Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power spectrum analysis for optical tweezers

The force exerted by an optical trap on a dielectric bead in a fluid is often found by fitting a Lorentzian to the power spectrum of Brownian motion of the bead in the trap. We present explicit functions of the experimental power spectrum that give the values of the parameters fitted, including error bars and correlations, for the best such χ2 fit in a given frequency range. We use these functions to determine the information content of various parts of the power spectrum, and find, at odds with lore, much information at relatively high frequencies. Applying the method to real data, we obtain perfect fits and calibrate tweezers with less than 1% error when the trapping force is not too strong. Relatively strong traps have power spectra that cannot be fitted properly with any Lorentzian, we find. This underscores the need for better understanding of the power spectrum than the Lorentzian provides. This is achieved using old and new theory for Brownian motion in an incompressible fluid, and new results for .
Improvements to the Localized Aviation MOS Program (LAMP) statistical guidance for ceiling height and sky cover

In November 2008, the Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL) of the National Weather Service completed implementation of the Global Forecast System (GFS) based Localized Aviation MOS Program (LAMP) guidance. The LAMP system runs every hour, with hourly forecasts generated out to the 25-h projection. The LAMP product provides short-term guidance focusing on aviation related meteorological variables, and also serves as an update to the GFS-based MOS guidance.
Neighborhood Size and Neighborhood Frequency Effects in Word Recognition

What are the effects of a word's orthographic neighborhood on the word recognition process? Andrews (1989) reported that large neighborhoods facilitate lexical access (the neighborhood size effect). Grainger, O'Regan, Jacobs, & Segui (1989) reported that higher frequency neighbors inhibit lexical access (the "neighborhood frequency effect"). Because neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency typically covary (words with large neighborhoods will usually possess higher frequency neighbors), these findings would seem to contradict one another. In the present study, 6 experiments on the effects of neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency indicated that, at least for low-frequency words, large neighborhoods do facilitate processing. However, the existence of higher frequency neighbors seems to facilitate rather than inhibit processing. The implications of these findings for serial and parallel models of lexical access are discussed. Much of the research on visual word recognition has focused on the issue of lexical access. Consequently, a number of models of the lexical access process have been proposed, each providing a slightly different account of the various factors that affect this process. Consider, for example, the factor that is probably the most studied in this literature—printed-word frequency. The standard finding is that high-frequency words are processed faster than lowfrequency words. In Forster's (1976) serial search model, this effect is explained in terms of a serial-search process. According to the model, the entries in the lexicon are organized according to word frequency. The search for a match between the sensory input and the correct lexical entry proceeds in a serial manner, starting with the closest matching higher frequency entries. Thus, high-frequency words are identified more quickly than low-frequency words by virtue of their order in the search set. Alternatively, in "activation-b ased" models, such as McClelland and Rumelhart's (1981) interactive-activation model, frequency effects are attributed to the higher resting activation
[Effects of daidzein on steroid receptor coactivator-1 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells and the mechanism].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of daidzein in the expressions of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and nuclear receptor corepressor (NcoR) in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. METHODS MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in α-minimal essential medium (α-MEM) containing 2% fetal bovine serum and treated with various concentrations of daidzein (10(-9), 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L) or 17β-estradiol at 10(-8) mol/L for 3 d. The protein levels of SRC-1 and NcoR in MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by Western blotting. Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182780 at 10(-7) mol/L or specific ERα antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP) at 10(-6) mol/L were used to block the corresponding receptors, and then MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with daidzein at 10(-7) mol/L or 10(-5) mol/L for 3 d. SRC-1 and NcoR protein levels were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS The protein levels of SRC-1 increased by 2.5 fold (P<0.05) and 2 fold (P<0.05) by 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L of daidzein respectively, while the NcoR levels were not significantly altered. 17β-Estradiol at dose of 10(-8) mol/L did not affect the expression of SRC-1 but decreased NcoR protein expression by 35% (P<0.05). Compared with the control, daidzein at 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L did not increase SRC-1 expression when ERs were blocked by antagonist ICI182780. Daidzein at 10(-7) and 10(-5) mol/L up-regulated SRC-1 by 1.8 fold (P<0.05) and 2.4 fold (P<0.05) respectively while ERα was blocked by MPP. CONCLUSION Daidzein increases protein level of SRC-1 and the ratio of SRC-1/NcoR. ERβ, instead of ERα, participates in the action of daidzein in regulating SRC-1 expression. Up-regulation of SRC-1 and increase of SRC-1/NcoR are part of the mechanism of the estrogenic effect of daidzein in improving osteogenesis.
A Comparative Survey of VANET Clustering Techniques

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a mobile ad hoc network in which network nodes are vehicles—most commonly road vehicles. VANETs present a unique range of challenges and opportunities for routing protocols due to the semi-organized nature of vehicular movements subject to the constraints of road geometry and rules, and the obstacles which limit physical connectivity in urban environments. In particular, the problems of routing protocol reliability and scalability across large urban VANETs are currently the subject of intense research. Clustering can be used to improve routing scalability and reliability in VANETs, as it results in the distributed formation of hierarchical network structures by grouping vehicles together based on correlated spatial distribution and relative velocity. In addition to the benefits to routing, these groups can serve as the foundation for accident or congestion detection, information dissemination and entertainment applications. This paper explores the design choices made in the development of clustering algorithms targeted at VANETs. It presents a taxonomy of the techniques applied to solve the problems of cluster head election, cluster affiliation, and cluster management, and identifies new directions and recent trends in the design of these algorithms. Additionally, methodologies for validating clustering performance are reviewed, and a key shortcoming—the lack of realistic vehicular channel modeling—is identified. The importance of a rigorous and standardized performance evaluation regime utilizing realistic vehicular channel models is demonstrated.
Experimental Studies on Confinement Effect of Steel Hoops in Concrete Columns

This experimental study investigates the distribution of stress and strain of a concrete column section under cyclic loads. The seismic behavior of the specimens under different loading paths and axial load levels was examined by testing four reinforced concrete frame column specimens without an effective concrete cover under constant axial compressive and cyclic lateral loading. The hoop strains of lateral reinforcement at different column heights under cyclic loading were attained by attaching strain gages along the hoops. The characteristics of strain distribution in the transverse reinforcement also were studied. Results of the testing in conjunction with the cyclic stress-strain relationship of steel and the confining stress and its distribution around the cross section were evaluated. The effect of the confining force of transverse reinforcement on the ductility demand of columns under cyclic loading also is highlighted. Findings show that both the loading path and the axial load level affect the length of the plastic region. The transverse reinforcement provided confining stress both in the compressive and tensile sections prior to crushing of the concrete. The strains in the transverse reinforcement increase rapidly after it yields, and the peak lateral load is achieved. The lateral strain does not decrease until concrete has spalled after the crushing of the concrete. The asymmetric distribution of the confining stress under combined axial force and cyclic bending suggest that the nature of the confining stress distribution should be considered when calculating the movement-curvature relationship of the section.
Liquidity and Closed-End Funds

This paper develops a rational, liquidity-based model of closed-end funds (CEFs) that provides an economic motivation for the existence of this organizational form: they provide a means for investors to buy illiquid securities, without facing the costs associated with direct trading should they later need to liquidate their positions, and without the externalities imposed by the open-end fund structure. Our model explains both the patterns observed in CEF IPO behavior, and the observed behavior of the CEF discount, which results from a tradeoff between the liquidity benefits of investing in the CEF and the fees charged by the fund’s managers. In particular, the model predicts, as observed, that IPOs will occur in waves in certain sectors at a time, that funds will be issued at a premium to net asset value (NAV), and that they will later usually trade at a discount. Finally, calibrating the model leads to our overturning several previously accepted “stylized facts” about the CEF discount. The model predicts that, at the time of an IPO, existing funds in the same sector should be trading at a premium, and that reversion to a discount should typically take several years. These last two predictions contradict the conclusions of prior researchers, who found that (i) CEFs come to the market at a premium at the same time as existing funds are trading at a discount, and (ii) that the reversion from a premium at IPO to a discount is of the order of months. However, their conclusions were the result of looking at the wrong, or non-representative, data. A more careful analysis shows that the model’s predictions are, indeed, correct. JEL classification: G14. ∗aPrinceton University; Haas School of Business, U.C. Berkeley. We gratefully acknowledge helpful comments and suggestions from seminar participants at U.C. Berkeley. We are grateful for financial support from the Fisher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics. Corresponding author: Richard Stanton, Haas School of Business, 545 Student Services Building #1900, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1900, or via email: stanton@haas.berkeley. edu.
So you implanted an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, now what to do with it?

This editorial refers to ‘Long-term follow-up on high-rate cut-off programming for implantable cardioverter defibrillators in primary prevention patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction’ by N. Clementy et al . , on page 968 It is well established that patients with a low ejection fraction, be it ischaemic cardiomyopathy or not, benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy.1,2 Since the hallmark studies, this has been shown repeatedly in real-world studies and in a meta-analysis.3,4 However, this therapy comes with implant-related complications and the psychological strain of shocks, both appropriate and inappropriate.5 Recently, the relation between shocks and mortality has been investigated. The initial question of who to implant with an ICD is closely followed by many others. Single-chamber or dual-chamber pacing (and sensing)? How many zones to programme? Which cut-off rate (and duration to intervention) should be used? What is the benefit or disadvantage of anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP), and how should this be programmed? Finally, which detection intervals and parameters are optimal to treat all important arrhythmias, while avoiding unnecessary and inappropriate shocks. Most of these questions have never been studied systematically. Ventricular pacing can have detrimental effects in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and should be avoided. It is clear now that pacing should be atrial, or at 40 b.p.m. in the ventricle.6 The effects of zone programming have never been studied as such. In MADIT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial) II, programming was left to physician discretion, and both single- and double-chamber devices were used.1 In SCD-HeFT (Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial) only single-chamber devices …
A Distributed Recommender Agent Model based on User's Perspective SVD Technique

This paper proposes a modified centralized recommender technique to be embedded in a software agent. The software agent will act as a cooperative assistant to carry out some tasks on behalf of its user working in the decentralized environment. The historical rating data from other available sources and itself are learned so as to constructing the agent’s prior knowledge at the central server. Knowledge acquisition is accomplished by an eager learning process based on adaptive user’s perspective singular value decomposition (USVD) technique. Subsequent incremental knowledge update according to user’s feedback is maintained by a lazy learning process until some thresholds are reached. Thereby the eager learning process takes over. The overall accumulated knowledge entails the agent to arrive at more accurate recommendations. The processing time for this knowledge maintenance is reduced from polynomial time to constant time. Moreover, the versatility of the proposed model renders it to be applied to sparse knowledge and new-item cold-start problems. This software agent is referred to as a recommender agent.
Second Hand Smoke Exposure and Survival in Early-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Purpose: Second hand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with higher risk of lung cancer. However, the role of SHS in lung cancer survival is not clear. Experimental Design: We examined the association between self-reported SHS exposure before diagnosis and overall survival and recurrence-free survival in 393 early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer patients. SHS exposure was analyzed by both duration and location of exposure using log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for covariates including pack-years of smoking. Results: The median follow-up time was 66 months (range, 0.2-140 months). There were 135 recurrences and 213 deaths. The 5-year overall survival rates were 71% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 62-81%], 61% (51-72%), 49% (38-60%), and 47% (37-58%), respectively, for patients with the lowest to highest quartile of SHS exposure durations (P < 0.001, log-rank test), with the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of 1.57 (95% CI, 1.02-2.41) for the highest versus lowest quartile of SHS exposure durations (Ptrend = 0.04). For different SHS exposure locations, a stronger association was found for SHS exposure at work (AHR of the highest versus lowest quartile, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.12-2.61; Ptrend = 0.03) than for exposure at home (AHR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.86-1.86; Ptrend = 0.20) or leisure places (AHR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.83-1.95; Ptrend = 0.16). Similar associations were observed when SHS exposure durations were dichotomized into two or three groups and between SHS exposure and recurrence-free survival. Conclusions: SHS exposure is associated with worse survival in early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer patients, especially for SHS exposure at the work.
An effective IP algorithm for active IR thermographs: detecting defects metallic stuffs

In metal objects, identifying defects using thermography image and fixing the defective area in the original image are two most important processes. Though many researches have been proposed for the identification of cracks or holes in the system, and marked only in the thermography image, but not in the original image. By overcoming these drawbacks, here a new technique to identify the defective region in the thermography image and for locating the defective part in the original image was proposed. For identification of defective part in the thermography image colour segmentation process is used and genetic algorithm is used for fixing the defective region in the original image. This enables easy identification of the affected part in the system. The proposed methodology is compared with PSO technique and the method is simulated and tested using different thermographs. Then the performance of the system is analysed using the obtained results. The obtained results show that our technique accurately identifies the cracks or holes in the system and fixes the defective part in the original image.
Automatic Integration of Ecore Functionality into Java Code

Modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung erlaubt schnelleres und vereinfachtes Entwickeln von Software durch das Bereitstellen einer hoheren Abstraktionsebene als Code. Modellgetriebene Programme generieren Code oft teilweise oder vollstandig mithilfe von Modellen. Aus diesem Grund benotigt man ein geeignetes Modell, um modellgetriebene Prozesse verwenden zu konnen. Das Eclipse Modeling Framework bietet das sogenannte Ecore Metametamodell, welches das Erstellen von Metamodellen ermoglicht, die fur modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung genutzt werden konnen. Mithilfe des Eclipse Modeling Frameworks ist es moglich, Java Code zu generieren. Dieser generierte Code folgt spezifischen Mustern. Zum Beispiel unterscheidet er fur jede Klasse zwischen Schnittstelle und Implementierung. Viele Programme sind auf diese spezifischen Muster angewiesen und konnen deshalb nur mit Java Code verwendet werden, welcher diese Muster enthalt. Das ist ublicherweise Code, der mithilfe eines Ecore Metamodells generiert wurde. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir einen Ansatz fur die automatische Integration von Ecore Funktionalitat in Java Code vor. Dieser Ansatz ermoglicht die Verwendung von Ecore-abhangigen Programmen mit existierendem Java Code. Um die Integration von Ecore Funktionalitat zu ermoglichen, entwickelt diese Arbeit einen Ansatz fur die Extraktion von Ecore Metamodellen aus Java Code. In ihrem Zentrum steht eine Abbildung von Elementen des impliziten Java Metamodells auf Elemente des Ecore Metametamodells. Diese Extraktion kann unabhangig von der Integration von Ecore Funktionalitat als Reverse Engineering Programm verwendet werden. Wir erbringen einen Nachweis fur die Korrektheit unseres Ansatzes, indem wir Ecore Funktionalitat in zwei Java Projekte integrieren und auf diese dann eine Modelltransformation anwenden, was zuvor nur auf Code, der aus Ecore Metamodellen generiert wurde, moglich war.
Wideband multifunction array architectures using wavelength-scaled radiating elements

There has been a significant increase in developing multifunction wideband arrays to consolidate the large number of narrowband reflector antennas on US Navy ships. However, the use of conventional methods results in a need for an extremely large number of radiating elements to populate these arrays resulting in a complex and costly multifunction array. We propose architectures that use wavelength-scaled arrays in combination with asymmetrical distribution of arrays to reduce the number of radiating elements by more than a factor of two as well as ease bandwidth requirements. Additionally, a combination of rectangular and square apertures is used, where possible to help further reduce the number of simultaneous beams from any section of the full array. These proposed architectures are capable of providing eight different beams from a single wideband multifunction array.
Haploid Plants from Pollen Grains

A method is presented by which hundreds of haploid plants of various species of Nicotiana can be raised from pollen grains. Stamens should be excised when pollen grains have been individualized, but are still uninucleate and free of starch. When grown in vitro on a relatively simple medium, some pollen grains proliferate into embryo-lik�, structures which develop in stages similar to those of zygotic embryos. The plantlets mature and flower profusely, but do not set seed.
Pretransplant Dialysis Duration and Risk of Death After Kidney Transplantation in the Current Era

Background Although longer pretransplant dialysis has been associated with poor kidney transplant outcome, no data about this association exist from the current era or from Europe. We studied the association of pretransplant dialysis duration on outcomes after kidney transplantation across two different time periods. Methods All recipients of first kidney transplantation between 1990 and 2010 in Finland were included (N=3,105) in this observational follow-up study of an inception cohort. The association of the duration of pretransplant dialysis with patient and graft survival after transplantation was analyzed with multivariable Cox regression and competing risk analyses. The association of pretransplant dialysis duration with the risk of specific causes of death (cardiovascular, infectious, or other) was analyzed using competing risk analysis. Results Longer duration of pretransplant dialysis was an independent risk factor for patient death after transplantation (risk ratio [RR] 1.14 per 1-year increase) in the whole study population, but not for graft loss. Risk of death was increased in patients with greater than 12 months of pretransplant dialysis. After further adjustment in patients transplanted in 2000 to 2010, longer duration of dialysis remained an independent risk factor (RR 1.23 per 1-year increase). Longer duration of dialysis was an independent predictor of death resulting from cardiovascular diseases (RR 1.14 per 1-year increase), but not for other causes. Conclusions The risk of death associated with longer duration of dialysis has not decreased over time, but remains an independent predictor of patient death after kidney transplantation because of increased risk of death resulting from cardiovascular diseases.
Doha Round of WTO and the Rice Sector of Pakistan

This study evaluates the impacts of the trade liberalization under Doha Round on basmati rice in Pakistan using a partial equilibrium model. Price integration analysis shows that there is a stable long-run relationship between farm gate price and wholesale price and between wholesale price and world price of basmati and non-basmati rice. Direction of influence is from world price to wholesale price and from wholesale price to farm gate price. The welfare analysis indicates a net welfare gain for the nation as a whole under the Doha Round agricultural trade liberalization.