Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Notes on the population dynamics of the Kasungu elephants

Summary Photogrammetric methods were used to obtain data on the age structure of the separate groups of elephants in Kasungu National Park, Malawi, and of the population as a whole. The age structure is that of a young population with a high reproductive capacity. The mean calving interval between surviving calves is currently estimated as 3-3 years, while the age at first conception is estimated as about 11-0 years. The calving interval of the Kasungu elephant increases with the age of the cow. This phenomenon is either a difference between generations or occurs within the lifetime of a cow. In the latter case, changes in the age structure of the population of mature females result in a changing mean calving interval and hence changes in the reproductive rate. Mortality, estimated by three different methods, occurs at a mean annual rate of 8-2%, There appears to be no significant difference from the mean annual recruitment rate of 9-2%, suggesting a static population. Field observations indicate a short mating season from mid-February to the end of March. Consideration is given to the possibility that creation of recruitment cycles in the age structure of the population under study, derived from equations describing the relationship between shoulder-height and age, given by Laws et al. (1975), is due to differences in growth between East African elephant populations. Resume On a utilise des methodes photogrammetriques pour obtenir des donnees sur la structure d'âge de differents groupes d'elephants au Parc National Kasungu au Malawi, ainsi que de l'ensemble de la population. Cette structure d'âge est celle d'une population jeune avec une capacite de reproduction elevee. L'intervalle moyen entre les naissances d'elephanteaux survivants est estime actuellement a 3 ans 1/3, alors que l'âge de la premiere conception est estimea environ 11 ans. Au Kasungu, l'intervalle entre les mises-bas augmente en fonction de l'âge de l'elephante. Ce phenomene est soit une difference entre les generations, soit inherent a la vie de tout elephant femelle. Dans ce dernier cas, des changements dans la structure d'âge de la population des femelles adultes conduisent a un changement de l'intervalle moyen entre les mises-bas et, par consequent, du rythme de reproduction. La mortalite, estimee par trois methodes differentes, se situe a un taux annuel moyen de 8,1/2%. Il ne semble pas y avoir de difference significative par rapport au taux annuel moyen de recrutement qui est de 9, 1/2%, ce qui suggere une population stable. Des observations sur le terrain montrent une courte saison d'accouplement allant de la mi-fevrier a la fin du mois de mars. On envisage la possibilite que l'apparition de cycles de recrutement dans la structure d'âge de la population etudiee serait due aux differences de croissance entre les populations d'elephants d'Afrique Orientale, si l'on applque les equations donnees par Laws & al (1975) decrivant la relation entre l'âge de l'elephant et la hauteur a l'epaule.
Fasting and hypothalamic catecholamines in goldfish

Hypothalamic catecholamines and their metabolites have been studied after 7 days starvation and starvation plus 1 day refeeding in goldfish Carassius auratus. A reduction of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) content (21 and 28%, respectively) together with an increase (53%) of NE turnover, without significant modifications of DA turnover was observed following 7 days starvation. These data indicate that NE and DA are involved in the hypothalamic response to fasting in fish. Different mechanisms can be suggested, that is, an activation of noradrenergic system and a decrease of dopaminergic system by fasting. NE would stimulate food intake, whereas DA would inhibit it.
EFFECTS OF ORAL HEALTH IN QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG CHILDREN AFTER DENTAL TREATMENT UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) on oral health related quality of life (OHRQOL) among children and their parents in short and long time follow ups. Methods: This was a clinical trial conducted on 90 parents/ children dyads aged three to six years old who received dental treatment under GA. The participants completed a questionnaire which was a combination of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ) pre and post treatment in two follow up groups. The first follow up was 2 to 4 weeks after dental treatment and the second follow up was three months post treatment. The questionnaire consisted of two subsections: The child impact section (CIS) and the family impact section (FIS). Results: The child sample consisted of 47 boys (52.2%) and 43 girls (47.8%) with a mean age of 3.1 years old. The mean dmft score was 9.7 ± 2.3. The mean post treatment scores (follow up 1) showed significant decrease (P< 0.001) and the score of the second follow up was lower than the first follow up (P< 0.001). Before the treatment, eating disturbances (93.3%), feeling disturbance and impatience (78.8%), pain (77.8%), drinking problems (77.8%) and oral malodor (77.8%) were respectively the most frequently reported complications in child impact section. Feeling guilty (82%) was the most frequently reported complication in the family impact section. Eating disturbances and feeling guilty in parents were the most common complications after the treatments in both follow up periods. Conclusion: Our findings showed oral-health-related quality of life in children and parents has significantly been improved after dental treatment under GA. Zahra Imani* et al. International Journal Of Pharmacy & Technology IJPT| June-2016 | Vol. 8 | Issue No.2 | 11643-11651 Page 11644
Macroinvertebrate traits distinguish unregulated rivers subject to water abstraction

Abstract The biological effect of water abstraction from unregulated streams in New South Wales, Australia, was assessed with data on macroinvertebrate assemblages in riffles (445 samples) and pool edges (718 samples) obtained from a national assessment of river condition in 1995 to 2000. We used limiting environmental difference (LED) modeling to predict the macroinvertebrate assemblage expected for each sample in the absence of water abstraction and estimated effect by comparing predicted and observed assemblages for sites with upstream abstraction. We found a high likelihood of effect on macroinvertebrates in 30% of riffles with upstream abstraction and 22% of edges. Complex combinations of biological traits appeared to determine the sensitivities and tolerances of individual taxa to water abstraction. For example, rheophilous families generally were rarer than predicted in apparently affected riffles, where thermophilic families seemed tolerant of the effects of water abstraction, and free-swimming families were less common than predicted in apparently affected edges, where families with tegument respiration appeared unaffected by water withdrawals. The trait response was clearer for the riffle fauna than for the edge fauna, perhaps because the physical and chemical effects of abstraction are more consistent for riffles than for edges. Our approach can support management planning by identifying taxa that are most at risk from water abstraction and sites where apparent effects are most evident.
Mecanismos de controle da murcha-de-esclerócio e promoção de crescimento em tomateiro mediados por rizobactérias

This study was conducted to elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for the biocontrol of southern blight and the elements involved in tomato growth promotion by selected rhizobacteria. The rhizobacteria were characterized by carbon source utilization, fatty acid profiles, and 16S rDNA sequencing, while biocontrol mechanisms were investigated using biochemical indicators and bioassays. The rhizobacteria clustered within Agrobacterium and Kluyvera. The results indicated that iron competition and antibiosis are mechanisms that explain the biocontrol capability of southern blight by rhizobacteria. In the same way, auxin production and biological nitrogen fixation can explain growth promotion. Limitations of biological control were demonstrated because the competition capability is strain-specific for Sclerotium rolfsii, and antibiosis depends on the nutritional composition of growth media.
Structural, Morphological, and Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanorods for LPG sensor

In this research, zinc oxide nanorods were prepared by chemical bath deposition method (CBD) through using raw materials on the glass substrate. The crystalline structure, surface morphology, elemental composition and optical properties of ZnO were studied by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectrometers (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDXS), and UV-vis spectrophotometer, respectively. The sensing properties of the ZnO nanorod arrays were determined for different flows and temperatures. The results indicate that the ZnO nanorods have good sensitivity and stability when compared with other traditional ZnO films.
FAST VLBI: current status and future plans

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) is the largest single-dish radio telescope in the world, and is now being commissioned after the first light in September 2016. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) is among the key science topics according to the original design. The FAST VLBI system has been established, and the first VLBI fringe has been successfully obtained. FAST will significantly improve the sensitivity of the existing VLBI networks in the future, and some science projects in need of high sensitivity will benefit from its participation.
WILDFIRE SIMULATIONS FOR CALIFORNIA'S FOURTH CLIMATE CHANGE ASSESSMENT: PROJECTING CHANGES IN EXTREME WILDFIRE EVENTS WITH A WARMING CLIMATE

Statistical models of large wildfire presence, number and size were developed for California and used to simulate individual large fire events under a wide range of future climate scenarios, as well as population and development footprint scenarios based on low, medium and high growth scenarios for the State; and three fuels treatment scenarios (0%, 50% and 90%) for Sierra Nevada forests. A large library of extreme fire events-consisting of more than 45 million statewide maps of large wildfires simulated monthly at 6 kilometer x 6 kilometer resolution for 1952-2099 for multiple statistical simulations for each combination of climate, population, development footprint and fuels management-was constructed to facilitate analyses of the impact of changes in extreme events on resources in the state. Mean annual area burned increased by 77% statewide under high (RCP 8.5) global greenhouse emissions pathways, while maximum area burned statewide increased by 178% by end of century. Extreme wildfire events increased in frequency, with fires greater than 10,000 hectares occurring nearly 50% more often. Simulated Large-scale fuels treatments in Sierra Nevada forests substantially reduced increases in burned area, particularly in more moderate (i.e., mid-21st Century or lower cumulative global emissions) climate change scenarios.
A Bus Authentication and Anti-Probing Architecture Extending Hardware Trusted Computing Base Off CPU Chips and Beyond

Tamper-proof hardware designs present a great challenge to computer architects. Most existing research limits hardware trusted computing base (TCB) to a CPU chip and anything off the CPU chip is vulnerable to probing and tampering. This paper introduces a new hardware design that provides strong defenses against physical attacks on interconnecting buses between chips in a computer system thereby extending the hardware TCB beyond CPU chips. The new approach is referred to as DIVOT: Detecting Impedance Variations Of Transmission-lines (Tx-lines). Every Tx-line in a computer system, such as a bus and interconnection wire has a unique, intrinsic, and fingerprint-like property: Impedance Inhomogeneity Pattern (IIP), i.e. the impedance distribution over distance. Such unpredictable, uncontrollable, and non-reproducible IIP fingerprints can be used to authenticate a Tx-line to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data being transmitted. In addition, physical probes perturb the electromagnetic (EM) field around a Tx-line, leading to an altered IIP. As a result, runtime monitoring of IIPs can also be used to actively detect physical probing, snooping, and wire-tapping on buses. While the physics behind the IIP is known, the major technical breakthrough of DIVOT is the new integrated time domain reflectometer, iTDR, that is capable of carrying out in-situ and runtime monitoring of a Tx-line without interfering with normal data transfers. The iTDR is based on two innovations: analog-to-probability conversion (APC) and probability density modulation (PDM). The iTDR performs runtime IIP measurements noninvasively and is CMOS-compatible allowing it to be integrated with any interface logic connected to a bus. DIVOT is a generic, scalable, cost-effective, and low-overhead security solution for any computer system from servers to embedded computers in smart mobile devices and IoTs. To demonstrate the proposed architecture, a working prototype of DIVOT has been built on an FPGA as a proof of concept. Experimental results clearly showed the feasibility and performance of DIVOT for both hardware authentication and tamperproof applications. More specifically, the probability of correctly identifying a bus is close to 1 with an equal error rate (EER) of less than 0.06% at room temperature. We present an example design that incorporates DIVOT into an off-chip memory bus to protect against physical attacks including probing/snooping, tampering, and cold boot attacks.
Psychopathy and Moral Dilemma Judgments: A CNI Model Analysis of Personal and Perceived Societal Standards

Research on moral dilemma judgment suggests that higher levels of psychopathy are associated with a greater preference for utilitarian over deontological judgments. The current research investigated whether this association reflects (1) differences in the understanding of what society considers right or wrong or (2) differences in personal standards about the acceptability of certain actions. Using the CNI model, we further explored whether the obtained differences are rooted in differential standards regarding the significance of consequences, moral norms, or general action preferences. The results suggest that (1) both differences in personal standards and differences in perceived societal standards contribute to associations between psychopathy and moral dilemma judgments and (2) personal and perceived societal standards play different roles for different determinants of moral dilemma judgments. Implications for clinical and moral psychology and for research at their intersection are discussed.
KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOR OF RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN SUDAN

The aim of this study is to examine the factors that influence knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) in the context of research and development as one of the knowledge-oriented sectors in developing countries taking Sudan as an example. Based on the literature review, a valid instrument was adopted to collect the required data. 239valid questionnaires were collected from Sudanese research institutions using a stratified random sampling technique. The structural equation modeling (SEM)was used to assess the research model. The results showed that, while attitude, subjective norm, and self-efficacy had a positive effect on the intention to share knowledge, controllability did not show a significant relationship with this variable. In addition, the intention to share knowledge and controllability reflected a positive effect on KSB. Finally, significant relationships were found between the TPB elements. Since there is a lack of such research in the context of this study, particularly in developing economies, this paper can provide a theoretical basis for future research as well as practical implications for practitioners. Keyword: Knowledge Sharing Behavior, Research Institutions, Theory of Planned Behavior, Sudan.
Ancestral patterns in bird limb development: A new look at Hampé's experiment

The “Archaeopteryx limb” of experimentally treated bird embryos has become a standard quotation in the growing literature on developmental factors in evolution. It has not only been claimed that an early manipulation of the chick limb produces a series of atavistic skeletal features, but the experiment is also frequently interpreted within a genome‐centered concept of atavism. The present study provides a morphological, quantitative, and comparative analysis of the skeletal and muscular reactions to the classic barrier insertion experiment of Hampé. The main result of this operation, traditionally seen as a “full length fibula”, is shown to be a relative effect due to tibia shortening, while all the other ancestral skeletal features, which are usually pointed out as being provoked by the elongated fibula, do not appear. The experimentally generated fibula/tibia length ratio and distance, however, mimic the pattern in developing reptilian limbs and are seen to induce secondary effects in the muscular system that are reminiscent of archosaur reptiles. Similar muscle patterns are found as interspecific variations in several bird species. The revised view of the skeletal changes and the additional data on muscular effects allow for a renewed interpretation of the experiment, shifting the emphasis from atavisms to the role of heterochrony, developmental integration, and epigenetic constraint in the evolutionary modification of organismic structures.
The relationship of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations to the enzyme immunoassay measurements of urinary estrone conjugates and immunoreactive pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide in Macaca mulatta

Paired urine and serum samples from four conceptive and six nonconceptive ovarian cycles of seven adult Macaca mullatta were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for circulating estradiol (E2) and progesterone (Po), and urinary estrone conjugates (E1C) and immunoreactive preganediol‐3‐glucuronide (iPDG) using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nonconceptive cycles exhibited a fivefold increase in urinary E1C and serum E2 levels from follicular phase levels to the preovulatory peak. Linear correlation between urinary E1C and serum E2 nonconceptive cycle hormone levels was significant (P <0.01, r = 0.69). Luteal phase levels of iPDG and serum Po levels were approximately parallel in nonconceptive cycles. Similarly, conceptive cycle urinary E1C levels and serum E2 measurements had a correlation coefficient that was significant (P<0.01, r = 0.45). Nonconceptive and conceptive cycle iPDG and Po levels were significantly correlated (P = 0.05, r = 0.63, and P<0.01, r = 0.66, respectively). These data demonstrate that EIA measurements of ovarian hormones in daily urine samples can be used to accurately monitor ovarian function and early pregnancy in Macaca mulatta.
CryoCore: A Fast and Dense Processor Architecture for Cryogenic Computing

Cryogenic computing can achieve high performance and power efficiency by dramatically reducing the device’s leakage power and wire resistance at low temperatures. Recent advances towards cryogenic computing focus on developing cryogenic-optimal cache and memory devices to overcome memory capacity, latency, and power walls. However, little research has been conducted to develop a cryogenic-optimal core architecture despite its high potentials in performance, power, and area efficiency. Once a cryogenic-optimal core becomes available, it will also take full advantage of the cryogenic-optimal cache and memory devices, which leads to a cryogenic-optimal computer.In this paper, we first develop CryoCore-Model (CC-Modet), a cryogenic processor modeling framework which can accurately estimate the maximum clock frequency of processor models running at 77K. Next, driven by the modeling tool, we design CryoCore, a 77K-optimal core microarchitecture to maximize the core’s performance and area efficiency while minimizing the cooling cost. The key idea of CryoCore is to architect a core in a way to reduce the size and number of cooling-unfriendly microarchitecture units and maximize the potential of a voltage and frequency scaling at 77K. Finally, we propose two halfsized, but differently voltage-scaled CryoCore designs aiming for either the maximum performance or power efficiency. With both conventional and our design integrated with cryogenic memories, our high-performance CryoCore design achieves 41% higher single-thread performance for the same power budget and 2x higher multi-thread performance for the same die area. Our lowpower CryoCore design reduces the power cost by 38% without sacrificing the single-thread performance.
Enhancing and Exploiting Contiguity for Fast Memory Virtualization

We propose synergistic software and hardware mechanisms that alleviate the address translation overhead, focusing particularly on virtualized execution. On the software side, we propose contiguity-aware (CA) paging, a novel physical memory allocation technique that creates larger-than-a-page contiguous mappings while preserving the flexibility of demand paging. CA paging applies to the hypervisor and guest OS memory manager independently, as well as to native systems. Moreover, CA paging benefits any address translation scheme that leverages contiguous mappings. On the hardware side, we propose SpOT, a simple micro-architectural mechanism to hide TLB miss latency by exploiting the regularity of large contiguous mappings to predict address translations in both native and virtualized systems. We implement and emulate the proposed techniques for the x86-64 architecture in Linux and KVM, and evaluate them across a variety of memory-intensive workloads. Our results show that: (i) CA paging is highly effective at creating vast contiguous mappings, even when memory is fragmented, and (ii) SpOT exploits the created contiguity and reduces address translation overhead of nested paging from ~16.5% to ~0.9%.