Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Capital Development and Economic Growth in Developing Economies

The perceptible contribution of human capital in economic growth in an economy cannot be exaggerated. Human capital is the essential resource needed in every sector of an economy. Unfortunately, for many decades human capital development has been saddled with multifarious challenges that has hampered economic growth in many economies; with less developed economies suffering the effect of poorly developed human capital the most. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of human capital on economic growth in West Africa, specifically Ghana over a period of 40 years. The researchers used secondary data on human capital development and economic growth that was extracted from the economic data of Ghana Statistical Service, the World Bank, journals of economic studies and the Bank of Ghana Research Unit. The researchers applied ordinary least squares regression to estimate the models and also perform data analysis. In the end, it was found out that human capital whether it is developed or under developed has a tremendous impact on the growth of an economy both in the short and long term. The findings of this study hold important policy implications for countries in West Africa, specifically Ghana.
Combination Base64 and Hashing Variable Length for Securing Data

Keeping the data intact without changing becomes an important factor in a communication, the data itself has many forms such as text data, audio data, image data and for secure every form data an algorithm Base64 are needed, Base64 algorithm is used as data format to transmit data due to the result of base64 itself, but Base64 algorithm is not safe enough because it is easy to decoding and get the original form data, therefore need additional security and in this research combined with Hashing Variable Length (HAVAL) algorithm, HAVAL algorithm has a way work secures and compresses plaintext, so the encoding result from Base64 is re-secured and compressed using HAVAL algorithm with length of hashing 32 bit or 4 bytes so when data transmission process will not take many bytes of data compared with Base64 algorithm
Analytical Procedures: Are More Good Ideas Always Better for Audit Quality?

Analytical procedures are critical to the financial statement auditing process and involve the auditor generating and considering multiple explanations for account fluctuations. We examine whether generating more or fewer explanations during analytical procedures improves audit quality. Research from fields outside of accounting suggests that generating many explanations can exacerbate judgment biases. We conduct an experiment with 92 senior auditors from two Big 4 firms to investigate whether the generation of more plausible explanations about potential misstatements hinders professional skepticism by increasing auditors' tendencies to anchor on client-provided explanations. We find that the generation of more plausible explanations increases the perceived difficulty of the task, which leads to anchoring on client explanations. Increased anchoring results in reduced assessments of fraud risk, an important component of the risk assessment process. These findings suggest that generating more explanations during analytics procedures can be counterproductive.
Expanding Task Instructions May Increase Fractions Problem Difficulty for Students With Mathematics Learning Disability

When a student struggles with a mathematics task, adults may rephrase or expand initial task instructions to clarify instructions or scaffold problem solving. Yet expanded instructions may not benefit all children, especially children with a mathematics learning disability (MLD). Here, we explore whether expanded instructions differentially affect fractions comparison performance for children with or without MLD. Fifth graders (N = 190) completed two consecutive sets of 24 fraction comparison items, each accompanied by initial or expanded instructions, respectively; and also completed vocabulary, spatial reasoning, verbal working memory, executive function, and number knowledge tasks. Results showed that fraction comparison performance was generally worse following expanded rather than initial instructions, particularly for difficult items or for children with MLD. Fixed ordered regressions showed that the strength of cognitive skills as predictors of performance varied depending on instructions format and MLD status, that the five cognitive predictors collectively accounted for more performance variation with initial compared to expanded instructions, and that vocabulary’s relative predictive strength as a single predictor increased when instructions were expanded, but only for children with mathematics difficulties. These findings support the notion that problem features differentially affect children with or without MLD and that not all children benefit from hearing expanded instructions for difficult mathematics tasks.
Conceptual design of real time and adaptive measure of mental workload using galvanic skin respond

Mental workload, defined as difference between task demand and mental capacity of the worker, is crucial in providing effective mental workload that ensure productivity and safety of the worker. Thus, mental workload measures are crucially important. Besides requirements of mental workload measures that must be sensitive, diagnostic, non-intrusive, ease to implement, and acceptable; recently, there is another important requirement of the mental workload measure that is adaptive and real time. Purpose of this paper is to describe conceptual design of real time and adaptive measure of mental workload using galvanic skin response. Implication of the proposed conceptual design in discussed.
“I Find Myself Isolated and Alone”: Black Women’s Experiences of Microaggressions at an Hispanic-Serving Institution

This article explores the experiences of Black women students attending an Hispanic serving institution (HSI) in a large urban area with a disproportionately low number of Black students. A narrative inquiry approach was used to engage six students in reflection and discussion addressing the following research question: How does race impact the experiences of Black women studying at an HSI? Guided by a conceptual framework drawn from intersectionality theory and microaggressions, analysis revealed themes of (a) feeling “only and othered,” (b) feeling boxed in and silenced, and (c) finding support. Implications for practice in higher education are offered.
Because You're Worth it? Determinants of Vice Chancellor Pay in the UK

Wage inequality has increased across most developed nations; this has been manifested in a wide range of organisations and sectors, with implications for well‐being and sustainability; within UK universities, this has become increasingly visible. There is increasing pressure on universities to deliver social and economic impact in an increasingly market‐driven and metric‐driven environment. In the UK context, increasing financial pressure has led to both an escalation of student fees and constrained wage growth for faculty. In contrast, most Vice Chancellors have secured substantive pay packages raising concerns that regulatory failures may be contributing to the rise. We show that Vice Chancellors use their internal power within organisations to extract a disproportionate amount of the value created by the institution. However, we encountered much diversity according to the quality of governance, highlighting the extent to which not only contextual but also internal dynamics drive wage inequality.
Grid-based k-Nearest Neighbor Queries over Moving Object Trajectories with MapReduce

k-Nearest Neighbor Trajectory (k-NNT) Query is a basic and important spatial query operation widely used in many fields, such as intelligent transportation and urban planning. However, with the rapid increase of trajectory data volume, traditional k-NNT query algorithms for centralized environment are not effective and scalable enough, because the computational complexity increases dramatically when the spatial continuity of trajectories is considered. To address this problem, we propose a distributed grid index for trajectory data which partitions the trajectory into grids under MapReduce framework. Furthermore, a parallel query approach MR-GB-KNNT is proposed based on the proposed grid index to improve the efficiency and scalability of the k-NNT query. The experiment demonstrates that MR-GB-KNNT could perform well in cloud computing environment and improve the querying performance of the k-NNT.
Shrek, Saunders and the Onion Myth: Using Myths, Metaphors and Storytelling

Do we know our (research) onions? Onions have layers, as researchers we need to peel the research onion to its core, to uncover layers of meaning which enable us to understand the phenomenon we are seeking to understand. The metaphor of the onion, immortalized by Shrek (amongst others) and in our research world by Saunders, is well known. This paper takes the layers of the onion as a metaphor for collecting and making meaning from visual/ verbal metaphors, and stories. Research methods, based on the collection of stories, can sometimes be perceived as tangential or superfluous (Kendall J and Kendall K, 2012). Additionally, research using story telling often falls into three specific domains 1) is the story an accurate portrayal of all the events? 2) is the story an accurate account of what was experienced by the actors? 3) Is the story a driver for change and improvement? This research explores all three domains, adapting Campbells’ (1964) and Youngs’ (2004) typology of myths. Our Sphere Model (Farquharson L, Sinha T, Clarke S, 2018) provides a canvas to capture verbal and visual stories from those experiencing and leading change within Higher Education. The stories are captured through populating the Sphere canvas, through focus groups (camp fires), interviews (testimony) and artefacts such as postcards and graphic maps. We seek to capture the following myth descriptions of describe, explain, validate and direct (Young, 2004) to create a typography of organisational stories. (Adapted from Kendall J and Kendall K, 2012). We will be taking a positive psychology view of this work, to learn from what works as opposed to what hinders (deficit approach). The outcome of the paper shows how we will move this research method forward.
Payback without bookkeeping: The origins of revenge and retaliation

ABSTRACT Current evolutionary models of revenge focus on its complex deterrent functions. Nevertheless, there are some retaliatory behaviors in nonhuman animals that do not appear to have a deterrent function and that are notably similar to revenge in their motivational structure. I propose a novel explanation for the origin of revenge motives that does not rely on deterrence, and I argue that revenge motives as understood on this model could easily be co-opted to serve subsequent functions of deterrence. This explanation appeals to a well-understood family of game-theoretic models known as the ‘war of attrition. ’ One theoretical implication concerns the starting point for evolutionary psychology. Starting with an understanding of how human adaptations might have arisen from more ancient mechanisms and selection pressures provides helpful constraints and correctives.
Refugees’ inclusion at work: a qualitative cross-level analysis

Purpose Refugees’ inclusion at work is critical for the individual, for employers and for the receiving societies. Yet, refugees are often disadvantaged in working life or are being excluded from the labor market altogether. The purpose of this paper is to examine barriers and facilitators to refugees’ inclusion at work at the individual, organizational and country level, and pay particular attention to how the three levels relate to each other in shaping inclusion and exclusion of refugees at work. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted 18 interviews with employed refugees, employers and experts from governmental and non-governmental institutions in the Netherlands. Findings Based on the theoretical structure, 13 themes emerged from the interview material – 5 themes at the individual level, 4 at the organizational level and 4 at the country level. The authors also found indicators for an interplay of barriers and facilitators across levels. Research limitations/implications This is a small study conducted in the Netherlands, providing several starting points for future research. Practical implications The authors provide recommendations for refugees, employers and policy makers aimed at addressing barriers and leveraging facilitators of refugees’ inclusion at work. Originality/value The organizational level, which diversity research has shown to affect minority group members’ inclusion at work, is rarely taken into account in refugee research. Based on the cross-level analysis, the authors identify patterns of interplay between the three levels and provide a relational framework of refugees’ inclusion at work.
Cryptocurrencies, Monetary Policy, and New Forms of Monetary Sovereignty

Abstract The article aims to bring to light the limits and contradictions of cryptocurrencies, as well as to investigate possible alternative uses of them. Particularly focusing on Bitcoin, understood as a benchmark for the entire sector, the authors seek to answer the following questions: Should Bitcoin be considered a currency, an investment vehicle, or a speculative asset? On which factors does Bitcoin volatility depend? Do Central Banks effectively have no power to influence/stabilize Bitcoin volatility? Following the empirical strategy proposed by Baek and Elbeck, the article shows that Bitcoin returns merely depend on financial conventions and that the cryptocurrency is acting as a highly speculative asset. Sociotechnical innovations introduced by Bitcoin, the authors argue, have concretely opened the possibility of deeply rethinking money. However, several factors are currently negatively affecting the possibility of the cryptocurrency to function as an effective means of payment. Whether this experience can pave the way for the birth of new and more democratic monetary instruments, as the article discusses, is an issue that calls into question a whole combination of political, technical and social elements.
Kekerasan Terhadap Anak, Penanaman Disiplin, dan Regulasi Emosi Orang Tua

Anak usia dini merupakan aset bagi masa depan keluarga, masyarakat danbangsa karena kualitas suatu bangsa dipengaruhi oleh kualitas anak-anak bangsasecara keseluruhan. Sayangnya, kekerasan terhadap aset bangsa tersebut masih banyak terjadi. Kekerasan pada anak banyak terjadi pada level keluarga. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengkaji dan menggali tentang faktor penyebab kekerasan pada anak di level keluarga atau yang sering dilakukan oleh orang tua. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan teknis analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Pemilihan sampel dengan teknik cluster sampling. Subjek penelitian ini ialah orang tua anak usia 4-6 tahun dimana anakanak mereka sekolah di Taman Kanak-Kanak di gugus Gondomanan, Umbulharjo, Gedongtengen, dan Ngampilan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan di kecamatan Umbulharjo, Ngampilan, Gondomanan dan Gedongtengen faktor penyebab orang tua melakukan kekerasan ialah kondisi psikologis orang tua yang belum matang dalam hal regulasi emosi diri.
(Re)Framing ocean acidification in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Paris Agreement

ABSTRACT Ocean acidification is most frequently framed by the scientific community as a concurrent threat to climate change, rather than an effect of it. This separation of the two phenomena has long been deemed as a way of garnering heightened policy attention for ocean acidification rather than having it bound up in the often contested politics of climate change. This effort, however, appears to have resulted in the inadvertent placing of ocean acidification outside of the mandate of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This has created a significant gap in the global governance of this issue with no multilateral agreement understood as having jurisdiction over the mitigation of rising ocean acidity. For these reasons this paper argues that an alternative framing of ocean acidification as an effect of climate change is warranted. This would include ocean acidification in the core obligations of the Convention, thereby filling the mitigation governance gap and avoiding perverse implementation outcomes. It is contended that interpreting the UNFCCC in this way is more consistent with its objective and purpose than the existing interpretations that place ocean acidification beyond the remit of the Convention. Key policy insights Ocean acidification is best understood as an effect of climate change in the context of the UNFCCC, and therefore is included in its obligations to combat climate change and its adverse effects. An obligation to address ocean acidification has implications for the way that the provisions of the Convention, particularly on mitigation, are implemented. Mitigation activities that exacerbate ocean acidification or lead to emission reduction pathways that do not prevent dangerous acidification should be deemed inconsistent with the Convention. Protection, conservation and restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems should become a priority area for action within the UNFCCC.
Worlds of last-resort safety nets? A proposed typology of minimum income schemes in Europe

ABSTRACT Over the past twenty years, minimum income schemes (MIS) have undergone major transformations in their functions and role. From mainly residual instruments that aimed to guarantee minimum income support and to prevent extreme marginality, in most countries they now have an ambiguous function of providing income support and favouring social and labour market inclusion. Against this background, this article provides an analytical grid that allows describing the different features of last-resort safety nets across Europe, building on the definition of key main dimensions of variation of MISs in Europe – generosity, eligibility and conditionality requirements, institutional configuration, active inclusion profiles. Then, it introduces a new typology of MIS in Europe, building on a new dataset with data on expenditures and coverage collected from National Statistical Offices.
Standard complex network measures of recurrence-based phase space networks constructed from time series

Recently, intensive efforts have been made to transform time series into networks since the networks constructed from time series can provide complementary information to that of the phase space of different dynamical systems. The recurrence-based phase space network, which is built by linking k nearest neighbors of every point in the reconstructed phase space, can be used to specify different types of dynamics in terms of the motif ranking. Unlike network size with different scaling exponents and the degree distribution mimics the behavior of a discrete Gaussian distribution with different bandwidths from periodic to chaotic Rössler systems. These results indicate that network statistics may offer deeper understanding about the organization of the points in phase space. Finally, local network properties such as the vertex degree, the clustering coefficients and betweenness centrality are found to be sensitive to local stabilities of the obits and contain complementary information.
Firm Size and Stock Returns: A Quantitative Survey

Firm size is commonly used in numerous empirical asset pricing models as a determinant of expected stock returns. Yet there is little consensus over the magnitude and stability of the size premium. In fact, some researchers even question whether firm size should be used as a pricing factor. We collect 1746 estimates of the slope coefficients capturing the association between firm size and stock returns reported in 102 published studies and conduct the first meta‐analysis on the size premium. We find evidence of a strong bias toward publishing statistically significant negative slope coefficients. After correcting for the bias, we find that the literature implies a difference in annual stock returns on the smallest and the largest New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) market capitalization quintiles of 1.72%. For the time periods covered in the sampled articles, we find that the size premium was larger in earlier years and that the intensity of publication bias has been decreasing over time.
Innovation in Family Firms: An Agency and Resource‐Based Lens on Contingencies of Generation and Management Diversity

Family firms are increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous group of businesses with specific strengths and weaknesses that make them either superior or inferior to non&#8208;family firms. Recent research has therefore started shifting away from comparisons between family firms and non&#8208;family firms to comparisons between family firms. This study investigates the influence of two key paramete rs of &#8216;familiness&#8217; &#8211; the generation in control and the (non&#8208;family) management diversity &#8211; on family firm innovation. While agency&#8208;based arguments stress the liabilities of these two parameters of family influence, resource&#8208;based arguments highlight their benefits. Conflicting effect hypotheses are derived and tested in the context of German family firms. The empirical results imply that family firms&#8217; generational development and higher management diversity influence their innovation positively and that their benefits outweigh their liabilities in the context of German family firms.
Examining Persistence: the Influence of Joining of Pan-Hellenic Black Greek Letter Organizations on African-American Male Students Attending Predominantly White Institutions

The retention of African-American male students at predominantly White institutions is an issue that continues to plague colleges and universities in the United States. AfricanAmerican men have the lowest college graduation rate of any segment of the population. Pointedly, two-thirds of African-American male students who attend public four-year schools do not graduate within six years. Yet, research highlights how social engagement supports many minority students who find themselves on the campuses of predominantly White institutions. Establishing social connections builds a support system for these students and can prevent social isolation. One manner of social engagement steeped in history is the presence of Black Greek Letter organizations (BGLOs), which were mostly founded around the turn of the 20 century and have encouraged the educational pursuits, social growth, maturity, and community outreach that is often part of the successful African-American male educational experience. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand and analyze how AfricanAmerican men now view their experiences as a member of a BGLO at a predominantly White institution 25 years later. The dissertation examines how do the fraternity members perceive the influence of their BGLO membership on their persistence and what memories of their BGLO membership are most salient? Specifically, this study aimed to collect information regarding the impact of African-American male student retention employing empirical phenomenology. Data