Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Engineering Anisotropic Muscle Tissue using Acoustic Cell Patterning

Tissue engineering has offered unique opportunities for disease modeling and regenerative medicine; however, the success of these strategies is dependent on faithful reproduction of native cellular organization. Here, it is reported that ultrasound standing waves can be used to organize myoblast populations in material systems for the engineering of aligned muscle tissue constructs. Patterned muscle engineered using type I collagen hydrogels exhibits significant anisotropy in tensile strength, and under mechanical constraint, produced microscale alignment on a cell and fiber level. Moreover, acoustic patterning of myoblasts in gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels significantly enhances myofibrillogenesis and promotes the formation of muscle fibers containing aligned bundles of myotubes, with a width of 120–150 µm and a spacing of 180–220 µm. The ability to remotely pattern fibers of aligned myotubes without any material cues or complex fabrication procedures represents a significant advance in the field of muscle tissue engineering. In general, these results are the first instance of engineered cell fibers formed from the differentiation of acoustically patterned cells. It is anticipated that this versatile methodology can be applied to many complex tissue morphologies, with broader relevance for spatially organized cell cultures, organoid development, and bioelectronics.
Dissipative Self‐Assembly of Anisotropic Nanoparticle Chains with Combined Electrodynamic and Electrostatic Interactions

Dissipative self‐assembly of colloidal nanoparticles offers the prospect of creating reconfigurable artificial materials and systems, yet the phenomenon only occurs far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, it is usually difficult to predict and control. Here, a dissipative colloidal solution system, where anisotropic chains with different interparticle separations in two perpendicular directions transiently arise among largely disordered silver nanoparticles illuminated by a laser beam, is reported. The optical field creates a nonequilibrium dissipative state, where a disorder‐to‐order transition occurs driven by anisotropic electrodynamic interactions coupled with electrostatic interactions. Investigation of the temporal dynamics and spatial arrangements of the nanoparticle system shows that the optical binding strength and entropy of the system are two crucial parameters for the formation of the anisotropic chains and responsible for adaptive behaviors, such as self‐replication of dimer units. Formation of anisotropic nanoparticle chains is also observed among colloidal nanoparticles made from other metal (e.g., Au), polymer (e.g., polystyrene), ceramic (e.g., CeO2), and hybrid materials (e.g., SiO2@Au core–shell), suggesting that light‐driven self‐organization will provide a wide range of opportunities to discover new dissipative structures under thermal fluctuations and build novel anisotropic materials with nanoscale order.
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy techniques for prostate, head-and-neck and lung cancer

Purpose: To assess the effect of differences in the calculation of the dose outside segment edges on the dose distribution and the optimisation process of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans. Methods: Accuracy of dose calculations of two treatment planning systems (TPS1 and TPS2) was assessed, to ensure that they are suitable for IMRT treatment planning. Ten treatment plans for patients with prostate and head and neck tumours were then calculated. The calculations were compared in selected points and with respect to dose-volume parameters of the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs). Results: For both TPSs, the calculations agree within 2.0% or 3 mm with the measurements in the high dose region for single and multiple segment dose distributions. Below 35% of the prescribed dose, TPS1 overestimates and TPS2 underestimates the measured dose values, TPS2 being closer to the experimental data. The differences between TPS1 and TPS2 in the calculation of the dose outside segments explain the differences (up to 50% of the local value) in point dose comparisons. For the prostate plans, no differences were found in PTV coverage, normal tissue complication probability values and results of the plan optimisation process. The dose volume histograms (DVH) of the rectal wall differ below 60 Gy, thus affecting the plan optimisation if a cost function would operate in this dose region. For the head and neck cases, the two systems give different evaluations of the DVH points for the PTV (up to 22%) and the parotid mean dose (1.0-3.0 Gy). Also the results of the optimisation are influenced by the choice of the dose calculation algorithm. Conclusions: In IMRT, the accuracy of the dose calculation outside segment edges is important for the determination of the dose to both OARs and target volumes and for a correct outcome of the optimisation process. This aspect should be of major concern in the commissioning of a TPS for use in IMRT. Fulfilment of the accuracy criteria valid for conformal radiotherapy is not sufficient. 3-D evaluation of the dose distribution is needed to assess the impact of dose calculation accuracy outside the segment edges on the total dose delivered to patients treated with IMRT. 14 Dose calculation outside segment edges
The danger to cytopathology of over‐specialization and its relevance for histopathology

1. Nascimento AF, Fletcher CD. Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma in adults. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:1106–13. 2. Torres V, Ferrer R. Cytology of fine needle aspiration biopsy of primary breast rhabdomyosarcoma in an adolescent girl. Acta Cytol 1985;29:430–4. 3. Odashiro AN, Odashiro Miiji LN, Odashiro DN, Nguyen GK. Mammary myofibroblastoma: report of two cases with fine-needle aspiration cytology and review of the cytology literature. Diagnostic Cytopathol 2004;30:406–10. 4. Lui PC, Tse GM, Tan PH et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2007;60:529–33. 5. Lai CR, Hsu CY, Tsay SH, Hung-Chiang. Adult embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma metastatic to the breast and diagnosed by fine needle aspiration: a case report. Acta Cytol 1997;41:845–8.
Novel Human Homologues of p47phox and p67phox Participate in Activation of Superoxide-producing NADPH Oxidases*

The catalytic core of a superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase (Nox) in phagocytes is gp91phox/Nox2, a membrane-integrated protein that forms a heterodimer with p22phox to constitute flavocytochrome b558. The cytochrome becomes activated by interacting with the adaptor proteins p47phox and p67phox as well as the small GTPase Rac. Here we describe the cloning of human cDNAs for novel proteins homologous to p47phox and p67phox, designated p41nox and p51nox, respectively; the former is encoded by NOXO1 (Nox organizer 1), and the latter is encoded by NOXA1 (Nox activator 1). The novel homologue p41nox interacts with p22phox via the two tandem SH3 domains, as does p47phox. The protein p51nox as well as p67phox can form a complex with p47phox and with p41nox via the C-terminal SH3 domain and binds to GTP-bound Rac via the N-terminal domain containing four tetratricopeptide repeat motifs. These bindings seem to play important roles, since p47phox and p67phox activate the phagocyte oxidase via the same interactions. Indeed, p41nox and p51nox are capable of replacing the corresponding classical homologue in activation of gp91phox. Nox1, a homologue of gp91phox, also can be activated in cells, when it is coexpressed with p41nox and p51nox, with p41nox and p67phox, or with p47phox and p51nox; in the former two cases, Nox1 is partially activated without any stimulants added, suggesting that p41nox is normally in an active state. Thus, the novel homologues p41nox and p51nox likely function together or in combination with a classical one, thereby activating the two Nox family oxidases.
The Coordination of Finger-Joint Motions

An anatomical study of finger movements has been reviewed. It has been shown that the function of a muscle with respect to a certain joint cannot be inferred from the position of the muscle with respect to that one joint alone. In the fingers, especially, the tendons bridge more than one joint; a number of joints must be analyzed before it can be determined which part of the system can be investigated as a separate unit. For the finger one such unit is represented by the two interphalangeal joints; the other, by the biarticular system composed of the metacarpophalangeal and the proximal interphalangeal joints. For such a polyarticular system the conditions of equilibrium must be defined. The interphalangeal joints comprise one biarticular system in which the middle phalanx—the interealated bone—tends to assume a position of flexion, provided the extensor apparatus and the flexor profundus muscle are active. By this movement into flexion the middle phalanx constantly loads the central tendon of the extensor mechanism. The coordinated pattern of movement of the interphalangeal joints has been analyzed on the basis of this relationship to the extensor apparatus. The metacarpophalangeal and the proximal interphalangeal joints compose another biarticular system in which the interealated bone is the proximal phalanx. If this bone were just under the control of the extensor apparatus and one or both flexors only, it would tend to go into extension (extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint; flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint). Normally, however, the interossei and lumbricales counterbalance this effect and bring the system into equilibrium. An analysis has been made as to why abnormal hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint interferes with the normal patterns of finger movement. It has been shown that this change in the habitual position of the interealated bone seriously affects the normal function of the finger.
ANATOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR OF ADULT BRAZILIANS

El proposito de este estudio fue ampliar los datos oseos sobre individuos brasilenos, otorgando un aporte anatomico que permita facilitar una mejor comprension de cuadros clinicos y patologicos que involucran la articulacion de la cadera. Fueron utilizados 66 femures, (33 de cada lado) proporcionados por el Laboratorio de Anatomia Humana de la Universidad Paranaense (UNIPAR). Todos los huesos presentaban caracteristicas adultas, sin identificacion de sexo, raza ni edad. Ningun hueso presentaba alteraciones aparentes o signos de artrosis. Se realizaron las siguientes mediciones morfometricas: Angulo del cuello del femur, circunferencia de la cabeza del femur y del cuello, longitud del cuello del femur y de todo el hueso. El analisis comparativo del angulo del cuello del femur, entre los lados derecho e izquierdo de adultos, presento valores iguales a los descritos en la literatura clasica para adultos, con promedio significativamente menor para el lado derecho (122,5°) comparado con el lado izquierdo (125,6°). Respecto a la longitud del cuello del femur, observamos valores mas altos para el lado izquierdo que para el derecho, al igual que otros autores que afirman que el miembro inferior izquierdo es dominante en relacion al derecho. Para las otras mediciones de longitud del femur, circunferencia de la cabeza y del cuello no fueron observadas diferencias entre los lados. Sugerimos la realizacion de otros estudios para ampliar la escasa literatura sobre las medidas normales del femur en brasilenos
Alcoholism among Psychologists: A Review of the Literature.

Alcoholism, a major health problem currently being addressed by other professions, has unique features, manifestations, and ramifications for psychologists. Salient aspects of alcoholism in psychology include etiological and motivational factors, characteristic behaviors, and specific risk factors in the work environment of psychologists. Alcoholism, conceptualized as a deeply embedded permanent addiction not resolvable by conscious, planned effort, constitutes a special dilemma for psychologists in that many psychologists strongly believe in the powers of the mind and in the capacity to comprehend and alter behavior. This paper reviews current efforts to deal with alcoholism in an effective and humane manner within the professions; these efforts are usually modeled after the selfhelp principles of Alcoholics Anonymous in combination with professional treatment. Included are present efforts in psychology to deal with alcoholism among psychologists. Although interest in alcoholism within the professions runs high, specific programs and data regarding alcohol problems among psychologists remain limited. The literature reviewed focuses on five areas: (1) Defining, diagnosing, and identifying alcoholism; (2) Alcoholism among professionals: nature and scope of the problem; (3) Prevalence of alcoholism among professionals; (4) Treatment of alcoholism for professionals; and (5) Alcoholism among psychologists. "Citations of particular relevance to educators cover: (1) -ilcohol impaired university professors; (2) problem drinking among firstyear medical students; (3) alcohol use among nurse educators; (4) substance abuse among medical trainees. (RJM) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** ALCOHOLISM AMONG PSYCHOLOGISTS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE A Doctoral Research Paper
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Voluntary Blood Donation and Associated Factors among Health Care Providers in Addis Ababa health Facilities, Ethiopia

Background: The discovery of blood circulation in 1628 has made an important mile stone in the history of transfusion medicine. Although the first successful blood transfusion occurred in 1818, scientists had put quite a lot of effort earlier than this period. Despite the fact that blood transfusion service has about 200 years of history, there is still a significance shortage of blood and blood products particularly in the developing world. In 2010 the annual blood demand of Ethiopia was estimated to be about 100,000 units per year, yet 44 686 units of blood were collected by the Ethiopian Red Cross Society in the same year. Of which, only 22% were collected from voluntary non remunerated sources. Health care providers could also be a potential source of voluntary blood donation if we encourage them. Objective: to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of health care providers in Addis Ababa health facilities towards voluntary blood donation and identify the possible determinants of blood donation practice Methods: Facility based cross sectional analytic study was used. To select the participants and determine the sample size, multistage sampling technique with a design effect of two was employed; hence the total sample size became 808 using single population proportion formula. Structured questionnaire which is adapted from other published journals were used. The data collected were cleaned, coded and entered to computer. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis and management. 95% confidence level with 5% margin of error was tolerated. Result: The level of knowledge determined in this study was found to be good for 72.7% of the respondents. Availability of blood transfusion services within the facility is one of the factors which affect the level knowledge of the participants. 81.7% of respondents have a positive attitude towards blood donation and being male increases the odds of favorable attitude. 32.6% has ever donated blood at least once in their life time yet only less than half of the overall donors are donated blood based on sense of voluntarism. Conclusions and recommendations: although there was a good level of favorable attitude observed in this study, the level of knowledge as well as the practice of blood donation is found to be something that needs attention. Perhaps to create more awareness and sensitization among health care workers to wards voluntary blood donation would be worthy to improve them.
Gene Knockout Using Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) Reveals That Human NDUFA9 Protein Is Essential for Stabilizing the Junction between Membrane and Matrix Arms of Complex I*

Background: Human mitochondrial complex I is composed of 44 subunits with an elaborate assembly mechanism. Results: TALENs were used to knock out complex I subunit NDUFA9 in HEK293T cells, revealing a novel membrane arm subcomplex. Conclusion: NDUFA9 is critical for stabilizing the junction between different arms of complex I. Significance: TALEN-mediated knock-out represents an accessible approach to address protein function in human cells. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) represent a promising approach for targeted knock-out of genes in cultured human cells. We used TALEN-technology to knock out the nuclear gene encoding NDUFA9, a subunit of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I in HEK293T cells. Screening for the knock-out revealed a mixture of NDUFA9 cell clones that harbored partial deletions of the mitochondrial N-terminal targeting signal but were still capable of import. A cell line lacking functional copies of both NDUFA9 alleles resulted in a loss of NDUFA9 protein expression, impaired assembly of complex I, and cells incapable of growth in galactose medium. Cells lacking NDUFA9 contained a complex I subcomplex consisting of membrane arm subunits but not marker subunits of the matrix arm. Re-expression of NDUFA9 restored the defects in complex I assembly. We conclude that NDUFA9 is involved in stabilizing the junction between membrane and matrix arms of complex I, a late assembly step critical for complex I biogenesis and activity.
Multiple Exoribonucleases Catalyze Maturation of the 3′ Terminus of 16S Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)*

Background: The RNases involved in 3′ maturation of E. coli 16S rRNA were not known. Results: E. coli mutants lacking RNase II, RNase R, PNPase, and RNase PH accumulate 17S rRNA precursor. Conclusion: Four known exoribonucleases are responsible for 3′ processing of 16S rRNA. Significance: The maturation pathway for E. coli 16S rRNA has been determined. Processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursors is an important component of RNA metabolism in all cells. However, in no system have we yet identified all the RNases involved in this process. Here, we show that four 3′→5′-exoribonucleases, RNases II, R, and PH, and polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), participate in maturation of the 3′ end of 16S rRNA. In their absence, 16S precursor molecules with 33 extra 3′-nt accumulate; however, the presence of any one of the four RNases is sufficient to allow processing to occur, although with different efficiencies. Additionally, we find that in the absence of 3′ maturation, 5′ processing proceeds much less efficiently. Moreover, mutant 30S particles, containing immature 16S rRNA, form 70S ribosomes very poorly. These findings, together with the earlier discovery that RNases E and G are the 5′-processing enzymes, completes the catalogue of RNases involved in maturation of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA.
Regulated Capture by Exosomes of mRNAs for Cytoplasmic tRNA Synthetases*

Background: Many tRNA synthetases (AARS) have extracellular and nuclear functions. Some of these functions might require the export of their mRNAs. Results: Packaging in exosomes of mRNAs for AARSs and a splice variant was demonstrated. Conclusion: Exosomes capture translation-competent AARS-derived mRNAs, which can be regulated by external stimuli. Significance: Exosomes are a source for extracellular distribution of AARS-derived RNA information. Although tRNA synthetases are enzymes that catalyze the first step of translation in the cytoplasm, surprising functions unrelated to translation have been reported. These studies, and the demonstration of novel activities of splice variants, suggest a far broader reach of tRNA synthetases into cell biology than previously recognized. Here we show that mRNAs for most tRNA synthetases can be detected in exosomes. Also detected in exosomes was an mRNA encoding a unique splice variant that others had associated with prostate cancer. The exosomal mRNAs encoding the native synthetase and its cancer-associated splice variant could be translated in vitro and in mammalian cells into stable proteins. Other results showed that selection by exosomes of the splice variant mRNA could be regulated by an external stimulus. Thus, a broad and diverse regulated pool of tRNA synthetase-derived mRNAs is packaged for genetic exchange.
Efficient Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts from N‐Doped Carbon Nanomaterials: Mono‐Doping and Co‐Doping

N‐doped carbon nanomaterials have rapidly grown as the most important metal‐free catalysts in a wide range of chemical and electrochemical reactions. This current report summarizes the latest advances in N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts prepared by N mono‐doping and co‐doping with other heteroatoms. The structure–performance relationship of these materials is subsequently rationalized and perspectives on developing more efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts from carbon nanomaterials are also suggested.
High‐Performance, Room Temperature, Ultra‐Broadband Photodetectors Based on Air‐Stable PdSe2

Photodetection over a broad spectral range is crucial for optoelectronic applications such as sensing, imaging, and communication. Herein, a high‐performance ultra‐broadband photodetector based on PdSe2 with unique pentagonal atomic structure is reported. The photodetector responds from visible to mid‐infrared range (up to ≈4.05 µm), and operates stably in ambient and at room temperature. It promises improved applications compared to conventional mid‐infrared photodetectors. The highest responsivity and external quantum efficiency achieved are 708 A W−1 and 82 700%, respectively, at the wavelength of 1064 nm. Efficient optical absorption beyond 8 µm is observed, indicating that the photodetection range can extend to longer than 4.05 µm. Owing to the low crystalline symmetry of layered PdSe2, anisotropic properties of the photodetectors are observed. This emerging material shows potential for future infrared optoelectronics and novel devices in which anisotropic properties are desirable.
Getting in charge of β-synuclein fibrillation

The synuclein family has long been associated with Parkinson's disease and dementia. Although the self-assembly of α-synuclein (αS) into oligomers and amyloid fibrils is well established, the aggregation propensity of other members of the family and their role in disease is still under debate. Moriarty et al. now suggest that the pH switching that occurs between different cellular environments could control β-synuclein (βS) aggregation via altering its charge distribution, thus opening new possible roles for βS in Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases.