Education in Bhutan: Culture, Schooling, and Gross National Happiness

This well-published volume of 15 essays and research articles on the Bhutanese educational system is exciting and revealing on several levels simultaneously. Many if not most of the articles contain valuable information about the history of the educational system, information which is not easily available elsewhere in any comprehensive form. Some of the articles, though not all, discuss with greatly needed but highly unusual frankness the problems that have inhibited the development of Bhutanese education. Some of the articles, but again not all, hint in a suggestive manner at the intellectual “box canyon” into which Bhutanese education has worked itself. Finally, the articles, taken as a whole, are very revelatory, through what they do not discuss, of the great need for profound self-analysis and self-criticism if the educational system is to dig itself out of the doldrums in which it currently finds itself. The Kingdom of Bhutan remained relatively isolated from the politically and economically more dynamic regions of Asia until after World War II. This isolation was never complete, of course, although later both Bhutanese publicists and foreign romantics too often liked to talk about Bhutan as “Shangri-La. ” Until the years immediately after World War II, the country’s education system, if one can speak of it in a systematic fashion at all, was primarily monastic both institutionally and purposively and refracted the relative isolation of the country. This cannot be stressed enough because, while some of the articles in this volume seek to suggest a continuity between the traditional and modern educational systems, the fact of the matter is that they are so utterly different that the argument for continuity is difficult to establish and maintain. Everything changed after World War II, primarily because the total environment in which Bhutan existed changed. From its very inception, modern education in the Kingdom faced problems with which, quite frankly, it still wrestles. These can be winnowed out from the articles in this volume. First, in the first decades of modern education the country lacked its own cadre of teachers and was heavily reliant on personnel drawn from outside the country, most famously from Canada but primarily from India. The struggle to replace Indian teachers with Bhutanese required the construction of teacher training colleges, but the existence of teacher training colleges did not solve the teacher problem. Second, there was a total lack of textbooks, and, consequently, the reliance on Indian textbooks became overwhelming. This meant that at that time Bhutan really did not have control over the content of its own education; Indian textbooks were strongly geared to the promotion of Indian nationalism, which did not contribute to the intention of Bhutanese education. When, eventually, a center for writing textbooks was set up under the Bhutanese Ministry of Education, the quality of the product inhibited the advancement of educational achievement. Third is the issue of the physical context of education. Outside of the capital, and often even inside it, the schools are often badly built, in wretched condition, and with very little budgetary provision for their maintenance. Class sizes are large by any standard in too many schools, in the boarding schools parents often have to come and cook and take care of the children, and in remote and sometimes not so remote areas the children have to walk long distances to and from school. Fourth, and very broadly, the purpose (or purposes) of education in Bhutan remains a primary issue all too rarely discussed. In Bhutan, the problem of constructing a national identity for a tiny nation consisting of peoples speaking different languages, practicing different belief systems, in fact, different cultures, is, theoretically, a significant problem for the education system. It concerns nationbuilding itself. Education may be one of if not the only nationally institutionalized activity in which