Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mating systems and predictors of relative reproductive success in a Cutthroat Trout subspecies of conservation concern

Abstract Mating systems and patterns of reproductive success in fishes play an important role in ecology and evolution. While information on the reproductive ecology of many anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) is well detailed, there is less information for nonanadromous species including the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (O. clarkii bouvieri), a subspecies of recreational angling importance and conservation concern. Using data from a parentage‐based tagging study, we described the genetic mating system of a migratory population of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout, tested for evidence of sexual selection, and identified predictors of mating and reproductive success. The standardized variance in mating success (i.e., opportunity for sexual selection) was significantly greater for males relative to females, and while the relationship between mating success and reproductive success (i.e., Bateman gradient) was significantly positive for both sexes, a greater proportion of reproductive success was explained by mating success for males (r 2 = 0.80) than females (r 2 = 0.59). Overall, the population displayed a polygynandrous mating system, whereby both sexes experienced variation in mating success due to multiple mating, and sexual selection was variable across sexes. Tests for evidence of sexual selection indicated the interaction between mating success and total length best‐predicted relative reproductive success. We failed to detect a signal of inbreeding avoidance among breeding adults, but the group of parents that produced progeny were on average slightly less related than adults that did not produce progeny. Lastly, we estimated the effective number of breeders (N b) and effective population size (N e) and identified while N b was lower than N e, both are sufficiently high to suggest Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in Burns Creek represent a genetically stable and diverse population.
Cluster consensus of multi-agent systems with general linear and nonlinear dynamics via intermittent adaptive pinning control

This paper investigates the cluster consensus of multi-agent systems (MASs) with general linear and nonlinear dynamics via intermittent adaptive pinning control, where each cluster has a virtual leader whose state can be sensed by only a small part of followers on some disconnected time intervals because of communication constraints. The communication topology is considered to be weakly connected, that is, it is not necessary to be in-degree balanced, strongly connected or contain a directed spanning tree. To realise the cluster consensus, a class of intermittent adaptive pinning control protocols is proposed according to difference that the agents receive information source. The pinning gains are designed to be intermittent adaptive and with an exponential convergence rate, which will effectively reduce communication costs, avoid the pinning gains being larger than those needed in practice. Meanwhile, it guarantees that the pinning gains quickly converge to steady value. Correspondingly, some sufficient consensus criteria are derived to guarantee that the agents in the same cluster asymptotically can reach consensus while the agents in different clusters can reach different consensus. Rigorous proofs are given by the aid of Lyapunov stability theory and matrix theory. Finally, a numerical simulation example is presented to validate the main results.
Electrical measurements at the microscale: Air breakdown and Si Coulomb blockade devices

Title of Document: ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AT THE MICRO SCALE: AIR BREAKDOWN AND Si COULOMB BLOCKADE DEVICES Emmanouel Spyros Hourdakis, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Directed By: Associate Professor, Michael S. Fuhrer, Department of Physics In this thesis I describe the work performed in two different areas of research, electrical breakdown of air for small electrode separations and measurements of silicon (Si)-based tunable-barrier single electron transistors (SETs). In this work, I describe a new method for measuring the breakdown of air for the range of electrode separation of interest. This method has several advantages compared to ones found in the literature, namely it allows for a measurement of electrode separation before each breakdown measurement; it has a parallel plate geometry and the surface roughness of the electrodes used is very small. Using the results obtained with this method I have made a quantitative comparison between the predictions of the standard theory of the field (field emission of electrons) and our data, something that has not been done before. In this thesis I describe analytically both the theory and the analysis of our data. I conclude that the standard theory used in this field fails for the range of electrode separations of interest (400 nm to 45 μm). Also, I describe electrical measurements performed on a Si-based tunable-barrier device fabricated in the group of Neil Zimmerman at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) using the fabrication facilities of Cornell University. I demonstrate that this device can be operated as an SET. I continue by describing measurements of the charge offset drift (Q0(t)) for this device and show that it is almost 3 orders of magnitude smaller than in metal devices, and comparable to previously measured Si devices of this type. All of the previously measured devices originated from the same fabrication source, NTT, Japan. Our ability to demonstrate the same low drift in devices fabricated at Cornell, USA, indicates that the small values of Q0(t) is a robust property of Si-based devices, and not sensitive to the details of fabrication. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AT THE MICROSCALE: AIR BREAKDOWN AND Si COULOMB BLOCKADE DEVICES
The Solar-C (EUVST) mission: the latest status

Solar-C (EUVST) is the next Japanese solar physics mission to be developed with significant contributions from US and European countries. The mission carries an EUV imaging spectrometer with slit-jaw imaging system called EUVST (EUV High-Throughput Spectroscopic Telescope) as the mission payload, to take a fundamental step towards answering how the plasma universe is created and evolves and how the Sun influences the Earth and other planets in our solar system. In April 2020, ISAS (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science) of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) has made the final down-selection for this mission as the 4th in the series of competitively chosen M-class mission to be launched with an Epsilon launch vehicle in mid 2020s. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) has selected this mission concept for Phase A concept study in September 2019 and is in the process leading to final selection. For European countries, the team has (or is in the process of confirming) confirmed endorsement for hardware contributions to the EUVST from the national agencies. A recent update to the mission instrumentation is to add a UV spectral irradiance monitor capability for EUVST calibration and scientific purpose. This presentation provides the latest status of the mission with an overall description of the mission concept emphasizing on key roles of the mission in heliophysics research from mid 2020s.
Pragmatic functions of Indonesian in the column “smart traveler” of the Bali tribun newspaper

This study aims to see the politeness of Indonesian in a printed daily newspaper published in Bali, namely the daily Tribun Bali which presents a page of a column called "Smart Traveler" that discusses tourism objects in Bali. In this study, two points were researched, namely the form of politeness and the form of Indonesian politeness based on the principle of politeness (Leech, 1993). Data obtained naturally by reading the daily Tribun Bali, especially the tourism column "Smart Traveler". Then the data is coded according to the function of the Indonesian language, especially in the field of pragmatics concerning the principle of politeness, and transcribed on the data card. The data then were analyzed using two aspects, namely, first, the data were analyzed to determine linguistic elements such as phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in a predetermined time. Second, the data were analyzed and presented descriptively, then the results obtained were viewed from a theoretical perspective to find out why that was all that happened. In analyzing the data, the distributional method is used, which is working within the scope of the language itself without connecting things outside it. Keyword: Indonesian function, language function, newspaper column, politeness principles Journal of Applied Studies in Language, Volume 4 Issue 2 (Dec 2020), p. 273—280 p-issn 2598-4101 e-issn 2615-4706 © Politeknik Negeri Bali http://ojs.pnb. ac.id/index.php/JASL
Microseismic Events Cause Significant pH Drops in Groundwater

Earthquakes cause rock fracturing, opening new flow pathways which can result in the mixing of previously isolated geofluids with differing geochemistries. Here, we present the first evidence that seismic events can significantly reduce groundwater pH without the requirement for fluid mixing, solely through the process of dynamic rock fracturing. At the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland, we observe repeated, short‐lived groundwater pH drops of 1–3.5 units, while major and minor ion groundwater concentrations remain constant. Acidification coincides with reservoir drainage and induced microseismic events. In laboratory experiments, we demonstrate that fresh rock surfaces made by particle cracking interact with the in situ water molecules, likely through creation of surface silanols and silica radicals, increasing the H+ concentration and significantly lowering groundwater pH. Our findings are significant; pH exerts a fundamental control on the rate and outcome of most aqueous geochemical reactions and microseismic events are commonplace, even in seismically inactive regions.
Falling clouds of particles in vortical flows

Abstract The coupling between particle–particle and particle–fluid interactions is examined by studying the sedimentation of clouds of spheres in a model cellular flow at a small but finite Reynolds number. The model flow consists of counter-rotating vortices and is aimed at capturing key features of the vortical effects on particles. The dynamics of clouds settling in this vortical flow is investigated through a comparison between experiments and point-particle simulations.
Exploring Perceptions and Categorization of Virginia Hard Ciders through the Application of Sorting Tasks

Abstract Hard (alcoholic) ciders have grown rapidly since the early 2000s, but unlike beer and wine, there is limited scholarly research on their sensory attributes. The purpose of this study was to categorize and describe sensory and visual packaging and label attributes of ciders made in Virginia, United States using a labeled, free sorting task (a rapid sensory analysis method) with untrained panelists. In Study 1, panelists tasted and sorted ciders into groups and labeled their groups. Then visually for Study 2, a second group of panelists sorted “photo sheets” of packaging and labels for the same ciders by two separate tasks: According to how they expected the cider to taste; and What occasion they would be most inclined to consume the cider at. Classical text analysis was used to analyze descriptors from both the sensory and visual free sorting tasks, and the terms were projected onto their respective compromise similarity maps that were produced using DISTATIS. Subjects identified and described distinct sensory styles and attributes among the evaluated ciders; however, descriptions provided by producers on their labels did not align well with panelist experienced sensory attributes. Consistent sorting patterns from the photo sheets emerged—providing a first look into how ciders might be valued based on packaging and labels alone. The results of this research will help cider producers develop favorable products that will satisfy consumer expectations and encourage repeat purchase.
Local and regional drivers of macrophyte beta diversity in tropical coastal rivers

Studies on beta diversity across different spatial scales can yield insight into the ecological factors that shape communities and the mechanisms of maintenance and loss of diversity. The coastal rivers in southeast Brazil have different lengths and salinity gradients because of variation in coastal plain width and slope. These differences in environmental characteristics promote natural gradients and patterns of macrophyte assemblage variation within and among rivers. To investigate the drivers of macrophyte beta diversity, we recorded the occurrence of species and life forms and collected limnological variables at 100 sampling sites over 8 unconnected rivers that run directly to the sea. We estimated macrophyte beta diversity, and its nestedness and turnover components, within (local scale) and among (regional scale) coastal rivers using traditional metrics (Jaccard dissimilarity matrix) and a metric that accounts for sampling effect (permutational analysis of multivariate dispersions). At each sampling site, we collected variables from water (nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and pH), sediment (nutrients, salinity, and grain type), and channel (width, littoral declivity, distance from river’s mouth, and coastline). For assessment of regional-scale drivers of macrophyte beta diversity, we measured river length and calculated salinity gradient. We evaluated the potential of environmental variables to explain local and regional beta diversity using distance-based redundancy analysis and multiple linear regression. As expected, at the local scale, high species turnover and life-form nestedness were predominantly explained by the rivers’ longitudinal gradients (mainly salinity, P, and channel width). At the regional scale, we found that river length explained life-form nestedness among rivers (small rivers are subsets of the largest rivers); however, neither river length nor salinity gradient explained the high species turnover among rivers. We suggest that dispersal limitation among rivers and historical colonization shaped the species pool in each river resulting in almost completely distinct assemblage compositions. This high turnover at the regional scale suggests that conservation strategies for macrophytes must consider multiple rivers and not only the largest ones. Overall, our results suggest that environmental variation strongly influences macrophyte beta diversity within and among coastal tropical rivers.
Users’ Acceptance of Connected and Automated Shuttles for Tourism Purposes: A Survey Study

In recent years, autonomous vehicles have received increasing attention and many studies in the literature have discussed the potentialities and the opportunities they could offer. Despite the potential benefits, mainly related to the expected reduction in accidents and congestion phenomena as well as the potentially improved social inclusion of people with driving difficulties (e.g., people with physical disabilities or elderly people), many aspects remain to be addressed, mainly for understanding users’ acceptance in the case of collective transport vehicles. This study proposes an analysis based on a survey aimed at exploring user’s preferences with respect to the use of autonomous shuttles (ASs) for tourism purposes. The main correlations between the variables considered and the preferences of potential users have been discussed. Interviewees expressed high confidence in AS technology, although the analyses performed about willingness to pay show that users give more relevance to the provided transport services than the AS technology.
Slow spectral transfer and energy cascades in isotropic turbulence

Abstract A database of highly resolved direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional isotropic turbulence, with Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers ranging from ${\approx }3$ to 400, and grid sizes up to $2048^3$, is used to analyse the temporal behaviours of spectral transfer and energy that result from low-wavenumber forcing. The temporal behaviours of the energy and energy transfer spectra are analysed using single-time and time-delay statistics. Results show that the energy transfer across a given wavenumber in the inertial range fluctuates by an order of magnitude around its temporal average, and only slow fluctuations have the property of being unidirectional, consistent with classical cascade concepts. All small scales, roughly beyond $k\eta > 0.3$, respond essentially instantly to changes at the large scale.
A One Health Approach to Studying the Differences in the Evolutionary Dynamics of MERS and SARS Coronaviruses

BackgroundSARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are two coronaviruses that received great attention due to their high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. While SARS was controlled, MERS continues to be a global public health concern. To examine differences in the epidemic patterns of these two viruses, we collected all available sequences to compare the different evolutionary characteristics of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Notably, almost all of the human infection cases occurred in the Middle East, and cases that occurred outside of the Middle East involved travelers from this region, while African infections have so far not been reported. It is not clear that genetic differences between Africans and Arabs lead to differences in susceptibility.ResultsIn this study, we compared their evolutionary dynamics to provide a One Health perspective of their different results of disease control. The phylogenetic network of SARS-CoVs showed that human isolates gathered into a “super-spreader” cluster, and were distinct from civet isolates. In contrast, dromedary camel- and human-isolated MERS-CoVs were clustered together. Thus, most clades of MERS-CoV can infect humans, and MERS-CoVs seem easier to spill over from animal-to-human interface. Although MERS-CoVs are endemic to dromedary camels in both the Middle East and Africa, all human infections are linked to the Middle East. The nucleotide sequences of the MERS-CoV receptor gene--dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) from 30 Egyptians, 36 Sudanese, and 34 Saudi Arabians showed little difference.ConclusionsOur study reveals the reason why MERS-CoV is not easily controlled. Analysis of genetic differences between Africans and Arabs suggest that human population differences in DPP4 might not be the reason for their different MERS prevalence, raising the possibility that other reasons, such as poorer disease surveillance in Africa, might explain these observations.
Assessment of the Impact of Trace Elements in FAME Biodiesel on Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Activity after Full Lifetime of Operation in A Heavy-Duty Truck

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel contains some trace amounts of Na, K, P, Ca, and Mg. Our objective was to investigate whether the presence of such elements can poison a diesel oxidation catalyst that has been used for an entire regulatory lifetime in a heavy-duty truck fueled by FAME biodiesel. The investigated vehicle-aged catalyst contained high loadings of S, P, and Na, as well as a visible layer of soot. Activity in the NO oxidation reaction was severely decreased compared to a fresh catalyst of the same type, while the CO and C3H6 oxidation reactions were less affected. Subsequent selective trace element removal procedures, followed by activity tests, were used to decouple the effect of different poisons. Sintering was observed to be the main cause of catalyst deactivation. Of the trace elements present on the catalyst, P had the greatest effect on catalyst activity, while the other trace elements had little effect.
Weight normalized deep neural networks

The generalization error is the difference between the expected risk and the empirical risk of a learning algorithm. This generalization error can be upper bounded by the Rademacher complexity of the underlying hypothesis class with high probability. This paper studies the function class of Lp, q weight normalized deep neural networks. We present a general framework for norm‐based capacity control and functional characterization for this class. In particular, we have established the upper bound on the Rademacher complexities of this family. Especially, with an L1, ∞ normalization, we discuss properties of a width‐independent capacity control, which only depends on the depth by a square root term. Furthermore, if the activation functions are anti‐symmetric, the bound on the Rademacher complexity is independent of both the width and the depth up to a log factor.
Foot Arch Posture Development in Children and Adolescents aged 6 to 19 Years: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study

Background: The arch height index (AHI) is a commonly used method for measuring foot arch posture. However, there are little studies have investigated the natural growth and normative values of the foot arch using the AHI. The objective of this study was to establish normative and cut-off values for foot arch posture and to identify factors influencing foot arch posture across childhood and adolescence. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 3532 healthy children and adolescents (1804 boys, 1728 girls; aged 6 to 19 years) was recruited for the navicular height (NH) and AHI measurements and anthropometry assessment (weight, height, BMI and foot length). Data were explored descriptively and graphically, comparisons between groups used t-tests or ANOVA model as appropriate and a multiple regressions was conducted. The 95% and 68% prediction intervals were used as cut-off values. Results : approximately 69% had a normal AHI range, 12% low arched foot, 3% severely low arched, 14% high arched and 1.8% severely high arched foot. The mean (SD) AHI was 15.16 (2.61). Very little gender bias was found for AHI values, being higher in males 15.32 (2.54) than in females 15.0 (2.68) ( p = .019). Regression showed approximately 3%, 0.3% and 2% of the AHI change was explained by age, BMI and foot length, respectively. The mean NH significantly increased from the age of 6 (2.62 cm) to 19 (4.20 cm). Conclusions: This study confirms that the ‘flexible flatfoot’ or low arched foot decreases with age. Simultaneously, increase of high arched foot type and shift in foot posture towards more normal foot type are also confirmed. BMI does not seem to be an important determinant of children foot arch posture. Keywords: Foot posture, Navicular height, Arch height index, Normative values, Medial longitudinal arch, Foot arch development, Children, Adolescents
The correlation between family support and psychological well-being in patients with end-stage renal disease

This study aimed to determine the correlation between family support and the psychological well-being of patients with end-stage renal disease. This study was designed as a cross-sectional observation analytic study. The samples were collected based on a purposive random sampling technique. The study instrument was a questionnaire about family support and Ryff psychological well-being. The data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test. A total of 26 patients (93%) had good family support with various emotional support. The majority of patients (20 patients, 71%) had positive relationships with others. The correlation between family support and psychological well-being was moderate (p = 0.020, r = 0.439), the family’s involvement and attention to the end-stage renal disease patients increased the patients’ psychological well-being. However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between gender in the family support and the psychological well-being of end-stage renal disease patients or hemodialysis patients.