Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accretion, retreat and transgression of coastal wetlands experiencing sea-level rise

Abstract. The vulnerability of coastal wetlands to future sea-level rise (SLR) has been extensively studied in recent years, and models of coastal wetland evolution have been developed to assess and quantify the expected impacts. Coastal wetlands respond to SLR by vertical accretion and landward migration. Wetlands accrete due to their capacity to trap sediments and to incorporate dead leaves, branches, stems and roots into the soil, and they migrate driven by the preferred inundation conditions in terms of salinity and oxygen availability. Accretion and migration strongly interact, and they both depend on water flow and sediment distribution within the wetland, so wetlands under the same external flow and sediment forcing but with different configurations will respond differently to SLR. Analyses of wetland response to SLR that do not incorporate realistic consideration of flow and sediment distribution, like the bathtub approach, are likely to result in poor estimates of wetland resilience. Here, we investigate how accretion and migration processes affect wetland response to SLR using a computational framework that includes all relevant hydrodynamic and sediment transport mechanisms that affect vegetation and landscape dynamics, and it is efficient enough computationally to allow the simulation of long time periods. Our framework incorporates two vegetation species, mangrove and saltmarsh, and accounts for the effects of natural and manmade features like inner channels, embankments and flow constrictions due to culverts. We apply our model to simplified domains that represent four different settings found in coastal wetlands, including a case of a tidal flat free from obstructions or drainage features and three other cases incorporating an inner channel, an embankment with a culvert, and a combination of inner channel, embankment and culvert. We use conditions typical of south-eastern Australia in terms of vegetation, tidal range and sediment load, but we also analyse situations with 3 times the sediment load to assess the potential of biophysical feedbacks to produce increased accretion rates. We find that all wetland settings are unable to cope with SLR and disappear by the end of the century, even for the case of increased sediment load. Wetlands with good drainage that improves tidal flushing are more resilient than wetlands with obstacles that result in tidal attenuation and can delay wetland submergence by 20 years. Results from a bathtub model reveal systematic overprediction of wetland resilience to SLR: by the end of the century, half of the wetland survives with a typical sediment load, while the entire wetland survives with increased sediment load.
Combining genetic markers with an adaptive meristic trait improves performance of mixed-stock analysis in Baltic whitefish

A. Combining genetic markers with an adaptive meristic trait improves performance of mixed-stock analysis in Baltic whiteﬁsh. Many ﬁsh species that are separated into genetically distinct populations are exploited as mixed stocks and this creates challenges for a sustainable management. European whiteﬁsh in the Baltic Sea represents one of these species forming sea- and river-spawning ecotypes, which are further divided into local populations. This study evaluated the effect of combining genetic markers with an adaptive meristic trait (gill-raker count, GRC) on the performance of mixed-stock analysis (MSA) of Baltic whiteﬁsh. Using 586 individuals from 13 spawning locations, a simulated mixtures analysis showed that the combination of GRC and nine microsatellites improves both the accuracy and precision of MSA for distinguishing two sympatric ecotypes. When applied to gill-net ﬁshery samples (758 ﬁsh) collected around the A˚land Islands, the estimated stock composition showed a large temporal shift in abundance of two ecotypes between June and November, with decreasing frequency of river spawners in autumn. Our results indicate that combining neutral genetic markers with the adaptive meristic trait provides a useful ﬁsheries monitoring tool for conservation and management of two sympatric whiteﬁsh in the Baltic Sea.
Genetic Variation of Nine Chicken Breeds Collected from Different Altitudes Revealed by Microsatellites

Genetic polymorphisms of 19 microsatellites were investigated in nine local chicken breeds collected from low, middle and high altitudes areas in China (total number was 256) and their population genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed. All breeds were assigned into three groups, including the high (Tibetan chicken (T) and Grey chicken (G), their altitudes were above 1000 m); middle (Chengkou mountainous chicken (CK), Jiuyuan chicken (JY) and Pengxian yellow chicken (PY), their altitudes were between 500 and 1000 m), and low groups (Da ninghe chicken (DH), Tassel first chicken (TF), Gushi chicken (GS) and Wenchang chicken (WC), their altitudes were below 500 m). We found 780 genotypes and 324 alleles via the 19 microsatellites primers, and the results showed that the mean number of alleles (Na) was 17.05; the average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.767; the mean expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.662; as for observed heterozygosity (Ho), it was 0.647. The AMOVA results indicated the genetic variation mainly existed within individuals among populations (80%). There was no genetic variation among the three altitude groups (0%). The mean inbreeding coefficient among individuals within population (FIS) was 0.031 and the mean gene flow (Nm) was 1.790. The mean inbreeding coefficient among populations within a group (FST) was 0.157. All loci deviated Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic distance ranged from 0.090 to 0.704. Generally, genetic variations were mainly made up of the variations among populations and within individuals. There were rich gene diversities in the populations for the detected loci. Meanwhile, frequent genes exchange existed among the populations. This can lead to extinction of the peripheral species, such as the Tibetan chicken breed.
Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultate einer Reise zusammengestellt, nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeschriebenen Gattungen und Arten.

f, DOCi v°n \CH.Al! BK Wilhelm Gottlob Kosenhauer, Dr. der Philosophie und Medicin, Privatdocenlen a. d. FriedrichAlexanders -Universität, Conservator am Naturalienkabinet daselbst, der physikal. med. Gesellschaft zu Erlangen, der naturforsch. Gesellschaften zu Nürnberg, Bamberg, Allenburg, des zoologischmineralog. Vereins zu Regensburg, des entomologischen Vereins zu Stettin, des nalurhistorischen Vereins „Lotos" zu Prag, der Gesellschaft für Medicin und Naturgesch. zu Brüssel, der entomol. Gesellsch. zu Paris, der Linn<5'schen Gesellsch. zu Lyon ordentl. oder correspond. Milgliede.
Somatic embryogenesis in Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet and assessment of genetic homogeneity using SCoT markers

Abstract This study describes an efficient plant regeneration protocol for Abutilon indicum via somatic embryogenesis from 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-induced leaf-derived callus on MS medium, fortified with 13.32 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA), 2.68 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 200 mgl−1-activated charcoal, and 11.54 μM ascorbic acid. This combination produced the highest (15.5 ± 0.7) number of somatic embryos after four weeks of culture. Further, the embryogenic calli were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 13.32 μM BA, 1.44 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), and 3% (w/v) sucrose and showed highest rate of germination (76.3 ± 7.0%). The germinated somatic embryos showed maximum plantlet conversion (62.6 ± 1.90%) on ½ MS medium supplemented with 4.92 μM indole-3-butyric acid and 6.0% sucrose (w/v). The highest frequency of secondary somatic embryogenesis (34.4 ± 0.82) was observed on ½ MS medium, supplemented with 133 μM FeSO4·7H2O, 74 μM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium dihydrate (disodium EDTA), and 15% polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) after three weeks of subculture. Scanning electron microscopy observations also substantiated the development of primary and secondary somatic embryos from embryogenic calli. Start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) marker analysis of 214 somatic embryo-derived plantlets amplified 167 numbers of bands ranging from 230 to 2125 bp. The homogeneous banding pattern confirmed the genetic uniformity of this sample of somatic embryo-derived plantlets as compared with the donor plant.
A rare Didymium from Mexico (Myxomycetes)

Trois recoltes d'une espece rare de Dydimium ont ete realisees sur debris vegetaux (Agave shawii Engelm. and Yucca sp.) dans le desert de Baja California (Mexique). Cette nouvelle espece, Dydimium mexicanum, est decrite, apres observation au microscope electronique a balayage. Elle se caracterise notamment par l'ornementation des spores.
nifH gene diversity and community structure of soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Hulunbeier grassland,Inner Mongolia

Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis were adopted to assess the nifH gene diversity and community structure of soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in five types of grassland(Filifolium sibiricum steppe,Stipa baicalensis steppe,Leymus chinensis steppe,S.grandis steppe,and S.kryrowi steppe)in Hulunbeier.The nifH gene diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was the highest in L.chinensis steppe,followed by in S.kryrowi,S.grandis,S.baicalensis,and F.sibiricum steppes.The community composition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria differed significantly with grassland type.In L.chinensis steppe,the community composition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria had high similarity with that in S.grandis steppe,but the similarity among other three grassland types was lower than 60%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most nitrogen-fixing bacteria were Alpha-proteobacteria of Proteobacteria,belonging to Bradyrhizobium,Mesorhizobium,Rhodopseudomonas,and Azospirillum,respectively.In the 5 grassland types,free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria and associative nitrogen-fixer were the major ecotypes in S.kryrowi steppe,while symbiotic nitrogen-fixer was the dominant ecotype in other four grassland types.
Factored Phrase-based Statistical Machine Pre-training with Extended Transformers

This paper presents the development of a cascaded hybrid multi- lingual automatic translation system, by allowing a tight coupling between the two underlying research approach in machine translation, namely, the neuronal (deterministic approach) and statistical (probabilistic approach), while fully taking advantage of each method in order to improve translation performance. This architecture addresses two major problems frequently occurring when dealing with morphologically richer languages in MT, that is, the significant number unknown tokens generated due to the presence of out of vocabulary (OOV) words, and size of the output vocabulary. Additionally, we incorporated factors (additional word-level linguistic information) in order to alleviate data sparseness problem or potentially reduce language ambiguity, the factors we considered are lemmatization and Part-of-Speech tags (taking into consideration its various compounds). We combined a fully-factored transformer and a factored PB-SMT, where, the training data is pre-translated using the trained fully-factored transformer, and afterwards employed to build an PB-SMT system, parallelly using the pre-translated development set to tune parameters. Finally, in order to produce the desired results, we operated the FPB-SMT system to re-decode the pre-translated test set in a post-processing step. Experiments performed on translations from Japanese to English and English to Japanese reveals that our proposed cascaded hybrid framework outperforms the strong HMT state-of-the-art by over 8.61% BLEU and 7.25% BLEU, respectively, for validation set, and over 8.70% BLEU and 7.70% BLEU, respectively, for test set.
Integrated management of collar rot (Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem) and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. Millsp) is an important oilseed crop which suffers from several diseases. Among the fungal diseases, collar rot caused by (Aspergillus niger Van Teigham) and stem rot caused by (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) are wide spread and cause considerable damage and has become serious threat to groundnut cultivation in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Groundnut plants showing typical collar rot and stem rot symptoms were collected from The Farm, College of Agriculture, J.A. U. , Junagadh. Isolation from stem/roots portion of infected plants were carried out which yielded Aspergillus niger and Sclerotium rolfsii on PDA. Koch‟s postulates were successfully proved by standard protocol. On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics and pathogenicity, test the pathogens were confirmed as Aspergillus niger Van Teigham and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Among the solid media, potato dextrose agar was found to be the best medium for growth of both the pathogens. Among the liquid media, Richards‟s and Czapek‟s media supported the best growth of A. niger, while PDA and Richard‟s media supported the best growth of S. rolfsii. Among the different carbon sources in solid and liquid media, dextrose and fructose were the best in supporting maximum growth of the pathogens. Among the different nitrogen sources in liquid media, potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate were found most suitable for A. niger. While ammonium nitrate was the best in supporting maximum growth of S. rolfsii. Among the different inoculation methods tested, stem injury method resulted in maximum collar rot and stem rot incidence. Most vulnerable stage of groundnut plant to A. niger was found to be 10 days olds seedling, where as in stem rot disease, maximum plant were killed at 85 days old seedlings. In host range study, soybean, pigeonpea, sesame, groundnut showed maximum disease and castor plants showed to be less affected by collar rot. In case of stem rot, maize crop remained healthy, while maximum disease incidence was observed in groundnut and soybean. In in vitro screening, propiconazole, captan and thiram were effective in inhibiting the radial growth of A. niger. Hexaconazole, penconazole, carboxin, PCNB, mancozeb, thiram and chlorothalonil were found to be effective in inhibiting the radial growth of S. rolfsii. Among the different bio-agents tested, Trichoderma viride was found to be effective in inhibiting the growth of A. niger in vitro. While T. harzianum (Improved) was found to be most effective in inhibiting the growth of S. rolfsii in vitro. In field experiment, minimum disease incidence, highest pod yield and haulm yield were observed in Neem cake + T. harzianum in furrow application to both A. niger and S. rolfsii. Out of twenty entries tested against collar rot, only GG-2 was found to be tolerant to collar rot, while JL-24, GG-6, GG-7 and TG-26 varieties were tolerant to stem rot disease.
Invariant antagonistic network structure despite high spatial and temporal turnover of interactions

Recent work has suggested that emergent ecological network structure exhibits very little spatial or temporal variance despite changes in community composition. However, the changes in network interactions associated with turnover in community composition have seldom been assessed. Here we examine whether changes in ecological networks are best detected by standard emergent network metrics or by assessing internal network changes (i.e. interaction and composition turnover). To eliminate possible spatial or phylogenetic effects, that in large-scale studies may obscure mechanisms structuring networks and interactions, we sampled multiple antagonistic (plant-herbivore) networks for a single diverse plant family (the Restionaceae) in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region. These are the first plant-herbivore networks constructed for this global biodiversity hotspot. We found invariant emergent network structure despite considerable changes in insect and plant composition across communities over time and space. In contrast, there was high interaction turnover between networks. Seasonally, this was driven by turnover in insect species and insect host switching. Spatially, this was driven by simultaneous turnover in plant and insect species, suggesting that many insects are host specific or that both groups exhibit parallel responses to environmental gradients. Spatial interaction turnover was also driven by turnover in plants, showing that many insects can utilise multiple (possibly closely related) hosts and this may create divergent selection gradients that promote insect speciation. Thus we show highly variable interaction fidelity, despite invariant emergent network structure. We suggest that evaluating internal network changes may be more effective at elucidating the processes structuring networks, and many fine-scale changes may be obscured when only calculating emergent network metrics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Wave mode separation and prestack depth migration of multicomponent data in the presence of topography

Scalar methods for multicomponent data processing require in principle separate wave modes. A method for wave mode separation in the presence of topography is proposed and tested on synthetic seismic data, generated over a complex geology model with a 2D elastic FD method. The resulting data are migrated using two preSDM approaches, Kirchhoff and PSPI, which also take into account the rough topography. The seismic images obtained show the challenging characteristics of these data; the methods provide insights into approaches that can be rewarding for elastic wave processing in complex settings.
Effect of waterlogging on some biochemical parameters during early growth stages of maize

A pot culture experiment was conducted in kharif with ten lines of maize (Zea mays L.). After 20 days of growth, plants were subjected to waterlogging. Changes in biochemical characters were recorded in 2 cm root apices after 48 and 96 hours of waterlogging. On a average, soluble sugar content initially increased but after 96 hours of waterlogging it decreased. Proline content also followed a similar trend. Free amino acids content increased under waterlogging and the amount further increased with increased waterlogging duration. Soluble protein content initially increased but later on declined after 96 hours of waterlogging. On the other hand alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity increased after 48 hours of waterlogging. Changes in the levels of these traits followed no definite trend in resistant and susceptible lines. However, the resistant lines, viz. Pant 7377 and Pant 7379 registered lesser increase in ADH activity as compared to susceptible lines.
Relationship of the pH of Medium to Growth of ‘Bluecrop’ Highbush Blueberry in Vitro

Growth of ‘Bluecrop’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) on Lloyd and McCown's woody plant medium was significantly unaffected by initial pH adjustments from 4.0 to 6.0 but was reduced significantly at pH 6.5. The expiants altered the pH of the medium during a 10-week culture period. A negative correlation between the final pH of the medium and growth was observed.
Comparative Response of Strawberries to Conidial Root-dip Inoculations and Infection by Soilborne Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae Kleb.

Previous studies have demonstrated significant genetic variation for susceptibility to verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, among strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) genotypes adapted to California growing conditions. These evaluations have been conducted using a conidial root-dip inoculation procedure; valid application of this method in a breeding program assumes the reaction of inoculated plants will be predictive of their response to infection by more natural means. To test this expectation, we evaluated the responses of plants representing eight strawberry genotypes that were either root-dip inoculated prior to being transplanted into a fruit production field or were transplanted into soil artificially infested with pathogen propagules (microsclerotia). Both inoculation methods revealed significant variation among genotypes in all 3 years that tests were conducted and the absence of significant genotype × treatment interactions demonstrate similar rankings of genotypes with both methods. However, based on statistical repeatability, the root-dip inoculation method was more consistent over time (R = 0.759) than the soil inoculation method (R = 0.510).
Antimicrobial and enzymatic activities of endophytic bacteria isolated from Mentha spicata (MINT)

Aims: This study is to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria for potential industrial enzymes and antimicrobial activities against some human pathogens. Methodology and results: Mentha spicata, a local medicinal plant, was used to source for endophytes. The roots, stems and leaves of M. spicata were surface-sterilized to isolate the endophytic bacteria. The endophytic bacteria were subsequently characterized based on their 16S rRNA sequences. The endophytic bacteria were screened for both antimicrobial and enzymatic activities. We identified 15 isolates of 4 genus-Pseudomonas (7 species), Bacillus (3 species), Enterobacter (1 species) and Comamonas (1 species) with 97-100% similarity level. Isolates MSS-3 (Pseudomonas putida), MSR-4 (Pseudomonas pictorum), MSS-2 (Bacillus thuringiensis) and MSR-5 (Pseudomonas straminea) showed prominent antimicrobial activities against the pathogens tested with zones of inhibition between 6.3 to 15.3 ± 0.6 mm. All species examined have positive cellulase activities except Comamonas guangdongensis and only isolates of the Bacillus genus, Pseudomonas pictorum and P. argentinensis exhibited amylase activities. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Our findings revealed potential therapeutic uses of the bioactive compounds of these bacteria endophytes against pathogens. Their enzymatic potential can also be of use in various industries.
Regulation of Key Enzymes of Sucrose Biosynthesis in Soybean Leaves1

An important part in the understanding of the regulation of carbon partitioning within the leaf is to investigate the endogenous variations of parameters related to carbon metabolism. This study of diurnal changes in the activities of sucrose-synthesizing enzymes and levels of nonstructural carbohydrates in intact leaves of fieldgrown soybean plants (Glycine max [L.]) showed pronounced diurnal fluctuations in sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity. However, there was no distinct diurnal change in the activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (F1,6BPase). SPS activity in leaves from plants grown in controlled environments presented two peaks during the light period. In contrast to field-grown plants, F1,6BPase activity in leaves from growth chamber-grown plants manifested one peak during the first half of the light period. In plants grown under both conditions, sucrose and starch accumulation rates were highest during early hours of the light period. By the end of the dark period, most of the starch was depleted. A pattern of diurnal fluctuations of abscisic acid (ABA) levels in leaves was also observed under all growing conditions. Either imposition of water stress or exogenous applications of ABA inhibited F1,6BPase activity. However, SPS-extractable activity increased following water deficit but did not change in response to ABA treatment. Gibberellin application to intact soybean leaves increased levels of both starch and sucrose. Both gibberellic acid (10-6 M) and gibberellins 4 and 7 (10-5 M) increased the activity of SPS but had an inconsistent effect on F1,6BPase. Correlation studies between the activities of SPS and F1,6BPase suggest that these two enzymes are coordinated in their function, but the factors that regulate them may be distinct because they respond differently to certain environmental and physiological changes.