Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal temperature trends on the Yunnan Plateau (Southwest China) during 1961–2004

Monthly mean (TEM), maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) surface air temperatures at 119 meteorological stations on the Yunnan Plateau (YP, Southwest China) were analysed for temporal trends and spatial variation patterns during the period 1961–2004. Linear trend analyses revealed that annual temperature over the YP increased at a rate of 0.3 °C/decade during the period 1961–2004, while warming trend of 0.33 °C/decade and 0.26 °C/decade was observed for winter and summer temperatures, respectively. Warming trends of nighttime minimum temperature are more pronounced than those of daytime maximum temperature, especially during winter season. Consequently, a decreasing trend of diurnal temperature ranges (DTR = Tmax − Tmin) was observed. Five spatial patterns of temperature variability were objectively defined by rotated empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, which are associated with distinct temporal temperature variations and geographical area over the YP. Annual temperature increases were found to be most pronounced in the southern and northwestern (high‐elevation) parts of the YP, whereas the hot‐dry valleys along the Yangtze and Red River basins experienced cooling during the past four decades. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Review on Automatic Brain Tumor Detection Technique

Brain tumor is abnormal growth of cells within brain which may be cancerous or non-cancerous. MRI is the preferred technology out of various available technologies for the diagnosis and evaluation of brain tumor. The current work presents various segmentation techniques that are employed to detect brain tumor. The algorithm based on segmentation using clustering technique deals with steps such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification of MR images. The integration of K-means and Fuzzy C-means (KFCM) clustering algorithm is used, that reduces the problem of gray level selection and noise sensitivity to FCM. Kmeans algorithm is used for initial segmentation. On the basis of updated membership and automatic cluster selection, a sharp segmented image is obtained from modified FCM technique. This technique is used to select the small deviation for gray level in tumor region for proper segmentation of brain tumor from MRI image.
Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution of Volatile Compounds in Water: Effect of Temperature and Salt Concentration

Activity coefficients at infinite dilution in water have been determined for some aroma compounds detected in brown crab liquid effluent produced during boiling (1-octen-3-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, 2,3-pentadione, and ethyl acetate) by using the headspace gas chromatography technique (HSGC). Experimental data have been obtained over the temperature range of (40 to 50) °C. In this work, activity coefficients at infinite dilution for different kinds of systems have been considered: one component solute + water and multicomponent solute + water. No significant differences were observed between activity coefficients obtained in these two kinds of systems. Additionally the effect of salt concentration at 40 °C has been studied by varying the salt concentration from (0 to 1.71) mol·kg–1. Experimental data were fitted as a function of salt concentration by using the Setschenow equation, obtaining the salting-out coefficient.
Antioxidant properties of 5 herbal plants based ofpharmacophore modeling

Malaysian medicinal plants are known to exert therapeutic effects. We have evaluated some species namely Moringa oleifera, Clinacanthus nutans, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Arctium lappa and Sonneratia alba for their antioxidant properties assisted by using pharmacophore modeling approach. We displayed five major compounds from each plant namely: 3-caffeoylquinic, benzylglucosinolate, kaempferol, leucodelphinidin and quercetin (Moringa oleifera), adenosine, arctigenin, arctiin, kaempferol, and solasonine (Arctium lappa), 2-cis-entadamine A, phaeophytin, clinamides B, isovetaxin, and vitexin (Clinancathus nutans), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, alphitolic acid, betulin, mtheyl gallate, oleanolic acid (Sonneratia alba) and lupeol, rhodomyrtosone A, rhodomyrtosone B, rhodomyrtosone C and rhodomyrtosone D (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa).
Determination of Optical Constants of Thin Films in Extreme Ultraviolet Wavelength Region by an Indirect Optical Method

In this study, we propose a simple and indirect method to determine the optical constants of Mo and ITO thin films in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength region by using X-ray reflectometry (XRR) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Mo and ITO films were deposited on silicon substrates by using an RF magnetron sputtering method. The density and the composition of the deposited films were evaluated from the XRR and RBS analysis, respectively and then the optical constants of the Mo and ITO films were determined by an indirect optical method. The results suggest that the indirect method by using the XRR and RBS analysis will be useful to search for suitable high absorbing EUVL mask material quickly.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nanosuspension Formulation for Drug Delivery of Simvastatin

Poor water solubility and slow dissolution rate are issues for the majority of upcoming and existing biologically active compounds. Simvastatin is poorly water-soluble drug and its bioavailability is very low from its crystalline form. The purpose of the present investigation was to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of simvastatin by the preparation of nanosuspension by Emulsification Solvent Diffusion Method at laboratory scale. Prepared nanosuspension was evaluated for its particle size and in vitro dissolution study and characterized by zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), Motic digital microscopy, entrapment efficiency, total drug content, saturated solubility study and in vivo study. A 2 3 factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables, amount of SLS (X1), amount of PVPK-30 (X2) and Poloxamer-188 (X3) and dependent variables are Total drug content and polydispersity index. The obtained results showed that particle size (nm) and rate of dissolution has been improved when nanosuspension prepared with the higher concentration of PVPK-30 and Poloxamer-188 and lower concentration of SLS. The particle size and zeta potential of optimized formulation was found to be 258.3 nm and 23.43. The rate of dissolution of the optimized nanosuspension was enhanced (90.02% in 60min), relative to plain simvastatin (21% in 60 min), mainly due to the formation of nanosized particles. These results indicate the suitability of 2 3 factorial design for preparation of simvastatin loaded nanosuspension significantly improved in vitro dissolution rate, and thus possibly enhance fast onset of therapeutic drug effect. In vivo study shows increase in bioavailability in nanosuspension formulation than the plain simvastatin drug.
Outcomes of Patients on Duaf-Boosted Pl Regimens : Experience of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Background: Dual-boosted protease inhibitors (DBPI) are an option for salvage therapy for HIV-1 resistant patients. Methods: Patients receiving a DBPI ·in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study between Januaryl996 and March 2007 were studied. Outcomes ? f interest were viral suppression at 24 weeks. Results: 295 patients (72.5%) were on DBPI for over 6 months. The median duration was 2.2 years. Of 287 patients who had HIV-RNA >400copies/ml at the start of the regimen, 184 (64.1%) were ever suppressed while on DBPI and 156 (54.4%) were suppressed within 24 weeks. The median time to suppression was 101 days (95% confidence interval 90-125 days). The median number of past regimens was 6 (IQR, 3--8). The main reasons for discontinuing the regimen were patient's wish (48.3%), treatment failure (22.5%), and toxicity (15.8%). Acquisition of HIV through intravenous drug use and the use of lopinavir in combination with saquinavir or atazanavir were associated with an increased likelihood of suppression within 6 months. Conclusion: Patients on DBPI are heavily treatment experienced. Viral suppression within 6 months was achieved in more than half of the patients. There may be a place for DBPI regimens in settings where more expensive altemates are not available.
BANK STOCK VOLATILITY AND CONTAGION: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION WITH APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE GARCH MODELS

This paper uses a multivariate GARCH modelling to describe the relationship between the systemic risk and the stock return in the banking industry in Thailand, Malaysia, Korea, Indonesia and Philippines. The banking industry comprises the large banks and the small-medium size banks. The advantage of this approach is the incorporation of time-variation in volatility consistent with empirical observations about the behaviour of stock return. Second the factor approach is adopted to incorporate intra-industry contagion within the banking sector. This so-called industry effect is designed to capture intra-industry information spillover between the large and the small-medium banks. Finally, the study provides evidence on these relations before and after the Asian financial crises of 1997, thereby implicitly testing for the impact of structural break.
Long-term measurements of volatile organic compounds highlight the importance of sesquiterpenes for the atmospheric chemistry of a boreal forest

Abstract. The concentrations of terpenoids (isoprene; monoterpenes, MTs; and sesquiterpenes, SQTs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs; i.e. aldehydes, alcohols, acetates and volatile organic acids, VOAs) were investigated during 2 years at a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, Finland, using in situ gas chromatograph mass spectrometers (GC-MSs). Seasonal and diurnal variations of terpenoid and OVOC concentrations as well as their relationship with meteorological factors were studied. Of the VOCs examined, C2–C7 unbranched VOAs showed the highest concentrations, mainly due to their low reactivity. Of the terpenoids, MTs showed the highest concentrations at the site, but seven different highly reactive SQTs were also detected. The monthly and daily mean concentrations of most terpenoids, aldehydes and VOAs were highly dependent on the temperature. The highest exponential correlation with temperature was found for a SQT (β-caryophyllene) in summer. The diurnal variations in the concentrations could be explained by sources, sinks and vertical mixing. The diurnal variations in MT concentrations were strongly affected by vertical mixing. Based on the temperature correlations and mixing layer height (MLH), simple proxies were developed for estimating the MT and SQT concentrations. To estimate the importance of different compound groups and compounds in local atmospheric chemistry, reactivity with main oxidants (hydroxyl radical, OH; nitrate radical, NO3; and ozone, O3) and production rates of oxidation products (OxPRs) were calculated. The MTs dominated OH and NO3 radical chemistry, but the SQTs greatly impacted O3 chemistry, even though the concentrations of SQT were 30 times lower than the MT concentrations. SQTs were also the most important for the production of oxidation products. Since the SQTs show high secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields, the results clearly indicate the importance of SQTs for local SOA production.
Inlet Water Quality Forecasting of Wastewater Treatment Based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis and an Extreme Learning Machine

The stable operation of sewage treatment is of great significance to controlling regional water environment pollution. It is also important to forecast the inlet water quality accurately, which may ensure the purification efficiency of sewage treatment at a low cost. In this paper, a combined kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and extreme learning machine (ELM) model is established to forecast the inlet water quality of sewage treatment. Specifically, KPCA is employed for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction of the inlet wastewater quality and ELM is utilized for the future inlet water quality forecasting. The experimental results indicated that the KPCA-ELM model has a higher accuracy than the other comparison PCA-ELM model, ELM model, and back propagation neural network (BPNN) model for forecasting COD and BOD concentration of the inlet wastewater, with mean absolute error (MAE) values of 2.322 mg/L and 1.125 mg/L, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of 1.223% and 1.321%, and root mean square error (RMSE) values of 3.108 and 1.340, respectively. It is recommended from this research that the method may provide a reliable and effective reference for forecasting the water quality of sewage treatment.
Physico-Chemical Characterization and Oxidative Reactivity Evaluation of Aged Brake Wear Particles

Brake wear dust is a significant component of traffic emissions and has been linked to adverse health effects. Previous research found a strong oxidative stress response in cells exposed to freshly generated brake wear dust. We characterized aged dust collected from passenger vehicles, using microscopy and elemental analyses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured with acellular and cellular assays using 2′7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein dye. Microscopy analyses revealed samples to be heterogeneous particle mixtures with few nanoparticles detected. Several metals, primarily iron and copper, were identified. High oxygen concentrations suggested that the elements were oxidized. ROS were detected in the cell-free fluorescent test, while exposed cells were not dramatically activated by the concentrations used. The fact that aged brake wear samples have lower oxidative stress potential than fresh ones may relate to the highly oxidized or aged state of these particles, as well as their larger size and smaller reactive surface area. Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research
Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Studies of Charge- Transfer Complexes Formation Between Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine With Electronic Accepters

Charge-transfer complexes of 2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-1, 4-benzo quinone (DDQ), 2, 3, 5, 6tetrabromo-1, 4-benzoquinone (Bromanil) and iodine as electronic acceptors with cytosine, uracil and thymine as electronic donors were studies and their electronic spectra were recorded. In each case one charge–transfer (CT) band was observed and recorded. These spectroscopic investigation make in ethanol solvent at four different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35°C). The values of equilibrium constant (KCT), molar extinction coefficient (eCT (, absorption band energy of charge – transfer complexes (hνCT) and the dissociation energy of the charge- transfer complexes excited state (W) were calculated and studied with discussed. The ionization potential of the donors (IP) were calculated and discussed from the charge–transfer complex band lowest energy. Thermodynamic parameters i. e. change in standard free energy (ΔG°), change in standard entropy (ΔS°) and change in standard enthalpy (ΔH°) for all these CT complexes were also calculated and discussed.
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF COSMIC RAY PROPAGATION: EVIDENCE AGAINST HOMOGENEOUS DIFFUSION

We present the results of the most complete scan of the parameter space for cosmic ray (CR) injection and propagation. We perform a Bayesian search of the main GALPROP parameters, using the MultiNest nested sampling algorithm, augmented by the BAMBI neural network machine-learning package. This is the first study to separate out low-mass isotopes (p, , and He) from the usual light elements (Be, B, C, N, and O). We find that the propagation parameters that best-fit , and He data are significantly different from those that fit light elements, including the B/C and 10Be/9Be secondary-to-primary ratios normally used to calibrate propagation parameters. This suggests that each set of species is probing a very different interstellar medium, and that the standard approach of calibrating propagation parameters using B/C can lead to incorrect results. We present posterior distributions and best-fit parameters for propagation of both sets of nuclei, as well as for the injection abundances of elements from H to Si. The input GALDEF files with these new parameters will be included in an upcoming public GALPROP update.
Implicit priming of embodied cognition on human motor intention understanding in dyads in love

Recent theories of embodied cognition suggest that congruence between observed actions and integrated templates of self-related motor experiences facilitates intention understanding of significant others. We tested this hypothesis in 60 participants using response latency measures and a motor intention inference task, which involved video clips of actions performed either by themselves, their beloved partner, or by acquaintances or strangers (as controls). Results show significantly faster reaction times when participants had to understand the intentions of themselves and their significant others, especially if they reported being passionately in love with their significant others. These findings provide an account for facilitation effects of embodied cognition on intention understanding among dyads in love.
Glutamine and Glutamate Reference Intervals as a Clinical Tool to Detect Training Intolerance During Training and Overtraining

1.1 Training and overtraining A training process consists of a sum of repeated exercise sessions with gradual overloads that are performed in a systematised and programmed way. The workload can be manipulated through variables such as weight load resistance, speed, duration, pauses between stimuli, muscular action, movement speed, amplitude, weekly frequency, number of sessions per day, number of exercises per session and the combination of different exercises in the same session. Exercise triggers the synthesis of several enzymes and structural proteins that adapt tissues, organs and systems to changes in cellular homeostasis, in a task-oriented way and depending on the exercise stimulus. This set of chronic physiological and metabolic changes, currently termed supercompensation, allows for a more efficient and sustainable physiological environment during voluntary physical activity. Supercompensation supplies energy economy for habitual physical activities or enhances the energy supply during exercises of high metabolic demands. Recently, our group demonstrated, using proteomic analyses of rat muscle, that only one stimulus of exhaustive, incremental exercise (approximately 30 min) is enough to produce an acute, generalised, metabolic response in the muscular fibre (Gandra et al., 2010). This probably occurs to minimise the stress that will occur in a subsequent exercise session and, in the long term, the cumulative effects of exercise on gene expression lead to specific muscle phenotypic alterations, which is a major aspect of performance enhancement. However, supercompensation is only achieved when the ratio between overload and recovery time is individually balanced. Damaged tissue structures resulting from the exercise stimulus are repaired during recovery, when rest and food intake are crucial for the energy supply that is required for the synthesis of new proteins and cellular components.
1 R ESEARCH P APERS 39 Expanding BioPAX format by integrating Gene Regulation

Pathways Knowing the complete sequencing of the genomes of organisms makes it possible to identify their genetic participants. However, the activity in an organism depends not only on the functionality of genes but also on relations and regulatory mechanisms established among them. The cell functions have a series of interactions, which often form pathways that can be grouped together for either organizational or functional reasons. These pathways assemble multiple biological data types, including metabolic pathways, signal transduction pathways, protein-protein interaction networks, gene regulatory pathways and genetic interactions.
Study on Microscopic Pore Characteristics of Tight Sandstone

Pore structure of tight sandstone reservoir is an important factor determining the physical property and oiliness of the reservoir, therefore the experimental study on the sample of tight sandstone in the 4 block of the central Dzungaria Basin was carried out through CT scanning. The optimal threshold segmentation method is applied to binary image segmentation, and core porosity is calculated. The pixel size is considered as the aperture, and the relationship between pore size and porosity is studied by changing the image pixel size. The results show that: the optimal segmentation threshold K is 114, and the overall porosity of core is 4.1%, which is basically consistent with the experimental results of pore infiltration. With the decrease of image pixel points, core porosity decreases, and there is a logarithmic relationship between them.
Cooled Vane Heat Transfer

This Master’s thesis project was carried out at the division of Engine Systems at GKN Aerospace, Trollhattan during the spring of 2016. In the project, jet impingement cooling with application to a cooled turbine inlet guide vane was studied with the purpose of developing and validating a model for the thermal load of the vane. As a start, a 2D model of a single slot jet was created and the predicted data compared to experimental data. This comparison showed that the choice of turbulence model highly influenced the results and variations of the k−w model were considered most accurate. When extending this model to include a row of several jets, the assumption of a two-dimensional flow behaviour was found limiting. In the next step, a validation case of a single axisymmetric jet was performed. Area-average values of the differences between the predicted values and the experimental data used in the two validation cases were calculated and determined to maximally  15%. Based on findings from the two validation cases, a model of an array of circular jets was created. Simulations with the jet array model showed that the jet inlet temperature was an acceptable choice of reference temperature. By comparing the results for models with two different jet inlet diameters it was found possible to assume a uniform behaviour of the non-dimensional parameters in the system when scaling up or down the system. Different heat transfer correlations for the heat transfer at the impingement surface were evaluated and some parameters could be singled out as especially important. This included the spacing between the inlets, whereas the effect of crossflow in the array was considered minor. The evaluation indicated that it is possible to to estimate the thermal load by the use of heat transfer correlations if relevant parameters are included.
An Approach to Simplify Navigation within Ontologies

Semantic Web technologies have contributed mainly to organize the knowledge and to search about this organized knowledge. One of the most complex search is to know if two entities are related within a ontology. These are called Semantic Associations, which have been classified using operators: -path, -join and -iso. Then, a -query will solve any of them. Studies about this area offer low performance execution times, but others increase the performance with pre-processing, making use of complex structures in memory. In this paper, we present semantic associations and analyze related studies. We focus on design a simplified representation of the ontology that facilitates the navigation and reduce the algorithms complexity to solve these operators, starting from the first of them: -path.