Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DENSITY ESTIMATION FOR PROJECTED EXOPLANET QUANTITIES

Exoplanet searches using radial velocity (RV) and microlensing (ML) produce samples of “projected” mass and orbital radius, respectively. We present a new method for estimating the probability density distribution (density) of the unprojected quantity from such samples. For a sample of n data values, the method involves solving n simultaneous linear equations to determine the weights of delta functions for the raw, unsmoothed density of the unprojected quantity that cause the associated cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the projected quantity to exactly reproduce the empirical CDF of the sample at the locations of the n data values. We smooth the raw density using nonparametric kernel density estimation with a normal kernel of bandwidth σ. We calibrate the dependence of σ on n by Monte Carlo experiments performed on samples drawn from a theoretical density, in which the integrated square error is minimized. We scale this calibration to the ranges of real RV samples using the Normal Reference Rule. The resolution and amplitude accuracy of the estimated density improve with n. For typical RV and ML samples, we expect the fractional noise at the PDF peak to be approximately 80 n−log 2. For illustrations, we apply the new method to 67 RV values given a similar treatment by Jorissen et al. in 2001, and to the 308 RV values listed at exoplanets.org on 2010 October 20. In addition to analyzing observational results, our methods can be used to develop measurement requirements—particularly on the minimum sample size n—for future programs, such as the microlensing survey of Earth-like exoplanets recommended by the Astro 2010 committee.
Defect interactions in Sn 1- x Ge x random alloys

Sn 1- x Ge x alloys are candidates for buffer layers to match the lattices of III-V or II-VI compounds with Si or Ge for microelectronic or optoelectronic applications. In the present work electronic structure calculations are used to study relative energies of clusters formed between Sn atoms and lattice vacancies in Ge that relate to alloys of low Sn content. We also establish that the special quasirandom structure approach correctly describes the random alloy nature of Sn 1- x Ge x with higher Sn content. In particular, the calculated deviations of the lattice parameters from Vegard's Law are consistent with experimental results.
Lifshitz scaling effects on the holographic paramagnetism-ferromagnetism phase transition

In the probe limit, we investigate holographic paramagnetism-ferromagnetism phase transition in the four-dimensional and five-dimensional Lifshitz black holes by means of numerical and semianalytical methods, which is realized by introducing a massive 2-form field coupled to the Maxwell field. We find that the Lifshitz dynamical exponent $z$ contributes evidently to the magnetic moment and hysteresis loop of single magnetic domain quantitatively, not qualitatively. Concretely, in the case without an external magnetic field, the spontaneous magnetization and ferromagnetic phase transition happen when the temperature gets low enough, and the critical exponent for the magnetic moment is always $1/2$, which is in agreement with the result from mean field theory. And the increasing $z$ enhances the phase transition and increases the dc resistivity, which behaves as the colossal magnetic resistance effect in some materials. Furthermore, in the presence of the external magnetic field, the magnetic susceptibility satisfies the Cure-Weiss law with a general $z$. But the increase of $z$ will result in shortening the period of the external magnetic field.
Scalar Hairy Black Holes in General Dimensions

We obtain a class of asymptotic flat or (anti)--de Sitter [(A)dS] hairy black holes in $D$-dimensional Einstein gravity coupled to a scalar with a certain scalar potential. For a given mass, the theory admits both the Schwarzschild-Tangherlini and the hairy black holes with different temperature and entropy, but satisfying the same first law of thermodynamics. For some appropriate choice of parameters, the scalar potential can be expressed in terms of a superpotential, and it can arise in gauged supergravities. In this case, the solutions develop a naked curvature singularity and become the spherical domain walls. Uplifting the solutions to $D=11$ or 10, we obtain solutions that can be viewed as spherical M-branes or D3-branes. We also add electric charges to these hairy black holes. All these solutions contain no scalar charges in that the first law of thermodynamics is unmodified. We also try to construct new AdS black holes carrying scalar charges, with some moderate success in that the charges are pre-fixed in the theory instead of being some continuous integration constants.
Maximal operators associated to families of flat curves in the plane

Bourgain showed that if C has non-vanishing curvature, the inequality (1.1) holds for p > 2 (see [B]). In this paper, we shall consider a situation when the curvature is allowed to vanish of finite order on a finite set of isolated points. We shall need the following definition: Definition1.1. Let C : I → R, where I is a compact interval in R, and C is smooth. We say that C is finite type if 〈(C(x)−C(x0)), μ〉 does not vanish of infinite order for any x0 ∈ I, and any unit vector μ. We shall also need a more precise definition which would specify the order of vanishing at each point. Let a0 denote a point in the compact interval I. We can always find a smooth function γ, such that in a small neighborhood of a0, C(s) = (s, γ(s)), where s ∈ I. Definition1.2. Let C be defined as before. Let C(s) = (s, γ(s)) in a small neighborhood of a0. We say that C is finite type m at a0 if γ(a0) = 0 for 1 ≤ k < m, and γ(a0) 6= 0. Our main result is the following: Theorem 1.1. Let C be a finite type curve which is finite type m at a0. Let Mtf(x) = ∫
Minkowski structure for purity and entanglement of Gaussian bipartite states

The relation between the symplectic and Lorentz groups is explored to investigate entanglement features in a two-mode bipartite Gaussian state. We verify that the correlation matrix of arbitrary Gaussian states can be associated to a hyperbolic space with a Minkowski metric, which is divided in two regions - separablelike and entangledlike, in equivalence to timelike and spacelike in special relativity. This correspondence naturally allows the definition of two insightful invariant squared distances measures - one related to the purity and another related to amount of entanglement. The second distance allows us to define a measure for entanglement in terms of the invariant interval between the given state and its closest separable state, given in a natural manner without the requirement of a minimization procedure.
Quantum skyrmions in two-dimensional chiral magnets

We study the quantum mechanics of magnetic skyrmions in the vicinity of the skyrmion-crystal to ferromagnet phase boundary in two-dimensional magnets. We show that the skyrmion excitation has an energy dispersion that splits into multiple bands due to the combination of magnus force and the underlying lattice. Condensation of the skyrmions can give rise to an intermediate phase between the skyrmion crystal and ferromagnet: a quantum liquid, in which skyrmions are not spatially localized. We show that the critical behavior depends on the spin size $S$ and the topological number of the skyrmion. Experimental signatures of quantum skyrmions in inelastic neutron-scattering measurements are also discussed.
Evaluation of Bebtelovimab for Treatment of Covid-19 During the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Era

Abstract Background Monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment is associated with decreased risk of hospitalization and death in high-risk outpatients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by early severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Bebtelovimab exhibits in vitro activity against the Omicron variant and its sublineages; however, clinical data are lacking. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted comparing bebtelovimab-treated patients with propensity score–adjusted and matched nontreated control groups. Participants included high-risk outpatients eligible for bebtelovimab treatment under Emergency Use Authorization with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test from March 30 to May 28, 2022. Treated patients received single-dose intravenous treatment with bebtelovimab. The primary outcome was hospitalization or death over 28 days. Results Before matching/statistical adjustment, mAb-treated patients were, on average, 10 years older than nontreated patients (61.6 vs 51.3 years) and had higher prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, cancer, organ or cell transplant, and immunocompromised status (standardized mean differences ≥0.20). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hospitalization or death comparing 1006 treated with 2023 nontreated patients was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.31–0.80). Among 930 treated and 930 propensity score–matched nontreated patients, the incidence of hospitalization or death was 3.1% vs 5.5%, respectively (conditional OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32–0.86). The lower odds ratio of hospitalization or death associated with bebtelovimab treatment was most evident in older patients, those with immunocompromised status, and fully vaccinated patients. Conclusions Monoclonal antibody treatment with bebtelovimab among COVID-19 outpatients is associated with lower odds of hospitalization or death, particularly among immunocompromised and older patients.
The causal mechanisms behind expansive basic universalism in Kosovo

The majority of Kosovo’s public social welfare provision is today spent on basic universal programmes, namely, old-age pensions, healthcare services and child benefits. These programmes are tax-financed, citizenship-based and unconditional with regard to other criteria. Such expansive basic universalism is unusual for the Western Balkans and the rest of post-socialist Southeastern Europe. The first two of these programmes emerged through a complex process of policy formation led by powerful international organisations (IOs). The third programme was more recently initiated by the first-ever left-wing majority that came to power after two decades of democratic elections, implementing a manifesto that endorses a progressive policy mix. This outcome is counterintuitive: the IOs would be naturally expected to lean towards means-tested, targeted programmes, and Kosovo to crystallise into a (neo)liberal welfare regime (path-dependency). The article examines the detailed causal mechanisms that intervened in producing the outcome. Basic universalism has already had a significant impact in Kosovo by contributing to poverty reduction, the size of overall social protection expenditure and citizenship-building, and by serving as a good policy standard.
Rotation of C 60 in a single-molecule contact

The orientation of individual C60 molecules adsorbed on Cu(100) is reversibly switched when the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope is approached to contact the molecule. The probability of switching rises sharply upon displacing the tip beyond a threshold. A mechanical mechanism is suggested to induce the rotation of the molecule.
The impact of cloud‐affected IR radiances on forecast accuracy of a limited‐area NWP model

The impact of cloud‐affected satellite radiances on numerical weather prediction (NWP) accuracy is investigated. The NWP model used is the HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM). Its four‐dimensional variational data assimilation (4D‐Var) system was used to assimilate cloud‐affected infrared (IR) radiances from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI). Cloud parameters are modelled internally in the observation operator and used in the radiative transfer calculations. The interaction between the cloud parameters and the model control vector variables is incorporated in the adjoint version of the observation operator, which is used to derive cloud‐affected Jacobians prior to the inner‐loop minimization of the cost function.
Estimating the Geological Structure and Transport Properties of Denied and Limited Access Sites

Onsite measurements are the standard for establishing geological conditions and related transport properties. However, making direct measurements is not always possible, either because a location is too remote, too vast, or access is outright denied. The latter is typically the case at nuclear test sites, or military installations. Here we describe a systematic method to characterize geology and estimate fracture width, spacing, tortuosity, permeability, and porosity at locations where direct measurements cannot be made. Fractures are treated as fractals with their respective fractal dimensions determined using surface images. Tortuosity in the geological matrix (i.e., bulk media) is determined using rock class with the latter also being used to determine distributions for permeability and porosity. The approach is tested using areal images and rock class for the Nevada Test Site and validated by comparison to field and core measurements. Past work has shown that testing a nuclear weapon underground can affect not only the migration time for gases to the surface but also their isotopic ratios. Accurately modeling gas transport and isotopic fractionation requires knowledge of the geology. However, suspected tests are typically conducted at sites to which the international community has no access.
The selective effect of lockdown experience on citizens' perspectives: A multilevel, multiple informant approach to personal and community resilience during COVID‐19 pandemic

Abstract In the face of the first wave of COVID‐19 contagion, citizens all over the world experienced concerns for their safety and health, as well as prolonged lockdowns – which brought about limitations but also unforeseen opportunities for personal growth. Broad variability in these psychological responses to such unprecedented experiences emerged. This study addresses this variability by investigating the role of personal and community resilience. Personal resilience, collective resilience, community disaster management ability, provided information by local authorities, and citizens' focus on COVID‐19‐related personal concerns and lockdown‐related opportunities for personal growth were detected through an online questionnaire. Multilevel modelling was run with data from 3,745 Italian citizens. The potential of personal resilience as a driver for individuals to overcome adverse situations with positive outcomes was confirmed. Differently, the components of community resilience showed more complex paths, highlighting the need to pay more attention to its role in the face of far‐reaching adverse events which hardly test individuals' as well as communities' adaptability and agency skills. The complexities linked to the multi‐component and system‐specific nature of resilience, as well as potential paths towards making the most out of citizens' and communities' ones, emerge. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Gendered Impact of Financial Inclusion on Climate Change Adaptation among Rural Rice Farmers in Nepal

The present paper examines the gendered impact of financial inclusion on climate change adaptation among rural rice farmers across seven Nepalese districts through an odds-ratio-based binary logistic regression analysis. Primarily the study indicates that the availability of loans makes female farmers 7.6 times (significant) more likely to adopt climate change adaptation, whereas, in the case of male farmers, access to loans does not have a significant impact; and access to phone plays a significant role (odd ratio of 1.9) in encouraging female farmers to undertake climate change adaptation. Thus, from a policy perspective, there is need to increase loan availability to rural Nepalese female rice farmers to facilitate climate change adaptation. Specific schemes targeting this section need to be formulated and implemented. Moreover, mobile phone-based innovative applications could be used as a potent tool by banks for achieving financial inclusion along with significant associated positive externalities for the environment.
The general tracking problem for discrete-time dynamical systems

The general tracking problem for SISO nonlinear discrete-time systems is formulated, and includes both the asymptotic tracking problem and the exact tracking problems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for its solution are obtained. In the case where only input-output data is available, these conditions are characterized in terms of the system's nonlinear ARMA model. Conditions are also given for the existence of controllers to track periodic trajectories.
Emission spectrum of soft massless states from heavy superstring

We calculate emission rates of various bosonic/fermionic soft massless states of an open/closed superstring from an ensemble of a highly excited open/closed superstring in the flat background. The resulting spectrum shows thermal distributions at the Hagedorn temperature. We find greybody factors for each process and observe their relation to the ones from black holes.
No evidence for environmental filtering of cavity‐nesting solitary bees and wasps by urbanization using trap nests

Abstract Spatial patterns in biodiversity are used to establish conservation priorities and ecosystem management plans. The environmental filtering of communities along urbanization gradients has been used to explain biodiversity patterns but demonstrating filtering requires precise statistical tests to link suboptimal environments at one end of a gradient to lower population sizes via ecological traits. Here, we employ a three‐part framework on observational community data to test: (I) for trait clustering (i.e., phenotypic similarities among co‐occurring species) by comparing trait diversity to null expectations, (II) if trait clustering is correlated with an urbanization graient, and (III) if species' traits relate to environmental conditions. If all criteria are met, then there is evidence that urbanization is filtering communities based on their traits. We use a community of 46 solitary cavity‐nesting bee and wasp species sampled across Toronto, a large metropolitan city, over 3 years to test these hypotheses. None of the criteria were met, so we did not have evidence for environmental filtering. We do show that certain ecological traits influence which species perform well in urban environments. For example, cellophane bees (Hylaeus: Colletidae) secrete their own nesting material and were overrepresented in urban areas, while native leafcutting bees (Megachile: Megachilidae) were most common in greener areas. For wasps, prey preference was important, with aphid‐collecting (Psenulus and Passaloecus: Crabronidae) and generalist spider‐collecting (Trypoxylon: Crabronidae) wasps overrepresented in urban areas and caterpillar‐ and beetle‐collecting wasps (Euodynerus and Symmorphus: Vespidae, respectively) overrepresented in greener areas. We emphasize that changes in the prevalence of different traits across urban gradients without corresponding changes in trait diversity with urbanization do not constitute environmental filtering. By applying this rigorous framework, future studies can test whether urbanization filters other nesting guilds (i.e., ground‐nesting bees and wasps) or larger communities consisting of entire taxonomic groups.
Peanut/sorghum intercropping drives specific variation in peanut rhizosphere soil properties and microbiomes under salt stress

Intercropping can promote positive plant–soil interactions resulting in improved nutrient availability and ecological fitness, with microbes playing a key role. However, the specific effects of peanut/sorghum intercropping on soil properties and microbial community remain unclear, especially under salt stress conditions. In this study, sole‐cropped peanut (SP) and intercropped peanut (IP) with sorghum in a field planting box experiment were performed under normal (N) and salt‐stress (S, 0.25% NaCl) conditions, aims to investigate the specific response of peanut rhizosphere soil properties and microbial community to salt stress. The results showed that soil salinity negatively affects soil nutrient availability and enzymatic activities. To a certain extent, S‐IP has a definite effect on the improvement of soil properties, and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+‐N) increased 5.45%, total phosphorus (TP) increased 8.01%, soil organic carbon (SOC) increased 4.02%, soil peroxidase (POD) increased 8.15%, soil nitrate reductase (NR) increased 17.07%, and soil fructose‐1,6‐biphosphate aldolase enzyme (FDA) increased 16.26% compared with S‐SP. Alterations of soil properties affect the microbial community structure and predicted function. Microbial community analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Massilia (5.79‐times), Conocybe (47.43‐times), Funneliformis (1.59‐times), and Talaromyces (14.49‐times) were significantly increased in S‐IP compared to S‐SP. Furthermore, the proportions of microbe associated with the saprotrophs were increased and pathogens were reduced in S‐IP than in S‐SP. Thus, peanut/sorghum intercropping under salt stress affects the potential functions of a microbial community by changing the soil properties and remodeling the microbial community, which had potential effects on improving the environmental adaptability and yield of peanuts.
Performance assesment of new approximate local DtN boundary conditions for prolate spheroidal-shaped boundaries

SUMMARYWe propose a new class of three-dimensional absorbing boundary conditions to be employed onprolate spheroid boundaries that are primary candidates for surrounding elongated scatterers. Theseconditions are constructed from a local approximation of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) operatorcorresponding to the Helmholtz problem when expressed in elliptical coordinates. The constructionprocedureisbasedonanidentiﬁcationofcoefﬁcientsinaRobin-typeboundaryconditionpreservingthe symmetry and the local nature of the initial problem. We also require that the considered con-dition to be an exact representation of the ﬁrst modes. Consequently, we obtain one ﬁrst-order andone second-order boundary condition. We analyze the effect of the wavenumber and the eccentricityvaluesontheperformanceoftheseboundaryconditionswhenappliedforsolvingacousticscatteringproblems using two different mathematical frameworks depending on the frequency regime. First,we assess the effect of low wavenumber values in the context of the on-surface radiation conditionformulation (OSRC) [2]. The performance of these conditions in the high frequency regime is in-vestigated using the exact Fourier representation of the solution of the acoustic scattering problemin the bounded computational domain [1]. The analysis reveals that the DtN2 boundary conditionretains an excellent level of accuracy for all frequency regime and eccentricity values of the artiﬁcialboundaries. In addition, guidelines for avoiding excessive computational cost for practical applica-tions are provided evaluating the effect of the localisation of the artiﬁcial boundary on the accuracyof the approached solution.Keywords: Absorbingboundaryconditions,prolatespheroidalcoordinates,Dirichlet-to-Neumannoperator, acoustic scattering problems.References[1] J. J. B