Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DESCRIPCION DE HUEVOS Y LARVAS DE PRIMER ESTADIO DEL GENERO GYRIOSOMUS GUERIN-MENEVILLE, 1834 (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE, NYCTELIINI)

Se describe la estructura y ornamentacion del exocorion del huevo de siete especies del genero Gyriosomus Guerin-Meneville, 1834: G. impressus, G. luczotii, G. elongatus, G. whitei, G. subrugatus, G. curtisi y G. batesi, la morfologia del primer estadio larvario de G. luczotii y G. subrugatus y se entregan nuevos antecedentes para G. kingi. Para la obtencion de huevos y larvas de estas especies se recolecto en terreno parejas que fueron mantenidas en cajas de crianza hasta la ovipostura y posterior eclosion. La estructura y ornamentacion del exocorion del huevo y caracteristicas morfologicas externas de la larva fueron analizadas mediante microscopia electronica de barrido. Los resultados muestran que los huevos de Gyriosomus tienen una micropila redondeada y exocorion liso, con celulas hexagonales sin aeropilas y no se observo diferencias interespecificas para estos caracteres. La larva de primer estadio presenta caracteristicas morfologicas adaptativas para la vida edafica: patas protoracicas de funcion cavadora, capsula cefalica con gran cantidad de sensillas y pigopodio bien desarrollado. Se analiza la importancia de algunos caracteres morfologicos de la larva de primer estadio como criterio de diagnostico especifico y se establece que las diferencias interespecificas referidas a las sensillas frontales, forma del clipeo y margen anterior del labro tienen valor taxonomico y probablemente filogenetico
An experiment on effort allocation of fishing vessels: the role of interference competition and area specialization

A temporarily closed area established to protect spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the North Sea allowed us to study the response of the Dutch beam trawl fleet exploiting common sole (Solea solea) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). A number of vessels left the North Sea 1 month earlier than the normal seasonal pattern. The vessels that continued fishing in the North Sea were concentrated in the remaining open areas. In the first week after the closure, the catch rate decreased by 14%, coinciding with an increase in crowding of 28%. Area specialisation affected the response of individual vessels because vessels without prior experience in the open areas showed a larger decline in catch rate compared with vessels that previously fished in these open areas and were more likely to stop fishing during the closed period. The decrease in catch rate in response to the increase in competitor density allowed us to estimate the strength of the interference competition.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of cornelian cherry (Cornus Mas L.)

In present study, water extract of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) (WECM) was studied for antioxidant properties. The antioxidant properties of WECM were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. These properties may be the major reason for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The concentration of 20, 40 and 60 µg ml-1 of WECM showed 75.8, 93.4 and 97.5% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, 60 µg ml-1 of standard antioxidants such as BHA, BHT and a-tocopherol exhibited 96.5, 99.2 and 61.1% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, the WECM had effective reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities at the same concentrations (20, 40, and 60 µg ml-1). Those various antioxidan.
Changes in race structure of Gpi 100:111:122 and Gpi 100:100:111 populations of Phytophthora infestans in Canada during 1997–1999

Phytophthora infestans causes late blight on both potato and tomato. In recent years, monitoring this pathogen became imperative because of its increasing aggressiveness and resistance to fungicides. Concurrent to these changes, dramatic shifts in the structure of P. infestans populations, including their genotypes, were recorded. To better understand such transitions and their potential impacts on potato, changes over time in the pathogenicity of this oomy cete were investigated. Over 1200 isolates were collected during three growing seasons, from 1997 to 1999, and 87 of them were chosen based on their host of origin (potato or tomato), glucose phosphate isomerase genotype (Gpi 100:111:122 or Gpi 100:100:111), and geographic origin (Canadian regions). The selected isolates were tested on a series of 10 differential potato host lines, which carried single resistance genes, to determine their physiologic races and their relationship to the host, the region of origin, and the Gpi genotype. This study revealed the presence of 46 pathotypes of P. infestans among the 87 tested isolates. A higher variability was observed within the Gpi 100:111:122 genotype (33 races among 55 isolates), as compared with the Gpi 100:100:111 genotype (16 races among 32 isolates). Comparatively to previous years, the number of race combinations found in this study was relatively high, and many differences were found between Gpi 100:111:122 and Gpi 100:100:111 populations. In contrast, no differences were found between potato and tomato isolates in terms of their physiologic races.
Hypothalamic centers and innervation of the hypophysis in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Summary. The nucleus preopticus (NPO), the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) and the paraventricular organ (PVO), presumed to produce adenohypophysiotropic factors and to be involved in reproductive processes, have been studied in two salmonids. The cell bodies and especially their axonal contacts with the hypophysis were thoroughly examined. The Falck-Hillarp method revealed a high amount of aminergic fibers in all parts of the neurohypophysis. There were only small differences between different areas and between the two species. The fibers may originate in the PVO. The pseudoisocyanin method showed that all parts of the neurohypophysis had NPO-terminations, most abundant in the neuro-intermediate lobe. Fluorescing, possibly aminergic, cells were found in the trout hypophysis. The NPO had a high input of aminergic fibers, possibly originating in the PVO. Cells of the medial part of the NLT received many aminergic fibers ; NPO-fibers also passed very close to these cells. This pattern implied a rich double innervation of the NLT cells. The results lead to the suggestion of a functional relationship among the three hypothalamic nuclei. The present study deals with the distribution of cells of the NPO, NLT and PVO (NRL/NRP) and especially their relation to the hypophysis and to each other.
Trends in Abundance and Mean Size of Fish Captured in Gill Nets from Minnesota Lakes, 1983–1997

Abstract We investigated seasonal and 15-year trends in catch per unit effort (CPUE) and mean weight of black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus, ciscoes Coregonus artedi, northern pike Esox lucius, walleyes Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum), white suckers Catostomus commersoni, and yellow perch Perca flavescens captured in gill nets from 433 Minnesota lakes between 1983 and 1997. Seasonal trends were modeled using least-squares linear and polynomial regressions, and interannual trends were investigated with a linear mixed-effects model and an augmented serially alternating design. Four of the six species exhibited significant seasonal trends. Walleye CPUE increased linearly, whereas walleye and cisco mean weight and northern pike CPUE decreased linearly from spring through fall. Cisco CPUE and yellow perch mean weight exhibited curvilinear relationships, decreasing from spring through summer and then increasing from summer through fall. Two species exhibited significant 15-year trends across Mi.
Evaluation of separation plus acidification with nitric acid and separation plus dilution to make cattle slurry a balanced, efficient fertilizer for grass and silage

SUMMARY Combinations of treatments of cattle slurry, which have previously been shown to have lowered ammonia volatilization by 75% of that from whole slurry, were compared in a field experiment with perennial ryegrass at the Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough in 1990. Whole slurry and slurries obtained by separation through screens with mesh sizes of 5·0, 3·0, 1·1 and 0·4mm were acidified with 1·4% by volume of 10M nitric acid. Slurries separated through 5·0 and 0·4 mm meshes were diluted 100% and 50% respectively by volume with water and amended with calcium nitrate to supply the same amount of nitrogen as the nitric acid. All slurry combinations were surface-applied at 100 kg (NH4+-N + NO3−-N)/ha to different plots on three occasions during the growing season. Volatilization of ammonia was measured on adjacent plots using ventilated enclosures. By comparison with inorganic fertilizer treatments, assessments were made of the efficiency of slurry nitrogen for herbage production, the fertilizer value of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in the slurry, and the effects of slurry on silage quality. The mean ammonia volatilization over all applications of acidified slurries was 17% of that from whole slurry. The two separation plus dilution treatments, however, only lowered volatilization to about half of that from whole slurry. Within separation plus acidification treatments, the trend was for dry matter yield and nitrogen offtake to increase as mesh size decreased down to 1.1 mm. For slurries separated through 5·0 and 0·4 mm meshes, the effect of the additional dilution treatment on dry matter yield and nitrogen offtake was similar to the effect of acidification. Efficiency of nitrogen offtake over all three cuts, relative to inorganic fertilizer nitrogen, was 54% for acidified whole slurry and 88% for slurry separated through a 1·1 mm mesh and acidified. Denitrification in nitric-acid amended slurries and sward contamination from slurry solids may have been responsible for lowering nitrogen efficiency. Chemical analyses of herbage showed that the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur from the slurry treatments were comparable to those in herbage receiving the recommended rates of inorganic fertilizers and were sufficient for optimum yield. Slurry application had a detrimental effect on the fermentation quality of the ensiled herbage. Chemical analyses indicated that fermentations from two slurry treatments at the first cut and all slurry treatments at the third cut were poorer than those on treatments receiving the equivalent rate of inorganic fertilizer nitrogen.
Ovulation, Ovarian 17α-Hydroxylase Activity, and Serum Concentrations of Luteinizing Hormone, Estradiol, and Progesterone in Immature Rats with Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Streptozotocin

Abstract Immature female rats were injected with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, iv) 3 to 4 days prior to the injection (iv) of 20 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMS). Animals were killed at various intervals and the serum levels of estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassays. The ovarian steroid 17α-hydroxylase activity was determined by a tritium exchange assay using pregnenolone as the substrate. Ovulation was determined 72 hr after PMS by flushing of the oviducts. The diabetes mellitus induced by the drug reduced the number of animals ovulating and in some animals the number of ova shed when compared to controls. However, a surge in LH, which reached a peak at 60 hr, was seen in the diabetic animals; a larger peak with the same timing was found in the controls. Changes in ovarian 17α-hydroxylase also indicated that an increase in LH release occurred in the diabetic animals at about 60 hr. Estradiol levels were higher, but progesterone levels lower, in diabetic than control animals. Administration of 1 mg of progesterone to diabetic animals 48 hr after PMS resulted in an increase in the number of animals ovulating and the number of ova shed. The results indicate that hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin is not inconsistent with production of an LH surge or with ovulation following ovarian stimulation by PMS. However, the lowered production of progesterone, which may be a cause or a result of lowered LH output, appears to be a primary factor in the reduced ovulatory rate.
Functional screening of salt stress-related genes from Thellungiella halophila using fission yeast system

Salinity stress is one of the most serious factors limiting plant growth and threatening global food security. Identification of salt tolerance relevant genes from halophytes can provide more insights into the determinants of salt stress tolerance in plants. In this study, functional screening of genes for the salinity tolerance in Thellungiella halophila (salt cress) was carried out using fission yeast as a host organism. A cDNA library of the salt cress, constructed in the yeast vector under the control of the inducible promoter nmt1, was transformed into the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Transgenic yeast cells that showed enhanced salt tolerance were selected. A total of 69 such clones were identified from 10 6 of yeast transformants by one-time screening. Functional assignment indicates that a large percentage (81%) of these cDNAs encode for homologues of proteins that are known to have roles in plant salt tolerance, while the other portion (19%) codes for unknown proteins. Among the proteins encoded by the known functional genes, the regulatory proteins account for a relatively higher proportion. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of some isolated genes was salt stress inducible, whereas that of the others was constitutive. These results indicate that fission yeast is a simple and efficient system for functional and large-scale identification of salt tolerance-related genes from other organisms.
PARASITOLOGIA AMBIENTAL: MÉTODOS DE CONCENTRAÇÃO E DETECÇÃO DE Cryptosporidium spp. E Giardia spp. EM AMOSTRAS DE ÁGUA

The transmission of waterborne pathogenic protozoa is one of the most relevant public health problems nowadays. Numerous epidemic outbreaks caused by Giardia and Cryptosporidium have occurred worldwide in the recent past. However, the methods used for the detection of cysts and oocysts in water samples are influenced by physico-chemical characteristics of water matrix such as turbidity. This review presents a critical analysis of the different concentration methodologies for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water samples destined for human consumption. The implementation of the monitoring of these protozoa is needed in Brazil considering the recent revision of the Ministerial Decree n.518.
West Nile Virus Survey of Birds, Horses, and Mosquitoes of the Pacific Coast, Southern Mexico

Abstract. Serology of West Nile virus vectors and non-human reservoirs was surveyed at Acapulco, Jose Azueta, and Ometepec, three Pacific Coast localities of Guerrero State, Mexico. The objectives of this study were to use enzyme-linked immnosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess West Nile virus antibodies of bird and equine serum samples and use reverse transcription of polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the virus in field-collected resting mosquitoes. Forty birds trapped using mist nets yielded 10% seroprevalence. Similarly, 18.6% of 102 equine blood samples had West Nile virus. In addition, 4,854 mosquitoes were caught using motorized backpack aspirators and grouped into 116 pools. Of the 16 species and seven genera, no mosquito was positive for West Nile virus. Our study demonstrated West Nile virus seroprevalence on resident birds and equines in Guerrero State, Mexico.
Dwarfs on the Move: Spatial Ecology of the World's Smallest Viper, Bitis schneideri

Namaqua Dwarf Adders (Bitis schneideri) are small viperids that inhabit sandy coastal habitats within the Succulent Karoo Biome in southern Africa. Their ecology, and the faunal ecology within the region in general, is poorly documented, hampering effective conservation planning for this biodiversity hotspot. We used radio telemetry to investigate the spatial ecology of a population of B. schneideri. We measured mean daily displacement (MDD) of 19 male and 18 female snakes during the austral spring, summer, and winter. We also compared mean squared displacement from center of activity range (MSD), a measure of home range area, for males and females between the three seasons. Finally, we compared MDD of another 60 individuals collected using mark–recapture techniques. In general, snakes did not move great distances. Males moved further during spring (47.3 ± 3.9 m.day−1) than during summer (3.3 ± 4.5 m.day−1) or winter (3.0 ± 5.0 m.day−1). Female MDD did not vary significantly across spring (6.4 ± 4.6 m.day−1), summer (2.7 ± 3.7 m.day−1), or winter (0.8 ± 6.5 m.day−1), nor was it different from the MDD of males during summer and winter. MDD in the mark–recapture group did not differ among adult males, adult females, or juveniles. Home range area estimates varied between sexes and within seasons, generally corresponding to patterns shown for MDD. Overall mean home range size was larger in males (0.85 ± 0.09 ha) than females (0.10 ± 0.09 ha). Our data suggest that gene flow in Bitis schneideri is likely to be facilitated through the movement of male snakes during spring. However, the relatively short distances over which males range (even the most mobile males are sedentary compared to other species), and the apparent lack of any significant dispersal in juveniles, implies that the species may be vulnerable to fragmentation at relatively fine spatial scales. Thus, conservation management of the Succulent Karoo, the biome to which the species is restricted, should be aimed at minimizing habitat fragmentation.
MOMENT PROPERTIES OF SUBGRAPH COUNTS IN STOCHASTIC GRAPHS

Statistical analysis of stochastic graph models can be based on subgraph counts. General formulas are given which may be used to derive expected values, variances, and covariances of such graph statistics. Three different stochastic graph models are used as illustrations. Moments are given for certain dyad and triad counts in a graph with stochastically independent edge occurrences. Moments are also given for some subgraph count estimators which are based on a partially erased graph or a sampled subgraph.
Variable but predictable prey availability affects predator breeding success: natural versus experimental evidence

Food supply is a major source of variation in breeding success for predators, and to what extent individuals are able to cope with temporal variability in food availability remains an outstanding question in life-history studies. We confronted the natural variation in clutch size and breeding success with results from a food supplementation experiment during egg formation, conducted over several contrasted years of natural food supply in an avian specialist predator, the Montagu's harrier Circus pygargus. This raptor mainly preys on common vole Microtus arvalis a cyclic microtine under temperate latitudes. Vole abundance together with timing of breeding accounted for most of the variance in clutch size and number of fledglings. Results from empirical and experimental data were overall in agreement. Fed pairs consistently increased clutch size compared with controls in all experimental years, whereas no effect of food supplementation on egg volume was detected. Supplemented pairs, however, did not fledge significantly more chicks than controls. The costs entailed by the increase in clutch size appear nevertheless to be limited compared with previous studies. Food supply seemed therefore to display sufficient predictability throughout a breeding season to afford individuals the opportunity to adjust their breeding effort to an optimal number of offspring, in agreement with Lack's anticipation hypothesis.
Nutrient leaching from soil amended with apple waste

Parmi les differentes possibilites pour resorber les excedents de production de pommes, l'epandage in situ est une solution flexible et bon marche. Six colonnes de sol ayant recu 0, 200 ou 500 Mg.ha -1 de pommes ont ete suivies en laboratoire dans des conditions d'irrigation variant par les doses et le calendrier d'apport d'eau, et en imposant une alternance entre des periodes d'irrigation et des periodes seches. Les solutions drainees a la base des colonnes ont ete recuperees a differentes dates et analysees. L'apport de matiere organique fraiche a stimule l'activite microbienne, induisant une consommation de O 2 et une production de CO 2 . En consequence, le sol est devenu reducteur. Des cations mis en jeu par dissolution minerale et echanges cationiques tels Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ et K + sont lixivies. L'immobilisation d'azote, et probablement la denitrification, expliquent la disparition rapide du nitrate. Du carbone organique est lixivie, et l'intensite des conditions reductrices induit la mise en solution de Mn et la sulfato-reduction. La reoxydation du sol suite aux phases de dessechement restaure des conditions oxydantes potentiellement moins polluantes. Des quantites de matiere organique fraiches inferieures a 200 Mg.ha -1 sont recommandees pour minimiser les risques de pollution environnementale par lixiviation.
SOUTH AFRICA'S OFFSHORE LIVING MARINE RESOURCES: THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHERIES

SUMMARY South Africa's offshore living marine resources are commercially the most valuable of its renewable marine resources. They are herein defined as the demersal, pelagic and squid fisheries. Reviews are given of the fisheries and the focus research has taken since Gilchrist's days, with accent on the present situation and understanding. Progress has not always been smooth, but many of the developments in research on offshore living resources have placed South Africa at the forefront of fisheries management. Looking to the future, options are explored and likely scenarios generated. Certain is the fact that management of the offshore living marine resources has been and will continue to be exciting and, to some extent, even controversial.
A study of sheep blowflies at Limestone Downs sheep station in the northern Waikato, New Zealand, over two summers

Abstract Sheep blowflies collected in a baited, wind-orientated trap in the northern Waikato from August 1989 to May 1991 were predominantly the brown blowfly, Calliphora stygia (Fabricius), in the spring and the hairy maggot blowfly, Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), in the summer. The common green blowfly, Lucilia sericata (Meigen), and the Australian sheep blowfly, L. cuprina (Wiedemann), represented 15.1 and 2.4% of the total trap catch respectively in 1989/90 and 12.6 and 7.8% respectively in 1990/91. However, significantly more of the two Lucilia spp. and C. stygia were collected when the trap was lowered from 1.5 to 0.65m. In contrast, no L. cuprina was trapped in suburban Auckland in the 1990/91 summer. Of the total daily fly catch, 84% were collected from 1000 to 1500 h.
Combined pressure-temperature inactivation of alkaline phosphatase in bovine milk : A kinetic study

A detailed kinetic study on pressure-temperature inactivation of alkaline phosphatase has been per- formed in the pressure range 0.1 to 725 MPa at temperatures between 25 and 63 °C. Inactivation could be accurately described by a first order kinetic model, allowing D-values to be calculated. According to the thermal death time terminology, z T - and z P -values were calculated, expressing temperature and pressure dependence respectively. How- ever, at high temperature, pressure dependence could not be calculated unambiguously. D-values firstly increased with increasing pressure up to 300 MPa and then decreased with further pressure increase, showing thermal inacti- vation to be counteracted by low pressure. Finally, a global model describing the D-value as a function of pressure and temperature has been formulated.