Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
XPath Typing Using a Modal Logic with Converse for Finite Trees

We present an algorithm to solve XPath decision problems under regular tree type constraints and show its use to statically typecheck XPath queries. To this end, we prove the decidability of a logic with converse for finite ordered trees whose time complexity is a simple exponential of the size of a formula. The logic corresponds to the alternation free modal µ-calculus without greatest fixpoint restricted to finite trees where formulas are cycle-free. Our proof method is based on two auxiliary results. First, XML regular tree types and XPath expressions have a linear translation to cycle-free formulas. Second, the least and greatest fixpoints are equivalent for finite trees, hence the logic is closed under negation. With these proofs, we describe a practically effective system for solving the satisfiability of a formula. The system has been experimented with some decision problems such as XPath emptiness, containment, overlap, and coverage, with or without type constraints. The benefit of the approach is that our system can be effectively used in static analyzers for programming languages manipulating both XPath expressions and XML type annotations (as input and output types).
Improved Accuracy and Uncertainty Management for High-Speed and Unsteady Flows using Optimization Techniques

Abstract : The goal of this project was to demonstrate the potential of adjoint methods for improving the accuracy of current simulation capabilities and to enable more effective uncertainty quantification techniques. A modular adjoint approach was developed in this work and has been applied to the following problems: optimized mesh deformation techniques, hypersonic discretization error reduction through h-p adaptive techniques, real-gas hypersonic simulations, unsteady transonic flow simulations, and unsteady fully coupled aeroelastic problems. In addition to formulating and solving the adjoint problem for all these cases, this work has demonstrated the potential of adjoint-produced sensitivities for efficiently solving time-dependent optimization problems, including fully coupled aeroelastic problems, as well as the potential for adjoint methods for providing error estimates which can be used to drive adaptive meshing or time-stepping procedures and/or for performing uncertainty quantification.
Data-based code synthesis in IntelliJ IDEA

Automatic code synthesis has been attracting more attention lately. Some recent papers in this traditionally academic field even present results that could be applicable for industrial programmers. This paper provides an overview of Bayesian Sketch Learning (BSL) approach, describes basic concepts and workflow of a BSL synthesizer. Based on this we discuss an architecture of a configurable BSL synthesizer that could work as a part of an integrated development environment. We describe the implementation of such synthesizer for JVM platform and its integration with IntelliJ IDEA as a plugin. Two approaches to implement user interaction in a plugin like this are presented: method annotations and a domain-specific language. The paper concludes with an evaluation and a discussion on limitations of selected approach for industrial programmers.
Seasonal course of isoprene emissions from a midlatitude deciduous forest

Continuous measurements of whole canopy isoprene emissions over an entire growing season are reported from Harvard Forest (42°32′N, 72°11′W). Emissions were calculated from the ratio of observed CO2 flux and gradient multiplied by the observed hydrocarbon gradients. In summer 1995, 24-hour average emissions of isoprene from June 1 through October 31 were 32.7×1010 molecules cm−2 s−l (mg C m−2 h−l = 2.8 × 1011 molecules cm−2 s−1), and the mean midday mixing ratio was 4.4 ppbv at 24 m. Isoprene emissions were zero at night, increased through the morning with increasing air temperature and light, reached a peak in the afternoon between the peaks in air temperature and light, and then declined with light. Isoprene emissions were observed over a shorter seasonal period than photosynthetic carbon uptake. Isoprene emission was not detected from young leaves and reached a peak rate (normalized for response to measured light and temperature conditions) 4 weeks after leaf out and 2 weeks after emissions began. The normalized emission rate remained constant for approximately 65 days, then decreased steadily through September and into October. Total isoprene emissions over the growing season (42 kg C ha−1 yr−1) were equal to 2% of the annual net uptake of carbon by the forest. Measured isoprene emissions were higher than the Biogenic Emission Inventory System-II model by at least 40% at midday and showed distinctly different diurnal and seasonal emission patterns. Seasonal adjustment factors (in addition to the light and temperature factors) should be incorporated into future empirical models of isoprene emissions. Comparison of measured isoprene emissions with estimates of anthropogenic volatile organic compound emissions suggests that isoprene is more important for ozone production in much of Massachusetts on hot summer days when the highest ozone events occur.
Nonlinear Filtering Techniques

The ECG is routinely used to provide important clinical information. In practice, the utility of any diagnosis based on the ECG relies on the quality of the available signal. A typical ECG recorded in a clinical environment may be corrupted by one or more of the following: (1) electrical interference from surrounding equipment such as the effect of the electrical mains supply; (2) analog-to-digital conversion; and (3) movement and muscle artifacts. In order to employ the ECG signal for facilitating medical diagnosis, filtering techniques may be employed to clean the signal, thereby attempting to remove the distortions caused by these various sources of noise. Many techniques for filtering are based on a spectral decomposition of the signal (see [1]). Such techniques include notch filters for removing the effect of the electrical mains supply, and both low and high bandpass filters for removing noise that is localized in particular regions of the frequency spectrum. These techniques all rely on the principle of linear superposition and there is a fundamental assumption that the underlying signal and the noise are active in different parts of the frequency spectrum. Section 3.1 provides a description of these techniques. Linear filtering techniques are of limited use in cases where both the noise and signal occupy similar regions of the frequency domain. This restriction motivates the use of nonlinear filtering methods that do not rely on the linear assumptions underlying spectral analysis. In this chapter, three nonlinear techniques are described. These are (1) nonlinear noise reduction (NNR) [2], (2) independent component analysis (ICA) [3], and (3) model-based filtering [4]. For simplicity, these methods are demonstrated using univariate signals. Each of these techniques can easily be extended to multivariate signals arising from multiple leads and this will generally provide better performance. Accurate metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of filtering techniques applied to the ECG are difficult to define due to the inherently complicated structure of the noise and the absence of knowledge about the underlying dynamical processes. Without having access to a noise-free ECG signal, the fact that the true underlying dynamics of a real ECG can never be known implies that one cannot distinguish between the clean ECG signal and the many sources of noise that can occur during recording in a clinical environment. While the availability of biomedical databases [5] provides a useful benchmark for comparing different techniques, this approach can never truly distinguish between noise and signal. ECGSYN, a dynamical model for generating ECG signals with known temporal and spectral
Studies on the Different Reaction Pathways between 3-Acetyl-5-benzoyl-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4H-pyran-4-one and Alkylamines

3-Acetyl-5-benzoyl-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4H-pyran-4-one has been subjected to condensation with a series of primary amines (ethylamine – octylamine) to clarify the proposed mechanism in our previous study. The reactions of the shorter amines of the series (ethylamine – butylamine) yielded unsymmetric pyridinone products, whereas the other amines (pentylamine – octylamine) yielded symmetrical pyridinones. The starting material and the products as well as the intermediates have been subjected to theoretical analysis by quantum chemical calculations at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level, which provided supporting data for the experimental findings.
OSTEOGENIC EFFECT OF INFLAMMATORY MACROPHAGES LOADED ONTO MINERAL BONE SUBSTITUTE IN SUBCUTANEOUS IMPLANTS

We analyzed the influence of inflammatory macrophages on the osteogenic process in subcutaneous implants composed of mineral bone substitute. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (TEPMs) were characterized as inflammatory. This was confirmed microscopically by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test and the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The implants (M-type) were made of mineral bone substitute (Bio-Oss®) mixed with TEPMs and blood clot. Implants without macrophages served as the control (C-type). Subcutaneous implantation in the interscapular area was performed on BALB/c mice. Implants were extracted after 2 and 8 weeks. In M-type implants, phagocytosis and angiogenesis were more pronounced, and osteoblast-like cells aligned onto granules of implanted material and osteoid structures can be seen. The observed higher osteocalcin and lower osteopontin immunoexpression in M-type implants when compared to the control after 8 weeks suggest a more advanced osteogenic process. Our results indicate that the presence of inflammatory macrophages in the composition of an implant may have a beneficial effect on the osteogenic process. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III41017]
Nonlinear modes of decadal and interannual variability of the subsurface thermal structure in the Pacific Ocean

[1] The nonlinear principal component analysis, a neural network technique, is applied to the observed upper ocean heat content anomalies (HCA) in the Pacific basin from 1961 to 2000. By applying the analysis to high-passed and low-passed data, nonlinear interannual and decadal modes are extracted separately. The first nonlinear interannual mode is mainly characterized by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) structure in the tropical Pacific, with considerable asymmetry between warm El Nino and cool La Nina episodes; for example, during strong El Nino, the negative HCA in the western tropical Pacific is much stronger than the corresponding positive HCA during strong La Nina. The first nonlinear decadal mode goes through several notable phases. Two of the phases are related to decadal changes in the La Nina and El Nino characteristics, revealing that the decadal changes for La Nina episodes are much weaker than the changes for El Nino episodes. Other phases of the decadal mode show a possible anomaly link from the middle latitudes to the western tropical Pacific via the subtropical gyre. The decadal changes in the HCA around 1980 and around 1990 were compared and contrasted.
THE SMALL THEROPOD DINOSAURS TUGULUSAURUS AND PHAEDROLOSAURUS FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS OF XINJIANG, CHINA

Abstract The type material of the small theropod dinosaurs Tugulusaurus faciles and Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis from the Lower Cretaceous (? Valanginian–Albian) Lianmugin Formation of Xinjiang, north-western China, is reviewed. Although based on an incomplete and rather poorly preserved specimen, Tugulusaurus can be shown to be valid on the basis of strongly broadened caudal vertebrae with an anteriorly placed neural arch and a short and highly asymmetrical metacarpal I. Phaedrolosaurus, based on an isolated tooth, must be considered a nomen dubium. A partial hind limb originally referred to this taxon can be demonstrated to be a distinct taxon of theropod on the basis of a posteriorly expanded fibular condyle on the proximal tibia and a longitudinal groove on the anterior side of the proximal end of the fibula. It is made the type of a new taxon, Xinjiangovenator parvus gen. et sp. nov. Whereas Tugulusaurus is the most basal coelurosaur known, Xinjiangovenator represents a maniraptoran.
Tropical turmoil: a biodiversity tragedy in progress

All is not well for biodiversity in the tropics. Despite recent debate over the extent of future tropical extinctions and the effectiveness of reserve systems, the continued disappearance of habitat, soaring human population, and loss of vital ecosystem services demand immediate action. This crisis is worrying, given that tropical regions support over two-thirds of all known species and are populated by some of the world's poorest people, who have little recourse to lower environmental-impact lifestyles. Recent evidence has shown that – in addition to unabated rates of forest loss – coastal development, overexploitation of wildlife, catchment modification, and habitat conversion are threatening human well-being. We argue that the recent technical debate about likely extinctions masks the real issue – that, to prevent further loss of irreplaceable tropical biodiversity, we must err on the side of caution. We need to avoid inadvertently supporting political agendas that assume low future extinction rates, because this will result in further destruction of tropical biodiversity.
An Investigation of the Rationality of Consumer Valuations of Multiple Health Risks

After developing a conceptual analysis of consumer valuation of multiple risks, we explore both economic and cognitive hypotheses regarding individual risk-taking. Using a sample of over 1,500 consumers, our study ascertains risk-dollar tradeoffs for the risks associated with using an insecticide and a toilet bowl cleaner. We observe the expected positive valuation of risk reductions and find empirical support for a diminishing in the valuation of risk reduction as the extent of the risk reduction increases. We also find evidence of certainty premiums for the total elimination of one risk, but no strong evidence of additional certainty premiums for the elimination of multiple risks. Strong reference risk effects are evident, as increases in risk were valued much more greatly than were decreases.
Spinal and supraspinal analgesic effects of nimodipine in rats: The role of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis

Introduction: Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, can induce analgesia. However, it is not clear that this analgesic effect is at the level of spinal or supraspinal pain pathway. In addition, it has been reported that the analgesic effect of nifedipine, another L-type calcium channel blocker is related to the HPA axis, but there is no report indicating the role of this axis in the analgesic effect of nimodipine. Methods: Analgesia was measured by tail-flick (TF) test involving spinal reflexes and by hot-plate (HP) requiring an intact central nervous system. Assays were done before and 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after drug administration in the intact, sham operated and adrenalectomized rats. To identify the interaction between nimodipine and HPA axis, plasma corticosterone level was measured using the radioimmunoassay. Results: Nimodipine significantly decreased the plasma corticosterone level, and showed significant antinociception in both tests. Adrenalectomy potentiated the analgesic effect of nimodipine which was reversed by corticosterone replacement. Furthermore, nimodipine analgesic effect in ADX rats was more potent in HP test (compared to TF test). Nimodipine, at mentioned doses, did not alter animal’s movement indices in activity monitoring test. Conclusion: Nimodipine involves both spinal and supraspinal sites to control thermal pain transmission in presence of adrenal gland. It seems that there is a mutual interaction between nimodipine and HPA axis, especially at supraspinal levels.
COMPARATIVE METHODOLOGY OF NON-LINEAR MODELS FOR PREDICTING RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER MIXTURES IN INDUSTRIAL LINES

Data mining and statistics are applied to predict certain of the properties of rubberextruded mixtures. These properties are associated to their cure curves using data from the mixing phase at the beginning of the process. The main goal is to automatically obtain the model that provides operators accurate set points to control mixing process. The operators would be able to anticipate possible failures in the quality of vulcanized rubber mixture. There are several strategies to develop optimum models. This work proposes the following methodology to optimize the information extraction from the available data. First, an initial analysis of database attributes is performed seeking for significant information to future model derivation. Second, a wide comparison of different nonparametric methods is carried out to determine which one is the most appropriate. Instead of directly contrasting prediction errors, an automatic statistical system of comparison is included by using several non-parametric techniques. Third, some alternative strategies are tested taking advantage of the specific attributes of the database.
A Survey on Entropy Optimized Feature-based Bag-of-Words Representation for Information Retrieval

: In this paper, we present a supervised dictionary learning method for improving the component based Bag-of-Words (BoW) representation towards Information Retrieval. Taking after the bunch theory, which expresses that focuses in a similar group are probably going to satisfy a similar data require, we propose the utilization of an entropy-based enhancement basis that is more qualified for recovery of order. We show the capacity of the proposed strategy, curtailed as EO-BoW, to enhance the recovery execution by giving broad analyses on two multi-class picture datasets. The BoW model can be connected to different spaces too, so we additionally assess our approach utilizing a gathering of 45 time-arrangement datasets, a content dataset and a video dataset. The increases are three-crease since the EO-BoW can enhance the mean Average Precision, while decreasing the encoding time and the database stockpiling necessities. At long last, we give prove that the EO-BoW keeps up its representation capacity notwithstanding when used to recover objects from classes that were not seen amid the preparation.
Learning to Plan from Raw Data in Grid-based Games

An agent that autonomously learns to act in its environment must acquire a model of the domain dynamics. This can be a challenging task, especially in real-world domains, where observations are high-dimensional and noisy. Although in automated planning the dynamics are typically given, there are action schema learning approaches that learn sym- bolic rules (e.g. STRIPS or PDDL) to be used by traditional planners. However, these algorithms rely on logical descriptions of environment observations. In contrast, recent methods in deep reinforcement learning for games learn from pixel observations. However, they typically do not acquire an environment model, but a policy for one-step action selec- tion. Even when a model is learned, it cannot generalize to unseen instances of the training domain. Here we propose a neural network-based method that learns from visual obser- vations an approximate, compact, implicit representation of the domain dynamics, which can be used for planning with standard search algorithms, and generalizes to novel domain instances. The learned model is composed of submodules, each implicitly representing an action schema in the traditional sense. We evaluate our approach on visual versions of the standard domain Sokoban, and show that, by training on one single instance, it learns a transition model that can be successfully used to solve new levels of the game.
Testing a Violence-Prevention Intervention for Incarcerated Women Using a Randomized Control Trial

Objective: Beyond Violence (BV), a new prevention program for women with assaultive offenses, demonstrated feasibility in previous studies. This study’s purpose is to assess the efficacy of BV using a randomized control trial. Method: Eligible women were randomly assigned to treatment as usual (TAU) and the experimental condition (BV). Measures of mental health and anger were administered to women at pre- and postintervention. Results: Outcomes reveal positive changes for both groups. Significant between-group differences favor BV on measures of anxiety and anger. Moreover, BV is cost-effective with only 20 sessions compared to 44 sessions for TAU. Conclusion: The demonstrated effectiveness of BV is promising for this underserved population of women. Next steps: Replication and assessing long-term outcomes.
A study of supplementary diet on iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women of Tamluk at Purba Midnapur district in West Bengal, India

Objective: The objective of the study was to study the effect of supplementary diet on Anemia in Pregnancy of different physiological status of three groups of Purba Midnapur District in West Bengal. Design: Cross sectional study, using 7-day food record and blood hemoglobin, serum iron, concentrations with weight and BMI. Setting: Different regions of Tamluk at Purba Midnapore district in West Bengal. Subjects: A total of 75 women from low socio-economic group aged 16 -40 years participated in this study. The subjects divided in to three groups (control group.1, medicinal treted.2 and medicinal + dietary treted.3). On a selected subject of 25 control group, 25 Medicinal treated group and 25 medicinal + dietary treated group pregnant women. Results: The weight (Kg) in medicinal treated group and medicinal + dietary treat group after 30 days ware (50.85 ± 1.61, 51.55 ± 1.53) and 60 days ware (52.4 ± 1.56, 53.15 ± 1.51) ware significantly increased (P
Nurses' attitudes towards people who are homeless: a literature review

There is a well-established link between homelessness and poor health, so most nurses are likely to care for a homeless person at some point in their career. This literature review identifies and explores the attitudes of nurses and student nurses towards people who are homeless, and the subsequent impact that such attitudes may have on the quality of care. Although nurses are bound by professional codes of conduct to provide equality of care for all patients regardless of economic status, it is not known to what extent this is achieved with people who are homeless, or how nurses’ attitudes affect barriers to accessing care. Online bibliographic databaseswere searched systematically, includingCINAHL, ASSIA, intute Health and Life Sciences, Cochrane, British Nursing Index, SCOPUS and NHS e-library, which incorporated Medline, Embase and PyscINFO. The search focused on nurse attitudes only. A systematic review of 242 abstracts and their references identified 10 articles for review. Content analysis was used to code relevant themes. The findings showed that negative and dehumanising attitudes towards people who are homeless exist among some nurses. Although some studies suggested that these negative attitudes resulted in poorerquality care being delivered, the results were inconclusive. However, negative attitudes acted as a barrier to accessing healthcare. There is limited evidence on which to base suggestions about ways to change nurses’ negative attitudes towards people who are homeless. Collaboration between nurses and other health and social care workers who provide services for people who are homeless is important. The small number of studies available reinforces the need for further research in this area.