Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impervious surface and local abiotic conditions influence arthropod communities within urban greenspaces

The abundance of arthropods is declining globally, and human-modification of natural habitat is a primary driver of these declines. Arthropod declines are concerning because arthropods mediate critical ecosystem functions, and sustained declines may lead to cascading trophic effects. There is growing evidence that properly managed urban environments can provide refugium to arthropods, but few cities have examined arthropods within urban greenspaces to evaluate their management efforts. In this study, we surveyed arthropod communities within a medium-sized, growing city. We investigated arthropod communities (abundance, richness, diversity, community composition) within 16 urban greenspaces across metropolitan Grand Rapids, Michigan (USA). We focused our efforts on urban gardens and pocket prairies, and measured environmental variables at each site. We collected 5,468 individual arthropods that spanned 14 taxonomic orders and 66 morphospecies. The results showed that community composition was influenced by impervious surface, white flower abundance, and humidity. Total arthropod abundance and diversity were positively associated with humidity. For specific orders, Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) abundance was negatively associated with temperature, and positively associated with site perimeter-area ratio. Hemiptera (true bugs) were negatively associated with impervious surface and positively associated with humidity. These findings show that impervious surfaces impact arthropod communities, but many of the observed changes were driven by local abiotic conditions like temperature and humidity. This suggests that management decisions within urban greenspaces are important in determining the structure of arthropod communities. Future studies on arthropods in cities should determine whether manipulating the abiotic conditions of urban greenspaces influences the composition of arthropod communities. These results should inform city planners and homeowners of the need to properly manage urban greenspaces in cities to maintain diverse arthropod assemblages.
P38 kinases mediate NLRP1 inflammasome activation after ribotoxic stress response and virus infection

Inflammasomes integrate cytosolic evidence of infection or damage to mount inflammatory responses. The inflammasome sensor NLRP1 is expressed in human keratinocytes and coordinates inflammation in the skin. We found that diverse stress signals converge on the activation of p38 kinases to initiate human NLRP1 inflammasome assembly: UV irradiation and microbial molecules that initiate the ribotoxic stress response critically relied on the MAP3 kinase ZAKα to activate p38 and ultimately human NLRP1. Infection with insect-transmitted alphaviruses, including Semliki Forest, Ross River, and Chikungunya virus, also activated NLRP1 in a p38-dependent manner. In the absence on ZAKα, inflammasome assembly was maintained, although at reduced levels, indicating contribution of other upstream kinases. NLRP1 activation by direct nanobody-mediated ubiquitination was independent of p38 activity. Stimulation of p38 by overexpression of MAP2 kinases MKK3 or MKK6 is sufficient for NLRP1 activation, and NLRP1 is directly phosphorylated by p38. Taken together, we define p38 activation as a unifying signaling hub that controls NLRP1 inflammasome activation by integrating a variety of cellular stress signals relevant to the skin.
THEMING IN SMART VILLAGES CONTEXT

The paper discusses the possibility of smart thematic village development and presents the results of qualitative research aimed at determining why some smart thematic villages are developing while others are not. The grounded theory approach was used for semi-structured interviews. This empirical study investigates four thematic villages in Lithuania, which have an official status and are currently operating and one non-developing thematic village. The structured grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990, Corbin & Strauss, 2015) was employed to analyse the collected data using open, axial and selective coding techniques. The grounded theory of the thematic village development was built around the core category (a critical success factor of the development of a smart thematic village), i.e. weighed involvement of thematic village actors in thematic village activities context. The main condition of thematic village development is context for thematic village actors weighed involvement. This is context for theming, digital solutions to facilitate collaboration, communication, accessibility and problem-solving at various levels in the thematic village. Thematic village actors get involved in thematic village activities only when they have specific context – Global, National, Local institutional, Village Community and Individual. The more favorable the context, the more weighted involvement is and the more benefits thematic village actors and other stakeholders get, the more possibilities they create for sustainable smart thematic village development.
Preparedness to Combat Determinants of Underweight-Based Child Malnutrition in Flood-Affected Areas of Pakistan

Aims Floods badly impact the food and nutrition security in developing countries. The role of the government and the impact of floods on the underweight status of children in the affected areas is not clear. We aimed to find the determinants of underweight in flood-affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods We used a multistage sampling technique and selected 656 households during in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan. Data were collected in the three most affected districts. A validated questionnaire was used to find socioeconomic and demographic information, hygiene, and sanitation information. We used logistic regression to find the determinants of underweight, controlling for confounders. Results The prevalence of global malnutrition based on underweight was 25.2%. The prevalence of underweight was higher in young age mothers (40.6%), younger age children (71.4%), large family size (28.4%), joint family (27%), and no toilet facility (28.9%). District Nowshera was at high risk of underweight based undernutrition, followed by district Charsadda compared to children belonging to Dera Ismail Khan. The significant risk factor that causes underweight was child lower age (p < 0.01), young age of mothers (p < 0.01), children access to unimproved water sources (p < 0.01), and location (districts) due to environmental and constant flood consequences (p < 0.01). Conclusion In conclusion, risk factors of underweight should be appropriately targeted in the flood-hit areas of Pakistan. Governments should preallocate budgetary resources and enhance the emergency preparedness levels to facilitate the communities with flooding incidents and their aftermath in the shape of child underweight-based malnutrition.
When is TSLS Actually LATE?

Linear instrumental variable estimators, such as two-stage least squares (TSLS), are commonly interpreted as estimating positively weighted averages of causal effects, referred to as local average treatment effects (LATEs). We examine whether the LATE interpretation actually applies to the types of TSLS specifications that are used in practice. We show that if the specification includes covariates—which most empirical work does—then the LATE interpretation does not apply in general. Instead, the TSLS estimator will, in general, reflect treatment effects for both compliers and always/nevertakers, and some of the treatment effects for the always/never-takers will necessarily be negatively weighted. We show that the only specifications that have a LATE interpretation are “saturated” specifications that control for covariates nonparametrically, implying that such specifications are both sufficient and necessary for TSLS to have a LATE interpretation, at least without additional parametric assumptions. This result is concerning because, as we document, empirical researchers almost never control for covariates nonparametrically, and rarely discuss or justify parametric specifications of covariates. We develop a decomposition that quantifies the extent to which the usual LATE interpretation fails. We apply the decomposition to four empirical analyses and find strong evidence that the LATE interpretation of TSLS is far from accurate for the types of specifications actually used in practice. ∗We thank Richard Boylan, Deniz Dutz, Mikkel Gandil, Tymon S loczyński, and Chris Walters for helpful comments. †Department of Economics, Princeton University. ‡Department of Economics, Stanford University. Research supported by National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship. §Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics, University of Chicago; Statistics Norway; NBER. ¶Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics, University of Chicago. Research supported by National Science Foundation grant SES-1846832.
The Mycotoxin Beauvericin Exhibits Immunostimulatory Effects on Dendritic Cells via Activating the TLR4 Signaling Pathway

Beauvericin (BEA), a mycotoxin of the enniatin family produced by various toxigenic fungi, has been attributed multiple biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial functions. However, effects of BEA on dendritic cells remain unknown so far. Here, we identified effects of BEA on murine granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-cultured bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. BEA potently activates BMDCs as signified by elevated IL-12 and CD86 expression. Multiplex immunoassays performed on myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor inducing interferon beta (TRIF) single or double deficient BMDCs indicate that BEA induces inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in a MyD88/TRIF dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that BEA was not able to induce IL-12 or IFNβ production in Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4)-deficient BMDCs, whereas induction of these cytokines was not compromised in Tlr3/7/9 deficient BMDCs. This suggests that TLR4 might be the functional target of BEA on BMDCs. Consistently, in luciferase reporter assays BEA stimulation significantly promotes NF-κB activation in mTLR4/CD14/MD2 overexpressing but not control HEK-293 cells. RNA-sequencing analyses further confirmed that BEA induces transcriptional changes associated with the TLR4 signaling pathway. Together, these results identify TLR4 as a cellular BEA sensor and define BEA as a potent activator of BMDCs, implying that this compound can be exploited as a promising candidate structure for vaccine adjuvants or cancer immunotherapies.
Un panorama des recherches sur l'activité mentale de l'utilisateur d'un hypermédia

Dans cet article, nous dressons un panorama des differentes recherches qui contribuent a faire connaitre l'activite mentale de l'utilisateur d'un hypermedia. Nous evoquons tout d'abord quelques modelisations de l'activite de recherche d'information ou d'exploration. Puis, constatant le caractere encore assez general de ces modelisations, nous faisons un point sur la modelisation des tâches de recherche d'information, qui peut contribuer a preciser notre comprehension de l'activite de recherche d'information. Ensuite, nous abordons les recherches sur les effets des caracteristiques du systeme sur l'activite de l'utilisateur et celles sur l'utilisation en contexte. Nous discutons, enfin, des methodologies utilisees dans ces champs, de leur interet et de leurs limites. A la fin de l'article, nous discutons des consequences des resultats de ces recherches sur l'amelioration et la rationalisation du processus de conception. Sans pouvoir affirmer que certains resultats ont eu une influence directe sur les concepteurs, nous evoquons quelques elements de la «culture ergonomique des concepteurs», culture qui a sans doute ete influencee par ces recherches.
Advanced Analytical Tools for the Estimation of Gut Permeability of Compounds of Pharmaceutical Interest

The present study aims at developing a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model for the determination of gut permeability of 228 pharmacological drugs at different pH conditions (3, 5, 7.4, 9, intrinsic). As a consequence, five different datasets (according to the diverse permeability shown by the compounds at the different pH values) were handled, with the aim of discriminating compounds as low-permeable or high-permeable. In order to achieve this goal, molecular descriptors for all the investigated compounds were computed and then classification models calculated by means of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). A high predictive capability was achieved for all models, providing correct classification rates in external validation between 80% and 96%. In order to test whether a reduction in the molecular descriptors would improve predictions and provide information about the most relevant variables, a feature selection approach, covariance selection, was used to select the most relevant subsets of predictors. This led to a slight improvement in the predictive accuracies, and it has indicated that the most relevant descriptors for the discrimination of the investigated compounds into low- and high-permeable were associated with the 2D and 3D structures.
Current Use of Equine Laparoscopy in Urogenital Disorders: A Scoping Review of the Literature from 2000 to 2021

(1) Background: Laparoscopic surgery replaced traditional invasive techniques for the treatment of common urogenital disorders in equids. The aim of this review is to evaluate applications and the development of urogenital laparoscopy from 2001 to 2021. (2) Methods: A scoping review of literature was undertaken according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews on three databases (NCBI-PubMed, Web of Science-Thompson Reuters, and SciVerse Scopus). (3) Results: A total of 452 papers were identified. After duplicate removal and title screening, 181 papers underwent abstract screening. Of these, 160 + 10 papers (cited by others) were assessed for eligibility according to the PICOs. A total of 132 papers were considered eligible. Most of the research was focused on ovaries and testes, followed by urinary bladder and general articles about laparoscopy in horses. We identified 43 original studies (33%, RCT, NoRCT, and experimental trials), 39 case series/retrospective studies (29%), 37 case reports (28%), and 13 reviews (10%, narrative or systematic). (4) Conclusions: Gonadal disorders were the most investigated. Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery (HALS) and laparoscopic-assisted surgery represent valuable options for more challenging conditions (uterine and urinary bladder disorders).
High-temperature sensor using a Fabry-Perot interferometer based on solid-core photonic crystal fiber

A micro Fabry-Perot interferometer(M-FPI) is constructed by splicing a short section of polarizationmaintaining photonic crystal fiber(PM-PCF) to an end-cleaved single-mode fiber with controllable offset. Due to the high effective optical path difference induced by the solid core of the PCF,the M-FPI has an ultrasmall cavity of approximately 110μm. The temperature sensitivity within a range from 33℃to approximately 600℃is measured to be 13.8 pm/℃,which shows good agreement with the theoretical result.This proposed sensor has the advantages of ultracompact size and high stability.Therefore,it is suitable for various space-limited sensing applications in harsh environments.
Illustrating conceptual understanding in international business undergraduate writing

ABSTRACT Conceptual understanding is important for professionals because a broad and deep synthesis of knowledge enables flexible and original thinking in complex problem solving. However, little is known about the appearance of conceptual understanding at the student level. This article therefore investigates the appearance of conceptual understanding in writing, since writing skills are a highly rated competency in both education and professional domains like international business. 44 students in their final year studying international business wrote literature reviews to illustrate how different levels (negligible, weak, moderate, strong and extraordinary) appeared for six components of conceptual understanding (global context, local context, business practices, practice instances, business concepts and business mechanisms). Two results are suggested. The first is that conceptual understanding in students’ writing is broad rather than deep, suggesting fragmented rather than integrated knowledge needed for conceptual understanding. The second is that different patterns of conceptual understanding emerge between and within students’ writing, both in the varying depths of conceptual understanding per component and in the different ways conceptual understanding manifests. Methodological issues and further research are discussed. Implications for education include suggestions for teachers to stimulate knowledge integration for conceptual understanding through the use of rubrics and iterative cycles.
Indonesian Coal Exports: Dynamic Panel Analysis Approach

Coal is a mineral fuel commodity considered important as a source ofenergy and is traded among countries. Indonesia is one of the largest coal producing countries in the world. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the net export volume, GDP per capita of destination countries, real exchange rate, and Indonesian coal export prices. The existence of a causal relationship between exports and economic growth shows that there is a relationship between net exports and future economic growth. Economic growth is an increase in people's per capita income without paying attention to changes in the economic structure.The study uses panel data of 5 biggest coal trading partner countries of Indonesia during the period 2015-2019, by using the dynamic panel analysis method, where a dependent variable is not only determined by the value of independent variables at the research period, but is also determined by the value of previous period. The dynamic panel method is characterized by the lag of the dependent variable which is correlated with the residual among the independent variables. The dynamic panel data regression method can be used to determine the short-term effect,and the long-term effect as well.Based on the estimation results of the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) Arellano Bond, in the study period the exchange rate and export prices had a significant negative effect on the volume of Indonesian coal exports. GDP per capita has no significant effect on the volume of Indonesia's coal exports.Furthermore, the short-term elasticity approach for the exchange rate is -0.029159 and for the long term is 0.3616521. These results indicate that the calculation of the short-term and long-term elasticity of the exchange rate (ER) is inelastic and negative with different magnitudes. In addition, it explains that in the short term an increase in the exchange rate of 1 percent will reduce net exports in the short term by 2.9 percent.
Process of Introduction of Australian Braford Cattle to South America: Configuration of Population Structure and Genetic Diversity Evolution

Simple Summary The Braford breed originated in the USA and Australia from a cross between the Brahman and Hereford breeds to obtain animals suitable for the subtropical climate and resistant to hoof diseases, eye cancer, and ectoparasites, mainly ticks. This resistance to ticks was what attracted the attention of South American breeders, who acquired animals from Australia. The first breeder to do so was Uruguay around 1970. From then on, the breed was distributed across Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Each country has its own association of breeders, and each one keeps the herdbook of the breed where the animals are registered. Selective breeding was conducted, thereby shaping genetic diversity over the years. The analysis of the pedigree database allowed us to evaluate these changes and the evolution of diversity over time. The objective of the present work was to analyze the population structure of the Braford breed in four countries, the repercussions of founders and ancestors, and the parameters of genetic diversity to suggest effective strategies for Braford breeders. Abstract This study analyzes the evolution of the population structure and genetic diversity of Braford cattle in South America from 1949 to 2019 to suggest effective strategies for breeding in the future. The percentage of bulls historically increased. The average generational interval decreased to 11.78 years for the current population. Average inbreeding (F) and coancestry (C) are low and show a historically increasing trend (0.001% to 0.002%, respectively). The degree of nonrandom mating (α) increased from −0.0001 to 0.0001 denoting a change in the trend to mate similar individuals. The average relatedness coefficient (ΔR) increased in the current period from 0.002% to 0.004%. A single ancestor explained 4.55% to 7.22% of the population’s gene pool. While the effective population size based on the individual inbreeding rate (NeFi) was 462.963, when based on the individual coancestry rate (NeCi), it was 420.168. Genetic diversity loss is small and mainly ascribed to bottlenecks (0.12%) and to unequal contributions of the founders (0.02%). Even if adequate levels of diversity can be found, practices that consider the overuse of individual bulls (conditioned by nature or not), could lead to a long-term reduction in diversity. The present results permit tailoring genetic management strategies that are perfectly adapted to the needs that the population demands internationally.
On the Origins, Status, and Future of Flip Chip & Wafer Level Packaging

As IC scaling continues to shrink transistors, the increased number of circuits per chip requires more I/O per unit area (Rent's rule). High I/O count, the need for smaller form factors and the need for better electrical performance drove the technological change towards die being interconnected (assembled) by area array techniques. This review will examine this evolution from die wire bonded on lead frames to flip chip die in wafer level or area array packages and discuss emerging technologies such as copper pillar bumps, fan out packaging, integrated passives, and 3D integration.
Sustainable Economic Development Education: The Use of Artificial Neural Networks for the Profile Estimation of Students from Developing Countries

Environmentally friendly behaviour and the equitable and sustainable use of natural resources can contribute to solving various environmental, economic, and social problems in different countries. The analysis of the perception of young students is important because schools are suitable for educating future generations and shaping their attitudes to also include a greater concern for the environment. This research aims to determine the degree of influence that a series of Likert-type questions of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours about sustainable development has on a series of items of the student profile (gender, age, course, and household members) in a developing country. For this, an artificial neural network is used that allows us not only to quantify the degree of influence but also to obtain an estimation of the student’s profile according to the responses obtained on sustainable development. The network developed allows us to obtain, through a determined collection of answers to questions about sustainable development, the estimation of a specific profile of a student from a developing country. This can be useful to educational communities interested in optimising economic resources through sustainable development, allowing them to know which issues they should focus more (or less) on according to the profile of the student they are targeting.