Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feature Extraction Techniques for Facial Expression Recognition Systems

Automatic facial expression recognition has become a progressive research area since it plays a major role in human computer interaction. The facial expression recognition finds its major application in areas like social interaction and social intelligence. However it is not an easy task because the facial image, facial occlusion, face color/shape etc. is not easy to deal with. In this paper, various techniques for feature extraction like Gabor filters, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), DCT, with different classifiers like Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Neural Networks, which are used to recognize human expression in various conditions on different databases are being examined. KeywordsFacial expression, Geometric features, Appearance features, PCA, LBP, Gabor, LDA
Optimization of white light interferometry on rough surfaces based on error analysis

Summary White light interferometry can be used to measure the shape of rough surfaces. At rough surfaces, the measuring uncertainty in principle cannot be better than the surface roughness, which is commonly in the range of 1 micron. Hence, the requirements for the hard- and software components of the instrument are not as high as for interferometry in the nanometer regime. An analysis of the dominant error sources allows the design of an “optimal” sensor with a measuring uncertainty as small as physically possible, with components as good as necessary and as simple as possible.
Spn 1 Regulates the Recruitment of Spt 6 and the Swi / Snf Complex during Transcriptional Activation by RNA Polymerase II ! †

We investigated the timing of the recruitment of Spn1 and its partner, Spt6, to the CYC1 gene. Like TATA binding protein and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), Spn1 is constitutively recruited to the CYC1 promoter, although levels of transcription from this gene, which is regulated postrecruitment of RNAPII, are low. In contrast, Spt6 appears only after growth in conditions in which the gene is highly transcribed. Spn1 recruitment is via interaction with RNAPII, since an spn1 mutant defective for interaction with RNAPII is not targeted to the promoter, and Spn1 is necessary for Spt6 recruitment. Through a targeted genetic screen, strong and specific antagonizing interactions between SPN1 and genes encoding Swi/Snf subunits were identified. Like Spt6, Swi/Snf appears at CYC1 only after activation of the gene. However, Spt6 significantly precedes Swi/Snf occupancy at the promoter. In the absence of Spn1 recruitment, Swi/Snf is constitutively found at the promoter. These observations support a model whereby Spn1 negatively regulates RNAPII transcriptional activity by inhibiting recruitment of Swi/Snf to the CYC1 promoter, and this inhibition is abrogated by the Spn1-Spt6 interaction. These findings link Spn1 functions to the transition from an inactive to an actively transcribing RNAPII complex at a postrecruitment-regulated promoter.
Multilayered Films Produced by Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Chitosan and Alginate as a Potential Platform for the Formation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell aggregates

The construction of multilayered films with tunable properties could offer new routes to produce biomaterials as a platform for 3D cell cultivation. In this study, multilayered films produced with five bilayers of chitosan and alginate (CHT/ALG) were built using water-soluble modified mesyl and tosyl–CHT via layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. NMR results demonstrated the presences of mesyl (2.83 ppm) and tosyl groups (2.39, 7.37 and 7.70 ppm) in the chemical structure of modified chitosans. The buildup of multilayered films was monitored by quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM-D) and film thickness was estimated using the Voigt-based viscoelastic model. QCM-D results demonstrated that CHT/ALG films constructed using mesyl or tosyl modifications (mCHT/ALG) were significantly thinner in comparison to the CHT/ALG films constructed with unmodified chitosan (p < 0.05). Adhesion analysis demonstrated that human adipose stem cells (hASCs) did not adhere to the mCHT/ALG multilayered films and formed aggregates with sizes between ca. 100–200 µm. In vitro studies on cell metabolic activity and live/dead staining suggested that mCHT/ALG multilayered films are nontoxic toward hACSs. Multilayered films produced via LbL assembly of ALG and off-the-shelf, water-soluble modified chitosans could be used as a scaffold for the 3D aggregates formation of hASCs in vitro.
Argumentation-Based Negotiation ? Negotiation-Based

We design a protocol for two autonomous negotiating agents to incorporate Dung-style argumentation into an ongoing bargaining dialogue. Previous approaches considered bargaining and Dung-Style Argumentation as separated components, we show that intertwining these approaches increases the agents scope of action. In our framework the acceptance of an argument or attack uttered by self-interested agents is conditional on the acceptance by the negotiating partner. Our protocol thus enables autonomous agents to engage in a variety of human negotiation behaviours and thereby increase the agents capabilities to come to mutually satisfactory agreements.
papa (package for the analysis of parental allocation): a computer program for simulated and real parental allocation

papa is a parental pair allocation and simulator program. The allocation method is based on the likelihood of a parental pair producing the multilocus genotype found in the offspring being tested, which will be referred to as the breeding likelihood. Estimated level and structure of allele transmission errors in offspring are parameters fed into the allocation procedure. The embodied Monte-Carlo simulator also allows modelling of many allocation conditions, including transmission error and the estimated proportion of missing parents. Simulations may be run prior to the collection of real parents in order to define the minimal set of loci that is necessary to reach a desired level of allocation success. Post-collection simulations aim at statistically assessing the reliability of nonsimulated allocations. Simulations output values for several random variables.
No . 75 An endogenous growth model with public capital and sustainable government debt by Alfred Greiner

This paper presents and analyzes an endogenous growth model with public capital and public debt. It is assumed that the ratio of the primary surplus to gross domestic income is a positive linear function of the debt income ratio which assures that public debt is sustainable. The paper then derives necessary conditions for the existence of a sustainable balanced growth path for the analytical model. Further, simulations are undertaken in order to gain insights into stability properties of the model and in order to analyze growth effects of deficit financed increases in public investment. The latter is done for the model on the sustainable balanced growth path as well as for the model along the transition path. JEL: E62, H60, H54
Influences of Word Frequency , Context , and Age 1 Running Head : INFLUENCES OF WORD FREQUENCY , CONTEXT , AND AGE Influences of Word Frequency , Context , and Age on Spelling

Previous research has suggested that similar to other age-related declines in language production, the ability to produce the correct spellings of words decreases in old age (e.g., Abrams & Stanley, 2004; MacKay & Abrams, 1998; MacKay, Abrams, & Pedroza, 1999; Stuart-Hamilton & Rabbitt, 1997). However, aging alone does not predict spelling deficits. For example, spelling ability interacts with age, where older adults who are categorized as good spellers do not show declines in spelling relative to younger adults (Margolin & Abrams, 2007). This chapter presents an experiment that explored other factors that potentially might interact with age: word frequency and the degree of context, i.e., support, provided for spelling retrieval. Sixty younger adults (18-25 years) and 60 older adults (60-86 years) completed three tasks involving the spelling of words that were either relatively low or high in frequency. In the full recall task, words were presented auditorily, and participants were asked to write down the correct spelling of these words. In the partial recall task, auditorily presented words were given in conjunction with a word fragment that omitted a portion of the word (1-6 letters), and participants attempted to fill in the missing letters. In the recognition task, words were presented in a multiple-choice format, with one correctly spelled word and four misspelled variants, and participants were asked to select the word that was correctly spelled. The results showed that for both age groups, lowerfrequency words were spelled correctly less often than higher-frequency words in all tasks, with greater frequency effects on the recall tasks than the recognition task. However, the negative effect of spelling lower-frequency words was especially pronounced for younger adults. Furthermore, older adults outperformed younger adults on all spelling tasks, particularly full recall and recognition. These findings suggest that compensatory factors like high word frequency and greater retrieval support are most beneficial to people with greater spelling Influences of Word Frequency, Context, and Age 3 difficulties, who were the younger adults in the present study. Older adults’ greater familiarity with words and their spellings can therefore be advantageous to their spelling recognition and retrieval. Influences of Word Frequency, Context, and Age 4
Reminera l iz ing Potent ia l and Antimicrobial Activity of a Cariostatic Agent with Silver Nanoparticles

the carious tooth structure. This study evaluated the effects of an experimental cariostatic agent with silver nanoparticles (Ag-Nano) using microhardness (MH) and microbiological tests. The cariostatic agents tested were: Saforide®, Cariestop®, Ancarie® and Ag-Nano. Sixty-six samples from deciduous enamel were submitted to initial (after pH cycling to obtain initial caries-like lesion) and final (after cariostatic application) MH testing and %MH values were calculated. After longitudinal sectioning, internal (I) MH was evaluated. Strains of Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis in brain-heart infusion culture were treated with the cariostatic agents. Agar diffusion tests (ADTs) were performed and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. The statistical tests used were: Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (%MD; ADT; MIC) and ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (I-MH) (p<0.05). The %MH of Saforide® was significantly greater than that of Ag-Nano (p<0.05). Internal MH showed progressive improvement in the enamel remineralization for all cariostatic tested. In ADTs showed greater inhibition of S. mutans, E. faecalis, and E. coli by Saforide® than by Ancarie® and Ag-Nano. Ag-Nano was able to inhibit 100% microorganism growth at a lower concentration than required for the other agents. It was concluded that Ag-Nano treatment promoted remineralization of deciduous tooth enamel with initial caries-like lesion and bactericidal activity. I n V i t r o E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e Reminera l iz ing Potent ia l and Antimicrobial Activity of a Cariostatic Agent with Silver Nanoparticles
First principles analysis of lattice dynamics for Fe-based superconductors and entropically-stabilized phases

Modern calculations are becoming an essential, complementary tool to inelastic x-ray scattering studies, where x-rays are scattered inelastically to resolve meV phonons. Calculations of the inelastic structure factor for any value of Q assist in both planning the experiment and analyzing the results. Moreover, differences between the measured data and theoretical calculations help identify important new physics driving the properties of novel correlated systems. We have used such calculations to better and more e ciently measure the phonon dispersion and elastic constants of several iron pnictide superconductors. This dissertation describes calculations and measurements at room temperature in the tetragonal phase of CaFe{sub 2}As{sub 2} and LaFeAsO. In both cases, spin-polarized calculations imposing the antiferromagnetic order present in the low-temperature orthorhombic phase dramatically improves the agreement between theory and experiment. This is discussed in terms of the strong antiferromagnetic correlations that are known to persist in the tetragonal phase. In addition, we discuss a relatively new approach called self-consistent ab initio lattice dynamics (SCAILD), which goes beyond the harmonic approximation to include phonon-phonon interactions and produce a temperature-dependent phonon dispersion. We used this technique to study the HCP to BCC transition in beryllium.
1 Defects in Germanium

Many properties of solids are strongly affected by the presence of defects or impurities. In semiconductors, impurities are routinely incorporated in small quantities as a means of controlling the electrical conductivity. This practice, referred to as doping, is at the heart ofmodern solid-state device design, where p-n junctions are used in a myriad of different applications such as diodes, transistors, light emitters, and solar cells. A p-n junction is an interface between two semiconductor regions of different conductivity type: p-type and n-type. n-type semiconductors contain impurities referred to as donors, which contribute electrons to the empty conduction-band states of the semiconductor that lead to n-type conductivity. In a p-type semiconductor, the presence of impurities called acceptors causes electrons to be removed from the filled valence-band states.These removed electrons leave behind mobile charged electronic vacancies in the valence band (referred to as holes), which induce p-type conductivity. In addition to intentionally incorporated impurities, native point defects are also present. These are defects that are intrinsic to a given material, such as vacancies (missing atoms), self-interstitials (additional atoms), or antisites (a cation sitting on an anion site or vice versa in a compound semiconductor). Such native point defects are typically electrically active, and can lead to compensation, that is, a reduction in the conductivity that one aims to achieve by incorporating dopant impurities. Native point defects are involved in self-diffusion [1], but also play a critical role in dopant diffusion, because the motion of impurities is typically assisted by vacancies or self-interstitials [2–5]. Point defectsmay also act as carrier traps or be involved in degradation. It is therefore crucial to understand the nature and origin of point defects in order to control their formation and concentration.This is particularly important because germanium has emerged as a promisingmaterial for use in the channel of novel complementary metal-oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Compared to silicon CMOS, germanium offers higher channel mobilities and lower voltage operation due to its significantly smaller band gap. However, problems exist,
SILVA FENNICA

Castanea sativa Mill. is one of the most endangered tree species in Iran where it is represented by small fragmented populations in the north of the country. 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci (10 nuclear and 8 chloroplastic) were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of C. sativa from the Hyrcanian forest. For nuclear SSR, the number of alleles detected per locus ranged from 1 to 5 and observed heterozygosity (HO) was between 0.125 and 1.000. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated a high level of variation within populations (84%) and low levels between populations (16%). Based on structure analysis, the four studied populations were divided into two main clusters that have genetic distance Fst = 0.3. The Shafaroud population was separated in the first cluster, Siyahmazgi, Qalehroudkhan and Veysroud were placed in the second cluster. The UPGMA analysis confirmed the results of Structure analysis, separating the Shafaroud population from the others. The 8 chloroplast SSR loci used to screen the populations showed no polymorphism. In General, low nuclear genetic diversity, no polymorphism in cpDNA and considerable genetic differentiation among populations in short geographical distance represent a serious genetic erosion threat for C. sativa in the Hyrcanian forest, even hinting at an ongoing extinction vortex. Therefore, due to significant decline in genetic diversity, it is essential to introduce constraints protection upon the areas of distribution of all four populations of this species in Iran.
A Laboratory Facility to Study Gas–Aerosol–Cloud Interactions in a Turbulent Environment: The Π Chamber

AbstractA detailed understanding of interactions of aerosols, cloud droplets/ice crystals, and trace gases within the atmosphere is of prime importance for an accurate understanding of Earth’s weather and climate. One aspect that remains especially vexing is that clouds are ubiquitously turbulent, and therefore thermodynamic and compositional variables, such as water vapor supersaturation, fluctuate in space and time. With these problems in mind, a multiphase, turbulent reaction chamber—called the Π chamber because of the internal volume of 3.14 m3 with the cylindrical insert installed—has been developed. It is capable of pressures ranging from 1,000 to –60 hPa and can sustain temperatures of –55° to 55°C, thereby spanning much of the range of tropospheric clouds. To control the relative humidity in the chamber, it can be operated with a stable, unstable, or neutral temperature difference between the top and bottom surfaces, with or without expansion. A negative temperature difference induces turbulent Ra.
ff ect in polyethylene and its dependency on crystal content : A network alteration model

This contribution is focused on the Mullins effect in polyethylene. An ultra-low-density polyethylene with 0.15 crystal content, a low-density polyethylene with 0.3 crystal content and a high-density polyethylene with 0.72 crystal content are subjected to cyclic stretching over a large strain range. Experimental observations are first reported to examine how the crystal content influences the Mullins effect in polyethylene. It is found that the cyclic stretching is characterized by a stress-softening, a hysteresis and a residual strain, whose amounts depends on the crystal content and the applied strain. A unified viscohyperelastic-viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model is proposed to capture the polyethylene response over a large strain range and its crystal-dependency. The macro-scale polyethylene response is decomposed into two physically distinct sources, a viscoelastic-viscoplastic intermolecular part and a viscohyperelastic network part. The local inelastic deformations of the rubbery amorphous and crystalline phases are considered by means of a micromechanical treatment using the volume fraction concept. Experimentally-based material kinetics are designed by considering the Mullins effect crystaldependency and are introduced into the constitutive equations to capture the experimental observations. It is shown that the model is able to accurately reproduce the Mullins effect in polyethylene over a large strain range. The inherent deformation mechanisms are finally presented guided by the proposed constitutive model.
Quantifying Evolutionary Genetic Constraints in the Ivyleaf Morning Glory, Ipomoea hederacea

The ability of a population to respond to natural selection will be determined by the patterns of genetic variation and covariation in traits under selection. In the quantitative genetic framework, these patterns of genetic variation and covariation are described by the G matrix, which for a given pattern of selection will determine the size and direction of evolutionary responses. Several methods have been developed to evaluate the nature of evolutionary constraints imposed by G, although this multitude of methods has never been applied to a common data set to compare their strengths and weaknesses, or the similarity of evolutionary inferences they produce. Here we compare several multivariate methods that calculate genetic constraint using a quantitative genetic field study in the ivyleaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea. We focus on a tractable number of traits (size at flowering, final size, and flowering time), which allows us to pair multivariate quantitative methods with qualitative interpretations of both G and the pattern of natural selection. In methods that rely on either the geometry of G or the multivariate orientation of G and the pattern of natural selection (β), we found high levels of inferred constraint. In contrast, when one considers how genetic covariances are likely to affect the rate of adaptation over very short timescales, we inferred relatively low levels of constraint. Two consistent results emerge from our analyses. First, the inferences about evolutionary genetic constraints from all of these metrics are very sensitive to whether traits are unstandardized, standardized by the standard deviation, or standardized by the mean. In general, weaker evolutionary genetic constraints are inferred for metrics utilizing a mean standardization. Second, the discordance between methods that consider the geometric orientation of G and β and those that evaluate how covariances affect the short-term rate of adaptation suggests that alternative constraint metrics might be informative, depending on whether the goal is to evaluate adaptation in general or the evolution of particular traits.
Three-dimensional optical assessment of experimental iatrogenic mechanical damage to canine dental enamel caused by a sonic scaler.

Removal of dental calculus deposits is one of the basic parts of professional dental cleaning. Despite the popularity of power-driven scalers, several risks are associated with their use, mechanical damage of the enamel surface being one of the most important. The present study evaluated enamel damage caused by a sonic scaler in different work patterns to quantify the damage and allow a clear comparison. Seventy-five canine teeth were carefully extracted from twenty-three dogs. The scaler was used on a clean surface with several combinations of time (five to twenty seconds) and parts of the scaler (point vs. side of the tip). Subsequently, damaged surface topography was mapped using three-dimensional optical microscopy. The results revealed a high variance in defect depth which was influenced by both factors. Statistical assessment confirmed highly significant (P < 0.001) or at least significant (P < 0.05) differences in data acquired for each group. As expected, the shallowest defects were produced by the scaler side in the shortest experimental period (five seconds). Point use proved to be quite damaging, as it resulted in approximately four times higher median values than the side in the same timeframe. Therefore, it is crucial to follow all safety precautions when handling a power-driven scaler even during routine treatments. Use of the side of the tip and constant movement on the tooth surface are essential to reduce the risk of enamel damage.