Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Case against Commercial Antivirus Software: Risk Homeostasis and Information Problems in Cybersecurity

New cybersecurity technologies, such as commercial antivirus software (AV), sometimes fail to deliver on their promised benefits. This article develops and tests a revised version of risk homeostasis theory, which suggests that new cybersecurity technologies can sometimes have ill effects on security outcomes in the short run and little‐to‐no effect over the long run. It tests the preliminary plausibility of four predictions from the revised risk homeostasis theory using new survey data from 1,072 respondents. The estimations suggest the plausible operation of a number of risk homeostasis dynamics: (1) commercial AV users are significantly more likely to self‐report a cybersecurity event in the past year than nonusers, even after correcting for potential reverse causality and informational mechanisms; (2) nonusers become somewhat less likely to self‐report a cybersecurity event as the perceived riskiness of various e‐mail‐based behaviors increases, while commercial AV users do not; (3) the negative short‐run effect of commercial AV use on cybersecurity outcomes fade over time at a predicted rate of about 7.03 percentage points per year of use; and (4) after five years of use, commercial AV users are statistically indistinguishable from nonusers in terms of their probability of self‐reporting a cybersecurity event as perceptions of risky e‐mail‐based behaviors increase.
The application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to prevent medication errors: a scoping review

Background and aim of the work: A safer drug therapy is a relevant aspect of nursing care and an essential component of the clinical governance function. Nurses are key players in the identification and prevention of medication errors that could occur in the drug management process. In the literature there is a particular interest to environmental and organizational factors, while, as we know, the subjective components are little considered. In psychology, the theory that prefers individual factor, at the expense of the environmental one, is Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), although it has been little applied in the health field. The aim is to search the existing literature on the medication errors and the TPB to predict the intentions that foreshadow risk behaviours of nursing interns. Methods: This scoping review is grounded by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Results: Attitude is the most determining predictor of intention. For many students reporting an error would lead to a loss of trust in the nursing profession and this could prevent the report. Nevertheless, some of them affirmed to be positively judged when they did it. It was then observed that a better education on safety raised the level of self-confidence and the sense of responsibility of the students, making them more inclined to the drug therapy management. Conclusions: The Theory of planned behaviour is essential to forerun the behavioural intention of students on the pharmacological safety and the collaborative practice through predictive factors, as attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. (www.actabiomedica.it)
Molecular Identification and Characterization of Some Gluconacetobacter Strains Isolated from Some Egyptian Fruits.

Three local isolates of biocellulose (BC)-producing Gluconacetobacter strains were isolated from rotten fruits out of 103 isolates. The representative isolates were selected from each of the 20 isolation sources (rotten fruits). Morphological (using Scanning of electronic microscope), physiological and biochemical characteristics examinations were done to identify the local isolates on classical level. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis test were done were done to identify the local isolates too but on molecular genetic level. Comparison between the reference strain Gluconacetobacter xylinus NBRC 3288) A) and the three local strains; Gluconacetobacter hansenii strain UAC09 (A2), Gluconacetobacter sacchari strain DSM12717 (A3) and Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25 (A4) on Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics were done. Three accession numbers submission under registration in the EMBL database nucleotide; ID 1742271 for Gluconacetobacter hansenii strain UAC09, ID 1742272 for Gluconacetobacter sacchari strain DSM12717 (A3) and ID 1742273 for Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25 (A4).
Daily emotional well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic

The COVID‐19 outbreak has become one of the largest public health crises of our time. Governments have responded by implementing self‐isolation and physical distancing measures that have profoundly impacted daily life throughout the world. In this study, we aimed to investigate how people experience the activities, interactions, and settings of their lives during the pandemic. The sample (N = 604) was assessed in Ireland on the 25 March 2020, following the closure of schools and non‐essential businesses. We examined within‐person variance in emotional well‐being and how people spend their time. We found that while most time was spent in the home (74%), time spent outdoors (8%) was associated with markedly raised positive affect and reduced negative emotions. Exercising, going for walks, gardening, pursuing hobbies, and taking care of children were the activities associated with the greatest affective benefits. Home‐schooling children and obtaining information about COVID‐19 were ranked lowest of all activities in terms of emotional experience. These findings highlight activities that may play a protective role in relation to well‐being during the pandemic, the importance of setting limits for exposure to COVID‐19‐related media coverage, and the need for greater educational supports to facilitate home‐schooling during this challenging period.
Turtles and Culverts, and Alternative Energy Development: An Unreported but Potentially Significant Mortality Threat to the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)

Abstract Culverts are often used to increase the permeability of roaded landscapes for wildlife, including turtles. Although the benefits of culverts as safe passages for turtles are well documented, under some conditions culverts can entrap them and cause mortality. Here we report a culvert-related mortality in the federally threatened desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) at a wind energy facility in California and offer simple recommendations to mitigate the negative effects of culverts for wildlife in general.
Does a Patient's Approach to Achieving Goals Influence His or Her Recovery Trajectory After Musculoskeletal Illness?

BACKGROUND The regulatory focus theory posits that, in general, people tend to be predominantly "promotion focused" or "prevention focused", and each individual's values and motivations influence which approach he or she may use when pursuing personal goals. People who are primarily promotion focused mostly see goals as opportunities to gain or advance (that is, play to win); people who are prevention focused mostly see goals as opportunities to stay safe (that is, play not to lose). Understanding the role of regulatory focus in the recovery of patients with orthopaedic conditions could provide novel insight into how surgeons can best communicate with patients to improve how they recover from illness or injury. QUESTION/PURPOSE Are improvements in pain intensity and disability over 6 months associated with a patient's levels of promotion focus or prevention focus? METHODS In this longitudinal observational study, we enrolled 144 patients with an upper extremity orthopaedic illness at a tertiary teaching hospital and followed them for 6 months. At baseline, patients completed validated self-reported measures of regulatory focus (Regulatory Focus Questionnaire), pain (Numerical Rating Scale), disability (the QuickDASH), and demographics. Assessments were repeated 6 months later, with 76% (110 of 144) of patients completing follow-up assessments. We examined whether regulatory focus was associated with recovery outcomes (level of pain and disability at 6 months). The patient's regulatory focus was graded as two numerical scores on separate promotion-focus and prevention-focus continuums. Each individual received a score on promotion focus and one on prevention focus. RESULTS An individual's level of promotion (ΔR = 0.021; p = 0.03; small effect size), but not his or her level of prevention (ΔR = 0.003; p = 0.35; negligible effect size), was associated with improvement in disability over a 6-month period (R = 0.61; p < 0.001). Patients with high promotion (n = 20, b = 0.284; p = 0.001) had the greatest improvements in disability after 6 months compared with patients with moderate (n = 73, b = 0.422; p < 0.001) or low (n = 17, b = 0.561; p < 0.001) promotion. The levels of promotion (b = -0.22; p = 0.09) and prevention (b = -0.04; p = 0.65) were not associated with pain over time. CONCLUSIONS To support improvements in disability for patients with upper extremity orthopaedic conditions, surgeons' communication strategies, including explanations of diagnoses and recovery trajectories, should focus on increasing patients' level of promotion (for example, by emphasizing gains and promoting positive thinking), rather than prevention (for example, by providing reassurance and problem-solving what might go wrong). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, prognostic study.
Partial Characterization of Protease Inhibitors of Ulva ohnoi and Their Effect on Digestive Proteases of Marine Fish

This piece of research evaluates the presence of protease inhibitors in the macroalga Ulva ohnoi and provides an initial overview of their mode of action. The ability of Ulva protease inhibitors to inhibit digestive proteases of three marine fish species, as well as their capacity to hamper the hydrolysis of a reference protein by those fish proteases, were assessed. In addition, thermal stability and the mode of inhibition on trypsin and chymotrypsin were also studied. Dose-response inhibition curves and in vitro protein hydrolysis assays revealed a noticeable inhibition of fish enzymes when Ulva concentration increased in the assay. The thermal treatment of Ulva reduced markedly the inhibitory effect on fish digestive protease. Finally, Lineweaver–Burk plots indicated that trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibition consisted of a mixed-type inhibition mechanism in which the inhibitory effect depends on Ulva concentration. Overall, the results confirmed the presence of protease inhibitors in Ulva, though heat treatment was enough for inactivating these compounds.
Safer Prescribing for Hospitalized Older Adults with an Electronic Health Records‐Based Prescribing Context

Hospitalized older adults are at risk of receiving potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) doses, driven in part by age‐independent dose defaults used by electronic health records (EHRs), leading providers to prescribe for older adults as they do for younger adults. We studied whether an automated EHR‐based medication support tool would reduce PIM dosing for hospitalized older adults.
Estimation of abundance of abyssal demersal fishes; a comparison of data from trawls and baited cameras

The abundance of the macrourid Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus was investigated using a single warp trawl and baited camera at soundings from 2500 to 5000 m in the north-east Atlantic Ocean. There was no significant relationship between abundance (n km−2) as determined from swept area of the trawl and numbers of fish photographed at standard baits. However, timing of the first arrival (tarr s) of the first fish at bait correlated well with the trawl data through the relationship: It is concluded that by measurement of arrival times, the baited camera provides a cost-effective complement to trawl sampling for estimating abundance of deep-water fish including Synaphobranchus kaupi, Anlimora rostratu and C. (N). armatus. However, some abundant species such as the roundnose grenadier Coryphaenoides rupestris were not attracted to baited long-lines or baited cameras and therefore could be sampled only by trawl.
Pistacia atlantica's effect on ovary damage and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with numerous complications, including gonadal dysfunction. There are specific traditional medicine remedies for DM, including medicinal herbs. Our study aimed to evaluate the role of Pistacia atlantica’s extract in the protection against ovary damage by streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in rats. Methods: We ran this experimental study on 40 adult female Wistar rats. We divided the animals into five groups, control (A); DM (STZ by 60 mg/kg- intraperitoneally) (B); DM + hexane extract of P. atlantica (200 mg/kg -orally) (C); P. atlantica extract (D) and DM + glibenclamide (200 mg/kg -orally) (F). The experiment continued for four weeks, and we administered the extract daily. After slaughtering the rats, we removed the ovaries. We assessed parameters, such as blood glucose and levels of oxidative stress markers as well as histological ovary structure. Results: Blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the number of atretic follicles were elevated; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and the number of corpora lutea were significantly decreased in the untreated diabetic rats. These changes returned to normal or diminished with P. atlantica extract and glibenclamide in the treated rats. Conclusions: The extract of P. atlantica has antihyperglycemic and antioxidative properties, and it decreased ovarian complications in experimental diabetes mellitus.
Kinetic and Electromyographic Responses to Traditional and Assisted Nordic Hamstring Exercise.

Burrows, AP, Cleather, D, Mahaffey, R, and Cimadoro, G. Kinetic and electromyographic responses to traditional and assisted Nordic hamstring exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is performed to increase hamstring strength, elicit morphological changes, and reduce injury risk. However, to date, the NHE assisted by the means of an external resistance has not been investigated. Thus, this study compared the eccentric knee flexor strength, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and electromyographic responses of the biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) when performing the NHE under assisted or unassisted conditions. Sixteen professional soccer players (aged 19.4 ± 2.2 years) performed 5 sets of 3 NHE unassisted and with assisting loads (5-20% of the body mass) using the Keiser machine. Eccentric knee flexor strength was measured from the subjects' dominant limb. Peak surface electromyography (sEMG) of the BF and ST was recorded from the dominant limb; the ratio was also calculated. Subjects rated the intensity of each condition of the NHE on a ten-point RPE Borg scale. All assisted conditions displayed significantly lower (p < 0.05) absolute and relative eccentric knee flexor strength than unassisted conditions. Rating of perceived exertion for each loading condition was significantly lower (p < 0.05) as the assisting load increased except for the difference between the 10 and 15% assisted conditions. Surface electromyography of the BF and ST was not significantly lower (p < 0.05) during all assisted conditions compared with the unassisted NHE, neither there were significant between-muscle differences or sEMG ratios. Our findings suggest that the assisted NHE reduces the load and difficulty of the exercise. Practitioners can use the assisted NHE to manipulate intensity and difficulty if that is appropriate for their programming.
VEGETATION OF TEPHRA DEPOSITS 50 YEARS AFTER THE END OF THE ERUPTION OF THE PARICUTÍN VOLCANO, MEXICO

Abstract Volcanic eruptions offer unique opportunities for the study of successional processes. The Paricutín Volcano eruption that started in 1943 and lasted for 9 years created different conditions for primary and secondary succession. Bare areas at the time of the eruption (mainly agricultural fields) offer an opportunity to study the effect of major natural disturbances in sites previously affected by human activities. One representative area, the Mesa de Cutzato, was surveyed to determine vegetation species composition and structure 50 years after the volcanic eruption ceased. Our results showed that few species have established and that total plant cover remained low (< 10%) and is patchy. Four species dominated these patches: Eupatorium glabratum (23% relative cover), Senecio stoechadiformis (14%), Senecio salignus (12%) and Muhlenbergia minutissima (6%). These species are either early successional or disturbance-tolerant species. No late successional species, particularly tree species, were found. Our results suggested that in old agricultural fields covered by tephra, known as arenales, succession is proceeding slowly.
Predicting Pain Trajectories in the One Year Following Breast Cancer Diagnosis—An Observational Study

The impact of psychosocial vulnerability on pain in the year following breast cancer diagnosis has been little studied. To identify a score of psychosocial vulnerability (cognitive, emotional, quality of life and precariousness parameters) as a predictor of a pain trajectory, we conducted an observational prospective study and included women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. One year follow-up with 3 visits (day of breast cancer diagnosis; 6 and 12 months) aimed to identify distinct pain-time trajectories. Baseline psychosocial vulnerability was characterized by z-score transformation, a higher score representing a more vulnerable patient. A total of 89 patients were included (59.3 ± 10.7 years). Two trajectories of pain were identified—“Transient Pain trajectory” (TP) (39/89 patients) and “Persistent Pain trajectory” (PP) (50/89). A significant difference of pain over time between trajectories (PP vs. TP at 6 months: 2.23 ± 0.23 vs. 0.27 ± 0.09, p < 0.001) was observed. Psychosocial vulnerability showed a large effect size (d, −0.82; 95% CI, −1.25 to −0.38; p < 0.001) and a higher score in “Persistent pain trajectory” (PP vs. TP: 0.12 ± 0.36 vs. −0.14 ± 0.26, p < 0.001). A predictive vulnerability marker of pain development is proposed and could be used at cancer diagnosis to orientate the care pathway of patients experiencing breast cancer.
Association of Speech Recognition Thresholds With Brain Volumes and White Matter Microstructure: The Rotterdam Study.

OBJECTIVES Brain volumetric declines may underlie the association between hearing loss and dementia. While much is known about the peripheral auditory function and brain volumetric declines, poorer central auditory speech processing may also be associated with decreases in brain volumes. METHODS Central auditory speech processing, measured by the speech recognition threshold (SRT) from the Digits-in-Noise task, and neuroimaging assessments (structural magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity from diffusion tensor imaging), were assessed cross-sectionally in 2,368 Rotterdam Study participants aged 51.8 to 97.8 years. SRTs were defined continuously and categorically by degrees of auditory performance (normal, insufficient, and poor). Brain volumes from structural MRI were assessed on a global and lobar level, as well as for specific dementia-related structures (hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus). Multivariable linear regression models adjusted by age, age-squared, sex, educational level, alcohol consumption, intracranial volume (MRI only), cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, current smoking), and pure-tone average were used to determine associations between SRT and brain structure. RESULTS Poorer central auditory speech processing was associated with larger parietal lobe volume (difference in mL per dB increase= 0.24, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.42), but not with diffusion tensor imaging measures. Degrees of auditory performance were not associated with brain volumes and white matter microstructure. CONCLUSIONS Central auditory speech processing in the presence of both vascular burden and pure-tone average may not be related to brain volumes and white matter microstructure. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to explore these relationships thoroughly.
Strategies for controlling sleep-related intrusive thoughts, and subjective and objective sleep quality: how self-reported poor and good sleepers differ

Abstract Objectives Along with changes in subjective and objective sleep patterns, metacognitive control of intrusive and unwanted thoughts at bedtime has been shown to significantly influence sleep quality. The present study examined individual differences between self-reported poor and good sleepers’ thought control strategies, as well as their subjective and objective sleep quality, considering adults in a broad range of ages. Method The study involved 147 individuals aged 18-79 years, divided into self-reported poor and good sleepers using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants’ thought control strategies were assessed using the Thought Control Questionnaire for Insomnia - Revised (TCQI-r). Subjective sleep parameters were recorded in a sleep diary, and objective sleep parameters were measured over 7 days using actigraphy. Results Self-reported poor sleepers employed aggressive suppression, reappraisal and worry strategies more than self-reported good sleepers. On logistic regression, the use of reappraisal and worry strategies distinguished between poor and good sleepers, while age did not. Self-reported poor sleepers objectively had a much longer sleep onset latency, a shorter total sleeping time, and a lower sleep efficiency, as well as subjectively longer times awake again after sleep onset, and a lower sleep efficiency than self-reported good sleepers. Conclusion Together with some subjective and objective sleep parameters, the use of certain thought control strategies (reappraisal and worry, in particular) seems to be one of the crucial aspects accounting for individual differences between self-reported poor and good sleepers.
Transgenerational immunity in a bird-ectoparasite system: do maternally transferred antibodies affect parasite fecundity or the offspring's susceptibility to fleas?

During egg formation, female birds deposit antibodies against parasites and pathogens they were exposed to before egg laying into the yolk. In captive bird species, it has been shown that these maternal immunoglobulins (maternal yolk IgGs) can protect newly hatched offspring against infection. However, direct evidence for such benefits in wild birds is hitherto lacking. We investigated (1) if nestling Great Tits Parus major originating from eggs with naturally high levels of maternal yolk IgG are less susceptible to a common, nest-based ectoparasite, (2) if maternal yolk IgGs influence nestling development and in particular, their own immune defence, and (3) if there is a negative correlation between levels of maternal yolk IgG in host eggs and the reproductive success of ectoparasitic fleas feeding on the nestlings. Counter to expectations, we found no indication that maternally transferred yolk IgGs have direct beneficial effects on nestling development, nestling immune response or nestling resistance or tolerance to fleas. Furthermore, we found no negative correlation between host yolk IgG levels and parasite fecundity. Thus, whereas previous work has unequivocally shown that prenatal maternal effects play a crucial role in shaping the parasite resistance of nestling birds, our study indicates that other egg components, such as hormones, carotenoids or other immuno-active substances, which bird females can adjust more quickly than yolk IgG, might mediate these effects.