Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing image classification based on object-oriented convolutional neural network

Remote sensing image classification is of great importance for urban development and planning. The need for higher classification accuracy has led to improvements in classification technology. In this research, Landsat 8 images are used as experimental data, and Wuhan, Chengde and Tongchuan are selected as research areas. The best neighborhood window size of the image patch and band combination method are selected based on two sets of comparison experiments. Then, an object-oriented convolutional neural network (OCNN) is used as a classifier. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of the OCNN classifier is 6% higher than that of an SVM classifier and 5% higher than that of a convolutional neural network classifier. The graph of the classification results of the OCNN is more continuous than the plots obtained with the other two classifiers, and there are few fragmentations observed for most of the category. The OCNN successfully solves the salt and pepper problem and improves the classification accuracy to some extent, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed object-oriented model.
Enhancing free choice masked priming via switch trials during repeated practice

The masked priming paradigm has been extensively used to investigate the indirect impacts of unconscious stimuli on conscious behaviors, and the congruency effect of priming on free choices has gained increasing attention. Free choices allow participants to voluntarily choose a response from multiple options during each trial. While repeated practice is known to increase priming effects in subliminal visual tasks, whether practice increases the priming effect of free choices in the masked priming paradigm is unclear. And it is also not clear how the proportions of free choice and forced choice trials in one block will affect the free choice masked priming effect. The present study applied repeated practice in the masked priming paradigm and found that after training, the participants were more likely to be influenced by masked primes during free choice, but this training process did not alter the visibility of masked stimuli. In addition, this study revealed that when the proportions of free choice and forced choice trials were equal during the training stage, this enhanced effect by practice was the strongest. These results indicated that practice could enhance masked stimulus processing in free-choice, and that the learning effect may mainly be derived from the early selection and integrated processing of masked stimuli.
2-Hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, one siderophore inhibitor, occludes quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Siderophore is necessary for the survival of microorganisms and is interregulated with quorum sensing (QS) systems. It is related to growth, proliferation, virulence, and other bacterial social activities as a virulence factor. Thus, we speculated that the QS system could be occluded by inhibiting siderophore production. 2-Hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (HMMN), one siderophore inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (P. aeruginosa PAO1), was obtained by using the Chromeazurol S (CAS) method. We found that HMMN inhibited siderophore production and influenced the biological effects of QS regulation, including biofilm formation and pyocyanin production. HMMN (150 μg/ml) inhibited the siderophore production of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by 69.37%. In addition, HMMN could inhibit pyocyanin production and biofilm formation and erase the formed biofilm of P. aeruginosa PAO1. HMMN (150 μg/ml) inhibited the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by 28.24%. The erasure rate of the formed biofilm reached 17.03%. Furthermore, HMMN (150 μg/ml) inhibited P. aeruginosa PAO1 pyocyanin production by 36.06%. Meanwhile, positive-control hordenine (500.0 μg/ml) reduced the biofilm formation and pyocyanin production of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by 14.42% and 34.35%, respectively. The erasure rate of hordenine to the formed biofilm is 11.05% at 500 μg/ml. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that HMMN downregulates not only siderophore-related genes but also QS-related genes, as well as hordenine. These results suggest that a siderophore inhibitor could be used as a QS inhibitor to occlude the QS system and reduce virulence.
A genetically identified population of layer 4 neurons in auditory cortex that contributes to pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response

A fundamental task faced by the auditory system is the detection of events that are signaled by fluctuations in sound. Spiking in auditory cortical neurons is critical for sound detection, but the causal roles of specific cell types and circuits are still mostly unknown. Here we tested the role of a genetically identified population of layer 4 auditory cortical neurons in sound detection. We measured sound detection using a common variant of pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, in which a silent gap in background noise acts as a cue that attenuates startle. We used a Gpr26-Cre driver line, which we found expressed predominantly in layer 4 of auditory cortex. Photostimulation of these cells, which were responsive to gaps in noise, was sufficient to attenuate the startle reflex. Photosuppression of these cells reduced neural responses to gaps throughout cortex, and impaired behavioral gap detection. These data demonstrate that cortical Gpr26 neurons are both necessary and sufficient for top–down modulation of the acoustic startle reflex, and are thus likely to be involved in sound detection.
Region-Based Color Transfer for Complex Content Images Using Intrinsic Component

This paper proposes an automatic color transfer method for complex content images. When given one or more high-quality reference images, our goal is to determine a set of best reference colors for transferring their color characteristics into the target image. Although several automatic color transfer methods have been proposed, there usually exists visible and unnatural artifact when processing images with complex content and lighting variation. In this paper, we represent each image in region level and propose to incorporate region attribute, region connectivity and intrinsic reflectivity to characterize the local organization within an image. We then determine the best-matched reference region for each target region using the proposed graph-theoretic region correspondence estimation. After determining the set of reference regions, we next conduct color transfer between the bestmatched region pairs in a de-correlated color space. In order to reduce artifact across complex regions, we further propose a weighted color transfer in terms of intrinsic component. Both subjective and objective evaluation of our experiments demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms existing methods.
Towards a Computational Model of a Dynamic Feeling of Knowing

Feelings of knowing (FOKs) are metamemory judgments that suggest an answer could be retrieved from memory with more effort. This paper reviews the psychological accounts of FOKs and maps them onto sources from the memory mechanisms of the common model of cognition. Two widely accepted accounts of FOK, that of cue familiarity and accessibility, map directly onto properties of the retrieval cue and result respectively. In considering these models of FOK, we identify an omission from the literature: the possibility that FOK changes over time while answering a question. We discuss the implications of this dynamic account and conclude with the difficulties of evaluating computational models of FOK.
Geometric Objects in the Final Grade of Middle Schools in B & H , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Turkey and Students ' Progress of Geometrical Thinking which their Mathematical Curricula Enable

The powerful development of geometric thinking among the students of the final grade of Middle School enables them to progress better through mathematical contents in the upcoming High School. In order to gain insight into possible levels of development of students’ geometric skills, we have examined the mathematics curricula of the final grades of Middle Schools in B&H, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Our intention was to gain insight into geometric contents planned in these teaching programs of the aforementioned socio-political communities. As a connecting thread of our observations, we offer the following conclusions regarding the previous research. All observed models have a significant common part that relates to the teaching and learning of geometric solids. In the case where this part of the curricula would be complemented by geometric transformations, it would then be possible to estimate that these curricula open the possibility of a full development of robust abilities among pupils. The authors think that although the quality of mathematics teachers’ work has a significant impact on the formation of geometric proficiencies and abilities of pupils in schools, the influence of policy makers of mathematics education and mathematical curricula designers is more significant. The authors are also very close to the suggestion that each of these societies should form a permanent team of experts for monitoring applications and further development of mathematical curricula.
Isotopy of 4-manifolds

The principal result of this paper is that the group of homeomorphisms mod isotopy (the "homeotopy" group) of a closed simply-connected 4-manifold is equal to the automorphism group of the quadratic form on H2. There is an analogy between simply-connected closed 4-manifolds and connected surfaces, in that they are both classified by simple algebraictopological data. Surfaces are classified up to homeomorphism by the isomorphism class of the fundamental group. The 4-manifolds are classified up to homeomorphism by the isomorphism class of the intersection form and the Kirby-Siebenmann invariant in Z/2 [3]. The analogy now extends to automorphisms, in that in both cases homeomorphisms are classified by the induced automorphism of the algebraic structure. Other results include a " uniqueness" for handlebody structures on simplyconnected 5-manifolds, the determination of π4(TOP(4)/O(4)), and a pseudoisotopy theorem for simply connected 4-manifolds with boundary.
Effects of Time of Pruning and Plant Bio-Regulators on the Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Post-Harvest Losses of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Indian jujube or ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is a deciduous fruit tree typically cultivated in several semi-arid areas of Asia because of its adaptability to yield-limiting conditions. The present study aimed to assess the effect of four pruning times (i.e., the fourth week of March, second week of April, fourth week of April, and second week of May) and four treatments using stress-mitigating plant bio-regulators (thiourea at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm; salicylic acid at 100 ppm and 150 ppm) as a means to improve both fruit yield and quality post-harvest. To this end, a full factorial experiment lasting two growing seasons was carried out under field conditions in the representative semi-arid region of Rajasthan, the state with the largest production in India. We assessed the vegetative growth of the trees, the fruit size and yield, and some quality parameters (soluble content, acidity, ascorbic acid, and total sugars) as well as the main post-harvest traits (fruit weight loss and spoilage). Overall, pruning during the second week of April had the greatest positive influence on most of the variables studied. For instance, it induced the highest vegetative vigor, allowing the maintenance of relatively higher chlorophyll and relative water content in the leaves. The fruit parameters also responded most positively to the second week of April pruning, a treatment that, compared to the others, induced a higher diameter; a higher amount of TSS (19.6 °Brix), ascorbic acid (86.5 mg/100 g), and total sugar (10.4%); and a better post-harvest shelf-life. Among the plant bio-regulators, the application of thiourea at 1000 ppm had the highest positive influence on the growth parameters, yield, quality, and reduction in spoilage post-harvest. The differences between the doses of PBRs were limited.
Influences of Ultrasonic Image-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block on Postoperative Pulmonary Air Content of Lung Carcinoma Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Surgery

To investigate the influences of ultrasonic image-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) on postoperative pulmonary air content of lung carcinoma patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery, 42 patients performed with thoracoscopic radical surgery for lung carcinoma were selected. The patients in the experimental group were performed with ultrasound-guided unilateral ESPB and intravenous general anesthesia. The patients in the control group only underwent intravenous anesthesia. The changes in postoperative pulmonary air content between the two groups were compared. After that, all included patients were divided into the experimental (senior) group (13 cases), the experimental (adult) group (8 cases), the control (senior) group (11 cases), and the control (adult) group (10 cases) according to age. The changes in postoperative pulmonary air content of patients in the four groups were compared. The results showed that lung ultrasound score (LUS) of patients in experimental group was 6.4 ± 3.2 points 0.5 hour after catheter extraction and LUS was 4.1 ± 2.3 points 20 to 30 hours. Both scores were remarkably lower than those of patients in control group (P < 0.05). LUS of lower left anterior area, upper left posterior area, lower left posterior area, upper right posterior area, and lower right posterior area of patients in experimental group was all apparently lower than those in control group 0.5 hour after catheter extraction (P < 0.05). LUS of upper left posterior area, lower left posterior area, lower right anterior area, upper right posterior area, and lower right posterior area of patients in experimental group was all remarkably lower than those in control group 20 to 30 hours after surgery (P < 0.05). LUS of senile patients and middle-aged patients in experimental group 0.5 hour after catheter extraction was 8.01 ± 2.48 points and 5.93 ± 3.91 points, respectively, which were both notably lower than those in control group (P < 0.05). Ultrasound-guided ESPB exerted fewer influences on lung and could effectively improve postoperative pulmonary air content among patients. Hence, it was worthy of clinical promotion.
A Tool for Deterministic and Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies

Classification errors, selection bias, and uncontrolled confounders are likely to be present in most epidemiologic studies, but the uncertainty introduced by these types of biases is seldom quantified. The authors present a simple yet easy-to-use Stata command to adjust the relative risk for exposure misclassification, selection bias, and an unmeasured confounder. This command implements both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. It allows the user to specify a variety of probability distributions for the bias parameters, which are used to simulate distributions for the bias-adjusted exposure–disease relative risk. We illustrate the command by applying it to a case–control study of occupational resin exposure and lung-cancer deaths. By using plausible probability distributions for the bias parameters, investigators can report results that incorporate their uncertainties regarding systematic errors and thus avoid overstating their certainty about the effect under study. These results can supplement conventional results and can help pinpoint major sources of conflict in study interpretations.
Underreported Human Exposure to Mycotoxins: The Case of South Africa

South Africa (SA) is a leading exporter of maize in Africa. The commercial maize farming sector contributes to about 85% of the overall maize produced. More than 33% of South Africa’s population live in rural settlements, and their livelihoods depend entirely on subsistence farming. The subsistence farming system promotes fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This review aims to investigate the exposure levels of the rural population of South Africa to dietary mycotoxins contrary to several reports issued concerning the safety of South African maize. A systematic search was conducted using Google Scholar. Maize is a staple food in South Africa and consumption rates in rural and urban communities are different, for instance, intake may be 1–2 kg/person/day and 400 g/person/day, respectively. Commercial and subsistence maize farming techniques are different. There exist differences influencing the composition of mycotoxins in food commodities from both sectors. Depending on the levels of contamination, dietary exposure of South Africans to mycotoxins is evident in the high levels of fumonisins (FBs) that have been detected in SA home-grown maize. Other potential sources of exposure to mycotoxins, such as carryover effects from animal products and processed foods, were reviewed. The combined effects between FBs and aflatoxins (AFs) have been reported in humans/animals and should not be ignored, as sporadic breakouts of aflatoxicosis have been reported in South Africa. These reports are not a true representation of the entire country as reports from the subsistence-farming rural communities show high incidence of maize contaminated with both AFs and FBs. While commercial farmers and exporters have all the resources needed to perform laboratory analyses of maize products, the greater challenge in combatting mycotoxin exposure is encountered in rural communities with predominantly subsistence farming systems, where conventional food surveillance is lacking.
TeraHertz Emission and Noise Spectra in HEMTs

In this work we investigate, by means of Monte Carlo simulations, the physics of the recently observed emission of THz radiation at low temperature (4.2 K) from InGaAs/InAlAs lattice‐matched high electron mobility transistors, HEMTs. The spectrum of the emitted signal consists of two maxima; the one at lower frequency (around 1 THz) is sensitive to UDS and UGS, while the higher frequency peak (around 5 THz) is not. The gate current noise spectra obtained with room‐temperature Monte Carlo simulations of similar HEMTs also show those features, although some quantitative discrepancies arise from the different temperature conditions. The signature of plasma oscillations is known to appear in the current noise spectrum, producing peaks appearing at very high frequencies. On the other hand, peaks at frequencies around 1 THz can be associated with the formation of Gunn domains within the transistors. Therefore, the analysis of the noise spectra of these devices can provide useful information that can help to und.
Interface tracking methods with application to multiphase flows

The numerical tracking of interfaces is an important part in simulations of many physical processes. Three di erent techniques for interface tracking are presented: the segment projection, the level-set and the front-tracking methods. The segment projection method is an altogether new method in which the representation of an interface is comprised of a union of overlapping patches. When the interfaces are curves in IR, the patches are curve segments, chosen such that they can be represented as functions of one coordinate variable. These segment functions are discretized on one-dimensional Eulerian grids. To continuously track moving and deforming interfaces, dynamic construction and destruction of segments are employed. Applications to multiphase ows involving immiscible uids are studied in detail. The three tracking methods have been integrated into a nite element approximation of the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The interfaces separating the di erent uids introduce singularities to the problem in the form of discontinuous density and viscosity across interfaces and singular surface tension forces. These quantities are more naturally represented numerically in the nite element setting, which uses a weak form of the equations. Integrals in the weak formulation include the discontinuous density and viscosity functions. A rigorous analysis of the errors associated with integration of functions that are discontinuous across curves in IR is presented. Regularized approximations of the discontinuous functions, designed to minimize these errors, are introduced. A similar analysis is made for the integration of singular functions with support on curves in IR. Topology changes of interfaces, such as in the merging of bubbles, are naturally included in the level-set method. This method is however not so well suited for simulations of physical problems in which merging should not occur. In the segment projection method, the Eulerian grid facilitates the handling of merging, although it requires a speci c algorithm. Di erent physical conditions may be used to de ne if and when merging should occur. Numerical results are presented and include tests of convergence rates and comparison of the three methods in the case of one rising buoyant bubble. Runs with topology changes are presented for the level-set method, and runs with and without the possibility of merging are presented for the segment projection method. ISBN 91-7170-558-9 TRITA-NA-0010 ISSN 0348-2952 ISRN KTH/NA/R{00/10{SE
A model for multiproperty galaxy cluster statistics

The massive dark matter halos that host groups and clusters of galaxies have observable properties that appear to be log-normally distributed about power-law mean scaling relations in halo mass. Coupling this assumption with either quadratic or cubic approximations to the mass function in log space, we derive closed-form expressions for the space density of halos as a function of multiple observables as well as forms for the low-order moments of properties of observable-selected samples. Using a Tinker mass function in a CDM cosmology, we show that the cubic analytic model reproduces results obtained from direct, numerical convolution at the 10% level or better over nearly the full range of observables covered by current observations and for redshifts extending to z = 1:5. The model provides an ecient framework for estimating eects arising from selection and covariance among observable properties in survey samples.