Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fungi from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert : chytridiomycetes

Several different chytridiomycetes are described from the Lower Devonian (Siegenian) Rhynie chert. Included are both eucarpic and apparently holocarpic forms that occur in Palaeonitel/a, Aglaophyton, Lyonophyton, Horneophyton, and clusters of algal cells, as well as in the surrounding chert matrix. Holocarpic types consist of endobiotic sporangia, each characterized by one discharge tube. Sporangia can be traced from the thallus stage to the discharge of zoospores. Monocentric and polycentric eucarpic chytrids are associated with the miospores of Aglaophyton and various thick-walled fungal spores. In these forms the sporangia are variable in size and shape ranging up to 30 jum. Most appear to be inoperculate and there is evidence that the sporangium ruptured on the distal surface. Some contain zoospores with flagella. One operculate eucarpic form had parasitized the cellular gametophyte emerging from the proximal surface of an Aglaophyton spore. Several of the Rhynie chert chytrids are comparable with a number of extant forms (e.g., Olpidiaceae and Spizellomycetaceae), while others possess features that encompass several groups. These fossil fungi are discussed in the context of their interactions with other organisms in this Lower Devonian freshwater paleoecosystem.
A survey of energy-efficient motion planning for wheeled mobile robots

As wheeled mobile robots find increasing use in outdoor applications, it becomes more important to reduce energy consumption to perform more missions efficiently with limit energy supply. The purpose of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on energy-efficient motion planning (EEMP) for wheeled mobile robots. ,The use of wheeled mobile robots has been increased to replace humans in performing risky missions in outdoor applications, and the requirement of motion planning with efficient energy consumption is necessary. This study analyses a lot of motion planning technologies in terms of energy efficiency for wheeled mobile robots from 2000 to present. The dynamic constraints play a key role in EEMP problem, which derive the power model related to energy consumption. The surveyed approaches differ in the used steering mechanisms for wheeled mobile robots, in assumptions on the structure of the environment and in computational requirements. The comparison among different EEMP methods is proposed in optimal, computation time and completeness. ,According to lots of literature in EEMP problem, the research results can be roughly divided into online real-time optimization and offline optimization. The energy consumption is considered during online real-time optimization, which is computationally expensive and time-consuming. The energy consumption model is used to evaluate the candidate motions offline and to obtain the optimal energy consumption motion. Sometimes, this optimization method may cause local minimal problem and even fail to track. Therefore, integrating the energy consumption model into the online motion planning will be the research trend of EEMP problem, and more comprehensive approach to EEMP problem is presented. ,EEMP is closely related to robot’s dynamic constraints. This paper mainly surveyed in EEMP problem for differential steered, Ackermann-steered, skid-steered and omni-directional steered robots. Other steering mechanisms of wheeled mobile robots are not discussed in this study. ,The survey of performance of various EEMP serves as a reference for robots with different steering mechanisms using in special scenarios. ,This paper analyses a lot of motion planning technologies in terms of energy efficiency for wheeled mobile robots from 2000 to present.
Comparison of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Boundary Layers During Convection and their Latitudinal Dependence

The boundary layers of the atmosphere and the ocean are compared during convection, and their latitudinal dependence is investigated. The results are applied to examine the parameterization of the boundary layer depth in the K‐profile parameterization (KPP) model. The bulk Richardson number Rib varies excessively with time in the high‐latitude (HL) oceanic boundary layer (OBL) without unresolved shearVt , as a result of inertial oscillation. Inclusion ofV 2 t is also necessary in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to mitigate the large variation of Rib with wind stress. Stratification and velocity shear near the boundary layer height/depth are stronger and thicker at low latitudes (LLs), where the Ekman length scale is larger and the inertial time scale is longer. This enhanced shear makes the entrainment buoyancy flux larger at LL. Analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget in the entrainment zone is carried out to explain the variation of Rib depending on the boundary layer and the latitude. This analysis shows that the TKE production in the entrainment zone is dominated by shear production at LL, but by the TKE flux at HL, and thatVt represents the contribution from the TKE flux to the entrainment zone. The enhancement of vertical TKE by Langmuir circulation (LC) does not depend on the latitude, but it decreases with depth faster at LL. The result suggests that the parameterization of the boundary layer depth in the KPP model should be different depending on whether it is the ABL or the OBL and depending on the latitude. Plain Language Summary Both atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers are similar in that they are turbulent boundary layers affected by stratification and the Coriolis force, if the effects of salinity and humidity are not considered. Therefore, both boundary layers are often parameterized in a similar way. Nonetheless, the presence of the free surface in the oceanic boundary layer generates phenomena unique to the ocean such as wave breaking, Langmuir circulation, and inertial oscillation. Meanwhile, the boundary layer is also affected by the Coriolis force increasing with latitude, as shown by the example of the Ekman boundary layer, but it is not usually considered in the parameterization. Therefore, in the present work, we compare the convective boundary layer in the atmosphere and the ocean and investigate the latitudinal dependence, by analyzing simulation results, called large eddy simulation. We consider two different oceanic boundary layers, that is, with and without Langmuir circulation, in order to clarify its role. The information from the present work helps to improve the parameterization of the boundary layer, by taking into account the difference between the atmosphere and the ocean and the latitudinal dependence.
Tree Life Tables

ife tables, also called mortality tables, have fascinated demographers and population biologists since antiquity. In part, the fascination lies in the tables' engaging simplicity. From a few bits of information, it is possible to encapsulate the life history and ecological role of organisms in natural communities, as well as project future population sizes and age structures. In its simplest form, a life table lists birth and death rates for each age class or size class in a population. For trees, the life table also commonly contains the rate at which individuals advance from one size class to another (Table 1). Life tables are of intrinsic interest to the evolutionary biologist who seeks to explain differences in lifehistory patterns in terms of selective forces and mechanisms (Caswell 1982a,b). They are an essential tool of the population biologist who must know the demographic mechanisms responsible for changes in population size. They interest community ecologists, especially those attempting to model forest dynamics (Shugart 1984, 1987). Birth, death, and growth equations in any model must be consistent with the biological reality of the life-table data. Life tables are also of practical use to foresters (Buongiorno and Michie
Common-Ground-Type Five-Level Transformerless Inverter Topology With Full DC-Bus Utilization

Transformerless inverters (TIs) are widespread in photovoltaic (PV) applications due to their low cost and high efficiency. However, TIs suffer due to leakage current as a consequence of PV parasitic capacitance, and high-frequency common-mode voltage, which has resulted in the emergence of several topological and control scheme modifications. In this article, a switched-capacitor (SC) based inverter capable of synthesizing a five-level voltage is proposed. In the devised structure, the negative pole of the dc bus is directly connected to the grid neutral, thereby resulting in zero leakage current. In addition, industrial standard half-bridge modules can be employed directly for implementing the proposed inverter without modifications, making it more practically feasible. The proposed topology has the capability of self-voltage balancing of SC, reactive power processing, and full dc-bus utilization as opposed to half-bridge topologies. The principle of operation and a simple logic-gate-based pulse generation scheme is presented in detail. Simulation and experimental results confirming the practical viability of the proposed topology are presented. Finally, the superior features and the merits of the proposed topology are shown through a detailed comparison against state-of-the-art topologies.
Affordances, challenges, and impact of open pedagogy: examining students’ voices

ABSTRACT Open pedagogy has emerged as an important teaching and learning practice while the current global open education resources movement has developed. The present research addresses the need to develop and conceptualize open pedagogy models in higher education contexts. This case study examined student perspectives on the affordances, challenges, and impact of an open pedagogy approach implemented within the context of three higher education courses. Various renewable assignments were integrated into face-to-face, blended, and online courses. Data sources consisted of reflection reports and semi-structured interviews conducted with 13 student participants. The qualitative analysis revealed six themes that conceptualized student engagement with open pedagogy: content curation, peer feedback, community engagement, development, reflection, and scaffolding. We discuss the impact of these practices on the participating students’ knowledge and awareness of open access and student agency. The results present an open pedagogy in action model with recommendations for future research and practice.
Race in Relation to Bank Depositors and Mortgage Applications

Data associated with the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) are often studied for evidence of discrimination in terms of minority applicants or for home location in minority neighborhoods, with mixed results. The present analysis utilizes a data set covering 2014&#8211;2016, combining characteristics of home location and applicants from the HMDA data with information on depositor characteristics from the Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation's Summary of Deposits data and the Census Bureau's American Community Survey. Consistent with predictions from the red&#8208;lining literature, loan acceptance rates are adversely influenced by high minority locations, although the effect is larger for minority applicants. The relationship banking literature predicts that community banks will yield higher rates of loan acceptance, and the results support that hypothesis. That same literature suggests that familiarity in terms of similar race/ethnicity characteristics for depositors and home location or loan applicants will yield a loan acceptance advantage; and that hypothesis is not supported. Subsidiary analyses suggest that market competition improves loan acceptance rates for minority applicants, consistent with models of discrimination. Additionally, minority depositors are associated positively with loan acceptance rates, which may reflect higher levels of bank risk, and a risk premium, in those markets.
An Assessment of In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts from Papaver rhoeas L. Leaves

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) leaf has been extensively used as garniture in salads and drugs in folk medicine. In this study, the possible antioxidant properties of water (WE), ethanol (EE), and acetone (AE) extracts of corn poppy leaves were investigated using different antioxidant tests, including total antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system, DPPH• scavenging activity, reducing power, chelation activity, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. In addition, the amount of total phenolics was also determined. Total antioxidant activities of all extracts were greater than 85% at 400 μg/mL concentration. The scavenging effects of WE and EE on DPPH• radical were found to be 88.46 ± 0.08% and 86.81 ± 0.37% at 800 μg/mL concentration, respectively, which was comparable to standard antioxidants, such as BHA and α-TP. The reducing power of extracts was in the order of WE > EE > AE. The percentage of metal chelating activity of 800 μg/mL concentration of WE was found to be 79.51 ± 4.05%. Our results indicated that the leaves of Papaver rhoeas L. showed the potential to be used as a natural antioxidant.
Persistência do herbicida sulfentrazone em solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar

ABSTRACT PERSISTENCE OF THE HERBICIDA SULFENTRAZONE IN SOILCULTIVATED WITH SUGARCANE The objective here was to determine the behavior of sulfentrazone in sandy clay soil cultivatedwith sugar cane. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five replications and threetreatments of sulfentrazone (0.0, 0.6 and 1.2 kg ha -1 ), applied as pre-emergent. Samples of soil (0-10 cm),were regularly collected at 23 times between 0 and 704 days after treatment (DAT). The behavior ofsulfentrazone was evaluated by bioassays using sugar beet as test plant, and analysis indicated that forthe lower dose (0.6 kg ha -1 ), the herbicide persisted until 601 DAT. At the end of the test, 704 DAT, theherbicide still persisted for the dose of 1.2 kg ha -1 . The persistence of sulfentrazone in soil is long andproportional to applied dose. Key words: residue, bioassay, persistence, Saccharum sp . ( 1 ) Parte da Tese de doutorado do primeiro autor. Recebido para publicacao em13 de janeiro de 2007 e aceito em 15de novembro de 2009. (
How to Implement an Open Data Strategy? Analyzing Organizational Change Processes to Enable Value Creation by Revealing Data

In recent years, organizations in the private sector have started making part of their data available to the public free of charge. The phenomenon, known as open data and so far mostly embraced by governmental institutions, creates an opportunity for companies to increase corporate transparency and foster outside innovation. However, it contradicts the notion of maximizing profits by directly monetizing data assets and requires the dedication of internal resources to what are currently unknown benefits. We conduct a multiple case study to develop an understanding of how organizations approach the implementation of an open data strategy. Our qualitative explorative study analyses the results through the lens of organizational change theory. We find that open data requires substantial organizational change and derive six propositions for designing this transition. This study therefore contributes to initial theory building and lays the foundation for future empirical research. Moreover, it provides insights for organizations on how open data initiatives are implemented and offers guidance to practitioners that aim to get open data strategies under way.
Automatic Eyeblink Artifact Removal From EEG Signal Using Wavelet Transform With Heuristically Optimized Threshold

This paper proposes an automatic eyeblink artifacts removal method from corrupted-EEG signals using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and meta-heuristically optimized threshold. The novel idea of thresholding approximation-coefficients (ACs) instead of detail-coefficients (DCs) of DWT of EEG in a backward manner is proposed for the first time for the removal of eyeblink artifacts. EEG is very sensitive and easily gets affected by eyeblink artifacts. First, the eyeblink corrupted EEG signals are identified using support vector machine (SVM) as a classifier. Then the corrupted EEG signal is decomposed using DWT up to the sixth level. Both the mother wavelet and the level of decomposition are selected using appropriate techniques. Then the ACs are thresholded in backward manner using the optimum threshold values followed by inverse DWT operation to reconstruct the original EEG signal. The AC at level 6 is thresholded and is used in IDWT with DC to get back the AC at level 5. Likewise, the backward thresholding of the ACs followed by IDWT is continued till the artifact free EEG signal is reconstructed at level 1. The optimum values of the thresholds of the ACs at different levels are optimized using two meta-heuristic algorithms, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) for comparison. The results reveal that the proposed methodology is superior to the recently reported methods in terms of average correlation coefficient (CC) which states that the proposed method is better in terms of the quality of reconstruction in addition to being fully automatic.
Factors controlling aboveground Spartina alterniflora (Smooth cordgrass) tissue element composition and production in different-age barrier island marshes

Aboveground production and tissue element composition of Spartina alterniflora were compared in bareier island marshes of different age off the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The marshes were also characterized by physical and chemical parameters of the substrate. The results suggest that sediment nutrient stock do not directly control the spatial pattern of element content or production of S. alterniflora between these marshes. Elevated salinity likely limits the nitrogen uptake capability of S. alterniflora in the high marsh, which, in turn, controls leaf tissue nitrogen content of plants within individual sites. Low substrate redox potential may control the spatial pattern of nitrogen uptake between the different-age marsh sites, loading to more favorable growing conditions at the low stations of the young marsh sites where values of tissue nitrogen and production are highest. Tissue phosphorus did not differ between, or within the marsh sites. The result of a fertilization experiment suggest that nitrogen, and not phosphorus, is the primary limiting nutrient in this sytem. This indicates that nutrient limitation and other stresses work in conjunction to control tissue element content and macrophyte production at these marsh sites. Spatial variability of factors that control leaf tissue nitrogen and production is likely related to topography and grain size of an individual marsh, which is a function of marsh age. Most studies in different-age marshes have compared transplanted marshes to older, natural marshes. This work is one of few studies comparing developing and mature natural, marshes on barrier islands.
Simultaneous purification and immobilization of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases on bioaffinity support

This paper demonstrates the construction of an inexpensive bioaffinity adsorbent by simply incubating Sephadex G 50 matrix with jack bean meal extract at room temperature. Sephadex G 50 adsorbed 17 mg Con A (concanavalin A) per g of the matrix. Con A-adsorbed Sephadex was employed for the immobilization of glycoenzymes directly from ammonium sulfate-fractionated proteins of bitter gourd. The obtained bioaffinity support was very efficient for high yield immobilization of peroxidases from bitter gourd and it bound nearly 425 enzyme units per g of the matrix. Bitter gourd peroxidase immobilized on lectin–Sephadex support showed a very high effectiveness factor, ‘η,’ of 1.25. Immobilized BGP preparation was quite stable against the denaturation induced by pH, heat, urea, Triton X 100, Tween 20, SDS, Surf Excel and water-miscible organic solvents: dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide. Low concentration of detergents like SDS, Tween 20, and Triton X 100 enhanced the activity of soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase. Peroxidase bound to the bioaffinity support exhibited very high resistance to proteolysis caused by the trypsin treatment. Con A–Sephadex-bound bitter gourd peroxidase retained 85% of its initial activity after treatment with 2.5 mg trypsin per cm3 of incubation mixture for 1 h at 37 °C while the soluble enzyme lost nearly 40% of the initial activity under similar incubation conditions. Immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase preparation appeared to be more rigid to proteolysis mediated by trypsin compared with soluble bitter gourd peroxidase. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Net primary and ecosystem production and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems and their responses to climate change

Evaluating the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle requires a detailed understanding of carbon exchange between vegetation, soil, and the atmosphere. Global climatic change may modify the net carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems, causing feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 and climate. We describe a model for investigating terrestrial carbon exchange and its response to climatic variation based on the processes of plant photosynthesis, carbon allocation, litter production, and soil organic carbon decomposition. The model is used to produce geographical patterns of net primary production (NPP), carbon stocks in vegetation and soils, and the seasonal variations in net ecosystem production (NEP) under both contemporary and future climates. For contemporary climate, the estimated global NPP is 57.0 Gt C y–1, carbon stocks in vegetation and soils are 640 Gt C and 1358 Gt C, respectively, and NEP varies from –0.5 Gt C in October to 1.6 Gt C in July. For a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration and the corresponding climate, we predict that global NPP will rise to 69.6 Gt C y–1, carbon stocks in vegetation and soils will increase by, respectively, 133 Gt C and 160 Gt C, and the seasonal amplitude of NEP will increase by 76%. A doubling of atmospheric CO2 without climate change may enhance NPP by 25% and result in a substantial increase in carbon stocks in vegetation and soils. Climate change without CO2 elevation will reduce the global NPP and soil carbon stocks, but leads to an increase in vegetation carbon because of a forest extension and NPP enhancement in the north. By combining the effects of CO2 doubling, climate change, and the consequent redistribution of vegetation, we predict a strong enhancement in NPP and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems. This study simulates the possible variation in the carbon exchange at equilibrium state. We anticipate to investigate the dynamic responses in the carbon exchange to atmospheric CO2 elevation and climate change in the past and future.