Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Post-suppositions and semantic theory ∗

I explore two alternatives to post-suppositions for generating cumulative readings of sentences with multiple modiﬁed numerals. The ﬁrst uses higher-order dynamic generalized quantiﬁers (GQs), functions whose ‘trace’ is itself typed as a dynamic GQ. Such functions, though a hop-and-a-skip up the type hierarchy from dynamic GQs, are already available to any standard-issue Montagovian dynamic semanticist, and dealing with them compositionally requires nothing beyond whatever machinery already underwrites quantiﬁers in object position, scope ambiguity, and so on (though the analysis is presented using a handy continuations-oriented tower notation). I build on this theory by exploring a type-theoretic elaboration of it (technically, in terms of subtype polymorphism) that rules out arguably unattested ‘pseudo-cumulative’ readings. Second, I show that these steps (higher-order dynamic GQs subtyping) are unnecessary if the usual ‘point-wise’ dynamic semantics of Dynamic Predicate Logic or Compositional DRT, where propositions are typed as relations on assignments, is replaced with an update semantics , where propositions are typed as functions from sets of assignments into sets of assignments. Conservative update-semantic meanings for modiﬁed numer-als—direct analogs of their point-wise counterparts—automatically yield cumulative readings and fail to derive pseudo-cumulative readings. This gives an argument for an update semantics in the anaphoric domain (so far as I know the ﬁrst of its kind). I compare these two kinds of analyses with each other and consider their relation to post-suppositions in semantic theory more generally, concluding: (i) the theories canvassed here have modest empirical advantages over post-suppositions; (ii) the update-theoretic account oﬀers the most direct route to an empirically adequate analysis of modiﬁed numerals; (iii) the reasons for this turn out to be speciﬁc to modiﬁed numerals; theories of other ‘post-suppositional’ phenomena are better formulated with higher-order GQs.
University of Birmingham Entrepreneurial passion and venture profit

Missouri, USA Abstract This article analyses the contingent factors which in ﬂ uence the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and venture pro ﬁ t. While research on entrepreneurial passion is burgeoning, studies that analyse contingent factors and boundary conditions surrounding entrepreneurial passion theory are sparse. Moreover, we know very little about how the in ﬂ uence of entrepreneurial passion on venture outcomes might vary in emerging markets, typically characterised by higher levels of bureaucratic involvement and institutional de ﬁ ciencies. We extend entrepreneurial passion theory by testing a contingent model that evaluates the in ﬂ uence of political connections and environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and venture pro ﬁ t. More speci ﬁ cally, we examine the role of passion on venture pro ﬁ t and the moderating impact of political connections and perceived environmental dynamism. Using time-lagged data from 231 small businesses in Ghana, we ﬁ nd that political connections amplify the potency of passion as a driver of venture pro ﬁ t. In addition, we ﬁ nd that this interaction is conditioned by environmental dynamism; speci ﬁ cally, the moderating effect of political connections on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and venture pro ﬁ t is stronger when dynamism Our ﬁ ne-grained analysis increases the conceptual scope and generalisability of entrepreneurial passion to non-Western contexts.
Downregulated by CD63 and IL-21 CXCR4 Expression on Activated B Cells Is

CXCR4 expression is critical for localization of centroblasts in the dark zone of germinal centers (GCs), and centrocytes downregulate CXCR4 and thus leave the dark zone to reside in the light zone. However, mechanisms governing CXCR4 downregulation on centrocytes are not known. In this study, we show that the amount of intracellular CXCR4 in centroblasts was similar to that in centrocytes, suggesting differential control of CXCR4 protein expression in these GC B cells. Restimulation of activated B cellswith IL-21,whichis amajorcytokine produced byT follicularhelpercells,accelerated CXCR4 internalization by inducingen-docytosis-related GRK6 expression. Although CXCR4 expression was downregulated on GC B cells by IL-21 stimulation, CXCR4 low centrocytes developed in the spleens of IL-21R–deﬁcient mice, suggesting other mechanisms for downregulation. The level of CD63 (which recruits CXCR4 to late endosome in CD4 T cells) in centrocytes was more than that in centroblasts and was strikingly elevated in activated Bcl6-deﬁcient B cells. Bcl6, a transcriptional repressor, was detected on the chromatin of the CD63 gene in resting B cells, therefore CD63 is a molecular target of Bcl6. Downregulation of CD63 mRNA in activated Bcl6-deﬁcient B cells by small interfering RNA upregulated CXCR4 expression on the B cells. Furthermore, addition of Bcl6 inhibitor to activated B cell cultures increased CD63 mRNA expression in (and downregulated CXCR4 expression on) those activated B
Economic valuation of the quality of drinking water in León, Guanajuato

Water is a natural resource on which there is great pressure and problems in the world and in Mexico. In the aquifer of Valle de León, Guanajuato, there is scarcity, pollution and overdemand by the population of the metropolitan area of the City of León, one of the most populated in the country. Currently, the city is supplied mainly from the aquifers of Valle de León, with the expectation of receiving water from the Zapotillo dam. The objective of the research was to estimate the willingness to pay by consumers of drinking water for a better quality of the water consumed by the inhabitants, which is delivered to households by the Drinking Water and Sewerage System of León. The valuation method used was that of contingent valuation, which allows a monetary amount to be assigned to both the economic value of use and the non-use value (values of existence and legacy). Using a linear random utility model and making it operational through the logistic regression probability model, it was estimated that the willingness to pay of the city’s households is $182.00 per month. It is concluded that the estimated annual amount of $1.034 billion represents the consumer surplus on which the costs of building new infrastructure, improving the existing one and incorporating technologies by the agency in charge of the supply of drinking water and sewerage will be evaluated.
Perceived Risk and the Technology Acceptance Model: A Proposed Study for e-Commerce Adoption

: Electronic-commerce (e-commerce) nowadays has become an important platform for conducting business. While researchers and market practitioners are trying to fully understand online consumer attitude and behavior, one of the current issues in the management of information technologies is the difficulty of recognizing significant factors that affect consumers to adopt, accept and continue to use the information technologies. A model that commonly used by the researchers to examine behavior in the information system field is the technology acceptance model (TAM), which consists of 3 variables; perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU) and intentions to use. In this study, we propose the extension of the TAM for its application in the e-commerce field. The original variables of technology acceptance model will be modified, by adding a moderator variable, perceived risk, which is expected to strengthen or weaken the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and behavioral intention.
Repair Rates for Multiple Descriptions on Distributed Storage

In a traditional distributed storage system, a source can be restored perfectly when a certain subset of servers is contacted. The coding is independent of the contents of the source. This paper considers instead a lossy source coding version of this problem where the more servers that are contacted, the higher the quality of the restored source. An example could be video stored on distributed storage. In information theory, this is called the multiple description problem, where the distortion depends on the number of descriptions received. The problem considered in this paper is how to restore the system operation when one of the servers fail and a new server replaces it, that is, repair. The requirement is that the distortions in the restored system should be no more than in the original system. The question is how many extra bits are needed for repair. We find an achievable rate and show that this is optimal in certain cases. One conclusion is that it is necessary to design the multiple description codes with repair in mind; just using an existing multiple description code results in unnecessary high repair rates.
RANCANG BANGUN BUCK CONVERTER 12 VOLT 60 AMPERE MENGGUNAKAN P-CHANNEL MOSFET DAN IGBT TIPE N

Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas proses perancangan dan pembuatan buck converter dengan tegangan keluaran 12 volt dan arus sebesar 60 ampere. Telah dibuat dua buah buck converter yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan P-Channel MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) dan IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) tipe N sebagai switch. Pengujian dilakukan untuk melihat kinerja dan efisiensi daya dari kedua buck converter tersebut. Dari hasil pengujian, kedua buck converter dapat menghasilkan arus sebesar 60 ampere pada seting tegangan 12,6 volt, namun tegangan keluaran yang dihasilkan tersebut masih ikut berubah mengikuti perubahan tegangan masukan dan beban yang terpasang. Efisiensi daya yang dihasilkan berfluktuasi namun berada diatas 60% pada beban penuh. This paper explains designing and developing process of a 12 volt 60 ampere buck converter. Two units of buck converter using P-Channel MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) and N-type IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) as a switch are already built. Test and measurement are done to see performances and power efficiencies of the buck converters. Experimental results show both buck converters are able to flow a current as high as 60 amperes on adjusted voltage of 12.6 volt, but this output voltage is still fluctuating influenced by input voltage and load. The efficiencies are also fluctuated but they can reach above 60% under maximum load.
Phytochemical Screening of Phenolic Levels from Extracted Bitter Mustard Leaves (Brassica juncen L. Czern.) using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

: To determine the total phenolic content of the ethyl acetate extract of bitter mustard leaf. To determine the total phenolic levels, the Folin – Ciocalteu method with gallic acid comparison compounds using ethyl acetate solvents using UV-Visible spectrophotometer is expected to provide information and scientific evidence to develop new medicines from this plant. Antioxidants are inhibitors of oxidation reactions due to free radicals that can cause damage to unsaturated fatty acids, cell wall membranes, blood vessels, DNA bases, and lipid tissue causing disease. Phytochemical screening was using FeCl 3 5% to identify phenolic compound. Total phenolic is gotten by many process such maceration and partition. Analysis of total phenolic was doing by TLC analysis. Total phenolic was analysed on plate of thin layer chromatography with used chloroform and methanol with 70:30 comparison. Antioxidant test was measured by UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 516 nm wavelength. Bitter mustard leaf extract contains phenolic compounds based on phytochemical screening results. Weight total phenolic content o 39.7252 ± 0.7326 mg GAE/g extract, the total phenol content determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu medthod is not an absolute level, but principally based on the reduction capacity of the material being tested against an equivalent reduction of gallic acid. Calibration curve measurement with a concentrations of 200, 225, 250, 275 and 300 μ g/ml. All solutions were measured at a wavelength of 739.50 nm. Phytochemical screening results show that the extract of bitter mustard leaf (Brassica juncea L.), contains chemicals, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids / triterpenoids, anthraquinone and polyphenols. The acetyl extract of bitter mustard leaf has a total phenolic activity value (39.7252 ± 0.7326) mg GAE / g extract. Penol compounds are susceptible to oxidation at higher temperature in extractions that are to long can provide opportunities for phenol compounds to oxidize more, but measured total phenol levels can be lower.
The methodological analysis of sediment phosphate research on the coast of Indonesia: a short review

The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method (AAS) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer method are often used in analyzing elements and compounds in water and sediment. The comparative method of AAS and UV-Vis analysis in sediments in this article is studied to see the accuracy of the equipment used and the efficiency of the resulting analysis. Analysis of the comparative method of phosphate analysis in coastal sediments shows differences and similarities in the use of the two instruments used even though the methods used based on the results of the review do not show significant differences. Methodologically, various types of methods can be carried out to analyze coastal sediment phosphates. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric method is generally more widely used than the AAS method. For a small number of sediment samples, the ASS method is more efficient than the UV-Vis method; however, UV-Vis is more accurate for dissolved samples because less phosphate is released when identified than the AAS method. Based on this, the AAS method is more effective in analyzing phosphate sediments in coastal areas than the UV-Vis method, but the UV-Vis method for wet samples is more accurate.
Arbitrary cylindrical vector beam generation enabled by polarization-selective Gouy phase shifter

: Cylindrical vector beams (CVBs), which possesses polarization distribution of rotational symmetry on the transverse plane, can be developed in many optical technologies. Conventional methods to generate CVBs contain redundant interferometers or need to switch among diverse elements, thus being inconvenient in applications containing multiple CVBs. Here we provide a passive polarization-selective device to substitute interferometers and simplify generation setup. It is accomplished by reversing topological charges of orbital angular momentum based on polarization-selective Gouy phase. In the process, tunable input light is the only condition to generate CVB with arbitrary topological charges. To cover both azimuthal and radial parameters of CVBs, we express the mapping between scalar Laguerre-Gaussian light on basic Poincaré sphere and CVB on high-order Poincaré sphere. The proposed device simpliﬁes the generation of CVBs enormously, and thus has potentials in integrated devices for both quantum and classic optical experiments. Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
Valid conﬁdence intervals for µ, σ when there is only one observation available

Portnoy (2019) considered the problem of constructing an optimal conﬁdence interval for the mean based on a single observation X ∼ N ( µ, σ 2 ) . Here we extend this result to obtaining 1-sample conﬁdence intervals for σ and to cases of symmetric unimodal distributions and of distributions with compact support. Finally, we extend the multivariate result in Portnoy (2019) to allow a sample of size m from a multivariate normal distribution where m may be less than the dimension.
Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing of Gradient Index Fresnel Lens in GeS 2 -Based Chalcogenide Glass for Imaging Applications

: Chalcogenide glasses have attracted growing interest for their potential to meet the de-mands of photonic applications in the Mid-Wavelength InfraRed (MWIR) and Long-Wavelength InfraRed (LWIR) transmission windows. In this work, we investigated the photosensitivity to femtosecond laser irradiation of a dedicated chalcogenide glass, along with its possible applications in micro-optics. In order to address the SWaP problem (Size, Weight and Power), this work took advantage of recent techniques in femtosecond laser direct writing to imprint ﬂat and integrated optical systems. Here, we wanted to simplify an infrared multispectral imaging system which combines a lens array and a ﬁlter array. Each channel has a focal length of 7 mm and an f-number of 4. We show in this paper that the chosen GeS 2 -based chalcogenide glass is very promising for the fabrication of graded index optics by fs-laser writing, and particularly for the fabrication of Fresnel lenses. We note a very important phase variation capacity in this infrared material corresponding to refractive index variations up to +0.055. A prototype of Fresnel GRIN lens with a refractive index gradient was fabricated and optically characterized in the Vis range.
Experimental–numerical investigation on the seismic behaviour of moment‐resisting timber frames with densified veneer wood‐reinforced timber joints and expanded tube fasteners

This paper investigates the seismic behaviour of moment‐resisting timber frames with beam‐column joints fastened with expanded tubes and reinforced with densified veneer wood. Laboratory experiments are carried out on single joints to investigate the cyclic behaviour and, more specifically, the impairment of strength, the ductility ratio and the equivalent viscous damping ratio. A phenomenological numerical model is proposed, where the beams and columns are schematized using linear‐elastic beam elements, and the joints with non‐linear hysteretic spring calibrated on the results of the experimental tests. The model is used to analyse some representative moment‐transmitting structures characterised by different number of bays and storeys. After an estimation of the lateral load‐carrying capacity using a pushover analysis, the numerical model is used to estimate the behaviour factor. An incremental dynamic analysis is performed using a set of accelerograms spectrum consistent with a chosen design spectrum. The analyses lead to an estimation of the behaviour factor of 3 and 6 for a portal frame and a five‐storey, three‐bay frame, respectively, which confirms the highly dissipative behaviour of this kind of moment connection. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neisseria meningitidis and Porin, of Outer Membrane Proteins, Opacity Protein Mannose-Binding Lectin Binds to Two Major

Human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) provides a ﬁrst line of defense against microorganisms by complement activation and/or opsonization in the absence of speciﬁc Ab. This serum collectin has been shown to activate complement when bound to repeating sugar moieties on several microorganisms, including encapsulated serogroup B and C meningococci, which leads to increased bacterial killing. In the present study, we sought to identify the meningococcal cell surface components to which MBL bound and to characterize such binding. Outer membrane complex containing both lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and proteins and LOS from Neisseria meningitidis were examined for MBL binding by dot blot and ELISA. MBL bound outer membrane complex but not LOS. The binding to bacteria by whole-cell ELISA did not require calcium and was not inhibited by N -acetyl-glucosamine or mannose. With the use of SDS-PAGE, immunoblot analysis, and mAbs speciﬁc for meningococcal opacity (Opa) proteins and porin proteins, we determined that MBL bound to Opa and porin protein B (porB). The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the two MBL binding proteins conﬁrmed Opa and PorB. Puriﬁed PorB inhibited the binding of MBL to meningococci. Escherichia coli with surface-expressed gonococcal Opa bound signiﬁcantly more MBL than did the control strain. The binding of human factor H to puriﬁed PorB was markedly inhibited by MBL in a dose-dependent manner. Meningococci incubated with human serum bound MBL as detected by ELISA. We conclude that MBL binds to meningococci by a novel target recognition of two nonglycosylated outer membrane proteins, Opa and PorB. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 3784–3792.
PERFORMANCES ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT EDGE DETECTION METHODS ON ROAD IMAGES

This paper is concerned with the study of various edge detection techniques like Sobel, Prewitt, Robert's Cross, Zerocross and Canny on various road images to detect edges and to extract some road features. This paper also outlines definition of edge detection, different types of edges, steps in edge detection. A comparison between these edge detectors have been examined and numerical and visual results are outperformed. It has been observed that the Canny's edge detector yields better results than all other edge
Tailoring anisotropic absorption in borophene-based structure via critical coupling

: The research of two-dimensional (2D) materials with atomic-scale thicknesses and unique optical properties has become a frontier in photonics and electronics. Borophene, a newly reported 2D material provides a novel building block for nanoscale materials and devices. We present a simple borophene-basedabsorption structure to boost the light-borophene interaction via critical coupling in the visible wavelengths. The proposed structure consists of borophene monolayer deposited on a photonic crystal slab backed with a metallic mirror. The numerical simulations and theoretical analysis show that the light absorption of the structure can be remarkably enhanced as high as 99.80% via critical coupling mechanism with guided resonance, and the polarization-dependent absorption behaviors are demonstrated due to the strong anisotropy of borophene. We also examine the tunability of the absorption behaviors by adjusting carrier density and lifetime of borophene, air hole radius in the slab, the incident angle and polarization angle. The proposed absorption structure provides novel access to the ﬂexible and eﬀective manipulation of light-borophene interactions in the visible, and shows a good prospect for the future borophene-based electronic and photonic devices.
Salt and Cadmium Stress Tolerance in Four Genotypes of Medicago sativa L.

Objective : To evaluate the tolerance of four genotypes of Medicago sativa L. to salinity and cadmium, through the study of germination, growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and osmocompatible response. Materials and methods: The experimental design was a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement: type of genotype: CW 197, Trinidad 87, CW 660 and Salina PV and levels of saline (NaCl) and cadmium (Cl were and increasing concentrations of NaCl (50-200 mM) and Cl 2 Cd (25-100 µM). Results: Under salinity, the CW179 and CW660 genotypes were tolerant to salinity at germination, and the Salina PV and Trinidad 87genotypes were more tolerant during growth. In response to Cd, the genotypes showed tolerance during growth. Proline was osmoprotective against salinity, but not against Cd stress. Photosynthetic pigments decreased with salt stress; however, Cd did not affect them. Conclusion: The CW 660 genotype was the most tolerant to salinity and Cd during germination. It is concluded that the Trinidad 87 and Salina PV genotypes are tolerant to salt and the CW 197 and CW 660 genotypes are sensitive during growth. Under Cd stress, all genotypes showed tolerance during growth. Proline and photosynthetic pigments were indicators of tolerance to salt stress.