Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why children and adults sometimes (but not always) compute implicatures

Noveck (2001) argued that children even as old as 11 do not reliably endorse a scalar interpretation of weak scalar terms (some, might, or) (cf. Braine & Rumain, 1981; Smith, 1980). More recent studies suggest, however, that children's apparent failures may depend on the experimental demands (Papafragou & Musolino, 2003). Although previous studies involved children of different ages as well as different tasks, and are thus not directly comparable, nevertheless a common finding is that children do not seem to derive scalar implicatures to the same extent as adults do. The present article describes a series of experiments that were conducted with Italian speaking subjects (children and adults), focusing mainly on the scalar term some. Our goal was to carefully examine the specific conditions that allow the computation of implicatures by children. In so doing, we demonstrate that children as young as 7 (the youngest age of the children who participated in the Noveck study) are able to compute implicatures in experimental conditions that properly satisfy certain contextual prerequisites for deriving such implicatures. We also present further results that have general consequences for the research methodology employed in this area of study. Our research indicates that certain tasks mask children's understanding of scalar terms, not only including the task used by Noveck, but also tasks that employ certain explicit instructions, such as the training task used by Papafragou & Musolino (2003). Our findings indicate further that, although explicit training apparently improves children's ability to draw implicatures, children nevertheless fail to achieve adult levels of performance for most scalar terms even in such tasks, and that the effects of instruction do not last beyond the training session itself for most children. Another relevant finding of the present study is that some of the manipulations of the experimental context have an effect on all subjects, whereas others produce effects on just a subset of children. Individual differences of this kind may have been concealed in previous research because performance by individual subjects was not reported. Our general conclusions are that even young children (7-year olds) have the prerequisites for deriving scalar implicatures, although these abilities are revealed only when the conversational background is natural.
The Effects of Affective Arousal on Color Perception and Memory

The link between affective arousal, color perception, and color memory was explored by inducing fear, sadness, or embarrassment in 158 participants who them completed a color perception and memory task. It was predicted that participants experiencing fear or embarrassment would more often correctly identify and remember red and green than a neutral condition whereas experiencing sadness would lead to less correct identification and memory for blue and yellow than neutral. There was only a marginally significant effect of fear on color memory for red. In the low arousal condition, there was an effect of fear on color memory for green and a marginally significant effect for red. Color perception and color memory scores were correlated for all colors except green. No direct effect of arousal level on color perception was found, however there may be an effect mediated by other factors. Red color memory may be modulated by fear.
A study on the effects of distribution of the SDN control plane in wide area networks

The move towards an SDN-driven network presents a new set of challenges to network architects. The simplicity of having a centralized entity coordinating state updates among switching elements comes along with concerns such as overload and delayed network view in the control plane. Those issues become especially relevant in the scenario of Wide Area Networks. One way to attempt to mitigate them is to allow a relaxation of the concept of a centralized controller, by leveraging the notion of physical distribution of control instances. Such control plane design might reduce latency from each control instance to its corresponding devices, resulting in better response to local network events and improved overall network performance. However, the distribution of control itself comes with its own caveats, mostly related to the need to synchronize the distributed instances. In this context, we present the first thorough attempt at identifying and quantifying how control plane distribution design choices affect network operation, specifically in WAN scenarios. We perform an evaluation campaign using emulations with a real global network topology, as well as synthetic one, in order to identify important trade-offs and compare distributed and centralized control plane strategies. We also demonstrate that a geographically distributed controller that relies on constant state synchronization reacts slowly to network events when compared to a simpler geographically centralized solution.
Question on the Uniqueness of ( Encrypted ) Arithmetic

We ask whether two or more images of arithmetic may inhabit the same space via different encodings. The answers have significance for a class of processor design that does all its computation in an encrypted form, without ever performing any decryption or encryption itself. Against the possibility of algebraic attacks against the arithmetic in a ‘crypto-processor’ (KPU) we propose a defence called ‘ABC encryption’ and show how this kind of encryption makes it impossible for observations of the arithmetic to be used by an attacker to discover the actual values. We also show how to construct such encrypted arithmetics.
Detection of bacterial samples on the aquatic ecosystems adjacent to Saquarema Lagoon – Rio de Janeiro

Introduction: Saquarema Lagoon (RJ) has a high ecological and economic value owing to its multiple uses. The population’s constant growth increases the amount of sewage containing bacteria and antimicrobial drugs that are discharged to the environment. Objectives: to detect Gram negative bacilli able to colonize or infect humans and animals and determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Methodology:samples were collected in the city centre in April 2010 and at Jacone (Lagoon’s most preserved site) in February 2011. The total and thermo tolerant coliforms were determined and the isolation of samples was made using agar media containing 32cg/ mL of cephalotin. All samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) and on 16 samples, plasmid DNA was extracted. Results: different Gram negative bacteria were detected, such as: Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The coliform results showed that the water quality is proper for Human recreation. AST results demonstrated the existence of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial drugs frequently used in the community. It was possible to detected high molecular weight plasmids and nine samples (56,25%) showed at least one plasmid DNA electrophoresis band. Conclusions: there were not detected resistant samples to antimicrobial drugs normally used in hospital settings, which may possibly refute the idea of a contamination by nosocomial and/or veterinary sewage discharge.
Early observations of the nearby Type Ia supernova SN 2015F

We present photometry and time-series spectroscopy of the nearby type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2015F over $-16$ days to $+80$ days relative to maximum light, obtained as part of the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects (PESSTO). SN 2015F is a slightly sub-luminous SN Ia with a decline rate of $\Delta m15(B)=1.35 \pm 0.03$ mag, placing it in the region between normal and SN 1991bg-like events. Our densely-sampled photometric data place tight constraints on the epoch of first light and form of the early-time light curve. The spectra exhibit photospheric C II $\lambda 6580$ absorption until $-4$ days, and high-velocity Ca II is particularly strong at $ 14000$ km s$^{-1}$, suggesting mixing in the outermost layers of the SN ejecta. Although unusual in SN Ia spectra, including V II in the modelling significantly improves the spectral fits. Intriguingly, we detect an absorption feature at $\sim$6800 \AA\ that persists until maximum light. Our favoured explanation for this line is photospheric Al II, which has never been claimed before in SNe Ia, although detached high-velocity C II material could also be responsible. In both cases the absorbing material seems to be confined to a relatively narrow region in velocity space. The nucleosynthesis of detectable amounts of Al II would argue against a low-metallicity white dwarf progenitor. We also show that this 6800 \AA\ feature is weakly present in other normal SN Ia events, and common in the SN 1991bg-like sub-class.
Theoretical Proposals on How Vertical Harmony May Convey Nostalgia and Longing in Music

Music is often associated with the emotions of nostalgia and longing. According to previous survey studies both nostalgia and longing are among the most commonly evoked emotions by music (Juslin, 2011). Despite nostalgia’s significance as a musical emotion, research on the specific properties of music that might contribute to this particular emotion has been scarce. A recent empirical experiment by Lahdelma and Eerola (2014) sought to explore whether single chords could be effective at conveying musical emotions to listeners, which spanned complex emotions such as nostalgia. According to the results single chords such as the minor triad, the minor seventh and the major seventh communicate the emotion of nostalgia effectively. The aim of the current paper is to raise several possible explanations that might account for single chords’ ability to convey the emotion of nostalgia. In these explanations we consider cultural, music-theoretical and psychoacoustic issues, as well as their possible interactions. The three proposed candidate explanations are (1) learning , (2) intrinsic emotional connotations arising from tonal relations , and (3) clashing conventions arising from concurrent yet separate affective associations, stemming from certain triad and interval combinations . Finally, we propose experimental designs for future research to empirically test these explanations.
Effect of different container volumes and concentration of the controlled release fertilizer in the production of Eugenia involucrata DC. seedlings

Eugenia involucrata DC. (Myrtaceae) stands out by its ecological potential, and it is indicated in planting in degraded areas and permanent preserved areas. Because of its importance, the work aimed to evaluate the effect of different container volumes and concentrations of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) in the seedlings emergence and the seedlings growth of E. involucrata in nursery. The experiment was conducted in Laboratory of Silviculture and Forest Nursery, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The fruits of E. involucrata were collected from eight trees in a fragment of Subtropical Seasonal Forest. For installation of the experiment, substrate which constituted of a mixture of 80% of commercial substrate mixed to 20% of carbonized rice husk was used. In this study, two container volumes (tubes with 110 and 180 cm 3 of capacity) and five doses of CRF (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g L -1 ), were evaluated with four repetitions, using completely randomized design. The emergence variables, the emergence speed index and average time of emergence were analyzed, besides the height, stem diameter and relation height/diameter of the stem. The seedlings emergence had the beginning at 77 days after sowing, and it was established at 126 days. For production of seedlings indicated the use of container of 180 cm 3 , allied to the dose of 12 g L -1 of CRF. Nevertheless, considering the long time necessary to the emergence and the slow species growth, the topdressing will be necessary since this fertilizer presents determined time of efficiency.
DEMAND RELATIONS OF OILSEED PRODUCTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

In this study demand relations for primary oilseeds in South Africa is estimated and interpreted with the use of econometric models. Two different models, namely the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) and the two-step Error Correction Model (ECM), were applied to annual oilseed data for the years 1971-2002. The F ratio test for separability failed to reject the null hypothesis of weak separability in most cases, indicating that sunflower seed, soybeans, groundnuts and cotton could be included in the same system and modeled together. The Hausman test for exogeneity was conducted and proved that the expenditure variable included in the estimated equations is indeed exogenous. The exogeneity of the expenditure variable provides assurance that the Restricted Seemingly Unrelated Regression (RSUR) method of estimation will provide efficient parameter estimates. Both the short run models are estimated in differenced form, from where the parameter estimates obtained were used to calculate compensated, uncompensated and expenditure elasticities of demand.
THE EXTENDED STEREOSCOPIC HIGHLIGHTING TECHNIQUE FOR NODE-LINK DIAGRAMS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

The stereoscopic highlighting technique is a new emerging technique that supports using the depth cue in 3D devices as a highlighting technique for general nodelink representations. One of the main abilities of this technique is isolating the specific graph portions to magnify them for a detailed exploration without resorting other highlighting attributes such as color or shape. In this paper, we measure the accuracy of this technique by evaluating the ability of general users in reading the variation of depth values to encode some data aspects. To achieve this goal, we carried out a controlled user-study in which we asked users from different backgrounds to perform a specified set of tasks. The results show that using the depth cue in stereoscopic devices is readable for medium data sizes with at most three or four different layers. This can be useful in classifying the data set into a set of categories according to the depth value of the elemental layer.
Confirmatory factor analysis and temporal invariance of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fill in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty five university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specified error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval.
Word Polarity Analysis Method Based on Topic Model

Along with the proliferation of new media, the user generated content becomes irreplaceable and providing main channel of daily information for people. By get rid of the shackle of the poor information, information technology has entered a big data era. Faced with the data overload, words polarity analysis research appeals the attention of numerous scholars and becomes the important role in national security and information filtering for Internet users, enterprises, and governments. However, due to the rapid change of internet words, the lexicon based sentiment analysis method shows its drawback. Because the traditional method cannot get the polarity of internet words to make the ideal corpus, they usually generate the bad results. This paper presented a topic-based word polarity analysis method which utilizes the LDA topic model and random walk method to get the polarity of a new word. Experiments show that our method achieves the proper accuracy and reasonable results.
Venom Expelled by Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon Piscivorus) Across Different Prey Sizes, Prey Taxa, and Snake Body Temperatures

Pit vipers possess a sophisticated venom delivery system enabling them to efficiently disable prey. To avoid retaliatory countermeasures, pit vipers typically release envenomated prey which are then trailed and consumed after succumbing to venom effects. Successful retrieval of released prey should vary with venom resistance and trail ability of prey types. The effects of prey size and prey type (mice, lizards, and frogs) on foraging behavior and venom expenditure in a cohort of juvenile cottonmouths was examined. Venom expenditure did not vary significantly among prey sizes or prey types. However, lizard prey were held significantly more often than mice. The effect of snake body temperature on foraging response variables across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures (18°C-30°C) was also examined. Cottonmouths injected significantly less venom, and held prey significantly more often, at 18°C than at 25°C or 30°C. These results are consistent with a thermal constraint on envenomation performance at lower operant temperatures. Overall, these results suggest that cottonmouths modify foraging behavior to compensate for both venom resistance in ectothermic prey and decreased performance at lower temperatures.
Features and mechanism of abrasive water jet cutting of Q345 steel

Received: 2 November 2017 Accepted: 12 January 2018 This paper attempts to disclose the cutting features and mechanism of the pre-mixed abrasive water jet (AWJ) on Q345 steel. For this purpose, several cutting experiments were performed on the pre-mixed AWJ and a Q345 steel plate. Besides, a numerical simulation model was established based on the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and finite-element method (FEM) and adopted to analyse the erosion features of the jet at different angles and pressures. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There exists a pressure threshold, i.e. the jet pressure under which the abrasive erosion kinetic energy is just enough to induce material deformation. For the 80 mesh corundum abrasive particles, the pressure threshold of Q345 steel is 15~17MPa. (2) The Q345 steel suffers from deformation and failure under the high-frequency and high-speed impinging of abrasive particles. The abrasive velocity is positively correlated with the erosion ability of the abrasive particles to induce material failure. (3) The variation in the jet angle changes the vertical and horizontal jet velocities and affects the erosion process of the jet. (4) For Q345 steel, the optimal jet angle is about 80°. At this angle, the jet deflection trend towards the non-material side is minimized without undermining the jet erosion ability in the vertical direction. The research findings provide new insights into the mechanism of the AWJ cutting.
The Effect of Gloss Type and Mode on Iranian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Acquisition

Vocabulary is an important component of language proficiency which provides the basis for learners’ performance in other skills. But, since vocabulary learning seems to be so demanding, learners tend to forget newly-learnt words quite soon. In order to identify vocabulary learning conditions which can produce a more lasting effect, this study investigated the effect of three kinds of gloss conditions, that is traditional non-CALL marginal gloss, audio gloss, and extended audio gloss, on vocabulary gain of EFL learners. To this end, three experimental and one control groups, each comprising 15 participants, took part in the current study. In order to ensure that the participants were from the right proficiency level, KET (Key English Test) was used as the homogenizing tool. Participants in each group read two unseen passages under one of the three mentioned conditions for experimental groups, with no gloss offered for control group. They all completed one pre-test, one reading session, one post-test, and one delayed post-test of vocabulary. The data were analyzed using t-tests and one-way ANOVAs for both immediate and delayed post-tests. Statistical analyses of the results revealed that the audio gloss group, who were provided with the voice of a speaker to read the meaning of the target word, and extended audio gloss group, who had access to audio gloss as well as L2 English example, both significantly outperformed the other groups in terms of vocabulary acquisition in both the immediate retention and in the delayed retention of key words. Further results and implications are discussed in the paper.
Investigation of DNA changes in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) induced by cadmium using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

In recent years, many plants have been used as bioindicators or living indices and several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the genotoxic effects of environmental pollution on plant species. Plants such as Arabidopsis and barley have been used as biological indicators by several researchers and have been able to identify DNA changes using molecular markers. This study was conducted on wheat as an important cereal that provides human daily food and has an important role in human health. The purpose of study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of cadmium on amounts of the soluble proteins, investigation of growth and possible changes to the structure of DNA using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. In the present study, wheat seedlings were used for detection of genotoxic effects of cadmium contamination in the range of 0 to 120 mg-1. The limiting effects of cadmium on length of root and plant height and total soluble proteins in root were quite evident by increase of cadmium concentration. Change in DNA was observed using RAPD marker as there was change in number of bands, present or absent of bands at the range of above 5 mg -1 cadmium concentration. In the previous studies conducted by several researchers, variation in DNA bands was reported at levels above 30 mg -1 , whereas in the present study, band variation was observed at the concentration of 5 mg -1 . This study also showed that DNA stability is highly affected by cadmium pollution at >5 mg -1 which was identified by RAPD markers. Keywords: Bioindicator, cadmium, genotoxic, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker, Triticum aestivum L African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(16), pp. 1921-1929
Enhanced chemiluminescence as an indicator of air pollution

Investigations were conducted to determine the pollution levels of air condensate and rain samples using the enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reaction. Air condensate samples were initially collected from roadside sites, non‐roadside sites, smoking‐exposed sites and non‐smoking‐exposed sites using an automatic dew collector. Rainwater was also collected throughout the sampling period. Samples were subsequently analysed using the ECL reaction, and pollution levels (Eclox Units) were calculated. Air condensate samples collected from roadside‐ and smoking‐exposed sites generally had higher pollution levels than those from non‐roadside‐ and non‐smoking‐exposed sites. Samples from both smoking‐exposed and traffic‐exposed sites generally had higher pollution levels than rainwater. Finally, in samples collected from roadside‐exposed sites and rainwater, the main polluting constituents were determined to be cationic/anionic components. In samples collected from smoking‐exposed sites, the main polluting constituents were determined to be organic components.