Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emulsions of Heavy Crude Oils. I: Influence of Viscosity, Temperature, and Dilution

Twenty‐seven crude oils of different origin have been systematically analyzed with regard to viscosity, density, molecular weight, and SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltenes) fractionation. Emulsion stability of water‐in‐oil emulsions of the different crude oil samples have been measured by the critical electric field technique (E‐critical). In addition, droplet size distributions for some of the water‐in‐oil emulsions have been determined by NMR self‐diffusion. Rheology measurements show that some of the crude oils have Bingham plastic type flow behavior at temperatures below 20°C, indicating content of waxes. Analysis of the critical electric field measurements shows that the E‐critical value depends on the applied electric field gradient. At low applied electric field gradients, the droplets are given more time to organize into water‐continuous bridges, resulting in a lower E‐critical value than when the applied electric field gradient is higher. The value of E‐critical also increases as the volume of the water phase decreases, due to the increased distances the droplets must move to form linear chains between the two electrodes. E‐critical measurements of emulsions of diluted crude oils show that, in general, the emulsion stability decreases with increased dilution of the oil phase. However, some systems show regions where the emulsion stability is independent of the dilution ratio or viscosity of the crude oil. Here the coalescence rate controls the level of emulsion stability. Viscosity and emulsion stability for water‐in‐oil emulsions were measured for the complete crude oil matrix (27 crude oils), and in general there is an increase of the emulsion stability as the viscosity increases. However, viscosity also correlates well with the SARA data of the crude oils. E‐critical shows a temperature dependence according to the Arrhenius law.
Comprehensive synchrotron grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering analysis of nanostructures in porous polymethylsilsesquioxane dielectric thin films

A complete grazing-incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) formula has been derived for nanopores buried in a polymer dielectric thin film supported by a substrate. Using the full power of the scattering formula, GIXS data from nanoporous polymethylsilsesquioxane dielectric thin films, a model nanoporous system, have successfully been analysed. The nanopores were found to be spherical and to have a certain degree of size distribution but were randomly dispersed in the film. In the film, GIXS was confirmed to arise predominantly via the first scattering process in which the incident X-ray beam scatters without reflection; the other scattering processes and their contributions were significantly dependent on the grazing angle. This study also confirmed that GIXS scattering can be analysed using only independent scattering terms, but this simple approach can only provide structural parameters. The cross terms were found to make a relatively small contribution to the intensity of the overall scattering but were required for the complete characterization of the measured two-dimensional scattering data, in particular the extracted out-of-plane scattering data, and their inclusion in the analysis enabled film properties such as film thickness, critical angle (i.e. electron density), refractive index and the absorption term to be determined.
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Some Inorganic Compounds by Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectra have been measured for a number of nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, ferrocyanides, and ferricyanides, both in the solid phase and in aqueous solution. Accurate locations of peak maxima are given. Limits of detection for some of the compounds are given for solutions and for solid mixtures in NaNO3. Preliminary measurements have been made on core material recovered from the storage tanks on the Hanford site in Richland, Washington. Representative spectra are presented, showing that it is possible to observe responses of individual components from measurements made directly on untreated cores, with the use of a fiberoptic sampling probe.
Electrical Conductivity in Polyazomethines: A Novel Mechanism Derived from All Valence MO Calculation and IR Study of Polymer–Dopant Interaction

A simple mechanism is proposed to explain the variation of electrical conductivity in polyazomethines. The results of semiempirical, all valence, molecular orbital calculations obtained from the PM3 method have been employed to arrive at the mechanism. The difference of energy (ΔE) between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) alone could not explain the variation in electrical conductivity; however, ΔE together with the LUMO electron density at the atoms that lie on the continuous chain could account for the electrical conductivity in these polymers. The LUMO electron density on these centers may be visualized as the carrier movement. In certain polymers there are intrinsic holes in HOMO. The movement of these intrinsic holes also adds to the electrical conduction. The polyazomethines are prepared by the condensation of diamines with azo bis-aldehydes. A few of these polymers were doped with silver nanoparticles. Many of the doped polymers showed substantial enhancement in conductivity. Strong polymer–dopant interaction, identified by IR spectroscopy, is proposed to be responsible for the increase in conductivity.
Method for evaluating trends in greenhouse gases from ground-based remote FTIR measurements over Europe

This paper describes the statistical analysis of annual trends in long term datasets of greenhouse gas measurements taken over ten or more years. The analysis technique employs a bootstrap resampling method to determine both the long-term and intra-annual variability of the datasets, together with the uncertainties on the trend values. The method has been applied to data from a European network of ground-based solar FTIR instruments to determine the trends in the tropospheric, stratospheric and total columns of ozone, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane and HCFC-22. The suitability of the method has been demonstrated through statistical validation of the technique, and comparison with ground-based in-situ measurements and 3-D atmospheric models.
Comparison of traditional and structured adsorbents for CO2 separation by vacuum-swing adsorption

The development of structured adsorbents with attractive characteristics is an important step in the improvement of adsorption-based gas-separation processes. The improved features of structured adsorbents include lower energy consumption, higher throughput, and superior recovery and purity of product because of the even flow distribution, very low mass-transfer resistance, and low pressure drop in combination with a reasonable adsorption capacity. This study examines the vacuum-swing adsorption (VSA) CO2 separation performance of structured adsorbents in the form of thin NaX films grown on the walls of ceramic cordierite monoliths, and the results are compared with NaX pellets. Adsorption equilibrium and dynamic properties are explored experimentally. The CO2 breakthrough front for the NaX film grown on the 400 cells/in.2 (cpsi) monolith was close to ideal and indicated that axial dispersion was very small and that the mass-transfer resistance in the film was very low. The breakthrough front for the stru.
A “concentration-induced self-assembly” strategy for AgxH3−xPMo12O40 nanorods: synthesis, photoelectric properties and photocatalytic applications

Polyoxometalates (POMs) as molecule-based metal oxides have exhibited significant application in catalysis and materials science, but the synthesis of pristine POM nanomaterials still remains a challenge. In this work, we find a novel strategy of concentration-induced self-assembly for gaining pristine POM nanorods AgxH3−xPMo12O40 (denoted as AgHPMo12), which are synthesized only from both POMs and silver ion Ag+ in an aqueous solution at room temperature. The controllable concentrations of the cationic and anionic components in the aqueous solution become the critical factor for the successful synthesis. In addition, the photoelectric properties of AgHPMo12 nanorods were investigated as compared to those of AgHPMo12 particles, indicating a superior photoelectric performance of AgHPMo12 nanorods to AgHPMo12 particles. Furthermore, AgHPMo12 nanorods/phthalocyanine heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared for evaluating photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride, showing an efficient photocatalytic performance due to the advantages of the nanorods and type II heterostructure.
Music Technology in Education – Channeling and Challenging Perspectives

Welcome to the anthology Music Technology in Education – Channeling and Challenging Perspectives. This anthology presents research projects that explore intersections between music, technology and education from varying perspectives, and is the result of the efforts organized through the research group Music Technology in Education (MusTed)1 based at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The researchers in the anthology come from a range of educational programs, including traditional preschool, primary and secondary teacher education programs, as well as music performance and music technology education programs. Data has been collected not only from these respective
Dialogue processes in online information seeking and sharing: a study of an asynchronous discussion group

Introduction. This study elaborates the picture of dialogical information interaction by examining asynchronous dialogue processes constitutive of information seeking and sharing in online forums. Method. Descriptive quantitative analysis and qualitative content analysis of fifty discussion threads with 1326 messages downloaded from Google Groups uk.d-i-y forum. Analysis. To examine the dialogue processes, eleven categories of dialogue acts were defined. These acts include, for example, initial fact question, initial opinion answer, specifying opinion question, complementary fact answer and disagreement. Based on the temporally sensitive nature of such acts, the dialogue process was approached in two phases: initiation and elaboration. Results. The dialogue process at the initiation phase occurs in two ways: responding the initial question, and clarifying the initial question before answering. The elaboration phase is based on a more complex interplay of specifying questions, complementary answers, as well as answer agreements and disagreements. Due to this characteristic, the degree of dialogicality is higher at the elaboration phase. Conclusions. Dialogue is a fundamental constituent of information interaction. Due to its protean nature, the dynamics of asynchronous dialogue processes are difficult to capture in detail. The empirical research settings may be elaborated further by drawing on the potential of novel methods such as digital conversation analysis.
Robo-AO and SOAR High-Resolution Surveys of Exoplanet Hosting Stars

In the past decade, space-based transit surveys have delivered thousands of potential planet-hosting systems. Each of these needs to be vetted and characterized using follow-up high-resolution imaging. We perform comprehensive imaging surveys of the candidate exoplanets detected by the Kepler and TESS missions using the fully autonomous Robo-AO system and the largely autonomous SOAR speckle imaging system. The surveys yielded hundreds of previously unknown close binary systems hosting exoplanets and resulted in verification of hundreds of exoplanet systems. Evidence of the interaction between binary stars and planetary systems was also detected, including a deep deficit of planets in close binary systems.
Yaw Motion Stability of an Indonesian Ro-Ro Ferry in Adverse Weather Conditions

The yaw motion stability and course-keeping ability of ships are important factors with regard to collision danger, particularly for ships operating in narrow channels, crowded routes, or port areas. Yaw motion may become unstable due to external forces, such as wind. To investigate yaw stability and course-keeping ability, this study developed a nonlinear dynamic system of a three-degree-of-freedom mathematical model to determine steady state equilibrium. Yaw motion behavior was then analyzed using the eigenvalue characteristic of the obtained equilibrium points. The numerical results for an Indonesian ro-ro ferry showed that the rudder angle required to maintain the ship’s course tended to increase as wind velocity increased. In beam wind, the necessary rudder angle was larger than the maximum possible rudder angle when the wind velocity was 24 m/s or more. The ship could be controlled by the rudder during operation, but its yaw motion tended to be unstable in following wind. The stable oscillation of yaw motion occurs when the wind velocity is higher than 11 m/s, and the range of heading and rudder angles increases as wind velocity increases.
Abnormal Detection of Wireless Power Terminals in Untrusted Environment Based on Double Hidden Markov Model

The wireless power terminals are deployed in harsh public places and lack strict control, facing security problems. Thus, they are faced with security problems such as illegal and counterfeit terminal access, unlawful control of connected terminals, etc. The intrusion detection system based on machine learning and artificial intelligence significantly improve the terminal side’s abnormal detection capacity. In this article, we aim at identifying the abnormal behavior of wireless power terminals based on a double Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which solves the computational complexity problem caused by high dimensions in intrusion detection systems using a single HMM. The lower-layer HMM is used to identify the discrete single network abnormal behavior. Simultaneously, the upper-layer can obtain more extended period attack behavior in multiple independent abnormal events identified by the low-level. The experiment results indicate that the intrusion detection system using proposed double HMM can effectively detect the terminal’s abnormal behavior and identify the network attack behavior for an extended period.
Hours of Paid Work and Volunteering: Evidence From Danish Panel Data

The nature of the relationship between the time people spend on paid work and volunteering remains debated in the social sciences. Time constraint theory suggests a negative relationship because people can allocate only as much time to volunteering as their work responsibilities permit. However, social integration theory suggests a more complex inverse U-shaped relationship because paid work not only limits people’s free time but also plays a key role in their social integration. Departing from these competing theories, this study uses two-wave panel data from Denmark to examine the relationship between hours of paid work and volunteering. In support of time constraint theory, the results suggest that hours of paid work have a significant negative effect on the total number of hours that people spend volunteering, not mainly because paid work hours affect people’s propensity to volunteer but because they affect the number of hours that volunteers contribute.
Identifying Visible Tissue in Intraoperative Ultrasound Images during Brain Surgery: A Method and Application

Intraoperative ultrasound scanning is a demanding visuotactile task. It requires operators to simultaneously localise the ultrasound perspective and manually perform slight adjustments to the pose of the probe, making sure not to apply excessive force or breaking contact with the tissue, whilst also characterising the visible tissue. In this paper, we propose a method for the identification of the visible tissue, which enables the analysis of ultrasound probe and tissue contact via the detection of acoustic shadow and construction of confidence maps of the perceptual salience. Detailed validation with both in vivo and phantom data is performed. First, we show that our technique is capable of achieving state of the art acoustic shadow scan line classification - with an average binary classification accuracy on unseen data of 0.87. Second, we show that our framework for constructing confidence maps is able to produce an ideal response to a probe's pose that is being oriented in and out of optimality - achieving an average RMSE across five scans of 0.174. The performance evaluation justifies the potential clinical value of the method which can be used both to assist clinical training and optimise robot-assisted ultrasound tissue scanning.
Studies on phenylphosphorus dihalides

The standard heats of hydrolysis of phenylphosphorus dichloride and phenylphosphorus dibromide have been determined, and approximate standard heats of formation (–30 and –8, kcal. mole–1, respectively) calculated. The existence of phenylphosphorus chloride bromide (PhPClBr) has been confirmed.
A Systematic Review on Commercially Available and Validated Sensor Technologies for Welfare Assessment of Dairy Cattle

In order to base welfare assessment of dairy cattle on real-time measurement, integration of valid and reliable precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies is needed. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic overview of externally validated and commercially available PLF technologies, which could be used for sensor-based welfare assessment in dairy cattle. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify externally validated sensor technologies. Out of 1,111 publications initially extracted from databases, only 42 studies describing 30 tools (including prototypes) met requirements for external validation. Moreover, through market search, 129 different retailed technologies with application for animal-based welfare assessment were identified. In total, only 18 currently retailed sensors have been externally validated (14%). The highest validation rate was found for systems based on accelerometers (30% of tools available on the market have validation records), while the lower rates were obtained for cameras (10%), load cells (8%), miscellaneous milk sensors (8%), and boluses (7%). Validated traits concerned animal activity, feeding and drinking behavior, physical condition, and health of animals. The majority of tools were validated on adult cows. Non-active behavior (lying and standing) and rumination were the most often validated for the high performance. Regarding active behavior (e.g., walking), lower performance of tools was reported. Also, tools used for physical condition (e.g., body condition scoring) and health evaluation (e.g., mastitis detection) were classified in lower performance group. The precision and accuracy of feeding and drinking assessment varied depending on measured trait and used sensor. Regarding relevance for animal-based welfare assessment, several validated technologies had application for good health (e.g., milk quality sensors) and good feeding (e.g., load cells, accelerometers). Accelerometers-based systems have also practical relevance to assess good housing. However, currently available PLF technologies have low potential to assess appropriate behavior of dairy cows. To increase actors' trust toward the PLF technology and prompt sensor-based welfare assessment, validation studies, especially in commercial herds, are needed. Future research should concentrate on developing and validating PLF technologies dedicated to the assessment of appropriate behavior and tools dedicated to monitoring the health and welfare in calves and heifers.
Universal Theory of Si Oxidation Rate and Importance of Interfacial Si Emission

The essential role that Si atoms emitted from the interface play in determining the silicon-oxidation rate is theoretically pointed out, and a universal theory for the oxide growth rate taking account of the interfacial Si-atom emission is developed. Our theory can explain the oxide growth rate for the whole range of the oxide thickness without any empirical modifications, while the rate for an oxide thickness of less than 10 nm in dry oxidation cannot be explained with the Deal-Grove theory.
Phase diagram of colloidal dispersions of anisotropic charged particles : equilibrium properties, structure, and rheology of laponite suspensions

We discuss the phase diagram of aqueous dispersions of colloidal platelike charged particles (300 A x 10 A). Particle concentration and ionic strength are the two parameters controlling the system. The suspensions undergo a sol/gel transition without macroscopic phase separation. Shear rheology is used to monitor this transition and to locate the appearance of the mechanical gel phase. Increasing the ionic strength shifts the sol/gel transition to lower volume fraction. Direct inspection of this gel phase by cryofracture, TEM and SAXS shows correlated but well-separated particle populations. In order to check the reversibility and the equilibrium properties of this transition, the equation of state was determined by osmotic stress. At fixed ionic strength, the osmotic pressure first increases at low particle concentration, then reaches a pseudoplateau, and increases again for higher concentrations. The location of such a singularity in the equation of state of the suspension defines a thermodynamical transition coinciding with the mechanical phase transition. In order to analyze the origin of this gel or glassy phase, the role of particle anisotropy, coupled with diffuse layer repulsion, is discussed.
Sur l'élasticité de la cellulose. (Sur la constitution de la partie cristallisée de la cellulose IV)

1. Le module d'elesticite de la cellulose et de quelques-uns de ses derives a ete etudie en fonction de l'humidite, de la temperature, de l'orientation et de la tension a laquelle l'objet a ete soumis. Les mesures ont e effectuees a l'aide de la methode statique et surtout a l'aide de la methode acoustique.
A Molecular Model for the Interaction of Ethidium Bromide with Deoxyribonucleic Acid

X-ray diffraction and molecular model building studies have led to a model for the interaction between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ethidium bromide in which the planar ring system of the drug is intercalated between successive base-pairs of the DNA. This model is compared with that proposed by Lerman for the DNA-proflavine interaction. Auf Grund von Untersuchungen der Rontgenbeugung und deren Vergleich mit Molekulmodellen konnte ein Modell fur die Wechselwirkung zwischen Desoxyribonucleinsaure und Ethidiumbromid aufgestellt werden. Das ebene Ringsystem der Droge ist zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Basenpaaren der DNA eingeschlossen. Das Modell wird mit demjenigen verglichen, das Lerman fur die DNA-Proflavin-Wechselwirkung aufgestellt hat.
La-doped BaFeO3−δ perovskite as a cobalt-free oxygen reduction electrode for solid oxide fuel cells with oxygen-ion conducting electrolyte

Cobalt-free small La3+-doped BaFeO3−δ is synthesized and systematically characterized towards application as an oxygen reduction electrode material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) with oxygen-ion conducting electrolyte. The formation of an oxygen vacancy-disordered perovskite oxide with cubic lattice symmetry is demonstrated by XRD, after the doping of only 5 mol% La3+ into BaFeO3−δ parent oxide with the formation of Ba0.95La0. 05FeO3−δ (BLF). The structural, thermal, electrical and electrochemical properties of BLF have been evaluated. High structural stability, high thermal expansion coefficient, high oxygen vacancy concentration, and relatively low electrical conductivity, are demonstrated. BLF shows a superior electrocatalytic activity, which is comparable to those state-of-the-art cobalt-based mixed conducting cathodes, in addition, it demonstrates a favorable long-term operational stability. It thus promises as a new cathode candidate for IT-SOFCs with oxygen-ion conducting electrolyte.