Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity Coefficient-Based Inverse Heat Conduction Method for Identifying Hot Spots in Electronics Packages: A Comparison of Grid-Refinement Methods

Estimating the distribution and magnitude of heat generation within electronics packages is pivotal for thermal packaging design and active thermal management systems. Inverse heat conduction methods can provide estimates using measured temperature profiles acquired using infrared imaging or discrete temperature sensors. However, if the heater locations are unknown, applying a fine grid of potential heater locations across the surface where heat generation is expected can result in prohibitively large computation times. In contrast, using a more computationally efficient coarse grid can reduce the accuracy of heat flux estimations. This paper evaluates two methods for reducing computation time using a sensitivity-coefficient method for solving the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). One strategy uses a coarse grid that is refined near the hot spots, while the other uses a fine grid but only considers heater locations near the hot spots. These methods are compared using input temperature maps acquired from a “numerical experiment,” where the outputs of a three-dimensional (3D) steady-state thermal model in FloTHERM are used for input temperatures, and temperature maps procured using infrared microscopy on a real electronics package, using sensitivity coefficients calculated with the FloTHERM model. Compared to the coarse-grid method, the fine-grid method is found to reduce computation time without significantly reducing accuracy, making it more convenient for designing and testing electronics packages. It also avoids the problem of “false hot spots” that occurs with the coarse-grid method. Overall, this approach provides a mechanism to predict hot spot locations during design and testing and a tool for active thermal management.
Delineation of burned arid landscapes using Landsat 8 OLI data: a case study of Karaganda region in Kazakhstan

Abstract In arid lands of Central Kazakhstan, fires commonly occur due to both man-made (e.g. space rocket launches) and natural factors. Remote sensing is the best method to identify burned landscapes and to assess their long-term dynamics. In this paper, we assessed total areas and seasonal features of fires using Landsat 8 OLI data of high spatial and temporal resolution, corrected for atmospheric effects. We defined data requirements, considered various spectral indices, and evaluated their suitability for automated delineation of burned areas. Spectral indices included special burn indices (NBRT, MIRBI, NBR, NBR2, BAI) and vegetation indices (MSAVI, MSAVI2, MTVI2, GEMI3) that allowed us to determine the boundaries and severity of fires indirectly based on the state of vegetation. Our study showed that burned areas were most accurately identified using indices of NBR2 (normalized burn ratio 2) and MSAVI2 (modified soil adjusted vegetation index 2). They were extracted using image segmentation and natural breaks classification methods. We have assessed MSAVI2 and NBR2 segmentation results with machine learning metrics, i.e. for Soyuz drop zone (landing area of rocket stages) precision of NBR segmentation equaled 99.5%, recall − 99.5%, accuracy − 98.5%. For Proton drop zone NBR segmentation precision equaled 99.3%, recall − 99.7%, accuracy − 99.4%. MSAVI2 results are less accurate. The accuracy of segmentation significantly depended on the vegetation state which was predetermined by the frequency and severity of previous fires within certain territory.
Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Critical Review, Practical Applications, and Prospects for Future Research

This paper presents knowledge gaps and critiques on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus that have emerged since the concept of the WEF nexus was proposed by the World Economic Forum and the Bonn 2011 Conference. Furthermore, this study analyses current innovations on the WEF nexus concept, applications, and impacts during the period of 2012–2020. This begins by reviewing ten WEF nexus frameworks developed by international organizations and researchers. On this basis, several gaps and omissions in nexus frameworks are obvious in almost all developed frameworks. Studies that start to address some of these gaps are analysed, but they are relatively few and do not address all gaps. Several proposed improvements to nexus frameworks are identified to narrow the gaps and put the concept into practical implementation in WEF resources management and governance. Four principles and the perspective of “from local to global” for future WEF nexus framework development and analysis are suggested to ensure that the security of water, energy, and food resources can be achieved sustainably in local communities. This will improve the impact of national and global ambitions on WEF security.
The relationship between the use of sharp instruments and the risks associated with health service workers: a systematic review protocol

Work accidents are characterized as those resulting from the exercise of work in the service of a company, which can harm the worker. health care workers suffer from the risk of exposure to contaminants and sharps in their daily practice. The handling of perforating material predominates as a situation of exposure to occupational accidents among health professionals, being the main source of disease transmission within the hospital environment. Thus, a systematic review is proposed to obtain relevant information on these risks in order to plan appropriate future interventions to avoid related negative consequences. Thus, following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes protocols (PRISMA-P), this systematic review protocol was developed in order to provide guidelines appropriate for the development of research that can deliver results to meet objective sought. Five databases will be accessed (SCOPUS, PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCOhost and Web of Science) and a total of 9 keyword combinations will be used. Â
Maternal Gut Microbes Contribute to Rapid Acquisition of Intestinal Microbiota and High-Altitude Adaptation of Pre-Weaning Yak Calves

BackgroundLong time exposure to seasonal forage availability and harsh environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has resulted in a series of unique adaptation mechanisms following the evolution of yak to cope with nutritional deficiencies and other adverse conditions. This is likely achieved by an unprecedented genetic resource for fibrolytic enzymes of microbial origins that allow the host to efficiently degrade plant polysaccharides. However, to what extent of maternal symbiotic microbial transmission throughout early microbial successions and its adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in grazing yak driven by the harsh environment and nutritional stress have been far from clear. Understanding the colonization and succession of yak gut microbiota would help to clarify the functional interaction and crosstalk between microorganisms and their hosts. This study explored the succession of intestinal microbiota of yak ( Bos grunniens ) and cattle ( Bos taurus ) kept in the same habitat during pre-weaning period. ResultsThe gut microbiota of yak and cattle calves were dominated by members of the families Ruminococcaceae , Lachnospiraceae , and Bacteroidaceae during pre-weaning. Moreover, source-tracking models revealed that maternal microbiota was critical for the rapid establishment and colonization of initial intestinal microbiota of their calves at development stage and its impact persisted until weaning or even longer. Compared with cattle calves, the gut microbiota of yak calves was rapidly established and reached to a relatively stable status at the 5th week after birth, indicating the evolutionary significance of interaction between the yak and its intestinal microbial community that could facilitate the adaptation of this flagship species to adapt to the harsh environment on the QTP. ConclusionOur results revealed that under natural grazing conditions, the calves raised by their mothers acquire gut microbiota through the contacts with maternal feces and the social learning behavior, which accelerate the establishment of stable intestinal microbiota. In addition, after long-term natural selection, the yak calves acquire a relatively mature and stable intestinal microbiota earlier than the cattle calves, facilitating their strong adaptation to the harsh environment on the QTP.
Rational Designs for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio

Lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered a promising next‐generation energy storage device owing to their high theoretical energy density. However, their overall performance is limited by several critical issues such as lithium polysulfide (PS) shuttles, low sulfur utilization, and unstable Li metal anodes. Despite recent huge progress, the electrolyte/sulfur ratio (E/S) used is usually very high (≥20 µL mg−1), which greatly reduces the practical energy density of devices. To push forward LSBs from the lab to the industry, considerable attention is devoted to reducing E/S while ensuring the electrochemical performance. To date, however, few reviews have comprehensively elucidated the possible strategies to achieve that purpose. In this review, recent advances in low E/S cathodes and anodes based on the issues resulting from low E/S and the corresponding solutions are summarized. These will be beneficial for a systematic understanding of the rational design ideas and research trends of low E/S LSBs. In particular, three strategies are proposed for cathodes: preventing PS formation/aggregation to avoid inadequate dissolution, designing multifunctional macroporous networks to address incomplete infiltration, and utilizing an imprison strategy to relieve the adsorption dependence on specific surface area. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for low E/S LSBs are discussed.
Metamorphic Thermal Structure of the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan in the Koshibu-gawa Section, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan

― 85 ― Abstract Raman spectral analyses were conducted of carbonaceous materials （ CM ） in meta-sedimen-tary rocks to estimate the metamorphic thermal structure of the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan in the Akaishi Mountains area, central Japan. Twenty samples of pelitic and psammitic rocks were collected along the Koshibu River and by traversing the Sanbagawa, Chichibu, and Shimanto belts. The datasets of the full width at half maximum of the D1-band （ FWHM D1 ） ─ which is a sensitive thermal parameter of the Raman spectra of CM ─ imply that each rock records a single metamorphic thermal event. The peak metamorphic temperatures estimated with Raman CM geothermometry show 286 ­ 339°C in the Sanbagawa Belt, 284 ­ 350°C in the Chichibu Belt, and 328 ­ 347°C in the Shimanto Belt with a continuous spatial change including at the boundaries between belts. From northwest to southeast, a clear temperature decrease is observed in the Sanbagawa Belt, but an increase in the Chichibu Belt with a constant high- T condition ─ similar to those recognized in southeast part of the Chichibu Belt ─ in the Shimanto Belt. A comparison of geological structures suggests that the present thermal structures in the Chichibu and Shimanto belts were formed with the formation of a “twist-bend” structure related to the collision of the Izu-Ogasawara （ Izu-Bonin ） Arc with respect to the Honshu Arc at middle Miocene. In contrast, the thermal structure in the Sanbagawa Belt was mainly formed before about 20 Ma but the above middle Miocene tectonics may involve the formation of the apparent
Spatial variation of life-history traits in the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of human and cattle schistosomiasis, in relation to field application of niclosamide in northern and central Côte d’Ivoire

Background: Control of intermediate host snails using molluscicides for the control and/or elimination of schistosomiasis is strategy in the line with WHO recommendations. Niclosamide is the main chemical molluscicide recognized by WHO. However, the extent of the application of molluscicide outside the immediate killing of the snail such as the impact on the evolution of life-history traits; in relation to recolonization of treated sites is less or not known. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variation of life-history traits in Bulinus truncatus populations in north and central Côte d’Ivoire, in relation to niclosamide spraying in the field.From 2016 to 2018, we conducted a trial to control the intermediate host snails for interrupting seasonal transmission urinary schistosomiasis in northern and central Côte d’Ivoire, using niclosamide. The molluscicide was sprayed three times per year in habitats harboring the freshwater snail B. truncatus. Snails were collected before niclosamide application and 2-3 months after the sites were treated, and also from some untreated sites. Families from six natural populations of snails were monitored for several life-history traits, including growth, fecundity and survival, under laboratory conditions, over one generation (G1). Results: Survival rate varied among populations with the highest rates observed in northern populations. No significant difference was detected between populations before and after treatment, for this trait. Numbers of eggs and eggs per capsule at first reproduction, fecundity and growth were significantly lower in treated than untreated groups. Similar finding was observed for populations of before and after treatment. Egg production also varied across populations with the highest values found in northern populations. Within treated group, a significant difference for survival rate was detected between northern and central populations. Almost all parameters of reproduction and growth varied significantly, except for the number of egg capsules.Conclusions: Our study shows a spatial variation of life-history traits in B. truncatus snails. Lower values of these traits were observed in populations from recolonized sites after treatment with niclosamide. This trend was much more perceptible in populations from central Côte d’Ivoire. Investigations should be carried out over several generations of snails in order to clarify the impact of niclosamide on their life-history traits.
Life Cycle Assessment of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete

Concerns on the environmental impacts from use of concrete in the construction industry are becoming more widespread. Past and current research trends indicate that cement represents the bulk of emissions from concrete. Thus, its replacement significantly reduces negative impacts in concrete. Incorporation of industrial and agricultural waste products have shown to positively influence properties of concrete. Particularly, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) has shown promising use as a cement replacement, but its environmental performance has not been thoroughly explored in the literature. This study investigates the environmental impacts of concrete with 10% cement replacement by SCBA using a life cycle assessment approach. The results were compared to normal concrete with compressive strength of 45 MPa. A school building was selected as a case study for LCA calculations. The total volume of concrete was obtained through a digital building model constructed using building information modelling (BIM) approach. The Ecoinvent database was used to construct the life cycle inventory while ReCiPe 2016 was used as the impact assessment method. Impacts were presented in the form of 17 midpoint categories. Results show that use of SCBA concrete reduced environmental impacts by an average of 5.5% in all but 3 impact categories. A small increase was observed for water use (1.6%) while significant increases in impacts were observed for ozone depletion (7.4%) and land use (58.4%). Furthermore, approximately 3% cost reductions were achieved when using SCBA concrete over normal concrete.
Effect of temperature on D.O and T.D.S: A measure of Ground and Surface Water Interaction

ABSTRACT To statistically quantify ground and surface water interaction using temperature as a tracer and its effect on chemical properties of rivers, a total number of 30 sample points were selected at regular intervals along the profile of the two rivers. Ten points on the upper Ona River, and ten on the Alaro River, the remaining ten on the lower section of the river. Also, a corresponding number of nearby groundwater samples were obtained from a parallel source, for each of the surface water sample points so as to aid comparison. The coordinates of the sample points along the river profile were obtained using a global positioning system (GPS) device. The result of the investigation showed that two of the properties (Total Dissolved Solid and Dissolved Oxygen) of surface water vary significantly while the third (Temperature) does not vary significantly across the river profile extending from the upstream section to the downstream section. It was further observed that the underlying geology in terms of rock types have a significant influence on the properties of the surface water body, this was corroborated through comparison of the groundwater properties against that of the surface water. No significant correlation was observed between temperature and total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen, thus inferring no form of noteworthy influence from temperature on the considered parameters in this study. The analysis of temperature gradients along a river profile and its effect on water properties provided an insight to the quantitative estimates of rates of interaction through the use of statistics and a possible inferred direction.
Scopoletin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide Induced Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice: A Mechanistic Study

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neuropsychiatric disorder, is characterized by neuroinflammation, β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. It has been demonstrated that systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections in rodents leads to elevation in Aβ levels and neuronal cell death, finally resulting in cognitive impairment. Methods: Animals received the experimental compound – Scopoletin (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p) for 31 days. Initially for 14 days, they received only the experimental drug; thereafter for the next 7 days they received LPS (0.25 mg/kg i.p) along with the experimental molecules. Treatment with the experimental molecules was continued for the next 10 days and behavioural tests were performed. Animals were sacrificed on day 32 and biochemical tests were performed on brain tissue homogenate. Original Research Article Gursahani et al.; JPRI, 33(3): 74-90, 2021; Article no.JPRI . 65989 75 Results: Scopoletin administration improved memory and cognition as indicated by reduction of escape latency in Morris water maze test and increased number of entries in Y maze test. Malondialdehyde was significantly increased after LPS administration and reduced glutathione, catalyse and superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced in mice brains. Treatment with scopoletin significantly reduced oxidative stress. Inflammatory markers. β-secretase and apoptotic markers were also markedly reduced. Conclusion: At medium and high dose, Scopoletin showed promise response as a prophylactic entity in the LPS induced neuroinflamation and cognitive dysfunction model in mice.
Nomogram to differentiate between aortic dissection and non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective cohort study.

Background Aortic dissection (AD) and non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are two of the most life-threatening diseases encountered in the emergency department (ED), but there are no rapid and reliable tools for differentiation. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a nomogram that incorporates both the clinical characteristics and bedside laboratory tests available to differentiate between AD and non-ST segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS). Methods Between January 2016 and July 2018, patients with AD and NSTE-ACS were enrolled and divided into training and validation groups. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was used to select the factors with significant value of predicting the diagnosis of AD. A nomogram was built on the basis of multivariable logistic regression analysis. Area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the calibration curve were used to assess the performance of the nomogram. Decision curve analysis was performed to assess the clinical utility of the nomogram. Results A final cohort of 263 patients (94 patients with AD and 169 patients with NSTE-ACS) were enrolled. Six variables were incorporated in the nomogram: pain severity, tearing pain, pulse asymmetry, electrocardiogram (ECG), D-dimer level and troponin I level. The AUC of the nomogram to predict the probability of AD was 0.919 (95% CI, 0.876-0.962) in the training group and 0.938 (95% CI, 0.888-0.989) in the validation group. The calibration curve demonstrated a good consistency between the actual clinical results and the predicted outcomes. The decision curve analysis indicated that the nomogram had higher overall net benefits in predicting AD in both the training group and the validation group. Conclusions We developed and validated a predictive nomogram that could be used as a tool to differentiate AD from NSTE-ACS rapidly and accurately.
The Piezoelectric Biosensors: Principles and Applications, a Review

Piezoelectric materials have broad use in many technological applications and they are frequently embedded in electronic devices. In principle, the piezoelectric materials work as oscillators on piezoelectric effect principle and interaction with their surface is easily detectable hence they are well suitable for construction of biosensors recognizing affinity interactions. Assays based on reaction between antigen and antibody, two polynucleotide strains, aptamer and protein are well suited for such studies. The current review is focused on explaining of the piezoelectric biosensors function, data about available materials and examples of analytical applications. Survey of actual literature is provided here.
Genome‐wide investigation and transcriptional profiling of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Triterpene scaffolds are cyclized by differential functional genes of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) gene family, which are widely present in plant species. Thirty‐nine OSCs were identified from the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome. The gene structure organization and the distribution of conserved motifs of OSCs gene family revealed that the TaOSC proteins are highly conserved. By phylogenetic analysis, all OSC proteins from wheat and other cereal crops were clustered into 11 subfamilies (I–XI). Based on the publicly available transcriptional profiling, the tissue‐specific expression patterns of TaOSC during several developmental stages revealed diverged expression patterns, indicating that the TaOSC family has undergone subfunctionalization. Furthermore, homeolog expression bias was commonly detected in the TaOSC subfamilies, such as the expression of Ta5A004900 and Ta5D011800 in the subfamily II were specifically expressed in the leaf sheath and flag leaf sheath. In addition, two genes were strongly induced by Pst, indicating that the two homolog genes are involved in the resistance to powdery mildew. Molecular evolution analysis indicated that the TaOSC family genes were undergone purifying selection. So, the powdery mildew response may be very conservative and important biological function of the Ta5A004900 and Ta5D011800 in wheat. In conclusion, these results can be used to explore the diversity of triterpenes and clarify the mechanism of triterpene cyclization, and also provide useful information for future studies on the function of the TaOSC gene family in bread wheat and other important crops.