Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automating malware detection by inferring intent

An increasing variety of malware like worms, spyware and adware threatens both personal and business computing. Modern malware has two features: (1) malware evolves rapidly; (2) self-propagating malware can spread very fast. These features lead to a strong need for automatic actions against new unknown malware. In this thesis, we aim to develop new techniques and systems to automate the detection of new unknown malware because detection is the first step for any reaction. Since there is no single panacea that could be used to detect all malware in every environment, we focus on one important environment, personal computers , and one important type of malware, computer worms. To tackle the problem of automatic malware detection, we face two fundamental challenges: false alarms and scalability. We take two new approaches to solve these challenges. To minimize false alarms, our approach is to infer the intent of user or adversary (the malware author) because most benign software running on personal computers is user driven, and authors behind different kinds of malware have distinct intent. To achieve early detection of fast spreading Internet worms, we must monitor the Internet from a large number of vantage points, which leads to the scalability problem---how to filter repeated probes. Our approach is to leverage protocol-independent replay of application dialog, a new technology which, given examples of an application session, can mimic both the initiator and responder sides of the session for a wide variety of application protocols without requiring any specifics about the particular application it mimics. We use replay to filter frequent multi-stage attacks by replaying the server side responses. To evaluate the effectiveness of our new approaches, we develop the following systems: (1) BINDER, a host-based detection system that can detect a wide class of malware on personal computers by identifying extrusions, malicious outbound network requests which the user did not intend; (2) GQ, a large-scale, high-fidelity honeyfarm system that can capture Internet worms by analyzing in real-time the scanning probes seen on a quarter million Internet addresses, with emphases on isolation, stringent control, and wide coverage.
Study of efficiency and competitive behaviour of commercial banks in Malaysia

This thesis is mainly concerned with the efficiency and competitive behaviour of the commercial banks in Malaysia for the period 1994 - 2000. Firstly, efficiency, either technical or cost, is defined as a relative concept. Technical efficiency is derived from a production frontier function whilst cost efficiency is obtained from a cost frontier function. The measurement of technical efficiency uses two basic DEA models that make two assumptions: constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale. Having obtained the efficiency scores, further investigation is made into identifying the sources of productivity growth. This is done by constructing the Malmquist productivity index. In contrast, the estimation of cost efficiency under the parametric approach is performed by using two methods: the stochastic frontier approach and the fixed effects method. For the purpose of measuring efficiency, this study uses three inputs and three outputs selected based intermediation approach. The competitive behaviour of the banks is determined by employing the Panzar-Rosse methodology. This methodology requires two tests: equilibrium and a competition test. The H-statistic is then obtained that will determine the level of contestability in the market. This study finds that, in general, the average efficiency measures are subject to the estimation technique used. It shows that the DEA technique generates higher efficiency scores than the parametric methods. It is also shown that the scores are positively related to each other. The study also finds that bank ownership plays important role. It suggests that the foreign banks in general are more efficient than the domestic banks. With regard to sources of productivity growth, the main contributor is improvement in technology rather than efficiency improvement. Finally, the study shows that the commercial banks are best described as operating under monopolistic competition.
The Cyclical Response of Fiscal Policies in the Euro Area: Why Do Results of Empirical Research Differ So Strongly?

Whether discretionary fiscal policies in industrialized countries act counter- or pro-cyclically and whether their reaction is symmetric or asymmetric over the cycle are still largely unsettled questions. This uncertainty remains even when attention is restricted to euro-area countries, where these questions have important implications for the debate on European fiscal rules. We review the recent empirical literature to explain why the results of the various studies differ so greatly. We find that differences are driven partly by the choices made in modelling fiscal behaviour and in the related notions of fiscal policy cyclicality. Results are also affected by data source and vintage (ex post or real-time). The time period chosen is relatively less important. We conclude that the notion of pro-cyclical fiscal policies often upheld in the debate is not justified by the data. Ex post data suggest either a-cyclicality or weak counter-cyclicality. Real-time information gives clearer indications of counter-cyclical behaviour, especially when we progress from a very simple "core" model to a more complex one, including at least the impact of fiscal rules. As for symmetry or asymmetry, the answer varies with sources of data and time periods. With the more complex model the indications of asymmetric behaviour are more robust. Whenever asymmetry is present, it entails shifts in all the parameters of the fiscal rule and not necessarily in the output gap parameter.
Stochastic Population Forecast for Germany and Its Consequence for the German Pension System

Population forecasts are crucial for many social, political and economic decisions. Official population projections rely in general on deterministic models which use different scenarios for future vital rates to indicate uncertainty. However, this technique shows substantial weak points such as assuming absolute correlations between the demographic components. In this paper, we argue that a stochastic projection alternative, with no a priori assumptions provides point forecasts and probabilistic prediction intervals for demographic parameters in addition. Age-sex specific population forecast for Germany is derived through a stochastic population renewal process using forecasts of mortality, fertility and migration. Time series models with demographic restrictions are used to describe immigration, emigration and time varying indices of mortality and fertility rates. These models are then used in the simulation of future vital rates to obtain age-specific population forecast using the cohort-component method. The consequence for the German pension system is discussed. To maintain the actual average pension level the premium rate of the present system rises at least by 50% as the old-age ratio nearly doubles by 2040.
Ensemble morphosyntactic analyser for classical Arabic

Classical Arabic (CA) is an influential language for Muslim lives around the world. It is the language of two sources of Islamic laws: the Quran and the Sunnah, the collection of traditions and sayings attributed to the prophet Mohammed. However, classical Arabic in general, and the Sunnah, in particular, is underexplored and under-resourced in the field of computational linguistics. This study examines the possible directions for adapting existing tools, specifically morphological analysers, designed for modern standard Arabic (MSA) to classical Arabic. Morphological analysers of CA are limited, as well as the data for evaluating them. In this study, we adapt existing analysers and create a validation data-set from the Sunnah books. Inspired by the advances in deep learning and the promising results of ensemble methods, we developed a systematic method for transferring morphological analysis that is capable of handling different labelling systems and various sequence lengths. In this study, we handpicked the best four open access MSA morphological analysers. Data generated from these analysers are evaluated before and after adaptation through the existing Quranic Corpus and the Sunnah Arabic Corpus. The findings are as follows: first, it is feasible to analyse under-resourced languages using existing comparable language resources given a small sufficient set of annotated text. Second, analysers typically generate different errors and this could be exploited. Third, an explicit alignment of sequences and the mapping of labels is not necessary to achieve comparable accuracies given a sufficient size of training dataset. Adapting existing tools is easier than creating tools from scratch. The resulting quality is dependent on training data size and number and quality of input taggers. Pipeline architecture performs less well than the End-to-End neural network architecture due to error propagation and limitation on the output format. A valuable tool and data for annotating classical Arabic is made freely available.
Model Uncertainty and Exchange Rate Forecasting

Exchange rate models with uncertain and incomplete information predict that investors focus on a small set of fundamentals that changes frequently over time. We design a model selection rule that captures the current set of fundamentals that best predicts the exchange rate. Out-of-sample tests show that the forecasts made by this rule significantly beat a random walk for 5 out of 10 currencies. Furthermore, the currency forecasts generate meaningful investment profits. We demonstrate that the strong performance of the model selection rule is driven by time-varying weights attached to a small set of fundamentals, in line with theory.
Web Search Based on Hierarchical Heading-Block Structure Analysis

The contents of Section 2.2 and Chapter 4 first appeared in proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, 2016 (www.webist.org). The contents of Section 2.3 and Chapter 5 first appeared in DBSJ Journal, vol. 14, article no. 2, March 2016. The contents of Section 2.5 and Chapter 7 first appeared in proceedings of the 11th Asia Information Retrieval Societies Conference, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9460, pp. 188-200, 2015 (The final publication is available at link.springer.com).
Building ontology based-on heterogeneous data

Ontologies play an important role in the distinct areas, such as information retrieval, information extraction, question and answer. They help us in capturing and storing knowledge in a particular domain and can be used for distinct applications. In recent years, research relevant to ontology development has produced tangible results concerning semantic web, information extraction, etc. In this paper, a domain specific ontology called Information Technology Ontology (ITO) is proposed. This ontology is built basing on three distinct sources of Wikipedia, WordNet and ACM Digital Library. An information extraction system focusing on computing domain based on this ontology in the future will be built. In order to have an ontology with highest quality and performance as expected, the authors combine some algorithms between machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) for building ontology. Results generated by such experiments show that these algorithms outperform others, especially in semantic relations among entities of ontology.
Orbital Advection with Magnetohydrodynamics and Vector Potential

Orbital advection is a significant bottleneck in disk simulations, and a particularly tricky one when used in connection with magnetohydrodynamics. We have developed an orbital advection algorithm suitable for the induction equation with magnetic potential. The electromotive force is split into advection and shear terms, and we find that we do not need an advective gauge since solving the orbital advection implicitly precludes the shear term from canceling the advection term. We prove and demonstrate the third order in time accuracy of the scheme. The algorithm is also suited to non-magnetic problems. Benchmarked results of (hydrodynamical) planet–disk interaction and of the magnetorotational instability are reproduced. We include detailed descriptions of the construction and selection of stabilizing dissipations (or high-frequency filters) needed to generate practical results. The scheme is self-consistent, accurate, and elegant in its simplicity, making it particularly efficient for straightforward finite-difference methods. As a result of the work, the algorithm is incorporated in the public version of the Pencil Code, where it can be used by the community.
Numerical constraints on the size of generation ships from total energy expenditure on board, annual food production and space farming techniques

In the first papers of our series on interstellar generation ships we have demonstrated that the numerical code HERITAGE is able to calculate the success rate of multi-generational space missions. Thanks to the social and breeding constraints we examined, a multi-generational crew can safely reach an exoplanet after centuries of deep space travel without risks of consanguinity or genetic disorders. We now turn to addressing an equally important question : how to feed the crew? Dried food stocks are not a viable option due to the deterioration of vitamins with time and the tremendous quantities that would be required for long-term storage. The best option relies on farming aboard the spaceship. Using an updated version of HERITAGE that now accounts for age-dependent biological characteristics such as height and weight, and features related to the varying number of colonists, such as infertility, pregnancy and miscarriage rates, we can estimate the annual caloric requirements aboard using the Harris-Benedict principle. By comparing those numbers with conventional and modern farming techniques we are able to predict the size of artificial land to be allocated in the vessel for agricultural purposes. We find that, for an heterogeneous crew of 500 people living on an omnivorous, balanced diet, 0.45 km2 of artificial land would suffice in order to grow all the necessary food using a combination of aeroponics (for fruits, vegetables, starch, sugar, and oil) and conventional farming (for meat, fish, dairy, and honey).
The Machine That Changed The World

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Temperature and entropy of Schwarzschild–de Sitter space-time

In the light of recent interest in quantum gravity in de Sitter space, we investigate semi-classical aspects of 4-dimensional Schwarzschild-de Sitter space-time using the method of complex paths. The standard semi-classical techniques (such as Bogoliubov coefficients and Euclidean field theory) have been useful to study quantum effects in space-times with single horizons; however, none of these approaches seem to work for Schwarzschild-de Sitter or, in general, for space-times with multiple horizons. We extend the method of complex paths to space-times with multiple horizons and obtain the spectrum of particles produced in these space-times. We show that the temperature of radiation in these space-times is proportional to the effective surface gravity -- inverse harmonic sum of surface gravity of each horizon. For the Schwarzschild-de Sitter, we apply the method of complex paths to three different coordinate systems -- spherically symmetric, Painleve and Lemaitre. We show that the equilibrium temperature in Schwarzschild-de Sitter is the harmonic mean of cosmological and event horizon temperatures. We obtain Bogoliubov coefficients for space-times with multiple horizons by analyzing the mode functions of the quantum fields near the horizons. We propose a new definition of entropy for space-times with multiple horizons analogous to the entropic definition for space-times with a single horizon. We define entropy for these space-times to be inversely proportional to the square of the effective surface gravity. We show that this definition of entropy for Schwarzschild-de Sitter satisfies the D-bound conjecture.
Neuron-silicon junction: electrical recordings from neural cells cultured on modified microelectronic device surfaces

A field-effect transistor (FET) array has been fabricated and used for recording of electrical signals from neural cells. The array consists of p-channel FETs with non-metallized gates. The size of the gates of the 16 FETs are from 28/spl times/12 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ down to 10/spl times/4 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and are arranged in a 4/spl times/4 matrix on 200 /spl mu/m centers. Electrical signals of neural cells can be recorded by direct coupling with the FET. In order to control the neuronal survival and growth, the microelectronic device surface is modified with a synthetic peptide linked to the surface via self-assembly techniques. It can be shown that the composition of the surface can be tuned in such a way that hippocampal neurons show good adhesion and growth for days. More importantly, these cells develop typical electrical characteristics when cultured on this artificial surface. Using this approach passive neuron FET couplings were recorded.
SP 800-66 Rev. 1. An Introductory Resource Guide for Implementing the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule

Special Publication 800-66 Rev. 1, An Introductory Resource Guide for Implementing the Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule, which discusses security considerations and resources that may provide value when implementing the requirements of the HIPAA Seucurity Rule, was written to help educate readers about information security terms used in the HIPAA Security Rule and to improve understanding of the meaning of the security standards set out itn the Security Rule, direct readers to helpful information in other NIST publications on individual topics the HIPAA Security Rule addresses, and aid readers in understanding the security concepts discussed in the HIPAA Security Rule. This publication does not supplement, replace, or supersede the HIPAA Security Rule itself.
Wisdom of Crowds: The Value of Stock Opinions Transmitted Through Social Media

Social media has become a popular venue for individuals to share the results of their own analysis on financial securities. This paper investigates the extent to which investor opinions transmitted through social media predict future stock returns and earnings surprises. We conduct textual analysis of articles published on one of the most popular social media platforms for investors in the United States. We also consider the readers' perspective as inferred via commentaries written in response to these articles. We find that the views expressed in both articles and commentaries predict future stock returns and earnings surprises.
Automatic Text Detection Using Morphological Operations and Inpainting

Quick advances in technology, challenges related to globalization such as increased economic warfare among developed countries, outsourcing and offshoring, and a global over qualified and multilingual workforce are increasing the competitiveness of businesses. In order to succeed in the rapidly evolving global manufacturing landscape, companies will need to embrace a targeted approach to some of the key elements of manufacturing competitiveness, including Configuration Management. Configuration Management has still a long way to evolve. This study reviews the current situation of the process of Configuration Management (CM) in such a competitive world. It focuses on one of the most important disciplines within CM, which is the Configuration Identification and more concretely the selection of CIs. The contribution of this research is to explain: first, why CM has become more, rather than less, important in complex engineering in an era of globalization; and second, a review of the process to select the Configuration Items (CIs) which are key to manage the configuration of high tech engineering products. The investigation concludes by identifying the necessity of a scientific process for the CIs selection.
Pairwise comparison matrix in multiple criteria decision making

The measurement scales, consistency index, inconsistency issues, missing judgment estimation and priority derivation methods have been extensively studied in the pairwise comparison matrix (PCM). Various approaches have been proposed to handle these problems, and made great contributions to the decision making. This paper reviews the literature of the main developments of the PCM. There are plenty of literature related to these issues, thus we mainly focus on the literature published in 37 peer reviewed international journals from 2010 to 2015 (searched via ISI Web of science). We attempt to analyze and classify these literatures so as to find the current hot research topics and research techniques in the PCM, and point out the future directions on the PCM. It is hoped that this paper will provide a comprehensive literature review on PCM, and act as informative summary of the main developments of the PCM for the researchers for their future research. First published online: 02 Sep 2016
The Determinants of Convenience Yields

In this study, we investigate the determinants of convenience yields across a broad range of commodities. We find that the convenience yields of commodities are exposed to both commodity-specific and systematic factors, but to a different extent. The difference in explanatory power of these factors for each commodity sheds light on the heterogeneity of commodity markets. One main difference between commodity sectors lies in their different sensitivities towards the state of the economy.
Bayesian Analysis of Data on Nest Success for

Bayesian methods are an increasingly popular form of statistical analysis which uses informative prior distributions to help calculate posterior distributions of models that represent different hypotheses. Frequentist methods are contrasting methods that are used more commonly and more well known, but have come under recent criticism. I examined data gathered by Ellen Robertson, who used information theoretic methods for a Masters’ Thesis in Ecology and Environmental Science at the University of Maine to analyze the daily survival probabilities of marsh birds with a Bayesian perspective in order to get a sense of the Bayesian analysis. Results were as expected; when using uninformative prior distributions, the Bayesian analysis had almost the same results as Robertson’s. With the use of Robertson’s calculated parameter estimates as informative prior distributions, the Bayesian analysis still ended with similar results. The conclusions in all three versions of statistical analysis were the same. Hence, Bayesian methods can construct models representing hypotheses effectively.