Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW ON AUTOMATIC FACIAL EXPRESSION RECOGNITION SYSTEMS

The automatic facial expression recognition (FER) system is an important concept in human computer interface (HCI), as human face is a part that gives information about the state of user’s behavior through various expressions. This study of recognizing facial expression is one of the challenging research areas in image analysis and computer vision. Since last 2 decades many researchers are working to make HCI machines to operate with more reliability and efficiency even in the worst conditions. In this paper, we studied different FER methods such as face detection, feature extraction and expression classification where techniques like Knowledge-based, Feature-based, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Gabor filters, Local Binary Patterns (LBP) with a range of classifiers like a SVM, Adaboost, HMM etc are been compared.
A New Fuel Permeation Test Set-up for SAE J1737 to Determine Hydrocarbon Liquid Losses Through Tubes, Hoses and Fittings

This ARDL proposed measurement practice is intended for the determination of the Iosses of hydrocarbon fluids, by permeation through component walls as weil as through "micro leaks" at interfaces of assembled components while Controlling temperature and pressure independently of each other. This is achieved by a new permeation test set-up using a recirculating system in which liquids which are transported through walls and joints are collected by a controlled flow of nitrogen (dry) and adsorbed by activated charcoal. This technique will be effective for measuring permeation of fuel components with permeation values above eight (8) grams per square meter per day. This experimental set-up is a low-cost fuel permeation measurement system compared to a measurement system with flame ionization detectors (FID).
Assessment of soil water repellency as a function of soil moisture with mixed modelling

An understanding of the relation between soil water repellency (SWR) and soil moisture is a prerequisite of water‐flow modelling in water‐repellent soil. Here, the relation between SWR and soil moisture was investigated with intact cores of soil taken from three types of soil with different particle‐size distributions. The SWR was measured by a sessile drop contact angle (CA) during drying at soil pF values that ranged from −∞ to 4.2. From the measured CA, the work of adhesion (Wa) was calculated and its relation with the pF‐value was explored. Mixed modelling was applied to evaluate the effects of pF, soil type and soil depth on CA and Wa. For all soil types, a positive relation was observed between CA and the pF‐value that could be represented by a linear model for the pF‐range of 1–4.2. The variation in slope and intercept of the CA–pF relationship caused by heterogeneity of the samples taken from a single soil horizon was quantified. In addition, the relation between CA and water content (WC) showed hysteresis, with significantly larger CAs during drying than during wetting.
Aerosols Generated by Free Fall Spills of Powders and Solutions in Static Air

Safety assessments and environmental impact statements for nuclear fuel cycle facilities require an estimation of potential airborne releases. Aerosols generated by accidents are being investigated to develop the source terms for these releases. The lower boundary accidental release event would be a free fall spill of powders or liquids in static air. Experiments measured the mass airborne and particle size distribution of these aerosols for various source sizes and spill heights. Two powder and liquid sources were used: Ti02 and uo2; and aqueous uranine (sodium fluorescein) and uranyl nitrate solutions. Spill height and source size were significant in releases of both powders and liquids. For the source powders used (l "m uo2 and 1.7 "m Ti0 2, quantities from 25 g to 1000 g, and fall heights of 1 m and 3m), the maximum source airborne was 0.12%. The maximum source airborne was an order of magnitude less for the liquids (with source quantities ranging from 125 to 1000 cc at the same fall heights). The median aerodynamic equivalent diameters for collected airborne powder ranged from 6 to 26.5 "m; liquids ranged from 4.1 to 34 "m. All of the spills produced a significant fraction of respirable particles 10 ~m and less.
Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flow of Polymer Solutions.

Abstract : Polyelectrolytes as drag reducing agents were studied; abnormal effects occurred only in dilute aqueous solutions free of added electrolyte. Extensional flows of polyisobutylene observed by light scattering indicate greater elongation than in shear flow, but work is unfinished. Onset of drag reduction studied with 'monodisperse' poly cis isoprene solutions indicate time based hypothesis gives better correlation than length based hypothesis and that there may be two different onset levels.
Novel Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework/Polymer Membranes for Hydrogen Separations in Coal Processing

Nanoparticles of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and other related hybrid materials were prepared by modifying published synthesis procedures by introducing bases, changing stoichiometric ratios, or adjusting reaction conditions. These materials were stable at temperatures >300 °C and were compatible with the polymer matrices used to prepare mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs). MMMs tested at 300 °C exhibited a >30 fold increase in permeability, compared to those measured at 35 °C, while maintaining H{sub 2}/CO{sub 2} selectivity. Measurements at high pressure (up to 30 atm) and high temperature (up to 300 °C) resulted in an increase in gas flux across the membrane with retention of selectivity. No variations in permeability were observed at high pressures at either 35 or 300 °C. CO{sub 2}-induced plasticization was not observed for Matrimid®, VTEC, and PBI polymers or their MMMs at 30 atm and 300 °C. Membrane surface modification by cross-linking with ethylenediamine resulted in an increase in H{sub 2}/CO{sub 2} selectivity at 35 °C. Spectrometric analysis showed that the cross-linking was effective to temperatures <150 °C. At higher temperatures, the cross-linked membranes exhibit a H2/CO2 selectivity similar to the uncrosslinked polymer.
Analiza stężenia pyłku brzozy w wybranych miastach Polski w 2012 roku

In the present study, birch pollen season patterns in Poland in 2009 have been compared. Airborne pollen counts were made in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Krakow, Lublin, Olsztyn, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw and Wroclaw. The investigations were performed using the volumetric method as well as the Burkard and Lanzoni traps. The pollen season duration was determined using the method of 98%. It has been shown that the birch pollen season started in 2009 in the first decade of April, similarly to the years 2007 and 2008. Significant differences were found in pollen season duration between particular cities and in diurnal pollen grain counts. The highest diurnal birch pollen count was recorded in Wroclaw (1317 grains/m3) and Szczecin (1166 grains/m3). In all the cities, a large number of days was recorded with a concentration exceeding the threshold concentration for birch (17–29 days).
Comparison of Two Years of Methane Column Retrievals from Sciamachy Observations in the 1.65 and 2.33 Micrometer Windows

In channel 6 the retrieved columns are considerably affected by spatial variations in optical path length [6] and must therefore be corrected, for example using carbon dioxide columns obtained from the nearby 1.58-micron window [3, 4]. However, errors may be introduced in cases where the surface albedo varies quickly with the wavelength, so that the optical path length becomes wavelength dependent. Nonetheless, Frankenberg et al. [3, 4] have clearly shown the potential of such an approach.
A density-functional study of the structures and electronic properties of C59Ni and C60Ni clusters

We report ab initio calculations of C59Ni and C60Ni clusters using a fully self-consistent density-functional method that employs linear combinations of atomic orbitals as basis sets, standard nonlocal, norm-conserving pseudopotentials, and a generalized gradient approximation to exchange and correlation. Our results for C59Ni show that the replacement of a C atom of the C60 fullerene cage by a Ni atom yields (on relaxation) a stable substitutionally doped fullerene, in keeping with both recent density-functional calculations using the local spin density approximation and the results of mass spectrometry. For C60Ni, our calculations show that the most favorable site for the Ni atom is a bridge site over a C–C double bond.
Antiferromagnetic and Paramagnetic Resonance in CuF2·2H2O

Antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic resonance absorption has been measured in CuF2·2H2O. At 1.4°K, the antiferromagnetic resonances in zero field occur at 95.84±0.05 kMc and 95.91±0.05 kMc. The easy direction of magnetization occurs at an angle of 3.5° with the c axis. This orientation is in agreement with neutron diffraction and single-crystal susceptibility measurements. Due to strong exchange narrowing, narrow paramagnetic resonance lines were observed. The g values are gξ = 2.07, g η=2.08, and gς = 2.42. The principal axes are nearly coinciding with the ligand directions. From the g values, the energy levels and wave functions of the CU++ ions are determined. A discussion of the anisotropy is given. The dipolar part is calculated numerically, and the anisotropic exchange of pseudodipolar type is determined, using the fact that ω1~ω2 and the known easy magnetization direction. From the total anisotropy determined in this way, and the perpendicular susceptibility measured by Williams, the antiferromagnetic resonance frequency is predicted to occur at 130 kMc. The agreement with experiment is not unreasonable in view of the reduction of this frequency by the zero-point oscillations of the spin waves. A brief discussion of the superexchange interaction in this crystal is given.
Site-selective spectroscopy of Nd3+ in the Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 laser crystal

Laser excited site-selection spectroscopy of Nd 3+ ion in the Ca 3 Ga 2 Ge 3 O 12 laser garnet crystal has been investigated for the transitions Z 1 (I 9/2 )→D 1 ( 4 G 5/2 ) and 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 in order to understand the nature of the different Nd centers in terms of the possible charge compensating defects. Lifetime data of the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 transition obtained as a function of Nd concentration have allowed to distinguish the Nd 2+ ions compensated by Ga 3+ ions (Nd 3+ (Ca 2+ )-Ga 3+ (Ge 4+ )) from other kind Nd 3+ ions, which can be presumably associated with Nd 3+ (Ca 2+ )-Nd 3+ (Ge 4+ ) pairs
Cooling of a dye solution by anti-stokes fluorescence

C. Zander, K. H. Drexhage, Universith't-GH Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany When a dye solution is excited in the anti-Stokes region, the photons of fluorescence have a higher energy than the photons absorbed. The additional energy of the emitted photons would be taken out of the heat reservoir of the solution: Its temperature should decrease. It can be shown that such cooling does not violate the second law of thermodynamics. In order to demonstrate the expected cooling by anti-Stokes fluorescence, nonradiative deactivation of dye molecules as well as solvent absorption is to be avoided as much as possible, because such processes produce heat and therefore counteract the effect to be measured. We have concentrated our efforts on rhodamine dyes, as they are known for very high (>90%) fluorescence efficiency A solvent of very small absorption in the region of rhodamine fluorescence (550650 nm) is monodeuterated ethanol. On the basis of this solvent we calculated the minimum dye quantum yield, at which cooling would be observable, to 98.4%. The fluorescence quantum yield of various dye solutions was determined. Here the excitation was in the main absorption band of the dye. For instance, the quantum yield of rhodamine 6G perchlorate in air-saturated ethanol was found to be 95.5%. However, in oxygenfree monodeuterated ethanol this dye has a fluorescence quantum yield of 99.0%. Therefore such a solution would meet the requirement outlined above, if this value would be independent of wavelength of excitation and still hold in the anti-Stokes region. We did observe the expected cooling in a thermal lensing experiment using a solution of carefully purified rhodamine 6G perchlorate in oxygen-free monodeuterated ethanol. The energy yield varied with the wavelength of excitation as shown in Fig. 1. The straight line was calculated on the assumption that the fluorescence spectrum and the quantum yield were the same on Stokes and antiStokes excitation. The good agreement with the observed data shows that fluorescence spectrum and quantum yield of this dye indeed are independent of waveFluorescence-based characterization of the plasma produced in laser vaporization of solid samples
Comparison of Dynamic and Steady‐State Models for Determining Water Quality Based National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Limits for Toxics

Current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance allows water quality based effluent limits for toxic substances to be based on one of two types of water quality models: steady state and dynamic. The intention of both types of models is to limit occurrence of instream toxicity to a frequency of no greater than once in 3 years. Steady‐state models are used to predict concentrations for a single critical (i.e., almost worst‐case) combination of effluent and environmental conditions. These models assume that effluent limits that are protective for critical conditions will also be in compliance with the less than once‐in‐3‐year frequency of toxicity objective. Dynamic (or probabilistic) models explicitly consider the variability in all model inputs and define effluent limits that will be in direct compliance with the once‐in‐3‐year goal. Essentially all published comparisons of steady‐state and dynamic model results have indicated that steady‐state models are more protective than dynamic models, leading to the commonly held assumption that steady‐state models are always overprotective. This assumption was evaluated by comparing steady‐state and dynamic wasteload allocation model results with 10 different sites across the United States. At 8 of the 10 sites, steady‐state modeling resulted in more lenient effluent limits. The primary factor that determines which wasteload allocation model produces the more stringent result was found to be the variation in receiving water assimilative capacity. Steady‐state analyses are less stringent than dynamic models for cases when there is a small variability in receiving water assimilative capacity. For systems with more variable assimilative capacity, the steady‐state model may be more stringent, depending on the severity of the critical condition selected. Equations are derived that allow a direct comparison of the two methods for simple single‐discharge situations.
Trace elements in tropical Asian paddy soils: I. Total trace element status

Four hundred eighty two samples of paddy soils collected in ten Tropical Asian countries were analyzed for total contents of eleven trace elements, i.e. boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, rubidium, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium. Results were presented in histograms, showing the distribution patterns of the data, and tables, showing the statistical summaries of the data by countries. In general, it appeared that among the Tropical Asian paddy soils, the Philippine soils contain high amounts of total cobalt, molybdenum, strontium, vanadium, and zinc but low amounts of total rubidium and zirconium. Burmese soils show high amounts of total boron, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc. Vietnamese soils are rich in total chromium, molybdenum, and rubidium. Cambodian and both East and West Malaysian soils are generally poor in most of the total trace elements studied. Contents of the total trace elements studied in the soils of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Th.
MEMAHAMI PROSES SORPSI ION FOSFAT OLEH GOETHITE DAN MONTMORILLONITE

Sorpsi Ion fosfat oleh monmorillonit pada suhu 30 oC telah dipelajari dan dilaporkan sebelumnya sebagai rangkaian kegiatan penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian tersebut melaporkan bahwa fosfat mengikat monmorilonit dengan membentuk dua kompleks outer sphere dengan menggunakan ikatan hydrogen. Karena suhu merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh dalam adsorpsi, maka reaksi-reaksi yang berlangsung pada adsorpsi ion fosfat dengan suhu yang berbeda; 10 oC dan 50 oC perlu diteliti. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan parameter termodinamik untuk reaksi kompleksasi permukaan pada adsorpsi ion fosfat oleh monmorilonit. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui eksperimen adsorpsi pada suhu 10 dan 50 oC. Eksperimen tersebut meliputi eksperimen adsorpsi tepi (adsorpsi sebagai fungsi pH), isotherm adsorpsi (adsorpsi sebagai fungsi konsentrasi fosfat), titrasi asam-basa (suatu titrasi untuk mengetahui jumlah ion H+ yang ditangkap atau dilepas di saat terjadi reaksi permukaan), dan kinetika desorpsi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan model kompleksasi permukaan untuk konfirmasi hasil penelitian sebelumnya (Jaslin et al. submitted), serta untuk menentukan harga ΔH dan ΔS. Harga ΔH untuk reaksi pertama dan kedua berturut-turut adalah 39,756 dan 3,765x10-7 kJ mol─1. Kedua reaksi mempunyai harga ΔH positif yang berarti reaksi berlangsung secara endotermik. Energi yang besar dalam reaksi pertama dibutuhkan oleh situs X─ untuk desolvasi parsial oleh situs tersebut dalam proses protonasi, di mana H+ menggantikan K+ atau kation permukaan lain untuk selanjutnya berinteraksi dengan ion fosfat. Harga ∆H untuk reaksi kedua yang kecil mengindikasikan bahwa ikatan hidrogen dalam kompleks yang terbentuk di reaksi kedua ini mudah terlepas kembali. Harga ΔS untuk reaksi pertama dan kedua berturut-turut adalah122,523 dan 2,393 x10-2 J K─1 mol─1. Harga ΔS yang melebihi -10 kJ mol‒1 merupakan suatu indikator bahwa kedua reaksi berlangsung melalui mekanisme reaksi disosiatif. Kata kunci: fosfat; monmorilonit; kompleks outer-sphere; model kompleksasi permukaan; entalpi; entropi; mekanisme reaksi disosiasi FMIPA, 2007 (PEND. KIMIA)
Remoción de formaldehido de efluentes acuosos mediante oxidación húmeda catalítica

Este trabajo aborda la oxidacion del formaldehido utilizando catalizadores basados en Ce, que son descritos en la literatura como metales activos en la oxidacion de compuestos refractarios y mas resistentes a ser lixiviados por la disolucion de las especies activas. Se presenta por una parte, la preparacion de oxidos puros de Ce o Co y por otra parte, de oxidos mixtos de Ce-Co, a diferentes relaciones molares, presentando todos los catalizadores de Ce (puro y mixtos), el patron de difraccion correspondiente al oxido de cerio (cerianita). La actividad de estos materiales en la eliminacion de HCOOH, se estudia en un reactor convencional tipo �slurry�, mediante la reaccion de oxidacion humeda catalitica (CWO). Tanto la presencia de Ce, como el mayor contenido de este en el catalizador, favorecen notablemente la remocion del contaminante.
Phosphorus speciation and effects of environmental factors on release of phosphorus from sediments obtained from Taihu Lake, Tien Lake, and East Lake

Phosphorus is considered the primary nutrient limiting eutrophication. The release of phosphorus from sediments not only provides hydrophytes with essential nutrients, but can also produce entrophication in lakes. In this study, the sediment characteristics, phosphorus speciation, and environmental factors affecting phosphorus release from sediments from Taihu Lake, Tien Lake, and East Lake were investigated. The results indicated that phosphorus levels of sediments ranged from 647 ± 67 to 2343 ± 122 mg/kg. Inorganic phosphorus comprised the majority of total phosphorus. The main phosphorus speciation of sediments obtained from Taihu Lake and Tien Lake was Residual-P, and the main phosphorus speciation of sediment obtained from East Lake was NaOH-P. Phosphorus release occurred in acidic and alkaline conditions but more frequently under alkaline conditions. The amount of phosphorus released from the sediments increased as the disturbing intensity rose. In addition, less phosphorus was released in natural than anaerobic conditions. The amount of phosphorus released was elevated as temperature increased.
Factors that affect the English language teaching-learning process in Ecuadorian public high schools

El proposito de esta investigacion es analizar los factores que afectan el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje del idioma ingles en los colegios publicos del Ecuador. Esto ha sido llevado a cabo observando una clase de quince profesores de cinco colegios publicos de la ciudad de Quito. Tres profesores de cada institucion fueron escogidos al azar. Los aspectos que fueron considerados para el analisis cuantitativo son la informacion obtenida de los cuestionarios del profesor, la entrevista al profesor, los cuestionarios del estudiante y las hojas de observacion. Para describir los resultados de la investigacion se tomo en consideracion la informacion de los cuestionarios del profesor y la informacion de los otros instrumentos fueron utilizados para interpretar y contrastar los resultados. Despues de la observacion esta investigacion evidencia que los factores que mas afectan el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje del idioma ingles en los colegios publicos del Ecuador son los factores concernientes a las aulas debido a las condiciones del numero de alumnos, el espacio, el posicionamiento y los recursos para ensenar. Definitivamente no son los adecuados para el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje.
Crystal Structure of a New Form of Cu3V2O8

A new form of Cu3V2O8 was prepared at 30 kbar and 900 °C. The unit cell has dimensions a = 6.2493(9), b = 7.9936(9), c = 6.3776(10) A, β = 111.49(1)°, and the space group is P2/c. The crystal struc.
Stress-mediated reaction pathways for dislocation nucleation in copper

The ductile behavior of metals requires dislocation nucleation, from either homogeneous or heterogeneous sources, in order to produce the large number of dislocations necessary for extensive plastic deformation. As with the majority of the defect processes that comprise deformation and failure of materials, dislocation nucleation is well described in the framework of transition state theory as a stress-mediated, thermally activated process. We have used reaction pathway sampling methods and well-fit empirical potentials to determine the stress-dependent behavior of and atomistic mechanisms for dislocation nucleation at stresses much lower than typically accessible to atomistic techniques. We have shown that a significant range of stresses exist for which homogeneous dislocation loop nucleation is feasible because the critical nucleate transitions to an in-plane shear perturbation where the shear displacement of most particles is significantly less than the Burger's vector. We have also revealed that the common structural conception of activation volume for dislocation nucleation does not apply for all stresses and in general over-predicts the stress-dependence of activation by considering only the shear displacement of the critical defect. Furthermore, by considering the full reaction pathway for dislocation nucleation in perfect crystals and at a vacancy, we have provided a fully atomistic description of shear localization via an expanded one-dimensional chain analysis of the wavesteepening behavior. Lastly, both breaking the local atomic symmetry and increasing the extent of heterogeneous nucleation sites are shown to lower the activation energy for dislocation nucleation. In general we have applied reaction pathway sampling to the problem of dislocation nucleation in Cu not only for a perfect crystal, but also in the presence of point defects, vacancy clusters and nanowire surfaces. As a result the strength of a variety of nucleation sites in mediating activation as well as specific atomistic mechanisms for dislocation nucleation have been discussed from both structural and energetic perspectives. Thesis Supervisor: Sidney Yip Title: Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering