Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biodegradation of Polyethylene Glycol-Based Polyether Urethanes

The biodegradation of polyethylene glycol (PEG of different molecular weights) based polyether urethanes were studied under soil burial condition for 180 days under indoor normal hydrothermal conditions and by cultured bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) for 30 days at 37°C. The biodegradation was estimated from the weight loss, tensile strength, ultimate elongation and also by FTIR spectroscopy, optical, scanning electron microscopy. The weight loss and losses in tensile strength, elongation at break of the polymer is maximum in case of PUPEG4000 and minimum in case of PUPEG200 (both in case of soil burial condition and in cultured bacteria).
Responses of Radial and Axial Hydraulic Resistances in Maize Root to Nitrogen Availability

Abstract One of the important physiological mechanisms of nitrogen (N) deficiency inhibiting plant shoot growth may be related with its impacts on root hydraulic resistance. Hence, effects of N deficiency on root radial and axial hydraulic resistances of maize were studied in this study with potometer and anatomical methods, respectively. The results indicated that N deficiency increased root radial hydraulic resistance of the apical zone under both high and low transpiration and axial hydraulic resistance more than 6 cm from the root tip. Root radial hydraulic resistance of N deficiency treatment was insensitive to aquaporin inhibitor mercuric chloride (HgCl2), but radial hydraulic resistance of normal N use treatment was sensitive to HgCl2 under low photosynthetic photo flux density (PPFD). This suggested that the decrease of water transport across Hg‐sensitive transcellular pathway might be an important reason for the increase of radial hydraulic resistance on low N availability roots under a low hydrostatic gradient. The increase of axial hydraulic resistance more than 6 cm from the root tip under N deficiency was closely related with the decreased number and the smaller diameters of mature metaxylems.
Cathodic protection of a plane with parallel cylindrical anodes

To prevent corrosion of the circular bottom of a storage tank, several small cylindrical anodes are placed beneath and parallel to the tank bottom, and parallel to each other. A design strategy is presented for determining the anode spacing and depth for proper cathodic protection. For a uniform flux density of oxygen to the tank bottom, the maximum potential variation on the tank bottom (made dimensionless with the average cathode current density, the soil conductivity, and the anode spacing) is reported along with estimates of the potential drop in the soil between the cathode and the anodes and the potential drop within the anodes themselves.
Tailoring lipase specificity by solvent and substrate chemistries

An acyl binding structural model has been developed to explain the observed catalytic efficiencies and enantioselectivities of Candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed (trans)esterification reactions involving 2-hydroxy acids and vinyl esters, respectively, and acylation reactions involving both cyclic and acyclic alcohols. A clear minimum was observed for (trans)esterification of six-carbon acyl moieties. Morever, the stereoselectivity of 2-hydroxy acid esterification in a number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents was dependent on the acyl chain length: S-isomers of 2-hydroxy acids were acylated for acyl chain lengths of six or fewer, whereas the R-isomers were preferentially esterified for acyl chain lengths of eight or more
Electron beam welding of titanium aluminides – Influence of the welding parameters on the weld seam and microstructure

This paper gives an account of research which has been carried out on electron‐beam welded specimens made of high‐Niobium γ/α2‐titanium aluminides in comparison to γ‐titanium aluminides. The high niobium content of this alloy (5–8%) has a positive effect on the strength and the creep resistance and also on the oxidation resistance. The standard welding parameters weld speed and beam current and also additional beam oscillation have been used for the determination of factors which will effect the solidification morphology and structural constitution since those, in return, exert influence on the high cracking susceptibility of the alloy. In order to reduce the critical cooling rate, preheating which has a positive effect on crack formation has, in addition, been applied. In a direct comparison of both alloys, micrographs and electron beam micro‐analyses of the developing weld structure and of the heat affected zone, the effects of the beam parameters on both alloys have been established.
Grafted 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid on inorganic supports used as flame retardant for unsaturated polyester resins

Flame retardants (FRs) are used for in protection against fire. Organic–inorganic hybrids could become one of the most promising FR solution in the future. In this paper, the synthesis, the characterization and the use as FRs and filler of grafted titania and alumina with 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid are presented. These hybrids contain 3.8–3.24% P and have good flame retardance when they are incorporated into unsaturated polyester resins. Alumina treated with 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid performed better than titania. The advantage of this approach is the use of these hybrid materials as filler and FR, in the same time, and the increase in flame retardancy by synergistic effect between alumina phosphorus and chlorine, for unsaturated polyester resins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying Functional Modules of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Gene co-expression Networks by Hierarchical Clustering Method Based on Random Matrix Theory

In this work, we propose an original method, the Random matrix theory (RMT)-based hierarchical clustering method, to identify functional gene networks of diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) gene co-expression networks. Comparing topological approach, the RMT-based hierarchical clustering method is effective in representing not only the strong correlations between genes inside the modules (the modularity and independency of networks), but also the weak correlations between different modules (the hierarchy of networks). We show that missing expression values among microarray dataset should not be neglected, and different imputation methods result in different performances. We suggest LLS to estimate missing values for better performance in accuracy and stability. Based on the RMT, the random noises are separated from DLBCL gene expression data. We use normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) ratio method to identify a transition zone of NNSDs, and for DLBCL networks it is [0.71, 0.84].
Metal-Vacuum-Metal Tunneling

Abstract : A program directed toward a study of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) as a new instrument for examining and modifying surfaces at the atomic level. The STM has been developed to the point where it can be used routinely to record atomic surface structure and this technology has been successfully transferred to a commercial enterprise. The underlying technology can be used to mark surfaces on the scale of 100 A exploiting a variety of physical mechanisms. The writing speeds and signal-to-noise ratios in this new marking technology are suitable for high density storage systems.
Millipede-inspired structural design principle for high performance polysaccharide binders in silicon anodes

We systematically investigate polysaccharide binders for high-capacity silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries to find critical factors for the binder function. Analogous to the millipede's strong adhesion based on adhesive pads located on each leg, xanthan gum exhibits the best performance by utilizing its double helical superstructure with side chains and ion–dipole interactions, revealing the great importance of the superstructure and charge interactions in the Si binder design.
Circulation in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and its seasonal variation

An assimilation data set based on the GFDL MOM3 model and the NODC XBT data set is used to examine the circulation in the western tropical Pacific and its seasonal variations. The assimilated and observed velocities and transports of the mean circulation agree well. Transports of the North Equatorial Current (NEC), Mindanao Current (MC), North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) west of 140 ° E and Kuroshio origin estimated with the assimilation data display the seasonal cycles, roughly strong in boreal spring and weak in autumn, with a little phase difference. The NECC transport also has a semi-annual fluctuation resulting from the phase lag between seasonal cycles of two tropical gyres’ recirculations. Strong in summer during the southeast monsoon period, the seasonal cycle of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is somewhat different from those of its upstreams, the MC and New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC), implying the monsoon’s impact on it.
PROCESSING OF WATERMELON RIND DEHYDRATED CANDY

Watermelon rind ( Citrullus lanatus) dehydrated candy was prepared by using osmotic dehydration process that involves slow impregnation of syrup before drying at 50°C for 8, 14 and 20 hours. From the study, it can be seen that drying time significantly affected the moisture content of the watermelon rind dehydrated candy. The moisture content was significantly decreased with drying time. For colour evaluation, the L* value of watermelon rind dehydrated candy was slightly decreased with drying time while the a* value was slightly increased. Watermelon rind dehydrated candy that dried for 14 hours was the most preferred sample by the panelists as it received the highest score for texture, taste and overall acceptability attributes. So, it can be concluded that 14 hours of drying time is the most appropriate time to dry the candied watermelon rind.
Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals as Bone Tissue Substitute

The sections in this article are Overview Introduction Biogenic Hydroxyapatite: Bone and Teeth Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite: Porous and Substituted Apatites Biologically Inspired Hydroxyapatite: HA–Collagen Composites and Coatings Functionalized Hydroxyapatite: HA Nanocrystals – Bioactive Molecules Conclusion and Future Challenges Acknowledgments
Electron microscopic observation of uniform macroporous particles. II. Effect of DVB concentration

The electron microscopic observation of uniform and macroporous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles prepared by a two-step seeded polymerization method was performed. In the synthesis of uniform macroporous particles, the uniform polystyrene latices produced by a dispersion polymerization method with two different sizes and average molecular weights were utilized as the seed particles. The seed particles were first swollen with dibutylphthalate and then with a monomer phase, including styrene and divinylbenzene. The macroporous structure of the final particles was achieved by using a porogen mixture consisting of dibutylphthalate and linear polystyrene. The linear polystyrene part of the porogen solution was directly obtained from the seed latex. The macroporous particles with different diameters and porosities were produced by changing the divinylbenzene concentration between 25 and 100% in the repolymerization step. The effect of divinylbenzene concentration on the size and the surface morphology of the final particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The internal structure of the final particles was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the average size of the final particles increased with the increasing divinylbenzene concentration. The increase in the DVB concentration also led to an increase in the average pore size. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 2291–2302, 1999
Coherent Two-dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Vibrational Excitons in Hydrogen-bonded Liquids

Coherent Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Vibrational Excitons in Hydrogen-Bonded Liquids Alexander Paarmann Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Physics University of Toronto 2010 The structure and structural dynamics of hydrogen bonded liquids were studied experimentally and theoretically with coherent two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy. The resonant intermolecular interactions within the fully resonant hydrogen bond networks give access to spatial correlations in the dynamics of the liquid structures. New experimental and theoretical tools were developed that significantly reduced the technical challenges of these studies. A nanofluidic flow device was designed and manufactured providing sub-micron thin, actively stabilized liquid sample layers between similarly thin windows. A simulation protocol for nonlinear vibrational response calculations of disordered fluctuating vibrational excitons was developed that allowed for the first treatment of resonant intermolecular interactions in the 2DIR response of liquid water. The 2DIR spectrum of the O-H stretching vibration of pure liquid water was studied experimentally at different temperatures. At ambient conditions the loss of frequency correlations is extremely fast, and is attributed to very efficient modulations of the twodimensional O-H stretching vibrational potential through librational motions in the hydrogen bond network. At temperatures near freezing, the librational motions are significantly reduced leading to a pronounced slowing down of spectral diffusion dynamics. Comparison with energy transfer time scales revealed the first direct proof of delocalization of the vibrational excitations. This work establishes a fundamentally new view of
Interactions between contaminants and starter cultures during alcoholic fermentation : doctoral dissertation

The interaction between four industrial wine yeast strains and grape juice contaminants during alcoholic fermentation was studied. Industrial stra ins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (AWRI 0838), S. cerevisiae mutant with low H2S production phenotype (AWRI 1640), interspecies hybrid of S.cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kudriavzevii (AWRI 1539) and a hybrid of AWRI 1640 and AWRI 1539 (AWRI 1810) were exposed separat ely to fungicides pyrimethanil (Pyr, 10 mg/L) and fenhexamid (Fhx, 10 mg/L) as well as w ith the most common toxin produced by molds on grapes ochratoxin A (OTA, 5μg/L). The stra ins were exposed to the contaminants during alcoholic fermentation of Vitis vinifera cv. “Sauvignon Blanc” juice, and during the extended contact with yeast lees after completion o f alc holic fermentation. Yeast’s capacity to remove contaminants from media was determined by GC-MS (Pyr), LCMS/MS (Fhx) and HPLC (OTA) at the end of the alcoho lic fermentation, and after extended contact (7 days) with the media. All the strains we re able to remove contaminants from media, moreover, after the extended contact; the concentra tion of contaminants was in most cases even lower. On the other hand, contaminants were found to stron gly impair fermentation performance and metabolic activity for all yeast strains studied. W ine’s chemical profile was analyzed by HPLC (ethanol, volatile acidity, concentration of fructo se, glucose, glycerol and organic acids) and the aromatic profile was analyzed by using a (GC/MS ) stable isotope dilution technique (ethyl esters, acetates and aromatic alcohols) and Kitanaw tubes (H2S). The chemical composition of wine with added contaminants was in all cases signi fica tly different from the control. Of particular note, the quantity of desirable aromatic compounds produced by yeast was significantly lower. In this study we observed that interactions between industrial yeast strains with different genetic background, and different chemical contamin nts; Pyr, Fhx and OTA can influence low quality chemical composition of wine.
T1/T2 Ratio and Frequency Dependence of NMR Relaxation in Porous Sedimentary Rocks

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonance longitudinal relaxation time, T 1 , of fluids in porous sedimentary rocks is dominated by relaxation at the pore-grain interface. Under certain conditions the transverse relaxation time, T 2 , is also controlled by surface interactions. The T 1 / T 2 ratio and the frequency dependence of T 1 can be important constraints on theories of the relaxation mechanism. These quantities are reported for a variety of porous sandstone and carbonate rocks. The broad distributions of relaxation times that characterize these materials are explicitly taken into account.
AN IMPROVED RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ASPIRIN, ATORVASTATIN, AND CLOPIDOGREL IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION USING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Objective: In this study an improved RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Aspirin, Atrovastatin, and Clopidogrel in pharmaceutical dosage form. For improving the separation, an experimental design approach was employed. Methods: Factors–independent variables (Organic modifier, pH of the mobile phase and flow rate) were extracted from the preliminary study and as dependent three responses variables viz. Capacity factor of tR 1 , resolution between Atorvastatin and internal standard, retention time of tR 4 were selected. To improve method development and optimization, Derringer’s desirability function was applied to simultaneously optimize the chosen three responses. Results: The procedure allowed deduction of optimal conditions and the predicted optimum was Acetonitrile: Methanol: 0.1% of Triethylamine (52:05:43, v/v/v), pH of the aqueous phase adjusted at to 3.0 with 10 % ortho phosphoric acid, and the separation was achieved within 8 minutes. The method showed good agreement between the experimental data and predictive value throughout the studied parameter space. Conclusion: The optimized assay condition was validated according to International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines to confirm specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The proposed validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of commercially available dosage form.
Integration of biocatalysis and simulated moving bed chromatography for the high-yield production of rare sugars

I Zusammenfassung III 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General introduction – carbohydrates 1 1.2 Rare sugars 1 1.3 Rare sugar synthesis 2 1.4 Integration of reaction and separation 8 1.5 Scope of this thesis 11 2 Practical aspects of integrated operation of biotransformation and SMB separation for fine chemical synthesis 15 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Materials and methods 19 2.3 Results and Discussion 24 2.4 Conclusions 34 3 Multi-objective optimization for an economic production of rare sugars using simulated moving bed chromatography 35 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Theory 38 3.3 Materials and methods 42 3.4 Results and discussion 45 3.5 Conclusions 55 3.6 Supplementary content 56 4 Model-based cost optimization of a reaction-separation integrated process for the enzymatic production of the rare sugar D-psicose facing enzyme degradation at elevated temperatures 61 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 Theory 65 4.3 Materials and methods 70
Electrolyte/Renal abnormalities cardiomyopathy: A review and pooled analysis of pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical management

Electrolyte and renal abnormalities are an important but uncommon and under-appreciated secondary cause of cardiomyopathy (CM). Knowledge of these CMs is clinically relevant because they are potentially reversible following early diagnosis and prompt institution of appropriate treatment. However, electrolyte imbalance CMs has a paucity of research-based evidence to develop specific diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines while the few available clinical trials discuss the disease in the wider context of dilated cardiomyopathy. The evidence on the natural history, diagnosis and treatment of renal abnormalities (uraemic) CM are based on evidence from studies on CKD or ERSD patients yet these findings might not entirely apply to uraemic CM, which is one of the leading causes of mortality in CKD or ERSD patients. Furthermore, due to heterogeneous clinical presentation and non-pathognomonic features, diagnosis is often delayed, which is associated with an ominous prognosis. Knowledge of the natural history of electrolyte/renal abnormalities CMs is important to improve early diagnosis and the efficacy of treatment. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aggregates published evidence on electrolyte imbalance and uraemic CMs to understand better their pathogenesis, manifestation, diagnosis and clinical management. *Correspondence to: Aref albakri, St-Marien hospital Bonn Venusberg, department of internal medicine, Bonn, Germany, E-mail: arefalbakri@yahoo.com
Preparation and Characterization of Acrylate Copolymers Modified by Fluorine and Silicon for Application in Release Films

Fluorine-silicone acrylate copolymers were synthesized with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), methyl hexafluorobutyl acrylate (HFMA), and other acrylate monomers by free radical polymerization. Further studies were directed at the water absorption ratio, contact angle and anti-adhesive performance of the films. The results indicated that the copolymers had narrow molecular weight distribution and high temperature stability. The films coated by copolymers showed excellent water/oil repellency with the contact angles of water and diiodomethane of 108.2° and 78.0°, respectively. Anti-adhesive performance testing demonstrated that the films had low peel strength, high residual adhesion rate and excellent water and solvent resistance.
Complexity in "simple" electrolyte solutions: Ion pairing in MgSO4(aq)

A detailed investigation of aqueous solutions of MgSO4 has been made by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy over a wide range of frequencies (0.2 ≤ ν/GHz ≤ 89) and concentrations (0.017 ≤ c/M ≤ 2.24). Detailed analysis of the spectra shows conclusively, as has long been inferred from ultrasonic absorption studies, the simultaneous presence of double solvent separated (2SIP), solvent-shared (SIP), and contact (CIP) ion pairs. The constants derived for the stepwise formation of each ion pair type and for the overall association are in excellent agreement with literature estimates based on other kinds of measurements. In addition, evidence has been obtained for the existence of a triple ion, Mg2SO42+(aq), or possibly a more aggregated species, at high electrolyte concentrations (c > 1 M). Support for the presence of CIPs, SIPs, and the triple ion is provided by Raman spectroscopy. The implications of the present findings for quantitative models of the thermodynamic behavior of higher-valent electrolytes are b.
Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Paclitaxel–Gelatin Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT Nanoscale manipulation of properties of drug delivery systems (DDSs) provides improved control over the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of encapsulated drugs relative to free drugs. This article summarizes the preparation and therapeutic applications of paclitaxel–gelatin nanoparticles (PGNs) (Type B, 75 Bloom) in the size range ∼150 to 200 nm as confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with ∼45% entrapment efficiency. Dose-dependent antineoplasticity in hepatocarcinoma, HepG2 cell line, was observed up to 72 h of incubation with PGN and the drug per se (<1 (g) showed 65% toxicity within 24 h). A pharmacokinetics and biodistribution study with endpoints at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h performed in normal and tumor-bearing, inbred Balb-c mice showed accumulation in liver and tumor with PGN. Enhanced paclitaxel accumulation in kidney was observed. In vivo antineoplastic studies showed an approximately threefold reduction of tumor with PGN.