Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen nutrition and plant growth

Nitrogen nutrition during seed germination and seedling formation root absorption and assimilation of inorganic nitrogen rhizobium-legume association foliar absorption and use of airborne oxidized nitrogen by terrestrial plants physiology of nitrogen-fixing casuarina-frankia association role of nitrogen in plant morphogenesis in vitro role of nitrogen source in carbon balance nitrogen, stress and plant growth regulation slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and plant nutrition.
Selective Interaction of Voltage-gated K Channel -Subunits with -Subunits (*)

To begin to study the molecular bases that determine the selective interaction of the β-subunits of voltage-gated K channels with α-subunits observed in situ, we have expressed these polypeptides in transfected mammalian cells. Analysis of the specificity of α/β-subunit interaction indicates that both the Kvβ1 and Kvβ2 β-subunits display robust and selective interaction with the five members of the Shaker-related (Kv1) α-subunit subfamily tested. The interaction of these β-subunits with Kv1 α-subunits does not require the β-subunit N-terminal domains. Thus, the previously observed failure of N-terminal mutants of Kvβ1 to modulate inactivation kinetics of Kv1 family members is not simply due to a lack of subunit interaction. Interaction of these β-subunits with members of two other subfamilies (Shab- and Shaw-related) could not be detected. Somewhat surprisingly, a member of the Shal-related subfamily was found to interact with β-subunits; however, this interaction had biochemical characteristics distinct from the β-subunit interaction with Kv1 family members. In all cases, Kvβ1 and Kvβ2 exhibited indistinguishable α-subunit selectivity. These studies point to a selective interaction between K channel α- and β-subunits mediated through conserved domains in the respective subunits.
The Degradation Kinetics of an Ester of Silvex and the Persistence of Silvex in Water and Sediment

The degradation kinetics of propylene glycol butyl ether (hereafter referred to as PGBE) ester of 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (silvex) and the persistence of silvex in water and sediment were studied under impounded conditions. PGBE ester of silvex was applied to the surface of three ponds at the rate of 9 kg/ha/A. Water and sediment samples were collected at 4, 12, 24, and 48 hr after treatment and were extracted for PGBE ester of silvex immediately after collection. The concentrations of PGBE ester of silvex and silvex present in the water and sediment samples were determined by gas chromatography. Physico-chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the sediment samples collected prior to treatment were determined. The hydrolysis of PGBE ester of silvex to silvex obeyed first order reaction kinetics, the specific reaction rate constants for the three ponds being 0.09 hr−1, 0.10 hr−1, and 0.14 hr−1. Fifty percent hydrolysis of PGBE ester of silvex occurred in 5 to 8 hr, 90% hydrolysis occurred in 16 to 24 hr, and 99% hydrolysis occurred in 33 to 49 hr. The concentration of silvex in water initially increased, but decreased to zero by the end of 3 weeks. Adsorption of both the PGBE ester of silvex and silvex appeared to occur on the sediment; essentially complete disappearance of both occurred by the fifth week following treatment. Under laboratory conditions, silvex adsorption by the sediments conformed to the Freundlich adsorption equation.
Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: Contact Networks and the Evolution of Virulence

Virulence management can be defined as that set of policies that not only aims to minimize the short-term impact of parasites on their host population (e.g., incidence, mortality, and morbidity), but also to account for the longer-term consequences of the evolutionary responses of these parasites, for example by adopting measures that select for less virulent strains. An important question pertaining to the scope of virulence management concerns the effect of contact structures in the host population. For successful transmission many parasites require close contact between the host they are infecting and new susceptible hosts. Consequently, the network of social contact in their host population is of paramount importance. It has already become clear that differently structured networks lead to different types of epidemiology (Keeling 1999). For example, a sparsely connected host population is more difficult to invade than a densely connected host population. But to what extent will the contact structure of their host population affect the evolution of the parasites, in particular of their virulence? Can we change the selective pressures on the parasites by modifying these contact structures? Claessen and de Roos (1995) and Rand et al. (1995) carried out computer simulations of evolving parasites in spatially structured host populations and concluded that less virulent (hypovirulent) parasites are favored with respect to well-mixed systems. Clearly, parasite evolution does depend on host population structure. Qualitative insight into the pertinent aspects of population structure, in the form of social networks, is still lacking, however (Wallinga et al. 1999). Networks of social contacts may vary in a number of ways. First, the number of social contacts per host may vary (across the host population and in time). The relevance of whether a parasite’s host interacts with a large or small number of other hosts is not immediately obvious, as explained below. Second, the overall structure of the social network may vary. Consider the contact structures depicted in Figures 7.1a and 7.1b. In both networks every host is connected to three other hosts, but in one the overall structure is laid out in a regular fashion (Figure 7.1a) whereas in the other it is completely random (Figure 7.1b). Watts and Strogatz (1998) and Keeling (1999) showed that such variations in network structure may have far-reaching consequences for, among other things, epidemiology. For example, a parasite can expand more rapidly in a random contact network than in a regular network, as suggested by the shaded nodes in Figures 7.1a and 7.1b. But
Competitive interactions between four foliose lichen species with and without nutrient enrichment

Competition between four foliose lichen species, common on slate rock surfaces in South Gwynedd, Wales, UK, was studied in experimental plots with and without nutrient enrichment by bird droppings. Fragments of the four lichens were glued to pieces of slate on horizontal boards in monoculture and in two-, three- and four-species mixtures in a factorial experimental design. In monoculture, nutrient enrichment increased thallus area of Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex. Ach.) Ach. , decreased thallus areas of Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. and Parmelia glabratula ssp. fuliginosa (Fr. ex. Duby) Laundon, and did not affect thallus area of Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Necker) Moberg compared with untreated thalli. In the mixtures, P. conspersa and Ph. orbicularis were equally effective competitors in plots with and without nutrient enrichment. Addition of bird droppings, however, altered the ability of P. saxatilis and P. glabratula ssp. fuliginosa, to compete with the other species, the competitive ability of both species being reduced in some mixtures but increased in others. The results suggest that nutrient enrichment may alter the competitive balance between the four lichen species and this may be a factor determining their relative abundance on rock surfaces in South Gwynedd.
Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Protein Phosphatase 2A C subunit expression

Reversible protein phosphorylation is required for presumably most biological pathways. One of the major enzymes involved in eukaryotic dephosphorylation is Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A is composed of three subunits: A (scaffolding), B (regulatory), and C (catalytic). Our lab is interested in determining the function of the five C subunits (C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5) in Arabidopsis thaliana. We have identified a Na+induced altered root growth phenotype in c4 mutant plants. The goal of this project was to determine expression of the five C subunit genes throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis with emphasis on correlating the location of C4 subunit expression to the known root phenotype. C4 gene expression was observed in the roots and expression was not changed in the presence of additional NaCl or mannitol. Expression of all C subunits was ubiquitous and similar throughout the Arabidopsis life cycle with the highest expression in the root tips.
Türkiye’de saptanan infeksiyöz bursal hastalık virus suşlarının RFLP ile tiplendirilmesi

Özet: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de İnfeksiyöz Bursal Hastalığa (IBD) neden olan virusların agar jel immunodifuzyon testi (AGID) ve reverz transkripsiyon/polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RT/PCR) ile saptanması ve IBDV suşlarının RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analizi ile moleküler tiplendirilmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, çeşitli bölgelerdeki 24 sürüye ait toplam 122 adet bursa Fabricius materyali IBDV antijenlerinin varlığı yönünden AGID testi, IBDV viral RNA’sının varlığı yönünden ise RT/PCR testi ile değerlendirildi. RT/PCR sonucunda pozitif olduğu belirlenen virus örneklerinin moleküler tiplendirilmesi, BstNI, MboI ve SspI enzimlerinin kullanıldığı RFLP tekniği ile yapıldı. AGID testleri sonucunda incelenen 24 sürüye ait toplam 122 adet örneğin 102 (% 83.6)’si IBDV yönünden pozitif bulundu. Bursa Fabricius örneklerinden izole edilen RNA’lara uygulanan RT/PCR testi sonucunda, 24 sürüye ait toplam 122 adet materyalin 47 (% 38.5)’sinde viral genetik materyal saptandı. RT/PCR testiyle saptanan IBDV suşlarının RFLP analizi sonucunda birbirinden farklı moleküler yapı gösteren iki farklı virus suşu belirlendi. Bu suşların SspI enzimi ile incelenmesi sonucunda bunların Avrupa’da gözlenen yüksek virulensteki suşlarla benzer moleküler yapıya sahip oldukları ortaya kondu. Sonuç olarak, AGID testinin IBDV suşlarının rutin identifikasyonu için uygun bir test olduğu, RT/PCRRFLP testinin ise IBDV viruslarının tiplendirilmesinde kullanılabileceği belirlendi. Anahtar sözcükler: AGID, IBDV, moleküler tiplendirme, RT/PCR-RFLP.
The innovation of dwarf male sterile wheat and its application in wheat breading.

To illustrate the discovery,identification of Taigu male sterile wheat were illustrated,and the gene was located in 4DS.It was found that it is a dominant gene and named Ms2.Looking for restorer line for Ms2 was made,but it is difficult.The dwarf gene of wheat was reported in 4DS of wheat,are the dwarf gene and Ms2 linkage? After test,the results indicated that they are closely linked,so,Liu(1986) created a dwarf male sterile wheat.It provided a platform for wheat breeding.According to the platform in recent decades,new varieties were bred.These varieties were grown in large scale(more than ten million hectare),but all the varieties are pure inbreed lines.Can the platform be used in hybrid breeding? The answer is definite.We should find a mark gene which would be closely linked to dwarf gene in the future study.
Changes in ascorbic acid content of fresh apricot fruits under fungal pathogenesis

The degradation of ascorbic acid content of fresh apricot fruits infected with Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus japonicus, A. niger and Penicillium citrinum was studied. The experimental results revealed that there was decrease in vitamin C content of both healthy and infected fruits with an increase in incubation period. Fruits infected with R. stolonifer, A. japonicus, A. niger and P. citrinum had lost Vitamin C by 85%± 4.08, 78.3%± 2.36, 60%± 4.08 and 34.97%± 4.08 respectively after 6 days of pathogenesis whereas the healthy fruits still had 90%± 0.19 of vitamin C after same period of incubation. The degradation of ascorbic acid was more in infected fruits in comparison to healthy fruits and this may be either due to the production of ascorbic acid degrading enzymes or due to increased respiration rate which may induce rapid oxidation of ascorbic acid in the fruit tissue.
Detection of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi Using Specific PCR Primers Designed from the 16S-23S rRNA Intergenic Spacer Region

The 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) were sequenced and analyzed to design specific primer for identification of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi. Two types ISRs, large and small ISRs, were identified from three strains (ATCC 11663, KACC 10163 and KACC 10165) of P. chrysanthemi and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ATCC 15713.Large ISRs contained transfer RNA-Ile(tRNA)and tRNA, and small ISRs contained tRNA. Size of the small ISRs of P. chrysanthemi ranged on 354-356 bp, while it was 451 bp in small ISR of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ATCC 15713. From hypervariable region of small ISRs, species-specific primer for P. chrysanthemi with 20 bp length (CHPG) was designed from hypervariable region of small ISRs, which was used as forward promer to detect P. chrysanthemi strains with R23-1R produced PCR product of about 260bp size (CHSF) only from P. chrysanthemi strains, not from other Pectobacterium spp. and Erwinia spp. Direct PCR from bacterial cell without extracting DNA successfully amplified a specific fragment, CHSF, from P. chrysanthemi ATCC 11663. The limit of PCR detection was 1 cfu/ml.
Early events in the onset of type II diabetes : effects of aggregated amylin (IAPP) on the islet proteome and metabolic pathways

Many diseases are caused by proteins or peptides folding incorrectly and aggregating into fibrils or plaques, including Alzheimer? s disease, Parkinson's disease and type II diabetes. Amyloid formation in the human pancreas occurs via the aggregation of a 37 amino acid peptide called amylin or IAPP which is shown to be toxic to pancreatic ? cells. Amylin (IAPP) aggregation initiates a large number of events, leading ultimately to cell death. However the exact cytotoxic action of human IAPP and also the underlying molecular events leading from amylin (IAPP) aggregation to ? cell death is still unknown. The toxic effect of human amylin (IAPP) is thought to involve changes in the expression of several genes and proteins. Further transcriptional and proteomics studies in this field can therefore facilitate the identifications of new targets whose expression are affected by amylin (IAPP). These information could be further used to construct an integrated model of the signalling and regulatory pathways through which amylin (IAPP) interacts with cellular metabolism.To investigate the effects of amylin (IAPP) aggregation on the islets proteome in this study, rat Rin-5F cell line, reported as a model of pancreatic ? cell, was used. MTT assay was initially performed to determine the effect of IAPP on the cell viability at different time points. The isolated proteins form the untreated and IAPP treated Rin-5F cells were then fractionated by off gel electrophoresis and analysed by quantitative label free LC- MS/MS approach.Label free quantification of IAPP treated Rin-5F cells has identified the altered expression of many proteins, some of which were previously suggested in the literature to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. These proteins were map to several pathways (including glycolysis and proteasome) whose expressions were significantly affected upon amylin (IAPP) exposure. The IAPP responsive proteins were also structured into a well connected network. Some of the hub proteins identified in this network were greatly affected as the result of IAPP treatments of RIN-5F cells. Our data therefore revealed the effect of IAPP on several proteins and pathways that might be important in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Relationship of photosynthetic rate and edaphic factors to root carbohydrate trends in honey mesquite.

Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration in honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) roots and its relation to current photosynthetic rate and selected soil parameters were examined on 2 upland soils. Root carbohydrate recharge rates were generally greater in trees on a sandy loam site than those on a clay loam site during the spring rainy season because of higher photosynthetic rates and more apparent root growth. Recharge rate was greater on the clay loam site during midsummer, which was related to higher soil water potential. Root carbohydrate recharge was less sensitive to a moderate water stress (dawn xylem water potential ranged from -1 to -1.6 Mpa) than was photosynthesis; but it was more sensitive to severe water stress (dawn xylem water potential ranged from -1.9 to 2.4 MPa) than was photosynthesis. Effective control of honey mesquite with foliar-applied herbicides is determined by photosynthetic rates and TNC trends as they are influenced by both soil temperature and soil water content. Higher photosynthetic rates and greater amounts of root TNC are related to higher soil temperature and higher soil water content.
Fortuynia marina nov. gen., nov. spec., an Oribatid mite from the intertidal zone in Netherlands New Guinea

On December 7, 1953, while collecting animals along the south coast of Biak Island (Netherlands New Guinea), in the neighbourhood of the Base of the Royal Netherlands Navy 1), I was surprised in seeing red Trombidiid mites creeping on stones in the intertidal zone. These stones, which fall dry at low tide, were overgrown with green Cladophora socialis and several species of red algae 2). I became interested in the fauna of the littoral, especially in the possible presence of other Acari, and I spent several mornings in observing the animal life on the stones. The Trombidiid mites later appeared to belong to a Platytrombidium species, closely related to the species described by Michener (1946) as Microtrombidium littorale from mangrove forests along the Pacific coast of Panama. It will be dealt with by Dr. Womersley of the S. Australian Museum, who studies also the Mesostigmata and the Acaridiae mentioned below. In order to collect other Acari, I took a large sample of algae on December 10, 1953 and put it in a modified Tullgren apparatus. Within two days I had a large collection of small animals: Collembola, Amphipoda, young Grapsoid crabs, Isopoda, Polychaeta, larvae of Insects, and a considerable amount of mites that, according to Womersley (in litt.), belong to two species of Mesostigmata and one species of Hyadesia. Among the material I found only one specimen of an Oribatid mite. After my return it soon became clear that the Oribatid specimen represented a very interesting new species for which it were necessary to create a new family. Due to the absence of immature stages it was, however, difficult to get a definite idea about the systematic position.
The Effect of Potential Catastrophic Mortality and Other Unpredictable Events on Optimal Forest Rotation Policy

Because standard methods for computing the optimal rotation age of a forest stand must assume complete knowledge of the stand value at any future time, a forest manager must treat his estimates of future values as if they were completely accurate. Minor, unpredictable fluctuations from year to year are assumed to somehow cancel each other out. Potential catastrophes, such as forest fires or insect plagues, are customarily ignored. An alternate method for dealing with uncertainty is presented here. This method can incorporate estimates of the likelihood of catastrophes. It is shown that catastrophic moraltiy has a potentially significant effect on the optimal rotation strategy, average profits, and land valuation.
Detection of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered to have emerged from S . aureus through the acquisition of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ), which carries the mec A gene for methicillin resistance. Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains carry one of SCC mec types (IV or V). In addition they carry Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CA-MRSA in Makkah hospitals by detection mec A, SCC mec types (IV and V) and PVL genes. One hundred bacterial isolates were confirmed to carry mec A gene. CA-MRSA was detected in 44% of these MRSA isolates, 30% were SCC mec type IV; 14% were SCC mec type V and 21% were harbored the PVL gene. Molecular methods are useful for diagnosis and typing of MRSA pathogens. CA-MRSA was found to be high in Makkah hospitals and hence the infection-control guidelines for of CA-MRSA are necessary to be improved.
Purification of a CytochromebdTerminal Oxidase Encoded by theEscherichia coli appLocus from a Dcyo DcydStrain Complemented by Genes fromBacillusfirmusOF4

Escherichia coliGK100, with deletions in the operons encoding its two terminal oxidases, cytochromeboand cytochromebd, was complemented for growth on succinate by a recombinant plasmid (pMS100) containing a 3.4-kb region of DNA from alkaliphilicBacillusfirmusOF4. The complementing DNA was predicted to encode five proteins, but neither sequence analysis nor complementation experiments with subclones provided insight into the basis for the complementation. Cytochrome difference spectra of everted membrane vesicles from the transformed strain had characteristics of a cytochrome bd spectrum but with features different from those observed for alkaliphile membranes. To determine the bacterial source and identity of the structural genes for the cytochrome bd in the transformed mutant, the complex was extracted and partially purified. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, two polypeptides were resolved from the preparation, 43 (subunit I) and 27 (subunit II) kDa. An internal peptide from subunit I was sequenced, and it yielded the same primary sequence as is found in positions 496 to 510 of E. coli appC. Consistent with the microsequencing results, pMS100 failed to complement a triple mutant ofE. colicarrying a deletion inappBas well as in thecyoand cydloci. The deduced sequence of AppBC had been predicted to be very similar to the sequence of CydAB (J. Dassa et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 229:341‐352, 1991), but this is thefirst demonstration that the former is indeed a cytochrome bd terminal oxidase. The enzyme catalyzed oxygen uptake coupled to quinol or N,N,N*,N*tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine oxidation, and the activity was sensitive to cyanide. No cross-reactivity to subunit-specific polyclonal antibodies directed against the two individual subunits ofcyd-encoded cytochrome bd was detected. Since this is the second cytochrome bd discovered in E. coli, it is proposed that the two complexes be designated cytochrome bd-I (cydAB-encoded enzyme) and cytochrome bd-II (appBC-encoded enzyme). Inaddition,cbdABissuggestedasamoreappropriategenedesignationforcytochromebdthaneither appBCorcyxAB.