Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive survey on clustering-based efficient data dissemination algorithms for VANET

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the most emerging ad hoc networks, that enabling wireless communications among nearby vehicles (V2V) as well as between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment (V2R). In recent years, VANETs have drawn greater attention of researchers as well as academician due to their significant attractive features such as dynamic connectivity, self-organizing and no centralized administration. However, due to the extremely high mobility of vehicles, topology changes frequently. Hence may cause a high communication overhead for exchanging and updating the topology information. The most common solution adopted for this problem is the clustering. Many clustering-based protocols have been proposed which arrange vehicles into clusters and only the cluster heads need to communicate with cluster members and neighboring cluster. In this paper, we are most concerned about the study of Clustering Algorithms which not only maintain the stability of the cluster based topology with minimum overhead but also minimize the number of cluster heads.
The Transmission Disequilibrium/Heterogeneity Test with Parental-Genotype Reconstruction for Refined Genetic Mapping of Complex Diseases

In linkage analysis for mapping genetic diseases, the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) uses the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between some marker and trait loci for precise genetic mapping while avoiding confounding due to population stratification. The sib-TDT (S-TDT) and combined-TDT (C-TDT) proposed by Spielman and Ewens can combine data from families with and without parental marker genotypes (PMGs). For some families with missing PMG, the reconstruction-combined TDT (RC-TDT) proposed by Knapp may be used to reconstruct missing parental genotypes from the genotypes of their offspring to increase power and to correct for potential bias. In this paper, we propose a further extension of the RC-TDT, called the reconstruction-combined transmission disequilibrium/heterogeneity (RC-TDH) test, to take into account the identical-by-descent (IBD) sharing information in addition to the LD information. It can effectively utilize families with missing or incomplete parental genetic marker information. An application of this proposed method to Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14) data sets and extensive simulation studies suggest that this approach may further increase statistical power which is particularly valuable when LD is unknown and/or when some or all PMGs are not available.
Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent‐based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs

Implementation of the coalescent model in a Bayesian framework is an emerging strength in genetically based species delimitation studies. By providing an objective measure of species diagnosis, these methods represent a quantitative enhancement to the analysis of multilocus data, and complement more traditional methods based on phenotypic and ecological characteristics. Recognized as two species 20 years ago, mouse lemurs (genus Microcebus) now comprise more than 20 species, largely diagnosed from mtDNA sequence data. With each new species description, enthusiasm has been tempered with scientific scepticism. Here, we present a statistically justified and unbiased Bayesian approach towards mouse lemur species delimitation. We perform validation tests using multilocus sequence data and two methodologies: (i) reverse‐jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling to assess the likelihood of different models defined a priori by a guide tree, and (ii) a Bayes factor delimitation test that compares different species‐tree models without a guide tree. We assess the sensitivity of these methods using randomized individual assignments, which has been used in bpp studies, but not with Bayes factor delimitation tests. Our results validate previously diagnosed taxa, as well as new species hypotheses, resulting in support for three new mouse lemur species. As the challenge of multiple researchers using differing criteria to describe diversity is not unique to Microcebus, the methods used here have significant potential for clarifying diversity in other taxonomic groups. We echo previous studies in advocating that multiple lines of evidence, including use of the coalescent model, should be trusted to delimit new species.
IL-21 Induces Differentiation of Human Naive and Memory B Cells into Antibody-Secreting Plasma Cells1

IL-21 is a type I cytokine that influences the function of T cells, NK cells, and B cells. In this study, we report that IL-21 plays a major role in stimulating the differentiation of human B cells. When human B cells were stimulated through the BCR, IL-21 induced minimal proliferation, IgD down-modulation, and small numbers of plasma cells. In contrast, after CD40 engagement, IL-21 induced extensive proliferation, class switch recombination (CSR), and plasma cell differentiation. Upon cross-linking both BCR and CD40, IL-21 induced the largest numbers of plasma cells. IL-21 drove both postswitch memory cells as well as poorly responsive naive cord blood B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. The effect of IL-21 was more potent than the combination of IL-2 and IL-10, especially when responsiveness of cord blood B cells was examined. IL-21 costimulation potently induced the expression of both B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP-1) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase as well as the production of large amounts of IgG from B cells. Despite the induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and CSR, IL-21 did not induce somatic hypermutation. Finally, IL-2 enhanced the effects of IL-21, whereas IL-4 inhibited IL-21-induced plasma cell differentiation. Taken together, our data show that IL-21 plays a central role in CSR and plasma cell differentiation during T cell-dependent B cell responses.
Writing a qualitative research report q

Summary A research project in nursing or nursing education is probably only complete once the findings have been published. This paper offers a format for writing a qualitative research report for publication. It suggests, at least, the following sections: introduction, aims of the study, review of the literature, sample, data collection methods, data analysis methods, findings, discussion, conclusion,
Next Generation Power Distribution System Architecture : The Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management ( FREEDM ) System

This paper presents the envisioned next generation power distribution system architecture, the so called FREEDM system. The presented system enables the plug-andplay of distributed renewable energy resources and distributed energy storage devices, therefore functions as the “energy internet”. The recent technical developments are summarized in this paper, with emphasis on the distributed grid intelligence, solid state transformer, DC microgrid, and fault isolation device. It is demonstrated that the FREEDM system is a highly attractive candidate for the future power distribution system. Keywords-Smart grid; Microgrid; distributed generation; energy storage; DNP 3; Solid State Transformer.
Creating Reusable Educational Components: Lessons from Dlese

Reuse of educational materials is integral to many educator tasks, from designing a course to preparing for a lab or class. We are studying the reuse of educational materials in the context of the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE). DLESE is a community-owned and governed facility offering high-quality teaching and learning resources for Earth system education. Our studies build on a cognitive framework that posits that people engage in three cyclical processes—location, comprehension, and modification—when reusing resources from large digital repositories. Our formative evaluations and cataloging experiences in DLESE suggest that the ‘findability’ and reusability of community-created digital educational resources is highly dependent on the presentational and structural design of the resources themselves. Educational resource designers often do not develop components with reuse in mind, making it more difficult or impossible for other educators to find and use their material. We share the results of these studies to help educators create digital materials that are more easily shared and used by others. For example, we recommend that all resources clearly state the creator's name and contact information; relevant copyright restrictions; the most significant date for the resource (specifying creation or revision); and the intended grade level.
Figures and tables with the experimental results related to the work “A Systematic Review of Multi-Label Feature Selection and a New Method Based on Label Construction”, published in Neurocomputing (BRACIS

I Basic information gathered from the 99 publications found by the systematic review . 2 II Number of pieces of related work by type of publication . 4 III Journal information regarding 30 related papers . 4 IV BRkNN-b experimental results according to F -measure . 5 V BRkNN-b experimental results according to Hamming loss . 6 VI BRkNN-b experimental results according to Accuracy . 7 VII BRkNN-b experimental results according to Fb . 9 VIII GeneralB baseline results . 11 IX Experimental results of BRkNN-b classifiers built using all features from each dataset . 11 X F-statistics values obtained by the Friedman’s test at the significance level α = 0.05 . 11
Dynamic-sleep transistor and body bias for active leakage power control of microprocessors

Sleep transistors and body bias are used to control active leakage for a 32b integer execution core implemented in a 100nm dual V, CMOS technology. A PMOS sleep transistor degrades performance by 4% but offers 20/spl times/ leakage reduction which is further improved with body bias. Time constants for leakage convergence range from 30ns to 300ns allowing 9-44% power savings for idle periods greater than 100 clock cycles.
A kind of dynamic key management method for sensor networks

Many clustering routing protocols had been proposed which had rarely considered the network security issues so far. Most of the layer clustering key management methods does not consider the problem of key updating and cluster head being captured. Considering the probability of node being captured, particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to optimize the clustering of sensor networks. A dynamic key management method was proposed to achieve key updating regularly and provide a security strategy for sensor networks to solve the problem of cluster head being captured. The simulation illustrates that the proposed key management method can achieve better security performance.
WORKING PAPERS SERIES IN BUSINESS STUDIES

Public awareness and interest in environmental and social issues as well as increased attention in the mass media have resulted in a higher demand for social disclosures from organisations. The aim of this study is to explain the extent and variation of content in social disclosures among Swedish municipalities. The empirical data is based on annual financial statements and archive data from official statistics. In this study we take an eclectic approach, and use a multi-theoretical framework in order to explain the content and extent of social disclosures. The study reveals that municipalities in general report very little social information. The statistical analyses show that the extent of social disclosures is associated with size, tax base, tax rate, financial performance and political majority. In general, the same variables that explain the extent of social disclosures also seem to explain differences in the content of disclosures between different municipalities.
Heavy Metal Mobility in Biosolids‐Amended Glaciated Soils

The mobility of heavy metals from one‐time application of biosolids (i.e., compost, pellet, and cement kiln dust stabilized biosolids) onto glaciated soils (Paxton soil) was studied because previous work on metal leachate characteristics from different biosolids is limited for glaciated soils. Two types of batch tests were performed: first, a pH‐edge adsorption study to evaluate the effect of pH on heavy metal adsorption to Paxton soil and, second, a pH‐edge leaching study to evaluate the effect of pH on the leaching potential of heavy metals from biosolids‐amended Paxton soil. Finally, a semicontinuous soil column study was performed to assess the mobility of heavy metals from biosolids‐amended Paxton soil. The pH‐edge leaching results showed that the leaching potential of heavy metals was lower with the compost product. Desorption concentrations for arsenic, chromium, and lead were found to be greatest in the cement kiln dust stabilized product whereas cadmium, copper, and nickel were present at the greatest concentrations in the pellets. The total organic carbon results measured during the pH‐edge leaching study indicated that there is a minimum leachable concentration in the pH range of 4 to 5 for all three biosolids. Overall, the column studies indicated that heavy metals were not readily leached from the three biosolids‐amended Paxton soils. The results from this study suggest that a one‐time land application of these biosolids will not adversely affect groundwater quality.
Disclosure to the reader of institutional review board approval and informed consent.

The Declaration of Helsinki provides rules for the ethical conduct of studies with human subjects by building on the foundation that a patient has a right to make an uncoerced, reasoned decision on whether or not to participate: to give informed consent. Many countries have mandated that institutional review boards (IRBs) or their equivalent ensure that the rules enshrined in the Declaration of Helsinki are followed in practice. See also pp 909, 925, and 927. The Declaration states: "Reports of experimentation not in accordance with the principles laid down in this Declaration should not be accepted for publication. " 1 This statement implies that journals have a duty to confirm by the methods open to them that research was conducted according to ethical standards and suggests as well that they have a strong interest in promoting ethical research practices. Many journals seem to agree. For example, the International Committee of Medical
Signaling Properties of Hyaluronan Receptors*

In 1979, hyaluronan was demonstrated to bind specifically and with high affinity to intact cells (1), and in 1980, it was shown to enhance cell motility on two-dimensional culture surfaces where the hydrodynamic properties of hyaluronan were not necessary to open spaces for cells to move into (2). These two demonstrations raised the possibility that hyaluronan had the potential to directly modify cell behavior. In 1989, hyaluronan was shown to promote protein tyrosine phosphorylation cascades (3) that were later proven to be required for hyaluronan-mediated motility on planar culture surfaces (4). Since then, small amounts (nanograms) of hyaluronan have been shown to activate a variety of protein tyro- sine and serine/threonine kinases. These include the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase Src (5, 6), HER2/Neu receptor (7), focal adhesion kinase (4, 8–10), protein kinase C (11, 12), and MAP 1 kinases (9, 10). Likely as a consequence of regulating these kinases, hyaluronan promotes expression of specific cytokines and proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodeling ( e.g. Ref. 13). The study of murine cardiac cells derived from hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) knockout mice has provided the most convincing evidence for a signaling capability of hyaluronan (14). HAS2 (cid:1) / cardiac cells do not undergo an endothelial-mesenchymal transfor-
A Fast Automatic and Robust Image Registration Algorithm

In this paper, a fast automatic and robust image registration algorithm is presented. First, we use the Fourier transform to calculate the relative position between the input images and sort the unordered image sequence. For two images with overlap region, we detect the feature points in the part of the region in one of the image with the robust method of SIFT. According to the coordinates of the feature points and the position relationship of two images, we can compute the space of the feature points in another image and detect the feature points in this region. Then, we use the geometric relation to reduce some mismatch points with structurally similar and achieve the robust image registration. We demonstrate illustrative results obtained by comparing and contrasting our output with other methods. This method can detect the effective feature points quickly for reducing the detection range of the feature points without human intervention and reduce the running time greatly in ensuring the feature points matching accuracy.
Smart Spaces Enabled Mobile Healthcare Services in Internet of Things Environments

The article studies the smart spaces approach applied for development of mobile healthcare m-Health services deploying in Internet of Things IoT environments. The authors consider a reference architecture model of the service ecosystem with focus on intelligent utilization of multi-source data originated from the IoT environment. Based on the architecture the authors introduce two reference scenarios: assistance in providing the first aid and communication with the hospital information system. For the architectural model and the scenarios pilot implementations are developed on the open source Smart-M3 platform.
Intrinsic Stability of Episomal Circles Formed during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication

ABSTRACT The development of surrogate markers capable of detecting residual ongoing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy is an important step in understanding viral dynamics and in developing new treatment strategies. In this study, we evaluated the utility of circular forms of the viral genome for the detection of recent infection of cells by HIV-1. We measured the fate of both one-long terminal repeat (1-LTR) and 2-LTR circles following in vitro infection of logarithmically growing CD4+ T cells under conditions in which cell death was not a significant contributing factor. Circular forms of the viral genome were found to be highly stable and to decrease in concentration only as a function of dilution resulting from cell division. We conclude that these DNA circles are not intrinsically unstable in all cell types and suggest that the utility of 2-LTR circle assays in measuring recent HIV-1 infection of susceptible cells in vivo needs to be reevaluated.
In vitro Bile Acid Binding of Mustard Greens, Kale, Broccoli, Cabbage and Green Bell Pepper Improves with Sautéing Compared with Raw or Other Methods of Preparation

Bile acid binding potential of foods and food fractions has been related to lowering the risk of heart disease and that of cancer. Steam cooking has been observed to significantly improve bile acid binding of green/leafy vegetables. It was hypothesized that other cooking methods could further improve the bile acid binding of various vegetables. Sautee cooking resulted in in vitro bile acid binding measured on a dry matter basis relative to cholestyramine of 14% for mustard greens and kale, 9% for broccoli, 8% for collard greens, 6% for cabbage, and 5% for green bell pepper. These results point to the significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) health promoting potential of mustard greens = kale > broccoli > collard greens > cabbage > green bell pepper. Sauteing significantly improved in vitro bile acid binding of mustard greens, kale, broccoli, cabbage and green bell pepper compared with steaming, boiling or raw (uncooked). Collard greens exhibited significantly higher bile acid binding by steaming compared with sauteing, boiling or raw. Data suggest that the cooking method with most heath promoting potential for mustard greens, kale, broccoli, cabbage and green bell pepper should be sauteing. Steaming should be used for collard greens as the cooking method. These green/leafy vegetables, when consumed regularly after sauteing, would promote a healthy lifestyle and have the potential to lower the risk of premature degenerative diseases.
ON THE PREDICTABILITY OF SNOW AVALANCHES

Snow avalanches are generally rare and occasionally extreme events. In the general con- text of prediction and predictably of extreme events, we will examine whether snow avalanches are pre- dictable based on a few examples of forecasts at different scales. Clearly, avalanche predictability de- pends on scale. When the regional avalanche danger is High or Very High (Extreme), an avalanche is likely somewhere in the region. However, even at such high danger levels, the release probability in a single avalanche path is well below 50% (typically on the order of 1-10%). This means that a single ava- lanche is a rare event, which is not predictable even when higher danger levels prevail. At the lower dan- ger levels - relevant for backcountry recreation - the release probability is significantly lower. The low release probability does not mean that the risk is low. Even with low occurrence probability the risk might be too high to be acceptable so that comprehensive preventive measures are required.
CT substitute derived from MRI sequences with ultrashort echo time.

PURPOSE Methods for deriving computed tomography (CT) equivalent information from MRI are needed for attenuation correction in PET/MRI applications, as well as for patient positioning and dose planning in MRI based radiation therapy workflows. This study presents a method for generating a drop in substitute for a CT image from a set of magnetic resonance (MR)images. METHODS A Gaussian mixture regression model was used to link the voxel values in CT images to the voxel values in images from three MRI sequences: one T2 weighted 3D spin echo based sequence and two dual echo ultrashort echo time MRI sequences with different echo times and flip angles. The method used a training set of matched MR and CT data that after training was able to predict a substitute CT (s-CT) based entirely on the MR information for a new patient. Method validation was achieved using datasets covering the heads of five patients and applying leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). During LOOCV, the model was estimated from the MR and CT data of four patients (training set) and applied to the MR data of the remaining patient (validation set) to generate an s-CT image. This procedure was repeated for all five training and validation data combinations. RESULTS The mean absolute error for the CT number in the s-CT images was 137 HU. No large differences in method accuracy were noted for the different patients, indicating a robust method. The largest errors in the s-CT images were found at air-tissue and bone-tissue interfaces. The model accurately discriminated between air and bone, as well as between soft tissues and nonsoft tissues. CONCLUSIONS The s-CT method has the potential to provide an accurate estimation of CT information without risk of geometrical inaccuracies as the model is voxel based. Therefore, s-CT images could be well suited as alternatives to CT images for dose planning in radiotherapy and attenuation correction in PET/MRI.