Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Daily Variations in Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosol in Lahore, Pakistan during a High Pollution Spring Episode

Inhalable particles (PM10) in Lahore, Pakistan, during a high polluting spring episode in 2006 were collected and analyzed for the ambient concentrations of organic and element carbon (OC, EC) and more than one hundred organic species. High PM10 mass concentrations, averaging 459 µg/m 3 , were characterized by extremely high concentrations of mobile source related organic compounds including hopanes and PAHs. Source apportionment of PM10 OC, EC and mass was performed using molecular marker based CMB receptor model. Results showed that traffic pollution, including exhaust from gasoline or diesel powered vehicles, was the predominate source of carbonaceous aerosols. Gasoline powered vehicles plus diesel exhausts contribute 47.5%, 88.3% and 15.4% of measured inhalable particulate OC, EC and mass, respectively. Though the contribution is not quantitatively calculated in this study, dust was estimated as another important source of PM10, which is a significant contributor to coarse phase pollutions. Even compared to other mega-cities like Beijing, Mexico City, and Los Angeles, the motor vehicle associated pollution in Lahore was found to be very large. Other sources of carbonaceous aerosols were quantified including wood smoke, vegetative detritus, natural gas combustions and have relative small contributions compared with the traffic pollutions.
Upwellings, canyons and whales: An important winter habitat for balaenopterid whales off Mauritania, northwest Africa

The aim of this study was to identify critical habitats for baleen whales in the Mauritanian upwelling zone using data collected from a platform of opportunity: a 60 day geophysical survey approximately 100km southwest of Cap Blanc, Mauritania in winter (2012/13). The bathymetry of the 5,500km2 study area was complex, including parts of the Cap Timiris Canyon system. Large whales, including sei and blue whales, accounted for 70% of the 238 cetacean sightings. Species identification was often problematic, especially in the case of balaenopterid whales, so data for all whales of this genus were pooled for the estimation of abundance and distribution. Spatial modelling was applied to estimate abundance and to plot a predicted density map of balaenopterid whales. Depth and the chlorophyll-a concentration when at its peak (in the previous September) were significant predictors of whale density. Point abundance in the study area was estimated at 272 whales (95% CI 265–279) and density was highest in the depth range 500–2,250m near to the canyon system (6.18 whales/100km2 , 95% CI 6.03–6.51). Steep seabed topography created by canyons running off the shelf edge, together with the strong upwelling system, probably create optimal habitats for the euphausiid prey of sei and blue whales. Sei whales were observed skim-feeding at dawn or dusk on seven occasions; in one sighting an aggregation of 18 skim-feeding sei whales were observed. The high density of these baleen whale species in such a highly productive area and direct observation of feeding behaviour in sei whales, provides evidence of feeding during the winter breeding season, when they have previously been presumed to feed less. This study demonstrates the potential value of collecting further data on seismic survey vessels and would improve understanding of cetacean ecology in remote and under-explored regions.
Flexible Measures to Depress Switching Overvoltage in UHV Transmission System

A concept of flexible measures is put forward to depress the switching overvoltage,on the basis of insistent demands of the UHV transmission system to lower switching overvoltage deeply and shortcomings of the existing measures on both economics and operation reliabilities.Working mechanism of the controllable zinc oxide arrester(the controllable arrester,shortly)is mainly discussed.Effect of the controllable arrester on depress the switching overvoltage can be demonstrated by the pilot UHV AC experimental project built in China.The results indicate that the controllable arrester is very useful.It can lower the maximum phase-to-ground switching overvoltage to 1.6 p.u. ,even with those circuit breakers without closing resistors.The study on the flexible measures to depress the switching overvoltage has both academic and enfineering values in the UHV transmission system.
The Influence of Extreme Climate Events on Models of Coral Colony Recruitment and Survival in the Caribbean

Knowledge of coral recruitment patterns helps us understand how reefs react following major disturbances and provides us with an early warning system for predicting future reef health problems. We have reconstructed and interpreted historical and modern-day recruitment patterns, using growth modeling, in order to understand how hurricanes, storms and bleaching events have influenced coral recruitment in the Caribbean. The results indicate that regional hurricane events negatively impact coral recruitment patterns in the Caribbean, from the south in Tobago to more northerly areas in Belize and Jamaica. However, despite multiple large-scale disturbances, corals are still recruiting to marginal reef systems, and to the Mesoamerican Barrier reef off the coast of Belize. While recruitment and initial growth since the Caribbean-wide bleaching event of 2005 has been successful for Colpophylia natans at the sites studied in North Jamaica, medium and large sized colonies of this species have decreased in numbers since the bleaching event at most sites, except where the rugosity is highest, at Dairy Bull reef.
Wireless Rapid Charger of Super Capacitor

The fundamental characteristics of the wireless rapid charger of super capacitor is investigated by experiments and simulation. This system is composed of the resonant half bridge inverter and the noncontact transformer. Based on the results, the frequency control method that can do the wireless rapid charge regardless of the relative position of the windings of the noncontact transformer is proposed. It can meet the resonance requirement and large charging current can be acquired by detecting the current of the primary switch and controlling the frequency of the inverter. Streszczenie. Badano eksperymentalnie i podczas symulacji numerycznych charakterystyki bezprzewodowego systemu szybkiego ladowania superkondensatora. System sklada sie z mostkowego przeksztaltnika rezonansowego i bezstykowego transformatora. Na podstawie wynikow zaproponowano nową czestotliwościową metode sterowania ladowarką, niezaleznie od wzajemnej pozycji uzwojen bezstykowego transformatora. Metoda zapewnia wysoki prąd ladowania dzieki detekcji prądu przelącznika pierwotnego oraz kontroli czestotliwości przeksztaltnika. (Bezprzewodowy system szybkiej ladowarki superkondensatora)
Internal supply-chain competition in remanufacturing: operations strategies, performance and environmental effects

This paper investigates the competitive and environmental effects of different operations strategies of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and semi-independent remanufacturers, which simultaneously cooperate and compete in different stages of a closed-loop supply chain. In particular, a co-opetitive situation, in which remanufacturing is undertaken only by retailers while the OEMs’ role is restricted to recycling is considered. After adopting a resource-based perspective of competition, investigations are accomplished using system dynamics simulation modelling. The results of simulations indicate that, in the long run, OEMs, regardless of the operation strategy they adopt, are unable to (re)capture the market gained by the remanufacturers. However, some of these strategies contribute to the improvement of the environmental performance of the entire supply chain.
ANALYSIS' OF IWT SPRAY FOR SUPER COOLED DROPLETS GENERATIONS

The icing, or the formation of ice on the airfoil of an aircraft, is a complex phenomenon which contribute many factor. When an aircraft passes through a cloud of supercooled droplets, the impact destroys the metastabile equilibrium, emphasizing the freezing and the collecting of ice on aircraft components. The ice, collecting in various shape on the airfoils, reduces the aerodynamic efficiency. There are many factor which affect the icing like the liquid water content (LWC), the diameter of the droplets, the temperature of the air and, very important, the operational condition of the aircraft. The icing wind tunnels with suitable aerodynamic flow and icing cloud characteristics are used to support on-ground the aircraft icing certification process. The water droplet spectrum and the liquid water content required for the test conditions are injecting in the tunnel by means of an array of spray nozzles.In this paper air supplied nozzles are characterised by use of PDA system to evaluate (MVD), the droplets spectrum velocity and other parameters to verify the behaviour and envelope of a spray nozzle with the internal mix considered in this study for each value of �˚ P (Pair-P water).
The degree of plant resilience to infection correlates with virus virulence and host-range

Antagonistic interactions between plant viruses and their host lead to coevolution of virus virulence and host defenses. Plant virus adaptation to the defenses of a specific host may occur in detriment of their ability to exploit alternative hosts, driving to specialization. Using comparative analyses of the symptoms induced by members of several families of RNA plant viruses and of a quantitative estimate of the susceptibility to viral infection of plant families, it is shown that viral families that infect hosts from different families (generalists) exploited them in a benign way. Furthermore, plants infected by generalist viruses showed, on average, a large susceptibility to infection. By contrast, viral families parasitizing a small number of hosts from very few families (specialists) exploited them more virulently. Plants hosting very virulent and specialized viruses are also less susceptible to viral infection. Finally, it has been shown that specialist viruses are, on average, more virulent than generalists ones. Additional key words: comparative method, evolution of virulence, host-range, plant virus, virus ecology and evolution.
Antibio¢lm activity of coral-associated bacteria against di¡erent clinical M serotypes ofStreptococcuspyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes is the frequent cause of purulent infections in humans. Formation of a bioﬁlm is one of the important aspects of its pathogenicity. Streptococcus pyogenes bioﬁlm communities tend to exhibit signiﬁcant tolerance to antimicrobial challenge during infections. Exploring novel targets against bioﬁlm-forming pathogens is therefore an important alternative treatment measure. We attempted to screen marine bacteria, especially coral-associated bacteria (CAB), for antibioﬁlm activity against streptococcal bioﬁlm formation. The bacterial bioﬁlms were quantiﬁed by crystal violet staining. Of 43 CAB isolates, nine clearly demonstrated antibioﬁlm activity. At bioﬁlm inhibitory concentrations (BIC), bioﬁlm formation was reduced up to 80%, and sub-BIC (0.5 and 0.25 BIC) signiﬁcantly reduced bioﬁlm formation by up to 60% and 40–60%, respectively. Extracts of Bacillus horikoshii (E6) displayed efﬁcient antibioﬁlm activity. As quorum sensing (QS) and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) are crucial factors for bioﬁlm formation in S. pyogenes , the CAB were further screened for QS inhibition properties and CSH reduction properties. This study reveals the antibioﬁlm and QS inhibition property of CAB.
SOLOW MODELS ON TIME SCALES

We introduce a general Solow model on time scales and derive a nonlinear first-order dynamic equation that describes such a model. We first assume that there is neither technological development nor a change in the population. We present the Cobb– Douglas production function on time scales and use it to give the solution for the equation that describes the model. Next, we provide several applications of the generalized Solow model. Finally, we generalize our work by allowing technological development and population growth. The presented results not only unify the continuous and the discrete Solow models but also extend them to other cases “in between”, e.g., a quantum calculus version of the Solow model. Finally it is also noted that our results even generalize the classical continuous and discrete Solow models since we allow the savings rate, the depreciation factor of goods, the growth rate of the population, and the technological growth rates to be functions of time rather than taking constant values as in the classical Solow models.
The effect of sample drying temperature on marine particulate organic carbon composition

Compositional changes in marine particulate organic carbon (POC) throughout the water column trace important processes that underlie the biological pump's efficiency. While labor‐intensive, particle sampling efforts offer potential to expand the empirical POC archive at different stages in the water column, provided that organic composition is sufficiently preserved between sampling and analysis. The standard procedure for preserving organic matter composition in marine samples is to immediately store particles at −80°C to −20°C until they can be freeze‐dried for analysis. This report investigates the effect of warmer drying and storage temperatures on POC composition, which applies to the majority of POC samples collected in the field without intention for organic analysis. Particle samples collected off Woods Hole, Massachusetts were immediately dried at 56°C, at room temperature, or stored in a freezer until freeze‐drying. Results show that oven‐ and air‐drying did not shift the bulk composition (i.e., carbon and nitrogen content and stable isotope composition) of POC in the samples relative to freeze‐drying. Similarly, warmer drying temperatures did not affect POC thermal stability, as inferred by ramped pyrolysis/oxidation, a growing technique that uses a continuous temperature ramp to differentiate components of organic carbon by their decomposition temperature. Oven‐ and air‐drying did depress lipid abundances relative to freeze‐drying, the extent of which depended on compound size and structure. The data suggest that field samples dried at room temperatures and 56°C are appropriate for assessing bulk POC composition and thermal stability, but physical mechanisms such as molecular volatilization bias their lipid composition.
Comparison of wave evolution in triangular index planar waveguides using different metal oxide cores

Waveguides fabricated with nonlinear materials have potential applications to act as inter connectors, optical switches and routers. In the present study planar waveguides of nonlinear metal oxides MgO, TiO2 and ZnO as core material with a triangular refractive index profile are modeled for various input wavelengths. The variation in refractive index with input wavelength induces nonlinearity in these waveguide structures. A numerical continuation procedure is employed using an initial soliton solution for a triangular refractive index profile. An oscillatory wave path in the waveguide structures is seen to result. By doping an increase in refractive index of the core is achieved whereby oscillatory nature can be eliminated.
Number 1 , Fall 2005 Parents ’ Perceptions of the Rural School Bus Ride Rob Ramage

This article reports findings from a study of the perceptions of parents about the experience of long bus rides on their children. Twenty-six parents, whose homes were located on the longest bus route in a rural Midwestern school district, provided interviews regarding the experiences of a total of 37 students. In the analysis of the interview data, three themes emerged: (1) atmosphere on the bus, (2) length of the bus ride, and (3) safety. Notably parents expressed concerns about the fact that long bus rides exposed their young children to the unsuitable language and behavior of older students
Expertise, Leadership Style and Communication in Interfunctional Coordination

The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the effect of expertise, leadership style and communication on coordination by electrical engineering companies. It is unexceptionable that expertise, communication, teamwork and mutual cooperation are fundamental for interfunctional coordination (IFC). A questionnaire in the form of the Likert scale was prepared, it involves information about IFC. The questionnaire was tested for internal consistency and reliability using Cronbach alpha. The complete database of 60 SMEs was analysed by using statistical software package Minitab, version 17. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to answer the hypotheses. The main findings show: (1) A positive correlation among items related to expertise and communications and IFC. (2) Some positive correlation among items related to leadership style and IFC – positive correlation shows only with team-work and mutual cooperation. The results of the paper can assist companies in their attitude towards IFC, by reason that companies can better implement IFC. The novelty of the paper is in determination some possible connectedness of IFC, concretely the correlation among experts, leadership style and communications with IFC of a company. The results of the paper can assist companies in their attitude towards IFC, by reason that companies can better implement IFC.
Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as New Natural Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment

Coagulation-flocculation step is one of the most important steps during surface water treatment. Chemical coagulants are ordinary used such as alum. However, these chemical coagulants are dangerous to environment and human health. Natural coagulants derived from natural sources receive much attention during last years. This study aimed to isolate new bacterial exopolysaccharides from Bacillus licheniformis, B. insolitus and B. alvei to be used as natural coagulants during coagulation-flocculation process. Efficiency of extracted bacterial exopolysaccharides was examined through removal ability of bacterial indicators and some physicochemical parameters of River Nile water samples. Bacterial exopolysaccharides showed great removal percent when used as sole coagulant materials. Addition of alum to bacterial exopolysaccharides enhance removal efficiency.
ON SPACES OF DISTRIBUTIONS STRONGLY REGULAR WITH RESPECT TO PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS

Let P{D) be a partial differential operator in R with constant coefficients and P(D), k — 1, 2, , its successive iterations. The following result is due to L. Hormander ([3], Theorem 3.6 and Remark on p. 233): If P(D) is hypoelliptic and T is a distribution such that P{D)T, k = 1, 2, •••, have a bounded order in any relatively compact open subset of R, then T is a C~-function. In other words, the space g^ of distributions in R "strongly regular with respect to P(D)" is contained in the space if of C°°functions; in this case g"P = g . The concept of strong regularity with respect to P(D) coincides with that of strong regularity in some variables (see [6], p. 453), when P(D) is the Laplace operator in those variables. Suppose now that given are two arbitrary partial differential operators P(D) and Q(D). Then the question arises: Under what conditions on P and Q is ifP c WQΊ In particular, if P{D) is "Qhypoelliptic," i.e. all solutions U£& of the equation
Absorption of Millimeter-Sized Droplet by Nylon Powder

Droplet impact on powder materials is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and engineering technologies. An important aspect of droplet-powder interaction is the absorption of liquid droplet by powder substrates due to capillary force. In this study, we have investigated the phenomenon of absorption of multiple solutions into the substrate material of nylon powder PA2200. Absorption of droplet by powders does not always occur even though a liquid may partially wet the surface of the powder substrate. The critical surface tension values for nylon powder bed having different porosities are obtained by experiments and discussed in detail. Our study shows that smaller surface tension or smaller porosity leads to faster absorption. We discuss the effects of surface tension and porosity of powder layer on the absorption.
The influence of dietary source of fatty acids on chemical composition of the body and utilization of linoleic and linolenic acids by pigs

The study was carried out on 36 gilts (♀Polish Large White x ♂Danish Landrace) grown from 60 to 105 kg body weight (BW). Experimental diets were composed on the basis of the control diet (C), replacing 13% of its energy by energy from linseed oil (group/diet L), rapeseed oil (group/ diet R), beef tallow (group/diet T) or fish oil (group/diet F). All diets contained similar amount of metabolizable energy and apparent ileal digestible lysine, but had different ratio of PUFA to SFA and of C18:2n-6 to C18:3n-3. Pigs were slaughtered at 105 kg BW. Protein, fat and fatty acids (FA) content of the pigs’ empty body was determined by slaughter method. Final empty body of pigs (at 103.6 kg) of individual groups contained similar amount of protein, fat and total FA, but different content of individual FA. Increasing the daily consumption of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 acids enhanced their deposition in the body (from 16.18 to 27.70 and from 1.16 to 33.82 g/day, respectively). Linear correlations were identified between the intake of linoleic and linolenic acids and their deposition in the empty body (r = 0.96 and r = 0.99, respectively). Efficiency of utilization of C18:2n-6 was lower than that of C18:3n-3 (coefficient 0.67 vs. 0.79, respectively).
ONLINE REPRESENTATION OF TOURISM: AN ANALYSIS OF SEARCH RESULTS FROM A MAJOR SEARCH ENGINE

The goal of this study is to provide a preliminary assessment of the representation of tourism destinations through a major search engine. A three-step analysis was conducted with the focus on assessing: 1) the visibility of tourism-related information regarding 30 tourist destinations within the United States; 2) the visibility of various industry sectors within 3 selected destinations; and, 3) a comparison of domain URLs of search results on a major destination. The findings show that, although there is huge amount of information indexed travelers can only access a tiny fraction of this information. Also, there are a number of dominant players among the Web pages suggested by the search engine. This study provides insights into the challenges the tourism industry is faced with when promoting a destination. It also offers several implications for developing tools and marketing strategies for the tourism industry.
Modal Analysis on the Simulation of the Control Arm Based on ABAQUS

One of the inevitable problems in the auto parts is vibration,which can lead to early failure of auto parts and components. The 3D model of the initial vehicle suspension control arm is created and the modal analysis is adopted by the ABAQUS. The results show that the initial control arm will have resonance. The fifth and sixth vibration mode diagram of the control arm's structure is analyzed and the weakness of the initial control arm was found.Then the body surface thickness in the bolt hole and the bushing in the arm side of the body are increased. Ribs are put on the relatively large span of the arm body to improve the vibrate features of the control arm. The theory for the control arm design and manufacture is provided.
A MINIATURIZED UWB BPF BASED ON NOVEL SCRLH TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURE

A miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass fllter (BPF) with U-slot etched around the metallic via in the ground is proposed based on a simplifled composite right/left-handed transmission line (SCRLH TL) structure. The U-slot etched in the ground makes it feasible to reduce the overall size. A demonstration of FCC standard UWB bandpass fllter (BPF) is designed, fabricated and measured. Very good agreement is shown between measurement and simulation.