Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards an intelligent HVAC system automation using Reinforcement Learning

HVAC systems are among the biggest energy consumers in buildings and therefore in the focus of optimal control research. In practice, rule-based control and PID controllers are typically used and implemented at the beginning of the building operation. Since this approach neither guarantees optimal or even good control, optimal control algorithms (which can be predictive and adaptive) are in the focus of research. The problem with most of the approaches is that a model of the system is often needed which comes with high engineering efforts. Further, the required computing power can quickly exceed the capacities, even in modern buildings. Therefore, in this paper we investigate the application of a state-of-the-art Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm, as a self-calibrating valve controller for two water-air heat exchangers of a real-world air handling unit. We choose a generic problem formulation to pre-train the algorithm with a simulation of an admixing heater and use it to control an injection heater and a throttle cooler. Our results show that after only 70 hours, the control quality significantly increases. Therefore, it seems evident that with pre-trained RL algorithms, a self-improving HVAC automation can be realized with little hardware requirements and without extensive modelling of the system dynamics.
Adapting residential envelope assemblies for full circularity

Residential external wall assemblies are among the key contributors to embodied carbon emissions in the building industry. Their design, however, is still largely oriented towards linear consumption trajectories of extraction-use-waste. Within this context, this paper investigates how established material recovery potential assessment metrics could be used to inform design decisions aimed at improving circularity in buildings. A redesign of a typical timber frame assembly is presented and its material recovery performance is compared to standard systems. Results show a 35%-47% improvement in material recovery potential.
Effect of Using Different Levels of Spirulina Algae (Spirulina Platensis) in The Diet on Concentration, Types of Fatty Acids, Oxidation Indicators, and Sensory Characteristics of Broiler Carcasses

This study was conducted at the Poultry Research Station of the Agricultural Research Department/Ministry of Agriculture in Abu Ghraib for the period from 25/2/2019 to 7/4/2019 (42 days) with the aim of using several levels of Spirulina (SP) Spirulina platensis in broiler diets. And their effect in the concentration and types of fatty acids, oxidation indices and sensory characteristics of the broiler carcass, 400 birds were used in this experiment One day old broiler birds of the Ross 308 strain are un sexed, with an average starting weight of 40 g/bird, and the birds were randomly distributed into five treatments with four replications per treatment (20 birds/duplicate). The following treatments included: the first (T1) control treatment (the basic diet without additives), the second (T2), third (T3), fourth (T4) and fifth treatments (T5) were used in the basic ration algae SP by 1%, 2% and 3% And 4%, respectively. The two treatments T4 and T5 showed significant superiority (P<0.05) compared to the control group in the concentration of oleic acid, palmitic acid, and the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid and linoleic acid for the treatments T3, T4 and T5 compared to the control treatment. The value of peroxide (PV) was significantly decreased (P <0.05) in the 30-day storage period for treatment T5 birds compared with the two treatments T1 and T2 and the value of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) for all treatments compared to the control treatment, and for the storage period of 60 One day, all oxidation indexes (PV, TBA, TVN) were significantly decreased (P <0.05) for all treatments using Spirulina. No significant effect of spirulina was shown on sensory evaluation scores for the chest and thigh cuts compared to the control treatment.
Egg Production and Biological Activities in Laying Hens are Affected By Different Molting Programs

This study was conducted to compare two molting methods by using aluminum sulfate (2.5 g/kg) and diet withdrawal on productivity, eggs quality, and lipid profile of laying hens. A total of 180 Hy-line Brown hens 80 weeks of age were randomly assigned to three replicates of three treatments of 30 hens/treatment from 70–87 weeks of age; hens were exposed to one of the following two molt groups: T1, aluminum sulfate (2.5 g/kg) and T2, feed withdrawal(14 days). Egg production was recorded daily/hen in each cage and weekly for each treatment. Following the forced molting, feed consumption was recorded and calculated weekly. Feed conversion rate as a feed/g egg mass was calculated weekly for each treatment. Haugh unit was determined by [11]. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected from nine laying hens/treatment from the extrinsic vein using a 5mL sterilized syringe with heparin for biochemical determination parameters. Blood samples were centrifuged at 4000rpm for ten minutes. Plasma and serum were separated and stored (- 20°C) until the biochemical measurement. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin, ALT, and AST were determined in this study. The data were analyzed using (ANOVA) to analyze the difference between treatments. A significant difference was identified between treatments, by using Duncan’s test for multiple comparisons. The results of this study indicated that hens subject to feed withdrawal treatment showed a significant (p < 0.05) percentage of body weight loss compared to those in the feed with aluminum (2.5g/kg). We did not find significant (p>0.05) differences in hens performance for all treatments in the post molt for 56 days. Our data showed hens had significantly lower (p < 0.05) in hen day egg production when compared with other treatments after molting, also, the egg weight showed no significant differences between treatments. The results showed a significant (p<0.05) difference in albumin and globulin between molt methods. Our experiment indicated that aluminum sulfate (2.5 g/kg) and feed withdrawal represent a viable alternative to the molting method for the successful induction of molting and retention of post molt performance.
Dimensionality reduction and clustering of time series for anomaly detection in a supermarket heating system

A timely identification of an anomalous functioning of the energy system of an industrial building would increase the efficiency and the resilience of the energy infrastructure, beside reducing the economic wastage. This work has been inspired by the need of identifying, for a series of supermarket buildings in Switzerland, the failures happening in their heating systems across the years in an unsupervised and easy-to-visualize fashion for the building managers. The lack of any a-priori label differentiating between typical and anomalous behaviors calls for the usage of unsupervised machine learning methods to extract the relevant features to describe the system operations, to reduce the dimension of the feature space, and to cluster together similar patterns of operations. The method is validated on a standard supermarket building, where it successfully discriminates winter and summer operations from periods of refurbishment or malfunctioning of the heating system.
Effects of Soy Sauce and Some Other Additives on Lipid Oxidation and Its Related Properties of Minced Beef Meat During Cold Storage

This study was designed to investigate the effects of soy sauce and some other antioxidants on some of important meat and meat products properties in cold storage conditions. Five treatment were demanded. Control group without any kind of adding. NaCl treatment with adding 10% NaCl solution. SS treatment with adding 10% soy sauce solution. NaCl+SS treatment with adding 5% NaCl+5%soy sauce solutions. And the last SS+Asc treatment with adding 10% soy sauce solution+0.05% ascorbic acid. samples in all treatment divided to groups and been exposed to five storage period (0,3,6,9,12) days at 4oc. to study the effect of treatments and storage periods on twelve properties (pH, WHC, Drip loss, Mb concentrations, TVN, TBA, P.V, FFAs, moisture percentage, protein percentage, fat percentage and ash percentage). The results showed a benefit in all studied properties related with using soy sauce with or without ascorbic acid. These natural antioxidant material may be considered as an effective natural antioxidants and good replacement instead of synthetic types.
A New Dynamical Model of Linear Induction Machines

Abstract In this article, a new dynamical model of linear induction machine including end effect is introduced. Given a special coils configuration in the conventional induction machine, a two-stack rotary induction machine with three-phase stator and compensator windings are recommended. Using the finite-element method, the two-stack rotary induction machine and real linear induction machine are analyzed, and the results show that both have the same magnetic flux in the air gap. To illustrate dynamical model of linear induction machine with end effect, the winding function method is used for the two-stack rotary induction machine with a compensator winding. Also, experimental results for an air gap magnetic field and three-phase currents in a disk-type linear induction machine are compared with the introduced model. The results show that the introduced model can dynamically represent the end effect of the linear induction machine.
Design, fabrication and testing of a micromachined integrated tunable microlens

An integrated tunable microlens chip capable of adjusting its focal length over a wide range without any mechanical driving parts is reported in this paper. The packaged microlens chip consists of a flexible polymer lens, a fluidic chamber, a thermal actuator and a sensor. The focal length change is controlled by varying the voltage applied to the thermal actuator. The focal length can be changed from 14.658 mm to 2.782 mm, which corresponds to the change of numerical aperture from 0.078 to 0.412. The tunable microlens chip is a critical device to increase the efficiency of the image capture and the light detection in optical or biophotonic applications. Potential applications include camera phones, surveillance cameras, disk recording systems, collimators, optical sensing systems, confocal imaging systems and optical communications.
Progress in the detection and quantification of collagens: a review

Collagens are an important and ubiquitous family of proteins. They have many functions in the human body and similarly have found numerous, potent applications in various industries including the manufacture of biomaterials. The ever-increasing demand for collagen has made necessary the exploration of alternative sources such as bacterial collagen-like proteins which have a triple-helical domain of Gly-X-Y amino acid repeats. Detection and quantification of native collagens have been well-established. However, collagen-like proteins differ in their composition and do not have the unique abundance of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine found in vertebrate collagens. Thus, this poses a problem in the detection and quantification of collagen-like proteins. This paper evaluates reports on the detection and quantification of collagens and collagen-like proteins. A systematic search of the PubMed database was conducted in May 2021, to which five additional papers were added. The 310 unique search results were then subjected to a screening and elimination process, at the end of which 22 papers were included in the study. The findings were summarized and presented in a table that highlights progress in this field. While novel methods have been developed for the detection and quantitation of collagens in general, mainly using enzyme digestion, hybridization, and fluorescence, there is a need for a rapid, one-step method that selectively and sensitively detects and quantitates collagen and collagen-like protein samples with ease.
A New LCA Method Based on Multi-Scenarios Coexistence

Because of the simplification for scenario choices and few reflections of space-time characters, product designers or police makers can’t reference effectively the results of LCA. This paper proposed a new LCA method for design scheme based on multi-scenarios coexistence. First, various life-cycle scenarios of product are summarized and the common attributes are extracted to generate the scenario model. Second, the choice matrix of multi-scenarios is founded based on product statistic. And the probabilities of scenarios calculated from the choice matrix are used to gather together the environmental impacts of multi-scenarios in proportion. Third, the inventory data are collected as per scenario including pollution emissions and character information. The later are used to generate personnel, spatial and temporal factors which reflect the diversity of environmental impacts in different scenarios. Finally, the related issues are discussed including matters needing attention in practical application and what need to research in future.
N ov 2 02 1 Structure , energetics , and optical properties of rare-earth defects in ZnS

Atomic and electronic structure, energetics, and optical properties of rare-earth (RE) defects in zincblende zinc sulfide (ZnS) are investigated using hybrid density-functional defect calculations. We find that europium (Eu) is stable predominantly as the divalent Eu ion in bulk ZnS. The trivalent Eu is structurally and electronically stable, but energetically unfavorable due to the presence of low-energy native defects and Eu-related defect complexes. Other RE dopants, dysprosium (Dy) and erbium (Er), are stable only as Dy and Er, respectively. These results provide an explanation why it is difficult to realize Eu in bulk ZnS. A non-negligible Eu/Eu ratio might be achieved with Li co-doping under S-rich synthesis conditions. Optically, Eu-related defects can act as carrier traps for band-to-defect transitions and emit light in the visible range. For comparison, we also report band-to-defect luminescence involving native defects (Zn vacancy) and/or non-RE impurities (Cu, Cl, and Al), some of which may be present in Eu-doped ZnS samples, and assign luminescence centers often observed in experiments to specific defect configurations.
Terahertz Water Masers. II. Further SOFIA/GREAT Detections Toward Circumstellar Outflows, and a Multitransition Analysis

Following up on our discovery of terahertz water masers, reported in 2017, we report two further detections of water maser emission at frequencies above 1 THz. Using the GREAT instrument on SOFIA, we have detected emission in the 1.296411 THz 827 − 734 transition of water toward two additional oxygen-rich evolved stars, omicron Ceti (Mira) and R Crateris, and obtained an upper limit on the 1.296 THz line emission from U Orionis. Toward these three sources, and toward the red supergiant star VY Canis Majorae from which 1.296 THz line emission was reported previously, we have also observed several lower-frequency (sub)millimeter water maser transitions using the APEX 12 m telescope along with the 22 GHz transition using the Effelsberg 100 m telescope. We have used a simple model to analyze the multitransition data thereby obtained. Adopting, as a prior, independent literature estimates of the mass-loss rates in these four sources and in W Hydrae, we infer water abundances in a remarkably narrow range: n(H2O)/n(H2) = 1.4–2.5 × 10−4. For o Cet, VY CMa, and W Hya, the model is successful in predicting the maser line fluxes to within a typical factor ∼1.6–3. For R Crt and U Ori, the model is less successful, with typical line flux predictions lying an order of magnitude above or below the observations; such discrepancies are perhaps unsurprising given the exponential nature of maser amplification.
Scattering in the Ising model with the quantum Lanczos algorithm

Time evolution and scattering simulation in phenomenological models are of great interest for testing and validating the potential for near-term quantum computers to simulate quantum field theories. Here, we simulate one-particle propagation and two-particle scattering in the one-dimensional transverse Ising model for 3 and 4 spatial sites with periodic boundary conditions on a quantum computer. We use the quantum Lanczos algorithm to obtain all energy levels and corresponding eigenstates of the system. We simplify the quantum computation by taking advantage of the symmetries of the system. These results enable us to compute one- and two-particle transition amplitudes, particle numbers for spatial sites, and the transverse magnetization as functions of time. The quantum circuits were executed on various IBM Q superconducting hardware. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the values obtained using exact diagonalization.
Virtual prediction of antiviral potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) bioactive compounds against spike and mpro of SARS-cov2 protein

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a human disease caused by SARS-CoV2 becomes a serious health threat after infected more than 6 million people globally. The virus enters the host cell through an S protein on its surface and begins its life cycle with the help of a key protein, MPro. On the other hand, several bioactive from Ginger have been reported for their antiviral properties, but few studies related to COVID-19. This study aims to evaluate the potential of a few bioactive compounds from Ginger as anti-SARS-CoV2. Gingerenone A, gingerol, geraniol, shogaol, zingiberene, zingiberenol, and zingerone were used as ligand to be docked with S protein and MPro. Drug-likeness properties also evaluated using SwissADME. Gingerenone A constantly gave the lowest binding energy compared to others both with S or MPro. However, gingerol, geraniol, shogaol, zingiberene, zingiberenol, and zingerone could interact with key residues responsible for MPro catalytic domain, while geraniol, shogaol, zingiberene, zingiberenol, and zingerone could interfere S-ACE2 binding shape and increase its binding energy. The drug-likeness analysis also revealed that all of the analyzed compounds have no violation of Lipinski’s Rule of 5. In conclusion, gingerol, geraniol, shogaol, zingiberene, zingiberenol, and zingerone from Ginger have good potential as antiviral agents with good oral bioavailability and flexibility
Production of bottomonium-like Zb states in e-h and ultraperipheral h-h collisions

The photoproduction of the bottomonium-like states and via scattering is studied within an effective Lagrangian approach and the vector-meson-dominance model. The Regge model is employed to calculate the photoproduction of states via the t-channel with exchange. The numerical results show that the values of the total cross-sections of and can reach 0.09 nb and 0.02 nb, respectively, near the center-of-mass energy of 22 GeV. Experimental measurements and studies of the photoproduction of states near the energy region around GeV are suggested. Moreover, with the help of eSTARlight and STARlight programs, we have obtained the cross-sections and numbers of events for production in electron-ion collisions (EIC) and ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs). The results show that a considerable number of events can be produced in the relevant experiments on EICs and UPCs. We have also calculated the rates and kinematic distributions for in and collisions via EICs and UPCs. The results will provide an important reference for the RHIC, LHC, EIC-US, LHeC, and FCC experiments in searching for bottomonium-like states.
Uncertainty in maritime risk analysis: Extended case study on chemical tanker collisions

Uncertainty is inherent to risk analysis. Therefore, it is extremely important to properly address the issue of uncertainty. In the field of risk analysis for maritime transportation systems, the effect of uncertainty is rarely discussed or quantified. For this reason, this article discusses a case study dealing with risk analysis for a chemical spill in the Gulf of Finland and analyses the related uncertainties by adopting a systematic framework. Risk is assessed in terms of the expected spill frequency and spill volumes caused by collisions between ships and chemical tankers in the Gulf of Finland. This is done by applying a collision consequence with a novel approach-to-collision-speed linkage model and Gulf of Finland–specific causation factors, which are based on reanalysing accident data. This article also presents a metamodel for assessing collision probability with initial vessel speeds for any given scenario where a chemical tanker is about to be struck by another vessel. Even when conducting a risk analysis using state-of-the-art methods, there is still a medium-high degree of uncertainty in the model presented in this article, which only becomes apparent when conducting a systematic uncertainty assessment analysis. However, an uncertainty assessment is an important part of quantitative maritime risk analysis. For this purpose, a qualitative framework for uncertainty assessment analysis is introduced for general use in the field of maritime risk analysis.
A New Identity Card for the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6440 from Resolved Star Counts

We present a new identity card for the cluster NGC 6440 in the Galactic Bulge. We have used a combination of high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope images, wide-field ground-based observations performed with the ESO-FORS2, and the public survey catalog Pan-STARRS to determine the gravitational center, projected density profile, and structural parameters of this globular from resolved star counts. The new determination of the cluster center differs by ∼2″ (corresponding to 0.08 pc) from the previous estimate, which was based on the surface brightness peak. The star density profile, extending out to 700″ from the center and suitably decontaminated from the Galactic field contribution, is best fit by a King model with a significantly higher concentration (c = 1.86 ± 0.06) and smaller core radius (r c = 6.″4 ± 0.″3) with respect to the literature values. By taking advantage of high-quality optical and near-IR color–magnitude diagrams, we also estimated the cluster age, distance, and reddening. The luminosity of the red giant branch bump was also determined. This study indicates that the extinction coefficient in the bulge in the direction of the cluster has a value (R V = 2.7) that is significantly lower than that traditionally used for the Galaxy (R V = 3.1). The corresponding best-fit values of the age, distance, and color excess of NGC 6440 are 13 Gyr, 8.3 kpc, and E(B − V) ∼ 1.27. These new determinations also allowed us to update the values of the central (t rc = 2.5 107 yr) and half-mass (t rh = 109 yr) relaxation times, suggesting that NGC 6440 is in a dynamically evolved stage.
Thermal modeling and experimentation to determine maximum power capability of SCR's and thyristors

This paper develops and explores a new thyristor thermal model that accounts for the temperature-dependent nature of the device material and construction. The model iteratively calculates temperature rise of a thyristor under arbitrary pulse conditions. The model is then correlated to an experiment that places a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) in a controlled test circuit at room and cryogenic temperatures. The knowledge gained from the thermal model and correlative experiment will allow the circuit designer to maximize thyristor capability in pulsed power applications. The increased power capability of operating a thyristor at cryogenic temperature is also examined.