Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulating oceanic radiocarbon with the FAMOUS GCM: implications for its use as a proxy for ventilation and carbon uptake

Abstract. Constraining ocean circulation and its temporal variability is crucial for understanding changes in surface climate and the carbon cycle. Radiocarbon (14C) is often used as a geochemical tracer of ocean circulation, but interpreting ∆14C in geological archives is complex. Isotope-enabled models enable us to directly compare simulated ∆14C values to Δ14C measurements and investigate plausible mechanisms for the observed signals. We have added three new tracers (water age, abiotic 14C, and biotic 14C) to the ocean component of the FAMOUS General Circulation Model to study large-scale ocean circulation and the marine carbon cycle. Following a 10 000 year spin-up, we prescribed the Suess effect (the isotopic imprint of anthropogenic fossil fuel burning) and the bomb pulse (the isotopic imprint of thermonuclear weapons testing) in a transient simulation spanning 1765 to 2000 CE. To validate the new isotope scheme, we compare the model output to direct ∆14C observations in the surface ocean (pre-bomb and post-bomb) and at depth (post-bomb only). We also compare the timing, shape and amplitude of the simulated marine bomb spike to ∆14C in geological archives from shallow-to-intermediate water depths across the North Atlantic. The model captures the large-scale structure and range of ∆14C values (both spatially and temporally) suggesting that, on the whole, the uptake and transport of 14C are well represented in FAMOUS. Differences between the simulated and observed values arise due to physical model biases (such as weak surface winds and over-deep North Atlantic Deep Water), demonstrating the potential of the 14C tracer as a sensitive, independent tuning diagnostic. We also examine the importance of the biological pump for deep ocean 14C concentrations and assess the extent to which 14C can be interpreted as a ventilation tracer. Comparing the simulated biotic and abiotic δ14C, we infer that biology has a spatially heterogeneous influence on 14C distributions in the surface ocean (between 18 and 30 ‰), but a near constant influence at depth (≈ 20 ‰). Nevertheless, the decoupling between the simulated water ages and the simulated 14C ages in FAMOUS demonstrates that interpreting proxy ∆14C measurements in terms of ventilation alone could lead to erroneous conclusions about palaeocean circulation. Specifically, our results suggest that ∆14C is only a faithful proxy for water age in regions with strong convection; elsewhere, the temperature dependence of the solubility of CO2 in seawater complicates the signal.
An Analysis of Research Productivity in Saudi Arabia and Iran

Aim/Purpose Education is vital as it is a major investment in human capital. Tertiary education, in particular, contributes to the growth of knowledge and advances skills, which helps in the development of a country. This paper aims to look at the research and technological output at the tertiary level in Saudi Arabia and Iran. Background Saudi Arabia and Iran have an aspiration for leadership in the Islamic world and have been fighting for regional domination. Providing an overview of their tertiary education in these countries could be used to understand where the countries stand in their social and economic aspirations, especially when their economies move from oil to knowledge-based. Methodology To achieve the objective of the study, qualitative thematic analysis was done on secondary data extracted from the official websites of Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Contribution The data suggest that Iran has a higher research output and development at the tertiary level than Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia needs to focus on its research output to achieve its social and economic aspiration to move to a knowledge economy. Findings The findings reveal that while Iran has a much larger tertiary system than Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia spends a higher percentage of its GDP on education (5.14%) than Iran (2.92%) and has a higher student-instructor ratio (19.85%) than Iran (15.26%). Despite less investment in education, Iran has published more articles (38,299) and filed more patents (14,279) than Saudi Arabia, which has fewer published articles (15,509) and patents filed (2406). Research Productivity in Saudi Arabia & Iran 198
Constraining the Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation During the Holocene

There is a converging body of evidence supporting a measurable slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as climate warms and Northern Hemisphere ice sheets inexorably shrink. Within this context, we assess the variability of the AMOC during the Holocene based on a marine sediment core retrieved from the deep northwest Atlantic, which sensitively recorded large‐scale deglacial transitions in deep water circulation. While there is a diffuse notion of Holocene variability in Labrador and Nordic Seas overturning, we report a largely invariable deep water circulation for the last ~11,000 years, even during the meltwater pulse associated with the 8.2‐ka event. Sensitivity tests along with high‐resolution 231Pa/230Th data constrain the duration and the magnitude of possible Holocene AMOC variations. The generally constant baseline during the Holocene suggests attenuated natural variability of the large‐scale AMOC on submillennial timescales and calls for compensating effects involving the upstream components of North Atlantic Deep Water.
Impact of Remittances on the Left Behind Families in Nepal: A Case of Vyas Municipality, Tanahun District

This paper examines why and how labor migration from Vyas Municipality, Tanahun, Nepal has mastered changes for the left-behind as well as in their community. The information was collected via interview by using a semi-structured interview with 175 migrant households through snowball sampling method. Focus group discussion and key informant interview also conducted for the in-depth information about remittance and its relation with the social changes of left-behind family members. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were carried out to analyze the impact of remittance. The research finds that the remittance impacts positively on the social and economic conditions of individual migrants as well as their left-behind families. Improvement in the economic status of migrant households, the involvement of the household in community development activities, and participation of the household in social organizations have brought a positive change in the overall socio-economic status of the migrant households. The potential of migration to impact on other aspects of living conditions, social change and development at community levels are shaped and often limited by existing structures of power. The impact of remittances on economic and the social status of the sampled households is remarkable. The perceived status of the household in the post-migration period is better than that in the pre-migration period. For this purpose, one hundred and seventy-five households having migrant family member were selected for the household survey.
Response of shallow-sea benthic foraminifera to environmental changes off the coast of Goa, eastern Arabian Sea, during the last ∼6100 cal yr BP

Abstract We have analysed a 6100-year record of benthic and planktonic foraminifera from inner neritic sediments from Core SK291/GC13, off the Goa coast, eastern Arabian Sea, to understand the response of benthic foraminifera to shallow-marine processes. The benthic foraminiferal assemblage is dominated by Nonion cf. asterizans, Ammonia beccarii, A. gaimardii and Virgulinella fragilis, which have been selected on the basis of a population of 10% or more in any three samples analysed. The planktonic foraminiferal population is sporadic and rare, with Globigerinoides ruber as the predominant species showing a variable trend. The foraminiferal proxies combined with total organic carbon (wt%) and δ13C and δ18O values of Ammonia gaimardii suggest distinct variations, indicating changes in productivity and salinity in the shallow eastern Arabian Sea. The coastal waters off Goa were relatively warmer and less saline between 6100 and 4600, or perhaps to 4200, calibrated years before the present (cal yr BP), corresponding to a stronger monsoon in South and East Asia. The shallow sea was cooler from ~4200 to 2600 cal yr BP in the study area, coinciding with a lower sea surface temperature in the northeastern Arabian Sea and an arid phase in the Indian subcontinent. From 2900 to 2600 cal yr BP the study core exhibits the impacts of short-term cold events, which have earlier been observed in the northeastern Arabian Sea, off Pakistan. During the Little Ice Age, the shallow sea off Goa was less productive.
Application of the GCOM-C global ETindex estimation algorithm in 40 forests located throughout Japan, North America, Australia, and the tropical region

Evapotranspiration estimates in forested areas are important not only for water resource management on a regional scale but also to better understand the water cycle on a global scale. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Global Change Observation Mission-Climate ( GCOM-C ) global Evapotranspiration-index ( ET index ) estimation algorithm ( GCOM-C ET index algorithm ) applied to forested areas. ET index , which is the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration to the reference evapotranspiration, is estimated from the actual surface temperature and hypothetical wet and dry surface temperatures, i.e., T s ( wet ) and T s ( dry ) , respectively. Based on the algorithm, evapotranspiration is calculated from thermal satellite images and near-surface weather data. We compared the observed ground-based annual evapotranspiration with the estimated annual evapotranspiration obtained using the GCOM-C ET index algorithm and thermal images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Sectroradiometer ( MODIS ) satellite for 40 forests, with 10 sites in four different areas, including Japan, North America, Australia, and the tropical region. We found that the GCOM-C ET index algorithm well reproduced annual evapotranspiration for most forests. The root mean square errors ( RMSE ) for the 40 forests was 239 mm. In Japan, North America, and Australia, the overestimation of summer evapotranspiration was offset by the underestimation of winter evapotranspiration. The accuracy of annual evapotranspiration estimates in forests with low annual mean temperatures ( <15 ° C ) was less than that in forests with high annual mean temperatures ( ≥15 ° C ) . Forests with a low annual mean temperature displayed low levels of evapotranspiration in winter. In these forests, the overestimation of summer evapotranspiration was not offset by the underestimation of winter evapotranspiration. The overestimation of T s ( wet ) is the primary reason for the overestimation of summer evapotranspiration. Redetermination of the parameters for the T s ( wet ) estimates must improve the evapotranspiration estimates in the forested areas, especially the ones with a low annual mean temperature.
Compliant Volcanic Arc and Backarc Crust in Southern Kurile Suggested by Interseismic Geodetic Deformation

In southern Kurile, interseismic contraction observed with Global Navigation Satellite Systems is faster in the volcanic arc than in the forearc. Here, we use a viscoelastic finite element model to investigate the physical process responsible for the localized deformation. On the basis of thermal and seismic observations that suggest the volcanic arc and backarc to be more compliant than a typical continental lithosphere, we assume a lower rigidity and/or smaller thickness for the arc and backarc. We find that the interseismic observations require the volcanic arc to be very compliant and the backarc to be moderately compliant. The trade‐off between lower rigidity and smaller thickness cannot be resolved by interseismic observations alone, but coseismic observations can help to set a lower limit for the rigidity. Our results indicate that properly accounting for the long‐wavelength lithospheric heterogeneity is important to accurately inferring megathrust locking state from geodetic observations.
Ocean Dynamics Shapes the Structure and Timing of Atlantic Equatorial Modes

A recent study has brought to light the co‐existence of two distinct Atlantic Equatorial Modes during negative phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability: the Atlantic Niño and Horse‐Shoe (HS) mode. Nevertheless, the associated air‐sea interactions for HS mode have not been explored so far and the prevailing dynamic view of the Atlantic Niño has been questioned. Here, using a forced ocean model simulation, we find that for both modes, ocean dynamics is essential to explain the equatorial SST variations, while air‐sea fluxes control the off‐equatorial SST anomalies. Moreover, we demonstrate the key role played by ocean waves in shaping their distinct structure and timing. For the positive phase of both Atlantic Niño and HS, anomalous westerly winds trigger a set of equatorial downwelling Kelvin waves (KW) during spring‐summer. These dKWs deepen the thermocline, favouring the equatorial warming through vertical diffusion and horizontal advection. Remarkably, for the HS, an anomalous north‐equatorial wind stress curl excites an upwelling Rossby wave (RW), which propagates westward and is reflected at the western boundary becoming an equatorial upwelling KW. The uKW propagates to the east, activating the thermocline feedbacks responsible to cool the sea surface during summer months. This RW‐reflected mechanism acts as a negative feedback causing the early termination of the HSmode. Our results provide an improvement in the understanding of the TAV modes and emphasize the importance of ocean wave activity to modulate the equatorial SST variability. These findings could be very useful to improve the prediction of the Equatorial Modes. Plain Language Summary A recent study has found how the inter‐annual variations of sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic, are organized in two different equatorial modes during negative phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability. These modes, which illustrate a particular and distinct spatial structure, are denoted as Atlantic Niño and Horse‐Shoe mode. Here we show that, for both patterns, ocean dynamics is key to generate equatorial SSTs, while the off‐equatorial SST anomalies are mainly explained by thermodynamic processes (heat fluxes exchanges). Outstandingly, we demonstrate that ocean waves have a substantial impact in the development and decay of Atlantic Niño and Horse‐Shoe modes, shaping their distinct spatial configuration and timing. Our results bring to light the importance of ocean wave activity to explain the modulation of the equatorial Atlantic SST variability, which could be relevant to improve its predictability and associated climatic impacts.
INTENSIFYING THE MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTION FORESTS IN THE ALPS

In the Alps, forests are generally multi-functional, and they are classed according to their primary role as production, protection or recreation forests. The dominance of one of these roles does not exclude all the others, although it shapes management, which must reflect the primary role of each forest. That is also the case of protection forests, which must be managed for their secondary production and recreation roles as well. What is more, management is a vital requirement because it supports forest health, and therefore periodic harvesting remains a necessity. However, the physical conditions that characterize a protection forest (e.g. extremely steep terrain, sensitive soil, remote location etc.) and the prescriptions of a specifically designed silviculture tend to constrain harvesting and make it especially difficult. Special harvesting equipment and novel approaches to harvesting are required in order to achieve environmental, social and financial sustainability. This study reports about cable yarding in a protection forest, under conditions that are representative of the challenges encountered when negotiating this forest type. The productivity of the yarding operation was 6.1 mub SMH-1 for the yarding distance of 135 m, an average load of 0.88 m3 and a lateral distance of 20 m. Of the remaining trees, 27.1% were damaged during forest operations due to felling, log contact or falling rocks. Falling rocks have a great influence on log quality and value. Consequently, 73% of conifers and 90% of broadleaves are C class logs or other lower grade wood, making a large impact on the economy of the operation.
Polarizing rain types linked to June drought in the Korean peninsula over last 20 years

We observe a notable decreasing trend of June rainfall over the Korean peninsula in recent 20 years. This drought condition is found to be linked to the polarizing trend of rainfall intensity; more non‐rain and drizzle‐like rain, less moderate‐intensity rain, and more heavy rain events. Overall, the June drought over the Korean peninsula is found to be associated with less occurring moderate‐intensity rain. This feature is interpreted as that the dominant warm‐type heavy rain systems with a medium storm height tends to be less frequent while cold‐type heavy rains characterized by taller storm become more frequent during last 20 years. The northwestward expansion of the North Pacific high in June appears to weaken the continuous moisture supply to the Korean peninsula, which is a main element of forming the warm‐type heavy rain there.
Coral Reef Conservation Solution-Scape White Paper

In the face of climate change, warming oceans, and repeated mass coral bleaching, coral reef conservation is at a timely crossroads. There is a new urgency to support and strengthen a rich history of conservation partnerships and actions, while also building toward new actions to meet unparalleled global threats. The goal of this white paper is to synthesize and summarize the diversity of tools, approaches and solutions for coral reef conservation implemented to date and to understand the enabling conditions that lead to successful coral reef conservation. Framed as a “solution-scape,” this white paper seeks to support ongoing decisions to strengthen existing assets and build new investments into portfolios of global coral reef conservation that are equitable and aligned with diverse cultures and worldviews. We conclude with 10 recommendations that focus on equitable conservation practices that will align successful interventions with diverse cultures and worldviews, help ensure that the right decisions are made, and strengthen investments into conservation portfolios that will lead to successful coral reef conservation.
Canopy and Terrain Interactions Affecting Snowpack Spatial Patterns in the Sierra Nevada of California

Airborne light detection and ranging is an emerging measurement tool for snowpack estimation, and data are now emerging to better assess multiscale snow depth patterns. We used airborne light detection and ranging measurements from four sites in the southern Sierra Nevada to determine how snow depth varies with canopy structure and the interactions between canopies and terrain. We processed the point clouds into snow depth rasters at 0.5×0.5‐m2 resolution and performed statistical analysis on the processed snow depth data, terrain attributes, and vegetation attributes, including the individual tree bole locations, canopy crown area, and canopy height. We studied the snow depth at such a fine scale due in part to the spatial heterogeneity introduced by canopy interception and enhanced melting caused by tree trunks in forested areas. We found that the dominant direction of a tree well, the area around the tree bole that has shallower snowpack, is correlated with the local aspect of the terrain, and the gradient of the snow surface in a tree well is correlated with the tree's crown area. The regression‐tree based XGBoost model was fitted with the topographic variables and canopy variables, and about 71% of snow depth variability can be explained by the model.
Power‐law behaviour of hourly precipitation intensity and dry spell duration over the United States

Precipitation is an important meteorological variable which is critical for weather risk assessment. For instance, intense but short precipitation events can lead to flash floods and landslides. Most statistical modelling studies assume that the occurrence of precipitation events is based on a Poisson process with exponentially distributed waiting times while precipitation intensities are typically described by a gamma distribution or a mixture of two exponential distributions. Here, we show by using hourly precipitation data over the United Sates that the waiting time between precipitation events is non‐exponentially distributed and best described by a fractional Poisson process. A systematic model selection procedure reveals that the hourly precipitation intensities are best represented by a two‐distribution model for about 90% of all stations. The two‐distribution model consists of (a) a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) model for bulk precipitation event sizes and (b) a power‐law distribution for large and extreme events. Finally, we analyse regional climate model output to evaluate how the climate models represent the high‐frequency temporal structure of U.S. precipitation. Our results reveal that these regional climate models fail to accurately reproduce the power‐law behaviour of intensities and severely underestimate the long durations between events.
Statistical Study of Auroral/Resonant‐Scattering 427.8‐nm Emission Observed at Subauroral Latitudes Over 14 Years

Auroral emission at 427.8‐nm from N2+ ions is caused by precipitation of energetic electrons, or by resonant scattering of sunlight by auroral N2+ ions. The latter often causes impressive purple aurora at high altitudes. However, statistical characteristics of auroral 427.8‐nm emission have not been well studied. In this paper we report occurrence characteristics of high 427.8‐nm emission intensities (more than 100 R) at subauroral latitudes, based on measurements by a filter‐tilting photometer over 14 years (2005–2018) at Athabasca, Canada (magnetic latitude: ~62°). We divided the data set into solar elevation angles (θs) more than and less than −24° (shadow height of sunlight: 600 km) to separate the 427.8‐nm emissions caused by resonant scattering of sunlight and those excited by auroral electrons, respectively. The occurrence rate of 427.8‐nm emissions of more than 100 R is 10.6% and 7.65% for θs more than and less than −24°, respectively, confirming that resonant scattering of sunlight by N2+ ions is a cause of the strong 427.8‐nm emissions of more than 100 R in the sunlit ionosphere. The occurrence rate is high in the postmidnight sector and increases with increasing geomagnetic activity, solar wind speed, and density. The occurrence rate is lowest in winter. A high occurrence rate was observed in 2015–2018, during the declining phase of the 11‐year solar activity. Superposed epoch analysis indicates that the 427.8‐nm emission exceeds 100 R when solar wind speed increases and solar wind density concurrently decreases, though the standard deviation of the data is rather large.
Role of subducted sediments in plate interface dynamics as constrained by Andean forearc (paleo)topography

Nicolás J. Cosentino, Felipe Aron, Jorge G. F. Crempien, Teresa E. Jordan Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 2122 Snee Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-1504, USA Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotécnica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Centro de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada del Riesgo de Desastres (CIGIDEN), Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile