Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Different levels of implicit emotional recognition in posterior cortical atrophy (PCA)

Previous single-case reports in posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) have shown preserved nonconscious visual recognition despite the absence of explicit recognition. In this study, we investigated three levels of visual recognition in both a female patient with PCA and a control group during the presentation of neutral, positive, and negative affective stimuli. Our results confirmed the profile of impaired explicit recognition and intact psychophysiological responses in the patient. In addition, she was able to implicitly recognize the valence and intensity of arousal of these stimuli. We suggest that implicit emotional awareness may mediates explicit and psychophysiological recognition in PCA.
RARE ALLELES AS INDICATORS OF GENE FLOW

A. method for estimating the average level of gene flow in a subdivided population, as measured by the average number of migrants exchanged between local populations, Nm, is presented. The results from a computer simulation model show that the logarithm of Nm is approximately linearly related to the logarithm of the average frequency of private alleles, p̄(1), in a sample of alleles from the population. It is shown that this result is relatively insensitive to changes in parameters of the model other than Nm and the number of individuals sampled per population. The dependence of the value of p̄(1) on the numbers of individuals sampled provides a rough way to correct for differences in sample size.
Sustained attention training reduces spatial bias in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot case series

Abstract Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) commonly demonstrate lateralized spatial biases, which affect daily functioning. Those with PD with initial motor symptoms on the left body side (LPD) have reduced leftward attention, whereas PD with initial motor symptoms on the right side (RPD) may display reduced rightward attention. We investigated whether a sustained attention training program could help reduce these spatial biases. Four non-demented individuals with PD (2 LPD, 2 RPD) performed a visual search task before and after 1 month of computer training. Before training, all participants showed a significant spatial bias and after training, all participants’ spatial bias was eliminated.
Reliability and Validity of Katz ADL Index

INDEX OF INDEPENDENCE IN ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING The Katz index’s use of dichotomous scoring—that is, it allows only two possible scores, “dependent” or “independent”—arose from extensive field testing of the index, including testing of a version that permitted gradations in scores of each activity of daily living (ADL). 2 Katz and colleagues developed an alternative system in 1970 that employed a seven-stage scoring system, with A signifying independence in all six ADLs, B signifying independence in all but one, and so on until G, signifying dependence in all ADLs. But the middle grades were complicated by specifications of functional loss in certain ADLs. Guralnik and colleagues pointed out that without exact guidelines for interviewers to score reported levels of disability, it’s difficult to accurately assess functional status using more than two response categories. Dichotomous scoring was found to ease the use of the Katz index. Brorsson and Asberg reported a satisfactory coefficient of scalability (C of S), a measure of construct validity, of 0.74 to 0.88. External validity is supported by the accuracy of the Katz index in predicting functional outcomes over time for older adults in short-term care, hospitalized patients, and patients who have had a stroke. 4, 5 Hamrin and Lindmark reported convergent (or concurrent) validity as a high correlation of 0.95 between the Activity index and the Katz index. Hamrin and Lindmark reported an α reliability coefficient of 0.94 in their study of functional ability in stroke patients. Law and Letts reported poor test–retest reliability (no statistics reported) in their review of ADL scales. Brorsson and Asberg found that interobserver variability was low (no statistics reported), with an overall high level of usability of the index. There is evidence of construct validity. Brorsson and Asberg reported a satisfactory C of S: 0.74 to read it watch it try it
Teste de Habilidade de Atenção Auditiva Sustentada (THAAS) em crianças de sete anos com fissura labiopalatina

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a risk indicator to middle ear alterations, which may damage the development of auditory abilities such as attention that is essential to learn new skills, oral and written communication. Studies on attention process with CLP population are recent and poorly explored in the specific literature. Thus, this study aims to contribute with new subsidies in the field as it investigates the performance of children with CLP in Sustained Auditory Attention Ability Test (SAAAT). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Comparison of SAAAT performance between children with CLP and children without it. Prospective study. RESULTS: ANOVA was used as variance analysis model with two factors to study the variables such as group and gender. The CLP group showed an average of 2.5 units higher than the control group. This difference is between 0.7 and 4.4 with 95% certain. CONCLUSION: children with cleft lip and palate had poorer performance on SAAAT when compared to those without such craniofacial anomaly, considering attention reduction only.
Older people's experience of proactive welfare rights advice: qualitative study of a South Asian community

Objectives. Many older people in the UK require means-tested and health-related benefits to supplement low incomes in retirement and pay for additional resources required to cope with ill-health. Ethnic minority older people have lower uptake of welfare services than white older people. This study investigated routes to the service, barriers to claiming and explored the impact of additional financial resources among ethnic minority elders by evaluating a novel welfare rights advice service which facilitated access to state benefit entitlements. Design. Qualitative study using data from one-to-one interviews with ethnic minority elders from Newcastle upon Tyne, UK analysed using the Framework method. Participants were recruited to this study from among ethnic minority elders attending a full benefits assessment offered by Newcastle Welfare Rights Service. Results. Twenty-two South Asian participants aged between 50 and 81 were interviewed. Nineteen participants were above state retirement age, 15 of whom were on means-tested state benefits. Knowledge of state entitlements was extremely low. Sixteen qualified for non-means-tested health benefits; six qualified for further means-tested state benefits. Additional resources had a considerable impact on participants and their families. Participants could better afford essential items such as food, bills, shoes, clothes and ‘one off’ payments. Less stress, increased independence and better quality of life were reported. Welfare rights advice also had a positive impact on carers, none of whom knew what they or their relatives were entitled to. Conclusions. As with older people of all backgrounds, facilitating access to state benefit entitlements with appropriate services is an important way of increasing the resources of ethnic minority older people on low incomes and/or in poor health. Such services can also significantly improve quality of life for carers. As the numbers of ethnic minority older people will rise over the next few decades, it is necessary to meet this need with linguistically and culturally appropriate welfare rights services. To do otherwise will exacerbate existing income and health inequalities.
Acculturation, physical activity, and obesity among Hispanic adolescents

Objective. Little is known about how acculturation may influence participation in leisure-time physical activity and obesity among adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine these associations among Hispanic adolescents. Design. Data were drawn from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health, restricted to Hispanic adolescents aged 10–17 (n=4704). Acculturation was assessed by proxy measures (generation status and language spoken at home). Adolescents who were not reported to engage in physical activity lasting at least 20 minutes, that was vigorous enough to cause sweating and hard breathing, for at least three days per week were defined as failing to meet physical activity requirements. Obesity was defined as gender and age-specific body mass index values at or above the 95th percentile of the reference population. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to adjust for confounders. Results. Of the Hispanic adolescents studied, 25.2%, 43.8%, and 31.1% were first, second, and third generation or more, respectively. English was the primary language in the home for 42.8% of these adolescents. Compared with adolescents in the third generation, adolescents from immigrant families had higher odds for not obtaining recommended physical activity (first generation: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.50, 95% conference intervals [CI]: 1.09, 2.05; second generation: AOR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.69). Living in homes where English was not the primary language, vs. English-speaking homes, was also associated with not obtaining recommended physical activity (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.75). The unadjusted prevalence of obesity was higher in homes where English was not the primary language (22.5% vs. 16.1%; p<0.01), but this difference disappeared after adjusting for family socioeconomic status. Generational status was not a significant correlate of obesity. Conclusions. Findings suggest that future public health interventions that aim to increasing physical activity among Hispanic adolescents should be tailored based on generational status and English-language use.
INBREEDING DEPRESSION DOESN'T MATTER: THE GENETIC BASIS OF MATING‐SYSTEM EVOLUTION

Models of mating‐system evolution commonly assume that inbreeding depression is independent of the genotype at loci determining the mating system. Because of the association that develops between genotypes at different loci in inbred populations, an individual that is heterozygous at a mating‐type locus is more likely to be heterozygous at a fitness locus than is a randomly chosen individual. A modifier model for the evolution of self‐fertilization in plants demonstrates that inbreeding depression is not an adequate descriptor of the relative fitness of inbred and outbred progeny. If inbreeding depression is primarily a result of segregation at overdominant loci, intermediate rates of self‐fertilization may be favored, even if the inbreeding depression is less than 30%. Indeed, in some cases, mutants that cause some outcrossing can be introduced into completely selfing populations when the inbreeding depression is as little as 1%. If inbreeding depression is primarily a result of the expression of recessive lethals in inbred progeny, selfing can evolve in an initially random mating population, even when the inbreeding depression is over 70%.
Maternal and infant health of Mexican immigrants in the USA: the effects of acculturation, duration, and selective return migration

Background. A significant body of research on minority health shows that while Hispanic immigrants experience unexpectedly favorable outcomes in maternal and infant health, their advantage deteriorates with increased time of residence in the USA. This is referred to as the ‘acculturation paradox. ’ Objective. We assess the ‘acculturation paradox’ hypothesis that attributes this deterioration in birth and child health outcomes to negative effects of acculturation and behavioral adjustments made by immigrants while living in the USA, and investigate the potential for the existence of a selective return migration. Design. We use a sample of Mexican immigrant women living in two Midwestern communities in the USA to analyze the effects of immigrant duration and acculturation on birth outcomes once controlling for social, behavioral, and environmental determinants of health status. These results are verified by conducting a similar analysis with a nationally representative sample of Mexican immigrants. Results. We find duration of residence to have a significant and nonlinear relationship with birth outcomes and acculturation to not be statistically significant. The effect of mediators is minimal. Conclusion. The analyses of birth outcomes of Mexican immigrant women shows little evidence of an acculturation effect and indirectly suggest the existence of a selective return migration mechanism.
HIV-related stigma among South Asians in Toronto

Objectives. This paper explores the nature of HIV-related stigma among South Asians in Toronto, its consequences for people living with it and its role in determining access to HIV services. Design. The study is based on data from four focus group discussions with members of an HIV outreach organization, HIV-positive men and women, and women of different ages from the mainstream South Asian community. The questions were adapted from the Explanatory Model Interview Catalog that has been widely used to assess health-related stigma. Results. HIV-related stigma was found to be high in Toronto's South Asian community. Respondents perceived it to be greater among South Asians than in other Canadian communities. South Asian families were said to harbor the most stigma, often rejecting HIV-positive members. Differences were noted between first- and second-generation South Asian migrants in knowledge about, and stigma toward, HIV. Women living with HIV were found to be particularly disadvantaged and stigmatized. Because of stigma, many people living with HIV concealed their illness and avoided HIV-related services. Conclusion. Major gaps in knowledge about HIV among Canadian South Asians, and a considerable amount of stigma against people living with HIV, were found. The implications of stigma were highly problematic for people living with HIV, impeding access to services and social support. The paper concludes with recommendations to address stigma, based on suggestions from the study's participants.
Health is a spiritual thing: perspectives of health care professionals and female Somali and Bangladeshi women on the health impacts of fasting during Ramadan

Objective. To explore perspectives of health care professionals and female Somali and Bangladeshi Muslim women on practices related to fasting during Ramadan, the impact of fasting on health and the role of health professionals during Ramadan. Design. A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted. Two culturally specific focus groups were conducted with six Somali and seven Bangladeshi Muslim women who observed Ramadan and lived in an inner-city neighbourhood of Toronto, Canada. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 health care professionals practicing in this inner-city area (three of whom were Muslim). Data were analysed using thematic qualitative analysis. Results. Both Muslim women and health care professionals recognised the spiritual significance of the Ramadan fast. Muslim participants considered the fast to be beneficial to health overall, whereas health care professionals tended to reflect on health concerns from fasting. Many health care professionals were not fully aware of fasting practices during Ramadan and some found it challenging to counsel patients about the health effects of fasting. Muslim women expressed disagreement regarding which medical interventions were permitted during fasting. They generally agreed that health care professionals should not specifically advise against fasting, but instead provide guidance on health maintenance while fasting. Both groups agreed that guidelines developed by the health care and faith communities together would be useful. Conclusion. There are a variety of health beliefs and observances among female Muslim Somali and Bangladeshi women and a range of knowledge, experience and opinions among health care professionals related to fasting during Ramadan and health. Overall, there is a need for improved communication between members of the Muslim community and health professionals in Canada about health issues related to fasting during Ramadan. Strategies could include published practice guidelines endorsed by the Muslim community; patient education materials developed in collaboration with health and religious experts; or further qualitative research to help professionals understand the beliefs and observances of Muslim people.
THE EVOLUTION OF MATERNAL CHARACTERS

We develop quantitative‐genetic models for the evolution of multiple traits under maternal inheritance, in which traits are transmitted through non‐Mendelian as well as Mendelian mechanisms, and maternal selection, in which the fitness of offspring depends on their mother's phenotype as well as their own. Maternal inheritance results in time lags in the evolutionary response to selection. These cause a population to evolve for an indefinite number of generations after selection ceases and make the rate and direction of evolution change even when the strength of selection and parameters of inheritance remain constant. The rate and direction of evolution depend on the inheritance of traits that are not under selection, unlike under classical Mendelian inheritance. The models confirm earlier findings that the response to selection can be larger or smaller than what is possible with simple Mendelian inheritance, and even in a direction opposite to what selection favors. Maternal selection, in which a mother's phenotype influences her offspring's fitness, is frequency‐dependent and can cause a population to evolve maladaptively away from a fitness peak, regardless of whether traits are transmitted by Mendelian or maternal inheritance. Maternal selection differs from other forms of selection in that its force depends not only on the fitness function but also on the phenotypic resemblance of parents and offspring.
Examining differences in drinking patterns among Jewish and Arab university students in Israel

Objectives. Worldwide there is a dearth of studies examining drinking patterns in Arabs and how these compare to other populations. The few studies that exist have suggested distinct drinking patterns in Arabs, with not only high rates of abstinence but also high rates of heavy drinking among current drinkers. No studies have yet examined potential socio-cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to this distinct drinking pattern. Israel represents a unique and valuable resource for studying Arab population drinking patterns because Israeli Arabs are nonimmigrants living in areas where exposure to Western lifestyles, including alcohol consumption, is prevalent. The current study was set out to examine differences in alcohol consumption in a convenience sample of 1310 Jewish and Arab students from Israeli universities and colleges and to explore alcohol expectancies as potential mediators of ethno-religious differences. Design. Logistic regressions were used to produce odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to test differences between Jewish and Arab students on binary outcomes (lifetime, last month, and heavy drinking). Mediation of ethno-religious differences by alcohol expectancies was tested with bootstrapping procedures. Results. Results show that while Israeli Arab students tend to be more likely to abstain from alcohol than Israeli Jewish students, among current drinkers, Israeli Arab students are at a particular high risk of heavy drinking. Results also show that this is partly mediated by the expectancy that alcohol only influences the drinker at high levels of intake. Conclusion. The current study confirms distinct Arab drinking patterns found in previous studies. The present study is the first demonstration that drinking expectations mediate ethno-religious differences in heavy drinking among Israeli Arabs and Jews. This work contributes to the understanding of ethno-religious group differences in harmful drinking, potentially informing future etiologic research and public health interventions aimed at reducing alcohol-related harm.
Current Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation. The major risk factor is smoking. COPD is classified into 4 stages, based on airflow limitation measured by spirometry. Stages 3 and 4 COPD may require the use of multiple treatments, including pharmacotherapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, nutritional counseling, and oxygen therapy, when appropriate, for hypoxemic patients. Medications are used to prevent and control symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, and improve health status and exercise tolerance. None of the existing medications has yet been shown to relieve the inflammation of COPD, prevent disease progression, or (other than oxygen therapy in severely hypoxemic patients) reduce mortality. The most common medications used for the treatment of COPD are bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE PATTERNS ACROSS A COTTONWOOD HYBRID ZONE: CYTONUCLEAR DISEQUILIBRIA AND HYBRID ZONE DYNAMICS

In this study we examine the cytoplasmic inheritance patterns of an interspecific hybridizing population of Fremont and narrowleaf cottonwoods, using mitochondrial DNA. Three mitochondrial probes showing polymorphisms were used to distinguish between trees of known nuclear inheritance. Every tree screened had only one cytoplasmic genotype, either Fremont or narrowleaf. Thus, these results demonstrate that mitochondria are uniparentally inherited in these trees. Previous studies of the nuclear inheritance of this interspecific hybridizing population of cottonwood trees indicated an asymmetry in the frequency of parental genes. Using mitochondrial markers we tested one hypothesis potentially responsible for this asymmetric distribution (i.e., trees of mixed genotypes will be sterile or will not survive if their cytoplasm is derived from one or the other parent). Our results, however, show that both Fremont and narrowleaf mitochondrial markers are found in trees with mixed nuclear genotypes. Thus, nuclear‐cytoplasmic incompatibilities do not appear to account for the asymmetric distribution of nuclear genotypes within the hybrid swarm. An alternative explanation for the observed asymmetric distribution of nuclear genotypes is advanced. Although nuclear‐cytoplasmic incompatibilities do not appear to explain the asymmetric distribution of nuclear alleles within the hybrid zone, nonrandom associations between nuclear and cytoplasmic genotypes do exist. For example, all F1 hybrids had Fremont mitochondrial genotypes. Furthermore, backcrosses between F1 hybrid and narrowleaf trees have a higher than expected proportion of heterozygous loci and a higher than expected proportion of Fremont mitochondria. We propose that seeds, seedlings, or trees with high proportions of heterozygous loci are at a disadvantage unless they also have the Fremont mitochondrial genotype. While it is generally difficult to infer dynamic processes from static patterns, studies such as ours enable one to gain new insights to the dynamics of plant hybrid zones. A hybridization pattern of decreasingly complex backcrosses as one proceeds from higher to lower elevation within the hybrid swarm, a residue of Fremont cytoplasmic DNA within the pure narrowleaf population, and the unidirectional nature of these crosses suggest that the narrowleaf population may be spreading down the canyon and the Fremont population receding. The eventual fate of the hybrid zone, in relation to these processes, is discussed.