Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heat-induced changes in lactose hydrolysed milks

OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY P.O. BOX 1000, FI-02015 TKK http://www.tkk. fi Author Olli Tossavainen Name of the dissertation Heat-induced changes in lactose hydrolysed milks Manuscript submitted 29.2. 2008 Manuscript revised Date of the defence 13.6. 2008 Monograph Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Faculty Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Sciences Department Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology Field of research Bioprocess Engineering Opponent(s) prof. Tapani Alatossava Supervisor prof. Matti Leisola Instructor Ph.D. Matti Harju Abstract Carbohydrate reduced lactose hydrolysed milks (CRHM) tasting the same as normal milk have become very popular in several countries. Hitherto their quality during manufacturing and storage has not been studied very closely and compared to the quality of traditional lactose hydrolysed milk (HM) or unhydrolysed milk (UM). The changes caused by the Maillard reactions and proteolysis were followed in different types of lactose hydrolysed skim milks. Lactose hydrolysed milk is highly vulnerable to Maillard reactions and therefore its nutritional quality is often impaired due to the reactions between free amino groups of lysine and reducing sugars. The molar quantity of reducing sugars in HM is almost twofold that in UM. The early stages of Maillard reactions were followed by measuring furosine, which can be released from the Amadori products of lysine and reducing sugars. The blockage of lysine was estimated on the basis of furosine. Pasteurization of lactose hydrolysed skim milk caused only a small increase in furosine compared to UM. In more intensive heat treatments, ESLand UHT-treatment, furosine formation was more intensive and was found to be closely related to the level of reducing sugars in lactose hydrolysed milk. The hydrolysis products of lactose, i.e. glucose and galactose, were more reactive than lactose in the Maillard reactions occurring during UHT-treatment. As their taste is also sweeter than that of lactose, reduction of the content of monosaccharides in milk improves the nutritional quality of proteins and at the same time preserves the original taste of milk. The almost total removal of lactose with a chromatographic process reduced the blockage of lysine to a negligible level and improved the nutritional value of protein in carbohydrate free milk (CFM) during storage compared to HMs. Proteolysis in lactose hydrolysed UHT-milks is a common problem caused by the indigenous plasmin enzyme system in milk, proteases of contaminating microbes or side activities of the lactase enzyme preparation used. The proteolytic changes and Maillard reactions occurring in lactose hydrolysed milk were largely avoided by separating lactose from milk proteins in a chromatographic process and at the same time subjecting the protein fraction to a heat treatment largely inactivating the proteolytic enzymes. UHT-milk made from fractionated milk protein (CFM) had a longer shelf life than traditionally manufactured HM.
Metilação e estresse oxidativo no DNA de ratos privados de sono

Objective: Sleep deprivation and poor quality of sleep are a current issue in our society. In animal models, sleep deprivation can induce diverse alterations, including oxidative stress in several organs. A highly active hydroxyl radical can break the DNA strands generating 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Thus, this DNA damage may compromise gene expression. Another factor that can alter gene expression is the DNA methylation, which is associated with transcription control. Considering these observations the aim of this study was to evaluate if sleep deprivation in rats could lead to DNA oxidative damage and if DNA methylation pattern could be changed by sleep deprivation. Methods: A group of male Wistar rats were submitted to the sleep deprivation procedure for 96h (Sleep-Deprived - SD) by the classical platform method; another group of animals were put individually into the same container as the sleep-deprived animals, but the water was substituted by wood paring (Control - CT); and the last group, where the animals were allowed to sleep 24h after the sleep deprivation (Rebound - RB). After the experimental procedure, animals were euthanized. Serum and whole blood were collected to quantify 8-OHdG and global DNA methylation. Results: Analyzing serum 8-OHdG, global methylation and global/CpG islands methylation ratio, we found no differences when comparing the experimental and CT groups. Analyzing CpG islands methylation we found a decrease of methylation at the islands on SD group compared with CT group and at the RB group this alteration did not returned to basal levels. Conclusion: The decrease in CpG islands methylation could modulate an altered gene expression as a consequence of sleep deprivation and sleep recovery.
Processes Governing Alkaline Groundwater Chemistry within a Fractured Rock (Ophiolitic Mélange) Aquifer Underlying a Seasonally Inhabited Headwater Area in the Aladağlar Range (Adana, Turkey)

The aim of this study was to investigate natural and anthropogenic processes governing the chemical composition of alkaline groundwater within a fractured rock (ophiolitic melange) aquifer underlying a seasonally inhabited headwater area in the Aladaglar Range (Adana, Turkey). In this aquifer, spatiotemporal patterns of groundwater flow and chemistry were investigated during dry (October 2011) and wet (May 2012) seasons utilizing 25 shallow hand-dug wells. In addition, representative samples of snow, rock, and soil were collected and analyzed to constrain the PHREEQC inverse geochemical models used for simulating water-rock interaction (WRI) processes. Hydrochemistry of the aquifer shows a strong interseasonal variability where Mg–HCO3 and Mg–Ca–HCO3 water types are prevalent, reflecting the influence of ophiolitic and carbonate rocks on local groundwater chemistry. R-mode factor analysis of hydrochemical data hints at geochemical processes taking place in the groundwater system, that is, WRI involving Ca- and Si-bearing phases; WRI involving amorphous oxyhydroxides and clay minerals; WRI involving Mg-bearing phases; and atmospheric/anthropogenic inputs. Results from the PHREEQC modeling suggested that hydrogeochemical evolution is governed by weathering of primary minerals (calcite, chrysotile, forsterite, and chromite), precipitation of secondary minerals (dolomite, quartz, clinochlore, and Fe/Cr oxides), atmospheric/anthropogenic inputs (halite), and seasonal dilution from recharge.
Pollen Sterility in wide crosses derivatives of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Study was conducted at Genetics department Hazara University, Pakistan for the determination of pollen sterility and fertility. Bas-385, Oryza rufipogon, Bas-385 X Oryza rufipogon were used for experiment. Pollen sterility was determined from >1000 pollen grains from parents and F1 hybrids. The spikelet was collected near anthesis in 70 % ethanol. The pollen grains were stained in 1 % I2 KI solution. Darkly stained and round pollen grains were counted as fertile while lightly stained and shrivelled were counted as sterile. Out of over 1000 pollen grains, 851 were darkly stained and were counted as fertile, whereas 149 remain unstained and were considered as sterile. Pollen sterility of Oryza rufipogon was thus 4.6 %. The average spikelet sterility of Oryza rufipogon was 44.3 %, indicating that this specie was partly sterile although it showed high pollen fertility.
The Impact of Patent Life on Total Welfare: A Policy Experiment

This paper evaluates how different lengths of patent lives impact market structure and market performance. We formulate a dynamic oligopoly model in the tradition of Ericson and Pakes (1995) and allow entry costs to vary over time. Firms produce multiple products and decide on the optimal timing to enter a market, followed by production and exit decisions. Using quarterly firm-level data on the static random access memory industry from 1974 to 2003, we find that entry costs decline by more than 90% within the first ten quarters. Our policy experiments provide evidence that the life of product patents has a negative impact on consumer surplus. We also find that product patents increase total surplus if the patent life is either sufficiently short or sufficiently long. If patent life is short, th e increase in monopolist’s profits and entry cost saving dominate the reduction in consumer welfare, which affects total welfare positively. If patent life is long, dynamic efficiency gains, i.e., the delay of subsequent entry and savings on entry costs impact total welfare positively.
Immune-Enhancing Effect of Kombucha on Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressive Mice

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the immune-enhancing activity of Kombucha. In immunosuppression experiment, the immune-enhancing effect of Kombucha in immunosuppressive mice was performed.It was showed that Kombucha at high and medium doses doses was able to overcome the CY-induced immunosuppression, significantly improves the body weight, the count of white blood cell, increases the thymus and spleen indices, enhances lymphocyte proliferation activity and peritoneal macrophage function, improves natural killer cells activity compared with negative control group. In addition, the different dose of Kombucha could significantly enhance the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in blood serum. Therefore, the Kombucha could be an effective immunomodulatory agent.
Development of Root Media Containing Carbonized and Expanded Rice Hull for Container Cultivation of Horticultural Crops

Objective of this research was to develop root media containing expanded rice hull (ERH) and carbonized rice hull (CRH). To achieve this, the physico·chemical properties of two materials were analysed and blended with peatmoss (PM) or coir dust (CD) with various ratio. Based on the physical properties of the blended materials, 4 root media were selected for future experiment. After the analysis of pH and EC of the selected root media, the kinds and amount of pre-planting nutrient charge fertilizers (P NCF) incorporated into each root medium were varied, and then, final chemical properties of the root media were analysed. The total porosity (TP), container capacity (CC), and air-filled porosity (AFP) were 81.3%. 39.9%, and 41.4% in ERH and 77.6%, 64.1%, and 13.5% in CRH, respectively. The percentage of easily available water (EAW, from CC to 4.90 kPa tension) and bufferin g water (BW, 4.91-9.81 kPa tension) were 11.37% and 5.27%, in ERH and 17.26% and 14.28% in CRH, respectively. The pH of ERH was 7.1, but it was extremely high in CRH such as 11.2. The EC and CEC were 1.31 dS·m -1 and 12.1 meq·100 g -1 in ERH and 6.53 dS·m -1 and CEC 7.79 meq·100 g -1 in CRH, respectively. The ranges of TP, CC and AFP in 4 selected media (PM + ERH, 6:4, v/v; CD + ERH, 8:2; PM + CRH, 7:3; CD+CRH 6:4) were 89.2-90.3%, 67.3-81.8%, and 8.3-21.9%, respectively. The pHs and ECs in root media containing peatmoss such as PM + ERH (6:4) and PM + CRH (7:3) were 4.0-4.3 and 0.33-0.365 dS·m -1 , whereas those of CD + CRH were 7.4-7.9 and 1.282 dS·m -1 . The pHs and ECs, however, analysed before and after the incorporation of PNCF in each root medium were not significant different. This result indicated that the incorporated fertilizers in PNCF to adjust medium pH did not dissolve enough to influence medium pH, but it is very normal in root media containing dolomitic lime and sulfur powder in adjusting pH. The Information obtained in this study may facilitate an effective formulation of root media containing rice hulls.
RF Interference Monitoring for the Onsala Space Observatory

With the continuous and rapid developments in wireless services and allocation of radio frequency spectrum of theses services, huge interferences have been observed in the field of radio astronomy. According to the international regulations, parts of the spectra are reserved for radio-astronomical observations. Man-made signals entering the receiver chain of a radio telescope have much higher power compared to natural or passive signals received at the radio telescopes. Passive signals received at radio telescopes are normally 60 dB below the receiver noise level. Active signals generated by man-made wireless services pollute the natural emissions by completely masking them due to high signal strength. The cosmic radiation is determined by the fundamental laws of physics, thus the frequencies are fixed and cannot be changed. So interferences created by active services lead to wrong interpretations of the astronomical data. The present thesis deals RF interference monitoring system for the Onsala Space Observatory. As part of the thesis, a software application has been developed, which communicates with different types of digital reveivers (spectrum analyzers) attached with antenna controlling hardware to control omnidirectional and steerable antennas. A steerable antenna is used to find the direction of interference source by moving the antenna in azimuth and elevation direction. The detection of interference signals is done using the recently proposed GSK estimator which is state-of-the-art methodology for detecting interferences at observatories. The interference finding criteria is based on the decision thresholds of the variance of the received power levels. If the variance exceeds a threshold value on a particular frequency, interference is marked on that frequency. The RFI monitoring system developed in this thesis work reads the spectra of a number of different desired frequency spans associated with particular antennas. This application supports four channels and each channel can be associated with any of the three omnidirectional antennas and a steerable antenna. When the measurements are completed, a file containing frequency points, power levels and the indication of any interference is saved and plots are generated. These plots include received power levels (in dBm and Jansky units) and the interferences at particular frequency. These plots are also replicated to a web server and can be viewed on HTML page for remote monitoring. The RFI monitoring system can also be used to analyze the offline data by generating different plots for a particular antenna associated with a particular channel.
Climate information preserved in seasonal water isotope at 1 NEEM : relationships with temperature , circulation and sea 2 ice 3 4

14 Analyzing seasonally resolved δ18O ice core data can aid the interpretation of the climate information in 15 ice cores, providing also insights into factors governing the δ18O signal that cannot be deciphered by 16 investigating the annual δ18O data only. However, the seasonal isotope signal has not yet to be investigated in 17 northern Greenland, e.g. at the NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) ice core drill site. Here we analyze 18 seasonally resolved δ18O data from four shallow NEEM ice cores covering the last 150 years. Based on 19 correlation analysis with observed temperature, we attribute about 70% and 30 % of annual accumulation to 20 summer and winter respectively. The NEEM summer δ18O signal correlates strongly with summer western 21 Greenland coastal temperature and with the first principal component (PC1) of summer δ18O from multiple 22 seasonally resolved ice cores from central/southern Greenland. However, there are no significant correlations 23 between NEEM winter δ18O data and western Greenland coastal winter temperature, or southern/central 24 Greenland winter δ18O PC1. The stronger correlation with temperature during summer and the dominance of 25 summer precipitation skew the annual δ18O signal in NEEM. The strong footprint of temperature in NEEM 26 summer δ18O record also suggests that the summer δ18O record, rather than the winter δ18O record, is a better 27 temperature proxy at the NEEM site. Despite dominant signal of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic 28 Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in the central-southern ice cores data, both NAO and AMO exert weak 29 influences on NEEM seasonal δ18O variations. The NEEM seasonal δ18O is found to be highly correlated with 30 Baffin Bay sea ice concentration (SIC) in satellite observation period (1979-2004), suggesting a connection of 31 the sea ice extent with δ18O at NEEM. NEEM winter δ18O significantly correlates with SIC even for the period 32 prior to satellite observation (1901-1978). The NEEM winter δ18O may reflect sea ice variations of Baffin Bay 33 rather than temperature itself. This study shows that seasonally resolved δ18O records, especially for sites with 34 seasonal precipitation bias such as NEEM, provide a better understanding of how changing air temperature and 35 circulation patterns are associated with the variability of the δ18O records. 36 37 Clim. Past Discuss. , https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-8 Manuscript under review for journal Clim. Past Discussion started: 6 March 2018 c © Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License.
Employment Specialization in the Enlarged European Union

This paper presents the evolution of absolute employment specialization along the course of economic growth of EU–25 countries. We focus on the degree to which EU economies concentrate labor force in a few sectors/industries. We use disaggregated statistics classified according to NACE Rev. 1 division (71 sectors) and calculate various synthetic indices measuring the degree of diversification typical for the employment structures of EU15 countries (1970–2004) and ten NewMember States (1995–2004). Using nonparametric and semiparametric estimation techniques, we estimate the relationship between employment specialization and the development level, controlling for the inclusion of additional determinants of the diversification process. The main findings are in line with the trends revealed in analogical empirical studies using industrial data for international samples of countries: also within the enlarged EU there is a tendency towards decreasing absolute specialization of employment at initial phases of growth matched with an upward rising trend after over passing the GDP per capita level of about 16000 US $ (const 2000).
Manual for inspection of sprayers in use and PRITEAF, dedicated software for inspection of sprayers: success tools developed for the inspector’s training process in Spain

Software dedicated to inspection of sprayers in use has been developed with the aim to facilitate the accomplishment of the mandatory requirements from EU Directive for a Sustainable Use of Pesticides, specifically those concerning the inspection of sprayers in use. The software- PRITEAF- has been developed according to the European standards EN 13790 concerning mandatory inspection of sprayers in use and it is ready to be used not only for inspectors among all the EU members but also for training purposes all over the world. The software is ready to be on line –after minor arrangements - with the recently approved new international inspection standards ISO 16122, and its main features are: to facilitate the sprayer’s inspection procedure, to manage, storage and transfer all the information to the official bodies in charge of the procedure, and to be used as a support tool to improve the training activities during the process, according the European Directive 2009/128/CE for a Sustainable Use of Pesticides. For this purpose, PRITEAF has been designed for three different types of users: inspection teams, inspection workshops and regional authorities. PRITEAF has been developed using the File Maker Pro package and it is composed of three databases – inspections activities, database on sprayers already inspected, and owners or official responsible for the agricultural activity. The software is completed with specific modules for data acquisition and for generating official reports, files and communications. For its implementation, PRITEAF uses specific hardware (a PC server, a tablet and local Wi-Fi) necessary to ensure proper data collection in the field. After data collection, the software generates an official inspection report and an inspection certificate, as required by law. Using PRITEAF reduces inspection time by 33% compared to traditional sprayer inspection systems. Following its validation, PRITEAF has been made available to regional authorities and inspection workshops across Spain, and is also being used to train all inspection teams in the country. More than 800 inspectors have been officially trained using the developed software, resulting in an interesting tool to improve the daily activities to be executed in all the inspection’s workshops in Europe.
Technological Alliance Networks Analysis under Complex Network Perspective - Case of China's TD-SCDMA Industry

This paper discusses the structure characteristics of Chinas TD-SCDMA industry alliance from complex network perspective. We use the basic two parametersaverage path length and clustering coefficient to do the analysis. Results show that comparing to the different types of complex network, Chinas TD-SCDMA industry alliance has relatively high clustering coefficient and low average path length, implicating the obvious small-world characteristic.
Comparison of the Parents of Children with and without Hearing Loss in Terms of Stress, Depression, and Trait Anxiety

It is hard to claim that the research about long term psychological effects on the parents of children with hearing loss have consistent results. In this sense, the purpose of the study was to compare the parents of children with (n=230) and without (n=230) hearing loss in terms of stress, depression, and trait anxiety symptoms. Assessment tools were Stress Self-Assessment Checklist for stress symptoms, Beck Depression Inventory for depressive symptomatology, and Trait Anxiety Inventory for the symptoms of trait anxiety. The findings of 2 (group) x 2 (gender) Analysis of Variance were in accordance with the assumption documented in the literature: Parents of children with hearing loss, especially the mothers, are at risk for developing psychiatric/psychological symptoms. The results of the research were discussed with a special emphasis on the contradictory findings in the literature and with respect to the social-cultural aspects of having a child with hearing loss. Possible causes of the difference between groups were also taken into account during discussion.
Iron oxide mineralogy in late Miocene red beds from La Gloria , Spain : rock-magnetic , voltammetric and Vis spectroscopy analyses

Free ferric oxides of a red bed series were analyzed by rock-magnetic techniques (IRM component analysis) and by two less traditional methods: visible spectroscopy and voltammetry. All three methods have low limits of detection, making them suited for this type of analysis. The red bed samples studied contained clay minerals, quartz, and calcium carbonate as major constituents. Free Fe oxides occurred at a concentration of 0.3–2.1%, i.e. in the majority of the samples below the detection limit of X-ray powder diffraction. The combination of the employed analytical techniques enabled to characterize the mineralogy of free ferric oxides and to estimate the ratio of goethite and to hematite. This ratio changes substantially within the section that probably indicates paleoclimatic changes. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Electrical and Photovoltaic Properties of Sb-pSi Contact

In the present work, the electrical and photovoltaic properties of Sb-pSi contact were investigated for the first time. Two creditable methods were used to determine the value of barrier height for this contact. Experimental results showed a reasonable agreement with the simple Schottcky-Mott theory. The contact showed good response to white light when it works under bias condition.