Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Positive Externality of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004

Abstract U.S. multinational enterprises repatriated over $300 billion under the 2004 tax holiday. The repatriated funds can improve debt financing environment of nonrepatriating firms, especially those that are financially constrained. We document that such an externality of the tax holiday increases debt financing and consequently investments for financially constrained nonrepatriating firms relative to less constrained nonrepatriating firms. Using private loan market data, we further confirm a link from repatriated funds to increased debt financing for financially constrained nonrepatriating firms. Overall, the 2004 tax holiday appears to have benefited the U.S. economy through its positive externality on the debt market.
The respiratory and subjective effects of pentazocine

Pentazocine, a new potent analgesic, was studied to determine the respiratory depressant effects. It is a potent respiratory depressant whose dose‐effect curve slope is not significantly different from that of morphine. In respiratory depressant effect it is estimated that 21 mg. of pentazocine is equivalent to 10 mg. of morphine. However, the time‐effect curve for pentazocine appeared to be different from that of morphine for it achieved a higher initial peak effect and showed a more rapid decline.
United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development

include: the generation of a global marine pollution census; equity in data availability between the Global North and South; production of global maps of marine pollution; increased investments in pollution control programs; and development and implementation of global database infrastructure. This White Paper provides a strategic framework for concerted global efforts in the UN Ocean Decade to address marine pollution comprehensively. Success will be measured through milestones and indicators focusing on environmental impact, data accessibility, knowledge sharing, capacity building, policy implementation, stakeholder engagement, funding, diversity, technology, and knowledge utilization. The integration with other Ocean Decade Challenges ensures a unified and holistic approach to safeguarding the oceans for future generations.
An investigation of the labour market determinants of income dynamics for a highly unequal society: The South African case

3 Opsomming . 4 CHAPTER 1 . 7 INTRODUCTION . 7 1. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT OF THE STUDY . 7 2. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THIS STUDY TO OUR KNOWLEDGE . 9 CHAPTER 2 . 12 NOT REACHING YOUR POTENTIAL? ADJUSTING POTENTIAL EXPERIENCE FOR SOUTH AFRICA . 12
Building future capabilities for vocational education: why high-level teaching qualifications matter for TAFE teachers

This report considers the future capabilities required by TAFE teachers in the Australian [vocational education and training] VET system. Using a range of recent research and case studies in two TAFE institutions, the report concludes that the increasingly complex and challenging nature of vocational work necessitates higher-level vocational teaching qualifications as well as continuing accredited professional development.
Quasi-experimental Research on Teaching Methods of Legal Education in China

III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . IV LIST OF FIGURES . XI LIST OF TABLES . XII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 5 2.2.1 Student-Centerd Instructional Approaches . 6 2.2.2 Instructional Design Theories . 8 2.3. 1 The Goals of Legal Education . 12 2.3. 2 Effective Teaching Methods of Legal Education in Common Law Systems . 14 2.3. 2.1 Case method. 14 2.3. 2.2 Problem-based method. 16 2.3. 2.3 Other law-teaching methods. 18 2.3. 3 How to Assess the Effectiveness of Teaching Methods . 19 2.3. 4 Summary . 20 2.4. 1 The Differences between Common Law Systems and Chinese Legal System . 21 2.4. 2 Chinese Legal Education: Current Situation, Problems, and Important Issues . 23 2.
Coordinated Control Strategy for Multi-Line Bus Bunching in Common Corridors

Improving the sharing rate of public transportation is an important content for the sustainable development of urban transportation. However, bus bunching, a common phenomenon during transit operation, makes negative effects on reliability and service level of the bus system. In most urban centers in China, many bus lines usually serve in a corridor. Different buses may interact with each other in the corridor, which may aggravate the bus bunching. However, previous studies on bus bunching focused on single bus service. In addition, with the popularization of bus data acquisition and the maturity of data processing methods, the accuracy of bus bunching research meets more opportunities. In this paper, we proposed a holding strategy based on two-bus cooperative control. A simulation was carried out after preliminarily processing and analyzing the bus operation data of Foshan, Guangdong City. In the simulation, we compared the performance of three different scenarios, which are before control strategy, under the strategy for a single bus line and under the coordinated strategy for multiple bus lines. We contrastively analyze the results of the two strategies from different aspects. The results show that in aspects, such as holding a frequency, holding time, the total running time and the influence on the other bus line, the cooperative holding strategy manifests better. It illustrates that it is meaningful to do such a research on the effect of corridor service on bus bunching and add this effect into traditional holding strategy to build a multi-bus cooperative control strategy. The results have important theoretical significance for enriching and completing existing theory and methods of transit system and practical value for improving the service level and attractiveness of buses, increasing the share rate of public transportation, and thus, promoting the sustainable development of cities.
Green Advertising: Examining the Role of Celebrity’s Credibility Using SEM Approach

Amid rising concern about protecting environment and reducing carbon emission, marketers do not just need to advertise their product to inform and persuade the consumers, rather they are required to convince the consumers that their product is environment friendly and do not cause any harm to the environment. Celebrity Advertising has been very popular among the marketers, as these celebrities help to generate favourable attention towards the product. While choosing an endorser/celebrity, his/her credibility plays a crucial role in persuading and convincing consumers. The present paper attempts to assess the effect of celebrity’s credibility on consumer’s attitude towards advertisement, brand and purchase intention in the context of green advertising. The study was conducted with a 2x2 factorial design (high v/s low) (celebrity’s credibility v/s corporation’s credibility) with an advertisement of a hypothetical company producing environment friendly ACs called, Sora. Data were collected from 252 college students by randomly exposing them in small group, to four different advertisements. The results confirmed a significant impact of celebrity credibility on attitude towards green advertisement. However, it had no direct impact on attitude towards brand or intention to purchase green products. Moreover, the effect of celebrity credibility on purchase intention was reported to be mediated through attitude towards advertisement and attitude towards brand.
Leadership and Change Management in a Rapidly Changing Environment

The Heads of Departments (HoDs) in the South African public sector are appointed on a five-year contract and not on a permanent capacity and there is also a high turnover of HoDs. The frequent change of HoDs is further exacerbated by the rapid changes taking place in the environment, which means that change management has to be implemented fast and efficiently, any delay or disruption can have an adverse effect on the change process. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect that the high turnover rate of HoDs in the South African public sector has on maintaining the momentum at which government programmes are being undertaken specifically focusing on the implementation of the Outcomes Approach. The Presidency in South Africa implemented the Outcomes Approach in 2010, which monitors government performance in the country. The intention of the Outcomes Approach is to enhance service delivery, therefore all government departments in the country have a role to play in the Outcome Approach. As with any new project or programme, there is the need for a rigorous change management process with committed and supportive leadership. This research study looked at how change management was implemented and sustained, for the Outcomes Approach, with the frequent change of leadership. A qualitative approach was used for this research. The findings showed that in some cases the change of HoD influenced the department in a positive manner while in other cases it had negative results. Change management was conducted, to varying extents as there was more reliance on the National Development Plan. Most change management models were developed before the onset of rapid change and frequent change of HoDs; therefore, the Triple I Change Management Model was developed for this study where there is frequent change of leadership in a rapidly changing environment.
The Cape of Good Homes: Exchange Rate Depreciations, Foreign Demand and House Prices

Emerging markets are characterized by frequent periods of large and unexpected exchange rate depreciations. These events create opportunities for foreign investors to purchase domestic assets at a discount, especially if these assets have sticky prices. We show this to be the case in the housing market in Cape Town, South Africa. Using property transaction data, we find that foreign non-residents buy more properties following large exchange rate depreciations—in the lower quartile of month-on-month changes. We find no evidence of a similar effect for other buyers, suggestive of strong exchange rate-related motives. Using these depreciations as demand shocks to foreign non-resident buyers, we find that this increased demand leads to an increase in house prices of 3.39%. We find that foreign non-resident buyers pay 10.42% more than other buyers for otherwise identical properties and that this tendency to pay a premium accounts for around 27% of the observed causal impact of foreign demand on house prices.
The Impact of Renewable Energy on Economic Well-Being of Malaysia: Fresh Evidence from Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Bound Testing Approach

This present study examines the role of renewable energy in influencing economic well-being in Malaysia. We used annual data over the period of 1980 to 2016 in order to apply recent econometrics. The study used renewable energy and economic growth as a proxy of economic well-being to examine the long run connection between renewable energy and economic well-being. The results of ARDL bound testing approach confirm the valid long-term connection among renewable energy and economic well-being in Malaysia. Furthermore, the results indicate that renewable energy have significant and positive impact on economic well-being in short and long run. It is therefore recommended that the policymakers are required to focus on the green energy generation sector by increasing renewable energy production from the existing sources.
Impact of Bank Closings on Credit Extension to Businesses in Low-Income and Minority Neighborhoods

New research is surfacing since the last financial crisis, not only to help predict risks associated with bank failures but also to assess the impact of bank failures on the economy and local geographies. However, although bank failures occurred mostly among small (community) banks, much less is understood regarding how the closing of mission-oriented community banks, or minority-owned banks, affect traditionally underserved markets, areas such failed banks were designed to serve. We conduct an empirical investigation testing the effects of bank closings on local areas. We find that, as a result of bank closings, there are significant frictions with small businesses obtaining credit, which appear to be potent enough to cause cumulative declines in aggregate small business lending in neighborhoods, lasting up to 3 years. We also find evidence that such lending shocks have repercussions on small business growth. We find that the closing of large banks also has an impact on small business lending, consistent with previous research, which has shown that as small businesses lose credit from large banks, they are not able to switch easily to other banks, leading to a decline in aggregate lending in local areas. We find this to be true for low- or moderate-income (LMI) and minority businesses/neighborhoods. We also find that the failure of community development financial institutions (CDFIs) and minority depository institutions (MDIs) leaves a credit void that may not automatically be filled in LMI and minority neighborhoods.
20 Years of European Monetary Policy. From Doctrinarism to Realpolitik

This paper describes the monetary policy of the European Central Bank since the birth of the Euro. The different economic situations and the monetary policies implemented during the mandate of each one of the three ECB presidents are analysed as a process of evolution. We study the situations of cyclical asynchrony together with the response given to it by the European monetary authority. We also assess the change experienced by the main economic indicators of the twelve founding countries during the 20 years of the single currency. The main conclusion obtained is that monetary policy has evolved from the strict approach defined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to an approach closer to that of the rest of central banks, which we have called “monetary realpolitik”.
PUBLIC DEBT AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN TURKEY

Public debt can affect the income distribution in different directions, depending on how the debt is used. The interest payments by public sector can also have impacts on income distribution. Public domestic borrowing in Turkey decreased since 2000s. This study informs about the public debt in Turkey in 2000s. The developments related to income distribution are analysed using income decomposition method and the related data. It is found that decreasing borrowing demand of public sector and decreasing real interest rate occurred simultaneously with decreasing financial income of households and this can have an improving effect on income distribution.
The Legal Revolution against the Accommodation of Religion: The Secular Age versus the Sexular Age

In Western liberal democracies religion has a special status. For example, the law allows a religious adherent to leave work for a holy day though not for a football match. Why is it that religion has been so privileged? It was the “why” that Bussey wanted to find an answer to. ’During his research he found that the current accommodation of religion in the law is being robustly challenged – and even disregarded – by government actors, legal academics, and the media. The case study is the Trinity Western University case in Canada. This private, evangelical institution proposed to open a law school, but three provincial law societies refused accreditation because they deemed the admission’s requirement (which defined marriage as the union of one man and one woman) discriminatory against the LGBTQ community. In 2018, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in favour of the law societies.Religious institutions that maintain traditional beliefs and practices are increasingly characterized as discriminatory. The extent to which this criticism is being accepted by the courts and the legal community is new. Using Thomas S. Kuhn’s theory, Bussey calls this development a legal revolution against religious accommodation.
Organisational form and quality, service, and cleanliness inspection scores in restaurant franchise chains: Evidence from Spain

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 106 This study investigates how the organisational form (company ownership vs. franchising) of individual restaurants of a large Spanish restaurant company influences their inspection scores in terms of quality, service, and cleanliness (QSC). The research uses a panel data set that includes bimonthly restaurant‐level data on QSC inspection scores. The aggregate data initially reveal substantial differences between company‐owned and franchised restaurants. Nevertheless, after controlling for other variables, we observe that such differences are in fact minor, or even nonexistent. In addition, when we endogenise the selection of the restaurants' organisational form, the differences become statistically insignificant.
Divided they fail: the politics of wedge issues and Brexit

ABSTRACT This paper develops a theory of wedge issue politics in modern democracies. It argues that wedge issues are associated with a politics of intransigence which differs from the politics of concessions that typically comes with non-wedge issues. This theory explains why Prime Minister Theresa May opted for a divisive approach to secure ratification of her Brexit agreement in the House of Commons. Due to the intra-partisan division within the Conservative Party, the government had an incentive to employ politics of intransigence. Playing a chicken game with recalcitrant party members, it relied on bargaining strategies to force party rebels to back down. This politics of intransigence further deepened intra-partisan divisions and thus prompted both sides to harden their stance. This vicious circle not only brought the Conservative Party to a breaking point but eventually led to government failure.
Use of radiothermometry in the screening of nonpalpable breast neoplasms

: As compared with other types of malignancies, breast cancer is one of the commonest causes of female death. Mammography used for screening is associated with radiation exposure and it is of low informative value in women less than 35 years of age. Breast ultrasonography (USG) cannot be used for screening of women less than 35 years of age in whom a glandular component is prevalent in the breast structure as it takes much time and should be performed by a qualified specialist. The purpose of our study was to estimate the diagnostic capacities of microwave radiothermometry (RTM) and to determine its place in the early diagnosis of nonpalpable breast neoplasms in medical practice. An integrated study, including RTM, USG, and mammography, was conducted in women at the District Mammology Department, Diagnostic Center Five, and at Branch One of the Female Health Clinic Diagnostic Center in March 2003 to October 2006. The study covered 200 women aged 35 to 71 years who had neither complaints nor clinical signs of a breast nodule and had been found to have neoplasms after undergoing the above diagnostic studies. The studies performed showed that the sensitivity of RMT diagnosis, USG, and mammography was 86.7, 75.8, and 88.3%, respectively. The precision of these techniques was 75.2, 80.0, and 83%.
CEO COMPENSATION AND FIRM INNOVATION: MODERATING ROLE OF OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION

A performance-based CEO compensation plan can help organisations incorporate an innovative culture. Concentrated ownership structure can enable shareholders to play a key role in the strategic decision-making of a company by exercising their statutory rights. Purpose of this paper is to understand the moderating impact of ownership concentration on the nexus of CEO compensation and firm innovation relationship. Data about all A-share non-financial companies listed at the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange is obtained from CSMAR database of China. Panel data analysis by using year and industry effects indicates that CEO compensation positively and significantly affects organisational innovation. Furthermore, ownership concentration as measured by top 5 shareholders strengthens this relationship. Findings of this study can help investors, policymakers and creditors to understand the importance of CEO compensation towards innovation in the presence of a concentrated ownership structure. Chinese economy is the fastest growing developing economy and therefore, Chinese contextual findings may be selected as a benchmark for other developing countries.
Genetic Diversity and Population Divergence of a Rare, Endemic Grass (Elymus breviaristatus) in the Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Elymus breviaristatus is a grass species only distributed in the southeast of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which has suffered from serious habitat fragmentation. Therefore, understanding patterns of genetic diversity within and among natural E. breviaristatus populations could provide insight for future conservation strategies. In this study, sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity and hierarchical structure of seven E. breviaristatus populations from QTP, China. Multiple measures of genetic diversity indicated that there is low to moderate genetic variation within E. breviaristatus populations, consistent with its presumed mating system. In spite of its rarity, E. breviaristatus presented high genetic diversity that was equivalent to or even higher than that of widespread species. Bayesian clustering approaches, along with clustering analysis and principal coordinate analysis partitioned the studied populations of E. breviaristatus into five genetic clusters. Differentiation coefficients (Fst, GST, etc.) and AMOVA analysis revealed considerable genetic divergence among different populations. BARRIER analyses indicated that there were two potential barriers to gene flow among the E. breviaristatus populations. Despite these patterns of differentiation, genetic distances between populations were independent of geographic distances (r = 0.2197, p = 0.2534), indicating little isolation by distance. Moreover, despite detecting a common outlier by two methods, bioclimatic factors (altitude, annual mean temperature, and annual mean precipitation) were not related to diversity parameters, indicating little evidence for isolation caused by the environment. These patterns of diversity within and between populations are used to propose a conservation strategy for E. breviaristatus.
Which volatility model for option valuation in China? Empirical evidence from SSE 50 ETF options

ABSTRACT In early 2015, China launched its first exchange-traded option, the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) 50 ETF option, to meet the increasing demand for financial derivatives. In this article, we provide an intensive empirical investigation of popular discrete-time volatility models in terms of their pricing performance when applied to SSE 50 ETF options. We find that the newly developed models with realized measures significantly outperform conventional GARCH-type models based on daily returns only. In contrast with the U.S. market, our empirical results suggest that the leverage effect is very weak in the Chinese option market.