Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Segmental reabsorption measured by micropuncture and clearance methods during hypertonic sodium infusion in the rat.

BACKGROUND We wanted to validate by direct measurements in rat tubules a technique used to calculate segmental volume absorption by each segment of the human nephron. METHODS Experiments were performed on 17 rats during hypertonic Na infusion prior to and after frusemide administration. Tubular samples were taken from early distal and last proximal sites. The rate of filtration of single nephrons (SNGFR) was calculated by the technique of total collection of tubular fluid using labelled inulin as a marker. Reabsorption was computed by the tubular fluid to plasma (TF/P) inulin concentration ratio. RESULTS SNGFR was 50 +/- 4 nl/min at the distal (n = 82), 51 +/- 3 nl/min at the proximal sampling site (n = 112, P > 0.65) during baseline conditions. Percent reabsorptions were 85 +/- 1 and 69 +/- 2% respectively (P < 0.0001). During frusemide these values were 52 +/- 6 nl/min and 76 +/- 2% at the distal, 49 +/- 5 nl/min and 66 +/- 2% at the proximal site. In 83 paired proximal collections, fractional (68 +/- 1 versus 67 +/- 1% P > 0.32), absolute reabsorption (34 +/- 2 versus 33 +/- 2, P > 0.50) and SNGFR (50 +/- 2 nl/min versus 50 +/- 3 nl/min, P > 0.99) were not different between baseline and frusemide. In 25 re-collections from the distal tubule these same values were 83 +/- 2% versus 76 +/- 2%, and 48 +/- 4 nl/min versus 55 +/- 6 nl/min respectively. Very similar results were obtained in 55 paired distal-proximal collections during baseline and 42 such pairs during frusemide. In the presence of the diuretic the fractional urine excretion was significantly correlated (R = 0.83, P < 0.0001) with fractional proximal delivery, Na+ resorption by Henle's loop was 22 +/- 2% calculated from clearance data and 23 +/- 1% of GFR from micropuncture data respectively. They were not significantly different (P > 0.70) and were significantly correlated (R = 0.57, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that frusemide does not act proximally and that delivery beyond the proximal tubule approximates urine flow rate during the action of the drug. The values of segmental reabsorption along the nephron computed on clearance measurements are superimposable upon those obtained directly by micropuncture.
Multispectral high dynamic range imaging

Capturing natural scenes with high dynamic range content using conventional RGB cameras generally results in saturated and underexposed and therefore compromising image areas. Furthermore the image lacks color accuracy due to a systematic color error of the RGB color filters. The problem of the limited dynamic range of the camera has been addressed by high dynamic range imaging1, 2 (HDRI): Several RGB images of different exposures are combined into one image with greater dynamic range. Color accuracy on the other hand can be greatly improved using multispectral cameras,3 which more accurately sample the electromagnetic spectrum. We present a promising combination of both technologies, a high dynamic range multispectral camera featuring a higher color accuracy, an improved signal to noise ratio and greater dynamic range compared to a similar low dynamic range camera.
Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review

Synopsis Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) provide a simple technique for measuring subjective experience. They have been established as valid and reliable in a range of clinical and research applications, although there is also evidence of increased error and decreased sensitivity when used some subject groups. Decisions concerned with the choice of scoring interval, experimental design, and statistical analysis for VAS have in some instances been based on convention, assumption and convenience, highlighting the need for more comprehensive assessment of individual scales if this versatile and sensitive measurement technique is to be used to full advantage.
Effects of South African men's having witnessed abuse of their mothers during childhood on their levels of violence in adulthood.

OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the effects of witnessing violence against their mothers in childhood on men's use of violence in a range of settings in adulthood. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 1368 randomly selected male municipal workers in Cape Town, South Africa. RESULTS Almost a quarter (23.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=21.2, 25.7) of the men reported witnessing abuse of their mother, and having witnessed such events was associated with men's later involvement in physical conflicts in their community (odds ratio [OR]=1.72; 95% CI=1.29, 2.30) and at their place of work (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.30, 2.58), use of physical violence against their partners (OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.94, 3.54), and arrest for possession of illegal firearms (OR=2.86; 95% CI=1.29, 6.32). CONCLUSIONS Our results show strong links between "publicly" violent behavior among men and childhood experiences of "private" violence against their mothers. Prevention of domestic violence is essential both in its own right and as part of efforts to reduce broader violence and crime in society.
Bright and Dark Square Pulses Generated From a Graphene-Oxide Mode-Locked Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser

The observation of the bright pulses and dark square pulses in a graphene-oxide saturable absorber (GOSA) passively mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser has been investigated experimentally. Bright pulses are achieved at a pump power of ~ 200 mW. However, the dark-square-pulse generation starts at a much higher pump power of ~ 450 mW. At the maximum pump power of 600 mW, the dark-square-pulse bunches and harmonic mode locking (HML) can be also obtained by tuning the polarization controller (PC) to different orientations. It is the first demonstration of the bunches and HML of dark square pulses in a GOSA passively mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser with large normal dispersion cavity.
Dynamic Sensorless Detection of Linear Electromagnetic UAV Launch

The technical solution of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has the following features: good controllability; simple thrust control; high precision; long operating life; low cost; strong adaptability, repeatability, maneuverability, and imperceptibility. So the UAV has widespread application prospects. The position sensor of the mover of UAV linear electromagnetic ejection is the key component of control system. It has a direct influence on performance, structure, and reliability of the system. As the sensors such as linear photoelectric encoder and magnetic encoder are not able to meet the demand of high speed control, the paper develops the research on the detection methods of the mover position. First, the paper presents a detection method of mover position based on sliding mode observer. Due to the flicker problem of sliding mode observer, the paper then proposes a detection method based on state observer, and the method can result in smooth detected position of the mover. Finally, the simulated results of the ejection verify the validity of the proposed method.
High-Throughput Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Full Replication Assay That Includes HIV-1 Vif as an Antiviral Target

ABSTRACT Antiviral screens have proved useful for the identification of novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitors. In this study, we describe an HIV-1 full replication (HIV-1 Rep) assay that incorporates all of the targets required for replication in T-cell lines, including the HIV-1 Vif gene. The HIV-1 Rep assay was designed to exhibit optimal sensitivity to late-stage as well as early-stage inhibitors to maximize the likelihood of identification of novel target antiviral compounds in a screen. In addition, the flexibility of the HIV-1 Rep assay allows the rapid evaluation of antiviral compounds against different virus strains in different T-cell lines without significant modification of the assay format. We demonstrate that the HIV-1 Rep assay exhibits characteristics (e.g., a favorable Z′ value) compatible with high-throughput screening in a 384-well format. The utility of the HIV-1 Rep assay was demonstrated in a high-throughput screen of >106 compounds. To our knowledge, this study represents the first example of an HIV-1 antiviral screen that includes Vif as a functional target and was executed on an industrial scale.
Level of Detail for Physically Based Fire

In this paper, we propose a framework for implementing level of detail for a physically based ﬁre rendering running on the GPU. The physics of the ﬁre is simulated using a ﬂuid solver and combustion modelling, and the ﬁre is visualised using a particle system. Our preliminary results indicate that by adjusting the simulation domain and particle system, performance can be increased without noticeably degrading the ﬁre visually when it is far from the camera.
Studies on Immunity in Experimental Syphilis*

Numerousattempts toimmunize rabbits against syphilitic infection withkilled, virulent Treponema pallidum haveproven unsuccessful. Consistent failure hasresulted fromtheuseofvirulent spirochaetes inactivated byheat(Eagle andFleischman, 1948; McLeodandMagnuson,1953), by Mapharsen (McLeod andMagnuson, 1953), andbylyophilization (Magnuson, Halbert, andRosenau, 1947;Waring andFleming, 1951). Morerecently, McLeod(1962) hasshownthataprotein-like antigen derived from virulent T.pallidum (TPCFantigen) isineffective as avaccine. Manyinvestigators havereported thefailure of non-pathogenic treponemes toconfer protection against experimental luetic infection (Kolmer, Kast, andLynch, 1941; Eagle andGermuth, 1948; Khan, Nelson, andTurner, 1951). However, Gelperin (1951) foundthatactive immunization ofrabbits withthe avirulent Reiter strain ofT.pallidum resulted inan extension oftheincubation period andareduction inthesizeofthelesions compared withcontrol animals after intradermal challenge with200T.pallidum. Thisdegree ofrelative immunity suggested thata serologically -active protein (RP)antigen extracted fromtheReiter strain (D'Alessandro and Dardanoni, 1953)andantigenically related toa protein fraction ofvirulent T.pallidum (Dardanoni andCensuales, 1957; Cannefax andGarson, 1959) might becapable ofprotecting rabbits. Thepresent study wasdesigned todetermine the clinical andserological response ofrabbits immunizedwithRP antigen andchallenged intratesticularly withvirulent T.pallidum. Further attempts weremadetorelate theReiter protein complementfixation (RPCF)antibody response following immunization bothtotheresults ofchallenge andtovarious antibodies directed against non-treponemal andtreponemal antigens employed inthis study.
New insights into FAK function and regulation during spermatogenesis.

Germ cell transport across the seminiferous epithelium during the epithelial cycle is crucial to spermatogenesis, although molecular mechanism(s) that regulate these events remain unknown. Studies have shown that spatiotemporal expression of crucial regulatory proteins during the epithelial cycle represents an efficient and physiologically important mechanism to regulate spermatogenesis without involving de novo synthesis of proteins and/or expression of genes. Herein, we critically review the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in coordinating the transport of spermatids and preleptotene spermatocytes across the epithelium and the BTB, respectively, along the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) - blood-testis barrier - basement membrane (BM) functional axis during spermatogenesis. In the testis, p-FAK-Tyr³⁸⁷ and p-FAK-Tyr⁴⁰⁷ are spatiotemporally expressed during the epithelial cycle at the actin-rich anchoring junction known as ES, regulating cell adhesion at the Sertoli-spermatid (apical ES) and Sertoli cell-cell (basal ES) interface. Phosphorylated forms of FAK exert their effects by regulating the homeostasis of F-actin at the ES, mediated via their effects on actin polymerization so that microfilaments are efficiently re-organized, such as from their "bundled" to "de-bundled/branched" configuration and vice versa during the epithelial cycle to facilitate the transport of: (i) spermatids across the epithelium, and (ii) preleptotene spermatocytes across the BTB. In summary, p-FAK-Tyr⁴⁰⁷ and p-FAK-Tyr³⁸⁷ are important regulators of spermatogenesis which serve as molecular switches that turn "on" and "off" adhesion function at the apical ES and the basal ES/BTB, mediated via their spatiotemporal expression during the epithelial cycle. A hypothetical model depicting the role of these two molecular switches is also proposed.
E-balance: An energy aware load balancer based on distributed OpenFlow controllers

In this paper, we propose a new energy-aware load-balancing architecture (E-Balance) which balances the load across the network and it decreases energy consumption. Foremost of all, we proposed an optimal system model. And so, we figured out our system model by optimization solver. The optimal model had two grave problems: computation complexity and the demand for a global vision of network status. To overcome these limitations, we designed a heuristic algorithm which hierarchically partitioned the network topology. Each partition managed by a local OpenFlow controller (LOC), while local controllers managed by a Root OpenFlow Controller (ROC). We implemented our architecture by Mininet and we used ONOS as a distributed OpenFlow controller. Simulation results have shown our heuristic algorithm works efficiently.
The young generations’ conceptualisation of cultural tourism: colonial heritage attractions in South Korea

ABSTRACT This study investigates how the younger generation conceptualise cultural tourism attractions associated with modern history in contemporary South Korea. Particular attention in this study is given to heritage attractions built in the Japanese colonising past. By analysing data obtained through a Multiple Sorting Procedure, this study identifies the underlying facets of heritage attractions the younger generation consider to be important when appreciating the heritage attractions. This study examines the socio-psychological properties and meanings that the heritage attractions communicate with respect to young Koreans’ sense of national identity. This study found that a range of constructs emerged in understanding heritage attractions. Social and political meanings embedded in the heritage attractions become a key determinant in appreciating heritage attractions with respect to a sense of national identity. These findings from South Korea suggest invaluable messages that can inform our understanding of, and planning regenerating negative-natured heritage attractions for tourism in contemporary society.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii by PCR and tissue culture in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients

To investigate whether both tissue culture and PCR on a sequence from the repetitive rDNA could contribute to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, blood samples and, if they were available, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and aqueous humor samples from 72 human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with suspected toxoplasmosis were prospectively tested. For 10 patients with fever of unknown origin but without confirmed toxoplasmosis, no Toxoplasma gondii was detected. For two patients with confirmed toxoplasmic uveitis, only PCR of aqueous humor samples was positive. Of 60 patients (48 with CSF samples) with neurological signs, 25 (from 13 of whom CSF samples were available) had confirmed cerebral toxoplasmosis and 10 had a positive PCR of CSF and/or blood samples, while for 1 patient culture of the CSF sample was also positive. Unlike tissue culture, PCR of rDNA is of value for the detection of cerebral toxoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients, provided that both CSF and blood samples are available (sensitivity, 76.9%; specificity, 100%).
Changes in the lower displacement limit for motion with age

Previous studies have alleged that the ability to perceive motion remains constant with age. We investigated the effect of age on minimum displacement thresholds using computer‐generated random dot stimuli in 91 healthy, visually normal subjects (age range 21–82 years). High and low contrast visual acuity and letter contrast sensitivity were also tested. We found that minimum displacement thresholds increased significantly at a rate of 0.07 log min arc per decade ( 17%). The relationship between age and performance was very similar for all visual tests.
Cluster-based distributed consensus

In this paper, we incorporate clustering techniques into distributed consensus algorithms for faster convergence and better energy efficiency. Together with a simple distributed clustering algorithm, we design cluster-based distributed consensus algorithms in forms of both fixed linear iteration and randomized gossip. The time complexity of the proposed algorithms is presented in terms of metrics of the original and induced graphs, through which the advantage of clustering is revealed. Our cluster-based algorithms are also shown to achieve an Omega(log n) gain in message complexity over the standard ones.
Protein Kinase C Activators as Synaptogenic and Memory Therapeutics

The last decade has witnessed a rapid progress in understanding of the molecular cascades that may underlie memory and memory disorders. Among the critical players, activity of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms is essential for many types of learning and memory and their dysfunction, and is critical in memory disorders. PKC inhibition and functional deficits lead to an impairment of various types of learning and memory, consistent with the observations that neurotoxic amyloid inhibits PKC activity and that transgenic animal models with PKCβ deficit exhibit impaired capacity in cognition. In addition, PKC isozymes play a regulatory role in amyloid production and accumulation. Restoration of the impaired PKC signal pathway pharmacologically results in an enhanced memory capacity and synaptic remodeling / repair and synaptogenesis, and, therefore, represents a potentially important strategy for the treatment of memory disorders, including Alzheimer's dementia. The PKC activators, especially those that are isozyme‐specific, are a new class of drug candidates that may be developed as future memory therapeutics.
Mortality of Diabetic Patients Treated Surgically for Lower Limb Infection and/or Gangrene

A retrospective study was made to ascertain the mortality rate among 100 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus who had undergone lower limb amputations for infection and/or gangrene in the combined medical-orthopedic service of a county hospital. The medical and orthopedic staffs functioned as equal members, and combined decision-making conferences were held regularly. The over-all mortality rate was 9 per cent, a substantial decrease from the 22 to 25 per cent previously reported in similar studies. The mortality rate among patients with below-knee procedures was 1 per cent versus the 7 to 9 per cent reported by others. Close medical-surgical liaison on a service specializing in the care of these often fragile patients with diffuse multisystem disease results in decreased mortality.
Social Media Mining for Price Prediction of Stock Market Using Map Reduce Framework

— Big data may be an evolving expression that depicts large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, especially relating to the behaviour and interaction of the human.At whatever voluminous add up of structured, semi structured and unstructured information that need those possibility with a chance to be mined to majority of the data in the stock market. The stock market price prediction is the one of the most difficult task because the price of the stock is changing instantaneously. In the traditional, the stock are only prices are predicting the based on the market sentiment, usually for the short-term periods for the small-caps. For the long term stocks, the statistical analysis methods are not beneficial. In our project work for the stock price prediction we are using the social media mining technology to evaluating the stocks of the market segment. We are using the big data analytic and the map reducing technique to predict the price of the stocks for long term for the user selling or buying the stocks in the best time.
Measuring and interpreting urban externalities in real-estate data : a Spatio-Temporal Difference-in-Differences (STDID) estimator

It is now almost impossible to deal with spatial data without considering some explicit specification that captures possible spatial effects. One valuable feature of spatial econometrics models is their decomposition of marginal effects into spatial spillover effect and spatial externalities. Progress in interpreting spatial econometrics models has now been extended to the spatial-panel case. However, little consideration has been given to the possible interpretation of models using spatial data pooled over time. This paper proposes a spatio-temporal difference-in-differences (STDID) estimator to measure the effect of urban externalities, such as transport infrastructures, as revealed through real-estate prices. Based on an empirical application for a new development of commuter trains in the Montreal suburbs, this paper shows how such propositions can help us to better understand and evaluate changes in mass transit systems.
The Ebola Virus Genomic Replication Promoter Is Bipartite and Follows the Rule of Six

ABSTRACT In this work we investigated the cis-acting signals involved in replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) genomic RNA. A set of mingenomes with mutant 3′ ends were generated and used in a reconstituted replication and transcription system. Our results suggest that the EBOV genomic replication promoter is bipartite, consisting of a first element located within the leader region of the genome and a second, downstream element separated by a spacer region. While proper spacing of the two promoter elements is a prerequisite for replication, the nucleotide sequence of the spacer is not important. Replication activity was only observed when six or a multiple of six nucleotides were deleted or inserted, while all other changes in length abolished replication completely. These data indicate that the EBOV replication promoter obeys the rule of six, although the genome length is not divisible by six. The second promoter element is located in the 3′ nontranslated region of the first gene and consists of eight UN5 hexamer repeats, where N is any nucleotide. However, three consecutive hexamers, which could be located anywhere within the promoter element, were sufficient to support replication as long as the hexameric phase was preserved. By using chemical modification assays, we could demonstrate that nucleotides 5 to 44 of the EBOV leader are involved in the formation of a stable secondary structure. Formation of the RNA stem-loop occurred independently of the presence of the trailer, indicating that a panhandle structure is not formed between the 3′ and 5′ ends.