Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of microwave radiation on the processing of a Cu‐Ni sulphide ore

The need for fine grinding to liberate valuable minerals from low-grade ores has become a major concern due to the high energy requirements and low energy efficiencies of comminution processes. One method being studied to improve efficiencies is microwave pre-treatment. Microwaves can selectively heat certain minerals (absorbers) within an ore, causing internal stresses and forming fractures along grain boundaries. Microwave pre-treatment of an ore containing microwave-absorbing minerals and microwave-transparent gangue can significantly reduce grinding energy. However, these improvements must not be detrimental to downstream processing. This work investigated the effects of microwave radiation on the grindability and flotability of a copper/nickel sulphide ore. A reduction in the Bond Work Index of 22 % was observed after microwave pre-treatment in a 3.0 kW multimodal microwave (2.45 GHz) for 60 s. Although a significant reduction in the required grinding energy was observed, the amount of energy required to treat the sample is significantly higher than the corresponding Bond Work Index reduction, indicating that the process remains some distance from being economically viable. Microwave pre-treatment also showed beneficial effects on the flotation of the ore. Copper recovery remained constant while nickel recovery increased by 33.6 % after 120 s of microwave exposure at 0.8 kW, and by 34.4 % after a 30 s exposure at 3.0 kW. Higher microwave exposure also showed an increase in concentrate grade and flotation kinetics of both copper and nickel.
13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of glucobioses, glucotrioses, and glucans

Natural-abundance carbon-13 n.m. r. spectra of all the glucobioses and of four selected glucotrioses in aqueous solution have been measured and are discussed. Peak assignments were made on the basis of comparison with the spectra of methyl glucopyranosides, four mono-O-methylglucoses and five methyl glucobiosides. Carbon-13 n.m. r. spectroscopy proved to be a useful tool for stereochemical characterisation of these oligosaccharides. In addition, carbon-13 n.m. r. spectra of the β-limit dextrins from glycogen and amylopectin have been measured and the differences between them are discussed.
Server-Aided 3D DICOM Image Stack Viewer for Android Devices

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is an international standard to transfer, store, retrieve, print, process and display medical imaging information. It provides a standardized method to store medical images from many types of imaging devices. Typically, CT and MRI scans, which are composed of 2D slice images in DICOM format, can be inspected and analyzed with DICOM-compatible imaging software. Additionally, the DICOM format provides important information to assemble cross-sections into 3D volumetric datasets. Not many DICOM viewers are available for mobile platforms (smartphones and tablets), and most of them are 2D-based with limited functionality and user interaction. This paper reports on our efforts to design and implement a volumetric 3D DICOM viewer for mobile devices with real-time rendering, interaction, a full transfer function editor and server access capabilities. 3D DICOM image sets, either loaded from the device or downloaded from a remote server, can be rendered at up to 60 fps on Android devices. By connecting to our server, users can a) get pre-computed image quality metrics and organ segmentation results, and b) share their experience and synchronize views with other users on different platforms.
Sorption of substituted aromatic ketone by soil from northeastern China

Abstract The sorption behavior of substituted aromatic ketone compounds by soil from Northeastern China was studied using the batch equilibrium method. The sorption isotherms of 12 substituted aromatic ketones were recorded, which could be divided into linear and nonlinear types. Three QSPR equations were established and show that lg K ocof aromatic ketone is correlated poorly with logK ow,and the polarity (a) is a potential factor in soil sorption for aromatic ketones.
Two-Dimensional Voidage Waves in Fluidized Beds

A one-dimensional, fluid-dynamic description of the fluidization process, which has been successfully applied to the quantitative prediction of the stability of the state of homogeneous fluidization, is extended to two-dimensional form. Numerical solutions of the resulting equations are presented which illustrate regimes of fluidization quality observed in practice: the decay of imposed particle concentration perturbations for stable systems and the development of bubbles or less pronounced concentrations inhomogeneities, depending on the specific system properties, for unstable systems. The model is, perhaps, the simples that is necessary to capture the essential characteristics of behavior. As in the case for the one-dimensional formulation, only independent, well-established, empirical inputs are required for closure: there are no arbitrary or adjustable parameters. The model predictions are shown to relate quantitatively to the theoretical transient expansion characteristics of stable liquid-fluidized beds and to reported observations of fluidization quality in both gas- and liquid-fluidized systems.
COMPUTATIONAL ALCHEMY TO CALCULATE ABSOLUTE PROTEIN-LIGAND BINDING FREE ENERGY

The ability to reliably compute accurate protein−ligand binding affinities is crucial to understanding protein−ligand recognition and to structure-based drug design. A ligand's binding affinity is specified by its absolute binding free energy, ΔGbind, the free energy difference between the bound and unbound states. To compute accurate free energy differences by free energy perturbation (FEP), “alchemical” rather than physical processes are usually simulated by molecular dynamics simulations so as to minimize the perturbation to the system. Here, we report a novel “alchemistic” application of the FEP methodology involving a large perturbation. By mutating a ligand with 11 non-hydrogen atoms into six water molecules in the binding site of a protein, we computed a ΔGbind within 3 kJ/mol of the experimental value. This is the first successful example of the computation of ΔGbind for a protein:ligand pair with full treatment of the solvent degrees of freedom.
Laser ablation/ionization technique for trace element analysis

The laser ablation/ionization technique combined with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used for detection of trace elements in industry-made semiconductor samples of Si and GaAs. A sample atomization was carried out by a 10-ns Q-snaitched Nd:YAG laser operated at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The ablated atoms were ionized by a two-color (1+1) REMPI technique. An abundance level of several ppb was determined for a number of elements (B, Al, Fe, Cr). The overall detection efficiency of the instrument was found to be 10 -4 . The layer-by-layer analysis of Si sample doped with 10 -6 As was accomplished by a frequency-doubled 10-ns Nd:YAG laser for sample ablation and a KrF ercimer laser for ionization of ablated neutral species
Detection of tributyiltin (TBT) residues in Italian marine sediments

The distribution of tributyltin (TBT) in marine sediments from 16 areas of the Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Ionian and Ligurian Seas was investigated, to obtain an extensive description of TBT residues along the whole Italian coast. The selected sites are located in three different types of marine areas: near important harbours, near river mouths and in coastal areas with moderate anthropogenic impact. The highest concentrations were measured in the harbour areas of the Gulfs of Naples and Taranto (17.81 and 21.08 ng Sn g−1 d.w., respectively). The lowest values were observed in coastal areas of the S. Eufemia and Policastro Gulfs (7.23 and 7.41 ng Sn g−1 dry weight (d.w.) respectively). On the whole, the sampled sediments may be considered as lightly contaminated, according to recent international classification. The statistical analysis suggests a significant combined effect of type of coastal area and marine basin on the TBT values, while the grain size does not seem to have analogous importance in the distribution of such a compound.
On the self-similar structure of adsorbed polymer layers: the dependence of the density profile on molecular weight and solution concentration.

It is shown that the self-consistent-field theory used by Scheutjens and Fleer to describe polymer adsorption on solid-liquid interfaces behaves, for long chains and high adsorption affinities, qualitatively as predicted by scaling theory proposed by de Gennes: a proximal regime of a single lattice layer is followed by a remarkable self-similar region in the semidilute (central) part of the profile which crosses over to an exponential decay in the distal regime
Common Units for Clotting Factors Assayed Against Different Standards

Summary There are no generally accepted units for clotting factors except factor VIII. Results are usually expressed as percentages of the standards used in the assays and standards vary in their potency. Over a six year period, factors V, VII and VIII were measured in over 3000 participants in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Six different standards had to be used. For comparative purposes, all results were expressed in terms of the first standard (71/11). This paper describes how appropriate conversion values were derived. Three different methods were compared. One consisted of the assay of each standard against its replacement. Another was based on the use of a reference plasma spanning the use of two successive standards. The third was a population-based, or epidemiological method using the data from all the participants in the study. This method is based on the assumption that results would be the same in comparable groups of study participants. In order to ensure comparability, personal characteristics which affect clotting factor levels, such as age and degree of obesity, were taken into account. The three methods gave similar results but the population method was, in general, the most satisfactory for factor VIII as well as factors V and VII, and has been adopted for routine use.
Efficacy of Augmented Reality-based Virtual Hiking in Cardiorespiratory Endurance: A Pilot Study

Exergames can be used to overcome a sedentary lifestyle. Virtual Reality (VR) has made exergames successful, and they can be used to increase heart rate, but some limitations are found, such as the adaptation of the heart rate in exergames to the player's fitness profile. VR technology has been used to simulate virtual cycling and walking experiences. We designed and developed an exergame' Virtual Levadas' in a cave-based VR environment to simulate the Levadas hiking tracks. They are the main attraction for tourists in Madeira Island, Portugal. This study's main objective was to assess player exertion, usability, participation, and realism of the simulation of the Levadas tracks. We performed this study with 13 participants who played Virtual Levadas for 6 minutes and found a significant increase in player's average physical activity and heart rate. Overall, our results demonstrate that Virtual Levada's exergame provides a higher exertion level, immersion, and realism of the virtual environment than the literature.
EFFECT OF NITRATION ON PRESSED TIO2 PHOTOELECTRODES FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS

TiO 2 films made by the pressing method and then nitrogen-doped by heat-treatment in nitrogen, oxygen and argon gas mixture have been studied and the effects of structural characteristics, optical and electrical properties on the efficiency of a cell reported. Nitrogen gas ratio (Φ ) in the doping procedure was varied from 0 to 0.024. HigherΦ resulted in decrease in film porosity, and XRD analysis of the TiO 2 films showed that nitrogen doping induced a rutile-to-anatase phase transitions. SEM shows that the particle sizes of nitrogen doped films reduced with increase of Φ from an average of 36nm to 18nm. Optical measurements revealed that film transmittance improved and reflectance reduced in the visible light spectrum with nitrogen doping. Nitrogen doped TiO 2 photoelectrodes have been found to be more sensitive to visible light spectrum and has a narrower band gap. Photoelectrochemical measurements showed a large anodic shift of the onset potential for the cathodic scans of the order of 0.24V. The overall energy conversion efficiency, short circuit current and open circuit voltages of the solar cell fabricated with nitrogen doped TiO 2 photoelectrode were found to depend onΦ . The cell fabricated with nitrogen doped TiO 2 photoelectrode had an overall efficiency of 0.70 % while the undoped had efficiency of 0.96 %.
Universal Adversarial Perturbations are Not Bugs, They are Features

A wide variety of works have explored the reason for the existence of adversarial examples, but there is no consensus on the explanation. We propose to treat the DNN log-its as a vector for feature representation and exploit them to analyze the mutual inﬂuence of two independent inputs based on the Pearson Correlation Coefﬁcient (PCC). We utilize this vector representation to understand adversarial examples by disentangling the clean images and adversarial perturbations and analyze their inﬂuence on each other. Our results suggest a new perspective towards the relationship between images and universal perturbations: Universal perturbations contain dominant features, and images behave like noise to them. This feature perspective leads to a new method for generating targeted UAPs using random source images. We achieve the challenging task of a targeted universal attack without utilizing original training data. Our approach using a proxy dataset achieves comparable performance to the state-of-the-art baselines which utilize the original training dataset.
Efficient Reduction of Graphite Oxide by Sodium Borohydride and Its Effect on Electrical Conductance

The conductivity of graphite oxide films is modulated using reducing agents. It is found that the sheet resistance of graphite oxide film reduced using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is much lower than that of films reduced using hydrazine (N2H4). This is attributed to the formation of CN groups in the N2H4 case, which may act as donors compensating the hole carriers in reduced graphite oxide. In the case of NaBH4 reduction, the interlayer distance is first slightly expanded by the formation of intermediate boron oxide complexes and then contracted by the gradual removal of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups along with the boron oxide complexes. The fabricated conducting film comprising a NaBH4‐reduced graphite oxide reveals a sheet resistance comparable to that of dispersed graphene.
Kinetic Modeling of the Methanol-to-Olefins Process on a Silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-18) Catalyst by Considering Deactivation and the Formation of Individual Olefins

A kinetic model for the formation of individual olefins (ethylene, propylene, and C4+ olefins) from methanol over a SAPO-18 catalyst in a wide range of operating conditions has been proposed. The kinetic model takes into account three steps that evolve with time on stream: initiation period (where active intermediate compounds are formed), olefin production, and deactivation (by degradation of intermediate compounds to coke). This kinetic model predicts the experimental evolution of olefin production with time on stream, which initially increases, subsequently passes through a maximum (corresponding to the time on stream at which the maximum concentration of active intermediates is reached), and finally decreases (when deactivation by degeneration of intermediates to coke is faster than their formation). Different kinetic schemes for the formation of each individual olefin have been tested. Models that consider interconversion between olefins do not provide significant improvement over the model that qua.
Electrochemical study on the corrosion of rusted carbon steel in dilute NaCl solutions

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigate the corrosion of rusted carbon steel in dilute NaCl solution, with the purpose of exploring the effect of the rust layer on metal corrosion and establishing a corrosion model for rusted iron. Design/methodology/approach – The corrosion behavior of rusted carbon steel in dilute NaCl solution was studied by means of weight-loss determinations, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectrometry and electrochemical techniques. Findings – The results indicated that carbon steel had a similar corrosion behavior in all three NaCl solutions. The iron rust, which consisted of a thin γ-FeOOH layer and a thick Fe3O4 layer, can facilitate the corrosion process of carbon steel via reduction of γ-FeOOH and the large area cathode of Fe3O4. Hence, the corrosion rate of carbon steel was accelerated significantly and finally was determined by the limiting diffusion rate of oxygen. Originality/value – A corrosion model of rusted carbon steel was established, suggesting th.
The use of a hybrid diffraction unit in the measurement of dislocation densities by electron microscopy

The expression used in the electron microscopical measurement of dislocation densities is ϱ=2N/Lt, where N is the number of intersections between the dislocation lines in a TEM image, L the total length of a set of sampling lines superimposed upon that image (corrected for magnification) and t the thickness of the thin foil containing the dislocation structure. During the estimation of ϱ it is therefore important to reduce errors in the measurements of all three variables. It is shown how calibration of the microscope magnification, careful consideration of diffraction conditions and use of the hollow cone and rocking beam facilities on the hybrid diffraction unit fitted to the Philips EM 400T can assist in increasing the speed and accuracy of the measurement procedure.
Map-Aided Navigation Taking into Account a Priori Information on the Object Trajectory

The map-aided navigation problem aimed to correct the navigation system output is formulated within the framework of the non-invariant approach, which assumes taking into account the available a priori information about the features of the object motion during the observation. The problem statement and the algorithms used are described. The simulation results are presented and discussed.
The Synergistic Efficacy of Medemia argun, Arecaceae, Seed’s Ethanolic Extract to Insulin as Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Agent in Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an incurable metabolic disorder, with a global incidence of about 2.8%. Adverse effects of chemical drugs necessitated searching for medicinal plants as alternative therapies. Medemia argun (MA) is an ancient Egyptian palm, rich in proanthocyani-dins (PACs), which are essential constituent of human diet. It was highly valued in ancient Egypt, although the reason for that necessitates further study. Thirty male rats were allocated into 5 equal groups. Type I diabetes mellitus (DM Type I) was induced by single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of alloxan (120mg/kg). Animals were then treated with insulin (30 U/kg, daily) +/MA seed ethanolic extract (100mg/kg, orally, once daily). Random blood sugar (RBS) level, liver transaminase activity (ALT and AST), albumin, total bilirubin as well as histopathological examination of liver tissues were investigated in all groups. MA when given solely by oral gavage, significantly lowered RBS level either alone or with insulin. Similar effects were seen on serum ALT and AST activities, without affecting bilirubin, albumin levels significantly. It also preserved hepatic cords, portal triad structures, sinusoids, Von-Kupffer cells and stroma better than insulin alone. MA seed ethanolic extract potentially improved insulin outcomes in diabetes and restored liver tissue changes when used alone or combined with insulin.
First-Principles Prediction of Equilibrium Potentials for Water Activation by a Series of Metals

In this paper, we describe and apply an ab initio quantum-mechanical model to examine the electrochemical dissociation of water over a number of close-packed and near-close-packed metal surfaces. We have examined a series of metals important for electrochemical energy generation and corrosion-resistant alloy development including Ni, Cu, Ru, Au, Mo, Pd, and Pt. Advances in electrochemical theory depend on a detailed understanding of the interplay between surface chemistry and electrochemical phenomena. Herein, we have used ab initio quantum-mechanical methods to examine the double-layer regions for H 2 O over these metals and compare the equilibrium potentials for the initial steps of water reduction and oxidation at the surface with known experimental quantities. We find that in its current form, the model developed herein is semiquantitative: it allows for the correct prediction of trends and the size of the double-layer regions, but in some cases it results in significant deviation with known absolute equilibrium potentials. Additional discussion is provided that outlines steps that may be taken to improve the quantitative accuracy of this model.
Enrolling Technology as a Discursive Resource to Justify Cultural Change in Organizations

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A probabilistic risk assessment : A probabilistic risk assessment

Extreme weather events are likely to occur more often under climate change and the resulting effects on ecosystems could lead to a further acceleration of climate change. But not all extreme weather events lead to extreme ecosystem response. Here, we focus on hazardous ecosystem behaviour and identify coinciding weather conditions. We use a simple probabilistic risk assessment based on time series of ecosystem behaviour and climate conditions. Given the risk assessment terminology, vulnerability and risk for the previously defined hazard are estimated on the basis of observed hazardous ecosystem behaviour. We apply this approach to extreme responses of terrestrial ecosystems to drought, defining the hazard as a negative net biome productivity over a 12-month period. We show an application for two selected sites using data for 1981–2010 and then apply the method to the pan-European scale for the same period, based on numerical modelling results (LPJmL for ecosystem behaviour; ERA-Interim data for climate). Our site-specific results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, using the SPEI to describe the climate condition. The site in Spain provides an example of vulnerability to drought because the expected value of the SPEI is 0.4 lower for hazardous than for non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour. In northern Germany, on the contrary, the site is not vulnerable to drought because the SPEI expectation values imply wetter conditions in the hazard case than in the non-hazard case. At the pan-European scale, ecosystem vulnerability to drought is calculated in the Mediterranean and temperate region, whereas Scandinavian ecosystems are vulnerable under conditions without water shortages. These first modelbased applications indicate the conceptual advantages of the proposed method by focusing on the identification of critical weather conditions for which we observe hazardous ecosystem behaviour in the analysed data set. Application of the method to empirical time series and to future climate would be important next steps to test the approach.