Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance estimation of complex MOS gates

In this paper, a new efficient two-step reduction technique is proposed to estimate the performance of complex gates. A complex gate is first mapped to an equivalent NAND gate form and then the NAND gate is mapped to an inverter macromodel. Accurate reduction techniques for series-connected transistors precisely model effective transconductance, the channel length modulation effect, input terminal position dependence, parasitic capacitances, and the body effect. Adequate solutions to address these sources of delay errors, which may total 100% or more, have not been previously provided. These reduction techniques are not tied to a single macromodel, but generally are applicable to existing linear and nonlinear macromodels. Experiments with a wide range of input transitions and output loadings for various gates show nearly identical results between SPICE2 and the proposed techniques. The proposed macromodeling techniques are up to several hundred times faster than SPICE2 and up to several times faster than existing nonlinear macromodels for individual gates.
Modelling of Attenuation and Crosstalk of Cascaded Transmission Lines

This paper deals with the measurements and modelling of attenuation and near-end (NEXT) and far-end (FEXT) crosstalk for cascaded metallic transmission lines. The transmission parameters of homogenous metallic line can be easily described by telegraph equations or cascade matrix; there are also several models for NEXT and FEXT frequency dependence. But these models and equations could not be applied in the situation of two or more different cascaded transmission lines, because these cascaded lines do not meet the essential condition of overall homogenous transmission line. However in such case, it is still possible to estimate the overall transmission characteristics of the whole combination thanks to the characteristics of each separate element. This paper brings the description of complex measurements performed for the combination of three different metallic cables and based on these measurements, several conclusions about the possibilities of modelling the attenuation and NEXT and FEXT crosstalk for cascaded transmission lines are presented.
Injection efficiency of CHISEL gate currents in short MOS devices: physical mechanisms, device implications, and sensitivity to technological parameters

This paper analyzes MOSFET gate currents in the so-called channel initiated secondary electron injection regime (CHISEL). A Monte Carlo model of the phenomenon is validated and then extensively used to explore CHISEL scaling laws. Results indicate that, compared to conventional channel hot electron injection (CHE), CHISEL exhibits a weaker dependence on channel length and a larger sensitivity to short channel effects. These results are confirmed experimentally and exhaustively explained with the help of simulations; furthermore, some of their possible detrimental consequences on the programming efficiency of CHISEL based flash cells are analyzed. Finally, the impact of channel doping, oxide thickness, and junction depth on CHISEL efficiency has been explored, and guidelines to maintain high injection efficiency in short devices are derived.
Issues and challenges in wakaf seetee aishah property development, Penang state Islamic religious council (MAINPP)

The Penang Islamic Religious Council (MAINPP) is a major leader in the development of waqf properties, especially through its inaugural product Wakaf Seetee Aisah. In managing the assets of the ummah, of course, MAINPP goes through various twists and challenges in order to implement the dreams of waqf givers and develop the socio -economy of the community. This study focuses on the issues and challenges of Seetee Aisah Wakaf Development and further suggests some improvements for the development of waqf land by MAINPP. Qualitative study using the method of interviews with parties involved in the development of endowment properties in MAINPP. The results of the study found that MAINPP faces several challenges in developing waqf properties. Therefore, to address the challenges faced, it is proposed that MAINPP improve the development mechanism for waqf properties to be in line with the vision and mission of MAINPP. Thoroughly, this study provides added value to MAINPP and the parties involved in facing the challenge of developing waqf properties in Malaysia.
Approach to Prediction of Unmasked Face from Masked Face using Deep Learning

Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, it has become mandatory for each and every person to step outside only with a face mask on. This has raised the security and safety concerns among people as faces of criminals, burglars, etc are not recognisable through the CCTVs and security cameras. This problem can be tackled with the help of deep learning. In this paper, a model that can predict the unmasked face of a person from a masked face input image, giving an unmasked face image as the output was implemented. The accuracy achieved by the model is 91%. This paper ends with a review of the model‟s usefulness and its scope for further development and improved results in the future.
Airframe Noise Prediction Method

Abstract : A noise component method is presented for calculating airframe noise. Noise from clean wing and tail surface is represented as trailing edge noise caused by the turbulent boundary layer. Landing gear noise is given by an empirical representation of model data. Trailing edge flap noise is modeled as a lift dipole normal to the deflected flap, with amplitude and spectrum given by a correlation of flyover data. Measured flyover data for the Prue-2 sailplane, Aero Commander Shirke general aviation airplane, Lockheed JetStar business jet, Boeing 747 commerical jet, and Convair F-106B delta wing airplane are used as test cases. These spectra are compared with predictions by this method and the NASA ANOPP total aircraft method and drag element method. Methods for reducing various components of airframe noise are examined and evaluated.
Acoustic positioning systems. A practical overview of current systems

There are existing commercial sources that provide acoustic positioning systems with some capability to navigate unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Some of these systems can be applied to autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Systems are currently available to provide full ocean depth positioning to an absolute accuracy of 5 m and a relative accuracy of <2 m. Also available from these and other sources are shorter range, higher resolution acoustic positioning systems. The paper discusses how these systems are configured and what capabilities they have. A definition of conventional systems and frequency bands is included. In addition to system types, some of the more common problems associated with acoustic positioning systems and some solutions to these problems are outlined. The paper concludes that although some systems, or components readily exist for the AUV community, additional development is required.
Overview of Lightweighting Materials Research & Development in the United States Freedomcar and Fuel Partnership

The United States of America’s (USA’s) transportation system is strongly dependent on petroleum as an energy source. Petroleum is used to satisfy 95 percent of the USA’s transportation energy needs, consuming two-thirds of all the petroleum used in the USA. Since roughly 60 percent of the petroleum is imported, the implications of this dependency on energy security are readily apparent. Since 2002, the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) have worked cooperatively through the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership (FC&FP) to fund high-risk, high-payoff research and development (R&D) into advanced automotive technologies with the potential for lowering this dependence. The FC&FP succeeded and built upon the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) initiative that ran from 1993 to 2001. The long-term transition of vehicles from gasoline to non-petroleum energy sources is viewed as critical in lowering the dependence of the USA economy on foreign oil, and in reducing the environmental impact of the personal transportation sector. The FC&FP supports research on technologies with the potential for energy-efficiency and renewable energy benefits, such as new engine concepts, lightweight materials, alternate non-petroleum based fuels, and hybrid propulsion components. This paper will highlight the research in the lightweight metals portion of the FC&FP. Cooperative R&D projects will be discussed which focus on processing and manufacturing technologies such as casting of magnesium (Mg) and aluminium (Al) alloy components, advanced forming techniques for Al sheet, and warm-forming of Mg sheet. The overall objective of these efforts is not only to demonstrate new technologies, but to reduce the cost of manufacturing lightweight materials and enable implementation of the technologies in high-volume automotive applications.
The Design of closed loop controllers for wind turbines

This article reviews the design of algorithms for wind turbine pitch control and also for generator torque control in the case of variable speed turbines. Some recent and possible future developments are discussed. Although pitch control is used primarily to limit power in high winds, it also has a significant effect on various loads. Particularly as turbines become larger, there is increasing interest in designing controllers to mitigate loads as far as possible. Torque control in variable speed turbines is used primarily to maximize energy capture below rated wind speed and to limit the torque above rated. Once again there are opportunities for designing these controllers so as to mitigate certain loads. In addition to improving the design of the control algorithms, it is also possible to use additional sensors to help the controller to achieve its objectives more effectively. The use of additional actuators in the form of individual pitch controllers for each blade is also discussed. It is important to be able to quantify the benefits of any new controller. Although computer simulations are useful, field trials are also vital. The variability of the real wind means that particular care is needed in the design of the trials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of risks structurally and functionally complex technical systems

Despite the large amount of discussions concerning the definition of technical condition of complex technical systems (CTS) on risk assessment, the most vulnerable interrelated and interacting components of such systems in various emergency scenarios when assessing the structural and functional risks are still determined as a result of complex procedures, containing nonlinear operations. In this paper, the CTS structural and functional risk assessments in emergency scenarios were defined using the cognitive simulation model, represented as a directed graph, as well as by the calculation results. Destructive transmission pulses are used for modeling the destructive effect of each component on the CTS structure. Normalizing effect on the vertices and edges of the model digraph is used to assess the CTS functional risk. A software package is presented in the paper, and the calculation results of assessment of structural and functional risks of interrelated CTS components, obtained with its help are described. The results of development and research, which consider the structural and functional features, interrelation and interaction of elements and inter-element relations in the CTS hierarchy and topology in emergency scenarios are given. The method for assessing the structural and functional risks does not contain labor-intensive, complex procedures and will allow to automate the decision-making process in CTS emergency scenarios.
Evaluating the Optimal Logistics System of Biomass Feedstocks for a Biorefinery with Alternative Harvest, Storage and Preprocessing Options: A Case Study of East Tennessee

The development of a commercial-scale biofuel industry that uses lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) feedstock has become a major focus in the nation’s renewable energy plan. However, the high costs of harvest, storage, and transportation of feedstock is one of the major challenges to the economic viability of a LCB-based biofuels industry. The objective of this study is to estimate the costs of LCB feedstocks delivered to a commercial-scale biorefinery for alternative feedstock logistic system configurations. Specifically, the potential benefits of satellite preprocessing facilities in the feedstock supply chain are analyzed. Applying a high-resolution geo-spatial industrial siting model, the total delivered cost of switchgrass handled using conventional hay methods is compared with logistic systems using two different potential preprocessing technologies: 1) stretch-wrap balers and 2) pellet mills. Results indicate that total delivered cost of a switchgrass logistic system using a chopper with a cutter-header for harvesting and a stretch-wrap baling technology for feedstock densification can reduce costs by about 22% to 25% when compared to various conventional logistic systems using hay harvest equipment for a 50-million-gallon-per-year biorefinery located in East Tennessee. The savings in feedstock logistic costs contributed by this preprocessing technology could result in a reduction in ethanol production costs by $0.16/gallon to $0.19/gallon. The potential for pellet mills to densify and prepare switchgrass for storage and transportation appears to be limited if pelletized feedstock is solely used for biofuels production.
Impact of Maintenance and (Im)Properly Sizing Bioretention on Hydrologic and Water Quality Performance

Routine maintenance and proper construction oversight both need to occur during and after bioretention cell construction, in order to ensure proper functionality. Two sets of bioretention cells of varying media depths (0.6-m and 0.9-m) have been monitored for two, 12-month periods, in Nashville, NC. These bioretention cells are unique in that during the first monitoring period, the bioretention cells were (1) clogged with fine sediment from construction and (2) were severely undersized. Complete drawdown of the surface storage took 48 hours or more, as compared to the recommended 12 hours. Initially, the surface storage volumes for the 0.6-m and 0.9-m media depth cells were only 28 percent and 35 percent of the design storage volume, respectively. The design event for the bioretention cells at this site was 2.5-cm, but the system was overwhelmed frequently and overflow occurred for events as small as 0.9 cm. After one year of monitoring, the fines layer present in the top 7.6-cm was removed. Removal of this layer increased the surface storage volume of both sets of cells by 89 percent. With the increase in surface storage volume, more runoff was treated, and fewer events had overflow. The smallest event with overflow was 1.9 cm, and some events up to 2.8 cm were fully captured in the bowl. Overflow volume was reduced to approximately one-third of the volume from the first monitoring period. Moreover, removal of the fines layer increased the surface drawdown rate by up to a factor of 10. Pollutant load reductions increased for nitrogen species and total suspended solids because more runoff was treated. The results of this study highlight the reduced performance associated with improperly constructed and maintained bioretention cells. Even a small construction error in setting the base elevation for the bottom of the bowl or the emergency overflow structure can drastically reduce the bowl storage volume.
The effectiveness of hybrid learning as instructional media amid the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has struck the world, prompting the enforcement of stay-at-home policies to halt the spread of COVID-19. Indonesia is not exempted from this situation. The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated social distance due to social distancing, quarantine, and isolation to minimise the spread of the virus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online learning system was used. The ideal learning methods in the new normal era are blended learning and hybrid learning methods. Online learning demands the attention of the communicant so that the message conveyed by the communicator can run effectively. If hybrid learning as an instructional medium can be appropriately utilised, the learning objectives can be achieved. However, in previous studies, the blended learning method still needs to be evaluated so that its application can run well and as expected. Because communication transactions that can overcome various frames of reference or clarify difficulties to transfer understanding in a timely manner are considered rich, the media richness theory is applied in this study. This study aims to know how effective hybrid learning is in Southeast Sulawesi during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used in this research is phenomenology by involving junior high school teachers in Southeast Sulawesi. Based on this study’s data analysis findings, the Effectiveness of the hybrid learning model in Southeast Sulawesi during the COVID-19 outbreak is decided by students’ and parents’ desire to monitor their children.
Parts-mix analysis in recycling-oriented manufacturing systems for multiple-item production

One solution to environmental problems is to construct a recycling-oriented manufacturing system, in which waste products after consumption are collected, and reusable parts in the collected products are employed to produce new products. A parts-mix in the manufacturing system for multiple-item production is analysed by taking into consideration the merits and demerits of the usage of common parts over multiple products and special parts utilized for individual products. The parts-mix problem is formulated to minimize the life-cycle cost, which consists of production costs and recycling costs. The property of the optimal parts-mix is clarified, and a decision procedure to solve the parts-mix is developed. The procedure decides whether the common parts are effective or not.
Nursing Students’ Challenges and Experiences of Undergoing Clinical Rotation Program during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contagion which has resulted in millions of casualties worldwide has been bringing pressure and challenges to nursing students undergoing clinical rotation programs. In Indonesia, several schools of nursing have issued policies to keep facilitating clinical rotation education in the hospital. This policy identified several challenges that the students should face. AIM: This study aimed to explore nursing students’ challenges and experiences undergoing clinical rotation programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive approach to content analysis was employed. The study participants were 31 nursing students who undergo clinical rotation. These participants were purposefully chosen to use criteria. Participants’ age ranged from 23 to 25 years and has passed both the intensive care unit and intensive cardiovascular care unit stage. Data were collected through focus group discussion which was carried out 4 times and each FGD lasted for 90–120 min then analyzed using content analysis method that includes five major segments: Introduction, coding, theme creation, thematic classification, and reporting. RESULTS: The themes from the study included negative emotion in the initial stage, positive emotions, a competency that difficult to achieve, and strategies for coping and self-care. CONCLUSION: Constructive emotion coping strategy is believed to assist students in dealing with challenges amid the clinical rotation program. Implementation of clinical rotation learning for nursing students requires preparation from various aspects, such as student readiness, clinical supervisors, and support from academic institutions.
Nonquantal Transmission at the Vestibular Hair Cell-Calyx Synapse: KLV Currents Modulate Fast Electrical and Slow K+ Potentials in the Synaptic Cleft

Vestibular hair cells transmit information about head position and motion across synapses to primary afferent neurons. At some of these synapses, the afferent neuron envelopes the hair cell, forming an enlarged synaptic terminal called a calyx. The vestibular hair cell-calyx synapse supports a mysterious form of electrical transmission that does not involve gap junctions termed nonquantal transmission (NQT). The NQT mechanism is thought to involve the flow of ions from the pre-synaptic hair cell to the post-synaptic calyx through low-voltage-activated channels driven by changes in cleft [K+] as K+ exits the hair cell. However, this hypothesis has not been tested with a quantitative model and the possible role of an electrical potential in the cleft has remained speculative. Here we present a computational model that captures salient experimental observations of NQT and identifies overlooked features that corroborate the existence of an electrical potential (ϕ) in the synaptic cleft. We show that changes in cleft ϕ reduce transmission latency and illustrate the relative contributions of both cleft [K+] and ϕ to the gain and phase of NQT. We further demonstrate that the magnitude and speed of NQT depend on calyx morphology and that increasing calyx height reduces action potential latency in the calyx afferent. These predictions are consistent with the idea that the calyx evolved to enhance NQT and speed up vestibular signals that drive neural circuits controlling gaze, balance, and orientation. Significance Statement The ability of the vestibular system to drive the fastest reflexes in the nervous system depends on rapid transmission of mechanosensory signals at vestibular hair cell synapses. In mammals and other amniotes, afferent neurons form unusually large calyx terminals on certain hair cells, and communication at these synapses includes nonquantal transmission (NQT), which avoids the synaptic delay of quantal transmission. We present a quantitative model that shows how NQT depends on the extent of the calyx covering the hair cell and attributes the short latency of NQT to changes in synaptic cleft electrical potential caused by current flowing through open potassium channels in the hair cell. This previously undescribed mechanism may act at other synapses.