XRD And TGA-DSC as an Effective tools of Research in Physical Science

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an effective method for determination of the phase composition of unknown crystalline and amorphous materials. The scattering of X-rays by crystal atoms, produce a diffraction pattern that yields information about the structure of the crystal. This data is represented in a collection of single-phase X-ray powder diffraction are used for detarination of interplanar spacings (D), relative intensities (I/Io), particle size and shape, crystal structure of an unknown material. The TGA can be used to obtain the difference of the mass during this process is measured. The DSC can be used to obtain the thermal critical points like melting point, enthalpy specific heat or glass transition temperature of substances INTRODUCTION The techniques of X-ray diffraction analysis are used to study, for example, metals, alloys, minerals, inorganic and organic compounds, polymers, amorphous materials, liquids, gases, and the molecules of proteins and nucleic acids [1-5] The X-ray diffractogram is an important tool for determination of the crystal structure of a compound. Diffraction pattern can be described in terms of three dimensional arrangement of lattice points. The smallest three dimensional geometric array of points from which a crystal can be created is called a unit cell. It is possible to diffract X-rays by means of crystals because the wavelength of X-rays is of about the same order as the inter-atomic distances in a crystal. The X-rays interact with inner most electronic cloud in the atoms and provides information about internal arrangement of the atoms in the crystal. [6-7] The intensity of diffracted beam is related to the structure factor. The atomic distribution in the sample can be determined by interpreting the XRD patterns and it is a direct tool for assigning the crystal structure to the complexes. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) are widely used in qualitative evaluation of various compounds. In view of the possibilities offered by such methods in the investigation of both physical phenomena (melting, sublimation, adsorption, change in crystallographic properties etc.) and chemical phenomena (dehydration, decomposition, oxidation, etc.) method of thermal analysis have found applications in almost all the natural sciences. The DSC can be used to obtain the thermal critical points like melting point, enthalpy specific heat or glass transition temperature of substances. Powder X-ray diffraction: X-ray diffraction is now a common technique for the study of crystal structures and atomic spacing. X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are generated in a cathode ray tube by heating a filament to produce electrons, accelerating the electrons toward a target by applying a voltage, and bombarding the target material with electrons. When electrons have sufficient energy to dislodge inner shell electrons of the target material, characteristic X-ray spectra are produced. When the geometry of the incident X-rays impinging the sample satisfies the Bragg Equation, n λ = 2dsinθ constructive interference occurs and a peak in intensity occurs. This law relates the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction angle and the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample. These diffracted X-rays are then detected, processed and counted. By scanning the sample through a range of 2 θ l s, Special Issue Journal Of Basic And Applied Sciences