Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biobased economy : state-of-the-art assessment

A method of fabricating a solar cell can include forming a dielectric region on a silicon substrate. The method can also include forming an emitter region over the dielectric region and forming a dopant region on a surface of the silicon substrate. In an embodiment, the method can include heating the silicon substrate at a temperature above 900 degrees Celsius to getter impurities to the emitter region and drive dopants from the dopant region to a portion of the silicon substrate.
ION CONTENTS, RELATIVE ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE, PROLINE ACCUMULATION, PHOTOSYNTHETIC ABILITIES AND GROWTH CHARACTERS OF OIL PALM SEEDLINGS IN RESPONSE TO SALT STRESS

Oil palm seedlings were photo-autotrophically grown in MS medium and subsequently exposed to 0 (control), 25, 50, 100 or 200 mM NaCl. Sodium ions, proline content and the percentage of relative electrolyte leakage in seedlings subjected to salt stress increased, depending on the degree of salt concentrations. Sodium ion accumulation in oil palm seedlings grown under 200 mM NaCl was enriched and positively related to membrane injury or relative electrolyte leakage subsequently correlated with total chlorophyll degradation. Chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), total chlorophyll (TC), total carotenoids (Cx+c), maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and quantum efficiency of PSII (qP) in the seedlings under salt stress dropped significantly in comparison to the control group, leading to a reduction in net-photosynthetic rate (Pn) and growth, especially in 200 mM NaCl. A positive correlation between physiological and growth parameters, including sodium ion, relative electrolyte leakage, photosynthetic pigments and water oxidation in photosystem II, Pn and plant dry weight was found. These data may further be applied to establish criteria for salt tolerance screening in oil palm breeding programs.
Genotype × season interaction and characters association of some Sesame (sesamum indicum L.) genotypes under rain-fed conditions of Sudan

The experiment was carried out at Gedarif Agricultural Research Station Sudan, during the rainy seasons 08/09 and 09/2010, to estimate the genotype x season interaction and to asses the characters association for seven sesame genotypes. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. The parameters were days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of capsules/plant, seed yield/plant (g) and seed yield/ ha (Kg). All characters showed highly significant differences at the genotypic level, the days to 50% flowering and to maturity revealed significant differences at both seasons and the G × S interaction levels, whereas the seed yield / plant showed significant differences at the season level . Gedaref -1 out yielded the overall mean by 26.15%. In both seasons, the seed yield (kg/ha) was significantly and positively correlated with days to maturity, plant height, number of capsule/plant, seed yield/plant at both the genotypic and the phenotypic levels. From this study: to improve seed yield in sesame, emphasis should be made on selection tallest plants with more capsules and high yielder genotypes. Key words: G x S interaction, correlation coefficients, characters, sesame genotypes.
Trade offs in grain and leaf yield of cowpea based on timing of leaf harvest

The critical period for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walpers) leaf harvesting on grain yield of black eyed bean (BEB) cowpea type was determined by timing termination and commencement of leaf harvesting during 2005-2007 rain seasons. Two leaves were harvested from each plant per treatment up to pod formation as compared to no leaf harvesting. The times at which leaf harvesting began and ended had significant effects (p<0.05) on leaf yield, grain yield and above ground biomass. Highest leaf yield was obtained in the 2 - 8 weeks after crop emergence (WACE) leaf harvesting period for both on farm and on station in both seasons. The same period (2 ‐ 8 WACE) produced the lowest grain yield, while highest grain yield was obtained when leaf harvesting was terminated at 2 WACE or commenced at 8 WACE. However, above ground biomass was less affected by leaf harvesting. Using Nieto curves to estimate grain and leaf yield trade offs, the critical leaf harvesting duration was 2 - 8 WACE, during which no leaf harvesting should be done to attain maximum grain yield, corresponding to start of branching to start of pod formation. It is recommended that farmers use morphological indicators to mark leaf-harvesting periods.
Genetic analyses of pre-meiotic DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Precise and complete replication of the genome is essential for a cell. Chromosome replication follows a defined temporal order, depending on the efficiency and timing of the replication origins. However, the mechanism regulating origin activity has not been properly explained to date. Yeast replication origins are very well characterized and well studied. Genome wide replication in yeast was detailed through deep sequencing in various studies. In yeast, there are multiple replication origins for the complete replication of the genome. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are ~400 replication origins, which are also referred to as Autonomously Replicating Sequences. Replication origins have varied levels of activity and varying times of activation. There are many lines of evidences, which suggest that the origins function differently in mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. It was thought that same origins function both during mitosis and meiosis. However, there is a difference in the replication timings of both the cell cycles, the reason for which is not known. Meiotic cell cycle is longer than the mitotic cell cycle. By using the plasmid-based assays, specific origins were selected and origin activity was analyzed during mitosis and meiosis to see if individual origins show any differences in origin activity. For all the origins tested, the meiotic activity was found to be less than the mitotic activity, which provides a possible explanation for a longer pre-meiotic S phase. Most of the confirmed yeast replication origins are present in the intergenic regions of the chromosome. Due to the presence of majority of replication origins in the intergenic regions and not on the genes, it was thought that the gene transcription might be detrimental to origin activity, hence not supporting the existence of an origin on a gene. Careful analysis of genome wide replication data along with plasmid based ARS assays confirmed that a few replication origins are present within genes. Assays were preformed to study the relation between transcription and origin activity both during mitosis and meiosis. Mitotic origin activity was shown to have no known affect from gene transcription. However, due to some unknown technical faults or other reasons, assays to find out transcription and meiotic activity were not successful.
Role of (cid:2) - D -Galactofuranose in Leishmania major Macrophage Invasion

The role of glycosylinositol phospholipid 1 (GIPL-1) of Leishmania ( Leishmania ) major in the interaction of promastigotes and amastigotes with macrophages was analyzed. Monoclonal antibody MEST-1, which recog- nizes glycolipids containing terminal galactofuranose (Galf) residues (E. Suzuki, M. S. Toledo, H. K. Taka-hashi, and A. H. Straus, Glycobiology 7:463-468, 1997), was used to detect GIPL-1 in Leishmania by indirect immunoﬂuorescence and to analyze its role in macrophage infectivity. L. major promastigotes showed intense ﬂuorescence with MEST-1, and GIPL-1 was detected in both amastigote and promastigote forms by high- performance thin-layer chromatography immunostaining by using MEST-1. Delipidation of L. major promastigotes with isopropanol-hexane-water eliminated the MEST-1 reactivity, conﬁrming that only GIPL-1 is recognized in either amastigotes or promastigotes of this species. The biological role of GIPL-1 in the ability of L. major to invade macrophages was studied by using either Fab fragments of MEST-1 or methylglycosides. Preincubation of parasites with Fab fragments reduced macrophage infectivity in about 80% of the promas- tigotes and 30% of the amastigotes. Preincubation of peritoneal macrophages with p -nitrophenyl- (cid:1) -galacto-furanoside (10 mM) led to signiﬁcant ( (cid:3) 80%) inhibition of promastigote infectivity. These data suggest that a putative new receptor recognizing (cid:1) - D -Galf is associated with L. major macrophage infectivity and that GIPL-1 containing a terminal Galf residue is involved in the L. major -macrophage interaction.
Deteksi Virus yang Menginfeksi Kedelai di Jawa

Virus infection is an important production constraint for soybean. Research was conducted to detect virus infection from soybean samples collected from several locations in Java. Leave samples from 50 plants was taken randomly from each location in Bogor, Cirebon, Bantul, and Ponorogo. Field symptoms was observed and disease incidence was determined based on serological assay using specific antibodies to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), and Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). Incidence of CMV, SMV, and CPMMV was 72–84%, 14–24%, and 6–8%, respectively; whereas infection of BPMV was not found. Specific viral DNA of CMV, Potyvirus, and Geminivirus was successfully amplified using specific primer for CMV coat protein, universal primer for Potyvirus and Geminivirus, respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that isolate CMV from soybean has the highest homology (99%) to CMV strain S, Potyvirus isolates has the highest homology (90%) to BCMV isolate Mungbean from China and BCMV strain Blackeye from Vietnam, and Geminivirus isolates has the highest homology (96%) to Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PYLCV) from Bogor and Java. Phyllogenetic analysis showed that CMV strain S formed
Bovine tuberculosis: molecular evolution of Mycobacterium bovis in the British Isles

Bovine tuberculosis: molecular evolution of Mycobacterium bovis in the British Isles A R Allen, J Dale, E Costello, T R Mallon, C McCormick, S V Gordon, R A Skuce, R G Hewinson, N H Smith Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dublin, Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland Email: robin.skuce@afbini.gov. uk
A tiny new species of Platypelis from the Marojejy National Park in northeastern Madagascar (Amphibia: Microhylidae)

We describe a tiny new frog species of the genus Platypelis (Anura: Microhylidae: Cophylinae) from Marojejy National Park, northeastern Madagascar. Platypelis ravus sp. nov. differs from all other known Platypelis and Cophyla species by its small size (17-19 mm snout-vent length) and a combination of other morphological and bioacoustic characters. The new species seems to be most closely related to P. milloti with which it shares the principal colour pattern, but exhibits a yellow rather than red posterior venter. Uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence in a 16S rRNA gene fragment to all other known species of the genus (except P. cowanii for which no genetic data is available) is greater than 6%. We suggest the inclusion of the new species in the IUCN threat category “Data Deficient”.
Performance of Containerized and Bare-root Transplants with Soil Fumigants for Florida Strawberry Production

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Fragaria ◊ananassa, ring nematode, nutsedge, methyl bromide, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, metam, napropamide SUMMARY. Field studies were conducted in three Florida locations (Bradenton, Gainesville, and Quincy) during 1998-99 and 1999-2000 to: 1) compare the performance of two transplant systems under diverse MBr alternative programs in 'Chandler' strawberry (Fragaria ◊ananassa), and 2) determine the effi cacy of these treatments on soilborne pest control in strawberry. Fumigant treatments were: 1) nonfumigated control, 2) methyl bromide plus chloropicrin (MBr + Pic) at a rate of 350 lb/acre, 3) Pic at 300 lb/acre and napropamide at 4 lb/acre, 4) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus Pic at 35 gal/acre and napropamide at 4 lb/acre, 5) metam sodium (MNa) at 60 gal/acre and napropamide at 4 lb/acre, and 6) MNa followed by 1,3-D at 60 and 12 gal/acre and napropamide at 4 lb/acre, respectively. Strawberry transplants were either bare-root or container- ized plugs. There were no signifi cant fumigant by transplant type interactions for strawberry plant vigor and root weight per plant, whereas ring nematode (Criconema spp.) and nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus) populations, and total marketable fruit weight were only infl uenced by fumigant application. The nonfumigated plots had the lowest strawberry plant vigor and root weight per plant in all three locations. In most cases, plant vigor and root biomass per plant increased as a response to any fumigant application. With regard to the transplant type, bare-root transplants had similar plant vigor as plugs in two of the three locations. Fumigation improved nutsedge and ring nematode control. All fumigants had higher early and total marketable yield than the nonfumigated control, whereas transplant type had no effect on total fruit weight.
Dinoflagellate-infecting viruses

Dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) are considered to be one of the most abundant and diverse groups of phytoplankton; however, the viral impact on dinoflagellates was not studied until recently. This review shows the present information concerning the viruses infecting dinoflagellates and the ecology relationships between the host and the virus. So far, two viruses have been isolated and characterized: a large DNA virus (HcV: Heterocapsa circularisquama virus) and a small RNA virus (HcRNAV: H. circularisquama RNA virus); both of which are infectious to the harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellate H. circularisquama. In the present review, we mainly discuss the relationship between HcRNAV and H. circularisquama from the viewpoint of physiology, ecology and genetics. It will help clarify the viral impact on dinoflagellate populations in marine environments to understand the host/parasite ecology.
Biological aspects and life table parameters of predator gamasid ascid mite, Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese) (Acari:Gamasida: Ascidae)

The gamasid ascid mite, Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese) (Gamasida: Ascidae) was reared at 30 + 2 °C and 80+ 5 % R.H. on four different foods (the acarid astigmatid mite, Rhizoglyphus robini (Claparede), two different fungi (Fusarium moniliforme, Botrytis allii) and larvae of Musca domesticate Linnaeus. The main objective in this study was to examine the possibilities of using gamasid predator mite, B. dentriticus to fed on different foods. Also the obtained result clear that the lowest incubation period of B.dentreticus was noticed for resulted females and males fed on immature of acarid bulb mite (1.3 & 0.95 days), but the longest period recorded when the female and male individuals fed on the fungus F. moniliforme (3.7 & 2.6 days). From the obtained data also, it could be observed that the duration of life cycle for both sexes was affected by the type of food employed. However, adult longevity of B . dentriticus was influenced by the kind of food employed for female, this period lasted (22.2, 36.8, 32.2 and 24.8) days when the individuals fed on aforementioned foods. These periods changed to (19.2, 30, 25.8 and 21.6 days) for males which fed on the tested foods, respectively. The current study indicated that immature of astigmatid mite, R. robini proved to be the most favorable food as it gave the highest reproduction rate (47.8 eggs). On the contrary, the fungus F. moniliforme resulted in the least number of deposited B.dentritucus eggs with an average of (26 eggs). During the total time (life span) of the predatory mite, B.dentreticus, the total number of the tested consumed prey was significantly differed. The number was (80.2 and119 prey) when the predatory mite males and females fed on amixtures of acarid mite R. robini , respectively. While the number of consumed preys was (77, 113.4 prey) when predatory mite fed on M.domesticae larvae, respectively. The calculated life table parameters were, Mean generation time (T) was (10.35, 26.81, 20.4 and14.85) days. The doubling time (DT) was (2.34, 0.0753, 5.23 and 3.483 times). Finite rate of increase (λ) e rm was (1.34, 1.09, 1.14 and1.22) times/female/day. Gross reproductive rate (GRR) was (29.58, 12.45, 18.5 and 22.43) times/female/day. It could be generally concluded that immatures of bulb mite, R.robini was the most suitable food for the development and reproduction of predator gamasid mite,B.dentriticus.
World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated

The most frequently used climate classification map is that o f Wladimir Koppen, presented in its latest version 1961 by Rudolf Geiger. A huge number of climate studies and subsequent publications adopted this or a former release of the Koppen-Geiger map. While the climate classification concept has been widely applied to a broad range of topics in climate and climate change research as well as in physical geography, hydrology, agriculture, biology and educational aspects, a well-documented update of the world climate classification map is still missing. Based on recent data sets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at the German Weather Service, we present here a new digital Koppen-Geiger world map on climate classification, valid for the second half of the 20 th century. Zusammenfassung Die am haufigsten verwendete Klimaklassifikationskarte ist jene von Wladimir Koppen, die in der letzten Auflage von Rudolf Geiger aus dem Jahr 1961 vorliegt. Seither bildeten viele Klimabucher und Fachartikel diese oder eine fruhere Ausgabe der Koppen-Geiger Karte ab. Obwohl das Schema der Klimaklassifikation in vielen Forschungsgebieten wie Klima und Klimaanderung aber auch physikalische Geographie, Hydrologie, Landwirtschaftsforschung, Biologie und Ausbildung zum Einsatz kommt, fehlt bis heute eine gut dokumentierte Aktualisierung der Koppen-Geiger Klimakarte. Basierend auf neuesten Datensatzen des Climatic Research Unit (CRU) der Universitat von East Anglia und des Weltzentrums fur Niederschlagsklimatologie (WZN) am Deutschen Wetterdienst prasentieren wir hier eine neue digitale Koppen-Geiger Weltkarte fur die zweite Halfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.
Use of ceragenins to create novel biofouling resistant water-treatment membranes.

Scoping studies have demonstrated that ceragenins, when linked to water-treatment membranes have the potential to create biofouling resistant water-treatment membranes. Ceragenins are synthetically produced molecules that mimic antimicrobial peptides. Evidence includes measurements of CSA-13 prohibiting the growth of and killing planktonic Pseudomonas fluorescens. In addition, imaging of biofilms that were in contact of a ceragenin showed more dead cells relative to live cells than in a biofilm that had not been treated with a ceragenin. This work has demonstrated that ceragenins can be attached to polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, though work needs to improve the uniformity of the attachment. Finally, methods have been developed to use hyperspectral imaging with multivariate curve resolution to view ceragenins attached to the RO membrane. Future work will be conducted to better attach the ceragenin to the RO membranes and more completely test the biocidal effectiveness of the ceragenins on the membranes.
CONTROLLING Pseudomonas aeruginosa BIOFILMS AND PERSISTER CELLS BY MANIPULATING CELL-CELL SIGNALING

Bacterial cells often form sessile biofilms that are up to 1,000 times more resistant to antimicrobial agents than free-living cells. Meanwhile, bacteria produce a small subpopulation of slow-growing or non-growing persister cells that exhibit high tolerance to antibiotics. Both biofilms and persister cells play important roles in the recalcitrance of chronic infections. Recent studies have shown that bacterial cell-to-cell communication, named quorum sensing (QS), is involved in the biofilm and persister formation. In this study, we investigated the effects of quorum sensing signals N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and N-butyryl homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) on isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and PDO300 persister cells. Interestingly, 3-oxo-C12-HSL was found to increase antibiotic susceptibility of isolated P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PDO300 persister cells to ciprofloxacin in a dose-dependent manner, although such synergistic effect was not observed with ofloxacin, tobramycin, tetracycline, carbenicillin, and gentamicin. In contrast, C4HSL did not affect the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PDO300 persister cells to ciprofloxacin. Additionally, we engineered polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces by supplementing with (Z)4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-methylfuran-25(H)-one (BF8) to reduce P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation and biofilm-associated persister cells. Compared with the PDMS surface without BF8, P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation and biofilm-associated persister cells were significantly reduced on the PDMS surfaces containing BF8. For example, after 24 h, the number of biofilm cells and biofilm-associated persisters was inhibited by 98% ± 0.4% and 99% ± 0.5% on the PDMS surface containing 1800 μg/mL BF8, respectively. These results further support that bacterial cell-to-cell signaling is a possible target for controlling biofilm formation and persistence.
Characterization of the Dnmt2 homolog Pmt1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

DNA nucleotide methyltransferases (Dnmts) are the enzymes responsible for the conversion of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine in eukaryotes. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains a putative DNA methyltransferase, termed pombe methyltransferase1 (Pmt1) that belongs to the Dnmt2 family of cytosine methyltransferases, but intriguingly has no DNA methylation. Dnmt2 family members from several organisms have been demonstrated to methylate tRNAAsp at position C38 rather than cytosines in DNA, but the biological function of this tRNA modification has remained largely unknown. In this study, we found that Pmt1 is able to methylate position C38 of tRNAAsp and to a lesser extent tRNAGlu in vitro using methylation of tRNA transcripts by recombinant Pmt1. RNA bisulfite sequencing of tRNAs showed that Pmt1 is also active in vivo. These results show that mt1 in principle has methyltransferase activity, although it was previously thought to be inactive due to a deviation in catalytic motif IV from other Dnmt2 enzymes. Furthermore, in vivo Pmt1 activity was strongly influenced by a nutritional factor in the growth medium. Induction of Pmt1 methyltransferase activity was observed upon the addition of peptone to S. pombe growth medium. Furthermore, the induction of Pmt1 activity required the serine/threonine kinase Sck2 and was independent of the kinases Sck1, Pka1 and Tor1. Significantly, cells with full tRNA methylation displayed a shortened chronological lifespan, whereas the deletion of pmt1+ lead to an elongated lifespan in fission yeast. In summary, out data show that Pmt1 is an active tRNA methyltransferase. Furthermore, Pmt1 function is regulated in a nutrient-dependent manner by the serine/threonine kinase Sck2, and it is involved in the regulation of chronological aging in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.