Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) vs Calcium Hydroxide in Direct Pulp Capping – Literature Review

Direct pulp-capping is a treatment for exposed vital pulp involving the placement of a dental material over the exposed area to facilitate both the formation of protective barrier and the maintenance of vital pulp. Direct pulp capping has been used as an alternative approach to the maintenance of vital pulp so that many tooth extractions and root canal treatments could have been avoided through the conservative approach of direct pulp capping. For this purpose different kinds of materials used such as Zinc Oxide Eugenol, Glass Ionomer(GI), Resin Modified Glass Ionomer (RMGI), Adhesive systems, Calcium Hydroxide, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine. The MTA clinically performed more effective than conventional Calcium Hydroxide liner as a direct pulp capping material, showed higher success rate than dycal. MTA easier to use clinically as a direct pulp capping material. MTA provided better long term results more effective than Calcium Hydroxide in maintaining long-term vitality. MAT significantly less toxic, less pulpal inflammations. MTA more predictable than dycal in formation of dentin barrier and superior than Calcium Hydroxide in dentinogenesis process in human pulp. MTA is more effective and superior comparing the Calcium Hydroxide as a direct pulp capping material, showed higher success rate with favorable outcomes in maintaining long term tooth vitality and easier to use in pulp capping. The MTA is less toxic, less pulpal inflammation capping compared to Calcium Hydroxide. MTA superior and in dentinogenic process and more predictable hard tissue barrier formation.
A hexacationic coordination compound from Co(II) and a cationic ligand derived from 4,4ʹ-bipyridine: Synthesis, characterization and investigation for biological application

Abstract A hexapositively charged tetrahedral geometry Co(II) complex was synthesized using a new positively charged ligand prepared quaternizing 4,4ʹ-bipyridine by 1-bromobutane. It is characterized by spectrometry (1H NMR, ESI MS, Uv-Vis, ICP OES), carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis, halide estimation and conductivity measurement. The complex showed significantly high molar conductivity value in water (640.83 S mol−1 cm2). Its in vitro biological activities were tested on one gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and one gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. It was found active against both bacteria with improved and better activity against the latter.
A Landscape Look to Zurkhaneh, Reasons of its Creation and its Functions

Problem statement: Zurkhaneh has been a place for sports and personality transcendence in ancient Iran. A place where there is lots of ambiguity in its origin and its reason. But this ambiguity has not prevented the emergence of commonalities in theories about Zurkhaneh. The extracurricular functions of Zurkhaneh in the society of ancient Iran have been studied in all theories. It has made this element doubly important in the Iranian city. Research objective: In this paper, with the aim of studying the landscapes of Zurkhaneh, different theories related to the emergence of Zurkhaneh have been discussed and the functions of Zurkhaneh have been analyzed to study it as a landscape. Research methodology: The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and documentary and library studies by studying and analyzing data extracted from the valid books and papers. Conclusion: Various theories attribute the formation of the Zurkhaneh in Iran history. From the Mehr religion to the Safavid era. And each has stated reasons and symbols for the argument. In studying the landscapes of Zurkhaneh, it has been determined that Zurkhaneh has different functions such as a social place to gather, promote and propagate religion, education, education and culture, helping and supporting people and holding various rituals and ceremonies in addition to sports. A review of these functions can demonstrate the Zurkhaneh not as a historical place but as a unique cultural landscape.
Synthesis and characterization of ricinoleic acid derived monomer and its application in aqueous emulsion and paints thereof

PurposeThis paper aims to prepare acrylic functional ricinoleic acid monomer and incorporate it in conventional miniemulsion polymerization. Subsequently, paints were formulated to study the variation in final coating properties.Design/methodology/approachSynthesis process involved the esterification of ricinoleic acid with 2-hydroxy methyl methacrylate in the presence of FASCAT-4100 catalyst. The final product of the reaction, methacrylated ricinoleic acid (MRA), was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and determining acid and iodine value. Further, MRA was incorporated in various concentrations (1, 2 and 3 Wt.%) along with methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate in conventional miniemulsion polymerization and paints were formulated thereof.FindingsIt was observed that with the addition of MRA monomer, flexibility of emulsion films increased as indicated by glass transition temperature and elongation value (percentage). Moreover, with the addition of MRA monomer, improvement in mechanical and chemical properties of the coatings was observed.Research limitations/implicationsEven a low concentration MRA monomer (as low as 3 per cent) caused a significant reduction in the glass transition temperature of emulsion films. Thus, it can be efficiently used in applications such as adhesives and elastomeric coatings.Originality/valueThe acrylic functional monomer derived from ricinoleic acid is unique and not yet incorporated in miniemulsion polymerization. The synthesized monomer can be used in coatings where low Tg emulsions are required.
Studies on hydrometallurgical processes using nuclear techniques to be applied in copper industry. II. Application of radiotracers in copper leaching from flotation tailings

Abstract The use of radiotracers in the present study is intended to replace traditional steps of metal quantitative analysis (solution sampling and instrumental chemical analysis) and to allow real-time measurements of metal concentrations during the leaching process. In this study, 64Cu, an isotope of copper, was selected as a radiotracer. Samples of copper flotation tailings were irradiated in the Maria research reactor (Świerk, Poland) and mixed with an inactive portion of the milled fl otation waste. The leaching process was carried out in a glass reactor, and the radiation spectrum was measured using a gamma spectrometer. The material was then treated using various acids (sulphuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, and ascorbic acid) in a wide range of their concentrations. Experiments with the radiotracer were conducted in sulphuric and nitric acids. The amount of the leached metal (copper) was calculated on the basis of the peak area ratio in the gamma-ray spectrum of the activated tailings and standard samples. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was also used to analyse the metal content. Maximum recovery of 56% Cu was achieved using 9 M HNO3, whereas the recovery was lowest for ascorbic acid (<1%). Both analytical methods were compared, and the results presented in this paper are in good agreement with radiometric measurements obtained using ICP-MS analysis.
Enhancing anaerobic digestion of wheat straw through multistage milling

The effects of a mechanical pretreatment, carried out by a two stages mill followed by fractionation into two different products, were determined on the biodegradability and methane yield of wheat straw. Straw was chopped in a knife mill to an average length of about 30 mm, and a portion was used as reference material. Pretreatment reduced the size of the processed straw, whose median particle size was 300μm and 1200μm for the fine and the coarse fractions, respectively. Untreated and pretreated materials were anaerobically digested in batch reactors under mesophilic conditions for 28 days. The methane yield of raw material was 167.8 Nm tVS, whereas the pretreated material reached an average methane yield of 250.6 Nm tVS, showing a 49.3 % gain on VS basis compared to the feedstock. The finest fraction of the processed material reached a methane production of 264.7 Nm tVS. The specific electric energy consumption was 66.6 kWh per ton of processed material. The energy efficiency was high, since consumption was only 23.7 % of the gross electric energy gain available after pretreatment. These results proved that the investigated pretreatment could be successfully implemented to improve methane production efficiency in anaerobic digesters.
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANIFS) and artificial neural network (ANN) applied for indium (III) adsorption on carbonaceous materials

Abstract In this paper, we present an initial study relating the adsorption of indium (III) onto carbonaceous materials, namely the activated carbon (AC), multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with OH (MWCNT–OH), and the multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with COOH (MWCNT–COOH). The main objective of this study is the development of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and an artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting the adsorption capacity in different operating conditions for different materials. Both models take into account the adsorbent type, adsorbent dosage (0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g L−1), and the contact time (5, 20, 60, and 120 min) for predicting the adsorption capacity, which varied from 12.896 to 981.000 mg g−1, a total record of 72 was used. Both modeling methodologies applied can represent the experimental data, taking into account the statistical values obtained. The ANFIS achieved the best performance when the hybrid method was selected, this leads into R of 0.9998, RMSE of 48,373 with 250 epochs. On the other hand, the ANN can represent the best performance when using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, reaching an R of 0.9831, MSE of 0.0180 and 9 epochs. Considering the modeling and experimental aspects indicates that the increase of the adsorbent dosage diminished the adsorbent capacity. The increase of the contact time causes the effect to increase the adsorption capacity until its equilibrium. Lastly, it is possible to conclude that the MWCNT–COOH is the most suitable adsorbent to be used between the selected materials.
Introduction to Voltammetric Analysis: Theory and Practice

Voltammetric methods are among the most sensitive and versatile available to the analytical chemist. They can identify and quantify substances from simple metal ions, through to complex organic molecules. The concentration range spans 9 orders of magnitude and, in many cases, trace level analyses of surface waters and body fluids can be performed with little or no pre-treatment of the sample is required. In this text the basic concepts and principles are presented in an easy-to-read manner. Practical aspects are discussed and an overview of the electrochemistry of the elements and of organic functional groups is interspersed with 27 tested applications described in detail. The techniques covered expand its application out into other disciplines apart from chemistry, such as botany, zoology and soil science.
Proposal Model for the Management of Construction Based on Flows – a Complex Adaptive System

Project management models understand construction as an ordered and simple phenomenon without considering its complexity, dynamism, and high variability. Also, they are models adapted from other sectors such as manufacturing and information technology (IT). This research aims to be a new trend for developing management models, typical of construction, from complexity. The following points are considered, as a first step, to this new trend of holistic construction management: 1. Generate and manage flows, which are the main components for the production in construction—beginning to understand each flow, its importance, and its properties; and 2. Manage complexity in construction projects by understanding and promoting the production system as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) that requires organizations of action and learning as an Operational Excellence Organization. The proposed model offers a holistic analysis of the system considering flow management as a basis. It relates the project management approaches proposed by Bertelsen and Koskela (2005), the Value – Flow – Operation (VFO) model proposed by Bertelsen (2017), and the seven preconditions of Koskela (2000), except for external conditions by which these are a threat of flow, but do not flow in the proposed model.
Reassessment of evaluation methods for the analysis of near-surface residual stress fields using energy-dispersive diffraction

In this paper two evaluation methods for X-ray stress analysis by means of energy-dispersive diffraction are reassessed. Both are based on the sin2ψ measuring technique. Advantage is taken of the fact that the d ψ hkl –sin2ψ data obtained for the individual diffraction lines E hkl not only contain information about the depth and orientation dependence of the residual stresses, but also reflect the single-crystal elastic anisotropy of the material. With simulated examples, it is demonstrated that even steep residual stress gradients could be determined from sin2ψ measurements that are performed up to maximum tilt angles of about 45°, since the d ψ hkl –sin2ψ distributions remain almost linear within this ψ range. This leads to a significant reduction of the measuring effort and also makes more complex component geometries accessible for X-ray stress analysis. Applying the modified multi-wavelength plot method for data analysis, it turns out that a plot of the stress data obtained for each reflection hkl by linear regression versus the maximum information depth τψ=0 hkl results in a discrete depth distribution which coincides with the actual Laplace space stress depth profile σ(τ). The sensitivity of the residual stress depth profiles σ(τψ=0 hkl ) to the diffraction elastic constants ½S 2 hkl used in the sin2ψ analysis can be exploited to refine the grain-interaction model itself. With respect to the universal plot method the stress factors F ij which reflect the material's anisotropy on both the microscopic scale (single-crystal elastic anisotropy) and the macroscopic scale (anisotropy of the residual stress state) are used as driving forces to refine the strain-free lattice parameter a 0 during the evaluation procedure.
Cation homeostasis and transport related gene markers are differentially expressed in porcine buccal pouch mucosal cells during long-term cells primary culture in vitro

Abstract The mucous membrane is composed of two layers. The layer of stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying layer of the connective tissue. The epithelium is composed of keratinocytes that are in different stages of differentiation, depending on their localization. In our research, after isolation of primary in vitro cultured buccal pouch mucosal cells, we observed keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation and fibroblasts. These cells, depending on the ionic dynamics, may be subject to different morphological and biochemical transformations. Understanding the expression profile of the normal oral mucosal tissue is important for further research into the effects of biomaterials on the mucosal cells, their growth, proliferation, and differentiation. The porcine buccal pouch mucosal cells were used in this study. The oral mucosa was separated surgically and isolated enzymatically. The cells were in vitro cultured for 30 days, and after each step of in vitro culture (7 days, 15 days, 30 days), samples were collected for isolation of total RNA. The gene expression profile was measured using Affymetrix microarray assays. In results, we observed genes belonging to two ontology groups: cation homeostasis and cation transport. These genes were up-regulated after 7 days of in vitro culture as compared to down-regulation after 15 and 30 days of in vitro culture. These results suggested that dynamic growth, proliferation and cell adhesion are more intense in the first 7 days of in vitro culture. We also observed, for the first time, the expression of ATP13A3 in porcine oral mucosal cells.
TLR4 modulation: molecular recognition studies and drug design by molecular modelling

The heterodimeric complex, formed by Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and its accessory protein Myeloid Differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) is responsible of activating the innate immune system when sensing the presence of particular pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is primarily populated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which are essential for their growth and survival. These LPSs are specifically recognized by the TLR4/MD-2 complex as follows: an LPS binds to MD-2 inside a deep molecular hydrophobic pocket causing molecular rearrangements of the receptorial complex resulting in the dimerization of another TLR4/MD-2 unit. TLR4 ectodomains dimerization event brings together the TLR4 intercellular domains initiating the activation of innate immune system signaling pathways. Interestingly, this activation is not only modulated by naturally occurring LPSs from many different Gram-negative bacteria but also by non-naturally occurring glycolipids and other non-LPS like molecules.
The role of microglia derived extracellular vesicles in inflammatory and tumorous processes of the CNS : in vitro study

Dans cette etude on decrit une methode reproductible et efficace pour isoler des cellules microgliales et leurs exosomes. Les resultats montrent qu'il n'y a pas de differences morphologiques entre les cellules microgliales issues d'origines tissulaires differentes e.g. cortex et moelle epiniere. D'autre part, en utilisant une plateforme de proteomique a grande echelle, nous demontrons que les microglies derivees du cortex et de la moelle epiniere des rats expriment des phenotypes differents tant dans les conditions physiologiques normales ou inflammatoires. Cette difference a ete confirmee egalement au niveau des exosomes qu’elles secretent.Des essais biologiques in vitro demontrent que les exosomes derivees de microglies testees sur des spheroides 3D de gliomes de rat etaient capables d'inhiber l'invasion tumorale. Ces resultats ont permis de mettre en evidence que des exosomes derivees de la microglie pouvaient etre utilises comme agents nano therapeutiques vis-a-vis des gliomes. Sur la base des etudes precedentes conduites au laboratoire, nous avons montre que les EVs isolees a partir de macrophage KD PC1/3 traitees avec Paclitaxel inhibaient la croissance de la lignee C6 de gliome de rat. Nous avons isole les exosomes et nos resultats mettent en valeur le potentiel d'une strategie therapeutique combinant Paclitaxel et inhibition de PC1/3 et utilisation des exosomes produits par ces cellules comme agents therapeutiques.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from OH-initiated oxidation of m-xylene: effects of relative humidity on yield and chemical composition

Abstract. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of m-xylene initiated by OH radicals in the absence of seed particles was investigated in a Teflon reactor. The SOA yields were determined based on the particle mass concentrations measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and reacted m-xylene concentrations measured with a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The SOA components were analyzed using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph–electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-HRMS). A significant decrease was observed in SOA mass concentration and yield variation with the increasing RH conditions. The SOA yields are 14.0 %–16.5 % and 0.8 %–3.2 % at low RH (14 %) and high RH (74 %–79 %), respectively, with the difference being nearly 1 order of magnitude. Some of the reduction in the apparent yield may be due to the faster wall loss of semi-volatile products of oxidation at higher RH. The chemical mechanism for explaining the RH effects on SOA formation from m-xylene–OH system is proposed based on the analysis of both FTIR and HRMS measurements, and the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) prediction is used as the assistant. The FTIR analysis shows that the proportion of oligomers with C-O-C groups from carbonyl compounds in SOA at high RH is higher than that at low RH, but further information cannot be provided by the FTIR results to well explain the negative RH effect on SOA formation. In the HRMS spectra, it is found that C2H2O is one of the most frequent mass differences at low and high RHs, that the compounds with a lower carbon number in the formula at low RH account for a larger proportion than those at high RH and that the compounds at high RH have higher O : C ratios than those at low RH. The HRMS results suggest that the RH may suppress oligomerization where water is involved as a by-product and may influence the further particle-phase reaction of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) formed in the gas phase. In addition, the negative RH effect on SOA formation is enlarged based on the gas-to-particle partitioning rule.
Corncob Biorefinery for Platform Chemicals and Lignin Coproduction: Metal Chlorides as Catalysts

A facile approach to a corncob biorefinery, focusing on both carbohydrate valorization and lignin stabilization, was proposed to coproduce platform chemicals (glucose, xylose, arabinose, and furfural) and lignin. Different metal chloride prehydrolyses of corncob in the biphasic system (2-methyltetrahydrofuran/H2O) were first carried out, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of treated corncob. It was found that the dissolution and recovery of carbohydrate and lignin were dependent on the prehydrolysis conditions (metal chloride concentration, temperature, and time); 82.9% xylose with 56.2% arabinose was produced at 140 °C for 20 min using 25 mM FeCl3, and subsequently, furfural was generated in a yield of 60.0% from this hydrolysate-containing biphasic system by increasing the temperature to 180 °C for 120 min. The FeCl3 prehydrolysis of corncob released 99% xylan, retained 91% cellulose, and showed a significant enhancement in the cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis rate of 4.9-fold as compared to that for raw co.
High-performance thin-layer chromatographic—densitometric determination of the major triterpene saponins and their aglycones from Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Apiaceae, is a medicinal plant, rooted in the Ayurvedic medicine with wide and potent health beneficial activity, and is of great interest to researchers concerning phytotherapy due to its numerous pharmacological activities. In this paper, we have developed a valid thin-layer chromatography (TLC)—densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of the four main C. asiatica active compounds. The additional goal was to achieve the conditions of determination, which would not require spraying with the derivative reagent and subsequent heating — the factors that greatly deteriorate the validation parameters. In order to do so, we have tested diff erent sorbents (alumina, silica gel, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography [HPTLC] silica gel) and a number of eluents. The best results were obtained with HPTLC silica gel plates eluted with a mixture of CHCl3-MeOH-H2O (10:8:2, v/v) and analysed with a densitometer at λ = 202 nm. The chromatographic method was validated for linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, repeatability, intermediate precision, and recovery.