Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Consistency of Ranking: Bipartite and Multipartite Cases

Ranking methods have important applications in many fields such as information retrieval, web search, and collaborative filtering. Understanding statistical properties of ranking is important. This thesis investigates the theoretical relation between loss criteria and the optimal ranking functions driven by the criteria in ranking. In bipartite ranking, the relation between Area Under the Curve (AUC) maximization and minimization of ranking risk under a convex loss is examined. We show that the best ranking functions under convex loss criteria produce the same ordering as the likelihood ratio of the positive category to the negative category over the instance space. The result illuminates the parallel between ranking and classification in general. For a certain class of loss functions including the exponential loss and the binomial deviance, we specify the optimal ranking function explicitly in relation to the underlying probability distribution. In addition, we point out that the SVM type method for ranking may produce potentially many ties or granularity in ranking scores due to the singularity of the hinge loss, and this could result in ranking inconsistency. Some of the results in bipartite ranking can be extended to multipartite ranking by defining a pairwise ranking loss function. Through minimization of the theoretical risk which combines pairwise ranking errors of ordinal categories with differential ranking costs, we study the consistency of multipartite ranking algorithms. The ii extension shows that for a certain class of convex loss functions, the optimal ranking function can be represented as a ratio of weighted conditional probability of upper categories to lower categories, where the weights are given by the misranking costs. This result also bridges traditional ranking methods such as proportional odds ratio model in statistics with algorithmic ranking methods in machine learning. Further, the analysis of multipartite ranking with different costs provides a new perspective on nonsmooth ranking measures such as the Discounted Cumulative Gain. We illustrate our findings with simulation studies and real data analysis.
African Journal of Natural Sciences 2016, Yusuf et al.: Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus pneumonia among pneumoneic patients in two hospitals in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram positive, alpha-hemolytic, anaerobic organism and a significant human pathogen recognized as a major cause of pneumonia. This study was carried out to isolate and characterize Streptococcus pneumoniae among pneumoneic patients in two hospitals in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Sputum and throat swab samples were collected from a total of 373 patients and inoculated on blood agar for the isolation of pneumococci. Gram staining, sensitivity to optochin as well as bile solubility tests were carried out to identify the alpha-haemolytic streptococcus strains. All isolates biochemically identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae were further confirmed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Out of the 373 samples analyzed 255 (68.4%) were alpha-hemolytic, Gram-Positive isolates, of which, 14 (3.8%) were biochemically identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae. PCR detection of autolysin gene in the isolates revealed that only 9 (2.4%) were molecularly identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Higher occurrence of 6.4% was observed among the age group of 0-4 years old, followed by 1.9% among the age group of 5-9 years while the least was 1.6% among the age group of 55-59 years old but the difference was not statistically significant at p>0.05. It was concluded that Streptococcus pneumoniae could be a common cause of pneumonia among individuals of 0-4 years in the study area and PCR amplification of autolysin gene is a better approach for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
‘I’m over themoon!’: patient-perceived outcomes of hepatitis C treatment

Understanding patient-perceived outcomes is crucial for assessing the effectiveness and acceptability of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. This study aimed to explore patient-perceived outcomes of receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This study was a part of a mixed-methods case study of the Prince Charles Hospital program for improving access to HCV treatment in community settings. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with nine patients who were in different stages of their treatment for HCV. The participants were recruited using purposive sampling. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Patients emphasised ‘having more energy’ when reporting improvements in their physical health following treatment. They also reported a newly developed sense of freedom and hope. Improved physical and mental health empowered them to start a healthy lifestyle and to practise self-protection from the risk of re-infection. Patients highlighted their desire to help other patients to receive treatment, whichwas connected to their experience of the services that they received and their perceived health outcomes. Patients expect and experience various outcomes that are related to the physical, psychological and social aspects of living with, and being cured of HCV. Emphasis on the short-term outcomes of receiving HCV treatment may improve HCV treatment uptake and adherence rates. Additional keywords: DAAs, patient outcome assessment, primary health care, quality of life. Received 22 January 2020, accepted 29 April 2020, published online 25 June 2020
Focus on ART Primate models for assisted reproductive technologies

Although the deliberate creation of human embryos for scientiﬁc research is complicated by ethical and practical issues, a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular events occurring during human fertilization is essential, particularly for understanding infertility. It is clear from cytoskeletal imaging studies of mouse fertilization that this information cannot be extrapolated to humans because of unique differences in centrosomal inheritance. However, the cytoskeletal rearrangements during non-human primate fertilization are very similar to humans, providing a compelling animal model in which to examine sperm–egg interactions. In order to address this key step in primate fertilization and to avoid the complexities in working with fertilized human zygotes, studies are now exploring the molecular foundations of various assisted fertilization techniques in a monkey model. While intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated or testicular sperm is quite successful in primate models, there are some speciﬁc differences when compared with standard IVF that warrant further investigation, particularly in regards to nuclear remodeling, genomic imprinting, Y-chromosome deletions and developmental outcomes. Similarly, primate models have been useful for examining spermatid function during fertilization but these have met with limited success. One area of primate reproductive research that has yet to be mastered is reproductive cloning. Genetically identical primates would provide the ultimate approach for accelerating stem cell-based therapies for a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as targeted gene therapies for various metabolic disorders.
Inverting cluster gravitational lenses

De nombreux amas riches et distants contiennent des systemes d'images distordues de galaxies de fond tels que les petits arcs trouves dans le systeme A370. Chaque image formee par mirage gravitationnel fournit une information insuffisante pour etablir des contraintes fortes sur les parametres de la lentille ou de la source. Cependant une population d'images uniques, qu'elles soient fortement ou faiblement distordues, peut etre utilisee pour determiner la structure du systeme responsable des mirages gravitationnels. Des techniques sont presentees pour identifier la presence d'une population subissant le phenomene de mirage gravitationnel et pour localiser la position la plus probable du potentiel du mirage.
The PolynomialIdeals Maple package

PolynomialIdeals is a new Maple package for computing with ideals in a polynomial ring. We introduce the package, describe some of its innovative features, and show how it can be used to solve systems of polynomial equations. We also present the algorithms for primary decomposition and radical computation, since our implementations differ from what has been advanced in the literature. Introduction The PolynomialIdeals package provides a suite of efficient algorithms for computing with ideals of polynomial rings over a field. Much of this functionality is new to Maple, being previously available only to users of specialized computer algebra systems, such as Magma and Singular. A preliminary version of the package is installed in Maple 9.5, but development is ongoing. The latest version can be downloaded from http://www.cecm. sfu.ca/∼rpearcea . Using the Package Definition. Let R be a commutative ring, a subset I ⊂ R is an ideal if 1. f + g ∈ I for all f, g ∈ I 2. f h ∈ I for all f ∈ I and h ∈ R
IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MELICA UNIFLORA LEAVES

Although Melica uniflora is part of the omnivore and herbivore animal diets, there are not enough studies. The aim of the study is to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity also total phenolic and total flavonoid amount of ethanolic extract of M. uniflora leaves from Yenice Forest, Karabük province, Turkey. In the study, we used the disk diffusion method to evaluate the antimicrobial activity with eight bacteria and two yeast strains; DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power analysis were used determine antioxidant activity. Folin-Ciocalteu method for determining the total phenolic amount and AlCl3 method for the total flavonoid content of the extract were tested. Mean diameters of inhibition zones (IZD) of the bacteria were found in the range of 19.02 mm to 26.32 mm. This value was measured as 16.43 mm and 21.38mm for yeasts. The total antioxidant activity value of the extract was calculated at 4.54 mg AAE/g. The IC50 value was calculated 18.798 mg/mL for DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The FRAP value indicated that the reducing power of 1 gram of sample was equivalent to 3.33 μmol of Trolox. The total phenolic content of ethanol extract of M. uniflora leaves was determined as 0.466 mg GAE/g, while the flavonoid content was calculated as 4.44 mgQE/g. According to the obtained results, the analyzed M. uniflora leaves ethanol extracts demonstrated that the biological activity level could be considered significant.
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 50, 261–269 (2004)

It has been reported that basidiomycetous yeasts found in Thailand are rich in species diversity (Nakase, 2000; Nakase et al., 2001) and 21 new species have been described so far (Fungsin et al., 2001, 2002a, b, 2003a, b; Nakase et al., 1991; Prillinger et al., 1997; Sugita et al., 2003; Takashima and Nakase, 1998, 2000, 2001; Takashima et al., 1995). On the other hand, most ascomycetous yeasts found in Thailand belong to known species (Saito et al., 1983; Suzuki et al., 1987) and only two new ascomycetous species were reported from Thailand Candida easanensis sp. nov., Candida pattaniensis sp. nov. and Candida nakhonratchasimensis sp. nov., three new species of yeasts isolated from insect frass in Thailand
Symmetrical Solutions of Backward Stochastic Volterra Integral Equations and Their Applications

Backward stochastic Volterra integral equations (BSVIEs in short) are studied. We introduce the notion of adapted symmetrical solutions (S-solutions in short), which are different from the M-solutions introduced by Yong [17]. We also give some new results for them. At last a class of dynamic coherent risk measures were derived via certain BSVIEs.
D)J recombination: a functional efinition of the joining signals

Two conserved DNA sequences serve as joining signals in the assembly of immunoglobulins and T-ceU receptors from V-, (D)-, and J-coding segments during lymphoid differentiation. We have examined V(D)J recombination as a function of joining signal sequence. Plasmid substrates with mutations in one or both of the heptamer-spacer-nonamer sequences were tested for recombination in a pre-B-cell line active in V(D)J recombination. No signal variant recombines more efficiently than the consensus forms of the joining signals. We find the heptamer sequence to be the most important; specifically, the three bases closest to the recombination crossover site are critical. The nonamer is not as rigidly defined, and it is not important to maintain the five consecutive As that distinguish the consensus nonamer sequence. Both types of signals display very similar sequence requirements and have in common an intolerance for changes in spacer length > 1 bp. Although the two signal types share sequence motifs, we find no evidence of a role in recombination for homology between the signals, suggesting that they serve primarily as protein recognition and binding sites.
On the plane-wave Riemann Problem in Fluid Dynamics !

T his paper contains as tability analysis of the plane-waveRiemann problem for the two-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws for an ideal com- pressible gas. It is proved that the contact discontinuity i nt he plane-wave Riemann problem is unstable under perturbations. The implications for Godunovs method are discussed and it is shown that numerical post shock noise can set of a contact instability. A relation to carbuncle instabilities is established.
p21 and p57 control muscle differentiation at the myogenin step

Cell-cycle arrest is thought to be required for differentiation of muscle cells. However, the molecules controlling cell-cycle exit and the differentiation step(s) dependent on cell-cycle arrest are poorly understood. Here we show that two Cdk inhibitors, p21 and p57, redundantly control differentiation of skeletal muscle and alveoli in the lungs. Mice lacking both p21 and p57 fail to form myotubes, display increased proliferation and apoptotic rates of myoblasts, and display endoreplication in residual myotubes. This point of arrest during muscle development is identical to that of mice lacking the myogenic transcription factor myogenin, indicating a role for cell-cycle exit in myogenin function. Expression of myogenin, p21, and p57 is parallel but independent, and in response to differentiation signals, these proteins are coordinately regulated to trigger both cell-cycle exit and a dependent muscle-specific program of gene expression to initiate myoblast terminal differentiation and muscle formation.
Conditionals on crutches: Expanding the modal horizon1

Using truth-value judgment tasks, we investigated the on-line processing of counterfactual conditionals such as If kangaroos had no tails, they would topple over. Face-value plausibility of the counterfactual as well as the complexity of the antecedent were manipulated. Results show that readers’ judgments deviate from face-value plausibility more often when the antecedent is complex, and when the counterfactual is plausible rather than implausible. We interpret our results based on the modal horizon assumption of von Fintel (2001) and argue that they are compatible with a variably strict semantics for counterfactuals (Lewis, 1973). We make use of computational modeling techniques to account for reaction times and truth-value judgments simultaneously, showing that implementing detailed process models deepens our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms triggered by linguistic stimuli.
BOOK REVIEW MAPPING ISLAMICJERUSALEM: A REDISCOVERY OF GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES

'Mapping Islamigerusalem: A rediscovery of geographical boundariel is a study that breaks new ground in our understanding of Islamicjerusalem, and is as ambitious as the title suggests. It investigates the existence of a region for Islamicjerusalem and its extents throughout Muslim centuries. The initial cause of the study as the author states 'is the neglect of the concept of the region that was once popular in the early Muslim periods and also the vanishing of knowledge on the extent of the region in later centuries'. It is worth noting that this topic touches on a new academic territory and explores one aspect of the definition of Islamicjerusalem that is its geographical extent. However, the author has been able to introduce this subject in such a way that is critical, informative and enjoyable to read. The way he takes on board theological, linguistic, historical, geographical or even archaeological accounts and views and assesses them is �urely impressive.
the invariant of bottom tangles (Quantum

A bottom tangle is a tangle in a cube consisting of arc components whose boundary points are placed on the bottom, and every link can be represented as the closure of a bottom tangle. The universal $sl _{2}$ invariant of n-component bottom tangles takes values in the n-fold completed tensor power of the quantized enveloping algebra $U _{h}(sl_{2})$ , and has a universality property over the colored Jones polynomials of n-component links via quantum traces in ﬁnite dimensional representations. In this note, we study the values of the universal $sl _{2}$ invariant of certain three types of bottom tangles which are called boundary, ribbon, and brunnian bottom tangles. For each types of bottom tangles, we give certain small subalgebras in which the universal $sl _{2}$ invariant of bottom tangles of the type takes values. As applications, it follows that each boundary, ribbon, and brunnian link has stronger divisibility by cyclotomic polynomials than algebraically split links for Habiro’s reduced version of the colored Jones polynomials.
CHARACTERIZING DROPLET BREAKUP RATES OF SHEAR-THINNING

12 A two-phase flow predictive model with the integration of conservative level-set 13 method (LSM) and Carreau-Yasuda constitutive equation was developed herein. The 14 LSM was chosen as a potential interface capturing scheme for elucidating the 15 interfacial phenomena including insight into the mechanism of shear-thinning 16 droplets. In present paper, the dynamics of shear-dependent droplet emergence, 17 growth, detachment and translocation in a Newtonian microsystem were examined 18 via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Dilute sodium 19 carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) solution was treated as dispersed phase (70 20 mPa.s < <10.2644 Pa.s) whereas the olive oil (68 mPa.s) was designated as 21 continuous phase. Visualisation experiments were carried out and these laboratory 22 data were used to validate the simulation results. Detailed 2D simulations were 23 presented to examine systematically the impact of fluid properties on the droplet 24 breakup rate at predefined flow rate ratio, Q of 0.05. The results yielded an inflection 25 point in the dependence of droplet breakup rate on Na-CMC concentration was 26 found in between the dilute and semi-dilute concentration regimes. This inflection 27 point displays a non-monotonic profile which is mainly caused by the considerable 28 viscosity effect of Na-CMC polymer when its concentration increases above a critical 29 * Corresponding author; v.wong@hw.ac. uk (Voon-Loong Wong) Current address: School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia Campus, 62200 Putrajaya Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia. 2 Current address: Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom. *Manuscript Click here to view linked References
ACUTE PANCREATITIS; A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE CLINICAL OUTCOME OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN RELATION WITH MAJOR ETIOLOGIES.

… Objectives: To determine the clinical outcome of acute pancreatitis in relation with major etiologies (Gallstones, Alcohol, and Drugs). Study Design: Cross sectional hospital based study . Setting: Aga Khan University Hospital. Period: 16 years (from 1 st January 2001 to 30 th June 2016). Methods: All patients with acute pancreatitis admitted. Major risk factors of pancreatitis such as gallstones, alcohol, and drugs were evaluated and outcomes assessed for the development of complications and mortality. Results: We evaluated 3049 patients with acute pancreatitis, the causative agents found, 80.35% (N = 2450), followed by Alcohol 13.05% (N = 398) and drugs 6.59% (N = 201), respectively. Patients with alcohol abuse were relatively older 53.74 years compared to patients with gallstones 39.54 years and drugs induced 43.26 years AP. Among them, the overall complication rate was 5.05% (N = 155). The most common complication was development of sepsis 45.8% (N = 71) and the overall mortality rate observed was 0.91% (N = 28). Conclusions: Gall stones are the leading cause of acute pancreatitis while drugs are the rare cause, however in significant number of patients cause remained obscure. Based on the above results patients with drug induced pancreatitis have good outcome as compared to gall stones and alcohol induced acute pancreatitis, however further studies warranted.
A PERTURBATIVE APPROACH TO A CLASS OF FOKKER–PLANCK EQUATIONS

In this paper, we present a direct perturbative method to solving certain Fokker–Planck equations, which have constant diffusion coefficients and some small parameters in the drift coefficients. The method makes use of the connection between the Fokker–Planck and Schrodinger equations. Two examples are used to illustrate the method. In the first example, the drift coefficient depends only on time but not on space. In the second example, we consider the Uhlenbeck–Ornstein process with a small drift coefficient. These examples show that such perturbative approach can be a useful tool to obtain approximate solutions of Fokker–Planck equations with constant diffusion coefficients.
Finding periods in the high mass x-ray binary stars of the magellanic clouds

High Mass X-Ray Binary Stars (HMXBs) are stars that contain one early-type main sequence or giant star and one of a black hole, neutron star or white dwarf. HMXBs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) are instructive to study because both galaxies are metal poor in comparison to the Milky Way and they are fairly transparent to both optical and X-ray radiation. This allows a more complete study of the whole population, without the biasing effects of gas and dust that occur in our own Galaxy. The objective of this study was to find the periods of HMXBs in the LMC and SMC with known optical counterparts in the dataset acquired by the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment telescope. Two possible orbital periods were found for the objects XTE J0055-724 and RX J0101.3-7211 of 1724 days and 478 days, respectively. Continued observations are recommended to confirm the two periods.
Entanglement and majorization in (1+1)-dimensional quantum systems (7 pages)

Motivated by the idea of entanglement loss along renormalization group flows, analytical majorization relations are proven for the ground state of (1+1)-dimensional conformal field theories. For any of these theories, majorization is proven to hold in the spectrum of the reduced density matrices in a bipartite system when changing the size L of one of the subsystems. Continuous majorization along uniparametric flows is also proven as long as part of the conformal structure is preserved under the deformation and some monotonicity conditions hold as well. As particular examples of our derivations, we study the cases of the XX, Heisenberg, and XY quantum spin chains. Our results provide in a rigorous way explicit proofs for all the majorization conjectures raised by Latorre, Luetken, Rico, Vidal, and Kitaev in previous papers on quantum spin chains.