Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Moral Values in the Economic Analysis of Crime: A General Equilibrium Approach

In this paper, we develop a general equilibrium model of crime and show that law enforcement has different roles depending on the equilibrium characterization and the value of social norms. When an economy has a unique stable equilibrium where a fraction of the population is productive and the remaining predates, the government can choose an optimal law enforcement policy to maximize a welfare function evaluated at that steady state. If such steady state is not unique, law enforcement is still relevant but in a completely different way because the steady state that prevails depends on the initial proportions of productive and predator individuals in the economy. The relative importance of these proportions can be changed through law enforcement policy.
Antimalarial and Reno-protective Potentials of Combined Stem Bark Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola and Enantia chlorantha in Plasmodium Infected Mice

Background: Malaria is a worldwide threat, which affects millions of people. Although several antimalarial has been reported, they are either not effective or toxic. This study evaluated the antimalarial efficacy and safety of stem bark aqueous extracts of Khaya grandifoliola (KG) and Enantia chlorantha (EC) in Plasmodium berghie (NK65S) infected Swiss mice. Methods: Forty-two animals were grouped into six groups. Group A (control) comprised uninfected animals given sterile placebo. Group B was infected but untreated. Groups C, D, E, and F were infected and treated with 50 mg/kg artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), 400 mg/kg body weight of KG, EC, and the combined extracts (200 mg/ml body weight each) respectively. Results: Alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids, tannin and saponins were all present in the two extracts. The percentage parasitemia in the treated groups C, D, E, and F was significantly (P˂0.05) reduced from 44%, 24%, 35%, and 31% to 17%, 8%, 9% and 8% respectively. The level of creatinine C (1.33±0.08 g/d), D (2.07±0.15 g/d), E (2.17±0.24 g/d) and F (1.20±0.0.12 g/d) increased significantly (P˂0.05) compared to group A (0.73±0.08 g/d). There was no significant difference in the urea level, potassium and sodium concentrations among all the groups. Conclusion: The efficacy and renal safety of oral administration of aqueous stem bark extract of KG and EC were confirmed. Therefore, the extracts could be used as alternatives to standard drugs in the management of malaria.
Mechanical Behaviour and Split Resistance of Chestnut under Compressive Loading

2012 ABSTRACT The mechanical properties of four varieties of chestnut (namely; Albayrak, Alt ı nay, Ünal and 554-14) were determined in terms of average rupture force, deformation, rupture energy and firmness. Samples at various moisture contents were compressed by parallel plate along the X, Y and Z axes. Physical characteristics of the chestnut such as dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, volume and surface area were determined. The results showed that the rupture force, deformation and rupture energy values generally increase with increasing moisture content. The differences in firmness with moisture content are not statistically significant in the all orientations. The maximum rupture energy values at all moisture levels as well as all varieties were obtained for chestnut loaded along either the X or Y axes. The results of the experiments indicated that, the lowest rupture energy value to split the shell of nuts was required along the Z
A rapid effect of stimulus quality on the durations of individual fixations during reading

We developed a variant of the single fixation replacement paradigm (Yang & McConkie, 2001, 2004) in order to examine the effect of stimulus quality on fixation duration during reading. Subjects' eye movements were monitored while they read passages of text for comprehension. During critical fixations, equal changes to the luminance of the background produced either an increase (Up-Contrast) or a decrease (Down-Contrast) of the contrast of the text. The durations of critical fixations were found to be lengthened in the Down-Contrast but not the Up-Contrast condition. Ex-Gaussian modelling of the distributions of fixation durations showed that the reduction in stimulus quality lengthened the majority of fixations, and a survival analysis estimated the onset of this effect to be approximately 141 ms following fixation onset. Because the stimulus quality of the text during critical fixations could not be predicted or parafoveally previewed prior to foveation, the present effect can be attributed to an immediate effect of stimulus quality on fixation duration.
Stereotypic contents in textbooks and discourse on Hindu minority in Pakistan

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the stereotypic concepts generated against Hindu minority in the discourse of Pakistani government schools textbooks. An attempt has been made to conduct a multidimensional research based investigation by using critical approach to discourse. The critical approach is used on selected text from a Pakistan studies textbook as a case. The analysis finds that writers use manipulation in order to transmit their political intentions. In such challenging socio cultural context, critical discourse studies must be taught at upper level of education. The implications suggest that critical approaches that are desperately needed in order to make teachers critically educated and they should not more than the consumers of textbooks contents. Critical approaches to discourse can play an important role to address some social and political biased realities and can also raise awareness among students about language manipulations used in these textbooks.
Factors influencing local renewable energy initiatives in different contexts : comparative analysis: Italy, Romania and the Netherlands

There are many local energy initiatives in Europe aiming to introduce renewable energy. In order to see how these initiatives can be spread across Europe, a critical first step is to see what factors influence or might determine the development of local renewable energy initiatives. Therefore, this paper explores the stimulating factors for these developments, based upon an analysis of the factors affecting these initiatives in Romania, Italy and Netherlands respectively. A step carried for this purpose was a literature review. Moreover, based on the research developed by Boon (2012), for the assessment of the fostering and hindering factors in the Netherlands, an assessment framework was developed. This framework was transformed into a checklist of factors that was given for further assessment to the people affiliated with initiatives in Romania and Italy. This was done with the help of interviews, with founders or closely involved persons in such initiatives. In this manner the factors were empirically tested and additional insights were added. This led to the discovery of factors that foster the development of local renewable energy initiatives more clearly and specifically, to each context and major differences and similarities were highlighted.
Linking apple farmers to markets: Determinants and impacts of marketing contracts in China

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of marketing contract choices including written contracts, oral contracts and no contracts, as well as to examine the impact of marketing contracts on net returns from apple production in China. Design/methodology/approach - – A two-stage selection correction approach (Bourguignon, Fournier, and Gurgand (BFG)) for the multinomial logit model is employed to estimate the impact of marketing contracts on net returns from apple production. On the basis of the BFG estimation, the authors also use an endogenous switching regression model and a propensity score matching technique to estimate the causal effects of marketing contract choices on net returns from apple production. Findings - – The results reveal significant selectivity correction terms in the choices of both written contracts and no contracts and insignificant selectivity correction terms in the choice of oral contract, indicating that accounting for selection bias is a prerequisite for unbiased and consistent estimation. The findings also indicate written contracts increase apple farmers’ net returns, while oral contracts exert the opposite effect. Originality/value - – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the impact of marketing contract choices on net returns from apple production, accounting for selectivity effects.
The Core-Cusp Problem

This paper gives an overview of the attempts to determine the distribution of dark matter in low surface brightness disk and gas-rich dwarf galaxies, both through observations and computer simulations. Observations seem to indicate an approximately constant dark matter density in the inner parts of galaxies, while cosmological computer simulations indicate a steep power-law-like behaviour. This difference has become known as the “core/cusp problem,” and it remains one of the unsolved problems in small-scale cosmology.
In Vitro Release Test Methods for Drug Formulations for Parenteral Applications

In vitro drug release testing for parenteral drug formulations could benefit from more regulatory guidance and compendial information as this testing is a part of current expectations for drug product approval. This Stimuli article discusses in vitro drug release methods for those parenteral drug formulations that are not solutions and explores the challenges involved in using these methods for each formulation type. dx.doi. org/10.14227/DT250418P8 Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2018. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. All rights reserved.
Ten major reviews about positive psychology

INTRODUCTION Positive psychology has generated increasing interest year after year ever since Seligman adopted the label as a psychological approach in 1998. This fact may be seen in the publication of registered titles which include this key term in the PsycINFO database, maintained by the American Psychological Association (APA). Figure 1 shows the number of journal articles and book chapters containing the term positive psychology in the keyword section, over the last few years. Apart from the apparent decrease in the number of articles in the year 2009, due to the time lag in catalogue updating, the scientific community actually manifests a growing interest in this approach. Similar to most advances in the science in our field, the publication of comprehensive handbooks in Spanish has been rather belated in comparison to that in English speaking countries. In 2006, Vera carried out a bibliographical review showing this deficiency. Now, three years later, we can state that Spain has started to overcome the problem with the publication of monographic issues in the Papeles del Psicologo (2006) and Clinica y Salud (2006) journals, which provide part of the bibliographic references for this paper; with the translation of handbooks, such as Carr’s in 2007, and with the publication of national handbooks, such as
A BIDIRECTIONAL 3-INPUT DC-DC CONVERTER FOR ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

In this paper, a bidirectional multi-input converter having 3 inputs for electric vehicles is investigated. In order to respond high power need of an electric vehicle during acceleration, the studied converter has the capability of transferring source energies to the output simultaneously by allowing active control of their power levels. It also enables energy transfer between sources to store redundant power or so as to avoid undercharge and overcharge conditions. Moreover, thanks to its bidirectional operation capability, it is also possible to store regenerative braking energy to input sources while keeping energy flow between these sources possible. After giving the deep analysis of the converter operation modes, the converter is simulated through a switching model in order to verify the analysis
Effect of alternative mediums on production and proximate composition of the microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri as food in culture of the copepod Acartia sp.

Microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri was cultured in three different mediums consisting on an agricultural fertilizer (Agr-F), aquacultural fertilizer (Aq-F) and a conventional medium (F/2, control). These microalgae were later used as natural food to culture the copepod Acartia sp. The productive response and chemical proximate composition of microalgae and copepods were monitored. Growth rate and final cell concentration were higher in microalgae cultured in Agr-F compared to the control. In addition, the final biomass and cellular concentration were also the highest in Agr-F. Microalgae from Agr-F and Aq-F had higher carbohydrate and lower protein contents than those in the control. No differences in lipid and ash contents were observed. Regarding copepod production, higher densities and fecundity indexes were observed for those fed with microalgae previously cultured in Agr-F and Aq-F, compared to the control. The adult- nauplii ratio was also higher in copepods fed on microalgae from Agr-F compared to Aq-F and control. Copepods fed on Agr-F and Aq-F microalgae, had higher protein content compared to those fed on control microalgae; carbohydrates were higher in copepods fed on Agr-F as compared to Aq-F microalgae. No differences in lipid and ash contents were registered. Agr-F and Aq-F were adequate alternative mediums to produce C. muelleri, which produced higher quality microalgae that increased the copepod production.
Firm Size and Judicial Efficacy: Evidence for the New Civil Procedures in Spain

The literature has found that the size of firms matters for innovation and productivity and, thus, for economic performance. It is therefore worth explaining why enterprises in Spain are small in international terms. Our findings indicate that the quality of the institutional environment plays a role. Specifically, this paper analyses the different channels through which the efficacy of Spanish courts may affect the size of the companies at the provincial level. Regarding the existing literature, this paper is innovative in several important respects. First, we disentangle the impact of judicial efficacy on average firm size by differentiating between the effect on the growth of incumbent firms (intensive margin) and the effect on entry and exit rates (extensive margin), finding clear evidence of the former but not of the latter. We do so by using a firm-level database of more than half a million companies and real data (not estimates) on judicial efficacy at the local level. Second, this paper is the first to analyse the relationship between firm size and the effectiveness of justice after the reform of the civil procedures in 2000. Finally, and most significantly, it is the first paper in the literature to analyse the specific impact of the various civil procedures, both at the declaratory and the executory stage. In general, we find that judicial efficacy has a positive effect on firm size, but it critically depends on the type of the procedure, something that the previous literature has overlooked. More specifically, judicial efficacy matters at the declaratory stage (e.g. when a debt is declared and recognised by a judge), while it does not have a significant impact on size at the executory stage.
SPONTANEOUS SELF-CONCEPT IN A SUCCESSFUL WEIGHT LOSS- A PLURALIST QUALITATIVE STUDY

Background: People with overweight/obesity might express negative self-perceptions; moreover, the weight loss process often has an impact on a domain of self-concept: body image. Despite the vast literature on self-concept in adolescence, little research has been done with adults. Thus, this study aims to explore the spontaneous self-concept in adults who have done a successful weight loss. Methods: Thirty men and women who achieved a successful weight loss (a minimum loss of 7% of the initial weight and maintenance of at least 12 months) were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analysed both through content and thematic analysis (pluralistic analysis), by a jury of two psychologists. A quantitative exploration of the emergent categories’ was performed. Findings: An inter-rater agreement (Cohen’s k) was satisfactory (0.734). The analysis revealed themes such as the 1) physical self-concept (entailing positive, negative and ambivalent/neutral valences), 2) investment in one’s appearance and body, 3) interpersonal self-concept, with positive and negative ambits, 4) global self-esteem, and 5) explicit personality self-concept (comprehending positive and negative aspects). Discussion: Exploring characteristics referent to one’s knowledge of the self in a weight loss background increases information to a lacking literature. Theoretically, this understanding will shed a light on how different constructs (e.g. body image, self-esteem, explicit personality self-concept), usually researched apart form each other, have emerged together from the narrative of the adults interviewed. Clinically, this study may contribute to a greater knowledge about healthier self-perceptions of people how have undergone/performed a significant body/weight change.
PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG RURAL PRESCHOOL SCHOOL CHILDREN CAMEROON.

* DAMARIS Enyegue Mandob, Nguimbus Oum Madeleine Estelle and Bikono Samba Ange Gallus Fridolin. Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) and dementia risk in the Mild Cognitive Impairment patients

Summary Introduction. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a syndrome defined as cognitive decline greater than expected for an individual's age and education level but that does not interfere notably with activities of daily life. The main criterion of MCI is memory impairment, and the most common method of diagnosis is Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), scored in MCI as 0.5. Aim. We tried to estimate the utility of particular CDR's boxes scores in dementia risk estimation. Material and methods. Boxes of CDR (Memory, Orientation, Judgment & Problem Solving, Community Affairs, Home & Hobbies, Personal Care) baseline scores of 103 MCI persons (mean age 69.32; 80 females and 23 males) were analyzed in 2 groups: non demented - ND (n = 80; mean age 68.71; 56 females and 24 males), and demented - D (n = 23; mean age 71.82; 14 females and 9 males) after 3-year follow up. Results. Any significant difference weren't observed in Memory, Orientation and Judgment. The most differentiating were Community Affairs and Home & Hobbies, which were on favor in the non-demented group (p = 0.05). Conclusions. MCI subjects who later develop dementia differ from stable ones in functional domains of CDR at baseline evaluation. Analysis of particular CDR's boxes scores might be helpful in further patients' management.
BVA Biological Variation Analysis CEVd Citrus exocortis viroid DIA Differential In-gel Analysis eEF1A eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1 eEF2 eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 eIF5A eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 5-Alpha FDR False Discovery Rate GA Gentisic Acid PRs Pathogenesis-Related proteins 

Viroids are single-stranded, circular, non-coding RNAs that infect plants, causing devastating diseases. In this work, we employed two-dimensional DIGE, followed by mass spectrometry identification, to analyze the response of tomato plants infected by Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd). Among the differentially expressed proteins detected, 45 were successfully identified and classified into different functional categories. Validation results by RT-PCR allowed us to classify the proteins into two expression groups. First group included genes with changes at the transcriptional level upon CEVd infection, such as an endochitinase, a -glucanase and pathogenesis-related proteins PR10 and P69G. All these defence proteins were also induced by gentisic acid, a pathogen-induced signal in compatible interactions. The second group of proteins showed no changes at the transcriptional level and included several ribosomal proteins and translation factors, such as the elongation factors 1 and 2 and the translation initiation factor 5alpha. These results were validated by 2-D-Western blot, and possible posttranslational modifications caused by CEVd infection were detected. Moreover, an interaction between eEF1A www.proteomics-journal.com Page 4 Proteomics 4 and CEVd was observed by 2-D-Northwestern. The present study provides new protein-related information on the mechanisms of plant resistance to pathogens.
On the occurrence of Mesophyllum expansum (Philippi) Cabioch et Mendoza (Melobesioideae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea, the Canary Isles and the Azores

We reviewed literature records, examined herbarium specimens and studied new collections referred to as Mesophyllum lichenoides from the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic, and report for the first time the presence of Mesophyllum expansum in the Canaries and the Azores. Both gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of M. expansum occur in the Canaries, while we found only tetrasporophytes (and sterile thalli) of the species in all other regions. We further consider the presence of M. lichenoides further south than Atlantic France in need of confirmation. A comparative study between these two species points to the number of rosette cells as the most reliable and easily diagnosed character, M. expansum most often having 9–11 and M. lichenoides 6–8 cells.
Benthic foraminiferal colonization in experiments with copper-contaminated sediments

Colonization experiments, carried out over a 32-week period at 63 m water depth in the Oslofjord, Norway, have shown that sediment Cu-concentrations of . 900 ppm cause a change in the living (stained) foraminiferal community structure as compared to control values of 70 ppm. The changes, which are revealed through multivariate statistical analyses (MDS-ordination and ANOSIM tests) of the different treatment assemblages, are reflected by increased equitability and reduced abundances in treatments with high (967‐977 ppm) and very high (1761‐2424 ppm) Cu-concentrations. At the species level, a significant negative effect of the Cu-enrichment could be observed only for Stainforthia fusiformis and Bolivinellina pseudopunctata. There was no significant decrease in the number of species with increasing sediment Cu-enrichment. This indicates that not even sediment [Cu] . 2000 ppm had a severe negative impact on the foraminiferal species ability to colonize. One prominent effect of the Cu-contamination is that, at concentrations higher than about 900 ppm, the opportunistic and dominant S. fusiformis developed an increasingly patchy distribution pattern. Cu-contaminated sediments alone do not seem to promote development of deformed hard-shelled foraminiferal tests beyond the normal range.