Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FISHING GEAR INVOLVED IN ENTANGLEMENTS OF RIGHT AND HUMPBACK WHALES

Interactions between marine mammals and fishing gear are an issue of global concern. Entanglements in the western North Atlantic are a major source of injury and mortality for endangered large whales. In this study, entanglements of 31 right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) and 30 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were analyzed to determine the types and parts of gear involved. When gear was identified, 89% (n= 32) of the entanglements were attributed to pot and gill net gear; however, a wide range of specific gear types were implicated. Despite gear recovery, gear type was not identified in 20% (n= 9) of the cases. Although pot gear was recovered from both species equally, gill net gear was less frequently retrieved from right whales (n= 2) than humpback whales (n= 11). When gear part was identified, 81% (n= 21) involved entanglements in buoy line and/or groundline. For right whales, the most common point of gear attachment was the mouth (77.4%); for humpback whales, the tail (53%) and the mouth (43%) were common attachment sites. Four right and three humpback whales in this sample were known to have died subsequent to entanglement. However, when identified, the gear types and parts involved in lethal cases were not substantially different from entanglements with non-lethal outcomes. Large whales can become entangled in a wide variety of fishing gear types and parts, and additional insight will depend on continued efforts to document entanglements and recover associated gear.
Stochastic Two-Dimensional Items

We consider a stochastic vehicle routing problem where a discrete probability distribution characterizes the two-dimensional size (height and width), as well as the weight of a subset of items to be delivered to customers. Although some item sizes and weights are not known with certainty when the routes are planned, they become known when it is time to load the vehicles, just before their departure. If it happens that not all items can be loaded in a vehicle, the items of one or more customers are put aside which lead to a penalty (or recourse cost). The objective is to minimize the sum of the routing and recourse costs. A fleet of K identical vehicles are available from the depot and each of them has a two-dimensional loading area and a maximal loading capacity. The routes that contains only deterministic customers have to be weight feasible and a feasible setup of the items into the loading area must exist. The expected weight and expected occupied area of the customers of the remaining routes have to be less or equal than the capacity and the loading area of the vehicles. It is also required that at least one scenario has a feasible setup of the items. The problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic program and solved with the integer L-shaped method. Some new inequalities and lower bounds are proposed. Computational results are reported on test instances specifically generated for this problem, as well as classical instances for the deterministic case.
A study of hoof cracks in grazing cattle: association of age, weight and fatness

The data were obtained from cow calf pairs and replacement heifers grazing summer pastures in northwest Alberta. The objectives were to study the association of age, weight, condition score, cow and calf gain on the prevalence, intensity and severity of hoof (sand) cracks and to determine if such cracks affected cow and calf average daily gain. Cows that had cracks were 1.5 yr older, 43 kg heavier and fatter than cows that showed no cracks. The prevalence of sand cracks was 20–21%. Whereas 3.4% of cows and heifers which were 1 and 2 yr old had cracks, 32.4% of the 3- to 5-yr old and 47.9% of the > 5-yr-old cows had cracks (P 522 kg) cows had cracks (P = 0.003). Discriminant analysis showed that cows with cracks were older, heavier and fatter at the end of the grazing period. Age of cow, weight and fatness had no effect on intensity or severity of cracks. The presence or absence of cracks had no effect (P > 0.
Comparison of predator–prey interaction models for fish assemblages from the neotropical region

Predation is one of the main fish assemblages structuring force in many aquatic ecosystems. Finding a functional relationship between predator and prey that improves our understanding of this process is a challenge to ecologists. In order to evaluate this interaction, several models have been created, each one of them representing a specific biological mechanism. Although, these models have not been intensively confronted against empirical data for some group of organisms, such as fish, they are the scientific base to predator–prey systems. In this paper, some models, with distinctive assumptions, were fitted to the same fish assemblage data set from an isolated lagoon of the upper Paran á River floodplain using non-linear procedure. Then, they ssemblage. endence prey and elationship s found rey trophic of models ip between unany were compared in order to explore the mechanisms (represented by model assumptions) that could be acting on that a We used the Lotka–Volterra model and its modifications to consider carrying capacity, saturation effect, ratio-dep predator–prey trophic function, and environmental heterogeneity. To fit the models, all prey species were grouped as the same was done to predators. Result of this approach allowed us to make four suggestions about predator–prey r for the environment studied: (i) predators were efficient in controlling prey populations; (ii) the best fitted model wa with the sigmoidal functional response; (iii) density-dependence presented better fit than ratio-dependence predator–p function; (iv) refuges did not present intense interference in the predator–prey relationship. Therefore, comparisons that represent different assumptions showed to be a good tool in evaluating main mechanisms acting on the relationsh predators and prey in a fish assemblage. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bias and measurement error in comparative analyses: a case study with the Ornstein Uhlenbeck model

Phylogenetic comparative methods are increasingly used to give new insight into variation, causes and consequences of trait variation among species. The foundation of these methods is a suite of models that attempt to capture evolutionary patterns by extending the Brownian constant variance model. However, the parameters of these models have been hypothesised to be biased and only asymptotically behave in a statistically predictable way as datasets become large. This does not seem to be widely appreciated. We show that a commonly used model in evolutionary biology (the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model) is biased over a wide range of conditions. Many studies fitting this model use datasets that are small and prone to substantial biases. Our results suggest that simulating fitted models and comparing with empirical results is critical when fitting OU and other extensions of the Brownian model.
A Method for Determining Leaf Area of One, Two and Three Year Old Coconut Seedlings (Var

A rapid, non-destructive and accurate method for determining the leaf area of one , two and three year old coconut seedlings (var. C R I C 60) is proposed using three linear regression models y = 5.9647 + 0.6314 x, y = 3.9325 + 0.7044* and y = 8.4507 + 0.6798* with reliabilities of 9 4 . 5 % , 98 . 3% and 97 . 8% respectively, where x is the product of the length and breadth at the broadest position of the leaflet and y is the area of the leaflet. In order to study the relative performance of seedlings, a common model y = 2.2138 + 0.7192 x ( r 2 = 98 .6%) , which can be considered to be representative, could be used irrespective of the age of the seedling, if the third leaf is used. INTRODUCTION Leaf area of plants is frequently used in agronomic and physiological studies as it is an index of plant growth and is very useful in the evaluation of net assimilation ra te , relative leaf growth, leaf area index and crop-growth rate. High correlation observed between these parameters and the growth of a plant indicate the importance of obtaining the leaf area with high degree of accuracy. The problem lies when the leaf area has to be measured without destruction. Several non-destructive methods have been used in determining the leaf area of various crops; the most common method being the development of mathematical regression formulae using easily measurable leaf parameters (Ackley, et al., 1958; McKee, 1964; Stickler, et al. 1961). The vigour of the growth of a coconut seedling is indicated by the length and number of fronds, number of leaflets, etc. These are in effect related to the total leaf area of the palm which would be related to the degree of photosynthesis. Hence it has become necessary to find an accurate method of evaluating the leaf area by a non-destructive method. Marar and Pappachan (1964) were the first to suggest a method for leaf area measurement for one-year old coconut seedlings (var. West Coast Tall) . However, Satheesan et al. (1983) indicated that the leaf area computed by the method proposed by Marar and Pappachan (1964) was considerably different from the actual leaf area and proposed regression models to obtain the leaf area of one year old seedlings of the tall variety with reliabilities of over 9 0 % .
Recent progress in the development of docetaxel and paclitaxel analogues

Docetaxel (Taxotere®, Sanofi-Aventis) and paclitaxel (Taxol®, Bristol-Myers Squibb) are potent anticancer agents commonly used for the treatment of breast, ovarian and other cancers. Chemotherapy with these compounds gives undesirable side effects due to their low solubility and to the lack of selectivity for cancer cells. Studies have been performed to solve these problems and to find more potent taxoids on drug-resistant cancers. This review summarises the progress in these areas as reported in recent patent applications on docetaxel and paclitaxel analogues that have been published between January 2003 and December 2005. The review specifically focuses on new methods for the production of taxoids, new potent analogues, including taxoid conjugates with improved solubility, tumour targeting taxoids and prodrugs, combinations with new anticancer agents and taxoid formulation and delivery.
The New Zealand species of Gingidium (Umbelliferae)

Summary Gingidium J. R. et G. Forst was reinstated by Dawson (1961) for a group of 11 species, of which some were formerly included in Angelica L. and others in Anisotome Hook f. The present account recognises only five New Zealand species of Gingidium, of which one includes four varieties. The names adopted are: G. montanum J. R. et G. Forst. ; G. trifoliolalum (Hook f.) Dawson; G. decipiens (Hook f.) Dawson; G. enysii (Kirk) Dawson var. enysii; G. enysii var. peninsulare J. W. Dawson var. nov.; G. enysii var. spathulatum J. W. Dawson var. nov.; G. enysii var. buxteri; J. W. Dawson var. nov.; G. flahellatum (Kirk) Dawson. Two Australian species, at present known as Seseli algens and Seseli harveyanum, should probably also be included in Gingidium. Generic criteria are discussed and the essentially gynodioecious sexual pattern described. Consideration is given to the status of Anisotome patula (Kirk) Cheeseman, Ligusticum ovutum Wolff and to the putative hybrids G. montanum × decipiens, G. montanum × trifo.
Protective role of Aspergillus fumigatus melanin against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and Bjerkandera adusta melanin as a candidate vaccine against systemic candidiasis

Melanin protects pigmented cells from physical and biological stresses which are associated with virulence in several important human pathogens, but little is known about the immune response to this ubiquitous biologic compound. Melanin content increased in Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium exposed to ultraviolet for 10 min but gradually decreased after 60 min of UV exposure. So, it can be concluded that melanin protects fungus for survival until 60 min which was obvious after studying conidia and mycelia by transmission electron microscope (TEM). This research hypothesized that melanin produced by a higher fungus, Bjerkandera adusta , is immunogenic against fungal infection. Melanin was purified from melanized fungal hymenium layer and used in mice immunization, then the actively immunized mice were challenged 1 day later with 10 7 candidal spores. The antibody (Ab) response was evaluated by radio-immunodiffusion diffco-plate of IgM for accurate quantitative measurements of immunoglobulin in biological fluids. Candidasis was detected in mice target organs after the challenge and urea was assayed to detect the degree of kidney damage. The results demonstrate that melanin could be immunogenic; this is indicated through IgM follow-up and its development might suggests that this amorphous insoluble polymer can stimulate the immune system against the latter challenge, thus reducing the degree of infection. This was observed through the reduction of candidiasis and the enhancement of kidney function. Key words: Melanin, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, active immunization.
Antioxidant ability of BHT‐ and α‐tocopherol‐impregnated LDPE film in packaging of oatmeal

Cereals in general, and particularly oatmeals, are considered rather sensitive to oxidation owing to their relatively high fat content. The addition of antioxidants can sometimes prolong the shelf-life of products. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the rate of lipid oxidation of a packaged oatmeal product was affected by the nature and level of antioxidants incorporated in an LDPE film structure. The stability of the product, which was determined by hexanal analysis using GC–MS and by electronic nose analysis, showed very small variations over the chosen storage period. No oxidation, as determined by hexanal levels in the oatmeal, was initiated during storage, but small variations in volatile profile were seen among the samples analysed by the electronic nose. The product stored in the BHT-impregnated LDPE film had undergone the least change during 10 weeks of storage at 20 °C. α-Tocopherol-impregnated LDPE film did not appear to prolong the shelf-life of the oatmeal at all. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Boosting Image Forgery Detection using Resampling Detection and Copy-move analysis

Realistic image forgeries involve a combination of splicing, resampling, cloning, region removal and other methods. While resampling detection algorithms are effective in detecting splicing and resampling, copy-move detection algorithms excel in detecting cloning and region removal. In this paper, we combine these complementary approaches in a way that boosts the overall accuracy of image manipulation detection. We use the copy-move detection method as a pre-filtering step and pass those images that are classified as untampered to a deep learning based resampling detection framework. Experimental results on various datasets including the 2017 NIST Nimble Challenge Evaluation dataset comprising nearly 10,000 pristine and tampered images shows that there is a consistent increase of 8%-10% in detection rates, when copy-move algorithm is combined with different resampling detection algorithms.
Simulated Effects of Stream Restoration on the Distribution of Wet‐Meadow Vegetation

Meadow restoration efforts typically involve the modification of stream channels to re‐establish hydrologic conditions necessary for the maintenance of native vegetation. To predict change in the distribution of common meadow plant species in response to meadow restoration, a hydrologic model was loosely coupled to a suite of individual plant species distribution models. The approach was tested on a well‐documented meadow/stream restoration project on Bear Creek, a tributary to the Fall River in northeastern California, U.S.A. We developed a surface‐water and groundwater hydrologic model for the meadow. Vegetation presence and absence data from 170 plots were combined with simulated water‐table depth time series to develop habitat‐suitability models for 11 herbaceous plant species. In each model, the habitat suitability is predicted as a function of growing‐season, water‐table depth, and range. The hydrologic model was used to simulate water‐table depth time series for the pre‐ and post‐restoration conditions. These results were used to predict the spatial distribution of habitat suitability for the 11 herbaceous plant species. Model results indicate that restoration changed water levels throughout the study area, extending well beyond the near‐stream region. Model results also indicate an increase in the spatial distribution of suitable habitat for mesic vegetation and a concomitant decrease in the spatial distribution of suitable habitat for xeric vegetation. The methods utilized in this study could be used to improve setting of objective and performance measures in restoration projects in similar environments, in addition to providing a quantitative, science‐based approach to guide riparian restoration and active revegetation efforts.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. IV. A Review

Studies on the ecology of the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia were initiated in 1943, to determine the long-term influence of spray chemicals on the populations of apple-infesting insects. At that time it was felt that the indiscriminate use of spray chemicals in the control of orchard pests was sometimes creating worse problems than those corrected–and was threatening the economy of apple production; and that there was an urgent need to determine, if possible, how to harmonize biological and chemical control. A more comprehensive discussion on the biological and philosophical concepts on which the studies were based may be found elsewhere (Pickett et al., 1946; Pickett, 1949a; 1949b).
The content of insoluble fibre and crude protein value of the aboveground biomass of Amaranthus cruentus and A. hypochondriacus

Twenty samples of the aboveground biomass of P < 0.01). In the Czech Republic the aboveground biomass of the cultivated A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus could be used as a good source of fibre and protein in animal diets when harvested in the period from day 80 to 90 of cultivation.
Pan Trapping for Soybean Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Minnesota Soybean Fields

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, can be an economically important pest in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. In 2002 and 2003, we evaluated the use of nonattractive pan traps to estimate soybean aphid densities in commercial soybean fields. A regression analysis indicated a strong relationship between log-transformed pan trap counts and whole-plant counts (r2 = 0.70). To measure soybean aphid dispersion as characterized by each sampling method, Taylor's power law a and b values were calculated. The mean-to-variance ratios for pan trapping (a = 0.85, b = 1.63, r2 = 0.96) were comparable to whole-plant counts (a = 1.67, b = 1.99, r2 = 0.93). The precision and cost (i.e., time) of each sampling method was evaluated using relative net precision. Both sampling methods were generally precise throughout the season (<0.25). However, the relative net precision of whole-plant counts (4.21) was greater than for pan traps (0.67), and therefore whole-plant counts are a more cost effective sampling method. We a.
Capacity optimisation for an SAMS considering LCOE and reliability objectives

This study proposes a novel method to optimally allocate capacity for a stand-alone microgrid system (SAMS). An SAMS is usually found on offshore islands or in the areas, where electricity cannot be delivered by utility companies. With the continuing development of renewable energy, the photovoltaic (PV) plant, wind turbine generator and battery energy storage system are integrated into an SAMS to reduce generation cost, mitigate environmental damage and increase generation efficiency. In terms of the uncertainty of renewable generation and to allow optimal capacity allocation for an SAMS, a combination of a Monte Carlo simulation, an enhanced charged system search algorithm and a Pareto-based fuzzy decision-making method is used in this study. The objectives considered are the minimisation of both the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) and the expected energy not supplied. An efficient scheme that reduces the convergence time is also developed. The proposed method is tested using an SAMS that is located on an offshore island of Taiwan. Testing results show that the proposed method produces more stable convergence, lower LCOE value, smaller PV capacity and lower power curtailment than those for the differential evolution and particle swarm optimisation methods.
Structure-Preserving Super Resolution with Gradient Guidance

We conduct a user study as a subjective assessment to evaluate the visual performance of different SR methods on benchmark datasets. HR images are displayed as references while SR results of our SPSR method, ESRGAN [5], NatSR [3] and SRGAN [1] are presented in a randomized sequence. Human raters are asked to rank the four SR versions according to the perceptual quality. Finally, we collect 1290 votes from 43 human raters. The summarized results are presented in Figure 1. As shown, our SPSR method gets much more votes of rank-1 than ESRGAN, NatSR and SRGAN. Meanwhile, most SR results of ESRGAN are voted the second best among the four methods since there are more structural distortions in the recovered images of ESRGAN than ours. NatSR and SRGAN fail to obtain satisfactory results. We think the reason is that they sometimes generate relatively blurry textures and undesirable artifacts. The comparison with the state-of-the-art GAN-based SR methods verifies the superiority of our proposed method in generating high-fidelity SR results. 2. More Qualitative Results
Vorstellung eines neuen Wald-Modells für Windkanaluntersuchungen und PIV- Messungen von Strömungsphänomenen an der luvseitigen Waldkante

The Reynolds number sensitivity of the flow past a reduced-scale forest model is investigated for simulated atmospheric boundary-layer flows with different gradient velocities. Focus is on the analysis of the mean streamwise velocity field in the windward forest edge region. The vertical profiles of the normalized mean streamwise velocity do not reveal qualitative differences between the various Reynolds number flows. However, quantitative differences up to 75% are observed within the inflection layer. They continuously increase in downstream direction. As an explanation, the concept of two basic wake type structures, a large-scale and a small-scale wake, which superimpose, is introduced. The small-scale wake gains relevance relative to the large-scale wake in downstream direction. The lower limit Reynolds number above which the flow can be considered Reynolds number insensitive is suggested to be a function of the streamwise distance from the windward forest edge.
Does Exchange Rate Volatility Affect Economic Growth in Nigeria?

This study used monthly data from 2003 to 2017 to analyze the effects of USD/NGâ‚¦ exchange-rate volatility on Nigeria’s economic growth. The results from generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and vector error correction model (VECM) analyses indicated that USD/NGâ‚¦ volatility had a significant effect on the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The results of the Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald tests and impulse-response functions also indicated that USD/NGâ‚¦ volatility had a significant negative effect on the country’s GDP growth. Moreover, USD/NGâ‚¦ exchange-rate volatility was found to exhibit short-term unidirectional causality for economic growth. However, a bidirectional relationship was confirmed between narrow money supply and economic growth. Yet, it was also found that the interbank exchange rate, which is a semiofficial Forex window, had little effect on Nigeria’s economic growth—a strong indication that a large portion of the productive sector lacks access to this Forex platform.