Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AGING ON THE COLOR STABILITY OF TWO CERAMIC MATERIALS; ZIRCONIA REINFORCED LITHIUM SILICATE AND LITHIUM DISILICATS CERAMICS

Objectives: The presence of fine-grained crystals of lithium silicate, which contains a high amount of glass provides the material it’s optical and mechanical characteristics. This unique microstructure allows this material to be processed in a dental lab quickly and efficiently in its crystalline state and the exact tooth shade. This study aims to evaluate the color stability of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate ceramic and lithium disilicates ceramic restorations. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 discs of 2mm thickness and 10mm in diameter would be fabricated, all samples were divided into two groups (n=20) according to ceramic material used: group Z zirconia reinforced lithium silicates ceramic(ZLS) and group L lithium disilicate ceramic(LS) discs. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to the aging process (n=10) (before and after aging). CIELAB color parameters of all samples were calculated from spectral reflectance measurements on a spectrophotometer to evaluate the effect of chemical aging on the color stability. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare measurements among groups. Results: ZLS showed lower color stability than LS, and there was a statistical difference between them. Aging affected the color stability of the two ceramics but within an acceptable range with lithium disilicates. Conclusion: ZLS gave lower color stability than LS and aging affected the color stability of both types of ceramic. The postulated hypothecs of this study were ZLS will be higher color stability than LS and chemical aging will have a huge effect. Article information Received: 9 July 2020 Revised: 12 August 2020 Accepted: 12 August 2020
THE STATE OF HYDRATION OF Ca-EXCHANGED MONTMORILLONITE AT A DEPTH OF 2–2.7 KILOMETERS

Monte Carlo simulations in NP zz T and μVT ensembles of the hydration of Ca-saturated Wyoming-type montmorillonite show that one-layer Ca-exchanged montmorillonite hydrate with a d 001 of 12.11 A is stable at 353 K, 300 bar, and −7.21 kcal/mol potential. Two- and three-layer hydrates do not appear stable. At 353 K and 625 bar, the one-layer hydrate is nearly stable. In the interlayer space, molecules of H 2 O are clustered on the interlayer midplane, alternatively oriented with their protons toward the siloxane surfaces on both sides and on the midplane. The Ca 2+ cations are solvated, in outer-sphere coordination, and located 2.77 A from the H 2 O molecules. In sedimentary basins under normal geotherms, one-layer Ca-exchanged montmorillonite is the single hydrate stable at 2 km depth. In overcompacted sediments at 2.7 km depth, the hydrate could be unstable.
Microcalorimetry study of interaction between ionic surfactants and hydrophobically modified polymers in aqueous solutions

The interactions of hydrophobically modified poly(acrylamide) (HMPAM) and unmodified poly(acrylamide) (PAM) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) have been studied by flow microcalorimetry at 302.7 K. The mixing enthalpy curves were determined by mixing SDS and TTAB solutions above their critical micelle concentration with HMPAM or PAM solutions of different concentrations. The mixing enthalpy curves of SDS and TTAB solutions with water were also determined. The critical aggregation concentrations (cac) and the thermodynamic parameters have been derived from the differential enthalpy curves. Pronounced endothermic peaks were detected for all the systems. The peak heights of the endothermic curves decrease with increasing hydrophobicity of the HMPAM samples. The HMPAM hydrophobicity has no obvious effect on the values of the cac. The interaction between TTAB and the polymers is much weaker than that between SDS and the polymers.
Ni1‐x Crx alloy for self controlled magnetic hyperthermia

It is known now that an increase in tumor temperature decreases the tumor resistance to chemo‐ and radiation therapies. Hyperthermia treatment of the tumor cells where damage to the healthy cells can be avoided is viable by using magnetic nanoparticles with controlled Curie temperatures. Nickel‐Chromium (Ni1‐x Crx) particles with varying compositions have been investigated as thermoseeds for use in localized self controlled hyperthermia treatment of cancer. A series of Ni1‐x Crx alloys, have been prepared to find the specific composition which has Curie temperature around 316‐317 K. The samples were cast by arc melting technique, and were annealed at 850 oC for 5 hours in sealed quartz tubes. Magnetic properties of the samples were investigated, including Curie temperature, saturation magnetization and hysterisis using Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The Curie temperatures of the alloys were found to decrease almost linearly from 401 K to 289 K as the Cr concentration was increased from x = 4.54 wt% to x = 5.90 wt%. The results showed that Ni1‐x Crx alloys might be good candidates for self regulating magnetic hyperthermia applications. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pressure Effect on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of Water in Minichannels

The effect of pressure on the flow boiling of water in minichannels has been experimentally studied. The range of pressure was 2 to 16 bars in the experiment. The experimental apparatus consisted mainly of the 1.73 mm inner-diameter round tube test section, gear pump, pre-heater, pressurizer, pre-evaporator, and condenser. The pre-evaporator was used for varying the vapor quality entering the test section. The pressurizer controls the desired system pressure. The test tube is made of 316 stainless steel and the test tube and the pre-evaporator tube were heated by DC electric current through the tubes. The measured flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were in the range of 10000∼40000 W/m2 K and showed the general convection dominant trend in terms of vapor quality. The data also indicates that the pressure does not alter the heat transfer coefficient significantly. Comparisons of the experimental data to the existing correlations showed large discrepancy, implying that these correlations are not correctly accounted for pressure.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Perturbation Theory Approach to Intermolecular Potential Energy Surfaces of van der Waals Complexes

1. First-Order (Heitler-London) Exchange 2. Exchange-Induction Interaction 3. Exchange-Dispersion Interaction D. Convergence Properties of Symmetry-Adapted Theories IV. Multipole Expansion of Interaction Energy A. General Asymptotic Expansion of Interaction Energy B. Multipole Expansion of Intermolecular Interaction Operator C. van der Waals Constants D. Convergence Properties of Multipole Expansion of Interaction Energy E. Angular Dependence of Interaction Energy F. Computations of van der Waals Constants Ill. Exchange Effects
Strategies towards functionalised electronically conducting organic copolymers

Here we describe the synthesis and electrochemical polymerisation of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)-3-(3-cyanopropyl)pyrrole, 2,5-di(2-thienyl)-3-(3-cyanopropyl)furan, and 3′-(3-cyanopropyl)-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene. We report a synthetic methodology to these important conducting polymer precursor compounds that is facile, convenient and flexible. The key precursor to this study is the functionalised diketone 1,4-bis(2-thienyl)-2-(3-cyanopropyl)butane-1,4-dione. This molecule undergoes convenient ring closure to the terthiophene and dithienylpyrrole and dithienylfuran derivatives, all of which are, to our knowledge, new compounds. Importantly, this approach provides a flexible route to a range of heterocyclic polymer precursors because the cyanoalkyl functionality is grafted to the diketone before ring closure. Subsequently the nitrile group provides synthetic utility either by reduction to the amine, or hydrolysis to the carboxylic acid. The new compounds described here undergo electrochemical polymerisation leading to fixed ratio copolymers of functionalised pyrrole, thiophene and furan with thiophene itself. We describe the characterisation of these polymers using FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.
Conformational Characterization of Terminally Blocked l-(αMe)Val Homopeptides Using Vibrational and Electronic Circular Dichroism. 310-Helical Stabilization by Peptide−Peptide Interaction

Vibrational and electronic circular dichroism (VCD and ECD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the homo-oligopeptide series Z-[l-(αMe)Val]n-OtBu (n = 3−8) and selected Ac-[l-(αMe)Val]n-OtBu oligomers (n = 4, 6, 8) are presented. This is the first VCD study of a complete homopeptide series formed exclusively by Cα-methylated amino acids. VCD spectra were measured for the oligomers in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and CDCl3 over the amide I and amide II spectral regions (1750−1475 cm-1). These oligopeptides, irrespective of the N-terminal group, were found to indicate formation of at least a partially 310-helical conformation for main-chain lengths as short as n = 4 and a fully developed 310-helix by n = 6 at high peptide concentrations. A 310-helical conformation for the octamer is consistent with previous spectroscopic studies and crystallographic results. The ECD spectra were measured for the oligomer series in TFE and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) over the 260−190 nm region. The .
Application of Principal Component Analysis for Monitoring and Disturbance Detection of a Hydrotreating Process

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-established technique for monitoring and disturbance detection of multivariate process, as it enables variability assessment through dimensionality reduction. PCA was applied to a hydroprocessing pilot plant to monitor the overall process variability. Contribution plots around points of increased variability were used to analyze process variability and its association with process variables. The methodology monitored successfully the set of 38 variables and diagnosed significant disturbances and their causes.
Escarificação em plantio direto como técnica de conservação do solo e da água

No tillage (NT) is a proven and efficient soil management practice used to reduce soil erosion, minimizing soil losses. However, the absence of soil movement associated with traffic of heavy machinery cause changes in the soil structure, which combined with low surface roughness, can affect water dynamics by reducing the water infiltration rate. Our aim was to evaluate changes in soil properties under NT and chiseling in no tillage (CNT), as well as the effect of distinct planter furrow openers on soil characteristics. The following parameters were assessed: bulk and particle density, total porosity, macroporosity, water infiltration into soil prior to soybean planting, surface roughness, percentage of soil surface covered with crop residues before and after planting, and soil hydraulic conductivity after 12 months of chiseling. CNT showed a lower soil density than NT, higher water infiltration, higher saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, and higher surface roughness. Therefore, CNT improved soil and water conservation since there were still residual effects one year after chiseling. Total porosity and macroporosity did not differ significantly between the soil management systems. Soil cover was similar under both managements before planting, i.e., six months after chiseling; however, at soybean planting, the hoe-type planter provided better incorporation of crop residues into the soil than the double-disc type.
Realization with Fabrication of Double-Gate MOSFET Based Class-AB Amplifier

This research work designs the class-AB amplifier with the application of Double-Gate (DG) MOSFET, which provides insight on how the amplifier can be utilized, in accordance with its future design. Main consideration is the use of DG MOSFET in audio amplifier design, for its low power and low noise application, voltage regulation for high to low power, etc. The challenge of this design is an attempt to use the DG MOSFET as prominent component, to demonstrate it as a usable in common electronic applications. Model of class-AB amplifier using the DG MOSFET (for audio amplifier) has been designed, fabricated, and thereafter analysed with its frequency and power characteristics. This proposed design with 2 Wrms audio amplifier drives a nominal 8 Ω load by a 100 mVrms input signal, for the typical audio frequency range of 20 Hz
Crystal and Molecular Structures of Methoxy and Methylthio Compounds

The six crystal structures of XCH2OCH3 (X = CN, Cl, OCH3) and XCH2SCH3 (X = CN, CH3, SCH3), which are liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, have been determined by X-rays. The crystals belong to the monoclinic system and the space groups are P21/c or P21/n. The molecules in all the crystals have the gauche conformations, which is consistent with the most populated conformation in the liquid and gaseous state estimated by IR spectra and the most stable conformations obtained by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Such a gauche conformation is probably caused by the anomeric effect in the X–C–O–C or X–C–S–C chains. In all the crystals two molecules are coupled by two antiparallel C–H···O or C–H···S hydrogen bonds to form a four-membered ring. Such a dimer-like pair may be strengthened by the intermolecular interaction between the C–O or C–S bond moments in the four-membered ring.
Growth of bulk GaN crystal by Na flux method

With current technologies, dislocation-free bulk shape GaN crystals with centimeter-size can be grown from small seed crystals. This technique can be realized by putting a sapphire plate with a small hole (0.5~1.5 mm in diameter) on a GaN plate seed. Centimeter-sized bulk GaN single crystals with large dislocation-free areas could be fabricated by this technique. Cathodoluminescence measurement at the interface between the seed and the grown crystal has revealed that almost all dislocations propagated from the GaN seed were bent and terminated at the initial growth stage. To enlarge the diameter of bulk shape GaN crystals, we have developed the coalescence of GaN crystals from many isolated small seeds. As a first step, we grew two GaN point seeds and coalesced them. Two GaN point seeds were established by mounting a sapphire plate with two small holes. We have found the two GaN crystals grown from two separate seed area coalesced without generating dislocations at a coalescence boundary. The grown GaN crystal can remove from substrate easily during the growth. This phenomenon is effective to reduce the stress in the grown GaN crystal. 2-inch GaN crystals by the coalescence technique. Some of the crystals have very large curvature radius (~100 m).
Triple-resonance spectroscopy reveals the excitation spectrum of very cold, isomer-specific protonated naphthalene

The excitation spectrum of very cold, isomerically pure protonated naphthalene is obtained by resonant dissociation spectroscopy. The cations are prepared by a pair of laser pulses which ionize 1-hydronaphthyl radicals at threshold, thereby creating only cations of a particular isomer in the vibrational ground state. Due to the small bandwidth of the first excitation laser, only the lowest rotational states are selected. The cold cation spectrum reveals a rich structure, some of which had previously been attributed to hot bands. However, the nature of the prepared cations is such that no hot bands appear, and the structure is assigned to a′ modes, and a′ combinations of a″ modes in the Cs point group. The 12 excited-state frequencies extracted agree well with those calculated previously at the RI-CC2 level. [Alata, I. ; Dedonder, C. ; Broquier, M. ; Marceca, E. ; Jouvet, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 17483–17489. ]
Legal Information Extraction ← Machine Learning Algorithms + Linguistic Information

In order to automatically extract information from legal texts we propose the use of a mixed approach, using linguistic information and machine learning techniques. In the proposed architecture, lexical, syntactical, and semantical information is used as input for specialized machine learning algorithms, such as, support vector machines. This approach was applied to collections of legal documents and the preliminary results were quite promising.
Removal of Zinc from Aqueous Solution by Metal Resistant Symbiotic Bacterium Mesorhizobium amorphae

Biosorption of zinc by living biomasses of metal resistant symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 was investigated under optimal conditions at pH 5.0, initial metal concentrations of 100 mg L−1, and a dose of 1.0 g L−1. M. amorphae exhibited an efficient removal of Zn2+ from aqueous solution with maximum biosorption capacity of 120.85 mg g−1. Moreover, more than 70% Zn2+ could be recovered from Zn-loaded biomass at pH 1.0. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms provided a better fit to experimental data for Zn2+ sorption with correlation coefficients of 0.9885. Kinetics models suggested there was more than one step involved in the Zn2+ sorption process, while a pseudo-second-order model was more suitable to describe the kinetic behavior accurately, indicating a chemisorption process. Carbonyl, amino, carboxyl, and aromatic groups were responsible for the biosorption of Zn2+ by M. amorphae. Cellular deformation, precipitate, and damage were found after Zn2+ treatment. Competitive sorption revealed Cu2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ were competed with Zn2+ for adsorption sites with the order: Cu2+ > Cd2+ >> Ni2+.
Industrial Ecology-An Agenda for Environmental Management

An urgent challenge facing business today is the needfor technical and management approaches that will alleviate global environmental problems and support sustainable industrial growth. Industrial ecology is a new view of industrial inJrastructures that is emerging in response to this challenge. I t sees the pa ttems of the biolog icaf ecosystem as the model for solutions to environmental problems and for the future of "industrial ecosystems" that will be more compatible with the natural environment. This article discusses industrial ecology's theoretical assumptions, its implications forfuture environmental policy, technological developments, and practical applications for industrial reform. "! OVER THE PAST several decades, we have witnessed an escalation of environmental impacts, from local environmental degradation (already the focus of much effective control activity) to adverse effects rooted in the design of the industrial infrastructure itself, with consequences that are diffused worldwide. Among the most pressing environmental challenges today is the need for a technical and management pollution prevention approach capable ofresponding to these problems of global scope. Industrial ecology is emerging as a potential candidate for providing the necessary systemic response. It views industrial infrastructures as if they were a series ofinterlocking artificial ecosystems interfacing with the natural global ecosystem, and takes the pattern of the natural environment as a model for solving environmental problems. This represents a decisive reorientation from conquering naturewhich has effectively already been d o n e t o cooperating with it. Policies stressing pollution control, based on the idea that the environment has an unlimited capacity to assimilate small amounts of pollutants without harm, are giving way to policies that favor pollutiop prevention. Ten states have already passed toldcs use reduction laws that tend to emphasize closed process systems. Does this mean, by extension, that all individual industrial processes in the future should be closed systems? Questions such as these will have considerable practical significance for industry in the years ahead and are an important aspect of industrial ecology. For example, the concept of an industrial ecosystem exploits the transfer of industrial outputs between companies andindustries inorder to attain efficiencies of use and reuse. h d it is possible to imagine instances in which the natural environmenhn act as an intermediary or carrier of industrial outputs. For instance, a net industrial producer of carbon dioxide (CO,) at one location might be balanced by a net industrial absorber of CO, at another location, with the atmosphere acting as the link or transfer medium. The time is right for the adoption of an approach of this type.
Thermodynamic Effect on a Cavitating Inducer in Liquid Nitrogen

For experimental investigations of the thermodynamic effect on a cavitating inducer, it is nesessary to observe the cavitation. However, visualizations of the cavitation are not so easy in cryogenic flow. For this reason, we estimated the cavity region in liquid nitrogen based on measurements of the pressure fluctuation near the blade tip. In the present study, we focused on the length of the tip cavitation as a cavitation parameter. Comparison of the tip cavity length in liquid nitrogen (80 K) with that in cold water (296 K) allowed us to estimate the strength of the thermodynamic effect. The degree of thermodynamic effect was found to increase with an increase of the cavity length. The estimated temperature depression caused by vaporization increased rapidly when the cavity length extended over the throat. In addition, the estimated temperature inside the bubble nearly reached the temperature of the triple point when the pump performance deteriorated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Automatic Speech Recognition for Childhood Language Development

Language development problems have been known to occur in up to 25% of young children. [1] Although this is typically just the normal variation in childhood development, it is often a source of frustration for both the parents and the child. Also common with young children, is an attraction to handheld computing devices and digital images. In this paper, we propose an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) implementation that provides a fun, interactive tool for language development. As the child speaks into the device, the algorithm identifies potential word matches and displays images associated with those words. When the child completes a word, the image associated with the successful word is displayed along with the word itself. If no word is identified, the process starts over. We anticipate that potential word matches will be obtained from a word bank of simple, common words, and that this word bank can be expanded as a child’s language progresses. The input to the algorithm will be spoken audio and the output will be a list of potential words and their associated confidence scores.