Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can perceivers recognise emotions from spontaneous expressions?

ABSTRACT Posed stimuli dominate the study of nonverbal communication of emotion, but concerns have been raised that the use of posed stimuli may inflate recognition accuracy relative to spontaneous expressions. Here, we compare recognition of emotions from spontaneous expressions with that of matched posed stimuli. Participants made forced-choice judgments about the expressed emotion and whether the expression was spontaneous, and rated expressions on intensity (Experiments 1 and 2) and prototypicality (Experiment 2). Listeners were able to accurately infer emotions from both posed and spontaneous expressions, from auditory, visual, and audiovisual cues. Furthermore, perceived intensity and prototypicality were found to play a role in the accurate recognition of emotion, particularly from spontaneous expressions. Our findings demonstrate that perceivers can reliably recognise emotions from spontaneous expressions, and that depending on the comparison set, recognition levels can even be equivalent to that of posed stimulus sets.
The bidirectional relation of emotion perception and social judgments: the effect of witness’ emotion expression on perceptions of moral behaviour and vice versa

ABSTRACT The present research tested the notion that emotion expression and context perception are bidirectionally related. Specifically, in two studies focusing on moral violations (N = 288) and positive moral deviations (N = 245) respectively, we presented participants with short vignettes describing behaviours that were either (im)moral, (in)polite or unusual together with a picture of the emotional reaction of a person who supposedly had been a witness to the event. Participants rated both the emotional reactions observed and their own moral appraisal of the situation described. In both studies, we found that situational context influenced how emotional reactions to this context were rated and in turn, the emotional expression shown in reaction to a situation influenced the appraisal of the situation. That is, neither the moral events nor the emotion expressions were judged in an absolute fashion. Rather, the perception of one also depended on the other.
Diabetes Management and Metabolic Control in School-Age Children With Type 1 Diabetes

This study investigated the effect of mother's coping resources, cognitive resources, family stress, and demographic variables on diabetes management and the mediating role of diabetes management on metabolic control among children with diabetes. Mothers (N = 59) completed self-report measures. HbA1c was obtained from the medical records. Although cognitive resources, coping resources, and family stress accounted for 30% of the variance in diabetes management, the hypothesis of mediation was not supported. The only significant predictor of HbA1c was African American race/ethnicity. The findings identify modifiable targets for practice and highlight the increased risk for poor metabolic control for minority children.
Shaping Student Affairs Leadership Through Global Perspectives

A unique professional development program took place for senior student affairs officers at The University of Salamanca (Spain) in June 2005. Participants had firsthand experiences with studying abroad and had opportunities to exchange ideas and perspectives with professionals from a variety of institutions from within and outside of the United States. This article will describe the purpose of the Institute, the workshops presented, and the learning outcomes attained. By examining the answers to those questions, a variety of themes emerged clarifying the participants’ learning outcomes and potential applications of how to use those new perspectives. Invited Article.
Antihypertensive and Antiproteinuretic Effects of Losartan in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Chronic Renal Failure

To assess the chronic antihypertensive and renal protective effects of losartan, a specific angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in the remnant kidney model of chronic renal failure, we administered losartan alone or in combination with enalapril, for 14 days to 5/6-nephrectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Eight-week-old SHR underwent 5/6 nephrectomy. One week after the operation, low-dose or high-dose losartan alone (1 or 10mg/kg/day), or a combination of high-dose losartan and enalapril (6 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally via an osmotic minipump for 14 days. Low-dose Losartan only slightly attenuated the increase in blood pressure. High dose losartan completely blocked the increase in blood pressure throughout the experiment. Simultaneous administration of enalapril did not modify the antihypertensive effects of losartan. Furthermore, high-dose losartan with enalapril, and low- dose or high-dose losartan alone significantly decreased urinary protein excretion to the same extent. These effects were sustained for the entire experiment and were not associated with any significant changes in body weight, fluid intake, urine volume, urinary electrolyte excretion, or serum creatinine. These results suggest that losartan might have a renal protective effect independent of its systemic antihypertensive action. In addition, they suggest that the antihypertensive and renoprotective effects of ACE inhibitors in this rat model are mainly due to inhibition of angiotensin II production rather than to stimulation of the kallikrein-kinin system or the vasodilator prostaglandins. (Hypertens Res 1994; 17: 173-178)
Cardiorespiratory and Biomechanical Responses to Simulated Recreational Horseback Riding in Healthy Children

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of cardiorespiratory and pelvic kinematic responses to simulated horseback riding (SHBR) and to characterize responses to SHBR relative to walking in apparently healthy children. Method: Fifteen healthy children (Mage = 9.5 ± 2.6 years) completed SHBR on a commercially available simulator at low intensity (0.27 Hz) and high intensity (0.65 Hz) during 3 sessions on different occasions. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and respiratory gases were measured at rest and during steady-state exercise at both intensities. Pelvic displacement was measured during steady-state exercise. Rate of energy expenditure, mean arterial pressure, and rate pressure product (RPP) were calculated. Participants also walked on a treadmill for 26.8 m/min to 80.5 m/min in 13.4-m/min increments at 0% grade during 1 session to compare cardiorespiratory responses with those of SHBR. Results: Physiological variables across all 3 SHBR sessions were similar at both intensities (p>.05 for all). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variation indicate good to modest reliability of cardiorespiratory measures during SHBR (ICCs = .542–.996 for oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and RPP). Cardiorespiratory variables, except for HR, were 2% to 19% greater, and pelvic displacement was up to 37% greater with high-intensity riding. Treadmill walking at all speeds elicited greater physiological responses compared with SHBR (p < .05). Conclusion: Cardiorespiratory responses and pelvic kinematics are reproducible with SHBR in young children, and these responses were lower than those elicited by slow treadmill walking.
Predicting death and disability, is it really possible? A medical ICU prognostication model study.

Critical Care Medicine www.ccmjournal. org 2449 9. Safar P: Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: A review. Circulation 1986; 74:IV138–IV153 10. Adhiyaman V, Adhiyaman S, Sundaram R: The Lazarus phenomenon. J R Soc Med 2007; 100:552–557 11. Bray JG Jr: The Lazarus phenomenon revisited. Anesthesiology 1993; 78:991 12. Sheth KN, Nutter T, Stein DM, et al: Autoresuscitation after asystole in patients being considered for organ donation. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:158–161 13. Cho YW, Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, et al: Transplantation of kidneys from donors whose hearts have stopped beating. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:221–225 14. Boucek MM, Mashburn C, Dunn SM, et al; Denver Children’s Pediatric Heart Transplant Team: Pediatric heart transplantation after declaration of cardiocirculatory death. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:709–714 15. Hornby K, Hornby L, Shemie SD: A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1246–1253
Top 10 Research Questions Related to Assessing Physical Activity and Its Contexts Using Systematic Observation

Numerous methods are available to assess physical activity (PA) but systematic observation (SO) excels in being able to provide contextually rich data on the setting in which the activity occurs. As SO is particularly useful for determining how activity is influenced by the immediate physical and social environments, its use is becoming more popular. Observation tools have the advantages of flexibility, high internal validity, low inference, and low participant burden, while their disadvantages include the need for careful observer training and recalibration, inaccessibility to certain environments, and potential participant reactivity. There is a need for both scientists and practitioners to have additional information on observation techniques and systems relative to making environmental and policy decisions about PA, and in this article, we describe concepts and identify questions related to using SO in researching PA behavior. We present 10 general questions in 3 sections, including those related to: (a) ensuring data accuracy through the selection of the most appropriate methodological protocols; (b) investigating PA in school settings, including physical education, recess, and other programs; and (c) investigating PA in community settings (e.g., parks, recreation centers, youth and adult sport programs) and homes.
Physical Activity of Older People: An Investigation of a Retirement Center in Olomouc, Czech Republic

This study provides a look into the physical activities of the older people in Chválkovice, a retirement and senior center in Olomouc, Czech Republic. Three main topics or purposes emerged during this study. First, there is very little data or studies concerning physical activities in retirement homes or nursing homes. This study helps to provide more information in this area. A second purpose of this study was to better document the levels of physical activity of the older generation in Olomouc. A third purpose was to record the reasons these older adults attend the exercise classes available. This may provide professionals or family members some suggestions to motivate the older adult to get more physically active. We administered the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and found that 51% of the independent residents are categorized as having a low physical activity level, 45% moderate, and 3.4% high. A questionnaire was developed to discover the motivations for attending the physical activity classes. As a result of this questionnaire we concluded that retirement centers can help the older adult age successfully and remain active by focusing on group activities that are enjoyable and have health benefits.
Comparative technoeconomic analysis of a softwood ethanol process featuring posthydrolysis sugars concentration operations and continuous fermentation with cell recycle

Economical production of second generation ethanol from Ponderosa pine is of interest due to widespread mountain pine beetle infestation in the western United States and Canada. The conversion process is limited by low glucose and high inhibitor concentrations resulting from conventional low‐solids dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Inhibited fermentations require larger fermentors (due to reduced volumetric productivity) and low sugars lead to low ethanol titers, increasing distillation costs. In this work, multiple effect evaporation (MEE) and nanofiltration (NF) were evaluated to concentrate the hydrolysate from 30 g/l to 100, 150, or 200 g/l glucose. To ferment this high gravity, inhibitor containing stream, traditional batch fermentation was compared with continuous stirred tank fermentation (CSTF) and continuous fermentation with cell recycle (CSTF‐CR). Equivalent annual operating cost (EAOC = amortized capital + yearly operating expenses) was used to compare these potential improvements for a local‐scale 5 MGY ethanol production facility. Hydrolysate concentration via evaporation increased EAOC over the base process due to the capital and energy intensive nature of evaporating a very dilute sugar stream; however, concentration via NF decreased EAOC for several of the cases (by 2 to 15%). NF concentration to 100 g/l glucose with a CSTF‐CR was the most economical option, reducing EAOC by $0.15 per gallon ethanol produced. Sensitivity analyses on NF options showed that EAOC improvement over the base case could still be realized for even higher solids removal requirements (up to two times higher centrifuge requirement for the best case) or decreased NF performance. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 31:946–956, 2015
Taking Control of Alzheimer's Disease: A Training Evaluation

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate a training program for persons with early-stage Alzheimer's disease and their care partners. Care partners were mailed two surveys, one for themselves and one for the person with dementia. Domains covered in the training included an overview of cognitive disorders, treatment of symptoms including medications, research updates and opportunities, memory and safety enhancement techniques, legal and financial planning, driving, ways to stay active, becoming an advocate, and communication. The results indicate a high level of participant satisfaction and impact on current lifestyles. Lifestyle changes such as diet, physical and mental exercises were likely to be made in tandem, by the person with dementia and the care partner together. Further, the results provide insights into the perceptions of the care partners and the persons with dementia as they learn about the disease and live through its progression. The program had positive impacts for the person with dementia and for the care partner in increasing knowledge of Alzheimer's disease, providing comfort with sharing the diagnosis, personal planning, and in decision making. Although many had taken important decision-making actions prior to the training, an additional twenty percent prepared or revised their wills, health care proxies, durable powers of attorney, or medical directives and looked into asset protection after participating in the training.
Diaphragm Motor Units and Their Response to Altered Use

Conditions that result in diaphragm muscle fatigue (that is, an inability to sustain a required or expected level of force) or weakness (that is, an inability to generate a required or expected level of force) can have serious clinical consequences, especially if the muscle is rendered ineffective as a ventilatory pump. As in other skeletal muscles, it is likely that the strength and fatigue resistance of the diaphragm adapt or maladapt in response to altered use. This plasticity of the diaphragm may be very important in determining the pathophysiology of certain diseases and for the design of effective therapies. For example, in diseases that impose chronic mechanical loads on breathing (such as emphysema, asthma, sleep apnea syndrome) adjustments in diaphragm neuromotor control might occur, causing the muscle to become weaker or more susceptible to fatigue. In situations that require long-term maintenance of patients on mechanical ventilation (reduced activity), structural and functional maladaptations of the diaphragm might also occur. Clearly, it is important clinically to identify any adaptations of the diaphragm to altered use. With regard to the design of effective therapies, two apparently conflicting therapeutic strategies have been proposed to improve diaphragm endurance in patients: (1) Ventilatory muscle endurance training, and (2) ventilatory muscle rest (nocturnal mechanical ventilation to allow recovery from chronic fatigue). An understanding of how the diaphragm adapts to chronic ventilatory loads and inactivity is essential for ascertaining the effectiveness of such therapies.
A Review of Interprofessional Dissemination and Education Interventions for Recognizing and Managing Dementia

The number of individuals with dementia is expected to increase dramatically over the next 20 years. Given the complicated clinical, sociobehavioral, and caregiving skills that are needed to comprehensively assess and manage individuals with dementia, the gold standard of care requires involvement of interprofessional teams. This systematic review examined 4,023 abstracts, finding 18 articles from 16 studies where an interprofessional dissemination program was performed. Most studies found some improvement in clinician knowledge or confidence, or patient outcomes, though methods and patient and clinician populations were disparate. Although a significant evidence base for assessing and managing individuals with dementia has been developed, few studies have examined how to disseminate this research, and even fewer in an interprofessional manner. These findings suggest that greater emphasis needs to be placed on disseminating existing evidence-based care and ensuring that programs are interprofessional in nature so that excellent, patient-centered care is provided.
Tell Me Your Life: Including Life Stories in an Adult Development and Aging Course

The goals of this study were to determine the learning impact of an assignment that consisted of interviewing and analyzing older people’s life stories, and to explore how the assignment was evaluated by students. Participants in the study were 122 first-year social education students enrolled in an adult development and aging course. They evaluated the assignment using an eight-adjective questionnaire and were asked about the benefits of the task. Their answers to the questionnaire were then reviewed using content analysis. The results indicated that marks on the life story assignment predicted marks on an exam about basic course concepts. Students considered that the assignment was interesting, useful, and integrated into the course, although most of them also thought that it was very time-consuming. They identified benefits related to the explicit goals of the course (improvement in the learning of developmental concepts, the acquisition of research-related skills, and the deactivation of aging stereotypes) and personal, growth-related benefits. The authors discuss the difficulties posed by the assignment and its usefulness as a complement to more traditional, lecture-based teaching methods in adult development and aging courses.
Who Is Likely to Commit to a Career With Older Adults?

Gerontology, as an academic discipline, provides professionals with the conceptual knowledge and the skills necessary to address the complexities of working with a diverse aging population. We know little about what attracts professionals to the aging field and what maintains commitment to these careers. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of career motivation, job satisfaction, anxiety about aging, and professional identity in relation to career commitment among those working with older adults. Participants (N = 756) were recruited through organizations and institutions serving older adults and responded to an online survey. Participants’ motivation for working with older adults, level of job satisfaction, and exposure to formal gerontological education significantly predicted career commitment. In addition, aging anxiety mediated the relationship between job satisfaction and career commitment. This study sheds lights on perspectives of professionals working with older adults and highlights areas for future gerontological research and training.
Persistence of Neuropsychological Deficits Following Pediatric Critical Illness

Objective:To study 12-month persistence of neuropsychological deficits in PICU survivors. Design:Prospective follow-up study. Setting:Two PICUs. Participants:Children 5–16 years old with neuropsychological deficits 3–6 months following PICU care for meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and other critical illnesses (excluding other primary neurological disorders). Interventions:None. Measurements and Main Results:Neuropsychological function was assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, the Children’s Memory Scale, and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence or Wide Range Intelligence Test. Forty-seven of 88 PICU admitted children (53%) were identified as neuropsychologically impaired 3–6 months after discharge; of these, 23 provided 12-month follow-up data. In spite of significant improvements in measures of memory, there was little change in intelligence quotient and visual attention over the study period, and children’s educational progress remained below expectation. Conclusions:We found persistently reduced neuropsychological function following PICU admission in the critical illnesses under study.
An Observational Study of Decision Making by Medical Intensivists

Objectives:The ICU is a place of frequent, high-stakes decision making. However, the number and types of decisions made by intensivists have not been well characterized. We sought to describe intensivist decision making and determine how the number and types of decisions are affected by patient, provider, and systems factors. Design:Direct observation of intensivist decision making during patient rounds. Setting:Twenty-four-bed academic medical ICU. Subjects:Medical intensivists leading patient care rounds. Intervention:None. Measurements and Main Results:During 920 observed patient rounds on 374 unique patients, intensivists made 8,174 critical care decisions (mean, 8.9 decisions per patient daily, 102.2 total decisions daily) over a mean of 3.7 hours. Patient factors associated with increased numbers of decisions included a shorter time since ICU admission and an earlier slot in rounding order (both p < 0.05). Intensivist identity explained the greatest proportion of variance in number of decisions per patient even when controlling for all other factors significant in bivariable regression. A given intensivist made more decisions per patient during days later in the 14-day rotation (p < 0.05). Female intensivists made significantly more decisions than male intensivists (p < 0.05). Conclusions:Intensivists made over 100 daily critical care decisions during rounds. The number of decisions was influenced by a variety of patient- and system-related factors and was highly variable among intensivists. Future work is needed to explore effects of the decision-making burden on providers’ choices and on patient outcomes.
Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in nasal obstruction in patients with nasal allergy

ABSTRACT It has recently been shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhances vascular permeability and that mast cells produce VEGF, suggesting the involvement of VEGF in allergic diseases. In the present study we quantitatively analyzed VEGF in the nasal lavage fluid of patients with nasal allergy. We performed nasal antigen challenge with Japanese cedar pollen antigen in 10 healthy adult volunteers and in 10 cedar pollen IgE-positive patients with nasal allergy. In all patients with nasal allergy, VEGF and histamine levels in the nasal lavage fluid reached a peak 30 min after antigen challenge, then returned to prechallenge values 2 h after antigen challenge. In these patients, the histamine level increased three-fold, while the VEGF level increased 10-fold. However, in all healthy adult volunteers, VEGF and histamine levels did not increase. A stronger correlation was noted between the ratio of decreased nasal cavity volume and the ratio of increased VEGF levels (R = 0.823; P P