Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shareholder Trading Practices and Corporate Investment Horizons

We investigate how shareholder trading practices might be linked to corporate investment horizons. We examine two possible linkages and analyze a range of data relevant to them. The first is excess volatility, which occurs when stock prices react not only to news about economic fundamentals, but also to trades based on non-fundamental factors. Excess volatility could lead to a higher cost of capital, and thereby reduce long-term corporate investment. The second linkage derives from an information ea between management and outside shareholders. In the presence of such a gap, maximizing short-run and long-run stock prices are not the same thing. Management may be able to raise current stock prices by undertaking certain actions that will reduce long-run value. In such a case, management faces the dilemma of which shareholders to please: those who do not plan to hold the stock for the long-run versus those who do. As shareholder horizons shorten, it can become more difficult to focus exclusively on maximizing long-run value. With respect to excess volatility, our basic conclusions are that neither changes in trading practices over time nor differences in trading practices across countries contribute significantly to any underinvestment problem. There is no evidence to indicate that measures to reduce trading volume (such as transactions taxes) would lower stock-price volatility in a way that would stimulate investment. With respect to the information gap hypothesis, we find "circumstantial' evidence consistent with certain preconditions for underinvestment. This is not, however, evidence of underinvestment itself. In addition, many of the forces that can lead to underinvestment -- such as hostile takeovers -- are also related to other, positive aspects of economic performance. Policy responses therefore involve a difficult set of tradeoffs.
Designing Effective Video-Based Modeling Examples Using Gaze and Gesture Cues

Research suggests that learners will likely spend a substantial amount of time looking at the model’s face when it is visible in a video-based modeling example. Consequently, in this study we hypothesized that learners might not attend timely to the task areas the model is referring to, unless their attention is guided to such areas by the model’s gaze or gestures. Results showed that the students in all conditions looked more at the female model than at the task area she referred to. However, the data did show a gradual decline in the difference between attention toward the model and the task as a function of cueing: students who observed the model gazing and gesturing at the task, looked the least at the model and the most at the task area she referred to, while those who observed the model looking straight into the camera, looked most at the model and least at the task area she referred to. Students who observed a human model only gazing at the task fell in between. In conclusion, gesture cues in combination with gaze cues effectively help to distribute attention between the model and the task display in our video-based modeling example.
Evidence-based practice beliefs and behaviors of nurses providing cancer pain management: a mixed-methods approach.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe evidence-based practice (EBP) beliefs and behaviors of nurses who provide cancer pain management. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional with a mixed-methods approach. SETTING Two inpatient oncology units in the Pacific Northwest. SAMPLE 40 RNs. METHODS Data collected by interviews and web-based surveys. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES EBP beliefs, EBP implementation, evidence-based pain management. FINDINGS Nurses agreed with the positive aspects of EBP and their implementation ability, although implementation level was low. They were satisfied with their pain management practices. Oncology nursing certification was associated with innovativeness, and innovativeness was associated with EBP beliefs. Themes identified were (a) limited definition of EBP, (b) varied evidence-based pain management decision making, (c) limited identification of evidence-based pain management practices, and (d) integration of nonpharmacologic interventions into patient care. CONCLUSIONS Nurses' low level of EBP implementation in the context of pain management was explained by their trust that standards of care and medical orders were evidence-based. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses' EBP beliefs and behaviors should be considered when developing strategies for sustaining evidence-based pain management practices. Implementation of the EBP process by nurses may not be realistic in the inpatient setting; therefore, hospital pain management policies need to be evidence-based and reinforced with nurses.
Nasal potential difference increases with gestation in moderately preterm neonates on the first postnatal day

At birth the mammalian airway switches from liquid secretion to absorption, an important mechanism in lung liquid clearance. Airway ion transport was examined on the first postnatal day in 38 moderately preterm infants (29–36 weeks gestation). The absorptive airway ion transport capacity was well developed regardless of respiratory condition and there was little capacity for Cl− secretion.
An Efficient Equipment-Layout Algorithm

This paper treats the problem of locating a given number of interrelated physical facilities in a single-or multi-story building as an optimization model such that the weighted sum of the distances along orthogonal directions is minimized, and describes a constructive heuristic algorithm for the one-dimensional model. This linear placement algorithm is then extended to higher dimensions for placing uniform-size equipment modules at homogeneous fixed locations. The algorithm accommodates lower-bound constraints for the linear case efficiently and produces near-optimal solutions. Its significance, as demonstrated by comparison with some existing heuristic procedures, is that it has the capability of handling efficiently problems with large numbers of equal-size facilities whose solutions are computationally intractable using the present optimum-producing methods.
The cognitive benefits of galantamine are sustained for at least 36 months: a long-term extension trial.

BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) causes progressive cognitive and functional decline over years. Although cholinesterase inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in studies lasting 3 to 6 months, little is known about long-term therapy. OBJECTIVE To report the long-term cognitive effects of galantamine hydrobromide given continuously for 36 months in AD patients. PARTICIPANTS Subjects were 194 US patients with mild to moderate AD who had been randomized to continuous galantamine therapy in either of 2 double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Subjects subsequently received open-label continuous galantamine therapy for up to 36 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Effects on cognition were analyzed as change from study enrollment baseline in scores on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-11-item cognitive subscale. Cognitive decline in galantamine-treated subjects was compared with that in a clinically similar historical control sample of AD patients who had received placebo for 12 months and with the mathematically predicted decline of untreated patients over 36 months. The rate of cognitive decline of patients who completed the entire 36-month trial (n = 119) was compared with that of patients who withdrew for any reason during the long-term open-label extension (n = 75). An inverted responder analysis was also performed in 36-month completers. RESULTS Patients treated continuously with galantamine for 36 months increased a mean +/- SE of 10.2 +/- 0.9 points on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-11-item cognitive subscale-a substantially smaller cognitive decline (approximately 50%) than that predicted for untreated patients. Patients discontinuing galantamine therapy before 36 months had declined at a similar rate before discontinuation as those completing 36 months of treatment. Almost 80% of patients who received galantamine continuously for up to 36 months seemed to demonstrate cognitive benefits compared with those predicted for untreated patients. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive decline over 36 months of continuous galantamine treatment was substantially less than the predicted cognitive decline of untreated patients with mild to moderate dementia. Thus, the cognitive benefits of galantamine seemed to be sustained for at least 36 months. These findings suggest that galantamine slows the clinical progression of AD.
WHEN WE NEED A HUMAN: MOTIVATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF ANTHROPOMORPHISM

We propose that the tendency to anthropomorphize nonhuman agents is determined primarily by three factors (Epley, Waytz, & Cacioppo, 2007), two of which we test here: sociality motivation and effectance motivation. This theory makes unique predictions about dispositional, situational, cultural, and developmental variability in anthropomorphism, and we test two predictions about dispositional and situational influences stemming from both of these motivations. In particular, we test whether those who are dispositionally lonely (sociality motivation) are more likely to anthropomorphize well–known pets (Study 1), and whether those who have a stable need for control (effectance motivation) are more likely to anthropomorphize apparently unpredictable animals (Study 2). Both studies are consistent with our predictions. We suggest that this theory of anthropomorphism can help to explain when people are likely to attribute humanlike traits to nonhuman agents, and provides insight into the inverse process of dehuma.
Performance of a Tropical Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process at Different Carbon Loadings

In recent years, efficient enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes operating at temperature higher than 28 °C have been reported in several studies. However, the operating strategy to maintain stable and high phosphorus removal efficiency at tropical temperature remains elusive. In EBPR process, glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) compete with polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) for the often limited carbon substrates. Carbon loading is apparently impactful on the EBPR performance. Although there have been many studies on the effect of carbon concentration on EBPR, the temperature range investigated was below 25 °C. It is of our interest to elucidate how carbon loading affects the EBPR performance at higher temperatures. In this study, EBPR is carried out at 30 °C in a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a working volume of 1.6 L. The seed sludge was obtained from a local sewage treatment plant (STP). The reactor was operating under alternating anaerobic-aerobic condition and fed with acetate-rich synthetic wastewater. The acetate concentration is reduced consecutively from phase I (60 mg C/L) to phase II (40 mg C/L). The reactor exhibited EBPR characteristics one week after the start-up, showing an extremely short acclimatisation period. In phase I, we observed an increase in the anaerobic phosphorus release from 61 mg P/L to 125 mg P/L and the aerobic phosphorus uptake from 28 mg P/L to 121 mg P/L. The phosphorus content in the dry biomass also increased from 3 wt% to 11 wt%. In phase II, the reduction of acetate concentration led to the deterioration of EBPR performance whereby the phosphorus content reduced from 11 wt% to 4 wt%. The findings indicate that higher carbon loading may be a key to maintain efficient EBPR processes in the tropics.
Effect of inhibitors of nitric oxide release and action on vascular tone in isolated lungs of pig, sheep, dog and man.

1. The actions of inhibitors of the release or action of nitric oxide (NO) on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were investigated in lungs isolated from pig, sheep, dog and man. 2. In pig, sheep and human lungs perfused with Krebs‐dextran solution, both N omega‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME; 10(‐5) M) and Methylene Blue (10(‐4) M) increased basal PVR. This increase was reversed by sodium nitroprusside (10(‐5) M). In pig lungs N omega‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (10(‐4) M) increased PVR by 154%. This increase was partially reversed by L‐arginine (10(‐3) M). L‐NAME had no effect in dog lungs. 3. Pulmonary artery pressure‐flow (PPA/Q) relationships were studied over a wide range of flows. In pigs, sheep and human lungs perfused with Krebs‐dextran solution, L‐NAME increased the PPA/Q slope. This increase was reversed by sodium nitroprusside. In dog lungs L‐NAME had no effect. 4. In blood‐perfused lungs, the respective responses to L‐NAME were similar to those observed with saline. Acute hypoxia in pig and dog lungs increased intercept pressure. Addition of L‐NAME during hypoxia increased the PPA/Q slope in both species. 5. In the human, there was no difference in the absolute increase of PVR or PPA/Q slope elicited by L‐NAME between hypertensive and control lungs. 6. We conclude that NO is continuously released in the pulmonary vascular bed of pig, sheep and humans under normoxic conditions. In dog lungs inhibition of NO synthesis increases PVR only under hypoxic conditions. In human lungs with pulmonary hypertension, NO is still released under basal conditions.
FEEDBACK CONTROL AND STATE ESTIMATION OF AN HIV MODEL

We consider optimal dynamic multidrug therapies for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) type I infection. We describe an optimal tracking problem attempting to move the state of the system from an "unhealthy" state (high virus load and low immune response) to a "healthy" one (with low viral load and high immune effector levels). We consider feedback control with full state as well as with partial state measurements. In the case of partial state measurement, a state estimator is constructed based on viral load and T-cell count measurements. In addition, the state estimation based on a moving horizon type approach is introduced.
An 81-year-old woman with chronic illnesses and a strong faith

Abstract Mrs. Smith is an 81-year-old woman who has several medical problems. Despite these problems, however, her faith and spirituality strength give her the strength and determination to move forward in life. She stresses that, “My faith helps me cope with my illnesses. ” This article describes Mrs. Smith’s roller coaster life and how faith, prayer, and hope have allowed her to continue to press forward. She interprets pain and illnesses as challenges, not obstacles. Her physician who has been treating her for about 20 years indicates that she has continued to have multiple chronic health issues and has maintained an incredibly positive spirit, particularly when traditional medicine has failed to make a difference. Spiritual care is being increasingly documented as an important component of whole person medicine. For some, religiosity and spirituality are important aspects of patient–provider relationship. God, faith, and hope are essential factors to Mrs. Smith who uses spirituality and religion daily to cope with her chronic illnesses.
New functional electrical stimulation approaches to standing and walking

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological trauma that is prevalent predominantly in young individuals. Several interventions in the areas of neuroregeneration, pharmacology and rehabilitation engineering/neuroscience are currently under investigation for restoring function after SCI. In this paper, we focus on the use of neuroprosthetic devices for restoring standing and ambulation as well as improving general health and wellness after SCI. Four neuroprosthetic approaches are discussed along with their demonstrated advantages and their future needs for improved clinical applicability. We first introduce surface functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices for restoring ambulation and highlight the importance of these devices for facilitating exercise activities and systemic physiological activation. Implanted muscle-based FES devices for restoring standing and walking that are currently undergoing clinical trials are then presented. The use of implanted peripheral nerve intraneural arrays of multi-site microelectrodes for providing fine and graded control of force during sit-to-stand maneuvers is subsequently demonstrated. Finally, intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) of the lumbosacral spinal cord for restoring standing and walking is introduced and its results to date are presented. We conclude with a general discussion of the common needs of the neuroprosthetic devices presented in this paper and the improvements that may be incorporated in the future to advance their clinical utility and user satisfaction.
Early Detection of Complete Vascular Occlusion in a Pedicle Flap Model Using Quantitation Spectral Imaging

Background: Vascular occlusion after tissue transfer is a devastating complication that can lead to complete flap loss. Spatial frequency domain imaging is a new, noncontact, noninvasive, wide-field imaging technology capable of quantifying oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation. Methods: Pedicled fasciocutaneous flaps on Wistar rats (400 to 500 g) were created and underwent continuous imaging using spatial frequency domain imaging before and after selective vascular occlusion. Three flap groups (control, selective arterial occlusion, and selective venous occlusion) and a fourth group composed of native skin between the flaps were measured. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the control flap group and the experimental flap groups before selective vascular occlusion: oxyhemoglobin (p = 0.2017), deoxyhemoglobin (p = 0.3145), total hemoglobin (p = 0.2718), and tissue saturation,(p = 0.0777). In the selective arterial occlusion flap group, percentage change in total hemoglobin was statistically different from that of the control flap group (p = 0.0218). The remaining parameters were not statistically different from those of the control flap: percentage change in oxyhemoglobin (p = 0.0888), percentage change in deoxyhemoglobin (p = 0.5198), and percentage change in tissue saturation (p = 0.4220). The selective venous occlusion flap group demonstrated changes statistically different compared with the control flap group: percentage change in oxyhemoglobin (p = 0.0029) and deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Spatial frequency domain imaging provides two-dimensional, spatially resolved maps of tissue oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation. Results presented here indicate that this can be used to quantify and detect physiologic changes that occur after arterial and venous occlusion in a rodent tissue transfer flap model. This portable, noncontact, noninvasive device may have a high clinical applicability in monitoring postoperative patients.
On group mobility patterns and their exploitation to logically aggregate terminals in wireless networks

Improved mobility and connectivity is one of the many challenges to be faced in future generation wireless net- works. In this paper, we first propose a novel mobility model whose aim is to describe the group mobility behavior in quite a general manner. Moreover, we present a possible on-line algo- rithm to aggregate terminals whose links remain stable over the time, i.e., showing correlated mobility patterns. Finally, we present simulation results to validate our terminal aggregation algorithms.
Voltage controlled dynamic demand response

Future power system is expected to be characterized by increased penetration of intermittent sources. Random and rapid fluctuations in demands together with intermittency in generation impose new challenges for power balancing in the existing system. Conventional techniques of balancing by large central or dispersed generations might not be sufficient for future scenario. One of the effective methods to cope with this scenario is to enable demand response. This paper proposes a dynamic voltage regulation based demand response technique to be applied in low voltage (LV) distribution feeders. An adaptive dynamic model has been developed to determine composite voltage dependency of an aggregated load on feeder level. Following the demand dispatch or control signal, optimum voltage setting at the LV substation is determined based on the voltage dependency of the load. Furthermore, a new technique has been proposed to estimate the voltage at consumer point of connection (POC) to ensure operation within voltage limits. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is analyzed comprehensively with reference to three different scenarios on a low voltage (LV) feeder (Borup feeder) owned by Danish electricity distribution company SEAS-NVE.
Identification of a Gastrin Response Element in the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Type 2 Promoter and Requirement of 20 S Proteasome Subunits for Transcriptional Activity*

Vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) is crucial for accumulation of monoamine neurotranmitters into neuronal secretory vesicles and histamine into secretory granules of the enterochromaffin-like cell in the acid-secreting gastric mucosa. Gastric VMAT2 expression is regulated by the antral hormone gastrin acting at the CCK2 receptor. We demonstrate a gastrin response element –56ccgccccctc–47 in the proximal VMAT2 promoter that binds in a gastrin-sensitive manner to nuclear proteins from gastric epithelial cell lines. Mutations within this sequence prevented nuclear protein binding and significantly reduced gastrin-stimulated expression of VMAT2 promoter-reporter constructs in gastric epithelial cells. In a yeast one-hybrid screen of an AR42J cell cDNA library, using the gastrin response element as bait, we identified a beta subunit of the 20 S proteasome, PSMB1, as a potential binding partner. In supershift assays, antibodies to PSMB1 and other proteasome beta subunits disrupted gastrin sensitive nuclear protein binding to the VMAT2 promoter. Moreover, RNA interference of PSMB1 significantly inhibited gastrin-mediated VMAT2 transcription. These data suggest that elements of the 20 S proteasome interact with the VMAT2 promoter to enhance G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated transcription.
PLANE-STRESS CRACK-TIP FIELDS FOR PRESSURE-SENSITIVE DILATANT MATERIALS

Abstraet--In this paper we present plane-stress crack-tip stress and strain fields for pressure-sensitive dilatant materials. A hydrostatic stress-dependent yield criterion and the normality flow rule are used to account for pressure-sensitive yielding and plastic dilatancy. The material hardening response is specified by a power-law relation. The plane-stress mode I singular fields are found in a separable form similar to the HRR fields (Hutchinson, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 16, 13-31 and 337-347, 1968; Rice and Rosengren, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 16, l-12, 1968). ‘Ihe angular variations of the fields depend on the material hardening exponent and the pressure sensitivity parameter. Our low-hardening solutions for d&rent degrees of pressure sensitivity agree well with the corresponding perfectly plastic solutions. An important aspect of the eRecta of pressure. -sensitive yielding and plastic dilatancy on crack-tip fields is the lowering of the opening stress and the hydrostatic stress directly ahead of the crack tip. This effect, similar to that under plane-strain conditions (Li and Pan, to appear in J. Appl. Mech. 1989), has implications in the material toughening observed in some ceramic and polymeric composites.