Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new compositionally based thermal conductivity model for plutonic rocks

Thermal conductivity is a physical parameter crucial to accurately estimating temperature and modelling thermally related processes within the lithosphere. Direct measurements are often impractical due to the high cost of comprehensive sampling or inaccessibility and thereby require indirect estimates. In this study, we report 340 new thermal conductivity measurements on igneous rocks spanning a wide range of compositions using an optical thermal conductivity scanning device. These are supplemented by a further 122 measurements from the literature. Using major element geochemistry and modal mineralogy, we produce broadly applicable empirical relationships between composition and thermal conductivity. Predictive models for thermal conductivity are developed using (in order of decreasing accuracy) major oxide composition, CIPW normative mineralogy and estimated modal mineralogy. Four common mixing relationships (arithmetic, geometric, square-root and harmonic) are tested and, while results are similar, the geometric model consistently produces the best fit. For our preferred model, $k_{\text{eff}} = \exp ( 1.72 \, C_{\text{SiO}_2} + 1.018 \, C_{\text{MgO}} - 3.652 \, C_{\text{Na}_2\text{O}} - 1.791 \, C_{\text{K}_2\text{O}})$, we find that SiO2 is the primary control on thermal conductivity with an RMS of 0.28 W m−1 K−1or ∼10 per cent. Estimates from normative mineralogy work to a similar degree but require a greater number of parameters, while forward and inverse modelling using estimated modal mineralogy produces less than satisfactory results owing to a number of complications. Using our model, we relate thermal conductivity to both P-wave velocity and density, revealing systematic trends across the compositional range. We determine that thermal conductivity can be calculated from P-wave velocity in the range 6–8 km s−1 to within 0.31 W m−1 K−1 using $k({V_p}) = 0.5822 \, V_p^2 - 8.263 \, V_p + 31.62$. This empirical model can be used to estimate thermal conductivity within the crust where direct sampling is impractical or simply not possible (e.g. at great depths). Our model represents an improved method for estimating lithospheric conductivity than present formulas which exist only for a limited range of compositions or are limited by infrequently measured parameters.
Convective Entrainment Rates Estimated From Aura CO and CloudSat/CALIPSO Observations and Comparison With GEOS‐5

Entrainment rate (λ) in convective parameterizations remains a sensitive parameter with much uncertainty in model simulations. This study estimates λ using carbon monoxide (CO) measurements jointly from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer onboard the Aura satellite, associated with deep convective cases identified by CloudSat and CALIPSO observations. CO is treated as a conserved quantity over convective transport time scales, and a simple entraining‐plume model is used to derive entrainment rates. The relationships of the observational estimates of λ as a function of convective height, environmental relative humidity, and convective available potential energy (CAPE) derived from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data are compared with those from Goddard Earth Observing System Model (GEOS‐5) simulations. Bulk statistics of λ show that the values of λ are predominately below 20%/km for deep convection and the occurrence frequency of any λ decreases with increasing λ. Composite λ values are generally lower in the tropics compared to northern midlatitudes in both observations and the GEOS‐5 model. A decrease of λ with increasing convective height is found in both observations and model simulations. We also find that λ tends to decrease with increasing CAPE in the observation‐based λs and plume‐based GEOS‐5 λs, although the model given λs have a nonmonotonic relation with CAPE. The observed λs have a weak relation with lower‐to‐middle tropospheric relative humidity, while both GEOS‐5 plume‐based and given λ increase with increasing relative humidity.
“Measures of Dissipation in Viscoelastic Media” Extended: Toward Continuous Characterization Across Very Broad Geophysical Time Scales

We develop a conceptual/quantitative framework whereby measurements of Earth's viscoelasticity may be assessed across the broad range of geophysical processes, spanning seismic wave propagation, postseismic relaxation, glacial isostatic adjustment, and mantle convection. Doing so requires overcoming three challenges: (A) separating spatial variations from intrinsic frequency dependence in mechanical properties; (B) reconciling different conceptual and constitutive viscoelastic models used to interpret observations at different frequencies; and (C) improving understanding of linear and nonlinear transient deformation mechanisms and their extrapolation from laboratory to earth conditions. We focus on (B), first demonstrating how different mechanical models lead to incompatible viscosity estimates from observations. We propose the determination of the “complex viscosity”—a frequency‐dependent parameter complementary to other measures of dissipation (including frequency‐dependent moduli and attenuation)—from such observations to reveal a single underlying broadband mechanical model. The complex viscosity illuminates transient creep in the vicinity of the Maxwell time, where most ambiguity lies.
Tropical Cyclone Cold Wake Size and Its Applications to Power Dissipation and Ocean Heat Uptake Estimates

Mixing of the upper ocean by the wind field associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) creates observable cold wakes in sea surface temperature and may potentially influence ocean heat uptake. The relationship between cold wake size and storm size, however, has yet to be explored. Here we apply two objective methods to observed daily sea surface temperature data to quantify the size of TC‐induced cold wakes. The obtained cold wake sizes agree well with the TC sizes estimated from the QuikSCAT‐R wind field database with a correlation coefficient of 0.51 and 0.59, respectively. Furthermore, our new estimate of the total cooling that incorporates the variations in the cold wake size provides improved estimates of TC power dissipation and TC‐induced ocean heat uptake. This study thus highlights the importance of cold wake size in evaluating the climatological effects of TCs.
Study of different geostatistical methods to model formation porosity (Cast study of Zubair formation in Luhais oil field)

This study is concerned with making comparison in using different geostatistical methods for porosity distribution of upper shale member - Zubair formation in Luhais oil field which was chosen to study. Kriging, Gaussian random function simulation and sequential Gaussian simulation geostatistical methods were adopted in this study. After preparing all needed data which are contour map, well heads of 12 wells, well tops and porosity from CPI log. Petrel software 2009 was used for porosity distribution of mentioned formation in methods that are showed above. Comparisons were made among these three methods in order to choose the best one, the comparing criteria was according to different statistical information and variograms analysis of entered porosity which was scaled up and modeled. The best method gave porosity distribution in model closest to enter porosity that represent real porosity of Zubair formation. The comparison proved that sequential Gaussian simulation is the best model of porosity distribution followed by Gaussian random function simulation and kriging methods respectively. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the distribution accuracy of the porosity or other petrophysics properties is one of the main factors that affect building correct geological model that represents the base of reservoir model and also pore volume (Oil reserve) value was affected by geostatistical methods variation.
Developing a monitoring program for bird populations in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, using citizen observers: Initial stages

The Madrean Sky Island region is an ecologically important area harboring exceptional biodiversity, including a unique avifauna that supports a thriving ecotourism industry in southeastern Arizona. This area has been impacted by several large wildfires in recent decades. These wildfires have altered vegetation composition and structure in forests and woodlands, and the effects of these changes on bird populations and distribution are not well understood. We studied occupancy and habitat associations of forest and woodland birds within five mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona from 1991 to 1995, before these fires occurred. The resulting data provide a unique opportunity to compare postfire bird populations with populations in these ranges during the 1990s, but funding to accomplish the necessary postfire bird sampling has been limited. Consequently, we are exploring the feasibility of using skilled citizen observers to monitor bird occupancy and distribution. This report documents the early stages of an effort to sample bird populations in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona using citizen observers. It describes field methods, presents preliminary results, summarizes early lessons learned, and outlines future steps necessary to design and implement a rigorous monitoring program using citizen observers to sample bird populations in the Madrean Sky Islands.
Broad-scale rather than fine-scale environmental variation drives body size in a wandering predator (Araneae, Lycosidae)

ABSTRACT Body size is one of the most important individual traits, determining various other life-history traits, including fitness. Both evolutionary and ecological factors shape the body size in arthropods, but the relative contribution of abiotic drivers acting at different spatial scales has been little investigated. We aimed to identify the importance of two broad-scale variables (study region and elevation) in shaping body size of the free-running and locally abundant wolf spider Pardosa palustris (Linnaeus 1758), in contrast to the fine-scaled variable topographic position. Therefore, we set up transects along environmental gradients in the arctic-alpine ecosystems of Norway, which we analyzed using a random forest approach to identify the relative importance of topographic position, elevation, and study region on body size of P. palustris. Our approach revealed that research region was the best explanatory variable, followed by elevation and topographic position. Differences in body size were most likely a consequence of the pronounced differences in season length and the ability of P. palustris to avoid local unfavorable environmental conditions due to its high mobility.
The search for forest facts: a history of the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 19262000

Godfrey, Anthony. 2013. The search for forest facts: a history of the Pacific Southwest and 1926–2000. In 1926, the California Forest Experiment Station, which later became the Pacific Southwest (PSW) Research Station, was established at the University of California, Berkeley. Today, the PSW Research Station represents the research and development branch of the USDA Forest Service in California and Hawaii and the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. The PSW Research Station develops and delivers science-based information, technologies, and applications to help people make informed decisions about natural resource management, conservation, and environmental protection. This comprehensive history covers forestry science in California, Hawaii, and the Pacific Islands by the Forest Service prior to 1926 and then that of the PSW Research Station to 2000. The growth of forestry research in America and California is described. The publication considers forest research in context of the New Deal, World War II, environmental forestry, and ecosystem research in California and Hawaii.
Shade trees preserve avian insectivore biodiversity on coffee farms in a warming climate

Abstract Aim Coffee is an important export for many developing countries, with a global annual trade value of $100 billion, but it is threatened by a warming climate. Shade trees may mitigate the effects of climate change through temperature regulation that can aid in coffee growth, slow pest reproduction, and sustain avian insectivore diversity. The impact of shade on bird diversity and microclimate on coffee farms has been studied extensively in the Neotropics, but there is a dearth of research in the Paleotropics. Location East Africa. Methods We created current and future regional Maxent models for avian insectivores in East Africa using Worldclim temperature data and observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Database. We then adjusted current and future bioclimatic layers based on mean differences in temperature between shade and sun coffee farms and projected the models using these adjusted layers to predict the impact of shade tree removal on climatic suitability for avian insectivores. Results Existing Worldclim temperature layers more closely matched temperatures under shade trees than temperatures in the open. Removal of shade trees, through warmer temperatures alone, would result in reduction of avian insectivore species by over 25%, a loss equivalent to 50 years of climate change under the most optimistic emissions scenario. Under the most extreme climate scenario and removal of shade trees, insectivore richness is projected to decline from a mean of 38 to fewer than 8 avian insectivore species. Main conclusions We found that shade trees on coffee farms already provide important cooler microclimates for avian insectivores. Future temperatures will become a regionally limiting factor for bird distribution in East Africa, which could negatively impact control of coffee pests, but the effect of climate change can be potentially mediated through planting and maintaining shade trees on coffee farms.
Multiscale modelling of monthly streamflows using MEMD-GP coupled approach

ABSTRACT This study presented multiscale characterization of monthly streamflow time series using Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) and developed an innovative approach for streamflow prediction by coupling MEMD with Genetic Programming (GP). Firstly, the possible hydro-climatic teleconnection of monthly streamflows of Mahanadi river basin in India with two large-scale climate oscillations of ElNiño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation (EQUINOO) is investigated by applying MEMD based Time-Dependent Intrinsic Correlation (TDIC) analysis. The TDIC analysis showed that the association between large-scale climate oscillations and streamflows is not unique always, but both the nature and strength of the association varies with time scales and over the time domain. Based on this finding, the study proposed MEMD-GP coupled approach for streamflow prediction, in which different modes corresponding to different process scales obtained by the MEMD are predicted separately using GP; and summation of these predicted modes provides the monthly streamflow at the station. A statistical performance evaluation based on multiple criteria showed that the proposed approach performs better than the multiple linear regression, M5 model tree and GP models for monthly streamflow prediction including extreme low and high flows, due to its unique capability to include the significant predictors at different time scales.
Droplet freezing in clouds induced by mineral dust particles: Sensitivities of precipitation and radiation

We aim to enhance our understanding of cloud microphysical processes under conditions of varying droplet freezing efficiencies in numerical simulations of Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus and isolated deep convective clouds. A novel framework of immersion freezing is implemented in the model, considering the collisions of droplets and subsequent particle accumulation in rain-sized drops. The sensitivity of clouds is investigated in a wide range of atmospherically-relevant dust concentrations.
Poroelastic Modelling of Gravitational Compaction

A dynamic in-silico model captures the kinetics of 1-d gravity driven instabilities, in gravity or centrifuge, of fluid-infiltrated poroelastic media in a partial differential equation (pde). The pde yields the porosity profile over height and time for the given initial and boundary conditions, during slow compaction in counter-current fluid drainage. Processes captured are amongst others sedimentation, creaming and subsidence. The most important limiting prerequisite is that the incompressible dispersed medium is sufficiently structured and/or concentrated that it compacts during slow drainage, without segregation in sizes or in components. For Unilever, modeling of gravitational instability of products is important to quantify or extrapolate long time behavior during shelf life or use centrifuge data to quickly predict long term shelf performance of products.
Maximum magnitude of subduction earthquakes along the Japan-Kuril-Kamchatka trench estimated from seismic moment conservation

We estimated the maximum magnitude of earthquakes in the Japan-Kuril-Kamchatka trench subduction zone with a method based on the conservation of seismic moment and the record of interplate seismicity from 1977 to 2017. The key point of this method is to base calculations on the tectonic moment rate instead of the total seismic moment rate. We modeled a seismic-moment-frequency distribution for the Japan-Kuril-Kamchatka trench on the basis of the truncated Gutenberg–Richter (G–R) law, the formula published by Utsu in 1974, the gamma distribution, and the tapered G–R law. We estimated the maximum magnitude along the Japan-Kuril-Kamchatka trench as ∼10 under the truncated G–R law and ∼11 under Utsu's formula, although the latter may be an overestimate. Therefore, the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, of moment magnitude 9.2, may not be the largest possible event in this area. The recurrence interval for magnitude 10 events based on the truncated G–R law is 4000 yr. Although these two models perform equally well in terms of Akaike Information Criterion, the range of the 95 per cent confidence level is consistently narrower for the truncated G–R law than for Utsu's formula. The estimated maximum magnitude depends not only on the model used, but also on the parameters that constitute the tectonic moment. It is essential to accumulate more seismic data and achieve more precise estimates of tectonic moment to improve estimates of maximum magnitude.
Seeking enlightenment of fluvial sediment pathways by optically stimulated luminescence signal bleaching of river sediments and deltaic deposits

Abstract. Reconstructing sediment pathways in fluvial and deltaic systems beyond instrumental records is challenging due to a lack of suitable methods. Here we explore the potential of luminescence methods for such purposes, focusing on bleaching of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal of quartz sediments in a large fluviodeltaic system across time and space. We approach this by comparing residual doses of sand and silt from the modern Mississippi River channel with estimated residual doses of sand isolated from Late Holocene Mississippi Delta mouth bar and overbank deposits. Further insight is obtained from a comparison of burial ages of paired quartz sand and silt of Mississippi Delta overbank deposits. In contrast to some previous investigations, we find that the bleaching of the OSL signal is at least as likely for finer sediment as for coarser sediment of the meandering Mississippi River and its delta. We attribute this to the differences in light exposure related to transport mode (bedload vs. suspended load). In addition, we find an unexpected spatiotemporal pattern in OSL bleaching of mouth bar sand deposits. We suggest this may be caused by changes in upstream pathways of the meandering channel belt(s) within the alluvial valley or by distributary channel and coastal dynamics within the delta. Our study demonstrates that the degree of OSL signal bleaching of sand in a large delta can be highly time- and/or space-dependent. Silt is shown to be generally sufficiently bleached in both the modern Mississippi River and associated paleo-deposits regardless of age, and silt may therefore provide a viable option for obtaining OSL chronologies in megadeltas. Our work contributes to initiatives to use luminescence signals to fingerprint sediment pathways within river channel networks and their deltas and also helps inform luminescence dating approaches in fluviodeltaic environments.
Study on Environmental Impact Factors of Carbon Emissions and Air Pollution Control in Transportation Industry

Since the industrial revolution, global warming has become more and more serious. Existing research shows that the significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2 is the most important cause of global warming. Therefore, all countries have begun to formulate practical and feasible carbon emission reduction policies and measures. China is the largest developing country in the world and the largest energy consumer, facing many pressures to reduce emissions. This paper takes the carbon emissions of China’s transportation industry as the research object, based on the carbon emissions of China’s transportation industry from 2003 to 2017. Through the analysis of data, transportation industry added value, transportation intensity, transportation energy intensity and transportation energy structure were introduced to study the environmental impact factors and air pollution control of China’s transportation industry carbon emissions. Through the expanded STIRPAT model, the order of influence of various factors is ranked from the largest to the smallest: population size, transportation energy structure, transportation intensity, transportation energy intensity, transportation industry added value. This paper conducts a comprehensive and in-depth study on the influencing factors of China’s transportation industry carbon emissions, identifies the main influencing factors, and lays an important theoretical foundation for China to develop emission reduction targets and measures that meet environmental requirements and self-development.