Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tracing the gravitational potential using cosmic voids

The properties of large underdensities in the distribution of galaxies in the Universe, known as cosmic voids, are potentially sensitive probes of fundamental physics. We use data from the MultiDark suite of N-body simulations and multiple halo occupation distribution mocks to study the relationship between galaxy voids, identified using a watershed void-finding algorithm, and the gravitational potential $\Phi$. We find that the majority of galaxy voids correspond to local density minima in larger-scale overdensities, and thus lie in potential wells. However, a subset of voids can be identified that closely trace maxima of the gravitational potential and thus stationary points of the velocity field. We identify a new void observable, $\lambda_v$, which depends on a combination of the void size and the average galaxy density contrast within the void, and show that it provides a good proxy indicator of the potential at the void location. A simple linear scaling of $\Phi$ as a function of $\lambda_v$ is found to hold, independent of the redshift and properties of the galaxies used as tracers of voids. We provide an accurate fitting formula to describe the spherically averaged potential profile $\Phi(r)$ about void centre locations. We discuss the importance of these results for the understanding of the evolution history of voids, and for their use in precision measurements of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, gravitational lensing and peculiar velocity distortions in redshift space.
Atmospheric Stability and Its Effect on The Polluted Columns of Concentrations in North West of Baghdad City

Atmospheric stability plays the most important role in the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. Different methods are used for stability determination with varying degrees of complexity. Most of these methods are based on the relative magnitude of convective and mechanical turbulence in atmospheric motions, such as Richardson number, Monin-Obukhov length, Pasquill-Gifford stability classification and Pasquill-Turner stability classification. The Pasquill-Turner Method (PTM), which is employed in this study used Observations of wind speed, solar altitude angle and the time of day to classify atmospheric stability with distinguishable indices. As a case study, meteorological data that gathered from European Centre For MediumRange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) at latitude 33.75 0 and longitude 43.87 0 that Located north west of Baghdad city ( this area consider suburban that a crosses domain wind towards city center) through hours 00,03,06,09,12,15,18,21 from every day in 2010 year . The scheme used two different categories are considered to deduce the pattern of atmospheric stability conditions. First, the annual or total pattern of stability classification is obtained and results show that atmosphere is 54.4 %, 8.7 %, 36.9 %, at stable, neutral and unstable conditions, respectively. It is also observed that days are mostly unstable (61.6%) while nights are mostly stable (94.5%). Second, monthly and seasonal patterns are derived and results indicate that relative frequency RF% of stable conditions decrease during January to June and increase during June to December, while results for unstable conditions are exactly in opposite manner. Autumn is the most stable season with relative frequency of 62.1% for stable condition, whilst, it is 56.2 %, 44.6 % and 54.6% for winter, summer and spring, respectively. Finally, correlation between RF% of stable conditions and NOX, SO2, CO, CH4 columns concentrations in(kg/m 2 ) is achieved and results show correlation between these elements and stability . The important of this study basically located in assessment air quality of Baghdad city and also in urban planning.
Age determination of a long-lived coregonid from the Canadian North: comparison of otoliths, fin rays and scales in inconnu (Stenodus leucichthys)

We examined otoliths, pelvic fin rays and scales of inconnu to determine precision of age estimates within and between readers, and to compare relative accuracy of estimates from different structures. Our main objective was to determine if readability and estimates from fin rays and scales, which can be non-lethally removed, were similar to those of otoliths, which are generally considered the most reliable ageing structure. Among- and within-reader variation was low for both fin rays and otoliths, but higher for scales. Variation tended to increase with fish length for all structures. Scales were most difficult to read and had age estimates that were significantly lower than the other structures at ages of ten years and greater. Age estimates and readability of fin rays and otoliths were similar.
Climate Smart Agriculture Practices in Semi-arid Northern Ghana: Implications for Sustainable Livelihoods

Achieving food security and livelihood development among vulnerable households in the semi-arid regions is challenged by water scarcity and climate change. To alleviate the challenges of water scarcity and climate change impacts, farmers are adopting different climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices. However, there is limited knowledge on the contribution of CSA practices to livelihoods of farmers in semi-arid northern Ghana. Therefore, this paper explored CSA practices adopted by smallholder farmers and assessed the contribution of dry season farming to livelihoods in rural semi-arid Ghana. Using data from 100 households, farm income, household food security and subjective wellbeing (SWB) were compared between dry season farmers and non-dry season ones. The findings showed that socio-economic factors hindered the utilisation of practices with high start-up cost such as rain water harvesting. Farmers also adopted other practices based on the benefits, ease of use and geographical context. Comparing dry season farmers and non-dry season ones, the results showed that dry season farming had great potentials of improving income, food security (66%) and wellbeing (P>0.01) of rural households in semi-arid Ghana. However, adopting CSA practices only without instituting programmes to address other socio-economic challenges faced by smallholder farmers will yield minimal impacts. Complementing CSA initiatives with poverty alleviation programmes will effectively contribute to improved livelihoods in resource poor communities.
Detailed structure elucidation of the blast furnace slag by molecular dynamics simulation

The chemical structure of an amorphous slag with blast furnace composition was investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulation. Our calculation suggested that the slag had a depolymerized network of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra with interstitial cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+. The structural properties such as average coordination number obtained at 300 K were in good agreement with a recent NMR study, supporting the feasibility of the structure prediction by such simulation technique. At 1 873 K, the coordination numbers of the ions almost remained unchanged, while the intertetrahedral angles were found to be narrower, and the Qn distribution of AlO4 tetrahedra was slightly modified. The small amount but significant incorporation of MgO and Al2O3 influences the network connectivity, which should affect macroscopic properties such as viscosity.
Occurrence and Analysis of Apple Blotch-like Symptoms on Apple Leaves

Apple blotch-like symptoms (ABLS) were observed on ‘Fuji’ apple leaves in Cheongsong, Gunwi and Yeongcheon apple orchards located in Gyeongbuk Province during 2010-2014. Characteristics of ABLS were yellowing, brown spots on leaves, and defoliation, similar to apple blotch diseased (ABD) leaves, which are infected with Marssonina coronaria. It is difficult to differentiate by eye between ABLS and ABD, which has led to misdiagnosis and overuse of fungicides. The present study was conducted to investigate the cause of ABLS using stereomicroscopy, culture isolation, cross-sectional analysis of leaves, and PCR. No acervuli were found on the surface of ABLS leaves and no growth was observed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates in culture. Furthermore, cross-sectional analysis revealed similar results, and mycelia were absent in ABLS leaves. By contrast, all these characteristics were present in ABD leaves. Furthermore, no fungi or viruses were detected in ABLS leaves by PCR, suggesting that the disease is not caused by these agents. These findings suggest that ABLS might be a physiological disorder in plants that is distinct from ABD.
Some visions for designing Mozambican low cost roads based on new alternative construction techniques

Low cost road (LCR) initiatives are often concerned with supporting of the sustainable improvements of roads and creating the basic access to support poverty reduction initiatives in rural communities. In southern Africa low cost roads are those built with thin asphalt surfacings for low volume road traffic and also referred to as improved unpaved roads. LCR can be built or kept maintained cost effectively by using appropriate types of equipment suited to small-scale contractors. The objectives of this essay are to evaluate alternative pavement solutions for low volume roads. In order to evaluate the performance of different LCR, the KENLAYER program was used to evaluate the pavements. The deformation responses of unpaved and surface treated roads before and after surface treatments, at critical locations (bottom of base, top of selected subgrade and top of subgrade) are nearly the same; that means, the use of surface treatment over unpaved roads, does not increase the structural capacity, but it may only improve the riding quality and the drainage of the roads. The comparison of the cost of different LCR different pavement models (untreated, treated with ECOLOPAVI and treated with cement) found that the roads treated with ECOLOPAVI may cost less. Previous research has investigated the use of the ECOLOPAVI road treatment solution for improving roads and suggested, for consistency, further studies may be needed with an aim to investigate its use as an LCR alternative in Mozambican roads.
A WIDEBAND E-SHAPED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5-6 GHZ WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

A wideband E-shaped microstrip patch antenna has been designed for high-speed wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11a standard) and other wireless communication systems covering the 5.15-5.825 GHz frequency band. Two parallel slots are incorporated to perturb the surface current path, introducing local inductive effect that is responsible for the excitation of the second resonant mode. The length of the center arm can be trimmed to tune the frequency of the second resonant mode without affecting the fundamental resonant mode. A comprehensive parametric study has been carried out to understand the effects of various dimensional parameters and to optimize the performance of the antenna. A substrate of low dielectric constant is selected to obtain a compact radiating structure that meets the demanding bandwidth specification. The reflection coefficient at the input of the optimized E-shaped microstrip patch antenna is below -10 dB over the entire frequency band. The measurement results are in excellent agreement with the HFSS simulation results.
Point spread functions for earthquake source imaging: an interpretation based on seismic interferometry

SUMMARY Recently, various methods have been proposed and applied for earthquake source imaging, and theoretical relationships among the methods have been studied. In this study, we make a follow-up theoretical study to better understand the meanings of earthquake source imaging. For imaging problems, the point spread function (PSF) is used to describe the degree of blurring and degradation in an obtained image of a target object as a response of an imaging system. In this study, we formulate PSFs for earthquake source imaging. By calculating the PSFs, we find that waveform source inversion methods remove the effect of the PSF and are free from artefacts. However, the other source imaging methods are affected by the PSF and suffer from the effect of blurring and degradation due to the restricted distribution of receivers. Consequently, careful treatment of the effect is necessary when using the source imaging methods other than waveform inversions. Moreover, the PSF for source imaging is found to have a link with seismic interferometry with the help of the source–receiver reciprocity of Green’s functions. In particular, the PSF can be related to Green’s function for cases in which receivers are distributed so as to completely surround the sources. Furthermore, the PSF acts as a low-pass filter. Given these considerations, the PSF is quite useful for understanding the physical meaning of earthquake source imaging.
Investigation of Utilizing a Secant Stiffness Matrix for 2D Nonlinear Shape Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis

In this article the general non-symmetric parametric form of the incremental secant stiffness matrix for nonlinear analysis of solids have been investigated to present a semi analytical sensitivity analysis approach for geometric nonlinear shape optimization. To approach this aim the analytical formulas of secant stiffness matrix are presented. The models were validated and used to perform investigating different parameters affecting the shape optimization. Numerical examples utilized for this investigating sensitivity analysis with detailed discussions presented.
Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, Tannin Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivated on Different Wastes and Sawdust

In this study, the usage possibilities of some agro-industrial wastes such as; peanut wastes, potatoes farm wastes, walnut and orange tree sawdust in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation were investigated and total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin content and antioxidant properties of these methanolic mushroom extracts were examined. For the determination of the total phenolic contents, the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure was used. The content of total flavonoid present in the methanolic extracts was measured using a spectrophotometric assay. Condensed tannins were determined according to the method by Julkunen-Titto. The antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. The highest total phenolic content (2.672 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g) was found in mushroom cultivated on walnut sawdust. The highest condensed tannin (1.011 ± 0.088 CE mg/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (12.332 ± 0.017 μmol FeSO4.7H 2 O/g) were observed in the same mushroom extract. The highest total flavonoid and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH were found in extract of mushroom cultivated on potatoes handle. Bioactive properties of P. ostreatus cultivated on walnut tree sawdust were generally exhibited remarkable results.
Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting under Low Lighting Conditions

The design rules for standard outdoor solar cells are not applicable for cells which are used under low lighting conditions and spectra deviating from AM 1.5. This paper will discuss the major influences on cell efficiencies and their impact on the design of photovoltaic cells for energy selfsufficient sensor systems. This is done for different material classes like crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon and III-V materials. Keywords–energy harvesting; indoor photovoltaics; lowlighting conditions; photovoltaic cells
A priori time regularity estimates and a simplified proof of existence in perfect plasticity

We revisit the time‐incremental method for proving existence of a quasistatic evolution in perfect plasticity. We show how, as a consequence of a priori time regularity estimates on the stress and the plastic strain, the piecewise affine interpolants of the solutions of the incremental minimum problems satisfy the conditions defining a quasistatic evolution up to some vanishing error. This allows for a quicker proof of existence: furthermore, this proof bypasses the usual variational reformulation of the problem and directly tackles its original mechanical formulation in terms of an equilibrium condition, a stress constraint, and the principle of maximum plastic work.
Silver Nanoparticles in PEDOT:PSS Layer for Polymer Solar Cell Application

We compare the performance of polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) incorporated in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The structure of constructed solar devices was ITO/PEDOT:PSS:Ag NPs/P3HT:PCBM/Al. Typical polyol chemistry was used to synthesize silver in water solution. Ag nanoparticles were investigated by UV-vis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. We investigated influence of amount of silver in a hole transporting layer on the performance of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. The value of power conversion efficiency (PCE), equal to 2.16% under simulated 100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5G irradiation, was found for device created in air with 60 µL of Ag NPs added to 1 mL of PEDOT:PSS. Along with the increase amount of Ag NPs from 60 to 150 µL, the PCE decrease was found. Stability of solar cells with Ag was also investigated. The loss in value of PCE after 8 months was found in the range 13–47% depending on the device architecture. The solar cells were additionally measured with impedance spectroscopy.
Thank you for this suggestion. For the Jinjiang Basin, a figure showing the simulated hydrograph corresponding to the calibration using data of one month will be added to the revised manuscript to demonstrate the effectiveness of using such short

Two watersheds is not enough to conclude your study provides general conclusions! There are groups that use thousands of watersheds, look up large sample hydrology, for example: http://meetingorganizer.copernicus. org/EGU2015/session/18271 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/18/463/2014/hess-18-463-2014.html Responses: The researches mentioned by the reviewer are expected to get general knowledge in many situations by applying hydrological model in large number of basins. The objective of our study is to demonstrate short periods of observations data have the possibility to be useful for physically-based hydrological model calibration in data-sparse basin. The paper could inspire more researchers to think about using such dataset to calibrate distributed hydrological models in basins lacking of streamflow data. In the past, this approach didn’t draw much attention for solving the calibration problem of distributed model in ungauged basins. We focus the potential of this method, rather than the general applicability. Based on the objective of this study, two basins with very different climatic and geophysical conditions were selected to conduct our study.
Input Use Inefficiencies in the Production of Sugar Cane in Central Negros Area, Philippines An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis

This research attempts to identify sources of input use inefficiency for sugar cane production in the Central Negros area, The Philippines. Non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis was used to determine the relative technical, scale, overall technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of individual farms which use the same inputs and produce the same raw material (cane) and output (sugar). Under a specification of variable returns to scale (VRS), the mean pure technical, scale, overall technical, allocative and economic efficiency indices were 0.7580, 0.9884, 0.7298, 0.7941 and 0.6025. lnput use differences between the purely technical efficient and inefficient farms is statistically different for area, seeds and labour inputs. There was no significant variation in the use of fertiliser and power inputs. For the overall technically efficient and inefficient farms, use of seeds and NPK fertiliser were statistically different. Apart from the lower amount of seeds, fertiliser and power used, the larger profit obtained by the economically efficient farms was due to the lower price paid for each input except labour. The productive efficiency of small, medium and large farms were also determined. Small farms appeared to be economically inefficient compared to the large ones while medium and large farms appeared to be equally economically efficient. Analysis of input use differences among farm size class shows that the higher input usage by the large farms tends to increase the quantity produced and with the low price of inputs, generates a larger profit per hectare. The higher input prices faced by the small farmers tends to reduce the amount of input used thus giving a lower profit. Thus, part of the allocative efficiency differences between the farm size groups may be attributed to the differences in the input price, resulting from market power.
Revealing the Dynamic Correlation betweenCardiac and Respiratory HemodynamicSignals Using Time-Dependent Panel Co-Integration Analysis

Panel Co-integration is one of the most popular methods to reveal and evaluate the influence and the interactions that may exist between long-term variables; Co-integration is used in different field and enjoying unprecedented popularity due reliability, clarity and robustness. In this article, we conducted an investigation using very powerful mathematical model to verify if a long-term relationship exists between Cardiorespiratory hemodynamic signals, the methodology we applied in this paper is mainly based on four basic parts, in first part we applied unit root tests to assess the stationarity of series, the second step is to apply the test of Co-integration model and quantify this long-term relationship. Finally we applied the Granger causality tests to the entire panel that consists of 186 patients taken from Montreal Hospital / General MF (Massachusetts General Hospital / Marquette Foundation) database. The results found in this study show the long-term interaction between the Cardiorespiratory hemodynamic signals, and reveals how the understanding of these interactions can help the doctors to understand the risks that may exist between these interactions. The originality of this article is the number of variables incorporated in our model study. Unlike the majority of studies that are conducted with only two variables, our study is specified by its multidimensionality. The main advantage of a multidimensional and multivariate model is to solve a multitude of problemsthatprevent doctors to treat the patients betterandis not the case for studies in two dimensions.