Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation on flue-cured tobacco leaves quality of different stalk position with analysis of principal component and cluster.

The appearance quality of different stalk position leaves was grading.The main physical property and chemical components was analyzed.The results were chosen as main indexes for value,and the principal component and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the quality of leaves.The results showed that the samples could be classified to three groups and nine grading.Application of analysis of principal component and cluster in tobacco quality evaluation is more effective.
Aggregation of therapeutic antibodies in the course of downstream processing

For the production of highly concentrated mAb intermediate solutions in the course of downstream processing, ultrafiltration is the industry standard. Key challenges are to achieve high end concentrations and to reduce both process time and aggregate formation, particularly for therapeutic proteins intended for subcutaneous administration. Therefore, in this study the effects of operational parameters on permeate flux and aggregation in the concentrated solutions were investigated. An optimized ultrafiltration concentration method was developed based on systematic screening of retentate flow rate and transmembrane pressure at different protein concentrations in the retentate. In this method flow and pressure values are adjusted depending on the prevailing retentate concentration. The resulting three stage protocol reduces process time and assures a low aggregate burden compared to concentration processes operated at constant flow and pressure conditions. Flow and pressure profiles were set and recorded in lab scale using an automated tangential flow filtration system which has been shown to adequately reflect process conditions at manufacturing scale. The formation of IgG aggregates was monitored by turbidity measurement, SEHPLC, light obscuration, dynamic light scattering and a microscopic method. These techniques allow the characterization of a wide range of aggregate sizes of soluble and insoluble aggregates that can occur during processing. In addition, FT-IR spectroscopy was performed to investigate the secondary structure of the aggregates, revealing different quantiChapter III Highly concentrated mAb solutions: Optimized operational parameters in UF 48 ties of structurally perturbed protein which depend on applied flow and pressure conditions during UF. Finally, the concentrated material derived from the optimized method showed improved processability at sterile filtration which is an important manufacturing step prior to storage.
Effects of gamma radiation on the chemistry and antibacterial activity of artichoke leaves

Gamma-irradiation has been widely used as a first choice sterilization method of raw medicinal plants to be used in the phytotherapic industry worldwide. A comparative evaluation of HPLC profiles of both irradiated and non-irradiated plants is useful to comply on the reliability of this methodology. In this work, a widely used medicinal plant, artichoke, was investigated before and after being gamma-irradiated on several doses, and HPLC profile of all samples was obtained. Also, chlorogenic acid content was measured and the antibacterial activity of extracts irradiated was tested by disc diffusion test. Results showed good stability of artichoke active constituents over gamma-irradiation, but the HPLC profile showed absence of some minor compounds after irradiation as well as different results on antibacterial assays, suggesting need of further studies in order to assure safety and pharmacological effects in gamma irradiated phytotherapics.
Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds

• The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent is considerably higher than legal limits, resulting in high discharge fees or the requirement to supplement the process with activated carbon treatment. • Stripping of a part of the organic volatile compounds leads to air pollution problems and the necessity to cover the aerated basins and to treat the waste air. • Certain effluents are only diluted, such as those from chemical plants with a high concentration of non-biodegradable compounds. • Effluents containing toxic compounds reduce the removal rate in activated sludge plants. • Endocrine-disrupting compounds discharged into wastewater can pass through WWTPs and enter aquatic environments.
Preparation and performance of nanostructured iron oxide thin films for solar hydrogen generation

Nowadays, energy and its resources are of prime importance at the global level. During the last few decades there have been several driving forces for the investigation of new sources of energy. Hydrogen has long been identified as one of the most promising carriers of energy. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is one of the most promising means of producing hydrogen through a renewable source. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a strong candidate material as photoelectrode for PEC water splitting as it fulfils most of the selection criteria of a suitable photocatalyst material for hydrogen generation such as bandgap, chemical and photelectrochemical stability, and importantly ease of fabrication. This work has explored different preparation techniques for undoped and Si-doped iron oxide thin films using microwave-assisted and conventional preparation methods. Two distinct strategies towards improving PEC performance of hematite photoelectrodes were examined: retaining a finer nanostructure and enhancing the photocatalytic behaviour through doping. By depositing thin films using atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) and aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD) at high temperature, it was shown that a combination of different factors (such as silicon incorporation into the hematite structure and formation of lattice defects, along with a nanostructure of small agglomerate/cluster enhancing hole transportation to the surface) were the contributing factors in improving the PEC performance in hematite films. The role of the Si-containing precursors and their consecutive effect on nanostructure of the hematite films were investigated. Further work is needed to study the decomposition pattern of precursors and consequent effects of Si additives as well as co-dopants on fundamental physical and electrical properties of hematite electrodes. In addition, the feasibility of using microwave annealing for the fabrication of iron oxide thin films prepared by electrodeposition at low temperature was also investigated. Hematite films showed improved PEC performance when microwave assisted annealing was used. Microwave heating decreased the annealing temperature by ~40% while the PEC performance was increased by two-fold. The improved performance is attributed to the lower processing temperatures and rapidity of the microwave method that help to retain the nanostructure of the thin films whilst restricting the grain coalescence to a minimum. Around 60% of the energy can be saved using this low carbon foot-print approach compared to conventional annealing procedures for the lab-scale preparation of hematite films – a trait that will have significant implications for scale-up production. The lower processing temperature requirements of the microwave process can also open up the possibility of fabricating hematite thin films on conducting, flexible, plastic electronic substrates.
A RAPID BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING LEAF BROTH OF RAUVOLFIA TETRAPHYLLA AND THEIR PROMISING ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Article history Green synthesis of nanoscale materials is under exploration due to various biomedical research applications in nanobiotechnology. Rauvolfia tetraphylla is a small evergreen woody species which contains various alkaloids viz., ajamaline, reserpine, serpentine and tetraphyllincine. The present study describes the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were structurally characterized by UV- Visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Elemental and vibrational analyses of nanoparticles were carried out with Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT- IR) respectively. Bioreduction of silver ions by Rauvolfia tetraphylla leaf extract resulted in the synthesis of spherical, triangle and square shaped nanoparticles. The size of the silver nanoparticles was ranged from 26-37 nm. FT-IR spectrum confirmed the involvement of aromatic amines, amide (I) and amide (II) groups, flavonoids, polyols and secondary alcohols in capping and reduction of silver nanoparticles. Phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-7443), Escherichia coli (MTCC-739) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-1034). The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles approach appears to be cost effective, eco-friendly and easy alternative to other conventional methods for nanoparticles synthesis and its antibacterial activity.
On the Photochromism of Spiro[cyclohexadiene-dihydroacridines]

Abstract The recently synthesized spiro[cyclohexadiene-dihydroacridines] consisting of perpendicularly arranged aroylcyclohexadiene and N-methyl-dihydroacridine moieties were found to have photochromic properties. The reversible photoisomerization from the spiro compound toward a colored merocyanine caused by C–C bond cleavage in the cyclohexadiene was studied by stationary and time-resolved measurements of their optical spectra. The course of the absorption under UV and visible irradiation, respectively, and HPLC analysis of the photoproducts result in the determination of excitation energy-dependent quantum yields for the merocyanine formation and, in reverse, the ring closure, as well as degradation. Whereas the thermal back reaction completely recovers the spiro compound (k ≈ 6.8 × 10−4 s−1, T = 22°C), degradation of the merocyanine under irradiation at 480 nm has a probability of about 6%. Picosecond-resolved measurements of the fluorescence and the transient absorption show that photoisomerization occurs via the first excited singlet state within 100 ps depending on the activation barrier.
Biological removal of metal ions from aqueous process streams

Aqueous waste streams from nuclear fuel processing operations may contain trace quantities of heavy metals such as uranium. Conventional chemical and physical treatment may be ineffective or very expensive when uranium concentrations in the range of 10 to 100 g/m/sup 3/ must be reduced to 1 g/m/sup 3/ or less. The ability of some microorganisms to adsorb or complex dissolved heavy metals offers an alternative treatment method. Uranium uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-2574 and a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined to identify factors which might affect a process for the removal of uranium from wastewater streams. At uranium concentrations in the range of 10 to 500 g/m/sup 3/, where the binding capacity of the biomass was not exceeded, temperature, pH, and initial uranium concentration were found to influence the rate of uranium uptake, but not the soluble uranium concentration at equilibrium. 6 figs.
Collection of Depth-Specific Groundwater Samples from an Arsenic Contaminated Aquifer in West Bengal, India

An inflatable Packer-Straddle Pump Assembly was used to collect depth-specific water samples from an experimental bore hole at intervals of 6 m between 28 and 58 m. Based on chemical and microbiological analyses, several redox zones in the aquifer were identified. For example, at depths of 28, 40, and 46 m, dissolved arsenic in the range of 18 to 23 µg/L and Fe(II) in the range of 1.3 to 1.6 mg/L together with the presence of iron-reducing bacterial activity suggested that reduction of ferric oxy-hydroxides was able to mobilize arsenic from sediment to groundwater. On the other hand, conditions were predominantly nitrate- reducing at 34 and 52 m where dissolved arsenic was below detection level and Fe(II) was around 0.2 mg/L. Although arsenic is present in the sediment throughout the depth of the bore hole, it was mobilized only under an iron-reducing condition. Arsenic mobilization was not observed under nitrate-reducing conditions at 34 and 52 m with a high nitrate concentration of about 4 mg/L. Nitrate.
Pd/Pivalic Acid Mediated Direct Arylation of 2‐Pyrones and Related Heterocycles

Direct arylation represents a favourable alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions and has found widespread use with simple aryls and robust heterocycles. Herein a direct arylation protocol has been optimised and applied to more delicate, privileged biological motifs. The intramolecular direct arylation of 2-pyrones, 2-coumarins, 2-pyridones and 2-quinolones occurs in very good to excellent yields using a Pd0 source and pivalic acid as a crucial additive. Preliminary mechanistic investigations were also carried out.
HPLC methods for the purification of [11C]‐labelled radiopharmaceuticals: reversal of the retention order of products and precursors

Preparative HPLC methods have been developed for a number of [11C]-methylated PET tracers, which enable elution of the labelled compounds prior to their precursors, thus reducing the overall synthesis time and avoiding contamination of the final product with precusor. This reversal of retention order has been achieved for [11C]DASB, [11C]raclopride, [11C]FLB 457, [11C]carfentanil, and 2-fluoro-[N-methyl-11C]apomorphine, enabling collection of the purified radiopharmaceuticals from the HPLC system after 5–7 min. Furthermore, by using ethanol as the organic modifier, residual solvent analysis prior to human injection could be avoided and three of the radiopharmaceuticals could be injected directly following simple dilution and sterile filtration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acoustic Focusing in Microdroplets

This thesis examines the possibility to combine droplet generation techniques together with acoustic particle manipulation in microfluidics to achieve focusing of particles inside micro droplets. In the thesis I introduce the reader to the general concepts of microfluidics, droplet dynamics, acoustics and microfabrication which are the basis for my experiments. The practical work focuses on the important steps in channel design, droplet generation and the possibilities to manipulate polystyrene particles with a diameter 10 _m inside channels with widths of a few hundreds of _m. The particles are manipulated inside water droplets dispersed in an continuous oil phase and the results include an examination of the droplet flow fields in interaction with the primary radiation force. I present evidence that the size and the flow speed of a droplet greatly affects the dynamics of the forces on particles inside the droplets
Simulation of Supercritical CO2 Flow Through Circular and Annular Orifice

Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) is a promising working fluid for future high-efficiency power conversion cycles. In order to develop these cycles, it is necessary to understand supercritical and two-phase CO2 flow. This paper presents a methodology for the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of sCO2 flowing through a restriction under a wide range of flow conditions. Under an accidental situation, such as a pipe break, the inventory of sCO2 leaks out through a small restriction. In this research, we use circular and annular orifices to mimic the behavior of restrictions. As the atmospheric pressure is much smaller than the operating pressure in the pipe, a two-phase choked flow will happen. Such behavior is considered in the simulation. The homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) is employed to model the two-phase state. To correctly simulate the behavior of the power cycle under this accidental scenario, the inventory leakage rate should be calculated precisely. Therefore, at the current state, this study only focuses on the prediction of mass flow rate through orifices. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029337]
Sensitive and validated HPLC method for determination of paclitaxel in human serum

Determination of paclitaxel in human blood sample by HPLC method using carbamazepine as internal standard is described. The absolute recovery of paclitaxel from human serum was >90% and the limit of quantification was 0.05 µg/ml. The intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 1. 02 to 3.73% at 1.0 µg/ml, 1.16 to 5.03% at 10.0 µg/ml and 3.33 to 5.01% at 50.0 µg/ml. The inter-day RSD were 1.03, 2.16 and 1.95% at 1.0, 10.0, 50.0 µg/ml, respectively. The method can be applied to measure the serum concentration of paclitaxel in pharmacokinetic and elution kinetics.
Electron thermal transport in the Madison symmetric torus

Due to diagnostic improvements and the development of the MSTFit equilibrium reconstruction code, it has become possible for the first time to accurately characterize the transport behavior of MST plasmas over the sawtooth cycle. Magnetic fluctuations in the MST reversed-field pinch, which rise sharply at the crash, play a significant role in the transport of heat and particles. The RFP configuration is a good test bed for studying magnetic fluctuation induced transport since the overlapping magnetic tearing mode islands create a large radial region in which the magnetic flux surfaces are destroyed and field lines wander stochastically. The measured electron thermal conductivity in this stochastic region agrees with Rechester-Rosenbluth like predictions from a fluctuating magnetic field. Time evolving profiles are measured to understand electron heat and particle transport in the MST. In particular, electron temperature, electron density, and current density profiles have been measured during a “Standard” plasma sawtooth cycle. The MHD activity during the sawtooth cycle is examined as an a priori, time-evolving condition that is affecting the plasma equilibrium and consequently the transport of heat and particles. The cause of the MHD behavior is not central to this thesis. Rather, the effects of the fluctuations on transport are considered. The current density peaks up as the sawtooth crash is approached. This current peaking pushes the plasma farther away from the Taylor minimumii energy state and causes (possibly dynamo driven) tearing instabilities to grow. At the crash the current density profile broadens, resulting in a flatter l-profile, and a plasma that is closer to a Taylor minimum-energy state. Another effect of the peaking current density is to broaden the q-profile. Lower q-shear results in a more stochastic magnetic field in the region where tearing mode islands overlap. Greater field stochasticity leads to enhanced transport of heat and particles by the electrons, and the electron temperature is observed to drop. After the sawtooth crash, the current density broadens, the q-profile peaks, the q-shear is increased in the region of overlapping islands, the field stochasticity is reduced, and the electron heat transport falls. Experiments are also carried out in a number of different discharge conditions, and the results from these experiments are compared to the Standard plasma results. Time evolved measurements of thermodynamic profiles have been obtained in a variety of MST discharges (PPCD, F=-0.22, F=0, F=+0.02, F=+0.03), leading to the first measurement of radially resolved, time evolving heat transport in the MST. m=0 modes are reduced in F=0 plasmas, and confinement is observed to improve, but degrades rapidly as F is raised above zero.
Quasi-Langmuir–Blodgett thin film deposition of carbon nanotubes

The handling and manipulation of carbon nanotubes continues to be a challenge to those interested in the application potential of these promising materials. To this end, we have developed a method to deposit pure nonoriented nanotube films over large flat areas on substrates of arbitrary composition. The method bears some resemblance to the Langmuir–Blodgett deposition method used to lay down thin organic layers. We show that this redeposition technique causes no major changes in the films’ microstructure and that they retain the electronic properties of as-deposited films laid down on an alumina membrane.
Study of Methanol‐tolerant Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Pt–Bi/C Bimetallic Nanostructured Catalysts

The nanostructured platinum–bismuth catalysts supported on carbon (Pt3Bi/C, PtBi/C and PtBi3/C) were synthesised by reducing the aqueous metal ions using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in presence of a microemulsion. The amount of metal loading on carbon support was found to be 10 wt. ‐%. The catalyst materials were characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electroanalytical techniques. The Pt3Bi/C, PtBi/C and PtBi3/C catalysts showed higher methanol tolerance, catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) than Pt/C of same metal loading. The electrochemical stability of these nano‐sized catalyst materials for methanol tolerance was investigated by repetitive cycling in the potential range of –250 to 150 mVMSE. Bi presents an interesting system to have a control over the activity of the surface for MOR and ORR. All Pt–Bi/C catalysts exhibited higher mass activities for oxygen reduction (1–1.5 times) than Pt/C. It was found that PtBi/C catalyst exhibits better methanol‐tolerance than the other catalysts.
Nuclear Magnetic Dipole and Electric Quadrupole Moments: Their Measurement and Tabulation as Accessible Data

The most recent tabulations of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments have been prepared and published by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA, Vienna [N. J. Stone, Report No. INDC(NDS)-0650 (2013); Report No. INDC(NDS)-0658 (2014)]. The first of these is a table of recommended quadrupole moments for all isotopes in which all experimental results are made consistent with a limited number of adopted standards for each element; the second is a combined listing of all measurements of both moments. Both tables cover all isotopes and energy levels. In this paper, the considerations relevant to the preparation of both tables are described, together with observations as to the importance and (where appropriate) application of necessary corrections to achieve the “best” values. Some discussion of experimental methods is included with emphasis on their precision. The aim of the published quadrupole moment table is to provide a standard reference in which the value given for each moment is the best available and for which full provenance is given. A table of recommended magnetic dipole moments is in preparation, with the same objective in view.
Double thermoresponsive di- and triblock copolymers based on N-vinylcaprolactam and N-vinylpyrrolidone: synthesis and comparative study of solution behaviour

Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PNVP) are water soluble polymers of interest especially in the biomedical field. Moreover, PNVCL is characterized by a lower critical solution temperature close to 36 °C in water, which makes it useful for the design of thermoresponsive systems. In this context, we used the cobalt-mediated radical polymerization (CMRP) and reaction coupling (CMRC) for synthesizing a series of well-defined NVCL and NVP-based copolymers, including statistical copolymers as well as double thermoresponsive diblocks and triblocks. Dynamic light scattering and turbidimetry analyses highlighted the crucial impact of the copolymer composition and architecture on the cloud point temperature (TCP) of each segment and also their influence on the multistep assembly behaviour of block copolymers. Addition of NaCl enabled us to adjust the inter-TCP range of the di- and triblock in which selective precipitation of one block and self-assembly of the copolymer were favoured. Overall, data presented here provide a basis for the synthesis of a broad range of NVCL/NVP based copolymer architectures with a tunable thermal response in water.