Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extension of the binary-encounter-dipole model to relativistic incident electrons

Formulas for the total ionization cross section by electron impact based on the binary-encounter-dipole (BED) model and its simpler version, the binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) model are extended to relativistic incident electron energies. Total ionization cross sections for the hydrogen and helium atoms from the new relativistic formulas are compared to experimental data. Relativistic effects double the total ionization cross section of H and He at incident electron energy $\ensuremath{\approx}300 \mathrm{keV}$ and dominate the cross section thereafter. A simple modification of the original BED-BEB formulas is proposed for applications to ion targets and inner-shell electrons of neutral atoms and molecules. The relativistic and nonrelativistic BEB cross sections are compared to the K-shell ionization cross sections by electron impact for the carbon, argon, nickel, niobium, and silver atoms. For carbon and argon, the relativistic effects are small, and both forms of the BEB cross sections agree well with available experimental data. For the nickel and heavier atoms, the relativistic increase of cross sections becomes noticeable from about 100 keV and higher in the incident electron energy. The empirical formula by Casnati et al. [J. Phys. B 15, 155 (1982)] after correcting for relativistic effects as shown by Quarles [Phys. Rev. A 13, 1278 (1976)] agrees well with the BEB cross sections for light atoms. However, the peak values of the Casnati cross sections become higher than the relativistic BEB peak cross sections as the atomic number increases. The BEB model is also applied to the total ionization cross section of the xenon atom, and the theory agrees well with experiments at low incident electron energies, but disagrees with experiment at relativistic incident energies.
Symptom Clusters and Quality of Life in Survivors of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer has nonspecific symptoms, and no screening tool is available for early diagnosis; therefore, only 19% of ovarian cancers are found at an early stage. Given the late diagnosis, women with ovarian cancer often have a prolonged course of treatment and significant morbidity that lasts into survivorship. However, distressing symptoms and their effects on quality of life have been relatively understudied, particularly in survivors of the disease. The purpose of this study was to describe a symptom cluster and its relationship to quality of life in women with ovarian cancer who were recruited from an online cancer support group. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical regression techniques were used to analyze the data obtained from a larger study testing the psychometric properties of a quality-of-life instrument. Most participants had stage III ovarian cancer, and nearly all (97%) had undergone treatment before the study. A symptom cluster composed of depression and fatigue was identified using work by Kim and colleagues [Symptom clusters: concept analysis and clinical implications for cancer nursing. Cancer Nurs. 2005;28(4):270-282]. The symptom cluster explained 41% (P = .000) of the variance in quality of life. These results suggest that fatigue and depression are significant problems for survivors of ovarian cancer.
Multimedia sensor networks: Recent trends, research challenges and future directions

With the emergence of low-cost hardware is enabling the development of wireless multimedia sensor network. Challenges in WMSN are resource constraint, Application specific QoS requirements and High bandwidth demand. In this paper we have explored the multichannel communication architectures of WMSN to achieve high data rate requirements, to cater interferences, jamming and congestion avoidance for reliable communication, we have listed challenging issues pertaining to multichannel communication. Picture of these MCC protocols is also presented in this paper. Classification of multichannel assignment protocols has been proposed, Identified different channel selection policies, types of channel assignment and methods of channel assignment. We conclude by a table presenting many examples of existing multichannel protocols designed for WMSNs and highlighted promising research directions.
Present newborn screening for phenylketonuria

Newborn screening for phenylketonuria (PKU) began in the United States in the early 1960s following development of the Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay that allowed for the easy, rapid screening of elevated blood phenylalanine levels collected on newborn filter paper samples. Since that time, a number of other techniques that screen for PKU, other inborn errors of metabolism, and a variety of nonmetabolic disorders have been developed using newborn blood samples. The most advanced, comprehensive technique available today is tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), which simultaneously identifies and measures many compounds of varying structural classes allowing for concurrent screening of many disorders, including aminoacidemias, organic acidurias, and fatty acid disorders. Despite this progress in presymptomatic neonatal detection of PKU, there are some difficulties with newborn screening. These include false-positive results, occasional missed diagnoses, and problems surrounding early discharge. In addition, not all elevated phenylalanine levels are a result of a deficiency of the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Some infants have transiently elevated levels. Others have defects in the synthesis or recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the cofactor of PAH, and some have secondary phenylalanine elevations due to disorders that affect the liver, such as tyrosinemia or galactosemia. Several of these problems, including the number of false positives, may be eliminated by pattern identification via MS-MS. Once identified with a significant or persistent elevation in phenylalanine, infants and their families are referred to a metabolic center for further evaluation, including repeat quantitative testing and, if necessary, dietary or cofactor therapy. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:144–149. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Commitment Devices

People set goals. They promise to smoke less, to save more, to drink less, to work more, to eat less and to exercise more. They set goals with varying levels of formality, making promises to themselves, vows to spouses, or bets with friends. These same people regularly fail to meet their goals. They keep smoking, spend money on things they later regret, and throw out perished vegetables while eating chips. Why do people set goals, and why do they fail to reach them? These are important and difficult questions for the economics profession; they draw into doubt our model of man and problematize our definition of welfare. This paper is concerned with self-commitment devices – the arrangements people make to formalize and facilitate their goals. Broadly, a commitment device is an arrangement entered into by an individual with the aim of helping fulfill a plan for future behavior that would otherwise be difficult due to intra-personal conflict stemming, for example, from a lack of self control. We will exclude actions that accrue significant current benefits, or that are taken with a strategic motive. So, ∗Yale University †Yale University ‡Yale University §Dean Karlan would like to thank David Laibson, Matthew Rabin and Richard Thaler for conversations over the years and Nava Ashraf, Xavier Giné, Wesley Yin and Jonathan Zinman for collaboration on commitment related projects. The authors thank Julian Jamison, Richard Mansfield and Jonathan Morduch for helpful advice and the editor, Esther Duflo, for comments. Karlan is also grateful to the National Science Foundation and Sloan Foundation for support. All errors remain our own. Naturally, the phrase “commitment device” is also appropriately used to describe strategic arrangement with respect to others. However, we are limiting the scope of this paper to selfcommitment devices, as defined above.
Applications of a system for two‐channel auralization using ODEON‐SOUND

High-level spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) were measured from 16 ears using both spectral and time averaging. The purpose was to determine the source of an upward shift in frequencies of synchronized SOAEs (SSOAEs) observed while using a subroutine of the ILO88 system of Oto-dynamics Ltd. An HP3561A signal analyzer performed spectral averaging to extract SOAEs with no external stimulation applied to the ear canal. Synchronized SOAEs were derived using the ILO88 system performing time averaging following click stimulation. The frequencies of all SSOAEs were shifted upwards by 6 to 21 Hz when compared to corresponding SOAE frequencies determined with spectral averaging. Additional measurements of signals in a cavity and of click-evoked otoacoustic emissions in selected ears indicated that the frequency shift is the result of an error in the ILO88 software. Incorrect cursor readouts in the program cause an apparent up-ward shift in frequency of 12.2 Hz. This error was conﬁrmed by the manufacturer. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (cid:126) SOAEs (cid:33) represent narrow-band signals that can be recorded in the outer ear canal when no external acoustic stimulation is presented (cid:126) see Probst et al. , 1991 for a review (cid:33) . In general, two methods have been used to record them. In the ﬁrst, the sound-pressure level in the ear
Attitude Vicon ( 100 Hz ) Step controller ( 100 Hz ) Laptop Computer Desktop Computer Robot Thrusters Tail Leg Motor Driver

In this work we present a new robotic system, Salto-1P, for exploring extreme jumping locomotion. Salto-1P weighs 0.098 kg, and has an active leg length of 14.4 cm. The robot is able to perform a standing vertical leap of 1.25 m, continuously hop to heights over 1 m, and jump over 2 m horizontally. Salto-1P uses aerodynamic thrusters and an inertial tail to control its attitude in the air. A linearized Raibert step controller was sufficient to enable unconstrained in-place hopping and forwards-backwards locomotion with external position feedback. We present studies of extreme jumping locomotion in which the robot spends just 7.7% of its time on the ground, experiencing accelerations of 14 times earth gravity in its stance phase. An experimentally collected dataset of 772 observed jumps was used to establish the range of achievable horizontal and vertical impulses for Salto-1P.
Dual-Energy MDCT for Imaging the Renal Mass.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of dual-energy MDCT applications for imaging renal masses. CONCLUSION Dual-energy MDCT has the potential to substantially improve the ability of radiologists to diagnose renal masses compared with conventional MDCT, potentially streamlining patients' clinical management.
Wrist flexor muscles of elite rowers measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

We used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study skeletal muscle metabolism of trained vs. untrained humans. The forearms of highly trained rowers (n = 10) and age-matched controls were placed in a 1.9-T magnet so that the wrist flexor muscles were placed over a 4-cm transmitting and receiving coil. The subjects performed work by depressing a handle attached to an isokinetic ergometer. Relative concentrations of Pi, phosphocreatine (PCr), and ATP were measured along with intracellular pH. Measurements were made at rest, during steady-state and ramp exercise protocols, and during recovery from exercise. At rest the rowers had Pi/PCr that were not different from control. During steady-state exercise rowers (n = 4) had lower Pi/PCr at the same relative power levels, and the slope of the power vs. Pi-PCr curve was significantly greater than for controls. Rowers (n = 4) also had faster rates of PCr recovery after exercise than controls (T1/2 of 24 +/- 2.0 s for rowers and 47 +/- 8.4 s for controls) when power level was adjusted so that all subjects recovered from the same level of Pi/PCr. During a ramp exercise protocol, the initial slope of the power vs. Pi-PCr curve was greater in three of six rowers compared with controls and at the highest power level rowers had lower Pi/PCr values with less drop in pH. At the end of the ramp test, the same degree of muscle fatigue was associated with much lower levels of H2PO-4 (5.7 +/- 0.70 mM) in rowers compared with controls (13.0 +/- 1.8 mM). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Haemophilus influenzae Type b-Outer Membrane Protein Complex Glycoconjugate Vaccine Induces Cytokine Production by Engaging Human Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and Requires the Presence of TLR2 for Optimal Immunogenicity1

Conjugate vaccines consisting of the capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) covalently linked to carrier proteins, unlike pure PS, are immunogenic in infants and have significantly reduced Hib infections in the United States, but require multiple doses to induce protective anti-PS Ab titers. Hib-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex (OMPC) conjugate vaccine, however, elicits protective anti-PS Ab titers after one dose. We found that OMPC and Hib-OMPC engaged human Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, inducing IL-8 production, and engaged mouse TLR2 on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, inducing TNF release. Hib conjugated to the carrier proteins CRM197 and tetanus toxoid did not engage TLR2 on HEK or dendritic cells. Engagement of TLR2 by Hib-OMPC was MyD88 dependent, as Hib-OMPC-induced TNF production was ablated in MyD88 knockout (KO) mice. Hib-OMPC was significantly less immunogenic in TLR2 KO mice, inducing lower Hib PS IgG and IgM titers compared with those in wild-type mice. Splenocytes from OMPC-immunized TLR2 KO mice also produced significantly less IL-6 and TNF-α than those from wild-type mice. Hib-OMPC is unique among glycoconjugate vaccines by engaging TLR2, and the ability of Hib-OMPC to elicit protective levels of Abs after one dose may be related to TLR2-mediated induction and regulation of cytokines produced by T cells and macrophages in addition to the peptide/MHC II-dependent recruitment of T cell help commonly afforded by carrier proteins. TLR2 engagement by an adjuvant or carrier protein may be a useful strategy for augmentation of the anti-PS Ab response induced by glycoconjugate vaccines.
Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphisms affect innate immune responses and outcomes in sepsis.

RATIONALE Polymorphisms affecting Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated responses could predispose to excessive inflammation during an infection and contribute to an increased risk for poor outcomes in patients with sepsis. OBJECTIVES To identify hypermorphic polymorphisms causing elevated TLR-mediated innate immune cytokine and chemokine responses and to test whether these polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to death, organ dysfunction, and infections in patients with sepsis. METHODS We screened single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 43 TLR-related genes to identify variants affecting TLR-mediated inflammatory responses in blood from healthy volunteers ex vivo. The SNP associated most strongly with hypermorphic responses was tested for associations with death, organ dysfunction, and type of infection in two studies: a nested case-control study in a cohort of intensive care unit patients with sepsis, and a case-control study using patients with sepsis, patients with sepsis-related acute lung injury, and healthy control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The SNP demonstrating the most hypermorphic effect was the G allele of TLR1(-7202A/G) (rs5743551), which associated with elevated TLR1-mediated cytokine production (P < 2 x 10(-20)). TLR1(-7202G) marked a coding SNP that causes higher TLR1-induced NF-kappaB activation and higher cell surface TLR1 expression. In the cohort of patients with sepsis TLR1(-7202G) predicted worse organ dysfunction and death (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-3.09). In the case-control study TLR1(-7202G) was associated with sepsis-related acute lung injury (odds ratio, 3.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-7.27). TLR1(-7202G) also associated with a higher prevalence of gram-positive cultures in both clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS Hypermorphic genetic variation in TLR1 is associated with increased susceptibility to organ dysfunction, death, and gram-positive infection in sepsis.
Dynamic range of a P-I-n-diodes based SP4T switch-IC for broadband Ka-band satellite communication applications

This paper focuses on the investigation of the dynamic range of a single-pole quadrouple-throw P-I-N-diode integrated switch circuit which is the basic building block of a 4 × 4 re-configurable microwave switch matrix for Ka-band satellite downlink (17 - 22 GHz). The noise figure and the level of third order intermodulation products, in this case passive intermodulation, which can interfere with in-band signals depends on the direct control current (DC) of the P-I-N-diode junction. We found, that at 10 mA control current per path, an optimal compromise for dynamic range, noise figure and (DC-) energy efficiency is achieved. At that point, the noise figure evaluates to 1.32 (1.2 dB) and the input third order point of intercept (I-TOI) amounts to 42.5 dBm. The distortion free dynamic range DR results to 74.0 dB at an equivalent noise bandwidth of 25 GHz of the switch IC. In disregard of significantly increased third order products existent at power levels of about - 30 dBc, a maximum dynamic range DRmax of ≈ 98.8 dB is available.
Shared Values: Impact On Staff Nurse Job Satisfaction And Perceived Productivity

A nationwide study on the impact of shared values on staff nurse job satisfaction and perceived productivity was done in 24 hospitals under different auspices, some of which were also Magnet Hospitals. Data were obtained from a 25% random sample of the staff nurse population (N = 2,336,), 58% of the head nurse group, 65% of the clinical experts, and 66% of the top management. Staff nurses and clinical experts had more value congruence than did staff nurses and head nurses. A significant inverse correlation was found between value congruence and nurse job satisfaction and quality care. Explanations of the finding center on recent role changes for both staff nurses and head nurses, power differential, and evolving clarity of the staff nurse role. A serendipitious finding was that staff nurses reported fewer factors as important to their job satisfaction and perceived environment conducive to quality patient care than did other members of the nursing department. However, factors important to staff nurses were very important.
Organophosphate Pesticide Exposures of Traditional and Integrated Pest Management Farmers from Working Air Conditions: A Case Study in Thailand

Abstract Concentrations of organophosphate pesticides, including chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion, were measured in ambient air breathed by farmers in Tambon Bang Rieng, Thailand. An exposure assessment and comparison was made between the levels of pesticide exposure of traditional and integrated pest management (IPM) farmers. Thirty-three air samples were collected during pesticide spraying. Traditional farmers were exposed to higher levels of the pesticide(s), with an average concentration of 0.19 mg/m3, compared with 0.037 mg/ m3 for the IPM farmers. It was estimated that a farmer of Tambon, Bang Rieng would be exposed to 81–12,261 mg of the organophosphate pesticide(s) via inhalation throughout his or her lifetime. Moreover, traditional farmers absorbed more of pesticide via inhalation than did IPM farmers.
Predicting the dynamics of social circles in ego networks using pattern analysis and GA K‐means clustering

The tremendous amount of content generated on online social networks has led to a radical paradigm shift in the interest of people to group friends dynamically and share content selectively. At large, social networking sites (e.g. Google+, Facebook, Twitter, etc.) offer users with various controls over categorizing their family members, friends, colleagues, etc. into one or more ‘circles’ that they want to share content with. However, it is typically impossible to design social circles in large networks and update their number and size, whenever networks grow. Aiming at predicting the dynamics of formation and evolution of social circles, we performed several experiments on ground‐truth data, and found that studying patterns of network and profile features at individual level rather than studying circle as a whole can greatly enhance the understanding of social circles development in online social networks. In this review, we first present a comprehensive study of the structural behavior of circles, and then build an observation that within every circle there exist some key elements, termed as ‘Node of Creations (NoCs)’, which play an important role in the development, survival, and evolvability of circle structures. We, therefore, propose a Genetic Algorithm–based framework to determine these key elements (NoCs) and differentiate Ego networks into non‐overlapping, hierarchically nested as well as overlapping circles by leveraging knowledge from the identified patterns in order to assist K‐means clustering. We have performed our experiments using Facebook and Twitter datasets and the experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2015, 5:113–141. doi: 10.1002/widm.1150
Surveillance of individual level disease maps

Methods for the production of individual (address) level disease maps are often retrospective; they estimate a map of the average relative risk of disease over a study period. However, recently, epidemiologists have started to look at weekly or monthly reports of disease and assess them for any change in the distribution of relative risk. For example, in the United States of America, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention now routinely collects information on over 50 notifiable diseases every week. In this paper we present a method for the detection of a sudden change in the geographical distribution of the disease in a prospective study. The method is based on an estimate of the directional derivative of the conditional probability of a case, given either a case or control has occurred. It is based on standard kernel approaches to nonparametric regression and it is readily applied in any standard statistical software package. Two simulated examples of sudden clustering around a fixed point are provided.
Performance estimation of parallel processing techniques on various platforms

As information society changes, the digital world is making more use of larger bulks of data and complex operations that need to be executed. This trend has caused overcoming the processor speed limit issues, by introducing multiple processor systems. In spite of hardware-level parallelism, the software has evolved with various techniques for achieving parallel programs execution. Executing a program in parallel can be efficiently done only if the program code follows certain rules. There are many techniques, which tend to provide variant processing speeds. The aim of this paper is to test the Matlab, OpenMPI and Pthreads methods on a single-processor, multi-processor, GRID and cluster systems and suggest optimal method for that particular system.