitated a focus on their intelligibility and transparency. The literature on intelligibility in machine learning offers a range of methods for identifying model variables important for making predictions, but measures of predictor importance may be poorly understood by human users, leaving the crucial matter unexplained—viz., why the predictor in question is important. There is a critical need for tools that can interpret predictor importances in such a way as to help users understand, trust, and take action on model predictions. We describe a prototype system for achieving these goals and discuss a particular use case—early intervention systems for police departments, which model officers’ risk of having “adverse incidents” with the public.
MANAGERIAL STRESS, JOB SATISFACTION AND HEALTH IN TAIWAN

This study tested an integrative work stress model using data from a heterogeneous sample of Taiwanese managers. Results indicated that these managers were under considerable work stress and were at risk of mental and physical ill-health. Internal control was related to higher job satisfaction and was beneficial to mental health; however, its interaction with work stress was detrimental to psychological well-being. A specific facet of Type A behaviour pattern was also related to poorer physical health. These results were discussed with an emic emphasis, taking account of some distinctive characteristics of the Chinese culture. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving nonhomogeneous dynamic Bayesian networks with sequentially coupled parameters

In systems biology, nonhomogeneous dynamic Bayesian networks (NH‐DBNs) have become a popular modeling tool for reconstructing cellular regulatory networks from postgenomic data. In this paper, we focus our attention on NH‐DBNs that are based on Bayesian piecewise linear regression models. The new NH‐DBN model, proposed here, is a generalization of an earlier proposed model with sequentially coupled network interaction parameters. Unlike the original model, our novel model possesses segment‐specific coupling parameters, so that the coupling strengths between parameters can vary over time. Thereby, to avoid model overflexibility and to allow for some information exchange among time segments, we globally couple the segment‐specific coupling (strength) parameters by a hyperprior. Our empirical results on synthetic and on real biological network data show that the new model yields better network reconstruction accuracies than the original model.
Spectrophotometric quantification of direct factor xa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, in raw and tablet dosage form

Rivaroxaban (RXN), chemically also known as (S)-5-ChlorN-{2-oxo-3-[4-(3-oxomorpholin-4-yl) phenyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-5ylmethyl}thiophen-2-carbamide. RXN is a novel, oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor approved for the management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism [1-3]. RXN is also employed to cut down the danger of forming a blood clot in the legs and lungs of adult patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery [4,5]. RXN is a direct Factor Xa inhibitor, which binds directly to free and clot bound factor Xa. After binding, it effectively blocks the amplification of the coagulation cascade, preventing the formation of thrombus [6].
Methods for Assessing Aspects of Carotenoid Bioavailability

Carotenoids are a group of C-40 isoprenoid-based molecules with >600 representatives in nature, of which approximately 30 are of importance within our daily diet. This class of phytochemicals has recently attracted much attention due to potential health beneficial effects associated with carotenoid consumption, including reduction of cardiovascular diseases, protection from age-related macular degeneration, various types of cancer, and perhaps, bone health. Therefore, an increasing number of studies have been carried out, focusing on carotenoid bioavailability from the diet, which is typically low, in the magnitude of 1-50%, successive metabolization and measuring carotenoid status. However, up to date, there is no clear consensus on how to measure carotenoid bioavailability and status. A number of methods have been developed to measure certain aspects of bioavailability, including in vitro studies assessing matrix release and micellarization, i.e. bioaccessibility, uptake or transport into cells simulating the human small intestine (e.g. Caco-2 cells), animal experiments, and also human studies. However, these techniques do not necessarily yield well- correlated results. In living beings, carotenoids may be determined in different tissues, including plasma, plasma triacyl- rich lipoprotein fraction reflecting newly absorbed carotenoids, or various target tissues where carotenoids do accumulate to some degree, including the retina, liver, or adipose tissue. Isotopic methods employing stable or radioactive labeled carotenoids have been developed to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous carotenoids and to estimate utilization from single meals. The relation between carotenoid intake, uptake, absorption, distribution, metabolization/ excretion, and status demand a good understanding of the existing methods to assess these various aspects of bioavailability across different models.
Probing spectral properties of radio-quiet quasars searched for optical microvariability – II

In the context of active galactic nucleus (AGN) unification schemes, rapid variability properties play an important role in understanding any intrinsic differences between sources in different classes. In this respect, any clue based on spectral properties will be very useful toward understanding the mechanisms responsible for the origin of rapid small-scale optical variations or microvariability. Here we have added spectra of 46 radio-quiet quasars (RQQSOs) and Seyfert 1 galaxies to those of our previous sample of 37 such objects, all of which had been previously searched for microvariability. We took new optical spectra of 33 objects and obtained 13 others from the literature. Their Hβ and Mg II emission lines were carefully fitted to determine line widths (FWHM) as well as equivalent widths (EW) due to the broad emissionline components. The line widths were used to estimate black hole masses and Eddington ratios, � . Both EW and FWHM are anticorrelated with � . Nearly all trends were in agreement with our previous work, although the tendency for sources exhibiting microvariability to be of lower luminosity was not confirmed. Most importantly, this whole sample of EW distributions provides no evidence for the hypothesis that a weak jet component in radio-quiet AGNs is responsible for their microvariability.
Memory bias in observer-performance literature

Abstract. The objective of our study was to determine how authors of published observer–performance experiments dealt with memory bias in study design. We searched American Journal of Roentgenology online and Radiology using “observer study” and “observer performance. ” We included articles from 1970 or later that reported an observer performance experiment using human observers. We recorded the methods used by the authors to order presentation of the conditions being tested and images within sets for viewing. We recorded use and length of any time gap between viewings. We included 110 experiments. Forty-five used methods not subject to memory bias. Of 68 remaining experiments, 30 (44.1%) ordered the viewing of tested conditions to decrease memory bias. Fifteen (22.1%) ordered the tested conditions in ways that may create memory bias. Eleven (16.2%) intermixed the tested conditions. Forty-three (63.2%) used random or pseudorandom ordering of images within sets. Forty-six (67.6%) used a time gap (median 14 days) between viewings. Six (8.8%) did not use a time gap. Thirty-six (52.9%) did not indicate what methods they used in at least one studied parameter. Therefore, we conclude that 22.1% of the experiments could improve their methods of ordering tested conditions. Completeness of reporting could be improved by including more details regarding methods of ameliorating memory bias.
Correlation of LF-PRL-R expression with ER / PR and HER-2 expression in breast cancer

Background and objective: The activation of prolactin receptor (PRL-R) may contribute to the development and progression of breast cancer, which is mainly mediated by the long form of PRL-R (LF-PRL-R). Therefore, we analyzed the correlation of LF-PRL-R with ER, PR, and HER-2 expression in breast cancer. Methods: One hundred and thirty female patients with breast cancer (median age, 46 years; age range 26-77 years) undergone surgery without new adjuvant therapy at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between Jan 2000 and Jun 2001 were included. The expression of LF-PRL-R, ER, PR, and HER-2 in the primary lesion from each patient was detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlation of LF-PRL-R expression with ER, PR, and HER-2 in breast cancer was assessed by Chisquare test. Results: Among 130 patients, 89 showed positive LF-PRL-R expression. Stratification of the statistical analysis showed that in the HER-2-positive sub-layer, LF-PRL-R expression was positively correlated with ER and PR expression (P < 0.05), while no correlation was noted in the HER-2-negative sub-layer (P > 0.05). In the ER (or PR) positive sub-layer, LF-PRL-R expression was positively correlated with HER-2 expression (P < 0.05), while no such correlation was noted in the ER (or PR)-negative sub-layer (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The positive correlation of LF-PRLR expression with ER/PR in breast cancer relies on the positive expression of HER-2, while the positive correlation with HER-2 expression relies on the positive expression of ER/PR, which suggesting combined anticancer therapy based on the individual target site may benefit patients with breast cancer.
Non-symmetric magnetohydrostatic equilibria: a multigrid approach

Aims. Linear magnetohydrostatic (MHS) models of solar magnetic fields balance plasma pressure gradients, gravity and Lorentz forces where the current density is composed of a linear force-free component and a cross-field component that depends on gravitational stratification. In this paper, we investigate an efficient numerical procedure for calculating such equilibria. Methods. The MHS equations are reduced to two scalar elliptic equations ‐ one on the lower boundary and the other within the interior of the computational domain. The normal component of the magnetic field is prescribed on the lower boundary and a multigrid method is applied on both this boundary and within the domain to find the poloidal scalar potential. Once solved to a desired accuracy, the magnetic field, plasma pressure and density are found using a finite difference method. Results. We investigate the effects of the cross-field currents on the linear MHS equilibria. Force-free and non-force-free examples are given to demonstrate the numerical scheme and an analysis of speed-up due to parallelization on a graphics processing unit (GPU) is presented. It is shown that speed-ups of ×30 are readily achievable.
Organized Crime or Individual Crime? Endogenous Size of a Criminal Organization and the Optimal Law Enforcement

This article develops a simple but general criminal decision framework in which individual crime and organized crime are coexisting alternatives to a potential offender. It enables us to endogenize the size of a criminal organization and explore interactive relationships among sizes of criminal organization, the crime rate, and the government's law enforcement strategies. We show that the method adopted to allocate the criminal organization's payoffs and the extra benefit provided by the criminal organization play crucial roles in an individual's decision to commit a crime and the way in which he or she commits that crime. The two factors also jointly determine the market structure for crime and the optimal law enforcement strategy to be adopted by a government. (JEL K4) Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.