Parents' Knowledge and Behaviors Related to the Use of Over-The-Counter Cough and Cold Medications

#5 PURPOSE . #8 PROBLEM STATEMENT . #9 RESEARCH QUESTIONS . #9 HYPOTHESES . #10 NULL HYPOTHESES . #11 PICO QUESTION . #11 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK . #11 DEFINITION OF TERMS . #15 REVIEW OF LITERATURE . #17 OVER-THE-COUNTER COUGH AND COLD MEDICATION . #18 MARKETING . #18 SAFETY . #19 EFFICACY . #24 FDA RECOMMENDATIONS . #26 PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE . #27 PARENTAL BEHAVIOR . #31 NON-PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS . #34 INSTRUMENTATION . #37 POPULATION AND SAMPLE . #40 IMPLEMENTATION . #41 PROJECT OBJECTIVES . #42 METHODOLOGY . #46 TIMELINE . #48 COUGH AND COLD MEDICATIONS 3 PROJECT REQUIREMENTS . #48 EVALUATION . #49 POPULATION AND SAMPLE . #49 RESEARCH QUESTION 1: INSTRUMENTATION . #53 RESEARCH QUESTION 2: TWO GROUP COMPARISON . #62 RESEARCH QUESTION 3: WITHIN GROUP COMPARISON . #66 RESEARCH QUESTION 4 . #68 END PRODUCTS . #71 CONCLUSION . #72 APPENDIX A-TIMELINE . #82 APPENDIX B-IRB APPROVAL . #85 APPENDIX C-CLINIC APPROVAL . #86 APPENDIX DSCRIPT FOR PARTICIPANT . #87 APPENDIX E-FDA ADVISE . #88 APPENDIX F-SURVEY TOOL . #90 APPENDIX GSTATISTICAL PLAN . #97 APPENDIX H –RELIABILITY STATISTICS (TOTAL COLD) . #98 APPENDIX IRELIABILITY STATISTICS (BEHAVIOR SUBSCALE) . #102 APPENDIX JRELIABILITY STATISTICS (BEHAVIOR SUBSCALE WITHOUT EBQ11) . #105 APPENDIX KRELIABILITY STATISTICS (KNOWLEDGE SUBSCALE) . #108 APPENDIX LFACTOR ANALYSIS . #112 APPENDIX MTESTS FOR NORMALITY . #119 APPENDIX N –T-TEST . #137 APPENDIX OMANOVA . #138 APPENDIX PMULTIPLE REGRESSION . #143 APPENDIX QFREQUENCY STATISTICS . #150 APPENDIX RSPLIT GROUP CORRELATIONS . #167 COUGH AND COLD MEDICATIONS 4 APPENDIX SSPLIT GROUP CORRELATIONS . #170 COUGH AND COLD MEDICATIONS 5 Abstract The use of over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications in young children has been common place for decades. However, increasing reports of dangerous side effects and aThe use of over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications in young children has been common place for decades. However, increasing reports of dangerous side effects and a lack of evidence that supports the efficacy of OTC cough and cold medications children has spurred a change in the recommendations from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The purpose of this clinical inquiry was to evaluate the relationship between parental knowledge and behaviors related to the use of OTC cough and cold medications in young children. A secondary goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Texas Woman’s University College of Nursing Cold Treatment Survey created for this study. The Theory of Dependent Care (TDC) was the theoretical framework for this clinical inquiry. A demographic survey and the TWU CON Cold Treatment Survey were used to collect data from a convenience sample of 100 parents. Significance was set at 0.05, with a power of 0.80, and effect size of . 30. The results indicated no difference between parents of younger children (< 24 months) and parents of older children (25 months to 12 years old) in their knowledge and behavior related to the use of OTC cough and cold medications in their children. Investigation of the data identified trends related to knowledge deficits that need to be addressed in both parent groups. This clinical inquiry inspired the development of a tool designed to collect data related to parental knowledge and behavior where none existed previously. The knowledge gained from this study allowed for the identification of parental knowledge deficits related to the use of OTC cough and cold medications, as well as harmful behaviors related to the treatment of cough and cold symptoms in children. COUGH AND COLD MEDICATIONS 6 Parents' Knowledge and Behaviors Related to the Use of Over-The-Counter Cough and Cold Medications Over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications are widely available and marketed for infants and children in the United States; in fact, drug manufacturers sell 95 million units of pediatric cough and cold medications annually (Pew Prescription Project, 2007). Pharmaceutical companies spent more than 50 million dollars in advertising related to OTC pediatric cough and cold medications from 2006 to 2007 (Pew Prescription Project, 2007). Manufacturers use misleading graph