Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biliary excretion of foreign compounds. Biphenyl, stilboestrol and phenolphthalein in the rat: molecular weight, polarity and metabolism as factors in biliary excretion.

1. The extent of biliary excretion of biphenyl, tetralin, stilboestrol and phenolphthalein was studied in the rat. 2. Biphenyl and its 4-hydroxy and 4,4'-dihydroxy derivatives are extensively excreted in the bile as glucuronides in amounts increasing in order of molecular weight. 3. Stilboestrol and its glucuronide are excreted almost quantitatively in the bile mainly as the monoglucuronide, as are also phenolphthalein and its glucuronide. 4. Tetralin is excreted to the extent of about 13% of the dose, mainly as ac-tetralyl glucuronides. 5. The results and those of Abou-El-Makarem, Millburn, Smith & Williams (1967) are discussed and it is concluded that the extent of biliary excretion of foreign compounds in rats depends on their molecular weight and their possessing a strongly polar anionic group. There appears to be a minimum value of this molecular weight below which little biliary excretion (i.e. not more than 5-10% of the dose) occurs. There is some latitude in the choice of this molecular weight, which is about 325+/-50. The necessary molecular weight and polar group can be acquired by metabolism. Above this minimum value biliary excretion increases with molecular weight. It is suggested that the mechanism of the biliary excretion of foreign compounds may be similar to that of conjugated bile acids, which are highly polar and whose molecular weights exceed 400.
Intact “biological motion” and “structure from motion” perception in a patient with impaired motion mechanisms: A case study

Abstact A series of psychophysical tests examining early and later aspects of image-motion processing were conducted in a patient with bilateral lesions involving the posterior visual pathways, affecting the lateral parietal-temporal-occipital cortex and the underlying white matter (as shown by magnetic resonance imaging studies and confirmed by neuro-ophthalmological and neuropsychological examinations). Visual acuity, form discrimination, color, and contrast-sensitivity discrimination were normal whereas spatial localization, line bisection, depth, and binocular stereopsis were severely impaired. Performance on early motion tasks was very poor. These include seeing coherent motion in random noise (Newsome & Paré, 1988), speed discrimination, and seeing two-dimensional form from relative speed of motion. However, on higher-order motion tasks the patient was able to identify actions from the evolving pattern of dots placed at the joints of a human actor (Johansson, 1973) as well as discriminating three-dimensional structure of a cylinder from motion in a dynamic random-dot field. The pattern of these results is at odds with the hypothesis that precise metrical comparison of early motion measurements is necessary for higher-order “structure from motion” tasks.
The future of imaging in cardiovascular disease intervention trials: 2017 and beyond

Purpose of review As our understanding of cardiovascular disease has advanced over the past decades, multiple novel treatment strategies have been developed with the hope of reducing the global morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Large-scale trials to test such novel therapies using clinical end points are expensive, leading to interest in phase II clinical trials with imaging-derived outcome measures. Recent findings Noninvasive imaging techniques that assess changes in both atherosclerotic disease burden and plaque composition in response to therapy are well established. With the advent of molecular techniques and hybrid imaging, we now have the ability to assess disease activity alongside these standard anatomic assessments. This multifaceted approach has the potential to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the actions and efficacy of novel therapies in the carotids, aorta and coronary arteries. Summary This review will examine how advanced noninvasive imaging strategies have been used to investigate drug efficacy in intervention trials to date, and crucially how these approaches are set to evolve and play a central role in developing the next generation of atherosclerotic medication.
Leafless euphorbia on Rajasthan rock.

Summary Studies of attached and detached leaves of Euphorbia caducifolia, the latter collected from morphologically different plants, suggested that this species exhibited typical crassulacean features of acid metabolism. Fluctuations in acidity were found to be due mostly to the appearance and disappearance of malic acid in dark and light respectively. Deacidification also took place when leaves were kept in dark for a longer period. The TAN showed a fall when the leaves aged and were about to fall. A remarkable feature found in this species was the high percentage of total acids which ranged up to 8240 mg/100 g fresh weight of leaves, together with great differences in the constituents analysed. This suggests that morphological diversity is correlated with physiological diversity.
Assessing the Efficiency of the Diabetic Heart at Subcellular, Tissue and Organ Level

In this review, we focus on the diabetic heart rather than the vascular complications of diabetes. Focus is further narrowed to a specific, but widely used, animal model: the diabetic rat heart in which diabetes has been induced by a single injection of streptozotocin. Our experimental approach is primarily biophysical and ranges from measurements made in isolated working whole-hearts, to those made from isolated left-ventricular tissues and mitochondria. Our interest is on the effect of severe diabetes on cardiac energetics, in terms of efficiency of cardiac work performance, ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption. By designing experiments to test the energetic performance of the heart and its trabeculae across a wide range of protocols, we have revealed the dependence of efficiency on afterload. This has allowed us to clarify a long-standing uncertainty in the literature; whereas the diabetic heart is unable to work against high afterloads, it nevertheless retains normal peak efficiency. But a further anomaly has been revealed. Whereas there is no evidence that the diabetic myocardium loses peak mechanical efficiency, its mitochondria demonstrate a decreased P:O ratio - i.e., a decreased bioenergetic efficiency. This decrease is consistent with an increase in the rate of production of reactive oxygen species, together with elevated proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane at near maximal phosphorylating respiration states.
Elevated levels of the polyadenylation factor CstF 64 enhance formation of the 1kB Testis brain RNA‐binding protein (TB‐RBP) mRNA in male germ cells

The single copy mouse Testis Brain RNA‐Binding Protein (TB‐RBP) gene encodes three mRNAs of 3.0, 1.7, and 1.0 kb which only differ in their 3′ UTRs. The 1 kb TB‐RBP mRNA predominates in testis, while somatic cells preferentially express the 3.0 kb TB‐RBP mRNA. Here we show that the 1 kb mRNA is translated several‐fold more efficiently than the 3 kb TB‐RBP in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and cells with elevated levels of the 1 kB TB‐RBP mRNA express high levels of TB‐RBP. To determine if the cleavage stimulatory factor CstF 64 can modulate the alternative splicing of the TB‐RBP pre‐mRNA and therefore TB‐RBP expression, CstF 64 levels and binding to alternative polyadenylation sites were examined. CstF 64 is abundant in the testis and preferentially binds to a distal site in the TB‐RBP pre‐mRNA that produces the 3 kb TB‐RBP. Moreover, upregulation or overexpression of CstF 64 increases the poly(A) site selection for the 1 kb TB‐RBP mRNA. We propose that the level of the polyadenylation factor CstF 64 modulates the level of TB‐RBP synthesis in male germ cells by an alternative processing of the TB‐RBP pre‐mRNA. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 58:460–469, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Species identification and evolutionary inference of the genera Megalobrama and Parabramis (Cyprinidae: Cultrinae) in China

Abstract The species boundaries and evolutionary relationships of two closely related genera, Megalobrama and Parabramis, were inferred from the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene and their concatenated segment. Phylogenetic reconstructions showed that among the three breams, Megalobrama amblycephala and Megalobrama skolkovii are more closely related to each other than either is to Megalobrama terminalis. The taxonomy of M. pellegrini should be reconsidered. The divergence time estimation based on the assumption of a global molecular clock indicated that speciation and dispersal of the two genera might have occurred at approximately Pliocene to Late Pleistocene, due to major paleo-environmental events associated with monsoon evolution and the formation of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.
THEORETICAL APPROACH TO DISTILLATION OF PEDAGOGICAL PATTERNS FROM PRACTICE TO ENABLE TRANSFER AND REUSE OF GOOD TEACHING

The promise of the learning design pattern approach to resolve the problem of adequate support to practitioners has not materialised. Our contention is that this is due in part to the lack of a pedagogically grounded model. We have made use of the Conversational Framework (Laurillard, 2002) to guide us in an analytical scoping of the problem space and to ensure a strong focus on the pedagogical properties of a learning design. Our assumption is that successful support for the learning design process can only be based on a model that gives prominence to the critical pedagogical properties of a Learning Design.
Stress reactions and coping strategies among Bedouin Arab adolescents exposed to demolition of houses.

The aim of this study was to examine emotional reactions and coping strategies of Bedouin adolescents against the backdrop of house demolitions in the unrecognized Bedouin villages in the Negev, Israel. We compared two groups of adolescents living in unrecognized Bedouin villages, teenagers whose houses had been destroyed (acute + chronic group) and their counterparts whose houses had not been destroyed (chronic group). Data were gathered during October to December 2010 from 465 Bedouin adolescents aged 13-18 years. Adolescents filled out self-report questionnaires, which included demographics, objective and subjective exposure to house demolition, state anxiety, state anger, psychological distress and Adolescent Coping Scale. Results show differences between the two groups in stress reactions as well as in objective exposure to house demolition with the acute + chronic group reporting more stress and more exposure. In addition, different variables explained stress reactions in the different groups. Whereas in the acute + chronic group, objective and subjective exposure were the most significant variables, in the chronic group, the coping strategies explained stress with more variance. Results are discussed in terms of differentiating between types of stress, chronic versus acute + chronic and in relation to the interactionist model of coping with stress.
Towards a Semantic-Based Approach for Affect and Metaphor Detection

Affect detection from open-ended virtual improvisational contexts is a challenging task. To achieve this research goal, the authors developed an intelligent agent which was able to engage in virtual improvisation and perform sentence-level affect detection from user inputs. This affect detection development was efficient for the improvisational inputs with strong emotional indicators. However, it can also be fooled by the diversity of emotional expressions such as expressions with weak or no affect indicators or metaphorical affective inputs. Moreover, since the improvisation often involves multi-party conversations with several threads of discussions happening simultaneously, the previous development was unable to identify the different discussion contexts and the most intended audiences to inform affect detection. Therefore, in this paper, the authors employ latent semantic analysis to find the underlying semantic structures of the emotional expressions and identify topic themes and target audiences especially for those inputs without strong affect indicators to improve affect detection performance. They also discuss how such semantic interpretation of dialog contexts is used to identify metaphorical phenomena. Initial exploration on affect detection from gestures is also discussed to interpret users' experience of using the system and provide an extra channel to detect affect embedded in the virtual improvisation. Their work contributes to the journal themes on affect sensing from text, semantic-based dialogue processing and emotional gesture recognition.
Diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Special Reference to Over- and Underdiagnosis Using Spirometry

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is increasingly recognized as a major public health problem. In the western world it is the 4th -5th most common cause of death and the only one that is rising among the top ten causes (Murray & Lopez, 1997). The disease is estimated to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020 (Chapman et al., 2006). However, depending on the criteria used and the population studied, the estimated prevalence rates may vary. Historically, COPD has been defined symptomatically as chronic bronchitis, anatomically as emphysema. The current definition is physiologically based on airway obstruction as measured by a spirometer.
Factors Related to the Satisfaction of Car Consumers

The objective of this research was to study the factors related to the satisfaction of consumers who purchased a Toyota SUV Fortuner. This paper was a survey data which collected 400 samples from 65 car dealerships. The survey was conducted mainly in Bangkok, Thailand. The statistics utilized in this paper included percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson Product-Moment. The findings revealed that the majority of respondent were male with an undergraduate degree, married and live together. The average income of the respondents was between 20,001 30,000 baht. Most of them worked for private companies. Most of them had a family with the average of 4 members. The hypotheses testing revealed that the factors of marketing mix in terms of product (ability, gas mileage, and safety) were related to overall satisfaction at the medium level. However, the findings also revealed that the factors of marketing mix in terms of product (image), price, and promotion, and service center were related to the overall satisfaction at the low level. Keywords—Car Consumers, Factors related, Overall Satisfaction.
Dissection of embryonic mouse kidney, culture in vitro, and imaging of the developing organ.

INTRODUCTION In this article, we outline procedures for the dissection of intact kidneys and the isolation of the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) from mouse embryos. The apparatus required for the culture of these tissues in vitro is described in detail as well as the equipment necessary for performing time-lapse imaging studies of the developing kidney.
Androgen receptor mutants detected in recurrent prostate cancer exhibit diverse functional characteristics

Alterations in the function of androgen receptor (AR) and its signaling pathway may be responsible for the progression of prostate cancer. The goal of the present study was to investigate the potential roles of AR structural and functional alterations in the progression of prostate cancer, and the relationship between the structure and function of the AR.
Optical Coherence Tomography - A New Monitoring Tool for Multiple Sclerosis?

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a simple office-based measure that can be used to quantify changes in the retina in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Such retinal changes in some MS patient subgroups, as assessed by OCT, are associated with brain atrophy as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There is also some evidence that changes detected by OCT are correlated with increasing levels of cognitive impairment. OCT in MS patients introduces a new tool to characterise the disease process and could prove beneficial in the assessment of new therapies. It may provide information additional to that produced by MRI. For example, the use of OCT to quantify the retinal nerve fibre layer may offer some advantages by detecting neural degeneration in the MS disease process more quickly, cheaply and specifically than MRI. The latest OCT equipment and software offer high reproducibility and improve accuracy due to eye-tracking and followup scan capabilities. © TOUCH BRIEFINGS 2009.
Members' Identification with Multiple-Identity Organizations

In the field of organizational identity, theory development has far outpaced theory testing. Specifically, several researchers have proposed identity-based models of organizational identification but few have operationalized and tested them. Furthermore, virtually no research has explored how members identify with multiple-identity organizations. This study addresses these gaps and makes three specific contributions to identity theory. First, we operationalize and test a model in which a member's organizational identification is conceptualized in terms of an identity comparison process, i.e., a cognitive comparison between what a member perceives the identity to be and what they think it should be. Second, we extend current thinking by operationalizing organizational identification in terms of multiple and competing identities. Third, as a theory-building exercise, we explore the possibility that a similar identity comparison process operates at the organizational form level of analysis, affecting members' identification with the encompassing form or social institution. We test our model via a survey of members of rural cooperatives--a prototypical "hybrid" identity organizational form, embodying elements of both "business" and "family" identities. Results of the analyses show that organizational identity congruence has a significant effect on member commitment, and form-level identity congruence has significant effects on both cognitive and pragmatic legitimacy, lending support for the use of identity as a multilevel construct. These results provide empirical support for current identity-based models of organizational identification and expand their generalizability to include multiple-identity organizations.
Etanercept Allergy and Anaphylaxis

To the Editor: Etanercept has been an effective, well tolerated medication with uncommon and usually acceptable adverse effects. We are aware of only 4 reports describing possible/probable etanercept allergy/anaphylaxis1,2,3,4,5. We describe 2 patients with allergic/anaphylactoid reactions to etanercept, review the literature, and comment on pertinent management issues. A 49-year-old woman with a history of atopy and anaphylactoid/angioedematous symptoms to soy milk developed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 2009. She was started on prednisone, minocycline, sulfasalazine, ibuprofen, and hydroxychloroquine, with a poor response. She was then prescribed etanercept 50 mg weekly subcutaneously, which rendered her asymptomatic. However, after several months she reported increasingly frequent and severe episodes characterized by urticaria and swelling of the periorbital regions and her tongue within hours following administration of etanercept, requiring diphenhydramine, epinephrine, and corticosteroids. Etanercept was discontinued and there has been no recurrence of these events. A 27-year-old woman presented in 2005 with persistent rash, fevers, … Address correspondence to Dr. R.S. Panush, 2011 Zonal Ave., HMR 711, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA. E-mail: panush{at}usc.edu
Analysis and Design of Stealthy Cyber Attacks on Unmanned Aerial Systems

Cyber security has emerged as one of the most important issues in unmanned aerial systems for which the functionality heavily relies on onboard automation and intervehicle communications. In this paper, potential cyber threats and vulnerabilities in the unmanned aerial system’s state estimator to stealthy cyber attacks are identified, which can avoid being detected by the monitoring system. Specifically, this paper investigates the worst stealthy cyber attack that can maximize the state estimation error of the unmanned aerial system’s state estimator while not being detected. First, the condition that the system is vulnerable to the stealthy cyber attacks is derived, and then an analytical method is provided to identify the worst stealthy cyber attack. The proposed cyber attack analysis methods are demonstrated with illustrative examples of an onboard unmanned aerial system navigation system and an unmanned aerial system tracking application.
Validating the use of green fluorescent‐marked Escherichia coli O157:H7 for assessing the organism behaviour in foods

Aims: Monitoring bacterial kinetics in food is of great importance in food safety. The targeted micro‐organism has to be identified accurately among competitive flora. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐transformed strains is a possible answer to such issues. However, quantitative studies require that this transformation does not alter the micro‐organism behaviour: parent and transformed organisms were thus compared.
Co-design Hardware/Software of Real time Vision System on FPGA for Obstacle Detection. (Conception conjointe matériel/logiciel de système de Vision en temps réel sur le FPGA pour la détection d'Obstacle)

Obstacle detection, localization and occupancy map reconstruction are essential abilities for a mobile robot to navigate in an environment. Solutions based on passive monocular vision such as Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) or Optical Flow (OF) require intensive computation. Systems based on these methods often rely on over-sized computation resources to meet real-time constraints. Inverse Perspective Mapping allows for obstacles detection at a low computational cost under the hypothesis of a flat ground observed during motion. It is thus possible to build an occupancy grid map by integrating obstacle detection over the course of the sensor. In this work we propose hardware/software system for obstacle detection, localization and 2D occupancy map reconstruction in real-time. The proposed system uses a FPGA-based design for vision and proprioceptive sensors for localization. Fusing this information allows for the construction of a simple environment model of the sensor surrounding. The resulting architecture is a low-cost, low-latency, high-throughput and low-power system.