Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surgical emergencies of the gastrointestinal tract at the Mbaïki District Hospital in the Central African Republic

Objective: To describe the epidemiological, etiological, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of digestive surgical emergencies in rural areas. Patients and Methods: This is a descriptive prospective study of digestive surgical emergencies treated over a 9-month period (August 2011 to May 2012) at the M'baiki District Hospital. Results: Digestive surgical emergencies accounted for 32.2% of surgical emergencies; the average age of patients was 39.1 years with a male predominance (87.5%); farmers were involved in 64.6% of cases. The most commonly used means of transport were motorcycle taxis (48%). The average time to get a consult was 7.3 hours. Strangulated inguinal hernia dominated with 73% of cases. In pre-hospital settings, 81.3% of patients had self-medicated or been treated by a traditional healer. The average operating time was 2.1 hours. Patients were operated under general and local anaesthesia in 47.9% and 45.8% of cases. Ileal necrosis (75%) dominated the lesions found. Simple kelotomy and resection-anastomosis (45.8% each), 27.1% of which were associated with kelotomy, were the main surgical procedures performed. Antibiotic therapy was used for all patients. The morbidity and mortality rate was 45.8% and 14.6%. The average hospitalization period was 9 days. Conclusion: Digestive surgical emergencies in rural areas are dominated by the strangulated inguinal hernia. Delayed hospital visits, lack of adequate facilities and staff shortage result in high morbidity and mortality.
Survey of Deep Learning Based Entertainment Oriented Recommendation Systems

—In today's world, automated recommendation is a big field that large companies like Netflix, Spotify and even multiple e-commerce websites use. It is a tiresome and languid task to make sense of the vast and diverse information provided to make a choice. An ideal solution would be to use a recommender system to help ease the users’ decision-making ability. Many techniques to perform recommendation such as content-based and collaborative recommender systems are present but due to limitations with respect to these traditional methods, a deep learning model provides better results. Deep learning help the system to gain a better perspective of the users and items and thus improves the accuracy of the recommendation. In this article, we give a brief summary of the traditional techniques and then survey a few deep learning recommendation systems.
Growth and net production of Sphagnum at five fen sites, subarctic eastern Canada

Growth in length and net primary production (NPP) were measured by the cranked wire method at five sites near Schefferville, northern Quebec, representing lawns of Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum warnstorfii, S. warnstorfii/S. angustifolium, and hummocks of Sphagnum fuscum and Sphagnum capillifolium. From June to September, growth and NPP ranged from 4 to 24 mm and 29 to 142 g m−2, respectively. In an average rainfall year (1984), growth at the three lawn sites was higher than in the hummocks. In a dry year (1985, with half the average rainfall), growth in two of the three lawn sites was lower than in the hummocks. Growth of Sphagnum was weakly correlated with macroclimatic variables, such as air temperature, precipitation, and sunshine. The literature for Sphagnum production from arctic to temperate regions showed that hummock NPP was less than that of adjacent lawn/hollow sites and that a significant (r2 = 0.307, P < 0.001) portion of the variation in NPP can be ascribed to mean annual temperature.
Energy Harvesting Relaying Network in a Delay-Tolerant Transmission Mode Over к―μ Shadowed Fading Channels

Here, energy harvesting DF (decode-and-forward) relaying with beamforming is studied in κκ − μμ fading environment. In this system, a source and a destination are equipped with multiple antennas, and communication from the source to the destination takes place via a single antenna DF relay. The relay is an energyconstrained node and harvests energy from the received source RF (radio-frequency) signal. Then, using the harvested energy, the relay transmits information to the destination. The κκ − μμ shadowed fading includes different classical fading models as distinctive cases: Rayleigh, Nakagami-mm� , κκ − μμ , Rician, and Rician shadowed fading. Using a PSR (power-splitting relaying) protocol, new and exact analytical expressions for the average capacity and throughput are derived in a delay-tolerant transmission mode. The system performance is analyzed for different number of antennas in different fading and shadowing environment. The derived analytical results are justified through Monte Carlo simulation.
The effects of social network position on the survival of wild Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus

It has long been shown that the social environment of individuals can have strong effects on health, well-being, and longevity in a wide range of species. Several recent studies found that an individual’s number of affiliative partners positively relates to its probability of survival. Here, we build on these previous results to test how both affiliation and aggression networks predict Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) survival in a "natural experiment. " Thirty out of 47 wild Barbary macaques, living in 2 groups, died during an exceptionally cold winter in the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco. We analyzed the affiliation and aggression networks of both groups in the 6 months before the occurrences of these deaths, to assess which aspects of their social relationships enhanced individual survivorship. Using only the affiliation network, we found that network clustering was highly predictive of individual survival probability. Using only the aggression network, we found that individual survival probability increased with a higher number of aggression partners and lower clustering coefficient. Interestingly, when both affiliation and aggression networks were considered together, only parameters from the aggression network were included into the best model predicting individual survival. Aggressive relationships might serve to stabilize affiliative social relationships, thereby positively impacting on individual survival during times of extreme weather conditions. Overall, our findings support the view that aggressive social interactions are extremely important for individual well-being and fitness.
Enhancing Bias Detection in Political News Using Pragmatic Presupposition

Usage of presuppositions in social media and news discourse can be a powerful way to influence the readers as they usually tend to not examine the truth value of the hidden or indirectly expressed information. Fairclough and Wodak (1997) discuss presupposition at a discourse level where some implicit claims are taken for granted in the explicit meaning of a text or utterance. From the Gricean perspective, the presuppositions of a sentence determine the class of contexts in which the sentence could be felicitously uttered. This paper aims to correlate the type of knowledge presupposed in a news article to the bias present in it. We propose a set of guidelines to identify various kinds of presuppositions in news articles and present a dataset consisting of 1050 articles which are annotated for bias (positive, negative or neutral) and the magnitude of presupposition. We introduce a supervised classification approach for detecting bias in political news which significantly outperforms the existing systems.
Une méthode non-supervisée pour la segmentation morphologique et l’apprentissage de morphotactique à l’aide de processus de Pitman-Yor (An unsupervised method for joint morphological segmentation and morphotactics learning using Pitman-Yor processes)[In French]

Cet article présente un modèle bayésien non-paramétrique pour la segmentation morphologique non supervisée. Ce modèle semi-markovien s’appuie sur des classes latentes de morphèmes afin de modéliser les caractéristiques morphotactiques du lexique, et son caractère non-paramétrique lui permet de s’adapter aux données sans avoir à spécifier à l’avance l’inventaire des morphèmes ainsi que leurs classes. Un processus de Pitman-Yor est utilisé comme a priori sur les paramètres afin d’éviter une convergence vers des solutions dégénérées et inadaptées au traitemement automatique des langues. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent la pertinence des segmentations obtenues pour le turc et l’anglais. Une étude qualitative montre également que le modèle infère une morphotactique linguistiquement pertinente, sans le recours à des connaissances expertes quant à la structure morphologique des formes de mots.
Automating Template Creation for Ranking-Based Dialogue Models

Dialogue response generation models that use template ranking rather than direct sequence generation allow model developers to limit generated responses to pre-approved messages. However, manually creating templates is time-consuming and requires domain expertise. To alleviate this problem, we explore automating the process of creating dialogue templates by using unsupervised methods to cluster historical utterances and selecting representative utterances from each cluster. Specifically, we propose an end-to-end model called Deep Sentence Encoder Clustering (DSEC) that uses an auto-encoder structure to jointly learn the utterance representation and construct template clusters. We compare this method to a random baseline that randomly assigns templates to clusters as well as a strong baseline that performs the sentence encoding and the utterance clustering sequentially. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we perform an automatic evaluation with two annotated customer service datasets to assess clustering effectiveness, and a human-in-the-loop experiment using a live customer service application to measure the acceptance rate of the generated templates. DSEC performs best in the automatic evaluation, beats both the sequential and random baselines on most metrics in the human-in-the-loop experiment, and shows promising results when compared to gold/manually created templates.
Towards Reversal-Based Textual Data Augmentation for NLI Problems with Opposable Classes

Data augmentation methods are commonly used in computer vision and speech. However, in domains dealing with textual data, such techniques are not that common. Most of the existing methods rely on rephrasing, i.e. new sentences are generated by changing a source sentence, preserving its meaning. We argue that in tasks with opposable classes (such as Positive and Negative in sentiment analysis), it might be beneficial to also invert the source sentence, reversing its meaning, to generate examples of the opposing class. Methods that use somewhat similar intuition exist in the space of adversarial learning, but are not always applicable to text classification (in our experiments, some of them were even detrimental to the resulting classifier accuracy). We propose and evaluate two reversal-based methods on an NLI task of recognising a type of a simple logical expression from its description in plain-text form. After gathering a dataset on MTurk, we show that a simple heuristic using a notion of negating the main verb has a potential not only on its own, but that it can also boost existing state-of-the-art rephrasing-based approaches.
Pre- and post-dispersal seed predation in a mediterranean-type climate montane sclerophyllous forest in central Chile

Most seed-predation studies have evaluated pre- or post-dispersal predation separately, in one or a few species. Assessments of the overall importance of pre- v. post-dispersal seed predation at the community level are generally lacking. Here, we quantify levels of pre and post-dispersal seed predation in >25 plant species in a mediterranean-type climate montane forest in central Chile in two periods of study (1995–1996 and 1997–1998). Almost all species analysed suffered at least some seed losses to pre-dispersal and/or post-dispersal seed predation. However, among species, magnitudes of both pre- and post-dispersal seed predation proved highly variable, ranging between 0 and 100% and exceeding 50% in five and nine species, respectively. High inter-annual variability in both pre- and post-dispersal seed predation, at both the species and overall community levels, was observed, with only a small number of species suffering large losses during both periods of study. At the overall community level, percentage seed losses to pre-dispersal predation were not significantly different from those experienced in the postdispersal phase. Rodents were the most important seed removers in seven species. However, the three groups of granivores analysed (rodents, birds and insects) were similar in their importance as post-dispersal predators in most plant species. Groups of species suffering similar levels of seed losses to pre- or post-dispersal predators did not share any particular seed characteristics, suggesting that differences in the seed traits studied seem to be relatively unimportant in determining variation in seed predation.
Dragonflies (Odonata) from the Taquari River valley region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A survey of Odonata was carried out in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: the Taquari River valley. This region was originally covered by deciduous and Semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest, which today only exist in a highly fragmented environment mainly due to agricultural activities. Our survey was conducted in 12 municipalities from this region, between March 2011 and April 2013. Aiming a general overview of the species composition, our sampling sites included lakes, bogs, small streams and river sections, all inside or surrounded by small forest fragments or forest areas. Fifty species of Odonata were collected comprising 29 genera and seven families. The dominant families were Libellulidae (40%) and Coenagrionidae (36%), while Aeshindae, Gomphidae and Lestidae each only comprise 6% of the total number of species. The findings revealed the presence of a highly diverse odonate assemblage, mainly represented by generalist species in human disturbed fragments and a few forest specialist species in the best preserved remnants only.
Mountain pine beetle‐associated blue‐stain fungi are differentially adapted to boreal temperatures

Summary Mountain pine beetles (MPB) are the most serious pest of lodgepole pine in Canada and are likely to invade boreal jack pine forests. MPB vector three blue-stain fungi, Grosmannia clavigera, Ophiostoma montium and Leptographium longiclavatum, which contribute to beetle success. Fungal survival at extreme boreal temperatures will contribute to their success in jack pine. Growth, sporulation and survival of the three fungi at )20 to 37� C were tested in vitro. Overwintering survival of G. clavigera and O. montium was assessed in vivo. All species grew at 5–30� C, with optimal growth at 20–25� C. Grosmannia clavigera and L. longiclavatum survived at )20� C, but O. montium died. Growth of G. clavigera and L. longiclavatum was inhibited at 30� C, but O. montium grew well. Grosmannia clavigera and O. montium overwintered in living pines. These results suggest that G. clavigera and L. longiclavatum were adapted to cold boreal winters but not hot summers, with the converse true for O. montium. Temperature tolerance varied among G. clavigera isolates. British Columbian and Californian isolates grew faster at 25� C than Albertan isolates. Isolates from Alberta and Idaho ⁄ Montana grew optimally at 20� C, while British Columbian and Californian isolates grew optimally at 25� C.
Application of SRAP in the genetic diversity of Tricholoma matsutake in northeastern China

Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus that produces economically important mushrooms. The study firstly applied SRAP technique into genetic diversity of T. matsutake. A total of 129 strains from 13 geographical locations in northeastern China, were amplified by using selected 12 primer pairs. The polymorphic band number amplified by each primer pair ranged from 7 to 13. In total 154 bands were observed, of which 118 were polymorphic (76.62%). Abundant genetic variation was detected within individual populations. Dongning maintained a higher genetic diversity while Hunchun was lower. The analyses found a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance and no correlation between genetic distance and altitudinal differences among populations. Based on the UPGMA cluster diagram, the 13 populations may be divided with the genetic distance of 0.035 into three groups.
Lower Third Molar Space and Angulation in Individuals with Lower Anterior Crowding

Introduction The mandibular incisor crowding is a well-known problem, the cause of which has been the substance of considerable debate over the years. Mandibular anterior crowding occurs as a result of disparity between the tooth size of anterior teeth and available space in the alveolar process which results in abnormal angulations and rotations of teeth. One possible factor is that it is manifested as the pressure from third molars. Third molars have been one of the most controversial subject regarding the cause for
Best practices in implementing a project management office: a systematic review of the literature

Highlights: Project management office (PMO) is structurally configured in a particular way to adapt to the peculiarities of each organization and its strategic objectives, in order to promote project management practices. The purpose of this article is to explore the best practices for project management office implementation. A systematic literature review was conducted using 104 documents published between 2000 and 2018. The research allowed the identification of PMO’s data, such as functions, models, best practices in implementation, challenges to implementation, and success factors. Goal: The purpose of this article is to explore the best practices for project management office implementation. Design/Methodology/Approach: A systematic literature review was conducted using 104 documents published between 2000 and 2018. Results: The research allowed the identification of PMO’s data, such as functions, models, best practices in implementation, challenges to implementation, and success factors. Limitations of the investigation: Other factors related to PMO, such as the implementation phases, maturity models, process groups, and organizational variables that affect PMO. Practical implications: It is observed that there are relevant issues in PMO implementation structuring that are not consolidated, making it difficult for organizations to base their implementation on the available theoretical frameworks. Originality/value: As a result, it became evident that there is a lack of standardization of those characteristics related to the PMO; and that the so-called “best practices” require more academic studies before they can be established.
Effect of electrical conductivity, fruit pruning, and truss position on quality in greenhouse tomato fruit

Summary The combined effects of electrical conductivity (an EC of 2.5 dS m–1 or 8 dS m–1 in the root zone) and fruit pruning (three or six fruit per truss) on tomato fruit quality were studied in a greenhouse experiment, planted in January 2005. Taste-related attributes [dry matter content (DM), total soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), glucose, fructose and citric acid content] and health-promoting attributes (lycopene, βcarotene, vitamin C, and total anti-oxidant activity) of tomato fruits harvested on the vine from the fifth or tenth truss positions were determined. The quality of tomato fruits was improved by high EC. A high EC in the root zone increased the DM content, total SSC, TA, as well as glucose, fructose and citric acid contents. A significantly higher lycopene and βcarotene content was also observed [on a fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) basis] with a high EC in the root zone. The accumulation of different compounds that determine tomato fruit quality differed between the fifth and tenth truss. In particular, the lycopene content was reduced, whereas the βcarotene content was increased in the tenth truss with respect to the fifth truss, most likely because of higher temperatures during ripening of the tenth truss. Fruit pruning increased fruit FW by 42% and positively influenced the DM content and total anti-oxidant activity, while a negative effect was observed on lycopene and citric acid contents (on a FW and DW basis). EC and fruit pruning both had a strong effect on fruit size; however, EC had a much stronger impact on taste and health-related fruit quality attributes. A small interaction between EC and fruit pruning was found for marketable yield, fructose and glucose content, fruit firmness, and P and Ca concentrations in fruits.
DIVERSITY ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROMISING LINES FOR HYBRIDIZATION IN FIELD PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

In the present study, twenty one advanced breeding lines and two varieties (HUDP 15 and IPFD 1-10) as check were evaluated for assessing genetic divergence for exploitation in a breeding programme aimed at improving yield potential of field pea by using Mahalanobis D 2 statistics. The intra-cluster D 2 value ranged from 0.00 to
Interactions between galling insects and plant total phenolic contents in Rosa canina L. genotypes

This study aimed to determine interactions between gall induction by Diplolepis sp.and leaf total phenolic content in Rosa canina genotypes. A total of 20 R. caninagenotypes with and without insect damage has been selected in different parts of Northeast Anatolia and the leaf samples collected in July 2009. Total phenolic content was estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg/g dry weight. The results showed that seven genotypes without insect damage had significantly greater total phenol content in its leaves compared to insect damaged R. canina plants. These results clearly indicate that total phenolic content in R. canina genotypes that had no galling insect damage may have an important part of chemical defense of R. canina plants against Diplolepis sp. This may have also suggested that these resistant genotypes against galling insect are important for sustainable and organic rose hip production. Key words: Rosa canina, galling insect, Diplolepis spp. total phenolics.
Seasonal sampling dynamics of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in northeastern South Dakota

Numerous studies on smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) have focused on movements, diets, and capture rates among habitat types, but we are aware of no study that has documented capture rates and size structure by month to aid in assessment and management of this fish. The objective of this study was to determine monthly sampling dynamics and population size structure of smallmouth bass in four northeastern South Dakota glacial lakes. Smallmouth bass were collected monthly (May–September) from Enemy Swim Lake and Roy Lake in 2007 and Clear Lake and Pickerel Lake in 2008 using modified-fyke nets and night electrofishing in rocky habitats. Monthly mean catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) values for smallmouth bass collected with fyke nets were variable but generally low (0.2–4.7 fish/net night) across months and lakes. Monthly mean CPUE values for smallmouth bass collected by electrofishing were variable in all four lakes (99.7–771.8 fish/h); however, in Clear Lake and Enemy Swim Lake CPUE significantly increased from May through September, primarily due to age-0 bass becoming vulnerable to electrofishing. For all lakes except Clear Lake, there were no significant differences in monthly mean CPUE values of 180 mm and longer smallmouth bass. Length distributions varied by month, but in general May and June samples contained a higher proportion of larger individuals than later sampling months. Overall mean relative weight (Wr) values were greater than 80, but relative weight varied among lakes and months. Our results suggest that spring (May to June) sampling of smallmouth bass using night electrofishing in rocky habitats will result in the broadest length range of captured bass.