Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biological and Socio-Economic Effects of Statewide Limitation of Deer Licenses in Colorado

ABSTRACT We evaluated the biological and socio-economic effects of statewide limitation of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) hunting licenses, which began in Colorado in 1999. We implemented a before-after-control-impact (BACI) analysis of annual helicopter sex and age class surveys, collected as part of the Colorado Division of Wildlife's routine monitoring, to assess changes in adult male/adult female ratios and fawn/adult female ratios in response to this change in harvest management. Following statewide limitation and reduction of license sales (1999–2006), we observed increases in adult male/adult female ratios of 7.39 (SE = 2.36) to 15.23 (SE = 1.22) adult males per 100 adult females in moderately limited areas and of 17.55 (SE = 3.27) to 21.86 (SE = 2.31) adult males per 100 adult females in highly limited areas. We simultaneously observed reductions in fawn/adult female ratios in newly limited areas by as much as 6.96 (SE = 2.19) fawns per 100 females, whereas in areas that had previously been limited we observed stabilization of fawn/adult female ratios at levels lower than levels observed under the unlimited harvest management structure. An immediate decline of $7.86 million in annual revenue stemmed from the change in harvest management, but revenue subsequently rebounded. This study provides preliminary evidence of potential effects that other state and provincial wildlife management agencies may face as they consider shifting mule deer harvest management towards limited license scenarios.
Desmodium genetic resources for improving flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions

Several Desmodium species are adapted to the environment of Griffin, Georgia, USA. The determination of flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions of 25 Desmodium accessions representing five species (D. discolor Vogel, D. incanum (G.Mey.) DC. , D. intortum (Mill.) Urb. , D. sandwicense E. Mey. and D. tortuosum (Sw.) DC. ) would add value to the members of the genus Desmodium for possible use as livestock health supplements. In this study, the seeds of these 25 accessions were evaluated for flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions using high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography, respectively. Several accessions exhibited significantly greater values for all the traits than the controls. The Desmodium accessions produced significantly greater concentrations of quercetin and kaempferol than the best control accession (D. incanum, PI 477072). However, all the Desmodium accessions produced significantly greater concentrations of isorhamnetin and luteolin than the control accessions. All the Desmodium accessions had greater linoleic (18:2) and behenic (22:0) acid content than a couple of D. incanum control accessions in 2010 and 2011. Significant correlations were observed between several traits. The concentration of quercetin was significantly correlated with that of kaempferol (r 2= 0.69***); however, the concentration of quercetin exhibited a significantly negative correlation (r 2= − 0.41*) with that of isorhamnetin. Oil content was significantly correlated with palmitic acid (r 2= 0.61**), stearic acid (r 2= 0.81***), linolenic acid (r 2= 0.58**) and lignoceric acid (r 2= 0.80***) content. This information will assist breeders and other scientists in developing superior cultivars with optimum levels of flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions for many of these Desmodium species.
An individual‐based model for predicting the emergence period of sea trout fry in a Lake District stream

The objective of this study was to predict interannual fluctuations in the emergence period of sea trout fry, using models developed from field data for 70 excavated redds, and laboratory data on egg and alevin development at 30 constant temperatures (range 1·5–10·5° C with 100 naturally fertilized eggs at each temperature). Egg weight and numbers per redd both increased with female length; a power function described the relationship. Early spawners were the largest females laying the largest and most numerous eggs, whilst late spawners were the smallest females laying the smallest and least numerous eggs; middle spawners being intermediate between these two extremes. Mean values for egg weight and numbers of eggs per redd were obtained for these three groups. Hatching and emergence times in the laboratory decreased with increasing temperature. Of five models tested for hatching time, the best fit was provided by a three-parameter hyperbolic model which formed the asis of the individual-based model used to predict egg hatching and fry emergence. Model development was described in detail and the final equations predicted the times taken for 5, 50 and 95% of the fry to emerge, and hence the period over which 90% of the fry emerged. Analogous models were obtained for egg hatching. All models were excellent fits to the laboratory data. Hatching times for eggs kept in perforated boxes in the stream were almost identical to those kept at similar mean temperatures in the laboratory. Model predictions of fry emergence times were validated by field data for 8 years (1967–1971, 1974, 1975, 1980). The chief objective was therefore fulfilled, and predictions for the 30-year study (1967–1996) revealed a large variation in the timing of emergence (extremes: 11 March–4 April 1989, 15–20 May 1979). Most of the variation in median emergence date was due to variations in water temperature, with spawning dates as a secondary factor; the latter, however, had a greater effect on the length of the emergence period.
Mobile Robot Motion Control Based on Static Hand Gesture

The hand gesture is a form of human expression in communication through hand movements. Hand gesture provides an alternative way for interaction between humans and machines, in this case, a mobile robot. This study discusses the application of static hand gestures to mobile robot motion, the hand used is the right hand. The static hand gesture used consists of six static hand gestures to stop, forward, reverse, turn right, turn left and spin. This system consists of a leap motion, a computer, a microcontroller, and a dc motor robot wheel. The results of this study the robot can respond properly by given hand gesture commands. The results of the response time of the robot to the hand gesture command an average of 1 second.
Climate change effects on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in peatlands through changes in soil quality

Climate change will directly affect carbon and nitrogen mineralization through changes in temperature and soil moisture, but it may also indirectly affect mineralization rates through changes in soil quality. We used an experimental mesocosm system to examine the effects of 6‐year manipulations of infrared loading (warming) and water‐table level on the potential anaerobic nitrogen and carbon (as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production) mineralization potentials of bog and fen peat over 11 weeks under uniform anaerobic conditions. To investigate the response of the dominant methanogenic pathways, we also analyzed the stable isotope composition of CH4 produced in the samples. Bog peat from the highest water‐table treatment produced more CO2 than bog peat from drier mesocosms. Fen peat from the highest water‐table treatment produced the most CH4. Cumulative nitrogen mineralization was lowest in bog peat from the warmest treatment and lowest in the fen peat from the highest water‐table treatment. As all samples were incubated under constant conditions, observed differences in mineralization patterns reflect changes in soil quality in response to climate treatments. The largest treatment effects on carbon mineralization as CO2 occurred early in the incubations and were ameliorated over time, suggesting that the climate treatments changed the size and/or quality of a small labile carbon pool. CH4 from the fen peat appeared to be predominately from the acetoclastic pathway, while in the bog peat a strong CH4 oxidation signal was present despite the anaerobic conditions of our incubations. There was no evidence that changes in soil quality have lead to differences in the dominant methanogenic pathways in these systems. Overall, our results suggest that even relatively short‐term changes in climate can alter the quality of peat in bogs and fens, which could alter the response of peatland carbon and nitrogen mineralization to future climate change.
Statistical Modeling of Litter Decomposition from Integrated Cellulase Activity

Efforts to model plant litter decomposition have centered around three approaches. On large spatiotemporal scales, decomposition rates have been estimated from climate parameters, typically temperature and potential evapotranspiration (e.g., Insam 1990). At the ecosystem scale, litter degradation models based on empirical fits to mass loss curves have been widely used (Webster and Benfield 1986, Boulton and Boon 1991). The simplest of these is the first-order exponential decay model. Rate constants for this model are routinely reported in litter decomposition papers, but at the same time, this approach is generally considered unrealistic. More precise twoand three-stage models have been developed that recognize different stages in decomposition, but their predictive value is limited. More general models have been produced by relating decomposition directly to litter chemistry. In this approach, both simple parameters, e.g., nitrogen and lignin, and compound parameters, e.g., C:N, fignin: N, and lignocellulose index, defined as lignin/(lignin + holocellulose), have been used as indices of biodegradability (Melillo et al. 1982, Taylor et al. 1989). While qualitatively predictive, these models do not consider the role of edaphic and climatic factors in the regulation of biotic activity, so cannot predict rates. In this report, we describe a new process-level modeling approach focused on microdecomposer activity. It offers three advantages: (1) ease of application, (2) realism, and (3) potential for linkage to larger scale models. The approach is an empirical one: the potential activities of key enzymes directly involved in the degradation of plant structural components are used as indices of microdecomposer activity. Previous studies have established correlations between cellulose activity and mass loss from decomposing leaf litter (Sinsabaugh et al. 1991, Sinsabaugh 1993). However, such correlations do not permit mass loss estimation because of the temporal difference between mass loss, a cumulative parameter, and enzyme
Occurrence of Hop stunt viroid in mulberry (Morus alba) in Lebanon and Italy.

The presence of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) was detected using RT-PCR and Northern blot hybridization in five of 60 samples from symptomless mulberry trees (Morus alba) collected in Italian and Lebanese orchards in July 2010. Infection levels were c. 10% in Lebanese and 8% in Italian samples. Nucleotide alignments showed that sequences of the mulberry HSVd isolates shared 95–96% identity with those of the same viroid occurring elsewhere. In a phylogenetic tree, mulberry HSVd isolates clustered together with those of HSVd-citrus, regardless of their geographical origin. This is the first report of infection in mulberry trees by HSVd.
Face Expression Recognition: A Review

— Recognition of outward appearances assumes a significant job in many mechanized framework applications like mechanical technology, instruction, man-made brainpower, and security. Perceiving outward appearances precisely is testing. Approaches for explaining FER (Facial Expression Recognition) issue can be ordered into 1) Static single pictures and 2) Image successions. Customarily, various procedures like Multi-layer Perceptron Model, k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines were utilized by scientists for fathoming FER. These techniques removed highlights like Local Binary Patterns, Eigenfaces, Face-milestone highlights, and Texture highlights. Among every one of these techniques, Neural Networks have increased especially ubiquity and they are broadly utilized for FER. As of late, CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks) have picked up notoriety in field of profound learning in view of their easygoing engineering and capacity to give great outcomes without prerequisite of manual component extraction from crude picture information. This paper centers around review of different face demeanor acknowledgment methods dependent on CNN. It incorporates cutting edge techniques proposed by various scientists. The paper additionally shows steps required for utilization of CNN for FER. This paper additionally incorporates examination of CNN based methodologies and issues requiring consideration while picking CNN for unraveling FER.
A review of the Dormouse ( Muscardinus avellanarius ) in England and a Conservation Programme to safeguard its future

The dormouse is native to Britain, but has apparently suffered decline in both distribution and numbers over the past 100 years. Basic ecological data have been lacking, hindering understanding of the decline and preventing implementation of scientifically based conservation measures. Recent studies are reviewed which reveal that this species is a specialist arboreal feeder, critically dependent for food upon a sequence of flowers and fruits during the summer. Woodland management (or lack of it) and habitat fragmentation have resulted in habitats becoming sub-optimal, leading to piecemeal local extinctions. In addition, it is likely that the highly unpredictable maritime climate found in Britain results in very variable annual recruitment rates, increasing the vulnerability of sinall populations in fragmented habitats. With better understanding of the ecology of this species, a conservation strategy is being implemented. This aims to defend dormouse populations where they still occur and to attempt reintroductions to areas from which they have been lost.
Individual difference in faecal and urine equol excretion and their correlation with intestinal microbiota in large white sows

Equol is an end metabolite of daidzein produced by the intestinal microbiota, exhibiting stronger antioxidant and estrogenic activities. It has been proposed that the beneficial effects of soybean/phytoestrogens may be dependent on the intestinal equol-producing ability, i.e. the equol hypothesis. The ‘equol hypothesis’ has been well applied to human clinical studies. However, the information of equol-producing ability in sows is quite limited. In this study, the individual differences and correlation between equol excretion and intestinal microbiota in large white sows were assayed. The results showed faecal equol levels of 0.14–17.85 μg/g (coefficient of variation: 61.22%) and urinary equol levels of 0.53–8.19 μg/mL (coefficient of variation: 54.72%). The levels of equol and daidzein correlated positively in both urine and faeces (P < 0.05). The levels of daidzein and ratio of equol : daidzein in both faeces and urine were significantly higher than equol status (P < 0.01). Cluster analysis of denatured gradient gel electrophoresis patterns showed that faecal samples with similar equol concentrations had similar microbial composition. The Shannon diversity and bands number in gel was significant negatively correlative with faecal equol status (P < 0.001). The population of total bacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes correlated negatively with faecal equol production (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between urinary equol production and the population of bacteroidetes and methanogen-producing bacteria (P < 0.05), demonstrating for the first time the relationship between equol excretions and gut interspecies H2 transfer in sows.
Phylogeny of the Western Hemisphere Ozaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae) based on DNA sequence data

ABSTRACT Western Hemisphere species of bombardier beetles in the carabid tribe Ozaenini are distributed from southern Arizona and southern Texas to southern Chile, with more than 80% of described species being endemic to the tropics. Recent taxonomic works variously classify the 145 described species into six or 17 genera, indicating general disagreement on what constitutes natural lineages in the group. This study provides the first phylogenetic analysis of the Western Hemisphere Ozaenini using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. In the resulting trees, the following three suprageneric clades are supported by high bootstrap and posterior probability values: the Ozaena group (Ozaena Olivier + Platycerozaena Bänninger + Goniotropis Gray), the Tropopsis group (Tropopsis Solier + Entomoantyx Ball and McCleve), and the Pachyteles group (Pachyteles Perty + Physea Brullé + Tachypeles Deuve + Inflatozaena Deuve + Filicerozaena Deuve + Proozaena Deuve + Serratozaena Deuve). Close relationship among genera within the Ozaena group, and among genera within the Pachyteles group were not predicted and have not previously been hypothesized. Among the most surprising results is that Pachyteles (sensu lato) and Goniotropis are not sister groups, but rather represent well-defined and distantly related clades. The phylogeny inferred from molecular sequence data led to discovery of morphological characters unique to the Pachyteles group that clearly distinguish members of Pachyteles (sensu lato) from Goniotropis. These morphological characters are described and illustrated. Results provide evidence for polyphyly of the genera Pachyteles, Tachypeles and Goniotropis as they are currently defined. Adults of Tachypeles moretianus Deuve and Serratozaena Deuve are reported for the first time to be myrmecophilous.
Studies on Mononchida of India. I. The genera Hadronchus, Iotonchus, and Miconchus and a revised classification of Mononchida, new order.

This is the first paper of the series on mononchs of India; it takes into account species of Hadronchus, Iotonchus, and Miconchus and it also deals with a revised classification of the group. Hadronchus andamanicus n. sp. , has an apex of its dorsal tooth in posterior half of buccal cavity, mono-prodelphic gonad with a large posterior uterine sac, vulval papillae, caudal glands with terminal opening and a long filiform tail 6-10 anal body-widths long. Hadronchus shakili n. sp. , is quite similar to H. andamanicus but has two ovaries. Iotonchus baqrii n. sp. , is mono-prodelphic and unique in having large cuticularized pieces in the vagina at 9-12 μ from vulva. Iotonchus indicus n. sp. , has two ovaries, basal dorsal-tooth, elongate-conoid tail 6-9 anal body-widths long and a subterminal opening to caudal glands. Miconchus dalhousiensis n. sp. , has two ovaries, three equal sized basal teeth and tail about 4 anal body-widths long without caudal glands. Two known species, Iotonchus trichurus and Miconchus digiturus have also been recorded. A new order, Mononchida is proposed to contain the Bathyodontoidea (Clark, 1961) n. rank. and Mononchoidea (Chitwood, 1937) Clark, 1961. The superfamily Bathyodontoidea includes two families: Bathyodontidae Clark, 1961 and Mononchulidae (De Coninck, 1965) n. rank. The superfamily Mononchoidea includes the family Mononchidae Chitwood, 1937 and the following 4 new families and 2 new subfamilies: Mylonchulidae (Mylonchulinae and Sporonchulinae), Cobbonchidae, Anatonchidae and Iotonchidae.
Inference for Local Parameters in Convexity Constrained Models

ABSTRACT In this article, we develop automated inference methods for “local” parameters in a collection of convexity constrained models based on the natural constrained tuning-free estimators. A canonical example is given by the univariate convex regression model, in which automated inference is drawn for the function value, the function derivative at a fixed interior point, and the anti-mode of the convex regression function, based on the widely used tuning-free, piecewise linear convex least squares estimator (LSE). The key to our inference proposal in this model is a pivotal joint limit distribution theory for the LS estimates of the local parameters, normalized appropriately by the length of certain data-driven linear piece of the convex LSE. Such a pivotal limiting distribution instantly gives rise to confidence intervals for these local parameters, whose construction requires almost no more effort than computing the convex LSE itself. This inference method in the convex regression model is a special case of a general inference machinery that covers a number of convexity constrained models in which a limit distribution theory is available for model-specific estimators. Concrete models include: (i) log-concave density estimation, (ii) s-concave density estimation, (iii) convex nonincreasing density estimation, (iv) concave bathtub-shaped hazard function estimation, and (v) concave distribution function estimation from corrupted data. The proposed confidence intervals for all these models are proved to have asymptotically exact coverage and oracle length, and require no further information than the estimator itself. We provide extensive simulation evidence that validates our theoretical results. Real data applications and comparisons with competing methods are given to illustrate the usefulness of our inference proposals. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Activity of ∆9-desaturase enzyme in mammary gland of lactating buffaloes

Abstract The objective of this research was to measure the activity of ∆9-desaturase enzyme in lactating buffaloes. Data from forty lactating Murrah-crossbred buffaloes were collected on five commercial farms located at Sarapui and Pilar do Sul, Sao Paulo-Brazil. A field survey was done from April to November 2002. In four farms, buffaloes were fed with wet brewers grains (primary concentrate). Only one farm (Farm 4) offered pasture and corn silage. Monthly milk samples were collected and stored at -20ºC until analyzed for fatty acid composition. The ∆9-desaturase activity was measured using an indirect method (myristoleic and myristic acids ration - C14:1c9 /C14:0). The higher C14:1c9 /C14:0 rate was verified on Farm 4 (0.092). The C14:1c9 /C14:0 ratio were 0.064 to Farm 1; 0.065 to Farm 2; 0.062 to Farm 3 and 0.065 to Farm 5. The C17:1/C17:0, C18:1c9 /C18:0 and C18:2c9t11/C18:1t11 ratios were also affected. The Farm 4 showed higher value for all ratios. Therefore, in lactating buffaloes grazing pasture the ∆9-desaturase activity could be enhanced.
Effects of body condition at calving and feeding level after calving on LH profiles and the duration of the post-partum anoestrous period in beef cows

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of body condition at calving and feeding level post partum on the duration of the post-partum anoestrous period in beef cows. Forty-seven cows were used in each of 2 years. Cows were fed differentially before calving to achieve two levels of body condition at calving in November and December and were then fed at one of two levels of feeding post partum in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. At calving, mean body condition scores were 2·85 (F) and 2·23 (T) (P 0·05). At 3 weeks post partum LH pulse frequency was higher in F than in T cows and tended to be higher in H than in L cows. At 6 and 9 weeks post partum LH pulse frequency was higher in H than L cows. LH pulse amplitude was higher in F than T cows at 3 weeks post partum and tended to be higher at 6 weeks post partum. It is concluded that both body condition at calving and feeding level after calving influence the duration of the post-partum anoestrous period with the effect of feeding level being particularly pronounced in thin cows.