Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Improved Design for Biocontained Composting of Cattle Mortalities

Lack of uniform heating and peak temperatures lower than 55°C reduce the utility of beef cattle mortality composting. In a previous study, beef cattle mortalities were placed on a 40-cm straw base and covered with 160-cm manure, and compost reached 50°C with 20% reduction in bovine mitochondrial DNA (a 171-bp fragment; Mt171) at 160-cm depth after 147 d of static composting. Two modifications from the previous study's methodology were made: (1) carcasses were raised to 100-cm depth by placing them on an additional 60-cm layer of manure and (2) feedlot manure with 60% moisture content at construction was used. Temperature profiles at depths of 40, 100, and 160 cm all reached 55°C after 7 d, and remained above 55°C for at least 70 d. The bovine Mt171 fragment was degraded 75% by d 112 and 86% by d 230 at 100-cm depth. Carcass soft tissues were almost completely decomposed, with a 99% reduction in genomic DNA and a 92% decrease in Mt171 fragment after 230 d. Levels of coliform bacteria were below 10 CFU g−1 dry wt at all depths on d 230. The modified cattle mortality composting system was characterized by higher peak temperature, longer uniform heating, and faster bovine tissue degradation compared to the previous study. This biocontained composting system could offer effective containment and control of a disease outbreak in which the infectious agent is sensitive to temperatures between 55-62°C.
Psychiatric Social Work Intervention with a Woman with Depression: A Case Report from Assam

Depression is a common mental illness that affects women more than men. The impact of depression can lead to lower quality of life, increased disability in daily functioning, and poor interpersonal relationships. Biopsychosocial factors play a vital role in precipitating and maintaining depression in a person. Socio-cultural context and economical status omit a gendered understanding of depression in women. Aim: The study is aimed to test the efficacy of a psychiatric social work intervention program based on a biopsychosocial approach and initiates recovery process in a woman battling with depression. Methodology: The case study method uses the biopsychosocial approach for the detailed assessment of psychosocial factors and in formulating an intervention program by the psychiatric social worker. This intervention was aimed for enhancing the knowledge of illness by providing psychoeducation to the patient and family, managing the patient’s problematic behaviour, improving the patient’s daily functioning, improving her marital quality of life, and motivating her for gainful employment through livelihood education. Tools used in the study were Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Marital Quality Scale, and WHO-Disability Assessment Scale. Results: Significant improvement was observed after intervention and analyses which indicated a reduction in the depressive symptoms in a period of time and had impact on the patient’s different activities. The tailored psychiatric social work intervention program adjunct to pharmacological therapy in the treatment of the case was found effective and needs to be integrated into routine practice.
The advective Brewer–Dobson circulation in the ERA5 reanalysis: climatology, variability, and trends

Abstract. The stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) is an important element of climate as it determines the transport and distributions of key radiatively active atmospheric trace gases, which affect the Earth's radiation budget and surface climate. Here, we evaluate the interannual variability, climatology, and trends of the BDC in the ERA5 reanalysis and intercompare them with its predecessor, the ERA-Interim reanalysis, for the 1979–2018 period. We also assess the modulation of the circulation by the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as well as the forcings of the circulation by the planetary and gravity wave drag. The comparison of ERA5 and ERA-Interim reanalyses shows a very good agreement in the morphology of the BDC and in its structural modulations by the natural variability related to QBO and ENSO. Despite the good agreement in the spatial structure, there are substantial and significant differences in the strength of the BDC and natural variability impacts on the BDC between the two reanalyses, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and in the upper stratosphere. Throughout most regions of the stratosphere, the variability and trends of the advective BDC are stronger in the ERA5 reanalysis due to stronger planetary and gravity wave forcings, except in the UTLS below 20 km where the tropical upwelling is up to 40 % weaker mainly due to a significantly weaker gravity wave forcing at the equatorial-ward upper flank of the subtropical jet. In the extratropics, the large-scale downwelling is stronger in ERA5 than in ERA-Interim that is linked to significant differences in planetary and gravity wave forcings in the upper stratosphere. Analysis of the BDC trend shows a global insignificant acceleration of the annual mean residual circulation with an acceleration rate of about 1.5 % decade−1 at 70 hPa due to the long-term intensification in gravity and planetary wave breaking, consistent with observed and modelled BDC changes. Our findings suggest that the advective BDC from the kinematic ERA5 reanalysis is well suited for climate model validation in the UTLS and mid-stratosphere when using the standard formula of zonally averaged zonal momentum equation. The reported differences between the two reanalyses may also affect the nudged climate model simulations. Therefore, additional studies are needed to investigate whether or not nudging climate models toward ERA5 reanalysis will reproduce the upwelling trends from free-running simulations and from ERA5. Finally, further studies are also needed to better understand the impact of the new non-orographic gravity wave parameterization scheme, higher model top, and the representation of the sponge layer in ERA5 on the differences in the upper stratosphere and polar regions.
Graphene oxide reinforced Ni–P coatings for bacterial adhesion inhibition

Bacterial adhesion on the surfaces of medical devices, food processing equipment, heat exchangers and ship hulls has been recognized as a widespread problem. Bacterial adhesion on a surface is influenced by surface physical and chemical properties of the surface. In this paper, polyethyleneimine (PEI) grafted graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were incorporated into Ni–P coatings by an electroless plating technique to modify the surface energy, and therefore to influence the interactions between the prepared surfaces and the tested bacteria. Ni–P–GO coatings were investigated by SEM, AFM, Raman spectrum and XPS. Contact angles of Ni–P–GO coatings with different GO loadings were tested and the surface free energies and their dispersive and polar components were calculated using the van Oss acid–base approach. The results showed that the surface free energies of the coatings had a significant influence on S. aureus adhesion. The Ni–P–GO coatings showed excellent antibacterial adhesion activity. Extended DLVO theory is used to explain the antibacterial adhesion behavior. The novel coatings reported here can be used in controlling bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation for various applications.
Comparing the photocatalytic property of TiO2 nanoparticles and structured nanofiber materials

In this work, TiO2 nanofibers (TiO2-NF) with multilevel structure and nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) were respectively prepared via template-assisted and single solvothermal methods. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) was used as the model reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic properties of these prepared materials. It was important that TiO2-NF, prepared via template-assisted solvothermal method, possessed multilevel structure. The photocatalytic results indicated that their activity order was TiO2-NF > TiO2-NP. It demonstrated that the multilevel structure of TiO2-NF played an important role for enhancing its photocatalytic activity and the enhanced property could be mainly ascribed to fast adsorption/desorption of MB molecules on its surface and high efficiency of absorbing irradiating light and the efficient electrons transfer by interparticles and interparticles to the wall of the fiber.
New Drought Projections Over East Asia Using Evapotranspiration Deficits From the CMIP6 Warming Scenarios

In this work, we projected future drought risks over East Asia from the perspective of evapotranspiration (ET) deficit using the new climate projections of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). For the regional drought projections, we employed a state‐of‐the‐art complementary relationship (CR) method to estimate ET and atmospheric evaporative demand (Ep) that quantify the combined impact of water deficiency and vapor pressure deficit stress. The performance of the CR method was validated using the reanalysis climate data and independent water‐balance ET estimates. The same CR method was again applied to hindcasts and projections of seven global climate models (GCM) in the CMIP6 archive. Results showed that the CR ET estimates and the GCM‐driven ET products were both able to approximately close the basin‐scale water balance and tightly correlated with each other. The application with the CMIP6 GCM hindcasts provided the same indication that the CR ET and the GCM‐driven ET are consistent. The drought assessments using the ET deficit (ET − Ep) from the CMIP6 projections implicates that future drought risks over East Asia would be much higher than indicated by precipitation or soil moisture projections. Rising trends of Ep are expected to outpace those of ET even under the medium‐level greenhouse gas emission scenario. Our new drought projections suggest that Ep amplified by soil water deficiency could raise agricultural and wildfire risks substantially by the end of the 21st century.
The Application of the Percentage Change Calculation in the Context of Inflation in Mathematical Literacy.

The school subject Mathematical Literacy requires application of mathematics procedures in various contextual settings, but not much is known about the ways in which students engage with contextual settings such as inflation. This qualitative study was conducted with in-service Mathematical Literacy teachers in South Africa with the purpose of exploring the extent to which the teachers recognised the contextual constraints involved in applying the percentage change calculation to the inflation context. The written responses of the 406 Mathematical Literacy teachers were scrutinised to identify their interpretations of the contextual constraints involved in applying the percentage change procedure to the context of inflation. The item required the application of two successive percentage change operations (corresponding to the inflation rates for the 2 years). Of the 406 responses that were analysed, 260 (65%) were unable to take account of all the contextual constraints. There were 108 teachers who reduced the procedure to a one-step calculation while 64 teachers interpreted the context as a percentage decrease scenario. A large number of teachers (162) struggled with the interpretation of the role of the year, k , in the relationship between the quantities. The findings indicate that engagement with and understanding of the concept of inflation is dependent on a synthesis of the contextual constraints into the mathematical procedures. This article provides some insights into the struggles with making sense of the contextual nature of inflation which is an area that has received little attention in mathematics education studies. The teachers’ struggles likely mirror learners’ struggles and hence the research applies in a similar way to learners.
Control the crystal size by varying concentrations of precursors for the planar perovskite solar cells

ABSTRACT : The influence of the grain size of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 on the solar cell performance is investigated by controlling the ratio between CH 3 NH 3 I and PbI 2 precursors. As the concentration of the precursors increased from 1.0M to 2.0M, the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 grain size increased from ~100nm to ~400nm. The solar cell utilizing the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 with large grain size shows improved photocurrent compared to the solar cell utilizing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 with small grain size, which is ascribed to the reduced recombination at the boundaries of grains. dissolved Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) utilizing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 photoactive layer have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their advantages such as low cost, light weight and ease of fabrication[1-4]. Perovskite solar cells have been considered as the most viable option for the next generation photovoltaics; there has been a rapid progress in the field of PSCs and the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) have been improved from ~3% to ~20% [5-7]. There are three primary types of perovskite solar cell structures. The first type involves CH3NH3PbI3 layer deposited on a mesoporous metal oxide layer(TiO
‘Wishes and feelings’: Misunderstandings and missed opportunities for participation in child protection proceedings

The gathering of ‘wishes and feelings’ in UK child protection proceedings (s.53 Children Act 2004) should highlight the child's opinion of social work intervention and services provided. However, with no statutory social work guidance on participation currently in place, children frequently miss opportunities to be involved in their own child protection planning. This paper is drawn from a 3-year study into participation in child protection social work. It includes findings from qualitative interviews, and one focus group, with social workers, parents, children and participation workers, from three local authorities in the United Kingdom. The findings revealed some examples of significant gaps in service provision, particularly from the perspective and understanding of the child. The skewed translation of wishes and feelings legislation, along with its subsequent (and often inadequate) application to practice, prevents children from understanding and responding to social work intervention and can lead to idiosyncratic practice. This paper provides recommendations for a practical response to practitioner dilemmas regarding wishes and feelings and bridges the gap between research and practice.
Existence of Solitary Waves in a Perturbed KdV-mKdV Equation

In this paper, we establish the existence of a solitary wave in a KdV-mKdV equation with dissipative perturbation by applying the geometric singular perturbation technique and Melnikov function. The distance of the stable manifold and unstable manifold is computed to show the existence of the homoclinic loop for the related ordinary differential equation systems on the slow manifold, which implies the existence of a solitary wave for the KdV-mKdV equation with dissipative perturbation.
Antifungal activities of Chlorella vulgaris extract on black scurf disease, growth performance and quality of potato

Abstract The antifungal effect of Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) against potato pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani was evaluated in vitro and in the greenhouse. Methanolic extract of C. vulgaris exerted significant effects on the growth of the pathogenic fungi, either by inhibiting fungal mycelia growth in solid and liquid media or the formation of infection cushion, that was observed by light microscope. The inhibitory effect on the fungal growth increased as the concentration of algal extract increased. Disease resistance was assessed in the greenhouse against Rhizoctonia black scurf using drench application of CVE. The application of CVE significantly reduced disease severity and improved the quality and quantity of potato tubers yield. The chemical composition of the methanolic crude extract of C. vulgaris was analyzed by GC-MS. Palmitic and oleic acids, glycine and phenol were among the major compounds found in the methanolic crude extract which exhibited variable efficiency against the pathogen in vitro. The microalgae C. vulgaris extract demonstrated great potential to be commercialized as a natural product against R. solani on potato crops.
Implementing community-based participatory research among African Americans with serious and persistent mental illness: A qualitative study

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an approach that involves community members in research, not as research participants, but as partners. However, few studies have examined CBPR projects conducted among African Americans with serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI). This article focuses specifically on the Inspiring Change (IC) model, which includes a leadership trio comprised of an academic researcher, health service provider and an African American with lived experience of SPMI. Our purpose is to investigate how the IC model shapes not only how research is conducted but how research is understood and experienced by the community. We achieve this purpose by (1) describing an innovative CBPR model and pilot projects that involved African Americans with SPMI in all stages of the research project; and (2) presenting findings from qualitative interviews conducted with CBPR team members about strengths, challenges and leadership particular to this model of CBPR, an area rarely explored in CBPR literature. With the guidance of an advisory board and the manualised IC curriculum, two CBPR teams initiated and conducted nine-month long research projects focusing on health disparities for African Americans with SPMI. Members of the two CBPR teams (n = 13), which included individuals with lived experience, service providers and researchers, completed qualitative interviews. Benefits of CBPR projects included opportunities to learn, a sense of purpose in helping others and increased trust of research participants. Challenges pertained to disorganisation of leadership, lack of transparency with compensation, time pressures and interpersonal conflicts. These challenges highlight the importance of preparing and supporting those from both academic and lived experience backgrounds in skills necessary to thrive in leadership roles for CBPR projects.
Outcomes in primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type

Primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type (PCDLBCL, LT) is a rare, aggressive lymphoma characterized by skin involvement predominantly in the lower extremities. Immunochemotherapy with or without involved‐site radiation therapy (ISRT) is considered standard front‐line therapy. Over‐expression of PD‐L1/PD‐L2 is seen in a high proportion of PCDLBCL, LT cases, but efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in relapsed/refractory, PCDLBCL, LT has not been thoroughly studied. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with PCDLBCL, LT seen at Mayo Clinic from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2020. Using the Kaplan–Meier method, we calculated progression‐free survival, duration of response, and overall survival in patients who received front‐line rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP) with and without ISRT, and salvage ICI therapy for relapsed/refractory disease. A total of 28 patients with PCDLBCL, LT were identified. The median PFS in patients treated with R‐CHOP plus ISRT was 58 months (95% CI: 18–112) compared to 14 months (95% CI: 5–not reached; p = 0.04) in those treated with R‐CHOP without ISRT. The median PFS from salvage ICI therapy was 10 months (95% CI: 4–not reached), and median DOR from salvage ICI therapy was 23 months [95% CI: 4–26]. R‐CHOP with ISRT had a significantly longer median PFS compared to R‐CHOP without ISRT as front‐line therapy for PCDLBCL, LT. ICIs may have a role in treating relapsed/refractory disease as reasonable activity in heavily pre‐treated patients was observed in this study.
An increase in detection rates of the critically endangered Baltic Proper harbor porpoise in Swedish waters in recent years

The Baltic Proper harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is currently listed as critically endangered (CR), with the Static Acoustic Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Harbor Porpoise (SAMBAH) project concluding that only ~500 individuals remain. This population has a distribution that spans the waters of nine countries, making regular abundance estimates and management action challenging. Given the continued decline of other depleted porpoises, namely the vaquita (Phocoena sinus), the question is often raised about whether management action would even have a positive impact, or whether it is too late for population recovery. When abundance estimates are sparse over time, monitoring programs at key sites are likely to serve as the best indication of population trends, and may provide an early indication of changes at the population level. We compared passive acoustic monitoring data from 12 stations that were utilized both in the SAMBAH project (2011–2013) and as a part of the Swedish National Monitoring Program (2017–2020) to determine trends in detection rates. There was a 29% increase in mean daily detection rate during May–October (over the breeding season) between the two study periods. At the three stations with the highest number of detections, log linear regression revealed a yearly increase of 2.4% between 2011 and 2019 (−4.4–9.6, 95% CI). This may be indicative of the beginnings of population recovery, or simply an indication that the decline has stalled. The rate of increase is still well below what is likely to be possible for porpoise populations, and unlikely to buffer against any potential increase in pressures in the future. We therefore call for urgent management action to remove threats and protect this CR population, the only resident cetacean in the Baltic region, in order to give it the best chance of recovery.
A Proposal to End the COVID-19 Pandemic

Urgent steps are needed to arrest the rising human toll and economic strain from the COVID-19 pandemic that are exacerbating already-diverging recoveries. Pandemic policy is also economic policy as there is no durable end to the economic crisis without an end to the health crisis. Building on existing initiatives, this paper proposes pragmatic actions at the national and multilateral level to expeditiously defeat the pandemic. The proposal targets: (1) vaccinating at least 40 percent of the population in all countries by the end of 2021 and at least 60 percent by the first half of 2022, (2) tracking and insuring against downside risks, and (3) ensuring widespread testing and tracing, maintaining adequate stocks of therapeutics, and enforcing public health measures in places where vaccine coverage is low. The benefits of such measures at about $9 trillion far outweigh the costs which are estimated to be around $50 billion—of which $35 billion should be paid by grants from donors and the residual by national governments potentially with the support of concessional financing from bilateral and multilateral agencies. The grant funding gap identified by the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator amounts to about $22 billion, which the G20 recognizes as important to address. This leaves an estimated $13 billion in additional grant contributions needed to finance our proposal. Importantly, the strategy requires global cooperation to secure upfront financing, upfront vaccine donations, and at-risk investment to insure against downside risks for the world.