Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Core‐shell particles with glycopolymer shell and polynucleoside core via RAFT: From micelles to rods

Amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized via the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerisation of 2-methacrylamido glucopyranose (MAG) and 5'-O-methacryloyl uridine (MAU). Homopolymerisations of both monomers using (4-cyanopentanoic acid)-4-dithiobenzoate (CPADB) proceeded with pseudo first order kinetics in a living fashion, displaying linear evolution of molecular weight with conversion and low PDIs. A bimodal molecular weight distribution was observed for PMAU at low conversions courtesy of hybrid behavior between living and conventional free radical polymerization. This effect was more pronounced when a PMAG macroRAFT agent was chain extended with MAU, however, in both cases, good control was attained once the main RAFT equilibrium was established. A stability study on PMAU found that its hydrolysis is diffusion controlled, and is accelerated at physiological pH compared with neutral conditions. Self-assembly of four block copolymers with increasing hydrophobic (PMAU) block lengths produced micelles, which demonstrated an increased tendency to form rods as the PMAU block length increased. Interestingly, none of the block copolymers were surface-active. An initial assessment of PMAU's ability to bind the nucleoside adenosine through base pairing was highly promising, with DSC measurements indicating that adenosine is fully miscible in the PMAU matrix.
675-688 He SY.pmd

Toxoplasma gondii is identified as an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects warm blooded animals and humans worldwide. SAG5 protein includes SAG5A, -5B, -5C, -5D, and -5E five subtypes. SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D are expressed on the surface of Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, we used online T-Coffee tool to analyze SAG5 proteins sequence alignment. SMART software was used to predict secondary structures of SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D. The 3D models of SAG5 proteins were constructed and analyzed with SWISS-MODEL server and VMD software. Results indicated that SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D are highly homologous proteins. Furthermore, liner-B cell epitopes and Th-cell epitopes of the four proteins were predicted using DNAMAN software and Epitope Database online service. The bioinformatics analysis of SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D proteins could provide valuable information on prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis. In addition, the four genes were obtained by PCR and inserted into an eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1 respectively. Identified by restriction enzyme digestion, the four recombinant plasmids were transfected into HEK 293-T cells and tested by RT-PCR. Results showed that the constructed plasmids were all transfected to HEK 293-T cells successfully.
Synthesis of O-Alkyl D-Xylitols with Potential Luquid-Crystalline Properties 1

Abstract A general synthetic approach to enantiomerically pure x-O-alkyl-D-xylitols has been developed from D-xylose. These products provide access to new thermotropic liquid crystals. 1. Presented at the XVIIIth International Carbohydrate Symposium, Milan, Italy, July 21-26 (1996).
Adaptive Aggregated Attention Network for Pulmonary Nodule Classification

Lung cancer has one of the highest cancer mortality rates in the world and threatens people’s health. Timely and accurate diagnosis can greatly reduce the number of deaths. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis system is extremely important. The existing methods have achieved significant performances on lung cancer diagnosis, but they are insufficient in fine-grained representations. In this paper, we propose a novel attentive method to differentiate malignant and benign pulmonary nodules. Firstly, the residual attention network (RAN) and squeeze-and-excitation network (SEN) were utilized to extract spatial and contextual features. Secondly, a novel multi-scale attention network (MSAN) was proposed to capture multi-scale attention features automatically, and the MSAN integrated the advantages of the spatial attention mechanism and contextual attention mechanism, which are very important for capturing the salient features of nodules. Finally, the gradient boosting machine (GBM) algorithm was used to differentiate malignant and benign nodules. We conducted a series of experiments on the Lung Image Database Consortium image collection (LIDC-IDRI) database, achieving an accuracy of 91.9%, a sensitivity of 91.3%, a false positive rate of 8.0%, and an F1-score of 91.0%. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods with respect to accuracy, false positive rate, and F1-Score.
Adversarial Robustness of AI Agents Acting in Probabilistic Environments

—As machine learning systems become more pervasive in safety-critical tasks, it is important to carefully analyze their robustness against attack. Our work focuses on developing an extensible framework for verifying adversarial robustness in machine learning systems over time, leveraging existing methods from probabilistic model checking and optimization. We present preliminary progress and consider future directions for verifying several key properties against sophisticated, dynamic attackers.
Rapid and High-resolution Imaging of Lumpectomy Margins Using Deep Ultraviolet Fluorescence Scanning Microscopy

Background: Re-excision rates for women with invasive breast cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery (BCS or lumpectomy) have decreased in the past decade but remain substantial. This is mainly due to the inability to efficiently and accurately assess the entire surface of an excised lumpectomy specimen during surgery. To address this problem, a deep-ultraviolet scanning fluorescence microscope (DUV-FSM) imaging system was developed and evaluated to determine whether it could accurately detect cancer cells on the surface of excised breast tissue.Methods: 37 (22 malignant and 15 normal/benign) fresh breast tissue samples of variable size were stained in propidium iodide and eosin Y solutions. A set of fluorescence images were obtained from one side of each sample using low magnification (4x) and fully automated scanning. The images from each sample were stitched to form a color image. Routine histopathology was performed on each sample. Three non-medical inspectors were trained to interpret and assess the fluorescence images. Patch-level nuclear-cytoplasm ratio (N/C) was calculated and ROC analysis with the Youden index was used for tissue classification. Results: DUV-FSM images a breast sample with subcellular resolution at a speed of 1.0 minute/cm2. DUV images show excellent visual contrast in color, tissue texture, cell density and shape between invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and their normal counterparts. Visual interpretation of DUV images was able to distinguish invasive carcinoma from normal/benign samples with high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (94.4%). Pairwise comparison of patch-level N/C identified significant differences (p<0.001) between normal and malignant samples. Using N/C alone was able to differentiate invasive carcinoma from normal breast tissues at the patch-level, with reasonable sensitivity (81.3%) and specificity (79.2%). Conclusions: DUV-FSM is a simple device that can rapidly image large, unprocessed breast specimens with subcellular resolution and excellent contrast which allows either visual or quantitative detection of invasive cancer cells on the surfaces of a surgical specimen. This study supports further investigation into whether this technology can be used for intraoperative assessment of surgical margins during BCS procedures.
Effect of Operating Conditions in Atmospheric Freeze Drying of Carrot Particles in a Pulsed Fluidized Bed

Drying kinetics and shrinkage of carrot particles during atmospheric freeze drying in a pulsed fluidized bed were studied by using a 24 factorial statistical design as a function of particle size (6 mm × 6 mm × 1.5 mm and 6 mm × 6 mm × 3 mm), freezing rate (slow and quick), air temperature (−15 and −5°C), and type of energy supply (convective and convective with infrared radiation). Then, a programmed air temperature was applied, namely, −15°C during the first 5 or 6.5 h, followed by either 0 or 5°C. The results were compared with those obtained by vacuum freeze drying at constant temperature throughout the process. An important reduction in drying time was obtained by using higher air temperature in the second stage of the drying process.
Toward Controlling the Formation, Degradation Behavior, and Properties of Hydrogels Synthesized by Aza-Michael Reactions

The aza-Michael reaction of amino-functionalized polymers with acrylate and acrylamide crosslinkers for the formation of hydrogels is investigated. It is studied how far the reaction conditions (pH value, chemical structures of the compounds involved) influence the crosslinking and degradation rate of the gels. When crosslinking the polymer poly(1-glycidylpiperazine), high pH values lead to fast crosslinking. Fast degradation of β-aminoester crosslinks is observed when acrylate crosslinkers are used due to a neighboring group effect. With acrylamide crosslinkers, hydrolytically stable gels are formed, in which the shear moduli and swelling ratio can be adjusted and in which the extracts show no toxic effect on primary human fibroblasts, making them a promising material for biotechnological applications.
The Interaction Between Alloyed Molybdenum and Dissolved Bromide in the Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steels

Artificial pit electrodes of types 304 and 316 stainless steels (304SS and 316SS) have been used to determine transition potentials for salt-film formation (E T ) as a function of the anodic limiting current density (i lim ), a procedure introduced by Laycock and Newman. Plots of E T vs log i lim are normally straight lines, and when extrapolated to a current density typical of an initiating pit, provide a model of the pitting potential. NaBr and NaCl solutions were compared using this procedure. It was found that the slope of the E T vs log i lim plot was higher for 316SS than 304SS in chloride solution, but higher for 304SS than 316SS in bromide solution. Thus, in bromide solutions, the anodic kinetics of 304SS and 316SS become the same at an anodic current density of several A/cm 2 . This set of observations can explain the absence of the usual beneficial effect of alloyed Mo on the stable pitting potential in bromide solution. On the other hand, metastable pits, which grow more slowly than stable pits, do show an inhibiting effect of alloyed Mo, in bromide as well as in chloride. The literature on comparative effects of halides on aqueous molybdenum chemistry has been reviewed, but no definite conclusions can be drawn. It is considered unlikely that the possible breakup of large polymolybdates by bromide is the underlying reason for the kinetic effects observed. Complexation of a low oxidation state of Mo is more likely.
The Casein Micelle: Stability And Heat Induced Interactions

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of the solvent on the accuracy of casein micelle particle size determination by DLS at different temperatures and to establish a clear protocol for these measurements. DLS analyses were performed at 6°C, 20°C and 50°C using a 90Plus Nanoparticle Size Analyzer (Brookhaven Instruments, NY). Raw and pasteurized skim milk were used as sources of casein micelles. Simulated milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF), ultrafiltered (UF) water, and permeate obtained by UF of skim milk using a 10KDa cutoff membrane were used as solvents. The pH, ionic concentration, refractive index and viscosity of all solvents were determined. The solvents were evaluated by DLS to ensure that they do not have a significant influence on the results of the particle size measurements. Experimental protocols were developed for the accurate measurement of particle sizes in all solvents and experimental conditions. All measurements had good reproducibility, with coefficients of variance below 5%. Both the solvent and the temperature had a significant effect on the measured effective diameter of the casein micelles. When UF permeate was used as a solvent, the particle size and polydispersity of casein micelles decreased as temperature increased. The effective diameter of casein micelles from raw skim milk diluted with UF permeate was 176.4 ± 5.3 nm at 6°C, 177.4 ± 1.9 nm at 20°C and 137.3 ± 2.7 nm at 50°C. This trend is justified by the increased strength of hydrophobic bonds with increasing temperature. Dilution with water led to micelle hydration, which significantly affected the particle size measurements, especially at 6°C and 20°C. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the most suitable solvent
Remediation of Cd- and Pb-Polluted Soil by Treatment with Organozeolite Conditioner

The present work is part of a study focused on the use of organo-zeolite conditioner to remediate soil polluted by toxic elements. The Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT) was utilized as a component of an organo-mineral sorbent/exchanger soil conditioner with pellet manure (NYT/PM) to reduce the mobility of Cd and Pb and recover plant performance in heavily polluted soils from illegal dumps near Santa Maria La Fossa (Lower Volturno river basin, Campania Region, southern Italy). Pot experiments were performed by adding the NYT/PM mixture (1:1, w/w) to polluted soil at the rates of 0%, 25%, 50% or 75% (w/w). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was used as the test plant. The addition of organo-zeolite NYT/PM mixture significantly reduced the DTPA (diethylene-triamine-pentaaceti c acid)-extractable Cd and Pb from 1.01 and 97.5 mg kg−1 in the polluted soil, to 0.14 and 11.6 mg kg−1, respectively, in the soil amended with 75% NYT/PM. The best plant response was observed in amended soil systems treated with 25% NYT/PM, whereas larger additions induced plant toxicities due to increased soil salinity.
On the potential importance of the gas phase reaction CH3O2 + ClO → ClOO + CH3O and the heterogeneous reaction HOCl + HCl → H2O + Cl2 in “ozone hole” chemistry

We call attention to the great importance of the gas phase reaction ClO + CH3O2 → ClOO + CH3O and the heterogeneous reaction HCl + HOCl → Cl2 + H2O on polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles. These reactions may accomplish the almost complete conversion of HCl into ClOx radicals, thus leading to rapid destruction of ozone.
Marathon

The Classical Review vol. 61 no. 2 © The Classical Association 2011; all rights reserved a demand that obliged offi cials to buy herds, stimulating the growth of a private sector possibly organised on a previous draft animal market, which could demand, as for Athens, to obtain external supplies. It also provided a vast amount of meat for urban consumption. Public, religious and private spheres thus interacted to handle the sacrifi cial market. Chapter 9, ‘Sacred Law’, and Chapter 10, ‘Authority and Value’, consider topics narrowly derived from both previous chapters. Sanctuaries had to regulate all aspects of sacred activities. A body of procedural legislation for rituals was enacted; this had consequences for the shape of the secular law of the polis, whose conditions were related to sanctuaries’ management of the cattle system. For the same reason, sanctuaries’ authority had an important role in the founding of the state, in the evolution of economic systems and in the setting of law: ‘Sanctuaries were frequently the engine of change in the Greek world’ (p. 225). Owing to the regularity and reliability they inspired in sacrifi cial commerce, they also played a key role in the growth of a monetised economy, cattle providing the measure of value, wealth and exchange. Chapter 11 sums up McI. ’s core argument, reaffi rming that cattle habitus was ‘like a marker in the cultural DNA of Greek society’ (p. 241). The book is lucidly written and well argued, analysing an impressive amount of evidence from Neolithic to post-Classical times and drawing on ethnographic comparisons with African peoples to highlight the effects of pastoral culture in the Greek world. Although McI. asserts it is a mistake to equate origin with explanation (p. 9), he does seem to seek a myth of origin by referring to the emergence of cattle habitus in the Neolithic that continued into the Classical period (p. 28). It is true that such a mentalité (pp. 196–7) works in what F. Braudel defi ned as the longue durée. But it appears perhaps more likely, according to McI. ’s own research, that the evolving process of the bovine idiom affecting the Greek world had its beginnings during the later Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. In any case, McI. ’s book will long remain crucial for all those interested in cattle, and it should provoke new debate not only on this subject but also on several related topics.
Time Experience of Selected Institutionalized Adult Clients

Time experiences of 25 selected institutionalized adult clients were studied using the Time Experience Scale. Subject selection criteria were age, ability to comprehend written and oral English, institutionalization, and willingness to participate in the study. The findings suggest that institutionalized adult clients experienced time moving faster as they get older. Meaning, referring to concerns about dying and "attention to death," was found to be more important than past orientation, suggesting that institutionalized older adult clients were concerned about their time experience, its meaning, and influence on death Nursing interventions could be directed toward increasing meaningful and purposeful activities, such as planned reminiscence therapy and reorientation techniques.
Precipitation and surface polymerizations of aniline at different aniline:oxidizer molar ratios

Abstract The oxidative polymerization of aniline was monitored by means of open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements of Pt electrodes immersed in an aqueous acidic medium containing different aniline:oxidizer (ammonium persulfate) molar ratios. Thin polyaniline (PANI) films were formed on the Pt electrode surfaces during the OCP measurements, and they were studied by SEM and cyclic voltammetry in a monomer-free solution at different reaction times. A precipitate also obtained during the polymerization process was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. It is observed that aniline or short oligomeric species are necessary to initiate the growth of a PANI film, which takes place at the first few minutes of the reaction.
Phenomenological Thermodynamic Treatment of Elastically Stressed Ionic Crystals

A phenomenological thermodynamic treatment of multi-component, elastically stressed ionic crystals is presented and the conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium derived using a Gibbsian variational approach. By assuming that (he electrostatic and electronic contributions to the internal energy density are determined by the local electric displacement and the distribution of unassociated charge between the valence and conduction bands, respectively, (metallic) conductors, semiconductors, and insulators can be treated. This approach is compatible with thermodynamic treatments of stressed metallic systems and the structure-element description of ionic crystals
Critical fluctuations and relaxation phenomena in the isotopic blend polystyrene/deuteropolystyrene investigated by small angle neutron scattering

For the isotopic blend of polystyrene (PS) PS/deutero PS (M=106 dalton), the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χ(φ,T) was determined by means of the structure factor S(Q) measured by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). From χ(φ,T), the miscibility gap and the corresponding spinodal line was evaluated with a critical temperature of 130 °C. Decomposition in the miscibility gap is extremely slow due to the critical slowing down and due to a glass transition 30 K below Tc. Furthermore, the transition of the homogeneous blend between two temperatures was investigated by SANS. The interdiffusion constant of the two isotopic species was determined from these experiments. Our results approach the Cahn–Hilliard–Cook theory only in the limit of small wavenumbers of the fluctuations. Three weeks after annealing the sample, demixing was observed in the predicted two‐phase region.
Infrared spectra of high polymers. VI. Polystyrene

The infrared spectrum of polystyrene has been obtained in the region of 70 cm. −1 to 3200 cm. −1. These data, plus Raman scattering data from the literature, are used to make a complete assignment of the normal modes of the polystyrene molecule. The benzene ring modes have been analyzed in detail in terms of C2v symmetry, and a set of normal vibrations has been proposed. On the basis of previous analyses of the benzene and monosubstituted benzenes, and a study of the combination bands, it has been possible to make a fairly satisfactory assignment of all of the benzene ring fundamentals. Assignments of the CH2, CH, and skeletal modes are made on the basis of previous studies of spectra of high polymers. The interpretation of the spectrum is in agreement with other evidence that the chain configuration is a random one, i.e., that the polymer is amorphous.
One‐Center Basis Set SCF MO's. I. HF, CH4, and SiH4

One‐center SCF MO ground‐state wavefunctions are reported for HF, CH4, and SiH4. The molecular orbitals are expressed in terms of Slater‐like functions all centered at a common origin. The basis sets employed contain more than 25 functions including, for the spherical harmonics, values of l up to 3. The results of the calculations here reported, performed by the use of a large electronic computer, refer to the geometrical configurations which, among many others considered, gave the minimum of the total energy.The equilibrium bond length thus determined for HF is 1.728 a.u. with a corresponding value of the energy of — 100.0053 a.u. and of the electric dipole moment of 2.104 D. For CH4 and SiH4 the equilibrium configurations were found to possess tetrahedral symmetry with bond lengths of 2.08 and 2.787 a.u. and energies of — 39.86597 and — 290.1024 a.u. , respectively.The general features and capabilities of the one‐center expansion approach to molecular systems are discussed.
Infrared laser synthesis and properties of magnetic nano-iron–polyoxocarbosilane composites

Nano-magnetic, thermally stable iron-based composites were obtained by a one-step procedure consisting of continuous-wave infrared laser-induced and ethylene-sensitized co-pyrolysis of gaseous iron pentacarbonyl and hexamethyldisiloxane in argon. The simultaneously occurring formation of iron from iron pentacarbonyl and that of organosilicon polymer from hexamethyldisiloxane yield iron nanoparticles surrounded by an organosilicon polymer shell. The particles were characterized by spectral analyses, electron microscopy, thermal gravimetry and magnetic measurements. They become superficially oxidized in the atmosphere. Their composition, thermal behaviour and magnetic properties depend on the flow rates of the precursors and the total pressure of the procedure. Magnetization curves, exchange bias Hex at T = 5 K and AC susceptibility were studied in the temperature range 5–400 K. The values of Hex verified the observed degree of the particle surface oxidation. The system of the iron nanoparticles is in a ferromagnetic blocked state and the temperature dependence of the coercivity and susceptibility is in accord with the transmission electron microscopy data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.