Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research of a Spam Filter based on Improved Naive Bayes

1Harbin Engineering University, Harbin , China, 150001 2Harbin Engineering University, Harbin , China, 150001 3Northeast Forestry University, Harbin , China, 150001 4Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093 5Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093 6Institute of Information Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China,100093 a569093011@qq.com,b26407166@qq.com, c stdong0451@163.com, d2443532866@qq.com, e330227346@qq.com, f272523869@qq.com
Saturniid and Sphingid Caterpillars: Two Ways to Eat Leaves

We demonstrated allometric differences in relative head mass in different instars of 12 species of Saturniidae and 14 species of Sphingidae. The differences were related to the different ways in which individuals from the two families ate their respective host plants and to the different properties of the hosts that tended to be favored by each lepidopteran family. The saturniids tended to have various simple cutting methods, while the sphingids tore and crushed the food, so that in the former, ingested food was in the form of relatively large uniformly sized pieces, and in the latter it was apparently well masticated. Saturniid mandibles were short and simple, while sphingid mandibles were long, toothed, and ridged in a variety of complex ways. The food of saturniids tended to consist of old, tough, tannin—rich leaves, while that of sphingids was softer, younger, and contained small toxic molecules. The generalists within each group tended to be similar to one another, while the specialists (which occurred more frequently among the sphingids) had very characteristic mandibles, each of unique design. One sphingid species feeding on a vine with characteristically very tough leaves had the "saturniid" design of mandibles. The features typically of the two groups of caterpillar are discussed in relation to feeding strategy, digestion, avoidance of plant "defenses," and rapidity of ingestion.
Innovation in marketing strategy process: an integration and empirical examination

Research on marketing strategy process addresses how organizations achieve results. A significant gap exists in current models of marketing strategy process, because none of them incorporates constructs related to innovation. This article presents a framework for incorporating constructs that pertain to innovation in marketing strategy process research, which was tested on a sample of 174 firms managers in the industrial sector of "apparel manufacturing of clothing and accessories" installed in the north and northwestern Parana, in Brazil, covering the cities of Apucarana, Cianorte, Londrina and Maringa. A transversal descriptive conclusive research was conducted in a single quantitative phase, using the survey as a research strategy, and multivariate analysis techniques for data processing. The results indicate that the marketing innovation capacity cannot be attributed to mere luck, but is the result of a combination of elements during the marketing strategy process. The commitment of resources, the decision to innovate with improvements and/or changes in marketing activities, the emphasis on marketing assets and capabilities, and marketing innovation sources has different effects on different outcomes. Additionally, firms with greater organizational innovativeness have higher outcomes of marketing strategy process.
What drives foreign direct investment into post-communist economies?

This study explores the factors that attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in Post-Communist countries. To do so, for the first time in the extant literature on ex-communist countries, we use panel data over the period 1990-2015. The key findings are as follows: (a) the rate of return and enrollment in education and cost of fuel are negatively associated with FDI inflows to Post-Communist countries; and (b) there is a positive link between FDI inflows to the region and stability of political regime and rule of law; (c) our estimates further confirm the market seeking hypothesis for the nature of FDI to the Post-Communist countries.
Spectral Graph Theory to appear in Handbook of Linear Algebra , second edition , CCR

There are many different ways to associate a matrix with a graph (an introduction of which can be found in Chapter 28 on Matrices and Graphs). The focus of spectral graph theory is to examine the eigenvalues (or spectrum) of such a matrix and use them to determine structural properties of the graph; or conversely, given a structural property of the graph determine the nature of the eigenvalues of the matrix. Some of the different matrices we can use for a graph G include the adjacency matrix AG, the (combinatorial) Laplacian matrix LG, the signless Laplacian matrix |LG|, and the normalized Laplacian matrix LG. The eigenvalues of these different matrices can be used to find out different information about the graph. No one matrix is best because each matrix has its own limitations in that there is some property which the matrix cannot always determine (this shows the importance of understanding all the different matrices). In the table below we summarize the four matrices and four different structural properties of a graph and indicate which properties can be determined by the eigenvalues. A “No” answer indicates the existence of two non-isomorphic graphs which have the same spectrum but differ in the indicated structure.
The Brain Drain, 'Educated Unemployment', Human Capital Formation, and Economic Betterment

Extending both the “harmful brain drain” literature and the “beneficial brain gain” literature, this paper analyzes both the negative and the positive impact of migration by skilled individuals in a unified framework. The paper extends the received literature on the “harmful brain drain” by showing that in the short run, international migration can result in “educated unemployment” and overeducation in developing countries, as well as a brain drain from these countries. A simulation suggests that the costs of “educated unemployment” and overeducation can amount to significant losses for the individuals concerned, who may constitute a substantial proportion of the educated individuals. Adopting a dynamic framework, it is then shown that due to the positive externality of the prevailing, economy-wide endowment of human capital on the formation of human capital, a relaxation in migration policy in both the current period and the preceding period can facilitate “take-off” of a developing country in the current period. Thus, it is suggested that while the migration of some educated individuals may reduce the social welfare of those who stay behind in the short run, it improves it in the long run.
Hippocampal BDNF regulates a shift from flexible, goal‐directed to habit memory system function following cocaine abstinence

The transition from recreational drug use to addiction involves pathological learning processes that support a persistent shift from flexible, goal‐directed to habit behavioral control. Here, we examined the molecular mechanisms supporting altered function in hippocampal (HPC) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) memory systems following abstinence from repeated cocaine. After 3 weeks of cocaine abstinence (experimenter‐ or self‐administered), we tested new behavioral learning in male rats using a dual‐solution maze task, which provides an unbiased approach to assess HPC‐ versus DLS‐dependent learning strategies. Dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) and DLS brain tissues were collected after memory testing to identify transcriptional adaptations associated with cocaine‐induced shifts in behavioral learning. Our results demonstrate that following prolonged cocaine abstinence rats show a bias toward the use of an inflexible, habit memory system (DLS) in lieu of a more flexible, easily updated memory system involving the HPC. This memory system bias was associated with upregulation and downregulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression and transcriptionally permissive histone acetylation (acetylated histone H3, AcH3) in the DLS and dHPC, respectively. Using viral‐mediated gene transfer, we overexpressed BDNF in the dHPC during cocaine abstinence and new maze learning. This manipulation restored HPC‐dependent behavioral control. These findings provide a system‐level understanding of altered plasticity and behavioral learning following cocaine abstinence and inform mechanisms mediating the organization of learning and memory more broadly.
Inscriptions on roadside memorials in Poland

Abstract This paper focuses exclusively on inscriptions on roadside memorials. We conducted a review of studies of roadside memorial inscriptions and a field study of 29 inscriptions found on 156 roadside memorials in Poland to understand the similarities and differences between these inscriptions and those in other countries. The uniqueness of Polish inscriptions is their religious meaning. They reflect the inscription authors’ and/or the deceased’s relationship with Catholicism. We proposed a typology of inscriptions (limited and developed) that may be useful in further comparative studies on roadside memorialization.
Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora using different application methods in the presence or absence of a natural enemy

Various application methods for the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Four different methods of applying the infective juveniles (IJs) of the nematode to soil were assessed including (1) insect cadavers (referred to as nematode-infected cadavers), (2) subsurface injection, (3) spraying, and (4) drip irrigation. In the laboratory experiment, except for the control with no nematodes, all treatments showed more than 95% insect mortality of the bait insect (Galleria mellonella) with no significant differences among treatments. The same experimental setup was conducted with the introduction of mites, Sancassania polyphyllae (Acari: Acaridae), which are natural enemies of entomopathogenic nematodes. The treatment groups with mites and the control group without mites showed more than 87% insect mortality and no significant differences were observed. The nematode-infected cadaver application method was further evaluated by using cadavers of different ages containing H. bacteriophora IJs in the presence of mites. Larval mortality of the bait insect was significantly lower when 3- or 6-day-old nematode-insect cadavers were used in the presence of mites. Different application methods were also tested in a corn field. No significant differences were observed among the application methods. Our results indicate that the different application methods had no significant effect on larval mortality, but the presence of mites had a negative effect on the cadaver application when the cadavers were 3 days old but had no significant effect when the cadavers were 6 and 9 days old.
A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge

This article proposes quantitative answers to meta-scientific questions including ‘how much knowledge is attained by a research field? ’, ‘how rapidly is a field making progress? ’, ‘what is the expected reproducibility of a result? ’, ‘how much knowledge is lost from scientific bias and misconduct? ’, ‘what do we mean by soft science? ’, and ‘what demarcates a pseudoscience? ’. Knowledge is suggested to be a system-specific property measured by K, a quantity determined by how much of the information contained in an explanandum is compressed by an explanans, which is composed of an information ‘input’ and a ‘theory/methodology’ conditioning factor. This approach is justified on three grounds: (i) K is derived from postulating that information is finite and knowledge is information compression; (ii) K is compatible and convertible to ordinary measures of effect size and algorithmic complexity; (iii) K is physically interpretable as a measure of entropic efficiency. Moreover, the K function has useful properties that support its potential as a measure of knowledge. Examples given to illustrate the possible uses of K include: the knowledge value of proving Fermat’s last theorem; the accuracy of measurements of the mass of the electron; the half life of predictions of solar eclipses; the usefulness of evolutionary models of reproductive skew; the significance of gender differences in personality; the sources of irreproducibility in psychology; the impact of scientific misconduct and questionable research practices; the knowledge value of astrology. Furthermore, measures derived from K may complement ordinary meta-analysis and may give rise to a universal classification of sciences and pseudosciences. Simple and memorable mathematical formulae that summarize the theory’s key results may find practical uses in meta-research, philosophy and research policy.
Environmental Injustice or Just the Lie of the Land: An Investigation of the Socio-Economic Class of those at Risk from Flooding in England and Wales

An outcome-based analysis using surface population models and logistic regression analysis shows that significant inequalities exist between the middle and working classes, and also between the middle classes and the inactive (the unemployed and unclassifiable classes, not the retired), in risk factors associated with flood emergencies in all Environment Agency Regions of England and Wales except the Midlands region. This analysis demonstrates overall inequality is reproduced in both the fluvial and tidal flood plains, although that within the tidal flood plains is especially significant and more pronounced in some areas, especially, in the Eastern regions of England. The paper then discusses whether this inequality is unjust or discriminatory, and considers that further, more process-driven, analysis would be necessary to explore this issue, especially looking at neighbourhood generation processes with respect to migration into and out of areas.
Conformational switches control early maturation of the eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit

Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis is initiated with the transcription of pre-ribosomal RNA at the 5’ external transcribed spacer, which directs the early association of assembly factors but is absent from the mature ribosome. The subsequent co-transcriptional association of ribosome assembly factors with pre-ribosomal RNA results in the formation of the small subunit processome. Here we show that stable rRNA domains of the small ribosomal subunit can independently recruit their own biogenesis factors in vivo. The final assembly and compaction of the small subunit processome requires the presence of the 5’ external transcribed spacer RNA and all ribosomal RNA domains. Additionally, our cryo-electron microscopy structure of the earliest nucleolar pre-ribosomal assembly - the 5’ external transcribed spacer ribonucleoprotein – provides a mechanism for how conformational changes in multi-protein complexes can be employed to regulate the accessibility of binding sites and therefore define the chronology of maturation events during early stages of ribosome assembly.
Cultivating emotional well-being in students: Effects of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on everyday mindfulness, emotion regulation and affective states

Undergraduate students are vulnerable to mental health problems throughout their academic studies (Bewick et al., 2010). Research suggests that the manner in which individuals respond to and modulate emotion (emotion regulation; ER) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression (Chambers et al., 2009). Shapiro (2009) proposes that mindfulness meditation (MM) is one method of teaching students how to adaptively regulate their emotions, However, research has yet to elucidate the mechanisms of action through which MM exerts its beneficial effects. This study randomised forty undergraduate students aged 18-24 to three weekly sessions of MM or an active control condition. Concomitant changes in self-reported everyday mindfulness, ER difficulties, and positive and negative affect were assessed. Despite no condition effects on self-reported negative affect, meditators reported significant increases in everyday mindfulness and positive affect and significantly reduced ER difficulties. Research exploring the short-term effects of MM on ER and affective states is new but promising. This research demonstrates that MM can enhance the emotional well-being of students and thus supports theoretical stances claiming that MM may initially exerts its effects by increasing positive affect and reducing difficulties in ER (Garland et al., 2010).
In situ etching and regrowth process for edge‐ and surface‐emitting laser diodes with an AlGaAs/GaAs buried heterostructure

An in situ dry etching and metalorganic chemical‐vapor deposition regrowth process is developed to realize AlGaAs/GaAs buried heterostructure with an arbitrary shape and orientation, and is applied to edge‐emitting laser diodes with a complex cavity structure and surface‐emitting laser diodes (SELD). At present, threshold currents for both edge‐emitting and surface‐emitting lasers are similar to that of a conventional ridge‐stripe waveguide laser or proton‐isolated SELD, indicating that there is considerable surface recombination at regrown interfaces. Surface recombination velocity at the regrown interfaces is estimated from the size effect of lasing characteristics.
Estimating the Impacts of a Fruit Fly Eradication Program in Peru: A Geographical Regression Discontinuity Approach

In this paper, we evaluate the short term impact of a Fruit Fly Eradication Program in the coastal areas of Peru. Exploiting arbitrary variation in the program's intervention borders, as well as precise geographic location data of farmer's households, we use a Geographical Regression Discontinuity (GRD) approach to identify the program's effects on agricultural outcomes. For this purpose, baseline and follow up surveys were collected for 615 households -307 treated and 308 controls- . Baseline data shows that producer and farm-level characteristics in treated and control areas are balanced. This confirms that the program's intervention borders were set only as a function of financial and logistic restrictions and independently of the pest incidence levels and/or other producer and/or farm characteristics. The results show that farmers in treated areas improved pest knowledge and are more likely to implement best practices for plague prevention and control. Beneficiary farmers also present increased fruit crops productivity and sales. The robustness of these findings is confirmed using placebo tests.
CULTURE-BASED MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE FOR RAPID DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIA

This thesis describes the development of a culture-based microfluidic device for detecting mycobacteria in environmental samples. This microdevice, made in cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), uses the paraffinophilic nature of mycobacteria to rapidly detect and differentiate them from non-target microorganisms. New methods of depositing and patterning paraffin were developed to fabricate the prototype device. Paraffin films 3-7 μm thick were successfully deposited and patterned on COC surface by spin coating and lift-off techniques. COC based microfluidic chips were fabricated by hot embossing with PDMS masters. The final device with patterned paraffin film and microfluidic channels was packaged with adhesive bonding. Microfluidic devices were experimentally tested to demonstrate rapid detection of mycobacteria in pure cultures and environmental samples collected from a municipal sewage treatment plant. Target microorganisms, such as G. amarae and T. pauromycobacteriuim were successfully detected on the paraffin patterns whereas only cell debris was present on surfaces with the nontarget microorganism, such as E. coli. The successful demonstration of the culture-based biochip presents an alternative approach for developing new technology to track microorganisms in complex environmental samples.
STABILITY OF NEURAL NETWORKS WITH RANDOM IMPULSES

One of the main properties of solutions of neural networks is stability and often the direct Lyapunov method is used to study stability properties. We consider the Hopfield’s graded response neural network in the case when the neurons are subject to a certain impulsive state displacement at random exponentially distributed moments. It changes significantly the behavior of the solutions because they are not deterministic ones but they are stochastic processes. We examine the stability of the equilibrium of the model. Some sufficient conditions for p-moment stability of equilibrium of neural networks with time varying self-regulating parameters of all units and time varying functions of the connection between two neurons in the network are obtained. These sufficient conditions are explicitly expressed in terms of the parameters of the system and hence they are easily verifiable. We illustrate our theory on a particular nonlinear neural network. AMS Subject Classification: 34A37, 34D20, 34F99, 92B20
EFFECT OF MATURITY ON PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, PHENOLICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ATTRIBUTES OF CHERRY FRUIT

In this study, the proximate composition, antioxidant activity as well as the phenolics profile of cherry fruit at three maturity stages were investigated. The moisture, protein, total sugars and total organic acids contents were increased as maturity progressed while those of ash and crude fiber decreased. The extraction yield of antioxidant components (6.3223.65%), total phenolics content (176.38-687.68 mg GAE/100g DW), total flavonoids content (36.61-51.80 mg CE/100g DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (44.32-72.99%) increased as maturity progressed from un-ripened to fullyripened stage. HPLC analysis of the phenolics revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the amounts of flavonols namely myricetin (15.52-40.26 mg/100g DW), quercetin (11.29-24.74 mg/100g DW) and kaempferol (2.55-4.86 mg/100g DW), and phenolic acids i.e. p-hydroxybenzoic (27.31-42.83 mg/100g DW), vanillic (8.56-21.54 mg/100g DW), p-coumaric (13.6821.33 mg/100g DW), ferulic (2.46-14.32 mg/100g DW), chlorogenic (4.22-12.14 mg/100g DW) as the fruit maturity progressed. Overall, we concluded that the fully matured cherry fruits can be explored as a promising source of natural sugars and organic acids, and high-value antioxidants (flavonol and phenolic acids) suggesting their uses as ingredients of functional foods.