Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison between three Methods of measuring underwater illumination in coastal waters

SUMMARY Three methods of determining extinction coefficients of light in sea water have been compared: (a) on water samples contained in a Pulfrich photometer, (b) from brightness profiles determined by aerial photographic survey, and (c) by photoelectric underwater measurements. The ratios of extinction coefficients for green and red light as determined in 1945 by the Pulfrich photometer and by the brightness profile method are given in Table 3, columns 9 and 10. For green light the ratio is about i-8 and for red light 1-3. The departure from unity is attributed to the geometry within a confined tube and, within the Pulfrich measuring assembly, of light rays scattered forward by particles present in sea-water samples. In the following year, 1946, comparisons were made between the Pulfrich method and the submarine photometric method of Atkins and Poole. The discrepancies were variable and even larger, the ratios averaging 3-8 for green light and 2-0 for red light. The brightness profile and submarine photometric methods have not been directly compared, but, by comparing the two sets of determinations against the Pulfrich photometer, it would seem that extinction coefficients determined with the brightness profile method are about 2-2 times those determined by the submarine photometer in green light and about 15 times in red light.
Eficiência de iscas granuladas (sulfluramida 0,3%) no controle de Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Four granulated baits (sulfluramid 0.3% a.i.) were compared, in relation to their efficiency in the control of Atta sexdens rubropilosa: Dinagro-S NA, Mirex-S Max, AttaMex-S NA and PikaPau-S NA. Transport and devolution of the baits were evaluated 24 and 48 hours after application. Cutting activity and ant movement were evaluated after 3, 15, 30, 60, 90, 150, 180 and 210 days and mortality after 240 days. Activity of ant nests decreased 3 days after application, paralyzing totally 20.5 ± 5.5 days after application. All products were accepted by the workers of A. sexdens rubropilosa. Efficiencies of these products were 86.7 ± 3.2%, with no differences among baits and evaluation periods.
Statistical Inference in Life-Table Experiments: The Finite Rate of Increase

Life-table experiments are frequently used to examine the effects of food level, toxicants, and other experimental treatments on a population's finite rate of increase λ. Although methods for computing the variance of λ have been suggested, the sampling distribution of λ, which is needed for statistical inference, has not been described. We used Monte Carlo procedures to simulate sampling distributions of λ for a variety of assumptions regarding survivorship and fecundity schedules and initial cohort sizes. The distribution of λ can be bimodal when cohort size is small and when juvenile mortality is large. Under these circumstances the probability that none of the initial cohort members reproduces is high enough to produce a significant frequency of zero values for λ. Zero therefore becomes the lower mode of the distribution. Many commonly observed mortality schedules and commonly used cohort sizes yield distributions of λ that are skewed toward low values. Although the skewness and variance of distributi.
Gene Chips: Applications to Neuroscience

A convergence between molecular biological technique and the technology of miniaturization has produced the “gene chip” or microhybridization array. This device multiplies by several thousand fold the power of the northern blot for studying gene expression. Now, it is possible to survey simultaneously a large fraction of all genes in an experimental organism, and within a few years all of the approximately 140,000 human genes will be within reach of the technique. This capability is not only accelerating the rate of research into gene expression and function, it is changing the perspective of inquiry from single genes in isolation to networks of genes operating as a system. Many neurological diseases, from hydrocephalus to schizophrenia, have a genetic component, and individual responses to therapeutic drugs can vary with the genetic background of patients. In neurology and neurobiology, the ability to obtain “gene expression profiles” from nervous tissue promises to illuminate interactions between neuronal genes and the environment, development, disease, aging, and response to drugs and injury.
Overexpression of OsJAC1, a Lectin Gene, Suppresses the Coleoptile and Stem Elongation in Rice

Lectin plays an important role in defense signaling in plants, but its function in plant growth and development is not well known. Previously, we cloned a rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene OsJAC1 encoding a mannose-binding jacalin-related lectin, and found that OsJAC1 was jasmonic acid (JA) inducible. Here we cloned the promoter of OsJAC1, and GUS activity was detected in young roots, coleoptiles, sheaths, leaves, nodes of stems, stems, rachises, pistils, stamens and lemmas of OsJAC1::GUS transgenic rice, suggesting that OsJAC1 is a constitutive expression gene in rice. Moreover, OsJAC1-overexpressed (Ubi::OsJAC1) rice showed dwarfism with shorter coleptiles resulting from the failure of cell elongation of coleoptiles. In addition, compared with coleoptiles of wild-type plants, those of OsJAC1 overexpression rice were more sensitive to JA treatment. These data revealed that, besides its roles in defense response, lectin plays an important role in rice growth and development.
Biplot Analysis of Agronomic and Fusarium Head Blight Resistance Traits in Spring Wheat

ABSTRACT Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is one of the most devastating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) diseases. To effectively create wheat cultivars that possess optimal agronomic and FHB resistance levels, an understanding of trait relationships is needed. The objectives of this research were: (i) to use genotype × trait (GT) biplot analysis to determine associations among several agronomic and FHB resistance traits, and (ii) to compare and select genotypes based on agronomic and FHB performance using a collection of widely grown cultivars and elite experimental breeding lines. Genotype × trait biplots were constructed using data from 2004, 2005, and across the two years. In general, biplots revealed that desirable levels of agronomic performance were highly associated with desirable levels of FHB resistance. Through observing GT biplots and genotype grand means for 13 traits, we were unable to identify genotypes that produced the most grain and/or had the highest grain volume weight, which were also universally among the most resistant to FHB. However, nine genotypes with promising trait combinations were identified. This suggests that through additional cycles of parental recombination and line derivation, the development of cultivars with enhanced levels of both agronomic performance and FHB resistance levels should occur.
Nested species assemblages as a tool to detect sensitivity to forest fragmentation: the case of cloud forest birds

In an ecological community, groups of species may or may not have a nested structure. Furthermore, any nested structure detected could have several causes, each of which would have to be identified, since they may have important theoretical and management implications. In this paper, I assessed the nested structure of bird communities using cloud forest fragments in eastern Mexico to identify bird species and groups of species sensitive to cloud forest fragmentation. Sensitive species were expected to have a nested arrangement highly correlated with forest fragmentation intensity. Analysis identified the following groups of birds as showing a nested structure highly correlated with cloud forest fragmentation: birds with a body mass between 100 and 300 g and larger than 600 g, some trophic behavioural guilds (terrestrial granivore, terrestrial granivore-frugivore, understory granivore-frugivore, arboreal granivore-frugivore, gleaning terrestrial insectivore, gleaning understory insectivore, cliff gleaning insectivore, nocturnal aerial insectivore, diurnal raptor, nocturnal raptor, terrestrial omnivore, scavenger), forest interior and generalist birds, species restricted to cloud forest, and threatened species. This study shows that the analysis of the nested species assemblage can be considered a useful tool to identify species sensitivity to ecological or landscape patterns and processes, in this case, species or groups of species affected by a fragmented landscape pattern.
Larval Lake Whitefish abundance, diet and growth and their zooplankton prey abundance during a period of ecosystem change on the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario

Studies to examine larval Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) abundance, diet composition and growth, and the abundance of their zooplankton prey were conducted during eight years (1991–1993, 1995–1996 and 2003–2005) over the course of two decades that spanned a period of major ecosystem change—primarily dreissenid mussel related impacts—on the Bay of Quinte, northeastern Lake Ontario. Larval fish were captured in shallow, nearshore waters (0.2–2.0 m) from early April to mid-May each year. Larval Lake Whitefish fed primarily on cyclopoid copepods and small-bodied cladocerans. The key finding of our studies was that prey abundance declined by 89% from the earlier (1991–1993, 1995–1996) to the later (2003–2005) sampling years. Larval fish growth during spring was significantly correlated with prey availability. Recruitment to the juvenile stage in August was correlated with spring prey availability and larval fish growth. The observed decline in larval Lake Whitefish prey in the Bay of Quinte may be contributing to poor stock performance during and following a period of significant ecosystem change.
Team and Individual Strength use as predictors of Athlete Engagement: the moderation effect of gender

The aim of this study was to investigate teamand individual strength use as predictors of athlete engagement. It furthermore examined the influence of gender on the relationship between team strength use and athlete engagement as well as the influence of gender on the relationship between individual strength use and athlete engagement. This study followed a quantitative, cross-sectional approach. A target sample population (n = 235) of student athletes was utilized to highlight the prevalence of relationships and associations at a given time. Confirmatory factor analysis included a secondorder athlete engagement construct based on first-order components. PROCESS in SPSS evaluated moderation. Statistical analysis highlighted a low athlete engagement when team strength use is low, with females indicating a lower athlete engagement to their male counterparts when team strength use is low. These findings contribute to the knowledge of how athletes could optimise their performance through strengths development. Practical implications of the research and recommendations for future research are discussed. Key terms: Strength-based approach, athlete engagement, job demands-resources model, conservation of resources theory, gender difference.
A checklist of the Chilean species of the genus Aegla (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae)

The distributional pattern of the Chilean species of the freshwater crab genus Aegla is presented. The survey based in literature revealed that in Chile eighteen species and two subspecies can be found along the continental part of the country, namely: A. abtao, A. affinis, A. alacalufi, A. araucaniensis, A. bahamondei, A. concepcionensis, A. cholchol, A. denticulata denticulata, A. denticulata lacustris, A. expansa, A. hueicollensis, A. laevis laevis, A. laevis talcahuano, A. manni, A. neuquensis, A. occidentalis, A. papudo, A. pewenchae, A. rostrata and A. spectabilis.
Planossolos afetados por sódio no agreste paraibano conforme conhecidos por agricultores-ceramistas e agrônomos

As decisoes e acoes de uso e manejo adotadas pelas populacoes rurais sao, em grande parte, baseadas no conhecimento pedologico local. Este trabalho teve como objetivos descrever e analisar as caracteristicas quimicas, fisicas e morfologicas de Planossolos afetados por sodio usados em cerâmica artesanal e estabelecer, por meio de analise multivariada, comparacoes entre os horizontes pedogeneticos e as camadas reconhecidas nos perfil de solo por agricultores-ceramistas. O trabalho de campo foi realizado em Cha da Pia, localidade rural no municipio de Areia, Agreste Paraibano. Tecnicas etnocientificas foram empregadas para descrever e analisar os conhecimentos pedologicos dos agricultores-ceramistas que atuaram como informantes. A comparacao entre as categorias de solos reconhecidos por agricultores e pesquisadores foi realizada por meio de analise discriminante-canonica. Os solos de onde se extrai o material localmente denominado "barro de loica", dentro do contexto estudado, foram classificados como Planossolo Natrico e Planossolo Haplico no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificacao de Solos. Nesses solos, os agricultores-ceramistas foram capazes de identificar diferencas entre as partes superiores do perfil, associadas a camada aravel e aquelas mais profundas, que servem como fonte de material cerâmico. Demonstrou-se tambem similaridade fisica, quimica e morfologica entre algumas camadas dos perfis de solo, reconhecidas por agricultores-ceramistas e determinados horizontes pedogeneticos dos mesmos solos. A analise discriminante-canonica foi util para articulacao e comparacao de informacoes oriundas de conhecimentos pedologicos diversos.
Genetic diversity of slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) based on mitochondrial DNA

Genetic Diversity of the Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA genes. Research on the genetic diversity of the slow loris Nycticebus coucang (kukang) was conducted using DNA collected from the blood and tissue of 12 individuals collected from three locations (Sumedang and Jember in Java, and Lampung in Sumatra). The mitochondrial 12S rRNA nucleotide sequences were determined to investigate the genetic diversity of this species. The regions were amplified by PCR using L1091 and H1478 primers. As a result of the 386bp sequence analysis, five haplotypes were found, two from Java and three from Sumatra.
Solar incubation cuts down parental care in a burrow nesting tropical shorebird, the crab plover Dromas ardeola

We describe an unknown mode of solar-assisted egg development in the crab plover Dromas ardeola, a shorebird that breeds in self-excavated burrows. The insulating properties of the nest burrow and the intense solar radiation allowed egg development at near-optimal temperature (35.2°C±0.2) and humidity (60.2%±4.4), allowing a very low incubation attendance by the parent birds (28.3% of time, with recesses lasting up to 58 h). Crab plovers did not abandon completely parental incubation, possibly because of the need to turn their egg, and because the slight warming provided by parents (0.8°C) may improve hatching. This is the first case of solar assisted incubation in a species unrelated to the Megapodiidae, the only birds known to develop their eggs without contact incubation.
Standard methods for Apis mellifera anatomy and dissection

Summary An understanding of the anatomy and functions of internal and external structures is fundamental to many studies on the honey bee Apis mellifera. Similarly, proficiency in dissection techniques is vital for many more complex procedures. In this paper, which is a prelude to the other papers of the COLOSS BEEBOOK, we outline basic honey bee anatomy and basic dissection techniques.
Amounts and distribution of mineral elements associated with fleece-free empty body weight gains in the grazing sheep

Abstract Fifty N.Z. Romneys (25 wethers and 25 ewes) grown from weaning to young adult, grazing a ryegrass/white clover pasture, were used to study the distribution of sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) among the various organs and tissues as well as the amounts associated with each kg gain in fleece-free empty body weight. Each kg gain in fleece-free empty body weight was associated with 0.92, 2.1, 0.29, 10.5, and 5.2 g of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and P respectively as well as 24, 55, 0.77, and 0.47 mg of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn respectively. The value for the fleece-free empty body Cu does not include the quantities of Cu which are stored in the liver. The mean quantities of Zn, Cu, and Mn associated with each kg of wool grown were 278, 7.1, and 3.5 mg respectively.
Synthesis of glycopeptide sequences of repeating units of the mucins MUC 2 and MUC 3 containing oligosaccharide side-chains with core 1, core 2, core 3, core 4 and core 6 structure

An efficient synthesis of glycosylamino acid building blocks containing core 1, core 2, core 3, core 4 or core 6 mucin core oligosaccharide structures linked O-glycosidically to threonine has been developed. These building blocks 6, 10, 16, 24 and 30 can be used directly for coupling reactions in a glycopeptide synthesis. In a multiple-column solid-phase synthesis, they have been used to prepare different series of glycopeptides. Decapeptide sequences have been synthesized from repeating units of the mucins MUC 2 and MUC 3 in which different threonine residues are each systematically glycosylated with an oligosaccharide of core 1, core 2, core 3, core 4 or core 6 structure. Glycopeptides are substrates for the study of the biosynthesis of the saccharide side-chains of mucins.
The Palaeozoic corals, I: origins and relationships

SUMMARY The status, origins and relationships of the various groups of Palaeozoic corals are reviewed. Five orders are currently recognized: Rugosa, Tabulata, Heterocorallia, Cothoniida and Kilbuchophyllida, to which I add the Tabulaconida and Numidiaphyllida. The Rugosa and Tabulata are considered to be broadly monophyletic clades, and the Tabulata are confirmed as zoantharian corals. Morphological features, particularly aspects of septal insertion in both groups, are discussed as clues to their likely origins and relationships. They are not considered to have had a skeletonized common ancestor, but they may have arisen as separate skeletonization events from the same broad group of anemones, represented by the living Zoanthiniaria. The Rugosa are not considered to be ancestral to the Scleractinia. The latter, together with the Permian Numidiaphyllida, are considered to have evolved through skeletonization events among a group of anemones derived from the Actiniaria/Corallimorpharia, a member of which also gave rise to the Kilbuchophyllida in the Ordovician. The pattern of septal insertion in the Heterocorallia is controversial and the relationship of these corals to contemporary coral groups remains uncertain. The increasingly important record of Cambrian coralomorphs is assessed, and considered to include several genera of zoantharian corals. However, although similarities are apparent, none is regarded as directly ancestral to the post-Cambrian coral clades. The history of diversification and extinction of corals through the Palaeozoic is briefly reviewed.
A new chromosome number in the Australian species Nicotiana cavicola L. (Burbidge)

Nicotiana cavicola, an annual West Australian species belonging to the section Suaveolentes, subgenus Petunioides, was first described by Burbidge (1960) who reported it to have a somatic chromosome number of 2n=46. A new somatic number of 2n=40 is now recorded for this species.
Ancestry of alleles and extinction of genes in populations with defined pedigrees

The paper presents, without mathematical formalities, two computational approaches to the analysis of pedigrees. One provides a method for inferring the ancestry of rare alleles observed in a population. The other provides the probabilities that specified combinations of founder genes survive to this current population. The emphasis in both approaches is upon the importance of joint probabilities. If some founder genes survive, others have smaller probability of doing so also. If an allele descends from a given founder to a current individual, it is likely to appear also in individuals sharing the same lines of descent.
Variation in the Pathogenicity of Lily Isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus

Two isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) originated from lily plants, named Ly2-CMV and Ly8-CMV, were compared with their pathological features in several host plants. Ly2-CMV and Ly8-CMV could induce systemic mosaic symptom in Nicotiana benthamiana, but Ly2-CMV could not systemically infect tomato and cucumber plants that have been used for CMV-propagative hosts. While Fny-CMV used as a control infected systemically the same host plants, producing typical CMV symptoms. Ly8-CMV could infect systemically two species of tobacco (N. tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc and N. glutinosa) and zucchini squash (Curcubita pepo), but Ly2 failed systemic infection on these plants. As resulted from tissue-print immunoblot assay, different kinetics of systemic movement between Ly2-CMV and Ly8-CMV were crucial for systemic infection in tobacco (cv. Xanthi-nc). Sequence analysis of full-length genome of two lily isolates showed Ly2 and Ly8 belonged to subgroup IA of CMV. The lily isolates shared overall 98 % sequence identity in their genomes. Coat protein, 3a protein, and 2b protein involved in virus movement was highly conserved in genomes of the isolates Ly2 and Ly8. Although there is the low frequency of recombinants and reassortants in natural CMV population, phylogenetic analysis of each viral protein among a number of CMV isolates suggested that genetic variation in a defined population of CMV lily isolates was stochastically produced.
Molecular DNA systematic analyses of East Asian mammals: Sequence Variation of cytochrome b Gene and Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA of Common Otter, Lutra lutra lutra L. (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Korea

Sequences of cytochrome b gene and control region of mitochondrial DNA from Korean common otters (Lutra lutra lutra L.) were examined to provide the genetic information for the conservation of this subspecies. Two haplotypes and one haplotype were revealed in cytochrome b gene and control region, respectively. The available sequences of European common otter (L. l. lutra) from GenBank were compared together with those of Korean common otter in order to determine the degree of sequence variation between them. In cytochrome b gene sequences, two haplotypes from Korea and two haplotypes of Europe showed differences in 12 of 1,045 sites. The Tamura‐Nei nucleotide distances between two European haplotypes was 0.10% and those between two Korean haplotypes was also 0.10%, but those between Korean haplotypes and European ones ranged from 0.96% to 1.16%. In the control region, one Korean haplotype and seven European ones showed differences in seven of 300 sites; the Tamura‐Nei distances among seven European haplotypes were 0.34% to 1.01%, but those between Korean haplotype and European ones ranged from 1.01% to 1.69%. Although further molecular and morphological studies with specimens from eastern Asia including Amur region and northeast China are needed, it is possible that the Korean common otter might be closer or identical to the far‐eastern Asian common otter, L. I. amurensis Dybowski.