Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correcting Contradictions

This paper describes a manual investigation of the contradiction asymmetries of the SICK corpus, which is the intended testing set for a new system for natural language inference. Any system providing conceptual semantics for sentences, so that entailment-contradiction-neutrality relations between sentences can be identiﬁed, needs a baseline test set. The investigation of this test set, a part of the SICK corpus, was necessary to check the quality of our testing data and to ensure that the set is logically valid. This checking showed us that the lack of a speciﬁc context or reference for the sentence pairs and the presence of indeﬁnite determiners have made the task of annotating very hard, leading to those contradiction asymmetries. We propose a way of correcting these annotations, which solves some of the issues but also makes some compromises.
Osmoprotectants in Halomonas elongata: high-affinity betaine transport system and choline-betaine pathway

The osmoregulatory pathways of the moderately halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 3043 have been investigated. This strain grew optimally at 1.5 to 2 M NaCl in M63 glucose-defined medium. It required at least 0.5 M NaCl for growth, which is a higher concentration than that exhibited by the H. elongata type strain ATCC 33173. Externally provided betaine, choline, or choline-O-sulfate (but not proline, ectoine, or proline betaine) enhanced the growth of H. elongata on 3 M NaCl-glucose-M63 plates, demonstrating the utilization of these compounds as osmoprotectants. Moreover, betaine and choline stimulated the growth of H. elongata DSM 3043 over the entire range of salinity, although betaine was more effective than choline at salinities below and above the optimum. We found that H. elongata DSM 3043 has at least one high-affinity transport system for betaine (K(m) = 3.06 microM and Vmax = 9.96 nmol of betaine min(-1) mg of protein(-1)). Competition assays demonstrated that proline betaine and ectoine, but not proline, choline, or choline-O-sulfate, are also transported by the betaine permease. Finally, thin-layer chromatography and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that exogenous choline was taken up and transformed to betaine by H. elongata, demonstrating the existence of a choline-glycine betaine pathway in this moderately halophilic bacterium.
CMM sequence optimisation with collision detection

This paper presents a method for finding optimal collision-free inspection sequences for Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). The sequencing problem is formulated as a standard Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP). During the network construction, collision detection is performed for each pair of measurement points using a novel image-based collision detection method. Penalties are added to path segments with collisions, and the nearest-neighbour TSP algorithm is applied. For the path segments with collisions, a heuristic algorithm is employed to make a detour around the interference volume. The proposed methods are implemented using the ACIS solid modelling kernel and OpenGL graphics library. The effectiveness of these methods is verified by simulations to demonstrate the collision-free path generation of parts with complex geometry and a comparison of the TSP solutions with and without the collision penalties is presented.
Modeling the impacts of child care quality on children's preschool cognitive development.

The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care compared 3 statistical methods that adjust for family selection bias to test whether child care type and quality relate to cognitive and academic skills. The methods included: multiple regression models of 54-month outcomes, change models of differences in 24- and 54-month outcomes, and residualized change models of 54-month outcomes adjusting for the 24-month outcome. The study was unable to establish empirically which model best adjusted for selection and omitted-variable bias. Nevertheless, results suggested that child care quality predicted cognitive outcomes at 54 months, with effect sizes of . 04 to . 08 for both infant and preschool ages. Center care during preschool years also predicted outcomes across all models.
Coffee, tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for cancer and adenoma of the large intestine.

Our aim was to estimate the association between smoking history, alcohol and tobacco smoking and tumours of the large intestine. Associations were studied at an early stage of colorectal cancer in order to avoid bias in the information. In order to estimate the link between adenoma and cancer the exposures were analysed separately for cancer and adenoma patients. The study was conducted as a case-control study within a randomized trial for colorectal cancer among males and females aged 45-74 years. Cases initially included all individuals with a positive Haemoccult-II test in three screens and an age- and sex-matched reference group was selected from the test negatives. Subsequent colonoscopy defined the final case group, which consisted of 49 colorectal cancer patients, 171 with adenoma and 177 test positives with no diagnosis or with non-adenomatous polyps or haemorrhoids. Controls were 362 age- and sex-matched test negatives. Data were collected by blind telephone interviewing before the first clinical examinations of test positives. Smoking history, coffee or alcohol intake were not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer. For adenomas, the odds ratios (OR) were between 2.0 and 2.7 in all smoking categories. For smokers with > 40 years duration OR = 2.7 (95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.6-4.7). Coffee consumption showed a clear protective effect. Consumers of 4-7 cups per day had an OR of 0.5 (95% Cl: 0.3-0.8) and heavy consumers of > or = 8 cups had an OR of 0.3 (95% Cl: 0.1-0.6). Neither tea nor alcohol consumption was related to adenoma risks. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anti-theft vehicle tracking and regaining system with automatic police notifying using Haversine formula

In this paper a vehicle tracking system is proposed which track the vehicle and offers to incarcerate the vehicle in a minimum period of time when it is lost. Vehicle tracking and locking system has a Global Positioning System (GPS) and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Owner can send an edict anytime to the device which is in the vehicle. The device is password protected. Owner's message must be incorporated with the password to unlock the device. When the device is unlocked, then it will give the co-ordinate of the vehicle through the message. If the car is filched, owner can command the device to lock the door of the vehicle and proposed system will automatically apprise nearest police station about stealing event. Haversine formula is used to find out the nearest police station from GPS data and back end database. Then the nearest police station may commence necessary actions to recover the vehicle. The whole system is powered by a rechargeable battery and adapter. This paper elucidates the anticipated result and gives some gist about future implementation.
The Essential Gene wda Encodes a WD40 Repeat Subunit of Drosophila SAGA Required for Histone H3 Acetylation

ABSTRACT Histone acetylation provides a switch between transcriptionally repressive and permissive chromatin. By regulating the chromatin structure at specific promoters, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) carry out important functions during differentiation and development of higher eukaryotes. HAT complexes are present in organisms as diverse as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, humans, and flies. For example, the well-studied yeast SAGA is related to three mammalian complexes. We previously identified Drosophila melanogaster orthologues of yeast SAGA components Ada2, Ada3, Spt3, and Tra1 and demonstrated that they associate with dGcn5 in a high-molecular-weight complex. To better understand the function of Drosophila SAGA (dSAGA), we sought to affinity purify and characterize this complex in more detail. A proteomic approach led to the identification of an orthologue of the yeast protein Ada1 and the novel protein encoded by CG4448, referred to as WDA (will decrease acetylation). Embryos lacking both alleles of the wda gene exhibited reduced levels of histone H3 acetylation and could not develop into adult flies. Our results point to a critical function of dSAGA and histone acetylation during Drosophila development.
Modulation of the immune response by a methanol-insoluble fraction of attenuated tubercle bacilli (BCG). I. Primary and secondary responses to sheep red blood cells and T2 phage.

Studies were continued on the mode of action of a methanol-insoluble moiety (methanol-extraction residue) of attenuated tubercle bacilli which enhances the immune response. We analysed the effects of treatment with this material on the primary and secondary immune responses of mice to two antigens, sheep red blood cells and T2 phage. Pretreatment with methanol-extraction residue enhanced the primary response to sheep red blood cells, accelerating the formation of both 19S and 7S plaqueforming cells and of circulating haemagglutinins, and prolonging high levels of 19S and 7S plaque-forming cells. Methanol-extraction residue delayed the secondary response to sheep red blood cells when administered between primary and secondary immunization. Methanolextraction residue administration subsequent to immunization did not affect an ongoing primary response to this antigen. Administration of methanol-extraction residue before primary immunization with T2 phage, or between primary and secondary immunizations, enhanced both the primary and secondary circulating antibody responses to this antigen. The findings are discussed in relation to possible sites of action of methanol-extraction residue.
Where the Mass Counts: Common Cortical Activation for Different Kinds of Nonsingularity

Typically, plural nouns are morphosyntactically marked for the number feature, whereas mass nouns are morphosyntactically singular. However, both plural count nouns and mass nouns can be semantically interpreted as nonsingular. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that their commonality in semantic interpretation may lead to common cortical activation for these different kinds of nonsingularity. To this end, we examined brain activation patterns related to three types of nouns while participants were listening to a narrative. Processing of plural compared with singular nouns was related to increased activation in the left angular gyrus. Processing of mass nouns compared with singular count nouns was related to increased activity bilaterally in the superior temporal cortex and also in the left angular gyrus. No significant activation was observed in the direct comparison between plural and mass nouns. We conclude that the left angular gyrus, also known to be relevant for numerical cognition, is involved in the semantic interpretation of different kinds of nonsingularity.
Characterization of estrous cyclicity in the sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) through fecal progestagen monitoring.

Fecal progesterone metabolite monitoring techniques were validated for the sable antelope and used to characterize ovarian cycle dynamics and reproductive seasonality in a captive population at the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center. Hormone was homogeneously distributed within fecal samples. Longitudinal fluctuations in fecal progesterone metabolites were consistent with typical luteal phase patterns and corresponded closely with changes in serum progesterone. The lag time from an im injection of progesterone to peak excretion in feces was 16 h. The pattern of births showed a slight peak in the summer (May-July), but year-round endocrine monitoring of six nonpregnant females showed no evidence of seasonality in ovarian activity. Females exhibited 11-14 estrous cycles per year, averaging 24.2 +/- 0.9 days in length. Luteal and interluteal phases were 18.4 +/- 0.9 and 5.8 +/- 0.4 days in length, respectively. Although only a small number of hippotragine antelope species have been studied, data indicate that they exhibit considerable interspecific variability in estrous cycle length and reproductive seasonality and thus may be a useful group for further investigation of factors regulating fertility.
Tbc 1 d 15-17 Regulates Synaptic Development at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

Members of the Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) family of proteins are believed to function as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for Rab GTPases, which play pivotal roles in intracellular membrane trafficking. Although membrane trafficking is fundamental to neuronal morphogenesis and function, the roles of TBC-family Rab GAPs have been poorly characterized in the nervous system. In this paper, we provide genetic evidence that Tbc1d15-17, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian Rab7-GAP TBC1d15, is required for normal presynaptic growth and postsynaptic organization at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). A lossof-function mutation in tbc1d15-17 or its presynaptic knockdown leads to an increase in synaptic bouton number and NMJ length. tbc1d15-17 mutants are also defective in the distribution of the postsynaptic scaffold Discs-large (Dlg) and in the level of the postsynaptic glutamate subunit GluRIIA. These postsynaptic phenotypes are recapitulated by postsynaptic knockdown of Tbc1d15-17. We also show that presynaptic overexpression of a constitutively active Rab7 mutant in a wild-type background causes a synaptic overgrowth phenotype resembling that of tbc1d15-17 mutants, while a dominant-negative form of Rab7 has the opposite effect. Together, our findings establish a novel role for Tbc1d15-17 and its potential substrate Rab7 in regulating synaptic development.
Working Paper Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Europe

Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), this paper investigates wage inequality and wage mobility in Europe. Decomposing inequality into within and between group inequality, we analyse to what extent wage inequality and mobility can be explained by observable characteristics. Furthermore, we investigate which individual and household characteristics determine transitions within the wage distribution. Finally, we examine the importance of institutions for wage inequality, wage mobility, and wage transitions. We fi nd that overall, mobility reduces wage inequality. While a large part of wage inequality is due to unobservable characteristics, the equalizing eff ect of mobility mainly occurs within groups. Furthermore, both personal and household characteristics play an important role for wage transitions. Finally, our fi ndings reveal large cross-country diff erences across Europe, which are partly linked to the institutional set-up of the national labour markets. JEL Classifi cation: J6; J31; P52
Mutations in COL 6 A 3 Cause Severe and Mild Phenotypes of Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy

INSERM U 523, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Istituto di Citomorfologia Normale e Patologica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, and Neuromuscular Unit, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institut, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hacettepe Children’s Hospital, Ankara; and Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
Concept Drift Detection in Data Stream Mining : The Review of Contemporary Literature

Mining process such as classification, clustering of progressive or dynamic data is a critical objective of the information retrieval and knowledge discovery; in particular, it is more sensitive in data stream mining models due to the possibility of significant change in the type and dimensionality of the data over a period. The influence of these changes over the mining process termed as concept drift. The concept drift that depict often in streaming data causes unbalanced performance of the mining models adapted. Hence, it is obvious to boost the mining models to predict and analyse the concept drift to achieve the performance at par best. The contemporary literature evinced significant contributions to handle the concept drift, which fall in to supervised, unsupervised learning, and statistical assessment approaches. This manuscript contributes the detailed review of the contemporary concept-drift detection models depicted in recent literature. The contribution of the manuscript includes the nomenclature of the concept drift models and their impact of imbalanced
Proteomic identification of putative biomarkers of radiotherapy resistance: a possible role for the 26S proteasome?

PURPOSE We aimed to identify putative predictive protein biomarkers of radioresistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and T47D) were used as in vitro models to study radioresistance. Inherent radiosensitivities were examined using a clonogenic survival assay. It was revealed that each cell line differed in their response to radiotherapy. These parental breast cancer cell lines were used to establish novel derivatives (MCF7RR, MDA-MB-231RR, and T47DRR) displaying significant resistance to ionizing radiation. Derivative cells were compared with parental cells to identify putative biomarkers associated with the radioresistant phenotype. To identify these biomarkers, complementary proteomic screening approaches were exploited encompassing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ technology. RESULTS A large number of potential biomarkers were identified, and several of these were confirmed using Western blot analysis. In particular, a decrease in the expression of the 26S proteasome was found in all radioresistant derivatives when compared with the respective parent cells. Decreased expression of this target was also found to be associated with radioresistant laryngeal tumors (P = .05) in a small pilot immunohistochemical study. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the 26S proteasome may provide a general predictive biomarker for radiotherapy outcome.
References values for forced spirometry. Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) prediction equations exemplify a significant effort carried out approximately 15 yrs ago to provide uniform standards for lung function testing, but this set of equations has not been properly validated as yet. The present study evaluates the ECSC reference values and four other sets of prediction equations, using spirometric data collected in 12,900 nonasthmatic subjects (43% lifetime nonsmokers and 36% active smokers) aged 20-44 yrs from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Standardized spirometric measurements were obtained using a common protocol in 34 centres in 14 countries. For each prediction equation, the prediction deviations (i.e. observed minus predicted value) for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were examined for the whole study population and for each centre. For the age range included, the errors about the ECSC equations showed the most prominent underestimation of both predicted FVC (+355 and +360 mL on average in males and females, respectively) and predicted FEV1 (+211 and +200 mL, respectively) among the five studies examined. As expected, FVC and FEV1 in active smokers from the ECRHS were significantly lower than in lifetime nonsmokers (each p<0.01). We conclude that the present European recommendations on lung function reference values should be reconsidered, but further data for nonsymptomatic subjects above the age of 44 yrs are needed.
Title The prevalence of radiographic vertebral fractures in Mexican men Permalink

Summary The prevalence of radiographically ascertained vertebral fractures in a random sample of 413 in Mexican men is 9.7% (95% CI 6.85–12.55). Increase of vertebral fracture rises with age from 2.0% in the youngest group (50– 59 years) to 21.4% in the oldest group (80 years and over). Introduction This is the first population-based study of vertebral fractures in Mexican men using a standardized methodology reported in other studies. Methods The presence of radiographic vertebral fractures increases with age. This same pattern was found in Mexican women with steady age increments, but the higher prevalence of fractures in women starts at age 70, whereas in men, the higher prevalence starts a decade later (80 years and over). Results The standardized prevalence per 1,000 men 50 years and over in the Mexican population for the year 2005 is 65.8 (95% CI 29.9–105.5), and it is 68.6 (95% CI 32.2–108.7) in the US population for the year 2000.
Interhemispheric Structural Asymmetry Induced by a Lateralized Reaching Task in the Rat Motor Cortex

The effects of a lateralized reaching task on the morphological structure of the rat motor cortex were studied during the early postweaning period. Our results show that the consistent use of one forelimb accounts for a significant decrease in the numerical density of cells and an increase in cortical thickness of the contralateral‘forelimb’motor cortex. As a consequence of the early motor training the cell distribution, which is lower rostrally than caudally in nontrained hemispheres, is reversed in the trained hemispheres. This may be interpreted as the specific motor training triggering a higher neuronal branching in the corresponding cortical region. The present findings may further the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the generation of morphological brain asymmetries.
The Coronal Topology of the Rapidly Rotating K0 Dwarf AB Doradus. I. Using Surface Magnetic Field Maps to Model the Structure of the Stellar Corona

We reanalyze spectropolarimetric data of AB Dor taken in 1996 December using a surface imaging code that can model the magnetic field of the star as a nonpotential current-carrying magnetic field. We find that a nonpotential field needs to be introduced in order to fit the data set at this epoch. This nonpotential component takes the form of a strong unidirectional azimuthal field of a similar strength to the radial field. This azimuthal field is concentrated around the boundary of the dark polar spot recovered at the surface of the star using Doppler imaging. As polarization signatures from the center of starspots are suppressed, it is unclear whether or not this nonpotential component genuinely represents electric current at the unspotted surface or whether it results from the preferred detection of horizontal field in starspot penumbrae. This model contains 20% more energy than the corresponding potential field model at the surface. This amount of free energy drops to under 1% about 1R* above the photosphere. We use these surface maps to model the coronal structure of the star. The mixed radial polarities at the pole in the surface maps support closed coronal loops in the high-latitude regions, indicating that a component of the X-ray emission may originate in this area. Assuming that the field remains closed out to 5R*, we find stable surfaces where prominences may form out to the observed distances using this coronal model.
Simulation of passive time-reversal surveillance system for detection of target invasion inside forested environment

Since time-varying and random components of channel response can be suppressed by using a passive time-reversal scheme, the scheme can efficiently decrease the clutter responses in a rich-clutter environment such as forest. Simulations are performed based on a realistic forest channel model to demonstrate the time-reversal scheme can be used to detect a target.