Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient and practical quantum compiler towards multi-qubit systems with deep reinforcement learning

Eﬃcient quantum compiling tactics greatly enhance the capability of quantum computers to execute complicated quantum algorithms. Due to its fundamental importance, a plethora of quantum compilers has been designed in past years. However, there are several caveats to current protocols, which are low optimality, high inference time, limited scalability, and lack of universality. To compensate for these defects, here we devise an eﬃcient and practical quantum compiler assisted by advanced deep reinforcement learning (RL) techniques, i.e., data generation, deep Q-learning, and AQ* search. In this way, our protocol is compatible with various quantum machines and can be used to compile multi-qubit operators. We systematically evaluate the performance of our proposal in compiling quantum operators with both inverse-closed and inverse-free universal basis sets. In the task of single-qubit operator compiling, our proposal outperforms other RL-based quantum compilers in the measure of compiling sequence length and inference time. Meanwhile, the output solution is near-optimal, guaranteed by the Solovay-Kitaev theorem. Notably, for the inverse-free universal basis set, the achieved sequence length complexity is comparable with the inverse-based setting and dramatically advances previous methods. These empirical results contribute to improving the inverse-free Solovay-Kitaev theorem. In addition, for the ﬁrst time, we demonstrate how to leverage RL-based quantum compilers to accomplish two-qubit operator compiling. The achieved results open an avenue for integrating RL with quantum compiling to unify eﬃciency and practicality and thus facilitate the exploration of quantum advantages.
CLUES: A Benchmark for Learning Classifiers using Natural Language Explanations

Supervised learning has traditionally focused on inductive learning by observing labeled examples of a task. In contrast, a hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to learn new concepts purely from language. Here, we explore training zero-shot classifiers for structured data purely from language. For this, we introduce CLUES, a benchmark for Classifier Learning Using natural language ExplanationS, consisting of a range of classification tasks over structured data along with natural language supervision in the form of explanations. CLUES consists of 36 real-world and 144 synthetic classification tasks. It contains crowdsourced explanations describing real-world tasks from multiple teachers and programmatically generated explanations for the synthetic tasks. To model the influence of explanations in classifying an example, we develop ExEnt, an entailment-based model that learns classifiers using explanations. ExEnt generalizes up to 18% better (relative) on novel tasks than a baseline that does not use explanations. We delineate key challenges for automated learning from explanations, addressing which can lead to progress on CLUES in the future. Code and datasets are available at: https://clues-benchmark.github. io.
Performance Assessment of different Machine Learning Algorithm for Life-Time Prediction of Solder Joints based on Synthetic Data

This paper proposes a computationally efficient methodology to predict the damage progression in solder contacts of electronic components using temperature-time curves. For this purpose, two machine learning algorithms, a Multilayer Perceptron and a Long Short-Term Memory network, are trained and compared with respect to their prediction accuracy and the required amount of training data. The training is performed using synthetic, normally distributed data that is realistic for automotive applications. A finite element model of a simple bipolar chip resistor in surface mount technology configuration is used to numerically compute the synthetic data. As a result, both machine learning algorithms show a relevant accuracy for the prediction of accumulated creep strains. With a training data length of 350 hours (12.5 % of the available training data), both models show a constantly good fitting performance of R2 of 0.72 for the Multilayer Perceptron and R2 of 0.87 for the Long Short-Term Memory network. The prediction errors of the accumulated creep strains are less than 10 % with an amount of 350 hours training data and decreases to less than 5 % when using further data. Therefore, both approaches are promising for the lifetime prediction directly on the electronic device.
Learning Optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes Using Causal Tree Methods in Medicine

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are used in medicine to tailor sequential treatment decisions to patients by considering patient heterogeneity. Common methods for learning optimal DTRs, however, have shortcomings: they are typically based on outcome prediction and not treatment effect estimation, or they use linear models that are restrictive for patient data from modern electronic health records. To address these shortcomings, we develop two novel methods for learning optimal DTRs that effectively handle complex patient data. We call our methods DTR-CT and DTR-CF. Our methods are based on a data-driven estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects using causal tree methods, specifically causal trees and causal forests, that learn non-linear relationships, control for time-varying confounding, are doubly robust, and explainable. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first that adapts causal tree methods for learning optimal DTRs. We evaluate our proposed methods using synthetic data and then apply them to real-world data from intensive care units. Our methods outperform state-of-the-art baselines in terms of cumulative regret and percentage of optimal decisions by a considerable margin. Our work improves treatment recommendations from electronic health record and is thus of direct relevance for personalized medicine.
Time Analyticity for Nonlocal Parabolic Equations

In this paper, we investigate pointwise time analyticity of solutions to fractional heat equations in the settings of $\mathbb{R}^d$ and a complete Riemannian manifold $\mathrm{M}$. On one hand, in $\mathbb{R}^d$, we prove that any solution $u=u(t,x)$ to $u_t(t,x)-\mathrm{L}_\alpha^{\kappa} u(t,x)=0$, where $\mathrm{L}_\alpha^{\kappa}$ is a nonlocal operator of order $\alpha$, is time analytic in $(0,1]$ if $u$ satisfies the growth condition $|u(t,x)|\leq C(1+|x|)^{\alpha-\epsilon}$ for any $(t,x)\in (0,1]\times \mathbb{R}^d$ and $\epsilon\in(0,\alpha)$. We also obtain pointwise estimates for $\partial_t^kp_\alpha(t,x;y)$, where $p_\alpha(t,x;y)$ is the fractional heat kernel. Furthermore, under the same growth condition, we show that the mild solution is the unique solution. On the other hand, in a manifold $\mathrm{M}$, we also prove the time analyticity of the mild solution under the same growth condition and the time analyticity of the fractional heat kernel, when $\mathrm{M}$ satisfies the Poincar\'e inequality and the volume doubling condition. Moreover, we also study the time and space derivatives of the fractional heat kernel in $\mathbb{R}^d$ using the method of Fourier transform and contour integrals. We find that when $\alpha\in (0,1]$, the fractional heat kernel is time analytic at $t=0$ when $x\neq 0$, which differs from the standard heat kernel. As corollaries, we obtain sharp solvability condition for the backward fractional heat equation and time analyticity of some nonlinear fractional heat equations with power nonlinearity of order $p$. These results are related to those in [8] and [11] which deal with local equations.
On periodic decompositions, one-sided nonexpansive directions and Nivat's conjecture

Nivat's conjecture is a famous open problem in symbolic dynamics. The existence of nonexpansive lines that when endowed with a given orientation are one-sided nonexpansive directions is at the heart of some advances. In his Ph.D. thesis, Michal Szabados conjectured that for a minimal periodic decomposition the nonexpansive lines are exactly the lines that contain a period of some periodic configuration in such decomposition. In this paper, we provide conditions where (i) Szabados's conjecture holds and (ii) a given line is nonexpansive if and only if the same line endowed with a given orientation is a one-sided nonexpansive direction. As a corollary of our main result, we get that Nivat's conjecture holds for low convex complexity configurations if and only if it holds for low convex complexity configurations satisfying (i) and (ii).
Computational Science Laboratory Report CSL-TR-21-10

Particle ﬂow ﬁlters that smoothly transform particles from being samples of a prior distribution to samples of a posterior, are a major topic of active research. In this work, we introduce a generalized data assimilation framework called the Variational Fokker-Planck method for ﬁltering and smoothing whose speciﬁc implementations are the previously known methods such as the mapping particle ﬁlter and Langevin-based ﬁlters. Using the properties of an optimal Itˆo process that drives the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation, we derive natural dynamics for known heuristics such as particle rejuvenation and regularization to ﬁt into the said framework. We also extend our framework to higher dimensions using localization and covariance shrinkage, and provide a robust implicit-explicit method for evolving the Itˆo process, as a stochastic initial value problem. The eﬀectiveness of the variational Fokker-Planck method is demonstrated on three incrementally challenging test problems, namely the Lorenz’63, Lorenz’96 and the quasi-geostrophic equations.
Is Candida albicans an opportunistic oncogenic pathogen?

1 Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 2 University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 3 Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
Partial Ribosomal Nontranscribed Spacer Sequences Distinguish Rhagoletis zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) From the Apple Maggot, R. pomonella

Abstract The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was introduced into the apple-growing regions of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S.A. during the past 60–100 yr. Apple maggot (larvae, puparia, and adults) is difficult to distinguish from its morphologically similar sister species, Rhagoletis zephyria Snow, which is native and abundant in the Pacific Northwest. While morphological identifications are common practice, a simple, inexpensive assay based on genetic differences would be very useful when morphological traits are unclear. Here we report nucleotide substitution and insertion–deletion mutations in the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) of the ribosomal RNA gene cistron of R. pomonella and R. zephyria that appear to be diagnostic for these two fly species. Insertion–deletion variation is substantial and results in a 49 base-pair difference in PCR amplicon size between R. zephyria and R. pomonella that can be scored using agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of 766 bp of the NTS region from 38 R. pomonella individuals and 35 R. zephyria individuals from across their geographic ranges led to the expected PCR fragments of approx. 840 bp and 790 bp, respectively, as did amplification and sequencing of a smaller set of 26 R. pomonella and 16 R. zephyria flies from a sympatric site in Washington State. Conversely, 633 bp mitochondrial COI barcode sequences from this set of flies were polyphyletic with respect to R. pomonella and R. zephyria. Thus, differences in NTS PCR products on agarose gels potentially provide a simple way to distinguish between R. pomonella and R. zephyria.
Eye-tracking-based experimental paradigm to assess social-emotional abilities in young individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities

Individuals with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities (PIMD) experience a combination of severe cognitive and motor impairments frequently associated with additional sensory deficits and numerous medical disorders. The purpose of the present study was to propose an experimental paradigm based on eye-tracking that combines various pre-existing tasks from infancy research as an assessment tool. This would enable the investigation of social-emotional abilities in nine young individuals with PIMD through their visual preferences for different types of stimuli. The first objective was to test the feasibility of this paradigm, by expecting individuals to look more at the tasks’ presentation screen than elsewhere during its implementation. The second objective was to investigate whether PIMD individuals exhibit visual preferences for (a) biological (vs. non-biological) motion, (b) socially salient (vs. non-social) scenes, (c) the facial area of the eyes (vs. the mouth), (d) happy (vs. angry) faces, (e) objects of joint attention (vs. non-looked at ones), and for (f) prosocial (vs. anti-social) behaviors similar to those of a control group of typically developing children aged two years on average. Overall, the feasibility of this paradigm proved to be good, resulting in high individual looking rates that were not affected by the presentation or the content of the tasks. Analyses of individual social-emotional abilities, supported by the visual preference patterns of each PIMD individual, firstly revealed strong—but expected—variability both within and between subjects, and secondly highlighted some individual task-specific abilities although few similarities between these individual results and those of the control group were found. These findings underline the great relevance of using this type of paradigm for assessing PIMD individuals and thus contribute to a better understanding of their social and emotional development.
Candidate genetic variants and antidepressant-related fall risk in middle-aged and older adults

Background Antidepressant use has been associated with increased fall risk. Antidepressant-related adverse drug reactions (e.g. orthostatic hypotension) depend partly on genetic variation. We hypothesized that candidate genetic polymorphisms are associated with fall risk in older antidepressant users. Methods The association between antidepressant use and falls was cross-sectionally investigated in a cohort of Dutch older adults by logistic regression analyses. In case of significant interaction product term of antidepressant use and candidate polymorphism, the association between the variant genotype and fall risk was assessed within antidepressant users and the association between antidepressant use and fall risk was investigated stratified per genotype. Secondly, a look-up of the candidate genes was performed in an existing genome-wide association study on drug-related falls in antidepressant users within the UK Biobank. In antidepressant users, genetic associations for our candidate polymorphisms for fall history were investigated. Results In antidepressant users(n = 566), for rs28371725 (CYP2D6*41) fall risk was decreased in TC/variant allele carriers compared to CC/non-variant allele carriers (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.26–0.80). Concerning rs1057910 (CYP2C9*3), fall risk was increased in CA/variant allele carriers compared to AA/non-variant allele carriers (OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.17–3.27). Regarding, rs1045642 (ABCB1), fall risk was increased in AG/variant allele carriers compared to GG/non-variant allele carriers (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.07–2.69). Concerning the ABCB1-haplotype (rs1045642/rs1128503), fall risk was increased in AA-AA/variant allele carriers compared to GG-GG/non-variant allele carriers (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.05–3.29). In the UK Biobank, in antidepressant users(n = 34,000) T/variant-allele of rs28371725 (CYP2D*41) was associated with increased fall risk (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.12). G/non-variant-allele of rs4244285 (CY2C19*2) was associated with decreased risk (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–1.00). Conclusion This is the first study showing that certain genetic variants modify antidepressant-related fall risk. The results were not always consistent across the studies and should be validated in a study with a prospective design. However, pharmacogenetics might have value in antidepressant (de)prescribing in falls prevention.
Risky sexual practice and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The risky sexual behavior of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) may impose a risk of transmitting the disease to their partners and increase Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of risky sexual behavior and associated factors among PLWHA receiving [Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)] in Ethiopia. Methods To identify both published and unpublished research articles, systematic searches were performed in PubMed, HINARI, Medline, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. The review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of risky sexual practice and its associated factors among PLWHA receiving ART in Ethiopia were included. Two authors independently extracted all necessary data using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA version 14 statistical software for further analyses. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test were used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. Since the included studies exhibited considerable heterogeneity, the random-effects meta-analysis model was computed to estimate the pooled prevalence of risky sexual practice which was determined by dividing the total number of PLWHA with risky sexual practice practices by the total number of PLWHA on ART in the study and multiplied by 100. Furthermore, pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined for the association between determinant factors and risky sexual practice. Result In this study, 2351 articles were identified from different databases, and fifteen articles were selected for final systematic review and meta-analysis. In Ethiopia, the pooled prevalence of risky sexual practices was 43.56% (95% confidence interval (CI):35.51, 51.62). Discussion about safe sex with sexual partner/s [AOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.92] and having multiple sexual partners [AOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 0.53, 6.84] were factors significantly associated with risky sexual practice in Ethiopia. Conclusion A significant proportion of respondents engaged in risky sexual practices. Multiple sexual partners and a lack of discussion about safe sex are linked to a higher prevalence of the risky sexual practice in Ethiopia. It is critical to raise awareness about safe sexual practices during health education and counselling services and to encourage clients to freely discuss safer sex practices with their sexual partner/s at their antiretroviral therapy (ART) appointments as part of their follow-up care. Protocol registration The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (record ID = CRD42021274600, 25 September 2021).
Analysis of modular gene co-expression networks reveals molecular pathways underlying Alzheimer’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

A comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved at different stages of neurodegenerative diseases is key for the advance of preventive and disease-modifying treatments. Gene expression alterations in the diseased brain is a potential source of information about biological processes affected by pathology. In this work, we performed a systematic comparison of gene expression alterations in the brains of human patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and animal models of amyloidopathy and tauopathy. Using a systems biology approach to uncover biological processes associated with gene expression alterations, we could pinpoint processes more strongly associated with tauopathy/PSP and amyloidopathy/AD. We show that gene expression alterations related to immune-inflammatory responses preponderate in younger, whereas those associated to synaptic transmission are mainly observed in older AD patients. In PSP, however, changes associated with immune-inflammatory responses and synaptic transmission overlap. These two different patterns observed in AD and PSP brains are fairly recapitulated in animal models of amyloidopathy and tauopathy, respectively. Moreover, in AD, but not PSP or animal models, gene expression alterations related to RNA splicing are highly prevalent, whereas those associated with myelination are enriched both in AD and PSP, but not in animal models. Finally, we identify 12 AD and 4 PSP genetic risk factors in cell-type specific co-expression modules, thus contributing to unveil the possible role of these genes to pathogenesis. Altogether, this work contributes to unravel the potential biological processes affected by amyloid versus tau pathology and how they could contribute to the pathogenesis of AD and PSP.
Relation between acquisition of lexical concept and joint attention in children with autism spectrum disorder without severe intellectual disability

In children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), impairment of joint attention and language function are observed frequently from early childhood. Earlier reports have described these two phenomena as mutually related. For this study, developing past research, the relation between joint attention and the ability of conceptual inference is examined in 113 Japanese children (67.9 months mean age, 75% male) with ASD. We calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients between their Joint attention abnormality evaluated by ADOS-2 and “Riddle” subscale in K-ABC, then they are negatively correlated: r (104) = -. 285. A larger abnormality of joint attention is associated with a lower ability of conceptual inference. New findings were obtained indicating that, in children of this age group with ASD, the degree of joint attention impairment is correlated negatively with conceptual inference ability, but not with expressive and receptive language abilities. Consideration of the mechanism of this relation is presented in this report.