Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Whole‐Cell Cascade Biotransformations for One‐Pot Multistep Organic Synthesis

Performing one‐pot multi‐catalysis reactions is a revolutionary tool for multistep synthesis, representing a fast‐developing theme in catalysis field. To develop cascade reactions, enzymes are ideal catalysts due to their compatible reaction conditions. The implementation of enzyme cascades in recombinant microbial cells provides easily available self‐replicating catalysts for facile one‐pot biotransformations to produce a wide range of high‐value (chiral) chemicals. In this minireview, we summarize the recent development of whole‐cell cascade biotransformations according to the types of substrates, ranging from petrochemicals to biochemicals. Furthermore, we provide general instructions for the establishment of in vivo enzyme cascades, discuss the encountered problems and the corresponding solutions, and highlight the promising directions for future advance.
Evaluation of Perceived Stress Level and Emotional Eating Behaviors of Sports College Students During COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective The aim of our study was to investigate the perceived stress level and emotional eating behaviors of sports college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on 122 volunteer students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University. The data was collected online through the socio-demographic data form, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Emotional Eating Scale. Results The perceived stress scale score average of the students was 28.93±7.54, with 37.7% (n=46) having a low stress level, 58.2% (n=71) having a moderate stress level and 4.1% (n=5) having a high stress level. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of emotional eating behavior scores (p=0,132). Both perceived stress level scores (P=0.044) and emotional eating behavior scores (p=0.001) of female students were significantly higher compared to male students. Both perceived stress scale scores (p=0.002) and emotional eating behavior scores (p=0.029) of the students with BMI<25 were statistically higher compared to the students with BMI> 25. Conclusion COVID-19 pandemic had a number of negative effects on students' stress levels and emotional eating behaviors. It is thought that quarantine measures that is applied to prevent transmission and spread of the disease, concerns about the disease and school education may contribute to these negative effects. During COVID-19 pandemic it is important to keep the immune system strong by preventing mood changes and related emotional eating behavior.
Short-term adaptation of S. cerevisiae to lignocellulosic inhibitors: Underlying metabolic and physiological changes

The limited tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is a major challenge in second-generation bioethanol production. Short-term adaptation of the yeast to lignocellulosic hydrolysates during cell propagation has been shown to improve its tolerance, and thus its performance in lignocellulose fermentation. The overall aim of this thesis was to identify molecular and physiological changes during short-term adaptation. In order to facilitate testing of S. cerevisiae physiology in lignocellulosic hydrolysate, a high-throughput methodology for the analysis of yeast strains in dark medium was developed. This methodology allows for monitoring of both aerobic and anaerobic growth of yeast in medium containing different hydrolysates at high reproducibility. The effect that individual nutrient components during propagation, rather than fermentation, has on lignocellulose fermentation performance is lacking. A high-throughput screening of certain vitamins, trace metals and nitrogen sources was performed. It was found that adding a mixture of pyridoxine, thiamine, and biotin to unadapted propagation cultures improved cell growth and ethanol yields during fermentation in wheat straw hydrolysate. Supplementing the propagation medium with nutrients in combination with short-term adaptation was thus demonstrated to be a promising strategy to improve the efficiency of industrial lignocellulosic fermentation. Different S. cerevisiae strain backgrounds are used in the production of a suitable second-generation bioethanol host. In order to facilitate application of results obtained in laboratory experiments it is important to know whether short-term adaptation affects different strains differently. The physiology of two industrial S. cerevisiae strains were investigated while being short-term adapted. During propagation, fed with a hydrolysate containing feed, ethanol accumulation was observed for strain CR01 but not for KE6-12. Additionally, a larger increase in specific ethanol productivity for CR01 was observed than for KE6-12. Thus, short-term adaptation was found to affect S. cerevisiae physiology differently depending on strain background. To gain a more complete insight into the metabolic changes that S. cerevisiae experiences during short‑term adaptation, RNA sequencing was performed on a time-series of samples taken from propagation cultures undergoing short-term adaptation. Expression data was compared to a non‑adapted control using differential gene expression analysis. Results demonstrate, among others, an interesting role for multidrug proton antiporters YHK8 and FLR1 in the process of short-term adaptation.
Arsenic treatment technology for groundwaters

The new United Kingdom drinking water standard of 10 μg/l arsenic will become a statutory obligation in 2003. To comply with the new standard, Severn Trent Water will require a new treatment process to be installed at 17 groundwater sites. The Company embarked on a development programme in 1995, with pilot studies commencing in 1996. Investigations have covered a range of potential treatment technologies including coagulation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis and adsorption. Adsorption with granular ferric media was found to be the best available technology for treating groundwater in Severn Trent. The paper details the development work undertaken, which has focused on the evaluation of aluminium and ferric based granular medias. This has enabled the design and construction of the first arsenic adsorption plant in the UK, with an output of 20 Ml/d.
Copper‐(II) Catalyzed N‐Formylation and N‐Acylation of Aromatic, Aliphatic, and Heterocyclic Amines and a Preventive Study in the C‐N Cross Coupling of Amines with Aryl Halides

A Cu‐(II) catalyzed N‐formylation and N‐acylation of amines with moderate to excellent yields, using N, N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) and N, N‐dimethyl acetamide (DMA) as a formyl and acylating sources in the presence of 1,2,4‐triazole is reported. This novel, highly efficient and simple protocol shows broad substrate scope for aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic amines. In addition, the conditions to prevent N‐formylation and N‐acylation impurities in the C−N cross coupling of amines and aryl halides are described typically when DMF and DMA are used as solvents, with various catalysts, ligands, and bases.
PESTICIDE EFFECT ON QUALITATIVE OCCURRENCE AND SURVIVAL OF SOIL BLUE-GREEN ALGAE IN LABORATORY CONDITION

In the present exploration, stock solutions of Furadan (carbofuran, 3% G) and Rogor (dimethoate, 30%) pesticides were prepared and added to the BG-11 culture media to obtain the desired concentration of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm. 10 g proportion of air dried soil was taken in sterilized BG-11 medium (with different concentration of various pesticides) and incubated at 28 0 ± 2 C under 16/ 8 hours light/ dark cycles with 25 K Lux light intensity. The algal forms appearing in the culture flask were identified by using standard monographs after 30 days of incubation. A sum of 19 Cyanophyceae species appeared in the composite soil of the control flask belonging to 14 genera and 6 families. The occurrence of blue-green algae remained almost unaffected even in the presence of Furadan and Rogor pesticides at 100 ppm dose in the test soil. The survival percentage of bluegreen algae was reduced upto 50% at 500 ppm of Furadan while 10.52% survivability was noticed with Rogor only at 500 ppm dose level. The organophosphate, Rogor, was comparatively more toxic than carbamate, Furadan against tested blue-green algae. However, higher concentration of these pesticides significantly affects the survival showing high algicidal potential. The result of the present study revealed that indiscriminate use of these pesticides may cause adverse effects on the nitrogen fixing blue-green algae in crop fields, which has a direct effect on total productivity. The sensitivity of different Cyanophyceae to pesticide application was found more predominantly in sheath less heterocystous and unicellular forms than the heterocystous ensheathed and nonheterocystous ensheathed forms.
VOLATILIZATION BEHAVIOUR OF RUTHENIUM FROM BOILING NITRIC ACID

Rumenium volatilized from boiling nitric acid with an induction period, which depended on both the concentrations of nitric acid and ruthenium in the solution. The lower the nitric acid concentration, the longer the induction period. A high ruthenium concentration brought about a reduction of the induction period. The rate of volatilization of ruthenium did not directly depend on the concentration of nitric acid. The addition of 0.1M ferric ion to the ruthenium solution retarded volatilization rate of ruthenium to one twentieth under boiling of the solution.
Beams of high-mass organic molecules for matter-wave interferometry

Das Konzept des Welle-Teilchen Dualismus wurde von Louis de Broglie fur Materie erweitert. Dieses Modell wurde zunachst durch Beugungsexperimente von Elektronen und spater mit komplexen Molekulen bewiesen. Dadurch hat die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die Gesetze der Quantenphysik fur alle Grosenordnungen gelte, immer mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. In der Materiewelleninterferometrie wird dieses Problem durch den Einsatz von immer schwereren Molekulen adressiert. Meine Masterarbeit beschaftigt sich daher mit einer neuen Klasse von organischen Molekulen mit Massen im Bereich bis zu 25 kDa. Diese Teilchen werden mit der matrix-freien Laser-Desorptionstechnik intakt in die Gas Phase gebracht und mittels eines 157 nm Lasers photoionisiert. Ein Flugzeitmassenspektrometer dient zur Detektion. Neben den Molekulgeschwindigkeiten werden auch Studien zur Abhangigkeit der Strahlintensitat von den Desorptionslaserparametern sowie Photoionizationseffizienzen vorgestellt. Die Resultate dieser Experimente deuten darauf hin, dass die Desorptionstechnik hinsichtlich der Molekulgeschwindigkeiten und der Detektionseffizienz mit bereits existierenden Materiewelleninterferometern kompatibel ist.
Critical Films on Graphene Substrates

When depositing a substance onto a surface, it follows that as one adds more of the substance, the thickness of the film formed on the surface will grow. However, a particle’s ability to adsorb onto the surface is dependent on the interaction potential and geometry. For atomically flat two-dimensional materials such as graphene, it is predicted that the interactions between the graphene sheet and light atoms in a nearby gas are so weak that film growth may become arrested at a critical thickness. We report on molecular dynamics simulations of nitrogen near graphene to explore the existence and properties of the predicted critical film. To my parents, who instilled in me that education is the greatest gift a person can receive and for supporting me on my long and continuing journey to get one
Impact of Citrate Ions on the Nucleation and Growth of Anhydrous CaCO3

Citrate has been shown to inhibit CaCO3 growth and it is also found in biogenic calcite, but full understanding about how citrate controls CaCO3 formation, and hence CaCO3 polymorph stability and crystal morphology, is still lacking. We investigated the effect of citrate (CIT) on CaCO3 crystallization by monitoring crystallization rates and crystal polymorph, size, and morphology as a function of increasing mol % CIT/Ca ([Ca2+] = [CO32–] = 4 mM). At CIT/Ca ≤ 50%, both vaterite and calcite formed, but nucleation and growth were retarded as CIT/Ca was increased, demonstrated by the increase in induction time and decrease in the reaction rate constant, fitted using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model. This is partly explained by increased CIT-Ca complexation with higher [CIT], thus reducing saturation state with respect to vaterite and calcite. Simultaneously, CIT sorption inhibited crystal growth, demonstrated by smaller vaterite spheres and more elongated calcite crystals as CIT/Ca increased. At CIT/C.
Flexible Polysaccharide Hydrogel with pH‐Regulated Recovery of Self‐Healing and Mechanical Properties

A self-healable hydrogel with recoverable self-healing and mechanical properties is reported. The hydrogel (coded as ACSH) crosslinked by Schiff base linkage contains two polysaccharides of acrylamide-modified chitosan (AMCS) and oxidized alginate (ADA). Self-healing and mechanical properties are heavily influenced by the crosslinking time. The hydrogel crosslinked for 2 h possesses better mechanical and self-healing properties than hydrogel crosslinked for 24 h. Macroscopic test shows that hydrogel without self-healing ability can recover the self-repair and mechanical properties by adjusting the pHs. The recovery of self-healing and mechanical properties relies on the pH sensitivity of the Schiff base linkage. Adjusting the pH to acid, the Schiff base linkage becomes unstable and breaks. Regulating the pH to neutral, reconstruction of Schiff base linkage leads to recovery of the self-repair and mechanical properties. The recoverable self-healing property can be cycled once breakage and reconstruction of the Schiff base linkage can be conducted. In addition, this study demonstrates that the hydrogel can be remodeled into different shapes based on self-healing property of the hydrogel. It is anticipated that this self-healable hydrogel with recoverable self-healing and mechanical properties may open a new way to investigate self-healing hydrogel and find potential applications in different biomedical fields.
Exchange economies and loss exposure: Experiments

Exchange economies were created in which individuals faced losses. If people are risk seeking in the losses, as predicted by prospect theory, then due to the nonconvexity, the competitive equilibria are all on the boundaries of the Edgeworth box. The experimental results are that risk-seeking behavior is observed in many people and appears in markets as predicted. In addition, market behavior is consistent with answers to hypothetical questionnaires. Contrary to prospect theory, risk seeking seems to diminish with experience: preferences in the market setting are not labile; and risk-seeking preferences are not simply a result of framing effects. Copyright 1997 by American Economic Association.
Immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of phenylethanolamine A

ABSTRACT A monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against phenylethanolamine A (PEA) was successfully prepared with the immunization of mice and cell fusion, and used to develop a detection method for a colloidal gold immunoassay. The 50% inhibitory concentration of mAb PEA-2G10 was 0.213 ng/mL, the limit of detection was 0.033 ng/mL, and its detection range 0.033–0.679 ng/mL. The recovery rate for PEA in swine urine was 84.5–90.8%, with good stability and accuracy. “Dry” immunoassay test strips were successfully prepared based on antibody 2G10. When the strip was tested in swine urine, the cutoff value for PEA was 5 ng/mL, with highly sensitivity. The method developed here can be used to test swine urine on-site for the rapid detection of PEA.
USO DE UN REACTOR DE PLACA PLANA (TiO2/VIDRIO) PARA LA DEGRADACIÓN DE 2,5-DICLOROFENOL POR FOTOCATÁLISIS SOLAR

La degradacion de compuestos organicos no biodegradables presentes en aguas residuales es un punto central de la fotocatalisis solar debido a su alta eficiencia y aceptables costos de operacion. Se estudio la degradacion de 2,5-diclorofenol (2,5-DCF) en solucion acuosa con concentracion inicial variable (C 0 ≤ 98 mg/L), por fotolisis y fotocatalisis solar con un reactor de placa plana (1 m 2 ) y vidrio impregnado con TiO2 sintetizado por el metodo sol-gel. Se establecieron dos variables de respuesta, la demanda quimica de oxigeno y la concentracion de 2,5-DCF determinada a 280 nm, por tres factores: angulo de inclinacion (20o y 26o), flujo (355 L/h y 407 L/h) y dos procesos (fotolisis y fotocatalisis). Lo anterior en condiciones de alta (ħ ʋprom = 847.4 W/m 2 ) y baja intensidad (ħ ʋprom = 453.6 W/m 2 ) de radiacion solar, para lo cual se recirculo la solucion acuosa sobre la placa de vidrio durante 60 min, bajo regimen laminar y con muestras cada 5 min. Se determinaron las constantes de velocidad K 1 (min –1 ) y K 2 (mol/L) –1 de orden primero y cero de reaccion, respectivamente. Se consideraron elementos de la dinamica del reactor en la evaluacion de la cinetica quimica de reacciones fotocataliticas. Se alcanzaron porcentajes de degradacion de 2,5-DCF superiores al98 % por fotocatalisis solar.
The Effect of Varying the Amount of Fluoride in Milk and The Frequency of Its Application on Demineralisation/Remineralisation of Bovine Dental Enamel In Vitro

Aim: To investigate the remineralisation and/or demineralisation of artificially created white spot lesions (WSL) on bovine enamel following a daily or intermittent exposure to 0.5 mg F or 1.0 mg F added to bovine milk using a pH- cycling in vitro model and whether the higher dose would result in a better preventive effect. Methods: Bovine teeth were collected and sectioned for the creation of artificial carious lesions while ensuring that there was a margin of sound enamel surrounding the white spot lesion (n=151). The prepared enamel slabs were randomly allocated to one of 6 groups: Group 1: Dipped into 0.0 mg F in milk, in an interrupted frequency manner. Group 2: Dipped into 0.5 mg F in milk, in an interrupted frequency manner. Group 3: Dipped into 1.0 mg F in milk, in an interrupted frequency manner. Group 4: Dipped into 0.0 mg F in milk, in a daily frequency manner. Group 5: Dipped into 0.5 mg F in milk, in a daily frequency manner. Group 6: Dipped into 1.0 mg F in milk, in a daily frequency manner. The enamel slabs underwent a 60 day pH-cycling regimen where the slabs were subjected to fluoridated milk twice daily (before and after pH-cycling). The quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) machine was used as the method of analysis as it measures the percentage change of demineralised enamel fluorescence in relation to the surrounding sound enamel. Images were obtained at baseline and on completion of the study. Statistical Analysis: Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of the data. Analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) was used to compare the different concentrations of fluoride in milk while the paired sample T-Test was used to compare between the two frequencies (Interrupted and Daily) as well as between baseline and final IV readings. Results: Significant improvement (p<0.05) between baseline and final readings was obvious within all QLF parameters: ∆F (average loss of fluorescence), Area of the lesion and ∆Q (lesion volume) for all the fluoride concentration levels including the control (0.0 ppm F). When considering the frequencies separately ∆F and ∆Q showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the control and 1.0 ppm F for the interrupted frequency while a significant difference for the daily frequency was found when comparing the highest fluoride concentration to the control and 0.5 ppm F. As for the comparison between both frequencies, it was apparent that although there was a general improvement in lesion remineralisation for all groups, ∆Q was only statistically significantly different (p<0.05) at the 0.5 ppm F level in favour of the interrupted frequency. Conclusions: Fluoridated milk was shown to be effective in remineralisation of artificially created sub-surface enamel lesions in bovine enamel with the most improvement demonstrated at 0.5 mg F used in an interrupted frequency manner. The results need to be interpreted with caution and there is still a need for more randomised clinical studies to confirm these findings.
Antitrypanosomal, antiplasmodial, and antibacterial activities of extracts from selected Diospyros and Annonaceae species

Aim: To screen methanol extracts from root bark, leaves, and stem bark of selected plant species from the genus Diospyros and some Annonaceae species for antitrypanosomal, antiplasmodial, and antibacterial activities against selected test organisms. Methods: Antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial assays of methanol extracts from selected plant species were carried out in single concentration screens and in dose-response for active extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of selected plant extracts against selected bacterial strains were determined by microplate dilution method in sterile 96-well microtiter plates. Results: In the dose-response antitrypanosomal assay, the most potent extracts tested exhibited activities against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Lister 427 strain) with IC50 values ranging from 1.28 to 7.85 μg/ml, with methanol extract of Diospyros verrucosa stem bark being the most active with IC50 value of 1.28 μg/ml. In the dose-response antiplasmodial assay, three extracts exhibited activities against Plasmodium falciparum(strain 3D7) with IC50 values ranging from 4.55 to 24.22 μg/ml, with methanol extract of Diospyros capricornuta root bark being the most potent with IC50 value of 4.55 μg/ml. In the antibacterial assay, the investigated extracts exhibited a wide range of activities against Staphylococcus aureus [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain 25923], Bacillus cereus (ATCC strain 11775), and Escherichia coli (ATCC strain 8740) with MIC values ranging from 0.00125 to 0.00625 mg/ml (more active), 0.125 to 0.500 mg/ml (moderately active), and 1.00 to 8.00 mg/ml (less active) while some extracts were inactive at the highest concentration tested of 16.00 mg/ml. Conclusions: Methanol extracts obtained from root bark, leaves, and stem bark of selected plant species from the genus Diospyros and some Annonaceae species that showed good activities in antitrypanosomal, antiplasmodial, and antibacterial assays corroborate reported literature about the traditional medicinal uses of the members of genus Diospyros and some Annonaceae species.
Direct measurement of AC electrokinetics properties and capture frequencies of silicon and silicon–germanium nanowires

The assembly of semiconductor nanowires with nanoscale precision is crucial for their integration into functional systems. In this work, we propose a novel method to experimentally determine the real part of the Clausius–Mossotti factor (CMF) of silicon and silicon–germanium nanowires. The quantification of this CMF is measured with the nanowires velocities in a pure dielectrophoretic regime. This approach combined with a study on the connected nanowires alignment yield has led to a frequency of capture evaluation. In addition, we have also presented the morphology of nanowires assembly using dielectrophoresis for a wide frequency variation of AC electric fields.