Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The polarising region expresses the signalling molecule sonic hedgehog (Shh), and is an embryonic signalling centre essential for outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate

During outgrowth of embryonic limb buds, a group of posterior mesenchymal cells, known as the polarising region, produces signal(s) that pattern the anteroposterior axis of the developing limb. The polarising region was discovered by grafting small pieces of tissue from the posterior margin of one chick limb bud to the anterior margin of another limb bud (Saunders and Gasseling, 1968). This operation leads to a mirror image duplication of the digits. Retinoic acid was the first molecule shown to reproduce this effect (Tickle et al., 1982) and now is known to induce expression of sonic hedgehog ( Shh) (Riddle et al., 1993). Cells of the polarising region express Shh, which is a secreted signalling molecule that can also produce duplications (Riddle et al., 1993) and has been proposed to mediate polarising region activity, probably via bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) (Drossopoulou et al., 2000). Polarising region signalling is dose dependent, since the identity of duplicated digits depends on number of polarising region cells transplanted (Tickle, 1981), or concentration of retinoic acid (Tickle et al., 1985), or Shh protein (Yang et al., 1997) applied: more cells or higher concentrations of retinoic acid or Shh leading to specification of more posterior digit identity. Rather curiously, however, when polarising region cells (Tickle et al., 1975), retinoic acid (Tickle et al., 1985) or Shh (Chang et al., 1994; Riddle et al., 1993; Yang et al., 1997) are added to the posterior margin of chick limbs, normally patterned digits are obtained. This points to a possible buffering mechanism that compensates for an excess of polarising signalling. Very little is known about mechanisms controlling either number of cells in the polarising region or the temporal extent of its activity. It has been suggested that there is a positive f edback loop between Shh expression in the polarising region and Fgf4 expression in the apical ridge that links outgrowth and patterning (Laufer et al., 1994; Niswander et al., 1994) and in Shhknockout mice, limb-bud outgrowth is impaired, leading to distal truncations and absence of digits (Chiang et al., 1996). Wnt7a,which is expressed in dorsal ectoderm, also contributes to maintenance of Shh expression. In chick limbs in which 4811 Development 127, 4811-4823 (2000) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV1593
Oryzasativa rice plants contain molecules that activate di¡erent quorum-sensingN-acyl homoserine lactone biosensors and are sensitive to the speci¢c AiiA lactonase

Gram-negative bacteria most often use N -acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as intercellular quorum-sensing signal molecules. In this study, it was demonstrated that rice plants contain AHL mimic molecules that are very sensitive to the highly speciﬁc AiiA lactonase enzyme and can activate three different AHL bacterial biosensors, indicating that the compounds have a homoserine lactone structure and could be AHLs. The possible source and biological signiﬁcance of this ﬁnding are discussed.
The MAP2K4/JNK/c-Jun Signaling Pathway Plays A Key Role In Dexmedetomidine Protection Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Toxicity

Purpose: Dexmedetomidine [DEX; (S)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-3H-imidazole] is a selective α 2 -adrenergic receptor ( α 2 -AR) agonist that attenuates the liver damage associated with local or systemic in ﬂ ammation. However, it remains unclear whether DEX has protective effects against acetaminophen (Paracetamol, PARA)-induced liver toxicity (PILT). Methods: PILT mice were established by intraperitoneal administration of a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (300 mg/kg). Thirty minutes later, the mice were treated with DEX at a concentration of 0, 5, 25, or 50 μ g/kg. Blood and liver samples were obtained for further analysis. Results: DEX treatment signi ﬁ cantly attenuated PILT in mice, with the strongest bene ﬁ cial effects at a dose of 25 μ g/kg. The levels of hepatic cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in addition to myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, were signi ﬁ cantly decreased following DEX treatment. Moreover, DEX treatment reduced macrophage recruitment around the area of hepatotoxicity and the expression levels of hepatic phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MAP2K4), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and c-Jun expression induced by acetaminophen overdose. Conclusion: The data suggest that DEX likely downregulates the JNK signaling pathway and its downstream effectors to promote its hepatoprotective effect, providing a clinical application of DEX for the attenuation of PILT. tohepatotoxicity. DEXtreatment afteradministration ofPARA decreased the levels of MPO and proin ﬂ ammatory cytokines in the liver and reduced hepatic damage via the MAP2K4/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. The present work provides opportu-nities for the establishment of a potential clinical application of dexmedetomidine with the aim of reducing PILT.
What can machine learning do? Implications for citizen scientists

Citizen science projects set up in research fields such as astronomy, ecology and biodiversity, biology, and neuroimaging produce large datasets; thus they hold promise for applying artificial intelligence for the social and environmental spheres. Human-machine integration in citizen science can harness the contributions of many human observers and use machine learning (ML) to process their contributed data. Several citizen science projects have designed complex human-machine systems, taking advantage of the complementarity of the strengths of humans and machines, and aiming to optimize for efficiency and human engagement. Using document analysis of 12 citizen science projects deploying ML techniques to optimize classification tasks, we describe the distribution of work between citizens and researchers and between humans and algorithms, as well as configurations of human-in-the-loop. The results indicate that experts are involved in every aspect of the loop, from annotating or labeling data to giving them to algorithms to train and make decisions from such predictions. Experts also test and validate models to improve accuracy by scoring their outputs when algorithms are not able to make the right decisions. While experts are the humans mainly involved in the loop, citizens are also involved at various stages of the process. We present three main examples of citizens-in-the-loop: (a) when algorithms provide incorrect suggestions; (b) when algorithms do not know to perform classification, and (c) when algorithms are active learners. We contend that, unlike automated systems that tend to remove or reduce the need for humans, the examined projects are heteromated systems that do not function without the indispensable human mediation of engaged citizens.
Li-Distribution in Compounds of the Li 2 O-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -CaO System—A First Survey

: The recovery of critical elements in recycling processes of complex high-tech products is often limited when applying only mechanical separation methods. A possible route is the pyrometallurgical processing that allows transferring of important critical elements into an alloy melt. Chemical rather ignoble elements will report in slag or dust. Valuable ignoble elements such as lithium should be recovered out of that material stream. A novel approach to accomplish this is enrichment in engineered artiﬁcial minerals (EnAM). An application with a high potential for resource e ﬃ cient solutions is the pyrometallurgical processing of Li ion batteries. Starting from comparatively simple slag compositions such as the Li-Al-Si-Ca-O system, the next level of complexity is reached when adding Mg, derived from slag builders or other sources. Every additional component will change the distribution of Li between the compounds generated in the slag. Investigations with powder X-Ray di ﬀ raction (PXRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of solidiﬁed melt of the ﬁve-compound system Li 2 O-MgO-Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 -CaO reveal that Li can occur in various compounds from beginning to the end of the crystallization. Among these compounds are Li 1 − x (Al 1 − x Si x )O 2 , Li 1 − x Mg y (Al)(Al 3 / 2y + x Si 2 − x − 3 / 2y )O 6 , solid solutions of Mg 1 − (3 / 2y) Al 2 + y O 4 / LiAl 5 O 8 and Ca-alumosilicate (melilite). There are indications of segregation processes of Al-rich and Si(Ca)-rich melts. The experimental results were compared with solidiﬁcation curves via thermodynamic calculations of the systems MgO-Al 2 O 3 and Li 2 O-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 .
Quantification of Interpersonal Violence in Skeletal Remains from Medieval and Post-Medieval London

With little published work on the subject of gender targeting in violence from archaeological skeletal remains, this paper explores the knowledge vacuum by analysing data from interpersonal violence markings, resultant of purposeful violence between two or more people, on skeletal remains to determine how rates of skeletal trauma differ over time between the sexes. This quantitative study utilises data from the Museum of London Archaeology’s (MOLA) osteological WORD database from the medieval period, dating AD 1050-1540, and post-medieval period, 16th to 19th centuries (WORD Database 2016). Despite well-established trends through numerous studies outlining the decline in violence from the medieval period to modern society, the data reveals the rate of interpersonal violence increased against males by 35% from the medieval period to the post-medieval period, whilst the rate declined against females by 13.30%. The rise in male violence is suggested to be a consequence of war injuries, continued post-war raids on London, economic stress, or sample size limitations. Furthermore the data indicates that violence was rarely received peri-mortem for either sex, suggesting trauma was seldom fatal despite its predominate location on the crania. Finally, the findings suggest violence was predominantly perpetrated through blunt and sharp force mechanisms and that violence became less widespread and accepted by the post-medieval period in London, as the number of sites within which individuals with interpersonal violence were found decreased across the periods. This conclusion is supported by historic evidence from courts of laws outlining public disapproval of violence perpetrated against females and outlawing lethal violence (Gurr 1981). his research was conducted to elucidate how interpersonal violence trauma trends changed between males and females through the quantification of the numeracy of violent markings present on the skeletal remains of individuals from medieval and post-medieval London. The research explores how violence levels are connected to social climate and how it differs between the sexes, through the quantification of ‘normative violence rates’, defined as violent interactions occurring due to social and cultural cues, excluding external causes such as war (Brownstein, 2000; Meyerson. M and Falk, 2004). The number of injuries sustained from each violent encounter and the injury mechanism, understood by the type of trauma sustained, were noted and compared, allowing for a comparison between the number of fractures, projectile injuries and blunt and sharp force traumas between the time periods. Location of trauma was also analysed, alongside comparing the numbers of anti- and peri-mortem traumas.
DC Microgrids – Part I

 Abstract - This paper presents a review of control strategies, stability analysis and stabilization techniques for DC microgrids (MGs). Overall control is systematically classified into local and coordinated control levels according to respective functionalities in each level. As opposed to local control which relies only on local measurements, some line of communication between units needs to be made available in order to achieve coordinated control. Depending on the communication method, three basic coordinated control strategies can be distinguished, i.e. decentralized, centralized and distributed control. Decentralized control can be regarded as an extension of local control since it is also based exclusively on local measurements. In contrast, centralized and distributed control strategies rely on digital communication technologies. A number of approaches to using these three coordinated control strategies to achieve various control objectives are reviewed in the paper. Moreover, properties of DC MG dynamics and stability are discussed. The paper illustrates that tightly regulated point-of-load (POL) converters tend to reduce the stability margins of the system since they introduce negative impedances, which can potentially oscillate with lightly damped power supply input filters. It is also demonstrated how the stability of the whole system is defined by the relationship of the source and load impedances, referred to as the minor loop gain. Several prominent specifications for the minor loop gain are reviewed. Finally, a number of active stabilization techniques are presented.
Tractable Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Latent Structure Influence Models With Applications to EEG & ECoG Processing

Brain signals are nonlinear and nonstationary time series, which provide information about spatiotemporal patterns of electrical activity in the brain. CHMMs are suitable tools for modeling multi-channel time-series dependent on both time and space, but state-space parameters grow exponentially with the number of channels. To cope with this limitation, we consider the influence model as the interaction of hidden Markov chains called Latent Structure Influence Models (LSIMs). LSIMs are capable of detecting nonlinearity and nonstationarity, making them well suited for multi-channel brain signals. We apply LSIMs to capture the spatial and temporal dynamics in multi-channel EEG/ECoG signals. The current manuscript extends the scope of the re-estimation algorithm from HMMs to LSIMs. We prove that the re-estimation algorithm of LSIMs will converge to stationary points corresponding to Kullback-Leibler divergence. We prove convergence by developing a new auxiliary function using the influence model and a mixture of strictly log-concave or elliptically symmetric densities. The theories that support this proof are derived from previous studies by Baum, Liporace, Dempster, and Juang. We then develop a closed-form expression for re-estimation formulas using tractable marginal forward-backward parameters defined in our previous study. Simulated datasets and EEG/ECoG recordings confirm the practical convergence of the derived re-estimation formulas. We also study the use of LSIMs for modeling and classification on simulated and real EEG/ECoG datasets. Based on AIC and BIC, LSIMs perform better than HMMs and CHMMs in modeling embedded Lorenz systems and ECoG recordings. LSIMs are more reliable and better classifiers than HMMs, SVMs and CHMMs in 2-class simulated CHMMs. EEG biometric verification results indicate that the LSIM-based method improves the area under curve (AUC) values by about 6.8% and decreases the standard deviation of AUC values from 5.4% to 3.3% compared to the existing HMM-based method for all conditions on the BED dataset.
The XXL Survey

The 2.1 GHz radio source catalogue of the 25 deg2 ultimate XMM extragalactic survey south (XXL-S) field, observed with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), is presented. The final radio mosaic achieved a resolution of ~ 4.8″ and a median rms noise of σ ≈ 41 μJy/beam. To date, this is the largest area radio survey to reach this flux density level. A total of 6350 radio components above 5σ are included in the component catalogue, 26.4% of which are resolved. Of these components, 111 were merged together to create 48 multiple-component radio sources, resulting in a total of 6287 radio sources in the source catalogue, 25.9% of which were resolved. A survival analysis revealed that the median spectral index of the Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS) 843 MHz sources in the field is α = −0.75, consistent with the values of − 0.7 to − 0.8 commonly used to characterise radio spectral energy distributions of active galactic nuclei. The 2.1 GHz and 1.4 GHz differential radio source counts are presented and compared to other 1.4 GHz radio surveys. The XXL-S source counts show good agreement with the other surveys.
Experimental study of border line cases in an anaerobic wastewater treatment plant with different low-strength wastewater scenarios.

Estudio de casos fronterizos en una planta anaerobia de tratamiento de aguas residuales con diferentes escenarios de aguas residuales de baja resistencia. service water was not reached with the established retention times. Abstract In this bachelor thesis a decentralized pilot plant is constructed in the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Erlangen to study border line cases with different low strength wastewater scenarios in order to produce service water. The pilot plant works under anaerobic conditions with one-step process and it consists of a buffer tank and three consecutive reactors. In this study the parameters that have been taken into account to analyze the treated wastewater are the chemical oxygen demand and the ammonium concentration. Saccharose and peptone are subtracts that were added to the wastewater in different concentrations with the aim of studding a series of 12 batches with different compositions. It was observed that each 100 grams of addition of subtract the COD level increased 100 mg/l. Each batch passed through the different stages of the plant and samples were collected every 24 hours to study the evolution of the digestion process. In all batches, the behaviour was the same. With the addition of subtract, initially there was an increase in the value of COD and NH 4 but afterwards these levels decreased gradually. With the obtained results different graphs were studied and it was observed that in reactor one most of the degradation of organic matter took place and reactor two continued with the digestion of the no digested subtract. With a final view of the study it can be said that although the total reduction of COD exceeds 70%, the COD limits of 75 mg/l in service water was not reached with the established retention times. It should also be mention that the addition of saccharose causes greater degradation of the organic matter in comparison with the addition of peptone.
Domino shuffling for the Del Pezzo 3 lattice

We present a version of the domino shuffling algorithm (due to Elkies, Kuperberg, Larsen and Propp) which works on a different lattice: the hexagonal lattice superimposed on its dual graph. We use our algorithm to count perfect matchings on a family of finite subgraphs of this lattice whose boundary conditions are compatible with our algorithm. In particular, we re-prove an enumerative theorem of Ciucu, as well as finding a related family of subgraphs which have 2^{(n+1)^2} perfect matchings. We also give three-variable generating functions for perfect matchings on both families of graphs, which encode certain statistics on the height functions of these graphs.
Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Wet Chemical Method

The magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by the chemical decomposition of the iron chlorides with the ratio Fe/Fe = 2.25 were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy inand without external magnetic field. The transmission electron microscopy studies show that the nanoparticles have spherical shape with diameter about 13 nm. The transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns are composed of lines that could be indexed within the cubic spinel structure. The room temperature Mossbauer spectrum shows the coexistence of the broad magnetically split part and superparamagnetic doublet. The in-field Mossbauer measurements carried out in the temperature range from room temperature down to 13 K show a gradual increase in the spin canting on the surface of the nanoparticles and decrease in the intensity of the superparamagnetic doublet. The sample was subjected to annealing process performed at elevated temperature in air atmosphere in order to change the microstructure of the nanoparticles and in consequence to change the magnetic properties of the sample. The annealing process leads to the decrease in the value of quadrupole splitting of the superparamagnetic doublets.
The Investigation of Image Mining Tools, Techniques and Applications

Digitization in every sector leads to the growth of digital data in a tremendous amount. Digital data are not only available in the form of text but it is also available in the form of images, audio and video. Decision making people in every field like business, public sector, hospital, etc. are trying to get useful and implicit information from the already existing digital data bases. Image mining is the concept used to extract implicit and useful data from images stored in the large data bases. Image mining is used in variety of fields like medical diagnosis, space research, remote sensing, agriculture, industries and even in the educational field. This paper elaborates the research works already done in image mining and also summarizes different tool developed, algorithms emerged and the applications of image mining used to extract the useful images in various fields.
Towards a better understanding of sickness absence in adolescence

An adequate approach to sickness absence can reduce school dropout which is a major problem in Intermediate Vocational Education (IVE). This practice-based study explores the sickness absence reasons and factors influencing reporting the sickness, from a student’s perspective. Semistructured interviews were held until saturation. Data were collected and analysed by a multidisciplinary research team including youth health care physicians working with IVE students. The results show that, according to the students, reasons for sickness reporting were health-related or related to problems at home or in school. Students view their sickness absence as necessity, as asking for understanding, or as pardonable. Their views depended on (1) the perception of medical legitimacy, (2) feeling able to take their own responsibility, (3) feeling being taken seriously at school, and (4) the perception that the sickness reporting procedure at school is anonymous and easy. In conclusion, reporting sickness seems more a reaction to a necessity or opportunity than the result of a conscious decision-making process. Personalizing the sickness reporting procedures and demonstrating interest rather than control while discussing the sickness absence with the individual IVE student might very well affect their sickness absence levels.
Glatiramer Acetate Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Oral Th2 Bias and Enhances Suppression of Promotes a t Cutting Edge: Oral Type I IFN-Howard

IFN- (cid:1) , a novel type I IFN that possesses immunomodulatory properties, lacks toxicity normally associated with other type I IFNs. We examined the effects of oral IFN- (cid:1) alone and in combination with oral glatiramer acetate in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). By comparison of oral administration of IFN- (cid:2) , - (cid:3) , and - (cid:1) to myelin basic protein-speciﬁc TCR-transgenic mice, we demonstrate these type I IFNs promote secretion of the Th2 cytokine IL-10 with similar efﬁciency. Whereas IFN- (cid:2) and - (cid:3) induced IFN- (cid:4) secretion, a Th1 cytokine, IFN- (cid:1) did not. Oral IFN- (cid:1) alone suppressed EAE. When suboptimal doses were administered orally in combination to wild-type mice, IFN- (cid:1) and glatiramer acetate had a synergistic beneﬁcial effect in suppression of EAE. This combination was associated with TGF- (cid:3) secretion and enhanced IL-10 production. Thus, IFN- (cid:1) is a potential candidate for use as a single agent or in combination therapy for multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169: 2231–2235.