Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SOURCES OF PHOSPHOROUS LOADING IN KANSAS STREAMS by SANDRA CAROLINA AGUDELO ARBELAEZ

Phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient for plant growth and animal needs, has been identified as an ubiquitous water quality impairment in the United States. In Kansas, a major agricultural state, P loading to the surface waters is a top priority because of the critical role of P enrichment in eutrophication processes and resultant water quality degradation. The objective of this study was to quantify the P sorption and desorption of both stream sediments and upland soils in two Kansas watersheds with contrasting degrees of animal agriculture; Upper West Emma Creek (UWEC) and Red Rock Creek (RRC) watersheds. In-stream sediments were collected from banks, pools, riffles and depositional features. Soils were sampled from wheat, row crop, pasture, and manure-amended fields. Stream water samples were taken under baseflow and storm flow conditions. Our analyses of sediments and soils included equilibrium P concentration at zero net P sorption (EPC0), maximum adsorption capacity (Pmax), anion exchange extractable P (Plab) and degree of P saturation (DPS). Water samples were analyzed for dissolved reactive phosphorous (DRP). Bank erosion pins were installed in order to estimate bank erosion rates in both watersheds. Results showed that in-stream sediments do not have much more sorption capacity remaining indicated by low Pmax and high DPS. A comparison between mean Plab of stream sediments (8.8 mg P kg -1 soil) versus field soils (61.2 mg P kg -1 soil) reflected that they represent a relatively minor long-term P supply. Of the stream sediments, bank soils had the highest Plab concentrations (24.8 mg P kg -1 soil) and would be the largest instream P source. Manure-amended fields had the highest Plab (118.6 mg P kg -1 soil) due to continued inputs of manure-based P; therefore, representing a large available P pool. Bank erosion contributed about 41% and 11% of the total sediment load in UWEC and RRC respectively. Sediments loads indicated that RRC has more upland sediment inputs than UWEC. Moreover, DRP during storm flow was higher at RRC than UWEC, indicating higher P inputs in RRC from upland soils. Finally, in order to minimize P inputs to the stream system, bank stabilization should be addressed in UWEC and upland best management practices should be implemented in RRC.
Benchmark of ACCSIM-ORBIT codes for space charge and electron-lens compensation

Numerical simulation is a possible approach to evaluate and to understand space charge effects in the CERN injector chain for the LHC. Several codes to simulate space charge effects have been developed, and we performed a benchmark of ACCSIM [1] and ORBIT [2] in this study. The study is highly motivated since beam losses and/or deteriorations in beam quality due to space charge effects are not negligible or sometimes considerable in the complex, especially in the Proton Synchrotron Booster. We also discuss a possibility of compensation of space charge effects by applying “electron-lens”. INTRODUCTION Beam losses and/or deteriorations in beam quality due to space charge effects are not negligible or sometimes considerable in the CERN injector chain, especially in the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). A lot of efforts both from experimental side [3] and analytical/simulation side [4] have been made in order to ensure the best use of injectors toward the LHC. Historically in CERN, the ACCSIM code has been employed for space charge simulation studies. A benchmark study using the ORBIT code has been started to confirm the results from ACCSIM and to profit from the advantages of ORBIT such as the capability of parallel processing. Although this kind of benchmark has been already performed [5], it is still worth to benchmark the two codes using the specific machine parameters of the PSB in which the tune spread is unusually large (up to ~0.5 for high intensity beams and more than 0.3 for LHC type beams discussed here) and overlap with the low order resonances. We also discuss the compensation of space charge effects by applying a so-called “electron-lens”. A new module for ORBIT to introduce electron-lens has been developed. Preliminary results with the module are presented and discussed.
Modelling semantic relations with distributitional semantics and deep learning : question answering, entailment recognition and paraphrase detection

This dissertation presents an approach to the task of modelling semantic relations between two texts, which is based on distributional semantic models and deep learning. The present work takes advantage of various disciplines of cognitive science, mainly computation, linguistics and artificial intelligence, with strong influences from neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Distributional semantic models (also known as word embeddings) are used to represent the meaning of words. Word semantic representations can be further combined towards obtaining the meaning of a larger chunk of a text using a deep learning approach, namely with the support of convolutional neural networks. These approaches are used to replicate the experiment carried out, by Bogdanova et al. (2015), for the task of detecting questions that can be answered by exactly the same answer in online user forums. Performance results obtained by my experiments are comparable or better than the ones reported in that referenced work. I present also a study on the impact of appropriate text preprocessing with respect to the results that can be obtained by the approaches adopted in that referenced work. Removing certain clues that can unduly help the system to detect equivalent questions leads to a significant decrease in system’s performance supported by that referenced work. I also present a study of the impact that pre-trained word embeddings have in the task of detecting the semantically equivalent questions. Replacing pre-trained word embeddings by randomly initialised ones improves the performance of the system. Additionally, the model was applied to the task of entailment recognition for Portuguese and showed an accuracy on a level with the baseline. This dissertation also reports on the results of an experimental study on the application of the adopted approach to the shared task of sentence paraphrase detection in Russian. The final set up contained two improvements: it uses several convolutional filters and it uses character embeddings instead of word embeddings. It was tested in Task 2 standard run of the relevant shared task and it showed competitive results.
The Effects of Gubernatorial Influence and Political Careerism on Senatorial Voting Behavior: The Argentine Case

What forces shape the behavior of incumbent legislators in a federation? Do subnational political elites (particularly governors) influence legislators’ decisions on national policies? Do legislators’ own political backgrounds and office ambitions motivate their actions in the chamber? We address these questions by estimating the causal effect of gubernatorial influence and individual political careerism on the voting behavior of regionally based legislators (i.e., senators) in Argentina, where electoral and candidate nomination rules provide little room for individualistic behavior in Parliament. Taking advantage of roll call voting data, we calculate the distance between each senator and her or his national party leader in the chamber. We document evidence that, on average, senators from governors’ parties systematically break party unity. This effect grows as gubernatorial power increases. Moreover, we find that senators with successful local level political careers are also more likely to behave autonomously from their national party leaders. Finally, we show that the impact of senators’ office ambitions on their voting patterns is surprisingly small.
A BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE ETHNOGEOLOGY OF LATE PREHISTORIC PORTUGAL

In this paper, I explore the relationship between an artifact's biography and the raw material from which it was made. Specifically, I discuss the biographies of groundstone tools from five Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic (3500-2000 BC) sites in lowland Portugal. An analysis of the formal and material characteristics of tools (totalling over 1300) from these sites indicates that the raw material from which a tool was made not only constrained the form and function of that tool, but also determined, to a large extent, whether that tool would be recycled and the context (settlement V5. burial) in which that tool would be ultimately deposited. I suggest that both the material properties and the socio-symbolic associations of different raw materials might explain the biographies of the artifacts from which they were made.
Driving forces in the expansion of enclosure among pastoral and agropastoral herders in Ethiopia

The paper analyses factors influencing rangeland enclosure practices among groups of herders in eastern Ethiopia. The study employed logistic and linear regressions to identify the determinants. Linear regression results show that the labor endowment of a household has a positive influence on households’ decision to enclose. Greater network density and membership in different social organizations produce disincentives. Livestock ownership and membership as a resident in a village have a positive effect on the area fenced. The logit model shows that wealth and ownership of private water points positively determine range enclosure. However, there is no positive linear relationship between labor endowment and area fenced. In addition, land allocated to crop farming has a negative influence, rejecting the hypothesis that herders’ intention is primarily to cultivate the enclosed land.
Modelling extreme flood hazard events on the middle Yellow River using DFLOW-flexible mesh approach

Abstract. Severe flooding events in China are a common cause of life losses. Many efforts have been carried out to understand flooding development and impact on the Yellow River. New approaches on modeling, specifically with the current development of the software modeling tool DFLOW-FMβeta gives the opportunity to enhance the understanding of the behavior of the Yellow River during extreme events. The modeling approaches based on discretization of the modeled domain in square and rectangular grids have a great importance in the management of rivers but usually they present two drawbacks: the required accuracy of the meandering of wide long rivers is not well represented, and the reduced speed in computational runtime due to the need of using many grid cells. A new tool, developed by Deltares, based on a flexible mesh discretization of the domain, presents the advantage that the two drawbacks can be overcome. The approach has the advantage of combining different grids, in order to properly represent the river and compute the flooding extent accurately. The method is checked and demonstrated on the Yellow River case. Along with the test of the new proposed modeling method new characteristics of the spatial flooding process in the Yellow River emerges and are presented in the paper, showing the capabilities of the software application tool in modeling such a complex environment like the one studied.
The Effects of Plant Growth Regulators with the Addition of a Surfactant on Rough Turf

Three plant growth regulators (Embark, Event and Oust) and two surfactants (crop oil and non-ionic surfactant) were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling the growth of rough turf at Coles County Airport. The PGRs were evaluated for control of turf height, suppression of seedheads, phytotoxicity and weed control at two, four, six and eight weeks after spraying. Embark and Event were applied at a rate of 0.43, 0.64 and 0.86 kg/ha and Oust was applied at a rate of 0.01 and 0.02 kg/ha. The surfactants were applied at 1% of solution. All PGRs were more effective with a surfactant, but there were no significant differences between the two surfactants. Embark was the least effective PGR and by the eighth week no regulatory effects remained. Event with a surfactant at 0.64 kg/ha showed the best control of turf height and seedhead suppression, while exhibiting minor phytotoxic effects. Oust with a surfactant at 0.02 kg/ha also showed good control of turf height and seedhead suppression, however phytotoxic effects were more severe. One application of either of these treatments could eliminate mowing for four weeks, and it is estimated that five applications could eliminate mowing for the entire growing season. Five applications of Event with crop oil and Oust with crop oil would cost $49,495 and $16,350 respectively. The Coles County Administrative Board currently spends $30,000 a year to maintain turf height. Although Event with crop oil could reduce the number of mowings it would not be an economical way to control the height of the vegetation. If five applications of Oust could effectively control vegetation height for an entire growing season, the savings would be $13,650.
Investigations of the capacity and strength of seed germination in Allium victorialis L.

The aim of the study was to examine the strength and energy of seed germination in Allium victorialis . Despite the normal structure of seeds containing a viable embryo and compliance with all International Seed Testing Association recommendations, no germination in A. victorialis was observed. Additionally, the scarification and stratification treatments applied did not improve the dynamics of germination of A. victorialis seeds. Microbiological analyses of soil sampled from natural localities of the plant revealed a typical composition of bacteria and fungi. The high number of fungi [4.5 log 10 CFU (colony forming units) of fungi × g −1 dry mass of soil] and various groups of bacteria (about 7.0 log 10 CFU of bacteria × g −1 dry mass of soil) were detected in the root-free-soil around garlic roots. In the interior of A. victorialis roots, the number of microorganisms decreased 1000 to 10 000 times but all the tested microbial groups, especially copiotrophic bacteria and fungi (1.6 and 2.2, respectively, log 10 CFU × g −1 dry mass of roots) were detected. Changes in such parameters as dehydrogenase activity, pH values, and the total organic C (TOC) content in the particular parts of the rhizosphere and in comparison to the rhizosphere with root-free-soil were observed. The dehydrogenase activity and TOC content were highly positively correlated with the total number of CFU of the microorganisms.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SAFETY OF GOAT'S MILK FROM ONE FARM

CUPAKOVA, S. , POSPISILOVA, M. , KARPISKOVA, R. , JANSTOVA, B. , VORLOVA, L. : Microbiological quality and safety of goat’s milk from one farm. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. , 2012, LX, No. 6, pp. 33–38 In recent years, the popularity of goat’s milk and goat’s milk products has been growing in the Czech Republic, especially for its low allergenic potential and good digestibility. This study focused on the assessment of the microbiological quality and safety of raw and heat-treated goat’s milk. During the lactation period, total of 48 samples of raw and 40 samples of pasteurized goat’s milk were collected on a goat’s farm in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. Quantitative analysis was performed to determine the total plate count (TPC) and coagulase-positive (CP) staphylococci count. The presence of E. coli including E. coli O157, CP staphylococci, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. , and Campylobacter spp. was detected. The monthly average TPC ranged from 4.53 to 5.21 log CFU. ml −1 in raw milk and from 2.36 to 3.71 log CFU.ml −1 in pasteurized milk. Thirty (75.0%) S. aureus isolates from raw milk carried the sec gene, two (5.0%) were positive for the genes seb, seg, sei, and one (2.5%) harboured the seg and sei genes. Pasteurized goat’s milk samples yielded a single isolate of S. aureus carriyng the sec gene. One isolate of E. coli serotype O156 producing ST1 toxin was recovered from raw milk. B. cereus was detected only in two pasteurized goat’s milk samples. Any other pathogens monitored were not detected. In this study, shigatoxin-producing E. coli O156 was detected in raw goat’s milk for the fi rst time in the Czech Republic. raw milk, pasteurized milk, total plate count, staphylococal enterotoxins, STEC, indicator bacteria, pathogens
Fatty acid dynamics during the spring bloom in a High Arctic fjord: importance of abiotic factors versus community changes

We followed the fatty acid composition of particulate organic matter (POM) in a High Arctic fjord (79°N; Svalbard, Norway) during and after the spring bloom. The content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was highest (45% of total fatty acids) at the beginning of the bloom, well before the biomass maximum, and decreased linearly towards the end (30%). During the postbloom period, the concentrations of PUFAs remained stable, between 25% and 30%. Redundancy analysis was used to identify the environmental factors that explained the observed variability in the fatty acid composition of phytoplankton. A particular emphasis was put on the potential influence of high irradiances. During the spring bloom, nutrient availability (Si and N), as well as shifts in phytoplankton community composition and chlorophyll a, were shown to account for much of the pattern in fatty acid composition. During the postbloom period, particularly during periods of stratification, light had a pronounced effect on the fat.
Real-time Intelligent Alert System on Drivers Hypo-Vigilance Detection Using Template Matching Technique

:According to experts, anyone who do not take break after long period of driving task can cause weariness. This system is one of the major approaches for preventing accidents by fatigue detection and distraction detection. Since there are many systems are available for warning the drivers. As fatigue is the main reason for accidents as well as distraction of drivers especially in the highways and rural areas. Because fatigue reduces driver’s perceptions and decision making capability to control the vehicle. This results irritation and the person is no longer paying attention in driving. In this paper, method for face detection and eye tracking from human face image is used. We have discussed method for determining eye template of open eyes and closed eyes. It is based on real-time acquisition of a driver’s face images and template matching method is applied to extract hypo-vigilance symptoms.
Long-term soil moisture variability from a new P-E water budget method

Basin-scale soil moisture is traditionally estimated using either land-surface model forced by observed meteorological variables or atmospheric moisture convergence from atmospheric analysis and observed runoff. Interannual variability from such methods suffer from major uncertainties due to the sensitivity to small imperfections in the land-surface model or the atmospheric analysis. Here we introduce a novel P-E method in estimating basin-scale soil moisture, or more precisely apparent land water storage (AWS). The key input variables are observed precipitation and runoff, and reconstructed evaporation. We show the results for the tropics using the example of the Amazon basin. The seasonal cycle of diagnosed soil moisture over the Amazon is about 200mm, compares favorably with satellite estimate from the GRACE mission, thus lending confidence both in this method and the usefulness of space gravity based large-scale soil moisture estimate. This is about twice as large as estimates from several traditional methods, suggesting that current models tend to under estimate the soil moisture variability. The interannual variability in AWS in the Amazon is about 150mm, also consistent with GRACE data, but much larger than model results. We also apply this P-E method to the midlatitude Mississippi basin and discuss the impact of major 20th century droughts such as the dust bowl period on the long-term soil moisture variability. The results suggest the existence of soil moisture memories on decadal time scales, significantly longer than typically assumed seasonal timescales.
Renal Transporters and Biomarkers in Safety Assessment

Understanding the effect of renal transporters on the distribution of drugs, metabolites, and endogenous compounds (e.g., biomarkers for renal toxicity and physiological regulators) are important in safety assessment studies [1]. Drugs (and their metabolites) that preferentially distribute into the kidney may have a greater potential to induce renal toxicity because these compounds may accumulate in the cells surrounding/forming the renal tubules. This dispo‐ sition may not be deduced by simply sampling plasma; therefore, sampling kidney tissue in addition to plasma is important for measuring concentrations of drugs when renal toxicity is observed in animals. In human safety assessment, sampling of kidney is not generally feasible; therefore, the utility of qualified tissue-, serumand/or urine-specific biomarkers may help to extrapolate between animal tissue and human exposures.
Medicago truncatula HD-Zip gene , MtHB 2 , is involved in abiotic stress esponses

The HD-Zip proteins are important transcription factors participating in numerous physiological processes in plants. In this study, we identified a homeobox-leucine zipper gene from Medicago truncatula, designated MtHB2 by monitoring the expression profile of M. truncatula exposed to low temperature. A fusion protein of MtHB2 with green fluorescent protein showed localization of MtHB2 in the nucleus. To evaluate the role of MtHB2 in response to abiotic stresses, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated by expressing MtHB2, and the effects of abiotic stress on the transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis plants were studied. Transgenic plants generated that constitutively expressed MtHB2 were more sensitive to drought, salt and freezing stresses than wild-type plants. The physiological mechanisms underlying the reduced tolerance of the transgenic plants to drought, salt and freezing stresses were investigated. Expression of MtHB2 in Arabidopsis resulted in the transgenic plants accumulating less amounts of Pro and soluble sugars and greater amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 than their wild-type counxidative damage terparts treated with and without abiotic stresses. The reduced accumulation of Pro and soluble sugars may account for the lower osmolality in the transgenic plants, thus rendering the osmo-regulation of the transgenic plants less effective, while the higher levels of MDA and H2O2 in the transgenic plants made the transgenic plants more susceptible to oxidative damage under the conditions of abiotic stress. These findings demonstrate that MtHB2 encodes a novel stress-responsive HD transcription factor that may play a negative role in regulation of abiotic stress response mechanisms.