Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sexual Dimorphism in Osornophryne guacamayo with Notes on Natural History and Reproduction in the Species

phibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State Univ. Press, Baton Rouge. FITCH, H. S. 1954. Life history and ecology of the fivelined skink, Eumeces fasciatus. Univ. Kans. Publ. , Mus. Nat. Hist. 8:1-156. FITZGERALD, L. A. , F. B. CRUZ, AND G. PEROTTI. 1999. Phenology of a lizard assemblage in the dry chaco of Argentina. J. Herpetol. 33:526-535. GIBBONS, J. W. , AND R. D. SEMLITSCH. 1981. Terrestrial drift fences with pitfall traps: An effective technique for quantitative sampling of animal populations. Brimleyana 7:1-16. HASEGAWA, M. 1984. Biennial reproduction in the lizard Eumeces okadae on Miyake-Jima, Japan. Herpetologica 40:194-199. IRWIN, K. J. 1982. Life history notes: Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis (Southern coal skink) reproduction. Herpetol. Rev. 13:125-126. MARTOF, B. 1955. Some records of reptiles of Georgia. Copeia 1955:302-305. MITCHELL, J. C. 1994. Reptiles of Virginia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. MOUNT, R. H. 1975. The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama. Auburn Univ., Auburn, Alabama. RAMUS, E. 1998. The Herpetology Sourcebook, 19981999 Directory. Reptile and Amphibian Magazine, Pottsville, Pennsylvania. TRAUTH, S. E. 1994. Reproductive cycles in two Arkansas skinks in the genus Eumeces (Sauria: Scincidae). Proc. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 48:210-218. VITT, L. J., AND W. E. COOPER JR. 1985a. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the skink Eumeces laticeps: An example of sexual selection. Can. J. Zool. 63: 995-1002. 1985b. The relationship between reproduction and lipid cycling in the skink Eumeces laticeps with comments on brooding ecology. Herpetologica 41:419-432. 1986. Skink reproduction and sexual dimorphism: Eumeces fasciatus in the southeastern United States, with notes on Eumeces inexpectatus. J. Herpetol. 20:65-76. WALLEY, H. D. 1998. Eumeces anthracinus (Baird). Cat. Am. Amp. Rept. 658:1-6. ZAR, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall Publ. , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Production of the macrocyclic bis-bibenzyls in axenically farmed and wild liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. subsp. ruderalis Bischl. et Boisselier

Abstract Over 60 macrocyclic bis-bibenzyls have been isolated from hepatics. They possess various biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, muscle relaxant and antitumor activities, as well as inhibitory activity against DNA polymerase β and HIV. To explore the feasibility of obtaining novel bis-bibenzyls through laboratory culture, in this study, we compare the qualitative and quantitative contents of axenically farmed and field-collected specimens of Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis (Mpr). We analyzed methanol extracts of Mpr by LC–MS, and confirmed the identity of isolable compounds by NMR. We found that extracts from natural populations of Mpr contained the known bis-bibenzyl marchantin A as a major component, while the minor components do not correspond to other known bis-bibenzyls. In contrast, the chromatograms of axenically farmed Mpr extracts were highly complex, containing numerous UV active compounds. The only similarity between natural and farmed populations of Mpr was the presence of marchantin A. In the farmed Mpr production of marchantin E, G and/or C, and dehydromarchantin A is suggested. Thus, the axenically farmed liverworts produce numerous metabolites not seen in natural populations, opening up the possibility of directing biosynthesis to either increase production of known compounds or generate new compounds through non-natural precursor feeding.
Genetic variants in the PSMA6, PSMC6 and PSMA3 genes associated with childhood asthma in Latvian and taiwanese populations

Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia 3, Miera Str. , Salaspils, Latvia, LV-2169 Institute of Biomedicine, Tzu-Chi University 701, Zhongyang Rd., Sec 3. , Hualien 97004, Taiwan Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia 1a, Sharlotes Str. , Riga, Latvia, LV-1001 University Children Hospital 20, Juglas Str. , Riga, Latvia, LV-1079 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Tainan, Taiwan Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis 21, Aizkraukles Str. , Riga, Latvia, LV-1006
A Framework for Automated Test Mocking of Mobile Apps

Mobile apps interact with their environment extensively, and these interactions can complicate testing activities because test cases may need a complete environment to be executed. Interactions with the environment can also introduce test flakiness, for instance when the environment behaves in non-deterministic ways. For these reasons, it is common to create test mocks that can eliminate the need for (part of) the environment to be present during testing. Manual mock creation, however, can be extremely time consuming and error-prone. Moreover, the generated mocks can typically only be used in the context of the specific tests for which they were created. To address these issues, we propose MOKA, a general framework for collecting and generating reusable test mocks in an automated way. MOKA leverages the ability to observe a large number of interactions between an application and its environment and uses an iterative approach to generate two possible, alternative types of mocks with different reusability characteristics: advanced mocks generated through program synthesis (ideally) and basic record-replay-based mocks (as a fallback solution). In this paper, we describe the new ideas behind MOKA, its main characteristics, a preliminary empirical study, and a set of possible applications that could benefit from our framework.
Soil Acidity and Moisture and the Distribution of Amphibians in Five Forests of Southcentral New York

distributions of Bufo americanus, Plethodon cinereus, Eurycea bislineata, Desmognathus fuscus and Ambystoma maculatum were significantly influenced by soil pH. Soil moisture also influenced species distributions. Rana sylvatica, E. bislineata, D. fuscus, Notophthalmus viridescens and A. maculatum occurred on quadrats with a significantly higher average moisture content than quadrats without amphibians. Both soil moisture and soil pH should be determined when factors influencing amphibian distributions are being examined. Soil pH in the eastern United States is within the range that can be lethal to some species and inhibits the growth of others. More information is needed to assess the long term consequences of soil acidification on amphibian populations.
Incubation Schedules of Four Species of Calidridine Sandpipers at Barrow, Alaska

eggs are laid before daily minimum temperatures exceed freezing (Brown 1968; MacLean 1969) and subfreezing temperatures may occur on occasional "nights" (18:00-06:00) throughout the nesting season. Incubation under these conditions might be expected to assume one of two forms. Shorebirds might either incubate virtually 100% of the time or might show a fluctuating incubation constancy which reflects the prevailing danger of cold-exposure to unattended eggs. A study of nest attendance between clutch completion and the start of hatching should reveal whether 24-hr periodicities and noncyclic fluctuations of incubation constancy occur, and if so, whether these correspond to fluctuations in environmental factors.
Geographic Variation in Empidonax traillii

OF ALL the birds of North America, the Alder Flycatcher, with its willow-inhabiting races in the west, is perhaps as cl/fficult as any to the taxonomist. Except for the lack of pronounced sexual differences, these birds. present nearly every possible difficulty. Indeed, the very similarity of the sexes poses a problem; a large female of one race may be confused with a small male of another, leading to doubt as to whether the bird was breecl/ng or on migration when taken. The species migrates both very late in spring and early in fall; only from June 25 to July 20 may the birds be presumed to be on their breecl/ng grounds; and at this time most of them are in poor plumage. • In cases of this sort, the inadequacy of the usual museum label (which gives no data on sexual condition or on plant association) becomes painfully apparent. Besides these cl/fficulties, size varies rather independently of color; iramatures cl/ffer from adults; adults migrate before their post-nuptial molt; and it is no easy matter even to distinguish this from other species of t•mpidonax. Perhaps the worst features of all are the manner of intergrading, by wide individual variation in intermecl/ate areas, and certain peculiarities in the cl/stribution of the races, which does not always coincide with the distribution of races of most other species (which we think of as 'natural' ranges). This last situation might well be suspected from the proximity of the type localities of brelvsteri and adastus, both of which lie in the western Great Basin region.
Enzyme polymorphism in Antarctic krill (Euphausiacea); genetic variation between populations and species

Abstract By means of enzyme electrophoretical assays three samples of Euphausia superba, all from the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean, were examined to see whether or not they represent genetically separated populations. The same samples were also compared with E. superba from off the Western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, representing the Pacific sector. The latter animals have previously been studied by other authors. One sample of a second species of Antarctic krill, E. crystallorophias, was likewise examined. Thirty-five loci were studied in E. superba, and it is concluded that the three samples from the Atlantic sector most probably do not represent reproductively isolated populations. Their average heterozygosity, about 10%, is however greater than the value previously found for the ‘Pacific’ E. superba, 5.8 %. Calculations of the genetic identity and genetic distance between the Atlantic and ‘Pacific’ samples of E. superba suggest they represent separate populations. The average heterozyg.
Inheritance of Resistance to Striga Hermonthica (Del.) Benth. In An Open Pollinated Maize Population, Tzl Composite ! Cl.

The parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. of the Scrophulariaceae family constitutes one of the most economically important biological constraints in maize production in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa. The type of gene action involved in the inheritance of resistance to Striga hermonthica was investigated using the open-pollinated population, TZLComposite-1 Cl in a North Carolina design 1 scheme. Recombination were done among the best families and also the poorest performing families selected. Realized heritabilities were thus computed for important Striga related variables. This study also elucidated the rate and the extent at which resistance to Striga can be increased by using conventional population improvement methods. Comparison of the magnitude of the additive genetic variance (cr2a) and the dominance variance (a2d) showed that additive genetic variance was a major portion of the genotypic variance for characters like ear Striga rating (a2a = 0.41±0.15 and a 2d = 0.20±0.23 ), yield of infested plants (a2a = 401564±172649 and a 2d= 571271315131), anthesis-silking interval of infested plants (a2a = 0.585±0.49 and a 2d = -0.38±0.93) and Striga rating at 8 weeks after planting (cr2a = 0.28+0.12 and c 2d= 0.03±0.21), whereas the number of Striga per host plants is controlled by non additive gene action (ci2a = 75.69±76.64 and a 2d = 211.47±134.48). Estimates of narrow-sense heritability (h2n) confirms the magnitude of the additive genetic variance in the total genetic variance for the traits ear Striga rating (h2n = 0.43+0.16), yield of infested plants (h2n = 0.31+0.13) and Striga rating (h2n = 0.33±0.15), which can be improved by selection. Estimates of realized heritability (h2 r) were highest for ear Striga rating (h2r = 0.34+0.37), yield of infested plants (h2r = 0.32±0.48) and for Striga rating (h2r = 0.27±0.57). Genetic University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug. edu.gh
Forecast of Yield Loss Suffered from Bacterial Grain Rot of Rice in Paddy Fields by Severely Diseased Panicles

The effects of severely diseased panicles (SDPs) on yield loss by bacterial grain rot of rice in paddy field were studied by simple sampling scheme for disease assessment and by correlating the number of SDPs with disease index. When the percentage of diseased hills sampled systematically was compared with that of 1000 hills sampled randomly in a plot with 5000 hills, correlation coefficient between them was more than γ2=0.91 when>80 hills were sampled systematically. In addition, the correlation between disease index obtained by systematic sampling and that of randomly sampled 1000 hills was more than γ2=0.97 when>60 hills were sampled by systematic sampling. Based on these results, 100 hills sampled systematically were determined for further tests. The correlation coefficient between yield loss of rice and the disease index by systematic sampling was high (γ2=0.92), indicating that the assessment method with 100 systematically sampled hills was not only easy to carry out but also applicable for estimating yield loss. Subsequently, a total of 44 fields classified into 4 groups in Fukuoka was selected for analysis on the relationship between the number of SDPs and disease index. Each group consisted of uniform fields in location and in heading time, and the mean values of disease indices of these 4 groups at about 3 weeks after heading time were 3.46, 11.00, 10.67 and 9.38. In these groups, disease index increased with increasing number of SDPs observed 5 to 7 days after heading time and, moreover, it was always low when SDPs were less than 3 in a single field. When additional 18 heterogeneous fields were included for analysis, the disease index was still low in the fields with less than 3 SDPs. These results suggest that SDPs occurring within a week after heading time are important for disease development and their frequency is a useful criterion for forecasting disease severity.
Contemporary nuclear and mitochondrial genetic clines in a north temperate estuarine fish reflect Pleistocene vicariance

Contemporary genetic spatial structure in north temperate marine species is likely the culmination of multiple vicariant and dispersive cycles. Here we evaluate spatial genetic struc- ture in an estuarine fish, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, from coastal Newfoundland, Canada, us- ing data from both mtDNA (ND5) sequences and nuclear loci (11 microsatellites). Sequence analysis of ND5 identified a previously unrecognized genetic discontinuity between 2 hypo - thesized glacial clades in southeastern Newfoundland. Microsatellite based tests for directional se- lection identified a locus (Omo11, p < 0.001) that mirrored mtDNA clades in the geographic distrib- ution of its 2 common alleles but did not display elevated differentiation following correction for heterozygosity. Bayesian multilocus clustering of the remaining micro satellite loci supported the presence of 2 predominant groups, for which the spatial distribution was also largely consistent with those of the mtDNA and Omo11 clades. Taken together, the similarity in microsatellite and mtDNA clines supports the hypothesis that contemporary spatial structure in smelt reflects histori- cal landscape isolation maintained by low dispersal and selective processes producing reinforce- ment between diverging populations. As genetic structure in northern marine and estuarine spe - cies may be largely determined by historical glacial cycles of vicariance, contemporary estimates of connectivity should be interpreted in the context of both past and present landscape structure.
Bird reactions to observer clothing color : Implications for distance-sampling techniques

The species-confidence hypothesis asserts that birds prefer mates whose colors match those of their species and avoid potential mates whose colors are atypical of conspecifics. Earlier point-count research indicated this mate-choice hypothesis also may explain avian reactions to observer clothing color. In central Texas, during January and February 1993, we tested further whether the species-confidence hypothesis holds for reactions to observer clothing color by determining how close an investigator could get to individuals before they flushed (approach distance) and how long individuals remained visible near their initial flush point (detectability period). The same investigator experimentally wore or did not wear a hunter-orange vest, which some wildlife biologists wear as a safety precaution during hunting-season field studies. The vest did not affect approach distance for species with red or orange on their bodies (American robin [Turdus migratorius], P = 0.247; northern cardinal [Cardinalis cardinalis], P = 0.196; ruby-crowned kinglet [Regulus calendula], P = 0.434; red-bellied woodpecker [Melanerpes carolinus], P = 0.113). In contrast, approach distances for species without red or orange were longer when the vest was worn than when it was not worn (Carolina chickadee [Parus carolinensis], P = 0.032; northern mockingbird [Mimus polyglottos], P = 0.033; yellow-rumped warbler [Dendroica coronata], P = 0.001). Differences in detectability period between vest conditions depended on air temperature for American robins (P = 0.003) and on the variation in visibility within habitats for northern cardinals (P < 0.001). Detectability period was shorter when the vest was worn than when it was not worn for Carolina chickadees (P = 0.057) and yellow-rumped warblers (P = 0.060). Thus, for several species this mate-choice hypothesis seems to apply to garment color as well. Some species' reactions demonstrated that, if birds respond significantly to clothing color, important assumptions of distance-sampling techniques used to estimate avian richness, density, and abundance will be violated, and these parameters will be underestimated. Wildlife scientists will be more likely to draw valid inferences and recommend effective management practices from avian data gathered via distance-sampling methods if reactions to clothing color are precluded.
Guest editorial

tural and ethnic influences on mental disorders. They incorporate a more sophisticated depiction of impairment, disability and service patterns, and greater integration of mental and medical disorders. They will also facilitate an in-depth examination of factors contributing to psychopathology and service use disparities. The growing links between psychiatric epidemiology, clinical research and services research suggest that the findings that emerge from the CPES will influence phenomenology, etiology, and treatment research as well as public health and services policy. The first two papers in this issue introduce two surveys in the CPES that focus on minority populations: the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) (Jackson et al., 2004) and the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) (Alegria et al., 2004). The NSAL is a study designed to explore racial and ethnic differences in mental disorders, distress and service use from within the context of a variety of presumed risk and protective factors in the African American and Afro-Caribbean populations of the US as compared with white respondents living in the same communities. In addition to the core disorder instrumentation contained in all of the CPES surveys, the NSAL has included detailed measures of health and social conditions, many of them similar to measures used in the National Survey of Black Americans conducted in 1970–80 and thus a source of trend data for African-Americans over the past generation. Jackson and his colleagues highlight the incongruencies in the literature regarding differences between blacks and whites in vulnerability and mental disorder rates. The large sample size of the NSAL (over 6,000 adult respondents) will allow this research team to tease out explanations for the disparate and oft-times counterintuitive relationships between distress, quality of life indicators, socioeconomic status and mental disorders reported previously. Next, Alegria and Takeuchi (Alegria et al., 2004) present the NLAAS, the first study of its kind to measure psychiatric epidemiology and service utilization Guest editorial
Analisis molekuler gen penyandi hemaglutinin virus highly pathogenic avian influenza subtipe H5N1 isolat unggas air

SUSANTI, R, R.D. SOEJOEDONO, I.G. N.K. MAHARDIKA, I.W. T. WIBAWAN and M.T. Suhartono. 2008. Molecular analysis of Hemaglutinin Gen of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza of H5N1 Subtype Isolated from Waterfowls. JITV 13(3): 229-239. Avian influenza viruses (AIV) subtype H5N1 isolated from waterfowls in West Java pose the known characteristic of highly pathogenic strains, with polybasic amino acid sequence of cleavage site QRERRRKKR and QRESRRKKR. This research aimed to analyze the important domain of hemaglutinin (HA) gene of those isolates. Fragment of HA gene was amplified using RTPCR method with specifically-designed primer pairs and sequenced using dideoxy termination method with ABI automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Multiple alignment of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed using ClustalW of MEGA-3.1 program. Some of biological domains of HA, i.e. antigenic sites, receptor binding pocket, and glycosylation sites of the isolates were polymorphic. The viruses also pose conserved glutamine (Q) and glysin (G) residues at the known receptor binding site, at the position 222 and 224 respectively. This findings clearly show that all AIV subtype H5N1 isolated from waterfowl preserves the α-2,3NeuAcGal avian receptor specificity.
Effect of Larval Rearing Temperature and Maternal Photoperiod on Diapause in the Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Laboratory studies of diapause induction in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), revealed that maternal photoperiod had no influence on the time of emergence of nondiapausing or diapausing horn flies. Larval rearing temperature affected emergence time of nondiapausing horn flies, but had little effect on emergence time of diapausing horn flies. Horn flies began emerging from diapause at 25°C after 60 d exposure to temperatures below 20°C. Emergence from diapause required <60 d at 25°C for completion. Diapause occurred in nearly 100% of insects reared at less than 16°C regardless of photoperiod to which the parents were exposed. No diapause occurred in insects reared at 25°C, regardless of whether the parents were exposed to 8, 12, or 16 h light. Intermediate levels of diapause occurred in insects reared at 20°C, but this showed no relationship to maternal photoperiod. Overall, larval rearing temperatures accounted for 89.2% of the variation in the incidence of diapause, while maternal photoperiod alone accounted for only 0.1%.
Distribution and Abundance of Adult Aquatic Insects in the Forest Adjacent to a Northern California Stream

The distribution of adult aquatic insects in the mixed evergreen forest adjacent to Big Sulphur Creek, Sonoma Co., Calif. , was examined using sticky traps (0.26 m2 each) that were placed in trees at three distances (5, 40, 150 m) from the stream and at three heights (2, 5, 8 m) above the ground. Species richness, number of individuals, and biomass of aquatic insects, and number of individuals for seven of 12 common aquatic insect taxa decreased (P ≤ 5 0.05) as distance from the stream increased. Species richness, number of individuals, and biomass of aquatic insects showed no relationship with height above the ground, but of the 12 common taxa, three were most abundant near tree tops and one was most abundant near tree bases (P ≤ 0.05). Adult aquatic insects represented 36.9 and 15.4% of total arthropod numbers and 25.3 and 10.7% of total arthropod biomass at the 5-m and 150-m sites, respectively. The abundance of adult aquatic insects in the forest bordering this stream suggests that adult aquatic insects provide an important conduit for energy and nutrients from the aquatic system to the terrestrial food web.