Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
All of us are stars and deserve the right to twinkle . ” — Marilyn Monroe “ Let a hundred flowers bloom . ” —

We examined whether people conform to or diverge from the most popular choice among their friends by conducting a large-scale field experiment on a leading social-networking site in China. Our setting allowed us to minimize confounding effects such as pre-existing taste similarities between a subject and her friends, the need to create a social identity, and the possibility of learning by observing friends’ choices. Surprisingly, we found that subjects were more likely to diverge from the popular choice among their friends as the popularity of that choice increased. The effect was more pronounced when they were reminded that their choices were visible to their friends. These results suggest that even members of a collectivist culture have a dominating need to be different. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 655 Knight Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, 3660 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. Department of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong. *We are grateful to the NET Institute (www.NETinst.org) for financial support and to kaixin001.com for providing assistance for the project. All authors contributed equally to this work.
The helium abundance of Neptune from Voyager measurements

Voyager radio occultation and infrared spectrometer measurements are used to obtain an estimate of the helium abundance in the atmosphere of Neptune. It is found that the shape of the measured spectrum cannot be well matched by spectra calculated from atmospheric models that include only gaseous opacity. The most plausible explanation of the observed spectral shape appears to require the existence of an additional opacity source associated with clouds or hazes. The data can be fit with either a tropospheric or a stratospheric cloud model. If a tropospheric cloud is invoked, an optical thickness at 200 cm−1 between 1 and 8 is required, depending on the particle size assumed. For a stratospheric cloud an optical thickness between 0.2 and 0.8 is required. Optical constants for methane ice are used, but ethane has similar optical properties in this spectral region. Assuming no modification to the temperature profile is required other than a molecular weight adjustment, a combination of gas and cloud opacities produces a good fit to the spectrum for a helium mole fraction qHe = 0.190 ± 0.032, corresponding to a mass fraction Y = 0.32 ± 0.05. Within the measurement uncertainties the Neptune helium abundance may be compatible with that of Uranus and, marginally, with the protosolar value. However, models in which the outer part of the primitive solar nebular was enriched in CO and N2, leading to an enhanced atmospheric He/H2 ratio, cannot be ruled out at this time.
Further effects of role versus gender on interpersonal sensitivity.

Past research has shown that, regardless of sex, those in a subordinate role are more sensitive to how their leader feel about them than are the leaders sensitive to their subordinates, suggesting that the stereotypically greater sensitivity of women might be explained by their traditionally subordinate role to men. The present study further investigated this phenomenon, specifically in a boss-employee situation.
Modifying post-harvest sucrose loss in sugar beet : Assessment of transgenic approaches

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the economically most important plants storing high levels of sucrose. Sucrose is accumulated in the taproot inside the vacuoles of parenchyma cells, with up to nearly 20 % of fresh weight. Harvesting of sugar beet includes wounding of taproots, leading to induction of invertases and consequently to sucrose loss. In the present study, the interaction of the sugar beet invertase inhibitor BvC/VIF (Beta vulgaris cell wall and/or vacuolar inhibitor of s-fructosidase) and its putative target enzymes was characterized and transgenic approaches, aiming at the modification of post-harvest sucrose metabolism investigated. Analysis of the inhibitor-invertase-interaction during wounding uncovered that complex formation between BvC/VIF and invertases does not necessarily lead to an inhibition of invertase activity. During the elucidation of prerequisites, needed for the down-regulation of invertase activity by proteinaceous inhibitors, site directed mutagenesis of BvVI1 (Beta vulgaris vacuolar invertase 1) demonstrated a putative involvement of the C-terminus of the invertase in the inhibition process. In order to intervene in post-harvest sucrose metabolism, sugar beet has been engineered to overexpress the endogenous invertase inhibitor BvC/VIF. Alternatively, the expression of endogenous BvC/VIF was silenced, with the purpose to determine the role of BvC/VIF within post-harvest sucrose-metabolism. The heterologous expression of BvC/VIF under control of the taproot specific 2-1-48 promoter did not lead to high expression levels, whereas under the control of the duplicated 35S-promoter, BvC/VIF was highly expressed and silenced via an RNAi construct, respectively. By overexpressing BvC/VIF, wound induced cell wall (CWI) as well as vacuolar (VI) invertase activity were strongly reduced. Notably, the extra-cellular localization of BvC/VIF was proven by a non-invasive approach and via immunolocalization, whereas no further evidence for an additional (earlier postulated) vacuolar localization was gained thus far. Unexpectedly, sucrose loss was not altered in BvC/VIF overexpressing lines, despite strongly reduced invertase activity. This observation led to the hypothesis of a demand-driven sucrose metabolism in wounded sugar beet taproots, based on altered activities of other sucrose hydrolytic enzymes in the case of hampered invertase activity. The determination of wound induced invertase activities in individual plants of BvC/VIF RNAi lines implicated an important role of BvC/VIF in regulating invertase activity after wounding, thus in limiting sucrose loss.
The importance of oral health education in patients receiving orthodontic treatment

Introduction: Evaluation of the effectiveness of a well-targeted educational campaign specially designed toward the improvement of oral health and maintenance of removable orthodontic appliances should be considered during an orthodontic treatment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the oral hygiene protocol on oral health through assessing plaque accumulation on the removable orthodontic appliance, to establish the impact of oral hygiene protocol on oral health through assessing the patients' plaque accumulation on the tooth surface and gingival bleeding, and to evaluate the degree of halitosis between the intervention and control groups. Materials and Methods: The study involved 80 patients who were equally assigned to the intervention and control removable orthodontic treatment groups. Data were collected by means of questionnaires, soft-tissue examination, breath checker, and staining the appliance with methylene blue disclosing solution. Results: The plaque score of both groups at Review 2 emphasized a significant difference (P = 0.021), yet neither differences at baseline (P = 0.989) nor Review 1 (P = 0.786) were found. The odor score of both groups at Review 2 showed a significant difference (P = 0.012). All interventional patients and only 10% of the control group patients were aware of appliance removal during sport. There was no significant difference (P = 0.211) between the responses of patients concerning the cleaning method of the appliance. The patients showed a higher user rate of mouthwash, and they were more successful with respect to when it should be used. Conclusion: The effectiveness of an educational session has been demonstrated in some aspects of the research.
Applying a Usability Technique in the LibreOffice Writer Project

As a result of the growth of non-developer users of OSS applications, usability has over the last ten years begun to attract the interest of the OSS community. The OSS community has some special characteristics which are an obstacle to the direct adoption of many usability techniques as specified in the HCI field. The aim of this research is to adapt and evaluate the feasibility of applying the Personas usability technique to one OSS project from the viewpoint of the development team. The applied research method was a case study of the following OSS project LibreOffice-Writer. We formalized the application procedure of the adapted usability technique. We found that either there were no procedures for adopting usability technique in OSS or they were not fully systematized. Additionally, we identified the adverse conditions that are an obstacle to their adoption in OSS and propose the special adaptations required to overcome the obstacles. To avoid some of the adverse conditions, we created web artefacts (e.g. wiki) that are very popular in the OSS field. Additionally, we found that there are obstacles to the application of the technique. Despite these obstacles, it is feasible to apply the adapted Personas technique in OSS project.
Frontiers of Biogeography Environmental heterogeneity–species richness relationships from a global perspective

Abstract. Spatial environmental heterogeneity (EH) is considered one of the most important factors promoting species richness, but no general consent about the EH–richness relationship exists so far. This is because research methods and study settings vary widely, and because non-significant and negative associations have also been reported. My thesis provides a comprehensive review of the different meas-urements and terminologies of EH used in the literature, and presents strong quantitative evidence of a generally positive relationship between biotic and abiotic EH and species richness of terrestrial plants and animals from landscape to global extents. In a meta-analysis and a subsequent case study compar-ing multiple EH measures and their association with mammal species richness worldwide, I furthermore reveal that the outcome of EH–richness studies depends strongly on study design, including both the EH measure chosen and spatial scale. My research contributes to a better understanding of the EH–richness relationship, while identifying future research needs.
RAAE 2/2020, Regular Article, Djokoto et al

Research background: Despite the growing social recognition of the positive role played by organic farming in the conservation of natural resources and the reduction or elimination of the negative externalities of modern agriculture, the economic competitiveness of organic versus conventional agriculture is a contentious issue. Studies on scale efficiency in the agricultural economics literature, in general, did not address the differences in production practices such as organic and conventional production. Purpose of the article: We estimated scale efficiency of organic and conventional production, tested for differences between organic and conventional agriculture scale efficiency, and explored the sources of inefficiencies. Methods: This was accomplished using cross-sectional data on 658 organic and conventional cocoa farmers, for the 2012/13 production season in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The analysis accounted for selection bias and recognised the fractional property of the scale efficiency measure. Findings & Value added: Organic agriculture is less scale efficient than conventional agriculture. Whilst we recommend that both producer groups improve scale efficiency, organic producers require greater work to do to make up for the almost 50% scale inefficiency. We also found farmer-based organisations to significantly influence scale efficiency. This calls for the need to strengthen farmer-based organisations to increase participation, among other reasons. We departed from the existing scale efficiency literature in a three of ways. We accounted for selection-bias using propensity score matching in the organic and conventional samples in analysing scale efficiency, modelled scale inefficiency using fractional regression and empirically selected the appropriate link function using a battery of tests. Finally, we accounted for an important policy variable; farmer-based organisation. We employed propensity score matching that accounted from observable biases. Further research may consider other methods that account for both observed and unobserved variations.
Continuous Isoprene Measurements in a UK Temperate Forest for a Whole Growing Season: Effects of Drought Stress During the 2018 Heatwave

Isoprene concentrations were measured at four heights below, within, and above the forest canopy in Wytham Woods (United Kingdom) throughout the summer of 2018 using custom‐built gas chromatographs (the iDirac). These observations were complemented with selected ancillary variables, including air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, occasional leaf gas exchange measurements, and satellite retrievals of normalized difference vegetation and water indices. The campaign overlapped with a long and uninterrupted heatwave accompanied by moderate drought. Peak isoprene concentrations during the heatwave‐drought were up to a factor of 4 higher than those before or after. Higher temperatures during the heatwave could not account for all the observed isoprene; the enhanced abundances correlated with drought stress. Leaf‐level emissions confirmed this and also included compounds associated with ecosystem stress. This work highlights that a more in‐depth understanding of the effects of drought stress is required to better characterize isoprene emissions.
Chapter 8 - Chemical mutagenesis, mutation breeding and quantitative genetic analyses of maize mutants: from theory to practice

Large numbers of new varieties in different crops have been developed worldwide using both physical and chemical mutagens. Chemical mutagenesis techniques have been optimized as a promising tool for generating wider desirable variability than classical breeding. However, there are only few examples in the literature describing successful applications of chemical mutagenesis in maize breeding. The present chapter will attempt to fill this gap by describing the approach taken by Maize Research Institute (MRI)-Kneja, Bulgaria. A brief review of the rise, development and applications of chemical mutagenesis, and the phenomenon called ‘seeds ageing during storage’ in maize mutation breeding is a critical retrospection of 1970-1990 research on experimental mutations induction by chemical mutagens and mutation breeding, conducted in Ukraine, USSR and MRI-Kneja, Bulgaria. For the first time, a detailed description of a technology, for induction of mutant variations, affecting quantitative traits and combining ability, their fixation in homozygous state and use in maize breeding programme to develop hybrids is given. This technology is based on the phenomenon called ‘uniformly altered M 2 and M 3 families’ that are stabilized into maize inbred lines as early as in M 4 generation. The technology, known as ‘ Reciprocal Recurrent Mutation Selection’ (RRMS), combines traditional ideas of reciprocal recurrent selection with chemical mutagenesis and mutation breeding. It was developed and experimentally tested in MRI-Kneja during the period 1970-2000. Implementation of this technology is illustrated with results on breeding and quantitative genetics of maize mutant inbred lines and their test cross hybrids. Applications of Heyman, Griffing and Savchenko methods for assessment of general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA respectively) are demonstrated using data from mutant inbreds and test-cross hybrids trials. The success of the RRMS technology is further demonstrated by the descriptions of a number of mutant maize hybrids listed in the Bulgarian State Variety List including the first maize mutant hybrid that combines high grain yield with high grain protein content, registered by the official state variety testing authority back in 1980.
ADAPTIVE WAVELET METHODS FOR ELLIPTIC VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES I: ANALYSIS

We introduce an adaptive wavelet method for solving elliptic variational inequalities. We show convergence and optimality of the scheme as compared to the best N -term approximation of the solution. The scheme is based upon a projected Richardson method w.r. t. the (infinite) sequence space of wavelet coefficients. By combining well-known approximate operator applications and a new adaptive projection, we obtain a fully computable algorithm. We describe results of numerical experiments in 1D that show the quantitative performance of our scheme. Further numerical investigations are devoted to Part II.
Studies on genotypic variability and seed dormancy in sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.)

Seed dormancy is a major drawback and causes a great problem in efficient seed production of sunflower for which great efforts have been made to develop techniques in breaking seed dormancy of sunflower. Studies have indicated that sunflower genotypes showed a large variability in dormancy. Few nearly non-dormant genotypes have been identified which may be incorporated in breeding programme for inducing this non-dormancy trait. Different hours of hydro-priming (15 and 20 h) have been adopted to determine their effects in breaking dormancy. It has been assessed that 15 h priming improved germination percentage and higher seedling vigour than that at 20 h priming period. This priming period is considered as a novel technique to break dormancy and to improve seedling vigour in sunflower. Fifteen hours priming period gave significant increase in germination percentage compared to the control. In another study, the same sunflower hybrid grown/obtained from different sources showed variability in dormancy, where 15 h priming improved germination significantly in most of the sources except few cases. This indicates that climatic conditions prevailing in different regions have great impact on seed dormancy in sunflower. It is assumed that the priming could have made some biochemical changes in the seed leading to the breaking of seed dormancy and enhancing seed germination and vigour in sunflower.
Exploring Suicidal Ideation Using an Innovative Mobile App-Strength Within Me: The Usability and Acceptability of Setting up a Trial Involving Mobile Technology and Mental Health Service Users

Background Suicide is a growing global public health problem that has resulted in an increase in the demand for psychological services to address mental health issues. It is expected that 1 in 6 people on a waiting list for mental health services will attempt suicide. Although suicidal ideation has been shown to be linked to a higher risk of death by suicide, not everybody openly discloses their suicidal thoughts or plans to friends and family or seeks professional help before suicide. Therefore, new methods are needed to track suicide risk in real time together with a better understanding of the ways in which people communicate or express their suicidality. Considering the dynamic nature and challenges in understanding suicide ideation and suicide risk, mobile apps could be better suited to prevent suicide as they have the ability to collect real-time data. Objective This study aims to report the practicalities and acceptability of setting up and trialing digital technologies within an inpatient mental health setting in the United Kingdom and highlight their implications for future studies. Methods Service users were recruited from 6 inpatient wards in the north west of England. Service users who were eligible to participate and provided consent were given an iPhone and Fitbit for 7 days and were asked to interact with a novel phone app, Strength Within Me (SWiM). Interaction with the app involved journaling (recording daily activities, how this made them feel, and rating their mood) and the option to create safety plans for emotions causing difficulties (identifying strategies that helped with these emotions). Participants also had the option to allow the study to access their personal Facebook account to monitor their social media use and activity. In addition, clinical data (ie, assessments conducted by trained researchers targeting suicidality, depression, and sleep) were also collected. Results Overall, 43.0% (80/186 response rate) of eligible participants were recruited for the study. Of the total sample, 67 participants engaged in journaling, with the average number of entries per user being 8.2 (SD 8.7). Overall, only 24 participants created safety plans and the most common difficult emotion to be selected was feeling sad (n=21). This study reports on the engagement with the SWiM app, the technical difficulties the research team faced, the importance of building key relationships, and the implications of using Facebook as a source to detect suicidality. Conclusions To develop interventions that can be delivered in a timely manner, prediction of suicidality must be given priority. This paper has raised important issues and highlighted lessons learned from implementing a novel mobile app to detect the risk of suicidality for service users in an inpatient setting.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is caused by mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene Waterham,

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Sensitivity of angler benefit estimates from a model of recreational demand to the definition of the substitute sites considered by the angler.

Fishery managers are mandated to understand the effects that environmental damage, fishery regulations, and habitat improvement projects have on the net benefits that recreational anglers derive from their sport. Since 1994, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has worked to develop a consistent method for estimating net benefits through site choice models of recreational trip demand. In estimating net benefits with these models, there is a tradeoff between computational efficiency and angler behavior in reality. This article examines this tradeoff by considering the sensitivity of angler-welfare estimates for an increase in striped bass (Morone saxatalis) angling quality across choice sets with five travel distance cutoffs and compares those estimates to a model with an unrestricted choice set. This article shows that 95% confidence intervals for welfare estimates of an increase in the striped bass catch and keep rate overlap for all distance-based choice sets specified here.
GAUGED FLAVOUR SYMMETRY FOR B ANOMALIES

Signs of physics beyond our stablished theory have sprung in the field of B-meson physics. Although the evidence is not conclusive, theoretical exploratory efforts help make sense of the new data in a consistent picture and allow contrast with other experimental searches. After examining the general features that the possible new physics should have we present two models based on a U(1) flavour symmetry that account for the anomaly while within reach of direct searches.