Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Benthic Impacts of Mussel Longline Farming in a Eutrophic Danish Fjord, Limfjorden

ABSTRACT Limfjorden has a long tradition of mussel production based on wild stock fisheries. As a result of environmental concern of adverse effects of fishery, farming of mussels on off-bottom longlines has been well established during the past 5 y. Limfjorden is heavily eutrophic, resulting from intensive agricultural production in the catchment area of the estuary. Stimulation of sedimentation and subsequent benthic impacts of mussel farms were investigated with a focus on seasonal and spatial variations. The seasonal study was performed along a transect from inside one of the mussel farms to a reference station 75 m northeast of the farm every season during 1 y (summer to summer). The effects depended significantly on the variation in hanging mussel biomass along the transect as the effects on benthic total oxygen uptake, nutrient release, and sulfate reduction rate was at its maximum at the station with the largest hanging biomass. In addition, stimulation of the mussel farm was strongest during the summer when NH4+ and PO43- release was increased by 400% and 740%, respectively, compared with the reference station. The concentration of reduced sulfur was only significantly stimulated (58%) by the mussel farm during the second summer season, which was characterized by total oxygen depletion in the bottom water and linked to the unavailable oxygen for reoxidation. A significant spatial variation in the benthic impacts was also observed. Eight differently situated mussel farms with variation in water depth and mussel biomass on the longlines were examined. The stimulation on total sedimentation rates, total oxygen uptake (TOU), and NH4+ and PO43- flux of the mussel farms was in the range of 0–92%, 0–67%, 52–290%, and 0–700%, respectively. Furthermore, stimulation of TOU and NH4+ flux was significantly linked by linear regression to the sedimentation rate of particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen, respectively. Hence, this study shows strong evidence that mussel farms stimulate the benthic degradation rates in an area that is already highly affected by other sources of organic input.
Patterns of evolution in Graomys griseoflavus (Rodentia, Muridae). IV. A case of rapid speciation

The South American group of rodents known as Graomys griseoflavus comprises two sibling species differing only in diploid chromosomal complement: G. griseoflavus (2n = 36, 37 and 38) and G. centralis (2n=42). Reproductive barriers comprising postzygotic as well as precopulatory mechanisms prevent gene exchange between these species. We have studied genetic polymorphism in two populations of G. centralis and four of G. griseoflavus by means of gel electrophoresis of enzymes and other proteins giving information on a total of 30 loci. Values of interspecific genetic identity were similar to those obtained for conspecific populations, suggesting that fixation of Robertsonian fusions would have occurred without significant bottlenecks. It would also indicate that the cladogenetic process must be relatively recent. FIS values showed no evidence of inbreeding. Fixation indices (FST) for the ancestral species showed a tendency to form demes with very low gene flow among them, while in the derived species such tendency was not shown. However, because of the characteristics of the region they occupy, populations are of moderate size, and genic flow is low. Lack of correlation between gene flow levels and geographical distance between population pairs would indicate a recent and fast colonization of its distribution areas by the derived species. It is possible that fixation of Robertsonian fusions occurred in a marginal deme of the ancestral species, e.g. in a parapatric geographical context.
COMPARATIVE DIETARY VALUE OF SOYBEAN OIL, SUNFLOWER OIL, RAPESEED OIL, AND ANIMAL TALLOW FOR TURKEY POULTS

The effects of including soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, or animal tallow in turkey poult starting rations were studied. Male, broad-breasted Bronze poults were used and the fat sources were tested at 5% and 10% of the ration.The inclusion of soybean oil, sunflower oil, or animal tallow in the starting rations stimulated weight gain from 1 day to 6 weeks of age and improved efficiency of feed utilization. However, the addition of rapeseed oil to the ration depressed weight gain as compared to the basal (low-fat) ration. The magnitude of growth depression was directly related to the rapeseed oil content of the ration. The comparative ration metabolizable energy data indicate that dietary energy supplied by rapeseed oil was as available to poults as energy supplied by other fat sources. Poults consuming rations containing 5% or 10% rapeseed oil consumed less feed than did poults consuming all other rations. Decreased feed consumption was apparently responsible for the depressed weight gains of the.
Hyperpigment-productive Mutant of Monascus anka for Solid Culture

(NTG) treatment, and Su et a1.2) reported that red koji processing was improved by using an ultraviolet ray-induced mutant of Monascus anka. However, isolation of a suitable hyperpigment productive strain in aerated solid culture with rice or fine flakes of bread has not yet been reported. We have investigated strains belonging to genus Monascus to obtain hyperproductive strains for pigment-produc tion using mechanical koji processing. Experiments with ultraviolet ray (UV) irradiation followed by NTG treatment were conducted to improve the yield of pigment-production by Monascus anka Nakazawa et Sato after screening tests of strains on
Evaluation of Flufenacet plus Metribuzin Mixtures for Control of Italian Ryegrass in Winter Wheat

Abstract Field studies were conducted to compare the effectiveness of PRE and POST applications of a prepackaged mixture of flufenacet plus metribuzin with that of diclofop for winter wheat tolerance and control of Italian ryegrass. Additional studies investigated the effectiveness of reduced rates of flufenacet plus metribuzin applied POST to Italian ryegrass when wheat was in the spike stage. All PRE and POST applications of flufenacet plus metribuzin produced similar or greater injury to wheat and more consistent control of Italian ryegrass than PRE or POST applications of diclofop. PRE applications of flufenacet plus metribuzin controlled Italian ryegrass 73 to 77%, whereas POST applications controlled Italian ryegrass 77 to 99%. PRE applications of diclofop controlled Italian ryegrass 57%; POST application controlled Italian ryegrass 78%. Wheat injury from flufenacet plus metribuzin applications varied with application rate, cultivar, and year of application. Nomenclature: Diclofop; flufenacet; metribuzin; Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp. Multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
First evidence for photoperiodic regulation of the life cycle in a millipede species, Polydesmus angustus (Diplopoda: Polydesmidae)

The hypothesis that the periods of dormancy previously described in the millipede Polydesmus angustus may be photoperiodically induced diapauses was tested experimentally. In this species, biennial individuals exhibit two successive periods of dormancy: aestivation in the penultimate stadium (stadium VII) and reproductive dormancy in the adults, which emerge in autumn. It was first established that the reproductive dormancy is not a thermally controlled state of quiescence. When adults emerging in autumn were kept at 16 °C under natural photoperiod, their reproduction was delayed for several months in comparison with adults emerging in spring at similar temperatures. This indicates that the reproductive dormancy begins with a period of diapause. Further experiments provided evidence of a photoperiodic induction of the adult diapause. When millipedes were reared under short day length (L:D 12:12 h) throughout their development, they required more time to reproduce than millipedes reared under long day length (L:D 16:8 h) at the same temperatures. Photoperiod influenced reproduction in females, but no significant effects were detected in adult males. On the other hand, stadium VII was markedly longer at L:D 16:8 h than at L:D 12:12 h in both sexes, which strongly suggests that aestivation is also induced by photoperiod. However, the effects on the duration of stadium VII varied among individuals, some of which showed no response to long days. This study is the first to document photoperiodic regulation of the life cycle in the class Diplopoda, a trait common in other classes of terrestrial arthropods.
Habitat differentiation between estuarine and inland Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) as revealed by retrotransposon-based SSAP marker.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) is a pantropical coastal tree that extends to the tidal zone. In this study, the retrotransposon sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SSAP) technique was used in order to understand the genetic variation between four population pairs of H. tiliaceus from repeated estuarine and inland habitat contrasts in China. The estuarine populations were consistently more genetic variable compared with the inland ones, which may be attributed to extensive gene flow via water-drifted seeds and/or retrotransposon activation in stressful estuarine environments. An AMOVA revealed that 8.9% of the genetic variance could be explained by the habitat divergence within site, as compared with only 4.9% to geographical isolation between sites, which indicates significant habitat differentiation between the estuarine and inland populations. The estuarine populations were less differentiated (ΦST = 0.115) than the inland (ΦST = 0.152) implying frequent gene interchange in the former. Accordingly, the principal coordinate analysis of genetic distance between individuals revealed that genetic relationships are not fully consistent with the geographic association. These results suggest that despite substantial gene flow via sea-drifted seeds, habitat-related divergent selection could be one of the primary mechanisms that drive habitat differentiation in H. tiliaceus at a local ecological scale.
Relationships between the olive fly and bacteria

The relationship between the olive fly population and epiphytic bacteria of the olive tree was investigated by carrying out a 1‐year survey in the field. The olive fly population affected the number of bacteria present on the olive surface. Scanning electron microscope observations demonstrated that bacteria may be ingested by the fly’s mouth apparatus through the midline of the pseudotracheae. DNA amplification of the oesophageal bulb content using 16S bacteria universal primers and DNA sequencing evidenced that Candidatus Erwinia dacicola was the predominant species present. The role of bacteria in olive fly biology is discussed.
Use of a hand-held crop growth measuring device to estimate forage crude protein mass of pasture

This study explored a new hand-held crop growth measuring device to estimate forage quality and quantity of pasture. The device’s photosensors (550 nm [green], 650 nm [red] and 880 nm [near-infrared; NIR] regions of the spectrum) are set up in both upward and downward directions, which shorten the measuring time in the field even under unstable weather conditions. The sward canopy reflectance measurements and forage sampling were conducted at 50 sites of pasture in July 2007 and at 20 sites in the same pasture at 4-week intervals from May to October in 2006 and 2007. Using the 50-site dataset, the linear regression analyses between the measured spectral reflectances or the vegetation indices (VIs) and the forage properties were examined to determine the best combinations. Based on the 4-week interval datasets, the following points were examined: (i) effectiveness of the selected combinations throughout stocking seasons; (ii) influence of the sun angle during the spectral measurement; and (iii) integration of the regression models obtained from each dataset. The relationships between the forage properties (total biomass, green biomass and crude protein mass [CPmass, g dry matter m � 2 ] in natural and logarithmic [ln] forms) and all of the spectral reflectances or VIs were significant in the cross-validated coefficient of determination (R 2 CV). In particular, the mean R 2 CV values between the ln CPmass and each of red/NIR ratio, normalized difference vegetation index and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index were high (0.74–0.75), ranging from 0.46 to 0.94 throughout the stocking seasons. The influence of the sun angle on the regression models was not significant in 13 cases out of 14. Additionally, in May and October, the integration of the regression models was statistically accepted, respectively. These results demonstrated that the device is effective for estimating forage CPmass throughout stocking seasons with a little effort.
Cis and trans-acting elements involved in the activation of Arabidopsis thaliana Al gene encoding the translation elongation factor EF-lα

In A. thaliana the translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha is encoded by a small multigenic family of four members (A1-A4). The A1 gene promoter has been dissected and examined in a transient expression system using the GUS reporter gene. Deletion analysis has shown that several elements are involved in the activation process. One cis-acting domain, the TEF 1 box, has been accurately mapped 100 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site. This domain is the target for trans-acting factors identified in nuclear extracts prepared from A. thaliana. Homologies are found between the TEF 1 box and sequences present at the same location within the A2, A3 and A4 promoters. This observation, together with those obtained from gel retardation assays performed using DNA fragments from the A4 promoter, suggest that the activation process mediated by the TEF 1 element is conserved among the A. thaliana EF-1 alpha genes. Analysis of nearly full length cDNA clones has shown that in addition to a single intron located within the coding region, the A1 gene contains a second intron located within the 5' non coding region. Such an intron is also present within the A2, A3 and A4 genes. This 5' intervening sequence appears to be essential to obtain a maximum GUS activity driven by the A1 gene promoter.
Data analytics for manufacturing systems

Data analytics plays one of the key roles in building intelligent systems, which bring automation to the new level of safety, reliability and efficiency, at the same time lowering the perceived complexity for the user. In this paper, we present the goals of data analytics in manufacturing and illustrate several application scenarios we have successfully worked on at Reifenhäuser REICOFIL GmbH & Co. KG. These include process monitoring and anomaly detection using virtual sensors, root cause analysis, plant simulation and optimization, assessing trade-offs between product quality criteria and extracting knowledge from data. Furthermore, we list a number of challenges that data analytics typically faces in manufacturing environments, demonstrating them on several concrete examples.
A New Hypothesis On the Evolution of Sex Determination in Vertebrates; Big Females Zw, Big Males Xy

Why are there two chromosomal sex-determining mechanisms in vertebrates; ZW/ZZ, meaning female heterogamety, and XX/XY, meaning male heterogamety? We propose an evolutionary explanation. Transition from environmental sex determination to genetic sex determination can result when an allele that accelerates embryonal or larval growth takes over the role of environment in bringing about differential growth. Species with environmental sex determination showing female size advantage, are predisposed to evolve the ZW/ZZ mechanism, whereas species with male size advantage are predisposed to evolve the XX/XY mechanism.
Resistance to powdery mildew in mutant lines of the susceptible wheat cultivar Hobbit ‘sib’

Mutant lines of the wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Hobbit ‘sib’, produced by irradiation with fast neutrons, were evaluated for their response to powdery mildew (Erisyphe graminis f.sp. tritici) at various growth stages to identify and characterize resistance. Two mutants, I3-54 and I3-48, were found to be significantly more resistant than Hobbit ‘sib’, with the resistance being expressed in both seedlings and adult plants. Fungal hyphal development was slower in both the mutants than in Hobbit ‘sib’ between 18 and 24 h after inoculation, and fewer haustoria were formed in the mutants, particularly in I3-54, 72 h after inoculation. Constitutive expression of a thaumatin-like protein gene was detected in both I3-48 and I3-54 but not in Hobbit ‘sib’.
An Aptasensor Based on Polymer-Gold Nanoparticle Composite Microspheres for the Detection of Malathion Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract We present a new format of apta-sensing composite particles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) detection of malathion. These apta-sensing microspheres acquire their extraction capability through aptamer-target analyte interaction and Raman signal enhancement for SERS detection of the pesticide. Micron-sized polymer particles were synthesized by precipitation polymerization using methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as co-monomers in acetonitrile. Conjugation with colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via modification with 2-aminoethanethiol led to polymer-AuNP composites with controlled aggregation of AuNPs onto the polymer surface. The thiolated aptamer targeting malathion was attached to the metal surface by thiol-gold interaction, resulting in polymer-AuNP-aptamer composite microspheres. The new material was characterized using two techniques: scanning electron microscopy imaging and dynamic light scattering measurements. The polymer-AuNP-aptamer particles were incuba.
The effect of an insect growth regulator on grasshoppers (Acrididae) and non‐target arthropods in Mali

In 1989 teflubenzuron, an inhibitor of chitin synthesis in immature insects, was applied with a helicopter at a dosage recommended for grasshopper control (16.4 g active ingredient/ha [g a. i./ha]), and three reduced dosages (5.3, 4,8 and 2.3 g a.i./ha). Three dosages were applied on small replicated plots (12 ha), and another dosage (4.8 g a. i./ha) was applied on a large plot (400 ha). In the small plots grasshopper nymphs and imagoes were monitored by sweep net sampling and line counts, respectively. Non‐target arthropods in the herb layer and at ground level were monitored by sweep net sampling and pitfall traps, respectively. In the large plot grasshopper nymphs were monitored by sweep net sampling. Grasshoppers were strongly affected by all dosages. Instars 1–3 and instar 4 nymphs were most affected, and the low dosages were more effective than the recommended dosage on all instars. Non‐target arthropods in the herb layer were generally not affected by teflubenzuron, while ground living springtails, silverfish, beetle larvae and housebuilding butterfly larvae were reduced with about 50 %, although generally not significantly. It is recommended that lower dosages of teflubenzuron replace the higher ones recommended at present.
L1-GP: L1 Adaptive Control with Bayesian Learning

We present L1-GP , an architecture based on L1 adaptive control and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) for safe simultaneous control and learning. On one hand, the L1 adaptive control provides stability and transient performance guarantees, which allows for GPR to efficiently and safely learn the uncertain dynamics. On the other hand, the learned dynamics can be conveniently incorporated into the L1 control architecture without sacrificing robustness and tracking performance. Subsequently, the learned dynamics can lead to less conservative designs for performance/robustness tradeoff. We illustrate the efficacy of the proposed architecture via numerical simulations.
GLYCOLATE‐OXIDIZING ENZYMES IN ALGAE 1

Characteristics of glycolate‐oxidizing enzymes in crude extracts of algal species in the Chlorophyta, Chromophyta, Prymnesiophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, and Rhodophyta were compared by measuring glycolate‐dependent O2 consumption and dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) reduction under anaerobic conditions and by checking cyanide sensitivity and the stereospecificity for d‐ and l‐lactate. Glycolate dehydrogenase similar to that found in the Chlorophyceae was found only in the Prasinophyceae, which is phylogenetically close to the Chlorophyceae, and in the Cryptophyta, the phylogenetically enigmatic algae. Glycolate oxidase was found in the Chromophyta except the Bacillariophyceae and in the rhodophyte Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) Drew & Ross. No detectable activity was found in the other rhodophytes, dinoflagellates, or prymnesiophytes. Glycolate dehydrogenase in the Bacillariophyceae was not cyanide‐sensitive and had a stereospecificity for l‐lactate. Catalase activity was observed at high levels in all algae possessing glycolate oxidase, but was not detected in the Bacillariophyceae, Prasinophyceae, and Cryptophyta, which have glycolate dehydrogenase activity. High levels of d‐lactate‐dependent DCPIP‐reducing activity were observed in the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada, a major constituent of red tides on the coast of Japan, and in the Bacillariophyceae, but such activity was not catalyzed by the glycolate‐oxidizing enzymes nor NAD‐dependent lactate‐oxidizing enzymes.
The Effects of Echinacea Root Extract in Plasmacytoma-Bearing Mice: Enhancement of Non-Specific Immunity

ABSTRACT Alternative and complementary therapies, involving a host of herbal products are becoming increasingly popular. Information on such treatments is anecdotal for the most part, poorly understood, and lacks adequate preclinical and/or clinical empirical substantiation. Formal, controlled, laboratory studies on the effects of herbs on cells responsible for disease defense (granulocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes, lymphocytes) in pathogenic conditions in vivo, are, to date, almost completely lacking. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of long-term dietary administration of the herb, Echinacea, on these cell populations in the spleen and bone marrow of mice while bearing a plasmacytoma, known as a highly immunotoxic tumor. Mice in the present study, were given 4 pristane injections (days 0, 21, 42, and 100) to establish plasmacytoma, and the herb was provided daily in the chow from day 49 (above) until the day of sampling. At the time of euthanasia, the absolute numbers of granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, were recorded in both the spleen (a organ housing the mature, functional forms of theses cells), and the bone marrow (generation site of these cells). NK cells are responsible for host innate (nonspecific) immunity and represent the first line of defense against a wide variety of pathogens. The results revealed quantitative, cell lineage-specific changes in both organs in plasmacytoma-bearing mice consuming Echinacea-treated diets versus those consuming the control diet (untreated chow). Echinacea in the diet neutralized the inhibitory effects which the tumor's presence had on the absolute numbers of NK cells in both organs, returning them to control (normal) levels. This study provides the first evidence that NK cells, in vivo, in the presence of a chronic pathological condition, that is, an established tumor, react very positively to Echinacea, and may provide a means of immune support in the immunotoxic environment of chemotherapy administered chronically to tumor-afflicted humans.
The detection of apple chlorotic leafspot virus by a modified procedure of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

SUMMARY The technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was modified to enable detection of apple chlorotic leafspot virus (CLSV) both in herbaceous hosts and in several naturally infected fruiting and ornamental woody host species. Some of the characteristics of the modified method as used with different virus-host combinations are described.