Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen and phosphorus recycling mediated by copepods and response of bacterioplankton community from three contrasting areas in the western tropical South Pacific (20° S)

Abstract. Zooplankton play a key role in the regeneration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the ocean through grazing and metabolism. This study investigates the role of the organic and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds released by copepods on biogeochemical processes and on the microbial community composition during the OUTPACE cruise (18 February–3 April 2015) at three long-duration stations (LD). Two LD stations were located in the Melanesian Archipelago region (MA; LD A and LD B) and one in the South Pacific Gyre (SG; LD C), which represent oligotrophic and ultra-oligotrophic regions respectively. At each station, on-board microcosm experiments were performed with locally sampled organisms, comprising a mix of epipelagic copepods fed with their natural food and then incubated along with wild microbial assemblages. In the presence of copepods, ammonium and dissolved organic nitrogen showed a significant increase compared to a control in two situations: in ammonium concentration (rate: 0.29 µmol L−1 h−1 after 4 h of incubation) in LD C and in dissolved organic nitrogen concentration (rate: 2.13 µmol L−1 h−1 after 0.5 h of incubation) in LD A. In addition, during the three experiments, an enhanced remineralization (ammonification and nitrification) was observed when adding copepods compared to the controls. A shift in the composition of the active bacterial community was observed for the experiments in LD A and LD B, which were mainly characterized by an increase in Alteromonadales and SAR11, respectively, and linked with changes in nutrient concentrations. In the experiment performed in LD C, both groups increased but at different periods of incubation. Alteromonadales increased between 1 and 2 h after the beginning of the experiment, and SAR 11 at the end of incubation. Our results in near in situ conditions show that copepods can be a source of organic and inorganic compounds for bacterial communities, which respond to excretion pulses at different timescales, depending on the initial environmental conditions and on their community composition. These processes can significantly contribute to nutrient recycling and regenerated production in the photic zone of ultra-oligotrophic and oligotrophic oceanic regions.
Review of Scaled Penning H− Surface Plasma Source with Slit Emitters for High Duty Factor Linacs

The Penning H− surface plasma source (SPS) has been used at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) for 20 years to provide the required H− beams for charge‐exchange injection into the 800‐MeV proton synchrotron on the ISIS spallation neutron source. The RAL source is based on the first H− Penning SPS operated at Los Alamos. Since that original technology exchange, Los Alamos has developed scaled‐up versions of the Penning H− SPS with the goal of extending the H− beam duty factor (df) while maintaining high beam brightness. A 250‐mA H− beam with rms normalized emittance of 100‐mA, low emittance H− beams in the 5% df range. A source with these parameters would be suitable for the European Spallation Source (ESS) and other high‐power proto.
Contour Tracking for Non-Rigid Objects by Using Supervised Level Set Model

In this paper we can track the objects according to their shape. We can track the non-rigid objects by using supervised level set model (SLSM). In existing method we use the bounding box method track the object. The proposed method extracts the accurate contours of the target as tracking output, which achieves better description of the non-rigid objects while reduces background pollution to the target model. The SLSM can ensure a more accurate convergence to the exact targets in tracking applications. In particular, we firstly construct the appearance model for the target in an Online boosting manner due to its strong discriminative power between the object and the background. We firstly describe the proposed mechanism of two-phase SLSM for single target tracking, and then give its generalized multi-phase version for dealing with multi-target tracking cases. In SLSM method we apply the contour on non-rigid objects to track the objects exactly. Contour Based Object Tracking is an efficient method for tracking Objects, which can detect multiple objects simultaneously. Contour based object tracking can track the Objects in both images and videos. In this method we will find the contours of the objects, then using this contours we will track the Objects. Finding the contours is the most important task in the contour based object tracking.
A GENERIC PROBABILISTIC MODEL AND A HIERARCHICAL SOLUTION FOR SENSOR LOCALIZATION IN NOISY AND RESTRICTED CONDITIONS

Abstract. A generic probabilistic model, under fundamental Bayes’ rule and Markov assumption, is introduced to integrate the process of mobile platform localization with optical sensors. And based on it, three relative independent solutions, bundle adjustment, Kalman filtering and particle filtering are deduced under different and additional restrictions. We want to prove that first, Kalman filtering, may be a better initial-value supplier for bundle adjustment than traditional relative orientation in irregular strips and networks or failed tie-point extraction. Second, in high noisy conditions, particle filtering can act as a bridge for gap binding when a large number of gross errors fail a Kalman filtering or a bundle adjustment. Third, both filtering methods, which help reduce the error propagation and eliminate gross errors, guarantee a global and static bundle adjustment, who requires the strictest initial values and control conditions. The main innovation is about the integrated processing of stochastic errors and gross errors in sensor observations, and the integration of the three most used solutions, bundle adjustment, Kalman filtering and particle filtering into a generic probabilistic localization model. The tests in noisy and restricted situations are designed and examined to prove them.
The Role of ICT in Higher Education for the 21st Century: ICT as A Change Agent for Education

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be utilized for the education sector. Education includes online, distance and part time education. There are unlimited applications of ICT in the real world. In his paper emphasis is on the online education field. Traditional Non-formal education system process includes activities like admission, Personal Contact Programmes, Exam for any course in a University or Institution. In this process ICT can play a great role in all the activities by providing a lot of benefits to students, teachers, parents and Universities itself. ICT can be used for providing education to the people who are not able to come to school due to various constraints. ICT can play great role in formal and non formal forms of education. The paper examines certain important issues related with the effective implementation of ICTs in all levels of education and provides suggestions to address certain challenges that would help in the implementation of ICTs in education and simultaneously increasing Quality of education.
The permutation testing approach: a review

In recent years permutation testing methods have increased both in number of applications and in solving complex multivariate problems. A large number of testing problems may also be usefully and effectively solved by traditional parametric or rank-based nonparametric methods, although in relatively mild conditions their permutation counterparts are generally asymptotically as good as the best ones. Permutation tests are essentially of an exact nonparametric nature in a conditional context, where conditioning is on the pooled observed data as a set of sufficient statistics in the null hypothesis. Instead, the reference null distribution of most parametric tests is only known asymptotically. Thus, for most sample sizes of practical interest, the possible lack of efficiency of permutation solutions may be compensated by the lack of approximation of parametric counterparts.There are many complex multivariate problems (quite common in biostatistics, clinical trials, engineering, the environment, epidemiology, experimental data, industrial statistics, pharmacology, psychology, social sciences, etc.) which are difficult to solve outside the conditional framework and outside the nonparametric combination (NPC) method for dependent permutation tests. In this paper we review this method along with a number of applications in different experimental and observational situations (e.g. multi-sided alternatives, zero-inflated data and testing for a stochastic ordering) and we present properties specific to this methodology, such as: for a given number of subjects, when the number of variables diverges and the noncentrality of the combined test diverges accordingly, then the power of combination-based permutation tests converges to one.
Experimental Investigations of Process Parameters Influence on Rheological Behavior and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of FDM Manufactured Parts

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has gained popularity in industry because of its ability to manufacture complex parts. But when it comes to the manufacturing of functional products, the advantages of FDM are not so distinct due to the high number of intervening parameters and complex optimal settings setup. This paper investigates the influence of process parameters on the rheological and dynamic mechanical properties of FDM-manufactured parts. In this study, an attempt has been made to establish an empirical relationship between the FDM input parameters and the properties involved using IV-optimal response surface methodology and statistical analysis. Further, optimized process parameters were established to maximize the rheological and dynamic mechanical properties through the graphical optimization. The optimization results show that the parameters with the most significant effect on the rheological and dynamic mechanical properties are the layer thickness, the air gap, the road width, and the number of contours. The results also show that by taking into consideration the number of contours, the functionality of manufactured part is improved significantly.
Comparative analysis of fancy yarns produced on a ring twisting system

In this article, the shape coefficient of yarn was used as a tool for classifying fancy yarns. On the basis of experiments conducted in this research, characteristic values of the shape coefficient for different yarn structures have been established. The same research material and twist were used in the experiments. Changes were made to preliminary tensions of component yarns in the twist zone and to the overfeed of the effect yarn. The fancy yarns analysed were compared in terms of their ability to carry tensile stresses. It was demonstrated that spiral yarn had the best strength parameters of the group of yarns under analysis, while the strength of loop yarn, which is produced in a two-stage process of twisting three identical component yarns, is even lower than that of a single yarn. The results of the experiments conducted by the author have specific practical implications for the industry and for the process of designing and producing fancy yarns.
Obstacles on the Road to Palestinian Economic Growth

This paper quantifies the impact of market access on local GDP in the West Bank, proxied by nighttime lights, using the deployment of road closure obstacles by the Israeli army between 2005 and 2012 as a quasi-natural experiment generating exogenous temporal and spatial variation in accessibility. Minimum travel times between locality pairs are computed using road network and obstacles data supplemented with information on checkpoint traversal times. These are combined with population data to construct a time-varying market access measure for each locality. Market access has a significant and substantial effect on local light emissions. This association is robust to controlling for conflict, and strengthens when market access is instrumented by the number of obstacles located in a radius between 10 and 25km away from the locality.
Models for assessing local‐scale co‐abundance of animal species while accounting for differential detectability and varied responses to the environment

We developed a new modeling framework to assess how the local abundance of one species influences the local abundance of a potential competitor while explicitly accounting for differential responses to environmental conditions. Our models also incorporate imperfect detection as well as abundance estimation error for both species. As a case study, we applied the model to four pairs of mammal species in Borneo, surveyed by extensive and spatially widespread camera trapping. We detected different responses to elevation gradients within civet, macaque, and muntjac deer species pairs. Muntjac and porcupine species varied in their response to terrain ruggedness, and the two muntjac responded different to river proximity. Bornean endemic species of civet and muntjac were more sensitive than their widespread counterparts to habitat disturbance (selective logging). Local abundance within several species pairs was positively correlated, but this is likely due to the species having similar responses to (unmodeled) environmental conditions or resources rather than representing facilitation. After accounting for environment and correcting for false absences in detection, negative correlations in local abundance appear rare in tropical mammals. Direct competition may be weak in these species, possibly because the ‘ghost of competition past’ or habitat filtering have already driven separation of the species in niche space. The analytical framework presented here could increase basic understanding of how ecological interactions shape patterns of abundance across the landscape for a range of taxa, and also provide a powerful tool for forecasting the impacts of global change.
Verification of phylogenetic hypothesis concerning the evolution of genus Bison.

Verifi cation of phylogenetic hypothesis concerning the evolution of genus Bison. In our research we tried explain the high genetic similarity among modern Wisent and domestic cattle. The genetic material was taken from different species of Bovidae family including aurochs. The control region of mitochondrial DNA and the sequence of gene 16S rRNA were subject to analyses. To compare the species we estimated genetic distance and constructed phylogenetic tree. The high level of similarity between wisent and aurochs found in our work suggests that hybridization and crossing of wisents and aurochsen must have had their place before domestication of the Bos taurus ancestor.
MOTIVATION : MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS FOR TEACHING THE CAPSTONE DESIGN COURSE AND MOTIVATIONAL INFLUENCES ON TEACHING APPROACHES

What motivates the design educator during course planning and implementation? What are the faculty motivational influences at play in the capstone design course? Are there existing motivational constructs that can be applied to design education? In this study, interviews with engineering design faculty members were analyzed to explore if and how subjective task value constructs – attainment values, intrinsic values, utility values, and relative cost – can be applied to design faculty motivation to implement (or avoid) certain pedagogies during the capstone design course. This study broadens the use of expectancy-value theory and establishes its potential for use in design education motivation research. The findings represent a starting point in the discussion of motivation in design education as it pertains to capstone design faculty.
Significance of measuring of dimensions of lumbar spinal canal on plain radiographs in narrow spinal canal

The present study was carried out on 200 subjects with 100 asymptomatic control and100 symptomatic cases of low backache , sciatica and neurogenic claudication of more than 6 months duration of age group 30 -80 years. The aim of the study was to find out the dimensionsof the lumbar spinal canal on plain radiographs of the lumbar spine in normal and symptomatic subjects and to compare them. It was found that the lower normal limit of the transverse diameter of the lumbar spinalcanal was 20 mm and antero-posterior diameter was 15.2 mm on plain radiographs ofasymptomatic healthy subjects. Anteroposterior diameter was found to be more adversely affected in narrow spinal canal
Data-adaptive selection of the truncation level for Inverse-Probability-of-Treatment-Weighted estimators

Inverse-Probability-of-Treatment-Weighted (IPTW) estimators are becoming a popular analysis tool in causal inference. It is well known that these estimators suffer from high variability if some treatment probabilities are estimated to be close to zero. While it is a common recommendation for such situations to truncate the weights in order to reduce the mean squared error of the estimator, the current literature gives little guidance on how to select an appropriate truncation level. In this article, we develop a closed-form estimate for the mean squared error of a truncated IPTW estimator that can be used to select this truncation level dataadaptively. While the resulting estimator requires an estimate of an additional nuisance parameter, we show that its consistency does not rely on a consistent estimate of that nuisance parameter. For the case of a binary treatment variable, we present an approach for obtaining an estimate of this nuisance parameter that does not require the user to specify an appropriate parametric model. We illustrate the practical performance of the proposed estimator in a number of simulation studies that show consistent gains in efficiency relative to more ad-hoc truncation approaches currently in use, with typical gains lying in the range from 1 to 15%. In fact, the estimator is seen to perform on par with an infeasible benchmark estimator that relies on knowledge of the true data-generating distribution. In an applied data analysis, the proposed methodology is estimated to achieve a 7% gain in efficiency relative to the non-truncated IPTW estimator, with truncation resulting in a non-significant finding becoming statistically significant. The methodology presented here has been implemented in an R package called tIPTW that can be downloaded at http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/∼laan/Software/.
Determining time delay in the gravitationally lensed system QSO2237+0305

Aims. We considered the possibility of measuring time delays between components of the multiplied quasar QSO2237+0305 and between V and R band variations. Methods. The analysis is based on the flux variations of four components observed by the OGLE collaboration and Maidanak group during the last quarter of 2003. The observed gradients of the brightness variations in this period for OGLE data in V band are 3.4 mmag/day, 2.2 mmag/day, 2.4 mmag/day, and 1.1 mmag/day for the components A, B, C, and D, respectively. The variations are probably intrinsic source variations. The basic method used for time-delay measurements is the cross-correlation technique. To estimate the uncertainty of the time-delay measurements, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out. Results. The calculations showed the impossibility of unambiguously measuring the differential time delays between the components. The observations at shorter wavelengths seem to be the only way to achieve robust time delay measurements in the system. The wavelength-dependent time delays can be used to provide the evidence of an accretion-disk structure of the central optical variable source. The observed V and R band variations of component C show good correlation with the correlation coefficient of 0.83. However, the obtained time delay, about 16.2 days, and its accuracy are far from reliable.
Quantifying Household Inequality in Early Pueblo Villages

The rapid rise of the “Chaco phenomenon” in northern New Mexico in the ninth century AD invites a search for either historical precursors or generative processes that might have explanatory utility. We analyze one candidate system, the well-known Basketmaker III and Pueblo I communities investigated by the Dolores Archaeological Program in southwestern Colorado, to determine whether there is evidence of change through time in the direction of more inequality of households. We use the Gini index to quantify concentration in the distributions of living space, storage space, and total household space. We see no prominent trend toward increasing inequality in these data, but we do note possible evidence for leveling, in that inequality in an “income” measure is higher than in a “total wealth” measure. These leveling processes seem to be stronger for households in villages than for those in dispersed settings. Comparably produced Gini coefficients for other ancient settings would greatly enhance the comparative search for the causes of higher levels of household inequality frequently manifested in agricultural societies.
A Proficient Method for Traffic MonitoringSystem

Video processing is a research topic in the area of computer vision. Traffic monitoring is a key issue to be addressed in day-to-day’s life. To address this issue, this system is going to process the video obtained in terms of frame sequence. The system proposed is going to calculate the signal time dynamically by taking into account the number of vehicles present in the current lane. The number of vehicles is counted by segmenting the input traffic data set into frames and comparing each incoming new frame with that of the Dynamic-Background. Dynamic-Background is constantly updated from Dynamic Environment Register (DER) where changes in the background are constantly updated. A counter and a weight value are assigned to each pixel of the Dynamic-Background. For a pixel position in Dynamic-Background the intensity value with the largest count in all frames is assigned. From the Dynamic- Background, an absolute difference of incoming frames of the dataset is taken to obtain the Object of Interest (OOI). From the object obtained, features are extracted using a holistic classifier and those features are compared with that of the existing object’s features to identify the presence of partial occlusion. Depending upon the score for occlusion and the score for objects feature found, the presence of an object can be found. In this paper performance evaluation is done based on the number of objects found in a particular frame. This OOI can be extended to other object counting applications like pedestrian detection, etc.
Third Order Reconstruction of the KP Scheme for Model of River Tinnelva

The Saint-Venant equation/Shallow Water Equation is used to simulate flow of river, flow of liquid in an open channel, tsunami etc. The Kurganov-Petrova (KP) scheme which was developed based on the local speed of discontinuity propagation, can be used to solve hyperbolic type partial differential equations (PDEs), hence can be used to solve the Saint-Venant equation. The KP scheme is semi discrete: PDEs are discretized in the spatial domain, resulting in a set of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). In this study, the common 2 order KP scheme is extended into 3 order scheme while following the Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) and Central WENO (CWENO) reconstruction steps. Both the 2 order and 3 order schemes have been used in simulation in order to check the suitability of the KP schemes to solve hyperbolic type PDEs. The simulation results indicated that the 3 order KP scheme shows some better stability compared to the 2 order scheme. Computational time for the 3 order KP scheme for variable step-length ode solvers in MATLAB is less compared to the computational time of the 2 order KP scheme. In addition, it was confirmed that the order of the time integrators essentially should be lower compared to the order of the spatial discretization. However, for computation of abrupt step changes, the 2 order KP scheme shows a more accurate solution.