Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling laminar and turbulent flows

The aim of the SPH research group at NUI, Galway is to explore the potential of SPH for engineering fluid dynamics, and in particular for biomedical fluid flows, which involve complex geometry and moving walls. Before tackling such difficult problems, however, we are investigating more fundamental and general questions. The resolution for any particular simulation is dependent on the distribution of computational particles (like the nodes of a conventional mesh-based method), and can be controlled to some degree by the particles’ initial distribution. However, as the solution evolves, the particle distribution is determined by the flow and local control of resolution is lost. In adaptive particle distribution (Lastiwka et al ., 2005), particles are inserted and removed as required, depending on local gradients. This process is analogous to adaptive mesh refinement, but is simplified by the mesh-free nature of SPH. For validation cases in shock tube flow, it has been possible to improve shock capturing accuracy significantly ( figures 1 and 2 ). To evaluate methods of computing viscous stress (requiring second derivatives of velocity), transient two-dimensional viscous channel flows have been modelled from startup to steady state (Poiseuille flow). Two-pass methods, in general, yield better results either than direct double differentiation of kernel functions or hybrid SPH/finite-difference methods, but are more costly (Basa et al ., 2005). It is also advantageous to use consistency-corrected kernels and, in low Mach number flow, to use a reduced pressure (for example, by subtracting out a global average pressure).
Semantic Segmentation Using Fully Convolutional Net: A Review

: - Semantic segmentation has paved its way in predicting the models using dense pixel-wise prediction method apart from classification. The presented models for semantic partitions the image into semantically meaningful chunks and classifies each chunk into one of the predetermined classes. The presented model reduces the parameters to be trained and helps in up-sampling; it describes quality and accuracy and efficient mechanism. Deeper the layers are, helps in capturing the high-level semantic features from the previous convolutional layers .
the ecology and natural hIstory of the cumberland dusky salamander ( Desmognathus abDitus ) : dIstrIbutIon and demographIcs

—Understanding the biology of rare or uncommon species is an essential component of their management and conservation. The Cumberland Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus abditus) was described in 2003, but no studies of its ecology, distribution, or demographics have been conducted. The southern Cumberland Plateau is recognized as an under-protected landscape, and recent studies on other stream salamanders suggest that even common species have small population sizes and limited distributions. To describe the ecology of this rare and unstudied species on the southern Cumberland Plateau, we conducted landscape scale occupancy surveys and focused capture-mark-recapture studies on D. abditus. We found that D. abditus had a limited distribution, and that clusters of populations were split by approximately 85 km. Their distribution coincided with small streams located in coves, and they were locally restricted to small waterfalls and exposed sandstone bedrock. Regional summer survival estimates revealed low bimonthly survival between 0.44–0.51. We found significant ecological differences between the population clusters with temporary emigration being 5.2 times higher in the northern sites relative to the southern sites. Though both population clusters were characterized by low population densities, those in the southern population cluster (0.15–0.56 m-2) were lower than the northern population cluster (0.1– 2.09 m-2). Desmognathus abditus also occupied habitat on the southern Cumberland Plateau that is distinct from co-occurring species. Their unexplained disjunct distribution, rarity within their distribution, and low survival and density suggest a species in need of monitoring to ensure appropriate conservation actions for the long-term persistence of D. abditus.
Phylogenetic Patterns Suggest Broad Susceptibility to Chronic Wasting Disease Across Cervidae

Chronic wasting disease presents significant management challenges for North American species of Cervidae, but susceptibility of other cervid taxa worldwide to this disease is largely unknown. A review of 7 published partial phylogenies for Cervidae indicates that known susceptible taxa are broadly distributed across each of these phylogenies, suggesting that there may be broad susceptibility to the disease within the family. Taxa particularly at risk based on phylogenetic and geographic proximity to known susceptible species include species of the genus Mazama in Central and South America and species of the genera Cervus and Rusa in Europe and Asia. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Walk Score : The Signi f i cance of 8 and 80 for Mortgage Defaul t

walkability and mortgage default risk in multifamily housing in a pool of nearly 37,000 Fannie Mae loans. Walkability is measured with Walk Score, a widely available metric. Controls were introduced for loan terms, property characteristics, neighborhood conditions, and macroeconomics. Walkability reduced default risk but the relationship was nonlinear with thresholds. Default risk significantly increased where walkability was very low and significantly decreased where it was very high. The implication is that walkability and its possible benefits to health and the environment could be fostered by relaxing lending terms without adding default risk. In this paper, I examine the relationship between Walk Score, a widely available indicator of walkability, and mortgage default risk in multifamily rental housing. The findings show that very high and very low Walk Scores significantly affect default risk. Where Walk Score is 80 or more out of 100, the relative risk of default is 60% lower than where Walk Score is less than 80, controlling for other factors that impact risk. Where Walk Score is 8 or less, default risk is 121% higher. This is the first paper that shows Walk Score affects default risk in multifamily rental housing. It builds on prior work showing that higher Walk Scores are related to lower default risk in single-family housing (Rauterkus and Miller, 2011) and higher values in office, retail, and apartment buildings (Pivo and Fisher, 2011; Kok and Jennen, 2012; Kok, Miller, and Morris, 2012). For lenders and developers, the findings reported here indicate that Walk Score could be used to help evaluate and underwrite properties and investment risk. For researchers in real estate and urban economics, the findings deepen our knowledge of investment risk correlates and the role of local accessibility in urban economic geography. And for practicing urban planners, developers, policy-makers and others interested in fostering healthier, more sustainable cities, it strengthens the case for walkable urban development. u B a c k g r o u n d Walkability is the degree to which an area within walking distance of a property encourages walking trips for functional and recreational purposes (Pivo and Fisher,
AN ASPECT OF ENVELOPE CURVE OF INITIAL P-WAVES FOR EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

One of the vital tasks in the earthquake early warning (EEW) system is rapid and precise estimation of earthquake magnitude and distance. The Japanese EEW called the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS), is used by railways in order to stop high-speed trains (Nakamura, 1988). In the UrEDAS, the event magnitude is determined by applying well-known method namely predominant period (TP) on the initial seconds of arriving P-waves, which was introduced by Allen and Kanamori (2003). Then, the epicentral distance is indirectly estimated using an attenuation relationship as a function of magnitude (here, estimated magnitude) and the peak ground amplitude of P-wave. Another approach for estimation of distance is introduced by Odaka et al. (2003), which directly estimates the epicentral distance using growth curve of initial P-wave at single station. Odaka et al. (2003) fitted a simple function as Equation 1 to the few seconds of early part of P-wave and calculated A (1/sec) and B parameters using the least-squares method.
Quantum Random Number Generation with the Superconducting Quantum Computer IBM 20Q Tokyo

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce theoretically unpredictable random numbers. A typical QRNG is implemented in quantum optics [Herrero-Collantes, M. , Garcia-Escartin, J. C. : Quantum Random Number Generators. Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 , 015004 (2017)]. Quantum computers become QRNGs when given certain programs. The simplest example of such a program applies the Hadamard gate on all qubits and performs measurement. As a result of repeatedly running this program on a 20-qubit superconducting quantum computer (IBM 20Q Tokyo), we obtained a sample with a length of 43,560. However, statistical analysis showed that this sample was biased and correlated. One of the post-processed samples passed statistical tests. To show the eﬀectiveness of post-processing, a larger sample size is required. The present study of quantum random number generation and statistical testing may provide a potential candidate for benchmarking tests of actual quantum computing devices.
The mathematics of aquat ic locomotion

Understanding the propelling mechanism of living organisms is a question which fascinated scientists for centuries. The first text devoted in particular to this question is, perhaps, Aristotle’s De Motu Animalium (Movement of Animals) [12], written in the 4th century BC. The subject has been discussed by G. A. Borelli (considered to be the father of biomechanics), in a book borrowing the title of Aristotle’s treatise [4], which has been first edited in 1680. Borelli utilized mathematics to prove his theories and firstly considered the possibility of building machines using locomotion strategies inspired by animals; for example, a submarine. Now, several centuries after Borelli’s work, the literature on the mathematical modelling of aquatic locomotion has become overwhelming. Excellent introductions to this subject can be found in the monograph of Childress [5] or the collection of papers of Lighthill [9]. The interest in designing robots imitating the swimming mechanism of animals (biomimetism) increased after the famous paper of Triantafyllou and Triantafyllou [17] about robotic tuna fish, and it is nowadays a major research subject.
Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil and Food Security

Gradually, environmental issues are becoming severe, among which heavy metal pollution in soil is one of the most serious problems. Heavy metal pollution seriously affects the environment, food security and public health because of its toxicity and biological magnification. It is necessary to study the current situation of heavy metal pollution in soil and in an attempt to solve this issue. Instead of physical, chemical and traditional biological methods, synthetic biology provides a new potential solution. With the aid of various microbial and genetic resources, people can develop engineered strains, which can absorb one or multiple heavy metal pollutants, to control heavy metal pollution in soil and support environmental restoration. In this review-format paper, the case study was added; the author of this paper uses a Chinese small town ---Wuji as an example.
Methods used to meta-analyse results from interrupted time series studies: A methodological systematic review protocol.

Background: Systematic reviews are used to inform healthcare decision making. In reviews that aim to examine the effects of organisational, policy change or public health interventions, or exposures, evidence from interrupted time series (ITS) studies may be included. A core component of many systematic reviews is meta-analysis, which is the statistical synthesis of results across studies. There is currently a lack of guidance informing the choice of meta-analysis methods for combining results from ITS studies, and there have been no studies examining the meta-analysis methods used in practice. This study therefore aims to describe current meta-analysis methods used in a cohort of reviews of ITS studies. Methods: We will identify 100 reviews that include meta-analyses of ITS studies from a search of eight electronic databases covering several disciplines (public health, psychology, education, economics). Study selection will be undertaken independently by two authors. Data extraction will be undertaken by one author, and for a random sample of the reviews, two authors. From eligible reviews we will extract details at the review level including discipline and type of interruption; at the meta-analytic level we will extract type of outcome, effect measure(s), meta-analytic methods, and any methods used to re-analyse the individual ITS studies. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarise the data. Conclusions: This review will describe the methods used to meta-analyse results from ITS studies. Results from this review will inform future methods research examining how different meta-analysis methods perform, and ultimately, the development of guidance.
Does the Added Worker Effect Matter?

The added worker effect (AWE) measures the entry of individuals into the labor force due to their partners' job loss. We propose a new method to calculate the AWE, which allows us to estimate its effect on any labor market outcome. We show that without the AWE reduces the fraction of households with two non-employed members. The AWE also accounts for why women's employment is less cyclical and symmetric compared to men. In recessions, while some women lose their employment, others enter the labor market and find jobs. This keeps the female employment relatively stable.
The Unequal Burden of Income Poverty on Time Use in South Africa

This study aims to contribute to the research on poverty by analysing the association of income poverty with gender inequalities in time use patterns. Based on South Africa's first time-use data compiled in 2000, we explore whether household income poverty has any in uence on the typical patterns of time use of women and men. Controlling for a variety of household and individual characteristics, we assess the extent to which living in income poverty produce long hours of work - in particular unpaid work hours- using bivariate and multivariate Tobit estimations. Our results show asymmetric impacts of income poverty on women's and men's time allocations controlling for the widely accepted determining factors. While women in poor households spend more time on unpaid work activities, we do not see any significant change in men's unpaid work time with poverty status. Women's total paid and unpaid work time is higher under poverty as the increase in their unpaid work time extends away from the decline in paid work time. Other findings obtained provide supporting evidence presented in previous research: being married/cohabiting with a partner has an increasing impact on women's unpaid work, whereas an opposite impact is observed for their male counterparts. Women's unpaid work time increases with the number of preschool children, whereas it is the paid work time which rises in case of men's work time.
Relationships among organochlorines and lipid classes in two demersal fish species from southern California

ABSTRACT Although the potential influence of lipid reservoirs on bioaccumulation in fish is known, there is little information on how differences in lipid classes, such as triacylglycerol, may affect bioaccumulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential relationships between the organochlorines 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and the amount and composition of lipids present in two species of fish. Organo-chlorines, total lipid, and major lipid classes were quantified from liver and muscle samples from California scorpionfish (Scorpaena guttata) and longfin sanddab (Citharichthys xanthostigma) collected near San Diego, California, in July 2000. Detection rates and concentrations of DDT and PCB were higher in liver tissues than in muscle tissues, and corresponded to higher concentrations of total lipid and triacylglycerol. However, the concentrations of the organochlorines were not correlated with the amount of lipid present.
A COMPARISON OF METAMODELING TECHNIQUES ADDRESSING THE NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND THE PRESENCE OF NOISY DATA

Given the importance of empirical modeling (i.e., metamodeling) to engineering design in general and multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) in particular, this work is devoted to compare the performance and the accuracy of three widely used metamodeling strategies: response surfaces, neural networks and support vector machines. The comparison focuses on the scalability of each method with the increase of the number of independent variables, as well as their robustness when the database used in their construction is corrupted by noise. The introduction reviews the general framework used to formulate metamodels, emphasizing the statistical nature that underlies all sorts of different available approaches. In the sequence, the particular types of metamodels addressed in this paper are described in deeper detail. This account starts by polynomial response surfaces, whose ease of implementation and spread of use are helpful for the understanding of the fundamentals that guide the remainder of the work. From this basis, a review of artificial neural networks is also carried out, pointing out their conceptual similarities and operational differences with respect to response surfaces. Likewise, a summary of support vector machines is presented. This theoretical review is followed by applications aimed at providing practical insight for the comparison of the metamodels, their performance and accuracy. Thus, response surfaces, artificial neural networks and support vector machines are built up in order to predict the resonant frequencies and natural mode shapes of dynamic systems, given their constructive parameters (stiffnesses and inertias) as independent variables. Within this framework, the number of independent variables is proportional to the number of degrees-of-freedom necessary to describe the motion of each dynamical system. Therefore, enlarged equations of motion also mean that the metamodel is formulated with respect to an increased amount of independent variables. This rationale is used to test the scalability of each metamodeling strategy with the growth of independent variables, that is, how much each type of metamodel needs augmented databases to be constructed as its own dimension is increased. Next, random noise is simulated as to corrupt the database available for the formulation of the metamodels, and the robustness of response surfaces, neural networks and support vector machines is compared. The assessment of the performance and robustness of each metamodeling technique is supported by the availability of closed form solutions for all of the physical quantities whose prediction is sought. All the comparisons derived from the dynamical systems analysis and simulation, as well as the metamodels construction, lead to the conclusions and outline of future research work.
Should Unemployment Insurance Vary With The Local Unemployment Rate? Theory And Evidence

We study theoretically and empirically how optimal Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits vary with local labor market conditions. Theoretically, we show in a standard search model that the adverse incentive effect of UI varies with the unemployment rate. The model motivates our empirical strategy which tests whether the effect of UI benefits on unemployment durations varies with the local unemployment rate. In our preferred specification, we find that a one standard deviation increase in the local unemployment rate reduces the magnitude of the duration elasticity by 32%. Using our empirical estimates to calibrate the optimal level of UI benefits implied by our model, we find that a one standard deviation increase in the unemployment rate leads to a 13 percentage point increase in the optimal replacement rate. (JEL H5, J64, J65) ∗E-mail: kory.kroft@yale.edu; noto@chicagobooth.edu. This work is preliminary and incomplete. Please do not cite without the authors’ permission. We thank Joe Altonji, Judy Chevalier, Jonathan Guryan Andrew Metrick, Giuseppe Moscarini, Fiona Scott Morton, and seminar participants at LSE, MIT, University of Texas at Austin, University of Toronto, and Yale SOM for providing excellent comments. We thank Jesse Burkhardt for providing outstanding research assistance. Notowidigdo gratefully acknowledges the National Institute of Aging (NIA grant number T32-AG000186) for financial support.
A MODULARITY APPROACH TO THE DELINEATION OF FUNCTIONAL REGIONS FROM SPATIAL INTERACTION DATA

Functional region is a region that is composed of areas or locational entities which have more interaction or connection with each other than with outside areas and be functionally complementary to each other (Brown and Holmes, 1971). Since 1970's many geographer and regional scientists have been discussing how to delineate functional regions. Interaction or connection among location entities can be represented as a graph, and some researchers proposed to apply graph theoretic techniques in delineating functional regions ( e.g. Masser and Brown, 1975; Slater, 1976). In the last decade, network science made great advances boosted by the explosion of WWW and the finding of a community that is a densely connected subnetwork in the total network became one of the hottest research topics in that field. In this study, we apply a community finding method to the delineation of functional regions, and propose a new delineation method that is a combination of a modularity approach, the most popular community finding method, and a maximum-entropy spatial interaction model. The proposed method has the following characteristics: (1) the number of delineated functional regions is endogenously determined, (2) the hypothesis behind the delineation of functional regions is clear, (3) many algorithms is available, and (4) delineated functional regions are robust to the size of the study area. We apply it to the Japanese inter-municipal commuting flow data, and show its validity and enormous potential as the delineation method of functional regions.