Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response to the comments on the revised version of “ Stomatal control of leaf fluxes of carbonyl sulfide and CO 2 in a Typha freshwater marsh ”

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an emerging tracer to constrain land photosynthesis at canopy to global scales, because leaf COS and CO2 uptake processes are linked through stomatal diffusion. The COS tracer approach requires knowledge of the concentration normalized ratio of COS uptake to photosynthesis, commonly known as the leaf relative uptake (LRU). LRU is known to increase under low light, but the environmental controls over LRU variability in the field are poorly understood due to scant leaf scale observations. 5 Here we present the first direct observations of LRU responses to environmental variables in the field. We measured leaf COS and CO2 fluxes at a freshwater marsh in summer 2013. Daytime leaf COS and CO2 uptake showed similar peaks in the mid-morning and late afternoon separated by a prolonged midday depression, highlighting the common stomatal control on diffusion. At night, in contrast to CO2, COS uptake continued, indicating partially open stomata. LRU ratios showed a clear relationship with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), converging to 1.0 at high PAR, while increasing sharply at low 10 PAR. Daytime integrated LRU (calculated from daytime mean COS and CO2 uptake) ranged from 1 to 1.5, with a mean of 1.2 across the campaign, significantly lower than previously reported laboratory mean value (⇠1.6). Our results indicate two major determinants of LRU—light and vapor deficit. Light is the primary driver of LRU because CO2 assimilation capacity increases with light, while COS consumption capacity does not. Superimposed upon the light response is a secondary effect that high vapor deficit further reduces LRU, causing LRU minima to occur in the afternoon, not at noon. The partial stomatal 15 closure induced by high vapor deficit suppresses COS uptake more strongly than CO2 uptake because stomatal resistance is a more dominant component in the total resistance of COS. Using stomatal conductance estimates, we show that LRU variability can be explained in terms of different patterns of stomatal vs.[. 1 ] internal limitations on COS and CO2 uptake. Our findings illustrate the stomata-driven coupling of COS and CO2 uptake during the most photosynthetically active period in the field and provide an in-situ characterization of LRU—a key parameter required for the use of COS as a photosynthetic tracer. 20 Copyright statement. © 2018 Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 1removed:
Analyzing the link between real exchange rate and productivity

This paper study, in panel data, the relationship between real exchange rate and total factor productivity on a sample of 68 developed and developing countries for the period 1960-1999. The theoretical part presents the arguments advanced to explain the effects of real exchange rate on productivity, technical efficiency and technological progress. The productivity is obtained as a Solow residual of an estimation of a Cobb-Douglas stochastic production function frontier. The results show that an exchange rate appreciation causes an increase of total factor productivity. The results also illustrates that this effect of real exchange rate on productivity is non linear: threshold effect. Below the threshold exchange rate reacts negatively on productivity while above the threshold it acts positively. Robustness analysis demonstrates that these results hold both in subsamples of developed and developing countries.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF PHASE TRANSITIONS IN LIQUID CARBON

Thermodynamic properties and phase transformations in amorphous carbon and in supercooled liquid carbon are studied by the method of molecular dynamics (MD). The dependence of the diamond melting temperature on pressure is found. The percolation properties of structures of liquid carbon with embedded diamond nanocrystals are studied. It is shown that sp atoms form a percolation cluster in the simulation volume when their total concentration reaches the value close to 0.38. At temperatures less than 5000 K the stability of diamond nanocrystals correlates with the existence of percolation cluster of sp atoms. We propose the following topological criterion: amorphous carbon is diamond-like if the percolation cluster exists and the embedded diamond nanocrystals are stable. PACS: 81.05. Uw, 61.43. Bn, 64.70. Ja, 61.46. +w, 64.60. Ak
Dark matter fraction of low-mass cluster members probed by galaxy-scale strong lensing

We present a strong lensing system, composed of four multiple images of a source at z = 2.387, created by two lens galaxies, G1 and G2, belonging to the galaxy cluster MACS J1115.9+0129 at z = 0.353. We use observations taken as part of the Cluster Lensing and Supernova survey with Hubble, and its spectroscopic follow-up programme at the Very Large Telescope, to estimate the total mass distributions of the two galaxies and the cluster through strong gravitational lensing models. We find that the total projected mass values within the half-light radii, R-e, of the two lens galaxies are M-T,M-G1(< R-e,R- G1) = (3.6 +/- A 0.4) x 10(10) M-aS (TM) and M-T,M-G2(< R-e,R- G2) = (4.2 +/- A 1.6) x 10(10) M-aS (TM). The effective velocity dispersion values of G1 and G2 are (122 +/- A 7) km s(-1) and (137 +/- A 27) km s(-1), respectively. We remark that these values are relatively low when compared to those of a parts per thousand 200-300 km s(-1), typical of lens galaxies found in the field by previous surveys. By fitting the spectral energy distributions of G1 and G2, we measure projected luminous over total mass fractions within R-e of 0.11 +/- A 0.03, for G1, and 0.73 +/- A 0.32, for G2. The fact that the less massive galaxy, G1, is dark matter-dominated in its inner regions raises the question of whether the dark matter fraction in the core of early-type galaxies depends on their mass. Further investigating strong lensing systems will help us understand the influence that dark matter has on the structure and evolution of the inner regions of galaxies.
SPATIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS: SOME ANALYTICS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS TO VIETNAM

The visualization of RNA bands in denaturing electrophoresis gels is improved by staining the gels with a 2,7-diamino-10-(N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamino)-propyl-9-phenylphenanthridine dihalide hydrohalide or a 2,7-diamino-10-[3-(diethylmethylammonio)propyl]-9-phenylphenanthridine dihalide. These dyes provide effective contrast for sensitive detection without the need for extensive washing of excess dye from the gels to lower background noise.
Small-Scale Study of Siberian Biomass Burning: II. Smoke Hygroscopicity

ABSTRACTA lack of understanding about the impact of Siberian wildfire emissions on the environment necessitates the characterization of biomass burning aerosol hygroscopicity. Flaming fires of typical Siberian biomass (pine and debris) were simulated during small-scale combustion experiments in a Large Aerosol Chamber (LAC). Analyses of individual particles with respect to morphology and elemental composition allows the separation of freshly-produced smoke into five fractions with the elemental carbon, chain soot agglomerates, irregular internally mixed soot, and distinct irregular minerals of fly ash containing S, Ca, Al, and Si. Aging in a dark chamber leads to an appearance of the fraction with inorganic inclusions such as KCl and CaCl2. Categorization of fresh-emitted and aged particles on hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and hygroscopic ones is performed. The criteria for categorization are extended from fossil fuel high-temperature combustion, based on a concept of water uptake by soot particles and utilization of a number of reference soots with known oxygen content and mixtures with sulfates and other inorganic salts. We show how the hydration properties of emitted smoke particles and inorganic inclusions can increase the initial level of smoke hygroscopicity.
Agent-based modelling in directional-change intrinsic time

We describe an agent-based model where trades happen in event-based time called directional-change intrinsic time. Events are defined as the reversal price moves of a directional-change threshold from a local extreme. The price impact of traded volumes is modelled according to the empirically observed squared root impact function. The time series generated by the agents is characterised by statistical properties typical for foreign-exchange rates: low autocorrelation of returns, fat-tailed distribution of returns, aggregated normality, and the price jump scaling law. Furthermore, we introduce and use as a benchmark, the overshoot scaling law, which is an omnipresent feature of liquid markets and relates the expected length of price overshoots to the length of the corresponding directional-change threshold.
RAPD and SCAR Marker Linked to the Sterility Mosaic Disease Resistance Gene in Pigeon Pea ( Cajanus cajan L . Millsp . )

The present study was undertaken to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and to develop a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker associated with pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease (PPSMD) resistance in pigeonpea cross ICPL-7035 x ICPL-8863. Bulked segregant analysis was employed to identify the RAPD primer linked to PPSMD and to develop a SCAR for the PPSMD resistant gene of ICPL-7035, a known resistance source to different isolates of PPSMV and vector. A total of 200 random decamers were surveyed for identification of polymorphic markers between the DNA of resistant and susceptible parents. Amplification of individual DNA samples out of the bulk with putative marker, OPA18800 only revealed polymorphism in resistant and susceptible lines, indicating that the marker OPA18 was associated with PPSMD resistance in ICPL-7035. Their end sequences were used to design allele-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker SCAR 816(16f/r), which was present in all generations (parents, F1 and F2) and would help to identify the transfer of the SMD resistance gene to susceptible lines. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Convertible Bond Issues and Institutional Investors

We examine the influence of institutional investors on the issuance of convertible bonds using a sample of convertible bonds offered between 1995 and 2014 in the US market. We use delta of the convertible bond, the sensitivity of convertible bond value to the underlying stock price, to categorize the convertible bonds into equity-like or debt-like. Based on an extended pecking order theory of Myers and Majluf (1984), equity-like convertible bonds are issued by firms that suffer less information asymmetry problems and debt-like convertible bonds are issued by firms that suffer less agency cost problems. We find that institutional ownership is positively related with delta. A detailed analysis of testing the relation of different horizons of institutions on delta reveals that dedicated and transient institutions are positively related to delta and are effective in mitigating the asymmetric information problem. Quasi-indexer institutions, on the other hand, have more impact on alleviating the agency cost problem. Institutions with investment style of growth also are positively related with delta, while value-oriented institutions are negatively related with delta, a lower probability of conversion into equity. The results are consistent with the common view that firms with more growth potential tend to issue more equity-like convertible bonds to mitigate the underinvestment problem and avoid the debt overhang problem (Myers, 1977). We also document that stockholders’ reactions to convertible debt announcements are more negative with a higher institutional investor participation.
Decursin from Angelica gigas Nakai Blocks hKv1.5 Channel

Decursin was purified from Angelica gigas Nakai, and its effects on the human Kv1.5 (hKv1.5) currents were recorded in mouse fibroblasts (Ltk- cells) by whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Decursin inhibited hKv1.5 current in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 2.7 uM at +60 mV. Decursin accelerated the inactivation kinetics of the hKv1.5 channel, and slowed the deactivation kinetics of the hKv1.5 current, resulting in a tail crossover phenomenon. Also, decursin inhibited the hKv1.5 current in a use-dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that decursin is a kind of open-channel blocker of the hKv1.5 channel.
Evaluation of non-destructive Meyer method for determination of bark volume of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in different geographical aspects

The non-destructive Meyer method was evaluated to determine the bark volume of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in north of Iran. The sample size was 185 standing trees collected from 4 geographical aspects (north, south, west and east) aspects. The constant k values and bark thickness (2e mm) of 185 standing trees were used to calculate the bark volume by the Meyer method. In this study, 40 trees were randomly selected from among the felled trees and analyzed for evolution of non-destructive Meyer method. As a result, 668 diameters and 1236 bark thicknesses were measured out of 40 felled trees. The bark volumes were calculated by non-destructive Meyer and sums of integration methods. The results indicated no significant differences in volume estimates based on two methods (P = 0.816, two-tailed test), There were no significant differences in Levene’s test for equality of variances between the two methods (P=0.576, two-tailed test). The bark volume variations were significantly different in the geographical aspects. Results of this study can be important for silvicultural planning and natural forest management.
DEEC Protocol for WSNs

Wireless sensor Networks (WSN) advancements have been employed in recent years for monitoring purposes in various areas from building industry to our home surroundings because of their capacity to brilliantly screen remote areas. In this paper, we have built up an absolutely deterministic model that uses clustering to sort out the WSN. We propose a deterministic energy efficient clustering protocol that is dynamic, distributive, self-sorting out and more energy efficient than the current protocols. It uses a simpliﬁed approach which minimizes computational overhead-cost to self-sort out the sensor arrange. Our simulation result demonstrates a superior execution concerning energy utilization, which is reﬂected in the system lifetime in both homogeneous and heterogeneous settings when contrasted and the current protocols. It is deserving of note that our approach approximates a perfect answer for balanced energy utilization in hierarchical WSN.
Effects of Multi-talker Noise on the Acoustics of Voiceless Stop Consonants in Parkinson's Disease

This study examined the effect of increased speech intensity on stop consonant acoustics in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Acoustic analyses focused on measures of spirantization, voicing during closure, stop closure durations, and voice onset time. Ten individuals with Parkinson’s disease and ten age-matched controls were audio recorded while they read aloud words from the Distinctive Features Differences Test (DFD) during two conditions: no noise and 65 dB of multi-talker background noise. When compared to controls, the participants with PD had values that approached a significant difference for the measures related to greater percent voicing into closure (p=0.074), lower mean syllable intensity (p=0.069) and greater spirantization ratio (p=0.094). When compared to the no noise condition, the 65 dB multi-talker noise condition was associated with significant changes in voice onset time (VOT), syllable intensity, spirantization ratio and other measures. In addition, the place of stop consonant production had a significant effect on measures of closure duration, VOT, spectral skewness and other measures. These preliminary findings suggest that additional studies of the effect of changes in speech intensity on stop production in PD are warranted. The results of the present study identified several acoustic measures of stop production that may be useful in future evaluations of treatment outcome in PD.
Algorithm 1 User-level Distributed Matrix Factorization Init : Server initializes item profile matrix V Init : User initializes user profile matrix

To protect user privacy and meet law regulations, federated (machine) learning is obtaining vast interests in recent years. The key principle of federated learning is training a machine learning model without needing to know each user’s personal raw private data. In this paper, we propose a secure matrix factorization framework under the federated learning setting, called FedMF. First, we design a user-level distributed matrix factorization framework where the model can be learned when each user only uploads the gradient information (instead of the raw preference data) to the server. While gradient information seems secure, we prove that it could still leak users’ raw data. To this end, we enhance the distributed matrix factorization framework with homomorphic encryption. We implement the prototype of FedMF and test it with a real movie rating dataset. Results verify the feasibility of FedMF. We also discuss the challenges for applying FedMF in practice for future research.
Similarity-based Qualitative Simulation

People are remarkably good at using their common sense to predict and explain behavior. Qualitative modeling has provided formalisms that seem to capture many important aspects of human mental models, but standard qualitative simulation algorithms have properties that make them implausible candidates for modeling the flexibility, robustness, and speed of human reasoning. This paper describes a different approach, similarity-based qualitative simulation, which uses standard QR representations but with analogical processing to predict and explain behaviors. We summarize the problems with existing QR processing models as psychological accounts and outline the theory of similaritybased qualitative simulation. We illustrate the utility of this approach by a number of examples, generated with a prototype implementation.
Genetic threats to population persistence

Gaggiotti, O. E. 2003: Genetic threats to population persistence. — Ann. Zool. Fennici 40: 155–168. Human activities are having a devastating effect on the survival of natural populations. The reduction in population size and changes in the connectivity of populations due to human disturbances enhance the effect of demographic and genetic factors that can lead to population extinction. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of the role of genetic factors in the extinction of populations. The three primary genetic factors are loss of genetic variability, inbreeding depression, and accumulation of mildly deleterious mutations. The effects of these factors are discussed in the context of three different scenarios: isolated populations, local populations with immigration, and metapopulations.
LES WITH DOWNSTREAM RANS FOR FLOW OVER PERIODIC HILLS AND A MODEL COMBUSTOR FLOW

A simple coupling method between an LES and a downstream RANS simulation is presented which avoids the definition of a complex interface. The technique is scrutinized for two canonical flows: separated flow inside a channel with periodic contractions and a co-annular swirling jet with sudden expansion. The hybrid simulations are evaluated by comparison with LES results of the complete flow field on the same and finer grids as well as experimental data in the case of the swirl flow.
Design and Development of Protective Module for the Transmission of Data Using a PLUG-IN Program

Summary This paper provides a client environment in which web pages can be used safely through document securing function among Internet web browser (Netscape Communicator or Netscape Navigator) functions. Transmission of cryptographic web data is performed by using the protective module. One characteristic of the present protective module is that it has an advantage of providing the web cryptographic function in an exclusive environment regardless whether the security environment is used in terms of software or in terms of hardware. Generally, a serious requiring of security environment is the case in which Intranet is implemented. In such Intranet environment, it is possible to provide an exclusive cryptographic function if the protective function proposed in the present paper is used. It is also advantageous in that the protective function can be used conveniently even in a general Internet environment. In order to satisfy security in the Internet environment, both the server and client should have protective modules in the present paper.
Interprocedural Static Analysis

Static analysis provides mathematical guarantees about the behavior of programs and can also be used to infer program specifications, such as pre-/postconditions and loop invariants. Sample [1] is a generic static analyzer developed within the Chair of Programming Methodology at ETH Zurich. It is based on abstract interpretation [2] a generic framework for the sound approximation of the semantics of programs. Sample supports generic/parametrizable intraprocedural analyses and one special purpose interprocedural analysis [3]. An intraprocedural analysis looks at each procedure in isolation. Due to the isolated analysis information from the calling context cannot be leveraged and the results may be less precise than an analysis that would take the calling context into account. The goal of this project is to extend Sample with a generic/parametrizable interprocedural analysis.
The mediating effects of adulthood socioeconomic status and social support on adulthood impacts of childhood poverty in Japan

Previous studies have provided evidence of the lasting impact of low socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood on adulthood health. However, the mediating pathway that links them is still under debate. In this study, we examine how educational attainment, household income, and social support mediate the impact of low SES in childhood on self-rated health and health-risk behaviors in adulthood on the basis of micro data collected from a survey in municipalities in and around the Tokyo metropolitan area in Japan (N = 3,265). As a comprehensive measure for childhood SES, we utilized a binary variable of childhood poverty constructed from the retrospective assessment of the living standard at the age of 15. We estimated recursive bivariate probit models that consisted of (1) the main equation to predict adulthood health outcome by childhood poverty and other variables and (2) the auxiliary equation to predict childhood poverty by parental SES. This method allowed us both to capture a wide dimension of childhood SES and to mitigate the potential recall bias to the retrospective assessment of the past living standard. We observed that educational attainment, household income, and social support, when combined, mediated 35-55 percent of the impact of childhood poverty on adulthood SRH and health-risk behaviors, confirming the substantial magnitude of mediation. However, a large proportion of the impact was unexplained by these mediating effects, underscoring the importance of social policies aimed at reducing risks of childhood poverty.