Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Bank Institutional Setting Affect Board Effectiveness? Evidence from Cooperative and Joint‐Stock Banks

Research Question/Issue Do cooperative banks suffer from board deficiencies less frequently and severely than joint-stock banks? To answer this question, we analyze banks operating in Italy during the period 2006–2012 to examine whether the governing bodies of cooperative banks are less effective in carrying out their duties than those of joint-stock banks. Deficiencies in the governing body are measured by sanctions imposed by the supervisory authority. Research Findings/Insights Findings revealed that the boards of directors of cooperative banks were sanctioned more often than board of directors of joint-stock banks. Furthermore, board turnover mediates the relationship between the cooperative status and board deficiencies. Theoretical/Academic Implications This study provides empirical evidence in support of the weakness of corporate governance in cooperative banks. Methodologically, our approach is novel in that we adopt a measure of board effectiveness/deficiency based on an independent third-party perspective (supervisory authority) that is not biased by the different objective function of the two types of banks. Practitioner/Policy Implications The findings have several policy and managerial implications. We contribute to the ongoing debate on the proposal for flexible regulation of corporate governance for cooperative banks and emphasize that policy-makers and regulators should rethink the corporate governance structures of cooperative banks. In particular, the study reveals how board turnover should be carefully monitored to reduce board deficiencies at the bank level.
Effect of Advertising on the Brand Loyalty of Cosmetic Products among College Students

This study explored the relationship between advertising and brand loyalty of cosmetic products. The multinomial logit model was used to ascertain the effect of advertising on different loyalty profiles for cosmetic products among college students. Based on a survey of 200 Ghanaian students drawn randomly, findings indicated that advertising plays no significant role on college students’ loyalty for cosmetic products. It can be argued, however, that the most promiscuous buyer is more amenable to price dispersion and friends’ recommendations.
Interactive comment on “ Three-dimensional modelling of wave-induced current from the surf zone to the inner shelf ” by H .

We explain in a new appendix of the revised paper (appendix A), the calculation of our equations (equations (6) and (7)) from the ones of Bennis et al. (2011) (equations (2) and (3) in our paper). When we present in the test case of the beach the momentum balance (Figure 3), we actually present the vortex force and the advection terms as defined by Bennis et al. (2011) (equations (2) and (3) in our paper). As far as the analysis of the momentum balance is concerned, we assumed that the readers would be much more familiar with the usual widespread formulation, that is the vortex and advection terms of Bennis et al. (2011).
Prospects of forming ultracold molecules in double-Sigma states by magnetoassociation of alkali-metal atoms with Yb.

We explore the feasibility of producing ultracold diatomic molecules with nonzero electric and magnetic dipole moments by magnetically associating two atoms, one with zero electron spin and one with nonzero spin. Feshbach resonances arise through the dependence of the hyperfine coupling on internuclear distance.We survey the Feshbach resonances in diatomic systems combining the nine stable alkali-metal isotopes with those of Yb, focusing on the illustrative examples of RbYb and CsYb. We show that the resonance widths may expressed as a product of physically comprehensible terms in the framework of Fermi’s golden rule. The resonance widths depend strongly on the background scattering length, which may be adjusted by selecting the Yb isotope, and on the hyperfine coupling constant and the magnetic field. In favorable cases the resonances may be over 100 mG wide.
Constructively aligned teaching and learning in higher education in engineering: what do students perceive as contributing to the learning of interdisciplinary thinking?†

Increased attention to the need for constructively aligned teaching and learning in interdisciplinary higher education in engineering is observed. By contrast, little research has been conducted on the implementation of the outcome-based pedagogical approach to interdisciplinary higher education in engineering. Therefore, the present design-based research was undertaken to develop, implement, and evaluate a constructively aligned learning environment in the interdisciplinary field of food quality management. The practical aims were to reduce the perception held by the students of choppiness and to prevent them floundering in the disciplines; the theoretical aim was to accumulate theory on learning environment aspects that would help students to learn interdisciplinary thinking. The design-focused evaluation among 26 students showed that the practical aims were met, and concerning the theoretical aim, eight learning environment aspects were identified such as learning within an interdisciplinary framework. Further research should validate these aspects to continue with tackling teacher challenges on teaching interdisciplinary thinking.
Interactive comment on “ Graphics Algorithm for Deriving Atmospheric Boundary Layer Heights from CALIPSO Data ” by Boming Liu et al

The atmospheric boundary layer height is of great importance because it not only affects the diffusion of air pollutions but also determines the formation of different kinds of weather. Previous studies have focused on the determination of BLH based on measurements of remote sensing, especially laser remote sensing. This study proposed an interesting method, which can obtain reliable BLH from CALIPSO data. I have given a review report before, and authors made some revision of the manuscript. Now it looks much better. But I still have some major concerns.
Wolter-I-like X-ray telescope structure using one conical mirror and one quadric mirror

Nested multilayer mirrors are commonly used in X-ray telescope structures to increase the collecting area. To balance the difficulty and cost of producing these mirrors, the classical Wolter-I structure has previously been replaced with a conical Wolter-I structure, but it can lead to significantly poorer angular resolution. In this paper, we consider changing one of the mirror shapes (paraboloid or hyperboloid) of the Wolter-I structure to a conical mirror shape, while the other mirror shape remains a quadric surface-type structure, which could thus ensure the imaging quality. Based on a theoretical analysis and the results of simulations, the cone-hyperboloid and paraboloid-cone structures are found to provide the best angular resolutions, and the cone-hyperboloid structure is shorter than the paraboloid-cone structure at the focal length. The cone-hyperboloid structure is then nested to obtain the best on-axis angular resolution and off-axis images.
An Expert System-Driven Method for Parametric Trajectory Optimization During Conceptual Design

During the early phases of engineering design, the costs committed are high, costs incurred are low, and the design freedom is high. It is well documented that decisions made in these early design phases drive the entire design's life cycle cost. In a traditional paradigm, key design decisions are made when little is known about the design. As the design matures, design changes become more difficult in both cost and schedule to enact. The current capability-based paradigm, which has emerged because of the constrained economic environment, calls for the infusion of knowledge usually acquired during later design phases into earlier design phases, i.e. bringing knowledge acquired during preliminary and detailed design into pre-conceptual and conceptual design. An area of critical importance to launch vehicle design is the optimization of its ascent trajectory, as the optimal trajectory will be able to take full advantage of the launch vehicle's capability to deliver a maximum amount of payload into orbit. Hence, the optimal ascent trajectory plays an important role in the vehicle's affordability posture yet little of the information required to successfully optimize a trajectory is known early in the design phase. Thus, the current paradigm of optimizing ascent trajectories involves generating point solutions for every change in a vehicle's design parameters. This is often a very tedious, manual, and time-consuming task for the analysts. Moreover, the trajectory design space is highly non-linear and multi-modal due to the interaction of various constraints. When these obstacles are coupled with the Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST), an industry standard program to optimize ascent trajectories that is difficult to use, expert trajectory analysts are required to effectively optimize a vehicle's ascent trajectory. Over the course of this paper, the authors discuss a methodology developed at NASA Marshall's Advanced Concepts Office to address these issues. The methodology is two-fold: first, capture the heuristics developed by human analysts over their many years of experience; and secondly, leverage the power of modern computing to evaluate multiple trajectories simultaneously and therefore enable the exploration of the trajectory's design space early during the pre- conceptual and conceptual phases of design. This methodology is coupled with design of experiments in order to train surrogate models, which enables trajectory design space visualization and parametric optimal ascent trajectory information to be available when early design decisions are being made.
The Pulation Structure of the Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

To assess population structure and genetic diversity among the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), we investigated mtDNA COI gene sequences of 7 populations. Samples were obtained from Sokcho, Wolsung, Geojedo, Yeosu, Geomundo and Westsouth in 2008 and 2009 (n=28). The sequence analysis of 28 individual samples showed 8 haplotypes, ranging in sequence divergence by pairwise comparisons from 0.2 to 2.2% (1 bp 11 bp). The Ga1 haplotype was found in Wolsung, Geojedo, Yeosu, Geomundo and Westsouth, and was regarded as the main haplotype of Korean Pacific cod. Ga2, Ga3, Ga6 and Ga7 haplotypes were found only in Sokcho. In the PHYLIP analysis, 8 haplotypes formed two independent groups: cladeA consisted of Ga2, Ga3, Ga6 and Ga7 haplotypes, whereas cladeB contained Ga1, Ga4, Ga5 and Ga8 haplotypes. The genetic relationship between the two groups was weakly supported by bootstrap analysis ( m =infinite) and a very low level of geographic distance (F ST =-0.0123-(-0.0423)) were observed. The estimates of genetic distance between Sokcho and the other localities were all statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001), indicating a limited mtDNA-based gene flow between Sokcho and other regions. The finding of the lowest genetic diversity in the Sokcho population (nucleotide diversity=0.00589) may be a result of relatively small population size and interrupted gene flow to other localities. Consequently, the overall considerable migration of Pacific cod population in Korea caused a genetically homogeneous structure to form, although a distinct population was found in this study.
Klasifikasi EEG Epilepsi Menggunakan Singular Spectrum Analysis, Power Spectral Density Dan Convolution Neural Network

Epilepsi merupakan gangguan sistem syaraf otak manusia dan menyebabkan berbagai reaksi terhadap tubuh manusia. Epilepsi dapat dideteksi dengan menggunakan Electroencephalogram (EEG). Pengamatan EEG secara visual tidak mungkin dilakukan secara rutin, sehingga dibutuhkan deteksi otomatis pada EEG. Sistem deteksi EEG secara otomatis terdiri dari 2 langkah, yaitu ekstraksi fitur dan klasifikasi. Power Spectral Density (PSD) adalah metode ekstraksi fitur yang sering dipakai untuk memunculkan karakteristik EEG dengan mengelompokkan energi pada EEG. Pada proses klasifikasi metode Convolution Neural Network (CNN) dapat mereduksi fitur hasil PSD dan digunakan mengklasifikasikan multiclass dari EEG. Namun, data EEG memiliki kecenderungan bercampur noise berupa sinyal yang lain saat perekaman, oleh karena itu sebelum data EEG diklasifikasikan, perlu dilakukan pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Pada penelitian ini diusulkan penggabungan metode Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) untuk penghilang noise, PSD sebagai ekstraksi fitur dan CNN sebagai klasifier. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa fase, pertama adalah menghilangkan noise yang bercampur dengan sinyal EEG menggunakan SSA. Selanjutnya ekstraksi fitur menggunakan PSD untuk diambil energi dari sinyalnya, dan terakhir diklasifikasi dengan CNN. Pengujian klasifikasi akan dilakukan ke 500 sinyal dengan target 5 kelas dan 3 kelas. Untuk mengetahui performa terhadap metode yang diusulkan, akan dilakukan pengujian antara gabungan PSD dengan CNN yang akan dibandingkan dengan gabungan SSA, PSD dan CNN. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba, metode diusulkan yaitu SSA, PSD dan CNN dapat meningkatkan rata-rata hasil akurasi klasifikasi sebesar 1,2% dari 93,2% menjadi 94,4%, untuk kasus 3 kelas dan meningkatkan 13,4% dari 78,6% menjadi 92%, untuk kasus 5 kelas dibandingkan metode PSD dengan CNN.
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics via Gauss's principle of least constraint

Gauss's principle of least constraint is used to develop nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics algo­ rithms for systems SUbject to constraints. The treatment not only includes "nonholonomic" constraints-those involving velocities-but it also provides a basis for simulating nonequilibrium steady states. We describe two applications of this new use of Gauss's principle. The first of these examples, the isothermal molecular dynamics of a three-particle chain, can be treated analytically. The second, the steady-state diffusiort~of a Lennard-Jones liquid, near its triple point, is studied nu­ merically. The measured diffusion coefficient agrees with inaependent estimates from eqUilibrium fluctuation theory and from Hamiltonian external fields. I. INTRODUCTION
Communities in complex networks

The study of complex networks has attracted the attention of the scientific community for many obvious reasons. A vast number of systems, from the brain to ecosystems, power grid, and the Internet, can be represented as large complex networks, i.e, assemblies of many interacting components with nontrivial topological properties. The link between these components can describe a global behaviour such as the Internet traffic, electricity supply service, market trend, etc. One of the most relevant topological feature of graphs representing these complex systems is community structure which aims to identify the modules and, possibly, their hierarchical organization, by only using the information encoded in the graph topology. Deciphering network community structure is not only important in order to characterize the graph topologically, but gives some information both on the formation of the network and on its functionality.
Facebook usage of Sri Lankan consumers: consumption perspective of social media

Social media has become pervasive, impacting the social and cultural fabric of our society and changing the nature of social relationships. Facebook, being the second most visited website in the world and No: 01 in Sri Lanka, could be identified as a special kind of addiction today where an average user browses Facebook at least for 30 minutes a day from computers or smart devices and gets exposed to diverse content on Facebook as a habit. Marlatt, Baer, Donovan, and Kivlahan, defined addictive behavior as “a repetitive habit pattern that increases the risk of disease and/or associated personal and social problems” or “the behavior continues to occur despite volitional attempts to abstain or moderate use”. Compulsive, excessive, impulsive, uncontrolled, and indulgent were also listed instead of the term “addictive”. In this study, the researcher has attempted to investigate the relationship of compulsive consumption behavior on Facebook has with the demographic factors of individuals.
Examining an "Experimental" Food Security Status Classification Method for Households with Children

Food security, which USDA has measured and tracked since 1995, has become a key national measure of well-being; therefore, it is important that the measure is accurate. Since the food security measure was developed, USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) has conducted ongoing research on the statistical properties of the measure. ERS researchers have developed an alternative “experimental” classification method for classifying food security status in households with children. This alternative approach reduces statistical biases inherent in the current classification approach and improves fit to the Rasch measurement model and its assumptions. Here, ERS evaluates how well the food security-status categories correlate with other food inadequacy and nutritional indicators. The researchers examine whether the experimental classification or the current classification is more consistent with indicators of “food inadequacy,” defined here as food insufficiency, unmet food needs, and use of a food pantry. ERS also examines the association between each of the two food-security-classification methods and dietary quality. Results show that the current classification is more consistent with indicators of food inadequacy. The report includes guidance for researchers using USDA’s food security measure.
Stopped-Flow Studies of the Formation of Organic Nanocrystals in the Reprecipitation Method

Interest in organic nanoparticles is rapidly growing in the scientific community as it is now clear their potential impact in several attractive economic fields, in special their applications as pharmaceutically active organic compounds (Chen & Zhang, 2006), printing inks (Magdassi & Moshe, 2003) and color filters (Miyashita et al., 2008). Accordingly, a recent report published in BBC Research estimated that by 2015 the global demand for nanorelated goods could be higher than US$ 2.4 trillion (McWilliams, 2010). Moreover, the author predicted that the economic power of the nanotechnology industry could be greater than those attained almost a decade ago by both the telecommunication and information technology industries. It is thus hardly surprising that chemical industries need new and reliable methods directed to the production of organic nanoparticles. Furthermore, sizes of prepared organic nanocrystals must be carefully controlled as the properties of materials are strongly dependent on the size of the particles of the materials (Auweter et al., 1999; Burda et al., 2005; Horn & Rieger, 2001). Methods used for the preparation of organic nanoparticles are primarily based on either precipitation, milling, or through chemical reaction techniques. Unfortunately, the former two techniques proved to be less attractive in manufacturing organic nanosized materials, as milling techniques rely on applying an extremely high mechanical energy on the system leading to structural changes of the crystal (Bilgili et al., 2006; Peters, 1996); and synthetic approaches are based on considerable exhaustive, and therefore time consuming synthetic routes (Spatz et al., 1999; Sugimoto et al., 2002). As a consequence, methods which rely on solubility changes to induce nanoparticle formation are lately becoming more attractive. Among these methods (Frendler, 1987; Hayashi et al., 2007; Ibanez et al., 1998; Kasai et al., 1992; Kasai et al., 1996), a simple and convenient technique proved to be particularly effective for the preparation of organic nanoparticle dispersion, the so-called “reprecipitation method” (Kasai et al., 1992; Kasai et al., 1996).
NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF WEAKLY TURBULENT FLOW PATTERNS OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN A SQUARE ENCLOSURE WITH DIFFERENTIALLY HEATED SIDE WALLS

This article presents the results of numerical evaluation of weakly turbulent natural convection of air in a rectangular enclosure with differentially heated side walls and adiabatic horizontal walls. The turbulence in the natural convection was described by k–ϵ equations, which were solved by Strang splitting, while average thermal and fluid flow fields were described by statistically averaged equations, which were solved by the projection method PmIII. The combined application of projection method and the Strang splitting characterizes the numerical method in this study. Numerical results for Rayleigh number 1.58 × 109 have revealed reasonable agreement with the existing experimental ones, with some discrepancy attributable to the adiabatic boundary conditions on the horizontal walls. The results are also in good agreement with some published numerical results, particularly at higher Rayleigh numbers. However, comparison with the latest experimental data reveals that the turbulent heat flux model is not quite capable of giving satisfactory temperature distribution.
Gender Differences of Human Resource Professionals in the Sri Lankan Private Sector

Gender, gender identity and gender differences are discussed by different scholars in different contexts for different purposes as a popular concept today. However, in the available literature, there is no any single finding on which gender most prefers to be Human Resource professionals. There are a couple of studies aimed to discuss sex categories of HR professionals. Therefore, the problem of the study is: which gender prefers to be HR professionals in the Sri Lankan private sector organizations. This study selected 100 HR professionals as the sample, representing private sector organizations in Sri Lanka and data were gathered using Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) scale developed by Bem. The majority of the HR professionals in the private sector were male sex – typed and it was more than 50% of the sample. Androgynous type of gender presented by the HR professionals in the private sector was 20% and the same percentage of HR professionals was presented undifferentiated gender type. There was no any single HR professional in female sex – typed gender. Key word: HR Professionals, Male sex-typed, Androgynous, Female sex-typed
Relationship between morphological and genetic trees of marine chironomid species

海産4属，Clunio，Semiocladius，TelmatogetonおよびThalassosmittiaと陸生のSmittia，淡水性のCricotopus属のエリユスリカ亜科と近縁亜科の形態学的系統樹と遺伝学的系統樹の関係を調べた。 遺伝学的系統樹では3系統，すなわちSmittia，SemiocladiusとClunioを含む他の4属に分かれた。 さらに，TelmatogetonとThalassosmittiaは別亜科にも拘わらず小さなクラスターを形成した。 形態学的系統樹ではSemiocladiusとClunioは小さなクラスターを形成したが，TelmatogetonとThlassosmittiaはこれらだけではクラスターを形成しなかった。 Cricotopusは最後に大きなクラスターに加わった。 これらの結果は，Clunio，TelmatogetonとThalassosmittiaは淡水種の祖先から派生したこと，そして形態学的形質の中にいくらかの平行進化が存在することを示唆する。