Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Condensation of CO2 at Low Temperatures

The paper presents experimental results of heat transfer of CO2 in horizontal smooth tubes. Condensing temperatures range from −15 °C to −25 °C, making these results important for cascade and secondary loop applications with carbon dioxide. The tube used for these experiments has an internal diameter of 6.10 mm. Introduction Due to the recent interest in CO2 at low temperatures, this study presents heat transfer data for the condensation of CO2 at the following conditions: • Tsat (saturation): −15, −25 °C • ∆T (=Tsat−Twall): 3, 6 K • G: 200, 300, 400 kg/m·s • x: 0.1 − 0.9 Experimental Facility A simplified sketch of the testing facility is shown below. Details can be found in Appendix A. The flow in the loop is driven by a variable speed gear pump (1). Following the pump, the refrigerant flow is measured by a coriolis flow meter (Micro Motion CFM25). A calorimeter (2) is used to bring the sub-cooled liquid refrigerant to the desired state at the inlet of the test section. The calorimeter consists of two parallel electrical heaters. Each heater is inside a copper tube with refrigerant flowing through the spirally articulated annulus. By adjusting the power to the calorimeter, the quality of CO2 at the test section is controlled. After the calorimeter the refrigerant flows along a 1 m long horizontal pipe in order to fully develop the flow. The CO2 then enters the heat transfer test section (3). After the test section there are insulated horizontal and vertical pipes (4), each 1 m long, to measure the adiabatic pressure drop both in horizontal and vertical flow (flow heads up). This section consists of pipes with an identical inner surface and diameter than that of the heat transfer test section. After leaving the pressure drop sections the CO2 flows through a control heater (5) which supplies enough heat to keep the pressure of the system at a desired level. This control heater is similar to the calorimeter. The amount of heat provided by the control heater is regulated by a PID controller that uses the measured pressure as the control value. The CO2 is then condensed by the primary heat exchanger (6) with R404a flowing on the other side, and finally sub-cooled by the sub-cooling unit (7) prior to returning to the pump.
Focused ion beam–SIMS oxygen assay of the surface of titanium alloys prepared by the shot peening process

Shot peening introduces subsurface residual compressive stresses in titanium alloys to depths of up to 500 µm. Although the microhardness method is established as a method for determining interstitial oxygen concentration gradients of such alloys, the near surface plastic deformation arising from shot peening is a source of measurement unreliability. An alternative method based on negative ion, focused ion beam–SIMS has been trialed for a shot peened Ti‐834 alloy thermally exposed for times and temperatures comparable with service conditions in the ‘hot‐end’ compressor stages of a modern gas‐turbine aero‐engine. Focused ion beam–SIMS measurements successfully measured enhanced oxygen ingress into the topmost 100 µm of the shot‐peened Ti‐834 after prolonged thermal exposure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscopic Ordered Voids and Metal Caps by Controlled Trapping of Colloidal Particles at Polymeric Film Surfaces

Colloidal lithography (CL), which uses self-assembled colloids as masks for fabricating 2D nanostructures, is a simple and cost-effective alternative to advanced lithographic tech-niques, including e-beam, scanning probe, and focused ion beam, and immersion lithographies. [1–6] A variety of patterns with feature scales ranging from several tens nanometers to several micrometers have been successfully fabricated via selective etching or deposition of metals on bare or modiﬁed colloidal masks. [7–13] Recently, patterned metal arrays of various feature sizes and shapes were successfully demonstrated using polymeric colloidal masks annealed at different temperatures. [14] In addition, arrays of metallic nanovoids and nanoparticles were created by electrodeposition of gold and polypyrrole ﬁlms on colloidal templates, respectively. [15,16] However, despite the advantages of colloidal lithography, relatively little attention has been devoted to the fabrication of colloid-based functional structures on ﬂexible and optically transparent polymeric substrates, which could potentially be used in ﬂexible electronics and optical devices such as ﬂexible displays. [17–19] In this paper, we demonstrate a simple and novel method for fabricating a periodic organic/inorganic heterostructured surface, using a monolayered array of colloidal particles that are partially embedded in a polymer layer. The proposed method needs only a spin-coater and hot plate for the nanoscopic pattern formation, without the need for sophisticated lithographic tools, such as reactive-ion etching (RIE) and sputtering instruments frequently employed in lithographic techniques. The organic/inorganic heterostructures prepared via the proposed method can provide a more efﬁcient and simple way to fabricate patterned voids and metal caps on ﬂexible polymeric
Structural and Physical Aspects of Ionic Liquid Aggregates in Solution

and closely packed layers. Similar results were observed by Sastry et al. [38] and Vaghela et al. [41] in a study of the aggregation change in the aggregates. The data obtained for β was correlated to a formation of spherical micelles in accordance with cac 1 , and with the transition to cylindrical micelles in accordance with cac 2 . Results obtained from fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence anisotropy, and chemical NMR were used to investigate the change in the morphology — the results were consistent with the sphere-to-cylinder transition. Moreover, at higher concentrations, a new conformational change from cylindrical micelles to bilayer aggregates was proposed, based on the analysis of diffusion coefficients obtained by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY).
Delta-doped LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces

The quasi-two-dimensional electron gases formed at the interface between insulators such as SrTiO3/LaAlO3 are predicted to arise from an interfacial electronic reconstruction, but the extent to which oxygen vacancies within the substrate contribute to the conduction remains unclear. We show that delta-doping the interface with transition metal cations dramatically alters the properties and supports the model of a highly two-dimensional charge sheet.
Fundamental approach to TRIGA steady state thermal-hydraulic CHF analysis.

Methods are investigated for predicting the power at which critical heat flux (CHF) occurs in TRIGA reactors that rely on natural convection for primary flow. For a representative TRIGA reactor, two sets of functions are created. For the first set, the General Atomics STAT code and the more widely-used RELAP5-3D code are each employed to obtain reactor flow rate as a function of power. For the second set, the Bernath correlation, the 2006 Groeneveld table, the Hall and Mudawar outlet correlation, and each of the four PG-CHF correlations for rod bundles are used to predict the power at which CHF occurs as a function of channel flow rate. The two sets of functions are combined to yield predictions of the power at which CHF occurs in the reactor. A combination of the RELAP5-3D code and the 2006 Groeneveld table predicts 67% more CHF power than does a combination of the STAT code and the Bernath correlation. Replacing the 2006 Groeneveld table with the Bernath CHF correlation (while using the RELAP5-3D code flow solution) causes the increase to be 23% instead of 67%. Additional RELAP5-3D flow-versus-power solutions obtained from Reference 1 and presented in Appendix B for four specific TRIGA reactorsmore » further demonstrates that the Bernath correlation predicts CHF to occur at considerably lower power levels than does the 2006 Groeneveld table. Because of the lack of measured CHF data in the region of interest to TRIGA reactors, none of the CHF correlations considered can be assumed to provide the definitive CHF power. It is recommended, however, to compare the power levels of the potential limiting rods with the power levels at which the Bernath and 2006 Groeneveld CHF correlations predict CHF to occur. « less
Charge order in the extended Hubbard model

Magnetic and charge order in half-filled and doped finite two-dimensional (8 ? 8) clusters described by the extended Hubbard Hamiltonian with medium to large on-site (U) and intersite (V) Coulomb repulsion were investigated using correlated wavefunctions. The treatment of spatially inhomogeneous correlations was possible thanks to a combination of the local ansatz and the local increments expansion methods. The surprising result is that in the half-filled case the correlations do not influence the transition from the antiferromagnetic? (AF) to charge order? (CO) phase found in the Hartree? Fock approximation. For the doped systems we found a variety of stripe or superlattice-like structures for small values of V, while for larger V we identified robust CO phases. For smaller doping (? = 1/8 and 1/4) the charge-majority sublattice has typically inhomogeneous charge distribution and is decorated by various magnetic patterns, while for larger doping (? = 1/2) the co-phase is homogeneous (ideal) and with superimposed AF order.
Mechanism Design with an Informed Principal: Extensions and Generalizations∗

Maskin and Tirole (1992) study the problem of mechanism design by an informed principal when the agent cares also about the principal’s information. We extend their model by permitting corner solutions. We also omit their requirement that the leastcost separating (Riley) outcome be interim efficient for positive beliefs an assumption that can be hard to check. Finally, we permit the indifference curves of different types of principals to be tangent or to coincide, as occurs naturally in certain contexts.
Electrochemical and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Two Schiff Bases as Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

The corrosion inhibition characteristics of two synthesized Schiff bases, namely N, N´-bis(2-hydroxy-6-nitrobenzaldehyde) benzidine and N, N´-bis(salysylaldehyde) benzidine, on the mild steel corrosion in 2.0 M hydrochloric acid have been investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. These studies were carried out at different concentrations, temperatures and durations. Polarization measurements indicate that the two inhibitors act as mixed type inhibitors. The adsorption of inhibitors obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the thermodynamic parameters (Ea, Kads, ΔG 0 ads) were calculated and discussed. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to provide further insight into the inhibition efficiencies determined experimentally.
Évaluation et validation de prévisions en loi

Cette these porte sur l’evaluation et la validation de previsions en loi. Dans la premiere partie, nous nous interessons a l’apport du machine learning vis a vis des previsions quantile et des previsions en loi. Pour cela, nous avons teste differents algorithmes de machine learning dans un cadre de previsions de quantiles sur donnees reelles. Nous tentons ainsi de mettre en evidence l’interet de certaines methodes selon le type de donnees auxquelles nous sommes confrontes. Dans la seconde partie, nous exposons quelques tests de validation de previsions en loi presents dans la litterature. Certains de ces tests sont ensuite appliques sur donnees reelles relatives aux log-rendements d’indices boursiers. Dans la troisieme, nous proposons une methode de recalibration permettant de simplifier le choix d’une prevision de densite en particulier par rapport a d’autres. Cette recalibration permet d’obtenir des previsions valides a partir d’un modele mal specifie. Nous mettons egalement en evidence des conditions sous lesquelles la qualite des previsions recalibrees, evaluee a l’aide du CRPS, est systematiquement amelioree, ou tres legerement degradee. Ces resultats sont illustres par le biais d’applications sur des scenarios de temperatures et de prix.
Great expectations: Evidence for graded prediction of grammatical gender

Language processing is predictive in nature. But how do people balance multiple competing options as they predict upcoming meanings? Here, we investigated whether readers generate graded predictions about grammatical gender of nouns. Sentence contexts were manipulated so that they strongly biased people's expectations towards two or more nouns that had the same grammatical gender (single bias condition), or they biased multiple genders from different grammatical classes (multiple bias condition). Our expectation was that unexpected articles should lead to elevated reading times (RTs) in the single-bias condition when probabilistic expectations towards a particular gender are violated. Indeed, the results showed greater sensitivity among language users towards unexpected articles in the single-bias condition, however, RTs on unexpected gendermarked articles were facilitated, and not slowed. Our data confirm that difficulty in sentence processing is modulated by uncertainty about predicted information, and suggest that readers make graded predictions about grammatical gender.
XPS study on microporous surface composition of microchannel plates

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the microporous surface elements change in content and chemical states of microchannel plates before and after hydrogen reduction. The results show that the oxygen charge states include mixture of bridging oxygen (BO), non-bridging oxygen (NBO), and hydrogen oxide (-OH), and BO is the main charge state, that Si, Pb and Bi are also bonded with F to produce fluoride except bonding with oxygen before hydrogen reduction. After hydrogen reduction, the binding state of O and Si unchanged. The [BO] and [NBO] decrease, and [OH] increases obviously. Si fluoride reacts with H2O and produces amounts of ≡Si-O- at high temperature. The lead exists in mixture of Pb0 and Pb2+, and the Bi mainly exists in bond of Bi0 in surface region of the reduced samples. The signals of K2p and Na1s emerged again in the reduced samples. It is the change in content and chemical states of microchannel plates after hydrogen reducing processing that the secondary electron emission yield after reduction is 1.5 times higher than that of samples before reduction, and the bulk resistivity obviously drops by 3~4 order.
Effective interfacial area and liquid holdup of Nutter Rings at high liquid loads

The effective interfacial area of the Nutter Ring NR#1, NR#1.75 and NR#2.5 was measured by absorbing CO 2 from air with NaOH. Liquid holdup was measured using air-water as test system. The liquid load was varied between 20 and 180 m 3 /m 2 . h and the influence of the pressure drop was investigated. Correlations are derived from the experimental data which represent the measured data within an accuracy of 10%. The aim of this work is to present the test results as well as to summarize how the effective interfacial area can be calculated in order to motivate other researchers to publish interfacial area instead of k OG . a, when using CO 2 -NaOH as test system.
Description and Theoretical Analysis of a Differential Mobility Spectrometer

Electrical mobility analysis is the most efficient technique for measuring aerosol particle size distributions in the submicron size range. Recent advances in aerosol science underline the need of fast measurements of particle size spectra in this range, and therefore a great amount of effort has been focused towards this direction. This paper provides the description and a theoretical framework for the analysis of a fast-response differerntial mobility spectrometer (DMS). In common with other instruments of its category, it consists of a particle charger, a classification column, and a series of detectors. Passing the sample flow first through a corona-wire diffusion charger that sets a charge on the particles, the aerosol is introduced around the central rod of an inside-out cylindrical classifier equipped with a series of isolated electrode rings connected to sensitive electrometers. Current readings produced by deposition of the charged particles on the electrometer rings are then translated to particle number concentrations corresponding to the electrical mobility range collected on every channel. Combining Fuchs' limiting-sphere theory to predict the number of charges on the particles downstream of the charger with a nondiffusing transfer function of the classifier, we present calculations of the kernel of the DMS, and show how changing the operating conditions affects the overall performance of the instrument
Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of Thin Foils of Bismuth Telluride Alloys

Ultrarapid quenching processes have been extensively studied during the past few years. particularly for glasses. In the case of polycrystalline materials, the problem is slightly different. In this case, the microstructures obtained by this process are very different from those obtained by normal cooling and they induce new physical properties.
Machine Learning for Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease

The main global cause of death is coronary artery disease by the report of the World Health Organization in several years. Furthermore, the medical costs of coronary artery disease are pretty high. The most importantly, heart disease is greatly killed Taiwanese in recent years. Thus, in order to reduce the harm to people, it is necessary to predict coronary artery disease accurately and earlier. The major purpose of this study is to construct different machine learning models on diagnosing of coronary artery disease. The Z-Alizadeh Sani dataset from UCI Machine Learning Repository, including 303 patients and 54 features, was mainly adopted in this study. We apply the 3-fold and 5-fold cross-validation and evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, Area Under Curve and Matthews correlation coefficient for different model algorisms, including decision tree, logistic regression and ensemble learning technique. The highly accuracy of 10 features model and 20 features model are 87.77% and 88.10%, respectively. It shows almost same outcomes of prediction in both models. Besides, Decision Tree model are 7% less than Logistic Regression one when predicting accuracy in the dataset containing 20 features. Also, the specificity of top 5 related features model is less than 50 percent. It proves that the significance of the top 5 related features. Only taking the 10 features from people and using uncomplicated machine learning models, the prediction outcome is good (The best Area Under Curve: 0.9322). And, to improve the accuracy of a single model, ensemble learning needs more features. Finally, researchers can use linear classifiers to predict coronary artery disease. Hence, diagnosing coronary artery disease will be easy and effective, so it can reduce the harm to Taiwanese.
Atom−Bond Electronegativity Equalization Method. 1. Calculation of the Charge Distribution in Large Molecules

On the basis of the principle of electronegativity equalization and density-functional theory, an atom−bond electronegativity equalization method has been developed for the calculation of the charge distribution in large molecules that are connectivity and geometry dependent. The effective electronegativities of an atom and a bond in a molecule are derived and given by equations that contain respective electronegativities, hardness terms, and contributions that come from other atomic and bond charges. The parameters A, B, C, and D are the valence-state electronegativity and the valence-state hardnesses. They are obtained by calibrating through calculations of more than 100 model molecules and are transferable and consistently usable. The atom−bond electronegativity equalization method is tested through calculation of the charge distributions in several large organic molecules. It has been shown that there is a very good agreement between the results obtained by the atom−bond electronegativity equalization.
The Pauson-Khand Reaction: Scope, Variations and Applications

The Pauson-Khand reaction is an important reaction in the field of organic chemistry. It involves the transition-metal catalysed cycloaddition of an alkyne, an alkene and carbon monoxide, to produce cyclopentenones. The importance of this reaction originates from its high value in transforming simple components into the synthetically useful cyclopentenone unit, in which a high degree of molecular complexity can be achieved in a single step, with impressive stereochemical and regiochemical control. The Pauson-Khand Reaction investigates the nature and many variations of this reaction.
Zur Darstellung der Anomeren des Hepta‐O‐acetylcellobiosyl‐, ‐lactosyl‐, ‐maltosyl‐ und ‐melibiosylazids

Synthesis of the Anomers of Hepta-O-acetylcellobiosyl, -lactosyl, -maltosyl, and -melibiosyl Azide Synthesis and characterization by 13C-NMR spectroscopy of the O-acetylated 1,2-cis and 1,2-trans azides of cellobiose, lactose, maltose, and melibiose have been accomplished. 1,2-trans Azides 1c, 2b–4b result from the stannic chloride catalyzed reaction of the β-octa-O-acetates 1a–4a with trimethylsilyl azide, whereas the β-chlorohepta-O-acetyldisaccharides 1d, 2c–4c afford, in an SN2 reaction in HMPT with lithium azide, the hitherto inaccessible 1,2-cis azides 1e, 2d–4d.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METHODSIN THE SYNTHESIS OF MAGNETITE (Fe3O4)

Comparative study of methods in the synthesis of magnetite between hydrolysis oxidative and co-precipitation method has been done. Hydrolysis oxidative method was done by added the solution of KOH (22.45 g) and KNO3 (3.23 g) in water (120 ml) into solution of FeSO4∙7H2O (40.00 g) in water (280 ml) in the N2 atmosphere at 90 oC. Coprecipitation method was done by added dropwise the solution of NH4OH (1 M) into 200 mL of FeSO4 . 7H2O and FeCl3 . 6H2O solutions (molar ratio 1:2) with total concentration of 6 M until pH 11.5. The solid phase formed in each method was then filtered, washed, and dried. The characterization of product by XRD and FTIR methods indicated that coprecipitation method produced higher in rendemen (81.25%) than that of hydrolisis oksidative method (71.26 %). In addition, the size of magnetite produced by coprecipitation method (15.7 nm) smaller than that of produced by co-precipitation method (27.8 nm).
Structural and thermodynamic features of the polyhydroxybutyrate physical gels

The structural and thermal properties of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) gels in dimethylformamide (DMF) are presented and discussed. The dilute and semi-dilute mixed PHB/DMF system undergoes a phase separation on cooling at a temperature T gel , producing a gel in which the crystalline fraction is of the order of 50-60% and the diffraction pattern is that of disperse nano-crystals, with the same unit cell of the pure crystalline PHB. Upon heating, two melting peaks are normally observed at T m1 and T m2 (always higher than T gel ). Shapes of the peaks, temperatures and enthalpies of melting depend slightly on scanning rate on heating but on the procedure of gel preparation. Reproducibility and reversibility have always been found with repeated thermal cycles. A thermodynamic phase diagram is therefore constructed and discussed, although the morphology of the system may be subject to the experimental conditions under which the gel is prepared.