Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A model for the pinch-off process of the leading vortex ring in a starting jet

Modifications have been made to an analytical model proposed by Shusser & Gharib (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 416, 2000b, pp. 173–185) for the vortex ring formation and pinch-off process in a starting jet. Compared with previous models, the present investigation distinguishes the leading vortex ring from its trailing jet so as to consider the details of the pinch-off process in terms of the properties of the leading vortex ring, which are determined by considering the flux of kinetic energy, impulse and circulation from the trailing jet into the leading vortex ring by convective transportation. A two-stage process has been identified before the complete separation of the leading vortex ring from its trailing jet. The first stage involves the growth of the leading vortex ring by absorbing all the ejected fluid from the nozzle until certain optimum size is achieved. The second stage is characterized by the appreciable translational velocity of the leading vortex ring followed by a trailing jet. The leading vortex ring is approximated as a Norbury vortex ring with growing characteristic core radius ϵ such that dimensionless energy α, as well as its translational velocity and penetration depth, can be estimated. By applying the Kelvin–Benjamin variational principle, the pinch-off process is signified by two time scales, i.e. the formation number, which indicates the onset of the pinch-off process, and the separation time, which corresponds to the time when the leading vortex ring becomes physically separated from the trailing jet and is therefore referred to as the end of the pinch-off process. The effect of nozzle geometry, i.e. a straight nozzle or a converging nozzle, has also been taken into account by using different descriptions of the growth of the trailing jet. The prediction of the formation number and the characteristics of the vortex ring are found to be in good agreement with previous experimental results on starting jets with straight nozzles and converging nozzles, respectively.
Knowledge Attributions and Lottery Cases: A Review and New Evidence

I review recent empirical findings on knowledge attributions in lottery cases and report a new experiment that advances our understanding of the topic. The main novel finding is that people deny knowledge in lottery cases because of an underlying qualitative difference in how they process probabilistic information. “Outside” information is generic and pertains to a base rate within a population. “Inside” information is specific and pertains to a particular item’s propensity. When an agent receives information that 99% of all lottery tickets lose (outside information), people judge that she does not know that her ticket will lose. By contrast, when an agent receives information that her specific ticket is 99% likely to lose (inside information), people judge that she knows that her ticket will lose. Despite this difference in knowledge judgments, people rate the likelihood of her ticket losing the exact same in both cases (i.e. 99%). The results shed light on other factors affecting knowledge judgments in lottery cases, including formulaic expression and participants’ own estimation of whether it is true that the ticket will lose. The results also undermine previous hypotheses offered for knowledge denial in lottery cases, including the hypotheses that people deny knowledge because they either deny justification or acknowledge a chance for error.
DuPont: From the Banks of the Brandywine to Miracles of Science

In 1802 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company sprouted, like an acorn, close to the young oak of American life. In the early years DuPont explosives helped the new nation build canals and railroads, ports and harbors, and dams and mines. DuPont munitions also served national needs during time of war. The company's diversification into plastics, dyes, and synthetic materials after 1900 matched new technologies to the needs of a complex, maturing society. DuPont's pioneering research yielded a host of new products like neoprene and nylon, and its service in the Manhattan Project in World War II helped bring that prolonged conflict to a decisive end. The post-war years brought sharp competition and high-stakes global challenges. DuPont restructured its business and research efforts, mining science for useful discoveries in diverse fields like energy, health, electronics, specialty fibers, and biotechnology. Its international impact, reputation, and market reach grew as well. And when science helped galvanize the environmental movement, DuPont led industries worldwide to a renewed sense of stewardship for the earth's resources. Today DuPont operates in more than 70 countries throughout the world, and its vision and impact are global. But it has held to a core of enduring values, a deep taproot drawing on the past to sustain the present and nurture the future. Harnessing fundamental discoveries in science to create value in world markets, DuPont people have transformed their company successfully for two centuries, making DuPont one of the most successful and sustained industrial enterprises in the world. Their story makes for exciting history, and this book tells how they did it.
Place to Space: Migrating to Ebusiness Models

From the Publisher: "An e-business guidebook for established firms in all industries, Place to Space provides a framework for analyzing, choosing, and implementing successful e-business enterprises. Based on several years of research and a detailed study of fifty online initiatives in a variety of traditional firms, authors Peter Weill and Michael R. Vitale describe eight atomic business models that they argue represent the core building blocks of all e-business ventures. " "Using case studies of international companies including Lonely Planet, GE Supply Company, Cisco, Reuters, and others, the authors illustrate each atomic business model - direct-to-customer, full-service provider, whole-of-enterprise/government, intermediary, shared infrastructure, virtual community, value net integrator, and content provider - in practice, and reveal the strategic objectives, sources of revenue, core competencies, critical success factors, and necessary IT infrastructures required for implementation. "--BOOK JACKET.
Evaluation of real-time pseudodynamic testing algorithms for seismic testing of structural assemblages

The conventional pseudodynamic method is an experimental technique to simulate the seismic response of structural models. It is a displacement-control approach, which utilizes feedback signals from a test structure and a numerical integration algorithm to sequently solve the equations of motion to determine the target displacement to be imposed 'on the structure for selected time interval. Since the strain rate effect can be neglected for most steel structures, a conventional pseudodynamic test performed quasistatically at a reasonable rate is able to simulate the earthquake response reasonably well. With the introduction of the use of velocity-dependent devices (e.g., viscoelastic dampers, friction dampers, rubber bearings) to mitigate earthquake hazards in structures, there currently exists the need to perform large-scale real:. time testing to evaluate the performance of these types of structures. Conventional pseudodynamic testing would not properly account for load-rate effects. In this case, the test structure has to be loaded dynamically in real time. The objective of this study is to evaluate selected conventional and real-time pseudodynamic testing algorithms. The effect of using different algorithms in testing structures with rate dependent components is evaluated through numerical simulations. Error propagation characteristics of three different algorithms are investigated In a consistent manner for both conventional and real-time pseudodynamic testing. A new algorithm based on Newmark Explicit method that enables real-time testing is also presented. In this method the Newmark Explicit algorithm is modified, whereby two independent integrations are separately performed for even and odd time steps with a 1 filtering technique employed to remove the artificially introduced higher frequencies that create instability in rate dependent test simulations. Based on the numerical analyses performed, recommendations for attaining reliable conventional and real-time pseudodynamic test results are discussed.
Performance Evaluation of Antenna Receive Diversity in SIMO-OFDM System over Rayleigh Fading Channel

This paper represents a comparative performance evaluation of different diversity combining techniques for a SIMO-OFDM (single-input-multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) system over Rayleigh fading channel. OFDM is a key technique for achieving high data rates and spectral efficiency requirements for wireless communication systems. But in scattering environment, the system performances are severely degraded by the effects of multipath fading and inter-symbol interference. In wireless communication systems, antenna diversity is an important technique to combat multipath fading in order to improve the system performance and increase the channel capacity. In this paper, the performance of different diversity combining techniques-SC (selection combining), EGC (equal gain combining) and MRC (maximal ratio combining) has been analyzed and compared in terms of SNR (signal to noise ratio) and BER (bit error rate) probability. The simulation results show that the maximal ratio combining technique provides maximum performance improvement relative to all other combining schemes by maximizing the SNR of SIMO-OFDM system at the combiner output. The analytic expressions of error probability and effective bit energy to noise ratio correlated with BPSK (binary phase shift keying) modulation have been derived and formulated for N-branch SC, EGC and MRC schemes. The BER characteristics for all three combining techniques are simulated in MATLAB (matrix laboratory) tool box for varying bit energy to noise ratio. Our results also derives that SNR can be improved if the number of receiving antenna is increased, which in turn reduces BER over a Rayleigh fading channel.
The Information Processing Theory of Organization: Managing Technology Accession in Complex Systems

Foundation of IPT - the information processing theory of organization: appendices: a brief review of the payoff matrix social science methodology, statistical significance testing, and the use of organizational research in this book Avionics maintenance and technology accession: appendix: VAST-supported aircraft VAST and avionics maintenance: appendices: VAST building blocks work centre codes beyond capability of maintenance codes malfunction description codes The VAST shop effectiveness and efficiency studies: appendix: AIMD workflow problems Coping with complexity in the avionics maintenance system "Experiment 2" - IP capacity, organization performance and organization slack new technologies and "Experiment 3" Extending IPT, ATE lessons and a technology accession model: appendix: workflow analysis.
Prenatal Zinc Supplementation Ameliorates Hippocampal Astrocytes Activation and Inflammatory Cytokines Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation

Introduction: Evidence suggests that gestational exposure to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in fetal zinc deficiency and eventually neurodevelopmental abnormalities. In this study, we utilized a rat model of Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on hippocampal astrocytes activation as well as inflammatory cytokines expression in adult offspring. Methods: Pregnant rats received intraperitoneal injections of either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or saline on Gestational Days (GD) 15 and 16, and orally gavaged with zinc sulfate (30 mg/kg) during pregnancy. Astrocyte density and histological assessment were evaluated in the hippocampus of adult offspring on Postnatal Days (PND) 60 to 62. Also, the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and GFAP were measured using qPCR analysis. Results: Prenatal exposure to LPS resulted in upregulated expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and GFAP in the hippocampus of adult pups. Moreover, the offspring from the LPS group showed an increased astrocyte density in the CA1 region with no histological alterations in CA1 and CA3 areas. However, maternal zinc supplementation ameliorated the LPS-induced inflammatory alterations. Conclusion: This study supports the premise that zinc supplementation during pregnancy might be an early treatment option to inhibit hippocampal inflammation induced by the maternal immune response to infectious agents. Highlights Maternal immune activation induced mild hippocampal inflammation in adult offspring. Zinc supplementation suppressed LPS-induced hippocampal inflammation in offspring. Zinc might be an early therapeutic option to inhibit neurodevelopmental impairments. Plain Language Summary Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder, affecting an estimated one percent of the world’s population. To date, the biological mechanisms underlying this mental disorder remain largely elusive, however, research has demonstrated the involvement of both genetic and environmental factors. Of environmental factors, gestational exposure to rubella, influenza, and genital–reproductive infections have gained particular interest among researchers. Based on this evidence, in the present study, we used an animal model of schizophrenia and showed the beneficial effect of zinc supplementation during pregnancy to protect against LPS-induced inflammation in the hippocampus of adult offspring. Collectively, our study provides support for the premise that early treatment might be a suitable option to prevent schizophrenia risk in progeny.
Upper Paraná River floodplain: synthesizing knowledge over time

Abstract: Aim Considering the great environmental and social impact that floodplains have, several studies have been performed in the upper Paraná River floodplain. In this study, we applied a scientometric analysis to understand the evolution of scientific knowledge generated in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, based on studies published in this area. Methods We searched the literature published from 1995 to 2018 using the indexed database - Thomson ISI Web of Science. The following information was obtained for each scientific article: a) year of publication; b) place of research; c) research institution; d) study approach; e) environments; f) subject matter; g) theoretical approach; h) taxonomic groups. Results We found 435 published articles from different study areas (such as: exact and earth sciences, environmental sciences, social and human sciences, health sciences) that used this floodplain as a study area. The linear regression model showed an increase in the number of articles throughout the years. Studies with ecological themes were most prominent, ensuring research with various theoretical approaches and different biological communities used as proxies. Conclusions With this study, we conclude that long-term research was fundamental in generating data to address ecological issues and describe the dynamics of this plain. Studies such as these must have more political and financial support to develop basic scientific studies that can subsidize data for conservation programs and government policies, in order to maintain ecosystem services such as fishing and the availability of quality water.
An analysis of hospitalized motorcyclists in the state of Maryland based on helmet use and outcome

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in mortality among motorcyclists. Despite high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with crashes among older riders, there have been relatively few studies on injured motorcyclists admitted to hospitals. In an ongoing study, data is being collected from motorcyclists involved in crashes in Maryland who were either killed or transported to the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center (STC) in Baltimore, Maryland. Data on injured motorcyclists is captured from the trauma registry, hospital discharge records, autopsy reports, and through a linkage with police crash reports. Injured parties are assessed six-months and one-year post crash with the Short Form 36 (SF- 36) questionnaire. The SF-36 is an evaluation tool used to determine long term outcome. Autopsy reports are obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Maryland (OCME). Previous studies looking at head injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes have not been able to discriminate between operators using helmets that are and are not compliant with standards set forth by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT). Helmets will be categorized as DOT-certified, fullface, half-shell or uncertified novelty helmets. Fatal versus non-fatal crashes with resulting injuries are compared and matched by operator demographics, helmet use and type, and crash characteristics. It is anticipated that persons involved in a crash while wearing an uncertified novelty helmet have a higher risk of head injury than those who crashed while wearing a DOT-certified helmet. From January 2007 through May 2008 there were 517 motorcycle operators admitted to the STC. The mean age of this group was 37 years and 25% sustained a head injury with an Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) between 1 and 6. Twenty-one percent of these helmets were identified as DOT non-certified. A comparison of head injury and helmet type revealed that 50% (13/26) of those wearing a uncertified novelty helmet received a head injury (AIS 1-6) as compared to 23% (22/96) of those wearing a DOT certified helmet. The full text of this paper may be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa. dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0061.pdf For the covering abstract see ITRD E145407.
The use of the latissimus dorsi muscle for cardiac assist

To study functional, structural and biochemical adaptations to electrical stimulation of striated muscle in a large animal, the canine latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle was conditioned continuously for 24 weeks with an increasing number of pulse bursts (burst duration = 250 msec, burst frequency = 30Hz). Force measurements in vivo after 12 weeks showed a significant decrease in the ripple (= ratio of interstimulus amplitude to peak force amplitude) from 0.94 ± 0.03 to 0.13 ± 0.08 (SE, n = 8. P < 0.05) indicating reduction in contractile speed. Also the steep part of the force-frequency relation shifted to lower frequencies. A significant change in fibre-type composition was seen with both enzymeand immunohistochemistry, manifested by an increase of type I fibres from 29.5 ± 2.9% to 83 ± 8% (SE, n = 8, P < 0.05). During this period a transient rise in the number of type IIC/IC fibres (from 3 to 10%) was seen. In the stimulated muscle, capillary-to-fibre ratio increased from 1.9 ± 0.4 to 2.7 ± 0.1 (SE, P < 0.05). A significant increase in mitochondrial volume percentage was also seen, especially in the peripheral part of the fibre. Both creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase revealed a significant decline in activity within 12 weeks. At the same time a shift in lactate dehydrogenase-isozyme pattern was observed towards the cardiac composition. No additional changes occurred after 12 weeks of stimulation, indicating that conversion of the canine LD muscle was complete within this period. CANINE LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE
FAKE NEWS RESILIENCE THROUGH ONLINE GAMES? TENTATIVE FINDINGS FROM A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Learners’ cognitive abilities to assess the credibility of information in digital spaces are part of 21 st century skills. Emerging evidence suggests that gamification could be a suitable approach for learners to develop these skills independently of their educational level. This study examined two popular online fake news games in a higher education setting using a randomized controlled trial. 72 students were randomly assigned to one of two games. Their ability to classify news, i.e. to distinguish fake news from correct news, was tested before and after playing the game. The results from multiple regression analysis suggest that there was only a very modest increase in participants’ news classification abilities in one game and no improvement in the other game. Contrary to some prior literature, these preliminary findings provide no evidence for the use of gamification in developing students’ fake news resilience in higher education contexts and they call for more nuanced education and gamification approaches.
Structural Performance of Ultra-Thin Whitetopping on Illinois Roadways and Parking Lots

A performance evaluation of ultra-thin whitetopping (UTW) pavements in Illinois was undertaken in 2012–2014 to evaluate current design procedures and to determine design life criteria for future projects. The two main components of this evaluation were (1) visual distress surveys of 20 existing UTW projects across the state to document and quantify distresses and (2) falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing of eight of these UTW projects to evaluate structural performance. The findings of the surveys are detailed in this report. Deflection data collected during FWD testing were used to directly calculate load transfer efficiency and assess joint performance, but there was no existing method to assess the in situ structural properties of UTW pavements. To better characterize structural performance, a backcalculation procedure for UTW pavements was derived and applied to the deflection data obtained from FWD testing. The backcalculated effective concrete thickness quantifies the load carrying capacity of the UTW pavement, variation of the structural capacity as a function of distance along the roadway, and potentially the condition of the concrete–asphalt bond interface and the underlying asphalt concrete layer. The findings of the visual distress surveys and the FWD data analysis largely agreed with each other and were studied to help provide a greater understanding of factors that affect UTW performance. From this analysis, a number of conclusions and recommendations were made regarding UTW pavement design and construction.
Moderate low temperature protects the ischemic brain injury by activating SIRT1 through inhibition of FOXO1/PINK1/Parkin axis mediated mitophagy in a mouse

Background: Several evidences suggested that the protective effect of hypothermia on brain injury is related to the inhibition of apoptosis and depends on the onset time of hypothermia and the degree of brain maturation. We performed many experiments aimed to comprehensively explore the biological functions of moderate low temperature protects the ischemic brain injury in a mouse and its underlying mechanism.Methods: 12 normal healthy C57BL6 mouse were selected, and moderate low temperature model mouse were selected. The biological functions of moderate low temperature protect the ischemic brain injury in a mouse and its underlying mechanism were performed to explore.Results: Based on our results, we found that moderate hypothermia brain protection could alleviate cerebral injury caused by ischemia reperfusion in mouse. Hypothermic brain protection reduced the level of oxidative stress induced by ischemia reperfusion in mouse. Meso-hypothermic cerebral protection could inhibit excessive mitochondrial autophagy induced by ischemia reperfusion in mouse. Medium-low temperature brain protection could activate SIRT1 and inhibit FOXO1/PINK1/Parkin pathway. Activation of SIRT1 in the hypoxia/reoxygenation model of hippocampal neurons could inhibit autophagy and oxidative stress by inhibiting the FOXO1/PINK1/Parkin pathway.Conclusions : Moderate low temperature protects the ischemic brain injury by activating SIRT1 through inhibition of FOXO1/PINK1/Parkin axis mediated mitophagy in a mouse.