Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
vortex confinés dans des nanostructures de Pb/Si(111) étudiés par microscopie à effet tunnel

Dans les supraconducteurs de type II, le champ magnetique penetre le materiau sous forme de vortex, tourbillon de courants supraconducteurs circulant autour d'un c? ur normal. Dans les travaux de cette these, nous montrons comment le confinement d'un systeme a une echelle comparable a la longueur de coherence ? nanometrique modifie sensiblement ses proprietes supraconductrices.Cette etude est menee dans des nanostructures de plomb depose in-situ sur un substrat de silicium (111), puis mesurees par spectroscopie a effet tunnel, sous UHV, a 300 mK et sous champ magnetique.En confinement extreme (taille laterale D<<10 ? ), le systeme cree des vortex Geants, objets quantiques predits theoriquement depuis 45 ans. En confinement plus faible (D~10 ? ), les vortex peuvent etre pieges, s'organisent ensuite en reseau triangulaire d'Abrikosov, puis s'interpenetrent avec le champ magnetique croissant.Les ilots de Pb cristallins supraconducteurs sont relies entre eux par une monocouche de mouillage de Pb, ici desordonnee et non supraconductrice. Au voisinage des ilots, cette couche acquiert des caracteristiques spectroscopiques specifiques qui refletent la supraconductivite induite par proximite et les interactions entre electrons de type Altshuler-Aronov. L'evolution spatiale des spectres tunnel sont simules en combinant les equations d'Usadel et la theorie du blocage de Coulomb dynamique.En reduisant la distance entre les ilots, l'effet de proximite autour de chacun se recouvre, ce qui forme une jonction Josephson. Sont etudies finement le nombre, la position, le spectre et la forme des c? urs de vortex Josephson sous champ magnetique, a travers une grande panoplie de jonctions.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHOROUS DEFICIENCY ON GROWTH AND SOME METABOLIC ACTIVITIES IN THE GREEN ALGA DUNALIELLA PARVA

: Dunaliella parva cells were cultured under conditions of either phosphorous (P) deficiency or nutrient sufficiency. Under phosphorous deficiency the number of cells decreased by 48.1% while rate of growth decreased by 1.05% and generation time increased by 1.5 day compared to nutrient sufficient medium. The content of chlorophyll fractions, β-carotene, glycerol, total carbohydrates and proteins were also significantly reduced in response to phosphorus deficiency. The results cleared that activity of photosynthesis and respiration in cultures with phosphorous increased gradually till the 12 th day then slightly decreased at the 16 th day. Phosphorous deficiency resulted in 36.8% lower rate of respiration and 65.5% decline in rate of photosynthesis at the 16 th day of culturing compared to control. The results cleared also that under phosphorous deficiency growth measured as cell count of D. parva , was the most sensitive parameter followed by photosynthesis then respiration.
Viscosity of water substance—new international formulation and its background

The paper traces the development of our knowledge of the viscosity of water and steam over the last decade, that is over the period of intense experimental and analytic activity which separates the promulgation of the 1964 Supplementary Release on Transport Properties of the Sixth ICPS from the recently announced Release on Dynamic Viscosity of Water Substance. As a result of this work, which was largely stimulated by the activities of the International Association for the Properties of Steam, the new internationally recognized skeleton table and the internationally recommended interpolation equations cover the wide range of pressures and temperatures of 0–100 MPa and 0–800°C.
Time Resolution of Electronic Transitions of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers in the Infrared

Electronic transitions of the special pair excited state, P, and of its positive ion, P[sup +], have been identified by transient infrared spectroscopy in the 1700-2000-cm[sup [minus]1] region. The P transition is present immediately (ca. 300 fs) after light absorption and decays with time constant 3.4 ps. The P[sup +] transition appears with time constant 3.4 ps. The transition dipoles of these transitions are both measured to have a squared projection of 0.63 onto the direction of the ground state to Q[sub y][sup [minus]] (870 nm) transition. This is interpreted to imply that both P and P[sup +] transitions have dipoles along the line joining the centroids of charge of the two bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) composing the dimer. The P transition is assigned as an interexciton transition brought about by mixing of exciton and charge-separated states. The P[sup +] transition is assigned as a transition between the symmetric and antisymmetric combination of the localized hole states of the dimer. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, static FTIR, and Stark effect measurements on the reaction center. While the results are in qualitative agreement with recent theoretical calculations, better agreement requires a larger admixture of charge resonance states in the Q[sub y][sup more » [minus]] state than is found in most calculations. 35 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs. « less
Reduction of Fibrillation of Lyocell Fiber with Cellulose-g-Poly(vinyl alcohol) Copolymer

Cellulose-g-poly(vinyl alcohol) (cellulose-g-PVA) copolymers, which contain vinyl alcohol(VA) content 13, 36, and 47 wt%, were prepared, and the effects of introducing the copolymers on the fibrillation of lyocell fibers were investigated. Five wt% copolymer to cellulose was added to 13 wt% cellulose solution in N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMMO) monohydrate and lyocell fibers were produced by dry jet-wet spinning of cellulose/cellulose-g-PVA blend solutions. Variation of VA content had little effect on crystal structure and mechanical properties of lyocell fibers. However, the birefringence of the fibers decreased with increasing VA content. In the case of lyocell fibers containing the copolymer with VA content 47 wt%, microfibril structure in the cross-section of fractured fibers disappeared. The VA group of the copolymers thus interrupts the orientation of cellulose chains due to strong hydrogen bonding. Fibers containing the copolymers gave less fibrillation than lyocell fibers, which became more noticeable at higher VA content. Addition of copolymers proved effective for the control of fibrillation of lyocell fiber.
Die Phlorglucide von Dryopteris viliarii (Bell.) Woynar und anderer Farne der Gattung Dryopteris sowie die mögliche Abstammung von D. filix‐mas (L.) Schott

The phloroglucides of the ferns of the Dryopteris filix-mas complex; i.e. D. abbreviata, D. filix-mas s. str. and D. borreri (diploid and triploid) as well as those of D. villarii, subspvillarii and subsp. pallida were reinvestigated with improved semiquantitative analytical methods. The phloroglucides of D. aitoniana and D. athamantica were examined for the first time. The results (table 1) are compatible with the hypothesis, without proving it, that the allotetraploid species D. filix-mas s. str. originated from a hybrid of D. abbreviata with D. villard (with subsequent doubling of its chromosomes) and the apogamous triploid D. remota from D. assimils with diploid D. borreri, and the equally apogamous triploid D. borreri from a hybrid of D. abbreviata (or a related diploid sexual taxon) with diploid D. borreri. D. aitoniana contains a large amount of trisflavaspidic acid but no filixic acid and differs in this respect from the three representatives of the D. filix-mas complex.
Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution using clay

Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) from aqueous solution using clay, a naturally occurring low-cost adsorbent, under various conditions, such as contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and pH has been investigated. The sorption of these metals follows both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The magnitude of Langmuir and Freundlich constants at 30°C for cadmium, lead, and chromium indicate good adsorption capacity. The kinetic rate constants (K ad) indicate that the adsorption follows first order. The thermodynamic parameters: free energy change (ΔG o), enthalpy change (ΔH o), and entropy change (ΔS o) show that adsorption is an endothermic process and that adsorption is favored at high temperature. The results reveal that clay is a good adsorbent for the removal of these metals from wastewater.
Development of a Suitable Process for the Preparation of a TNF-α Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, WAY-281418

A suitable process for the preparation of kilogram quantities of a TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitor (WAY-281418) was developed using isatin 13 as starting material and an efficient coupling step for the formation of sulfonamide 8 in a 15% overall yield. Process preparation of (+)-(1S,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (7, (+)-cispentacin), a chiral component for WAY-281418, was successfully scaled up via an asymmetric hydrogenation reaction. Crystallization allowed the isolation of all intermediates and the final product 9.
SEPARATION/PRECONCENTRATION OF Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II), Co(II), AND Cr(III) IN AQUEOUS SAMPLES ON CELLULOSE NITRATE MEMBRANE FILTER AND THEIR DETERMINATION BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

ABSTRACT A simple enrichment method for trace amounts of Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II), Co(II) and Cr(III) has been established. The preconcentration/separation procedure is based on chelate formation of the analyte metals with benzopurpurine 4B and on retention of the chelates on cellulose nitrate membrane filter. After completely dissolving the cellulose nitrate membrane and analyte ions by 500 µL of nitric acid at 85°C on a hood, metal determinations were performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The influences of some analytical parameters including pH, types of membrane filters, amounts of reagent etc. on the recoveries of copper, iron, lead, cobalt and chromium were investigated. The detection limits of the analyte ions (k = 3, N = 21) were varying 1.9 µg/L for cobalt to 10.5 µg/L for iron. The method was applied to natural water samples for the determination of analyte ions with satisfactory results (recoveries > 95%, RSD < 10%). The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the determinations for analyte ions were below 10%.
Transparent Conducting ZnO:Ga Epitaxial Films Prepared on Epi-GaN/Al2O3 (0001) by MOCVD

High-quality Gallium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) films have been prepared on epi-GaN/sapphire (0001) substrates by the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) method. The relative amount of gallium doping was varied from 0 to 8% (atomic ratio). The structural, electrical and optical properties of the ZnO:Ga films have been investigated in detail, as a function of Ga content. All the prepared samples have the wurtzite structure of pure ZnO with a strong (0002) preferred orientation. The microstructure for the surface of films was markedly influenced by the amount of Ga doping. The resistivity decreases continuously with adding Ga content and reaches to the value of 8.4×10-3 Ω•cm at 8%. The average transmittance for the deposited ZnO:Ga samples in the visible range was over 75%.
Revisiting the domain model for lithium intercalated graphite

In this Letter, we study the stability of the domain model for lithium intercalated graphite in stages III and II by means of Density Functional Theory and Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo simulations. We find that the domain model is either thermodynamically or kinetically stable when compared to the standard model in stages III and II. The existence of domains in the intercalation sequence is well supported by recent high resolution transmission electron microscope observations in lithiated graphite. Moreover, we predict that such domain staging sequences leads to a wide range of diffusivity as reported in experiments.
Röntgenuntersuchung gelöster Fadenmoleküle

In the X-ray scattering curve of chain-molecules in solution, essentially four regions may be distinguished as is shown by a more detailed mathematical discussion: (1)The scattering at the smallest angles, showing an approximately Gaussean course, whose ordinate, when extrapolated to zero angle, is proportional to the square of the mol. weight. It is due to the diffraction effect of the whole coiled chain-molecule. (2)This is followed by a region of v-values where the scattering falls off as 1/v2. It is due to parts of the chain molecule which themselves already occur in all possible orientations. (3)After a transition region (which is also accounted for by the theory) there follows a scattering which is proportional to 1/v. It is to be considered as the scattering of mostly straight parts of the molecule. (4)The scattering at large angles, caused by smaller parts of the molecule (monomer group and single atoms), which at the same time indicates the periodicity (= length of structural unit in the direction of the chain axis) by a step, at an angle corresponding to Bragg's law. Its sharpness, too, is a measure for the coiling of the molecule. It can be shown that the abscissa of the intersecting point of the 1/v2 and 1/v branches, when extrapolated to the transition region, is connected in a characteristic way with the statistical chain element or the “length of persistance”, which represent two different measures for the stiffness of the chain molecule. Measurements with polyvinyl bromide lead to a length of persistance of 11 ± 1 A, which agrees satisfactorily with the value of 13 A for polyvinyl chloride as derived from the birefringence of flow. At large angles two weak steps were found, one of which corresponds to the monomer length of 2.56 A. Measurements on solutions of cellulose nitrate gave a curve ∼ 1/v without any steeper ascent up to the smallest angles, corresponding to 300 A. We have, therefore, to conclude that the chain-element of cellulose nitrate is in any case larger than 150 A, which again is in agreement with the results of other physical measurements. Though only a small number of experimental results is available so far, it seems to be established that the procedure yields a direct evaluation of the shape of chain molecules in solution and, in this respect, appears superior to other methods. However, the experimental difficulties are considerable.
Reading chemical fine print: Resolution and identification of 3000 nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds from a single electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrum of heavy petroleum crude oil

Extra heavy petroleum crude oil (50% of the mixture boils at >566 °C) has been analyzed directly, without prior fractionation, by a high-field (9.4 T) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer coupled to an external micro-electrospray ion source. At an average mass resolving power, (m/Δm50% ≈ 50 000), a single wideband (250−1250 Da) mass spectrum exhibited ∼5000 resolved peaks with an average mass of 617 Da (e.g., up to 7−10 resolved peaks at each nominal mass). Their elemental compositions were positively identified by accurate mass measurement with an average deviation of less than 1 mDa from each assigned elemental composition. The number of elemental compositions at each nominal mass, the number of sulfur/oxygen atoms in a molecule, and aromaticity each increase with increasing mass. On the basis of elemental composition alone, we resolve more than 3000 distinct chemical formulas (excluding 13C isotopic species). Of the 3000 unique elemental compositions, we identify 12 major heteroa.
Nonlinear Raman Studies of Weakly Bound Complexes and Clusters in Molecular Beams

In the past decade, largely because of advances in the vibrational spectroscopic study of species in cold molecular beams, significant progress has been made in elucidating the ground-state properties of weakly bound complexes and clusters. Indeed, vibrational results have been essential to the deduction of that most central of properties in van der Waals molecule studies -- the intermolecular potential energy surface. This paper reviews applications of nonlinear Raman spectroscopies to the study of van der Waals complexes and clusters in cold, supersonic molecular beams. The review is limited to those studies that have employed Raman schemes unenhanced by vibronic resonance. Thus, the authors do not include consideration of the various stimulated emission spectroscopies or resonantly enhanced coherent Raman methods. The organization of the paper is as follows. In section 2 the relevant spectroscopic schemes along with their strengths and weaknesses are outlined. Section 3 pertains to results on small homogeneous complexes and clusters. Section 4 deals with results on heterogeneous complexes. In section 5, the results on larger homogeneous clusters are outlined. Section 6 then deals with results on heterogeneous clusters. Finally, section 7 is a summary and conclusion. 102 refs.
Isolation and Determination of Urea Herbicides in Soil by Hyphenated Chromatographic Techniques

Abstract Eight phenylurea herbicides (chlorotoluron, isoproturon, diuron, monolinuron, linuron, metobromuron, chlorbromuron, methabenzthiazuron) were isolated from soil by extraction. The extract was cleaned up using an SPE module. Elution with a methanol‐dichloromethane mixture resulted in total recoveries using this method, which included all losses during sample preparation, ranging from 79 to 97% recovery of the herbicides from the activated silica gel sorbent column. Separation of the eight herbicides was easily achieved working under liquid chromatographic conditions. The validation of the analytical processes was described and the parameters of the LC‐DAD method are as follows: limits of detection from 0.07 to 0.13 µg/g; precision (RSD) from 2.9 to 10.4%. The proposed LC‐DAD method offers good resolution and selectivity.
Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application Improves the Negative Impact of Saline Soil in Two Forage Species

Inappropriate utilization of biosolids may adversely impact agrosystem productivity. This article addresses the response of H. vulgare and P. monspeliensis to different doses (0, 100, and 150 t ha−1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost in a greenhouse pot experiment. Plant growth, heavy-metal uptake, gas exchange, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations and photosynthesis parameters were considered. Results showed that compost supply significantly increased shoot and root dry weights of both species, and this was positively correlated with nutrient uptake. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were positively influenced, especially in H. vulgare at rate of 100 t ha−1. Furthermore, MSW compost application increased net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (Gs), and water-use efficiency (WUE) in both species. Alternatively, MSW compost amendment increased plant heavy-metal contents but levels remained lower than phytotoxic thresholds. This preliminary study suggests that a MSW supply at moderate doses (100 t ha−1) could be highly beneficial for plant productivity on saline soils.
Bacterial endosymbionts influence fungal transcriptional profiles with implications for host response in the human fungal pathogens Rhizopus microsporus and Rhizopus delemar

Mucorales spores, the causative agents of mucormycosis, interact with the innate immune system to cause acute, chronic, or resolving infection. Understanding the factors that influence disease initiation and progression is key to understanding mucormycosis and developing new treatments. Complicating this, mucormycosis can be caused by a number of species that span the Mucorales order and may be host to bacterial endosymbionts. This study sets out to examine the differences between two species in the Mucorales order by characterising their differential interactions with the innate immune system, and their interactions with environmental bacterial endosymbionts. Through a holistic approach, this study examines the transcriptional responses of Rhizopus delemar and Rhizopus microsporus, two of the most commonly diagnosed species, to innate immune cells. This study also examines the immune cell response and assesses the variation in these responses, given the presence or absence of bacterial endosymbionts within the fungi. We see that the fungal response is driven by interaction with innate immune cells. Moreover, the effect of the bacterial endosymbiont on the fungus is species-specific and strongly influences fungal transcription during phagocyte stress. The macrophage response varies depending on the infecting fungal species, and depending on endosymbiont status. Macrophages are better able to survive when germination is inhibited, or upon a pro-inflammatory response. This work reveals species-specific host responses to related Mucorales spores and shows that bacterial endosymbionts have an important role to play by impacting both innate immune cell response, and fungal response when under stress.
Removal and Recovery of Silver by Dynamic Adsorption on Bentonite Clay Using a Fixed-Bed Column System

Several studies have focused on the removal and recovery of precious metal ions from industrial wastewater due to their environmental and economic importance. Adsorption on bentonite clays has been shown to possess a high removal potential for several metal ions. We herein investigated the dynamic adsorption of silver using a fixed-bed column and a calcined bentonite clay called Verde-lodo as an adsorbent. A fluid dynamic study was performed to evaluate the adsorption system's metal-ion removal capacity (qu and qt), the mass transfer zone and the percentage of total removal according to different effluent's flow. Adsorption–desorption cycles were carried out using nitric acid as an eluent to evaluate the useful lifetime of the column. The breakthrough curves were fitted to the Bohart–Adams model (quasichemical). Moreover, the zeta potential was analyzed to explain the difference between the removal capacity obtained for the static and dynamic systems.
Synthesis of Fluorescent, Monodisperse, Colloidal Silica Particles

Abstract The preparation of colloidal, fluorescently labeled silica particles by controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) in the presence of a silylated fluorescein derivative is described. Monodisperse particles with average radii of 80 nm and a narrow size distribution with a standard deviation lower than 8% are obtained using the seeded growth technique, whereas homogeneous nucleation yields particles with a bimodal size distribution. The apparent degree of labeling ranges from 5 × 10-8 to 2 × 10-6 mol equivalent of fluorescein per gram of silica, depending on the labeling procedure.
LASER GAS NITRIDING OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in many fields due to some of their characteristics such as light density, high strength, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, poor mechanical performances limit their practical applications. Laser gas nitriding is a promising method used to improve the surface properties of components. Recent developments on laser gas nitriding of titanium and titanium alloys are reviewed. The processing parameters have important effects on the resulting characteristics of titanium and titanium alloys. The resulting microstructure and properties of laser gas nitrided specimens are presented. The problems to be solved and the prospects in the field of laser gas nitriding of titanium and titanium alloys are discussed.