Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Study of Drug Education in Secondary Schools in North-east Scotland: background and methodology

Previous research indicates that intensive, interactive drug education programmes based on social influence theory and involving families and communities can be effective in reducing drug use among young people. Although there have been a number of recent developments in drug education in Scottish schools, much work is needed to investigate how closely it matches the above criteria for effectiveness and to illuminate the factors that hinder or assist the provision of drug education of high quality. This paper describes how a recent study used qualitative in-depth interviews to study current practice in drug education in secondary schools in north-east Scotland. The choice of methodology and the strengths and weaknesses of the procedures used in the study are discussed in terms of their impact on the reliability, transferability and truthfulness of findings. In particular, issues such as the position of the researcher, the selection of schools and the experience of respondents are considered, together with the strategies used to deal with them. These include the use of theoretical sampling, studying the leading edge of change, careful complete transcription, independent experts and a pilot study. The paper concludes with an indication of future work.
Augmentation of Fracture Healing Using Soft Callus

Objectives: This study sought to investigate the effect of soft callus removal and reapplication in a rat closed femur fracture model. We hypothesized that removing soft callus will impair fracture healing, whereas reapplication will facilitate healing. Methods: A closed midshaft femur fracture was created in 78 rats and stabilized with an intramedullary wire. Seven days later, rats were equally divided and fractures surgically exposed. In the control group, no callus was removed, whereas in the callus removal group CR(−) group, the callus was removed and in the callus replaced group CR(+), callus was removed and replaced. Half of the rats were killed at 4 and 7 weeks. Fracture healing was graded with radiographs and callus volume measured with micro-CT. Mechanical torsion properties were measured, and histologic analysis was conducted. Results: At both end points, evidence of delayed healing was found on radiographs and micro-CT in CR(−) rats (P = 0.0001), whereas CR(+) rats showed normal fracture healing compared with controls. The normalized callus volume was similar in all groups at both end points. At 7 weeks, the maximum stiffness in CR(−) rats was 68% less than control (P = 0.0001). Stiffness increased 55% in CR(+) rats from CR(−) rats (P = 0.0017). Histology supported our findings with complete endochondral ossification in CR(+) rats but wide areas of hyaline cartilage in CR(−) rats at 7 weeks. Conclusions: Removal of soft callus in a rat model delays fracture healing at early and late time points, whereas replacement mitigates these negative consequences. Replacing the soft callus should be considered in all osteosynthesis procedures.
Changes in condom use among Black, Hispanic, and White heterosexuals in San Francisco: The AMEN cohort survey

We examined changes in condom use over a one‐year period (1988–89 to 1989–90) among heterosexual Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (aged 20–45 years) with a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐related risk factor in a community‐based longitudinal sample (n = 716). This study is the first to examine changes in condom use based on a random household probability sample of heterosexuals in high risk neighborhoods of a major HIV epicenter. Heterosexuals with a risk factor made only marginal gains toward increasing their condom use to highly efficacious levels (100% use) from Wave I to II (4% net increase). Blacks, people without a primary partner, and the never married were significantly more likely than other social strata to increase condom use from low‐moderate use at Wave I to always using condoms at Wave II. Nevertheless, changes across social strata remain modest with intravenous drug users (IDUs) and Hispanic women showing negative or no change. The young and highly educated were the most likely to maintain .
Compartment Syndrome of the Leg Associated With Fracture: An Algorithm to Avoid Releasing the Posterior Compartments

Objective: The purpose of this study is to report on a prospective series of patients in whom an algorithm was used to attempt to avoid releasing the posterior compartments in patients with lower leg compartment syndrome (CS) and the safety of such a practice. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Level 1 trauma center. Patients: A consecutive series of 39 patients was managed by one surgeon for CS using the reported protocol. Intervention: Patients diagnosed with a CS of the leg were managed with a single operative protocol. After a standard anterior and lateral compartment release through a full-length lateral incision was performed, the superficial and deep posterior compartments were measured with the heel resting on a bolster. Using the preoperative diastolic blood pressure, a &Dgr;P < 30 was considered to be a positive finding warranting a separate medial incision for release of the posterior compartments. If the &Dgr;P was ≥30, the posterior compartments were not released. Main Outcome Measurements: Need for medial release or development of posterior CS or sequelae. Results: A consecutive series of 39 patients were managed by 1 surgeon for CS using the described protocol. Two patients with an isolated posterior CS were excluded. The other 37 had clinical symptoms or compartment pressures consistent with anterior compartment involvement. Of 37 patients, 21 had (57%) symptoms suggesting posterior compartment involvement. The preoperative pressure measurements averaged 41 mm Hg with an average &Dgr;P of 38. After full-length release of the anterior and lateral compartments, only 3/37 (8%) required a posterior release for a &Dgr;P of <30 mm Hg. The lowest &Dgr;P in the posterior compartments of the remaining 34 patients averaged 59 (32–86). The compartment pressures in the superficial and deep posterior compartments decreased by 22 mm Hg and 24 mm Hg, respectively, after the anterolateral release. None of the patients who had only an anterolateral release developed sequelae of a missed posterior CS. Conclusions: The use of the reported algorithm is effective in avoiding posterior compartment release. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Meeting report: first light sheet based fluorescence microscopy workshop.

In Jena, at the turn of the century, Richard Zsig-mondy (1865–1929), working together with thephysicist Heinrich Siedentopf, had the brilliantidea to use a light sheet to illuminate from the sidethe colloid solution they were investigating [1]. From there the idea of light sheet illumination van-ished from the scientific spotlight until it was re-vived it in the 90’s as Orthogonal-Plane Fluores-cence Optical Sectioning (ORFOS) [2] and thetaconfocal microscopy [3]. At the beginning of thenew millennium, Ernst Stelzer and colleagues de-veloped Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy(SPIM) and applied it to live imaging of model or-ganism embryos [4,5]. Since then the light-sheet il-lumination approach proved instrumental for awide variety of biological disciplines ranging frommarine biology [6], to fundamental developmental[7,8] and cell biology research questions [9,10]. Yetthe technology remains largely confined to the lab-oratories that orchestrated its revival and the ben-efits of light sheet illumination are inaccessible tothe broad scientific community. It was the purposeof the First Light Sheet based Fluorescence Mi-croscopy workshop to bring together the key play-ers in the light sheet technology and to establish ef-fective communication among them that will hope-fully lead to better integration of light sheet mi-croscopy into scientific mainstream. It is symbolicthat the workshop took place at the Max Planck In-stitute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics(MPI-CBG) in Dresden only some 100 miles awayfrom Jena where it all started.The workshop aimed at founding a communityand to encourage communication and sharing be-tween the different groups developing, using orsimply interested in this technology for their re-search. In preparation for the workshop we estab-lished a Wiki where every invited participant coulddescribe his research and sign up for a presenta-tion in one of the sessions (https://spim.mpi-cbg.de). This self-organizing approach worked verywell, as most of the participants were in fact pre-senting in the session of their choice and all speak-ers received equal amount of time to present theirdata.The presentations were divided in three mainsections:
Phosphoglycerate mutase knock‐out mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Physiological investigation and transcriptome analysis

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to adapt its metabolism to grow on different carbon sources and to shift to non‐fermentative growth on C2 or C3 carbon sources (ethanol, acetate, or glycerol) through the activation of gluconeogenesis. Here, we studied the response to the deletion of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic gene GPM1, encoding for phosphoglycerate mutase. It was previously shown that a S. cerevisiae strain with non‐functional copies of GPM1 can only grow when glycerol and ethanol are both present as carbon sources, whilst addition of glucose was shown to strongly inhibit growth. It was suggested that glycerol is needed to feed gluconeogenesis whilst ethanol is required for respiration. Here, we studied the physiological response of the GPM1 knock‐out mutant through fermentation and transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, we compared the physiological results with those obtained through simulations using a genome‐scale metabolic model, showing that glycerol is only needed in small amounts for growth. Our findings strongly suggest a severely impaired growth ability of the knock‐out mutant, which presents increased transcript levels of genes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the glyoxylate shunt. These results indicate an attempt to compensate for the energy imbalance caused by the deletion of the glycolytic/gluconeogenic gene within the mutant.
Nrf2‐mediated induction of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes by glyceollins derived from soybean exposed to Aspergillus sojae

Numerous antioxidants have been reported to cause transcriptional activation of several antioxidant enzymes through binding antioxidant‐response element on their promoter region. We, therefore, attempted to examine whether glyceollins, which share common structural features with many phase 2 enzyme inducers and antioxidant activity, could induce detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes. Glyceollins induced NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity in a dose‐dependent manner in both mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 and its mutant BPRc1 cells. The compounds also increased the expression of some representative antioxidant enzymes, such as heme oxygenase 1,gamma‐glutamylcysteine synthase, and glutathione reductase, by promoting nuclear translocation of the NF‐E2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2). Furthermore, phosphorylation of Akt and antioxidant response element‐mediated reporter gene expression were enhanced by glyceollins but suppressed by LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K). This suggests that glyceollins may cause Nrf2‐mediated phase 2 enzyme induction through activation of the PI3K signaling pathway as well as interaction with Keap1. Our molecular docking simulations also suggest that the glyceollin isomers tightly bind into the binding pocket around Cys151, preventing Nrf2 from docking to Keap1. In conclusion, the current data suggest that glyceollins induced phase 2 detoxifying enzymes likely through promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which is known to be regulated by phosphorylation of Nrf2 and/or disrupting Keap1‐Nrf2 complex formation.
Hexapod Frame Stacked Transport for Tibial Infected Nonunions With Bone Loss: Analysis of Use of Adjunctive Stability

Objectives: The stacked hexapod bone transport technique is an effective treatment for infected tibial nonunions with bone loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patients' risk factors and timing for requiring adjunctive stabilization. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Level 1 trauma center. Patients/Participants: Seventy-five patients with infected posttraumatic nonunions of the tibia. Intervention: Resection of nonunion with application of stacked hexapod frame for bone transport. Main Outcome Measurements: Parameters measured included age, sex, diabetes, smoking, use of a free flap, bone defect size, length in frame, external fixation index, and direction of lengthening. Outcomes recorded: removal of frame, below knee amputation, or adjunctive stability. Further analysis evaluated location of nonunion, timing of adjunctive stabilization, and type of fixation. Results: The average patient age was 45.7 ± 12.5 years, 76% patients were men, 11% were diabetic, and 44% were smokers. Forty two percent had soft tissue defects that required a free flap. Thirty-eight patients had removal of frame, whereas 36 patients required adjunctive stability of the hexapod frame. Patient receiving adjunctive stabilization had a longer length of time in the hexapod frame (P = 0.026) and were more likely to require a free flap (P = 0.053). Ninety-three percent docking site nonunions occurred after the removal of the frame (P = 0.032); whereas 79% regenerate nonunions occurred before the hexapod frame was removed (P = 0.029). Conclusions: The use of a hexapod frame for the infected tibial nonunions with bone loss is an effective method for achieving union and eradicating infection in a difficult orthopaedic patient population. Use of adjunctive stabilization is a reasonable technique to address delayed regenerate and docking site nonunions. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Literature Review on the Experience of Long-Term Mental Illness

ABSTRACT Purpose: To illuminate long-term experiences of mental illness from both research and autobiographical accounts. Design: A literature review of English-language papers, 1950–2014, relating to the experience of long-term mental illness indexed in AgeInfo, AMED, ASSIA, British Nursing Index (BNI), CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycEXTRA, and PsychINFO. Findings: Twenty-five research papers and nine autobiographic accounts met the review criteria. Thematic analysis revealed nine themes: fear, explanation seeking, stigma, disability, coping strategies, control, support, change and learning, and life history. Specific gaps of note relate to age differences, acknowledgement of longevity of mental illnesses, and different cultural perspectives. Research Implications: There is an absence of longitudinal studies focused on experiences of long-term mental illness. The considerable length-of-time implicated in the experiences suggests that more individual life experience rather than illness focused studies are needed, enabling a holistic understanding. This includes studies from cultures other than the Western world. Greater transparency is needed in justifying age inclusions or passive exclusion of older peoples' perspectives. Practical Implications: Knowledge of long-term mental illness experiences is of great importance to mental health practitioners. Evidence-based services cannot be provided if we do not have an holistic understanding of long-term mental illness. Social Implications: This review questions our ability to provide effective support for those experiencing long-term mental illness, in particular older people and different cultural perspectives. Originality/Value: There appear to be no literature reviews that focus on the individual experience of long-term mental illness. It highlights the surprisingly small number of research studies available to inform mental health practitioners.
Dynamic mRNA and miRNA profiling of CHO‐K1 suspension cell cultures

In spite of the importance of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for recombinant protein production, very little is known about the molecular and gene regulatory mechanisms that control cellular phenotypes such as enhanced growth under serum‐free conditions or high productivity. Most microarray analyses to this purpose are performed with samples taken during the exponential growth phase. However, the cellular transcriptome is dynamic, changing in response to external and internal stimuli and thus reflecting the current functional capacity of cells as well as their ability to adapt to a changing environment. Therefore, during batch or fed‐batch cultivations it can be expected that the transcription pattern of genes will change and that such changes may give indications on the cellular state in terms of viability, growth, and productivity. In the current study we monitored the change in expression patterns of mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNA) during lag, exponential, and stationary phases in CHO‐K1 suspension cell cultures. In total, over 1400 mRNAs and more than 100 miRNAs were differentially regulated (p<0.05) relative to the batch culture at the starting point. Functional clustering revealed groups of genes with similar expression patterns, which were subjected to functional pathway analysis. In addition, as miRNAs generally act as negative post‐transcriptional regulators of mRNAs, we looked for changes in their expression that were inverse to those of their predicted target mRNAs.
Open Supracondylar–Intercondylar Fractures of the Femur Treatment With Taylor Spatial Frame

Objectives: To evaluate the Taylor spatial frame (TSF) for primary and definitive fixation of open supracondylar–intracondylar femoral (SIF) fractures. Design: Retrospective. Setting: Level I trauma center. Patients: Subset of 20 SIF open fractures treated with TSF extracted from a consecutive series of 80 SIF fractures treated between 2007 and 2013. Intervention: Eighteen (90%) fractures underwent definitive fixation with the TSF; 2 were treated primarily within 24 hours of injury. Mean time interval between primary treatment and secondary TSF was 5 days. Main Outcome Measurements: Clinical and radiological. Results: Complete union was obtained in 17 (85%) fractures without additional surgery at an average of 33 weeks. Three nonunions and 1 malunion occurred. No deep infection occurred. Results based on Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov criteria: 37% excellent, and 63% good for bone outcomes; 5% excellent, 58% good, and 37% fair for functional outcomes. Neer knee scores were 21% excellent, 68% good, and 11% fair. The mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and anatomic posterior distal femoral angle values were within normal range in 80% and 90% of patients, respectively. Abnormal mechanical axis deviation was observed in 4 (20%) cases (2 had associated tibia fractures). Conclusions: Primary and definitive fixation with the TSF are effective. Advantages include continuity of device until union, reduced risk of infection, early mobilization, restoration of primary defect caused by bone loss, easy and accurate application, convertibility and versatility, and improved union rate and range of motion for SIF open fractures. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Mediators of induced pluripotency and their role in cancer cells – current scientific knowledge and future perspectives

The discovery that overexpression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c‐Myc reprograms differentiated cells into “induced pluripotent stem cells” (iPSCs) has extended our understanding of mechanisms required to maintain stem cell pluripotency and to drive differentiation. Subsequently, additional factors have been discovered that are able to induce a pluripotent state. Recently several groups have succeeded in reprogramming cancer cells to iPSC‐like induced pluripotent cancer cells by use of the method established for the generation of iPSCs. This discovery highlighted several striking similarities between pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells, in turn implying that tumorigenesis and reprogramming are partly promoted by overlapping mechanisms. Thus, research on reprogramming might help unravel the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and vice versa. This review gives an overview of the common features of pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells and summarizes the present state of knowledge in the field of cancer cell reprogramming.
The Changing Face of Long-Term Care: Looking at the Past Decade

Baby boomers on the verge of retirement who are considering future long-term care needs are searching for options that will promote comfort and quality of life in an environment comparable to the home left behind. Culture change is taking on different faces throughout long-term care, moving from a traditional medical model towards a holistic approach. New models of care address individual needs of the aging population. This article has three aims: (1) to evaluate the current state of culture change throughout long-term care, (2) to describe models of change seen among the long-term care industry, and (3) to report on existing work comparing the Green House Model of Care to two traditional nursing homes in Tupelo, Mississippi.
Hydrotherapy in State Mental Hospitals in the Mid-Twentieth Century

This research describes nurses' experiences in administering “the water cure,” hot or cold wet sheet packs, and continuous tub baths in state mental hospitals during the early twentieth century. Student and graduate nurses were required to demonstrate competence in hydrotherapy treatments used to calm agitated or manic patients in the era before neuroleptics. The nurses interviewed for this study indicated that, although labor intensive, hydrotherapy worked, at least temporarily. Although no longer used in state hospitals, hydrotherapy is regaining popularity with the general public and may serve as an adjunct to pharmacological treatments to calm hospitalized patients in the future.
Experimental approach to follow the spatiotemporal wood degradation in fungal microcosms

To investigate the spatiotemporal growth dynamics in fungal microcosms and to follow the spatial degradation effects of fungal lignocellulose fermentation, a new and flexible experimental setup was developed and tested. White and brown rot fungi were cultivated under solid‐state conditions in beech wood‐filled silicon tubes for 5 weeks. After inoculation of wood material at one end of the tube, the culture vessels were aerated and moistured by flushing air through alkaline and aqueous solutions. After incubation, the silicon tubes were harvested and segmented to follow different growth and degradation parameters. This new approach holds great potential since it allows the use of different growth substrates, variable aeration or moisturization conditions and is therefore a useful tool for diverse degradation studies, e.g. respiration/mineralization studies involving flow meters or carbon dioxide sensors or for molecular biological approaches.