Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring visual perspective taking in the brain with avatars and arrows : Which question are we asking ?

There is an ongoing debate about the involvement of Theory of Mind (ToM) processes in Visual Perspective Taking (VPT). In an fMRI study (Schurz et al., 2015), we borrowed the positive features from a novel VPT task – which is widely used in behavioral research – to study previously overlooked experimental factors in neuroimaging studies. However, as Catmur et al. (2016) rightly argue in a comment on our work, our data do not speak strongly to questions discussed in the original behavioral studies, in particular the issue of implicit mentalizing. We appreciate the clarification of these interpretational limitations of our study, but would like to point out the differences between questions emerging from behavioral and neuroimaging research on VPT. Different from what Catmur et al. (2016) discuss, our study was not intended as a test of implicit mentalizing. In fact, the terms “automatic” and “implicit mentalizing” were never mentioned in our manuscript. Our study addressed a methodological gap between ToM and VPT research, which we identified in two previous meta-analyses on the topics (Schurz et al., 2013, 2014). With this difference in mind we show that the critical points levelled by Catmur et al. (2016) cease to apply. 1. Background: a difference between VPT and ToM imaging studies Visual Perspective Taking (VPT) is often seen as a component of Theory of Mind (ToM), that is, people's ability to understand the mental states of others. Extensive literature exists on the neural correlates of ToM (for meta-analyses see e.g. Molenberghs et al., 2016; Schurz et al., 2014; Van Overwalle, 2009) and VPT (see Schurz et al., 2013 for a meta-analysis). Despite strong conceptual and developmental links between the two topics (e.g. Hamilton et al., 2009; Moll and Meltzoff, 2011), imaging research has found surprisingly little overlap between brain areas underlying these two abilities. In an fMRI study (Schurz et al., 2015), we attempted to explain this absence of overlap by following-up a methodological difference between VPT and ToM studies using neuroimaging methods (as we stated in the introduction of our article, see p. 386). VPT studies have largely focused on comparing brain activation for other-versus self-perspective judgments ntal Psychology, University of Ox
Primary health care service for long-stay psychiatric in-patients

Aims and method A retrospective review of the activity of a general practitioner employed specifically to provide a primary health care service to the residents of an ‘old long-stay’ psychiatric ward was undertaken. Results All but one patient had a chronic physical health problem requiring active management. Presenting pathology covered all organ systems. The review indicated that these health problems had not previously been satisfactorily managed by psychiatrists. This service was acceptable to and valued by patients. Clinical implications The success of the service was only achieved by dedicating specific resources to meet primary health care needs. The extent to which this model could be extended to ‘new long-stay’ populations located in dispersed hospital hostels is less certain.
Comparison of post-contrast 3D-T1-MPRAGE, 3D-T1-SPACE and 3D-T2-FLAIR MR images in evaluation of meningeal abnormalities at 3-T MRI.

OBJECTIVE This study was to assess the usefulness of newer three-dimensional (3D)-T1 sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip-angle evolutions (SPACE) and 3D-T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences in evaluation of meningeal abnormalities. METHODS 78 patients who presented with high suspicion of meningeal abnormalities were evaluated using post-contrast 3D-T2-FLAIR, 3D-T1 magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MPRAGE) and 3D-T1-SPACE sequences. The images were evaluated independently by two radiologists for cortical gyral, sulcal space, basal cisterns and dural enhancement. The diagnoses were confirmed by further investigations including histopathology. RESULTS Post-contrast 3D-T1-SPACE and 3D-T2-FLAIR images yielded significantly more information than MPRAGE images (p < 0.05 for both SPACE and FLAIR images) in detection of meningeal abnormalities. SPACE images best demonstrated abnormalities in dural and sulcal spaces, whereas FLAIR was useful for basal cisterns enhancement. Both SPACE and FLAIR performed equally well in detection of gyral enhancement. In all 10 patients, where both SPACE and T2-FLAIR images failed to demonstrate any abnormality, further analysis was also negative. CONCLUSION The 3D-T1-SPACE sequence best demonstrated abnormalities in dural and sulcal spaces, whereas FLAIR was useful for abnormalities in basal cisterns. Both SPACE and FLAIR performed holds good for detection of gyral enhancement. Post-contrast SPACE and FLAIR sequences are superior to the MPRAGE sequence for evaluation of meningeal abnormalities and when used in combination have the maximum sensitivity for leptomeningeal abnormalities. The negative-predictive value is nearly 100%, where no leptomeningeal abnormality was detected on these sequences. Advances in knowledge: Post-contrast 3D-T1-SPACE and 3D-T2-FLAIR images are more useful than 3D-T1-MPRAGE images in evaluation of meningeal abnormalities.
Using psycho-physiological measures to assess task difficulty in software development

Software developers make programming mistakes that cause serious bugs for their customers. Existing work to detect problematic software focuses mainly on post hoc identification of correlations between bug fixes and code. We propose a new approach to address this problem --- detect when software developers are experiencing difficulty while they work on their programming tasks, and stop them before they can introduce bugs into the code. In this paper, we investigate a novel approach to classify the difficulty of code comprehension tasks using data from psycho-physiological sensors. We present the results of a study we conducted with 15 professional programmers to see how well an eye-tracker, an electrodermal activity sensor, and an electroencephalography sensor could be used to predict whether developers would find a task to be difficult. We can predict nominal task difficulty (easy/difficult) for a new developer with 64.99% precision and 64.58% recall, and for a new task with 84.38% precision and 69.79% recall. We can improve the Naive Bayes classifier's performance if we trained it on just the eye-tracking data over the entire dataset, or by using a sliding window data collection schema with a 55 second time window. Our work brings the community closer to a viable and reliable measure of task difficulty that could power the next generation of programming support tools.
How do centralized and distributed version control systems impact software changes?

Distributed Version Control Systems (DVCS) have seen an increase in popularity relative to traditional Centralized Version Control Systems (CVCS). Yet we know little on whether developers are benefitting from the extra power of DVCS. Without such knowledge, researchers, developers, tool builders, and team managers are in the danger of making wrong assumptions. In this paper we present the first in-depth, large scale empirical study that looks at the influence of DVCS on the practice of splitting, grouping, and committing changes. We recruited 820 participants for a survey that sheds light into the practice of using DVCS. We also analyzed 409M lines of code changed by 358300 commits, made by 5890 developers, in 132 repositories containing a total of 73M LOC. Using this data, we uncovered some interesting facts. For example, (i) commits made in distributed repositories were 32% smaller than the centralized ones, (ii) developers split commits more often in DVCS, and (iii) DVCS commits are more likely to have references to issue tracking labels.
Indexing Vectors of Locally Aggregated Descriptors Using Inverted Files

Vector of locally aggregated descriptors (VLAD) is a promising approach for addressing the problem of image search on a very large scale. This representation is proposed to overcome the quantization error problem faced in Bag-of-Words (BoW) representation. In this paper, we propose to enable inverted files of standard text search engines to exploit VLAD representation to deal with large-scale image search scenarios. We show that the use of inverted files with VLAD significantly outperforms BoW in terms of efficiency and effectiveness on the same hardware and software infrastructure.
Assessing the value of the Ambulatory Glucose Profile in clinical practice

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is a measure of mean blood glucose levels over time. It is not a good indicator of day-to-day diabetes control and may not reveal variability in blood glucose. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) enables the real-time monitoring of glycaemic variability, potentially addressing issues such as episodic hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, and the risk of complications associated with significant glycaemic excursions. Given the quantity of data produced by CGM, there is a need for standardised analysis to enable patterns of blood glucose variation to be revealed. This need has been addressed by the development of specific software – the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) – which combines inputs from multiple days of CGM data and collates them into a single 24-hour period, making glycaemic patterns more recognisable. In this study, European diabetologists were asked to evaluate the AGP software and report their findings by means of a questionnaire. The results support the use of AGP for analysis of patient glucose data and informing subsequent treatment decisions. When shared with the patient, the AGP results were found to be an effective basis for education, helping achieve better understanding of glycaemic variability and increasing involvement in diabetes self-management.
Pain in malignant hematology

Pain is frequently experienced by patients with hematological malignancies, although it often receives little attention. Different underlying causes and mechanisms may sustain several pain syndromes in hematological malignant patients. Pain may be due to disease itself, to disease-related complications, to iatrogenic causes or may be associated with unrelated medical conditions. The management of pain in this setting requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating analgesics and causal interventions. An accurate diagnostic assessment and the identification of the underlying causes and pathogenetic mechanisms may dictate the treatment approach. For most pain patients, the WHO’s three-step analgesic scale for cancer pain relief can provide adequate relief with oral options, although difficult-to-treat pain syndromes, requiring a more complex treatment approach, may also be observed.
CE FEATURE: Auricular Transcutaneous Electrical Neuro‐Stimulation, Addiction Education, Behavioral Training, Coaching Support and the Nicotine Addiction Treatment Process

&NA; This qualitative, retrospective instrumental case study explored the effects of auricular transcutaneous electrical neuro‐stimulation (ATENS) [auriculotherapy] in combination with addiction education, behavioral training and coaching support to gain greater understanding of this intervention with six motivated smokers in the addiction treatment process. Purposeful sampling was used in case selection. In‐depth interviews were conducted to collect the data. Each of the participants had used auriculotherapy to become smoke free and had remained smoke free for at least a year at the time of the interviews. Two theoretical models of addiction are discussed to explain addiction etiology and susceptibility. Although the study was conducted with a small group and the findings are limited to this sample, they are consistent with other studies found in the literature. The findings suggest that current interventions advocated for nicotine addicted smokers may not be sufficient to support smoker's long term efforts. Auriculotherapy combined with addiction education, behavioral training and coaching support was viewed by the participants as a viable option to assist them in becoming smoke free as evidenced by their pursuit of this treatment. Addiction is a highly variable and complex disorder. The findings indicate that auriculotherapy applied during the detoxification stage of treatment relieved withdrawal symptoms and reduced anxiety and stress levels during all stages of the treatment process. Auriculotherapy promoted a physical and emotional stabilizing effect in all stages of the addiction treatment process. This study reinforces the need for multidimensional treatment approaches that not only address the acute detoxification stage of treatment but also recovery and relapse prevention. Smokers appreciated the individualized approach. Their ability to resist the urge to smoke was reinforced with the use of auriculotherapy. Longitudinal follow up studies that include biochemical validation using a larger sample are warranted to compare the effects of high and low intensity auriculotherapy treatment to assess the therapeutic benefits combined with addiction education, behavioral training and coaching support to become and remain smoke free. Knowledge about auriculotherapy as a treatment intervention during all stages of the addiction treatment process is needed to assist health care providers to incorporate this modality into their practices.
Medication and Behavioral Adherence Among HIV+ Older Adults

The purpose of this investigation was to explore HIV medication adherence among older adults. In Study 1, 44 HIV+ adults were recruited from the University of Pennsylvania Center for AIDS Research and interviewed about their health behaviors, including medication adherence. In Study 2, 40 HIV+ adults were surveyed about their communication with their physician and HIV medication and behavioral recommendations. Both studies found that a considerable percentage of participants were not completely adherent to their HIV medications. Furthermore, the majority of participants reported good communication with their physician. The findings of these studies have implications for intervention efforts aimed at increasing adherence to both medications and recommended behaviors among HIV+ older adults.
Clinical governance in practice

Service (NHS)] organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish" (emphasis not in original) (Department of Health (DOH), 1998). The intention is to re-assert the importance of quality of care within the management culture of the NHS. The Government's vision is of a structured
Quantitative phosphoproteomics strategies for understanding protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways

Protein phosphorylation is a central regulatory mechanism of cell signaling pathways. This highly controlled biochemical process is involved in most cellular functions, and defects in protein kinases and phosphatases have been implicated in many diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding phosphorylation-mediated signaling networks. However, phosphorylation is a transient modification, and phosphorylated proteins are often less abundant. Therefore, the large-scale identification and quantification of phosphoproteins and their phosphorylation sites under different conditions are one of the most interesting and challenging tasks in the field of proteomics. Both 2D gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry serve as key phosphoproteomic technologies in combination with prefractionation, such as enrichment of phosphorylated proteins/peptides. Recently, new possibilities for quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis have been offered by technical advances in sample preparation, enrichment, separation, instrumentation, quantification and informatics. In this article, we present an overview of several strategies for quantitative phosphoproteomics and discuss how phosphoproteomic analysis can help to elucidate signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes.
Analyze gauss: optimal bounds for privacy-preserving principal component analysis

We consider the problem of privately releasing a low dimensional approximation to a set of data records, represented as a matrix A in which each row corresponds to an individual and each column to an attribute. Our goal is to compute a subspace that captures the covariance of A as much as possible, classically known as principal component analysis (PCA). We assume that each row of A has ℓ2 norm bounded by one, and the privacy guarantee is defined with respect to addition or removal of any single row. We show that the well-known, but misnamed, randomized response algorithm, with properly tuned parameters, provides nearly optimal additive quality gap compared to the best possible singular subspace of A. We further show that when ATA has a large eigenvalue gap -- a reason often cited for PCA -- the quality improves significantly. Optimality (up to logarithmic factors) is proved using techniques inspired by the recent work of Bun, Ullman, and Vadhan on applying Tardos's fingerprinting codes to the construction of hard instances for private mechanisms for 1-way marginal queries. Along the way we define a list culling game which may be of independent interest. By combining the randomized response mechanism with the well-known following the perturbed leader algorithm of Kalai and Vempala we obtain a private online algorithm with nearly optimal regret. The regret of our algorithm even outperforms all the previously known online non-private algorithms of this type. We achieve this better bound by, satisfyingly, borrowing insights and tools from differential privacy!
Challenges in Postgraduate Research: How Doctorates Come Off the Rails

Worldwide the completion rate for doctorates ranges from poor to abysmal. The responsibility for this must be shared by candidates, supervisors and the institutions to which they belong. In particular, postgraduate students create a number of problems that cause their studies to derail. While supervisors can change particular supervision protocols to improve doctoral throughput rates, the extent to which postgraduate students themselves take ownership of their research, will ultimately determine their degree of success. This article will discuss some of the problems that frequently occur and present some insights from the supervision experience of the authors. We hope that our contribution will create more light than smoke, and that it will help to improve the postgraduate performance of students as well as supervisors.
Fort-NoCs: Mitigating the threat of a compromised NoC

In this paper, we uncover a novel and imminent threat to an emerging computing paradigm: MPSoCs built with 3rd party IP NoCs. We demonstrate that a compromised NoC (C-NoC) can enable a range of security attacks with an accomplice software component. To counteract these threats, we propose Fort-NoCs, a series of techniques that work together to provide protection from a C-NoC in an MPSoC. Fort-NoCs's foolproof protection disables covert backdoor activation, and reduces the chance of a successful side-channel attack by “clouding” the information obtained by an attacker. Compared to recently proposed techniques, Fort-NoCs offers a substantially better protection with lower overheads.
MAdFraud: investigating ad fraud in android applications

Many Android applications are distributed for free but are supported by advertisements. Ad libraries embedded in the app fetch content from the ad provider and display it on the app's user interface. The ad provider pays the developer for the ads displayed to the user and ads clicked by the user. A major threat to this ecosystem is ad fraud, where a miscreant's code fetches ads without displaying them to the user or "clicks" on ads automatically. Ad fraud has been extensively studied in the context of web advertising but has gone largely unstudied in the context of mobile advertising. We take the first step to study mobile ad fraud perpetrated by Android apps. We identify two fraudulent ad behaviors in apps: 1) requesting ads while the app is in the background, and 2) clicking on ads without user interaction. Based on these observations, we developed an analysis tool, MAdFraud, which automatically runs many apps simultaneously in emulators to trigger and expose ad fraud. Since the formats of ad impressions and clicks vary widely between different ad providers, we develop a novel approach for automatically identifying ad impressions and clicks in three steps: building HTTP request trees, identifying ad request pages using machine learning, and detecting clicks in HTTP request trees using heuristics. We apply our methodology and tool to two datasets: 1) 130,339 apps crawled from 19 Android markets including Play and many third-party markets, and 2) 35,087 apps that likely contain malware provided by a security company. From analyzing these datasets, we find that about 30% of apps with ads make ad requests while in running in the background. In addition, we find 27 apps which generate clicks without user interaction. We find that the click fraud apps attempt to remain stealthy when fabricating ad traffic by only periodically sending clicks and changing which ad provider is being targeted between installations.
Evaluation of DysWebxia: a reading app designed for people with dyslexia

In this paper we present the evaluation of DysWebxia, a reading app for iOS devices, specially designed for people with dyslexia. DysWebxia integrates previous results about the best way to present text for people with dyslexia together with a unique feature, the ability to show synonyms on demand for complex words. Although the new algorithm used for this unique feature is language independent, our first prototype is for Spanish. To evaluate DysWebxia we carried out two different user studies. One to evaluate the quality of the synonyms on demand that included 32 participants with dyslexia and 38 strong readers without dyslexia, and another one to evaluate the usability of the app based on 12 participants. Our results show that the quality of the synonyms generated by the new algorithm outperforms a frequency based baseline, and that the participants found DysWebxia very usable. Therefore, we show that this app may have in the future a large impact for people with dyslexia.
Current concepts in the management of delirium

Delirium can be defined as an acute disorder of attention and global cognitive function that represents a change or stress to the steady state. Delirium represents a state of acute brain failure and should be seen as a medical emergency. Delirium is a common manifestation of a diverse array of causes, especially in cognitively vulnerable individuals, or it may be the sole presenting feature of severe neurological illness.