Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Datasets Size: Effect on Clustering Results

The recent advancement in the way we capture and store data pose a serious challenge for data analysis. This gives a wider acceptance to data mining, being an interdisciplinary field that implements algorithm on stored data with a view to discovering hidden knowledge. Most people that keep records, however, are yet to reap the benefits of this tool, this is due to the general notion that a large datasets is required to guarantee reliable results. However, this may not be applicable in all cases. In this paper, we proposed a research technique that implements descriptive algorithms on numeric datasets of varied sizes. We modeled each subset of our data using EM clustering algorithm; two different numbers of partitions (k) were estimated and used for each experiment. The clustering results were validated using external evaluation measure in order to determine their level of correctness. The approach unveils the implication of datasets size on the clusters formed and the impact of estimated number of partitions.
Demographic Survey Data in South Africa: An Evaluation of Methodology and Quality

This paper provides a description of research methodology of South Africas first Demographic and Health Survey. The 1987-1989 South African Demographic and Health Survey remains the only data set available on social and demographic information about South Africa at the end of apartheid. The paper highlights some data quality issues and provides an evaluation of the data with specific reference to data on maternal health care. (authors)
Business Statistics: Communicating with Numbers

Part I Introduction Chapter 1 Statistics and Data Part II Descriptive Statistics Chapter 2 Tabular and Graphical Methods Chapter 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures Part III Probability Concepts Chapter 4 Basic Probability Concepts Chapter 5 Discrete Probability Distributions Chapter 6 Continuous Probability Distributions Part IV Basic Inference Chapter 7 Sampling and Sampling Distributions Chapter 8 Estimation Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing Chapter 10 Statistical Inference Concerning Two Populations Chapter 11 Statistical Inference Concerning Variance Part V Advanced Inference Chapter 12 Chi-Square Tests Chapter 13 Analysis of Variance Chapter 14 Regression Analysis Chapter 15 Inference with Regression Models Chapter 16 Regression Models for Nonlinear Relationships Chapter 17 Regression Models with Dummy Variables Part VI Supplementary Topics Chapter 18 Time Series and Forecasting Chapter 19 Returns, Index Numbers and Inflation Chapter 20 Nonparametric Tests Part VII Appendices Appendix A Statistical Tables Appendix B Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises Appendix C Glossary
Traditional birth attendants in the eastern cape, South Africa : Characteristics, role and HIV/AIDS

The aim of this study was to conduct formative research on a sample of traditional birth attendants (TBAs), their characteristics, role and HIV/AIDS in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The sample included 30 TBAs from seven villages in region E in the Eastern Cape. Results indicate that most TBAs had not been trained, had assisted on average 16.5 deliveries during their practice, and mostly assisted in delivery in emergency (if the pregnant woman could not make it to the hospital). Further, labour and delivery process (called in, position of head of baby, position of women during delivery, the birth process, umbilical cord and placenta, care of baby/mother, difficulties in the birth process), rituals (herbs/home remedy, placenta and cord and child care), and knowledge, beliefs and practices on HIV/AIDS are described.
The Shape and Orientation of the Homunculus Nebula Based on Spectroscopic Velocities

Doppler velocities give information about the three-dimensional shape and orientation of the bipolar ejecta of η Car. We report slit spectroscopy obtained using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS), with spatial resolution adequate for good models. These data allow an independent estimate of the distance to this object. Equatorial velocities, not clearly recognized in earlier work, provide the first definite measure of the bipolar inclination angle relative to our line of sight. Equatorial structure is arguably the most significant new spectroscopic result reported here, and some of the equatorial gas has higher and lower velocities which probably represent later and earlier ejection events. A range of bipolar lobe shapes fit the data reasonably well; the worst ambiguities result from the nature of the object more than from instrumental limitations.
Independent Lung Ventilation And Alveolar Recruitment In Tracheostomized Patient With Unilateral ARDS

Unilateral pneumonia and pulmonary contusion may result in asymmetric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Due to the heterogeneity of the pulmonary injury, severe gas exchange abnormalities occur, thus conventional mechanical ventilation (MV) may become an exceedingly intricate task. We report the case of a tracheostomized 25-year-old patient with unilateral ARDS successfully treated with Independent lung ventilation (ILV) and differential lung recruitment.
Continuing education in the health professions: a literature review pertinent to North America

T h i s s u r v e y o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e p r o v i d e s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e and c o m p a r a t i v e r e p o r t on c o n t i n u i n g e d u c a t i o n i n t h e f o u r s e n i o r h e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n s , m e d i c i n e , d e n t i s t r y , n u r s i n g , and pharmacy, c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d f r o m 1960 t o 1970. F i n d i n g s d i s c l o s e t h a t w h i l e c o n t i n u i n g e d u c a t i o n i s g a i n i n g momentum i n t h e h e a l t h f i e l d , e a ch o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n s r e v i e w e d i n t h i s r e p o r t a d m i t s t h a t i t has been f a r fr o m s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . The pr o b l e m s f a c i n g t h e p r o f e s s i o n s , a l t h o u g h i n d i f f e r i n g m easure, were found t o be: 1) t h e l a c k o f r e s o u r c e s — f u n d s , q u a l i f i e d a d u l t e d u c a t o r s , and c l i n i c a l f a c i l i t i e s ; 2) t h e need f o r more and b e t t e r a d u l t e d u c a t i o n r e s e a r c h ; and 3) t h e l i m i t a t i o n o f program g o a l s w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e r a p i d l y c h a n g i n g h e a l t h c a r e s y s t e m . Recent p u b l i c p r e s s u r e t o make c o n t i n u i n g e d u c a t i o n a c o n d i t i o n f o r p r a c t i c e , c o u p l e d w i t h a c c e l e r a t i n g t e c h n o l o g i c a l and s c i e n t i f i c a d v a n c e s , i n d i c a t e t h a t c o n t i n u i n g e d u c a t i o n c a n no l o n g e r be r e l e g a t e d t o a s e c o n d a r y p l a c e i n p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a t i o n . Due t o t h e s c a r c i t y o f s u b s t a n t i v e r e s e a r c h , s p e c i f i c recommendations were n o t p o s s i b l e . However, i t was s u g g e s t e d t h a t : 1) more e f f e c t i v e methods of d e f i n i n g l e a r n i n g needs be d e v e l o p e d and t e s t e d ; 2) more s t r e s s be p l a c e d on c l i n i c a l l y o r i e n t e d programs and t h o s e w i t h b u i l t i n e v a l u a t i o n schemes; and 3) r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s be e s t a b l i s h e d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e development o f o n g o i n g , i n t e r r e l a t e d programs on b o t h a u n i p r o f e s s i o n a l and i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l b a s i s . ( D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f more i n n o v a t i v e programs and e v a l u a t i o n p r a c t i c e s a r e i n c l u d e d . )
Word Embedding and Statistical Based Methods for Rapid Induction of Multiple Taxonomies

In this paper we present two methodologies for rapidly inducing multiple subject-specific taxonomies from crawled data. The first method involves a sentence-level words co-occurrence frequency method for building the taxonomy, while the second involves the bootstrapping of a Word2Vec based algorithm with a directed crawler. We exploit the multilingual open-content directory of the World Wide Web, DMOZ 1 to seed the crawl, and the domain name to direct the crawl. This domain corpus is then input to our algorithm that can automatically induce taxonomies. The induced taxonomies provide hierarchical semantic dimensions for the purposes of faceted browsing. As part of an ongoing personal semantics project, we applied the resulting taxonomies to personal social media data (Twitter, Gmail, Facebook, Instagram, Flickr) with an objective of enhancing an individual's exploration of their personal information through faceted searching. We also perform a comprehensive corpus based evaluation of the algorithms based on many datasets drawn from the fields of medicine (diseases) and leisure (hobbies) and show that the induced taxonomies are of high quality
Statistics for Corpus Linguistics

This book in the Edinburgh Textbooks in Empirical Linguistics series is a comprehensive introduction to the statistics currently used in corpus linguistics. Statistical techniques and corpus applications - whether oriented towards linguistics or language engineering - often go hand in glove, and corpus linguists have used an increasingly wide variety of statistics, drawing on techniques developed in a great many fields. This is the first one-volume introduction to the subject.
Administration of valine, leucine, and isoleucine improved plasma cholesterol and mitigated the preatherosclerotic lesions in rats fed with hypercholesterolemic diet

Abstract Hypercholesterolemia has a major contribution to the occurrence and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Recent studies report the involvement of branched-chain amino acids in cholesterol methabolism. The aim of this research was to evaluate the role of valine, leucine and isoleucine on the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis in rats receiving hypercholesterolic diet. Material and methods: 50 male Wistar rats distributed into five groups with the following type of diets: group I (control) received standard diet; group II - cholesterol; group III - cholesterol and valine; group IV - cholesterol and leucine; group V - cholesterol and isoleucine. The experimental study was conducted over a period of 2 months. The animals were evaluated for the serum levels of total cholesterol at the beginning of the experiment, after 1 month and after 2 months. The collected tissue fragments of heart and aorta were prepared for the examination by optical microscopy in order to identify the atherosclerotic changes. Results: The most increased values of serum cholesterol were recorded in rats from group II (p=0.001), for the second and third evaluation. The histological examination showed early histopathological lesions on the vascular intima for the groups treated with cholesterol, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. These early changes (the occurrence of some superficial endothelial erosions, adhesion of erythrocytes and platelets) were correlated with the degree of the arterial wall damage, of the leukocytes adhesion to the arterial intima, and the discontinuities of the internal elastic lamina. Conclusion: The comparative study of the effects of the three essential amino acids revealed that valine induced a faster response than leucine and isoleucine on the improvement of biochemical parameters, but there were no significant differences between the three amino acids in terms of their protective ability, demonstrated by the histopathological lesion assessment.
Enhanced technique for Arabic handwriting recognition using deep belief network and a morphological algorithm for solving ligature segmentation

Arabic handwriting segmentation and recognition is an area of research that has not yet been fully understood. Dealing with Arabic ligature segmentation, where the Arabic characters are connected and unconstrained naturally, is one of the fundamental problems when dealing with the Arabic script. Arabic character‐recognition techniques consider ligatures as new classes in addition to the classes of the Arabic characters. This paper introduces an enhanced technique for Arabic handwriting recognition using the deep belief network (DBN) and a new morphological algorithm for ligature segmentation. There are two main stages for the implementation of this technique. The first stage involves an enhanced technique of the Sari segmentation algorithm, where a new ligature segmentation algorithm is developed. The second stage involves the Arabic character recognition using DBNs and support vector machines (SVMs). The two stages are tested on the IFN/ENIT and HACDB databases, and the results obtained proved the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared with other existing systems.
TRANSLATION OF BALINESE MATERIAL CULTURAL TERMS FROM INDONESIAN INTO ENGLISH

This study is concerned with the translation of material cultural terms found in the bilingual book entitled The Bali Arts Festival Album and their translation into English. There are two things being discussed in this study. The first problem is how the semantics frame elements of Balinese cultural terms in The Bali Art Festival Album are compared with their translation equivalents? The second one is what translation procedures are adopted to translate the cultural terms in The Bali Art Festival Album? The cultural terms found in the book entitled The Bali Arts Festival Album were analyzed by using frame semantic analysis (Fillmore, 1982) and elaborated into componential analysis (Newmark, 1988). The translation procedures implemented in the translation of those cultural terms were analyzed based on the procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti, 2000). The material cultural terms in the book entitled The Bali Arts Festival Album are identified. They are Balinese cultural terms. The translator applied two procedures of translation in translating the Balinese cultural terms. They are borrowing and literal.
PopCluster: an algorithm to identify genetic variants with ethnicity-dependent effects

Motivation Over the last decade, more diverse populations have been included in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). If a genetic variant has a varying effect on a phenotype in different populations, GWAS applied to a dataset as a whole may not pinpoint such differences. It is especially important to be able to identify population-specific effects of genetic variants in studies that would eventually lead to development of diagnostic tests or drug discovery. Results In this paper, we propose PopCluster: an algorithm to automatically discover subsets of individuals in which the genetic effects of a variant are statistically different. PopCluster provides a simple framework to directly analyze genotype data without prior knowledge of subjects' ethnicities. PopCluster combines logistic regression modeling, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and a recursive bottom-up tree parsing procedure. The evaluation of PopCluster suggests that the algorithm has a stable low false positive rate (~4%) and high true positive rate (>80%) in simulations with large differences in allele frequencies between cases and controls. Application of PopCluster to data from genetic studies of longevity discovers ethnicity-dependent heterogeneity in the association of rs3764814 (USP42) with the phenotype. Availability and implementation PopCluster was implemented using the R programming language, PLINK and Eigensoft software, and can be found at the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/gurinovich/PopCluster with instructions on its installation and usage. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Accuracy of the Papanicolaou Test in Screening for and Follow‐up of Cervical Cytologic Abnormalities: A Systematic Review

Ann Intern Med 2000;132:810–9 Commissioned by the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, this meta-analysis reviewed articles comparing Pap testing with a reference standards, such as histology, colposcopy, repeat cytology, or combinations these techniques. These data were used to complete 2 × 2 tables to calculate indices of accuracy. Many studies were derived from colposcopy clinics; patients without prior abnormal smears have a lower prevalence of abnormality. In the 12 studies with least biased estimates, Pap test sensitivity ranged from 30–87% and specificity from 86–100%. Results varied depending on the threshold designation of abnormality for cytology (ASCUS vs. LGSIL vs. HGSIL) and for comparison test (CIN1 vs. CIN2–3). Comment: As the authors point out, the utility of cytologic screening in cervical cancer prevention lies not in the accuracy of a single smear, since sensitivity is less than ideal, but in the accuracy of lifetime screening. A single smear should not be relied on to determine the presence or absence of disease. (LSM)
Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction: A Review and Assessment of ICAI Research and Its Potential for Education.

ABSTRACT The first of five sections in this report places intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI) in its historical context through discussions of traditional computer-assisted instruction (CAI) linear and branching programs; TICCIT and PLATO IV, two CAI demonstration projects funded by the National Science Foundation; generative programs, the earliest application of artificial intelligence in education; mathematical models of learning; and recent developments such as dialogue-based tutorial systems. The second section describes ICAI systems and their components, i.e., the expertise module and types of knowledge representation schemes; the student module; and the communication module. Several examples of ICAI systems--SCHOLAR, WHY, SOPHIE, BUGGY & DEBUGGY, GUIDON, WEST, and GEOMETRY TUTOR--are presented in the third section, and the fourth looks at major themes in ICAI research and the current capabilities of ICAI systems. The fifth section discusses the potentials of ICAI for education and its implications for teachers, students, administrators, and researcher/developers. (77 references) (MES)
Language Engineering and Rigorous Software Development: International LerNet ALFA Summer School 2008, Piriapolis, Uruguay, February 24 - March 1, 2008, ... / Programming and Software Engineering)

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed revised tutorial lectures of the International LerNet ALFA Summer School on Language Engineering and Rigorous Software Development, held in Piriapolis, Uruguay, in February/March 2008. The volume presents three courses on type theory: an introductory tutorial, a course on type-based termination, and a practical introduction to dependent types. A case study of a static analyzer based on abstract interpretation, a tutorial on combinator parsing, and a study of extended static checking using a point-free transform completes the volume. Together these contributions will be an invaluable tool for graduate students and researchers looking forward to keeping up to date with the latest developments in rigorous approaches to software development.
Pranayama: The power of breath

Pranayama, the regulation of inhalation and exhala tion, is accomplished by eliminating the pause betw een inhalation and exhalation or expending it by retention. Pranayama regulates the motion of the lungs, resulting into c ontrol of heart and vagus nerve. The science of pranayama is thus intimately connect ed with the autonomic nervous system and brings its functions under conscious control via breathing patterns and movements of the diaphragm and lungs. The nasal tissue is erectile similar to sex organs in men and women, which is very sensitive to breath. Contr ol of breath constitutes an obvious starting point toward attainment of control of autonomic nervous system, which appears to have beneficial effects on the functions of omental adipocy tes, brain, heart, lungs, liver, and kidney functions. The left nostril, diaphragm, and stomach are supplied by the vagus nerve, which may influence pituitary function, hypothalamus, pineal gland and suprachias matic nucleus. Studies conducted in Italy have show n that verbalization of mantras (i.e., om-mani-padme-om ) can decrease the breathing rate, due to increased vagal activity, resulting into increased nitric oxide release when the breathing rate is brought do wn to less than six breaths per minute. We have obs erved in 101 patients of chronic bronchitis or asthma, the role of breathing patterns in their treatment. Common methods for pr anayama are discussed. Further studies are necessary to establish the role of pran ayama in the management of diseases.
How The Monosemic Graphics Go Polysemic

This paper is a reflection on the semiological tradition after Saussure. The focus here is cartographic. In 1967 Jacques Bertin presented the semiology of graphics, which has had an extensive influence on cartography. Bertin claimed graphics (diagrams, networks and maps) to be a monosemic sign system because graphics transcribe relationships that are previously defined in a data table. This premise is critically revisited regarding maps, resulting in the conclusion that diagrams and networks might be monosemic representations while statistical maps cannot. Polysemy is introduced in statistical mapping because the plan possesses influencing properties on the transcribed meaning, which are not a priori defined in the data table.
Comparison of Reconstruction Methods in a Small Animal Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography Study Using a 18 F-Labeled Myocardial Agent, [ 18 F] FPTP

Background: Reconstruction of positron emission tomography (PET) imagery is essential for accurate diagnosis in nuclear medicine. Thus, several image reconstruction methods were developed to enhance image quality and accuracy. Objectives: We performed PET studies using a new myocardial imaging agent, (5-[F] fluoropentyl) triphenylphosphonium cation ([F]FPTP), in left coronary artery (LCA)-occluded rats, and compared the quality of cardiac PET images generated via four reconstruction methods (FBP, OSEM2D, OSEM3D, and 3DRP). Additionally, the infarction size was measured on the polar map of each reconstructed image and compared with defect size measured via 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Materials and Methods: MicroPET was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) with LCA ligation. Static images were acquired for 30 min after the injection of [F] FPTP (37 MBq/200μL) via tail vain. MicroPET images were generated using four different reconstruction methods: filtered backprojection (FBP), two-dimensional or three-dimensional ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM2D or OSEM3D), and three-dimensional reprojection (3DRP) algorithm. Image contrast was calculated using the maximum and minimum perfusion values in the polar map. The infarction size was measured on the polar map of each reconstructed image and compared with defect size measured from TTC staining. Results: The location and size of myocardial infarction on PET images correlated closely with that observed with TTC staining. Among the four reconstruction methods, OSEM3D provided the best assessment of infarct size (r = 0.994, P < 0.001) and the highest image contrast, performing significantly better than FBP (P = 0.005) and 3DRP (P = 0.005). Conclusion: OSEM3D may provide better image quality and higher contrast than other methods for small animal imaging with the new myocardial imaging agent, [F] FPTP.
Architecting Principles for Systems‐of‐Systems

While there is growing recognition of the importance of “Systems-of-systems,” there is little agreement on just what they are or on by what principles they should be constructed. This paper proposes a taxonomy of these super-systems and exhibits a basic set of architecting principles to assist in their design. While several heuristics are particularly applicable to systems-of-systems, the key insight is the central role played by communication standards. The enabling architecture of systems-of-systems is non-physical, it is set of standards that allow meaningful communication among the components. This is illustrated through existing and proposed systems.