Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
cryptochrome genes mediate photoperiodic responses in the cricket Modicogryllus siamensis

Diapause is a strategy used by many insects living in temperate zones to survive the winter. The most reliable environmental cue to induce diapause is photoperiod, for which day or night length is measured by a mechanism called the photoperiodic clock. Despite several studies in insects, the photoperiodic mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we show that cryptochromes (crys) mediate photoperiodic responses in the cricket Modicogryllus siamensis. Nymphal development of M. siamensis is highly dependent on photoperiod: under long‐day conditions, most nymphs become adults within 60 days after hatching by undergoing seven moults, whereas, under short‐day conditions, they take much longer (approximately 180 days), with an increased number of moults. Similar to most insects, the cricket has two cry genes: the Drosophila type cry (Ms'cry1) and the mammalian type cry (Ms'cry2). Ms'cry1 shows some constitutive expression, whereas Ms'cry2 is rhythmically expressed under both long‐day and short‐day conditions. Parental RNA interference against either or both of the two cry genes partially prevents the long‐day responses, whereas inhibition of Ms'cry1 or Ms'cry1/Ms'cry2 enhances the short‐day response with a further delay of adult emergence or its complete prevention, respectively. Nymphal RNA interference of Ms'crys at the fourth‐instar stage delays adult emergence and increases the number of moults under long‐day conditions. We hypothesize that Ms'cry genes are involved not only in the photoperiodic mechanism, but also in the regulatory mechanism of nymphal development downstream of the photoperiodic clock in the cricket M. siamensis.
A dynamic load balancing method of cloud-center based on SDN

In order to achieve dynamic load balancing based on data flow level, in this paper, we apply SDN technology to the cloud data center, and propose a dynamic load balancing method of cloud center based on SDN. The approach of using the SDN technology in the current task scheduling flexibility, accomplish real-time monitoring of the service node flow and load condition by the OpenFlow protocol. When the load of system is imbalanced, the controller can allocate globally network resources. What's more, by using dynamic correction, the load of the system is not obvious tilt in the long run. The results of simulation show that this approach can realize and ensure that the load will not tilt over a long period of time, and improve the system throughput.
Water-insoluble drug formulation

Introduction, R. Liu Solubility Theories, S.H. Neau Prediction of Solubility, Y. Chen, X. Oi, and R. Liu Preformulation Aspects of Insoluble Compounds, W.Q. Tong and H. Zhou Water-Insoluble Drugs and their Pharmacokinetic Behaviors, H. Zhou Regulatory Aspects of Dissolution for Low Solubility Drug Products, P. Sathe, R.A. Lionberger, and LX. Yu Formulation Strategies and Practice Used for Drug Candidates with Water-Insoluble Properties for Toxicology, Biology, and Pharmacology Studies in Discovery Support, L. -F. Huang and J. Dong Applications of Complexation in the Formulation of Insoluble Compounds, W. -Q. Tong and H. Wen Solubilization Using CoSolvent Approach, J.S. Trivedi Emulsions, Microemulsions, and Lipid-based Drug Delivery Systems for Drug Solubilization and Delivery, Part I: Parenteral Applications, J.B. Cannon, Y. Shi, and P. Gupta Emulsions, Microemulsions, and Lipid-based Drug Delivery Systems for Drug Solubilization and Delivery, Part II: Oral Applications, J.B. Cannon and M.A. Long Micellization and Drug Solubility Enhancement, R. Liu and R. -M. Dannenfelser, and S. Li Micellization and Drug Solubility Enhancement Part II: Polymeric Micelles, R. Liu, M.L. Forrest, and G.S. Kwon Liposomes in Solubilization, R. Liu, J.B. Cannon, and Y.S. Paspal Pharmaceutical Salts, S.H. Neau Prodrugs for Improved Aqueous Solubility, S.H. Neau Particle Size Reduction, R.W. Lee, J.M. Shaw, J. McShane, R.W. Wood, and D.B. Shenoy Development of Solid Dispersions for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs, M. Vasanthavada, W. -Q. Tong, and A. Serajuddin Alternation of the Solid State of the Drug Substances: Polymorphs, Solvates, and Amorphous Forms, P. Myrdal and M.J. Jozwiakowski Pharmaceutical Powder Technology - Building the Pyramid of Knowledge and the Challenge of FDA's PAT Initiative, H. Leuenberger and G. Betz Soft Gelatin Capsules Development, E. Tabibi and S.L. Gupta Oral Modified-Release Drug Delivery for Water-Insoluble Drugs, S. Li, N. Wang, and R. Liu Scalable Manufacturing of Water-Insoluble Drug Products, N. Pathak and R. Huang Drug Products, N. Pathak and R. Huang
Intermediate ecosystem services: the origin and meanings behind an unsettled concept

ABSTRACT Some ecosystem services (ES) bestow society with obvious tangible benefits such as nourishment from food and water (i.e. final ES), whereas other ES benefit society through complex pathways such as maintaining the resilience of ecosystems and the final ES they provide (i.e. intermediate ES). However, the term ‘intermediate ES’ has remained loosely defined and some authors are now questioning the term’s applicability. To uncover the meaning and origin of the intermediate ES term, we reviewed the literature from 2000 to 2016. We found that the term originated in economics (early 2000s), shifted into ecology in the late 2000s, and its use has grown since. Intermediate ES have been commonly defined as indirect benefits, less commonly as types of ecological components, and occasionally as supporting and regulating ES. We explore these analogies, provide a timeline of the term’s use, and discuss pros and cons of the terminology. We recommend that intermediate ES should be defined in specific (often local) contexts considering social factors such as demand for ES and if the service is a key step along an identifiable pathway toward final ES delivery – considerations we illustrate using coastal temperate forests as a case study. EDITED BY Matthias Schröter
Genetics of fescue toxicity in Angus cattle: Identification of differentially expressed genes in tolerant and susceptible Angus cows^.

Fescue toxicosis (FT) is the multifaceted syndrome that caused the major loss of revenue in beef industry. The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes due to difference tolerance level to FT in Angus cows. Forty pregnant purebred Angus cows were selected based on their growth at two locations (high and moderate levels of toxic fescue), and classified as either high tolerant (HT) or low tolerant (LT) to FT with 20 cows in each group balanced by location. Blood samples were collected on weeks 1,5,9, and 13 for RNA sequencing. Normalized gene counts were analysed with a negative binomial model. Genotype-by-environment interaction was evident in the study. There were more DE genes (P < 0.01) between HT and LT animals at one location (high toxic levels; 550) than the other (moderate; 83). At greater toxic level, DE genes were enriched for relevant functions such as cardiac, protein metabolism, stress response, and other metabolic-related functions, supporting that FT has implications on vasoconstriction, immune response, and digestive capacity in cattle. Altogether, the study of blood transcriptomic for FT in beef cattle may be used to identify candidate genes to improve response to FT.
The ecology of sexual conflict: behaviorally plastic responses to temperature variation in the social environment can drastically modulate male harm to females

Sexual conflict is a fundamental driver of male/female adaptations, an engine of biodiversity, and a crucial determinant of population viability. For example, sexual conflict frequently leads to behavioural adaptations that allow males to displace their rivals, but in doing so harm those same females they are competing to access. Sexual conflict via male harm hence not only deviates females from their fitness optimum, but can decrease population viability and facilitate extinction. Despite this prominent role, we are far from understanding what factors modulate the intensity of sexual conflict, and particularly the role of ecology in mediating underlying behavioural adaptations. In this study we show that, in Drosophila melanogaster, variations in environmental temperature of ±4C (within the natural range in the wild) decrease male harm impact on female fitness by between 45–73%. Rate-sensitive fitness estimates indicate that such modulation results in an average rescue of population productivity of 7% at colder temperatures and 23% at hotter temperatures. Our results: a) show that the thermal ecology of social interactions can drastically modulate male harm via behaviourally plasticity, b) identify a potentially crucial ecological factor to understand how sexual conflict operates in nature, and c) suggest that behaviourally plastic responses can lessen the negative effect of sexual conflict on population viability in the face of rapid environmental temperature changes.
Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics

1. The empirical framework of chemical kinetics. 2. The experimental study of reaction kinetics. 3. Reaction mechanism and reaction order. 4. Theories of bimolecular reaction. 5. The interpretation of bimolecular reactions in solution. 6. Unimolecular gas phase reactions. 7. Chain reactions. 8. Heterogeneous catalysis. 9. Homogeneous catalysis. 10. Relaxation and other advanced techniques. 11. Photochemistry and radiation chemistry. 12. Reaction dynamics. Appendices. Answers to problems. Index.
Nanoparticles and catalysis

Transition-metal Nanoparticles in Catalysis: From Historical Background to the State of the Art Surfactant-stabilized Nanoparticles as Catalyst Precursors - Scientific Basis, Recent Developments and an Outlook Nanoparticle-catalysts Based on Nanostructured Polymers PAMAM-dendrimer Templated Catalysts Aerogel-supported Nanoparticles in Catalysis Transition-metal Catalysis in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Carbon and Silicon Nanotubes-containing Catalysis Size-selective Synthesis of Nanostructured Metal- and Metal-oxide Colloids and their Use as Catalysts Multimetallic Nanoparticles Prepared by Redox Processes Applied in Catalysis The Role of Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Carbon-carbon Coupling Reactions Rhodium and Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Catalysis Supported Gold Nanoparticle as Oxidation Catalysts Gold Nanoparticle Catalyzed Oxidation in Organic Chemistry AuNP-catalyzed Propene Epoxidation by Dioxygen and Dihydrogen Gold Nanoparticles: Recent Advances in CO Oxidation NO Heterogeneous Catalysis Viewed from the Angle of Nanoparticles Hydrocarbon Catalytic Reactivity of Supported Nanometallic Particles Surface Organometallic Chemistry on Metallic NPs: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Catalysis
Farmers synergistic selection criteria and practices for livelihood security through the sustainable uses of on-farm Sorghum landrace diversity, Ethiopia

The relationships among the multiple criteria that farmers in this study area, the north Shewa and south Wollo regions of Ethiopia, use to select which sorghum landraces to grow were examined in order to assess the extent of synergistic relatedness among them as they fulfilled their roles in meeting the farmers’ goals. Surveys were conducted on 300 randomly selected farmers’ fields during the 2011/2012 cropping season. In each field, the farmers identified the sorghum landraces encountered at 5m intervals along transect lines, spaced 10 m apart; they were also asked to specify the reasons (selection criteria) for growing each landrace. Pearson correlation, t-Tests and Linear Regression analyses were conducted on the twelve most common selection criteria identified. These statistical analyses demonstrated that the individual selection criteria exhibited various degrees of independent functionality while also exhibiting various and significant magnitudes of relatedness (Biomass and Market – r=0.72, R2 =0.52, P<0.00001; Grain Yield and Market- r=0.73, R2 =0.54, P<0.00001; and Biomass and Grain Yield- r=0.79, R2 =0.63, P<0.00001). These results indicate that the farmers’ selection criteria reflect farmers’ needs, knowledge and practices; and also that the heterogeneous adaptive responses of both the genetic resources and the agroclimatic conditions provide for livelihood and environmental benefits. These correlations among the selection criteria will have value when designing and redesigning participatory varietal selection and breeding practices for future development of crop varieties with the adaptive capacities to respond to biophysical variations and sociocultural preferences. It is thus crucial to appropriately recognize and to incorporate the continuing roles of these traditional farmers and their selection criteria in crop enhancement programmes and policies for food and livelihood security. Key words: Adaptive capacity, agroclimatic variations, diversity, Ethiopia, farmers’ selection criteria, livelihoods, sorghum bicolor landraces, synergism.
Transition Metals in Total Synthesis

Partial Table of Contents: (1)-N-Acetyl Clavicipitic Acid Methyl Ester and (1)-Aurantioclavine (1)-Ibogamine and (1)-Catharanthine (1)-Limaspermine (1)-Thienamycin The Tropane Alkaloids: I-Hyoscyamine and Atropine (1)-Estrone (1)-Cyclocolorenone (1)-Hirsutic Acid, C, (1)-Quadrone and (1)-Coriolin Benzoquinones and Naphthaquinones (1)-Acorenone and (1)-Acorenone B. (1)-Daunomycinone and (1)-Adriamycinone Prostaglandins, 5-(E) Analogs: (1)-5-(E)-PGF2x Index.
Analyzing the Mass-Rearing System of the California Red Scale Parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Abstract Results from studies to improve mass rearing production of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus De Bach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are presented. Parasitoid production was carried out following standard commercial procedures using an alternative host, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), infesting Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) (Cucurbitaceae), butternut squash. We found that the initial number of A. melinus adults introduced into rearing cages to start production and the scale/parasitoid ratio in those cages profoundly influenced future parasitoid production. We also observed that scale parasitism was positively correlated with the production of parasitoid adults, but this relationship was negatively correlated if > 2.6 parasitoids per d, per cm2, were used in the cages to start parasitism. Supplemental honey (provided on the squash surface) had no clear impact on parasitoid production or survival, but improved host parasitism. Approximately 47% of the host scale population on squash was parasitized, with another 43.1% of the population recorded as dead. We found that ≤ 10 host scales per cm2 on squash was an adequate density for mass production purposes.
YAP Activity Is Necessary and Sufficient for Basal Progenitor Abundance and Proliferation in the Developing Neocortex

The expansion of the neocortex during mammalian evolution has been linked to an enlargement of the subventricular zone during cortical development and an increase in the proliferation of the basal progenitors residing therein. Here, we explored a potential role of YAP, the major downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, in proliferation of basal progenitors. We show that YAP expression and activity are high in ferret and human basal progenitors, which are known to exhibit high proliferative capacity, but low in mouse basal progenitors, which lack such capacity. To induce YAP activity in mouse basal progenitors, we expressed a constitutively active YAP (CA-YAP). This resulted in an increase in proliferation of basal progenitor. In addition, CA-YAP expressing mouse basal progenitors promoted the production of upper-layer neurons. To investigate if YAP is required for the proliferation of basal progenitors, we pharmacologically interfered with the function of YAP in the developing ferret and human neocortex. This resulted in a decrease of cycling basal progenitors. In concert, genetical interference with the function of YAP in ferret developing neocortex resulted in decreased abundance of basal progenitors. Together, our data indicate that YAP promotes the proliferation of basal progenitors and suggest that changes in YAP activity levels contributed to the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
Oligonucleotide synthesis : a practical approach

An introduction to modern methods of DNA synthesis / Michael J. Gait -- Preparation of protected deoxyribonucleotides / Roger A. Jones -- Solid phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by the phosphite-triester method / Tom Atkinson and Michael Smith -- Solid-phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by the phosphotriester method / Brian S. Sproat and Michael J. Gait -- Chromatographic purification of synthetic oligonucleotides / Larry W. McLaughlin and Norbert Piel -- Purification and sequence analysis of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Ray Wu . [et al.] -- Chemical synthesis of small oligoribonucleotides in solution / Jacques H. van Boom and Carl T.J. Wreesman -- Enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides / Dorothy Beckett and Olke C. Ohlenbeck.
Hummingbird Diversity and Assemblage Composition in a Disturbed Tropical Dry Forest of Guatemala

Central American dry forest has experienced high rates of deforestation and intense human-induced disturbance. As a consequence, the remaining forests exist almost entirely as small, degraded, and isolated fragments. Until now, the effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the diversity of Central American tropical dry forest is largely unexplored, making it difficult to understand the consequences for plant and animal communities and the provision of ecological services. Here, we address the impact of small-scale anthropogenic disturbance on local richness and abundance of hummingbirds in a dry forest of Guatemala. To do this, we established 15 point counts on nine transects located within patches of dry forest with different levels of human-induced disturbance. Visits to each site were done twice during the dry season and twice during the rainy season. We found differences in overall number of hummingbird registered between the dry and the wet seasons; we registered higher number of hummingbirds at the end of the wet season and beginning of the dry season, when the availability of flowers was higher. These data suggest that seasonal resource variation could be an important factor influencing the variation in the number of hummingbird present at our study area. Our results also showed resilience of hummingbirds to different levels of disturbance probably related to the generalist behavior of the dominant resident species and the availability of food resources for hummingbirds at different levels of disturbance.
MiR-146a-dependent regulation of CD24/AKT/β-catenin axis drives stem cell phenotype in oral cancer

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to potentiate tumor initiation and maintenance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Increasing evidences suggest that CD44highCD24low population in OSCC exhibit CSC-like characteristics. The role of mi-RNAs in maintenance of oral CSCs has remained unclear. Here we report that CD44highCD24low population within OSCC cell lines and primary HNSCC tumors have an elevated expression of miR-146a. Moreover, over-expression of miR-146a results in enhanced stemness phenotype by augmenting CD44highCD24low population. We demonstrate that miR-146a induces CSC property by stabilizing β-catenin with concomitant loss of E-cadherin and CD24. Interestingly, CD24 has been identified as a novel functional target of miR-146a and ectopic expression of CD24 abrogates miR-146a driven potential CSC phenotype. Mechanistic analysis reveals that higher CD24 levels inhibit AKT phosphorylation leading to β-catenin degradation in non-CSCs. We also validate that the miR-146a/CD24/AKT loop significantly alters tumorigenic ability in vivo. Furthermore, we confirmed that β-catenin trans-activates miR-146a, thereby forming a positive feedback loop contributing to stem cell maintenance. Collectively, our study demonstrates that miR-146a regulates CSC-driven properties in OSCC through CD24-AKT-β-catenin axis.
A Bilayered Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Scaffold Provides Differential Cues for the Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells.

IMPACT STATEMENT In this article we used an FDA-approved biodegradable biomaterial, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA 75:25) to generate a bilayered scaffold with the capacity to induce differential, layer-specific dentinogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro. We surmise that such a scaffold can be used in conjunction with current regenerative endodontic procedures to help regenerating a physiologic dentin-pulp complex in vivo. We hypothesize that our scaffold in conjunction with DPSCs will advance current regenerative endodontics by restoring dentin and initiating the innervation and revascularization of the pulp.
Modelado de la distribución potencial de especies y el uso del análisis de componentes principales como variables predictoras

Prior to modeling the potential distribution of a species it is recommended to carry out analyses to reduceerrors in the model, especially those caused by the spatial autocorrelation of presence data or the multi-collinearity ofthe environmental predictors used. This paper proposes statistical methods to solve drawbacks frequently disregardedwhen such models are built. We use spatial records of 3 species characteristic of the Mexican humid mountain forestand 2 sets of original variables. The selection of presence-only records with no autocorrelation was made by applyingboth randomness and pattern analyses. Through principal component analysis (PCA) the 2 sets of original variableswere transformed into 4 different sets to produce the species distribution models with the modeling application inMaxent. Model precision was higher than 90% applying a binomial test and was always higher than 0.9 with the areaunder the curve (AUC) and with the partial receiver operating characteristic (ROC). The results show that the recordsselected with the randomness method proposed here and the use of the PCA to select the environmental predictorsgenerated more parsimonious predictive models, with a precision higher than 95%, and in addition, the responsevariables show no spatial autocorrelation.
Un nouveau piège à ions circulaire pour la spectrométrie de masse et la structure nucléaire

La determination de la masse nucleaire permet d'acceder a l'energie de liaison donc au bilan de toutes les forces agissant dans le noyau. L'exploration de la structure nucleaire requiert la mesure des masses loin de la stabilite. Neanmoins la production des ions radioactifs est peu selective et l'ion d'interet est souvent noye dans un fond de contaminants isobariques. Ces dernieres annees, l'utilisation des pieges a ions lineaires et du refroidissement par gaz tampon a ete fortement developpee permettant la mesure de masse des noyaux exotiques avec une grande precision. Cette these porte sur le developpement innovant d'un piege de Paul circulaire, "le cirque d'ions". Sa geometrie lui permet de confiner les ions sur un grand nombre de tours. Ainsi, ils peuvent etre refroidis avec une pression de gaz tampon de l'ordre de 10-4 mbar. Par ailleurs, il est capable de trier en masse les ions pieges et refroidis avec un pouvoir de resolution suffisant pour separer des isobares. Nous avons realise et teste le premier prototype de ce spectrometre a Orsay. Cette these etudie egalement les predictions des masses par les differents modeles theoriques, en les comparant avec l'approche microscopique HFB-17. Actuellement, la masse des noyaux tres exotiques peut seulement etre predite. L'etude de l'energie de separation de deux neutrons avec HFB-17 met en evidence des zones d'instabilite numerique. Afin de l'ameliorer, nous avons apporte une correction aux energies de deformation calculees par ce modele, en utilisant comme reference les masses des chaines isotopiques 143-146Xe et 223-229Rn que nous avons mesurees avec le spectrometre ISOLTRAP au CERN.