Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression Analysis of Candidate Genes in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) Under Drought Stress

Vicia sativa L. , an annual winter growing leguminous plant, is a valuable source of protein and minerals for cattle. Drought is one of the key stress factors that influence plant growth and development. In order to investigate common vetch physiological and molecular responses under Normal irrigation (N) and two levels of drought stress [S 1= 30% and S 2= 10% Field Capacity (FC)], a greenhouse experiment was carried out on two genotypes, namely, Mahalimaraghe and 41, and some physiological traits [e.g. Relative Water Content (RWC), Electro Leakage (EL), total protein, chlorophyll (a, b), and carotenoid content] were measured and expression patterns of three genes (sod, aq1 and bzip) were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Results showed that expression pattern of all three genes and physiological responses had significantly changed in response to the stress . The highest increase in the expression of each of the three genes was observed in Mahalimaraghe genotype in S 1 condition compared to N. In contrast, under S 2 condition compared to N, the highest increase in expression of the three genes was observed in genotype 41. In comparison of S 2 with S1, the highest changes in expression of all the three genes was observed in Mahalimaraghe genotype. All together , the obtained results may facilitate the understanding of molecular mechanism of V. sativa in response to drought stress, and also provide the basis of effective genetic engineering strategies for improving stress tolerance of V. sativa .
Stars and Comets: An Exploration of the Patents Universe

The analysis of patent and citation data has become a popular source of evidence on localized knowledge spillovers and innovation. Nevertheless, one aspect has been overlooked: the patent distribution across inventors is extremely skewed, as many inventors -- the comets -- register one or few patents, while a small number of inventors -- the stars -- register many patents. This raises a number of questions relating to the geography of innovation: do different categories of inventors interact with the local economic environment in the same way? Are they equally distributed over space or do they tend to concentrate? Is spatial proximity beneficial for their activity? Using a rich database on US inventors, we provide evidence suggesting that the two categories of patents are associated with different kinds of cities. We then test whether the activity of stars is beneficial for local comets, finding that a 10% increase in the number of patents authored by star inventors leads to a 3% increase in the number of patents developed by comet inventors.
Algorithmic Assurance: An Active Approach to Algorithmic Testing using Bayesian Optimisation

We introduce algorithmic assurance, the problem of testing whether machine learning algorithms are conforming to their intended design goal. We address this problem by proposing an efficient framework for algorithmic testing. To provide assurance, we need to efficiently discover scenarios where an algorithm decision deviates maximally from its intended gold standard. We mathematically formulate this task as an optimisation problem of an expensive, black-box function. We use an active learning approach based on Bayesian optimisation to solve this optimisation problem. We extend this framework to algorithms with vector-valued outputs by making appropriate modification in Bayesian optimisation via the EXP3 algorithm. We theoretically analyse our methods for convergence. Using two real-world applications, we demonstrate the efficiency of our methods. The significance of our problem formulation and initial solutions is that it will serve as the foundation in assuring humans about machines making complex decisions.
Investigation of the cosmic ray population and magnetic field strength in the halo of NGC 891

Context. Cosmic rays and magnetic fields play an important role for the formation and dynamics of gaseous halos of galaxies. Aims. Low-frequency radio continuum observations of edge-on galaxies are ideal to study cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) in halos via radio synchrotron emission and to measure magnetic field strengths. Spectral information can be used to test models of CRE propagation. Free–free absorption by ionized gas at low frequencies allows us to investigate the properties of the warm ionized medium in the disk. Methods. We obtained new observations of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 at 129–163 MHz with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and at 13–18 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) and combine them with recent high-resolution Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 1–2 GHz, enabling us to study the radio continuum emission over two orders of magnitude in frequency. Results. The spectrum of the integrated nonthermal flux density can be fitted by a power law with a spectral steepening towards higher frequencies or by a curved polynomial. Spectral flattening at low frequencies due to free–free absorption is detected in star-forming regions of the disk. The mean magnetic field strength in the halo is 7 ± 2 μG. The scale heights of the nonthermal halo emission at 146 MHz are larger than those at 1.5 GHz everywhere, with a mean ratio of 1.7 ± 0.3, indicating that spectral ageing of CREs is important and that diffusive propagation dominates. The halo scale heights at 146 MHz decrease with increasing magnetic field strengths which is a signature of dominating synchrotron losses of CREs. On the other hand, the spectral index between 146 MHz and 1.5 GHz linearly steepens from the disk to the halo, indicating that advection rather than diffusion is the dominating CRE transport process. This issue calls for refined modelling of CRE propagation. Conclusions. Free–free absorption is probably important at and below about 150 MHz in the disks of edge-on galaxies. To reliably separate the thermal and nonthermal emission components, to investigate spectral steepening due to CRE energy losses, and to measure magnetic field strengths in the disk and halo, wide frequency coverage and high spatial resolution are indispensable.
On quantifying the uncertainty of stochastic process power spectrum estimates subject to missing data

The issue of quantifying the uncertainty in stochastic process power spectrum estimates based on realisations with missing data is addressed. In this regard, relying on relatively relaxed assumptions for the missing data, utilising fundamental concepts from probability theory, and resorting to Fourier and harmonic wavelets based representations of stationary and non-stationary stochastic processes, respectively, a closed-form expression is derived for the probability density function (PDF) of the power spectrum value corresponding to a specific frequency. The significance of the derived PDF relates to cases where incomplete process realisations are available for power spectrum estimation applications. In this setting, standard power spectrum estimation techniques subject to missing data typically provide with a deterministic estimate for the power spectrum. Thus, no information is provided concerning the uncertainty in the estimates. Numerical examples herein demonstrate the large extent to which any given single estimate may be unrepresentative of the target spectrum.
Spatio-temporal distribution of seismic moment release near the source area of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

To understand the generation mechanism of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of the cumulative seismic moment (ΣM0) for all earthquakes along the Japan Trench listed in the global centroid moment tensor catalog between January 1976 and November 2011. Three areas with distinct characteristics of ΣM0 are identified: (1) in the 2011 Tohoku-Oki source area, the ΣM0 released in the down-dip portion (≥30 km) was greater than that in the up-dip portion (<30 km) before the mainshock; (2) the Σ M0 of the up-dip portion in the region where slow slip activity prevails is greater than that of the down-dip portion throughout the study period; (3) in the surroundings of the source area, where interplate coupling is relatively low and the largest foreshock occurred, values of ΣM0 for the down-dip and up-dip portions are both intermediate. Our results show that a megathrust rupture could be generated by large accumulations of strain energy at the subduction interface, resulting from the differential strain energy released in the down-dip and up-dip portions during the interseismic interval. We propose that the variation pattern of ΣM0 may offer spatial constraints for seismic hazard assessment in the future.
EFFECT OF NATURAL FERTILIZATION AND THE TYPE OF SUBSTRATE ON THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE THYME HERB ( Thymus vulgaris L . )

One of the oldest medicinal plants in the world is thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). On the biological value of this plant is affected b y biotic and abiotic conditions, which include fertilizers and soil type. The aim of the pre sent study was to determine the effect of organic fertilization and the type of substrate on the biological value of the thyme herb. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in a different ty pe substrates: peat and peat + sand, using varying amounts of manure 10, 20, 30 g·dm -3 of substrate. In the obtaining raw material was determined the content of essential oil, d ry matter, L-ascorbic acid, total nitrogen and proteins. There was a significant increase in t he N-total and protein contents in thyme herb after application of increasing doses of exami ned manure independently of the test substrate. Applied natural fertilization and type of substrate did not affect significantly the content of essential oil in Thymus vulgaris L. herb. The highest content of L-ascorbic acid and dry matter was obtained for thyme after applica tion of the lowest dose of manure, regardless of the substrate used.
Design of a Robotic Cownose Ray

Nature often inspires advances in science and technology and a promising example of this is mimicking locomotion of underwater animals. The main ways in which manmade aquatic vehicles propel themselves are water jets and propellers, which are inconsistent with how underwater animals swim. The cownose ray displays very efficient thrust with low frequency strokes by using a combination of oscillations and undulations with its pectoral fins. The goal of this paper is to mechanically replicate the actual fin motion of the cownose ray in order to capture these attractive features. The design will account for both the oscillations by designing a cabling mechanism that simulates muscle and the undulations by using a flexible shaft to control the twist present in the fin. Integrating these two mechanisms will achieve an accurate model of the true motion.
Low-Power Analog Baseband Circuits for Wake-Up Receivers

Wake up receiver 는 정보의 수신이 없을 때에는 주 수신기를 꺼놓고 송신기에서 정보를 보낸다는 신호가 들어오면 wake up receiver 를 통해 신호 감지 후 주 수신기를 동작시키는 방식이다. 그 결과 정보의 송 수신이 없을 때에는 주 수신기가 동작하지 않아 불필요한 전력소모를 줄임으로써 저전력 구동이 가능하다. 나아가 fully differential 구조를 사용함으로써 환경 및 커플링 잡음에 강한 Wake up 수신기를 위한 기저 대역 아날로그 회로를 설계하였다. 본 논문에서는 wake up receiver 의 저주파 대역 시스템인 고주파 신호를 저주파 신호로 변환하는 envelope detector, envelope detector 의 출력을 원하는 만큼 조절하여 증폭이 가능한 programmable gain amplifier, 증폭된 신호를 최종적으로 0과 1로 결정하는 comparator 에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. Envelope detector 는 common gate 구조를 사용하여 conversion gain 을 향상시키고, programmable gain amplifier 는 feedback 과 fully differential 구조를 사용하여 gain을 capacitor 비율로 결정함으로써 외부 잡음으로부터 강하게 동작하도록 설계하였다. Comparator 는 replica biasing 회로를 추가하여 온도와 공정에 강인한 threshold voltage 을 갖도록 설계하였다. TSMC 0.18 μm 공정을 사용하여 1.8V 공급 전압에 약 14uA 전류 사용으로 동작하는 저전력 wake up 수신기 기저 대역 시스템을 완성하였다. ⓒ 2017 DGIST
Malaria is still a life threatening disease review

Malaria is one of the most severe life threatening disease worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and disease in many developing countries, where young children and pregnant women are the groups most affected. In fact, new antibiotic and possible vaccine are needed but the importance of effective anephelos mosquitoes control and education of the community is compulsory. Malaria kills 3000 children everyday world wide. In Pakistan, half a million malaria cases occur annuall are more affected in Khyber pakhtunkhwa provinces. Malaria is cause of estimated 50000 deaths each year worldwide mostly in infants, children and pregnant women, he added. In countries where Malaria is common, women are 4 times more likely to suffer malaria attacks during pregnancy resulting in low weight babies and stillbirths. Moreover, nearly 60% of miscarriages in hyper endemic areas are also due to malaria. Morocco a Muslim country remarkably reduced malaria cases to 00% Vector control measures; strong political will and Community participation are main way to reduce malaria transmission at the community level. It is the only intervention that can reduce malaria transmission from very high levels to close to zero. Malaria in Pakistan was mainly caused because of a lack of awareness and improper sewerage system. For this, a proper method of prevention and treatment should be designed which not only provide benefit to the patient and facilitate the physician but also provide an important socioeconomic benefit to everyone.
China's Secondary Privatization: Perspectives from the Split-Share Structure Reform

The Split-Share Structure Reform granted legitimate trading rights to the state-owned shares of listed state-owned enterprises (SOEs), opening up the gate to China׳s secondary privatization. The expectation of privatization quickly boosted SOE output, profits, and employment, but did not change their operating efficiency and corporate governance. The improvements to SOE performance are positively correlated to government agents’ privatization-led incentive of increasing state-owned share value. In terms of privatization methodology, the reform adopted a market mechanism that played an effective information discovery role in aligning the interests of the government and public investors.
Does colonialism have an impact on the current language situation in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Recent studies show that colonization and ethnolinguistic fragmentation have relevant long-lasting impacts on ex-colonies and might explain development and underdevelopment of different parts of the world. The aim of this paper is to connect these two strands of the literature to some extent by investigating the effect of colonizer’s identity on the current language situation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To establish the relationship between colonization and linguistic circumstances we conduct basic statistical analysis at the country level and more detailed econometric analyses at the level of individuals. The variable of interest is the Communication Potential Index (CPI) which reflects the probability that two randomly selected people in a society can communicate based on commonly spoken languages. Basic observations at the country level and multilevel analysis at the individual level suggest that current linguistic situation measured with the CPI cannot be explained by the identity of the colonizer.
Physical Design of Monolithic 3 D ICs with Applications to Hardware Security

Monolithic 3D ICs provide vertical interconnects with comparable size to on-chip metal vias and therefore achieve ultra-high density device integration. A custom cell library and design flow are proposed to develop fully placed and routed monolithic 3D ICs. A monolithic 3D implementation of a 128point, highly parallelized FFT core with approximately 330K cells is demonstrated. The effects of monolithic 3D technology on power, footprint, and performance are quantified. Furthermore, the proposed design kit and cell libraries are utilized to evaluate the effects of circuit camouflaging on system power, delay, and area. A camouflaged lightweight block cipher, SIMON, is developed. GDS-level simulation results demonstrate that the monolithic 3D technology is highly effective to facilitate the utilization of camouflaging technique against image analysis based reverse engineering attacks. At the expense of a slight degradation in timing characteristics, monolithic 3D technology eliminates not only the area, but also the power overhead related to camouflaging. Keywords—Monolithic 3D integration; 3D cell library; 3D hardware security; circuit camouflaging; reverse engineering
Electrochemical Oxidation Effect of Each Ascorbic Acid and Folic Acid on Lead Ions in Human Blood

Electrochemical studies by cyclic voltammetric (CV) method provide high potential for investigation of oxidant pollutant compounds such as Pb(II). Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) can be used for the potentiostatic analysis of the lead ions in different electrolyte especially human blood medium to studying the effect of the lead ions on the blood components. The results of this study were found that oxidation and reduction current peaks of lead ions in 1M KCl is high value and enhanced by adding ascorbic acid (AA) solution, while in human blood medium was disappearing the reduction current peak and enhance the oxidation current peak by lead ions. It means that lead ions in blood medium act as an oxidative reagent and causes problem in the decomposition of the blood component. Also, it was found that using folic acid (FA) solution with lead ions in blood medium causes the enhancement of reduction current peaks of lead ion and decreasing for oxidation current peaks, so this means that folic acid solution acts as antioxidative reagent in present of lead ions in blood medium, it may recommended to taking tablet of FA for the patients who suffers to lead pollution.
Intelligent Collaborative Support System for AHP-Group Decision Making

The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was originally proposed by Saaty (1977, 1980, 1986) and is widely applied in decision making and management practice. The procedure obtains priorities based on multiple actors, scenarios, and criteria. The AHP is also frequently used in group decision making (GDM), which employs the AHP to answer group decision making questions due to its simplicity, power, and compatibility (Saaty 1989). For the AHP-GDM, each decision maker provides an individual pair-wise comparison matrix (PCM) in every local context of the hierarchy, and then several aggregation approaches are applied to obtain the group preference from the individual pairwise comparison matrices. The decisionmaking procedure in the AHP-GDM can be divided into 3 stages (Chiclana 2008, Dong et al. 2015): priority vector derivation, preference aggregation, and consensus reaching.
Design, Assembly, and Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials into Functional Biomimetic Device Systems

Diverse functioning biosystems in nature have inspired us and offered unique opportunities in developing novel concepts as well as new class of materials and devices. The design of bioinspired functional materials with tailored properties for actuation, sensing, electronics, and communication has enabled synthetic devices to mimic natural behavior. Among which, artificial muscle and electronic skin that enable to sense and respond to various environmental stimuli in a human-like way have been widely recognized as a significant step toward robotics applications. Polymer materials have previously been dominant in fabricating such functional biomimetic devices owing to their soft nature. However, lacking multifunctionality, handling difficulty, and other setbacks have limited their practical applications. Recently, versatile and highperformance two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and its derivatives have been studied and proven as promising alternatives in this area. In this chapter, we highlight the recent efforts on fabrication and assembly of 2D nanomaterials into functional biomimetic systems. We discuss the structure-function relationships for the development of 2D materials–based biomimetic devices, their tailoring property features, and their variety of applications. We start with a brief introduction of artificial functional biomimetic materials and devices, then summarize some key 2D materials– based systems, including their fabrication, properties, advantages and demonstra‐ tions, and finally present concluding remarks and outlook.
Short-run and Long-run causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in a small open economy

The aim of this paper is to investigate the causal relationship between electricity consumption and GDP growth for the kingdom of Bahrain during the period 1980–2008. By performing an error-correction model, our results reveal that electricity consumption and GDP are cointegrated. The granger causality tests indicate bi-directional relationship between electricity consumption and GDP growth in the long-run while results of the short-run reveal unidirectional causality relationship between the two variables.
Subject Areas : Graphene , Electronics A Viewpoint on : Semiconducting Graphene from Highly Ordered Substrate Interactions

The invention of silicon semiconductor integrated circuits more than fifty years ago has paved the way for modern electronics and computing. But with more than 10 times better electronic conduction properties than silicon, graphene—a carbon sheet just one atom thick—is considered silicon’s ideal replacement. This “wonder material” promises to deliver electronic devices much smaller, faster, more flexible, and more efficient than their silicon analogs [1]. However, one of the roadblocks to using graphene for making such devices is the lack of a sizeable energy gap, or band gap, in its electronic energy structure. Ed Conrad from the Georgia Institute of Technology and colleagues [2] now show that they have opened a large band gap in a graphene sheet by growing it on the silicon face of a silicon carbide substrate. The band gap in a semiconductor is the minimum energy required to excite an electron that is stuck in a bound state into a state in which it can participate in conduction. It largely determines the transport and optical properties of the semiconductor. In terms of the material’s electronic energy band structure, the band gap is the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band. The Fermi level, defined as the top of available electron energy levels, is located halfway between these two bands. Graphene has a peculiar band structure. Its valence and conduction bands, known technically as π and π∗ bands, show a linear (conical) relationship between electron energy and momentum and meet at certain points (K and K ′ in Fig. 1) [1]. This unusual dispersion relationship makes graphene a zero-gap material, which conducts electrons like a metal. But without a gap, there is no way of controlling and stopping the material’s electrons—features that are needed to make electronic circuitry. Nonetheless, because of graphene’s incredible properties and potential, researchers have been actively searchFIG. 1: In freestanding graphene, the valence and conduction energy bands, called π and π∗ bands, meet at momentum points K and K′ (left). Conrad and colleagues [2] have shown that, although the first carbon layer of samples grown epitaxially on a silicon carbide substrate at a temperature of about 1340 ◦C is electronically inert and so does not display a band structure (middle), for growth temperatures 20 ◦C higher, the layer becomes active and exhibits π and π∗ bands separated by a gap of 0.5 electron volts around the K and K′ points. (APS/Alan Stonebraker)