Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome‐wide effects of sexual selection on the fate of new mutations

Sexual selection on males is predicted to have widespread effects on genetic variation as a consequence of the pleiotropic allelic effects on sexual and nonsexual traits. We manipulated the opportunity for sexual selection on males during 27 generations of mutation accumulation in inbred lines of Drosophila serrata, and used a microarray platform to investigate the effect of sexual selection on the expression of 2689 genes. While gene expression signal was, on average, higher in the absence of sexual selection, this difference was small (0.1%). In contrast, sexual selection impacted substantially on the mutational variance in gene expression. Over all genes, mutational variance in gene expression was, on average, 42% higher when sexual selection operated than when it was absent. Our results indicate that sexual selection on males can generate widespread effects across the genome. An increase in mutational variance without a corresponding change in mean suggested that most expression traits were unlikely to be under direct sexual selection. Instead, the mutational variance in gene expression traits is consistent with divergence generated by widespread pleiotropic associations with traits affecting male mating success.
Evolution of Drosophila resistance against different pathogens and infection routes entails no detectable maintenance costs

Pathogens exert a strong selective pressure on hosts, entailing host adaptation to infection. This adaptation often affects negatively other fitness‐related traits. Such trade‐offs may underlie the maintenance of genetic diversity for pathogen resistance. Trade‐offs can be tested with experimental evolution of host populations adapting to parasites, using two approaches: (1) measuring changes in immunocompetence in relaxed‐selection lines and (2) comparing life‐history traits of evolved and control lines in pathogen‐free environments. Here, we used both approaches to examine trade‐offs in Drosophila melanogaster populations evolving for over 30 generations under infection with Drosophila C Virus or the bacterium Pseudomonas entomophila, the latter through different routes. We find that resistance is maintained after up to 30 generations of relaxed selection. Moreover, no differences in several classical life‐history traits between control and evolved populations were found in pathogen‐free environments, even under stresses such as desiccation, nutrient limitation, and high densities. Hence, we did not detect any maintenance costs associated with resistance to pathogens. We hypothesize that extremely high selection pressures commonly used lead to the disproportionate expression of costs relative to their actual occurrence in natural systems. Still, the maintenance of genetic variation for pathogen resistance calls for an explanation.
New classification of melanocytic nevi based on dermoscopy

The lack of consensus among clinicians and pathologists, owing to the mixture of clinical and histopathologic features used to define the various melanocytic nevi, underscores the need for a better classification system for these benign lesions. Most dermoscopic patterns of melanocytic nevi correspond to specific histopathologic correlates and, based on this, we recently introduced a new classification system of melanocytic nevi that is directed at clinicians dealing with early diagnosis of melanoma, as well at pathologists, in order to promote better communication between these different specialists.
Rapid evolutionary loss of metal resistance revealed by hatching decades‐old eggs

We investigated the evolutionary response of an ecologically important freshwater crustacean, Daphnia, to a rapidly changing toxin environment. From the 1920s until the 1960s, the use of leaded gasoline caused the aquatic concentration of Pb to increase at least fivefold, presumably exerting rapid selective pressure on organisms for resistance. We predicted that Daphnia from this time of intense pollution would display greater resistance than those hatched from times of lower pollution. This question was addressed directly using the resurrection ecology approach, whereby dormant propagules from focal time periods were hatched and compared. We hatched several Daphnia genotypes from each of two Swiss lakes, during times of higher (1960s /1980s) and lower (2000s) lead stress, and compared their life histories under different laboratory levels of this stressor. Modern Daphnia had significantly reduced fitness, measured as the population growth rate (λ), when exposed to lead, whereas those genotypes hatched from times of high lead pollution did not display this reduction. These phenotypic differences contrast with only slight differences measured at neutral loci. We infer that Daphnia in these lakes were able to rapidly adapt to increasing lead concentrations, and just as rapidly lost this adaptation when the stressor was removed.
Clinical examination of the abdomen in adult cattle

CLINICAL examination of the abdomen in adult cattle can be daunting due to the fractious nature of infrequently handled animals and the lack of adequate restraint facilities on some farms. For many veterinary surgeons, cattle have become an unfamiliar species which are only examined periodically. The range of abdominal conditions which may occur in cattle is challenging and a careful cost-benefit analysis is required before an investigative or treatment protocol in embarked upon. Nevertheless, much can be achieved by using a methodical approach and many conditions may be successfully (and dramatically) treated if the correct diagnosis is achieved. This article describes how to conduct a systematic clinical examination of the bovine abdomen and outlines the abnormalities which may be found. In particular, it considers the observation and examination of the patient and any further diagnostic investigations which may be useful. Where appropriate, specific conditions are used to illustrate the abnormalities which may be present. The urogenital system is not covered.
Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants.

BACKGROUND Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies assess the causality of an exposure-disease association using genetic determinants [i.e. instrumental variables (IVs)] of the exposure. Power and IV strength requirements for MR studies using multiple genetic variants have not been explored. METHODS We simulated cohort data sets consisting of a normally distributed disease trait, a normally distributed exposure, which affects this trait and a biallelic genetic variant that affects the exposure. We estimated power to detect an effect of exposure on disease for varying allele frequencies, effect sizes and samples sizes (using two-stage least squares regression on 10,000 data sets-Stage 1 is a regression of exposure on the variant. Stage 2 is a regression of disease on the fitted exposure). Similar analyses were conducted using multiple genetic variants (5, 10, 20) as independent or combined IVs. We assessed IV strength using the first-stage F statistic. RESULTS Simulations of realistic scenarios indicate that MR studies will require large (n > 1000), often very large (n > 10,000), sample sizes. In many cases, so-called 'weak IV' problems arise when using multiple variants as independent IVs (even with as few as five), resulting in biased effect estimates. Combining genetic factors into fewer IVs results in modest power decreases, but alleviates weak IV problems. Ideal methods for combining genetic factors depend upon knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying the exposure. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of well-powered, unbiased MR studies will depend upon the amount of variance in the exposure that can be explained by known genetic factors and the 'strength' of the IV set derived from these genetic factors.
Sperm competition and the coevolution of pre‐ and postcopulatory traits: Weapons evolve faster than testes among onthophagine dung beetles

Reproductive competition generates episodes of both pre‐ and postcopulatory sexual selection. Theoretical models of sperm competition predict that as the fitness gains from expenditure on the weapons of male combat increase, males should increase their expenditure on weapons and decrease their expenditure on traits that contribute to competitive fertilization success. Although traits subject to sexual selection are known to have accelerated evolutionary rates of phenotypic divergence, it is not known whether the competing demands of investment into pre‐ and postcopulatory traits affect their relative rates of evolutionary divergence. We use a comparative approach to estimate the rates of divergence in pre‐ and postcopulatory traits among onthophagine dung beetles. Weapons evolved faster than body size while testes mass and sperm length evolved more slowly than body size, suggesting that precopulatory competition is the stronger episode of sexual selection acting on these beetles. Although horns evolved faster than testes, evolutionary increases in horn length were not associated with evolutionary reductions in testes mass. Our data for onthophagines support the notion that in taxa where males are unable to monopolize paternity, expenditure on both weapons and testes should both be favored.
COHORT PROFILE Cohort Profile : TwinsUK and Healthy Ageing Twin Study

The UK’s largest registry of adult twins, or TwinsUK Registry, started in 1992 and encompasses about 12 000 volunteer twins from all over the United Kingdom. More than 70% of the registered twins have filled at least one detailed health questionnaire and about half of them undergone a baseline comprehensive assessment and two follow-up clinical evaluations. The most recent follow-up visit, known as Healthy Ageing Twin Study (HATS), involved 3125 female twins aged 440 years with at least one previous clinical assessment to enable inspection of longitudinal changes in ageing traits and their genetic and environmental components. The study benefits from several state-of-the-art OMICs studies including genome-wide association, next-generation genome and transcriptome sequencing, and epigenetic and metabolomic profiles. This makes our cohort as one of the most deeply phenotyped and genotyped in the world. Several collaborative projects in the field of epidemiology of complex disorders are ongoing in our cohort and interested researchers are encouraged to get in contact for future collaborations.
Genetic correlations and sex‐specific adaptation in changing environments

Females and males have conflicting evolutionary interests. Selection favors the evolution of different phenotypes within each sex, yet divergence between the sexes is constrained by the shared genetic basis of female and male traits. Current theory predicts that such “sexual antagonism” should be common: manifesting rapidly during the process of adaptation, and slow in its resolution. However, these predictions apply in temporally stable environments. Environmental change has been shown empirically to realign the direction of selection acting on shared traits and thereby alleviate signals of sexually antagonistic selection. Yet there remains no theory for how common sexual antagonism should be in changing environments. Here, we analyze models of sex‐specific evolutionary divergence under directional and cyclic environmental change, and consider the impact of genetic correlations on long‐run patterns of sex‐specific adaptation. We find that environmental change often aligns directional selection between the sexes, even when they have divergent phenotypic optima. Nevertheless, some forms of environmental change generate persistent sexually antagonistic selection that is difficult to resolve. Our results reinforce recent empirical observations that changing environmental conditions alleviate conflict between males and females. They also generate new predictions regarding the scope for sexually antagonistic selection and its resolution in changing environments.
PERBANDINGAN PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN TINDAKAN MURID TENTANG PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT (PHBS) DI SEKOLAH DASAR YANG MEMILIKI DAN YANG TIDAK MEMILIKI USAHA KESEHATAN SEKOLAH (UKS) DI KECAMATAN MEDAN BARU TAHUN 2013

School Health Unit was a health improvement program located in schools with the aim of increasing Clean and Healthy Life Behaviour students. Without a Clean and Healthy Life Behaviour students more easily exposed to diseases such as diarrhea and worm infestation. It can reduce student ability to receive their lessons. This study aims to determine there was difference or not in students knowledge, attitudes and practice about Clean and Healthy Life Behaviour in the school who had and hasn’t had School Health Unit. Research site was in Medan. Population in this study were class III-V in a elementary school who had School Health Unit and a elementary school who hasn’t had School Health Unit, the samples were 70 students from each school. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. Data was obtained by questionnaires and interviews, analyzed using the T test for normally distributed data and Mann Whitney test for data not normally distributed. The research results showed that basic sanitation score mean were 15, basic sanitation in a school who had School Health Unit was good with score 14 and a school who hasn’t had School Health Unit was good too with score 16, implementation of School Health Unit in a school who had School Health Unit was good, and there are differences (p ≤ 0.05) in students knowledge(p=0,001), attitudes (p=0,001) and practice (p=0,001)about Clean and Healthy Life Behaviour in a school who had and hasn’t had School Health Unit. Based on the results of the study, concluded that there are differences in students knowledge, attitudes, and actions about Clean and Healthy Life Behaviour in the school who have School Health Unit and a school who hasn’t had School Health Unit. For recommendation in this research it is expected that the school without School Health Unit make cooperation with local goverment clinic to opening School Health Unit.
Speciation is associated with changing ornamentation rather than stronger sexual selection

Although sexual ornamentation mediates reproductive isolation, comparative evidence does not support the hypothesis that stronger sexual selection promotes speciation. Prior analyses have neglected the possibility that decreases in ornamentation may also promote speciation, such that both increases and decreases in the strength of sexual selection and associated changes in ornamentation promote speciation. To test this hypothesis, we studied color ornamentation in one of the largest and fastest avian radiations, the estrildid finches. We show that more ornamented lineages do not speciate more, even though they tend to have faster rates of ornamental evolution, whereas changes in ornamentation (i.e., increases or decreases) are associated with speciation. This indicates that divergence in sexually selected ornamentation, rather than stronger sexual selection, promotes or is otherwise associated with speciation. We also show that gregariousness and investment in reproduction are related to the elaboration of some ornamental traits, suggesting ecological influences on speciation mediated by ornamentation. We conclude that past work focusing specifically on the strength of sexual selection may have greatly underestimated the importance of sexual ornamentation for speciation.
Common evolutionary trends underlie the four‐bar linkage systems of sunfish and mantis shrimp

Comparative biomechanics offers an opportunity to explore the evolution of disparate biological systems that share common underlying mechanics. Four‐bar linkage modeling has been applied to various biological systems such as fish jaws and crustacean appendages to explore the relationship between biomechanics and evolutionary diversification. Mechanical sensitivity states that the functional output of a mechanical system will show differential sensitivity to changes in specific morphological components. We document similar patterns of mechanical sensitivity in two disparate four‐bar systems from different phyla: the opercular four‐bar system in centrarchid fishes and the raptorial appendage of stomatopods. We built dynamic linkage models of 19 centrarchid and 36 stomatopod species and used phylogenetic generalized least squares regression (PGLS) to compare evolutionary shifts in linkage morphology and mechanical outputs derived from the models. In both systems, the kinematics of the four‐bar mechanism show significant evolutionary correlation with the output link, while travel distance of the output arm is correlated with the coupler link. This common evolutionary pattern seen in both fish and crustacean taxa is a potential consequence of the mechanical principles underlying four‐bar systems. Our results illustrate the potential influence of physical principles on morphological evolution across biological systems with different structures, behaviors, and ecologies.
Investigating the Appearance-related Concerns of People with Hand Injuries

Investigating the Appearance-related Concerns of People with Hand Injuries An investigation of the appearance-related concerns of patients with disfiguring hand conditions was carried out in two out-patient clinics. A considerable proportion of the 122 respondents were experiencing psychosocial problems including anxiety, depression, social anxiety and social avoidance in addition to physical and functional difficulties. These difficulties were not related to the aetiology or severity of the hand condition. Hand therapists and other team members felt frustrated that they could not address patients’ needs more effectively. Solutions to these issues, including staff training, routine screening and the provision of support materials, are discussed.
Age-Related Differences in the Immune Response to Immunization With Human Aβ42 Peptide

Several studies show that plaque burden is resolved in young to middle-aged amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice after rigorous immunization with A � 42 peptide. We determined if wildtype 20-month-old and 3-month-old animals could produce high-titer antibody against A � 42 with a less strenuous immunization protocol. All treated young animals mounted a high-titer (20,000‐50,000) response after two immunizations and sustained a strong response for 6 months following the initial treatment with A � 42. However, 6 of 8 immunized aged animals did not respond after three immunizations. The 2 responding aged mice produced low-titer antibody (5,000‐10,000), which rapidly declined to control levels within 5 weeks after the third immunization. Aged animals may require alternate strategies for successful vaccination, such as inclusion of stimulatory cytokines or better adjuvants. If tolerance to A � 42 underlies the poor response observed in aged animals, then a mechanism to overcome this response will have to be investigated. LZHEIMER’S disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that increases in incidence with age. Incidence of AD increases progressively past the age of 60 years, and 47% of individuals are affected by age 85 (1). The pathology of AD is associated with the presence of neuritic and diffuse plaques. The main component of plaques, A � 42, is a 42 amino acid peptide that results from abnormal cleavage of membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein. New treatments are currently under investigation to reverse symptoms or halt progression of AD. One remarkable and promising strategy is based on studies that demonstrated that humoral immune response against A � 42 may be a potential treatment for AD and may provide a vaccine to prevent onset of disease (2‐5). These studies used a transgenic mouse model of AD in which young and middle-aged animals were vigorously immunized with human A � 42 for periods up to 11 months, by means of immunization by nasal or subcutaneous administration. These prolonged immunization regimens resulted in the formation of high-titer antiA � 42 antibodies (2‐4).
Evolution of extreme ontogenetic allometric diversity and heterochrony in pythons, a clade of giant and dwarf snakes

Ontogenetic allometry, how species change with size through their lives, and heterochony, a decoupling between shape, size, and age, are major contributors to biological diversity. However, macroevolutionary allometric and heterochronic trends remain poorly understood because previous studies have focused on small groups of closely related species. Here, we focus on testing hypotheses about the evolution of allometry and how allometry and heterochrony drive morphological diversification at the level of an entire species‐rich and diverse clade. Pythons are a useful system due to their remarkably diverse and well‐adapted phenotypes and extreme size disparity. We collected detailed phenotype data on 40 of the 44 species of python from 1191 specimens. We used a suite of analyses to test for shifts in allometric trajectories that modify morphological diversity. Heterochrony is the main driver of initial divergence within python clades, and shifts in the slopes of allometric trajectories make exploration of novel phenotypes possible later in divergence history. We found that allometric coefficients are highly evolvable and there is an association between ontogenetic allometry and ecology, suggesting that allometry is both labile and adaptive rather than a constraint on possible phenotypes.
Cohort Profile Cohort Profile : The EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development

Cohort Profile: The EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development Barbara Heude,* Anne Forhan, Rémy Slama, Lorraine Douhaud, Sophie Bedel, Marie-Josèphe Saurel-Cubizolles, Régis Hankard, Olivier Thiebaugeorges, Maria De Agostini, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Monique Kaminski and Marie-Aline Charles; on behalf of the EDEN mother-child cohort study group Inserm, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Villejuif; Paris Descartes University, France, IAB (U823), Inserm and University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Inserm CIC0802, Poitiers, France, Maternité régionale universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France, Inserm, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Paris; Paris Descartes University, France, Inserm, UMR 1069, Université François Rabelais; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France, Inserm, UMR-S 1136 IPLESP, Paris, France and UPMC UMR-S 1136 IPLESP, Paris, France
Nicotine affects cutaneous wound healing in stressed mice

Stress is an important condition of modern life. Nicotine addiction can modulate the physiological response to stress. Cutaneous healing is a complex process resulting in scar formation, which can be delayed by stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nicotine administration on cutaneous wound healing in chronically stressed mice. Male mice were submitted to rotational stress, whereas control animals were not subjected to stress. These stressed and control animals were treated with a transdermal nicotine patch that was changed every day. A full‐thickness excisional lesion was also generated, and 14 days later, lesions had recovered. However, the Stress + Nicotine group presented a delay in wound contraction. These wounds showed a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration and lower expression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), whereas there was an increase in angiogenesis and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) expression. In vitro fibroblast migration was also impaired by the nicotine treatment of stressed‐stimulated cells. In conclusion, nicotine administration potentiates the delay in wound closure observed in mice submitted to stress.