Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sugarcane expressed sequences tags (ESTs) encoding enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathways

Lignins are phenolic polymers found in the secondary wall of plant conductive systems where they play an important role by reducing the permeability of the cell wall to water. Lignins are also responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall and are involved in mechanisms of resistance to pathogens. The metabolic routes and enzymes involved in synthesis of lignins have been largely characterized and representative genes that encode enzymes involved in these processes have been cloned from several plant species. The synthesis of lignins is liked to the general metabolism of the phenylpropanoids in plants, having enzymes (e.g. phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT)) common to other processes as well as specific enzymes such as cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). Some maize and sorghum mutants, shown to have defective in CAD and/or COMT activity, are easier to digest because they have a reduced lignin content, something which has motivated different research groups to alter the lignin content and composition of model plants by genetic engineering try to improve, for example, the efficiency of paper pulping and digestibility. In the work reported in this paper, we have made an inventory of the sugarcane expressed sequence tag (EST) coding for enzymes involved in lignin metabolism which are present in the sugarcane EST genome project (SUCEST) database. Our analysis focused on the key enzymes ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). The comparative analysis of these genes with those described in other species could be used as molecular markers for breeding as well as for the manipulation of lignin metabolism in sugarcane.
Olefin Metathesis by Group VI (Mo, W) Metal Compounds

Olefin metathesis is an important reaction not only in petroleum chemistry but also in fine chemistry. Professors Grubbs, Schrock, and Chauvin obtained the Nobel Prize in 2005 for the development of this reaction (determination of the mechanism and synthesis of homogeneous catalysts). This reaction can be described as the redistribution of carbon chains of olefins via a breaking of their C═C double bonds. It is catalyzed by metal carbenes and the catalytic cycle passes through a metallacyclobutane. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of catalysts based on tungsten or molybdenum active for this reaction. Numerous tungsten and molybdenum organometallic complexes displaying a carbene functionality were synthesized. Some of them are highly active in olefin metathesis. Industrially, tungsten oxide on silica is used as a precursor of the propene production by olefin metathesis of but-2-ene and ethylene. However, the active sites are not well known but they can be modeled by grafting, via surface organometallic chemistry, perhydrocarbyl complexes of molybdenum or tungsten on oxide surfaces. After a review of the complexes used in homogeneous catalysis, a review of the industrial catalysts and their models will be given.
An Enhanced Zero Crossing Based HVAC Phase Synchronous Inverter for Electrostatic Generator in Microgrid Systems

Electrostatic Generator (ESG) faced far more challenges when it integrated with the phase synchronous inverter systems as ESG can generate high voltage DC and very low current. This high DC voltage needs to be converted and also low current of the ESG have to be increased for microgrid system which works generally performed by power inverter circuit. Therefore, phase synchronous inverter (PSI) is presented, to increase the inverter output current, with the aid of zero crossing voltage source controller. However, there is an issue to design the inverter which are harmonic distortion and phase angle. In this paper, a zero-crossing circuit is developed to synchronize inverter and microgrid phase and according to the simulation result, the phase angle is 3.22°. In addition, an LCL filter is designed to reduce the harmonic distortion. The performance of the PSI had been demonstrated by modeling it in MATLAB2016a software. The considered parameter of the design is input voltage 10kV, switching frequency 60Hz, modulation index 0.85 and cut-off frequency 33Hz. The simulation results show that the designed inverter can greatly improve the system stability and robustness of the microgrid system and the obtained PSI system efficiency is 97.35% that performed better compared to the related inverter techniques.
A NICER Look at the Aql X-1 Hard State

We report on a spectral-timing analysis of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) Aql X-1 with the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) on the International Space Station (ISS). Aql X-1 was observed with NICER during a dim outburst in 2017 July, collecting approximately 50 ks of good exposure. The spectral and timing properties of the source correspond to that of a (hard) extreme island state in the atoll classification. We find that the fractional amplitude of the low-frequency (<0.3 Hz) band-limited noise shows a dramatic turnover as a function of energy: it peaks at 0.5 keV with nearly 25% rms, drops to 12% rms at 2 keV, and rises to 15% rms at 10 keV. Through the analysis of covariance spectra, we demonstrate that band-limited noise exists in both the soft thermal emission and the power-law emission. Additionally, we measure hard time lags, indicating the thermal emission at 0.5 keV leads the power-law emission at 10 keV on a timescale of ∼100 ms at 0.3 Hz to ∼10 ms at 3 Hz. Our results demonstrate that the thermal emission in the hard state is intrinsically variable, and is driving the modulation of the higher energy power-law. Interpreting the thermal spectrum as disk emission, we find that our results are consistent with the disk propagation model proposed for accretion onto black holes.
Grain Growth Rate and Iaa Levels Within Developing Grains of Different Wheat Genotypes (Triticum Aestivum L.)

Grain growth rate (GGR) and indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were studied within developing grains of different wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) included DL 1266-2, DL 1266-5 and PBW 343. Grain dry matter accumulation and IAA levels were determined in ten labelled spikes which sampled five times, sevenday intervals started from seventh day after anthesis (DAA) up to 35 th DAA. Grain yield, number of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index (HI) were evaluated at maturity. Grain growth rate level was high during 7 th to 28 th DAA, while IAA increased rapidly from 7 th to 14 th -21 st DAA. The DL 1266-5 genotype with maximum amount of IAA produced a maximum level of GGR, grain yield, number of grain per spike, 1000grain weight, and HI. The results suggest that IAA level is an important factor in the regulation of grain dry matter accumulation in different genotypes. Furthermore, it might be possible to improve grain weight by increasing IAA level in grain, especially at the early to middle grain filling stage.
Aplikasi Sistem Antrian dengan Saluran Tunggal pada Unit Pelaksana Teknis (UPT) Perpustakaan Universitas Negeri Semarang

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita sering terjadi suatu antrian apabila sedang menunggu giliran. Antrian terjadi karena jumlah pelanggan yang dilayani melebihi kapasitas pelayanan. Pada penelitian ini mengambil kasus yang terjadi pada UPT Perpustakaan UNNES Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini bagaimana model antrian di UPT Perpustakaan UNNES, berapa rata-rata jumlah pengunjung di dalam sistem dan antrian pada masing-masing loket, berapa rata-rata waktu pengunjung menunggu di dalam sistem dan antrian pada masing-masing loket, dan berapa persentase waktu menganggur untuk pelayan pada masing-masing loket, dan berapa jumlah pelayan ideal. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui model antrian pada UPT Perpustakaan UNNES, untuk mengetahui rata-rata jumlah pengunjung rata-rata di dalam sistem dan antrian pada masing-masing loket, untuk mengetahui rata-rata waktu pengunjung menunggu di dalam sistem dan antrian pada masing-masing loket, dan untuk mengetahui persentase waktu menganggur untuk pelayan pada masingmasing loket, dan untuk mengetahui jumlah pelayan ideal. Penelitian yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini melalui beberapa tahap yaitu perumusan masalah, studi pustaka, dan pemecahan masalah. Untuk pemecahan masalah dilakukan pengumpulan data selama 3 hari. Dari data yang dipeoleh dilakukan analisis data. Langkah-langkah dalam analisis data yaitu menentukan distribusi peluang dari data yang diperoleh dengan uji kebaikan suai khi kuadrat, menentukan model antrian, menghitung rata-rata jumlah pengunjung yang berada dalam sistem dan antrian pada loket yang diteliti, menghitung rata-rata waktu yang dihabiskan seorang pelanggan dalam sistem dan antrian pada loket yang diteliti, dan menghitung persentase menganggur para pelayan pada loket yang diteliti. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa sistem antrian pada UPT Perpustakaan UNNES mengikuti sistem antrian tunggal. Waktu antar kedatangan berdistribusi Poisson dan waktu pelayanan berdistribusi Eksponensial. 1. Pada loket peminjaman buku Hari,tanggal L Lq W (menit) Wq (menit) X (%) Senin, 15 Agustus 2005 3,785 2,994 5,988 4,736 20,88 Selasa, 16 Agustus 2005 6,042 5,184 10,101 8,667 14,16 Kamis, 18 Agustus 2005 1,551 0,943 2,660 1,617 39,21 2. Pada loket pengembalian buku Hari,tanggal L Lq W (menit) Wq (menit) X (%) Senin, 15 Agustus 2005 4,291 3,480 9,174 7,435 18,96 Selasa, 16 Agustus 2005 0,923 0,443 2,358 1,133 51,96 Kamis, 18 Agustus 2005 1,146 0,612 2,544 1,358 46,62 Waktu menunggu yang diinginkan pengunjung tidak lebih dari 15 menit dan waktu menganggur pelayan yang diperbolehkan oleh UPT Perpustakaan UNNES adalah 10% maka banyaknya pelayan ideal pada loket peminjaman buku maupun pada loket pengembalian buku adalah satu orang. Saran yang dapat diberikan yakni perlu adanya peningkatan kualitas pelayanan pada UPT Perpustakaan UNNES dan pada waktu terjadi antrian yang sangat panjang sebaiknya waktu pelayanan dipercepat sehingga tidak mengakibatkan waktu menunggu yang terlalu lama
Peatlands and green frogs: A relationship regulated by acidity?

ABSTRACT The effects of site acidification on amphibian populations have been thoroughly addressed in the last decades. However, amphibians in naturally acidic environments, such as peatlands facing pressure from the peat mining industry, have received little attention. Through two field studies and an experiment, I assessed the use of bog habitats by the green frog (Rana clamitans melanota), a species sensitive to various forestry and peat mining disturbances. First, I compared the occurrence and breeding patterns of frogs in bog and upland ponds. I then evaluated frog movements between forest and bog habitats to determine whether they corresponded to breeding or postbreeding movements. Finally, I investigated, through a field experiment, the value of bogs as rehydrating areas for amphibians by offering living Sphagnum moss and two media associated with uplands (i.e., water with pH ca 6.5 and water-saturated soil) to acutely dehydrated frogs. Green frog reproduction at bog ponds was a rare event, and no net movements occurred between forest and bog habitats. However, acutely dehydrated frogs did not avoid Sphagnum. Results show that although green frogs rarely breed in bogs and do not move en masse between forest and bog habitats, they do not avoid bog substrates for rehydrating, despite their acidity. Thus, bogs offer viable summering habitat to amphibians, which highlights the value of these threatened environments in terrestrial amphibian ecology.
On AR(1) versus MA(1) models for non-stationary time series of Poisson counts: part II (application)

Observations driven non-stationary Poisson AR(1) and MA(1) models may be applied to analyze various biomedical and socio-economic (e.g., monthly tourist counts) time series of counts. This paper fits such AR(1) and MA(1) models to the US monthly polio count data which was analyzed earlier by Zeger [7] and Davis, Dunsmuir and Wang [1] by using a random effects based correlated count response model. The goodness of fitting of the AR(1) and MA(1) models to this polio data set is also discussed.
Detection by polmerase chain reaction‐amplification and sequencing of an archaeon in a commercial‐scale copper bioleaching plant

An archaeon was detected in the leaching solution from a commercial copper production plant and in copper sulfide ores leached with the solution. The leaching solution in this plant contains a high concentration of sulfate salts. Analysis of the microbial population by polymerase chain reaction-amplification of archaeal 16S rDNAs indicated the presence of a single sequence type. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the polymerase chain reaction product with available reference sequences suggested that this archaeon corresponds to a new species of a novel genus and family within the order Thermoplasmales. This archaeon grows in synthetic media but it has not been possible to obtain isolates free of chemolithotrophic bacteria.
Indicators of ecological change: new tools for managing populations of large herbivores

1. High-density populations of large herbivores are now widespread. Wildlife managers commonly attempt to control large herbivores through hunting to meet specific management objectives, considering population density as the minimal key source of information. Here, we review the problems of censusing populations of large herbivores and describe an alternative approach, employing indicators of ecological change. 2. Estimating density of large herbivores with high precision and accuracy is difficult, especially over large areas, and requires considerable investment of time, people and money. Management decisions are often made on an annual basis, informed by population changes over the previous year. However, estimating year-to-year changes in density is not a realistic goal for most large herbivores. Furthermore, population density per se provides no information on the relationship between the population and its habitat. 3. For successful management of large herbivores, we need to consider not only the fate of the population, but rather changes in both population and habitat features, as well as their interaction. Managers require information on trends in both the animal population and habitat quality in order to interpret changes in the interaction between these two compartments. 4. We propose that a set of indicators of animal performance, population abundance, habitat quality and/or herbivore habitat impact provides relevant information on the population– habitat system. Monitoring temporal changes in these indicators provides a new basis for setting hunting quotas to achieve specific management objectives. This sort of adaptive management is employed widely in France for managing roe deer Capreolus capreolus . 5. Synthesis and applications . The management of large herbivores would be improved by investing fewer resources in trying to estimate the absolute abundance of ungulates, and more resources in collecting additional data to inform understanding of the ecological status of the ungulate–habitat system being managed. This paper presents a set of indicators of ecological change for monitoring the interaction between a population and its habitat as a basis for adaptive management to attain explicit goals and to improve knowledge of the system. This approach could improve management for a variety of large herbivores, by harmonizing actions at wide spatial scales.
Quality of mixing in a stirred bioreactor used for animal cells culture: heterogeneities in a lab scale bioreactor and evolution of mixing time with scale up

Qualite du melange dans un bioreacteur a cuve agitee utilise pour la culture de cellules animales : etude de l'heterogeneite a l'echelle laboratoire et prediction de l'evolution du temps de melange avec le scale-up. Les cellules animales sont industriellement cultivees dans des cuves agitees pour produire des composes proteines. Les conditions d'agitation etant generalement douces pour limiter les contraintes mecaniques, des problemes d'homogeneite du milieu de culture peuvent apparaitre. Cette etude a des lors deux objectifs : decrire globalement le melange via le temps de melange et decrire localement les champs de concentration. Les temps de melange sont mesures par conductimetrie dans 3 cuves de 20 l, 80 l et 600 l. La correlation de Grenville est ajustee sur ces points experimentaux pour ameliorer la prediction du temps de melange lors du scale-up du procede. Les champs de concentration sont determines par fluorescence induite par plan laser (P.L.I.F.) dans la cuve de 20 l. Cette etude est focalisee sur l'evolution temporelle de la concentration maximale dans les plans de mesure et sur le pourcentage du plan dont la concentration est superieure a un seuil arbitraire.
ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF THE MARKETING RESEARCH FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION PRACTICE

Economic development of agricultural enterprises can provide the implementation of measures aimed at industrial resources conservation. Apart from the need for significant one-time investments that accompany resources’ economy at enterprises, there are no methodological grounds for assessing the effectiveness of the technology of rational resource use. The goal of the research is to develop methodical tools to determine technical and economic parameters for an advanced system of resource-saving measures. The period under investigation is 2014–2016, the number of enterprises under analysis is 96. To define the rules of choosing solutions on the base of games theory, taking into account information and expectations of agrarians, the analysis is performed based on the Laplas, Bayes, Sewidzh and Hurwitz criteria. Calculated values of the enterprises’ potential advantages, represented as an attribute for analytical grouping, allowed to define optimal strategies for designing a policy of production resources conservation. The demonstration partition of the whole set of enterprises is performed according to the suggested methodology. The data obtained as a result of criteria estimation allows us to draw conclusions about the most probable actions of grain producers in the situation of uncertainty, which enables us to identify typical effectiveness parameters of the system and to assess the prospects of the resource conservation policy.
Spatial Econometric Analysis of the Effect
of Government Governance on Regional Emission
Reduction: Evidence from China

This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 30 Chinese provinces from 2002 to 2013, and systematically examines the relationship between government and CO2 emissions from the level of regional legal regulation, the level of public expenditure, and corruption. Research results show that the global Moran’s I values of carbon emissions from 2002 to 2013 falls between 0.2 and 0.3, and spatial lag coefficient ρ stands at 0.2340, indicating that CO2 emissions in the region increase by 0.234% for each additional 1% of CO2 emissions in the adjacent areas, which means carbon emissions exist in a remarkable spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering phenomenon. Then the empirical results find that the level of legal regulation and the level of regional corruption are significantly negatively correlated with regional CO2 emissions, while the level of public expenditure is significantly positively correlated with regional CO2 emissions. The results also demonstrate the inverted “U”-shaped relationship between economic income and CO2 emissions. Based on empirical results, this paper provides beneficial policy recommendations for reducing carbon emissions.
Neutral gas heating by X-rays in primitive galaxies: Infrared observations of the blue compact dwarf I Zw 18 with Herschel

Context. The neutral interstellar medium of galaxies acts as a reservoir to fuel star formation. The dominant heating and cooling mechanisms in this phase are uncertain in extremely metal-poor star-forming galaxies. The low dust-to-gas mass ratio and low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon abundance in such objects suggest that the traditional photoelectric effect heating may not be effective. Aims. Our objective is to identify the dominant thermal mechanisms in one such galaxy, I Zw 18 (1/30Z⊙), assess the diagnostic value of fine-structure cooling lines, and estimate the molecular gas content. Even though molecular gas is an important catalyst and tracer of star formation, constraints on the molecular gas mass remain elusive in the most metal-poor galaxies. Methods. Building on a previous photoionization model describing the giant H ii region of I Zw 18-NW within a multi-sector topology, we provide additional constraints using, in particular, the [C ii] 157 μm and [O i] 63 μm lines and the dust mass recently measured with the Herschel Space Telescope. Results. The heating of the H i region appears to be mainly due to photoionization by radiation from a bright X-ray binary source, while the photoelectric effect is negligible. Significant cosmic ray heating is not excluded. Inasmuch as X-ray heating dominates in the H i gas, the infrared fine-structure lines provide an average X-ray luminosity of order 4 × 1040 erg s-1 over the last few 104 yr in the galaxy. The upper limits to the [Ne v] lines provide strong constraints on the soft X-ray flux arising from the binary. A negligible mass of H2 is predicted. Nonetheless, up to ~107 M⊙ of H2 may be hidden in a few sufficiently dense clouds of order ≲5 pc (≲0.05′′) in size. Regardless of the presence of significant amounts of H2 gas, [C ii] and [O i] do not trace the so-called “CO-dark gas”, but they trace the almost purely atomic medium. Although the [C ii]+[O i] to total infrared ratio in I Zw 18 is similar to values in more metal-rich sources (~1%), it cannot be safely used as a photoelectric heating efficiency proxy. This ratio seems to be kept stable owing to a correlation between the X-ray luminosity and the star formation rate. Conclusions. X-ray heating could be an important process in extremely metal-poor sources. The lack of photoelectric heating due to the low dust-to-gas ratio tends to be compensated for by the larger occurrence and power of X-ray binaries in low-metallicity galaxies. We speculate that X-ray heating may quench star formation. Key words: X-rays: binaries / infrared: ISM / photon-dominated region (PDR) / galaxies: ISM / galaxies: individual: I Zw 18 / galaxies: star formation⋆ Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.
Clearance of bacteria-sized particles by natural populations of nanoplankton in the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume

The uptake of bacteria-sized particles by non-pigmented nanoplankton was measured in late winter (February) and spring (June) in the Chesapeake Bay outflow plume. Small flagellates (11 to 35 ! 1m3 average cell volume) numerically dominated the grazer community in both seasons, although experiments in June showed that ciliates could also be important bacterivores. Rates of ingestion ranged from 1 8 to 25.0 bacteria flagellate-' h-' and were significantly correlated with bacterial abundance. Specific clearance rates (body volumes swept clear per hour) of these natural populat~ons of flagellates were similar to those of forms which have been studied in culture. Flagellate community clearance rates were similar to bacterial growth rates in February. In June, however, grazing was much lower than growth, and flagellates removed, on average, only 23 % of dally bacterial production. Reasons for this shortfall possibly include other sources of bacterial mortality, discrimination by grazers against the particles, the omission from the grazing measurement of larger, rarer bacterivores (e.g. ciliates), and artifacts resulting from particle egestion.