Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design of Terrain Park Jump Landing Surfaces for Constant Equivalent Fall Height Is Robust to “Uncontrollable” Factors

Epidemiological studies of ski resort injuries have found that terrain parks, especially jumps, present a significantly greater injury risk to skiers and snowboarders than other more typical skiing activities. It has also been shown that the severity of impact risk can be characterized by equivalent fall height (EFH), a measure of jumper impact velocity normal to the slope, and that design algorithms exist to calculate landing-surface shapes that limit EFH to arbitrarily low values. Although proposals have been made recently to introduce design, the skiing industry and other authors have objected that analysis, design, and standards are impossible because of various "uncontrollable" factors that allegedly make the problem intractable to analytical design techniques. We consider the list of uncontrollable factors one by one and show that, to the contrary, each is either: (1) irrelevant to design, (2) has negligible effect, if any, on designed EFH, or (3) can be directly incorporated into the design process. Language: en
Estimation of power losses in a high-frequency planar transformer using a thermal camera

This paper presents the implementation of a thermal camera for the quantitative estimation of power losses in a high frequency planar transformer (100 kHz/ 5600 VA). The methodology is based on the observation of the transient temperature rise and determination of the power losses by means of curves representing the derivative of temperature as a function of power losses dissipated in the transformer. First, the thermal calibration characteristics had to be obtained from a simple experiment, where power losses are generated by DC current in the ferrite core and windings. Next, experimental investigations focused on the determination of the transformer power losses for a short circuit and no load, with a resistive load and with the rectifier as a load were carried out. Finally, to verify the obtained results, analytical calculations based on Dowell’s and modified Steinmetz’s equations were additionally made, which showed a good convergence. The proposed method is easy to implement and can be used as an alternative to the calorimetric method which is time-consuming and requires a complicated measurement setup.
Subsurface Ocean Indices for Central-Pacific and Eastern-Pacific Types of ENSO

Subsurface ocean indices are developed to identify two distinct types of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO): an eastern-Pacific (EP) type that is associated with basinwide thermocline variation and a central-Pacific (CP) type that has its subsurface anomalies confined to a shallow layer in the central Pacific. Temperature anomalies in the upper 100 meters are averaged over the eastern (80 ̊W-90 ̊W, 5 ̊S-5 ̊N) and central (160 ̊E-150 ̊W, 5 ̊S-5 ̊N) equatorial Pacific to construct the EP and CP subsurface indices, respectively, for the period of 1958-2001 using an ocean data assimilation product. It is found that the subsurface indices are more independent to each other and show stronger skewness than the SST-based ENSO indices, both of which are desirable properties for separating the EP and CP types of ENSO. Using the subsurface indices, major ENSO events identified by NOAA during the analysis period are classified into the EP or CP types of ENSO. Most of the strong El Niño events are identified as the EP type while most of the strong La Niña events tend to be the CP type. A reversed tendency is found between weak El Niño and La Niña. Between the two largest El Niño events in the past century, the 1997/98 event is identified as a pure EP event while the 1982/83 event is a weak CP event followed by a strong EP event. The different zonal propagations of SST anomalies between these two events can be explained as a result of the different combination of the EP and CP types of ENSO. This study shows that subsurface ocean indices can be effective in monitoring and separating the EPand CP-ENSO.
An Improved Predictive Functional Control with Minimum-Order Observer for Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

In this paper, an improved predictive functional control (PFC) scheme for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control system is proposed, on account of the standard PFC method cannot provides a satisfying disturbance rejection performance in the case of strong disturbances. The PFC-based method is first introduced in the control design of speed loop, since the good tracking and robustness properties of the PFC heavily depend on the accuracy of the internal model of the plant. However, in orthodox design of prediction model based control method, disturbances are not considered in the prediction model as well as the control design. A minimumorder observer (MOO) is introduced to estimate the disturbances, which structure is simple and can be realized at a low computational load. This paper adopted the MOO to observe the load torque, and the observations are then fed back into PFC model to rebuild it when considering the influence of perturbation. Therefore, an improved PFC strategy with torque compensation, called the PFC+MOO method, is presented. The validity of the proposed method was tested via simulation and experiments. Excellent results were obtained with respect to the speed trajectory tracking, stability, and disturbance rejection.
Measuring customer quality in retail banking

The retail banking sector makes heavy use of statistical models to predict various aspects of customer behaviour. These models are built using data from earlier customers, but have several weaknesses. An alternative approach, widely used in social measurement, but apparently not yet applied in the retail banking sector, is to use latent-variable techniques to measure the underlying key aspect of customer behaviour. This paper describes such a model that separates the observed variables for a customer into primary characteristics on the one hand, and indicators of previous behaviour on the other, and links the two via a latent variable that we identify as ‘customer quality’. We describe how to estimate the conditional distribution of customer quality, given the observed values of primary characteristics and past behaviour.
Decision of Unstable Human Sentiments Using Bio Signals

The capacity to identify sentiments is one of the signs of sentiments intelligence. This paper proposed Unstable Human Sentiments Detection System (UHSDS) to identify sentiments utilizing physiological signs acquired from numerous subjects. IAPS (International Affective Picture System) pictures were utilized to inspire target sentiments. Four physiological signals: Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) Blood Volume Pulse (BVP), Electromyography (EMG) and Skin Temperature (SKT) were chosen to obtain peculiarities for identification. Two pattern classification systems, Fisher Discriminate and SVM system are utilized and looked at for enthusiastic state grouping. The trial results show that the proposed UHSDS gives exceptionally steady and fruitful passionate characterization execution as 92% in excess of six sentiments states. Experimenters measured higher Heart Rates amid remembered anger and happiness outside a research center environment with a Smartphone application that relied on photoplethysmography.
The size of native milk fat globules affects physico-chemical and functional properties of Emmental cheese

Emmental cheeses were produced using either small (~3 µm, SFG) or large (~6 µm, LFG) native milk fat globules obtained by a patented microfiltration process. Ripened SFG cheeses were less flexible and less firm than LFG cheeses. Indeed, the SFG cheeses contained more moisture and underwent greater proteolysis than the LFG cheeses 52 d after manufacture. However, lipolysis was three-fold lower in SFG cheeses. This was linked to the milk fat structure in Emmental cheese: larger inclusions of denuded destabilized fat were observed in LFG cheeses, whereas more fat glo- bules were observed in SFG cheeses. One Emmental cheese was produced using homogenized milk fat globules, in which lipolysis was dramatically increased and unacceptable. For a given size range, the structure of milk fat is thus of tremendous importance regarding lipolysis and small natural milk fat globules cannot be replaced by homogenized ones. The melting temperature and solid fat content of fat in Emmental cheese increased with native fat globule size. This is related to the improved functional properties of SFG cheeses, i.e., increased stretching, elastic increase and melting, and lower extrusion force compared with LFG cheeses. This study confirms, as previously pioneered using Camembert cheese manufacturing technology, that the use of native milk fat globules with different sizes can lead to a range of new dairy products with different physico-chemical and func- tional properties.
Decline of the Chesapeake Bay oyster population: a century of habitat destruction and overfishing

The oyster population in the Maryland portion ot Chesapeake Bay, USA, has declined by more than 50-Iold since the early part of this century. The paper presents evidence that the mechanical destruction of habitat and stock over fishing have been important factors in the decline, even thouqh it is commonly thought that 'water quality' and, more recently, oyster diseases are critical. Quantitative analyses show that the long-term decline 01 oysters largely resuIts from habitat loss associated with intense fishing pressure early in this century and stock over fishing from early in the century throuqh recent limes. Furthermore, the major ecological effects on Chesapeake Bay occurred weIl betore World War II, before industrialization and the reported prevalence of disease. To effect the recovery of the ailing Chesapeake Bay oyster stock, a 4-point management strategy is proposed.
Blue horizontal branch globular clusters towards the bulge: Terzan 9, NGC 6139 and NGC 6453

We present V and I photometry of the globu- lar clusters Terzan 9 and NGC 6453 for the rst time, and also of NGC 6139. The three clusters are projected towards the bulge. The Colour-Magnitude Diagram morphologies reveal that the sample clusters have blue horizontal branches. This characterizes an important fraction of the clusters pro- jected on the bulge, with implications on the early Galaxy history. From the colour-magnitude diagrams we derive red- denings of E(B V )=1 :95; 0:77; 0:70 and distances d 4:9, 9.4, 8.5 kpc respectively for Terzan 9, NGC 6139 and NGC 6453. We conclude that these metal-poor clus- ters are within the bulge volume.
Self-demodulation effect on subharmonic response of ultrasound contrast agent

In this work the use of the self-demodulation (S-D) signal as a mean of microbubble excitation at the subharmonic (SH) frequency to enhance the SH emission of ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) is studied. SH emission from the UCA is of interest since it is produced only by the UCA and is free of the artifacts produced in harmonic imaging modes. The S-D wave is a low-frequency signal produced by nonlinear propagation of an ultrasound wave in the medium. Single element transducer experiments and numerical simulations were conducted at 10 MHz to study the effect of the S-D signal on the SH response of the UCA by modifying the envelope of the excitation bursts. For 6 and 20 transmitted cycles, the SH response is increased up to 25 dB and 22 dB because of the S-D stimulation for a burst with a rectangular envelope compared with a Gaussian envelope burst. Such optimized excitations were used in an array-based micro-ultrasound system (Vevo 2100, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) at 18 MHz for in vitro validation of SH imaging. This study suggests that a suitable design of the envelope of the transmit excitation to generate a S-D signal at the SH frequency can enhance the SH emission of UCA and real-time SH imaging is feasible with shorter transmit burst (6- cycle) and low acoustic pressure (~150 KPa) at high frequencies (>15 MHz).
Dynamics of a CO 2 -seawater interface in the deep ocean

A trough filled with liquid CO2 located at 3940 m depth has been used as a model system for CO2 deposition on the seafloor. To study the intrinsic properties of the interface between CO2 and seawater a wave maker was used to excite regular plane waves. The frequency (2.5 rad/s) and wavelength (20 cm‐40 cm) of the waves have been measured, and compare reasonably well with the dispersion relation for deep fluid gravity waves. The shear stability of the interface was investigated by setting the water above the CO2 in motion with a thruster. For shear velocities exceeding vc 17.6cm/s the interface became unstable, with breaking waves and CO2 droplets torn from the wave crests. For the sheared system we find that the energy spectrum of the interface variations has a peak for wavelength 0.8 cm, meaning that energy absorption is greatest for this wavelength. For the most unstable wavelength of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability to match this wavelength, an effective interfacial tension of the hydrate covered interface of 0.075 N/m must be assumed.
CLONAL PROPAGATION OF COCONUT: IMPROVED CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR RHYZOGENESIS

Emphasis has recently been placed on improving culture conditions at the rooting stage of the coconut (Cocos nucifera L) cloning prooedure. In these experiments shoots for rooting were obtained by culturing shoot apices. The effect of auxins (IAA, NAA, IBA), carbohydrate sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose), lighting'conditions and dark treatment on rooting were tested. Dip treatment of shoots in 10"* M IAA solution for three to seven days followed by transfer to auxin free medium produced the best rooting (62.5%). Addition of glucose at 60 gl"1 into the culture medium as the carbohydrate source increased the rooting percentage (71.4%) and stimulated secondary root formation. Sucrose at 60 gl"1 produced a higher number of primary roots per shoot (4.4) compared to roots per shoot in the 60 gl'1 glucose treatment (2.3). Exposure of shoots to an initial seven-day dark period and localized lighting had a positive effect on rooting. These findings can now be applied to obtain . better rooting not only, in clonal plants but also in zygotic embryo cultured plants.
Digital natives: The nature of technology on college student mental health

Anxiety and depression are consistent issues experienced amongst college student populations in the United States (American College Health Association, 2013). However, there is limited research on what contributes to the cause of increased student reports of anxiety and depression. While there are many contributing factors to a student’s experience of anxiety and depression, little to no research has looked at the effect of social media and nature on college student anxiety and depression. The researcher has provided a literature review on the benefits and barriers of nature and technology use on college student’s health. The researcher conducted a multivariate correlational study to examine the interaction between college students’ mental health and their time spent using social media and how connected they are to nature. The hypothesis of this research is that there would be a positive correlation between mental health issues and time spent using technology and a negative correlation with mental health issues and time spent in nature. To understand this correlation would provide insight about indicators for anxiety and depression in college students. These indicators can be useful for diagnostic or predictive purpose. The purpose of this study serves to explore the relationship between college student mental health, specifically anxiety and depression, and time spent using technology and time spent in nature.
Interclass Loss: Learning from Class Relationships

Existing machine learning models are often trained as N-way classiﬁers to distinguish between classes. Loss is computed without referencing the graphical class structure. The class hierarchy is rarely used outside of test time performance evaluation. We propose the use of the interclass loss during the training phase. By introducing an interclass scaling penalty, we are able to leverage additional information during learning, namely class relationships. Our re-sults show that we are able to beat the standard multiclass softmax loss using a coarse accuracy metric. Our method beats the standard multiclass loss by an F1 score of 2% and 10% for the training and test set, respectively.
ADSORPTION STUDIES ON REMOVAL OF Cr ( VI ) 65 ADSORPTION STUDIES ON REMOVAL OF Cr ( VI ) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING SILK COTTON HULL CARBON

Activated carbon prepared from silk cotton hull carbon (SCHC) was used to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by adsorption technique under varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH. Adsorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption capacity was found to be effective with the particle size of 125-250mm at room temperature (30±2°C) and an initial pH of 3±0.2.
GRADING CONSIDERING DISSIMILARITY FROM INCORRECT RESPONSES

We present a method for grading essays based on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), a corpus-based computational method. LSA provides a means of comparing the conceptual similarity between pieces of text without any human intervention. Several systems have successfully used LSA to assess students’ free-text responses to a professor’s assignment. They usually require LSA to compare students’ responses with a ‘golden essay’, which corresponds to a standard correct response elaborated by the teacher. As the semantic similarity between the student and golden essay increases, so does the grade for the student’s essay. A potential problem of these systems is that they do not directly deal with incorrect ideas in the student’s essay. Roughly, an incorrect idea will be managed as a low related idea. It will decrease the grade as far as it does not resemble any ideas in the golden essay, but just to the same extent as might do the inclusion of an irrelevant (although not incorrect) sentence. However, in many cases the inclusion of an incorrect idea in a student essay is considered by professors as an index of low comprehension of the topic, which is not necessarily the case with irrelevant ideas. Following this rationale we used LSA to grade student essays, based not only on how much they resemble a golden essay, but also on how much they differ from an essay containing common incorrect ideas. We collected undergraduate class assignment essays from a Psychology and a History class. Professors graded the essays and provided both a golden essay with a standard correct response, and a response including common mistakes to a particular question. Analyses reveal that the automated grade derived from the similarity between student and golden essay could be improved by considering also the dissimilarity between a student and the incorrect essay in one sample (Psychology), but it did not varied in a second sample (History). The discussion points the limitations of the method and outlines possible future improvements.
Under Water Explosion Pressure Prediction and Validation Using ANSYS/AUTODYN

Behavior of blast wave due to underwater explosion is of interest to ship designers and metal forming community. Underwater explosion is, also a potential hazard to the water intakes or plant spent fuel pool. Therefore in this paper blast wave propagation in underwater explosion is studied using commercial program ANSYS/AUTODYN. One of the most important far field parameter, pressure obtained from analytical method has been compared with simulation result obtained from ANSYS/AUTODYN. The blast pressure is highly dependent of water incompressibility. The incompressibility of water in AUTODYN can be modeled using different “Equation of States”. This paper also has the details of different material models available to model water in AUTODYN and its effect on blast pressure. In this paper pressure generated due to under water explosion (explosion of TNT) have been measured at different standoff distances using ANSYS/AUTODYN. Two “Equations of States” #1 shock, #2 polynomial available in AUTODYN are used to model the water and its results are compared with analytical solution. The underwater explosion is modeled using 1D analysis of AUTODYN with Multi-Material solver. TNT and Water materials are taken from AUTODYN material library. A detonator is placed at the center of TNT to start the ignition. Results are highly dependent on mesh size, for most refined mesh (0.5mm) and at the farthest stand off point there is difference of 0.8% with analytical solution using shock Equation of state. However with the same mesh size there is difference of 17% using polynomial Equation of state.
Characterization of neuronal apoptosis in the ventral ganglia of postembryonic silkworms Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

A fluorescent triple staining method was developed to stain the cytoplasm of neurons red, the nuclei of all kinds of cells, including neurons, blue and the nuclei of apoptotic neurons in cyan in the twelve ventral ganglia (VG) of the Bombyx mori ventral nerve cord. This differential staining method was used to distinguish between apoptotic and normal neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), thoracic ganglia (TG)1 to TG3 and abdominal ganglia (AG)1 to AG8 and also determine the changes in the num- bers of apoptotic neurons that occur during postembryonic development. In most of the VG tested, neuronal apoptosis was most marked during the period from the end of larval life to the mid pupal stage. The greatest number of apoptotic neurons was found in SOG of day-5 pupae, TG1 to TG3 and AG1 to AG4 of day-1 pupae, and AG5 to AG8 of day-4 pupae. In vivo injection of 20- hydroxyecdysone (20E) into day-8 5th instar larvae resulted in both a considerable increase in the number of apoptotic neurons and cleavage of procaspase-3 into caspase-3, which induced neuronal apoptosis in SOG and AG6 to AG8 in day-1 pupae, and a slight increase in the number of apoptotic neurons in TG1. In TG3 and AG4, however, it had little effect on the number of apoptotic neu- rons or cleavage of procaspase-3. Treatment of the VG of both day-8 5th instar larvae and day-2 pupae with protein synthesis inhibi- tors by in vivo injection triggered a significant inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and procaspase-3 cleavage in most of these ganglia in day-1 pupae and day-4 pupae, but not TG3 and AG4, in which there was little procaspase-3 and caspase-3. In vivo injection of caspase-8 and -3 inhibitors into day-8 5th instar larvae and day-2 pupae led to a substantial inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and of procaspase-3 cleavage in SOG, AG6 and TAG, but not in TG3 or AG4 of day-1 pupae and day-4 pupae. These findings suggest that neurons that die in SOG, TG1 and AG6 to AG8 in day-1 and -4 pupae may undergo apoptosis induced by the synthesis of a new pro- tein and caspase-8- and -3-implicated signal transduction by the increase in titre of 20E in the haemolymph but not the neuronal aopotosis in TG3 and AG4. This study provides neurobiologists with valuable information and a means of studying neuronal apop- tosis in the nervous system of insects.