Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpretable projection pursuit

The goal of this thesis is to modify projection pursuit by trading accuracy for interpretability. The modification produces a more parsimonious and understandable model without sacrificing the structure which projection pursuit seeks. The method retains the nonlinear versatility of projection pursuit while clarifying the results. Following an introduction which outlines the dissertation, the first and second chapters contain the technique as applied to exploratory projection pursuit and projection pursuit regression respectively. The interpretability of a description is measured as the simplicity of the coefficients which define its linear projections. Several interpretability indices for a set of vectors are defined based on the ideas of rotation in factor analysis and entropy. The two methods require slightly different indices due to their contrary goals. A roughness penalty weighting approach is used to search for a more parsimonious description, with interpretability replacing smoothness. The computational algorithms for both interpretable exploratory projection pursuit and interpretable projection pursuit regression are described. In the former case, a rotationally invariant projection index is needed and defined. In the latter, alterations in the original algorithm are required. Examples of real data are considered in each situation. The third chapter deals with the connections between the proposed modification and other ideas which seek to produce more interpretable models. The Abstract Page iv modification as applied to linear regression is shown to be analogous to a nonlinear continuous method of variable selection. It is compared with other variable selection techniques and is analyzed in a Bayesian context. Possible extensions to other data analysis methods are cited and avenues for future research are identified. The conclusion addresses the issue of sacrificing accuracy for parsimony in general. An example of calculating the tradeoff between accuracy and interpretability due to a common simplifying action, namely rounding the binwidth for a histogram, illustrates the applicability of the approach.Page iv modification as applied to linear regression is shown to be analogous to a nonlinear continuous method of variable selection. It is compared with other variable selection techniques and is analyzed in a Bayesian context. Possible extensions to other data analysis methods are cited and avenues for future research are identified. The conclusion addresses the issue of sacrificing accuracy for parsimony in general. An example of calculating the tradeoff between accuracy and interpretability due to a common simplifying action, namely rounding the binwidth for a histogram, illustrates the applicability of the approach.
Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging: Vikas

Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level MRI spine area of interest without and with IV contrast Usually Appropriate O MRI spine area of interest without IV contrast Usually Appropriate O CT myelography spine area of interest May Be Appropriate Varies CT spine area of interest with IV contrast May Be Appropriate Varies CT spine area of interest without IV contrast May Be Appropriate Varies Arteriography spine area of interest Usually Not Appropriate Varies Radiography spine area of interest Usually Not Appropriate Varies MRA spine area of interest with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRA spine area of interest without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRA spine area of interest without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRI spine area of interest with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O CT spine area of interest without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies CTA spine area of interest with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies
Voltage Stability Enhancement based on Voltage Stability Indices using FACTS Controllers

—This Increased load demand (mostly reactive load) and inadequate sources of generation have led to the operation of the power system near its voltage uncertainty point. The issue of determining voltage stability prior to voltage failure has become an exciting subject for many researchers. Therefore, to calculate the distance of the power system from voltage failure, many voltage stability indices have been suggested. In this article, two-line indices of voltage stability have been carried out. The index of line stability ( ) and the index of rapid voltage stability are (FVSI). They were used to govern the weakest bus in the IEEE 30-bus test process. Then, three kinds of FACTS compensation, shunt, series and hybrid (shunt and series) were used to assist voltage stabilization. The results indicate that shunt compensation is more effective than the other two forms
Analysis and Design of a 1-MHz Bidirectional Multi-CLLC Resonant DC–DC Converter With GaN Devices

A 1-MHz half-bridge high-gain multi-CLLC bidirectional resonant converter with (gallium nitride) GaN field effect transistor (FETs) and integrated planar magnetics is proposed in this paper. It presents excellent gain characteristic and high power density, which is very suitable for a distributed energy storage system. The operation principle, topology features, and parameter design method of the converter are discussed in detail. The improved winding method of integrated planar magnetics is also elaborated. And then, a 400-W prototype is established and the corresponding experiments are carried out in 1 MHz. Finally, the accuracy and correctness of the theory are verified and the highest efficiency of the converter can reach 94.3%.
BIROn - Birkbeck Institutional Research Online faulting during the did slip to

In order to determine whether slip during an earthquake on the 26th September 1997 propagated to the surface, structural data have been collected along a bedrock fault scarp in Umbria, Italy. These collected data are used to investigate the relationship between the throw associated with a debated surface rupture (observed as a pale unweathered stripe at the base of the bedrock fault scarp) and the strike, dip and slip-vector. Previous studies have suggested that the surface rupture was produced either by primary surface slip or secondary compaction of hangingwall sediments. Some authors favour the latter because sparse surface fault dip measurements do not match nodal plane dips at depth. It is demonstrated herein that the strike, dip and height of the surface rupture, represented by a pale unweathered stripe at the base of the bedrock scarp, shows a systematic relationship with respect to the geometry and kinematics of faulting in the bedrock. The strike and dip co-vary and the throw is greatest where the strike is oblique to the slip-vector azimuth where the highest dip values are recorded. This implies that the throw values vary to accommodate spatial variation in the strike and dip of the fault across fault plane corrugations, a feature that is predicted by theory describing conservation of strain along faults, but not by compaction. Furthermore, published earthquake locations and reported fault dips are consistent with the analysed surface scarps when natural variation for surface dips and uncertainty for nodal plane dips at depth are taken into account. This implies that the fresh stripe is indeed a primary coseismic surface rupture whose slip is connected to the seismogenic fault at depth. We discuss how this knowledge of the locations and geometry of the active faults can be used as an input for seismic hazard assessment.
and Tissues of Transgenic Mice Dendritic Cell Subsets in Peripheral Blood Ligand Leads to Expansion of Multiple Conditional Expression of Murine Flt3

The analysis of the development and function of distinct subsets of murine dendritic cells (DC) has been hampered by the limited number of these cells in vivo. To circumvent this limitation we have developed a conditional transgenic mouse model for producing large numbers of DC. We used the tetracycline-inducible system to conditionally express murine Flt3 ligand (FL), a potent hemopoietic growth factor that promotes the differentiation and mobilization of DC. Acute treatment (96 h) of the transgenic animals with the tetracycline analog doxycycline (DOX) promoted an (cid:1) 200-fold increase in serum levels of FL without affecting the number of circulating DC. However, within 1 wk of DOX treatment, the relative number of DC in peripheral blood increased from (cid:1) 8 to (cid:1) 40%. Interestingly, both the levels of FL and the number of DC remained elevated for at least 9 mo with continual DOX treatment. Chronic treatment of the mice with DOX led to dramatic increases in the number of DC in multiple tissues without any apparent pathological consequences. Most DC populations were expanded, including immature and mature DC, myeloid (CD11c (cid:1) CD11b (cid:1) CD8a (cid:2) ), lymphoid (CD11c (cid:1) CD11b (cid:2) CD8a (cid:1) ), and the recently deﬁned plasmacytoid (pDC) subsets. Finally, transplantation of BM from green ﬂuorescent protein-expressing mice into lethally irradiated transgenic mice followed by subsequent DOX treatment led to expansion of green ﬂuorescent protein-labeled DC. The transgenic mice described here should thus provide a readily available source of multiple DC subsets and should facilitate the analysis of their role in homeostasis and disease. express CD11c. These murine cells also express B220 and Ly6G/C and minimal levels of MHC class II, CD19, and CD11b, but are lineage negative for Ter119, CD3, and CD8b.2 (28). Here we show a dramatic expansion in PB and tissues of DOX-treated mice of a population of cells that is lineage negative (Ter119, CD8b.2, CD3, CD19, and CD11b), but expresses Ly6G/C, CD11c, and B220.
Conductance Regulator Defective Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Th2-Biased Immune Response in Mice with Generates an Enhanced Aspergillus fumigatus

Cystic ﬁbrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by persistent airway inﬂammation and airway infection that ultimately leads to respiratory failure. Aspergillus sp. are present in the airways of 20–40% of CF patients and are of unclear clinical signiﬁcance. In this study, we demonstrate that CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-deﬁcient (CFTR knockout, Cftr tm1Unc-TgN(fatty acid-binding protein)CFTR) and mutant ( (cid:1) F508) mice develop profound lung inﬂammation in response to Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal Ag exposure. CFTR-deﬁcient mice also develop an enhanced Th2 inﬂammatory response to A. fumigatus, characterized by elevated IL-4 in the lung and IgE and IgG1 in serum. In contrast, CFTR deﬁciency does not promote a Th1 immune response. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD4 (cid:2) T cells from naive CFTR-deﬁcient mice produce higher levels of IL-4 in response to TCR ligation than wild-type CD4 (cid:2) T cells. The Th2 bias of CD4 (cid:2) T cells in the absence of functional CFTR correlates with elevated nuclear levels of NFAT. Thus, CFTR is important to maintain the Th1/Th2 balance in CD4 (cid:2) T cells. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 177: 5186–5194.
Age and quality strati ﬁ cation of groundwater in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer of South Yorkshire and the East Midlands, UK

Groundwater from the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer of the English East Midlands shows a well-docu- mented evolution in chemistry and residence time as it ﬂ ows downgradient from shallow uncon ﬁ ned conditions to greater depths, con ﬁ ned by Mercia Mudstone. The ﬂ ow path covers a lateral distance of some 40km and depths approaching 800m. The presence of fresh groundwater (Cl=15mg/L, Na=17mg/L, SO 4 =144mg/L, TDS=500mg/L) of likely Pleistocene age can be demonstrated down to about 500m depth in the aquifer, some 10km downgradient of its con ﬁ ned/uncon ﬁ ned interface. This is amongst the deepest fresh groundwater identi ﬁ ed in the UK. Beyond that zone, salinity increases in response to dissolution of gypsum or anhydrite, giving Ca-SO 4 groundwater. Further downgradient still, saline groundwater (TDS=10g/L) is encountered in the deepest part of the con ﬁ ned aquifer. Downgradient geochemical evolution and increasing residence time are also observed in the South Yorkshire section of the aquifer, to the north of the East Midlands ﬂ ow path. Here, analogous sequential geochemical changes are observed, controlled by carbonate and sulphate mineral reactions, redox changes and silicate hydrolysis, with evidence of increased inputs of e.g. Na, Cl and SO 4 from modern pollution at shallow depths in the uncon ﬁ ned aquifer. Redox conditions are more variable in the western part of the South Yorkshire aquifer, due to local con ﬁ nement or semi-con ﬁ nement by ﬁ ne-grained Quaternary deposits overlying the Sherwood Sandstone. Ratios of δ 13 C in this section of aquifer increase from − 14 ‰ at outcrop to − 11 ‰ in Mercia-Mudstone-con ﬁ ned conditions as a result of gradual equilibration with aquifer carbonate under closed-system conditions. Ratios of δ 18 O and δ 2 H become more depleted, reaching − 9 ‰ and − 61 ‰ respectively, suggesting recharge under climatic conditions signi ﬁ cantly cooler than the modern era. Increasing residence time is also indicated by increasing concentrations of a number of trace elements (e.g. Li, Rb, Sr, Mo). These transitions are also observed vertically within investigated boreholes in uncon ﬁ ned and semi- con ﬁ ned sections of the aquifer. Deep groundwater (160 – 170m depth) from a borehole within the uncon ﬁ ned aquifer of South Yorkshire has δ 18 O and δ 2 H ratios as depleted as − 9.2 ‰ and − 67 ‰ respectively. Such depth strati ﬁ cation indicates that good-quality palaeowater, likely of Pleistocene age, can exist at depth even in the uncon ﬁ ned Sherwood Sandstone aquifer, and that vertical hydraulic conductivity is much lower than lateral. A paucity of boreholes in the Mercia-Mudstone-con ﬁ ned section of the South Yorkshire aquifer makes estimation of the lateral extent of fresh groundwater there more problematic, though brackish groundwater (Cl = 1300mg/ L, TDS = 5.5g/L) has been identi ﬁ ed 12km east of the aquifer's con ﬁ ned margin.
Perspectives for a Cognitive Behavioural Theory of Obsessions

Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) was historically regarded as untreatable. In 1965 OCD was seen as an intractable and deteriorating condition, with little hope of improvement. It was not understood, but generally regarded as a kind of “pre-psychotic” state, with sufferers permanently at risk of being tipped over that edge. Treatment was confined to long term hospitalisation and psychosurgery, although neither of these held any hope of recovery. Fifty years on, OCD is not only understood as being a result of a range of otherwise normal processes but is also regarded as entirely treatable, with complete recovery being a real possibility. This has come about through the development and evolution of first behavioural then cognitive-behavioural approaches to its understanding and treatment. Objective: In 1993, Clark and Purdon, wrote an important and stimulating paper in Australian Psychologist in which they explored emerging cognitive theory, particularly that set out by Salkovskis (1985). The current paper aims to examine the contribution of the Clark and Purdon paper to the field. We aim to review this in the context of both the status of the field when it was written and subsequent developments. Method & Results: This evaluation is used to consider the current status of cognitive and cognitive behavioural theories. Since 1993 there have been a number of key developments in the field. In our view, these include work that has focused on formulation and development of a shared alternative explanation, the use of safety seeking behaviours, identification of Elevated Evidence Requirements, reassurance seeking and mental contamination. All of which will be reviewed in turn. Conclusion: It is concluded that the Clark and Purdon paper, although incorrect in several key aspects, made an important contribution to the development of a field which continues to evolve in a vibrant and challenging way.
METABOLISM OF NEOPLASTIC TISSUE

Most animal tissues contain enzymes which permit the catabolism of glucose via at least two pathways: one of these is the Embden-Meyerhof process, in which the hexose chain is cleaved symmetrically to trioses; the other is the oxidative pentose path, involving the oxidation of glucose6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconic acid, followed by oxidative cleavage to CO2 and pentose phosphate (l-8). Estimations of the relative occurrence of these processes in animal tissues have been attempted by utilizing procedures based on the differential conversion of individual CY4-labeled glucose carbons to CO2 (9, 10). Such experiments have been conducted with liver (ll-13), mammary gland (14), and hepatoma (15, 16). Conclusions derived from such experiments are difficult to evaluate, however, because of the necessity of assumptions, the validity of which is uncertain. A critical evaluation of these methods of calculating the extents of glucose catabolism pathways has been published (17). In our laboratory another procedure is being employed for this purpose which, we believe, provides a more direct, and hence a more reliable, estimation of these processes of glucose catabolism. Briefly summarized, it involves the simultaneous incubation of tissue preparations with uniformly labeled, and with I-, 2-, or g-labeled glucoses. Isolation and radioactivity assays of intermediates such as acetate, lactate, or related substances allow the calculation of the percentage of such intermediates formed via each pathway. The assumptions underlying this method and the calculations have been described previously in its application to yeast (18)) Pseudomonas jkorescens (19)) and liver (20). In the present report this method has been extended to other non-hepatic tissues and to a variety of neoplastic cell types including some ascites tumors.
Design for additive manufacturing of decoupled compliant parallel mechanisms With an example of a monolithic adjustable optical mount

This paper provides an approach to design monolithic mechanisms which can be manufactured using additive manufacturing. The approach is applied to design a monolithic optical mount with decoupled degrees of freedom (DOFs) and a high eigenfrequency. Additive manufacturing allows to design complex monolithic compliant mechanisms from high performance lightweight materials. Optical systems require adjustable mounts to align the optical components relative to a light path during installation. Depending on the application and the exact type of optical component, these mechanisms may require up to six DOFs. Such optical systems are for instance important in the semiconductor industry where high precision alignment is required for production and inspection. Decoupling of the DOFs is desired since these alignment mechanisms are often manually actuated. Four prototypes of the design are manufactured in grade 5 titanium using Laser Beam Melting. These prototypes have 4 DOFs which can be adjusted in planar translational motion with a range of 1mm and in rotational out of plane motion with a range of 1 µ rad and a resolution of respectively 10 µ m and 10 µ rad . The four prototypes were printed without support structures and showed to be functional adjustable optical mounts. Experiments show a ﬁrst eigenfrequency of 578.1Hz for the best prototype. design approach of parallel design is of design rules and considerations which allow for additive manufacturing of mechanisms without support structures and sufﬁcient surface quality. The thickness of thin features which allow motion between rigid-bodies is limited and the build direction has to be kept in overhanging features are to dimensional constraints for a self supporting structure. Overhang be compliance in the build direction is required. In case the proposed design rules applied as is for the elastic joints cross ﬂexures of rotation stage of
Assessment of Components of Functional Balance in Individuals Suffering From Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and to Compare It with Age and Gender Matched Individuals

Evidence suggests that balance deficits are an important secondary impairment in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Not much is known with respect to the disordered sub-components underlying the control of balance. We aimed to determine the specific components of balance that are impaired in COPD as compared to healthy age and gender matched individuals. Methods: The postural balance was assessed in35 subjects with COPD and 35 age and gender matched healthy control subjects using the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest). Results: Subjects with COPD showed significantly lower scores than did control subjects on all the BESTest subscales (p = 0.01). All the sub-components of balance which are Biomechanical Constraint Score Percent (p = 0.044); Stability Limits Score Percent (p = 0.045); Anticipatory Control Score Percent (p=0.045); Reactive Postural Control Score Percent (p = 0.040); Sensory Orientation Score Percent (p = 0.04) and Gait Score Percent (p = 0.045) were statistically reduced in COPD patients as compared to the control group. On comparing the score percent within the group, it was found that the sensory orientation score was affected more compared to other components of the BESTest in both the groups. Conclusion: This suggested that functional balance assessment and treatment should be included in the treatment plan of the COPD patients. The treatment of functional balance should concentrate more on the sensory orientation component as compared to the other components. Thus, helping the patients to improve their functional balance and hence their quality of life. pulmonary disease (COPD), Balance evaluation systems test (BESTest), Postural balance.
Self-Compassion and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Life-Satisfaction and Perceived Stress among Adults

Introduction: Self-esteem and self-compassion are widely researched concepts related to positive life outcomes and self-perception, and has superior mental health benefits. Objectives: The study evaluates the relationship between self-compassion and self-esteem, and their influence as predictors of life satisfaction and perceived stress among adults. Method: Purposive sampling included 126 participants between 18-40 years of age; questionnaires were administered to measure self-compassion, self-esteem, perceived stress and life satisfaction. Self-compassion subscales and self-esteem were included in stepwise regression analysis to identify predictors of perceived and satisfaction with life, and Pearson Correlation was used to examine the relationship between them. Results showed that self-compassion was negatively correlated with self-esteem. Over-identification subscale was a significant positive predictor of perceived stress and, mindfulness subscale and self-esteem negatively predicted perceived stress. Also, self-esteem strongly predicted life satisfaction positively and only isolation subscale was found to significantly predict life satisfaction negatively. No gender or age differences were found for self-compassion. Conclusion: Holistic life adjustment appears to be influenced by one’s self-esteem and self-compassion. Implications for well-being will be discussed.