Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preliminary evaluation of the hydrogeologic system in Owens Valley, California

Owens Valley is a major source of water for southern California and presently (1986) provides more than 60 percent of the supply for Los Angeles. Since 1970, ground-water withdrawal from Owens Valley has increased, and a decline in the health of vegetation has been reported. In 1982, a cooperative project to study the hydrogeology and plant ecology of Owens Valley was begun by Inyo County, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, and the U.S. Geological Survey. As part of this project, the available data and present hydrologic concepts of Owens Valley were evaluated by using a ground-waterflow model. Results of this preliminary evaluation are being used to guide data collection and the development of more sophisticated hydrologic models. Vast amounts of geologic and hydrologic data have been collected since the early 1900's; however, many parts of the hydrogeologic system have not been defined with sufficient detail to answer present water-management questions. Concepts of local ground-water-flow systems, which are a critical part of water management, are not as well understood as the valleywide flow system. Also, the location and extent of less permeable materials that impede the vertical movement of water are poorly documented. The likely range of aquifer characteristics, except vertical hydraulic conductivity, is well known, but additional work is required to define the spatial distribution of these characteristics. A set of consistent water budgets is needed, including a surface-water budget, a ground-water budget, and a budget for the entire valley. Ideally, the same items would appear in each budget to assure consistency and facilitate comparisons with numerical models of either the surfaceor ground-water system. The largest component of previous water budgets (evapotranspiration) is largely unverified. Prior estimates of evapotranspiration were based on observed data for grasses and open water; however, there has been no comparison of these estimates with actual field measurements of evapotranspiration for phreatophytic shrubs, the dominant vegetation. Precipitation rates are well documented, but infiltration rates of precipitation on the alluvial fans are virtually unknown. More definitive estimates of local gains and losses for the Owens River are needed to aid in understanding local ground-water-flow systems. Ground-water pumpage from individual wells is measured; however, the quantity of water withdrawn from different zones of permeable material, for example from either side of a confining clay layer, has not been investigated.
Two-Dimensional Extreme Learning Machine

Extreme learning machine (ELM) has achieved wide attention due to faster learning speed compared with conventional neural network models like support vector machine (SVM) and back-propagation (BP) networks. However, like many other methods, ELM is originally proposed to handle vector pattern while nonvector patterns in real applications need to be explored, such as image data. We propose the two-dimensional extreme learning machine (2DELM) based on the very natural idea to deal with matrix data directly. Unlike original ELM which handles vectors, 2DELM take the matrices as input features without vectorization. Empirical studies on several real image datasets show the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm.
The Efforts to Improve Mathematics Learning Achievement Results of High School Students as Required by Competency-Based Curriculum and Lesson Level-Based Curriculum.

The research was aimed to investigate the effect of various, innovated teaching models to improved the student’s achievement in various topic in Mathematics. The study was conduct experiment by using innovated teaching with contextual, media and web which are the compared. with conventional teaching method. The result showed the innovation in the teaching by using media and webb were found very effective and improving the ability of the student to understand the concept of mathematics. Student achievement in the teaching of Mathematics with the aid of Contextual was found higher the teaching the same topic by using Conventional method. Where the data analysis has shown that two methods are significantly differences. Students achievement with another innovated teaching method by using of webb for the teaching distillation was found higher than that with conventional method, where the data analysis has shown that the two methods were significantly difference. Keywords: Innovation, Contextual, media and Web
Canonical relationship between performance indicators based on Brazil, US and IFRS accounting standards of Brazilian and United Kingdom companies

The aim of the article is to identify canonical correlations among performance indicators calculated from a base of accounting statements prepared in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), Brazilian accounting standards (BR GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Descriptive research with a quantitative approach was carried out. A research sample of 50 companies was selected, including 17 Brazilian companies listed on the Bovespa’s Board of Corporate Governance and 33 English companies listed on the London Stock Exchange, all of which trade American Depositary Receipts on the New York Stock Exchange. The results demonstrate divergence between companies and indicators in relation to differences calculated in performance indicators as well as statistically significant canonical correlations in both groups researched. The performance indicators of Brazilian and English companies were not affected in any significant way, despite divergences between BR GAAP and US GAAP and between IFRS and US GAAP. However, stands out as the main limitation that no company listed on Bovespa was found in the lists of European stock exchanges, which was necessary in order to verify the differences in these companies’ indicators in the conversion of their accounting statements from BR GAAP to US GAAP and IFRS. This required the adoption of an alternative (i.e., canonical correlations). The main implication of this study is that the impact of IFRS adoption by Brazilian companies may be less than the expected, in terms of improvement of accounting quality and cost of adoption. The article advances research on a comparative study of the financial disclosures made according to Brazilian, American and international accounting standards, supported by an analysis of performance indicators calculated from accounting statements prepared from and based on these standards. Key words: Performance indicators, accounting statements, BR GAAP, US GAAP, IFRS, canonical correlations.
Estimating Incentive and Welfare E¤ects of Non-Stationary Unemployment Benets

The distribution of unemployment duration in a general equilibrium matching model with spell-dependent unemployment bene ts displays a time-varying exit rate. Building on Semi-Markov processes, we obtain an expression for the aggregate unemployment rate under endogenous heterogeneous search e¤ort. Structural estimation using a German micro-data set (SOEP) allows us to discuss the e¤ects of a recent unemployment bene t reform (Hartz IV). The reform reduced unemployment by only 0.3%. Contrary to general beliefs, we nd that workers as a whole gain even though the long-term unemployed lose. The reason is the rise in the wage caused by more vacancies per unemployed worker.
Empirical Analysis of Bagged SVM Classifier for Data Mining Applications

Data mining is the use of algorithms to extract the information and patterns derived by the knowledge discovery in databases process. Classification maps data into predefined groups or classes. It is often referred to as supervised learning because the classes are determined before examining the data. The feasibility and the benefits of the proposed approaches are demonstrated by the means of data mining applications like intrusion detection, direct marketing, and signature verification. A variety of techniques have been employed for analysis ranging from traditional statistical methods to data mining approaches. Bagging and boosting are two relatively new but popular methods for producing ensembles. In this work, bagging is evaluated on real and benchmark data sets of intrusion detection, direct marketing, and signature verification in conjunction with as the base learner. The proposed is superior to individual approach for data mining applications in terms of classification accuracy.
The Study of Morphological Structure, Phase Structure and Molecular Structure of Collagen-PEO 600K Blends for Tissue Engineering Application

A new material which is collagen/ poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend was developed to determine its possibility as a promising material for tissue scaffold. PEO with average molecular weight of 600,000 and collagen originated from calf skin were dispersed in 0.1 M acetic acid to prepare a concentration of 1 wt% for PEO and 0.15 wt% for collagen. The collagen-PEO600K blend film was then obtained by solution casting method. SEM results shown that by having certain ratio of collagen and PEO, the membrane began to developed porous structures which are possible to assist tissue attachment on the scaffold. The X-ray diffractograms demonstrate PEO 600K influences on the blend thus enhancing crystallinity of collagen. The Infra red spectrum shows intermolecular interactions of collagen and PEO which alter the collagen structure thus explained the membrane morphological changes. Therefore, we concluded that the phase structure and also the molecular structure of the blend are crucial to produce desirable morphological structure of the membrane which is required for a reliable tissue scaffold.
When Consumption Generate Social Capital: Creating Room for Manoeuvre for Pro-Poor Policies

Economic interactions are often accused of being neutral, or even of generating adverse effects, not only on the social fabric but also on a factor (social capital) which is regarded as the foundation of both socio-economic activity and prosperity. In this paper we document how a particular form of economic interaction (affiliation of marginalised producers to a first level association and to the fair trade import channel) has indeed positive effects on a specific type of social capital. Our findings on a sample of Kenyan farmers show that years of affiliation to Fair Trade significantly affect the participation in elections and the trust placed in trade unions, political parties and the government, net of the impact of other controls and after accounting for the selection bias effect. This implies that consumers buying fair trade products contribute to reinforce both social cohesion and the institutions in countries in which these variables are fundamental in creating room for manoeuvre for pro-poor (equity plus growth) policies.
Short-term, high-dose iron supplementation to healthy pregnant women increases oxidative stress markers: Implications for use of phytonutrients

The National Nutritional Anemia Control Program of the Government of India prescribes a mandatory supplement of 100 mg elemental iron to all pregnant women for 100 days because of widespread iron deficiency anemia. However, such iron supplementation has been recently reported to cause oxidative stress (OS). The present study was undertaken to assess whether short-term supplementation to healthy pregnant women is a better strategy. Disease-free pregnant women, 20-35 years, blood hemoglobin (Hb)>10g/dL, 30 in each trimester (T1, T2, T3), were enrolled. T2+T3 respondents were divided into unsupplemented (UnS) and those receiving 100mg elemental iron with 500g folic acid daily, for only 2-4 weeks (S) and compared with 50 matched nonpregnant (NP) controls. Supplemented (S) gained more weight than unsupplemented (UnS). Hb and hematocrit (Hct) declined in T2+T3 in UnS, but not in S. However, Hct remained lower than NP throughout pregnancy. Plasma ferritin declined through gestation in UnS, but S showed recovery of iron stores. OS marker, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) increased and antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) declined through pregnancy. S showed statistically significantly more changes than UnS. Overall antioxidant capacity marker, Ferric Reducing Activity of plasma increased throughout pregnancy, but was only marginally higher in S compared to UnS. Thus, even short-term high-dose iron supplementation improved iron status marginally, but produced increase in OS in healthy pregnant women. We discuss the implications of these findings in the light of current knowledge regarding phytonutrients, especially iron and antioxidants which may provide a better strategy for supplementation of iron to pregnant women.
Gamification in Fostering Creativity

Purpose – to analyze gamification, as the method for fostering creativity. Design/methodology/approach – Author analyses the precognitions, which allowed gamification to attract mainstream attention, the diversity of understandings about the phenomenon, and the possible relations between usage of gamified platform and the development of creativity. The paper is based on the comparative analysis of scientific literature and related sources from sociology, business, and entertainment. The engagement is analyzed through the theories of self-determination and the “flow”. Creativity is understood as “ any act, idea, or product that changes an existing domain, or that transforms an existing domain into a new one” (Csikszentmihalyi, 1996). Gamification is analyzed as “ use of game design elements in non-game context” (Deterding, Dixon, Khaled, and Nacke (2011) . Findings – Although the gamification is gaining more public attention, there is a lack of studies which would reveal its relations in fostering creativity. One of the main goals of any gamified platform is to raise the engagement of the participant while keeping subject interested in the process or activity. In some cases, there is a relation between “flow” and creativity. However, the strength of this relationship depends from the users of gamified content and the domain of interest. Research limitations / implications – There are very few empirical studies which would support correlation between experiencing the “flow” state and a raise of creativity. This issue requires more surveys, which would ground the idea. Practical implications – By developing further research in usage of gamification while fostering creativity it is possible to determine, whether or not the “creative domains” should apply more measures of gamification in their activities. Value – The article emphasizes on theoretical analysis of gamification and its applicability in fostering creativity. First of all, the context of the raise of gamification is examined. The Generation Y, or the Millennials, is the main target group for the gamification applications. The justification of the method is based on the social context which is formed by a generation of people, who like to be stimulated, entertained and engaged. The Millennials are used to advanced technologies; they made the game industry one of the most profitable in the field of entertainment. This creates possibilities for wider variety of usage of game mechanic elements and game thinking in the contexts which are not directly related to games. Furthermore, the definition of gamification is also a controversial issue, since scientists do not agree within the range of elements that gamification involves. Although gamification is created as a method to increase engagement by using elements of game mechanics, it is explained through theories of self-determination and “flow”. The possible correlation between reaching the state of “flow” and fostering creativity is a questionable issue, since very little studies focused on the idea.
History, current state, and future directions of ionospheric imaging

With the current data availability from both ground‐ and space‐based sources, the network of ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, GPS occultation receivers, in situ electron density sensors, and dual‐frequency beacon transmitters, the time is right for a comprehensive review of the history, current state, and future directions of ionospheric imaging. A brief introduction and history of ionospheric imaging is presented, beginning with computerized ionospheric tomography. Then, a comprehensive review of the current state of ionospheric imaging is presented. The ability of imaging algorithms to ingest multiple types of data and use advanced inverse techniques borrowed from meteorological data assimilation to produce four‐dimensional images of electron density is discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the mathematical basis for the different methods. The science that ionospheric imaging addresses is discussed, and the scientific contributions that ionospheric imaging has made are described. Finally, future directions for this research area are outlined.
Evaluation of water, sucrose and minerals effective diffusivities during osmotic treatment of pork in sugar beet molasses

Effective diffusivities of water, sucrose and minerals in osmotic treatment of pork cubes (M. triceps brachii) were calculated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with respect to temperature (20, 35 and 50oC) and concentration of sugar beet molasses, (60, 70 and 80% w/w). The numerical solution of Fick's' law for unsteady-state mass transfer in a perfect cube configuration was used to calculate the effective diffusivities of water, sucrose and minerals (Na, K, Ca and Mg). Zugarramurdi and Lupin's model was used to predict the equilibrium condition, which was shown to be appropriate for water loss and solute uptake during osmotic treatment. Effective diffusivity of water was found to be in the range of 6.95×10-10 - 8.03×10-10 m2s-1, the sucrose effective diffusivity was between 6.39×10-10 and 8.25×10-10 m2s-1, while diffusivities for minerals were in the range 6.34×10-10 - 8.82×10-10 m2s-1, for Na, 6.27×10-10 - 7.43×10-10 m2s-1, for K, 6.44×10-10 - 8.94×10-10 m2s-1, for Ca and 3.47×10-10 - 5.66×10-10 m2s-1, for Mg. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31055]
Laser Driven Neutron Sources : Characteristics , Applications

The basics of laser driven neutron sources, properties and possible applications are discussed. We describe the laser driven nuclear processes which trigger neutron generation, namely, nuclear reactions induced by laser driven ion beam (ion n), thermonuclear fusion by implosion and photo-induced nuclear (gamma n) reactions. Based on their main properties, i.e. point source (< 100μm) and short durations (< ns), different applications are described, such as radiography, time-resolved spectroscopy and pump-probe experiments. Prospects on the development of laser technology suggest that, as higher intensities and higher repetition rate lasers become available (for example, using DPSSL technology), laser driven methodologies may provide neutron fluxes comparable to that achieved by accelerator driven neutron sources in the near future. c © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of UCANS III and UCANS IV.
Glacial and Postglacial History of the White Cloud Peaks-Boulder Mountains, Idaho, U.S.A.

Glacial and glaciofluvial deposits are mapped and differentiated to develop new local, relative-age (RD) stratigraphies for the North Fork of the Big Lost River, Slate Creek and Pole Creek drainages in the White Cloud Peaks and Boulder Mountains, Idaho. This stratigraphic model expands the areal extent of the "Idaho glacial model". Volcanic ash samples collected from the study area are petrographically characterized and correlated, on the basis of mineralogy and glass geochemistry, to reference samples of identified Cascade Range tephras. Four distinct tephras are recognized including; Mount St. Helens-Set S (13,600-13,300 yr BP), Glacier Peak-Set B (11,250 yr BP), Mount Mazama (6600 yr BP) and Mount St. Helens-Set Ye (4350 yr BP). A core of lake sediments containing two tephra units was obtained from a site called "Pole Creek kettle". Pollen and sediment analyses indicate three intervals of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change. Cool and wet climatic conditions prevailed in the region shortly before and immediately following the deposition of the Glacier Peak-Set B ash (11,250 yr BP). Climatic warming occurred from approximately 10,500 to 6600 yr BP after which warm, dry conditions prevailed. Sediment accumulation in the kettle ceased by 4350 yr BP. The presence of Glacier Peak-Set B tephra in the base of the Pole Creek kettle core provides a minimum age of 11,250 yr BP for the retreat of valley glaciers from their Late Wisconsinan maximum position. A radiocarbon date of 8450 + 85 yr BP (SI-5181), and the presence of Mount Mazama ash (6600 yr BP) up-core support the Glacier Peak-Set B identification.
Normalization of Multifocal Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Images

Imaging the tissue displacements caused by Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) provides qualitative tissue elasticity maps around the focus. To increase imaging range, multi-focus techniques combine several images obtained with different focal depths. Since the acoustic radiation force depends on focus depth, axial distance and steering angle, a normalization process is required before blending multi-focal ARFI images so that changes in the displayed displacements represent true tissue elasticity variations. This work analyzes the sources of displacement variability in multi-focal-zone ARFI and proposes a procedure to normalize and combine partial images. The proposal is based on the system focal configuration, transducer characteristics and global tissue parameters found by ultrasonic measurements. Performance of the proposed algorithm is experimentally evaluated with tissue mimicking phantoms.
A Survey of Underactuated Mechanical Systems

An underactuated mechanical system (UMS) is a system which has fewer independent control actuators than degrees of freedom to be controlled. Control of UMS is considered as one of the most active fields of research because of its diverse engineering applications. This survey reviews UMS from its history to the state-of-the-art research on modelling, classification, control, and to some extent, provides some unique insights for bottleneck issues and future research directions.