Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychology in econometric models: conceptual and methodological foundations

Personality, ability, trust, motivation and beliefs determine outcomes in life and in particular those of economic nature such as finding a job or earnings. A problem with this type of determinants is that they are not immanently objectively quantifiable and that there is no intrinsic scale - such as in the case of age, years of education or wages. Often we think of these concepts as complex and several items are needed to capture them. In the measurement sense, we dispose of a more or less noisy set of measures, which indirectly express and measure a concept of interest. This way of conceptualizing is used in latent variables modelling. I examine in this article in how far economic and econometric literature can contribute to specifying a framework of how to use latent variables in economic models. As a semiparametric identification strategy for models with endogeneous latent factors I propose to use existing work on identification in the presence of endogeneous variables and examine which additional assumptions are necessary to apply this strategy for models with latent variables. I discuss several estimation strategies and implement a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm.
Understanding the spread and adaptation of infectious diseases using genomic sequencing data

With new sequencing technologies it is becoming practical to rapidly produce high-quality genome sequences of a representative sample of the pathogen population in real-time. Moreover, with portable sequencers, it is possible to produce datasets with a high spatial and temporal resolution. This opens the door for real-time genomic surveillance of infectious disease outbreaks. Using a sampled ancestor birth-death skyline model we perform a phylodynamic analysis of 867 sequences sampled from the 2013–2016 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa and covering the period of most intense transmission. By using a smoothing prior based on an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to increase the time-resolution of the skyline we detect rapid temporal changes in epidemiological parameters and show a strong decline in the effective reproduction number (Re) during the second half of 2014. Our results are consistent with estimates from surveillance data and are robust to various prior assumptions. We validate our estimates of the sampling proportion against the number of reported cases and identify possible instances of underreporting. Importantly, we also show that estimates of epidemiological parameters are unbiased with respect to the time period over which data are sampled, making real-time estimates reliable. Nonetheless, our method is susceptible to spatial sampling biases and strong population structure. In order to maximize the usefulness of genomic surveillance it is necessary that sequencing efforts be carried out systematically and with a small enough sampling resolution to negate the biggest biases due to population structure. Our results show that birth-death skyline models can be used to provide real-time feedback on control measures during disease outbreaks, however to be useful, it is crucial that genomic sequencing data are made available as soon as possible.
A review of impacts of marine dredging activities on marine mammals

Victoria L. G. Todd1,2*, Ian B. Todd1,2, Jane C. Gardiner1, Erica C. N. Morrin1, Nicola A. MacPherson1, Nancy A. DiMarzio1, and Frank Thomsen3 Ocean Science Consulting Ltd (OSC), Ocean House, 4 Brewery Lane, Belhaven, Dunbar, East Lothian EH42 1PD, UK Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, Highfield, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK DHI, Agern Alle 5, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark *Corresponding author: tel: +44 1368 865 722; fax: +44 1368 865 729; e-mail: vt@osc.co.uk
Measuring the Correlation between Commercial and Economic States of Countries (B2G Relations) and the E-Government Readiness Index by Using Neural Networks

The E-government Readiness Index is a composite index created from the Neural Index, the Telecommunication Infrastructure Index and the Human Resources Index. Calculated annually by the World Bank, this index offers information on such issues as the provision of public services and the use of these services by individuals and institutions. In this study, we examine whether the E-government Readiness Index provides information on the compliance of the business lives of countries with an e-government structure by using neural networks.
Atmospheric emission from hydrogen-shell-burning white dwarfs as supersoft X-ray sources

ABSTRA C T The radiation spectra of supersoft X-ray sources based on a model for hydrogen burning on the white dwarf surface are investigated by solving hydrostatic equilibrium, radiative equilibrium, statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer self-consistently for various sets of mass, radius and luminosity. It is found that the radiation spectrum shows many bound‐free emission/absorption features and greatly deviates from the blackbody spectrum at the effective temperature. By the effect of incoherent Compton scattering, the bound‐free emission/absorption features do not appear in strong emission/absorption edges, as predicted by coherent models without Compton scattering, but appear as weak humps and relatively shallow absorption edges. The difference between the incoherent model and the coherent model is prominent for L > 0:5LEdd: A calculated spectrum is fitted to the ASCA observations of RX J0925.724758. It is found that the entire spectrum of RX J0925.724758 cannot be reproduced by model atmospheres with any parameter sets. This suggests that the observed spectrum consists of two or more components. In this case, the atmospheric component is explained by the emission from a white dwarf near the Chandrasekhar limit (,1.4 M() with L , 0:2LEdd at a distance of >16‐20 kpc.
Molecular Simulations and Numerical Methods in Theories of Fluids

of the Doctoral Thesis 2013 Molekulárńı simulace a numerické metody v teorii tekutin Jan Krejč́ı Př́ırodovědecká fakulta, katedra fyziky Univerzita J. E. Purkyně v Úst́ı nad Labem Autoreferát disertačńı práce 2013 Molecular Simulations and Numerical Methods in Theories of Fluids Krejč́ı Jan Abstract of the Doctoral Thesis Disertačńı práce byla vypracována na základě vědeckých výsledk̊u źıskaných v rámci doktorského studia oboru P1703 Poč́ıtačové metody ve vědě a technice na katedře fyziky Př́ırodovědecké fakulty Univerzity J.E. Purkyně v Úst́ı nad Labem v letech 2005–2013. Doktorand: Mgr. Jan Krejč́ı Školitel: prof. RNDr Ivo Nezbeda, DrSc. katedra chemie, PřF UJEP České mládeže 8, 400 96 Úst́ı nad Labem Oponenti: prof. Ing. Anatol Malijevský, CSc. Ústav fyzikálńı chemie, VŠCHT Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 – Dejvice Ing. Jan Pavĺıček, CSc. Termodynamická laboratoř E. Hály Ústav chemických proces̊u AV ČR 165 02 Praha 6 – Suchdol Autoreferát byl odeslán dne: Tento autoreferát je online dostupný na http://sci.ujep. cz/doktorskestudiuminfo.html. Obhajoba se koná dne v hodin před komiśı pro obhajoby disertačńıch praćı v oboru P1703 Poč́ıtačové metody ve vědě a technice na Př́ırodovědecké fakultě Univerzity J.E. Purkyně v Úst́ı nad Labem v mı́stnosti č. , České mládeže 8, 400 96 Úst́ı nad Labem. S dizertačńı praćı je možno se seznámit na studijńım odděleńı Př́ırodovědecké fakulty Univerzity J.E. Purkyně v Úst́ı nad Labem. Předseda oborové rady: prof. RNDr. Rudolf Hrach, DrSc. katedra fyziky, PřF UJEP České mládeže 8, 400 96 Úst́ı nad Labem
Environmental heterogeneity: Anuran diversity in homogeneous environments

The northwestern region of Sao Paulo was extensively deforested during the agricultural expansion in the last century and only small fragments of the original vegetation cover remained. In this study, we investigated how habitat features influence the composition, richness, and diversity of anurans in environments homogenized by agricultural activities. We sampled monthly six breeding ponds located in pasture areas during twelve months. We recorded ten environmental descriptors for each breeding pond. We found 18 anuran species. The breeding ponds were structurally similar, but species composition differed among them. The environmental descriptors influence varies for each species, as demonstrated by the different associations between species and environmental descriptors shown in the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Seven of the ten environmental descriptors explained 67% of the species richness, showing that environmental characteristics influenced the occurrence of the different species. There is no such data set for the region and also for most Brazilian regions, despite its importance in guiding species-oriented conservation actions.
Extracción de información en informes médicos

El acceso a la informacion contenida dentro de un informe medico es vital tanto para la investigacion como para el tratamiento de los pacientes. Sin embargo, la informacion relevante suele estar escrita en lenguaje natural, por lo su procesamiento automatico no es una tarea trivial. Con este objetivo en mente, hemos desarrollado un sistema capaz de obtener un archivo que represente el contenido mas relevante de un informe clinico. Como parte de esta representacion se deberan detectar aquellos conceptos medicos pertenecientes a una de las ontologias mas utilizadas en este ambito, UMLS. Ademas previamente se realizara un proceso automatico de correccion ortografica, expansion de acronimos y deteccion de frases afirmadas, negadas y especuladas. Todo esto en dos de los idiomas mas hablados a nivel mundial: espanol e ingles. Esta representacion permitira a su vez desarrollar aplicaciones que la utilicen, por lo que se ha implementado tambien un buscador de informes medicos como ejemplo de ello. Por ultimo, como parte de este trabajo, tambien se incluye todo el proceso seguido durante nuestra participacion en el Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum del ano 2013, una de las organizaciones mas conocidas a nivel internacional en el campo de la recuperacion de informacion, asi como el articulo cientifico desarrollado para la misma. [ABSTRACT] The information inside a medial report it’s very important for researchers and for the patient. But this information is usually written in natural language, so automatic processing isn’t a trivial task. With this target in mind, we developed a system that is able to generate a representation which contains the most relevant information in a medical report. It detects medical concepts from one of most popular biomedical ontologies, UMLS. Previously will also perform a spelling correction, acronym expansion and affirmed, negated and speculated sentences detection. All this process could be executed into the two most spoken languages in the world, English and Spanish. The representation will allow us to develop applications that use it. In fact it’s been including a searcher for medical reports to show an example of what can be done with our software. Finally, as part of this work, we explain our experience in our participation into the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum 2013, a self-organized body whose is wellknown in the international IR community, and the paper generate for it.
External geophysics, climate and environment (Climate) Solar forcing of the terrestrial atmosphere

The Sun provides the main energy input to the terrestrial atmosphere, and yet the impact of solar variability on long-term changes remains a controversial issue. Direct radiative forcing is the most studied mechanism. Other much weaker mechanisms, however, can have a significant leverage, but the underlying physics is often poorly known. We review the main mechanisms by which solar variability may impact the terrestrial atmosphere on time scales ranging from days to millennia. This includes radiative forcing, but also the effect of interplanetary perturbations and energetic particle fluxes, all of which are eventually driven by the
Do mammalian nest predators follow human scent trails in the shortgrass prairie

Nest predation, the major cause of nest failure in passerines, has exerted a strong influence on the evolution of life history traits of birds. Because human disturbance during nest monitoring may alter predation rates, we investigated whether human scent affected the survival of artificial ground nests in shortgrass prairie. Our experiment consisted of two treatments, one in which there was no attempt to mask human scent along travel routes between artificial nests, and one in which we masked human scent with cow manure, a scent familiar to mammalian predators in the study area. We found no evidence that human scent influenced predation rates, nor that mammalian predators followed human trails between nests. We conclude that scent trails made by investigators do not result in lower nesting success of passerines of the shortgrass prairie where vegetation trampling is minimal, mammalian predators predominate, and avian predators are rare. Received 9 Nov 1998, accepted 10 Feb. 1999. Predation has exerted a strong influence on the evolution of habitat selection and life his- tory traits for many avian species (Martin 1993b). Research on a broad array of ecolog- ical topics requires estimates of avian fecun- dity. Because nest predation is the major cause of nest failure in passerines (Ricklefs 1969; Martin 1992, 1993a, b), researchers have fre- quently expressed concerns that monitoring might artificially increase predation rates (Mayfield 1975, Major 1990, Gotmark 1992). Predators might be attracted to nests by vi- sual cues, such as the presence of researchers, trampling of vegetation, increased activity of parent birds, and by olfactory cues. Mamma- lian predators are thought to follow tracks in the vegetation and to respond to human scent along the trails or at the nests (Creighton 1971, Wilson 1976, No1 and Brooks 1982, Gotmark 1992, Whelan et al. 1994). In a re- view paper on investigator bias, Gotmark (1992) concluded there was little or no evi- dence that researcher disturbance increased
Estimating the Population Standard Deviation with Confidence Interval: A Simulation Study under Skewed and Symmetric Conditions

This paper investigates the performance of ten methods for constructing a confidence interval estimator for the population standard deviation by a simulation study. Since a theoretical comparison among the interval estimators is not possible, a simulation study has been conducted to compare the performance of the selected interval estimators. Data were randomly generated from several distributions with a range of sample sizes. Various evaluation criterions are considered for performance comparison. Two health related data have been analyzed to illustrate the application of the proposed confidence intervals. Based on simulation results, some intervals with the best performance have been recommended for practitioners.
Multimedia Based Community Question Answer by Harvesting Web Based Information

Community question answers have become extremely popular over the some past few years. It allows community members to share their thoughts by answering given question or acquire information from a set of answered questions. However, existing cQA forum support only textual answer which is not so informative for many community users. The cQA forum can be enhanced by adding suitable multimedia data. Multimedia question answer (MMQA) provides intuitive information with more appropriate image or video. This scheme include a rich set of information including classification of question and answer, query generation, multimedia data selection and presentation . This scheme automatically looking for which type of multimedia information should be added to enrich the textual information and it will automatically collect data from web to elaborate the answer. The data set of cQA forum processes a collection of question answer pair for comparing question with those in the dataset. The purpose of MMQA Method is to provide a multimedia data such as image and video for answering complex question. The multimedia search diversification method helps to collect the appropriate answer based on questions. It provides relevant answer to the user for more effectiveness.
Superresolution with Seismic Arrays using Empirical Matched Field Processing

Scattering and refraction of seismic waves can be exploited with empirical matched field processing of array observations to distinguish sources separated by much less than the classical resolution limit. To describe this effect, we use the term 'superresolution', a term widely used in the optics and signal processing literature to denote systems that break the diffraction limit. We illustrate superresolution with Pn signals recorded by the ARCES array in northern Norway, using them to identify the origins with 98.2% accuracy of 549 explosions conducted by closely-spaced mines in northwest Russia. The mines are observed at 340-410 kilometers range and are separated by as little as 3 kilometers. When viewed from ARCES many are separated by just tenths of a degree in azimuth. This classification performance results from an adaptation to transient seismic signals of techniques developed in underwater acoustics for localization of continuous sound sources. Matched field processing is a potential competitor to frequency-wavenumber and waveform correlation methods currently used for event detection, classification and location. It operates by capturing the spatial structure of wavefields incident from a particular source in a series of narrow frequency bands. In the rich seismic scattering environment, closely-spaced sources far from the observing array nonetheless produce distinct wavefield amplitude and phase patterns across the small array aperture. With observations of repeating events, these patterns can be calibrated over a wide band of frequencies (e.g. 2.5-12.5 Hertz) for use in a power estimation technique similar to frequency-wavenumber analysis. The calibrations enable coherent processing at high frequencies at which wavefields normally are considered incoherent under a plane wave model.
Climate and site management as driving factors for the atmospheric greenhouse gas exchange of a restored wetland

The atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of a restored wetland in western Denmark was established for the years 2009-2011 from eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. The water table in the wetland, which was restored in 2002, was un- regulated, and the vegetation height was limited through oc- casional grazing by cattle and grass cutting. The annual net CO2 uptake varied between 195 and 983 g m 2 and the an- nual net CH4 release varied between 11 and 17 g m 2 . In all three years the wetland was a carbon sink and removed be- tween 42 and 259 g C m 2 from the atmosphere. However, in terms of the full annual GHG budget (assuming that 1 g CH4 is equivalent to 25 g CO2 with respect to the greenhouse ef- fect over a time horizon of 100 years) the wetland was a sink in 2009, a source in 2010 and neutral in 2011. Complemen- tary observations of meteorological factors and management activities were used to explain the large inter-annual varia- tions in the full atmospheric GHG budget of the wetland. The largest impact on the annual GHG fluxes, eventually defining their sign, came from site management through changes in grazing duration and animal stocking density. These changes accounted for half of the observed variability in the CO2 fluxes and about two thirds of the variability in CH 4 fluxes. An unusually long period of snow cover in 2010 had the sec- ond largest effect on the annual CO2 flux, whose interannual variability was larger than that of the CH4 flux. Since inte- grated CO2 and CH4 flux data from restored wetlands are still very rare, it is concluded that more long-term flux measure- ments are needed to quantify the effects of ecosystem dis- turbance, in terms of management activities and exceptional weather patterns, on the atmospheric GHG budget more ac- curately.
Role of ‘Green Knowledge’ in the Environmental Transformation of the Supply Chain: The Case of Greek Manufacturing

This paper examines the role that the management of green knowledge and the use of environmental intellectual capital play in the implementation process of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in Greek manufacturing companies. Greece is one of the economies with low perceptions of environmental friendliness within the business community. One of the crucial criteria for a company to commit itself seriously to green supply chain management practices is the question of how such an approach affects performance and how much added value can be created through such commitment. Based on a literature review the data for this research were collected through multiple in-depth case studies. The results illustrate that while good management of green knowledge can lead to added value, the definition and implementation of relevant measure items and targets seem indispensable for the improvement of green knowledge quality and as an important driver for implementation of GSCM practices.
Water film structure during rupture as revealed by MDS image analysis

The structure of thin water films during the rupture process was investigated by a new approach, which combines molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) with image processing analysis. The analysis procedure was developed to convert MDS trajectories to readable 3D images. The water films were studied at different thicknesses by MDS to determine the critical thickness at which the film ruptures. The potential energy of each specific film thickness during the simulation time was analyzed, and the results showed that the potential energy of stable films remained unchanged while the potential energy kept decreasing for films which ruptured during the simulation time. By applying the new procedure, the molecular porosity, which is defined as the void fraction between the volume of molecular pores in the water film and the total volume of the water film, was calculated. The results of molecular porosity for different film thicknesses during the simulation time suggested a critical molecular porosity of 49%. In other words, stable films have a molecular porosity of less than 49%. If a water film has a molecular porosity greater than 49%, rupture occurs during the simulation.
Dealing with Depression in Family Caregivers

Results: The change from one therapeutic approach (Cognitive-behavioural therapy) to another (Narrative Therapy) facilitates enlisting the caregiver’s unique strengths, resources and competence to overcome the diffi culties and challenges identifi ed during the process of change. In dealing with depression in family caregivers, nurses should not only be fl exible but also remain sceptical in using different approaches, with heightened awareness of the client’s circumstances. Case Report