Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How crucial incidents analysis support Chinese lesson study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe two kinds of crucial incidents analysis that Chinese teachers employ during traditional Chinese Teaching Research Group (TRG) activities to analyze their lessons.Design/methodology/approach – Chinese educators have engaged for several decades in Teaching Research Group (TRG) activities. The paper describes the methods they use.Findings – The methods employed by teachers were: first, quaternary analysis of a lesson's key point, difficult point, and critical point; and second, part‐to‐whole analysis (experienced teachers' ways of discussing a lesson). Originality/value – The authors hope that recognition of these two kinds of teaching analysis can help teachers to better understand the essence of traditional TRG activities, and to employ them more consciously during their lesson study activities.
Prevention of persistent infection in calves by vaccination of dams with noncytopathic type-1 modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus prior to breeding.

OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of a modified-live virus (MLV) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 (BVDV1) vaccine administered to heifers prior to breeding to stimulate protective immunity that would block transmission of virulent heterologous BVDV during gestation, thus preventing persistent infection of a fetus. ANIMAL 40 crossbred Angus heifers that were 15 to 18 months old and seronegative for BVDV and 36 calves born to those heifers. PROCEDURE Heifers were randomly assigned to control (n = 13) or vaccinated (27) groups. The control group was administered a multivalent vaccine where-in the BVDV component had been omitted. The vaccinated heifers were administered a single dose of vaccine (IM or SC) containing MLV BVDV1 (WRL strain). All vaccinated and control heifers were maintained in pastures and exposed to BVDV-negative bulls 21 days later. Thirty-five heifers were confirmed pregnant and were challenge exposed at 55 to 100 days of gestation by IV administration of virulent BVDV1 (7443 strain). RESULTS All control heifers were viremic following challenge exposure, and calves born to control heifers were persistently infected with BVDV. Viremia was not detected in the vaccinated heifers, and 92% of calves born to vaccinated heifers were not persistently infected with BVDV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results document that vaccination with BVDV1 strain WRL protects fetuses from infection with heterologous virulent BVDV1.
Parametric Bootstrap Tests for Unbalanced Three-factor Nested Designs under Heteroscedasticity

In this article, we consider the three-factor unbalanced nested design model without the assumption of equal error variance. For the problem of testing “main effects” of the three factors, we propose a parametric bootstrap (PB) approach and compare it with the existing generalized F (GF) test. The Type I error rates of the tests are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Our studies show that the PB test performs better than the generalized F-test. The PB test performs very satisfactorily even for small samples while the GF test exhibits poor Type I error properties when the number of factorial combinations or treatments goes up. It is also noted that the same tests can be used to test the significance of the random effect variance component in a three-factor mixed effects nested model under unequal error variances.
A Concise Introduction to Receiver Operating Characteristic ( ROC ) Curve

ROC curve analysis is used widely in medicine as a method for evaluating the performance of diagnostic tests (3,5,6,10), but has been used recently in many agricultural applications (2,4,5,11,12). The ROC curve provides information regarding how often a test’s predictions are correct, and provides a graphical method for evaluating and discriminating between different diagnostic tests or modifications of the same test (12). To perform the analysis, one starts with a diagnostic test that produces a range of values or test scores (T) in which a classification is decided. Decisions are arrived at by comparing the diagnostic’s output to a threshold value (Tthresh). The data (i.e., individuals or test subjects) are then partitioned into two groups: the ‘cases’—in which the disease is known to occur; and the ‘controls’—in which disease was absent. Those test subjects with test scores above the threshold (T>Tthresh) are classified as diseased (D+), and those with test scores equal to or below the threshold (T#Tthresh) are classified as not diseased (D-), irrespective of their true disease status. For various reasons, diagnostic tests are not perfect predictors of disease. This can be depicted graphically as two overlapping distributions of threshold values; the cases and controls (Figure 1)(5,10). Thus, any decision threshold based on this test yields one of four possible decisions: 1) true positive (TP), in which a ‘case’ was correctly classified as diseased; 2) true negative (TN), in which a ‘control’ was correctly classified as not diseased; 3) false positive (FP), in which a ‘control’ was incorrectly classified as diseased; and 4) false negative (FN), in which a ‘case’ was incorrectly classified as not diseased (6,7). Now, say N individuals (test subjects) were classified under the rules of the diagnostic test, X of the N subjects were classified as ‘cases’, and Y of these as ‘controls’. Then the true positive proportion (TPP) is the number of true positive decisions divided by the total number of cases. TPP is referred to as the ‘sensitivity’ of the test. The true negative proportion (TNP) is the number of true negatives divided by the number of controls. This is referred to as the ‘specificity’ of the test. The false positive proportion (FPP) is the number of false positives divided by the number of controls. The false negative proportion (FNP) is the number of false negatives divided by the number of cases. In probabilistic terms, TPP is an estimate of Prob(T>Tthresh | D+) (read as ‘the probability of a test score above the threshold, given the presence of disease). Similarly, FNP is an estimate of Threshold Fr eq ue nc y
Chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of two inflammatory proteins, neutrophil activating peptide 1 (interleukin-8) and neutrophil activating peptide.

Two recently identified pro-inflammatory proteins, namely, neutrophil activating peptide 1 (NAP-1) [also termed interleukin-8 (IL-8)] and NAP-2, were chemically synthesized, purified, and characterized. The fully protected NAP-1/IL-8 (72 residues) and NAP-2 (70 residues) peptide chains were assembled by automated solid-phase methods with average stepwise yields of 99.5 and 99.3%, resulting in overall chain assembly yields of 70 and 62%, respectively. Deprotection resulted in crude products, which were allowed to fold by air oxidation, and were purified by two cycles of reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, yielding 27 mg of NAP-1/IL-8 and 22 mg of NAP-2. Purity was established by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and isoelectric focusing, and the primary structures of the purified products were verified by using mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing methods. Synthetic and recombinant NAP-1/IL-8 were equally active on human neutrophil granulocytes as determined by measuring the induction of cytosolic free calcium, elastase release, and chemotaxis. Synthetic NAP-2 was equivalent to purified natural NAP-2 in the elastase release and calcium mobilization assays, but it was consistently less potent (3-5-fold) as a stimulus of chemotaxis, perhaps indicative of additional chemotactic components in the natural preparation. The results indicate that by chemical synthesis these cytokines can be obtained in purity and quantities suitable for further structural analysis, as well as functional studies both in vivo and in vitro. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Theory of Mind in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Theory of mind (ToM) involves thinking about mental states and intentions to understand what other people know and to predict how they will act. We studied ToM in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and age- and gender-matched children with orthopedic injuries (OI), using a new three-frame Jack and Jill cartoon task that measures intentional thinking separate from contingent task demands. In the key ToM trials, which required intentional thinking, Jack switched a black ball from one hat to another of a different color, but Jill did not witness the switch; in the otherwise identical non-ToM trials, the switch was witnessed. Overall accuracy was higher in children with OI than in those with TBI. Children with severe TBI showed a larger decline in accuracy on ToM trials, suggesting a specific deficit in ToM among children with severe TBI. Accuracy was significantly higher on trials following errors than on trials following correct responses, suggesting that all groups monitored performance and responded to errors with increased vigilance. TBI is associated with poorer intentional processing in school-age children and adolescents relative to peers with OI; furthermore, children with TBI are challenged specifically by intentional demands, especially when their injury is severe. (JINS, 2012, 19, 1–9)
Cancer Therapy : Preclinical Preclinical Evaluation of Telomerase-Specific Oncolytic Virotherapy for Human Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Purpose: Tumor-specific replication-selective oncolytic virotherapy is a promising antitumor therapy for induction of cell death in tumor cells but not of normal cells. We previously developed an oncolytic adenovirus, OBP-301, that kills human epithelial malignant cells in a telomerase-dependent manner. Recent evidence suggests that nonepithelial malignant cells, which have low telomerase activity, maintain telomere length through alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). However, it remains unclear whether OBP-301 is cytopathic for nonepithelial malignant cells. Here, we evaluated the antitumor effect of OBP301 on human bone and soft tissue sarcoma cells. Experimental Design: The cytopathic activity of OBP-301, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression, and telomerase activity were examined in 10 bone (OST, U2OS, HOS, HuO9, MNNG/HOS, SaOS-2, NOS-2, NOS-10, NDCS-1, andOUMS-27) and in 4 soft tissue (CCS, NMS-2, SYO-1, andNMFH-1) sarcoma cell lines. OBP-301 antitumor effects were assessed using orthotopic tumor xenograft models. The fiber-modified OBP-301 (termedOBP-405) was used to confirm an antitumor effect onOBP-301–resistant
PARALLAXES AND PROPER MOTIONS OF ULTRACOOL BROWN DWARFS OF SPECTRAL TYPES Y AND LATE T

We present astrometric measurements of 11 nearby ultracool brown dwarfs of spectral types Y and late-T, based on imaging observations from a variety of space-based and ground-based telescopes. These measurements have been used to estimate relative parallaxes and proper motions via maximum likelihood fitting of geometric model curves. To compensate for the modest statistical significance (≲ 7) of our parallax measurements we have employed a novel Bayesian procedure for distance estimation which makes use of an a priori distribution of tangential velocities, Vtan, assumed similar to that implied by previous observations of T dwarfs. Our estimated distances are therefore somewhat dependent on that assumption. Nevertheless, the results have yielded distances for five of our eight Y dwarfs and all three T dwarfs. Estimated distances in all cases are ≳ 3 pc. In addition, we have obtained significant estimates of Vtan for two of the Y dwarfs; both are <100 km s−1, consistent with membership in the thin disk population. Comparison of absolute magnitudes with model predictions as a function of color shows that the Y dwarfs are significantly redder in J − H than predicted by a cloud-free model.
Externally modifying parameters and invoking electromagnetic transients simulation in PSCAD

Electromagnetic transients simulation programs (EMTP-type programs) can run simulations in batch mode with different values of parameters. Still manual efforts are required to change values of many parameters. This paper proposes a method to automate the process of changing the values of such parameters and invoking the EMTP-type program externally. It reduces time and efforts involved in many complex power system studies. To show its effectiveness, the proposed method was implemented in two cases of transmission line fault analysis.
Modular multilevel STATCOM with energy storage

A configuration of Energy storage (ES) integrated STATCOM is presented in this paper. Such type of system is generally referred as E-STATCOM (STATCOM+ES) in the literature. In this paper, a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is used as a STATCOM and energy storage is integrated at the DC link of MMC. An E-STATCOM primarily functions as a STATCOM, but it has the ability to support active power at different time scale. So, separate systems, one for energy storage integration and the other for STATCOM operation can be avoided. In this paper, E-STATCOM is used to address the issues related to a PV dominated grid, e.g. power fluctuation due to variation of solar irradiance and power quality issues. The configuration is verified through simulation in PSCAD and the results show effectiveness of E-STATCOM for a PV-dominated grid.
POBASCAM, a population‐based randomized controlled trial for implementation of high‐risk HPV testing in cervical screening: Design, methods and baseline data of 44,102 women

Cytological cervical screening is rather inefficient because of relatively high proportions of false negative and false positive smears. To evaluate the efficiency of high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing, by GP5+/6+ PCR‐enzyme immunoassay (EIA), in conjunction with cytology (Intervention Group) to that of the classical cytology (Control Group), we initiated the Population Based Screening Study Amsterdam (POBASCAM). POBASCAM is a population‐based randomized controlled trial for implementation of hrHPV testing in cervical screening. The outcome measure is the proportion of histologically confirmed ≥CIN3 lesions in each study arm up to and including the next screening round after 5 years. We present the design, methods and baseline data of POBASCAM. When, in the next 5 years, the follow‐up will be completed, the data obtained will be used in model studies, including a cost‐effectiveness study, to advise the Dutch Ministry of Public Health in deciding whether cervical screening should be based on combined hrHPV and cytology testing instead of cytology alone. Between January 1999 and September 2002, 44,102 women (mean age = 42.8 years; range = 29–61) that participated in the regular Dutch screening program were included in our study. In the Intervention Group the distribution of cytology and hrHPV by cytology class was as follows: normal cytology 96.6% (3.6% hrHPV positive); borderline and mild dyskaryosis (BMD) 2.5% (34.6% hrHPV positive); and moderate dyskaryosis or worse (>BMD) 0.8% (88.3% hrHPV positive), i.e., 0.4% moderate dyskaryosis (82.9% hrHPV positive), 0.3% severe dyskaryosis (92.5% hrHPV positive), 0.1% carcinoma in situ (95.2% hrHPV positive), <0.1% suspected for invasive cancer (hrHPV positive 100.0%). In the Control Group 96.5% of the women had normal cytology, 2.4% BMD and 0.8% >BMD, i.e., 0.4% moderate dyskaryosis, 0.3% severe dyskaryosis, 0.1% carcinoma in situ, <0.1% suspected for invasive cancer. The presence of hrHPV was age‐dependent, decreasing from 12.0% at 29–33 years to 2.4% at 59–61 years. Among women with a positive hrHPV test, the prevalence of BMD was age‐dependent ranging from 20.2% at 29–33 years to 7.8% at 54–58 years. In contrast, the risk of >BMD of 13.7% among women with a positive hrHPV test was not age‐dependent. Our study indicates that large‐scale hrHPV testing by GP5+/6+ PCR‐EIA in the setting of population‐based cervical screening is practically feasible, is accepted by both participating women and general practitioners and yields highly reproducible results. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat shock and other stress response systems of plants.

In the course of evolution, plants have acquired a whole set of distinct but partially overlapping stress response systems helping them to survive and propagate under a multitude of unfavourable environmental conditions. The book deals mainly with the molecular and cell biological aspects of stress response. A concise description of heat shock is followed by a discussion of similarities and differences with regard to other stress response systems. These include oxidation, heavy metals, anaerobiosis, low temperature, water deficiency, starvation, wounding, pathogen infections and genomic stress. In all cases, phenomena of induced stress tolerance are observed. The analysis of stress-induced genes frequently leads to multigene families also integrated into developmental programs.
What's under the ROC? An Introduction to Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves

It is often necessary to dichotomize a continuous scale to separate respondents into normal and abnormal groups. However, because the distributions of the scores in these 2 groups most often overlap, any cut point that is chosen will result in 2 types of errors: false negatives (that is, abnormal cases judged to be normal) and false positives (that is, normal cases placed in the abnormal group). Changing the cut point will alter the numbers of erroneous judgments but will not eliminate the problem. A technique called receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves allows us to determine the ability of a test to discriminate between groups, to choose the optimal cut point, and to compare the performance of 2 or more tests. We discuss how to calculate and compare ROC curves and the factors that must be considered in choosing an optimal cut point.
Miniaturization of helical antennas using dielectric loading

A method for the miniaturization of the well-known monofilar axial-mode helical antenna is presented. The height (and other dimensions) of the antenna is reduced by loading it with a dielectric hemisphere of high permittivity and addressing, in an intelligent manner, two accompanying impedance mismatches that are introduced. Simulations show that a 46.8% reduction in the total height of the antenna is achieved while maintaining the wide input impedance bandwidth (i.e., 48.0%), the gain pattern stability over frequency, and the required axial ratio for circular polarization over the entire passband. All of these characteristics were achieved while maintaining essentially the same lowest frequency of operation as the unminiaturized version of the antenna.
Concanavalin a receptors on the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patients with african Burkitt's lymphoma and lymphoma cell lines

Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood and from tumor tissues of patients with African Burkitt's lymphoma have been studied for cap formation and agglutinability by Concanavalin A (Con A). Peripheral blood from healthy adult persons served as a normal control and blood from patients with carcinoma served as a non‐lymphoma control. These studies included 29 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, 93 with carcinoma, and 105 healthy adult persons, as well as tumor tissues from 13 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. The great majority of the carcinomas were from the face and neck regions. Lymphocytes from the blood of the majority of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, as well as those from tumor tissues, exhibited a reduced cap‐forming ability (2‐6%) and increased Con‐A‐induced agglutinability compared to lymphocytes from healthy normal donors and from patients with carcinoma, although some of the lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma had a somewhat lower range of cap formation than the lymphocytes from healthy donors. No difference was observed in the interaction with Con A of lypmhocytes from the different types of carcinoma studied. Eight lymphoid cell lines were established in our laboratory from the tumor tissues of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. The cap‐forming ability and agglutinability by Con A of these lines was examined and compared to those of the “classical” lymphoma lines: Raji, Daudi and P3HR1. All cell lines exhibited an increased Con‐A‐induced agglutinability and a reduced cap‐forming ability compared to normal lymphocytes, except for P3HR1 cells which exhibited a cap‐forming ability of 15‐20%. These findings are discussed in relation to the association of the lymphocytes with malignancy and as a possible aid in the differential diagnosis between malignant lymphomas and other diseases.
Capacity bounds and constructions for reversible data-hiding

An undesirable side effect of many watermarking and data-hiding schemes is that the host signal into which auxiliary data is embedded is distorted. Finding an optimal balance between the amount of information embedded and the induced distortion is therefore an active field of research. With the rediscovery of Costa's (1983) seminal paper entitled Writing on dirty paper, there has been considerable progress in understanding the fundamental limits of the capacity versus distortion of watermarking and data-hiding schemes. For some applications, however, no distortion resulting from auxiliary data, however small, is allowed. In these cases the use of reversible data-hiding methods provide a way out. A reversible data-hiding scheme is defined as a scheme that allows complete and blind restoration (i.e. without additional signaling) of the original host data. Practical reversible data-hiding schemes have been proposed by Fridrich et al. (2002), but little attention has been paid to the theoretical limits. It is the purpose of this paper to repair this situation and to provide some first results on the limits of reversible data-hiding. Admittedly, the examples provided in this paper are toy examples, but they are indicative of more practical schemes that will be presented in subsequent papers.
Co-clustering with Recursive Elimination for Verb Synonym Extraction from Large Text Corpus

The extraction of verb synonyms is a key technology to build a verb dictionary as a language resource. This paper presents a co-clustering-based verb synonym extraction approach that increases the number of extracted meanings of polysemous verbs from a large text corpus. For verb synonym extraction with a clustering approach dealing with polysemous verbs can be one problem issue because each polysemous verb should be categorized into different clusters depending on each meaning; thus there is a high possibility of failing to extract some of the meanings of polysemous verbs. Our proposed approach can extract the different meanings of polysemous verbs by recursively eliminating the extracted clusters from the initial data set. The experimental results of verb synonym extraction show that the proposed approach increases the correct verb clusters by about 50% with a 0.9% increase in precision and a 1.5% increase in recall over the previous approach.
Theminimum founding population in dispersing organisms subject to strongAllee effects

1. Dispersal can push population density below strong Allee thresholds ensuring the demise of small founding populations. As a result, for isolated populations of dispersing organisms, the minimum founding population size that enables establishment can be quite different from theAllee threshold. 2. We derive an expression for the minimum founding population size for a general integrodifference equation model of a dispersing population with a strong Allee effect. We demonstrate the utility of the general model by using it to approximateminimum founding populations for themountain pine beetle. 3. The minimum founding population of the general model increases linearly with the mean squared displacement of the dispersing organism. Transient dynamics of the general model suggest that population density at the point of introduction will often decrease before increasing, even when the minimum founding population size is exceeded. 4. Calculation of minimum founding population sizes may prove useful for predicting invasion success based on propagule size and formaximizing the success of species reintroductions when strongAllee effects exist.