Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting automatically the layout of clinical documents to enhance the performances of downstream natural language processing

Objective:Develop and validate an algorithm for analyzing the layout of PDF clinical documents to improve the performance of downstream natural language processing tasks. Materials and Methods: We designed an algorithm to process clinical PDF documents and extract only clinically relevant text. The algorithm consists of several steps: initial text extraction using a PDF parser, followed by classification into categories such as body text, left notes, and footers using a Transformer deep neural network architecture, and finally an aggregation step to compile the lines of a given label in the text. We evaluated the technical performance of the body text extraction algorithm by applying it to a random sample of documents that were annotated. Medical performance was evaluated by examining the extraction of medical concepts of interest from the text in their respective sections. Finally, we tested an end-to-end system on a medical use case of automatic detection of acute infection described in the hospital report. Results:Our algorithm achieved per-line precision, recall, and F1 score of 98.4, 97.0, and 97.7, respectively, for body line extraction. The precision, recall, and F1 score per document for the acute infection detection algorithm were 82.54 (95CI 72.86-91.60), 85.24 (95CI 76.61-93.70), 83.87 (95CI 76, 92-90.08) with exploitation of the results of the advanced body extraction algorithm, respectively. Conclusion:We have developed and validated a system for extracting body text from clinical documents in PDF format by identifying their layout. We were able to demonstrate that this preprocessing allowed us to obtain better performances for a common downstream task, i.e., the extraction of medical concepts in their respective sections, thus proving the interest of this method on a clinical use case.
One-Shot Strategically Deconflicted Route and Operational Volume Generation for Urban Air Mobility Operations

In the UAM space, strategic deconfliction provides an all-essential layer to airspace automation by providing safe, pre-emptive deconfliction or assignment of airspace resources to airspace users pre-flight. Strategic deconfliction approaches provide an elegant solution to pre-flight deconfliction operations. This overall creates safer and more efficient airspace and reduces the workload on controllers. In this research, we propose a method that constructs routes between start and end nodes in airspace, assigns a contract of operational volumes (OVs) and ensures that these OVs are sufficiently deconflicted against static no-fly zones and OVs of other airspace users. Our approach uses the A* optimal cost path algorithm to generate the shortest routes between the origin and destination. We present a method for generating OVs based on the distribution of aircraft positions from simulated flights; volumes are constructed such that this distribution is conservatively described.
Distortion of alpha-uranium structure in praseodymium metal to 311 GPA

It is generally observed that the rare earth metals adapt an orthorhombic alpha-uranium (α-U) structure at high pressures following the delocalization of 4f shell under compression. We examine the stability of the α-U structure in praseodymium metal at ultrahigh pressures of 313 GPa (volume compression V/V 0 = 0.343) in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. X-ray diffraction data show a transformation from the α-U structure to a primitive orthorhombic P212121 phase at 147±5 GPa, which is characterized by the anisotropic compressibility of various crystallographic axes. This anisotropic compressibility leads to an interesting situation when the b-axis and the c-axis of the orthorhombic phase become nearly equal above 260 GPa and the structure can be regarded as a pseudo-tetragonal phase. Our present study shows that the 4f band metal Pr does not adapt a body centred tetragonal phase as predicted by theory, but instead novel crystallographic phases are observed at extreme compressions. The present results have a broader impact on the stability of the α-U phase in a variety of f-band systems at high pressures.
Practical Synthesis of SimplePhos Ligands: Further Development of Alkyl‐Substituted Phosphanamines

Herein we disclose a rapid and easy synthetic procedure to access aryl- and alkyl-substituted phosphanamines (SimplePhos ligands). During the synthesis of a library of diverse aryl-substituted phosphanamine ligands we also found that alkyl-substituted phosphanamines can be synthesized and handled easily. This was unexpected as a previous report described them as highly air-sensitive compounds. Subsequently, we created a library of alkyl-substituted phosphanamines and found some to be highly efficient ligands in copper-catalyzed reactions such as the Cu-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition and propargylic alkylation reactions. Moreover, our efforts towards the synthesis of SimplePhos ligands led to the development of an easy and practical synthesis of diaryl(chloro)phosphanes, which is also presented in this paper.
Structural and gas sensing properties of sprayed antimony doped tin oxide thin films

Metal oxides currently constitute the most investigated groups of gas sensors. Among various metal oxides, tin-oxide has emerged as one of the potential candidate due to high conductivity coupled with high sensitivity to both oxidizing and reducing gases. In this context, attempts are made to deposit thin film of tin-oxide doped with antimony by spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrate which were heated at 375°C. The concentration of antimony was increased from 0.01% to 1%. The films obtained were blackish in color. The XRD pattern shows characteristic tin-oxide peaks with tetragonal structure. The NO2 gas sensing properties were investigated at 250°C, it showed maximum sensitivity for the SnO2:Sb films with 1% Sb concentration.
Organic solar cells with carbon nanotubes replacing In2O3:Sn as the transparent electrode

We report two viable organic excitonic solar cell structures where the conventional In2O3:Sn (ITO) hole-collecting electrode was replaced by a thin single-walled carbon nanotube layer. The first structure includes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and gave a nonoptimized device efficiency of 1.5%. The second did not use PEDOT as a hole selective contact and had an efficiency of 0.47%. The strong rectifying behavior of the device shows that nanotubes are selective for holes and are not efficient recombination sites. The reported excitonic solar cell, produced without ITO and PEDOT, is an important step towards a fully printable solar cell.
Role of c-Jun NH-terminal Kinase in Bcr/Abl Induced Cell Transformation: a dissertation

The c-Jun NH terminal kinase (JNK) group of kinases include ten members that are created by alternative splicing of transcripts derived from Jnk1 Jnk2 and Jnk3 genes. The JNK1 and JNK2 protein kinases are ubiquitously expressed while JNK3 is expressed in a limited number of tissues. The JNK signaling pathway is implicated in multiple physiological processes including cell transformation. There is growing evidence that JNK signaling is involved in oncogenesis. Nevertheless, the role that JNK plays in malignant transformation is still unclear. The aim of this thesis is to examine the role of JNK in malignant transformation. For this purpose , I used the Bcr/Abl oncogene as a transforming agent. Bcr/Abl is a leukemogenic oncogene that is created by reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22. The translocation breakpoint is variable and several different Bcr/Abl isoforms have been identified such as Bcr/Ab1P185 and Bcr/AbIP210 , whose expression is associated with different types of leukemia. Bcr/Abl activates the JNK signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells and increases AP1 transcription activity. Furthermore, dominant negative approaches demonstrate that inhibition of c-Jun or JNK prevents Bcr/ Ablinduced cell transformation in vitro. These data implicate the JNK signaling pathway in Bcr/Abl transformation although the role that JNK might have in this process is unclear. Thus, I examined the importance of JNK signaling in Bcr/Abl-
Development of a vane-swirler for use in a low NO{sub x} weak-swirl burner

This paper describes the continuing development of the weak-swirl burner (WSB) for use in low NO{sub x} applications. Weak-swirl is a unique method for stabilizing lean-burning, premixed combustion as the flame is stabilized by flow divergence, not through recirculation as is commonly seen in nonpremixed industrial burners. Earlier versions of the WSB used a tangential air jet swirler that offers flexibility for determining the range of operation and evaluating the performance of the WSB. Though common in large applications, air swirler may not be amenable to small and medium-size appliances. To reduce manufacturing costs and burner complexity, the authors have developed a fixed vane swirler to replace the air jet swirler in the WSB. This paper describes the operating characteristics and key design parameters of the vane swirler. A new expression for determining swirl number intensity is developed. Testing of a laboratory water heater fitted with a WSB with the new vane-swirler shows 0 < NO < 20 ng/J, 10 < CO < 70 ppm, and thermal efficiencies {approx} 78% over the lean burning range of 0.70 < {phi} < 0.90. The continuous firing rate is robust for a 53 mm vane-swirled WSB, with initial tests ranging from 40,000 to 400,000 Btu/hr. for 0.60 < {phi} < 1.0. Successful development of the new vane swirler demonstrates that the low emission WSB is adaptable to a wide variety of industrial applications.
Lactide, β-butyrolactone, δ-valerolactone, and ε-caprolactone polymerization with copper diketiminate complexes

Pseudo-first-order rate constants for the polymerization of rac-lactide with dimeric (nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr))2 (nacnacBn = deprotonated N,N′-dibenzyl-2-amino-4-imino-pent-2-ene), 1, in acetonitrile, THF, dichloromethane, and toluene are kobs = 2.4(1), 5.3(5), 3.6–4.4, and 10(1) min−1, respectively (25 °C, 1.0 mmol L−1 1). A bimodal polymer molecular weight distribution is obtained in toluene, narrow polydispersities of 1.1 for THF and acetonitrile. Under the same conditions (25 °C, 1.0 mmol L−1 1, CH2Cl2), 1 polymerizes β-butyrolactone, e-caprolactone, and δ-valerolactone with rate constants of kobs = 3.0(1) × 10−2, 1.2–2.7 × 10−2, and 0.11(1) min−1, respectively. Homopolymers showed narrow polydispersities of approximately 1.1. Sequential addition polymerizations showed evidence for transesterification if β-butyrolactone or e-caprolactone is introduced after a lactide block.
Relation between pH and viscosity of some poly(alkylvinylpyridine N‐oxides) in aqueous solution

The variation with pH of the viscosities of aqueous solutions of the following polyvinylpyridine oxide derivatives has been studied, viz. atactic poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), poly(2-methyl-6-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), poly(3-methyl-2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), poly(5-ethyl-2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), poly(4-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), poly(3-methyl-4-vinylpyridine 1-oxide) and poly(2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), and mainly isotactic poly(5-ethyl-2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide). When the vinyl group is in the 3 or 4 position, viscosity is maximal between pH 6 and 10, probably because polymer chains are cross-linked by water molecules attached to N-oxide groups. Poly(methyl-2-vinylpyridine 1-oxides) give a pH/viscosity curve that is roughly the inverse of this with a minimal viscosity within this pH range. These polymers probably take up a tightly packed conformation near neutrality due to bonding between N-oxide and α-H of the polyvinyl chain. More than one conformation is possible and an attempt has been made to interpret the positions of the viscosity peaks in terms of the possible conformations.
A flow-through enzymatic microreactor for the rapid conversion of triacylglycerols into fatty acid ethyl ester and fatty acid methyl ester derivatives for GC analysis

A flow-through enzymatic microreactor for the rapid conversion of triacylglycerols (TAG) into fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatives was developed. The microreactor was a porous silica monolith fabricated within a 320 μm ID fused silica capillary with lipase from Candida antarctica immobilized onto the large surface area of the monolith. The microreactor was used for the room temperature ethanolysis of TAG from edible oils including canola, sesame, soybean and refined-bleached-deodorized palm oil. GC/MS-NCI and GC/FID were used to prove the identification of the FAEE and FAME products. The microreactor completely transformed the starting oils into FAEEs or FAMEs, without the use of any reagents other than alcohol, in quantities suitable for GC analysis. The prototype microreactors were reusable >5 times with ethanol and 2 times with methanol. The FAEE products obtained using the microreactor were similar to those produced using commercial Novozyme 435 enzyme beads as well as by catalysis with ethanolic H2SO4.
Computer simulation of a two-dimensional soap froth

Abstract We have developed a computer program by means of which a two-dimensional soap froth may be simulated. This system is of interest in connection with theories of grain growth in polycrystalline solids, but only limited and somewhat contradictory experimental statistical data have hitherto been available. We present preliminary results for the evolution in time of a froth of 100 cells, with periodic boundary conditions.
Chlorophyll a Radical Ions: A Density Functional Study

The chlorophyll a radical cation, Chl a + . , and the corresponding radical anion, Chl a - . , have been investigated applying density functional methods. Furthermore, the C 1 0 epimer Chl a' and O 1 Chl a enol radical cations have been studied, which have been proposed to play a role in photosystem I of oxygenic photosynthesis. Isotropic hyperfine coupling constants (hfcs) and related spin density distributions calculated at the B3LYP/ EPR-II//BLYP/DZVP(D) level of theory are reported. For Chl a + . and Chl a - . , good agreement is observed between calculated and experimental hfcs. Whereas no larger differences in the hfcs between Chl a + . and (Chl a') + . are predicted to occur, the enol forms of Chl a + . give rise to significantly altered hyperfine coupling constants in comparison with the respective keto form. In addition to the chlorophyll systems, the epimer and O 1 enol of bacteriochlorophyll a have also been calculated. From a comparison with experimental data it is concluded that the enol forms do not occur in photosynthetic reaction centers.
A SURVEY OF ACTIVITIES OF ENZYMES HYDROLYSING SUCROSE AND STARCH IN SOILS UNDER PASTURE

Summary Some climatic and soil factors influencing the activities of enzymes hydrolysing sucrose and starch in New Zealand soils under pasture were studied. Amounts of reducing sugars produced on incubation of soils without added substrate were related very closely to soil organic C content. Activities of (a) enzymes hydrolysing sucrose and (b) enzymes hydrolysing starch decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing rainfall; the ratios (a)/(i) were highest in the driest groups of soils. Variations in annual rainfall and soil organic C together, but not separately, explained much of the variation in sucrose-hydrolysing activities; these activities appeared to be related more to the composition than the amount of organic matter in a soil. Variations in activity of enzymes hydrolysing starch could be explained by variations in soil organic C, clay content, and, in some cases, other factors associated with different soil groups; these activities were increased by irrigation and reduced by drainage of soils. The activity of starch-hydrolysing enzymes, compared with sucrose-hydrolysing enzymes, was relatively greater under legumes than under grasses at the same site but could differ considerably at different sites. Activities also differed under forest and pasture at adjacent sites.
Program developed for CO{sub 2} system calculations

The program CO2SYS performs calculations relating parameters of the carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) system in seawater and freshwater. The program uses two of the four measurable parameters of the CO{sub 2} system [total alkalinity (TA), total inorganic CO{sub 2} (TCO{sub 2}), pH, and either fugacity (fCO{sub 2}) or partial pressure of CO{sub 2} (pCO{sub 2})] to calculate the other two parameters at a set of input conditions (temperature and pressure) and a set of output conditions chosen by the user. It replaces and extends the programs CO2SYSTM.EXE, FCO2TCO2.EXE, PHTCO2.EXE, and CO2BTCH.EXE, which were released in May 1995. It may be run in single-input mode or batch-input mode and has a variety of options for the various constants and parameters used. An on-screen information section is available that includes documentation on various topics relevant to the program. This program may be run on any 80 x 86 computer equipped with the DOS operating system by simply typing CO2SYS at the prompt after loading the executable file CO2SYS.EXE.
Submodularity of Influence in Social Networks: From Local to Global

Social networks are often represented as directed graphs, where the nodes are individuals and the edges indicate a form of social relationship. A simple way to model the diffusion of ideas, innovative behavior, or “word-of-mouth” effects on such a graph is to consider an increasing process of “infected” (or active) nodes: each node becomes infected once an activation function of the set of its infected neighbors crosses a certain threshold value. Such a model was introduced by Kempe, Kleinberg, and Tardos (KKT) in [Maximizing the spread of influence through a social network, in Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2003, pp. 137-146] and [Influential nodes in a diffusion model for social networks, in Proceedings of the 32nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP), 2005], where the authors also impose several natural assumptions: the threshold values are random and the activation functions are monotone and submodular. The monotonicity condition indicates that a node is more likely to become active if more of its neighbors are active, while the submodularity condition indicates that the marginal effect of each neighbor is decreasing when the set of active neighbors increases. For an initial set of active nodes $S$, let $\sigma(S)$ denote the expected number of active nodes at termination. Here, we prove a conjecture of KKT: we show that the function $\sigma(S)$ is submodular under the assumptions above. We prove the same result for the expected value of any monotone, submodular function of the set of active nodes at termination. Roughly, our results demonstrate that “local” submodularity is preserved “globally” under this diffusion process. This is of natural computational interest, as many optimization problems have good approximation algorithms for submodular functions.
Variation of major mineral contents in Mediterranean buffalo milk and application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for their indirect prediction.

Minerals are important for many physiological funct ions and those contained in milk are actively involved in cheese manufacture. Moreover, milk minerals content is considered an indirect index of udder health in dairy cows. Th e aims of this study were to characterize mineral components (i.e., calcium, pho sphorus, magnesium and potassium) in buffalo milk, to investigate their sources of variation and to test the effectiveness of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for their indirect prediction. A total of 173 buffaloes reared in five herds were milk sample d once during morning milking. Samples were analysed for calcium, phosphorus, pota ssium and magnesium within 3 h from collection using Inductively Coupled Plasma (I CP-OES). MilkoScan FT2 (Foss, Hillerod, Denmark) was used for the acquisition of milk spectra over the spectral range from 5000 to 900 wavenumber ◊ cm-1179. Buffalo milk minerals (mg/L of milk) averaged 1,620, 144, 1,172 and 857 for calcium, mag nesium, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Herd and days in milk were the most important sources of variation for the former traits. Parity slightly affected only calcium and potassium. Coefficients of determination between the predicted and measured values in crossvalidation (1-VR) were 0.71, 0.70, 0.72 for calcium , magnesium and phosphorus, respectively, whereas potassium exhibited a low acc uracy (1-VR = 0.55). Our findings indicate that FTIR predictions could be used to ass ess buffalo milk components applying this rapid and non-invasive technique in the dairy industry and at the population level for breeding purposes.
The origin of the Langevin equation and the calculation of the mean squared displacement: Let's set the record straight

Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway(Dated: February 2, 2008)Ornstein and his coauthors, who constructed a dynamical theory of Brownian motion, taking theequation mdv/dt = −ζv+X as their starting point, usually named the equation after Einstein aloneor after both Einstein and Langevin; furthermore, Ornstein, who was the ﬁrst to extract from thisequation the correct expression for ∆
Comparative cardioprotective effect of Egyptian Silybum marianum extract and Chinese silymarin in experimentally liver fibrosis.

Liver fibrosis is one of the common problems effects on the human health. Many herbal, medicinal and pharmaceutical plants and their extracts are widely studied by many researches. Chinese silymarin got a bright reputation in relieve of liver fibrosis. The current study is a comparative study between the effect of Chinese silymarin (commercial drug) and the extracted silymarin from the natural Egyptian plant on the cardiac toxicity due to liver fibrosis induced by ethanol in rats. A total of 72 female Albino rats were divided into six groups; G1, Control; G2,Fibrosis; G3,Chinese silymarin; G4, Fibrosis + Chinese silymarin; G5, Egyptian silymarin extract; G6, Fibrosis + Egyptian silymarin extract. Results showed that, heart enzymes activities LDH, lipid profiles in serum and MDA in tissues were a significant increase in Fibrosis group when compared with control group. On the other hand; creatine kinase (CK) in serum, total protein, total thiol, TAC, CAT and GST in cardiac tissues were a significant decrease in Fibrosis group when compared with control group. The current results revealed that; the Egyptian plant extract improved the lipid profile, heart functions and its oxidative stress parameters as comparison with the used medical Chinese silymarin.
Effect of Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Feed on Broiler Chickens Performance and Meat Content of Conjugated Linoleic Acid

The effect of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) contaminated feeds on performance parameters (feed intake, body gain and feed conversion ratio) and on the Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) content of chicken meat was investigated in broiler chicks. Feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in feed conversion ratios, a decrease in body gain and a significant (P<0.05) increase in feed consumption regardless of the AFB1 concentration. The percentage of decrease in body gain at the seventh week was about 35% compared with the control treatment. In addition, no increase in weight was observed at weeks 6 and 7 for the third treatment (384.5 ppb) and fourth treatment (894.5 ppb). On the contrary, no mortalities were observed in chicks fed contaminated feed (AFB1 < 1000 ppb). The CLA content of fat extracted from poultry meat with the skin at the end of the second week was found to be reduced by a minimum of 20% at the end of the second week when the feed was contaminated with AFB1 for the three treatments.