Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Task-dependent recruitment across ankle extensor muscles and between mechanical demands is driven by the metabolic cost of muscle contraction

The nervous system is faced with numerous strategies for recruiting a large number of motor units within and among muscle synergists to produce and control body movement. This is challenging, considering multiple combinations of motor unit recruitment may result in the same movement. Yet vertebrates are capable of performing a wide range of movement tasks with different mechanical demands. In this study, we used an experimental human cycling paradigm and musculoskeletal simulations to test the theory that a strategy of prioritizing the minimization of the metabolic cost of muscle contraction, which improves mechanical efficiency, governs the recruitment of motor units within a muscle and the coordination among synergist muscles within the limb. Our results support our hypothesis, for which measured muscle activity and model-predicted muscle forces in soleus—the slower but stronger ankle plantarflexor—is favoured over the weaker but faster medial gastrocnemius (MG) to produce plantarflexor force to meet increased load demands. However, for faster-contracting speeds induced by faster-pedalling cadence, the faster MG is favoured. Similar recruitment patterns were observed for the slow and fast fibres within each muscle. By contrast, a commonly used modelling strategy that minimizes muscle excitations failed to predict force sharing and known physiological recruitment strategies, such as orderly motor unit recruitment. Our findings illustrate that this common strategy for recruiting motor units within muscles and coordination between muscles can explain the control of the plantarflexor muscles across a range of mechanical demands.
The mitochondrial genome of the black-tailed dusky antechinus (Antechinus arktos)

Abstract In this study, we report the mitochondrial genome of the black-tailed antechinus (Antechinus arktos), a recently-discovered, endangered carnivorous marsupial inhabiting a caldera that straddles the border of Australia’s mid-east coast. The circular A. arktos genome is 17,334 bp in length and has an AT content of 63.3%. Its gene content and arrangement are consistent with reported marsupial mitogenome assemblies.
Hubungan antara Hardiness dan Regulasi Emosi Pada Perawat Rumah Sakit Usada Insani Kota Tangerang

Emotional regulation is the ability to manage the emotions of the self, both positive and negative emotions. Hardiness is an ability that includes controls, challenges, and commitment to respond the pressures and negative effects of workload. This research aims to discover the correlation between hardiness and emotional regulation within nurses. The population in this research were 158 nurses from inpatient room of Usada Insani Hospital. Characteristics of subjects in this research are nurses with a minimum 1 year working period, female, and age between 20-40 years. This research uses simple random sampling technique which then obtained by 83 research subjects. Data collection was reached by Hardiness Scale with 32 items(α = 0,921) and 14 items of Emotion Regulation Scale (α = 0,801). Simple regression analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between hardiness and emotional regulation rxy = 0,533 (p <0.001). Hardiness contributes 28.4% to the varied trend of emotional regulation.
Twitter Discourse on Nicotine as Potential Prophylactic or Therapeutic for COVID-19

Objective: The low observed prevalence of smokers among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in certain cohorts has led to a hypothesis regarding nicotine's therapeutic role in COVID-19 prevention and treatment. As new scientific evidence surfaces, premature conclusions about nicotine are rife in social media, especially unwarranted leaps of such associations to vaping and smoking. This study reports on the prevalence of such leaps and the nature of authors who are making them. Methods: We used a Twitter API subscription service to download tweets (n = 17,533) that match terms indicating nicotine or vaping themes, in addition to those that point to a prophylactic or therapeutic effect and COVID-19 (January-July 2020). Using a windowing approach, we focused on tweets that are more likely to convey the therapeutic intent. We hand-annotated these filtered tweets and built a classifier that identifies tweets that extrapolate a nicotine link to vaping/smoking. We analyzed the frequently used terms in author bios, top Web links, and hashtags of such tweets. Results: 21% of our filtered tweets indicate a vaping/smoking-based prevention/treatment narrative. Our classifier was able to spot tweets that make unproven claims about vaping/smoking and COVID-19 with a positive predictive value of 85%. Qualitative analyses show a variety of ways therapeutic claims are being made and user bios reveal pre-existing notions of positive stances toward vaping. Conclusion: The social media landscape is a double-edged sword in tobacco communication. Although it increases information reach, consumers can also be subject to confirmation bias when exposed to inadvertent or deliberate framing of scientific discourse that may border on misinformation. This calls for circumspection and additional planning in countering such narratives as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage our world.
The Effect of Frames on COVID-19 Vaccine Resistance

In order to control the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, it will be important to develop a communication strategy to counteract “vaccine resistance”, that is, the refusal to take the COVID-19 vaccine even when available. This paper reports the results of a survey experiment testing the impacts of several types of message content: the safety and efficacy of the vaccine itself, the likelihood that others will take the vaccine, and the possible role of politics in driving resistance to the vaccine. In an original survey of 1,123 American M-Turk respondents conducted in the summer of 2020, we provided six different information conditions suggesting the safety and efficacy of the vaccine, the lack of safety/efficacy of the vaccine, the suggestion that most others would take the vaccine, the suggestion that most others would not take the vaccine, the suggestion that the vaccine is being promoted by liberals to gain greater control over individual freedom, and the suggestion that its approval is being by President Trump rushed for political motivations. We compared the responses for those in the treatment groups with a control group who received no additional information. In comparison to the control group, those who received information about the safety/efficacy of the vaccine were more likely to report that they would take the vaccine, those who received information that others were reluctant to take the vaccine were more likely to report that they themselves would not take it, and those who received information about political influences on vaccine development expressed resistance to taking it. Communication of effective messages about the vaccine will be essential for public health agencies that seek to promote vaccine uptake.
Ecological Identity: The Development and Assessment of a Measurement Scale

Social scientists have increasingly turned their attention to the conceptualization and measurement of different facets of the self to better understand public concern for the environment. Despite significant progress in this area, theoretical and methodological issues remain that could impede further progress. This article addresses several of these issues by providing a conceptual framework that integrates key features from two major theories used to understand self-environment relations. The framework is then utilized within a multimethod research design that emphasized theoretical and methodological correspondence and precision to develop and assess a measure of ecological identity. The results provide solid evidence of the reliability and validity of the Ecological Identity Scale and the utility of the conceptual framework designed to support it. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that ecological identity influences a wide range of environmental behaviors both directly and indirectly via worldviews and social values. Recommendations for future research are offered.
Improving Livelihoods through Youth-Adult Partnerships involving School-based,
Agripreneurship Projects: The Experiences of Adult Partners in Uganda

The increasing number of unemployed and underemployed youth across the globe, especially in developing countries, has reached alarming levels. In Africa, for example, this phenomenon has led to some youth making treacherous journeys across the Mediterranean Sea to Europe and other parts of the world in search of better livelihoods. Such an influx of immigrants, primarily to Europe and North America, has caused resentment and outcries by many citizens of the affected nations. Some of these challenges, however, could be allayed by engaging youth in income-generating projects, including agricultural entrepreneurship, i.e., agripreneurship, to create jobs and improve livelihoods. This may be achieved through Youth-Adult Partnerships (YAPs) by which youth and adults work together on agricultural projects of mutual interest. This study explored the experiences of adult partners in Uganda who collaborated with youth on their school-based, agripreneurial projects (SAPs) involving the raising of broiler chickens. Because of their partnership working on SAPs, both the youths’ and adults’ knowledge and understanding of concepts related to agripreneurship and raising of broilers chickens improved. The need exists to provide an enabling environment to promote an agripreneurial culture among youth through Y-APs if we seek to inspire them to pursue agripreneurship and related opportunities for job creation while also enabling the food security of communities and improved livelihoods for their citizens. Keywords: agripreneurship; improving livelihoods; project-based learning; school-based agripreneurial projects; youth unemployment; youth-adult partnerships
A Structural Equation Modeling of the Wealth and Welfare Components in Iranian Households: Rural and Urban Dichotomies

Background: Increasing social welfare and reducing poverty are to ensure the well-being of all classes of a society. Cities and villages are distinguished by cultural and economic disparities. The purpose of this study was to develop and present a comprehensive model on welfare and wealth components and their relationship with each other, as well as determining the contributing factors and variables affecting them by presenting a comprehensive model. Methods: The components of wealth and welfare were determined based on the national data comprising 19261 rural and 18701 urban household participants. Initially, the conceptual model was drawn. Later, observed and latent variables of the model were analyzed and tested using AMOS software, in two exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Finally, the Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data and investigate the causal relationship of latent variables.Results: The findings showed that the factors generating wealth in the urban initiate from education and lead to employment and then into income and ultimately provide wealth and welfare. Plus, there is no separation between the concept of welfare and wealth in urban society. However, land ownership is the prerequisite for wealth and welfare issues in a rural community. Moreover, wealth and welfare are two distinct phenomena in rural areas. Conclusions: The results of this study would provide the clear hints for effective policy making to resolve deprivation and poverty in Iranian rural and urban populations, prioritizing education for urban and land ownership for rural areas.
Maternal death and offspring fitness in multiple wild primates

Significance Extensive care of offspring by mothers is a fundamental trait of all mammals, including humans, and the loss of a mother can be catastrophic for offspring. Here, we identify previously undocumented ways in which the death of a mother affects her offspring, using long-term, longitudinal data from seven primate species. First, females that experience early maternal loss are often less able, as adults, to produce offspring that survive to maturity. Second, in some species young offspring are more likely to die if their mother is facing impending death (death in the next few years), even while she is still alive. This work has important implications for our understanding of the evolution of the long life spans that primates exhibit. Primate offspring often depend on their mothers well beyond the age of weaning, and offspring that experience maternal death in early life can suffer substantial reductions in fitness across the life span. Here, we leverage data from eight wild primate populations (seven species) to examine two underappreciated pathways linking early maternal death and offspring fitness that are distinct from direct effects of orphaning on offspring survival. First, we show that, for five of the seven species, offspring face reduced survival during the years immediately preceding maternal death, while the mother is still alive. Second, we identify an intergenerational effect of early maternal loss in three species (muriquis, baboons, and blue monkeys), such that early maternal death experienced in one generation leads to reduced offspring survival in the next. Our results have important implications for the evolution of slow life histories in primates, as they suggest that maternal condition and survival are more important for offspring fitness than previously realized.
Social isolation uncovers a circuit underlying context-dependent territory-covering micturition

Significance Vertebrates control the release of urine to mediate physiological functions as well as for social communication. The release of urine, or micturition, is controlled by the brain and is influenced by many internal and external factors. In mice, these include social standing, sensory context, and past experience as well as the state of the bladder. We study the brain circuits that control micturition in mice and uncover pathways by which the patterns of urine release are altered in response to changes in social experience and olfactory stimuli. The release of urine, or micturition, serves a fundamental physiological function and, in many species, is critical for social communication. In mice, the pattern of urine release is modulated by external and internal factors and transmitted to the spinal cord via the pontine micturition center (PMC). Here, we exploited a behavioral paradigm in which mice, depending on strain, social experience, and sensory context, either vigorously cover an arena with small urine spots or deposit urine in a few isolated large spots. We refer to these micturition modes as, respectively, high and low territory-covering micturition (TCM) and find that the presence of a urine stimulus robustly induces high TCM in socially isolated mice. Comparison of the brain networks activated by social isolation and by urine stimuli to those upstream of the PMC identified the lateral hypothalamic area as a potential modulator of micturition modes. Indeed, chemogenetic manipulations of the lateral hypothalamus can switch micturition behavior between high and low TCM, overriding the influence of social experience and sensory context. Our results suggest that both inhibitory and excitatory signals arising from a network upstream of the PMC are integrated to determine context- and social-experience-dependent micturition patterns.
CTSA recruitment resources: An inventory of what CTSA hubs are currently offering

Introduction: In order to tackle the challenge of efficiently meeting clinical research accrual goals, many Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) recipients have developed recruitment support mechanisms and resources to help investigators successfully recruit study participants. Disseminating recruitment best practices and developing collaborations between institutions can help strengthen recruitment capabilities and methodologies currently utilized by researchers. Methods: To discover what recruitment resources and mechanisms CTSAs are using, the CTSA Recruitment and Retention working group developed an electronic survey, which was distributed to CTSAs between May and July 2019. The survey contained over 50 multiple choice and short answer questions, with 40 of the 64 CTSA institutions completing the survey. Institutions reported on registries, feasibility assessment tools, clinical trial listings, experience recruiting special populations, program operations and evaluation, workforce education, social media use, and other recruitment resources. Results: All respondents currently utilize some form of a volunteer registry; over 80% of the CTSAs provide investigators with recruitment consultations, feasibility assessments, study listings, and electronic health record (EHR) utilization; 73% assist with study materials; 47% offer social media assistance. Many institutions reported success in recruiting patients and healthy volunteers, but difficulty in recruiting special populations such as non-English-speaking persons and rural populations. Additional recruitment tools included use of the EHR to facilitate recruitment, use of registries, and use of social media to engage participants. Conclusions: Areas of opportunity or growth include the development of innovative solutions in the areas of social media advertising, identification of participants from special populations, and research volunteer engagement.
The Epidemiology, Staging and Outcomes of Sarcomatoid Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A SEER Population Analysis

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subtypes differ in terms of histopathology and prognosis. Sarcomatoid HCC is rare and literature concerning the survival of patients with sarcomatoid HCC is scarce. Materials and Methods: Data of patients with sarcomatoid HCC, diagnosed from 1989 to 2016, were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. We evaluated the baseline and tumor related data, overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival and the performance (Harrell’s concordance index – OS c-index) of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system (AJCC8). In addition, univariate and multivariate forward stepwise cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with increased risk of death. Results: The SEER cohort consisted of 71 patients, mostly males (n=49, 69.0%), of White race (n=51, 71.8%) and the most common stage at presentation was stage IVB (n=30, 42.3%). The overall predictive ability of AJCC8 was mediocre, with an OS c-index=0.577 (SE=0.048). Surgery (hazard ratio=0.25, p<0.001) was significantly associated with reduced risk of death. Advanced TNM stage was not associated with increased risk of death. Conclusion: Sarcomatoid HCC, a rare subtype of HCC, is associated with poor outcomes in terms of overall and disease-specific survival across all disease stages. Surgery seems to be of utmost importance. The eighth edition of the AJCC8 for HCC underperforms in predicting the survival of patients with sarcomatoid subtype.
Impact of the internal training load over recovery-stress balance in endurance runners

The aim of the research was to analyze the response in the recovery-stress balance perception and the internal training load in resistance runners. 18 trained runners (age: 20.1±2.7 years, weight: 64.2±7.63kg, height, 174.32±6.2cm, VO2max: 57.54±7.34L), participate in tests of 800m (five), 1500m (four), 3000m steeplechase (one), 5000m (five), 10,000m (one) and 21km (two). Three weeks of training monitoring was performed, in which two were of moderate load and one of intense load. The daily S-RPE (Foster et al., 2001) and weekly RESTQ-Sport were applied to evaluate the perception of training load and recovery-stress balance. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was performed. A variance analysis was applied through the Friedman test, with post hoc Wilcoxon. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the RESTQ-Sport scales and the weekly S-RPE was analyzed. The results indicate that the S-RPE presented significant variations between the weeks, with week three reflecting the greater internal training load perceived. With respect to RESTQ-Sport, only the scale Disturbed Breaks (DB) shown significant differences, being this a specific scale of the sport, reflecting an increase in the perception of stress by the intensity of the training. There were no significant correlations, however, the S-RPE and the Disturbed breaks scale increased in week 3. The results coincide with other previous investigations in which the relationship between the increase in the training loads and the perception of this by the athletes.
On the acoustic fountain types and flow induced with focused ultrasound

Abstract Laboratory experiments are conducted to investigate the mechanism controlling the formation of stable and unstable acoustic fountains at the free surface of a quiescent body of water. Fountains are induced by focused ultrasonic, a new modality that allows for better spatiotemporal control of water flow. Particle image velocimetry was used to characterize the induced flow field in the vicinity of the ultrasonic focal spot. We used two types of ultrasonic transducers with distinct wave frequencies. We examined three fountain formation regimes by varying the pressure level of the transducers, namely weak, intermediate (stable) and highly forced fountains (explosive). Between different regimes, the fountain height underwent a step-change in response to the increase in acoustic pressure. A force estimation obtained from the flow field shows that the magnitude of axial momentum flux is orders of magnitude lower than that of gravity and surface tension, indicating that the dominant driving force for the fountain generation is the acoustic radiation force (Nightingale et al., Ultrasound Med. Biol., vol. 28, 2002, pp. 227–235). We propose a simple model to estimate the shape of a stable fountain; it accounts for the applied acoustic pressure, gravity, surface tension and axial momentum. The model neglects viscous force, which precludes capturing the intermediate fountain surface curvature. However, the model successfully predicts the geometry of the weak and intermediate fountains.
What Do Patients Want? A Qualitative Analysis of Patient, Provider, and Administrative Perceptions and Expectations About Patients’ Hospital Stays

Patient experience is increasingly recognized as a measure of health care quality and patient-centered care and is currently measured through the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS). The HCAHPS survey may miss key factors important to patients, and in particular, to underserved patient populations. We performed a qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews with 45 hospitalized English- and Spanish-speaking patients and 6 focus groups with physicians, nurses, and administrators at a large, urban safety-net hospital. Four main themes were important to patients: (1) the hospital environment including cleanliness and how hospital policies and procedures impact patients’ perceived autonomy, (2) whole-person care, (3) communication with and between care teams and utilizing words that patients can understand, and (4) responsiveness and attentiveness to needs. We found that several key themes that were important to patients are not fully addressed in the HCAHPS survey and there is a disconnect between what patients and care teams believe patients want and what hospital policies drive in the care environment.