Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correction: CD8 T Cell Response Maturation Defined by Anentropic Specificity and Repertoire Depth Correlates with SIVΔnef-induced Protection

The live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (LASIV) vaccine SIVΔnef is one of the most effective vaccines in inducing protection against wild-type lentiviral challenge, yet little is known about the mechanisms underlying its remarkable protective efficacy. Here, we exploit deep sequencing technology and comprehensive CD8 T cell epitope mapping to deconstruct the CD8 T cell response, to identify the regions of immune pressure and viral escape, and to delineate the effect of epitope escape on the evolution of the CD8 T cell response in SIVΔnef-vaccinated animals. We demonstrate that the initial CD8 T cell response in the acute phase of SIVΔnef infection is mounted predominantly against more variable epitopes, followed by widespread sequence evolution and viral escape. Furthermore, we show that epitope escape expands the CD8 T cell repertoire that targets highly conserved epitopes, defined as anentropic specificity, and generates de novo responses to the escaped epitope variants during the vaccination period. These results correlate SIVΔnef-induced protection with expanded anentropic specificity and increased response depth. Importantly, these findings render SIVΔnef, long the gold standard in HIV/SIV vaccine research, as a proof-of-concept vaccine that highlights the significance of the twin principles of anentropic specificity and repertoire depth in successful vaccine design.
[Study on the sweat regulation mechanism under different temperature circumstance and different intensive exercise].

AIM To investigate the sweat regulation mechanism of human body. METHODS Arm muscular work was performed on bicycle ergometer by eight healthy male subjects on 20 W and 40 W work loads lasting 10 min or 20 min in 16 degrees C and 21 degrees C ambient temperature. Sweat, metabolic rate and corresponding skin and core temperature changes were measured during different periods. RESULTS Sweat varied directly with ambient temperature and there were the corresponding changes in mean skin temperature, rectal temperature and metabolic rate. And when the work load was elevated, the skin temperature at chest and metabolic rate increased as sweat increased. There were no differences in the physiological indices between 20 W 20 min and 20 W 10 min, but mean skin temperature and sweat rate during 40 W 20 min work were higher than 40 W 10 min while metabolic rate did not change. The time when chest temperature arrived at the threshold was in correspondence with obvious sweat onset. Both local skin temperature at chest and metabolic rate were significantly correlated with sweat, but the latter was stronger. The regression equation relating metabolic rate and sweat rate was compound function. CONCLUSION Skin temperature was important for sweat onset, and the sweat predicted model based on the metabolic rate or ambient temperature was more suitable and practical.
20 GENE DELIVERY INTO THE BRAIN USING VIRAL VECTORS

The delivery of recombinant genes into the brain is becoming an increasingly important strategy for answering questions about the molecular mechanisms of brain function. Answers to these questions may be applied to many of the disorders that affect the brain. For example, an understanding of the mechanisms by which repeated exposure to drugs of abuse increases their stimulant and rewarding properties in animal models will almost certainly lead to new ways of treating addiction in humans. If we are able to decipher the molecular events underlying long-term changes in neurotransmitter release, we will find new approaches to diseases such as the epilepsies, in which neurotransmitter release is altered. Knowledge of the molecular means by which neurotransmitters shape neuronal development and plasticity, or how trophic factors regulate neuronal health, will lead to insights into how defects in these pathways cause specific psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, the brain does not yield easily to genetic intervention. The terminally differentiated state of most neurons in the brain precludes the use of vectors, such as conventional retroviruses, that are dependent on cell replication for stable maintenance in the cell. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of specific brain disorders may be restricted to subsets of neurons at specific times during development and maturity. Therefore, strategies for manipulating gene expression in the brain must utilize vectors that persist stably in postmitotic cells and that can be targeted both spatially and temporally in the nervous system. A number of such gene delivery systems have been developed over the last decade. Rather than giving a superficial overview of the field, this chapter highlights the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a vector for gene transfer into neurons, with emphasis not only on its potential but also on its flaws; compares and contrasts HSV-mediated genetic intervention
Novel functional M1 selective muscarinic agonists. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3-(1,2,5-thiadiazolyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridines .

A series of novel 3-(3-substituted-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro- 1-methylpyridines (substituted-TZTP; 5a-l, 7a-h, 8, 9c-n, 11, 13j) were synthesized and tested for central muscarinic cholinergic receptor affinity by using [3H]-oxotremorine-M (Oxo-M) and [3H]-pirenzepine (Pz) as ligands. The potency and efficacy of the compounds for the pharmacological defined M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors were determined on isolated electrically stimulated rabbit vas deferens and on spontaneously beating isolated guinea pig atria, respectively. Selected compounds were also tested for M3 activity in the isolated guinea pig ileum. The C1-8 alkoxy-TZTP 5a-l analogues all displaced [3H]-Oxo-M and [3H]-Pz with low nanomolar affinity. Depicting chain length against Oxo-M binding and against Pz binding the unbranched C1-8 alkoxy-TZTP (5a-h) derivatives produced U-shaped curves with butoxy- (5d) and (pentyloxy)-TZTP (5e) as the optimum chain length, respectively. This U-shaped curve was also seen in the ability of the compounds 5a-h to inhibit the twitch height in the vas deferens preparation. The (pentyloxy)- (5e) and the (hexyloxy)-TZTP (5f) analogues produced an over 90% inhibition of the twitch height with IC50 values in the low picomolar range. In both the atria and in the ileum preparations 5f had low efficacy and potency. With the (alkylthio)-TZTP (7a-h) analogues the structure-activity relationship was similar to the one observed with the alkoxy (5a-h) analogues, but generally 7a-h had higher receptor affinity and was more potent than the corresponding 5a-h. However, the C3-8 alkyl-TZTP (9c,e,g,h) analogues had 10-100 times lower affinity for the central muscarinic receptors than the corresponding alkoxy and alkylthio derivatives, and their efficacy in the vas deferens preparation was too low to obtain IC50 values. The unsubstituted TZTP (11) compound was a potent but nonselective muscarinic agonist. The two 3-(3-butoxy/(hexyloxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazol-4-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahy dro-1- methylpyridines (butoxy/hexyloxy)-OZTP; 19a/b) were also synthesized and tested. Both 19a and 19b had much lower affinity for the central muscarinic receptors than 5d and 5f, and the efficacy of 19a,b was too low to give IC50 values in the vas deferens preparation. Therefore, the C5-6 (alkyloxy)/(alkylthio)-TZTP's represent a unique series of potent functional M1 selective muscarinic agonists.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MODIFIED BIELSCHOWSKY, BODIAN AND THIOFLAVIN S STAINS ON ALZHEIMER'S NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES

Serial sections of the brains of two cases with Alzheimer's disease were stained with the standard Bodian, modified Bielschowsky (reformed Gros‐Schultze's modification) and thioflavin S methods. The numbers of demonstrated Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were different between the two silver stains: from 15 to 75% more NFTs were shown and more distinctly with the modified Bielschowsky stain than with the Bodian stain. Many of the NFTs in both cases were of eosinophilic and less argentophilic type. Although the NFTs were not counted, the thioflavin S stain seemed to have no apparent advantage over the modified Bielschowsky stain in the demonstration of NFTs.
Exploitations of Uninitialized Uses on macOS Sierra

An uninitialized use refers to a common coding mistake where programmers directly use variables on the stack or the heap before they are initialized. Uninitialized uses, although simple, can lead to severe security consequences. In this paper, we will share our experience in gaining arbitrary kernel code execution in the latest macOS Sierra by exploiting two uninitialized use vulnerabilities for Pwnfest 2016. Specifically, we first analyze the attack surface of the XNU kernel and mitigation techniques, and then study common types of uninitialized uses and potential threats. Then we elaborate on the vulnerabilities and exploitation techniques. Lastly, we summarize the whole exploitation and discuss the reliability of the exploitation.
On the design of structured controllers

In this paper we consider the problem of minimizing the H∞-norm of the sum of two systems which are interconnected with two different controller components. We sketch two specific applications of this decentralized control problem. As the main contribution, we reveal that this structured controller design problem admits a full LMI solution if only one of the systems in the interconnection obeys a one-block hypothesis. As an important structural insight, our solution allows to give explicit bounds on the McMillan degrees of both controller components in terms of the original system description if approaching optimality. This might be an important step towards overcoming the one-block hypothesis which could lead to direct LMI solutions of general multi-objective H∞-control problems.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE.

Less than six years ago a group of physicians and J scientists gathered at the Rockefeller Institute in New York to discuss the role of computers in medicine. 1 The physician who attended that conference could easily fire his imagination and envision an era when widespread use of computers would permit precise automatic diagnoses, rapid solutions to complex physiological problems, accurate automatic analysis of laboratory and functional tests, and easy retrieval of clinical and research data. Subsequent to that original meeting, the scientific and lay literature have been flooded with articles, mostly speculative, describing potential applications of computers in various fields of medical practice. As a result, a climate of expectation has developed, the general feeling being that practicality in these usages is just around the corner. An appraisal of the tangible effects of the application of computers in medicine to date reveals that some of the early expectations have
Yeast Xrs2 Binds DNA and Helps Target Rad50 and Mre11 to DNA Ends*

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad50, Mre11, and Xrs2 proteins are involved in homologous recombination, non-homologous end-joining, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, and telomere maintenance. These proteins form a stable complex that has nuclease, DNA binding, and DNA end recognition activities. Of the components of the Rad50·Mre11·Xrs2 complex, Xrs2 is the least characterized. The available evidence is consistent with the idea that Xrs2 recruits other protein factors in reactions that pertain to the biological functions of the Rad50·Mre11·Xrs2 complex. Here we present biochemical evidence that Xrs2 has an associated DNA-binding activity that is specific for DNA structures. We also define the contributions of Xrs2 to the activities of the Rad50·Mre11·Xrs2 complex. Importantly, we demonstrate that Xrs2 is critical for targeting of Rad50 and Mre11 to DNA ends. Thus, Xrs2 likely plays a direct role in the engagement of DNA substrates by the Rad50· Mre11·Xrs2 complex in various biological processes.
Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Nanostructured phase-separated blends, or bulk heterojunctions, of conjugated polymers and fullerene derivatives form a very attractive approach to large-area, solid-state organic solar cells. The key feature of these cells is that they combine easy processing from solution on a variety of substrates with good performance. Efficiencies of up to 5% in solar light have been achieved, and lifetimes are increasing to thousands of hours. Further improvements can be expected and some of the promising strategies towards that goal are presented in this article.
Spelling in Parallel: towards a Rapid, spatially Independent BCI

BCI Spellers for end-users utilize numerous different techniques, but many require that stimuli in different areas of the screen be foveated for best performance. Spatial independence, however, is of considerable value for patients suffering from locked-in syndrome, which significantly attenuates their capacity for voluntary movements. To this end, we have designed a 10-segment library of letter subsets, which combinatorially create the letters of the alphabet. Segments can thus be centrally presented, allowing letters to be cued in parallel while maintaining the spatial independence of RSVP-style spellers. A 68% segmentclassification accuracy yields a reasonably rapid speller, with several avenues for maximizing accuracy and information transfer rate.
Appendix to : Algorithms for Social Good : Kidney Exchange

Kidney exchange is a type of barter market where patients exchange willing but incompatible donors. These exchanges are conducted via cycles—where each incompatible patient-donor pair in the cycle both gives and receives a kidney—and chains, which are started by an altruist donor who does not need a kidney in return. Finding the best combination of cycles and chains is hard. The leading algorithms for this optimization problem use either branch and price—a combination of branch and bound and column generation—or constraint generation. Although these approaches handle cycles efficiently, they are limited by how they handle chains. Branch-and-price based solvers must perform a process called pricing. We begin with a proof of correctness for a polynomial time pricing algorithm for cycles, and a complementary hardness result for pricing chains. Next, we introduce a new integer programming formulation which bypasses this hardness result. On real data from the UNOS nationwide exchange in the United States and the NLDKSS nationwide exchange in the United Kingdom, as well as on generated realistic large-scale data, we show that our new formulation scales significantly better than other solvers—in many cases by orders of magnitude. Finally, we show how our new formulation can be modified in a straightforward way to take post-match edge failure into account, under the restriction that edges have equal probabilities of failure. Post-match edge failure is a primary source of inefficiency in presently-fielded kidney exchanges. We end with a polynomial time algorithm for cycle pricing in the failure-aware context.
Use of enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect Salmonella in foods

An indirect enzyme-labeled antibody technique (ELAT), in which Salmonella typhimurium was used as a model, was developed as a method to detect Salmonella in food samples. A cellulose-acetate membrane filter, the matrix for detection, was placed on a membrane-filter base and overlaid with a multiwelled lucite template. Mixed broth enrichment cultures were dispensed in the template wells, and cells were spotted onto the membrane via suction. After fixation, the membranes were immersed in rabbit anti-S. typhimurium flagella antibody, washed, immersed in goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to peroxidase, and washed. Exposure of membranes to the substrates 3,3'-diaminobenzidine or benzidine resulted in development of brown or blue macroscopic reaction products, respectively, on spots containing S. typhimurium. ELAT results agreed with those of enrichment serology and cultural procedures on three food products containing known levels of S. typhimurium. Because of the magnification effect of the enzyme-substrate reaction, fewer cells were needed for detection than with enrichment serology, thereby reducing the total analysis time. The ability to test 14 or more samples simultaneously on a 47-mm membrane filter would facilitate screening large number of samples. Pending the development of a pure H antisera pool for the common Salmonella serotypes free from O antibodies, the ELAT demonstrated potential as a Salmonella detection methodology.
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ROE DEER MORTALITY IN SWEDEN

A retrospective epidemiologic study was conducted to examine causes of mortality of 985 wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) submitted to the National Veterinary Institute (SVA; Uppsala, Sweden) from January 1986 to December 1995. Age, sex, body condition, and geographic distribution as related to disease conditions are reported herein. The most common causes of mortality in roe deer were trauma (19%), winter starvation (18%), gastritis/enteritis (15%), bacterial infections (11%), parasitic infection (11%), systemic diseases (11%), neoplasia (2%), congenital disorders (1%), and miscellaneous causes (6%). Cause of death was not determined in 6% of the cases. The distribution of causes of death reported in this study differ from previous works in Sweden in that infectious and parasitic diseases were more common than winter starvation. The pathologic findings in studies like this do not necessarily represent what is occurring in the natural environment, but they do provide a good indication of distribution of diseases over time as well as age and sex structure in relation to disease conditions. Further research and more detailed studies are in progress to better understand specific mortality factors as well as etiologies of certain described diseases in roe deer in Sweden.
New theoretical framework for studies of vapor growth and sublimation of small ice crystals in the atmosphere

We present a new microscopic model of growth and sublimation (g/s) of ice crystals in the atmosphere. This model is based on the assumption that the flux of vapor to the crystal surface is uniform over each flat crystal face. It thus differs fundamentally from the standard “capacitance” model for crystal growth, in which the mixing ratio is assumed uniform at the surface. In the new model the surface influence on growth is calculated self-consistently in terms of local environmental conditions, again differing sharply from the standard models in which this influence is either ignored or assigned a uniform, externally prescribed value. The new model leads to predictions of the evolution of ice crystal shape as well as mass. We find that predicted g/s rates are generally smaller than those predicted by the earlier models. The general trends both in g/s rates and in crystal hollowing predicted by the model are consistent with field and laboratory observations. The values of certain surface parameters needed for application of our model must be found from experiment. We review and compare the relevant laboratory experiments on ice crystal g/s rates and show their lack of mutual consistency. Therefore the surface parameters inferred from these experiments are necessarily uncertain. We show that the surface parameter values can be inferred from observations of crystal hollowing, since our model allows the prediction of environmental conditions at which hollowing should occur.
Crystal structure of 2-azaniumyl-3-bromo-6-oxo-5,6-dihydropyrido[1,2-a]quinoxalin-11-ium dibromide

The title salt, C12H10BrN3O2+·2Br−, was synthesized from the reaction of N 1,N 4-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)benzene-1,4-diamine and bromine in a methanol solution. All non-H atoms of the 2-azaniumyl-3-bromo-6-oxo-5,6-dihydropyrido[1,2-a]quinoxalin-11-ium cation are nearly coplanar, the maximum deviation being 0.114 (4) Å. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked through N—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯Br interactions, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. A short Br⋯Br contact [3.3088 (9) Å] is observed in the crystal.
Access to Medicare-funded annual comprehensive health assessments for rural people with intellectual disability.

INTRODUCTION People with intellectual disability (ID) comprise 2-3% of the Australian population. They mostly rely on their GP for primary health care. In rural areas where there are issues with health workforce shortages, there is a risk that people with ID may not get timely access to primary care or may not be aware of the range of healthcare services available to support them. Internationally, research has shown that regular health assessments are beneficial for people with ID. Annual comprehensive health assessments (ACHAs) have been shown to result in increased detection of medical conditions and could assist in reducing the gap in mortality between people with ID and the broader population. In Australia, people with ID have been eligible to access ACHAs under Medicare since 2007. These provide for a regular review of the person's physical, psychological and social functioning. This study explored the extent to which rural people with ID were accessing these ACHAs, and factors which affected their access to ACHAs. METHODS In this qualitative study in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 participants including people with ID, carers/support workers and rural doctors. Interviews were then coded and analysed for themes. RESULTS Seven themes were identified: (1) healthcare barriers in rural areas; (2) cohesion of rural communities; (3) the way rural doctors practice; (4) lack of knowledge/understanding; (5) venturing into new territory; (6) the role of the practice nurse; and (7) the health communication triangle. CONCLUSION Despite the well-known problems of lack of services and distance to specialists in rural Australia, there are compensatory factors which were perceived as improving the wellbeing of people with ID, such as increased social cohesion and community connectedness. More education is needed to ensure that the rationale for ACHAs for people with ID is understood and that doctors feel confident to use them. The number of Medicare reforms implemented in a relatively short period presented change-management challenges for rural practices with rural workforce pressures. The role of the carer/support worker is crucial in the health assessment process and can improve the transfer of information about a client with ID between the disability and health sectors and within the health sector.
Current-Limiting Three-Phase Rectifiers

In this paper, a nonlinear controller is proposed for a three-phase rectifier so that its input current does not exceed a given limit. At the same time, the proposed controller can achieve accurate dc output voltage regulation and reactive power control independently from system parameters including the load during the normal operation. Using the generic <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$dq$</tex-math></inline-formula> transformation and the nonlinear model of the rectifier, the boundedness and the current-limiting property of the closed-loop system are proven using Lyapunov methods and the input-to-state stability theory. Moreover, an analytic framework for selecting the controller parameters is presented and the current limitation is proven for both the cases with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$LCL$ </tex-math></inline-formula> filters at the input of the rectifier. Different from existing approaches, the current-limiting property is achieved without external limiters, monitoring devices, or switches and is incorporated in the control dynamics, independently from the type of the load (linear or nonlinear). Extensive real-time simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.