Computational Graph Theory

This thesis involves the application of computational techniques to various problems in graph theory and low dimensional topology. The first two chapters of this thesis focus on problems in graph theory itself; in particular on graph decomposition problems. The last three chapters look at applications of graph theory to combinatorial topology, focusing on the exhaustive generation of certain families of 3-manifold triangulations. Chapter 1 shows that the obvious necessary conditions are sufficient for the existence of a decomposition of the complete graph into cycles of arbitrary specified lengths. This problem was formally posed in 1981 by Brian Alspach, but has its origins in the mid 1800s. A complete discussion of problem, as well as a full solution, is presented in Chapter 1. This work has been published, see [34]. Chapter 2 solves a problem closely related to the Oberwolfach Problem, which was originally posed by Gerhard Ringel at a graph theory conference in Oberwolfach in 1967. We show that if a complete multipartite graph K has even degree, and F is a bipartite two factor of K, then there exists a factorisation of K into F (with the exception that there is no factorisation of the 6-regular complete bipartite graph into the 2-factor consisting of two 6-cycles). This work has been published, see [27]. The latter chapters of this thesis deal with the use of graph theory in combinatorial topology; in particular combinatorial 3-manifold topology. Chapter 3 gives an introduction to the field of combinatorial topology, especially to the graph theoretic structures required for this thesis. Chapter 3 also gives an overview of the census enumeration problem, which we focus on for the last two chapters, and outlines an existing state-of-the-art algorithm for this problem. In Chapter 4 we look at face pairing graphs of 3-manifold triangulations. When enumerating a census of triangulations, one often starts with a potential face pairing graph and attempts to flesh it out into a full 3-manifold triangulation. Computationally however, much time is spent on potential graphs which do not lead to any interesting triangulations. We show that determining whether such a graph will lead to a 3-manifold triangulation is fixed parameter tractable in the tree width of the graph. This work has been published, see [47]. In Chapter 5 we give a new census enumeration algorithm for 3-manifold triangulations. We use graph decompositions as the basis for this algorithm, which topologically is equivalent to identifying edges of tetrahedra together (as opposed to identifying faces together). We show that this algorithm complements existing state-of-the-art algorithms, potentially reducing census enumeration running times by a factor of two or more. Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the General Award Rules of The University of Queensland, immediately made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis.