Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement of inclusive spin structure functions of the deuteron

We report the results of a new measurement of spin structure functions of the deuteron in the region of moderate momentum transfer [Q2=0.27–1.3(GeV/c)2] and final hadronic state mass in the nucleon resonance region (W=1.08–2.0GeV). We scattered a 2.5 GeV polarized continuous electron beam at Jefferson Lab off a dynamically polarized cryogenic solid state target (15ND3) and detected the scattered electrons with the CEBAF large acceptance spectrometer. From our data, we extract the longitudinal double spin asymmetry A|| and the spin structure function gd1. Our data are generally in reasonable agreement with existing data from SLAC where they overlap, and they represent a substantial improvement in statistical precision. We compare our results with expectations for resonance asymmetries and extrapolated deep inelastic scaling results. Finally, we evaluate the first moment of the structure function gd1 and study its approach to both the deep inelastic limit at large Q2 and to the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule at the real photon limit (Q2→0). We find that the first moment varies rapidly in the Q2 range of our experiment and crosses zero at Q2 between 0.5 and 0.8(GeV/c)2, indicating the importance of the Δ resonance at these momentum transfers.
Available potential energy diagnosis in a direct numerical simulation of rotating stratified turbulence

Review of three studies devoted to the available potential energy (APE) leads to the proposal of a diagnosis for APE, well-suited for rotating stratified flows within the primitive equations (PE) framework in which anharmonic effects (due to large vertical displacements of isopycnals) are permitted. The chosen diagnosis is based on the APE definition of Holliday & McIntyre (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 107, 1981, pp. 221–225) and uses the background stratification of Winters et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 289, 1995, pp. 115–128). Subsequent evaluation of the APE in a PE direct simulation (1/100°, 200 levels) of oceanic mesoscale turbulence indicates that anharmonic effects are significant. These effects are due to large vertical displacements of the isopycnals and the curvature of the background density profile.
Novel chirped multilayer quantum-dot lasers

Chirped multilayer (N=10) QD lasers with 2-, 3- and 5-layer of longer-, medium-, and shorter-wavelength QD stacks, respectively, were grown in this work. Low threshold current density and high saturated modal gain were achieved in this specially designed QD structure. Empirical gain-current analysis was performed on this chirped multilayer QD structure for the first time. It was consistent with our spectral observations and provided valuable information on carrier recombination in chirped multilayer QD structure. Two novel spectral characteristics were discovered also for the first time. First, simultaneous two-wavelength lasing around threshold was observed under particular gain-loss condition at this specific multilayer structure of QD stacking numbers. Second, at cryogenic temperature, simultaneous two-wavelength lasing emissions switched from longer-wavelength lasing first to shorter-wavelength lasing first with increasing current injection. Non-uniform carrier distribution among chirped multilayer QD structure is evident at low temperature below 200 K from our analysis.
Brazilian forensic letter database

In order to make writer identification a more consistent area of research, several authors have made efforts to build complete and concise forms in the sense that all letters and numerals would be captured. However, most of the works found in the literature are devoted to the English language, thus, they do not contemplate certain particularities of the Brazilian Portuguese language. This paper describes the Brazilian Forensic Letter database considering the image properties and important graphometric features such as, writing style, relative slant, relative relationship between letters and baseline, and relative placement habits. The database has 315 writers and we are continuing to collect data.
Formative Assessment: Revisiting the territory from the point of view of teachers

This research documented the know-how of five elementary-school teachers regarding formative assessment, working from their point of view on the question. Group interviews gave them the opportunity to negotiate their “ways of doing things,” by revisiting and elaborating upon assessment episodes that had been previously identified on classroom videotapes. An interactionist analysis served to describe the territory of formative assessment according to the range of their formal and informal “ways of doing things. ”
Does Increasing Maximal Strength Improve Sprint Running Performance?

summary A strength base is considered critical to speed development and, consequently, a great deal of effort is spent improving the force capability of muscle. Using a correlational approach is one method used to quantify the relationship between strength and speed. However, better insight may be found investigating longitudinal studies that have quantified both strength and speed changes. Such an approach was used in this review to determine the magnitude of strength development necessary for improved running speed.
The $b$-functions for Prehomogeneous Vector Spaces of Commutative Parabolic Type and Universal Generalized Verma Modules

We shall give a new elementary proof of the uniform expression for the b-functions of prehomogeneous vector spaces of commutative parabolic type obtained by Muller, Rubenthaler and Schiffmann [5] by using micro-local analysis. Our method is similar to Kashiwara’s approach using the universal Verma modules. We shall also give a new proof for the criterion of the irreducibility of the generalized Verma module in terms of b-functions due to Suga [10], Gyoja [1], Wachi [13].
Is there a Role for International Trade Costs in Explaining the Central Bank Behavior

This paper develops an open-economy DSGE model to analyze the effects of international trade costs on monetary policy of open economies. The implications of this micro-founded New-Keynesian model are tested on a prototype small economy that is open to international trade costs shocks, Canada. When a utility-based expected loss function is considered, the central bank is found to be far from being optimal in its actions, independent of international trade costs. When an ad hoc expected loss function considering the volatilities in inflation, output and interest rate is considered, it is found that the actions of the central bank are explained best when international trade costs in fact exist but the central bank ignores them. Given the ad hoc loss function, the actions of the central bank are best explained when 70% of weight is assigned to inflation, 15% of weight to interest rate and 15% of weight to output.
Does Geographical Proximity Matter in Small Business Lending? Evidence from Changes in Main Bank Relationships*

We examine the causal link between the geographical distance between firms and their main bank and the termination of main bank relationships, using the exogenous change in firm–main bank distances brought about by bank branch consolidations in Japan. Our findings are threefold. First, an increase in lending distance increases the likelihood that firms switch their main bank. Second, the average lending distance for firms that switched to a new main bank decreased after the switch. Third, the lending distance of new firm–main bank relationships after the switch had a positive impact on the probability of default of small firms.
An exploratory spatial analysis of soil organic carbon distribution in Canadian eco-regions

Abstract. As the largest carbon reservoir in ecosystems, soil accounts for more than twice as much carbon storage as that of vegetation biomass or the atmosphere. This paper examines spatial patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) in Canadian forest areas at an eco-region scale of analysis. The goal is to explore the relationship of SOC levels with various climatological variables, including temperature and precipitation. The first Canadian forest soil database published in 1997 by the Canada Forest Service was analyzed along with other long-term eco-climatic data (1961 to 1991) including precipitation, air temperature, slope, aspect, elevation, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from remote sensing imagery. In addition, the existing eco-region framework established by Environment Canada was evaluated for mapping SOC distribution. Exploratory spatial data analysis techniques, including spatial autocorrelation analysis, were employed to examine how forest SOC is spatially distributed in Canada. Correlation analysis and spatial regression modelling were applied to determine the dominant ecological factors influencing SOC patterns at the eco-region level. At the national scale, a spatial error regression model was developed to account for spatial dependency and to estimate SOC patterns based on ecological and ecosystem factors. Based on the significant variables derived from the spatial error model, a predictive SOC map in Canadian forest areas was generated. Although overall SOC distribution is influenced by climatic and topographic variables, distribution patterns are shown to differ significantly between eco-regions. These findings help to validate the eco-region classification framework for SOC zonation mapping in Canada.
A Text-based Automatic Waka Generation System using Kansei

In this paper, we propose an automatic Waka generation system with custom database, based on texts given by the user. The proposed text-based system has better compatibility with Waka poem, improving consistence and logicality of generated poems. Kansei information is also considered to make poems natural and closer to the emotions the user wants to express. Presented by interactive generation experiments, the proposed system can generate Waka poems reflecting stylistic and grammatical requirements. Meanwhile, the poems are also with related meanings and emotions to the original text and some poeticness.
Influence of Tetra (Cotinus coggygria) Extract against Vibrio Anguillarum Infection in Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio with Reference to Haematological and Immunological Changes

In this study, the effect of the methanolic extract of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) against Vibrio anguillarum in cultured koi carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) was investigated. Three different concentrations of tetra extract (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g kg -1 of feed) were individually mixed with the basal diet and fed to koi (average body weight of 4,14±0,08 g) for a 4-week period to assess the immunomodulatory characteristics of tetra. At the end of the study, koi was challenged with a strain of Vibrio anguillarum (10 8 CFU ml -1 ). Growth performance was not affected by dietary tetra extract intake (P>0.05). Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity was found to be the highest in the 1.5 g kg -1 containing group. Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity of the experimental groups was significantly improved in the tetra groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Red blood cell and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were higher in 1 g kg -1 tetra containing group (P<0.05). This study shows that the koi treated with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g kg -1 tetra extract prior the challenge with live V. anguillarum had 37.50%, 31.94 %, 18.06 % and 12.50 % mortality. According to study results, tetra is an effective non-specific immunostimulant for koi.
The Response of Polarization Maintaining Fibers upon Temperature Field Disturbance

The paper deals with the response of polarization maintaining (PM) fibers upon the variation of the temperature field, on condition both polarization axes are excited. Proper use can be applied in the area of optical fiber thermal field disturbance sensor. For a description of polarization properties the coherent Jones and Muller matrices were used. The Poincare sphere was applied to depict the development of the output of the polarization state of PM fibers for wavelengths 633 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm were arranged in a proposed sensor setup and were studied in the laboratory. A wide file of results containing dependencies of phase shift variations upon different configurations of measured PM fiber was obtained. The thermal field disturbance of the PM fiber was applied by an object with defined proportions and a defined range of temperatures. Dependencies of phase shift upon the object´s temperature, its distance from the fiber and exposed length of PM fiber were measured.
Use of remotely sensed land surface temperature as a proxy for air temperatures at high elevations: Findings from a 5000 m elevational transect across Kilimanjaro

High elevations are thought to be warming more rapidly than lower elevations, but there is a lack of air temperature observations in high mountains. This study compares instantaneous values of land surface temperature (10:30/22:30 and 01:30/13:30 local solar time) as measured by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MOD11A2/MYD11A2 at 1 km resolution from the Terra and Aqua platforms, respectively, with equivalent screen‐level air temperatures (in the same pixel). We use a transect of 22 in situ weather stations across Kilimanjaro ranging in elevation from 990 to 5803 m, one of the biggest elevational ranges in the world. There are substantial differences between LST and Tair, sometimes up to 20°C. During the day/night land surface temperature tends to be higher/lower than Tair. LST‐Tair differences (ΔT) show large variance, particularly during the daytime, and tend to increase with elevation, particularly on the NE slope which faces the morning Sun. Differences are larger in the dry seasons (JF and JJAS) and reduce in cloudy seasons. Healthier vegetation (as measured by normalized difference vegetation index) and increased humidity lead to reduced daytime surface heating above air temperature and lower ΔT, but these relationships weaken with elevation. At high elevations transient snow cover cools LST more than Tair. The predictability of ΔT therefore reduces. It will therefore be challenging to use satellite data at high elevations as a proxy for in situ air temperatures in climate change assessments, especially for daytime Tmax. ΔT is smaller and more consistent at night, so it will be easier to use LST to monitor changes in Tmin.
Detection and Pose Estimation of Piled Objects Using Ensemble of Tree Classifiers

To date, however, there has been only limited success in this longstanding problem (e.g., picking piled objects), and, to the best of our knowledge, existing algorithms (e.g., Drost, et al., 2010; Ulrich et al., 2009; Hinterstoisser et al., 2007) fall short of practical use in automatic assembly of electronic products composed of various parts with differing optical and surface properties as well as with differing shapes and sizes. We found that even the stateof-the-art, commercially available machine vision software cannot be practically used for picking such piles of parts with unknown pose and occlusion. Specifically, as exemplified in Figure 1 (b), for black (or white)-colored and untextured parts with some degree of complexity in shape, conventional methods turned out to be of little use.
Industry 4.0 and digitalization call for vocational skills, applied industrial engineering, and less for pure academics

This paper demonstrates how the industrial revolution of the future, Industry 4.0, will dramatically increase technological complexity, and how the vocational skills needed in today’s Industry 2.0 and 3.0 will require significant augmentation. Based on statements from policy makers and data from empirical studies, the paper concludes that future complex manufacturing facilities will demand much greater vocational skills. Such advanced skills will be necessary for corporations to handle the complex technology related to manufacturing facilities predicted for Industry 4.0.
Revisiting Cheap Talk with New Evidence from a Field Experiment

We assess the reduction of hypothetical bias in consumersâ€™ willingness to pay (WTP) for products by applying a generic, short, and neutral cheap talk script in a retail setting. Using an open-ended elicitation mechanism with non-hypothetical, hypothetical, and hypothetical with cheap talk treatments, our results indicate that the hypothetical WTP values are higher than the nonhypothetical values, but the hypothetical with cheap talk values are not significantly different from non-hypothetical estimates.
Comparison of FEC and ARQ for protection of video data over a wireless Rayleigh fading link

Video content can be provided to an end user by transmitting video data as a sequence of internet protocol (IP) packets over the network. When the network contains a wireless link, packet erasures occur because of occasional deep fades. In order to maintain a sufficient video quality at the end user, video packets must be protected against erasures by means of a suitable form of error control. In this contribution we investigate two types of application layer error control : (1) Forward Error Correction (FEC), and (2) the use of an Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol. We point out that FEC and ARQ considerably reduce the probability of unrecoverable packet loss, because both error control techniques provide a diversity gain, as compared to the case where no protection against erasures is applied.
Tree life histories in a montane subtropical forest: species differ independently by shade‐tolerance, turnover rate and substrate preference

1 To investigate life‐history differentiation and an objective functional classification of tree species we analysed the demography of 29 species in subtropical montane forests in north‐western Argentina. 2 We computed 13 growth, demographic, abundance and distribution variables based on: (i) two 5‐year re‐measurements of stems ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) in 8 ha of old growth forest and 4 ha of secondary forest; (ii) assessments of tree crown illumination; and (iii) sapling counts under shade and on landslides. 3 We assessed the potential confounding effects of stem size and crown illumination on absolute stem diameter growth rate for the 24 most abundant species. As diameter increased, one species showed significant increases in growth rate and five showed significant reductions. Seventeen species grew significantly faster with increased exposure to light and we controlled for this confounding effect in the computation of diameter growth rates for subsequent analyses. 4 A principal component analysis resulted in three meaningful and interpretable axes of demographic variation across species. The first axis (interpreted as shade tolerance) indicates that trees of species with inherently high growth rates tend to have well‐exposed crowns at 10–30 cm d.b. h. , have high density of trees in secondary forest and are less tolerant of shade. 5 The second axis (turnover) shows that in old‐growth forest short‐lived species, with high mortality rates, size‐class distributions with a steep negative slope and low dominance, persist due to high rates of recruitment (to ≥ 10 cm d.b.h.). 6 The third axis indicates that species that colonize landslides have lower tree recruitment rates and greater growth variability in secondary forest, reflecting spatio/temporal differences in species’ recruitment linked to differences in their substrate requirements for regeneration. 7 Maximum height and diameter are correlated with the first and second axes, indicating that higher rates of both growth and survival permit some species to attain large size. 8 All three demographic axes depict separate trade‐offs that confer competitive advantage to each ‘demographic type’ under contrasting ecological conditions (of light availability, disturbance frequency and disturbance intensity), thus underpinning species’ coexistence in dynamic forest landscapes.
Foraging distributions of little auks Alle alle across the Greenland Sea: implications of present and future Arctic climate change

The Arctic is undergoing widespread warming. In order to understand the impact of climate change on Arctic marine food webs, we studied the at-sea distribution of foraging little auks in contrasting conditions of the Greenland Sea. While the eastern side of the Greenland Sea has experienced recent warming, the western side is still dominated by cold, Arctic water in the East Greenland Current. We hypothesized that foraging little auks would be found in greatest abundance in cold Arctic waters bearing more lipid-rich prey, allowing them to deliver more energy-rich food to their chicks. To test our hypotheses, we made ship-borne bird observations and zooplankton tows, as well as analyses of chick meals at 2 little auk colonies adjacent to 3 distinct water masses in the Greenland Sea. Associated with the coldest water in the East Greenland Current, we found the highest concentrations of large Calanus copepods (C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus), as well as the highest concentrations of foraging little auks, indicating a relationship that is likely to be disrupted by increasing water temperatures. To assess potential future impacts of ocean warming, we used a coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate model (AOGCM) to predict Greenland Sea sea-surface temperatures over the study area at the end of the 21st century. Our results suggest that 4 of 8 little auk breeding colonies in the North Atlantic may be negatively impacted as temperatures exceed the thermal preferenda of large Calanus, which is the preferred prey of little auks during the breeding season
Recognition for Objects by Relationships Between Attributes

Object recognition methods based on attributes have been studied. Conventional methods recognize objects by the presence or absence of attributes. However, the conventional methods have two problems. Firstly, the conventional methods are not able to recognize a target object of which a part of attributes is occluded. Secondly, the conventional methods miss-recognize a target object, which has irrelevant attributes. Therefore, to solve these two problems, we propose the object recognition by relationships between attributes. In this paper, we focus on the face as the recognition object. The proposed method uses relationships as constraints for object recognition using attributes. The proposed method applies two major type constraints. The first constraint is a local constraint, which is applied to a part of attributes. To achieve robust face recognition against occlusion scenes, the proposed method uses the local constraint. And then, the second constraint is a global constraint, which is applied to all attributes. To achieve robust face recognition against irrelevant attributes, the proposed method uses the global constraint. In this paper, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we compared the proposed method with a conventional method. We experimented in normal face, occlusion and irrelevant attributes. We used 2580 images of a face which are changed in scale and rotation. Experimental results showed that the recognition ratio of the proposed method is equal to or more than that of the conventional method in normal face, occlusion, and irrelevant attributes.
How to distribute information

In this paper a difficult question is answered with a surprisingly simple answer. A monopolist who possesses nested information can earn money from selling it at different levels of precision to investors. The problem is to maximize profits by choosing the optimal distribution of information among the investors. I show that, the optimal distribution is to give all informed investors the same level of precision. The model belying this result is a continuous version of Grossman and Stiglitz (1980).