Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the New CNDV Option of the Community Land Model: Effects of Dynamic Vegetation and Interactive Nitrogen on CLM4 Means and Variability*

AbstractThe Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4) includes the option to run the prognostic carbon–nitrogen (CN) model with dynamic vegetation (CNDV). CNDV, which simulates unmanaged vegetation, modifies the CN framework to implement plant biogeography updates. CNDV simulates a reasonable present-day distribution of plant functional types but underestimates tundra vegetation cover. The CNDV simulation is compared against a CN simulation using a vegetation distribution generated by CNDV and against a carbon-only simulation with prescribed nitrogen limitation (CDV). The comparisons focus on the means and variability of carbon pools and fluxes and biophysical factors, such as albedo, surface radiation, and heat fluxes. The study assesses the relative importance of incorporating interactive nitrogen (CDV to CNDV) versus interactive biogeography (CN to CNDV) in present-day equilibrium simulations. None of the three configurations performs consistently better in simulating carbon or biophysical variables compa.
Ammonium regeneration by microplankton in an upwelling environment

Size-frachonated measurements of ammonium flux In the southern Benguela upwelllng system provided evldence that regenerahon by microplankton (<200um) was concentrated In the upper water column and generally supported the majonty of phytoplankton demands Based on the present study and literature data lt was demonstrated that ammonium reminerahzabon was dependent on the concentrahon of particulate nitrogen present when viewed on a broad scale The < 15 pm size class, including bactena and nanoflagellates proved to be the predominant mineralizers accounting for 95 % of total microplankton regeneration on average Although ammomf~cahon by heterotrophic p~coplankton (presumably mainly bactenal) was Important in some instances bacte~nvorous nanoflagellates (1 to 15 urn) appeared to supply the bulk of mlcroplankton excretion, i e a mean of 87 % in surface waters and 55 % near the base of the euphot~c zone Bactena were relatively more active at depth than at the surface although in the majonty of cases absolute rates were fastest In surface waters The posslbdlty exs t s that bactenal reminerallzation was underesbmated in the < 1 um fracbon due to the absence of nanoflagellates dunng the ~ncubahon Nevertheless, nanoflagellate feeding compnses an essenhal component of the reminerahzat~on process Ammonlum uptake by the dlfferent size classes was dlrectly proportional to chlorophyll a concentrations Results of thls study are cons~stent wlth the proposed cruclal role for small protozoans as intermediaries between bacterla and hlgher trophic levels and as m~nerallzers of nutrients for pnmary producers
Upgrading off-grades from the silicon process: Increasing the silicon yield from Elkem Thamshavn using mechanical or metallurgical separation

The aim of the thesis is to produce high grade silicon from off-grade materials like sculls and process slags from Elkem Thamshavn. The methods investigated are dense medium separation, optical separation, flotation and metallurgical separation by remelting. Dense medium separation trials are conducted using magnetite suspended in water and aim to find the suspension density where only one phase will float. Optical separation experiments are done to identify light intensity thresholds between refractories, silicon and slag. The viability of flotation without surface activators and at neutral pH are investigated by measuring the zeta potential of each phase. Remelting experiments are done, building on previous work by the author, with the aim of investigating whether adding CaO or MgO to the slag will increase the settling efficiency. No results were obtained in the DMS experiments, because the viscosity of the suspension increased to infinity before the density of either slag or silicon was reached. The flotation experiments showed that flotation is not viable at neutral pH without surface activators, as the zeta potential of slag and silicon is nearly identical. The optical separation experiments were a success. The product fraction had an average silicon content of 74 wt%, compared to 52 wt% in the original off-grade material, while the waste fraction contained 7.5 wt% silicon. The separation efficiency was best for coarser grains, which is the expected result based on theory. The remelting experiments concluded that adding CaO or MgO to the slag will increase the settling efficiency. This was established both by chemical analysis and by surface area analysis of slag samples from each experiment. MgO seemed to contribute more to the settling efficiency than CaO, but because of the large variance between samples, this is not conclusive. The quality of the produced silicon was unaffected or improved by adding CaO, but additions of MgO increased the magnesium content slightly.
Feedbacks between coupled subglacial hydrology and glacier dynamics

On most glaciers and ice sheet outlets the majority of motion is due to basal slip, a combination of basal sliding and bed deformation. The importance of basal water in controlling sliding is well established, with increased sliding generally related to high basal water pressure, but the details of the interactions between the ice and water systems has not received much study when there is coupling between the systems. Here we use coupled subglacial hydrology and ice dynamics models within the Community Ice Sheet Model to investigate feedbacks between the ice and water systems. The dominant feedback we find is negative: sliding over bedrock bumps opens additional cavity space, which lowers water pressure and, in turn, sliding. We also find two small positive feedbacks: basal melt increases through frictional heat during sliding, which raises water pressure, and strain softening of basal ice during localized speedup causes cavities to close more quickly and maintain higher water pressures. Our coupled modeling demonstrates that a sustained input of surface water to a distributed drainage system can lead to a speedup event that decays even in the absence of channelization, due to increased capacity of the system through opening of cavities, which is enhanced through the sliding‐opening feedback. We find that the negative feedback resulting from sliding‐opening is robust across a wide range of parameter values. However, our modeling also argues that subglacial channelization is required to terminate speedup events over timescales that are commensurate with observations of late summer slowdown on mountain glaciers.
A Parallel Soft Computing Model for Identifying Lost Student in an Incomplete and Imprecise Environment

— The numbers of educational institutions are growing at par with the lost student rate in a country like India. When a missing student is found we need to identify the student on the strength of some common parameter like student name, his/her institution name, branch or class etc. But we never get accurate and complete information in most of the cases to identify or recognize a lost student. In such a situation, a soft computing model can be a striking choice to track a lost student on the basis of partial information. In the past we propose soft computing model for the same. This paper proposes a more optimized parallel soft computing model which takes half of the time taken by the earlier single thread model for identifying a lost student on the basis of imprecise and partial information. The system is tested meticulously on a database of 50000 records and an efficiency of 94% is obtained.
Analysis of geological ochre: its geochemistry, use, and exchange in the US Northern Great Plains

Samples of pigments indigenous to the US Northern Great Plains were collected in association with the conservation of a buffalo hide tanned and painted by a Crow Indian(s) in the 19th century, which is now in the collection of the National Museum of American Indian. The pigments were characterised using a series of analytical techniques – some common and others uncommon to the conservation science field, including portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). XRF is not capable of differentiating between various ochre samples due to high detection limits. XRD can detect some matrix minerals in each sample, but these data cannot characterise pigments by original source location. INAA is capable of characterizing ochres from different sources based on trace element geochemistry; however, the large sample size it requires (approximately 100 mg), makes sampling from objects challenging and therefore makes it difficult to use for technical art history studies that focus on museum objects. INAA is useful if applied to reference materials, such as historic pigments or known sources for historic artistic materials.
Leadership and Management Accountability of Public Universities in South Nation and Nationalities People Regional State

This inquiry purported to examine the practices of leadership and management accountability in South Nation Nationalities Region public universities. Mixed research design instrumental. Proportional stratified random sampling, and purposive sampling techniques were used to select sample universities and respondents (n=370). Descriptive data analysis tool, mainly mean and standard deviation employed in analyzing quantitative data. Qualitative data analysis methods were applied to the data generated from transcriptions of interviews, FGD and document analysis. One way ANOVA employed to examine the variations between and within groups by considering its assumptions. Besides, Binary regression was applied to test overall model evaluation and goodness-of-fit. Principal component analysis utilized as a data reduction technique among the explanatory variables. Independent t-test also used to compare differences between separate groups and to determine a significant difference in scores between and within groups. The study reveals, the logistic regression model was statistically significant, at Wald test: χ 2 = 24.450, p<. 001. The model explained 36.0% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variation in effective governance practices and correctly classified 68.30 % of cases. Hosmer-Lemeshow test points out the goodness of fit of the model with chi-square value of 8.036 and with a P>0.05, which provides significant at the 5 % level, the model suggesting, does not conform to the data set as alternative assumption (H1). We can conclude that effective governance practices from both leadership and accountability perspective in the sampled public universities were not promising. The study also forwarded six major policy options will aid to insure that the HE to attain effective leadership management and accountability.
PLS score–loading correspondence and a bi‐orthogonal factorization

It is established industrial practice to use the correspondence between partial least squares (PLS) scores and loadings or loading weights as a means for process monitoring and control. Deviations from the normal operating point in a score plot are then related to the influences from major process variables as shown in a loading or loading weight plot. These relations are often presented in a bi‐plot, i.e. appropriately scaled scores and loadings or loading weights are displayed in the same plot. As shown in the present paper, however, the orthogonal PLS algorithm of Wold gives no direct theoretical and graphical correspondence, i.e. the bi‐plot will show an angle deviation that causes an interpretational problem. The alternative non‐orthogonal PLS algorithm of Martens gives direct correspondence, but the correlated latent variables may then cause another interpretational problem. As a solution to these problems, this paper presents a PLS factorization where both scores and loadings are orthogonal (BPLS), and we show how the Wold and Martens factorizations can easily be transformed to this solution. The result is independent latent variables as well as direct score and loading correspondence. It is also shown that the transformations involved do not affect the predictor found by PLS regression. The score–loading correspondence properties for the different PLS factorizations are discussed using principal component analysis (PCA) as a reference case. An example using industrial paper plant data is included. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE PATTERN AND DETERMINANTS OF INFANT MORTALITY IN RURAL NIGERIA

Nigeria. The data for this study were obtained from household questionnaire surveys administered to 140 randomly selected households who have experienced infant mortality in the five years preceding this study. From the data generated descriptive statistics was used to analyze the pattern of infant death in the study area. In addition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of infant mortality in the study area. the results show that almost half (49percent) of the respondents have experienced infant mortality in the past five years, while 35percent of all infant mortality in occurs in the first month of birth. The PCA also extracted six underlying components of that together explained 73.42percent of the cumulative variance in the determinants of infant mortality. The components are mother’s economic status, nature of care for the infant, quality of household infrastructure, maternal age, quality of life of the infant, and quality of attention given to the infant. Based on the results, recommendations such as improvement of health facilities and education of the girl child are made to help reduce the incidence of infant mortality in the rural areas. KEYWORDS: Abia community; Infant Mortality; Determinants; Pattern ; Rural Nigeria
Algorithms for Nielsen type periodic numbers of maps with remnant on surfaces with boundary and on bouquets of circles I

In this paper and its sequel we present a method that, under loose restric- tions, is algorithmic for calculating the Nielsen type numbers N n(f) and NPn(f) of self maps f of hyperbolic surfaces with boundary and also of bouquets of circles. Because self maps of these surfaces have the same homotopy type as maps on wedges of circles, and the Nielsen periodic numbers are homotopy type invariant, we need concentrate only on the latter spaces. Of course the results will then automatically apply to the former spaces as well. The algorithm requires only that f has minimal remnant, by which we mean that there is limited cancellation between thef images of generators of the fundamental group. These methods often work even when the minimal remnant condition is not satised. Our methodology involves three separate techniques. Firstly, beginning with an endo- morphism h on the fundamental group, we adapt an algorithm of Wagner to our setting, allowing us to distinguish non-empty Reidemeister classes for iterates of a special represen- tative map for h, which we introduce. Secondly, using techniques reminiscent of symbolic dynamics, we assign key algebraic information to the actual periodic points of this special representative. Finally, we use word length arguments to prove that the remaining infor- mation required for the calculation of N n(f) and NPn(f) can be found with a nite computer search. We include many illustrative examples. In this rst paper we give the tools we need in order to present and give the algorithm for NPn(f). All the tools introduced here will be needed in the sequel where we develop the extra tools needed in order to compute N n(f).
An Efficient Parallel FE-BI Algorithm for Large-scale Scattering Problems

─In this paper, we present fast and accurate solutions of large-scale scattering problems involving three-dimensional objects with arbitrary shapes using parallel finite element-boundary integral method (FE-BI). Particularly, an efficient parallel preconditioner is constructed with both the finite-element matrix and the near-field part of the boundary integral equation operator for the ill-conditioned linear system formulated by the FE-BI. With an efficient parallelization of FE-BI, scattering problems that are discretized with millions of unknowns could be easily solved on distributed-memory computers. The numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells vs. Estradiol Benzoate or Avosoya on the Cerebellar Cortex of Ovariectomized Adult Albino Rats

Alterations in hormone levels during menopause affect cognitive function and brain chemistry. Stem cell therapy in nervous system disorders is a growing field. The present research aimed to compare the effect of MSCs with that of estradiol benzoate or avosoya on the cerebellum of ovariectomized rats. Fifty eight adult female Wistar albino rats were classified into five groups. Control group (Group I) and four ovariectomized groups. Group II (ovariectomized rats received no treatment), Group III (injected subcutaneously with estradiol benzoate), Group IV (received avosoya orally) and Group V (treated with human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells [HUCBMSCs]). Cerebellar sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and cresyl fast violet. Immunoperoxidase reaction of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), estrogen receptor beta (Erβ) and Bax protein was also done. HUCBMSCs homing in rat cerebellum were detected by human albumin gene. Antioxidant enzyme levels were also measured in cerebellum homogenate. Decreased density of neurons in the three cortical layers with vacuolations and distorted Purkinje cells with pyknotic nuclei were observed in Group II. Group III cerebellar cortex showed normal architecture but some Purkinje cells had pyknotic nuclei. Group IV showed normal neuronal cells in the three cortical layers. Group V Purkinje cells were pyriform with vesicular nuclei, and basophilic cytoplasm. Small rounded cells with deeply stained nuclei appeared in the granular layer. In conclusion: estradiol benzoate and avosoya improve ovariectomy-induced cerebellar alteration, and MSCs show promising results in this field.
Assessment of laminate damage micromechanisms using high resolution synchrotron radiation computed tomography & laminography

Laminated fibre reinforced polymer composite materials are increasingly being applied within critical structures, with a corresponding demand for reliable damage prediction tools to reduce the time and cost associated with product development. The present work is carried out to underpin the evolution of micromechanically-based models by providing developers with a resource of 4D (time & spatially resolved) microstructural and micromechanical data obtained from high-resolution synchrotron radiation computed tomography of essentially standard materials. The intention is to share data with the composites community as part of the public materials data repository that is currently being developed within the University of Southampton’s School of Engineering Sciences. Testing was conducted at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) during in-situ loading of [90/0]s laminate in both small tensile coupon and larger plate forms. Image processing has been used to visualize the evolution of transverse ply cracks, longitudinal splits, inter-ply delaminations and associated interactions. Methods for full-field and full-volume crack displacement (e.g. mode I & II opening) are discussed.
Early Warning Systems and Resilience: A Quest for Equilibrium

This communication aims to answer to the following research question: “How can Early Warning Systems support the production activity and make it resilient? ” Based on an ethnographic case study, we display that even a simple tool can be helpful for a CEO. We assess that the resilience comes from a well-balanced combination of a qualitative human management and of an analytical system. This equilibrium depends on the fit between the task, the system and the user.
Can Hamiltonians be boundary observables in parametrized field theories?

It has been argued that holography in gravitational theories is related to the existence of a particularly useful Gauss Law that allows energy to be measured at the boundary. This work investigates the extent to which such Gauss Laws follow from diffeomorphism invariance. We study parametrized field theories, which are a class of diffeomorphism-invariant theories without gravity. We find that the Hamiltonian for non-gravitational parametrized field theories vanishes on shell even in the presence of a boundary and under a variety of boundary conditions. We conclude that such theories have no useful Gauss Law, consistent with the absence of holography.
The Potential of E-Learning in Assisting Post-Crisis Countries in Re-Building Their Higher Education Systems: The Case of Libya

In consideration of the recent crises in Libya – the political crisis, the armed conflict, and the de-struction that followed – its higher education system needs to be re-built and re-developed. The use of Information and communication technology (ICT) and e-learning could play a vital role in this process. Information and communications technologies are key elements of the universal re-sponse to crises, whether natural or man-made disasters. ICTs are fundamental enablers of the coordination mechanisms that educational organizations need to restore in order to assist the af-fected learners and instructors. Libya is a developing country and the use of ICTs and the imple-mentation of e-learning were still in a quite early stage even before the current armed conflict. The recent crisis resulted in a setback to Libya’s e-learning efforts; however, the deployment of ICT and e-learning, assisted by the international community can provide Libya with the opportu-nity to significantly re-construct its education system, modernize instructional methods and, widen and improve access to higher education. This paper outlines the impact of the armed con-flict on higher education in Libya. The paper discusses how ICT and e-learning could be used (as reconstructive and attractive measures) to support the affected learners and instructors in Libya. It also outlines the potential for e-learning to increase access to, and improve the relevance and quality of, higher education. In conclusion, the paper proposes an integrated approach to advanc-ing the presence of e-learning in Libya’s higher education system.