Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associa ti on between DGAT 1 Genotype and Breeding

Milk consumption per capita in Iran has been reported 73 kg while the average figure of the world is between 300 kg to 350 kg. Holstein cattle are the dominant industrial breed for providing the majority of dairy products in the country. The population of this breed has been established with the importation of registered heifers from Europe, USA and Canada during 1970s and the first years of 1980s. Each year approximately 80 young bulls were entering into the progThe aim of this study was to test the genotypes effect of DGAT1 gene on breeding value in Iranian Holstein milk production traits. For this purpose, 103 semen samples of registered bulls were collected and then genotyped for partial region of DGAT1 gene. The studied traits were milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), fat percentage (FP) and protein percentage (PP). First lactation records of 43044 dairy cattle from 2000 to 2007 were used. The PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping DGAT1 gene. The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for allele and genotype frequencies was analyzed with Chi-square test using PoPGen software. Genetic parameters of studied traits were estimated by REML method under animal model with DFREML software. The breeding value of individual was predicted by BLUP method. Different genotype effect of 97 of 103 proven bulls on breeding value of milk production traits were investigated by GLM procedure of SAS (9.1) software. The mean of breeding value of proven bulls with different genotype were compare with Duncan test. The observed genotype frequency results showed KK (0.592), KA (0.408) and AA (zero) and the allele frequency obtained was K (0.7961) and A (0.2039). The KK genotype was confirmed by sequencing method and the K allele, with long of 411 bp, was registered in gene bank of NCBI with accession number EU077528. Estimated heritability of studied traits were 0.35 (0.02), 0.33 (0.02), 0.31 (0.017), 0.28 (0.02) and 0.27 (0.016) for MY, FY, PY, FP and PP, respectively. The average breeding values of MY, FY, PY, FP and PP were estimated as: 180.2 (28.8) kg, 3.7 (1.26) kg, 2.3 (1.06) kg, -0.036 (0.014) % and -0.03 (0.01) %, respectively. The average breeding value of MY for KA and KK genotypes were 288.8 and 109.6 kg, respectively and the difference was significant (P<0.01). The average breeding values of FY in bulls for KK and KA genotypes were 5.6 kg and 0.91 kg, respectively (P>0.05). The average breeding values of PY for KA and KK genotypes were 0.025 and 5.5 kg, respectively (P<0.05). Differences between means of breeding values for FP and PP were significant (P<0.05), these values for genotype KK and KA were -0.009% and -0.067% for fat and -0.016% and -0.059% for protein, respectively.
INFLUENCE OF BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM, MYCORRHIZA AND POULTRY MANURE ON NODULATION, NITROGEN UPTAKE, GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX L.) UNDER MANURE APPLICATION

This study was carried out to assess the effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, mycorrhiza fungi and poultry manure on nodulation, growth and yield of soybean under manure application. Four types of treatments were used (poultry manure, Bradyrhizobium inoculation, mycorrhiza and Single Super Phosphate) and were added to each experimental sub-unit. Different rates of poultry manure were added 0 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 and left for two weeks to decay while Rhizobium inoculation comprises of inoculated and un-inoculated, the plot was sub-divided into 36 units and arranged in randomized completed block design. Leaf area, number of leaves, plant height and canopy diameter were determined at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 Week After Planting. Number and weight nodules, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were determined at the 6th and 8th weeks after planting and grain yield were determined at harvest. Soil samples were also collected before and after planting for laboratory analysis. The poultry manure used was also analyzed for the amount of N: P: K present. Rhizobium inoculation with addition of mycorrhiza fungi significantly increased the nitrogen fixation of the soybean and also helps the plant to withstand or tolerate water stress. Combination of Brad+Myc+5PM had effect on leaf area of plant. Myc+5PM had significant effect on stem girth of soybean and combination of Brad+Myc+5PM significantly increased the height of plant. The application of SSP helps to provide phosphorus to the plant. The 5 kg\ha and 10 kg\ha of poultry manure and mycorrhiza fungi significantly affects and improves the growth, nitrogen uptake and yield of soybean. Bradyrhizobium also helps in effective nodulation of the soybean.
Analysis on Hover Control Performance of T- and Cross-Shaped Tail Fin of X-Wing Single-Bar Biplane Flapping Wing

The current flapping wing adopts T-shaped or cross-shaped tail fin to adjust its flight posture. However, how the tail fin will affect the hover control is not very clear. So, the effects of the two types of tail on flight will be analyzed and compared by actual flight tests in this paper. Firstly, we proposed a new X-wing single-bar biplane flapping-wing mechanism with two pairs of wings. Thereafter, the overall structure, gearbox structure, tail, frame, and control system of the flapping wing were designed and analyzed. Secondly, the control mechanism of hover is analyzed to describe the effect of two-tail fin on posture control. Thirdly, the Beetle was used as the control unit to achieve a controllable flight of flapping wing. The MPU6050 electronic gyroscope was used to monitor the drone’s posture in real time, and the Bluetooth BLE4.0 wireless communication module was used to receive remote control instructions. At last, to verify the flight effect, two actual flapping wings were fabricated and flight experiments were conducted. The experiments show that the cross-shaped tail fin has a better controllable performance than the T-shaped tail fin. The flapping wing has a high lift-to-mass ratio and good maneuverability. The designed control system can achieve the controllable flight of the flapping wing.
Genesis and evolution of the square soda straws of Dry Cave, West Virginia, USA

A completely new (sub)type of calcite stalactite, similar to a soda straw but showing an external square shape, has been recently observed within Dry Cave, West Virginia, USA. Though rare speleothems with one or more planar sides (triangular to hexagonal cross sections) have been described in the past, this is the first reported example of a subaerial stalactite-like speleothem with a rhombic parallelepiped structure. More than a dozen examples were observed in the cave. The suggested genetic mechanisms allowing the atypical growth of a parallelepiped seem to be controlled by several boundary conditions that normally preclude their development. Constrained by the specifics of calcite crystallization in descending vadose waters and the morphology of collected (already broken) samples, we hypothesize that an initial very low supersaturation within the feeding tube, together with relatively fast dripping, causes the growth of a normal monocrystalline calcite soda straw with the C axis coincident with the tubular axis and circular cross sections. Calcite precipitation on the outside of the soda straw is possible only if there is a water film flowing on the straw’s external surface. Normally, this external flow will cause the rapid transformation of a tubular straw into a typical, polycrystalline conical stalactite. But in this case, the external feeding film is minimally supersaturated or even absent, which slows epitaxial growth over the pre-existing monocrystalline structure of the soda straw and suppresses radial (polycrystalline) growth of calcite crystals. This induces, in stationary conditions, transformation of the straw into parallel, twinned calcite crystals stacked to form a pyramidal stalactite with rhombic cross sections and an overall tapering angle of <2°. In the most extreme cases, the soda straws are gradually transformed into a seemingly square monocrystalline parallelepiped. The necessary boundary conditions involve a non-stationary distribution of always scarce supersaturated/undersaturated flow over the soda straw, alternating with periods of simple saturation. The controlling factor for the development of conical, pyramidal, and parallelepiped stalactites seems to be the tapering angle. This just outlined genetic mechanism is speculative and should be experimentally tested. Finally, in the few collected samples of the square straws, this shape is often masked by another development step, which probably became active when they were already broken. This final stage was characterized by a sudden increase in supersaturation of epitaxial water, which induced the deposition of a thin layer of polycrystalline calcite that masks, at least partially, the monocrystalline structure of the speleothem.
Primary culture of the eel hepatocytes in the serum-free medium

Primary culture of the hepatocytes of the eel was performed in the serum-free medium. The serum-free medium consisted of Williams'medium E, insulin, glucagon, EGF, prolactin, growth hormone, and H2SeO3. The clear nuclei in the cells cultured in the serum-free medium were observed during 10 to 15days culture and the clear boundaries between the cells as monolayer were also observed. The cells cultured in the medium containing 10% serum accumulated vacuoles like oil droplets and the appearance of nonparenchymal cells was observed after 7 days of culture. The stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were recognized in the cells cultured in the serum-free medium. It was found that all hormones and EGF were necessary for the cell proliferation, and that insulin, glucagon, and prolactin were necessary for the maintenance of normal morphology of the cells besides the proliferation. In the primary culture of the hepatocytes of the eel, the use of the dish precoated with fibro-nectin was essential. To investigate the necessity of fibronectin the density of the parenchymal cells of the eel liver was determined by density gradient centrifugation using Percoll. It was found that the density of the parenchymal cells of the eel liver was from 1.025 to 1.045 and lighter than that of rat liver. Therefore, fibronectin seemed to be necessary to avoid floating the cells from the surface of a dish and to attach the cells on the dish.
Correção atmosférica em imagens Landsat contaminadas por efeito de adjacência.

Neste trabalho e implementado um modelo fisico de correcao atmosferica que considera a influencia da adjacencia na reflectância aparente do alvo, para avaliar os efeitos da composicao molecular e de aerossois em imagens de satelite. O modelo simula o sinal detectado pelo sensor como uma funcao de sucessivas ordens da interacao da radiacao solar com o sistema terra-atmosfera. O modelo foi aplicado a imagens LANDSAT-5 TM, para "pixels" do acude de Sao Goncalo, localizado no interior do Estado da Paraiba. O efeito de adjacencia e computado atraves da reflectância da superficie adjacente (vegetacao+solo) e de fucoes relacionadas com o tamanho do alvo. Os parâmetros opticos dos aerossois (fator de assimetria, albedo de espalhamento simples) foram retirados da literatura, exceto a profundidade optica, que foi avaliada atraves de dados piranometricos. Diferentes metodos de solucao da Equacao de Transferencia Radiativa (ETR) e funcoes de fase dos aerossois foram utilizados para determinar a reflectância intrinseca da atmosfera. O modelo e discutido atraves da comparacao com dados de reflectância medidos "in situ". Diante das analises dos resultados, elegeu-se um "Single Scattering" para determinar a reflectância da atmosfera, e a aproximacao dupla de Henyey-Greenstein para a funcao de fase dos aerossois. Os valores de reflectância correspondente a agua (acude de Sao Goncalo) obtidos pelo modelo, foram satisfatorios, e demostraram claramente a influencia da adjacencia. O modelo tambem foi empregado para simular a reflectância planetaria detectada pelos sensores, considerando varios alvos caracteristicos da regiao de estudo. Os resultados demostram que a atmosfera e predominante em alvos de baixa reflectância, mesmo onde os valores de profundidade optica dos aerossois sao muito baixos; o contrario acontece em alvos de media reflectância, onde a reflectância predominante e a do alvo.
The effect of value-based pricing strategies on the innovation performance of SMEs

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the degree of adoption of value-based pricing strategies (VBP) on the innovation performance of SMEs by comparing them to cost(CBP) and competitor-based pricing (CoBP). The analysis has been carried out through the use of correlation coefficients and the gradients of the simple linear regression models presented throughout the paper. Additionally, scatterplots are used in order to control for the effect of control variables on the relationship. The primary analysis consisted of testing the main hypotheses of the paper. This is that the degree of adoption of VBP strategies will have a positive impact on the innovation performance of SMEs. Moreover, in a second stage, the paper addresses the potential effect that size and age may have on the relationship between pricing strategies and innovation performance. The results suggested that, although they have limited statistical validity due to the small sample size, VBP has a positive impact on the innovation performance. On the other hand, the findings indicated that competitor-based pricing strategies may have a negative or the least positive impact when adopted in SMEs compared to CBP and VBP. Furthermore, the secondary analysis produced some interesting results. Firstly, the finding suggested that the maximum positive impact that VBP strategies have on innovation performance is realized in medium firms. Moreover, the results indicated that small and new firms should rely on cost-based pricing strategies in order to have the greatest positive impact on their innovation performance. Graduation Committee members: 1 examiner: Dr. R.P.A Loohuis MBA 2 examiner: Dr. A.M. von Raesfeld Meijer
[Revue sur l'épidémiologie du botulisme bovin en France et analyse de sa relation avec les élevages de volailles].

Resume : Le botulisme bovin est une affection mondialement connue. Elle est due a une contamination par Clostridium botulinum C ou D directement par lechage de cadavres botuliques dans le cas de bovins carences et presentant du pica, ou ingestion d'aliment ou d'eau (maladie des forages) contamines par de petits mammiferes botuliques (rongeurs, chats) ou des oiseaux sauvages. La contamination tellurique de certains aliments (ensilage, cereales stockees dans des conditions d'humidite elevee) est aussi responsable de certains foyers de botulisme bovin.
Comparability of calibration strategies for measuring mercury concentrations in gas emission sources and the atmosphere

Abstract. A primary mercury gas standard was developed at Van Swinden Laboratory (VSL) to establish an International System of Units (SI)-traceable reference point for mercury concentrations at emission and background levels in the atmosphere. The majority of mercury concentration measurements are currently made traceable to the empirically determined vapour pressure of mercury. The primary mercury gas standard can be used for the accurate and precise calibration of analytical systems used for measuring mercury concentrations in air. It has been especially developed to support measurements related to ambient air monitoring (1–2 ng m−3), indoor and workplace-related mercury concentration levels according to health standards (from 50 ng m−3 upwards) as well as stationary source emissions (from 1 µg m−3 upwards). The primary mercury gas standard is based on diffusion according to ISO 6154-8. Calibration gas mixtures are obtained by combining calibrated mass flows of nitrogen and air through a generator holding diffusion cells containing elemental mercury. In this paper, we present the results of comparisons between the primary gas standard and mercury calibration methods maintained by NPL (National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom), a National Metrology Institute (NMI), and the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI), a Designated Institute (DI). The calibration methods currently used at NPL and JSI are based on the bell-jar calibration apparatus in combination with the Dumarey equation or a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States) reference material. For the comparisons, mercury was sampled on sorbent traps to obtain transfer standards with levels between 2 and 1000 ng with an expanded uncertainty not exceeding 3 % (k=2). The comparisons performed show that the results for the primary gas standard and the NIST reference material are comparable, whereas a difference of −8 % exists between results traceable to the primary gas standard and the Dumarey equation.
Uric acid, blood pressure, and gout management

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Physical and chemical constants of the egg of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata.

For purposes of calculation it would frequently be convenient to have readily accessible data regarding the physical characteristics of much-used animal and plant cells. The unfertilized egg of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, is a cell in a relatively stable condition, which has been studied perhaps more widely than any other marine material. Accordingly, I have collected the available data regarding this egg, with the hope that others will do a similar thing for different cells and organisms. A table of physiological constants for man should prove most valuable. The figures for the unfertilized sea urchin egg are given in metric units for the temperature indicated (mostly "room" temperature, about 23? C.) with temperature coefficients where these are known. Although the cm. -gram-second units are common in physics, the micron-milligram-minute units give more convenient figures in dealing with single cells and have been more widely used by physiologists. It must always be remembered that there is. considerable variation in the eggs of different females and less variation in the eggs of a single female (see Goldforb, 1917; for effects of ageing, Goldforb, 1918, a and b). The most probable average value is, therefore, taken as a basis for derived values. Some determinations cannot be made with great accuracy and consequently represent approximations, such as the diameter of granules and percentage of granules, and determinations based on such measurements. Where our knowledge of data is not complete, this compilation may serve as a guide to future investigation.
Munich Personal RePEc Archive International Intellectual Property Rights: Effects on Growth, Welfare and Income Inequality

What are the effects of strengthening developing countries’ protection for intellectual property rights on economic growth, social welfare and income inequality in the global economy? To analyze this question, we develop a two-country R&D-based growth model with wealth heterogeneity. We find that the North experiences higher growth and welfare at the expense of higher income inequality while the South experiences higher growth at the expense of lower welfare and higher income inequality. As for global welfare, there exists a critical degree of cross-country spillovers below (above) which global welfare decreases (increases). In light of these findings, we discuss policy implications on China’s accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001.
The ecological transformation of Singapore, 1819-1990

In 1819 the island of Singapore was almost en- tirely covered in rain forest, with a flora similar to the adja- cent Malay Peninsula but a relatively depauperate vertebrate fauna. The cultivation of cash crops resulted in rapid deforestation which was largely completed by the end of the nineteenth century. The cultivated area reached a maximum in 1935 and declined thereafter. Today, more than half the island is urbanized and less than 100 ha of primary rain forest survives. A further 1600 ha is covered in tall secondary forest. Floristic extinctions are impossible to quantify reliably but at least 100 bird species, twenty fresh- water fish species and several species of mammal have been lost. Man-made, open habitats are dominated by exotics but few have penetrated the forest. The naturalized biota in- cludes at least 138 vascular plant species, eighteen bird species, five mammal species, twenty fish species, several species of reptiles and amphibia, and an unknown number of invertebrates. Over much of inland Singapore there are probably none of the plant or animal species that occurred there 170 years ago. Despite this, in all the major taxonomic groups for which I have information the majority of known native species can still be found in Singapore today.
Electronic Medical Records and Machine Learning in Approaches to Drug Development

Electronic medical records (EMRs) were primarily introduced as a digital health tool in hospitals to improve patient care, but over the past decade, research works have implemented EMR data in clinical trials and omics studies to increase translational potential in drug development. EMRs could help discover phenotypegenotype associations, enhance clinical trial protocols, automate adverse drug event detection and prevention, and accelerate precision medicine research. Although feasible, data mining in EMRs still faces challenges. Existing machine learning tools may help overcome these bottlenecks in EMR mining to unlock new approaches in drug development. This chapter will explore the role of EMRs in drug development while evaluating the viability and bottlenecks of their uses in data mining. This will include discussions on EMR usage in drug development while highlighting successful outcomes in oncology and exploring ML tools to complement and enhance EMR as a widely accepted drug-research source, a section on current clinical applications of EMRs, and a conclusion to summarize and imagine what a future drug research pipeline from EMR to patient treatment may look like.