Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Head Position Modulates Activity in the Human Parietal Eye Fields

For us to interact with our environment we need to know where objects are around us, relative to our body. In monkeys, a body-centered map of visual space is known to exist within the parietal eye fields. This map is formed by the modulation of retinal responses by gain fields to gaze position. In humans, no map of body-centered space has yet been discovered but clinical data suggest that the right parietal lobe is predominantly responsible for visuospatial function. Using functional MRI, we have been able to demonstrate that an area in the intraparietal sulcus of humans has properties very similar to the parietal eye fields of monkeys. This area demonstrates BOLD signal changes related to the visual, saccadic, and memory components of saccade tasks that are analogous to the visual, saccadic, and memory responses of neurons within the parietal eye fields of monkeys. More importantly, the amount of signal change seen in this region is modulated by head position relative to the body, suggesting that a gain field dependent body-centered representation of space exists bilaterally within the parietal lobes in humans.
Iterative Restoration Algorithm for Real-Time Processing of Broadband Synthetic Aperture Sonar Data

Abstract Broadband synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is a high resolution underwater imaging technique, which uses a digital matched filter for pulse compression followed by aperture synthesis, also referred to as azimuthal matched filtering, to improve resolution. Thus, the processing scheme is equivalent to a two-dimensional matched filter operation, in which the point spread function (PSF) for the particular SAS-geometry considered is correlated with the observation. It can be shown that this processing scheme is suboptimal, because it causes a blurring of the processed image. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a computationally efficient iterative algorithm for reconstruction, which compares effectively to the matched filter in the processing time, but shows significant improvement in image detail. The proposed iterative restoration algorithm is derived by modifying the optimal gradient method through an adaptive relaxation technique. The adaptivity is introduced to incorporate properties of the true restoration error. This makes the successive approximations approach the exact solution much faster, enabling a visually good convergence within a few iterates. Asymptotic convergence of the proposed iterative algorithm is established. For the experimental results which are shown, the new algorithm performs better on accuracy and compares well on computation time. Application to underwater object imaging using simulated data shows clear improvements compared to a matched filter processing technique.
Trends in Disability-Free Life Expectancy Among Chinese Older Adults

Objectives: This study evaluates trends in disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) of Chinese adults aged 60 and older. Methods: Based on two national disability surveys in 1987 and 2006 as well as mortality data from World Population Prospects, the Sullivan method was used to calculate DFLE. Results: DFLE increased from 13.0 to 13.9 years at age 60 and from 1.2 to 1.5 years at age 90 in1987 and 2006, respectively. The proportion of DFLE increased after age 75. The proportion of DLEx with severe disability decreased while that of least disability increased. Onset of disability was delayed from 0.3 years to 4.7 years across disability types. Conclusions: Trends in DFLE by age and severity of disability as well as the delayed onset of disability provide evidence for the compression of morbidity among the oldest old in China. But a similar trend was not found among the young-old.
Impact of a Community-Based Falls Prevention Program on Maintenance of Physical Activity Among Older Adults

Objective: This study examines the 9-month impact of a 12-week falls prevention program (called Stand Up! ) which included balance exercises and educational components on maintenance of physical activity among community-dwelling seniors. Method: Data were collected among 98 experimental and 102 control participants at baseline, immediately after the program and 9 months later. Involvement in physical activity was measured with three indicators. Program effects were examined using linear and logistic regression procedures. Results: Both groups showed similar increases in weekly frequency of exercise at the 9-month posttest. However, the program's participants showed higher increases in their variety of exercises at the 9-month posttest (especially among those with greater baseline scores). Among seniors reporting lower levels of energy expenditure at baseline, the program's participants showed significantly greater increases in energy expenditure than control participants. Discussion: These preliminary findings suggest that programs such as Stand Up! have the potential to stimulate continued involvement in physical activity.
The Role of Coping Resources on Change in Well-Being During Persistent Health Decline

Objectives: Research in older persons with deteriorative health shows a decrease in well-being. The aim of this study was to examine the role of psychological coping resources in the association between health decline and well-being, in a longitudinal design. Method: Data were used from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Health decline was defined as persistent deterioration of functioning (PDF), persistent decline in cognitive functioning and/or physical functioning, and/or increase of chronic diseases. Measurements of well-being included life satisfaction and positive affect. Measurements of coping resources included self-esteem, mastery, and self-efficacy. Results: Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that self-efficacy, mastery, and self-esteem mediated the association between PDF and change in well-being. Mastery also was a moderator of the association between PDF and life satisfaction. In older persons with a decreasing mastery, PDF was associated with a significant decrease on life satisfaction; this effect was not observed in older persons with stable or increasing mastery. Discussion: This study suggests that coping resources are of importance in explaining associations between persistent health decline and decreasing well-being. Stable or improving mastery even proves to protect older persons with PDF from decreasing well-being.Therefore, it may be of importance to develop interventions for older persons aimed at maintaining or improving psychological coping resources when health declines.
BGP Anomaly Detection Techniques: A Survey

The border gateway protocol (BGP) is the Internet’s default inter-domain routing protocol that manages connectivity among autonomous systems (ASes). Over the past two decades many anomalies of BGP have been identified that threaten its stability and reliability. This survey discusses and classifies these anomalies and discusses the 20 most significant techniques used to identify them. Our classification is based on the broad category of approach, BGP features used to identify the anomaly, effectiveness in identifying the anomaly and effectiveness in identifying which AS was the location of the event that caused the anomaly. We also discuss a number of key requirements for the next generation of BGP anomaly detection techniques.
Modeling and Analysis of Cellular Networks Using Stochastic Geometry: A Tutorial

This paper presents a tutorial on stochastic geometry (SG)-based analysis for cellular networks. This tutorial is distinguished by its depth with respect to wireless communication details and its focus on cellular networks. This paper starts by modeling and analyzing the baseband interference in a baseline single-tier downlink cellular network with single antenna base stations and universal frequency reuse. Then, it characterizes signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio and its related performance metrics. In particular, a unified approach to conduct error probability, outage probability, and transmission rate analysis is presented. Although the main focus of this paper is on cellular networks, the presented unified approach applies for other types of wireless networks that impose interference protection around receivers. This paper then extends the unified approach to capture cellular network characteristics (e.g., frequency reuse, multiple antenna, power control, etc.). It also presents numerical examples associated with demonstrations and discussions. To this end, this paper highlights the state-of-the-art research and points out future research directions.
Weight Management Experiences of Overweight and Obese Royal Navy Personnel

Interviews with 21 overweight and obese Royal Navy (RN) personnel were conducted to understand their perceived facilitators and barriers to weight management. It was found that the following themes were perceived as relevant to participants’ weight management experiences in the RN: the naval environment and culture; influences of others; motivations to manage weight; perceptions of self with regard to excess weight; perceptions of weight management; and explanations for successful and unsuccessful weight management. Future research that tests the efficacy of interventions for overcoming the perceived barriers to weight management within this population is warranted.
Videokeratograph (VKS) for monitoring corneal curvature during surgery

Objetivo: Os autores desenvolveram um videoceratografo para uso durante a cirurgia. Uma regiao central da cornea de aproximadamente 7,00 mm de diâmetro pode ser analisada, fornecendo informacao ao cirurgiao sobre poder dioptrico e astigmatismo. Metodos: O sistema e baseado em discos de Placido em forma conica, iluminados por uma fonte de luz construida com fibras opticas. O cone e acoplado a lente objetiva de um microscopio padrao Zeiss. Uma placa de captura e instalada num microcomputador IBM compativel e imagens de Placido sao digitalizadas numa resolucao de 640x480 pontos. Processamento digital das imagens e utilizado para deteccao dos discos de Placido. Resultados: Curvas de calibracao baseadas em 4 esferas foram geradas e aproximadamente 3600 valores de poder dioptrico sao computados para cada exame. Exames preliminares em 10 corneas sadias foram comparados com exames nos mesmos olhos feitos num Videoceratografo Eyesys System 2000. O desvio medio padrao foi de 0,05 mm para o raio de curvatura, 0,24 dioptrias para o poder e 5 graus para o cilindro. Conclusoes: Este videoceratoscopio cirurgico podera ser utilizado para reduzir o astigmatismo residual em procedimentos convencionais de catarata e ceratoplastia. Podera tambem ser utilizado para colher dados imediatamente anteriores as em cirurgias refrativas (PRK e LASIK).
Mechanisms by Which Social Support Networks Influence Healthy Aging Among Thai Community-Dwelling Elderly

Objective: To examine the relationships among family, friendship networks and supports, health-promoting behaviors, and healthy aging. Method: A sample of 469 Thai elderly persons was recruited using multistage random sampling. A structural equation model based on Berkman’s conceptual model was performed. Results: Family networks did not directly influence health-promoting behaviors but rather had an indirect effect through family support. Friendship networks had both a significant direct effect on the elderly health-promoting behaviors and an indirect effect via friendship support. Interestingly, friendships had both direct and indirect influences on family support to the elderly. Health-promoting behaviors had a powerful influence on healthy aging and play a significant role in mediating the relationship between family and friendship supports and healthy aging. Discussion: Findings demonstrate the importance of family and friendship roles on health-promoting behaviors and healthy aging. Intervention programs should be designed to include a collaborative approach involving family members and friends.
Personality in Late Midlife

Objectives: To analyze associations in late midlife between sex, age, education and social class, and the Big Five personality traits; to analyze associations between personality traits and cognitive ability in late midlife; and to evaluate how these associations are influenced by demographic factors. Methods: The study sample comprised 5,397 late midlife participants from three cohorts who had completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and a measure of cognitive ability. Results: Associations were demonstrated between the five NEO-FFI personality traits, and all included demographic factors. Cognitive ability and years of education correlated with several NEO-FFI personality traits in analyses adjusting for demographic variables. Cohort differences were observed for Extraversion and Openness. Discussion: Robust sex, educational, and social class differences in personality may contribute to late midlife social gradients in health and early aging. Demographic factors did not fully explain correlations between personality and cognitive ability or cohort differences in personality.
The Big Five Personality Factors as Predictors of Driving Status in Older Adults

Objective: Although factors including cognitive and health status have been associated with driving cessation in older adults, the role of psychosocial variables is not well studied. Previous research on young adult drivers has suggested that personality may be related to driving behavior, but this study is among the first to explore the relationship between driving status and the Big Five Model of personality for older adults. Method: Data are from the Health and Retirement Study (2008 wave, n = 4,028). Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Neuroticism (β = −0.4511, p < .001) and agreeableness (β = −0.5058, p < .001) were associated with decreased likelihood of driving; extraversion (β = 0.4588, p < .001), openness (β = 0.5903, p < .001), and conscientiousness (β = 0.4077, p < .001) were associated with increased likelihood of driving, although results were partially mediated by including known risk factors. People who limited their driving to nearby locations were the most different from those who no longer drove. Discussion: Personality adds a unique contribution to the prediction of late-life driving status.
Ethnic Differences in Geriatric Conditions and Diabetes Complications Among Older, Insured Adults With Diabetes

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate ethnic differences in burden of prevalent geriatric conditions and diabetic complications among older, insured adults with diabetes. Method: An observational study was conducted among 115,538 diabetes patients, aged ≥60, in an integrated health care system with uniform access to care. Results: Compared with Whites, Asians and Filipinos were more likely to be underweight but had substantively lower prevalence of falls, urinary incontinence, polypharmacy, depression, and chronic pain, and were least likely of all groups to have at least one geriatric condition. African Americans had significantly lower prevalence of incontinence and falls, but higher prevalence of dementia; Latinos had a lower prevalence of falls. Except for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), Whites tended to have the highest rates of prevalent diabetic complications. Discussion: Among these insured older adults, ethnic health patterns varied substantially; differences were frequently small and rates were often better among select minority groups, suggesting progress toward the Healthy People 2020 objective to reduce health disparities.
Does Neighborhood Disorder Predict Recovery From Mobility Limitation? Findings From the Health and Retirement Study

Objective: This research explores whether perceptions of physical neighborhood disorder predict recovery from mobility limitation over a 2-year period and examines whether psychosocial factors (i.e., depressive symptomology and mastery) and physical activity are salient mediators. Method: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS): Participant Lifestyle Questionnaire (2008-2010), odds ratio estimates of recovery were ascertained using binary logistic regression, and post hoc Sobel tests were conducted to formally assess mediation. Results: Net of demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status, increased neighborhood disorder was associated with lower odds of recovery. However, both psychosocial indicators and physical activity were significant individual partial mediators, which suggest neighborhood disorder influences recovery from physical impairment via psychosocial processes and barriers to physical activity. Discussion: Reducing neighborhood disorder may enhance older residents’ psychosocial well-being and improve participation in physical activity, thus increasing recovery from mobility limitation and preventing subsequent disability.
Effective Real-Time Android Application Auditing

Mobile applications can access both sensitive personal data and the network, giving rise to threats of data leaks. App auditing is a fundamental program analysis task to reveal such leaks. Currently, static analysis is the de facto technique which exhaustively examines all data flows and pinpoints problematic ones. However, static analysis generates false alarms for being over-estimated and requires minutes or even hours to examine a real app. These shortcomings greatly limit the usability of automatic app auditing. To overcome these limitations, we design AppAudit that relies on the synergy of static and dynamic analysis to provide effective real-time app auditing. AppAudit embodies a novel dynamic analysis that can simulate the execution of part of the program and perform customized checks at each program state. AppAudit utilizes this to prune false positives of an efficient but over-estimating static analysis. Overall, AppAudit makes app auditing useful for app market operators, app developers and mobile end users, to reveal data leaks effectively and efficiently. We apply AppAudit to more than 1,000 known malware and 400 real apps from various markets. Overall, AppAudit reports comparative number of true data leaks and eliminates all false positives, while being 8.3x faster and using 90% less memory compared to existing approaches. AppAudit also uncovers 30 data leaks in real apps. Our further study reveals the common patterns behind these leaks: 1) most leaks are caused by 3rd-party advertising modules; 2) most data are leaked with simple unencrypted HTTP requests. We believe AppAudit serves as an effective tool to identify data-leaking apps and provides implications to design promising runtime techniques against data leaks.
Overall Cardiovascular Health Is Associated With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Older Community-Dwelling Men and Women

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the associations between cardiovascular health and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among community-dwelling elderly. Method: Secondary data analysis was performed using data collected as part of the InCHIANTI cohort procedures and included 928 participants (55% female) aged 65 years and older. Overall cardiovascular health was assessed using seven health behaviors and factors, scored 0 to 14, with higher scores indicating better cardiovascular health, modeled categorically as tertiles. Vitality status was ascertained using registry information. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations between cardiovascular health and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Results: After an average follow-up of 9.1 years, better overall cardiovascular health (highest tertile) was inversely associated with all-cause (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.51, 0.92]) and cardiovascular disease mortality (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = [0.38, 0.97]) compared with the lowest tertile. Discussion: Cardiovascular health, even in the elderly, is inversely associated with mortality.
Generation of an architecture view for web applications using a bayesian network classifier

A recurring problem in software engineering is the correct definition and enforcement of an architecture that can guide the development and maintenance processes of software systems. This is due in part to a lack of correct definition and maintenance of architectural documentation. In this paper, an approach based on a bayesian network classifier is proposed to aid in the generation of an architecture view for web applications developed according to the Model View Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. This view is comprised of the system components, their inter-project relations and their classification according to the MVC pattern. The generated view can then be used as part of the system documentation to help enforce the original architectural intent when changes are applied to the system. Finally, an implementation of this approach is presented for Java based-systems, using training data from popular web development frameworks.
Hispanics’ Retirement Transitions and Differences by Nativity

Objective: This study examines differences in retirement decisions between older Hispanics and non-Hispanics, with a special focus on the role of nativity. Methods: We use 1998-2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimate survival models of retirement and compare retirement transitions for U.S.-born Hispanics, foreign-born Hispanics, non-Hispanic Whites, and non-Hispanic Blacks. Results: Foreign-born Hispanics retire significantly later than other racial and ethnic groups. Controlling for personal characteristics, their risk of retirement is 39% lower compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Retirement transitions do not differ significantly between U.S.-born Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. Discussion: Difference in retirement timing between U.S.- and foreign-born Hispanics may partly be due to lower incomes and wealth accumulation of foreign-born Hispanics. Workforce development initiatives, policy initiatives promoting retirement savings, and Social Security reforms could improve future retirement security for older Hispanics, and make retirement a viable option for more foreign-born Hispanics.
The Spyware Used in Intimate Partner Violence

Survivors of intimate partner violence increasingly report that abusers install spyware on devices to track their location, monitor communications, and cause emotional and physical harm. To date there has been only cursory investigation into the spyware used in such intimate partner surveillance (IPS). We provide the first in-depth study of the IPS spyware ecosystem. We design, implement, and evaluate a measurement pipeline that combines web and app store crawling with machine learning to find and label apps that are potentially dangerous in IPS contexts. Ultimately we identify several hundred such IPS-relevant apps. While we find dozens of overt spyware tools, the majority are "dual-use" apps — they have a legitimate purpose (e.g., child safety or anti-theft), but are easily and effectively repurposed for spying on a partner. We document that a wealth of online resources are available to educate abusers about exploiting apps for IPS. We also show how some dual-use app developers are encouraging their use in IPS via advertisements, blogs, and customer support services. We analyze existing anti-virus and anti-spyware tools, which universally fail to identify dual-use apps as a threat.