Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacological Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism Following Elective Knee or Hip Replacement

The present systematic review was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of apixaban versus other anticoagulants, for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. Electronic databases were interrogated to identify relevant randomized controlled trials. A series of direct/indirect comparisons and a network meta-analysis were conducted. Indirect comparisons found that the odds ratio of “all VTE and all-cause death” were significantly higher for dabigatran than for apixaban in patients with THR (odds ratio [OR], 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-4.21) and TKR (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.22-2.42). Rivaroxaban showed similar efficacy to apixaban in patients with THR and TKR (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.38-1.25 and OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.57-1.19, respectively). No significant differences were observed in bleeding outcomes between treatments. The novel anticoagulants apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran demonstrated similar or improved efficacy and similar safety compared with current therapies in this indication.
Paradoxical escape responses by narwhals (Monodon monoceros)

The flight of the narwhal Animals tend to respond to threats with the well-known behaviors of fight, flee, or freeze, each of which requires a different suite of physiological responses. Marine mammals face particular challenges because they may flee into an environment where oxygen is not available and pressure must be accommodated. Williams et al. placed a submersible electrocardiograph, depth, and acceleration recorder on narwhals after they were freed from entanglement. The animals displayed contrary cardiovascular responses simultaneously, which placed extreme stress on the cardiovascular system and the tissues that it protects. Science, this issue p. 1328 Narwhals display both freeze and flee physiological responses in the face of capture and entanglement. Until recent declines in Arctic sea ice levels, narwhals (Monodon monoceros) have lived in relative isolation from human perturbation and sustained predation pressures. The resulting naïvety has made this cryptic, deep-diving cetacean highly susceptible to disturbance, although quantifiable effects have been lacking. We deployed a submersible, animal-borne electrocardiograph-accelerometer-depth recorder to monitor physiological and behavioral responses of East Greenland narwhals after release from net entanglement and stranding. Escaping narwhals displayed a paradoxical cardiovascular down-regulation (extreme bradycardia with heart rate ≤4 beats per minute) superimposed on exercise up-regulation (stroke frequency >25 strokes per minute and energetic costs three to six times the resting rate of energy expenditure) that rapidly depleted onboard oxygen stores. We attribute this unusual reaction to opposing cardiovascular signals—from diving, exercise, and neurocognitive fear responses—that challenge physiological homeostasis.
Relationship between Thyroid Function and Resistance to Dental Caries

A relationship between the secretary activity of the thyroid and resistance to dental caries is indicated by the studies of Muhler, Shafer, and Bixler,lA who found that the cariogenicity of a coarse-corn diet fed to albino rats was decreased by the addition of desiccated thyroid and, conversely, increased by the addition of propyl thiouracil. The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to determine whether certain mechanisms may possibly be involved in this relationship. Several possibilities were taken into consideration, and, accordingly, several different types of experiments were conducted. As the diet fed the animals in the experiments of Muhler, Shafer, and Bixler contained 60 per cent ground yellow corn, it was thought that perhaps the carious lesions might have been initiated as a result of fracture of the enamel by the coarse-corn particles. If this were the case, the reduction in, or loss of, the thyroid hormone in the bodily economy, which undoubtedly occurred when propyl thiouracil was added to the diet, might conceivably have resulted in a more brittle enamel, whereas, on the other hand, an additional amount of the hormone might have contributed to a more resistant enamel. An experiment was therefore undertaken in which albino rats were fed a finely powdered synthetic diet to which was added either desiccated thyroid or propyl thiouracil. These experiments were conducted on both intact and sialoadenectomized animals. The purpose of the latter experiments was to determine the role of the salivary glands in the thyroid-dental caries relationship. Another experiment was done to compare the effect of administering desiccated thyroid by stomach tube and by adding it to the diet. In view of the idea prevailing in some quarters that dental caries is initiated by acid which is produced in the degradation of carbohydrate, we considered the possibility that the buffering capacity of the saliva might be considerably lower when there was a reduction or loss of the thyroid hormone. In this event the pH on the teeth could conceivably fall to very low levels. To test this possibility, pH readings were taken in one experiment on the teeth of thyroidectomized and control animals before and after eating. This experiment served the purpose also of showing whether similar dental caries experience would result from thyroidectomy as from feeding propyl thiouracil.
In vivo evaluation of stent strut distribution patterns in the bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting device: An OCT ad hoc analysis of the revision 1.0 and revision 1.1 stent design in the ABSORB clinical trial

textabstractAims: The ABSORB Cohort A clinical study has shown the feasibility and safety of the fully bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting structure (BVS, revision 1.0). However, the study also demonstrated somewhat higher acute and late recoil with the BVS structure compared to metallic drug eluting stents. Based on these clinical observations, modifications to the stent design (BVS, revision 1.1) were introduced for the ABSORB Cohort B study in order to decrease recoil. The aim was to compare in vivo the strut distribution between the BVS revision 1.0 (Cohort A), and BVS revision 1.1 (Cohort B) designs. Methods and results: OCT analysis was performed by two independent analysts in four patients from each cohort of the ABSORB study. Strut distribution was assessed in cross-section, and longitudinally in a frame-by-frame analysis. Variables recorded included inter-strut angle, maximum inter-strut angle and number of frames with ≥3 struts. The inter-observer correlation coefficient was also assessed. For both designs, on a patient level there was no significant difference in the number of analysed struts corrected for the length of the scaffold (p=0.78). Likewise, on a frame by frame analysis mean stent area, number of struts per frame, mean maximum inter-strut angle, and mean inter-strut angle were similar for both groups. However, in both structures there was a cyclical variation in the maximum number of struts per frame. The frequency of this variation was significantly higher in Cohort B. The inter-observer correlation coefficient for strut counts, inter-strut angle and maximum inter-strut angle was 0.91, 0.87 and 0.74 respectively. Conclusions: This ad hoc analysis confirms that the revision 1.1 BVS design has a different longitudinal strut distribution to the revision 1.0 BVS design, indicating that the new design has a reduced maximum circular unsupported cross sectional area.
Hierarchical classification model based on MD feature selection method

When dealing with large amounts of textual information, we may require an automatic system to organize them into known taxonomies which are arranged in a hierarchy. This learning task is called hierarchical classification. In such case, usually there are huge numbers of terms. We need apply certain techniques to remove irrelevant and redundant features for saving computation time without losing too much classification accuracy. In this article, we will first propose a new feature selection method called MD. After that a new hierarchical classification method based on MD is proposed and compared with existing methods on a real dataset.
Urologic Surgery

Bowers R, Lewis JD. Deep venous thrombosis in patients having aorto-iliac reconstruction. Br J Surg. 1977;64(7):517-518. 163. Belch JJ, Lowe GD, Pollock JG, Forbes CD, Prentice CR. Low dose heparin in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after aortic bifurcation graft surgery. Thromb Haemost. 1980;42(5): 1429-1433. 164. Killewich LA, Aswad MA, Sandager GP, Lilly MP, Flinn WR. A randomized, prospective trial of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in aortic surgery. Arch Surg. 1997;132(5):499-504. 165. Hamer JD. Investigation of oedema of the lower limb following successful femoropopliteal by-pass surgery: the role of phlebography in demonstrating venous thrombosis. Br J Surg. 1972; 59(12):979-982. 166. Passman MA, Farber MA, Marston WA, et al. Prospective screening for postoperative deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 2000; 32(4):669-675. 167. Salzman EW, Hirsh J. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, et al, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Lippincott; 1982:986.
Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth’s deep mantle

Encapsulating Earth's deep water filter Small inclusions in diamonds brought up from the mantle provide valuable clues to the mineralogy and chemistry of parts of Earth that we cannot otherwise sample. Tschauner et al. found inclusions of the high-pressure form of water called ice-VII in diamonds sourced from between 410 and 660 km depth, the part of the mantle known as the transition zone. The transition zone is a region where the stable minerals have high water storage capacity. The inclusions suggest that local aqueous pockets form at the transition zone boundary owing to the release of chemically bound water as rock cycles in and out of this region. Science, this issue p. 1136 The presence of ice-VII in diamond inclusions requires regions of the mantle with a free aqueous phase. Water-rich regions in Earth’s deeper mantle are suspected to play a key role in the global water budget and the mobility of heat-generating elements. We show that ice-VII occurs as inclusions in natural diamond and serves as an indicator for such water-rich regions. Ice-VII, the residue of aqueous fluid present during growth of diamond, crystallizes upon ascent of the host diamonds but remains at pressures as high as 24 gigapascals; it is now recognized as a mineral by the International Mineralogical Association. In particular, ice-VII in diamonds points toward fluid-rich locations in the upper transition zone and around the 660-kilometer boundary.
Relationship of Red Cell Distribution Width With the Presence and Severity of Preeclampsia

Aim: Although the relationship between red cell distribution width (RDW) and hypertension has been well documented, there is an absence of data on the association between RDW and preeclampsia. In the present study, we have aimed to investigate the correlation of RDW with preeclampsia and its severity. Methods: The study population consisted of 52 (35 mild and 17 severe) patients with preeclampsia and 50 control pregnancy patients. For the entire study population, baseline RDW was measured using an automatic blood counter. Results: Although there were no significant differences between the preeclampsia group and the control group in terms of hemoglobin and platelet counts, the RDW (14.1 ± 1.1 vs 16.9 ± 1.7, P < .001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, proteinuria, white blood cell, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the preeclampsia group. Moreover, subgroup analysis revealed that RDW levels were significantly increased in patients with severe preeclampsia when compared to the patients with mild preeclampsia (18 ± 1.5 vs 16.4 ± 1.5, P < .001). Conclusion: Our study results revealed that RDW levels were associated with both the presence and the severity of preeclampsia.
The Utility of the Platelet–Lymphocyte Ratio for Predicting No Reflow in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

The aim of the study was to evaluate the utility of the preprocedural platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) for predicting no reflow in patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention (PCI) for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grades of 287 patients treated with primary PCI were assessed retrospectively. Patients were divided into 3 tertiles based upon preprocedural PLR. Pre- and postprocedural TIMI flow grades were evaluated. No reflow developed in 6, 14, and 43 patients in the lower, middle, and higher tertiles, respectively (P < .001). After multivariate analysis, PLR remained a significant predictor of no reflow together with neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR). A cutoff value of 160 for PLR and 5.9 for NLR predicted no reflow with sensitivities and specificities of 75% and 71% and 74% and 70%, respectively. In conclusion, high preprocedural PLR and NLR levels are significant and independent predictors of no reflow in patients undergoing primary PCI.
Assessment and Certification of Colposcopists: The United States and the United Kingdom

I t may come as a surprise to many American colposcopists that there is no formal certifying process for colposcopy in the United States. In the United States, the principal certifying bodies, professional licensure boards and medical specialty boards, generally do not focus on specific skills such as colposcopy. Rather, they certify practitioners in their broader disciplines. A physician certified by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology or American Board of FamilyMedicine, for example, is acknowledged to be competent to perform a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. A period of observation or supervision is frequently required for a licensed physician to be granted hospital privileges to perform specific procedures. This is locally determined, however, and rarely applies to procedures performed in an office setting such as colposcopy. As a result, a licensed physician may perform colposcopy without further certification. If the physician is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology or family medicine, she/he will usually be reimbursed for colposcopy by third-party payers without question. The situation is a bit more complex for advance-practice clinicians, namely, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and certified nurse midwives. Although there is no uniform requirement for certification, employers and payers often prefer some documentation that the provider can, in fact, perform the skill for which she/ he wants clinical and billing privileges. Even the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, one of the few government-run national cervical screening programs in the United States, leaves approval of colposcopists to the discretion of the local grantees. The content and quality of colposcopy training in US residencies are highly variable [1]. Most advanced practice clinicians, on the other hand, undergo structured training through a number of established programs that use a 3-tiered system of learningVa comprehensive colposcopy course followed by a period of hands-on mentoring with an experienced colposcopist and then some form of assessment. The nature of this assessment may range from only a subjective evaluation by the mentor to a formal written examination and, in some training programs, an oral examination as well. On several occasions, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology’s (ASCCP) Board of Directors has wrestled with the issue of whether the society should formally certify colposcopists. Each time, it has voted against taking a role as a certifying body. Certification of competence has medicolegal and regulatory implications. Moreover, devising an assessment Reprint requests to: Alan G. Waxman, MD, MPH, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MSC 10 5580, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001. E-mail: awaxman@salud.unm. edu
Loss of AvrSr50 by somatic exchange in stem rust leads to virulence for Sr50 resistance in wheat

Fungal effectors of wheat stem rust The fungal pathogen Ug99 (named for its identification in Uganda in 1999) threatens wheat crops worldwide. Ug99 can kill entire fields of wheat and is undeterred by many of the disease-resistance genes that otherwise protect wheat crops. Two papers describe two peptides secreted by the fungus as it attacks the wheat (see the Perspective by Moscou and van Esse). Chen et al. show that fungal AvrSr50 binds to the plant's immune receptor Sr50, and Salcedo et al. show that fungal AvrSr35 binds to Sr35. Successful binding activates the plant's immune defenses. Removing or inactivating these Avr effectors leaves the plant defenseless and susceptible to disease. Science, this issue p. 1607, p. 1604; see also p. 1541 Fungal genes encode factors that interact with receptors in the wheat host to trigger resistance to disease. Race-specific resistance genes protect the global wheat crop from stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) but are often overcome owing to evolution of new virulent races of the pathogen. To understand virulence evolution in Pgt, we identified the protein ligand (AvrSr50) recognized by the Sr50 resistance protein. A spontaneous mutant of Pgt virulent to Sr50 contained a 2.5 mega–base pair loss-of-heterozygosity event. A haustorial secreted protein from this region triggers Sr50-dependent defense responses in planta and interacts directly with the Sr50 protein. Virulence alleles of AvrSr50 have arisen through DNA insertion and sequence divergence, and our data provide molecular evidence that in addition to sexual recombination, somatic exchange can play a role in the emergence of new virulence traits in Pgt.
Atomic model for the dimeric FO region of mitochondrial ATP synthase

How protons power rotation Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in mitochondria is accomplished by a large molecular machine, the F1FO ATP synthase. Proton translocation across the FO region that spans the mitochondrial inner membrane drives ATP synthesis in the F1 region through a rotational mechanism. Guo et al. present a high-resolution structure of the dimeric FO complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, determined by electron microscopy. The structure gives insights into how proton translocation powers rotation and suggests how FO dimers bend the membrane to give mitochondria their characteristic cristae. Science, this issue p. 936 The cryo–electron microscopy structure of the yeast mitochondrial FO complex explains dimerization, membrane bending, and proton translocation. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase produces the majority of ATP in eukaryotic cells, and its dimerization is necessary to create the inner membrane folds, or cristae, characteristic of mitochondria. Proton translocation through the membrane-embedded FO region turns the rotor that drives ATP synthesis in the soluble F1 region. Although crystal structures of the F1 region have illustrated how this rotation leads to ATP synthesis, understanding how proton translocation produces the rotation has been impeded by the lack of an experimental atomic model for the FO region. Using cryo–electron microscopy, we determined the structure of the dimeric FO complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a resolution of 3.6 angstroms. The structure clarifies how the protons travel through the complex, how the complex dimerizes, and how the dimers bend the membrane to produce cristae.
Operando EPR for Simultaneous Monitoring of Anionic and Cationic Redox Processes in Li-Rich Metal Oxide Cathodes.

Anionic redox chemistry offers a transformative approach for significantly increasing specific energy capacities of cathodes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. This study employs operando electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to simultaneously monitor the evolution of both transition metal and oxygen redox reactions, as well as their intertwined couplings in Li2MnO3, Li1.2Ni0. 2Mn0.6O2, and Li1.2Ni0. 13Mn0.54Co0. 13O2 cathodes. Reversible O2-/O2n- redox takes place above 3.0 V, which is clearly distinguished from transition metal redox in the operando EPR on Li2MnO3 cathodes. O2-/O2n- redox is also observed in Li1.2Ni0. 2Mn0.6O2, and Li1.2Ni0. 13Mn0.54Co0. 13O2 cathodes, albeit its overlapping potential ranges with Ni redox. This study further reveals the stabilization of the reversible O redox by Mn and e- hole delocalization within the Mn-O complex. The interactions within the cation-anion pairs are essential for preventing O2n- from recombination into gaseous O2 and prove to activate Mn for its increasing participation in redox reactions. Operando EPR helps to establish a fundamental understanding of reversible anionic redox chemistry. The gained insights will support the search for structural factors that promote desirable O redox reactions.
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Depolarization as a Marker of Platelet Apoptosis

Availability of universal marker for the diagnosis of platelet apoptosis is an important but currently unresolved goal of platelet physiology investigations. Mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential (▵Ψm) depolarization is frequently used as a marker of apoptosis in nucleated cells and anucleate platelets. Since ▵Ψm depolarization in platelets is also frequently associated with concurrent induction of other apoptotic responses, it may appear that ▵Ψm depolarization is a good universal marker of platelet apoptosis. However, data presented in the current study indicate that this is incorrect. We report here fundamental differences in the effects of potassium ionophore valinomycin and calcium ionophore A23187 on human platelet apoptosis. Although both A23187-triggered and valinomycin-triggered ▵Ψm depolarization are strongly induced, the former is dependent on the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and the latter is MPTP-independent. Furthermore, effects of calcium and potassium ionophores on other apoptotic events are also basically different. A23187 induces caspase-3 activation, proapoptotic Bax and Bak protein expression, phosphatidylserine exposure, and microparticle formation, whereas valinomycin does not induce these apoptotic manifestations. Discovery of targeted ▵Ψm depolarization not associated with apoptosis in valinomycin-treated platelets indicates that this marker should not be used as a single universal marker of platelet apoptosis in unknown experimental and clinical settings as it may lead to a false-positive apoptosis diagnosis.
Text zero-watermark based on texture mapping coordinates

In research of copyright protection of digital text, according to the text watermark robustness and weakness of attack resistance, the irregular surface texture mapping strategy has been introduced into text zero-watermark technology, puts forward the method based on texture mapping coordinates of text zero-watermark, and constructs the construction and detection process model, and also designs the core algorithm. First, from the word level, paragraph level and text level, those levels construct the text- curved surface projection model. Then extract the center word coordinates corresponding to the plane and curved surface in the model. Last for the surface coordinates, by using the edge-vertex texture mapping and the interior point harmonic mapping, to get the texture coordinate, and then combine it with plane coordinate to build index to complete text zero-watermark construction and detection. In order to validate the watermark scheme is effectively and feasibly, simulation tests are provided. The experimental results indicate the method has good robustness and strong ability against attack, especially, for the attack toward sentence type conversion, it has more obvious advantages.