Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global patterns of β‐diversity along the phylogenetic time‐scale: The role of climate and plate tectonics

Aim We aimed to assess the relative influence of the historical and contemporary processes determining global patterns of current β-diversity. Specifically, we quantified the relative effects of contemporary climate and historical plate tectonics on β-diversity at different phylogenetic scales. Location Global. Time Period Contemporaneous. Major taxa studied Mammals and birds. Methods We analysed the current β-diversity patterns of birds and mammal assemblages at sequential depths in the phylogeny, that is, from the tips to deeper branches. This was done by slicing bird and mammal phylogenetic trees into 66 time slices of 1 Ma (from 0 to 65 Ma) and recording the branches within each slice. Using global distribution data, we defined the branches’ geographical distribution as the union of the corresponding downstream species distributions. For each time slice, we (a) computed pairwise β-diversity across all the grid cells for the whole world and (b) estimated the correlation between this β-diversity matrix and contemporary climatic and geographical distances, and past geological distances, a proxy for plate tectonics. Results Contemporary climate best explained the β-diversity of shallow branches (i.e., species). For mammals, the geographical isolation of landmasses generated by plate tectonics best explained the β-diversity of deeper branches, whereas the effect of past isolation was weaker for birds. Main conclusions Our study shows that the relative influence of contemporary climate and plate tectonics on the β-diversity of bird and mammal assemblages varies along the phylogenetic time-scale. Our phylogenetic time-scale approach is general and flexible enough to be applied to a broad spectrum of study systems and spatial scales.
Spatial Cells in the Hippocampal Formation

When I first started working on the hippocampus in 1970, the most important clue we had to its function had come from the work of Brenda Milner (Figure 1B) on the patient Henry Molaison (Figure 1A) (Scoville and Milner, 1957). Henry had undergone extensive removal of both medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus as well as surrounding structures for the relief of severe temporal lobe epilepsy (Figure 1C, 2A). While the epileptic seizures were ameliorated, the most dramatic result of the operation was a profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia. He not only failed to lay down new memories of his day-to-day experiences but was unable to recall ones previously stored. He suffered a profound episodic memory deficit. In the words of Sue Corkin (Figure 1D), one of Brenda’s students who studied him extensively over the years
Invariant Inference and Efficient Computation in the Static Factor Model

ABSTRACT Factor models are used in a wide range of areas. Two issues with Bayesian versions of these models are a lack of invariance to ordering of and scaling of the variables and computational inefficiency. This article develops invariant and efficient Bayesian methods for estimating static factor models. This approach leads to inference that does not depend upon the ordering or scaling of the variables, and we provide arguments to explain this invariance. Beginning from identified parameters which are subject to orthogonality restrictions, we use parameter expansions to obtain a specification with computationally convenient conditional posteriors. We show significant gains in computational efficiency. Identifying restrictions that are commonly employed result in interpretable factors or loadings and, using our approach, these can be imposed ex-post. This allows us to investigate several alternative identifying (noninvariant) schemes without the need to respecify and resample the model. We illustrate the methods with two macroeconomic datasets.
A Young Brown Dwarf Companion to DH Tauri

We present the detection of a young brown dwarf companion, DH Tau B, associated with the classical T Tauri star DH Tau. Near-infrared coronagraphic observations with CIAO on the Subaru Telescope have revealed DH Tau B with H = 15 mag located 2. ″3 (330 AU) away from the primary, DH Tau A. Comparing its position with a Hubble Space Telescope archive image, we confirmed that DH Tau A and B share a common proper motion, suggesting that they are physically associated with each other. The near-infrared color of DH Tau B is consistent with those of young stellar objects. The near-infrared spectra of DH Tau B show deep water absorption bands, a strong K I absorption line, and a moderate Na I absorption line. We derived its effective temperature and surface gravity of Teff = 2700-2800 K and log g = 4.0-4.5, respectively, by comparing the observed spectra with synthesized spectra of low-mass objects. The location of DH Tau B on the H-R diagram gives its mass of 30MJ-50MJ.
Genetic Analysis and Combining Ability Studies for Yield Related Characters in Rapeseed

Combining ability analysis has a key position in rapeseed breeding. To estimate the combining ability effects for yield controlling traits in rapeseed, three testers and five lines were crossed using line × tester design in randomized complete block design with three replications. Mean sum of squares of analysis of variances for genotypes were significant for all of the traits; indicating the presence of significant genetic variation. All the interactions between lines and testers exhibited significant results of mean sum of squares for combining ability. Line ‘Duncled’ was found good general combiner for decreased Plant height (PH:-2.0), Days taken to 50% flowering (DF: -15.8) and Days taken to maturity (DM:-3.4) while tester ‘Punjab Sarson” for increased Number of seed/siliqua (SS: 2.2), Number of siliquae/plant (SP: 2.2) and decreased DF (-3.0) traits. Significant general and specific combining ability effects were observed. The best hybrid combination on the basis of specific combining ability effects was “Durre-NIFA × ZN-M-6” for Seed yield/plant (SY: 2.7), DF (-6.1) and DM (-3.5). PH (-0.2), Siliqua length (SL: -0.1), SS (-0.03) and SY (0.2) showed non-additive genetic effects. The half of the characters revealed additive and remaining half showed non-additive genetic effects. The present study unveiled the importance of both type of genetic effects demanding the application of integrated breeding approaches for exploiting the variability. ‘Punjab Sarson × ZN-M-6’ exposed maximum SS (30) and SP (837). Maximum SY (75.9g) and minimum DF (64) were showed by ‘Legend × Duncled’. The present research delivers valuable information of genotypes for promoting yield by means of improving yield related characters.
Variational and Quasi--variational Inequalities of Navier--Stokes Type with Velocity Constraints

In this paper we deal with parabolic variational inequalities of Navier-Stokes type with time-dependent constraints on velocity fields, including gradient constraint case. One of the objectives of this paper is to propose a weak variational formulation for variational inequalities of Navier-Stokes type and to solve them by applying the compactness theorem, which was recently developed by the authors (cf. [22]). Another objective is to approach to a class of quasi-variational inequalities associated with Stefan/Navier-Stokes problems in which we are taking into account the freezing effect of materials in fluids. As is easily understood, the phase change from liquid into solid gives a great influence to the velocity field in the fluid. For instance, in the mushy region, the velocity of the fluid is constrained by some obstacle caused by moving solid. We shall challenge to the mathematical modeling of Stefan/Navier-Stokes problem as a quasi-variational inequality and solve it as an application of parabolic variational inequalities of Navier-Stokes type.
A Routing Calculus with Distance Vector Routing Updates

We propose a routing calculus in a process algebraic framework to implement dynamic updates of routing table using distance vector routing. This calculus is an extension of an existing routing calculus DRωπ where routing tables are fixed except when new nodes are created in which case the routing tables are appended with relevant entries. The main objective of implementing dynamic routing updates is to demonstrate the formal modeling of distributed networks which is closer to the networks in practice. We justify our calculus by showing its reduction equivalence with its specification Dπ (distributed π-calculus) after abstracting away the unnecessary details from our calculus which in fact is one of the implementations of Dπ. We nomenclate our calculus with routing table updates as DRϕπ .
Efficient unitary paths and quantum computational supremacy: A proof of average-case hardness of Random Circuit Sampling

One-parameter interpolations between any two unitary matrices (e.g., quantum gates) $U_1$ and $U_2$ along efficient paths contained in the unitary group are constructed. Motivated by applications, we propose the continuous unitary path $U(\theta)$ obtained from the QR-factorization \[ U(\theta)R(\theta)=(1-\theta)A+\theta B, \] where $U_1 R_1=A$ and $U_2 R_2=B$ are the QR-factorizations of $A$ and $B$, and $U(\theta)$ is a unitary for all $\theta$ with $U(0)=U_1$ and $U(1)=U_2$. The QR-algorithm is modified to, instead of $U(\theta)$, output a matrix whose columns are proportional to the corresponding columns of $U(\theta)$ and whose entries are polynomial or rational functions of $\theta$. By an extension of the Berlekamp-Welch algorithm we show that rational functions can be efficiently and exactly interpolated with respect to $\theta$. We then construct probability distributions over unitaries that are arbitrarily close to the Haar measure. Demonstration of computational advantages of NISQ over classical computers is an imperative near-term goal, especially with the exuberant experimental frontier in academia and industry (e.g., IBM and Google). A candidate for quantum computational supremacy is Random Circuit Sampling (RCS), which is the task of sampling from the output distribution of a random circuit. The aforementioned mathematical results provide a new way of scrambling quantum circuits and are applied to prove that exact RCS is $\#P$-Hard on average, which is a simpler alternative to Bouland et al's. (Dis)Proving the quantum supremacy conjecture requires "approximate" average case hardness; this remains an open problem for all quantum supremacy proposals.
Revenue Sharing in Major League Baseball: The Moments That Meant so Much

Revenue sharing is a common league policy in professional sports leagues. Several motivations for revenue sharing have been explored in the literature, including supporting small market teams, affecting league parity, suppressing player salaries, and improving team profitability. We investigate a different motivation. Risk-averse team owners, through their commissioner, are able to increase their utility by using revenue sharing to affect higher order moments of the revenue distribution. In particular, it may reduce the variance and kurtosis, as well as affecting the skewness of the league distribution of team local revenues. We first determine the extent to which revenue sharing affects these moments in theory, then we quantify the effects on utility for Major League Baseball over the period 2002–2013. Our results suggest that revenue sharing produced significant utility gains at little cost, which enhanced the positive effects noted by other studies.
- 108 RC 2 Education concepts in regional anaesthesia

Individual learning processes are complex and depend on a wide variety of factors, such as institutional preferences, the arrangements in place for teaching, and the caseload over time. The learning process is a multidimensional function with a wide intraand interindividual skill acquisition. Typical regional anaesthetic procedures such as performance of epidural, spinal, or plexus anaesthesia and manual skills such as arterial line insertion or tracheal intubation have a variety of learning curves. Regional anaesthetic procedures are signifi cantly more diffi cult to learn than the basic manual skills necessary for a general anaesthetic [1].
Response inhibition in motor and oculomotor con X ict tasks : Di V erent mechanisms , di V erent dynamics ?

Previous research has shown that the appearance of task-irrelevant abrupt onsets inXuences saccadic eye movements during visual search and may slow down manual reactions to target stimuli. Analysis of reaction time distributions in the present study oVers evidence suggesting that top-down inhibition processes actively suppress oculomotor or motor responses elicited by a salient distractor, in order to resolve the conXict that arises when reXex-like and deliberate responses are in opposition. Twenty-six participants carried out a variation of the oculomotor capture task. They were instructed to respond with either a saccade toward or with a button press at the side of the hemiWeld in which a target color singleton appeared. A distractor stimulus could appear either in the same or in the opposite hemiWeld. Delta plots revealed competition between reXex-like and deliberate response activation, and highlighted selective inhibition of automatic responses: While participants generally responded more slowly in incongruent compared to congruent situations, this eVect diminished and even reversed in the slowest speed quantiles. These eVects were present in both the oculomotor and motor response-mode conditions. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1 Forecasting Directional Changes in Financial Markets

Financial forecasting is an important research area. Most researches in forecasting use time series, which sample market prices at fixed intervals; for example, daily closing prices. Directional Change (DC) is an alternative approach for sampling market price, which records price changes that the observer considers significant. The DC approach aims to capture directions price movements – whether they are on the rise, or in decline. Little forecasting research has been done under the DC framework. In this paper we formulate a forecasting problem under this framework. In particular, we aim to answer the question of whether the current trend (up or down) will continue for a particular percentage (which is decided by the investor) before the trend ends. The success of forecasting depends on the variables that one uses. In this paper, we introduce three independent variables and prove that they are useful for our forecasting problem. We show that these variables can help two forecasting algorithms, namely J48Graft and M5P, to answer the above question. We tested our variables and algorithms in two sets of data, namely gold price and EUR/USD exchange rates. Experimental results suggest that our approach outperforms random forecasting in both data sets; in some cases, forecasting accuracy was over 80%. These results confirm that the independent variables identified are useful for forecasting under the DC framework.
Organization and Development of Computer-Assisted Writing: A Case of Part-Time English Majors in Taiwan

Much research on automated writing evaluation (AWE) has been centered on psychometric issues, especially its validity, mostly by program developers. Most studies regarding AWE conducted in Taiwan have been concerned with college students’ perceived effects of using AWE programs for improving English writing. However, little research has been carried out on real gains in various aspects of student writing, especially in the aspect of organization. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to find out changes in discourse elements of learner essays before and after AWE use. The research was designed as a case study, wherein a class of part-time English majors from a university of science and technology in northern Taiwan participated in this yearlong investigation. Findings showed students’ significant improvement in revising main points, supporting ideas, and conclusion elements. Besides, background and thesis elements in the student essays might need writing teachers’ more attention.
Effective Cancer Classification based on Gene Expression Data using Multidimensional Mutual Information and ELM

In the field of microarray data research, it is quite challenging to make classification due to small sample size and the high dimension of data. Moreover, the feature selection is crucial. In this paper, we propose multidimensional mutual information (MMI) feature selection method to select the most informative features for classification. After feature selection using the proposed MMI, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is used as an efficient classifier. So as to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology, a typical dataset called Leukemia is selected to carry out a case study. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Immunological and Immunogenetic Changes in Children with Autistic Disorder in Republic of Macedonia

AIM: The aim of the study was to present our results about immunological and immunogenetic investigations in children with autistic disorder in Republic of Macedonia. METHODS: Infantile autism was diagnosed by DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. Plasma samples were collected from 35 autistic subjects, and their 21 siblings (biological brothers and sisters) who served as healthy controls. Plasma samples were separated by centrifugation and stored at –20°C until the determination. Plasma immunoglobulin classes (IgM, IgA, IgG) and subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) were determined using a nephelometer Analyzer. Specific IgA and IgG antibodies against some food allergens, as well as total IgE have been determined with automated immunofluorescent device with solid phase - UniCAP 100 (AmershamBiosciences). HLA DNA typing of class I genes was performed using a Reverse Line Strip method (RLS), and the Sequencing Based Typing method (SBT) was used for typing of class II genes. RESULTS: Children with autism had significantly higher plasma concentrations of IgG4 (p<0.001) compared to their siblings (healthy brothers or sisters). IgE specific antibodies, as well as plasma concentration of total IgE were statistically significant higher in plasma of participants with autism. Multiple comparisons for the IgA variable have shown statistically significant differences between children with autistic disorder from the fathers and mothers (p < 0.001), and healthy brothers and sisters from the fathers and mothers (p < 0.001). Our results showed significantly increased frequencies of HLA-C*03 (OR = 2.74*; c 2 = 4.68; p = 0.03), and HLA-DRB1*01 (OR = 3.10*; c 2 = 6.26; p = 0.012) alleles in autistic patients when compared to the controls. CONCLUSION: Children with autism have increased plasma concentration of immunoglobulines. Our results demonstrate an association of HLA-C*03 and HLA-DRB1*01 alleles with Macedonian autistic patients. Comparison between healthy children and children with autistic disorder from the same family should be tested for immunoglobulin classes and subclasses in order to avoid differences between generations.
A Study of Tensile Strength of MIG And TIG Welded Dissimilar Joints of Mild Steel and Stainless Steel

The dissimilar metal joints of have been emerged as a structural material for various industrial applications which provides good combination of mechanical properties like strength, corrosion resistance with lower cost. Selections of joining process for such a material are difficult because of their physical and chemical properties. The stainless steel and mild steel dissimilar material joints are very common structural applications joining of stainless steel and mild steel is very critical because of carbon precipitation and loss of chromium leads to increase in porosity affects the quality of joint leads deteriorate strength. In the present study, stainless steel of grades 202, 304, 310 and 316 were welded with mild steel by Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding processes. The percentage dilutions of joints were calculated and tensile strength of dissimilar metal joints was investigated. The results were compared for different joints made by TIG and MIG welding processes and it was observed that TIG welded dissimilar metal joints have better physical properties than MIG welded joints.
A Quasi-experimental Study on Management Coaching Effectiveness

Coaching has become an important managerial instrument of support. However, there is lack of research on its effectiveness. The authors conducted a quasi-experimental study to figure out whether coaching really leads to presupposed individual goals. Sixty managers of the federal government were divided in two groups: one group followed a coaching program, the other did not. Before the coaching program started (Time 1), self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies were measured, linked to three central domains of functioning: setting one’s own goals, acting in a balanced way and mindful living and working. Four months later (Time 2), the same variables were measured again. Results showed that the coached group scored significantly higher than the control group on two variables: outcome expectancies to act in a balanced way and self-efficacy beliefs to set one’s own goals. Future examination might reveal whether coaching will also be effective among managers who work at different management levels, whether the effects found will be long-lasting, and whether subordinates experience differences in the way their manager functions before and after the coaching.
Influence of the Semi-dwarf Growth Type on Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Winter Oilseed Rape

A higher nitrogen (N) use efficiency is an impor tant breeding goal in crops such as oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) that are considered less N efficient compared with crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Changes in the plant ideotype, such as reduced plant height of semi-dwarf hybrids, are said to result in an increased harvest index and N harvest index. This could lead to a higher N efficiency, especially when N availability is restricted. A double haploid population was developed that was segregating for the bzh dwarf locus, with 54 dwarf and 54 normal-type lines. By crossing with a normal-type tester, 108 testcrosses were produced with 54 hybrids each of semi-dwarf and normal types. They were evaluated for seed yield, straw yield, and N content under zero and high N fertilization in six and four trials, respectively, in the years 2010 to 2013. Quantitative trait loci were estimated for N-related traits across environments. Semidwarf hybrids showed a significantly higher N harvest index, N uptake efficiency, N utilization efficiency, and N use efficiency compared with normal-type hybrids at N deficiency. The rela tive contribution of N uptake efficiency to the total genetic variation in N use efficiency was higher in semi-dwarf genotypes than in normaltype hybrids at both N levels. Quantitative trait loci of five and two N-related traits under zero and high N fertilization, respectively, cosegregated with the bzh-locus on linkage group A06, indicating that the semi-dwarf growth type has a high influence on N efficiency. We conclude that semi-dwarf hybrids are better adapted to N deficiency.