Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic detection of prosodic constituents for parsing

This dissertation describes research directed towards increasing the accuracy and processing speed of spoken language systems by developing methods to utilize prosody. Specifically, algorithms to automatically label prosodic phrasal structure are developed and a method of using this information to reduce syntactic ambiguity is investigated. The prosodic phrase structure is represented by a set of seven prosodic "break indices" motivated by linguistic theory. Three principal results are discussed: a quantitative examination of segmental lengthening near prosodic boundaries, an automatic algorithm for labeling prosodic boundaries, and a parse scoring mechanism. A measure of segmental lengthening is developed and applied to speech with hand-labeled break indices to study the relationship between lengthening and perceived boundary size. Lengthening near phrasal boundaries is found to be restricted to the rhyme of the final syllable prior to the boundary. Furthermore, at least four levels of phrasal structure can be differentiated on the basis of this lengthening. To detect the phrasal boundaries, a speech recognizer and the sentence transcription are used to obtain a phoneme segmentation, and a vector of features is generated for each word boundary. These features are motivated both by the lengthening results and by linguistic theory. The vectors are quantized via a binary tree and a Hidden Markov Model is used to recover the sequence of boundaries (break indices) most likely to have produced the sequence of feature vectors observed. Break indices generated by this algorithm are highly correlated with those made by trained human listeners. A method is developed, by which the labels can be used in a speech understanding system to help identify the speaker's intended meaning. The approach taken here is to score a parse using analysis-by-synthesis. Based on a corpus of speech read by professional radio announcers, experimental results indicate that this method can achieve performance comparable to that of human listeners. By integrating statistical methods and linguistic theory, an algorithm has been developed which can reduce the syntactic ambiguity encountered in spoken language systems. In addition, automatic labeling provides a powerful new tool for the study of prosody.
Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students for Special Education Eligibility. ERIC Digest #E604.

Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students for Special Education Eligibility. ERIC Digest #E604.1 A FULL, MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASSESSMENT TEAM. 3 PRE-REFERRAL STRATEGIES. 3 LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT.5 AN APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT TAILORED TO THE CHILD.5 REFERENCES. 6
Improvements on Scientific System Analysis

Thanks to the advancement of the modern computer simulation systems, many scientific applications generate, and require manipulation of large volumes of data. Scientific exploration substantially relies on effective and accurate data analysis. The shear size of the generated data, however, imposes big challenges in the process of analyzing the system. In this dissertation we propose novel techniques as well as using some known designs in a novel way in order to improve scientific data analysis. We develop an efficient method to compute an analytical query called spatial distance histogram (SDH). Special heuristics are exploited to process SDH efficiently and accurately. We further develop a mathematical model to analyze the mechanism leading to errors. This gives rise to a new approximate algorithm with improved time/accuracy tradeoff. Known MS analysis systems follow a pull-based design, where the executed queries mandate the data needed on their part. Such a design introduces redundant and high I/O traffic as well as cpu/data latency. To remedy such issues, we design and implement a push-based system, which uses a sequential scan-based I/O framework that pushes the loaded data to a number of pre-programmed queries. The efficiency of the proposed system as well as the approximate SDH algorithms is backed by the results of extensive experiments on MS generated data.
Linux Kernel Development (2nd Edition) (Novell Press)

The Linux kernel is one of the most interesting yet least understood open-source projects. It is also a basis for developing new kernel code. That is why Sams is excited to bring you the latest Linux kernel development information from a Novell insider in the second edition of Linux Kernel Development. This authoritative, practical guide will help you better understand the Linux kernel through updated coverage of all the major subsystems, new features associated with Linux 2.6 kernel and insider information on not-yet-released developments. You'll be able to take an in-depth look at Linux kernel from both a theoretical and an applied perspective as you cover a wide range of topics, including algorithms, system call interface, paging strategies and kernel synchronization. Get the top information right from the source in Linux Kernel Development.
Adaptive decision aided turbo equalization of unknown channels using SOVA and MAP decoding algorithms

The computational complexity of a turbo equalizer with decision aided equalizer is analysed. We considered two different decoding algorithms named MAP and SOVA together with the adaptive equalization scheme. The channel is assumed to be unknown. The training sequence is provided in order to estimate the channel impulse response. The implementations of decoding algorithms require different computational complexities. Simulation results show that the same BER performance is obtained for different channels using both decoding algorithms although SOVA performs significantly less number of computations.
Overview of the Software Design and Parallel Algorithms of the CCSM

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a computer model for simulating the Earth's climate. The CCSM is built from four individual component models for the atmosphere, ocean, land surface and sea ice. The notion of a physical/dynamical component of the climate system translates directly to the software component structure. Software design of the CCSM is focused on the goals of modularity extensibility, and performance portability. These goals are met at both the component level and within the individual component models. Performance portability is the ability of a code to achieve good performance across a variety of computer architectures while maintaining a single source code. As a community model, the CCSM must run on a variety of machine architectures and must perform well on all these architectures for computationally intensive climate simulations.
Reinforcement Learning With High-Dimensional, Continuous Actions

Abstract : Many reinforcement learning systems, such as Q-learning (Watkins, 1989), or advantage updating (Baird, 1993), require that a function f(x,u) be learned, and that the value of argmax f(x,u) be calculated quickly for any given x. The function f could be learned by a function approximation system such as a multilayer preceptron, but the maximum of f for a given x cannot found analytically and is difficult to approximate numerically for high-dimensional u vectors. A new method is proposed, wire fitting, in which a function approximation system is used to learn a set of functions called control wires, and the function f is found by fitting a surface to the control wires. Wire fitting has the following four properties: (1) any continuous f function can represented to any desired accuracy given sufficient parameters; (2) the function f(x,u) can be evaluated quickly; (3) argmax f(x,u) can found exactly in constant time after evaluating f(x,U); (4) wire fitting can incorporate any general function approximation system. These four properties are discussed and it is shown how wire fitting can be combined with a memory-based learning system and Q-learning to control an inverted-pendulum system
Stress and coping mechanisms of nursing students during clinical practice in Ghana

Stress impacts negatively and positively depending on how effectively the individual experiencing the phenomenon is able to cope. The objective of this study was to identify the stressors in clinical practice for nursing students and the coping mechanisms used. Eighty-nine (89) students from the Department of Nursing, KNUST were selected using systematic sampling methods. Respondents completed questionnaires, part of which was the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The common stressors identified include “when nurses' instructions are different from what is taught in class” and ‘feeling ignored by clinical nurses’. Fifty-nine percent (59%)of respondents experienced moderate to high levels of stress. Level of stress was found to decrease with increasing age and year of study; and matured students experienced a lower level of stress compared to the generics. Receiving moral support from family, developing cordial relationship with nurses and praying were among the common coping mechanisms identified. Students experienced stress in the clinical area and used coping strategies that were mainly relationship-based. Greater collaboration between educational and clinical institutions, tutorship and supportive supervision are recommended. Keywords : Stress, clinical practice, coping strategies
An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques

This book provides a broad overview of basic multilevel modeling issues and illustrates techniques building analyses around several organizational data sets. Although the focus is primarily on educational and organizational settings, the examples will help the reader discover other applications for these techniques. Two basic classes of multilevel models are developed: multilevel regression models and multilevel models for covariance structures--are used to develop the rationale behind these models and provide an introduction to the design and analysis of research studies using two multilevel analytic techniques--hierarchical linear modeling and structural equation modeling.
A Grammar Based Fault Classification Scheme and its Application to the Classification of the Errors

We present a novel scheme for categorizing coding faults. Our grammar based scheme uses the notion of syntactic transformers and is automatable. The classiication that results from our scheme can be used by researchers investigating the eeectiveness of software testing techniques. In these respects our scheme is signiicantly diierent from several proposed in the past by other researchers. We have used it to categorize the ten year log of errors of T E X reported by Knuth. For each fault classiied, we also provide, wherever possible, the precise substring that constitutes the fault. The entire error log and the associated program is in public domain and hence our categorization can be veriied. We also provide a fault classiication algorithm that uses a top-down strategy to nd the diierences between two parse trees, annotated with syntactic transformers, to classify various faults. We claim that such an algorithm can be integrated within a software development environment and used as a low cost mechanism for monitoring and classifying faults.
Semiotics and language interlarding in Yoruba traditional wedding bilingual discourse

The paper discusses the traditional Yoruba wedding ceremony among bilingual Yoruba speaking families, with the following aims: (i) to throw more light on the discourse content and structure of the traditional Yoruba-English wedding bilingual discourse; (ii) to identify the place of semiotics and signage in the wedding discourse. Sociolinguistics and discourse analysis provided the theoretical framework for the study while two recorded wedding transactions were used as empirical data. Moreover, participant observation by the author, a Yoruba bilingual as well formed part of the research methodology. The findings show that: (i) a typical traditional Yoruba wedding in the twenty-first century almost always involves Language Interlarding, since it is practically impossible to identify pure Yoruba monolinguals at such weddings; (ii) Features of bilingualism are prevalent in the traditional Yoruba wedding discourse; (iii) Yoruba dialectal greetings or English greetings in their Yoruba equivalents are rampant in the traditional Yoruba wedding discourse; (iv) Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leech’s Politeness Principle find expression in this interesting speech event; (v) social semiotics – whether verbal or non-verbal - and signage, also feature prominently in this speech event; (vi) conclusively, Yoruba traditional wedding is in itself, an evolving register with an ‘inner circle’ of users. Key words: Language Interlarding, traditional Yoruba wedding, semiotics, ‘alaga ijoko’, ‘alaga iduro’.
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

The study explored the link between corporate governance, stock market developments and economic growth by using data on selected African countries. Analysis was done within the Arellano-Bond Dynamic Panel data modelling. Results show that corporate governance and particularly the independence of corporate boards is important for firm performance and economic growth and that stock markets also play an important role in economic development. However, while market size is conclusive, our findings points to the fact that an increase in stock market activities must be focussed and carefully supported with appropriate mix of policies and programs in order to achieve the desired impact on economic growth because too many policies could erode the effect of critical indicators.
Path resizing based on incremental technique

Based on an incremental path search algorithm, this paper addresses the problem of longest combinational paths selection for performance optimization at the physical level. A realistic evaluation of gate delay and controlled sizing techniques are used to manage the circuit path sizing alternatives, such as delay or power/area constraints. The efficiency of this technique is demonstrated and also illustrated on several ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits. A comparison is given between sizing alternatives to local optimization steps controlled by specific indicators.
Performance Measurement System (PSM) and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Strategies Used in the Process related with Ramp Handling Services of Ground Handling Management

In civil aviation sector, the design of airports is divided into two as air side and ground side. The latter part of second security gate in terminal building at the airports is defined as air side in the literature (which is defined as customs area). The air side is also divided into; ground service and airspace. In this research, the concept of ramp services which constitutes basic content of ground service management process is examined. One of the two most important causes of delays in civil air traffic is that ramp services can not be planned effectively (the other reason is that airport capacity is extremely dense), so this concept needs to be well analyzed and evaluated. The performance measurement system (PMS) and balanced scorecard (BSC) methods in this review are examined in terms of the conceptual background within design, measurement and implementation phases for effective ramp services process in ground handling management.
The layered nature of servitization challenges and responses

Purpose: Multiple studies identify servitization challenges and some explore firm responses to them. These challenges appear difficult for manufacturers to overcome; possibly because servitization is a complex change process/journey with multiple business logics and trajectories. Four main types of servitization challenge (and responses) are recognised in the literature, and work has explored many of these challenges in more detail, but without necessarily exploring whether the challenges are interconnected. This paper explores the inter-relationships between servitization challenges, identifying a sequential series of challenges and the responses adopted to overcome these challenges. Design/Methodology/Approach: We use a case study methodology, exploring four manufacturer’s servitization processes, associated challenges and responses. Findings: We find that manufacturers face layered challenges, that they appear to solve in order. As manufacturers overcame the first challenge they increased attempts to respond to subsequent sets of challenges. Originality/Value: The notion that challenges are hierarchically layered may go some way to explaining why servitization was historically envisaged to involve a journey from a productto a service-focused state. We challenge the majority of extant literature, in that while the transformation process might be a journey, not all firms become fully servitized some retain a product-focused mind-set, and their transformation journeys differ.
The Oxford companion to Aboriginal art and culture

This unique publication provides a wide-ranging and intellectually challenging reference to indigenous Australian art, covering documented archaeologically traditions, art styles of the early contact period and the nineteenth century, and the development of the remarkably diverse contemporary Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art practices that have attracted so much attention in recent years. The Companion draws upon much original research on art and culture in remote Aboriginal communities, and on the emergence of Aboriginal art in urban institutions, markets, and exhibitions. Academics, graduates, and general readers will find concise and authoritative analysis on specific topics and regional traditions, unavailable even in specialist databases. Distinguished indigenous and non-indigenous scholars have been commissioned to write on individuals, artistic traditions, and historical shifts. The Companion addresses more fully than any previous book important regional variations and historical developments in relation to colonial occupation and white Australian society over time. The Companion's primary emphasis is upon visual art, though survey entries on indigenous literature, theatre, and music among other areas provide a wider context.
QBE agent embedded in multimedia framework for contents-based retrieval

Recent progress in hardware has enabled the management of large amounts of images, video, audio, or a combination of them. The growing need for retrieving the contents of such data is a natural conclusion of the requirement for database systems. Conventional database systems do not provide sufficient flexibility in managing data, because of the inability to manage spatio-temporal relations, to recognize contents in multimedia data, and to allow various types of query representation based on QBE for enabling intuitive representation of the query condition. These three deficiencies relate to all of the components of the database system. That is, the first issue depends on the data model or indexing, the second on DBMS construction and the last relates to the user interface. Therefore, none of them can be neglected for discussing all possible cases of content-based retrieval. We have implemented a user interface design for an effective content based retrieval system which relates to a distributed multimedia network environment. We examine the network for the distance education multimedia framework.
Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Competition with Fe and Mn Oxides—Observed Dynamics in H2-dependent Terminal Electron Accepting Processes

Abstract The determination of hydrogen (H2) concentration together with the products of microbial reduction reactions in a trichloroethylene dechlorinating system is conducted to delineate the ongoing predominant terminal electron accepting processes (TEAP). Formate was used as electron donor and synthetic Fe minerals or environmental samples were used as the substrate. Iron(III) and Mn(IV) reduction limited microbial dechlorination by the mixed anaerobic culture by decreasing the level of H2 in the system. The H2 measurements indicated that the H2 concentration at which different TEAPs occur can overlap and thus these TEAPs can therefore occur concurrently rather than exclusively. Difference in Fe(III) bioavailability and hence, Fe(III) reduction partially explain this wide range. The distinction between dechlorination and other microbial reduction processes based on H2 threshold values is not feasible under such conditions, though there appears to be a relation between the rates of H2 consuming process and the observed H2 level.
Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications

From the Publisher: Besides the traditional military application areas, there is a growing and intense interest in spread spectrum communications systems for evolving civil applications, e.g., cellular-mobile communications, personal communications, and satellite-mobile communications. Ideal for those who need to get up to speed or current quickly in this area, this self-contained exploration of spread spectrum system analysis and applications provides a solid theoretical background along with an abundance of examples of specific analysis/design situations, and exposes readers to the most recent research and developments in the field. Covers basic digital communication and spread spectrum concepts, and features exceptionally complete treatments of important hot topics such as spectrum spreading sequences; the code acquisition and tracking process; the effects of jamming on spread spectrum communications and the use of coding/interleaving to combat the detrimental effects of jamming; designing spread spectrum systems for low probability of the intercept; and the design of code division multiple access systems, wit h examples. Contains a complete set of technical appendices. For electrical engineers and others with a background in linear systems and probability/random processes who want a cutting-edge overview of the principles, research, and developments of spread spectrum systems.
Stadsmorfologie: een proeve van vormgericht onderzoek ten behoeve van stedenbouwhistorisch onderzoek

Digitale atlas brengt historische stadsuitbreiding Groningen in beeld Cartografie is een belangrijk hulpmiddel om de ontwikkeling van steden te onderzoeken. Een probleem is echter dat er nog geen goede manier was om kaarten te vergelijken. Elwin Koster ontwikkelde een bruikbare methode. Zijn drieledige onderzoek richt zich op stadsmorfologie, oftewel de veranderingen van steden. In het eerste deel analyseerde Koster de methoden van het Engelse geografische onderzoek en het Italiaanse en Franse architectuuronderzoek, die veel gebruik maken van historische plattegronden. In het tweede deel van zijn onderzoek bekeek hij hoe dergelijke kaarten het best kunnen worden samengebracht in een atlas. Geautomatiseerde technieken bleken daarvoor het meest geschikt. Vervolgens ontwikkelde Koster een set computerprogramma's om historische kaarten over elkaar heen te leggen en te vergelijken. In het derde deel past Koster deze methode toe op een concrete situatie: de wijk ten noorden van het oude stadscentrum van Groningen, die vanaf 1620 werd aangelegd. Zo bracht hij de historische transformatieprocessen in beeld: hoe deze wijk ontstond, wie verantwoordelijk was en hoe het planningsproces verliep. Bron: RUG nieuws