Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tutorial and Survey Paper Power Minimization in IC Design: Principles and Applications

Low power has emerged as a principal theme in today’s electronics industry. The need for low power has caused a major paradigm shift in which power dissipation is as important as performance and area. This article presents an in-depth survey of CAD methodologies and techniques for designing low power digital CMOS circuits and systems and describes the many issues facing designers at architectural, logical, and physical levels of design abstraction. It reviews some of the techniques and tools that have been proposed to overcome these difficulties and outlines the future challenges that must be met to design low power, high performance systems.
Machine Learning for Natural Language Processing

Over the past decade Machine Learning techniques has become an essentialtool for Natural Language Processing. This introductory course will coverthe basics of Machine Learning and present a selection of widely used al-gorithms, illustrating them with practical applications to Natural LanguageProcessing. The course will start with a survey of the main concepts inMachine Learning, in terms of the main decisions one needs to make whendesigning a Machine Learning application, including: type of training (su-pervised, unsupervised, active learning etc), data representation, choice andrepresentation of target function, choice of learning algorithm. This will befollowed by case studies designed to illustrate practical applications of theseconcepts. Unsupervised learning techniques (clustering) will be describedand illustrated through applications to tasks such as thesaurus induction,document class inference, and term extraction for text classiﬁcation. Super-vised learning techniques covering symbolic (e.g. decision trees) and non-symbolic approaches (e.g. probabilistic classiﬁers, instance-based classiﬁers,support vector machines) will be presented and case studies on text clas-siﬁcation and word sense disambiguation analysed in some detail. Finally,we will address the issue of learning target functions which assign struc-tures to linear sequences covering applications of Hidden Markov Modelsto part-of-speech tagging and Probabilistic Grammars to parsing of naturallanguage.
The development of an efficient and secure product entitlement system for Pay-TV in modern attack scenarios

A secure product entitlement system allows one party, such as a pay-TV operator, to broadcast the same collection of information to several receiving parties while only allowing a certain subset of the receiving parties to access the information. This system must still be secure in the scenario where all receiving parties who are not allowed access to the information, pool their resources in an attempt to gain access to the information. Such a product entitlement system must also be bandwidth e cient since it can be deployed in networks where bandwidth is at a premium. The foundations of modern encryption techniques is reviewed and a survey of existing techniques, used to secure content in broadcast environments, is studied. From this collection of techniques two were identi ed as bandwidth e cient and are discussed in more detail before being implemented. An attempt is then made to design a new secure bandwidth e cient encryption scheme for protecting content in a broadcast environment. Several iterations of the design is detailed, including the security aw which makes each design insecure. The nal design was implemented and compared in several metrics to the two previously selected bandwidth e cient schemes. A framework to test the correctness of the schemes over a network is also designed and implemented. Possible future avenues of research are identi ed with regards to creating a secure broadcast encryption scheme and improving the software solution in which to use such a scheme. ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Perspective Displays for Air Traffic Control: Display of Terrain and Weather

In two experiments, 3-dimensional (3D) perspective displays were compared with 2D planar displays for depicting information relevant to two domains that have important 3D components: representation of terrain and of weather. In experiment 1, nine pilots and seven air traffic control (ATC) specialists performed a series of tasks requiring judgments of the trajectory of a lost aircraft (or one requesting assistance) relative to terrain features that were either generic, or simulated the topography around the Las Vegas region. The results revealed a general equivalence of performance between the planar and 3D formats, although there was a tendency on some tasks for lateral judgments to be degraded with the 3D display relative to the planar display. This difference was only shown for the ATC subjects, who had considerable prior experience with the planar format. For both groups, a counterbalanced design allowed us to note an asymmetric transfer effect, such that prior training on the 3D format led to better s.
Streamlining the analysis of accelerometry data to improve understanding of animal behaviour

Ecologists and animal biologists are increasingly using tri-axial (3D) accelerometers to monitor animal’s movements and postures [3][5]. Analysis of these parameters enables the identification of specific animal behaviours and can be used to assist with conservation planning, pest control and species management. However the analysis process is onerous with much of the activity identification step undertaken manually and subjectively. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of new tools to streamline the management, analysis, indexing, querying and visualisation of species accelerometry data. In this paper, we present the Semantic Annotation and Activity Recognition (SAAR) system [1] which supports storing, visualizing, annotating and automatic recognition of tri-axial accelerometer data streams by integrating semantic annotation and visualization services with Support Vector Machine (SVM) techniques. The interactive Web interface enables biologists to visualize and correlate 3D accelerometer data streams with associated video streams. It also enables domain experts to accurately annotate or tag segments of tri-axial accelerometer data streams, with standardized terms from an activity ontology. These annotated data streams can then be used to dynamically train a hierarchical SVM activity classification model, which can be applied to new accelerometer data streams to automatically recognize specific activities.
A MIDDLEWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR INTEGRATING SERVICES ON THE GRID

OF THE THESIS A Middleware Architecture for Integrating Services on the Grid by VIRAJ N. BHAT Thesis Director: Professor Manish Parashar The growth of the Internet and the advent of the computational “Grid” have made it possible to develop and deploy advanced services to support the infrastructure and applications on the Grid. Recent years have also seen the development and deployment of a number of application/domain specific problem solving environments (PSEs) and collaboratories. These systems have evolved in parallel with the Grid and have been built on customized architectures and specialized technologies to meet unique user requirements and support specific user communities. While enabling these systems to share services and capabilities has many advantages, enabling such interoperability presents many challenges. These services typically have customized architectures and implementation, and build on different enabling technologies. In this thesis we present the design, implementation and evaluation of the Grid-enabled “Discover” middleware substrate that enables Grid infrastructure services provided by the Globus Toolkit (security, information, resource management, storage) to interoperate with collaboratory services provided by Discover (collaborative application access, monitoring, and steering). Furthermore, it enables users to seamlessly access
Impact of bursty losses on TCP performance

ImpactofburstylossesonTCPp erformanceEitanAltman,KonstantinAvrachenkov,ChadiBarakatINRIA,2004routedesLucioles,06902SophiaAntipolis,FanceEmail:{altman,kavratch,cbarakat}@sophia.inria. frAbstractInthispap erweanalyzethep erformanceofaTCP-lik ocontrolmechanisminalossyenvironment.Thetransmissionrateinthecontrolschemethatweconsiderhasalineargrowthrate;wheneverlosso ccurs,thetransmissionrateishalved.Thisapproximatesthep erformanceofseveralversionsTCPthatdividetheircongestionwindowbytowhenalossisdetected.Weprop osemathematicalmo delthatallowstoaccountforburstinessinthelosspro cess.Wecomputeexp ectedtransmissionrateanditsmomentsatsomep otentiallossinstants,provideusefulimplicitandexplicitexpressionsfortheLaplaceStieltjisTransform.Thisallowsustocomputeexplicitlythetimeaverageoftransmissionrateaswellasitsmoments. Weshowthatthetimeaverageoftransmissionrateisindeedsensitivetothedistributionoflosses,andnotjustaveragelossrate:forgivenaveragelossrate,weshothatthetimeoftransmissionrateincraseswiththeburstinessoflosses.1Intro ductionFlowcontrolmechanismsintheInternet,particularlythoseofTransmis-sionControlProto col(TCP)[19,24],usethelossofpacketsasanindicationofnetworkcongestion.Ingeneral,thetransmissionratecontrolled oislinearlyincreaseduntilalosso ccurs.Thenetworksupp osedheretob econgestedandthetransmissionrateismultiplicativelydecreasedinordertoalleviatethiscongestion.InTCPasanexample,thetransmissionrateiscon-trolledviaacongestionwindowwhichisincreasedinabsenceoflossesanddecreasedup onlossdetection[24]. Anothersetof owcontrolmechanismsrecentlyintro ducedtomultimediaapplicationsconsistmeasuringthelossrateofpacketsandincontrollingthetransmissionawytob efriendlywithTCPtransfers[15,16]. Explicitexpressionsforthroughputagivenlossrate(e.g.[23])areusedforthispurp ose.Ago o dunderstandingoftheimpactalosspro cessonp erformancea owcontrolmechanismisrequiredforgo o dnetorkandproto coltuning.PreprintsubmittedtoElsevier30May2000
Developing a Morphological Segmenter for Russian

This paper presents an algorithm for developing a morphological segmenter for Russian. The segmenter can find multiple prefixes and suffixes for any given word. Therefore it is more suitable for a highly inflected language than a segmenter that is limited to at most one prefix or suffix. The segmenter requires a small hand segmented corpus to bootstrap from, and a larger unsegmented corpus from which to learn. The algorithm uses trigram probabilities, and Witten-Bell smoothing to predict the correct segmentation of a word. A filtering step is also used to weed out bad segmentations.
Herstellung und Schaltverhalten neuer bismuthaltiger Hochtemperaturpiezokeramiken

Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der tetragonalen Verzerrung auf das Schaltverhalten von Ferroelektrika wurden lanthandotierte Bismutferrit-Bleititanat-Piezokeramiken (BF-PT) mit einer tetragonalen Verzerrung zwischen 1,10 und 1,01 hergestellt und elektrisch, mechanisch und strukturell charakterisiert. Dies schloss temperaturabhangige Messungen der Struktur, der dielektrischen Permittivitat und des piezoelektrischen Koeffizienten ein. Die Messungen zeigten, dass die Tetragonalitat der Kristallstruktur einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften von BF-PT hat. Es konnte ein Schwellenwert bei 1,045 nachgewiesen werden, oberhalb dessen Domanenschalten fast vollstandig unterdruckt ist. Dieser Schwellenwert wurde uber Rayleighmessungen sowie Rontgen- und Neutronenbeugungsmessungen bestatigt. Er besitzt sowohl fur rein elektrische als auch fur rein mechanische Belastung Gultigkeit.
The Study of Rock Art Engravings Through Lithic Technologies: The Villavil 2 Site (Hualfin Valley, Catamarca, Argentina)

ABSTRACT The rock art research related to Late Regional Developments and the Inca Period in Northwest Argentina (NWA) has commonly focused on iconographic, temporal, or significance studies, and little is related to the production context and stone tools used in this process. The following paper contributes to the study of engraving techniques in the northern area of the Hualfín Valley (De Catamarca Province, Argentina), based on the analysis of the operating chains, including the associated lithic materials and their functional determination. Previous analysis identified most of the motifs as figurative zoomorphs, which are related to the Inca Period and have some association with Belén/Santamariana iconography. These images were mainly created by removing part of the rock surface by pounding, and, to a lesser extent, incisions and scraping techniques are also recorded in the production of these petroglyphs. A functional analysis of the associated lithic materials confirms the kinematics employed and their relation in the production process. The analysis carried out also identifies that the artifacts used in this process would have expeditious designs and relatively abrupt working angles.
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Manufacturing and Process Control

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction to Semiconductor Manufacturing. Objectives. Introduction. 1.1. Historical Evolution. 1.2. Modern Semiconductor Manufacturing. 1.3. Goals of Manufacturing. 1.4. Manufacturing Systems. 1.5. Outline for Remainder of the Book. Summary. Problems. References. 2. Technology Overview. Objectives. Introduction. 2.1. Unit Processes. 2.2. Process Integration. Summary. Problems. References. 3. Process Monitoring. Objectives. Introduction. 3.1. Process Flow and Key Measurement Points. 3.2. Wafer State Measurements. 3.3. Equipment State Measurements. Summary. Problems. References. 4. Statistical Fundamentals. Objectives. Introduction. 4.1. Probability Distributions. 4.2. Sampling from a Normal Distribution. 4.3. Estimation 4.4. Hypothesis Testing. Summary. Problems. Reference. 5. Yield Modeling. Objectives. Introduction. 5.1. Definitions of Yield Components. 5.2. Functional Yield Models. 5.3. Functional Yield Model Components. 5.4. Parametric Yield. 5.5. Yield Simulation. 5.6. Design Centering. 5.7. Process Introduction and Time-to-Yield. Summary. Problems. References. 6. Statistical Process Control. Objectives. Introduction. 6.1. Control Chart Basics. 6.2. Patterns in Control Charts. 6.3. Control Charts for Attributes. 6.4. Control Charts for Variables. 6.5. Multivariate Control. 6.6. SPC with Correlated Process Data. Summary. Problems. References. 7. Statistical Experimental Design. Objectives. Introduction. 7.1. Comparing Distributions. 7.2. Analysis of Variance. 7.3. Factorial Designs. 7.4. Taguchi Method. Summary. Problems. References. 8. Process Modeling. Objectives. Introduction. 8.1. Regression Modeling. 8.2. Response Surface Methods. 8.3. Evolutionary Operation. 8.4. Principal-Component Analysis. 8.5. Intelligent Modeling Techniques. 8.6. Process Optimization. Summary. Problems. References. 9. Advanced Process Control. Objectives. Introduction. 9.1. Run-by-Run Control with Constant Term Adaptation. 9.2. Multivariate Control with Complete Model Adaptation. 9.3. Supervisory Control. Summary. Problems. References. 10. Process and Equipment Diagnosis. Objectives. Introduction. 10.1. Algorithmic Methods. 10.2. Expert Systems. 10.3. Neural Network Approaches. 10.4. Hybrid Methods. Summary. Problems. References. Appendix A: Some Properties of the Error Function. Appendix B: Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution. Appendix C: Percentage Points of the chi2 Distribution. Appendix D: Percentage Points of the t Distribution. Appendix E: Percentage Points of the F Distribution. Appendix F: Factors for Constructing Variables Control Charts. Index.
Practice-as-research and the Problem of Knowledge

The ‘problem of knowledge’ has been a topic for debate in the Western philosophical tradition since Plato. Though no wholly uncontested conclusions have yet been reached, a distinctive approach with characteristic criteria and canons of evidence based upon rationality and justification emerged in the seventeenth century to inform the Enlightenment academy. After ideas about the origin and nature of the universe were de-coupled from myth and religion, opinion and belief could no longer suffice where knowledge might be established on more objective grounds. As part of a hierarchy in which he installed knowledge above reasoning, belief and illusion respectively, Plato located the animal drives, passions, emotions and desires in the lowest part of the soul and intellect in the highest part. Plato also opened up a divide between theory and practice. At the beginnings of the Western tradition of thought, the privileging of theory might be traced back to the Theaetetus, in which as Bourdieu formulates it:
Query, analysis, and visualization of multidimensional databases

In recent years, large multidimensional databases, or data warehouses, have become common in a variety of commercial and scientific applications. It is not unusual for these data warehouses to contain billions of tuples, each categorized by tens or hundreds of dimensions. A major challenge with these databases is to extract meaning from the important data they contain: to discover structure, find patterns, and derive causal relationships. A promising technique for the analysis of these multidimensional databases is visualization. To make visualization effective in this context, we need to develop tools that tightly integrate visual presentation and database queries, support interactive refinement of the display, and can visually present a large number of tuples and dimensions. This dissertation introduces a formal approach to building visualization systems that addresses these demands. The foundation of the dissertation is the Polaris formalism, a language for precisely describing a wide range of table-based graphical presentations of relational information. A key aspect of this formal language is the ability to compile visual specifications automatically into the precise queries and drawing commands necessary to generate the display. This ability enables us to design systems that closely integrate analysis and visualization. Using the Polaris formalism, we have built two interactive systems: the Polaris interface and a framework for multiscale visualization. The Polaris interface for the exploration of multidimensional databases extends the popular Pivot Table interface to generate a rich, expressive set of graphic displays. The Polaris interface is simple and expressive because it is built upon the Polaxis formalism. Analysts can incrementally construct complex queries, receiving visual feedback as they assemble and alter the query. The Polaris interface is a generally applicable tool that tightly integrates analysis with visualization. This dissertation also demonstrates how to use the Polaris formalism and data cubes to specify and implement domain specific multiscale (pan-and-zoom) visualizations efficiently. The presented approach to multiscale visualization addresses several limitations in the current approaches by introducing multiple zoom paths into the data and providing general mechanisms
Comparative Macro-microscopic Atlas of Two Aroids Used in Siddha Medicine

Introduction: Amorphophallus paeoniifolius and Colocasia esculenta, two aroids used as a source of food possess various medicinal properties too. The present study is aimed at the macro microscopic comparison of these two species. Methods: The fresh rhizomes of the A. paeoniifolius and C. esculenta were collected from Mettur and market respectively. Detailed macroscopy followed by anatomy and powder characters were studied in accordance to standard pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: The two rhizomes differed morphologically; A. paeoniifolius is larger and blackish brown externally while C. esculenta is lighter in colour with concentric rings of leaf scars. The rhizome transverse section also showed difference in number of cork layers (less in A. paeoniifolius). The inner cork cells contained rosette crystals in A. paeoniifolius (absent in C. esculenta). Raphide bundles of acicular crystals are present in A. paeoniifolius (prismatic crystals in C. esculenta). Starch grains both simple and compound were present in both species but the grains in C. esculenta were comparatively smaller when compared to A. paeoniifolius. Mucilage cells are seen in both rhizomes while latex tube was visible only in A. paeoniifolius. These differences were reflected in the powder microscopy of the two species. Conclusion: The outcomes of the paper provides a crisp and concise information about the detailed macro -microscopy of the two aroid medicinal plant materials.
Pregroup Grammars with Linear Parsing of the French verb phrase

The parsing algorithm for pregroup grammars presented here exploits regularities of types of a pregroup grammar. Sufficient conditions are given for the algorithm to be linear and complete. Its working is illustrated by a grammar which handles unbounded dependencies and agreement with clitics in French. The grammar includes control of the complement of the infinitive by modal and causal verbs.
A finite state machine based format model of software pipelined loops with conditions

This paper addresses the problem of parallelizing loops with conditional branches, in the context of software pipelining. A new formal approach to this problem is proposed, called the predicated Software Pipelining (PSP) model. The PSP model represents execution of a loop with conditional branches as trasitions of a finite state machine Each node of the state machine is composed of operations of one parallelized loop iteration. The rules of operation movements between nodes in the PSP model and discribed. The model represents a new theoritical framework for further investigation of inherent properties of these loops, as well as a basis for novel scheduling techniques.
On the convergent detection of crashed regions in overlay networks

This report presents a distributed service that allows nodes in an overlay network to agree locally on the extent of crashed regions in their neighbourhood. Our service is local is that it only involves nodes in the vicinity of a crashed region. It is convergent as nodes that propose overlapping and hence conflicting regions are forced to reconcile their views before deciding. In this report, we motivate the need for such a service, formally specify its properties, propose an implementation, and prove its correctness. Computing Department Infolab21, South Drive Lancaster University LANCASTER LA1 4WA United Kingdom Tl. : +44 (0) 1524 51 03 38 mail: francois.taiani@comp.lancs. ac.uk
The eMule Protocol Specification

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitle " GNU Free Documentation License " .
Combining and standardizing large- scale, practical ontologies for machine tranlation and other uses

The increasing proliferation of large-scale knowledge bases, used in Computational Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, Databases, and related fields, creates the need for an integrated knowledge framework in which their contents can be related to one another. Over the past few years, the availability of several large-scale symbol taxonomies and axiomatizations (often called Ontologies) has generated considerable interest, mostly for how they can be used to assist with such integration. This paper outlines recent attempt at USC/ISI to create a single large Ontology for general free use over the Web, as performed under the aegis of the ANSI Ad Hoc Committee on Ontology Standardization. Eventually, this socalled Reference Ontology may combine the existing largescale ontologies WordNet, MIKROKOSMOS, EDR, CYC, and SENSUS into a single framework. The paper provides semiautomated cross-ontology concept alignment heuristics and describes their use, operation, and results.