Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MACROECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES OCTOBER 23-24 , 2003 MACROECONOMICS AND INEQUALITY BY HUMBERTO LOPEZ THE WORLD BANK 37572

This paper enters the poverty debate by assessing the impact that a series of pro growth policies have on inequality. We find that improvements in education and infrastructure and lower inflation levels would lead to both growth and progressive distributional change. Instead, financial development, trade openness and decreases in the size of the government, all factors that would lead to faster growth, would be associated with increases in inequality. We assess whether the positive impact that these policies have on growth offsets the negative impact they have on inequality and find that while these policies are likely to be pro poor in the long run, they are also likely to lead to higher poverty in the short run. * This paper has been prepared in the context of the "Pro Poor Growth" program sponsored by the World Bank's PREM Poverty Group. I would like to thank comments received from Aart Kraay, Ugo Paniza, Cico Ferreira, Tito Cordella, Ulrich Lachler, Edgardo Favaro, and Stefano Paternostro. Views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Address for correspondence: MSN MC4-415, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, Washington, DC 20433. Email: Hlopez@worldbank.org. Tel: 1+202-473-4909.
GEOMETRIC INTEGRATORS FOR PIECEWISE SMOOTH HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS

In this paper, we consider C 1,1 Hamiltonian systems. We prove the existence of a first derivative of the flow with respect to initial values and show that it satisfies the symplecticity condition almost everywhere in the phase-space. In a second step, we present a geometric integrator for such systems (called the SDH method) based on B-splines interpolation and a splitting method introduced by McLachlan and Quispel [Appl. Numer. Math . 45 (2003) 411–418], and we prove it is convergent, and that it preserves the energy and the volume.
Ex-Post Optimal Strategy for the Trading of a Single Financial Asset

Obtaining good (even acceptable) performances with active management strategies in finance is a fairly hard challenge. Theoretically speaking, tenants of the efficient market hypothesis claim, with strong arguments, that a rational investor should stick to a simple ”Buy and Hold” strategy for a correctly diversified portfolio (see for example Sharpe (1991) or Malkiel (2004)). Said differently, an active management, linked to hypothetical managerial skills for market timing or stock picking would mostly generate transaction costs without real benefit. Nevertheless, this debate is far from being closed (see for example Brock, Lakonishok, and LeBaron (1992), Shen (2003)) as well as the whole discussion on the profitability of active versus passive portfolio management styles. In this paper, we do not discuss the opportunity of such active strategies based on market timing nor we describe an operational process allowing fund managers to find out how to identify states in the market where ”buying” or ”selling” is particularly appropriate. We neither propose a method that ranks various active strategies in terms of risk-return performance (although our framework might be extended to this bi-criteria framework). We rather propose a theoretical analysis of some absolute limits concerning the profits one can expect from the trading of financial assets. First of all, one reason for doubting that active strategies can earn excess risk-adjusted returns is linked to the high level of stochasticity of financial markets. In other terms, these markets are hardly predictable. On the other hand, we stress that the realization of these excess returns is complex task due to an additional computational issues. We especially show that even if future prices were perfectly predictable, determining how to behave optimally with respect to this knowledge can be extremely complicated, and, in many cases, intractable. Therefore, the bottomline of this research is to identify an optimal strategy S∗ providing the maximum profit one can obtain in trading some financial commodity, under a predefined set of constraints and with a complete knowledge of its price motion. This question will be called the S ∗ −determination problem. We show that this latter problem is far from being trivial, even if this target immediately evokes many popular models. We provide a new algorithm that decreases the complexity class of this problem and propose a new method de-
Optical, physical and chemical characteristics of Australian continental aerosols: results from a field experiment

Abstract. Mineral dust is one of the major components of the world's aerosol mix, having a number of impacts within the Earth system. However, the climate forcing impact of mineral dust is currently poorly constrained, with even its sign uncertain. As Australian deserts are more reddish than those in the Northern Hemisphere, it is important to better understand the physical, chemical and optical properties of this important aerosol. We have investigated the properties of Australian desert dust at a site in SW Queensland, which is strongly influenced by both dust and biomass burning aerosol. Three years of ground-based monitoring of spectral optical thickness has provided a statistical picture of gross aerosol properties. The aerosol optical depth data showed a clear though moderate seasonal cycle with an annual mean of 0.06 ± 0.03. The Angstrom coefficient showed a stronger cycle, indicating the influence of the winter-spring burning season in Australia's north. AERONET size distributions showed a generally bimodal character, with the coarse mode assumed to be mineral dust, and the fine mode a mixture of fine dust, biomass burning and marine biogenic material. In November 2006 we undertook a field campaign which collected 4 sets of size-resolved aerosol samples for laboratory analysis – ion beam analysis and ion chromatography. Ion beam analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of all filter samples, although elemental ratios were considered the most reliable output. Scatter plots showed that Fe, Al and Ti were well correlated with Si, and Co reasonably well correlated with Si, with the Fe/Al ratio somewhat higher than values reported from Northern Hemisphere sites (as expected). Scatter plots for Ca, Mn and K against Si showed clear evidence of a second population, which in some cases could be identified with a particular sample day or size fraction. These data may be used to attempt to build a signature of soil in this region of the Australian interior. Ion chromatography was used to quantify water soluble ions for 2 of our sample sets, complementing the picture provided by ion beam analysis. The strong similarities between the MSA and SO42− size distributions argue strongly for a marine origin of much of the SO42−. The similarity of the Na+, Cl− and Mg2+ size distributions also argue for a marine contribution. Further, we believe that both NO3− and NH4+ are the result of surface reactions with appropriate gases.
Tansley review Leaf venation : structure , function , development , evolution , ecology and applications in the past , present and future

The design and function of leaf venation are important to plant performance, with key implications for the distribution and productivity of ecosystems, and applications in paleobiology, agriculture and technology.Wesynthesize classical concepts and the recent literatureona wide range of aspects of leaf venation.We describe 10major structural features that contribute to multiple key functions, and scale up to leaf and plant performance. We describe the development andplasticity of leaf venation and its adaptation across environments globally, and a new global data compilation indicating trends relating vein length per unit area to climate, growth formand habitatworldwide.We synthesize the evolution of vein traits in themajor plant lineages throughout paleohistory, highlighting the multiple origins of individual traits. We summarize the strikingly diverse current applications of leaf vein research in multiple fields of science and industry. A unified core understanding will enable an increasing range of plant biologists to incorporate leaf venation into their research.
Polymerase chain reaction detection and assessment of genetic variation in New South Wales isolates of passionfruit woodiness potyvirus

A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction system was developed to detect passionfruit woodiness potyvirus (PWV) in leaves of Passiflora species. PWV coat protein (CP) sequences which were amplified from New South Wales isolates and PWV strain K had identical Hinf I, Hae III, Rsa I and Cfo I restriction profiles. Some polymorphism was revealed by digestion with Alu I. PWV CP sequences from 20 out of 21 plants had identical Alu I patterns which differed from that of PWV-K. The remaining isolate produced Ah I restriction fragments characteristic of both the common New South Wales isolates and of PWV-K, suggesting that the original plant contained a mixed infection. Three CP cDNA clones, each from an individual plant sample, and six clones from the sample which showed a mixed infection were sequenced. Analysis of the sequence data showed that these isolates from New South Wales had over 97% nucleotide sequence similarity and were closely related to PWV-K. There was 82–85% similarity in the deduced amino acid sequence to the previously described tip blight, severe and mild strains.
Efficiency Characterization and Optimization of Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter Based on Dual-Phase-Shift Control for DC Distribution Application

Compared to the traditional single-phase-shift control, dual-phase-shift (DPS) control can greatly improve the performance of the isolated bidirectional dc–dc converter (IBDC). This paper gives a detailed switching characteristic analysis of IBDC under DPS control, establishes a power loss model to predict the dissipated power for each power component, and analyzes the efficiency-optimized characteristic across the whole range. On this basis, an efficiency-optimized switching strategy is proposed and the corresponding control scheme is designed and implemented. At last, an experimental prototype was implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed switching strategy and correctness of the theoretical analysis. The experimental results show that the proposed method can minimize the power loss and maximize the system efficiency, and these performances are particularly effective for operation conditions with high voltage conversion ratio.
Data and text mining Text processing through Web services : calling Whatizit

Motivation: Text-mining (TM) solutions are developing into efficient services to researchers in the biomedical research community. Such solutions have to scale with the growing number and size of resources (e.g. available controlled vocabularies), with the amount of literature to be processed (e.g. about 17 million documents in PubMed) and with the demands of the user community (e.g. different methods for fact extraction). These demands motivated the development of a server-based solution for literature analysis. Whatizit is a suite of modules that analyse text for contained information, e.g. any scientific publication or Medline abstracts. Special modules identify terms and then link them to the corresponding entries in bioinformatics databases such as UniProtKb/Swiss-Prot data entries and gene ontology concepts. Other modules identify a set of selected annotation types like the set produced by the EBIMed analysis pipeline for proteins. In the case of Medline abstracts, Whatizit offers access to EBI’s in-house installation via PMID or term query. For large quantities of the user’s own text, the server can be operated in a streaming mode (http:// www.ebi.ac.uk/webservices/whatizit). Contact: rebholz@ebi.ac.uk
EVALUATION OF PREPARED SHAMPOO FORMULATIONS AND TO COMPARE FORMULATED SHAMPOO WITH MARKETED SHAMPOOS

Shampooing is the most common form of hair treatment. Shampoos are primarily been products aimed at cleansing the hair and scalp. In the present scenario, it seems improbable that herbal shampoo, although better in performance and safer than the synthetic ones, will be popular with the consumers. A more radical approach in popularizing herbal shampoo would be to change the consumer expectations from a shampoo, with emphasis on safety and efficacy. We have evaluated and compared the herbal shampoo, which was formulated in previous study, with two marketed shampoos. The findings of this investigation reveal that synthetic preservatives have sometimes been the cause of adverse effects among consumers. We have used the physico-chemical approach to preservation and by formulating a self preserving shampoo, have avoided this risk posed by chemical preservatives. However, the aesthetic attributes, such as lather and clarity, of the laboratory shampoo are not comparable with the marketed shampoos. The foam volume was on a par. Although the retail products were not fare so well in the tests conducted by us, they enjoy market popularity, especially if they foam well. This is mainly due to the false notion among consumers that ‘a shampoo that foams well, works well’, and no real effort on the part of manufacturers to counter this fallacy.
Optimal cross-range pattern synthesis using multi-objective genetic algorithm for a passive antenna in small satellite SAR

In synthetic aperture radar application, image artifacts due to azimuthal ambiguity, not-uniform main lobe antenna gain are common. They can be reduced to a certain extent by synthesizing the appropriate antenna pattern in cross-range direction. Our small satellite mission "microXSAR" carries an X-Band SAR instrument as payload, with a waveguide fed passive antenna. In this paper we describe the synthesis of the cross-range pattern of the SAR antenna by treating it as a multi-objective optimization problem. We use non-dominated sorting algorithm NSGA-II as the optimization algorithm. The result is a pareto-curve giving all possible non-dominated solutions.
To build a smart unmanned restaurant with multi-mobile robots

Compared with a single robot, the system with multiple mobile robots has many advantages; through decomposing some tasks appropriately, the multiple robots can complete different subtasks respectively at the same time and enhance the performance, as well as the stability of the robot can be improved by the cooperation among the members (The robots which is used for only some tasks can be designed more perfectly, the more flexibility can be designed.). This study proposes to build an unmanned intelligent restaurant by the use of multiple robots cooperating with each other. The system uses MATLAB software as a platform, and then uses Vision C # as a design tool to simulate the effect at final. The system can determine to assign the variety number of robots according to the number of guests, and the system will order the robot which is nearest the task to perform according to the decision making. It also plans the path with the Particle Swarm Optimization to obtain a faster convergence speed, enhance the ability of global search; so that the robots can achieve communication, coordination and cooperation, to execute the functions of automatic guest hosting, food delivery, table cleaning, and many other features in the restaurant.
Control of DC-DC converter in photovoltaic system using time-delay estimation

Because a conventional DC-DC converter system has small variation in the input voltage, it is sufficient to use Proportional-Integral (PI) controller with fixed gains. However, in Photovoltaic (PV) systems, the operating conditions such as irradiation and ambient temperature are time-varying. In these circumstances, when the operating conditions change abruptly or the uncertainties become large, the conventional PI controller cannot assure the best performance in controlling the DC-DC converter of PV systems. For the maximum power extraction from PV systems, in addition to the performance of Maximum Power Point Tracking Power module, that of DC-DC converter is also important. To enhance the control performance of the DC-DC converter in PV systems, a controller using time-delayed information is presented. The proposed controller intentionally utilizes time-delayed information of the given system and control input to eliminate the unknown system dynamics and unexpected disturbance. By doing these actions, the controller can show robust performance to the abrupt change in the operating conditions. Through computer simulation, the validity and effectiveness of the proposed controller are evaluated by comparing with conventional PI controller.
Electromagnetic excitation of a thin wire: a traveling-wave approach

Presents an approximate expression for the scattered electric field caused by a polarized pulsed plane wave that is incident upon a straight thin-wire segment at arbitrary angles of incidence and polarization. In this expression, the scattered field consists of spherical waves caused by a direct current wave along the wire or by repeated reflections of such waves at the end points. At a sufficient distance from the wire, each of these constituents again reduces to a plane wave. Therefore, our expression is capable of describing multiple-scattering effects. This makes the model suitable for several "statistical" applications. The derivation is carried out in three steps. First an approximate expression is determined for the current along the wire in case of a delta-gap excitation. Second, an expression for the radiated electric field caused by this current is derived by applying a far-field approximation to the pertaining integral representation. In the third and final step, the scattered field due to a plane-wave excitation is identified as the cumulative effect of a continuous distribution of delta-gap sources. Thus, this field can be constructed from a suitable combination of delta-gap radiation fields.
An inactivating mutation in HDAC2 leads to dysregulation of apoptosis mediated by APAF1.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important regulators of chromatin involved in silencing tumor suppressor genes. We examined mutation of HDAC2 and examined consequences of HDAC2 loss. METHODS Colon cancer cell lines and primary cancers were examined for mutations in HDAC2 by direct sequencing and capillary electrophoresis. Promoter methylation was determined using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in primary tumors. Sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors and resistance in vitro used colon cancer cell lines. RESULTS HDAC2 mutations in the poly(A) tract in exon 1 result in a frameshift and premature stop codon. These were found in microsatellite instability (MSI) cell lines and 43% of MSI colon cancers, but only 7% of microsatellite stable cancers. Mutation was associated with complete or regional tumor specific loss of HDAC2 protein. Inactivation of HDAC2 was not associated with large-scale changes in promoter region methylation, but rather is a consequence of epigenetic MLH1 inactivation leading to MSI. HDAC2 mutation results in apoptotic resistance to HDAC inhibitors (trichostatin A or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), despite induction of global histone acetylation. Differential induction of apoptosis by HDAC inhibitors is mediated by the proapoptotic gene APAF1, as shown by specific APAF1 induction only in cell lines with functional HDAC2, HDAC2 protein localization to the APAF1 promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown of HDAC2 leading to up-regulation of APAF1, and stable knockdown of APAF1 reducing apoptotic response to HDAC inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Frequent HDAC2 mutations are found in MSI tumors and HDAC2 plays a major role in mediating apoptotic response to HDAC inhibitors through direct regulation of APAF1.
Spatial downscaling of precipitation using adaptable random forests

This paper introduces Prec‐DWARF (Precipitation Downscaling With Adaptable Random Forests), a novel machine‐learning based method for statistical downscaling of precipitation. Prec‐DWARF sets up a nonlinear relationship between precipitation at fine resolution and covariates at coarse/fine resolution, based on the advanced binary tree method known as Random Forests (RF). In addition to a single RF, we also consider a more advanced implementation based on two independent RFs which yield better results for extreme precipitation. Hourly gauge‐radar precipitation data at 0.125° from NLDAS‐2 are used to conduct synthetic experiments with different spatial resolutions (0.25°, 0.5°, and 1°). Quantitative evaluation of these experiments demonstrates that Prec‐DWARF consistently outperforms the baseline (i.e., bilinear interpolation in this case) and can reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal patterns, occurrence and distribution of observed precipitation fields. However, Prec‐DWARF with a single RF significantly underestimates precipitation extremes and often cannot correctly recover the fine‐scale spatial structure, especially for the 1° experiments. Prec‐DWARF with a double RF exhibits improvement in the simulation of extreme precipitation as well as its spatial and temporal structures, but variogram analyses show that the spatial and temporal variability of the downscaled fields are still strongly underestimated. Covariate importance analysis shows that the most important predictors for the downscaling are the coarse‐scale precipitation values over adjacent grid cells as well as the distance to the closest dry grid cell (i.e., the dry drift). The encouraging results demonstrate the potential of Prec‐DWARF and machine‐learning based techniques in general for the statistical downscaling of precipitation.
HIDDEN INDEXING BASED ON SYNTACTICAL APPROACH FOR DIRECT ACCESS METHOD

In this paper hidden indexing techniques that can be used in a face recognition system have been developed. This technique is based on the syntactic approach uses the development of octal chain code. As an initial step, a variety of multidimensional image is extracted to produce the desired binary value. Then syntactic approach is used to determine the patterns produced by the binary value. Binary pattern formed is set in such a way to generate a database index to form a sequential index that can facilitate direct access method. The proposed method is expected to reduce the time of data search process. Future work, better extraction methods will be tested in this study for 3D model.
Eficácia de fluralaner ( Bravecto TM ) administrado por via oral ou de imidaclopride / moxidectina ( Advocate ® ) aplicado por via tópica contra a demodicose generalizada em cães

Métodos: Dezasseis cães, todos eles diagnosticados com sarna demodécica generalizada, foram agrupados aleatoriamente em dois grupos iguais. Os comprimidos mastigáveis BravectoTM foram administrados uma vez por via oral com uma dose mínima de 25 mg fluralaner/kg de peso corporal a um grupo de cães, enquanto o segundo grupo foi tratado por via tópica em três ocasiões em intervalos de 28 dias com o Advocate® com uma dose mínima de 10 mg imidaclopride/kg de peso corporal e 2,5 mg moxidectina/kg de peso corporal. Foram efetuadas contagens de ácaros em raspagens de pele e foram avaliadas lesões demodécicas em cada cão antes do tratamento e em intervalos de 28 dias depois disso, durante um período de estudo de 12 semanas. Em cada cão, foram realizadas raspagens de pele em profundidade (~4 cm) nas mesmas cinco zonas, em cada exame subsequente.