Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Applications

Foreword.Preface. About the Author.Acknowledgements. Chapter 1: Introduction.1. 1 Additives.1. 2 Plastics formulations . 1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives.1. 4 Analysis of plastics.1. 5 Bibliography.1. 6 References.Chapter 2: Deformulation Principles.2. 1 Polymer identification.2. 2 Additive analysis of rubbers: 'Best Practice'. 2.3 Polymer extract analysis.2. 4 In situ polymer/additive analysis.2. 5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis.2. 6 Bibliography.2. 7 References.Chapter 3: Sample Preparation Perspectives.3. 1 Solvents.3. 2 Extraction strategy.3. 3 Conventional extraction technologies.3. 4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods.3. 5 Sorbent extraction.3. 6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods.3. 7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods.3. 8 Hydrolysis.3. 9 Bibliography.3. 10 References.Chapter 4: Separation Techniques.4. 1 Analytical detectors.4. 2 Gas chromatography.4. 3 Supercritical fluid chromatography.4. 4 Liquid chromatography techniques.4. 5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques.4. 6 Bibliography.4. 7 References.Chapter 5: Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative.5. 1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry.5. 2 Infrared spectroscopy.5. 3 Luminescence spectroscopy.5. 4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.5. 5 Bibliography.5. 6 References.Chapter 6: Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods.6. 1 Basic instrumentation.6. 2 Ion sources.6. 3 Mass analysers.6. 4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis.6. 5 Ion mobility spectrometry.6. 6 Bibliography.6. 7 References.Chapter 7: Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis.7. 1 Precolumn hyphenation.7. 2 Coupled sample preparation - spectroscopy/spectrometry.7. 3 Postcolumn hyphenation.7. 4 Multidimensional chromatography.7. 5 Multidimensional spectroscopy.7. 6 Bibliography.7. 7 References.Chapter 8: Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods.8. 1 Element analytical protocols.8. 2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis.8. 3 Analytical atomic spectrometry.8. 4 X-ray spectrometry.8. 5 Inorganic mass spectrometry.8. 6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods.8. 7 Electroanalytical techniques.8. 8 Solid-state speciation analysis.8. 9 Bibliography.8. 10 References.Chapter 9: Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions.9. 1 Chromatographic methods.9. 2 Spectroscopic techniques.9. 3 Mass-spectrometric methods.9. 4 References.Chapter 10: A Vision for the Future.10. 1 Trends in polymer technology.10. 2 Trends in additive technology.10. 3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints.10. 4 Analytical consequences.10. 5 Epilogue.10. 6 Bibliography.10. 7 References.Appendix I: List of Symbols.Appendix II: Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins.Appendix III: Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets.Index.
Modular ambient temperature functionalization of carbon nanotubes with stimuli-responsive polymer strands

Cyclopentadienyl end-capped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM-Cp, Mn = 5400 g mol−1, PDI = 1.13) was synthesized via a combination of RAFT (Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer) polymerization and modular conjugation (characterized via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as well as Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS)), and reacted with untreated Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) as dienophiles in a Diels–Alder reaction with PNIPAM-Cp (diene) at ambient temperature in the absence of any catalyst. The obtained stimuli-responsive hybrid materials display thermo-responsive behaviour evidenced via UV-VIS-spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The grafting density of the PNIPAM chains at the surface of the SWCNTs was determined via Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Elemental Analysis (EA) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), to be close to 0.0288 chains per nm2.
Efficient molecular numerical integration schemes

New grids for three‐dimensional numerical integration are introduced. They include a new mapping for radial integration of the Gauss–Chebyshev type which seems to surpass in accuracy the existing integration schemes as proposed by Becke [J. Chem. Phys. 88, 2547 (1988)], Murray et al. [Mol. Phys. 78, 997 (1993)], or Gill et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 209, 506 (1993)]. Lebedev grids are employed for spherical integration. Open ended quadrature schemes are presented using the efficient Lobatto formula for the θ integration. These grids are employed for self‐consistent density functional calculations using local approximation and nonlocal corrections and are implemented into the program package turbomole. The results of grid tests and demonstrative applications of energy and especially analytical gradient calculations are given.
Observation of OH radicals produced by pulsed discharges on the surface of a liquid

The hydroxyl radical (OH) plays an important role in plasma chemistry at atmospheric pressure. OH radicals have a higher oxidation potential compared with other oxidative species such as free radical O, atomic oxygen, hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) and ozone. In this study, surface discharges on liquids (water and its solutions) were investigated experimentally. A pulsed streamer discharge was generated on the liquid surface using a point-to-plane electrode geometry. The primary generation process of OH radicals is closely related to the streamer propagation, and the subsequent secondary process after the discharge has an influence on the chemical reaction. Taking into account the timescale of these processes, we investigated the behavior of OH radicals using two different diagnostic methods. Time evolution of the ground-state OH radicals above the liquid surface after the discharge was observed by a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. In order to observe the ground-state OH, an OH [A 2∑+(v′ = 1) ← X 2Π(v″ = 0)] system at 282 nm was used. As the secondary process, a portion of OH radicals diffused from gas phase to the liquid surface and dissolved in the liquid. These dissolved OH radicals were measured by a chemical probe method. Terephthalic acid was used as an OH radical trap and fluorescence of the resulting 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid was measured. This paper directly presents visualization of OH radicals over the liquid surface by means of LIF, and indirectly describes OH radicals dissolved in water by means of a chemical method.
Microcircuit Defect and Counterfeit Detection via Silicon Geometry

Microcircuit testing, counterfeit and malicious implant detection face increasingly difficult challenges. The level of sophistication incurred by threat actors has steadily increased and we should expect this trend to continue. Existing techniques either fall short given the growth in complexity and density of modern ICs, or are costly or destructive. We propose a novel method, named SilGeo, for non-destructive assessment of authenticity, integrity, and reliability of ICs of arbitrary complexity and structure. Our technique uses high-frequency, analog-domain signaling to assess an unpowered target device. Our experimental evaluation confirms the effectiveness of the approach, with 100% accuracy in datasets of 200+ samples.
Determination of static and dynamic interactions between monodisperse, charged silica spheres in an optically matching, organic solvent

A light scattering study is presented on static and dynamic interactions between monodisperse, charged silica spheres suspended in an optically matching, salt free mixture of ethanol and toluene up to volume fractions of 10%. The static structure factor S(K), well described by calculations in the RMSA approximation, is combined with the wave vector (K) dependent (short‐time) diffusion coefficient De(K) to give the function H(K) which represents the hydrodynamic interactions. From H(K), obtained for the first time for charged particles, we conclude that the long‐range electrostatic repulsion between the spheres has a pronounced influence on the hydrodynamics of large‐scale, collective particle motions, whereas small‐scale single‐particle diffusion is relatively unaffected.
Precision and accuracy of the heat-pulse calorimetric technique: low-temperature heat capacities of milligram-sized synthetic mineral samples

Low-temperature heat capacities (cp) for milligram(mg)-sized samples of corundum, fayalite and sanidine were measured with a recently available commercial calorimeter (the heat capacity option of the Physical Properties Measurement System (PPMS), produced by Quantum Design®, which operates on the basis of a heat-pulse technique. The measurements were performed between 5 and 300 K on synthetic single-crystals and powders. Since cp-data for the above minerals are known from low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry (low-TAC) these data were used to constrain the accuracy of the PPMS-calorimeter in measuring their cp on mg-sized samples. A relative uncertainty (100*σcp/cp), as a measure of precision, of ~0.3% for T > 50 K, increasing to ~0.5% for T 100 K, 2-3% at T < 100 K for 10-20 mg powders, and ~ 5% for 5 mg powders). The accuracy was highest for cp measurements on single-crystals and sintered-powder. For these, PPMS heat capacities were in excellent agreement with comparable low-TAC data (deviating from these by a maximum of 0.5 ± 0.8% in the temperature range 100–300 K). Heat capacity measurements on sealed powders did not achieve such a high degree of accuracy, but were systematically lower than low-TAC data by 1-2%. Reference entropies were reproduced with a relative error of ≤ 0.5% using single-crystal and sintered-powder samples, and were 1-2% too low for sealed-powder samples. Our measurements demonstrate that the PPMS-calorimeter is a promising new tool for obtaining low-temperature cp-data and calorimetrically determined standard entropies for mg-sized mineralogical samples which are only available in limited amounts.
Filling the Gaps between Graphene Oxide: A General Strategy toward Nanolayered Oxides

Despite extraordinary developments in the research of 2D inorganic nanomaterials, a scalable and generalized synthetic method toward 2D oxide materials that lack layered lattice structures is still challenging. Herein, an easy and versatile solution‐based route to synthesize oxides with layered nanostructures by combining sol–gel method with graphene oxide (GO) paper templates is reported. GO can stack together to form a paper‐like membrane, the gap between two GO layers provides ideal 2D space to template the growth of oxide nanolayers. By this simple strategy, the gaps are filled successfully with polycrystalline TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, and amorphous SiO2 nanolayers with thickness of 1–5 nm. Single or multilayers of the oxide‐based ceramic/glass nanolayers for applications in electronics, catalysts, energy storage, and gas separation can be expected; as an example, it is shown that layered Fe2O3 electrodes exhibit high performance for lithium‐ion battery due to enhanced electrical connections between the 2D nanolayers.
Photoacoustic investigations on thermal diffusivity of CuGa1–xFexO2

The thermal diffusivity of CuGa1–xFexO2 solid solutions with x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 1 has been investigated using an open photoacoustic cell (OPC). The thermal diffusivity of the samples is evaluated from the phase data associated with the photoacoustic signal as a function of modulation frequency in transmission detection configuration (TDC). Analysis is based on the theory developed by Rosencwaig and Gersho. The effect of thermoelastic bending on thick samples is studied. The results are confirmed by performing measurements on samples of different thicknesses.
Organolithiums as Useful Synthetic Intermediates for Tandem Reactions

1 Introduction 2 Functionalized Chains 3 Carbocyclic Compounds 4 Heterocycles 5 Conclusions 6 Acknowledgments Keywords: organolithium compounds and nucleophilic reactivity; functionalized chains; carbon–carbon bonds; non-polarized carbon–carbon double bond; highly reactive lithium alkoxide and superbases; carbon–heteroatom bonds; silylated alkenes in lithiated chain intermediate tandem reaction; allylic lithium oxyanionic group
Ajuste persona - entorno de trabajo y satisfacción laboral desde una perspectiva de género

The gender difference in the workplace can be a key factor when understanding the connection between the adjustment of the person at work and variables related to well-being, quality of life and job satisfaction. In addition, the differences in adjustment between men and women may be due to the fact that both genders are not only exposed to different job functions, but also to different social factors. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between person-work environment adjustment and job satisfaction from a gender perspective, in a sample of 362 workers from different organizations. The Person-Work Environment Perceived Adjustment Scale was used (Chuang, Shen and Judge, 2016), and the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire S10/12 (Meliá and Peiró, 1989). The results indicate that there are no differences between men and women neither in Person-Environment Fit nor in Job satisfaction; nor with organizational variables such as the type of contract, the hierarchical category or seniority in the workplace.
Comparison of the degradation of polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone–(β‐tricalcium phosphate) scaffolds in alkaline medium

The design and fabrication of scaffolds and biodegradable devices using slow-degrading polymers and composites (degradation/resorption > 2 years) involve the necessity for long-term in vitro and in vivo studies. If multiple designs and materials need to be tested, then this would use much time and financial resources. Accelerated degradation systems aim to achieve comparable degradation profiles within a shorter period of time. This investigation considers the hydrolytic degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL–calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds in 5 mol L−1 NaOH at 37 °C. The scaffolds degrade via surface erosion, which proceeds in a consistent and predictable manner. The hydrolytic degradation of PCL-based scaffolds alone is slow, governed by their high molecular weights, crystallinity, hydrophobicity, surface-to-volume ratio and porosity. The incorporation of CaP significantly increases the degradation rate. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Manipulation of multiple-responsive fluorescent supramolecular materials based on the inclusion complexation of cyclodextrins with Tyloxapol

A fluorescent supramolecular hydrogel was prepared by α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and Tyloxapol, which can be considered as an oligomer of the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100, TX-100) with a polymerization degree below 7. For comparison, both Tyloxapol and TX-100 were selected to form hydrogels with α-CD to get more information about the interaction between different types of surfactants and cyclodextrin. These hydrogels have been thoroughly characterized using various techniques including phase behavior observation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fluorescence spectra, fluorescence microscopy observations, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 2D 1H-1H ROESY NMR, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and rheological measurements. The hydrogels of α-CD/Tyloxapol are responsive to external stimuli including temperature, pH and guest molecules, and present gelation-induced quenching fluorescence emission properties. The reason for this phenomenon may be that Tyloxapol molecules come into the cavity of α-CD and form the inclusion complexes. Due to the high electron density of the narrow cavity of α-CD, it induces the shift of the electron on the benzene ring which can weaken the π–π interaction and lead to the fluorescence quenching. Moreover, the hydrogel formed by α-CD/Tyloxapol is highly responsive to the formaldehyde (HCHO). The addition of a small amount of HCHO can induce a gel-to-sol transition. Interestingly, once the gel transforms into solution, it becomes fluorescent. This makes the α-CD/Tyloxapol hydrogel a promising candidate for HCHO detection and removal in home furnishings to reduce indoor environmental pollutants.
CIS FBM Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithm and Specific Defect Prediction Analysis

As CMOS image sensor (CIS) manufacturing has been enlarged its quantities and scaled to a smaller pixel, not only the amount of failure test results has been increased, but it has also diversified. It is essential to interpret delicate test results in consideration of CIS characteristics, which are analog semiconductor chips. The importance of classification analysis and target analysis for defect failures is increasingly emphasized. Defective failure is able to be expressed as data called CIS fail bit map (FBM) through the several stages of image processing. In this paper, we introduce the automated CIS FBM classification system created by in a machine learning method. Also, focusing on the practical needs, this study aims to develop analysis methods based on fab data, utilizing a CIS FBM classification application. Robust performance is shown based on experiments using real physical failure analysis (PFA) data.
An Exploration of Predictive Representations of State by Chen Ma

The predictive representations hypothesis is that representing the state of the world in terms of predictions about the future will result in good generalization. In this thesis, good generalization is specifically quantified by good learning performance in both accuracy and speed when predicting future experiences of interest. We test the predictive representations hypothesis in different scenarios where predictions of interest vary. We observe that the predictive representations hypothesis does hold in specific scenarios. Inspired by this finding, we propose Predictive State Update (PSU), a state update rule that incrementally computes the next state from the current state, while being aware of current predictions of interest in addition to next increment of experiences. Any existing state representation approach can instantiate the PSU if it summarizes the past incrementally, updating the next state based on the current state and next increment of experiences. We empirically demonstrate that (i) the use of PSU can boost the generalization performance of existing state representation approaches, such as those based on simple recurrent neural networks, LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) networks, and GRU (Gated Recurrent Units) networks, and (ii) these instantiations of PSU outperform approaches which represent states exclusively using predictions.
Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues Analysis

Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues Analysis Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues . Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues . CIPAC Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues . Georgia Pest Management Handbook | Integrated Pest Management Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues . Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology | ScienceDirect Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology | ScienceDirect *PDF* green pesticides handbook | eBooks includes PDF . Handbook of pesticides [electronic resource] : methods of . Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticide Residues . Manual Of Chemical Methods For Pesticides And Devices . Handbook of Pesticides : Methods of Pesticide Residues . Handbook of Pesticides | Methods of Pesticide Residues . Pesticides | US EPA Handbook of pesticides : methods of pesticide residues . Handbook of Natural Pesticides: Methods: Volume I: Theory . Handbook Of Pesticides Methods Of
Electrowinning Al from Al2S3 in Molten Salt

In order to investigate an alternative process for the production of primary aluminum via a sulfide intermediate, the electrochemical behavior of Al2S3 in molten salt has been studied on a laboratory scale. The effects of electrolyte composition, temperature, and cell design on the cell performance have been investigated. Temperature and cryolite addition have positive effects on the current density. Increasing the anode-to-cathode surface area (closer to unity) and shortening the interelectrode distance lead to higher current density. It is concluded that the electrolytic process is governed by the ohmic drop, caused mainly by the sulfur bubbles at the anode.
Judd-Ofelt Calculations for Nd3+-Doped Fluorozirconate-Based Glasses and Glass Ceramics

A Judd-Ofelt analysis is performed to calculate the optical properties of Nd3+ ions embedded in a fluorozirconate glass matrix. The changes in the Judd-Ofelt parameters were determined as a function of the size of BaCl2 nanocrystals grown inside the matrix. From these data, the radiative decay rates and the branching ratios of every transition in the energy range from 25.000 cm−1 to the ground state are calculated. This was accomplished for samples containing nanocrystals with average sizes ranging from 10 to 40 nm.
Study on the HPLC Chromatograms and Pro-Angiogenesis Activities of the Flowers of Panax notoginseng

Panax notoginseng is often used to promote blood circulation for the intervention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), while the flower of Panax notoginseng (PF) is used in folk remedies for the amelioration of hypertension in the Yunnan Province of China as a tea and is increasing in popularity throughout Asia. Previous studies on the Panax notoginseng were mainly focused on the root such that limited research on the flower cannot feed the need of increasing consumption and the products quality and pharmacological profile remains to be well characterized. In this study, chromatographic fingerprints and angiogenesis activities of different batches of commercial PF decoction were determined and then multiple regression analysis was performed to analyze their spectrum-effect relationships. The results of chromatographic fingerprints and zebrafish angiogenesis bioassay indicated the significant heterogeneities in the twelve batches of commercial PF products. Multiple regression analysis on the spectrums-activities relationship provided clues on the bioactive chemical markers of PF that may be developed as quality standards of PF.
A novel one-pot three-components reaction: synthesis of indeno[2',1':5,6]pyrido[2,3:4'',5'']pyrimido[2'',1''-c]triazole-5,7-dione. A new ring system

6-Amino-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-one 1 reacted with a mixture of formaldehyde and indane-1,3-dione 7 in one-pot synthesis to yield the tetracyclic system 11a. On the other hand, the dihydro derivatives 10b-f were isolated when a mixture of 1 and 7 reacted with aromatic aldehydes. Compounds 11 reacted with hydrazonoyl chlorides 5 to yield the title compounds 12. The proposed structures of the newly synthesized compounds are based on spectral data and are confirmed by alternative method.
Atomic Oxygen Production and Exploration of Reaction Mechanisms in a He‐O2 Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Torch

This article reports on the performance of a miniature APGD-t conceived for the production of reactive species participating in bio-applications. Two operating parameters were varied: the plasma-forming gas flow rate (0.5-1.5 slm He) and the flow rate of O 2 (0-50 sccm), which was injected downstream from the plasma-forming zone, and which was used as a source of reactive species. The production of reactive species (O) was optimized, and the air entrainment in the plasma jet was minimized for a He gas flow rate of 1-1.5 slm and an O 2 /He volumetric ratio of 0.3 vol.-%. A survey of the possible reaction pathways in the afterglow plasma jet suggests that the reactive species present in the plasma afterglow, and possibly reaching a remote substrate, are metastable He(2 3 S), ground state O, OH, O 2 (a 1 Δg), O 2 (b 1 Σg + ), N, N 2 , N + 2 and O 3 .