Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissecting American Fuzzy Lop: A FuzzBench Evaluation

AFL is one of the most used and extended fuzzers, adopted by industry and academic researchers alike. Although the community agrees on AFL’s effectiveness at discovering new vulnerabilities and its outstanding usability, many of its internal design choices remain untested to date. Security practitioners often clone the project “as-is” and use it as a starting point to develop new techniques, usually taking everything under the hood for granted. Instead, we believe that a careful analysis of the different parameters could help modern fuzzers improve their performance and explain how each choice can affect the outcome of security testing, either negatively or positively. The goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the internal mechanisms of AFL by performing experiments and by comparing different metrics used to evaluate fuzzers. This can help to show the effectiveness of some techniques and to clarify which aspects are instead outdated. To perform our study, we performed nine unique experiments that we carried out on the popular Fuzzbench platform. Each test focuses on a different aspect of AFL, ranging from its mutation approach to the feedback encoding scheme and its scheduling methodologies. Our findings show that each design choice affects different factors of AFL. Some of these are positively correlated with the number of detected bugs or the coverage of the target application, whereas other features are related to usability and reliability. Most important, we believe that the outcome of our experiments indicates which parts of AFL we should preserve in the design of modern fuzzers.
Prediction of straight tooth milling of Scots pine wood by shank cutter based on neural net computations and regression analysis

Regression models and a neural net approach were used to predict the cutting performance during milling of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by shank cutter. The influence of rake angle, spindle speed, and milling depth on surface roughness of the workpiece, as well as the connection between the milling force and the surface roughness, were thoroughly considered. Four approaches were used to predict the workpiece’s surface roughness based on the experimental data: Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and multiple linear regression. The comparative analysis of the predictive models showed that Neural Network (NN) had preferable performance for prediction of machined surface roughness, with an R2 of 0.98. The SVM had certain fluctuations and the R2 of the multiple linear regression was just 0.87, indicating that they did not fit well for prediction machined surface roughness. In summary, the effective trend of milling parameters on the machined surface roughness of Scots pine was similar to multiple nonlinear regression, and the accurate prediction by BPNN model can provide technical support for the surface roughness of the Scots Pine and enhance shank cutter performance.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of RACE Mediated Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (fpps) Gene in Indian lac Insect Kerria lacca (kerr)

Lac insect is an economically important insect and the only animal species secreting resin. The main component of lac resin is sesquiterpenes, and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) is the precursor for sesquiterpene formation in terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme involved in the formation of FPP is the FPPS. The molecular cloning of coding region of FPPS gene provided the information helpful for further applied studies in the area of genetic manipulation in lac insects to increase lac resin productivity and its expression profile revealed the function of the enzyme and its role in biosynthetic process of resin secretion in different life stages of K. lacca. After the sequencing and assembly of the partial FPPS fragment and 3’RACE product, it resulted in 769 bp sequence of K.lacca FPPS encoding gene. The final product revealed a great homology with the mitochondrial isoprenyl diphosphate synthase gene reported in Bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi). The expression profile study revealed that this gene expression got upregulated in settled larvae and adult female lac insects in comparison to crawlers. The expression profile pattern reveals that the cloned FPPS gene may have some putative role in development of hormone biosynthesis or in resin biosynthesis. Index Terms : Kerria lacca, Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (fpps) gene, RACE, cloning, RT-qPCR
CMAR_A_348463 751..760

Objective: To investigate factors that may lead to discordant results in radial and antiradial planes when applying a computer-aided diagnostic system (S-Detect) for breast ultrasound (US). Methods: From May 2019 to September 2019, a total of 288 breast lesions from 286 consecutive women were analyzed. Diagnostic performance and diagnostic agreement of the CAD system between the radial and antiradial planes were calculated. Based on the CAD results in the radial and antiradial planes, the lesions were classified into two groups: the agreement group and the discordant group. Ultrasound imaging and clinicopathologic factors in the two groups were compared. Results: Of the 288 breast lesions, 187 (64.7%) were benign, and 101 (35.3%) were malignant. There was no difference in diagnostic performance of the CAD system between the radial and antiradial planes. The diagnostic agreement of the CAD system between these two orthogonal planes was good (ĸ = 0.645). Compared to category 3, 4C and 5 lesions, category 4A and 4B lesions were more likely to have discordant CAD results. In the subgroup of malignant tumors, lesions diagnosed as carcinoma in situ (P = 0.014), staged as T1 (P = 0.013) and with low Ki-67 status (P = 0.024) were significantly associated with discordant CAD results. Conclusion: The CAD system for breast ultrasound has a favorable diagnostic performance, and discordant CAD results between the radial and antiradial planes were more frequent for BI-RADS category 4A-4B lesions and less invasive malignant lesions.
Non-invasive photobiomodulation treatment in an Alzheimer Disease-like transgenic rat model

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, causing neuronal degeneration and cognitive deficits that significantly impair independence and quality of life for those affected and their families. Though AD is a major neurodegenerative disease with vast avenues of investigation, there is no effective treatment to cure AD or slow disease progression. The present work evaluated the therapeutic effect of long-term photobiomodulation (PBM) treatment with continuous-wave low-level laser on AD and its underlying mechanism. Methods: PBM was implemented for 2 min, 3 times per week for 16 months in 2-month-old transgenic AD rats. A battery of behavioral tests was performed to measure the effect of PBM treatment on cognitive dysfunction in AD rats. The effects of PBM therapy on typical AD pathologies, including amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, neuronal injury, neuronal apoptosis, and neurodegeneration, were then assessed. The underlying mechanisms were measured using immunofluorescence staining, western blotting analysis, mass spectrometry, primary cortical and hippocampal cell cultures, and related assay kits. Results: PBM treatment significantly improved the typical AD pathologies of memory loss, amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal degeneration, spine damage, and synaptic loss. PBM treatment had several mechanistic effects which may explain these beneficial effects, including 1) regulation of glial cell polarization and inhibition of neuroinflammation, 2) preservation of mitochondrial dynamics by regulating fission and fusion proteins, and 3) suppression of oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Furthermore, PBM enhanced recruitment of microglia surrounding amyloid plaques by improving the expression of microglial IL-3Rα and astrocytic IL-3, which implies a potential role of PBM in improving Aβ clearance. Finally, our results implicate neuronal hemoglobin in mediating the neuroprotective effect of PBM, as Hbα knockdown abolished the neuroprotective effect of PBM treatment. Conclusion: Collectively, our data supports the potential use of PBM treatment to prevent or slow the progression of AD and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PBM therapy.
Early-Onset Glaucoma in egl1 Mice Homozygous for Pitx2 Mutation

Mutations in PITX2 cause Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome, with congenital glaucoma as an ocular feature. The egl1 mouse strain carries a chemically induced Pitx2 mutation and develops early-onset glaucoma. In this study, we characterized the glaucomatous features in egl1 mice. The eyes of egl1 and C57BL/6J control mice were assessed by slit lamp examination, total aqueous humor outflow facility, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, pattern electroretinography (PERG) recording, and histologic and immunohistochemistry assessment beginning at 3 weeks and up to 12 months of age. The egl1 mice developed elevated IOP as early as 4 weeks old. The IOP elevation was variable and asymmetric within and between the animals. The aqueous humor outflow facility was significantly reduced in 12-month-old animals. PERG detected a decreased response at 2 weeks after the development of IOP elevation. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss was detected after 8 weeks of IOP elevation. Slit lamp and histologic evaluation revealed corneal opacity, iridocorneal adhesions (anterior synechiae), and ciliary body atrophy in egl1 mice. Immunohistochemistry assessment demonstrated glial cell activation and RGC axonal injury in response to IOP elevation. These results show that the eyes of egl1 mice exhibit anterior segment dysgenesis and early-onset glaucoma. The egl1 mouse strain may represent a useful model for the study of congenital glaucoma.
Kinetics of Placental Infection by Different Smooth Brucella Strains in Mice

Abortion and reproductive failures induced by Brucella are the main symptoms of animal brucellosis. Laboratory animal models are essential tools of research to study the Brucella pathogenesis before experimentation in natural hosts. To extend the existing knowledge, we studied B. melitensis 16M (virulent) and Rev1 (attenuated) as well as B. suis bv2 infections in pregnant mice. Here, we report new information about kinetics of infection (in spleens, blood, placentas, vaginal shedding, and foetuses), serum cytokine profiles, and histopathological features in placentas and the litter throughout mice pregnancy. Both B. melitensis strains showed a marked placental tropism and reduced viability of pups (mainly in 16M infections), which was preceded by an intense Th1-immune response during placental development. In contrast, B. suis bv2 displayed lower placental tropism, mild proinflammatory immune response, and scarce bacterial transmission to the litter, thus allowing foetal viability. Overall, our studies revealed three different smooth Brucella patterns of placental and foetal pathogenesis in mice, providing a useful animal model for experimental brucellosis.
Advancing contiguous environmental land allocation analysis, planning and modeling

ABSTRACT The identification or delineation of a spatially contiguous area within a larger region is an important land use planning problem and is utilized across a range of disciplines and management contexts. This involves the selection of individual spatial units, such as parcels, forest stands, management areas, etc., for an intended goal, purpose, usage and/or activity with constraints on maximum size along with contiguity requirements. The goal of this paper is to present a new spatial optimization model that can be used to simultaneously delineate single or multiple patches, where each is a contiguous set of individual spatial units, meets specific size requirements and is spatially distinct. We structure this new model as a mixed integer-linear program. We also present an application of this new model to a land management problem encountered by the USDA Forest Service involving wildfire mitigation efforts.
Functional Properties of Collagen Extracted from Catfish (Silurus triostegus) Waste

Collagen is used for a variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical uses, such as osteoarthritis-related pain management, hypertension, tissue engineering, and human implants, and is generally derived from porcine or bovine. Collagen from these animals has limitations due to the risk of disease transmission and religious constraints. Therefore, this study investigated the extraction of collagen from catfish (Silurus triostegus) waste. Acid-solubilized collagen and pepsin-solubilized collagen were extracted from catfish skin, fin, head, bone, and muscle. SDS-PAGE patterns of the extracted collagen showed that the protein molecular weights ranged from 97 to 200 kDa and skin, bone, and fin collagen consisted of 2 distinct α chains, which is typical of type 1 collagen. The proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) and yield of the obtained extracts were determined. Skin collagen extracts were selected for further investigation due to the high collagen yield. The effects of the pH and salt concentration on solubility, and the denaturation temperature, FTIR spectra, reverse-phase HPLC, and SEM analysis were investigated to characterize the collagen samples. Based on the characterization of catfish skin collagen, this waste material has potential for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
The Potential of Charcoal Gasification as an Eco-Friendly Fuel

The use of coal as primary energy in Indonesia will continue to be carried out, although slowly it will experience a significant decline until 2050 by the mandate of the National Energy Policy and the General National Energy Plan; this is more or less due to the potential of national coal reserves of 38.84 Billion Tons. However, planning for green coal or clean coal must be the first step by providing added value for coal through downstream coal gasification methods where the pilot project will be held at PT Bukit Asam as a state-owned enterprise. Coal gasification will produce by-products in the form of char which allegedly still has energy potential. As an effort to recycle when that pilot project is going operation, this char is then used as raw material to make briquettes. In this preliminary research, using coal samples with seam variation from PT Bukit Asam and the gasification process produces some char. After char characterization result by proximate and ultimate analysis, it is found that char experiences an increase in Gross Calorific Value grades from 5,804 cal/gr to 6,183 cal/gr (seam A1), from 5,794 cal/gr to 6,281 cal/gr (seam A2), from 5,837 cal/gr to 6,320 cal/gr (seam B1) and from 5,898 cal/gr to 6,407 cal/gr (seam C) and a significant decrease in sulfur levels from 1.18% to 0.38% (seam A1), from 0,41% to 0.30% (seam A2), from 1.12% to 0.59% (seam B1) and from 1.19% to 0.69% (seam C) and also a significant decrease of inherent moisture from 16.10% to 12% (seam A1), from 15.10% to 11.40% (seam A2), from 17.6% to 10.30% (seam B1) and from 14.8% to 9.9% (seam C). This result makes char potentially a raw material for solid fuels that are environmentally friendly.
How Well Can Architecture Students Comprehend the Site as Design Context without Performing On-site Observation?

The Covid-19 pandemic has forced daily activities, including educational activities, to prevent or minimize the transmission or spread of the disease caused by a coronavirus. Online architecture education demands significant adjustments in the embedded learning methods, especially those that entail architecture design studio. An architecture design studio that commonly involves direct interaction in physical spaces should be performed through online media and computer screens. Architecture students' comprehension of site or design contexts is usually formed by collecting information through on-site observation. In an online architecture design studio, an on-site survey is replaced by observing visual representation of the site. This study aims to identify how well architecture students in architecture design studios can comprehend the site when they have to rely on data acquired from virtual observation and/or on secondary data and how beneficial the comprehension to their design process is. Students' understanding of the site was measured with thirteen attributes of the site. It can be concluded that when architecture students depend on mere audio and/or visual data collected from the internet and/or other people, without visiting the site, they tend to have partial comprehension regarding the site as context. Contextual and responsive design demands a comprehensive understanding of all attributes of the site. The architecture design studio should incorporate on-site observation concerning the site according to the health protocol, so that the architecture students involved in the studio can have a better understanding of the site and create more contextual and responsive designs
Smart Meter Data Obfuscation With a Hybrid Privacy-Preserving Data Publishing Scheme Without a Trusted Third Party

Smart electricity meters as a prominent instance of the Internet of Things (IoT) have driven more efficient energy services in smart grids but also created growing concerns of consumer privacy. Homomorphic encryption of consumption data is a conventional solution for privacy protection, but it incurs a high computational burden to the resource-restrained smart meters (SMs) due to the encryption of high-frequency consumption readings. Perturbation is another major approach in providing the privacy protection of SM readings which is highly efficient. However, most existing perturbation-based works inadequately balance the tradeoff between the need of hiding individual consumption profiles and the need of retaining utility’s quality. This article proposes a hybrid privacy-preserving electricity consumption data publishing scheme without a trusted third party which utilizes the desirable properties of both perturbation and cryptography for better privacy-utility tradeoff and efficiency. The proposed scheme for fine-grained SM consumption data consists of two phases, which are noise generation and noise distribution. In the first phase, a distributed perturbation method is designed to provide differential privacy protection for high-frequency consumption while retaining the accuracy of energy services like regional load forecasting. In the second phase, a private noise distribution protocol, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$nn$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-PND, securely distributes <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> noise elements generated by an energy distribution operator to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> SMs in a semihonest adversarial model. Formal proofs of correctness and privacy of the scheme are provided. Experiments of regional short-term electricity consumption forecast using real-world data sets demonstrate the preservation of the utility over the masked data of this scheme.
Study of Discharge Outlines of Subthalamic Nucleus-Globus Pallidus External and the Favorable Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation in the Parkinson State

Aims: The aim of our model is to simulate deep brain stimulation mathematically instead of doing it experimentally to check whether the outlines in Parkinson’s disease helps in reducing the motor symptoms or not. The model is simulated here mathematically because clinical research is not feasible. My model is STN-GPe in which there are different differential equations. Also, to prove that the symptoms for Parkinson’s disease are reduced up to 99.59%. Study Design: Cross-correlation function. Place and duration of Study: Study was conducted in private college of Gurugram from January 2021 to September 2021. Methodology: Self designed, the conduct of the model has been accessible with the support of activity outlines produced in a normal state and Parkinson's state. These outlines have been related by finding out their correlation coefficient for dissimilar values of essential parameters. Here, a single-compartment conductance-based model is taken that concentrates on the subthalamic nucleus and synaptic input from globus pallidus (external). Current model displays extremely nonlinear behavior regarding many essential parameters. Results: Outcomes show that the activity outlines are extremely penetrating to several essential parameters. Deep brain stimulation is measured as a harmless and well-borne surgical technique to lighten Parkinson’s disease and extra movement ailments indications across some psychiatric situations. So, the deep brain stimulation technique has been applied here mathematically to find the cross-correlation between the two states. With the help of this stimulation, some promising results are obtained. Conclusion: The conclusion is that DBS is operative at reducing motor indications of parkinsonism by 99.59%.
Comparing University Libraries in Different Cities in Turkey with regards to Digitalisation and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many universities worldwide halted face-to-face education and instead began focusing on distance learning/education. Accordingly, it is necessary to consider the impact of this new digital era in terms of access to university libraries. Thus, the aim of this paper is to examine the digital services provided by university libraries in general and the solutions they have proposed to overcome the impact of COVID-19 on the higher education system in particular. To this end, secondary data from 30 selected state universities related to their library services, as accessed from their websites, is analysed to clarify the suitability of the existing digitalisation process in Turkish universities. It was found that digitalisation effectively equalises these different universities in terms of access to resources, regardless of their history/ranking/ structure or the cities they are physically established in.
Optimization of media and culture conditions and changes in the levels of major biochemical constituents during growth stages of Nannochloropsis oculata in the laboratory

Comparison of media and a few culture conditions for growing Nannochloropsis oculata, in laboratory is the major objective of this communication. Axenic stock culture was inoculated to different culture media and were evaluated for biomass production and pigment content. Of the three media studied, the f/2 medium was found to produce maximum cell density. Culture conditions like pH, temperature and salinity, optimized in f/2 medium revealed that pH 9, temperature 20°C and salinity 25 ppt were found to yield optimum output. Estimation of biochemical constituents showed more lipid content in the stationary phase, indicating the right harvesting time and this live feed organisms can also be considered for biofuel in the future.
Can we read minds by imaging brains?

ABSTRACT Will brain imaging technology soon enable neuroscientists to read minds? We cannot answer this question without some understanding of the state of the art in neuroimaging. But neither can we answer this question without some understanding of the concept invoked by the term “mind reading. ” This article is an attempt to develop such understanding. Our analysis proceeds in two stages. In the first stage, we provide a categorical explication of mind reading. The categorical explication articulates empirical conditions that must be satisfied if mind reading is to be achieved. In the second stage, we develop a metric for judging the proficiency of mind reading experiments. The conception of mind reading that emerges helps to reconcile folk psychological judgments about what mind reading must involve with the constraints imposed by empirical strategies for achieving it.