Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation of structure, composition and local mechanical properties in the dorsal carapace of the edible crab Cancer pagurus

Abstract The exoskeleton of crustaceans is formed by the cuticle, a chitin-protein-based nano-composite with hierarchical organization over at least eight levels. On the molecular level, it consists of chitin associated with proteins forming fibres, which are organized in the form of twisted plywood. On the higher levels, the twisted plywood organization is modified and forms skeletal elements with elaborate functions. The load-bearing parts of crustacean cuticle are reinforced with both crystalline and amorphous biominerals. During evolution, all parts of the exoskeleton were optimized to fulfill different functions according to different ecophysiological strains faced by the animals. This is achieved by modifications in microstructure and chemical composition. In order to understand the relationship between structure, composition, mechanical properties and function we structurally characterized cuticle from the dorsal carapace of the edible crab Cancer pagurus using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The local chemical composition was investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and confocal m-Raman spectroscopy. Nanoindentation tests were performed to study the resulting local mechanical properties. The results show local differences in structure on several levels of the structural hierarchy in combination with a very heterogeneous mineralization. The distal exocuticle is mineralized with calcite, followed by a layer containing a magnesium, phosphate and carbonate rich phase and ACC in the proximal part. The endocuticle contains magnesian calcite and ACC in special regions below the exocuticle. Structure and mineral phase are reflected in the local stiffness and hardness of the respective cuticle regions. The heterogeneity of structural organization and mechanical properties suggests remarkable consequences for the mechanical behaviour of the bulk material.
Structural Modifications in Silica Sonogels Prepared with Additions of Poly(vinyl alcohol)

Silica wet gels were prepared from acid sonohydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and additions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)−water solution. Aerogels were obtained from supercritical CO2 extraction. The samples were studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and nitrogen adsorption. The structure of wet gels can be described as a mass fractal with dimension D equal to 2.0 on the whole length scale experimentally probed by SAXS, from ∼0.3 to ∼15 nm. Pure and low-PVA-addition wet gels exhibit an upper cutoff accounting for a finite characteristic length ξ of the mass fractal structure. Additions of PVA increase ξ without modifying D, which was attributed to a steric effect of the polymer in the structure. The pore volume fraction of the aerogels diminishes typically about 11% with respect to that of the wet gels, although nitrogen adsorption could be underestimating some porosity. The pore size distribution of the aerogels is shifted toward the mesopore region with t.
Synthesis, properties, and applications of low-dimensional carbon-related nanomaterials

In recent years, many theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to develop one of the most interesting aspects of the science and nanotechnology which is called carbon-related nanomaterials. The goal of this paper is to provide a review of some of the most exciting and important developments in the synthesis, properties, and applications of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials are formed in various structural features using several different processing methods. The synthesis techniques used to produce specific kinds of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (including fullerene, carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, nanodiamond, and onion-like carbons), one-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (including carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes), and two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (including graphene and carbon nanowalls) are discussed in this paper. Subsequently, the paper deals with an overview of the properties of the mainly important products as well as some important applications and the future outlooks of these advanced nanomaterials.
Thin Polymer Layers Formed by Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Techniques on Biological Surfaces

Thin polymer films were formed on models of tissue surfaces using polyelectrolyte multilayer techniques, to evaluate the feasibility of using such techniques to build barrier materials onto the surfaces of tissues to improve postsurgical healing, or on the surfaces of tissue-engineered implants. By incubating heterogeneous surfaces with a polycation, followed by a polyanion, layers of polyelectrolyte were deposited onto the surfaces, as confirmed by ellipsometry and water contact angle measurement. Particularly favorable properties were found using the polyelectrolytes polylysine and alginate, which are capable of forming complex gels at physiologic pH; whereas others have demonstrated linear growth in film thickness, with this system, exponential growth was observed under certain conditions, which may be very useful in the coating of heterogeneous surfaces. Surfaces that were treated with multilayer techniques included gelatin, fibroblast extracellular matrix, and fibrillar type I collagen. All surfaces .
The Effect of Alkaline-Etch Pretreatment on the Pitting Corrosion of Wrought Aluminum

Abstract Pitting corrosion of aluminum alloys is sensitive to the type of surface treatment used prior to a corrosion test. In particular, significant differences in the pitting behavior are observed between the as-received and etched surfaces of several wrought alloys. It is shown that the as-received surface is generally more resistant to pitting, since it is coated by a thicker oxide and because the cathodic intermetallic phases are covered by a thin layer of matrix alloy. Alkaline etching dissolves this layer, thereby increasing the cathodic area. Moreover, the exposed, Fe-containing intermetallics become enriched with iron at their surfaces as a result of de-alloying of the more active aluminum, and these factors lead to a significant increase in the cathodic reaction rate. Enrichment of certain other components, especially manganese, at the surface of intermetallics and matrix alloy improves the pitting resistance.
Porous Si Nanowires from Cheap Metallurgical Silicon Stabilized by a Surface Oxide Layer for Lithium Ion Batteries

In the quest to develop next generation lithium ion battery anode materials, satisfactory electrochemical performance and low material/fabrication cost are the most desirable features. In this article, porous Si nanowires are synthesized by a cost‐effective metal‐assisted chemical etching method using cheap metallurgical silicon as feedstock. More importantly, a thin oxide layer (≈3 nm) formed on the surface of porous Si nanowires stabilizes the cycling performance of lithium ion batteries. Such an oxide coating is able to constrain the huge volume expansion of the underlying Si, yet it is thin enough to ensure good permeability for both lithium ions and electrons. Therefore, the extraordinary storage capacity of Si can be well retained in prolonged electrochemical cycles. Specifically, Si/SiOx nanowires deliver a reversible capacity of 1503 mAh g−1 at the 560th cycle at a current density of 600 mA g−1, demonstrating an average of only 0.04% drop per cycle compared with its initial capacity. Furthermore, the highly porous structure and thin Si wall facilitate the electrolyte penetration and shorten the solid‐state lithium transportation path, respectively. As a result, stable and satisfactory reversible capacities of 1297, 976, 761, 548, and 282 mAh g−1 are delivered at current densities of 1200, 2400, 3600, 4800, and 7200 mA g−1, respectively.
RESIDENCE TIME OF METAL DROPLETS IN SLAG-METAL-GAS EMULSIONS THROUGH TOP GAS BLOWING

Abstract A mathematical model for evaluating the residence time of metal droplets in slag-metal-gas emulsions through top gas blowing is proposed. The model is based on the equation of accelerated moving bodies in a moving fluid. The parameters used in the model are based on the available data from both room and high temperature experiments. Using the proposed model provides a formal way to extend the experimental results of the residence time of the droplets for an evaluation of the conditions in an industrial furnace. This connects theoretical understanding, experimental results and plant data in to a coherent and quantitative model of the process. On propose un modèle mathématique pour évaluer le temps de séjour de gouttelettes de métal dans des émulsions de scorie–métal–gaz par soufflage de gaz vers le haut. Le modèle est basé sur l’équation des corps accélérés en mouvement dans un fluide en mouvement. Les paramètres utilisés dans le modèle sont basés sur les données disponibles provenant tant d’expériences à la température de la pièce qu’à hautes températures. Utilisant le modèle proposé fournit une manière formelle d’étendre les résultats expérimentaux du temps de séjour des gouttelettes à une évaluation des conditions dans un four industriel. Ceci rattache la compréhension théorique, les résultats expérimentaux et les données de l’usine en un modèle cohérent et quantitatif du procédé.
Impact odorants and sensory profile of young red wines from four Galician (NW of Spain) traditional cultivars

Monovarietal red wines from Caino da Terra, Caino Longo, Caino Bravo and Caino Redondo grape varieties were analysed in order to determine the volatile composition in terms of fermentative compounds. The wines were also sensorially evaluated with the aim of defining their sensory profile based on the descriptive attributes provided by a panel. Significant analytical and sensorial differences were found among the four wine cultivars. The wine from the Caino Redondo cultivar showed a lower content for the majority of the aromatic compounds, whereas wines from Caino Longo and Caino da Terra cultivars were the most aromatic ones with higher contents in ethyl esters and acetates. Odour activity values (OAV) for all volatile compounds identified were calculated and classified into seven odorant series, fruity, floral, sweet and fatty being the series with higher contribution to the aroma profile of the evaluated wines. Based on the individual odour thresholds, wines from Caino Longo were the most aromatic, owing to the higher OAV values found for the majority of the volatiles analysed, mainly ethyl esters. Principal component analysis accounted for 81.19% of the variance, thus showing a good separation of the wine cultivars according to the volatile compounds. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
Immobilized Peroxidase as a Valuable Tool in the Remediation of Aromatic Pollutants and Xenobiotic Compounds: A Review

The authors attempted to survey literature based on the role of immobilized peroxidases in the treatment and remediation of various types of organic pollutants present in wastewater. Peroxidases from fungal (Caldariomyces fumago, Lentinula edodes, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Aspergillus oryzae, Trametes versicolor, Chrysonilia sitophila [TFB-27441]) and plant sources (horseradish, turnip, tomato, soybean, bitter gourd, white radish chayote, and Saccharum uvarum) were immobilized by using different methods of enzyme immobilization (adsorption, covalent attachment, entrapment and micro-encapsulation). Various types of organic and inorganic supports have been considered for the immobilization of peroxidases. These immobilized peroxidase preparations were employed for the oxidative degradation and removal of organic compounds such as phenols, derivative of phenols, anilines, anthracene, benzidine, dyes, 2,4-dimethyldibenzothiophene, 2-chlorobiphenyl, chlorolignins, 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene chlorpromazine, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and hydroxylated aromatic compounds in batch processes as well as in different types of continuous reactors at a large scale.
Photostability and Stability over Time of Retinyl Palmitate in an O/W Emulsion and in SLN Introduced in the Emulsion

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been introduced as a novel carrier system for drugs and cosmetics. It has been found that SLNs themselves show physical UV‐blocking action. Cetyl palmitate, glyceryl behenate, and palmitic acid SLNs, all loaded with retinyl (vitamin A) palmitate, were prepared and introduced in an O/W emulsion. SLNs in O/W emulsion protect retinyl palmitate from the photo degradation induced by UVA and UVB radiation. This effect is probably due to the light‐scattering properties of SLN. Nanoparticles also protect vitamin A palmitate from thermal degradation. DSC thermal analytical examination, Z potential determination, and particle size measurement confirmed the solid character of the nanoparticles and the encapsulation of retinyl palmitate, their easy dispersion due to their negative charge on the surface, and their mean diameters in the nanometer range.
Influence of Material Moisture on the Tribocharging Process of Plastic Granules

The control of the triboelectrification factors is the key for a successful application of electrostatic separation to the recycling of mixed plastics waste. This article focuses on the influence of material moisture on the tribocharging process of three granular materials: polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Different values of moisture content were obtained by immersing the material in water or drying it in a laboratory oven. Afterward, the granular material was tribocharged on the tray of a vibratory feeder and the accumulated charge was measured by an electrometer. The maximum charge/mass ratio was obtained for the three plastic materials at different values of moisture content: 0.27% for PA, 0.12% for PET 0.1% for PVC. Series of 5 consecutive tribocharging experiments performed on the same sample, show that the first contributes with the greater amount of granules charge while the other four only slightly increment this value. The graphical representation of the evolution of the charge/mass ratio versus number of tribocharging experiment conducts to the conclusion that: i) the charge of the granules tends to saturate; ii) it is useless to excessively increase the duration of the tribocharging process.
VARIATION IN THE NERVE SUPPLY OF EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS: A CASE REPORT

AIM: To show the anatomical variation in the nerve supply of extensor carpi radialis brevis. RESULTS: The nerve to extensor carpi radialis brevis was found arising from the superficial branch of radial nerve, i.e. the radial nerve proper. CONCLUSION: The awareness of varition or nerve supply to extensor carpi radialis brevis from superficial branch of radial nerve is clinically important of surgeons, orthopaedicians, anaesthetists, physiotherapist & plastic surgeons to avoid damage to nerve during surgery and in interpretation of results.
A novel approach of chemical functionalization on nano-scaled silica particles

Chemical functionalization on nano-scaled silica particles was performed through the reaction between the silanol group of silica and the oxirane ring of epoxy compounds. The occurrence of the surface functionalization and the chemical structures of the resulting products were characterized with FTIR and 1H NMR. Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry and transmission electronic micrography observation on the silica particles also confirmed the surface functionalization. This approach provides another method to organically functionalize nano-scaled silica particles and can be applied to the preparation of organic–inorganic nanocomposites.
Effect of Moisture Uptake on the Repeatability of near Infrared Spectroscopy Analyses of Ewe Milk Using the Dry Extract System for Infrared (DESIR) Method

This paper reports a study carried out to determine the effect of post-filter-drying moisture uptake on the repeatability of NIR spectroscopy analyses of ewe milk using the dry-extract system for infrared (DESIR). The study assessed the spectral repeatability of the method and the effect of moisture uptake on that repeatability, using graphical representations and root mean squared (RMS) error between spectra, as well as multivariate Mahalanobis distances (GH values) and predicted constituent values (protein, fat and dry matter). The spectral repeatability of this method of dried milk analysis using glass-fibre filters was very high, both spectrally per se [RMS MEAN = 3.914 μlog (1/R) and STD = 4.126 μlog (1/R)] and in terms of NIR spectroscopy prediction of chemical components and of the Mahalanobis distance. Using a single filter per milk sample is thus considered sufficient to guarantee the required accuracy and precision of the DESIR method. Differences between spectra due to the presence or absence of air exposure [STD = 6446 μlog (1/R)] were greater than the method repeatability error. Predictions of protein, fat and dry matter were significantly higher for air-exposed filters, due to moisture uptake; the increase in GH values for air-exposed filters was highly significant, suggesting that milk samples to be analysed using the DESIR method should be stored in a desiccator after drying and before NIR analysis and not left exposed to air.
Temperature Measurement in Rapid Thermal Processing with Focus on the Application to Flash Lamp Annealing

The present review intends to help its reader find a suitable method for temperature measurement in Millisecond Spike Annealing (MSA). For this purpose it is going to highlight current and former industrial and research approaches for both RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) and MSA to measure the “true wafer temperature. ” The theoretical background of each measurement technique is considered along with its capability to be applied in MSA tools as well as its suitability for industry in terms of time and temperature resolution.
SnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for the Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Cadmium(II), Lead(II), Copper(II), and Mercury(II): An Interesting Favorable Mutual Interference

A well-known gas sensing material SnO2 in combination with reduced graphene oxide was used in heavy metal ions detection for the first time. This work reports the detailed study on the SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite modified glass carbon electrode, which could be used for the simultaneous and selective electrochemical detection of ultratrace Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), and Hg(II) in drinking water. The SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite electrode was characterized voltammetrically using redox couples (Fe(CN)63–/4–), complemented with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) has been used for the detection of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), and Hg(II). The detection limit (3σ method) of the SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite modified GCE toward Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II) is 1.015 × 10–10 M, 1.839 × 10–10 M, 2.269 × 10–10 M, and 2.789 × 10–10 M, respectively, which is very well below the guideline value given by the World Health Organ.
Fabrication of Low‐Threshold 3D Void Structures inside a Polymer Matrix Doped with Gold Nanorods

We report on a low‐threshold three‐dimensional (3D) void generation inside a polyvinyl‐alcohol (PVA) polymer matrix doped with gold nanorods (NRs) by near infra red femtosecond laser pulses. By matching the laser wavelength to the surface plasmon resonance band of the embedded gold NRs, the void generation threshold could be reduced by one order of magnitude lower than undoped matrix. We discuss physical mechanisms involved in the void generation, where distinction between the decomposition of gold NR or PVA is drawn in single pulse and multiple pulse irradiations. We also demonstrate 3D void recording for applications in 3D optical data storage.
Droplet formation in a ternary-fluid mixture: Spontaneous emulsion and micelle formation

A model of a ternary mixture, which in a qualitative way describes an organic solute in water in the presence of an amphiphilic component is simulated by molecular dynamics. The system is cooled, and the separation of droplets shows that the amphiphilic molecules can separate together with the organic solute in various ways. At onset of nucleation and for moderate strength of amphiphilicity the critical nucleus contains both species, but at later stage of this segregation the droplets are emulsionlike with subdomains in the droplets of only one of the two species. When the strength of affinity to the organic solute is increased, the amphiphile molecules are concentrated in the water droplet interface as in a micelle. We argue that d-glyceraldehyde, which is only moderately soluble in water and which has played a crucial role in evolution, together with organic materials is a candidate for such an emulsionlike droplet separation.
Stabilization of positive charge on polytetrafluoroethylene electret films treated with titanium-tetrachloride vapor

The surface of polytetrafluoroethylene films was treated with titanium-tetrachloride vapor. The treatment was carried out in a flow reactor by means of molecular-layer deposition, a method from the arsenal of chemical nanotechnology. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that such a treatment results in considerable changes in the chemical composition at and near the surface of the fluoropolymer film. Both, defluorination and oxidation of the surface were observed. At the same time, samples treated with titanium tetrachloride show a significant enhancement in the thermal stability of the positive homocharge. The thermally stimulated surface-potential-decay curves were observed to shift to higher temperatures by more than 100 °C
C O M P A RISON OF INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTERED FENTANYL AND MIDAZOLAM IN COMBINATION WITH HYPERBARIC BUPIVACAINE

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of intrathecally administered midazolam and fentanyl in combination with hyperbaric bupivacaine with respect to, the time of onset, duration of sensory block, Quality of intraoperative anesthesia, duration of effective postoperative analgesia, incidence of side effects. Regional anaesthesia techniques provide an excellent means for managing postoperative pain. Various adjuvants has been added to spinal local anaesthetic to prolong postoperative analgesia. The purpose of the study is to compare the efficacy of intrathecally administered hyperbaric bupivacaine with fentanyl and midazolam interms of onset of sensory block, Intraoperative comfort and postoperative analgesia
Soil testing of horticultural substrates (ii) Desirable nitrogen values for the 1: 1.5 water extract

Abstract The initial nitrogen desirable value (DV) to give maximum dry weight and maximum growth rate for various growing periods has been estimated for the 1: 1.5 water extraction procedure by regressing dry weight and net growth rate against soil test values using a quadratic function. The DV for dry weight and growth rate has been estimated for chrysanthemum and verbena (2 trials each) and for dry weight for tomato (1 trial) in a number of substrates. The DV for maximum dry weight of chrysanthemum, grown for 48 days under winter conditions, were: Peat 151–211 ppm and greater, Bark 140‐168 ppm and Peat and Sawdust and Sand (PSS) 135–162 ppm. Under summer conditions and grown for 35 days, the DV were as follows: Peat 134 — 172 ppm, Peat and Pumice (PP) 142 ‐170 ppm, Bark 168–202 ppm and PSS 152–172 ppm. The DV for maximum dry weight of verbena grown for 42 days under spring conditions were as follows: Peat 57 ppm, Bark 41 ppm and PSS 48–52 ppm and greater. Under summer conditions and grown for 38 days, t.