Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bifunctional Heterostructured Transition Metal Phosphides for Efficient Electrochemical Water Splitting

Reducing green hydrogen production costs is essential for developing a hydrogen economy. Developing cost‐effective electrocatalysts for water electrolysis is thus of great research interest. Among various material candidates, transition metal phosphides (TMP) have emerged as robust bifunctional electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their various phases and tunable electronic structure. Recently, heterostructured catalysts have exhibited significantly enhanced activities toward HER/OER. The enhancement can be attributed to the increased amount of accessible active sites, accelerated mass/charge transfer, and optimized adsorption of intermediates, which arise from the synergistic effects of the heterostructure. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of bifunctional TMP‐based heterostructure is introduced to provide an insight into their preparation and corresponding reaction mechanisms. It starts with summarizing general fundamental aspects of HER/OER and the synergistic effect of heterostructures for enhanced catalytic activity. Next, the innovational strategies to design and construct bifunctional TMP‐based heterostructures with enhanced overall water splitting activity, as well as the related mechanisms, are discussed in detail. Finally, a summary and perspective for further opportunities and challenges are highlighted for the further development of bifunctional TMP‐based heterostructures from the points of practical application and mechanistic studies.
Bent Hansen’s theory of inflation 19511

Abstract Bent Hansen’s analysis of repressed and open inflation was to some extent based on microeconomics, he analysed the interaction between wage and price inflation and discussed economic policy problems when there were goals in addition to that of curbing inflation. Hansen was influenced by Erik Lindahl who, like the other members of the Stockholm School was critical to the quantity theory of money. Hansen’s book contains early analyses of spill-over effects and building blocks of the supply multiplier.
Oculomotor reactions in fixations and saccades with visual perception of information

The work is devoted to the peculiarities of gaze movement in fixations and saccades when reading text and perceiving neutral images. The existence of multiple (almost unidirectional) displacements in fixations was discovered, the probability of which significantly exceeds the similar probability in simulated random fixations. The dependence of the correlation of time spent in fixations on the degree of distortion of texts when reading them was investigated. An interesting aspect of research is the statistics of the distribution of the direction of gaze shifts in fixations and saccades. It is shown that during reading the direction of displacements in saccades is predetermined. In the case of fixations in the distribution, vertical and horizontal directions are distinguished, and this is typical not only when reading a text, but also when perceiving various images, including those rotated at different angles. The individual characteristics of the visual system associated with the non-synchronous movement of the gaze of the left and right eyes in some subjects were found. It was determined the noise error of the eye-tracking recording system when registering the gaze displacements. It is shown that down to gaze displacements of the order of 1 mm, the noises of the registering measurement system prevails, which have a normal distribution along the length, and are uniformly distributed over the angle.
Determination of performance-parameter design and impact factors of sampling efficiency for bioaerosol cyclones

Abstract Bioaerosol sampling is a critical step toward characterizing airborne pathogen exposure risks for many respiratory infectious diseases in human-to-human or human-to-animal outbreaks. The integrated performance-parameter design and sampling efficiency of aerosol-to-hydrosol samplers (cyclones) has been rarely published or studied. This review focuses on the determination of cyclone performance-parameter design and impact factors of the sampling efficiency, discusses their mechanisms of collection and describes their advantages and drawbacks. The crucial design parameters of cyclones in different applications are then discussed in detail. We also discuss how the aerosol-to-hydrosol sampling efficiency is intrinsically related to the performance parameters for bioaerosol cyclone design. In the final section of this review, scientific questions and challenges for future work are presented to encourage high collection efficiency design and high-quality cyclones.
Modeling of post combustion inside the off-gas duct system of the Ovako electric arc furnace

The effect of electromagnetic stirring on scrap melting and post combustion in two different electric arc furnaces (EAFs) have been studied using numerical modelling. The effect of electromagnetic stirring on melting of a piece of scrap located at the eccentric bottom tapping (EBT) region of an EAF has been studied. The results were compared to a condition in which the only source term for momentum transfer was buoyancy. It was shown that the use of electromagnetic stirring can contribute to a better heat transfer rate at the melt–scrap interface. The Grashof and Nusselt number for both electromagnetic stirring and natural convection were estimated, and were compared with those estimated in previous studies. The post combustion (PC) inside a duct system of an EAF has been studied considering combustion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The aim was to study the effect of air leakage through the airgap and fan power on post combustion of the off–gas leaving the furnace. Furthermore, to see how much uncombusted can be captured after the air gap. It was shown a higher off-gas mass flow rate and a higher power of the outlet fan led to a higher combustion of CO and H2. Moreover, a backward modeling of the flow was done to estimate the off–gas composition at the furnace outlet. The post combustion inside the same EAF used in the previous part has been studied. The domain consists of the fluid region above the melt bath. The oxy fuel reactions and combustion of CO were taken into account. The oxy-fuel reactions in a both simplified and a more accurate form (JC) were studied. The results showed less combustion of CO in the latter form. Using the results of the off–gas composition at the outlet, an attempt was made to estimate the flow rate of CO arising from the bath. Different flow rates of CO from the melt and air flow rate through the roof were assumed. In both burner mode and burner + lancing mode, the calculated concentration of CO2 was higher than that calculated in the previous part. The reason could be that the dissociation of CO2 to CO and O2 at high temperatures, and the de-post combustion of CO2 due to the reaction with carbon in the melt and in the electrodes were not considered.
State-space analysis of power to detect regional brook trout population trends over time

Threats to aquatic biodiversity are expressed at broad spatial scales, but identifying regional trends in abundance is challenging owing to variable sampling designs and temporal and spatial variation in abundance. We compiled a regional data set of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) counts across their southern range representing 326 sites from eight states between 1982 and 2014 and conducted a statistical power analysis using Bayesian state-space models to evaluate the ability to detect temporal trends by characterizing posterior distributions with three approaches. A combination of monitoring periods, number of sites and electrofishing passes, decline magnitude, and different revisit patterns were tested. Power increased with monitoring periods and decline magnitude. Trends in adults were better detected than young-of-the-year fish, which showed greater interannual variation in abundance. The addition of weather covariates to account for the temporal variation increased power only slightly. Single- and three-pass electrofishing methods were similar in power. Finally, power was higher for sampling designs with more frequent revisits over the duration of the monitoring program. Our results provide guidance for broad-scale monitoring designs for temporal trend detection.
Supported and Suspended 2D Material-Based FET Biosensors

Field Effect Transistor (FET)-based electrochemical biosensor is gaining a lot of interest due to its malleability with modern fabrication technology and the ease at which it can be integrated with modern digital electronics. To increase the sensitivity and response time of the FET-based biosensor, many semiconducting materials have been categorized, including 2 dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. These 2D materials are easy to fabricate, increase sensitivity due to the atomic layer, and are flexible for a range of biomolecule detection. Due to the atomic layer of 2D materials each device requires a supporting substrate to fabricate a biosensor. However, uneven morphology of supporting substrate leads to unreliable output from every device due to scattering effect. This review summarizes advances in 2D material-based electrochemical biosensors both in supporting and suspended configurations by using different atomic monolayer, and presents the challenges involved in supporting substrate-based 2D biosensors. In addition, we also point out the advantages of nanomaterials over bulk materials in the biosensor domain.
Double burden of malnutrition among female college students of Paschim Medinipur District, India

Some previous report reveals that environmental and geographical factors have influence the regional health standard. Paschim Medinipur District in India is semi urban and rural based region adjoined to some Jangal Mahal Districts with laterite soil with lower crop fertility. The college students of Paschim Medinipur District and their health standard have not been systematically explored with reference to the state, country and further global standard. In the current study female students of a women’s college in this region has been employed for this kind of analysis. It was noted that their health status is significantly undernourished and malnourished with comparison to the World Health Organization Global and Indian standard. Socio-demographic condition of the inhabitant, soil quality and the water standard may be a determining factor for the proper macronutrient metabolism. Synergistic action of micro- and macro-nutrient might be the factor which should be explored in future studies.
An Approach to Color Change and Quality Relation in Roughages

In this work, it was aimed to associate CIELAB Scale (L*, a*, b*) with some quality parameters of roughages such as pH, crude protein (CP) and relative feed value (RFV). To this end, five different applications; haylages unwrapped on 25th, 40th and 55th days of fermentation, traditional silage unwrapped 55th days of fermentation and degraded haylage were examined for vetch-triticale (Vicia sativa L. - Triticasecale wittmack) and caramba-berseem clover (Lolium multiflorum cv Caramba-Trifolium alexandrinum L.) mixtures in the study. The tests were conducted according to randomized block design with three replications for both forage mixtures. The ΔL and Δb color values and pH, CP, RFV were significantly correlated in the vetch-triticale mixture. The regression coefficients (R2) for ΔL and Δb were 0.68 and 0.79 for pH, 0.40 and 0.38 for CP, 0.63 and 0.70 for RFV, respectively. In the mixture of the caramba - berseem clover, the regression coefficients for ΔL and Δb were found to be 0.64 and 0.85 for pH, 0.14 and 0.12 for CP, 0.28 and 0.37 for RFV respectively. In both mixtures, the level of relation between Δa* color value and quality parameters remained very low. Also, it was obtained that the best roughage in terms of RFV was haylages opened after 55th days. Decreasing the L*, b* color values by 50% on average after fermentation can be regarded as an indication of roughage degradation and RFV reduction. From this point view, it can be possible to determine the quality change by following the colors before and after fermentation of roughage.
Changes of Multiphase Flow Patterns during Steel Tapping with Simultaneous Argon Bottom Stirring in the Ladle

Changes of unsteady multiphase fluid flow patterns of liquid steel during electric arc furnace-ladle tapping operations, with simultaneous argon bottom injection, are simulated using interfacial tracking computing techniques. The impinging steel jet interacts with the argon bubbling plume, suffering mutual bending effects, and imparting non-symmetric flows of liquid steel during the whole ladle filling time. At low bath levels, radial recirculating flows are generated and at high bath levels, these flows are substituted by vertical long flows generated by the permanent interaction between the impinging jet and the argon plume. Turbulence intensity increases as the bath level rises. Low bath levels are suitable for pre-melting and preheating ferroalloy particles. High bath levels of steel in the ladle, close to total ladle filling, are the most suitable conditions for thermal and chemical homogenizations. Argon gas forms an intermittent blanket over the air–liquid steel mix due to its higher density than air during the whole ladle filling time.
Understanding reading motivation across different text types: qualitative insights from children

Background: Primary school children engage in a wide range of reading activities, yet we lack insights into why children choose to read different text types. Furthermore, recent studies of reading motivation have been dominated by quantitative research; however, qualitative research is necessary to ensure that children ’ s voices are represented when we study their motivations to read. Methods: Thirty-three children (aged 9 – 11) from a single school in Scotland participated in individual interviews that focused on understanding their breadth of reading activities and why they chose to read different text types. Interviews were transcribed in full, and a data-driven inductive thematic analysis approach was used to ensure that the full complexity of the data was realised. Results: Children ’ s reading motivation varied considerably across the different text types. For example, children read books to feel happy, relaxed, excited or to become immersed in the story. They also read books to develop their reading skills, because they felt reading was important, or because it was a habit or familiar. On the other hand, children read newspapers to stay informed, comics as they were fun and easy to read, interactive games as they could direct the narrative and audio books when they were tired. Overall, children reported a wide and diverse range of reading motivations, these being closely linked to the different text types they read. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into why children choose to read different text types and provides a strong foundation for further qualitative research aimed at gaining a detailed and comprehensive account of children ’ s motivation for reading.
A New Abstraction for Internet QoE Optimization

A perennial quest in networking research is how to achieve higher quality of experience (QoE) for users without incurring more resources. This work revisits an important yet often overlooked piece of the puzzle: what should the QoE abstraction be? A QoE abstraction is a representation of application quality that describes how decisions affect QoE. The conventional wisdom has relied on developing hand-crafted quality metrics (e.g., video rebuffering events, web page loading time) that are specialized to each application, content, and setting. We argue that in many cases, it maybe fundamentally hard to capture a user's perception of quality using a list of handcrafted metrics, and that expanding the metric list may lead to unnecessary complexity in the QoE model without a commensurate gain. Instead, we advocate for a new approach based on a new QoE abstraction called visual rendering. Rather than a list of metrics, we model the process of quality perception as a user watching a continuous "video" (visual rendering) of all the pixels on their screen. The key advantage of visual rendering is that it captures the full experience of a user with the same abstraction for all applications. This new abstraction opens new opportunities (e.g., the possibility of end-to-end deep learning models that infer QoE directly from a visual rendering) but it also gives rise to new research challenges (e.g., how to emulate the effect on visual rendering of an application decision). This paper makes the case for visual rendering as a unifying abstraction for Internet QoE and outlines a new research agenda to unleash its opportunities.
Millisecond Optical Phase Modulation Using Multipass Configurations with Liquid-Crystal Devices

We present two configurations for analog 0 to 2π optical phase modulation using liquid crystals (LCs), each of which achieve switching times that are 1 ms or less. One configuration is based on the switching behavior of a so-called nematic pi cell, and the other is based on the flexoelectro-optic effect in chiral nematic LCs when operated in the uniform lying helix geometry. Both configurations exploit a multipass optical arrangement to enhance the available optical phase range, while maintaining a fast switching speed. Moreover, these devices can be operated at or close to room temperature. Experimental data are found to be in good agreement with results predicted from theory for these multipass phase-modulation configurations.
Morphological changes and genome evolution in Raphidiopsis raciborskii CS-506 after 23 years in living culture

ABSTRACT Microscopic organisms maintained in long-term living monocultures undergo evolution, adapting to the stable laboratory environment. Culture adaptation can result in isolates no longer being representative of their native environmental niche. This study characterized the morphology and compared the full genomes of four daughter cultures of the toxic cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii CS-506 maintained in living culture for 23 years. The four daughter cultures were split from the parent culture between 2 and 10 years ago. The morphotypes of two cultures had changed from coiled to straight (CS-506A, B), while CS-506C, D had smaller cells and shorter coiled trichomes. The toxin cell quota had increased for cultures CS-506A-C but decreased in CS-506D compared to 2012 measurements. Culture CS-506C was unable to produce heterocysts or fix atmospheric nitrogen. The core genome, comprising 78% of all genes and all primary metabolic functions, was unchanged. The variable genome, ~12%, showed difference in gene presence/absence, and ~1% of each genome was unique proteins, with evidence of horizontal gene transfer from contaminating bacteria and multiple gene loss events, and an overall strategy of genome reduction. The changes in morphology, nitrogen fixation and toxin cell quota were not supported by identifiable genome changes, with 100% synteny across nifHDK and cyr gene clusters. The results suggest that R. raciborskii CS-506 has a stable core genome, heritable phenotypes, and a variable genome generated through horizontal gene transfer and gene loss.
Analysis of Chemical and Biochemical Parameters of Petrol-Contaminated Soil after Biostimulation with an Enzyme Reagent

This study aimed to assess the effect of petrol and the Fyre Zyme reagent on selected chemical and biochemical properties of loamy sand. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. First, petrol was introduced into the soil at doses of 0 and 50 g k−1dry matter (DM). Next, 6% Fyre-Zyme enzyme reagent solution was added to the samples contaminated and uncontaminated with petrol, in the following combinations: 0 (control), once at 40 cm3 kg−1 DM, twice at 20 cm3 kg−1 DM at two-week intervals, and four times at 10 cm3 kg−1 DM at weekly intervals. Contamination of loamy sand with petrol caused slight changes in the determined chemical parameters and stimulated dehydrogenase activities, but inhibited the activity of phosphatases. The introduction of the enzyme reagent into the soil increased the Corg and Ntot content. The greatest changes were observed in the activity of phosphatases. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that the application of the enzyme reagent at the application of 4 × 10 cm3 kg−1 DM was the most beneficial. However, the results of the η2 analysis indicate that the greatest influence on the determined experimental parameters was found in the soil contaminated with petrol.
Characterization of Little millet (Panicum sumatrense) varieties using Morphological descriptors and SSR based DNA fingerprinting

Little millet (Panicum sumatrense) is also known as Indian millet. It is cultivated as a cereal across Nepal, India and Western Myanmar, and its center of origin is West Africa. The wild relative of little millet is P.psilopodium. It forms an important role in tribal agriculture in Eastern Ghats of India. Little millet is grown on temperate and tropical climate. Little millet is an annual tuffed grass with slender culms, soft leaves, inflorescence a panicle with erect hairy branches, spikelets in pairs with two glumes. The discovery of syntenic regions among the cereals which aids to identify useful alleles of important agromorphological traits. An earlier study by Ali et al [2] developed 48 EST-SSR markers among 37 accessions of the little millets. Only limited reports are available on the genetic diversity of little millet germplasm, that too is based on a limited number of DNA markers [3, 4]. Thus the limited sequence information available in the little millets necessitates the search for the available markers from the maize, barnyard millet, and pearl millet due to the cereal millet synteny and also the availability of the SSR markers. The little millet husked grain is cooked as like rice and sometimes made into flour for different types of food preparations. The soft straw is palatable to cattle and the green plant has potentialities as a quick-growing fodder. The present investigation was conducted to carry out the comprehensive characterization of little millet genotypes based on Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characters for Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority (PPVFRA) registration because of its property to identify the dissimilarity between the newly released and the existing genotypes as well as to distinguish the germplasm. Cereal crops exhibit cross-genera transferability, of DNA markers into many cereals such as maize, Characterization of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) varieties using morphological descriptors and SSR based DNA fingerprinting
An IgA mimicry of IgG that binds polymeric immunoglobulin receptor for mucosa transcytosis

Abstract Most pathogens establish infection through mucosa, where secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an ‘immune exclusion’ role in humoral defense. Extravasation of intravenously (i.v.) administrated therapeutic immunoglobulin G (IgG) mainly relies on convection and/or neonatal Fc receptor-mediated transcytosis from circulation into interstitial space. Active transport of interstitial IgG further across epithelium into mucosa, like sIgA, is a much desired feature for the next generation of therapeutic antibodies, especially for anti-infection purposes. For the first time, we report the engineering of an IgA mimicry of IgG, with its Fc portion in fusion with the 18-aa tail piece (tp) of sIgA and the J chain, possessing sIgA’s full binding activity towards polymeric immunoglobulin receptor that mediates mucosa transcytosis. In a diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) knockin mouse model, i.v. injected anti-diphtheria toxin (DT) IgG(tp)J protected DTR+ cells from deletion upon DT injection. The compact design of IgG(tp)J opens new revenues for more effective therapeutic IgG mimicking some of the important biological functions of IgA.