Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface properties of the Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7

Strains of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 are Vero cytotoxin-producing enteric pathogens which have been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and with the hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. In addition to toxin production, adherence of many pathogenic bacteria to intestinal mucosal surfaces is a critical primary step in the pathogenesis of diarrheal diseases. Although E. coli serotype O157:H7 organisms adhere to intestinal epithelia of orally infected animals in a pattern morphologically identical to that previously described in adherent, effacing E. coli infections, the mechanisms of bacterial adherence are not known. To determine the cell surface adhesins which mediate attachment of E. coli O157:H7 to epithelial surfaces, we evaluated the surface properties of these organisms. Five strains isolated from children with the hemolytic uremic syndrome were grown both in broth cultures and on agar media. Adherence and invasion of E. coli O157:H7 in Intestine 407 and HEp-2 epithelial cell lines was quantitated using an enteroinvasive E. coli strain (serotype O164:NM) as a control. Cell surface properties of E. coli O157:H7 were evaluated by agglutination of a series of erythrocytes, transmission electron microscopy, DEAE-ion-exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. E. coli O157:H7 strains adhered to but did not invade either Intestine 407 or HEp-2 cells. Homologous O157:H7 rabbit antiserum blocked attachment of bacteria to tissue culture cells, in contrast to heterologous antiserum and preimmune rabbit serum, which did not inhibit attachment of E. coli O157:H7. None of the five O15:H7 isolates mediated mannose-resistant hemagglutination under any of the in vitro culture conditions. One isolate mediated mannose-sensitive hemagglutination after serial passage in broth cultures. Pili and fibrillae were not visualized by electron microscopy on nonhemagglutinating organisms, but pili were demonstrated on the one isolate which mediated mannose-sensitive hemagglutination. All O157:H7 strains demonstrated high anionic surface charge (DEAE) but low surface hydrophobicity properties (hydrophobic interaction chromatography). The findings suggest that surface structures other than pili can mediate attachment of serotype O157:H7 bacteria to epithelial cells in vitro.
Endocytosis of Ubiquitylation‐Deficient EGFR Mutants via Clathrin‐Coated Pits is Mediated by Ubiquitylation

Signaling by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is controlled by endocytosis. However, mechanisms of EGFR endocytosis remain poorly understood. Here, we found that the EGFR mutant lacking known ubiquitylation, acetylation and clathrin adaptor AP‐2‐binding sites (21KRΔAP2) was internalized at relatively high rates via the clathrin‐dependent pathway in human duodenal adenocarcinoma HuTu‐80 cells. RNA interference analysis revealed that this residual internalization is strongly inhibited by depletion of Grb2 and the E2 ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme UbcH5b/c, and partially affected by depletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl and ubiquitin‐binding adaptors, indicating that an ubiquitylation process is involved. Several new ubiquitin conjugation sites were identified by mass spectrometry in the 21KRΔAP2 mutant, suggesting that cryptic ubiquitylation may mediate endocytosis of this mutant. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy imaging of HuTu‐80 cells transfected with labeled ubiquitin adaptor epsin1 demonstrated that the ubiquitylation‐deficient EGFR mutant was endocytosed through a limited population of epsin‐enriched clathrin‐coated pits (CCPs), although with a prolonged CCP lifetime. Native EGFR was recruited with the same efficiency into CCPs containing either AP‐2 or epsin1 that were tagged with fluorescent proteins by genome editing of MDA‐MD‐231 cells. We propose that two redundant mechanisms, ubiquitylation and interaction with AP‐2, contribute to EGFR endocytosis via CCPs in a stochastic fashion.
Current strategies for targeted delivery of bio-active drug molecules in the treatment of brain tumor

Abstract Brain tumor is one of the most challenging diseases to treat. The major obstacle in the specific drug delivery to brain is blood–brain barrier (BBB). Mostly available anti-cancer drugs are large hydrophobic molecules which have limited permeability via BBB. Therefore, it is clear that the protective barriers confining the passage of the foreign particles into the brain are the main impediment for the brain drug delivery. Hence, the major challenge in drug development and delivery for the neurological diseases is to design non-invasive nanocarrier systems that can assist controlled and targeted drug delivery to the specific regions of the brain. In this review article, our major focus to treat brain tumor by study numerous strategies includes intracerebral implants, BBB disruption, intraventricular infusion, convection-enhanced delivery, intra-arterial drug delivery, intrathecal drug delivery, injection, catheters, pumps, microdialysis, RNA interference, antisense therapy, gene therapy, monoclonal/cationic antibodies conjugate, endogenous transporters, lipophilic analogues, prodrugs, efflux transporters, direct conjugation of antitumor drugs, direct targeting of liposomes, nanoparticles, solid–lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers and albumin-based drug carriers.
Measuring the Evolution of Toolmaking Complexity: Indices of Operational Complexity

Archaeologists and animal behaviorists have provided increasingly sophisticated descriptions of how hominids and animals construct operational sequences. The ability to translate these detailed descriptions into a measureable, comparative format of relative complexity would provide a useful tool for describing patterns of evolutionary change. Cyclomatic Complexity, k-paths, and k-cycles are three metrics from computer science and graph theory that can index the Operational Complexity of an operational sequence. These methods are applied to the production of an Acheulean handaxe and five nonhuman animal operation sequences.  I would like to thank Nicholas Toth and Kathy Schick of Indiana University and the Stone Age Institute for their participation, comments, and support. Also, I would like to thank P. Thomas Schoenemann, Thomas Wynn, Anthony Krus, Edward Herrmann, and Susan Spencer for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper . 52 Journal of Contemporary Anthropology Volume 4 (2013), Iss.
Tyrosinase exacerbates dopamine toxicity but is not genetically associated with Parkinson's disease

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of melanin in skin and hair and has also been proposed to contribute to the formation of neuromelanin (NM). The presence of NM, which is biochemically similar to melanin in peripheral tissues, identifies groups of neurons susceptible in Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether tyrosinase is beneficial or detrimental to neurons is unclear; whilst the enzyme activity of tyrosinase generates dopamine‐quinones and other oxidizing compounds, NM may form a sink for such radical species. In the present study, we demonstrated that tyrosinase is expressed at low levels in the human brain. We found that mRNA, protein and enzyme activity are all present but at barely detectable levels. In cell culture systems, expression of tyrosinase increases neuronal susceptibility to oxidizing conditions, including dopamine itself. We related these in vitro observations to the human disease by assessing whether there was any genetic association between the gene encoding tyrosinase and idiopathic PD. We found neither genotypic or haplotypic association with three polymorphic markers of the gene. This argues against a strong genetic association between tyrosinase and PD, although the observed contribution to cellular toxicity suggests that a biochemical association is likely.
Optimizing drug development: Strategies to assess drug metabolism/transporter interaction potential‐toward a consensus

significant concern within the pharmaceutical industry and among regulatory authorities in recent years. This has arisen with respect to early termination of clinical development (eg, furafylline), refusal of approval (eg, mibefradil in Sweden), severe prescribing restrictions and withdrawal from the market (eg, sorivudine, terfenadine, mibefradil, astemizole, and cisapride), and threatened litigation. This report summarizes the outcomes of a conference held in Basel, Switzerland, Nov 13-15, 2000, under the auspices of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EUFEPS), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the American Association of Pharmaceutical Sciences (AAPS). The meeting followed on from two previous workshops on drug interactions held in Nuremberg, Germany, Nov 27-29, 1997, and Arlington, Va, Dec 9-10, 1999, sponsored by the same groups. Whereas previous conferences had identified the main areas of contention, a specific aim of this meeting was to attempt a consensus on the conduct of in vitro and in vivo studies of metabolic and transport interactions. There were five main conference sessions, in which experienced scientists from academia, industry, and regulatory bodies were invited to contribute short presentations formulated, where possible, to address specific questions.
The Impact of Human Resource Information System on Strategic Decisions in Iran

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Human resource information system (HRIS) on strategic decisions. Design/methodology/approach – The papers develops a research model based on current literature and then test this model in Mellat and Parsian banks selected from 19 banks with 18000 branches, public and private sectors in Iran. Statistics society consists of 172 persons include assistant of general managers in both personnel affairs and welfare and domestic payments department in Mellat bank, and also professionals, managers and deputy of personnel affair and department of organisation and methods in Parsian bank. The sample size provided based on "Cohan- Morgan- Korjsay" is 108 persons which has been determined with descriptive methods. For data analyzing we used Chi- square test, Binomial test, and Kendall's tau- b test. Findings – The results indicate that, on average, few differences exist between Mellat and Parsian banks. Moreover, we found that the HRIS is effective on strategic decisions in both banks. Research limitations/implications – This study could benefit from a large sample, from public and private banks and replication in more branches. Practical implications – The paper offers practical suggestions to the banking industry and management in general on how to manage the HRIS effects on strategic decisions. Originality/value – This paper has tried to provide an inclusive understanding about the HRIS effects on strategic decisions in the banking industry. Since there was a lack of such research in an Iranian context, this paper can provide theoretical basis for future researches as well as practical implications for managers and the human resource (HR) professionals.
Photochemistry and Photobiology , 2004 , 80 : 98-1 03 Research Note Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy of Glioblastoma Multiforme 7

Fluorescence spectroscopy of the endogenous emission of brain tumors has been researched as a potentially important method for the intraoperative localization of brain tumor margins. We investigated the use of time-resolved, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for demarcation of primary brain tumors by studying the time-resolved spectra of gliomas. The fluorescence of human brain samples (glioblastoma multiforme, cortex and white matter: six patients, 23 sites) was induced ex vivo with a pulsed nitrogen laser (337 nm, 3 ns). The time-resolved spectra were detected in a 360-550 nm wavelength range using a fast digitizer and gated detection. Parameters derived from both the spectral(intensities fromnarrow spectral bands) and the time domain (average lifetime) measured at 390 and 460 nm were used for tissue characterization. We determined that high-grade gliomas are characterized by fluorescence lifetimes that varied with the emission wavelength (>3 ns at 390 nm, <1 11s at 460 tun) and their emission is overall longer than that of normal brain tissue. Our study demonstrates that the use of fluorescence lifetime not only improves the specificity of fluorescence measurements but also allows a more robust evaluation of data collected from brain tissue. Combined information from both the spectraland the time domain can enhance the ability of fluorescencebased techniques to diagnose and detect brain tumor margins intraoperatively. TPosted on the website on 6 May 2004 *To whom correspondence should be addressed Biophotonics Research and Technology Development Laboratory, Department of Surgery, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building G149A. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Fax: 310-423-8414; e-mail: lmarcu@ bmsrs.usc. edu Abbreviations: GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; FIRF, fluorescence impulse response function; NAD(P)H, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate); TR-LIFS, time-resolved, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy.
A Common Framework for Board Games and Argumentation Games

In this paper we discuss models of formal argumentation games. We argue that the tactics and strategies of board-games like chess provide a useful analogy for adversarial argumentation games. The objective of this study is to elaborate on a common model for board games and argumentation dialogues. In particular we strive at making analogies between tactical and strategic chess game notions and notions in adversarial argumentation games.
Generalisation benefits of output gating in a model of prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a central role in flexible cognitive control, including the suppression of habitual responding in favour of situation-appropriate behaviours that can be quite novel. PFC provides a kind of working memory, maintaining the rules, goals, and/or actions that are to control behaviour in the current context. For flexible control, these PFC representations must be sufficiently componential to support systematic generalisation to novel situations. The anatomical structure of PFC can be seen as implementing a componential ‘slot-filler’ structure, with different components encoded over isolated pools of neurons. Previous PFC models have highlighted the importance of a dynamic gating mechanism to selectively update individual ‘slot’ contents. In this article, we present simulation results that suggest that systematic generalisation also requires an ‘output gating’ mechanism that limits the influence of PFC on more posterior brain areas to reflect a small number of representational components at any one time.
Thapsigargin‐induced apoptosis involves Cabin1‐MEF2‐mediated induction of Nur77

Thapsigargin (TG), which inhibits endoplasmic reticulum‐dependent Ca2 +‐ATPase and thereby increases cytosolic Ca2 +, has been reported to cause apoptosis in T lymphocytes another cell types. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the apoptosis induced by TG in T cell hybridomas. Exposure to TG results in rapid induction of the orphan steroid receptor, Nur77, accompanied by apoptosis of T cell hybridomas. The expression of Nur77 in response to TG treatment is sensitive to cyclospo‐rin A, implicating that activation of calcineurin is necessary for Nur77 expression. The TG‐induced Nur77 expression is also inhibited by overexpression of Cabin1, an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin and a corepressor of the transcription factor MEF2, suggesting that MEF2 activation is required for Nur77 expression. These results suggest that induction of Nur77 expression and apoptosis by TG are mediated by the same signaling pathwaysthat are involved in T cell receptor‐mediated thymocyte apoptosis, including the calcineurin pathway and Cabin1‐MEF2 pathway.
Consumption and foraging behaviors for common stimulants (nicotine, caffeine)

ABSTRACT Models are needed to understand the emerging capability to track consumers' movements. Therefore, we examined the use of legal and readily available stimulants that vary in their addictive potential (nicotine, caffeine). One hundred sixty-six participants answered the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), the Severity of Dependence Scale for nicotine and caffeine, and reported the number of times and locations stimulants were purchased and used. On average, nicotine dependent individuals made their purchases from 2 locations, while caffeine dependent individuals consumed caffeine at 2 locations, but some people exhibited a greater range and intensity of use. Stimulant foraging behavior could be described by power laws, and is exacerbated by dependency. The finding has implications for attempts to control substance use.
A 5.1-/spl mu/W UHF RFID tag chip integrated with sensors for wireless environmental monitoring

An RF-powered transponder with temperature and photo sensors is designed and fabricated for environmental monitoring. The transponder gathers power from external ISM (860-960MHz) band RF signal and senses ambient temperature and light. It contains a supply voltage generator, a temperature-compensated ring oscillator, an oversampling synchronizer, a PTAT temperature sensor and an abrupt transition buffered photo sensor. Its internal clock frequency has variation less than 7% for 1.5-V supply voltage and 90/spl deg/C temperature change. The transponder occupies 0.4mm/sup 2/ with 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process and dissipates only 5.14-/spl mu/W during active state.
The Impact of Electronic Commerce on Procurement

Internet technology has been increasingly used to enhance the global competitiveness of various business applications through the widespread electronic commerce (EC) functions. Many Internet-based systems have been designed and developed for supply chain management (SCM) in various areas such as computer, garment, and publishing industries, which mainly center on communication infrastructure, coordination between production and distribution, and procurement functions with security mechanisms. However, EC is not a panacea. On many occasions, participants (including buyers, sellers, and enablers) face various risks and overhead during the deployment of a new technology. In this article, we present the impact of EC on procurement processes in supply chains, highlighting the issues of buyers, sellers, and the transaction processes involved. The procurement processes are classified into preprocurement (sourcing), procurement (quotation, negotiation, order placement, and transaction), and postprocurement (delivery). Moreover, a four-phase migration model of procurement onto the Internet is introduced to illustrate the technical, security, and financial requirements in the deployment process of EC. The migration model not only gives a development guideline of procurement functions, but also provides an evaluation framework of e-procurement. An industrial example is used to illustrate the corresponding evolution as a result of EC deployment. The paper concludes with a summary of EC impact and future research directions.
Effects of Paced Respiration on Affective Responses During Dental Stress

There has been considerable interest in developing physiological control procedures, e.g., biofeedback, to reduce dental stress. Surprisingly, respiratory control has not been used, although it is easily implemented and it is a component of more comprehensive techniques which are used to induce relaxation (D. A. Bernstein and T. D. Borkovec, Progressive Relaxation Training, 1973). The present study was designed to assess the effects of respiratory control on dental stress. The subjects in this study were 50 undergraduate females who had scores above the mean of nine and below 17 on the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (N. Corah, J Dent Res 48:596, 1969). The dental stimulus was a videotape depicting a class I amalgam restorative procedure consisting of nine 60-second segments, e.g., injection, drilling, and hand instrumentation. It was recorded in a dental operatory using a technique developed by Corah (J Dent Res 48:444, 1969). (A more detailed description of the dental presentation and its stressful effects on dentally anxious subjects may be found in R. Hirschman et al., J Dent Res 59: 1064, 1980. Prior to viewing the dental presentation, 30 subjects (ten per group) were trained for five min to pace their respiration at eight (slow pace), 16 (normal pace), or 24 (fast pace) cycles per min by means of a two-light display. They were told to begin smooth and even inhalation in response to the appearance of one of the lights and exhalation in response to the appearance of the other light. Ten additional subjects were trained for five min only to track the light display (attention control). The remaining ten subjects were told to relax for five min (no training control). During the subsequent dental presentation, all subjects rated each previous segment on a 15 point scale. One represented extreme unpleasantness and 15 represented extreme pleasantness. In addition, respiratory rate,
Integrated feeder protection

The paper presents the development of highly sophisticated numerical system for protection, measurement and control of the electric power system's (EPS) lines. The requirements to be fulfilled by the system are defined, and also the selection of the hardware base and necessary microcomputer's performance; structure of the realized hardware is given, together with the ambient for the program's development and also the results of the complete system's testing. The results obtained fully meet all requirements for the modern system of numeric protection.
Ethnic disparities, hospital quality, and discharges against medical advice among patients with cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND Nationally, cardiovascular disease is the third-ranked disease category in terms of discharges against medical advice (AMA). Disparities in discharges AMA have not been examined among patients with cardiovascular disease, nor has the moderating role of hospital quality been studied. METHODS We examined the dual effect of race/ethnicity and hospital quality on discharges AMA by retrospectively analyzing hospital discharge data of patients who were admitted with a primary diagnosis of cardiovascular disease from 2000 through 2005. RESULTS A total of 2619 of the 312,183 hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease (.8%) resulted in a discharge AMA. The sample was 50% male, 32% non-White, and an average age of 68 years of age. Non-White race was associated with a higher probability of a discharge AMA in a high-quality hospital (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.2, P < .001). Non-White race/ethnicity was associated with a lower probability of a discharge AMA in a low-quality hospital (AOR .8, P = .01). A discharge AMA was less likely at a high-quality hospital (AOR .7, P < .001), regardless of race/ethnicity. The modifying effect of hospital quality is more apparent at the highest levels of hospital quality. CONCLUSIONS Hospital quality is negatively correlated with discharges AMA and moderates the relationship between race/ethnicity and discharges AMA.