Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Novel Polyamide-Hyperbranched Polymers via Self Condensing Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Novel inimer was synthesized from p-amino phenol via successive preparative methods by using both bromoisobutyrylbromide and acryloyl chloride. The new inimer was well characterized via Infrared Spectra (IR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). New hyperbranched polyamide (H1) was prepared via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). Several reaction conditions (ligands, solvents, temperatures, etc.) were studied. However, the N,N,N′,N″,-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)/CuBr catalytic system showed good results in toluene at 100°C. Three arm star methylmethacrylate (MMA) homopolymers reacted with (H1) in different percentages to form copolymers with low polydispersity values, especially at 1:115 for poly MMA:H1. The formed polymers were characterized via Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), 1 HNMR, thermal analyses, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
Nano-engineered defect structures in Ce- and Ho-doped metal-organic chemical vapor deposited YBa2Cu3O6+δ films: Correlation of structure and chemistry with flux pinning performance

This study reports on the fabrication of metal-organic chemical vapor deposited (MOCVD) YBa2Cu3O6+δ (YBCO) films doped with varying amounts of Ce and Ho and the characterization of their electrical, microstructural, and chemical properties. The films are prepared by vapor phase deposition of a Y-Ba-Cu precursor mix containing controlled amounts of Ce and Ho onto buffered metal strip templates. The comprehensive characterization of these films by critical current measurement, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman microspectroscopy, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy provides detailed information about the structure/chemistry/performance relationships and how they vary with varying amounts of Ce and Ho in the YBCO films. The microstructure exhibited by both the Ce-doped and the Ho-doped films contains a high density of crystal basal-plane aligned, fluoritelike precipitates within the YBCO matrix. For optimally doped samples, the influence of these nanocrystalline phases on the flux pinni.
Physicochemical Characterization of Sildenafil: Ionization, Lipophilicity Behavior, and Ionic-Partition Diagram Studied by Two-Phase Titration and Electrochemistry

Sildenafil (Viagra(TM)) was examined for its ionization and lipophilicity by two-phase titration and electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in the 12-dichloroethane/H2O system. The dissociation constants (basic pK(a) = 6.78, acidic pK(a) = 9.12) and partition coefficients of the various species, together with the effects of electrical potential, were used to construct an ionic partition diagram (pH-potential representation). This allowed to interpret the transfer mechanisms of sildenafil at liquid/liquid interfaces, suggesting in particular that an intramolecular H-bond influences the lipophilicity of the neutral and cationic species. Conformational calculations confirmed this hypothesis
Consumers perception towards product bundling

The paper presents the authors’ attempt to study the perceptions of consumers in the pre purchase phase of two diverse products which were sold as bundled offers. The authors’ effort was to understand the implications of fast-food marketer's practice of bundling a ‘ready’ meal with a beverage at a discounted price. Further, the impact of an electronic goods dealer's bundled offer of a Television with a home theatre on consumers’ buying decision was also studied. This study was based on primary data collected by administering a questionnaire to 60 respondents who were in the age group of 18–30 years.
Effects of molecular architecture on two‐step, melt‐spun poly(lactic acid) fibers

Fibers of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) produced by two-step melt spinning have been studied. The PLA resins used contain a 96:04 ratio of L:D stereochemical centers; however, one of the materials is branched by a peroxide treatment. The thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the fibers are compared for the two different molecular architectures. In the branched material, at least some of the branches exceed the entanglement molecular weight. The branched material is accordingly characterized by greater shear and extensional viscosity than the linear material. Fiber properties are highly influenced by the draw ratio; both branched and linear materials reach a plateau of about 35% crystallinity. The branched polymer reaches the plateau at a lower draw ratio, and this is indicative of faster crystallization kinetics. Both materials shrink in boiling water, and the amount of shrinkage decreases with increasing draw ratio. At an intermediate draw ratio of 6, the branched material is characterized by significantly larger shrinkage. With small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy, the morphology is found to be fibrillar. Microfibril diameters range from approximately 20 to 30 nm and are almost identical for the two molecular architectures studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2839–2846, 2002
Radiation profiles in an empty annular photoreactor with a source of finite spatial dimensions

A model of radiant energy emission for tridimensional sources has been developed and used to predict radiation flux density profiles in an annular photochemical reactor. This paper presents results for a reactor without dispersion or absorption effects; that is, reflexions and refractions have been neglected and the energy has been assumed to propagate in a transparent medium. Computed radiation profiles agree well with published experimental data in a similar lamp-reactor set up. Also, the formulation does not introduce, as it is the case with all line models, any form of singularities in the prediction of radiation flux density values. Finally, a parametric study of the effects of lamp dimensions on the shape of the radiation profiles was also made.
A microwave plasma source of neutral nitrogen atoms

A microwave source of nitrogen atoms is described. Atom production in the discharge bulk ( mixtures) and atom losses in the flowing afterglow are analysed. The rotational temperature is measured by emission spectroscopy along the discharge (0 - 0 band of the second positive system) and the afterglow (first positive or first negative system depending on the afterglow type). Depending on the experimental conditions ( concentration), two types of flowing afterglow can exist. At high percentage, a `pink' afterglow occurs upstream of the classical `Lewis - Rayleigh' afterglow. An NO titration method provides the atom concentration downstream of the discharge. Then, the N atom transport is explained from a simple model accounting for the energy characteristics of the plasma (obtained by the microwave interferometry methods) and the kinetics.
Porous Li2C8H4O4 coated with N-doped carbon by using CVD as an anode material for Li-ion batteries

Lithium terephthalate (Li2C8H4O4) and its carboxylate-based derivatives have been proposed as advanced organic anodes for low cost lithium/sodium ion batteries. One of the key barriers for practical application is poor rate capability due to the intrinsic low electronic conductivity of most organic materials at room temperature. To overcome this issue, porous microspheres consisting of Li2C8H4O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a common spray drying method for the first time. Furthermore, a straight-forward surface coating technique was developed using urea powder as nitrogen and carbon sources simultaneously. Consequently, a N-doped carbon layer was uniformly coated onto nanostructured Li2C8H4O4 electroactive material at 400 °C by chemical vapor deposition. The composite electrode displays excellent electrochemical performance under high current rate even at room temperature.
Preparation Parameters Optimization of Noncrystalline MoS3 - the Precursor of Nano-MoS2

Noncrystalline molybdenum trisulfide is an important precursor for preparation of nano-MoS 2 by sodium molybdate using thioacetamide or sodium sulfide as a sulfur source under an acid condition via quick homogeneous precipitation method in our previous study. The morphology, size and shape of MoS 3 noncrystalline particles affect the properties of MoS 2 nano-particles directly. In this paper, the optimization of some preparing parameters of MoS 3 noncrystalline particles, such as temperature, pH, concentration and proportion of the reactant was investigated. The relationships among these influence factors and Na 2 Mo0 4 conversion rate have been worked out. The X-ray diffraction characterization further confirm that the as-prepared MoS 3 particles under the optimized process parameters are of typical noncrystalline characteristics, and the transmission electron microscope observations show that the size of the particles are about 500-1000 nm. In addition, MoS 2 nanoparticles can be fabricated from the MoS 3 as prepared under the optimized process conditions. The XRD and TEM results show that the obtained MoS 2 particles are of 2H-MoS 2 structure with a size of about 30 nm.
Textural and Sensory Properties of Herring (Clupea harengus) Cubes in Chinese-Type Paste as Affected by Prefrying Methods

The aim of this study was to determine the textural and sensory properties of herring (Clupea harengus) cubes prefried by deep frying (DF), mild frying (MF), and vacuum frying (VF) in Chinese-type pastes stored for 25 days at 13–15°C. Three groups of fish cubes in every Chinese-type paste were compared for texture, physical, and sensory properties by carrying out texture profile analysis (TPA), moisture content, color, and sensory analyses; and two types of Chinese-type pastes were investigated, oily Paste (A) and light Paste (B). The results showed that L* of fish cubes decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and a* and b* increased significantly (p < 0.05) in two kinds of Chinese-type pastes. Fish cubes prefried by DF and MF had higher sensory scores in Chinese-type Paste A, while those prefried by DF and VF had higher sensory scores in Chinese-type Paste B.
Shape-constraint as a route to calcite single crystals with complex morphologies

Sponge-like polymer membranes, formed by templating sea urchin skeletal plates, were used as an environment in which to precipitate calcium carbonate. Using double diffusion conditions and under a specific range of reagent concentrations single crystals of calcite with sponge-like morphologies were precipitated, whose form was dictated by the confines of the polymer membrane. Investigation of the mechanism of formation of these particles showed that both templated calcite and vaterite particles nucleated at early times, but that the proportion of vaterite present decreased with time due to dissolution and reprecipitation as calcite. All evidence suggests that the templated calcite single crystals grew in the absence of an amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precursor phase, demonstrating that the presence of ACC is not a necessary prerequisite to the formation of single crystals of calcite with complex morphologies.
Formation kinetics and electrochemical behavior of an azobenzene self‐assembled monolayer on a gold electrode

The formation kinetics of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of an azobenzenealkanethiol (HS-CH 2 CH 2 NHC(O)-Φ-N=N-Φ, denoted as AzoC2SH) on gold surface was studied using electrochemical techniques, while the variation of the voltammetric behavior of AzoC2SH monolayers prepared with different assembly time was investigated. A two-step adsorption kinetics has been confirmed for the self-assembly of AzoC2SH molecules on gold surface: the fast adsorption process and the following long-term reorganization. The equilibrium constant (K eq ) for the adsorption and the interaction factor between adsorbate-adsorbate molecules (δ) were evaluated based on the Frumkin isotherm and determined to be (3.17±0.13)xl0 6 M -1 and (0.34±0.04), respectively. We have also determined the adsorption rate constant (k ad ) of (1.90±0.4)x10 3 M -1 s -1 on the basis of the Langmuir model. The value of k nd is significantly larger than that of underivatized alkanethiols or ferrocenylalkanethiols, partially due to the strong attractive interaction between AzoC2SH molecules in the monolayer, which is evidenced by the negative interaction factor. Moreover, the electrochemical behavior shows a unique change when we prepare differently packed AzoC2SH monolayers by controlling the self-assembling time. The apparent electron transfer rate constant (k app ) was found to show a remarkable decrease with the surface concentration of the adsorbate molecules in the monolayer increasing. Taking into account the molecular structural change associated with the reduction/oxidation of an azobenzene group, the decrease of k app can be understood by considering that there is an increase of the structural inhibition effect when the packing density of the AzoC2SH monolayer on gold surface increases.
Toxicology Perspective of Nanopharmaceuticals: A Critical Review

For the last 10 years pharmaceutical research and industry has elucidated several innovations and practices in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Due to the increasing use of nanoparticles, the risk of human exposure rapidly increases and reliable toxicity test systems are urgently needed. Nanotoxicology refers to the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems with an emphasis on the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses. It involves their unique biodistribution, clearance, accumulation, immune response and metabolism. An understanding of the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of the nanostructure and their in-vivo behavior would provide a basis for assessing toxic response and more importantly could lead to better predictive models for assessing toxicity. The current regulations for nanoparticles containing products are still in a nascent stage. The advantages of nanoparticles led to failures in noticing the toxic outcomes in living organisms. Major changes are required by considering several factors including environmental, health and safety issues. The rapid commercialization of nanotechnology requires thoughtful open discussion of broader societal impacts and urgent toxicological oversight action.
Antispasmodic potential of leaves, barks and fruits of Zanthoxylum armatum DC

Zanthoxylum armatum is a well known food product used as antispasmodic in traditional medicine system. In the present research work, the phytochemical composition of the leaves, barks and fruits was carried out showing that all parts are good source of alkaloids, saponin, tannins and flavonoids. The ethanolic and n-hexane extracts were tested for their antispasmodic potential using rabbit ileum tissues. The ethanolic and n-hexane extract of the leaves (ZLE and ZLH), barks (ZBE and ZBH) and fruits (ZFE and ZFH), demonstrated a dose dependant antispasmodic effect. In most of the tested extracts, the action of ethanolic extract was found more pronounced than the other. The most significant antispasmodic effect was observed with fruit extracts. In conclusion, the current study strongly supports the folkloric uses of the plant as antispasmodic. Key words: Zanthoxylum armatum, rabbit ileum, phytochemical studies, folkloric, antispasmodic.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT & EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT TABLET OF ALENDRONATE SODIUM WITH VITAMIN D3

Alendronate sodium is a bisphosphonates which has antiresorptive effect which is implicated in the prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to formulate effervescent tablet of Alendronate sodium with Vitamin D3 against osteoporosis thereby improving patient compliance. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â As per revised definition proposed to US FDA, Effervescent tablet is a tablet intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before administration. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Effervescent tablets were formulated using citric acid and sodium bicarbonate as effervescent composition by wet granulation. The drug-excipient compatibility study done by DSC & FTIR analysis and it reveals absence of interaction between the drug and excipients. The flowability study of precompression blend shows good flow properties. Formulation was evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, solution time, pH of solution & content uniformity. All the evaluation parameters were within the limit and complies specifications as per U.S.P. & B.P. From the Stability analysis may be inferred that there was no degradation and change in the formulation. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The Effervescent tablet of Sodium Alendronate and Vitamin D3 is a new pharmaceutical formulation to be taken orally and offering a considerable advantage: avoidance of gastro-intestinal disorders, to the limits of the possible. As compared to the pure drug and marketed tablet, this formulation displayed significantly effective in the oral osteoporosis treatment in post menopausal women.
Syntheses of novel halogen-free Brønsted–Lewis acidic ionic liquid catalysts and their applications for synthesis of methyl caprylate

A series of benign halogen-free ionic liquid (IL) catalysts were synthesized by combining the Bronsted acidic ionic liquid [HSO3-pmim]+HSO4− with ZnO in different composition ratios. The IL catalysts, which possess both Bronsted and Lewis acidities, were employed as acidic catalysts for the esterification of n-caprylic acid to methyl caprylate. The [HSO3-pmim]+(1/2Zn2+)SO42−, prepared by cooperating equimolar amounts of Bronsted and Lewis acid sites, was found to exhibit an optimal catalytic performance and excellent durability. This is attributed to a synergy of Bronsted and Lewis acidities manifested by the catalyst. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to explore the effects of different experimental variables (viz. catalyst amount, methanol to caprylic acid molar ratio, temperature, and reaction time) on the esterification reaction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also employed to study the interactions between variables and their effects on the catalytic process. Accordingly, the deduced optimal reaction conditions led to a high methyl caprylate yield of 95.4%, in good agreement with experimental results and those predicted by the BBD model. Moreover, a kinetic study performed under optimal reaction conditions revealed an apparent reaction order of 1.70 and an active energy of 33.66 kJ mol−1.
Development of a low cost microfluidic sensor for the direct determination of nitrate using chromotropic acid in natural waters

Progress towards the development of a miniaturised microfluidic instrument for the direct measurement of nitrate in natural waters and wastewater using chromotropic acid is presented. For the first time, the chromotropic method for nitrate analysis has been transferred to a microfluidic chip configuration that can withstand the extremely acidic nature of the reagent within a field deployable platform. This simple method employs one reagent mixed in a 1 : 1 ratio with the sample to produce a yellow colour absorbing strongly at 430 nm. A stopped flow approach is used which, together with the very rapid kinetics and simple reagent stream, enables an uncomplicated microfluidic design and field deployable platform with a sample throughput of 9 samples per h, limits of detection of 0.70 mg L−1 NO3− and 0.31 mg L−1 NO3− for seawater samples, with a dynamic linear range from 0–80 mg L−1 NO3− and long-term reagent stability of up to 6 months. Validation was achieved by analysing split water samples by the analyser and ion chromatography, resulting in an excellent correlation co-efficient of 0.9969. The fully integrated sensing platform consists of a sample inlet with filter, storage units for chromotropic reagent and standards for self-calibration, pumping system which controls the transport and mixing of the sample, a microfluidic mixing and detection chip, and waste storage, all contained within a ruggedized, waterproof housing. The optical detection system consists of a LED light source with a photodiode detector, which enables sensitive detection of the coloured complex formed. The low cost of the platform coupled with integrated wireless communication makes it an ideal platform for in situ environmental monitoring.
Ab initio simulations of diluted magnetic semiconductors: cobalt‐doped zinc oxide

The structural and magnetic properties of diluted magnetic III–V and II–VI semiconductors (DMS) have been investigated using ab initio simulations techniques based on density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange–correlation term. In order to achieve an agreement with spectroscopic data of the electronic structure, it is necessary to employ methods which go beyond the standard implementation of density funcional theory allowing for a better description of Coulomb correlations in the poorly screened rather open ionic structures of the materials. As an example, we give a detailed description of Co‐doped ZnO in the wurtzite lattice. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Novel Carbon Dioxide Microsensor Based on Tin Oxide Nanomaterial Doped With Copper Oxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the major indicators of fire and therefore its measurement is very important for low-false-alarm fire detection and emissions monitoring. However, only a limited number of CO2 sensing materials exist due to the high chemical stability of CO2. In this work, a novel CO2 microsensor based on nanocrystalline tin oxide (SnO2) doped with copper oxide (CuO) has been successfully demonstrated. The CuO-SnO2 based CO2 microsensors are fabricated by means of microelectromechanical systems technology and sol-gel nanomaterial-synthesis processes. At a doping level of CuO : SnO2 = 1 : 8 (molar ratio), the resistance of the sensor has a linear response to CO2 concentrations for the range of 1% to 4% CO2 in air at 450degC. This approach has demonstrated the use of SnO2, typically used for the detection of reducing gases, in the detection of an oxidizing gas.
The power‐function model for the soil moisture characteristic

SUMMARY The minimum number of parameters required to model the unsaturated soil moisture characteristic, relating volumetric water content (θ) and matric suction (χ), is shown to be two. A third parameter, θ=θs at saturation, is required to define its saturation limit. The popular power-function χ/χe, = (θ/θs)b is the most general three-parameter model, with χ normalized by a notional air-entry potential, χe. When log-transformed, e.g. as In χ= a + bln(θ/θs), it gives a good fit to observations over varying ranges of χ. We show, using US, Australian, UK and NZ data, that a,b and θs, in this formulation are uncorrelated across a wide range of textures, thus providing a ‘basis set’ of independent parameters. Gregson et al. (1987) used the alternative formulation In χ= a″+ bln(100θ), with χ rescaled to a percentage. Their reported correlation between a″ and b, which led to their ‘one-parameter model’ of the characteristic, is shown to be a mathematical artefact, arising from absorption of the term – b[ln(100)+ ln θs] into a″.