Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPARC ICT-258457 Deliverable D 2 . 1 Initial definition of use cases and carrier requirements

This first deliverable of work-package “Use cases and business scenarios” provides an initial set of use cases and derived requirements from these cases. Use cases are selected from three different areas access/aggregation networks, data center, IP backbone and multilayer and are covering the whole environment of future telecommunication and ICT carriers/operators. The derived set of carrier requirements is the basis for the other technical work-packages, and especially of importance for the definition of the architecture and the implementation work within the scope of the project. WP2, Deliverable 2.1 Split Architecture SPARC © SPARC consortium 2010 Page 2 of 62 Disclaimer This document contains material, which is the copyright of certain SPARC consortium parties, and may not be reproduced or copied without permission. In case of Public (PU): All SPARC consortium parties have agreed to full publication of this document. In case of Restricted to Program (PP): All SPARC consortium parties have agreed to make this document available on request to other framework program participants. In case of Restricted to Group (RE): All SPARC consortium parties have agreed to full publication of this document. However this document is written for being used by <organization / other project / company, etc.> as <a contribution to standardization / material for consideration in product development, etc.>. In case of Consortium confidential (CO): The information contained in this document is the proprietary confidential information of the SPARC consortium and may not be disclosed except in accordance with the consortium agreement. The commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the proprietor of that information. Neither the SPARC consortium as a whole, nor a certain party of the SPARC consortium warrant that the information contained in this document is capable of use, nor that use of the information is free from risk, and accepts no liability for loss or damage suffered by any person using this information.
Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: The effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission

Summary Harris, S. A. & Ingram, R. : Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: The effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission. - Taxon 40: 393-412. 1991. - ISSN 0040-0262. The widespread application of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) to plant biosystematics is usually based on a number of assumptions. The assumption of low levels of intraspecific cpDNA variation is reviewed and the conclusion reached that far from being rare, intraspecific cpDNA variation is relatively common. The evidence for the assumption of predominantly maternal plastid transmission is also reviewed. In both of the cases some of the possible effects on phylogenetic reconstruction are considered.
Can ’ t Touch This ! Willingness to Keep “ Dirty Money

Traditionally, larger than equilibrium allocations by proposers in Dictator Games (gifts) have been explained by aspects of altruism, reciprocity, and fairness. However, this assumes the gift to be mutually desirable to the proposer and responder. Giving may also be driven by a desire of the proposer to rid herself of the gift or to generate obligation on the part of the responder. We examine this by using three sources to generate the endowment in a Dictator Game:(1) undergraduate students, (2) Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, and (3) users of a racially/ethnically charged web forum. This endowment is provided to subjects in a traditional laboratory experiment. We find no significant differences in the proposer allocation decisions across the three sources. Rather we find that proposer affect toward the source of the endowment affects the allocation decision. Our results suggest that decision making can be strongly influenced by the provider of income shocks. JEL classification: C78; C91; C99; D31; D64; D74
Malformations in the embryonic development of Engraulis ringens (Clupeiformes) in a spawning area off central–southern Chile: description and rates

Variations in the rate of embryonic malformations of the anchoveta Engraulis ringens in a spawning area off central–southern Chile were assessed. Eggs in stages of development subsequent to blastodisc formation were collected and preserved. Several severe malformations were identified and grouped by: (1) proliferation of disorganized tissue in early and late developmental stages; (2) irregular blastopore closure; and (3) notochordal deformation, of which the second had the highest incidence among the embryos. The average rate of malformation was 5.64%, a value close to that reported for other Clupeiformes and below the rate of 10%, indicating the influence of purely endogenous factors. The expected relationship between temperature variations and malformation rates was not observed, probably because the natural temperature range experienced by the embryos was above that at which severe malformation had previously been observed in the laboratory. The relationship between egg size and malformation rates over the spawning season was not determined; however, a relationship between egg size and malformation rates was detected among the samples from each sampling date, which suggests that malformations may be attributable to endogenous factors rather than to environmental factors acting directly on the eggs in the plankton.
Elements of Nutrition

looks like. Ask participants what it looks like a lot or not very much? Discuss problems people might have in eating 5 fruits and vegetables a day: cost, access to fresh produce, waste, difficulties cooking, etc. Have the group brainstorm possible solutions from their own experiences. 2. Discuss ways to incorporate more fruits and vegetables every day – on breakfast cereals or salads, for a snack, or a dessert.
Characterisation of a chimeric Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase expressed from Escherichia coli

The aim of this study was to purify and analyse a Phanerochaete chrysosporium cbh I.1 gene-product expressed as an inducible, secreted, heterologous protein from an Escerichia coli pGEX cbh I.1 clone. Using glutathione Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, the expressed protein was purified from the supernatant of an induced E. coli transformed with pGEX cbh I.1 and ran as a single band on a Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) fused CBHI.1 was approx-imately 80 kDa in size, approximately 2.2 kDa smaller than the theoretically predicted size. The purified protein exhibited time dependent hydrolytic reaction against carboxy-methyl-cellulose (CMC) and Avicel. On CMC the highest hydrolytic reaction occurred at 120 min. whereas for Avicel it was at 150 min. Optimum pH and temperature for activity of the protein against these cellulose substrates were pH 6 and 55oC, respectively, and the protein remained stable under these optimum conditions for 24 h. Key Words: Phanerochaete chrysosporium , cellobiohydrolase purification, heterologus expression. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.3(7) 2004: 349-352
A Steady Performance Stopping Criterion for Pareto-based Evolutionary Algorithms

The most commonly used stopping criterion in Evolutionary Multi-objective Algorithms is an a priori fixed number of generations (or evaluations). But it is rather difficult to speak about achieving a particular compromise between the quality of the final solutions and the computation time when stopping an algorithm this way. Unfortunately, whereas single-objective Evolutionary Algorithms can stop when the fitness does not improve during a given number of generations, such "steady-fitness" stopping criterion does not easily extend to the multi-objective framework. This paper introduces a stability measure based on the density of the non-dominated solutions and proposes to use it to stop the optimization process when no significant improvement is likely to take place on further iterations. This approach is validated by the empirical results obtained applying NSGA-II to the well-known bi-objective ZDT-benchmarks. In particular, the problem ZDT4 best illustrates the ability of the proposed criterion to avoid useless continuation of a wedged optimization process when a local Pareto-optimal set is reached.
Characters, Computers, and Cladograms: A Review of the Berkeley Cladistics Workshop

A workshop on cladistic methods was held in Berkeley, 23-28 Mar 1981. It was unusual in that it emphasized analysis of data sets submitted by the participants. This focused attention on the construction of data sets and the differ- ences among computer algorithms rather than on issues of classification or historical biogeography. Like any approach to phylogeny reconstruction, cladistic methods depend heavily dn choice of characters and character states, as well as determination of evolutionary polarity and transformation series, and implicit or explicit character weighting. If the group being analyzed is not monophyletic or if it includes hybrids the cladistic relationships of the taxa may be misinterpreted. Minor changes in the choice of characters or the choice of taxa often produced major differences in clado- grams. Such problems may be magnified by computer analyses. Different algorithms produce different results because they are based on different assumptions about the likelihood of character state changes. Despite these problems, the great strength of cladistic methods is that they force careful consideration of the nature and distri- bution of taxonomic characters and in doing so provide us with our best estimates of phylogenetic history. Since the time of Darwin, systematists have attempted to reconstruct phylogenies by looking at the distributions of character states in organ- isms. In general they have assumed that those organisms with more char- acter states in common are more closely related and that overall similarity should reflect genealogy. It was not until 100 years after Darwin that Hennig (1950, 1966) emphasized that only synapomorphies (shared de- rived character states) provide information about phylogenetic relation- ships; at any one level, similarity based on symplesiomorphies (shared primitive character states) cannot be used to determine relationship. In our view, this is the core of what has come to be known as cladistics. For some workers, however, cladistics is merely the study of the number and sequence of character state changes in the evolution of a group, without regard for synapomorphy (for discussion of this approach see Eldredge
T-BAG: Bootstrap Aggregating the TAGE predictor

— TAGE [1] predictor has been widely accepted as the current state-of-the-art in branch prediction. In this work, instead of directly improving predictor’s accuracy, we focus on an orthogonal statistical method called bootstrap aggregating, or bagging . Bagging is used to improve overall accuracy by using an ensemble of predictors, which are trained with slightly different data sets. Each predictor (can be same or different predictors) is trained using a resampled (with replacement) training set (bootstrapping). Then, the final prediction is simply provided by weighting or majority voting (aggregating). Our submitted predictor achieves 1.919 misp/KI.
How to incorporate the spatial dimension within destination choice models? The case of Antwerpen

This paper considers different alternatives for including spatial aspects within the activity-based approach for modeling destination choices. The study area is the urban agglomeration of Antwerpen (Belgium); the city and its suburbs are considered. Individual travel surveys are used. The paper pays particular attention to the inclusion of space within the decision context by including specific land-use explanatory variables generated by Geographical Information Systems. A preliminary geographical analysis is performed in order to represent the city by a limited set of destinations (n = 33) and to characterize those zones in terms of land use. Discrete choice modelling is used: each individual faces the total set of spatial destination alternatives. Several modelling approaches are explored and compared in terms of utility function (for instance Box-Cox; random coefficients) and in terms of global formulation (multinomial logit versus nested logit). The mixed nested logit formulation is selected as best and the parameter estimations are interpreted; it shows the importance of space within destination choices. This paper provides a useful background for decision-makers and planners of transportation policy related to individual mobility patterns. Keywords Discrete choice model, activity-based approach, GIS, land use, urban mobility, Antwerpen
Screening of Insecticides in Bats from Indiana

This study identified insecticides that were detected in bats obtained from Indiana’s Lake Michigan watershed. Forty bats collected from Lake, Porter and LaPorte Counties, Indiana, were analyzed for pyrethroid, organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Additionally, brain cholinesterase activity of 332 bats from throughout Indiana was measured and cholinesterase reactivation tests were performed. Organochlorine pesticides (dieldrin, DDT, DDE, DDD and heptachlor epoxide) were detected in 97.5% of the tested bats; organophosphate compounds (primarily diazinon) were detected in 30%; pyrethroids in 12.5% and carbamates in 2.5% of the bats, respectively. Cholinesterase determination and reactivation tests yielded both false negative and false positive errors, which indicate that reactivation methods are not suitable for analyzing tissues from animals that are not recently dead. These results are among the first reported detections of pyrethroids and carbamates in bat tissues.
Skin Lesion Border Detection Based on Optimal Statistical Model Using Optimized Colour Channel

This paper proposes an effective way to segment melanoma skin lesion in colour dermoscopic images, using an edge-based approach. The proposed method, different methods were combined to improve the segmentation performance. These methods are morphological operations, bilateral filter, spline, polynomial model and canny edge detector. Different methods were tested to select the best method that was produced the best outcome. These testing methods, bilateral filter provided the highest PSNR amongst other filters such as median filter, Gaussian and average filter. Two statistical models were implemented polynomial model and linear regression and selected the best performance as polynomial model. Four edge detectors were applied to detect the edge of skin lesion and select the best segmentation accuracy. Manual border selection was used as the benchmark to evaluation the accuracy of the automatic border. The proposed method was able to achieve a good average accuracy of 96.69% based on canny edge detector. Our dataset consists of (70) dermoscopic images that includes melanoma and nevus.
Random Partitions and Bayesian Nonparametrics

Random partitions arise naturally in many subjects including but not limited to Bayesian nonparametric, ecology, machine learning, number theory, physics, population genetics, and the theory of random matrices. The basic framework for a Bayesian nonparametric model involves a two stage generation of data: a probability P is first chosen from the support of a prior distribution on the space of probability measures, followed by a sample of (conditionally) independent and identically distributed random variables from P . The main goal consists in determining and investigating the posterior distribution, that is the conditional distribution of P given the observable sample. The prior in a nonparametric Bayesian model corresponds to the law of the random probability measure P , and probability theory provides a large arsenal for studying distributional properties of P , especially under the assumption that P is discrete almost surely. The natural link between random partitions and Bayesian nonparametric is through the celebrated de Finetti representation theorem. Exchangeable random partitions are the cornerstone of Bayesian nonparametric inference for a broad class of statistical problems, referred to as species sampling problems.
The Policy Consequences of Direct versus Representative Democracy: A Regression-Discontinuity Approach*

This paper empirically compares policy outcomes under direct versus representative democracy. We make use of a regression-discontinuity design provided by a national law in Sweden which required local governments with a population size above a certain threshold to have representative democracy while those below could choose to have direct democracy in the form of town meetings. There was also a change in the population cut off which means that we can also implement a difference-in-difference approach. The results suggest that localities with direct democracy have much lower government spending as compared to those with representative democracy. The cross-sectional RD estimates are in the order of 30-50 percent while the difference-in-difference results are about 10-13 percent. ♣ Department of Economics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; e-mail: pp@ne.su. se ♠ Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, SE-113 83 Stockholm; Sweden; email: bjorn.tyrefors@hhs.se
THE ANOMALIES OF THE STOCK MARKET

This study devoted to extending the determination of day of the week effect existing in a KLSE composite of Malaysia. The approach adopted within this study is to start with a parametric test followed by non-parametric test which is to test the existence of the day of the week effect. Daily data from January to December consist of 70 observations were used to estimation. The model used is the standard dummy variables model for the day of the week effect. Results showed that Monday had a positive higher return in the stock. It was concluded that there is reverse weekend effect in determining the day of the week effect.
Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor Network using Inverse Weight Clustering and C5.0 Decision Tree

Wireless Sensor Network is a network of integrated sensors for environmental sensing, data processing and communication with other sensors and the base station. At the same time WSNs are vulnerable to security breaches, attacks and information leakage. Anomaly detection techniques are used to detect such activities over the network that does not conform to the normal behavior of the network communication. In this paper, two machine learning algorithms Iinverse Weight Clustering (IWC) and C5.0 decision tree for classifying anomalous and normal activities in a wireless sensor network have been used. The IWC clustering method is ﬁrst used to partition the training instances into k clusters using Euclidean distance similarity. On each cluster, representing a density region of normal or anomaly instances, decision trees are built using C5.0 decision tree algorithm. The decision tree on each cluster reﬁnes the decision boundaries by learning the subgroups within the cluster. The experiment carried out on three different datasets (University of North Carolina Greensboro(UNCG), Intel Berkeley Research Lab(IBRL) and Bharatpur Airport WSN); the results indicated that proposed method achieved detection rate of 98.9% at false alarm-rate of 0.31% on IBRL; detection rate of 99.57% at false alarm-rate of 0.35% on Bharatpur Airport.
Detrended correspondence analysis in the ordination of data for phenetics and cladistics

Summary Parnell, J. & Waldren, S. : Detrended correspondence analysis in the ordination of data for phenetics and cladistics. - Taxon 45: 71-84. 1996. - ISSN 0040-0262. Most methods of morphometric and phylogenetic analysis do not permit the incorporation of both categorical and quantitative data. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to produce ordination diagrams of strictly categorical data from a cladistic analysis, and mixed data from a morphometric study of hybridization. In both cases it proved preferable to standardize the data prior to DCA, because increased separation on ordination was found when larger scale ranges were used. A standardization is suggested, such that characters are scaled on a range from 1 to the total number of characters scored; this will produce more informative ordinations if large numbers of characters are scored. When used in conjunction with appropriate cladograms this phenetic technique may help reveal features such as homoplasy which are not readily apparent in cladograms, while the capability of DCA to combine both categorical and quantitative characters is especially useful in morphometric studies and in areas of evolutionary biology, e.g. chronistic studies of extinction events in morphospace.
Extended Bipolar Sigmoid Algorithm for Enhancing Performance of Constructive Neural Network

: To build a neural network the main point to be considered is how to select the model. Various approaches like Constructive Networks, Pruning or Destructive Networks, Hybrid Networks etc. can be used for building a neural network. In this paper constructive approach is considered for building the network. The proposed algorithm Extended Bipolar Sigmoid Algorithm (EBSA) based on constructive type of network built in cascaded style. It constructs a minimal neural network dynamically starting with one hidden node and one hidden layer, and new hidden layer with one hidden node is added when the network is not able to converge properly. When there is no significant reduction in error after some cycles the residual error is required to be reduced by adding a candidate node and analyzing the effect on mean square error. It is tested on ten real time regression problems. From the results it can be seen that it has better generalization performance and fault tolerance ability.
Leaf gas exchange of green dwarf coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. nana) in two contrasting environments of the Brazilian north-east region

Summary Leaf gas exchange characteristics of green dwarf coconut were studied in two contrasting environments highlighting the technical aspects of construction of light-response curves in field conditions and its mathematical approach. Site I is at the south-east region of Bahia State in a hot and humid climate area. The contrasting Site II is located at the Pernambuco State in a semi-arid type of climate. Measurements of leaf gas exchange were accomplished using a portable photosynthesis system equipped with an artificial light source. Significant differences were observed between the two sites for the leaf-to-air water vapour pressure deficit and light-saturated (Qi ≥800.μmol m–2 s–1) net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Mean values of these variables, in that order, were 1.4 and 2.1 kPa, 12.7 and 8.3. μmol CO2 m–2 s–1 and 0.36 and 0.13 mol H2Om–2 s–1 at Sites I and II, respectively. Eight mathematical models relating both net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance with photosynthetically active radiation, were adjusted from the field data. Good results were obtained with the models, mainly when a linear function of leaf-to-air water vapour pressure deficit was included, indicating that the green dwarf coconut stomata show a strong dependence on water vapour pressure deficit.