Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representation of Target Classes for Text Classification - AMRITA_CEN_NLP@RusProfiling PAN 2017

This working note describes the system we used while participating in RusProfiling PAN 2017 shared task. The objective of the task is to identify the gender trait of the author from the author’s text written in the Russian Language. Taking this as a binary text classification problem, we have experimented to develop a representation scheme for target classes (called class vectors) from the texts belonging to the corresponding target classes. These class vectors are computed from the traditional representation methods available in Vector Space Models and Vector Space Models of Semantics. Followed by the representation, Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel is used to perform the final classification. For this task, genre independent corpus is provided by the RusProfiling PAN 2017 shared task organizers. This proposed model attains almost equal performance across all the genre available in the test corpus.
Visualization of Gene Expression in Living Adult Drosophila

To identify genes involved in the patterning of adult structures, Gal4-UAS (upstream activating site) technology was used to visualize patterns of gene expression directly in living flies. A large number of Gal4 insertion lines were generated and their expression patterns were studied. In addition to identifying several characterized developmental genes, the approach revealed previously unsuspected genetic subdivisions of the thorax, which may control the disposition of pattern elements. The boundary between two of these domains coincides with localized expression of the signaling molecule wingless.
Genetic structure among closely spaced leks in a peripheral population of lesser prairie‐chickens

We evaluated the genetic structure of birds from four closely spaced leks in a peripheral population of lesser prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). Analyses of molecular variance revealed significant genetic structuring among birds from different leks for six microsatellite loci (FST = 0.036; P = 0.002), but we found no genetic differentiation at the mtDNA control region. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg revealed an excess of homozygote genotypes within each of the leks studied (FIS = 0.190–0.307), indicative of increased inbreeding. Estimates of relatedness using microsatellite data suggest that the genetic structuring among lesser prairie‐chicken leks occurs in part because of a lek mating system in which males at some leks are related. Structuring may also be caused by stochastic effects associated with a historical decline in population size leading to small, semi‐isolated leks and high site fidelity by reproductive males. Results from this study suggest that microspatial genetic structuring may occur in lek‐mating bird species with low levels of dispersal.
A-Kinase Anchoring Protein Lbc Coordinates a p38 Activating Signaling Complex Controlling Compensatory Cardiac Hypertrophy

ABSTRACT In response to stress, the heart undergoes a remodeling process associated with cardiac hypertrophy that eventually leads to heart failure. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) have been shown to coordinate numerous prohypertrophic signaling pathways in cultured cardiomyocytes. However, it remains to be established whether AKAP-based signaling complexes control cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in vivo. In the current study, we show that AKAP-Lbc assembles a signaling complex composed of the kinases PKN, MLTK, MKK3, and p38α that mediates the activation of p38 in cardiomyocytes in response to stress signals. To address the role of this complex in cardiac remodeling, we generated transgenic mice displaying cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of a molecular inhibitor of the interaction between AKAP-Lbc and the p38-activating module. Our results indicate that disruption of the AKAP-Lbc/p38 signaling complex inhibits compensatory cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in response to aortic banding-induced pressure overload and promotes early cardiac dysfunction associated with increased myocardial apoptosis, stress gene activation, and ventricular dilation. Attenuation of hypertrophy results from a reduced protein synthesis capacity, as indicated by decreased phosphorylation of 4E-binding protein 1 and ribosomal protein S6. These results indicate that AKAP-Lbc enhances p38-mediated hypertrophic signaling in the heart in response to abrupt increases in the afterload.
Stability of Mechanical Properties for Submicrometer Single-Crystal Silicon Cantilever Under Cyclic Load

The stability of mechanical properties of submicrometer-thick cantilevers was systematically investigated under different conditions: driving force, vacuum, humidity, and temperature. For the submicrometer-thick cantilever, the cyclic test did not lead to failure but resulted in distinguish resonant frequency shift. The frequency shift is caused by fatigue stress, adsorption/desorption, and temperature-induced lever softening effect. At a vacuum of 10-3 Pa, the stress change makes a dominant contribution to the frequency shift, and the desorption induced lever softening is a secondary factor. The resonant fre quency continuously goes down with the cycles, and this frequency shift increases with the driving force of the lever. At a vacuum of 1 Pa, the resonant frequency is nearly unchanged until 109 cycles. Humid air accelerates water adsorption and dramatically enhances the lever stiffness, resulting in frequency increase. At room temperature, the Q factors of the lever change a little with the cycles in spite of the frequency decrease. At elevated temperature (100°C and 200°C), the frequency and Q factors increase with the cycles due to the dominant desorption.
Stable coexistence of three resistance factors (fi-) in Salmonella panama and Escherichia coli K12.

SUMMARY During an epidemic, a strain of Salmonella panama resistant to ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline and which was colicinogenic was isolated. The three drug-resistance determinants were transferred singly, in pairs or en bloc to sensitive Escherichia coli K12 strains. When the recipient was an Hfr strain, it remained sensitive to F-specific phage f 2, so the transferred resistance factors can be classified as fi -. The three resistance characters were always independently transduced by phage P 1-b, and remained transferable in subsequent conjugations. In contrast to closely related R factors or Col factors which cannot coexist stably in the same cell, the three R factors described here do not specifically interfere with one another. They are maintained together in the naturally occurring strain of S. panama and after successive transfer to E. coli K12. These results support the hypothesis that three independent fi - resistance factors, R (Am), R (Km), R (Tc) and a Col factor coexist in S. panama and E. coli K 12 strains.
Negative thinking and the mental health of low-income single mothers.

PURPOSE To test a conceptual model of predictors of depressive symptoms in low-income single mothers with children from 2 to 6 years of age. DESIGN Data were collected from September 2000 to October 2002 as part of the baseline data collection for a larger study in the eastern part of the United States. A volunteer sample of 205 women who were at risk for depression was recruited. METHODS Each woman completed a survey that included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Crandall Cognitions Inventory, and the Everyday Stressors Index. FINDINGS More than 75% of the participants scored at least in the mild depressive range on the Beck Depression Inventory or in the high depressive range on the CES-D. Negative thinking mediated the relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms and partially mediated the relationship between chronic stressors and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with earlier research by this team. Negative thinking is an important factor in the development of depressive symptoms in at-risk women. As a symptom, negative thinking might be more amenable to nursing intervention than to interventions focused on reducing chronic stress.
The Expression of the Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase DEP-1/PTPη Dictates the Responsivity of Glioma Cells to Somatostatin Inhibition of Cell Proliferation*

Here we characterize the intracellular effectors of the antiproliferative activity of somatostatin in glioma cell lines and post-surgical specimens. The responsiveness to somatostatin correlated with the expression of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase DEP-1/PTPη, identified in C6 and U87MG cells, in which somatostatin inhibited cell growth. The expression of a dominant negative mutant of DEP-1/PTPη in C6 cells abolished somatostatin effects, confirming the involvement of this phosphotyrosine phosphatase in such effects. Somatostatin treatment increased the activity of DEP-1/PTPη and inhibited ERK1/2 activation. Conversely, basic fibroblast growth factor-dependent MEK phosphorylation was not affected, suggesting a direct effect on ERK1/2. In vitro experiments showed that PTPη was able to interact and dephosphorylate ERK1/2 activated by basic fibroblast growth factor. Furthermore, by transfecting PTPη in the somatostatin-unresponsive, DEP-1/PTPη-deficient U373MG cells, the somatostatin-dependent control of cell proliferation was recovered. Finally we evaluated the requirement for DEP-1/PTPη in somatostatin inhibition of cell proliferation in post-surgical specimens derived from different grade human gliomas. Although all of the glioma analyzed expressed somatostatin receptor mRNA, DEP-1/PTPη expression was limited to 8 of 22 of the tumors. Culturing seven gliomas, a correlation between the expression of DEP-1/PTPη and the somatostatin antiproliferative effects was identified. In conclusion we propose that the expression and activation of DEP-1/PTPη is required for somatostatin inhibition of glioma proliferation.
Clinical Development Strategies and Outcomes in First-in-Human Trials of Monoclonal Antibodies.

PURPOSE We conducted a comprehensive review of the design, implementation, and outcome of first-in-human (FIH) trials of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to clearly determine early clinical development strategies for this class of compounds. METHODS We performed a PubMed search using appropriate terms to identify reports of FIH trials of mAbs published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and April 2013. RESULTS A total of 82 publications describing FIH trials were selected for analysis. Only 27 articles (33%) reported the criteria used for selecting the starting dose (SD). Dose escalation was performed using rule-based methods in 66 trials (80%). The median number of planned dose levels was five (range, two to 13). The median of the ratio between the highest planned dose and the SD was 27 (range, two to 3,333). Although in 56 studies (68%) at least one grade 3 or 4 toxicity event was reported, no dose-limiting toxicity was observed in 47 trials (57%). The highest planned dose was reached in all trials, but the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) was defined in only 13 studies (16%). The median of the ratio between MTD and SD was eight (range, four to 1,000). The recommended phase II dose was indicated in 34 studies (41%), but in 25 (73%) of these trials, this dose was chosen without considering toxicity as the main selection criterion. CONCLUSION This literature review highlights the broad design heterogeneity of FIH trials testing mAbs. Because of the limited observed toxicity, the MTD was infrequently reached, and therefore, the recommended phase II dose for subsequent clinical trials was only tentatively defined.
Cyclic AMP Inhibits p38 Activation via CREB-Induced Dynein Light Chain

ABSTRACT The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 plays a critical role in inflammation, cell cycle progression, differentiation, and apoptosis. The activity of p38 is stimulated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, such as the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and subjected to regulation by other intracellular signaling pathways, including the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. Yet the underlying mechanism by which cAMP inhibits p38 activation is unknown. Here we show that the induction of dynein light chain (DLC) by cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is required for cAMP-mediated inhibition of p38 activation. cAMP inhibits p38 activation via the protein kinase A-CREB pathway. The inhibition is mediated by the CREB target gene Dlc, whose protein product, DLC, interferes with the formation of the MKK3/6-p38 complex, thereby suppressing p38 phosphorylation activation by MKK3/6. The inhibition of p38 activation by cAMP leads to suppression of NF-κB activity and promotion of apoptosis in response to TNF-α. Thus, our results identify DLC as a novel inhibitor of the p38 pathway and provide a molecular mechanism by which cAMP suppresses p38 activation and promotes apoptosis.
Requirements Engineering - Fundamentals, Principles, and Techniques

Requirements engineering is the process of eliciting individual stakeholder requirements and needs and developing them into detailed, agreed requirements documented and specified in such a way that they can serve as the basis for all other system development activities. In this textbook, Klaus Pohl provides a comprehensive and well-structured introduction to the fundamentals, principles, and techniques of requirements engineering. He presents approved techniques for eliciting, negotiating and documenting as well as validating, and managing requirements for software-intensive systems. The various aspects of the process and the techniques are illustrated using numerous examples based on his extensive teaching experience and his work in industrial collaborations. His presentation aims at professionals, students, and lecturers in systems and software engineering or business applications development. Professionals such as project managers, software architects, systems analysts, and software engineers will benefit in their daily work from the didactically well-presented combination of validated procedures and industrial experience. Students and lecturers will appreciate the comprehensive description of sound fundamentals, principles, and techniques, which is completed by a huge commented list of references for further reading. Lecturers will find additional teaching material on the books website, www.requirements-book.com.
In the Eye of the Beholder: Exploring Variations in the Perceptions of Pornography

While many studies have explored the correlates and outcomes associated with pornography use, the measurement of such use has relied heavily on self-definitions of pornography from research participants, and little is known regarding how individuals define pornography for themselves. Using a diverse sample of 2,089 individuals sampled from the online MTurk Web site, participants were asked to rate whether they felt 20 different examples of sexual media were pornography. Differences by gender, religious attendance, marital status, and pornography use patterns were explored. Results suggested significant variation across the sample in how specific examples of sexual media were perceived. In addition, response profiles significantly differed by gender, religious attendance, marital status, and use of pornography. Implications for the measurement of pornography are discussed.
Cholesterol Depletion Disrupts Caveolae and Insulin Receptor Signaling for Metabolic Control via Insulin Receptor Substrate-1, but Not for Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Control*

Insulin exerts its cellular control through receptor binding in caveolae in plasmalemma of target cells (Gustavsson, J., Parpal, S., Karlsson, M., Ramsing, C., Thorn, H., Borg, M., Lindroth, M., Peterson, K. H., Magnusson, K.-E., and Strålfors, P. (1999) FASEB. J. 13, 1961–1971). We now report that a progressive cholesterol depletion of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with β-cyclodextrin gradually destroyed caveolae structures and concomitantly attenuated insulin stimulation of glucose transport, in effect making cells insulin-resistant. Insulin access to or affinity for the insulin receptor on rat adipocytes was not affected as determined by 125I-insulin binding. By immunoblotting of plasma membranes, total amount of insulin receptor and of caveolin remained unchanged. Receptor autophosphorylation in response to insulin was not affected by cholesterol depletion. Insulin treatment of isolated caveolae preparations increased autophosphorylation of receptor before and following cholesterol depletion. Insulin-increased tyrosine phosphorylation of an immediate downstream signal transducer, insulin receptor substrate-1, and activation of the further downstream protein kinase B were inhibited. In contrast, insulin signaling to mitogenic control as determined by control of the extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was not affected. Insulin did not control Shc phosphorylation, and Shc did not control extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2, whereas cholesterol depletion constitutively phosphorylated Shc. In conclusion, caveolae are critical for propagating the insulin receptor signal to downstream targets and have the potential for sorting signal transduction for metabolic and mitogenic effects.
Real-time collision detection and response in virtual global terrain environments

In many virtual reality applications it is necessary to simulate the interaction among objects. One of the basic requirements is to ensure a non-penetration of bodies. We show a novel algorithm for detecting collisions between camera and terrain. After collisions are detected we propose a fancy collision response. Our collision detection algorithm doesn't need precomputation and reduces memory requirement comparing to the collision detection algorithm using sphere trees. In a virtual global terrain environment application, our collision detection and response algorithm easily runs at real-time rate. Our collision detection algorithm runs faster about dozens of times than the collision detection algorithm using sphere trees.
Safety of hypertonic hyperoncotic solutions--a survey from Austria.

BACKGROUND Hypertonic hyperoncotic solutions (HHS), composed of 7.2 to 7.5% sodium chloride and 6 to 10% dextran or hydroxyethyl starch, are able to restore the disturbed macro- and microcirculation in hypovolemic states within a short period of time. Even small amounts of HHS induce a relevant fluid shift from the extravasal into the intravasal space, and the use of HHS has thus been recommended in acute hypovolemia and hypovolemic shock (principle of "small-volume resuscitation"). Recently, attention has also focused on the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure using HHS. Austria is the only European country where market authorization of HHS was already obtained several years ago and where HHS have been widely used in clinical routine for a comparatively long time. This offers the unique possibility of evaluating, for the first time, the safety profile of HHS solutions. In this study, we analyzed the reported adverse drug reactions of HHS in a large number of applications. METHODS Marketing and pharmacovigilance data as well as other relevant information obtained in Austria during the years 1991 to 2000, were used for analysis of safety aspects of HHS applications in routine clinical practice. RESULTS From 1991 to 2000, four adverse drug reactions related to HHS were reported, none of which was fatal. Out of these, 3 have to be regarded as anaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactions to hydroxyethyl starch. In one case an extreme overdose was infused resulting in a hyperosmolar syndrome. In the same time period approximately 56,000 HHS units were used in Austria in about 18,500 to 37,000 patients. With these numbers, the frequency of adverse drug reactions related to the prescribed application of HHS can be calculated: approximately 5 adverse drug reactions per 100,000 HHS units used; approximately 8-16 adverse drug reactions per 100,000 HHS-treated patients. CONCLUSION Austrian experience with the use of a large number of HHS in clinical routine during nearly a decade indicates that the prescribed application of a combination of hydroxyethyl starch and hypertonic sodium chloride has a low potential for complications.
Effects of microbial challenge on sleep in rabbits

Rabbits challenged with viable Staphylococcus aureus exhibit marked time‐dependent changes in sleep patterns. To examine the generality of this observation, we monitored sleep patterns for 24 h before and for 48 h after intravenous inoculation of rabbits with Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, or Candida albicans. All three agents produced complex time‐dependent changes in sleep. Inoculation with S. pyogenes or C. albicans increased the time spent in slow‐wave sleep (SWS) during h 4‐20 after challenge. Electroencephalographic delta wave amplitudes (DWA) increased during h 4‐8 after injection, but decreased during h 24‐38 after inoculation. Altered sleep patterns were not observed when similar doses of heat‐killed organisms were administered. In contrast, inoculation with E. coli produced a large increase in both SWS time and DWA for the first 2‐4 h after inoculation. DWA then decreased from 6 to 32 h after inoculation. Similar effects occurred when heat‐killed E. coli were administered. Rapid eye movement sleep was reduced by all three agents. These data demonstrate that altered sleep patterns occur in response to infectious challenge in rabbits, and that these changes are related to the type of infectious organism involved. —Toth, L. A. ; Krueger, J. M. Effects of microbial challenge on sleep in rabbits. FASEB J. 3: 2062‐2066; 1989.
Dataset Reuse: An Analysis of References in Community Discussions, Publications and Data

Following the Linked Data principles means maximising the reusability of data over the Web. Reuse of datasets can become apparent when datasets are linked to from other datasets, and referred in scientific articles or community discussions. It can thus be measured, similarly to citations of papers. In this paper we propose dataset reuse metrics and use these metrics to analyse indications of dataset reuse in different communication channels within a scientific community. In particular we consider mailing lists and publications in the Semantic Web community and their correlation with data interlinking. Our results demonstrate that indications of dataset reuse across different communication channels and reuse in terms of data interlinking are positively correlated.
Simulation of the light trapping effects of Ag nanoparticles on plan silicon surface

A model was set to simulate the surface reflectance reduction by deposited Ag nanoparticles on plan silicon surface. Compared with the bare silicon surface, a dramatic reflectance reduction around 450 nm and 510 nm were observed. By a series of Mie theory calculations, the influences of dielectric constant of particles' surrounding on the surface reflectance reduction and the particle size were investigated in detail. Due to the particle size have opposite influence on the scattering cross section and the scattering direction, that increasing particle size also has positive and negative effect on Si surface light trapping. And the increased dielectric constant value of particles' surroundings could let more lights scattering forward to Si substrate. This study gives a theory support for improving light trapping of Ag assist Si solar cells.