Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bottom-up control of leakage in spectral electrophysiological source imaging via structured sparse bayesian learning

Brain electrical activity in different spectral bands has been associated with diverse mechanisms underlying Brain function. Deeper reconnoitering of these mechanisms entails mapping in grayordinates (Gray Matter coordinates), the spectral features of electrophysiological Brain signals. Such mapping is possible through MEG/EEG signals, due to their wide Brain coverage and excellent temporal resolution in reflecting neural-electrical-activity. This process-coined Electrophysiological Source Imaging (ESI)-can only produce approximated images of Brain activity, which are severely distorted by leakage: a pervasive effect in almost any imaging technique. It has been proposed that leakage control to tolerable levels can be achived through using priors or regularization within ESI, but their implementation commonly yields meager statistical guaranties. We introduce bottom-up control of leakage: defined as maximum Bayesian evidence search braced with priors precisely on the spectral responses. This is feasible due to an instance of Bayesian learning of complex valued data: spectral Structured Sparse Bayesian Learning (sSSBL). “Spectral” refers to specific spatial topologies that are reflected by the MEG/EEG spectra. We also present a new validation benchmark based on the concurrency between high density MEG and its associated pseudo-EEG of lower density. This reveals that prevealing methods like eLORETA and LCMV can fall short of expectations whereas sSSBL exibits an exellent performance. A final qualitative assesment reveals that sSSBL can outline brain lessions using just low density EEG, according to the T2 MRI shine through of the affected areas.
Clinical and Non-clinical Effects on Surgery Duration: Statistical Modeling and Analysis

Surgery duration is usually used as an input to the operation room (OR) allocation and surgery scheduling problems. A good estimation of surgery duration benefits the operation planning in ORs. In contrast, we would like to investigate whether the allocation decisions in turn influence surgery duration. Using almost two years of data from a large hospital in China, we find evidence in support of our conjecture. Surgery duration decreases with the number of surgeries a surgeon performs in a day. Numerically, surgery duration will decrease by 10 minutes on average if a surgeon performs one more surgery. Furthermore, we find a non-linear relationship between surgery duration and the number of surgeries allocated to an OR. Also, a surgery's duration is affected by its position in a sequence of surgeries performed by one surgeon. In addition, surgeons exhibit different patterns on the effects of surgery type and position. Since the findings are obtained from a particular data set, We do not claim the generalizability. Instead, the analysis in this paper provides insights into surgery duration study in ORs.
Writing Proficiency Levels Among Arabic and English Language Student Teachers and their Perceptions of Challenges in Writing Skill

The purposes of this study were to compare the writing proficiency levels between Arabic and EFL student teachers, measure the differences in the perceptions of both parties of challenges concerning writing skills, and identify the most common types of writing mistakes made by both of them. The study was based on a sample of 72 Arabic (n=40) and EFL (n= 32) Saudi student teachers. A mixed quantitative and qualitative approach was used in this study, where the analysis of writing proficiency levels was based on the participants’ written samples and information on the perceptions of challenges concerning writing skills was collected using a five Likert-scale ranked questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The results of a Mann-Whitney U Test revealed a statistically significant difference between Arabic and EFL student teachers in the content, grammar and sentence structure of written materials, legibility, organisation, and overall writing skill proficiency levels in favour of the EFL student teachers. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups regarding spelling and punctuation proficiency levels. Regarding perceptions of challenges concerning writing skills and subskills, the results revealed a statistically significant difference in favour of EFL student teachers. The replies to the open-ended question revealed writing challenges faced by both Arabic and EFL student teachers. The results of the semi-structured interviews showed that that both Arabic and EFL student teachers made some common types of mistakes while writing on the board or designing activities at home. The study concludes with some practical implications, recommendations, and suggestions for future research. Keywords: Writing Proficiency, Arabic & English Student Teacher, Perceptions, Writing Challenges, Common Writing Mistakes DOI : 10.7176/JLLL/62-07 Publication date: November 30 th 2019
Survey of unmanned subterranean exploration, navigation, and localisation

Subsurface networks include mining tunnels, caves, and the urban underground. Each of these environments presents a complex setting with significant challenges in exploration, exploitation, etc. Multiple hazards exist, including environmental and structural, and conditions degrade and change temporally. We present a survey of research in autonomy, networking and mobility focused on exploring and/or mapping subsurface networks in unpredictable and unexplored environments. The focus is on mining tunnels as a proxy subterranean environment; motivated by the proximity of the authors to the Bonita Peak Mining District; a Superfund site consisting of 48 historic mines which have contaminated soil, groundwater and surface water with heavy metals as a result of historic practices. The exploration and assessment of the mining tunnels for remediation efforts presents an extremely challenging problem in subterranean navigation. Arguably, the environment in question is the most extreme and challenging subterranean environment. Unmanned assets must enter to explore and re-map the tunnels to assess safety for subsequent entrance by robots and/or humans for proper remediation. The survey is split into three categories -- Locomotion, GPS-denied navigation and localization, and Communication. It is concluded with a proposed design for a platform that addresses the difficulties of exploring an abandoned mine
Longitudinal monitoring of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2

Background Worldwide vaccination campaigns significantly reduced mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and diminished the devastating effects of the pandemic. The first approved vaccines are based on novel mRNA technology and elicit potent immune responses offering high levels of protection from severe disease. Methods Here we longitudinally assessed adaptive immune responses during a 12-month follow-up period after the initial immunization with 2 doses of mRNA vaccines and after the booster dose in blood and saliva. Results Our findings demonstrate a rapid waning of the anti-spike IgG titers between months 3 and 6 after the initial vaccination (1.7- and 2.5-fold decrease in plasma and saliva, respectively; P<0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of spike-specific memory B cells increased during this period (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) while the frequency of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained stable for all assessed functions: cytotoxicity, IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα expression. Booster vaccination significantly improved the antibody response in plasma and saliva, with the most profound changes observed in the neutralization capacity against the currently circulating omicron variant (25.6-fold increase; P<0.0001). The positive effect of booster vaccination was also evident for spike-specific IgG+ memory B cell (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (1.7- and 1.9-fold increase respectively; P<0.05). Conclusions Collectively, our findings offer a detailed insight into the kinetics of adaptive immune response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and underline the beneficial effects of a booster vaccination.
Organic amendments with high proportion of heterocyclic compounds promote soil microbiome shift and microbial use efficiency of straw-C

Soil microbial use efficiency of straw carbon (C), which is the proportion of straw-C microbes assimilate into new biosynthetic material relative to C lost out of the system as CO2, is critical in increasing soil organic C (SOC) content, and hence maintaining soil fertility and productivity. However, the effect of chemical structures of the organic amendments (OAs) on the microbial use efficiency of straw-C remains unclear. The effect of the chemical structure of the OAs on microbial use efficiency of straw-C was elucidated by a combination of 13C-straw labeling with high-throughput sequencing and pyrolysis-GC/MS. We found a strong positive correlation between the microbial use efficiency of straw-C and the proportion of heterocyclic compounds (Hete_C). The microbial use efficiency of straw-C was highest in soil supplemented with Hete_C-dominant OAs, which significantly shifted microbial community structure toward fungal dominance. Specifically, fungal-to-bacterial ratio, fungal richness, and the relative abundance of Ascomycota were higher in soil with a higher proportion of Hete_C-dominant OAs. Together, our study suggests that OAs with high proportion of Hete_C promote the microbial use efficiency of straw-C by increasing the dominance of fungi in the soil microbial community in agroecosystems.
How Animals are Affected by Climate Change – A Zoosemiotic Investigation of Polar Bears and Ringed Seals on Svalbard

i Acknowledgement . ii List of Figures . iv List of Tables . v Glossary . vi 1.0 Introduction . 1 1.1 Problem and Research questions . 3 1.2 Structure of Thesis . 5 2.0 Methods . 6 2.1 Literature Review . 6 2.2 Individual semi-structured interviews . 8 2.3 Validity and Reliability . 10 3.0 Background . 11 3.1 Climate Change . 11 3.2 Biodiversity . 13 3.3 Svalbard and Climate Change . 15 3.4 Polar Bears and Ringed Seals . 22 3.5 Pollution . 29 3.6 Tourism . 32 4.0 Theory . 36 4.1 Zoosemiotics . 36 4.2 Umwelt theory . 38 4.2.1 Functional cycle . 39 4.2.2 Phenomenal fields, Umwelt transition and Ontological map . 41 4.2.3 The tripartite umwelt model . 44 5.0 Analysis and Discussion . 46 5.1 Functional cycle – Polar bear, Ringed seal and Human . 46 5.2 Polar bears and Ringed seals Umwelten and Umwelt transition . 50 5.3 Why are polar bears and ringed seals important? 57 5.4 Representation of the polar bear . 59
Climate change enhanced the positive contribution of human activities to net ecosystem productivity from 1983 to 2018

Introduction Accurate assessment of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is very important for understanding the global carbon balance. However, it remains unknown whether climate change (CC) promoted or weakened the impact of human activities (HA) on the NEP from 1983 to 2018. Methods Here, we quantified the contribution of CC and HA to the global NEP under six different scenarios based on a boosted regression tree model and sensitivity analysis over the last 40 years. Results and discussion The results show that (1) a total of 69% of the areas showed an upward trend in the NEP, with HA and CC controlled 36.33 and 32.79% of the NEP growth, respectively. The contribution of HA (HA_con) far exceeded that of CC by 6.4 times. (2) The CO2 concentration had the largest positive contribution (37%) to NEP and the largest influence area (32.5%). It made the most significant contribution to the NEP trend in the range of 435–440 ppm. In more than 50% of the areas, the main loss factor was solar radiation (SR) in any control area of the climate factors. (3) Interestingly, CC enhanced the positive HA_con to the NEP in 44% of the world, and in 25% of the area, the effect was greater than 50%. Our results shed light on the optimal range of each climatic factor for enhancing the NEP and emphasize the important role of CC in enhancing the positive HA_con to the NEP found in previous studies.
Design of Fast Transient Response Voltage-Mode Buck Converter With Hybrid Feedforward and Feedback Technique

For a voltage-mode buck converter, to improve the transient response and reduce the size of the proportional-integral-differential (PID) compensation network, a hybrid feedforward and feedback technique (HFFT) is presented in this article. First, the HFFT utilizes the input voltage feedforward, the output voltage feedback, and the duty-ratio feedback to achieve fast line and load transient responses simultaneously. Second, the converter system is comprised of two feedback loops. One outer loop employs a voltage feedback control and provides a phase lead (PD) element. The other inner loop uses a duty-ratio feedback control and produces a phase lag (PI) element. Then adopting the PD and PI elements, a proposed implementation of PID compensation with small on-chip components can also be obtained. A buck converter chip with the HFFT has been fabricated in 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 1.8/5-V CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the output voltage of the buck converter is almost invariant under a line voltage step of 1.5 V and settled within <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.5~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for a load current step of 500 mA.
Priming of inflammatory pain responses by a neonatal immune challenge: implications of neuroimmune-endocrine communication for pain

The formalin test is increasingly applied as a model of inflammatory pain using high formalin concentrations (5–15%). However, little is known about the effects of low formalin concentrations on related behavioural responses. To examine this, rat pups were subjected to various concentrations of formalin at four developmental stages: 7, 13, 22, and 82 days of age. At postnatal day (PND) 7, sex differences in flinching but not licking responses were observed with 0.5% formalin evoking higher flinching in males than in females. A dose response was evident in that 0.5% formalin also produced higher licking responses compared to 0.3% or 0.4% formalin. At PND 13, a concentration of 0.8% formalin evoked a biphasic response. At PND 22, a concentration of 1.1% evoked higher flinching and licking responses during the late phase (10–30 min) in both males and females. During the early phase (0–5 min), 1.1% evoked higher licking responses compared to 0.9% or 1% formalin. 1.1% formalin produced a biphasic response that was not evident with 0.9 or 1%. At PND 82, rats displayed a biphasic pattern in response to three formalin concentrations (1.25%, 1.75% and 2.25%) with the presence of an interphase for both 1.75% and 2.25% but not for 1.25%. These data suggest that low formalin concentrations induce fine-tuned responses that are not apparent with the high formalin concentration commonly used in the formalin test. These data also show that the developing nociceptive system is very sensitive to subtle changes in formalin concentrations. Citation: Zouikr I, Tadros MA, Clifton VL, Beagley KW, Hodgson DM (2013) Low Formalin Concentrations Induce Fine-Tuned Responses That Are Sex and AgeDependent: A Developmental Study. PLoS ONE 8(1): e53384. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0053384 Editor: Aditya Bhushan Pant, Indian Institute of Toxicology Reserach, India Received September 10, 2012; Accepted November 27, 2012; Published January 7, 2013 Copyright: ! 2013 Zouikr et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by a grant from National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC; ARC DP 09787599). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: Ihssane.zouikr@uon.edu. au
Eomes is sufficient to regulate IL-10 expression and cytotoxic effector molecules in murine CD4+ T cells

The T-box transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin regulate type 1 immune responses in innate and adaptive lymphocytes. T-bet is widely expressed in the immune system but was initially identified as the lineage-specifying transcription factor of Th1 CD4+ T cells, where it governs expression of the signature cytokine IFN- γ and represses alternative cell fates like Th2 and Th17. T-bet’s paralog Eomes is less abundantly expressed and Eomes+ CD4+ T cells are mostly found in the context of persistent antigen exposure, like bone marrow transplantation, chronic infection or inflammation as well as malignant disorders. However, it has remained unresolved whether Eomes executes similar transcriptional activities as T-bet in CD4+ T cells. Here we use a novel genetic approach to show that Eomes expression in CD4+ T cells drives a distinct transcriptional program that shows only partial overlap with T-bet. We found that Eomes is sufficient to induce the expression of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 and, together with T-bet, promotes a cytotoxic effector profile, including Prf1, Gzmb, Gzmk, Nkg7 and Ccl5, while repressing alternative cell fates. Our results demonstrate that Eomes+ CD4+ T cells, which are often found in the context of chronic antigen stimulation, are likely to be a unique CD4+ T cell subset that limits inflammation and immunopathology as well as eliminates antigen-presenting and malignant cells.
Compliance to Nigeria Broadcasting Code on Religious Programs: A Comparative Study of Borno Radio Television (BRTV) and Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Maiduguri

Since 1992, when the broadcast industry was deregulated coupled with the issuing of broadcast licenses to individuals and groups, the Nigerian broadcast industry has seen a mushrooming growth of religious programs on radio and television. Borno Radio Television (BRTV) and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) are two broadcast stations situated in Maiduguri, the capital of the Nigerian state of Borno where religion forms core part of the people’s culture. Islamic religious preaching forms a key part of the stations’ programs especially during the annual Ramadan fasting season. The broadcasting industry regulatory body in Nigeria, the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) stipulates that religious programs should not exceed a 10% of the total programs of a particular broadcast outlet. Observations have revealed that a large percentage of BRTV and NTA’s airtime is allocated to Islamic preaching during the 29- or 30-day Ramadan fasting period. However, is the airtime allocated to Islamic programs in those stations within the NBC 10% limits or not? To answer this research question, a comparative analysis was made of religious programs broadcast on the two broadcast outlets in the second quarter of 2019. The data were obtained using Key Informant Interviews with 5 personnel from BRTV, NTA and NBC in Maiduguri, and relevant official documents including the stations’ program schedules were reviewed. Key findings suggest that the airtime allocated to religious programs were more than the 10% limit while BRTV Maiduguri allocated more airtime to religious programs than NTA Maiduguri. Also, Islamic religious programs were allocated more airtime than programs of other religions. Keywords: Broadcasting, BRTV, Nigerian Broadcast Industry, NTA, Television, Religious Programs, NBC, Nigerian Broadcasting Code DOI : 10.7176/JPCR/47-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2019
The Burden of History

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF TERMINALIA BELLERICA

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidative activity of fruit pulp, seed and bark of T. bellerica. Methods: Methanol (70%) and water were used for the extraction, and the respective extracts were analyzed for total phenolic contents along with the antioxidant activities through different assays. Results: Amongst the tested extracts, methanolic extracts were found to be better than aqueous with the highest total phenolic contents (TPC). Methanolic fruit pulp showed lower IC50 for free radical (118.7 µg/ml), superoxide anion radical (77.65 µg/ml) and hydroxyl radical (73.76 µg/ml) scavenging activities. Methanolic fruit pulp also showed lower IC50 for lipid peroxidation (115.6 µg/ml) and ferric thiocyanate (184.98 µg/ml) assay than aqueous extracts in comparison to standard quercetin. Further, correlation between TPC and antioxidant studies revealed that phenolics are mainly responsible for antioxidant activity of T. bellerica. Conclusion: The current study suggests that the methanolic extract of T. bellerica could be a potential source of natural antioxidants for food and pharmaceutical companies.
Advanced Optimization of Road Network: Pedestrian Crossings with Calling Devices

Pedestrian crosswalks are the part of road network which exerts significant influence on the time of motion of both transport and pedestrians. Using traffic lights with strict control mode in the places where the intensity of pedestrian flows is highly uneven during the day leads to excessive time consumptions. In such cases road traffic can be optimized by pedestrian crosswalks equipped with pedestrian push buttons. It is highly important to develop such evaluation model which could use mesoscopic data detailing and would obtain instant results together with their predictions for the near future. This article presents the model of pedestrian flow near road crosswalk with pedestrian push button and fixed time of Walk signal. Oriented motion of pedestrians to crosswalk with push button is presented in the form of random cluster stream. Hierarchical agglomerative procedure has been applied to subdivide pedestrians into clusters. The main property for combination of objects into clusters is the distance between neighboring pedestrians and the distance to cluster center. The algorithm of cluster formation of pedestrian flow at certain time has been developed. Evaluation of average waiting time for possibility to resume movement over crosswalk has been determined. Cumulative delay of vehicles near crosswalk with push button has been evaluated as well as average delay of a single vehicle for each traffic lane.