Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SMALL MAMMALS AND STAND STRUCTURE IN YOUNG PINE, SEED-TREE, AND OLD-GROWTH FOREST, SOUTHWEST CANADA

Alternative silvicultural systems to clearcutting are receiving considerable attention in Pacific Northwest forests of North America. Understanding the implications of these harvesting systems on stand structure and biodiversity through time is a fundamental aspect of forest ecosystem management. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that diversity of stand-structure attributes and forest floor small-mammal communities will increase from young pine to seed tree to old-growth forest. The study area was within mixed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)–lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests within the Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zone near Summerland in south-central British Columbia, Canada. This retrospective study had three replicate stands each of 17-yr-old “young pine” (clear-cut harvested), “seed tree” composed of young pine with Douglas-fir seed trees, and uncut “old-growth” composed primarily of Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine. Stand-structure attributes (coniferous tree layers and understo.
Food Web Structure and Long-Term Phosphorus Recycling: A Simulation Model Evaluation

Abstract We used models to examine the effects of different food web structures on the longterm dynamics of phosphorus recycling in lakes. We also assessed food web responses to periodic fish recruitment. These responses were compared for models with and without a typical invertebrate planktivore represented by Chaoborus. Nutrient flux was estimated based on bioenergetics models offish growth. Predator–prey interactions were developed as type II functional responses whereby feeding rate per predator increases with prey density up to some intrinsic limit on consumption. The model with Chaoborus produced higher biomass of both piscivorous and planktivorous fish and higher phosphorus recycling rates than the model without Chaoborus. When periodic piscivore recruitment was introduced into the model without Chaoborus, all nonpiscivore components in the model showed the same periodicity as the piscivore recruitment. With Chaoborus, the responses were more complex and generally less sensitive to piscivore recrui.
Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri: Physiology

Juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to 55 μg copper∙L−1 for 28 d and then transferred to uncontaminated water for 7 d. Whole body sodium concentration and sodium uptake (Jin) were measured at weekly intervals; Jin was measured at various Na+ concentrations and kinetic parameters estimated. After 24 h of copper exposure, the maximum rate of sodium uptake (Jmax) was inhibited by 55%, the affinity for sodium (Km) reduced by 49%, and whole body Na+ decreased by about 12.5%. After 7 d of exposure, whole body Na+ had returned to control values, but Jmax was still inhibited by 41%. Recovery of whole body Na+ occurred largely by a reduction of sodium efflux (Jout). Both Jmax and Km continued to recover until day 28, at which time Jin had returned to control values. We conclude that acclimation to sublethal copper depends on changes in both Na+ transport and permeability.
Physiological Stress in Birds

This quotation and the subsequent publication of the details of the General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye 1937) have become the basis for a vast number of studies on the subject of stress in animals. Despite the fact that the term stress seems imprecise because it means different things to different people, the broad concept has proved to be remarkably robust. In Selyean terminology, stress describes an animal's defense mechanisms, and thus a stress stimulus (stressor) is any situation that elicits defensive responses (Selye 1963). Since the environment is a composite of interacting stressors, a bird's success in coping with it depends on the severity of the stressor(s) and the bird's physiological ability to respond properly. In the broadest sense, the environment includes all combinations of conditions in which the bird lives-external (temperature, light, etc.) as well as internal (disease organisms, parasites). Significant changes in the environment signal regulatory processes to attempt to maintain or reestablish the equilibrium or homeostatic state. There are two general types of regulatory processes: specific and nonspecific. A particular condition will elicit a specific response. For example, when the external environment causes a bird's body temperature to rise, surface blood vessels dilate to permit greater blood flow to the skin for more rapid heat dissipation, and feathers are rearranged to reduce insulation. These are specific responses to the specific environmental stimulus of
Real and potential distribution of the hyperparasitoid genus Mesochorus Gravenhorst (Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae) in Brazil

Mesochorus species are hyperparasitoids capable of nullifying biological control agents. This study is the first to map and predict the distribution of this genus in Brazil. Species distribution modeling was used to estimate the potential distribution of Mesochorus. We obtained 72 occurrence records of 49 Mesochorus species, being 30 endemics. According to our prediction model, this genus can be distributed in all Brazilian biomes, with higher suitability of occurrence in the Atlantic Forest and lower in the Caatinga and Pampa.
Synthesis and Langmuir studies of bivalent and monovalent α-d-mannopyranosides with lectin Con A

Highly avid interaction between carbohydrate ligands and lectin receptors nominally requires the ligand presentation in a clustered form. We present herein an approach involving Langmuir monolayer formation of the sugar ligands and the assessment of their lectin binding at the air−water interface. Bivalent α-d-mannopyranoside containing the glycolipid ligand was used to study its binding profiles with lectin Con A, in comparison to the corresponding monovalent glycolipid. In addition to the bivalent and monovalent nature of the glycolipid ligands at the molecular level, the ligand densities at the monolayer level were varied with the aid of a nonsugar lipid molecule so as to obtain mixed monolayers with various sugar−nonsugar ratios. Lectin binding of bivalent and monovalent ligands at different ratios was monitored by differential changes in the surface area per molecule of the mixed monolayer, with and without the lectin. The present study shows that maximal binding of the lectin to the bivalent ligand .
Diet of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) off the south‐east coast of southern Africa: opportunism or specialization?

A total of 297 common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) stomachs was used for these diet analyses. All originated from common dolphins incidentally captured in Natal, where their occurrence is strongly associated with an annual, northward fish migration, the sardine run, along the east coast. Thirty-six fish and four cephalopod prey species were identified. Though 86.9% by weight of the diet was made up of only five prey species, common dolphins appear to feed opportunistically, their diet reflecting local prey abundance and availability. Prey were primarily small, easily-caught, pelagic shoaling species, with the main prey being South African pilchard (Sardinops ocellatus). Although pilchard dominated the diet between 1974 and 1992, there were marked annual and seasonal fluctuations in dietary composition, reflecting changes in prey availability and abundance. There were clear differences in the contribution of particular prey species to the diet of different sex and size groups, with strong evidence for resource partitioning between groups. The influence of the annual ‘sardine run’, and the fish predators associated with it, on the diet, feeding biology and distribution of common dolphins is discussed.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF PSE AND DFD PORCINE MUSCLES

Results of tests made on 253 porcine muscles showed that 1 hr after death PSE and DFD muscles contain low levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and high levels of inosine monophosphate while in normal muscles high concentrations of ATP and low amounts of inosine monophosphate are observed. The deamination of the adenine moiety can be measured by the changes in the absorption ratio at 250 and 260 nm. This ratio (called R) amounts to 0.78–0.80 for pure adenine nucleotide solutions and to 1.68–1.70 for pure inosine monophosphate and inosine in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Preparation of acidic extract of muscles containing the nucleotides and the measurement of the 250/260 nm ratio of absorbances is a fast procedure: 3–4 min after receiving the sample the R values can be calculated. Together with pH1 the R value allows a very reliable differentiation of normal, PSE and DFD muscles.
Catalase overexpression impairs TNF‐α induced NF‐κB activation and sensitizes MCF‐7 cells against TNF‐α

The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) can induce apoptosis but also supports cell survival pathways. Among the possible anti‐apoptotic mechanisms of TNF‐α is the activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are assumed to contribute to TNF‐α mediated cytotoxicity but can also facilitate NF‐κB activation this study investigates the relationship between TNF‐α treatment, NF‐κB activation and the expression of the anti‐oxidative enzyme catalase. TNF‐α treatment caused downregulation of catalase expression in MCF‐7, Caco‐2 and Hct‐116 cancer cell lines. Overexpression of catalase in MCF‐7 cells, resulting in lower intracellular ROS levels upon challenge with H2O2, caused a transient nuclear p65 translocation upon TNF‐α treatment as compared to the sustained NF‐κB activation in wild type cells. This was due to a lack of sufficient H2O2 to co‐stimulate NF‐κB activation as demonstrated by the observation that addition of exogenous H2O2 led to a second increase of NF‐κB activity. The rapid decline of nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in the catalase overexpressing cells resulted in a slower increase of NF‐κB mediated reporter gene expression. These results indicate that TNF‐α mediated downregulation of catalase expression and accordingly sufficient H2O2 is required for appropriate function of the NF‐κB dependent survival pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1497–1511, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steinernema huense sp. n., a new entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from Vietnam

A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema huense sp. n. , belonging to the carpocapsae group, was recovered in Bach Ma National Park (Thua Thien Hue province) Vietnam. Steinernema huense sp. n. infective juveniles are characterised by short body length of 527 (444-571) μm, distance from anterior end to excretory pore of 43 (38-46) μm, anterior end to end of pharynx of 116 (103-129) μm; tail length of 50 (43-56) μm, D% = 37 (34-39) and E% = 85 (79-93), H% = 44 (39-52) and in having six ridges (i.e., seven lines) in the lateral field. For first generation males, the diagnostic characters include the spicule length of 67 (60-72) μm; D% = 48 (41-61); SW% = 195 (168-238) and GS% = 76 (68-81). Both generations possess a minute filamentous mucron, which can be rudimentary in the first generation, and 23 genital papillae. Spicules are finely curved, brownish and slender with a prominent rostrum. First generation females have a non-protruding, symmetrical vulva, with double flapped epiptygma. The tail of mature females is obese with a short conical tip (peg) lacking minute protuberances, and post-anal swelling not developed. The new species is further characterised by sequences of ITS and D2-D3 regions of the ribosomal DNA. According to molecular data, the symbiotic bacterium of S. huense sp. n. is closely related to Xenorhabdus stockiae.
Genetic variation of the green chafer, Anomala albopilosa (Hope) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan detected by mitochondrial DNA sequences

In the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, larvae of the green chafer Anomala albopilosa (Hope) are known as a serious pest of sugarcane. Based on sequences of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes obtained from specimens collected in this and adjacent areas, the phylogenetic relationships among local populations and geographic distribution patterns of haplotypic groups were examined. As a result, individuals were divided into five groups of haplotypes (Groups A–E). The shape of the phylogenetic trees suggested that they have been separated for a long period in their evolutionary history. Among the three groups distributed in the Ryukyu Islands, Groups B and D were restricted to the northern Amami region and Yaeyama region, respectively, while the range of Group C extended from the Amami to Yaeyama regions through the Okinawa and Miyako regions and largely overlapped the other two groups. This result was considered to suggest that the insular populations of this species were genetically muddled by the recent expansion of Group C that probably originated in the Okinawa region in the central Ryukyu Islands. Causes of these phenomena are discussed in relation to the food habits of this species and the paleogeography of this area.
The elaboration of exploratory play

We apply a new quantitative method for investigating how children's exploration changes across age in order to gain insight into how exploration unfolds over the course of a human life from a life-history perspective. In this study, different facets of exploratory play were quantified using a novel touchscreen environment across a large sample and wide age range of children in the USA (n = 105, ages = 1 year and 10 months to 12 years and 2 months). In contrast with previous theories that have suggested humans transition from more exploratory to less throughout maturation, we see children transition from less broadly exploratory as toddlers to more efficient and broad as adolescents. Our data cast doubt on the picture of human life history as involving a linear transition from more curious in early childhood to less curious with age. Instead, exploration appears to become more elaborate throughout human childhood. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’.
Expression of apoptotic genes can distinguish radiation workers from normal population

Ionising radiation can be produce different forms of DNA damage on living cells. Changes in biomarkers due to exposure to ionising radiation can be an appropriate tool for the immediate recognition of individuals exposed to radiation after a radiological accident or nuclear disaster. QPCR technique, as an approved method, can be used for analysing the expression levels of sensitive genes following radiation exposure. Gene expression studies were performed on a group of 36 radiation workers and 36 matched–normal people without a history of radiation exposure. Mean gene expression values for control and irradiated groups were compared. Mean gene expression values for control and irradiated groups were compared. There were significant differences between the mean gene expressions of Bax and Bcl–2 (p<0.05), in normal and irradiated groups. The logistic regression model is able to correctly identify 77.8% of irradiated samples (specificity) and 75.0% of normal samples (sensitivity).
Roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in coccolith formation in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae)

Effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation on calcification and coccolith production in Emiliania huxleyi were investigated in batch and chemostat cultures by means of chemical analyses of calcium (Ca) and organic carbon (C), counts of coccoliths and cells, and scanning electron microscopy. In a normally calcifying (C-cell) clone growing in the absence of nutrient limitation in batch or semicontinuous cultures, c. 36 attached plus detached coccoliths were present per cell. In batch cultures as well as in chemostats, the number rose to 70–120 when either N or P became strongly limiting. The molar Ca/C ratio, measured in chemostats, showed a corresponding increase from 1·07 to c. 1·38. The two types of limitation had opposing effects on the calcification of individual coccoliths: the mean Ca content of a coccolith decreased from a normal value of 0·60 pg to 0·46–0·49 pg under N limitation, and increased to 0·67–0·73 pg under P limitation. These effects were accompanied by corresponding modificati.
Recovery of 15N-Labelled Urea Applied to Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Ethiopian Highlands as Affected by P Fertilization

Soil degradation and depletion of soil nutrients are among the major factors threatening sustainable cereal production in the Ethiopian highlands. Fertilizer use as a means of mitigating nutrient depletion has become widely accepted. The fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to a semidwarf bread wheat system was determined in microplots receiving 41 kg N ha 1 in the form of urea labelled with 5.617 % atom excess 15 N, without and with the application of phosphorus (P) at 20 kg P ha -1 . The study was conducted in three different agro-ecological zones at 2200. 2400 and 2800 m above sea level (masl) (Kulumsa, Asasa and Bekoji, respectively) in the south-eastern Ethiopian highlands. Yield and yield response to N diminished with elevation, while the response to P increased with elevation, with a significant increase in wheat grain yield observed at Bekoji (2800 masl). N harvest index and N use efficiency improved in response to P application at Asasa (2400 masl). Crop removal accounted for 25-64 and 36-64 % of the applied N without and with P, respectively. The corresponding fractions of 15 N recovered in the soil ranged from 2.9 to 3.5 % and from 3.2 to 3.7 %, respectively. Recoveries of applied 15 N were 67 and 52 % at Kulumsa and Asasa, but only 25 % at the highest elevation site, Bekoji. Fertilizer P significantly enhanced N recovery at Asasa (60 %) and Bekoji (36 %), but not at Kulumsa, where the soil had a high level of residual P from previous applications. The fraction of 15 N recovered in the soil-plant system was rather low at Bekoji. However, the rate of 15 N recovery was significantly improved (by 37 %) when fertilizer P was added to the soil. Across all locations, the unaccounted 15 N may have been lost primarily through denitrification and volatilization.
A Standard Weight Equation to Assess the Condition of North American Lake Herring (Coregonus artedi)

Abstract We developed a 75th-percentile standard weight (Ws) equation to aid in the analysis of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) body condition over temporal periods and across populations. Weight-length data were obtained for 23,115 lake herring from 61 North American populations. The proposed equation is log10 Ws = −5.517 + 3.224 log10 TL, where Ws is the standard weight in grams and TL is the maximum total length in millimeters. The equation is valid for lake herring ≥ 100 mm and allows calculation of the relative weight (Wr) index. Significantly lower (P<0.001) Wr values were present for Lake Superior lake herring populations than for the “inland” populations, suggesting that Lake Superior herring weigh less at a given length. Based on the world record lake herring length (55.9 cm), we propose minimum standardized length categories of 13,20,28,35, and 43 cm for stock, quality, preferred, memorable, and trophy lengths, respectively. The length categories facilitate analysis across length groups and the .
Caracterização e previsão do tom emocional de usuários das comunidades online de transtornos mentais

O aumento alarmante do numero de pessoas atingidas por disturbios de saude mental tornou-se um dos principais problemas de saude publica enfrentados pelos governos em todo o mundo. As intervencoes clinicas tradicionais sao caras, podendo deixar de fora um numero consideravel de pessoas que estao lutando para melhorar suas condicoes de saude mental. Assim, diversos estudos investigam alternativas de intervencao que tem um alcance maior e possibilitam interacao continua com reducao de custos. Uma destas alternativas e o uso de redes sociais online (RSOs), que nos ultimos anos passaram a conectar pessoas dispostas a trocar experiencias relacionadas a problemas de saude (por exemplo, obesidade e depressao). O objetivo principal desta dissertacao e analisar como comunidades com foco na discussao de problemas relacionados a saude mental auxiliam na melhoria das condicoes de saude de seus usuarios. Atraves da caracterizacao dos usuarios de quatro comunidades do Reddit (Depression, SuicideWatch, Anxiety e Bipolar), analisamos como as interacoes atraves de posts e comentarios influenciam no tom (estado) emocional destes usuarios. Em outras palavras, analisamos se a busca por auxilio nestas redes sao eficazes e resultam em mudancas de como os usuarios exprimem seus sentimentos ao longo do tempo. Nossos resultados mostram que o estado dos usuarios muda ao longo do tempo, e que em 68\% dos casos a mudanca e positiva, indicios que o apoio e incentivo entre usuarios destas comunidades sao eficazes para melhoria das condicoes de saude mental de seus participantes. Ademais, propomos modelos preditivos para capturar a variacao do tom emocional dos usuarios. Esta variacao assume valores em [-2,2]. Nossos modelos capturam com boa acuracia a variacao do estado emocional dos usuarios: no pior caso, o valor do erro medio quadratico foi igual a 1,062 e no melhor, igual a 0,5747. Uma possivel aplicacao dos modelos e auxiliar intervencoes promovidas por profissionais da area de saude em redes sociais criadas para dar suporte a pessoas com problemas relacionados a saude mental.
Comparative foliar epidermal morphology of the West African species of Amaranthaceae Juss.

The species are generally amphistomatic except Pandiaka heudelotii that is hypostomatic. Anomocytic and paracytic stomatal types were mostly found but cyclocytic and diacytic types may accompany, especially in Cyathula spp. The anticlinal wall pattern varies from undulate to curved and curved-straight in the family. Other useful epidermal features are peltate scales, trichomes of different types such as candelabra type, unicellular and multicellular conical types, long acicular glandular forms that may be tuberculate or non-tuberculate and the filiform type; all can be employed at species level for delimitation purpose. Sub-familial grouping of the genera is supported while monophyly and polyphyly suggested in Gomphrenoideae and Amarantheae respectively can be inferred from the extent of character variations in the species. An indented dichotomous key is presented for species delimitation. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A LITERATURE REVIEW ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS

Bu calisma, guvenlik kuruluslarindaki degisim yonetimi uygulamalarini yazin taramasi yaparak incelemeyi ve guvenlik organizasyonlari icin degisim yonetimi uzerine butuncul bir bakis acisi gelistirmeyi amaclamaktadir. Bu amaca ulasmak icin arastirmaci, degisim algisinin yansimalarini, degisim yonetimi surecini anlama cabalarini ve degisim yonetimi uzerindeki liderlik etkisini tartismaktadir. Arastirmanin bulgularindan biri, degisim yonetimi surecinde askeri kuruluslar cogunlukla donusum ve yenilige odaklanirken, polis kuruluslari reform surecine odaklanmaktadirlar. Degisim yonetimi modelleri, her kurumun farkli karakterleri, dinamikleri, insan gucu kaynaklari ve amaclari oldugu icin her turlu organizasyon ve duruma uygulanabilecek paket programlardan degildir. Bu nedenle, degisimdeki her girisim kurumunun kultur, dinamik, yapi, ozellikler ve vizyon gibi her ozel niteliklerine gore sekillendirilmelidir. Tamda bu noktada, kurum kulturu, guvenlik kuruluslarindaki degisim yonetimi basarisinda en onemli rollerden birini oynamaktadir. Buna ilave olarak, guvenlik kuruluslari yetkilileri ve yoneticileri degisim yonetimi konusundaki farkindaliklarini arttirmalidir. Gelecekteki calismalar, guvenlik kuruluslari icin birincil veri kaynaklari yoluyla bir degisim yonetimi modeli olusturabilir veya degisim yonetimine karsi guvenlik kuruluslarinda calisanlarin nasil farkindaliklarinin saglanacagina dair pratik oneriler gelistirebilir.