Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Normal Faulting in the 2020 Mw 6.2 Yutian Event: Implications for Ongoing E-W Thinning in Northern Tibet

Extensional earthquakes in the Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the plateau’s orogenic evolution and cause heavy seismic hazard, yet their mechanisms remain poorly known, in particular in harsh northern Tibet. On 25 June 2020, a Mw 6.2 earthquake struck Yutian, Xinjiang, offering us a rare chance to gain insights into its mechanism and implications in the Tibetan extension. We used both descending and ascending Sentinel-1 images to generate coseismic deformation associated with this event, which indicates a typical extensional mechanism with a maximum subsidence displacement of 25 cm and minor uplift. The causative fault constrained with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data based on a finite fault model suggests that the fault plane has a strike of 186.4° and westward dip of 64.8°, and the main rupture is concentrated at a depth of 3.6–10.8 km with a peak slip of 0.85 m. Our source model indicates that the 2020 Yutian event ruptured an unknown high-angle blind normal fault with N–S striking. The total released geodetic moment yields 2.69 × 1018 N·m, equivalent to Mw 6.23. We used dense interseismic global positioning system (GPS) measurements to reveal an approximate 7 mm/yr extensional motion in the Yutian region, but it still does not seem large enough to support high local seismicity for normal events within 12 years, i.e., Mw 7.1 in 2008, Mw 6.2 in 2012, and this event in 2020. Combined with Coulomb stress change modeling, we speculate that the seismicity in Yutian is related to the lower lithospheric dynamics.
Analyzing the Uncertainty of Degree Confluence Project for Validating Global Land-Cover Maps Using Reference Data-Based Classification Schemes

Global land-cover products play an important role in assisting the understanding of climate-related changes and the assessment of progress in the implementation of international initiatives for the mitigation of, and adaption to, climate change. However, concerns over the accuracies of land-cover products remain, due to the issue of validation data uncertainty. The volunteer-based Degree Confluence Project (DCP) was created in 1996, and it has been used to provide useful ground-reference information. This study aims to investigate the impact of DCP-based validation data uncertainty and the thematic issues on map accuracies. We built a reference dataset based on the DCP-interpreted dataset and applied a comparison for three existing global land-cover maps and DCP dataset-based probability maps under different classification schemes. The results of the obtained confusion matrices indicate that the uncertainty, including the number of classes and the confusion in mosaic classes, leads to a decrease in map accuracy. This paper proposes an informative classification scheme that uses a matrix structure of unaggregated land-cover and land-use classes, and has the potential to assist in the land-cover interpretation and validation processes. The findings of this study can potentially serve as a guide to select reference data and choose/define appropriate classification schemes.
Unsupervised Parameterization for Optimal Segmentation of Agricultural Parcels from Satellite Images in Different Agricultural Landscapes

Image segmentation is a cost-effective way to obtain information about the sizes and structural composition of agricultural parcels in an area. To accurately obtain such information, the parameters of the segmentation algorithm ought to be optimized using supervised or unsupervised methods. The difficulty in obtaining reference data makes unsupervised methods indispensable. In this study, we evaluated an existing unsupervised evaluation metric that minimizes a global score (GS), which is computed by summing up the intra-segment uniformity and inter-segment dissimilarity within a segmentation output. We modified this metric and proposed a new metric that uses absolute difference to compute the GS. We compared this proposed metric with the existing metric in two optimization approaches based on the Multiresolution Segmentation (MRS) algorithm to optimally delineate agricultural parcels from Sentinel-2 images in Lower Saxony, Germany. The first approach searches for optimal scale while keeping shape and compactness constant, while the second approach uses Bayesian optimization to optimize the three main parameters of the MRS algorithm. Based on a reference data of agricultural parcels, the optimal segmentation result of each optimization approach was evaluated by calculating the quality rate, over-segmentation, and under-segmentation. For both approaches, our proposed metric outperformed the existing metric in different agricultural landscapes. The proposed metric identified optimal segmentations that were less under-segmented compared to the existing metric. A comparison of the optimal segmentation results obtained in this study to existing benchmark results generated via supervised optimization showed that the unsupervised Bayesian optimization approach based on our proposed metric can potentially be used as an alternative to supervised optimization, particularly in geographic regions where reference data is unavailable or an automated evaluation system is sought.
IM2ELEVATION: Building Height Estimation from Single-View Aerial Imagery

Estimation of the Digital Surface Model (DSM) and building heights from single-view aerial imagery is a challenging inherently ill-posed problem that we address in this paper by resorting to machine learning. We propose an end-to-end trainable convolutional-deconvolutional deep neural network architecture that enables learning mapping from a single aerial imagery to a DSM for analysis of urban scenes. We perform multisensor fusion of aerial optical and aerial light detection and ranging (Lidar) data to prepare the training data for our pipeline. The dataset quality is key to successful estimation performance. Typically, a substantial amount of misregistration artifacts are present due to georeferencing/projection errors, sensor calibration inaccuracies, and scene changes between acquisitions. To overcome these issues, we propose a registration procedure to improve Lidar and optical data alignment that relies on Mutual Information, followed by Hough transform-based validation step to adjust misregistered image patches. We validate our building height estimation model on a high-resolution dataset captured over central Dublin, Ireland: Lidar point cloud of 2015 and optical aerial images from 2017. These data allow us to validate the proposed registration procedure and perform 3D model reconstruction from single-view aerial imagery. We also report state-of-the-art performance of our proposed architecture on several popular DSM estimation datasets.
Intratumoral administration of the Toll‐like receptor 7/8 agonist 3M‐052 enhances interferon‐driven tumor immunogenicity and suppresses metastatic spread in preclinical triple‐negative breast cancer

Loss of tumor‐inherent type I interferon (IFN) signalling has been closely linked to accelerated metastatic progression via decreased immunogenicity and antitumor immunity. Previous studies in murine models of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) demonstrate that systemic IFN inducers are effective antimetastatic agents, via sustained antitumor CD8+ T‐cell responses. Repeated systemic dosing with recombinant IFNs or IFN inducers is associated with significant toxicities; hence, the use of alternate intratumoral agents is an active area of investigation. It is critical to investigate the impact of intratumoral agents on subsequent metastatic spread to predict clinical impact.
Constructing and Validating 3D‐pharmacophore Models to a Set of MMP‐9 Inhibitors for Designing Novel Anti‐melanoma Agents

A receptor‐independent (RI) four‐dimensional structure‐activity relationship (4D‐QSAR) formalism was applied to a set of sixty‐four β‐N‐biaryl ether sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives, previously reported as potent inhibitors against matrix metalloproteinase subtype 9 (MMP‐9). MMP‐9 belongs to a group of enzymes related to the cleavage of several extracellular matrix components and has been associated to cancer invasiveness/metastasis. The best RI 4D‐QSAR model was statistically significant (N=47; r2=0.91; q2=0.83; LSE=0.09; LOF=0.35; outliers=0). Leave‐N‐out (LNO) and y‐randomization approaches indicated the QSAR model was robust and presented no chance correlation, respectively. Furthermore, it also had good external predictability (82 %) regarding the test set (N=17). In addition, the grid cell occupancy descriptors (GCOD) of the predicted bioactive conformation for the most potent inhibitor were successfully interpreted when docked into the MMP‐9 active site. The 3D‐pharmacophore findings were used to predict novel ligands and exploit the MMP‐9 calculated binding affinity through molecular docking procedure.
Volume visualization for interactive microscopic image analysis

In this paper we present a volume visualization method for multi-parameter images of three dimensional microscopic objects. Our aim in developing the method is the visualization of unsegmented images in a reliable way. The capability to render unprocessed images is a prerequisite for a visualization tool when used during interactive image segmentation and analysis. In addition, such a method makes it feasible to equip volume imaging instruments, such as confocal microscopes, with a device the authors call an intelligent eyepiece. The visualization algorithm is founded on the physical process of fluorescence, ensuring its fidelity and enabling physically realistic volume rendering. In addition to the method presented, applications to three-dimensional confocal microscopical and medical data sets are discussed.
Treatment Assignment Outcome Pre-treatment Covariates ( c )

Undertaking causal inference with observational data is extremely useful across a wide range of domains including the development of medical treatments, advertisements and marketing, and policy making. There are two main challenges associated with undertaking causal inference using observational data: treatment assignment heterogeneity (i.e., differences between the treated and untreated groups), and an absence of counterfactual data (i.e. not knowing what would have happened if an individual who did get treatment, were instead to have not been treated). We address these two challenges by combining structured inference and targeted learning. To our knowledge, Targeted Variational AutoEncoder (TVAE) is the first method to incorporate targeted learning into deep latent variable models. Results demonstrate competitive and state of the art performance.
Corrigendum

The supplementary material of Ghahramanzadeh et al. (2013) has been shown to contain errors in the course of new analyses by Schori et al. (in prep). The alignments uploaded as Appendix S1 were not the versions used for the analyses in the study for trnH-psbA in Ludwigia and Myriophyllum, which led to minor differences in the genetic distances calculated. Figure S2 contained a significant omission, that is the observation that two of the Lagarosiphon muscoides accessions could not be distinguished from L. major in both rbcL and trnH-psbA was not reflected in the respective comparisons of intraand interspecific distances in Figure S2. Both Appendix S1 and Figure S2 have been replaced by corrected versions in the Supplementary Material.
Pelvic Reduction in Threespine Stickleback from Cook Inlet Lakes: Geographical Distribution and Intrapopulation Variation

Loss of one or more elements of the pelvic complex occurs at substantial frequencies (-5%) in 55 and at lower frequencies in 42 of 204 populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus sampled from freshwater sites around Cook Inlet, Alaska. Populations with substantial pelvic reduction are widely distributed and interspersed among those lacking it. Intrapopulation phenotype frequencies vary greatly within limited areas but may be similar in distant populations. Intrapopulation phenotype frequency distributions include bimodal, flat, normal, skewed, and truncated; and their form may vary among adjacent populations. High intrapopulation frequencies of pelvic reduction apparently have evolved repeatedly within Cook Inlet, but gene flow is probably important in spreading genetic variation for pelvic reduction among populations. Divergent populations of Cook Inlet threespine stickleback should be treated as parts of an endemic radiation, which warrants special consideration for conservation as a unit.
The Leiocephalus (Lacertilia, Iguanidae) of Hispaniola. III. Leiocephalus schreibersi, L. semilineatus, and L. pratensis

Detailed accounts on variation, distribution, and relationships of three Hispaniolan species of Leiocephalus (L. schreibersi, L. semiline- atus, L. pratensis) are given. L. schreibersi is compared with the two re- lated Bahaman species L. inaguae and L. arenarius. The generic status of L. pratensis (formerly "Hispaniolus" pratensis) is discussed. Extended accounts of sympatry between Hispaniolan Leiocephalus are compared with sympatry in the Cuban members of the genus, and it is suggested that the diversity of Leiocephalus (eight species) in Hispaniola in contrast to five spe- cies in Cuba may be due to the fact that some of the Hispaniolan species have pen- etrated into higher elevations whereas only one of the Cuban species has done so; the Cuban species are overwhelmingly lowland or lower montane slope inhabitants. Additional diversity on Hispaniola is probably due to the com- plex geological history and present physiography of that island. * * *
Anomalously large gap anisotropy in the a - b plane of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + δ

Superconducting gap anisotropy at least an order of magnitude larger than that of the conventional superconductors has been observed in the [ital a]-[ital b] plane of Bi[sub 2]Sr[sub 2]CaCu[sub 2]O[sub 8+[delta]] in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. For samples with [ital T][sub [ital c]] of 88 K, the gap size reaches a maximum of approximately 20 meV along the Cu-O bond direction, and a minimum of much smaller or vanishing magnitude 45[degree] away. The experimental data are discussed within the context of various theoretical models. In particular, a detailed comparison with what is expected from a superconductor with a [ital d][sub [ital x]][sup 2][minus][ital y][sup 2] order parameter is carried out, yielding a consistent picture.
Green leaf area decline of the last three leaves of wheat. Determination of the relationships with remote sensing green land cover.

The proportion of green tissue is an important parameter of crop growth models (Bryson et al., 1997 ; Dimmock and Gooding, 2002 ; Bancal et al., 2007). That’s why many attempts to estimate the percentage of green cover surface with remote sensing (RS) tools have been explored (Weiss, 2004). The remote sensing of vegetation includes various non-destructive methods from satellites to platforms in the field (Nilsson, 1995). Unlike the direct methods to estimate the proportion of green leaf area, the remote sensing is not too time and money consuming. The use of short distance RS estimation methods involving in field platforms is an easy step to implement and allows the identification of a first relationship between a remote sensing method and a reference method of green leaf area estimation. In this field, White (2000) shows that the green coverage of soil obtained from the analysis of images taken at 2.8 m above the ground is statistically identical to that obtained from the analysis of images taken along a vertical transect ranging from 0 to 25m high in an arid ecosystem. The objective of this study is to assess the relationship that can be established between the green coverage of soil obtained from aerial photos taken a few meters above the ground and the green leaf area of the last three leaves of a winter wheat crop.
DISASTER

VAGOTOMY FOR PEPTIC ULCERATION THE MAJORITY of patients who undergo surgery for peptic ulceration are cured of their complaint. Pain is relieved, the ulcer does not recur and complications such as bleeding and perforation are prevented. This result is achieved by gastrectomy or by one of the three forms of vagotomy: (i) truncal (which severs the whole trunk of the vagus as it enters the abdomen); (ii) selective (which spares the extragastric fibres); and (iii) parietal cell (which preserves both extragastric fibres and fibres supplying the antrum). However, 5% to 20% of patients who undergo surgery for peptic ulceration subsequently have significant problems. The number of such patients in our community is appreciable, as surgery for peptic ulceration is performed frequently.
Nutritive Value and Energy Content of the Straw of Selected Vicia L. Taxa from Tunisia

The chemical composition and energy value of straws of Vicia sativa L. (varieties Languedoc and Mghila, and subspecies amphicarpa) and Vicia villosa Roth. (variety Sejenane and accession 2565) were investigated. The plants were grown in a Mediterranean environment, under identical environmental conditions. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy values (digestible energy, metabolisable energy, and net energy for lactation) were estimated according to the equations developed by the 2001 Dairy National Research Council. Both ether extract (EE) or total fatty acids (FA) amounts, and digestible neutral detergent fibre (dNDF) calculated from chemical analysis or measured using a 48-hour rumen in vitro assay were used for calculations. Significant differences were observed in the chemical composition and energy value of the straws of the considered V. sativa and V. villosa varieties. Within the same variety, the TDN was similar using either EE or FA values for calculation. The energy resulted largely dependent on the dNDF values. Energy was higher when in vitro dNDF was used for calculation in low-NDF straw samples, while the opposite occurred for high-NDF samples.
Lyra's Geometry and Cosmology: A Review

The Lyra's geometry, which is a generalization of Weyl's geometry (removing the defect of non-integrability of length transfer) and the gravitational theory and cosmology based on this geometry have been reviewed. Further, cosmological models with both constant and time dependent displacement field have been discussed. Some of these models solve the singularity, entropy and horizon problems. Finally some possibilities of further problems and their investigations have been pointed out.
Genome-Scale Reconstruction of the Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395 Metabolic Network

Genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions are organized knowledge bases consisting of the genomic information and metabolic pathways of a species. They provide a library of gene-protein-reaction relationships and a mathematical means for metabolic analysis of the organism. Chlorella vulgaris is a species of photosynthetic, eukaryotic microalgae that has received keen interest as a potential feed source for the manufacture of biofuels. Using its genome annotation, and implementing a homology-based reconstruction strategy, the metabolic network of C. vulgaris UTEX 395 was reconstructed. The reconstruction was then formatted into a mathematical model to emulate the metabolism of C. vulgaris in photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic growth conditions. The flux distributions of the reactions in each growth condition were then compared to identify key reactions in central carbon metabolism and lipid metabolism. The reconstruction network provides insight into the potential of C. vulgaris for metabolic engineering and represents a promising resource for the study of the metabolism of photosynthetic and algal organisms.
Population structure and core collection construction of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) in North Africa based on microsatellite markers

North Africa enclosed original apricot genetic resources with the cohabitation of grafting and seed-propagated accessions. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 183 apricot accessions using 24 microsatellite markers distributed evenly in the Prunus genome. A total of 192 alleles and a high level of gene diversity (0.593) were detected among the whole panel. Genetic structure analysis revealed the presence of four genetic clusters. We also found that both geographical origin and mode of propagation are important factors structuring genetic diversity in apricot species. Results confirmed the presence of gene exchange between the northern and southern countries of the Mediterranean Basin. Subsequently, a core collection of 98 accessions based on M (maximization) strategy showing 99.47% of allele retention ratio was constructed. No significant differences for Shannon's information index and Nei's diversity index were observed between the core and entire collections. Our results provide an effective aid for future germplasm preservation and conservation strategies as well as genetic association studies development in relation to phenotypic data.
Lipopolysaccharides of Bacteroides intermedius (Prevotella intermedia) and Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis induce interleukin-8 gene expression in human gingival fibroblast cultures

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from Bacteroides intermedius (Prevotella intermedia) and Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis by hot phenol-water extraction induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA in normal human gingival fibroblast cultures, as demonstrated by Northern (RNA) blot analysis. IL-8 mRNA levels began to increase after a 2-h exposure, reached a maximum after 12 h, and then dropped to the unstimulated level at 48 h. IL-8 mRNA levels were also enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, LPS specimens from various Salmonella species with S and R chemotypes and bacterial [corrected] and synthetic lipid A preparations did not increase IL-8 mRNA levels in fibroblasts. Although recombinant human IL-1 alpha induced IL-8 mRNA expression in fibroblast cultures, an antiserum to recombinant human IL-1 alpha did not decrease the IL-8 mRNA accumulation induced by B. intermedius LPS. Fibroblasts primed with natural human gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) expressed higher IL-8 mRNA levels upon stimulation with B. intermedius LPS, but not with Salmonella LPS, compared with nontreated cells. Natural human IFN-beta exhibited a similar priming effect on the fibroblasts, and antiserum to IFN-beta added to the cultures together with B. intermedius LPS decreased the IL-8 mRNA levels. Therefore, endogenous IFN-beta enhanced IL-8 mRNA production in response to B. intermedius LPS in fibroblasts.
MHD Turbulence in the Solar Wind and Interplanetary Dynamo Effects

From the fluctuations of the velocity and magnetic field observed in different kinds of solar wind the fluctuating electric fields are derived, and their power spectra are constructed and analysed. The mean electromotive force e generated by the turbulent motions depends upon the nature of the fluctuations. Simple dynamo theory predicts a linear relationship between e and the mean magnetic field B 0. Correlation studies carried out to establish the alpha effect in the solar wind have given negative results.