Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metal‐Phosphide‐Containing Porous Carbons Derived from an Ionic‐Polymer Framework and Applied as Highly Efficient Electrochemical Catalysts for Water Splitting

A novel phosphorus‐containing porous polymer is efficiently prepared from tris(4‐vinylphenyl)phosphane by radical polymerization, and it can be easily ionized to form an ionic porous polymer after treatment with hydrogen iodide. Upon ionic exchange, transition‐metal‐containing anions, such as tetrathiomolybdate (MoS4 2−) and hexacyanoferrate (Fe(CN)6 3−), are successfully loaded into the framework of the porous polymer to replace the original iodide anions, resulting in a polymer framework containing complex anions (termed HT‐Met, where Met = Mo or Fe). After pyrolysis under a hydrogen atmosphere, the HT‐Met materials are efficiently converted at a large scale to metal‐phosphide‐containing porous carbons (denoted as MetP@PC, where again Met = Mo or Fe). This approach provides a convenient pathway to the controlled preparation of metal‐phosphide‐loaded porous carbon composites. The MetP@PC composites exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under acidic conditions. In particular, MoP@PC with a low loading of 0.24 mg cm−2 (on a glass carbon electrode) affords an iR‐corrected (where i is current and R is resistance) current density of up to 10 mA cm−2 at 51 mV versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and a very low Tafel slope of 45 mV dec−1, in rotating disk measurements under saturated N2 conditions.
A short review of headspace extraction and ultrasonic solvent extraction for honey volatiles fingerprinting

Summary Honey volatiles exhibit a potential role in distinguishing honeys as a function of botanical origin, but heating of honey generates artefacts such as compounds of Strecker degradation and Maillard reaction products. This short review is focused on the most recently applied methods for honey volatiles fingerprinting (without generation of thermal artefacts): headspace extraction (dynamic headspace extraction (DHE), headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)) and ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE). These methods display a varying degree of selectivity and effectiveness depending upon the compounds involved and the extraction conditions. Recent developments of these methods are discussed, with application examples drawn from the literature as well from our own research. Flavour qualities of the honey are very much dependent on the volatile and semivolatile organic compounds present in both the sample matrix and the headspace aroma. Therefore the use of one single technique is not adequate for reliable honey volatiles profiling, but combined use of headspace extraction and ultrasonic solvent extraction could be a useful tool for the characterization of the honey and identification of its botanical source through typical volatile marker compounds.
Syngas for Methanol Production from Palm Oil Biomass Residues

Biodiesel is produced from palm oil and methanol; this methanol could be obtained from gasification of the raw palm oil residual. The complete process includes: pre-treatment of the biomass, gasification, cleaning and conditioning of the gas and the final synthesis of methanol. A review of the gasification stage is carried out, a classification of the existent gasification reactors is presented and the characteristics of three types of gasifiers are detailed. Furthermore, a summary of certain chemical and physical requirements of the gas obtained by the gasification process are introduced. Some conditions are highlighted: the ratio hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H2/CO) must be close to two and, the quantities of diluted nitrogen, sulphur and water in the gas must be low. Keeping in mind these characteristics we proceeded to recommend the gasifier and gasification medium. Finally, a chemical equilibrium model is introduced to estimate the composition of the gas produced and to study the effect of the temperature and operation pressure in the quality of the gas produced. The gasification process considers a fluidized bed gasifier and the simulated results are compared with experimental data. The results showed that the simulation approach accurately represents the gasification process and allows considering the simulation for some other biomass residues.
Photorecorder of pulsed-periodic IR radiation based on the ionization chamber

A new high-speed photorecorder, ITMGT-device (ionization type magnifying glass of time), is presented which unlike the well-known analogs operates in a wide spectral range of 1.3 - 10.6 micrometers and is intended to record frame by frame the beam structure of laser IR radiation. ITMGT has a wide dynamic range (not less than 300) and high sensitivity (10-4 - 10-5 J/cm2) in a wide spectral region. It provides frame recording with an exposure length of a frame of 10 - 50 microsecond(s) , framing rate up to 100 Hz, and up 100 frames for one recording cycle. It was successfully used to measure divergence and energy density distribution at the end of pulsed and pulsed-periodic IR lasers, in facilities for laser isotope separation and also in development of new industrial technologies for processing, welding, and cutting of materials with the help of high- power laser radiation.
Structures, spectra, and electronic properties of halide-water pentamers and hexamers, X−(H2O)5,6 (X=F,Cl,Br,I): Ab initio study

Various structures of halide-water pentamers and hexamers have been investigated using extensive ab initio calculations. Then, we compare the structures, spectra, and electronic properties of the hydrated fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide systems. Although some of the fluoride and iodide systems have been investigated earlier, we have carried out more accurate calculations on an enlarged conformational ensemble. The chloride-, bromide-, and iodide-water pentamers and hexamers behave somewhat similarly, but differently from the fluoride-water pentamer and hexamer. Fluoride-water clusters show semisurface (or semi-internal) structures, while chloride-, bromide-, and iodide-water clusters show surface structures. We substantiate our findings by evaluating various electronic properties such as ionization potentials, natural bond orbital charges, dipole moments, and charge-transfer-to-solvent energies, as well as vibrational frequencies of the low-energy halide-water pentamers and hexamers.
Effect of Surface Free Energy of Film Laminated Steel Sheets on Content Release Properties

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets that are now widely used in beverage cans have excellent properties of formability, corrosion resistance and adhesion to steel sheets. To expand their application, we have sought to develop a new PET film laminated steel sheet for use in food cans. Content release properties are necessary for easy removal of the can contents in food can applications. However, PET film laminated steel sheets have poor content release properties. Investigations of these properties have revealed dependence on the strength of adhesion between the films and can contents. The surface free energy of PET films has been inferred to be the main factor in poor content release properties. Therefore, using films with widely diverse surface free energy values, we studied the effects of surface free energy on the content release properties of materials in contact with cans. The results showed that these properties are closely related to the surface free energy of the film material, and that materials with surface free energy of less than 23 mN/m or greater than 44 mN/m show excellent properties for processed meat products with high protein content.
Effect of co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles on photoluminescence of cu-doped potassium lithium borate glass

The SnO2 co-doped lithium potassium borate glasses doped with 0.05, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mol% of Cu were synthesized by the melt quenching technique. The SnO2 co-dope was added to the compounds in the amounts of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mol%. The photoluminescent spectrum for different concentrations of copper was studied. It was observed that the intensity of blue emission (450, 490 nm) varies with concentration mol%. In addition, with different concentration of SnO2 to 0.10 mol% Cu, the influence of the luminescence has been observed to enhance intensity and shifted to blue and red (490, 535 nm) emissions.
Robust Regulation of Alkalinity in Highly Uncertain Continuous Anaerobic Digestion Processes

In this paper, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) model-based robust control scheme is proposed for the indirect control of both total alkalinity and the ratio (intermediate alkalinity)/(total alkalinity) by regulating volatile fatty acid concentrations and strong ions concentration, while guaranteeing the so-called operational stability in anaerobic digestion (AD) processes. The proposed MIMO regulator is an adaptive controller derived from an AD model which incorporates the physicochemical equilibrium of the system as well as the use of a robust interval observer to estimate key process bounds that are used in the computation of the control efforts. Numerical simulations were carried out for a number of operating conditions under the most uncertain scenarios. Results showed that the proposed multivariable control law is able to recover the system stability around a pre-determined set point in the face of parameter uncertainty and load disturbances.
Dynamic Viscoelastic and Multiple Scattering Effects in Fiber Suspensions

This study considers the most fundamental problem of 2‐D acoustic scattering in fiber suspensions. It treats the interaction of a plane compressional sound wave with a cluster of two flexible fibers submerged in a boundless viscous fluid medium. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of the fibers and the viscosity of the surrounding fluid are rigorously taken into account in the solution of the problem. The translational addition theorem for cylindrical wave functions, the Havriliak‐Negami model for viscoelastic material behaviors and the appropriate wave field expansions and the pertinent boundary conditions are employed to develop a closed‐form solution in the form of an infinite series. The prime objectives are to investigate the influence of dynamic viscoelastic properties of fiber material as well as multiple scattering interaction effects on acoustic scattering and its associated quantities. The analytical results are illustrated with a numerical example in which two identical viscoelastic fibers are insonified by a plane sound wave at broadside/end‐on incidence. The backscattering form function amplitude and the spatial distribution of the total acoustic pressure are numerically evaluated and discussed for representative values of the parameters characterizing the system. The effects of incident wave frequency, angle of incidence, material properties, and proximity of the two fibers are examined. A limiting case involving a pair of rigid cylinders in an ideal fluid is considered, and fair agreement with a well‐known solution is established.
Exploring the Use of Skeletal Tracking for Cheaper Motion Graphs and On-Set Decision Making in Free-Viewpoint Video Production

In free-viewpoint video (FVV), the motion and surface appearance of a real-world performance is captured as an animated mesh. While this technology can produce high-fidelity recreations of actors, the required 3D reconstruction step has substantial processing demands. This means FVV experiences are currently expensive to produce, and the processing delay means on-set decisions are hampered by a lack of feedback. This work explores the possibility of using RGB-camera-based skeletal tracking to reduce the amount of content that must be 3D reconstructed, as well as aiding on-set decision making. One particularly relevant application is in the construction of Motion Graphs, where state-of-the-art techniques require large amounts of content to be 3D reconstructed before a graph can be built, resulting in large amounts of wasted processing effort. Here, we propose the use of skeletons to assess which clips of FVV content to process, resulting in substantial cost savings with a limited impact on performance accuracy. Additionally, we explore how this technique could be utilised on set to reduce the possibility of requiring expensive reshoots.
Application of Micro-Schlieren Technique to Quantitative Analysis of Mass Transport in a Micromixer

In this study, we develop a micro-schlieren analysis methodology to facilitate measurement of inhomogeneities in a micromixer. As a first step, calibration procedures are performed by mixing dilute aqueous methanol and water in a T-microchannel in order to obtain the relation between the refractive index gradients and pixel grayscale values. Knowing the influences of concentration in the refractive index of aqueous methanol solution, we are able to associate pixel grayscale values with the concentration gradient along the cross-stream axis. For refractive index gradient larger than 130 m−1 , the calibration curve shows great linearity, setting the sensitivity limit of our quantitative micro-schlieren system to 2 × 104 m−1 for concentration gradient. We then implement this methodology to examine the mixing behavior in a microfluidic oscillator. The results prove that the micro-schlieren technique is able to provide spatially-resolved, noninvasive, full-field transient measurements and offer a valuable insight into the microscale mass transport phenomena that other methods fail to deliver. While the micro-schlieren technique is directly linked to the measurement of refractive index gradient, the present methodology can be extended to other scalar quantitations that are related to the variation of refractive index in the future. © 2011 ASME
This is Why We Can’t Cache Nice Things: Lightning-Fast Threat Hunting using Suspicion-Based Hierarchical Storage

Recent advances in the causal analysis can accelerate incident response time, but only after a causal graph of the attack has been constructed. Unfortunately, existing causal graph generation techniques are mainly offline and may take hours or days to respond to investigator queries, creating greater opportunity for attackers to hide their attack footprint, gain persistency, and propagate to other machines. To address that limitation, we present Swift, a threat investigation system that provides high-throughput causality tracking and real-time causal graph generation capabilities. We design an in-memory graph database that enables space-efficient graph storage and online causality tracking with minimal disk operations. We propose a hierarchical storage system that keeps forensically-relevant part of the causal graph in main memory while evicting rest to disk. To identify the causal graph that is likely to be relevant during the investigation, we design an asynchronous cache eviction policy that calculates the most suspicious part of the causal graph and caches only that part in the main memory. We evaluated Swift on a real-world enterprise to demonstrate how our system scales to process typical event loads and how it responds to forensic queries when security alerts occur. Results show that Swift is scalable, modular, and answers forensic queries in real-time even when analyzing audit logs containing tens of millions of events.
Textural and Chemical Changes during Ripening of Port Salut Argentino Light Cheese with Milk Protein Concentrate after Long Frozen Storage Period

Texture of a Port Salut Argentino light cheese with milk protein concentrate after 5 months of frozen storage was studied. Behavior of dynamic rheological measurements during ripening time (6, 20, 33, 47 and 68 days) with maturation index was analyzed. At 68 days of ripening, moisture decreased by 11% and total nitrogen content increased by 25% in frozen cheeses with respect to control cheeses. Between 6 and 68 days of ripening, maturation index was higher for frozen (17.8–29.1) than control cheeses (4.4–11.6). G′ was higher than G″ showing that elastic behavior was dominant. During ripening, these parameters decreased in control cheeses, but increased in frozen cheeses. According to power law model parameters, elastic properties were more sensitive to changes with frequency. Coefficient a was significantly affected for both freezing process and ripening time, coefficient b only by freezing process. Long frozen storage period affected significantly the physicochemical and textural characteristics. Practical Applications Texture is important to the consumer to determine the quality and preference of a cheese variety. The effect of freezing on physicochemical and rheological properties of cheeses was widely studied due to its importance over the texture. Freezing can be a useful methodology to transport cheeses to long-distance commercial places without any modifications. This paper focuses on textural changes of Port Salut Argentino light cheese with milk protein concentrate after a long frozen storage period (5 months) and during the ripening time (expressed as maturation index). Relations between the power law parameters obtained from rheological measurements with maturation time were studied. Similar textural characteristics can be obtained during ripening after thawing for increasing commercial demand. The obtained results can be important to obtain equal cheese characteristics after being transported in frozen state.
Tight-binding modeling of thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride

A parameterized orthogonal tight-binding model with sp3d5s* orbitals, nearest-neighbor interactions, and spin-orbit coupling is developed for bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and used to study its thermoelectric properties. Thermoelectric transport coefficients and figures of merit for n-doped and p-doped Bi2Te3 are calculated by solving Boltzmann’s transport equation within the constant-relaxation-time approximation. The dependence of the computed thermoelectric figure of merit on the electrical conductivity is in good agreement with experiment. The parameterized tight-binding model serves as a basis for studies of confined Bi2Te3 systems in search of enhanced thermoelectric properties.
An electrochemical sensing platform based on a reduced graphene oxide–cobalt oxide nanocube@platinum nanocomposite for nitric oxide detection

We report a facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of a reduced graphene oxide–cobalt oxide nanocube@platinum (rGO–Co3O4@Pt) nanocomposite and its application toward the electrochemical detection of nitric oxide (NO). The rGO–Co3O4@Pt nanocomposite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analyses. The nanocomposite modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was used for the electrochemical oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) and it showed better catalytic performance in terms of catalytic peak current and shift in overpotential when compared to those of rGO, Co3O4 nanocubes and rGO–Co3O4 nanocomposite modified electrodes. The rGO–Co3O4@Pt nanocomposite modified electrode showed a better sensing ability toward the in situ generated NO in NO2− containing phosphate buffer solution (PBS) than the other controlled modified electrodes. The Pt nanoparticles present in the nanocomposite could enhance the sensing performance and the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 1.73 μM with a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of ∼3 using the amperometric i–t curve technique. Furthermore, the nanocomposite modified electrode showed selectivity toward the detection of NO in the presence of a 100-fold higher concentration of other physiologically important analytes. The proposed sensor was stable, reproducible and selective toward the detection of NO.
The Impact of Digital Histopathology Batch Effect on Deep Learning Model Accuracy and Bias

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is one of the largest biorepositories of digital histology. Deep learning (DL) models have been trained on TCGA to predict numerous features directly from histology, including survival, gene expression patterns, and driver mutations. However, we demonstrate that these features vary substantially across tissue submitting sites in TCGA for over 3,000 patients with six cancer subtypes. Additionally, we show that histologic image differences between submitting sites can easily be identified with DL. This site detection remains possible despite commonly used color normalization and augmentation methods, and we quantify the digital image characteristics constituting this histologic batch effect. As an example, we show that patient ethnicity within the TCGA breast cancer cohort can be inferred from histology due to site-level batch effect, which must be accounted for to ensure equitable application of DL. Batch effect also leads to overoptimistic estimates of model performance, and we propose a quadratic programming method to guide validation that abrogates this bias.
Effects of thinning and fertilisation on tracheid dimensions and lignin content of Norway spruce

Abstract The effects of the intensity and timing of commercial thinning and fertilisation on tracheid properties and lignin content of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] were studied in two long-term fertilisation-thinning experiments in central and eastern Finland. The experiments consisted of three thinning and three fertilisation treatments in a randomised block design. Fertilisation levels were: unfertilised (F 0), 150 kg N ha-1 (F 1), and 300 kg N ha-1 (F 2). Thinning treatments were: delayed first thinning (T 0), normal thinning (T 1), and intensive first thinning (T 2). A total of 85 trees were sampled 26 years after treatment onset. Tracheid length was measured for 24 trees and cell wall thickness and lumen diameter for 16 trees grown under treatments F 0 T 0, F 0 T 2, F 1 T 0, and F 1 T 2. Lignin content was determined for all trees sampled (n=85) grown in all the different treatment combinations. We found only small differences in tracheid length (0–6%), cell wall thickness (1–17%) and lumen diameter (0–9%), depending on the different fertilisation and thinning conditions. We also found only slightly (1–2%) higher lignin content for fertilised (F 1 and F 2) than for unfertilised (F 0 ) trees (25.8% and 26.0% vs. 25.4%). Trees yielded 26.0% lignin content after intensive first thinning (T 2), 25.9% following normal thinning (T 1), and 25.4% after delayed first thinning (T 0). Thus, the prevailing fertilisation and thinning practice for Norway spruce stands in Finland may not cause essential changes in tracheid properties and lignin content.
ramr: an R package for detection of rare aberrantly methylated regions

Motivation With recent advances in the field of epigenetics, the focus is widening from large and frequent disease- or phenotype-related methylation signatures to rare alterations transmitted mitotically or transgenerationally (constitutional epimutations). Merging evidence indicate that such constitutional alterations, albeit occurring at a low mosaic level, may confer risk of disease later in life. Given their inherently low incidence rate and mosaic nature, there is a need for bioinformatic tools specifically designed to analyse such events. Results We have developed a method (ramr) to identify aberrantly methylated DNA regions (AMRs). ramr can be applied to methylation data obtained by array or next-generation sequencing techniques to discover AMRs being associated with elevated risk of cancer as well as other diseases. We assessed accuracy and performance metrics of ramr and confirmed its applicability for analysis of large public data sets. Using ramr we identified aberrantly methylated regions that are known or may potentially be associated with development of colorectal cancer and provided functional annotation of AMRs that arise at early developmental stages. Availability and implementation The R package is freely available at https://github.com/BBCG/ramr