Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2006 Sheet 2 of 15 US 2006 / 0189798 A 1 CGGGGTAGGATCCGGAACGCATTCGGAAGGCTTTTTCCAAGCATTTACTTGGAAGGAGAACTTGGGATCTTTCTG 75 GGAACCCCCCCCCCCGGCTGGATTGGCCGAGCAGCCTCCAAATCGTAATGATCATTTCGATCAATTACAGCC 150 TTTTAGCTGGCTTGTCTGTCATAATTCATGATTCGGGGCTGGGAAAAAGACCAACAGCCTACGTCCCAAAAAAGG 225 GGCAGAGTTTGATGGAGTTGGGT

(63) Continuation of application No. 10/307,339, filed on Dec. 2, 2002, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application No. 07/649,342, filed on Feb. 1, 1991, now Pat. No. 6,531,585, which is a continuation of application No. 07/278,136, filed on Nov. 30, 1988, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of application No. 07/209,009, filed on Jun. 20, 1988, now Pat. No. 5,149,781, which is a continuation-in part of application No. 07/134,130, filed on Dec. 17, 1987, now Pat. No. 5,223,606, which is a continua tion-in-part of application No. 07/133,687, filed on Dec. 16, 1987, now abandoned.
A metanalysis of microcosm experiments shows that dimethyl 1 sulfide ( DMS ) production in polar waters is insensitive to ocean 2 acidification

Emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the polar oceans play a key role in 11 atmospheric processes and climate. Therefore, it is important to increase our understanding of 12 how DMS production in these regions may respond to climate change. The polar oceans are 13 particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). However, our understanding of the polar 14 DMS response is limited to two studies conducted in Arctic waters, where in both cases DMS 15 concentrations decreased with increasing acidity. Here, we report on our findings from seven 16 summertime shipboard microcosm experiments undertaken in a variety of locations in the 17 Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean. These experiments reveal no significant effects of short 18 term OA on the net production of DMS by planktonic communities. This is in contrast to 19 similar experiments from temperate NW European shelf waters where surface ocean 20 communities responded to OA with significant increases in dissolved DMS concentrations. A 21 meta-analysis of the findings from both temperate and polar waters (n = 18 experiments) 22 reveals clear regional differences in the DMS response to OA. Based on our findings, we 23 hypothesise that the differences in DMS response between temperate and polar waters reflect 24 the natural variability in carbonate chemistry to which the respective communities of each 25 region may already be adapted. If so, future temperate oceans could be more sensitive to OA 26
Deep Reinforcement Learning in Linear Discrete Action Spaces

Problems in operations research are typically combinatorial and high-dimensional. To a degree, linear programs may efficiently solve such large decision problems. For stochastic multi-period problems, decomposition into a sequence of one-stage decisions with approximated downstream effects is often necessary, e.g., by deploying reinforcement learning to obtain value function approximations (VFAs). When embedding such VFAs into one-stage linear programs, VFA design is restricted by linearity. This paper presents an integrated simulation approach for such complex optimization problems, developing a deep reinforcement learning algorithm that combines linear programming and neural network VFAs. Our proposed method embeds neural network VFAs into one-stage linear decision problems, combining the nonlinear expressive power of neural networks with the efficiency of solving linear programs. As a proof of concept, we perform numerical experiments on a transportation problem. The neural network VFAs consistently outperform polynomial VFAs as well as other benchmarks, with limited design and tuning effort.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) in the Analysis of Environmental Solid Samples — Some Aspects of Theory and Practice

Theoretical basis, equipment, and some practical considerations regarding the use of a new extraction technique, Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE), are presented. ASE is quite a new technique, but its use has so far been limited due to its high cost. This review attempts to summarize some aspects of the theory, results, and conclusions of research related to ASE found in the literature. Applications of this technique to the extraction of various environmental pollutants from solid samples are presented. Finally, the comparisons of ASE to other extraction techniques and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Classic techniques of analyte isolation from solid samples (such as Soxhlet extraction, flask extraction) are tedious and time-consuming, which lowers the sample throughput. Accelerated Solvent Extraction is a fully automated technique, so it could be especially useful for routine analyses of environmental pollutants and food.
Appendix 1 . Experiments on A Subset of COCO

In order to verify the performance of the proposed method on datasets other than the proposed SIRST dataset, we also conduct a semantic segmentation experiment on StopSign, a subset of the well-known COCO dataset [10] as illustrated in Fig. 1. We choose the mean intersection over union (mIoU) as the evaluation metric and the cross entropy as the loss function. The rest hyper-parameters are the same as the settings for the experiments on the SIRST dataset.
Photon-Induced Random Telegraph Signal Due to Potential Fluctuation of a Single Donor–Acceptor Pair in Nanoscale Si p–n Junctions

We study the photoresponse of Si nanoscale p–n and p–i–n diodes. As a result, we find a photon-sensitive multilevel random telegraph signal (RTS) in p–n diodes, but not in p–i–n diodes. From this fact and analysis of current jumps in the RTS, the multilevel RTS is ascribed to single photocarrier charging and discharging in a donor–acceptor pair in the depletion region. Thus, it is found that a donor–acceptor pair plays an important role in p–n junctions, while, according to our previous report, a single donor (acceptor) works as an electron (hole) trap in junctionless field-effect transistors.
WITHDRAWAL ASSESSMENT FOR ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND COMORBID TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

by Chong Hui Cheever, Ph.D. Washington State University May 2019 Chair: Celestina Barbosa-Leiker Annualy, the incidence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the United States is reported to be ~1.7 million total cases with approximately 50% of all those cases being related to alcohol consumption. The medical staff during intake to the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit (NICU) using the Clinical Institute’s Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) tool are challenged to differentiate the symptoms related to alcohol withdrawal to those of an acute phase TBI. This study is to test the validity of the CIWA-Ar (Alcohol related) tool in use on TBI patients testing alcohol positive to those testing alcohol negative upon intake to the Neuro ICU. The study at a Western United States level-one Trauma hospital employed a retrospective two-group comparison design (alcohol positive, alcohol negative) with measurements obtained one to three consecutive days for group comparisons of CIWA-Ar total and CIWA-Ar 10 individual item scores. Patient data for 124 participants: alcohol positive (n= 31) and alcohol negative (n=84), were collected across the two TBI alcohol groups.
Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers on cellulosic materials

Graft copolymers of acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate and of acrylonitrile/ethyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile/methyl methacrylate monomer mixtures on carboxymethylcellulose (degree of substitution 0.4-0.5) were prepared by use of ceric ion initiator in aqueous medium. The extent of graft polymer formation was measured in terms of graft level. molecular weight of grafted polymer chains and frequency of grafting as function of ceric ion concentration. It was found that at comparable reaction conditions, the molecular weight and frequency of grafting were not of the same order of magnitude. For the monomer mixtures, the copolymer compositions obtained from the total nitrogen content of the acrylonitrile/alkyl methacrylate copolymer samples showed that a relativity low amount of the acrylonitrile monomeric units were incorporated into the graft copolymer even at high acrylonitrile content of the feed.
Decoloring of Aqueous Solutions of Indigocarmine Dye in An Acid Medium by H2O2/UV Advanced Oxidation

This study reports on the advanced oxidation of indigocarmine dye—5,5′-indigodisulphonate disodium (5,5′-IDS)—in an acid medium by means of the combined action of polychromatic UV-radiation and H2O2. The influence of different parameters, such as UV-radiation dose, hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, and pH in the rate equation of this photo-oxidative process has been studied. The experiments were carried out utilizing a polychromatic UV high-pressure mercury lamp to irradiate highly colored aqueous solutions of indigocarmine. The kinetic experiments showed a linear dependence between the rate constant, the UV-radiation dose, and the H2O2 concentration, whereas pH and T does not significantly affect the decoloring rate. A feasible reaction scheme is proposed, from which the rate of the global process is deduced. This equation rate is in agreement with the observed variations of the experimental rate constant when modifying the different kinetical factors. The results showed that highly colored a.
Formation of single-crystal tellurium nanowires and nanotubes via hydrothermal recrystallization and their gas sensing properties at room temperature

Single-crystal tellurium nanowires and nanotubes were selectively synthesized from tellurium powder through a hydrothermal recrystallization route. The nanowires have an average diameter of 40 nm and lengths of several micrometers, while the nanotubes have diameters of 100–200 nm and lengths of 1–2 µm. The morphologies of the as-obtained tellurium nanocrystals could be controlled by tuning the amount of hydrochloric acid added in the hydrazine hydrate solution. The experimental results demonstrated that tellurium powder could be dissolved and recrystallized in hydrazine hydrate solution under hydrothermal conditions. A dissolution–recrystallization mechanism was proposed for the conversion from tellurium powder to tellurium nanowires or nanotubes. The gas sensing properties of as-synthesized tellurium nanowires and nanotubes were investigated in detail, which revealed that the as-prepared tellurium nanowires and nanotubes, especially the tellurium nanowires, exhibited excellent sensitivity to NH3 at room temperature. The response times of the tellurium nanowires and nanotubes were 5 s and 18 s, and the recovery times were 720 s and 170 s, respectively, which are shorter than those reported for tellurium films. The as-prepared tellurium nanostructures could have potential applications in nanosensors.
DDT in fish from the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea

In spite of a worldwide reduction in the utilization of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), they are still a problem for the aquatic environment and human health. The Black Sea is still being polluted with persistent chemicals, including OCPs. Aquatic organisms (sprat, scad, bluefish, shad, belted bonito, goby, and black mussel) with different feeding behaviours were sampled on a seasonal basis from the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea, and the concentrations of 13 OCP residues were determined. Although many of the OCPs were not detected in the samples, in all samples 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) was present mainly in the form of its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE). Only about 12% of the total DDT was present as the parent compound pp-DDT, which suggests that it was not being used recently in the region. The total DDT concentrations were generally below 150 μg kg−1 fresh weight, but higher levels—up to 354 μg kg−1 fresh weight—were also measured for fish species with a high fat content. Between-species differences were observed, even when the concentrations were presented on a fat-level basis. DDT concentrations did not show any significant changes over the 2-yr sampling period. Fish sampled in the northern areas of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast seemed to contain higher DDT levels than those from the southern areas, suggesting a major (historical) influence of the Danube River. For permanent monitoring purposes, the utility of Black Sea gobies and scad should be considered.
Measurement and Prediction of Potassium Chloride Movement in an Unsaturated Sand

Abstract In south-east Queensland, Australia, extensive areas of sandy soils (Podosols) with shallow (<1 m) watertables are used for exotic pine tree production. Leaching of surface-applied fertilizers (di-ammonium phosphate and potassium chloride) in these soils has been suggested as a contributing factor in a decline in local groundwater quality. This study investigated the movement of potassium chloride (KCl) in horizontal columns of sand under unsaturated flow conditions. A pulse of KCl (equivalent on a surface area basis of 300 kg K/ha) was applied to one end of the sand column, and immediately followed by deionized water at a constant flux of 0.398 cm/h for 12 h. The position of the maximum chloride (Cl) concentration lagged behind the “piston-front” of water, and potassium (K) moved at about half the rate of Cl. Despite having a very low effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC ≤ 2 cmol/kg), the sand retained about 71% of the applied K in the 0–10 cm interval through predominantly K-magnesium (Mg) and K-sodium (Na) exchange. The nonspecific mechanisms responsible for K retention suggests that this chemical could be readily displaced from the ECEC sites through subsequent cation exchange reactions, and eventually move into the groundwater. Resident ions were pushed ahead of the advancing wetting front, and this contribution should be taken into account when evaluating factors responsible for groundwater contamination. The models CHEMFLO and SWIMv2 were used to predict KCl leaching, and although both models predicted the distributions of water content and water-soluble Cl very closely, both over-estimated soluble K concentrations.
Microtesting appraisal of ATP and cell recovery toxicity end points after acute exposure of Selenastrum capricornutum to selected chemicals

Employing microtesting procedures, intracellular ATP and cell recovery (96-h cell count determinations) were appraised as toxicity end-point responses after acute (4-h) exposure of the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum to metals (Cu2+, Co2+, Cd2-, Cr3+, Cr6+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, B3+), sodium azide, and 4 organic compounds (sodium dodecyl sulphate, 2,4-dichlorophenol, phenol, tebuthiuron). Except for B3-, both end points were able to measure acute metal phytotoxicity effects at concentrations of 5 mg · L−1 or lower. The algal recovery test showed better metal toxicity discrimination than the ATP test on the basis of dose—response slope steepness and elevation differences. Both tests, however, supplied useful complementary information. While the ATP test reacted rapidly to chemical aggression, the recovery test offered pertinent insight into actual long-term consequences of acute exposure. With the nonmetals, both end-point responses were mitigated (sodium azide, sodium dodecyl sulphate, 2,4-dichlorophenol) or insensitive (phenol, tebuthiuron), suggesting low acute exposure risk to algae by these chemicals. Based on 4-h (ATP and cell recovery) EC50 to standard 96-h EC50 ratio values, the algal indicator was shown to have low tolerance to 6 chemicals (Cr3+, Cr6+, Hg2-, Cu2+, sodium dodecyl sulphate, 2,4-dichlorophenol). When compared to acute exposure bacterial assays, the acute exposure ATP and cell recovery microtests competed well in terms of overall sensitivity to a selection of chemicals. In general, this work demonstrates the utility that short-term algal exposure tests can provide for chemical toxicity investigations.
Chemical and phase composition of particles produced by laser ablation of silicate glass and zircon—implications for elemental fractionation during ICP-MS analysis

The chemical and phase compositions of particles produced by laser ablation (266 nm Nd:YAG) of silicate NIST glasses and zircon were studied by SIMS and HR-TEM techniques. The data suggest that the formation of phases of different mineralogy and/or chemical composition from the original sample at the ablation site can result in elemental fractionation (non-stoichiometric sampling) in material delivered to the ICP-MS for quantitative analysis. Evidence of the element fractionation is preserved in chemically zoned ejecta deposited around the ablation pit. The chemical composition and mineralogy of particles varies with particle size so that the efficiency of transport of particles also plays a role in elemental fractionation. During the first 250 pulses in a typical ablation experiment using a 266 nm laser, particle sizes are mainly <2.5 μm; thereafter they decrease to <0.3 μm. Pb and U are fractionated significantly during the ablation of both silicate glass and zircon. During the ablation of glass, both micron-sized, melt-derived, spherical particles, and nm-sized, condensate-derived particle clusters, are produced; the very smallest particles (<0.04 μm) have anomalously high Pb/U ratios. For zircon, both larger (0.2–0.5 μm) spherical particles and agglomerates of smaller (∼0.005 μm) particles produced by ablation are mixtures of amorphous and crystalline materials, probably zircon, baddeleyite (ZrO2) and SiO2. Evidence for thermal decomposition of zircon to baddeleyite and SiO2 is preserved in the wall of the ablation pit, and may lead to the commonly observed increase in Pb/U recorded during laser ablation ICP-MS analysis. It follows that a matrix-matched external calibration is essential for achieving highly precise and accurate laser (266 nm wavelength) ablation ICP-MS analysis of Pb and U in silicate samples.
360° Walls and Strong Stripe Domains in Permalloy Films

In permalloy films evaporated at oblique incidence weak stripe domains [1, 11, 12, 13] and a new type of stripe domains designated “strong stripe domains” can coexist in the same film when the angle of incidence is in range40 to 50°. The creation of the strong stripe domains proceeds either by the formation of 360° walls and their multiplication and subsequent realignment or they may be nucleated directly in the Bloch walls and grow from these nuclei. These two mechanisms are discussed in detail and models for the spin configurations in the films are proposed. In schragaufgedampften Permalloyschichten konnen bei einem Neigungswinkel zwischen 40 und 50° in der gleichen Schicht schwache Streifendomanen [1, 11, 12, 13] und ein neuer Typ von Streifendomanen, der mit “strong stripe domains” bezeichnet wird, auftreten. Die Bildung der “strong stripe domains” verlauft entweder unter Bildung von 360°-Wanden und ihrer Multiplikation und nachfolgender Ausrichtung oder durch Keimbildung direkt in den Blochwanden und durch Ausbreitung von diesen Keimen. Diese beiden Mechanismen werden im Detail diskutiert undes werden Modelle fur die Spinkonfigurationen in den Schichten vorgeschlagen.
Chiral formamidines. The total asymmetric synthesis of (-)-8-azaestrone and related (-)-8-aza-12-oxo-17-desoxoestrone

Attachment of the chiral formamidine moiety to 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline afforded the key chiral, nonracemic precursor 8, upon which the azasteroid skeleton was constructed. Asymmetric alkylation with α-halo esters or β-halo ethers gave 15 and 22, respectively, in high ee's. Cyclization, following enamine formation with cyclopentanedione or cyclopentanone, led to the chiral steroidal skeletons 6 and 5, respectively
New microporous copper(II) coordination polymers based upon bifunctional 1,2,4-triazole/tetrazolate bridges

A series of Cu(II) coordination polymers, [Cu(μ2-L1)3]PO3F (1), [Cu2(μ2-L1)4(μ4-L1)](NO3)4·2H2O (2), [Cu(μ2-L1)2(μ2-X)]X·12H2O (X = Cl, 3; Br, 4), [Cu4(μ2-OH)2(μ4-L1)3(μ2-L1)2(H2O)2](CF3SO3)6·10H2O (5), [Cu3(μ2-OH)2(μ4-L1)(H2O)2(μ3-SO4)2] (6), [Cu(μ4-L1)(μ2-SO4)]·6H2O (7), [Cu2(μ4-L2)3]Cl·12H2O (8) involving new bifunctional p-phenylene bridged bi(1,2,4-triazole) and mixed 1,2,4-triazole-tetrazolate based ligands (L1= 1,4-phenylene-4,4′-bi(1,2,4-triazole), HL2= 5-(4-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl-phenyl)-1H-tetrazole) has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and their structures have been established by means of X-ray diffraction. In crystal structures 1–8, the organic ligands, utilizing two neighboring nitrogen atoms (N1, N2 in triazole (trz) and N2, N3 in tetrazolate), behave either in μ2 or in μ2 + μ4 manner binding the adjacent metal centers or Cu3(μ2-OH)2 clusters into 1D columns (1, 3, 4), 2D zigzag layers (2) and 3D frameworks (5–8). The mutual coplanarity between uncoordinated trz moiety and p-phenylene spacer as well as its radial disposition around the “propeller-like” [Cu2(η2-trz)3] subunits is a crucial factor, which specifically mediates multiple π–π interactions through intercalation of the neighboring Cu(η2-trz)n (n = 2,3) axles, and as a consequence, affording one-dimensional channels with trigonal (1, 2) or rhombic geometry (3, 4). Large rectangular channels have been realized in neutral [Cu(μ4-L1)(μ2-SO4)]n (7) and cationic [Cu2(μ4-L2)3]nn+ (8) frameworks, in which the remaining void space is filled by water molecules and counter anions (Cl−).
Interface study of insertion layers in organic semiconductor devices

Inserting an ultra-thin interlayer has been an important means in modifying the performance of organic semiconductor devices. Using photoemission and inverse photoemission spectroscopy (UPS, XPS and IPES), we have investigated the electronic structure of a number of insertion layers widely used in organic semiconductor devices. We found that inserting alkali metal compound thin layers such as LiF between the electron transport layer (ETL) and the cathode can induce energy level shift in the ETL that reduces the electron injection barrier. The reduction is attributed to the release of the alkali metal that n-doped the ETL, and as such it depends on the cathode material deposited on top of the insertion layer. For thin metal oxide insertion layers, such as MoO3, between the anode and the hole transport layer (HTL), reduction of the hole injection barrier is also observed. This reduction, however, is due to the large workfunction of the oxide that subsequently moves the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) toward the anode Fermi level. Effects of other insertion layers, such as metal insertion layer in organic bistable device (OBD) and organic insertion layer in bipolar organic thin film transistors (OTFT) will also be discussed.
Three Step Solid-Phase Synthesis of Functionalized Tetronic Acids Using an Activated Carbonate Linker

Abstract An extension of our methodology on solid-phase synthesis (SPS) of five-membered heterocycles to functionalized tetronic acids is reported. The key step of our methodology is the application of a carbonate linker to the synthesis, offering us the convenience of incorporating the starting material and cleavage under mild conditions. The products were obtained in satisfactory yields and purities. The developed method can be applied to the preparation of libraries containing the tetronic acid moiety. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
The synthesis and application of 2-acetyl-6-(1-naphthyl)-pyridine oxime as a new ligand for palladium precatalyst in Suzuki coupling reaction

The synthesis of 2-acetyl-6-(1-naphthyl)-pyridine oxime ligand from 2,6-dibromopyridine and 1-bromo-naphthalene is described, and the new palladium(II) complex used as a Pd(0) precatalyst in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction was studied. The results showed that the novel naphthalene pyridine oxime complex could serve as an efficient precatalyst. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 116 (2009).