Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ACTIVE SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPE SYNTHESIS

The mechanism of chronic allotype suppression in (SJL x BALB/c)F1 mice has been investigated by means of cell transfer studies. These mice are phenotypically negative for serum Ig-1b, the paternal allotype determinant on γG2a immunoglubulin, as a result of perinatal exposure to maternal anti-Ig-1b. When spleen or bone marrow (B) cells from suppressed mice were injected into irradiated BALB/c "indicator" hosts, detectable levels of Ig-1b were demonstrated in the sera of a majority of the recipients early after transfer. These results indicate that Ig-1b-producing cells or their precursors are present in the lymphoid tissues of suppressed mice, even though they are not expressed. Within 5–7 wk, it was no longer possible to detect Ig-1b in the sera of these hosts, although cells producing another paternal allotype (Ig-4b) were shown to persist. Control BALB/c mice, injected with spleen and B cells from normal mice, continued to produce high levels of immunoglobulin carrying this allotype. The disappearance of serum, Ig-1b occurred most frequently in the recipients of suppressed spleen cells. Similar results were obtained using a mixture of spleen cells from normal and suppressed mice. Ig-1b production in the recipient mice ceased within a few weeks, even though the majority of cells in the mixture were obtained from normal (nonsuppressed) donors. The data are interpreted as evidence that chronic allotype suppression in mice is actively maintained by cells which are resident in the lymphoid tissues, splenic cells being the most effective. These cells are capable of proliferating in a new host and exerting their suppressive influence on Ig-1b-producing cells and/or their precursors.
The use of cobalt salts as indicators of humidity and moisture

To meet the need for a simple method of measuring humidity in small spaces, a new method of using paper impregnated with cobaltous salts has been developed. Cobalt chloride paper is blue at low and pale red at high humidities, with a series of lilac colours between. There is a close correspondence between colour and relative humidity, although the colour is influenced slightly by temperature. It is shown that the colour is determined chiefly by the relative quantities of cobalt chloride and water in the paper. The paper is impregnated by dipping in a solution of CoCl2.6H2,O. The time required for a piece of CoCl2, paper to reach equilibrium with the atmosphere depends chiefly on humidity and temperature; up to 2 hr. exposure is allowed. Colour standards for the matching of test papers are prepared by exposing papers over constant humidity solutions and then sealing them up in liquid paraffin between opal and clear glass. It is possible to measure humidities from 40 to 70% R.H. to the nearest 2% R.H. , and above this range to the nearest 5%, except for low humidities at low temperatures. Various colloid substrates other than paper, including mercerized cotton, cause the blue colour to persist at somewhat higher humidities; possible uses of this are suggested. Certain salts, such as potassium thiocyanate and sodium thiosulphate, produce a similar, but much greater effect, and also produce stronger colours. The method can thus be adapted for accurate use at higher humidities. Alternatively, the addition of zinc chloride or certain other salts adapts the method for use at low humidities. Papers more suitable for use at high humidities have been prepared with cobalt thiocyanate solution. A further improvement is the use of pure cotton tissue paper. Methods of impregnating the paper are described, also the above-mentioned method of preparing standards. Approximate corrections for temperature are given. The influence of temperature and humidity on the time taken to reach colour equilibrium is described. An exposure of 30 min. is sufficient except at very high humidities, where up to 2 hr. may be necessary. Corrections are given for use when exposures other than 30 min. are allowed. The standards cover humidities above 50% R.H. at intervals of 5% R-H. ; teat papers can be estimated to about the nearest 1% R.H. But under unfavourable conditions, errors may amount to as much as ± 5% R.H. , unless the corrections are used.
DIVERGENCE AMONG BARKING FROGS (ELEUTHERODACTYLUS AUGUSTI) IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

Barking frogs (Eleutherodactylus augusti) are distributed from southern Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental into Arizona and the Sierra Madre Oriental into Texas and New Mexico. Barking frogs in Arizona and most of Texas live in rocky areas in oak woodland, while those in New Mexico and far western Texas live in rodent burrows in desertscrub. Barking frogs in each of the three states have distinct coloration and differ in sexually dimorphic characters, female vocalization, and skin toxicity. We analyzed advertisement call variation and conducted a phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA sequences (ND2 and tRNA regions) for barking frogs from these three states. Advertisement calls of frogs from Arizona were significantly longer in duration, higher in frequency, and had longer duration pulses than those of frogs from either New Mexico or Texas; frogs from these latter two sites were indistinguishable in these call variables. Phylogenetic analysis showed deep divisions among barking frogs from the three states. Differences in call structure, coloration, and mitochondrial DNA sequences strongly suggest that barking frogs in Arizona are reproductively isolated from those in New Mexico and Texas. Our results indicate that either northern populations are connected via gene flow through southern Mexico (i.e., they are subspecies as currently recognized), or represent independent lineages as originally described (i.e., western barking frogs, E. cactorum in AZ, and the eastern barking frogs, E. latrans in NM, TX).
Studies in taxonomy and developmental morphology in Chiodecton, Dichosporidium, Erythrodecton and the new genus Pulvinodecton (Arthoniales, lichenized Ascomycetes)

Lichen material of three genera in Arthoniales from the Seychelles and Madagascar is revised. The new species Chiodecton papillosum is described from Madagascar, Dichosporidium brunnthalen is reported for the first time from Madagascar and the Seychelles, and a comprehensive description of Dichosporidium latisporum from the Seychelles is provided. The developmental morphology of the ascocarp is the same in Chiodecton, Dichosporidium and Erythrodecton: numerous pseudoangiocarpic apothecia arise individually in a stroma. On account of the deviating ascocarp ontogeny (stromata enclosing a large, proliferating apothecium), the new genus Pulvinodecton is established to include P. kurzii (Australia, Asia) and the new P. seychellensis (the Seychelles). As in Erythrodecton, the species in Pulvinodecton contain rhodocladonic acid. Pulvinodecton differs from Erythrodecton in its fusiform rather than biclavate ascospores, the development of the ascocarp, and the peculiar structure of the pycnidia havingdeeply divided cavity that opens by more than one ostiole.
Sexual receptivity and post‐emergence ovarian development in females of
 Coproica vagans
 (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)

Abstract.Males and females of the dung fly species Coproica vagans Haliday 1833 (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) mate soon after emergence from the puparium. At this time females still have immature ovaries. Therefore, mating precedes vitellogenesis in this species. Data presented here show that mating enhances oogenesis in C. vagans females. Mated females mature their first egg batch sooner and oviposit four days earlier than virgin conspecifics. Mating‐related enhancement of oogenesis could be explained either through nutritional benefits to females or male chemical or stimulatory manipulation of the females. Oogenesis was divided into six arbitrary stages, with vitellogenesis beginning in stage 4. Ovarian development beyond stage 4 is rapid compared with pre‐vitellogenetic development. Virgin females pause oogenesis in stage 4. The genital opening of mated females is blocked by a mating plug that persists until oviposition begins. The plug seems to ensure the paternity of the last male to mate by preventing females from remating. The operational sex ratio in C. vagans populations is presumed to be strongly male‐biased.
13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of hydrolyzable tannins. III. Tannins having 1C4 glucose and C-glucosidic linkage.

Two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was utilized for the assignments of the glucose carbon signals in the 13C-NMR spectra of hydrolyzable tannins in which the glucopyranose core takes a 1C4 or related boat conformation, and of tannins possessing a Cglucosidic linkage. Remarkable changes in the sequences of glucose carbons were observed with change in the conformation of the glucose core, and with the formation of a C-glucosidic linkage. The chemical shifts of the C-2 signals of the glucose cores adopting the open-chain form in Cglucosidic tannins and in complex tannins can be utilized for the discrimination of the configurations at C-1 in these tannins.
Production and Biochemestry-Molecular Analysis of Microbial Community Fermenting Whey as a Potential Probiotic for Use Animals

The aims of this work were: To achieve a simple and low cost propagation of potential probiotic agents using plain whey as a culture medium, study the diversity of the members of the bacterial community (MC) in plain whey and to evaluate the probiotic capacity of this MC. After a systematic selection of agents according to their growing capacity in whey, the constituted MC was considered as a unit. Biochemical characterization of the lactic acid bacteria were performed using the API system. Molecular characterization of the lactic acid bacteria was realized using AFLPTM DNA-fingerprinting, partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The physiological characterization of yeast was determined with the automated microplate method Allev/Biolomics and using yeast characterization system based on standard taxonomic criteria. The identification molecular was realized by PCR-fingerprinting. The resistance of MC to pH and bile salts were evaluated. The MC was composed of agents from different separated Dominium like Bacteria (Lactobacillum) and Eukaria (yeast). They are multispecies and also multistrain assuring high biodiversity. The MC grew at low pH and different concentrations bile salts.
Resynthesis of Brassies napus L. through Interspecific Hybridization between B. alboglabra Bailey and B. campestris L. with Special Emphasis on Seed Colour

Brassica napus L. was resynthesized through interspecific hybridization between B. alboglabra Bailey and B campestris L. with the objective or developing yellow-seeded forms of this species. For hybridization, one black-seeded form and one light brown-seeded form of B. alboglabra (a subordinate of B. oleracea) and one brown and ten yellow-seeded forms of B. campestris were chosen as parents. Crosses with B. alboglabra as the female parent were more successful than crushes with B. campestris as female. The use of the embryo rescue culture technique greatly increased the number of surviving hybrid embryos. Colchicine treatment was required for doubling the chromosome number of the amphihaploid hybrid plants. In the newly-resynthesized rape forms, the white petal of B. alboglabra was partially epistatic over the yellow petal of B. campestris. The self compatibility of B. alboglabra was hypostatic to the self incompatibility of B. campestris. The black-seeded character of B. alboglabra and the brown-seeded character of B. campestris were completely eptstatic over the yellow-seeded character of B. campestris and the light brown-seeded character of B. alboglabra. Implications of the results from this study in breeding yellow-seeded B. napus are discussed.
Putative Parents of a Desmodium Selection Examined Morphologically and by Isozyme Patterns

A Desmodium selection from Medellin, Colombia, appeared to be of hybrid origin because of silver marking and brown flecks on the leaflets. Desmodium intortum with brown flecks could have been one parent and D. sandwicense or D. uncinatum with silver marking the other parent. Morphological studies, as well as esterase and peroxidase patterns determined by electrophoresis, showed the variant to be closely related to D. intortum and indicated that it should be considered a biotype of that species. A 1,000-seed weight-almost double that of D. intortum-and the silver marking, however, implied outside genetic influence. Cross-compatibility studies among the three species showed that D. intortum is more easily hybridized with D. sandwicense than with D. uncinatum. If hybridization did occur at an unknown time to produce the Medellin selection, introgression from D. intortum took place, along with self-fertilization of progenies and a strong selection pressure favoring the D. intortum type. A case history is given to support this postulation.
The In Vivo Pig-a Gene Mutation Assay

The phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, Class A gene (Pig-a in rodents, PIG-A in humans) codes for a catalytic subunit of the N-acetylglucosamine transferase complex that is involved in an early step of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor synthesis, and GPI anchors tether specific protein markers to the surface of various types of cells. Two distinct strategies for Pig-a gene mutation assay used peripheral blood have been developed, one using flow cytometry and the other using limiting-dilution cloning. The limiting-dilution cloning assay using bacterial protoxin, proaerolysin, as a selective agent is resource intensive. For routine analysis of mutant frequency, the flow cytometric procedures employing fluorescently labeled antibodies against GPI-anchored markers (e.g., anti-CD59 for rat red blood cells, anti-CD24 for mouse red blood cells) are preferred for routine analysis of mutant frequency. The advantage of the cloning assay, however, is in-depth analyses of the mutant genotype (mutational spectra analysis). The characteristics of the flow cytometric Pig-a gene mutation assays, i.e., induced Pig-a mutant frequencies were persistence and the effect of split doses of chemicals were additive, make the assay on reticulocytes and total red blood cells an attractive possibility for developing detailed mutagenicity data in vivo. Although a large amount of information must be gathered on assay performance, progress toward the goal in the last few years has been rapid, and multi-laboratory trial has been initiated and ongoing.
Temperature-dependent pattern of heat shock protein synthesis in psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms

The patterns of proteins synthesized by the arctic psychrophilic bacterium Res-10 and the psychrotroph Bacillus psychrophilus during various heat shocks up to 32 °C were examined. Both microorganisms were found to display temperature-dependent patterns of heat shock protein synthesis. Elevation of the incubation temperature of the arctic psychrophile from 0 to 15, 20, 25, or 32 °C induced the synthesis of at least 19 heat shock proteins. Imposing similar heat shock upon cells of the psychrotroph resulted in the induction of at least 25 heat shock proteins. Examination of the effect of the transcriptional inhibitor rifampicin on the synthesis of heat shock proteins revealed that the primary control of heat shock protein synthesis lies at the transcriptional level in both microorganisms.
Synergistic effects associated with climate change and the development of rocky shore molluscs

Global climate change and ozone layer thinning will simultaneously expose organisms to increasingly stressful conditions. Early life stages of marine organisms, particularly eggs and larvae, are considered most vulnerable to environmental extremes. Here, we exposed encapsulated embryos of three common rocky shore gastropods to simultaneous combinations of ecologically realistic levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), water temperature stress and salinity stress to identify potential interactions and associated impacts of climate change. We detected synergistic effects with increases in mortality and retardation in development associated with the most physiologically stressful conditions. The effects of UVR were particularly marked, with mortality increasing up to 12‐fold under stressful conditions. Importantly, the complex outcomes observed on applying multiple stressors could not have been predicted from examining environmental variables in isolation. Hence, we are probably dramatically underestimating the ecological impacts of climate change by failing to consider the complex interplay of combinations of environmental variables with organisms.
Biossensor enzimático para detecção de fungicidas ditiocarbamatos: estudo cinético da enzima aldeído desidrogenase e otimização do biossensor

Initially, all major factors that affect the rate of the AldH-catalyzed reaction (enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and pH) were investigated. Optimal activity was observed between pH values of 7.5 and 9.5 in the temperature range of 25 to 50 oC. Kinetic parameters, such as Km (2.92 µmol L-1) and Vmax (1.33 10-2 µmol min-1) demonstrate a strong enzyme-substrate affinity. The sensors were based on screen-printed electrodes modified with the Meldola Blue-Reinecke salt (MBRS) combination. Operational conditions (NAD+ and substrate contents, enzyme loading and response time) were optimized. Also, two enzyme immobilization procedures were tested: entrapment in poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups (PVA-SbQ) and crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Chronoamperometry was employed to observe the biosensor responses during enzymatic hydrolysis of propionaldehyde and also to construct inhibition curves with maneb and zineb fungicides. Best results were found with the following conditions: [NAD+] = 0.25 mmol L-1; [propionaldehyde] = 80 µmol L-1; enzyme loading = 0.8 U per electrode; response time = 10 min, and inhibition time = 10 min. Current intensities around 103 ± 13 nA with the sensors and good stability was obtained for both immobilization procedures. Detection limits, calculated using 10% inhibition were 31.5 µg L-1 and 35 µg L-1 for maneb and zineb, respectively. Results obtained with other MBRS-modified electrodes consisting of mono and bi-enzymic sensors were compared. The ability to catalyze NADH oxidation by MB was also highlighted.
Morphological and plant hormonal changes during parasitization by Cuscuta japonica on Momordica charantia

The holostemparasitic plant Cuscuta parasitizes various plants and sucks nutrients from the host stem. We used Cuscuta japonica as the parasite and Momordica charantia as the host plant, and described their interaction. The parasitized Momordica stems started swelling as a hypertrophic response within 3 days after parasitization. Concurrently, the Cuscuta stem grew rapidly and developed bigger scale leaves than usual. Parasitized Momordica stems reduced photosynthetic activity. Histological observation revealed no programmed cell death but an increased number of vascular bundles in the Momordica stem, especially near the Cuscuta hyphae. The defensive response of Momordica mainly involved the SA pathway. Drastic increase of tZ- and DZ-type cytokinins in Momordica stems would play an important role for hypertrophy. Cuscuta had higher cZ endogenously and our results imply that each subtype of CK might play different roles during parasitization process. Comprehensive plant hormone analysis provides new insights into plant interaction studies.
Effects of thyroid hormone level alterations on the development of supraneural series in zebrafish, Danio rerio

Summary The effects of alterations in the level of thyroid hormones (THs) on the development of the supraneural series were studied in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Hyper- and hypothyroidism were revealed to influence the rate and timing of development of the supraneurals. The developmental changes induced by THs result in changes in the definitive number and morphology of supraneural bones. High TH-level leads to an arrested development of the supraneural series resulting in the absence or drastic reduction of the number of elements. TH-deficiency leads to a significant retardation of the development of the supraneural series resulting in the appearance of additional elements. These data may be an important piece of the puzzle that may help our understanding how supraneural number and form has changed in evolution.
Predictive Microbiology: A Review

Predictive Microbiology may be considered as the application of research concerned with the quantitative microbial ecology of foods. The subject is based on the premise that the responses of populations of microorganisms to environmental factors are reproducible and that, by characterizing environments in terms of these factors which affect microbial growth and survival, it is possible from past observations to
Factors affecting the distribution of genetic variability in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata

Previous studies on Trinidadian guppies have shown an apparent association of genetic variability, expressed as mean heterozygosity (Ho) at allozyme loci, with river order: fish from lowland sites exhibit higher mean Ho than their upland counterparts. Detailed genetic and behavioural observations were undertaken in the present study by repeated sampling throughout two river courses to examine population heterogeneity. Results show that the predation regime mediated mating behaviour of upland and lowland populations in the wild is not as divergent as previous laboratory observations have suggested. Furthermore, genetic variation at the eight loci variable in Trinidadian populations (p100=0·13–O·88, H0=O·03–0·23) appears to bear little association with predation regime, but is related to sub-structuring of populations by habitat features and geographic isolation. We therefore conclude that the observed patterns of genetic variability arise primarily as a consequence of stochastic as opposed to deterministic factors.
OXYGEN-STABLE HEMOLYSINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

The relationship of the streptococcal hemolysin which is recognized on incubation of RBC with streptococcal cells (cell-bound hemolysin, CBH), to RNA hemolysin, a representative of oxygen-stable hemolysin (streptolysin S) has been studied. A number of similarities have been found in the conditions for optimal production of each of these hemolysins, a requirement for cysteine, Mg++, and glucose; maximal production by streptococci in the stationary phase; similar curves of pH-dependence. In both systems, the production of hemolysin was inhibited by certain antibiotics, by ultraviolet irradiation, and by sonic disruption and was absent in the same streptococcal mutant strain. The hemolytic activity of both systems was inhibited by lecithin, trypan blue, and papain. Similarities were also found in relative susceptibilities to the two hemolytic systems of erythrocytes of a number of animal species. These data support a suggestion advanced in an earlier study that a streptococcal hemolytic moiety, which can be induced by, and carried on, a number of diverse agents to comprise the group of oxygen-stable hemolysins, serves, in its original attachment to a component of the streptococcal cell, to produce the hemolytic effect recognized as the cell-bound hemolysin.
The Use of Cellulose Azure Agar as a Crude Assay of Both Cellulolytic and Ligninolytic Abilities of Wood-inhabiting Fungi

Based on a study of 185 isolates of corticioid and polyporoid Basidiomycetes, the cellulose azure test provides a simple and effective assay for both cellulolytic and ligninolytic capabilities of fungal cultures. Decolourization of the dye Remazol Brilliant blue R, whether or not it has been previously released from the cellulose azure by cellulase, is an indicator of ligninolytic enzymes in a test culture.