Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
XMM and ROSAT observations of clusters of galaxies

I present an investigation into the X-ray properties of galaxy clusters, consisting of a principal component analysis of ROSAT data and studies of three clusters observed with the XMM-Newton satellite. The principal component analysis provides an investigation into similarities between cluster surface brightness profiles. Initial results for 42 clusters are presented and com­ pared to existing models. The cluster profiles are reproduced to good accuracy using three principal components. Correlation of the principal components to physical proper­ ties is investigated but the results are inconclusive. Observations of Abell 1413, Abell 665 and Abell 2163 made with XMM-Newton were investigated spectrally and spatially to determine cluster properties. Global tem­ peratures were found to be 7.08 ± 0.13 keV for Abell 1413; 5.46±J;53 keV for Abell 665 and 11.98 ± 1.2 keV for Abell 2163. The temperature and abundance profiles of the clusters are very different, with some differences attributed to the recent merging of sub­ clusters in Abell 665 and Abell 2163. Spatial analysis of the cluster surface brightness profiles is undertaken with and NFW models. The profiles produced for the three clusters are used to estimate the variation of gas, gravitational and iron mass with radius. These are used to draw general conclusions, such supemovae numbers ( N s n i i ~ 109-11). The cosmological density and matter density parameters are found; n 0 = 0.22 0.33 ±0.1 and Qm > 0.12±{j;o4This suggests a low density universe, but is subject to uncertainty due to extrapolation to larger radii.
The Brown-Peterson homology of Mahowald’s _{} spectra

We compute the Brown-Peterson homology of Mahowald's Xk spectrum which is the Thom spectrum induced from Q J2k -1 S2 Q2S3 -BO, and the edge homomorphism of the Adams-Novikov spectral sequence for 7r. (XkA). We then compute the nonnilpotent elements of 7r. (Xk) . The main theorem of the beautiful paper Nilpotence and stable homotopy theory. I [12], states that for an arbitrary ring spectrum X, the kernel of the Brown-Peterson-Hurewicz homomorphism consists of nilpotent elements. The more standard way to describe the Brown-Peterson-Hurewicz homomorphism is that, firstly, one needs to describe the Brown-Peterson homology of X, BP*X, as well as the comodule structure of BP*X over Quillen's algebra BP*BP. Secondly one needs to compute the edge-homomorphism of the Adams-Novikov differentials. In the present paper, we will describe BP*Xk and the BP-Hurewicz homomorphism explicitly for Mahowald's noncommutative ring spectra Xk. Let n: S1 -BO represent the generator of 7r I(BO) = Z/2. Since BO is a double loop space there is an induced map r: Q2 -3 BO. Then one takes the composite map -J2k_I Q25 3 A BO, where Ji is the James construction. These maps result in Thom spectra which will be denoted by Xk due to Mahowald [8, 17, 18, 19]. The interest of this Xk spectrum is that this Xk spectrum realizes part of the dual Steenrod algebra, that is, H*(Xk Z/2) Z/2[I, 42, 43) . , (k] The basic references for Brown-Peterson theory are [1, 26, 31]. Let BP be the 2-primary Brown-Peterson spectrum. Then the coefficient ring is BP* = Z(2)[Vl , V2 , V3, ***], IviI = 2(2i 1). Quillen's algebra is BP*BP = BP*[t, t2, t3, . ], jt,j = 2(2i1). We now state the main results of this paper. Theorem A. Let BP be the 2-primary Brown-Peterson spectrum and the invariant ideal Ik = (2, vl, V2 V3 ., Vkl1). Then BP*Xk (BP* /Ik) [tl, t2, t3* tk] , Received by the editors May 6, 1993. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 55Q 10. 1994 American Mathematical Society 0002-9947/94 $1.00 + $. 25 per page
When legislators don't bring home the pork: the case of Philippine Senators

Research in legislative politics suggests that the desire to get reelected encourages legislators to “bring home the pork”—by delivering electorally rewarding, targeted spending. This is particularly true where the electoral system encourages incumbents to cultivate a personal vote. We analyze how Philippine Senators spend their Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and using the staggered elections to identify variation in reelection status, we show that senatorial reelectionists do not always bring home the pork. Because Philippine Senators are elected by plurality-at-large voting by the national electorate, they tend to spend their CDF allotments closer to elections but avoid allocating them disproportionately to their local strongholds. These findings illustrate how electoral rules can deter targeted spending but lead legislators to find alternative ways to build a personal vote.
Variation Enhanced Attacks Against RRAM-Based Neuromorphic Computing System

The RRAM-based neuromorphic computing system (NCS) has amassed explosive interests for its superior data processing capability and energy efficiency than traditional architectures, and thus being widely used in many data-centric applications. The reliability and security issues of the NCS, therefore, become an essential problem. In this article, we systematically investigated the adversarial threats to the RRAM-based NCS and observed that the RRAM hardware feature can be leveraged to strengthen the attack effect, which has not been granted sufficient attention by previous algorithmic attack methods. Thus, we proposed two types of hardware-aware attack methods with respect to different attack scenarios and objectives. The first is an adversarial attack, VADER, which perturbs the input samples to mislead the prediction of neural networks. The second is fault injection attack, EFI, which perturbs the network parameter space such that a specified sample will be classified to a target label, while maintaining the prediction accuracy on other samples. Both attack methods leverage the RRAM properties to improve the performance compared with the conventional attack methods. Experimental results show that our hardware-aware attack methods can achieve nearly 100% attack success rate with extremely low operational cost, while maintaining the attack stealthiness.
Developing the solid lipid nanoparticles of Losartan using the stearic acid and glyceryl monostearate as the carrier matrices

This research work deals with the design and development of the solid lipid nanoparticles of Losartan to improve solubility of poorly soluble drug. Losartan solid lipid nanoparticles are formed using hot homogenization technique followed by ultrasonication technique. Experiment trend is predicted using the standard calibration curve. The parameters studied are the percent drug release, entrapment efficiency, particle size of SLN and the in-vitro drug release of prepared SLN. The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that the developed solid lipid nanoparticle delivery system for the highly lipophilic drug, Losartan using stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate as carrier matrices can be used effectively for hypertension.
From Hair to Colon: Hair Follicle-Derived MSCs Alleviate Pyroptosis in DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Releasing Exosomes in a Paracrine Manner

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has attracted intense attention due to its high recurrence rate and the difficulty of treatment. Pyroptosis has been suggested to be crucial in the development of UC. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are broadly used for UC therapy, they have rarely been studied in the context of UC pyroptosis. Hair follicle-derived MSCs (HFMSCs) are especially understudied with regard to UC and pyroptosis. In this study, we aimed to discover the effects and potential mechanisms of HFMSCs in UC. We administered HFMSCs to dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) treated mice and found that the HFMSCs significantly inhibited pyroptosis to alleviate DSS-induced UC. A transwell system and GW4869, an exosome inhibitor, were used to prove the paracrine mechanism of HFMSCs. HFMSC supernatant reduced pyroptosis-related protein expression and promoted cell viability, but these effects were attenuated by GW4869, suggesting a role for HFMSC-released exosomes (Exos) in pyroptosis. Next, Exos were extracted and administered in vitro and in vivo to explore their roles in pyroptosis and UC. In addition, the biodistribution of Exos in mice was tracked using an imaging system and immunofluorescence. The results suggested that Exos not only improved DSS-induced pyroptosis and UC but also were internalized into the injured colon. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of Exos was dose dependent. Among the Exo treatments, administration of 400 μg of Exos per mouse twice a week exhibited the highest efficacy. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) between MSCs and MSC-released Exos suggested that Exos might inhibit pyroptosis through tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signalling and interferon- (IFN-) gamma pathways. Our study reveals that HFMSCs can alleviate pyroptosis in UC by releasing DEmiRNA-containing Exos in a paracrine manner. This finding may lead to new treatments for UC.
The Lebesgue differentiation theorem via nonoverlapping interval covers.

A short proof is given for the Lebesgue Differentiation Theorem using a variation of the Heine-Borel covering property, without reliance on sophisticated approaches such as Vitali covers and the rising sun lemma. In this paper we use a variation of the Heine-Borel covering property to prove the theorem due to Lebesgue that every monotone function f : [a, b]→ R is differentiable almost everywhere. The approach is more accessible than typical treatments that use Vitali covers, the rising sun lemma or other methods [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Throughout λ represents Lebesgue measure on the real line. A family of nondegenerate compact intervals C is a right adapted interval cover of a set E ⊆ R if for each x ∈ E there is an interval [L(x), R(x)] ∈ C such that L(x) < x < R(x) and [s,R(x)] ∈ C for all s ∈ [L(x), x]. The term left adapted interval cover is defined similarly, and we refer to either of these as an adapted interval cover. We say that a family of compact intervals is nonoverlapping if the interiors of the intervals are pairwise disjoint. Covering Lemma. If C is an adapted interval cover of a compact set K ⊆ R, then there is a finite collection of nonoverlapping intervals in C that covers K. Proof. Without loss of generality, suppose that C is right adapted. Let a = minK and b = maxK and let A be the set of all t ∈ [a, b] such that C has a finite nonoverlapping subcover of [a, t] ∩K. Then a ∈ A, so A is nonempty. Let β = supA. We first show that β ∈ K. Otherwise, β lies in a component (c, d) of [a, b]\K and there is a finite collection D of nonoverlapping intervals in C that covers [a, c] ∩ K. Then D can be modified by deleting extraneous
Synthesis of Highly Conductive Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Using Surfactant Templates

Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was systematically synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization in chloroform with ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the oxidizing agent and various surfactants of the shape templates. The effects of 3HT: FeCl3 mole ratios, polymerization times, and surfactant types and concentrations on the electrical conductivity, particle shape and size were systematically investigated. Furthermore, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) were utilized as the surfactant templates. The P3HT synthesized with DBSA at 6 CMC, where CMC stands for the Critical Micelle Concentration of surfactant, provided a higher electrical conductivity than those with PTSA, SDS and AOT. The highest electrical conductivity of P3HT using DBSA was 16.21 ± 1.55 S cm−1 in which the P3HT particle shape was spherical with an average size of 1530 ± 227 nm. The thermal analysis indicated that the P3HT synthesized with the surfactants yielded higher stability and char yields than that of P3HT without. The P3HT_DBSA electrical conductivity was further enhanced by de-doping and doping with HClO4. At the 10:1 doping mole ratio, the electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA increased by one order of magnitude relative to P3HT_DBSA prior to the de-doping. The highest electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA obtained was 172 ± 5.21 S cm−1 which is the highest value relative to previously reported.
Structural Insights into the Phosphorylation-Enhanced Deubiquitinating Activity of UCHL3 and Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Preference Analysis

Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L3 (UCHL3), an important member of the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase family, is involved in DNA repair and cancer development. UCHL3 can cleave only complexes of monoubiquitin and its conjugates, such as Ub-AMC, His, or small ubiquitin-like modifier, but not polyubiquitin chains. Phosphorylation of Ser75 promotes the cleavage activity of UCHL3 toward poly-ubiquitin chains in vivo, but biochemical evidence in vitro is still lacking. Here, we first analyzed the structure of simulated phosphorylated UCHL3S75E and the complex of UCHL3S75E with Ub-PA and preliminarily explained the structural mechanism of phosphorylation-enhanced UCHL3 deubiquitinating activity. Additionally, the cleavage activity of UCHL3 toward different types of synthesized poly-ubiquitin chains in vitro was tested. The results showed that purified UCHL3S75E enhanced the cleavage activity toward Ub-AMC compared to UCHL3WT. Meanwhile, UCHL3S75E and UCHL3WT did not show any cleavage activity for different types of di-ubiquitin and tri-ubiquitin chains. However, UCHL3 could hydrolyze the K48 tetra-ubiquitin chain, providing compelling in vitro evidence confirming previous in vivo results. Thus, this study shows that UCHL3 can hydrolyze and has a cleavage preference for polyubiquitin chains, which expands our understanding of the phosphorylation regulation of UCHL3 and lays a foundation for further elucidation of its physiological role.
Person Authentication Using Learned Parameters of Lifting Wavelet Filters

This paper proposes a method for identifying persons by the use of the lifting wavelet parameters learned by kurtosis‐minimization. Our learning method uses desirable properties of kurtosis and wavelet coefficients of a facial image. Exploiting these properties, the lifting parameters are trained so as to minimize the kurtosis of lifting wavelet coefficients computed for the facial image. Since this minimization problem is an ill‐posed problem, it is solved by the aid of Tikhonov’s regularization method. Our learning algorithm is applied to each of the faces to be identified to generate its feature vector whose components consist of the learned parameters. The constructed feature vectors are memorized together with the corresponding faces in a feature vectors database. Person authentication is performed by comparing the feature vector of a query face with those stored in the database. In numerical experiments, the lifting parameters are trained for each of the neutral faces of 132 persons (74 males and 58.
Perspective on satellite-based land data assimilation to estimate water cycle components in an era of advanced data availability and model sophistication

The beginning of the 21st century is marked by a rapid growth of land surface satellite data and model sophistication. This offers new opportunities to estimate multiple components of the water cycle via satellite-based land data assimilation (DA) across multiple scales. By resolving more processes in land surface models and by coupling the land, the atmosphere, and other Earth system compartments, the observed information can be propagated to constrain additional unobserved variables. Furthermore, access to more satellite observations enables the direct constraint of more and more components of the water cycle that are of interest to end users. However, the finer level of detail in models and data is also often accompanied by an increase in dimensions, with more state variables, parameters, or boundary conditions to estimate, and more observations to assimilate. This requires advanced DA methods and efficient solutions. One solution is to target specific observations for assimilation based on a sensitivity study or coupling strength analysis, because not all observations are equally effective in improving subsequent forecasts of hydrological variables, weather, agricultural production, or hazards through DA. This paper offers a perspective on current and future land DA development, and suggestions to optimally exploit advances in observing and modeling systems.
Stability of reaction fronts in random walk simulations

A model of propagating reaction fronts is given for simple autocatalytic reactions and the stability of the propagating reaction fronts are studied in several numerical experiments. The corresponding random walk simulations - extending of a recent algorithm - make possible the simultaneous treatment of moving particles. A systematic comparison with the standard deterministic simulations highlight the advantages of the present stochastic approach. The main favor of the random walk simulation is that the initial perturbation has no strong effect on the stability of the front unlike in deterministic cases.
Space Time Asymmetry Research (STAR)

Special and General Relativity and the Standard Model (SM) of physics all rely on the postulate that the speed of light is invariant, regardless of the relative velocity of the source and observer, the direction of the light beam, or its wavelength. Indeed, the whole of modern physics is based on a class of invariances, or symmetries, describing how all measured quantities are seen by different observers in relative motion, and contained in the famous Lorentz transformations. A verifiable detection of any dependence of the speed of light on motion or direction, the object of this proposal, would signal the first needed modification of special relativity since its inception and would have profound implications for the development of cosmology, high energy astrophysics, particle astrophysics, and basic physics, including particle physics and relativity. While the impact of a successful search would be dramatic, even a non-detection would have significant value. An improved upper limit would give new direction to theoreticians and reduce the parameter space available to attempts to unite quantum mechanics, particle physics and gravity. We will use precision molecular iodine stabilized Nd:YAG laser interferometers to search for small deviations from Lorentz Invariance, a cornerstone of relativity and particle physics and thus our understanding of the Universe. A Lorentz violation would have profound implications for cosmology and particle physics. An improved null result will constrain theories attempting to unite particle physics and gravity.
Comparative Analysis of Volatiles Emitted from Tomato and Pepper Plants in Response to Infection by Two Whitefly-Transmitted Persistent Viruses

Simple Summary Viruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a cosmopolitan pest that inflicts damage on many agricultural crops, are among the most important plant viruses and cause devastating damage to agriculture worldwide. Begomoviruses and a new polerovirus transmitted by the whitefly cause serious damage to tomato and pepper crops in Israel, respectively. Here, both viruses were studied with regard to their ability to induce the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon plant infection, which are thought to mediate communication with the environment. The results showed that infection with each virus alone, or infestation with whiteflies, without viruses, induced shared and unique VOC accumulation. The VOCs identified in these unique responses suggest that plants can respond specifically to virus infection or insect infestation, and those VOCs can be used individually or as blends for monitoring and disrupting pest populations. Abstract The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important agricultural pests due to its extreme invasiveness, insecticide resistance, and ability to transmit hundreds of plant viruses. Among these, Begomoviruses and recombinant whitefly-borne Poleroviruses are transmitted persistently. Several studies have shown that upon infection, plant viruses manipulate plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have important roles in communication with insects. In this study, we profiled and compared the VOCs emitted by tomato and pepper plant leaves after infection with the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) (Bogomoviruses) and the newly discovered Pepper whitefly-borne vein yellows virus (PeWBVYV) (Poleroviruses), respectively. The results identified shared emitted VOCs but also uncovered unique VOC signatures for each virus and for whitefly infestation (i.e., without virus infection) independently. The results suggest that plants have general defense responses; however, they are also able to respond individually to infection with specific viruses or infestation with an insect pest. The results are important to enhance our understanding of virus- and insect vector-induced alteration in the emission of plant VOCs. These volatiles can eventually be used for the management of virus diseases/insect vectors by either monitoring or disrupting insect–plant interactions.
Creep behavior of orthogonal rib box floor of poplar laminated veneer lumber

Poplar laminated veneer lumber (LVL) orthogonal rib box floor is a new type of floor composed of orthogonal LVL rib beams and oriented strand board (OSB). To study the creep performance of the box floor, four 3600 mm × 4800 mm floor specimens were designed and manufactured. The creep tests of the box floor with local damage, repeated load, and different stress ratio loads were conducted. The creep of the floor increased with ambient temperature and humidity. Because of the local damage of the box floor, the creep increased. Repeated loading increased the creep deformation of the floor, and increasing the load accelerated the creep of the floor. Combined with the creep mechanism of wood materials, a creep theoretical calculation formula of the box floor with LVL orthogonal ribs was established. Comparing the creep model analysis with the test data, it was found that the modified Burger mode can well simulate the creep performance of LVL box floor. Therefore, the modified Burger model can be used to calculate the creep deformation of the box floor.
Discovery of Flavonoids as Novel Inhibitors of ATP Citrate Lyase: Structure–Activity Relationship and Inhibition Profiles

ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme in glucolipid metabolism and its aberrantly high expression is closely associated with various cancers, hyperlipemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Prospects of ACLY inhibitors as treatments of these diseases are excellent. To date, flavonoids have not been extensively reported as ACLY inhibitors. In our study, 138 flavonoids were screened and 21 of them were subjected to concentration–response curves. A remarkable structure–activity relationship (SAR) trend was found: ortho-dihydroxyphenyl and a conjugated system maintained by a pyrone ring were critical for inhibitory activity. Among these flavonoids, herbacetin had a typical structure and showed a non–aggregated state in solution and a high inhibition potency (IC50 = 0.50 ± 0.08 μM), and therefore was selected as a representative for the ligand–protein interaction study. In thermal shift assays, herbacetin improved the thermal stability of ACLY, suggesting a direct interaction with ACLY. Kinetic studies determined that herbacetin was a noncompetitive inhibitor of ACLY, as illustrated by molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Together, this work demonstrated flavonoids as novel and potent ACLY inhibitors with a remarkable SAR trend, which may help design high–potency ACLY inhibitors. In–depth studies of herbacetin deepened our understanding of the interactions between flavonoids and ACLY.