Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlating 13C Isotope in Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins with Their Anticancer Properties

Upon considering the anticancer effects of larger oligomeric proanthocyanidins and observing various papers reporting the high resolution mass spectroscopy of the oligomeric proanthocyanidins, it is determined that the unusual 13C enrichment in some plant oligomeric proanthocyanidins may be responsible for the anticancer activities of these food products. Such correlation of the 13C in the oligomeric proanthocyanidins also correlate with their scavenging of free-radicals, anti-virial and anti-bacterial properties. Such 13C interactions from oligomeric proanthocyanidins with nucleic acids and proteins involved in replications, transcriptions and translations in cancer cells for interacting and chemically altering with anabolism and cell division of the cancer cells are consistent with the author’s mechanism for normal cell to cancer cell transformations via possible replacements of primordial 1H, 12C, 14N, 16O, and 24Mg isotopes by nonprimordial 2D, 13C, 15N, and 17O and 25Mg isotopes in the proteins and nucleic acids. Such is also consistent with the proposed treatment for cancer by the author by use of foods containing proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and/or drug molecules enriched with the nonprimordial isotopes of 2D, 13C, 15N, and 17O and 25Mg.
Regenerative Capacity and Histomorphometric Changes in Rat Sciatic Nerve Following Experimental Neurotmesis

Mediante diversos procesos celulares y moleculares, el sistema nervioso periferico tiene una gran capacidad regenerativa, respondiendo inmediatamente a las lesiones ocurridas a lo largo de su extension. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar histomorfometricamente el grado de madurez del tejido nervioso y los posibles cambios microscopicos en los segmentos nerviosos recien formados 60 dias despues de la neurotmesis experimental en el nervio ciatico de ratas. Se utilizaron 9 ratas (Wistar) separadas en grupo control (GC, n= 4) y Grupo lesion (GL, n= 5). A los 60 dias de vida, el grupo GL fue sometido a neurotmesis del nervio ciatico de la miembro posterior derecho, con inmediata coreccion quirurgica con la tecnica de tubolizacion. Completados 60 dias luego de la cirugia experimental, los animales de ambos grupos fueron anestesiados y sus nervios ciaticos seccionados para el analisis histomorfometrico. Se realizo un analisis estadistico utilizando la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes, expresado como media ± desviacion estandar, con un 5% de significancia. A los 60 dias de la lesion por neurotmesis, el nervio ciatico del GL presento alteraciones histomorfometricas significativas para las variables: numero de vasa nevorum, densidad de fibras mielinicas, diametro axonal y de fibras mielinicas, espesor de la vaina de mielina y razon G, con similitud solamente para los numeros absolutos de fibras mielinicas regeneradas. El nervio periferico durante su proceso regenerativo, pasa por grandes alteraciones estructurales, siguiendo una secuencia coordinada de acciones, que dependiendo de las condiciones del microambiente donde ocurre esta regeneracion, podra ser clave para el nivel de regenerecion nerviosa periferica.
Relation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness with blood glycemic parameters in diabetic subjects: a study from Eastern India -

Background: Diabetes affects the retina in various ways. The microvascular changes may be detected clinically by direct ophthalmoscopy. But the early neurodegenerative retinal changes are not clinically detectable. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a quick, reproducible, and noninvasive method of detecting retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT). Changes in this thickness correlate with neurodegenerative retinal changes. Objectives: This study aims to generate data on RNFLT in diabetes in an Indian population. It aims to study any correlation of RNFLT with blood glucose parameters. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on adult diabetic patients in a tertiary care medical college. RNFLT was measured by OCT in a circular area of diameter 3.6 mm around the optic nerve head. Pearson correlation study was done between the retinal thickness and blood glucose parameters: fasting (FBS) and postprandial glucose (PPBS) levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Results: We had a total of 250 patients, which means 500 eyes. Average age of the participants was 51.6 ± 8.1 years. Out of 500 eyes, retinal thickness was low in 10.6% (95% C.I. 7.9%–13.3%). The average HbA1C level in those with low RNFLT was significantly higher than others (p < 0.001). Average RNFLT around optic nerve head was significantly correlated with blood glucose parameters. For FBS, correlation coefficient (r) was −0.5, for PPBS, it was −0.46, and for HbA1C it was −0.58. Conclusion: The RNFLT showed significant negative correlation with blood glucose parameters. Especially for HbA1C, this correlation was high in all quadrants around optic nerve head. Further studies will be needed to elucidate the relation of other blood parameters such as cholesterol with retinal thickness in diabetes.
An Overview of To Err is Human: Re-emphasizing the Message of Patient Safety

On November 29, 1999, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a report called To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. The IOM released the report before the intended date because it had been leaked, and one of the major news networks was planning to run a story on the evening news. Media throughout the country recognized this opportunity for a headline story describing a very large number of hospital deaths from medical errors —possibly as great as 98,000 per year. The problem in other care settings was unknown, but suspected to be great. The search was on to find out who was to blame and how to fix the problem. Congressional hearings were subsequently held. Governmental agencies, professional groups, accrediting organizations, insurers, and others quickly responded with plans to define events and develop reporting systems. Health care organizations were put on the defensive. Recognizing that individual accountability is necessary for the small proportion of health professionals whose behavior is unacceptable, reckless, or criminal, the public held organizational leadership, boards, and staff accountable for unsafe conditions. Yet imposing reporting requirements and holding people or organizations accountable do not, by themselves, make systems safer. What was often lost in the media attention to hospital deaths from medical errors cited by To Err is Human was the original intent of the IOM Committee on Quality Health Care in America, which developed the report. That committee believed it could not address the overall quality of care without first addressing a key, but almost unrecognized component of quality; which was patient safety. The committee’s approach was to emphasize that “error” that resulted in patient harm was not a property of health care professionals’ competence, good intentions, or hard work. Rather, the safety of care—defined as “freedom from accidental injury” (p. 16)—is a property of a system of care, whether a hospital, primary care clinic, nursing home, retail pharmacy, or home care, in which specific attention is given to ensuring that well-designed processes of care prevent, recognize, and quickly recover from errors so that patients are not harmed. This chapter focuses on the principles described in the IOM report, many of which can be mapped to what are now called safe practices and all of which are valuable guides. This chapter is not intended to address the growing body of evidence; rather, the chapter summarizes the starting point—the IOM recommendations based on the literature and the knowledge of the committee members who developed the report.
Abstract 16: FDG-PET/CT Enables the Detection of Recurrent, Same-Site Deep Vein Thrombosis by Illuminating Recently Formed Neutrophil-Rich Thrombus

Background: Specific detection of recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a challenging clinical problem. As DVT formation and resolution are inflammatory processes, we experimentally investigated whether noninvasive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET imaging could identify inflamed, recently formed thrombi and thereby improve the diagnosis of recurrent DVT. Methods: We established a stasis-induced DVT model in murine jugular veins and also a novel model of recurrent stasis DVT in mice. C57BL/6 mice (n = 30) underwent ligation of the jugular vein to induce stasis DVT. FDG-PET/CT was performed at DVT timepoints of day 2, 4, 7, 14, or 2+16 (same-site recurrent day 2 DVT overlying a 16 days old DVT). Antibody-based neutrophil depletion was performed in a subset of mice prior to DVT formation and FDG-PET/CT. In a clinical study, 38 patients with lower extremity DVT or controls undergoing FDG-PET were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Stasis DVT demonstrated that the highest FDG signal occurred day 2, followed by a time-dependent decrease (p Conclusions: Noninvasive FDG-PET/CT identifies neutrophil-dependent thrombus inflammation in murine DVT, and demonstrates a time-dependent signal in both murine and clinical DVT. FDG-PET/CT may offer a molecular imaging strategy to accurately diagnose recurrent DVT.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection

The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) Technology Committee provides reviews of existing, new, or emerging endoscopic technologies that have an impact on the practice of GI endoscopy. Evidence-based methodology is used, performing a MEDLINE literature search to identify pertinent clinical studies on the topic and a MAUDE (U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health) database search to identify the reported adverse events of a given technology. Both are supplemented by accessing the “related articles” feature of PubMed and by scrutinizing pertinent references cited by the identified studies. Controlled clinical trials are emphasized, but in many cases, data from randomized, controlled trials are lacking. In such cases, large case series, preliminary clinical studies, and expert opinions are used. Technical data are gathered from traditional and Web-based publications, proprietary publications, and informal communications with pertinent vendors. Technology Status Evaluation Reports are drafted by 1 or 2 members of the ASGE Technology Committee, reviewed and edited by the Committee as a whole, and approved by the Governing Board of the ASGE. When financial guidance is indicated, the most recent coding data and list prices at the time of publication are provided. For this review, the MEDLINE database was searched through April 2014 for relevant articles by using the key words “endoscopic submucosal dissection” and “ESD,” combined with other relevant terms such as “gastric,” “esophageal,” “rectal,” “colonic,” and “adverse events,” among others. Technology Status Evaluation Reports are scientific reviews provided solely for educational and informational purposes. Technology Status Evaluation Reports are not rules and should not be construed as establishing a legal standard of care or as encouraging, advocating, requiring, or discouraging any particular treatment or payment for such treatment.
Effect of Sugars in Solution on Subjective Appetite and Short-term Food Intake Regulation in Normal Weight 9- to 14-year-old Boys

To examine the hypothesis that the physiologic regulation of short-term food intake (FI) in boys is affected by sugars source, the following study was conducted. The objective was to describe the effect of consuming 200 kcal of glucose, high-fructose corn syrup-55 (HFCS-55) and sucrose 60 min before a pizza meal on subjective appetite and short-term FI regulation compared to a Sucralose® control. On four separate mornings, fifteen normal weight (NW) boys received in random order one of the four equally sweetened sugars solutions 2 h after consuming a standardized breakfast. Food intake at an ad libitum pizza meal was measured 60 min after each treatment. Subjective appetite was measured at 15 min time intervals until the test lunch and immediately after. Only glucose resulted in a statistically significant decrease in FI (975 kcal ± 58) compared to the Sucralose® control solution (P<0.01). Mean FI after sucrose and HFCS-55 were not statistically different. Caloric compensation, a measure of FI regulation, after the glucose, sucrose and HFCS-55 solutions were scored 76%, 26% and 26%, respectively, but did not differ (P=0.07). Average appetite (AA) was higher after the HFCS-55 solution compared to glucose (P<0.05). Change from baseline AA scores following sucrose were significantly higher compared to the other three treatments (P<0.01), which suggest that hunger returned more quickly after sucrose. The energy content of the preloads, expressed as per kcal/kg body weight (BW), inversely associated with FI after sucrose and HFCS-55 (P<0.05), but not after glucose (P=0.09), suggesting dose was less of a factor after glucose compared to after sucrose and HFCS-55. Fat-mass (FM) positively correlating with FI after the control, sucrose and HFCS-55 solutions (P<0.05) suggests body composition is also a factor of FI regulation. In summary, only glucose suppressed FI at a test meal 60 min later, as a result of greater physiological effects on FI compared to isovolumetric and isocaloric solutions of sucrose and HFCS-55. In conclusion, the short-term regulation of FI in NW 9to 14-year-old boys was affected by sugars source, treatment dose and body composition.
Insulin Sensitivity in African-American Children with and without Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE African-Americans are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We have previously demonstrated that African-American children are hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant compared with their white American peers. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the impact of family history of type 2 diabetes on insulin sensitivity in African-American children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 13 prepubertal healthy children with negative family history (FH-) and 9 with positive family history (FH+) of type 2 diabetes underwent a 3-h hyperinsulinemic (40 mU x m(-2) x min(-1))-euglycemic clamp study to assess insulin sensitivity. The groups were comparable for age, pubertal status, total body adiposity determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdominal adiposity assessed by computed tomography scan at the level of L4-5 lumbar vertebra, and physical fitness measured by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). RESULTS The FH+, compared with the FH-, group had lower insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (10.9+/-1.2 vs. 14.2+/-0.9 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), P = 0.035) and lower nonoxidative glucose disposal (5.7+/-0.8 vs. 8.3+/-0.6 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), P = 0.015), with no differences in rates of glucose oxidation, fat oxidation, or insulin-mediated free fatty acid suppression. Fasting hepatic glucose production assessed with [6,6-2H2]glucose and basal rates of glucose and fat oxidation were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in African-American children, family history of type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for insulin resistance. These children manifest important metabolic alterations, including impaired insulin-stimulated total and nonoxidative glucose disposal early in the first decade of life. We propose that this familial tendency, combined with environmental influences, could lead to type 2 diabetes decades later.
Dynamic response of a thermoelectric cell induced by ion thermodiffusion

Aqueous electrolyte solutions under the influence of a temperature gradient can generate thermoelectric fields, which arise from different responses of the positive and negative charges. This is related to the thermo diffusion effect which is quantified by the ionic heat of transport and the thermal diffusion coefficient. When a solution is confined between two metallic electrodes with different temperatures, it is expected to measure the electrostatic potential difference due to the thermoelectric field. We performed experiments in aqueous electrolyte solutions, and our results show that a thermoelectric field appears instantly in the solution as the temperature difference between the electrodes stabilizes. This field arises from the trend to separate both ionic charges in the temperature gradient. The experimental results also show that a slow change in the potential difference is observed, which is related to thermodiffusion in the entire cell. These results are important to understand how the thermoelectric response can be optimized, given the broad interest in the literature to generate thermoelectric energy from thermoelectric cells.
Survey of Attacks and Defenses on Edge-Deployed Neural Networks

Deep Neural Network (DNN) workloads are quickly moving from datacenters onto edge devices, for latency, privacy, or energy reasons. While datacenter networks can be protected using conventional cybersecurity measures, edge neural networks bring a host of new security challenges. Unlike classic IoT applications, edge neural networks are typically very compute and memory intensive, their execution is data-independent, and they are robust to noise and faults. Neural network models may be very expensive to develop, and can potentially reveal information about the private data they were trained on, requiring special care in distribution. The hidden states and outputs of the network can also be used in reconstructing user inputs, potentially violating users’ privacy. Furthermore, neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which may cause misclassifications and violate the integrity of the output. These properties add challenges when securing edge-deployed DNNs, requiring new considerations, threat models, priorities, and approaches in securely and privately deploying DNNs to the edge. In this work, we cover the landscape of attacks on, and defenses, of neural networks deployed in edge devices and provide a taxonomy of attacks and defenses targeting edge DNNs.
High- and Low-level image component decomposition using VAEs for improved reconstruction and anomaly detection

Variational Auto-Encoders have often been used for unsupervised pretraining, feature extraction and out-of-distribution and anomaly detection in the medical field. However, VAEs often lack the ability to produce sharp images and learn high-level features. We propose to alleviate these issues by adding a new branch to conditional hierarchical VAEs. This enforces a division between higher-level and lower-level features. Despite the additional computational overhead compared to a normal VAE it results in sharper and better reconstructions and can capture the data distribution similarly well (indicated by a similar or slightly better OoD detection performance).
Social Attention for Autonomous Decision-Making in Dense Traffic

We study the design of learning architectures for behavioural planning in a dense traffic setting. Such architectures should deal with a varying number of nearby vehicles , be invariant to the ordering chosen to describe them, while staying accurate and compact. We observe that the two most popular representations in the literature do not fit these criteria, and perform badly on an complex negotiation task. We propose an attention-based architecture that satisfies all these properties and explicitly accounts for the existing interactions between the traffic participants. We show that this architecture leads to significant performance gains, and is able to capture interactions patterns that can be visualised and qualitatively interpreted. Videos and code are available at https://eleurent.github. io/social-attention/.
Spin-dimer ground state driven by consecutive charge and orbital ordering transitions in the anionic mixed-valence compound 
Rb4O6

A comprehensive study of the molecular mixed-valence compound Rb${}_{4}$O${}_{6}$ led the authors to the discovery of a peculiar $\ensuremath{\pi}*$ orbital ordering transition of magnetic O${}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ anions within the charge ordered state, which promotes the formation of an orbital order-driven quantum spin state, composed of spin dimers. The experiments suggest that a delicate interplay between an electron-lattice coupling and Kugel-Khomskii-type superexchange in $\ensuremath{\pi}$-electron systems determines the magnetostructural properties. These results establish a fruitful analogy between $\ensuremath{\pi}$- and more conventional $3d$-mixed-valence systems and push the research of such systems into new directions to tackle the intertwining of various active degrees of freedom.
Simultaneous Neural Machine Translation using Connectionist Temporal Classification

Simultaneous machine translation is a variant of machine translation that starts the translation process before the end of an input. This task faces a trade-off between translation accuracy and latency. We have to determine when we start the translation for observed inputs so far, to achieve good practical performance. In this work, we propose a neural machine translation method to determine this timing in an adaptive manner. The proposed method introduces a special token ' ', which is generated when the translation model chooses to read the next input token instead of generating an output token. It also introduces an objective function to handle the ambiguity in wait timings that can be optimized using an algorithm called Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC). The use of CTC enables the optimization to consider all possible output sequences including ' ' that are equivalent to the reference translations and to choose the best one adaptively. We apply the proposed method into simultaneous translation from English to Japanese and investigate its performance and remaining problems.
TimeCaps: Capturing Time Series Data with Capsule Networks

Capsule networks excel in understanding spatial relationships in 2D data for vision related tasks. Even though they are not designed to capture 1D temporal relationships, with TimeCaps we demonstrate that given the ability, capsule networks excel in understanding temporal relationships. To this end, we generate capsules along the temporal and channel dimensions creating two temporal feature detectors which learn contrasting relationships. TimeCaps surpasses the state-of-the-art results by achieving 96.21% accuracy on identifying 13 Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal beat categories, while achieving on-par results on identifying 30 classes of short audio commands. Further, the instantiation parameters inherently learnt by the capsule networks allow us to completely parameterize 1D signals which opens various possibilities in signal processing.
Gaussians never extremize Strichartz inequalities for hyperbolic paraboloids

For $\xi = (\xi_1, \xi_2, \ldots, \xi_d) \in \mathbb{R}^d$ let $Q(\xi) := \sum_{j=1}^d \sigma_j \xi_j^2$ be a quadratic form with signs $\sigma_j \in \{\pm1\}$ not all equal. Let $S \subset \mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ be the hyperbolic paraboloid given by $S = \big\{(\xi, \tau) \in \mathbb{R}^{d}\times \mathbb{R} \ : \ \tau = Q(\xi)\big\}$. In this note we prove that Gaussians never extremize an $L^p(\mathbb{R}^d) \to L^{q}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$ Fourier extension inequality associated to this surface.