Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transmission of zidovudine resistant variants of HIV-1

The first drug licensed for treatment of HIV1, the causative agent of AIDS, was Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV). Two years after licensing, patients presented showing reduced sensitivity to this monotherapy. Subsequent genotypic and phenotypic analyses showed that variation at five codons within the reverse transcriptase region of the poi gene where responsible: M41-+L, D67—N, K7O—R, T215—YfF, K219-+Q/E. As the use of ZDV in the clinical setting increased, either as a monotherapy or in combination with other antiretrovirals, the occurrence of mutations increased, and it became apparent that there was an increasing risk of transmission of such resistant variants. Transmission of resistant variants was soon documented to have occurred through several routes: parenteral, homosexual, heterosexual. The initiation of an HTV1 infection with already resistant viral strains has serious clinical implications in patient management, and treatment. To investigate at what frequency transmissions of resistant variants of HTV1 are occurring a group of ántiretroviral naive HIV1 positive individuals where chosen from the MRC Molecular Epidemiology Project, Edinburgh. From this collection of over 600 individuals, 35 patients that had never received any drug therapy were analysed genotypically for the presence of any variation at codon 215 of the RT, the position most frequently observed with ZDV use. By direct automated sequence analysis of proviral DNA obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, variation was detected in two individuals. This variation was an as yet unpublished change, never observed at this position (215D, GAQ. Further analysis showed this to be linked with a known ZDV resistance-associated mutation M41-+L. Drug resistant variants appeared to have survived within the drug free environment for a period of 1-3 years, post-seroconversion. Previous data had shown that resistant variants would revert back to wild type within a year of cessation of therapy. These variants were investigated further to deduce what role this as yet undocumented mutation at codon 215 played in resistance to ZDV. Recombinant virus was
Patient centred physical restraint : a case study of two NHS mental health inpatient wards

The nursing staffs who work in the NHS mental health in-patient wards sometimes physically restrain their patients. Whilst there are studies that have looked at the different aspects of the use of physical restraint, none has specifically investigated the experiences and perceptions of the staff on the use of the patient centred model of physical restraint in managing untoward incidents in the setting. As a trainer on the General Services Association model of physical intervention, I worked collaboratively with staff from two NHS mental health inpatient wards, users of physical restraint techniques, to explore their experiences, perspectives and indeed the effectiveness of the patient centred approach to physical restraint in their respective wards. Following a review of the relevant literature, the choice of a qualitative type of investigation based on the unmodified Husserlian phenomenological framework was made. To complement this style of investigation, focus group and semi-structured interviews were used to collect primary data from the study participants. Phenomenological recommendations were adopted in the analysis of data. Six core themes including: physical restraint of a patient is for safety and patient centred practices during restraint process emerged from the huge data. The findings confirmed that patient centred approach to physical restraint was effective with the patient groups in the participating wards. Participants emphatically stated that the model enabled a quick retrieval of the therapeutic relationship with their patients. This is in keeping with the ethos of mental health care which is reliant on therapeutic relationship with the patient.
Customer's decision-making factors, emotions and experience dimensions in a leisure context application

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze experience dimensions, using Pine and Gilmore’s (1998) model applied to serious leisure context, looking at customer perspective, in order to measure the connection of the customer to the experience event. We use experiential paradigm from the marketing stream and take into account, on one hand, decision-making factors (i.e. characteristics of the event, socialization and networking) and emotions (pleasure and arousal, felt at the beginning of the activity) as antecedents and, on the other hand, the assessment of experience (using customer satisfaction and memory variables) and the customer behavior (return) as output. We perform a survey with 445 valid questionnaires collected from 5 th BTT Marathon Rota do Bacalhau participants, a serious leisure activity context, which occurred on June 1 st , 2014. The main findings show that Pine and Gilmore’s (1998) model is also valid in a serious leisure activity. The participation decision-making factors selected (i.e. characteristics of event, socialization and networking) explained 40,4 per cent of the variation in Education, 19,1 per cent of the variation in Escapism, 18,6 per cent of the variation in Entertainment and 13,9 per cent of variation in Esthetics. These results confirm the experience dimensions proposed by Pine e Gilmore’s (1998) model defined according to level of active participation (active /passive) and the level of connection (absorption/immersion). Positive emotions felt at the beginning of the event are positive and from pleasure. The customer’s outcomes of experience are not customer satisfaction, memory and retour. Instead, we have a new dimension called experience assessment. The results show that all the experience dimensions defined by Pine and Gilmore’s (1998) Model explaining 43 per cent of the variation in the variable Experience Assessment. The results do not group the dimensions according to axis XX (related to the level of participation active/passive) or to axis YY (related to the level of connection absorption/immersion). Instead the results show the contribution of experience dimension in cross way. In descending order, the experience dimensions which contribute most to explain the Experience Assessment are: Esthetics/Education (i.e. physical connection in passive participation/active participation with a mental stimulus) and Entertainment/Escapism (i.e. passive participation with a mental stimulus/physical connection in an active participation).
Relationship of TGFβ_1 -509C/T Polymorphism with IgA Nephropathy in Han Nationality of Chinese Population

Objective] To investigate the relationship of TGFβ1 -509C/T polymorphism with IgA nephropathy in Han nationality of Chinese population. [Methods] TGFβ1 -509C/T genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP in the case-control study. The patients were followed up and the clinical data were retrieved and compared. [Results] (1) No significant difference was found in either genotype distribution or allele frequencies between IgA nephropathy patients ( n=387 ) and control group ( n=203 ), P 0.05. (2) No correlation was found in the -509C/T polymorphism of TGFβ1 with sex, age, blood pressure, gross hematuria, urinary protein, Scr and Serum IgA level, P 0.05. (3) The CC genotype frequency was higher in patients with med+ heavy degree membranoproliferation corresponding TT genotype significantly decreased, P 0.01;The CC genotype frequency also significantly higher in patients with glomerulosclerosis than the other genotypes, P 0.05. (4) The CC genotype and C allele both was associated with poor recovery of albuminuria, P 0.05. [Conclusion] TGFβ1-509 C/T polymorphism may be associated with serious renal tissue lesion and albuminuria even glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy patients with CC genotype or C allele were not benefited. However, this polymorphism was not associated with susceptibility to IgA nephropathy in Chinese Han nationality.
Knowledge and practice related to occupational hazards among Maruti cement factory workers in Mirchaiya, Siraha, Nepal.

The main objective of the study is to find out the knowledge, practice and use of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) among workers of cement factory limited located at Mirchaiya, Siraha, Nepal. We have tried to identify the various sources of information regarding occupational hazards, frequency of health visit in case of health problems or illness, hygiene practices among factory workers and socio-demographic characteristics like age, sex, marital status, income among the workers of cement factory. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study containing both qualitative and quantitative data. The primary data has been collected through semi-structured questionnaire assisted by researcher. Non-purposive sampling technique was used during the collection of data. Nearly three fourths of the respondents had satisfactory knowledge about occupational hazards. 86% workers responded as Tuberculosis to be the disease caused during work in cement factories. All the workers had some basic knowledge about PPE but only 33% of workers said that mask, gloves, boot and clothes fall under PPE. More than three fourths had knowledge regarding the effectiveness of the PPE. 96% of the total respondents used PPE during their working time. About 31% workers had been suffering from illness. 72% workers had a trend to visit doctor only in case of illness or if required. Only 82% workers had a trend to wash eyes with water only in case of dust present in eye. Similarly, only 78% workers had a practice of hand washing with water. And, only 4% of the co-workers had information regarding occupational hazards and use of PPE. We conclude that the variables having significant influence on the knowledge and practice of workers about occupational hazards were education, receiving information about the job-associated hazards, and attending a training course about occupational health and safety. These variables should be taken into consideration in any program addressing occupational health and safety issues in Nepal.
Motivational Climate, Self-Determined Motivation, Affects, and Burnout in Athletes: A Multilevel Approach

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo poner a prueba un mo­delo de mediacion multinivel que examino las relaciones entre la percepcion del clima motivacional generado por los entrenadores a nivel de equipo y los afectos y el burnout a nivel individual, mediados por la motivacion autodeterminada. Participaron 745 atletas universitarios de diversos deportes, con edades entre 17 a 28 anos (M = 21.46, DT = 2.14) quienes completaron los instrumentos que evaluaban las variables del estudio (PMCSQ-2, SMS-II, PANAS y ABQ). Los resultados mostraron que a nivel individual (nivel intra), la motivacion autodeterminada se relacionaba positivamente con el afecto positivo; por el contrario, se relacionaba negativamente con el afecto ne­gativo y las tres dimensiones de burnout. A nivel del equipo (nivel entre), la percepcion del clima de implica­cion en la tarea se relacionaba positivamente con la mo­tivacion autodeterminada, mientras que el clima de im­plicacion en el ego se relacionaba negativamente con la motivacion autodeterminada. De manera similar, la mo­tivacion autodeterminada se relacionaba positivamente con el afecto positivo y negativamente el afecto nega­tivo, asi como con las tres dimensiones del burnout. Tanto el clima de implicacion en la tarea como el de im­plicacion en el ego mostraron un efecto indirecto sobre el bienestar y el malestar a traves de la motivacion autode­terminada. Se sugiere a los entrenadores generar un clima de implicacion en la tarea para potenciar el bie­nestar de los deportistas. Abstract This study aimed to test a multilevel mediation model that examined the relationship between the per­ceived motivational climate created by coaches at team level and the affects and burnout at individual level, as me­diated by the self-determined motivation. Participants were 745 college athletes from various sports, aged 17 to 28 years old (M = 21.46, DT = 2.14) who completed the instruments that evaluated the study variables (PMCSQ-2, SMS-II, PANAS, and ABQ). The results showed that at the within-team level, self-determined motivation was positively related to positive affect; on the contrary, was negatively related to negative affect and three dimen­sions of burnout. At the between-team level, the percep­tion of the task-involving climate was positively related to self-determined motivation, while the ego-involving climate was negatively related to self-determined moti­vation. Similarly, self-determined motivation was positi­vely related to positive affect and negatively negative af­fect, as well as to the three dimensions of burnout. Both the task-involving climate and ego-involving climates showed an indirect effect on well-being and discomfort through self-determined motivation. It is suggested that coaches generate a task-involving climate to promote the well-being of athletes.
Teaching decision-making and professional ethics for pharmacy practice : a mixed methods study

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . IV PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS . V LIST OF TABLES . X LIST OF FIGURES . X ABBREVIATIONS . XII PREFACE . XIV OVERVIEW OF THESIS . XIV MY PERSONAL JOURNEY . XVIII My professional career to date . xviii The challenge a professional doctorate and the need for a reflexive approach . xix Why professional ethics and Values ExchangeTM? xxii My personal ethical stance . xxv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. AN OVERVIEW OF ETHICS . 1 1.1.1. Definitions and terminology . 2 1.1.2. Ethical theories . 3 1.2. MORAL PSYCHOLOGY . 6 1.2.1. Cognitive Moral Development theory . 6 1.2.2. The Four Component Model of Morality . 10 1.2.3. Measuring moral reasoning: The Defining Issues Test (DIT) . 11 1.2. 4. Using DIT to measure moral reasoning in the educational setting . 13 1.3. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS . 18 1.3.1. The professional decision-making process . 19 1.3.2. Ethical challenges in healthcare . 23 1.3. 3. Research on ethics in Pharmacy practice: Search strategy . 27 1.3. 4. Research pre-2000quantitative research . 28 1.3. 5. Research from 2000 onwards – the move to qualitative research . 31 1.3. 6. Codes of ethics . 39 1.4. TEACHING ETHICS . 42 1.4.1. Recent history of ethics teaching for medical and pharmacy students in the UK . 43 1.4.2. Methods of teaching ethics . 45 1.4.3. Scoping exercise . 47 1.4. 4. Teaching ethics at Keele University School of Pharmacy . 48 1.4. 5. Values and Values-based Decision Making (VDM): The importance of values . 49 1.5. SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 . 51 CHAPTER 2: VALUES EXCHANGETM . 53 2.1. USING VALUES EXCHANGETM TO TEACH ETHICS AT KEELE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHARMACY . 53 vii 2.2. THE PEDAGOGY UNDERPINNING VX . 56 2.2.1. Kolb’s learning cycle . 57 2.2.2. Deep versus surface learning. 58 2.2.3. Bloom’s taxonomy . 59 2.2. 4. Deliberating on cases . 60 2.2. 5. Constructivism . 61 2.2. 6. Mapping pedagogical theory to Vx activity and RPS guidance . 63 2.3. EVIDENCE SUPPORTING VALUES EXCHANGETM . 66 CHAPTER 3: RATIONALE, AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY . 74 3.1. RATIONALE FOR STUDY . 74 3.2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES . 76 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY . 77 4.1. UNDERPINNING ASSUMPTIONS IN THE STUDY . 77 4.2. QUALITY OF MY RESEARCH . 85 4.3. ETHICAL APPROVAL. 88 CHAPTER 5: MEASURING MORAL REASONING . 90 5.1. METHOD . 90 5.1.1. Choosing a data collection tool . 91 5.1.2. The PEP test . 92 5.1.3. Sampling and selection . 94 6.1.4. Data collection . 96 5.1.5. Data analysis . 98 5.2. RESULTS . 99 5.2.1. Response rate . 99 5.2.2. Demographics . 100 5.2.3. Assessing distribution of the data . 104 5.2. 4. Descriptive analysis. 106 5.2. 5. Comparing P scores across demographics . 108 5.2. 6. Comparison of responses to each scenario in the PEP test . 111 5.3. DISCUSSION . 112 5.3.1. Summary of results . 112 5.3.2. P score results . 113 5.4. SUMMARY . 118 CHAPTER 6: QUALITATIVE METHODS VOICES OF PRE-REGISTRATION TRAINEES AND EARLY CAREER PHARMACISTS . 120 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIN STUDY INTERVIEW SCHEDULE . 120 6.2. SAMPLING AND RECRUITMENT . 122 6.3. DATA COLLECTION . 124 6.4. DATA ANALYSIS . 125 6.5 OVERVIEW OF RESULTS. 126
“Please Bring a Healthy Snack”: An Exploratory Study on Parent Experiences with Post-Game Snacks and Beverages in Youth Sports

Youth sports provide an opportunity for physical activity, but unhealthy snacks and/or beverages, often bought by parents, are prevalent within these contexts. The current study focused on the environmental context of youth sports, investigating parent experiences with post-game snacks and beverages. This was a qualitative study in which trained interviewers conducted semi-structured interviews. Participants detailed snacks and beverages that they (a) provided in the past, (b) thought would be healthy options, and (c) would prefer their children did not consume. Participants were recruited from a youth sports facility and were required to be a parent and/or guardian of children between the ages of 8 and 11. Nineteen parents/guardians participated in the study. Three major themes were identified through qualitative analysis. First, participants addressed the logistics of post-game snacks in youth sports. They explained that post-game snacks and beverages were provided through a volunteer effort by the youth athletes’ parents/guardians, but the coaches/organizations provided little guidance on the types of snacks/beverages that should be provided. Second, participants detailed their self-reported post-game snack behavior in youth sports. Most commonly participants reported providing granola bars and 100% fruit juice for youth. Parents reported social pressure to conform to certain snack/beverage traditions. Third, participants addressed concerns and desired changes regarding post-game snacks and beverages in youth sports. The results from this study suggest that the social environment can influence parent choices for post-game snack and beverage consumption, thereby influencing the types of snacks and/or beverages children consume. Potential future interventions could attempt to influence the individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels of the Social Ecological Model by providing information in a variety of ways about healthy snack and beverage options, as well as leveraging organizational policy or guidelines surrounding snacks/beverages. Because of the opportunity for the youth sports realm to influence dietary and obesogenic behaviors among children, parks and recreation administrators need to be cognizant of the implications of the youth sports food environment. Subscribe to JPRA
Antecedents and Dimensions of Internal Branding. An Overview

: This paper reviews the antecedent of internal branding and its different dimensions. Specifically, it is examined the meaning of internal branding from the main concept internal marketing. This paper focuses on different determinants assumed by Punjaisri et al. and many other researchers. The study shows the high level of HR involvement, proper communication and training, motivation, job satisfaction and leadership create the internal brand stronger and through which organization can enhance its growth by fulfilling the external customers’ desires.
A Multidimensional Analysis of Stigma: Findings from a Qualitative Study of Fukushima Residents Following Japan’s 2011 Nuclear Disaster

This study examines stigma from the perspective of residents of Fukushima prefecture following the 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan, to better understand effective crisis communication strategies that can mitigate the negative effects of self-stigma and promote sustainable psychosocial recovery. Social cognitive theory was employed to explore cognitive, affective, and behavioral changes faced by Fukushima residents in response to the stigma imposed upon them after the disaster. The study result based on in-depth interviews with residents of Shinchimachi, Fukushima, indicates that affectively, participants experienced a remarkable amount of fear and sadness. Cognitively, they focused on concerns about outsiders’ negative images or misinformation about Fukushima, changed priorities or values, and self-efficacy. Behaviorally, they actively resisted the stigma while strengthening their connections and belonging to their own community. Additionally, residents felt that they were branded as polluted and contagious and attributed the creation of a Fukushima stigma to a lack of full and accurate information as well as mistrust in main information sources, including media and government. This research suggests that developing a more transparent and locally based communication and information system could mitigate the negative effects of self-stigma. Theoretical implications for future research and policy suggestions for crisis communications are discussed.
Syntactic and rhythmic properties of representing the concept of “loneliness” in k. mansfield’s short stories

The present article aims at revealing the potential cognitive function of the syntactic and rhythmic arrangement of a piece of literary text. The focus of our analysis is the study of the representation of the concept of “loneliness” in K. Mansfield’s short stories. It is argued that the rhythm inMansfield's short stories can facilitate the reader’s perception of the content of the work, enhance the visual and acoustic effects, perform a figurative function, transferring the physical, emotional, mental states of the characters. Additionally, it is asserted that the syntactic arrangement and the rhythm of a piece of text contribute to the formation and perception of the cognitive meaning of the text.
Groupthink, Qualitative Comparative Analysis, and the 1989 Tiananmen Square Disaster

The article has two primary objectives: first, to elucidate why qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) stands out as a superior method for the study of groupthink, and second, to demonstrate the extent to which the Chinese leadership in 1989 fell prey to groupthink, resulting in ineffective decision-making that caused nationwide upheaval. While evidencing the causal connection between groupthink and the leadership group’s ineffective crisis management, the study nevertheless confirms the growing consensus that the groupthink model is over-specified. Accordingly, the article offers a revised model as a way to improve the groupthink theoretic constructs.
Anticipating a Second Wave of Standards-Based Grading Implementation and Understanding the Potential Barriers: Perceptions of High School Principals

As secondary school leaders consider a shift toward standards-based grading (SBG) practices, they are no doubt weighing the odds of a successful implementation process. This research followed up on a study from 2014 to identify the challenges secondary school leaders experience when changing the currency of the classroom from points to learning. The results indicated that the game is changing and a new wave of SBG implementation is on the horizon.