Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of the energy-power characteristics of the cleaner of the root crop heads from the haulm

Sugar beet haulm is a valuable animal fodder or a raw material for biogas generation. The most important indicator of the work of the cleaners is their energy-power characteristics since they affect the amount of the operating costs and the economic performance, on the whole. The purpose of the experimental investigations was to determine the nature of the change in the torque moment and power on the drive of the vertical cleaner, tractive power, as well as the draft resistance of the root crop head cleaner. Experimental investigations were carried out under the field conditions. In order to study the draft resistance of the working tool, the tensometry method was used. Dependences of the change in the tractive power and the torque moment upon the speed of the movement of the experimental root head cleaner from the haulm residues have been determined. The rational modes of operation of the cleaner are: the forward speed of its movement, equal to 1.5 m·s -1 , the angular speed of rotation of the cleaning tool must be within 60.0. 63.0 rad·s -1 . The completeness of cleaning the root crop heads from the haulm residues by the experimental cleaner is 95.9 %, the degree of throwing of the haulm and the plant residues beyond the row is 99.96 %.
Identification of Luminous Infrared Galaxies at 1 ≲ z ≲ 2.5

We present preliminary results on 24 μm detections of luminous infrared galaxies at z ≳ 1 with the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). Observations were performed in the Lockman Hole and the Extended Groth Strip (EGS) and were supplemented by data obtained with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) between 3 and 9 μm. The positional accuracy of ≲2″ for most MIPS/IRAC detections provides unambiguous identifications of their optical counterparts. Using spectroscopic redshifts from the Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe survey, we identify 24 μm sources at z ≳ 1 in the EGS, while the combination of the MIPS/IRAC observations with BVRIJHK ancillary data in the Lockman Hole also shows very clear cases of galaxies with photometric redshifts at 1 ≲ z ≲ 2.5. The observed 24 μm fluxes indicate infrared luminosities greater than 1011 L⊙, while the data at shorter wavelengths reveal rather red and probably massive (ℳ ≳ ℳ*) galaxy counterparts. It is the first time that this population of luminous objects is detected up to z ∼ 2.5 in the infrared. Our work demonstrates the ability of the MIPS instrument to probe the dusty universe at very high redshift and illustrates how the forthcoming Spitzer deep surveys will offer a unique opportunity to illuminate a dark side of cosmic history not explored by previous infrared experiments.
Who benefits from parental leave in Spain?: a life course analysis

This paper analyses the extent to which individual and workplacecharacteristics and regional policies influence the use and duration ofparental leave in Spain. The research is based on a sample of 125,165people, and 6,959 parental leaves stemming from the ‘Sample ofWorking Life Histories’ (SWLH), 2006. The SWLH consists of administrative register data which include information from threedifferent sources: Social Security, Municipality and Income TaxRegisters. We adopt a simultaneous equations approach to analyse theuse (logistic regression) and duration (event history analysis) ofparental leave, which allows us to control for endogeneity and censoredobservations. We argue that the Spanish parental leave scheme increases gender and social inequalities insofar as reinforces genderrole specialization, and only encourages the reconciling of work andfamily life among workers with a good position in the labour market(educated employees with high and stable working status).
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Bacteria in Microwells Constructed from Silver Nanoparticles

Whole bacterial cell characterization is critically important for fast bacterial identification. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is proven to be powerful technique to serve such a goal. In this study, the characterization of whole bacterial cells in the microwells constructed from colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with “convective-assembly” method is reported. The proper size of the microwells for the model bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus cohnii, is determined to be 1.2 μm from their electron microscopy images. A minimum dilution factor of 20 is necessary for the bacterial samples collected from growth media to diminish the bacterial aggregation to place the bacterial cells into the microwells. The constructed microwell structures are tested for their bacterial SERS performance and compared to the SERS spectra obtained from the samples prepared with a simple mixing of bacteria and AgNPs for the same bacteria. The results indicate that microwell structures not only improve the spectral quality but also increase the reproducibility of the SERS spectra.
Rheological Behaviour of West Indian Cherry Pulp With and Without Enzymatic Treatment

The objective of this work was to study the rheological characteristics of West Indian cherry pulp at different temperatures and the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pulp in order to reduce its viscosity, as a pre-treatment for membrane processes. West Indian cherry pulp presented a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour within the temperature range studied (15-40oC) and after the enzymatic hydrolysis under all the conditions studied. The mean apparent viscosity of West Indian cherry pulp was 104 + 21 mPa.s at 20oC with a shear rate of 245s-1. The viscosity reduction as a function of the incubation time followed a hyperbolic model and its derivative presented minimum values as from 60 minutes.
Gear ratios calculation for planetary-layshaft transmissions with three power-flows

One of the main ways to improve fuel economy of vehicles is to provide operation of the engine in a narrow range with the best efficiency. The number of speeds in modern automatic transmissions has significantly increased for this reason. Obviously, an increase in the number of speeds leads to an increase in the number of gears and shifting elements, transmission complication and an increase in overall dimensions and weight. The article discusses the planetary-layshaft transmission, which has parallel connection of two differentials and three sets of gears with fixed axles of wheels. Transmissions of such arrangement allow to transmit the power in parallel by three flows from the input shaft to the output one and provide a significantly larger number of speeds with fewer gears and shifting elements, due to combinations of different operating modes of the differentials. Applying of planetary-layshaft transmissions limits the presence of double and triple transition shifts between adjacent speeds, when two or three pairs of control elements (clutches or brakes) are simultaneously switching off and on during gearshift. The purpose of the article is to find a sequence of single transition shifts for a planetary-layshaft transmission and to calculate the gear ratios that provide a set of speed ratios close to the given.
MOLECULAR EVENTS IN HUMAN UMBILICAL CORD E. SIDHOM, M. Pilmane, I. Kreicberga MOLECULAR EVENTS IN THE WHARTON’ S JELLY AND BLOOD VESSELS OF HUMAN UMBILICAL CORD

The umbilical cord is seen as the main junction between the developing embryo or fetus and placenta. We studied the antimicrobial response, the presence of undifferentiated cells and TGF-α, as well as tissue degeneration and compensatory remodelling processes in the cells of human umbilical cord. Seven umbilical cord tissue samples obtained during premature and full term births were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry for human beta defensin 2 (hBD-2), hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), nestin and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). The intensity of staining was graded semiquantitatively. Antimicrobial response was more prominent in the Wharton’s jelly – we found numerous hBD-2-containing cells, while hBD-2 positive cells in the walls of arteries and vein varied from moderate to abundance. Numerous cells in the Wharton’s jelly contained CD34, while in the walls of blood vessels few to moderate stained positive for CD34. MMP-2, TIMP-2 and nestin positive cells were found in all the tissue samples and varied from numerous in the walls of blood vessels to abundance in the Wharton’s jelly and the inflammation region. The abundance of TGF-α-containing cells was found in Wharton’s jelly and moderate to numerous cells of blood vessels contained TGF-α. Conclusions: The human umbilical cord possesses antimicrobial activity and shows the presence of undifferentiated cells. The striking distribution and the expression of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and nestin suggest their role in the very effective and extensive tissue degeneration and compensatory remodelling processes. TGF-α seems to be an important growth factor for extra-embryonic tissue development.
Enhancing innovation capability maturity through knowledge sharing

Methodology: The literature therefore provides a strong basis for the argument that knowledge management and more specifically knowledge creation processes could be used to improve an enterprise’s innovation capability maturity. A knowledge creation framework that enables innovation capability maturity growth was designed by aligning knowledge creation processes to the requirements for innovation capability growth from one maturity level to the next. The time-frame of the research did not allow the implementation of the framework, and five industry and subject theory experts were used to evaluate the framework.
Dynamical evolution of magnetic flux ropes in the solar wind

The conservation of magnetic flux in systems of very low dissipation, as the interplanetary medium, is used to analyze magnetic clouds in significant expansion. In particular, we analyze the fast and huge event observed at one astronomical unit in the solar wind on Nov. 9-10, 2004. We compare magnetic and velocity observations to two self-similar and free expansion models that allow us to correct the mixing spatial-variation/time-evolution observed in situ by the spacecrafts. As magnetic clouds are astrophysical objects that transport a very important amount of magnetic flux and helicity from the Sun to the interplanetary medium, we compare the values of these global quantities obtained using the present models with those values coming from the commonly used static Lundquist’s model.
Monitoring and assessment of macroinvertebrate communities in support of river health management in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Conservation of freshwater systems is globally weak and generally declining, with rivers and wetlands being the most threatened ecosystems by anthropogenic impacts. Though they are highly import, freshwater ecosystems remain poorly understood and insufficient data often limit conservation efforts on many freshwater ecosystems. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province is an important high water yield area of South Africa, but the sustainability of the rivers is being threatened. Macroinvertebrates are good indicators of water quality and ecosystem degradation, but their biodiversity and ecosystem conservation depend largely on the quality of the available data and the efficiency of the methods used in the data analysis. Each aspect of the research provides results that can be used in current and future conservation planning for rivers and aquatic macroinvertebrates. The reference condition approach is an effective bioassessment technique closely related to the biological/ecological integrity concept, which is based on the evaluation of the deviation of the ecological quality of a test site’s biological community from that of a near-pristine “reference” condition having very similar characteristics. Although the term reference condition, is used to describe near-natural or pristine condition, several practitioners believe that only a few pristine ecosystems still exist in the world. Hence, the reference condition (RC) defines the representative of a group of undisturbed or minimally disturbed sites by anthropogenic activities, while biological reference condition is the description of the biological elements that exist under no or very minor anthropogenic activities. This study applied the multivariate method of selecting and validating reference conditions, using ecoregions, river types and seasonal changes as grouping criteria for the reference sites. The ecoregions and river types were more adequate than the seasonal variations in the selection of reference conditions. Although there is currently no consensus about the most appropriate and informative index, biodiversity indices are essential for environmental monitoring and conservation management decisions. This study compared a series of macroinvertebrate data from the rivers of KZN according to nine diversity indices (total number of species/taxa, total number of individuals, Margalef’s, Pielou’s, Brillouin’s, Hill’s, Simpson’s, Fisher’s and Shannon’s indices), one
Determination of the chemical compositions of Viscum album ssp. album and soft core hosts

In this study, leaf proportional water content, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, total amino acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose and sulphydryl group (SH) were determined in both Viscum album ssp. album and its hosts. Physiological alterations in soft-core fruits such as Ankara pear, Braeburn apple and hawtorn when infected with Viscum album ssp. album were investigated. While proportional water content of V. a. ssp. album was found higher than all fruit trees with or without V. album (control), its chlorophyll a content was lower than only control and two hosts (Braeburn apple and Ankara pear). Chlorophyll b content, on the other hand, was similar in all experimental groups for Ankara pear and hawthron whereas, in Braeburn apple, it was significantly higher in control. As for the total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of V.a. ssp. album, in Breaburn and Ankara pear, they were found less than the controls and hosts whilst in hawthorn, the values were variable. Although proline content of V. a. ssp. album was higher compared to their controls and hosts, total amino acid, reduced and total ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose and sulphydryl acid in V. a. ssp. album were determined to be lower than all uninfected fruits (control).
Rotation Effects of Potato, Maize and Winter Wheat on Water Erosion from Cultivated Land

The effects of different crops or different management practices on water erosion have been widely evaluated in plot or field experiments. While these experiments focus on the direct effects of a certain crop there is comparably little information on how a crop influences the soil loss during the following years. Our objectives were to evaluate to which extend water erosion differs between potato and maize and how these crops influence soil loss of a following winter wheat. Soil erosion was measured in four small neighboring watersheds (0.8 to 4.2 ha in size) during 198 rainfall-runoff events (1994 to 2001). Each watershed includes one field with a crop rotation of winter wheat, potato, winter wheat, and maize. This rotation was shifted by one year for each field, and hence a vertical comparison between the fields as well as a horizontal comparison over two crop rotations was possible. Runoff and soil loss from potato and maize differed only slightly because the better protection by cover during maize years was compensated by a better protection by contouring with potato ridges. Both effects were adequately described by the CP factor of the RUSLE. A clear difference in the soil loss depending on the preceding crop occurred in the following winter wheat fields. Especially in October, November and February the soil loss after potato was significantly higher. This could be explained by little residue cover, disintegration of large aggregates and low stability of small aggregates following potato. Carry over effects should be taken into account optimizing crop rotations in respect to soil-conservation; moreover they are highly relevant for the modeling of water erosion from agricultural areas.
Problematyka hierarchiczności – wyprowadzenie meta-cech w modelach SEM

The aim of this article is to discuss the reconstruction of the theoretical elements of the structures verified by structural equation models (SEM). The elements of the structures have single-level (one-dimensional) or hierarchical (multi-dimensional) characteristic. The reconstruction of the characteristics of the theoretical elements is very important issue. Poor reconstruction of the theoretical elements, as will be shown, may increase the likelihood of the error of the first kind and lead to the rejection of the correct model. There are such elements which are so complex that verification of the models with their participation would require a huge effort involving trial and finance. If the research concentrates merely on the reconstruction of the characteristics of a particular element, then its construction is crucial. But when the research concentrates on the verification of the model of the process, in which the elements are plentiful and they are connected in a network of mutual dependencies, complexity of the model grows to such an extent that may require thousandths of observations and this can lead to a problem in its estimation. In this case, it becomes necessary to reduce the characteristics of the element to a meta-feature. The article explains how to verify the correctness of the construction of a one-level latent variable, hierarchical latent variable and estimate the variance extracted and reliability of variables. There is also shown how to reduce the hierarchical variable to meta-feature in order to simplify the model and reduce the number of degrees of freedom. There is presented how the construction of meta-features translates into both the reliability of the variable and the fit of the model. The construction of the variables is discussed on the example of the scale of Reaction to stress and the scale of Constraining child’s activity.
Latitudinal trends of species diversity in rocky intertidal herbivore assemblages: spatial scale and the relationship between local and regional species richness

In this study we assessed the impact of the spatial scale of analysis on patterns of latitu- dinal diversity of rocky intertidal invertebrates and on the relationship between local and regional species richness. Fifty-three wave-exposed sites were sampled along the coast of Chile between 18° 40' S and 42° 35' S, covering a range of over 2600 km and 25° of latitude. Three spatial scales were defined to analyze latitudinal trends of diversity: (1) regional, based on species range limits across the entire region (100s of km), (2) site, corresponding to hundreds of square meters sampled at each loca- tion, (3) sampling unit scale, corresponding roughly with a square meter of rocky shore. The analysis showed that spatial patterns of species richness and species turnover varied according to the scale used. At a regional scale, species richness showed a mid-latitudinal peak (i.e. around 30 to 32° S), decreasing toward northern and southern latitudes. No clear latitudinal trends in diversity were detected at site and especially at sampling unit scales. Despite the fact that at regional scale species turnover was low and geographically uniform, at the site scale beta diversity showed the existence of 2 zones of higher species turnover (19 to 20° S and 30 to 32° S), which may be attributed to changes in ecological and oceanographical regimes. The relationship between regional and local species rich- ness changed depending on the 'local' scale used; unsaturated patterns (linear positive relationship between local and regional diversity) were evident at site scale, whereas saturated patterns (qua- dratic trend between local and regional diversity) were observed when the local scale was defined in terms of the sampling unit. We suggest that different regulating processes, operating at different spatial scales, may explain the latitudinal trends in diversity at site and sampling unit scales. While regional processes may set an upper limit in species richness at site scale, species interactions (e.g. competition) may control species richness at sampling unit scales. These findings question the current idea of the disproportionate prevalence of regional factors over local ones in determining diversity of local assemblages. They also suggest that regulation of local diversity results from the interplay of regional and local processes.
Voltage Control Support and Coordination between Renewable Generation Plants in MV Distribution Systems

—This paper focusses on voltage control support and coordination between renewable generation plants in medium voltage distribution systems. An exemplary benchmark grid in Denmark, including a number of ﬂexible ReGen plants providing voltage control functionality, is used as a base case. First, voltage sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify node voltage variations due to injections of reactive power for given operational points of the network. The results are then used to develop an adaptive voltage droop control method, where various droop settings are allocated to each ReGen plant according to the sensitivity indices of corresponding node voltages and the location of respective ReGen plants in the distribution system. Case studies are performed in time-domain to analyze the impact of voltage ﬂuctuations due to active power variations of ReGen plants in order to verify the performance of the obtained voltage droop settings. The main outcome of this study is the provision of a generic guidance on how to coordinate the voltage stability support capabilities of ReGen plants in a distribution system with large ReGen penetration in order to ensure a resilient voltage controlled distribution system.
Facilitating Refl ective Learning in an EFL Teacher Education

Introduction Reflection has been considered a crucial cognitive activity to deepen teachers’ exploration and analysis of teaching beliefs and practices (cf., Dewey, 1910/1997; Schön, 1983; Zeichner & Liston, 1996). The notion of refl ection is not new to the TESOL fi eld (Burton, 2009; Farrell, 2007). Refl ection, as well as its importance for professional development, has been discussed by such scholars in the fi eld as Gebhard and Oprandy (1999), Murphy (2001), Richards and Lockhart (1996), and Richards and Farrell (2005) to name but a few. It is now widely acknowledged that the more teachers explore, the more they gain the abilities to refl ect-in-action and refl ect-on-action (Gebhard, 2005). Hence, in the process of learning to teach in teacher education programs, refl ection plays a prime role in determining student-teachers’ learning outcomes. In addition, being refl ective promotes student-teachers’ lifelong professional development. Practical issues which should be addressed by teacher-educators are around whether or not a comfortable, learning-conducive environment can be created, and how such an environment can be made best use of in various teacher education courses. Based on these observations, this research project was designed and implemented in an EFL teacher education course (EFL Teaching Methodology III) offered in the Department of English Language & Literature at the Prefectural University of Kumamoto (henceforth PUK), Japan. A hybrid/blended-learning approach was employed to build an environment in which student-teachers’ refl ective learning would be facilitated.