Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Substituição do grão de sorgo por casca de soja na dieta de novilhos terminados em confinamento

The objetive of the experiment was to evaluate the effect on animal performace of the addition of soybean hulls in substitution to sorghum grain in the concentrate fraction of the diet of feedlot finished steers from of 19 to 23 months of age. The treatments were the different levels of substitution of sorghum grain by soybean hulls: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The diet with roughage: concentrate ratio of 60:40, contained 12% crude protein. Analyzing the data by regression, a quartic behavior was verified for daily weight gain and feed conversion, with values of 1.040, 1.242, 1.167, 1.264 and 1.208 kg for daily weight gain and of 8.490, 7.340, 7.611, 7.029 and 7.201 for feed conversion, respectively, for the 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substitution levels of sorghum by soybean hulls. Linear behavior was observed for daily dry matter intake per 100 kg of live weight, with values of 2.43, 2.46, 2.40, 2.37 and 2.32%, and per metabolic weight, with values of 106.5, 107.6, 105.4, 104.4 and 102.2 g, respectively. The contrast analysis demonstrated that animals fed with diets that included soybean hulls showed better weight gain and feed conversion than those fed with the diet that included only sorghum.
Landscape mosaic attributes for maintaining ground‐living spider diversity in a biodiversity hotspot

Spiders often dominate predator assemblages in vineyard agroecosystems. Land‐use practices that enhance their diversity may be important for regional biodiversity conservation as well as biological control of vineyard pests. We surveyed ground‐dwelling spiders in habitats at different management intensities (natural habitat remnants, organic vineyards, and conventional vineyards) in the vineyard landscape of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) biodiversity hotspot, South Africa, to examine the effects of local land use on spider diversity. Natural habitat remnants contributed significantly to the overall diversity, and supported rare families and unique species that were not found in the agricultural matrix. Nevertheless, vineyards still supported fairly high spider diversity, with a tendency for higher species richness in organic vineyards. Environmental variables relating to plant diversity, management intensity and distance to nearest natural habitat influenced spider abundance and species richness, and changes to these factors may improve the habitability of the vineyard landscape for spiders. All habitats supported various spider families that are known to prey on South African crop pests. In addition, spiders were abundant in both sampling seasons (autumn and spring), but showed a significant increase in vineyards early in the growing season, suggesting that they may provide early‐season background regulation of pests. There is considerable opportunity for spider conservation in the CFR vineyard landscape, as well as the possibility of associated benefits to biological control within vineyards.
Effects of irrigation pumps on riverine fish

Abstract The total number and condition of fish extracted via high and low flow irrigation pumps was assessed over a 2-year period in the Namoi River, Australia. A combination of boat electric fishing and fyke netting was used for 10 weeks during the peak irrigation period to determine species and size classes susceptible to entrainment during water abstraction. Over 2300 fish passed through the pump outlets over the study period, with many individuals (7.5% of total) both killed and injured. The maximum number of fish entrained in a single day was 232. Mortality was significantly higher from the high volume pump site, but only large (>200 mm long) or small (<50 mm long) fish were killed. Medium-sized fish (50–200 mm long) largely survived the abstraction process; although 70 were injured (3% of total), only one was killed (0.07%). The Electric fishing surveys showed that only four species were present in storage dams, suggesting that survival through the pump systems may be size and species specific. Fish that survived the water abstraction process had no opportunities to return to the main river system and were effectively classified as lost from the main river population. The development of suitable mitigation measures, including operational changes and screening, are suggested as mechanisms to prevent extraction and minimise any adverse impacts arising from irrigation development.
Active transfer learning for activity recognition

We examine activity recognition from accelerometers, which provides at least two major challenges for machine learning. Firstly, the deployment context is likely to diﬀer from the learning context. Secondly, accurate labelling of training data is time-consuming and error-prone. This calls for a combination of active and transfer learning. We derive a hierarchical Bayesian model that is a natural ﬁt to such problems, and provide empirical validation on synthetic and publicly available datasets. The re-sults show that by combining active and transfer learning, we can achieve faster learning with fewer labels on a target domain than by either alone.
PENGARUH PENGUNGKAPANINTELLECTUAL CAPITAL TERHADAPCOST OF EQUITY CAPITAL

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of intellectual capital disclosures on cost of equity capital. In this research, cost of equity capital was measured by Ohlson model which had been modified by Random Walk Model, while Li et al.(2008) index were used to measure intellectual capital disclosures. This study used purposive sampling method in data collection. Data were collected using secondary data of 221 nonfinancial companies that published annual report at IDX website in 2009-2010. This study used Ordinary Least Square (OLS)regression for the data analysis. The result showed that intellectual capital disclosures had no significant effect on cost of equity capital. This study also used four control variables, size, leverage, beta, and market to book value ratio. From four selected control variables,size had positive significant effect on cost of equity capital, and beta had negative significant effect on cost of equity capital. Variables leverage and market to book value ratio had no effect on cost of equity capital.
Molecular evidence for recolonization of Ceramium japonicum (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) on the west coast of Korea after the last glacial maximum

The Yellow Sea, located between the Korean Peninsula and mainland China, was completely exposed during the last glacial maximum of the Pleistocene when the sea level was 120–130 m below the present level. We studied patterns of genetic variation in a marine red alga to examine whether the recent recolonization of algal populations occurred on the west coast of Korea after the end of the last glacial maximum. In total, 53 specimens of the red alga Ceramium japonicum were collected in Korea and Japan. We examined the geographic distribution of haplotypes and patterns of migration using mitochondrial cox1 and plastid rbcL. From the specimens collected, 22 cox1 haplotypes and eight rbcL haplotypes were identified. The network and neutrality tests for cox1 support three clusters (which are geographically grouped into east, south, and west coast populations) and provide evidence for population expansion on the west coast. The levels of gene flow were high in the south coast™west coast direction. Analysis of molecular variation in two protein-coding genes revealed significant genetic structure among the three coasts. The results support the concept that C. japonicum populations recolonized the west coast from the south coast following sea level rise in the northern hemisphere after the last glacial maximum during the late Pleistocene.
The α1 subunit of GABAA receptor is repressed by c‐Myc and is pro‐apoptotic

The c‐myc oncoprotein plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. To mediate these biological functions, a variety of target genes are activated or repressed by c‐myc, but few genes have yet been identified that directly mediate c‐myc's role in proliferation or apoptosis. During a screen for genes that are repressed by c‐myc, we identified the α1 subunit of γ aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR‐α1) as a novel target of c‐myc. GABAAR is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the mammalian central nervous system and is involved in developmental events in the brain, such as neurite outgrowth, neuronal survival, neuronal migration, and proliferation. We show here that GABAAR‐α1 expression is rapidly and directly repressed by c‐myc. GABAAR‐α1 expression is elevated in c‐myc null cells and upregulation of GABAAR‐α1 correlates with downregulation of c‐myc protein expression during neuronal cell differentiation. We also show that overexpression of GABAAR‐α1 causes apoptosis, which is blocked by the coexpression of Bcl‐2 or Bcl‐XL. Induction of apoptosis is specific for the α1 subunit, since neither the β1 or β2 subunits of GABAAR induced apoptosis. Derepression of GABAAR‐α1 expression upon downregulation of c‐myc represents a unique apoptotic mechanism and a distinct function for the α1 subunit, independent of its role as a component of the GABAAR in the plasma membrane. In addition, the regulation of GABAAR‐α1 expression by c‐myc provides a potential direct role for the Myc proteins in neurological processes and neurodegenerative disorders. J. Cell. Biochem. 97: 1094–1103, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origins of clonal diversity in the hypervariable asexual ostracode Cypridopsis vidua

Prior allozyme studies have indicated that populations of the asexual ostracode, Cypridopsis vidua (Müller), show extraordinary clonal diversity. Based on a joint examination of allozyme variation and sequence divergence at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene, the present analysis provides new insights concerning the origins of this variation. The results establish that populations of C. vidua in one recently deglaciated region of North America are not only allozymically diverse, but also include several divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages. The extent of sequence divergence among these lineages is so large as to suggest their diversification over the past 7–8 million years. The patterning of genetic divergence among co‐occurring clones makes it apparent that much of the mtDNA and allozyme diversity in local populations owes its origins to recurrent colonization events. However, in situ mutational diversification also appears to explain some variation. The mechanisms enabling the sustained coexistence of such a large array of closely allied genotypes remain unclear, but there is an apparent difference in equilibrium diversity between benthic and planktonic asexual organisms.
How insects sense olfactory patches : the spatial scaling of olfactory information

When searching for resources in heterogeneous environments, animals must rely on their abilities to detect the resources via their sensory systems. However, variation in the strength of the sensory cue may be mediated by the physical size of the resource patch. Patch detection of insects are often predicted by the scaling of sensory cues to patch size, where visual cues has been proposed to scale proportional to the diameter of the patch. The scaling properties of olfactory cues are, however, virtually unknown. Here, we investigated scaling rules for olfactory information in a gradient of numbers of odour sources, relevant to odour-mediated attraction under field conditions. We recorded moth antennal responses to sex pheromones downwind from pheromone patches and estimated the slope in the scaling relationship between the effective length of the odour plumes and the number of odour sources. These measurements showed that the effective plume length increased proportional to the square root of the number of odour sources. The scaling relationship, as estimated in the field experiment, was then evaluated against field data of the slope in the relationship between trap catch and release rate of chemical attractants for a wide range of insects. This meta-analysis revealed an average slope largely consistent with the estimated scaling relationship between the effective plume length and the number of odour sources. This study is the first to estimate the scaling properties of olfactory cues empirically and has implications for understanding and predicting the spatial distributions of insects searching by means of olfactory cues in heterogeneous environments.
Extracellular Production of d-(+)-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid by Yarrowia lipolytica from Glucose under Aerobic, Thiamine-deficient Conditions

Under thiamine-deficient, aerobic culture conditions, Yarrowia lipolytica was found to produce D-(+)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid extracellularly in amounts of about 5 mg per ml of the culture filtrate, together with pyruvic and 2-ketoglutaric acids, from glucose or glycerol in a chemically defined medium. Under similar conditions, however, only a small amount of the hydroxy acid was produced from odd- or even-numbered n-alkanes.
Invasion in progress: Utricularia inflata in Adirondack submersed macrophyte communities1

Abstract The inflated bladderwort (Utricularia inflata, Lentibulariaceae) is a submersed freshwater macrophyte that has recently expanded its range in the northeastern United States. To evaluate the potential and actual spread of this plant, we experimentally tested the ability of small (1.0 and 5.0 cm) stem fragments without apical meristems to survive and grow, and of 10 cm apices to grow at different pH levels. We also sampled vegetation in seven lakes to document the quantitative importance of U. inflata, and qualitatively surveyed 29 additional sites for its presence. All fragments of both lengths survived, and produced new branches at similar rates (t-test: P = 0.62). Contrary to expectation, relative growth rates were 15% greater at pH 5 than pH 7 (P < 0.001), indicating that low pH per se does not limit this plant. Utricularia inflata has become an important component of the vegetation at greater depth in two of the seven lakes, and now occurs in 15 water bodies in three New York counties (Franklin, Hamilton, and Herkimer) - more than doubling the known locations for this invasive species. Current patterns of distribution strongly suggest that dispersal of U. inflata has occurred by downstream flow along chains of lakes, but also by boat traffic and/or waterfowl to account for its spread to new river drainages.
SEED PROTEIN HOMOLOGIES AND THE EVOLUTION OF POLYPLOIDY IN AVENA

Crude seed protein of the nine oat species was fractionated by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Correlation coefficients calculated from optical density curves obtained from the stained gels showed that individual species possessed characteristic, albeit variable, profiles. Pattern variability among and within species was greater in the case of the diploids than in the case of the polyploids. The very few profile types in A. strigosa 4x and in the hexaploid A. sativa suggested that the variation in these polyploids is due more to independent origin of the types than to differentiation following polyploidization. Virtual identity between individual A. strigosa 2x and 4x profiles suggested a strict autopolyploid origin for some 4x types while complementing pairs of A. strigosa 2x profiles indicated an intervarietal origin for other A. strigosa 4x types. A diagnostic band at 11.0 cm in the profiles of A. magna and A. murphyi suggested that these species rather than A. strigosa 4x had functioned as.
Fatty acid composition and regression prediction of fatty acid concentration in edible chicken tissues

The nutritional benefits of consuming long chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are found predominantly in linseed for example, are well known. The consumption of poultry meat has increased in consumption by 80% in the last three decades. The best method of increasing long chain ω-3 PUFA consumption would be to increase the long chain ω-3 PUFA content in the edible tissues of poultry aimed for human diets. It has been shown that heart and blood vessel diseases, as well as the occurrence of atherosclerosis are a direct consequence of consuming products of animal origin in human nutrition which contain a high content of lipids rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), which are the main causes of these diseases. For these reasons healthy foods enriched in PUFAs, particularly ω-3 fatty acids, have gained high importance because of their beneficial effects on human health. Apart from the importance of being able to predict chicken carcass conformation it is also necessary to calculate the required level of fatty acids in the chicken diet that are incorporated into the edible tissues. Regression analysis is most often used for this prediction. The goal in regression analysis is to create a mathematical model that can be used to predict the values of a dependent variable based upon the values of an independent variable. The aim of this paper is to show possible solutions for broiler edible tissue enrichment with ω-3 fatty acids from linseed, and to give possible solutions to the inclusion level of fatty acids in the diets using regression analyses.
Use of Hemicellulolytic Enzymes as One Stage in Bleaching of Kraft Pulps

Ultrafiltration of culture solutions of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans gave rise to low and high molecular weight enzyme fractions. The low molecular weight enzyme was found to have activities toward birchwood xylan, mannan and carboxymethylcellulose, while the high molecular weight fraction exerted only endoxylanase activity. Enzyme treatment of kraft pulps for 90 minutes resulted in a considerable release of lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC), particularly when the low molecular weight fraction was used. This treatment enhanced removal of residual lignin from the pulps during the treatment and in subsequent bleaching stages.
Identification of Xylella fastidiosa Antivirulence Genes: Hemagglutinin Adhesins Contribute to X. fastidiosa Biofilm Maturation and Colonization and Attenuate Virulence

Xylella fastidosa, a gram-negative, xylem-limited bacterium, is the causal agent of several economically important plant diseases, including Pierce's disease (PD) and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). Until recently, the inability to transform or produce transposon mutants of X. fastidosa had been a major impediment to identifying X. fastidosa genes that mediate pathogen and plant interactions. A random transposon (Tn5) library of X. fastidosa was constructed and screened for mutants showing more severe symptoms and earlier grapevine death (hypervirulence) than did vines infected with the wild type. Seven hypervirulent mutants identified in this screen moved faster and reached higher populations than the wild type in grapevines. These results suggest that X. fastidosa attenuates its virulence in planta and that movement is important in X. fastidosa virulence. The mutated genes were sequenced and none had been described previously as antivirulence genes, although six of them showed similarity with genes of known functions in other organisms. One transposon insertion inactivated a hemagglutinin adhesin gene (PD2118), which we named HxfA. Another mutant in a second putative X. fastidosa hemagglutinin gene, PD1792 (HxfB), was constructed, and further characterization of these hxf mutants suggests that X. fastidosa hemagglutinins mediate contact between X. fastidosa cells, which results in colony formation and biofilm maturation within the xylem vessels.
The loss of the lower temporal arcade in diapsid reptiles

The fossil record of diapsid reptiles does not provide conclusive evidence that the loss of the lower temporal arcade is correlated with the development of streptostyly. Analysis of the structure of the external jaw adductor in extant lizards results in the formulation of an alternative hypothesis to explain the loss of the lower temporal arcade in lepidosaurs. Extant lizards show the development of a posteroventral portion of the superficialis layer (lb) of the external adductor, which invades the lateral surface of the lower jaw, thus escaping the original confines of the external adductor. The development and expansion of a posteroventral lb muscle would have to be correlated with the loss of at least the posterior portion of the lower temporal arcade. Fossil lepidosaurs such as Clevosaurus, Prolacerta and Macrocnemus show the reduction of the lower temporal arcade from back to front, which is consistent with the hypothesis of the development of a posteroventral lb muscle.
Characterization and Partial Purification of the Factor(s) Stimulating the Beating of Cultured Myocardial Cells from a Conditioned Medium

We previously reported that the beating rate of single myocardial cells cultured in a conditioned medium (CM) was higher than that of cells cultured in a fresh medium. We have characterized and partially purified the beating-stimulating factor(s) of cultured myocardial cells from a conditioned medium of mouse embryonic cells.The beating-stimulating factor(s) had stable activity for more than one month when it was freeze-dried in 0.1 M sucrose and stored at -20°C. The factor(s) was non-dialyzable and was heat-labile. It was inactivated by treatment with trypsin, pronase or hyaluronidase, but not with neuraminidase. These results strongly suggest that the beating-stimulating factor(s) is a glycoprotein(s). When concentrated CM was filtered on Sephadex G-200, the main peak of activity appeared in almost the same fractions as in those for that of hemoglobin. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram of crude CM showed more than 20 protein bands and about 10 bands stainable by periodic acidSchiff (PAS). In contrast, the electrophoretogram of the active peak on Sephadex G-200 showed about 10 protein bands and one PAS-stainable band.
Problems with the application of diatom‐total phosphorus transfer functions: examples from a shallow English lake

1. A diatom-total phosphorus transfer function has been applied to a sedimentary diatom sequence from Groby Pool, a small shallow lake in Leicestershire, U.K.2. Extensive aquatic plant records exist for Groby Pool dating back over two centuries. These records, in conjunction with selected aquatic pollen and herbarium diatom data, provide independent, qualitative evidence for the progression of eutrophication and its effects on aquatic plant communities and habitat structure.3. Before 1800, Groby Pool was probably mesotrophic with clear water and a diverse submerged macrophyte community, but subsequently it experienced considerable nutrient enrichment. Key evidence for this includes: (i) historical plant records indicating the loss of species associated with mesotrophic waters and their replacement by others typical of eutrophic conditions, (ii) a significant increase in the percentage of planktonic diatoms in the lake sediment record (particularly Cyclostephanos dubius) after 1890, and (iii) increases in percentages of Stephanodiscus parvus and Cocconeis placentula in the second half of the twentieth century.4. Diatom-inferred total phosphorus (DI-TP) estimates were inconsistent with the qualitative evidence for eutrophication at Groby Pool. In particular the DI-TP profile was thought to overestimate phosphorus during the period of dominance by small Fragilaria spp. before 1890, and to misjudge the timing and direction of subsequent changes in nutrient loading.5. This study highlights some of the problems associated with the application of diatom-TP transfer functions to sedimentary diatom sequences from shallow lakes. The major problem relates to the frequent dominance of non-planktonic diatoms in the sediments of these systems, many species of which (particularly small Fragilaria spp.) appear to be more sensitive to changes in habitat availability than to phosphorus. Potential ways of improving diatom-TP models via altered approaches to sampling are suggested.