Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ammonia sources in agriculture and their measurement

There are several reasons why the measurement of ammonia emissions is important in agriculture. The emission of ammonia from stored and land-applied manure to the atmosphere can result in a significant loss of nitrogen for crop production. It is necessary to quantify this loss to evaluate manure handling practices for maintaining the nutritive value of the manure. Minimizing the emissions of ammonia from manure also reduces agriculture's impact on the environment. A high atmospheric concentration of ammonia can result in acidification of land and water surfaces, cause plant damage and reduce plant biodiversity in natural systems. Ammonia emissions from manure coincide with odors, which are a nuisance in areas of intensive livestock operations. Reducing ammonia emissions by altering manure management will also reduce odor problems. The purpose of this paper is to review agricultural sources of ammonia and describe techniques used in determining the loss of ammonia from manure-amended soils. Micrometeorolog.
Attainment of near-hydrostatic compression conditions using the Paris–Edinburgh cell

By means of a straightforward modification to the Paris–Edinburgh cell gasket configuration, it is now possible to utilize fluid pressure-transmitting media up to at least 9 GPa. Test data on various representative samples are presented, discussed and contrasted with typical results obtained using the earlier gasket arrangement and Fluorinert pressure-transmitting medium. For the case of deuterated urea, the significant improvement in compression conditions revealed the existence of two new structural phases (IV and V) which are first observed at 3.0 GPa and 7.5 GPa. Future development possibilities for the technique of sample encapsulation are presented and discussed.
Assessing the micronutrient requirement of winter wheat

Abstract Zinc, copper, iron and manganese requirement of wheat was assessed on loamy alluvial soils. Pot experiments were conducted to find out the relation of nutrient status of soil and plants to crop yields and to find out the extent of response due to foliar application of these nutrients. Sampling plant leaves at 40 days after sowing gave best indication of micronutrient status of the plants. The plants well supplied with these nutrients at this stage of the growing period supported best growth and produced maximum dry matter. Application of micronutrients as foliar spray later than 40 days after sowing also improved the dry matter production at 60 days in comparison to the basal application. This suggests that these micronutrients should be present in sufficient quantity during the early part of growth. Critical limits for soil DTPA‐ Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn were 0.78, 0.8, 5.0, and 5.5 ppm, respectively. The critical tissue concentrations for Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn were 8.0,22.0, 61.5 and 25 ppm, respectively.
Xanthate-Mediated Copolymerization of Vinyl Monomers for Amphiphilic and Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers with Poly(ethylene glycol)

Two xanthate end-functional poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) were tested as macromolecular chain-transfer agents (macroCTA) in the reversible addition−fragmentation transfer-mediated polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and N-vinylpyrrolidone. The macroCTA leaving group played a determining role in the preparation of the block copolymers. PEG-b-PVAc and PEG-b-PVP diblock copolymers were obtained when the macroCTA had a propionyl ester leaving group, whereas under the same experimental conditions the macroCTA with a phenylacetyl ester leaving group inhibited the polymerization. In situ 1H NMR spectroscopy polymerizations were performed with low molecular weight xanthate analogues to investigate the cause of inhibition. Block copolymers were prepared with the macroCTA which did not inhibit the polymerization and were characterized via size exclusion chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The ability to produce n.
Rate of Formation and Characterization of Magnesium Anthracene

1H and 13C NMR studies on magnesium anthracene ⋅ 3 THF (2a), which can be recrystallized from THF, indicate that magnesium has the strongest interaction with the 9,10-positions of anthracene. While the rate of formation of 2a from magnesium and anthracene in THF at 60°C is proportional to both anthracene concentration and magnesium surface area, at 25°C it is proportional only to magnesium surface area Magnesium, anthracene and THF exist in a temperature dependent, reversible equilibrium with 2a (eq. 6), the formation of 2a being favoured at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures 2a reacts with the solvent to produce ring opening of THF and insertion of butyleneoxy units in the Mg – C bonds, so that on hydrolysis the alcohols 6 and 7 are obtained. Bildungsgeschwindigkeit und Charakterisierung von Magnesiumanthracen Aufgrund kernresonanzspektroskopischer Untersuchungen (1H- und 13C-NMR) ist Magnesium im aus THF kristallisierbaren Magnesiumanthracen ⋅ 3 THF (2a) an den 9,10-Positionen des Anthracens gebunden. Die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit von 2a aus Magnesium und Anthracen ist in THF bei 60°C sowohl zur Anthracenkonzentration als auch zur Magnesiumoberflache, bei 25°C nur zur Magnesiumoberflache proportional. Magnesium, Anthracen und THF stehen mit 2a in einem temperaturabhangigen, reversiblen Gleichgewicht (Gl. 6), wobei tiefe Temperaturen die Bildung von 2a begunstigen. Bei erhohten Temperaturen reagiert 2a mit dem Losungsmittel unter Ringoffnung von THF und Einschiebung von Butylenoxy-Einheiten in die Mg – C-Bindungen, so das nach Hydrolyse die Alkohole 6 bzw. 7 erhalten werden.
Effect of Substrate Etching on Electrical Properties of Electrochemically Deposited CuO

The effect of Cu substrate etching on electrical properties of electrochemically deposited CuO was investigated. Four different etching methods were compared in this study-no etching, chemically etched in HNO 3 , ex situ electrochemically etched in H 2 SO 4 , and in situ electrochemically etched in the deposition solution. Surface roughness by atomic force microscopy was used to optimize the electrochemical etching processes. Metal/CuO diodes were fabricated by depositing various metals on Al, Ni, and Cu. Current-voltage characterization was performed to investigate the electrical properties of the as-deposited CuO films. CuO grown on electrochemically etched Cu substrates had favorable electrical properties over chemical etched and nonetched substrates as evidenced by better rectification behavior and lower current through the CuO films. Al/CuO diodes showed rectifying behavior, while Ni/CuO and Cu/CuO diodes both showed ohmic behavior. Transmittance measurements of as-deposited CuO showed that CuO has an indirect bandgap of 1.32 eV. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CuO deposited at above 50°C was polycrystalline, while amorphous below 50°C.
2D MEMS scanner integrating a position feedback

An integrated position sensor for a dual-axis electromagnetic tilting mirror is presented. This tilting mirror is composed of a silicon based mirror directly assembled on a silicon membrane supported by flexible beams. The position sensors are constituted by 4 Wheatstone bridges of piezoresistors which are fabricated by doping locally the flexible beams. A permanent magnet is attached to the membrane and the scanner is mounted above planar coils deposited on a ceramic substrate to achieve electromagnetic actuation. The performances of the piezoresistive sensors are evaluated by measuring the output signal of the piezoresistors as a function of the tilt of the mirror and the temperature. White light interferometry was performed for all measurement to measure the exact tilt angle. The minimum detectable angle with such sensors was 30µrad (around 13bits) in the range of the minimum resolution of the interferometer. The tilt reproducibility was 0.0186%, obtained by measuring the tilt after repeated actuations with a coil current of 50mA during 30 min and the stability over time was 0.05% in 1h without actuation. The maximum measured tilt angle was 6° (mechanical) limited by nonlinearity of the MEMS system.
The Hamburg/ESO R-process enhanced star survey (HERES). V. Detailed abundance analysis of the r-process enhanced star HE 2327-5642

Aims. We present a detailed abundance analysis of a strongly r-process enhanced giant star discovered in the HERES project, HE 2327-5642, for which [Fe/H] = -2.78, [r/Fe] = +0.99. Methods. We determined the stellar parameters and element abundances by analyzing the high-quality VLT/UVES spectra. The surface gravity was calculated from the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) ionization balance between Fe I and Fe II, and Ca I and Ca II. Results. Accurate abundances for a total of 40 elements and for 23 neutron-capture elements beyond Sr and up to Th were determined in HE 2327-5642. For every chemical species, the dispersion in the single line measurements around the mean does not exceed 0.11 dex. The heavy element abundance pattern of HE 2327-5642 is in excellent agreement with those previously derived for other strongly r-process enhanced stars, such as CS 22892-052, CS 31082-001, and HE 1219-0312. Elements in the range from Ba to Hf match the scaled Solar r-process pattern very well. No firm conclusion can be drawn about the relationship between the fisrt neutron-capture peak elements, Sr to Pd, in HE 2327-5642 and the Solar r-process, due to the uncertainty in the Solar r-process. A clear distinction in Sr/Eu abundance ratios was found between the halo stars of different europium enhancement. The strongly r-process enhanced stars contain a low Sr/Eu abundance ratio at [Sr/Eu] = -0.92 +/- 0.13, while the stars with 0 < [Eu/Fe] < 1 and [Eu/Fe] < 0 have 0.36 dex and 0.93 dex higher Sr/Eu values, respectively. Radioactive dating for HE 2327-5642 with the observed thorium and rare-earth element abundance pairs results in an average age of 13.3 Gyr, when based on the high-entropy wind calculations, and 5.9 Gyr, when using the Solar r-residuals. We propose that HE 2327-5642 is a radial-velocity variable based on our high-resolution spectra covering similar to 4.3 years.
Thermophysical behaviour of matrix-grafted graphene/poly(ethylene tetrasulphide) nanocomposites

A novel approach was used to fabricate poly(ethylene tetrasulphide) (PETS)-modified graphene nanosheets. Accordingly, graphene oxide (GO) was modified with (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane (CPTES) to yield GO-Cl with the ability of participation in interfacial polymerization of 1,2-dichloromethane (EDC) and disodium tetrasulphide (Na2S4) and synthesis of graphene/PETS nanocomposites. Also, to investigate the effect of surface chemistry of the nanosheets on the properties of the nanocomposites, GO-Cl nanosheets were reduced by hydrazine monohydrate to obtain rGO-Cl. The success of modification and reduction of the nanosheets was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, two series of nanocomposites containing different contents of GO-Cl and rGO-Cl were synthesized. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) was used to determine the molecular weights of the polymers. Also, dispersion of the nanosheets in the polymeric matrix was studied by XRD and thermal stability and the thermophysical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by TGA and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively. Results showed that incorporation of the nanosheets leads to lower molecular weights of the polymeric matrix whereas reduced nanosheets were dispersed more appropriately in the matrix. According to the TGA results, the dispersion of nanosheets and molecular weight of the matrix were prominent factors in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. Also, all samples showed a glass transition temperature (Tg) less than 0 °C, a cold crystallization temperature (Tcc), and a subsequent melting point (Tm) which were affected by the content of nanosheets.
Protein engineering of a new recombinant peptide to increase the surface contact angle of stainless steel

Biofouling seriously affects the properties and service life of metal materials. A number of studies have shown that the initial bacterial attachment to the metal surface and the subsequent formation of biofilm are dependent on the surface characteristics of the substratum, including metal surface free energy, roughness and metallurgical features. In this study, a novel recombinant fusion protein, which consists of receptor binding domain protein (RBD), truncated protein fragment of MrpF and alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) domains, has been constructed in an attempt to increase the surface contact angle of stainless steel. It has been confirmed that RBD has a strong affinity to 304 stainless steel; the truncated protein fragment of MrpF has high hydrophobicity and anchoring features, which can improve the contact angle of the material surface, whilst PhoA is an effective detection tool to monitor the expression and secretion of fusion protein. Multiple assays including FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS and contact angle measurement revealed the existence of nitrogen and sulfur elements, binding energy shifts of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms, and new FTIR peaks in treated stainless steel samples with increased contact angles at about 50°, confirming that a new organic steel material has been produced responding to these surface property changes. Using novel recombinant peptides to react with steel could become a new technique to increase the surface contact angle of the stainless steel for diverse applications.
Occurrence of hydrogen-oxidizing Ralstonia species as primary microorganisms in the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic mudflow deposits

Abstract Ralstonia eutropha is an aerobic, hydrogen-oxidizing, facultative chemolithotrophic bacterium. Recently, R. eutropha-related bacteria have been found to predominate in the cultural bacterial communities of fresh mudflow deposits from Mt. Pinatubo, the Philippines. In the present study, the R. eutropha-related strains were examined for their chemolithotrophic growth in the presence of H2, O2, amd CO2 (85 :5 :10) and for their phylogenetic relationship with R. eutropha. Eleven of the 12 strains tested grew in the presence of H2, O2, and CO2, although the growth was not as rapid as that of the well-characterized H2-oxidizing strain, R. eutropha H16. To examine the hydrogenase activity, membrane and soluble fractions were prepared from R. eutropha-related strain 1245 and its activity was assayed with methylene blue and NAD as electron acceptors. A significant hydrogenase activity was detected in both membrane and soluble fractions of the cell-free extract. The 16S rDNA analysis of the 12 strains of R. eutropha-related bacteria revealed that they could be classified into two clusters, both of which were clearly separated from the cluster of R. eutropha sensu stricto. The probable ecological niche of H2-oxidizing Ralstonia species in the volcanic mudflow deposits was examined.
Thermoelectric Properties of Some Cerium Sulfide Semiconductors from 4° to 1300°K

The thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and resistivity were measured for a series of sintered cerium sulfide compounds of the thorium phosphide structure. The compounds were in the composition range CeSx (1.33 ≤ x ≤ 1.5) and were prepared with and without strontium sulfide doping. The electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient increased with temperature for all samples, similar in appearance to the temperature dependency of a metal. The addition of strontium sulfide to compositions for (x > 1.33) usually led to a decrease in the resistivity and Seebeck coefficient while maintaining the same temperature dependence. The thermoelectric ``figure of merit'' is given for one of the samples and some remarks are made on the conduction mechanism in the system.
New Approaches in Targeted Therapy for Medulloblastoma in Children

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children. Treatment of MB is based on histopathological and molecular stratification, and includes surgical intervention, often with craniospinal irradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. Unfortunately, however, this treatment leads to a high morbidity rate, and it does not cure all patients either, with around 30% succumbing to their disease. With improved cancer genomics and better molecular characterization, MB has been classified into four major subgroups, wingless-activated, sonic hedgehog-activated, Group 3, and Group 4, with each group consisting of additional subtypes. Recently disclosed genetic drivers of MB may in the future help improve treatment, and in this way reduce therapy-related toxicity. In this review, we describe the heterogeneity of the MB subgroups, and potential new options for targeted therapy.
Retrospective Study of Radiotherapy Impact on the Outcome of Material-assisted Implant-based Subpectoral Breast Reconstruction

Background/Aim: Synthetic meshes (SMs) and acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) are used in reconstructive breast surgery. In the absence of prospective comparative studies, the identification of differences relies on retrospective analyses. Patients and Methods: Our analysis focused on the impact of pre- and postoperative radiotherapy (RTX) and material-related differences. The analysis included 281 breast cancer patients (362 breasts) after nipple- and skin-sparing mastectomy with subpectoral implant insertion. Results: Overall, the implant loss rate was 23.1% using porcine ADM, 7% using partially resorbable SM (prSM), and 5.6% using non-resorbable SM (nrSM). After RTX, the implant loss rate was 56.3% with ADM, 13% with prSM and 13.2% with nrSM. The ADM group showed a significant effect of RTX on the postoperative seroma rate, wound infections, and implant loss rate. When prSM was used, RTX showed no significant effect. When using the nrSM, RTX significantly influenced complication rates regarding wound infections and implant loss. Conclusion: In material-assisted breast reconstructions with pre- or post-operative RTX, there is a significantly higher implant loss rate when using porcine ADM compared to SM.
Molecular Characteristics of Lymphocyte-predominant Triple-negative Breast Cancer

Background/Aim: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered a prognostic marker for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based treatments are more effective for tumors with PD-L1-positive TILs, suggesting crucial roles of TILs in the local tumor immunity. However, factors attracting TILs are still largely unknown. Focusing on tumor antigenicity, we examined TNBC samples to identify the characteristics of TIL-high tumors. Patients and Methods: Nine treatment-naïve TNBCs (TIL-high: five, TIL-low: four) were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of PTEN was also analyzed. Results: A variety of copy number variations were observed, and no genes differed significantly between TIL-high and -low groups. However, PTEN loss was more frequently observed in the TIL-high group: 60% compared to 25% in TIL-low tumors. NGS correlated well with LOH analysis in identifying PTEN loss. All three tumors with PTEN loss in the TIL-high group showed high PD-L1. All nine samples were microsatellite-stable. Conclusion: Frequent PTEN loss and high expression of PD-L1 in TIL-high TNBC suggest that PTEN mutation may be a biomarker for ICIs.
Adsorption of binary and ternary hydrocarbon gas mixtures on activated carbon: Experimental determination and theoretical prediction of the ternary equilibrium data

Experimental binary and ternary equilibrium data for the adsorption of hydrocarbon mixtures of methane, ethane, ethylene, and propylene on activated carbon at 20°C are presented and discussed. Reproduction of binary adsorption equilibria and prediction of ternary adsorption equilibria exclusively with data of binary systems have been carried out using a real adsorbed solution theory, which requires the calculation of the activity coefficients for the components in the adsorbed phase. Predicted equilibrium data are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental values using Wilson and UNIQUAC equations to calculate the activity coefficients. The real absorbed solution theory provides a much more accurate method for predicting multicomponent adsorption equilibria than the ideal adsorbed solution theory.
Harmonized guidelines for single-laboratory validation of methods of analysis (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract Method validation is one of the measures universally recognized as a necessary part of a comprehensive system of quality assurance in analytical chemistry. In the past, ISO, IUPAC, and AOAC International have cooperated to produce agreed protocols or guidelines on the "Design, conduct and interpretation of method performance studies" [1], on the "Proficiency testing of (chemical) analytical laboratories" [2], on "Internal quality control in analytical chemistry laboratories" [3], and on "The use of recovery information in analytical measurement" [4]. The Working Group that produced these protocols/guidelines has now been mandated by IUPAC to prepare guidelines on the single-laboratory validation of methods of analysis. These guidelines provide minimum recommendations on procedures that should be employed to ensure adequate validation of analytical methods. A draft of the guidelines has been discussed at an International Symposium on the Harmonization of Quality Assurance Systems in Chemical Laboratory, the proceedings from which have been published by the UK Royal Society of Chemistry.
Indium-tin oxide treatments for single- and double-layer polymeric light-emitting diodes: The relation between the anode physical, chemical, and morphological properties and the device performance

We report combined studies of the influence of chemical and physical treatments on the properties of indium–tin oxide (ITO) thin films. The ITO films were also used as transparent anodes of polymeric light-emitting diodes (LEDs) incorporating poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) as the emitter material, with, or without, doped poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a hole-injection/transport layer. Structures based on a soluble green derivative of PPV, poly(4,4′-diphenylene diphenylvinylene) were also tested. We studied chemical (aquaregia, degreasing, RCA protocol) and physical (oxygen and argon plasmas, Teflon, and paper rubbing) treatments and, in contrast to recently published work, we find that for Balzer Baltracon ITO, oxygen plasma and not aquaregia yields the highest efficiencies and luminances and the lowest drive voltages. For oxygen-plasma-treated anodes, the device efficiency clearly correlates with the value of the ITO surface work function, which in turn depends on the time of treatment. I.