Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Guns, violent crime, and suicide in 21 countries

Research on the role of firearms in violence andfatal events has focused heavily on American data and research. This, implies certain limitations, since the United States is one of the Western countries with exceptionally high homicide and gun ownership rates. Thus, the American context offers only limited variance in the most prominent independent as well as dependent variables. International comparisons offer challenging new perspectives. This research is based on data on gun availability in private households, collected through the international victimization surveys of 1989, 1992, and 1996, and World Health Organization data on homicide and suicide from 21 countries. It updates and extends former research conducted on this issue, based on the surveys of 1989 and 1992. In addition, data from the International Crime Victimization Surveys were used on total and gun-related robbery and assault (including threats). The results show very strong correlations between the presence of guns in the home and suicide committed with a gun, rates of gun-related homicide involving female victims, and gun-related assault. The picture is different for male homicide, total rates of assault, and generally, for robbery (committed with or without a gun). With the exception of robbery, most correlations are similar or stronger when all types of guns are considered, rather than handguns alone. Interestingly, no significant correlations with total suicide or homicide rates were found, leaving open the question of possible substitution effects. It is concluded that guns in the home are an important risk factor in suicide with guns, as well as a threat to women (especially female partners), whereas their role in homicide of male victims and street crime (such as robbery) may be much less prominent. Finally, the usual focus on handguns may lead to underestimate the role of other types of guns.
Comparisons Between the Field Lines Using an Accelerating and a Constant Solar Wind model

Magnetic field line mapping between the Sun and the Earth is important to trace the nonthermal particles. We generalize a recently developed mapping approach (B stepping) where this approach allows us to map the magnetic field lines by stepping along the local magnetic field direction. We employ an advanced solar wind model which includes acceleration, angular momentum conservation, and intrinsic non-radial velocities and magnetic fields at the inner boundary / source surface. We map the field lines using Wind spacecraft data for two solar rotation periods: one near a solar minimum between CR2118 and CR2119 and other CR1992 near a solar maximum. Maps using the accelerating solar wind model are compared with the maps using a constant solar wind model. On a broad scale, maps using two solar wind models for the same solar rotation periods are very similar. However, in a small scale, there are significant differences, e.g. differences are evident in connectivities, paths, and winding angles. In addition, field lines using the accelerating solar wind model are more azimuthally oriented for during the solar maximum. These differences demonstrate the significance of inclusion of the accelerating radial speed profile, intrinsic azimuthal velocity and magnetic field components.
Contribution to the Knowledge of Temperature and Reservoir Depth of Sulphurous Groundwater Aquifer Systems in the Dão River Basin, Portugal

The sulphurous groundwater aquifer systems of the Dão River basin in Portugal have been the subject of studies by some authors, as there are several Medical Spas, where over time there has been a need to increase their flow rates to guarantee more available mineral water and better quality. It is known that those waters resurface with anomalous temperatures, and that they are associated with very deep aquifer systems where the reservoir temperature is relatively high. Thus, the present work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the reservoir temperature and its depth, in the sense of taking to the planning of construction of deep wells, so that their results to be favourable, allow energy utilization, that function of the temperatures to be obtained, can allow from the production of electricity, to heating of buildings, heating of domestic water, to aqua-ludic uses in medical spas and leisure areas. After presenting the generic aspects of geomorphology, geology, climatic elements, and global conceptualization from the numerical models of the Dão River basin, the results of physical-chemical analyses of groundwater are presented. It should be noted that the groundwaters with the greatest geothermal potential are associated with deep aquifer systems, semi-confined to confined, fissured type (very localized), with sulphurous water, with pH values higher than 8.0, conductivity above 350 μS/cm, and surface temperatures between 15.7 and 50.9°C. It is important noting the occurrence of five main sectors with geothermal potential, which from upstream to downstream of the river basin are: Cavaca, Sezures, Alcafache, Sangemil and Granjal. By applying geothermal thermometers, in the results of physical-chemical analyses of the groundwaters of those sectors, the reservoir temperatures were obtained between 92 and 116°C and also reservoir depths generally greater than 2200m.
Procrustes based closed-form solution to the point-wise weighted rigid-body transformation in asymmetric and symmetric cases

ABSTRACT In the paper, we derive Procrustes-based closed-form solutions to the point-wise weighted rigid-body transformation under different adjustment scenarios. We treat both asymmetric and symmetric cases. By asymmetric (or Gauss–Markov) models we mean those in which either a source system or a target system is subject to random errors. On the other hand, by the symmetric model (Gauss-Helmert or errors-in-variables) we mean the one in which points of both coordinate systems are considered erroneous. The solutions are universal in the sense that they fit both 2D and 3D transformation cases without modifications of computational algorithms. Presented results are also attractive because the solutions require neither linearisation nor iteration.
An Environment for Indoor Testing and Diagnosis of Drones using Co-simulation

Operations with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) require reliability to execute missions. With the correct diagnostic, it is possible to predict vehicle failure during or before the flight. The objective of this work is to present a testing tool, which analyzes and evaluates drones during the flight in indoor environments. For this purpose, the framework Ptolemy II was extended for communication with real drones using the High-Level Architecture (HLA) for data exchanging and synchronization. The presented testing environment is extendable for other testing routines and is ready for integration with other simulation and analysis tools. In this paper, two failure detection experiments were performed, with a total of 20 flights for each one, which 80\% were used to train a decision tree algorithm, and the other 20% flights to test the algorithm in which one of the propellers had an anomaly. The failure rate or detection rate was 70\% for the first experiment and 90% for the second one.
Philautus sanctisilvaticus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), a new frog from the sacred groves of Amarkantak, Central India

A new species of Philautus is described from the vicinity of Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh in south-eastern India. The new species is compared with congeners from peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Since the members of the genus are restricted to wet evergreen forests of the region, remnant patches of wet forests within a now largely degraded and arid Eastern Ghats are apparently refugia, supporting species that are tolerant of mesic conditions. K e y w o r d s : taxonomy, amphibians, Philautus, new species, Eastern Ghats, India.
Laser-ionized, beam-driven, underdense, passive thin plasma lens

We present a laser-ionized, beam-driven, passive thin plasma lens that operates in the nonlinear blowout regime. This thin plasma lens provides axisymmetric focusing for relativistic electron beams at strengths unobtainable by magnetic devices. It is tunable, compact, and it imparts little to no spherical aberrations. The combination of these features make it more attractive than other types of plasma lenses for highly divergent beams. A case study is built on beam matching into a plasma wakefield accelerator at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory’s FACET-II facility. Detailed simulations show that a thin plasma lens formed by laser ionization of a gas jet reduces the electron beam’s waist beta function to half of the minimum value achievable by the FACET-II final focus magnets alone.
The Conditional Respect for Persons with Disabilities Questionnaire (CRPD-Q)

Conditional respect reflects a positive evaluation based on internalized normative assumptions (Reykowski). This evaluation may be operationalized in the form of verbal judgments, which enables the use of the questionnaire technique. The opinions on the conditions of gaining and losing respect for adults with disabilities, collected with the participation of 32 competent judges, enabled the development of a set of test items, indicating the dispositional orientation of conditional respect. The collected research material based on a sample of 323 respondents assessing the significance of various forms of disabled people’s activity to the increase or decrease in the respect they enjoy in social perception was subjected to exploratory factor analysis (with Varimax rotation). Scree plot analysis indicated the presence of two factors: the first one positive and the second one negative. A detailed examination of the items in the light of the theory of normative assumptions (Reykowski) revealed five categories: Individual Productivity, Individual and Collective Synergy (Factor I), as well as Individual Receptiveness and Antagonism (Factor II). The analysis of stability confirmed the repeatability of 29 items, and the internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the items for the identified categories of normative beliefs ranges from . 73 to . 83. Therefore, the CRPD-Q meets the basic validity and reliability criteria of the measurement of conditional respect for adults with disabilities – overall conditional respect and its various aspects. Finally, the instructions for estimating and interpreting the scores are presented and further challenges involved in the development of the measure are signaled.
Buy Me a River: Purchasing Water Rights to Restore River Flows in the Western USA

In recent decades, public and private environmental entities have been purchasing or leasing water rights across the Western United States (U.S.) in efforts to restore river flows and aquatic ecosystems. The need to pay for flow restoration arises from the fact that state governments did not begin to reserve water for instream purposes until the 1970s, long after water rights had become over‐appropriated and flows were substantially depleted in most rivers. As a consequence, flow depletion has become the leading cause of fish endangerment in the U.S., including the imperilment of two‐thirds of all native fish species in the Colorado River system. This paper takes stock of the progress made in buying water for the environment, specifically by reviewing and analyzing more than 50 transactions executed by public and private entities and the sources of funding underpinning these transactions. We conclude that nongovernmental actors — such as environmental organizations and state water trusts — are integral to regional efforts to restore river flows; these nongovernmental actors executed more than two‐thirds of the transactions we documented. However, we also conclude that the long‐term success of these nongovernmental actors depends upon the availability of sustained public funding that enables them to build capacity and engage in the large number of transactions needed to restore flows across each state.
Comparison of two different approaches for sensitivity analysis in Heihe River basin (China)

Distributed watershed models should pass through a careful sensitivity analysis and calibration procedure before they are utilized as a decision making aid in the planning and management of water resources. Although manual approaches are still frequently used for sensitivity and calibration, they are tedious, time consuming, and require experienced personnel. This paper describes two typical and effective automatic approaches for sensitivity analysis and calibration for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). These included the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm and Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm. The results show the following. (1) The main factor that influences the simulated accuracy of the Heihe River basin runoff is the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff curve parameters. (2) SWAT performed very well in the Heihe River basin. According to the observed runoff data from 2005 to 2013, the determination coefficient R2 of the simulation and the efficiency coefficient (Ens) of the model was higher than 0.8. (3) Compared with the Shuffled Complex Evolution, the SUFI-2 algorithm provides almost the same overall ranking of the sensitive parameters, but it is found to require less time with higher accuracy. The SUFI-2 provides a practical and flexible tool to attain reliable deterministic simulation and uncertainty analysis of SWAT, it can lead to a better understanding and to better estimated values and thus reduced uncertainty.
The Late Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Climate and Sea Ice History: A Challenge for Past and Future Scientific Ocean Drilling

Over the past 3–4 decades, coincident with global warming and atmospheric CO2 increase, Arctic sea ice has significantly decreased in its extent as well as in thickness. When extrapolating this alarming trend, the central Arctic Ocean might become ice‐free during summers within about the next 2–5 decades. Paleoclimate records allow us to better understand the processes controlling modern climate change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic forcing. In this context, detailed studies of the earlier Earth history characterized by a much warmer global climate with elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are important. The main focus of this review paper is the long‐term late Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Arctic Ocean climate history from Greenhouse to Icehouse conditions, with special emphasis on Arctic sea ice history. Starting with some information on the Cretaceous Arctic Ocean climate, this paper will concentrate on selected results from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302 (Arctic Ocean Coring Expedition (ACEX)), the first scientific drilling in the permanently ice‐covered Arctic Ocean, dealing with the Cenozoic climate history. While these results from ACEX were unprecedented, key questions related to the Cenozoic Arctic climate history remain unanswered, largely due to the major mid‐Cenozoic hiatus (if existing) and partly to the poor recovery of the ACEX record. Following‐up ACEX and its cutting‐edge science, a second scientific drilling on Lomonosov Ridge with a focus on the reconstruction of the continuous and complete Cenozoic Arctic Ocean climate history has currently been proposed and scheduled as IODP Expedition 377 for 2021.
Level of well-being among migrants in Indonesia

INTRODUCTION A person who migrates seeks well-being, status, and affiliation (Jong & Fawcett, 1981). The decision to migrate is influenced by expectations of higher and more stable ABSTRACT The true reason for migration is to seek for a better life. People who choose to migrate are motivated by economic intentions and the pursuit of well-being. Many research studies investigate the impact of migration focus on migrant workers only, not include the whole of migrants. This study aims to analyze whether migration has an impact on well-being in Indonesia, using both objective and subjective measurements. The sample unit of study is a person who was 22 years old or over in 2014, using longitudinal data of the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Objective well-being is measured by real per capita expenditures that reflect the differences in purchasing power in 2007 and 2014, while the subjective wellbeing is a self-rated assessment index of life satisfaction. The analytical method used is the logistics of panel data. The results show that migration significantly and positively affects well-being in Indonesia. It can be concluded that subjectively, migrants tend to have better well-being, and objectively, their purchasing power tends to be higher than that of non-migrants.
Geostatistical Modeling by the Ordinary Kriging in the Estimation of Mineral Resources on the Kieselguhr Mine, Algeria

The most important step in a feasibility study of a mining project is the determination of reserves in situ. But the question which arises that no method of estimation can give exact value since there is inevitably an associated error when it is important to know the order of magnitude. Decision-makers need to know if the estimated content is correct or not. Geostatistics can help the mining engineer to obtain from the available information, and thus, enable him to decide if the project deserves more investments. Geostatistics provides not only the estimated value but also with the kriging variance, a measure of the accuracy of the estimate. This is one of the superiorities of geostatistics over traditional methods of estimating reserves. In this article, the Kieselguhr deposit reserve of the Sig mine (western Algeria) was evaluated according to the linear geostatistical method with ordinary Kriging (OK), to know the economic value of this mine that allows the exploitation of this deposit, and to carry out study cartography accompanied by 2D modeling of deposit. Finally, we obtained maps in which we could estimate exploitable and geological reserves, and know the characteristics of the deposit.
A study on foreign students' preventive behavior, knowledge and attitude towards tuberculosis

The purpose of this study is to grasp foreign students' knowledge, attitude and preventive behavior with regard to tuberculosis (Tb) and to discern the direct and indirect effect between each variables so as to provide baseline data to develop a health education program for the effective Tb management of foreign students in Korea. In the analysis of Pearson's correlation among knowledge about Tb, attitude towards Tb, and preventive behavior towards Tb, it was verified that there was a positive correlation among them. And on the basis of this, a mediating effect between variables was tested. And attitude towards Tb had a positive mediating effect in the relationship between knowledge about Tb and prevention behavior toward Tb.
Determination of the proportion of natural light in solar radiation using the method of conversion of lighting units into energy

In the article the method for the determination of the fraction of visible light in solar radiation was proposed. The solar spectrum was divided into three regions: ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation. The spectral distribution of the intensity of solar radiation under various conditions was considered. With the help of the Mathcad software package, the spectral luminosity of a black body was calculated. Further, the proportion of natural light in solar radiation was estimated. The proposed method of converting lumens to watts consisted of 5 stages: normalization of the spectral luminosity curve of BB in the visible range by one; determination of the energy fraction of each wavelength introduced into the radiation intensity; obtaining the dependence of the illumination distribution on the radiation wavelength in lumens on the basis of the eye visibility curve; multiplying the values of the normalized spectral luminance curve with the values of the eye visibility curve in lumens; summation (integration) of the obtained values. This calculation showed that 1 W/m2 of natural light is 213 lm/m2, which was confirmed by 100,000 lux (lm/m2) with solar radiation of 1000 W/m2.
Space-Temporal Study in the Protected Natural Area of Xochimilco Lake with Remote Sensing in the Period 1987-2016

Conservation Area Ejidos de Xochimilco y San Gregorio Atlapulco, which is located in the south of the Mexico Basin, is considered as World Heritage Site by UNESCO, and a Ramsar Site, that is, it is a Wetland of International Importance. In spite of these international designations, the conservation area has an environmental problem of many years. This article aims to determine the change of vegetation cover and water in the lake area of Xochimilco over a period of 30 years. Remote Sensing facilitates the monitoring of water bodies and vegetation of conservation zones throughout months, even decades. For the period from the year 1987 to year 2016, normalized vegetation indexes NDVI=(NIR-red)/(NIR+Red) and NDWI=(NIR-SWIR)/(NIR+SWIR); and normalized water index MNDWI=(Green-SWIR)/(Green+SWIR), were used together to obtain the changes of areas in vegetation and water in annual images captured by the TM and ETM+ sensors of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellites, respectively. Five classes were obtained (water, water with vegetation, dry vegetation, watered vegetation, and other materials, for instance soil and buildings) with a reliability of 89%.
The Amplified Arctic Warming in the Recent Decades may Have Been Overestimated by CMIP5 Models

Realistically representing the Arctic amplification in global climate models (GCMs) represents a key to accurately predict the climate system's response to increasing anthropogenic forcings. We examined the amplified Arctic warming over the past century simulated by 36 state‐of‐the‐art GCMs against observation. We found a clear difference between the simulations and the observation in terms of the evolution of the secular warming rates. The observed rates of the secular Arctic warming increase from 0.14 °C/10a in the early 1890s to 0.21 °C/10a in the mid‐2010s, while the GCMs show a negligible trend to 0.35 °C/10a at the corresponding times. The overestimation of the secular warming rate in the GCMs starts from the mid‐twentieth century and aggravates with time. Further analysis indicates that the overestimation mainly comes from the exaggerated heating contribution from the Arctic sea ice melting. This result implies that the future secular Arctic warming may have been over‐projected.
The influence of proportion positive online reviews and the disclosure of travel companion information on general trust in online reviews, perceived risk, booking intention, and WOM-intention

The results of this experimental study indicated that the proportion of positive online reviews do have an effect on perceived risk, booking intention and WOM-intention. This study has revealed that the respondents experience a difference in perceived risk, booking intention, and WOM-intention between the versions 50%-100% positive online reviews presented in a message set, and between the versions 50%-70% positive online reviews presented in a message set. When there are more positive than negative online reviews presented in a message set, consumers experience less risk, are more willing to book the hotel and are more willing to talk positively to others regarding the hotel. No significant difference has been found between the versions 70% and 100% positive online reviews presented in a message set. Besides that, it turned out that the disclosure of travel companion information does not influence consumers’ attitude and intention.