Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis ARC6 Coordinates the Division Machineries of the Inner and Outer Chloroplast Membranes through Interaction with PDV2 in the Intermembrane Space[W]

Chloroplasts arose from a free-living cyanobacterial endosymbiont and divide by binary fission. Division involves the assembly and constriction of the endosymbiont-derived, tubulin-like FtsZ ring on the stromal surface of the inner envelope membrane and the host-derived, dynamin-like ARC5 ring on the cytosolic surface of the outer envelope membrane. Despite the identification of many proteins required for plastid division, the factors coordinating the internal and external division machineries are unknown. Here, we provide evidence that this coordination is mediated in Arabidopsis thaliana by an interaction between ARC6, an FtsZ assembly factor spanning the inner envelope membrane, and PDV2, an ARC5 recruitment factor spanning the outer envelope membrane. ARC6 and PDV2 interact via their C-terminal domains in the intermembrane space, consistent with their in vivo topologies. ARC6 acts upstream of PDV2 to localize PDV2 (and hence ARC5) to the division site. We present a model whereby ARC6 relays information on stromal FtsZ ring positioning through PDV2 to the chloroplast surface to specify the site of ARC5 recruitment. Because orthologs of ARC6 occur in land plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria but PDV2 occurs only in land plants, the connection between ARC6 and PDV2 represents the evolution of a plant-specific adaptation to coordinate the assembly and activity of the endosymbiont- and host-derived plastid division components.
Role of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA‐identical sibling or a matched unrelated donor in the treatment of children with juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia

Seven children (age range 1.8–11 years) with juvenile chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (JCML) received an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), four from an HLA‐identical sibling and three from a matched unrelated donor. In the four children transplanted using an HLA‐identical sibling, conditioning regimen included busulfan (BU), cyclophosphamide (CY) and melphalan (L‐PAM), whereas graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine‐A (Cs‐A). The preparative regimen was well tolerated and all patients engrafted promptly. None of the patients have relapsed and all four children remain in haematological remission after an observation time of 7, 24, 25 and 48 months, respectively. Of the three children given BMT from an unrelated volunteer, one was <2 years of age and she received the BU/CY/L‐PAM regimen. In view of the increased risk of graft rejection described in patients transplanted from unrelated donors, we chose to prepare the other two patients with fractionated total body irradiation (TBI), thiotepa and CY. Cs‐A, short‐term methotrexate and Campath‐1G in vivo were employed to prevent GVHD in this group of patients. Graft failure with autologous reconstitution of haemopoiesis occurred in the child given the chemotherapy‐based regimen. One of the two girls given TBI relapsed after BMT; therefore only one of the three patients who received a marrow transplant from a matched unrelated donor survives in complete haematological remission 10 months after BMT. Our study suggests that the conditioning regimen we employed for allogeneic BMT from a compatible sibling is an effective means of eradicating the leukaemic clone. In our experience, results obtained using unrelated donors are less satisfactory and, at present, the use of such donors seems to be riskier and associated with a lower success rate as compared with BMT from an HLA‐identical sibling.
Narrow-Width Effect on High-Frequency Performance and RF Noise of Sub-40-nm Multifinger nMOSFETs and pMOSFETs

The impact of narrow-width effects on high-frequency performance like <i>fT</i>, <i>f</i><sub>MAX</sub>, and RF noise parameters, such as <i>NF</i><sub>min</sub> and <i>Rn</i>, in sub-40-nm multifinger CMOS devices is investigated in this paper. Narrow-oxide-diffusion (OD) MOSFET with smaller finger width and larger finger number can achieve lower <i>Rg</i> and higher <i>f</i><sub>MAX</sub>. However, these narrow-OD devices suffer <i>fT</i> degradation and higher <i>NF</i><sub>min</sub>, even with the advantage of lower <i>Rg</i>. The mechanisms responsible for the tradeoff between different parameters will be presented to provide an important guideline of multifinger MOSFET layout for RF circuit design using nanoscale CMOS technology.
[Travel advice on the prevention of infectious diseases insufficiently obtained by indigenous and non-native inhabitants of Amsterdam, the Netherlands].

OBJECTIVE To determine the travel behaviour of inhabitants of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, with respect to age and ethnicity, as well as the impact of travel advice, in particular regarding hepatitis A vaccination of Turkish and Moroccan children. DESIGN Descriptive. METHOD In a sample of 2000 inhabitants of Amsterdam, a survey was carried out during the period October 1999-November 2000 on seeking medical advice prior to travelling. In addition, 429 Turkish and Moroccan parents were questioned about hepatitis A vaccination of their children when travelling to their country of origin. RESULTS In the three years preceding the survey one third of the Amsterdam population travelled to a country where infectious diseases such as malaria and hepatitis A were endemic. Many travellers (18%) went to Asia, Central or Latin America and Africa. Others (12%) travelled to the Middle-East or North Africa. One third of the travellers had sought advice from the Municipal Public Health Service of Amsterdam. Other travellers were advised by their general practitioner (10%). A large group (38%) did not seek any advice at all. Almost one third of the travellers went to their country of origin, particularly Turkish and Moroccan inhabitants of Amsterdam. Seventy percent of Turkish and Moroccan travellers had not sought travel advice. More than half the Turkish and Moroccan parents did not have their children vaccinated against hepatitis A when travelling to their country of origin. CONCLUSION One fifth of the indigenous Dutch population received no travel advice. More than half of Turkish and Moroccan children travelling to their country of origin were not vaccinated against hepatitis A.
Carbachol excites sublaterodorsal nucleus neurons projecting to the spinal cord

Activation of spinally projecting sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) neurons inhibits motor activity, in part through spinal inhibitory interneurons, to produce muscle atonia during rapid‐eye‐movement (REM) sleep. It has long been hypothesized that acetylcholine released during REM sleep contributes to REM sleep atonia through activation of SLD neurons. We show, using whole‐cell recordings in brainstem slices, that acetylcholine directly excites spinally projecting SLD neurons via M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors, and increases afferent excitatory synaptic input to these neurons. These results suggest that acetylcholine contributes to REM sleep muscle atonia through excitation of spinally projecting SLD neurons.
Tail Bounds for Randomized Programs

The development of type systems and static analyses that automatically bound the complexity of programs is an active area of research. Yet because there are inevitably programs outside the scope of automated techniques, a variety of interactive formal methods have been developed for establishing resource bounds. A particularly difficult and important case is the complexity of randomized programs. Prior work has mostly focused on expected run time bounds. But, these programs are often known to offer much stronger performance guarantees: not only do they run efficiently on average, but the probability that they deviate substantially from their average case behavior is very small. These tail bounds are particularly important when it comes to the analysis of parallel algorithms or space usage. Despite their importance, tight tail bounds on performance are usually quite difficult to derive. We mechanize a theorem by Karp, along with several extensions, that provide an easy to use “cookbook” method for verifying tail bounds, much like the traditional “Master Theorem” gives bounds for deterministic algorithms. We apply these results to several examples: the number of comparisons performed by QuickSort, the span of parallel QuickSort, the height of randomly generated binary search trees, and the number of rounds needed for a distributed leader election protocol. Because the constants involved in our symbolic bounds are concrete, we are able to use them to derive numerical probability bounds for various input sizes for these examples. Our work complements a growing body of semi-automatic and interactive techniques that have been developed for cases where automatic analyses of complexity are not yet feasible.
Control system of doubly fed induction generators based wind turbines with production limits

Doubly fed induction generators based wind turbines are today one of the most widely used generation systems in wind farms due to the ability of variable speed operation and with decoupled control of active and reactive power. Nowadays these wind turbines are operating without generation limits, but the increasing wind power penetration in power systems must lead to that the wind farms have to operate with production limits imposed by the electrical system operators to maintain the stability of the electrical network. In this paper, a new control system of doubly fed induction generators based wind turbines is proposed for the control of active and reactive powers according to the imposed power limitations. This control system presents an active power controller, reactive power controller and pitch angle controller, in order to operate the wind turbine with optimum power efficiency or with limited active power and the demanded reactive power. This generation control provides a better grid integration of doubly fed induction generators
A 90nm high volume manufacturing logic technology featuring novel 45nm gate length strained silicon CMOS transistors

This paper describes the details of a novel strained transistor architecture which is incorporated into a 90nm logic technology on 300mm wafers. The unique strained PMOS transistor structure features an epitaxially grown strained SiGe film embedded in the source drain regions. Dramatic performance enhancement relative to unstrained devices are reported. These transistors have gate length of 45nm and 50nm for NMOS and PMOS respectively, 1.2nm physical gate oxide and Ni salicide. World record PMOS drive currents of 700/spl mu/A//spl mu/m (high V/sub T/) and 800/spl mu/A//spl mu/m (low V/sub T/) at 1.2V are demonstrated. NMOS devices exercise a highly tensile silicon nitride capping layer to induce tensile strain in the NMOS channel region. High NMOS drive currents of 1.26mA//spl mu/m (high VT) and 1.45mA//spl mu/m (low VT) at 1.2V are reported. The technology is mature and is being ramped into high volume manufacturing to fabricate next generation Pentium/spl reg/ and Intel/spl reg/ Centrino/spl trade/ processor families.
CONCENTRATION AND ISOLATION OF AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS OF SPOREFORMING BACTERIA

photographed. Little or no mycelium appeared in cultures in which the inoculum was 2.0 mg per ml and incubated in air (figure la) or 0.2 mg per ml and incubated in 10 per cent C02 (figure lc). In contrast, considerable mycelium appeared in the culture inoculated at 0.2 mg per ml and incubated in air (figure lb). It seems likely that the favorable effect of the larger inoculum was due to a greater concentration of metabolic C02. A similar effect of C02 was observed on the conversion of arthrospores and mycelial fragments to spherules in Tamol "N" medium. In table 1 are shown the number of spherules over 10 ,u in diameter produced in 40 hr by three different arthrospore suspensions incubated in air and in 90 per cent air-10 per cent C02. Direct counts were made in a hemocytometer and 8 or more square mm were counted for each culture. Although the response of the three suspensions to C02 differed, the superiority of the C02-grown cultures is evident. These observations are in contrast to those of Converse and Besemer (J. Bacteriol., 78, 231, 1959) who found no improvement in spherule yield in 10 per cent C02. The explanation may lie in differences in the size and metabolic activity of the inoculum and the volume of the cultures.
Bystander effects in tumor-free and tumor-bearing rat brains following irradiation by synchrotron X-rays

Abstract Purpose: Synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a radiosurgery concept in the preclinical stage, developed mainly for brain tumor treatment. Experimental studies suggest that with MRT a better therapeutic index can be obtained than with homogenous field radiotherapy, but the underlying cellular mechanisms need further understanding. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) in rats after exposing one brain hemisphere to either MRT or homogenous synchrotron radiation (HSR). Materials and methods: Healthy and tumor-bearing Wistar rats were exposed to doses of 17.5, 35, 70 or 350 Gy, applied either as MRT or HSR to the right cerebral hemisphere. Rats were euthanized at 4, 8 and 12 hours after irradiation to assess the release of bystander signals. Brains and urinary bladders were dissected, and explants for bystander clonogenic reporter assays were set up. Results: Clonogenic survival showed that RIBE occurred in both the non-irradiated brain hemisphere and in bladder of normal and tumor-bearing rats, while the irradiated hemisphere showed the direct effects of radiation. Conclusion: The RIBE observed in our reporter cells shows that both MRT and HSR yield a demonstrable abscopal effect after high doses of irradiation; presumably as part of a systemic response.
Diagnosing Dutch Disease: Does Russia Have the Symptoms?

In this paper, we assess whether recent economic developments in Russia are symptomatic of Dutch Disease. We first provide a brief review of the literature on Dutch Disease and the natural resource curse. We then discuss the symptoms of Dutch Disease, which include (1) real exchange rate appreciation; (2) slower manufacturing growth; (3) faster service sector growth; and (4) higher overall wages. We test these predictions for Russia while carefully controlling for other factors that could have led to similar symptoms. We conclude that, while Russia has all of the symptoms, the diagnosis of Dutch Disease remains to be confirmed.
Pedestrian tracking by spatio-temporal tracklet association in complex scenario

Due to object occlusions and noise segmentation, pedestrian tracking in complex scenarios is a challenging problem in the field of visual surveillance. In this paper, a novel method for pedestrian tracking by associating tracklets is presented, which can keep tracking identity across the gaps between tracklets. First, pedestrians are detected and tracklets are generated, then tracklets are grown by searching the best spatio-temporal association of observations to track pedestrian across the gaps between tracklets. Experiments show that our method has better performance than other state-of-art pedestrian tracking approaches in complex scenarios such as occlusion and split-merge situations.
Distribution of Candida in the oral cavity and its differentiation based on the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA

This study aimed to determine the distribution of Candida species in the oral cavity and differentiate the species based on PCR amplification, including HinfI and MspI digestion, in order to assess the effectiveness of using the rDNA region for species identification. Samples from saliva as well as palate, tongue and cheek mucosa surfaces were collected from 45 individuals, consisting of three groups: periodontal disease patients; denture‐wearers; and the control group. The samples were serially diluted, spread on BHI and YPD agar plates and scored for colony‐forming units (CFUs). Fifteen random candidal colonies were isolated and subjected to genomic DNA extraction, based on glass beads disruption. Four primers were used to amplify regions in the rDNA, and the ITSI‐5.8S‐ITSII PCR product was digested by HinfI and MspI restriction enzymes. The microbial loads on all sites of the denture‐wearers were found to be significantly higher than control, while in the periodontal disease group only the microbial loads on the tongue were significantly higher than control. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference at other sites. The restriction fragment lengths of the clinical samples were compared to those of seven control species, allowing the differentiation of all seven species and the identification of 14 species from the clinical samples. The MspI restriction digest was not able to distinguish between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, whereas the HinfI digest could not distinguish between C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. It was concluded that PCR–RFLP of the candidal rDNA region has potential for species identification. This study demonstrates the potential use of candidal rDNA as a means for identifying Candida species, based on genotype. The results also indicate the possibility of constructing genetic probes that target specific restriction fragments in the ITSI‐5.8S‐ITSII region, enabling swift and precise identification of Candida species. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Symbiotic Ciliate (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) in the Hindgut of a Stag Beetle (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

Bell-shaped ciliates of the subclass Peritrichia, such as Vorticella, Carchesium and Epistylis, are commonly found in freshwater and other aquatic environments, either solitary or colonial. Peritrichs attach to a substratum via a contractile or non-motile stalk, and collect food particles by water current using ciliary rows around the edge of the bell, called the peristome. Some peritrichs are epibiotic and ectocommensalistic associates of aquatic insects and other animals, settling on the surface of their specific hosts. Only a few peritrichs are known to establish a more internal association with their hosts, locating within the preoral cavity or esophagus of water beetles and presumably subsisting on food materials chewed and ingested by the insects. To date, no endoparasitic or endocommensalistic peritrichs have been reported from insects. Host insects reported to date have all been aquatic, and given the aquatic lifestyle of peritrichs, terrestrial hosts have been considered unlikely. In the present study, we report a dense population of bizarre microbes within the gut of a terrestrial insect, and histological, ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic analyses identified it as a peritrich ciliate. The highly-developed hindgut of the stag beetle Aegus currani contained oval colonial peritrichs connected by branched stalks resembling grape clusters. Each zooid exhibited a reduced peristome without disc, a vestibulum with active ciliary movement inside, and an elongated macronucleus. These features are morphologically reminiscent of but distinct in some respects from those in Operculariella parasitica, known from the esophagus of dysticid diving beetles. Taxonomic, ecological and functional aspects of this gut-dwelling peritrich warrant future study.
Karyotypes versus Genomes: The Nymphalid Butterflies Melitaea cinxia, Danaus plexippus, and D. chrysippus

The number of sequenced lepidopteran genomes is increasing rapidly. However, the corresponding assemblies rarely represent whole chromosomes and generally also lack the highly repetitive W sex chromosome. Knowledge of the karyotypes can facilitate genome assembly and further our understanding of sex chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera. Here, we describe the karyotypes of the Glanville fritillary Melitaea cinxia (n = 31), the monarch Danaus plexippus (n = 30), and the African queen D. chrysippus (2n = 60 or 59, depending on the source population). We show by FISH that the telomeres are of the (TTAGG)n type, as found in most insects. M. cinxia and D. plexippus have “conventional” W chromosomes which are heterochromatic in meiotic and somatic cells. In D. chrysippus, the W is inconspicuous. Neither telomeres nor W chromosomes are represented in the published genomes of M. cinxia and D. plexippus. Representation analysis in sequenced female and male D. chrysippus genomes detected an evolutionarily old autosome-Z chromosome fusion in Danaus. Conserved synteny of whole chromosomes, so called “macro synteny”, in Lepidoptera permitted us to identify the chromosomes involved in this fusion. An additional and more recent sex chromosome fusion was found in D. chrysippus by karyotype analysis and classical genetics. In a hybrid population between 2 subspecies, D. c. chrysippus and D. c. dorippus, the W chromosome was fused to an autosome that carries a wing colour locus. Thus, cytogenetics and the present state of genome data complement one another to reveal the evolutionary history of the species.
Saturated linear quadratic regulation of uncertain linear systems: Stability region estimation and controller design

This paper considers the problems of estimating the stability region (domain of attraction) and controller design for uncertain linear continuous-time systems with input saturation when linear quadratic (LQ) optimal controller is used. By exploiting the structure of the LQ controller and the property of saturation functions, it is established that the estimation of stability region can be obtained by solving linear matrix inequality (LMI) problems. Moreover, an iterative LMI (ILMI) algorithm is presented to design an LQ controller such that the largest estimated stability region can be obtained. Two examples are given to compare our results with existing ones.
Improving interactivity within a virtual sculpting environment

Computer animators find that maintaining control of the shape of deformable objects during motion is sometimes difficult. This paper describes a system called "Gargoyle" which provides improved support in this area; it concentrates particularly on the form of interaction between user and computer. In Gargoyle, an object is sculpted at several predefined key positions which are associated with particular values of the parameters defining the surface. This allows the object to be animated by parametric interpolation in the conventional way. Within a two-handed stereoscopic environment, an object is modelled by "holding" it in one hand, while the other hand uses the mouse to sculpt the object (as if it were made of clay) using a "point-and-click" technique, rather than the conventional "pick-and-drag" approach. Several tools are available and, with each click of the mouse, the current tool is applied to the surface at the indicated point. The algorithms underlying the tools are outlined, and various objects which have been sculpted using them are described.
Programa de prevención del retardo mental en Caacupé

El Programa de prevencion del retardo mental en Caacupe, implementado en el Hospital Regional de Caacupe (HRC), tiene como objetivo principal realizar la deteccion y diagnostico temprano de Hipotiroidismo congenito (HC) y Fenilcetonuria (PKU), patologias causantes de retardo mental (RM), de no ser tratadas precozmente, e incluye el seguimiento y tratamiento de los pacientes detectados.