Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact Models of Gravitational and Electrostatic Forces

The far-reaching gravitational force is described by a heuristic impact model with hypothetical massless entities propagating at the speed of light in vacuum transferring momentum and energy between massive bodies through interactions on a local basis. In the original publication in 2013, a spherical symmetric emission of secondary entities had been postulated. The potential energy problems in gravitationally and electrostatically bound two-body systems have been studied in the framework of this impact model of gravity and of a proposed impact model of the electrostatic force. These studies have indicated that an antiparallel emission of a secondary entity—now called graviton—with respect to the incoming one is more appropriate. This article is based on the latter choice and presents the modifications resulting from this change. The model has been applied to multiple interactions of gravitons in large mass conglomerations in several publications. They will be summarized here taking the modified interaction process into account. In addition, the speed of photons as a function of the gravitational potential is considered in this context together with the dependence of atomic clocks and the redshift on the gravitational potential.
Enhancing Oxygen Transfer in Bioreactors by Perfluorocarbon Emulsions

This work aims to investigate the capability of perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions in enhancing oxygen transfer in bioreactors. Based on the penetration theory, a model has been derived for evaluating the potential oxygen transfer enhancement effects of PFC emulsions with very fine PFC particles. Defined as the ratio between the maximum oxygen transfer rates in systems with and without the emulsions, the enhancement factor achievable with dilute PFC emulsions can be estimated as the square root of the product of ratios of oxygen permeability and solubility in media with and without the emulsions. The effect of PFC emulsions on oxygen transfer in low‐shear cultivation systems was further studied experimentally with direct measurements of volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients, 𝔨Lα, in bioreactors and with microbial fermentations conducted under low‐shear conditions. It was found that significantly higher cell populations could be maintained at an aerobic state by using systems supplemented with the investigated emulsions. The experimentally determined values of oxygen transfer enhancement factor compare well with the theoretical values for emulsions with up to 15% (v/v) PFC. The feasibility of enhancing oxygen transfer in bioreactors by introduction of adequate amounts of PFC emulsions was clearly demonstrated.
Molecular identification, characterization and distribution of freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) in Estonia

This study is the first comprehensive survey of the distribution of freshwater sponges in the rivers of Estonia. The classical morphological method for the identification of freshwater sponges was complemented by a molecular approach, based on sequencing of a DNA region containing a variable D3 domain of the 28S rDNA. This particular segment of 28S RNA proved to be suitable for the discrimination between freshwater sponges at the species level. We showed that Ephydatia fluviatilis was the most widely distributed species followed by Spongilla lacustris and Ephydatia muelleri. Eunapius fragilis was found in a small number of localities and has been described for the first time in Estonia. © E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 2007.
Seasonal variation in milk production and cheese yield from commercial dairy farms located in northern Victoria is associated with pasture and grazing management and supplementary feeding practices

A study of irrigated pasture-based commercial dairy farms that made use of split calving (two distinct periods of calving; autumn and spring) was undertaken between April 2001 and March 2002 in northern Victoria, to examine associations between herd nutrition, time of year and season of calving and the production and composition of milk. On average, herds that had access to higher digestibility pasture or were fed more cereal grain-based concentrates produced more milk. However, the average marginal yield of 4% fat corrected milk/kg cereal grain-based concentrates was less than responses achieved under experimental conditions in northern Victoria. Herds that calved in autumn had different production characteristics to those that calved in spring, in that they did not show an early lactation peak in milk yield and produced milk with lower average concentrations of crude protein, casein and fat. Despite this, herds that calved in autumn had greater persistency of milk yield in mid to late lactation, when they tended to be better fed on pasture, so that yields of milk solids over a notional 310-day lactation were similar for both calving groups (523 v. 529 kg fat + protein; autumn v. spring, respectively), but herds that calved in autumn produced milk with a lower potential to yield cheddar cheese (10.2 v. 10.6 kg cheese/100 kg milk; P < 0.01). Farms that produced milk in the lowest quartile for potential to yield cheddar cheese differed from the top quartile in that they: (i) milked fewer cows (175 v. 250); (ii) fed less supplements (5.6 v. 9.4 kg DM/cow.day); (iii) walked their herds shorter distances between pasture and the dairy (2.2 v. 3.2 km/day); (iv) allocated lower herbage allowances (33 v. 43 kg DM/cow.day); and (v) grazed pastures at a mass low enough to have restricted pasture intake (< 3 t DM/ha), about twice the frequency of farms (0.40 v. 0.17) in the top quartile. Greater productivity of the dairy industry in northern Victoria could be achieved through better grazing and pasture management and supplementary feeding practices on farms.
Structure Of Pronephros And Development Of Mesonephric Kidney In Larvae Of Russian Sturgeon, Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii Brandt (Acipenseridae)

Abstract The structure of the pronephros and development of mesonephric kidney in Russian sturgeon larvae, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt at different stages of early postembryonic development (from hatching to 14 days), were studied with histological and electronic microscopy methods. The larval pronephros is represented by the system of bilaterally located pronephric tubules with ciliated nephrostomes and funnels and exogenous single glomus, which is not integrated directly into pronephric tubules and located in the pronephric chamber. The glomus is positioned below the dorsal aorta and vascularized by its capillaries. The glomus has the same features of the thin structure that are typical of and necessary for the function of a filtering organ. The structure of the pronephros in acipenserids is discussed and compared with teleosts and amphibians. Histogenesis of the mesonephric kidney is observed during the period of pronephros functioning; it is complete by the time the larvae transfer to exogenous feeding. At this moment, the pronephros undergoes significant structural degradation.
Commercial seaweeds in southern Africa: a review of utilization and research

Since commercial use of southern African seaweeds began in the early 1950s, six genera (Ecklonia, Laminaria, Gracilaria, Gelidium, Gigartina and Porphyra) have been collected or harvested, and most of this material has been exported for use in various colloid industries. Several other genera show potential for either harvesting (e.g. Hypnea) or mariculture (e.g. Suhria). Currently, the southern African industry earns more than 2,3 million US $ per annum and provides employment for approximately 2 000 people (half of them part-time), mostly in economically depressed rural areas. In this article, available data on commercial and research aspects of the seaweed industry and the regulations governing exploitation of natural populations on the coasts of southern Africa (South Africa, Transkei, Ciskei and Namibia) are considered. Where there is a lack of biological information necessary for further development of the local industry, future research directions are suggested.
Interactions between starter culture and raw material in lactic acid fermentation of sliced carrot

Abstract Recently a new process, based on lactic acid fermentation, for the production of deep-fried vegetable chips was developed, using carrot as a model system. Studies of the fermentation process revealed several interactions between starter cultures and the carrot. The starter culture selected. Lactobacillus sake NCIMB 40450, was unstable when resuspended in brine. However, carrot had a stabilizing effect which involved a heat-labile component. Carrot contained a proteinase with a pH optimum of 5.5 and a temperature optimum of 55°C which was eluted into the brine during fermentation. This elution was affected by the starter strain used. Results indicated that the bacteriocin sakacin A is inactivated by the carrot proteinase. Such effects are also important to consider when choosing starter strains for carrot fermentation.
Corn plant arrangement and its effect on silage quality

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of the row spacing between corn plants on silage quality. Different spacing between corn rows (40, 60, and 80 cm) was used, but the population of plants was maintained around 65,000/ha in all treatments. Analysis of variance was carried out and means were compared by Tukey's test at 5% of probability. A reduction in row spacing provided better spatial distribution of plants, but did not alter morphological composition or dry matter production. The corn with most equidistant spatial distribution (lowest row spacing) showed an increase in lignin concentration, neutral detergent fiber, and total carbohydrates, and showed a decrease in total digestible nutrients when compared with 80 cm row spacing. However, the organic digestibility matter was not affected by the treatments. The content and quality of protein were higher for 80 cm row spacing compared with the other levels; also, protein content was reduced as the spacing between rows became smaller. The only mineral affected was calcium, which had the lowest value at higher levels of spacing. Although differences were detected for many variables, the most appropriate spacing between rows should also take into account economic and practical aspects when choosing the best plant arrangement.
Three new deep‐sea species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the eastern tropical South Pacific *

Three sphaerodorid species new to science are described from a manganese nodule area in abyssal depths of around 4150 m in the Peru Basin in the eastern South Pacific. Sphaerodoridium campanulata sp. n. is isolated within the genus, having, apart from spherical macrotubercles, additional dorsal stalked bell‐shaped papillae, not previously described. Sphaerodoropsis discolis sp. n. is a species with four rows of dorsal macrotubercles and two pairs of lateral antennae. Sphaerodoropsis translucida sp. n. has six to seven rows of dorsal macrotubercles arrayed in two transverse rows per segment and two pairs of lateral antennae. A brief discussion points to the close relationship between Clavodorum and Sphaerodoridium, and to the present state of Sphaerodoropsis, being inhomogeneous in the characters of the arrangement of the dorsal macrotubercles and the numbers of the lateral antennae. An overview on the latter genus, with an attempt to subdivide it, is given.
Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in rice cultivar Cas 209

The mode of inheritance of resistance in rice cultivar Cas 209 to bacterial strain PX086, a representative of race II of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in the Philippines, was studied. The analysis of F 1 , F 2 , and backcross populations from the crosses of Cas 209 with susceptible cultivars revealed than Cas 209 resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. Tests for linkage relationships indicated that this newly identified dominant gene was linked with Xa-4) with a recombination value of 27.4%, but was independent of Xa-5. This new gene for bacterial blight resistance was designated Xa-10.
Geostatistics, spatial rate of change analysis and boundary detection in plant ecology and biogeography

Over the past decade, biologists and ecologists rather than geographers have been primarily responsible for developments in spatial analysis and geostatistics that are of great potential importance to both biogeography and community/landscape ecology. These advances in geostatistics, rate of change analysis and boundary detection and their application to floristic and environmental data at the community scale are reviewed. Issues of scale, spatial autocorrelation and terminology are introduced. Approaches to the description of spatial pattern in plant assemblages and environmental data, the quantification and removal of spatial autocorrelation, the spatial interpolation of data, techniques for the description and analysis of spatial rate of change and finally boundary detection are all reviewed in turn. Despite the development of new methods, the extent to which they have been applied more widely within both plant ecology and biogeography is limited. The paper concludes that perhaps the time is right for biogeographers to reassess the potential significance of these areas for the subject.
Validity and Reliability of the Disaster Preparedness Knowledge Instrument for Health Cadres in Volcanic Disaster-Prone Areas

Background: Public health cadres can play an important role in improving disaster response and recovery. However, a multidimensional instrument is needed to assess the levels of disaster knowledge for community health cadres. This instrument is important to develop a complete and effective educational program for disaster preparation for health cadres. Therefore, this study aimed to test validity and reliability of the disaster preparedness knowledge instrument for health cadres in areas prone to volcanic
Quantification of Primary and Secondary Oocyte Production in Atlantic Cod by Simple Oocyte Packing Density Theory

Abstract As for other teleosts, the level of primary oocyte production ultimately determines the number of eggs shed by Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, but so far these minute cells have been little studied, probably due to methodological challenges. We established a quantitative “grid method” based on simple oocyte packing density (OPD) theory, accurate input data on ovary volume, oocyte-stage-specific ovarian volume fractions (from hits on grid-overlaid sections), and individual oocyte volumes (from diameter measurements of transections). The histological OPD results were successfully validated by automated measurements in whole mounts. The analyzed material originated from cultured Atlantic cod held in tanks for 19 months through the first maturity cycle and part of the second maturity cycle. Prior to sexual maturity, none of the fish showed the so-called circumnuclear ring (CNR; rich in RNA and organelles) in the cytoplasm of their primary oocytes, but this ring (phases 4a, 4b, and 4c) quickly appeared later on around the time of the autumnal equinox, followed by production of cortical alveolar oocytes (CAOs), early vitellogenic oocytes (EVOs), and late vitellogenic oocytes (LVOs). A very similar pattern was observed in the second maturity cycle. Thus, it is concluded that an autumnal night longer than 12 h generally triggers oocyte growth in Atlantic cod. A few immature individuals became arrested at the early CNR phase (phase 4a); hence, the use of CNR presence as a maturity marker should be treated with some caution. The maximum OPD was 250,000 oocytes/g of ovary for phase 4a; 100,000 oocytes/g for combined phases 4b and 4c; 100,000 oocytes/g for CAOs; 50,000 oocytes/g for EVOs; and 25,000 oocytes/g for LVOs. The relative somatic fecundity showed a dome-shaped curve with oocyte development (from CAO to LVO). Production of CAOs appeared at a fresh oocyte diameter of 180 µm, which is significantly below the commonly accepted threshold value of 250 µm for developing Atlantic cod oocytes.
Increased nitrogen leaching under piles of slash— a consequence of modern forest harvesting techniques

Piles of logging residues (slash‐piles) are a consequence of modem logging techniques. The piles cover 10 to 15% of a clear‐felled area. The effect of slash‐piles on nitrogen leaching was estimated by collecting precipitation1 and percolating water below slash‐piles and below the O, E and B horizons of an Orthic Podzol during two growing seasons. Open funnels were used for precipitation, PVC troughs for water leaving the pile and filled‐in zero tension lysimeters for percolating soil water. Exchangeable ammonium and nitrate of humus samples were analysed. The increased nitrogen leaching from the soil below slash‐piles was probably caused by an increased mineralization of the humus layer and a reduced nitrogen uptake by roots.
Possible Ameliorating Effect of Curcumin on the Pancreas of Experimentally Induced Hypothyroidism in Rat: Histological, Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Study

Background: Hypothyroidism is reported as the most common thyroid disease in humans which is caused by thyroid hormones deficiency. Aim of Study: To evaluate the role of curcumin in prevention of the possible histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical changes on the pancreas of experimentally induced hypothrodism in adult male rat. Material and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats weighing (150-200gm) were allotted in four groups, ten animals each. Group 1 (control group) received no medication, Group II (curcumin group) were given curcumin 100mg/kg/b.w orally by gastric gavage for 6 weeks Group III: (Hypothyroid group) was rendered hypothyroid by administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) (Thyrocil) 15mg/kg b.w orally by gavage for 6 weeks. Group IV (hypothyroid and curcumin treated group) received the same dose of PTU for 6 weeks with the addition of curcumin starting 2 weeks after PTU administration (after confirmation of the hypothyroidism state) to the sixth week. The pancreas was dissected out and subjected to histological and immunohistochemical study. Results: The pancreas of hypothyroid rats showed histological changes in the form of pale small size islets. Inside the islets the cells appeared vacuolated with pyknosis of their nuclei. Immunohistchemical study showing a decreased number of insulin-immunoreactivity. Biochemical results revealed a significant decreased pancreatic tissue Superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, Catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase and Glutathione peroxidase as well as increased pancreatic tissue Malondialdehyde compared with those of controls. Hypothyroid and curcumin group revealed an improvement in these histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical changes. Conclusion: Data so far obtained indicated that Curcumin has antioxidant effect that could possibly account for its potential in the current study to ameliorate all the histological, Immunohistochemical and biochemical parameters altered by hypothyroidism. Correspondence to: Dr. Mogeda M. Nasralla, E-Mail: mogedam@yahoo.com
What Causes Variability in Pink Salmon Family Size

Abstract To study family-specific variation in the survival of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, we partitioned family size into four life history divisions: (1) maternal fecundity, (2) deposition of fertilized eggs and egg loss from the redd, (3) freshwater survival (and male potency), and (4) marine survival. We directly measured the variability in fecundity and then measured the family-specific variability of freshwater survival in several Alaskan hatchery populations. Next, we measured freshwater survival in spatially clustered groups of wild pink salmon (not identified to a specific dam or sire) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Drawing on estimates of the family-specific variation of marine survival in pink salmon from previous studies, we concluded that family-specific egg deposition processes and family-specific variability in the marine environment were the primary sources of the overall variability in pink salmon family size, at least in the populations studied. We hypothesize that the freshwat.
Strength from Within: Internal Mobility and the Retention of High Performers

We develop and test a theoretically informed and generalizable empirical framework for evaluating the performance gap between internally and externally hired workers. First, human capital theory predicts that internal hires will be immediately more productive than external hires. Second, contextual learning predicts that internal hires will be more productive with time. Finally, theories of commitment, which are rarely applied to this literature, predict that internal advancement enhances retention among high performers (“positive retention”). Applying a general empirical framework for quantifying the relative contributions of these mechanisms to a retailer with 109,063 commissioned salespeople and their 12,931 managers, we find that the gap in our setting is primarily driven by positive retention: High performers and internal hires are less likely to quit, and crucially, high-performing internal hires are especially unlikely to quit. When high-performing internal hires do quit, they tend to cite reasons unrelated to work rather than advancement opportunities. By typically examining performance and retention in isolation, researchers and organizations may be underestimating the importance of internal advancement as a means of retaining of high performers.
Penerapan Model Konseling Behavioral Teknik Modeling untuk Meningkatkan Self Intraception Siswa

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan Self Intraception siswa kelas IX E semester I SMPN 2 Kuta Utara tahun pelajaran 2019/2020 setelah diterapkannya Model Konseling Behavioral teknik modeling. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan bimbingan konseling (PTBK) dengan subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IX E semester I yang berjumlah 38 orang siswa. Data Self Intraception dikumpulkan dengan lembar kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model konseling behavioral teknik modeling untuk meningkatkan Self Intraception siswa kelas IX E SMPN 2 Kuta Utara semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Rata-rata Self Intraception siswa pada siklus I = 145,68 meningkat menjadi 171,11 pada siklus II. Sedangkan ketuntasan klasikal siklus I = 81,58% meningkat menjadi 100% pada siklus II.
Benthic community composition influences within-habitat variation in macroalgal browsing on the Great Barrier Reef

The removal of macroalgae by herbivores is fundamental to the long-term persistence of coral reefs. Variation in macroalgal browsing has been documented across a range of spatial scales on coral reefs; however, few studies have examined the factors that influence within-habitat rates of herbivory. The aim of the present study was to quantify herbivory on two species of Sargassum across three bays on an inshore island in the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR), and to determine whether these removal rates were related to the benthic composition or herbivorous fish communities. Removal rates of Sargassum differed significantly among bays, with removal rates in the southern bay (66.9–83.0% per 3 h) being approximately double that of the two other bays (29.2–38.5% per 3 h). The removal rates displayed a direct relationship with the benthic community structure, in particular the cover of macroalgae and live plate corals. Although it is difficult to determine whether these relationships are related to the availability of food resources or the structural complexity of the substratum, they highlight the potential influence of benthic composition on ecological processes. Quantifying and understanding the drivers of herbivory across a range of spatial scales is essential to the future management of coral reefs.