Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ScienceDirect The 2014 conference of the International Sports Engineering Association Gliding-induced ski vibrations : approaching proper modeling

Phenomena of the ski and snow boards vibrations generated in gliding are known for years. In the cross country and jumping skis such vibrations are not very obvious but can play quite positive role reducing the effective gliding friction. The research into the nature of friction-induced vibrations and the factors influencing their frequencies and magnitudes is driven by the desire to control them for improving ski gliding performance. Significant amount of experimental data acquired in the field and laboratory studies is already available making it possible to formulate certain qualitative conclusions. But so far it did not bring comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and specifically of the mechanisms controlling such vibrations. Modeling is one of the potent tools allowing to deeper understand experimentally studied phenomena and it can provide much stronger quantitative prediction capacity. Present paper discusses possible approaches to modeling of the phenomenon and first results of constructing simplified models. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University.
Biochemical and Phytochemical Properties of Potato : A Review

Potato is a versatile, carbohydrate-rich food highly popular worldwide and served in a variety of ways. Freshly harvested tubers of potato contain about 80 percent water and 20 percent dry matter. About 60 to 80 percent of the dry matter is starch. Potato is the fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat, and maize, and is the only major food crop that is a tuber. Potato is a very efficient food crop and staple food and produces more dry matter, protein and minerals per unit area in comparison to cereals. Apart from being a rich source of starch, potatoes contain the good quantity of small molecules and secondary metabolites which play an important role in a number of processes. Many of the compounds which present in potato are very important because of their beneficial effects on health and therefore they are highly desirable in the human diet [1]. Nutritional deficiencies are not well known in the countries whose population depends on potatoes as their basic food [2]. One of the global health goals is to increase the availability of nutrients to a large population of the world. A sensible approach to achieving this goal would be to increase the nutritional content of highly consumed crops. Furthermore, potatoes have higher phytonutrient content and are amenable to development through breeding and biotechnology approaches [3]. Antioxidants are substances that reduce or inhibit oxidative processes in human body and food products [4]. Free radicals or reactive oxygen species are very responsible for these degenerative reactions and are associated with many chronic diseases [5]. Fruits and vegetables are precise a very rich source of antioxidant phytochemicals such as polyphenols, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid etc. which are helpful in supplementary the body to neutralize free radicals. Therefore, consumption of a diet high in dietary antioxidants is utmost important, in order to reduce the harmful effects of free radicals. The aim of this review is to retrace the information on various biochemical and phytochemical properties of potato tubers which differ with the cultivar, growing location, cultural practices adopted during cultivation, maturity at harvest, subsequent storage history and other related factors.
Yeast G1 cyclins CLN1 and CLN2 and a GAP‐like protein have a role in bud formation.

Cyclin‐dependent protein kinases have a central role in cell cycle regulation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc28 kinase and the G1 cyclins Cln1, 2 and 3 are required for DNA replication, duplication of the spindle pole body and bud emergence. These three independent processes occur simultaneously in late G1 when the cells reach a critical size, an event known as Start. At least one of the three Clns is necessary for Start. Cln3 is believed to activate Cln1 and Cln2, which can then stimulate their own accumulation by means of a positive feedback loop. They (or Cln3) also activate another pair of cyclins, Clb5 and 6, involved in initiating S phase. Little is known about the role of Clns in spindle pole body duplication and budding. We report here the isolation of a gene (CLA2/BUD2/ERC25) that codes for a homologue of mammalian Ras‐associated GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs) and is necessary for budding only in cln1 cln2 cells. This suggests that Cln1 and Cln2 may have a direct role in bud formation.
P o S ( L C D U 2 0 1 3 ) 0 7 5 Constructing the Spectral Energy Distribution Model of Galaxies Considering Dust Extinction and Re-emission

Heavy elements are formed by nucleosynthesis in the process of stellar evolution, and a significant fraction of the amount produced is injected into interstellar space in the form of dust grains. Dust grains scatter and absorb ultraviolet (UV) and optical emission from stars, and re-emit the absorbed energy as infrared (IR) radiation. This process prevents us from directly observing stellar light from galaxies. To understand the intrinsic properties of galaxies from their spectra, we must take into account both dust extinction and re-emission by dust. In this study, we construct spectral energy distribution (SED) models of galaxies as a function of galactic chemical evolution, taking into account dust extinction and re-emission. We use the evolutionary synthesis code “PEGASE”[1] to obtain stellar spectra of galaxies. We used extinction curves of [2], [3] and [4], and employ [6] for dust re-emission spectra. We calculated the evolution of the SEDs of galaxies. These results lead us to three conclusions. First, these SEDs have similar shapes and they behave similarly with time. Second, galaxies can be observed as luminous IR galaxies when galactic age is about from 500 Myr to 1 Gyr. Finally, present-day optically luminous galaxies were bright in IR in previous times. By using this model we can determine the metallicity in galaxies as a function of galactic age and calculate the dust extinction and re-emission consistently with metallicity. We can estimate the star formation rate, metallicity, dust abundance and other important quantities of high-z galaxies by fitting this model to SEDs observed for high-z sources.
SURVEY ON SECURE ROUTING IN VANETS

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are based on network technology where cars act as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANETs, routing protocols have a significance regarding the overall network performance since they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes. Most of the protocols proposed for VANETs are adapted from Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. However, due to the specific characteristics of VANETs, especially high mobility, and dynamic topology, the routing protocols in ad hoc networks do not adapt immediately to VANETs. Therefore, secure routing of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) against attacks, which are of various types, is still a challenging issue. This paper is going to present a synthesis of the most relevant protocols that have addressed the secure routing issue in VANETs. It also establishes a comparison regarding the offered features and the studied performance aspects through which it is notified that a security mechanism depends not only on the level of efficiency but also on the network constraints.
Performance Of DifferentArtificial Neural Networks In Monthly StreamflowForecasting For DiyalaAnd Adhim Rivers Northern Iraq

Streamflowforecasting is needed for proper water resources planning and management. Since The most challenging task for water resources engineers and managers is a streamflow forecasting. In this study a brief application and comparison of artificial neural networks approaches are employed for two case studies which were Diyala River . and Adhim River northern Iraq. Different training algorithms and different artificial neural networks such as LevenburgMarqudat LMNN , Scaled conjugate gradient SCGNN , radial basis function networks RBNN and generalized regression networks GRNN were selected in modelling and generation of synthetic streamflow for the mentioned case studies. The performance of applied networks were determined according to well known test parameters R 2 , E nash, Rbias ,MAPE, MAE. It has been found in this study that LevenburgMarqudat is faster and have better performance than Scaled conjugate gradient algorithm in training operation while the radial basis networks and generalized regression networks presented the best performance among all kinds of networks .
Translation Loss in Translation of the Glorious Quran , with Special Reference to Verbal Similarity Batoul

The process of translation is highly delicate and extremely difficult task to undertake when it deals with the translation of the Quran which, of course, transforms the Quran as the WORD of Allah into Arabic to the speech of a human being in another language. Translations of the Quran into all languages are indispensable to communicate the Divine message to Non-Arabic Muslims as well as Non-Muslims around the world. Nowadays, numerous translations are available for non-Arabic speakers. Many English translations have been widely criticized for their inability to capture the intended meaning of Quranic words and expressions. These translations proved the inimitability of the Qur'anic discourse that employs extensive and complex syntactical and rhetoric features and that linguistically the principle of absolute untranslatability applies to the Quran. Consequently, partial or complete grammatical and semantic losses are encountered in translation due to the lack of some of these features in English. These translation losses is particularly apparent in translation of verbal similarity in the Quranic verses, as an abundant phenomenon in the Quran, in the form of over-, under-, or mistranslation of a source text (ST). This study attempted to investigate these translation losses in the translation of the Holy Quran focusing on verbal similarity as an impressive way of expression and a rhetorical figure widely used in the Quran. Qualitative descriptive approach was adopted to analyze the data extracted from among the best known translations of the Quran, (Abdallah Yusuf Ali 1973) Translation of the Meaning of the Glorious Quran into English and Pickthall’s (1930) The Meaning of the Holy Quran and Arthur John Arberry (1905-1969) The Koran Interpreted. Their works are adopted for a comparative review and analytic process. This data consists of selected Quranic texts including verbal similarities from the entire Quran. The study revealed losses occurring in translating grammatical aspects such as shifting in the sentence order, pronoun reference switching, and in translating rhetoric features such as metonymic and homonymic words. These frequent grammatical losses mostly resulted in partial semantic loss of the intended meaning of similarities due to linguistic or cultural complexity.
Modeling underreported infant mortality data with a random censoring poisson model

Em areas pobres e socialmente mais desfavorecidas, dados economicos, sociais e de saude sao tipicamente subnotificados. Consequentemente, inferencia utilizando as contagens observadas para o evento de interesse sera tendenciosa e os riscos inerentes serao subestimados. Para contornar este problema, Bailey et al. (2005) propoem considerar os dados provenientes de areas suspeitas como informacoes censuradas e desenvolvem uma abordagem Bayesiana espacial para o chamado modelo Poisson Censurado (MPC). Este modelo assume que todas as areas censuradas sao precisamente conhecidas a priori, o que nao e uma tarefa simples em muitas situacoes praticas. Entao, para levar em conta uma potencial subnotificacao em um conjunto de dados de mortalidade infantil, nos propomos o modelo Poisson Censurado Aleatoriamente (MPCA) como uma extensao do MPC atraves da modelagem conjunta dos processos de geracao e de reportacao /registro dos dados em vez de requerer uma pre-especificacao das areas censuradas. Assume-se que as contagens observadas tem uma distribuicao Poisson e as probabilidades de subnotificacao sao associados a um modelo logistico apropriado. Distribuicoes a priori informativas sao consideradas para o processo de reportacao dos dados. Propomos tambem um esquema de amostragem MCMC baseado na tecnica de aumento de dados. Aumentando artificialmente os dados atraves de variaveis latentes, nos facilitamos o processo de amostragem a posteriori. Para avaliar o modelo proposto, apresentamos um estudo de simulacao em que tal modelo e comparado com o MPC usando diferentes criterios de censura fixos. Por fim, o modelo proposto e aplicado no mapeamento do risco relativo de mortalidade neonatal precoce no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, onde a qualidade dos dados e verdadeiramente precaria em muitas regioes.
Epidermal Langerhans Cells Are Dispensable for Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Elicited by Gene Gun Immunization1

Gene gun immunization, i.e., bombardment of skin with DNA-coated particles, is an efficient method for the administration of DNA vaccines. Direct transfection of APC or cross-presentation of exogenous Ag acquired from transfected nonimmune cells enables MHC-I-restricted activation of CD8+ T cells. Additionally, MHC-II-restricted presentation of exogenous Ag activates CD4+ Th cells. Being the principal APC in the epidermis, Langerhans cells (LC) seem ideal candidates to accomplish these functions. However, the dependence on LC of gene gun-induced immune reactions has not yet been demonstrated directly. This was primarily hampered by difficulties to discriminate the contributions of LC from those of other dermal dendritic cells. To address this problem, we have used Langerin-diphtheria toxin receptor knockin mice that allow for selective inducible ablation of LC. LC deficiency, even over the entire duration of experiments, did not affect any of the gene gun-induced immune functions examined, including proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ secretion by spleen cells, Ab production, CTL activity, and development of protective antitumor immunity. Together, our data show that gene gun immunization is capable of inducing humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions independently of LC.
Direct single stranded sequencing from agarose of polymerase chain reaction products.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has made possible the rapid isolation and amplification of specific DNA segments, which can then be used for a wide range of applications (1). Direct sequencing of PCR products has been described, using assymetric PCR, which requires purification of the PCR product, or inclusion of 10% DMSO in the sequencing reaction (2, 3, 4). However, these methods of sequencing have depended on the production of a pure uncontaminated DNA fragment. Direct sequencing from low melting point agarose has been successfully performed, but still requires a double stranded template (5). Single stranded DNA for sequencing has also been produced from biotinylated PCR products. One PCR primer has a biotin moiety attached at the 5' end, and the resultant PCR product can be bound to solid phase using streptavidin-biotin bonding to hold DNA onto streptavidin coated magnetic beads (6). Schofield et al. modified this method, avoiding the need for prior disruption of the template cells, and incorporating radio-labelled deoxynucleotides, rather than end-labelling the sequencing primer (7). We have further developed this method to be applied to direct sequencing of multiple biotinylated PCR products, without the need for cloning, using agarose gel purification of the amplified DNA. Heating simultaneously melts the agarose gel slice and denatures the DNA and the single biotinylated strand of DNA is captured on solid phase for sequencing.
Towards real-time route leak events detection

Malicious attack and misconfiguration can cause unreachable websites, network outages, and other damages. Such incidents are usually observed together with anomalous AS paths which violate a “valley-free” policy. Existing techniques to infer routing policy cannot satisfy industrial demand of real-time route leak detection because they are very likely to trigger false positives. In this paper, we propose an online detection scheme dedicated to detect route leak AS paths. Based on long-lived routing paths, and route anomalous concurrency, we manage to filter possible false positives in online scenarios. Applying this scheme to Oregon's routing data from 2009 to 2013, we detect 136 route leak events. Our evaluation shows that our scheme triggers no false positives, and most of these events are previously unknown to the research and operation communities at large.
1 Relative Weighted Feature Space for Dimensionality 2 Reduction and Classification of Hyperspectral Images 3

Containing hundreds of spectral bands (features), hyperspectral images (HSIs) have high 7 ability in discrimination of land cover classes. Traditional HSIs data processing methods consider 8 the same importance for all bands in the original feature space (OFS), while different spectral bands 9 play different roles in identification of samples of different classes. In order to explore the relative 10 importance of each feature, we learn a weighting matrix and obtain the relative weighted feature 11 space (RWFS) as an enriched feature space for HSIs data analysis in this paper. To overcome the 12 difficulty of limited labeled samples which is common case in HSIs data analysis, we extend our 13 method to semisupervised framework. To transfer available knowledge to unlabeled samples, we 14 employ graph based clustering where low rank representation (LRR) is used to define the 15 similarity function for graph. After construction the RWFS, any arbitrary dimension reduction 16 method and classification algorithm can be employed in RWFS. The experimental results on two 17 well-known HSIs data set show that some dimension reduction algorithms have better 18 performance in the new weighted feature space. 19
WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE MEKONG RIVER

In the coming decades, river pollution is a serious problem not only in Asia but around the world. As the river flows through many countries, the development and water quality of the Mekong River is related directly to stability and peace of the region. This study analysed regulatory authority and legislation in Mekong River and discussed the inadequacy of Mekong River current management. Through collecting data and documents, it analysed and concluded current river management situation of Mekong River. At last, this paper advised several recommendations and tried to find out which approaches will make Mekong Basin under a good environment of sustainable development.
11 Models of Semantic Memory

Meaning is a fundamental component of nearly all aspects of human cognition, but formal models of semantic memory have classically lagged behind many other areas of cognition. However, computational models of semantic memory have seen a surge of progress in the last two decades, advancing our knowledge of how meaning is constructed from experience, how knowledge is represented and used, and what processes are likely to be culprit in disorders characterized by semantic impairment. This chapter provides an overview of several recent clusters of models and trends in the literature, including modern connectionist and distributional models of semantic memory, and contemporary advances in grounding semantic models with perceptual information and models of compositional semantics. Several common lessons have emerged from both the connectionist and distributional literatures, and we attempt to synthesize these themes to better focus future developments in semantic modeling.
Cooperative spatial multiplexing with mixed modulation for high-rate wireless communications

Multiple-antenna systems, denoted as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), promise huge performance gains over conventional single-antenna systems. However, it is not possible to employ multiple antennas in size limited scenarios. Recently new schemes called cooperative diversity and cooperative spatial multiplexing have been proposed. In these schemes, various users cooperate among themselves to form virtual antenna array and thus emulate multiple transmit antenna scenario. An extension of cooperative spatial multiplexing in which source and relays use different modulation techniques, called as cooperative spatial multiplexing with mixed modulations is investigated in this thesis. Detection algorithms at relays and destination are outlined. It is shown that this scheme performs better than the cooperative spatial multiplexing scheme which uses same modulation techniques at source and relays. Also, this scheme outperforms cooperative diversity scheme for high spectral efficiency regimes. Some of the significant findings of this thesis are as follows. In a cooperative spatial multiplexing scheme using mixed modulations, it is advantageous to place relays close to source and the system performs best if more relays are used and each relay employs modulations with smaller constellation size, thereby reducing the complexity and power requirements at relays. Extensive simulations are performed to compare this scheme in several scenarios.
Sciatin Is a Transferrin‐Like Polypeptide

Abstract: Sciatin, an acidic glycoprotein from chicken sciatic nerve, has myotrophic effects on avian skeletal muscle cells in culture. As sciatin was found to have certain structural similarities to transferrin, we further investigated the physicochemical characteristics of sciatin in order to determine the relationship between these two proteins. Sciatin was found to be strikingly similar to ovotransferrin in amino acid composition. In addition, amino acid sequence analysis revealed that sciatin and ovotransferrin had identical amino‐terminal sequences for at least the first 20 amino acid residues. Chicken ovotransferrin, but not human serum transferrin, cross‐reacted with rabbit antisciatin antibodies upon rocket immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion in agar. In addition, in the presence of bicarbonate, sciatin bound approximately 2 mol ferrous iron/mol protein. Using the purification procedure developed for sciatin, we purified a protein from chicken serum that cross‐reacted with antisciatin serum, migrated at a position identical to that of sciatin or ovotransferrin on two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, had an amino composition very similar to ovotransferrin and sciatin, and had myotrophic effects on cultured muscle cells. From these data, we conclude that sciatin is a growth‐promoting polypeptide closely related in structure to transferrin.