Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Non-Through Silicon Via 1000+ IO Package On Package Solution For Wide IO Applications

We are developing a new solution for wide I/O package on package applications, which is Bond Via Array (BVA) technology. The prototype vehicle built in this study has 1020 I/O's at a pitch of 0.24 mm with a high aspect ratio of approximately 10:1 and is ≤1.4 mm tall. PoP applications require large bandwidth and thinner packages challenging package developers to address warpage control for high yield processes. The design optimization of this package was established through rigorous finite element analysis of materials selection and structural modifications. The simulation methodology was validated by measuring the warpage as a function of temperature for the experimental prototypes. The details for the simulation and verification processes for the wide I/O process will be discussed. The variation between finite element analysis predictions and the experimental builds was ~10%, which allowed us to complete package design optimization with our simulation tools. The prototype build includes a standard and a .
Performance study of multistage of 40 kb/s ADPCM systems

The contribution of this paper is that the measure of the performance of multistage of 40 kb/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) using signal-to-noise-ratio formula previously derived by AL-Rawi. The multistage performance is tested using QAM signal at data rate of 9.6 kb/s with four types of constellations, rectangular, and (5,11), (4,12), (8,8) circular. The simulation results show that the performance degrades with increasing the number of stages of ADPCM. Also, the performance with circular constellation is better than that with rectangular one.
A Review of the Seismic Hazard Zonation in National Building Codes in the Context of Eurocode 8

The Eurocodes, accompanied by their National Annexes with the Nationally Determined Parameters (NDP), are envisaged to form the basis for structural design in the European Union. Convergence of the NDP values, where relevant, is a desirable objective, as this will lead to better harmonization. In this direction, for Eurocode 8 a review of the provisions regarding seismic zonation in the current National Seismic Codes has been undertaken. Differences in the way of presenting the seismic hazard (ground acceleration or intensity, constant value zones, contours, etc.) are identified, as well as cross-border inconsistencies. However, an overall tendency emerges towards progressively adhering to EC8 recommendations. The mission of the JRC is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests, whether private or national.
New Features of the Pulsar B0950+08 Radiation at the Frequency of 111 MHz

Results of long time observations of the pulsar B0950+08 are given. These observations were carried out at the LPA radio telescope at the frequency of 111 MHz from January of 2016 to May of 2019 (450 days). A strong variability in emission of this pulsar has been detected with changes in signal to noise ratios hundreds of times. Part of the long-time flux density variability can be explained by refractive scintillations in the interstellar medium. The existence of radiation between the interpulse (IP) and main pulse (MP) was confirmed. It was more powerful than at high frequencies. We detected the unusual IP and precursor (Pr) radiation on 2017 August 1. On the basis of 65 strong IPs we found the correlations between energies of IP and Pr and between the phase of IP and the distance Pr–IP. It is shown that the observed peculiarities of this pulsar can be explained in the frame of the aligned rotator model. We estimated distances of radiation levels from the center of the neutron star. The calculated value of the initial period of 0.2 s means that not all pulsars are born with millisecond periods. The large age of the pulsar (6.8 million years) and the small angle between its magnetic moment and the rotation axis (less than 20°) confirm the suggestion related to pulsar evolution with respect to alignment.
Detection/Removal of Cooperative Black and Gray Hole Attack in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

The inherent features (such as-open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring and management point, and lack of a clear line of defense) of the MANET make it vulnerable to a wide range of attacks. There is no guarantee that a communication path is free from malicious or compromised nodes which deliberately wish to disrupt the network communication. So protecting the mobile ad-hoc network from malicious attacks is very important and challenging issue. In this paper we address the problem of packet forwarding misbehavior and propose a mechanism to detect and remove the black and gray hole attacks. Our technique is capable of finding chain of cooperating malicious nodes which drop a significant fraction of packets.
Structure of high-pressure diesel sprays

ABSTRACT A comprehensive set of computational and experimental results for high-pressure diesel sprays are presented and discussed. The test cases investigated include injection of diesel into air under both atmospheric and high pressure/temperature chamber conditions, injection against pressurized and cross-flowing CF 6 simulating respectively the density and flow conditions of a diesel engine at the time of injection, as well as injection into the piston bowl of both research and production turbo-charged high-speed DI diesel engines. A variety of high-pressure injection systems and injector nozzles have been used including mechanical and electronic high-pressure pumps as well as common-rail systems connected to nozzles incorporating a varying number of holes with diameters ranging from conventional to micro-size. Results from spray imaging, phase Doppler anemometry and CFD calculations of both the internal nozzle flow and the subsequent spray development have been combined to identify the relative importance of the geometric/operating parameters that control the structure of diesel sprays and areas of further research.
Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Related Mortality by Education Level during Three Phases of the 2020 Pandemic: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Rome

Evidence on social determinants of health on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse outcomes is still limited. Therefore, this work investigates educational disparities in the incidence of infection and mortality within 30 days of the onset of infection during 2020 in Rome, with particular attention to changes in socioeconomic inequalities over time. A cohort of 1,538,231 residents in Rome on 1 January 2020, aged 35+, followed from 1 March to 31 December 2020, were considered. Cumulative incidence and mortality rates by education were estimated. Multivariable log-binomial and Cox regression models were used to investigate educational disparities in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality during the entire study period and in three phases of the pandemic. During 2020, there were 47,736 incident cases and 2281 deaths. The association between education and the incidence of infection changed over time. Till May 2020, low- and medium-educated individuals had a lower risk of infection than that of the highly educated. However, there was no evidence of an association between education and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the summer. Lastly, low-educated adults had a 25% higher risk of infection from September to December than that of the highly educated. Similarly, there was substantial evidence of educational inequalities in mortality within 30 days of the onset of infection in the last term of 2020. In Rome, social inequalities in COVID-19 appeared in the last term of 2020, and they strengthen the need for monitoring inequalities emerging from this pandemic.
Studying Driving Risk Factors using Multi-Source Mobile Computing Data

ABSTRACT Traffic congestion can largely be attributed to the issues related with driving behavior, which may cause vehicle crash, stop-and-go traffic due to frequent lane changing behaviors, etc., and makes the driving behavior research also of significance in the realm of traffic management and demand management. The emergence and subsequent rapid advances with new information and communication technologies (ICT) now offers the capability of collecting high-fidelity and highresolution trajectory data in a cost-effective manner. In this research, we use a smartphone app to collect data for the purpose of studying driving risk factors. What’s unique about the data in this research is its backend server also estimates traffic speed and volume for each link that the vehicle traverses. In order words, the data collected with build-in GPS modules in the smartphone include not only the vehicle spatial-temporal dimension location, which could be used to correlate the network geography attributes and/or real-time traffic condition, but also the detailed information about the vehicle dynamics including speed, acceleration, and deceleration, whereby a driver’s control and maneuver of a vehicle can be analyzed in detail. Such type of dataset combining both user trajectory and link speed/volume information is rarely seen in prior research, permitting a unique opportunity to link critical traffic congestion factors leading to driving behavior and crash potential. In this paper, the overall research framework used in this research is presented, which mainly includes data collection, data processing, calibration and analysis methodology. A preliminary case study — including data summary statistics and correlation analysis — is also presented. The results of our study will further existing knowledge about driving exposure factors that are closely linked to crash risk, and provide the foundation for advanced forms of Usage Based Insurance.
A feasibility study for experimentally determining dynamic force distribution in a lap joint

Developing constitutive models of the physics in mechanical joints is currently stymied by inability to measure forces and displacements within the joint. The current state of the art estimates whole joint stiffness and energy loss per cycle from external measured force input and one or two acceleration responses. To validate constitutive models beyond this state requires a measurement of the distributed forces and displacements at the joint interface. Unfortunately, introducing measurement devices at the interface completely disrupts the desired physics. A feasibility study is presented for a non-intrusive method of solving for the interface dynamic forces from an inverse problem using full field measured responses. The responses come from the viewable surface of a beam. The noise levels associated with digital image correlation and continuous scanning laser Doppler velocimetry are evaluated from typical beam experiments. Two inverse problems are simulated. One utilizes the extended Sum of Weighted Accelerations Technique (SWAT). The second is a new approach dubbed the method of truncated orthogonal forces. These methods are much more robust if the contact patch geometry is well identified. Various approaches to identifying the contact patch are investigated, including ion marker tracking, Prussian blue and ultrasonic measurements. A typical experiment is conceivedmore » for a beam which has a lap joint at one end with a single bolt connecting it to another identical beam. In a virtual test using the beam finite element analysis, it appears that the SWAT inverse method requires evaluation of too many coefficients to adequately identify the force distribution to be viable. However, the method of truncated orthogonal forces appears viable with current digital image correlation (and probably other) imaging techniques. « less
Modeling and Simulation of Wake Safety Interval for Paired Approach Based on CFD

In order to relieve the stress caused by the surge of flight flow, Closely Spaced Parallel Runways (CSPRs) have been built in many hub airports, and a paired approach mode has been applied to CSPRs in some countries. This paper proposes a method for optimizing the wake separation between aircrafts which utilizes a paired approach, aiming at reducing longitudinal separation by using computational fluid dynamics technology. Firstly, the model of the wake vortex field of the paired lead aircraft is constructed. Secondly, the numerical simulation preparation for the characteristics of the wake vortex field is completed through the computational pretreatment of the model. Thirdly, a calculation model of wake safety interval based on paired approach operation is established. Finally, the proposed method shows its superiority comparing with other methods. This method realized visual analysis of wake vortex through optimization modeling based on computational fluid dynamics, contributing to increasing the capacity of the runway and improving the operation efficiency of an aerodrome.
Numerical investigation of tide and sea level anomalies propagation in Malacca Strait

The importance of the Malacca Strait to trade is important but its importance in terms of ocean connectivity is often ignored. This paper is a study of the propagation of tide and sea level anomalies (SLA) (i.e., non-tidal component) in the Malacca Strait using a well calibrated numerical model. Four main tidal constituents are examined at different sections of the strait. Tidal amplitude in terms of water level and volumetric flux of these four constituents are derived using harmonic analysis. It is shown that the tidal flux propagation pattern behaves differently from the tidal water level propagation pattern in the strait. Detailed analysis of the tidal amplitudes of both water level and volumetric flux makes the location of the tidal mixing zone in the strait becomes apparent. Analyzing the SLA with regards to flux and net flux volume at each cross section in the strait shows that the tidal mixing zone plays a role in obstructing the propagation of SLA from Andaman Sea and Singapore Strait. Article history: Received 24 March 2021 Revised 5 October 2021 Accepted 12 October 2021
A study of radio frequency interference for the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) Pathfinder

The following document describes pursued studies to understand the properties of radio frequency interference (RFI) which affects the quality of the data of the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Pathfinder at the Dominion Radio Astronomy Observatory in Penticton, British Columbia. The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment is a challenging project aimed to trace large scale structure by observing the 21cm emission line of neutral hydrogen in the frequency spectrum 400-800MHz to research the nature of Dark Energy. RFI is terrestrial signal caused by radio bands, TV stations, satellites etc. that produces unwanted disturbances in the frequency spectrum which adds power to the data. It represents a challenge to measure faint sources in the sky and we seek ways to identify it based on its statistical properties such as non-Gaussianity. We have designed algorithms that aim to identify and flag RFI in our data. Digital TV bands cause permanent corruption in the affected frequency bins and account for a 19% loss of bandwidth. The 5σ threshold cut searches for time-varying RFI in each frequency bin. Outliers above 5 standard deviations are iteratively flagged but not all of the occurring RFI were recognized due to non-Gaussianity. The median absolute deviation cut is a robust statistical method that uses sky data only. Identification of short-lived and long-lived RFI occurrences originating mainly from the sky has been successful. A correlation coefficient algorithm uses a combination of a reference RFI antenna sensitive to the horizon and a sky antenna to find correlated signals that are significantly above expected thermal noise of the radiometer while disregarding correlation due to sky signal. RFI at the horizon is well recognized by this method.
Low-Frequency Stabilization for FEM Impedance Computation

Parasitic extraction is an essential tool in the design process of electronic components as it enables to characterize parasitic effects by field simulation and to embed them as lumped parameters in subsequent circuit simulations together with the functional elements of the design. In a recent publication, we introduced a broadband extraction technique that utilizes the finite-element method, which exhibits a higher flexibility with respect to some aspects of device modeling than many classical extraction techniques based on the method of moments. However, the finite-element method applied to Maxwell’s equations in the frequency domain is notorious for exhibiting a low-frequency breakdown, and a reliable solution from low- to high-frequency regime is only possible with an adequate stabilization strategy. We, therefore, show how a state-of-the-art stabilization approach based on a split of the Sobolev space of curl-conforming basis functions is applied to our parasitic extraction method. The stabilization does not only enable an extraction with Maxwell’s equations at arbitrary frequencies but is also seamlessly applied to two quasi-static approximations and the case of perfect electric conductors, which facilitate the extraction in many cases.
Multi-material additive manufacturing of embedded low-profile antennas

A low-profile antenna that includes an integrated artificial magnetic conducting (AMC) ground plane is presented and is fully fabricated using multi-material additive manufacturing. It is shown that combining standard fused deposition modelling with conductive micro-dispensing printing enable one to realise mechanically robust antenna systems that contain spatially variable dielectric properties and intricate three-dimensional conducting networks. To illustrate this capability, a low-profile antenna is designed, fabricated, and experimentally validated, consisting of a standard 2.6 GHz half wavelength printed dipole, balun, and AMC ground plane.
Biomedical Named Entity Recognition Using Word Embedding Model of FastText Technique

Biomedical Named Entity Recognition (BNER) has been presented as a task to identify all the textual medical entities automatically. In the past, machine learning techniques were trained to detect these entities using traditional features such as dictionaries, gazetteers, word’s length and syntactic tag. Recently, most of the literature has turned into using the word embedding technique where every word will be associated with a numeric embedding that distinguishes its contextual meaning. Mainly, the majority of the recent BNER studies have been relying on either Word2Vec or Glove models. Yet, these models suffer from a remarkable limitation which is the out-of-vocabulary. Such problem occurs because these models are mainly working with words as units without considering their character representation. This would make the embedding model to consider only the words that have been encountered in the training and any unseen word would not have an embedding later. This study aims to propose an efficient word embedding using the FastText model for the BNER task. Such a model has the ability to consider the character N-gram of each word in order to produce its embedding. This would contribute toward minimizing the out-of-vocabulary words. In particular, this study utilizes two benchmark biomedical datasets; the first for disease names, and the second for gene expressions. In addition, a Logistic Regression (LR) classifier has been utilized to accommodate the classification after getting the embedding of FastText. Results of applying the proposed embedding showed an outperformance compared to the baseline where an f-measure of 96.61% has been acquired from the first dataset, and an f-measure of 97.46% has been acquired from the second dataset. These results can demonstrate the effectiveness of using FastText as a word embedding technique.
Lesson study as a support strategy for teacher development : a case study of middle school science teachers in Eritrea

III OPSOMMING . IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . VI TABLE OF CONTENTS . VII LIST OF FIGURES . XV LIST OF TABLES . XVI LIST OF ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS . XVII 1. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY . 1 1.
Using Extended Model of Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Purchase Intention of Energy Efficient Home Appliances in Pakistan

Government and private sectors of Pakistan have witnessed a huge gap in the demand and supply of energy, encouraging companies to introduce energy efficient products into the market. This led to boost in the demand of energy efficient home appliances. Energy efficient home appliances are the important sources of energy saving and help to reduce carbon emissions into the environment. The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical framework of consumers’ purchase intention of energy efficient home appliances. Four important constructs of purchase intention have been added into the theory of planned behavior such as consumers’ knowledge of eco-labels, green trust, environmental concern and functional values. Purposive sampling technique has been used to assess data collected by a questionnaire survey. The Partial Least Square (SEM) was employed to analyze hypothesized model. The findings of the study reveal that consumers’ knowledge of eco-labels, environmental concern and perceived consumer effectiveness are the important predictor of purchase intention. However, the positive relationship between green trust and products’ functional value is insignificant. It is believed that consumers’ are skeptical about products’ functional benefits. Therefore, marketers should focus on developing green trust related to products’ attributes. Moreover, the results of the study would be helpful in understanding consumers’ behavior towards the purchase of green products in developing markets.