Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cladobotryum-Konidienformen von Hypomyces-Arten

The genus Cladobotryum Nees is characterized by mostly verticillately branched conidiophores with phialides, dry, one-celled or pluricellular conidia in heads or irregular chains, and pluricellular chlamydospores or sclerotia. Eight species are considered. In four of them the corresponding Hypomyces state is known, in one species it is conjectured. In cultures of Hypomyces rosellus and H. odoratus perithecia were obtained after mating of compatible strains. The conidium-forming cells are interpreted as phialides in all species, even if the meristematic zone extends beyond the apex and surrounds itself with a secondary wall.
Synthesis and Characterization of Photocrosslinkable Biodegradable Polymers Derived from 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid

A novel series of photocrosslinkable biodegradable polymers was prepared by a high-temperature solution polycondensation from a dichloride of 4,4'-(adipoyldioxy)dicinnamic acid (CAC) and alkane diols of various methylene lengths (HO(CH 2 ) n OH; n = 6-10) or poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG) of various molecular weights (M = 200-8 300). The CAC was synthesized by the condensation of adipoyl chloride and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. The chemical structures and properties of these polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1 H NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimertry (DSC), and thermogravimetry (TG). All polymers had a high molecular weight and good solubility in organic solvents. DSC showed that T m values of CACn (134-180°C) were much higher than those of CACEm (25-56°C). The CACE200 degraded very rapidly in the buffer solutions (pH 7.2) of Ps. Cepacia or Rh. delemar lipase at 37°C, while CACn resisted the hydrolysis by these lipases during the test period. The ultraviolet light irradiation (%≥ 280 nm) caused the photocrosslinking reaction by an intermolecular dimerization at ambient temperature without a photosensitizer, as examined by UV-VIS, FT-IR spectroscopy, and gel formation. The gets pregared from CACEm (m 1000) were swollen in water and showed characteristic properties of a hydrogel. The irradiation time and the molecular weight of PEGs controlled the degree of swelling of these hydrogels. The CACE8 300 gel irradiated for 20 min showed the largest degree of swelling of 10.5.
Chemotactic Factor for Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Derived from Human Lung Giant Cell Carcinoma Lu65 Cells

A chemotactic factor for polymorphonuclear leukocytes was found in the culture fluid of human lung giant cell carcinoma cell line Lu65. This factor was defined as chemotactic one by checkerboard analysis. Partial purification of the chemotactic factor was performed by DEAE-Sepharose and gel filtration with Sephadex G-100, which showed it to be basic and low molecular weight. The factor was also found in the filtrate of culture fluid passed through a Centriflo CF25 filter, thus indicating a molecular weight of less than 25kDa. Furthermore, three cell clones having higher activity of chemoattractant were selected from the original cell line.
Amidase from plant growth promoting rhizobacterium

Ninety three cultures of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated from rhizosphere of Pisum sativum, among them one isolate identified as Pseudomonas putida was found to be potential amidase producer. The organism exhibited a battery of PGPR traits including enhanced production of plant growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA) and siderophore. P. putida MTCC 6809 exhibited both intracellular and extra-cellular amidase activity. The organism produced maximum extracellular amidase enzyme at 30°C and pH 7.5 in shaking state. The organism hydrolyzed a wide range of aliphatic amides that included acetamide, propionamide, acrylamide and butyramide. Acrylamide is a known carcinogen, teratogen and neurotoxicant and utilization of acrylamide by P. putida MTCC 6809 assume great importance. The organism is also tolerant to number of heavy metals at higher levels. These characteristics make P. putida MTCC 6809 an excellent candidate for field application in contaminated soil.
Reconstructing and modelling 71 years of forest growth in a Canadian boreal landscape: a test of the CBM-CFS3 carbon accounting model

We carried out a verification exercise of the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) carbon accounting model through the use of a reconstructed data set of forest growth and disturbances spanning a 71 year period (1928–1998) and encompassing a 62 km2 landscape of boreal forest in eastern Canada. Overall, results show that yield curve simulations using CBM-CFS3 underestimate realized net biomass accrual by 10% in undisturbed stands. The bias in disturbed stands may be slightly larger. Errors linked to the estimation of the initial 1928 merchantable volume and biomass through the operational forest photointerpretation and inventory procedure may be the largest single cause of the bias. The local application of regionally parameterized yield curves may also be at fault. It is unlikely that long-term trends in climate or atmospheric composition may have generated such bias. Analyses of changes in specific carbon pools and comparisons made with results from a similar exercise carried out .
Salt and drought tolerance of sugarcane under iso-osmotic salt and water stress: growth, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant defense

In order to discriminate between the ionic and osmotic components of salt stress, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Co 86032) plants were treated with salt-NaCl or polyethylene glycol-PEG 8000 solutions (−0.7 MPa) for 15 days. Both the salt and PEG treatments significantly reduced leaf width, number of green leaves, and chlorophyll stability index. Osmotic adjustment (OA) indicated that both the stresses led to significant accumulation of osmolytes and sugars. Salt stressed plants appeared to use salt as an osmoticum while the PEG stressed plants showed an accumulation of sugars. Oxidative damage to membranes was not severe in plants subjected to salt or PEG stress. The salt stressed plants showed an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), while PEG stress led to an increase in SOD but not APX activity as compared to the control. Thus, results indicate that the iso-osmotic salt or PEG stress led to differential responses in plants especially with respect to growth, OA, and antioxidant enzyme activities.
Percentage leaf herbivory across vascular plant species

Herbivory is viewed as a major driver of plant evolution and the most important energy pathway from plants to higher trophic levels. Therefore, understanding patterns of herbivory on plants remains a key focus in evolution and ecology. The evolutionary impacts of leaf herbivory include altering plant fitness, local adaptation, the evolution of defenses, and the diversification of plants as well as natural enemies. Leaf herbivory also impacts ecological processes such as plant productivity, community composition, and ecosystem nutrient cycling. Understanding the impact of herbivory on these ecological and evolutionary processes requires species-specific, as opposed to community-level, measures of herbivory. In addition, species-specific data enables the use of modern comparative methods to account for phylogenetic non-independence. Although hundreds of studies have measured natural rates of leaf consumption, we are unaware of any accessible compilation of these data. We created such a data set to provide the raw data needed to test general hypotheses relating to plant–herbivore interactions and to test the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on herbivory rates across large spatial scales. A large repository will make this endeavor more efficient and robust. In total, we compiled 2641 population-level measures for either annual or daily rates of leaf herbivory across 1145 species of vascular plants collected from 189 studies. All damage measures represent natural occurrences of herbivory that span numerous angiosperm, gymnosperm, and fern species. To enable researchers to explore the causes of variation in herbivory and how these might interact, we added information about the study sites including: geolocation, climate classification, habitat descriptions (e.g., seashore, grassland, forest, agricultural fields), and plant trait information concerning growth form and duration (e.g., annual vs. perennial). We also included extensive details of the methodology used to measure leaf damage, including seasons and months of sampling, age of leaves, and the method used to estimate percentage area missing. We anticipate that these data will make it possible to test important hypotheses in the plant–herbivore literature, including the plant apparency hypothesis, the latitudinal-herbivory defense hypothesis, the resource availability hypothesis, and the macroevolutionary escalation of defense hypothesis.
Rapid determination of metabolisable energy of foods using cockerels

1. Adult cockerels were trained to consume their daily food allowance of about 100 g in 1 h. Excreta were collected for the next 24 h and the metabolisable energy (ME) content of the diet was determined. 2. Two different diets were used to study effects of ME on adaptation to diet. Repeatable estimates of ME were obtained without a period of adaptation. 3. No difference in ME was found when a test diet was fed to adult cockerels for 1 h, or fed continuously and excreta collected over 5 d. The conventional total collection method of determining ME using groups of growing chickens yielded similar results. 4. Excreta collected between 24 and 48, or 48 and 72 h post‐feeding yielded constant energy values following feeding of two different diets, indicating that all excreta from the 1‐h feeding were voided during the next 24 h. 5. The method is precise and results can be reported 36 h after receipt of food sample.
Eco‐evolutionary dynamics in plants: interactive processes at overlapping time‐scales and their implications

Evolution can happen rapidly and frequently. This realization has motivated a rethinking of ecological and evolutionary time‐scales and their overlap, and stimulated research on processes at their interface. This premise lays at the heart of eco‐evolutionary dynamics, a relatively recent field redeveloping how we conceive of ecological and evolutionary processes. Classical evolutionary theory and empirical evidence has generally supported a gradualist view of evolution as occurring on much longer time‐scales than ecological processes. The systematic documentation of rapid evolution beginning in the 1970s served as a catalyst to question this basic assumption. The commonness of rapid evolution suggests that ecological and evolutionary processes often occur at the same time‐scale, which may allow them to interact. As a new field, eco‐evolutionary dynamics faces some important challenges. First, the field is primarily driven by theoretical research and empirical work on organisms with simple, short life cycles, typically animals, and mostly performed under controlled conditions. Secondly, it is unclear whether interactions between ecology and evolution are driven through a few common mechanisms, or whether all interactions are context dependent. Thirdly, there is a lack of eco‐evolutionary research at higher organizational levels (e.g. ecosystem and landscape), although it is at those levels that the impact of evolution on our greatest conservation challenges may be most acute. Finally, it remains unclear how genetic diversity impacts eco‐evolutionary dynamics, although the strong relationships between additive genetic variance, fitness and the speed of evolution suggest that it is important. Summary. This Special Feature includes five research manuscripts expanding our knowledge of eco‐evolutionary dynamics in plants and the organisms they interact with. Its contributors address the aforementioned challenges outlined above, ranging from demonstrating the impacts of genetic variation on plant and herbivore populations, to exploring the role of density in the evolution of plant life‐history traits and to documenting genetic covariation among co‐occurring communities. This Special Feature highlights the cutting‐edge exploration of the dynamic effects of interacting ecological and evolutionary processes, including the potential for complex life histories to influence eco‐evolutionary interactions, for common mechanisms to underlie most eco‐evolutionary dynamics, for evolution to impact higher organizational levels and for genetic changes to cascade through communities.
A New Method for Trapping Chimney Swifts and Other Birds That Nest in Vertical Hollows

Abstract Previous Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) trapping efforts relied on chimney-top box traps at large roost sites, which were disruptive and inefficient when targeting individual birds. I designed a hoop net for use at nest chimneys to trap individual breeding birds. I caught 13 swifts at 11 different sites in Guelph, Ontario, Canada over two summers with no site abandonment. This trap is superior for trapping individuals because it: (1) can be deployed quickly without scaling the chimney, (2) will work on chimneys of different sizes and shapes, and (3) minimizes disturbance to birds. My results indicate this net is an efficient, safe, and relatively simple method of trapping individual Chimney Swifts at their nest chimneys.
The Influence of Employer’s Behavior, Communication and Psychological Ownership in Promoting the Employee-Employer Relationship in the SMEs

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can be deceptively complex organizations to manage due to a broad range of challenges, such as issues relating to owner-managers, as well as employees and the employment relationship (Mallett & Wapshott, 2012). This study is conducted to study three factors, the behavior of the employer, the influence of communication and psychological ownership with relevant to promoting employee and employer relationship in the SMEs. Questionnaires were distributed to 150 employees of various SMEs in the Sri Serdang area of Selangor, Malaysia. The result was analyzed using the descriptive and correlation analysis.
Expression of the Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr34 alone and in combination with other Leaf Rust Genes against UK isolates of Puccinia triticina.

Wheat cultivars and ‘Thatcher’ backcross lines with the resistance gene Lr34 alone and in combination with different genes for leaf rust resistance were assessed for their reaction to UK isolates of Puccinia triticina. The experiments were conducted in controlled environments and in the field. The seedlings were grown at 5 and 20C and as adult plants at 12 and 26C. The temperature control was used to identify the Lr34 gene. In the field, all lines and cultivars with Lr34 were resistant to leaf rust. In controlled environments, seedlings with Lr34 alone gave variable infection types (ITs) of ; to 3 at 5C and 2 to 3at 20C. This indicates that, temperature control is not effective at identifying the Lr34 gene with these UK isolates. Based on similarities of reaction types in the field, the wheat cultivars Pavon 76, Ciano 67, Chris, Era and Marco Juarez Inta were postulated as having the resistance gene Lr34.
The influence of management history on spatial prediction of Eryngium spinalba, an endangered endemic species

ABSTRACT Question: Spatial prediction of plant populations is essential for conservation management. This is especially true for rare and/or threatened endemic species, for which knowledge of determinants of distribution is necessary to mitigate threats and counteract decline. We therefore ask if the distribution of an endemic species can be accurately predicted by georeferenced environmental variables or, if anthropogenic variables also need to be taken into account. Location: Alps, Hautes-Alpes, France. Methods: Potential distribution area and abundance of Eryngium spinalba were predicted with logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression, respectively, in a 57-km2 watershed. Results: Aspect, global solar radiation in March, elevation and grazing pressure were the main predictors of the probability of occurrence of Eryngium spinalba. Taking into account the persistence of agro-pastoral activities by diachronic analysis (Napoleonic cadastral map and orthorectified photographs) improved predictions from the model and the level of spatial concordance with independent surveys. Conclusions: Niche modelling improved our understanding of the distribution of this threatened species which, in the context of land abandonment, is diminishing as a result of the decline of its favoured habitats. The key role of pastoral activities and historic continuity for its distribution and persistence was clearly demonstrated. Nomenclature: Kerguélen & Brisse (1994).
Effect of Population Density on the Viability and Fecundity in Nasonia Vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae)

Viability and oviposition of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis on its host Phaenicia sericata at various parasite—host densities were analyzed. As the parasite density becomes excessive, an increasing portion of the progeny is reduced. These density—dependent reduction mechanisms are: retention of eggs if a sufficient number of hosts is not available; death and decomposition of superparasitized host pupae resulting in death of the parasite larvae; food shortage within the host leading to parasite mortality shorty before and during metamorphosis; reduced longevity and fecundity of viable female offspring from superparasitized hosts and a decreasing portion of female progeny as the parasite number on a given host supply increases. This change in sex ratio is relatively independent of the number of eggs laid per parasite female or per host pupa. It is mainly determined by the number of simultaneously ovipositing females: the more dense the ovipositing females, the less fertilized eggs they produce. Two .
Tolerance of Triticum Species to Aluminum

A total of 523 accessions of 25 Triticum species were screened for tolerance of aluminum in solution. Only 22 accessions were identified with some root re growth following exposure w culture solutions containing 12 ppm aluminum. Interestingly, 15 of these 22 accessions were species with the Un genome (T. uniaristatum). The level of aluminum tolerance of none of these 22 accessions is as high as that of the cultivar ‘Atlas 66’.
Search and retrieve

researcher plus a number of technicians in order to produce only 6–10 pages of new information and possibly a few words in a specialised database. But new technologies and increasing automation, such as the use of robots and massive parallelisation, are now in place for generating huge amounts of data, whose proportions are perhaps only comparable to that generated in astronomy and nuclear physics. Systematic harvesting of this data would considerably ease research in molecular biology, where a major challenge will be to describe complete biological systems using integrated approaches—the ‘system biology’ paradigm. To fully capitalise on this promising scenario, the data must be accessible in a rational and easy way. Pure computation and speed of data transmission are constantly improving and represent less of a problem than the development of the corresponding software, which has become the real bottleneck. The limitations of the tools and systems to store, sort, interlink and order the >500 data resources, ranging from sequence to pathology and gene expression to metabolism data are becoming increasingly apparent (for a collection of data-bases, see http://www.infobiogen.fr/ services/dbcat/). The problem is further exacerbated by the large heterogeneity of the underlying data and storage formats that make it difficult for scientists to retrieve and analyse the information that he or she needs. The initial demands of molecular biology and biochemistry to amass information about genes, proteins and
Janus Colloids Surfing at the Surface of Water

Considerant une particule isolee, la difference principale entre un colloide actif et un colloide passif reside dans le temps de persistance du regime balistique. La transition du regime balistique vers le regime diffusif est determinee dans les deux cas par des coefficients de friction ou de maniere equivalente par des coefficients de diffusion. Le mouvement d’une particule colloidale passive micrometrique est diffusif lorsqu’il est observe sur des intervalles de temps d’au moins une microseconde, suffisamment longs pour que la direction de la quantite de mouvement soit rendue aleatoire par des collisions avec les molecules de solvant. A l’echelle macroscopique ces collisions se traduisent par un coefficient de friction de translation. Pour une particule colloidale active, un mouvement diffusif est observe pour des intervalles de temps de plusieurs secondes, suffisamment longs pour que la direction d’auto-propulsion soit rendue aleatoire par la diffusion rotationnelle de la particule.Dans cette these, nous etudions le mouvement d’une particule colloidale active deposee a la surface de l’eau. Des particules Janus aux proprietes catalytiques ont ete preparees par depot de platine metal a la surface de particules de silice. La profondeur d’immersion des particules ainsi que leur orientation par rapport a la surface de l’eau ont ete caracterisees et discutees en tenant compte des proprietes de mouillage non-uniformes de la surface des particules Janus. Le mouvement de particules isolees en presence de quantites variables d’eau oxygenee utilisee comme source d’energie, a ete enregistre par video-microscopie optique et les trajectoires analysees en termes de deplacement carre moyen et de fonction d’auto-correlation des vitesses. L’observation de deux types de trajectoires, rectilignes et circulaires, revele la force effective ainsi que le couple induit par la decomposition catalytique de l’eau oxygenee a la surface de la particule Janus. Le resultat principal de ce travail est que le mouvement des particules actives confinees a l’interface persiste plus longtemps dans le regime balistique que celui de particules actives totalement immergees en solution. Ceci est du au confinement qui reduit le nombre de degres de liberte de rotation mais aussi aux conditions de mouillage partiel qui font apparaitre des contributions supplementaires a la friction de rotation.
Role of abscisic acid and ethylene in sweet cherry fruit maturation: molecular aspects

To investigate the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene in the maturation of sweet cherry fruit, cloning was carried out on one cDNA (PacNCED1) encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED)—a key enzyme in ABA biosynthesis—and on one cDNA (PacACO1) encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase—an enzyme involved in ethylene biosynthesis. A BLAST homology search revealed that the sequences of DNA and amino acids in both PacNCED1 and PacACO1 showed a high degree of homology to comparable molecules of other plant species. The expression of PacNCED1 increased at the beginning of maturation and peaked 4 days before harvest, which was consistent with ABA accumulation during cherry ripening. Application of exogenous ABA increased the ABA content, inducing the expression of PacNCED1, and promoted ripening via enhancing colour formation and sugar accumulation. The expression of PacACO1 was not observed, and ethylene production was below detection levels, during the entire process of fruit development. The application of ABA or ethephon induced the expression of PacACO1 and stimulated ethylene biosynthesis. The results suggested that ABA—regulated by PacNCED1—may be the key factor in the control of sweet cherry fruit ripening. Exogenous ABA stimulated ethylene production via regulation of PacACO1 expression, which indicated that cherry fruits may have the potential to synthesize ethylene.