Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Special Digital Filters for Audio Reproduction

Digital filtering is one of the most common building blocks in signal processing. The basic forms of digital filters can be designed and implemented in a routine way, and many DSP software tools and platforms support using them. Audio applications exhibit, however, certain commonly appearing requirements that need special consideration. Among such features are for example time-variance of filter parameters, compatibility to the properties of the human auditory perception, and ability to simulate the physical behavior of systems such as audio transducers and musical instruments. Carefully controlled nonlinearities are also needed in some audio processing tasks without producing audible artifacts.
Evidence of male mate choice for female age in drosophila nasuta

In the present study experimental out bred population of Drosophila nasuta used, has been originated from progenies of 50 isolated female lines collected at Chamundi hill at Mysore, India. It was found that males of D. nasuta discriminated females on the basis of their age and prefers to mate more frequently with younger of the two competing females. Although middle aged females mated faster and copulated longer compared to young and old aged females. Males showed grater courtship activities such as tapping, scissoring, vibration, liking to middle aged female compared to young or old aged females. Middle aged females showed least rejection responses such as ignoring, extruding, and decamping to courting male than young or old aged females. Young aged females laid significantly greater number of eggs and produced more progenies than middle and old aged females. Further young aged females had greater number of ovarioles than those of middle and old aged females. Thus these studies in D. nasuta suggest that female age has significant effect on male mate preference.
Computer Simulation of Crowd Dynamics and Destructive Crowd Behavior

The social processes that lead to destructive behavior in celebratory crowds can be studied through an agent-based computer simulation. Riots are an increasingly common outcome of sports celebrations, and pose the potential for harm to participants, bystanders, property, and the reputation of the groups with whom participants are associated. Rioting cannot necessarily be attributed to the negative emotions of individuals, such as anger, rage, frustration and despair. For instance, the celebratory behavior (e.g., chanting, cheering, singing) during UConn’s “Spring Weekend” and after the 2004 NCAA Championships resulted in several small fires and overturned cars. Further, not every individual in the area of a riot engages in violence, and those who do, do not do so continuously. Instead, small groups carry out the majority of violent acts in relatively short-lived episodes. Agent-based computer simulations are an ideal method for modeling complex group-level social phenomena, such as celebratory gatherings and riots, which emerge from the interaction of relatively “simple” individuals. By making simple assumptions about individuals’ decision-making and behaviors and allowing actors to affect one another, behavioral patterns emerge that cannot be predicted by the characteristics of individuals. The computer simulation developed here models celebratory riot behavior by repeatedly evaluating a single algorithm for each individual, the inputs of which are affected by the characteristics of nearby actors. Specifically, the simulation assumes that (a) actors possess 1 of 5 distinct social identities (group memberships), (b) actors will congregate with actors who possess the same identity, (c) the degree of social cohesion generated in the social context determines the stability of relationships within groups, and (d) actors’ level of aggression is affected by the aggression of other group members. Not only does this simulation provide a
PII: S0022-1694(00)00173-6

In Birkinshaw and Ewen [Nitrogen transformation component for SHETRAN catchment nitrate transport modelling system, J. Hydrol. 230, 1–17] a detailed nitrogen transformation model was incorporated in the SHETRAN physically based spatially distributed river catchment modelling system. This gives SHETRAN the capability to simulate nitrate generation and leaching and the subsequent subsurface transport through combinations of confined, unconfined and unsaturated systems to seepage points and streams, and transport through stream networks. SHETRAN is applied here to explaining the complicated pattern of nitrate discharge seen at the stream outlet from the Slapton Wood catchment, Devon, UK. The nitrate concentrations simulated by SHETRAN are physically realistic and in agreement with measurements made at the catchment, and since SHETRAN was not calibrated against any of the nitrate measurements made at the catchment this represents a strong validation test of the nitrogen component of SHETRAN. The catchment is clay-loam soil underlain by slate, and the main features of the nitrate concentration at the outlet are low concentrations associated with both low and high flows and high concentrations associated with medium flows. A plume of nitrate develops above and around the loam-slate boundary following fertiliser applications in the spring and early summer, and the high outlet concentration occurs when lateral flow develops at the loam-slate boundary during the winter and acts as the main source of flow to the stream. At times when the stream flow is low it is fed from the slate below the plume, and when it is high it is fed from surface flow. SHETRAN simulates the above behaviour and there is close agreement between the simulated and measured outlet concentrations. The SHETRAN distributed results for nitrate concentrations and leaching load also agree well with existing measurements. It is concluded that SHETRAN should prove to be a powerful, practical and useful tool for studying nitrate pollution problems. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Using a Model of Magnesium Dynamics in Cows to Predict the Risk of Tetany in Dairy Herds

The onset of tetany, when dairy cattle have insufficient magnesium, has a huge impact both economically and on animal welfare. To aid our understanding of the factors that determine magnesium status in dairy cattle, we have adapted and improved a model of magnesium dynamics in sheep. As it stands, this model is of little practical use to a dairy farmer who is primarily concerned with the status of the herd and the risk that animals will contract tetany. In this paper we describe how we have attempted to use the model to give the dairy farmer more useful information. Our approach is to calibrate the model using easilyobtained measurements such as urine and milk magnesium fluxes and then use Monte Carlo simulations in which model parameters are varied randomly according to their statistical distributions. The result of each simulation is classified as the likelihood of tetany occurring based on the value of the simulated magnesium concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. With sufficient simulations we can estimate the risk of tetany for the herd as a whole. A sensitivity measure was used to determine the extent to which each parameter contributes to tetany and hence the importance of knowing its distribution more accurately. Initial results show that our approach has potential. However, the process whereby we use measurements of urinary magnesium flux to calibrate some of the model parameters needs to be improved and a comparison of the calculated risk with actual field data needs to be carried out.
EXTRACTION OF COPPER FROM LEACH LIQUOR OF METALLIC COMPONENT IN DISCARDED CELL PHONE BY CYANEX® 272

Discarded cell phones contribute significantly to the amount of electronic waste generation whilst some of its components are toxic and recoverable. Also, due to the increasing demand for Cu(II) in building/construction, electrical and as chemical tool in freshwater, it is imperative to develop low cost and ecofriendly technique as a substitute for the conventional treatments such as reduction-roasting route at elevated temperatures. In the present study, the hydrometallurgical operations involving leaching, solvent extraction and precipitation for the recovery of Cu(II) by Cyanex272 in kerosene was examined. Various parameters affecting the extraction of Cu(II) such as pH, extractant concentration and phase ratio were optimized. At optimal conditions, about 96.3 % Cu(II) was extracted into the organic phase by 0.2 mol/L Cyanex272 at equilibrium pH 5.0 and aqueous to organic phase ratio 1:1. The stripping of the loaded organic was carried out by 0.1 mol/L HCl solution and stripping efficiency of 98 % was obtained. By McCabe Thiele diagram, four stages are required for complete extraction of Cu(II).
WITHIN-POPULATION GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CLIMBING PLANTS AND TREES IN A TEMPERATE FOREST IN CENTRAL CHILE

El habito trepador es una innovacion clave en la evolucion de las angiospermas: los taxa de plantas trepadoras poseen mayor riqueza de especies que sus grupos hermanos no-trepadores. Se considera que clados altamente diversificados debieran mostrar mayor diferenciacion genetica entre poblaciones. Menos claro es el patron esperado respecto a la diversidad genetica al interior de las poblaciones en linajes especiosos. Evaluamos la hipotesis de mayor diversidad genetica intra-poblacional en plantas trepadoras en comparacion con arboles en un bosque templado en Chile central. El supuesto detras de esta hipotesis es que la mayor diferenciacion poblacional en las trepadoras, comparadas con los arboles, debiera reflejar una mayor diversidad genetica tambien. Marcadores AFLP de 167 plantas individuales de 14 especies (siete trepadoras y siete arboles) fueron usados para estimar los siguientes indices de diversidad genetica intra-poblacional: heterocigosidad esperada media (He), porcentaje de loci polimorficos (PPL), indice de informacion de Shannon (I), y el numero efectivo de alelos (Ne). En general, la diversidad genetica intra-poblacional no difirio entre plantas trepadoras y arboles. La He para plantas trepadoras fue levemente mayor a la de los arboles (0,247 vs. 0,231), y el PPL fue mas alto en arboles (93,6) que en trepadoras (81,8), pero estas diferencias no fueron estadisticamente significativas. Tanto I como Ne fueron muy similares en ambos grupos. La mayor diversidad genetica esperada en trepadoras puede hacer sido contrarrestada por factores ecologicos particulares a los arboles que resultaron ser relevantes en los ensambles de especies estudiados. Los resultados de este estudio preliminar debieran ser confirmados con una aproximacion a mayor escala, incluyendo varios sitios en el bosque y mayores tamanos muestrales.
E-Democracy's Representatives, a Proposal and a Case Study

E-Democracy is nowadays seen as the viable alternative to contemporary representative democracy, which is blamed for being tributary to political clientelism or, even worse, oligarchic cliques. Some of both laymen and scholars misunderstand E-Democracy either for Evoting or for a perpetual referenda democracy mediated by digital instruments. In this paper we propose a model of E-Democracy which is based on representation using the perfect justice's procedure known so far: lottery. We advocate for lot selection of representatives or members of parliament (MPs) giving proofs of ancient, modern and contemporary political approaches. We try to identify some variables that define a political community and we also make simulations using random numbers on statistical data of Romanian population.
Spatial Heterogeneity of Mechanical Impedance of Atypical Chernozem: The Ecological Approach

Abstract In this research paper, the spatial heterogeneity of mechanical impedance of a typical chernozem was investigated. The distance between experimental points in the mechanical impedance space was explained by means of multidimensional scaling. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between dissimilarity indices and gradient separation with different data transformation methods revealed that the use of log-transformed data and Horn-Morisita distance was the most appropriate approach to reflect the relationship between the mechanical impedance of soil and ecological factors. A three dimensional variant of multidimensional scaling procedure was selected as the most appropriate decision. Environmental factors were estimated with the use of phytoindicator scales. Broad, medium and fine-scale components of spatial variation of mechanical impedance of soil were extracted using the principal coordinates of neighbour matrices method (PCNM). In the extracted dimensions, statistically significant phytoindicator scales were found to describe variability from 8 to 33%. Dimension 1 correlated with a thermal climate indicator value, a hygromorphs index, an abundance of steppe species and meadow species. Dimension 2 correlated with a continental climate indicator value, carbonate content in the soil and the soil trophicity index (capacity of the soil for plant nutrition). Dimension 3 correlated with acidity, humidity and cryoclimate indicator values. Variation partitioning results revealed that environmental factors and spatial variables explained 47.8% of the total variation of the dimensions. Purely environmental component explained 18.2% of total variation. The spatial component and spatially structured environmental fractions explained 43.6%. The broad-scale spatial component explained 26.4% of dimensional variation, medium-scale – 6.7% and fine-scale – 5.7%. As a result of regression analysis, the broad-scale spatially structured environmental fractions were found to be connected with variability of moisture and thermal climate indicator values. The medium-scale component was revealed to be connected with variability of moisture, thermal climate, total salt regime and aeration of soil indicator value. The fine-scale component was connected with carbonate content in the soil, acidity and humidity indicator values.
AN EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING SURVIVABILITY OF AN AERONAUTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS FROM COMPOSITE MATERIALS

This paper presents the analysis of the survivability of a heavy transport helicopter tail rotor blade made of composite laminated materials after ballistic damage made by the bullet of 7.9 mm calibre shoulder weapons. Penetrating damages made in the root part of the tail rotor blade spar have been analyzed. The test program for the tail rotor helicopter blades has included dynamic testing nondamaged and damaged blades in full-scale. Based on the results of vibratory testing and fatigue testing an assessment is made about the vulnerability and the survivability of the helicopter tail rotor blade after ballistic damage made by the bullet of shoulder weapons.
Sensitivity analysis of temperature field in the tissue with a tumor

The numerical algorithm based on the boundary element method is used for the temperature field computations in the non-homogeneous domain of healthy tissue and the tumor region. Thermophysical parameters of tumor region, in particular the perfusion coefficient and the metabolic heat source are essentially bigger than for healthy tissue. The values of these parameters are assumed to be constant. From the mathematical point of view the problem is described by the system of two Poisson’s equations supplemented by the adequate boundary conditions. The main subject of the paper is the sensitivity analysis of temperature distribution with respect to the constant source functions in the sub-domains considered. In the final part the examples of computations are shown. 1. Formulation of the problem The heat transfer process in non-homogeneous domain healthy tissue tumor region is described by following system of equations [1, 2] ( ) 2 : 0 e e e e x T x Q ∈Ω λ ∇ + = (1) where e = 1, 2 identifies the subdomains of tissue and tumor c.f. Figure 1, λe is the thermal conductivity, Te denotes the temperature, Qe = Qperf e + Qmet e are the heat sources (Qperf e is the perfusion heat source, Qmet e is the metabolic heat source). On the surface between tissue and tumor the ideal thermal contact is assumed: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 : c T x T x x q x q x  =  ∈Γ  = −  (2) where ( ) ( ) / e e e e q x T x n λ = − ∂ ∂ is the heat flux, ( ) / e e T x n ∂ ∂ denotes the directional derivative at the boundary point considered, while 1 2 3 cos ,cos ,cos e e e e n α α α   =   is the external unit normal vector. Please cite this article as: Ewa Majchrzak, Marek Paruch, Joanna Drozdek, Sensitivity analysis of temperature field in the tissue with a tumor, Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, 2003, Volume 2, Issue 1, pages 93-98. The website: http://www.amcm. pcz.pl/
GENDER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEENAGERS REGARDING VERBAL BULLYING: AN ALBANIAN CASE

In the last twenty-five years, the phenomenon of verbal bullying has been identifies as an issue in Albania, and in the last ten years this issue seems to have grown into a real problem. This article has presented the general perception of teenage students about verbal bullying and has examined the differences that exist between boys and girls regarding verbal bullying. This phenomenon is handled starting from the students’ perception of senior year in High School. The approach of this study was quantitative and the sample extraction is carried out through the stages sampling technique. For the data collection a Likert scale was used, with a Cronbah alpha coefficient reported of . 71. The results from Mann-Whitney U test revealed significant difference between teenage boys and girls about verbal bullying. From the findings of this study, p = . 000, r = . 60, or 60 % of the variance of the perception of the students about verbal bullying is explained by gender, and boys are more exposed to verbal bullying than girls.
Adaptive Focusing for Source Localization in EMI Sensing of Metallic Objects: A Preliminary Assessment

This paper considers a technique to deal with the problem of detecting and localizing objects in the data processing of electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensing. The technique is formulated using the concept of source power, which in our case is defined as the averaged sum of squared elements of a dipolar polarizabiltiy tensor over a measured time window for a transient electromagnetic (TEM) system. Under the valid dipole approximation to an EMI target, the source is point-like and therefore should occupy a small volume in space. This is the fundamental basis of the energy focusing technique for localizing a source. To achieve a focusing effect on a specified source, a focusing operator is constructed by minimizing the total output power subject to a unity response constraint for that assumed source. A closed-form expression is derived for source power as a function of a source location and can be used blindly without knowledge of the number of objects. The source power is related to data via a data covariance matrix, which in practice is computed with enough data samples. The experiments were conducted with the simulated and real data collected by a standard Geonics EM-63 system. The results, which we regard as a proof-of-concept, show that the focusing technique, under adequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), is able to accurately localize sources and is promising in EMI array processing.
The effect of keeping vocabulary notebooks on vocabulary acquisition

Vocabulary notebooks are frequently advocated as a way for students to take control of their vocabulary learning (Fowle, 2002), with the added benefit of improvements in vocabulary learning (Schmitt and Schmitt, 1995; Laufer and Nation, 1999). The study described in this article attempts to lend empirical support to these claims, by investigating the effect of vocabulary notebooks on EFL students’ vocabulary acquisition. Students in three lower intermediate EFL classes participated in the study. A vocabulary notebook program was implemented in one class over a 4-week period, with the remaining two classes acting as control groups, following the same curriculum with the same materials but without keeping vocabulary notebooks. Receptive and controlled productive vocabulary tests revealed significantly greater learning of the target words in the treatment group. In addition, students in the treatment group demonstrated a greater tendency to use the target words in free writing compositions. However, a positive impact on learner autonomy — as has been reported in previous studies (McCarthy, 1990) — was not observed. These findings lead the authors to conclude that vocabulary notebooks can be an effective learning tool in EFL classrooms, but positive impacts on learner autonomy may not be seen in the absence of appropriate motivation for language learning.
Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives ( Amaranthus ; Amaranthaceae ) Using Internal Transcribed Spacer , Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism , and Double-Primer Fluorescent Intersimple Sequence Repeat Markers

INTRODUCTION The most economically important group of species in the genus Amaranthus is the A. hybridus species complex, including three cultivated grain amaranths, A. cruentus, A. caudatus, and A. hypochondriacus, and their putative wild progenitors, A. hybridus, A. quitensis, and A. powellii. Taxonomic confusion exists among these closely related taxa. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and double-primer fluorescent intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) were employed to reexamine the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of grain amaranths and their wild relatives. Low ITS divergence in these taxa resulted in poorly resolved phylogeny. However, extensive polymorphisms exist at AFLP and ISSR loci both within and among species. In phylogenetic trees based on either AFLP or ISSR or the combined data sets, nearly all intraspecific accessions can be placed in their corresponding species clades, indicating that these taxa are well-separated species. The AFLP trees share many features in common with the ISSR trees, both showing a close relationship between A. caudatus and A. quitensis, placing A. hybridus in the same clade as all grain amaranths, and indicating that A. powellii is the most divergent taxon in the A. hybridus species complex. This study has demonstrated that both AFLP and double-primer fluorescent ISSR have a great potential for generating a large number of informative characters for phylogenetic analysis of closely related species, especially when ITS diversity is insufficient. © 2001 Elsevier Science
The in vitro phytochemical investigation on five medicinal plants in Anyigba and its environs, Kogi State, Nigeria

Traditionally, man has been using plants for health care. The developing countries mostly rely on traditional medicines which involves the use of different plant extracts. These extracts contain many molecules or bioactive constituents which serve as alternative to chemical toxicants in plant and above all, provide the health application at a affordable cost. This study keenly represents one of the best avenues in searching new economic plants for medicine. In keeping this view in mind the present investigation is carried out on the bioactive and phytochemical properties of Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), Mango (Mangifera indica), Neam (Azadirachta indica), Paw-Paw (Carica papaya) and Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) were investigated.