Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and their distributions

This study investigates the distribution and magnitudes of the global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2. From an analysis of the correlations between measured emission rates and environmental parameters, the sources of OCS and CS2 are estimated to be 1.23 (0.83−1.71) Tg(OCS) yr−1 and 0.57 (0.34−0.82) Tg(CS2) yr−1, respectively. Our results indicate that 30% of the atmospheric OCS source is derived from the oxidation of CS2, while emissions from the ocean and other natural terrestrial sources contribute 28% and 24%, respectively. In the case of CS2, the major source is from chemical industrial emissions (58%) while the ocean contributes about 34% to the total CS2 source. Our estimate of the OCS and CS2 emission rates suggests that anthropogenic activities contribute approximately 32% to the total OCS source. The major sink for CS2 is oxidation by tropospheric OH, whereas, that for OCS appears to be uptake by vegetation.
Novel modified magnetic nanocomposite for determination of trace amounts of lead ions

A procedure for the analysis of trace amount of Pb(II) by magnetic activated carbon modified with zincon (MAC/zincon) has been proposed. The prepared magnetic nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as pH, zincon amount, extraction and desorption time, concentration of eluent, sample volume and influence of coexisting ions were systematically examined. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD, 3Sb) and the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 6, c = 50 ng L−1) were 7.2 ng L−1 and 4.9%, respectively. The maximum sorption capacity of the adsorbent for Pb(II) was found to be 28.4 mg g−1. An enrichment factor (EF) of 200 was achieved using this method. Finally, the method was successfully applied to monitoring lead in human hair, vegetable and water samples with recoveries in the range of 96.0–103.5% for the spiked samples. The fast extraction ability of the magnetic nanocomposite makes it a promising sorbent for various solid phase extractions.
Biodegradation of two Azo dyes using Dietzia sp. PD1: process optimization using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network

AbstractA two level three factor (23) central composite design (CCD) was applied for optimization of the selected biodegradation process variables, i.e. initial solution pH (4–8), initial dye concentration (150–400 mg L−1), and time consumed for degradation (14–48 h) for studying the biodegradation of Congo red (CR) and Indigo carmine (IC) using the isolated novel bacterial strain, Dietzia sp. PD1. This is the first report of dye degradation for the genus Dietzia obtained so far. The optimum dye degradation efficiency of Dietzia sp. PD1, obtained from RSM modeling for CR, was found to be 99.97% (at 177.63 mg L−1 of initial dye concentration at pH 5.56 for 42.64 h) and for IC it was found to be 99.95% (at pH 5.85, concentration of dye 135.62 mg L−1 and time 43.29 h) at temperature 303 K and stirring speed 150 rpm. A strong correlation existed between the input process variables and the output parameter for degradation of dye using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The model developed using Response Surface .
Superconducting superlattices: Verification of two‐dimensional nature in high Tc Bi2Sr2(Ca1−xYx)Cu2O8 superconductors

An approach to evaluate the two‐dimensional nature in a high Tc superconductor is examined on the superconducting superlattice prepared by stacking of superconductor and nonsuperconductor layers. The Bi2Sr2(Ca1−xYx)1Cu2O8‐based superlattices have been formed by stacking two different unit cell layers containing different yttrium concentrations. One unit layer contains lower yttrium concentration (x=0.15) to be a superconductor, and the other contains higher concentration (x=0.5) to be a semiconductor, and these layers are periodically stacked with appropriate ratios. These superlattices exhibit the same resistance‐temperature curve as the original superconducting films with x=0.15. This behavior can be explained by the strong two‐dimensional character in this Bi2Sr2(Ca1−xYx)Cu2O8 high Tc superconductor.
Relationship between vertical distributions of Bray II P content and organic P content in the Ap horizon of paddy rice fields

Abstract We examined the vertical distributions of total, Bray II and organic phosphorus (P) in the Ap horizons of five paddy rice fields including no tillage treatment. Soil samples were collected from the Ap horizons as nine thin layers of 0–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–6, 6–8, 8–10, 10–15 and 15–20 cm from the soil surface after harvest. In three lowland paddy soils of no-tillage Hachirogata (HA-NT), conventional-tillage Hachirogata (HA-T) and conventional-tillage Furukawa (FU-T), the total P (TP) content was relatively low. In these soils, the modified Bray II P (soil : solution = 1:20; shaking time 60s) content decreased and the organic P (OP) content increased at a depth of 0–1 cm compared with the underlying layers, possibly because of high microbial activities as suggested from the increased total C and N contents in this layer. In contrast, the decrease in Bray II P content and the increase in the OP content of the surface layer were not evident in two Andosols of the conventional-tillage Utsunomiya (UM-T) and conventional-tillage Kawatabi (KA-T). Even TP content fluctuated in the thin surface layers of 0–3 cm depending on the sampling site. Accordingly, percentages of Bray II P and OP to TP were calculated to compare the vertical distribution curves between Bray II P and OP. The percentage of Bray II P to TP of the 0–1 cm layer was lower and the percentage of OP to TP in the layer was higher than the underlying layers for HA-T, HA-NT and FU-T. The decrease in Bray II P was nearly compatible with the increase in OP for the surface of the 0–1 cm layers of HA-NT, HA-T and FU-T. This result suggests that a part of Bray II P was converted to OP in the thin surface layer of the Ap horizons in these paddy soils. This change in chemical form of P was more pronounced in the HA-NT by accumulating the effect of the microbial activities over a longer period of time because of no tillage compared with HA-T and FU-T. These findings add a new dimension to P behavior in submerged rice soils under field conditions, particularly near the soil surface. Moreover, we must be careful in soil sampling for P availability evaluation, and soil samples should represent the vertical distribution of P in the whole Ap horizon of a paddy field. Changes in OP with depth in UM-T and KA-T may have been masked by the high OP content as well as by the high TP content in these Andosols.
Correcting Multivariate Calibration Model for near Infrared Spectral Analysis without Using Standard Samples

Model transfer is essential for practical applications of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy because differences may exist between the spectra measured using different instruments. For correcting the calibration models in cases where standard samples are unavailable, a method is proposed based on the relationship between the prediction error and the spectral difference of the instruments. In this method, a partial least squares (PLS) model, named the primary model, was constructed using the calibration spectra measured with a primary instrument, and the model was then used to predict the spectra from a secondary instrument. Error may arise in the prediction and the predicted error is obviously caused by the difference between the spectra of the two instruments. Assuming that there is a linear relationship between the spectral difference and the prediction error, a correction PLS model can be built to predict the error using the spectral difference. The predicted error obtained with the correction model can be used to correct the error of the primary model. Two NIR datasets, of pharmaceutical tablets and tobacco leaf samples, measured with two instruments were used to test the performance of the method. The results show that, for both datasets, the prediction error for the spectra of the secondary instrument of the primary model can be satisfactorily corrected.
Spray deposition and characterization of cadmium stannate films for solar cells

Cadmium stannate films were deposited by spray pryolysis into pyrex glass, starting from an aqueous solution of CdCl2 plus SnCl4 without doping. Structural, optical, and electrical properties were investigated. The films show high optical transparency and an electrical conductivity up to 1.1×102 Ω−1 cm−1. The effect of postdeposition heat treatment under hydrogen was investigated.
Examining the Quality of Pre-school Education in Somali Regional State of Ethiopia

The purpose of this research was to assess the quality of early childhood care and education (ECCE) environment in Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. In the study, health, nutrition, personal care routine, protective care and safety, organization and management philosophy of preschool centres, and children’s experience and learning opportunities in preschool centres were examined. For the study, 37 pre-school centres were selected from five Zones of the Somali Regional State from which 44 pre-school teachers, 10 school principals and five Zonal level ECCE focal persons participated in the study. Questionnaire, interview, and an observation guide were used to collect data. The collected data was analyzed through one-sample t-test. The findings of the study indicated statistically significant differences between expected means and observed means of health, nutrition, personal care routine, protective care and safety practice, organization and management philosophy of preschool centres, and children’s experience and learning opportunities in preschool centres. Finally, based on the findings, conclusions and recommendations were drawn. Keywords: Quality; Pre-school environment; kindergarten; Somali Regional State DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-22-03 Publication date : August 31 st 2019
Continuous, Fast, and Safe Aerobic Oxidation of 2-Ethylhexanal: Pushing the Limits of the Simple Tube Reactor for a Gas/Liquid Reaction

A continuous-flow microreactor is applied for the selective aerobic neat oxidation of 2-ethylhexanal. Under 7.5 bar of O2 and 10 ppm of Mn(II) as catalyst, a production of up to 130 g/h of 2-ethylhexanoic acid can be obtained with a PFA tubing of 7 m (O 1.65 mm, reactor volume ca. 15 mL). The synergistic use of alkali metal salts and Mn(II) as catalyst improve the selectivity up to 94% under those conditions. We show that the productivity of this simple tube microreactor is limited by the thermal management.
ULTRASOUND IRRADIATION PROMOTED SYNTHESIS OF CHALCONES, ANALOGUES, HOMOLOGUES AND RELATED FURANYL CONTAINING COMPOUNDS AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

We have synthesised a series of chalcones, chalcone analogues that contain bromo- , nitro- and diethylamine substituents, homologues with an extra double bond between the two aromatic rings and related compounds with a furane B-ring, using ultrasound irradiation. Yields with NaOH in ethanol were between 20 and 99% after 1 hour. The chalcones show modest activities against Staphylococcus aureus and no activity against Escherichia coli. The condensation reaction was carried out using acetophenone, p- bromoacetophenone, and p-nitroacetophenone, with aromatic aldehyde as shown in Scheme 1. The reaction mixture were sonicated for 1 hour, neutralized with sulfuric acid, then cold water was added, and placed in an ice water. Sonication was performed in Bandelin electronic ultrasonic bath 35 KHz - 80/320 w. The precipitated product was filtered, washed with excess of cold water, dried at ambient temperature and recrystallized from the suitable solvent (Tables 1). The majority of the products were well recrystallized from a water-acetone. The products included 1-aryl-3-phenyl-2,propen-1- ones, 1-aryl-3-(p-bromophenyl)-2, propen-1-ones and 1-(p- nitrophenyl-3-aryl-2, propen-1-ones were obtained in good yield, the only condensation of furfural and acetophenone has failure due kinetic problem. The condensation under ultrasound irradiation provides high yield, clean and rapid synthesis in very short period of time, these are better than the reported with conventional methods(12).
Small polarons in Nb- and Ta-doped rutile and anatase TiO2

Experimental studies of thin-film Nb- and Ta-doped TiO2 have reported that doped anatase is highly conductive, yet doped rutile is semiconducting. Standard DFT functionals (LDA, GGA) predict that for doped anatase TiO2 the excess charge occupies the bottom of the conduction band, and is delocalised over all the Ti atoms. This has previously been proposed as the source of the experimentally observed high conductivity. GGA predicts a similar metallic system for Nb-doped rutile, however, in contradiction with experimental data that characterise doped rutile as a semiconductor with a localised gap state. This demonstrates that standard DFT functionals cannot explain the difference in experimental behaviour between polymorphs. Supplementing GGA with a “+ U” on-site Coulomb correction recovers an electronic structure for Nb-doped rutile TiO2 that is in agreement with the experimental data; a localised gap state is seen, corresponding to a small polaron on a single Ti site. GGA + U also predicts a small-polaronic Ti3+ gap state within a semiconducting system for {Nb,Ta}-doped anatase. On this basis we suggest the experimental variance between polymorphs in doped thin films is not an inherent property of the bulk crystals, but is due to other factors, e.g. additional defects or sample morphology, dependent on the synthesis history. For both anatase and rutile the defect feature is found to be insensitive to the identity of the dopant, and similar Ti3+ polarons are expected generally for doping where electrons are donated to the Ti lattice.
Reaction of 2-(2,2-dicyano-1-ethylsulfanylethenyl)pyrroles with aniline: a route to 1-anilino-3-iminopyrrolizine-2-carbonitriles and 2-(1-anilino-2,2-dicyanoethenyl)pyrroles

2-(2,2-Dicyano-1-ethylsulfanylethenyl)pyrroles readily react (ethanol, reflux) with aniline at position 1 of the ethenyl moiety in the presence of triethylamine to eliminate ethanethiol affording 1-anilino-3-iminopyrrolizine-2-carbonitriles or 2-(1-anilino-2,2-dicyanoethenyl)pyrroles in good yields. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Short-term effects of fire intensity on soil organic matter and nutrient release after slash-and-burn in Eastern Province, Zambia

Abstract According to the slash-and-burn technique used in Eastern Province, Zambia, cut trees are piled and burned in only a part of the cleared fields, because adequate tree biomass is not available to burn the entire field. Due to a recent decrease in emergent trees, not only emergent tree piles but also bush tree piles may exist. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the changes in soil organic matter followed by nutrient release occurring immediately after burning in spots unburned and burned with emergent and bush trees. Fire intensity was significantly higher where emergent tree piles were present. Total carbon (C) decreased by 25.1% and 14.7% in spots burned with emergent and brush tree piles, respectively, while total nitrogen (N) decreased by 15.0% only at spots burned with emergent tree piles and did not change significantly elsewhere. Additionally, the mortality of microbes with soil heating caused an increase in C mineralization after fire. The levels of available nutrients, such as ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), available phosphorus (P), and exchangeable potassium (K) and calcium (Ca), increased following the decomposition of soil organic matter and microbial mortality that occurred with an increase in fire intensity. Net N mineralization did not occur, especially in spots burned with emergent tree piles, because the N content of labile organic matter decreased. Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield increased with fire intensity, because fire increased nutrient availability and limited weed biomass. Although the burned emergent and bush tree piles occupied only 6.9 and 7.5% of total cleared field, respectively, the grain yield in spots burned with emergent and bush trees accounted for 21% and 15% of the total yield, respectively. Therefore, the burning of bush trees, which is increasing because of the decreased number of emergent trees, could result in a decrease in grain yield but could also alleviate the overall severe loss of soil organic matter.
Spawning time, growth, and recruitment of larval spot Leiostomus xanthurus into a North Carolina estuary

Beaufort Laboratory. Southeast Fisheries Science Center f\Jational ~v1aijne Fisheiies Se(vice. i~OAA Beaufort. North Carolina 28516-9722 Spawning time, growth, and recruitment of larval spot Leiostomus xanthurus into a North Carolina estuary Abstract.-Larval spot Leiostomus xanthurus were sampled weekly as they recruited to the Newport River estuary near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina to determine their density, and age and size composition. Density data and otolith age distributions were used to calculate the relative contribution of birthweek cohorts to the seasonal recruitment of spot larvae. The protracted 1987-88 spawning season extended from mid-October to mid-March, with 90% in a 2-month period beginning mid-November. Larvae were recruited to the estuary over 5 months at a mean age of 82 d and mean standard length of 17.2 mm. Smaller, youngiH' latvl:It! gt! nt! rally immigrated to the estuary early ! December-January) and late (late April), while larger, older larvae immigrated during the interim peak recruitment period (February to midApril! In any recruitment week, larvae were from 2-10 birthweek cohorts, but recruitment was strongly influenced by the number of larvae of the dominant cohorts. Larval spot were also sampled in the ocean between Cape Fear and Oregon Inlet off North Carolina to determine their distribution, abundance, and size and age composition. Age and size oflarvae were inversely related to distance from shore. Highest densities of larvae were generally found outside the 30 m isobath. Distribution data supported the hypothesis that spot spawned south of Cape Hatteras on the outer continental shelf contribute to recruitment in Chesapeake Bay. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test did not demonstrate a significant difference between birthdate distributions for ocean and estuarine larvae. This implied that mortality was not agespecific for larvae collected at different times. ALaird-Gompertz growth equation fit to age and size data for larvae collected in the ocean and estuary predicted that they grew from 1.2 mm at hatching to 16.1 mm in BOd.
Uniform Colour Space Based on the CMC(l:c) Colour‐difference Formula

The CMC(c) colour-difference formula agrees more closely with visual assessments than does the CIE L*a*b* formula, but hitherto there has been no associated ‘uniform colour space’. A new colour space similar in form to CIE L*a*b* space has been derived in which distances agree closely with the corresponding ΔE(CMC) values. The new space was extensively tested using real and hypothetical pairs of samples. In each case the distance, in the space, between a pair of samples was compared with the ΔE(CMC) value. The disagreement rarely exceeded 20%, while discrepancies between distances in CIE L*a*b* space and those implied by the CMC formula can exceed 500%. It is easy to construct ‘micro-spaces’ apparently corresponding to the CMC formula which should be applicable to small regions of colour space and hence useful for applications such as colour sorting. Such micro-spaces did not agree with the CMC formula as well as did the new space. The new space represents a substantial improvement over CIE L*a*b* space with respect to uniformity; its form is similar to CIE L*a*b* and so is easy to use.
Improved Preparation Process of Very‐Low‐Platinum‐Loading Electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

The authors have previously reported a preparation process for the catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) using perfluorosulfonate ionomer (PFSI) colloid. In this paper they report recent improvements in this method of preparation. In the present method, a carbon-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-C) was mixed with poor solvent for PFSI, and PFSI solution was added to this mixture. The colloidal PFSI formed was immediately adsorbed on Pt-C without coagulation. As a result, the reaction area was increased, the internal resistance was decreased, and the gaseous reactants were more readily supplied to the reaction area. The authors also studied the influence of the carbon support on the microstructure of the catalyst layer. They have found that the performance of a PEFC prepared by this process with optimum carbon support and with very low platinum loading (0.1 mg/cm{sup 2}) was superior to that prepared by the previous process with conventional carbon support and with a 0.5 mg/cm{sup 2} platinum loading.
Vibrational relaxation of CO2(001) by atoms

The laser fluorescence technique coupled with ESR detection of atoms has been used to measure the vibrational relaxation of CO2(001) by 0(3P), Cl(2P), and F(2P). The rates are kCO2M–O = 6.69×103 (sec‐Torr)−1, kCO2–Cl = 4.91105 (sec‐Torr)−1 and kCO2–F = 1.04×105 (sec‐Torr)−1. These rates are much faster than those of rare gas atoms of similar atomic weights. Measurements were also made establishing limits for the relaxation of CO2 by H(2S), D(2S), and N(4S).
Influence of heat transfer across the wall of dividing wall columns on energy demand

The implementation of a vertical dividing wall (DW) into a distillation column is a well-known concept which can result in considerable energy savings for the separation of multicomponent mixtures. It is commonly known that heat streams across the DW, which are present due to temperature differences between both sides, may either increase or decrease the energy demand for a certain separation task. However, no work has been published so far which explains the maximum influence on energy demand. This article derives the maximum extent to which the minimum energy demand for a given column design can change due to heat transfer across the DW. Additionally, it is illustrated how energy-efficient column operation can be assured even if the total amount of transferred heat is unknown. These results show that the phenomenon of heat transfer across the DW can be handled very well with a suitable control strategy. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1648–1662, 2015
Is the Open Internet Order an Economics Free Zone

For those of you not deep in the weeds of net neutrality policy in the United States, I’m the former chief economist of the Federal Communications Commission who used that line as part of a self-deprecating joke I told to defuse tensions at a small but contentious conference on the FCC’s Open Internet Order. In the Order, the FCC controversially redefined broadband provision as a service subject to “Title II” common carrier regulation. It claimed it was doing so to prevent broadband providers – cable, fiber, wireless – from charging content suppliers for delivery at all or for higher quality service, a practice known in the trade as “paid prioritization. ”