Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal cycles of fluorescent biological aerosol particles in boreal and semi-arid forests of Finland and Colorado

Abstract. Biological aerosol particles have become increasingly important for atmospheric study, but continuous measurements at high time and size resolution have not been available until recently. Here we report seasonal cycles of fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP) from the boreal forest in Hyytiala, Finland (18 months) and the semi-arid Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado (10 months). FBAP at both locations were observed to be highest in summer and lowest in winter, increasing by factors of 12 and 5 between these seasons, respectively. In addition to the low temperatures and reduced sunlight during winter, we suggest that snow cover inhibited FBAP release from local terrestrial surfaces and that more extensive snow cover at the Finland site contributed to lower winter FBAP concentrations. Average size distributions at each site exhibited peaks between 1.5 and 6 μm in aerodynamic diameter. The Finland site consistently showed a dominant, narrow FBAP peak at ~ 3 μm in addition to discreet modes at ~ 1.5 and ~ 5 μm, whereas the Colorado site showed broader peaks at 1.5 and 5 μm, suggesting different modes of biological particles at the two sites. FBAP concentrations in both locations were shown to correlate with daily patterns of relative humidity (RH) during each season. Also during summer at each site, average FBAP concentration scaled with RH, but at the Finland site RH values above ~ 82% led to a significant decrease in FBAP concentration. We hypothesize that this is due to dew formation that inhibits bioparticle release. Lastly we show that rain during summer at each location led to pronounced increases in both fluorescent and total particle concentrations with FBAP peak particle size at ~ 2 μm and concentration scaling with rain intensity. We suggest that these particles are primarily fungal spores and other bioparticles lofted from splashing of rain droplets hitting soil and leaf surfaces. During the summer at the Colorado site we consistently observed a mode of ~ 4 μm particles appearing several hours after rain events that we suggest are fungal spores actively emitted when ambient conditions are most advantageous for spread and germination. The pronounced patterns of fluorescent bioparticles observed here suggest that parameterizations of both daily and seasonal cycles will be important to accurately reflect bioparticle emissions in future studies of atmospheric bioaerosols and their potential effects on clouds and precipitation.
Interface study for liquid–solid state surface by means of the S K‐edge NEXAFS method

The adsorption behavior of a sulfur‐containing amino acid molecule on a transition metal surface has been investigated in the bio‐catalytic and surface reaction fields. For a liquid sample there are many difficulties in x‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurement in the soft x‐ray energy region. In this study we have constructed a new XAFS measurement system with He‐path and Be window at soft x‐ray beamline (BL‐3) at the Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center (HSRC). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parents' Ideas, Actions, and Feelings: Models and Methods from Developmental and Social Psychology.

GOODNOW, JACQUELINE J. Parents' Ideas, Actions, and Feelings: Models and Methods from Developmental and Social Psychology. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 59, 286-320. Research on parents' ideas has been described as flourishing but relatively atheoretical, and as in need of closer attention to possible methods. To help meet these problems, this review draws together research by developmentalists on parents' ideas about parenting and development, and research in social psychology on attitudes, schemas, and social categorization. The review notes first the presence of a common topic-"social cognition"-and some common features to the history of research by developmental and social psychologists on that topic. It proceeds to outline developmental and social approaches to common issues: the likelihood of change vs. perseverance in ideas; the sources of ideas (constructions from individual experience vs. cultural scripts); links between ideas and actions; links between ideas and feelings; and the impact of one generation's ideas upon the development of the next. For each of these issues, the aim is to demonstrate how models and methods in social psychology can be used to benefit research on parents' ideas. For research on parents, the general argument is that the critical steps in any analysis of ideas and their interactions with actions, feelings, or outcomes are the explicit statement and development of hypotheses and the search for promising methods to accompany them. For developmental psychology in general, the review is offered as an example of the benefits to drawing from fields such as social psychology, and as a filtered introduction to some relevant but often unfamiliar material.
PANICHIITE, NATURAL AMMONIUM HEXACHLOROSTANNATE(IV), (NH4)2SnCl6, FROM LA FOSSA CRATER, VULCANO, AEOLIAN ISLANDS, ITALY

Panichiite, ammonium hexachlorostannate(IV), (NH 4 ) 2 SnCl 6 , is a new mineral species found in a medium-temperature intracrater fumarole (~250°C) at La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, Sicily, Italy. The mineral occurs as aggregates of minute colorless octahedra up to 0.2 mm in diameter on fragments of altered pyroclastic breccia, in association with alunite, anhydrite, bismuthinite, godovikovite, demicheleite-(Br) (BiSBr), BiSCl (IMA 2008–020) and two other new species, a sodium ammonium aluminum sulfate chloride (IMA 2008–057) and an ammonium bismuth chloride that is presently under study. Panichiite is cubic, space group Fm 3 m (no. 225), with Z = 4; the unit-cell parameter a is 10.064(1) A, and V is equal to 1019.4(2) A 3 . The X-ray powder-diffraction pattern is in excellent agreement with that of the synthetic compound; the strongest six reflections [ d obs in A( I )( hkl) ] are: 5.811(100)(111), 5.032(73)(200), 2.516(69)(400), 3.035(48)(311), 1.779(42)(440), and 2.250(39)(420). Chemical analyses obtained with an electron microprobe in energy-dispersion mode gave, on average, Cl 56.57, Sn 31.62, Br 1.53, K 1.05, total 90.77, with NH 4 + (by difference) 9.23, for a total of 100.00 wt. %, corresponding to the empirical formula [(NH 4 ) 1.90 K 0.10 ] ∑2.00 Sn 0.99 (Cl 5.94 Br 0.07 ) ∑6.01 . The calculated density for the compound with the above empirical formula is 2.423 g/cm 3 . The index of refraction n obtained using immersion methods is 1.68(1) (λ = 589 nm). The structure, including the positions of the hydrogen atoms of the ammonium ion, was refined from single-crystal diffraction data to a final R of 0.030 for 153 independent observed reflections [ I > 2σ( I )]. The six equivalent Sn–Cl distances in the octahedral SnCl 6 2− ion are 2.429(1) A, and the Cl.N distances are 3.559(1) A. The mineral (IMA 2008–005) is named in honor of Prof. Ugo Panichi, a pioneer in the study of minerals from Vulcano.
Determination of Butyltin and Phenyltin by GC–FPD Following Ethylation by NaBEt4

An organotin speciation method was optimized for the simultaneous determination of mono-, di- and tri-butyltin compounds and mono-, di- and tri-phenyltin compounds in water. The procedure was based on a one-step simultaneous ethylation and extraction using the sodium tetraethylborate reagent directly in the aqueous phase in the presence of an isooctane layer. Direct extract analysis was performed using capillary gas chromatography and flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). This derivatization procedure reduces drastically the number of analytical steps, thus saving time and improving reliability. Relative detection limits range from 0.4 to 0.8 ng dm -3 for butyltin species and from 0.7 to 2.1 ngdm -3 for phenyltin species; the linearity ranges from 0 to 400 ngdm -3 . Analysis of environmental aqueous samples and a Certified Reference Material (CRM) demonstrates the accuracy of the analytical method.
Preliminary EXAFS studies of solid phase speciation of As in a West Bengali sediment

Abstract Knowledge of the solid-phase speciation of As in Bengali sediments associated with hazardous As-rich groundwaters is crucial to understanding the processes controlling As release. The local coordination environment of As in such a sediment has been probed using K-edge As EXAFS. This revealed that As exists predominantly in its oxidized form, As(V), probably adsorbed as bidentate arsenate tetrahedra on metal (Fe and/or Al) oxide/hydroxide surfaces, although incorporation of As into a metal oxide structure cannot be ruled out. Arsenic was found to occur in several different coordination environments and this, together with the low concentration (<10 μg g-1) of As in the sediment prevented the unambiguous assignment of the second coordination sphere. The EXAFS analysis of the sediment after incubation under anaerobic conditions in the presence of added electron donor for metal reduction indicated changes in the relative concentrations of different solid-phase As species, providing circumstantial evidence for differential susceptibility to microbial action.
Influence of different field sites on pesticide movement into subsurface drains

Pesticide movement to subsurface drains was monitored in two typical crop production areas in Germany. Field trials were conducted on two subsurface-drained soils, a silt loam and a poorly structured sandy soil, under different climatic conditions. Over a period of one year, the drainflow was measured and the drain water was analysed for all applied herbicides. Different leaching behaviour was observed at the two field sites. Following autumn application of pendimethalin and isoproturon to the Soester Borde soil, maximum concentrations of about 62 μg litre -1 for isoproturon and 0.7 μg litre -1 for pendimethalin were observed in drainflow from this silt loam. The early occurrence of both herbicides in the drain water only two days after application is consistent with fast flow through macropores. In contrast, on the subsurface-drained sandy soil in Brandenburg, isoproturon did not reach the drains until two months after autumn application and was found at maximum concentrations of only 1-4 μg litre -1 ; pendimethalin was not detected in the drain water. Pesticide movement after spring application seemed to be of minor importance. At both locations, spring application led to low concentrations of pesticides in the drainflow (pendimethalin <0.01 μg litre -1 ; metolachlor ≤0.05 μg litre -1 ; chloridazon ≤0.15 μg litre -1 ; metamitron <0.02 μg litre -1 ; terbuthylazine ≤1.4 μg litre -1 )
Solvation free energies and transfer free energies for amino acids from hydrophobic solution to water solution from a very simple residue model

Solvation free energies of neutral amino acids in water and in chloroform were computed from extensive molecular dynamics simulations using multiconfiguration thermodynamic integration. The values computed for the AMBER force field are in very good agreement with available experimental data (rms differences of 5.1 kJ mol-1 for the solvation free energies and 6.4 kJ mol-1 for the transfer free energies of amino acids between water and chloroform) and with existing calculations. We derived an additive residue-scale solvation model formulated as the sum of a nonpolar term that is proportional to the molecular surface area and an electrostatic term (Kirkwood−Onsager model) for the hydration free energy of a dipole in a solvated cavity. This model can surprisingly well describe the solvation free energies in water and chloroform as well as the transfer free energies of amino acids between the two solvents when suitably adapted cavity radii are used. Root-mean-square differences of the predicted values with res.
Electrochemical Detection of Nitrate at a Copper Modified Electrode Under the Influence of Ultrasound

Ultrasound has been applied to the detection of nitrate using a copper modified electrode. The electrode systems employs a macroporous copper deposit whose response to nitrate ion has been previously characterized. This report details the influence ultrasound (20 kHz) exerts on the structure of the deposit and on the response to nitrate. The deposit was substantially removed by the acoustic streaming and cavitational processes common to 20 kHz ultrasound even at relatively mild power outputs and large horn electrode separations. However, bombardment with 20 kHz ultrasound does not remove the deposit entirely with a compact copper layer remaining. This portion of the deposit was found to retain significant nitrate sensitivity compared with the bare, unmodified electrode. The retention of the compact catalytic layer under the influence of ultrasound enabled the use of sonolinear sweep voltammetry which was found to provide signal enhancement significantly greater than the response observed under silent conditions. The analytical utility of the technique was assessed through the determination of nitrate in treated sewage outfall water. The silent and sonochemical results were found to be within 5% of the value obtained from an independent spectroscopic analysis.
Immobilization of glucose oxidase onto electrochemically prepared poly(aniline‐co‐fluoroaniline) films

Poly(aniline-co-fluoroaniline) [poly(An-FAn)] films were electrochemically deposited on indium tin oxide glass plates. The characterization of these conducting copolymer films was carried out with ultraviolet–visible and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOX) was immobilized onto the conducting poly(An-FAn) films by a physical adsorption method. Amperometric response experiments carried out with poly(An-FAn)/GOX films revealed linearity from 0.5 to 22 mM glucose, and the Michaelis–Menten constant was found to be about 23.5 mM. The shelf life of these poly(An-FAn)/GOX electrodes was measured to be about 15 days, and the electrodes were stable up to 45°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3999–4006, 2004
Non-invasive scanning ion-selective electrode technique and its applications to the research of higher plants

Abstract The process of various ions and molecules getting into and out cells is critical for plant survival. The non-invasive scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) is a non-invasive method to obtain the information of ions molecules across membrances in plant. This technique can measure the absolute concentration of ions and molecules, and also their fluxes and directions of movement. The samples to be analyzed can be single cell, a piece of tissue, a whole organ and even an intact seedling. This article reviews the recent progress made in plant physiology by using this technique and discusses its potentials in future studies on plant physiology. * *Supported by National Natural Science Fundation of China (Grant No. 30170552), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 5042004) Academic and Technical Development Key Project of Beijing Education Community (Grant No. KZ200710028013)
Nitric oxide‐dependent hypotensive effects of adrenomedullin in rats

The association of nitric oxide (NO) with the hypotensive effects of adrenomedullin (AM) was investigated in anesthetized rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used at 11–13 weeks of age. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured from the femoral artery under mild anesthesia using pentobarbital. AM, over the dose range of 0.3–3 nmol/kg iv, produced dose‐dependent sustained hypotension and compensatory tachycardia. These effects of AM at 0.3, 1, and 3 nmol/kg iv were significantly stronger in SHR (−9 ±4, −53 ±9, and −62 ±7 mmHg) than in WKY (−4 ±1, −16 ±2, and −22 ±2 mmHg). Those at 1 nmol/kg iv were markedly inhibited in SHR (−53 to −19 mmHg) and in WKY (−16 to −12 mmHg) by treatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME; 10 mg/kg iv). On the other hand, the difference of hypotensive effects in WKY and SHR by calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and the inhibitory effect by the treatment with L‐NAME were smaller than seen with AM. These effects of CGRP at 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 nmol/kg iv were in SHR (−7 ±2, −18 ±3, −42 ±4, and −74 ±3 mmHg) and in WKY (−7 ±1, −16 ±1, −26 ±3, and −41 ±2 mmHg), respectively. Those at 0.3 nmol/kg iv were not significantly inhibited in SHR (−42 to −43 mmHg) and in WKY (−26 to −20 mmHg) by treatment with L‐NAME, 10 mg/kg iv. These results indicate that the AM hypotensive effect was more pronounced in the hypertensive state and strongly depends on NO synthesis. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electroanalytical Characteristics of Amisulpride and Voltammetric Determination of the Drug in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Media

The electrochemical oxidation of antipsychotic drug amisulpride (AMS) has been studied in pH range 1.8–11.0 at a stationary glassy carbon electrode by cyclic, differential pulse and square-wave voltammetry. Two oxidation processes were produced in different supporting electrolyte media. Both of the oxidation processes were irreversible and exhibited diffusion controlled. For analytical purposes, very resolved voltammetric peaks were obtained using differential pulse and square-wave modes. The linear response was obtained in the range of 4×10−6 to 6×10−4 M for the first and second oxidation steps in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 7.0 and pH 3.0 (20% methanol v/v), respectively, using both techniques. These methods were used for the determination of AMS in tablets. The first oxidation process was chosen as indicative of the analysis of AMS in biological media. The methods were successfully applied to spiked human serum, urine and simulated gastric fluid samples.
Comparison of the agglomeration behavior of thin metallic films on SiO2

The stability of continuous metallic thin films on insulating oxide surfaces is of interest to applications such as semiconductor interconnections and gate engineering. In this work, we report the study of the formation of voids and agglomeration of initially continuous Cu, Au, Ru and Pt thin films deposited on amorphous thermally grown SiO2 surfaces. Polycrystalline thin films having thicknesses in the range of 10–100nm were ultrahigh vacuum sputter deposited on thermally grown SiO2 surfaces. The films were annealed at temperatures in the range of 150–800°C in argon and argon+3% hydrogen gases. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the agglomeration behavior, and transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of the as-deposited and annealed films. The agglomeration sequence in all of the films is found to follow a two step process of void nucleation and void growth. However, void growth in Au and Pt thin films is different from Cu and Ru thin films. Residual .
Probing planet nurseries with rare isotopologues of CO

Abstract The properties of planet-forming midplanes of protostellar disks remain largely unprobed by observations due to the high optical depths of common molecular lines. However, rotational emission lines from rare isotopologues may have optical depth near unity in the vertical direction, so that the lines are strong enough to be detected, yet remain transparent enough to trace the disk midplane. We have computed chemical models of protostellar disks including different C and O isotopes and detailed photochemical reactions. The CO condensation front is in the giant planet-forming region, within 20 AU of the star. We show that the optical depths of low-order rotational lines of C17O are around unity, which suggests that it may be possible to see into the disk midplane using C17O. In lower-mass disks, the slightly more abundant C18O is a possible midplane probe. ALMA observations would provide estimates of the disk midplane temperature if CO ice line were spatially resolved. With our computed C17O/H2 abundance ratio, we would also be able to measure disk surface densities from the fluxes of low-order C17O transitions.
Predicting sites of cytochrome P450-mediated hydroxylation applied to CYP3A4 and hexabromocyclododecane

This article describes a simple and quick in silico method for the prediction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated hydroxylation of drug-like compounds. Testosterone and progesterone, two known substrates of CYP3A4, are used to test the method. Further, we apply the procedure to predict sites of hydroxylation of isomers of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane by CYP3A4. Within the method, the compound is rotated in the binding pocket of the cytochrome, so that each hydrogen under consideration is placed near the active centre. Afterwards, short molecular dynamics simulations are provided for each step of the rotation. All steps of the simulation are compared concerning the distances between the hydrogens and the active centre and the corresponding energies. The computational results correlate well with experimental results.
DABCO‐bis(sulfur dioxide), DABSO, as an easy‐to‐handle source of SO2: Sulfonamide preparation

The article describes the utility of DABSO in two methods of sulfonamide formation; one via novel palladium-catalyzed aminosulfonylation and the other using a Grignard reagent. The sulfonamide formation allows the –SO2N– moiety to be introduced into a wide variety of positions in the molecule, demonstrating the potential for a diverse library synthesis. The current methods of sulfonamide formation would not provide such diversity without resorting to sulfur dioxide gas – a problem which is now eliminated by the use of DABSO. Keywords: 3-Methoxy-N-morpholinobenzenesulfonamide; 1-((3-Methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)piperidine; 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2. 2]octane (DABCO); Aminosulfonylation
Complementary all Solid State Electrochromic Devices Using Carboxymethyl Cellulose Based Electrolytes

The paper presents the results of the research on a new polymer-membrane and gel electrolytes for electrochromic devices. A complementary solid-state electrochromic device consisting of cathodically coloring working electrode of WO3 and anodically coloring counter electrode of NiO films is prepared to compare the effects of gel or membrane forms of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer electrolyte on the electrochromic properties of devices. The performance evaluations of the complementary solid-state electrochromic devices indicate good reversibility, low power consumption of ±3 V in colored state, high variation of transmittance changing of 64% in gel electrolyte, and lower 7% in membrane electrolyte and good memory effect under open-circuit conditions. CMC based electrolytes can be used as an ion-conducting medium and be a good candidate for complementary electrochromic devices owing to, the improved properties as well as its cheapness.
Ultrasonic Treatment of Acid-Washed Diamond Powder Surface

Surface groups were evaluated to clarify the effects of sonochemical reactions on acid-washed diamond powder (5-12 μm) treated with high power ultrasound (18 W.cm - 2 ) at 28 kHz in water under three different gas bubblingconditions; argon, oxygen and no bubbling gas. The raw and modified powder surfaces were analyzed by diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results show that ultrasound can modify the surface of acid-washed diamond. Active oxygen species, were formed during the sonochemical treatment, reacted with the diamond surface. DRIFT results show that ether (C-O-C), carbonyl (C=O) and small amounts of peroxy (C-O-O-C) functional groups were formed on the diamond surface after the ultrasonic treatment. XPS analysis confirmed that oxygen is bonded to the diamond surface carbon after the ultrasonic treatment. There is good agreement between DRIFT and XPS results, showing that using argon as bubbling gas produces the highest relative surface oxygen content on the acid-washed diamond surface. Argon gas as monoatomic gas has higher effects in diamond surface modification by ultrasonic treatment than oxygen even for oxidation reaction, due to higher y (the ratio of the isobaric to isochoric heat capacities) for monoatomic gases and low thermal conductivity.