Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning in Semantic Segmentation of Rust in Images

Rust detection is an essential topic in many areas, especially in telecommunication, which needs effective systems to segment and recognize rust on power electric towers, antenna. Our exclusive architecture use is based on a fully convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation and composed of Densenet encoder PSP intermediate layers and two skip connections upsample layers. The code written in Python used Pytorch libraries to compute and categorize the images. Comparing between models such as E-Net, U-Net, FCN, we have received our highest FCN (Fully Convolutional Neural) model for the most stable ratio of IoU (Intersection over Union) in 3 models stated with mean scores are 58.1 for origin images and 61.8 for background removal. With the results, we will contribute to detect rust on electric poles in time to avoid rust-causing serious consequences.
Effect of an associate grass, cutting interval, and cutting height on yield and botanical composition of Siratro pastures in a sub-tropical environment

Plots of Siratro and Siratro plus Nandi setaria were cut every 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks at either 7.5 cm or 15.0 cm above ground over three years. At the end of three years plant density and the residual effect of treatment on yield over ten weeks in spring and summer were measured. The yield of Siratro was reduced by about 30 per cent when grown with Setaria (4.04 and 2.86 t ha-1/yr-1). But total annual yield was increased at all cutting intervals, by an average of 4 t ha-l when the grass was included (1 0.6 and 6.6 t ha-1yr-1). Siratro yield increased by an average of 225 kg ha-l yr-1 for each week extension of the cutting interval. Associated with this increase was a decline in weed yield and an increase in the percentage of Siratro. Cutting at 15 cm reduced total yield by 2.44 t ha-1 yr-1 compared with cutting at 7.5 cm, but only reduced Siratro yield at the 12 and 16 week cutting intervals. In the plots cut to 7.5 cm every four weeks Siratro declined in yield over three years and was replaced by invading white clover. Siratro density was reduced in the grass-legume plots to one third of that in the corresponding legume plots. In both pastures, Siratro density increased linearly as cutting interval increased but was not affected by cutting height. Grass density also increased linearly with cutting interval up to 12 weeks but then declined sharply when cut every 16 weeks. This decline was attributed to the very heavy shading by the associated Siratro. There were large residual effects of cutting interval on total and Siratro yield which were associated with plant density and plant vigour.
Assimetria dos custos em empresas brasileiras de capital aberto do setor de Química

The understanding cost behavior is important for management decisions and organizational competitiveness. The Traditional Approach to Cost Behavior establishes costs as fixed or variable, with variable costs behaving symmetrically, while the Sticky Costs Theory establishes that costs behave asymmetrically, being called sticky costs. The objective of this research is to verify the impact of the determining factors in the asymmetry of sticky costs in Brazilian public companies in the chemical sector. The research is descriptive and quantitative, using descriptive statistics and the panel data regression model as a technique, with the sample comprising 12 publicly traded Brazilian chemical companies active in the Securities and Exchange Commission, from 1995 to 2018 and contained in the Economatica database. The results show that, on average, 80% of Net Sales Revenue (NSR) is intended to cover the Cost of Goods Sold (CPS), 46% for Raw Material (RM), 12% for Selling Expenses and Administrative (SEA) and 94% for the Total Costs (TC) of the sector. Regarding the analysis of the hypotheses, the asymmetry of costs (H1) is not refuted for the RM and SEA costs of the chemical sector and for the CPS and TC costs of the segment of medicines and other products, being the asymmetric sticky costs. Once the asymmetry of the sticky costs is proven, we proceed to assess the individual impact of the determining factors in this asymmetry. In this study, the Cost Structure (H2), Company Size (H3), Asset Intensity (H4) and Labor Intensity (H5), Magnitude of Variations (H7), Delay in Cost Adjustments (H8), Chemical Industry GDP Growth (H9) and the Sectorial Trade Deficit (H10), did not impact the asymmetry of sticky costs in the chemical sector. The Manager's Deliberate Decision (H6) is not refuted and negatively affects the asymmetry of sticky costs in companies in the chemical sector, considering a period of decline of 3 consecutive years of NSR. In relation to the CPS and TC of the medication and other products segment, the hypotheses about the determining factors of sticky cost asymmetry were analyzed, but all were refuted. Finally, there is the joint analysis (H11) of the determining factors that, evaluated in the chemistry sector, was not refuted just for the costs with SEA. For the segment of medicines and other products, H11 was not refuted for both expenses. It is concluded, with the findings of the study, that the determining factors that impact on the asymmetry of the sticky costs in the Brazilian reality do not impact on the asymmetry of the sticky costs of the chemical sector, with the exception of the pessimism of the managers. The managers of the chemical sector remain pessimistic with the fall in NSR, maintaining resources for 3 years, only after this period, they eliminate resources from the current period and from previous periods. In addition, the asymmetry of the sticky costs of the industry segments does not influence the asymmetry of the sticky costs of the chemical sector.
Isolation of Genomic DNA from Stylo Species without Liquid Nitrogen Suitable for RAPD and STS Analyses

Genomic DNA was isolated from leaves of five species of stylo (Stylosanthes scabra, S. hamata, S. seabrana, S. humilis and S. viscosa), a range fodder legume using CTAB and SDS based extraction buffer ‘S’ method. Ethanol was used as leaf fixing solution instead of grinding in liquid nitrogen, which yielded high molecular weight DNA (>30 kb). DNA quality and quantity were comparable to those isolated with liquid nitrogen. Isolated DNA was suitable for RAPD, sequence tagged site (STS) and restriction enzyme digestion. This method does not require liquid nitrogen for fixation, grinding, or storage at −80°C, making it advantageous over other common protocols.
MODIFICATION OF SPECTINOMYCIN

Preparation of 4-dihydro-4-deoxy-4(R)-aminospectinomycin (4a) and 4-dihydro-4-deoxy-4(S)-aminospectinomycin (4b) is described. 4a shows antibiotic activity comparable to spectinomycin, 4b is devoid of activity.
Pollen assemblage richness does not reflect regional plant species richness: a cautionary tale

Palaeoecological records of species richness spanning time intervals over which climate variables have shifted relative to one another can help reduce issues of colinearity that might affect our understanding of patterns of species richness. Fossil pollen assemblages have the potential to serve as a proxy for past plant richness because they record the presence of plant taxa. However, pollen assemblages are typically limited by low taxonomic resolution and taphonomic processes (pollen production, transport, deposition and preservation), which may degrade the degree to which pollen accurately represents vegetation communities. We combined pollen assemblages from modern lake sediments (n = 546; n = 167 in British Columbia, Canada) in the Pacific Northwest, with a detailed data base (n = 16 071) of plant presence across the province and a published record of gamma richness to test the accuracy of pollen assemblages as a proxy for regional patterns of plant richness. A generalized linear model using plant richness resolved at multiple taxonomic levels suggests taxonomic differences between plant and pollen taxa may reduce the ability of pollen richness to predict plant richness at the site level, but that this relationship is still recoverable, albeit with broad confidence intervals. Spatially explicit analysis using a generalized additive model shows that predicted plant richness has no relationship with raw pollen assemblage richness at all taxonomic levels. The taxonomic composition of the region (i.e. the ratio of wind‐pollinated to insect‐pollinated species) and/or the morphological specificity of the dominant pollen types in the region may play a role in limiting the reconstruction of plant richness from pollen richness. Nonetheless, we believe this study is the first to empirically test the relationship between plant and pollen richness, and fails to find a significant relationship. Synthesis. Palynological richness in itself cannot be considered a universally reliable proxy for inferring plant richness; however, broad spatial and temporal patterns of change in richness have been reported in the literature. Our findings suggest that more work is needed to understand previously reported patterns of pollen assemblage richness through time and in space. We suggest the use of functional diversity or phylogenetically based analysis may help link pollen richness to plant community richness.
Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata in forestry. II. Effects of fertilizer forms and levels on ectomycorrhizal development and growth of container-grown Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings

Container-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata (Scop, ex Fr.) Berk, and Br. and grown under three levels of soluble fertilizer (low, high, and a combination of low changed to high) and full and half strength of a slow-release fertilizer. Ectomycorrhiza development was excellent for both hosts regardless of fertilizer treatment; percent ectomycorrhizal short roots averaged 93.6 for Douglas-fir and 94.5 for ponderosa pine. Inoculation did not affect the size of Douglas-fir but significantly reduced growth of ponderosa pine under low fertility. L. laccata performed well under high-fertility regimes; production of outplantable nursery stock with well-developed ectomycorrhizae was obtained.
Nitrogen‐regulated effects of free‐air CO2 enrichment on methane emissions from paddy rice fields

Using the free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) techniques, we carried out a 3‐year mono‐factorial experiment in temperate paddy rice fields of Japan (1998–2000) and a 3‐year multifactorial experiment in subtropical paddy rice fields in the Yangtze River delta in China (2001–2003), to investigate the methane (CH4) emissions in response to an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (200±40 mmol mol−1 higher than that in the ambient atmosphere). No significant effect of the elevated CO2 upon seasonal accumulative CH4 emissions was observed in the first rice season, but significant stimulatory effects (CH4 increase ranging from 38% to 188%, with a mean of 88%) were observed in the second and third rice seasons in the fields with or without organic matter addition. The stimulatory effects of the elevated CO2 upon seasonal accumulative CH4 emissions were negatively correlated with the addition rates of decomposable organic carbon (P<0.05), but positively with the rates of nitrogen fertilizers applied in either the current rice season (P<0.05) or the whole year (P<0.01). Six mechanisms were proposed to explain collectively the observations. Soil nitrogen availability was identified as an important regulator. The effect of soil nitrogen availability on the observed relation between elevated CO2 and CH4 emission can be explained by (a) modifying the C/N ratio of the plant residues formed in the previous growing season(s); (b) changing the inhibitory effect of high C/N ratio on plant residue decomposition in the current growing season; and (c) altering the stimulatory effects of CO2 enrichment upon plant growth, as well as nitrogen uptake in the current growing season. This study implies that the concurrent enrichment of reactive nitrogen in the global ecosystems may accelerate the increase of atmospheric methane by initiating a stimulatory effect of the ongoing dramatic atmospheric CO2 enrichment upon methane emissions from nitrogen‐poor paddy rice ecosystems and further amplifying the existing stimulatory effect in nitrogen‐rich paddy rice ecosystems.
Soft Error Tolerance of Power-Supply-Noise Hardened Latches

As the shrink of a device size and the decrease in power supply voltage of VLSI circuits, their reliability has been degraded due to soft errors. In recent years, malfunctions caused by soft errors have become noticeable on the ground level, and their countermeasures are required. The authors have proposed power-supply-noise hardened FFs which have a partially redundant circuit structure. Focusing on the redundant structure of the latch circuits in those FFs, this paper evaluates their soft error tolerance. By using HSPICE circuit simulations, it is shown that the latch circuits are tolerant not only to power supply noise but also to soft errors. Finally, from those results, this paper shows that the proposed FFs have high reliability for these factors.
Corporate distress prediction using random forest and tree net for india

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Neural Networks with Asymptotics Control

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have recently been proposed as accurate and fast approximators in various derivatives pricing applications. ANNs typically excel in fitting functions they approximate at the input parameters they are trained on, and often are quite good in interpolating between them. However, for standard ANNs, their extrapolation behavior – an important aspect for financial applications – cannot be controlled due to complex functional forms typically involved. We overcome this significant limitation and develop a new type of neural networks that incorporate large-value asymptotics, when known, allowing explicit control over extrapolation. This new type of asymptotics-controlled ANNs is based on two novel technical constructs, a multi-dimensional spline interpolator with prescribed asymptotic behavior, and a custom ANN layer that guarantees zero asymptotics in chosen directions. Asymptotics control brings a number of important benefits to ANN applications in finance such as well-controlled behavior under stress scenarios, graceful handling of regime switching, and improved interpretability.
Are Investors Misled by Exclusions of Recurring Expenses from Non-GAAP Earnings?

While non-GAAP reporting is under debate as managers might opportunistically inflate non-GAAP earnings, analytical research by Hirshleifer and Teoh (2003) proposes that limited attention causes mispricing when inappropriate items are excluded from non-GAAP earnings but will be reversed subsequently. Addressing this proposition empirically, we find that market revisions upon the release of material restatements (a proxy of heightened investor attention) are more negative for firms that ex-ante excluded recurring expenses frequently (a proxy for inappropriate non-GAAP adjustments). This finding suggests that investors may fail to detect less salient, yet available, public information. Further, we document that investors reward aggressively reported non-GAAP earnings before the restatement announcement, but punish the same reporting choices in the post-restatement period. Overall, our findings suggest that investor attention, which increases after the restatement, enhances investors’ ability to disentangle aggressive from non-aggressive non-GAAP reporting choices. Findings hold for the pre- and post-Regulation G period.
The molecular mechanism of fat accumulation changes in Black-Bone chickens with different energy intakes.

To investigate the molecular mechanism by which diets of different energy levels alter fat accumulation, 120 Black-Bone chickens were divided into 3 groups and fed diets with varying energy levels for six weeks (low: 3.02 Mcal/kg, moderate: 3.22 Mcal/kg, high: 3.42 Mcal/kg). The high-energy diet increased the concentration of blood lipids. Furthermore, high-energy intake inhibited the activities of several serum lipases. Histological sections showed over-synthesis of lipids in the livers of chickens fed high-energy diets. Data from western blotting and PCR analyses indicated that key factors for lipogenesis, regulatory transcription factors and fatty acid transporters, were up-regulated, while key factors for lipolysis were down-regulated. Chickens fed low-energy diets showed opposite results. In conclusion, varying energy levels of diets affect fat accumulation in Black-Bone chickens through changed expression of metabolic regulators.
The effect of pre-sowing seed treatment on seedlings growth rate and their excretory activity

The importance of studying pre-sowing seed treatment lies in the possibility of regulating the rate of seed germination, the intensity of their growth and obtaining root exudates in biotechnology. The effect of three pre-sowing treatment methods was examined (control – washing with running water; the first method – washing with 0.05% sodium permanganate solution; the second method – 30 seconds in 70% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and 30 minutes in 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); the third method – 5 minutes in 70% C2H5OH and 40 minutes in 5% NaOCl) on the growth rate, germination rate, excretion rate of seeds of wheat and peas and composition (of protein, carbohydrate, amino acid content) of root exudates from the first to the third day of growth in order to obtain root exudates. It was revealed that the same pre-sowing treatment of wheat and pea seeds has a different effect on the rate and variability of seedling growth from the first to the third day, as well as on the qualitative and quantitative composition of root exudates. It was shown that pre-sowing treatment of wheat and pea seeds for 5 minutes with 70% ethanol followed by treatment with sodium hypochlorite (a “hard” treatment method) accelerates seedling growth and seed germination. This method of treatment reduces the intensity of excretion of root exudates and composition in wheat, but it increases the intensity of excretion in peas. The discovered effects can be explained by hormesis. Additionally, the third method of pre-sowing seed treatment can be used in root technologies for obtaining root exudates.
Nontraditional Regression Analyses

Least-squares linear regression and multiple regression are among the most commonly used analytical techniques of ecologists. However, these techniques only address a portion of the possible applications of regression methods. We discuss two less commonly used regression analyses that could find wide application in ecology, logistic regression and LOWESS regression. Logistic regression is appropriate in cases where the dependent vari- able is categorical, dichotomous, or polychotomous. It can be used with continuous and/ or discrete independent variables. Logistic regression is motivated by the underlying bi- nomial or multinomial distribution of dichotomous and polychotomous dependent vari- ables and transforms the data to explicitly model these distributions. Locally weighted regression scatterplot smoothing or LOWESS regression is used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and independent variable when no single functional form will do. LOWESS regression is motivated by the assumption that neighboring values of the independent variable are the best indicators of the dependent variable in that range of
Factors controlling the extent of eutrophication and toxicity in sulfate‐polluted freshwater wetlands

Increased sulfur loads originating from polluted surface water and groundwater, and from enhanced atmospheric input, are a major threat to the biogeochemical functioning and biodiversity of freshwater wetlands. Sulfate reduction, normally playing a modest role in these systems, becomes the most important biogeochemical process, inducing severe eutrophication and sulfide toxicity. In field enclosure experiments we observed striking differences between the responses of two freshwater marshes to sulfate. On one location sulfate addition resulted in strong phosphorus mobilization without sulfide accumulation, whereas high sediment sulfide concentrations, known to be toxic to wetland macrophytes, were reached in the other marsh without eutrophication occurring. The results could be explained by differences in groundwater iron discharge and nutrient contents of the peat sediments. Sulfate reduction rates appeared to be limited by either electron donor availability (first marsh) or electron acceptor availability (second marsh). The implications of these findings are explained in relation to freshwater wetland management.
Modulatory effects of Artemisia annua extracts on human complement, neutrophil oxidative burst and proliferation of T lymphocytes

Air‐dried aerial parts of Artemisia annua were extracted with petroleum ether, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water successively. The extracts were screened for their in vitro effects on human complement, proliferation of T lymphocytes, and chemiluminescence by zymosan‐stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. All extracts exhibited dose‐dependent inhibitory activities in our immunoassays. The highest activity towards the classical pathway of complement was found in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, whereas in the chemiluminescence assay, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts showed the most pronounced inhibitory activities. In the T‐cell proliferation assay, the diethyl ether extract exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect. Artemisinin showed no immunomodulatory activity in our assays.
Dry matter disappearance of roughages in nylon bags suspended in the rumen.

Abstract The nylon bag technique was used to determine the dry matter disappearance of six roughages varying in fiber content, and the effect of two hay diets and time in the rumen on digestibility. Values of alfalfa and Coastal Bermuda-grass obtained by this method were similar to published data obtained by conventional digestion trials, but dry matter disappearance for the higher fiber roughages of cottonseed hulls, corncobs, soybean straw, and corn stalks was considerably lower. Disappearance values were higher with the steer on Coastal Bermudagrass diet than on alfalfa-orchardgrass diet and were significant (P For an average of all roughages, there was no increase in dry matter disappearance past the 72-hr period for both diets; however, a significant (P