Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON IWASAWA THEORY OF RUBIN–STARK UNITS AND NARROW CLASS GROUPS

Abstract Let K be a totally real number field of degree r. Let K∞ denote the cyclotomic -extension of K, and let L∞ be a finite extension of K∞, abelian over K. The goal of this paper is to compare the characteristic ideal of the χ-quotient of the projective limit of the narrow class groups to the χ-quotient of the projective limit of the rth exterior power of totally positive units modulo a subgroup of Rubin–Stark units, for some $\overline{\mathbb{Q}_{2}}$-irreducible characters χ of Gal(L∞/K∞).
Effect of Free Swing Gait Training on Back Pain in a Patient with Bilateral Lower Extremity Amputations: A Case Report

Introduction: Back pain is a common occurrence in persons with a lower extremity amputation, and can cause a chronic disability. Early physical therapy interventions of gait training with prosthesis could prevent amputees from becoming disabled by chronic back pain. Free swing gait training is sometimes utilized in physical therapy with transfemoral amputees learning to use prosthesis. However, there is a lack of evidence for the benefits of free swing gait training on decreasing back pain. The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of free swing gait training on low back pain in an amputee. Case Description: The patient was a 57 year old Caucasian male with a history of a left transtibial amputation and a recent right transfemoral amputation. He was referred to physical therapy to learn how to utilize his new transfemoral prosthetic and find functional independence as a bilateral amputee. One of his chief complaints was debilitating low back pain that had increased since his latest amputation. Intervention: Physical therapy intervention included free swing gait training intended to normalize the patient’s gait pattern while ambulating with a left transfemoral and a right transtibial prostheses. It was hypothesized that the normalization of the patient’s gait pattern would decrease his complaint of back pain. Results: After 8 weeks of physical therapy, including 3 weeks of free swing gait training, the patient demonstrated decreased low back pain, increased strength, and improved gait quality and distance. Discussion: The results of this case report demonstrate that the use of free swing gait training can be beneficial to decrease back pain in a bilateral amputee.
Using a resource selection approach to predict the suitability of alpine habitats for a common herbivore

Climate change models predict that Australia's alpine areas will experience major declines in snow cover, which, in turn, may provide suitable habitat for species presently restricted to lower altitudes. As a result, there are concerns among land managers that many species will invade alpine areas and have a detrimental impact on fragile alpine ecosystems. However, species survival in such areas, irrespective of snow cover, is greatly dependent on the availability of suitable resources. This study investigated the selection of resources by common wombats Vombatus ursinus, which are currently restricted to, but widespread throughout, the subalpine zone of the Snowy Mountains. Our objectives were to identify habitat choices, and build a model of habitat suitability over the broader landscape, to investigate the likelihood of this common herbivore inhabiting the alpine zone. Global positioning system data were obtained from collared wombats, which were tracked for up to a year, to examine resource selection. Resource selection within the home range of individual wombats revealed that topographic position, vegetation cover, drainage, past fire disturbance, and roads were important predictors of locations. A global model showed that wombats selected locations with mid-elevations, moderate slopes, closer to water courses and roads, and with a lower proportion of grassland, which are discussed in relation to foraging and burrowing requirements. Mapping of the global model illustrated that alpine areas had a low relative probability of use by this species. Consequently, wombats are unlikely to inhabit alpine areas under given climate change scenarios of less snow cover, because the area (presently) does not contain suitable resources necessary for a wombat to maintain a home range. Researchers and managers need to be mindful of how the spatial distribution of resources, in addition to species climatic tolerances, will influence potential range shifts.
Food community networks as sustainable self-organized collective action: a case study of a solidarity purchasing group

The spread of Food Community Networks (FCNs) is mainly due to new and confirmed policies for consumption, testing new social paradigms aimed at promoting sustainable development in rural areas through the active reorganization of the agricultural and food industry. As a result, there is a set of rules deriving from complex relational structures competing to define self-organized collective action for sustainability. This paper analyses the structure of relations within FCNs. With this end in view, research on the experience of FCNs has been done, in particular of Solidarity Purchasing Groups (henceforth SPGs) in Sicily (Southern Italy). By applying Social Network Analysis, the article identifies what role each participant in the network plays; that is, who can influence long-term collective action.
Pogo Stick Programs Provide Physical and Psychological Benefits to Children

Novel methods of adding vigorous exercise to physical education classes or after school programs could boost physical and psychological well-being in children. We explored the use of pogo stick classes in two cohorts of 10 - 11 years old children. Both interventions consisted of two, one-hour sessions per week for six weeks. Attendance at these after-school sessions was high (Study 1, 82%; Study 2, 95%). Study 1 tested the efficacy of a pogo class in sports-active children aged 10 - 11 years from a community adjacent to a university. They were tested before and after the intervention for balance using a stabilometer, for leg power using jump height, and for VO2max using the Leger 20 m shuttle run. Means of pre and post intervention measures were compared using paired t-tests. Balance improved (p = 0.001) while VO2max and leg power remained consistent. Study 2 tested the ability of pogo classes to improve self-esteem in girls who did not participate in sports and resided in a low socio-economic urban area. Before and after the intervention they completed the Harter Self-Perception Profile. Self-assessed scores in all six categories of the Harter Profile increased, indicating that the pogo stick intervention elicited improved self-esteem in the children. Results from these two pilot studies using pogo sticks in different cohorts of children indicate that pogo-based programs can provide physical and mental health benefits.
The Effects of Class XI Myosins on Arabidopsis thaliana Root Hair Growth and Fertility using amiRNAs

Myosins are ATP-dependent motor proteins that cell organelles use for motility along actin filaments. In Arabidopsis thaliana, plant-specific class XI myosins are required for expansion of cells and organs of the plant. Root hair and pollen tube growth are both affected in single and double myosin mutants, resulting in shortened root hairs and reduced fertility, respectively. Two artificial mircroRNA constructs were designed to simultaneously reduce the expression of multiple class XI myosins. It was predicted that plants expressing the artificial microRNA would have drastically shortened root hairs and significantly decreased plant fertility due to reduced pollen tube growth compared to the single and double myosin mutants. It was found that the artificial microRNAs designed did not result in shorter root hairs or a drastic decrease in fertility. In conclusion, either the artificial microRNAs were not expressed at a high enough level or they did not effectively target the class XI myosins. INTRODUCTION Arabidopsis thaliana is a flowering plant used frequently as a model in laboratories studying various aspects of plant biology. In Dr. Nebenfuhr’s laboratory, research is done on myosin XI, ATP-dependent motor proteins that are utilized by cell organelles for motility along actin filaments in plants. Structurally, myosin XI contains three domains, the head, neck, and tail, each with characteristic function (Figure 1). The head is the most genetically conserved structure of the myosin; its primary function is to bind to actin filaments and act as a catalyst for ATP hydrolysis to induce movement. The neck serves as an alpha-helix Globular tail
New results in robust actuator fault reconstruction for linear uncertain systems using sliding mode observers

This paper presents a robust actuator fault reconstruction scheme for linear uncertain systems using sliding mode observers. In existing work, fault reconstruction via sliding mode observers is limited to either linear certain systems subject to unknown inputs, relative degree one systems or a specific class of relative degree two systems. This paper presents a new method that is applicable to a wider class of systems with relative degree higher than one, and can also be used for systems with more unknown inputs than outputs. The method uses two sliding mode observers in cascade. Signals from the first observer are processed and used to drive the second observer. Overall, this results in actuator fault reconstruction being feasible for a wider class of systems than using existing methods. A simulation example verifies the claims made in this paper. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Walter's-B Viscoelastic Flow past a Semi-Infinite Vertical Plate embedded in a Non-Darcy Purous Medium with Heat Source/Sink

A numerical solution for the unsteady free convective heat and mass transfer in a MHD viscoelastic fluid along a semi-infinite vertical plate embedded in a non-Darcy porous medium in the presence of heat source/sink. The Walters-B liquid model is employed to simulate medical creams and other rheological liquids encountered in biotechnology and chemical engineering. This rheological model introduces supplementary terms into the momentum conservation equation. The dimensionless unsteady, coupled, and non-linear partial differential conservation equations for the boundary layer regime are solved by an efficient, accurate and unconditionally stable finite difference scheme of the Crank-Nicolson type. The velocity, temperature and concentration fields have been studied for the effect of Prandtl number, viscoelasticity parameter, magnetic parameter, Schmidt number, buoyancy ratio parameter, radiation parameter, heat source/sink parameter. The local skin- friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also presented and analyzed graphically. It is observed that, when the viscoelasticity parameter increases, the velocity decreases close to the plate surface.
The Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute Understanding the Total Factor Productivity Shortfall in Sub-Saharan Africa

Some argue that Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is unique and the fundamental policies and institutions that govern income or productivity variation across countries do not explain the total factor productivity (TFP) shortfall within SSA. This study puts this hypothesis in question and attempts to explain the TFP shortfall in SSA using institutional quality, restrictiveness of trade policy, geographical location and other controls. Using IV estimation to take care of potential endogeneity of the measures of institutional quality and trade policy, and including a SSA dummy and its interaction with TFP determinants in a cross-country regression, the study shows that the dismal TFP in SSA could broadly be understood in relation to its poor institutions, restrictive trade policy and most importantly, its tropical location and the meager domestic credit available to the private sector. Also, the marginal effect of institutions or trade policy on TFP in SSA is not found to be meaningfully different from their effect on TFP in the remaining sample. The findings imply that there is substantial room for improving SSA’s TFP through better institutional quality, less restrictive trade policy, better access to finance for the private sector, and better connectivity of landlocked countries with their non-landlocked neighbors. Moreover, it also calls for emphasis in facilitating a structural shift towards less dependence in agriculture in the long run, while investing in research on drought resistance crops, tropical diseases, and irrigation infrastructure to mitigate the consequences of its tropical location in the short run.
Carbon source/sink information provided by column CO 2 measurements from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory

Abstract. We quantify how well column-integrated CO2 measurements from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) should be able to constrain surface CO2 fluxes, given the presence of various error sources. We use variational data assimilation to optimize weekly fluxes at a 2°×5° resolution (lat/lon) using simulated data averaged across each model grid box overflight (typically every ~33 s). Grid-scale simulations of this sort have been carried out before for OCO using simplified assumptions for the measurement error. Here, we more accurately describe the OCO measurements in two ways. First, we use new estimates of the single-sounding retrieval uncertainty and averaging kernel, both computed as a function of surface type, solar zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, and pointing mode (nadir vs. glint). Second, we collapse the information content of all valid retrievals from each grid box crossing into an equivalent multi-sounding measurement uncertainty, factoring in both time/space error correlations and data rejection due to clouds and thick aerosols. Finally, we examine the impact of three types of systematic errors: measurement biases due to aerosols, transport errors, and mistuning errors caused by assuming incorrect statistics. When only random measurement errors are considered, both nadir- and glint-mode data give error reductions over the land of ~45% for the weekly fluxes, and ~65% for seasonal fluxes. Systematic errors reduce both the magnitude and spatial extent of these improvements by about a factor of two, however. Improvements nearly as large are achieved over the ocean using glint-mode data, but are degraded even more by the systematic errors. Our ability to identify and remove systematic errors in both the column retrievals and atmospheric assimilations will thus be critical for maximizing the usefulness of the OCO data.
DO FUNCTIONS EXIST

The paper proposes a model where functions are not considered as primitive objects in themselves but rather as a complex network of relationships between different, more fundamental entities. Exploring the connections between goals, behaviors, operations, etc. at various levels has several advantages. It allows integrating in a unique framework different approaches to design, from the FBS model to Functional Basis one and provides tools for a more powerful analysis. The new picture can also help modeling affordances, misuses, redundant functions, failures and so on. The representation of the relationships between functions, user’s goals and expectations, behaviours and physical features in the case study of a common glass shows how the model can help designing better products, and at the same time illustrates the various critical issues in the model itself and suggests possible directions of investigation.
The Spatial Factors of Cultural Identity: A Case Study of the Courtyards in a Historical Residential Area in Beijing

The issue of identity is very complex and determining the factors influencing cultural identity is a key issue. Several scholars have studied the factors influencing cultural identity. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how spatial factors influence cultural identity. This paper takes a historical and cultural conservation block in Beijing, China, as the research area. This area includes eight lanes and is called Eight Lanes in North Xisi. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that spatial changes in living conditions, layout, size, architectural form, and decoration, etc. in the courtyards led to changes in the traditional culture of the courtyards, which ceased to reflect the original residential culture, which led to a decline in cultural identity. Spatial factors directly affected the residents’ cultural identification with harmonious courtyard culture. This view adds nuance to debates about cultural identity and the factors that influence it. From the perspective of cultural geography and by using structural equation modelling, we draw two main conclusions. First, the smaller proportion of public space (The term “space” as it is used in this paper is based on the understanding of humanistic geographers and refers to physical space; it does not acquire meaning and cultures.) is one main factor affecting residents’ identification with the harmonious residential culture of the case area. Second, the greater population density of the courtyards is another main factor affecting residents’ identification with the area’s harmonious residential culture.
Mineral dust in central asia: 18-month lidar measurements in tajikistan during the central Asian dust experiment (CADEX)

Tajikistan is often affected by atmospheric mineral dust. The direct and indirect radiative effects of dust play a sensitive role in the climate system in Central Asia. The Central Asian Dust Experiment (CADEX) provides first lidar measurements in Tajikistan. The autonomous multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar PollyXT was operated for 1.5 years (2015/16) in Dushanbe. In spring, lofted layers of long-range transported dust and in summer/ autumn, lower laying dust from local or regional sources with large optical thicknesses occurred.
Do Prices Transmit Rationally Expected Information

A simple model with asymmetric information, in which inventory holders or traders submit demand curves to an auctioneer, has a unique partially revealing equilibrium. We wonder whether the agents can plausibly coordinate on this equilibrium through "eductive" reasoning relying on common knowledge. The analysis stresses the role of two effects, sensitivity and amplification, whose product should be small enough. The property is obtained whenever the equilibrium excess demand is steep enough, i.e., when the search for information does not distort demand too much. Neither the influence of the number of informed agents nor that of noise trading are monotonic. Real-time learning has strikingly different features. (JEL: D82, D84) Copyright (c) 2003 The European Economic Association.
Quasi free-standing one-dimensional nanocrystals of PbTe grown in 1.4 nm SWNTs

Here, we show successful filling of 1.4 nm single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with PbTe nanocrystals. The structure of one-dimensional PbTe in SWNT was determined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The electronic structure of composites was studied by optical absorbance and Raman spectroscopies indicating no noticeable interaction of encapsulated PbTe with SWNT wall. Experimental data are supported by ab-initio calculations, showing non-zero density of states at the Fermi level of PbTe@SWNT(10,10) provided by both SWNT and PbTe states and thus metallic conductivity of the composite.
DNA damage in canine transmissible venereal tumor cells

The Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) has been classified according to the predominant cell type as follows: lymphocytoid, plasmocytoid, and mixed. Various degrees of aggressiveness with large array of biological behaviour have been described according to the TVT cell lineages, the present study was designed to investigate the level of DNA damage in the three TVT cell types aiming a better understanding of mechanisms related to the aggressiveness of this neoplasia. A total of 35 dogs were evaluated, with no restriction regarding sex, age or breed, and with clinical and cytological diagnoses for TVT. Cell samples from the 35 tumoral neoplasmas were obtained by fine needle aspiration and taken to cytology and DNA damage analysis by the comet assay. From the 35 TVT cases, 12 (34.3%) were plasmocytoid, 11 (31.4%) lymphocytoid, and 12 (34.3%) mixed. Statistically significant (p<0.05) higher level of DNA damage was detected in lymphocytoid TVT cells when compared to the other two types.
A Term Translation System Using Hierarchical Phrases and Morphemes

This paper describes a cascaded translation system for translating technical terms. Our motivation is to 1) translate new technical terms and outof-vocabulary (OOV) words, and 2) generalize the translation ability of existing bilingual lexicons. Our cascaded translation system makes use of hierarchical phrases to capture the reordering patterns. In addition, the system includes a transliteration model which takes English syllable and Japanese katakana as the basic translation units. For a randomly selected test set, our system achieved an accuracy of 94.7%. For the OOV terms, our system achieved an accuracy of 21.3%. Furthermore, we testified our system is competitive to a state-of-the-art online translation system when translating Chinese sentences into English.
IS MALAYSIA EXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENT BEFORE THE 1997 CRISIS?

This paper seeks to use the flexible-price monetary model in the cointegration and vector error correction model (VECM) contexts to determine whether there was misalignment in the Malaysian ringgit - U.S. dollar before the 1997 currency crisis. Unit roots, cointegration and weak exogeneity are tested to validate the monetary exchange rate model. Generally, it is found that all the series are I(1) process and there exists significant cointegrating vectors. Using the cointegrating vector and the final parsimonious VECM, out of sample predictions for Ringgit exchange rate are generated. The resulting residuals between the actual and the fitted values of exchange rate are the estimated misalignments. From cointegration, our results suggest that the Malaysian ringgit was overvalued from 1995Q2-1997Q2. Based on VECM, our results suggest that ringgit was overvalued from 1995Q2-1996Q2 and slightly undervalued from 1996Q3-1997Q2.
Robust Estimation of Generalized Estimating Equation when Data Contain Outliers

Abstract —In this paper, a robust procedure for estimating parameters of regression model when generalized estimating equation (GEE) applied to longitudinal data that contains outliers is proposed. The method is called ‘iteratively reweighted least trimmed square’ (IRLTS) which is a combination of the iteratively reweighted least square (IRLS) and least trimmed square (LTS) methods. To assess the proposed method a simulation study was conducted and the result shows that the method is robust against outliers. Keywords —GEE, IRLS, LTS, longitudinal data, regression model.
Data mining applications and techniques : a systematic review

The data mining method is becoming a trend on the computer science, medicine, economy, biology, administration, environmental sciences and sport. There are several techniques and tasks related to data mining, such as clustering, classification, association rules, time series forecasting and regression model, which is being applied in several multidisciplinary problems and applications. Considering the exposed above, the aim of this paper is to present a systematic review about the data mining techniques and tasks, showing the applicability on several and multidisciplinary areas. The trend of the method, combined with other mathematical, statistical and computational methods. Also, data mining techniques and tasks are not being used in an isolated way or individually, but also as being a module or part of a project of an expert system, by combining mathematical, computational and statistical methods.