Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comment on "Minimally Invasive Versus Open Distal Pancreatectomy (LEOPARD)".

2. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). Integrated Academic Training Programme. Available at: https://www.nihr. ac.uk/our-research-community/NIHR-academy/nihr-training-programmes/integrated-academic-training-programme/. Accessed March 26, 2019. 3. UK Clinical Research Collaboration. Medicallyand Dentally-Qualified Academic Staff: Recommendations for Training the Researchers and Educators of the Future. London: Modernising Medical Careers; 2005. 4. Fenton J, Neilson J, Harris-Joseph H, et al. What impact has the NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship (ACF) scheme had on clinical academic careers in England over the last 10 years? A retrospective study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e015722. 5. Wellcome Trust. Wellcome Trust clinical career tracker results of wave 3 (2013). 2014. 6. Medical Research Council (MRC), Academy of Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). A cross-funder review of early-career clinical academics: enablers and barriers to progression. 2015. 7. Blencowe NS, Glasbey JC, McElnay PJ, et al. Integrated surgical academic training in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Postgrad Med J. 2017;93: 581–586. 8. Kubiak N, Guidot D, Trimm R, et al. Recruitment and retention in academic medicine—what junior faculty and trainees want department chairs to know. Am J Med Sci. 2012;344:24–27.
Improved Central Nervous System Symptoms in People with HIV without Objective Neuropsychiatric Complaints Switching from Efavirenz to Rilpivirine Containing cART

Objective: Occult central nervous system (CNS) symptoms not recognized by people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving efavirenz or their clinicians could occur and impact people’s quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine whether CNS parameters improve in PLWH when switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine. Methods: PLWH receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, efavirenz (Atripla™) with undetectable HIV RNA, and no CNS symptoms were switched cART to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, rilpivirine (Eviplera™). CNS parameters including sleep, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were evaluated using patient-reported outcome measures at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after switching therapy. A median CNS score was derived from the sum of CNS toxicities of all the grades collected in the study questionnaires. Cognitive function was assessed using a computerized test battery. Results: Of 41 participants, median age was 47 years, Interquartile range (IQR) 31, 92% were male and 80% were of white ethnicity. A significant reduction in total CNS score (10 to 7) was observed at 4 weeks (p = 0.028), but not thereafter. Significant improvements in sleep and anxiety were observed 4, 12 and 24 weeks after switching therapy (p < 0.05). No significant change in global cognitive scores was observed. Conclusions: Switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine based regimens in virologically suppressed PLWH without perceived CNS symptoms was well tolerated and slightly improved overall CNS symptoms.
Ancestral reconstruction reveals mechanisms of ERK regulatory evolution

Protein kinases are crucial to coordinate cellular decisions and therefore their activities are strictly regulated. Previously we used ancestral reconstruction to determine how CMGC group kinase specificity evolved (Howard et al., 2014). In the present study, we reconstructed ancestral kinases to study the evolution of regulation, from the inferred ancestor of CDKs and MAPKs, to modern ERKs. Kinases switched from high to low autophosphorylation activity at the transition to the inferred ancestor of ERKs 1 and 2. Two synergistic amino acid changes were sufficient to induce this change: shortening of the β3-αC loop and mutation of the gatekeeper residue. Restoring these two mutations to their inferred ancestral state led to a loss of dependence of modern ERKs 1 and 2 on the upstream activating kinase MEK in human cells. Our results shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms that led to the tight regulation of a kinase that is central in development and disease.
An Empirical Study on the Influence Path of Environmental Risk Perception on Behavioral Responses In China

In recent years, the outbreak of numerous environmental risk incidents aroused widespread public concern about the amplification mechanism of environmental risk in China. However, few studies have investigated the influence path of environmental risk perception on behavioral responses in Chinese context from a micro perspective. In this article, we develop a multidimensional path model from environmental risk perception to behavioral responses, which aims to investigate how the public’s environmental risk perception influence its different behavioral responses, including environmental radical behavior, environmental concern behavior and environmental protection behavior. A survey data from Chinese General Social Survey 2013 (CGSS2013), was used to test the model, including questions related to information channel (e.g., media use, interpersonal network), cognitive evaluation (e.g., environmental value, public’s evaluation of environmental governance) and environmental knowledge. The results indicate that both information channel factors and cognitive evaluation factors can significantly influence the progress that from environmental risk perception to behavioral responses, of which both media use and environmental value play the amplification role in the transform process, while interpersonal network and public’s evaluation of environmental governance would inhibit public’s risk perception transforming into environmental behavior. Besides, environmental knowledge displays a key bridge role between information channel factors and cognitive evaluation factors. This research findings also demonstrated the evolution paths of three environmental behaviors under the same level of risk perception, namely, risk transformation and diffusion, risk perception enhancement and risk attenuation respectively.
Potassium Transporter LrKUP8 Is Essential for K+ Preservation in Lycium ruthenicum, A Salt-Resistant Desert Shrub

Salt stress is a major constraint for many crops and trees. A wild species of Goji named Lycium ruthenicum is an important economic halophyte in China and has an extremely high tolerance to salinity. L. ruthenicum grows in saline soil and is known as a potash-rich species. However, its salt adaptation strategies and ion balance mechanism remains poorly understood. Potassium (K+) is one of the essential macronutrients for plant growth and development. In this study, a putative salt stress-responsive gene encoding a HAK (high-affinity K+)/KUP (K+ uptake)/KT (K+ transporter) transporter was cloned and designated as LrKUP8. This gene belongs to the cluster II group of the KT/HAK/KUP family. The expression of LrKUP8 was strongly induced under high NaCl concentrations. The OE-LrKUP8 calli grew significantly better than the vector control calli under salt stress conditions. Further estimation by ion content and micro-electrode ion flux indicated a relative weaker K+ efflux in the OE-LrKUP8 calli than in the control. Thus, a key gene involved in K+ uptake under salt condition was functionally characterized using a newly established L. ruthenicum callus transformation system. The importance of K+ regulation in L. ruthenicum under salt tolerance was highlighted.
Risk and Outcomes of Clostridium difficile Infection With Chronic Pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with high rates of recurrent hospitalizations, which predisposes to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). We investigate the burden of CDI in CP. METHODS We identified records of patients with CP from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2012-2014 and estimated the impact of CDI on their outcomes. We calculated the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of CP on having CDI (NIS 2014). From NIS 2007-2014, we plotted the trends of CDI and its interaction with CP. RESULTS From 2012 to 2014, 886 (2.72%) of the 32,614 CP patients had concomitant CDI, which was associated with poorer outcomes: acute kidney injury (AOR, 2.57 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.11-3.13]), length of stay (13.3 vs 7.4 days), and charges (US $127,496 vs US $72,767), but not mortality (AOR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.28-3.05]). In 2014, CP was associated with an increased risk of CDI (crude odds ratio, 2.10 [95% CI, 1.95-2.26]), which persisted after multivariate adjustment (AOR, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.87-2.19]). From 2007 to 2014, the annual prevalence of CDI was 106.4 cases per 10,000 hospitalizations, increasing from 2007 (95.5/10,000) to 2014 (118.4/10,000), with a 3.7 times higher annual rate of increase among CP versus no-CP patients (13.4/10,000 vs 3.7/10,000 population/year). CONCLUSIONS Chronic pancreatitis patients have high burden of CDI and may benefit from CDI prophylaxis.
An Assembled Detector Based on Geometrical Constraint for Power Component Recognition

The intelligent inspection of power lines and other difficult-to-access structures and facilities has been greatly enhanced by the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which allow inspection in a safe, efficient, and high-quality fashion. This paper analyzes the characteristics of a scene containing power equipment and the operation mode of UAVs. A low-cost virtual scene is created, and a training sample for the power-line components is generated quickly. Taking a vibration-damper as the main object, an assembled detector based on geometrical constraint (ADGC) is proposed and is used to analyze the virtual dataset. The geometric positional relationship is used as the constraint, and the Faster Region with Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN), Deformable Part Model (DPM), and Haar cascade classifiers are combined, which allows the features of different classifiers, such as contour, shape, and texture to be fully used. By combining the characteristics of virtual data and real data using UAV images, the power components are detected by the ADGC. The result produced by the detector with relatively good performance can help expand the training set and achieve a better detection model. Moreover, this method can be smoothly transferred to other power-line facilities and other power-line scenarios.
Regulation of the firing activity by PKA‐PKC‐Src family kinases in cultured neurons of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus

The cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A family (PKAs), protein kinase C family (PKCs), and Src family kinases (SFKs) are found to play important roles in pain hypersensitivity. However, more detailed investigations are still needed in order to understand the mechanisms underlying the actions of PKAs, PKCs, and SFKs. Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) are found to be involved in the regulation of pain hypersensitivity. Here we report that the action potential (AP) firing activity of ARC neurons in culture was up‐regulated by application of the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin or the PKC activator PMA, and that the forskolin or PMA application‐induced up‐regulation of AP firing activity could be blocked by pre‐application of the SFK inhibitor PP2. SFK activation also up‐regulated the AP firing activity and this effect could be prevented by pre‐application of the inhibitors of PKCs, but not of PKAs. Furthermore, we identified that forskolin or PMA application caused increases in the phosphorylation not only in PKAs at T197 or PKCs at S660 and PKCα/βII at T638/641, but also in SFKs at Y416. The forskolin or PMA application‐induced increase in the phosphorylation of PKAs or PKCs was not affected by pre‐treatment with PP2. The regulations of the SFK and AP firing activities by PKCs were independent upon the translocation of either PKCα or PKCβII. Thus, it is demonstrated that PKAs may act as an upstream factor(s) to enhance SFKs while PKCs and SFKs interact reciprocally, and thereby up‐regulate the AP firing activity in hypothalamic ARC neurons.
Epicardial Adipose Tissue Accumulation and Essential Hypertension in Non-Obese Adults

Background and Objectives: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is shown to be an important factor in the development of coronary artery disease, but numerous pathophysiological mechanisms of its action are still only partially understood. There is a lack of studies on its association with different grades of essential hypertension (EH). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between size of EAT depots and the risk of EH taking into account its grade. Materials and Methods: Non-obese adult patients with various cardiovascular diseases were investigated: 157 of them had essential hypertension and 101 did not. Hypertensive patients were assigned to three groups according to the grade of hypertension. EAT volume and thickness on ventricular free walls (6 locations) and grooves (5 locations) were measured using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and compared between groups. A regression model for the prediction of EH was constructed. Results: In general, thickness (in all locations) and volume of EAT depots was greater among hypertensive patients than in normotensive (NORM) group. Mean EAT thickness in all 11 locations and EAT volume were lower in NORM than in grade 1 hypertension group; similarly, EAT volume was lower in grade 1 than in grade 2 hypertension group. EAT accumulation did not differ between grade 2 and severe hypertension groups. EAT volume, dyslipidaemia status, body mass index, and age were independent predictors for EH in regression model. Conclusions: EAT accumulation is larger among hypertensive than normotensive individuals. Measurement of EAT depots could be beneficial for identification of hypertensive patients and prediction of hypertension severity.
Evaluating User Engagement with a Reminiscence App Using Cross-Comparative Analysis of User Event Logs and Qualitative Data

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usage of a reminiscence app by people living with dementia and their family carers, by comparing event log data generated from app usage alongside the qualitative experience of the process. A cross-comparative analysis of electronic event logging data with qualitative interview data was conducted. Electronic event logging data were obtained for 28 participating dyads (n = 56) and the interview sample comprised 14 people living with dementia and 16 family carers (n = 30). A thematic analysis framework was used in the analysis of interview transcripts and the identification of recurrent themes. The cross-comparison of electronic event log data and qualitative data revealed 25 out of 28 dyads regularly engaged with a reminiscence app, with the analysis of usage patterns revealing four clusters classifying different levels of user engagement. The cross-comparison of data revealed that the nature of the relationship was a significant factor in ongoing user engagement. The comparative analysis of the electronic event logs as "ground truth" in combination with the qualitative lived experience can provide a deeper understanding on the usage of a reminiscence app for those living with dementia and their family carers. This work not only shows the benefits of using automated event log data mining but also shows its clear limitations without using complementary qualitative data analysis. As such, this work also provides key insights into using mixed methods for evaluating human-computer interaction technologies.
The triphenylmethane dye brilliant blue G is only moderately effective at inhibiting amyloid formation by human amylin or at disaggregating amylin amyloid fibrils, but interferes with amyloid assays; Implications for inhibitor design

The development of inhibitors of islet amyloid formation is important as pancreatic amyloid deposition contributes to type-2 diabetes and islet transplant failure. The Alzheimer’s Aβ peptide and human amylin (h-amylin), the polypeptide responsible for amyloid formation in type-2 diabetes, share common physio-chemical features and some inhibitors of Aβ also inhibit amyloid formation by h-amylin and vice versa. Thus, a popular and potentially useful strategy to find lead compounds for anti-amylin amyloid agents is to examine compounds that have effects on Aβ amyloid formation. The triphenylmethane dye, brilliant blue G (BBG, Sodium;3-[[4-[(E)-[4-(4-ethoxyanilino)phenyl]-[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]azaniumylidene]-2-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]-N-ethyl-3-methylanilino]methyl]benzenesulfonate) has been shown to modulate Aβ amyloid formation and inhibit Aβ induced toxicity. However, the effects of BBG on h-amylin have not been examined, although other triphenylmethane derivatives inhibit h-amylin amyloid formation. The compound has only a modest impact on h-amylin amyloid formation unless it is added in significant excess. BBG also remodels preformed h-amylin amyloid fibrils if added in excess, however BBG has no significant effect on h-amylin induced toxicity towards cultured β-cells or cultured CHO-T cells except at high concentrations. BBG is shown to interfere with standard thioflavin-T assays of h-amylin amyloid formation and disaggregation, highlighting the difficulty of interpreting such experiments in the absence of other measurements. BBG also interferes with ANS based assays of h-amylin amyloid formation. The work highlights the differences between inhibition of Aβ and h-amylin amyloid formation, illustrates the limitation of using Aβ inhibitors as leads for h-amylin amyloid inhibitors, and reinforces the difficulties in interpreting dye binding assays of amyloid formation.
IL-17 constrains natural killer cell activity by restraining IL-15–driven cell maturation via SOCS3

Significance IL-17A promotes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and viral infection. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. By using diverse gene-deficient mice, antibody depletion, and animal models, we show that IL-17A promotes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and viral infection by constraining NK cell antitumor and antiviral activity via inhibition of NK cell maturation. The ablation of IL-17A signaling increases terminally mature CD27−CD11b+ NK cells, whereas constitutive IL-17A signaling reduces terminally mature NK cells. IL-17A suppresses IL-15–induced phosphorylation of STAT5 via up-regulation of SOCS3 in NK cells, leading to inhibition of NK cell terminal maturation. Therefore, IL-17A acts as the checkpoint during NK cell terminal maturation, which suggests potential interventions to defend against tumors and infections. Increasing evidence demonstrates that IL-17A promotes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and viral infection. Natural killer (NK) cells are critical for defending against tumors and infections. However, the roles and mechanisms of IL-17A in regulating NK cell activity remain elusive. Herein, our study demonstrated that IL-17A constrained NK cell antitumor and antiviral activity by restraining NK cell maturation. It was observed that the development and metastasis of tumors were suppressed in IL-17A–deficient mice in the NK cell-dependent manner. In addition, the antiviral activity of NK cells was also improved in IL-17A–deficient mice. Mechanistically, ablation of IL-17A signaling promoted generation of terminally mature CD27−CD11b+ NK cells, whereas constitutive IL-17A signaling reduced terminally mature NK cells. Parabiosis or mixed bone marrow chimeras from Il17a−/−and wild-type (WT) mice could inhibit excessive generation of terminally mature NK cells induced by IL-17A deficiency. Furthermore, IL-17A desensitized NK cell responses to IL-15 and suppressed IL-15–induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) via up-regulation of SOCS3, leading to down-regulation of Blimp-1. Therefore, IL-17A acts as the checkpoint during NK cell terminal maturation, which highlights potential interventions to defend against tumors and viral infections.
Associations of Body Composition Trajectories with Bone Mineral Density, Muscle Function, Falls and Fractures in Older Men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project.

BACKGROUND Weight loss increases fracture risk in older adults. We aimed to determine associations of two-year body composition trajectories with subsequent falls and fractures in older men. METHODS We measured appendicular lean mass (ALM) and total fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and Year 2 in 1,326 community-dwelling men aged ≥70 years. Body composition trajectories were determined from residuals of a linear regression of change in ALM on change in FM (higher values indicate maintenance of ALM over FM), and a categorical variable for change in ALM and FM (did not lose [≥-5% change] vs lost [<-5% change]). Bone mineral density (BMD), hand grip strength and gait speed were assessed at Years 2 and 5. After Year 2, incident fractures (confirmed by radiographic reports) and falls were recorded for 6.8 years. RESULTS Compared with men who did not lose ALM or FM, men who did not lose ALM but lost FM, and men who lost both ALM and FM, had reduced falls (-24 and -34%, respectively; both P<0.05). Men who lost ALM but did not lose FM had increased falls (incidence rate ratio=1.73; 95%CI 1.37-2.18). ALM/FM change residuals were associated with improved lumbar spine BMD (B=0.007; 95%CI 0.002-0.012 g/cm2 per SD increase) and gait speed (0.015; 0.001-0.029 m/s), and reduced hip fractures (hazard ratio=0.68; 95%CI 0.47-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Fracture risk may be increased in older men who lose higher lean relative to fat mass. Weight loss interventions for obese older men should target maintenance of lean mass.
Mitigating Electrical-level Attacks towards Secure Multi-Tenant FPGAs in the Cloud

A rising trend is the use of multi-tenant FPGAs, particularly in cloud environments, where partial access to the hardware is given to multiple third parties. This leads to new types of attacks in FPGAs, which operate not only on the logic level, but also on the electrical level through the common power delivery network. Since FPGAs are configured from the software-side, attackers are enabled to launch hardware attacks from software, impacting the security of an entire system. In this article, we show the first attempt of a countermeasure against attacks on the electrical level, which is based on a bitstream checking methodology. Bitstreams are translated back into flat technology mapped netlists, which are then checked for properties that indicate potential malicious runtime behavior of FPGA logic. Our approach can provide a metric of potential risk of the FPGA bitstream being used in active fault or passive side-channel attacks against other users of the FPGA fabric or the entire SoC platform.
Survey of Intrusion Detection Methods Based on Data Mining Algorithms

With the development of data mining learning algorithms, such as One-class SVM, Fuzzy Clustering, K-means, Apriori and so on, they are more and more widely used in the field of security log analysis. For example, the combination of time series algorithm and association algorithm can be used to mine frequent item sets in transaction databases, and then generate association rules to discover the intrinsic relationship of security logs and find out the potential attack patterns of hackers. The combination of dimensionality reduction algorithm and clustering algorithm can speed up the distinction between normal log data and abnormal log data, and improve the efficiency. This paper discusses the latest security log analysis methods based on different data mining algorithms at home and abroad, lists the contribution and role of each research method for security analysis, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the combination of different data mining algorithms for security analysis. According to the current demand of network security research, this paper puts forward the improvement direction of combining data mining algorithm with security log in the future.