Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENTS OF FIVE SPECIES OF POA WITH AN ANALYSIS OF VARIATION IN POA PRATENSIS

GRASS INVESTIGATIONS in the past lhave dealt primarily with the taxonomic aspect. Recently, however, turf culture and soil conservation have created a need for a more thorough knowledge of the genetic constitution and interrelationships of the plants employed. This study, primarily concerned with variation in Poa pratensis, attempts to extend investigations beyond the realm of comparative morphology and to correlate with morphology evidence gleaned from cytological studies. Such a procedure seems necessary in order to arrive at a clearer understanding of the entities involved. The genus Poa, considered usually as one of the more important groups of economic grasses, presents many difficulties from the standpoint of taxonomy and phylogeny. These are due to a number of factors, particularly the large number of species, wide distribution, and extensive cultivation. The taxonomic difficulty is evidenced by the disagreement regarding the position of several species within the genus, which is itself rather loosely held together by more or less arbitrary characters. Sections are in some cases delimited on vegetative characters, which, to say the least, are extremely variable. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Edgar Anderson, under whose direction this work has been done, for suggestions and helpful criticisms offered throughout the course of the investigation. To Mr. R. L. Hensel, the author is grateful for the supply of living plants of Poa arachnifera from Texas. MATERIALS AND METHODS. -Living material for cytological study, for the most part, came from the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum, Gray Summit, Missouri, and the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri. Plants were selected from well established sod, root tips taken from them, and the plants removed either to the garden nursery or greenhouse, depending upon the time of year at which they were taken from the field. In all cases they were brought into flowering, and herbarium specimens have or will be made from them for permanent records. In addition to the Missouri Botanical Garden plants, material from Green Bank, West Virginia, Schooleraft, Mlichigan, Washington, D. C. , Vanceburg, Kentucky, and College Station, Texas, has been examined. Plants grown from commercial seed from Mangelsdorf Seed Co. and Palmer Seed Co., St. Louis, Missouri, and Scott Seed Co., Marysville, Ohio, have also been examined. This seed, for the most part, came from the region around Kansas City, Missouri. Root tips were fixed in La Cour's 2 BD or Navashin's fixative, the first always giving superior reults. Following fixation, the tips were run into paraffin according to the method described by La Cour 1 Received for publication June 29, 1939. (1931), then sectioned at 12-15 ,u, and the sections stained witlh crystal violet. Metaphase plates were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida, after which the chromosomes were counted from the drawing. When there is any doubt as to the exact number of chromosomes present, this has been indicated by + 1.
Polyandry by Wood mice in natural populations

Multiple paternity was investigated for the first time in natural populations of the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus. Thirteen females and their respective litters sampled within distinct habitats, seasons and years were screened for eight microsatellite loci. Allelic variation was compared with a dataset comprising 307 adult mice collected from the same source populations as pregnant females. Multiple paternity was unambiguously identified in seven litters (53.8%). In each case, a minimum of two or three male parents were involved. Populations of A. sylvaticus inhabiting the northern latitudes of the species range are characterized by annual cycles of abundance during which numbers can fluctuate by several orders of magnitude. Hence, the discovery of multiple paternity within litters sampled between May and July (high and low densities, respectively) in all years suggests that polyandry maximizes genetic diversity of the litter and, hence, survival of some of the offspring through such cycles. The results indicate that polyandry is a common mode of reproduction within wild populations of A. sylvaticus.
Estimation of microbial biomass nitrogen by chloroform fumigation extraction method in a forest soil

Abstract The amounts of K2SO4 extractable total N (Nt(K2SO4)), organic N (Norg(K2SO4)), and inorganic N (NH4 + – N(K2SO4), NO3 − – N(K2SO4)) were measured before and after CHCl3 of previously non fumigated soils at seven days intervals over a period of nine weeks. Soil samples were taken in plastic tubes down to a soil depth of 30 cm from a Scots pine forest soil (Eutric Cambisol) in NE-Saxony, Germany, in spring 2002 and incubated at 15°C and 75% of relative humidity. Each week, microbial N was measured in the samples of following soil depths: organic layer (Oea), 0 – 5 cm, 5 – 15 cm and 15 – 30 cm). During the experiment, microbial N was slightly reduced in the organic layer while in the mineral soil no clear trend was detected. In all soil depths and at any time of the investigation, the Nt(K2SO4) content as well as the Norg(K2SO4)/Nt(K2SO4) ratio were significantly higher (p ⩽ 0.001; p ⩽ 0.01) after the chloroform-fumigation than before. At any time of the investigation, the NH4 + – N(K2SO4) content in the organic layer was obviously higher after the fumigation (p ⩽ 0.001). The content of NO3 − – N(K2SO4) increased continuously over the course of time (p ⩽ 0.05). In few cases, the negative N-flux (EN) calculated for the Norg(K2SO4) was associated with a positive EN of the NH4 + – N(K2SO4) of the organic layer. Thus, an enormous percentage of the organic material seems to be ammonified during the 24-hour fumigation procedure. In consequence of the increasing NH4 + – N-pool in the organic layer the process of nitrification was enhanced. The results of this study show that the chloroform-fumigation-method should be discussed carefully concerning the determination of the microbial biomass N in organic layers.
Wild boar rooting in a northern coniferous forest – minor silviculture impact

European wild boar (Sus scrofa) is expanding northwards beyond its preferred habitat of broadleaved forests. We studied wild boar habitat use in a northern coniferous forest, and noted whether their rooting damaged roots, thereby influencing timber quality and forest regeneration (n = 562 rootings). Overall, the animals selected older spruce (Picea abies L.) forest of higher soil fertility with sparse field vegetation for rooting. During winter, they rooted more in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest on lower soil fertility, possibly because the lichen cover can easily be removed even on frozen ground. Average size and depth of rootings were 6 ± 0.6 m2 and 10 ± 0.2 cm, respectively. Rooting occurred on <1% of the area and caused negligible damage to roots of trees with commercial value. Because the wild boar mainly rooted in older forest, rootings will do little to improve germination of seeds by scarification of the top soil layer.
Classification of Apricot Varieties by RAPD Analysis

We carried out RAPD analysis for classifying apricot cultivars and related species, such as P. sibirica L. and P. brigantina Vill. For this purpose, 225 Operon primers were screened by using five representative varieties and 18 primers which provide plural polymorphisms. Using these primers, 33 varieties of P. armeniaca L. and two related species were tested for RAPD, then classified by cluster analysis and quantification method of the third type, based on the absence or presence of corresponding bands. The apricots were classified into two large groups by both analyses ; "Western group" (A) and "Eastern group" (B). However, P. sibirica and P. brigantina, which are related to P. armeniaca, and two Chinese varieties, 'Bai-xing' and 'Ren-xing', did not belong to these two groups. Since RAPDs among Chinese apricots were very diverse, they were placed into both groups A and B. All Japanese apricots were classified into group B. Considering that Chinese apricots have large variations, we hypothesize that Chinese apricots may be the ancestors of Eastern and Western apricots.
Age and growth patterns of old Norway spruce trees in Trillemarka forest, Norway

Abstract Old trees represent key features of old-growth forests and are important elements for maintaining biodiversity. Due to extensive human exploitation of Fennoscandian boreal forests during several centuries, old Norway spruce trees have become exceedingly rare. We analysed 91 spruce trees in Trillemarka Nature Reserve, southern Norway, to investigate (1) the maximum age of living trees, (2) growth rates of different-age trees and (3) growth trends in very old trees. Increment cores were taken from trees in selected old-growth stands located at 700–850 m a.s. l. Twelve spruce trees had an estimated total age of >400 years, the oldest one being 529 years and presumably the oldest known still living Norway spruce in northern Europe. A negative relationship between growth rate (basal area increment) and total age was observed, being most distinct for growth rates at 126–275 years and less marked for early stage growth (26–75 years). Thus, high age apparently was related more to low growth rates at adult and old stages of life rather than at the earlier stage. Among the trees >400 years, many of them did not show growth decrease with advancing age, indicating that ageing did not reduce growth. We conclude that the maximum age of stand-forming Fennoscandian Norway spruce trees would be in the range of 500–600 years.
Parasites of Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur and Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill (Osteichthyes: Acipenseridae) in the Saint John River Estuary, N.B., with a description of Caballeronema pseudoargumentosus sp.n. (Nematoda: Spirurida)

Eleven species of helminth and arthropod parasites are reported from Acipenser brevirostrum and Acipenser oxyrhynchus in the Saint John River estuary, N.B., Canada. Diclybothrium armatum, Spirorchis sp. , Fessesentis friedi, and Argulus alosa are new records from A. brevirostrum. Derogenes varicus, Truttaedacnitis sphaerocephala, Echinorhynchus gadi, and Dichelesthium oblongum are new records from A. oxyrhynchus. Truttaedacnitis sphaerocephala and D. oblongum are new locality records for North America. Caballeronema pseudtiargumentosus sp.n. is described from A. brevirostrum and differs from the similar spirurid Ascarophis argumentosus in length of spicules (110–138 μm and 492–598 μm versus 81–86 μm and 320–340 m), egg length (38–44 μm versus 29–35 μm), and number of egg filaments (4–10 versus 2). Details of the oral structure of C. pseudoargumentosus are described and its relationship to Ascarophis and Capillospirura discussed. Parasite fauna of adult A. oxyrhynchus, juvenile A. oxyrhynchus, and A. brevir.
Epidermal Growth Factor Increases Cortisol Production and Type II 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-Isomerase Expression in Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells: Evidence for a Stat5-Dependent Mechanism

We tested the ability of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to regulate a key enzyme in the adrenal synthesis of glucocorticoids: human type II 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase (3βHSD). EGF treatment (25 ng/ml) of human adrenocortical carcinoma cells (H295R) resulted in a 5-fold increase in cortisol production and a corresponding 2-fold increase in 3βHSD mRNA. Experiments were performed to determine whether EGF is acting through a previously identified signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5)-responsive element located from −110 to −118 in the human type II 3βHSD promoter. A Stat5 expression construct was cotransfected with a 3βHSD-chloramphenol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter construct comprised of nucleotides −301→+45 of the human type II 3βHSD promoter linked to the CAT reporter gene sequence. The addition of EGF at doses as low as 10 ng/ml resulted in an 11- to 15-fold increase in CAT activity. The introduction of 3-bp point mutations into critical nucleotides in the Stat5.
New and poorly known benthic foraminifera (Protista, Rhizaria) inhabiting the shells of planktonic foraminifera on the bathyal Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract Based on sediment samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR; 49–54°N, 2508–2772 m water depth) we redescribe Hospitella fulva Rhumbler, 1911, an organic-walled foraminiferal species that inhabits the empty shells of planktonic foraminifera and has not been reported since its initial description more than 100 years ago. This poorly known species is characterized by a series of more or less globular ‘pseudo-chambers’ joined by tubular stolons and with an organic, brownish-orange, somewhat brittle test wall. It is probably related to Placopsilinella aurantiaca Earland, 1934, a species that is commonly attached to the external surface of planktonic foraminiferal shells at our MAR sites. A second inhabiting foramininferan, which we describe as Incola inculta gen. & sp. nov., is distinguished from H. fulva by the very thin and flexible organic test wall and the distinct tubular to somewhat conical agglutinated structure, which extends above the surface of the host shell and terminates in an aperture. A large number of xanthosomes (waste products) are distributed throughout the cell body of the new species. These and other inhabitants of planktonic foraminiferal shells make an important contribution to benthic foraminiferal assemblages on the bathyal MAR.
Kähler metrics and gauge kinetic functions for intersecting D6‐branes on toroidal orbifolds – The complete perturbative story

We systematically derive the perturbatively exact holomorphic gauge kinetic function, the open string Kähler metrics and closed string Kähler potential on intersecting D6‐branes by matching open string one‐loop computations of gauge thresholds with field theoretical gauge couplings in 𝒩 = 1 supergravity. We consider all cases of bulk, fractional and rigid D6‐branes on T6/Ω ℛ and the orbifolds T6/(ℤN × Ω ℛ) and T6/(ℤ2 × ℤ2M × Ω ℛ) without and with discrete torsion, which differ in the number of bulk complex structures and in the bulk Kähler potential. Our analysis includes all supersymmetric configurations of vanishing and non‐vanishing angles among D6‐branes and O6‐planes, and all possible Wilson line and displacement moduli are taken into account. The shape of the Kähler moduli turns out to be orbifold independent but angle dependent, whereas the holomorphic gauge kinetic functions obtain three different kinds of one‐loop corrections: a Kähler moduli dependent one for some vanishing angle independently of the orbifold background, another one depending on complex structure moduli only for fractional and rigid D6‐branes, and finally a constant term from intersections with O6‐planes. These results are of essential importance for the construction of the related effective field theory of phenomenologically appealing D‐brane models. As first examples, we compute the complete perturbative gauge kinetic functions and Kähler metrics for some T6/ℤ2 × ℤ2 examples with rigid D‐branes of [1]. As a second class of examples, the Kähler metrics and gauge kinetic functions for the fractional QCD and leptonic D6‐brane stacks of the Standard Model on T6/ℤ6′T6/ℤ6′ from [2] are given.
GROWTH OF THE PRAWN, PALAEMONETES ARGENTINUS NOBILI, 1901 (DECAPODA, PALAEMONIDAE) ON DIFFERENT FEEDS

Our aim was to study the individual growth of Palaemonetes argentinus in the laboratory, and to analyse the effect of diet on both moult increment and intermoult period. Juveniles collected from Los Padres lagoon (38°S 55°W) were maintained individually in 400 ml containers with aerated fresh water under a constant regime (19 ± 2°C; 11 : 13 h L/D) and fed daily. Three different feeds were given: frozen shrimp (76% proteins, 17% lipids) and two formulated diets, i.e., E(0.5) and M91 (containing 45 and 54% proteins, and 17 and 14% lipids, respectively). The moult increment was studied by comparing premoult and postmoult weight and cephalothorax length, and by next determining a linear regression according to Kurata (1962), which resulted in an arithmetic growth with the M91 diet (b = 0.96) and geometric regressive growth with E(0.5) (b = 0.94) and shrimp (b = 0.88) for the weight values. Length data yielded geometric regressive growth, with coefficients of 0.91, 0.79, and 0.91 for E(0.5), M91, and shrimp regimes, respectively. The average duration of the intermoult period was: E(0.5), 16 ± 2 days; M91, 18 ± 2 days; frozen shrimp, 18 ± 3 days. Comparing survival, moulting rate, and growth, the prawns grew best under the M91 dietary regime. These results indicate that, in this species, a food with approximately 50% protein and with a high proportion of animal-based ingredients produces satisfactory growth and survival. Se estudio el crecimiento individual de Palaemonetes argentinus en laboratorio, analizando el efecto de la dieta sobre el incremento por muda y el periodo de intermuda. Se mantuvieron individualmente camarones juveniles obtenidos de la laguna de Los Padres (38°S 55°W) en recipientes de 400 ml con agua dulce aireada y bajo condiciones constantes de temperatura y fotoperiodo (19±2°C; 11 : 13 h L/O). Se alimentaron diariamente probando tres alimentos: camaron congelado (76% de proteinas, 17% de lipidos) y dos dietas formuladas, E(0,5) y M91 (conteniendo 45 y 54% de proteinas y 17 y 14% de lipidos, respectivamente). El incremento por muda se estudio comparando el peso y la longitud del cefalotorax premuda y postmuda, analizando su ajuste a distintos modelos de regresion lineal de acuerdo con Kurata (1962). A partir de los datos se determino un crecimiento aritmetico con la dieta M91, con un coeficiente de crecimiento en peso b = 0,96; geometrico regresivo con E(0,5) (b = 0,94) y camaron (b = 0,88). En cuanto al crecimiento en longitud fue geometrico regresivo con las tres dietas, con coeficientes de 0,91, 0,79 y 0,91 para E(0,5), M91 y camaron, respectivamente. La duracion promedio del periodo de intermuda fue: E(0,5), 16±2 dias; M91, 18±2 dias; camaron congelado, 18±3 dias. Comparando la supervivencia, la tasa de muda y el crecimiento, los camarones crecieron mejor con la dieta M91. Estos resultados indican que, para esta especie, una dieta con aproximadamente 50% de proteinas totales con una alta proporcion de proteinas animales produce un crecimiento y una supervivencia satisfactorios.
UV Absorbance By Thallus Extracts of Umbilicate Lichens

Abstract Eleven stands of umbilicate lichens exhibiting a range of variabilities in enzyme banding patterns were compared on the basis of the ultraviolet (UV)absorbing properties of thallus extracts. Stands of Umbilicaria veilea, which were some of the most variable enzymatically, had the lowest UV absorbancy in extracts, and stands of Lasallia papulosa, which were among the least variable enzymatically, showed more UV absorbance than others. Umbilicaria deusta, U. muhlenbergii and U. mammulata had intermediate levels of absorbance. Negative correlations (P = 005–007) were found between enzyme polymorphism and UV absorbance in the ranges 215–220, 269–271 and 304–305 nm. There was also a significant negative correlation at P = 003 between enzyme variability and thallus dry weight extractable with either ethanol or acetone.
Aging and oxidized proteins: Generation and degradation

It has been suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the generation of altered proteins that are reported to increase with advancing age. Among chemical modifications of proteins, carbonyls are their useful markers that can be determined and characterized by the spectroscopic and immunological analyses of protein samples derivatized with the carbonyl reagent 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The age-associated accumulation of altered proteins can be caused not only by the age- related increase in ROS generation, but also by the decline of protein degradation. In fact, half-lives of proteins including oxidatively modified proteins in cells from old mice were shown to be significantly longer than those in cells from young mice. A decrease in proteasome activity appears to be primarily responsible for an age-related decline in the degradation of oxidatively modified proteins. Importantly, proteasome itself was suggested to alter with age by its decreased specific activity (the activity per intensity of immunological signals for the subunits), thus likely contributing to form a vicious cycle of accumulation of altered proteins.
Modeling growth rates for sauropod dinosaurs

Abstract Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial animals and their growth rates remain a subject of debate. By counting growth lines in histologic sections and relating bone length to body mass, it has been estimated that Apatosaurus attained its adult body mass of about 25,000 kg in as little as 15 years, with a maximum growth rate over 5000 kg/yr. This rate exceeds that projected for a precocial bird or eutherian mammal of comparable estimated body mass. An alternative method of estimating limb length and body mass for each growth line, and fitting the resulting age/ mass data to the von Bertalanffy growth equation, yields a revised growth curve suggesting that Apatosaurus adult mass was reached by 70 years with a maximum growth rate of 520 kg/yr. This alternative method for growth rate determination can also be applied to histological studies of other sauropods. At only about half the mass of Apatosaurus, Janenschia took between 20 and 30 years to attain its adult size (over 14,000 kg). This result is supported by independent evidence of estimated bone apposition rates. Despite having an adult body mass greater than Apatosaurus, the titanosaurid Alamosaurus attained a mass over 32,000 kg within 45 years and a maximum growth rate of 1000 kg/yr. Titanosaurids may have been the fastest growing of all sauropods. Even so, sauropod growth rate estimates produced using the von Bertalanffy equation fall between those projected for reptiles and those for precocial birds of equivalent projected body mass. These results are comparable to those found for smaller dinosaurs, and suggest that sauropods grew at rates similar to other dinosaurs in spite of their great size.
Response of the Gene Actions Governing Grain Yield and Quality Traits in Wheat Parents and Their F1 Progenies to Decreasing Soil-N Rate

To start an accurate wheat breeding program for improving low-N tolerance, information on the type of gene action controlling the inheritance of grain yield and quality traits under contrasting N environments should be available, which is the objective of the present investigation. The diallel crosses (except reciprocals) among six divergent parents in low-N tolerance were made. Parents and F1 crosses were evaluated in two seasons under two N environments; namely 0 kg N/fed (lowN) and 75 kg N/fed (high-N) in two separate experiments using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Results of analysis of combining ability across seasons showed that variances due to both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were significant for all studied yield and quality traits, indicating the involvement of additive and non-additive types of genes in controlling these traits. Parents and F1 crosses thus have different GCA and SCA effects, Original Research Article Al-Naggar et al.; ARRB, 8(5): 1-16, 2015; Article no.ARRB. 21939 2 respectively. The best general combiners with positive effects for improvement of low-N tolerance were L26, L27 and L25 parents. Under low–N conditions, the best specific combinations for improvement of low-N tolerance were L25 x Gz168, Gem9 x Gz168 and Gem7 x Gem 9. Hayman analysis of variance indicated that spikes/plant (SPP), grains/spike (GPS), harvest index (HI) and grain yield/plant (GYPP) were controlled by additive and non-additive types of gene action, while 100 grain weight (100 GW) was controlled by an additive type of gene action. A high narrow sense heritability estimate was observed for GYPP (66.32%), SPP (42.52%), 100 GW (33.11%) and GPS (21.80%) under low-N.