Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Holocene evolution of summer winds and marine productivity in the tropical Indian Ocean in response to insolation forcing: data-model comparison

Abstract. The relative abundance of Globigerinoides bulloides was used to infer Holocene paleo-productivity changes on the Oman margin and at the southern tip of India. Today, the primary productivity at both sites reaches its maximum during the summer season, when monsoon winds result in local Eckman pumping, which brings more nutrients to the surface. On a millennium time-scale, however, the % G. bulloides records indicate an opposite evolution of paleo-productivity at these sites through the Holocene. The Oman Margin productivity was maximal at ~9 ka (boreal summer insolation maximum) and has decreased since then, suggesting a direct response to insolation forcing. On the contrary, the productivity at the southern tip of India was minimum at ~9 ka, and strengthened towards the present. Paleo-reconstructions of wind patterns, marine productivity and foraminifera assemblages were obtained using the IPSL-CM4 climate model coupled to the PISCES marine biogeochemical model and the FORAMCLIM ecophysiological model. These reconstructions are fully coherent with the marine core data. They confirm that the evolution of particulate export production and foraminifera assemblages at our two sites were directly linked with the strength of the upwelling. Model simulations at 9 ka and 6 ka BP show that the relative evolution between the two sites since the early Holocene can be explained by the weakening but also the southward shift of monsoon winds over the Arabian Sea during boreal summer.
The cadmium-phosphate relationship in brine: biological versus physical control over micronutrients in sea ice environments

Abstract Despite supporting productive ecosystems in the high latitudes, the relationship between macro- and micronutrients in sea ice environments and their impact on surface productivity is poorly documented. In seawater, the macronutrient phosphate and the micronutrient cadmium follow similar distributions, which are controlled by biological processes in surface waters. We investigated cadmium and phosphate in sea ice brine, and the biological and physical processes controlling their distribution. Cadmium concentrations in sea ice brine ranged from 0.09–2.4 nmol kg-1, and correlated well with salinity. Our results show that micronutrients in sea ice are most probably sourced from the seawater from which it froze rather than external sources such as atmospheric deposition. The weak correlation between sea ice cadmium and phosphate, and the positive relationship between cadmium and biomass, suggests against biological uptake being a principal control over micronutrient distribution even in a highly productive setting. Instead, brine expulsion and dilution play a dominant role in cadmium distribution in sea ice. Nutrient dilution within brine channels during melting, and contrasting sea ice and open water phytoplankton populations, suggests that late spring sea ice is not a significant source of nutrients or biomass to seawater. We suggest that future changes in sea ice seasonality may impact nutrient distribution and Antarctic marine ecosystems.
On the Estimation of the Distribution of Power Generated at a Wind Farm using Forecast Data

New regulations on the supply of electrical energy in Ireland have introduced a system of suppliers bidding proposals for the cost of supply for each 30 minute period of the following day. In order to effectively bid and hedge against adverse events, it is necessary to assess the uncertainty of supply from wind energy farms. Hence, the aim of this study group was to estimate the distribution of power supply from a given set of wind farms a day in advance given forecast data.
STRUCTURALLY CONSTRAINED ROBUST OPTIMAL CONTROL

Se presenta una solucion al problema del control optimo robusto, sujeto a una ley de control con restricciones de realimentacion local de estados. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos por simulacion, como medio de validar la propuesta, para incertezas en la matriz de planta del tipo ajustadas y no ajustadas.
Value Adding Resource Consumption as Perceived by a Client: A Case Study

Ineffective, unproductive and expensive are adjectives that increasingly have become associated with the Swedish construction industry. Measures taken to remedy the situation have been widespread and the industry has lacked a common understanding of the origin to the perceived deficiencies. Rarely have the contribution to the design of a building from consumed resources been assessed in retrospect. The scope of the conducted case study covered the brief and design phases of a Swedish construction project. The resources used were mapped through a documentary data collection and interviews with the client, a contractor and the city planning office. There were three categories (directly value adding, indirectly value adding and not value adding) to which time consumed by resources was allocated during interview. A summarised assessment over time of the consumed resources constituted a part of the result. The hypothesis that qualities that potentially could be considered valuable by the client were continuously added throughout the brief and design phases was tested and proven false. The study revealed that the client regarded only short periods of time as having been directly value adding. In turn separated by long periods of time where the client only saw small amounts of value adding time. In total the scope of the study covered 17,040 worked hours. 17 % of these were regarded as having been directly added value by the client. Out of which 78 % took place during 27 % of the time.
Characterization of Surface Acetylated Nanocrystalline Cellulose by Single-Step Method

Surface acetylated nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared from cotton fiber by a single-step method under mild conditions using anhydrous phosphoric acid as the solvent. The absorbance peak of O-H was reduced, and the absorbance peaks of C=O and CH3 appeared in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the acetylated NCC with respect to that of the unmodified NCC. The roughly estimated degree of substitution was a little greater than 1.5 by FTIR analyses, implying that most of the free hydroxyl groups on the NCC surface were acetylated at 40 °C for 3 h. The carbons of the acetyl groups were clearly identified in the 13C cross polarization-magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum. The zeta potential was reduced from -32.12 mV to -20.57 mV after acetylation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images showed that they were thread-like nano-crystals with a diameter less than 5 nm. Crystal structure analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the acetylated NCC had the typical CelluloseⅡstructure. The PLA film reinforced with 3 wt% acetylated NCC content exhibited the highest tensile strength, which was increased by 117% compared to the control. SEM observation demonstrated good interfacial interaction between the acetylated NCC and the matrix.
Basic Concepts and Recent Advances of Crystallographic Orientation Determination of Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy

Graphene is a kind of typical two-dimensional material consisting of pure carbon element. The unique material shows many interesting properties which are dependent on crystallographic orientations. Therefore, it is critical to determine their crystallographic orientations when their orientation-dependent properties are investigated. Raman spectroscopy has been developed recently to determine crystallographic orientations of two-dimensional materials and has become one of the most powerful tools to characterize graphene nondestructively. This paper summarizes basic aspects of Raman spectroscopy in crystallographic orientation of graphene nanosheets, determination principles, the determination methods, and the latest achievements in the related studies.
Total Evidence Or Taxonomic Congruence: Cladistics Or Consensus Classification

Miyamoto and Fitch's (1995,Syst. Biol. 44: 64–76) verificationist arguments for taxonomic congruence are evaluated and found to be unconvincing. In particular, there is no logical connection between the truth of phylogenetic hypotheses and the independence of the sets of characters analysed for their consensus. Further, the character set partitions emphasized by Miyamoto and Fitch must be considered arbitrary, because they are based on untestable process assumptions.
The Psychological Relationship between Companies and Freelancers: An Empirical Study of the Commitment and the Work-related Expectations of Freelancers

For some years now a tendency towards a more flexible shaping of employment has been observable. Little research, however, has been dedicated to the question of how relevant this is for the commitment of freelance employees. Therefore the present paper first reverts to the question as to whether – and if so, under what preconditions – freelancers are likely to feel commitment towards the company that employs them. Second, the paper identifies clusters of freelancers following their work-related expectations. On the basis of an empirical study among IT-freelancers it becomes clear that freelancers differ from permanent employees as regards their work-related expectations. Consequences for their felt commitment hence ensue. All in all it is mainly an affective commitment towards their company which they perceive.
A hybrid approach for indexing and searching protein structures

Searching for structural similarities of proteins has a central role in bioinformatics. Most tasks of bioinformatics depends on investigating the homologous protein's sequence or structure these tasks vary from predicting the protein structure to determine sites in protein structure where drug can be attached. Protein structure comparison problem is extremely important in many tasks. It can be used for determining function of protein, for clustering a given set of proteins by their structure, for assessment in protein fold prediction. Protein Structure Indexing using Suffix Array and Wavelet (PSISAW) is a hybrid approach that provides the ability to retrieve similarities of proteins based on their structures. Indexing the protein structure is one approach of searching for protein similarities. The suffix arrays are used to index protein structure and the wavelet is used to compress the indexed database. Compressing the indexed database is supposed to make the searching time faster and memory usage lower but it affects the accuracy with accepted rate of error.The experimental results, which are based on the structural classification of proteins (SCOP) dataset, show that the proposed approach outperforms existing similar techniques in memory utilization and searching speed. The results show an enhancement in the memory usage with factor 50%.
A power electronic transformer (PET) fed nine-level H-bridge inverter for large induction motor drives

This paper is devoted to the investigation of a 500 HP induction machine drive based on a nine-level 4.16 kV H-bridge inverter. Previous work in the area of controlling H-bridge inverters at such power levels report enhancement in the performance of a conventional staircase modulation technique by employing optimization of switching angles to minimize voltage distortion. However, the DC link voltages of each level are typically held constant. Such a control scheme enables elimination of a maximum of three dominant harmonics (5/sup th/, 7/sup th/ and 11/sup th/) to synthesize a given fundamental voltage with a nine-level waveform. Moreover, at lower modulation depths, the nine-level operation degenerates into seven or even fewer levels. This restricts the number of harmonics that can be eliminated to two (5/sup th/ and 7/sup th/) or less. An alternative strategy to produce a required fundamental voltage with a nine-level waveform by controlling the DC bus voltages is presented in this paper. This control scheme enables elimination of four dominant harmonics (5/sup th/, 7/sup th/, 11/sup th/ and 13/sup th/) over the entire range of operation. The required DC link voltage control is achieved by employing active power electronic transformers for isolation, thereby supplying varying AC voltage to the front-end rectifiers. Operating principles, spectral structure and design consideration are discussed. Computer simulations backed up by experimental results are presented in the paper.
Access to Capital and Capital Structure of the Firm

The paper examines the importance of financial constraints for firm capital structure decisions in transitions economies during 1996-2006 using endogenous switching regression with unknown sample separation approach. The evidence suggests that differences in financing constraints have a significant effect on a firm's capital structure. Constrained and unconstrained firms differ in capital structure determinants. Specifically, tangibility appears to be an extremely important leverage determinant for constrained firms, while macroeconomic factors (GDP and expected inflation) affect the leverage level of unconstrained firms, suggesting that those firms adjust their capital structure in response to changes in macroeconomic conditions. Moreover, financially unconstrained firms adjust their capital structures faster to the target level, which is consistent with the previous literature.
Up-to date review and case report Ameloblastic carcinoma of the mandible : A case report and review of the literature

Aim: The purpose of this paper was to report an additional case of ameloblastic carcinoma of the left hemi-mandible and to review and analyze clinical, radiological and histopathologic features, treatment modalities and prognosis. Presentation of case: A 70 year old malepatient presented to Maxillofacial Department for a painful swelling of the left cheek. An ameloblastic carcinoma of the left hemi-mandible was diagnosed. He underwent radical surgical intervention comprising hemimandibulectomy, supraomohyoid neck dissection, and fibula free-flap reconstruction. Postoperative radiotherapy was employed. Discussion: Ameloblastic carcinoma of the mandible is a rare aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. It can be seen in different ages. The most common symptom is a rapidly progressing painful swelling. It is defined as a malignant epithelial odontogenic tumor that retains the features of ameloblastic differentiation with cytologic features of malignancy. Non therapeutic consensus is established. However, wide surgical excision with radiotherapy is the most common treatment. Conclusion: Diagnosis of ameloblastic carcinoma at early stage and close periodic screening for metastasis are necessary to improve patient prognosis.
Airborne DOAS measurements in Arctic: vertical distributions of aerosol extinction coefficient and NO 2 concentration

Abstract. We report on airborne Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of aerosol extinction and NO 2 tropospheric profiles performed off the North coast of Norway in April 2008. The DOAS instrument was installed on the Safire ATR-42 aircraft during the POLARCAT-France spring campaign and recorded scattered light spectra in near-limb geometry using a scanning telescope. We use O 4 slant column measurements to derive the aerosol extinction at 360 nm. Regularization is based on the maximum a posteriori solution, for which we compare a linear and a logarithmic approach. The latter inherently constrains the solution to positive values and yields aerosol extinction profiles more consistent with independently measured size distributions. We present results from two soundings performed on 8 April 2008 above 71° N, 22° E and on 9 April 2008 above 70° N, 17.8° E. The first profile shows aerosol extinction and NO 2 in the marine boundary layer with respective values of 0.04 ± 0.005 km −1 and 1.9 ± 0.3 × 10 9 molec cm −3 . A second extinction layer of 0.01 ± 0.003 km −1 is found at 4 km altitude where the NO 2 concentration is 0.32 ± 0.2 × 10 9 molec cm −3 . During the second sounding, clouds prevent retrieval of profile parts under 3 km altitude but a layer with enhanced extinction (0.025 ± 0.005 km −1 ) and NO 2 (1.95 ± 0.2 × 10 9 molec cm −3 ) is clearly detected at 4 km altitude. From CO and ozone in-situ measurements complemented by back-trajectories, we interpret the measurements in the free troposphere as, for the first sounding, a mix between stratospheric and polluted air from Northern Europe and for the second sounding, polluted air from Central Europe containing NO 2 . Considering the boundary layer measurements of the first flight, modeled source regions indicate closer sources, especially the Kola Peninsula smelters, which can explain the NO 2 enhancement not correlated with a CO increase at the same altitude.
The characteristics of a dual-layer optical disk with read-only and erasable functions

A dual-layer optical disk comprised of a read only layer and a phase-change layer was designed to perform the read-only and erasable dual-functionality in an optical disk. With the properly designed dual-layer disk structure, 23 mW of write power was adequate to write data marks on the erasable phase-change layer; simultaneously, equal magnitude of sufficient radiofrequency readout signals could be obtained on both its data layers. The analyzes of its recording characteristics demonstrated the feasibility of the dual-functional optical disk.
The Effects of Deferred Grazing System on Vegetation Parameters in Semi-Arid Rangelands (Case Study: Jashlubar, Semnan, Iran)

Rangeland management plan is one of the major means of management and utilization of rangelands in Iran. The formulation of these plans for the rangeland users should be studied from the ecological and socio-economic points of view. One of the main envisaged activities in almost all the management plans is the grazing system. An experiment was used to study the effects of three deferred grazing systems (15, 30, 45 days delay) and control treatment (Non- grazed) on vegetation parameters in semi-arid rangelands of Jashlubar in Semnan province. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications over 6 years (2006-2011). In each experimental unit, data from three life forms of vegetation (shrub, forbs and grasses) were collected along a 30 m transect within ten fixed quadrates (0.5 × 0.6 m2) appropriate to vegetation sizes. In addition, forage productions of two life forms (forbs and grasses) were collected over 5 years. Data were analyzed using SAS software and means comparison was made based on Duncan’s method. The results showed the significant effects of deferred grazing systems on the growth of shrubs in terms of canopy cover. However, there were no significant differences between treatments for canopy cover percent of forbs and grasses. The lowest shrub canopy cover was obtained in 45-day delay of grazing. There were also significant effects of deferred grazing systems (15, 30 and 45 days delay) on forage production of both forbs and grasses (P<0.05). Result of means comparison showed that the best delay time for the rangeland utilization of this area considering the annual precipitation is the 15-day delay with the highest forage production for forbs and grasses and the highest cover percent for shrubs.
TROPOMI and TROPI: UV/VIS/NIR/SWIR instruments

TROPOMI (Tropospheric Ozone-Monitoring Instrument) is a five-channel UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR non-scanning nadir viewing imaging spectrometer that combines a wide swath (114°) with high spatial resolution (10 × 10 km2 ). The instrument heritage consists of GOME on ERS-2, SCIAMACHY on Envisat and, especially, OMI on EOS-Aura. TROPOMI has even smaller ground pixels than OMI-Aura but still exceeds OMI's signal-to-noise performance. These improvements optimize the possibility to retrieve tropospheric trace gases. In addition, the SWIR capabilities of TROPOMI are far better than SCIAMACHY's both in terms of spatial resolution and signal to noise performance. TROPOMI is part of the TRAQ payload, a mission proposed in response to ESA's EOEP call. The TRAQ mission will fly in a non-sun synchronous drifting orbit at about 720 km altitude providing nearly global coverage. TROPOMI measures in the UV-visible wavelength region (270-490 nm), in a near-infrared channel (NIR) in the 710-775 nm range and has a shortwave infrared channel (SWIR) near 2.3 μm. The wide swath angle, in combination with the drifting orbit, allows measuring a location up to 5 times a day at 1.5-hour intervals. The spectral resolution is about 0.45 nm for UVVIS- NIR and 0.25 nm for SWIR. Radiometric calibration will be maintained via solar irradiance measurements using various diffusers. The instrument will carry on-board calibration sources like LEDs and a white light source. Innovative aspects include the use of improved detectors in order to improve the radiation hardness and the spatial sampling capabilities. Column densities of trace gases (NO2, O3, SO2 and HCHO) will be derived using primarily the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method. The NIR channel serves to obtain information on clouds and the aerosol height distribution that is needed for tropospheric retrievals. A trade-off study will be conducted whether the SWIR channel, included to determine column densities of CO and CH4, will be incorporated in TROPOMI or in the Fourier Transform Spectrometer SIFTI on TRAQ. The TROPI instrument is similar to the complete TROPOMI instrument (UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR) and is proposed for the CAMEO initiative, as described for the U.S. NRC Decadal Study on Earth Science and Applications from Space. CAMEO also uses a non-synchronous drifting orbit, but at a higher altitude (around 1500 km). The TROPI instrument design is a modification of the TROPOMI design to achieve identical coverage and ground pixel sizes from a higher altitude. In this paper capabilities of TROPOMI and TROPI are discussed with emphasis on the UV-VIS-NIR channels as the TROPOMI SWIR channel is described in a separate contribution [5].
Effects of water domains on seismic wavefields: A simulation case study at Taal volcano, Philippines

We examined the effects of water domains on seismic wavefields at the Taal volcano, Philippines, where there is a summit crater lake on an active volcanic island surrounded by a caldera lake. We conducted forward waveform simulation and synthetic waveform inversion using the 3D finite-difference method for various models with and without the water lakes. Our study demonstrated the existence of both near-and far-field effects of the water domains. The near-field effect is related to source excitation affected by a water domain, and the far-field effect is caused by dispersion of Rayleigh waves propagating through a water domain. Our study also showed that the replacement of water by a vacuum rather than by a solid medium provides a better approximation of a water domain. A water domain has considerable effect on seismic waveforms and must be properly treated when the waveform period is shorter than 2 s, even if recording stations lie in the near field. If the waveform period is longer than 5 s, a water domain has a minor effect on seismic waveforms and may be replaced by a vacuum.