Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Managing drugs in the prisoner society: heroin and social order in Kyrgyzstan’s prisons

Through the case study of Kyrgyzstan this paper argues that a rapidly increasing availability of drugs in prison is not necessarily deleterious to solidarity and inmate codes. Instead, the fragmentary effect of drugs depends on the forms of prisoner control over drug sale and use. In Kyrgyzstan, prisoners co-opted heroin and reorganized its distribution and consumption through non-market mechanisms. State provision of opioid maintenance therapy incentivized powerful prisoners to move to distributing heroin through a mutual aid fund and according to need. Collectivist prison accommodation, high levels of prisoner mobility and monitoring within and across prisons enabled prisoners to enforce informal bans on drug dealing and on gang formation outside of traditional hierarchies. We argue that in these conditions prisoners organized as consumption-oriented budgetary units rather than profit-driven gangs.
Control of algal growth on greenhouse surfaces using commercial algaecides

Greenhouses and nurseries provide ideal environments for facilitating the formation of nuisance algal mats. Algal growth poses safety concerns to horticulturists and stimulates the propagation of unwanted plant pests and pathogens. To date, few strategies and data are available to effectively manage algal problems. The effectiveness of five algaecides was tested on two varying surfaces of greenhouses in situ to elucidate the efficacy of chemical methods of removing algae. Moreover, Nostoc commune (Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault) was treated on ceramic tiles in vitro, as it is a common alga in greenhouses and nurseries. We found that each algaecide had different effects, depending on the chemical applied, the surface to which the chemical was applied, and finally the types of algae that were targeted. Algaecides across the surfaces tested demonstrated that algal cell characteristics and communal makeup played an important role in algaecide efficacy, where mucilaginous algae were replaced by sheath-forming filamentous cyanobacteria. We found sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate to be the most effective chemical in terms of controlling Nostoc on tarp, gravel, and ceramic surfaces.
LYSOZYME LEVEL DURING ACUTE INFECTION OF BACTERIUM Aeromonas salmonicida SUBSP Salmonicida IN HALIBUT AND ATLANTIC SALMON

Lysozme, a humoral defence protein, played an important bactericidal activity in Atlantic salmon and halibut. Turbidometric and bactericidal killing assays were used to determine the lysozyme level and serum killing activity respectively. A challenged experiment in native halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ) with different doses (10 3 ,10 5 , 10 9 ) of Aeromonas salmonidae (MT423) has been proved that there is no significant relationship between the lysozyme level and bactericidal killing activity (p>0.005). Lysozyme level in halibut serum was significantly higher than that of Atlantic salmon serum. Lysozyme activity of serum collected from fish during the summer was found to be significantly higher, ranging from 650 to 850 µg. Halibut serum showed varying level of killing activity (KI) during summer (0.266-0.873) and winter (0.255-1.344) whereas Atlantic salmon had very poor killing activity (0.414 -6.867). There was no correlation between the lysozyme activity of the serum and bactericidal activity in the serum of A. salmonicida infected halibut.
Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distributions and Parameters in Central China During the Meiyu Seasons

The rain parameters derived from the laser OTT second‐generation Particle Size Velocity (Parsivel2), the two‐dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD), and DZZ5 tipping‐bucket rain gauge (RG) during the Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment (IMFRE) in summer 2018 are compared. The total rainfall amounts observed by Parsivel, 2DVD, and RG during IMFRE were 178.07, 176.76, and 182.5 mm, while their total rainy hours were 113, 113, and 90. The mean Dm (mass‐weighted mean diameter) and LWC (liquid water content) values derived from Parsivel and 2DVD were 1.03 and 1.01 mm and 0.247 and 0.223 g m−3. The rainy samples from six Parsivel sites over the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2016–2018 Meiyu seasons have been collected and analyzed. The occurrence frequencies for rain rates (RR) < 5 and >10 mm hr−1 were 83.9% and 7.4%, respectively, but they contributed 30.5% and 52.1% of the total accumulated rainfall. Compared with the results over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the total accumulated rainfall percentages for RR < 5 mm hr−1 and RR > 10 mm hr−1 observed at XN site were higher and lower, respectively. The stratiform rain (SR) raindrop size increases with RR over both the middle and lower reaches, whereas the Nw values over the middle reaches are much higher. Opposite to the SR results, the convective rain (CR) raindrops from this study are larger, while their Nw values are similar to one another. For gamma‐type‐size distribution, the μ − λ and Z − R relations are strongly dependent on geographical location.
Morphological and Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Geranium yesoense (Geraniaceae) in Japan

ae, comprises about 420 species and a worldwide distribution (Aedo et al. 1998). Intensive taxonomic studies have been conducted mainly by Aedo and his colleagues (e.g., Aedo et al. 1998, 2002, Aedo 2008), but the taxonomy of Geranium is still far from being completely resolved, presumably owing to the large number of species and the limited morphological variation among species (Pax et al. 1997). Molecular phylogenetic studies have begun to uncover relationships within Geranium and with related taxa (e.g., Price & Palmer 1993, Pax et al. 1997, Fiz et al. 2008), but many species are still unexamined. In Japan, 12 native species of Geranium have been reported, and a total of nine varieties belonging to four of these species have been described (Akiyama 2001). The species of Geranium in Japan are usually clearly distinguished on the basis of objective categories or numeric scales (e.g., Shimizu 1982, Akiyama 2001). In contrast, varieties are often discriminated only by relative measurements of some morphological trait (Shimizu 1982, Akiyama 2001), with the result that it is difficult to identify specimens as belonging to a particular variety. In particular, this is the case for varieties of G. yesoense Franch. & Sav. We focus here on the varieties of G. yesoense as a step toward clarifying the taxonomy of Geranium in Japan. In recent Japanese literature, three varieties of G. yesoense have been recognized: var. yesoMorphological and Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of
Religiosity predicts unreasonable coping with COVID-19.

The present study explores the impact of religiosity during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020). The focus is on associations between religiosity, coronavirus anxiety, and preventive behavior. Participants were 1,182 U.S. citizens (50% female;20-83 years of age). Highly religious participants scored higher on the somatic component of coronavirus anxiety (emotionality) but lower on the cognitive component (worry). With regard to preventive behavior, highly religious participants reported more unreasonable behavior (e.g., avoiding 5G networks, hoarding toilet paper) than participants with low religiosity;at the bivariate level, there were no differences in reasonable behavior (e.g., physical contact avoidance, frequent handwashing). A comprehensive mediation model showed emotionality-mediated associations between religiosity and unreasonable behavior (positive indirect effect) but also worry-mediated associations between religiosity and reasonable behavior (negative indirect effect). The results remained stable when controlling for relevant sociodemographic variables. The discussion centers on religiosity, information processing, and rationality during a global health crisis situation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Effect of quality control, density and allele frequency of markers on the accuracy of genomic prediction for complex traits in Nellore cattle

This study was designed to test the impact of quality control, density and allele frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers on the accuracy of genomic predictions, using three traits with different heritabilities and two methods of prediction in a Nellore cattle population genotyped with the Illumina Bovine HD Assay. A total of 1756; 3150 and 3119 records of age at first calving (AFC); weaning weight (WW) and yearling weight (YW), respectively, were used. Three scenarios with different exclusion thresholds for minor allele frequency (MAF), deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and correlation between SNP pairs (r2) were constructed for all traits: (1) high rigor (S1): call rate <0.98, MAF <0.05, HWE with P <10−5, and r2 >0.999; (2) Moderate rigor (S2): call rate <0.85 and MAF <0.01; (3) Low rigor (S3): only non-autosomal SNP and those mapped on the same position were excluded. Additionally, to assess the prediction accuracy from different markers density, six panels (10K, 50K, 100K, 300K, 500K and 700K) were customised using the high-density genotyping assay as reference. Finally, from the markers available in high-density genotyping assay, six groups (G) with different minor allele frequency bins were defined to estimate the accuracy of genomic prediction. The range of MAF bins was approximately equal for the traits studied: G1 (0.000–0.009), G2 (0.010–0.064), G3 (0.065–0.174), G4 (0.175–0.325), G5 (0.326–0.500) and G6 (0.000–0.500). The Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Predictor and BayesCπ methods were used to estimate the SNP marker effects. Five-fold cross-validation was used to measure the accuracy of genomic prediction for all scenarios. There were no effects of genotypes quality control criteria on the accuracies of genomic predictions. For all traits, the higher density panel did not provide greater prediction accuracies than the low density one (10K panel). The groups of SNP with low MAF (MAF ≤0.007 for AFC, MAF ≤0.009 for WW and MAF ≤0.008 for YW) provided lower prediction accuracies than the groups with higher allele frequencies.
Characteristic analysis of layered PMSEs measured with different elevation angles at VHF based on an experimental case

Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSEs) are very strong radar echoes observed at altitudes near the polar summer mesopause. One of the essential properties of these radar echoes is that they can give useful diagnostic information about the physics of the scattering process. In this paper, the related characteristics of PMSEs measured with the European Incoherent SCATter Very High Frequency (EISCAT VHF) 224 MHz radar on 13–15 July 2010 are studied at different elevation angles from 78° to 90°. It is found that the PMSEs peak power and strongest PMSEs average power occur at the same elevation angles. Also interesting is that the strongest PMSEs occur at off‐vertical angles when a PMSEs has a layered (multilayer) structure. And reflection may have more significant effects on PMSEs when there are double or multilayer PMSEs. Possible explanations regarding these observations are discussed.
Analysis for nonradiative recombination loss and radiation degradation of Si space solar cells

Silicon space solar cells are currently attracting attention again for their relatively low‐cost feature with sufficient performance, and they are expected to resume into the space market especially by short‐term mission spacecraft designers. In this paper, efficiency potential of crystalline Si space solar cells is analyzed by considering external radiative efficiency (ERE), voltage and fill factor losses. Crystalline Si space solar cells have efficiency potential of more than 26% by realizing ERE of 20% from about 0.2% and normalized resistance of less than 0.05 from around 0.15. Nonradiative recombination and resistance losses in Si space solar cells are also discussed. Radiation degradation of Si space solar cells is also analyzed. Advanced Si solar cells such as passivated emitter, hetero‐junction, and back contact solar cells are expected to use as space solar cells. Potential of advanced Si solar cells for space applications is discussed from point view of radiation degradation.
Genetic diversity of Achillea fragrantissima in Egypt inferred from phenotypic variations and ISSR markers associated with traits of plant size and seed yield

Substantial variation in phenotypic traits and ISSR fingerprinting was observed among twenty populations of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. in Egypt. Such variation was reflected in the clustering of the examined populations into two major groups: one representing populations in the mountainous area of South Sinai and the other comprising populations growing at low elevations in the middle of Sinai and the desert west of the Suez Canal from Suez in the east to Cairo in the west. Five populations in the eastern part of Sinai near Nuwieba and Taba on the Gulf of Aqaba were loosely assigned to the first group. The populations growing at high elevations in South Sinai, under lower temperature and higher humidity, were characterized by a higher number of total and polymorphic ISSR markers compared with other populations. Unique ISSR markers were more often observed in the fingerprinting of seven populations including five populations growing in the high mountains of Saint Catherine in South Sinai and two populations growing at low elevations but at Wadi Hof south-east of Cairo. Interestingly, unique bands were found in the populations that possessed traits associated with larger plant size and seed yield as well as better vigour. These are important criteria for the selection of A. fragrantissima populations for conservation and sustainable commercial use.
Seed germination of 53 species from the globally critically imperiled pine rockland ecosystem of South Florida, USA: effects of storage, phylogeny and life-history traits

Abstract Germination studies at the community level are crucial for understanding and predicting changes in species distribution patterns, particularly in endangered plant communities. We investigated the effects of dry (11–25% relative humidity) and freezing (–18°C) storage conditions, phylogeny and plant life-history traits (life-form, life-span, microhabitat and seed dispersal mode) on seed germination percentage (GP) and time to reach 50% germination (T 50) of 53 species native to pine rocklands in South Florida, USA, a globally critically imperiled ecosystem. Most species we studied (68%) withstood dry and freezing storage conditions and thus ex situ seed banking can assist their long-term conservation. Bayesian mixed effect models revealed that there was a significant phylogenetic signal in GP and T 50 across species. Life-history covariates did not explain significant additional variation in GP in models controlling for the phylogenetic relationships among species. T 50 differed among species with contrasting dispersal modes, with animal-dispersed seeds exhibiting more delayed germination than wind-dispersed or unassisted seeds. Differential germination responses across species with different seed dispersal modes have implications for potential shifts in species composition under disturbance and climate change. Thus, knowledge of species-relatedness and some life-history traits such as seed dispersal mode can significantly assist management decisions regarding seed storage and conservation of subtropical endangered plants.
Seasonal variations of metal pollution and distribution, sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment of the Al Hawizah wetland, Iran

ABSTRACT The pollution of surface sediments of Al Hawizah wetland by metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been fully investigated. For determination of PAHs and metals concentration in sediments, eight sampling stations were selected in the study area. The results showed that the concentration of Mn is the highest, while the content of Cr is the lowest in both the seasons. The concentration of Cr and V is lower than mean crust content, while Cu concentration is more than mean crust content. The results obtained from Muller's geochemical index are indicative of range from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. Based on potential ecological risk (RI), the Al Hawizah wetland had low ecological risk. The total PAHs concentrations ranged from 1071 to 15540 ng/g dry weight, with a mean of 9417.50 ng/g in the summer, while total amounts of PAHs in the winter ranged from 1542 to 17283 with a mean 10321.25 ng/g dry weight. The area of study was affected by pyrogenic and petrogenic sources (51.74 and 48.26%, respectively), in the winter. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds were lower than effects range median (ERM) standard while were higher than effects range low (ERL) standard, except station 1, in both seasons.
A Novel Collision Ratio Based Scheme For Improving The Performance Of Wireless Network

: The fast growth of wireless computer networks and multimedia applications means it is essential that these applications can be transmitted over the standard IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol with high performance. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a new schemed named Ratio Based that provides effective and efficient Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in IEEE 802.11 DCF in a fair, scalable, and robust manner. Simulated wireless networks based on Network simulator (NS) package were carried out to examine and evaluate the impact of the proposed Ratio Based scheme on the network performance. The findings revealed that the IEEE 802.11 DCF protocol performed inadequately when transmitting various applications due to the limitations inherent in its operation. The study showed that inappropriate values of CWmin resulted in significant network performance degradations and demonstrated that it was important to select an appropriate set of MAC protocol transmission parameters in order to provide better performance. Ratio based scheme was developed to dynamically adjust the CW values according to the current and past network conditions. Using this scheme significant improvements were achieved in the performance of IEEE 802.11 DCF protocol.
How well does a part represent the whole? A comparison of cranidial shape evolution with exoskeletal character evolution in the trilobite family Pterocephaliidae

For taphonomic and practical reasons, our understanding of morphological evolution within and among species is based primarily on measurements taken from one or a few morphological traits. However, patterns can be highly dependent on trait choice, making it difficult to draw conclusions about evolution of species or clades as a whole. In this paper, I test whether patterns of evolutionary change in the shape of a part are coincident with patterns of evolutionary change based on a more comprehensive description of the organism. The former is based on geometric morphometrics of the trilobite cranidium and the latter on discrete character data describing the exoskeleton, collected from species belonging to the Cambrian family Pterocephaliidae. Using these two datasets, I compare the amount of change occurring along phylogenetic branches, as well as changes in morphospace occupation and changes in different measures of disparity. Unlike previous studies, I apply as similar a data treatment as possible to each data set in order to facilitate the comparison and interpretation of discrepancies. Results suggest that cranidial shape is a robust proxy for species‐level disparity and rates of evolution in this family of trilobites. This indicates that studies that have relied on data collected from the cranidium may be representative of the patterns that would be detected if more comprehensive description of the specimens had been available.
Impact of COVID-19 on China's agricultural trade

Purpose The outbreak of the novel COVID-19 virus has spread throughout the world, causing unprecedented disruption to not only China's agricultural trade but also the world's agricultural trade at large This paper attempts to provide a preliminary analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China's agricultural importing and exporting from both short- and long-term perspectives Design/methodology/approach This study seeks to analyze how the outbreak of COVID-19 could potentially impact China's agricultural trade With respect to exports, the authors have pinpointed major disruptive factors arising from the pandemic which have affected China's agricultural exports in both the short and long term;in doing so, we employ scenario analysis which simulates potential long-term effects With regard to imports, possible impacts of the pandemic regarding the prospects of food availability in the world market are investigated Using scenario analysis, the authors estimate the potential change in China's food market-especially meat import growth-in light of the implementation of the newly signed Sino-US Economic and Trade Agreement (SUETA) Findings The results show that China's agricultural exports have been negatively impacted in the short-term, mostly due to the disruption of the supply chain In the long term, dampened external demand and potential imposition of non-tariff trade barriers (NTBs) will exert more profound and lasting negative effects on China's agricultural export trade On the other hand, despite panic buying and embargoing policies from some exporting and importing countries, the world food availability and China's food import demand are still optimistic The simulation results indicate that China's import of pork products, in light of COVID-19 and the implementation of SUETA, would most likely see a sizable climb in quantity, but a lesser climb in terms of value Originality/value Agricultural trade in China has been a focal-point of attention in recent years, with new challenges slowing exports and increasing dependence on imports for food security The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic adds significant uncertainty to agricultural trade, giving rise to serious concerns regarding its potential impact By exploring the impact of the unprecedented pandemic on China's agricultural trade, this study should contribute to a better understanding of the still-evolving pandemic and shed light on pertinent policy implications