Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Condensed Tannin in Drinking Water Reduces Greenhouse Gas Precursor Urea in Sheep and Cattle Urine

Abstract Ingestion of small amounts of condensed tannin (CT) by ruminants may provide benefits including reduction of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions by reducing urine urea excretion. However, providing grazing ruminants with sufficient amounts of CT-containing forages is difficult, and an alternative may be to provide CT in their drinking water. We conducted three trials to determine if urine urea levels in sheep and cattle decrease after they drink water containing CT. In two initial trials, blood serum urea was measured as a surrogate for urine urea when lambs or steers drank tap water containing low to higher amounts of quebracho tannin (QT). Serum urea concentration was measured after lambs drank the treatments for 7 d or steers for 4–6 d. Lambs consumed pellets (16% crude protein [CP] as fed) at 3.5% of body weight, and steers were fed cubes (15% CP as fed) at 3% of body weight. Mean serum urea concentration in sheep was reduced when they consumed water with QT (P = 0.03) and was also reduced for cattle (P < 0.001). In a third trial with a Latin-square design, four wethers were fed pellets (22% CP, DM basis) and given tap water or tap water with low, medium, or high amounts of QT, and their urine urea excretion was measured. There was a linear effect of QT intake on daily urine urea excretion as a percentage of nitrogen intake (P = 0.03). Reductions in daily urea excretion as a percentage of nitrogen intake were 3.5%, 6.6%, and 12.6%, respectively, for the low, medium, and high QT intake. Small amounts of QT in the drinking water of grazing ruminants can reduce their urine urea excretion.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF KUSHTHA TAILA

Importance of topical formulations in therapeutics has been noticed by the ancient seers. In suitable cases, they preferred topical medicaments along with internal medicaments. Kushtha taila is one such formulations of topical application advocated to be applied after incision of umbilical cord. Though the formulation is useful; its form poses certain inconveniences. Considering them, attempts were made to convert the oil form into certain conventional forms and develop their preliminary physico-chemical profiles. The raw material was procured from the Pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurved University and the excipients were purchased from Janak formulabs, Vatava, GIDC, Ahmadabad, India. Experiments were carried-out by following standard methods. Gel form was found to be more convenient in comparison to other conventional forms. All forms were found to possess antimicrobial properties. As these conventional forms are non-irritant, possess antibacterial and antifungal activities and are comparable to that of the standard drugs; the conventional forms (preferably gel) can replace the classical oil form. The therapeutic potential of such formulations may motivate researchers for further exploitation for their commercial viability.
Marwar painting : a history of the Jodhpur style

Marwar is the historic name for the large area of western Rajasthan that includes much of the formidable Thar desert as well as many smaller towns and villages. At their capital in Jodhpur, the Rathor clan of Rajputs who ruled Marwar, developed a strikingly individual style of painting which was interpreted in a host of different ways by local artists in the many small fiefdoms (thikanas) that were the ancestral lands of the Rathor nobility. Artists trained at the courts of the Mughal emperors brought sophisticated concepts of portraiture and composition to Jodhpur in the 17th and 18th centuries, and these ideas were combined with distinctive local styles and bold colours to form a uniquely lively school of painting. This book is the first to show a wide range of these vibrant paintings in full colour and to provide a complete survey of the development of this little known school of Rajasthani painting. Drawn largely from the royal collection in Jodhpur itself, the paintings discussed in the book also include examples from public and private collections in India, the USA and Great Britain, most of which have never before been published. Beautifully illustrated and throughly researched, this important work will be essential for all lovers of Indian painting.
'The Short- and Long-Run Tax Revenue Response to Changes in Tax Bases'

This paper examines the short- and long-run behavior of tax receipts with regard to their tax bases. In addition, the possibility of asymmetries in tax responses is explicitly included. The methodology is applied to the three main tax categories in the Netherlands for the period 1971-2005, after removing effects from discretionary measures. The outcomes indicate that short-term elasticities can deviate markedly from long-term ones. Furthermore, short-term elasticities tend to be smaller in less favorable circumstances. Ignoring such differences between various elasticity measures may contribute to adverse revenue surprises.
Legal Interoperability Issues in the Framework of the OpenMinTeD Project: A Methodological Overview

This paper is a first analysis of the legal interoperability issues in the framework of the OpenMinTeD (OMTD) project (www.openminted.eu), which aims to create an open, service-oriented e-Infrastructure for Text and Data Mining (TDM) of scientific and scholarly content. The paper offers an overview into the methods for achieving such interoperability.
Food Waste in an Airline Caterer's Production Kitchen

ii Preface . iv Acknowledgements . v List of Figures . ix 2.0 Literature Review . 3 2.1 Food Waste in Foodservices . 4 2.2 Implications of Food Waste . 4 2.3 Waste Analysis . 7 2.3. 1 Qualitative Research in Waste Assessment . 8 2.4 Waste Management . 9 2.5 Food Waste Attitudes and Behaviours . 10 2.6 ‘Lean’ Principles and Foodservice . 11 2.7 The Airline Catering Industry . 13 2.8 Theoretical Frameworks . 14 2.8. 1 Systems Model . 14 2.8. 2 Processes Framework . 16 2.9 Conclusion . 17 3.0 Objective Statement . 18 4.0 Methodology . 19 4.1 Description of Sites . 19 4.2 Research Design and Rationale . 19 4.3 Data Collection . 20 4.3. 1 Waste Audit . 20 4.3. 2 Observations . 24 4.3. 3 Document Analysis . 26 4.3. 4 Interviews . 27 4.4 Data Analysis . 28 4.4.1 Processes Framework . 30 5.0 Results . 32 5.1 Waste audit . 32 5.2 Processes framework . 34 5.2.1 Menu development . 34 5.2.2 Forecasting system . 35 5.2.3 Purchasing . 37 5.2.4 Receiving/warehouse . 39 5.2.5 Production . 40 5.2.6 Assembly . 42 5.2.7 Storage and Transport . 44 5.2.8 External factors; airlines and supplier . 44 5.2.9 Internal factors; quality assurance, HACCP . 46 5.3 Waste and environmental reports . 47 5.4 Summary of Key Findings . 47 6.0 Discussion . 49 6.1 Menu development and forecasting . 49 6.2 Attitudes of foodservice staff . 51 6.3 Behaviours of foodservice staff . 53 6.4 Conclusion . 54
Analysis of urban slum disease using geo-spatial and temporal techniques: case study federal capital city of Nigeria

The study principally concentrates on analyzing urban slums patterns and changes using 2011 NigeriaSat-1 images of the increasing cases of malaria, typhoid, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and meningitis in the Federal Capital City (FCC), Abuja. Existing satellite imageries were processed using spatial analysis tools and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the data collected in the study area as well as determine the magnitude of changes. The results show that malaria and typhoid have been on steady increase with uncontrolled expansion of 34.11% and 19.50% respectively as compare to baseline data of 2010-2013 MDGs/FCT health report. On the other hand, tuberculosis 16.94%, meningitis 15.37%and HIV/AIDs 14.10% have also been on increase. The study recommended that urban slum should have a developed policies and strategies to achieve a balanced, coordinated and sustainable health facility. Secondly, to achieve the goal of urban slum without high rate of diseases, governments must undertake vigorous standard guideline for planning, management, infrastructure development, slum upgrading/removal and poverty reduction.
Development of Goverment Schools Based on GIS: A Case Study of Orangi Town, Karachi

The primary school system in Pakistan needs improvement in order to provide the basic right of education to all. Government schools are not enough to cater the needs of increasing population of the country. The main goal of this study was to present a methodology for the development of government schools based on geographical information system (GIS) through a case study of Orangi Town in Karachi. In this study, first the adequacy of government schools in the study area was evaluated and then the need for additional schools with their suitable locations were identified. Data regarding school locations and students enrollments were collected from Sindh Basic Education Program of a non-profit NGO iMMAP. School building footprints were digitized from 2001 and 2013 Google Earth archived images. Population in 2013 was estimated by projecting 1998 census data downloaded from the website of the Census Bureau of Pakistan. An educated assumption of 20 % of the total population of Orangi Town was used to calculate number of primary school-aged children. Study results showed that schools existed in 2013 were not sufficient to serve all these children. This study also revealed that new schools were built during this time period, but the population growth rate was much higher than the growth rate of schools that created a big supply-demand gap. The most progressive Union Council (UC) of Orangi Town was Haryana Colony where 17 new schools were constructed between 2001 and 2013 though the required number of schools still fall short. New sites for schools analysis.
A morpho-kinematic and spectroscopic study of the bipolar nebulae: M 2-9, Mz 3, and Hen 2-104

Context. Complex bipolar shapes can be generated either as a planetary nebula or a symbiotic system. The origin of the material ionised by the white dwarf is very different in these two scenarios, and it complicates the understanding of the morphologies of planetary nebulae. Aims. The physical properties, structure, and dynamics of the bipolar nebulae, M 2-9, Mz 3, and Hen 2-104, are investigated in detail with the aim of understanding their nature, shaping mechanisms, and evolutionary history. Methods. Long-slit optical echelle spectra are used to investigate the morpho-kinematics of M 2-9, Mz 3, and Hen 2-104. Near-infrared (NIR) data, as well as optical, spectra are used to separate Galactic symbiotic-type nebulae from genuine planetary nebulae by means of a 2MASS J-H/H-Ks diagram and a {\lambda}4363/H{\gamma} vs. {\lambda}5007/H\b{eta} diagnostic diagram, respectively. Results. The best-fitted 3-D models for M 2-9, Mz 3, and Hen 2-104 provide invaluable kinematical information on the expansion velocity of its nebular components by means of synthetic spectra. Kinematical ages of the different structures of M 2-9 and Mz 3 have also been determined. Both diagnostic diagrams show M 2-9 and Hen 2-104 to fall well within the category of having a symbiotic source, whereas Mz 3 borders the region of symbiotic and young planetary nebulae in the optical diagram. The optical diagnostic diagram is shown to successfully separate the two types of nebulae. Conclusions. The morphology, kinematics, and evolutionary history of M 2-9, Mz 3, and Hen 2-104 are better understood using the interactive 3-D modelling tool shape. The optical and NIR diagnostic diagrams used are important techniques for separating Galactic symbiotic-type nebulae from genuine planetary nebulae.
An Analysis of Exchange Rate Regime Duration

The analysis of mean duration of exchange rate regime reveals that overall durability of regimes has been declining since the 1970s. The durability of intermediate regimes has decreased to the lowest in the 1990s than those in the 1970s and 1980s, which provides a basis for the hollowing out hypothesis. The changing pattern of regime distribution might be associated with the changing pattern of developmental stage.
The Effects of Anchor Points and Reference Points on Negotiation Process and Outcome

One aim of the study was to investigate the hypothesis that in negotiations a first counteroffer is jointly influenced by an anchor point and a reference point. A second aim was to extend this hypothesis to subsequent offers and counteroffers. Specifically, it was hypothesized that when buyers in a price negotiation perceive an anchor point (seller's initial offer) as a gain instead of a loss, the number of offers will decrease and the selling price increase. Seventy-two undergraduates playing the role of buyers or sellers were asked to negotiate the price of condominiums. Anchor points and reference points were manipulated by presenting the buyers with three different initial offers and by setting the buyer's reservation price higher or lower than the initial offer, respectively. In line with the hypothesis, a joint influence on buyers' first counteroffers was observed of the anchor points and reference points. It was further shown that when buyers perceived the initial offer as a gain instead of a loss, they bought at a higher price, the number of offers decreased, and fewer impasses were observed.
A COSSERAT-TYPE PLATE THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION TO CARBON NANOTUBE MICROSTRUCTURE

The predictive capabilities of plate and shell theories greatly depend on their underlying kinematic assumptions. In this study, we develop a Cosserat-type elastic plate theory which accounts for rotations around the normal to the mid-surface plane (so-called drilling rotations). Internal loads, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions and constitutive equations are derived. The case of a Single Walled carbon Nanotube (SWNT) modelled as a Cosserat medium is taken here as a reference example. Material parameters are identified and the proposed theory is used to solve analytically the problem of a polymer- SWNT composite tube under torsion. Predictions such as an absolute size effect are compared to those of the classical Cauchy-de Saint-Venant results. © 2014 Science Publication.
User Interface Design in Isolation from Underlying Code and Environment

The success of any software application heavily depends on the success of its User Interface (UI) design. This is since users communicate with those applications through their UIs and they will build good or bad impressions based on how such UIs help them using the software. UI design evolves through the years to be more platform and even code independent. In addition, the design of an application user interface consumes a significant amount of time and resources. It is expected that not only the same UI design should be relatively easy to transfer from one platform to another, but even from one programming language release to another or even from one programming language to another. In this chapter, we conducted a thorough investigation to describe how UI design evolved through the years to be independent from the code, or any other environment element (e
The Reliability of Citizen Science: A Case Study of Oregon White Oak Stand Surveys

Abstract We trained students (grades 3–10) through classroom presentations to survey an Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) stand in Washington, USA, and compared their data to those obtained from professionals. In May and July 2002, 607 students and 8 professionals surveyed 59 and 22 50-m transects, respectively. We enumerated oaks and ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa), measured diameter at breast height, and rated the crown shape of oaks. Oak diameter at breast height measurements and tree counts were consistent between students and professionals (α = 0.05), but subjective crown assessments and live or dead status differed. Students tended to overreport relatively rare pines and larger oaks relative to professionals. This project provided resource managers with data describing oak diameter at breast height and distribution while educating students about the ecology of local wildlife habitat.
Effects of modified Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy on relaxation, heart rate, blood pressure and flexibility

Background : Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) promotes physiological and behavioral changes that reduce the deleterious effects of stress. However, it requires expensive equipment and is accessible to a limited number of professionals and patients. We aimed to evaluate the physiological and behavioral effects of modified REST (mREST) in healthy young women. Method: Twenty-one healthy young women (20-25 yrs) participated. mREST consists of positioning the patient floating in the pool with 32 o C for about 15 minutes, for twelve sessions, with blindfolded and wearing earplugs. The evaluation was performed before and after the intervention. The analysis of the state of relaxation was investigated by a questionnaire and the self-reports were categorized. Measures of heart rate and blood pressure were used as indicators of the cardiovascular response. Flexibility, measured by the finger-to-floor test, was used as an indicator of muscle relaxation. Results : Heart rate and blood pressure significantly decreased while flexibility and relaxation increased after the sessions (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Self-reports of relaxation were consistent with the blood pressure measures and indicated that the participants showed states of relaxation associated with the decrease of blood pressure and the increase of flexibility (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Conclusion : Healthy women undergoing mREST reported relaxation, with effects on muscular and cardiovascular systems. mREST is a simple, practical and affordable option for therapy in the aquatic environment.
University of Groningen Interacting spin-2 fields in three dimensions

Using the frame formulation of multi-gravity in three dimensions, we show that demanding the presence of secondary constraints which remove the Boulware-Deser ghosts restricts the possible interaction terms of the theory and identifies invertible frame field combinations whose effective metric may consistently couple to matter. The resulting ghost-free theories can be represented by theory graphs which are trees. In the case of three frame fields, we explicitly show that the requirement of positive masses and energies for the bulk spin-2 modes in AdS3 is consistent with a positive central charge for the putative dual CFT2.
Introduction of Traditional Mongolian-Chinese Machine Translation

With the rapid development of Mongolian information technology and the closer communication within different nationalities, machine translation between Mongolian language and Chinese becomes more and more important. Traditional Mongolian-Chinese machine translation has achieved fruitful results in recent years but also confronts with many challenges. This paper reviews the recent development of Traditional Mongolian-Chinese machine translation, including the translation model, corpus collection and proofreading, traditional Mongolian code conversion, lemmatization, named entity recognition, parsing and system combination, etc. We also introduce our group’s research and achievement in Traditional Mongolian-Chinese machine translation. Keywords-machine translation; Traditional Mongolian; codeconversion; word lemmatization; recognition of name entity; parsing
Comportamiento agronómico de siete accesiones de Brachiaria humidicola durante la fase de establecimiento Agronomic performance of seven Brachiaria humidicola accessions during the establishment stage

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of seven Brachiaria humidicola accessions during the establishment stage, in order to select those with better adaptation to the conditions of acid soil and low fertility of the Santander region of Barrancabermeja and Magdalena Medio, Colombia. Twenty- one plots were used, with a completely randomized design and three replications for each accession. The evaluations were made since the seventh day after the seeds were planted and the plots were considered established when the covered area reached 80%. The emergence, cover, height, lateral displacement, dry forage production, incidence of pests and diseases and nutritional deficiencies of the plants were determined; the bromatological analysis was also made. The B. humidicola accessions had an average germination of 30%. The cumulative variance was 88,67% in the first three components. The total variability was concluded to be high, with regards to the measured and/or estimated indicators, which allowed the adequate differentiation of the accessions. The indicators of higher contribution in group formation and selection were: cover, dry matter, dry forage production, fat percentage, leafiness, energy and protein.
The Environment, Structure, and Interaction Process of Elite Same-Sex Dyadic Sport Teams

The purpose of this study was to examine elite same-sex dyadic sport teams. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with elite beach volleyball athletes. The results of the analysis revealed three higher-order categories: (a) sport environment, which included elements related to participation in beach volleyball such as challenges and comparisons between partnerships and other sports; (b) dyad structure and composition, which included individual and relationship elements that created a sense of balance in the partnership; and (c) dyadic interaction process, which focused on developing communication and cohesion in the partnership and working toward an ideal state where interaction was efficient and effective. The results of the study extend group dynamics literature by studying the dyad as a separate group entity and by revealing information specific to this group of athletes.
Privacy and Accuracy Monitoring Of Spatial Queries Using Voronoi Neighbors Using Data Mining

The approach is based on neighborhood information derived from the Voronoi diagram of the underlying spatial data set and can handle fundamental spatial query types. It opts for a monitoring environment, the privacy model that has been employed by location cloaking and other privacy-aware approaches. The idea is that a client encapsulates its exact position in a bounding box, and the timing and mechanism with which the box is updated to the server are decided by a client-side location updater as part of PAM.
How to Increase the Long Run Growth Rate of Bangladesh

This paper develops a framework to analyse the determinants of the long term growth rate of Bangladesh. It is based on the Solow (1956) growth model and its extension by Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) and follows Senhadji’s (2000) growth accounting procedure to estimate total factor productivity (TFP). Our growth accounting exercise showed that growth rate in Bangladesh, until 1990, was due to factor accumulation. Since then, however, TFP made a small positive contribution to growth. An analysis of the determinants of TFP showed that remittances by emigrant workers have negative effects which seem to be due to the loss of skilled labour force. Using these results policy options, to double per capita income of Bangladesh in about 15 years, are discussed.