Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING OF CO IN A z = 4.05 PROTO-CLUSTER

We present a study of the formation of clustered, massive galaxies at large look-back times via spectroscopic imaging of CO in the unique GN20 proto-cluster at z = 4.05. Existing observations show that this is a dense concentration of gas-rich, very active star forming galaxies, including multiple bright submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). Using deep, high-resolution Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array CO(2–1) observations, we image the molecular gas with a resolution of ∼1 kpc just 1.6 Gyr after the big bang. The SMGs GN20.2a and GN20.2b have deconvolved sizes of ∼5 kpc × 3 kpc and ∼8 kpc × 5 kpc (Gaussian FWHM) in CO(2–1), respectively, and we measure gas surface densities up to ∼12,700/1700 × (sin i) (αCO/0.8) M☉ pc−2 for GN20.2a/GN20.2b in the highest-resolution maps. Dynamical mass estimates allow us to constrain the CO-to-H2 conversion factor to αCO = 1.7 ± 0.8 M☉ (K km s−1 pc2)−1 for GN20.2a and M☉ (K km s−1 pc2)−1 for GN20.2b. We measure significant offsets (0.″5–1″) between the CO and optical emission, indicating either dust obscuration on scales of tens of kiloparsecs or that the emission originates from distinct galaxies. CO spectral line energy distributions imply physical conditions comparable to other SMGs and reveal further evidence that GN20.2a and GN20.2b are in different merging stages. We carry out a targeted search for CO emission from the 14 known B-band Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) in the field, tentatively detecting CO in a previously undetected LBG and placing 3σ upper limits on the CO luminosities of those that may lie within our bandpass. A blind search for emission-line sources down to a 5σ limiting CO luminosity of K km s−1 pc2 and covering Δz = 0.0273 (∼20 comoving Mpc) produces no other strong contenders associated with the proto-cluster.
Effect of sulphur and nitrogen fertilisation on winter wheat in Calcaric Luvisol

In 2019–2021, the experiment was carried out with the aim to investigate how sulphur (S) fertiliser rates under different nitrogen (N) fertiliser backgrounds influenced winter wheat grain yield, grain quality, and plant productivity indicators. The winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Janne’ was grown in four N background treatments with N 60 , N 120 , N 180 , and N 240 without S fertilisation and also fertilised with S 15 (in all N fertilisation treatments), S 30 (only with N 120 and N 240 ), and S 60 (only with N 240 ). The results showed that S fertilisation increased the wheat grain yield significantly in individual research years and only in the plots fertilised with higher N rates. N fertilisers increased the protein content, sedimentation, and gluten content of the grain, while S fertilisers only in one year and only in the N 180 fertilisation treatment. The results of experiment showed that the N:S ratio for the winter wheat at the BBCH 30 growth stage was in the range of 8–16, and at the BBCH 65 it was in the range of 9–19 indicating that the winter wheat was optimally or even more than optimally supplied with S.
Probabilistically checkable proofs and the testing of hadamard-like codes

Recent results concerning probabilistically checkable proofs (PCPs) enable the encoding of mathematical proofs so as to allow very efficient probabilistic verification. Probabilistic verification consists of a simple randomized test that looks at a few bits of the proof and decides to accept or reject the proof's validity by performing a simple computation on those bits. Valid proofs are always accepted. Incorrect proofs are rejected with a non-negligible probability. The interest in PCPs stems from their complexity theoretic implications. Especially interesting are the surprising way in which they characterize NP and the hardness of approximation results derived through them. This thesis contributes to further our understanding of complexity theoretic issues through the study of PCPs. We address a basic problem that arises in the construction of PCPs and the derivation of hardness of approximation results: linearity testing over the two element field. We give a thorough analysis of this problem. Some of our results are obtained by showing a new connection between testing over the field of size two and discrete Fourier analysis. This relationship is further illustrated by studying a pair of tests that are related to the Hadamard code test. In addition, we establish a connection between testing and the theory of weight distributions of dual codes. This connection allows us to formulate a new way of testing for linearity over finite fields. We then show how to analyze, through the MacWilliams Theorems, the tests that fall into our framework. The results we obtain imply nontrivial facts about the functions being tested even when these functions fail the test with relatively large probability. We discuss why these types of results are desirable in the PCP context. Finally, we propose two models of interactive proof systems. In the first of these proof systems, a computationally limited verifier interacts with a ranked sequence of oracles. In the second proof system, the verifier now interacts with a ranked sequence of provers. The distinguishing characteristic of these proof systems is the ordered relationship amongst the provers and amongst the oracles. We show that, with suitable restrictions on the randomness and query complexity, both proof systems exactly characterize each level of the polynomial hierarchy. The characterization via oracle proof systems extends that of NP via PCPs. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Exploring compressed supersymmetry with same-sign top quarks at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

In compressed supersymmetry, a light top squark naturally mediates efficient neutralino pair annihilation to govern the thermal relic abundance of dark matter. I study the CERN LHC signal of same-sign leptonic top-quark decays from gluino and squark production, which follows from gluino decays to top plus stop followed by the stop decaying to a charm quark and the LSP in these models. Measurements of the numbers of jets with heavy-flavor tags in the same-sign lepton events can be used to confirm the origin of the signal. Summed transverse momentum observables provide an estimate of an effective superpartner mass, which is correlated with the gluino mass. Measurements of invariant mass endpoints from the visible products of gluino decays do not allow direct determination of superpartner masses, but can place constraints on them, including lower bounds on the gluino mass as a function of the top-squark mass.
Balance Harvest from the Forest as a Renewable Resource Using Game Theory

Forests are among the most important renewable natural resources. While having a great range of benefits, the crucial advantage of forests is the production of oxygen and the absorption of pollutants. Thus, the current article attempts to examine forest exploitation as a source of wood to prevent forest overexploitation. Three smugglers, residents, and timber companies exploit this resource. There is a competition for the perception of this common source between these factors. In this article, these interactions are considered a game in order to obtain the most probable solution in the real competition between these factors by examining this game. This answer is the balance of the game. In order to use this answer, the behavior of the players can be predicted and used in management planning. Since the amount of withdrawals of operating companies depends on the current inventory (t), the player’s behavior is determined by the system’s current state and then Markov equilibrium was obtained for them.
Soliton propagation with cross-phase modulation in silicon photonic crystal waveguides

An effort was conducted to numerically determine, by the nonlinear Schrodinger split-step Fourier method, whether using cross-phase modulation (XPM) could cause temporal soliton pulse propagation in a silicon slow-light photonic crystal waveguide (PhCWG) shorter than a millimeter. The simulations demonstrated that, because of the higher powers and shorter scales of photonic crystals, two-photon absorption (TPA) would cause an optical soliton pulse to be extremely dissipative. The model demonstrated, however, that by utilizing XPM, it is possible to sustain a compressed soliton pulse within a silicon PhCWG subjected to TPA over longer relative distances.
Electromagnetic response functions in proton-proton scattering

3. The Plastic Ball detector, originally built for experiments with heavy-ion beams, offers good particle identification and high granularity. These features were important to measure the high multiplicities of produced particles in heavy-ion collisions. In the present experiment we exploit those detector characteristics to measure only two particles, a pair of electron and positron, with high efficiency.
A CENSUS OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES IN THE Z ∼ 9–10 UNIVERSE BASED ON HST+SPITZER OBSERVATIONS OVER 19 CLASH CLUSTERS: THREE CANDIDATE Z ∼ 9–10 GALAXIES AND IMPROVED CONSTRAINTS ON THE STAR FORMATION RATE DENSITY AT Z ∼ 9.2

We utilize a two-color Lyman-break selection criterion to search for z ∼ 9–10 galaxies over the first 19 clusters in the CLASH program. A systematic search yields three z ∼ 9–10 candidates. While we have already reported the most robust of these candidates, MACS1149-JD, two additional z ∼ 9 candidates are also found and have H160-band magnitudes of ∼26.2–26.9. A careful assessment of various sources of contamination suggests ≲1 contaminants for our z ∼ 9–10 selection. To determine the implications of these search results for the luminosity function (LF) and star formation rate density at z ∼ 9, we introduce a new differential approach to deriving these quantities in lensing fields. Our procedure is to derive the evolution by comparing the number of z ∼ 9–10 galaxy candidates found in CLASH with the number of galaxies in a slightly lower-redshift sample (after correcting for the differences in selection volumes), here taken to be z ∼ 8. This procedure takes advantage of the fact that the relative volumes available for the z ∼ 8 and z ∼ 9–10 selections behind lensing clusters are not greatly dependent on the details of the lensing models. We find that the normalization of the UV LF at z ∼ 9 is just that at z ∼ 8, which is ∼1.4× lower than extrapolating z ∼ 4–8 LF results. While consistent with the evolution in the UV LF seen at z ∼ 4–8, these results marginally favor a more rapid evolution at z > 8. Compared to similar evolutionary findings from the HUDF, our result is less insensitive to large-scale structure uncertainties, given our many independent sightlines on the high-redshift universe.
Conservation law for distributed entanglement of formation and quantum discord

We present a direct relation, based upon a monogamic principle, between entanglement of formation (EOF) and quantum discord (QD), showing how they are distributed in an arbitrary tripartite pure system. By extending it to a paradigmatic situation of a bipartite system coupled to an environment, we demonstrate that the EOF and the QD obey conservation relation. By means of this relation we show that in the deterministic quantum computer with one pure qubit the protocol has the ability to rearrange the EOF and the QD, which implies that quantum computation can be understood on a different basis as a coherent dynamics where quantum correlations are distributed between the qubits of the computer. Furthermore, for a tripartite mixed state we show that the balance between distributed EOF and QD results in a stronger version of the strong subadditivity of entropy.
Testing quantum physics in space using optically trapped nanospheres

Recent developments in space technology like micro-propulsion systems for drag-free control, thermal shielding, ultra-stable laser sources and stable optical cavities set an ideal platform for quantum optomechanical exper- iments with optically trapped dielectric spheres. Here, we will provide an overview of the results of recent studies aiming at the realization of the space mission MAQRO to test the foundations of quantum physics in a parameter regime orders of magnitude beyond existing experiments. In particular, we will discuss DECIDE, which is an experiment to prepare and then study a Schrodinger-cat-type state, where a dielectric nanosphere of around 100 nm radius is prepared in a superposition of being in two clearly distinct positions at the same time. This superposition leads to double-slit-type interference, and the visibility of the interference pattern will be compared to the predictions of quantum theory. This approach allows for testing for possible deviations from quantum theory as our test objects approach macroscopic dimensions. With DECIDE, it will be possible to distinctly test several prominent theoretical models that predict such deviations, for example: the Diósi-Pensrose model, the continuous-spontaneous-localization model of Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber and Pearle, and the model of Károlyházy.
Agreement and Reliability between Clinically Available Software Programs in Measuring Volumes and Normative Percentiles of Segmented Brain Regions

Objective To investigate the agreement and reliability of estimating the volumes and normative percentiles (N%) of segmented brain regions among NeuroQuant (NQ), DeepBrain (DB), and FreeSurfer (FS) software programs, focusing on the comparison between NQ and DB. Materials and Methods Three-dimensional T1-weighted images of 145 participants (48 healthy participants, 50 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 47 patients with Alzheimer’s disease) from a single medical center (SMC) dataset and 130 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset were included in this retrospective study. All images were analyzed with DB, NQ, and FS software to obtain volume estimates and N% of various segmented brain regions. We used Bland–Altman analysis, repeated measures ANOVA, reproducibility coefficient, effect size, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to evaluate inter-method agreement and reliability. Results Among the three software programs, the Bland–Altman plot showed a substantial bias, the ICC showed a broad range of reliability (0.004–0.97), and repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant mean volume differences in all brain regions. Similarly, the volume differences of the three software programs had large effect sizes in most regions (0.73–5.51). The effect size was largest in the pallidum in both datasets and smallest in the thalamus and cerebral white matter in the SMC and ADNI datasets, respectively. N% of NQ and DB showed an unacceptably broad Bland–Altman limit of agreement in all brain regions and a very wide range of ICC values (-0.142–0.844) in most brain regions. Conclusion NQ and DB showed significant differences in the measured volume and N%, with limited agreement and reliability for most brain regions. Therefore, users should be aware of the lack of interchangeability between these software programs when they are applied in clinical practice.
DARKSIDE: A Heterogeneous RISC-V Compute Cluster for Extreme-Edge On-Chip DNN Inference and Training

On-chip deep neural network (DNN) inference and training at the Extreme-Edge (TinyML) impose strict latency, throughput, accuracy, and flexibility requirements. Heterogeneous clusters are promising solutions to meet the challenge, combining the flexibility of DSP-enhanced cores with the performance and energy boost of dedicated accelerators. We present DARKSIDE, a System-on-Chip with a heterogeneous cluster of eight RISC-V cores enhanced with 2-b to 32-b mixed-precision integer arithmetic. To boost the performance and efficiency on key compute-intensive DNN kernels, the cluster is enriched with three digital accelerators: 1) a specialized engine for low-data-reuse depthwise convolution kernels (up to 30 MAC/cycle); 2) a minimal overhead datamover to marshal 1–32-b data on-the-fly; and 3) a 16-b floating-point tensor product engine (TPE) for tiled matrix-multiplication acceleration. DARKSIDE is implemented in 65-nm CMOS technology. The cluster achieves a peak integer performance of 65 GOPS and a peak efficiency of 835 GOPS/W when working on 2-b integer DNN kernels. When targeting floating-point tensor operations, the TPE provides up to 18.2 GFLOPS of performance or 300 GFLOPS/W of efficiency—enough to enable on-chip floating-point training at competitive speed coupled with ultralow power quantized inference.
Electrostatic Beneficiation of Coal Fly Ash Utilizing Triboelectric Charging with Subsequent Electrostatic Separation

A triboelectrostatic separation system for removing unburned carbon from coal fly ash is designed and evaluated. Fly ash from a coal-fired power plant is used as an accepted additive in concrete where it adds strength, sulfate resistance and reduced cost, provided acceptable levels of unburned carbon are maintained. Unfortunately, unburned carbon in coal fly ash absorbs some of other additives and reduces the concrete strength. This paper describes to investigate dry triboelectrostatic process to separate unburned carbon from coal fly ash and utilize it into economically valuable products. The laboratory-scale triboelectrostatic separation system consists of a particle feeding system, a tribocharger, a separation chamber, and collection systems. Particles of unburned carbon and fly ash can be imparted positive and negative surface charges, respectively, with a copper tribocharger due to differences in the work function values of the particles and the tribocharger, and can be separated by passing them through an external electric field. Results showed that fly ash recovery was strongly dependent on the electric field strength and the particle size. 70 wt% of fly ash containing 6.5 wt% of carbon contents could be recovered at carbon contents below 3%. The triboelectrostatic separation system showed a potential to be an effective method for removing unburned carbon from coal fly ash.
VARIATION OF SPECTRAL AND TIMING PROPERTIES IN THE EXTENDED BURST TAILS FROM THE MAGNETAR 4U 0142+61

Extended emission episodes with an intensity above the preburst level are observed following magnetar bursts from a number of soft gamma repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs). Such extended tail emissions were observed following two events detected from AXP 4U 0142+61. We investigated in detail the evolution of spectral and temporal properties during these two tail segments using Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer/Proportional Counter Array observations, and report distinct variations in the spectral and temporal behavior throughout the tails. In particular, in both cases we observed a sudden enhancement of the pulsation amplitude in conjunction with bursts and a smooth decline of X-ray emission (cooling) during the tail. We suggest that an inefficiently radiating trapped fireball formed during the burst, which can heat up the stellar surface, is able to explain the tail properties and its energetics. We also present the episodic detection of absorption and emission features during tails. One possible mechanism that has been proposed to give rise to such spectral lines is the proton/ion cyclotron resonance process, which has been suggested as offering a valuable tool in probing the complex magnetic field of magnetars.
The Variation of Transcriptomic Perturbations is Associated with the Development and Progression of Various Diseases

Background Although transcriptomic data have been widely applied to explore various diseases, few studies have investigated the association between transcriptomic perturbations and disease development in a wide variety of diseases. Methods Based on a previously developed algorithm for quantifying intratumor heterogeneity at the transcriptomic level, we defined the variation of transcriptomic perturbations (VTP) of a disease relative to the health status. Based on publicly available transcriptome datasets, we compared VTP values between the disease and health status and analyzed correlations between VTP values and disease progression or severity in various diseases, including neurological disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, digestive diseases, and endocrine diseases. We also identified the genes and pathways whose expression perturbations correlated positively with VTP across diverse diseases. Results VTP values were upregulated in various diseases relative to their normal controls. VTP values were significantly greater in define than in possible or probable Alzheimer's disease. VTP values were significantly larger in intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients than in non-ICU patients, and in COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support (MVS) than in those not requiring MVS. VTP correlated positively with viral loads in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Moreover, the AIDS patients treated with abacavir or zidovudine had lower VTP values than those without such therapies. In pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients, VTP values followed the pattern: active TB > latent TB > normal controls. VTP values were greater in clinically apparent than in presymptomatic malaria. VTP correlated negatively with the cardiac index of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), VTP showed a negative correlation with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1). VTP values increased with H. pylori infection and were upregulated in atrophic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection. The genes and pathways whose expression perturbations correlated positively with VTP scores across diseases were mainly involved in the regulation of immune, metabolic, and cellular activities. Conclusions VTP is upregulated in the disease versus health status, and its upregulation is associated with disease progression and severity in various diseases. Thus, VTP has potential clinical implications for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
Emergent Behavior in Agent Networks: Self-Organization in Wasp and Open Source Communities

Understanding the complex dynamics of communities of software developers requires a view of such organizations as a network of interacting agents involving both goals and constraints. Beyond their special features, these systems display some overall patterns of organization not far from the ones seen in other types of organizations, including both natural and artificial entities. By looking at both software developers and social insects as agents interacting in a complex network, we found common statistical patterns of organization. Here, simple self-organizing processes leading to the formation of hierarchies in wasp colonies and open source communities are studied. Our analysis further validates simple models of formation of wasp hierarchies based on individual learning. In the open source community, a few members are clearly distinguished from the rest of the community with different reinforcement mechanisms.
Anisotropies in the gravitational wave background as a probe of the cosmic string network

Pulsar timing arrays are one of the powerful tools to test the existence of cosmic strings through searching for the gravitational wave background. The amplitude of the background connects to information on cosmic strings such as the tension and string network properties. In addition, one may be able to extract more information on properties of cosmic strings by measuring anisotropies in the gravitational wave (GW) background. In this paper, we provide estimates of the level of anisotropy expected in the GW background generated by cusps on cosmic strings. We find that the anisotropy level strongly depends on the initial loop size $\alpha$, and thus we may be able to put constraint on $\alpha$ by measuring the anisotropy of the GW background. We also find that certain regions of the parameter space can be probed by shifting the observation frequency of GWs.