Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dinâmica populacional de plantas daninhas sob diferentes sistemas de manejo nas culturas de milho e feijão

Com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica populacional de plantas daninhas por meio de parâmetros fitossociologicos, realizou-se este trabalho com as culturas de milho e feijao em cultivos sucessivos, no periodo de novembro de 1998 a maio de 2001, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Câmbico, fase terraco, em Vicosa-MG. A comunidade de plantas daninhas era composta por Amaranthus deflexus, Brachiaria plantaginea, Cyperus rotundus, Galinsoga parviflora, Mucuna aterrima e Oxalis latifolia. Os tratamentos foram constituidos de dois sistemas de manejo do solo (plantios convencional e direto) e duas finalidades de uso da cultura do milho (grao e silagem), em blocos com quatro repeticoes. No plantio convencional, antes da semeadura das culturas, o solo foi arado e gradeado, e, no plantio direto, foi realizada a dessecacao das plantas daninhas com herbicidas sistemicos. As avaliacoes de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho foram realizadas antes e apos a aplicacao dos herbicidas nicosulfuron e atrazine em pos-emergencia (aos 20 e 55 DAE, respectivamente) no ano agricola 1999/00, e apos a aplicacao de atrazine e metolachlor em pre-emergencia (aos 20 DAE) em 2000/01. Em se tratando do feijoeiro, as avaliacoes tambem foram feitas antes e apos a aplicacao dos herbicidas fluazifop-p-butil e fomesafen, em pos-emergencia aos 20 e 40 DAE, respectivamente. A dinâmica populacional foi avaliada por meio do uso de parâmetros fitossociologicos baseados na densidade, frequencia e biomassa das especies amostradas. Verificou-se aos 20 DAE, antes da aplicacao dos herbicidas em ambas as culturas (milho e feijao), maior densidade e importância relativa das especies dicotiledoneas no plantio direto. No plantio convencional constatou-se maior densidade, dominância e importância relativa de Cyperus rotundus. Apos aplicacao dos herbicidas seletivos, Cyperus rotundus foi a especie de maior importância relativa em todos os sistemas estudados. Em ambas as finalidades de uso do milho, Cyperus rotundus teve sua populacao reduzida no plantio direto, quando comparado com o convencional.
Juvenile growth rate as a measure of fitness in Daphnia

1. An empirical relationship is established between the somatic juvenile growth rate (g) and the instantaneous rate of increase (r) in Daphnia magna in order to test if g can be used as a measure of fitness. Tested variables influencing g include food concentration, temperature, clonal differences and maternal effects. 2. The juvenile growth rate g was calculated for fixed time periods of 2 to 6 days (g f ) or for the 'physiological' juvenile period to the deposition of the first clutch (g j ), which varied with environmental conditions. Both g f and g j resulted in linear relationships between g and r when food concentration was the only variable. If the other variables were included then only g j resulted in a good fit. 3. Although the relationship may be slightly curvilinear, g j is a robust predictor of r. The ratio r: g j is not affected by juvenile size and size at maturation. Hence g j , can be used as a relative measure of fitness in Daphnia. This can save considerable time and effort when determining reaction norms in life-table experiments with many genotypes.
Pollination services decline with distance from natural habitat even in biodiversity‐rich areas

Summary 1. There is considerable evidence for the negative impacts of habitat alteration on pollinators in highly disturbed regions of the world. However, it remains unclear whether these findings reflect a global crisis for crop pollination. Understanding the extent to which world agriculture is endangered by pollinator decline is essential if the economic valuation of nature is to be used to promote conservation. 2. We assess the susceptibility to pollinator limitation of one of the most important tropical and subtropical fruit crops, mango Mangifera indica L. , commonly planted in a region of South Africa located between two large biodiversity-rich protected natural areas. We conducted flower visitor surveys, exclusion experiments and spatial analysis of flower visitation and fruit production patterns. 3. Our results show that both ants and flower visitors were effective pollinators of mango, the latter significantly declining (in abundance and species richness) with distance to natural habitat while ants were not affected. Neither the absence of pesticides nor the supplementation of flower visitors by using managed honeybees served to offset these negative impacts. Food-web data suggest that maintaining diversity of flower resources within farmland can help maintain pollinator communities. 4. Moreover, models based exclusively on pollinator abundance underestimated the negative effect of distance from natural habitat on production (42% less at 500 m from natural habitat). As soil nutrient levels and water content are regularly measured and corrected in all study sites, these results suggest that pollinator diversity may also be important. 5. Synthesis and applications. This study provides one of the first examples of marked pollination limitation in farms surrounded by well-protected natural habitat. For mango farming to be sustainable, it is essential to limit contiguous growth of farmland and consider practices that restore the complexity of plant-pollinator networks within farms, for example through the creation and maintenance of pollinator-friendly areas. By highlighting the economic gains of adopting pollinator-friendly practices in agriculture, this work contributes to a growing body of studies that reveal that making farmland more suitable for pollinators benefits both agriculture and nature conservation.
Habitat Use by Hatchery‐Reared Adult Razorback Suckers Released into the Lower Colorado River, California–Arizona

Abstract Designation of the Imperial Division, Colorado River, California–Arizona, as critical habitat for the endangered razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1994 prompted the need for information on current habitat use by the species. Although information on habitat use by razorback suckers has been widely reported for the upper Colorado River basin, little applicable information existed for the Imperial Division. Between December 1995 and Jan 1998, we released 87 hatchery-reared adult razorback suckers (413–592 mm total length) implanted with ultrasonic transmitters into the lower 9.6 km of the Imperial Division and monitored their use of habitat types. Available aquatic habitat within the study area was designated as main channel, backwater, side channel, or impoundment and was described in terms of surface area. Relative availability of each habitat type (percent of available habitat) was used to compute the percent number of observations expected within each ha.
Effect of infectious bursal disease virus infection on incidence of anemia by chicken anemia agent.

SUMMARY Chicks, half of which were inoculated with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at 1 day old, were inoculated 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks later with chicken anemia agent (CAA). Chicks inoculated with CAA alone at 2 weeks of age or later did not have anemia. The chicks inoculated with IBDV and also with CAA 2, 3, or 4 weeks later developed anemias; some of them died. Uninoculated one-day-old chicks reared in contact with chicks inoculated with CAA alone, and chicks inoculated with IBDV alone at 1 day old did not have anemia, but they did when reared in an isolator together with chicks inoculated with IBDV and CAA, or CAA, or in an isolator environmentally contaminated with IBDV and CAA. Chicks infected dually with IBDV and CAA exhibited essentially the same clinical signs and lesions as chicks inoculated only with CAA at 1 day old.
Flying Foxes: Fruit and Blossom Bats of Australia

Flying Foxes is an illustrated guide dedicated to Australia's thriteen species of Megachiroptera. These 'mega' bats do not comply with standard bat stereotypes: while they are nocturnal, they live in forests rather than caves, they navigate by sight rather than echolocation, and their long snouts and large ears and eyes give them a canine like look - hence the description of 'flying foxes'. Perhaps because of their appearance, as well as their intelligence, flying foxes are regarded with much affection in Australia and are sometimes kept as family pets.
An exploration of place meanings among residents in central Wisconsin

Abstract A mail survey of all residents in the surface and ground watersheds of an 11 lake area in central Wisconsin was conducted in 2012 to assess the behaviors, attitudes, awareness of issues, and attachment to lakes to incorporate social information into lake management. Place attachment is a complex concept composed of many dimensions to describe an individual's relationship to a place. This study tested the dimensional structure, validity, and transferability of a previously developed place meanings scale. The factors were then further tested to see if any differences existed among type of ownership (lakefront property owners versus non-lakefront property owners), involvement in lake groups, and seasonal residency in the level of meanings assigned to the lakes. Significant differences were found among type of ownership, involvement in lake groups, and seasonal residency on several place meaning domains. The dimensional scale structure revealed through this study differed somewhat from the original place meanings scale being tested, although the overall consistency on a new population has provided evidence for the transferability of place meanings scales in similar settings. Implications for management include the need to develop targeted outreach plans based on what is valued by residents instead of relying only on lake-by-lake segmentation.
Effect of exported mangrove litter on bacterial productivity and dissolved organic carbon fluxes in adjacent tropical nearshore sediments

Mangrove Litter is exported from tidal forests to the adjacent subtidal seabed in tropical North Queensland, Australia. Its effect on sediment charactenstics and on the dynamics of benthic bacterial communities and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes was examined. Averaged over stations and seasons, mean bacterial densities in surface (0 to 1 cm) sediments ranged from 0.5 to 20.8 X 10" cells g-' dry weight; bacterial productivity and daily specific growth rates ranged from 0.02 to 1.86 g C m-' d-' and from 0.004 to 0.79 d-', respectively. Interstitial DOC concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 6.5 mg C 1-' and varied with season but not among stahons Unless sediments were poisoned with mercury, significant net efflux of DOC across the sediment-water interface was not detected despite high concentration gradients of DOC between overlying water and porewaters. Poisoning of the benthic fauna with mercury resulted in generally high rates of DOC release (range: 0 to 2.4 g C m-2 d-l). On average, DOC fluxes across the sediment-water interface provided 51 "/o (range: 11 to 83 %) of bacterial productivity requirements in surface sediments. In laboratory experiments, addition of outwelled mangrove litter ( C : N = 52 1) to incubated boxcore samples did not significantly affect bacterial densities, production or growth, and DOC fluxes Our results indicate that mangrove litter exported to the adjacent nearshore of this region is highly refractory and of poor nutritional quality, with enhancement of bacterial activity and DOC fluxes apparent only in a semi-enclosed area of highest litter deposition. Rates of litter deposition appear to be low, but sufficient to significantly influence sediment characteristics, e.g. C : N ratios and POC-tannin concentrations. However, subsurface burial and accumulation of litter may, via long-term degradation, support the highly abundant and productive bacterial communities and efficient bacteria-DOC recycling observed in this region.
Relationship of plasma leptin concentration to intramuscular fat content in beef from crossbred Wagyu cattle

Plasma leptin concentrations and beef cattle carcass characteristics in eight Continental Crossbred steers [0% Wagyu Cattle (WC)] were compared to crossbred cattle with 50 and 75% WC (eight steers each) genetic makeup to determine if a relationship exists between plasma leptin concentrations and intramuscular fat content (marbling) in beef cattle. Plasma leptin concentrations were measured at two stages of cattle growth, 16 and 4 wk prior to slaughter (W P S). Beef cattle characteristics including marbling score, ribeye area, i.m. total lipid content, and backfat depth were determined, and correlation coefficients obtained between these traits and leptin concentration at both sampling dates. Plasma leptin concentrations increased relative to the lipid content in the 24 steers based on the significant positive correlation observed between plasma leptin and total lipids (% wet weight) from both pars costalis diaphragmatis (p.c.d.)(16 WPS: r = 0.69, P = 0.0004; 4 WPS: r = 0.35, P = 0.104) and longissimus (16.
Tetramethylbenzidine Polyvinylpyrrolidone Platinum Reaction for Detection of Tracer Horseradish Peroxidase

3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine polyvinylpyr-rolidone platinum (TMB-PVP-PT) reaction was moderately sensitive to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and gave an improved image of the tracer localization. When HRP-injected mouse liver and submandibular gland specimens were treated with this reagent, a blue reaction product in fine granular shape was formed only at the sites where the tracer was localized, while no endogenous peroxidase activity was detected at all. Some attempt to enhance the sensitivity of this reagent to peroxidase was also made. This reaction was suitable for making permanent microscopic preparations.
Sexual Differences in the Thermoregulation of Thymelicus Lineola Adults (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

Sexual differences in thermoregulation and activity under different weather conditions were observed in field populations of the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola. The proximal causes of these differences were studied under both field and laboratory conditions and their possible im- portance for the mating strategy of this species was examined. Males had a longer daily period of activity than did females, which was related to the ability of males to fly in cooler conditions than females. In the laboratory, in the absence of a radiant heat source, both sexes began basking at body temperatures of 1 90-250C. However, males were able to fly at body temperatures 30 lower than females, which we attribute to a lower wing loading in males. Male mass is 42-62% of female mass, while their wing area is 86% of that of females. This difference should theoretically allow males to fly with a lower wingbeat frequency, and hence, at a lower temperature, since wingbeat frequency is temperature dependent. The body temperature of both male and female dead T. lineola pinned in the basking position rose faster and to a higher level than that of individuals pinned in the resting position with the wings folded, when exposed to an artificial radiant heat source. The thoracic temperature of males at equilibrium was ;40 higher than that of females, despite their smaller size. Males also had higher heating and cooling rates, particularly of the abdomen, which heated and cooled two to four times faster than the female abdomen. In the field, females spent more time basking than males, yet female and male thoracic temperatures did not differ significantly. However, abdominal temperatures, which were always lower than thoracic temperatures in both sexes, were higher in females than in males. As a result, the difference between thoracic and abdominal temperatures was smaller in females than in males. The greater thorax-abdomen temperature differential in males can be explained by their higher rate of abdominal cooling and lower incidence of basking. We suggest that these sexual differences reflect sexual selection favoring males that have superior flight capability in marginal weather con- ditions.
How local extinction changes rarity: an example with Sonoran Desert fishes

That spatially rare species may be predisposed to extinction is a common tenet of ecology. However, the opposite side of the relationship - how extinction alters spatial rarity - remains little explored. We used an extensive biodiversity database to contrast patterns of spatial rarity of a biogeographic assemblage of native Sonoran fishes before and after an extensive, decades-long wave of extirpations. Focusing on 25 fish species native to the Lower Basin of the Colorado River, we analyzed two key aspects of spatial rarity: 1) species range sizes (expressed as kilometers of stream reach occupied) and 2) species' co-occurrence patterns. Native fish species that were spatially rare historically suffered disproportionate losses in occurrences. However, endemic species did not suffer increased losses relative to non-endemic (but still native) species of comparable rarity. Species' geographic range sizes were concordant through time, with spatially rare species remaining rare after extensive extirpations relative to species that were historically more widespread. In contrast, extirpations greatly disrupted patterns of species co-occurrence on both local and regional scales. Over 50% of the species pairs that historically co-occurred (in the same 5 km reach) no longer co-occur anywhere in the Lower Basin, and species pairs that infrequently co-occurred in historic times suffered greater proportional losses than did more widely co-occurring pairs. Such changes in the relationship between spatial rarity and species richness deserve attention because they inhibit conservation planning (decreasing the efficiency of reserve design) and reduce interaction diversity altering opportunities for long-term co-evolutionary change.
Efficacy of Ruta graveolens extract and its synergistic effect with cypermethrin against Anopheles stephensi Liston larvae

Vector-borne diseases constitute 17% of the global burden of infectious diseases. Among them, malaria, with 247 million cases and one million deaths in 109 countries, stands first. Plant extracts can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. This will minimize environmental hazards and vector resistance rate. In one such bioassay at Mysore, India, on Anopheles stephensi an urban malarial vector, extracts of Rue (Ruta graveolens) plant leaves, alone and with cypermethrin, produced promising larvicidal results. Petroleum ether extract with LC50 of 43.5 ppm and LC90 of 90.6 ppm was found to be the best. The co-toxicity coefficient and synergistic factor for the 1 : 1 mixture were 119.4 and 9.94, respectively, for the LC50 at 24th hour. Mixtures of phytochemicals and insecticides were found to be more effective than insecticides or phytochemicals alone and could be a good ecofriendly approach to reduce the dose of chemicals to be applied in vector control programs. Besides, such mixtures could reduce the costs, prolong lifetime of available insecticides, and regulate insecticide resistance as part of integrated vector management.
Stock assessment and risk analysis for the school shark (Galeorhinus galeus) off southern Australia

A spatially aggregated age- and sex-structured population dynamics model was fitted to standardized catch-rate data from the school shark resource off southern Australia. The model incorporates the peculiarities of shark populations and fisheries, including the pupping process and the selectivity characteristics of gill-nets. Estimates are determined by a Bayesian approach that incorporates prior distributions for virgin biomass, the parameter that determines productivity, and the variation in pup survival. Tests of sensitivity include changing the data series used, varying the value of adult natural mortality, and changing the prior distribution for the productivity parameter. The point estimates of the mature biomass at the start of 1995 range from 13% to 45% of the pre-exploitation equilibrium size, depending on the specifications of the assessment. The results are notably sensitive to the selection of a catch-rate series. Results suggest that the current fishing intensity will lead to further declines in abundance, that a reduction of ~20% in fishing mortality would achieve a 0.5 probability of not declining further, and that a reduction of 42% would achieve with a probability of 0.8 the management goal of not being below the 1996 mature biomass at the start of 2011. Extra keyword: CPUE.
Text-mining tools for optimizing community database curation workflows in neuroscience

The emphasis of multilevel modeling techniques in the Neurosciences has led to an increased need for large-scale databases containing neuroscientific data. Despite this, such databases are not being populated at a rate commensurate with their demand amongst Computational Neuroscientists. The reasons for this are common to scientific database curation in general–limitation of resources. Much of Neuroscience’s long tradition of research has been documented in computationally inaccessible formats, such as the pdf, making large-scale data extraction laborious and expensive. Here we present three sets of studies designed to construct automated tools for alleviating three bottlenecks in the workflow of a community-curated knowledge base of neuroscience-related information. Virk, the first of these tools, is designed specifically with under-developed knowledge bases in mind, using active learning to allow them to quickly bootstrap their development. Flokka, our second tool, is designed for prioritizing a set of potentially-relevant manuscripts, so that they can be examined in order of their likely relevance. Finna, our final tool, is designed to rank-order the composite paragraphs of a likely relevant document, in terms of the probability that the paragraph contains information that is of interest to the database. Each of our systems attained a level of performance indicating its potential usefulness in the real world. In addition, we present a data set consisting of 962 expertcurated neuroscience documents–to our knowledge, the first data set of its kind. Each document was annotated at the document level, in terms of their relevance for a neuron-related knowledge base, and at the sentence level, in terms of whether a particular sentence communicates information that would lead to the document being included in the knowledge base.
A method for the measurement of bedload sediment transport and passive faunal transport on intertidal sandflats

A simple and inexpensive sampler to measure bedload sediment transport in shallow subtidal or intertidal areas is described. The cylindrical sub-sediment trap with an aspect ratio of 20 (height: diameter) is an improvement over conventional bedload samplers which are difficult to use in shallow areas or fail to collect the biological material associated with bedload. Traps deployed on a low-energy intertidal sandflat for six months provided daily estimates of bedload transport (quartz grains: 0.001–40 kg m−1 d−1), passive infaunal transport (e.g., the bivalveMya arenaria, max: 800 ind m−1 d−1), and organic detrital flux (e.g., macrophyte fragments, max: 400 g dry wt m−1 d−1). Bedload rates estimated with traps were compared to predictions from a numerical bedload model to evaluate the trap’s collection and retention efficiency. A significant linear regression between observed (trap) and predicted (model) rates (r2=0.65, p<0.001, n=97) indicated that the traps were useful for the measurement of high- and low-frequency variability in bedload transport. Potential applications of the traps in benthic oceanography include recruitment and recolonization studies.