Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression of anaphoric subjects in Vera'a: Functional and structural factors in the choice between pronoun and zero

Abstract The choice between a pronoun and zero anaphor for the expression of third-person subjects is examined in a corpus of Vera'a (Oceanic). While predominantly expressed by a pronoun, subjects are found to permit zero form with referents that have low anaphoric distance. Within this context, zero is found to be preferred with a subset of verbal predicates that take a specific tense-aspect-mood-polarity (TAMP) marker that historically retains subject agreement. The strong preference for pronouns is related to the clitic behavior of adjacent TAMP morphology and the rudimentarity of agreement. Animacy and number also bear on subject variation. Effects of clause-combining and the use of connectives do not align with findings from studies of the same choice in other languages. Our findings underscore the prominent role of purely structural over functional motivations for the choice of pronouns over zero.
Populist radical right parties and mass polarization in the Netherlands

Radical parties have been found to succeed under conditions of mass polarization. It is argued that their message resonates better with voters at the extremes of an ideological spectrum. This paper investigates if the reverse also holds, meaning that radical parties may contribute to the polarization of the public. I test this claim in the Netherlands, a country that has experienced the rise of populist radical right parties since 2002, using a synthetic control model built with a pool of comparable countries and Eurobarometer survey data. Results show that, after the rise of Pim Fortuyn and Geert Wilders, the level of polarization among the Dutch public increased more than it otherwise would have. These findings contribute to understanding the connection between elite- and mass-level polarization, and the consequences of populist radical right parties’ emergence in Western Europe.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ceftazidime in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Neocuproin as a Complexing Agent

Abstract A simple and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the assay of ceftazidime with neocuproin-copper(II) reagent has been developed. The procedure is based on the drug in an acidic medium, subsequent formation of yellow ternary complex in citrate buffer solution (pH 4.2), and measurement at 454 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 15.0–40.0 µg mL−1 with correlation coefficient r 2 = 0.9995. The procedure holds good accuracy and precision when applied to the analysis of ceftazidime in powder for injection with good recovery percent ranging from 100.17±1.0 without interference from additives.
Dendrochronological investigation of selected conifers from Karakoram-Himalaya, northern Pakistan

Tree ring investigations at the high altitude mountains of the Karakoram-Himalaya, northern Pakistan have received limited attention concerning the climate-tree growth relationship studies. To test the climate-growth relationship, we developed four tree-ring width (TRW) standard chronologies represented by Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithiana from four sites in the Bagrot (BGR), Astore (AST), Phaphorash (PPR), and Naltar (NLT) valleys in northern Pakistan, respectively. These chronologies spanned 585, 514, 330, and 470 years, respectively. The tree growth was sensitive to spring precipitation and summer temperature, such as AST and PPR chronologies were sensitive to summer temperature. TRW chronologies of BGR and NLT were sensitive to spring precipitation and drought. Principal Component 1 (PC1) chronology was sensitive to spring temperature and showed an overall weak correlation with Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). These multi-sites based study revealed variable climate-growth response, highlighting the heterogeneity in microclimate on a local scale.
Direct and spillover impacts of community-based seed production: Quasi-experimental evidence from Nepal

Summary Maize production is central to rural livelihoods in the hills of Nepal. Access to affordable improved maize seed has long been a barrier to productivity gains and livelihood improvement. This study evaluates the direct and indirect (spillover) impacts of a community-based seed production program in Nepal using a quasi-experimental method for selected outcome indicators. Our results show that community-based seed production provides a significant positive direct impact on maize income and female leadership opportunities. The impacts were particularly favorable for disadvantaged households (HHs) from lower castes and HHs that owned less land. There is also strong evidence of spillover impacts on improved seed adoption, yield, and household maize self-sufficiency. Community-based seed production thereby could help Nepal attain cereal self-sufficiency and nutritional security as envisioned in the national agricultural development strategy and seed vision.
Electrophoretic Transport of Poly(ethylene glycol) Chains through Poly(acrylamide) Gel

Separation of a series of poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) by sodium dodecyl sulfate−poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis (SDS−PAGE) is investigated. Unlike for proteins, preincubation with SDS is not a prerequisite for the electrophoretic movement of PEGs; nevertheless, presence of SDS in the running buffer is essential. The bands are detected by staining with Dragendorff's reagent (iodobismuthate) which forms an insoluble complex with PEG. Exclusion of a stacking gel above the separatory gel better resolves the low molecular weight PEGs (<10000), but high molecular weight PEGs yield well separated bands by both methods. To elucidate the mode of transport, PEGs samples were electrophoresed alongside marker proteins of comparable molecular weight and detected by a two step staining process involving Dragendroff's reagent for the former and coomassie blue for the latter. PEGs moved along with proteins of twice the molecular weight. The possibility of PEG chains migrating with dodecyl sulfate ion (DS-) cloud i.
The effect of UV pre-treatment on biofouling of BWRO membranes: A field study

The use of biocides, particularly chlorine, in reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is widely practiced despite documented evidence that although biocides may be advantageous in controlling microbial counts in the water, in some cases they can actually exacerbate biofouling of the membranes. The adverse effects, associated with widespread biocide use, have spurred the need for finding alternative RO pre-treatment disinfection methods. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, and specifically medium pressure ultraviolet (MP-UV) disinfection has been considered a possible alternative and is now gaining recognition as a viable disinfection method applicable to RO desalination; however documentation on the effects of UV pre-treatment on RO membrane biofouling is scarce. This paper reports the findings from a four month field study conducted at a brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination plant, treating groundwater, in the north of Israel, in which MP-UV was applied as a pre-treatment disinfection step prior to RO.
Ag, Ge and Sn reference samples for elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES), used for experimental determination of the inelastic mean free path and the surface excitation parameter

Reference samples are needed for experimental determination of the inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons by elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES). High‐quality (microcrystalline mirror) Ni reference samples were used for IMFP measurements. For surface excitation parameter experiments, new types of reference samples are needed. They should exhibit pronounced surface‐loss spectra, such as amorphous Ge (aGe), Sn and Ag. A new procedure is presented for their preparation. Microcrystalline Ag and Sn reference samples were deposited on highly polished (by Buehler alumina alpha micropolish 1C) brass (60% Cu, 40% Zn) substrates. Electrolytic deposition was used for Ag and for Sn and resulted in excellent surface quality. The average surface roughness rav was checked by scanning tunnelling microscopy or atomic force microscopy before and after Ar+ ion bombardment cleaning. Typical rav values were 4–6 nm for Ag, 3–4 nm for Sn and 2–4 nm for brass substrate. The aGe sample was deposited by magnetron sputtering or by evaporation in a high vacuum on an Si substrate. Its rav was 4–5 nm. The samples were studied by EPES/reflection electron energy‐loss spectroscopy, covering the 0.2–5 keV energy range, with the ESA 31 HSA electron spectrometer. The IMFP of Sn was determined by EPES. The surface excitation parameters for the Si, Ge and Sn samples were determined from their inelastic scattering cross‐section spectra. For Ag the surface excitation parameter was estimated by using the above reference samples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lung Dosimetry: Pulmonary Clearance of Inhaled Particles

In lung dosimetry of inhaled particulate compounds one has to consider both deposition and clearance kinetics throughout the respiratory tract. The deposition is governed essentially by particle size, ventilatory parameters, as well as airway characteristics, whereas the clearance of particulate compounds, once deposited, is dependent on physicochemical characteristics of the compound. Predictive models of particle deposition for specific regions in the lung or specific airway generations can be applied to estimate regional and local doses of an inhaled compound. The main clearance mechanism for insoluble particles deposited in the conducting airways is via the mucociliary escalator. Soluble particles are cleared mainly by diffusional and pinocytotic processes from this region, depending on their lipo- or hydrophilicity. The main clearance mechanism for insoluble particles in the alveolar region is based on the function of the alveolar macrophages that effectively phagocytize deposited particles and trans.
Über die Rhodanierung des Sulfanilamids und einige Benzthiazolyl‐sulfonamide.

In einer friiheren Mitteilung? ) wurde die Darstellung des stark ankthesierenden 2 A m i n o 6 l i t h o x y b e n z t h i a z o 1s sowie einiger B e n z t h i a z o 1 y 1 H a r n s t, o f f e beschrieben, die in der Absicht, therapeutisch wertvolle Schwefelverbindungen zu gewinnen, synthetisiert worden waren. Auch von anderer Seite ist bereits mehrfach versucht worden, den Benzthiazolylrest in Arzneimittel einzufiihren. Meist wurde dabei an die im physikalischen und chemischen Verhalten auffallende Analogie zwischen B e n z t h i a z o 1 und C h i n o l i n gedacht. So konnte z. B. M. T. B o g e r t 3 ) im 2 P h e n y 1 6 c a r b o x y b e n z t h i a z o 1 einen dem Atophan iihnlichen Stoff gcwinnen. J. L. K n u j a n z und S. W. B e n e w o 1 e n s k a j a 4, stelltcn das 4 ( y D i a t h y 1 a m i n o p r o p y 1 a m i n 0) 6 m e t h o x y b e n z t h i a z o 1 und Jas 2 M c t h y 1 4 ( y d i i i t h y l a m i n o p r o p y l a m i n o ) 6 m e t h o x y b e n z t h i a z o 1 her. Ersteres
Several highly efficient catalysts for Pt-free and FTO-free counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells

Three nanomaterials, namely, titanium carbide (TiC), tungsten oxide (WO2), and vanadium nitride (VN), are introduced into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) as counter electrode (CE) catalysts to replace the expensive Pt CE. Three kinds of substrates of bare glass (BG), Ti foil, and polyimide (PI) film are applied as F-doped tin oxide (FTO)-free substrates for rigid and flexible DSCs; thus realizing FTO-free and Pt-free CEs simultaneously in the DSC system. A carbon layer is used as an electron collector to replace the expensive FTO conductive layer in the insulative BG and PI film. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Tafel polarization curves are performed to compare the catalytic activities of these CEs for the reduction of triiodide to iodide. The results demonstrate that the DSCs that use TiC, WO2, and VN as CEs on Ti foil have better photovoltaic performance than those that use CEs on traditional FTO glass. Moreover, the TiC, WO2, and VN on the BG substrates show excellent catalytic activities that can match the performance of the CEs on FTO glasses.
Radiation Induced Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate‐Co‐Vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium Chloride Binary Hydrogel System‐I: Equilibrium Swelling Studies

High‐energy gamma radiation has been used to synthesize 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride (HEMA‐co‐VBT) hydrogels. Unlike pure poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammmonium chloride) gels, these gels had good strength and could be handled easily. The equilibrium degree of swelling of the gels was a linear function of the VBT content in the gels. The effect of ionic strength, temperature, pH, some solutes of biological importance such as glucose, urea, and surfactants such as Triton‐X, Deoxycholic acid, have been reported. An increase in temperature of the swelling medium did not affect the EDS but did affect the rate of swelling of the gels. HEMA‐co‐VBT hydrogels showed ionic strength responsive properties, and the reversible swelling‐deswelling action could be performed in NaCl‐water medium for several cycles without losing physical strength of the gel. The gels were also tested for uptake of monovalent anionic dyes namely acid blue 25 (AB25), acid yellow 99 (AY99) from dilute aqueous solutions and found to be suitable for dye uptake with high efficiency.
Development of a Novel Slow-Releasing Iron−Manganese Fertilizer Compound

Development of a new slow-release micronutrient fertilizer of iron−manganese is described. Studies include formulation, synthesis, kinetics, characterization, and testing. The compound is a partially polymerized, iron−manganese−magnesium polyphosphate, which is produced at 200 °C by reaction of iron, manganese, and magnesium oxides with phosphoric acid, followed by neutralization to pH 5.6. Polymerization is optimal at 21.2% with an Fe/Mn/Mg/P molar ratio of 1:0.51:1.15:7.33. Condensation kinetics show multistage processes with plateau formation at the end of each stage. The compound is crystalline with new XRD patterns indicative of a regular arrangement of polyphosphate chains. ESR spectra reveal Mn predominantly in the IV state. The product has ideal slow-release characteristics of low water solubility but high citrate and DTPA solubility, indicating high bio-availability of the micronutrients. Plant trials with chilli show a 45.6% increase in yield, at Fe 2 kg/ha−Mn 1 kg/ha as the slow-release fertili.
MONITORING OF IRON (III) IONS WITH A FE3+-PVC MEMBRANE SENSOR BASED ON 4, 4'-DIMETHOXYBENZIL BISTHIOSEMICARBAZONE

ABSTRACT A new poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode that is highly selective to Fe 3+ ions was prepared by using 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzil bisthiosemicarbazone (DBTS) as a suitable neutral carrier. Membrane incorporating 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzil bisthiosemicarbazone (DBTS), as ionophore with composition DBTS:NaTPB:NB:PVC in the ratio 2:2:64:32 (w/w) exhibits the best result for potentiometric sensing of Fe 3+ ions. The electrode exhibited a near-Nernstian response to Fe in the concentration range of 1 . 0 × 10 −6 to 1 . 0×10 −2 M with a slope of 19 . 4 ± 0 . 5 mV per decade. The proposed sensor can be used over a period of 2 months. The lower limit of detection was 3.6×10 −7 M. This electrode showed high selectivity with respect to alkaline, alkaline earth, and heavy metal ions and could be used over a pH range of 1.8–5.0. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Fe 3+ against EDTA as well as for the determination of Fe in water sample solutions (tap and mineral water samples).
Carbon dioxide chemistry on Cu(100)

The binding energy for CO2 adsorbed on Cu(100) has been determined by use of temperature programmed desorption and was found to increase with increasing coverage from 25 to 30 kJ mol−1. The presence of surface oxygen did not significantly increase the CO2 binding energy. High‐resolution electron energy‐loss spectra results indicate that the molecularly adsorbed CO2 lies flat on both surfaces and resembles gas phase CO2. The dissociative adsorption of CO2 on Cu(100) at a CO2 pressure of 990 mbar and a temperature range of 475–550 K has been investigated by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The dissociative adsorption of CO2 was found to have an activation energy of 93±5 kJ mol−1 and to have a sticking coefficient of 7.5× 10−12 at 500 K. The dissociative adsorption of CO2 and surface oxygen removal by CO reaches equilibrium under our experimental conditions. The heat of reaction was calculated to 70±4 kJ mol−1.
Polymer Cookery: Influence of Polymerization Time and Different Initiation Conditions on Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

A set of polymers was imprinted with (−)-ephedrine using thermal and UV initiation. The performance of the synthesized materials was studied by HPLC. It was shown that the polymer morphology and enantioselective properties are dependent on the polymerization conditions and time of the reaction. The binding mechanism of synthesized polymers was studied using Van't Hoff analysis. The results of testing strongly indicate that the polymer receptor structure is shaped during the initial phase of polymer gelation. The present study shows the importance of controlling experimental conditions in the MIP synthesis and highlights potential problems expected during scaling up of MIP production.
Soft compartmentalization: Combining droplet‐based microfluidics with freely accessible cells

Droplet‐based microfluidics allows the generation and manipulation of many independent microreactors (pico‐ to nanoliter volumes) optionally hosting human cells. However, one limitation is that mammalian cells within droplets are not fully accessible from outside. The contents of the plugs cannot be completely exchanged so that washing steps for immunoassays are not possible. Additionally, imaging of cells is difficult because cells move within the volume of the plugs. Here, we present an approach in which droplets are used for the specific delivery of compounds across a 150 μm thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane to cells grown on the opposite side of this thin membrane, resulting in spatially separated, parallelizable assays. As a first application, we used this setup to compartmentalize tetracycline within droplets and incubating them in a long channel for 16 h, after which the plugs were flushed out of the channels. Tetracycline diffused into the PDMS membrane and induced the expression of green fluorescent protein in HeLa cells within a large, freely accessible population in a pattern corresponding to the original positions of tetracycline droplets. This should allow the combination of droplet‐based microfluidics with cell‐based assays requiring long incubation times, studies of cell–cell interactions, and chemotaxis.
Development of Mobile Photometer for DNA Quantitation Using UV-LED

Light as electromagnetic wave, when travelling through liquid solution, could perturb and interact with molecules in the solution. Such interaction results in DNA characteristic absorption 260 nm. The absorbance is proportional to DNA concentration through Beer-Lambert law of absorption. This relationship is a common basis of DNA quantification in spectrophotometers. A bulky deuterium lamp or halogen lamp is commonly used as 260-nm light source. Their use has limited a mobility of spectrophotometer. UV-LED is an alternative light source with lighter weight and more compact in size. In this work, we have developed 260-nm LED and a photo-diode as a compact and mobile photometer. At present, the development is still in its early stage . Some experimental results of DNA quantification are reported in this conference .
Modular and scalable biocatalytic tools for practical safety, health and environmental improvements in the production of speciality chemicals

Biocatalytic tools for both end-of-the-pipe solutions and direct reaction methodology have been developed for the improvement of practical oxidations. The identification of bottlenecks and limitations in biocatalytic Baeyer-Villiger oxidations, and the comparison of scalable process designs to overcome these limitations, have shown the direction for improvements. The first kilogram-scale asymmetric microbial Baeyer-Villiger oxidation with optimized productivity has been realized by the combination of a resin-based in-situ SFPR strategy together with micro-bubble aeration. Regioselective asymmetric dihydroxylation of aromatic nitriles has been achieved by recombinant chlorobenzenedioxygenase. The introduction of novel biocatalytic tools for key catalytic asymmetric transformations will change chemical manufacturing in the 21st century.
Leaf chlorophyll content as a possible diagnostic mean for the evaluation of plant nitrogen uptake from the soil

Abstract The influence of temperature, irradiance, and soil humidity on the nitrogen (N) concentration in some organs, chlorophyll in the leaves, N uptake and accumulation of dry matter in plants of winter wheat was investigated. In the plants grown under equal initial N supplement but in contrasting conditions of the evironment, the correlation between concentration of total N and chlorophyll in the leaves was absent. No interrelationship was found between concentration of total N in the leaves and accumulation of N and dry matter in the whole plants. There is a close correlation between chlorophyll in the leaves, accumulation of total N, and dry matter of the whole plant. It was concluded that chlorophyll is a more stable informative parameter for the estimation of the N uptake from the soil under different growth conditions than leaf N concentration.
Effect of electron correlation on the H2CO‐He interaction potential

A previously reported Hartree‐Fock (HF) interaction potential between H2CO(1A1) and He(1s) is modified through a series of configuration interaction (CI) calculations. The CI contribution is described by a three‐term (l=0,1,2) Legendre polynomial expansion in the angle τ formed by the direction of incidence of He and the CO bond of formaldehyde. No significant azimuthal angle dependence is obtained. Correlation is found to have little effect in the strongly anisotropic repulsive region of the interaction potential but dominates the well and long‐range regions. The maximum well depth is attained for in‐plane approaches of He and lies in the range 35–40 °K for arbitrary τ at center of mass separation of 7.5 a.u. The CI contribution in the region of the minimum is beleived accurate to ∼20%.