Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impacts of mountain pine beetle disturbance on the energy balance of snow during the melt period

Mountain snowpacks provide most of the annual discharge of western US rivers, but the future of water resources in the western USA is tenuous, as climatic changes have resulted in earlier spring melts that have exacerbated summer droughts. Compounding changes to the physical environment are biotic disturbances including that of the mountain pine beetle (MPB), which has decimated millions of acres of western North American forests. At the watershed scale, MPB disturbance increases the peak hydrograph, and at the stand scale, the ‘grey’ phase of MPB canopy disturbance decreases canopy snow interception, increases snow albedo, increases net shortwave radiation, and decreases net longwave radiation versus the ‘red’ phase. Fewer studies have been conducted on the red phase of MPB disturbance and in the mixed coniferous stands that may follow MPB‐damaged forests. We measured the energy balance of four snowpacks representing different stages of MPB damage, management, and recovery: a lodgepole pine stand, an MPB‐infested stand in the red phase, a mixed coniferous stand (representing one successional trajectory), and a clear‐cut (representing reactive management) in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest in Montana, USA. Net longwave radiation was lower in the MPB‐infested stand despite higher basal area and plant area index of the other forests, suggesting that the desiccated needles serve as a less effective thermal buffer against longwave radiative losses. Eddy covariance observations of sensible and latent heat flux indicate that they are of similar but opposite magnitude, on the order of 20 MJ m−2 during the melt period. Further analyses reveal that net turbulent energy fluxes were near zero because of the temperature and atmospheric vapour pressure encountered during the melt period. Future research should place snow science in the context of forest succession and management and address important uncertainties regarding the timing and magnitude of needlefall events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuse Area Reduction Based on Quantitative Yield Analysis and Effective Chip Cost

Embedded memory yield dominates manufacturing yield of the chip and yield enhancement techniques for embedded memories are important for entire SoC yield increase. Laser fuses and anti fuses are two commonly used mechanisms for hard repair and they consume a lot of area. Analysis based upon yield prediction methods as well as silicon yield database shows that putting fuse to repair all the memories on the chip is not worth the expense, when only few fuse bits are needed. In this paper, we present the background for fuse reduction (cost analysis) and propose methodology to compress total number of fuses to repair the memories such that cost reduction through hard repair circuitry is maximized. The idea is to take into consideration factors like memory yield, fuse yield and repair logic yield, together with the number of memories on chip, to finally decide the fuse compression ratio.
A Product Line of Software Reuse Cost Models

In past work, we had proposed a software reuse cost model that combines relevant stakes and stakeholders in an integrated ROI-based model. In this paper we extend our earlier work in two directions: conceptually, by capturing aspects of the model that were heretofore unaccounted for; practically, by proposing a product line that supports a wide range of cost modeling applications.
Identification of glucuronide conjugates of ketobemidone and its phase I metabolites in human urine utilizing accurate mass and tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The glucuronide conjugates of ketobemidone, norketobemidone and hydroxymethoxyketobemidone were identified in human urine post-intravenous administration of Ketogan Novum. The human urine was extracted on a mixed-mode solid-phase micro-column before analysis with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-TOF-MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS). Accurate mass and collision-induced dissociation product ion spectra were used for identification of the glucuronide conjugates. Two different TOF mass spectrometers were used and the accurate mass measurements were performed on three separate days with each instrument. The accuracy of the mass measurements was better than 2.1 ppm for two out of three conjugates and the inter-day relative standard deviation was within +/-0.00049%. The MS/MS fragmentation patterns of the conjugates were in accordance with those of the synthetic aglycones and included peaks originating from the [M + H](+) ion of the respective aglycone.
Power consumption evaluation in a wireless MAN using cooperative diversity when both sources and relays are randomly located

Most previous work on cooperative cellular networks has considered homogeneous relaying architectures where all nodes act as both sources and relays or considered heterogeneous relaying architecture where relays are fixed. In this paper, we examine the power consumption performance of heterogeneous cooperative cellular networks with two classes of nodes: source nodes (subscriber stations, SS's) that do not act as relays, and relaying agents (relays station, RS) that are dedicated to relaying functions with little concern about power consumption. In this architecture, source nodes are able to reap the benefits of cooperative communication, such as improvements in the achievable data rate and reductions in the transmit power, while reducing the overall power consumption since they do not act as a relay. We consider a geometry of a cell. Then we consider random locations of SS and RS, respectively, to analyze the average power consumption over the region of interest under the assumption that the SS and RS are distributed uniformly over the cell region.
Study on the frequency and risk factors of moderate-to-severe sleep apnea syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Objectives: We aimed to investigate the frequency of moderate-to-severe sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) that possibly influences long-term prognosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to analyze the risk factors for this group. Methods: We examined respiratory disturbance index (RDI) by polysomnography in 62 hospitalized RA patients. Risk factors of moderate-to-severe SAS (RDI ≥20) were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: RA was complicated by moderate-to-severe SAS in 13/62 (20.9%) cases. The highest stage of temporomandibular joint abnormality (TMJA) and a high value of health assessment questionnaire-disability index (HAQ-DI) were significant risk factors, according to the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.010, respectively). Contrary to these results, RDI was not related to the disease activity indexes of RA and other clinical characteristics. Conclusion: We clarified that the highest TMJA stage and a high value of HAQ-DI are novel important risk factors for moderate-to-severe SAS in RA patients.
Determination of Genetic Diversity Using 15 Simple Sequence Repeats Markers in Long Term Selected Japanese Quail Lines

Japanese quail is still used as a model for poultry research because of their usefulness as laying, meat, and laboratory animals. Microsatellite markers are the most widely used molecular markers, due to their relative ease of scoring and high levels of polymorphism. The objective of the research was to determine genetic diversity and population genetic structures of selected Japanese quail lines (high body weight 1 [HBW1], HBW2, low body weight [LBW], and layer [L]) throughout 15th generations and an unselected control (C). A total of 69 individuals from five quail lines were genotyped by fifteen microsatellite markers. When analyzed profiles of the markers the observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity ranged from 0.04 (GUJ0027) to 0.64 (GUJ0087) and 0.21 (GUJ0027) to 0.84 (GUJ0037), respectively. Also, Ho and He were separated from 0.30 (L and LBW) to 0.33 (C and HBW2) and from 0.52 (HBW2) to 0.58 (L and LBW), respectively. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.46 (HBW2) to 0.52 (L). Approximately half of the markers were informative (PIC≥0.50). Genetic distances were calculated from 0.09 (HBW1 and HBW2) to 0.33 (C and L). Phylogenetic dendrogram showed that the quail lines were clearly defined by the microsatellite markers used here. Bayesian model-based clustering supported the results from the phylogenetic tree. These results reflect that the set of studied markers can be used effectively to capture the magnitude of genetic variability in selected Japanese quail lines. Also, to identify markers and alleles which are specific to the divergence lines, further generations of selection are required.
The Class II Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate Kinase PIK3C2A Promotes Shigella flexneri Dissemination through Formation of Vacuole-Like Protrusions

ABSTRACT Intracellular pathogens such as Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes achieve dissemination in the intestinal epithelium by displaying actin-based motility in the cytosol of infected cells. As they reach the cell periphery, motile bacteria form plasma membrane protrusions that resolve into vacuoles in adjacent cells, through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we report on the role of the class II phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase PIK3C2A in S. flexneri dissemination. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that PIK3C2A was required for the resolution of protrusions into vacuoles through the formation of an intermediate membrane-bound compartment that we refer to as a vacuole-like protrusion (VLP). Genetic rescue of PIK3C2A depletion with RNA interference (RNAi)-resistant cDNA constructs demonstrated that VLP formation required the activity of PIK3C2A in primary infected cells. PIK3C2A expression was required for production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] at the plasma membrane surrounding protrusions. PtdIns(3)P production was not observed in the protrusions formed by L. monocytogenes, whose dissemination did not rely on PIK3C2A. PIK3C2A-mediated PtdIns(3)P production in S. flexneri protrusions was regulated by host cell tyrosine kinase signaling and relied on the integrity of the S. flexneri type 3 secretion system (T3SS). We suggest a model of S. flexneri dissemination in which the formation of VLPs is mediated by the PIK3C2A-dependent production of the signaling lipid PtdIns(3)P in the protrusion membrane, which relies on the T3SS-dependent activation of tyrosine kinase signaling in protrusions.
Insulin omission. A troubling trend among adolescent girls.

: The use of seclusion and restraint as methods to control acting-out behaviors by individuals with mental illness continues, despite deaths and other negative outcomes to both the clients themselves and the staff members applying these techniques. Additionally, client-to-client and client-to-staff assaults and self-injurious behaviors can lead to injury or possible fatalities to both parties.Thus, there is a need to find alternative approaches to mitigate or even eliminate some of these behaviors. The use of comfort rooms is one such approach. With the institution of comfort rooms, one small, rural, tertiary mental health hospital demonstrated a reduction in seclusion and restraint use and assaultive behaviors of clients. In addition, 92.9% of the clients who used these rooms found them to be helpful when they experienced increasing levels of distress. With the provision of an area for clients to go voluntarily to self-manage their distress,nurses play a role in promoting autonomy and person-centered care, while reducing environmental stress and potential negative outcomes.
Sketching faces

Faces can be modelled using a number of techniques. Existing faces can be transferred to a digital form using equipment such as laser scanners. New faces can be constructed using commercial modelling tools, or using specialist software, e.g. Photo-fit software. We present a technique that can create a 3D head using intuitive 2D sketching techniques. This involves bringing together two types of graphics applications: sketching interfaces and systems used to create 3D faces, through the mediation of a statistical model.
Experimental Methods in Psychology and Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Laboratory experiments have always been important in psychology and are as commonly used today as ever due to the dominating position of cognitive research in international psychology. is trend has been fur- ther strengthened by recent developments in cognitive neuroscience, where experimental studies are central. Recently, experimental studies within the eld of a ective neuroscience have also received attention. Not- withstanding, experimental methods remain controversial also in psychology, and one should carefully weigh their advantages against their drawbacks. is article provides an introduction to experimental psychology, including basic principles and illustrative examples. e article focuses on the experimental method in its purest form, the controlled laboratory study, and discusses the value of this scienti c approach with regard to ecological validity and socio-cultural factors. Furthermore, the article describes the use of experiments within cognitive and a ective neuroscience as well as the inherent challenges of individual versus social perspectives when conducting micro level laboratory experiments.
Multichannel Receiver Design, Instrumentation, and First Results at the National Weather Radar Testbed

When the National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) was installed in 2004, a single-channel digital receiver was implemented so that the radar could mimic typical Weather Surveillance Radar (WSR) version 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) capability. This, however, left unused eight other channels, built into the antenna. This paper describes the hardware instrumentation of a recently completed project that digitizes the radar signals produced by these channels. The NWRT is the nation's first phased array devoted to weather observations, and this testbed serves as an evaluation platform to test new hardware and signal processing concepts. The multichannel digital data will foster a new generation of adaptive/fast scanning techniques and space-antenna/interferometry measurements, which will then be used for improved weather forecasting via data assimilation. The multichannel receiver collects signals from the sum, azimuth-difference, elevation-difference, and five broad-beamed auxiliary channels. One of the major advantages of the NWRT is the capability to adaptively scan weather phenomena at a higher temporal resolution than is possible with the WSR-88D. Access to the auxiliary channels will enable clutter mitigation and advanced array processing for higher data quality with shorter dwell times. Potential benefits of higher quality and higher resolution data include: better understanding of storm dynamics and convective initiation; better detection of small-scale phenomena, including tornadoes and microbursts; and crossbeam wind, shear, and turbulence estimates. These items have the distinct possibility to ultimately render increased lead time for warnings and improved weather prediction. Finally, samples of recently collected data are presented in the results section of this paper.
Effect of wearable antenna polarization and directivity on on-body channel path gain at 60 GHz

Measurements of on-body dynamic propagation channels have been performed at 60 GHz using dual-polarized scalar horns. The measured cumulative distribution functions (CDF) were compared to those reported previously with monopole antennas. The performances of horn and monopole antennas were compared in various on-body channels and it was found that omnidirectional low-gain antennas produce stronger path gain in some channels. It was concluded that polarization diversity is unlikely to provide a significant gain but the channel capacity may be improved by using several polarization channels in a multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) system.
A Problem‐Solving Early Intervention for Stroke Caregivers: One Year Follow‐Up

Purpose: The study purposes were to assess the efficacy of a caregiver problem‐solving intervention (CPSI) on stroke caregiver physical and psychosocial adaptation compared with a wait‐list control (WLC) treatment, and to assess the mediation effects of coping on outcomes. Methods: A stress and coping model guided the study design. Outcomes were depression, anxiety, preparedness, life changes, and family functioning. CPSI started during acute rehabilitation and continued 3 months postdischarge. Data were collected at baseline (T1), postintervention (T2), and 6 (T3) and 12 months postdischarge (T4). Results: Of 255 caregivers, 75% were depressed at baseline. Repeated measures ANOVA of study completers (n = 121) indicated improved T2 depression, life change, and health (ps < .04) favoring the CPSI group. Improvements faded by 6 months. Although no group differences in outcomes were found in the intention‐to‐treat analysis, growth curve modeling indicated a difference in depression rate of change, favoring the CPSI (p = .04). Perceived health, threat appraisal and rational problem‐solving were significant mediators (ps < .05). Conclusions: Findings provide direction for future interventions to promote and sustain healthy caregiver adaptation.
The constitutive expression of the V gene of Parainfluenza virus 5 affects the growth properties of bovine herpesvirus 5

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the expression of Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) V protein in bovine cells on the replication of Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5). Growth properties of BoHV-5 were evaluated in parental and PIV5 transfected cells. In one-step growth experiments, the BoHV-5 reached higher titers at earlier time points in the transfected cells when compared to the parental cells. The mean plaque size produced by the BoHV-5 in transfected cells was larger than the parental cells. This indicated that the expression of the PIV5 V gene facilitated the release and cell-to-cell spread of BoHV-5 in bovine cells.
Optimal mode decomposition for unsteady flows

Abstract A new method, herein referred to as optimal mode decomposition (OMD), of finding a linear model to describe the evolution of a fluid flow is presented. The method estimates the linear dynamics of a high-dimensional system which is first projected onto a subspace of a user-defined fixed rank. An iterative procedure is used to find the optimal combination of linear model and subspace that minimizes the system residual error. The OMD method is shown to be a generalization of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), in which the subspace is not optimized but rather fixed to be the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes. Furthermore, OMD is shown to provide an approximation to the Koopman modes and eigenvalues of the underlying system. A comparison between OMD and DMD is made using both a synthetic waveform and an experimental data set. The OMD technique is shown to have lower residual errors than DMD and is shown on a synthetic waveform to provide more accurate estimates of the system eigenvalues. This new method can be used with experimental and numerical data to calculate the ‘optimal’ low-order model with a user-defined rank that best captures the system dynamics of unsteady and turbulent flows.
Efficient Score Statistics for Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci with Extended Pedigrees

The method of variance components is the method of choice for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with general pedigrees. Being a likelihood-based method, this method can be computation intensive even for nuclear families, and has excessive false positive rates under some situations. Here two efficient score statistics to detect QTLs are derived, one assumes that the candidate locus has no dominance effect, and the other one does not make such an assumption. These two score statistics are asymptotically equivalent to the method of variance components but they are easier to compute and more robust than the likelihood ratio statistic. The derivation of these score statistics is facilitated by separating the segregation parameters, the parameters that describe the distribution of the phenotypic value in the population, from the linkage parameters, the parameters that measure the effect of the candidate locus on the phenotypic value. Such a separation of the model parameters greatly reduces the number of parameters to be dealt with in the analysis of linkage. The asymptotic distributions of both score statistics are derived. Simulation studies indicate that, compared to the method of variance components, both score statistics have comparable or higher power, and their false-positive rates are closer to their respective nominal significance levels.
Neuronal loss in human medial vestibular nucleus

The data concerning the effects of age on the brainstem are inconsistent, and few works are devoted to the human vestibular nuclear complex. The medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) is the largest nucleus of the vestibular nuclear complex, and it seems to be related mainly to vestibular compensation and vestibulo‐ocular reflexes.
GATEWAY TO KOREA: COLONIALISM, NATIONALISM, AND RECONSTRUCTING RUINS AS TOURIST LANDMARKS

This paper traces the evolution of the South Gate (Sungnye-mun) as a must-see destination representing the antiquity, beauty and patrimony of Seoul, the former capital of the 600 year-old Choson dynasty of Korea (1392-1910). Using the case study of the Republic of Korea's premier national treasure, this paper traces the preservation methods, educational, and commercial agendas of the producers, managers, and promoters of heritage remains. The earliest photographic records date back to the late nineteenth century when travel photo- graphs taken by stereo-view companies, photo-studios, and diplomats were recycled in newspapers, postcards, and guidebooks, giving foreigners the first glimpses into the “Hermit Kingdom. ” The analysis relies on CRM archives such as photographs, guidebooks, architectural surveys, excavation reports, and material resources compiled by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) during the five years of excavations and construction of a replica to replace the original destroyed in an arson fire in 2008. The paper concludes with the grand re-opening ceremony to celebrate not only the resurrection of South Gate but to showcase the successes of the government's centralized heritage management policies, and conservation methods dedicated to preserving the city's architectural heritage.
CRM1-mediated nuclear export and regulated activity of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase antagonist YAN require specific interactions with MAE

ETS family transcription factors serve as downstream effectors of signal transduction pathways, mediating cellular proliferation, differentiation and, when misregulated, tumorigenesis. The transcriptional repressor YAN prevents inappropriate responses to Receptor Tyrosine Kinase signaling by outcompeting POINTED for access to target gene promoters. We demonstrate that the molecular mechanism underlying downregulation of YAN involves CRM1-mediated nuclear export and define a novel role in this context for MAE, a co-factor previously implicated in facilitating MAPK phosphorylation of YAN. In addition to promoting YAN downregulation, MAE also participates in an inhibitory feedback loop that attenuates POINTED-P2 activation. Thus, we propose that MAE plays multiple independent roles in fine-tuning the levels of POINTED and YAN activity in accordance with changing RTK signaling conditions.