Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Coated Urea Fertilizer against NH4+ and NO3- Concentration in Clay Loam Soil Texture

The study aims to determine the level NH 4 + and NO 3 - in the soil with clay loam texture with addition neem coated urea fertilizer. This study was conducted in Experimental Farm of Biology Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science Makassar State University and Laboratory of Assessment Institute for Agriculture Technology in Maros. This research was an experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CDR) with five treatments are control, urea, neem (2,5%) coated urea, neem (5%) coated urea and DCD (5%) coated urea with three replicates. Analysis of NH 4 + and NO 3 - levels in this study using colourimetric method. Results obtained by the levels of NH 4 + and NO 3 - produced after applied of nitrification inhibitor materials coated urea fertilizer as indicated by concentration of NH 4 + and NO 3 - produced in soil. Neem (5%) coated urea as a nitrification inhibitor showed the best effect in increasing levels of NH 4 + in the soil, while DCD (5%) coated urea were the best inhibitor in reducing levels of NO 3 - in the soil.
Storage Control Plane Monitoring Application Multipath Application Application Plane Other SDN Applications SDNMon MP − Routing Network Services Network Element Network Element Network Element Data Plane Scheduler

Funding information Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Summary In general, traffic is pushed through a single path despite the existence of alternative paths in networks. For example, routing solutions based on spanning tree prune the topology to prevent loops, consequently preventing also the use of alternative paths. Research on quality of service frequently advocates that the use of alternative paths is interesting for enforcing Service Level Agreements (SLAs), bypassing bottlenecks created by shortest paths. In this paper, we are interested in analyzing the support for monitoring network traffic and for provisioning of multipaths in software-defined networking (SDN), given the strong platform it provides for experimentation of new networked solutions. Our approach firstly enriches the topology view at the control plane with data gathered through fine grain data plane monitoring. On the basis of such enriched view, our system determines the path, or multipaths, necessary to enforce the specified SLA. We propose 2 extension modules to an OpenFlow controller: SDNMon, which monitors the data plane to enrich the topology information at the control plane, and MP-Routing, which determines a set of paths, in the absence of a single path capable of enforcing the SLA. Both modules are extensively evaluated, and the results not only demonstrate what can be achieved in terms of accuracy in SDNMon and in terms of quality of service benefits in MP-Routing but also highlight some limitations of OpenFlow specification. On the basis of our findings, we propose a set of new counters to Per Port and Per Flow granularity levels of OpenFlow specification.
WHEELED MOBILE ROBOTS: A REVIEW

Holonomic and omnidirectional locomotion systems are best known for their capability to maneuver at any arbitrary direction regardless of their current position and orientation with a three degrees of freedom mobility. This paper summarizes the advancement of holonomic and omnidirectional locomotion systems for wheeled mobile robot applications and discuss the issues and challenges for future improvement.
Use of Outdoor Living Spaces and Fink’s Taxonomy of Significant Learning in Sustainability Engineering Education

Previous sustainability engineering education studies have suggested the importance of problem-based learning, project-based learning, team-based learning, and interdisciplinary learning. Place-based learning, interacting with outdoors, and building sustainable communities are also important aspects of sustainability education, yet relatively little has been published on how to use these pedagogical approaches in engineering education. The goal of this paper was to illustrate the implementation of all these pedagogical approaches in a graduate-level sustainability engineering education class. Fink’s taxonomy of significant learning and the University of Toledo’s Outdoor Classroom Garden provided the framework for this implementation. Throughout the semester, sustainability engineering students worked toward an engineering solution for how to water the University of Toledo’s outdoor classroom garden. They also estimated the life-cycle cost and environmental impacts of their proposed solutions. The garden p.
Subjective Risks and Barriers to Perennial Bioenergy Production: Estimating a Structural Model with Data from a Hypothetical Market Experiment

Due in part to concerns over energy security and the environmental impacts of fossil fuels, recent United States energy policy has included provisions to promote renewable energy. The Energy Policy Act includes provisions for advanced biofuels from cellulosic biomass. Perennial bioenergy crops such as perennial grasses and woody crops are an alternative source of feedstock for biofuel with lower environmental impacts than their annual counterparts. Previous work has shown that, when perennial grasses are financially competitive with a farmer’s current crops, a majority of farmers will produce perennial grasses but only on a small portion of their land. One potential explanation for this is the risk posed by growing a new crop and selling it into a new emerging market. Therefore this study uses the land allocation under risk framework developed by Just and Zilberman (1988) to estimate structural parameters. The structural system is estimated using full information maximum likelihood. Observation of the acreage choice is condi- tional on the risk-adjusted profits being positive making the estimation method analogous to Heckman’s simultaneous sample correction method. As a result of using a structural mixed-processes system the scale parameter of the discrete choice equation can be identi- fied. Results suggest that agricultural landowners perceive an order of magnitude higher risk to perennial bioenergy production than their current production system. These results are partly driven by the risk management options currently available for commodity crops such as crop insurance, futures markets, and risk reducing inputs. Agricultural landowners also perceive woody crops as risker and with higher adoption costs than perennial grasses.
Time-series transcriptomics reveals that AGAMOUS-LIKE 22 affects 3 primary metabolism and developmental processes in drought-stressed 4 Arabidopsis 5 6 Running title : Temporal drought dynamics in Arabidopsis 7 8

LARGE-SCALE BIOLOGY ARTICLE 1 2 Time-series transcriptomics reveals that AGAMOUS-LIKE22 affects 3 primary metabolism and developmental processes in drought-stressed 4 Arabidopsis 5 6 Running title: Temporal drought dynamics in Arabidopsis 7 8 Ulrike Bechtold1*, Christopher A. Penfold2&, Dafyd J. Jenkins2, Roxane 9 Legaie2+, Jonathan D. Moore2, Tracy Lawson1, Jack S.A. Matthews, Silvere 10 R.M. Vialet-Chabrand, Laura Baxter2, Sunitha Subramaniam, Richard 11 Hickman, Hannah Florance3, §§, Christine Sambles, Deborah L. Salmon, 12 Regina Feil, Laura Bowden5§, Claire Hill5, Neil R. Baker1, John E. Lunn4, 13 Bärbel Finkenstädt6, Andrew Mead5&&, Vicky Buchanan-Wollaston2,5, Jim 14 Beynon2,5, David A. Rand2, David L. Wild2, Katherine J. Denby2,5, Sascha Ott2, 15 Nicholas Smirnoff3 and Philip M. Mullineaux1 16 17 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, 18 Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK 19 2 Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK 20 3 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter 21 EX4 4QD, UK 22 4 Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, 23 Germany 24 5 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK 25 6 Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK 26 27 & present address: Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK, Gurdon Institute, 28 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN,UK 29 + present address: QFAB Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, St 30 Lucia QLD 4072, Australia 31 Plant Cell Advance Publication. Published on February 3, 2016, doi:10.1105/tpc.15. 00910
Business Strategy, Financial Reporting Irregularities, and Audit Effort

This study examines whether clients' business strategies are a factor in determining the occurrence of financial reporting irregularities and the level of audit effort. We use the organizational strategy theory of Miles and Snow to develop a comprehensive measure of business strategy using publicly available data. We find that Miles and Snow's Prospector strategy is more likely to be involved in financial reporting irregularities and generally requires greater audit effort. The business strategy measure also appears to capture client business risk and provides incremental explanatory power beyond the individual measures of client complexity or risk used in traditional audit fee models. We contribute to the literature by constructing a replicable business strategy measure and identifying organizational business strategy as an important ex ante determinant of financial reporting irregularities and levels of audit effort. Our results suggest that investigating how audits can be improved to reduce financial reporting irregularities among Prospector clients is an important area for audit practice and future research.
Enhancement of the Wettability and Lubrication of Shale Rock via Nanoemulsions

Nanoemulsions have been widely used as additives for drilling fluids in recent years. With the development of nanotechnology, multifunctional nanomaterials have been added to nanoemulsions. The improvement of wettability of the surfaces, alteration of oil-wet on shale rock surfaces, and environmentally friendly conditions are considered as the future development directions of nanoemulsions. In this work, a novel nanoemulsion was prepared by using hydrocarbon-based polyoxyethylene ether, oil (hydrocarbon), distilled water, and formation crude oil as the main raw materials. The shale rocks before and after immersion with as-prepared nanoemulsion were characterized by contact angle measurement, atomic force microscope (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is clearly observed that the nanoemulsion greatly improved the wettability of the sandstone and rock surface by forming a layer of active agent film on the surface of the rock. The as-prepared nanoemulsion had good ability to curb the anticollapse and lubricate and protect the oil and gas layer.
Intercellular junction remodeling in the seminiferous epithelium is fundamental to spermatogenesis in the mammalian testis. At the base of the epithelium, massive junction complexes between neighboring Sertoli cells are

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a prominent organelle in Sertoli cells. It is an integral component of unique adhesion junctions (ectoplasmic specializations ESs) in this cell type, and is closely associated with structures termed tubulobulbar complexes (TBCs) that internalize intercellular junctions during sperm release and during the translocation of spermatocytes through the blood-testis barrier. A role for the ER in Ca 2+ regulation at ESs and TBCs has been suspected, but evidence for this function has proved elusive. Using electron microscopy, we define two new ER-plasma membrane (PM) contact sites in apical Sertoli cell processes. One of these sites occurs at TBCs where flattened lamellar cisternae of ER envelope the swollen bulb regions of the complexes, and where the gap between adjacent membranes is 12 nm. The other is at the periphery of apical processes where the gap between membranes is 13-14 nm. Using immunolocalization at the light and electron microscopic levels, we demonstrate that Ca 2+ regulatory machinery is present at the ESs attached to spermatid heads, and at ER-PM contacts. ATPA2A (SERCA2) is present at ESs, TRPM6, HOMER1, and ITPR (IP3R) are present at ERPM contacts associated with TBC bulbs, and STIM1, ORAI1 and ATPA2A are present at the ER-PM contacts around the margins of Sertoli cell apical processes. The results support the conclusion that the molecular machinery necessary for ER generated Ca 2+ fluxes is present in regions and structures directly related to junction remodeling in Sertoli cells, a process necessary
Projected velocity statistics of interstellar turbulence

Velocity statistics is a direct probe of the dynamics of interstellar turbulence. Its observational measurements are very challenging due to the convolution between density and velocity and projection effects. We introduce the projected velocity structure function, which can be generally applied to statistical studies of both subsonic and supersonic turbulence in different interstellar phases. It recovers the turbulent velocity spectrum from the projected velocity field in different regimes, and when the thickness of a cloud is less than the driving scale of turbulence, it can also be used to determine the cloud thickness and the turbulence driving scale. By applying it to the existing core velocity dispersion measurements of the Taurus cloud, we find a transition from the Kolmogorov to the Burgers scaling of turbulent velocities with decreasing length-scales, corresponding to the large-scale solenoidal motions and small-scale compressive motions, respectively. The latter occupy a small fraction of the volume and can be selectively sampled by clusters of cores with the typical cluster size indicated by the transition scale.
Specialization in the Presence of Trade and Financial Integration: Explorations of the Integration-Specialization Nexus

In this paper we investigate the economic integration - industrial specialization nexus and unravel the relationship between trade and financial openness and industrial specialization. For a panel of 31 countries over the period 1970 to 2005, we find that trade integration relates negatively to specialization, while financial integration relates positively tospecialization. Furthermore, the relationship between trade (financial) integration and specialization is further deepened by the level of financial (trade) integration. Lastly, trade integration has a stronger connection to industrial specialization in countries with a high degree of intra-industry trade, whereas financial integration has a stronger connectionto specialization in countries with a relatively underdeveloped financial system. Our findings are robust to various measures and alternative model specifications.
Needlet thresholding methods in component separation

Foreground components in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) are sparse in a needlet representation, due to their specific morphological features (anisotropy, non-Gaussianity). This leads to the possibility of applying needlet thresholding procedures as a component separation tool. In this work, we develop algorithms based on different needlet-thresholding schemes and use them as extensions of existing, well-known component separation techniques, namely ILC and template-fitting. We test soft- and hard-thresholding schemes, using different procedures to set the optimal threshold level. We find that thresholding can be useful as a denoising tool for internal templates in experiments with few frequency channels, in conditions of low signal-to-noise. We also compare our method with other denoising techniques, showing that thresholding achieves the best performance in terms of reconstruction accuracy and data compression while preserving the map resolution. The best results in our tests are in particular obtained when considering template-fitting in an LSPE like experiment, especially for B-mode spectra.
Relationship between Economic Growth , Trade and Environment : Evidence from D 8 Countries

This paper investigates the causal relationship between environmental quality, economic growth and trade in D8 countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis for the period 1970-2011. The results suggest that there is a long-run relationship between these variables. Emissions have a positive long-run relationship with per capita income and trade. Moreover, the results show a unidirectional strong causality from economic growth to environment in these countries. We also find no causality between emissions and trade.
The Tale of Evil Twins: Adversarial Inputs versus Backdoored Models

Despite their tremendous success in a wide range of applications, deep neural network (DNN) models are inherently vulnerable to two types of malicious manipulations: adversarial inputs, which are crafted samples that deceive target DNNs, and backdoored models, which are forged DNNs that misbehave on trigger-embedded inputs. While prior work has intensively studied the two attack vectors in parallel, there is still a lack of understanding about their fundamental connection, which is critical for assessing the holistic vulnerability of DNNs deployed in realistic settings. In this paper, we bridge this gap by conducting the first systematic study of the two attack vectors within a unified framework. More specifically, (i) we develop a new attack model that integrates both adversarial inputs and backdoored models; (ii) with both analytical and empirical evidence, we reveal that there exists an intricate "mutual reinforcement" effect between the two attack vectors; (iii) we demonstrate that this effect enables a large spectrum for the adversary to optimize the attack strategies, such as maximizing attack evasiveness with respect to various defenses and designing trigger patterns satisfying multiple desiderata; (v) finally, we discuss potential countermeasures against this unified attack and their technical challenges, which lead to several promising research directions.
embComp: Visual Interactive Comparison of Vector Embeddings

This article introduces embComp, a novel approach for comparing two embeddings that capture the similarity between objects, such as word and document embeddings. We survey scenarios where comparing these embedding spaces is useful. From those scenarios, we derive common tasks, introduce visual analysis methods that support these tasks, and combine them into a comprehensive system. One of embComp’s central features are overview visualizations that are based on metrics for measuring differences in the local structure around objects. Summarizing these local metrics over the embeddings provides global overviews of similarities and differences. Detail views allow comparison of the local structure around selected objects and relating this local information to the global views. Integrating and connecting all of these components, embComp supports a range of analysis workflows that help understand similarities and differences between embedding spaces. We assess our approach by applying it in several use cases, including understanding corpora differences via word vector embeddings, and understanding algorithmic differences in generating embeddings.
Gender aspect in adoption of commercial poultry production among peri-urban farmers in Kericho Municipality, Kenya

The main objective of this study was to assess the extent of gender effects on adoption of intensive commercial poultry production system by peri-urban farmers. The sample frame was divided into two strata made up of adopters and non-adopters. To select respondents, systematic sampling procedure was applied for both strata. To identify those variables that influence the gender control of poultry enterprise, a two-limit tobit model was used. The results from the two-limit tobit model identified three variables: production system, education and employment of woman as significant determinants of the degree of control by women. In conclusion, this study found that adoption of this system makes greater demands on women’s unpaid labour without a matching increase in access to benefits. To improve adoption of intensive production, it is recommended that women-farmers should be involved in on-farm research activities and farmer-to-farmer should be involved in on-farm research activities and farmer-to-farmer linkages. Key words: Commercial poultry production, two-limit tobit model, peri-urban farmers, Kenya.
Integrated Cross Disciplinary Approach to Household Expenditure Management

Purpose of the article The study aims at: a) carrying out a detailed historic analysis of various theories developed within household economics and personal finance; b) assessing their applicability and efficiency in solving the household expenditure management problems; c) offering alternative approach to expenditure management, which reduces the influence of subjective factors compromising quality of decision making within expenditure management. Methodology/methods. Cross-disciplinary approach integrating psychology and economics, Maslow theory of needs, vector algebra, utility optimization, case study based testing. Scientific aim. To justify theoretically the principles enabling development of alternative approach to household expenditure management based on decomposition of the aggregate value of goods/services into components, each reflecting a certain level of Maslow’s pyramid of needs; quantitatively evaluate and compare the value components representing different levels of the pyramid and estimate the respective cost of consumer’s needs. Findings. The decomposed value components better than the aggregate value reflect the ability of good/service to satisfy various complex needs of the consumer, both basic (physiological) and those purely psychological from higher stages of the pyramid of needs, e.g. esteem and self-actualization. Decomposition gives the possibility to quantitatively evaluate and compare them. Results of case studies carried out have proved validity of the approach and the potential in being applied as a planning tool in managing household expenditure. Conclusions. Decryption of the aggregate value of goods and services by using decomposition creates a platform for development alternative approach to expenditure management in households, less dependant on subjective, intuition based decisions. It could yield to reduction of spontaneous spending, give the possibility to harmonize not only total/aggregate consumption with the income, but also to find a balance between items in the bunch of products/services purchased, thus preventing an unbalanced (excessive or insufficient) allocation of funds. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ee. 26.5. 13066
Proper Rainbow Connection Number of Graphs

Abstract A path in an edge-coloured graph is called a rainbow path if its edges receive pairwise distinct colours. An edge-coloured graph is said to be rainbow connected if any two distinct vertices of the graph are connected by a rainbow path. The minimum k for which there exists such an edge-colouring is the rainbow connection number rc(G) of G. Recently, Bau et al. [Rainbow connectivity in some Cayley graphs, Australas. J. Combin. 71 (2018) 381–393] introduced this concept with the additional requirement that the edge-colouring must be proper. The proper rainbow connection number of G, denoted by prc(G), is the minimum number of colours needed in order to make it properly rainbow connected. Obviously, prc(G) ≥ max{rc(G), χ′(G)}. In this paper we first prove an improved upper bound prc(G) ≤ n for every connected graph G of order n ≥ 3. Next we show that the difference prc(G) – max{rc(G), χ′(G)} can be arbitrarily large. Finally, we present several sufficient conditions for graph classes satisfying prc(G) = χ′(G).