Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
External brain anatomy in relation to the phylogeny of Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)

Caninae is one of the most studied mammalian groups, nevertheless there are relatively few comparative studies on their neuroanatomy. This work contributes to a better knowledge of this subfamily, since it describes the external cerebrum anatomy of 29 out of the 35 living Caninae species, 11 of which are described for the first time. Information about their frontal region appears to be a welcome supplement to the study of the phylogeny. Two distinctive features are recognized, that can be traced back in the fossil record: the sulcal pattern medial to the coronal sulci, and the shape and relative size of the proreal gyrus. Four types are described for the first feature: (1) orthogonal: Canis, Lycaon, Cuon, Atelocynus, Speothos, (2) pentagonal: Vulpes, Alopex, Otocyon,†Eucyon, (3) parenthesis-like: †Dusicyon, Pseudalopex, Chrysocyon, (4) heart-shaped: Urocyon, Cerdocyon, Pseudalopex culpaeus, Nyctereutes. Three types are described for the second feature: (1) elongated and bilaterally compressed: Canis, Cuon, Lycaon, Atelocynus, Speothos, Cerdocyon,†Dusicyon, Chrysocyon, Pseudalopex, †Nyctereutes sinensis, †N. tingi, (2) small: Vulpes, Otocyon, Urocyon, Alopex, (3) wide and low: Nyctereutes procyonoides. On the basis of these features some phylogenetic interpretations are presented: the fossil Asian Nyctereutes is close to Cerdocyon, Speothos is close to Atelocynus, Chrysocyon is not related to Canis, Urocyon differs from Vulpes and Pseudalopex culpaeus differs from the rest of the Pseudalopex species. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 138, 505–522.
Control system design for external continuous flow centrifugal VAD

Ventricular assist device (VAD) is used in heart failure patient. VAD works instead of heart function. The disadvantage of current VAD is a constant pump speed that is manually adjusted. However, the constant of pump speed is not providing the constant of pump flow. Therefore, the flow control or manually adjust is an important for maintain blood circulation in patient. In this research, the automatic system that can maintain both pump flow and head pressure (arterial blood pressure related) was developed by using control system method, so it makes the patient be safe from abnormal symptom. In hardware part, the flow rate was collected by the ultrasonic flow sensor and the head pressure was collected by the fluid fill pressure sensor. All signals were transmitted to microcontroller for analog to digital conversion. A microcontroller was programed with the control algorithm. Microcontroller controls the input power of VAD's motor that related to VAD speed. Personal computer was used as control panel and display. For control system part, Fuzzy Logic control was used as control algorithm. The system maintains the flow rate or head pressure. The system was tested on mock circulation loop. The mock circulation loop simulates the condition of body circulatory system. After tuning and improvement of controller, both pump flow and head pressure can be maintained. However, the time-response was not spontaneously after the outflow pressure has changed. The pressure response has high overshoot when systemic resistance increases. The flow rate response has high settling time when the systemic resistance has increases. Therefore, the control algorithm needs to improve for reducing both the pump flow and head pressure responses.
Growth and changes in pool and macromolecular components of Schizosaccharomyces pombe during the cell cycle.

Amino acids, nucleotide and carbohydrate material were found to account for 46% of the total dry weight of pool material in Schizosaccharomyces pombe growing in minimal medium. The composition of the amino acid pool was also determined by autoanalysis and was found to be unaltered during growth in 2 M sorbitol, indicating that pool amino acids are not important in the osmoregulation of the cell. Kinetic analysis of the amino acid pool using 14C-labelled amino acids showed that amino acids accumulated from the medium enter an ‘expandable’ pool distinct from the ‘internal’ pool which is maintained during growth on minimal medium. Total RNA, protein, pool amino acid and pool ‘nucleotide’ material were estimated in synchronous cultures grown in minimal medium. All these components appeared to accumulate in an exponential manner during the cell cycle. Direct estimation of total cellular dry weight and the total pool in synchronous cultures showed that total cell dry weight increased exponentially and the pool did not fluctuate during growth in minimal medium. This contrasts with previous work on single cells of S. pombe grown in complex medium which showed that the dry weight of the pool fluctuates during the cell cycle and total cell dry weight increased linearly. Linear growth of S. pombe in malt extract broth can be accounted for by the presence of the second (‘expandable’) pool of amino acids formed during growth in complex medium. The phenomenon of linear growth during the cell cycle is shown to occur generally only in cells growing in complex medium. The phenomenon is considered in relation to mechanisms for controlling the size of the pool during growth in complex media.
Information-Processing Patterns in Specific Reading Disability

This research investigated specific processing strengths and weaknesses among three groups of readers who ranged in age from 6 through 10 years. The first-grade unsuccessful and the older unsuccessful readers had similar information-processing patterns, whereas collectively they differed significantly from the first-grade successful readers on short-term auditory/working memory and decoding/encoding. When separately compared to the controls, the age-matched high-risk group showed additional weakness in rapid automatized naming, and the reading-level-matched older disabled group showed additional weakness in phonological coding as well as visual sequential memory. Examination of second-level classifications using cluster analysis suggested the presence of three potential subtypes among the 50 poor readers. All were characterized by difficulty in what was interpreted as symbolic processing/memory (Subtype 1), which occurred in combination with visual processing deficiencies (Subtype 2) and with deficits in both visual processing and rapid automatized naming (Subtype 3).
Life-Long Place Recognition by Shared Representative Appearance Learning

Place recognition plays an important role in Simultaneously Localization and Mapping (SLAM) in many robotics applications. When long-term SLAM is performed in an outdoor environment, additional challenges can be encountered, including strong perceptual aliasing and appearance variations caused by changes of illumination, vegetation, weather, etc. Especially, when considering life-long place recognition, these issues become more critical. We introduce a novel Shared Representative Appearance Learning (SRAL) approach for long-term loop closure detection. Different from previous place recognition methods using a single feature modality or multi-feature concatenation techniques, our SRAL approach can autonomously learn a set of shared features that are representative in all scene scenarios and integrate them together to represent the long-term appearance of scenes observed by a robot during vision-based navigation. By formulating SRAL as an optimization problem regularized by structured sparsityinducing norms, we are able to model the interdependence of the feature modalities. An optimization algorithm is also developed to efficiently solve the formulated convex optimization problem, which holds a theoretical guarantee to find the global optimum. Extensive experiments are performed to assess the SRAL method using large-scale benchmark datasets, including St Lucia, CMUVL, and Nordland datasets. Experimental results have validated that SRAL outperforms existing place recognition methods, and obtains superior performance on life-long place recognition.
Current and future uses of breath analysis as a diagnostic tool

The analysis of exhaled breath is a potentially useful method for application in veterinary diagnostics. Breath samples can be easily collected from animals by means of a face mask or collection chamber with minimal disturbance to the animal. After the administration of a 13C-labelled compound the recovery of 13C in breath can be used to investigate gastrointestinal and digestive functions. Exhaled hydrogen can be used to assess orocaecal transit time and malabsorption, and exhaled nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and pentane can be used to assess oxidative stress and inflammation. The analysis of compounds dissolved in the aqueous phase of breath (the exhaled breath condensate) can be used to assess airway inflammation. This review summarises the current status of breath analysis in veterinary medicine, and analyses its potential for assessing animal health and disease.
Probe lift-off compensation method for pulsed eddy current thickness measurement

The pulsed eddy current nondestructive testing signal for ferromagnetic plate thickness testing is sensitive to the plate's thickness and probe lift-off effect simultaneously. This feature leads to the difficulty of eigen-value extraction in thickness quantification. To remove the probe lift-off effect, a method based on calculating the time-varied relative magnetic flux changing rate is presented. Experiment result shows the relative magnetic flux changing rate is approximately lift-off independent and only determined by the plate thickness.
Loaded frequency selective surfaces using substrate integrated waveguide technology

In this paper, A novel miniaturized bandpass loaded frequency selective surface (LFSS) using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique is presented. A S-band bandpass FSS is designed, in which each periodic cell consists of a square loop resonator loaded with four ceramic chip capacitors. The proposed LFSS provides high transmission at 2.45 GHz, and also provides very good stability to oblique incidence. Further more, there is no other frequency resonance up to 15 GHz except 2.45 GHz. The split- field update finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used for the analysis of the unit cell of the FSS at different oblique incidence of plane waves to predict the FSS performance. By using SIW technique, the undesired coupling between FSS unit cells is eliminated, the FSS size can be miniaturized to any size by tuning the loaded lumped elements. Besides, a single resonance within a wide rang of passband can be easily achieved. It is attractive especially in low frequency FSS design.
Equivalent consumption minimization strategy for parallel hybrid powertrains

Hybrid vehicles use at least two energy sources for their propelling. Usually an electric motor is used with an IC engine. Hybrid vehicles are expected to be less polluting and to have a lower fuel consumption than conventional vehicles. This paper presents an algorithm which chooses the power split between the motor and the engine in order to minimize the fuel consumption. First of all, the prototype built at the LAMIH is presented, then the equivalent consumption minimization strategy is described. First results show that a 17.5% of fuel reduction can be achieved for the CEN speed cycle.
Design of Dynamic Electronic Pressure Collection System and Gust Measurement

Through the communications of Seater Model 265and Model 267MR-type differential pressure sensors with industrial automation software, a set of electronic pressure acquisition device is established. The dynamic measurement system is composed by the device and PIV to carry on the experiment of wind pressure measurements on buildings in environment wind tunnel under the gust flow. The dynamic system can achieve rapid synchronous pressure measurement on multipoint and automatic recording. Through the dynamic wind pressure measurement on buildings with the flow of sinusoidal wind spectrum, the system is proved to be feasible and reasonable. The system can make a correct response on low-frequency gust and provide the basis and effective means for further study on the dynamic measurement under the gusts.
Amide proton exchange in proteins by EX1 kinetics: studies of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor at variable p2H and temperature.

With the use of one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, two-dimensional correlated spectroscopy, and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy, the exchange mechanisms for numerous individual amide protons in the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) were investigated over a wide range of p2H and temperature. Correlated exchange under an EX1 regime was observed only for the most slowly exchanging protons in the central hydrogen bonds of the antiparallel beta-sheet and only over a narrow range of temperature and p2H, i.e., above ca. 55 degrees C and between p2H 7 and 9, where the opening rates of the structure fluctuations which promote the exchange of these protons are of the order 0.1 min-1. At p2H below 7, the exchange of this most stable group of protons is uncorrelated and is governed by an EX2 mechanism. At p2H above 9, the exchange is also uncorrelated and occurs via either EX2 or EX1 processes promoted by strictly local structure fluctuations. For all other backbone amide protons in BPTI, the exchange was found to be uncorrelated and by an EX2 mechanism under all conditions of p2H and temperature where quantitative measurements could be obtained with the methods used, i.e., for kex approximately less than 5 min-1. From these observations with BPTI it can be concluded that the amide proton exchange in globular proteins is quite generally via EX2 processes, with rare exceptions for measurements with extremely stable protons at high temperature and basic p2H. This emphasizes the need for further development of suitable concepts for the structural interpretation of EX2 amide proton exchange [Wagner, G. (1983) Q. Rev. Biophys. 16, 1-57; Wagner, G. , Stassinopoulou, C. I. , & Wüthrich, K. (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 145, 431-436] and for more detailed investigations of the intrinsic exchange rates for solvent-exposed amide protons in the "open" states of a protein [Roder, H. , Wagner, G. , & Wüthrich, K. (1985) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)].
Increasing Trend of Extreme Rain Events Over India in a Warming Environment

Against a backdrop of rising global surface temperature, the stability of the Indian monsoon rainfall over the past century has been a puzzle. By using a daily rainfall data set, we show (i) significant rising trends in the frequency and the magnitude of extreme rain events and (ii) a significant decreasing trend in the frequency of moderate events over central India during the monsoon seasons from 1951 to 2000. The seasonal mean rainfall does not show a significant trend, because the contribution from increasing heavy events is offset by decreasing moderate events. A substantial increase in hazards related to heavy rain is expected over central India in the future.
Serologic diagnosis of streptococcal infection. Comparison of a rapid hemagglutination technique with conventional antibody tests.

A two-minute slide agglutination test (Streptozyme) proved as sensitive in detecting streptococcal throat and skin infections as the combination of antistreptolysin O, antihyaluronidase, and antideoxyribonuclease B determinations. Acute phase sera from patients with rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis were usually positive in high titer (400 or greater). Streptozyme was positive in low titer in 25% of patients with a variety of nonstreptococcal illnesses. Streptozyme thus appears to represent a simple, highly sensitive test for the detection of a multiplicity of serum antibodies to streptococcal products. It is clearly useful as a screening test. Its use for specific diagnosis, in lieu of a battery of streptococcal antibody tests, may prove feasible; however, more detailed data are required as to the specificity of the reagent before such recommendations can be formulated.
Forecast System for Offshore Water Surface Elevation With Inundation Map Integrated for Tsunami Early Warning

In this study, a forecast system for tsunami early warning in Taiwan is constructed by integrating the source model that generates the initial tsunami elevation based on earthquake fault parameters, the propagation model that calculates the offshore sea surface quickly by precomputed reciprocal Green's functions, and the nearshore module that interpolates the inundated distance to the shoreline based on precomputed inundation simulations. This system is integrated and executed by a Matlab graphic utility interface (GUI). In this interface system, the rupture parameters such as epicenter location, focal depth, and fault angles are used to compute the initial tsunami wave elevation. These rupture parameters can be retrieved from the website of the U.S. Geological Survey or the F-net Broadband Seismograph Network of Japan for the most updated earthquake parameters. For the highly nonlinear coastal inundation, a bell-shaped wave is used to generate the inundation map, which is then transformed into a Google Earth format and demonstrated via this geographic information system. This system has been applied in both 2010 Chilean Tsunami and 2011 Great Eastern Japan Tsunami. In both cases, the result has order-of-magnitude accuracy; thus, this system provides a quick first estimation for an early warning of a tsunami when a submarine earthquake occurs.
Homologous and heterologous growth of transplants of various tissues during the course of development in the mouse

GREENE16,17,18 has shown that embryonic and malignant tumor tissues have in common the property of autonomy, expressed by their ability to grow in the anterior chamber of the eye and other sites in alien strains and species. This property was lacking in adult and benign tumor tissues. Greene and co-authors14.1921 have also stated that the development of this autonomy in tumors is gradual. The present author found that autonomy was not present in young spontaneous mammary tumors of C3H mice but appeared and developed with the increasing age of the neoplasm.3 Coincidentally, the growth rate in homologous transfer rose. In view of the occurrence of autonomy in embryonic and malignant tissues and its absence in adult or benign tumor tissues, it is of interest to determine the point a t which autonomy is lost during the development of normal tissues. It is also of importance to examine a number of embryonic tissues and to determine whether all have a similar cycle of change in autonomy. The present report concerns such changes in growth phenomena exhibited by intraocular transplants of various normal tissues of mice in homologous and heterologous strains and heterologously in alien species. The tissues examined were usually taken from embryos in the last half of gestation, from newborn young, and from adult animals.
Determination of aminoglycoside resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by DNA hybridization

A method is described for identification of the genes conferring aminoglycoside resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by dot-blot and Southern blot techniques. As radioactive probes, fragments of plasmids pAT48, pUBH2, and pH13, carrying the genes for an aminocyclitol-3'-phosphotransferase, an aminocyclitol-4'-adenylyltransferase, and an aminocyclitol-2''-phosphotransferase-aminocyclitol-6'-acetyltransferase, respectively, were used.
An evaluation of technical study and performance for real-time face detection using Web Real-Time Communication

This paper proposed the technical study of real-time face detection system and also cover a key technology. In order to find the most appropriate factors, techniques, and algorithm by evaluating the performance that included connection speed, and effectiveness of tracking and detecting a human face in various conditions. WebRTC worked perform in any condition of device and platform independence. Furthermore, WebRTC could operate securely on the HTTPS protocol. In the case of the transferring ability of images, it relied on the connection speed; that LAN and WiFi are the most prefer for this best image quality. The results shown that Haar-like feature and CLM have significantly detected the face area over the web browser in almost light conditions. However, Haar-like has the better precision when operated on the low-speed processor. The real-time face detection system could be identified the person who walked through the capture device. In addition, this proposed system could be applied to any scope of the personal identification system.
Investment and Financial Constraints : Empirical Evidence for Firms in Brazil and China

In this paper we use panel data on rms from Brazil and China to investigate the role of nancial constraints for borrowing and investment. We develop a structural investment model, in which borrowing is costly but sometimes necessary to nance investment. Structural parameters are estimated by matching simulated model moments to empirical data, using a simulated minimum distance estimator. The estimated models suggest that the likelihood of being nancially constrained is about 0.45 for Brazil and 0.33 for China. Our analysis also shows that a reduction in the cost of external nancing would have signi cant e¤ects on both investment and borrowing. JEL Classi cation: E22, D92, D81, C15. Key words: Financing, investment, uncertainty, structural estimation. Acknowledgement: We thank the ESRC for nancial support under project RES-156-25-0006. Bond thanks the ESRC Centre for Public Policy at IFS for additional support. Söderbom thanks The Leverhulme Trust for additional support. Wu thanks the World Bank for additional support.
Scaling, Aggregation, and Energy Consumption in the UK

Much of the history of human civilization is reducible to the history of human cities, from the first stirrings in Sumer and Babylon to the glory of Rome, London, and Beijing at their imperial heights. No one has made a great advance in any human endeavor cut off from these centers of human activity. Even those great thinkers who have been noted for their reclusiveness are not exempt: Spinoza’s, Salinger’s, and Perelman’s solitary adult genius cannot be separated from their youthful immersion in Amsterdam, Manhattan, and Leningrad. These were not idle backdrops for human deeds-rather, the greatest cities attain a vibrant character, an apparent life second to no figure of history or legend. So it is natural that those thinking about cities are drawn to parallels between them and the biological life forms we can observe so much more easily. Exciting progress has been made on understanding the latter, familiar, sort of life in the past two decades from the perspective of self-similar scaling [7]. It appears that animal bodies of a given bauplan maximize the efficiency of their metabolism, which produces economies of scale in energy consumption. These align, empirically, with predictions over a much broader domain than has characterized theoretical biology to this point. With predictions of continuing rapid urbanization through the 21st century, alongside those of increasingly destructive impacts from climate change, it became a crucial question whether cities are the consumption-minimizing larger cousins of blue whales and sequoias. In 2005, high-quality, high-resolution data on carbon emissions and energy consumption was not to be had, so the team gathered to pursue a scale-free understanding of cities focused on more tractable questions. They made a string of discoveries about physical infrastructure and intangible social activity which pointed to an altogether different picture than had been drawn in the biological case [2] [1] [4] [3] [5]. In short, many variables actually showed the inverse of an economy of scale, in which larger populations implied more intensive consumption or production. This left wide questions open regarding the processes that would produce behavior in such contrast to the norm of the biosphere.