Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flux vector modulation for single-phase inverter with LC output filter

The inverter often connects to load or grid through inductor-capacitor (LC) filter for feeding the filtered voltage and current. The carrier based modulation techniques, such as sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector modulation (SVM), require some kind of current control in LC filter connected inverter to damp out the LC resonance. The major advantage of flux vector modulation for the inverter with output LC filter is that the voltage control loop alone can damp out the resonance of LC filter. Hence, there is no need to use extra passive components or active damping controller. In this paper, the flux vector modulation for single-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) is proposed. The theoretical development and the digital implementation steps of flux vector modulation are described. The synchronously rotating reference frame (SRRF) proportional-integral (PI) controller is used for output voltage control for stand-alone operation of inverter. The single-phase inverter with output LC filter in stand-alone mode controlled by only voltage control loop with the flux vector modulation is validated through laboratory experiments.
Vulnerability of allografts to rejection by MHC class II-restricted T-cell receptor transgenic mice1

Background. Examination of the in vivo activation and function of CD4+ T cells in response to allografts may advance our understanding of the rejection process. We analyzed the capacity of transgenic class II-restricted CD4 T cells to reject skin, cardiac, and islet transplants. Methods. TS1 mice possess a high frequency of CD4+ T cells specific for the immunodominant epitope of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein. We analyzed the kinetics of rejection of skin, heart, and islet grafts by naïve and sensitized TS1 mice and by adoptively transferred TS1 lymphocytes. Results. Rejection of heart transplants was more rapid than skin grafts (mean survival time, 12.9 vs. 26.6 days), and islet grafts survived indefinitely in TS1 mice. These findings may be partly attributable to the supranormal frequency of HA-reactive cells in TS1 mice. In support of this, we found that adoptive transfer of 5 × 105 TS1 lymphocytes to Balb/c hosts effected consistent rejection of HA-bearing skin transplants, whereas a significantly greater number (3 × 106) was required for heart transplant rejection. The in vivo proliferative response of HA-specific T cells to heart and skin was found to be robust and predominantly localized to the draining lymph nodes. Conclusion. We developed a model of allograft rejection in which the responding T cells and relevant graft antigen are specifically defined. Adoptive transfer of carboxy-fluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeled transgenic T cells allowed us to visualize a robust proliferative response in vivo to heart and skin allografts, which in both cases was localized to regional lymph nodes.
A Color of His Own

Every animal has its own color and "wears it" with pride. Is this a rule? There appears to be an exception, the chameleon; it seems to change color wherever it goes! Actually, chameleon is the common name for the anole, the best known lizard in our Western Hemisphere. Under the influence of light, temperature, or even its own emotions, the anole may be bright green, brown, or gray. This form of camouflage provides great protection for this small reptile. The Chameleon in Leo Lionni's story, however, does not see this color changing ability as an attribute; he wants a color of his own! He tries remaining on a leaf, but finds that the leaf itself experiences a series of color changes as the fall season ends and the winter one begins. Finally, when spring comes, he finds a wonderful solution as he gains a true friend. The Touch-ItTM Paper changes color with the temperature in your hands. Besides being amazed and excited about what happens when they pick up the paper, students could make a chameleon out of different colored papers and then do some problem solving. What color does the chameleon have to become when the paper changes color?
Design and Implementation of Lifecycle Management for Industrial Control Applications

This paper presents an integrated methodology to manage the lifecycle of industrial control applications, which covers the adaptive estimation and iterative optimization of process parameters, as well as the needs for fault diagnosis and continuous monitoring. More specifically, the design philosophy behind this scheme starts with the parameterization of all stabilizing controllers in the residual generator-based form, and then proceeds with the formation of the expandable controller architecture with an integrated residual access. To further implement the methodology, control system parameters are classified functionally with different importance and preemptive priorities. In the end, some experimental studies and comparative evaluation are conducted in the laboratory continuous stirred tank heater process to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Optimal Method for Realizing Two-Sided Inferences About a Linear Combination of Two Proportions

In order to reach the inference about a linear combination of two independent binomial proportions, various procedures exist (Wald's classic method, the exact, approximate, or maximized score methods, and the Newcombe-Zou method). This article defines and evaluates 25 different methods of inference, and selects the ones with the best behavior. In general terms, the optimal method is the classic Wald method applied to the data to which z 2 α/2/4 successes and z 2 α/2/4 failures are added (≈1 if α = 5%) if no sample proportion has a value of 0 or 1 (otherwise the added increase may be different). Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation to view the free supplemental file.
Can Armrests Improve Comfort and Task Performance in Laparoscopic Surgery?

Objective:The study sought to determine whether the support provided by armrests influenced task quality, task efficiency, and surgeon comfort during laparoscopic surgery. Summary Background Data:Complex laparoscopic surgery requires precise movements, and usually long execution times and an uncomfortable stance. Discomfort in the shoulders, back, and neck is an established complaint among laparoscopic surgeons and is related to the unnatural postures adopted during laparoscopic interventions. Discomfort, and the associated fatigue, is a contributory factor in the execution of errors. Methods:Nineteen subjects completed a bimanual simulated laparoscopic task both with and without the aid of bilateral armrests. The task was completed in both an ideal unstressed posture and an uncomfortable, stressed elevated posture that more closely represents real laparoscopic operating conditions. Task duration was prolonged sufficiently to precipitate muscular fatigue. The participants also completed a visual analogue scale instrument on level of discomfort symptoms experienced in every part of the upper limbs and vertebral spine. Execution errors (task quality) and completion times (task efficiency) were recorded automatically by the laparoscopic simulator. Results:Error rates and discomfort measures were significantly improved when the armrests were used, but there was no significant change in task completion time. Conclusions:The use of armrests in simulated laparoscopic surgery brings measurable comfort and task performance benefits, which could transfer to actual surgical procedures.
Moisture Effects on NCF Adhesion and Solder Joint Reliability of Chip-on-Board Assembly Using Cu Pillar/Sn–Ag Microbump

Electronic devices as well as electronic packaging technology have required higher speed, I/O capability, and density. To meet these requirements, flip-chip solder bumps interconnection combined with reflow assembly process has been a widely used. In spite of the many advantages of flip-chip solder bump joints, there is a limitation for less than 100 $\mu \text{m}$ fine pitch interconnection due to the solder bump bridging during the assembly process. Therefore, nonconductive films (NCFs) and Cu pillar/Sn–Ag microbump interconnection become a promising interconnection solution for fine pitch assembly. However, NCFs technology has some problems for flip-chip assembly. Epoxy-based NCF can easily absorb moisture, causing delamination reliability problem at moisture environment. In order to solve the interconnection, the NCF adhesion should be enhanced. Silane coupling agent (SCA) was added to NCFs to secure the microbump joint reliability for chip-on-board assembly by increasing the adhesion strength in the pressure cooker test. After the humidity test, the NCFs’ modulus and Tg were increased by adding SCA content. Moreover, the measured adhesion strength and energy showed similar results after the humidity test that higher SCA content showed high adhesion strength and energy than lower SCA content and unmodified NCF at the interface between NCF and solder resist of the printed circuit board substrate. The bump joint lifetime of 5wt% SCA NCF was longer than 1wt% SCA and unmodified NCF after the humidity test. In this paper, we report results of our investigations on effects of employing SCA in NCF composition for improved moisture resistance.
Novel Framework for Enhancing Communication Performance Quality in 5G Networks

—The existing telecommunication standard hypothetically cater up the user’s demands at the cost of short delay, power drainage, not so standard throughput. We reviewed the existing literatures of bit loading and power allocation to find more inclination towards 3G and 4G-based enabling technologies (OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and less towards 5G-based enabling technologies (e.g. FBMC-Filter Bank Multiple Carrier) almost no work is done towards 5G network. Hence, we present a framework of bit loading and power allocation that uses FBMC, incorporates a new encoding, and introduced a novel modulation technique over a stream of signal to find it more optimally supporting the demands of 5G networks. The study outcome was found to possess lower error rate, higher data delivery performance, lower power usage, and faster processing time in comparison to existing legacy standards.
Zero-link polymerized hemoglobin (OxyVita®Hb) stabilizes the heme environment: potential for lowering vascular oxidative stress

Abstract A study was conducted to compare the resistance to heme exposure between myoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, and OxyVita®Hb (zero-link-hemoglobin-polymer). The rate of release of heme-iron is related to the tissue oxidative stress that can elicit deleterious effects in clinical uses of blood substitutes. Experimental work has focused on the unfolding of hemoglobin molecules, resulting in heme loss, by using urea as a denaturant and analyzing the Soret spectral region. These unfolding studies provide evidence for both the structural integrity and redox stability of OxyVita®Hb and demonstrate that OxyVita®Hb does not readily unfold and its heme exposure/release is greatly reduced.
Joint Destruction and Osteoporosis are Associated with Upregulation of IL-34 and Cathepsin k Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clinical Trial with Anti TNF ÃÂ± Therapy

Background: Previous studies demonstrated that significant association was found between IL-34 synovial tissue expression and synovitis severity in RA. Furthermore the overexpression of cathepsin K in RA synovia proves that this protease may become a new and highly specific biomarker for RA. Objective: To find out whether serum levels of IL-34 and Cathepsin-K vary in patients with longstanding RA treated with biologic therapy versus early RA patients treated with conventional DMARDS. Also to estimate any association between their baseline serum levels and disease activity, subsequent joint destruction and osteoporosis. Methods: This study included forty one RA patients, 21 as a patient group who started treatment with anti TNFα therapy. Group of controls included 20 RA patients who were treated with DMARDs. Full clinical and laboratory assessment as well as radiological by Van Der Heide Sharp score (SHS) and DEXA T scores were done. Serum IL34 and cathepsin k were assessed by ELISA before and one year after treatment. Results: After one year of therapy, patients group had significant lower serum IL-34 (s.IL-34) level, cathepsin K level CRP, DAS28, DEXA T-score, and SHS. (p<0.01) than baseline values(p<0.01), while no significant change in s.IL-34, cathepsin-K in controls. Baseline sIL34 and cathepsin K were positively correlated with DAS28 and SHS and DEXA T scores (pEÂ‚0.05). There was a significant difference in morning stiffness, DAS28, and serum IL-34 in good responders versus poor responders according to WHO/ILAR response criteria of improvement among patients group. High baseline DAS28 is independent risk factors for radiographic change in RA while high baseline CRP is a risk factor for osteoporosis in RA patients. Conclusion: Serum IL 34 and cathepsin k were strongly linked to disease activity and duration in RA patients and were highly relevant to both localized osteoporosis and generalized osteoporosis. Also, Anti TNFα therapy effectively decrease both biomarkers regardless drug type, with amelioration of clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters of RA patients.
The correct phylogenetic position of Lotus conimbricensis Brot. (Leguminosae, Loteae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences

The correct phylogenetic position of Lotus conimbricensis Brot. (Leguminosae, Loteae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences The nrDNA ITS sequence determined in Lotus conimbricensis in a previous phylogenetic study was unusual, in that it was almost identical to those retrieved from the morphologically distinct species L. subbiflorus. In the present study we sequenced new specimens of both species to reassess the phylogenetic position of L. conimbricensis. We conclude that the ITS sequence of L. conimbricensis used in the earlier analyses was most likely erroneous, and in fact L. conimbricensis is not closely related to L. subbiflorus. Critical reexamination of previously published data indicates that several other similar errors may exist for other Lotus species, and these should be checked before taxonomic conclusions are made.
Specific Star Formation Rate Profiles in Nearby Spiral Galaxies: Quantifying the Inside-Out Formation of Disks

We present specific star formation rate (sSFR) radial profiles for a sample of 161 relatively face-on spiral galaxies from the GALEX Atlas of Nearby Galaxies. The sSFR profiles are derived from GALEX and 2MASS (FUV - K) color profiles after a proper SFR calibration of the UV luminosity and K-band mass-to-light ratio are adopted. The (FUV - K) profiles were first corrected for foreground Galactic extinction and later for internal extinction using the ratio of the total-infrared (TIR) to FUV emission. For those objects where TIR-to-FUV ratio radial profiles were not available, the (FUV - NUV) color profiles were used as a measure of the UV slope. The sSFR radial gradients derived from these profiles allow us to quantify the inside-out scenario for the growth of spiral disks for the first time in the local universe. We find a large dispersion in the slope of the sSFR profiles with a slightly positive mean value, which implies a moderate inside-out disk formation. There is also a strong dependency of the value of this slope on the luminosity and size of the disks, with large systems showing a uniform, slightly positive slope in almost all cases and low-luminosity small disks showing a large dispersion with both positive and negative large values. While a majority of the galaxies can be interpreted as forming stars gradually either from inside out or from outside in, a few disks require episodes of enhanced recent growth with scale lengths of the SFR (or gas infall) being significantly larger at present than in the past. We do not find any clear dependence of the sSFR gradient on the environment (local galaxy density or presence of close neighbors).
An innovative real-time price based distributed optimal energy management of multi-microgrids in a smart distribution system

This paper propose a novel distributed optimal energy management algorithm for a smart distribution system (SDM) with multiple microgrids in real-time electricity price market. Due to the microgrids belong to different owners and thus they should be considered as distinct entities with individual objectives. The centralized energy management system (EMS) cannot deal with this problem and may infringe customer's privacy. Each microgrid has energy storage units, responsive loads, controllable distributed generation units, and renewable energy resources. In order to achieve the equilibrium among microgrids and satisfy the power capacity constraints of the distribution network, we formulate a sequential non-corporative games model based distributed energy management algorithm to coordinate the operation of the microgrids. A finite mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model is formulated to solve this problem. Case study is implemented and the simulation results show that our method is flexible and efficient.
Smoothing transformer as effective differential mode filter

Reducing differential mode (dm) noise of switching converters in an effective way is an open issue. Here, a thorough investigation of the filtering technique with integrated magnetics combined with a sensitivity analysis for mismatches in the coupling factor is done together with an analysis of the optimized distribution of capacitance between the two capacitors involved. The whole analysis is done in the frequency domain. Therefore, a proper model is given.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF GASTROSCHISIS USING SILIMED GASTROSCHISIS CONTAINER-CASE REPORT

Gastroschisis is a defect of the abdominal wall, on the right side of the umbilical cord, where eviscering intestinal loops. The vertical opening is approximately 2 to 5 cm in size, with the umbilicus normally developed and properly positioned. The small and large intestines are usually the only organs protruding outside the abdominal wall. The spleen and liver may also be involved, but with a much lower incidence. Malformations of other major organ systems are infrequently associated with gastroschisis; however, if malformations occur, they are commonly related to infarction or atresia of the herniated bowel.
Rendering Trees with Indirect Lighting in Real Time

High quality lighting is one of the challenges for interactive tree rendering. To this end, this paper presents a lighting model allowing real‐time rendering of trees with convincing indirect lighting. Rather than defining an empirical model to mimic lighting of real trees, we work at a lower level by modeling the spatial distribution of leaves and by assigning them probabilistic properties. We focus mainly on precise low‐frequency lighting that our eyes are more sensitive to and we add high‐frequency details afterwards. The resulting model is efficient and simple to implement on a GPU.
The immunophilin FK506‐binding protein modulates Ca2+ release channel closure in rat heart.

1. The nature of the signal that terminates the release of Ca2+ from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum has remained elusive. This study was intended to examine whether FK506‐binding protein (FKBP), which is tightly associated to the ryanodine receptor (RyR)/Ca2+ release channel, plays a role in the termination of Ca(2+)‐induced Ca2+ release (CICR) in heart. 2. Confocal microscopy and the Ca2+ indicator fluo‐3 were used to visualize the elementary release events, i.e. ‘Ca2+ sparks’ in rat ventricular myocytes under resting or voltage‐clamped conditions. Additionally, electrophysiological single‐channel recordings, at constant [Ca2+] or during [Ca2+] steps produced by photorelease of caged Ca2+, were obtained from rat cardiac RyRs incorporated in planar lipid bilayers. 3. Inhibition of FKBP by the immunosuppressants FK506 or rapamycin increased the duration of spontaneous or depolarization‐evoked Ca2+ sparks 6‐ to 7‐fold. In addition, Ca2+ sparks were seen with two‐level amplitudes, corresponding to full and half normal spark amplitude. 4. FK506 potentiated and prolonged electrically stimulated [Ca2+]i transients and contractions, but did not affect the amplitude and kinetics of the L‐type Ca2+ channel current. 5. In planar lipid bilayers, FK506 (15 microM) prolonged approximately 7‐fold the mean open lifetime of reconstituted single RyRs, induced the appearance of long‐lasting subconductance states, and markedly slowed the spontaneous decay of RyR activity elicited by fast and sustained Ca2+ stimuli. The time constant of the spontaneous decay of activity increased from 1.8 s in control to > or = 20 s in the presence of FK506. 6. We conclude that FKBP may afford an intrinsic mechanism to terminate RyR openings and it may thus exert a negative feedback on CICR in heart cells.
Paracrine and Autocrine Signals Promoting Full Chondrogenic Differentiation of a Mesoblastic Cell Line

The pluripotent mesoblastic C1 cell line was used under serum‐free culture conditions to investigate how paracrine and autocrine signals cooperate to drive chondrogenesis. Sequential addition of two systemic hormones, dexamethasone and triiodothyronine, permits full chondrogenic differentiation. The cell intrinsic activation of the BMP signaling pathway and Sox9 expression occurring on mesoblastic condensation is insufficient for recruitment of the progenitors. Dexamethasone‐dependent Sox9 upregulation is essential for chondrogenesis.
Emissions from smoldering combustion of biomass measured by open‐path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Biomass samples from a diverse range of ecosystems were burned in the Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory open combustion facility. Midinfrared spectra of the nascent emissions were acquired at several heights above the fires with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) coupled to an open multipass cell. In this report, the results from smoldering combustion during 24 fires are presented including production of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethene, ethyne, propene, formaldehyde, 2-hydroxyethanal, methanol, phenol, acetic acid, formic acid, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and carbonyl sulfide. These were the dominant products observed, and many have significant influence on atmospheric chemistry at the local, regional, and global scale. Included in these results are the first optical, in situ measurements of smoke composition from fires in grasses, hardwoods, and organic soils. About one half of the detected organic emissions arose from fuel pyrolysis which produces white smoke rich in oxygenated organic compounds. These compounds deserve more attention in the assessment of fire impacts on the atmosphere. The compound 2-hydroxyethanal is a significant component of the smoke, and it is reported here for the first time as a product of fires. Most of the observed alkane and ammonia production accompanied visible glowing combustion. NH3 is normally the major nitrogen-containing emission detected from smoldering combustion of biomass, but from some smoldering organic soils, HCN was dominant. Tar condensed on cool surfaces below the fires accounting for ∼1% of the biomass burned, but it was enriched in N by a factor of 6–7 over the parent material, and its possible role in postfire nutrient cycling should be further investigated.