Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection and Analysis for Synthetic Aperture Radar Image of Airport

A method of airport target detection and analysis of Synthetic Aperture Radar image is suggested in this article based on the facts. The airport detection processing steps are presented and the target shape analysis method is suggested. The airport target is automatically detected and the parameters of target are calculated. Experimental results show that the method is efficient . Introduction Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an imaging radar operating in microwave band. Because of its all-weather, all-day and penetrating ability to the surface, it makes up for the shortcomings of visible and infrared imaging. It has become the research object of universal attention and development in the world. With the continuous improvement of SAR image resolution, SAR has been widely used in geological exploration, ground monitoring, military reconnaissance and other fields. Target detection in SAR images has become a hot issue of general concern at home and abroad, and it has special significance for airport target detection and research from both military and civil. In this paper, computer automatic airport detection method based on SAR image is proposed to assist remote sensing image interpreters to complete the detection task. Characteristics of Airport Target Airport is a place for taking off, landing and parking of aircraft, usually composed of runway, taxiway, apron, command facilities, weather station and oil depot etc. There are terminal buildings in civil airports and barracks in military airports. Runway is the main object for airport detection as the most obvious feature of airport. The runway is a paving area with a certain length and width for aircraft takeoff, landing and taxiing. The runway is the main part of the flight area. It has a large area and regular shape. In SAR images, the reflected wave is weak because of the smooth surface of the runway, which is shown as a dark strip. It is easy to detect and recognize. The other targets are difficult to detect because of their small area and different shapes, as well as the limited resolution of SAR images. Fig. 1 is an airport SAR image with a resolution of 1 m. Figure 1. Airport SAR image. Flow Chart and Method of Airport Detection and Analysis The flow of airport detection and analysis in SAR images includes three stages: image preprocessing, target detection and target analysis. Fig. 2 shows the flow chart of Airport Detection and Analysis.
Wavefield compression for seismic imaging via convolutional neural networks

Full Waveform Inversion and Reverse Time Migration are usually based on the adjoint state method and rely on the ready availability of wavefield snapshots. Therefore, standard algorithms store the full source wavefield on disk. This makes Full Waveform Inversion and Reverse Time Migration techniques particularly demanding in terms of disk input/output performance. To face this issue, a common solution is to compress wavefield information in order to reduce input/output operations overhead. In this paper we propose a couple of wavefield compression methods based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Specifically, a convolutional autoencoder is trained to compress wavefield snapshots and a specifically designed U-net is trained to reconstruct (i.e. interpolate) the wavefield in the temporal dimension. Results show that these promising techniques could help decreasing storage needs for wavefield snapshots. This makes it possible to balance the required signal-to-noise ratio and compression gain.
T helper cell cytokine profiles following endurance exercise

Endurance exercise can cause immunosuppression and increase the risk of upper respiratory illness. The present study examined changes in the secretion of T helper (Th) cell cytokines after endurance exercise. Ten highly trained road cyclists [mean±SEM: age 24.2±1.7 years; height 1.82±0.02 m; body mass 73.8±2.0 kg; peak oxygen uptake 65.9±2.3 mL/(kg•min)] performed 2 h of cycling exercise at 90% of the second ventilatory threshold. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Plasma cortisol concentrations and the concentration of Th1/Th2/Th17 cell cytokines were examined. Data were analyzed using both traditional statistics and magnitude-based inferences. Results revealed a significant decrease in plasma cortisol at 4–24 h postexercise compared with pre-exercise values. Qualitative analysis revealed postexercise changes in concentrations of plasma cortisol, IL-2, TNF, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A compared with pre-exercise values. A Th1/Th2 shift was evident immediately postexercise. Furthermore, for multiple cytokines, including IL-2 and TNF (Th1), IL-6 and IL-10 (Th2), and IL-17 (Th17), no meaningful change in concentration occurred until more than 4 h postexercise, highlighting the duration of exercise-induced changes in immune function. These results demonstrate the importance of considering “clinically” significant versus statistically significant changes in immune cell function after exercise.
Submarine geomorphology of the northeastern Baffin Island fiords and cross-shelf troughs

ABSTRACT This paper presents a series of 50 geomorphological maps of the seabed of northeastern Baffin Island fiords and cross-shelf troughs, in eastern Arctic Canada. The mapping was produced using swath bathymetry imagery from multiple bathymetry datasets. A total of 24 types of landform were systematically mapped (>55,000 landforms) and reflect processes linked to subglacial, ice-marginal or paraglacial to postglacial environments. The landforms record the transition of the seabed from being covered by a marine-terminating ice sheet to the establishment of postglacial conditions. The landform assemblages allow the distinction of ice-flows orientation and ice-stream pathways along fiords and cross-shelf troughs. The multiple moraines and grounding-zone wedges indicate that the ice margin stabilized during retreat and that the overall deglaciation occurred by steps. These maps provide a framework for future investigations in northeastern Baffin Island fiords and shelf and can also provide a template for future seabed geomorphological studies in Arctic Canada.
Late Pleistocene Eifel eruptions: insights from clinopyroxene and glass geochemistry of tephra layers from Eifel Laminated Sediment Archive sediment cores

The Eifel Laminated Sediment Archive (ELSA), which comprises several cores from maar lakes, includes numerous tephra layers spanning the last 140 000 years. The sediment cores are dated by 14C and thermoluminescence as well as tuned to Greenland stadial–interstadial successions. Within the last glacial cycle, the Eifel Volcanic Fields are source to several widespread tephra layers, namely the Laacher See, Eltville, Rambach and Rocourt Tephra. However, a corresponding source volcano was so far only identified for the Laacher See Tephra. In this study we use glass and clinopyroxene geochemistry to link the remaining tephra layers to possible eruption centers within the West and East Eifel Volcanic Fields: while we demonstrate that the Eltville Tephra originated from an earlier eruption of the Laacher See Volcano at 24 300 a bp from within the East Eifel Volcanic Field, the Rambach and Rocourt Tephras are sourced from the West Eifel Volcanic Field and erupted from Wartgesberg at 27 900 a bp and Pulvermaar at 75 000 a bp, respectively. Phases of volcanic activity peaked at 10 000–30 000 and 60 000–80 000 a bp and were thus erupted around the temperature minima of the last glacial cycle. The longest phase of dormancy between individual vents was around 30 000 years long, within the last interglacial.
Preliminary Study of Distribution and Quantity of Plastic-debris on Beaches Along the Coast at Phuket Province

The beach sediment samples from Kalim, Tri Trang, and Patong Beaches, Phuket Province, southern of Thailand were collected for preliminary investigation on coastal debris. A total of 9 samples were taken from a 1 x 1 m quadrat at the depth of 5 cm, parallel with the shore during the period of maximum low tides in November, 2018. Microplastics (particles size < 5 mm) were extracted using sodium chloride (1.15 g mL-1) and their characteristics- including abundance (items m-2), weight (g), density (itemsm-2), color and shape- were determined using a stereo microscope. The results showed that microplastic debris varied in abundance from 1 to 35 items m-2 at the three selected beaches, depending on sampling location. In comparison, abundance of macroplastic (> 2.5 cm) and mesoplastic debris (5 mm to 2.5 cm) varied from 1 item m-2 quadrat (Kalim Beach) to 38 items (Patong Beach), 9 items (Tri Trang Beach) and 68 items (Patong Beach) m-2. Blue fibers were predominant among microplastic debris found at Kalim Beach; these are likely to have originated from pieces of rope, safeguard lines and fishing materials. In contrast, microplastic debris found in Patong and Tri Trang Beaches were predominantly green in color. The results of this study provide an overview of the sources of microplastics in coastal environments, which provides a basis for developing long term plastic management plans for these highly popular beaches in Phuket Province.
MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF FORAMEN SPINOSUM IN HUMAN SKULLS

Foramen Spinosum is a foramen in the greater wing of Sphenoid bone transmitting Middle meningeal vessels and Nervous spinosus. In the present study, Foramen Spinosum was studied in Fifty dried human skulls of which 25 were male & 25 female. In each skull, the location and shape of foramen spinosum, it’s relation to spine of sphenoid and foramen ovale were noted. Dimensions of the foramen were taken and data was analysed. Absence of foramen was noticed in 1%, confluence of foramen ovale and spinosum in 2%, asymmetry in shape and size were noted and in two skulls, foramen was present lateral to the spine of sphenoid. This knowledge will be useful to Neurosurgeons to identify and preserve the neurovascular structures while approaching middle cranial fossa.
Joint inversion for microseismic event locations and anisotropic parameters with the cross double-difference method in VTI media

The velocity model and the distribution of the microseismic events contribute to understanding the hydraulic fracturing processes. We invert the event locations and the five Thomsen parameters simultaneously with the cross doubledifference (CDD) method in vertically layered transversely isotropic (VTI) media. Different from the double-difference (DD) method, the CDD method uses the traveltime difference between the P-wave arrival time of one event and the S-wave arrival time of another event. Compared to the DD method, the CDD method contains more absolute information, which improves the accuracy of the absolute locations and maintains the accuracy of the relative locations. The arrival times are calculated by a horizontal slowness shooting method and we derive the analytical arrival time sensitivities to the five Thomsen parameters using the slowness components without weak anisotropic approximation. The synthetic and field tests demonstrate that the CDD method can provide accurate absolute and relative locations of events and reliable inversion results of the Thomsen parameters.
Water Quality and Hydromorphological Variability in Greek Rivers: A Nationwide Assessment with Implications for Management

European rivers are under ecological threat by a variety of stressors. Nutrient pollution, soil erosion, and alteration in hydrology are considered the most common problems that riverine ecosystems are facing today. Not surprisingly, river monitoring activities in Europe have been intensified during the last few years to fulfil the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requirements. With this article, we present a nationwide assessment of the water quality and hydromorphological variability in Greek Rivers based on the results of the national monitoring program under the WFD. Water quality and hydromorphological data from 352 sites belonging to 221 rivers were explored with principal component analysis (PCA) to identify main environmental gradients and the variables that contribute the most to the total variance. Nitrate, phosphate, ammonium and electrical conductivity were identified as the most important water chemistry parameters, and typical vector-based spatial data analysis was applied to map their spatial distribution at sub-basin scale. In addition, we conducted simple linear models between the aforementioned parameters and the share of land uses within the basin of each sampling site in order to identify significant relationships. Agriculture was the most important land use affecting the nitrate and electrical conductivity, while artificial surfaces were the best predictor for phosphate and ammonium. Concerning the hydromorphological variability, fine types of substrate and discharge were the variables with the highest contribution to the total variance. Overall, the results of this article can be used for the preliminary assessment of susceptible areas/rivers to high levels of nutrient pollution that can aid water managers to formulate recommendations for improvement of further monitoring activities. Furthermore, our findings implicate the need for enhancement of agri-environmental measures and reduction of point-source pollution in disturbed areas to avert the risk of further environmental degradation under the anticipated global change.
Water Concentration in Single‐Crystal (Al,Fe)‐Bearing Bridgmanite Grown From the Hydrous Melt: Implications for Dehydration Melting at the Topmost Lower Mantle

High‐quality single‐crystals of (Al,Fe)‐bearing bridgmanite, Mg0.88 Fe3+0.065Fe2+0.035Al0.14Si0.90O3, of hundreds of micrometer size were synthesized at 24 GPa and 1800 °C in a Kawai‐type apparatus from the starting hydrous melt containing ~6.7 wt% water. Analyses of synthesized bridgmanite using petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy show that the crystals are chemically homogeneous and inclusion free in micrometer‐ to nanometer‐spatial resolutions. Nanosecondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) analyses on selected platelets show ~1,020(±70) ppm wt water (hydrogen). The high water concentration in the structure of bridgmanite was further confirmed using polarized and unpolarized Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses with two pronounced OH‐stretching bands at ~3,230 and ~3,460 cm−1. Our results indicate that lower‐mantle bridgmanite can accommodate relatively high amount of water. Therefore, dehydration melting at the topmost lower mantle by downward flow of transition zone materials would require water content exceeding ~0.1 wt%.
Assessing the Efficiency of Alternative Best Management Practices to Reduce Nonpoint Source Pollution in a Rural Watershed Located in Louisiana, USA

We conducted biophysical simulations using MapShed to determine the effects of adopting best management practices (BMPs) to reduce nutrients and sediment pollution in a watershed dominated by poultry production in the Saline Bayou Watershed, Louisiana, USA. The reduction of three water pollutants, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from adopting different BMPs were assessed using a linear programming model with the cost minimization objective. We considered three weather scenarios (dry, normal, and wet) and BMP parameter efficiencies obtained from linear regression models. Optimization results showed that nutrient management and agricultural land retirement reduced most of the phosphorus runoff in the watershed at the lowest cost. Results were robust to alternative weather (dry, normal, and wet) scenarios.
Multilayer sparse LSM = deep neural network

SUMMARY We recast the multilayered sparse inversion problem as a multilayered neural network problem. Unlike standard least squares migration (LSM) which ﬁnds the optimal reﬂectivity image, neural network least squares migration (NNLSM) ﬁnds both the optimal reﬂectivity image and the quasi-migration Green’s functions. These quasi-migration Green’s functions are also denoted as the convolutional ﬁlters in a convolutional neural network and are similar to migration Green’s functions. The advantage of NNLSM over standard LSM is that its computational cost is signiﬁcantly less and it can be used for de-noising migration images. Its disadvantage is that the NNLSM reﬂectivity image is only an approximation to the actual reﬂec-tivity distribution
Estimates of climatic influence on the carbon cycle

Abstract. The influence of climatic change on the carbon cycle is important as part of a CO2-climate feedback loop. However the magnitude of the coupling depends on the timescales involved. We expand on previous analyses of the ice-core CO2 data from the pre-industrial period 1000–1750, extending the analysis into the 20th century. Our results emphasise the limitations of characterising the climate-to-CO2 influence by a single number γ. Even once a time-scale dependence is incorporated, the coldest part of the Little Ice Age seems to reflect different behaviour to that in earlier or later centuries. Different temperature reconstructions appear to capture distinct aspects of pre-industrial climate fluctuations that lacked global coherence. An exploratory study extends the analysis into the industrial period. In this study, most paleo-temperature data fail to fit the plateau (or plateaus) in 20th century ice-core CO2, with one particular reconstruction as an exception. One interpretation of this fit is that although the reconstruction does not closely reflect hemispheric temperature changes, it samples a pattern of variation where the terrestrial carbon exchange is anomalously sensitive to regional climate variations. These various results suggest that this type of empirical study may have limited applicability to the 21st century.
Mechanisms of mucous transport.

Abstract The relative importance of mucociliary mechanisms in the sinuses are: ciliary beating greater than secretory pressure greater than sneezing greater than gravity. The relative importance for the Eustachian tubes and the middle ear are: ciliary beating much greater than peristalsis greater than secretory pressure. On the other hand for the small airways differential airflow much greater than ciliary beating and for the large airways: differential airflow greater than coughing or sneezing greater than ciliary beating. Differential airflow past any point in the airways comes from the relatively equal inspiratory and expiratory volumes and durations of flow and the narrowing of the airways on expiration. Mathematical modeling shows the mucous pumping to be directly related to the minute volumes. Also that this mucous pumping can, in the absence of ciliary beating at normal resting tidal breathing, pump 15 to 20 milliliters of mucus per day. Intubation of cystic fibrosis patients with volume controlled ventilators using 1:1 inspiratory/expiratory ratios has permitted the majority of these patients to be extubated.
Requirements for a patient self monitoring service for oral anticoagulation

Self-care is considered a means of meeting the challenge of providing care to patients with long-term conditions. However this has not achieved widespread penetration in the UK, the reasons for which are unclear. This research examined one area of self-care in depth - self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation therapy. The aim was to derive the requirements for an anticoagulation patient self-monitoring service from an analysis of the drivers for, the benefits of, the barriers to, and the challenges of establishing this service from the perspectives of key stakeholders – patients, healthcare professionals and healthcare managers. Qualitative and quantitative techniques - interviews, semi-structured questionnaire survey and focus groups – were used to gain an in-depth understanding of their views. From triangulated results, the candidate requirements for an anticoagulation self-monitoring service were derived, presented in Donabedian’s framework: structure, process and outcome. Most of these requirements were then validated through a pilot self-monitoring service. All stakeholder groups supported anticoagulation self-monitoring. However, financial, clinical and legal barriers were identified. 53% of surveyed patients were willing to undertake self-monitoring. However, only 17% of respondents felt able to purchase a coagulometer, a significant barrier. Lack of confidence in the ability to self-test was also demonstrated. Healthcare staff welcomed self-monitoring as a way to increase capacity and support evolution in the healthcare landscape. There were concerns about affordability to all stakeholders, the potential for increased clinical risk through sharing care with patients, and a fear of litigation compounded by a lack of clarity in the medicolegal position. Patient education and support were essential requirements, to prepare the patient, and on an ongoing basis. Primary care professionals felt expert support was essential for them to deliver this service. A definitive set of service requirements is proposed, and the implications of this research for other long term conditions discussed.
On negative Sprites and the Polarity Paradox

Energetic positive and negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes are both capable of producing sprites. Negative CGs typically outnumber the positive ones by 10 to 1. However, >99.9 % of reported sprites were found to be initiated by positive CGs—thus the polarity paradox. Here, sprites recorded by the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) mission were analyzed along with extremely low‐frequency band magnetic field data to resolve this paradox. Approximately twenty‐five percent of the sprites are found to be associated with negative CG lightning. “Negative” sprites mainly congregate in the latitudinal regions below 20°, while positive sprites scatter up to 50°. The ISUAL negative sprites are evidently beyond the observable ranges of the ground sites reported in previous studies. Hence, the sprite polarity paradox is likely a selection effect of the middle‐ to high‐altitudinal observation sites. The charge moment changes and accompanying transient luminous events of sprites were also examined and found to be polarity dependent.
Tidally Resolved Carbon and Nutrient Exchange through Eastern Long Island Sound

Long Island Sound (LIS) is an urban estuary on the US east coast that undergoes seasonal hypoxia in its western and central regions. Approximately 90% of the water exchange between LIS and the adjacent continental shelf, the Mid Atlantic Bight, occurs through its eastern boundary. Recent estimates of organic carbon (OC) export from LIS have shown that this value varies appreciably, both seasonally and inter-annually. In this study, the spatial, tidal, and seasonal variability were resolved by measuring dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) concentrations and currents at a cross-section in eastern LIS near the estuary mouth. Fluxes were extrapolated from these high-resolution observations collected in May, August, and November 2016 and August 2017. The seasonally weighted-average total OC flux for 2016 was -41 × 10 kg C yr (net import). In the summer of 2016 (a dry year), a net OC export of 486 × 10 kg C yr resulted from a net import of DOC and an export of POC. In the summer of 2017 (an average flow year), there was net OC export of 358 × 10 kg C yr due to both DOC and POC export, indicating significant seasonal and inter-annual variability. Results show that spot sampling in tidal estuaries can lead to spatial and tidal bias in concentrations of DOC (6 -