Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How to Counteract Biased Self-Assessments? An Experimental Investigation of Reactions to Social Information

In a lab experiment, we investigate whether social information can improve the accuracy of self-assessments of relative performance. In particular, we compare the effectiveness of different types of social information: subjects either learn their close peers' (i) average absolute performance, (ii) average self-assessment or (iii) average bias of selfassessments. Additionally, we explore the demand for the different types of social information. Our results suggest that social information can help debiasing subjects' selfassessments, but not all types of information are equally effective. Only learning about the average bias of peers' self-assessments improves own self-assessments. Subjects are, in general, willing to pay for social information but mostly prefer information about their peers' absolute performance, which is the least helpful type of social information. Consequently, endogenous choice of social information does not further improve self-assessments.
Paralleling Collision Detection on Five-Axis Machining

With the rapid growth of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (or Industry 4.0), five-axis machining has played an important role nowadays. Due to the expensive cost of five-axis machining, how to solve the collision detection for five-axis machining in real-time is very critical. In this paper, we present a parallel method to detect collision for five-axis machining. Moreover, we apply the bounding volume hierarchy technique with two-level bounding volume represent the surface or solid of the object to reduce triangle meshes inside each axis of the five-axis machine tool, and then matching the operating range limit of the fiveaxis machine tool itself, delete the no colliding triangle mesh. Additionally, we also propose some optimization with loop unrolling and prefetching techniques to improve performance of collision detection. Our approach can reduce the execution time significantly by computing six separating axes in plan and eleven separating axis in non-plan between two triangle meshes based on the characteristic of GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) for program acceleration. Our proposed work consists of kinematic analysis and interpolation for axes to save the numerous collision detection for five-axis machining computations. In this experiment, the result shows that using the proposed approach above can achieve approximately 37.1 times speedup than that of CPU.
Barriers to Reporting Medical Errors: A Qualitative Study in Iran

Introduction: This study aimed to emphasize the challenges in the error reporting system as one of the professionalism codes in clinical settings in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In total, 23 focused group discussion sessions were conducted with 85 faculty members, assistants, and interns, as well as 165 staff members in 2016. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Furthermore, the views of four faculty members were gathered again via emails in 2020 to ensure data accuracy. The extracted codes were managed using conventional content analysis through MAXQDA software. Results: Analysis of participants' discussions led to the identification of 105 codes, which were classified into six sub-categories and two main categories, including "barriers to reporting errors of peers " and "barriers to self-reporting errors". Conclusion: Most of the non-reporting errors are due to participant’s concerns. Such concerns are generally the result of poor system management or are merely misunderstandings; accordingly, errors' addressing only requires gaining a person's trust. The seriousness of the system in persuading people to report errors is one of the most important ways to gain a person's trust.
Can Flipping the Classroom Work? Evidence from Undergraduate Chemistry.

Our study describes student outcomes from an undergraduate chemistry course that implemented a flipped format: a pedagogical model that consists of students watching recorded video lectures outside of the classroom and engaging in problem solving activities during class. We investigated whether (1) interest, study skills, and attendance as measured by self report improved during the term as a result of course format (n=252) and (2) students in a flipped chemistry course earned higher grades in the subsequent chemistry course compared with students who enrolled in the nonflipped course that same term (n=295). Although we found no significant differences between students’ self-reported interest and study skills at the end of the term, we found that students enrolled in the flipped course reported attending class more often than students in the non-flipped course (β = .32). We also found that after controlling for student-level covariates related to achievement (such as SAT Math scores and grade in previous chemistry course), students enrolled in the flipped chemistry course experienced, on average, a statistically significant increase of half a standard deviation (β = .55) in their grade in the subsequent chemistry course. We discuss implications for study of flipped instruction.
The ageing of parent carers: classed and gendered care-giving patterns at higher ages

Abstract Increasing longevity has led to a rising number of adult children who are at higher ages when they provide care for their parents. Drawing on the lifecourse approach and exchange theory, the paper addresses similarities and differences in parent care between late middle-aged and older adult children. The study uses the UK Household Longitudinal Study, restricting the analysis sample to individuals aged 50 and older with a living parent or parent-in-law. It presents multivariate models to examine differences between late middle-aged (aged 50–64) and older (aged 65+) children in being a parent carer, providing intensive care, the duration of parent care and providing selected types of help to parents. The involvement in parent care increases among women up to the end of their seventh decade of life and for men up to their eighth decade of life. At higher ages, the proportion of parent carers decreases more strongly for women than men. Older carers have shorter care-giving episodes than younger carers, but there is no significant difference in the type of care provided. Even past retirement age, parent care remains classed and gendered, with women from lower social classes having the highest likelihood of providing intensive parent care in old age. Having dependent children or living in a non-marital union depress the likelihood of caring for a parent even past retirement age.
Cytotoxicity effects of endodontic irrigants on permanent and primary cell lines

Background: Irrigants plays a vital role in disinfection of the root canal system. Although concentration dependent, a fine balance between antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility need to be maintained at all times. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of conventional irrigants on two different cell lines in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Methods: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and iodine potassium iodide (IKI) were prepared in concentrations of 5%, 2.5%, 2%, and 1%. About 0.9% saline served as negative control and Biopure MTADTM (100%) as positive control. Permanent (Henrietta Lacks [HeLa]) and primary (human gingival fibroblast [HGF]) cell lines were chosen to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the irrigants by trypan blue assay. A volume of 30 μl of the cell suspension was treated with 20 μl of irrigants. The cell suspension was loaded into Neubauer chamber after 5 min, and cell count was performed under inverted microscope and expressed as viability percentage. Results: NaOCl at all concentrations was cytotoxic on both cell lines; MTAD on HeLa had nonviable scores with limited viability on HGF. Only 1% IKI had better viability than higher concentrations. Although 1% CHX had higher viability on both cell lines, bactericidal concentration of 2% CHX showed promising results. Conclusion: Target cell line (HGF) appears to be more sensitive than the use of nontarget cell line (HeLa) for evaluating cytotoxicity. NaOCl and MTAD were cytotoxic and should be used with caution. Lower concentrations of CHX appear to be less cytotoxic than any irrigant and concentrations tested.
The effect of trace amount of Zr-doped TiO2 on photocatalytic activity in degradation of organic waste

ABSTRACT TiO2/Zr nano photocatalyst is obtained with various trace amount of Zr by employing the sol-gel method. Several spectroscopic techniques are applied to characterize the structures and properties of nano photocatalyst. It is found that the effect of doping Zr ions to the TiO2 lattice led to improving the surface properties and decreasing the particle size of nano photocatalyst. Therefore, it causes increasing specific surface area and photocatalytic activity as compared with pure TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of the nano photocatalyst is employed for the degradation of Methyl Orange as organic waste in the aqueous solution under UV irradiation in a batch reactor.
Learning peace: Adolescent Colombians’ interpretations of and responses to peace education curriculum.

Young people’s critical role in building peaceful societies has been increasingly recognized in research and policy over the last several decades. This attention has coincided with the development and wider application of peace education in transitional and conflict settings. Within the field, however, there has been less attention to young people’s own perspectives, understandings of their roles, and responses to peace education. This study contributes to this literature and the field of peace education by employing psychological theories on development and meaning making in investigating how adolescents respond to peace education in Colombia. In 2015, the Colombian government mandated the inclusion of peace education across all levels of schooling. The law reflected increased attention to young people’s potential development and role as peacebuilders. Nevertheless, there has been minimal evaluation of how the law has been received by young Colombians or has influenced their understandings of and orientations toward peace. The methodology in this study involved presenting adolescents with an excerpt from the Colombian government’s proposed curriculum and asking them to respond. To do this, interviews were conducted with 205 adolescents between 15 and 18 years old across 36 schools in various areas of Colombia. Participants were presented with the 1-page framework intended for 10thgrade instruction in the Colombian Ministry of Education’s document of tasks and recommendations for peace education. Thematic analysis of the interview data was used to identify key patterns in participants’ responses. Analyses revealed three primary themes: youth needed to be prepared for engagement in society, informing served as a foundation for participation in peacebuilding, and peace education needed to bridge the divide between the classroom and social contexts outside of it by promoting concrete action. These themes link together to provide insight into how these adolescents made meaning of peace education, including in relation to their possible roles in a societal project of peace. These adolescents’ responses demonstrated that they were attentive to the disconnects between their experiences and understandings and the ways that they were being taught about peace and their own possible roles in it. Such awareness has implications for peace education within Colombia and more broadly as an endeavor to promote prosocial engagement in youth. Overall, the findings highlight that peace education may effectively correspond with young people’s development and psychological processing when it is praxis oriented, attentive to their local contexts, and able to be integrated with their identities and envisioned trajectories. In line with the themes in participants’ responses, critical peace education may effectively engage and motivate adolescents by providing a broader contextualization with attentiveness to their local contexts and a focus on strategies for application.
FACTORS DETERMINING STUDENTS DECISION TO USE DIGITAL WALLETS

This study aims to find out what factors determine student decisions to use digital wallets. This study uses a qualitative approach to identify variables and a quantitative to classify variables into factors. This study took students studying in Indonesia as a sample, and 11 students underwent interviews and 309 students who became questionnaire respondents. After conducting the interview, 36 variables appear. Only 18 variables meet the value of communalities for further analysis to determine the factors determining the decision using the Exploratory Factor Analysis technique. The results of this study found that six factors determine the decision to use digital wallets by students, namely Primary Needs, Utilities Spending, Convenience, Education, E-Commerce, and Behavioral Shifting. The factor that most influences students' decisions to use digital wallets is the Primary Needs. Keywords : Behavioral Shifting, College Student, Convenience, Digital Wallets, E-Commerce, Education, Primary Needs, Utilities Spending
Assessing temporal and spatial variability in annual nitrate loads, yields, and flow weighted concentration across Iowa

The second largest zone of coastal hypoxia in the world is found on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf adjacent to the outflows of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. Studies performed in late 90s indicated that hypoxic conditions likely began to appear around the turn of the last century and became more severe since the 1950s as the nitrate flux from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico tripled. Although the hypoxia formation in the Gulf of Mexico is predominantly driven by increased riverine nitrogen (N) export from the MississippiAtchafalaya River basin, it remains unclear how hydroclimate extremes affect downstream N loads. We analyzed the flow-weighted nitrate-N concentration (FWNC; mg NO3-N L), load (kg NO3-N y), and yields (kg NO3-N ha1 maize and soybeans cropland y) for 44 watersheds in Iowa, USA over the last two decades and estimated the probability of measuring non-weather related 41% reductions in nitrate losses. Our objectives were: 1) to identify the magnitude and spatial variability of three nitrate levels, across 44 watersheds during the period from 2001 to 2018; 2) measure the probability of measuring a 41% real reduction; and 3) explain which main factors are explaining these reductions, and the time-periods needed to achieve these goals. We found that reductions in FWNC over 15 years resulting from changes in land use and management exceeded 59% in all watersheds. In contrast, over the same timeframe, the mean probability across all watersheds of measuring 41% reductions in load and yield from changes in land use and management were only 49%, and 47%. Weather, land-uses, and soils explained 90% of the cross-watershed variability in FWNC. Overall, this study, brings new data and analysis to assist decision making in monitoring nitrogen in Iowa.
Credit Risk and Profitability of Banking Sector in Sri Lanka

This paper aims to investigate the impact of credit risk on the profitability of the banking sector in Sri Lanka. The profitability is measured with and Return on Assets. At the same time, credit risk is quantified with four indicators: Non-performing loan Ratio (NPLR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Net Charge off Ratio (NCOR), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). Data from thirteen banks over eight years from 2010 to 2017 was analyzed using panel data regression analysis. The finding shows that the Profitability of the Banking Sector in Sri Lanka has been determined by important determinants such as credit risk. The study further finds that non-performing loans have negative and significant return on assets. However, the net charge-off ratio and the loan to deposit ratio are not important variables for expanding the bank's profitability. On the other hand, the CAR positively impacts returns on assets. The study suggested the need to strengthen the management of credit risk in order to preserve Sri Lankan banks' current profitability.
Tunable Diplexer Composed of Asymmetric Hairpin Resonators Using Varactors with Constant Passband Bandwidth and High Isolation Characteristics

A tunable diplexer composed of asymmetric hairpin resonators using varactors with constant passband bandwidth and high isolation characteristics has been realized. A symmetric hairpin resonator loaded with a (Ba x Sr 1-x )TiO 3 (BST) varactor is proposed as a tunable resonator. It is matched to the frequency characteristics of bandpass filter (BPF) design parameters, namely, external quality factor and coupling coefficient. This resonator has a higher unloaded quality factor below 2 GHz than one using a silicon varactor diode. Also, beyond 2 GHz, the transmission characteristics of the proposed hairpin resonator loaded with a BST varactor are more stable. A tunable second-order BPF that maintains a constant bandwidth is configured using the proposed resonator. Those frequency characteristics are realized with only two BST varactors and a DC voltage supply. Finally, a configured and fabricated tunable diplexer using the proposed resonators is shown.
PROBE2.0: A Systematic Framework for Routability Assessment From Technology to Design in Advanced Nodes

In advanced nodes, scaling of critical dimension and pitch has not progressed at historical Moore’s Law rates. Thus, scaling boosters are explored to improve achievable power, performance, area, and cost (PPAC) in new technologies. However, scaling boosters increase complexity of standard-cell architectures, power delivery, design rules, and other aspects of the design enablement, and may not result in design-level benefits. Therefore, design-technology co-optimization (DTCO) methodologies are required to evaluate design-level benefits of scaling boosters. The key challenge for DTCO is that large engineering efforts and long timelines are needed to develop design enablements (e.g., cell libraries) and perform implementation studies in order to assess technology options. We describe a new framework that can systematically evaluate a measure of intrinsic routability, $K_{\mathrm{ th}}$ , across both technology and design choices. We focus on routability since it is a critical factor in the scaling of area and cost. Our framework includes realistic standard-cell libraries that are automatically generated using satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) methods, and a new pin shape selection method. Routability assessments are based on the PROBE approach and an improved construction of underlying netlist topologies. Our experimental studies demonstrate the assessment of routability impacts for advanced-node technology and design options. We demonstrate learning-based $K_{\mathrm{ th}}$ prediction to reduce runtime, disk space and commercial tool licenses needed to implement our framework. Our work enables faster and more comprehensive evaluation of technology options early in the technology development process.
Regionale Typologie der Quellfluren im Parc Ela (Graubünden, Schweiz)

The spring habitats of Central Europe are small, timeless, and insular biotopes with high ecological value. Although subject to severe exploitation pressures, they do not yet have a comprehensive protection status as habitats in Switzerland; contributing to this challenge is the controversy involved with the syntaxonomic classification of spring vegetation. The impetus for this study of spring flora is Parc Ela’s plan to develop a conservation concept for its springs (canton of Grisons, eastern Swiss Alps), as well as the development of a national inventory of spring habitats on behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. In Parc Ela, 60 square-meter Relevés (including bryophytes) were recorded on twenty springs, from the montane valley floor to just into the alpine zone. Using an unsupervised ZHAW Departement N | Seiler 4 classification with TWINSPAN, ad hoc vegetation types were defined to describe local variability and to allow comparisons with international classifications. Ordination with DCA and the analysis of various linear models allowed an assessment of environmental gradients. Recorded species richness is high compared to similar studies (total species 264, mean 21.7 species per m2). The biodiversity of the plots decreases significantly with increasing pH and oxygen saturation of the spring water, which is probably due to the limiting effects of tufa formation and strong flow intensity. The two most important environmental gradients for species composition were elevation/conductivity and insolation/spring water pH/soil chemistry. From the numerical classification, seven vegetation types of various degrees of distinction emerge. All unshaded springs, including those over base-poor bedrock, can be assigned to a broadly defined Cratoneurion Koch 1928. The vegetation types show a clear separation by elevation and water conductivity. The petrifying springs were not strongly distinguishable floristically from other base-rich springs. The forest springs are differentiated by soil chemistry and oxygen content of the spring water and can be divided into the base-poor and base-rich alliances Caricion remotae Kästner 1941 and Lycopodi europaei-Cratoneurion commutati Hadač 1983. As there is a certain threat to these valuable habitats in the park due to anthropogenic influence, protection measures are recommended, most importantly adaptation of the management of alpine pastures and sensitization of forest enterprises. ZHAW Departement N | Seiler
Risk factors for hospital readmission among home health care patients at PSMMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2019

Background: Worldwide the home health care (HHC) has many benefits. It improves countries health systems and clinical outcomes of patients, it is good solution for bed occupancy in hospitals. Home Health care (HHC) provides nursing services supported with Medicare for patients with chronic medical issues that prevent them from leaving the home. Objectives: This study aimed to describe frequency and rate of readmission to hospital by HHC patients according to diagnoses, and identify the factors associated with non-elective, readmission of HHC patients, at PSMMC, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a total number of participants 213 done by using self-administered chart review. Result: A total of 213 Saudi health care patients participated, and most of them were in the age group of 75-85 years. The overall prevalence of readmission was 43.66%, and it was significantly higher among males at 55.81%. Poly-pharmacy and diabetes mellitus were the highest frequent causes of readmission at 75.27% and 65.59%, respectively. A significantly higher percentage of readmitted subjects have urinary tract infection and on NGT at 8.60% and 13.89% vs. 1.67% and 5% on the not readmitted group, respectively. On the other hand, the functional disability severity frequency and hypothyroidism were higher in the not readmitted groups compared to the readmitted one at 46.67%, and 27.5% vs. 32.26 and 12.9%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the distance 25Km from central Riyadh. Male gender is associated with more than two folds risk of non-elective readmission of HHC compared to females, with OR =2.30, and a P-value of 0.004. Patients with urinary tract infections were more than five folds (OR= 5.55, P= 0.033) at risk of readmission, and those with surgical interventions have 6.91 folds increased risk of readmission. Besides, patients on NGT and those treated with a multidisciplinary team have OR of 3.09, and 3.41to be readmitted with a significant P-value (