Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical changes of spinach waste during composting and vermicomposting

In Punjab (India), Spinach is the most widely used leafy vegetable in tempting cuisines like ‘Palak paneer’ and ‘Sarson ka Saag’, but more than 50% of its remnants are directly dumped as garbage, which otherwise can be utilized as source of organic manure. Considering this, the present study was planned to prepare compost and vermicompost of spinach collected from the supermarket of Amritsar and to estimate various chemical changes; nitrates, phosphates, sodium, potassium, calcium and pH during its composting and vermicomposting. It was observed that fresh vegetable sample of spinach showed higher contents of sodium, magnesium, phosphate and potassium when compared to its composted and vermicomposted samples. However, the contents of nitrates and calcium were higher in compost than other two samples. All the samples were found to be alkaline in nature with composted sample showing the maximum pH of 7.97.
Implementation in Economies with a Continuum of Agents

We study a general implementation problem for exchange economies with a continuum of players and private information, and test the robustness of the results for sequences of approximating finite economies. Assuming that the designer knows the distribution of the characteristics in the economy we consider continuous and unique implementation in both its equilibrium and dominant strategies versions and obtain results for general self-selective (first- and second-best) allocations. An upper hemicontinuity property of Bayesian equilibria of approximating economies for continuous mechanisms is demonstrated. Using this, we can, for example, conclude that if a given continuous mechanism implements uniquely a Walrasian allocation in the continuum economy then all Bayesian equilibria of large approximation economies will (with probability close to one) yield an allocation which is almost ex-post Pareto optimal.
Durable Goods and Poverty Measurement

The paper focuses on durable goods and their role in the measurement of living standards. The paper reviews the theoretical underpinnings of the methods available to estimate the value of the services flowing from consumer durable goods. It also provides a unified framework that encompasses the acquisition approach, the rental equivalent approach, and the user cost approach. The pros and cons of each method are discussed in the context of poverty and inequality analysis and it is argued that the user cost should receive the highest consideration.
Hepatoprotective activity of aerial parts of Erythrina crista-galli

Hepatoprotective activity was measured for Erythrina crista-galli extract as well as fractions. Fractions II and III have shown a remarkable protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatocyte injury. This was evidenced by their ability to significantly ameliorate CCl4-induced elevation in ALT and AST levels. This is supported by the notion that pretreatment of hepatocytes with either Erythrina crista-galli extracts or fractions significantly alleviated CCl4- induced GSH and SOD depletion and replenished CCL4 reduction of TAC. Hepatoprotective activity mechanism is attributed at least in part, to the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds present in the extract proved by the phytochemical screening of the fractions.
R&D Investment, Governance and Management Entrenchment in French Companies Listed in SBF250

This study seeks to explain the management entrenchment by investment of free cash flo w (FCF) in research and development (R&D), debt, market structure (internal or external), the multinational nature of fir ms and the characteristics of the board of directors using a sample of 128 groups of French companies listed on the SBF250 between 2003 and 2008. The results show that investment in R&D helps the managers to enhance their authority with respect to the shareholders. The multinational nature of the fir m exerts a significant effect on the entrenchment strategy. Manager replaces the internal capital market to the outside market to avoid scrutiny by creditors. We also find an insignificant effect ex erted by the debt on the management entrenchment. Finally, we find the absence of a significant relationship between management entrenchment, as measured by discretionary accruals and seniority of the officers, and the char acteristics of the board of directors.
Changes in protein interaction networks between normal and cancer conditions: Total chaos or ordered disorder?

New insights to understand the dynamics of enormous modifications during cancer in comparison to healthy condition have made the ground for the emergence of sophisticated systemic approaches like Network Systems Biology in the twenty first century which is potentially effective to model different biological phenomena such as regulation of gene-expression and protein-protein interaction. In the current study, the construction and computational analysis of protein interaction networks (PINs) based on expression data of proteins involved in 10 major cancer signal transduction pathways were done in case of five different tissues e.g. bone, breast, colon, kidney and liver for both normal and cancer conditions. Differential expression database GeneHubs-Gepis, and protein-protein interaction prediction tools PIPs and STRING were applied for primary data retrieval. Upregulation and downregulation of proteins in various cancers were analyzed to identify patterns in PINs during cancer signaling. Different network parameters were evaluated and comparisons were made among normal and cancer networks for each tissue and for different cancer based on Cytoscape software package. The networks for cancer show notable differences and fluctuations from normal ones for various network parameters. A cluster of 34 upregulated proteins with 76 relevant interactions was also found to be conserved in all five cancerous tissues.
A Comparative Study of Different Finish Media Attitude and Behavior toward Advertising Avoidance and Used Time

The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between media and attitudes towards informativeness, entertainment and credibility, and advertisement avoidance and used time (time spent per media). This study evaluated six media (TV, newspapers, magazines, radio, emails and social networks) in terms of attitudes and respondent behavior. A total of 402 respondents from Finland were approached with a self-administered questionnaire. The results of the hypothesis testing indicate that the attitudes of respondents differ depending on the media concerned. There are also differences between media and user behavior in terms of ad avoidance and used time. However, the relationships between the various media analyzed and ad avoidance appear to be media-specific as several of the media do not have a negative correlation between attitude and ad avoidance. Attitudes and used time on the other hand have a positive relationship with all the media except one, emails.
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE Planar-Waveguide External Cavity Laser Stabilization for an Optical Link with 1 E19 Frequency Stability /

We stabilized the frequency of a compact planar-waveguide external cavity laser (ECL) on a Fabry-Pérot cavity (FPC) through a Pound-Drever-Hall scheme. The residual frequency stability of the ECL is 10−14, comparable to the stability achievable with a fiber laser (FL) locked to a FPC through the same scheme. We set up an optical link of 100 km, based on fiber spools, that reaches 10−19 relative stability, and we show that its performances using the ECL or FL are comparable. Thus ECLs could serve as an excellent replacement for FLs in optical links where cost-effectiveness and robustness are important considerations.
Applying the Software Engineering Taxonomy

This thesis describes how sustainable development definitions can be transposed to the software architecture environment for the industrial software system domain. In a case study, sustainable development concerns from three companies are investigated for their influence on the dimensions of sustainable development: economical, environmental, and social sustainability. Classifying the case study’s concerns, in the thesis’s Software Engineering taxonomy, shows that the software development concerns are in majority and the software architecture concerns surprisingly few. The economical sustainability concerns dominate followed by social sustainability concerns, including both concerns successfully met and concerns to be met. Sustainable industrial software system development is in the thesis defined as: “Sustainable industrial software system development meets current stakeholders’ needs without compromising the software development organization’s ability to meet the needs of future stakeholders”. Understanding current and future stakeholders concerns is necessary for the formulation of sustainability goals and metrics. Clarifying the interrelationships among stakeholders’ concerns’ impact on business goals and software qualities, in the thesis’s Influencing Factors method, proves to help stakeholders understand their future needs. Trust is found to be critical for sustainable development. For the establishing of trust between system and system users, the usability quality is vital. To implement usability support in the architecture in the early design phase, reusable architectural responsibilities are created. The reusable architectural responsibilities are integrated into an experience factory and used by the product line system architects, resulting in a return of investment of 25:2.
Measurement of the angle, temperature and flux of fast electrons emitted from intense laser–solid interactions

High-intensity laser–solid interactions generate relativistic electrons, as well as high-energy (multi-MeV) ions and x-rays. The directionality, spectra and total number of electrons that escape a target-foil is dependent on the absorption, transport and rear-side sheath conditions. Measuring the electrons escaping the target will aid in improving our understanding of these absorption processes and the rear-surface sheath fields that retard the escaping electrons and accelerate ions via the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. A comprehensive Geant4 study was performed to help analyse measurements made with a wrap-around diagnostic that surrounds the target and uses differential filtering with a FUJI-film image plate detector. The contribution of secondary sources such as x-rays and protons to the measured signal have been taken into account to aid in the retrieval of the electron signal. Angular and spectral data from a high-intensity laser–solid interaction are presented and accompanied by simulations. The total number of emitted electrons has been measured as $2.6\times 10^{13}$ with an estimated total energy of $12\pm 1~\text{J}$ from a $100~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$ Cu target with 140 J of incident laser energy during a $4\times 10^{20}~\text{W}~\text{cm}^{-2}$ interaction.
NEW, SIMPLE AND VALIDATED UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SODIUM USNATE IN PREPARATIONS

New, simple, cost effective, accurate and reproducible UV-spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the estimation of sodium usnate in pharmaceutical preparations. Sodium usnate was estimated at 290 nm in water and phosphate buffer (pH 3):methanol (11:20 V/V). Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.1–5 μg·cm −3 (r = 0.997) in water and 1–12 μg·cm −3 (r = 0.999) in the phosphate buffer:methanol. The apparent molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity coefficient were found to be 3.16×10 4 dm 3 ·mol −1 ·cm −1 and 11.58 ng·cm –2 /0.001 A in water and 3.72×104 dm 3 ·mol −1 ·cm −1 and 9.83 ng·cm –2 /0.001 A in phosphate buffer:methanol, respectively, indicating the high sensitivity of the proposed methods. These methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The detection and quantitation limits were found to be 0.0721 and 0.2163 μg·cm –3 in water and 0.163, 0.489 μg·cm −3 in phosphate buffer:methanol, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of sodium usnate in pharmaceutical preparations. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (R.S.D. < 2 %).
Population structure of Czech cold-blooded breeds of horses

In order to estimate effective population size, generation interval and the development of inbreeding coefficients (F x ) in three original breeds of cold-blooded horses kept in the Czech Republic: Silesian Noriker (SN), Noriker (N) and Czech-Moravian Belgian horse (CMB) all animals of the particular breeds born from 1990 to 2007 were analysed. The average values of generation interval between parents and their offspring were: 8.53 in SN, 8.88 in N and 8.56 in CMB. Average values of effective population size were estimated to be: 86.3 in SN, 162.3 in N and 104.4 in CMB. The average values of inbreeding coefficient were 3.13 % in SN stallions and 3.39 % in SN mares, in the N breed 1.76 % and 1.26 % and in the CMB breed 3.84 % and 3.26 % respectively. Overall averages of F x were: 3.23 %, 1.51 % and 3.55 % for the breeds SN, N and CMB. The average value of inbreeding coefficient F x increased by 1.22 % in SN, by 0.35 % in N and by 1.01 % in CMB, respectively. This may lead to a reduction in genetic variability. Reduction in genetic variability could be either controlled in cooperation with corresponding populations of cold-blooded breeds in other European countries or controlled by number of sires used in population.
Identifying and formulating teachers’ beliefs and motivational orientations for computer science teacher education

How teachers are able to adapt to a changing environment is essentially dependent on their beliefs and motivational orientations. The development of these aspects in the context of professional competence takes place during teachers’ educational phase and professional practice. The overall understanding of professional competence for teaching computer science follows the notion of empirical educational research including beliefs and motivational aspects. This article aims to investigate relevant domain-specific beliefs and motivational orientations for teaching computer science and their consideration in curricula for computer science teacher education. Therefore, results of an expert interview study based on the critical incident technique lead to appropriate descriptions for domain-relevant beliefs and motivational orientations. Results of a broad curriculum analysis indicate how those aspects are normatively considered in computer science university and school education in Germany. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis.
Bayesian Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Technique

An integrity monitoring/failure detection and identification approach for GNSS positioning that is based on Bayesian model comparison theory is introduced. In the new method the user defines models for no-failure/failure cases and the most plausible model is chosen and used to estimate position. If a channel is contaminated and the corresponding model is chosen then the effect of this channel on the position estimate is attenuated. The posterior probability odds of two models can be used as a measure of how well the models can be distinguished from each other. In the proposed RAIMtechnique if none of the model plausibilities stands out from the others, the user is made aware of the situation as the case might be that the effect of a good channel is attenuated and the contaminated one is modeled as a good one. The performances of traditional RAIM/FDE and the new method are compared via simulations. Results of a test with real GPS data are also presented.
Object Oriented State Estimation for Radial and Weakly Meshed Distribution Systems

Object-oriented (OO) state estimation (SE) is presented, for radial and weakly meshed distribution systems. For radial topologies, the SE problem is formulated as usual; for weakly meshed topologies, closed switches are appropriately modeled in a SE problem formulation suitable for a newly proposed two-cycle method. An OO modeling of the distribution systems is presented, where classes yield the equations that describe the SE problem. The OO implementation of the method is presented. In the case of weakly meshed topologies, it requires some approximations to be introduced, whose infuence on the convergence is investigated. The application of the proposed method and OO implementation to a 69-branch system shows the viability of the approach.
Phenylethynyl and Phenol End-Capping Studies of Polybiphenyloxydiphenylsilanes for Cross-Linking and Enhanced Thermal Stability

Polyaryloxydiphenylsilanes have been studied for decades and are known to be stable at high temperatures. Polybiphenyloxydiphenylsilane was synthesized to further study its high-temperature characteristics. However, condensation reactions between dichlorosilanes and biphenol produced polybiphenyloxydiphenylsilanes that underwent uncontrolled cross-linking through silanol end-groups, when heated to high temperatures (around 275 °C). End-capping the polymers with phenoxy groups (phenol as end-capping agent) to prevent cross-linking or with ethynyl containing end-groups to allow for controlled cross-linking resulted in improved thermal stability compared to the uncapped polymer, which was verified using rheology. Two synthetic routes were developed to end-cap the polymer with phenylethynyl containing substituents. Successful end-capping using lithiumphenylacetylide and 4[(4-fluorophenylethynyl)]phenol was verified chemically by 13C NMR, FTIR, and Raman analysis. Capping was further confirmed by the cessation.
Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulphate Supplementation along with Diet Therapy Provides Better Symptomatic Relief in Osteoarthritic Patients as compared to Diet Therapy Alone

A lot of studies have been carried out on glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate supplementation and diet therapy separately on patients suffering from osteoarthritis. However no trial has been carried out in India to study the combined effect. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of diet therapy alone and in combination with glucosamine & chondroitin sulphate supplementation on the symptoms of patients with knee osteoarthritis in terms of anthropometric measurements, clinical scores and reduction of intensity of symptoms. An open, randomized intervention study was conducted on 117 patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis. They were randomly divided into two groups. One group i.e. Diet and Supplementation group (DS) received Glucosamine (1500 mg) and Chondroitin Sulphate (1200 mg) in combination per day in two equally divided doses along with a weight loss diet and the other group i.e. Diet only (DO) group received a weight loss diet for a period of one year. Height, weight, Body Mass Index, WOMAC score, Lequesne’s score, Visual analogue scale score, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were measured at baseline, 6 months and 1 year for both the groups. Asimilar significant decrease in the weight and BMI values in both the groups was observed post intervention but the decrease occurred faster in the first 6 months as compared to the next 6 months (p<0.05). A higher significant decrease for almost all the clinical scores was observed in the DS group as compared to the DO group which could be due to the combined effect of diet therapy and glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate supplementation (p<0.05). The results indicate that an approximate reduction of 1.4 kg led to a decrease of 1 point in the Visual Analogue Scale which is used to measure the current perception of pain. In both the groups a significant decrease in the mean energy, carbohydrate and fat intakes along with a significant increase in the mean protein, total dietary fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron and Vitamin C intakes was observed post intervention. A combination of a weight loss diet and glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate supplementation has a better effect in providing symptomatic relief as compared to diet therapy alone in patients suffering from osteoarthritis, however significant decrease in the clinical scores were also seen in the DO groups post intervention and hence the effectiveness of a weight loss diet alone for symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritic patients cannot be ignored.
Electivities and resource use by an assemblage of lizards endemic to the dunes of the São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil

Este estudo descreve o padrao de uso de recursos por uma assembleia de lagartos de um campo de dunas da Caatinga. Avaliamos a disponibilidade de recursos e as fases de atividade dos lagartos, bem como seu uso e suas eletividades por alimento e micro-habitats. Seis das sete especies mais abundantes sao endemicas das dunas, e suas dietas sub-representaram artropodes com defesas quimicas. Os dois gimnoftalmideos fossorios mostraram-se semelhantes por nao apresentar eletividades por micro-habitats, mas diferiram quanto a dieta, as eletividades por alimentos e a fase de atividade. As cinco especies de lagartos epigeos incluem um grupo com eletividade positiva por micro-habitats protegidos e sombreados (Procellosaurinus erythrocercus, Briba brasiliana e Tropidurus psammonastes) e outro com eletividades negativas pelos mesmos (Eurolophosaurus divaricatus e Cnemidophorus spec. nov.). O tropidurideo T. psammonastes apresentou atividade mais precocemente pela manha, as eletividades positivas mais fortes por areas protegidas e sombreadas e eletividades negativas por areas expostas, sendo a unica especie com eletividade positiva alta por formigas. O outro tropidurideo da area, E. divaricatus, tambem alimentou-se de formigas mas apresentou eletividade positiva por flores. O teiideo de medio porte Cnemidophorus spec. nov. apresentou as maiores eletividades negativas por areas sombreadas e a maior eletividade positiva por areas abertas, bem como uma alta eletividade negativa por areas protegidas. Assim, seu padrao de uso de micro-habitat e similar ao de E. divaricatus, que possui uma dieta muito distinta, e diferente do padrao de T. psammonastes, cuja dieta e semelhante (larvas de insetos e itens de maior tamanho). Discutimos a evolucao dos padroes detectados de eletevidades por recursos.
Probing model interstellar grain surfaces with small molecules

Temperature-programmed desorption and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy have been used to explore the interaction of oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O) with an amorphous silica film as a demonstration of the detailed characterization of the silicate surfaces that might be present in the interstellar medium. The simple diatomic adsorbates are found to wet the silica surface and exhibit first-order desorption kinetics in the regime up to monolayer coverage. Beyond that, they exhibit zero-order kinetics as might be expected for sublimation of bulk solids. Water, in contrast, does not wet the silica surface and exhibits zero-order desorption kinetics at all coverages consistent with the formation of an islanded structure. Kinetic parameters for use in astrophysical modelling were obtained by inversion of the experimental data at sub-monolayer coverages and by comparison with models in the multilayer regime. Spectroscopic studies in the sub-monolayer regime show that the C–O stretching mode is at around 2137 cm −1 (5.43 μm), a position consistent with a linear surface–CO interaction, and is inhomogenously broadened as resulting from the heterogeneity of the surface. These studies also reveal, for the first time, direct evidence for the thermal activation of diffusion, and hence de-wetting, of H2O on the silica surface. Astrophysical implications of these findings could account for a part of the missing oxygen budget in dense interstellar clouds, and suggest that studies of the sub-monolayer adsorption of these simple molecules might be a useful probe of surface chemistry on more complex silicate materials.