Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving students’ understanding of algebra and multiplicative reasoning: did the ICCAMS intervention work?

In this paper we report on the intervention phase of an ESRC-funded project, Increasing Competence and Confidence in Algebra and Multiplicative Structures (ICCAMS). The intervention was designed to enable teachers to use formative assessment in mathematics classrooms by evaluating what students already knew, then adapting their teaching to students’ learning needs. A key feature was the use of models and representations, such as the Cartesian graph, both to help students better understand mathematical ideas and to help teachers appreciate students’ difficulties. Twenty-two teachers and their Year 8 classes from 11 schools took part in the intervention during 2010/11. Pre! and post-tests in algebra, decimals and ratio were administered to the students of these classes, and compared to a control group of students matched from the ICCAMS national longitudinal survey (using propensity score matching). The students in the intervention group made greater progress than the matched control.
Impact of Cultured Neuron Models on α-Herpesvirus Latency Research

A signature trait of neurotropic α-herpesviruses (α-HV) is their ability to establish stable non-productive infections of peripheral neurons termed latency. This specialized gene expression program is the foundation of an evolutionarily successful strategy to ensure lifelong persistence in the host. Various physiological stresses can induce reactivation in a subset of latently-infected neurons allowing a new cycle of viral productive cycle gene expression and synthesis of infectious virus. Recurring reactivation events ensure transmission of the virus to new hosts and contributes to pathogenesis. Efforts to define the molecular basis of α-HV latency and reactivation have been notoriously difficult because the neurons harboring latent virus in humans and in experimentally infected live-animal models, are rare and largely inaccessible to study. Increasingly, researchers are turning to cultured neuron infection models as simpler experimental platforms from which to explore latency and reactivation at the molecular level. In this review, I reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of existing neuronal models and briefly summarize the important mechanistic insights these models have provided. I also discuss areas where prioritization will help to ensure continued progress and integration.
Women Empowerment: A Quantitative Exploration

Empowerment is a value-laden cultural specific construct. Dimensions of women empowerment vary with variation of social, religious and cultural norms. Current article presents a quantitative analysis based on the culturally and socially specific dimensions of women empowerment derived via ethnographic exploration in Punjab, Pakistan. For the first time Alkire-Foster methodology of index building has been used to explore local composition and structure of women empowerment construct. Instead of using one-size-fit-all dimensions of women empowerment locally derived definitions would lead to targeted and effective policies. Therefore, measurement of level of empowerment among women and resultant policies for their empowerment is recommended based on this new method of measurement.
Second Order Model of Self-Efficacy Measures.

Assumptions underlying the multifaceted, hierarchical structure of self-efficacy previously hypothesized by R. Shavelson, J. Hubner, and G. Stanton (1976) for the construct of self-concept were tested. The self-efficacy interpretation of the Science Self-Efficacy Scale (H. Kennedy, 1996), a relatively new measure, was studied with 331 (151 female and 180 male) college students and multiple measures of science, mathematics, and self-regulated learning self-efficacy facets. Results support a multifaceted, hierarchical interpretation. A second-order self-efficacy latent named academic self-efficacy was shown to be reflected by the three first-order self-efficacy factors of science, mathematics, and self-regulated learning. (Contains 2 tables, 1 figure, and 22 references.) (SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Second Order Model of Self-Efficacy Measures Helen L. Kennedy California State University, Fresno Author's Notes I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Myron Dembo, Birgette Mednick, Donald Polkinghorne, and Ruth Chung for permitting their students to participate in the data collection. Requests for reprints should be sent to Helen L. Kennedy, who is now at the Department of Educational Research, Administration, and Foundations; School of Education and Human Development; California State University, Fresno; Fresno, California. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ffice of Educational Research and Improvement ED ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OEM position or policy. 2 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Empirical study of adverse selection and moral hazard in the reinsurance market

This study empirically tests the asymmetric information problem in the property and liability reinsurance market by separating adverse selection from moral hazard. Using the panel data from NAIC and A.M. Best Company, adverse selection is shown to exist between affiliated insurers and non-affiliated reinsurers, while there are mixed evidences on the presence of moral hazard for non-affiliated insurers. When affiliated insurers mostly use inside reinsurance within the group, the adverse selection problem still exists. For non-affiliated insurers, adverse selection instead of moral hazard arises from asymmetric information. Overall, our results, consistent with Garven and Grace (2007), provide supportive evidence on the presence of adverse selection, but mixed evidence on moral hazard in the reinsurance market.
Psychological and central nervous system consequences of protein-calorie malnutrition: A review of research findings and some implications

The effects of malnutrition on psychological development and on structural and biochemical changes in the central nervous system are reviewed in both animals and humans. The evidence to date suggests that malnutrition has deleterious consequences for the developing organism and that the effects are most pronounced if not irreversible when nutritional insult is suffered during the period of rapid brain growth. Theoretical and methodological problems in the study of the relation between malnutrition and mental development are also discussed. The need for investigating the specific psychological and cognitive processes affected by malnutrition is pointed out and several research paradigms emphasizing the use of psycho-physiological techniques are suggested as a means of elucidating the relation between brain and behavior in the context of the problem of malnutrition and mental development.
Measuring relative volatility in high-frequency data under the directional change approach

Summary We introduce a new approach in measuring relative volatility between two markets based on the directional change (DC) method. DC is a data-driven approach for sampling financial market data such that the data are recorded when the price changes have reached a significant amplitude rather than recording data under a predetermined timescale. Under the DC framework, we propose a new concept of DC micro-market relative volatility to evaluate relative volatility between two markets. Unlike the time-series method, micro-market relative volatility redefines the timescale based on the frequency of the observed DC data between the two markets. We show that it is useful for measuring the relative volatility in micro-market activities (high-frequency data).
Exploiting semantics of temporal multi‐scale methods to optimize multi‐level mesh partitioning

Multi‐scale problems are often solved by decomposing the problem domain into multiple subdomains, solving them independently using different levels of spatial and temporal refinement, and coupling the subdomain solutions back to obtain the global solution. Most commonly, finite elements are used for spatial discretization, and finite difference time stepping is used for time integration. Given a finite element mesh for the global problem domain, the number of possible decompositions into subdomains and the possible choices for associated time steps is exponentially large, and the computational costs associated with different decompositions can vary by orders of magnitude. The problem of finding an optimal decomposition and the associated time discretization that minimizes computational costs while maintaining accuracy is nontrivial. Existing mesh partitioning tools, such as METIS, overlook the constraints posed by multi‐scale methods and lead to suboptimal partitions with a high performance penalty. We present a multi‐level mesh partitioning approach that exploits domain‐specific knowledge of multi‐scale methods to produce nearly optimal mesh partitions and associated time steps automatically. Results show that for multi‐scale problems, our approach produces decompositions that outperform those produced by state‐of‐the‐art partitioners like METIS and even those that are manually constructed by domain experts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Counterfactual Impact Analysis of Fair Use Policy on Copyright Related Industries in Singapore: A Critical Review

In a 2014 article appearing in Laws, Ghafele and Gibert presented evidence on the economic impacts of Singapore’s change in its fair use policies showing a large effect on industries that manufacture goods useful for private copying of copyrighted works and no effect on the copyright industries. As detailed in this Comment, Ghafele and Gibert’s empirical analysis fails to shed light on the consequences of modifications to fair use policies.
A Study on the Relationship Between Organizational Learning and Business Model Innovation

Based on the resource-based view, this study takes the firms of Sichuan Province as research object, and conducts an empirical research on the relationship between organizational learning, resource integration capability and business model innovation. The results show that organizational learning has a significantly positive impact on resource integration capability and business model innovation. Resource integration capability is the guarantee of successful implementation of business model innovation, and plays a fully mediating role in the relationship between organizational learning and business model innovation. Keywords—Business model innovation; Organizational learning; Resource integration capability
Valuing Voluntary Disclosure with Competitive Interactions using a Real Options Approach

This paper examines the impact of competition, in a duopoly framework, on the voluntary disclosure policy of firms. Each firm is assumed to have invested in a specific product and the manager of each firm must then decide when to optimally disclose its involvement in the product to the market, while taking into consideration the disclosure strategy of the other firm. A preemption, attrition, or synergy equilibrium is found, depending on the trade-off between first and second mover advantages and, also on the advantage from simultaneous disclosure
Comparative magnetospheres: lessons for Earth

The comparative study of various magnetospheres is not only interesting in itself but also useful for understanding better many aspects of the magnetosphere of Earth. Scaling relations can be tested over a much wider parameter range than that provided by Earth alone. Comparison of Earth with other magnetospheres tells us about the relative importance of the ionosphere, the significance of kinetic effects, the dependence on the geometrical configuration of rotation axis, magnetic dipole, and solar wind flow direction, and the role of the external magnetic field. Processes such as magnetic field line reconnection and auroral particle acceleration are common to many different magneto-spheres and can be better understood when observed in different contexts. Diffusive transport across closed magnetic field lines plays a special role in the magnetospheres both of Jupiter and of Earth. Finally, some properties and limitations of numerical simulation work are illuminated by application under distinct conditions provided by different magnetospheres, in particular Jupiter and Earth. � 2004 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Classical Hom–Leibniz Yang–Baxter Equation and Hom–Leibniz Bialgebras

In this paper, we first introduce the notion of Hom–Leibniz bialgebras, which is equivalent to matched pairs of Hom–Leibniz algebras and Manin triples of Hom–Leibniz algebras. Additionally, we extend the notion of relative Rota–Baxter operators to Hom–Leibniz algebras and prove that there is a Hom–pre-Leibniz algebra structure on Hom–Leibniz algebras that have a relative Rota–Baxter operator. Finally, we study the classical Hom–Leibniz Yang–Baxter equation on Hom–Leibniz algebras and present its connection with the relative Rota–Baxter operator.
D-OPTIMAL DESIGNS FOR POISSON REGRESSION MODELS

We consider the problem of finding an optimal design under a Poisson regression model with a log link, any number of independent variables, and an additive linear predictor. Local D-optimality of a class of designs is established through use of a canonical form of the problem and a general equivalence theorem. The results are applied in conjunction with clustering techniques to obtain a fast method of finding designs that are robust to wide ranges of model parameter values. The methods are illustrated through examples.
Laser particle sizer for plume-induced ejecta clouds

Surface dust blown by a lunar lander can spoof sensors and damage lander and other surface and orbital assets. Since many countries seek to use and leverage the Moon in the coming decades, this is potentially a defense issue. Empirical data on Plume Surface Interactions (PSI) from lander-mounted instruments are needed to determine particle size distributions. We report a feasibility study of laser light-scattering for particle sizing. Calculations suggest that distributions of particle sizes in the range 0.1 to 10 microns can be accurately determined from laser-propagation decay using 4 to 8 wavelengths between 0.4 to 2 microns. Lab standards have been created based on calibrated showers of silica spheres and known concentrations and sizes of SiC grit in resin rods. Experiments were performed using lasers from 0.4 to 10 micron wavelength. For visible wavelengths, a point Si detector or images taken with a Si CCD camera were used to record scattered intensity vs propagation distance. At long-wave infrared, a pyroelectric detector or bolometer array were used. Characteristic decay lengths were determined by an algebraic sliding aperture method suitable for rapid and automated analysis. The experiments confirm theoretical expectations for Mie scattering by simple distributions of spherical particles. These results inform future experiments for testing the inverse problem of extracting more complicated size distributions from decay lengths measured using multiple wavelengths.
Do Looks Matter? A Case Study on Extensive Green Roofs Using Discrete Choice Experiments

Extensive green roofs are a promising type of urban green that can play an important role in climate proofing and ultimately in the sustainability of our cities. Despite their increasingly widespread application and the growing scientific interest in extensive green roofs, their aesthetics have received limited scientific attention. Furthermore, several functional issues occur, as weedy species can colonize the roof, and extreme roof conditions can lead to gaps in the vegetation. Apart from altering the function of a green roof, we also expect these issues to influence the perception of extensive green roofs, possibly affecting their acceptance and application. We therefore assessed the preferences of a self-selected convenience sample of 155 Flemish respondents for visual aspects using a discrete choice experiment. This approach, combined with current knowledge on the psychological aspects of green roof visuals, allowed us to quantify extensive green roof preferences. Our results indicate that vegetation gaps and weedy species, together with a diverse vegetation have a considerable impact on green roof perception. Gaps were the single most important attribute, indicated by a relative importance of ca. 53%, with cost coming in at a close second at ca. 46%. Overall, this study explores the applicability of a stated preference technique to assess an often overlooked aspect of extensive green roofs. It thereby provides a foundation for further research aimed at generating practical recommendations for green roof construction and maintenance.
A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Fibers and Loading on Flexural Creep of SFRC

This paper reports the results of a research whose aim was to study how the following variables affect the way SFRC behaves in the postcrack region when under sustained flexural loads: fibers length and slenderness, fibers content, maximum aggregate size, and the load applied. A new methodology based on a test setup developed by the authors has been followed in this research, where notched prismatic 150x150x600 mm specimens are subject to a flexural creep test which follows the four-point bending scheme. Several parameters have been measured: initial crack width, crack width at 90 days, and crack opening rates and creep coefficients at 14, 30, and 90 days. The effect of the variation of the variables considered on these parameters has been evaluated by means of statistical inference based on multiple linear regression models. Results clearly show that varying fiber slenderness leads to important differences regarding concrete’s flexural creep behaviour. The mere fact of adding fibers is good from the point of view of controlling creep strain, though variation in fiber content between 40 kg/m3 and 70 kg/m3 has turned out to be not so important when compared to the effect that varying the load applied has on many of the parameters analysed.
Application of Heuristic and Metaheuristic Algorithms in Solving Constrained Weber Problem with Feasible Region Bounded by Arcs

The continuous planar facility location problem with the connected region of feasible solutions bounded by arcs is a particular case of the constrained Weber problem. This problem is a continuous optimization problem which has a nonconvex feasible set of constraints. This paper suggests appropriate modifications of four metaheuristic algorithms which are defined with the aim of solving this type of nonconvex optimization problems. Also, a comparison of these algorithms to each other as well as to the heuristic algorithm is presented. The artificial bee colony algorithm, firefly algorithm, and their recently proposed improved versions for constrained optimization are appropriately modified and applied to the case study. The heuristic algorithm based on modified Weiszfeld procedure is also implemented for the purpose of comparison with the metaheuristic approaches. Obtained numerical results show that metaheuristic algorithms can be successfully applied to solve the instances of this problem of up to 500 constraints. Among these four algorithms, the improved version of artificial bee algorithm is the most efficient with respect to the quality of the solution, robustness, and the computational efficiency.
On t h e Class Dis t r ibut ion Labell ing Step Sensitivity of CO-TRAINING

CO-TRAINING can learn from datasets having a small number of labelled examples and a large number of unlabelled ones. It is an iterative algorithm where examples labelled in previous iterations are used to improve the classification of examples from the unlabelled set. However, as the number of initial labelled examples is often small we do not have reliable estimates regarding the underlying population which generated the data. In this work we make the claim that the proportion in which examples are labelled is a key parameter to CO-TRAINING. Furthermore, we have done a series of experiments to investigate how the proportion in which we label examples in each step influences COTRAINING performance. Results show that CO-TRAINING should be used with care in challenging domains.
CVD Cancer Accidents Diabetes Perinatal Cirrhosis Pneumonia Violent deaths Diarrhea

disease, cancer, accidents, and diabetes. Furthermore, projec tions of the principal causes of death in the Mexican population for the year 2030 suggest that chronic diseases will account for 80% of deaths. Several factors might explain these develop ments, including alterations in dietary habits that may be es pecially important with respect to cancer and diabetes. There has been a rapid change in the prevalence of risk factors associated with chronic diseases. A survey conducted by Mex ico's National Institute of Nutrition (2) found that the propor tion of animal products in the diet of urban Mexicans has increased sharply. In addition, â€œ¿ fast foodâ€• is now a frequent choice of many Mexicans living in cities. The epidemiologic changes that have occurred in Mexico, however, are not homogeneous throughout the country; in stead, they vary according to geographic region and socioeco nomic factors. The National Survey on Chronic Diseases con ducted in Mexico in 1992 (3) found that the prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes among adults aged 20â€”69y was higher in the northern than in the southern states (Figure 2). In addition, the prevalence of stunting (defined by a Z score lower than â€”¿ 2 SDs) in children under 5 y old was more prevalent in the southern states, whereas obesity in girls and women aged 12â€”49y [defined by a body mass index (in kg/rn2) 25] was more prevalent in the northern states (4, 5) (Figure 3). Observations in the southern part of Mexico, however, revealed the coexistence of overnutrition and undernutrition. Although about one-third of the children under 5 y in this region were stunted, â€œ¿ @â€ ̃20% of the women were obese. The dynamic state of the epidemiologic picture in Mexico provides challenges and opportunities for studying dietary hab its. For example, the concomitant existence of stunting and obesity may create methodologic problems in dietary assess ment. The rapid dietary changes may allow studies on how diet can modify the occurrence of chronic diseases. Finally, the impact of nutritional intervention on health can be investigated
Optical power of semiconductor lasers with a low-dimensional active region

A comprehensive analytical model for the operating characteristics of semiconductor lasers with a low-dimensional active region is developed. Particular emphasis is given to the effect of capture delay of both electrons and holes from a bulk optical confinement region into a quantum-confined active region and an extended set of rate equations is used. We derive a closed-form expression for the internal quantum efficiency as an explicit function of the injection current and parameters of a laser structure. Due to either electron or hole capture delay, the internal efficiency decreases with increasing injection current above the lasing threshold thus causing sublinearity of the light-current characteristic of a laser.