Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis on Leg Bone Fracture Detection and Classification Using X-ray Images

Nowadays, computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system become popular because it improves the interpretation of the medical images compared to the early diagnosis of the various diseases for the doctors and the medical expert specialists. Similarly, bone fracture is a common problem due to pressure, accident and osteoporosis. Moreover, bone is rigid portion and supports the whole body. Therefore, the bone fracture is taken account of the important problem in recent year. Bone fracture detection using computer vision is getting more and more important in CAD system because it can help to reduce workload of the doctor by screening out the easy case. In this paper, lower leg bone (Tibia) fracture types recognition is developed using various image processing techniques. The purpose of this work is to detect fracture or non-fracture and classify type of fracture of the lower leg bone (tibia) in x-ray image. The tibia bone fracture detection system is developed with three main steps. They are preprocessing, feature extraction and classification to classify types of fracture and locate fracture locations. In preprocessing, Unshrap Masking (USM), which is the sharpening technique, is applied to enhance the image and highlight the edges in the image. The sharpened image is then processed by Harris corner detection algorithm to extract corner feature points for feature extraction. And then, two classification approaches are chosen to detect fracture or non-fracture and classify fracture types. For fracture or not classification, simple Decision Tree (DT) is employed and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) is used for classifying fracture types. In this work, Normal, Transverse, Oblique and Comminute are defined as the four fracture types. Moreover, fracture locations are pointed out by the produced Harris corner points. Finally, the outputs of the system are evaluated by two performance assessment methods. The first one is performance evaluation for fracture or non-fracture (normal) conditions using four possible outcomes such as TP, TN, FP and FN. The second one is to analysis for accuracy of each fracture type within error conditions using the Kappa assessment method. The programming software used to implement the system is MATLAB with wide range of image processing tools environment. The system produces 82% accuracy for classification fracture types.
The Convergence of a Class of Double-rank Minimization Algorithms 2. The New Algorithm

The Convergence of a Class of Double-rank Minimization Algorithms 2. The New Algorithm d where q and ql are uniquely determined orthonormal vectors. The parameter 1/ is . ntially arbitrary in that it depends upon p. It was suggested in Part 1 that a suitable ice for I] would be zero since if it were negative, or large and positive, the matrix KI hence HI might become needlessly badly conditioned. It was noted moreover that osing I] in this way gives rise to a new algorithm. the two algorithms in this class already published, that due to Davidon (1959) modified by Fletcher & Powell (1963) is obtained by putting P equal to zero and s shown in Part I that this led, in general, to negative values of 1]. We thus expect quence of matrices {HI} obtained by that algorithm to exhibit a tendency to arity and this tendency has been noted by, among others, Broyden (1967) and on (1969). In a more recent algorithm, due to Greenstadt (1967), if H is positive ite the values of 1] are even more negative than those occurring in the DFP ithm. One result of this is that for this algorithm the matrices H cannot, unlike for the DFP algorithm, be proved to be positive definite and this has serious tions when considering numerical stability. this paper we show theoretically that the new algorithm is stable and we prove is the only member of the class considered for which a certain matrix error is reduced strictly monotonically when minimizing quadratic functions. We the effect of rounding and of poor conditioning of H on the attainable accuracy solution and conclude by presenting the results of a numerical survey in he performance of the new algorithm for a variety of test problem is compared t of the DFP algorithm. C. G. BROYDEN Computing Centre, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex
Mixed Probabilistic and Nondeterministic Factored Planning through Markov Decision Processes with Set-Valued Transitions

This paper focuses on factored planning problems with probabilistic and nondeterministic elements. We ﬁrst show that problems expressed in the nondeterministic extensions of PPDDL used in the 5th planning competition, yield Markov Decision Processes with Set-Valued Transitions (MDPSTs). We present a generalization of the language that still yields MDPSTs, and examine the solution of these MDPSTs using real time dynamic programming.
Predicting Real-Time Safety of the National Airspace System

Situation awareness is necessary for operators to make informed decisions regarding avoidance of airspace hazards. To this end, each operator must consolidate operations-relevant information from disparate sources and apply extensive domain knowledge to correctly interpret the current state of the NAS as well as forecast its (combined) evolution over the duration of the NAS operation. This time-and workload-intensive process is periodically repeated throughout the operation so that changes can be managed in a timely manner. The imprecision, inaccuracy, inconsistency, and incompleteness of the incoming data further challenges the process. To facilitate informed decision making, this paper presents a model-based framework for the automated real-time monitoring and prediction of possible e ↵ ects of airspace hazards on the safety of the National Airspace System (NAS). First, hazards to ﬂight are identiﬁed and transformed into safety metrics, that is, quantities of interest that could be evaluated based on available data and are predictive of an unsafe event. The safety metrics and associated thresholds that specify when an event transitions from safe to unsafe are combined with models of airspace operations and aircraft dynamics. The framework can include any hazard to ﬂight that can be modeled quantitatively. Models can be detailed and complex, or they can be considerably simplifed, as appropriate to the application. Real-time NAS safety monitoring and prediction begins with an estimate of the state of the NAS using the dynamic models. Given the state estimate and a probability distribution of future inputs to the NAS, we can then predict the evolution of the NAS - the future state - and the occurrence of hazards and unsafe events. The entire probability distribution of airspace safety metrics is computed, not just point estimates, without signiﬁcant assumptions regarding the distribution type and/or parameters. We demonstrate our overall approach through a simulated scenario in which we predict the occurrence of some unsafe events and show how these predictions evolve in time as ﬂight operations progress. Predictions accounting for common sources of uncertainty are included and it is shown how the predictions improve in time, become more conﬁdent
A FAST AND DIRECT METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZING HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS

We describe a fast direct numerical simulation (DNS) method that promises to directly characterize the hydraulic resistance of any given rough surface, from the hydraulically smooth to the fully rough regime. The method circumvents the unfavorable computational cost associated with simulating high-Reynolds-number flows by employing minimal-span channels (Jiménez & Moin, 1991). Proofof-concept simulations, employing the parametric-forcing roughness model (Busse & Sandham, 2012), demonstrate that flows simulated in minimal-span channels are sufficient for capturing the downward velocity shift predicted by flows in full-span channels. Owing to the minimal cost, we are able to conduct parametric DNSs with increasing roughness Reynolds numbers while maintaining a fixed roughness height that is 40 times smaller than the half-channel height. When coupled to an unstructured-grid code, the present method promises a practical, fast and accurate tool for characterizing hydraulic resistance directly from profilometry data of rough surfaces.
Manufacturing process development of ATMPs within a regulatory framework for EU clinical trial & marketing authorisation applications

The quality attributes of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) that correlate with safety and efficacy in patients are determined not only by manufacturing process inputs such as starting and raw materials, but also by how the manufacturing process itself is designed and controlled. To ensure regulatory compliance, the manufacturing process should therefore be developed based on thorough characterization of the ATMP during all stages of process and analytical development; this ensures that the critical quality attributes that correlate with safety and efficacy are identified and that their specifications can be met during routine manufacturing. In the European Union, the regulatory approval of ATMPs for use in patients requires that data demonstrating their quality, safety and efficacy are submitted in dossiers to regulatory agencies for review. Indeed, such dossiers have a specific format that, in the case of quality data in particular, is informative for the manufacturing process development strategy. This manuscript describes how dossier requirements can be implemented into the design of industrialized ATMP manufacturing processes and fulfilled to enable effective regulatory submissions.
The Trace Criterion for Kernel Bandwidth Selection for Support Vector Data Description

Support vector data description (SVDD) is a popular anomaly detection technique. The SVDD classifier partitions the whole data space into an inlier region, which consists of the region near the training data, and an outlier region, which consists of points away from the training data. The computation of the SVDD classifier requires a kernel function, for which the Gaussian kernel is a common choice. The Gaussian kernel has a bandwidth parameter, and it is important to set the value of this parameter correctly for good results. A small bandwidth leads to overfitting such that the resulting SVDD classifier overestimates the number of anomalies, whereas a large bandwidth leads to underfitting and an inability to detect many anomalies. In this paper, we present a new unsupervised method for selecting the Gaussian kernel bandwidth. Our method exploits a low-rank representation of the kernel matrix to suggest a kernel bandwidth value. Our new technique is competitive with the current state of the art for low-dimensional data and performs extremely well for many classes of high-dimensional data. Because the mathematical formulation of SVDD is identical with the mathematical formulation of one-class support vector machines (OCSVM) when the Gaussian kernel is used, our method is equally applicable to Gaussian kernel bandwidth tuning for OCSVM.
Breeding Shrimp for Disease Resistance : Challenges and Opportunities for Improvement

After the 1992 Taura syndrome virus (TSV) epizootic in Ecuador, shrimp farmers in the Western Hemisphere began implementing a variety of strategies to mitigate crop loss from this pathogen, including selective breeding programs to develop TSV-resistant shrimp using between-family selection. Although TSV-resistant shrimp initially improved production and profitability for those farmers who were experiencing a TSV outbreak, genetically improved stocks were not a panacea for the broader disease problems plaguing the industry. In fact, breeding shrimp for resistance to a single viral pathogen, using current breeding strategies, may not be the most effective course of action for the long-term viability of the shrimp farming industry. There are a number of concerns associated with current breeding strategies. As in other organisms, there appears to be a trade-off between disease resistance and growth. In addition, disease-challenge tests typically used to estimate breeding values are based on a threshold character (dead or alive) and such tests are inefficient and low in statistical power. Also, there are concerns that performance in laboratory challenge tests may not be predictive of survival in commercial ponds. Importantly, there are growing concerns about viral mutations, whereby previously resistant shrimp strains may become susceptible to evolving viruses. To mitigate some of these concerns, we suggest that the current practice of selecting survivors of challenge tests (or the relatives of survivors) be replaced by selection based on an index which includes both survival and viral load. The selection objective would be to reduce the viral load in surviving shrimp, with viral strain or serotype being defined with whatever specificity that the situation requires. Viral load is both a cause and indicator of survival, so the practical result of the genetic improvement program would be a line of shrimp resistant to disease, just as it is now. This can be achieved more effectively when the selection objective is re-defined to include a continuous indicator variable (viral load), in addition to survival. In the future, we anticipate that more effective breeding strategies will emerge as we gain a better understanding about the genetic basis for disease resistance. Moss, S.M. and R.W. Doyle. 2005. Breeding shrimp for disease resistance: Challenges and opportunities for improvement. In P. Walker, R. Lester and M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (eds). Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V, pp. 379-393. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V
Benefits from living together? Clades whose species use similar habitats may persist due to eco-evolutionary feedbacks

Recent decades have seen a decline of entire plant clades while other clades persist despite changing environments. We suggest that one reason why some clades persist is that species within these clades use similar habitats, because such similarity may increase the degree of co-occurrence of species within clades. Traditionally co-occurrence among clade members has been suggested to be disadvantageous because of increased competition and enemy pressure. Here, we hypothesize that increased co-occurrence among clade members promotes mutualist exchange, niche expansion or hybridization, thereby helping species avoid population decline from environmental change. We review the literature and analyse published data for hundreds of plant clades (genera) within a well-studied region and find major differences in the degree to which species within clades occupy similar habitats. We tentatively show that in clades for which species occupy similar habitats, species tend to exhibit increased co-occurrence, mutualism, niche expansion, and hybridization – and rarely decline. Consistently, throughout the geological past, clades whose species occupied similar habitats often persisted through long time-spans. Overall, for many plant species, the occupation of similar habitats among fellow clade members apparently reduced their vulnerability to environmental change. Future research should identify when and how this previously unrecognized eco-evolutionary feedback operates.
Stability Study in Accelerated Conditions of Gentamicin-Glyceryl Monooleate-Water Based Gel Used in the Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis

This work evaluated under accelerated conditions the stability of the biodegradable gentamicin-glyceryl monooleate water based-gel used in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Three batches of 600.0 g of gentamicin -glyceryl monooleate -water based-gel (5/80/15% w/w) were manufactured. The samples were stored in a climatic test chamber for stability evaluation according to the standards published by the International Conference on Harmonisation and the World Health Oganization (25 ± 2°C / 60 ± 5%RH) for 6 months. Samples were evaluated at pre-determinate times 0, 3 and 6 months with regard to their physicochemical properties and In Vitro drug release characteristics. Gentamicin sulfate present in the freshly prepared gels was the same after three and six months of storage at 25°C / 60% RH. However the relative amount of gentamicin sulfate in the freshly prepared gel that was about 110% decreased by about 11% after six months of storage. The release profiles of the gels remained similar despite a partial hydrolysis of glyceryl monooleate and an increase in the residual amount of water and in the viscosity.
Healthy ageing reduces the precision of episodic memory retrieval

Episodic memory declines with older age, but it is unresolved whether this decline reflects reduced probability of successfully retrieving information from memory, or decreased precision of the retrieved information. Here, we used continuous measures of episodic memory retrieval in combination with computational modelling of participants’ retrieval errors to distinguish between these two potential accounts of age-related memory deficits. In three experiments, young and older participants encoded stimuli displays consisting of everyday objects varying along different perceptual features (e.g., location, colour and orientation) in a circular space. At test, participants recreated the features of studied objects using a continuous response dial. Across all three experiments, we observed age-related declines in the precision of episodic memory retrieval, whereas age differences in retrieval success were limited to the most challenging task condition. Reductions in mnemonic precision were evident for retrieval of both item-based and contextual information, and persisted after controlling for age-related decreases in the fidelity of perception and working memory. The findings highlight impoverished precision of memory representations as one factor contributing to age-related episodic memory loss, and suggest that the cognitive and neural changes associated with older age can differentially affect distinct aspects of episodic retrieval.
Sentence Alignment of a Japanese-Italian Parallel Corpus . Towards a web-based Interface

The Church and Gale method is mainly based on three assumptions. (1) It is reasonable to predict the length of a target text from the length of the source text, namely the relationship between aligned sentences is more or less constant. More formally we could say that the lengths of the source and target sentences are related. For Japanese and Italian we have found a ratio≈3: if the Japanese sentence is made of 25 characters, it is reasonable to assume that the length of the Italian sentence is about 75 characters. (2) If we accept to bet 100 yen on an Italian sentence of 75 characters against a Japanese sentence of 25 characters, how much are we willing to bet on 150 Italian characters against 50 Japanese characters? According to Church and Gale we should bet something less than the previous 100 yen. More formally we can say that deviations from the mean value increase with the length of the sentence under examination. (3) The third hypothesis is that if we would bet in a “scientific” other than “prudent” way, we could base our decisions on a Gaussian distribution hypothesis. Therefore, if we know the mean ratio (≈3) and also an average deviation of the lengths of the Italian sentences aligned to Japanese sentences of 50 and 75 characters, could adjust ad hoc his bets. Although Church and Gale claim the method is fairly language-independent, it was originally developed to process texts in European languages. Therefore, we deemed it necessary to fit the parameters (mean, variance and distance) with Japanese-Italian specific values. To estimate the parameters we have processed the PEI corpus [9], a parallel dataset spanning 7000 semi-automatically aligned and human checked Japanese-Italian pairs. The dataset is made of texts belonging to three domains: parliamentary proceeding (2000 sentences), news articles (2000 sentences) and literary works (3000 sentences). The news data consists of 2000 Japanese sentences from the Yomiuri Shinbun translated into Italian. The translations are quite literal and one Japanese sentence always corresponds only to one Italian sentence. The parliamentary
Assessing bundles of ecosystem services from regional to landscape scale: insights from the French Alps

Summary 1. Assessments of ecosystem services (ES) and biodiversity (hereafter ecological parameters) provide a comprehensive view of the links between landscapes, ecosystem functioning and human well-being. The investigation of consistent associations between ecological parameters, called bundles, and of their links to landscape composition and structure is essential to inform management and policy, yet it is still in its infancy. 2. We mapped over the French Alps an unprecedented array of 18 ecological parameters (16 ES and two biodiversity parameters) and explored their co-occurrence patterns underpinning the supply of multiple ecosystem services in landscapes. We followed a three-step analytical framework to i) detect the ES and biodiversity associations relevant at regional scale, ii) identify the clusters supplying consistent bundles of ES at subregional scale and iii) explore the links between landscape heterogeneity and ecological parameter associations at landscape scale. 3. We used successive correlation coefficients, overlap values and self-organizing maps to characterize ecological bundles specific to given land cover types and geographical areas of varying biophysical characteristics and human uses at nested scales from regional to local. 4. The joint analysis of land cover richness and ES gamma diversity demonstrated that local landscape heterogeneity alone did not imply compatibility across multiple ecosystem services, as some homogeneous landscape could supply multiple ecosystem services. 5. Synthesis and applications. Bundles of ecosystem services and biodiversity parameters are shaped by the joint effects of biophysical characteristics and of human history. Due to spatial congruence and to underlying functional interdependencies, ecological parameters should be managed as bundles even when management targets specific objectives. Moreover, depending on the abiotic context, the supply of multiple ecosystem services can arise either from deliberate management in homogeneous landscapes or from spatial heterogeneity.
EARLY CAREER SCHOLARS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2019 Pronounced grain boundary network evolution in nanocrystalline Cu subjected to large cyclic strains

The grain boundary network of nanocrystalline Cu foils was modified by the application of cyclic loadings and elevated temperatures. Broadly, the changes to the boundary network were directly correlated with the applied temperature and accumulated strain, including a 300% increase in the twin length fraction. By independently varying each treatment variable, a matrix of grain boundary statistics was built to check the plausibility of hypothesized mechanisms against their expected temperature and stress/strain dependences. These comparisons allow the field of candidate mechanisms to be significantly narrowed. Most importantly, the effects of temperature and strain on twin length fraction were found to be strongly synergistic, with the combined effect being ;150% that of the summed individual contributions. Looking beyond scalar metrics, an analysis of the grain boundary network showed that twin related domain formation favored larger sizes and repeated twin variant selection over the creation of many small domains with diverse variants.