Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Critical Evaluation of the Mental Health Literacy Framework Using Qualitative Data

The Mental Health Literacy framework (Jorm, 2000) describes the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs that people hold about mental health. It has not been explored before in England or using a qualitative design. In 2001, the established Somerset Health Panels discussed attitudes to stress, depression and help seeking. A contemporary secondary analysis of the data originally collected during these focus groups was undertaken to review the Mental Health Literacy framework's six component parts: ability to recognise specific disorders or different types of psychological distress, knowledge/beliefs about risk factors and causes, knowledge/beliefs about self-help interventions, knowledge/beliefs about professional help, attitudes which facilitate recognition/help seeking and knowledge of how to seek information. The results reveal that qualitative data added depth to what was known previously and provided a range of new insights into Mental Health Literacy. There are challenges about recognising symptoms as they emerge, compared with ‘with hindsight’; there is a subtle balance between stigma and barriers to help seeking; accumulated adversity is perceived to be a key risk factor; coping strategies and stigma are cross-cutting themes; the general practitioner has significant influence in facilitating access to appropriate support. Overall, this paper demonstrates that the Mental Health Literacy framework provides an appropriate architecture for the range of research and discussion on this topic, where qualitative research adds depth to what was known previously, and new insights have been generated that indicate how the model might be adapted or expanded in the future.
Supervision That Improves Teaching: Strategies and Techniques

Foreword to the Second Edition - Jo Blase Foreword to the First Edition - Karen F. Osterman Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors A Brief Note to Instructors 1. The Changing Context of Supervision Supervision Situation The Value of History The Historical Context Understanding the History of Supervision Implications for the Practice of Supervision Conclusion Appendix 1-A Appendix 1-B Appendix 1-C 2. Three Interpersonal Approaches to Supervision How We Learn Listening, Reflecting, and Clarifying Techniques Reflective Practice Approaches to Providing Feedback Guidelines for Reflective Practice Reflective Practice Summary 3. Observation Tools and Techniques Supervision Scenario Ten Guidelines of Observation Fourteen Tools and Techniques for Observation Quantitative Observation Tools Qualitative Observation Tools Summary Conclusion 4. An Introduction to Clinical Supervision A Definition of Clinical Supervision The Clinical Supervision Cycle Conclusion 5. Alternative Approaches: Case Studies and Implementation Guidelines Cognitive Coaching Mentoring Peer Coaching Portfolios for Differentiated Supervision Peer Assessment: Selection, Support, and Evaluation Action Research Conclusion 6. Supervision to Improve Classroom Instruction: Next Steps Next Steps "For Me, Personally": My Supervisory Platform Conclusion-or Just a Beginning? Resource A: Microlab Guidelines Resource B: Fishbowl Guidelines Resource C: Observation Practical Sheets References Index
The perceptions and awareness of homoeopathy and the Homoeopathic Day Clinic (H.D.C) amongst students at the Durban University of Technology (DUT)

Tertiary education students are present and future health care consumers, and as such it is important that they are well educated in both mainstream and complementary health practices. Prior to this study, no data was available on the perceptions of tertiary education students towards homoeopathy in South Africa. The aim of this study was to bridge this gap in the database of knowledge by determining the perceptions and awareness that students at Durban University of Technology (D.U.T.) have towards homoeopathy and the Homoeopathic Day Clinic (H.D.C.) that exists on the D.U. T. campus. This survey-based study was conducted by administering 1080 questionnaires to fulltime registered students at D.U. T. who were in at least their second year of study at the university. A stratified random sample method was employed, based on the demographic variables of faculty, gender and race so as to generate a suitably representative sample. Of the 1080 questionnaires distributed, 1054 (97.6%) were returned and 1005 (93%) met the inclusion criteria to be used in the final sample. The responses showed that the students at D.U. T. have a fairly poor level of knowledge about homoeopathy. Only 48% of them had ever heard of homoeopathy and around 95% said that they had either never heard of it, had heard only of the name, or said they knew a little bit about it. In terms of practical experience with homoeopathy, only 6% have ever consulted a homoeopath personally before, and 9% said that they have family members who have
Evaluation of a skills-based condom intervention in an alcohol-using student population : a feasibility study

Young people are, as a group, at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unwanted pregnancy and binge-drinking. The primary method of contraception that offers protection against both pregnancy and STI transmission is condoms. Whilst research examining the relationship between alcohol use and sexual behaviour suggests a complex association dependent on many factors, it is vital that interventions devised to encourage condom use are effective in binge-drinking populations. This feasibility study arose from a systematic review of the literature identifying the previous skills-based interventional work of Jemmott et al. (2005) as the most robust of its kind in the field. An adapted version of this skills-based intervention was put together using national resources for use with a university binge-drinking population in the UK. This feasibility study identified changes to practical condom skills, theoretical condom knowledge and skills, intentions to use condoms and condom use self-efficacy for the information-only group and skills-based group with tentative findings suggesting an increased retention of knowledge for the skills-based group in terms of theoretical knowledge and skills. Actual condom use was not found to have improved at follow-up 4–7 weeks post-intervention. These findings will be discussed here in terms of what they can tell us about the feasibility of running a powered trial, and a number of recommendations arising from the observed strengths and limitations of the current study and intervention content will be proposed.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for phantom pain and stump pain following amputation in adults.

BACKGROUND Amputee pain may present in a body part that has been amputated (phantom pain) or at the site of amputation (stump pain), or both. Phantom pain and stump pain are complex and multidimensional and the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. The mainstay treatments for phantom pain and stump pain are predominately pharmacological. The condition remains a severe burden for those who are affected by it. There is increasing acknowledgement of the need for non-drug interventions and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) may have an important role to play. TENS has been recommended as a treatment option for phantom pain and stump pain. To date there has been no systematic review of available evidence and the effectiveness of TENS for phantom pain and stump pain is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the analgesic effectiveness of TENS for the treatment of phantom pain and stump pain following amputation in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, PsycINFO, AMED, CINAHL, PEDRO and SPORTDiscus (February 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of TENS for the management of phantom pain and stump pain following an amputation in adults were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. It was planned that where available and appropriate, data from outcome measures were to be pooled and presented as an overall estimate of the effectiveness of TENS. MAIN RESULTS No RCTs that examined the effectiveness of TENS for the treatment of phantom pain and stump pain in adults were identified by the searches. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There were no RCTs on which to judge the effectiveness of TENS for the management of phantom pain and stump pain. The published literature on TENS for phantom pain and stump pain lacks the methodological rigour and robust reporting needed to confidently assess its effectiveness. Further RCT evidence is required before such a judgement can be made.
Microglia as immune effectors of the central nervous system: Expression of cytokines and chemokines

Microglia, one of three glial cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role as resident immunocompetent and phagocytic cells in the CNS in the event of injury and disease. It was del Rio Hortega in 1927 who determined that microglia belong to a distinct glial cell type in the CNS, apart from astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Since the 1970s, there has been wide recognition that microglia are immune effectors in the CNS that respond to pathological conditions and participate in the initiation and progression of neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia complex by releasing potentially cytotoxic molecules such as pro‐inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen intermediates, proteinases and complement proteins. There is also evidence to suggest that the microglia are capable of secreting neurotrophic or neuron survival factors on activation through inflammation or injury. In the present review, the current status of knowledge on biology and immunology of microglia is reported. (Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol. doi: 10.1111/j.1759‐1961.2010.00007.x, 2010)
Associations among the perceived parent-child relationship, eating behavior, and body weight in preadolescents: results from a community-based sample.

OBJECTIVE Data on associations between the parent-child relationship, eating behavior, and body weight in a community-based sample of preadolescent children are presented. The aim of our study was to replicate the finding from clinical samples that families of overweight children demonstrate adverse characteristics of the parent-child relationship. METHODS A community-based sample of 373 fourth-grade students was given self-report questionnaires on the perceived parent-child relationship and on eating behavior, and each child's height and weight was measured. RESULTS No meaningful associations between children's body weight and the parent-child relationship were apparent. Deviant eating behavior was strongly linked to an adverse parent-child relationship irrespective of children's body weight. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that previous findings from clinical samples of overweight children cannot simply be generalized to the population of overweight children and that deviant eating behavior, not overweight itself, is linked to an adverse parent-child relationship in preadolescent children.
A pilot study to assess the efficacy of biofeedback-assisted relaxation training as an adjunct treatment for pediatric functional dyspepsia associated with duodenal eosinophilia.

OBJECTIVES To conduct a pilot study examining whether adding biofeedback-assisted relaxation training (BART) to medication treatment results in better clinical outcomes than medication treatment alone for children with functional dyspepsia (FD) associated with duodenal eosinophilia, a subgroup of children with recurrent abdominal pain. METHODS Twenty children were randomly assigned to receive a standardized medication treatment or medication plus 10 sessions of BART. Children and parents completed psychosocial functioning and quality of life measures at baseline, posttreatment, and 6 months. Children rated pain daily via PDA. Physicians provided biweekly assessments of clinical improvement. RESULTS Children receiving medication plus BART demonstrated better outcomes on pain intensity, duration of pain episodes, and clinical improvement than children receiving medication alone. CONCLUSIONS BART is a promising adjunctive treatment for pediatric FD associated with duodenal eosinophilia. Electronic daily diaries appear to be a useful approach to assessing changes in self-reported pain ratings in this population.
Oral Health in New Zealand: Findings from the New Zealand 
Health Survey 2006/07

This thesis investigates oral health in New Zealand. This is carried out through an analysis of the New Zealand Health Survey (NZHS) which was undertaken by the Ministry of Health in 2006/07. The World Health Organisation recognises oral health as an integral part of general health and a basic human right. The New Zealand government also recognises the importance of oral health and aims to be proactive in addressing the needs of those at greatest risk of poor oral health. This analysis identifies those who have poorer oral health and less regular oral health care. The New Zealand goverment also aims for high-quality oral health services that promote, improve, maintain and restore good oral health to all New Zealanders. The results of the NZHS 2006/07 showed that the mean number of teeth lost due to tooth decay and gum disease in people aged 15 and over is 4.59 (4.56,4.61). This is strongly associated with age, with younger people having lost fewer teeth. Alcohol as well as fruit and vegetable intake had no association with tooth loss in adults. Fizzy drink intake was not significantly associated with poor child oral health, however a higher number of take away meals eaten by children consistently led to poorer oral health for those children. Ethnicity and deprivation were associated with tooth loss, regularity of oral health care, time since last oral health care visit, unmet oral health care need in the past 12 months and urgent unmet need. Those from more deprived populations had lower rates of regular care and higher rates of need and tooth loss. The final component of this thesis is a comparison of oral health outcomes over time, using NZHS 2006/07 and the New Zealand data from the WHO International Collaborative Study of Oral Health Outcomes 1988 (ICS II). It was found that in 2006/07 more 12-13 year olds are brushing their teeth 2 or more times a day than in 1998, and that the time since last visit to an oral health care worker for adults has reduced over time.
Paracetamol Use in Early Life and Link to Childhood Asthma: A Systematic Review

Background: Exposure to paracetamol in the first two years of life may increase the risk of developing asthma in childhood. Recent epidemiologic studies have identified an increased risk of asthma with paracetamol use. Quantifying the relationship between paracetamol use and risk of asthma in children was investigated. In previous systematic reviews and metaanalysis, results have been conflicting; studies have had inconsistent confounders, size, and no use of control groups. Method: An exhaustive search of all the available medical literature was conducted using 4 databases, Medline-OVID, CINAHL, EBMR Multifile and Web of Science to identify pertinent articles. All clinical trials and observational studies were considered. For observational studies, those that clearly defined paracetamol exposure in the first two years of life and asthma diagnosis as a child (5-7) years were selected. Study quality was assessed with GRADE criteria. Results: Three birth cohort studies, and one multicenter cross-sectional ranging from 469 to 205 487 participants, from birth up to two years of life were included in the review that were later followed up between 5-7.5 years of age. In the large multicenter study after adjustments for sex, region of world, language and income, multivariate analysis with complete data only and risk of asthma in childhood and total days of paracetamol use in early life for fever was (OR 1.46 [95%CI 1.36-1.56]). In the largest birth cohort when adjusted for maternal factors in pregnancy and postnatal factors there was no significant effects of paracetamol use and childhood asthma (OR 1.11 [95%CI 1.00-1.23]). In this same study when children who had preexisting wheeze versus no wheeze, and effects of paracetamol and childhood asthma, there was a significant association for child with wheeze (OR 1.44[95%CI 1.13-1.83]). When adjustments were made for frequency of respiratory tract infections and total days of paracetamol use any indication in the other smaller birth cohort, there was no significance in a child with family history of atopy (OR 1.08 [95% CI 0.91-1.29]). In the smallest of studies included, after adjustments for chest infections, antibiotic use, and family history of atopy, there was no significance of childhood asthma and exposure to paracetamol (OR 1.78[95%CI .75-4.21]). Conclusion: The results from the review are inconsistent. It is suggested that exposure to paracetamol in the first years of life might be a risk factor for the development of asthma in childhood and direct causation is still questionable. Results do suggest that children with family history of atopy, or current asthma, and the use of paracetamol may precipitate asthma. Future RCT studies are needed.
Alternative positions for the baby at birth before clamping the umbilical cord.

BACKGROUND The third stage of labour is from birth of the baby until delivery of the placenta. Clamping the umbilical cord is one component of active management of the third stage. Deferring cord clamping allows blood flow between the baby and the placenta to continue; net transfer to the baby is called placental transfusion. If the cord is clamped immediately placental transfusion is restricted. Gravity is one of several factors that may influence the volume and duration of placental transfusion at both vaginal and caesarean births. Hence raising or lowering the baby whilst the cord is intact may influence placental transfusion, which in turn may affect outcome for the baby and the woman. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of alternative positions for the baby between birth and cord clamping on outcome for the baby, outcome for the mother and on use of health service resources. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (July 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing alternative positions for the baby at vaginal and caesarean birth, before clamping of the umbilical cord. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We independently assessed trial eligibility and quality. When necessary, we contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-seven studies (7559 mother-infant pairs) were excluded: 33 (7296) because they did not compare alternative positions for the baby before clamping the umbilical cord and four (263) due to quasi-random allocation. No studies met the inclusion criteria. One additional trial is ongoing. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No randomised trials have assessed the influence of gravity on placental transfusion. Large, well-designed randomised trials are needed to assess whether gravity influences placental transfusion at vaginal and caesarean births and, if so, whether this affects short-term and long-term outcome for the baby and for the mother.
Breast Density Classification Using Histogram-Based Features

The risk of having cancer in dense breast on mammogram is higher compared to those who have less. This is due to presence of glandular cells in the breast parenchyma. Therefore, it is important for radiologists to pay more attention to denser breasts in order to detect abnormalities. Denser breast has tendency to hide breast lesions and therefore reduces the sensitivity of the radiologists to diagnose the condition. The aim of this paper is to explore a novel quantitative method to categorize breast density by using digital mammogram images. The suggested method works based on the statistical parameters including kurtosis, skewness, median and mean. The system evaluated 180 mammogram images and it was found to be 92.8% accurate with a strong correlation between the system and radiologists’ estimation (K=0.87, p=0.0001).
Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions

The genus Malassezia comprises lipophilic species, the natural habitat of which is the skin of humans and other warm‐blooded animals. However, these species have been associated with a diversity of dermatological disorders and even systemic infections. Pityriasis versicolor is the only cutaneous disease etiologically connected to Malassezia yeasts. In the other dermatoses, such as Malassezia folliculitis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis, these yeasts have been suggested to play pathogenic roles either as direct agents of infection or as trigger factors because there is no evidence that the organisms invade the skin. Malassezia yeasts have been classified into at least 14 species, of which eight have been isolated from human skin, including Malassezia furfur, Malassezia pachydermatis, Malassezia sympodialis, Malassezia slooffiae, Malassezia globosa, Malassezia obtusa, Malassezia restricta, Malassezia dermatis, Malassezia japonica, and Malassezia yamatoensis. Distributions of Malassezia species in the healthy body and in skin diseases have been investigated using culture‐based and molecular techniques, and variable results have been reported from different geographical regions. This article reviews and discusses the latest available data on the pathogenicity of Malassezia spp. , their distributions in dermatological conditions and in healthy skin, discrepancies in the two methods of identification, and the susceptibility of Malassezia spp. to antifungals.
Childhood Injury Prevention: Predictors of Home Hazards in Latino Families Enrolled in SafeCare®+

Objective This archival project (a) examined potential risk and protective factors for hazards in the homes of Spanish-speaking immigrant Latino families and (b) provided an independent examination of the SafeCare®+ Home Safety module adapted for Latino families at high risk for child neglect. Methods The sample comprised 92 Latina caregivers of young children enrolled in SafeCare®+. Results Results of the negative binomial regression model of predictors of home hazards before the Home Safety module found none of the factors were significant. The longitudinal analysis with a negative binomial model found significant effects both during (b = -0.905, p < .001) and after (b = -2.118, p < .001) the intervention. Depression was negatively associated with the number of hazards (b = -0.026, p < .05, β = -.1858). Conclusions Support for application of SafeCare®+ Home Safety module to prevent access to hazards for Latino children was found.
Acute Myocardial Infarction: Routine Early Angioplasty after Thrombolysis

Adjunctive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed between 2 and 24 hours after thrombolysis administered to a patient with an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) appears beneficial and safe. The rationale for routinely following fibrinolysis with PCI is that many patients have a persistent reduction in flow in the infarct-related artery; although fibrinolysis restores patency (TIMI grade 2 or 3) in 80% of infarct-related arteries, normalization of blood flow (TIMI grade 3) is seen in only 50 to 60% of arteries. Adjunctive PCI has been directly compared to a strategy of fibrinolysis and standard care (either PCI for a clinical indication or routine late PCI) in the TRANSFER AMI, GRACIA-1, NORDISTEMI, CARESS-in-AMI, and SIAM III trials, and found to have better outcomes. Based on these results, the 2010 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend routine urgent PCI after successful fibrinolysis within 24 hours (class I recommendation, level of evidence A).