Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determining the relative roles of species replacement and species richness differences in generating beta‐diversity patterns

Aim To determine the relative contribution of species replacement and species richness differences to the emergence of beta-diversity patterns. Innovation A novel method that disentangles all compositional differences (βcc, overall beta diversity) in its two components, species replacement (β-3) and species richness differences (βrich) is proposed. The performance of the method was studied with ternary plots, which allow visualization of the influence of the relative proportions of shared and unique species of two sites over each metric. The method was also tested in different hypothetical gradients and with real datasets. The novel method was compared with a previous proposal based on the partitioning of overall compositional differences (βsor) in replacement (βsim) and nestedness (βnes). The linear response of βcc contrasts with the curvilinear response of βsor to linear gradients of dissimilarity. When two sites did not share any species, βsim was always 1 and β-3 only reached 1 when the number of exclusive species of both sites was equal. β-3 remained constant along gradients of richness differences with constant replacement, while βsim decreased. βrich had a linear response to a linear gradient of richness differences with constant species replacement, whereas βnes exhibited a hump-shaped response. Moreover, βsim > βnes when clearly almost all species of one site were lost, whereas β-3 < βrich in the same circumstances. Main conclusions The behaviour of the partition of βcc into β-3 and βrich is consistent with the variation of replacement and richness differences. The partitioning of βsor into βsim and βnes overestimates the replacement component and underestimates richness differences. The novel methodology allows the discrimination of different causes of beta-diversity patterns along latitudinal, biogeographic or ecological gradients, by estimating correctly the relative contributions of replacement and richness differences.
Torulaspora delbrueckii Yeast Strains for Small-scale Chenin blanc and Pinotage Vinifications

Nine Torulaspora delbrueckii yeast strains, a commercial T. delbrueckii strain and a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain were used in the production of small‑scale Chenin blanc and Pinotage vinifications. The fermentations were carried out at 15°C and 24°C respectively. Four T. delbrueckii yeasts were used as single inoculants, while the remainder were inoculated sequentially. The commercial S. cerevisiae yeast strains were added at zero, 24 and 48 hours after the T. delbrueckii strain. The wines were evaluated chemically and sensorially and the data was analysed statistically. The results for the white wine vinification trial showed that two T. delbrueckii treatments could produce novel wines, either on their own or as a component of co‑inoculated fermentations. These compared well with, and even exceeded, the quality of wine produced by the S. cerevisiae reference treatment regarding chemical composition and overall sensory quality. One T. delbrueckii strain showed its robustness by being re-isolated from the yeast lees at the end of fermentation. The red wine vinifications were less conclusive, and no distinctive T. delbrueckii “fingerprint” was observed in the chemical and sensory data, neither was a pattern observed regarding the different inoculation times.
The comovement between height and some economic development indicators in Spain

This paper investigates the relationship between height and some measures of human welfare in Spain for the period 1850-1978. For that purpose, we employ several filtering methods to measure the correlation between variables such as first order differences, deterministic trends, the Hodrick and Prescott filter, the band-pass filter or den Haan (2000)’s methodology which uses a new set of statistics to characterize the co-movement between variables to capture the dynamic between variables. We always find a strong and positive correlation between height and GDP per capita, height and the weight of health services in total consumption, and height and openness. By contrast, we have a negative correlation between height and the mortality rate and height and the ratio between the deflator of private consumption and the GDP deflator. By applying den Haan (2000)’s method, we find that the comovement between height and GDP per capita is always positive, increasing in the medium and long-run. This correlation is higher after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). We also observe that height and mortality rate have a negative correlation in the medium-run. Other health indicators such as the weight of health services in total consumption and the ratio between the deflator of private consumption and the GDP deflator show a positive and negative co-movement in the short-run, respectively. Nevertheless, they change their sign of correlation in the long-run. Finally, we observe a positive co-movement between height and illiteracy rate in the short-run, a negative one in the long-run, and a strong and positive comovement between height and the grade of openness.
Towards a theoretical determination of the geographical probability distribution of meteoroid impacts on Earth

Tunguska and Chelyabinsk impact events occurred inside a geographical area of only 3.4\% of the Earth's surface. Although two events hardly constitute a statistically significant demonstration of a geographical pattern of impacts, their spatial coincidence is at least tantalizing. To understand if this concurrence reflects an underlying geographical and/or temporal pattern, we must aim at predicting the spatio-temporal distribution of meteoroid impacts on Earth. For this purpose we designed, implemented and tested a novel numerical technique, the "Gravitational Ray Tracing" (GRT) designed to compute the relative impact probability (RIP) on the surface of any planet. GRT is inspired by the so-called ray-casting techniques used to render realistic images of complex 3D scenes. In this paper we describe the method and the results of testing it at the time of large impact events. Our findings suggest a non-trivial pattern of impact probabilities at any given time on Earth. Locations at $60-90°$ from the apex are more prone to impacts, especially at midnight. Counterintuitively, sites close to apex direction have the lowest RIP, while in the antapex RIP are slightly larger than average. We present here preliminary maps of RIP at the time of Tunguska and Chelyabinsk events and found no evidence of a spatial or temporal pattern, suggesting that their coincidence was fortuitous. We apply the GRT method to compute theoretical RIP at the location and time of 394 large fireballs. Although the predicted spatio-temporal impact distribution matches marginally the observed events, we successfully predict their impact speed distribution.
Methods of trees evaluation with the site-specific effect for microclimate in urban environment: the case of study Nitra (Slovakia)

Abstract Microclimatic factors in selected vegetation structures have been monitored in a compact historical built-up layout in the Nitra municipality. We have observed relationship between microclimatic factors (air temperature, relative air humidity and surface temperature) and microclimatic environment indices (MEI). MEI were created for selected trees with varied structure on the basis of synthesis of input data (layout samples of canopy layer and urban geometry). They point out the impact of trees and environment on microclimate in an urban environment during hot days. Surface temperature is a significant factor. The model shows that the surface temperature in various structures of trees and varied urban geometry could be identified through MEI. From the microclimatic point of view, the tree cover in the narrow street with 8 MEI has the greatest cooling effect. MEI from 8 to 13 proved the cooling effect with regard to the general diameter of the area. The higher the number of MEI, the lower is the cooling effect of the trees.
Exploring the impact of sociocultural factors on positioning women in management

Job division according to gender is, in its roots, of social and cultural character. Gender characteristics, cultural heritage and system of values in their living and working environment, have influenced women rather than men, in their professional development and progress within leadership hierarchy in organizations. This study is focused on a problem of women’s professional promotion. The basic assumption is that positioning a woman in managerial structure of an organization, is influenced by a group of sociocultural factors such as social background, residential location, level of education and close environment which defines individual’s action, recognition, understanding and evaluation of information, motives and achievements. These bundle 1 hrida@sbb.rs 2 sladjanacabrilo@gmail.com 3 tanja.sikoparija@gmail.com
Do Fathers Matter?: Paternal Mortality and Children's Long-Run Outcomes

Parental mortality is associated with a range of negative child outcomes. This paper studies the effect of paternal mortality on children's health and schooling outcomes using the universe of veterans' children born in Croatia, and all of the paternal deaths and injuries resulting from the 1991-1995 Croatian-Serbian war. Using linked administrative data, I find large negative effects of paternal death on high-school GPA, school absences, behavior problems, and hospitalizations. I address potentially non-random selection into paternal death by using within-military unit differences in the extent of injury or death, essentially assuming that the members of a military unit all had similar probabilities of being killed or injured because they fought in the same battles. I am also able to shed light on an important mechanism underlying the estimated effects. Surviving spouses of those killed or injured were well compensated, so that the death of a father did not have a negative effect on household incomes. I find that a death or injury that occurred during the in-utero period has much larger effects than a death or injury in early childhood, suggesting that much of the negative effect is due to maternal stress.
ZEBRA: a Flexible Solution for Controlling Scanning Experiments

This paper presents the ZEBRA product developed at Diamond Light Source. ZEBRA is a stand-alone event handling system with interfaces to multi-standard digital I/O signals (TTL, LVDS, PECL, NIM and Open Collector) and RS422 quadrature incremental encoder signals. Input events can be triggered by input signals, encoder position signals or repetitive time signals, and can be combined using logic gates in an FPGA to generate and output other events. The positions of all 4 encoders can be captured at the time of a given event and made available to the controlling system. All control and status is available through a serial protocol, so there is no dependency on a specific higher level control system. We have found it has applications on virtually all Diamond beamlines, from applications as simple as signal level shifting to, for example, using it for all continuous scanning experiments. The internal functionality is reconfigurable on the fly through the user interface and can be saved to static memory. It provides a flexible solution to interface different third party hardware (detectors and motion controllers) and to configure the required functionality as part of the experiment.
Genetic divergence between watermelon lines selected for resistance to Pappaya ringspot virus, type W.

Papaya ringspot virus, watermelon type (Pappaya ringspot virus - PRSV-W)is the main watermelon viral disease in Brazil. The work intended to evaluate the geneticdivergence of watermelon lines type Crimson Sweet obtained from the cross of theresistant accession PI 595201 with Crimson Sweet and selected for to PRSV-W. Thirteencharacteristics in 23 lines of the cross PI 595201 with Crimson Sweet and two controlcultivars were evaluated. The genetic divergence was evaluated by multivariate proceduressuch as the Mahalanobis distance and by the Tocher’s optimization grouping and nearestneighbor methods. The characteristics which contributed the most to the genetic divergenceof the watermelon genotype were pulp coloration, total soluble solids, pH and titratableacidity. The Mahalanobis distance by the Tocher optimization grouping and nearest neighbormethods separated the lines into two distinct groups. The line WMX-001G-09-04-58-07pl#08 of group II was the most dissimilar in relation to the others of group I, which areWMX-001G-09-04-03-03pl#18, WMX-001G-09-04-03-03pl#21, WMX-001G-09-04-03-03pl#22, WMX-001G-14-02-55-01pl#07, WMX-001G-14-02-55-01pl#15 and CrimsonSweet – (Nova Crimson Sweet - Agristar). Crosses between genotypes of different groupscan result into superior hybrids.
Oxygen Induced Reconstruction of the Rh(100) Surface: General Tendency Towards Threefold Oxygen Adsorption Site on Rh Surfaces

On the basis of a low energy electron diffraction $I\ensuremath{-}V$ structural investigation, the surface geometry of the $\mathrm{Rh}\left(100\right)+\left(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2\right)\ensuremath{-}2\mathrm{O}$ phase has been determined. The oxygen is found to adsorb in an unusual threefold site of the rhombi created by the reconstruction of the first rhodium layer, producing a $\mathrm{pg}$ symmetry, in agreement with theoretical predictions but at variance with previous experimental conclusions. Our result indicates that there is a strong tendency of oxygen to adsorb in threefold sites on all Rh surfaces.
Density-Based K-Nearest Neighbor Active Learning for Improving Farsi-English Statistical Machine Translation System

Labeled data are useful resources for different application in different fields like image processing, natural language processing etc. Producing labeled data is a costly process. One efficient solution for alleviating the costly process of annotating data is managing the sampling process. It is better to query for essential samples instead of a group of unnecessary ones. Active learning (AL) attempts to overcome the labeling bottleneck by sending queries for unlabeled instances to be labeled with the help of an annotator. This technique is applied to Natural Language Processing (NLP) especially in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) tasks that we also focus on in this work. In Statistical Machine Translation, parallel corpora are scarce resources, and AL is a way of solving this problem. It attempts to alleviate the costly process of data annotating by sending queries just for translation of the most informative sentences which are essential for system improvement. The contribution of our work is proposing a new approach in AL for selecting sentences through a soft decision making process. In this algorithm, in addition to scoring sentences according to their information, the distribution of the space of unlabeled data is also considered. Each sentence (either labeled or unlabeled) changes to a vector of feature scores. Then each new coming sentence is observed in the feature space and gets two probabilities: how probable it is to be either labeled or unlabeled. These probabilities are calculated according to the position of new instance related to its labeled and unlabeled neighbors. We have applied the proposed model for improving training corpus of a SMT system. Also Farsi-English language pairs are selected as the base-line SMT system. We have sampled the best sentences that can improve the quality of our SMT system and send query for their translations. In this way the costly approach of making parallel corpus is alleviated. Finally, our experiments show significant improvements for sampling sentences by soft decision making in comparison to the random sentence selection strategy.
Analysis of causes of decreasing inflow to the Lake Chad due toclimate variability and human activities

Abstract. In the 1960s, Lake Chad was the world’s sixth largest water body, which has since shrunk dramatically from a surface area of 25,000 km2 to only 2,000 km2 in the following 40 years. In the present study, hydro-climatic variability in the Chari-Logone, Komadugu-Yobe, YENG (Yedseram, El-Beid, Ngadda and Gubio basins) as well as Lake Fitri basins and decreasing streamflow to Lake Chad due to climate variability and human activities were separated and quantified using trend analysis, change point analysis, and hydrological approach, for the period of 1951–2015. The results showed very strong signals (α = 0.001) of increasing trend in mean temperature, with an average increase of 1.4 °C, and very weak (α = 0.1) to strong (α = 0.01) decreasing signals in precipitation, with an average decrease of 15 %. In case of streamflow to Lake Chad, very strong decreasing trends were observed, showing 67 % reduction for the whole period. The north-eastern parts were most affected parts in case of increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Decreasing flow due to both climate variability and human activities were ranged from 34 % to 45 % in different decades, from 1972 to 2013. On the whole, a 66 % of total decline in streamflow was observed due to human activities and 34 % due to climate variability. Most reduction in streamflow (59 %) due to climate variability was explored only during 1982–1991 because a devastating drought was occurred during this period. Since human activities caused most reduction in streamflow to Lake Chad than climate, inflow to the lake can be improved by reducing or properly managing the human activities and using sustainable water resources management.
Toward Reliable Characterization of Sites With Pronounced Topography and Related Effects on Ground Motion

Here we present first results of a joint effort undertaken in ongoing European project NERA -JRA1, which aims at establishing scientifically solid and practically acceptable propositions to incorporate surface topography effects in seismic hazard estimates. We assembled a dataset of both ambient vibration and earthquake recordings acquired at 40 European sites with pronounced topography. It comprises a wide variety of sites including populated hills and even extreme cases of unstable rock slopes in Alpine regions. Results of the polarisation analysis for the two sites presented here show the peculiarity of the topographic site effects.
Social Networking, Religious Similarity, and Moral Reasoning: Potential Causes of Revolution

COPYRIGHT 2013 BY PSI CHI, THE INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY IN PSYCHOLOGY (VOL. 18, NO. 3/ISSN 2164-8204) Revolution is the means by which people can revolt against a political structure that they dislike. For example, in the recent Egyptian revolution, people rebelled against a dictatorship. Given the recent revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa, determining possible causes of revolutionary behavior would allow psychological scientists and others to better predict human behavior in areas of unrest. The rebellion in Egypt was quickly followed by revolutions in surrounding nations. This contagiousness of revolution has been seen historically with the relatively quick succession of political revolutions from the mid-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century and beyond (Kagan, Ozment, & Turner, 2004). However, much of the previous research on the causes of revolutions has been nonempirical (Fox, 2004; Montiel, 2006; Thompson, 1999). This lack of empirical data makes it difficult to discuss the causal factors that lead to revolution. Therefore, the goal of this study was to add empirical data to the existing historical and sociological data by using an experimental design to examine causes of revolution.
A proactive maintenance scheme for hardware fault diagnosis in wireless systems

In the wireless sector maintenance costs form a large part of the total network operating cost. This paper presents a possible proactive maintenance scheme for wireless systems. The object of this paper is to reduce the high operational costs encountered in the wireless industry by decreasing maintenance costs and system downtime. An on-line monitoring system is suggested to identify performance degradation, as well as its possible sources via symbol frequency distribution analysis. In this paper a single fault mechanism is considered and the methodology to detect and diagnose the fault mechanism is presented. With similar analysis for other fault mechanisms, this system could ensure that maintenance occurs only when necessary and not at routine intervals.
Thrombelastography and Thrombelastometry

Abstract The term thrombelastography / thrombelastometry was used to describe the trace produced from measurement of the viscoelastic changes associated with fibrin polymerization. The result of measurement is a compact mapping of the various stages of haemostasis. One of the first real clinical applications of this method was the haemostatic monitoring of liver transplantation and cardiac surgery using extracorporeal circulation. In trauma patients the thrombelastography /thrombelastometry was proved to predict early transfusion requirements. Another authors suggest thrombelastography /thrombelastometry as a possible tool for early identification of pregnant women at increased risk of fetal loss. This article provides overview on the development of thrombelastography / trombelastometry and its possible use in laboratory of haemostasis.
Classification and multivariate analysis of differences in gross primary production at different elevations using biome-bgc in the páramos, ecuadorian andean region

Gross primary production (GPP) in climate change studies with multi- species and elevation variables are difficult to measure and simulate. Models tend to provide a representation of dynamic process through long-term analysis by using generalized parameterizations. Even, current approaches of modelling do not contemplate easily the variation of GPP at different elevations for different vegetation types in regions like páramos, mainly due to data unavailability. In these models information from cells is commonly averaged, and therefore average elevation, ecophysiology of vegetation, as well as other parameters is generalized. The vegetation model BIOME- BGC was applied to the Ecuadorian Andean region for elevations greater than 4000 masl with the presence of typical vegetation of páramo for 10 years of simulation (period 2000-2009). An estimation of the difference of GPP obtained using a generalized altitude and predominant type of vegetation could lead to a better estimation of the uncertainty in the magnitude of the errors in global climate models. This research explores GPP from 3 different altitudes and 3 vegetation types against 2 main climate drivers (Short Wave Radiation and Vapor Pressure Deficit). Since it is important to measure the possible errors or difference in the use of averaged meteorological and ecophysiological data, here we present a multivariate analysis of the dynamic difference of GPP in time, relative to an altitude and type of vegetation. A copula multivariable model allows us to identify and classify the changes in GPP per type of vegetation and altitude. The Frank copula model of joint distributions was our best fit between GPP and climate drivers and it allowed us to understand better the dependency of the variables. These results can explore extreme situations where averaged simplified approaches could mislead. The change of GPP over time is essential for future climate scenarios of the ecosystem storage and release of carbon to the atmosphere. Our findings suggest that a classification of the difference is highly important to be extended to cells that have similar properties.