Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Model

Many studies have shown the practical advantages of applying the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model to multienvironment trials; however, a theory about the contributions of error and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) variance components to interaction principal components (PCs) in AMMI models is needed. The objectives of this work were to (i) develop an eigenvalue partition (EVP) method for separating variation attributable to each AMMI interaction PC into interaction variance and error variance components: (ii) develop root mean square predictive difference (RMSPD) on the basis of the EVP theory (RMSP EVP ), for selecting the best truncated AMMI model; (iii) apply the RMSPD EVP criterion to three multienvironment cultivar trials and to simulation data generated for selecting the best truncated AMMI model; and (iv) validate the EVP method by comparing results of the RMSPD EVP criterion with those obtained with the criterion conventionally used to choose a truncated AMMI model by cross validation (RMSPD CV ). A data resampling method was devised to estimate the contribution of error variance to the eigenvalues. The coefficients of the structural GEI variance component were always larger than those of the error variance component for the earlier PC axes. As the error associated with the cell means decreased and the number of replications increased, the portion of the cumulative GEI explained by the earlier AMMI PC axes generally increased, whereas the portion of the error sum of squares (SS) explained by the earlier AMMI PC axes decreased. The RMSPD EVP and RMSPD CV methods selected similar truncated AMMI models. The RMSPD EVP criterion is useful for selecting the best truncated AMMI models with the advantage that it can be applied to all trial replications.
GenViewer: A computing tool for protein-coding regions prediction in nucleotide sequences

In this paper a new computing tool GenViewer is described. It is designed for recognition of gene coding regions in human nucleotide sequences. The recognition is made on the base of the combinated technique which involves searching for potential splice sites, creating a set of potential coding regions along with the estimation of their coding potential. Finally, through the combinated selection of the potential coding regions, a search for the gene with the maximal average coding potential is made. The GenViewer works in two modes: either automated or dialog. The automated version ORFJ allows one to realize a linear scenario of the recognition because of its standard programs. An advanced interface provides for a careful analysis of the obtained results and ensures an alternative interactive prediction.
Development of a locus-specific marker and localization of the Rysto gene based on linkage to a catalase gene on chromosome XII in the tetraploid potato genome

As a result of many decades of potato breeding in Keszthely, Hungary, numerous varieties resistant to the pathogens attacking potato have been developed using wild Solanum species as resistance sources. In order to simplify the time-consuming breeding process, the present research project involved the development of a SCAR marker correlating with the Rysto gene, originating from the Solanum stoloniferun species and conferring extreme resistance to the potato Y virus (PVY), using sequence information from a RAPD marker linked to the gene. The usefulness of the marker was tested on 21 varieties resistant or susceptible to PVY and it was found to provide efficient identification of genotypes carrying the Rysto gene. Based on its linkage to a new chromosome-specific anchor marker (Cat-in2), identified by means of the intron-targeting method not previously used in potato research, the Rysto gene was localized on chromosome XII.
Balanced fertilization and bioregulators: enhancing productivity and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons between 2004 and 2006 to assess the role of balanced fertilization and bioregulators (foliar-applied brassinosteroid 0.5 mg I−1, thiourea 1000 mg I−1 and kinetin 10 mg I−1) in enhancing the productivity of wheat. Conjoint application of NPKSZn (120 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 30 kg K2O, 40 kg S, 5.5 kg Zn ha−1) recorded maximum improvements in yield attributes and significantly out-yielded all the fertilization treatments with 14.90, 4.97 and 6.39% increments in grain yield compared with NPK, NPKS and NPKZn treatments, respectively. Nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn) content and uptake were also improved significantly with balanced fertilization. Among the bioregulators, application of 0.50 mg I−1 brassinosteroid recorded maximum increments in grain yield (14.10%), followed by 10 mg I−1 kinetin (12.31%) and 1000 mg I−1 thiourea (9.92%), over control (4.99 t ha−1). Bioregulators significantly enhanced the uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S, Zn) over control. NPKSZn treatment also gave the maximum net return (Rs. 51,209 ha−1). Among the bioregulators, brassinosteroid provided the maximum net return (Rs. 47,292 ha−1) and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio (3.37) followed by thiourea (Rs. 45,500 ha−1 and 3.35). Kinetin also provided yield advantage, however, it gave a significantly reduced B:C ratio compared with control.
Antioxidant and DNA Damage Prevention Activities of the Edible Parts of Gnetum gnemon and Their Changes upon Heat Treatment

In this paper we report on the antioxidant components and activities of the edible parts of Gnetum gnemon (young and mature leaves, seed skin and endosperm), as well as their ability to inhibit DNA damage. Since Gnetum gnemon is usually consumed daily as a boiled vegetable, we also measured the effect of boiling on the antioxidant components and activities. The mature leaves contain the greatest levels of antioxidant components, followed by the young leaves. Accordingly, the mature and young leaves possess the highest antioxidant component and DNA damage prevention activities. However, the endosperm also has significant activity in ORAC, peroxyl radical-scavenging activity and DNA damage prevention activity at higher concentrations. Boiling decreased the amount of antioxidant components as well as the antioxidant activities in all edible parts examined, except for the seed skin. The results presented here indicate that the edible parts of G. gnemon are a potential source of natural antioxidants and can be beneficial, consumed as a daily vegetable or processed into an extract for use as a food additive.
Flexible microhabitat partitioning between hemi-sessile congeners

ABSTRACT: Microhabitat partitioning is a widespread mechanism that reduces competition andthus facilitates the coexistence of species. The extent to which microhabitat partitioning occursdepends on a variety of environmental parameters and biotic interactions. In the present study, wemanipulated factors (animal density, presence of heterospecifics, and presence of predator cues)that potentially influence the differential use of microhabitats by 2 hemi-sessile congeners thatcoexist on small spatial scales at very high densities: the amphipod crustaceans Jassa marmorata and J. herdmani . In both species, the presence of heterospecifics had a clear effect on which partof an offered macroalga was preferably colonized, suggesting that the extent of microhabitatpartitioning depends on the presence/absence of heterospecifics. Furthermore, ‘predatory fishcues’ in the seawater induced an avoidance behaviour, which should reduce the extent of habitatpartitioning and inevitably increase competition between the species. The results clearly showsome flexibility of habitat selection in, and thus habitat segregation between, the studied species,allowing for a trade-off between interspecific competition and predation pressure.KEY WORDS: Amphi poda · Coexisting species · Interspecific competition · Intraguild interference ·Marine fouling · Microhabitat partitioning · Predator avoidance
Assessment of aphid infestation levels in some cultivars of mustard with varying defensive traits

Phloem-sucking mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) is a major pest of mustard (Brassica juncea). Pot experiment with randomised block design was conducted with five replicates of each of five cultivars (Alankar, Pusa Jai Kisan, Rohini, Sakha and Varuna) of the mustard for their degree of inherited resistance and/or susceptibility to the mustard aphid infestation. Forty-five days old (from date of sowing) pot-grown plants of all selected cultivars of mustard were exposed to 40 adult mustard aphids. The aphid-infested plants were kept in specially designed net houses of fine mesh to protect from predators and/or migration of aphids from one to other host. The aphid population and some growth attributes of the selected cultivars of mustard were recorded 15 and 30 days later (i.e. at 60 and 75 days after sowing). The aphid population multiplied more rapidly on Rohini than other four cultivars. Cultivar Alankar resisted most and supported to least number of aphid’s off-springs. Statistically analysed growth attributes (fresh plant mass, dry plant mass, protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents), resistance attribute (proline) and population demography of aphids revealed that some inherited characteristics of avoidance, antibiosis and repellence to herbivores helped cultivar Alankar to excel despite equal degree of aphid attacks as on other cultivars. Cultivar Rohini for the want of such resisting factors remained vulnerable to aphid herbivory. These two cultivars (Alankar and Rohini) form good research material for comparative studies on plant defences to herbivory and a tri- trophic resistance through volatile chemical signalling.
The genus Lindaspio (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae), and a new species from an oil field off Congo, western Africa

A new species of the genus Lindaspio (Polychaeta: Spionidae) is described from an oil field off Congo (tropical eastern Atlantic). Lindaspio sebastiena n. sp. is easily distinguished from the two other known species of Lindaspio, L. dibranchiata Blake and Maciolek (1992) and L. southwardorum Blake and Maciolek (1992), by the presence of a conical palp, the first noto-hooks beginning on setiger 55, the number of dorsal spines on setigers 2–4 and the absence of a caruncle. A new diagnosis of the genus is put forward, and the two spionid genera, Lindaspio and Scolecolepides, are discussed.
The hydrazinolysis of heterocyclic compounds. II. 6-Amino-4-hydroxy-1-methylpyrimidine-2(1H)-thione and related compounds

The reaction of 6-amino-4-hydroxy-1-methylpyrimidine-2(1H)-thione (3) with hydrazine is shown to follow at least three pathways to give 4- amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1), 5-hydrazino-pyrazol-3- ol(5; R = NH2), (4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)acetohydrazide (4) and triamino-guanidine (6). Similarly, 4,6-dihydroxy-1- methylpyrimidine-2(1H)-thione (18) yields (1) and malonyl dihydrazide (19), and (4). By contrast 4,6-diamino-1-methylpyrimidine-2(1H)-thione (21) does not follow any of these pathways. Formation of (4) represents a new type of ring transformation of pyrimidines. Mechanisms of the reactions are discussed.
EFFECTS OF VARIETY AND GROWTH SEASON ON THE ORGANOLEPTIC AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF HYDROPONICALLY GROWN TOMATO

The effects of variety and season on several organoleptic and nutritional quality parameters (i.e., dry weight (dw), total sugars, soluble solid compounds, titratable acidity (TA), electrical conductivity (EC), juiciness, firmness, vitamin C (vit C), total phenolic compounds, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and minerals) of five different varieties of tomatoes (i.e., Jack, Cabrales, Jaguar, Iker and Nevada) grown in two crop cycles (spring and autumn) were studied. Each variety presented its own specific characteristics regarding the chosen parameters. Firmness, TA and EC were season dependent, whereas soluble solids content did not change between cycles. In some varieties, the dw, juiciness and total sugars were affected by climatic conditions. The total phenolic compounds and the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity were variety dependent in both cycles. By contrast, the vit C content was variety dependent only in the autumn cycle. Similarly, these latter parameters (phenolic compounds, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and vit C) were also season dependent, showing higher values in the spring than in the autumn cycle. The effect of tomato variety and season on mineral contents is also discussed. Those tomatoes grown in the spring cycle had better quality according to the organoleptic parameters studied here as well as to a higher antioxidant capacity. The percentages of the recommended dietary allowances supplied by the studied tomatoes were not significantly affected by variety or season, despite differences in their physicochemical compositions.
In Vitro Fertilization and Primary Embryonic Cleavage Are Possible in 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency Despite Extremely Low Intrafollicular 17β-Estradiol

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hy-droxylase deficiency in genotypic females is characterized by primary amenorrhea and the absence of sexual maturation due to inadequate biosynthesis of ovarian androgens and estrogens. We induced ovarian follicular development in a woman with this syndrome. Ovum pick-up, in vitro fertilization, and primary embryonic development were achieved despite undetectable plasma estradiol and extremely low ovarian androgen concentrations and minute concentrations of these hormones in the ovarian follicular fluid.
The effect of simulated acid rain on pine needle and birch leaf litter decomposition.

(1) The effects of simulated acid rain at pH3 and pH4 (each made from H2SO4 and HNO3) on the decomposition of Scots pine needle litter and mountain birch leaf litter were studied in a field experiment in northern Finland. The effects of irrigationper se were tested by having 'dry' control plots receiving only ambient rain, and irrigated controls receiving similar amounts of water to the acid treatments. (2) Treatments and the vegetation type in the plots had significant main effects on mass loss of pine needle litter. Differences between dry and irrigated controls, and the lower mass loss in plots with drier vegetation types showed the importance of moisture conditions in regulating pine litter decomposition. (3) The effects of acid rain treatments on pine litter decomposition were more subtle than those of irrigation per se. In the moistest vegetation type there was no decrease in mass loss due to acid treatments, but mass loss rates at late stages of decomposition were slightly reduced by acid treatments on the drier plots. (4) Birch litter decomposition was significantly retarded in acid treated plots compared to the irrigated controls during the second year of incubation in one experiment. In the other experiment there was a similar trend, although not significant. At the end of the experiments the difference in mass loss between acid treatments and irrigated controls was 2-5% units. The two acid treatments did not differ significantly from each other.
Methods for in Vitro Skin Metabolism Studies

It now has been widely established that the skin is capable of a variety of biotrans-formational processes (Pannatier et al., 1978; Bickers, 1980; Kappus, 1989). Although the activities of many enzymatic processes, particularly oxidative ones, are much lower in the skin than in the liver (Bronaugh et al., 1989), reductive processes and N-acetyltransferase have been reported to be relatively active in skin (Kawakubo et al., 1988; Fuchs et al., 1989). The importance of metabolism during percutaneous absorption depends on the structure and biological activity of the penetrating compounds and metabolite(s). For benzo[a]pyrene, metabolism in the skin is necessary for its activation to a proximate skin carcinogen.
Antioxidant Metabolism Associated with Summer Leaf Senescence and Turf Quality Decline for Creeping Bentgrass

Turf quality of creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. ] often declines during summer months. Whether summer bentgrass decline is associated with oxidative stress is unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate seasonal changes of antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation under different mowing heights for two creeping bentgrass cultivars (L-93 and Penncross) differing in heat tolerance and to determine whether such changes could be associated with turf quality decline during summer. Penncross and L-93 were grown under USGA-specification putting green conditions at the Turfgrass Research Center at Manhattan, KS, in 1999 and 2000. Turf was mowed every day at 3 mm or 4 mm. Turf quality, leaf chlorophyll (CHL), and protein content declined while electrolyte leakage (EL) and lipid peroxidation increased from May to July through September for both cultivars at both mowing heights. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased from May to July when temperatures increased from optimum ( 30°C), and recovered by October. Similar seasonal patterns of antioxidant activities were observed for both cultivars and mowing heights. In conclusion, summer bentgrass decline was related to the decline in antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation. Both cultivars were able to acclimate to increasing temperatures by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge active oxygen species in the early summer, but lost the scavenging ability by midsummer.
Genetic Variability of Maryland and West Virginia Populations of the Federally Endangered Plant Harperella nodosa (Rose) (Apiaceae)

Abstract Riparian landscapes are dynamic systems and exhibit considerable spatio-temporal variation in stream flow and physical composition of stream substrates that provide habitats for many species. We investigated genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Harperella nodosa (Harperalla; Apiaceae), a federally endangered semi-aquatic plant. We employed a unique study design that involved sampling at regional, stream, and fine scales in 3 riverine systems in Maryland and West Virginia. Using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSRs), we found high levels of genetic diversity at all scales and pronounced fine-scale genetic structure. Pairwise correlation between geographic and genetic distance was scale-dependent. This study illustrates that temporal monitoring and multiple-scale plans are essential for conservation management programs for Harperella.
Effect of moisture regimes on combining ability variations of seedling traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Seedlings traits provide a reliable and rapid technique for evaluating large numbers of genotypes for abiotic stresses. Experiments on sunflower were carried out under two moisture regimes in controlled conditions to study their modifying effect on phenotypic expression and combining ability of seedling traits such as root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root weight (RW), shoot weight (SW), root-to-shoot ratio (R:S), lateral root number (NLR), lateral root density (LRD), wilting rate index and recovery percent (R%), and their genotypic correlation with achene yield. Variation among breeding lines for relative decrease in the seedling traits under the moisture stress regime indicated their differences in moisture sensitivity. Genetic variation for all seedling traits was low over environments, but high within environments. Moisture regimes modified phenotype, ranking among parents, and combining ability of seedling traits. Relative contribution of specific combining ability to total variation decreased und.
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling Inhibitors Under Development

Targeting protein kinases has been active area in drug discovery. The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) have also been target for development of novel therapy in various diseases, since the roles of JNK signaling in pathological conditions were revealed in studies using jnk -deficient mice. Small molecule inhibitors and peptide inhibitors are identified for therapeutic intervention of JNK signaling pathway. SP-600125, an anthrapyrazole small molecule inhibitor for JNK with high potency and selectivity has been widely used for dissecting JNK signaling pathway. CC-401 is the first JNK inhibitor that went into clinical trial for inflammation and leukemia. Inhibitor for mixed lineage kinase (MLK), CEP-1347 also negatively regulates JNK signaling, and tried for potential use in Parkinson’s disease. Cell-permeable peptide inhibitor D-JNKI-1 is being developed for the treatment of hearing loss. The current status of these JNK inhibitors and safety issue is discussed in the minireview.
Nutrient release and ecological stoichiometry of freshwater mussels (Mollusca:Unionidae) in 2 small, regionally distinct streams

Abstract Ecological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of multiple elements in ecological interactions and processes. We investigated the ecological stoichiometry of freshwater mussels across 3 seasons at 2 sites each in an agricultural watershed (Little Darby Creek [LD], Ohio) and a forested watershed (Upper Ouachita River [OR], Arkansas) (2 species/stream). We used nutrient-release experiments to determine C, N, and P content and elemental ratios in seston and in consumer-driven nutrient recycling (CNR) components (mussel soft tissues, shells, biodeposited material, and excreted nutrients). We focused on seasonal patterns of: 1) biodeposition and excretion rates; 2) seston and CNR component % C, % N, % P, C:N, C:P, and N:P; and 3) degree of homeostasis in mussels. Differences in mass-specific biodeposition and excretion rates were driven largely by seasonal factors. Percent P, C:N, C:P, and N:P of seston were seasonally variable in LD, and % C, % N, % P, C:N, C:P, and N:P of seston were seasonally variable in OR. Mussel tissues and biodeposited materials were variable for 3 to 5 of the 6 nutrient metrics in both LD and OR. Mussel shell and soft-tissue nutrient stoichiometry were relatively homeostatic and fell within stoichiometric ranges of other macroinvertebrates, except that mussel tissue had higher % P and lower C:P and N:P than are usually observed in other macroinvertebrates. Mussels can repackage nutrients in stream seston and fine benthic organic matter in the form of biodeposited material and excreted nutrients, thereby providing a significant source of C, N, and P for other benthic organisms.
Land use practices in the Central Himalayan region affect soil enzyme activities and their relationship with carbon pools

Abstract Activities of soil enzymes dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and arylsulfatase were evaluated under the different land use and cropping systems in the Almora region of Central Himalaya, India. The dehydrogenase activity recorded the highest value in undisturbed forest (4.68 µg TPF g−1 h−1) and lowest in barren land (0.74 µg TPF g−1 h−1). The acid phosphatase activities varied between different systems; being lowest in barren land followed by fodder, soybean-wheat, organic system, and the highest in undisturbed forest soil. The average alkaline phosphatase activity ranged from 13.3 µg PNP g−1 h−1 in barren land to 139.9 µg PNP g−1 h−1 in undisturbed forest. The average arylsulfatase activity ranged from 7.30 µg PNP g−1 h−1 in barren land to 184.9 µg PNP g−1 h−1 in undisturbed forest. Most of the enzyme activities showed higher values in summer and at 0–5 cm depth. Significant positive correlations were obtained between enzyme activities and various carbon fractions such as microbial biomass C, particulate organic C and labile C, of which labile carbon was found to be the most strongly associated fraction with the enzyme activities. Our study thus revealed that the cultivation of Himalayan soils has significantly reduced the enzyme activities and that needs adequate attention for long-term sustainable use of soil resources in the region.