Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fate And Transformation Of QuinoxalineN’N’-dioxide Antibacterial AgentsDuring Chlorination

Quinoxaline N’N’-dioxides are an important group of veterinary antibiotics whose fate in the environment can be greatly altered by potential reactions during chlorination of wastewater and drinking waters. Their presence is of particular concern due to their potential mutagenic, carcinogenic, and embryotoxic effects. Experiments show that quinoxaline N’N’-dioxides such as carbadox and its metabolite, desoxycarbadox, are highly susceptible to oxidation with chlorine and chloramines, in which the reaction rate of carbadox with free chlorine is extremely rapid and highly pH-dependent. No reactions were found to occur for a series of structurally-related compounds that resemble portions of this parent compound, which suggest that carbadox’s side chain, rather than the aromatic N’N’-dioxide moiety, holds especially high reactivity to chlorine and chloramines oxidants. Several dominant oxidation by-products of carbadox and desoxycarbadox have been preliminarily identified. Further studies will elucidate the transformation pathways and evaluate reaction kinetics in real water matrices.
SecuReVi : Virtual environments for fire fighting training

This article describes how to use MASCARET model, a multiagent system for virtual environment for training (VET), to help for firemen training. This VET, called SecuReVi is designed for officers. They have to manage and order teams to solve incidents that they can't have in real situation for training exercises. In this environment the learner has to take into account and manipulate his physical environment (physical phenomena) and his social environment (firemen teams) which can be implemented with the MASCARET model. This article shows also the roles of each actor (designer, teacher and learner) and a typical pedagogical scenario.
Mechanisms of Charge Transfer during Bio-Cathodic Electro-Synthesis of CO2-Neutral Methane

Bioelectrochemical approaches provide an attractive solution for microbial electro-synthesis of bio-methane, which is having a greater prospect to become an energy source and an energy carrier as well [1]. Methane-producing bio-electrochemical system (BES) offers advantages of producing such CO2-neutral methane (Figure 1), where the process is independent of biomass. Energy from the (excess) renewable electricity can be stored in the form of produced methane. One of the key principles of BES systems is the use of microorganisms as bio-catalyst, which helps in executing diversified bio-chemical reduction and oxidation reactions [2,3]. A more recent application of electron transfer from electrode to microorganisms, where current is getting consumed, enables the possibilities of biological reduction of oxidized pollutants in bioremediation systems [4-6], biological reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas [7] and microbial electrosynthesis for production of a wide array of valuable fuels and reduced bio-chemical compounds [8,9].
Long-Term Measurement of Aerosol Number Size Distributions at Rural Background Station Košetice

ABSTRACTTwo years of SMPS data measured at the rural background station, Kosetice observatory, are presented and statistically analyzed in this paper. The evaluation was performed on time scales ranging from years to days, and an overall new particle formation (NPF) frequency analysis was conducted as well. The annual average total concentration (integral value from 10 to 800 nm) was found to be 6.6 × 103 #/cm3, the particle number size distribution has a well expressed accumulation mode and high variability in particle sizes below 50 nm. In the seasonal data, particles of the smallest sizes (of diameters between 10 and 50 nm) had the high concentrations in summer, in contrast to the low concentrations found in winter. The particles of the largest sizes (over 300 nm) showed the opposite behavior. The analysis of NPF events revealed a strong annual cycle peaking in spring and summer and dropping in winter. In the monthly data, the global minimal of the total concentrations was recorded in December, and the global maximum in June. Weekly cycle analysis proved that the station is suitably characterized as a rural background – the weekly cycle was statistically insignificant on most days. The typical daily cycle of total concentrations showed its minimum between 3 and 6 AM, and its maximum at about 6 PM. Particles with diameters between 10 and 50 nm in diameter, compared to particles larger than 50 nm, exhibited higher daily amplitude.
Engineering water dissociation sites in MoS2 nanosheets for accelerated electrocatalytic hydrogen production

Earth-abundant MoS2 is widely reported as a promising HER electrocatalyst in acidic solutions, but it exhibits extremely poor HER activities in alkaline media due to the slow water dissociation process. Here we present a combined theoretical and experimental approach to improve the sluggish HER kinetics of MoS2 electrocatalysts through engineering the water dissociation sites by doping Ni atoms into MoS2 nanosheets. The Ni sites thus introduced can effectively reduce the kinetic energy barrier of the initial water-dissociation step and facilitate the desorption of the −OH that are formed. As a result, the developed Ni-doped MoS2 nanosheets (Ni-MoS2) show an extremely low HER overpotential of ∼98 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH aqueous solution, which is superior to those (>220 mV at 10 mA cm−2) of reported MoS2 electrocatalysts.
Describing Wing Shape among Culex Quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) Detected Positive and Negative for Filaria Using Relative Warp Analysis

This study examined populations of Culex quinquefasciatus in filariasis-endemic communities of Misamis Oriental, Philippines. C. Quinquefasciatus, has been of interest to public health since it was identified as a vector of filariasis in the Philippines in 1995. In surveillance and control programs, problems in identification is encountered as it requires some specialized skill and a well preserved set of specimen which is sometimes difficult to acquire. It is for these reasons that alternative method of identification and discrimination of Culex individuals has been desired to resolve problems related with vector species diversification and identification. In this study, geometric morphometric approach was used to test the hypothesis that there exists some variation in the wing shape pattern of C. Quinquefasciatus identified as positive and negative of filaria based on the landmarks' position on the wings. To illustrate ordination of the shapes' consensus, the mean shape of the two populations was measured by a relative warp ordination plot using the software tpsRelw version 1.46. Results of the relative warp analysis showed significant variation between the two populations. The four extracted significant relative warps account for a total of 68.54% variation in wing geometry pattern. Variations were observed in the wing apex and base. These variations may have genetic basis or maybe mere reflections of phenotypic plasticity brought about by the changing environmental conditions. 
AN IMPROVED SNAKE MODEL FOR REFINEMENT OF LIDAR-DERIVED BUILDING ROOF CONTOURS USING AERIAL IMAGES

Abstract. Building roof contours are considered as very important geometric data, which have been widely applied in many fields, including but not limited to urban planning, land investigation, change detection and military reconnaissance. Currently, the demand on building contours at a finer scale (especially in urban areas) has been raised in a growing number of studies such as urban environment quality assessment, urban sprawl monitoring and urban air pollution modelling. LiDAR is known as an effective means of acquiring 3D roof points with high elevation accuracy. However, the precision of the building contour obtained from LiDAR data is restricted by its relatively low scanning resolution. With the use of the texture information from high-resolution imagery, the precision can be improved. In this study, an improved snake model is proposed to refine the initial building contours extracted from LiDAR. First, an improved snake model is constructed with the constraints of the deviation angle, image gradient, and area. Then, the nodes of the contour are moved in a certain range to find the best optimized result using greedy algorithm. Considering both precision and efficiency, the candidate shift positions of the contour nodes are constrained, and the searching strategy for the candidate nodes is explicitly designed. The experiments on three datasets indicate that the proposed method for building contour refinement is effective and feasible. The average quality index is improved from 91.66% to 93.34%. The statistics of the evaluation results for every single building demonstrated that 77.0% of the total number of contours is updated with higher quality index.
A STEADY-STATE APPROACH TO PREVENT VOLTAGE COLLAPSE IN POWER SYSTEM

This paper presents a steady state approach to prevent voltage collapse in a power system. The power system operation close to stability boundaries is an important factor which may lead to voltage instability conditions. There are different ways to prevent voltage collapse in the power system; one of this is the correct coordination of the protection devices to avoid undesirable equipment disconnections.This paper proposes a new method to coordinate the back-up zone in the distance protection scheme. The methodology uses both Optimal Power Flow (OPF) and Continuation Power Flow (CPF) solutions to determine the impedance seen by the relay. These impedances are later compared to conclude which is the best option to set the parameter for the back-up zone in the relay. The methodology also considers the distance to Maximum Loading Point (MLP) and the corresponding Voltage Collapse Point (VCP). Therefore, undesirable disconnections can be avoided when the power system operates close to the stability boundaries. In order to demonstrate and validate the methodology, simulations are carried out on the IEEE 14-bus test system using MATLAB.
Continuous Reverse k-Nearest-Neighbor Query in Dynamic Road Network

Traditional location-based query measures the distance of all data points in various methods, but it is not applicable for the condition in which the weight of all sections in the road network are altered dynamically. In order to solve the new application problems brought by the real-time traffic status, a dynamic monitoring algorithm is designed in this paper, and it mainly updates the weight changes of road network with temporary network extension tree incrementally. On this basis, a continuous reverse K-nearest-neighbor (RKNN) query method is proposed, and it is proved to be efficient by the experimental results.
Estimating Leaf Area Index of Rubber Tree Plantation Using Worldview-2 Imagery

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a crucial biophysical characteristic of vegetation is directly related to the yield, energy balance of the land surface, hydrology and climate system, ecosystem productivity models, power exchange with the atmosphere and carbon cycle model. For efficiently, fast and accurate LAI mapping of rubber tree are very importance. Therefore, this study aimed to estimation the LAI of the rubber tree using WorldView-2 imagery. The 8 spectral bands from WorldView-2 satellite image were used as input variables of Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression and Artificial Neural Networks for estimate the LAI of the rubber tree at Paklok sub-district, Thalang district, Phuket Province, Thailand. The results showed that Artificial Neural Networks provide the most accurate (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.31) when compared with Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (RMSE = 0.49). We hope that the methodology presented in this study can be used as a guideline for study in other area and for rubber tree plantation management or predictions the rubber yield in
New device for experimental determination of the soil-water retention surface

While it has been recognized that the soil-water retention properties are affected by the soil void ratio, standard test methods for determination of soilwater retention curves do not account for soil volume changes, assuming a condition of constant volume. However, significant volumetric changes are expected when characterizing highly plastic soils, even for comparatively small changes in water content. This paper presents a new testing device that allows continuous measurement of three relevant variables: void ratio, matric suction, and water content. This set up is used along wetting paths in order to determine the soil-water retention surface. The set up allows continuous measurements of the relevant variables by using displacement sensors and a scale system. The new equipment is described in detail, and a set of tests results are presented in order to show its capabilities. The results indicate that, rather than a characteristic soil water retention curve, the new device can be successfully used to characterize a soil water retention surface defined by matric suction, water content, and void ratio
Analysis of the amplitude and phase response of the microcantilever in the tapping mode atomic force microscopy

 In this paper, the amplitude and phase response of the microcantilever in the tapping mode atomic force microscopy is investigated as a function of excitation frequency, free oscillation amplitude, and tip-sample separation distance. For this purpose, the influence of the excitation frequency on the transition occurring in the amplitude-phaseseparation curves is analyzed by taking into consideration, three vibration modes. The obtained results show that at the excitation frequency close to resonance, the participation of higher modes in the response is negligible, and accounting for only one mode in the response is sufficient. Moreover, increasing the excitation frequency a little over the resonance frequency causes the shifting of the transition location toward smaller separation distances and finally to no separation; while, lowering the excitation frequency around the resonance results in the displacement of the jump's location toward larger separation distances. To investigate the influence of the free oscillation amplitude on transition, the share of only one mode in the response is considered. The results indicate that, depending on the value of the free oscillation amplitude, the jump either has a steplike discontinuous shape or a smooth continuous one. Also, by increasing the free oscillation amplitude, the transition occurs at a larger separation. Keywords Tapping mode atomic force microscopy, Amplitude and phase response, Transitions, DMT contact mechanics model.
Researching Teacher Communities and Networks

In the first part of the paper I explore the collective character of teachers’ experience and scrutinise the appropriateness of the concept of ‘isolated’ teachers. In the second part I report on ‘phenomenological group interviews’ as a method to study teacher communities and networks. The third part of the paper presents data of an empirical study and demonstrates how the process of interpretation can work in
Model of two-dimensional electron gas formation at ferroelectric interfaces

The formation of a two-dimensional electron gas at oxide interfaces as a consequence of polar discontinuities has generated an enormous amount of activity due to the variety of interesting effects it gives rise to. Here, we study under what circumstances similar processes can also take place underneath ferroelectric thin films. We use a simple Landau model to demonstrate that in the absence of extrinsic screening mechanisms, a monodomain phase can be stabilized in ferroelectric films by means of an electronic reconstruction. Unlike in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure, the emergence with thickness of the free charge at the interface is discontinuous. This prediction is confirmed by performing first-principles simulations of free-standing slabs of PbTiO3. The model is also used to predict the response of the system to an applied electric field, demonstrating that the two-dimensional electron gas can be switched on and off discontinuously and in a nonvolatile fashion. Furthermore, the reversal of the polarization can be used to switch between a two-dimensional electron gas and a two-dimensional hole gas, which should, in principle, have very different transport properties. We discuss the possible formation of polarization domains and how such configuration competes with the spontaneous accumulation of free charge at the interfaces.
A deterministic model for N 2 fixation at stn . ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean

Marine N2 fixation by diazotrophic microorganisms is a key process in biogeochemical cycling and yields an important input of new nitrogen into the tropical and subtropical surface ocean. However, it is only poorly accounted for in current numerical models. We present a simple biological model that explicitly includes N2 fixation by diazotrophic phytoplankton. The model employs a mechanistic parameterization of N2 fixation based on physiological responses of Trichodesmium to physical conditions of the environment. The model is conceived to allow shifts in nitrogen versus phosphorus control of the plankton community by resolving the biogeochemical cycles of both elements. Typical N : P ratios were assigned to the different functional groups to capture variations in the N : P stoichiometries of inorganic and organic matter pools. The biological model was coupled to a 1D physical model of the upper ocean. A simulation was performed at stn. ALOHA (221450N, 1581W) in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, where intense blooms of Trichodesmium occurred during the last decade. The model captures essential features of the biological system including the vertical structure and seasonal course of chlorophyll, the seasonal cycle and interannual differences in diazotrophic biomass, the mean vertical particle flux, and an oscillation in the relative importance of nitrogen versus phosphorus. We regard this model as a step towards a mechanistic tool to assess the magnitude of marine N2 fixation and to explore hypotheses on its effect on carbon sequestration from the atmosphere. r 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Sensitivity Optimization of Wafer Bonded Gravimetric CMUT Sensors

Optimization of the mass sensitivity of wafer bonded resonant gravimetric capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) is presented. Gas phase sensors based on resonant gravimetric CMUTs have previously been demonstrated. An important figure of merit of these sensors is the sensitivity which, for typical CMUT geometries, is increased by decreasing the radius of the CMUT cell. This paper investigates how to minimize the radius of CMUT cells fabricated using the wafer bonding process. The design and process parameters affecting the radius of the CMUT and hereby the sensitivity are studied through numerical simulations and atomic force microscopy measurements. An excellent fit was obtained between the simulations and measured profiles with a low relative error of $\leq 5 \%$ , thus validating the simulation model. Two types of CMUTs are designed and fabricated using the design and process rules determined herein, with experimentally determined mass sensitivities of 0.46 Hz/ag and 0.44 Hz/ag, respectively. The two CMUT devices have cavities made using the local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) and reactive ion etching (RIE) process. For the LOCOS process, it was found that the smallest radius can be obtained by choosing a Si3N4 oxidation mask and lowering the pad SiO2 thickness, vacuum gap height, and Si bump height. For the RIE process, the vertical dimensions do not influence the horizontal dimensions and consequently, equivalent rules do not exist. [2018-0135]
Proper use of Schwarzschild Ledoux criteria in stellar evolution computations

The era of detailed asteroseismic analyses opened by space missions such as CoRoT and Kepler has highlighted the need for stellar models devoid of numerical inaccuracies, in order to be able to diagnose which physical aspects are being ignored or poorly treated in standard stellar modeling. We tackle here the important problem of fixing convective zone boundaries in the frame of the local mixing length theory. First we show that the only correct way to locate a convective zone boundary is to find, at each iteration step, through interpolations or extrapolations from points within the convective zone, the mass where the radiative luminosity is equal to the total luminosity. We then discuss two misuses of the boundary condition and the ways they a ect stellar modeling and stellar evolution. The first consists in applying the neutrality condition for convective instability on the radiative side of the convective boundary. The second way of misusing the boundary condition comes from the process of fixing the convective boundary through the search for a change of sign of a possibly discontinuous function. We show that these misuses can lead to completely wrong estimates of convective core sizes with important consequences for the following evolutionary phases. We point out the advantages of using a double mesh point at each convective zone boundary. The specific problem of a convective shell is discussed and some remarks concerning overshooting are given. It appears that there is a misunderstanding concerning which criterion should be used to fix the boundaries of convective zones and also concerning which numerical procedure should be used to find them. The numerous methods tested recently by Paxton et al. (2013) clearly show that stellar evolution results are very sensitive to the choice that is made. The answer to these questions cannot be found from comparing numerical results obtained with di erent assumptions in stellar evolution codes since other uncertainties a ect stellar modeling. Therefore we think it is useful to cite some very basic physical facts which allow us to discuss the problem correctly and to bring a theoretical answer to the questions presently discussed. The extent of convective cores in stars is crucial in order to fix the time frame of their evolution and is of particular importance for stellar and galactic evolution. Moreover, since models are often used to interpret seismic data, it is important that they be free from any numerical inaccuracy caused by an incorrect positioning of the convective zones boundaries so that any discrepancy between observation and theory may be attributed to inaccuracies in the physics. It is interesting to point out that when comparing stellar models obtained with di erent codes, as was done in the frame of the ‘CoRoT Evolution and Seismic Tools Activity” (http://www.astro.up.pt/esta/) of the Seismology Working Group of the CoRoT Mission (http://corot.oamp.fr/), the main di erences are found in the location of convective zone boundaries
Validation and Experimental Testing of Observers for Robust GNSS-Aided Inertial Navigation

This chapter is the study of state estimators for robust navigation. Navigation of vehicles is a vast field with multiple decades of research. The main aim is to estimate position, linear velocity, and attitude (PVA) under all dynamics, motions, and conditions via data fusion. The state estimation problem will be considered from two different perspec‐ tives using the same kinematic model. First, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) will be reviewed, as an example of a stochastic approach; second, a recent nonlinear observer will be considered as a deterministic case. A comparative study of strapdown inertial navigation methods for estimating PVA of aerial vehicles fusing inertial sensors with global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based positioning will be presented. The focus will be on the loosely coupled integration methods and performance analysis to compare these methods in terms of their stability, robustness to vibrations, and disturbances in measurements.