Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reactions forming electronically-excited free radicals. Part 2.—Formation of N4S, N 2D and N 2P atoms in the H + NF2 reaction, and N atom reactions

The kinetics of reactions (at 298 K) involving ground-state N 4S and excited-state N 2D, 2P atoms have been studied using resonance-fluorescence detection in a discharge-flow system. The N 4S+ NO reaction has been studied as a reference reaction: N 4S+ NO [graphic omitted] N2+ O; k1=(3.4 ± 0.3)× 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1(1σ). Also, the rate constant k2 for the N 4S+ NF2 reaction has been determined: N 4S+ NF2 [graphic omitted] 2 NF; k2=(4.6 ± 0.3)× 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1(1σ). The reaction H 2S+ NF2 gives NF radicals in the a1Δ state with a branching ratio 0.9: H 2S+ NF2→ NF a1Δ+ HF X1∑+. This conclusion is drawn from a study of concentration profiles of N 4S and N 2D atoms in the state-selective reactions (4a), (4b): H 2S+ NF a1Δ→ N 2D+ HF X1∑+(4a), H 2S+ NF X3∑–→ N 4S+ HF X1∑+. (4b). , Although N 2D atoms are an initial product of the H + NF reaction. N 4S atoms are formed only at longer reaction times when [N 2D] has mostly decayed. Thus, it is inferred that NF X3∑– is not a major initial product of the H + NF2 reaction.Chemiluminescence is emitted in the H + NF2 reaction from excited NF a1Δ, b1∑+ and from excited N2B3Πg and N2a1Πg in the First Positive (B–A) and Lyman–Birge–Hopfield (a–X) band systems. The precursor of NH chemiluminescence in the H + NF2 system is thought to be ground-state NH X3∑– formed in the reaction N 2D+ H2→ NH X3∑–+ H.
Glass Transition of Soy Globulins Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Mechanical Spectrometry

The glass transition of soy 7S and 11S globulin fractions, isolated from defatted soy flour by the method of Thanh and Shibasaki (J. Agric. Food Chem. 1976, 24, 6), was studied as a function of moisture content, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical spectrometry. Both proteins showed to be plasticizable by water, suggesting that their hydrophilic domains play an important role in determining their calorimetric and rheological properties. Due to the presence of a contaminating 7S fraction in the 11S fraction, and vice versa, the DSC and mechanical spectrometry scans from both fractions showed two different glass transitions which correspond to the 7S and 11S globulins, respectively. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the 7S fraction ranged from 114 to −67 °C for moisture contents from 0 to 35%, while the Tg of the 11S fraction ranged from 160 to −17 °C for moisture contents from 0 to 40%. Results from both methods superimposed each other very well in the overlapping moisture range. Similar results have been found in other amorphous polymers.
Materials for Conservation: Organic Consolidants, Adhesives and Coatings

The definitive introduction to the properties of materials used in conservation. It explains clearly the potentials and pitfalls of any proposed technique, providing a convenient summary of necessary information. The continual struggle of conservators to ameliorate the deterioration of objects has led to increasing use of synthetic polymers. These materials are part of the sophisticated technology that has been developed to augment and often replace traditional materials and methods. Conservators therefore have a wider range of techniques available. However, they must be able to appreciate the potentials and pitfalls of any proposed technique. This book provides, in a convenient form, a summary of necessary information. The first section explains physical and chemical properties which are important in the conservation process, i.e. application, ageing, reversal. The topics covered include molecular weight, glass transition temperature, solubility and solvents, polymerisation and degradation reactions. The second section provides detailed consideration of the individual materials, current and obsolete, used in conservation, drawing out the factors relevant to their effects on objects. The conservation uses of each material are summarised and referenced to allow further study. In five appendices, the properties of the polymers, solvents and their interactions are tabulated, with a list of suppliers and conversion table of physical units. IUPAC and SI nomenclature is used throughout the book. * Comprehensive coverage of material types used in conservation * Summarizes key information for each material * Includes both properties and effects of materials
Behavior of α‐Naphtholphthalein as Analytical pH‐Indicator Entrapped into Sol Gel Matrix

This study considers the nature of interactions between the sol gel derived inorganic matrix and α‐naphtholphthalein pH‐indicator, the method is based on the physical entrapment of the indicator molecules in sol gel matrix, the immobilized α‐naphtholphthalein pH‐indicator shows similar behavior as its solution counterpart. The UV/VIS spectra indicate that the α‐naphtholphthalein retains its structure during the sol gel reactions in terms of response to pH. α‐Naphtholphthalein can be regarded as uniformly distributed in the sol gel matrix. This observation has been confirmed using polarized microscopy.
Characterization of Saharan dust, marine aerosols and mixtures of biomass-burning aerosols and dust by means of multi-wavelength depolarization and Raman lidar measurements during SAMUM 2

The particle linear depolarization ratio δp of Saharan dust, marine aerosols and mixtures of biomass-burning aerosols from southern West Africa and Saharan dust was determined at three wavelengths with three lidar systems during the SAharan Mineral dUst experiMent 2 at the airport of Praia, Cape Verde, between 22 January and 9 February 2008. The lidar ratio Sp of these major types of tropospheric aerosols was analysed at two wavelengths. For Saharan dust, we find wavelength dependent mean particle linear depolarization ratios δp of 0.24–0.27 at 355 nm, 0.29–0.31 at 532 nm and 0.36–0.40 at 710 nm, and wavelength independent mean lidar ratios Sp of 48–70 sr. Mixtures of biomass-burning aerosols and dust show wavelength independent values of δp and Sp between 0.12–0.23 and 57–98 sr, respectively. The mean values of marine aerosols range independent of wavelength for δp from 0.01 to 0.03 and for Sp from 14 to 24 sr.
Characterization of differential ebulliometers for measuring activity coefficients

Differential ebulliometry is a powerful and rapid procedure for obtaining infinitely dilute activity coefficients with potentially very good accuracy. Tedious degassing procedures are not necessary, as in a static method, and from only a few measurements full system phase behavior can be evaluated. The principal problem, precise evaluation of the equilibrium liquid composition from the known composition of a prepared solution charged to the apparatus, is well known but has so far defied adequate resolution. A system of exact self-consistent equations was developed for the characterization of an ebulliometer through a dimensionless ebulliometer constant. Evaluation of this constant from typical data and its subsequent use are illustrated for a system of known phase equilibrium behavior. Remarkably, the equations permit evaluation of the effective “static” holdups in various parts of the equipment without any volume measurements. Since one equation is redundant to the main purpose, it can be used for a consistency check of measured and calculated data. The equations also furnish a guide for the operation of ebulliometers.
Simulation of the Set Tip-Cantilever in a Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscope

Atomic force microscope has been widely used to detect surface contact potential with atomic resolution; however, incidence of geometric parameters on lateral resolution has not been studied deeply yet. In this paper, we develope a simulation model in ANSYS® using Finite Element Theory to analyze electrostatic interaction of the system through the simulation of the force and the capacitance of the system. The model has been validated based on previous models and the results obtained are coherent with them. Finally, we have found a comparative method of lateral resolution for random geometries with constant tip radii.
Nanomechanical surface characterization by atomic force acoustic microscopy

We constructed an atomic force acoustic microscope that enables one to detect out-of-plane and in-plane sample surface vibrations in a wide frequency range from about 100 kHz to several MHz. From the point of view of acoustics, an AFM cantilever is a miniaturized elastic beam that can vibrate in different types of modes as, for example, flexural, torsional, and extensional. We present a method of how to calculate the vibrational behavior of a cantilever with its sensor tip in contact with or near a sample surface, and how to deduce surface properties like the Young’s modulus from the vibrations induced in the cantilever. Further, we present single-point measurements in which we compare ultrasonic cantilever vibration spectra where the tip is in contact with surface areas with different stiffnesses to force calibration curves. Finally, we present ultrasonic images taken with our microscope.
Vapor phase selective hydrogenation of acetone to methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) over Ni/CeO2 catalysts

Ceria supported nickel oxide catalysts with varying nickel loadings from 1.0 to 20.0 wt% were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of CO2, and surface area measurements. The dispersion of nickel and metal area were determined by the hydrogen chemisorption method. The X-ray diffraction patterns suggest the presence of crystalline NiO phase beyond 2.5 wt% of Ni on ceria. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra reveal the presence of two types of nickel species on the CeO2 support. TPR patterns reveal the presence of highly dispersed surface free nickel oxide species at lower temperatures and bulk NiO at higher temperatures. The basicity of the catalysts measured by the CO2 TPD method was found to increase with an increase in nickel loading up to 2.5 wt% and decrease with further increase in nickel loading. The vapor phase condensation and selective hydrogenation of acetone to methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were carried out on Ni/CeO2 catalysts and the catalytic properties are correlated with the results of CO2 TPD measurements and also with the dispersion of the nickel species supported on ceria.
Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetra­zine-3,6-dicarboxyl­ate

The title compound, C8H12N4O4, was prepared from ethanol and 1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetra­zine-3,6-dicarboxylic acid. The central six-membered ring has a boat conformation.
PIXE analysis of human brain tissue

The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was used for localized analysis of trace elements in small quantities of medical samples. Both white and gray matter of the human brain were studied. The tissue samples were taken at autopsy from patients aged from 17 to 88 years. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. NIST SRM 1577b Bovine Liver and SRM 1566a Oyster Tissue were used as external standards for the determination of trace element mass fractions in the brain specimens. The main goal of these preliminary studies was to evaluate approaches for the quantitative analysis of medical materials using PIXE taking into account the effect of patient age on the accumulation of elements and the regional distribution of elements in human brain. Detection and quantification limits were calculated for selected elements. Elevation of Zn concentration with age of patients was observed for white mater of the human brain. Elements such as S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn clearly exhibit higher mass fractions in grey matter than in white matter in all cases. This investigation confirms that PIXE is a useful technique for multielement analysis of tissue samples with good sensitivity.
Co-precipitation assisted cloud point extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of estrogens in water and cosmetic samples

A rapid and efficient co-precipitation assisted cloud point extraction is proposed for extraction of five estrogens [17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), ethinyl estradiol (EE), diethyl stilbestrol (DES) and dihydro stilbestrol (DHS)] in environmental water and toner samples prior to high performance liquid chromatography analysis. It is based on the combination of co-precipitation with aluminum hydroxide and cloud point extraction with sodium dodecylsulfate to extract the target estrogens. Parameters affecting the extraction of target analytes including the concentration of aluminum hydroxide and sodium dodecylsulfate, extraction time, and blending types were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were 31.7, 38.5, 28.2, 40.8 and 79.5 for E2, EE, E1, DES and DHS, respectively. A co-precipitation assisted cloud point extraction/high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.2–0.7 μg L−1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace estrogens in environmental water and toner samples, and the recoveries ranging from 77.3 to 104.1% with RSD of 2.0–10.4% were obtained. Moreover, the present method was compared to the previously reported methods and the extraction mechanism was also discussed. The method was rapid, sensitive and suitable for the trace estrogen analysis.
Discrete and Continuous Modeling of Heat and Mass Transport in Drying of a Bed of Iron Ore Pellets

Drying of a porous bed of iron ore pellets is here considered by modeling a discrete two-dimensional system of round pellets. As a complement to the two-dimensional model, a continuous one-dimensional model enabling fast calculations is developed. Results from the discrete model show that the temperature front advances faster in areas with large distances between the pellets. In areas with low flow speed, the temperature of the pellets increases with a relatively slow rate. The water inside these pellets will therefore remain for a long time. The continuous model fits the discrete model very well for a regular distribution of equal-sized particles. A discrete model with irregular packing will, compared to the continuous model, show a larger variation in the distribution of temperature and moisture content in the final phase of drying.
Quantitative Structure Retention Relationship Modeling of Retention Time for Some Organic Pollutants

In this work, the liquid chromatographic retention times of some organic pollutants were modeled and predicted by the quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) approach. The data set consists of the retention times of 36 organic pollutants. The genetic algorithm-partial least square (GA-PLS) was used as a featured selection technique; the artificial neural network (ANN) and the support vector machine (SVM) were used for generation of the QSRR models. Descriptors which were selected by GA-PLS are mean atomic Van der Waals volume, molecular weight, number of double bonds, number of acceptor atom for H-bond, and topographic electronic descriptor. These descriptors were used as inputs for developed ANN and SVM models. After generation and optimization of ANN and SVM models, the models were used to calculate the retention time for internal test set. The root mean square errors of the GA-ANN model were 0.89 and 1.22 and the root mean squares of the GA-SVR model were 3.08 and 1.67 for training and test sets, respectively. Also, for the further evaluation of the credibility of the models, the leave-seven-out cross validation test was done. The statistical parameters of these tests were Q2 = 0.905 and SPRESS = 7.5 for the GA-ANN model and Q2 = 0.690 and SPRESS = 6.55 for the GA-SVR model. These results reveal the suitability of ANN in the prediction of liquid chromatographic retention times of organic pollutants.
Title: Long-range aeromedical transport to a higher-level facility does not influence the development of traumatic extremity compartment syndrome: a multicenter seven-year study. Short Title: Aeromedical Transport does not influence Compartment Syndrome

Background: Critically ill and injured patients are aeromedically transported for definitive care, including patients with or at risk for developing compartment syndrome (CS). Compartment pressure changes have not been determined to be associated with factors inherent to aeromedical transport in animal models. Using patient care records, we sought to evaluate time to CS diagnosis relative to aeromedical transport to definitive care. In doing so, we can determine whether there is an ideal time to transport patients that develop compartment syndrome. Methods: We reviewed patient records with CS who were aeromedically evacuated out of theater from January 2007 to May 2014. Data abstractors collected flight information, laboratory values, vital signs, procedures, in-flight assessments, and outcomes. Time to transport was defined as the time from injury to arrival at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC). We compared groups based on time of CS diagnosis relative to injury day and time of transport (PreFlight versus Post-Flight). We used descriptive statistics and multivariable regression models to determine associations between time to transport, time to CS diagnosis, and outcomes. Results: Within our study window, 238 patients had traumatic extremity CS. Patients with CS within 1 day of injury had higher injury severities (p=0.002) with blast-related (p=0.021) and penetrating injuries (p=0.04). We compared 47% of patients with CS Pre-Flight to 53% diagnosed Post-Flight. Over 90% in both groups developed CS within 48 hours of injury; the time to diagnosis was similar for casualties diagnosed Preand Post-Flight (p = 0.65). There was no associated between time to arrival at LRMC and day of CS diagnosis (Risk ratio: 1.06; 95% CI 0.96-1.16). Conclusion: The timing of CS diagnosis is not associated with the timing of transport; therefore, aeromedical evacuation likely does not influence development of CS. Level of Evidence: Level IV; Therapeutic Care/Management
Extraction of zinc from blast‐furnace dust using ammonium sulfate

The reaction between roasted zinc blast-furnace dust (BFD) and ammonium sulfate was studied in the temperature range 250-450 °C using different molar ratios to determine the maximum extraction of zinc. The reaction products are characterized. The composition of the untreated and roasted BFD, and reaction products was investigated by chemical, thermal, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analyses. The decomposition of ammonium sulfate leads to the formation of (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 7 , NH 4 HSO 4 and (NH 4 ) 3 H(SO 4 ) 3 . The main zinc reaction products are ZnSO 4 , ZnSO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 , (NH 4 ) 2 Zn 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 Zn 4 (SO 4 ) 5 . The reaction mechanisms of these formations are discussed in detail. The identity of these products depends essentially on the temperature as well as the molar ratios of the reactants. The optimum conditions for the formation of soluble zinc compounds are molar ratio 1:8 of roasted zinc dust (ZnO) and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 at 350 °C. Under these conditions, up to 95% of zinc was leached with 0.5 M sulfuric acid.
Energy Levels in Silicon

A general review of energy levels in silicon covering information up to about 1972 appears in the book Deep Impurities in Semiconductors by A. G. Milnes (1973). Since that time much new information has been published and the purpose of this chapter is to review this progress. As new experimental techniques have been developed, many of the previously reported energy levels and capture cross sections have been revised, and a number of impurities have been found to exhibit more levels than previously suspected. Also, more has been learned about native defects and irradiation-produced levels in silicon. Deep impurity studies are of importance in connection with process­ induced defects that limit the yield of integrated circuits of increasing size, complexity, and resolution. Also, such defects can be harmful to the performance of large-area discrete devices such as power transistors, thyristors, and solar cells. Interest has continued in silicon extrinsic photoconductors for infrared detection with impurities such as indium, gallium, sulfur, and selenium (see, for example, Loh et al 1977). There has also been progress in the theoretical area, although in general energy levels of deep impurities in silicon still cannot be cal­ culated with any great success. The review begins with a brief look at some theoretical approaches.
A system dynamics model of tellurium availability for CdTe PV

The routine availability of key component materials has been highlighted as a potential constraint to both extensive deployment and reduction in production costs of thin‐film photovoltaic (PV) technologies. This paper examines the effect of material availability on the maximum potential growth of thin‐film PV by 2050 using the case of tellurium (Te) in cadmium telluride (CdTe) PV, currently the dominating thin‐film technology with the lowest manufacturing cost. The use of system dynamics (SD) modelling allows for a dynamic treatment of key Te supply features and prospects for reductions in PV demand via material efficiency improvements, as well as greater transparency and a better understanding of future recycling potential. The model's projections for maximum Te‐constrained CdTe PV growth by 2050 are shown to be higher than a number of previous studies using static assumptions—suggesting that a dynamic treatment of the resource constraints for CdTe inherently improves the outlook for future deployment of this technology. In addition, the sensitivity analysis highlights certain complex correlations between the maximum potential CdTe growth by 2050 and the rated lifetime of PV modules as well as the reported size of global Te resources. The highest observed sensitivities are to the recovery rate of Te from copper anode slimes, the active layer thickness, the module efficiency and the utilisation rate of Te during manufacturing, all of which are highlighted as topics for further research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges of Using a Blended Learning Approach: A Flipped Classroom in an English Teacher Education Program in Mexico

Objectives: The objective of the study was to understand the views, experiences, and challenges that preservice English teachers perceived in a flipped classroom, which was implemented in a language teacher education program following our institution’s desire to promote blended learning. Method: Two focus groups were conducted with the students (19). We analyzed the data using thematic analysis. Results: The results show that the students perceived flipped practices as innovative and beneficial for their learning. However, their responses also reveal that the autonomy required from them and taking more responsibility for their own learning were particularly challenging because of their lack of familiarity with the approach and their past learning experiences rooted in traditional teaching and learning. Implication for Theory and/or Practice: Our argument is that prior to implementing blended learning approaches, language teacher education and higher education should examine students’ readiness for such approaches and provide them with support for carrying out those practices.