Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of research on plant-based meat alternatives: Driving forces, history, manufacturing, and consumer attitudes.

The topic of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) has been discussed for several decades, but it has only recently become one of the hottest topics in the food and research communities. With the purpose of investigating the current situation of scientific research on PBMA and determining future research opportunities, the driving forces for PBMA development, a brief history of its progression, key technologies required for production, and the resulting consumer attitudes are summarized. Environmental, human health, and animal welfare concerns are the main factors that have driven the development of PBMA. Although its history can trace back to ancient Asian civilizations, the first generation of PBMA originated in 1960s and a new generation of PBMA designed for carnivore was developed in recently years. Structuring methods such as extrusion and shear cell techniques have been widely studied, but improvements toward the overall appearance and flavor, biological and chemical safety control, as well as the selection of protein sources are also very important for PBMA production. The consumer acceptance of PBMA remains unsatisfactory but is continually improving. Based on those knowledge, future research opportunities include developing more effective strategies for consumer education, providing more scientific evidence for the health properties of PBMA, finding more suitable protein sources to improve the quality of the final products, improving the appearance and flavor, further examining and securing the chemical safety, exploring the structure formation mechanism during the extraction or shearing processes, and developing methods and standards for a quality evaluation of PBMA.
Redescription of Pelobates praefuscus Khosatzky, 1985 and new records of Pelobates from the late Miocene–Pleistocene of Eastern Europe

Abstract A reexamination of the holotype frontoparietal of Pelobates praefuscus Khosatzky, 1985 from the Pliocene of Moldova and an investigation of newly referred frontoparietal reveal previously unknown characters for this species. P. praefuscus, considered a synonym of Pelobates fuscus, is regarded here as a separate species. It differs from P. fuscus in the presence of frontoparietal-squamosal contact and medial position of the foramen arteriae occipitalis and from all extant Pelobates in having the arteria orbitonasalis open posteriorly. The last character, previously known only in early Miocene Pelobates, is shown to be present in late Miocene and early Pliocene congeners, whereas in late Pliocene–Pleistocene congeners, the posterior part of the arteria orbitonasalis generally is covered ventrally by bone.
A new vanilla species from Costa Rica closely related to V. planifolia (Orchidaceae)

We describe a new vanilla species growing in sympatry with Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews (Orchidaceae) in the province of Limon, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. The morphology of the reproductive and vegetative organs observed on vines cultivated under shade-house, the nuclear (Internal Transcribed Spacer) and plastid (matK) nucleotide sequences, as well as the contents of aromatic compounds measured in ripe fruits, show that this species is close to but distinct from V. planifolia. The name V. sotoarenasii M.Pignal, Azofeifa-Bolanos & Grisoni sp. nov. is proposed for this new Vanilla species endemic in Costa Rica. It is especially distinguished from V. planifolia by a reduction of about 30% of the size of the fruits and flowers, by a divergence of ITS sequences for at least two species-conserved nucleotides compared to seven other species of the V. planifolia group, and by the presence of anisic compounds and low content of phenolic compounds (including vanillin) in the fruits. These results confirmed the extension of the area of distribution of V. planifolia southward to Costa Rica, where a recent speciation process occurred. Because of its particular agronomic and aromatic properties, V. sotoarenasii sp. nov. could represent a valuable biological resource for the vanilla industry.
WNT4 and WNT3A activate cell autonomous Wnt signaling independent of PORCN and secretion

The enzyme PORCN is considered essential for Wnt secretion and signaling. However, PORCN inhibition did not phenocopy the effects of WNT4 knockdown in WNT4-dependent breast cancer cells, suggesting an atypical role for PORCN in WNT4 signaling. WNT4 or WNT3A were over-expressed in cell lines (breast and ovarian cancer, and fibrosarcoma). Conditioned medium from these cell lines, and co-culture systems, were used to assess Wnt secretion and activity. The dependence of Wnt secretion on PORCN and WLS was also tested. We observed that WLS was universally required for Wnt secretion and paracrine signaling. In contrast, the dependence of WNT3A secretion and activity on PORCN varied across cell lines, and WNT4 secretion was PORCN-independent in all models. Surprisingly, WNT4 did not present paracrine activity in any tested context. Absent the expected paracrine activity of secreted WNT4, we identified cell autonomous Wnt signaling activation by WNT4 and WNT3A, independent of PORCN and secretion. Direct transfection of Wnt protein activated the Wnt second messenger proteins DVL2 and DVL3, independent of activation of membrane receptors. The PORCN-independent, cell-autonomous Wnt signaling demonstrated herein may be critical in WNT4-driven cellular contexts, or those which are otherwise considered to have dysfunctional Wnt signaling. Summary Statement Wnt proteins can mediate an atypical mode of cell-autonomous signaling, distinct from paracrine signaling, that is independent of both palmitoylation by PORCN and Wnt secretion.
Fusion of UAV and Terrestrial Photogrammetry with Laser Scanning for 3D Reconstruction of Historic Churches in Georgia

In September 2018, photogrammetric images and terrestrial laser scans were carried out as part of a measurement campaign for the three-dimensional recording of several historic churches in Tbilisi (Georgia). The aim was the complete spatial reconstruction with a spatial resolution and accuracy of approx. 1 cm under partly difficult external conditions, which required the use of different measurement techniques. The local measurement data were collected by two laser scanning campaigns (Leica BLK360 and Faro Focus 3D X330), several UAV flights and two terrestrial image sets. The photogrammetric point clouds were calculated with the image-based modelling programs AgiSoft and RealityCapture taking into account the control points from the laser scans. The mean residual errors from the registrations or photogrammetric evaluations are 4–16 mm, depending on the selected software, size and complexity of the monument and environmental conditions. The best completeness and quality of the resulting 3D model was achieved by using laser scan data and images simultaneously. The article presents recent results obtained with RealityCapture and gives a critical analysis of accuracy and modelling quality.
Optimization of spacer and source/channel junction to improve TFET characteristics

As the electrical characteristics of tunnel ﬁeld-eﬀect transistors (TFETs) are greatly inﬂuenced by the source junction and the gate spacer, the eﬀects of these parameters are analyzed by technology computer-aided design simulation. As a result, it is found that an ON-state current of TFETs can be improved by + 161 : 8 % through the high- (cid:20) spacer of an appropriate length when the source junction does not overlap the edge of the spacer. In addition, it is conﬁrmed that an intrinsic delay time which determines the high frequency characteristics is also reduced by (cid:0) 65 : 9 % because an increase of entire gate capacitance, a side eﬀect of the high- (cid:20) spacer, is negligible.
Enhanced sensitivity of optical gyroscope in a mechanical parity-time-symmetric system based on exceptional point

High-sensitivity gyroscope is widely used for rotation detection in several practical applications. Recently, exceptional points (EPs) have garnered considerable attention for enhancing the sensitivity of sensors based on optical cavities. Here, we propose an EP-enhanced optical gyroscope based on mechanical parity-time (PT) symmetry in a microcavity system. We demonstrate that by pumping the two optical modes with different colors, i.e., blue and red detuning, an effective mechanical PT-symmetric system can be obtained, and the system can be prepared at EP with appropriate parameters. The sensitivity of gyroscope at EP was enhanced by more than one order of magnitude in the weak perturbation regime as compared to that at diabolic point. This indicates that the sensitivity of gyroscope can be effectively enhanced by monitoring the mechanical modes rather than the optical modes. Overall, our work provides a promising approach to design high-sensitivity gyroscopes in optical microcavities and is potentially useful in a variety of research fields including fundamental physics and precision measurement.
Influence of Element Penetration Region on Adhesion and Corrosion Performance of Ni-Base Coatings

In this study, Ni–P/Ni–P–SiC coatings were prepared on pretreated 45 steel substrates by scanning electrodeposition. Prior to the electrodeposition, the substrates were subjected to two types of pretreatments: polishing and sandblasting. The 3D morphology of the pretreated substrates was characterized by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The micromorphology and section morphology of the coating surface were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The section element composition was characterized using an EDS energy spectrum analyzer. The adhesion and corrosion resistance of 15 coatings were analyzed using an automatic scratch tester and CS350 electrochemical workstation. The results showed the presence of an element penetration region between the coating and the substrate. The sandblasting pretreatment and SiC nanoparticle addition helped widen the penetration region of the elements. The Ni–P–SiC coating prepared by scanning electrodeposition on the sandblasted substrate exhibited the thickest penetration region, up to 28.39 µm. A scratch test conducted on this coating showed that it exhibits the best adhesion force, up to 36.5 N. In electrochemical corrosion experiments, its corrosion potential was found to be the highest, reaching −0.30 V, and the corrosion current density was the lowest, reaching 8.45 × 10−7 A·cm−2. The presence of the element penetration region increased the coating adhesion and improved the corrosion resistance.
Backhaul-Aware Dimensioning and Planning of Millimeter-Wave Small Cell Networks

The massive deployment of Small Cells (SCs) is increasingly being adopted by mobile operators to face the exponentially growing traffic demand. Using the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band in the access and backhaul networks will be key to provide the capacity that meets such demand. However, dimensioning and planning have become complex tasks, because the capacity requirements for mmWave links can significantly vary with the SC location. In this work, we address the problem of SC planning considering the backhaul constraints, assuming that a line-of-sight (LOS) between the nodes is required to reliably support the traffic demand. Such a LOS condition reduces the set of potential site locations. Simulation results show that, under certain conditions, the proposed algorithm is effective in finding solutions and strongly efficient in computational cost when compared to exhaustive search approaches.
Genomic Organization of ancop Gene for α-COP Homolog from Aspergillus nidulans

We have cloned a α-COP homolog, ancop, from Aspergillus nidulans by colony hybridization of chromosome specific library using α-COP homologous fragment as a probe. The probe DNA was amplified with degenerated primers designed by comparison of conserved region of the amino acid sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-COP, Homo sapiens HEP-COP, and Drosophila melanogaster α-COP. Full length cDNA clone was also amplified by RT-PCR. Comparison of genomic DNA sequence with cDNA sequence obtained by RT-PCR revealed 7 introns. Amino acid sequence similarity search of the anCop with other α-COPs gave an overall identity of 52% with S. cerevisiae, 47% with human and bovine, 45% with Drosophila and Arabidopsis. In upstream region from the transcription start site, a putative TATA and CAAT motif were also identified.
Sensitivity analysis on the impact of geometrical and operational variations on turbine hub cavity modes and practical methods to control them

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the impact of different design and operational variations on the instabilities induced at the hub cavity outlet of a turbine. The experiments were conducted at the “LISA” test facility at ETH Zurich. The axial gap at the 2nd stage hub cavity exit was varied, and also three different flow deflectors were implemented at the cavity exit to control the cavity modes (CMs). Furthermore, the turbine pressure ratio was altered to mimic the off-design condition and study the sensitivity of the CMs to this parameter. Measurements were performed using pneumatic, and Fast Response Aerodynamic Probes (FRAP) at stator and rotor exit. In addition, unsteady pressure transducers were installed at the cavity exit wall to measure the characteristic parameters of the CMs. For the small axial gap, distinct and strong CMs were generated, which actively interacted with stator and rotor hub flow structures. Increasing the gap damped the fluctuations; however, a broader range of frequencies was amplified. The flow deflectors successfully suppressed the CMs by manipulating the shear layer velocity profile and blocking the growing instabilities. Eventually, the increase in the turbine pressure ratio strengthened the CMs and vice versa.
Tumors in Space: Preparation for Spaceflight

Tumors in Space is a cutting-edge cancer research experiment at the intersection of stem-cell biology and space technology selected by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and the China Manned Space Agency for a 31-day space mission on board the China Space Station. Anchored in Norway, Tumors in Space includes an international team of exceptional scientists at several European partner organizations including the University of Oslo and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Norway, the International Space University in France, the Belgian Nuclear Research Center in Belgium, and Vrije University Amsterdam as well as the Hubrecht Institute in The Netherlands. This chapter first presents our two novel hypotheses including the current state of scientific evidence upon which our hypotheses are based. Following, the seven main steps of our spaceflight preparation are discussed within the context of our 2025 launch date from China. Finally, some thoughts on impact, including support for the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals and commitment to science communication in the public domain, are given. Tumors is Space is under a programme of, and funded by the European Space Agency with the support of the Norwegian Space Agency.
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Food Safety Perceptions—A Choice-Based Willingness to Pay Study

As the COVID-19 pandemic brings about sudden change in societies across the globe and likely heralds the start of a recession, we examine the pandemic’s impact on consumer food safety perceptions. Due to its origin, COVID-19, likely spurring from an animal-to-human transmission in the context of a wet market, may impact consumer food perceptions in similar ways to the avian flu (H5N1) and the swine flu (H1N1). We examine this effect by studying preferences for beef meat in a consumer survey in the United States (n = 999) using a choice-based experiment. We compare our findings to Lim et al. (2014), who elicited consumer beef willingness to pay (WTP). Additionally, we investigate the impact of the looming recession by analyzing several attributes and their effect on consumer preferences. Our findings suggest that food safety concerns have become more important. As a result, production standards and the country of origin have lost importance. Additionally, we show that the socioeconomic impact for some respondents impacts their shopping preferences. Finally, we outline potential areas for future research as well as managerial implications.
A set of SNP markers for timber tracking of Larix spp. in Europe and Russia

The verification of the geographical origin of timber is of increasing importance with the entry into force of new regulations having become effective (EU Timber Regulation, US Lacey Act and Australia Illegal Logging Prohibition Act) that regulate the trade of timber. Larch timber represents a significant portion of timber traded on the European market. It is mostly harvested in Russia, where trade of illegally harvested timber is known to occur. Although genetic data are available for Larix spp. , robust and polymorphic marker tests are still lacking for timber DNA analysis. Using Restriction Site Associated DNA sequencing, we developed a set of 253 SNP loci which was screened on 916 Larix spp. individuals. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed the presence of eight genetic clusters showing a West-East pattern in Eurasia. This marker set resulted in assignment success rates to the region of origin ranging from 74 per cent to 88 per cent. From the full marker set, a subset of 76 loci was selected to allow cost-effective analysis of timber and was successfully tested on nine blind timber samples. The performance of genetic assignment methods and laboratory procedures for the analysis of timber DNA is discussed.
Pathomorphological studies on mesenchymal and melanocytic neoplasms of cattle

The study aimed to establish the occurrence of cutaneous mesenchymal and melanocytic neoplasm’s from various breeds of cattle belonging to different geographical locations of Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, India. Out of 100 cases with cutaneous growths studied, 89 cases were diagnosed as neoplastic and 11 as non-neoplastic conditions based on gross, histological and histochemical features. Out of 89 cutaneous neoplasms, 5 (5.61%) cases were of mesenchymal and 4 (4.49%) were of melanocytic in origin. Grossly, the lesions varied in size, greyish-white to dark in colour, solitary to multiple, sessile to pedunculated, cauliflower to rice grain-like, soft to hard in consistency and occasionally were ulcerated. Histopathologically, proliferating spindle-shaped fibroblasts with oval normochromatic nuclei and abundant collagen arranged in whorls were the features in all the mesenchymal neoplasms and were diagnosed as fibroma. The melanocytic tumours revealed proliferating melanocytes were plump to fusiform with granular hyper-pigmented cytoplasm comprising of melanin and often arranged as nests were accordingly classified as melanoma.
Mapping Mechanisms in Glycosylation Reactions with Donor Reactivity: To Avoid Generation of Side Products.

The glycosylation reaction, which is key for the studies on glycoscience, is challenging due to its complexity and intrinsic side reactions. Thioglycoside is one of the most widely used glycosyl donors in the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides. However, one of the challenges is its side reactions, which lowers its yield and limits its efficiency, thereby requiring considerable effort in the optimization process. Herein, we reported a multifaceted experimental approach that reveals the behaviors of side reactions, such as the intermolecular thioaglycon transformation and N-glycosyl succinimides, via the glycosyl intermediate. Our mechanistic proposal was supported by low temperature NMR studies that can further be mapped by utilizing relative reactivity values (RRVs). Accordingly, we also presented our findings to suppress the generation of side products in solving this particular problem for achieving high-yield glycosylation reactions.
An efficient and precise method for generating knockout cell lines based on CRISPR‐Cas9 system

Although the efficiency and versatility of CRISPR‐Cas9 system has been greatly improved over conventional genome editing methods such as zinc finger or TALEN, it is still time‐consuming and labor‐intensive for screening knockout/knock‐in cell clones due to differences of the targeted location or efficacies of guide RNAs (gRNAs). Here, we adapted a targeted knock‐in strategy with CRISPR‐Cas9 system and characterized the efficiency for generating single or double knockout cell lines. Specifically, a homology‐arm based donor cassette consisting of genes encoding a fluorescence protein and antibiotic selection marker driven by a constitutive promoter was co‐transfected with a gRNA expressing unit. Based on FACS sorting and antibiotic drug selection, positive cell clones were confirmed by genotyping and at the protein expression level. The results indicated that more than 70% of analyzed clones identified by cell sorting and selection were successfully targeted in both single and double knockout experiments. The procedure takes less than three weeks to obtain knockout cell lines. We believe that this methodology could be applicable and versatile in generating knockout cell clones with high efficiency in most cell lines.
Applications and efficient algorithms for integer programming problems on monotone constraints

We present here classes of integer programming problems that are solvable efficiently and with combinatorial flow algorithms. The problems are characterized by constraints that have either at most two variables per inequality that appear with opposite sign coefficients, or have in addition a third variable that appears only in one constraint. Such integer programs, referred to here as monotone IP2 or IP3, are shown to be solvable in polynomial time for polynomially bounded variables. This article demonstrates the vast applicability of IP2 and IP3 as models for integer programs in multiple scenarios. Since the problems are easily recognized, the knowledge of their structure enables one to determine easily that they are efficiently solvable. The variety of applications, that previously were not known to be solved as efficiently, underlies the importance of recognizing this structure and, if appropriate, formulating problems as monotone IP2 or IP3. Additionally, if there is flexibility in the modeling of an integer programming problem, the formulation choice as monotone IP2 or IP3 leads to efficient algorithms, whereas slightly different modeling choices would lead to NP‐hard problems.
N2–H2 capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges at low pressure: II. Modeling results: the relevance of plasma-surface interaction

In this work, we present the results of simulations carried out for N2–H2 capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges, running at low pressure (0.3–0.9 mbar), low power (5–20 W), and for amounts of H2 up to 5%. Simulations are performed using a hybrid code that couples a two-dimensional time-dependent fluid module, describing the dynamics of the charged particles in the discharge, to a zero-dimensional kinetic module, that solves the Boltzmann equation and describes the production and destruction of neutral species. The model accounts for the production of several vibrationally and electronic excited states, and contains a detailed surface chemistry that includes recombination processes and the production of NH x molecules. The results obtained highlight the relevance of the interactions between plasma and surface, given the role of the secondary electron emission in the electrical parameters of the discharge and the critical importance of the surface production of ammonia to the neutral and ionic chemistry of the discharge.