Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic formal verification of Cathedral-II circuits from transistor switch level implementation up to high level behavioral specifications by the SFG-tracing methodology

Research on the verification of synchronous circuits has been focussed recently on alternative methodologies instead of traditional methods like ad-hoc simulation. Where logic simulation can not avoid the combinatorial explosion that would normally occur when evaluating circuits for each possible input and initial state, new methods such as theorem proving, tautology checking and symbolic simulation are challenges to a more straightforward approach of fully correct circuit design. A new methodology called SFG-Tracing has been developed. It makes use of the concept of ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs). This general methodology is currently applied for the automatic verification of the results of the Cathedral Silicon Compilers. For the Cathedral-II system a complete verification environment has been built that allows to verify circuits from transistor switch level up to their high level algorithmic specifications. <<ETX>>
Derivative manifolds and Taylor series in the mean

It is thus of interest to determine when 7[f] = 7[/]. This question has been studied by Mandelbrojt [l, pp. 39-40], who has found it necessary to consider classes of functions designated Lp { Mn}, where { Mn} is a sequence of positive reals and Lp {Mn} consists of all C°° (— oo, co) functions such that \\f{n)(x)\\p^Mn (ra^O). His principal result states that D[f] = T[f] for all f(x) C.LP { Mn} if and only if the class C { Mn} is quasi-analytic, C { Mn} being the class of all /(x)GC (— », oo) such that \fM(x)\ ^knMn (— °° ^x<i oo) (ra^O) for some positive k. If C{T17„} is not quasi-analytic, then there is at least one f(x)CLp{Mn} for which 7[/]^7[/]. Hence, if the derivatives of f(x) are too large in norm, Mandelbrojt's theorem cannot be used to decide whether £)[/] = 7 [/]. For p = 2 we shall establish the following necessary and sufficient condition on f(x) for D[f] = T[f]:
Testing Wagner's Law for Turkey: Evidence from a Trivariate Causality Analysis

The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Turkey. The study tests the validity of Wagner´s law by applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration technique using annual data over 1950-2010 period. In order to find out the possible impact of omitted variables, we first tested the standard bivariate versions of Wagner´s law. In the next step by including a third variable - inflation ratio - the analysis extended on a trivariate system. The findings of each testing procedure indicate that omitted variables matter. Since, while there exists no long-run relationship between the variables in the first step of the testing procedure, a long-run correlation is found in the second step. The differences of this paper from the earlier studies testing the Law for Turkey are that, the causal link is examined within a trivariate framework and non-interest government expenditure is considered instead of total government expenditures.
Advancements in Open Source Software Vitality for EEG Signal Processing

_ Abstract — Electroencephalography (EEG) signal processing has become one of the most commonly used technique for brain analysis such as neurological disorders, neuro-cognition and brain activity. There are numerous softwares available for EEG analysis in the market both open source and paid categories so choosing an appropriate software not only helps in utilizing maximum efficiency of the user but also saves time. Open source bio-cybernetic solutions plays an important role in research, development and business sectors compare to other software. This paper illustrates a brief idea about optimum usefulness of different bio-cybernetics software in research of EEG signal processing so that it can be utilized in further studies for enhancement and improvement on end user level application with increased feasibility.
First downscattered neutron images from Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility

Inertial Confinement Fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are designed to understand and test the basic principles of self-sustaining fusion reactions by laser driven compression of deuterium-tritium (DT) filled cryogenic plastic (CH) capsules. The experimental campaign is ongoing to tune the implosions and characterize the burning plasma conditions. Nuclear diagnostics play an important role in measuring the characteristics of these burning plasmas, providing feedback to improve the implosion dynamics. The Neutron Imaging (NI) diagnostic provides information on the distribution of the central fusion reaction region and the surrounding DT fuel by collecting images at two different energy bands for primary (13-15MeV) and downscattered (10-12MeV) neutrons. From these distributions, the final shape and size of the compressed capsule can be estimated and the symmetry of the compression can be inferred. The first downscattered neutron images from imploding ICF capsules are shown in this paper.
Single Layered  $4\times4$  Butler Matrix Without Phase-Shifters and Crossovers

Traditional design of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4\times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Butler matrix (BM) uses couplers, phase shifters (PSs), and crossovers. Due to some troublesome issues related to PS and the crossovers involved in the design of BM, which degrades its performance, this paper presents a planar <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4\times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BM without PS and crossovers. It is accomplished with the help of a modified coupler. The modified coupler is realized to have a 45° output phase difference, which replaces the function of the 45° PSs. The 45° output phase differences obtained from this type of coupler combined with quadrature coupler give the desired phase differences required at the output of the BM. The BM is meant to operate at 6 GHz. The simulated and measured reflection coefficients and isolations at all ports are below −17 dB at the center frequency. The result also shows an amplitude imbalance within ±3 dB with phase mismatch of about ±3° at the center frequency. The −10-dB reflection coefficient bandwidth is 37.10%, and the transmission bandwidth between −5 and −9 dB is about 31.0%. Both the simulated and experimental radiation patterns obtained by exciting the input ports (P1–P4) of the BM produce four orthogonal beams deposed at +15.3°, −47.6°, +47.6°, and −15.3°. This beam steering depicts a stable beam scanning angle of the BM, which is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Using satellites to investigate the sensitivity of longwave downward radiation to water vapor at high elevations

[1] Many studies suggest that high-elevation regions may be among the most sensitive to future climate change. However, in situ observations in these often remote locations are too sparse to determine the feedbacks responsible for enhanced warming rates. One of these feedbacks is associated with the sensitivity of longwave downward radiation (LDR) to changes in water vapor, with the sensitivity being particularly large in many high-elevation regions where the average water vapor is often low. We show that satellite retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) can be used to expand the current ground-based observational database and that the monthly averaged clear-sky satellite estimates of humidity and LDR are in good agreement with the well-instrumented Center for Snow and Avalanche Studies ground-based site in the southwestern Colorado Rocky Mountains. The relationship between MODIS-retrieved precipitable water vapor and surface specific humidity across the contiguous United States was found to be similar to that previously found for the Alps. More important, we show that satellites capture the nonlinear relationship between LDR and water vapor and confirm that LDR is especially sensitive to changes in water vapor at high elevations in several midlatitude mountain ranges. Because the global population depends on adequate fresh water, much of which has its source in high mountains, it is critically important to understand how climate will change there. We demonstrate that satellites can be used to investigate these feedbacks in high-elevation regions where the coverage of surface-based observations is insufficient to do so.
Fabrication of Electrospun Chitosan/Nylon 6 Nanofibrous Membrane toward Metal Ions Removal and Antibacterial Effect

Nylon 6/Chitosan membranes were fabricated by electrospinning onto a Millipore glass fiber filter to produce nanofibrous filter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact angle (WCA) were done to characterize the produced filter. Filter removal capability (adsorption) for metal ions was investigated for lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The antibacterial effect of the Nylon 6/Chitosan was investigated for Escherichia coli. Removal optimum values for Pb(NO3)2 and NaCl reached 87% and 75%, respectively. This research demonstrated that Nylon 6/Chitosan nanofibrous membrane has an enormous applicable potential removal for metal ions from aqueous solutions, antibacterial activity reaching 96%, and reasonable inhibition zone against Escherichia coli (E. coli).
Hyperhomocysteinemia and Gestational Programming of Genes Involved in Alzheimer?s Disease Pathogenesis

Maternal hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) induced by a high methionine diet delays brain maturation and leads to impairment of learning performance in the offspring. Because methionine-homocysteine metabolism is related to the regulation of gene expression through one-carbon metabolism, we investigated whether maternal supplementation with methionine affects the expression of Adam10, Bace1, Bace2, Ps1, Ps2, Tace, App, Il-1E, Il-1β and Tnf-α, genes related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk, in the offspring. Thirteen female mice were distributed into the following groups: a) standard diet and b) standard diet supplemented with 1% methionine in water. After birth, the offspring were organized into Control (CT) and Supplemented Diet (SD) groups, and at Postnatal Day (PND) 90, all animals were weighed and then euthanized. The homocysteine (Hcy) concentration in plasma was measured, and the whole brain was weighed and dissected, and the hippocampus used for gene expression analyses. A decrease in total body weight was found in SD group, but no differences in brain weight were observed. The maternal diet did not seem to affect the Hcy concentration of PND 90 offspring. No differences were found in the expression of AD related genes in the hippocampus (p>0.05). In conclusion, hHcy induced by methionine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation did not affect the expression of genes related to AD risk in the offspring.
Bioaccumulation, subacute toxicity, and tissue distribution of engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in goldfish ( Carassius auratus )

The increased use of nanosized materials is likely to result in the release of these particles into the environment. It is, however, unclear if these materials are harmful to aquatic animals. In this study, the sublethal effects of exposure of low and high concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated. Accumulation of TiO2 NPs increased from 42.71 to 110.68 ppb in the intestine and from 4.10 to 9.86 ppb in the gills of the goldfishwith increasing exposure dose from 10 to 100mg/L TiO2 NPs. No significant accumulation in the muscle and brain of the fish was detected. Malondialdehyde as a biomarker of lipid oxidation was detected in the liver of the goldfish. Moreover, TiO2 NPs exposure inhibited growth of the goldfish. Although there was an increase (8.1%) in the body weights of the goldfish for the control group, in the low and high exposure groups 1.8% increase and 19.7% decrease were measured, respectively. The results of this study contribute to the current understanding of the potential ecotoxicological effects of nanoparticles and highlight the importance of characterization of NPs in understanding their behavior, uptake, and effects in aquatic systems and in fish.
Introduction. Intergroup prejudice from a developmental and social approach

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather research from developmental and social psychologists, from Spain and other countries, in the broad area of prejudice and intergroup attitudes. The Monograph includes review papers and empirical studies that present different theoretical assumptions, research procedures, and types of population. Most contributions are related to the study of children's and youth's attitudes toward different racial-ethnic groups, ingroup bias or ethnic identity, and three articles address other forms of prejudice that have an undeniable social significance in our Western societies: biases toward homosexuality, disability, and body size.
Do Consumers Really Refuse to Buy Genetically Modified Food?

We elicit willingness-to-pay information for similar food products that differ only in their content of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Participants in the experiment are a demographically representative sample of French consumers. 35% of participants are unwilling to purchase products made with GMOs, 23% are indifferent or value the presence of GMOs, and 42% are willing to purchase them if they are sufficiently inexpensive. The results contrast with surveys that indicate overwhelming opposition to GM foods. There is a surplus to be gained from the segregation of the market for food products into a GMO-free segment and a segment allowing GMOs.
Photoinhibition of photosynthesis is reduced by water flow in the reef-building coral Acropora digitifera

While photosynthesis of symbiotic algae is essential for reef-building corals, excess irra- diance inhibits photosynthesis through photoinhibition, which can lead to coral bleaching under ele- vated temperature conditions. Here we show that water flow reduces photoinhibition of in hospite endosymbionts in the coral Acropora digitifera. Diurnal monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence, under 2 different flow regimes (<3 and 20 cm s -1 flow rates) in an outdoor aquarium, showed reduced photoinhibition, but only under moderate flow conditions (20 cm s -1 ). Experimental (laboratory) measurements, on time scales ranging from minutes to hours, showed that flow-mediated reductions in photoinhibition occurred not by enhancing recovery of the damaged photosystem, but rather through inducing differential photodamage. Moreover, experiments involving sequential light oscil- lations (500/20 and 1000/20 µmol photons m -2 s -1 ) at 3 flow regimes, <3, 10, and 20 cm s -1 , on a time scale ranging from hours to days, revealed water-velocity-dependent reductions of dynamic photo- inhibition. These results, on time scales ranging from minutes to weeks, confirm that reduced water flow amplifies photodamage of algal photosynthesis under strong irradiance, which in turn affects coral tolerance to strong irradiance and temperature.
Binge Eating Disorder In Adolescence: The Role Of Alexithymia And Impulsivity

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a disorder, recently included in DSM-5, often present in adolescence. Several studies highlight that adolescents with BED had high levels of impulsivity and alexithymia. Even though studies have underlined the importance of these variables, no studies have investigated their role on adolescents’ emotional-behavioral functioning. This study proposes to verify if adolescents affected by BED show higher levels of alexithymia and impulsivity than adolescents without diagnosis, and what is their role on adolescents’ emotional-behavioral functioning. Thanks to the collaboration with clinical centers for eating disorders, a group composed by 60 adolescents diagnosed with BED was paired to a 60 healthy controls. Participants completed validated self-report questionnaires investigating levels of alexithymia, impulsivity and emotional-behavioral functioning. Adolescents diagnosed with BED showed higher scores on alexithymia, impulsivity and maladaptive emotionalbehavioral functioning than healthy controls. Moreover, alexithymia had a mediating effect on the relationship between impulsivity and emotional-behavioral functioning. These results show that alexithymia is a key variable influencing the emotional-behavioral functioning of adolescents affected by BED. Further studies are needed to also check other variables that might lead to the onset of BED. On the other hand, our findings can help clinicians suggesting the importance of promoting prevention and treatment polices focused on alexithymia. © 2017 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy. org.UK
Under-Five Mortality, Health and Selected Macroeconomic Variables: The Children behind the Digits

Background: Mortality is filled with studies that evaluated infant mortality, child mortality, and income distribution and mortality, but no single research in the English-speaking Caribbean has wholly examined child mortality, inflation, infant mortality, poverty and economic crisis as well as modeling those phenomena. Objectives: This work bridges the gap in the literature by assessing by modeling child mortality, inflation, infant mortality, poverty, and economic crisis as well as the appropriateness of linear modeling in addition to an assessment of under-five age-specific mortality. Methods: This work uses data collected from various Jamaican government departments’ publications. Data were entered and stored into Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Window version 17.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) as well as Microsoft Excel to analyze the data. Pearson’s product Moment Correlation was used to assess the bivariate correlation between particular macroeconomic and other variables, and Ordinary least square regression analyses were used to establish the model for 1) log Infant mortality rate and 2) log child mortality rate. Results: Infant mortality rate (IMR) over the last 100 years is best fitted by an inverse exponential function (R2 = 0.97) as well as child mortality rate (CMR; R2 = 0.91). Infant mortality rate is influenced by health care utilization (b= -0.004, 95%CI: -0.01 – 0.01) and GDP (b = -1.960, 95% CI: -0.52 – 0.07), and the two factors account for 55% of the variance in IMR. The factors that are correlated with child mortality rate are log poverty ((b =0.22, 95% CI: 0.33 – 0.40) and GDP per capita (b = -2.66, 95% CI: -5.07 – -0.25). Those factors account for 90% of the explanation of changes in CMR. During economic recession IMR and CMR decline and opposite is true in periods of economic growth. Conclusion: This work provides a basis public health actions and programmes.
Two-wavelength holographic recording in photopolymer using four-energy-level system: experiments and modeling

Abstract. We investigate a two-wavelength method for recording a persistent hologram in a doped photopolymer. The recording method is based on two separated optical excitations of the four-energy-level system of the doped element, one at λ=325 nm as the sensitizing wavelength and the other at λ=647 nm as the writing wavelength, allowing for an experimental demonstration of nondestructive readout in phenanthrenequinone-doped poly(methyl methacrylate). Further, a four-energy-level rate equations model is proposed for describing the dynamics of hologram recording. The model successfully explains our experimental finding and further provides a general method to investigate such a two-wavelength holographic recording in photopolymer.
Methodology and input availability parameters for calculating OpEx and CapEx costs for realistic network scenarios

Feature Issue on High Availability in Optical NetworksThe availability requirements for today's networks are very high. Higher availability often comes with a higher cost. We describe several steps required for estimating the costs of realistic network scenarios. Capital expenditures (CapEx) and operational expenditures (OpEx) are classified. An activity-based approach is used to quantify the cost of the event-driven operational processes such as repair and service provisioning. We discuss activity duration and availability parameters as required input data, which are necessary for calculating the processes' costs for realistic network scenarios. The relevant availability measures for an IP-over-Optical network are described using a triplet representation with optimistic, nominal, and conservative values. The model is applied to a reference German network scenario.
Redescription of Micrura dellechiajei (Hubrecht, 1879) (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Lineidae), a rare Mediterranean species

The heteronemertean species Micrura dellechiajei is thus far only known from its type locality in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) and has not been recorded in 120 years. During two oceanographic surveys conducted in Spanish Mediterranean waters, several nemertean specimens were collected, and thorough morphological examination indicated that some of these pertained to the species M. dellechiajei, suggesting that populations may be more widespread than previously thought. Because of the rarity of this species coupled with the fact that its last morphological narrative was given 120 years ago, we here provide a redescription of the species based on the new specimens, complete with illustrations and new data concerning its morphology, and we also place some of the collected specimens in a molecular phylogenetic framework.
JUMP-LANDING MECHANICS IN PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY IN ELITE JUNIOR BASKETBALL ATHLETES

The purpose of this study was to identify key modifiable jump-landing variables associated with patellar tendinopathy (PT). Thirty-six junior elite basketball players (18 men, 18 women) were recruited (8 PT, 11 controls, 17 excluded from statistical analysis). Three-dimensional (3D) landing technique during a stop-jump task and patellar tendon ultrasounds were recorded. A series of mixed-design factorial analyses of variance were used to determine any significant between-group differences. Athletes with PT utilised a lower ground reaction force (GRF) loading rate (LR) via increasing their time duration from initial foot-ground contact (IC) to peak vertical GRF (Fv). This strategy of a lower LR did not lead to those athletes with PT decreasing their peak GRF nor patellar tendon forces (FPT) in comparison to the controls.
A Web-based Real-Time Kinect Application for Gestural Interaction with Virtual Musical Instruments

We present a web-based real-time application that enables gestural interaction with virtual instruments for musical expression. Skeletons of the users are tracked by a Kinect sensor, while the performance of the virtual instruments is accomplished using gestures inspired from their corresponding physical counterparts. The application supports the virtual performance of an air guitar and an upright bass, as well as a more abstract conductor-like performance with two instruments, while collaborative playing of two or more players is also allowed. The multimodal virtual interface of our application, which includes 3D avatars, allows users, even if not musically educated, to engage in innovative interactive musical activities, while its web-based architecture improves its accessibility and performance. The application was qualitatively evaluated by 13 users, in terms of its usability and enjoyability, among others, accomplishing high ratings and positive feedback.