Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heat Stress Mitigation for Leopard 2C Tank Crew

Abstract : The Directorate Armament Sustainment Programme Management (DASPM) requested Defence R&D Canada (DRDC) support with the investigation and recommendation of ". technologies available to mitigate the effects of the heat stress expected for Leopard 2C crews operating in the Kandahar region of Afghanistan in summer. " DRDC was asked to focus ". on technologies that are likely to be able to be delivered and installed by the beginning of June 2007. " Candidate heat stress mitigation strategies, technologies, technical reports, scientific reports, and commercial product specifications were reviewed in light of the timelines and engineering constraints. It was decided to test a vapour compression liquid circulating product as a "proof of concept" that personal micro-climate cooling would significantly mitigate the anticipated heat stress challenge in theatre. In addition, a specially designed solar heat dissipation textile was fitted to the exterior of the tank. The effects of these products were evaluated by monitoring the tank temperatures, the tank crew members' body temperatures, physiological and perceptual responses to a standardized heat stress. The heat stress involved exposure of the tank and crew members in the tank to an external air temperature of 44 C or 35 C and a simulated solar heat load of 1120 W/m2 in accordance with NATO STANAG 2895 which provides guidance on meteorological conditions that should be used for testing of materiel in accordance with the location in the world where the equipment will be deployed. The crew members were exposed to the heat stress on five consecutive days, either with or without the cooling or the solar shield. The cooling system consisted of a chiller unit and a worn distribution vest (liquid cooling garment or LCG) which interfaced via thick-walled supply and return lines. It was estimated that 40-164 W of cooling reached the LCG.
Norwegian Nurses’ Reflections Upon Experiences of Ethical Challenges in Older People Care: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis

Introduction Internationally, aging populations have increased needs for health care services, and often specialized care is required. However, services for older people tend to be underfunded, resulting in lack of qualified staff and poor quality care. Resource shortages lead to ethical challenges and insufficient nursing care. Therefore, quality in daily care for older people also depends upon the nurses’ ability to make complex, ethical decisions in their practice. Objectives To explore ethical challenges experienced by nurses caring for older people in clinical practice, and to provide examples of management for the challenges. Methods The data collected were written reflection notes by Norwegian continuous education students in advanced gerontology. Forty two of 83 notes were included and a thematic analysis in six steps was utilized. Findings There are three main themes: (1) meeting vulnerability, discomfort, and suffering, (2) collaboration with relatives, and (3) struggling to perform professional care. Conclusion Nurses strive to “do what is in the patients’ best interest”, and this is fostered through collaboration, professionalism, care, and presence. Nurses’ ethical competencies may develop when reflecting upon their own care performance. Building ethical competencies should be a priority in both nursing education and clinical practice. However, to improve care quality, nurses also need professional knowledge about older people care and ethical awareness should be supported by the workplace.
Utilization of marginal construction materials for LOC

Abstract : The purpose of this report is to develop methodology and procedures for using marginal quality aggregates (aggregates not meeting existing specifications) in the construction of asphalt and portland cement concrete surface pavement layers. The report describes a laboratory study performed on bituminous mixes made from marginal aggregate materials and the testing of a specially designed test section consisting of both flexible and rigid pavement surface layers made of marginal quality aggregates. Also presented are construction techniques and the behavior of the marginal aggregate mixes subjected to accelerated 5-ton military dump truck and two types of tracked vehicle traffic. Recommended properties of asphalt and portland cement concrete mixes made of marginal aggregate materials are presented to aid the military engineer in constructing paved surfaces that are to be used only for limited traffic and short periods of service life. (Author)
Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis of Changes in Land Cover in the Coastal Zones of the Red River Delta (Vietnam)

The majority of the population and economic activity of the northern half of Vietnam is clustered in the Red River Delta and about half of the country’s rice production takes place here. There are significant problems associated with its geographical position and the intensive exploitation of resources by an overabundant population (population density of 962 inhabitants/km2). Some thirty years after the economic liberalization and the opening of the country to international markets, agricultural land use patterns in the Red River Delta, particularly in the coastal area, have undergone many changes. Remote sensing is a particularly powerful tool in processing and providing spatial information for monitoring land use changes. The main methodological objective is to find a solution to process the many heterogeneous coastal land use parameters, so as to describe it in all its complexity, specifically by making use of the latest European satellite data (Sentinel-2). This complexity is due to local variations in ecological conditions, but also to anthropogenic factors that directly and indirectly influence land use dynamics. The methodological objective was to develop a new Geographic Object-based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) approach for mapping coastal areas using Sentinel-2 data and Landsat 8. By developing a new segmentation, accuracy measure, in this study was determined that segmentation accuracies decrease with increasing segmentation scales and that the negative impact of under-segmentation errors significantly increases at a large scale. An Estimation of Scale Parameter (ESP) tool was then used to determine the optimal segmentation parameter values. A popular machine learning algorithms (Random Forests-RFs) is used. For all classifications algorithm, an increase in overall accuracy was observed with the full synergistic combination of available data sets.
Retrospective study of orthodontic patients with pre-treatment gingival recessions

Background: The occurrence of gingival recessions (GR) after orthodontic treatment (OT) is well described in the literature. However, there is a lack of information about changes to pre-existing GR during OT. Methods: The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the change of GR before and after OT. Intraoral photographs of 993 patients treated with fixed appliances between 2005 and 2017 were evaluated. Patients who had at least one GR on the vestibular surface of maxillary/mandibular teeth mesial to first molars were included. GR was measured on good quality plaster models before and after OT. The change of GR (T0-T1) was categorised into the three groups: worsened, did not change and improved (this group consisted of GR, which became better but did not disappear, and fully healed, which disappeared after OT)). The change of GR by ≥0.5 mm was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics (Version 22.0. Armonk, NY). Results: Fifty-one (5.1%) patient had ≥1 GR before OT. Of them, 37 (72.5%) patients were included in the final analysis according to the inclusion criteria. GR before OT was found on 114 buccal/labial surfaces. The mean GR improvement was 0.51 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.63) mm (p<0.001). GR improved in 71 teeth (62.3%), did not change in 37 (32.4%), and worsened in 6 (5.3%). Of the 71 GR, which improved, full healing was observed in 15 (21.1%) teeth. GR had a greater chance of improvement in cases with a thick/normal gingival biotype compared with the thin biotype (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.07; 5.28) (p=0.03). There was a lower chance for GR improvement in cases with pre-treatment open bite (OR 3.29; 95% CI: 1.10; 9.81) (p=0.03) and Class III patients (OR 2.79; 95% CI: 1.14; 6.83) (p=0.03). Conclusions: Based on the results of this retrospective study, we conclude that orthodontic treatment may change and even influence the healing of GR.
C-130J Human Vibration

Abstract : Human exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) has been associated with a variety of changes in health, comfort, and occupational functioning. In the C-130J Hercules aircraft, crews from both Australia and overseas have reported that the vibration in the cargo compartment of the aircraft exceeds previous levels and that it is both annoying and fatigue-promoting. This report examines the issue of human vibration in the C-130J, providing an overview of the characteristics of vibration and human exposure to vibration, as well as a review of studies that have measured the vibration levels in the C-130J. The likely consequences of exposure to vibration in the aircraft are discussed and recommendations for managing the issue are provided.
Metric Accuracy Analysis.

Abstract : During the contract year 1 October 1978 through 30 September 1979 considerable progress was made toward implementing a new Lincoln Orbit Determination (LODE) software capability at MIT Lincoln Laboratory for precise post-mission determination of reentry vehicle trajectory and motions during both exo- and endo-atmospheric phases of flight. Early in the year, RRI completed preparation of all equations for the Kaman-based forward-backward filter-smoother algorithm which provides the optimal LODE estimation capability.
Klimatsmart matlagning : Automatisk presentation av recepts koldioxidutsläpp i webbläsaren

This study explores if people choose more environmental friendly meals if they are exposed to information about recipes’ carbon dioxide emission. To be able to conduct the study in a realistic way, a web based prototype was developed that automatically calculates and presents recipes’ carbon dioxide emission when the user is browsing a website with recipes. A group of 15 people was tracked when they made their choice of meals, both with and without the prototype. The users’ experience of the prototype was then collected during focus groups. The result of the study was that the participants decreased their emission with an average of 2.2 kilo per meal (45 %) due to the prototype. An increased knowledge and awareness about various foods’ environmental impact was the cause for this behavioral-change.
ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BOTMASTERS AND HONEYPOTS

Honeypots are traps designed to resemble easy-to-compromise computer systems in order to tempt attackers to invade them. When attackers target a honeypot, all their actions, tools and techniques are recorded and analyzed in order to help security professionals in their conflict against the attackers and the botmasters. However, botmasters might be able to detect honeypots. In particular, they can command compromised machines to perform illicit actions in which the targeted victims work as sensors that measure the machine's willingness to perform these actions. If honeypots were designed to completely ignore these commands, then they can be easily detected by botmasters. On the other hand, full participation by honeypots in such activities has its associated costs and may lead to legal liabilities. This raises the need for finding the optimal response strategy needed by honeypots in order to prolong their stay within botnets without exposing them to liability. In this work, we show that current honeypot architectures and operation limitations may allow botmasters to uncover honeypots in their botnet. In particular, we show how botmasters can systematically collect, combine and analyze evidence about the true nature of the machines they compromise using Dempster-Shafer theory. To determine the currently available optimal response for honeypots, we provide a Bayesian game theoretic framework that models the interaction between honeypots and botmasters as a non-zero-sum noncooperative game with uncertainty. However, the solution of the game shows that botmasters always have the upper hand in the conflict with honeypots since botmasters can update their belief about the true nature of the opponents and consequently act optimally based on the new belief value. This motivated us to investigate a better strategy that enables honeypots to maximize their outcome by optimally responding to the probes of the botmasters. In particular, we provide a Markov Decision Processes model that helps security professionals to determine the optimal strategy that enables the honeypots to prolong their stay in the botnets while minimizing the cost of possible legal liability. Throughout this thesis, we also provide different scenarios that illustrate and support our proposed analysis and solutions.
Programming the dynamic analysis of structures

With many 'flexible' structures such as large span bridges, tall buildings, towers, cable roofs, etc., being built, the need to understand the dynamics behavior of structures has become a necessity for many engineers. The recent problems with the millinium bridge is simply another reminder. The many devastating earthquakes in many parts of the world leading to severe loss of life in densely inhabited urban areas alos has underlined the need for a fundamental understanding of structural behavior. In addition, by its very nature, dynamic analysis is numerically very intensive and use of computers is obligatory. Although books do exist that cover one or more aspects of dynamic behavior, no book covers in any depth all aspects. This is a unique book which combines the four aspect of Dynamic analysis of structures. The topics covered are: 1. Theory of Dynamic Analysis, 2. Finite Element Analysis, 3. Matrix Routines, 4. Fortran-90 Programs.
Response to referee comments

This paper describes assimilation of trace gas observations into the chemistry transport model SILAM (System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition) using the 3D-Var method. Assimilation results for the year 2012 are presented for the prominent photochemical pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Both species are covered by the Airbase observation database, which provides the observational dataset used in this study. Attention is paid to the background and observation error covariance matrices which are obtained primarily by iterative application of a posteriori diagnostics. The diagnostics are computed separately for two months representing summer and winter conditions, and further disaggregated by time of day. This allows deriving background and observation error covariance definitions, which include both seasonal and diurnal variation. The consistency of the obtained covariance matrices is verified using 2  diagnostics. The analysis scores are computed for a control set of observation stations withheld from assimilation. Compared to a free-running model simulation, the correlation coefficient for daily maximum values is improved from 0.8 to 0.9 for O3 and from 0.53 to 0.63 for NO2.
Environmental change and the timing of the settlement of the Bronze Age Andronovo culture, in far northwest Xinjiang, China

The relationships between societal and environmental changes have long attracted strong interest amongst scientists. Each of these systems has their own internal dynamics such as the adaptability and social systems built by people; and the feedbacks and controls on environmental systems. North west Xinjiang presents a challenging topographic and climate setting for people. Yet existing evidence shows Bronze Age populations settled into the Bortala Valley as early as the third millennium BCE. The harshness of the region provides a test case for exploring how environmental changes and societal changes may have intertwined. Near the town of Wenquan there is an extensive wetland which contains a sedimentary record covering the last 10,400 years. The early to mid-Holocene is marked by desert and a lake at Wenquan, but there is little evidence for human activity. By 4500 cal year BP the climate became more humid and soon peak humidity occurred when a regional steppe was developed and small numbers of trees were present on the mountains, also the lake shallowed to become a marsh and peatland. The uplands saw a slight increase in tree cover after this, probably as a result of moisture increase due to some cooling. Later changes in the archaeological record seem to be independent of the timing of any environmental changes, and human impacts on the wetland were small until historical times. In short, the major change from desert to steppe may have enabled people to settle the region, but later changes in the environment were too small to be revealed in the Wenquan sediment data, with the adaptability of societies overcoming any environmental challenges and with land-use practices being too small or localized to impact the palaeoenvironmental record.
Apollo experience report: Food systems

Development, delivery, and use of food systems in support of the Apollo 7 to 14 missions are discussed. Changes in design criteria for this unique program as mission requirements varied are traced from the baseline system that was established before the completion of the Gemini Program. Problems and progress in subsystem management, material selection, food packaging, development of new food items, menu design, and food-consumption methods under zero-gravity conditions are described. The effectiveness of various approaches in meeting food system objectives of providing flight crews with safe, nutritious, easy to prepare, and highly acceptable foods is considered. Nutritional quality and adequacy in maintaining crew health are discussed in relation to the establishment of nutritional criteria for future missions. Technological advances that have resulted from the design of separate food systems for the command module, the lunar module, The Mobile Quarantine Facility, and the Lunar Receiving Laboratory are presented for application to future manned spacecraft and to unique populations in earthbound situations.
Introduction to mean curvature flow

In this series of lectures I will introduce the mean curvature flow of a compact hypersurface in the Euclidean space with particular attention to the cases of curves and surfaces. The basic properties and the main analytic and geometric techniques used in the analysis of this flow will be discussed, for instance maximum and comparison principles. Moreover, I will present the fundamental Huisken’s monotonicity formula and the Harnack inequality by Hamilton, which are the key tools in the study of the singularity formation. Up to now, the classification of possible asymptotic shape of a singularity is almost complete for some classes of evolving hypersurfaces. For others it seems difficult and quite far off. Time allowing, in the last lectures I will try to outline an up–to–date scenario of the “state of the art”.
Numerical Computation of the Combined Specific Absorption Rates Induced in Human Head due to Multiple Independent Sources

The combination of the specific absorption rates induced in human head due to multiple independent electromagnetic field sources is computed numerically. The scenario of this paper considers a human making a mobile call by a GSM-900 handset of internal antenna while working on a Laptop computer with Wi-Fi-enabled dipole-antenna broadcasting at 2.4 GHz. The mobile phone in hand and in close proximity to head at check-position is adopted, whereas, the Laptop computer having different Wi-Fi antenna orientations and positioned at different places, with respect to head, are examined. The results show how the specific absorption rates in head are combined when exposed to both sources, simultaneously. The numerical computation is achieved using a high resolution FDTD gridding; solved by a 3-D full-wave electromagnetic simulation software on a high performance workstation machine with Tesla GPU accelerator.
Dental wear patterns of hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists : the impact of behavioural changes accompanying the transition

Tooth wear can record valuable information on diet, and non-dietary activities in different populations. In this study, assemblages from various behavioural groups are used to test the hypothesis that non-agriculturalists had a characteristic pattern of tooth wear which differs from the pattern of tooth wear of agriculturalists. The current study used an updated method to measure the proportions of dentine exposed in the occlusal wear facet and compared this to approximal wear and occlusal wear plane angle (separately). Assemblages used were from different behavioural groups (non-agriculturalists, transitionals and agriculturalists), environments (inland and coastal) and regions (North America and Levant). The non-agricultural groups were made up of assemblages from Carlston Annis, Ciggerville, El Wad, Indian Knoll and Kebara. The transitional group was from Calhoun County and the agriculturalists were made up of assemblages from Abu Hureyra, Florida Canaveral Peninsula, Hawikuh and Shannon. Results showed that the rate of occlusal wear corresponds greatly with the eruption timing of the dentition, agriculturalists and transitionals had greater approximal wear relative to Ml occlusal wear than non-agriculturalists and non-agriculturalists had a slower rate of change in occlusal facet angle relative to the extent of occlusal wear than the agriculturalists and transitionals.
Spam Diffusion in Social Networking Media using Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Like web spam has been a major threat to almost every aspect of the current World Wide Web, similarly social spam especially in information diffusion has led a serious threat to the utilities of online social media. To combat this challenge the significance and impact of such entities and content should be analyzed critically. In order to address this issue, this work usedTwitter as a case study and modeled the contents of information through topic modeling and coupled it with the user oriented feature to deal it with a good accuracy. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) a widely used topic modeling technique is applied to capture the latent topics from the tweets’ documents. The major contribution of this work is twofold: constructing the dataset which serves as the ground-truth for analyzing the diffusion dynamics of spam/non-spam information and analyzing the effects of topics over the diffusibility. Exhaustive experiments clearly reveal the variation in topics shared by the spam and nonspam tweets. The rise in popularity of online social networks, not only attracts legitimate users but also the spammers. Legitimate users use the services of OSNs for a good purpose i.e., maintaining the relations with friends/colleagues, sharing the information of interest, increasing the reach of their business through advertisings
AGARD Flight Test Instrumentation Series. Volume 7. Strain Gauge Measurements on Aircraft

Abstract : The AGARDograph is the seventh of the AGARD Flight Test Instrumentation Series, and is intended to give the test engineer a comprehensive description of the different aspects of strain and load measurement on aircraft. These measurements are outstanding importance as they are the only practical means of determining material stresses during ground and flight tests.
The Rise and Decline of U.S. Private Sector Investments in Energy R&D since the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973

This paper presents two distinct datasets that describe investments in energy research and development (RD (3) US private sector support for energy R&D has recovered somewhat over the past decade and stands at $2.2 billion to $3.4 billion. Both data sets indicate that the US private sector’s support for energy R&D has been and remains dominated by fossil energy R&D and in particular R&D related to the needs of the oil and gas industry. « less