Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning on High Spatial and Temporal Cadence Satellite Imagery for Field Boundary Delineation

Agriculture field boundary information is vital in crop health monitoring, food security efforts, and precision agriculture. In countries like Denmark and the Netherlands field parcel information is available whereas Pakistan lacks such datasets.Denmark field boundary data for year 2018 was selected for the training of the model. Satellite imagery of four dates was downloaded and preprocessed to capture crop dynamics on the ground. Semantic segmentation architectures were used to train the models on the imagery, and results were assessed using metrics such as Intersection over Union(IoU) and f1-scores.The results show that UNet architecture with SENet154 backbone performs better than other architecture-backbone combinations. In terms of dates of imagery, data from 27th July achieved a higher IoU score. The method of providing input mask to the model had the most impact on the metrics and resulted in a 35% increase in IoU. Temporal stacking of multi-date satellite imagery proved to be an effective way of increasing information content for boundary delineation and improved the IoU by 6.5% in comparison to a single-date model. The final temporal stacked model had an IoU score of around 0.72. The trained model was able to delineate boundaries and showed good results in comparison to the available ground truth. The results of transfer learning to new areas suggest that there is potential in using such techniques, but further factors need to be considered to improve the metrics.
Modeling Methods for Marine Science

Preface 1. Resources, MATLAB primer and introduction to linear algebra 2. Measurement theory, probability distributions, error propagation and analysis 3. Least squares and regression techniques, goodness of fit and tests, and non-linear least square techniques 4. Principal component and factor analysis 5. Sequence analysis I: uniform series, cross- and auto-correlation, and Fourier transforms 6. Sequence analysis II: optimal filtering and spectral analysis 7. Gridding, objective mapping and kriging 8. Integration of ODEs and 0-D (box) models 9. A model building tutorial 10. Model analysis and optimization 11. Advection-diffusion equations and turbulence 12. Finite difference techniques 13. Open ocean 1-D advection-diffusion models 14. 1-D models in sedimentary systems 15. Upper ocean 1-D seasonal models 16. 2-D gyre models 17. 3-D general circulation models 18. Inverse methods and assimilation techniques 19. Scientific visualization Appendix: hints and tricks References Index.
eXtended CASA Line Analysis Software Suite (XCLASS)

The eXtended CASA Line Analysis Software Suite (XCLASS) is a toolbox for the Common Astronomy Software Applications package (CASA) containing new functions for modeling interferometric and single dish data. Among the tools is the myXCLASS program which calculates synthetic spectra by solving the radiative transfer equation for an isothermal object in one dimension, whereas the finite source size and dust attenuation are considered as well. Molecular data required by the myXCLASS program are taken from an embedded SQLite3 database containing entries from the Cologne Database for Molecular Spectroscopy CDMS) and JPL using the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Center (VAMDC) portal. Additionally, the toolbox provides an interface for the model optimizer package Modeling and Analysis Generic Interface for eXternal numerical codes (MAGIX), which helps to find the best description of observational data using myXCLASS (or another external model program), i.e., finding the parameter set that most closely reproduces the data.
Multi-image semi-global matching in object space

Semi-Global Matching (SGM) is a widespread algorithm for image matching which is used for very different applications, ranging from real-time applications (e.g. for generating 3D data for driver assistance systems) to aerial image matching. Originally developed for stereo-image matching, several extensions have been proposed to use more than two images within the matching process (multi-baseline matching, multi-view stereo). These extensions still perform the image matching in (rectified) stereo images and combine the pairwise results afterwards to create the final solution. This paper proposes an alternative approach which is suitable for the introduction of an arbitrary number of images into the matching process and utilizes image matching by using non-rectified images. The new method differs from the original SGM method mainly in two aspects: Firstly, the cost calculation is formulated in object space within a dense voxel raster by using the grey (or colour) values of all images instead of pairwise cost calculation in image space. Secondly, the semi-global (path-wise) minimization process is transferred into object space as well, so that the result of semi-global optimization leads to index maps (instead of disparity maps) which directly indicate the 3D positions of the best matches. Altogether, this yields to an essential simplification of the matching process compared to multi-view stereo (MVS) approaches. After a description of the new method, results achieved from two different datasets (close-range and aerial) are presented and discussed.
Design of a Wireless Passive Pressure Measurement System Using Piezoresistive Materials

In this article, a methodology for wireless and passive pressure measurement systems has been presented based on the principle of inductive-capacitive (LC) sensing. In the proposed method, two flexible carbon composite materials: Velostat and carbon conductive foam have been chosen as the pressure sensing element. Both the materials have the property of piezoresistivity and show the change in resistivity with applied pressure. In the designed sensor, the LC circuit has been modified into an LCR tank circuit with a variable resistor as a sensing element. During the measurement, pressure has been monitored and measured using a reader coil, connected with the impedance analyzer. The change in resistance in Velostat or conductive foam with applied pressure, changes the input impedance, quality factor, and resonance frequency. The proposed measurement system has shown an innovative technique based on an LC pressure measurement system with a resistive sensing element. Both the sensing materials have been taken separately and individual experiments have been performed. The method has been tested and evaluated experimentally, which also analyzes the two carbon-composite-based materials for this type of wireless pressure sensor.
Spatiotemporal analysis of monthly rainfall over Saudi Arabia and global teleconnections

Abstract This research focuses on extracting the statistical features, in space and time, of the monthly rainfall in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the relation to the large-scale atmospheric variability through teleconnection for strategic water resources planning. These features are useful for future predictions. 28 stations distributed over SA for a period between 1970 and 2012 are utilized. According to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test, the Log-normal and Gamma distributions are dominant, while for the Chi-squared (Chi2) test, the Beta distribution is dominant. The K-S is preferable since it works with the original data rather than the Chi2 that uses binning, and therefore, some information is lost. The L-moment analysis showed that Person type III is dominant for the wet season while there is no obvious distribution for the dry season. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is applied to seasonal rainfall data for studying the dominant modes of climate variability and associated large-scale circulation patterns. Our results demonstrate a robust relationship between the wet season (November – April) with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), whereas the dry season (June – September) is associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Moreover, the warm (cold) phase of PDO is associated with excess (deficit) rainfall, indicating some predictability of the seasonal rainfall over SA.
Effect of a model based on education and teleassistance for the management of obstetric emergencies in 10 rural populations from Colombia

Introduction Pregnant women and health providers in rural areas of low-income and middle-income countries face multiple problems concerning high-quality obstetric care. This study was performed to identify changes in maternal and perinatal indicators after implementing a model based on education and telecare between a high-complexity hospital in 10 low-complexity hospitals in a southwestern region of Colombia. Methods A quasiexperimental study with a historic control group and without a pretest was conducted between 2017 and 2019 to make comparisons before and after obstetric emergency care through the use of teleassistance from 10 primary care centers to the referral center (Fundación Valle del Lili, FVL). Results A total of 470 patients were treated before teleassistance implementation and 154 patients were treated after teleassistance implementation. After program implementation, the maternal clinical indicators showed a 65% reduction in the number of obstetric patients who were referred with obstetric emergencies. The severity of maternal disease that was measured at the time of admission to level IV through the Modified Early Obstetric Warning System score was observed to decrease. Conclusion The implementation of a model based on education and teleassistance between low-complexity hospitals and tertiary care centers generated changes in indicators that reflect greater access to rural areas, lower morbidity at the time of admission, and a decrease in the total number of emergency events.
An X-ray Spectroscopic Search for Dark Matter in the Perseus Cluster with Suzaku

We present the results from deep Suzaku observations of the central region of the Perseus cluster. Bulbul et al. (2014) reported the detection by XMM-Newton instruments of an unidentified X-ray emission line at an energy around 3.5keV in spectra for the Perseus and other clusters. They argued for a possibility of the decay of sterile neutrino, a dark matter candidate. We examine Suzaku X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) spectra of the Perseus cluster for evidence in the 3.5keV line and other possible dark matter features in the 2-6keV energy band. In order to search for and constrain a weak line feature with the XIS, observations of the Crab nebula are used to evaluate the system's effective area. We found no line feature at the claimed position with a systematic line flux upper limit at a half (1.5eV in line equivalent width) of the claimed best-fit value by Bulbul et al. We discuss this inconsistency in terms of instrumental calibration errors and modeling of continuum emission. Future prospects for high-energy resolution spectroscopy with ASTRO-H are presented.
Research on classification of COVID-19 and common pneumonia by x-ray images based on convolutional attention mechanism

As the COVID-19 pandemic spreads across the globe, it highlights the importance of using all available resources to mitigate this common human challenge. Therefore, this paper studies and evaluates the general convolutional neural network and a method based on lung X-ray image classification. Attention mechanism mechanism + DenesNet method for detecting infected patients from chest X-ray images. In order to improve the validity, the mixed data set is preprocessed in this paper. In order to reduce the problem of small number of samples, we adopt transfer learning to transfer the information extracted from the pre-trained model to the model to be trained. The experimental results show that the overall accuracy of the design experiment in this paper has been improved to a certain extent compared with the original network model, and the overall accuracy has reached 83.82%.
Application research of software engineering technology in the era of big data

Software engineering technology is an important product of computer technology progress and development. Software engineering technology has been widely used in many fields, and has played a good role in promoting the development of social economy nowadays, China has fully entered the era of big data, and the application of big data technology in software engineering is more extensive. The development of social economy provides certain economic support for the progress of science and technology, and software engineering technology has also developed rapidly, showing certain advantages in many fields in the society. The effective combination of software engineering technology and big data drives the equipment and hardware to further promote the level of automation and intelligent development of the society. In view of the combination of big data and software engineering technology, this paper analyzes the key technology of software engineering in the era of big data and analyzes its application to a certain extent.
Consistency in impact assessments of invasive species is generally high and depends on protocols and impact types

Impact assessments can help prioritising limited resources for invasive species management. However, their usefulness to provide information for decision-making depends on their repeatability, i.e. the consistency of the estimated impact. Previous studies have provided important insights into the consistency of final scores and rankings. However, due to the criteria to summarise protocol responses into one value (e.g. maximum score observed) or to categorise those final scores into prioritisation levels, the real consistency at the answer level remains poorly understood. Here, we fill this gap by quantifying and comparing the consistency in the scores of protocol questions with inter-rater reliability metrics. We provide an overview of impact assessment consistency and the factors altering it, by evaluating 1,742 impact assessments of 60 terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrates, invertebrates and plants conducted with seven protocols applied in Europe (EICAT; EPPO; EPPO prioritisation; GABLIS; GB; GISS; and Harmonia+). Assessments include questions about diverse impact types: environment, biodiversity, native species interactions, hybridisation, economic losses and human health. Overall, the great majority of assessments (67%) showed high consistency; only a small minority (13%) presented low consistency. Consistency of responses did not depend on species identity or the amount of information on their impacts, but partly depended on the impact type evaluated and the protocol used, probably due to linguistic uncertainties (pseudo-R2 = 0.11 and 0.10, respectively). Consistency of responses was highest for questions on ecosystem and human health impacts and lowest for questions regarding biological interactions amongst alien and native species. Regarding protocols, consistency was highest with Harmonia+ and GISS and lowest with EPPO. The presence of few, but very low, consistent assessments indicates that there is room for improvement in the repeatability of assessments. As no single factor explained largely the variance in consistency, low values can rely on multiple factors. We thus endorse previous studies calling for diverse and complementary actions, such as improving protocols and guidelines or consensus assessment to increase impact assessment repeatability. Nevertheless, we conclude that impact assessments were generally highly consistent and, therefore, useful in helping to prioritise resources against the continued relentless rise of invasive species.
Campus Terrain Surveying and Mapping using Low Range 2D Laser Scanners

This paper presents a vehicle based custom-made urban mobile scanning and mapping system for surveying outdoor environments. The system is equipped with multiple low-range 2D Hokuyo laser scanners mounted in different orientations in order to perceive the environment. Additionally, a global positioning system, inertial measurement unit and camera have been integrated with the system to record pose and visual information. The system has been tested inside the campus and outside the region adjacent to the campus. Comprehensive and accurate mapping results have been found and presented in the paper. Further analysis on the developed map for assessment of the road furniture like electric poles, vegetation and signboard is possible comfortably. Therefore the system can be very helpful for concerned public and private entities to do renovation, construction and extension in existing urban structures. Moreover the system is economical and faster than the available local urban surveying systems with greater efficiency.
Open charm effects in e(+)e(-) -> J/psi eta, J/psi pi(0), and phi eta(c)

We propose to study the open charm effects in e(+)e(-) -> J/psi eta, J/psi pi(0) and phi eta(c). We show that the exclusive cross section line shapes of these processes would be strongly affected by the open charm effects. Since the final state light meson productions are through soft gluon radiations, we assume a recognition of this soft process via charmed meson loops at the hadronic level. A unique feature among these three reactions is that the D (D) over bar* + c.c. open channel is located in a relatively isolated energy, i. e. similar to 3: 876 GeV, which is sufficiently far away from the known charmonia psi(3770) and psi(4040). Therefore, the cross section line shapes of these reactions may provide an opportunity for singling out the open charm effects with relatively well-defined charmonium contributions. In particular, we find that the reaction e(+)e(-) -> J/psi pi(0) is sensitive to the open charm D (D) over bar* + c.c. Because of the dominance of the isospin-0 component at the charmonium energy region, we predict an enhanced model-independent cusp effect between the thresholds of D-0(D) over bar*(0) + c.c. and D+(D) over bar*(-) + c.c. This study can also help us to understand the X(3900) enhancement recently observed by the Belle Collaboration in e(+)e(-) -> D (D) over bar + c.c.
Following the evolution of glassy states under external perturbations: the full replica symmetry breaking solution

The state-following technique allows the study of metastable glassy states under external perturbations. Here we show how this construction can be used to study the behavior of glassy states of Hard Spheres in infinite dimensions under compression or shear strain. In Rainone et al (2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 015701) it has been shown that in both cases, when the external perturbation is sufficiently strong, glassy states undergo a second-order transition, called the Gardner transition, whereupon a hierarchical structure of marginal micro-states manifests within the original glass state. The purpose of this work is to study the solution of the state-following construction in this marginal phase. We show that upon compression, close to the jamming transition, the metastable states are described by a scaling solution characterized by a set of non-trivial critical exponents that agree with the results of Charbonneau et al (2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3725), and we compute the value of the jamming density φ^j for various glassy states. Moreover we show that under the action of the shear strain, beyond the Gardner point, the metastable states can be followed in the marginal phase and we detect an overshoot in the stress-strain curve in agreement with numerical and experimental observations. Finally we further characterize the Gardner transition point by computing both the χ4 susceptibility and the exponent parameter λ that characterize the critical slowing down of the dynamics within a glassy state close to the transition.
Fault Rupture Mechanism and Wave Propagation Characteristics in Near Field Considering Asperity by Modified DEM

A fault rupture mechanism is simulated and the relevant ground failure mode and wave propagation, are investigated. A distinct element code for fracture and failure analysis (DEFA) developed by the authors is used. The Haskell Model is considered for modeling the input displacement in the model. The results show that the crack propagation has an angle of 30-45 degrees with the direction of rupture progress. There are also cracks propagating just beside and parallel to the rupture direction. The vertical component of acceleration is larger in the fault direction, while the horizontal one is larger in the direction of crack propagation . Considering the asperity make a little greater maximum acceleration with higher frequency will be obtained while there is not so much difference in the Fourier spectra.
Design and Implementation of Ku-Band High Directionality Antenna

In this article, a Ku-band high directivity antenna is designed, which consists of a radiation waveguide section, a mode conversion section, and a coaxial waveguide conversion section. In this article, the theoretical calculation process of antenna components is summarized and supplemented. The calculation method between key technical indexes and structural parameters is established. The key technical parameters of the antenna, including input return loss, half-power beamwidth, gain, and cross-polarization level, are studied and explored. The radiation performance of the antenna can be further improved by optimizing the structural parameters. Finite-element analysis and COMSOL simulation software are used to study. In order to reduce antenna reflection, a method of equal-Q impedance transformation is proposed for rectangular and circular waveguide converters and coaxial waveguide converters. Finally, the proposed feed antenna is processed and verified, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulation results.
INCORPORATING ASTROPHYSICAL SYSTEMATICS INTO A GENERALIZED LIKELIHOOD FOR COSMOLOGY WITH TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE

Traditional cosmological inference using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have used stretch- and color-corrected fits of SN Ia light curves and assumed a resulting fiducial mean and symmetric intrinsic dispersion for the resulting relative luminosity. As systematics become the main contributors to the error budget, it has become imperative to expand supernova cosmology analyses to include a more general likelihood to model systematics to remove biases with losses in precision. To illustrate an example likelihood analysis, we use a simple model of two populations with a relative luminosity shift, independent intrinsic dispersions, and linear redshift evolution of the relative fraction of each population. Treating observationally viable two-population mock data using a one-population model results in an inferred dark energy equation of state parameter w that is biased by roughly 2 times its statistical error for a sample of SNe Ia. Modeling the two-population data with a two-population model removes this bias at a cost of an approximately increase in the statistical constraint on w. These significant biases can be realized even if the support for two underlying SNe Ia populations, in the form of model selection criteria, is inconclusive. With the current observationally estimated difference in the two proposed populations, a sample of 10,000 SNe Ia is necessary to yield conclusive evidence of two populations.