Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving the Foaming Properties of Soy Protein Isolate Through Partial Enzymatic Hydrolysis

The effect of partial enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein isolate (SPI) on its foaming properties is investigated in this study. Enzymes of different origin, including papain, alcalase, and pancreatin, were used. Foaming properties (foaming capacity and foam stability) were measured and their relationships with physicochemical characteristics such as degree of hydrolysis, molecular weight of hydrolysates, and surface tension were investigated. Papain hydrolyzed SPI hydrolysates were found to be the best in terms of improved foaming capacity and foam stability. Molecular weights of SPI hydrolysates obtained by papain and alcalase hydrolysis were mainly in the range of 5 kDa to 30 kDa, while those hydrolyzed by pancreatin had molecular weight above 50 kDa. Foaming capacity was found to correlate well with the relative abundance of hydrolysate in the molecular weight range of 5 kDa to 10 kDa (r = 0.84, p < 0.05). Surface hydrophobicity was found to correlate negatively (r = − 0.89, p < 0.05) with foaming capacity of SPI hydrolysates. Surface tension values of SPI hydrolysates produced by all enzymes were significantly lower than (p < 0.05) compared to that of SPI. The surface tension of pancreatin hydrolyzed SPI hydrolysates was lower than the surface tension of those hydrolyzed by papain and alcalase. The surface tension of pancreatin hydrolyzed SPI hydrolysates decreased more rapidly with time compared to the rest. These findings will provide better understanding of how best to carry out the partial hydrolysis of SPI using various enzymes in order to improve its foaming properties.
DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO ESTIMATE THE COMMERCIAL VOLUME OF Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan

This work aimed to evaluate the use of traditional models, profile and relative height method, for estimating the commercial volume of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan. Data were obtained from scaling of separate lengths of the stem of 22 trees, using Smalian's method. Tree stems were measured 0.1m, 0.30m, 0.70m, 1.0m, 1.30m above the ground and then every 1m. For purposes of method assessment and comparison, statistics were used that include percent standard error, bias, standard deviation of differences, in addition to graphic interpretation of residuals. Assessments showed that Stoate's model is the most accurate, followed by Schumacher's model. They also showed that the linearized Schumacher's model reduced accuracy by an average 0.32% and that the relative height method was biased in this study.
The habitat hectares approach to vegetation assessment: An evaluation and suggestions for improvement

Summary The habitat hectares approach is an explicit, quantitative method for assessing the quality of vegetation by adding scores that are assigned to 10 habitat attributes. We believe it will be more repeatable and transparent than other methods that rely on subjective judgement. However, we have four principal criticisms of the method as it is currently proposed: (i) measurement of some of the attributes may be subject to considerable error that varies among assessors; (ii) the comparison of each measure with a single benchmark does not accommodate appropriate disturbance regimes; (iii) the proposed combination of attributes leads to some apparent internal inconsistencies; and (iv) it is not clear how the method will actually be used in practice. We suggest modifications to address these concerns and improve the proposed method. Finally, we make additional suggestions about the method's potential application, including: separate reporting of the extent and quality of different vegetation types to avoid the inappropriate combination of measures of area and quality; valuing appropriate disturbance regimes in natural areas; and considering very carefully the application of compensation or mitigation measures.
Measurement of15N/14N Isotopic Composition in Individual Plasma Free Amino Acids of Human Adults at Natural Abundance by Gas Chromatography–Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry☆

Abstract We describe a high-precision methodology to determine the15N/14N isotopic composition of 13 plasma free amino acids out of 500 μl plasma, measured asN-pivaloyl-i-propyl amino acid esters by gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry. It is now possible to measure15N isotopic natural abundances in plasma free amino acids, which has not been the case previously because of the minimum requirement of 60 ml plasma to supply, e.g., 1 mg free leucine, for example, when performing a conventional preparative isolation. Data from seven healthy American and German subjects reveal a similar δ15N pattern in plasma free amino acids, although there are small differences in individual amino acids. Phenylalanine and threonine showed the lowest abundance (−12 and −5‰ δ15N, respectively), whereas alanine, leucine, proline, and ornithine ranged between +10 and +15‰ δ15N. Lysine ranged between +1 and +4‰ δ15N and showed the lowest variation of all measured amino acids. The metabolically related aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, differ by 15‰ in their15N abundance. The isolation of amino acids by cation-exchange chromatography resulted in a small alteration of15N/14N isotopic composition in the amino acids glycine, lysine, and glutamic acid of maximal 1.2, 0.4, and, 0.4‰, respectively, but the remaining amino acids were unchanged. The method described offers new possibilities for the investigation of the amino acid metabolismin vivo.
Emergence, dispersal, and mate finding via a substrate‐borne sex pheromone in the parasitoid Metaphycus luteolus

Metaphycus luteolus Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a facultatively gregarious parasitoid of soft scale insects. We conducted behavioral experiments to better understand the mating structure of this species. Emergence of male and female offspring is synchronized, beginning at the onset of photoperiod. Both sexes are able to disperse, although dispersal of males from natal patches appears to take longer than dispersal of females. We demonstrated the presence of a female‐produced contact pheromone using open arena bioassays and motion tracking software, testing residues deposited by walking females, and extracts of females. Males responded to the females' ‘chemical footprints’ and to acetone and hexane extracts of females by searching and arrestment on the chemical residues. Responses of males were dose dependent and diminished with time since the stimulus was deposited. Our findings support the hypothesis that non‐local mating among wasps emerging from different hosts may be quite common in these parasitoids. The implications of our results for the mating structure and previously documented sex ratio patterns of these parasitoids are described.
Circulation within the Wairarapa Eddy, New Zealand

Abstract The Wairarapa Eddy appears as a permanent anticyclonic eddy situated off the east coast of the North Island, New Zealand. In April 2001 a spatial survey of the eddy was made on a ship equipped with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The absolute circulation at 100 m was estimated by objective mapping of the ADCP‐derived velocities to produce a velocity field that has enforced non‐divergence. Assuming that enforcing non‐divergence produces the best estimate of the geostrophic flow, this velocity field can be used as a “level of known motion” to reference geostrophic velocities at other depths. In particular, it can be used to estimate the velocity at 2000 dbar, which is otherwise used in this region as a level of no motion. The resulting flow at 2000 dbar has a mean speed of 0.07 m s‐1, and appears to be well correlated with the surface flow.
Distributional outline of lymnaeid snails [Gastropoda] in the fascioliasis endemic area of Mazandaran, Iran

In Iran, more than 100 humans and many livestock species have shown to be infected in the northern province of Mazandaran, at the Caspian Sea shore. This picture suggested the need for further multidisciplinary studies to ascertain the extent of the problematics. Three species of lymnaeids were found throughout most of Mazandaran: Lymnaea (Stagnicola) palustris, a secondary intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica; Galba truncatula, the main intermediate host of F. hepatica; and Radix gedrosiana, a member of the auricularia complex transmitting F. gigantica. Environmental microhabitat requirements are different for the three species, but sometimes the three were found in the same locality. The geographical distribution of the three lymnaeids agrees with the distribution of human and animal fascioliasis, differences in fascioliasis prevalences between western and eastern Mazandaran not appearing to be related with lymnaeids. Moreover, the overlapping distributions of G. truncatula and R. gedrosiana also agree with the overlapping distributions of F. hepatica and F. gigantica detected in Mazandaran animals. Although the three lymnaeid species may be found in all the months, interesting differences were detected. Whereas L. (S.) palustris appears to be more or less stable throughout the year, with only one acrophase around June, G. truncatula and R. gedrosiana showed an evident biseasonal distribution, with abundance and population density peaks in springbeginning of summer and autumn. Such lymnaeid population biseasonality suggests a higher contamination risk by the two fasciolid species for both humans and animals in these two seasons and the corresponding detection of an increase of acute human cases attending the health centres. However, lymnaeid population dynamics do not explain the main peak of human diagnosed patients in the February-March period in Mazandaran. Peculiar culinary habits, as the custom of producing and stocking the traditional "delar" and its use as condiment sauce for many vegetables and food, may explain this chronological disagreement, tacking into account the long viability that fasciolid metacercariae can reach.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Activity of Kiwifruit in Different Cultivars and Maturity

The chemical composition and antioxidative activity of kiwifruit varieties in Jeju, such as Jecy Gold (Actinidia chinensis var. `Jecy Gold`), Halla Gold (A. chinensis var. `Halla Gold`), Jecy Sweet (A. deliciosa var. `Jecy Sweet`) and Hwabuk 94 (A. deliciosa var. `Hwabuk 94`) were investigated. The crude protein, crude lipid, and pH showed no differences among variety and maturity whereas the moisture contents showed differences among the variety and maturity. Jecy Sweet in mature stage showed the highest values in soluble solid, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash. The changes in chemical components of kiwifruit by maturity stage were as follows: during ripening, the glucose and the fructose contents increased considerably with the decrease of sucrose content. Potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and magnesium were estimated as the major minerals in kiwifruit and Jecy Sweet contained the highest amounts of potassium and magnesium. At maturity stage, ascorbic, malic and lactic acid were increased with the decrease of citric acid content. The polyphenol contents were 26.81~56.10 and 8.64~26.45 , respectively, in immature and mature fruits. During ripening, the polyphenol content was decreased. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts were 84.47~89.37% and 43.94~76.96% at 500 ppm, respectively, in immature and mature fruits. The immature varieties of kiwifruit have a high DPPH radical scavenging activity. Therefore the chemical composition and physiological activity of kiwifruit was affected by variety and maturity.
Population biology of the crab Goniopsis cruentata: variation in body size, sexual maturity, and population density

We studied two key traits in the life of organisms, body size and sexual maturity, and a population attribute, density, of the crab Goniopsis cruentata. Also, we evaluated the role of environmental factors on population density. We caught crabs in two mangrove sites that are under different influence of tidal fluctuation, and obtained pH and salinity of mangrove soil from each site as well as rainfall data for the period of study. Both body size and sexual maturity differed between sites, in which individuals from the small-bodied population matured at smaller sizes than their counterparts from the large-bodied population, which matured at larger sizes. In addition, density of the small-bodied population was lower than that of the large-bodied one. We did not detect any influence of the environmental factors on population density. Our finding indicate that key life history traits and population characteristics can vary on a very small spatial scale which may help to further elucidate the biology of natural populations.
Attraction and localization of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) to conspecific calls

Summary Many species of fish use auditory cues as part of their reproductive repertoire but intended receivers must be able to localize sounds to make full use of this information. Specialized couplings between the ear and swim bladder are thought to be critical for acoustic localization, yet species without specialized connections use acoustic cues in reproductive displays. In an attempt to better understand mechanisms of acoustic localization, we used the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), a hearing generalist, to assess responses to calls in the lab and field. The call used for playback was recorded in the field from an actively displaying male round goby and consisted of a series of low frequency pulses. In the field, playback of the call resulted in a significant enhancement of approaches toward, and entries into, an experimental arena as compared to when the sound was off. There was no effect on the amount of time spent near the speaker however. In the lab, males and females responded actively when calls were played and females showed a significant attraction to the playing speaker. Responses were highly directional with little angular deviation, suggesting true localization to the sound source. While the sensory mechanisms allowing round gobies to selectively respond to conspecific vocalizations remain unknown, it is clear that they do show highly directional responses to acoustic cues in both laboratory and field settings.
Production of Biogenic Manganese Oxides by Anamorphic Ascomycete Fungi Isolated from Streambed Pebbles

We characterized the production of biogenic Mn oxides by four anamorphic ascomycete fungi isolated from streambed pebbles with Mn oxide coatings. Based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences, one strain was related to members of the order Xylariales and the other three were within distinct lineages of the Pleosporales. These strains oxidized Mn(II) to deposit Mn oxides when their growth approached the stationary phase. The fungal Mn oxides showed X-ray diffraction patterns typical of poorly crystalline vernadite (δ -MnO2), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy confirmed that the Mn phases consisted predominantly of Mn(IV). Mn(II) oxidation in the four strains proceeded enzymatically. The Mn(II)-oxidizing proteins were inhibited by azide and o-phenanthroline, and the proteins also oxidized typical laccase substrates including 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), showing the role of laccase or a laccase-like metalloenzyme. The mineralogical traits of the biogenic Mn oxides, and the participation of laccase-like enzymes, are in accordance with our previous results obtained with one Hypocreales ascomycete. In conclusion, phylogenetically diverse ascomycetes may use this common enzymatic system to produce solid Mn phases similar to δ -MnO2.
An Ecological Context for Evaluating the Factors Influencing Muskellunge Stocking Success

Abstract From an ecological perspective, predation, competition or resource partitioning, and abiotic factors interact to affect species distribution and abundance. To make management recommendations, I review research dealing with the relative influence of these factors in determining stocking success of muskellunge Esox masquinongy. Survival of stocked muskellunge is affected by losses to resident predators. Prey preference and composition are also important, and better muskellunge survival and growth occurs in systems with soft-rayed or fusiform prey rather than in centrarchid-dominated systems. However, potential for competition with resident fishes has not been carefully considered. Abiotic factors, particularly temperature, can influence stocking mortality and subsequent growth. Survival increases with size and is maximized with large muskellunge fingerlings (>240 mm), but cost-effectiveness can vary substantially with predator and prey populations. Hatchery rearing techniques can also affect muskel.
Selection of common bean lines for calcium use efficiency

The study of the calcium use efficiency in common bean is unprecedented. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to evaluate the genetic variability of common bean lines for plant growth and grain yield characters, the calcium accumulation in different plant tissues at low and high calcium availabilities, and to select common bean lines with high calcium use efficiency and responsive to the calcium application by different indices. Twelve common bean lines were supplied with a nutrient solution at low (1.10 mmol L-1) and high (3.85 mmol L-1) calcium concentration and were evaluated. The L 15 line reached the higher values of dry mass of shoot, number of pods and grains per plant, number of grains per pod and grain yield at the low calcium concentration. Calcium accumulation in tissues was, on average, higher in leaves, followed by stems, pods and grains. The L 175 and L 159 lines have higher calcium concentration in grains (> 1.1 g kg-1 MS), regardless of the calcium concentration supplied to plants. The L15 line is efficient in calcium use. The L 221 and L 159 lines are responsive to the calcium application in the rooting medium.
Laboratory apparatus and techniques for the rearing and insecticidal treatment of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under simulated field conditions.

Laboratory apparatus and techniques are described for the rearing and insecticidal treatment of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, under simulated field conditions. Insects were reared on cotton plants inside large population cages and treated from an overhead sprayer. The effects of these treatments were assessed accurately, without interfering with insects or plants, by monitoring adult numbers with an endoscope over one or more generations. Examples of single-generation and multiple-generation tests with cypermethrin are described. The apparatus is suitable for testing strategies for delaying the selection of resistance (e.g. using insecticides applied singly, alternately, or in mixture, at various application rates and frequencies), for controlling populations already resistant to insecticides, and for integrated pest management using chemical and biological control agents together.
Somatic cell reprogrammed by oocyte: process and barricade

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology in which a somatic nucleus is transferred into the cytoplasm of a matured oocyte – reconstructed embryos have the capacity to develop to term. Why somatic cells can be reprogrammed by oocytes – the answer for this question must exist in the cytoplasm of matured oocytes. In this review, totipotent characters of matured oocytes were discussed, which may confer matured oocytes with the capacity to reprogram somatic nucleus. Moreover, the procedure of SCNT also makes a possibility for somatic nucleus to be reprogrammed by oocytes. Compared with fertilized embryos, embryos derived from SCNT exhibit low developmental ability; the barricades in reprogramming process and their possible reasons were also discussed. This review maybe can benefit the mechanism research of SCNT technology and can make contribution for improving the efficiency of this technology.
Sequence of Fruit Ripening in Bird‐Dispersed Plants: Consistency Among Years

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The hen's egg: Shell cracking at oviposition in battery cages and its inheritance

Synopsis It is known that there is much variation between individual hens and between strains of hen in (a) the incidence of egg‐shell cracking and (b) the height through which the egg is dropped at oviposition. Pilot experiments are described from which it is concluded that: most cracks that occur in a battery cage are produced when the egg drops on to the floor at oviposition; they are located predominantly in the two polar thirds of the shell; their incidence is determined mainly by the effective mass of the cage floor, the mean drop height and the mean attitude of the eggs at emergence from the cloaca (broad or narrowpole first) ;it is affected only slightly by the mean shell thickness and the overall mean shell curvature (egg size); if a hen is kept on a floor with a high effective mass, an indirect estimate of her mean drop height can be obtained quickly, easily and with high precision from observations made on her eggs after they have been laid; the observations required are the incidence of eggs w.