Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A POLLEN DIAGRAM FROM ST KILDA, OUTER HEBRIDES, SCOTLAND

Summary Pollen-stratigraphic data supported by four radiocarbon dates are presented from a site on Hirta in the St Kilda archipelago, western Scotland. The pollen spectra in the basal sediments reflect an open tundra environment and are considered to be of Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial age. Although no evidence of early Flandrian vegetation is preserved in the stratigraphy, the middle and upper levels of the profile contain a record of landscape changes throughout the middle and late Flandrian. During the period from about 6000 B.P. to the present, wood and scrub cover on the island was minimal and the vegetation consisted of a mosaic of grassland and heathland communities. Changes in the composition of the vegetation, involving in particular the role of maritime plant communities, are discussed principally in terms of regional climatic changes in the north-west Atlantic province.
Light Interception, Reserve Status, and Persistence of Clipped Mott Elephantgrass Swards

Defoliation management is an important determinant of persistence of perennial forages. Persistence and related responses of 'Mott' elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) have not been studied under a wide range of defoliation management practices. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation frequency and stubble height on Mott canopy light interception, rhizome mass and reserve status at season end, tiller number in spring, and persistence. Treatments imposed in 1989 through 1991 included all 16 treatment combinations of four defoliation heights (10-, 22-, 34-, and 46-cm stubble) and four defoliation frequencies (3, 6, 9, and 12 wk). Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized block design, and the soil was a hyperthermic, uncoated Aquic Quartzipsamment. Data were analyzed by fitting multiple regression equations starting with a second order polynomial model. Light interception after harvest ranged from 11 to 60% and was affected only by defoliation height. Light interception increased as defoliation height increased, but at a decreasing rate. Light interception before harvest ranged from 52 to 96% and was lowest for the 3-wk defoliation frequency, 10-cm stubble height treatment. In December following 2 yr of defoliation, rhizome total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNC) ranged from 135 to 271 g kg -1 dry matter (DM), rhizome mass ranged from 24 to 733 g DM m -2 , rhizome TNC content was from nearly 0 to 197 g TNC m -2 , and rhizome N concentration was from 10.9 to 14.2 g kg -1 DM. Plants defoliated every 3 wk at a 10-cm stubble height had the lowest rhizome mass, TNC concentration and content, and N concentration, while values were greatest for those defoliated every 12 wk at a 46-cm defoliation height. Number of tillers per plant in May of 1990 and 1991 followed a similar trend. We conclude that Mott elephantgrass is persistent over a relatively wide range of clipping management practices, but close and frequent defoliation results in depletion of reserves and stand decline.
Congracilaria babae gen. et sp. nov. (Gracilariaceae), an Adelphoparasite Growing on Gracilaria salicornia of Japan

A red alga, Congracilaria babae was found parasitic on Gracilaria salirorm·a from Okinoerabu Island, Kagoshima PreL, southern Japan , and is described as a new species in a new genus of Gracilariaceae. The new species is characterized by having no rhizoids and by having vegetative structure and reproductive organs closely related to those of t.he host plant. Bisporangia are the suggested asexual reproductive organs inst.end of tetrasporangia. Many accounts on parasitic red algae have been published over more than 100 years. Recently Goff (1982) summarized them and listed 101 species in 57 genera. More species continue to be added (Yoneshigue and Oliveira, 1984; Bula-Meyer, 1985). The parasitic species are divided broadly into two categories, adelphoparasites and alloparasites, on the basis of the degree of the taxonomic affinity with their hosts. Adelphoparasites are very closely related to their hosts, and about 80% of all parasites are assigned to this group (Goff, 1982). Of all these adelphoparasites, only six species and one variety have been reported in Gracilariaceae until now (Table 1). In this paper, a new adelphoparasit ic red alga which grows on Gracilaria salicomia (C. Agardh) Dawson is described. Materials and methods The specimens of the new species were collected in tide pools at the two sites on Okinoerabu Island, southern Japan, and were immediately fixed with ca 10% formalin seawater and preserved in it. Sections for microscopic observation were made with a freezing microtome, and the squash method was also employed for the observation of carpogonial branches and early developmental stages of cystocarps. The materials sectioned or squashed were stained with dilute methylene blue or aniline blue (less than 1%) for tissue observation and with Wittmann's solution (Wittmann, 1965) for nuclei, and mounted in glycerine to which phenol hdd been added. The dried and liquid-preserved specimens have been deposited in the herbarium of the Laboratory of Marine Botany, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Contribution No. 43 from the Umjin H"sheries Laboratory , Faculty of Fisheries , Hokkaido University I jtiiOi1\**lK"*llIIElOClK"'J! I\ffl",m~1 43 '51 Usujiri Fisheries Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries , Hokkaido University I U.i1\**lK . *llIIEIOClK"'J! I\ffll
Morphology and biology of Laetmonice producta producta Grube (Polychaeta: Aphroditidae) in the Bellingshausen Sea and Antarctic Peninsula (Southern Ocean, Antarctica)

Abstract The present paper reports on some morphological and biological features of the scale-worm Laetmonice producta producta Grube, 1877 (Polychaeta: Aphroditidae) in the northwestern sector of Antarctica. A total of 114 specimens were collected during the 2003 and 2006 cruises of the BENTART project on the shelf and upper slope of the Antarctic Peninsula and the Bellingshausen Sea. Specimens were collected using an Agassiz trawl at 22 stations covering a depth ranging from 115 to 1431 m. Bathymetric distribution, abundance and sizes, diet, presence of endosymbionts and epibionts, and some observations related to parapodial structure and chaetal types are discussed in relation to taxonomy and environmental characteristics and compared to previous data.
The Evolutionary Genetics of Seed Shattering and Flowering Time, Two Weed Adaptive Traits in US Weedy Rice

vi LIST OF TABLES . xii LIST OF FIGURES . xiii CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF DISSERTATION TOPIC . 1 1.1 Parallel Evolution.1 1.2 Oryza as a Model System . 3 1.3 Evolution of Weedy Rice . 5 1.4 Definition of Weedy Traits . 6 1.5 Questions of Interest . 9 2. MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF SHATTERING LOCI IN UNITED STATES WEEDY RICE . 12 2.
ELF MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PHOSPHOLIPID FRACTION AND REPRODUCTION OF RATS' TESTES

In this study, we investigated how rat reproductive cells, testosterone, and the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of rats' testis cells are affected by extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF). The change in fatty acid composition of the membrane phospholipid fraction can be the mechanism for this effect. We used a total of 26 male Wistar Albino rats, 14 experimental, and 12 controls. The experimental group rats were exposed to a magnetic field (0.8 mT) for 5 weeks, 3 hr per day. The control group rats were kept between inactive coils. After 5 weeks, the testis tissues and sperm cells of all rats were histopathologically investigated and sperm counts determined. Epididymal sperm count did not change compared to the control group (p>.05). Besides this, amorphous head, banana-like head, hammer head, coiled tail, abnormal mid-piece and tail, multiple, and cytoplasmic-droplet type cell numbers did not change in either group (p>.05). However, a statistical difference was found between the control and experimental groups with respect to head with lack of hook and isolated head type sperm (p<.05). In addition, testosterone levels were also found to be altered (p<.05). In the histopathologic investigation of testis tissue, decreased spermatogenesis in some seminiferous tubules, congestion in blood vessels of the interstitium, and increases in interstitial edema and Sertoli cells were observed. Leydig cells were found to be normal in appearance. The fatty acid of the testis cell membrane phospholipids was decreased in the experimental group with respect to the control group.
WOOD BIOCHEMICALS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HEALTH FOCUS ON HEMICELLULOSE, STILBENOIDS AND LIGNANS

3 Lauri Polari: WOOD BIOCHEMICALS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HEALTH. FOCUS ON HEMICELLULOSE, STILBENOIDS AND LIGNANS University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, Functional Foods Forum, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Medica-Odontologica, 2015
Camu-camu: um fruto fantástico como fonte de vitamina C1

Analisou-se o teor de vitamina C em tres acessos de camu-camu coletados na regiao leste do Estado de Roraima, sendo um no rio Mau, e outros dois (uma planta isolada e outra populacao) no rio Urubu, ambos afluentes do rio Tacutu. Para a determinacao de acido ascorbico utilizou-se HPLC. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que os frutos coletados de uma planta individual situada no rio Urubu apresentaram as maiores concentracoes de acido ascorbico 6112±137,5 mg em 100g (polpa). As populacoes de camu-camu oriundas dos rios Urubu e Mau apresentaram concentracoes de acido ascorbico na ordem de 5737±236,1 mg (polpa+casca) e 3571±12,0 mg (polpa) respectivamente. Esse achado inedito demonstra a necessidade de mais estudos, considerando a variabilidade genetica do camu-camu e o potencial nutricional como fonte de vitamina C.
Quantifying how short‐term environmental variation leads to long‐term demographic responses to climate change

Climate change is expected to alter not only year‐to‐year variation in climate but also aspects of within‐year variation, such as the length of the intervals between rainfall events and the duration of heat waves. Yet we still have a poor understanding of how intra‐annual climate variability and individual weather events alter key vital rates (e.g. individual growth, reproduction and survival) that in part determine population dynamics. Traditionally, ecologists have accounted for this variability across long time periods by attempting to correlate annual vital rates with measures of within‐year variability (e.g. the coefficient of variation) to match the scale at which demographic data are collected. An alternative to this aggregate approach is to use within‐season yet still relatively infrequent censuses in a probabilistic framework to determine the most likely way that vital rates respond to shorter‐term variation in the environment, and how these short‐term changes cumulatively lead to the observed yearly vital rates. Here, I present an approach for inferring daily responses of vital rates to short‐term weather variability, and apply it to understand how five species of summer annual plants in the Chihuahuan Desert will respond to climate change. Vital rate models reveal that species differ in their responses to above‐ and below‐average conditions, but generally fall into two life histories: (i) species that have fast growth on favourable days, but also experience higher mortality on less favourable days, and (ii) species that have slower growth in the same conditions but lower mortality. Results show that the expected rainfall changes in the Chihuahuan Desert (more late, cool season rainfall and less frequent, more intense rainfall events) could reduce growth and increase mortality of all summer annual plants. Synthesis. My study shows that vital rates can change in response to short‐term variability even when the total amount of rainfall and average temperature, common covariates in demographic models, remain constant. Accounting for changes in short‐term environmental variation in climate change predictions will likely be important in systems with considerable environmental variation between censuses. The approach I present here can be widely applied to understand how short‐term variability and individual weather events will alter organism responses to climate change.
Gene silencing goes viral and uncovers the private life of plants

To understand how genes influence plant responses to the environment, it is important to have appropriate tools for studying gene function. This may be a challenge for non‐model plant species or plants that are recalcitrant to genetic transformation. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been established as a convenient, rapid, and efficient method for reverse genetics in a wide range of plant species ranging from non‐model dicot plants to cereal crop plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing is not limited to the green parts of a plant; genes can also be efficiently silenced in roots and reproductive organs. As it is established during later developmental stages, it avoids the problem of embryo‐ or seedling lethality, which may impede the investigation of some null mutants or transgenic knock‐out plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing can be designed to target specific members of a gene family, or to co‐silence paralogous genes, and it has been adapted for high‐throughput analysis. Virus‐induced gene silencing has frequently been used to study plant–pathogen interactions and plant development. This review emphasizes the great potential of VIGS for the study of plant–arthropod interactions, ranging from plant–herbivore and plant–pollinator interactions to behavioral animal responses to plants. In spite of this potential, VIGS has not often been adopted by entomologists and plant scientists who study plant–arthropod interactions. We also provide practical considerations for developing or adopting a VIGS system.
Trophic mediation by a fungus in an ant–plant mutualism

1. Plants often rely on external, mutualistic partners to survive and reproduce in resource‐limited environments or for protection from enemies. Such interactions, including mycorrhizal symbioses and ant–plant associations, are widespread and play an important role at the ecosystem and community levels. In ant–plant mutualisms, the plants may benefit from both the protection provided by the presence of ants and from the nutrients absorbed from insect debris. However, the role of third partners in plant nutrition, particularly ant‐associated fungi, has never before been demonstrated.
Effect of Roots Pruning upon the Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees in High Density Orchards

The influence of roots cutting on growth and fruiting of five apple cultivars â€˜Galaâ€™, â€˜Jonicaâ€™,â€˜Topazâ€™, â€˜Florinaâ€™, â€˜Granny Smithâ€™), under the climatic conditions of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in 2009-2010, was studied. The trees were grafted on M9 rootstocks, trained as slender spindle and the orchardhad a density of 3174 trees/ha. Roots were cut twice annually, at 60 cm distance from the trunk and 30cm depth, as followed: first time, to the autumn fall leaves on one side of the row and the second time,in spring, at blooming time. The treatments had a strong influence, statistically assured, upon the shootgrowth, number of bearing branches, cumulative yield, trunk cross sectional area, the ratio of the yieldto a trunk cross-section. Root pruning reduced the average length of shoots. The longest shoots, inmean values, gave unpruned root variant (52.07 cm). Root pruning decrease the average length ofannual growth (29.47 cm). The biggest average trunks cross sectional area with the unpruned systemwere obtained (34.82 cm2). Also root pruning influenced the yield of the trees. The best cumulativeyield was obtained in variant of root pruning system (98.75 t/ha) followed by unpruned root system(97.8 t/ha). Finally, root pruning increased productivity. The biggest value in â€˜Topazâ€™ with root prunedwas registered (1.79 kg/cm2). The lowest value of productivity index in unpruned system variant wasobtained.
Energy density and its variation in space limit species richness of boreal forest birds

Aim An area’s ability to support species may be dependent not only on the total amount of available energy it contains but also on energy density (i.e. available energy per unit area). Acknowledging these two aspects of energy availability may increase mechanistic understanding of how increased energy availability results in increased species richness. We studied the relationship between energy density, its variation in space and boreal forest bird species richness and investigated two possible mechanisms: (1) metabolic constraints of organisms, and (2) increased resource availability for specialists.
Curative treatments trialed on young grapevines infected with Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

Internal symptoms of Petri disease include brown wood-streaking and an abnormally dark pith, caused by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch). This paper reports on the effect of eight fungicides and a hot water treatment on naturally infected one-year-old Pinot Noir rootlings in a glasshouse trial. Vines were destructively assessed 22 weeks after planting. All treatments significantly reduced the incidence of dark pith. Phosphonate treatment was the most effective and benzothiodiazole was the least effective treatment with respect to controlling Pch. These results will contribute to the development of an integrated management program for grapevine propagating material.
Morphology of the Late Cretaceous Crocodylomorph Shamosuchus djadochtaensis and a Discussion of Neosuchian Phylogeny as Related to the Origin of Eusuchia

Abstract We describe a new specimen of the fossil crocodyliform taxon Shamosuchus djadochtaensis from the Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation. The new specimen consists of an almost complete skull found in association with postcranial material. Because it is considerably more complete than the holotype, the new specimen permits proper diagnosis of Shamosuchus djadochtaensis and offers new information for exploring its phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analysis conducted here improves taxon sampling of neosuchian crocodyliforms with respect to previous approaches to crocodyliform systematics and reveals that Shamosuchus djadochtaensis bears important information toward an understanding of the relationships of advanced neosuchians and the evolutionary origin of Eusuchia. Shamosuchus djadochtaensis is found to be the sister group of Rugosuchus nonganensis, comprising an Asian clade diagnosed by the presence of a sagittal ridge on the dorsal surface of the frontal, confluent openings for the exit of cranial nerves IX–XI, a posterior region of the palatine bar between suborbital fenestra that is flared posteriorly, and a longitudinal ridge on the lateral surface of the angular. This clade is inferred to be the sister group of Eusuchia, to the exclusion of Bernissartia fagesii and the Glen Rose form, based on the absence of an acute anterior tip of the frontal that wedges between the nasals, the presence of rodlike neural spines in the posterior cervical vertebrae, procoelous cervical vertebrae, and the presence of hypapophyses in the three anteriormost dorsal vertebrae. Incorporating the new information into the phylogenetic analysis indicates the decoupled nature of the evolutionary history of procoely in different regions of the vertebral column and the eusuchian type of palate, both traditionally considered as diagnostic of Eusuchia. All these features have complex evolutionary histories with several cases of convergences and reversals. Finally, a review of all the available evidence on the diversity of advanced neosuchians suggests this group achieved a worldwide distribution and a remarkable morphological diversity, pushing their evolutionary origins back to the Jurassic.
Phylogenetic Intrarelationships of Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida Isolated in Japan as Determined by 16S rDNA Sequencing

Based on the nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA, Japanese isolates of atypicalAeromonas salmonicidafrom different fish species can be divided into four groups; isolates from each species of fish (including fish reared in similar culture conditions) always belonged to the same group. Isolates from goldfishCarassius auratushad sequences identical to those from goldfish in the USA and formed the first group. Isolates from Japanese eelAnguilla japonica and marine fishes (greenlingHexagrammos otakii, Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceus, shotted halibutEopsetta grigorjewi and Schlegel's black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli) formed the second group, and had identical sequences with those ofA. salmonicidasubsp.achromogenes JCM7875T, A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida JCM7873TandA. salmonicida subsp. smithia ATCC49393T. The third and fourth groups composed of isolates from coloured carpCyprinus carpioand common carpC. carpio, respectively. This indicates that the expansion of ulcerative disease in recent years is caused by strains which have phyletic lines different from goldfish isolates.
Activity patterns and temporal avoidance by prey in response to Sunda clouded leopard predation risk

Little is known about the activity patterns of Bornean ungulates, or the temporal interactions of these species with the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi. In this study, we use photographic capture data to quantify the activity patterns for the Sunda clouded leopard and six potential prey species: bearded pig Sus barbatus, Bornean yellow muntjac Muntiacus atherodes, red muntjac Muntiacusmuntjak, lesser mouse deer Tragulus kanchil, greater mouse deer Tragulusnapu, and sambar deer Rusa unicolor, and to calculate the overlap in activity patterns between these species. This is the first insight into the temporal interactions between the Sunda clouded leopard and its potential prey. Sunda clouded leopards' activity patterns overlapped most with those of sambar deer and greater mouse deer. In the absence of clouded leopards, we report a significant difference in activity patterns for bearded pigs which show greater nocturnal activity in the absence of this predator. This suggests that bearded pigs may be prey species for clouded leopards and they are capable of altering their activity pattern in response to this risk. © 2013 The Zoological Society of London.