Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Democratic Theory and Public Opinion

Public opinion research has sometimes been Mr. Berelson's interest in this topic has deneglectful of both the political content of its veloped out of, and is expressed in, the Elmira data and the extent to which it could vitalize study of opinion formation during the Presithe theory of democratic politics. dential campaign of 1948. In the preparation In this, his Presidential Address before the of this paper, he has benefited from discussions seventh annual convention of the American with Edward Shils, his former colleague at the Association for Public Opinion Research, BerUniversity of Chicago, and from his reading nard Berelson restates the fundamental requireof Mr. Shils' manuscript on Consensus and ments of a democratic politic and points out Liberty: The Social and Psychological Condihow opinion research can help a democracy tions of Political Democracy. to know itself, evaluate its achievements, and At present, Mr. Berelson is Director of the bring its practices more nearly in accord with Behavioral Sciences Division of the Ford Founits own fundamental ideals. dation.
Sharing the Pain: Perceptions of Fairness Affect Private and Public Response to Hazards

Structural causes of vulnerability to hazards are well established in geographical research. But what facilitates individual adaptive behavior? How does the performance of government intervention affect such behavior? Drawing on political economy, environmental psychology, and climate justice perspectives, we explore how perceived fairness of responses to weather-related extreme events affects the public and private distribution of responsibility and action. We focus on flood risk and examine how perceptions of fairness of response by residents in flood-affected areas, along with their prior experience of flooding and perceptions of scope of government responsibility and capacity, affect willingness to take individual adaptive action. We use data from surveys of 356 households affected by a flood event in November 2009 in Cumbria, UK, and Galway, Ireland, to compare perceptions of fairness of responses and private intentions across two political jurisdictions. We find that aspects of fairness are related to willingness to take adaptive action but vary with context, experience, and knowledge of flooding. In Cumbria, where there is greater experience of flooding, willingness to act correlates with procedural justice, risk knowledge, and capacity. Capacity for flood management in Galway is firmly associated with state agencies, whereas in Cumbria it is perceived to result from responsibilities of public and private action. These findings highlight the central role of government action and its perceived fairness in structuring private responses to environmental risks and point to the crucial role of climate justice perspectives in navigating adaptation.
Selective Hedging in Hydro-Based Electricity Companies Gaute

We analyze risk management trends in electricity commodity markets using the production and transaction data and written hedging policies of 12 Norwegian hydropower companies. The scope of our analysis is the hedging of physical electricity production using the power derivatives available at NASDAQ OMX Commodities. In their hedging policy, these companies either use a Cashflow at Risk (C-FaR) approach or a hedge ratio approach, or follow no explicitly stated approach. We find that the derivative cashflows constitute substantial profits for these companies. Furthermore, hedging contributes to reducing the C-FaR for 10 of the companies. These findings are surprising considering that we expect hedging to yield zero expected profit and to smooth the earnings function. Overall, our findings reveal that a practice of incorporating market views in hedging decisions is widespread in the sample companies, as both sanctioned in their written hedging policy and as indicated by the substantial hedging profits.
Selection of Cricket Players Using Analytical Hierarchy Process

Cricket team needs to be more flexible, balanced and diversified. Each player has his/her own characteristics. In choosing the right player, there is not always a single definite attribute for selection. Selectors have to take into account a number of attributes. Optimality of the team changes with the change in different attributes for selecting the optimal team players. This paper, presents a cricket team players selection procedure from a set six level players in complex situations using analytic hierarchy process. The proposed method helps to evaluate and ranks the players. One example is included to illustrate the approach.
Importance of the Initial Conditions and the Time Schedule in the Simulated Annealing

It is a long time that the Simulated Annealing (SA) procedure is introduced as a nonderivative based optimization for solving NP-hard problems. Improvements from the original algorithm in the recent decade mostly concentrate on combining its initial algorithm with some heuristic methods. This is while modifications are rarely happened to the initial condition selection methods from which the annealing schedules starts or the time schedule itself. There are several parameters in the process of annealing the adjustment of which affects the overall performance. This paper focuses on the initial temperature and proposes a lower temperature with low energy to speed up the process, while using an auxiliary memory to buffer the best solution. Such an annealing indeed starts from a mushy state rather than a quite liquid molten material. The mushy state characteristics depends on the problem that SA is being applied to solve. In this paper the Mushy State Simulated Annealing (MSSA) is applied to the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). The mushy state may be obtained by some simple methods like crossover elimination. A very fast version of a Wise Traveling Salesman, who starts from a randomly chosen city and seeks for the nearest one as the next, is also applied to initiate SA by a low-energy-low-temperature state. This fast method results in quite accurate solutions compared to other recent novel methods.
A SATELLITE-BASED DAILY ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION OVER EAST ASIA

National Institute of Meteorological Research at Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA/NIMR) has developed an algorithm of NIMR daily actual evapotranspiation (AET) estimation based on surface energy balance using remote sensing data and ground-based meteorological data. In the NIMR daily AET algorithm, the spatial resolution is 1km and the temporal resolution is 1-day composite and the mapping area is over East-Asia region. The developed algorithm is characterized by simplified aerodynamic resistance considering a variety of surface roughness length in the sensible heat flux. To evaluate the estimated NIMR daily actual evapotranspiration, we compared two methods; Indirect validation method and Direct validation method. The indirect validation compared to the potential evapotranspiration with Priestly-Taylor (1972) equation and the result is relatively reasonable agreements. The direct validation compared with the micrometeorological tower observation data that use eddy covariance methods.
Does the Information Content of Option Prices Add Value for Asset Allocation?

The aim of this paper is to determine whether forward-looking option- implied returns forecasts lead to better out-of-sample portfolio performance than conventional time series models. We consider a simple two-asset setting with a risk-free asset and the S&P 500 index the risky asset with monthly allocation revisions. We carry out a comprehensive analysis with a wide range of time-series models, two risk-neutral density inference methods, two utility functions, and several performance metrics. Portfolios are compared over the period of January 1994 to April 2010. Our main contribution is to compare the merits of implied volatility smoothing and maximum entropy risk-neutral density estimation techniques. By using bid/ask quotes in place of the closing prices, we obtain smooth probability densities using the maximum entropy principle that outperform the probability densities obtained using the implied volatility smoothing method. We also identify which moments of the option-implied probability densities contribute most to portfolio performance.
Consumer Ethnocentrism and Attitudes towards the Domestic and Foreign-Made Dietary Supplements (the Case of Lithuanian Market)

The paper aims to disclose the relationship between the consumer ethnocentrism and consumer attitudes towards the domestic and foreign-made dietary supplements in the market of Lithuania. The research data have been obtained by using the survey of consumers. The data collected during the research disclose the level of consumers’ ethnocentrism in the Lithuanian market as well as coherence of consumer ethnocentrism to the perceived quality, safety to use and price of national and imported dietary supplements. The article reveals how the factors influencing the choice of dietary supplements vary in consumers’ groups with different level of ethnocentrism.
Liquid layer flow over convex corners in the presence of an electric field

The behaviour of a thin layer of liquid when it flows over a convex corner and in the presence of an electric field, is studied in the context of triple-deck theory. It is assumed that the Reynolds number is large. The same problem without the presence of the electric field and surface tension effects was studied by [1]. The governing equations lead to a novel triple-deck problem and linear and nonlinear numerical solutions are obtained for various limiting cases of the Weber number and capillary number.
Convergent Reinforcement Learning with Function Approximation: A Bilevel Optimization Perspective

We study reinforcement learning algorithms with nonlinear function approximation in the online setting. By formulating both the problems of value function estimation and policy learning as bilevel optimization problems, we propose online Q-learning and actor-critic algorithms for these two problems respectively. Our algorithms are gradient-based methods and thus are computationally efficient. Moreover, by approximating the iterates using differential equations, we establish convergence guarantees for the proposed algorithms. Thorough numerical experiments are conducted to back up our theory.
A note on conserved quantities for electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic waves carry an infinite number of conserved quantities. We give a simple explanation of this fact, which also shows how to write down conserved quantities at will and calculate their associated symmetry transformations. This framework is then used to discuss decompositions of optical angular momentum, and to prove that magnetic helicity is conserved for beams and pulses. Finally we describe an infinite set of electromagnetic conserved quantities that corresponds to the Virasoro generators of conformal field theories. In the quantum case the Virasoro generators acquire a central charge in their algebra, an example of a quantum anomaly.
Interactive comment on “ Contribution of riverine nu trients to the silicon biogeochemistry of the global ocean – a model study ” by C . Y

This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of ri verine input of DSi to the global biogeochemical cycles by adding the riverine fluxes of nutrients to a global scale biogeochemical general circulation model. Especiall y, the focus is on the export of the nutrients to the open ocean and how long these nutr ients are available to support the plankton production before being exported out of th e system. The integration with the general circulation model is the most important emphasis of the paper, as the riverine influx used in this study is very similar or even extracted from t he same database as recent papers by Beusen et al. (2009) and Dürr et al. (2009). In the introduction the authors correctly stress th at our perception of the functioning of the biogeochemical cycles in the global ocean requires a far better understanding of continental margins processes. Especially benthic/pelagic coupl ing, tidal currents, coastal upwelling and wind forcing are crucial in this context. I think this study does a good job a producing a fi rst crude understanding of how riverine influxes are redistributed over coastal zones and t he ocean. The modeling efforts are based on simulations with two numerical models. The paper produces interesting modeling results that are worth publication. It is however, as the a uthors also indicate in their conclusion, only a first step to a full integration of nutrient cycl ing, including continental shelf seas and land/ocean coupling, in a whole Earth system contex t. I cannot but feel that the main conclusions and results of the manuscript do not li ve up to the expectations created in the introduction: it is not really news that silica inp uts from land to ocean are highly heterogeneous, and the identification of riverine h otspots for DSi delivery is not new either. Particularly, I also feel that the authors could ha ve done a bigger effort to try and include the sensitivity of their results to human activity in t heir analysis. Several factors in the manuscript approach currently prevent this. For example, the a uthors use DSi riverine fluxes from preindustrial periods, as well as pre-industrial CO2 c on entrations in the atmosphere. On the other hand, riverine C, N and P concentrations are set to the reference year 1995. This preindustrial setting for some variables with post-ind ustrial settings for other variables reduces the practical applicability to “our real world” of the analysis, especially as continental margin biogeochemical cycling is heavily modified b y human intervention in the silicon cycle through e.g. dams and land use changes. I felt a bi disappointed to only find reference to this problem in the discussion. It might have been bette r to provide the readership with a set of different boundary conditions.
An Inexact-Fuzzy-Stochastic Optimization Model for a Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design Problem

The development of optimization and mathematical models for closed loop supply chain (CLSC) design has attracted considerable interest over the past decades. However, the uncertainties that are inherent in the network design and the complex interactions among various uncertain parameters are challenging the capabilities of the developed tools. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to propose a new mathematical model for designing a CLSC network that integrates the network design decisions in both forward and reverse supply chain networks. Moreover, another objective of this research is to introduce an inexact-fuzzy-stochastic solution methodology to deal with various uncertainties in the proposed model. Computational experiments are provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model in the CLSC network design.
Empirical Likelihood Diagnosis of Modal Linear Regression Models

In this paper, we investigate the empirical likelihood diagnosis of modal linear regression models. The empirical likelihood ratio function based on modal regression estimation method for the regression coefficient is introduced. First, the estimation equation based on empirical likelihood method is established. Then, some diagnostic statistics are proposed. At last, we also examine the performance of proposed method for finite sample sizes through simulation study.
Perception of change in living conditions and diet among rural Latino immigrants

El trece por ciento de la poblacion total de los Estados Unidos son inmigrantes, la poblacion mexicana represento alrededor de tres cuartas partes de los aumentos en la poblacion hispana entre 2000 - 2010. Debido a los problemas sociales y economicos que enfrenta esta poblacion en sus paises de origen, se viene impulsando la migracion a los Estados Unidos para la busqueda de nuevas oportunidades. El proposito de este estudio fue identificar y comparar las percepciones de cambio en las condiciones de vida (vivienda, salud, educacion) y de los habitos alimenticios (ex - ante, ex - post) de los inmigrantes latinos provenientes de areas rurales de Mexico. Los participantes entrevistados asistian al centro de Aprendizaje de Purdue Extension del condado de Clinton, a quienes se realizo una entrevista-cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Los resultados evidencian una percepcion en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida relacionado a las variables de vivienda, acceso a servicios y educacion, y un cambio en los habitos alimenticios con tendencia al incremento en el consumo de comidas rapidas, procesadas y sodas, generando efectos negativos en terminos del incremento en el sobrepeso y obesidad, y de manera particular el menor consumo asociado a productos alimentarios relacionados a su dieta tradicional.
Distributed Link Bonding for Hybrid Wireless Networks

In this paper, we explore a distributed network-layer cooperation strategy called Distributed Link-Bonding (DLB). Our focus is on heterogeneous networks with devices equipped with two types of radio frequency (RF) links: short-range high-rate interface (e.g., IEEE802.11), and a long-range low-rate interface (e.g., cellular). The principle behind this strategy is to exploit the benefits from both traffic diversity and channel diversity through traffic-multiplexing, where multiple nodes pool their long-range links together to improve their effective throughput and the network efficiency. We consider several types of traffic and show that the proposed technique can achieve significant improvements of delay, perceived throughput, and network utilization through analysis, simulations and prototypes. We discuss several network architecture and finally propose Neptune, an architecture and implementation of the DLB concept that combines transparency to the applications, simple scheduling, and robustness and efficiency for TCP.
How are teeth better than bone? An investigation of dental tissue diagenesis and state of preservation at a histological scale (with photo catalogue)

Ancient teeth are windows into the lives of deceased humans and animals and thus a crucial source material for archaeologists, palaeontologists, biologists and forensic scientists. In archaeological investigations, teeth are often the preferred material for analyses involving isotopic and genetic assays. For isotopic work, teeth, in comparison with bone, can yield signals from different periods of an individual's lifetime, useful in dietary reconstruction (Bocherens et al. 2007), climate research (Rosvold et al. 2010) and investigation into movement of people and animals in the past (Britton et al. 2009). Additionally, several authors have suggested that teeth preserve biomolecules (e.g. DNA, collagen) better than bone (Gilbert et al. 2005; Adler et al. 2011; Meyer et al. 2000). The assumption is that the decay-resistant enamel cover and position within the jaw protects the dentine from attack by micro-organisms and infiltrations by extraneous materials. Bioerosion will cause loss of collagen (Hedges 2002) as well as introduction of bacterial/fungal DNA and will increase porosity, leading to further contamination (Gilbert et al. 2005) and accelerated decay. Infiltration by humics from the soil may cause problems both for the extraction of collagen and DNA (van Klinken and Hedges 1995), whereas inorganic compounds such as iron and copper compounds may cause problems for DNA extraction (Alaeddini et al. 2010; Breen and Murphy 1995; King et al. 2009). However, few systematic comparative studies have been carried out (see review in Hollund et al. 2012a) and several authors have detected chemical diagenesis in tooth enamel, a dental tissue that is considered to be highly resistant to diagenesis (Sponheimer and Lee-Thorp 2006; Hinz and Kohn 2010), protecting the tooth as a whole from exogenous diagenetic agents. Furthermore, investigations into diagenetic alterations in teeth at the histological scale are scant. This is despite the importance of teeth in archaeological research and the increasing awareness of preservation issues affecting the potential for various types of analyses. An exception is a recent study by our group, comparing histological preservation in archaeological human bone-tooth pairs (Hollund et al. 2012a). The results supported the argument that teeth often preserve better than bone. However, the study also showed that this is not always the case and severe alterations can also occur in teeth. Thus, for teeth, as for bone, it is important to consider and investigate post-mortem alterations before making decisions on further analyses of dental tissue biomolecules and chemistry.
GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF A PREDATOR-PREY MODEL INCORPORATING A CONSTANT PREY REFUGE

In this article, a general predator-prey model incorporating a constant prey refuge with Hassell-Varley type functional response is studied. Sufficient conditions for the stability of the equilibria are obtained. It is shown that the positive equilibrium exists if predator death rate multiplied by a constants is smaller than its growth rate multiplied by capturing rate. Moreover, by constructing a Lyapunov function, it is shown that the positive equilibrium is globally stable.
In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Phytochemical Screening of Phytolacca acinosa in Kashmir Valley

The hydroalcholic extract of the roots of Phytolacca acinosa were investigated for their in vitro phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal activities.The preliminary phytochemical screening of plant extract shows the existence of tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, protein sulphur, proteins, polyphenol, tanic and phenolic compounds. The extract of Phytolacca acinosa showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities when tested against eight bacterial strains and four fungal strains by disc diffusion method. The results indicated that the extract inhibited the growth of selected bacteria and fungi. Thin layer chromatography performed on the root extracts confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals. The findings obtained in the present study suggest that root extract of Phytolacca acinosa could be useful in treating diseases caused by the tested organisms.
Chinese Students’ Ambivalent Perceptions of Grammar Correction in L2 Writing

The efficacy of Grammar Correction (GC) in second language (L2) writing classes has been the subject of much controversy and the field seems to take Ferris’ (1999) generalization that students believe in GC and want to receive it for granted. To test Ferris’ generalization, this study examines Chinese students’ perceptions of GC in their English writing. The results of a questionnaire administered to six groups of three proficiency levels of university students majoring in or not in English show ambivalent perceptions towards GC. On the one hand, all learners believe GC has obvious effects and can improve their accuracy in L2 writing. On the other hand, they all agree that GC is not enough for improving learners’ writing ability and that the time spent on GC should be allocated on training other writing abilities. All groups of participants gave a negative to uncertain answer to GC, though different perception patterns figure in whether or not majoring in English: English-major groups’ mean expectation scores of GC increase while those of non-English-major groups decrease in keeping with their English levels. These results provide strong evidence for Truscott’s (1996) view that GC should be abandoned. We believe that the different perceptions of GC shown by English and non-English major students stem from the fact that the former receives a more systematic grammar instruction than the latter. The ambivalent perceptions of GC originate in the fact that grammar accuracy occupies an important proportion in various writing evaluation systems.