Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Synchronous-Reference-Frame Phase-Locked Loop for Power Quality Improvement in a Polluted Utility Grid

The proper operation of grid-connected power electronics converters needs using a synchronization technique to estimate the phase of the grid voltage. The performance of this synchronization technique is related to the quality of the consumed or delivered electric power. The synchronous-reference-frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) has been widely used due to its ease of operation and robust behavior. However, the estimated phase can have a considerable amount of unwanted ripple if the grid voltage disturbances are not properly rejected. The aim of this paper is to propose an adaptive SRF-PLL which strongly rejects these disturbances even if the fundamental frequency of the grid voltage varies. This is accomplished by using several adaptive infinite-impulse-response notch filters, implemented by means of an inherently stable Schur-lattice structure. This structure is perfectly suited to be programmed in fixed-point DSPs (i.e., it has high mapping precision, low roundoff accumulation, and suppression of quantization limit cycle oscillations). The proposed adaptive SRF-PLL has been tested by means of the TI TMS320F2812 DSP. The obtained experimental results show that the proposed synchronization method highly rejects the undesired harmonics even if the fundamental harmonic frequency of a highly polluted grid voltage abruptly varies.
Avoiding order reduction when integrating diffusion-reaction boundary value problems with exponential splitting methods

In this paper, we suggest a technique to avoid order reduction in time when integrating reaction-diffusion boundary value problems under non-homogeneous boundary conditions with exponential splitting methods. More precisely, we consider Lie-Trotter and Strang splitting methods and Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions. Beginning from an abstract framework in Banach spaces, a thorough error analysis after full discretization is performed and some numerical results are shown which corroborate the theoretical results.
Expression and activity of a Xenorhabdus nematophila haemolysin required for full virulence towards Manduca sexta insects

As an insect pathogen, the γ‐proteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila likely possesses an arsenal of virulence factors, one of which is described in this work. We present evidence that the X . nematophilahaemolysin XhlA is required for full virulence towards Manduca sexta larvae. Lrp (leucine‐responsive regulatory protein), FlhDC (regulator of flagella synthesis), and iron (II) limitation positively influenced xhlA transcript levels, suggesting XhlA expression is linked with nutrient acquisition and motility regulons. To help understand the role of XhlA in virulence, we examined its cellular targets and found that XhlA was a cell‐surface associated haemolysin that lysed the two most prevalent types of insect immune cells (granulocytes and plasmatocytes) as well as rabbit and horse erythrocytes. Taken together, the need for xhlA for full virulence and XhlA activity towards insect immune cells suggest this haemolysin functions in X. nematophila immune evasion during infection. Analysis of a gene located immediately upstream of the xhlA locus, hcp (haemolysin co‐regulated protein) revealed that its transcript levels were elevated during iron (III) limitation and its expression was Lrp‐dependent. Further characterization of xhlA, hcp, and lrp will clarify their regulatory and functional relationships and their individual roles during the infectious process.
Subnuclear localization of FOS‐like immunoreactivity in the parabrachial nucleus after orofacial nociceptive stimulation of the awake rat

We used FOS‐like immunohistochemistry to detect neuronal activity in the pontine parabrachial nucleus after injection of formalin into the lower lip of the awake rat and compared the labeling pattern with that seen after formalin injection into the hindpaw. One hour after a formalin injection into the lip, many FOS‐immunoreactive cells were seen in the parabrachial nucleus, preferentially on the side ipsilateral to the injection site. Detailed anatomical analysis revealed that FOS‐immunoreactive neurons were localized predominantly to three regions of the parabrachial nucleus: the external lateral, the external medial, and the Kölliker‐Fuse subnuclei, with sparser labeling present in the dorsal and superior lateral subnuclei and in the medial parabrachial nucleus. In contrast, a formalin injection into the hindpaw resulted in dense FOS‐labeling in the superior, dorsal, and central lateral subnuclei, with sparse to moderate labeling in the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus, and sparse labeling in the external lateral and external medial subnuclei, as described previously (Hermanson and Blomqvist, J. Comp. Neurol., [1996] 368:45–56).
Fluoren-9-one oxime

In the title molecule, C13H9NO, the fluorene system and the oxime group non-H atoms are essentially coplanar, with a maximum deviation from the fluorene mean plane of 0.079 (2) Å for the oxime O atom. A short intramolecular C—H⋯O generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, molecules related by a twofold screw axis are connected by O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming [100] chains Within these chains, molecules related by a unit translation along [100] show π–π stacking interactions between their fluorene ring systems with an interplanar distance of 3.347 (2) Å. The dihedral angle between the fluorene units of adjacent molecules along the helix is 88.40 (2)°. There is a short C—H⋯π contact between the fluorene groups belonging to neighbouring chains.
A Resource Synchronization Protocol for Multiprocessor Real-Time Systems

We study resource synchronization in multiprocessor hard real-time systems. Specifically, we propose a multiprocessor resource control protocol which allows a job to simultaneously lock multiple global resources, removing a restriction from previous protocols. Allowing nested critical sections may permit a finer granularity of synchronization, increasing parallelism and throughput. All the protocols discussed belong to the class of priority inheritance protocols and rely in some fashion on priority ceilings for global semaphores. The extended protocol prevents deadlock and transitive blocking. We derive bounds for worse case blocking time, and describe sufficient conditions to guarantee that m sets of periodic tasks can be scheduled on an m multiprocessor system.
Experiencing more mathematics anxiety than expected? Contrasting trait and state anxiety in high achieving students

This study examined mathematics anxiety among high and low achieving students (N = 237, grades 9 and 10) by contrasting trait (habitual) and state (momentary) assessments of anxiety. Previous studies have found that trait anxiety measures are typically rated higher than state measures. Furthermore, the academic self-concept has been identified to play a moderating role in the trait-state discrepancy, with higher academic self-concept leading to a lower discrepancy (i.e. less overestimation of trait anxiety if state assessments reflect actual experience). Therefore, we assumed that high achievers who were expected to have high academic self-concepts would exhibit a smaller trait-state discrepancy than low achievers. Results confirmed these assumptions and revealed that high achievers even underestimated their trait anxiety. Implications are discussed.
Diffusion and synchronization in an ion-trap resonator

Ion traps are able to trap charged particles for a long time, and they have been successfully applied in several areas of physics @1#. Among the many applications of ion traps is their use for atomic and molecular physics, such as for the study of metastable states @2#, and cluster cooling @3#. The dynamics of trapped ions has drawn much attention since the early days of ion trapping @ 4‐7 #. One item of interest in these systems stems from collective effects which can be studied both in the laboratory under well defined conditions and with developed theoretical methods. Recently, a different class of ion traps has been developed @ 8‐1 2#, in which ions oscillate between a pair of electrostatic mirrors, much like photons in an optical resonator. The trapped ions have kinetic energies of a few keV in the central part of the trap while inside the mirrors they have only a few meV near their turning points, where they are also subject to radial focusing forces. Thus, the density of ions changes strongly within the trap, due both to their slowing down inside the mirrors and to the radial focusing. This density can increase by two to three orders of magnitude inside the mirrors as compared to its value in the field-free region of the trap. In a previous publication @13#, we have investigated the stability criteria and ion loss mechanisms for ion beams stored in such a trap. Two regions of stability were experimentally identified, and these were found by both numerical simulation and optical models to be distinct modes with very different dynamical properties. Recently, we have also demonstrated @14# that the trapped ions can synchronize their motion under certain conditions. This effect was identified by observing that the size of a packet of ions remained constant for a practically unlimited time, i.e., the debunching that is usually observed did not occur. The synchronization effect was attributed to the repulsive Coulomb interaction between the ions @14#. In this paper, we provide experimental evidence for the dynamics of both diffusion and synchronization in our electrostatic trap by experimentally investigating a particular set of trap configurations. We numerically study two onedimensional model systems, which illustrate the dynamics of diffusion and synchronization. Finally, we describe in more detail the dynamical basis of diffusion and synchronization and compare the results to numerical trajectory calculations. We find that the repulsive Coulomb interaction between the ions, in combination with the kinematical properties dictated by the electrostatic fields, can either enhance the diffusion, and hence speed up the transition to a steady state beam, or induce so strong a correlation between the ions that ion motion synchronization and self-ordering phenomena emerge.
X-ray Structure of the [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Maturase HydE from Thermotoga maritima*

Maturation of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site depends on at least the expression of three gene products called HydE, HydF, and HydG. We have solved the high resolution structure of recombinant, reconstituted S-adenosine-l-methionine-dependent HydE from Thermotoga maritima. Besides the conserved [Fe4S4] cluster involved in the radical-based reaction, this HydE was reported to have a second [Fe4S4] cluster coordinated by three Cys residues. However, in our crystals, depending on the reconstitution and soaking conditions, this second cluster is either a [Fe2S2] center, with water occupying the fourth ligand site or is absent. We have carried out site-directed mutagenesis studies on the related HydE from Clostridium acetobutylicum, along with in silico docking and crystal soaking experiments, to define the active site region and three anion-binding sites inside a large, positive cavity, one of which binds SCN- with high affinity. Although the overall triose-phosphate isomerase-barrel structure of HydE is very similar to that of biotin synthase, the residues that line the internal cavity are significantly different in the two enzymes.
Standardized Rater Training for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) and the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDSC30)

out in preparation of a randomized clinical trial comparing an early medication change strategy with treatment as usual in patients with major depressive disorders (ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier No. NCT00974155). Twenty-one participants were included in the study (19 women and 2 men). Mean age ( 8 SD) of the raters was 34 8 6.1 years (range: 28–50). Seventeen were psychologists and 4 were psychiatric residents. Mean clinical experience ( 8 SD) of the raters was 1.6 8 1.6 years (range: 0–5 years). All raters were familiar with HAMD 17 but had no standardized training before and were unfamiliar with IDS C30 . HAMD 17 and IDS C30 interviews were conducted according to the literature [5] . All patients had given informed, written, video-taped consent prior to the interview. Five video tapes of patients (4 women and 1 man) with major depression according to the DSM-IV criteria [6] were presented during a 1-day course. Three patients were rated with HAMD and IDS, and 2 with HAMD 17 only. Prior to the training, the video tapes were rated by two experienced raters (S.W. and A.T.). The experts had 7 and 9 years of experience with the use of different depression rating scales including HAMD and IDS. According to the expert ratings, the patients had HAMD 17 total scores (average of both experts) of 15, 6, 13, 15 and 15 and IDS C30 One approach to increase objectivity and reliability in the application of rating instruments in clinical practice as well as in clinical trials is the implementation of standardized trainings for the participating raters. Inter-rater reliability scores are established parameters to assess the quality of standardized rater trainings. Establishing the inter-rater reliability in clinical practice as well as in studies of depression treatment is of high importance because the absence of rater trainings has been shown to weaken the quality of severity ratings in clinical routine as well as the results in clinical trials [1] . In a previous study, Müller and Dragecivic [2] reported on a standardized rater training for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD 17 ) [3] in psychiatric novices. This rater training was carried out using three video-taped interviews of depressed patients in 21 psychiatric novices. Results showed sufficiently high inter-rater reliability for most of the individual HAMD 17 items as well as for the HAMD 17 total score, suggesting that three training sessions are adequate to establish satisfactory inter-rater reliability. The aim of the present study was to analyze the inter-rater reliability of the HAMD 17 and the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDS C30 ) [4] in a standardized training. The rater training was carried Received: May 25, 2010 Accepted: June 22, 2010 Published online: November 11, 2010
Functional Analysis of Insect Molting Fluid Proteins on the Protection and Regulation of Ecdysis*

Background: Periodical ecdysis occurs in insects with molting fluids accumulated among the old and new cuticles. Results: Molting fluid is a mixture containing many unknown proteins to inhibit microbian infection and regulate ecdysis. Conclusion: Insects produce molting fluids for protecting delicate insects and guaranteeing successful ecdysis. Significance: Molting proteins may be targets useful for pesticide development in the future. Molting fluid accumulates between the old and new cuticles during periodical ecdysis in Ecdysozoa. Natural defects in insect ecdysis are frequently associated with melanization (an immunity response) occurring primarily in molting fluids, suggesting that molting fluid may impact immunity as well as affect ecdysis. To address this hypothesis, proteomic analysis of molting fluids from Bombyx mori during three different types of ecdysis was performed. Many proteins were newly identified, including immunity-related proteins, in each molting fluid. Molting fluids inhibited the growth of bacteria in vitro. The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, which can escape immune responses in feeding larvae, is quickly recognized by larvae during ecdysis, followed by melanization in molting fluid and old cuticle. Fungal conidia germination was delayed, and no hyphae were detected in the hemocoels of pharate instar insects. Molting fluids protect the delicate pharate instar insects with extremely thin cuticles against microorganisms. To explore the function of molting fluids in ecdysis regulation, based on protein similarity, 32 genes were selected for analysis in ecdysis regulation through RNAi in Tribolium castaneum, a model commonly used to study integument development because RNAi is difficult to achieve in B. mori. We identified 24 molting proteins that affected ecdysis after knockdown, with different physiological functions, including old cuticle protein recycling, molting fluid pressure balance, detoxification, and signal detection and transfer of molting fluids. We report that insects secrete molting fluid for protection and regulation of ecdysis, which indicates a way to develop new pesticides through interrupting insect ecdysis in the future.
Pasteurella multocida Gene Expression in Response to Iron Limitation

ABSTRACT Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases in avian and mammalian hosts. Gene expression in response to low iron conditions was analyzed in P. multocida using whole-genome microarrays. The analysis shows that the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism and electron transport generally decreased 2.1- to 6-fold while that of genes used for iron binding and transport increased 2.1- to 7.7-fold in P. multocida during the first 2 h of growth under iron-limiting conditions compared with controls. Notably, 27% of the genes with significantly altered expression had no known function, illustrating the limitations of using publicly available databases to identify genes involved in microbial metabolism and pathogenesis. Taken together, the results of our investigations demonstrate the utility of whole-genome microarray analyses for the identification of genes with altered expression profiles during varying growth conditions and provide a framework for the detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms of iron acquisition and metabolism in P. multocida and other gram-negative bacteria.
AI in control Systems engineering

Abstract Decision-making is an integral part of any consideration of the discipline of control Systems. This implies feedback of knowledge in some format, whether it is mediated via human or machineoriented methods. The application of AI methodologies to control Systems engineering is described in this review under two broad categories of design and implementation. The design of control strategies is itself divided into phases of modelling and simulation, identification, and algorithm selection and tuning. The aspects of implementation which are covered include real-time considerations such as knowledge-based control and fuzzy logic, multi-sensor data fusion, fault detection and Human–Computer Interaction (HCI).
Model Predictive Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

This paper describes the application of Model Predictive Control (MPC) to speed control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The MPC design is based on a linearized state space representation of the nonlinear PMSM model. Hildreth's procedure is employed to solve the quadratic programming problem for the input voltage constraints online and supporting experimental results are also given.
Dissociation of the pathways mediating ipsilateral and contralateral motor‐evoked potentials in human hand and arm muscles

1 Growing evidence points toward involvement of the human motor cortex in the control of the ipsilateral hand. We used focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the pathways of these ipsilateral motor effects. 2 Ipsilateral motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained in hand and arm muscles of all 10 healthy adult subjects tested. They occurred in the finger and wrist extensors and the biceps, but no response or inhibitory responses were observed in the opponens pollicis, finger and wrist flexors and the triceps. 3 The production of ipsilateral MEPs required contraction of the target muscle. The threshold TMS intensity for ipsilateral MEPs was on average 1.8 times higher, and the onset was 5.7 ms later (in the wrist extensor muscles) compared with size‐matched contralateral MEPs. 4 The corticofugal pathways of ipsilateral and contralateral MEPs could be dissociated through differences in cortical map location and preferred stimulating current direction. 5 Both ipsi‐ and contralateral MEPs in the wrist extensors increased with lateral head rotation toward, and decreased with head rotation away from, the side of the TMS, suggesting a privileged input of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex to the pathway of the ipsilateral MEP. 6 Large ipsilateral MEPs were obtained in a patient with complete agenesis of the corpus callosum. 7 The dissociation of the pathways for ipsilateral and contralateral MEPs indicates that corticofugal motor fibres other than the fast‐conducting crossed corticomotoneuronal system can be activated by TMS. Our data suggest an ipsilateral oligosynaptic pathway, such as a corticoreticulospinal or a corticopropriospinal projection as the route for the ipsilateral MEP. Other pathways, such as branching of corticomotoneuronal axons, a transcallosal projection or a slow‐conducting monosynaptic ipsilateral pathway are very unlikely or can be excluded.
NON-INVASIVE ANGIOGRAPHY Original Studies A CT-based Medina Classification in Coronary Bifurcations: Does the Lumen Assessment Provide Sufficient Information?

Aims: To evaluate the distribution of atherosclerosis at bifurcations with computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) and propose a novel CT-Medina classification for bifurcation lesions. Methods: In 26 patients (age 55 6 10 years, 81% male) imaged with CTCA, 39 bifurcations were studied. The bifurcations analysis included the proximal main vessel, the distal main vessel and the side branch (SB). Plaque contours were manually traced on CTCA; the lumen, vessel and plaque area were measured, as well as plaque burden (%). The carina cross-sections were divided into four equal parts according to the expected wall shear stress (WSS) to assess circumferential plaque distribution. All the bifurcation lesions were classified using the Medina classification and a novel CT-Medina classification combining lumen narrowing and plaque burden 70%. Results: Presence of severe plaque (plaque burden 70%) by CTCA was demonstrated in 12.8% (5/39) of the proximal segments, 15.4% (6/39) of the distal segments and 7.7% (3/39) of the SB segments. The thickest plaque was located more often in low WSS parts of the carina cross-sections, whereas the flow divider was rarely affected. Although in the majority of bifurcations plaque was present, based on the Medina classification 92% of the assessed bifurcations were identified as 0,0,0. Characterization of bifurcation lesions using the new CT-Medina classification provided additional information in seven cases (18%) compared to the Medina classification Conclusion: Atherosclerotic plaque is widely present in all bifurcation segments, even in the absence of coronary lumen stenosis. A CT-Medina classification combining lumen and plaque parameters is more informative than angiographic classification of bifurcation lesions and could potentially facilitate the decision-making on the treatment of these lesions. VC 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.