Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resolved Structure of the Arp 220 Nuclei at λ ≈ 3 mm

We analyze the 3 mm emission of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220 for the spatially resolved structure and the spectral properties of the merger nuclei. ALMA archival data at ∼0. ″05 resolution are used for extensive visibility fitting and deep imaging of the continuum emission. The data are fitted well by two concentric components for each nucleus, such as two Gaussians or one Gaussian plus one exponential disk. The larger components in the individual nuclei are similar in shape and extent, ∼100–150 pc, to the centimeter wave emission due to supernovae. They are therefore identified with the known starburst nuclear disks. The smaller components in both nuclei have about a few 10 pc sizes and peak brightness temperatures ( ) more than twice higher than those in previous single-Gaussian fitting. They correspond to the dust emission that we find centrally concentrated in both nuclei by subtracting the plasma emission measured at 33 GHz. The dust emission in the western nucleus is found to have a peak K and an FWHM of about 20 pc. This component is estimated to have a bolometric luminosity on the order of and a 20 pc scale luminosity surface density . A luminous active galactic nucleus is a plausible energy source for these high values while other explanations remain to be explored. Our continuum image also reveals a third structural component of the western nucleus—a pair of faint spurs perpendicular to the disk major axis. We attribute it to a bipolar outflow from the highly inclined ( ) western nuclear disk.
Groundwater uptake of forest and agricultural land covers in regions of recharge and discharge

Abstract: Groundwater uptake of vegetation in discharge regions is known to play an important role, e.g., in the Hungarian Great Plain. Nevertheless, only little detailed monitoring of water table fluctuations and groundwater uptake (ETgw) were reported under varying hydrologic conditions and vegetation cover. In this study, results of water table monitoring under forest plantations and adjacent corn plots in discharge and recharge regions were analyzed to gain better understanding of the relation of vegetation cover to groundwater uptake. A poplar (Populus tremula) plantation and adjacent corn field plot were surveyed in a local discharge area, while a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation and adjacent corn field plot were analyzed in a recharge area. The water table under the poplar plantation displayed a night-time recovery in the discharge region, indicating significant groundwater supply. In this case an empirical version of the water table fluctuation method was used for calculating the ETgw that included the groundwater supply. The mean ETgw of the poplar plantation was 3.6 mm day-1, whereas no water table fluctuation was observed at the nearby corn plot. Naturally, the root system of the poplar was able to tap the groundwater in depths of 3.0-3.3 m while the shallower roots of the corn did not reach the groundwater reservoir in depths of 2.7-2.8 m. In the recharge zone the water table under the black locust plantation showed step-like changes referring to the lack of groundwater supply. The mean ETgw was 0.7 mm day-1 (groundwater depths of 3.0-3.2 m) and similarly no ETgw was detected at the adjacent corn plot with groundwater depths between 3.2 and 3.4 m. The low ETgw of the young black locust plantation was due to the lack of groundwater supply in recharge area, but also the shallow root system might have played a role. Our results suggest that considerations should be given to local estimations of ETgw from water table measurements that could assist to better understanding of groundwater use of varying vegetation types in recharge and discharge zones.
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE DIGITAL GAME INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF TAIWANESE FIRMS

Today knowledge and innovation have become critical core competencies for enterprises worldwide. Because of the importance of corporate knowledge in developing a digital economy, we selected 4 firms representing the online gaming industry. Through in-depth qualitative interviews, we investigated current developments in knowledge management strategies in the case firms, the results of which are summarized as follows. First, industry characteristics influence knowledge attributes. The corporate knowledge of digital content developers is usually tacit and is thus difficult to transfer. Second, knowledge management and creation approaches are influenced by the type of knowledge. Managing tacit knowledge tends to involve personalization and can be innovated through socialization and internalization. Third, knowledge creation is related to organizational scale and corporate value-creation processes. Knowledge creation is influenced by corporate value-creation processes, which differ considerably among firms—even those operating in the same industry. Finally, industry characteristics and corporate strategies influence knowledge management strategies. Most digital content developers have long-term oriented industrial consistency that improves their responsiveness to environmental change. Knowledge innovation is unique to the digital content industry. The types of knowledge management strategy correlated with the breadth, depth, diversification, and relevance of organization knowledge.
Insulating Properties of Low Density Polyethylene/Alumina Nanocomposites

High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) cable has become an important factor in the development of HVDC transmission. However, there are still difficulties such as space charge distribution in the development of HVDC cables. In this study, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites filled with nano alumina (nano-Al2O3) particles with or without modification were prepared by employing melting blend method. The results show that the modified nano-Al2O3 particles with vinyl silane coupling can be homogeneously dispersed in LDPE matrix. Space charge of the LDPE nanocomposites was tested by Pulsed Electro-Acoustic (PEA) method. The PEA spectrum indicated that decay charge effect of the LDPE/Al2O3 nanocomposites is better than that of neat LDPE. The space charge accumulated in the nanocomposites can be effectively decayed. The J-V curves show the nano-Al2O3 decrease the carrier mobility. The excellent insulation properties of the LDPE nanocomposites were attributed to the better interfacial adhesion between the surface-treated nano-Al2O3 particles and the matrix.
Mineral Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria Isolated from Various Plant Rhizosphere under Different Aluminum Content

The objectives of this study was to isolate and characterize the mineral phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere and evaluate their potential as plant growth promoting bacteria in Al-toxic soils. The halo zone formation method was used to isolate PSB using the media containing insoluble phosphates (Ca-P or Al-P) as a source of phosphate. Eight of acid and Al-tolerant PSB isolates that were able to solubilize Ca-P were obtained from rhizosphere of clover, wheat, corn, and sunflower grown in Al-toxic soil. Identification of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolates were strains of Burkholderia (5 strains), Pseudomonas (1 strain), Ralstonia (1 strain), and unidentified bacterium (1 strains). All PSB isolates showed the capability to dissolve Ca-P, and only 1 strain (Ralstonia strain) was able to dissolve Al-P in agar plate medium. The P-solubilization by these isolates was correlated with pH of medium. Inoculation of the bacterial strains on clover on Al-toxic medium showed that all isolates increased the plant dry weight compared with uninoculated treatment. Our results showed that those PSB isolates have potential to be developed as a biofertilizer to increase the efficiency of P-inorganic fertilizer used in Al-toxic soils.
Active Null Forming: Coordinated MIMO Transmit Precoding for Interference Mitigation in 5th Generation Networks

3gPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) are both striding towards the 5th generation wireless networks, with guaranteed cell edge coverage and performance. To achieve this, these networks will have unprecedented density of deployed cells, which will actively work with each other to maximize the link to all possible User Equipments (UEs). In this article, we propose a method by which individual network nodes can use additional antennae so as to transmit data to individual UEs while limiting the interference seen by other UEs on the same frequency and time-slot. Ideally, we should be able to have a dense network of nodes, all transmitting simultaneously on the same resource, without any cross-interference. We show that our proposed algorithm shows substantial performance gains over existing techniques addressing coordinated multipoint transmission between multiple transmitters and receivers. Keywords—Coordinated Multipoint; Multi-user MIMO; interference pre-cancellation
Leadership and Organizational Commitment in Educational Context : A Meta Analytic Review

The purpose of this meta-analytic review is to examine the magnitude of the relation between principals’ leadership styles and teacher commitment with moderator variables and to evaluate that relation in Turkish context. A metaanalysis technique was used to synthesize the results of eight independent studies. In this meta-analysis, we only had eight studies to analyze and found that the relation between leadership styles of principal and teacher commitment is positive but weak. It is generally known that there is a positive relation between these two variables. That is the case for educational context. An important point we observed in the process of literature review is that while the magnitude of the relation is weak or moderate in educational context, it is strong in business organizations. According to our moderator variables, as in most studies, transformational and instructional leadership have a stronger relation with teacher commitment than the other styles. This finding is supported by most of the studies. In third level school districts, the relation between leadership and teacher commitment is weaker than the other levels. The last point is that individual behavior levels affect the relation between leadership and teacher commitment more than organizational behavior levels.
Semi-arid warm-season grass yield and nutritive value in Argentina.

The use of standing dead biomass, during the winter that was produced by warm-season grasses in the previous growing season by pregnant beef cows may be an alternative to grazing systems in the semi-arid Pampean Region of Argentina. This study, conducted over 2 years, 1990 and 1991, compared the winter forage quality produced during the previous growing season for 4 warm-season grasses; switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. cv. Pathfinder), kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.), tetrachne (Tetrachne dregei Nees) and weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula (Schrad), Nees cv. Tanganyka). Five harvests of the summer growth started after the first frost, and were spaced evenly throughout the winter period. Changes in the standing crop of dry matter were measured and subsamples of forage were divided into leaf and stem fractions. Forage quality analyses included: crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), effective rumen degradability (ED), neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber and lignin. Tetrachne dregei produced forage with a higher leaf:stem ratio and of generally higher quality, than the other species, although the differences were not always significant. Its CP content was marginally below the maintenance requirements of cows. Dry matter yield of tetrachne was lower than that of weeping lovegrass, but differences were only significant in 1990. Kleingrass generally was high in quality and dry matter yield, although it was the lowest in percentage of leaves of the 4 species evaluated. Switchgrass was the least productive; the nutritive value of its forage was low, comparable or lower than that of weeping lovegrass. The first harvest date was higher in nutritive value. Although the nutritive value of leaves and stems were not compared statistically, the leaves tended to be higher than the stems. Tetrachne dregei, the best of the species evaluated in this study, is a very promising warm-season grass, which could provide nutritious forage for winter grazing systems in the semiarid Pampean Region of Argentina.
The Benefit of Hybrid Lateral Transshipments under Periodic Replenishment

Lateral transshipments are a method of responding to shortages of stock in a network of inventory-holding locations. Conventional reactive approaches only transship to meet immediate shortages. The paper proposes hybrid transshipments which exploit economies of scale in moving additional stock between locations to prevent future shortages in addition to meeting immediate ones. The setting we consider is motivated by the case of retailers who operate networks of outlets supplying car parts via a system of periodic replenishment. It is pioneering in the literature in featuring a stochastic model for demand which is non-stationary and permits general patterns of dependence between the many item types available for sale. It also allows for the application of both lost sales and backorder penalty costs. The generality of our setting makes the work widely applicable. We develop an easy-to-compute quasi-myopic heuristic for determining how enhanced transshipments should be made. We obtain simple characterisations of the heuristic and demonstrate its strong cost performance in both small and large networks in an extensive numerical study.
Understanding the role of the ground surface in HONO vertical structure: High resolution vertical profiles during NACHTT‐11

A negative‐ion proton‐transfer chemical ionization mass spectrometer was deployed on a mobile tower‐mounted platform during Nitrogen, Aerosol Composition, and Halogens on a Tall Tower (NACHTT) to measure nitrous acid (HONO) in the winter of 2011. High resolution vertical profiles revealed (i) HONO gradients in nocturnal boundary layers, (ii) ground surface dominates HONO production by heterogeneous uptake of NO2, (iii) significant quantities of HONO may be deposited to the ground surface at night, (iv) daytime gradients indicative of ground HONO production or emission, and (v) an estimated surface HONO reservoir comparable or larger than integrated daytime HONO surface production. Nocturnal integrated column observations of HONO and NO2 allowed direct evaluation of nocturnal ground surface uptake coefficients for these species (γNO2, surf = 2 × 10−6 to 1.6 × 10−5 and γHONO, surf = 2 × 10−5 to 2 × 10−4). A chemical model showed that the unknown source of HONO was highest in the morning, 4 × 106 molecules cm−3 s−1 (600 pptv h−1), declined throughout the day, and minimized near 1 × 106 molecules cm−3 s−1 (165 pptv h−1). The quantity of surface‐deposited HONO was also modeled, showing that HONO deposited to the surface at night was at least 25%, and likely in excess of 100%, of the calculated unknown daytime HONO source. These results suggest that if nocturnally deposited HONO forms a conservative surface reservoir, which can be released the following day, a significant fraction of the daytime HONO source can be explained for the NACHTT observations.
Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning Prior to Lectures on Learning and Retention

In the mandatory tutorial sections of an introductory probability and statistics course of just over 70 students in the Arts and Science undergraduate program, students were randomly assigned to small groups to work on accessible problems from upcoming material without any prior instruction on how to solve them. Solutions were ungraded, and marks were assigned for participation only. A multiyear study was conducted to test students for their level of retention one year later, comparing them to a previous control group. The test question concerned Bayes’ Theorem . Results suggest that the strategy improves student reasoning and retention of concepts while, as expected, a formula is long forgotten. However, low participation rates in the survey post-test produced a p-value of 20%, precluding a claim of statistical significance. Nonetheless, qualitative student feedback on surveys during the course showed a very strong positive response to the approach. Students reported the approach helped their thinking and reasoning, and assisted in their learning. They appreciated the informal, low-pressure environment of the problem-based learning (PBL) sessions, and reported that the sessions were beneficial for developing their own understanding of the concepts before going to lecture. Notwithstanding their positive feedback on PBL activities, students still expressed a preference for traditional instructional approaches where the teaching assistant leads them through solution procedures.
Risk of large-scale fires in boreal forests of Finland under changing climate

Abstract. The target of this work was to assess the impact of projected climate change on forest-fire activity in Finland with special emphasis on large-scale fires. In addition, we were particularly interested to examine the inter-model variability of the projected change of fire danger. For this purpose, we utilized fire statistics covering the period 1996–2014 and consisting of almost 20 000 forest fires, as well as daily meteorological data from five global climate models under representative concentration pathway RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model data were statistically downscaled onto a high-resolution grid using the quantile-mapping method before performing the analysis. In examining the relationship between weather and fire danger, we applied the Canadian fire weather index (FWI) system. Our results suggest that the number of large forest fires may double or even triple during the present century. This would increase the risk that some of the fires could develop into real conflagrations which have become almost extinct in Finland due to active and efficient fire suppression. However, the results reveal substantial inter-model variability in the rate of the projected increase of forest-fire danger, emphasizing the large uncertainty related to the climate change signal in fire activity. We moreover showed that the majority of large fires in Finland occur within a relatively short period in May and June due to human activities and that FWI correlates poorer with the fire activity during this time of year than later in summer when lightning is a more important cause of fires.
Does afforestation deteriorate haze pollution in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China?

Abstract. Although aggressive emission control strategies have been implemented recently in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area (BTH), China, pervasive and persistent haze still frequently engulfs the region during wintertime. Afforestation in BTH, primarily concentrated in the Taihang and Yan Mountains, has constituted one of the controversial factors exacerbating the haze pollution due to its slowdown of the surface wind speed. We report here an increasing trend of forest cover in BTH during 2001–2013 based on long-term satellite measurements and the impact of the afforestation on the fine-particle (PM2.5) level. Simulations using the Weather Research and Forecast model with chemistry reveal that afforestation in BTH since 2001 has generally been deteriorating the haze pollution in BTH to some degree, enhancing PM2.5 concentrations by up to 6 % on average. Complete afforestation or deforestation in the Taihang and Yan Mountains would increase or decrease the PM2.5 level within 15 % in BTH. Our model results also suggest that implementing a large ventilation corridor system would not be effective or beneficial to mitigate the haze pollution in Beijing.
Fabrication study of GaAs mesa diodes for X-ray detection

A study of leakage currents using GaAs mesa p-i-n diodes for X-ray photon counting is presented. Different wet chemical etching solution and etch depth were used in the fabrication of these mesa diodes. Low and uniform leakage currents were achieved when the diode fabrication used (i) a combination of main etching solution and finishing etching solution for the etching, and (ii) partially etched mesas. The diodes fabricated using these methods showed well-defined X-ray peaks when illuminated with an 55Fe radioisotope source.
Improved model for correcting the ionospheric impact on bending angle in radio occultation measurements

Abstract. The standard approach to remove the effects of the ionosphere from neutral atmosphere GPS radio occultation measurements is to estimate a corrected bending angle from a combination of the L1 and L2 bending angles. This approach is known to result in systematic errors and an extension has been proposed to the standard ionospheric correction that is dependent on the squared L1 ∕ L2 bending angle difference and a scaling term ( κ ). The variation of κ with height, time, season, location and solar activity (i.e. the F10.7 flux) has been investigated by applying a 1-D bending angle operator to electron density profiles provided by a monthly median ionospheric climatology model. As expected, the residual bending angle is well correlated (negatively) with the vertical total electron content (TEC). κ is more strongly dependent on the solar zenith angle, indicating that the TEC-dependent component of the residual error is effectively modelled by the squared L1 ∕ L2 bending angle difference term in the correction. The residual error from the ionospheric correction is likely to be a major contributor to the overall error budget of neutral atmosphere retrievals between 40 and 80 km. Over this height range κ is approximately linear with height. A simple κ model has also been developed. It is independent of ionospheric measurements, but incorporates geophysical dependencies (i.e. solar zenith angle, solar flux, altitude). The global mean error (i.e. bias) and the standard deviation of the residual errors are reduced from - 1.3 × 10 - 8 and 2.2 × 10 - 8 for the uncorrected case to - 2.2 × 10 - 10 rad and 2.0 × 10 - 9 rad, respectively, for the corrections using the κ model. Although a fixed scalar κ also reduces bias for the global average, the selected value of κ (14 rad −1) is only appropriate for a small band of locations around the solar terminator. In the daytime, the scalar κ is consistently too high and this results in an overcorrection of the bending angles and a positive bending angle bias. Similarly, in the nighttime, the scalar κ is too low. However, in this case, the bending angles are already small and the impact of the choice of κ is less pronounced.