Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Penetration of Polyelectrolytes into Charged Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgel Layers Confined between Two Surfaces

pH and temperature sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) microgel-based etalons were fabricated by sandwiching a “monolithic” microgel layer between two semitransparent, 15 nm Au layers. The devices exhibit visual color and multipeak reflectance spectra, both of which primarily depend on the distance between the Au surfaces (mediated by the microgel diameter). In this submission, we fabricate etalons from either pNIPAm-co-acrylic acid (pNIPAm-co-AAc) or pNIPAm-co-N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (pNIPAm-co-APMAH) microgels and investigate their response to the presence of polycations or polyanions. We show that when the etalon is at a pH that renders the microgels multiply charged, the microgel layer of the etalon deswells in the presence of the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte; it is unresponsive to the presence of the like charged polyelectrolyte. Furthermore, the etalon’s response depended on the thickness of the Au overlayer. For example, low molecular weight (MW) polyelectroly.
Jet-cooled molecular radicals in slit supersonic discharges: Sub-Doppler infrared studies of methyl radical

A novel high-intensity source of jet-cooled molecular radicals is described based on the combination of (i) slit supersonic expansions with (ii) pulsed electric discharges. The electrode bias configuration effectively confines the discharge to a region upstream of the supersonic expansion, which results both in efficient rotational cooling (Trot≈25 K) and high radical densities (>1014/cm3). In conjunction with direct absorption laser probe methods, this discharge source provides a general technique for high-resolution IR studies of jet-cooled radicals. Performance of the slit discharge system is demonstrated on v=1←0 rovibrational transitions in jet-cooled OH radicals, which indicate sub-Doppler linewidths (Δν≈100 MHz) when probed along the slit expansion axis. The enhanced spectral resolution of the slit discharge geometry is utilized to probe the v3=1←0 asymmetric CH stretch vibration–rotation spectra of CH3 radical. Under sub-Doppler conditions, spin–rotation splittings are fully resolved and nuclear h.
Investigations on charge storage and transport in plasma-deposited inorganic electrets

The storage and transport of charges in plasma deposited inorganic electrets with low mechanical stress were investigated under different conditions. Silicon dioxide, nitride and oxynitride were chemically deposited on Si substrates by means of a radio frequency (13.56 MHz) plasma system. The samples were negatively charged by the constant voltage corona method. The surface potential was observed during aging at room temperature, at elevated temperatures of 200, 250 and 300/spl deg/C and at a relative humidity of 95% at 60/spl deg/C. The thermal activation process was examined by thermally stimulated discharge (TSC) measurements. Silicon oxynitride possessed the highest charge stability during the different experiments, correlating with the current maximum located at /spl sim/400/spl deg/C. The charge transport in silicon dioxide, with a current maximum located at /spl sim/330/spl deg/C, was described by a theoretical model which considered the drift and the partial retrapping of free charges in the bulk. Despite treatment with hexamethyldisilazane, it was not possible to stabilize the surface potential of silicon nitride samples even at room temperature.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cardo Polysulfonates of 1,1′-Bis(4-Hydroxy Phenyl)Cyclohexane with 1,3-Benzene and 2,4-Toluene Disulfonyl Chlorides

Abstract Cardo polysulfonates (PSBCB and PSBCT) of 1,1′-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)cyclohexane with benzene-1,3 and toluene-2,4-disulfonyl chlorides have been synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of 1,1′-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)cyclohexane (0.005 mol) with benzene-1,3/toluene-2,4-disulfonyl chlorides (0.005 mol) using water-chloroform (4:1, v/v) as interphase, alkali (0.015 mol) as acid acceptor, and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (0.125 g) as emulsifier at 0°C for 3 hours. The structures of the polymers were supported by IR and NMR spectral data. The PSBCT was fractionated into several fractions by using 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent and n-butanol as precipitant. The fractions were characterized by GPC and viscometry in different solvents at four different temperatures. Viscosity studies showed that the PSBCT is flexible in solutions and has a specific solvent effect. PSBCB and PSBCT have good biological activity against E. coli and S. citrus organisms, and they possess excellent hydrolytic stability tow.
Carbon Nanotubes as Activating Tyrosinase Supports for the Selective Synthesis of Catechols

A series of redox catalysts based on the immobilization of tyrosinase on multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been prepared by applying the layer-by-layer principle. The oxidized nanotubes (ox-MWCNTs) were treated with poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and tyrosinase to yield ox-MWCNTs/PDDA/tyrosinase I. Catalysts II and III have been prepared by increasing the number of layers of PDDA and enzyme, while IV was obtained by co-immobilization of tyrosinase with bovine serum albumin (ox-MWCNTs/PDDA/BSA-tyrosinase). Attempts to covalently bind tyrosinase provided weakly active systems. The coating of the enzyme based on the simple layer-by-layer principle has afforded catalysts I–III, with a range of activity from 21 units/mg (multilayer, II) to 66 units/mg (monolayer, I), the best system being catalyst IV (80 units/mg). The novel catalysts were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, showing increased activity with respect to that of the native enzyme. These c.
Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Containing Terpyridine−Ruthenium Complexes: Photovoltaic Applications

We report the synthesis of (E)-3-(4-bromo-2,5-dioctylphenyl)-2-(4-vinylphenyl)acrylonitrile (5). We further report the synthesis of conjugated polymer materials by palladium-catalyzed Heck coupling polymerization of 5 and 4-bromo-2,5-dioctyl-4‘-vinylstilbene (3) in the presence of 4‘-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine (8), giving poly(dioctylstilbenevinylene)s terminated by a terpyridine moiety. Their assembly using ruthenium complexation led to coordination homopolymers and copolymer with tetrafluoroborate counterions. The materials were characterized using SEC, MALDI, NMR, UV−vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The polymers were found to transfer energy to the complexes as seen through the complexes ability to quench fluorescence. The coordination polymers were applied to photovoltaics, and two types of devices were prepared: polymer solar cells obtained by spin-coating of the coordination polymer solution onto PEDOT:PSS-covered ITO substrates and dye-sensitized solar cells obtained by absorption.
N-Arylation of Heterocycles with Activated Chloro- and Fluoroarenes using Nanocrystalline Copper(II) Oxide

Nanocrystalline copper oxide was found to be an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the N-arylation of heterocycles with activated chloro- and fluoroarenes using potassium carbonate as base. N-Arylated products were isolated in good to excellent yields. The catalyst can be used for five cycles with almost consistent activity.
Optimization of analytical conditions for the determination of nitrosamines in chlorinated tap water by high performance liquid chromatography

This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for the determination of seven nitrosamines in chlorinated tap water by precolumn derivatization followed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. The derivatization procedure was optimized for denitrosation and dansylation, and then two extraction methods, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with dichloromethane and solid phase extraction (SPE), were compared. The SPE method employing the optimized derivation procedure showed higher extraction recovery (54.4-88.7%) and reproducibility (1.9-19.4%) than the LLE method (51.4-87.7% and 4.2-33.3%, respectively). The method detection limits were between 0.5 and 4.4 ng/L. When chlorinated water samples were collected from two treatment plants and ten household taps, and analyzed for nitrosamines, Nnitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the major compound found between 26.1 and 112 ng/L.
Poly(vinyl chloride)/single wall carbon nanotubes composites: Investigation of mechanical and thermal characteristics

Composites of polyvinylchloride (PVC) with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were prepared by plastisol curing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that appropriate dispersion of the nanotubes was achieved. The mechanical properties showed that SWCNT improved the Young's modulus and tensile strength of the PVC. The composites have higher elongation at break and toughness as well. By comparing the mechanical properties of the composites, it is found that there is a critical SWCNT loading (about 1 wt%) below which the tensile properties increase with increasing nanofiller concentration. For the composites containing 0.25–0.75 wt% of SWCNT, this situation was observed, whereas for a sample with 1 wt% SWCNT, the mechanical properties decreased due to the agglomeration of the nanotubes. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the SWCNT increased T5%, T10%, T50%, Tonset, and Tmax and decreased weight loss in the degradation process of the PVC. In addition, by adding SWCNT to the polymer, residual mass at 600°C increased significantly. These results are advantages for the applications of the polymer in which high mechanical properties, including high tensile modulus and toughness, and good thermal properties are needed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL. , 22:128–133, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Transition from Casimir to van der Waals force between macroscopic bodies

The transition of van der Waals to Casimir forces between macroscopic gold surfaces is investigated by atomic force microscopy in the plane-sphere geometry. It was found that the transition appears to take place at separations ∼10% the plasma wavelength λp for evaporated gold surfaces, which compares to theoretical predictions by incorporation of experimental optical data and roughness corrections. Moreover, the force data allow estimation of the Hamaker constant AH in the van der Waals regime, which is in good agreement with the Lifshitz theory predictions (even if roughness corrections are taken into account) and former surface force apparatus measurements.
Using Surface Active Random Copolymers To Control the Domain Orientation in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films

The structure of thin films of a symmetric diblock copolymer, P(dS-b-MMA) (dS = perdeuterated styrene, MMA = methyl methacrylate), was investigated near preferential and nonpreferential (neutral) surfaces. Neutral surfaces were achieved at the substrate and air interfaces by localizing random copolymer, P(S-r-MMA), having a styrene fraction of 0.60, to each of these interfaces. This was performed by chemically grafting the random copolymer to the substrate and anchoring a surface active random copolymer having a perfluorinated end group to the air interface, respectively. Neutron reflectivity and small-angle neutron scattering were used to determine the orientation of the lamellar microdomains for films having various boundary conditions. Successive steps of CF4 reactive ion etching followed by field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to ascertain the orientation of the microdomains as a function of film depth. For films confined between two continuous neutral surfaces, the orientation of the.
Stain Technology: A Combined Elastic, Fibrin and Collagen Stain

A method is described which demonstrates nuclei, elastic fibers, red blood cells, collagen and fibrin. Nuclei and elastic fibers are stained by a modified VerhoefPs elastic tissue stain which was previously developed and used in the elastic-Masson combination. Both early fibrin and red blood cells are shown by Hssamine fast yellow. Mature fibrin, some types of collagen and other cytoplasmic changes are stained by a combination of acid fuchsia, Biebrich scarlet and ponceau 2R, while old fibrin is demonstrated by the collagen stain. This method takes about 1 hr to perform and has the added advantage that several entities are clearly shown in a single slide.
4‐(E)‐But‐1‐enyl‐2,6‐di­methoxy­phenyl nicotinate

In the title compound, 4-(E)-but-1-enyl-2,6-di­methoxy­phenyl pyridine-3-carboxyl­ate, C18H19NO4, the butenyl substituent is in the trans configuration. The mol­ecules are linked by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of a chain extending through the whole crystal structure.
Importance of Initial Momentum Rate and Air-Fuel Premixing on Moderate or Intense Low Oxygen Dilution (MILD) Combustion in a Recuperative Furnace

This paper reports an investigation on the influences of air−fuel injection momentum rate and the air−fuel premixing on the moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion in a 20-kW recuperative furnace. Various patterns of partially and fully premixed reactants have proven experimentally to work extremely well in the present furnace. H2 recorded for a variety of equivalence ratios at a firing rate of 10 kW. The present numerical study suggests that there is a critical momentum rate of the inlet fuel−air mixture below which the MILD combustion cannot occur. Also, it is revealed, both experimentally and numerically, that, above the critical rate, both the inlet fuel−air mixedness and momentum rate impose insignificant influence on the stability of and emissions from the MILD combustion.
A Facile Solution Route for Polymeric Hollow Spheres with Controllable Size

Hollow spheres have the potential for promising applications because of their advantageous properties, such as low effective density and high specific surface area. [1] In particular, they have been attracting increasing interest due to the possibility of their use in drug delivery, catalysis, paper coating, cosmetic foundations, and so forth. [2–6] Although there are many strategies for preparing hollow polymeric spheres, [
SOLUBILIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES VIA POLYMER ATTACHMENT

Carbon nanotubes were functionalized by polystyrene copolymers, poly(styrene-co-hydroxymethylstyrene) and poly(styrene-co-aminomethylstyrene), under esterification and amidation reaction conditions, respectively. The polymer-attached carbon nanotubes are soluble in common organic solvents, forming colored homogeneous solutions. Results from the characterization of the functionalized carbon nanotubes are presented and discussed.
Au wetting and nanoparticle stability on GaAs(111)B

Au nanoparticles and Au films for growth of nanowires on the GaAs(111)B surface have been studied by a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques. If Au is present in either form, annealing to temperatures relevant for nanowire growth results in the formation of a thin Au wetting layer. Based on density functional theory calculations and experimental data, a structural model is proposed with an Au atom on every third threefold hollow hcp site of the Ga lattice. The authors observe that the stability of Au nanoparticles is governed by the presence of the wetting layer and outdiffusion of Au from the nanoparticles.
Multi-addressable molecular switches based on a new diarylethene salicylal Schiff base derivative

A novel photochromic diarylethene with a salicylidene Schiff base substituent has been synthesized and characterized. The diarylethene could be used as a multi-addressable fluorescence switch when triggered by light, protons and metal ions. As a result, two logic circuits were constructed with the unimolecular platform by using the fluorescence intensity at different wavelengths as outputs and appropriate combinational stimuli of UV/Vis light, TEA/TFA, and Al(III)/EDTA as inputs. Moreover, the diarylethene derivative was found to be highly selective towards Al(III) with significant color and fluorescence changes for potential applications as colorimetric fluorescent chemosensors.
Two-dimensional shape-based diffuse optical tomography: methodology, silumation and pilot experiment

In this paper we apply the shape-based approach to diffuse optical tomography (DOT) reconstruction, which aims to simultaneously recover the smooth boundaries of the tissue regions and the constant coefficients within them. An advantage of shape-based solutions is the reduction of the unknown parameters, which is especially important for nonlinear ill-posed inverse problems. We introduce a Fourier series representation of the closed region boundaries and a boundary element method (BEM) for the forward model. For inverse problem the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization process is implemented here. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by simulations at different noise levels and phantom experiment which is embedded a single cylinder target. We can get reasonable reconstruction from both Gauss noise and real noise in the experimental study. The results illuminate that the methodology is very promising and of global convergence, the boundaries and the optical coefficients can both be recovered with good accuracy from the noisy measurements.
Methane hydrate formation with surfactants fixed on the surface of polystyrene nanospheres

To improve the application of surfactants in methane hydrate formation, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was fixed on the surface of polystyrene nanospheres (named as SDS@PSNS). SDS@PSNS resulted in a shorter induction period of hydrate formation compared to SDS. With SDS@PSNS as a promoter, hydrates formed mainly at the bottom of the reactor with a much higher apparent density and higher methane consumption, and during the hydrate dissociation period, less foam was generated. In addition, the recycling experiments showed high stability and good recycling performance of SDS@PSNS in seven methane hydrate formation–dissociation cycles.
Techniques for Characterization of Charge Carrier Mobility in Organic Semiconductors

The charge transport characteristics of organic semiconductors are one of the key attributes that impacts the performance of organic electronic and optoelectronic devices in which they are utilized. For improved performance in organic photovoltaic cells, light-emitting diodes, and field-effect transistors (FETs), efficient transport of the charge carriers within the organic semiconductor is especially critical. Characterization of charge transport in these organic semiconductors is important both from scientific and technological perspectives. In this review, we shall mainly discuss the techniques for measuring the charge carrier mobility and not the theoretical underpinnings of the mechanism of charge transport. Mobility measurements in organic semiconductors and particularly in conjugated polymers, using space-charge-limited current, time of flight, carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage, double injection, FETs, and impedance spectroscopy are discussed. The relative merits, as well as limitations for each of these techniques are reviewed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
A comparison of methyl iodide emissions from seawater and wet depositional fluxes of iodine over the southern North Sea

The results of measurements of sea-to-air fluxes of methyl iodide and air-to-sea wet depositional fluxes of iodide and iodate over the southern North Sea are reported. The estimated average annual flux of methyl iodide out of the southern North Sea is 8 × 10 5 moles yr −1 while the iodine deposition flux, based on average rainwater concentrations, is 6 × 10 5 moles yr −1 . Both emission fluxes of methyl iodide and deposition fluxes of total iodine show a modest seasonality with minimum fluxes in winter. The average concentration of iodine in the rainwater samples ( n = 40) over a one year period was 6.8 + 7.5 nm for total iodine, 3.1 + 2.7 nm for iodate and 3.7 + 6.6 nm for iodide. There is no evidence of seasonality in the iodide/iodate ratio in rainwater over the year. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1996. 00010.x
Phase waves in oscillatory chemical reactions

A theory is presented for the effect of heterogeneity on an oscillatory chemically reactive system in a stable limit cycle. We develop a perturbation technique free of secular behavior for the solution of the nonlinear partial differential equations. The solutions are obtained in terms of a phase function which obeys a diffusion equation. Due to this diffusion there exist phase waves which propagate down the phase gradient. We derive equations for the position of the phase front as a function of time, the departure (arrival) times of waves, the wave pattern and the lifetime of each wave emitted from a center of heterogeneous catalysis, the interference effects between neighboring heterogeneities (pacemakers), and local renormalization effects (frequency changes) from heterogeneities extending over regions of nonzero extent. The theory is shown to break down for systems with relaxation oscillations but is confirmed quantitatively for more smoothly varying limit cycles. The spatial range of dynamic control of heterogeneity grows with time in an oscillatory reacting system, but is limited by the chemical relaxation time for a monotonically reacting system.
Fully On-line TLC/HPTLC with Diode-Array Detection and Continuous Development. Part 1: Description of the Method and Basic Possibilities

A novel liquid chromatographic technique, fully on-line TLC/HPTLC, is described. Although no forces other than capillary action are used, and evaporation of the mobile phase induces the linear mobile phase velocity, the method can be regarded as a type of forced-flow chromatography. The method integrates the idea of the continuous development, continuous-flow TLC, and diode-array detection. This paper describes the principle of the method, the design of the prototype apparatus, and the fundamental advantages of the novel technique.
Influence of pattern density in nanoimprint lithography

Polymer selection and critical dimension control across the wafer are key parameters for the nanoimprint lithography technique. This nanotechnology requires polymers having a low glass transition temperature Tg combined with a good etch resistance. In this work, three different polymers have been evaluated. The influence of the temperature and pressing time is analyzed to clarify the correlation between polymer behavior and printing uniformity as a function of the pattern density. Measurements of the polymer residual thickness show that the printing uniformity is strongly correlated with the thermal properties of the polymer.
Graphene oxide microspheres prepared by a simple, one-step ultrasonication method

We demonstrate herein a simple, one-step method for preparing stabilized microspheres of graphene oxide (GO), by applying ultra-sonic power to a biphasic system. The microsphere's size was affected by the pH of the aqueous solution, ranging from a few mm to μm. Further characterization indicated that the microsphere's inner content is composed mainly of organic solvents, though water and GO molecules may be also present at the microsphere's core. The microspheres were stable for several months without a significant conformation change. We predict that the stability arises from hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between the GO sheets and the solvents. Changing the organic solvent resulted in changes in the microsphere's morphology.