Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Long-Term Comparison of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Abundance and Size Structure in Their Historical Range in Idaho

Abstract We compared estimates of population abundance and size structure for Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri obtained by electrofishing 77 stream segments across southeastern Idaho in the 1980s and again in 1999–2000 to test whether populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout had changed. Sites sampled in the 1980s were relocated in 1999–2000 by using maps and photographs or by finding original site-boundary stakes, so that the same reach of stream was sampled during both periods. Abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout longer than 10 cm did not change, averaging 41 fish/100 m of stream during both the 1980s and 1999–2000. The proportion of the total catch of trout composed of Yellowstone cutthroat trout also did not change, averaging 82% in the 1980s and 78% in 1999–2000. At the 48 sites where size structure could be estimated for both periods, the proportion of Yellowstone cutthroat trout that were 10–20 cm long declined slightly (74% versus 66%), but the change was due entirel.
Ciclo reproductivo anual del bagre bandera Bagre marinus (Ariidae) en un ambiente tropical costero del Golfo de México

Reproductive cycle of gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus) and its relation to environmental variables were analyzed, based on specimens collected randomly from commercial landings of long line artisan fleet of the Chiltepec Barrier, Tabasco State. Gonadosomatic index showed that this species had one reproductive period per year (May August). Reproduction occurs in shallow coastal waters at high temperatures (27.0 29.0°C) under heavy precipitation conditions (170333 mm). Female condition factor had a similar behavior than the gonadosomatic index, reaching high values (0.61 to 0.63) during May through July, although a high value of 0.64 was observed during March. A decrease on the condition factor in males from July (0.55) to October (0.50) was related to the energetic cost of oral incubation. This finding was consistent with a decrease in the proportion of captured males during these months (from 50.7% in July to 23.9% in November) when males migrated from fishing areas to estuarine zones to release their progeny. Gafftopsail catfish presents a synchronic ovocitary development in two groups with total spawning. The species is characterized by low fecundity. The mean number of mature hydrated oocytes per female was 33, ranging from 21 to 62, which is related to the mouth brooding tactic wich allowed ariid species to survive under a variety of environmental conditions. Gafftopsail catfish take advantages of the different habitats present in its distribution area, by using a reproductive strategy with local seasonal migrations.
A POPULATION DYNAMICS APPROACH TO THE WHEAT BULB FLY DELIA COARCTATA PROBLEM

SUMMARY over 12 years from Stackyard field, Rothamsted. (2) The analysis shows that the key-factor causing population change is variation in the number of eggs laid, and this mortality interval (ko) is also shown to be density-dependent with a time delay. (3) Adult emigration and immigration is proposed as the major mechanism of potential egg loss and it is speculated that the delayed aspect of its action is caused by genetic feedback acting through responses to adult density: (4) Larval survival is shown to be dependent upon both egg density and shoot density, although other factors may also be important in determining survival in different years. (5) A population model has been constructed to test the interpretations of the dynamics and it is suggested that the further development of such a model is likely to prove more useful in improving understanding of the problem and in the development of future control procedures than previous models based upon multiple regression techniques.
Exercise-based transportation reduces oil dependence, carbon emissions and obesity

Societal dependence on oil leads to increasingly negative social consequences throughout the world, including climate change, air pollution, political and economic instability, and habitat degradation. Reliance on the automobile for transportation also contributes to a sedentary lifestyle, an obesity epidemic and poor health. These problems are particularly pronounced in the USA, which currently consumes c. 27% of global oil production and produces c. 25% of global carbon emissions, and where c. 65% of adults are overweight or obese. Other countries throughout the world that replicate or hope to replicate the automobile-based lifestyle of the USA face similar problems now or in the near future. This paper develops and applies calculations relating the distances that could be travelled through recommended daily walking or cycling with weight loss, oil consumption and carbon emissions. These straightforward calculations demonstrate that widespread substitution of driving with distances travelled during recommended daily exercise could reduce the USA's oil consumption by up to 38%. This saving far exceeds the amount of oil recoverable from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, suggesting that exercise can reduce foreign oil dependence and provide an alternative to oil extraction from environmentally sensitive habitat. At the same time, an average individual who substitutes this amount of exercise for transportation would burn respectively c. 12.2 and 26.0 kg of fat per year for walking and cycling. This is sufficient to eliminate obese and overweight conditions in a few years without dangerous or draconian diet plans. Furthermore, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of c. 35% is possible if the revenue saved through decreased health care spending on obesity is redirected toward carbon abatement. As a result, exercise-based transportation may constitute a favourable alternative to the energy and diet plans that are currently being implemented in the USA and may offer better development choices for developing countries.
The protein data bank (PDB) as a versatile resource for glycobiology and glycomics

The compilation of data collections for carbohydrates has only recently gained momentum. The availability of such comprehensive databases, however, will be a prerequisite to successfully perform large-scale glycomics projects aiming to decipher new biological functions of glycans. With the carbohydrate structure suite (CSS), the carbohydrate-related data contained in the protein data bank (PDB) are now accessible through the Internet. It turned out that the PDB is a versatile resource for structural aspects in glycobiology. It provides reliable data about glycosylation sites, the conformational preferences of glycans and the specificity of protein carbohydrate recognition. A detailed comparison between the carbohydrate assignment reported in the PDB files and the nomenclature derived from atom coordinates guarantees that only consistent data will be evaluated. The automatic assignment of a unique structural description (LINUCS notation) enables easy cross-linking and referencing with other carbohydrate-related resources like NMR and MS-spectra. Exemplified for α- and β-N-acetylglucosamine it is shown that a particular distribution of amino acids is required to establish specific recognition for both anomers. The unrestricted use of primary data enables an online linkage of carbohydrate-related databases with other bioinformatics and biomedical resources and will thus provide maximal synergism.
Productive performance and milk protein fraction composition of dairy cows supplemented with sodium monensin

The objective of this work was to evaluate the levels of sodium monensin on lactating cows and their effects on productive performance and milk protein fraction composition. It was used 12 Holstein cows, distributed in four balanced 3 × 3 Latin squares, and fed three diets: one control without monensin, and two diets with monensin at the levels of 24 or 48 mg/kg DM added to the concentrate. Milk production was daily measured throughout the entire experimental period. The samples used for analysis of milk composition were collected on two alternated days from the two daily milking. Non-protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and non-casein nitrogen contents were directly evaluated in the milk, and casein, whey protein and true protein contents were indirectly determined. The use of monensin in the rations reduced dry matter and nutrient intake, especially when diet with 48 mg/kg of dry matter was given. The ration with 24 mg/kg of DM increased milk production, with or without correction, and also fat and lactose yield, and it improved productive efficiency. The levels of monensin in the ratios did not influence contents of milk crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, non-casein nitrogen, true protein, casein, casein/true protein ratio, whey protein, and of all those fractions expressed as percentage of crude protein. The utilization of monensin in the ratio at the dose of 24 mg/kg of DM influences positively the productive performance of lactating cows, and it does not influence the composition of milk protein fractions.
Long-term repeatability of body mass and resting metabolic rate in free-living weasels, Mustela nivalis

Summary 1 The significant repeatability of a trait of interest is a vital condition for meaningful extrapolation of its value over long time periods, and any inference related to its response to environmental conditions. Surprisingly, although body mass and resting metabolic rate (RMR) are widely recognized as the two important traits affecting mammalian ecology and life history, very little is known about their repeatability in the wild. 2 Here we report long-term repeatabilities of body mass and RMR, measured in summer and winter, in free-living weasel males, Mustela nivalis L. Body mass was highly repeatable over extremely long periods (compared with weasels’ lifetime) of up to 400 days (intraclass correlation coefficient τ = 0·93, Pearson correlation r = 0·96). Its variation was independent of time and season. Repeatability of RMR (corrected for body mass and season) was also significant (τ = 0·63, r = 0·62) and independent of time scale. However, within seasons it was statistically significant in summer (τ = 0·55, r = 0·54) but not in winter (τ = 0·07, r = 0·25). 3 To our knowledge, this is the first study providing empirical support for long-term repeatability of body mass and RMR in free-ranging small mammals, and is consistent with a significant level of heritable variation of these two traits.
Advances in laying date and increasing population size suggest positive responses to climate change in Common Eiders Somateria mollissima in Iceland

Models of climate change predict that its effects on animal populations will not always be negative, but most studies indicate negative associations between changes in climate and the phenology of animal migration and reproduction. For some populations, however, climate change may render particular environments more favourable, with positive effects on population growth. We used a 30-year population dataset on over 2000 Common Eiders Somateria mollissima at a colony in southwest Iceland to examine the response of this species to climate fluctuations. Eiders are strongly dependent on suitable climatic conditions for successful reproduction and survival. Temperatures in southwest Iceland, in both winter and summer, have generally increased over the past 30 years but have shown considerable fluctuation. We show that females laid earlier following mild winters and that year-to-year variation in the number of nests was related to the temperature during the breeding season 2 years previously. Milder summers could have positive effects on breeding success and offspring survival, producing an increase in nest numbers 2 years later when most Eiders recruit into the breeding population. In this part of their range, Eiders could benefit from a general warming of the climate.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of fruit extract of Sapindus mukorossi

Sapindus mukorossi is a deciduous tree belongs to the family sapindaceae widely grown in upper reaches of Indo-Gangetic plains, Shivaliks and sub-Himalayans tracks at altitudes from 200m to 1500m. Also known as soap-nut tree, it is one of the most important trees of tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. It flowers during summer. The fruit appears in JulyAugust and ripens by November December. The seeds are 0.8 to 1.3cm in diameter, globosely smooth, black and loosely placed in dry fruit (Chopra and Ghosh, 1946). The fruit is valued for the saponins (10.1%) present in the pericarp and
Growth, movements and diet of the terapontid Amniataba caudavittata in an Australian estuary

Samples of Amniataba caudavittata were collected from the Swan Estuary in south-western Australia between February 1977 and December 1980, using seine nets in inshore shallow waters and gillnets and otter trawls in offshore waters. Although fish could only be aged using otoliths until they were 18–22 months old, they had by that time reached c. 75% of their final length. The mean lengths of the cohorts determined by using MIX, which analysed each of the monthly length-frequency distributions independently, were similar to those yielded by MULTIFAN, which constrains the means of each of the sequential and corresponding cohorts to a von Bertalanffy growth curve. Consequently, the von Bertalanffy growth curve parameters determined by MULTIFAN and those derived from the use of the means produced by MIX were similar. The clear cut trends exhibited by the progression of modal lengths in successive samples, and their close correspondence to the trends shown by the growth curves, demonstrate that many A. caudavittata live for at least 3 years. Growth was seasonal and confined to the warmer months of the year. The apparent negative growth recorded in winter can be attributed to a tendency for the smaller representatives of the different cohorts to remain inshore at that time and thus to be more susceptible to capture by seine netting, the main sampling method. Offshore movements by larger fish in the winter allow those fish to remain in the high salinities found beneath the pronounced haioclines that form in the deeper waters of this estuary during the heavy freshwater discharge that occurs typically at that time of the year. Adult A. caudavittata move into the upper estuary where spawning occurs, with considerable numbers of the resultant juveniles then moving downstream into the middle estuary. A, caudavittata is a benthic omnivore, with the 0+ age class ingesting algae and a range of small crustaceans, while older fish prey to a greater extent on polychaetes.
Assessing 18S rDNA Diversity of the Chlorophytes among Various Freshwaters of the Central Black Sea Region

In this study, diversity of unicellular chlorophytes isolated from various freshwater habitats in the Central Black Sea Region were assessed by the molecular phylogenetic methods. In order to determine diversity, water samples were collected from freshwater habitats including Cernek Lagoon (Kizilirmak Delta-Samsun), Kurtun Estuary (Samsun), Sarikum Lagoon (Sinop) and a freshwater pond in Boyabat (Sinop). Axenic cultures were obtained with re-streaking the isolates from enrichment cultures on solid growth media. For characterisation of isolates, phylogenetic analyses depending on nucleotide sequences of small subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) was used besides morphological observations. In morphological observations upon closely related unicellular chlorophytes, there were no significant morphological differences among the isolates. As a result of phylogenetic analyses, our isolates were appeared in three distinct lineages which were related with Chlamydomonadaceae (isolates 103I2 and C301), Chlorellaceae (isolate B4Riv) and Scenedesmaceae (isolates SIN-CON and N603) families. Our results in this study clearly indicates the deficiency of the morphological observations and also the necessity of the molecular methods for true identification of chlorophytes. Additionally, it provides the first 18S rDNA haplotypes of chlorophyte families stated above from Turkish freshwaters to international databases.
Correlating δ13C and δ18O in cellulose of trees

We measured the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of stem cellulose of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior. Several sites along a transect of a small valley in Switzerland were selected which differ in soil moisture conditions. At every site, six trees per species were sampled, and a sample representing a mean value for the period from 1940 to 1990 was analysed. For all species, the mean site δ13C and δ18O of stem cellulose are related to the soil moisture availability, whereby higher isotope ratios are found at drier sites. This result is consistent with isotope fractionation models when assuming enhanced stomatal resistance (thus higher δ13C of incorporated carbon) and increased oxygen isotope enrichment in the leaf water (thus higher δ18O) at the dry sites. δ18 O-δ13C plots reveal a linear relationship between the carbon and oxygen isotopes in cellulose. To interpret this relationship we developed an equation which combines the above-mentioned fractionation models. An important new parameter is the degree to which the leaf water enrichment is reflected in the stem cellulose. In the combined model the slope of the δ18O-δ13C plot is related to the sensitivity of the pi/pa of a plant to changing relative humidity.
Atividade antioxidante e correlação com fenólicos totais em genótipos de Urucum (Bixa orellana L.)

O estudo objetivou quantificar os fenóis totais em cinco genótipos de Bixa orellana (Piave vermelha, Piave vermelha gigante, CPATU 0060, Bico-de-pato I e Peruana Paulista). Os extratos foram obtidos em etanol PA e solução hidroetanólica (80:20,v.v-1), sendo os resultados obtidos comparados a dois antioxidantes sintéticos, butil-hidroxitolueno (BHT) e ácido gálico (GAE). Os teores de fenólicos totais dos genótipos analisados apresentaram valores médios de 776,02 a 1.498,48 mg GAE.100 g-1 de amostra (peso seco) e 297,08 a 450,97 mg GAE.100 g-1, para os extratos hidroetanólicos e etanólicos, respectivamente. A medida da atividade antioxidante para os extratos hidroetanólicos variou entre 48,31% e 70,10%. Valores inferiores foram obtidos para atividade antioxidante dos extratos etanólicos (18,91% a 35,26%). Os resultados evidenciaram que o genótipo CPATU 0060 apresentou teores de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante superiores aos demais genótipos analisados. Foi observada baixa correlação entre as variáveis de fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante para os extratos hidroetanólicos (R= -0,5328) e etanólicos (R= 0,4115). Considerando a ampla aplicação do urucum na indústria de alimentos e farmacêutica, os resultados sugerem que seus grãos podem ser considerados uma fonte potencial de antioxidante natural.
A família Lemnaceae Gray no Pantanal (Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul), Brasil

A survey of aquatic plants belonging to the family Lemnaceae was carried out in the Pantanal wetland (States of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul), represented by nine species, divided into four genera. Only two of the reported species had been previously cited for the Pantanal, Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. and Lemna valdiviana Phil. The other species are Spirodela intermedia W. Koch, Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. , L. minuta Kunth, in Humb. , Bonp. & Kunth, Wolffiella welwitschii (Hegelm.) Monod, W. lingulata (Hegelm.) Hegelm. , W. oblonga (Phil.) Hegelm. , and Wolffia columbiana H. Karst. Lemnaceae occurs in all 10 subregions of the Pantanal, with a higher number of species in the Nabileque subregion, where soils are more fertile.
Study of the human humoral inmune response against rotavirus

Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are less efficacious in countries with high mortality rates by this pathogen; the lack of a widely accepted immunological correlate of protection hinders the development of new RV vaccines. Secretory immunoglobulin (SIg) in serum has been proposed to indirectly measure intestinal Ig. Therefore, plasma RV-SIg was evaluated by ELISA in 50 children vaccinated with RIX4414 and 62 placebo recipients and correlated with protection when both groups were analyzed jointly. RV-SIg may serve as a valuable correlate of protection for RV vaccines. A thorough understanding of the relationship between memory B cells (mBc) and serological memory contributes to identify useful correlates of protection. RV-mBc are enriched in mBc subpopulations associated with certain autoimmune diseases pathogenesis. In patients treated with Rituximab (RTX), some autoantibodies (auto-Abs) decrease, but pathogen-specific IgG remain unchanged; thus, serological memory may depend on the type of antigen and/or Ab isotype evaluated. Circulating total, RV-, and tetanus toxoid (TT)-specific mBc and Abs, and some auto-Abs were evaluated in patients with autoimmunity before and after RTX therapy. Following treatment, total, RV-, and TT-mBc decreased significantly. Total IgM levels were significantly lower than total IgA and IgG levels, and the auto-Abs measured were significantly diminished. In contrast, RVand TT-Abs remained unchanged. In conclusion, serological memory against RV and TT seem to be maintained by long-lived plasma cells (PC), not affected by RTX, and an important proportion of total IgM and serological memory against some autoantigens seem to be maintained by short-lived PC, dependent on mBc precursors depleted by RTX.
Cold hardiness of larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

The cold‐hardening capacity of field‐collected larvae from southeast Missouri and laboratory‐reared larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, was examined. Supercooling points of non‐diapause and diapause larvae collected from maize plants grown in Missouri (36° 30′ N lat.) were ca. –7.0 °C. The hemolymph melting points of diapause field larvae (–0.8 °C) were significantly lower than those of non‐diapause larvae collected in July (–0.5 °C). The supercooling points of hemolymph from non‐diapause and diapause field larvae ranged randomly from –10° to –18 °C. Supercooling points of non‐diapause laboratory larvae increased from –13° to –10 °C prior to pupation, whereas those of diapause larvae increased similarly before the onset of diapause, but then decreased during diapause to ca. –17 °C. No change in supercooling points or capacity to survive in the presence of ice was observed in diapause laboratory larvae acclimated at 4 °C for 63 days. Laboratory and field larvae began to freeze at ca. –1.5 °C in the presence of ice, but survived to several degrees below their melting points. The high supercooling points of field larvae appeared to be due to the presence of an environmental ice‐nucleator. Although data for laboratory larvae indicate sufficiently low supercooling points to permit winter survival in southeastern Missouri, considerable larval mortality occurs in the field due to inoculative freezing and the presence of an ice‐nucleator.