Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Zealand hyphomycete fungi: Additional records, new species, and notes on interesting collections

Abstract Thirty‐eight species of micro‐fungi are described as newly recorded in New Zealand. These fungi are mainly found in association with a specific exotic host, Quercus ilex, or the hitherto uninvestigated ecological group of aero‐aquatic fungi. Six are described as new: Bactrodesmium nothofagi, Dactylaria leptospermi, Pleurothecium leptospermi, Polyscytalum ciliatum, Pseudoclathrosphaerina spiralis, and Zanclospora ureweri. An existing invalid name in the literature, Pseudaegerita foliicola, is provided with a validating description. Keys are provided to the genera Pseudaegerita, Thozetella, and aero‐aquatic fungi with helicoid, non‐wettable or air‐trapping propagules.
Human bocavirus: a new respiratory pathogen?

A new virus was recently discovered by molecular techniques in respiratory samples collected from young children with respiratory disease. This virus is a new member of the Parvoviridae family and has been classified in the Bocavirus genus. This virus, named human bocavirus, is genetically related to the bovine parvovirus and the canine minute virus, which both belong to the Bocavirus genus. Recent studies conducted in different countries have shown that this virus is found in 3–18% of children with respiratory disease worldwide, and a seasonal distribution with a peak in winter and spring is suspected. Genetic analysis has indicated that this virus has low genetic variability. The clinical signs observed in patients infected with human bocavirus are not different from those caused by other respiratory viruses. Given the frequent association of human bocavirus with other respiratory pathogens, the exact role played by this virus in human diseases still remains unclear, and further studies including contro.
Temperature Dependence of Maximum Daily Consumption in White Crappie: Implications for Fisheries Management

Abstract Maximum daily consumption (C max) by adult white crappies Pomoxis annularis (164–532 g live weight) provided ad libitum rations of prey fish was determined at 18, 21, 24 and 27°C. Observed increases in C max between 18 and 24°C followed by a sharp (two-thirds) decline at 27°C indicated that a low to negative physiological “scope for growth” exists for white crappies at 27°C and above. Examination of temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles from numerous Missouri impoundments for May–August 1991 suggested that white crappies were forced to occupy water of 27–32°C (warm water) in 40% of these impoundments by early June and 85% by early August. White crappies were forced into warm water in only a slightly lower percentage of the deep (>5 m) impoundments we examined than in shallow (≤5 m) ones. Evaluation of year-to-year differences (1988–1991) in time periods when white crappies were forced to occupy warm water in Lake Pomme de Terre, Missouri, showed that range (15–64 d) and time of occurrenc.
Non-local Image Denoising by Using Bayesian Low-rank Tensor Factorization on High-order Patches

Removing the noise from an image is vitally important in many real-world computer vision applications. One of the most effective method is block matching collaborative ﬁlter-ing, which employs low-rank approximation to the group of similar patches gathered by searching from the noisy image. However, the main drawback of this method is that the standard deviation of noises within the image is assumed to be known in advance, which is impossible for many real applications. In this paper, we propose a non-local ﬁltering method by using the low-rank tensor decomposition method. For tensor decomposition, we choose CP model as the underlying low-rank approximation. Since we assume the noise variance is unknown and need to be learned from data itself, we employ the Bayesian CP factorization that can learn CP-rank as well as noise variance solely from the observed noisy tensor data, The experimental results on image and MRI denoising demonstrate the superiorities of our method in terms of ﬂex-ibility and performance, as compared to other tensor-based denoising methods.
Social interactions between fungus garden and external workers of Atta sexdens (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Social insects can live in densely populated colonies where mortality risks are increased by inter-individual transmission of pathogens. Thus, diverse strategies are employed against such infection risks, including the display of sophisticated behavioural traits. Considering that the waste of the leaf-cutting ant contains pathogens, worker ants that tend the fungus garden – here called fungus garden workers – should exhibit avoidance behaviour toward midden workers to minimize contamination of the fungus garden. We studied the behaviour of garden workers when confronted with midden and forager workers in colonies of Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758). Eight colonies were used: in four colonies, the midden was inoculated with spores of the weed fungus Escovopsis weberi (Muchovej and Della Lucia, 1990), and in the other four colonies there was no artificial contamination. Grooming, self-grooming, inspection, immobilization and aggression behaviours were quantified. Additionally, we checked for fungal contaminants on the body surfaces of midden and garden workers from non-inoculated colonies. Garden workers displayed more intense behaviours (grooming, inspection and immobilization) toward midden workers than toward foragers; these behaviours did not differ between Escovopsis-inoculated and non-inoculated colonies. No antagonist behaviour was displayed by garden workers toward midden or forager workers independently of the inoculation treatment. Eight fungus species were isolated from the midden and garden workers, including Trichoderma sp. , a probable antagonist of the fungus garden. Garden workers of A. sexdens discriminate against midden workers; however, a previous hypothesis that pathogens from the midden induce the aggressiveness of internal workers is not supported by our study.
Response of additional ewe lamb liveweight during gestation on birth and weaning weight of offspring and liveweight of the ewe lamb at weaning

Increasing the liveweight of ewe lambs during gestation may have positive effects on lamb birthweight and weaning weight and also on ewe lamb liveweight at weaning. Specific times during the gestation period of the ewe lamb may be more responsive to improved nutrition and increases in liveweight. The objective of this work was to use a meta-analytic approach to investigate the effects of ewe lamb liveweight at mating and during pregnancy on lamb birth and weaning weights, and the ewe lamb’s liveweight at weaning. Increasing ewe lamb liveweight in early gestation and in particular before mating gave the greatest increases in the birth and weaning weight of the lambs, and also of the ewe lamb’s liveweight at weaning compared with increasing liveweight in the second and third trimester of gestation. This indicates that management practices for ewe lambs that generate higher liveweight at mating are likely to result in increased lamb survival, higher weaning percentages, greater lamb weaning weights and create rising 2-year-old ewes with better liveweight for mating in the subsequent season. Compared with ewe lambs that gave birth and reared singletons to weaning, those ewe lambs that gave birth to twins and reared twins had greater increases in lamb birthweights, lamb weaning weights and ewe lamb weights at weaning for each extra kilogram of ewe lamb liveweight during gestation. For ewe lambs, especially those that birth and rear twins, management options that increase the pre-mating weights will have the greatest response in lamb birthweight, weaning weight and liveweight of the ewe lamb itself at weaning.
Home Automation with MATLAB and ARDUINO Interface

Home automation trade has drawn goodish attention of researchers for quite a decade. The main plan is to mechanically management and monitor electrical and electronic home appliances. Consistent with the marketing research firm ABI regarding 4 million home automation systems were subscribed globally in 2013.An equivalent firm additionally calculable that regarding 90 million homes would use home automation system by top of 2017,Many industrial and analysis versions of home automation system are introduced and designed. Good home system has captured many technologies. Main aim of this paper is to propose a system which demonstrates interfacing between MATLAB and Arduino board for household equipment monitoring and control. In proposed system, Arduino board is interfaced with MATLAB using serial communication to control home appliances. Image acquisition device is interfaced to MATLAB that will continuously show the status of household equipments on Graphical User Interface [GUI] designed in MATLAB. Proper commanding is done from MATLAB GUI, household equipments can be turned ON or OFF which are interfaced to Arduino through relay board.
Phenotype-dependent selection of juvenile urban Feral Pigeons Columba livia

Capsule We suggest the existence of colour-based selection processes on juvenile Feral Pigeons in an urban environment. Aims To investigate whether the colour or pattern of a fledgling affects its probability of survival to adulthood. Methods We determined the frequency of colour morphs of young and adult birds on 20 days in 1996 by recording the coloration in a population of Feral Pigeons in Vienna, Austria. Results Over 57% of the Feral Pigeons were of colorations also shown by wild Rock Pigeons with almost 30% Blue Bars and 27.5% Blue Checkers. We found significant differences in colour morph frequencies between juvenile and adult Feral Pigeons. In comparison to the reference ‘wild type’, Blue Bar, pigeons with the T-Pattern and the additional factors Spread and Bronze showed a significant increase in frequency with age. In contrast, birds with the pattern Checker decreased in frequency between juvenile and adult ages in an urban environment. The increase in frequency of individuals with the Bronze factor was not observed in pigeons with the T-Pattern. Conclusions A potential positive additive effect on survival of Bronze and Checkers could explain the high frequency of Checkers (31.5%) in the population. We propose that the observed changes in plumage morph frequencies are associated with selection episodes taking place between fledging and independence.
Sourdough Lactic Acid Bacteria Effects on Bread Firmness and Stalin

ABSTRACTLactobacillus sanfrancisco CB1 and Lactobacillus plantarumDC400 were the most proteolytic and amylolytic strains stud-ied. Breads started with LAB and yeasts had higher volumesthan the baker’s yeast-started bread. One bread with the high-est initial firmness (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 141-L.plantarum DC400 starter) had the lowest final firmness.Breads produced with LAB showed the lowest enthalpythroughout 144 h. After 24 h storage the associations of S.cerevisiae 141 and L. sanfrancisco CB1 or L. plantarum DC400gave a very low percentage increase of enthalpy comparedto that from yeast alone. The enthalpy increased markedlywhen other LAB, neither proteolytic nor amylolytic, were used.Key Words: bread, sourdough, lactic acid bacteria, firm-ness, staling INTRODUCTION P HYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES ( E . G . STALING , FIRMING ) AND MICRO -biological spoilage (e.g. ropiness, mold growth) markedly reduce theshelf-life of bread. Attempts have been made to improve the keepingquality of bread either by varying the product formulation (Ludewig,1988; Ortola et al., 1989), processing (Salovaara and Valjakka, 1987)or packaging conditions (Knorr and Tomlins, 1985; Ortola et al.,1989). The addition to the dough of compounds occurring naturally inwheat flour (fructose and organic acids) has been proposed to directthe fermentation since they produce specific compounds associatedwith desired characteristics and good bread keeping quality (Barber etal., 1992; Gobbetti et al., 1995a). The limited knowledge of the physicochemical changes involvedin the mechanisms of bread staling and the economic importance of alonger keeping quality make this subject of great interest. Gluten andits ratio with starch were decisive factors in bread firmness with greatinfluence on elastic changes during bread storage (Banecki, 1982). Variations of water activity and moisture contents in the near-crustarea also influence bread staling and firmness (Czuchajowska andPomeranz, 1989). Spontaneous sourdoughs with low pH and a highratio of lactic and acetic acids produced breads with the highest vol-umes and lowest rates of staling during storage (Barber et al., 1992). The level of native lipids in intact flour was enhanced by shorteningand was effective in decreasing firmness (Rogers et al., 1988). Chang-es in the ratio of amylose to amylopectin by adding waxy barley starchto a high-protein wheat flour resulted in softer bread one day afterbaking or after reheating (Ghiasi et al., 1984). Low-level treatmentswith -amylases from different sources increased the water-bindingcapacity and gelatinization temperatures of starch as well as the bread-baking quality (Kuracina et al., 1987). Physical methods like crumbfirmness and elasticity evaluation (Berglund and Shelton, 1993) andcalorimetry analysis of starch changes during staling (Zeleznak andHoseney, 1987) have also classically been used to study storagechanges.
Military Training and Road Effects on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Cogongrass)

Abstract Type, level, and intensity of human activities may facilitate establishment and spread of invasive plant species. A better understanding of how human activities influence invasion can assist land managers in developing strategies for control and monitoring of invasive plants. Spread of the invasive species Imperata cylindrica (Cogongrass) has been attributed to human activities. During 2002–2004, on Camp Shelby Training Site, MS, we investigated relationships between military activity and establishment and growth of Cogongrass. In areas of soil disturbance from military equipment, vegetative linear growth rates of 7–10 m yr-1 were recorded on firing points. There was a positive relationship between military troop use and Cogongrass establishment on firing points for one of the 2 years of the study (P = 0.023). Thus, steps to minimize soil disturbance in and near Cogongrass may reduce spread. We examined frequency of Cogongrass infestation and vegetative growth rates for roadside areas along gravel roads subject to at least annual mowing and grading, and dirt tracks receiving infrequent maintenance. Cogongrass spread and establishment on roadsides did not differ for the two road types (P ≥ 0.116). These results may reflect activities already in place to reduce disturbance of Cogongrass patches.
Establishment of Extraction Conditions for the Optimization of the Black Garlic Antioxidant Activity Using the Response Surface Methodology

This study was conducted to establish the extraction conditions for the optimization of the biological activities of black garlic using the response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction conditions were based on the central composite design, with 15 kinds of variations in the extraction temperature (50- ), extraction time (3-15 hrs), and ethanol concentration (0-100%). The total phenol, flavonoids, thiosulfinate contents, and anti-oxidant activity of black garlic extract were significantly higher at the J condition ( for 9 hrs with a 50% ethanol concentration). In this condition, the biological activities such as DPPH radical scavenging (66.10%), ABTS radical scavenging activity (75.02%), and reducing power by of FRAP (375.4 ) were excellent. Overall, the extraction conditions for the optimized biological activities of black garlic via RSM were expected to be at for 9.79 hrs with a 55.72% ethanol concentration. The actual values were 96.4-114.8% of the predicted values.
The impacts of non-native species on UK biodiversity and the effectiveness of control.

1. The introduction of non-native species continues to cause ecological concern globally, but there have been no published reviews of their effects in the UK. Impacts in the UK are therefore reviewed, along with current legislation and guidelines relating to the introduction and control of such species. 2. A large number of non-native species have been introduced to the UK, both deliberately and accidentally, but only a small number of introduced non-native species have established and caused detrimental ecological impacts. However, general declines in UK biodiversity, and the potential effects of future climate change, may increase the susceptibility of ecosystems to invasions. 3. Detrimental impacts of non-native species on native biota have occurred through competition, predation, herbivory, habitat alteration, disease and genetic effects (i.e. hybridization). There are potential effects on genetic biodiversity as well as species biodiversity. 4. Several high profile examples highlight the technical difficulties, and financial implications, of removing an introduced species once it is established. Few UK control or eradication programmes have been successful. 5. Control might be more feasible if ‘problem’ species could be identified at an earlier stage of establishment. However, the poor success of attempts to characterize invasive species and predict which will have negative impacts highlight the individual and unpredictable nature of invasions. The difficulties of making general predictions suggest that every proposed species introduction should be subject to rigorous ecological characterization and risk assessment prior to introduction. 6. The plethora of UK legislation and guidelines developed to reduce impacts of non-native species only go part of the way towards ameliorating impact. Many species already established in the wild might cause future problems. Illegal releases and escapes of non-native species may augment feral populations or establish new colonies. While regulation of imports and releases is important, further enforcement of existing legislation and action against unlicensed releases is necessary.
Comparison of the effects of different virus infections on performance of three Majorcan grapevine cultivars in field conditions.

The effects of viruses on grape production and must quality are not fully understood. In this study, the evaluation of the impact of different virus infections on performance of the main autochthonous grapevine varieties of Mallorca (Callet, Manto Negro and Moll) was pursued. Therefore, a large number of vines were observed in field conditions over 4 years and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for viruses listed by the international certification programmes. In each variety, some specific virus infections resulted to be more effective than the others in inducing losses in production. In Callet, yield (Y) reduction was over 20% in plants infected by Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). In Moll, plants subject to more than one infection showed over 40% Y decrease. In Manto Negro, the most surprising results were obtained, because plants showed almost 40% Y reduction because of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) infection. In addition, virus infections were linked to some must quality parameter increase in Manto Negro and Moll, but in the majority of cases it was an indirect effect, because the decrease in production parameters played a predominant role by producing an important concentration effect. However, in Manto Negro, anthocyanin content decrease was directly related to GFLV infection.
The Cirsium arizonicum complex of the southwestern United States

The morphology, cytology, distribution, and phylogeny of eight species of the southwestern United States closely related to Cirsium arizonicum are considered. These species form a natural group distinguished from other North American species of Cirsium by a short stigma (1–3 mm) and long corolla lobes (10–20 mm) which are longer than the corolla throat. Three new species described are C. chellyense, C. chuskaense, and C. navajoense. Original chromosome counts are presented for C. nidulum, 2n = 34; C. rothrockii, 2n = 30; C. arizonicum, n = 15; C. chuskaense, 2n = 34; and C. arizonicum × nidulum, 2n = 32, 34.
Functional anatomy of the gastrointestinal system of Northeastern Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

The anatomy of the gastrointestinal system of Northeastern Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) was investigated. The stomach consisted of four compartments. The first chamber, or forestomach, was non-glandular and was lined with a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The tissue wet weight of the forestomach represented 10.4 ± 2.2% (n = 3) of the total gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract). When maximally expanded with water, the forestomach contained from 68–321 litres (n = 3), while forestomach contents in situ ranged from 5–80 litres (n = 12), with a pH of 6.43 ± 0.28 (n = 12). An orifice, with a relaxed diameter of 27.8 ± 100cm (n = 8), separated the forestomach from the fundic chamber. The mucosa of the fundic chamber possessed gastric glands comprising parietal and chief cells. The contents of this chamber had a pH of 5.26 ± 1.02 (n = 12). The tissue wet weight represented 13.5 ± 1.9% (n = 3) of the total GI-tract, and when maximally expanded with water, the fundic chamber contained 63–100 litres (n = 3). In situ contents of this chamber ranged from 2–25 litres (n = 12). A connecting channel, with a relaxed orifice diameter of 7.3 ± 3.7 cm (n = 8), joined the fundic chamber and the pyloric chamber. The mucosa of the pyloric chamber contained mucous glands only and no primary glands of digestion. The contents of the pyloric chamber had a pH of 3.60 ± 0.97 (n = 12). The tissue wet weight represented 2.8 ± 0.1% (n = 3) of the total GI-tract, while the maximally expanded pyloric chamber contained 18–39 litres (n = 3). The pyloric sphincter, with a relaxed diameter of 3.6 ± 0.5cm (n = 8), terminated the stomach. The small intestine began with a duodenal ampulla, lined with mucous glands similar to those in the pyloric chamber. The contents of the duodenal ampulla had a pH of 3.24 ± 0.79 (n = 12). The tissue wet weight represented 1.4 ± 0.2% (n = 3) of the total GI-tract, and its maximally expanded volume was 8–30 litres (n = 3). The tissue wet weight of the small intestine, caecum and colon represented 61.9 ± 1.3 (n = 3), 0.82 ± 0.48 (n = 3) and 8.7 ± 2.1% (n = 3) of the total GI-tract, respectively. The lengths of the small intestine, caecum and colon were maximally 36, 0.4 and 4 m, respectively. The forestomach somewhat resembles that of ruminants, but the overall size of the stomach is small, and the length of the intestine short compared to ruminants.
Application of Fibroin Membrane to Immobilizing Coenzymes

Les membranes de fibrinoine ont une permeabilite selective pour les acides amines: ainsi, la permeabilite est faible pour les acides amines contenant des chaines laterales anioniques. Si ces membranes ont une faible permeabilite pour les acides nucleiques contenant des chaines laterales anioniques, c'est-a-dire des groupes phosphates, alors ils seront utilisables pour l'immobilisation des coenzymes sans modification chimique. La permeabilite de differents acides nucleiques au travers d'une membrane de fibrinoine est donc etudiee