Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic field in transcranial magnetic stimulation

The results of the research which has been done for the last few years indicate the lack of unambiguous efficiency of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the therapeutic area. However, it is effective in the area of diagnosis. In both areas we need to know the electromagnetic field distribution which is determined by the shape of stimulating coil. In the paper we present the analysis of electromagnetic field in the case of the application of a butterfly coil. Streszczenie. Wyniki badan prowadzonych przez ostatnie kilka lat wskazują na brak jednoznacznej skuteczności techniki przezczaszkowej stymulacji magnetycznej w obszarze terapeutycznym, zawsze jednak pozostaje ona skuteczna w obszarze diagnostyki. W jednym i drugim obszarze dla oceny skuteczności potrzebna jest znajomośc rozkladu pola magnetycznego, a rozklad ten determinowany jest, m.in. poprzez ksztalt cewek stymulujących. W referacie przedstawiamy analize pola elektromagnetycznego w przypadku zastosowania cewki motylkowej (butterfly coil). (Pole elektromagnetyczne w procedurze przezczaszkowej stymulacji magnetycznej).
Crosstalk of Nataxazole Pathway with Chorismate‐Derived Ionophore Biosynthesis Pathways in Streptomyces sp. Tü 6176

Streptomyces sp. Tü 6176, producer of cytotoxic benzoxazoles AJI9561, nataxazole, and 5‐hydroxy‐nataxazole, has been found to produce a fourth benzoxazole, UK‐1. All derive from 3‐hydroxy‐anthranilate synthesized by the nataxazole biosynthesis machinery. However, biosynthesis of AJI9561, nataxazole, and 5‐hydroxy‐nataxazole requires 6‐methylsalicylic acid also provided by nataxazole biosynthesis pathway, while biosynthesis of UK‐1 utilizes salicylic acid produced by a salicylate synthase from the coelibactin biosynthesis pathway. This clearly suggests crosstalk between nataxazole and coelibactin pathways. Overproduction of UK‐1 was obtained by growing a nataxazole non‐producing mutant (lacking 6‐methylsalicylate synthase, NatPK) in a zinc‐deficient medium. Furthermore, Streptomyces sp. Tü 6176 also produces the siderophore enterobactin in an iron‐free medium. Enterobactin production can be induced in an iron‐independent manner by inactivating natAN, which encodes an anthranilate synthase involved in nataxazole production. The results indicate a close relationship between nataxazole, enterobactin and coelibactin pathways through the shikimate pathway, the source of their common precursor, chorismate.
Single-Cell Analysis of B Cell/Antibody Cross-Reactivity Using a Novel Multicolor FluoroSpot Assay

Dengue is a major public health problem globally. It is caused by four antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1–4), and although serotype-specific and strongly neutralizing cross-reactive immune responses against the four DENV serotypes are thought to be protective, subneutralizing Abs can contribute to increased disease severity upon secondary infection with a different DENV serotype. Understanding the breadth of the immune response in natural DENV infections and in vaccinees is crucial for determining the correlates of protection or disease severity. Transformation of B cell populations to generate mAbs and ELISPOT assays have been used to determine B cell and Ab specificity to DENV; however, both methods have technical limitations. We therefore modified the conventional ELISPOT to develop a Quad-Color FluoroSpot to provide a means of examining B cell/Ab serotype specificity and cross-reactivity on a single-cell basis. Abs secreted by B cells are captured by an Fc-specific Ab on a filter plate. Subsequently, standardized concentrations of all four DENV serotypes are added to allow equal stoichiometry for Ag binding. After washing, the spots, representing individual B cells, are visualized using four fluorescently labeled DENV serotype-specific detection mAbs. This method can be used to better understand the breadth and magnitude of B cell responses following primary and secondary DENV infection or vaccination and their role as immune correlates of protection from subsequent DENV infections. Furthermore, the Quad-Color FluoroSpot assay can be applied to other diseases caused by multiple pathogen serotypes in which determining the serotype or subtype-specific B cell response is important.
The Cost of Reducing Gasoline Consumption

High nominal gas prices, new awareness of threats to national security, and growing concern about global warming have reignited discussion of ways to reduce gasoline consumption in the United States. Debate centers on changing two policies already in place: the federal gas tax and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. Two influential recent reports find that increasing the gas tax would attain a given reduction in gas consumption at lower cost than would tightening CAFE standards (National Research Council, 2002; Congressional Budget Office, 2003). The gas tax has this advantage because it encourages not just increases in fuel efficiency, but also reductions in miles driven. In contrast, CAFE standards actually encourage more driving, because increases in fuel efficiency reduce the cost of gas per mile driven. We also compare the costs of the gas tax and CAFE standard but take into account interactions with preexisting tax distortions. Many papers examine the effects of these tax interactions in other contexts, but to our knowledge none of them considers the CAFE standard (see e.g., Lars Bovenberg and Ruud de Mooij, 1994; Ian Parry, 1995; Lawrence Goulder, 1995; Bovenberg and Goulder, 1996; Parry et al., 1999; Don Fullerton and Gilbert Metcalf, 2001). These interactions reduce the cost of the gas tax but increase the cost of CAFE, thus expanding the cost advantage enjoyed by the gas tax. This difference does not arise because the gas tax raises revenue, while the CAFE standard does not. Rather, this result is similar to that in West and Williams (2004a), which showed that, since gasoline and leisure are relative complements, raising the gas tax will increase labor supply, generating additional efficiency gains. In this paper, we estimate a consumer demand system using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the California Air Resources Board and find that miles driven and leisure are relative complements. Thus, the gas tax encourages labor supply by raising the cost per mile driven, producing an additional efficiency gain. Conversely, because CAFE reduces the cost per mile, it discourages labor supply and yields an additional efficiency loss. While the induced changes in labor supply are tiny relative to the labor market, they are still substantial relative to the gas market and thus have a dramatic effect on the relative costs of the two policies. Our point estimates imply that they reduce the social marginal cost of the gas tax (starting from the status quo gas tax rate and ignoring the benefits of reduced gas consumption) by almost 30 percent, while increasing the marginal cost of CAFE by nearly 60 percent. This result implies that the case for raising the gas tax rather than tightening the CAFE standard is far stronger than previous studies suggest. Indeed, it strongly suggests that any tightening at all of the CAFE standard would lower welfare unless the benefits of reduced gas consumption have been seriously underestimated.
Arche: a framework for parallel object-oriented programming above a distributed architecture

This paper sketches our experience with the design and implementation of a parallel object-oriented language and it distributed run-time system. The language integrates two original mechanisms for concurrency control: a synchronization mechanism that does not interfere with inheritance nor with subtyping, and a mechanism that serves for managing object groups. Because of the increasing power of interconnection networks, the language's run-time system has been designed for a distributed architecture instead of a single multiprocessor machine. Furthermore, in order to ease the development of correct applications, we have chosen to rely on the run-time system to provide the required efficiency instead of offering the programmer low level primitives to be used for producing efficient code. <<ETX>>
Investigations on the correlation between IC-conducted emission and chip-level power supply current

This work deals with the control by design of digital integrated circuits conducted emission. In particular, it describes a technique to correlate the conducted emission of a digital integrated circuit (IC) with the power supply currents absorbed by its building blocks. Such a correlation allows one to derive the maximum allowable limits of current spectra at chip level in order to fulfill IC-conducted emission specifications.
Development of a knowledge based system linked to a materials database

The distributed materials database system named 'Data-Free-Way' has been developed by four organizations (the National Institute for Materials Science, the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, and the Japan Science and Technology Corporation) under a cooperative agreement in order to share new and accumulated information for use in the development of advanced nuclear materials and for use in the design of structural components, etc. In order to make the system more valuable, the development of a knowledge based system, in which knowledge extracted from the material database is expressed, is planned for more effective utilization of Data-Free-Way. XML (eXtensible Markup Language) has been adopted as the method of describing the retrieved results and their meanings. A knowledge note described with XML is stored as a knowledge item in the knowledge base. Since this knowledge note is described with XML, the user can easily convert the displayed tables and graphs into a data format that the user usually uses. This paper will describe the current status of Data-Free-Way, the method of describing knowledge extracted from the materials database with XML and the distributed materials knowledge based system.
Self-consistent thermodynamic description of silicate liquids, with application to shock melting of MgO periclase and MgSiO3 perovskite

SUMMARY We develop a self-consistent thermodynamic description of silicate liquids applicable across the entire mantle pressure and temperature regime. The description combines the finite strain free energy expansion with an account of the temperature dependence of liquid properties into a single fundamental relation, while honouring the expected limiting behaviour at large volume and high temperature. We find that the fundamental relation describes well previous experimental and theoretical results for liquid MgO, MgSiO3 ,M g2SiO4 and SiO2. We apply the description to calculate melting curves and Hugoniots of solid and liquid MgO and MgSiO3. For periclase, we find a melting temperature at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) of 7810 ± 160 K, with the solid Hugoniot crossing the melting curve at 375 GPa, 9580 K, and the liquid Hugoniot crossing at 470 GPa, 9870 K. For complete shock melting of periclase we predict a density increase of 0.14 g cm −3 and a sound speed decrease of 2.2 km s −1 . For perovskite, we find a melting temperature at the CMB of 5100 ± 100 K with the perovskite section of the enstatite Hugoniot crossing the melting curve at 150 GPa, 5190 K, and the liquid Hugoniot crossing at 220 GPa, 5520 K. For complete shock melting of perovskite along the enstatite principal Hugoniot, we predict a density increase of 0.10 g cm −3 , with a sound speed decrease of 2.6 km s −1 .
Simulation in Occupational Therapy Curricula: A literature review

BACKGROUND/AIM Simulated learning experiences are increasingly being used in health-care education to enhance student engagement and provide experiences that reflect clinical practice; however, simulation has not been widely investigated in occupational therapy curricula. The aim of this paper was to: (i) describe the existing research about the use and evaluation of simulation over the last three decades in occupational therapy curricula and (ii) consider how simulation has been used to develop competence in students. METHODS A literature review was undertaken with searches of MEDLINE, CINAHL and ERIC to locate articles that described or evaluated the use of simulation in occupational therapy curricula. RESULTS/FINDINGS Fifty-seven papers were identified. Occupational therapy educators have used the full scope of simulation modalities, including written case studies (22), standardised patients (13), video case studies (15), computer-based and virtual reality cases (7), role-play (8) and mannequins and part-task trainers (4). Ten studies used combinations of these modalities and two papers compared modalities. Most papers described the use of simulation for foundational courses, as for preparation for fieldwork, and to address competencies necessary for newly graduating therapists. The majority of studies were descriptive, used pre-post design, or were student's perceptions of the value of simulation. CONCLUSION Simulation-based education has been used for a wide range of purposes in occupational therapy curricula and appears to be well received. Randomised controlled trials are needed to more accurately understand the effects of simulation not just for occupational therapy students but for longer term outcomes in clinical practice.
Inhalation aromatherapy during radiotherapy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial.

PURPOSE To determine whether the inhalation of aromatherapy during radiotherapy reduces anxiety. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three hundred thirteen patients undergoing radiotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either carrier oil with fractionated oils, carrier oil only, or pure essential oils of lavender, bergamot, and cedarwood administered by inhalation concurrently with radiation treatment. Patients underwent assessment by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Somatic and Psychological Health Report (SPHERE) at baseline and at treatment completion. RESULTS There were no significant differences in HADS depression or SPHERE scores between the randomly assigned groups. However, HADS anxiety scores were significantly lower at treatment completion in the carrier oil only group compared with either of the fragrant arms (P =.04). CONCLUSION Aromatherapy, as administered in this study, is not beneficial.
Surface stress effects on the bending properties of fcc metal nanowires

The major purpose of this work is to investigate surface stress effects on the bending behavior and properties of 100 /100 gold nanowires with both fixed/fixed and fixed/free boundary conditions. The results are obtained through utilization of the recently developed surface Cauchy-Born model, which captures surface stress effects on the elastic properties of nanostructures through a three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element formulation. There are several interesting findings in the present work. First, we quantify the stress and displacement fields that result in the nanowires due to bending deformation. In doing so, we find that regardless of boundary condition, the stresses that are present in the nanowires due to deformation induced by surface stresses prior to any applied bending deformation dominate any stresses that are generated by the bending deformation unless very large 5% bending strains are applied. In contrast, when the stresses and displacements induced by surface stresses prior to bending are subtracted from the stress and displacement fields of the bent nanowires, we find that the bending stresses and displacements do match the solutions expected from bulk continuum beam theory, but only within the nanowire bulk, and not at the nanowire surfaces. Second, we find that the deformation induced by surface stresses also has a significant impact on the nanowire Young’s modulus that is extracted from the bending simulations, where a strong boundary-condition dependence is also found. By comparing all results to those that would be obtained using various linear surface-elastic theories, we demonstrate that a nonlinear, finite deformation formulation that captures changes in both bulk- and surfaceelastic properties resulting from surface stress-induced deformation is critical to reproducing the experimentally observed boundary-condition dependence in Young’s modulus of metal nanowires. Furthermore, we demonstrate that linear surface-elastic theories based solely on the surface energy erroneously predict an increase in Young’s modulus with decreasing nanowire size regardless of boundary condition. In contrast, while the linear surface-elastic theories based upon the Gurtin and Murdoch formalism can theoretically predict elastic softening with decreasing size, we demonstrate that, regardless of boundary condition, the stiffening due to the surface stress dominates the softening due to the surface stiffness for the range of nanowire geometries considered in the present work. Finally, we determine that the nanowire Young’s modulus is essentially identical when calculated via either bending or resonance for both boundary conditions, indicating that surface effects have a similar impact on the elastic properties of nanowires for both loading conditions.
Software-implemented attack tolerance for critical information retrieval

The fast-growing reliance of our daily life upon online information services often demands an appropriate level of privacy protection as well as highly available service provision. However, most existing solutions have attempted to address these problems separately. This thesis investigates and presents a solution that provides both privacy protection and fault tolerance for online information retrieval. A new approach to Attack-Tolerant Information Retrieval (ATIR) is developed based on an extension of existing theoretical results for Private Information Retrieval (PIR). ATIR uses replicated services to protect a user's privacy and to ensure service availability. In particular, ATIR can tolerate any collusion of up to t servers for privacy violation and up to ƒ faulty (either crashed or malicious) servers in a system with k replicated servers, provided that k ≥ t + ƒ + 1 where t ≥ 1 and ƒ ≤ t. In contrast to other related approaches, ATIR relies on neither enforced trust assumptions, such as the use of tanker-resistant hardware and trusted third parties, nor an increased number of replicated servers. While the best solution known so far requires k (≥ 3t + 1) replicated servers to cope with t malicious servers and any collusion of up to t servers with an O(n^*^) communication complexity, ATIR uses fewer servers with a much improved communication cost, O(n1/2)(where n is the size of a database managed by a server). The majority of current PIR research resides on a theoretical level. This thesis provides both theoretical schemes and their practical implementations with good performance results. In a LAN environment, it takes well under half a second to use an ATIR service for calculations over data sets with a size of up to 1MB. The performance of the ATIR systems remains at the same level even in the presence of server crashes and malicious attacks. Both analytical results and experimental evaluation show that ATIR offers an attractive and practical solution for ever-increasing online information applications.
Eigenmode analysis of a light-guiding metal line loaded on a dielectric substrate using the imaginary-distance beam-propagation method

Fundamental characteristics of a light-guiding metal line are revealed and discussed through the eigenmode analysis using the three-dimensional (3-D) imaginary-distance beam-propagation method (ID-BPM) based on the alternating-direction implicit scheme. For the present ID-BPM, the multiplication factor of the eigenmode is derived and the paper described how the present method works in the ID procedure. An efficient absorbing boundary condition is described, which is suitable for the eigenmode analysis using the ID-BPM. After confirming the effectiveness of the present method, the characteristics of the light-guiding line composed of a metal (Au) with a finite width and thickness on a substrate (SiO/sub 2/) are investigated. Numerical results for a metal thickness of 0.2 /spl mu/m show that the effective index and the propagation loss decrease as the metal width is reduced. It is shown that not only the higher order modes but also the first mode has a cutoff metal width. Near the cutoff width, the propagation loss of the first mode (/spl sime/10dB/mm at a wavelength of 1.55 /spl mu/m) is less than those of the higher order modes. Finally, in order to reduce the propagation loss, a dielectric core was added under the metal line.
Rule Extraction from Decision Trees Ensembles: New Algorithms Based on Heuristic Search and Sparse Group Lasso Methods

Decision trees are examples of easily interpretable models whose predictive accuracy is normally low. In comparison, decision tree ensembles (DTEs) such as random forest (RF) exhibit high predictive accuracy while being regarded as black-box models. We propose three new rule extraction algorithms from DTEs. The RF+DHC method, a hill climbing method with downhill moves (DHC), is used to search for a rule set that decreases the number of rules dramatically. In the RF+SGL and RF+MSGL methods, the sparse group lasso (SGL) method, and the multiclass SGL (MSGL) method are employed respectively to find a sparse weight vector corresponding to the rules generated by RF. Experimental results with 24 data sets show that the proposed methods outperform similar state-of-the-art methods, in terms of human comprehensibility, by greatly reducing the number of rules and limiting the number of antecedents in the retained rules, while preserving the same level of accuracy.
Time dependent effects of sympathetic denervation on aqueous humor dynamics and choroidal blood flow in rabbits

Purpose. This study investigates the time-dependent effects of superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) on aqueous humor dynamics and ocular blood flow in rabbits. Methods. Measurements were made at various times between 24 hours and 12 months after SCGx. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by pneumatonometry, aqueous flow by fluorophotometry and outflow facility by tonography. Uveoscleral outflow was determined by an intracameral tracer infusion technique and blood flow to the choroid was evaluated with fluorescent microspheres. Values in denervated eyes were compared with the contralateral, normallyinnervated eyes using a paired Student's two-tailed t-test. Results. At 24 hours after SCGx, IOP in denervated eyes was less than in normally-innervated eyes (14.6 ± 0.8 vs 20.1 ± 1.5mmHg, 27%, p < 0.002). At one month, IOPs were not different between eyes. Compared with normally-innervated eyes at 10-12 months, IOP in denervated eyes was greater (20.4 ± 0.7 vs 17.2 ± 0.9mmHg, 19%, p < 0.001), outflow facility was less (0.15 ± 0.02 vs 0.21 ± 0.01µl/min/mmHg, 29%, p < 0.01) and blood flow to the choroid was less (12.1 ± 5.0 vs 16.2 ± 6.0 ml/min/gm tissue, 25%, p < 0.05). Aqueous humor flow was not significantly altered by SCGx at any time. Conclusions. The reduction in IOP at 24 hours after SCGx was not due to any change in aqueous flow or uveoscleral outflow (current study) but rather to an increase in outflow facility (previous studies). At 10-12 months, IOP was elevated because outflow facility was significantly reduced. The reduction in choroidal blood flow at 10-12 months may have occurred because of the increased IOP.