Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor b (gene targetingyestrogen actionyovaryyfolliculogenesisyfertility)

Estrogens inf luence the differentiation and maintenance of reproductive tissues and affect lipid metabo- lism and bone remodeling. Two estrogen receptors (ERs) have been identified to date, ERa and ERb. We previously gener- ated and studied knockout mice lacking estrogen receptor a and reported severe reproductive and behavioral phenotypes including complete infertility of both male and female mice and absence of breast tissue development. Here we describe the generation of mice lacking estrogen receptor b (ERb 2y2) by insertion of a neomycin resistance gene into exon 3 of the coding gene by using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Mice lacking this receptor develop normally and are indistinguishable grossly and histologically as young adults from their littermates. RNA analysis and immunocytochemistry show that tissues from ERb 2y2 mice lack normal ERb RNA and protein. Breeding experiments with young, sexually mature females show that they are fertile and exhibit normal sexual behavior, but have fewer and smaller litters than wild-type mice. Superovulation experi- ments indicate that this reduction in fertility is the result of reduced ovarian efficiency. The mutant females have normal breast development and lactate normally. Young, sexually mature male mice show no overt abnormalities and reproduce normally. Older mutant males display signs of prostate and bladder hyperplasia. Our results indicate that ERb is essen- tial for normal ovulation efficiency but is not essential for female or male sexual differentiation, fertility, or lactation. Future experiments are required to determine the role of ERb in bone and cardiovascular homeostasis.
Molecular docking of Sulfobacillus acidophilus barbiturase with s-triazine compounds

Barbiturases have scarce structural information available and do not fit in the conventional group of proteins. It is contemplated that they play a role in catabolism of s-triazine herbicide compounds. Structure as well as interaction data information of barbiturase with s-triazine compounds is missing. Sequence data is a goldmine of biological information and acts as raw material for structure and docking analysis. De novo structure prediction of the Sulfobacillus acidophilus DSM 10332 barbiturase has been attempted in this data article. Molecular docking analysis was carried out with atrazine, simazine and hexazinone belonging to s-triazine class of herbicides. The analysis revealed key residues necessary for these interactions. The generated data could be used by environmental scientists working on the enzyme assisted herbicide
Evaluating Ecofriendly Botanicals of Barleria longiflora Linn. F. (Acanthaceae) against Armyworm Spodoptera litura Fab. and Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

This study to investigate the crude extracts effect of Barleria longiflora against fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera. Antifeedant, larvicidal, and the inhibitory activities of B. longiflora were observed with different solvent extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Significant effect has been observed in ethyl acetate extracts of B. longiflora compared with other solvent extract and control. Even though ethyl acetate extracts of B. longiflora showed higher percentage of antifeedant (79.40 and 77.36%) and larvicidal activities (70.96 and 68.70%) against Original Research Article Jeyasankar et al.; ARRB, 10(3): 1-9, 2016; Article no.ARRB. 23691 2 S. litura and H. armigera, respectively. Percentage of deformed larvae, pupae and adults were high on ethyl acetate extract. Percentage of successful adult emergence was deteriorated by extract treated larvae. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of Coumarin, saponins, steroids and tannins in ethyl acetate extract.
Feeding ecology and the trabecular structure of the mandibular condyle in extant primates

OF THE DISSERTATION Feeding ecology and the trabecular structure of the mandibular condyle in extant primates by SUSAN F. COINER-COLLIER Dissertation Director: Dr. Robert S. Scott No straightforward functional relationship has been established between jaw morphology and diet in extant primates despite much research devoted to this issue. Food preparation and ingestion serve to load the mandible, and because of known remodeling responses to increased mandibular strain, the expectation is that higher mechanical loads generated by mechanically challenging foods and/or repetitive loading cycles should produce changes in mandibular morphology. This dissertation examines the relationship between primate mandibular morphology —specifically, the internal trabecular structure of the mandibular condyle—and two aspects of feeding ecology: food mechanical properties (FMPs) and time spent feeding. Because dietary FMPs influence chewing behavior, more mechanically challenging foods and/or increased repetitive loading cycles are expected to produce denser and/or more anisotropic trabecular bone within the mandibular condyle. I used high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) to image 28 anthropoid primate mandibles, and compared the results of trabecular analyses to data on FMPs and feeding time. My results demonstrated a strong relationship between dietary toughness and
The role of docking proteins and adapter proteins in signalling by the B cell receptor

The production of antibodies (Abs) by B cells is an important part of the immune response. In order for B cells to differentiate into Ab-producing plasma cells, they require signals that are generated by the B cell receptor (BCR) when it binds antigen (Ag). The B C R activates multiple signalling pathways and a common theme of these pathways utilized by the B C R is that they consist of components that are physical ly separated in resting cells. Therefore, i n order for efficient signal transmission, these components must be brought together dur ing B C R signalling. M y hypothesis was that two groups of proteins, docking proteins and adapter proteins, play an important role i n this process. Docking and adapter proteins contain protein/protein and pro te in / l ip id interaction domains that allow them to mediate the formation of signalling complexes and recruit signall ing proteins to different areas of the cell. In this thesis, I w i l l show that the B C R utilizes a number of docking and adapter proteins to perform these functions. I w i l l present data showing that the BCR uses the Cas, c-Cbl, and G a b l docking proteins to recruit SH2 domain-containing signalling proteins including Crk, Ptdlns 3-kinase, SHP-2, She, and Grb2 to cellular membranes. This may be important for br inging these s igna l l ing proteins i n close p rox imi ty to membrane-associated substrates. Furthermore, I w i l l show that the B C R uses the Crk adapter proteins to recruit the C 3 G guanine nucleotide exchange factor to membrane-associated docking proteins. This may be important for bringing C3G close to its targets, R a p l and R-Ras, both of which associate wi th cellular membranes. Finally, I w i l l show that i n order for the She adapter protein to become tyrosine phosphorylated and function as a docking site for Grb2 complexes, both the She SH2 and PTB domains are required. Interestingly, the She-binding protein, SHIP, is also required for phosphorylation of She by the BCR. Thus, it appears that the B C R uses a number of docking and adapter proteins to mediate the formation of signalling complexes and to recruit signalling
Cell division, cell elongation and distribution of α-, β- and γ-crystallins in the rat lens

The vertebrate lens comprises cells from only one cell lineage and these exist in two distinct forms. Fibre cells make up the bulk of the lens and a monolayer of epithelial cells covers the anterior surface of the fibres. A quantitative analysis of cell division and cell specialization (elongation) in the lenses of 1-day-old and 6- to 7-week-old rats showed that the rat lens can be separated into two compartments; a proliferation compartment in the epithelium of the anterior lens and an elongation compartment in the posterior lens. In 6- to 7-week-old rats the proliferation compartment is divided into three sub-compartments which appear to be related to the anatomy of the anterior eye. Lens epithelial cells lying in the vicinity of the ciliary body have an average cell cycle time of 7·2 days, epithelial cells which lie below the iris have an average cell cycle time of 32·3 days, and cells in the central epithelium divide most slowly. The epithelium is bathed for the most part by the aqueous humour and the posterior part of the lens is surrounded by the vitreous humour. From this analysis as well as evidence from other laboratories it is suggested that a proliferation factor(s) may be present in the aqueous and that an elongation factor(s) which comes from the retina may be present in the vitreous. There are three major groups of lens specific proteins, α-, β- and γ-crystallins. These proteins were separated by gel chromatography and antibodies raised against them in rabbits. Alpha-, β- and γ-crystallins were localized in sections of the 1-day-old rat lens by the indirect immunofluorescence method. Epithelial cells in the proliferation compartment contained only α-crystallin but all three groups of crystallins were detected in cells of the elongation compartment. β-Crystallin was detected first in elongating cells that had stopped dividing and γ-crystallin was detected later in the elongation process. Thus, synthesis of β- and γ-crystallins may normally depend on the elongation factor(s) from the retina. Also, since there is a close relationship between cessation of cell division and detection of β-crystallin, another factor governing the synthesis of β-crystallin may be whether the cells have ceased dividing. In this way the expression of crystallin genes may be co-ordinated as the lens grows and cells make the transition from proliferation to elongation compartments.
Mechanisms of TRAFSignaling

This thesis describes the investigation of the mechanisms of signal transduction activated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily proteins. Ligands of the TNF family engage TNF receptor (TNFR) family proteins, leading to a wide variety of cellular effects, and these interactions are implicated in inflammation, immune regulation, bone homeostasis, and development. TNFR proteins lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, and are coupled to intracellular signaling cascades by TNFR associated factor (TRAF) proteins, which are cytoplasmic adaptor molecules. The roles of TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF6 are investigated structurally and functionally in the activation of NF-kB, AP-1, and Srcfamily kinases. Cbl proteins are identified as positive and negative regulators of TRAFmediated Src-family kinase signaling. The molecular structure of TRAF6 is determined and structure-function relationships between TRAF6 and the receptors to which it binds are examined. A physiological role for TRAF1 is identified in the regulation of TRAF2. This finding elucidates the role of translocation into lipid rafts in TRAF signaling and regulation. The implications of these findings are considered primarily in the reciprocal regulation of immunity and bone homeostasis by TRAF-mediated signaling pathways. 2. General Introduction 2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2.1 TNF/TNFR Superfamilies Lymphotoxin (1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (2) were first identified in the late 1960s and early 1970s as factors produced by immune cells that induced the death of various types of tumor cells. As molecular cloning became commonplace, it became clear that the genes that encoded these factors were part of a large family of genes, the identification of which continues to expand to this day. The TNF superfamily consists of a wide variety of proteins, some cell-bound and others secreted, that regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. In particular, TNF family proteins regulate the life and death of not only tumor cells, but of activated cells of the immune system. They modulate the activation state of immune cells, and as we are increasingly becoming aware, they mediate the signals that these cells send to each other. TNF family proteins have been implicated in areas outside of inflammation and immunity, including bone homeostasis, lymph node organogenesis, hair follicle development, and mammary gland development (3). A holistic view of the TNF family clearly demonstrates that, through TNF family proteins, these myriad biological processes are inextricably linked, and the widespread sequelae of inflammatory processes can be explained through the actions of the TNF
An intrahospital outbreak of HIV infection in Elista

For the first time a nosocomial focus of HIV infection was established. Out of 83,000 inhabitants of the Kalmyck ASSR who underwent planned examination in the course of epidemiological investigation, 65 cases of HIV infection were detected and all of them were traced to the focus of hospital infection (56 children and 9 adults: 1 man and 8 women; of these, 7 women contacted the infection from their infected children in the process of breast feeding). The children were infected during their stay in two hospitals of Elista where they received multiple intravenous and intramuscular injections. The infection spread from the infant department of the regional pediatric hospital to 4 more departments and to the infectious diseases hospital. Transmission of this infection was maintained for several months by the use of nonsterile syringes in parenteral manipulations.
Subjective Reactions to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25)

Introduction Clinical and observational studies of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD25) have aroused much interest in recent years because of the unusual nature of the alterations in functioning that have been observed. Many have seen a possible relationship between these alterations and the disturbances seen in schizophrenic syndromes or, more generally, under conditions of altered levels of consciousness, such as sleep deprivation, hypnosis, and sensory isolation, and have been stimulated to explore the effects of the drug in great detail. 4,7,9,10,16-19 The scope of possible change is wide and includes a variety of disturbances in ego functions, alterations in drive manifestations, and other psychopathology. These alterations have been conceptualized in a variety of ways. Savage, 19 for example, described changes in autonomic functioning, motor functioning, mood, conation, cognition, and sensorium. Disturbances in thought and speech, affect, perception, behavior and
Effects of Rain-Free Intervals and Herbicide Rate on Sicklepod (Cassia Obtusifolia) Control and Absorption with AC 263,222

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a 2.5-cm simulated rainfall 0.05, 0.25, 0.5,1, 3, 6, and 24 h after POST applications of AC 263,222 to sicklepod. Fresh weight reductions were directly related to increasing AC 263,222 rates and rain-free intervals. Fresh weight reductions with 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 g ai/ha AC 263,222 were 32, 47, 55, 59, and 67%, respectively, with the rain-free treatment. A simulated rainfall 0.05 h after POST application lowered fresh weight reductions with 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 g/ha AC 263,222 to 5, 7, 19, 23, and 28%, respectively, of the untreated control. As AC 263,222 rates increased, a simulated rainfall shortly after POST application was less detrimental. At 18 g/ha of AC 263,222, a 3-h rain-free interval was necessary for fresh weight reductions equivalent to the rain-free control. As the rate of AC 263,222 increased to 54 g/ha, the rain-free interval for fresh weight reductions equivalent to the rain-free control was reduced to 1 h. Radiolabeled studies indicated that at 3 h after application an equivalent amount of 14C was accumulated in the plant as compared with the rain-free control. The correlation coefficients for fresh weight reductions and 14C in the plant were r = 0.53, 0.75, 0.68, 0.74, and 0.70 at rates of 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 g/ha AC 263,222, respectively.
NEW RECORDS OF WETLAND AND RIPARIAN PLANTS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL LIST OF PLANT SPECIES THAT OCCUR IN WETLANDS

Panicům coloratum, Panicům virgatum, and Setaria megaphylla are exotic species reported for the first time for California. The following new or noteworthy records of native and non-native vascular plants are reported from wetland and riparian habitats in coastal southern California: Amaranthus blitum subsp. emarginatus, Atriplex polycarpa, Bacopa monnieri, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, Chloris truncata, Ehrharta erecta , Elytrigia repens, Epilobium brachycarpum, Eriochloa aristata, Glinus radiatus, Limonium ramosissimum, Limonium indet. , Oncosiphon piluliferum, Panicům dichotomiflorum subsp. dichotomisorum, Paspalum urvillei, Psilocarphus chilensis, Salvinia molesta, and Setaria adhaerens. Of these, Amaranthus blitum subsp. emarginatus, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, Chloris truncata, Ehrharta erecta, Limonium ramosissimum, Oncosiphon piluliferum, Panicům coloratum, Panicům virgatum, Psilocarphus chilensis, Salvinia molesta, Setaria adhaerens, and Setaria megaphylla are facultative wetland plants in California herein proposed for addition to the National List of Plants that Occur in Wetlands. Supplemental information is also provided to revise the current wetland indicator status for Epilobium brachycarpum, Glinus radiatus, and Paspalum urvillei. The new records presented herein suggest that focused floristic studies are needed to thoroughly document the flora of wetland and riparian communities in the South Coast region. In addition, watershed urbanization and exotic species established in suburban communities and in the wildland-urban interface have significantly modified the character of the native vegetation and integrity of many wetland and riparian ecosystems in coastal southern California.
Estudo da variabilidade intraespecífica do gene do RNA ribossomal (rRNA) em cepas de Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920 isoladas de diferentes regiões geográficas

Like Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite of a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans, in a wide geographical area in both Central and South America. Despite the apparently non-pathogenic nature of T. rangeli, this parasite infection allows the occurrence of serological cross-reactivity with T. cruzi, turning difficult the specific diagnosis of Chagas disease. Studies on biological aspects of these parasites, such as evolution and behavior in mammalian hosts and triatomine vectors, revealed important intra and inter-specific heterogeneity, which was reinforced by analysis of several molecular markers. In this study, we have comparatively evaluated the ITS-1 and ITS-2 spacer flanking the 5.8S subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA) among T. rangeli strains isolated from distinct hosts and geographical origins. Revealing a low-level variability of both spacers, our results also showed the existence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s) within the 5.8S subunit of the rRNA gene. Even revealing that ITS-1 spacer was less polymorphic than ITS-2, no epidemiological inferences were possible. Inclusion of homologous sequences of the rRNA gene from T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. strains showed that ITS regions are feasible markers for inter-specific differentiation of trypanosomatids.
Study of membrane potential of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli cells by the penetration ions methods

: Using the penetrating ions of tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) and tetraphenylborone (TPB-), the membrane potential of the Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli cells was shown that the TPP+ absorption by the cells is an energy-coupled process. The TPB- anions are released from the cells after addition of an energy substrate. The value of the membrane potential calculated from the distribution pattern of the penetrating ions in the cells and the incubation medium lies within the interval of --100--150 mV (intracellular negative electric potential). The value of the membrane potential strongly depends on pH of the incubation medium; our attempts to measure the membrane potential in the E. coli cells at ph 6.0 were unsuccessful; however, at pH 8.5 it was found to be equal to --100 mV. Treatment of the cells with nigericin partially prevents the decrease of the membrane potential in an acidic medium and increases the potential in neutral and alkaline media. The formation of the membrane potential is suppressed by valinomycin and gramicidine, as well as by the oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers; the inhibiting effect of valinomycin requires the presence of K+ in the incubation medium. The membrane potential of the B. subtilis cells is insensitive to the effect of cyanide in the absence of arsenate. It is concluded that the membrane potential of B. subtilis and E. coli is formed both via respiration and by hydrolysis of intracellular ATP.
Shifts in community‐level traits and functional diversity in a mixed conifer forest: a legacy of land‐use change

Historical reference conditions have long been used to guide the restoration of degraded ecosystems. However, a rapidly changing climate and altered disturbance regimes are calling into question the usefulness of this approach. As a consequence, restoration goals are increasingly focused on creating communities that are resilient to novel environmental stressors and emphasis is being placed on defining functional targets through the use of plant traits. While changes in forest structure and composition have received much attention, long‐term changes in stand‐level functional traits are not well understood. We used dendrochronology to reconstruct historical forest structure and composition in 1880, the year immediately following the disruption of the natural fire regime in a mixed conifer forest in Arizona, USA. We analysed the differences in pre‐settlement and contemporary forest composition, structure and community‐weighted mean (CWM) traits, and functional diversity metrics (Rao's Q and functional richness) for four plant functional traits: leaf nitrogen content (leaf N), specific leaf area (SLA), wood density and bark thickness. We observed significant shifts in forest composition, structure, CWM traits and functional diversity from 1880 to 2011. These changes reflect a reduction in fire and drought tolerance, driven largely by increases in the relative importance of Abies concolor and Pinus strobiformis. Compositional changes were associated with declines in CWM leaf N, SLA, wood density and bark thickness. We found lower multitrait functional diversity (Rao's Q) in contemporary forests driven primarily by leaf N; however, bark thickness variation was greater in contemporary forests than in 1880. Synthesis and applications. Compositional shifts towards reduced average bark thickness and wood density in contemporary forests driven by land‐use change have likely reduced forest resilience to both fire and drought. Managers can manipulate forest structure and species composition to achieve functional objectives by increasing stand‐level bark thickness to promote fire tolerance and increasing stand‐level wood density to promote drought tolerance. Forecasts for extended fire seasons along with declining precipitation are projected for many ecosystems around the planet. A focus on restoring optimal functional trait combinations may be as important as managing ecosystem structure for restoring resilient ecosystems.