Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Highly selective Si3N4/SiO2 etching using an NF3/N2/O2/H2 remote plasma. II. Surface reaction mechanism

Developing processes for highly selective etching of silicon nitride (Si3N4) with respect to silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a major priority for semiconductor fabrication processing. In this paper and in Paper I [Volynets et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 38, 023007 (2020)], mechanisms are discussed for highly selective Si3N4 etching in a remote plasma based on experimental and theoretical investigations. The Si3N4/SiO2 etch selectivity of up to 380 was experimentally produced using a remote plasma sustained in NF3/N2/O2/H2 mixtures. A selectivity strongly depends on the flow rate of H2, an effect attributed to the formation of HF molecules in vibrationally excited states that accelerate etching reactions. Based on experimental measurements and zero-dimensional plasma simulations, an analytical etching model was developed for etch rates as a function of process parameters. Reaction rates and sticking coefficients were provided by quantum chemistry models and also fitted to the experimental results. Etch rates from the analytical model show good agreement with the experimental results and demonstrate why certain etchants accelerate or inhibit the etch process. In particular, the modeling shows the important role of HF molecules in the first vibrationally excited state [HF(v = 1)] in achieving high Si3N4/SiO2 selectivity.Developing processes for highly selective etching of silicon nitride (Si3N4) with respect to silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a major priority for semiconductor fabrication processing. In this paper and in Paper I [Volynets et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 38, 023007 (2020)], mechanisms are discussed for highly selective Si3N4 etching in a remote plasma based on experimental and theoretical investigations. The Si3N4/SiO2 etch selectivity of up to 380 was experimentally produced using a remote plasma sustained in NF3/N2/O2/H2 mixtures. A selectivity strongly depends on the flow rate of H2, an effect attributed to the formation of HF molecules in vibrationally excited states that accelerate etching reactions. Based on experimental measurements and zero-dimensional plasma simulations, an analytical etching model was developed for etch rates as a function of process parameters. Reaction rates and sticking coefficients were provided by quantum chemistry models and also fitted to the experimental results. Etch rates fr.
Order Winners, Order Qualifiers, and Quality Perception in Service Operations Autoria:

Car assemblers and their dealers have been developing strategies to avoid losing customers of maintenance service business after the vehicle warranty period. However, the results of those initiatives have been disappointing considering that only 25% of the car maintenance market is served by authorized car dealers. Through the analysis of customer expectations about service it was possible to identify means to better deal with customers and increase the probability of their retention, adjusting operations design and variables. This study identified the service attributes customers perceive as order qualifying and order winning factors in the decision about the car maintenance service provider. Data were collected from a probabilistic sample of some 400 owners of 1995 to 2002 1000cc powered engine cars in Uberlândia, Brazil. Analysis was done integrating operations and marketing conceptual approaches using several multivariate techniques. Authorized dealers offer proved to be strategically weak, focused in order qualifiers rather than order winners. Directions for improvement in the operations of both authorized dealers and independent shops could be derived.
Predictability of a New Orthodontic Extrusion Technique for Implant Site Development: A Retrospective Consecutive Case-Series Study

In clinical daily practice, there are situations in which implant sites have vertical and/or horizontal bone defects and often we must improve their morphology and dimensions before fixture insertion. It is crucial to carefully evaluate the surgical site as regards the characteristics of both hard and soft tissues. The orthodontic extrusion technique can be used for nonsurgical augmentation of the implant site as an alternative to traditional regenerative/reparative surgical therapies. The orthodontic extrusion is based on a biological mechanism that uses the portion of periodontal ligament, still present on the root before the tooth extraction, for the increase of hard and soft tissues. In the literature, there is no evidence of common guidelines for this technique but only tips based on personal experience and/or previous studies. The aim of this study was to investigate and to validate the reliability of a new orthodontic extrusion technique (MF Extrusion Technique, by Dr. Mauro Fadda) by means of a retrospective consecutive case-series study. After we have done a review of the literature, we evaluated the X-rays of twelve consecutively treated patients before the orthodontic extrusion (T0) and after the stabilization period (T1), in order to quantify, by two different measurements, area and linear, the bone gain obtained by the application of the new technique. All the patients examined showed a significant increase in bone areas with an average value of 31.575 mm2. The linear bone gain had an average value of 4.63 mm. Data collected were statistically analysed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results obtained both from area and linear measurements at T0 and at T1 times showed that there was a statistically significant bone gain with p < 0.01.
Griffin: Hardware-Software Support for Efficient Page Migration in Multi-GPU Systems

As transistor scaling becomes increasingly more difficult to achieve, scaling the core count on a single GPU chip has also become extremely challenging. As the volume of data to process in today's increasingly parallel workloads continues to grow unbounded, we need to find scalable solutions that can keep up with this increasing demand. To meet the need of modern-day parallel applications, multi-GPU systems offer a promising path to deliver high performance and large memory capacity. However, multi-GPU systems suffer from performance issues associated with GPU-to-GPU communication and data sharing, which severely impact the benefits of multi-GPU systems. Programming multi-GPU systems has been made considerably simpler with the advent of Unified Memory which enables runtime migration of pages to the GPU on demand. Current multi-GPU systems rely on a first-touch Demand Paging scheme, where memory pages are migrated from the CPU to the GPU on the first GPU access to a page. The data sharing nature of GPU applications makes deploying an efficient programmer-transparent mechanism for inter-GPU page migration challenging. Therefore following the initial CPU-to-GPU page migration, the page is pinned on that GPU. Future accesses to this page from other GPUs happen at a cache-line granularity – pages are not transferred between GPUs without significant programmer intervention. We observe that this mechanism suffers from two major drawbacks: 1) imbalance in the page distribution across multiple GPUs, and 2) inability to move the page to the GPU that uses it most frequently. Both of these problems lead to load imbalance across GPUs, degrading the performance of the multi-GPU system. To address these problems, we propose Griffin, a holistic hardware-software solution to improve the performance of NUMA multi-GPU systems. Griffin introduces programmer-transparent modifications to both the IOMMU and GPU architecture, supporting efficient runtime page migration based on locality information. In particular, Griffin employs a novel mechanism to detect and move pages at runtime between GPUs, increasing the frequency of resolving accesses locally, which in turn improves the performance. To ensure better load balancing across GPUs, Griffin employs a Delayed First-Touch Migration policy that ensures pages are evenly distributed across multiple GPUs. Our results on a diverse set of multi-GPU workloads show that Griffin can achieve up to a 2.9× speedup on a multi-GPU system, while incurring low implementation overhead.
Understanding the Effects of Workfare Policies on Child Human Capital

Workfare can impact child development by inducing parents to spend less time at home. I study the mechanisms by which workfare policies affect children using the New Hope workfare experiment. The program randomly assigned individuals to a policy bundle including income and childcare subsidies conditional on full-time work. For families with young children, the program had positive effects on child academic performance and classroom behavior. Counterfactual experiments from a dynamic discrete choice model indicate that most of the effect of New Hope on young children is explained by parents enrolling their children in center-based childcare.
Consumption of Nuts at Midlife and Healthy Aging in Women

Background Nut consumption may reduce age-related diseases and lead to better health and well-being in aging. Many conditions of aging develop over decades, and thus earlier lifestyle factors may particularly influence later health. Methods In 1998 and 2002, we administered food frequency questionnaires to assess nut consumption (peanuts, walnuts, and other nuts and peanut butter) in women in the Nurses' Health Study in their 50 s/early 60 s. In 2012, those who survived beyond 65 years with no chronic diseases, no reported memory impairment, no physical disabilities, and intact mental health were considered “healthy agers. ” We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for healthy versus usual aging, controlled for sociodemographic, behavioral, dietary, and other potential confounding factors. Results Of 33,931 participants at midlife, 16% became “healthy agers. ” After age adjustment, we observed a significant association between total nut consumption at midlife and higher odds of healthy aging, with strongest associations observed excluding peanut butter (odds ratio (OR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–1.62, ≥3 servings/week versus none). Findings were attenuated after further control for covariates, including overall diet quality (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.28, P trend = 0.05). For nut types, we found statistically significantly higher odds of healthy aging across peanuts, walnuts, and other nuts after age adjustment. After full control for confounders, only walnut consumption remained associated with healthy aging (P trend = 0.0001); for example, the OR was 1.20 (95% CI 1.00–1.44) for ≥2 servings/week versus none. Conclusions Women consuming nuts at midlife have a greater likelihood of overall health and well-being at older ages. Nut consumption may represent a simple intervention to explore and promote healthy aging.
Addressing the Challenge of Head-In-Pillow Defects in Electronics Assembly

The head-in-pillow defect has become a relatively common failure mode in the industry since the implementation of Pb-free technologies, generating much concern. A head-in-pillow defect is the incomplete wetting of the entire solder joint of a BallGrid Array (BGA), Chip-Scale Package (CSP), or even a Package-On-Package (PoP) and is characterized as a process anomaly, where the solder paste and BGA ball both reflow but do not coalesce. When looking at a cross-section, it actually looks like a head has pressed into a soft pillow. There are two main sources of head-in-pillow defects: poor wetting and PWB or package warpage. Poor wetting can result from a variety of sources, such as solder ball oxidation, an inappropriate thermal reflow profile or poor fluxing action. This paper addresses the three sources or contributing issues (supply, process & material) of the head-in-pillow defects. It will thoroughly review these three issues and how they relate to result in head-inpillow defects. In addition, a head-in-pillow elimination plan will be presented with real life examples will be to illustrate these head-in-pillow solutions. INTRODUCTION: While the electronics manufacturing industry has been occupied with the challenge of RoHS compliance and with it Pb-free soldering, trends towards increasing functionality and miniaturization have continued. The growing use of ultra-fine pitch and area-array devices presents challenges in both printing and flux technology. The decreasing size and pitch of said components create new problems, such as head-in-pillow. What does head-in-pillow look like? A head-in-pillow defect is the incomplete coalescence of the solder joint between a Ball-Grid Array (BGA), Chip-Scale Package (CSP), or Package-on-Package (PoP) and the printed solder paste. For some reason, the printed wiring board’s (PWB’s) printed solder and the package’s solder spheres do not come together to form a single mass. At first glance, it looks as if a film has formed on the surface of the molten solder, preventing the merging of the printed and package solders. In fact, this may be true, as in some instances there seems to be an oxide film on the surface of the molten solders. In other instances, it appears that upon cooling, the exterior has already cooled enough to prevent the coalescence of the printed paste and the sphere at re-connect when the warpage subsides. From the cross-sections, it actually looks like a head has pressed into a soft pillow (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Example of a Head-in-pillow (HIP) defect It is these issues that are the cause of head-in-pillow defects: poor wetting and warping of the component. Upon examination, the two causes are indistinguishable, but can be identified because random head-in-pillow defects are caused by poor wetting, As originally published in the IPC APEX EXPO Proceedings.
Urban built-up areas extraction by the multiscale stacked denoising autoencoder technique

Abstract. Stacked denoising autoencoder (SDAE) model has a strong feature learning ability and has shown great success in the classification of remote sensing images. However, built-up area (BUA) information is easily interfered with by broken rocks, bare land, and other features with similar spectral features. SDAEs are vulnerable to broken and similar features in the image. We propose a multiscale SDAE model to overcome these problems, which can extract BUA features in different scales and recognize the type of land object from multiple scales. The model effectively improves the recognition rate of BUA. The experimental results show that our algorithm can resist the disturbance information, and the classification accuracies are better than support vector machine, backpropagation, random forests, and SDAE. Then we investigate an application in Wuhan (China) metropolitan area analysis with the classification results of our algorithm. The range of the metropolitan area is 1.5-h isochronous circle calculated by Tencent map big data and is divided into three layers: core metropolitan area, subcore metropolitan area, and daily metropolitan. Finally, from the comprehensive statistical data and traffic data, we know that the Wuhan metropolitan area has a “target-shaped” distribution structure radiating outward from the core metropolitan area. It includes five metropolitan development corridors: Wuhan–Huanggang, Wuhan–Xiaogan–Suizhou, Wuhan–Ezhou–Huangshi, Wuhan–Xiantao–Tianmen, and Wuhan–Xianan–Chibi. The corridor is of great significance to the development of metropolitan areas.
Understanding E-Learning IT Intention and Usage: A Proposed Model Extending from UTAUT

Although Internet information technology (IT) has been applied to derive e-learning technology and systems, little attention has been paid to understanding the factors that drive such e-learning IT usage. Extending the UTAUT model (the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology), this study postulates that e-learning IT usage is directly driven by e-learning IT usage intention, facilitating conditions and self-efficacy. Furthermore, e-learning IT usage is indirectly influenced by social influence, performance expectancy and effort expectancy through the mediation of e-learning IT usage intention. This study contributes to the e-learning IT usage literature by extending the UTAUT model to investigate the unknown area of e-learning, by examining idiosyncratic drivers of e-learning IT usage intention, and by presenting the importance of self-efficacy and facilitating conditions in influencing e-learning IT usage. Finally, the limitations and implications of the study are also provided.
Potential Influences of Gender on NAEP Scores in an 8 Grade U.S. History Class

This study presented a secondary analysis of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) dataset. The paper examined if a gender gap existed in the non-STEM subject of eighth-grade U.S. history. This study used a quantitative descriptive and hypothesis testing research design to analyze data extracted from the 2014 NAEP Data Explorer. The findings include (1) the average scale score of female students was significantly lower than their male counterparts, (2) the average score of female students did not start to become lower than their male counterparts until the 2001 NAEP scores, and (3) firstyear students who remained full time had better student score outcomes than those that became part-time. These findings may indicate that the gender gap that exists is not purely based on intrinsic factors, but other factors such as teacher gender, and school community support may be an indication of causes of gender gaps for both male and female students.
DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL MICROORGANISM FROM ORGANIC WASTE AS AN ALTERNATIVE PRODUCT FOR EM4

Research of Development Local Microorganism from Organic Waste by Adding Banana Peels as an Alternative Product for EM4 was conducted in the Laboratory Riset of Microbiology, Biology Department, Andalas University from February 2019 until July 2019. This study aims to find microbial groups and to determine the total amount of microbes in MOL and to determine the quality of compost that produced by MOL and EM4 as a control. This research design by survey method to sampling and experimental method to produced MOL. The inoculation of bacteria colony was using Potato Dextro Agar (PDA) whereas inoculation of yeast colony using Malt Extract Agar (MEA). The result of this research showed that bacterial colonies on M4 2.8x 104 cfu/mL, fungi colonies 3.5 x 103 cfu/mL and yeast colonies 1.7 x 104 cfu/mL. The quality of compost produced has different color and texture however has the same in the aroma parameter. Key words: Bacteri, Compost, Fungi, Yeast, Local Microorgasim
The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis in Stack Overflow

According to the goal-gradient hypothesis, people increase their efforts toward a reward as they close in on the reward. This hypothesis has recently been used to explain users' behavior in online communities that use badges as rewards for completing specific activities. In such settings, users exhibit a "steering effect," a dramatic increase in activity as the users approach a badge threshold, thereby following the predictions made by the goal-gradient hypothesis. This paper provides a new probabilistic model of users' behavior, which captures users who exhibit different levels of steering. We apply this model to data from the popular Q&A site, Stack Overflow, and study users who achieve one of the badges available on this platform. Our results show that only a fraction (20%) of all users strongly experience steering, whereas the activity of more than 40% of badge achievers appears not to be affected by the badge. In particular, we find that for some of the population, an increased activity in and around the badge acquisition date may reflect a statistical artifact rather than steering, as was previously thought in prior work. These results are important for system designers who hope to motivate and guide their users towards certain actions. We have highlighted the need for further studies which investigate what motivations drive the non-steered users to contribute to online communities.
THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FIRMS PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIAN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR –A CASE BASED APPROACH

This research aim to identify the impact of capital structure on firm performance of Malaysia listed industrial product company. Convenience sampling technique was using in this research to select 50 industrial product companies listed in Bursa Malaysia main exchange market based on available of 2011 to 2015 annual report. The independent variables used in this research are debt to equity ratio, total debt ratio and total equity ratio. Return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and earning per share (EPS) are used as dependent variable to measure firm performance. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression are used in this research to analyses the data. This research found industrial product company are heavily rely on equity finance in their capital structure. Besides that, the regression result found debt to equity has negative impact on ROA, total debt ratio and total equity ratio has insignificant impact on ROA. Debt to equity has negative impact on ROE, total debt has positive impact on ROE and total equity has insignificant impact on ROE. Besides that, debt to equity has negative impact on ROE, total debt has positive impact on ROE and total equity has insignificant impact on ROE. Finally, debt to equity has a negative significant impact on EPS, total debt ratio has positive significant impact on EPS and total debt has insignificant impact on EPS. In conclusion, industrial product company raise debt finance can reduce agency problem and enjoy tax advantage, but debt level over the optimum capital structure will bring a negative impact on firm performance. This research will benefit for the industry, manager, shareholder, investor and future researcher. Future researchers are recommending to use large sample size and other variable to identify the impact of capital structure on firm performance. Key Terms: Capital Structure, Debt to Equity, Total Debt, Total Equity, Firm Performance, ROA, ROE, EPS
The effect of corruption in management and board on firm performance in Europe

Corruption, fraud and illicit activities have become worldwide the major impediment on economic, political and social development. While the existing empirical analysis is mainly based on measures of corruption at country level, this is the first empirical research work, out of some studies related to survey, based on a large dataset measuring corruption at businesses level. Using a cross-sectional data of 2,789 listed companies across 34 European countries, the aim of this study is to highlight the impact of corruption embedded inside the firm on corporate performance. Empirically, it is investigated what happens to firm performance considering whether the members of the board of director or members of the management, also at top level, are involved in such illegal matters. The empirical findings suggest that firm corruption acts as a vibrant constraint to its short-term as well as long-run performance, being also harmful to firm’s growth opportunities. Finally, we present evidence of the negative effect of corruption in terms of political connections and that corrupt behavior of females is even more severe for firm performance.