Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of turbulence in a tidal beam and across a coastal ridge

During a microstructure survey off California in Monterey Bay, we found a midwater beam of strong turbulence emanating from the shelf break along the ray path of the semidiurnal M2 internal tide. Within the 50-m-thick beam the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate e exceeded 10−6 W kg−1, and the diapycnal eddy diffusivity Kρ was >0.01 m2 s−1. The beam extended 4 km off the shelf break. Several factors suggest that this beam of strong turbulence resulted from the breaking of semidiurnal internal tides: the beam appeared to originate from the shelf break, which is a potential generation site for semidiurnal internal tides; the beam closely followed the ray path of the semidiurnal internal tide; the average e off the shelf break varied by a factor of 100 with a semidiurnal tidal periodicity; the isopycnal displacement confirmed the presence of semidiurnal internal tides. Processes associated with the breaking of internal tides are intermittent and sporadic. At the same location we also observed equally intense turbulence in a ∼100-m-thick layer of stratified water across the ridge of a sea fan. This layer of strong turbulence was separated from the bottom and was clearly not generated by bottom friction. Although less well resolved in time, the strong turbulence above the bottom seemed to vary with the semidiurnal tide and existed at the lee of the ridge, where the isopycnal surface dipped and rebounded in a pattern resembling that of internal hydraulic jumps. On the basis of the behavior of the density field, we believe that the deep mixing was most likely produced by the across-ridge current of internal tides. The breaking of internal tides at middepth, where the Richardson number is close to the critical value, is likely due to shear instability. The presence of the coastal ridge provides an alternative pathway for converting energy from internal tides to turbulence via internal hydraulics. Multiplying the average e in the midwater beam by the length of the global coastline gives 31 GW, only a small fraction of the estimated 360 GW dissipated globally by M2 internal tides. Our observations suggest that either most internal tides are generated away from shelf breaks or most internal tides generated at shelf breaks propagate away from their generation sites, rather than dissipate locally, and eventually contribute to pelagic mixing.
LWeb: information flow security for multi-tier web applications

This paper presents LWeb, a framework for enforcing label-based, information flow policies in database-using web applications. In a nutshell, LWeb marries the LIO Haskell IFC enforcement library with the Yesod web programming framework. The implementation has two parts. First, we extract the core of LIO into a monad transformer (LMonad) and then apply it to Yesod’s core monad. Second, we extend Yesod’s table definition DSL and query functionality to permit defining and enforcing label-based policies on tables and enforcing them during query processing. LWeb’s policy language is expressive, permitting dynamic per-table and per-row policies. We formalize the essence of LWeb in the λLWeb calculus and mechanize the proof of noninterference in Liquid Haskell. This mechanization constitutes the first metatheoretic proof carried out in Liquid Haskell. We also used LWeb to build a substantial web site hosting the Build it, Break it, Fix it security-oriented programming contest. The site involves 40 data tables and sophisticated policies. Compared to manually checking security policies, LWeb imposes a modest runtime overhead of between 2% to 21%. It reduces the trusted code base from the whole application to just 1% of the application code, and 21% of the code overall (when counting LWeb too).
EFFECT OF INTER-AND INTRA-ROW SPACINGS OF PEARL MILLET ( PENNISETUM GLAUCUM ( L ) R . BR . ) INFECTED WITH DOWNY MILDEW ( SCLEROSPORA GRAMINICOLA ( SACC ) SCHROET ) ON PLANT POPULATION IN KANO STATE , NIGERIA

Field trials were carried out at the Teaching and Research farm of Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil with two pearl millet varieties in 2003, 2004 and 2005 rain seasons to investigate the effect of interand intra-row spacings of pearl millet infected with downy mildew on plant population in Kano State, Nigeria. The experimental materials consist of factorial combinations of two varieties (SOSAT C88 and Zango), three inter-row spacings (50, 75 and 100cm) and four intra-row spacings (15, 30, 45 and 60cm). The treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data collected on plant population were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used for the separation of means at 1% and 5% levels of significance. Result shows that SOSAT C88 had significantly (P≤0.05) higher number of plants in 2004. Plants spaced out 50cm apart had significantly (P≤0.01) higher plant population than plants more widely spaced apart between rows in all years of the study. On the effect of intra-row spacing, similar results were obtained in 2003 and 2004 when plants spaced at 15cm within rows gave significantly (P≤0.01) the highest plant population compared to other spacings used within the row. This was followed by 30, 45 and 60cm spacings which gave significantly (P≤0.01) lower plant populations respectively. The combine analysis shows that highest number of plants were significantly (P≤0.01) produced when 50cm inter-row spacing was used while least number was obtained when spaced at 100cm inter-row. Maximum number of pearl millet plants were significantly (P≤0.01) obtained when 15cm intra-row spacing was used while small number of plants were recorded using 60cm intra-row spacing. It is however, recommended to grow pearl millet using closer interand intra-row spacings respectively for more number of plants than widely spaced which gave lower plant population.
Degree and Higher Level Apprenticeships: an empirical investigation of stakeholder perceptions of challenges and opportunities

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to explore the challenges and opportunities of designing and delivering Degree and Higher Level Apprenticeships (D&HLAs) at levels 4–7 from a multi-stakeholder perspective namely employers, Universities, independent training organisations and professional bodies. Twenty-seven face-to-face interviews were undertaken and thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The following three themes emerged from the data analysis: programme design; programme delivery; and graduate attributes. We conclude that whilst there are increasing numbers of trailblazer groups developing higher level standards, the uptake of apprenticeships at these levels remains relatively low. Although stakeholders support the principle of D&HLAs, we identify a number of challenges and opportunities facing those who seek to successful introduction of these programmes. Our policy recommendations include the need for all stakeholders to work collaboratively to co-create a flexible system to support the validity and relevance of D&HLAs. This will include streamlining and mapping the variety of qualifications currently available in order to promote a platform for parity of both esteem and opportunity for those achieving degree qualifications through the apprenticeship route.
Determination of genetic stability of Agapanthus praecox ssp. minimus grown in vitro via cytological analysis

Ploidy analysis revealed percentage of polyploid cells in vitro increased concomitantly with culture time, indicative of genetic instability under in vitro conditions. Chromosome number was stable (2n=2x=30) throughout culture period, indicating no occurrence of early somaclonal variation.
A relax and cut approach using the multi-commodity flow formulation for the traveling salesman problem

In this paper we explore the multi-commodity flow formulation for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (ATSP) to obtain dual bounds. The procedure employed is a variant of a relax and cut procedure proposed in the literature that computes the Lagrangean multipliers associated to the subtour elimination constraints preserving the optimality of the multipliers associated to the assignment constraints. The results obtained by the computational study are encouraging and show that the proposed algorithm generated good dual bounds for the ATSP with a low execution time.
Inexact Bregman iteration with an application to Poisson data reconstruction

This work deals with the solution of image restoration problems by an iterative regularization method based on the Bregman iteration. Any iteration of this scheme requires the exact computation of the minimizer of a function. However, in some image reconstruction applications, it is either impossible or extremely expensive to obtain exact solutions of these subproblems. In this paper, we propose an inexact version of the iterative procedure, where the inexactness in the inner subproblem solution is controlled by a criterion that preserves the convergence of the Bregman iteration and its features in image restoration problems. In particular, the method allows us to obtain accurate reconstructions also when only an overestimation of the regularization parameter is known. The introduction of the inexactness in the iterative scheme allows us to address image reconstruction problems from data corrupted by Poisson noise, exploiting the recent advances about specialized algorithms for the numerical minimization of the generalized Kullback–Leibler divergence combined with a regularization term. The results of several numerical experiments enable us to evaluate the proposed scheme for image deblurring or denoising in the presence of Poisson noise.
Seasonal Dependence of Geomagnetic Active‐Time Northern High‐Latitude Upper Thermospheric Winds

This study is focused on improving the poorly understood seasonal dependence of northern high‐latitude F region thermospheric winds under active geomagnetic conditions. The gaps in our understanding of the dynamic high‐latitude thermosphere are largely due to the sparseness of thermospheric wind measurements. With current observational facilities, it is infeasible to construct a synoptic picture of thermospheric winds, but enough data with wide spatial and temporal coverage have accumulated to construct a meaningful statistical analysis. We use long‐term data from eight ground‐based and two space‐based instruments to derive climatological wind patterns as a function of magnetic local time, magnetic latitude, and season. These diverse data sets possess different geometries and different spatial and solar activity coverage. The major challenge is to combine these disparate data sets into a coherent picture while overcoming the sampling limitations and biases among them. In our previous study (focused on quiet time winds), we found bias in the Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) cross‐track winds. Here we empirically quantify the GOCE bias and use it as a correction profile for removing apparent bias before empirical wind formulation. The assimilated wind patterns exhibit all major characteristics of high‐latitude neutral circulation. The latitudinal extent of duskside circulation expands almost 10∘ from winter to summer. The dawnside circulation subsides from winter to summer. Disturbance winds derived from geomagnetic active and quiet winds show strong seasonal and latitudinal variability. Comparisons between wind patterns derived here and Disturbance Wind Model (DWM07) (which have no seasonal dependence) suggest that DWM07 is skewed toward summertime conditions.
Electrical Properties of Un-doped and Doped EuTiO3-based Perovskites

Un-doped and doped EuTiO3 (ET) ceramics were prepared in 5%H2/95%N2 and N2 atmospheres at various temperatures (1350, 1450 and 1500 oC). For un-doped ET, higher pellet density (above 90%) and larger grain sized ceramics were obtained from the higher sintering temperatures, such as 1500 oC. The ceramic microstructure has an important effect on the electrical properties of the ceramics based on the sintering temperature. Pellets with a large amount of open porosity (sintered at 1350 oC) showed frequency dependent permittivity values at all temperatures and Arrhenius plots of the bulk conductivity from Impedance Spectroscopy showed a switch-over in conduction mechanism at ~ 50 – 100 K from a thermally activated process with activation energy (Ea) of ~ 10 meV (> 100 K) to one with essentially zero activation energy (< 50 K). For doped-ET ceramics, it is found that BaTiO3(BT)-ET ceramics have a wide solid solution range but there is a mixed-phase range between 5 and 15% Ba-doped ET samples. Ba-rich ceramics become too conductive to measure by Impedance Spectroscopy if they are sintered in 5%H2/95%N2 atmosphere. In general, Ba-rich ceramics show ferroelectricity and the Curie temperature, Tc, moves to lower temperature with increasing Eu-content. Eu0.5Ba0. 5TiO3 shows the same sequence of polymorphic phase transitions from Rhombohedral (R) to Orthorhombic (O) to Tetragonal (T) and finally to Cubic (C) symmetry as observed for BT but at lower temperatures, in agreement with that expected on the basis of A-site cation size effects. Preliminary studies of acceptor dopants, Al and Mg on the B-site, and their influence on the electrical properties are also reported.
Cyclone-induced surface ozone and HDO depletion in the Arctic

Abstract. Ground-based, satellite, and reanalysis datasets were used to identify two similar cyclone-induced surface ozone depletion events at Eureka, Canada (80.1° N, 86.4° W), in March 2007 and April 2011. These two events were coincident with observations of hydrogen deuterium oxide (HDO) depletion, indicating that condensation and sublimation occurred during the transport of the ozone-depleted air masses. Ice clouds (vapour and crystals) and aerosols were detected by lidar and radar when the ozone- and HDO-depleted air masses arrived over Eureka. For the 2007 event, an ice cloud layer was coincident with an aloft ozone depletion layer at 870 m altitude on 2–3 March, indicating this ice cloud layer contained bromine-enriched blowing-snow particles. Over the following 3 days, a shallow surface ozone depletion event (ODE) was observed at Eureka after the precipitation of bromine-enriched particles onto the local snowpack. A chemistry–climate model (UKCA) and a chemical transport model (pTOMCAT) were used to simulate the surface ozone depletion events. Incorporating the latest surface snow salinity data obtained for the Weddell Sea into the models resulted in improved agreement between the modelled and measured BrO concentrations above Eureka. MERRA-2 global reanalysis data and the FLEXPART particle dispersion model were used to study the link between the ozone and HDO depletion. In general, the modelled ozone and BrO showed good agreement with the ground-based observations; however, the modelled BrO and ozone in the near-surface layer are quite sensitive to the snow salinity. HDO depletion observed during these two blowing-snow ODEs was found to be weaker than pure Rayleigh fractionation. This work provides evidence of a blowing-snow sublimation process, which is a key step in producing bromine-enriched sea-salt aerosol.
A probabilistic model for predicting seasonal rainfall in semi-arid lands of northeast Brazil

Abstract. In most of the northeast region of Brazil rainfall is relatively low, presenting significant inter-annual fluctuations, especially when compared to rainfall in other areas of Brazil. Moreover, evaporative rates (like the ones found in the northeast semi-arid region) are too high, sometimes reaching over 2800 mm annually. Owing to such a climate character, very large areas in northeast Brazil are subjected to recurrent droughts. This paper presents a methodology for the prediction of seasonal rainfall in semi-arid lands of northeast Brazil. A total of 72 raingauge stations of Paraiba State, and 84 in Ceara State were employed, all of them distributed in three and seven homogeneous areas, respectively. A rainy season with different subdivisions was established for each homogeneous area. The zi proportions – the ratio between the cumulative rainfall of the first rainy season period and the rain that falls during the whole rainy season were made to fit the Beta probabilistic model used for calculating the second and eighth deciles and the probability of rainfall above the average rainfall for the second period of the rainy season. The performance of the prognostic model for individual stations of Paraiba State in the period 1996–2000 was evaluated. In the period 1996 to 2000, with rainfall above average, the error was less than 20 %. The methodology adopted proved very accurate for forecasting droughts in northeast Brazil.
Control of Solvent Vapor Assisted Imprinting Lithography Process by Real Time Monitoring of Grating Diffraction Efficiency

Diffraction grating replication realized by solvent vapor assisted imprinting lithography (SVAIL) process is here reported. Diffraction efficiency was monitored in real time. The monitoring indicated the variation of diffraction efficiency during the evolution of SVAIL process. According to initial value of monitored diffraction efficiency and to theoretical simulations of diffraction efficiency for various steps of SVAIL process, the value of diffraction efficiency for optimal replication was deduced; and the process could be stopped at that value. Keys words: replication, solvent, vapor, diffraction, grating.
Selection of mango rosa genotypes in a breeding population using the multivariate-biplot method

Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) trees stand out among the main fruit trees cultivated in Brazil. The mango rosa fruit is a very popular local variety (landrace), especially because of their superior technological characteristics such as high contents of Vitamin C and soluble solids (SS), as well as attractive taste and color. The objective of this study was to select a breeding population of mango rosa (polyclonal variety; ≥5 individuals) that can simultaneously meet the fresh and processed fruit markets, using the multivariate method of principal components and the biplot graphic. The principal components, biplot graphic, and phenotype correlations were obtained using the R (2012) software. Pulp percentage and the pulp, skin, and seed mass variables can be indirectly selected using the smallest fruit diameter, which allowed an easier measurement. The P23R AREA3, P30R AREA3, and P32R AREA3 genotypes are selection candidates due to the presence of alleles, which are important agro-technological traits for mango breeding. This study showed that the biplot analysis is a valuable tool for decision making and visualization of interrelationships between variables and genotypes, facilitating the mango selection process.
Root Hair Infection in Actinomycete-Induced Root Nodule Initiation in Casuarina, Myrica, and Comptonia

The infection process leading to the development of root nodules of Comptonia peregrina, Casuarina cunning hamiana, Myrica gale, and M cerifera was studied by light and electron microscopy. Deformed growth of root hairs was observed as early as 24 h after seedlings grown aeroponically or hydroponically were inoculated with suspensions of crushed nodules or cultures of the actinomycetous endophyte of Comptonia The extent of root hair deformation showed a positive correlation with the number of nodules which subsequently developed The essential features of infection in each of these species were very similar. The actinomycete entered a deformed root hair of the host in a region of folding of the cell wall A convoluted elaboration of the root hair wall which occurred at this presumptive penetration site was continuous with the more evenly deposited capsule of the endophytic actinomycete An associated feature of this wall deposition was thickening of the cell wall of the infected root hair and the adjacent prenodular cells. The actinomycete encapsulation was thickest at the presumed site of penetration and thinner in later stages of endophytic growth away from this site. These observations suggest a period of initial disequilibrium caused by the infection, followed by more harmonious symbiotic growth The observation of a morphologically and cytologically similar root hair infection process in these three genera indicates that root hair infection involves a specific and orderly interaction which represents the common mode of invasion in the initiation of actinomycete-induced root nodules
Optical Properties of VO2 Nanosphere with Phase Transition

In this paper the optical properties of the homogeneous nonmagnetic vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanosphere embedded in the air and also size effect on these characteristics are studied. VO2 is an insulator at room temperature and becomes metal above a critical temperature (Tc=341K). In the metallic phase, a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) forms in VO2 nanosphere, which red shifts slightly by increasing dimension, its associated electric field is in form of dipole, and disappears in insulator phase. The increment in the dimension of nanosphere in insulator case, results in the appearance of a peak in the visible wavelength that its origin is combined modes. VO2 nanosphere in metallic case has much broader optical spectra in comparison to silver (Ag) nanosphere, as well as, the electric field of Ag nanosphere in LSPR is more intense than its counterpart in VO2. Nevertheless the LSPR of VO2 can be switched thermally, making this material peculiar in optical applications.
Flow and Transport in Porous Media: A Multiscale Focus

The guest editorial team would like to thank authors for all their contributions to this special issue. Given the space limitations, a number of high quality contributions could not be accommodated.The editors also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their time and dedication in providing their critical reviews that help focus the goal of this special issue. We hope that you will enjoy reading this special issue devoted to this exciting and fast-evolving field as much as we have done.
FAITHFUL ABELIAN GROUPS OF INFINITE RANK

Let B be a subgroup of an abelian group G such that G/B is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of an abelian group A. For B to be a direct summand of G, it is necessary that G be generated by B and all homomorphic images of A in G. However, if the functor Hom(A, —) preserves direct sums of copies of A, then this condition is sufficient too if and only if M ®e(A) A is nonzero for all nonzero right ? i(A)-modules M. Several examples and related results are given.