Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimate of the number of myelinated axons in the cat's optic nerve

The number of myelinated axons in the cat's optic nerve has been estimated from a partial count of sections of the nerve examined by electron microscopy. The average count obtained from four nerves was 128,600 (range 112,800‐147,200). This figure is within 10% of a previous estimate of the number of ganglion cells in the cat's retina, but is 33% lower than the only previous estimate of the number of these axons based directly on electron microscopy. Possible sources of the discrepancy are discussed.
19F NMR studies of α‐synuclein‐membrane interactions

α‐Synuclein function is thought to be related to its membrane binding ability. Solution NMR studies have identified several α‐synuclein‐membrane interaction modes in small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), but how membrane properties affect binding remains unclear. Here, we use 19F NMR to study α‐synuclein‐membrane interactions by using 3‐fluoro‐L‐tyrosine (3FY) and trifluoromethyl‐L‐phenylalanine (tfmF) labeled proteins. Our results indicate that the affinity is affected by both the head group and the acyl chain of the SUV. Negatively charged head groups have higher affinity, but different head groups with the same charge also affect binding. We show that the saturation of the acyl chain has a dramatic effect on the α‐synuclein‐membrane interactions by studying lipids with the same head group but different chains. Taken together, the data show that α‐synuclein's N‐terminal region is the most important determinate of SUV binding, but its C‐terminal region also modulates the interactions. Our data support the existence of multiple tight phospholipid‐binding modes, a result incompatible with the model that α‐synuclein lies solely on the membrane surface.
The effect of long-term arterial occlusion on energy metabolism of the human quadriceps muscle.

The effect of 1.5 to 2.5 h tourniquet ischemia on energy metabolism of the quadriceps muscle was studied using percutaneous needle biopsy technique in sixteen patients operated on for an inveterated knee injury. During occlusion there was a moderate decrease in ATP with an increase in ADP and AMP. This change resulted in a decreased energy charge potential. At the same time phosphorylcreatine (PC) decreased markedly while creatine (Cr) increased giving a constant total creatine (TCr). An accumulation of lactate during occlusion with values up to 80 mmol/kg d.m. (dry muscle) was seen. A 15% reduction in glycogen was calculated. After release of the tourniquet the active phosphate concentration and the energy charge potential returned to basal levels within 5 min and most of the metabolites in the glycolytic sequence were also normalized. Muscle lactate content was normal after 30 min of intact circulation. The results suggest that longterm tourniquet ischemia induces marked changes in energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, but that the changes are rapidly and completely reversible with restoration of blood flow.
Real-Time Walking Trajectory Generation Method With Three-Mass Models at Constant Body Height for Three-Dimensional Biped Robots

In this paper, a real-time walking trajectory generation method with three-mass models at constant body height for 3-D biped robots is extended for a diagonal walking. By realization of the diagonal walking, the availability is improved. The modeling of this method is more precise than that of conventional real-time walking trajectory generation methods. In this method, the zero-moment point equation of a body is derived, and an analytic solution of a body trajectory at a constant body height in a single support phase is obtained. Because the analytic solution is used, real-time trajectory generation can be realized. In addition, this method has advantages of the body trajectory at the constant body height. The validities are confirmed from simulations of the 2-D walking and an experiment of the 3-D diagonal walking.
Parametric vector quantization for coding percussive sounds in music

This paper presents a novel parametric vector quantization (PVQ) scheme as the secondary encoding to code perceptually salient percussive sounds such as drums in the time domain. It is deployed to improve the quality of service in the case of packet losses during percussive events. As a generalization and an improvement of our earlier system, the new scheme can achieve a better balance between bandwidth efficiency and error robustness. The proposed coding technique has been implemented with the MPEG-2 AAC (advanced audio coding) frame structure. Experimental results with music samples have shown the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Development of an Intelligent System for Short-Term Electrical Power Load Forecasting in Maharashtra State

In this paper an Elman RNN is developed to forecast Maharashtra's total real time electrical power load reasonably one day in advance. This paper compares the performance of two NNs configurations namely a well known RBF and the proposed Elman RNN. Load data are clustered according to the differences in their characteristics. Special days are extracted from the normal training sets. In this way, solution is provided for different load types, including working days, weekend and, special days. RBFNN is constructed for the same data as a benchmark. It is shown that, the proposed Elman NN clearly outperforms the RBFNN. Results show that the optimal Elman NN model has average MSE as low as 0.00408; average correlation coefficient has as high as 0.8266 and, average prediction error 6.21% obtained for the year 2006. With the developed optimal Elman NN, the average of MAPE on all three clusters has been reduced by 1% which is the major outcome of this research.
Using Embodied Data for Localization and Mapping

Mobile autonomous robots have finally emerged from the confined spaces of structured and controlled indoor environments. To fulfill the promises of ubiquitous robotics in unstructured outdoor environments, robust navigation is a key requirement. The research in the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) community has largely focused on optical sensors to solve this problem, and the fact that the robot is a physical entity has largely been ignored. In this paper, a hierarchical SLAM framework is proposed that takes the interaction of the robot with the environment into account. A sequential Monte Carlo filter is used to generate local map segments with a combination of visual and embodied data associations. Constraints between segments are used to generate globally consistent maps with a focus on suitability for navigation tasks. The proposed method is experimentally verified on two different outdoor robots. The results show that the approach is viable and that the rich modeling of the robot with its environment provides a new modality with the potential for improving existing visual methods and extending the availability of SLAM in domains where visual processing alone is not sufficient.
Control of Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Mouse Liver-Derived Cells by MAVS-Dependent Production of Type I and Type III Interferons

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) efficiently infects only humans and chimpanzees. Although the detailed mechanisms responsible for this narrow species tropism remain elusive, recent evidence has shown that murine innate immune responses efficiently suppress HCV replication. Therefore, poor adaptation of HCV to evade and/or counteract innate immune responses may prevent HCV replication in mice. The HCV NS3-4A protease cleaves human MAVS, a key cellular adaptor protein required for RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-dependent innate immune signaling. However, it is unclear if HCV interferes with mouse MAVS function equally well. Moreover, MAVS-dependent signaling events that restrict HCV replication in mouse cells were incompletely defined. Thus, we quantified the ability of HCV NS3-4A to counteract mouse and human MAVS. HCV NS3-4A similarly diminished both human and mouse MAVS-dependent signaling in human and mouse cells. Moreover, replicon-encoded protease cleaved a similar fraction of both MAVS variants. Finally, FLAG-tagged MAVS proteins repressed HCV replication to similar degrees. Depending on MAVS expression, HCV replication in mouse liver cells triggered not only type I but also type III IFNs, which cooperatively repressed HCV replication. Mouse liver cells lacking both type I and III IFN receptors were refractory to MAVS-dependent antiviral effects, indicating that the HCV-induced MAVS-dependent antiviral state depends on both type I and III IFN receptor signaling. IMPORTANCE In this study, we found that HCV NS3-4A similarly diminished both human and mouse MAVS-dependent signaling in human and mouse cells. Therefore, it is unlikely that ineffective cleavage of mouse MAVS per se precludes HCV propagation in immunocompetent mouse liver cells. Hence, approaches to reinforce HCV replication in mouse liver cells (e.g., by expression of essential human replication cofactors) should not be thwarted by the poor ability of HCV to counteract MAVS-dependent antiviral signaling. In addition, we show that mouse MAVS induces both type I and type III IFNs, which together control HCV replication. Characterization of type I or type III-dependent interferon-stimulated genes in these cells should help to identify key murine restriction factors that preclude HCV propagation in immunocompetent mouse liver cells.
The relation of blood groups and the secretor factor to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

ANIYOTROPHIC lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system of unknown etiology. It affects adult persons of both sexes between the ages of thirty and fifty years and invariably ends in death in about three to five years. The disease apparently has an even geographic distribution throughout the world, with the exception of the Mariana Islands in the Western Pacific, especially the island of Guam, where a high prevalence has been reported. The prevalence rate in the United States and Canada is about four to five per 500,000 population or eight to nine per 100,000 adult population (Kurland, 1957) and accounts for one in 1,000 deaths. About the same prevalence has been reported in various communities in Europe ( sercl and Kovarick, 1960; Haberlandt, 1959, 1964). On the island of Guam, among the Chamorros, the disease has been estimated to occur in 420 per 100,000 population, or in 1,000 per 100,000 adults, and apparently accounts for one out of 100 deaths (Kurland, 1957). The same high prevalence has been found among the Chamorros now living in California (Torres et al., 1957). Although the disease appears to be sporadic in the majority of cases, a positive family history has been observed in approximately 6-10% of the cases (Mulder, 1957; Sercl and Kovafick, 1960; Haberlandt, 1964). Numerous reports of familial ALS have been published in the literature of the last 20 to 30 years, and a review of pedigrees from at least twelve nationalities (Kurland, 1957) shows that ALS is transmitted in irregular dominant fashion in most of these. The present study was designed to determine if there is any predilection for a specific blood type among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the United States. A similar study is being conducted among Chamorro ALS patients on the island of Guam. Since Aird and his colleagues (1953, 1954) demonstrated the association of blood group A with stomach cancer and blood group 0 with peptic ulcer, a large number of associations, especially of the ABO groups, with a variety of diseases have been reported. Yet, all attempts to explain these associations as logical cause-effect relationships or to relate them to another common cause have been unsuccessful. This has led to considerable controversy as to the advisability and usefulness of conducting extensive studies to demonstrate associations whose basis is not understandable and, perhaps, spurious and whose significance is, at best, doubtful (see Wiener, 1956, 1959). Al-
Relay Assignment in Cooperative Communication Networks: Distributed Approaches Based on Matching Theory

In this article, we model the distributed relay assignment network as a many-to-one matching market with peer effects. We discuss two scenarios for throughput optimization of relay networks: the scenario of aggregate throughput optimization and the scenario of fairness performance optimization. For the first scenario, we propose aMutual Benefit-based Deferred Acceptance (MBDA) algorithm to increase the aggregate network throughput. For the second scenario, instead of using the alternative matching scheme, a non-substitution matching algorithm (NSA) is designed to solve the fairness problem. The NSA improves the fairness performance. We prove that both two algorithms converge to a globally stable matching, and discuss the practical implementation. Simulation results show that the performance of MBDA algorithm outperforms existing schemes and is almost the same with the optimal solution in terms of aggregate throughput. Meanwhile, the proposed NSA improves fairness as the scale of the relay network expands.
Design and finite element analysis of a radial-flux salient-pole eddy current brake

This paper presents a novel design containing design constraints and analysis of a radial-flux salient pole Eddy current brake whereby performance characteristics and design principles are given. In order to obtain an optimal brake design, different design models based on different parameters are all analyzed by using finite element method (FEM). Eventually, an optimized radial-flux salient pole eddy current brake design having more effective cooling capability than that of the conventional one is purposed. Results for the analysis are presented together with advantages and disadvantages.
Frequency control by coordination control of WTG and battery using load estimation

Nowadays, a wind turbine generator (WTG) is required to provide control capabilities regarding an output power. Under this scenario, this paper presents a frequency control method by coordination control of the WTG and a battery using load estimation by a disturbance observer for isolated island. The load variation is reduced by the WTG using pitch angle control in low frequency domain and the battery charge/discharge in high frequency domain. The output command for the battery is determined according to the battery energy storage ratio, the high frequency component of the frequency deviation and the load variation. By using the proposed method, the rated capacity of the battery can be reduced by reducing charge/discharge in long-term. Besides, generalized predictive control (GPC) is applied in the pitch angle control system of the WTG to obtain good response and robustness. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
Treatment of Adolescent Hallux Valgus With the First Metatarsal Double Osteotomy: The Denver Experience

The 1st metatarsal double osteotomy is described as an effective procedure for the treatment of severe adolescent hallux valgus (AHV) with low recurrence and complication rates. No study to date has evaluated the functional clinical outcome after 1st metatarsal double osteotomy. The purpose of this paper is to report the results at our institution in the treatment of severe AHV with 1st metatarsal double osteotomy. We performed a review of all patients (N = 9, 14 feet) treated at our institution with 1st metatarsal double osteotomy. We reviewed pre- and postoperative hallux valgus (HVA), 1st-2nd intermetatarsal (IMA), and distal metatarsal articular angles (DMAA) and calculated the average angular correction. Functional outcome was measured via the AOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal (HMI) scale as well as the duPont Bunion Rating Score (BRS). The average patient was 15 years old at the time of surgery with an average of 27 months follow-up. The mean angular correction was 21.54°, 9.25°, and 6.21° for HVA, IMA, and DMAA, respectively. Ninety percent of the patients reported good to excellent results. We had 2 complications for an overall rate of 14%. The 1st metatarsal double osteotomy is an effective and reliable technique for treatment of severe adolescent hallux valgus. Stiffness of the 1st MTPJ is the major determinant of patient satisfaction.
Unilateral spatial neglect recovery after sequential strokes

Article abstract-We describe a patient who had sequential strokes in both hemispheres with a severe unilateral spatial neglect after a first right-sided parietal infarct and abrupt disappearance of the neglect after a second left-sided frontal infarct. The first lesion involved the caudalmost right angular gyrus (area 39), whereas the second lesion involved the left frontal eye field (area 8) and surrounding cortex. Those two cortical areas are assumed to have a pivotal role in modulating both shifts of attention within extrapersonal space and saccadic eye movements through their connections with subcortical structures, in particular, superior colliculi and thalamic nuclei. Our case supports the existence of a distributed anatomic-functional network in subserving directed spatial attention. NEUROLOGY 19;: 184-189
Detection of Escherichia coli adhesins with DNA probes

DNA hybridization assays for genes encoding the Escherichia coli adhesins K88 and K99 were developed. These assays were used to screen a variety of animal E. coli strains, and the results were compared with results obtained by serological methods. All methods compared well for determining the presence of adhesin K99. However, the DNA hybridization detected more K88-positive strains than did either enzyme immunoassay or slide agglutination. Agreement was improved when strains were grown on blood or nutrient agar instead of Minca medium.
Aluminum Reactions and Problems in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Aluminum enters municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills from untreated raw curbside trash (MSW), industrial waste, and aluminum production wastes variously called dross, baghouse fines, salt cake, and other designations. Aluminum related reactions can arise and become problematic for landfill operations by generating undesirable heat, liquid leachate, and gases, such as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Temperature excursions up to ∼150°C ( 300°F ) and landfill gas pressures exceeding 210 kPa have been observed. Water from the MSW, precipitation, injection, and/or surface water management can result in sufficient water to trigger problematic aluminum related reactions. Another source of water in a MSW landfill is leachate recirculation, which is not recommended if substantial aluminum is present in the landfill mass because it can lead to a problematic aluminum related reaction. This paper examines the chemical reactions involving aluminum in landfills and the negative consequences o.
Monopolistic Competition and Search Unemployment

In this paper the monopolistic competition model of Dixit and Stiglitz for the goods market and the search unemployment model of Pissarides are combined. The Pissarides part loses its Walrasian goods market and the Dixit-Stiglitz part loses its Walrasian labour market. Pissarides' results now depend on the degree of competition. In the Dixit-Stiglitz part the size and number of firms as well as aggregate output now depend on aggregate hiring costs, tightness and unemployment, while real wages are not fixed. Some partial results of comparative static properties of the original models survive. New results concerning the effects of changes in labour (goods) market parameters on goods markets (the labour market) variables are obtained and related to the literature on macroeconomic theory with endogenous unemployment and imperfect competition, empirical results and policy issues. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005.
Design of E-plane T-junction dividers using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)

Power dividers/combiners are critical building blocks of Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPA). We propose a novel E-plane power divider with arbitrary splitting ratios, implemented in SIW technology. The divider is realized on standard dual layered PCB substrates, where the required coupling is achieved through a slot between the two layers. This unique design can be subject to easy modifications that support arbitrary power split ratios. Both equal and non-equal K-Band power splitter prototypes have been designed, fabricated and tested. Simulation and experiments validate the performance of this very useful building block for future miniature SSPA's.
Competing Forces of Socioeconomic Development and Environmental Degradation on Health and Happiness for Different Income Groups in China

China’s rapid socioeconomic growth in recent years and the simultaneous increase in many forms of pollution are generating contradictory pictures of residents’ well-being. This paper applies multilevel analysis to the 2013 China General Social Survey data on social development and health to understand this twofold phenomenon. Multilevel models are developed to investigate the impact of socioeconomic development and environmental degradation on self-reported health (SRH) and self-reported happiness (SRHP), differentiating among lower, middle, and higher income groups. The results of the logit multilevel analysis demonstrate that income, jobs, and education increased the likelihood of rating SRH and SRHP positively for the lower and middle groups but had little or no effect on the higher income group. Having basic health insurance had an insignificant effect on health but increased the likelihood of happiness among the lower income group. Provincial-level pollutants were associated with a higher likelihood of good health for all income groups, and community-level industrial pollutants increased the likelihood of good health for the lower and middle income groups. Measures of community-level pollution were robust predictors of the likelihood of unhappiness among the lower and middle income groups. Environmental hazards had a mediating effect on the relationship between socioeconomic development and health, and socioeconomic development strengthened the association between environmental hazards and happiness. These outcomes indicate that the complex interconnections among socioeconomic development and environmental degradation have differential effects on well-being among different income groups in China.
Harmonics estimation and modeling of residential and commercial loads

The distortion in the voltage and current waveforms deteriorates the performance of the equipment/devices connected in the distribution systems. The analysis of the harmonics is essential to determine the performance and designing of these equipment and optimal location of the harmonic mitigation devices. In this paper a preliminary survey has been carried out in the domestic and commercial areas to identify the existing level of current and voltage harmonic and their characteristics for different type of residential and commercial loads. The voltage and current waveforms of some of the commonly used loads and their harmonics have been recorded using power analyzer and digital storage oscilloscope. The total harmonic distortion is used as a harmonic index to identify the effects of different nonlinear loads. The detail mathematical modeling of the personal computer type load is established to estimate the harmonic contents of such loads. To verify their characteristics whether the nonlinear loads behave like current-type or voltage-type harmonic source, some nonlinear loads are simulated and validated experimentally.