Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Katalisator dan Rasio Bahan terhadap Kualitas Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa

Kebutuhan energi di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Oleh karena itu perlu pengembangan energi alternatif , salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Indonesia sebagai negara penghasil minyak nabati terbesar dunia, juga sebagai negara penghasil minyak kelapa relatif besar dunia mempunyai peluang untuk menghasilkan dan memainkan peranan penting dalam produksi bahan bakar biodiesel. Di antara berbagai jenis minyak nabati, minyak kelapa mempunyai peluang besar untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan biodisel. Penelitian dilakukan dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi motor pengaduk dan termometer. Reaksi transesterifikasi diawali dengan mencampur minyak kelapa yang telah dipanaskan dengan campuran etanol dan katalisator KOH. Reaksi dilakukan selama dua jam dengan variabel proses konsentrasi katalisator 0,65 – 0,95 % b/v dan rasio minyak kelapa/etanol antara 2:1 dan 6:1. Kemudian dilakukan pemisahan biodiesel dari gliserol dan pengeringan. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji sifat biodiesel rapat massa, viskositas, cloud point, flash point dan angka asam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil minyak destilat yang relatif baik dan yang masuk dalam spesifikasi standar dan mutu biodiesel diperoleh pada pada konsentrasi katalisator KOH 0,75 – 0,90 %b/v dan rasio minyak kelapa/etanol 3:1 – 5:1. Kata kunci: energi alternatif, biodiesel, transesterifikasi, rasio bahan, standar mutu The demand for energy in Indonesia has increased very fast in the recent years in the midst of fossil oil depletion. A lot of effort has been carried out to find alternative energies. One of the promising alternative energies is biodiesel. Indonesia, as the largest producer of vegetable oil in the world, has an opportunity to play a significant role as a biodiesel producer. Among various vegetable oils, coconut oil is a potential raw material in biodiesel production. The process was carried out in a three-neck round bottom flask equipped with motor stirrer and thermometer. The trans-esterification reaction was conducted by mixing heated coconut oil with a mixture of ethanol and KOH catalyst for two hours. The process variables studied in the present work were catalyst concentration and coconut oil – ethanol ratio. At the optimal condition when the KOH concentration in a range of 0.75-0.90% w/v and a coconut oil – ethanol ratio of 3:1 -5:1, the process produce biodiesel that meets the standard. Key words: alternative energy, biodiesel, trans-esterification, reactant ratio, quality assurance
Two-dimensional steady-state thermal analytical model of permanent-magnet synchronous machines operating in generator mode

Purpose Thermal analysis of electrical machines is usually performed by using numerical methods or lumped parameter thermal networks depending on the desired accuracy. The analytical prediction of temperature distribution based on the formal resolution of thermal partial differential equations (PDEs) by the harmonic modeling technique (or the Fourier method) is uncommon in electrical machines. Therefore, this paper aims to present a two-dimensional (2D) analytical model of steady-state temperature distribution for permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous machines (PMSM) operating in generator mode. Design/methodology/approach The proposed model is based on the multi-layer models with the convolution theorem (i.e. Cauchy’s product theorem) by using complex Fourier’s series and the separation of variables method. This technique takes into the different thermal conductivities of the machine parts. The heat sources are determined by calculating the different power losses in the PMSM with the finite-element method (FEM). Findings To validate the proposed analytical model, the analytical results are compared with those obtained by thermal FEM. The comparisons show good results of the proposed model. Originality/value A new 2D analytical model based on the PDE in steady-state for full prediction of temperature distribution in the PMSM takes into account the heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.
High atmospheric oxidation capacity drives wintertime nitrate pollution in the eastern Yangtze River Delta of China

Abstract. Nitrate aerosol plays an increasingly important role in wintertime haze pollution in China. Despite intensive research on the wintertime nitrate chemistry in recent years, quantitative constraints on the formation mechanisms of nitrate aerosol in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), one of the most developed and densely populated regions in eastern China, remain inadequate. In this study, we identify the major nitrate formation pathways and their key controlling factors during the winter haze pollution period in the eastern YRD using two-year (2018–2019) field observations and detailed observation-constrained model simulations. We find that the high atmospheric oxidation capacity, coupled with high aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), made both the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) and the gas-phase OH oxidation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) important pathways for wintertime nitrate formation in this region, with contribution percentages of 69 % and 29 % in urban areas and 63 % and 35 % in suburban areas, respectively. We further find that the gas-to-particle partitioning of nitric acid (HNO3) was very efficient so that the rate-determining step in the overall formation process of nitrate aerosol was the oxidation of NOx to HNO3 through both heterogeneous and gas-phase processes. The atmospheric oxidation capacity (i.e., the availability of O3 and OH radicals) was the key factor controlling the production rate of HNO3 from both processes. During the COVID-19 lockdown (January–February 2020), the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity greatly promoted the oxidation of NOx to nitrate and hence weakened the response of nitrate aerosol to the emission reductions in urban areas. Our study sheds light on the detailed formation mechanisms of wintertime nitrate aerosol in the eastern YRD and highlights the demand for the synergetic regulation of atmospheric oxidation capacity and NOx emissions to mitigate wintertime nitrate and haze pollution in eastern China.
Analisa Pemilihan Moda Angkutan Kota Manado – Kota Gorontalo Menggunakan Model Binomial-logit-selisih

Aktifitas pergerakan antara kota Manado – kota Gorontalo merupakan pergerakan yang cukup padat. Pergerakan antara kedua kota tersebut dapat dilayani oleh dua moda yaitu bus dan mobil sewa. Angkutan bus lebih banyak diminati mengingat harga/biaya perjalanannya murah. Permasalahan moda bus dan mobil sewa ialah pergerakan penumpang rute Manado – Gorontalo yang cukup besar, tidak berimbang antara moda bus dan moda mobil sewa akibatnya penumpang yang menggunakan moda bus beralih ke moda mobil sewa dan tidal lagi memperhatikan faktor kenyamanan dan keamanan penumpang. Melihat kondisi ini, semua pilihan diserahkan pada pengguna jasa yang mempertimbangkan cost/biaya, waktu tempuh dan waktu tunggu. Dari hasil analisa didapat suatu pemodelan antara moda bus dan moda mobil sewa yang diperoleh dengan persamaan linear y = 13,76 + 0,00165X 1 + 1,655X 2 + 6,998X 3 dimana X 1 adalah ∆Cost, X 2 adalah ∆Waktu Tempuh dan X 3 adalah ∆Waktu Tunggu. Dari persamaan tersebut dapat diperoleh model pemilihan moda transportasi yang menjelaskan probabilitas pelaku perjalanan dalam memilih moda bus dan moda mobil sewa. Kata kunci : analisa pemilihan moda, probabilitas, binomial-logit-selisih
Networked Control of An Invert Pendulum Robot: Design and Performance Analysis

In this paper we study the problem of controlling a robot cart mounted with invert pendulum over unreliable wireless communication channel. The wireless channel is modeled with time-varying packet drop probability. A modified optimal controller for state feedback control is proposed based on the dynamic property of both the robot and the channel. The proposed controller adjusts the control objective according to the instantaneous packet drop probability. Experiments through simulation demonstrated good results of the proposed control design.
Introduction to hazardous waste incineration

THE HAZARDOUS WASTE PROBLEM. Hazardous Waste Incineration Overview. Other Options. Standards and Regulations. INCINERATION PRINCIPLES. Basic Concepts. Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations. Thermochemical Applications. EQUIPMENT. Hazardous Waste Combustors. Waste Heat Boilers. Quenchers. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Materials Handling and Ancillary Equipment. FACILITY DESIGN. Design Principles. Economic Considerations. Design of a Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility. Appendices. Index.
Sonic hedgehog is basolaterally sorted from the TGN and transcytosed to the apical domain involving Dispatched-1 at Rab11-ARE

Hedgehog (Hh) secretion from apical and/or basolateral domains occurs in different epithelial cells impacting development and tissue homeostasis. Palmitoylation and cholestyrolation attach Hh proteins to membranes and Dispatched-1 (Disp-1) promotes their release. How these lipidated proteins are handled by the complex secretory and endocytic pathways of polarized epithelial cells remains unknown. We show that MDCK cells address newly synthesized sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the TGN to the basolateral cell surface and then to the apical domain through a transcytosis pathway that includes Rab11-apical recycling endosomes (Rab11-ARE). Both palmitoylation and cholestyrolation contribute to this sorting behavior, otherwise Shh lacking these lipid modifications is unpolarized. Disp-1 mediates first basolateral secretion from the TGN and then transcytosis from the Rab11-ARE. At steady state, Shh predominates apically and can be basolaterally transcytosed. This complex Shh trafficking provides several steps for regulation and variation in different epithelia, subordinating the apical to the basolateral secretion.
Mind-Sets for Senior Dining: the Contrast between Homo ‘Emotionalis’ and Homo ‘Intellectualis’

As the nation ages, there are an increasing number of group or community living facilities, designed for healthy, aging seniors [1]. These communities have group dining facilities. The issue becomes one of finding what is important to a senior. The obvious answer is food, companionship, and service [2]. But what exactly is entailed by each of these? And furthermore, are there differences in the importance of these three general factors?
Economic Perspectives on the Internet

From the Publisher: The information technology sector of the United States economy, spurred on by the expansion of the Internet, has undergone explosive growth. According to one estimate, in 1998 Internet-related industries led to the creation of over 1.2 million jobs and generated more than $300 billion in revenue. At the same time the Internet has expanded immensely. As of December 1999, it was estimated that more than 4.9 million commercial websites had emerged, and in the closing months of the year, that number was increasing at a rate of almost 500,000 per month. The rapid growth of the "Information Economy has drastically changed the manner in which commercial transactions are conducted, as anything from material goods (such as books) to information goods (such as databases) can be procured with the ease of a mouse click. This essential new book investigates the underlying economics of certain facets of the Internet. By examining recent literature addressing economic aspects of the Internet and electronic commerce, as well as more traditional literature on pricing practices and market structure, this book serves as a roadmap of the current terrain in Internet-related economic matters, as well as a framework for future analysis.
New Uncharged 2-Thienostilbene Oximes as Reactivators of Organophosphate-Inhibited Cholinesterases

The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by organophosphates (OPs) as nerve agents and pesticides compromises normal cholinergic nerve signal transduction in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) leading to cholinergic crisis. The treatment comprises an antimuscarinic drug and an oxime reactivator of the inhibited enzyme. Oximes in use have quaternary nitrogens, and therefore poorly cross the brain–blood barrier. In this work, we synthesized novel uncharged thienostilbene oximes by the Wittig reaction, converted to aldehydes by Vilsmeier formylation, and transformed to the corresponding uncharged oximes in very high yields. Eight trans,anti- and trans,syn-isomers of oximes were tested as reactivators of nerve-agent-inhibited AChE and BChE. Four derivatives reactivated cyclosarin-inhibited BChE up to 70% in two hours of reactivation, and docking studies confirmed their productive interactions with the active site of cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Based on the moderate binding affinity of both AChE and BChE for all selected oximes, and in silico evaluated ADME properties regarding lipophilicity and CNS activity, these compounds present a new class of oximes with the potential for further development of CNS-active therapeutics in OP poisoning.
Mechanosensing and the Hippo Pathway in Microglia: A Potential Link to Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis?

The activation of microglia, the inflammatory cells of the central nervous system (CNS), has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. How microglia sense the changing brain environment, in order to respond appropriately, is still being elucidated. Microglia are able to sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their microenvironment, and the physical and molecular pathways underlying this mechanosensing/mechanotransduction in microglia have recently been investigated. The Hippo pathway functions through mechanosensing and subsequent protein kinase cascades, and is critical for neuronal development and many other cellular processes. In this review, we examine evidence for the potential involvement of Hippo pathway components specifically in microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. We suggest that the Hippo pathway is worth investigating as a mechanosensing pathway in microglia, and could be one potential therapeutic target pathway for preventing microglial-induced neurodegeneration in AD.
Ethnic Minority Groups’ Experiences of Suicide Bereavement: A Qualitative Exploratory Study

It is estimated that between 36,000 and 360,000 people are affected by suicide every year in the UK, and a proportion may develop depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, or engage in high-risk behaviours. Recent systematic analyses have revealed a clear gap in research on suicide bereavement in minority ethnic groups. This study aimed to understand the experiences and support needs of individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds bereaved by suicide and was the first in the UK to investigate this matter. The study was a secondary analysis of data. Participants were 7158 people residing in the UK who completed an online survey about their experiences of suicide. Free-text qualitative responses of 227 participants who did not identify as White British were analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes were identified: maladaptive coping strategies, emotional processes following suicide, lack of support from agencies, and the importance of mental health awareness. Ethnic minority groups reported a lack of support despite attempts to engage with services, noted the prevalence of stigma within ethnic minority groups, and expressed a need to tackle this. These preliminary results suggest that ethnic minority individuals require visible and accessible services that can successfully engage with and support them.
Factorial Experimental Modelling of Ball Milling Response for Baban Tsauni (Nigeria) Lead-Gold Ore

An empirical model of the ball milling response of Baban Tsauni (Nigeria) lead-gold ore was developed in this work by applying factorial experimental design. The four factors considered were, mill speed, steel ball diameter, grinding time and the ratio of mass of ball to mass of ore samples. The factors were treated at two levels and the measurable ball milling response was the size reduction ratio. The student t-test was used for determining the significance of the factors. All the factors were found to have both main and interactive effect on ball milling response. Predicted values calculated using model equation were in good agreement with experimental values of the response (R 2 = 0.997). The mathematical model indicated that ball milling output increased with increase in grinding time, ball mass to ore sample mass ratio and very slowly with increase in mill speed. The response decreased with increase in ball size. This work established a model for selecting the parameters required for a desired size reduction ratio. The work also indicated that ball milling response is a function of the feed particle size.
Reactive power procurement model in electricity markets based on normalized effective reactive power reserve

SUMMARY As one of the important security criteria, power system operators closely monitor reactive power reserve in voltage control areas (VCAs) of their system to ensure voltage security and to prevent voltage collapse. Therefore, from a system/market operator perspective, proper management of reactive power reserve must be considered in reactive power procurement stage. This paper proposes a long-term procurement model to meet reactive power reserve requirements in competitive electricity markets considering both economical and technical issues. The model would be of interest to system/market operators since it is based on a new indicator referred to as normalized effective reactive power reserve (NERPR) as a more meaningful signal compared to other physical/economical indicators. The proposed framework for reactive power procurement determines accepted bids by minimizing the associated procurement cost while maximizing NERPR in each VCA of the system. Physical constraints such as generator capability curves and voltage security are taken into account in the formulation. Also, a population-based algorithm is introduced here to solve the mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem resulted from the procurement model. An algorithm is proposed to change the MINLP problem to series of NLP sub-problems. The CIGRE 32-bus test system is used to test the feasibility of the proposed procurement model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Procedure for the Fatigue Life Prediction of Straight Fibers Pneumatic Muscles

Different from the McKibben pneumatic muscle actuator, the straight fibers one is made of an elastomeric tube closed at the two ends by two heads that ensure a mechanical and pneumatic seal. High stiffness threads are placed longitudinally into the wall of the tube while external rings are placed at some sections of it to limit the radial expansion of the tube. The inner pressure in the tube causes shortening of the actuator. The working mode of the muscle actuator requires a series of critical repeated contractions and extensions that cause it to rupture. The fatigue life duration of a pneumatic muscle is often lower than traditional pneumatic actuators. The paper presents a procedure for the fatigue life prediction of a straight-fibers muscle based on experimental tests directly carried out with the muscles instead of with specimens of the silicone rubber material which the muscle is made of. The proposed procedure was experimentally validated. Although the procedure is based on fatigue life duration data for silicone rubber, it can be extended to all straight-fibers muscles once the fatigue life duration data of any material considered for the muscles is known.
Enhanced Eating Competence Is Associated with Improved Diet Quality and Cardiometabolic Profile in Finnish Adults with Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Eating competence (EC) is characterized by positive attitudes towards food and eating, having regular meals, eating a variety of foods, and internally regulated eating. We investigated the associations of changes in EC with changes in lifestyle, anthropometrics and biomarkers of glucose and lipid metabolism in 2291 adults at increased risk of type 2 diabetes as part of the StopDia study conducted in primary healthcare. EC and diet quality were assessed with validated digital questionnaires. During the intervention, the participants received either (1) the digital lifestyle intervention, (2) the combined digital and face-to-face group-based lifestyle intervention, or (3) standard care. EC increased among the participants independent of the intervention type. Increase in EC was associated with an increase in diet quality, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and with a decrease in body mass index and waist circumference, regardless of baseline EC. Of the subdomains of EC, the contextual skills, food acceptance and eating attitudes were associated with various of these changes. Our results thus suggest that EC could be a potential target in lifestyle interventions aiming to improve the cardiometabolic health of people at type 2 diabetes risk.
Spectrally and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging of 22-NBD-Cholesterol in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

The interaction of the fluorescent probe 22-NBD-cholesterol with membranes of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was tested by time- and spectrally resolved fluorescence imaging to monitor the disturbance of lipid metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its treatment with statins. Blood samples from healthy volunteers (HV) and CKD patients, either treated or untreated with statins, were compared. Spectral imaging was done using confocal microscopy at 16 spectral channels in response to 458 nm excitation. Time-resolved imaging was achieved by time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) following excitation at 475 nm. The fluorescence of 22-NBD-cholesterol was mostly integrated into plasmatic membrane and/or intracellular membrane but was missing from the nuclear region. The presence of two distinct spectral forms of 22-NBD-cholesterol was uncovered, with significant variations between studied groups. In addition, two fluorescence lifetime components were unmasked, changing in CKD patients treated with statins. The gathered results indicate that 22-NBD-cholesterol may serve as a tool to study changes in the lipid metabolism of patients with CKD to monitor the effect of statin treatment.
Study on Relative Accuracy and Verification Method of High-Definition Maps for Autonomous Driving

High-definition maps (HDM) for autonomous driving (AD) are an important component of AD systems. HDMs accurately provide a priori information, including lane lines, and road signs, for AD systems. It is an important task to make a reasonable accuracy assessment of the HDM. The current methods for relative accuracy evaluation of general maps in the field of mapping are not fully applicable to HDMs. In this study, a method based on point set alignment and resampling is used to evaluate the relative accuracy of lane lines, and experiments are conducted based on relevant real HDM data. The results show that the relative accuracy of the lane lines is more detailed and relevant than the traditional method. This has implications for the quality control of HDM production.