Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Components of Design in Ecological Field Experiments

Over the last 50 years, ecological experiments under field conditions have exploded in number, type and scope. They remain complex because of intrinsic variability in ecological measures from place to place and time to time, requiring care in their design and implementation. An experiment and its design can only be sensibly considered after thought and knowledge are used to make clear the logical basis for doing the experiment, so that its results can be interpreted in a robust and reliable manner. There are different approaches to any sequence of components of an experiment. Here, a falsificationist methodology is considered, which relates observations (things we know) to models (what we think explain the observations) to hypotheses (predictions about what will happen under novel circumstances if the model(s) is (are) correct). Experiments are then designed to create the novel circumstances in order to test the predictions. How an explicit framework influences the design of experiments is discussed, including the nature of replication and of controls for artefacts. Improving the match between natural historical and ecological knowledge and the interpretation of results of experiments will always help advance the discipline of ecology.
Modeling of Ultrasonic Attenuation in Uni‐Directional Fiber Reinforced Composites Combining Multiple‐Scattering and Viscoelastic Losses

A model coupling viscoelastic and multiple‐scattering losses is developed to predict ultrasonic attenuation in unidirectional fiber reinforced composite of high fiber volume fraction. Complex‐valued stiffness constants accounting for viscoelasticity are inserted in classical multiple‐scattering theory. Waves of various polarities (SH, SV, L) relatively to the fiber direction are considered. SH waves only require a scalar treatment, whereas the others require a vector treatment accounting for mode‐conversions. Comparisons of predicted attenuation coefficients with experimentally measured ones validate the model.
Design Innovations and Implementation Challenges - A Case of Smart Textiles in Future Hospital Interiors

Concerned with the overall challenges of implementing design innovations, this paper relates to the specific case of applying smart textiles in future hospital interiors. The methodological approach is inspired by design thinking and implementation processes, and through the scope of a developed strategic framework, the implementation challenges will be discussed from a holistic integrative design perspective. With this explorative initiative, our aim is to present specific approaches to progress the design innovation of smart textiles, and the implementation climate of future hospitals.
Ballistic performance of ceramic/S 2 -glass composite armor

Ceramic composite armor was initially developed during the Vietnam War for use as helicopter armor and personnel armor. The requirements for the armor were light weight and the capability to defeat small caliber armor piercing (AP) projectiles. Several different ceramics were developed and tested for this application. It was found that aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B 4 C) had the best combination of properties to meet the requirements. The long term goal of this research is to develop domestic knowledge, design and production capability of ceramic composite armors. In this present research, the relationship between the ballistic performance and mechanical properties of ceramic armor composites were investigated. The armor composite consisted of a 100x100 mm 2 commercial monolithic ceramic front tile; i.e. sintered Al 2 O 3 , sintered SiC, or hot-pressed B 4 C bonded with an S 2 -glass reinforced polymer composite (GRPC) backing plate. The ballistic test was performed against 7.62 mm projectiles (M80 Ball) in the velocity range of 800-970 m/s. A linear correlation between the areal density of armor and the V50 results was illustrated. The V50 ballistic limit values for the Al 2 O 3 , SiC and B 4 C composite armors, calculated via U.S. Mil-Std-662F, were found to be 913 m/s, 869 m/s, and 829 m/s, respectively. High-speed photographic images captured during ballistic testing revealed the transition from dwell to penetration by the 7.62 mm projectiles. The complete penetration of all the armor composites was found to have occurred in approximately 200 microseconds. Furthermore, the relationship between the volume of the cone crack and mechanical properties were examined. The fracture toughness values of Al 2 O 3 , SiC, and B 4 C were 4, 4.6, and 2.9, respectively. The volume of the cone cracks formed on the ceramic front tile plates increased with an increase in the fracture toughness of the ceramic materials.
Characterization of LIBS emission lines for the identification of chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates in salt/basalt mixtures for the application to MSL ChemCam data

Ancient environmental conditions on Mars can be probed through the identification of minerals on its surface, including water‐deposited salts and cements dispersed in the pore space of sedimentary rocks. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyses by the Martian rover Curiosity's ChemCam instrument can indicate salts, and ChemCam surveys aid in identifying and selecting sites for further, detailed in situ analyses. We performed laboratory LIBS experiments under simulated Mars conditions with a ChemCam‐like instrument on a series of mixtures containing increasing concentrations of salt in a basaltic background to investigate the potential for identifying and quantifying chloride, carbonate, and sulfate salts found only in small amounts, dispersed in bulk rock with ChemCam, rather than concentrated in veins. Data indicate that the presence of emission lines from the basalt matrix limited the number of Cl, C, and S emission lines found to be useful for quantitative analysis; nevertheless, several lines with intensities sensitive to salt concentration were identified. Detection limits for the elements based on individual emission lines ranged from ~20 wt % carbonate (2 wt % C), ~5–30 wt % sulfate (1–8 wt % S), and ~5–10 wt % chloride (3–6 wt % Cl) depending on the basaltic matrix and/or salt cation. Absolute quantification of Cl, C, and S in the samples via univariate analysis depends on the cation‐anion pairing in the salt but appears relatively independent of matrices tested, following normalization. These results are promising for tracking relative changes in the salt content of bulk rock on the Martian surface with ChemCam.
Translation practice at the EU institutions: focus on a concordancing tool

Translation has always played a major role within the European institutions because it provides the basis for democracy and communication among the Member States and between the EU and its citizens. The enlargements brought about changes in the internal organization of the institutions – including translation services and their workflow – to respond to the new challenge of accommodating 23 official languages. A greater need for translation support was met thanks to a growing number of shared tools and resources developed over time, such as centralised web-based applications and meta-search engines. This paper focuses on one specific tool available to translators working at the EU institutions, i.e. an internally developed multilingual concordancer. Concordancers are widely used by translators but little information is available about them in terms of tool evaluation or user behaviour. This article presents a PhD research project aimed to partly fill this gap by investigating the relationship between concordance searches (seen as manifestations of translation problems) and language combination within the EU translation services.
Issues and Needs for Standard Classifications for Facility Management in Smart Manufacturing

As construction projects become larger and more complicated, the importance of information sharing among various project participants throughout the entire life-cycle of a facility is ever-increasing. Establishment of standard classification system is the most fundamental task for systematic and efficient management of construction information. In recent years, technology advancement of smart manufacturing, which is for intelligent factories supported by ICT combined with existing manufacturing technology, is becoming a key issue. However, due to the lack of information exchange (IE) standards for the management of smart manufacturing’s construction and operation, it is very limited for various construction participants to generate and share information by using the standards. In addition, each standard classification should be used in a combined manner in order to improve information processing efficiency. Standard classification requires a variety of facets such as facility, space, element, and work section. The purpose of this study is to propose a physical breakdown structure (PBS) that best reflects distinct characteristics of smart manufacturing. Firstly, the influencing factors for defining PBS were identified. A methodology for creating the facility classification suitable for smart manufacturing was then developed. Finally, cost breakdown structure (CBS) and work breakdown structure (WBS) were developed by combining the PBS and other standard classifications. This casestudy of CBS and WBS formulation were used as a validation for the proposed methodology. The concept of “flexible WBS” by Jung and Woo [6] were utilized in this case study as well, in order to accommodate the managerial requirements of an owner organization from the display industry.
Nursing care for chronic renal patients on hemodialysis

ste estudo objetivou sintetizar o conhecimento produzido em artigos sobre cuidados de enfermagem aos pacientes renais cronicos em hemodialise. Revisao integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados SCOPUS, CINAHL, PUBMED, LILACS e COCHRANE. A amostra foi composta por dez artigos. Os cuidados de enfermagem foram categorizados e agrupados pelos dominios da NANDA Internacional. As publicacoes ocorreram entre os anos de 2009 e 2012, prevalecendo estudos descritivos e com nivel VI de evidencia. Diante dos achados, identificou-se que os cuidados de enfermagem ao paciente renal cronico estao focados na prevencao de infeccoes, promocao do autocuidado, orientacoes a familia e ao paciente, controle da dieta e promocao de ambiente confortavel. Destarte, conhecer os cuidados de enfermagem fornece subsidios ao enfermeiro para elaboracao do plano de cuidados especifico, direcionado as necessidades de cada individuo.
Multilevel Latent Class Modelling of Colorectal Cancer Survival Status at Three Years and Socioeconomic Background Whilst Incorporating Stage of Disease

Previous studies investigating survival from colorectal cancer have typically considered potential confounders to include stage of disease. Stage however may lie on the causal path and statistical adjustment with stage as a confounder can then introduce bias known as the reversal paradox. Classification of stage may also be imprecise and incomplete. Modelling using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) may minimise bias by including covariates on the causal path as `class predictors' and by accommodating uncertainty associated with confounder values explicitly via the latent class part of the model. We construct multilevel latent class models to allow for the multilevel structure of the data: patients nested within NHS Trusts. We use a dataset of patients in a large UK regional population diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 1998 and 2004. Death within three years is the outcome. The optimum number of latent classes at patient and Trust level is determined with reference to likelihood-based model-fit criteria. The three-patient five-Trust class multilevel LCA model was chosen. Patient classes were identified as good, reasonable or poor prognosis groups. The impact of stage differed across the patient classes. Socioeconomic background and older age were clearly associated with increased odds of death in all patient classes. Females had significantly decreased odds of death compared with males in the good prognosis class. The five Trust classes identified outlying Trusts, indicating that the standard multilevel model would not have been sufficient to model these data.
The New Politics of Development: Citizens, Civil Society, and the Evolution of Neoliberal Development Policy

Abstract In this article, we explore the evolution of neoliberal development theory and practice, its manifestations and impact on the political economy of the state, domestic classes, and the material conditions of populations in emerging economies. Specifically, the article focuses on the modes of resistance to the rollout of neoliberal development practice by citizens, civil society, and NGOs, and, in turn, the responses of international financial institutions such as the World Bank—a process that we argue has forced the reinvention and transformation of neoliberal development policy. Furthermore, we attempt to situate the evolution of neoliberal development policy and the changing modes of resistance to it within a theoretical framework that explains emergent class and material interests in the context of the increasing functionality of pro-market agendas to modes of accumulation that benefit discrete elite and class interests but which also generate substantial and ongoing contradictions.
On the Growth and Welfare Effects of Defense R&D

In the US, defense R&D share of GDP has decreased significantly since 1960. To analyze the implications on growth and welfare, we develop an R&D-based growth model that features the crowding-out and spillover effects of defense R&D on civilian R&D. The model also captures the effects of defense technology on (i) national security resembling consumption-type public goods and (ii) aggregate productivity via the spin-off effect resembling productive public goods. In this framework, economic growth is driven by market-based civilian R&D as in standard R&D-based growth models and government-financed public goods (i.e., defense R&D) as in Barro (1990). We find that defense R&D has an inverted-U effect on growth, and the growth-maximizing level of defense R&D is increasing in the spillover and spin-off effects. As for the welfare-maximizing level of defense R&D, it is increasing in the security-enhancing effect of defense technology, and there exists a critical degree of this security-enhancing effect below (above) which the welfare-maximizing level is below (above) the growth-maximizing level.
Cordyceps species parasitizing hymenopteran and hemipteran insects

Hymenoptera and Hemiptera are two major insect orders after Coleoptera and Lepidoptera that are parasitized by Cordyceps species. Among the 52 Cordyceps species parasitizing hymenopterans, the majority (50 species) are recorded on suborder Apocrita (ants, bees, wasps). Ant family Formicidae is the mostly parasitized family followed by Vespidae (wasps). Ophiocordyceps uilateralis, O. sphececephala, O. myrmecophila and Cordyceps australis are some of the cosmopolitan species that parasitize ants and wasps. Among Cordyceps species recorded on hemipterans, the majority (34 species) are recorded on suborder Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, spittlebugs, froghoppers), followed by six species on suborder sternorhyncha (scale insects) and four species on the suborder Heteroptera (true bugs). Ophiocordyceps nutans is recorded worldwide in Asia, Africa and South America and parasitizes more than 30 species of true bugs. Another worldwide species is Ophiocordyceps sobolifera that parasitizes six cicada species in Asia, Africa and South America. Pentatomidae (true bugs), Cicadidae (cicadas) and Acanthosomatidae (shield bugs) are major host families within Hemiptera. Cordyceps species parasitizing hemipteran insects are phylogenetically very diverse and are currently segregated into Metarhizium, Ophiocordyceps, Polycephalomyces, Purpureocillium and Tolypocladium. Many hymenopterans and hemipterans are important insect pests and have invaded new localities in the world, threatening agriculture and human life. The host information compiled in this review could be informative for their use as potential biocontrol agents of endemic insect pests belonging to Hymenoptera and Hemiptera, including invasive alien species. Mycosphere 8(9): 1424–1442 (2017) www.mycosphere. org ISSN 2077 7019
C-BAND CHOKE MODE ACCELERATOR STRUCTURE FOR THE LINEAR COLLIDER

Multi-bunch beam operation is essential to obtain high luminosity for future linear colliders. The Shintake type choke mode structure was proposed to eliminate the multi-bunch instability problem by damping the higher-order-modes (HOMs) in the cavity. In 1994 the first model of this structure was made at S-band frequency and tested with beam at 50 MV/m driven by 100 MW of input rf power. It was demonstrated that this structure has sufficiently high power performance for practical applications. A re-design of the structure for C-band (5712 MHz) frequencies was begun in 1996 as a candidate for the main linac for the linear collider [1]. R&D studies are ongoing which aim to braze a SiC-ceramic onto the structure with small deformation, using a low temperature brazing technique. Recently both button shaped (D: o2.4-cm, t: 1-cm) and ring shaped (ID: o9.6-cm, OD: o11.6-cm, t: 1-cm) SiC-ceramic HOM absorbers were successfully joined to the copper base plate for a C-band structure.
A Case Study for Supporting NPD Based on the KM Cycle

More and more enterprises now understand the importance of utilizing knowledge for a product's competitiveness in the current knowledge era. This paper proposes to use the perspective of a knowledge management (KM) cycle to support new product development. To fulfill this goal, quantitative and qualitative methods are used to extract organizational knowledge and to connect important workflow between different departments. We then extract the ontology across customers to managers and establish a KM infrastructure. This paper not only contributes towards establishing the decision support across different departments, but also embeds the knowledge into the system across the boundary of an individual.
The Role of Mouse Barrel Cortex in Tactile Trace Eye Blink Conditioning

3 INTRODUCTION 5 ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING 5 EYE BLINK CONDITIONING 7 DELAY EYE BLINK CONDITIONING (DEBC) 7 TRACE EYE BLINK CONDITIONING (TEBC) 8 THE WHISKER SYSTEM 8 THE WHISKER BARREL CORTEX IN TACTILE TRACE EYE BLINK CONDITIONING (TTEBC) 11 AIM OF THE STUDY 11 MATERIAL & METHODS 13 ANIMALS 13 SURGICAL PROCEDURE 13 INTRINSIC OPTICAL IMAGING 14 EXPERIMENTS 14 EYE BLINK PERFORMANCE 16 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLANTS 17 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS 17 LFP/CSD ANALYSIS 17 SPIKE ANALYSIS 18 GENERALIZATION PARADIGM. 19 FIBER IMPLANTS AND OPTOGENETIC EXPERIMENTS 19 IN SOME PRELIMINARY E 19 SOFTWARE 20 RESULTS 21 NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING TTEBC 22 MOTOR SIGNALS AND MOVEMENT ARTIFACTS 26 SPIKING AND MU ACTIVITY 27 GENERALIZATION TO OTHER WHISKERS 31 OPTOGENETIC PERTURBATION OF BCX DURING TTEBC 31 DISCUSSION 35 BCX ROLE FOR TTEBC ACQUISITION AND CONSOLIDATION 35 NEURONAL CORRELATE OF TTEBC 36 VGAT-CHR2-EYFP MOUSE LINE SENSES TRANSIENT OPTOGENETIC BCX BLOCKADE 37 TTEBC GENERALIZATION ACROSS WHISKERS 38 CORTEX AND CEREBELLUM BOTH STORE THE CS-US ASSOCIATION FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES. 38
A coupled stochastic rainfall–evapotranspiration model for hydrological impact analysis

Abstract. A hydrological impact analysis concerns the study of the consequences of certain scenarios on one or more variables or fluxes in the hydrological cycle. In such an exercise, discharge is often considered, as floods originating from extremely high discharges often cause damage. Investigating the impact of extreme discharges generally requires long time series of precipitation and evapotranspiration to be used to force a rainfall-runoff model. However, such kinds of data may not be available and one should resort to stochastically generated time series, even though the impact of using such data on the overall discharge, and especially on the extreme discharge events, is not well studied. In this paper, stochastically generated rainfall and corresponding evapotranspiration time series, generated by means of vine copulas, are used to force a simple conceptual hydrological model. The results obtained are comparable to the modelled discharge using observed forcing data. Yet, uncertainties in the modelled discharge increase with an increasing number of stochastically generated time series used. Notwithstanding this finding, it can be concluded that using a coupled stochastic rainfall–evapotranspiration model has great potential for hydrological impact analysis.
S08-4 The influences of global climate change on marine birds

Global climate fluctuates at several temporal scales. For the purposes of this review, we characterize these scales as "cycles", "trends" and "regime shifts", as exemplified by ENSO, Global Climate Change and the North Atlantic Oscillation respectively. We investigate whether seabird populations have experienced changes in abundance that correlate with climate variability at each of these scales. There are numerous examples of seabird populations responding to cyclic variation in climate, especially ENSO. Indications so far are that, by virtue of longevity, seabirds recover quickly from declines caused by El Nino. More recently, data have accumulated to demonstrate longer-term changes in populations that correlate with long- term (decadal or more) changes in oceanic climate. While there are clear examples of past regime shifts in the marine ecosystems of the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Antarctic Oceans, these shifts have not yet resulted in major changes in the structure of seabird communities.
Effects of propolis on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation

Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) on rumen microbial fermentation using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Six fermenters with a nominal volume of 750 ml were set up for the study that lasted 14 days. Each fermenter received daily 10 g of a basal diet consisting of 6 g pelleted alfalfa hay and 4 g pelleted concentrate. Treatments were control (received 0.5 ml/day of 70% ethanol without having any propolis), 0.5 ml/day of 20% PEE, and 0.5 ml/day of 60% PEE. Supplementation of PEE in both concentrations did not affect ruminal pH, production of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) as well as of acetate, acetate to propionate ratio, total protozoa count, and dry matter digestibility. High concentration of PEE resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.05) in propionate production whereas both high and low concentrations of PEE significantly increased (p<0.05) ruminal butyrate production. Total count of ruminal bacteria was decreased (p<0.05) after the addition of PEE in both concentrations. Furthermore, NH3-N concentration in rumen fluid was reduced (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner by 24 and 39% by the addition of low and high concentrations of PEE, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that propolis may be a useful additive to decrease ruminal ammonia production and to improve the nitrogen utilization in ruminants.