Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Raw Cow Milk and Gliocladium virens in Pearl Millet against Downy Mildew Disease Caused by Sclerospora graminicola

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. ] downy mildew (DM) is caused by the fungus Sclerospora graminicola (SACC.) SCHRŐT. is the most widespread and destructive disease of pearl millet affecting yield and quality in all the millet cultivating tracts of India. Since pearl millet is a crop of low economic value grown by resource-poor farmers, conventional technological interventions are not cost feasible. Integration of indigenous knowledge with biocontrol agents appeared as a logical strategy in the present case. Studies were, therefore, undertaken to manage DM in rainfed crop of pearl millet using raw cow milk together with Gliocladium virens. Seed and soil treatments resulted in the lowest disease incidence. Biochemical constituents (metabolites and oxidative enzymes) were analysed to determine possible mode of action of Raw Cow Milk (RCM) and Gliocladium virens. A considerable increase in sugars, phenols and ortho-dihydroxy phenols (OD) in healthy and DM infected leaves of treated pearl millet plants was recorded when compared to untreated controls. A marked increase in all the photosynthetic pigments in both healthy and diseased treated plants was observed. The induction of resistance was accompanied by increased activities of defense related enzymes. It is assumed that the combination of RCM and G. virens is capable of stimulating different systemic responses in host plant.
Proportions of Native and Introduced Brown Trout in Adjacent Fished and Unfished Spanish Rivers

Evidence of different degrees of genetic interactions of exogenous hatchery fish with native populations was electrophoretically obtained from collections of brown trout from four heavily fished areas and eight adjacent protected and unfished areas in northeastern Spain. Although some degree of hybridization or introgression was detected in each collection based on fixed differences between hatchery and native fish at the LDH‐C * locus and less distinct differences were found at three other loci (sMDH‐A2*, IDHP‐2*, IDHP‐3*), fished populations had significantly lower levels of hatchery genes than protected ones. The greater persistence of native fish in areas that were fished and stocked appeared to reflect a greater susceptibility of hatchery‐reared fish to angling. Although it remains uncertain whether this difference is innate or a reflection of hatchery rearing, stocking was ineffective in enhancing the recipient population in the exploited river. These data suggest that different strategies may be needed for protection of native populations in fished and protected areas and that more intense measures may be required in the latter instance.
Wetland use, settling patterns, and recruitment in mallards

The correlation between number of May ponds in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America and size of the continental mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding population the following spring weakened from the 1950s to the 1980s, suggesting possible changes in suitability of prairie ponds for meeting reproductive needs. We studied wetland use and preferences of radioequipped female mallards by reproductive stage (1988-90) in eastern North Dakota and westcentral Minnesota and evaluated effect of land use on pair distribution in eastern North Dakota (1987-91). May pond density varied among years and study areas, with changes in number of temporary and seasonal ponds accounting for 93% of variation in total ponds. During all reproductive stages, semipermanent basins were used most by females, but temporary and seasonal ponds were preferred during prenesting and egg production. Accounting for number of relocations, number of ponds used varied by year, by reproductive stage and with pond density during egg production. Numbers of breeding mallard pairs in stratum 46 in eastern North Dakota increased as May ponds increased from 1963 to 1985, but 33,659 fewer breeding pairs on average were present in 1971-85 than in 1963-70. Number of breeding pairs declined relative to May ponds from the 1960s to the 1980s, probably because fewer pairs settle in temporary and seasonal ponds as the percent of landscape in cropland increases. Waterfowl managers in the PPR should target efforts to increase duck production on landscapes where non-cropped temporarily and seasonally flooded wetland habitats are plentiful, thereby increasing cost effectiveness of management actions taken to increase nest success rate.
Effects of shift work on attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, and their relationship with chronotype

There is growing evidence that shift-work schedules cause severe disturbances to circadian rhythms and the sleep–wakefulness cycle, and that these changes in turn lead to cognitive and behavioral problems. The objective of this study is to explore the relationships between biological rhythm differences (chronotype) and impulsive behaviors and attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms in shift workers. Seventy-nine nurses working in the daytime and 127 nurses working on night shifts were evaluated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and Morningness–Eveningness questionnaire for identifying circadian preference. It was found that shift workers had more attention deficit (p < .05) and impulsivity (p < .01) when compared with daytime workers. Morning-type workers reported lower hyperactivity and ASRS total scores than evening- and intermediate-type workers. The mean impulsivity score of evening-type workers was higher than both the other groups (p < .05). It has been shown that attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity levels that appear as a result of working shifts might change in accordance with the individual’s chronotype. It might, therefore, be desirable to evaluate an individual’s chronotype to establish suitability for working shifts.
HIP processing of materials for aggressive environments

Reflecting the high current level of interest in this technology, a very successful one-day workshop promoting the capabilities of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of powders to end users took place at the Riverside Centre, Derby on 16 November. Organised by the Particulate Engineering Committee and High Temperature Materials Committee of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, together with EPMA, the workshop attracted 70 delegates, two-thirds from industry, of whom some 20% had travelled from outside the UK.
Asymmetry of frontal bristles and postocular setae in species and hybrids of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Asymmetry of the frontal bristles and postocular setae was studied in samples from natural populations and laboratory colonies of Anastrepha sp. 1 aff. fraterculus, of A. sp. 2 aff. fraterculus, and in F1 hybrids obtained from laboratory reciprocal crosses. Natural populations were sampled in a zone of sympatry and in two geographically distant regions with different climatic conditions. Asymmetry was scored as the differences between the number of bristles and of setae on the right and left sides of the head, males and females analyzed independently. The two traits exhibited variability according to the model of fluctuating asymmetry (FA). No significant differences among samples were found in the FA of frontal bristles. A significant FA was observed for the postocular setae of A. sp. 1 males from a southern population (Vacaria, RS) as compared to the asymmetry exhibited by males and females of some other samples. No significant differences in FA were observed among the interspecific hybrids and the laboratory samples of both parental species. The higher FA found in the males from Vacaria was attributed to climatic conditions prevailing in that region. The absence of a higher FA in hybrids may be related to the relatively recent evolutionary history of the two species.
Financial Indicators and Supply Chain Integration: a European Study

The present article presents the findings of the first benchmarking study done in Europe using the SCOR model. This project was carried out by Nicolas Roman, Vincent Poisson, Coralie Ceccarello, Cecile Pestre and Gus Neser of the ISLI (Bordeaux Business School) in collaboration with Gintic, the Institute of Manufacturing Technology (Singapore) and the Supply-Chain Council, which designed and developed the SCOR model, and continues to update and improve it. The study benefited from the kind support of Dominique Estampe, Director of the Institute of Industrial Logistics Management (Bordeaux Business School) and John Paul, Senior Research Fellow at Gintic. The findings were synthesised in a presentation made at the ISLI's 14th International Colloquium in May 2002.
Polyethylenimine-functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient gene delivery vector

A novel gene delivery system based on graphene oxide chemically-functionalized with branched polyethylenimine (PEI-GO) is reported. The PEI-GO conjugate was formed by the covalent linking of PEI and GO via an amide bond by widely used EDC chemistry. Thus-prepared PEI-GO exhibits an excellent ability to condense DNA at a low mass ratio with a positive potential of 49 mV. A WST assay reveals that PEI-GO is significantly less cytotoxic than PEI 25 kDa. Finally, the transfection efficiency of PEI-GO was evaluated. It is demonstrated that the luciferase expression of PEI-GO is comparable or even higher than that of the PEI 25 kDa at optimal mass ratio. Moreover, intracellular tracking of Cy3-labelled pGL-3 indicates that PEI-GO could effectively deliver plasmid DNA into cells and be localized in the nucleus. These findings suggest that PEI-GO is a promising candidate for efficient gene delivery.
The sternal pore areas of geophilomorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)

Abstract Most geophilomorph centipedes have segmental clusters of exocrine glands whose opening pores are arranged in more or less well-defined sternal pore areas. We describe here the cuticular structures forming and/or accompanying the gland openings on the sternites and the shape of the pore areas along the body axis in representatives of most geophilomorph families. The cuticular ring around the pore may exhibit either of two forms. In Himantariidae ( Himantarium ) and in Dignathodontidae ( Henia ) the ring looks like a continuous ribbon with a visible suture, whereas in the representatives of the remaining families no suture is seen. As to the distribution of the pores on ventral surface of the body, we record the presence of pores on the last leg-bearing segment of Clinopodes flavidus , whereas that segment was described as poreless in all geophilomorphs. We also provide a taxonomic survey of shape and distribution of pore areas in the individual families, where the pore areas may take very different shapes that we regard as transformational homologues. As for the segmental distribution of sternal pore areas, there is a considerable amount of complexity along the trunk of geophilomorph centipedes, in contrast to the apparently uniform trunk structure.
Availability, morphometrics, feeding and breeding activity in a multi-species, demersal fish stock of the Western Indian Ocean

A multi-species demersal fish stock was studied from April 1969 to July 1970. The common species are described in this paper and consist of Carcharhinus sealei, Rhynchobatus djeddensis, Dasyatis kuhlii, Rachycentron canadum, Psettodes erumei and Arius sp. With the exception of Rachycentron canadum, these fish were available throughout the year and some coincidence of increased availability was noted in August/September. Psettodes erumei, the commonest fish caught, was most available in August/September, February/ March and June. The size and weight distribution of each of these fish is described. Morphometric results indicate that two fish, Dasyatis kuhlii and Psettodes erumei, exhibit sexual dimorphism, the females being larger and heavier than the males. Carcharhinus sealei, Rhynchobatus djeddensis and Rachycentron canadum have a nearly isometric growth exponent whereas Dasyatis kuhlii, Psettodes erumei and Arius sp. have an allometric growth exponent. All fish were carnivores, Rhynchobatus djeddensis, Rachycentron canadum and Arius sp. being primarily crustacean feeders, Dasyatis kuhlii feeding on polychaetes and crustaceans and Carcharhinus sealei and Psettodes erumei feeding mainly on fish. The increased number of all three bony fish noted in August/September (immediately prior to the short rains in October/November) is discussed in relation to feeding activity and the initiation of spawning activity. It is suggested that spawning in Psettodes erumei and Arius sp. is initiated in September, continuing possibly to February and then during the long rains (March/May) and the South East Monsoon the fish recover. It is also suggested that pregnant elasmobranchs may come inshore in greater numbers during the rains to give birth.
La comunidad de arañas del cultivo de soja en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

The spiders are one of the most important predators that produce the mortality of the plague insects. The spider community was sampled with nets, plant pocketed and pit fall traps on soybean crop and the wild vegetation on the borders (2h manual capture). The samples are done during the crop development (December to mid-May) and, in the fallow period (mid-May to November), in order to know spiders specific composition, to compare specific diversity through Shannon index, and, to analyze the colonization process. Total specific richness was 37 species grouped in 13 families, and the dominant species was Misumenops pallidus (Keyserling) (Thomisidae). The higher diversity was recorded in wild vegetation (H = 2.829, and 25 species), then the herbal stratum of crop showed the highest affinity (H = 2.140, and 28 species), lowest diversity was recorded during the fallow period (H = 1.050, and 12 species). The early species colonizing the crop (December) belong to the families Thomisidae, Anyphaenidae and Oxyopidae, after them Araneidae and Corinnidae were recorded, the late colonizing were the Salticidae species. Thomisidae species were always the most abundant, predominating from February to April. The lowest density of species of spiders was found on December in the border crop, but the distribution, from the border to the center crop, from January to March, did not show any gradient. The occurrence of several species belonging to different guild in all the plots suggests that the spiders are an important limiting effect on insect populations, as soon as the importance of the preservation of natural areas in techniques of biological control.
Nematode Fauna in Spruce Forest Soils: a Qualitative/ Quantitative Comparison

Nematode species composition, population density and trophic structure were investigated in 60 to 100 yr old spruce stands. Most of the 106 species observed were found at the least acidified sites with a thick organic layer, fewer species were found at the sites with acidified soils and extremely thin organic layers. Population density varied between 250 and 1900 individuals per g dry weight, or between 1.4 and 5.1 x 10 6 individuals per m 2 , respectively. The numbers decreased with depth. All sites were dominated by bacterial feeders, followed by root and fungal feeders. Obligate plant parasites, omnivores and predators were scarce. Commonly the bacterial feeders with their dominant taxa Plectus, Wilsonema schuurmansstekhoveni, Teratocephalus stratumus and Metateratocephalus crassidens were found in the upper soil horizons. Only Acrobeloides buetschlii and A. nanus preferred deeper soil layers. Root and fungal feeders were mainly species of Filenchus and Aphelenchoides. In general they increased with depth. The Maturity Index at most sites was low, suggesting a dominance of r-strategists among the nematode population. Only at the less acidified sites with an organic layer of 10 cm were higher proportions of Κ-strategists and consequently higher MI values observed.
Efeito da temperatura sobre o crescimento e esporulação in vitro de fungos hiperparasitas de Asperisporium caricae

Black spot is the major papaya foliar fungal disease, being its chemical control necessary to achieve an economic commercial production. Alternative control methods, concerning fungicides, are necessary for the sustainable production of higher quality papaya fruits. Among them, biological control lacks basic studies. This study aimed to determine the proper temperature conditions for in vitro mycelial growth and sporulation of hyperparasites fungi isolated from Asperisporium caricae in papaya, which are potential biocontrol agents. A total of 18 fungal isolates (eight from Hansfordia pulvinata and ten from Acremonium spp.) were grown on PDA medium, at 15 oC, 20 oC, 23 oC, 25 oC, 27 oC and 30 oC, under a 12-hour photoperiod. For H. pulvinata isolates, mild temperatures around 21 oC result in maximum mycelial growth and sporulation. For Acremonium spp. isolates, the optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sporulation occurs at 20-25 oC.
Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains

A procedure was developed for extraction of ‘free’ condensed tannins (CT) using a mixture of acetone/water/diethyl ether (4.7:2.0:3.3), followed by extraction of protein-bound and fibre-bound CT using boiling sodium dodecyl sulphate containing 2-mercaptoethanol (SDS). CT concentrations in all three fractions were determined by a modified butanol-HCI procedure. Separate standard curves using purified CT in water or SDS solution were utilised for analysis of extractable CT (water standards) and protein-bound and fibre-bound CT (SDS standards). The method accurately predicted the concentration of CT added to forage extracts. CT extractable in acetone/water/diethyl ether comprised, on average. 68% of total CT in a range of freeze dried forage legume samples, with most of the remainder being bound to protein. When total CT concentration was low (0.6-3.0% DM), a lower proportion was extractable (33-35%). In protein concentrate meals containing CT, the extractable, protein-bound and fibre-bound components comprised 15, 60 and 25% respectively of total CT. Total CT concentration in the forages Lotus corniculatus and Coronilla varia was considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition (2.1 and 3.0% DM). whilst CT concentration in the forage of Dorycnium spp (13–19% DM) was more suitable for soil conservation purposes. The substantial CT concentration in cottonseed meal (1.6% DM) may be involved in the high resistance of proteins in this product to ruminal degradation. CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).
Variable Parental Care in a Labrid Fish: How Care Might Evolve

Hypotheses for the evolution of parental care suggest several intermediate stages between no care and full care. To shed light on how care might evolve, I describe intermediate stages within one species. These include spawning behavior ranging from out-of-nest spawning, (which involves no parental care) to algal nests and associated male parental care (plus intermediate stages between the two previous categories), all observed in the same individual males of the peacock wrasse, Symphodus tinca. About 20% of males go through transitional stages from no care to full care as the season progresses. These stages are: 1) following females over large areas, 2) focusing on an area about 10 × 10 m, 3) chasing other fish, (both con- and heterospecific) from this area, 4) focusing spawns into a 1–2 m2 area that he modifies by adding algae, and 5) remaining with the site day and night until the eggs hatch and the young disperse. This sequence of stages is similar to the evolutionary sequence suggested by previous theory, but differs in that site limitation is not necessary in order to lead to site attachment.
Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat cultivars and ancestors: a synthesis'

To supplement previous studies, wheat ancestors with the A, S(B), D, and AB genomes and modern spring and winter wheat cultivars were vernalized for 42 days in a growth chamber prior to transplanting and growth in a greenhouse for 14 weeks. One-half of the seedlings were inoculated with a mixture of equal numbers of spores of six vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at transplanting. Dry weights of plants and component parts were determined. Percent colonization of roots was determined microscopically. Growth response and mycorrhizal dependence were calculated. However, no mycorrhizal dependence was observed in Triticum monococcum PI 266844 and PI 355520 (A genome), Aegilops speltoides 1773 (S(B) genome), or in the AB genome ancestors Triticum carthlicum 2825, Triticum polonicum 2808, Triticum dicoccum 1165, Triticum pyramidale 2809, Triticum orientale 2805, Triticum paleocolchicum 2807, and Triticum persidum 2811 and 2812. Mycorrhizal dependence in the D genome ancestors was more variable. Triticum tau.
Synthesis and Immunosuppressive Activity of New Artemisinin Derivatives. 1. [12(β or α)-Dihydroartemisininoxy]phen(ox)yl Aliphatic Acids and Esters

A series of novel dihydroartemisinin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated on their immunosuppressive activity in the search for potential immunosuppressive agents with high efficacy and low toxicity. These compounds were assayed in their cytotoxicity of lymphocyte, inhibition activity on concanavalin A (ConA) induced T cell proliferation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced B cell proliferation. Among them, 11b, 13b, 14d, 15b, 16, and 17 remarkably exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher inhibition activity on the mitogen-induced T cell and B cell proliferation in comparison with artemisinin, artesunate, and artemether in vitro. More significantly, compound 11b displayed reduced cytotoxicity by over 100-fold compared with cyclosporin A (CsA) and comparable inhibition activity (SI = 848) on ConA-induced T cell proliferation to CsA (SI = 963) and more than 4000 times the inhibitory effect (SI = 28473) on LPS-induced B cell proliferation compared with CsA (SI = 7) in vitro. The in vivo experimental results showed that compound 16 could inhibit 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) induced antibody production, respectively. The structure and activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds were also discussed.
Evidence for differences in sterol biosynthesis and derivatization in sorghum

The 24-desalkyl- and 24-alkylsterols synthesized by leaves of flowering sorghum plants were identified by a combination of GLC, HPLC, MS and NMR. Leaves from plants in the same developmental stage were treated with 2-14/C-acetate, and the radioactivity was associated with individual components of the 4,4-desmethyl sterol fraction determined by a combination of HPLC-radioactivity counting and GLC/MS. The specific activities of sorghum leaf sterols are in the following decreasing order: cholesterol (1036 dpm/µg)>24α-ethylcholesterol (416 dpm/µg)>24α-methylcholesterol (389 dpm/µg)>24α-ethylcholesta-5,22-dienol (39 dpm/µg). While all 4 of these sterols were detected by GLC as components of steryl glycosides and steryl esters, only the 24-alkysterols were present as 14C-labelled steryl glycosides. The differential regulation of sterol biosynthesis and derivatization is discussed in terms of differences in their functions