Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consistency of Stochastic Context-Free Grammars From Probabilistic Estimation Based on Growth Transformations

An important problem related to the probabilistic estimation of stochastic context-free grammars (SCFGs) is guaranteeing the consistency of the estimated model. This problem was considered by Booth-Thompson (1973) and Wetherell (1980) and studied by Maryanski (1974) and Chaudhuri et al. (1983) for unambiguous SCFGs only, when the probability distributions were estimated by the relative frequencies in a training sample. In this work, we extend this result by proving that the property of consistency is guaranteed for all SCFGs without restrictions, when the probability distributions are learned from the classical inside-outside and Viterbi algorithms, both of which are based on growth transformations. Other important probabilistic properties which are related to these results are also proven.
P. falciparum RH5‐Basigin interaction induces changes in the cytoskeleton of the host RBC

The successful invasion of Plasmodium is an essential step in their life cycle. The parasite reticulocyte‐binding protein homologues (RHs) and erythrocyte‐binding like proteins are two families involved in the invasion leading to merozoite‐red blood cell (RBC) junction formation. Ca2+ signaling has been shown to play a critical role in the invasion. RHs have been linked to Ca2+ signaling, which triggers the erythrocyte‐binding like proteins release ahead of junction formation, consistent with RHs performing an initial sensing function in identifying suitable RBCs. RH5, the only essential RHs, is a highly promising vaccine candidate. RH5‐basigin interaction is essential for merozoite invasion and also important in determining host tropism. Here, we show that RH5 has a distinct function from the other RHs. We show that RH5‐Basigin interaction on its own triggers a Ca2+ signal in the RBC resulting in changes in RBC cytoskeletal proteins phosphorylation and overall alterations in RBC cytoskeleton architecture. Antibodies targeting RH5 that block the signal prevent invasion before junction formation consistent with the Ca2+ signal in the RBC leading to rearrangement of the cytoskeleton required for invasion. This work provides the first time a functional context for the essential role of RH5 and will now open up new avenues to target merozoite invasion.
Agent based intrusion detection for wireless local area network

Present attack problem to wireless local area network. Propose IDS model architecture with agents to monitor attack-related activity within a wireless local area network. And introduce the role of components in the model. Each agent operates cooperatively yet independently of the others, providing for efficiency, real-time response and distribution of resources. This architecture provides significant advantages in scalability, flexibility, extensibility, fault tolerance, and resistance to compromise.
Variant on chromosome 9p is associated with left ventricular mass: results from two cohorts of essential hypertensive individuals

Objectives: It is well known that among hypertensive patients, an increased left ventricular mass (LVM) is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying LVM in hypertension are not completely understood, as the absolute value of blood pressure and other risk factors associated do not predict alone a definite LVM progression. Recently, the 9p21 chromosomal region has been consistently associated with coronary heart disease. Methods and results: We examined the association of 384 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the short arm of chromosome 9 with LVM in 821 hypertensive individuals from northern Italy. We identified a SNP (rs894379) in the intronic region of the centlein, centrosomal protein (CNTLN) gene on chromosome 9p22, whose minor allele G is associated with an increased LVM. We performed a follow-up validation analysis for the top SNP in 1038 hypertensive individuals from southern Italy. We then combined the results and found a nominal association for rs894379 (&bgr; = 2.46, P = 0.0026). Conclusion: We describe a new variant associated with echocardiography LVM. This result, though it needs to be further investigated, may improve our understanding of the genetic determination of this prognostically relevant trait.
300 GHz microfabricated waveguide slotted arrays

We present a computationally efficient and accurate design technique for waveguide slotted arrays. The design technique is verified through measurements of a frequency-scanned antenna operating over the 275 to 295 GHz frequency range that has been fabricated using the PolyStrata® microfabrication process. Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for public release, Distribution Unlimited).
SYNTHESIS OF RGD CONTAINING PEPTIDES. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THEIR INCORPORATION TO THE SURFACE OF 5-FLUORURIDINE LOADED LIPOSOMES

The synthesis on solid phase of a peptide sequence (GGRGRS) related to an integrin adhesion site as well as the preparation of some hydrophobic derivatives is described. The incorporation of these peptides to the surface of liposomes was carried out either through the NGPE (N-glutaryl dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline) carboxyl-group or mixing hydrophobic peptide derivatives with lipids since the beginning of the process. The influence of these factors on the entrapment yield of 5-FUR (5-fluorouridine) was determined. Best results, calculated as percentage of drug encapsulation, were obtained when the peptide was linked to preformed liposomes via an NGPE-amide bond. On the contrary, the presence of these hydrophobic peptides on the bilayers decreases the overall yield of encapsulation of 5-FUR. Nevertheless, considering drug/lipid relationship and scaling-up requirements it seems that the use of myristoyl peptide derivative should be the procedure of choice. Physicochemical studies carried out with the peptides indicated that the presence of hydrophobic moieties linked to the parent peptide increases the tendency to self aggregation as detected through fluorescence studies using DPH (1, 6 diphenyl hexatriene) as marker, reducing in this way the efficiency of incorporation of hydrophobic peptides to the surface of liposomes.
The Features of Thrombus in a Microvessel Injury Model and the Antithrombotic Efficacy of Heparin, Urokinase, and Prostaglandin E1

In failed flap transfers and in burn injuries, superoxides and thrombi generated in the microcirculation are considered responsible for tissue injury. A dynamic and morphologic analysis of thrombus formation was conducted in a model of microvessel injury, and an analysis was made of the different antithrombotic effects of heparin, urokinase, and prostaglandin E1. The dye-light method was used (i.e., injury of the endothelium by reactive oxygen species) to induce thrombus formation in both the arterioles and venules of the rabbit ear chamber under an intravital microscope-television system. The dynamic course of thrombus formation was observed, and the period from irradiation to complete obstruction of blood flow (i.e., time to stasis) was measured and compared in relation to various treatment conditions. Arteriolar thrombi were formed by platelet aggregation. Venular thrombi were composed of platelets and erythrocytes that gathered and adhered around leukocytes stuck to the vessel wall. Heparin treatment prolonged the time to stasis in both the arterioles and the venules. Urokinase extended the time to stasis in the venules but not in the arterioles. Prostaglandin E1-treatment significantly prolonged the time to stasis in the arterioles, but only high-dose prostaglandin E1 prolonged the time to stasis in the venules. The results of this study show that endothelial damage caused by superoxides promotes the formation of thrombi that differ in composition between the arteriole and the venule and that the effectiveness of each drug varies accordingly. The authors believe that these agents can be used with increased efficacy if the two types of thrombi and the specific antithrombotic effects of each agent are considered.
Load Forecasting and Operation Strategy Design for CCHP Systems Using Forecasted Loads

Operation strategy of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems is designed to collect users' load information to determine the energy input to the system and power flow inside the system. Most of the current operation strategies are designed by assuming that accurate loads during the next time interval are already known. To solve the problem of unknown loads in practical applications, using an autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs model, whose parameters are identified by an ordinary least squares-two-stage recursive least squares (TSRLS) algorithm, cooling, heating, and electrical loads in the future time intervals are forecasted. The identification procedure uses the dew-point temperature as the instrumental variable for the exogenous variable (dry-bulb temperature), to better characterize the relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables. TSRLS helps to reduce the space and time complexity. A poststrategy is also proposed to compensate for the inaccurate forecasting. A case study is conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Experimental Demonstration of Ultrashort-Channel (3 nm) Junctionless FETs Utilizing Atomically Sharp V-Grooves on SOI

Ultrashort-channel junctionless FETs (JL-FETs) were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrates utilizing atomically sharp V-shaped grooves produced by anisotropic wet etching. The channel length, defined as the width of the V-groove bottom, was as short as 3 nm, and the channel thickness was between 1 and 8 nm. Excellent transistor characteristics with threshold voltages that are optimal for low-power operation were obtained for both n-FETs and p-FETs when the thickness of both the channel and gate dielectric film thickness was reduced to 1 nm. The origin of the excellent electrostatic control is discussed on the basis of fringe capacitance and quantum confinement effects in a nanometer-scale ultrathin Si layer where band-gap expansion, dielectric constant reduction, and increase in the dopant activation energy become prominent. The electrical characteristics of the ultrashort channel JL-FETs were found to be very sensitive to device parameters such as the channel thickness and dopant concentration.
Effect of sand-dune slope orientation on soil free-living nematode abundance and diversity

SummaryThe spatial and temporal dynamics and composition of a soil free-living nematode community were studied in order to determine the impact of slope orientation on the community on the xeric south- and the mesic north-facing sand-dune slopes.A significant effect of sampling location on organic matter, total number of free-living nematodes, and trophic diversity was found. Although soil moisture had a significant effect on separate nematode trophic groups and on most of the applied ecological indices, no differences in soil moisture were observed between slopes. Organic matter was found to have a significant effect on the fungivore nematodes. The obtained results indicate that the south-facing slope is more favorable for the observed free-living nematodes than the other sampling sites. Twenty-four of the 77 nematode species that were found in the observed area showed dependence on dune slope orientation. The fungibacteria ratio, Simpson’s dominance index, and basal index were useful tools for determining slope differences.
Increased resolution in neutral atom microscopy

The neutral atom microscope uses a beam of thermal noncharged atoms or molecules to probe an atomic surface with very low interaction energies (<70 meV). Continued optimization of the ‘pinhole’ neutral atom microscope has improved resolution to 0.35 μm. Recent images are presented demonstrating resolution and the contrast mechanisms identified so far. The future potential for sub‐100 nm resolution is discussed.
Sonic Xplorer: A Machine Learning Approach for Parametric Exploration of Sound

This paper presents Sonic Xplorer an interfaces that uses timbre adjectives for multiparametric control sound synthesis. The interface utilises an artificial neural network to create a personalised interface. Users can manipulate a large number of sound synthesis parameters without the need to learn or use the synthesiser’s complex interface by utilising programed sounds by expert users. Sonic Xplorer learns a correlation based on users’ ratings between timbre adjectives and the acoustic descriptors. Timbre adjectives are then used to describe the acoustic qualities of the desired sound. This paper discusses in detail the approach that has been followed to develop the system and the mapping and strategies users employed when using the interface in order to discover new sounds.
“Walking Between the Raindrops”: Intimate Partner Violence in the Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel From Social Workers’ Perspective

Intimate partner violence (IPV) in faith-based communities has unique characteristics that social workers should consider. This qualitative study examines how social workers describe their encounter with abused Jewish ultra-Orthodox women. In-depth interviews were conducted among 24 social workers (one man, 23 women: four were ultra-Orthodox, 19 were modern Orthodox, and one was secular); all respondents worked in the public sector, welfare offices, and non-profit organizations in ultra-Orthodox communities. Three major themes emerged: (a) “There is no guardian against unchastity”: Is there no safe haven when it comes to domestic violence? ; (b) “I’m not religious enough, not disciplined enough”: describing the experience of violence in the therapeutic encounter; and (c) “walking between the raindrops”: culturally sensitive social work in the context of IPV. Findings and implications are discussed in the context of cultural sensitivity.
A Hybrid of Sliding Mode Control and Fuzzy Gain Scheduling PID Control using Fuzzy Supervisory Switched System for DC Motor Speed Control System

This paper shows another way to deal with speed control of DC Motor. Two nonlinear controllers, one of sliding mode control and the other Fuzzy gain scheduling PID, characterize another control structure. Essentially, in this configuration procedure, the SMC and Fuzzy gain scheduling PID controller have been consolidated by a switching system which is chosen by the Fuzzy supervisory system. The sliding-mode controller acts essentially in a transient state while the fuzzy gain scheduler PID controller acts in the steady state. The new structure epitomizes the favorable circumstances that both nonlinear controllers offer: a sliding-mode controller provides the fast rise time and fuzzy gain scheduling PID controllers lessening the chattering in the steady state. The simulation results show that utilizing the new hybrid SMC fuzzy gain scheduling PID controller gives "better" system response as far as transient and steady state are concerned when compared with the SMC or fuzzy gain scheduling PID controller’s applications. The controller parameters are tuned with the help of fuzzy logic.
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group fixed-dose study of a potential adjuvant compound, VML-670

Sexual dysfunction is common during acute and continuation treatment of depressed patients with selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) re-uptake inhibitors (ssRIs), but there is no consensus on clinical management. Compounds with 5-HT1A agonist properties have been proposed as adjuvant agents in patients continuing with ssRIs. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group fixed-dose 4-week treatment study. Previously depressed male or female patients in symptomatic remission receiving stable doses of fluoxetine or paroxetine but experiencing treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction were randomised to double-blind treatment with placebo or VML-670 (a 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D agonist). sexual dysfunction was assessed by the Arizona sexual Experiences scale (ASEX). Two-hundred and eighty-eight patients (204 women, 84 men; mean age 44.2 years) received VML-670 (n = 149; 107 women, 42 men) or placebo (n = 139; 97 women, 42 men). In the intention-to-treat, last-observation carried forward analysis (n = 282), proportionately more patients became free of sexual dysfunction with VML-670 (34.3% versus 27.9% with placebo) but this difference was not statistically significant. Male patients treated with VML-670 showed a significantly greater (p =0.01) improvement in ability to achieve and maintain penile erection (a secondary outcome measure). A similar proportion of patients reported on-treatment, treatment-emergent adverse events with VML-670 (71.1%) and placebo (68.3%), and a similar proportion experienced at least one treatment-related adverse event (36.9% versus 35.3%). Double-blind treatment with VML-670 offered no significant advantage over placebo on the primary outcome measure in the overall sample. Further studies may be warranted in larger groups of male patients with sexual dysfunction.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation modulate a Ca(2+)‐activated K+ channel in rat peptidergic nerve terminals.

1. Ca(2+)‐activated K+ channels regulate the excitability of many nerve terminals. A Ca(2+)‐activated K+ channel present in the membranes of rat posterior pituitary nerve terminals runs down following the formation of excised patches. This run‐down process reflects enzymatic dephosphorylation. 2. Both Mg‐ATP and the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid prevented run‐down of channel activity in excised patches. The okadaic acid sensitivity suggests that run‐down resulted from dephosphorylation by a type 1 protein phosphatase. 3. Guanosine 5'‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) accelerated run‐down by accelerating okadaic acid‐sensitive dephosphorylation. GTP gamma S had no effect on the activity of the protein kinase in these patches. These results suggest a direct coupling between a G‐protein and a protein phosphatase. 4. After run‐down, channel activity could be restored by Mg‐ATP; restoration depended on ATP hydrolysis, but did not require Ca2+ or a second messenger. Restoration of channel activity by ATP was blocked by staurosporine and 1‐(5‐isoquinolinylsulphonyl)‐3‐methylpiperizine, but not by more specific inhibitors of protein kinases. 5. Restoration of channel activity by phosphorylation was very sensitive to membrane potential; increasing the voltage by as little as 10 mV could dramatically enhance recovery. 6. Ca2+ and voltage acted synergistically to enhance phosphorylation; higher [Ca2+] permitted phosphorylation at more negative potentials. 7. During trains of high frequency stimulation under current clamp, action potentials were influenced by both the protein phosphatase and protein kinase, indicating that enzymatic modulation of channel gating occurs under physiological conditions. An important implication of these results is that voltage‐dependent phosphorylation could play a role in use‐dependent depression of secretion from nerve terminals.
Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene Antisense Oligonucleotide Increases the Sensitivity of Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Gemcitabine In Vitro

Resistance to gemcitabine is the major problem in pancreatic cancer chemotherapy, and recent evidence suggests that down-regulation of hTERT mRNA could enhance the antitumor efficacy of other well known chemotherapy agents targeting DNA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined antitumor efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN) targeting hTERT mRNA and gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer cells. Our results showed that transient transfection in clones of the human pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and Panc-1 with 0. 2μM hTERT AS-ODN for 24 h diminished the abundance of hTERT mRNA and inhibited telomerase activity, but only resulted in a slightly attenuated ability of proliferation. While pretreatment with 0. 2μM AS-ODN for 24 h followed by gemcitabine in BxPC-3 or Panc-1 cells led to tumor cell growth suppression more significantly than gemcitabine alone in MTT, and the IC50 of gemcitabine was reduced to about 8.7 times in Panc-1 cells, and 4.2 times in BxPC-3 cells. Likewise, after treatment with gemcitabine for 48 h, the AS-ODN-transfected cells exhibited significantly decreased colony formation ability relative to the parental cells. Apoptosis analysis indicated that hTERT AS-ODN increased the gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in both cell lines. All together, these findings implied that hTERT AS-ODN could increase the chemosensitivity of gemcitabine through down-regulation of hTERT mRNA expression and inhibition of telomerase activity, which may make it an attractive agent for the sensitization of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine.
Identification of two phosphorylation sites essential for annexin A1 in blood–brain barrier protection after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats

Annexin A1 has been reported to exert a blood–brain barrier protection. This study was designed to examine the role of annexin A1 in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction. A collagenase intracerebral hemorrhage model was performed in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. First, a possible relationship between annexin A1 and intracerebral hemorrhage pathology was confirmed by a loss of annexin A1 in the cerebrovascular endothelium and serum of intracerebral hemorrhage rats, and the rescue effects of i.v. administration of human recombinant annexin A1 in vivo and annexin A1 overexpression in vitro on the barrier function of brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to intracerebral hemorrhage stimulus. Second, we found that intracerebral hemorrhage significantly increased the phosphorylation ratio of annexin A1 at the serine/threonine residues. Finally, based on site-specific mutagenesis, we identified two phosphorylation sites (a) annexin A1 phosphorylation at threonine 24 is required for its interaction with actin cytoskeleton, and (b) phosphorylation at serine27 is essential for annexin A1 secretion, both of which were essential for maintaining cytoskeleton integrity and paracellular permeability. In conclusion, annexin A1 prevents intracerebral hemorrhage-induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction in threonine 24 and serine27 phosphorylation-dependent manners. Annexin A1 phosphorylation may be a self-help strategy in brain microvascular endothelial cells after intracerebral hemorrhage; however, that was almost completely abolished by the intracerebral hemorrhage-induced loss of annexin A1.
1 Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery 1

5 Various strategies for ocular drug delivery are considered; from basic formulation techniques for 6 improving availability of drugs; viscosity enhancers and mucoadhesives aid drug retention and 7 penetration enhancers promote drug transport into the eye. The use of drug loaded contact lenses 8 and ocular inserts allows drugs to be better placed where they are needed for more direct 9 delivery. Developments in ocular implants gives a means to overcome the physical barriers that 10 traditionally prevented effective treatment. Implant technologies are under development allowing 11 long term drug delivery from a single procedure, these devices allow posterior chamber diseases 12 to be effectively treated. Future developments could bring artificial corneas to eliminate the need 13 for donor tissue and one-off implantable drug depots lasting the patient’s lifetime. 14 Key Terms 15 Bandage contact lens: Device designed to fit directly onto the front of the eye to offer 16 protection during the healing process, for example, after corneal surgery. 17 Container molecule: Molecular structures with cavities that can accommodate another molecule 18 via guest – host complexation. 19