Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of increasing carbon dioxide on dinitrogen and carbon fixation rates under oligotrophic conditions and simulated upwelling

Dinitrogen (N2) fixation is a major source of bioavailable nitrogen to oligotrophic ocean communities. Yet, we have limited understanding how ongoing climate change could alter N2 fixation. Most of our understanding is based on short‐term laboratory experiments conducted on individual N2‐fixing species whereas community‐level approaches are rare. In this longer‐term in situ mesocosm study, we aimed to improve our understanding on the role of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and simulated deep water upwelling on N2 and carbon (C) fixation rates in a natural oligotrophic plankton community. We deployed nine mesocosms in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean and enriched seven of these with CO2 to yield a range of treatments (partial pressure of CO2, pCO2 = 352–1025 μatm). We measured rates of N2 and C fixation in both light and dark incubations over the 55‐day study period. High pCO2 negatively impacted light and dark N2 fixation rates in the oligotrophic phase before simulated upwelling, while the effect reversed in the light N2 fixation rates in the bloom decay phase after added nutrients were consumed. Dust deposition and simulated upwelling of nutrient‐rich deep water increased N2 fixation rates and nifH gene abundances of selected clades including the unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium clade UCYN‐B. Elevated pCO2 increased C fixation rates in the decay phase. We conclude that elevated pCO2 and pulses of upwelling have pronounced effects on diazotrophy and primary producers, and upwelling and dust deposition modify the pCO2 effect in natural assemblages.
Measurement of Water Vapor Concentration using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Measurement of Water Vapor Concentration Using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy. (December 2009) Alexander Bertram Barrett, B.S., University of Central Florida Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Eric Petersen Tunable diode laser spectroscopy and the Beer-Lambert relation has been used to measure the absorption of water vapor both in an absorption cell and in a shock tube. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a laser diagnostic capable of determining species concentration. The correlation between species concentration and absorption is known, and if one is known the other can be calculated. A diode laser was obtained which has a tunable range of 1325.7 1400.8 nm and is centered at 1384 nm. An experimental setup was created in which the laser was used to obtain absorption spectroscopy data for water vapor within two separate scenariosin an absorption cell and in a shock tube. A model was constructed which enabled the calculation of the Voigt profile which in turn was used to determine the absorption coefficient and ultimately enable the utilization of absorption spectroscopy principles to determine species concentration and/or absorption percentage. The experiments for the absorption cell were performed at room temperature. Twenty runs were performed and the average error for all runs was less than one percent. Three runs were performed for the shock-tube experiments. The absorption was calculated at iv three timesprior to the arrival of the shock, after the incident shock passed, and after the reflected shock passed. The temperatures for these conditions were 296K, 1060K, and 2000K respectively. These experiments showed reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations.
Shipping network design–infrastructure investment joint optimization model: a case study of West Africa

ABSTRACT Since the proposal of the Belt and Road initiative in March 2015, the Chinese government has continued to increase its investment in transportation infrastructure construction in West African countries. To realize the scientific decision-making process for large-scale investment, this paper establishes a shipping network design–infrastructure investment joint optimization model. The abovementioned model aims to find the minimum generalized transportation cost in the study area and jointly optimizes the construction scheme of the regional inland transportation network (i.e., railway network), the expansion scheme of the port (i.e., container port) throughput capacity, and the operation scheme of the shipping network (i.e., container shipping network) given a limited budget. Based on the framework of the active set algorithm, an algorithm that can explore the local optimal solution of the abovementioned model is designed. Taking China–West Africa transportation as the research object, numerical experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the model and algorithm. Two types of sensitivity analyses for different investment scales and origin-destination demand are designed. The results show that the proposed model and algorithm can effectively solve the abovementioned problem and can provide decision-making support for the Chinese government in formulating reasonable investment schemes for West Africa. This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled, ‘Shipping network design–infrastructure investment joint optimization model’ presented at the 3rd International Conference of the Yangtze River Research and Innovation Belt, Ningbo, China; 5–7 November 2020.
A practical guide to question formation, systematic searching and study screening for literature reviews in ecology and evolution

Well‐conducted systematic reviews are invaluable for synthesising research findings. The conclusions of a review depend on how the research question was formulated, how relevant studies were found and how studies were selected for synthesis. Here, we present a practical guide for ecologists and evolutionary biologists on formulating a question for a systematic review, and finding a representative sample of research findings. We explain the steps involved using a worked example and practical training exercises. Throughout this guide we share tricks of the trade, included rules of thumb and software that we have found useful. We hope our paper helps demystify the systematic search process and encourages more researchers to adopt a systematic and reproducible approach when searching the literature.
Technological Innovation and Green Growth: Evidence from South Asia

Green growth means promote economic development and growth, while certify that natural assets continue to provide the resources and ecological. This research analyzes that how green growth is affected by technological innovation for South Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal) economies during 1990 to 2019. Basic econometric tests such as Cross-section dependence test, Panel unit root tests and Wester Lund co-integration test is applied. Furthermore, we use the FMOLS and DOLS models for estimating the impact of CO2 emissions on patent by resident, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment, and GDP per capita. The results of all panel unit root tests reveal that all the variables are stationary at a 1st difference. Westerlund panel co-integration test confirmed the long-run relationship. In both the FMOLS and DOLS models, the findings show that patent application by residents and renewable energy consumption have negative and statistically significant impacts on CO2 emissions. While GDP has positive and statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions and FDI has no effect on CO2 emissions in both the long run and short run. The results recommend that government needs to take sustainable energy related source, for instance, renewable energy consumption which are beneficial to ecosystem as it increases green economy.
Discounted optimal stopping problems in continuous hidden Markov models

We study a two-dimensional discounted optimal stopping problem related to the pricing of perpetual commodity equities in a model of financial markets in which the behaviour of the underlying asset price follows a generalized geometric Brownian motion and the dynamics of the convenience yield are described by an unobservable continuous-time Markov chain with two states. It is shown that the optimal time of exercise is the first time at which the commodity spot price paid in return to the fixed coupon rate hits a lower stochastic boundary being a monotone function of the running value of the filtering estimate of the state of the chain. We rigorously prove that the optimal stopping boundary is regular for the stopping region relative to the resulting two-dimensional diffusion process and the value function is continuously differentiable with respect to the both variables. It is verified by means of a change-of-variable formula with local time on surfaces that the value function and the boundary are determined as a unique solution of the associated parabolic-type free-boundary problem. We also give a closed-form solution to the optimal stopping problem for the case of an observable Markov chain.
Multi-Pass Welding Distortion Analysis Using Layered Shell Elements Based on Inherent Strain

In this article, a layered shell element-based, elastic finite element method for predicting welding distortion in multi-pass welding is developed. The welding distortion generated in each pass can be predicted by employing layer-by-layer equivalent plastic strains as thermal expansion coefficients and using the heat-affected zone (HAZ) width as the mesh size. The final distortion can be expressed as the sum of the distortions for each pass. This study focuses on extraction of the equivalent plastic strain and HAZ width through 3D thermal elastic plastic analysis (TEPA) for each pass. The input variables extracted from each pass can be converted and added to simulate the final distortion of the multi-pass welding. A 10 mm thick, multi-pass butt-welded joint, subjected to three passes, is simulated via the proposed method. The predicted welding distortion is compared with the 3D TEPA results and the measured experimental data. The outcome indicates that good agreement can be obtained.
Development of Suitable Plant-Scale Drying Conditions That Prevent API Agglomeration and Dehydration

Alisertib sodium, an investigational oral oncology drug, posed some challenges toward developing a robust and scalable drying process employing an agitated filter dryer that manifested themselves during the technical transfer to a new manufacturing site. The API studied was a monohydrate that was found to readily dehydrate and agglomerate, impacting both drug product (DP) manufacture and in vitro dissolution. A scale down agitated filter dryer was designed that was used to study the drying unit operation and identify key process parameters. Through a combination of lab- and pilot plant-scale experiments, suitable drying conditions were developed that minimized agglomeration, eliminated dehydration, and produced API that behaved acceptably in downstream DP manufacture.
How source-level and message-level factors influence journalists’ social media visibility during a public health crisis

Social media has become a channel through which journalists distribute their work, reach audiences and gain visibility. Informed by the frameworks of journalistic branding, the heuristic-systematic model, and hypertextual elements, the present study examines the extent to which the source factor (journalists’ branding on social media profiles) and message factors (communication styles and hypertextual elements) influence visibility (i.e. the popularity of the account and the number of favourites and retweets of the posts). We analysed the Twitter profiles of 98 health journalists from seven major media organizations in the US and conducted a manual content analysis of a representative sample of their public tweets (n = 3982) published during the Covid-19 pandemic. In contrast to expectations, branding contributed little to any indicators of visibility, and profiles with institutional branding had fewer followers. Both affective messages and rational messages received more likes and retweets than messages without these elements. Tweets containing images or news-related hyperlinks received more retweets, whereas the number of @mentions in a tweet was negatively related to visibility. Journalists from traditional media, those who tweeted more often, and those with more followers had higher levels of visibility.
Estimated Abundance of Hydrobates leucorhous (Leach's Storm-Petrel) on Hay Island, New Brunswick

Abstract Hydrobates leucorhous (Leach's Storm-Petrel) is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but its North American populations are declining. The causes and extent of the decline are uncertain, making continued population monitoring and identification of colonies a priority for the management of this species. Detailed long-term studies of a large colony on Kent Island in the Grand Manan Archipelago, NB, Canada, have been ongoing since the 1930s, yet the presence and abundance of petrels nesting on neighboring islands is poorly documented. We conducted a census of Hay Island, which is connected to Kent Island by a 300-m stretch of intertidal zone, during mid-incubation in July of 2018 to determine burrow densities and occupancy rates and estimate the breeding population size. We estimated the population of breeding pairs to be 2786 (95% CI ± 624), with most active burrows and the highest burrow occupancy rates occurring in open, non-forested areas dominated by Dryopteris spp. (wood ferns). Overall burrow densities and occupancy rates on Hay Island were lower than nearby colonies. Baseline population estimates of Leach's Storm-Petrels in unassessed colonies like Hay Island are important for on-going monitoring, improving regional population estimates, and conservation planning.
‘Our aim is to assist migrants in making a well-informed decision’: how return counsellors in Austria and the Netherlands manage the aspirations of unwanted non-citizens

ABSTRACT European governments widely celebrate and extensively fund ‘assisted voluntary return’ (AVR) programmes and assume that return counsellors play an important role for their implementation. At the same time, relevant legislation only vaguely defines this role and reduces it to a passive and neutral provision of ‘objective information’. In this article, we therefore ask how much and what kind of agency individual counsellors exercise and how this affects the aim and nature of AVR. We argue that counsellors fulfil a highly ambiguous function within a system that overall aims to bring unwanted migrants’ decision-making in line with restrictive immigration law. This function requires considerable autonomy to choose and use the various kinds of information they provide. We conceptualise their work as ‘aspirations management’ that mediates the ‘asymmetrical negotiation’ between precarious status migrants and the governments seeking to deport them. Based on original qualitative data from Austria and the Netherlands, we analytically distinguish three fundamentally different counselling strategies: facilitating migrants’ existing return aspirations, obtaining their compliance without aspirations, and/or inducing aspirations for return. This framework not only helps us to conceptualise AVR counsellors’ specific agency, but will also be useful for analysing how other actors manage the aspirations of unwanted non-citizens.
Joint Service Placement and Request Routing in Mobile Edge Computing Networks

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is envisioned as a prospective technology that supports latency-critical and computation-intensive applications by using storage and computation resources in network edges. The advantages of this technology are trapped in limited edge cloud resources, and one of the prime challenges is how to allocate available edge cloud resources to satisfy user requests. However, previous works usually optimize service (data& code) placement and request routing simultaneously within the same timescale, ignoring the fact that frequent service replacement will incur expensive operational expenses. In this paper, we jointly optimize service placement and request routing in the MEC network for data analysis applications, under the constraints of computation and storage resource. In particular, the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) architecture is applied to pool available resources and realize load balancing among edge clouds. In addition, we adopt a two timescale framework to reduce higher operating expenses caused by frequent cross-cloud service migration. Then, we develop a greedy-based approximation algorithm for service placement subproblem and a linear programming (LP) relaxation-based heuristic algorithm for request routing subproblem, respectively. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate that our proposed solution reaches 90% of the optimal performance in services homogeneous case and 76% in services heterogeneous case.
Overview of the SLOPE I and II campaigns: aerosol properties retrieved with lidar and sun–sky photometer measurements

Abstract. The Sierra Nevada Lidar aerOsol Profiling Experiment I and II (SLOPE I and II) campaigns were intended to determine the vertical structure of aerosols by remote sensing instruments and test the various retrieval schemes for obtaining aerosol microphysical and optical properties with in situ measurements. The SLOPE I and II campaigns were developed during the summers of 2016 and 2017, respectively, combining active and passive remote sensing with in situ measurements at stations belonging to the AGORA observatory (Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere) in the Granada area (Spain). In this work, we use the in situ measurements of these campaigns to evaluate aerosol properties retrieved by the GRASP code (Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) combining lidar and sun–sky photometer measurements. We show an overview of aerosol properties retrieved by GRASP during the SLOPE I and II campaigns. In addition, we evaluate the GRASP retrievals of total aerosol volume concentration (discerning between fine and coarse modes), extinction and scattering coefficients, and for the first time we present an evaluation of the absorption coefficient. The statistical analysis of aerosol optical and microphysical properties, both column-integrated and vertically resolved, from May to July 2016 and 2017 shows a large variability in aerosol load and types. The results show a strong predominance of desert dust particles due to North African intrusions. The vertically resolved analysis denotes a decay of the atmospheric aerosols with an altitude up to 5 km a.s. l. Finally, desert dust and biomass burning events were chosen to show the high potential of GRASP to retrieve vertical profiles of aerosol properties (e.g. absorption coefficient and single scattering albedo) for different aerosol types. The aerosol properties retrieved by GRASP show good agreement with simultaneous in situ measurements (nephelometer, aethalometer, scanning mobility particle sizer, and aerodynamic particle sizer) performed at the Sierra Nevada Station (SNS) in Granada. In general, GRASP overestimates the in situ data at the SNS with a mean difference lower than 6 µm3 cm−3 for volume concentration, and 11 and 2 Mm−1 for the scattering and absorption coefficients. On the other hand, the comparison of GRASP with airborne measurements also shows an overestimation with mean absolute differences of 14 ± 10 and 1.2 ± 1.2 Mm−1 for the scattering and absorption coefficients, showing a better agreement for the absorption (scattering) coefficient with higher (lower) aerosol optical depth. The potential of GRASP shown in this study will contribute to enhancing the representativeness of the aerosol vertical distribution and provide information for satellite and global model evaluation.
Effect of outside floaters on soccer players’ tactical behaviour in small-sided conditioned games (Efecto de los comodines exteriores en el comportamiento táctico de los jugadores de fútbol en los juegos reducidos y condicionados)

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of outside floaters on soccer players’ tactical behaviour in small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs). The sample comprised 54 Brazilian top-level academy players. The instrument used to assess players’ tactical behaviour was the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Tactical behaviour was quantified by the number of tactical actions and percentage of successful actions of the core tactical principles of soccer. Wilcoxon’s and Paired t tests were used to compare tactical behaviour in SSCGs with and without outside floaters. Effect sizes were calculated through Pearson’s r. In SSCGs with outside floaters there was a significant decrease in the number of actions of the tactical principles of penetration (40.12%; r = .492), offensive coverage (22.19%; r = .296), concentration (25.49%; r = .326), and a significant increase in actions of defensive unity (13.81%; r = .145). Also, SSCGs with outside floaters displayed significantly less correct actions of all tactical principles, except penetration and depth mobility. From a practical perspective, using outside floaters along the goal line may limit movements with the ball and inside the centre of play, as well as increase the number of actions aimed at reducing the opponents’ effective play-space. Players with high tactical performance should be included in SSCGs with outside floaters, once findings allowed to conclude that task constraints posed new problems that induced them to find different solutions.
Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial and Fungal Communities Inhabiting Shiro Dominant Soils of Two Production Regions of Tricholoma Matsutake S. Ito & S. Imai in Korea

Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that has obligate symbiotic relationships with Pinus densiflora. Its fruiting body has a distinctive flavor and is traded at a high price. Thus, it has been a significant source of income for rural communities in Korea. We hypothesized that biotic factors considerably influence the formation of the T. matsutake mushroom, and the soils producing T. matsutake share similar microbial characteristics. Therefore, the present study aimed to detect the specific fungal and bacterial groups in T. matsutake production soils (shiro+) and nonproduction soils (shiro−) of the Bonghwa and Yanyang regions via next-generation sequencing. In a total of 15 phyla, 36 classes, 234 genera of bacteria, six phyla, 29 classes, and 164 genera of fungi were detected from four samples at both sites. The species diversity of shiro+ soils was lower than the shiro− samples in both the fungal and bacterial groups. In addition, we did not find high similarities in the microbial communities between the shiro+ soils of the two regions. However, in the resulting differences between the fungal communities categorized by their trophic assembly, we found a distinguishable compositional pattern in the fungal communities from the shiro+ soils and the shiro− soils of the two sites. Thus, the similarity among the microbial communities in the forest soils may be due to the fact that the microbial communities in the T. matsutake dominant soils are closely associated with biotic factors and abiotic factors such as soil properties.