Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anomaly Detection for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control in Autonomous Vehicles Using Statistical Learning and Kinematic Model

This paper focuses on Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) in autonomous vehicles. In CACC, vehicles regulate their speed according to a preceding “leader” vehicle in the lane, forming a platoon. In a benign environment, CACC reduces fuel consumption, maximizes road capacity, and ensures traffic safety. However, CACC is vulnerable to various security threats. In this paper, we consider one of the critical threats, where the platoon leader is compromised, and forges acceleration information sent to platoon members. Such attack would lead to traffic instability and potential collisions. First, we propose information sharing in CACC model to allow vehicles and fixed infrastructure to sense and share information about platoon leaders, hence improves the reliability and supports the detection of anomalous behavior. Then, we propose a real-time anomaly detection mechanism that combines statistical learning with the physics laws of kinematics. Specifically, we propose Generalized Extreme Studentized Deviate with Sliding Chunks (GESD-SC) approach, which is applied at each vehicle in the platoon to detect anomalies in real-time based on the vehicle’s own speeding decisions. Kinematic model is also utilized to detect unexpected deviations using the leader’s information, communicated directly and observed by the leader’s neighboring vehicle(s) and/or supporting infrastructure. Combining kinematic model with GESD-SC has shown to be effective in detecting falsification attacks in CACC. Furthermore, we analyze the time performance, and show that the proposed technique outperforms existing method in detection accuracy and processing time.
Natural persistence of food- and waterborne viruses

Abstract: This chapter summarises data on the persistence of food-and waterborne viruses in the natural environment and discusses the different factors which can affect this persistence. Conventional and alternative methods by which persistence can be studied are described, and the natural factors influencing virus persistence outside the host organism are discussed. Available data concerning virus persistence in water, soil, on surfaces and in food products are reviewed.
Residual Study: Testing Jupiter Atmosphere Models Against Juno MWR Observations

The Juno spacecraft provides unique close‐up views of Jupiter underneath the synchrotron radiation belts while circling Jupiter in its 53‐day orbits. The microwave radiometer (MWR) onboard measures Jupiter thermal radiation at wavelengths between 1.37 and 50 cm, penetrating the atmosphere to a pressure of a few hundred bars and greater. The mission provides the first measurements of Jupiter's deep atmosphere, down to ~250 bars in pressure, constraining the vertical distributions of its kinetic temperature and constituents. As a result, vertical structure models of Jupiter's atmosphere may now be tested by comparison with MWR data. Taking into account the MWR beam patterns and observation geometries, we test several published Jupiter atmospheric models against MWR data. Our residual analysis confirms Li et al.'s (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073159) result that ammonia depletion persists down to 50–60 bars where ground‐based Very Large Array was not able to observe. We also present an extension of the study that iteratively improves the input model and generates Jupiter brightness temperature maps which best match the MWR data. A feature of Juno's north‐to‐south scanning approach is that latitudinal structure is more easily obtained than longitudinal, and the creation of optimum two‐dimensional maps is addressed in this approach.
Biology of carbohydrates

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Is Bankruptcy Risk a Systematic Risk? Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange

This study empirically investigates the relationship between default risk and cross-section of stock returns in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Stock price data from all listed and delisted companies use to calculate monthly returns from 2001-2016. Ohlson's O-score is employed to measure exposure of firm to systematic deviation within bankruptcy risk. Besides, asset-pricing models like the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Fama French (FF) models are employed. Portfolios are sorted in deciles by default probability. This result finds that stocks of firms significantly exposed to not diversified Default Risk yield higher returns. Besides that, the FF models explain cross-sectional stock returns since factors incorporate information on financial distress and default. After that, the book-to-market equity factor is not significant in elucidating returns of distressed firms because of market inefficiency. Results have practical implications for portfolio managers and investors of an emerging economy in developing diversified portfolios during periods of uncertainty and market volatility. JEL Classifications : G12, G15, G33 How to Cite: Chhapra, I. U. , Zehra, I. , Kashif, M. , & Rehan, R. (2020). Is Bankruptcy Risk a Systematic Risk? Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange. Etikonomi: Jurnal Ekonomi, 19(1), 51 – 62. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i1. 11248.
Daily green behavior as an antecedent and a moderator for visitors’ pro-environmental behaviors

Abstract Habits are powerful indicators of people’s decisions and behaviors (e.g., Allan, 2019; Verhoeven et al., 2012). Based on a survey with 625 frequent travelers in the U.S., this study examines how visitors’ daily green behaviors (DGBs) influence their pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) at tourism destinations. It also examined the power of habit by treating it as a moderator to test if different levels of DGB would make a difference in tourists’ destination behaviors. The study contributes to the extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior by capturing habit’s impact as a non-planned component in the decision-making process, the spillover as well as the accumulative effects of habits in travelers’ pro-environmental behaviors at destinations.
Factors determining the occupation of Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus breeding grounds in a Mediterranean environment

Capsule Wetland occupation by breeding Marsh Harriers is influenced by wetland and vegetation area, distance to other wetlands where conspecifics are present and also by the characteristics and conditions of the vegetation such as predominant species and its height at the start of the breeding period. Aims To determine factors influencing the probability of wetland occupation by Marsh Harrier in relation to wetland dimensions, vegetation and hydric conditions, and to determine the effect of the predominant helophyte species in the wetlands and its physical characteristics. Methods Three hundred and thirty-two wetlands were monitored during a breeding season in NW Spain, a Mediterranean area that hosts 10% of the total number of breeding pairs of Marsh Harriers in Spain. The probability of wetland occupation for breeding in terms of wetland size and proximity, vegetation characteristics, human disturbance and also hydrological variables, was analysed using logistic regression. Results One hundred and sixty-five pairs were located in 131 wetlands. Variables affecting occupation include vegetation composition and characteristics, wetland dimensions and distance to other occupied wetlands. Wetlands with the highest probability of being occupied were larger, with greater areas of marsh vegetation, taller vegetation, rush and reed communities as the predominant species and which were closer to another wetland occupied by Marsh Harriers. Conclusions The dimensions and predominant species of helophyte vegetation, and size and location determine the occupation of wetlands as breeding grounds by Marsh Harrier. Changes in the natural supply of water and nutrients due to the implementation of intensive irrigation farming are likely modifying flora in wetlands and affecting the distribution and population size of Marsh Harriers in this region of Spain.
Using a Simulation Centre to Evaluate the Effect of anArtificial Intelligence-Powered Clinical Decision Support System for Depression Treatment on the Physician-Patient Interaction

Aifred is an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered clinical decision support system (CDSS) for the treatment of major depression. Here, we explore use of a simulation centre environment in evaluating the usability of Aifred, particularly its impact on the physician-patient interaction.Twenty psychiatry and family medicine attending staff and residents were recruited to complete a 2.5-hour study at a clinical interaction simulation centre with standardized patients. Each physician had the option of using the CDSS to inform their treatment choice in three 10-minute clinical scenarios with standardized patients portraying mild, moderate, and severe episodes of major depression. Feasibility and acceptability data were collected through self-report questionnaires, scenario observations, interviews, and standardized patient feedback.All twenty participants completed the study. Initial results indicate that the tool was acceptable to clinicians and feasible for use during clinical encounters. Clinicians indicated a willingness to use the tool in real clinical practice, a significant degree of trust in the AI’s predictions to assist with treatment selection, and reported that the tool helped increase patient understanding of and trust in treatment. The simulation environment allowed for the evaluation of the tool’s impact on the physician-patient interaction.The simulation centre allowed for direct observations of clinician use and impact of the tool on the clinician-patient interaction prior to clinical studies. It may therefore offer a useful and important environment in the early testing of new technological tools. The present results will inform further tool development and clinician training materials.
Decrease in β‐diversity, but not in α‐diversity, of ants in intensively managed coffee plantations

Local land‐use intensity and surrounding landscape complexity affect the diversity of local species. Ants are an important biocontrol agent of the coffee berry borer (CBB), the main coffee pest worldwide. Although intensification of coffee production and deforestation in the surrounding landscape may reduce ant diversity, α‐ and β‐diversity patterns of ants in coffee landscapes remain poorly understood. Ants foraging in coffee bushes were sampled, using tuna baits along an agricultural intensification gradient (forest, shaded coffee and sun coffee) in a Neotropical coffee landscape. We evaluated the differences in α and β components of ant richness, community differentiation and habitat specificity of ant communities, in response to land‐use type and the percentage of surrounding forest. We found that ant β‐diversity and community differentiation among plots were significantly reduced with coffee management intensity. The amount of forest border adjacent to coffee plantations did not affect α‐ or β‐diversity. Yet, ant habitat specificity in the forest increased with plots having greater amounts of forest border, although in sun coffee plantations, the opposite was found: plots with greater forest border decreased habitat specificity. We found that conserving forest at landscape scales enhanced β‐diversity, community differentiation and habitat specificity of ants in the forest. Loss of forest cover at landscape scales (i.e. predominance of sun coffee) may lead to biotic homogenisation of ant communities. In conclusion, landscape‐wide ant richness is important in terms of biological CBB control by conservation.
A Dynamic Control System for Server Processor Direct Liquid Cooling

Direct liquid cooling enables the development of IC, especially processors in servers, toward higher density, which demands more efficient means of heat removal. To exploit the capability, the control system that dynamically balances between cooling power and energy consumption is critical to operational safety and cost. This article presents the design, implementation, and characteristic of a dynamic control system for server processor direct liquid cooling in a high-density data center. The controller was trained and deployed in an online–offline structure. The loss function to train this model was built based on the model predictive control (MPC) principle. To simplify the complex physical model, a hybrid model with a nonlinear steady-state term and a linearized transient term was extracted. We used both averaged overheat and ratio of pumping power consumption to evaluate the performance of controllers. Benchmark tests on open- and closed-loop controllers were conducted. The results showed the advantages of the deep explicit MPC (DEMPC) in terms of cooling effectiveness and energy efficiency. The normalized pumping energy consumption of DEMPC reached $2.3\times 10^{-4}$ with the mean overheat level of −0.96 °C and the overheat time percentage of 6.5%. Comparing with open-loop control that has similar normalized energy costs, the mean overheat level was reduced by 1.2 °C and the time percentage of overheat was reduced by eight times. Meanwhile, normalized energy consumption was reduced by 21.7% than closed-loop proportional control who has a similar average overheat level and overheat time percentage.
Ecogenomics of cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowering: genome‐wide gene expression patterns from cross‐species microarray analysis in Cardamine kokaiensis (Brassicaceae)

1 Cleistogamy is a mating system found in approximately 300 species of flowering plants. Cleistogamous plants produce closed (cleistogamous, CL) flowers that require obligate self‐pollination and open (chasmogamous, CH) flowers that allow for outcross‐pollination. CL and CH flowers are induced by various environmental factors; this appears to be an adaptive mating strategy in unpredictable environments. 2 We examined the molecular basis of CL and CH flowering in Cardamine kokaiensis, which is closely related to the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. CL and CH flowering should be regulated by gene expression that is dependent on environmental conditions. By elucidating the molecular basis of CL and CH flowering, we can determine the changes in gene regulatory networks involved in the transition from CH to CL flowering. Furthermore, these results may help clarify the molecular evolutionary mechanisms leading to cleistogamy. 3 We regulated CL and CH flowering of C. kokaiensis using chilling treatments in a growth chamber. In a control treatment without chilling, C. kokaiensis produced CH and intermediate (INT) flowers. Long chilling of seedlings led to INT flowers, while long chilling of seeds induced the formation of CL flowers. Chilling seeds, and to a lesser extent of seedlings, induced early flowering and small plant size at flowering. 4 We also conducted a cross‐species microarray analysis to compare gene expression patterns between CL and CH flowers using genomic DNA‐based probe‐selection strategy in an A. thaliana microarray. In this result, 69 genes, including genes related to floral development, auxin, flowering time, cold‐stress, and drought‐stress, were differentially expressed between CL and CH flowers. 5 Synthesis. This is the first report on the molecular basis of cleistogamy. We hypothesize that the interaction between the genetic network of the chilling response and that of floral development has been important in the evolution of cleistogamy in C. kokaiensis. Our results help to clarify the molecular basis for the evolution of plant mating systems that depend on environmental conditions.
Thermodynamics of Microarray Hybridization

Microarrays make the use of hybridization properties of nucleic acids to monitor Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or Ribonucleic acid (RNA) abundance on a genomic scale in different types of cells. The hybridization process takes place between surface-bound DNA sequences the probes, and the DNA or RNA sequences in solution the targets. Hybridization is the process of combining complementary, single-stranded nucleic acids into a single molecule. Nucleotides will bind to their complement under normal conditions, so two perfectly complementary strands will bind to each other readily. Conversely, due to the different geometries of the nucleotides, a single inconsistency between the two strands will prevent them from binding.
Genetic variability studies for productivity and its components in blackgram [Vigna munga (L.) Hepper]

A Study was conducted involving 40 genotypes of blackgram for genetic variability of seed yield and its component traits. The estimates of PCV values were higher than GCV. High estimates of GCV was observed for plant height, crude fiber content and hundred seed weight. Moderate GCV estimates were observed for days to 50% flowering, length of reproductive period and grain yield per plant. Very high heritability was seen for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, length of reproductive period, hundred seed weight, protein content and crude fiber content. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for plant height, crude fiber content, hundred seed weight and days to 50% per cent flowering indicating under the control of additive gene effects, may serve as better source for breeding programme to develop high yielding varieties.
Effect of feeding Acacia nilotica pods on body weight, milk yield and milk composition in lactating goats

Twenty one lactating goats were divided into three groups of seven each and fed with three different diets in the ratio of 50:50, concentrate : roughage. Acacia nilotica pods were incorporated @ 0, 33 and 50 % in concentrate mixture equivalent to tannin concentration of 0, 3 and 4.5 % in the total mixed ration (TMR) I, II and III respectively. Native babul pods were supplemented in group II while in group III, it was treated with 3% Ca (OH)2 before supplementation. The overall body weight during 9 fortnights revealed that body weight gain was similar amongst all the three groups. The overall DMI (kg/d) in different treatments remained similar during whole experimental period. Fortnightly milk and 4% FCM yields were non-significantly higher in TMR II than control. However, fortnightly milk composition was similar among the treatment groups. It is concluded that Acacia nilotica pods may be incorporated up to 33% in concentrate mixture of lactating goats without affecting milk production and its composition and it may be increased up to 50% by treating with Ca (OH)2 before use.
Integration of low-temperature and long-day flowering responses in cereals

Temperate cereals perceive seasonal cues to synchronise flowering with optimal conditions in spring. Two seasonal cues that promote flowering of temperate cereals are prolonged exposure to low temperatures (vernalization) and long days. Vernalization is a prerequisite for the long-day response, so long-day promotion of flowering occurs after winter as days lengthen in spring. By examining interactions between genes controlling vernalization requirement and daylength responses we have been able to describe how low-temperature and long-day flowering responses are integrated in cereals. The low-temperature response is mediated by VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1), a FRUITFULL-like MADS box gene. VRN1 is induced by prolonged exposure to low temperatures and acts in the shoot apex to promote inflorescence initiation. VRN1 also acts in leaves to allow vernalized plants to respond to long days. We will present data to support our model of integration of flowering pathways in cereals and briefly compare the regulatory mechanisms controlling flowering time in cereals with those of Arabidopsis.
Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex

Of the many possible functions of the macaque monkey primary visual cortex (striate cortex, area 17) two are now fairly well understood. First, the incoming information from the lateral geniculate bodies is rearranged so that most cells in the striate cortex respond to specifically oriented line segments, and, second, information originating from the two eyes converges upon single cells. The rearrangement and convergence do not take place immediately, however: in layer IV c, where the bulk of the afferents terminate, virtually all cells have fields with circular symmetry and are strictly monocular, driven from the left eye or from the right, but not both; at subsequent stages, in layers above and below IV c, most cells show orientation specificity, and about half are binocular. In a binocular cell the receptive fields in the two eyes are on corresponding regions in the two retinas and are identical in structure, but one eye is usually more effective than the other in influencing the cell; all shades of ocular dominance are seen. These two functions are strongly reflected in the architecture of the cortex, in that cells with common physiological properties are grouped together in vertically organized systems of columns. In an ocular dominance column all cells respond preferentially to the same eye. By four independent anatomical methods it has been shown that these columns have the
SOLVING ELECTRIC CURRENT VOLUME INTEGRAL EQUATION WITH NONCONFORMAL DISCRETIZATION AND SHERMAN-MORRISON-WOODBURY FORMULA-BASED ALGORITHM

A fast direct solution of the electric current volume integral equation (JVIE) with the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury (SMW) formula-based algorithm is presented to analyze electromagnetic scattering from inhomogeneous dielectric objects. The JVIE is discretized with the nonconformal facebased Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson (SWG) basis functions. Compared with conformal discretization that is advantageous to discrete homogeneous regions, the nonconformal discretization provides a more flexible and efficient scheme to separately handle the inhomogeneous subdomains depending on local parameters. Moreover, to take full use of both discretization methods, the mixture discretization is adopted. With the increase of object size, the impedance matrix equation arising from the JVIE becomes too large to solve and store for direct solution. In this paper, the SMW formula-based algorithm is adopted, leading to remarkable reduction on the computational complexity and memory requirement in contrast with conventional direct solution. This algorithm compresses the impedance matrix into a product of block diagonal submatrices, which can be inversed rapidly in direct way. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.