Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of geological and comparative phylogeographic data point to climate, not mountain uplift, as driver of divergence across the Eastern Andean Cordillera

Aim To evaluate the potential role of the orogeny of the Eastern Cordillera (EC) of the Colombian Andes and the Mérida Andes (MA) of Venezuela as drivers of vicariance between populations of 37 tetrapod lineages co-distributed on both flanks, through geological reconstruction and comparative phylogeographic analyses. Location Northwestern South America Methods We first reviewed and synthesized published geological data on the timing of uplift for the EC-MA. We then combined newly generated mitochondrial DNA sequence data with published datasets to create a comparative phylogeographic dataset for 37 independent tetrapod lineages. We reconstructed time-calibrated molecular phylogenies for each lineage under Bayesian inference to estimate divergence times between lineages located East and West of the Andes. We performed a comparative phylogeographic analysis of all lineages within each class of tetrapod using hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation (hABC) to test for synchronous vicariance across the EC-MA. To evaluate the potential role of life history in explaining variation in divergence times among lineages, we evaluated 13 general linear models (GLM) containing up to six variables each (maximum elevation, range size, body length, thermoregulation, type of dispersal, and taxonomic class). Results Our synthesis of geological evidence suggested that the EC-MA reached significant heights by 38–33 million years ago (Ma) along most of its length, and we reject the oft-cited date of 2–5 Ma. Based on mtDNA divergence from 37 lineages, however, the median estimated divergence time across the EC-MA was 3.26 Ma (SE = 2.84) in amphibians, 2.58 Ma (SE = 1.81) in birds, 2.99 Ma (SE = 4.68) in reptiles and 1.43 Ma (SE = 1.23) in mammals. Using Bayes Factors, the hypothesis for a single temporal divergence interval containing synchronous divergence events was supported for mammals and but not supported for amphibians, non-avian reptiles, or birds. Among the six life-history variables tested, only thermoregulation successfully explained variation in divergence times (minimum AICc, R2 0.10), with homeotherms showing more recent divergence relative to poikilotherms. Main conclusions Our results reject the hypothesis of the rise Andean Cordillera as driver of vicariance of lowland population because divergence dates are too recent and too asynchronous. We discuss alternative explanations, including dispersal through mountain passes, and suggest that changes in the climatic conditions during the Pliocene and Pleistocene interacted with tetrapod physiology, promoting older divergences in amphibians and reptiles relative to mammals and birds on an already established orogen.
Modelling the Relationship Between NBA Draft and the Career Longevity of Players Using Generalized Additive Models

Draft is an annual event, which distributes players coming from college and overseas among a pool of eligible teams. Selecting a player in the draft is probably one of the most important decisions for NBA front offices. In this study we examined the relationships between NBA draft order of selection and career longevity between 1978 and 1998 using generalized additive models. Retrospective data of 1091 players selected in the NBA draft from 1978 to 1998 was considered. Data was extracted from the NBA official website (http://stats.nba.com/draft/history/) and from a specialized website in basketball (https://www.basketball-reference.com/). The variables considered for analysis were order of player’s selection pick, years played in the league and the year of the NBA Draft. We assumed the possibility of non-linear patterns in the relations between Draft pick order, career longevity and years of draft selection, hence modeling these variables using a bivariate tensor spline. On average, players selected in the first five picks of the NBA had a longer career (~14 career years). Controlling for draft years, a non-linear trend of career longevity was observed with a decrease in the career longevity from the first pick until the 30th pick, leveling of thereafter. When accounting for draft pick, a non-linear trend was observed for career longevity per draft year. Career longevity increased between 1978 and 1985, leveling between 1985 and 1993 and increasing in the following years until 1998. Overall, the longevity of NBA careers has increased for players selected in the first picks of the NBA drafts of the most recent draft years.
Spatiotemporal Variations of Fine Particulate Organic and Elemental Carbons in Greater Tokyo

Hourly concentrations of fine particulate OC and EC are monitored for more than one year by optical monitors at three sites in and out of Tokyo, Japan. Distances between the sites are 20 to 50 km. SOC concentrations are estimated from the OC and EC concentrations by an EC tracer method. Site A in an industrial site shows higher EC concentrations than site B in a residential area, but differences between the sites are much reduced for OC. Site C in a rural area, where measurements are available in colder months, shows pronounced seasonal variations with high peaks in October and December and characteristic diurnal variations in OC with the highest in the evening in October, due probably to open field burning. Photochemical formation of SOC is suggested but does not rise up so much OC concentrations in summer, which are quite lower than other seasons. A comparison between relative concentrations of EC among the sites and local emissions amounts indicates missing or considerable underestimation of EC emissions near the rural site C. Time lag correlations suggest transport of OC produced by open field burning around site C to site A. These findings would be useful for improving model performances in OC/EC predictions.
Linking Mountain Glacier Retreat and Hydrological Changes in Southwestern Yukon

This study aims to isolate and quantify the role of shrinking glaciers in recent hydrological changes in eight watersheds in the southwestern Yukon (Canada) by using an original dual approach that consists of (i) watershed hydrological regime identification, followed by a trend analysis of discharge time series, and (ii) a model‐based peak water (PW) analysis using glacier cover change measurements. A distinction between hydrological regimes is a necessary add‐up to commonly used trend attribution methods as the lake runoff regime shares common characteristics with the glacier regime. Results show a link between shrinking glaciers and hydrological changes in the region, but the link is complex, and glacier retreat does not explain all the observed changes. Model outputs show that the two watersheds with a glacierized area exceeding 30% and one watershed with 2.9% glacierized area have not reached PW, whereas a 9.2% glacierized watershed and another watershed with 2.1% glacierized area have already passed it. These results suggest that glacierized area alone cannot explain short‐term changes related to watershed current position in terms of PW, and the rate of glacier retreat must be considered. By contrast, the actual rate of glacier retreat does not influence long‐term changes, such as the magnitude of PW and of the consequent drop in discharge. Once glaciers will have retreated to a point close to extinction, declines in summer discharge from 10% to 70% and proportional to the actual glacier cover are anticipated at watersheds that are currently more than 9% glacierized.
Influence of Combine Harvester Forward and Reel Speeds on Wheat Harvesting Losses in Gezira Scheme (Sudan)

أجريت هذه الدراسة بمشروع الجزيرة (مركزمساعد للاختبارات والتدريب) خلال الموسم الزراعي 2016/2017 لتحديد تأثير سرعة الحاصدة الأمامية ( 4 و5 و6 كلم/ساعة) وسرعة البكرة الأمامية (25 و 35 و 45 دورة /الدقيقة) علي فواقد حصاد القمح الرئيسة (فاقد القطع وفاقد التصنيع والفاقد الكلي)، أجريت التجربة بتصميم القطع المنشطرة وكررت ثلاث مرات وحللت البيانات ببرنامج Excel، استخدمت السرعة الأمامية 5كلم/ساعة وسرعة البكرة 35 دورة/دقيقة كمرجع لشيوع إستخدامها فى مشروع الجزيرة، تم تثبيت عوامل الضبط الأخرى فى الحاصدة (سرعة الأسطوانة وفتحة المضرب وفتحات الغربال وسرعة المروحة. أظهرت النتائج أن أقل فاقد للقطع (31.7 كجم/فدان) قد تم تسجيله عند إستخدام السرعة الامامية 4 كلم/ ساعة و سرعة البكرة 25 دورة/ الدقيقة مقارنة بأعلي قيمة فاقد قطع (90.09 كجم / فدان) والذى تم تسجيله عند السرعة الأمامية 6 كم/ ساعة و سرعة البكرة 25 دورة/ الدقيقة. أقل فاقد مصنع (13.15 كجم / فدان) تم تسجيله عندما كانت السرعة الامامية للحاصدة 6 كلم / ساعة وسرعة البكرة 25 دورة / الدقيقة بينما سجلت السرعة الامامية 4 كلم/ ساعة مع سرعة البكرة 45 دورة/ الدقيقة أعلى قيمة لفاقد المصنع (38.15 كجم /فدان). اقل فاقد حصاد كل للآلة (56.74 كجم/فدان) تم تسجيله عندما كانت السرعة الامامية للحاصدة 4كلم/ساعة وسرعة البكرة الامامية 25 دورة/الدقيقة مقارنة بأعلي فاقد كلي 118.09(كجم/فدان) والذى تم تسجيله عندما كانت السرعة الامامية للحاصدة 4 كلم/الساعة و سرعة البكرة 45 دورة /الدقيقة. يستنتج من الدراسة أن السرعة الامامية للحاصدة 4 كلم/الساعة و سرعة البكرة 45 دورة /الدقيقة تعتبران مناسبتان للحصول علي اقل فاقد وتوصى الدراسة بتشغيل الحاصدة بهما لحصاد محصول القمح تحت ظروف مشروع الجزيرة
PROTEIN ACETYLATION MECHANISM, STUDY TECHNIQUES AND ITS REGULATION DURING BACTERIAL VIRULENCE

Post-translational changes including acetylation are universal phenomena in protein and occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The process of post-translation modifications is initiated by phosphorylation of the acetyl group through an enzymatic pathway using the acetyltransferase enzyme. It is believed that several processes such as cellular process, DNA replication, bacterial chemotaxis and metabolism depend on protein acetylation. It is worth to say that protein acetylation is extremely important in bacterial virulence, as diverse factors have been involved in bacterial virulence. Therefore, current review article summarizes the role of protein acetylation, its mechanism, techniques of acetylome study and its regulation, which may help in the in-depth understanding of bacterial virulence. * Corresponding author KEYWORDS
Experimental Reactivation of Shear‐fractured Berea and Boise Sandstones by Brine or Liquid CO2 Injection at Depth

Injection‐driven reactivation of fractured/faulted reservoirs is a key concern in the design and safe operation of water/CO2 injection projects. Here, a new laboratory testing protocol is devised by which the reactivation conditions are quantified, providing pivotal data for effective risk assessment/management. We simulate a field injection operation in the laboratory on prefaulted Berea and Boise sandstones subjected to stress/pressure conditions prevalent at 2 km depth. The protocol consists of two key stages: (i) drained normal faulting: triaxial shear failure induced by increase of the overburden stress; and (ii) injection‐driven reactivation of the faulted rock by pore pressure increase. Injection is conducted with either brine or liquid CO2. The data show that at 2 km depth, (i) shear fracturing and subsequent faulting occurs when the differential stress reaches 36–46 MPa for Boise, or 96–98 MPa for Berea, and (ii) subsequent reactivation triggers when the pore fluid over‐pressure reaches 4–5 MPa, regardless of the injected fluid or specific sandstone tested. Spatiotemporal monitoring of the concomitant microseismic activity proves effective in time‐lapse imaging the structural changes leading to the triaxial faulting of the intact rock, or to the reactivation of the prefaulted rock. Microseismic imaging suggests that (i) initial shear faulting results in a single slip surface, consistent with brittle (Berea) or semibrittle (Boise) failure; (ii) upon injection‐induced reactivation at 2 km depth, the preexisting fault ruptures and slips first, before a new and steeper fracture nucleates, progressively propagates, then slips; and (iii) dynamic slip transfer occurs from the preexisting to the newly formed fault.
Tree Species Distribution Change Study in Mount Tai Based on Landsat Remote Sensing Image Data

Located in the Mount Tai state-owned forest farm, this study adopted Landsat multispectral remote sensing data in 2000 and 2016 on the GEE (Google Earth Engine) platform and selected four phases of images each year according to the phenological period. By dealing with the current situation map of forestry resources in 2000 and the field survey data in 2016, the samples of tree species distribution in 2000 and 2016 were obtained. On the basis of topographic correction with the empirical rotation model, this study used the random forest (RF) classifier to classify tree species from remote sensing images in 2000 and 2016, achieving high classification accuracy. The results showed that, after 16 years of evolution, the percentage of pine species in the forest decreased from 55.69% to 50.22%, with a percentage decrease as high as 5.47%. The percentage of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) increased from 10.15% in 2000 to 13.75% in 2016, with an increase of 3.60%. Quercus also had a positive growth in the area. This result reflected the expansion of black locust.
Reaching Concerned Partners of Heavy Drinking Service Members and Veterans through Facebook

ABSTRACT Military populations are hard to reach for alcohol interventions. The authors used a Facebook ad campaign to successfully recruit military spouses who were concerned about their service member or veteran partner's drinking behaviors. In 90 days, the authors recruited 306 participants for a cost of $42.82 per participant. Ads featuring a monetary incentive were most popular, and 89% of participants learned about the study on their cell phones. In addition to enrolling those reporting concern over their partner's drinking, the authors were able to recruit a population in need, as less than half of participants with depression, anxiety, or hazardous alcohol use received services for themselves in the past year.
Multi-generation OH oxidation as a source for highly oxygenated organic molecules from aromatics

Abstract. Recent studies have recognised highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) in the atmosphere as important in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). A large number of studies have focused on HOM formation from oxidation of biogenically emitted monoterpenes. However, HOM formation from anthropogenic vapours has so far received much less attention. Previous studies have identified the importance of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for SOA formation. In this study, we investigated several aromatic compounds, benzene ( C6H6 ), toluene ( C7H8 ), and naphthalene ( C10H8 ), for their potential to form HOMs upon reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH). We performed flow tube experiments with all three VOCs and focused in detail on benzene HOM formation in the Julich Plant Atmosphere Chamber (JPAC). In JPAC, we also investigated the response of HOMs to NOx and seed aerosol. Using a nitrate-based chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CI-APi-TOF), we observed the formation of HOMs in the flow reactor oxidation of benzene from the first OH attack. However, in the oxidation of toluene and naphthalene, which were injected at lower concentrations, multi-generation OH oxidation seemed to impact the HOM composition. We tested this in more detail for the benzene system in the JPAC, which allowed for studying longer residence times. The results showed that the apparent molar benzene HOM yield under our experimental conditions varied from 4.1 % to 14.0 %, with a strong dependence on the OH concentration, indicating that the majority of observed HOMs formed through multiple OH-oxidation steps. The composition of the identified HOMs in the mass spectrum also supported this hypothesis. By injecting only phenol into the chamber, we found that phenol oxidation cannot be solely responsible for the observed HOMs in benzene experiments. When NOx was added to the chamber, HOM composition changed and many oxygenated nitrogen-containing products were observed in CI-APi-TOF. Upon seed aerosol injection, the HOM loss rate was higher than predicted by irreversible condensation, suggesting that some undetected oxygenated intermediates also condensed onto seed aerosol, which is in line with the hypothesis that some of the HOMs were formed in multi-generation OH oxidation. Based on our results, we conclude that HOM yield and composition in aromatic systems strongly depend on OH and VOC concentration and more studies are needed to fully understand this effect on the formation of HOMs and, consequently, SOA. We also suggest that the dependence of HOM yield on chamber conditions may explain part of the variability in SOA yields reported in the literature and strongly advise monitoring HOMs in future SOA studies.
Target Governance Provisions and Acquisition Types

I examine the role of governance characteristics in determining the probability of a firm undergoing a going private transaction. I find that firms with greater board control are more likely to go private while firms with strong anti-takeover provisions are more likely to be acquired by other public companies. The positive relationship between greater board control and the likelihood of going private is driven by private equity backed deals. On the other hand, the negative relationship between anti-takeover provisions and the probability of going private is driven by non private equity backed deals. In addition, I find that shareholder voting restrictions do not affect firms’ survival status while a higher number of state antitakeover laws reduces the likelihood of being acquired. Finally, abnormal returns to shareholders are much lower for going private transactions than for acquisitions by public firms. The results suggest that governance provisions affect shareholder wealth during change of control transactions by playing an important role in determining the type of acquirer.
HEAP: A Holistic Error Assessment Framework for Multiple Approximations Using Probabilistic Graphical Models

Approximate computing has been a good paradigm of energy-efficient accelerator design. Accurate and fast error estimation is critical for appropriate approximate techniques selection so that power saving (or performance improvement) can be maximized with acceptable output quality in approximate accelerators. In the paper, we propose HEAP, a Holistic Error assessment framework to characterize multiple Approximate techniques with Probabilistic graphical models (PGM) in a joint way. HEAP maps the problem of evaluating errors induced by different approximate techniques into a PGM issue, including: (1) A heterogeneous Bayesian network is represented by converting an application’s data flow graph, where various approximate options are {precise, approximate} two-state X*-type nodes, while input or operating variables are {precise, approximate, unacceptable} three-state X-type nodes. These two different kinds of nodes are separately used to configure the available approximate techniques and track the corresponding error propagation for guaranteed configurability; (2) node learning is accomplished via an approximate library, which consists of probability mass functions of multiple approximate techniques to fast calculate each node’s Conditional Probability Table by mechanistic modeling or empirical modeling; (3) exact inference provides the probability distribution of output quality at three levels of precise, approximate, and unacceptable. We do a complete case study of 3 × 3 Gaussian kernels with different approximate configurations to verify HEAP. The comprehensive results demonstrate that HEAP is helpful to explore design space for power-efficient approximate accelerators, with just 4.18% accuracy loss and 3.34 × 105 speedup on average over Mentor Carlo simulation.
Regional Inequality of Firms’ Export Opportunity in China: Geographical Location and Economic Openness

China has a large land area and uneven regional development. There are significant disparities between the three belts (eastern, central, and western China), with the eastern region being the most developed and the western region the least developed. Considering that export is regarded as one of the troikas for China’s economic growth and firms are the basic entities engaged in trade activities, we examine whether there exists inequality of firms’ export opportunity between the three regions. We find that the critical productivity level of firms’ export in developed eastern China is significantly lower than that of western and central regions. Our results indicate that firms in eastern China are more likely to export and there is an obvious inequality of firms’ exporting opportunities.
Does damming streams alter the water use strategies of riparian trees? A case study in a subtropic climate

Understand the mechanism governing degradation of riparian forests in response to damming streams is needed for a comprehensive impact assessment of dams in relation to protection of river ecosystems. However, the ascription of riparian forest degradation to the hydrological changes induced by dams lacks of direct proof and the hypothesis that dam construction alters the water use strategy of riparian trees is yet to be tested. In this study, the water sources of riparian trees grown upstream and downstream of dams at SW China, were investigated by dual isotopes and a Bayesian model. We observed that xylem water in downstream Populus adenopoda had significantly lower line‐conditioned excess values than upstream trees. The water source of upstream trees was barely subjected to evaporation. Upstream mature and young P. adenopoda trees both acquired more streamwater (47.2 ± 9.8% and 44.8 ± 7.9%) than groundwater (28.2 ± 4.4% and 29.2 ± 3.5%) or soil water (24.5 ± 5.6% and 26.0 ± 4.9%). Downstream mature and young P. adenopoda trees both largely used soil water (49.0 ± 11.6% and 53.0 ± 6.2%) as main water source. In contrast, Pterocarya stenoptera highly depended on streamwater, regardless of size and location, implying that damming had little effect on this species. Damming streams may increase water competition among downstream riparian trees, which could explain declines in growth rate, canopy dieback, tree death, and eventually downstream land degradation. We believe that this study is of significant value for research into riparian forest degradation resulting from hydrological changes, and in particular to apprehend the impact of small dams, which has barely been studied.
Defect pattern recognition on wafers using convolutional neural networks

In semiconductor manufacturing, wafer testing is performed to ensure the performance of each product after wafer fabrication. The wafer map is used to visualize the color‐coded wafer test results based on the locations. The defects on the wafer map may be randomly distributed or form clustered patterns. The various clustered defect patterns are usually caused by assignable faults. The identification of the patterns is thus important to provide valuable hints for the root causes diagnosis. Solving the problems helps improve the manufacturing processes and reduce costs. In this study, we present a novel convolutional neural network (CNN)–based method to automatically recognize the defect pattern on wafer maps. Our method uses polar mapping before the training of CNN to transform the circular wafer map into a matrix, which can be processed within CNN architecture. This procedure also reduces the input size and solves variations in wafer sizes and die sizes. To eliminate the effects of rotation, we apply data augmentation in the training of CNN. Experiments using the real‐world dataset prove the effectiveness and superiority of our method.