Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Point by Point response to review 3

Probabilistic predictions of the sea level contribution from Antarctica often have large uncertainty intervals. Calibration :: of ::::: model :::::::::: simulations with observations can reduce uncertainties and improve confidence in projections, particularly if this exploits as much of the available information as possible (such as spatial characteristics), but the necessary statistical treatment is often challenging and can be computationally prohibitive. Ice sheet models with sufficient spatial resolution to resolve grounding 5 line evolution are also computationally expensive. Here we address these challenges by adopting a novel ::: and ::::::::: comparing dimension-reduced approach to calibration , combined with statistical emulation :::::::: calibration :::::::::: approaches ::::: based ::: on : a :::::::: principal ::::::::: component ::::::::::::: decomposition of the adaptive mesh model BISICLES. ::: The :::::: effects :::::: model ::::::::: parameters ::::: have :: on ::::: these :::::::: principal :::::::::: components :::: are :::: then ::::::: gathered ::: in :::::::: statistical :::::::: emulators ::: to :::: allow ::: for ::::::: smooth ::::::::: probability ::::::: density :::::::: estimates. : With the help of a published perturbed parameter ice sheet model ensemble 10 of the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), we show how the use of ::::::: principal :::::::::: components :: in ::::::::::: combination :::: with : spatially resolved observations can improve probabilistic calibrations. In synthetic model experiments (calibrating the model with altered model results) we can identify the correct basal traction and ice viscosity scaling parameters as well as the bedrock map with spatial calibrationswhile a . :: In :::::::::: comparison :: a :::::: simpler ::::::::: calibration :::::: against ::: an ::::::::: aggregated :::::::::: observation, ::: the : net sea level contributioncalibration : , imposes only weaker constraints :: by ::::::: allowing :: a :::: wide ::::: range :: of ::::: basal :::::: traction :::: and ::::::: viscosity :::::: scaling :::::: factors. 15 Projections of the 50 year :::::::::: Uncertainties ::: in sea level rise contribution : of ::: 50 :::: year :::::::::: simulations : from the current state of the ASE can be narrowed down :::::: reduced : with satellite observations of recent ice thickness change to :: by :::::: nearly ::::: 90%; ::::::: Median ::: and :::: 90% :::::::::: confidence ::::::: intervals :::: are 18.9 [13.9, 24.8]mm (median and 90% range) with :::: mm :::: SLE ::: for : the proposed spatial calibration approach, compared to 16.8 [7.7, 25.6] :::: mm :::: SLE for the net sea level calibration and 23.1 [-8.4, 94.5] :::: mm :::: SLE for the uncalibrated ensemble. The spatial model behaviour is much more consistent with observations if, instead of Bedmap2, a 20 modified bedrock topography is used that most notably removes a topographic rise near the initial grounding line of Pine Island
IMPROVING TUNNELING SIMULATION USING BAYESIAN UPDATING AND HIDDEN MARKOV CHAINS

Ground conditions remain an uncertain factor in tunneling projects, complicating the ability of practitioners to reliably estimate project productivity and, in turn, duration. This study proposes a Bayesian-based approach to incorporate real-time project data into simulation-based ground prediction models to improve prediction accuracy. Changes in ground conditions are modeled using a Hidden Markov Model, which is updated with actual project data using the Baum-Welch algorithm. The prediction model is then incorporated in Simphony.NET to enhance simulation of tunneling construction operations. A case study conducted in Edmonton, Canada, demonstrates that the proposed approach is capable of incorporating real-time data in a manner that resulted in enhanced duration prediction accuracy.
Deep learning detects cardiotoxicity in a high-content screen with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Drug-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity are major causes of drug attrition. To decrease late-stage drug attrition, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries need to establish biologically relevant models that use phenotypic screening to detect drug-induced toxicity in vitro. In this study, we sought to rapidly detect patterns of cardiotoxicity using high-content image analysis with deep learning and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). We screened a library of 1280 bioactive compounds and identified those with potential cardiotoxic liabilities in iPSC-CMs using a single-parameter score based on deep learning. Compounds demonstrating cardiotoxicity in iPSC-CMs included DNA intercalators, ion channel blockers, epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclin-dependent kinase, and multi-kinase inhibitors. We also screened a diverse library of molecules with unknown targets and identified chemical frameworks that show cardiotoxic signal in iPSC-CMs. By using this screening approach during target discovery and lead optimization, we can de-risk early-stage drug discovery. We show that the broad applicability of combining deep learning with iPSC technology is an effective way to interrogate cellular phenotypes and identify drugs that may protect against diseased phenotypes and deleterious mutations.
Biomechanics of adjacent segment after three-level lumbar fusion, hybrid single-level semi-rigid fixation with two-level lumbar fusion

Abstract Multi-level spinal fusion has been reported in some cases to lead to adjacent segment disease (ASD) and proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) rod fixation system implanted adjacent to a two-level lumbar fusion would have a lower risk of PJK than three-level lumbar fusion, which was investigated by comparing the biomechanical effects on the adjacent level after surgical procedures. Four finite element (FE) models of the lumbar-sacral spine (intact model (INT), L4-S1 fusion model (L4-S1 FUS), L3-S1 fusion model (L3-S1 FUS), and single-level PEEK rod semi-rigid fixation adjacent to L4-S1 fusion model (FUSPRF)) were established. Displacement-controlled finite element (FE) analysis was used during the simulation. Compared with the two-level fusion model (L4-S1 FUS), both three-level implanted models (L3-S1 FUS and FUSPRF) showed an increase intersegmental rotation angle, and maximum von-Mises stress on the disc annulus. The results also showed that the intersegmental rotation, stress on the disc annulus and maximum stress on the rod were lower in the FUSPRF model than the L3-S1 FUS model. Though the maximum screw stress was higher in the FUSPRF model than the L3-S1 FUS model under all moments except for torsion, the maximum screw stress in the two models were far below the yield strength of titanium alloy. As the parameters above have been indicated as risk factors for PJK, it can be concluded that hybrid single-level PEEK rod semi-rigid fixation and two-level lumbar fusion have a lower risk of PJK than three-level lumbar fusion.
Self-Care and Storytelling for Radiologists: A Feasibility Study

Rationale and Objectives Physician wellness and burnout mitigation strategies have become priority practices in recent years. Despite these efforts, however, physicians living with the psychological effects of the current COVID-19 global pandemic, political stressors, and social injustices, face ever increasing threats to their personal and professional well-being. This manuscript investigates the process of storytelling as a self-care practice for radiologists. Materials and Methods The AUR Well Being Ad-Hoc Committee introduced and approved Storytelling Geek Week, a virtual workshop held by The Moth, a Peabody award-winning storytelling nonprofit group. Nineteen AUR members applied and were selected for participation in the workshop which occurred over 5 days in November 2020. Anonymous electronic surveys were sent to participants before and after the workshop to gather feedback on their experience. Results Of the 19 AUR member participants, 12 (63%) completed the pre-workshop survey and 8 (42%) completed the post-workshop survey. Participant current state of well-being was found to be increased between the pre- and post-course surveys, with a statistically significant adjusted P-value of 0.017. All 8 post-workshop respondents reported that they would recommend the workshop to others. With regard to how participation in the workshop impacted their wellbeing, representative free text responses include, “helped with processing emotions,” and “felt more connected to strangers. ” Regarding shifts in perspective as a result of workshop participation, representative free text responses include, “more empathetic” and “started focusing on hope and gratitude rather than sadness and anxiety. ” Conclusion Participants in a storytelling workshop reported a positive impact on their perceived sense of well-being. Respondents also reports shifts in their sense of empathy and connectedness to others. This type of intervention may help to mitigate burnout and build community during challenging times.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Long-term Recovery From Traumatic Injury

Objective: Determine the proportion and characteristics of traumatic injury survivors who perceive a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their recovery and to define post-injury outcomes for this cohort. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated physical, psychological, and social stressors that may create a uniquely difficult recovery and reintegration environment for injured patients. Methods: Adult (≥18 years) survivors of moderate-to-severe injury completed a survey 6 to 14 months post-injury during the COVID-19 pandemic. This survey queried individuals about the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on injury recovery and assessed post-injury functional and mental health outcomes. Regression models were built to identify factors associated with a perceived negative impact of the pandemic on injury recovery, and to define the relationship between these perceptions and long-term outcomes. Results: Of 597 eligible trauma survivors who were contacted, 403 (67.5%) completed the survey. Twenty-nine percent reported that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted their recovery and 24% reported difficulty accessing needed healthcare. Younger age, lower perceived-socioeconomic status, extremity injury, and prior psychiatric illness were independently associated with negative perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on injury recovery. In adjusted analyses, patients who reported a negative impact of the pandemic on their recovery were more likely to have new functional limitations, daily pain, lower physical and mental component scores of the Short-Form-12 and to screen positive for PTSD and depression. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting the recovery of trauma survivors. It is essential that we recognize the impact of the pandemic on injured patients while focusing on directed efforts to improve the long-term outcomes of this already at-risk population.
First in-human report of the clinical accuracy of thoracolumbar percutaneous pedicle screw placement using augmented reality guidance.

OBJECTIVE Augmented reality (AR) is an emerging technology that has great potential for guiding the safe and accurate placement of spinal hardware, including percutaneous pedicle screws. The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of 63 percutaneous pedicle screws placed at a single institution using an AR head-mounted display (ARHMD) system. METHODS Retrospective analyses were performed for 9 patients who underwent thoracic and/or lumbar percutaneous pedicle screw placement guided by ARHMD technology. Clinical accuracy was assessed via the Gertzbein-Robbins scale by the authors and by an independent musculoskeletal radiologist. Thoracic pedicle subanalysis was also performed to assess screw accuracy based on pedicle morphology. RESULTS Nine patients received thoracic or lumbar AR-guided percutaneous pedicle screws. The mean age at the time of surgery was 71.9 ± 11.5 years and the mean number of screws per patient was 7. Indications for surgery were spinal tumors (n = 4, 44.4%), degenerative disease (n = 3, 33.3%), spinal deformity (n = 1, 11.1%), and a combination of deformity and infection (n = 1, 11.1%). Presenting symptoms were most commonly low-back pain (n = 7, 77.8%) and lower-extremity weakness (n = 5, 55.6%), followed by radicular lower-extremity pain, loss of lower-extremity sensation, or incontinence/urinary retention (n = 3 each, 33.3%). In all, 63 screws were placed (32 thoracic, 31 lumbar). The accuracy for these screws was 100% overall; all screws were Gertzbein-Robbins grade A or B (96.8% grade A, 3.2% grade B). This accuracy was achieved in the thoracic spine regardless of pedicle cancellous bone morphology. CONCLUSIONS AR-guided surgery demonstrated a 100% accuracy rate for the insertion of 63 percutaneous pedicle screws in 9 patients (100% rate of Gertzbein-Robbins grade A or B screw placement). Using an ARHMS system for the placement of percutaneous pedicle screws showed promise, but further validation using a larger cohort of patients across multiple surgeons and institutions will help to determine the true accuracy enabled by this technology.
COVID-19 vaccines approved in the European Union: current evidence and perspectives

A vaccination program is considered the most important public health tool in overcoming an infectious disease, with a key impact on morbidity and mortality at the global level. Therefore, the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) drove the need to rapidly test and approve new effective vaccines. The main objectives in the clinical development program were focused on protecting from symptomatic disease, reducing the risk of becoming seriously ill, and preventing infection by stopping the transmission. In this editorial, I review evidence of the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines authorized by the European regulatory authority until June 2021.
Interactive comment on “Circum-Indian ocean hydroclimate at the mid to late Holocene transition: The Double Drought hypothesis and consequences for the Harappan” by Nick Scroxton

We would like to thank Dr. Giesche, Professor Weiss and an anonymous reviewer for their inputs to this paper. The excellent questions have forced us to refine our paper and provide better evidence for our claims – be it on variability of the winter monsoon or a more thorough examination of the spatial relationships of the principal component analysis. We believe that the double drought hypothesis is far stronger with these inputs, our arguments have been made more robust with additional evidence, and that the manuscript is more precise and fairer in its language. In this final report we provide C1
A physiological and biomechanical investigation of three passive upper-extremity exoskeletons during simulated overhead work

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate three passive upper-extremity exoskeletons relative to a control condition. Twelve subjects performed an hour-long, simulated occupational task in a laboratory setting. Independent measures of exoskeleton, exertion height (overhead, head height), time, and their interactions were assessed. Dependent measures included changes in tissue oxygenation (ΔTSI) in the anterior deltoid and middle trapezius, peak resultant lumbar spine loading, and subjective discomfort in various body regions. A statistically significant reduction in ΔTSI between exoskeleton and control was only observed in one instance. Additionally, neither increases in spinal loading nor increases in subjective discomfort ratings were observed for any of the exoskeletons. Ultimately, the exoskeletons offered little to no physiological benefit for the conditions tested. However, the experimental task was not highly fatiguing to the subjects, denoted by low ΔTSI values across conditions. Results may vary for tasks requiring constant arm elevation or higher force demands. Practitioner summary This study quantified the benefits of upper-extremity exoskeletons using NIRS, complementary to prior studies using EMG. The exoskeletons offered little to no physiological benefit for the conditions tested. However, the experimental task was not highly fatiguing, and results may vary for an experimental task with greater demand on the shoulders. Abbreviations: WMSD: work-related musculoskeletal disorder; EMG: electromyography; NIRS: near-infrared spectroscopy; NIR: near-infrared; Hb: haemoglobin; Mb: myoglobin; TSI: tissue saturation index; ATT: adipose tissue thickness
Impact of Trauma Type on Startle Reactivity to Predictable and Unpredictable Threats

Abstract Trauma exposure has been repeatedly linked to psychophysiological threat reactivity, although the directionality of this association has been inconsistent. Several factors likely contribute to inconsistent findings including type of trauma and threat paradigm. The present study therefore examined the impact of trauma type on psychophysiological reactivity to predictable (P-) and unpredictable (U-) threat in young adults (N = 112). Participants were classified into three groups: history of interpersonal or noninterpersonal trauma, or no history of trauma. Startle eyeblink potentiation was recorded during a well-validated threat-of-shock paradigm. Results indicated individuals with interpersonal trauma exposure displayed exaggerated startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. In contrast, individuals with noninterpersonal trauma exhibited blunted startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. Findings reveal that trauma and threat type influence threat reactivity and that those with a history of interpersonal trauma may uniquely display exaggerated sensitivity to stressors that are uncertain.
Experience of Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for 803 Pituitary Tumors With Cavernous Sinus Invasion

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness, safety, complications, and prognosis of endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenomas with cavernous sinus invasion (CSI). Methods: The clinical data of 803 pituitary adenomas with CSI surgeries performed in our single ward between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The resection degree, bone invasion, endocrine examination, complications, and outcome were retrospectively summarized. Results: Gross total resection was achieved in 394 patients (49.1%) subtotal resection in 171 patients (21.3%) and partial resection in 238 patients (29.6%). Clinically variable analyses showed that there was a significant correlation between CSI and female, older age, operation history, and non-gross total resection (NGTR). Among the pituitary adenomas with CSI, there was a significant correlation between bone invasive and NGTR, Knosp classification, recurrence. K-M curves showed that young age, larger tumors, bilateral invasion, Grade 4 of Knosp classification, NGTR, and bone invasion were associated with pituitary adenomas regrowth. Multivariate analysis revealed that bone invasion, NGTR, and Grade 4 of Knosp classification were independent risk factors for pituitary adenomas regrowth. There was a significant correlation between CSI and female, older age, operation history, and tumor resection degree. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between CSI and female, older age, operation history, and tumor resection degree. The patients with CSI and bone invasion were likely to recurrent. Non-gross total resection, bone invasion, and Grade 4 of Knosp classification were independent risk factors for pituitary adenomas regrowth. Endoscopic endonasal surgery is an excellent choice for pituitary adenomas with CSI.
Task shifting in primary care to tackle healthcare worker shortages: An umbrella review

Abstract Background Task shifting is an approach to help address the shortage of healthcare workers through reallocating human resources but its impact on primary care is unclear. Objectives To provide an overview of reviews describing task shifts from physicians to allied healthcare workers in primary care and its impact on clinical outcomes. Methods Six electronic databases were searched up to 15 December 2020, to identify reviews describing task shifting in primary care. Two reviewers independently screened the references for relevant studies, extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of included reviews using AMSTAR-2. Results Twenty-one reviews that described task shifting in primary care were included. Task shifted include provision of care for people with chronic conditions, medication prescribing, and health education. We found that task shifting could potentially improve several health outcomes such as blood pressure, HbA1c, and mental health while achieving cost savings. Key elements for successful implementation of task shifting include collaboration among all parties, a system for coordinated care, provider empowerment, patient preference, shared decision making, training and competency, supportive organisation system, clear process outcome, and financing. Conclusion Evidence suggests that allied healthcare workers such as pharmacists and nurses can potentially undertake substantially expanded roles to support physicians in primary care in response to the changing health service demand. Tasks include providing care to patients, independent prescribing, counselling and education, with comparable quality of care.
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Crataegus monogyna leaves’ extracts

Abstract Crataegus monogyna is an important plant of the Rosaceae family, widely used in traditional medicine to treat various conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, asthma, and nephritis. The aim of the current study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of leaves’ extracts against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The total amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids contained in the dry extracts of plants were estimated by colorimetric methods. DPPH assay was utilized to measure the antioxidant activity of C. monogyna. The phytochemical compounds were determined through HPLC technique, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract was performed using the broth dilution method. The ethanol extract represented the richest extract in polyphenol with 473.4 mg GAE g−1 and flavonoids 80.9 mg CE g−1 and showed considerable antioxidant potential IC50 =22.50 µg/ml. The antibacterial susceptibility test against Staphylococcus aureus 0.512 mg/mL. Graphical Abstract