Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Human Innate Immune Evasion by Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite of global importance that can remarkably infect, survive, and replicate in nearly all mammalian cells. Notably, 110 years after its discovery, Toxoplasmosis is still a neglected parasitic infection. Although most human infections with T. gondii are mild or asymptomatic, T. gondii infection can result in life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals and in the developing fetus due to congenital infection, underscoring the role of the host immune system in controlling the parasite. Recent evidence indicates that T. gondii elicits a robust innate immune response during infection. Interestingly, however, T. gondii has evolved strategies to successfully bypass or manipulate the immune system and establish a life-long infection in infected hosts. In particular, T. gondii manipulates host immunity through the control of host gene transcription and dysregulation of signaling pathways that result in modulation of cell adhesion and migration, secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines, production of microbicidal molecules, and apoptosis. Many of these host-pathogen interactions are governed by parasite effector proteins secreted from the apical secretory organelles, including the rhoptries and dense granules. Here, we review recent findings on mechanisms by which T. gondii evades host innate immunity, with a focus on parasite evasion of the human innate immune system.
Role of HLA‐DQ typing and anti‐tissue transglutaminase antibody titers in diagnosing celiac disease without duodenal biopsy in type 1 diabetes: A study of the population‐based pediatric type 1 diabetes cohort of Western Australia

The primary aim of the present study was to determine if it is cost effective to use human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing as a first‐line screening test for celiac disease (CD) in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), as recommended by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). The second aim was to investigate whether anti‐tissue transglutaminase IgA (anti‐tTGA) antibodies can be used to diagnose CD without the need for a confirmatory duodenal biopsy in T1D.
Studying the Partial Differential Problem Using Maple

This paper uses the mathematical software Maple for the auxiliary tool to study the partial differential problem of four types of multivariable functions. We can obtain the infinite series forms of any order partial derivatives of these four types of multivariable functions by using differentiation term by term theorem, and hence greatly reduce the difficulty of calculating their higher order partial derivative values. On the other hand, we propose some examples to do calculation practically. The research methods adopted in this study involved finding solutions through manual calculations and verifying these solutions by using Maple. This type of research method not only allows the discovery of calculation errors, but also helps modify the original directions of thinking from manual and Maple calculations. For this reason, Maple provides insights and guidance regarding problem-solving methods.
Nutritional Value, Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Degradability of Whole Wheat Hay Harvested at Three Stages of Maturity

Simple Summary Although wheat is primarily planted to harvest wheat grain, whole crop wheat hay (WCWH) could also be an efficient ruminant feeding source. While the nutrient content and digestibility of WCWH greatly depends on the maturity stage, the optimal harvest stage for making WCWH has been hardly studied. In this study, we evaluated the nutrient content and in vitro digestibility of WCWH harvested during the flowering, late milk and dough stages. Though the neutral detergent fiber content was lower and the starch to non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) ratio was greater in the dough stage, we determined that the optimal harvest stage should be the late milk stage due to the greater dry matter digestibility, the relatively greater NFC content and the shorter planting days. Abstract The nutritional value of whole crop wheat hay (WCWH) harvested at different maturation stages are different, and its feeding effects on dairy cows have not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, the in vitro digestibility of whole wheat (Nongda 22) hay harvested during the flowering, late milk and dough stages were evaluated using batch culture technique. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of whole wheat hay decreased by 35.5% and 40.4%, respectively, whereas the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) content increased by 50.3% in WCWH harvested during the dough stage as compared to the flowering stage (p < 0.01). The pH of the fermentation liquid and acetate to propionate ratio was greatest in the wheat harvested during the flowering stage and lowest during the dough stage (p = 0.03), whereas the volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was greatest during the dough stage and lowest during the flowering stage (p < 0.01). The dry matter loss (DML) was 9.6% and 6.2% greater (p < 0.01) during the late milk stage than in the flowering or dough stages, and the NDF loss (NDFL; p = 0.01) and ADF loss (ADFL; p < 0.01) was greater in both the flowering and late milk stages. In conclusion, though the content of NDF was lower in the dough stage, and the starch to NFC ratio was greater, we determined that the optimal harvest stage should be the late milk stage due to the greater dry matter digestibility, the relatively greater NFC content and the shorter planting days.
Methods of Betulin Extraction from Birch Bark

Betulin is the most popular of the known triterpenoids of the lupan series. It has valuable pharmacological properties. It exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, hypolipidemic and other types of activity. The prospects of using betulin in medicine, pharmacology, and veterinary medicine require the development of effective methods for obtaining it from waste from the woodworking industry. Therefore, the question arises of the need to develop a technology for isolating and purifying triterpenoids from birch bark in large quantities. This review contains a variety of methods for the isolation of betulin. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed methods are described. The following methods are considered: vacuum sublimation after preliminary alkaline; vacuum pyrolysis; supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide or mixtures of carbon dioxide with various solvents; extraction with organic solvents. Also, the method of microwave is described, it is activation on the example of the Kyrgyz birch (Betula kirghisorum), this is an endemic species that has not been studied before, growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Risk of Infertility in Males with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Nationwide, Population-Based, Nested Case-Control Study

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) yields intermittent hypoxia, hypercapnia, and sleep fragmentation. OSA is associated with chronic medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and neurocognitive dysfunction. However, the risk of infertility in OSA remains unclear due to limited data and lack of long-term population-based studies. The study aims to assess the risk of infertility in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by means of a population-based cohort study. The data was utilized from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to conduct a population-based cohort study (1997–2013). Compared with the Non-OSA group, the male with OSA and surgery group has the OR (odds ratio) of infertility of 2.70 (95% CI, 1.46–4.98, p = 0.0015), but no significance exists in females with OSA. When the data was stratified according to age and gender, some associations in the specific subgroups were significant. Respectively, males aged 20–35 years old and aged 35–50 years old with a history of OSA and surgery both had a positive association with infertility. (aOR: 3.19; 95% CI, 1.18–8.66, p = 0.0227; aOR: 2.57; 95% CI, 1.18–5.62 p = 0.0176). Male patients with OSA suffer from reduced fertility, but no significant difference was noted in females with OSA. The identification of OSA as a risk factor for male infertility will aid clinicians to optimize long-term medical care. Furthermore, more studies will be encouraged to clarify the effect of OSA on female fertility.
Effect of pretreatment with magnesium sulphate on the duration of intense and deep neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Magnesium sulphate is an important adjuvant drug in multimodal anaesthesia. In combination with rocuronium it can enhance neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Limited data exist concerning the effect of magnesium sulphate on the duration of deep or intense NMB and the period of no response. OBJECTIVE(S) To determine the role of magnesium sulphate on the duration of rocuronium-induced deep and intense NMB, and the period of no response to nerve stimulation. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial. SETTING A public tertiary care hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from February 2017 to March 2018. PATIENTS All patients between 18 and 65 years of age scheduled to undergo elective otorhinolaryngological surgery, with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg m and an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification of I or II. INTERVENTION(S) Before induction of anaesthesia 60 patients were pretreated with an intravenous infusion of either 100 ml 0.9% saline (saline group), or 60 mg kg magnesium sulphate (magnesium group). After loss of consciousness, a bolus of rocuronium (0.6 mg kg) was administered. Neuromuscular function was measured by TOF-Watch SX monitor. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary and secondary outcomes were the duration of the period of no response to nerve stimulation and intense and deep NMB, respectively. An additional outcome was the NMB onset time. RESULTS Median [IQR] durations of deep NMB were 20.3 [12.0 to 35.4] and 18.3 [11.2 to 26.3] min in the magnesium and saline groups, respectively (P = 0.18). Median durations of intense NMB were 21.7 [0.0 to 32.2] min and 0.0 [0.0 to 6.2] min (P = 0.001) in the magnesium and saline groups, respectively. Median durations of the period of no response were 40.8 [51.4 to 36.0] min and 28.0 [21.9 to 31.6] min (P = 0.0001) in the magnesium and saline groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Magnesium sulphate increased both the duration of intense NMB and the period of no response. The duration of deep NMB was similar in the magnesium sulphate group and saline group. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT02989272.
Predictive value of early molecular response for deep molecular response in chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia

Abstract To investigate the association of 3- and 6-month BCR-ABL transcript levels on the international scale (BCR-ABLIS) and other factors with deep molecular response (DMR) achievement in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-chronic phase (CP) patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 206 patients enrolled in our hospital between January 2010 and July 2018. These patients were initially diagnosed with CML-CP and received imatinib or nilotinib therapy. Early molecular response (EMR) was assessed based on BCR-ABLIS (IS: on the international scale) transcript level at 3 and 6 months. Potential factors impacting DMR achievement were identified using Cox proportional hazard regression models. The effects of EMR achievement on the cumulative incidence of MR4.0 were investigated via Kaplan–Meier analysis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that a BCR-ABLIS transcript level at 3 and 6 months of TKI therapy was an independent factor for the achievement of MR4.0, which was nevertheless not related to age, gender, Sokal score, hemoglobin level, or white blood cell (WBC) count at the initial time of diagnosis. Patients achieving an EMR (EMR: 3-month BCR-ABLIS ⩽10%, 6-month BCR-ABLIS <1%) were more likely to reach MR4.0 than patients failing to achieve EMR (P1 <.001, P2 <.001). Patients who had 3-month BCR-ABLIS ⩽1% were more likely to reach MR4.0 than those who had 3-month BCR-ABLIS of 1% to 10% or >10% (P1 = .001, P2 <.001). Similarly, patients who had 6-month BCR-ABLIS ⩽0.1% were more likely to achieve MR4.0 than those in the 0.1% to 1% and ≥1% groups (P1 <.001, P2 <.001). Also, a higher percentage of patients on nilotinib therapy achieved EMR compared with patients on imatinib therapy (93.3% vs 63.6% on 3-month nilotinib therapy, P = .001; 88.9% vs 59.9% on 6-month nilotinib therapy, P = .004). This study demonstrates that EMR, especially a 3-month BCR-ABLIS ⩽1% and 6-month BCR-ABLIS ⩽0.1%, have predictive value for DMR achievement. In addition, there is a higher percentage of patients receiving nilotinib therapy achieved EMR than that of those receiving imatinib therapy.
STRATEGIES TO BECOME A HAFIDZ AND HAFIDZAH WITH MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Based on the reasoning of the Qur'an and Hadith, the practice of memorizing the Qur'an was a specific devotion and the Sunnah of the Prophet that was highly noble and had exceptional value for people who carry it out. The goal of this research was to examine the approach of memorizing the Qur'an in a specific amount of time based on mathematical modelling. The Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic Boarding School Sukorejo, Sitobondo, Indonesia, was used for this study. The research approach utilized in this discussion to remember 30 juz of the Qur'an was the Research and Development method. The study's findings show that: (1) there were several methods of memorizing the Qur'an, such as kaisa, tasalsuli, jam'ii, muqsam, and so on; (2) there were patterns of deposit in memorizing the Qur'an every week, namely 2/5 juz per week or 6/5 juz per month; and (3) there was a mathematical formula for memorizing the Qur'an, namely y = 0.3x with R.
Life Cycle Assessments of Circular Economy in the Built Environment—A Scoping Review

The Circular Economy (CE) is gaining traction throughout all industries and nations globally. However, despite several attempts, no one-off solutions for assessing the benefits and pitfalls of CE have been established, and neither have any measures with which to determine decisions. In line with this general observation, the Built Environment (BE) is no different. A tendency is observed in which, for the assessment of the environmental impacts of CE, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been deemed suitable. This paper presents a scoping review, using the PRISMA statement extension for scoping reviews, documenting how LCA has been applied for assessment of CE in the BE. The review covers a broad scope of literature, scoping the landscape, and delimits it into publications where CE strategy has been defined explicitly and described as a CE investigation. Among the LCAs applied, the dominant system boundary choice is the attributional approach. The authors open the discussion on whether this is actually suitable for answering the questions posed in the CE paradigm. From the review, and the discussion, the conclusion suggests that there is no dominant procedure in applying LCA of CE in the BE, even despite commonly developed LCA standards for the BE. Few studies also present the consideration to reconsider the applied LCA, as CE puts new questions (and thereby a potentially greater system boundary, as CE may imply greater societal consequences) that do not necessarily fit into the linear LCA framework currently applied in the BE.
Modeling of Electrostatic Adhesion Force for Flying and Adhesion Robot

Electrostatic adsorption is widely used in the area of climbing wall robot as a relatively novel adsorption method. However, there exists some weaknesses of the climbing wall robot. The climbing wall robot moves slowly and works on the two dimensional plane. Therefore, flying and adhesion robot was proposed. Traditional flying and adhesion robot is difficult to conceal itself because of its relatively big size. This paper proposed a novel flying and adhesion robot that capable of carrying a child robot. The child robot applies electrostatic adhesion force to adsorb on the surface of the object. This paper investigated the model of electrostatic adsorption and designed the adhesion child robot. Simulation and experiment results show that the electrostatic adsorption child robot is able to adapt a variety of wall surfaces well.
Paving the Way towards Enterprise SDN Adoption: New Selection Strategies for Hybrid Networks

Software Defined Networking (SDN) becomes more popular recently as an emerging computer networks paradigm, especially in data centers and WAN networks. In enterprise networks, however there are challenges from both technical and financial aspects in SDN adoption that needed to be tackled. Some proposals rely on upgrading the minimal set of switches to reach a full SDN control of the network, allowing incremental network upgrades. Nevertheless, existing proposals for switch selection either employ a basic selection strategy or use a heuristic that does not consider the whole network status, leading to upgrading more switches than needed which yields in more migration cost. In this paper, we present four different strategies for switch selection. We implemented and evaluated them against the state-of-the-art. Our results show that, the strategies that consider the whole network traffic status are able to achieve full SDN hybrid coverage with fewer SDN-enabled switches, saving up to 62% compared to existing strategies.
Hiking trails shift plant species' realized climatic niches and locally increase species richness

The presence and use of trails may change plant species' realized climatic niches via modified abiotic and biotic conditions including propagule transport, allowing competition‐pressed alpine species to expand their rear edges towards warmer locations and lowland species to extend their leading edges towards cooler locations. We investigated whether mountain trails indeed act as corridors for colonization and shift species' realized climatic niches, resulting in higher species richness in trailsides.
Phylogenetic Analyses and GAGA-Motif Binding Studies of BBR/BPC Proteins Lend to Clues in GAGA-Motif Recognition and a Regulatory Role in Brassinosteroid Signaling

Plant GAGA-motif binding factors are encoded by the BARLEY B RECOMBINANT / BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BBR/BPC) family, which fulfill indispensable functions in growth and development. BBR/BPC proteins control flower development, size of the stem cell niche and seed development through transcriptional regulation of homeotic transcription factor genes. They are responsible for the context dependent recruitment of Polycomb repressive complexes (PRC) or other repressive proteins to GAGA-motifs, which are contained in Polycomb repressive DNA-elements (PREs). Hallmark of the protein family is the highly conserved BPC domain, which is required for DNA binding. Here we study the evolution and diversification of the BBR/BPC family and its DNA-binding domain. Our analyses supports a further division of the family into four main groups (I–IV) and several subgroups, to resolve a strict monophyletic descent of the BPC domain. We prove a polyphyletic origin for group III proteins, which evolved from group I and II members through extensive loss of domains in the N-terminus. Conserved motif searches lend to the identification of a WAR/KHGTN consensus and a TIR/K motif at the very C-terminus of the BPC-domain. We could show by DPI-ELISA that this signature is required for DNA-binding in AtBPC1. Additional binding studies with AtBPC1, AtBPC6 and mutated oligonucleotides consolidated the binding to GAGA tetramers. To validate these findings, we used previously published ChIP-seq data from GFP-BPC6. We uncovered that many genes of the brassinosteroid signaling pathway are targeted by AtBPC6. Consistently, bpc6, bpc4 bpc6, and lhp1 bpc4 bpc4 mutants display brassinosteroid-dependent root growth phenotypes. Both, a function in brassinosteroid signaling and our phylogenetic data supports a link between BBR/BPC diversification in the land plant lineage and the complexity of flower and seed plant evolution.
Returning to Normal in an Abnormal Environment: Mothers’ COVID-19 Uncertainties and Uncertainty Management Strategies

ABSTRACT This study used uncertainty management theory to assess mothers’ COVID-19-related uncertainty sources and management strategies during the Delta variant outbreak as the fall 2021 school year approached. Twenty-five mothers living in Indiana were interviewed between July-August 2021. Data indicated four uncertainty sources: COVID-19 illness risk, children’s psychological health, reintegration, and COVID-19 vaccine/prevention rights. COVID-19 illness risk was the most prominent uncertainty theme, and mothers attempted to adapt to it when they could via strategies of strategic decision making, engaging in protective behaviors, and seeking information to guide decisions about their children’s safety. The start of school presented uncertainties about young children’s COVID-19 risk they deemed out of their control, and thus mothers reframed illness uncertainty as the responsibility of others to protect their children. The findings offer theoretical implications for uncertainty management theory and practical implications for family health.
The Extraordinarily Low Rate of Dead People Voting by Mail: Evidence from Washington State Administrative Data∗

A common concern about vote-by-mail in the United States is that mail-in ballots are sent to dead people, stolen by bad actors, and counted as fraudulent votes. Studying Washington state’s vote-by-mail program, we link counted ballots and administrative death records to estimate the rate at which dead people’s mail-in ballots are improperly counted as valid votes, using birth dates from online obituaries to address false positives. Among roughly 4.5 million distinct voters in Washington state (2011-2018), we estimate that there are 14 deceased individuals whose ballots might have been cast suspiciously long after their death, representing 0.0003% of voters. Even these few cases may reflect two individuals with the same name and birth date, or clerical errors, rather than fraud. After exploring the robustness of our findings to weaker conditions for name-matching, we conclude that counting dead people’s ballots as votes seems extraordinarily rare in Washington’s universal vote-by-mail system. ∗For helpful information, the authors particularly thank Stuart Holmes and the Washington Secretary of State’s Office. For advice, the authors thank Charles Stewart. For research assistance, the authors thank Sarah Raza. †Ph.D. Student, Department of Political Science, Stanford University ‡Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, Stanford University §Predoctoral Research Fellow, SIEPR, Stanford University ¶Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, UCLA ‖Professor, Department of Political Science and Graduate School of Business (by courtesy), Stanford University; Senior Fellow, SIEPR, Stanford University. andrewbhall@stanford.edu.