Electric power distribution system engineering

Distribution System Planning and Automation Introduction Distribution System Planning Factors Affecting System Planning Present Distribution System Planning Techniques Distribution System Planning Models Distribution System Planning in the Future Future Nature of Distribution Planning The Central Role of the Computer in Distribution Planning Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation Distribution System Automation Summary and Conclusions References Load Characteristics Basic Definitions The Relationship Between the Load and Loss Factors Maximum Diversified Demand Load Forecasting Load Management Rate Structure Problems References Application of Distribution Transformers Introduction Types of Distribution Transformers Regulation Transformer Efficiency Terminal or Lead Markings Transformer Polarity Distribution Transformer Loading Guides Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer Single-Phase Transformer Connections Three-Phase Connections Three-Phase Transformers The T or Scott Connection The Autotransformer The Booster Transformers Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformers Problems References Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations Introduction Subtransmission Distribution Substations Substation Bus Schemes Substation Location The Rating of a Distribution Substation General Case: Substation Service Area with n Primary Feeders Comparison of the Four-and Six-Feeder Patterns Derivation of the K Constant Substation Application Curves Interpretation of the Percent Voltage Drop Formula Supervisory Data and Data Acquisition Advanced SCADA Concepts Advanced Developments for Integrated Substation Automation Capability of Facilities Substation Grounding Transformer Classification Problems References Design Considerations of Primary Systems Introduction Radial-Type Primary Feeder Loop-Type Primary Feeder Primary Network Primary-Feeder Voltage Levels Primary-Feeder Loading Tie Lines Distribution Feeder Exit: Rectangular-Type Development Radial-Type Development Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load Radial Feeders with Nonuniformly Distributed Load Application of the A,B,C,D General Circuit Constants to Radial Feeders The Design of Radial Primary Distribution Systems Primary System Costs Problems References Design Considerations of Secondary Systems Introduction Secondary Voltage Levels The Present Design Practice Secondary Banking The Secondary Networks Spot Networks Economic Design of Secondaries Unbalanced Load and Voltages Secondary System Costs Problems References Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculations Three-Phase Balanced Primary Lines Nonthree-Phase Primary Lines Four-Wire Multigrounded Common Neutral Distribution System Percent Power (or Copper) Loss A Method to Analyze Distribution Costs Economic Analysis of Equipment Losses Problems References Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems Basic Definitions Power Capacitors Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors Power Factor Correction Application of Capacitors Economic Justification for Capacitors A Practical Procedure to Determine the Best Capacitor Location A Mathematical Procedure to Determine the Optimum Capacitor Allocation Capacitor Tank Rupture Considerations Dynamic Behavior of Distribution Systems Problems References Distribution System Voltage Regulation Basic Definitions Quality of Service and Voltage Standards Voltage Control Feeder Voltage Regulators Line-Drop Compensation Distribution Capacitor Automation Voltage Fluctuations Problems References Distribution System Protection Basic Definitions Overcurrent Protection Devices Objective of Distribution System Protection Coordination of Protective Devices Fuse-to-Fuse Coordination Recloser-to-Recloser Coordination Recloser-to-Fuse Coordination Recloser-to-Substation Transformer High-Side Fuse Coordination Fuse-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination Recloser-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination Fault Current Calculations Fault Current Calculations in Per Units Secondary System Fault Current Calculations High-Impedance Faults Lightning Protection Insulators Problems References Distribution System Reliability Basic Definitions National Electric Reliability Council Appropriate Levels of Distribution Reliability Basic Reliability Concepts and Mathematics Series Systems Parallel Systems Series and Parallel Combinations Markov Processes Development of the State Transition Model to Determine the Steady-State Probabilities Distribution Reliability Indices Sustained Interruption Indices Other Indices (Momentary) Load-and Energy-Based Indices Usage of Reliability Indices Benefits of Reliability Modeling in System Performance Economics of Reliability Assessment Problems References Electric Power Quality Basic Definitions Definition of Electric Power Quality Classification of Power Quality Types of Disturbances Measurements of Electric Power Quality Power in Passive Elements Harmonic Distortion Limits Effects of Harmonics Sources of Harmonics Derating Transformers Neutral Conductor Overloading Capacitor Banks and PF Correction Short-Circuit Capacity or MVA Bus Voltage Rise and Resonance Harmonic Amplification Resonance Harmonic Control Solutions Harmonic Filter Design Load Modeling In The Presence Of Harmonics Problems References Appendix A: Impedance Tables for Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables Appendix B: Graphic Symbols Used in Distribution System Design Appendix C: Glossary for Distribution System Terminology Appendix D: The Per-Unit System Notation Answers to Selected Problems Index