Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimação da área foliar de feijão guandu por dimensões foliares

The objective of this research was to model and identify the best models to estimate the leaf area of pigeonpea determined by digital photos with the length or width and/or the product length width of the central leaflet limb of the leaf. Two trials were carried with the culture of pigeonpea. In the first experiment, samples from 200 leaves were taken at 45, 52, 59, 65, 72, 79, 86, 94, 100, 106 and 114 days after emergence (DAE), totaling 2,200 leaves. In the second experiment, a sample from 220 leaves was collected at 69 DAE. In these 2,420 leaves, were measured the length (CFC) and width (LFC) and calculated the product length width (CFC×LFC) of the central leaflet. Then, was determined the leaf area of each leaf (sum the leaf area of the leaflets left, center and right) by the method of digital photos (Y). After, were separated, randomly, 90% of the leaves from the first experiment (1,980 leaves), to build models of quadratic type, potency and linear for Y function of the CFC, LFC and/or CFC×LFC. The remaining 10% of the leaves from the first experiment (220 leaves) and the 220 leaves collected in the second experiment, separately, were used to validate the models. In pigeonpea, the quadratic model (Ŷ=0.4295+1.5895x+0.0011x2, R2=0.9710), the potency model (Ŷ=1.6591x0.9983, R2=0.9769) and the linear model (Ŷ=-1.3555+1.6858x, R2=0.9708), of Y as a function of CFC×LFC are adequate for estimation of the leaf area and linear, may preferably be used.
Accumulation patterns of phenolic compounds during fruit growth and ripening of Berberis buxifolia, a native Patagonian species

The accumulation patterns of phenolic compounds during fruit growth and ripening of Berberis buxifolia and their correlations were studied to determine the optimal time and conditions needed to obtain maximum phenolic content. Anthocyanin content increased from 1.7 to a maximum of 752.7 mg·100 g−1 FW at the end of ripening, while the flavonoid content was maximal in unripe fruits [604.0 mg (+)-catechin equivalents·100 g−1 FW]. Total phenolic compounds decreased from 968.1 to a minimum of 746.3 mg gallic acid equivalents·100 g−1 FW just as soluble solids started to accumulate; a maximum of 1522.9 mg gallic acid equivalents·100 g−1 FW was attained at the end of ripening. Both variables (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging effect and reducing power) were maximum in unripe fruits, and decreased during the ripening period, although the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging effect increased again towards the end of this period. The accumulation patterns of phenols varied depending on the specific group of compounds considered, and could be correlated with fruit quality.
Resident functional composition mediates the impacts of nutrient enrichment and neighbour removal on plant immigration rates

1. Theory suggests that herbivory, soil fertility and neighbourhood interactions interactively determine rates of species extinction and immigration in plant communities. Initial community properties and environmental conditions may also exert a profound influence on community responses to external alterations, yet only a few attempts have been made to elucidate their role in assemblage dynamics.
Joint Estimation of Breeding Values and Heterogeneous Variances of Large Data Files

Abstract A method is presented to estimate breeding values that corrects for phenotypic heterogeneous variances within herd-year. Heritabilities are assumed to be homogeneous. A multiplicative mixed model is used that simultaneously estimates breeding values and heterogeneity factors. Information on the other herd-years within a herd is used to improve the accuracy of the estimation of variances within herd-year by applying an autoregressive model to the herd-year variances. Estimates for the phenotypic heterogeneous variances account for differences among breed and genetic groups, relationships between animals, and reductions in variance from selection. This type of estimate avoids selection that favors animals from inferior breeds and genetic groups, from herds with closely related animals, and from later parities. The method is computationally feasible for the large data files used in the dairy industry. Computation time is about twice that needed without correction for heterogeneity. When applied to the Dutch national dairy data, the mean difference between the parent average and the EBV of progeny-tested bulls was reduced by 38% when heterogeneous variances were considered. Also, the variance of EBV minus parent average was reduced by 18%. The coefficient of variation of the heterogeneous variances was approximately 0.32. Variances hardly differed over the years within a herd (i.e., were homogeneous within herds). The latter suggests a simplified model with variances estimated within herds.
DISTRIBUTION OF EPIPHYTIC DIATOM SPECIES COMPOSITION, DIVERSITY AND BIOMASS ON DIFFERENT MACROALGAL HOSTS ALONG SEASONAL AND SALINITY GRADIENTS IN THE BALTIC SEA

In spring 1990 and 1991, some weeks after ice-break, macroalgae and their epiphytes were sampled from 8 areas along the stable salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea from the southern Baltic Sea proper (8‰) to the northern Bothnian Sea (5‰). The macroalgal hosts included the brown alga Pilayella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. , the red alga Ceramium gobii Waern, and the green alga Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. In addition, seasonal succession was studied from monthly samples throughout one growing season (March-November 1991) at one of the sampling sites (5‰ salinity). Host preference was highest in spring when the diatoms were newly colonizing the rapidly growing macroalgae, and higher in the Baltic Sea proper (higher salinity) than in the Bothnian Sea (lower salinity). Biomass was generally highest on Pilayella and lowest on Cladophora, whereas community diversity was generally highest on Ceramiutn and lowest on Pilayella. The differences in epiphytic diatom community composition and biomass between the three mac.
Effect of increased liver glycogen and liver weight on liver function in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: recovery from anaesthesia and plasma 35S-sulphobromophthalein clearance

Juvenile rainbow trout (initial mean body weight 17 g) reared on practical trout diets containing different levels of available carbohydrate for 8–24 weeks were assayed for liver function based on the time required to recover from the anaesthetics tricaine methanesulphonate (MS222), 2-phenoxyethanol (2PE) and tertiary-amyl alcohol (TAA), as well as plasma clearance of 35S-sulphobromo-phthalein (BSP), Liver/body weight ratios (LBW) and percentage liver glycogen content (LG) increased in a linear manner with increased available carbohydrate. The mean recovery time (MRT) of trout anaesthetized with 2PE and TAA increased linearly with increased LBW and LG. No difference was observed in the MRT of trout anaesthetized with MS222 which is not metabolized in the trout liver. There was a significant linear regression of the biological half-life of plasma BSP on LBW (MR2= 95.7) and LG (MR2= 99.6). The results indicate that increased liver glycogen and liver weight due to higher levels of available carbohydrate affect the liver function of rainbow trout. These liver function tests may be applicable in determining acceptable levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets.
Using Ecological Theory to Guide Urban Planting Design

Global climate change threatens the structure and function of ecological communities in urban areas, including public and private gardens. An adaptation strategy was developed to accommodate the challenges of urban greenspace design under a changing climate. The strategy offers a protocol for planting design that focuses on adding resilience to plantings rather than matching specific plant species to specific predictions of climate change. The adaptation strategy begins by rating locally appropriate plant species on ecological criteria for plasticity, functional redundancy, response diversity, and structural diversity. The plant palette is then developed within the confines set by ecological value and aesthetic goals, plus cultural and financial considerations. Collective application of the strategy at smaller scales across the urban landscape has the potential to protect and expand nature corridors that are resilient to climate change and to provide a low cost version of assisted migration. Examples of how to apply the adaptation strategy demonstrate that the approach is not specific to place or scale, and does not require extensive training or bring added expense. The benefits and manageable challenges of the strategy are discussed in relation to biodiversity conservation, social impact, the opportunity for “designed” experiments that examine urban ecosystem processes, and existing model forecasts for climate change.
The ames test

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, microsomal fraction, histidine operon, mutation, induction, repression, translation, Ca2+ channel, Ca2+ ATPase, steroid receptor, cytochrome P450, cytochrome c, direct and indirect carcinogen, procarcinogen, mutagenic compounds, tumor initiation, tumor promoter, complete and incomplete carcinogens, apoptosis.
Context dependency and metacommunity structuring in boreal headwater streams

We studied the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors as determinants of algal, bryophyte, and macroinvertebrate metacommunities in two boreal drainage basins differing in spatial extent. We used eigenfunction spatial analysis to model the spatial relationships among sites and distance-based redundancy analysis to partition the variability in biotic communities between the spatial filters generated through spatial eigenfunction analysis and the environmental factors measured in the field. In the smaller study area, each metacommunity was structured mostly by environmental factors. This was evidenced by the fact that either the pure environmental effect was significant or environmental factors were strongly spatially structured. In the larger study area, only pure environmental effects were significant. These findings suggest that the environmental control prevails in boreal headwater streams. However, our findings also suggest that the specific details of the community-environment and community–space relationships are dependent on the focal organism group and drainage basin.
Revision of the South American freshwater genus Plagioscion (Teleostei, Perciformes, Sciaenidae)

The South American freshwater sciaenid genus Plagioscion is reviewed. Five of the 15 nominal species assigned to the genus are considered to be valid: Plagioscion squamosissimus , widely distributed in Atlantic drainages east of the Andes; P. auratus from the Rio Orinoco and Rio Amazonas basins; P. magdalenae from the Rio Magdalena and Rio Amazonas basins; P. ternetzi from the lower Rio Parana, Rio Paraguay and Rio Uruguay basins; and P. montei from the Rio Amazonas basin.
Genetic Structure of a Loblolly Pine Breeding Population at Brazil

The genetic structure of a Brazilian loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) breeding population, represented by 120 open-pollinated families, was determined using Bayesian inference and genotypes of 15 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat (SSR)) loci in 1,130 seedling progeny. The 120 maternal parents had been phenotypically selected about 15 years ago for wood volume in five different forestry plantations (FPs) in the south of Brazil. Additional selection for wood volume, based on a previous progeny test, was applied to the first best (i) and second best (ii) tree per block within each family. We adopted a procedure of “learning samples” to find the most likely number of inferred genetic clusters () or ancestral populations. The first hypothesis that was rejected was that the most probable value of was coincident with the five FPs, since the FPs were, a priori, assumed to be from 5 different backgrounds or origins. It was used the familiar structure of the population to infer the genotypes of maternal ancestors. It was concluded that the maternal generation is the most likely to have been planted by the mixture of three different seed sources or origins, that there are five genetic groups () in the population of progeny, and that they have been formed from the occurrence of assortative mating and also from a strong pressure in the selection within families. The trees with the best genetic value (i) maintained a higher genetic variability when compared to the trees of second best performance (ii), with higher values of heterozygosity and of numbers of maternal alleles that were kept the same. The migration model that best explains the results is the contact zone model. The population differentiation () was 2-3 times higher in offspring than in relation to the maternal generation. The relevancy of the results and the way they were explored may be of value both for studies of population genetics, as for plant breeding programs, since they help monitoring the population's genetic variability during generations of selection.
Host location by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): a wind tunnel study of chemical cues

Lactic acid, carbon dioxide and human sweat stimuli were presented singly and in combination to female Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) within a wind-tunnel system. The take-off, flight, landing and probing responses of the mosquitoes were recorded using direct observation and video techniques. The analyses determined the nature of the response to different stimuli and the concentration ranges within which specific behaviours occurred. A threshold carbon dioxide concentration for taking-off of approximately 0.03% above ambient was detected. Lactic acid and human sweat samples did not elicit take-off when presented alone, however, when they were combined with elevated carbon dioxide, take-off rate was enhanced in most of the combinations tested. Flight activity was positively correlated with carbon dioxide level and some evidence for synergism with lactic acid was found within a narrow window of blend concentrations. The factors eliciting landing were more subtle. There was a positive correlation between landing rate and carbon dioxide concentration. At the lowest carbon dioxide concentration tested, landing occurred only in the presence of lactic acid. Within a window of low to intermediate concentrations, landing rate was enhanced by this combination. At the highest carbon dioxide concentration, landing was however inhibited by the presence of lactic acid. The sweat extract elicited landings in the absence of elevated carbon dioxide. This indicated the presence of chemical stimuli, other than lactic acid, active in the short range. Probing occurred only at low carbon dioxide concentrations and there was no probing when lactic acid alone was tested. There was however probing in the presence of combined stimuli, the level of response seemed to be positively correlated with the ratio of carbon dioxide and lactic acid concentrations.
THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF TELOMERES IN THE SHORT LIFE SPAN OF THE BAY SCALLOP, ARGOPECTEN IRRADIANS IRRADIANS (LAMARCK 1819)

Abstract The life spans of eukaryotes can be determinate or indeterminate. Examples of the latter are found from sponges to lobsters to rainbow trout that reproduce and grow until disease, predation, or environmental circumstances end their lives. Their tissues continually express the enzyme telomerase, keeping sufficient telomeres on the end of their chromosomes to avoid individual cell senescence and subsequent death. Bay scallops, on the other hand, have a well-defined life span, generally between 18–22 mo in the northeastern USA, and reproduce usually once. Argopecten irradians irradians (L.) has been found to possess fewer telomeres than a close relative, Argopecten purpuratus (L.), a cold water species found along the coasts of Peru and Chile that can live to 7 y or more. A. purpuratus contains significantly more telomeres than A. irradians in their respective tissues. It is proposed that the short lifespan of A. irradians may not be a selective advantage, but rather because of an evolutionary loss of telomeres through Robertsonian fusion and extensive chromosome arm loss. Evidence for this is seen by the bay scallop doubling its weight postspawning and storing nutrients in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein for the upcoming winter and the subsequent initiation of gametogenesis in the spring. However, they rarely survive to complete a second reproductive event. This life history suggests that A. irradians is not a semelparous species (one-time reproduction) but rather an example of interrupted iteroparity (repeated reproduction) caused by losses in its genome. Adding telomeres to the ends of chromosomes of A. irradians may extend the life span of this species, possibly permitting several reproductive seasons ahead. In years when larval recruitment failure occurs without concomitant loss of adult spawners, local populations could recover in as little as a single season.
Spring-flowering herbaceous plant species of the deciduous forests of eastern Canada and 20th century climate warming

Increases in the emission of greenhouse gases, particularly during the second half of the 20th century, have been associated with climate warming at the global scale. High latitude areas have been reported to be particularly sensitive to such changes, with significant impacts on plant phenology. The objectives of the present study were to (i) estimate changes in the flowering dates of 18 spring-flowering herbaceous plant species typical of the deciduous forests of eastern North America in three areas of eastern Canada (Gatineau–Ottawa, Montreal, and Quebec) from 1900 to 2000 and (ii) associate these changes with those of annual and spring local temperatures. My results show a 2–6 days advance in flowering date over 100 years, depending on the region considered (corresponding to a ~2–3 days advance per 1 °C); these values are somewhat lower than those published in other studies, but still support the increasing body of literature on the effects of climate warming on plant phenology. Shifts in flowering phe.
Phylogenetics and Species Status of Hawai‘i's Endangered Blackburn's Sphinx Moth, Manduca blackburni (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)1

Abstract: Manduca blackburni, commonly known as Blackburn's Sphinx Moth, is a federally listed endangered species restricted to localized habitats on three islands in the Hawaiian archipelago. Manduca blackburni was thought to be closely related to the widely distributed New World species M. quinquemaculatus, but this has never been formally tested, and shortly after its description, many authors dismissed it as a subspecies or form of M. quinquemaculatus. We used one mitochondrial gene, COI, and two nuclear genes, CAD and EF-1&agr; (2,975 bp total), to examine the phylogenetic relationships between M. blackburni and putative sister species in the genus. The phylogeny resulting from two single-gene analyses (CAD, COI) and the concatenation of all three genes suggest that M. blackburni + M. quinquemaculatus are sister taxa, and the monophyly of each species is supported with relatively high branch support under parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Manduca blackburni and M. quinquemaculatus also differ in genetic distance for CAD and COI, and we therefore consider them separate species. Thus, our molecular results corroborate previous studies on the morphology of M. blackburni and retain the species rank of this taxon. Our results also indicate that one or more South American subspecies of M. sexta may merit elevation to species.
The Case Against the Transfer of Dryandra to Banksia (Proteaceae)1

Abstract The transfer of Dryandra R. Br. to Banksia L. f. was based on the use of holophyly (monophyly s. str.) as an essential criterion for recognition of taxa. The transfer was significant in scope and focuses on two iconic genera of plants in Western Australia. It has been accepted by some and rejected by others. It is one of many examples in a debate that pits recent genetic analysis against centuries of field and herbarium studies, and cladists against classical taxonomists. I argue that: (1) there are sound morphological characters distinguishing Dryandra from Banksia and they should be maintained as genera; (2) paraphyly should be accepted in biological classification; (3) scientifically, and for a morphologically complex genus of 137 specific and infraspecific taxa, the use of 11 taxa for the molecular analysis of Dryandra was insufficient; (4) some morphological data, mapped onto the cladogram a posteriori, were incorrect; (5) molecular cladistic approaches should complement rather than override pre-existing and extensive classifications based on phenotypic traits; (6) the acceptance of the transfer for the Australian Plant Census was premature according to guidelines published by Australian herbaria.
EVALUACIÓN DE LA MEZCLA ENSILAJE DE MAÍZ CON ENSILAJE DE TRÉBOL ROSADO EN DIFERENTES PROPORCIONES, EN LA ALIMENTACIÓN INVERNAL DE VACAS LECHERAS EN LA ZONA SUR

En el Centro Regional de Investigacion Carillanca del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), ubicado en Temuco (38o 41¢ lat. Sur y 72o 25 ¢ long. Oeste, a 200 m.s.n.m.) se evaluo ensilaje de maiz solo y mezclado con trebol rosado. Se utilizaron 8 vacas lecheras por tratamiento durante 70 dias. Los tratamientos fueron: TI 100% ensilaje de maiz; TII 66% ensilaje de maiz y 33 % ensilaje de trebol rosado; y TIII 33 % ensilaje de maiz y 66 % ensilaje de trebol rosado. Los animales recibieron ademas 4 kg de heno de alfalfa y 6 kg de concentrado en raciones isoproteicas. El diseno estadistico fue de bloques completamente al azar y el analisis estadistico se realizo como medidas repetidas. Hubo diferencias significativas en la produccion diaria de leche por vaca entre el TIII y el resto de los tratamientos (P<0,05), diferencias que desaparecieron al corregir la leche a 3,5 % de MG. No se presentaron diferencias significativas en terminos de composicion de la leche. En consumo de materia seca total y peso vivo de los animales durante el ensayo hubo diferencias significativas entre el TI y el resto de los tratamientos. La condicion corporal fue estadisticamente significativa entre tratamientos, y las vacas de TIII fueron las unicas que perdieron condicion corporal, como consecuencia que desde un comienzo fueron las mas livianas. En el plasma sanguineo se encontraron diferencias significativas en el contenido de aspartato amino transferasa (AST) entre el TIII y el resto de los tratamientos. No hubo diferencias significativas en proteinas plasmaticas y albumina.
A revision of generic concepts of living members in the subfamily Acetabularieae (Dasycladaceae, Dasycladales) based on scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Five species within the three genera Acetabularia Lamouroux, Chalmasia Solms-Laubach and Acicularia d'Archiac were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for distinctive taxonomic features. Statistical data on stalk lengths, cap diameters, ray numbers per cap and cyst numbers per ray have indicated that these characteristics are too variable for species recognition. However, scanning electron microscopy has revealed that the corona superior on the upper surface of the cap and the corona inferior on the lower side do exhibit species-specific morphologies. A reclassification of the living forms within the subfamily Acetabularieae is proposed based on the presence or absence of an inferior corona. This revision reduces the living species Acicularia schenckii to synonomy with Acetabularia, based on the presence of both an inferior and superior corona. The genus Polyphysa Lamouroux characterized by the lack of an inferior corona is raised from synonomy with Acetabularia and includes .