Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NEGLECTED GRAMMATICAL FACTORS IN CONVERSATIONAL ENGLISH

The judicious blend of meticulous observation, experimental enquiry and theoretical insight concerning the English language, which characterizes the writing of Randolph Quirk, has regularly provided linguistic theory with both an example and a challenge. The example lies especially in the complementary roles given to corpus, acceptability test, and intuition in the elucidation of problems. The challenge is to construct a model which will satisfactorily account for the diverse data which these different methodologies uncover. Nowhere is this challenge more disconcerting than in the need to provide an account of that English variety assumed to be the basis of our routine behaviour informal domestic conversation for it is here that the discrepancy between standard descriptive statement and observed reality is most noticeable. The aim of the present paper, accordingly, is to identify some of the neglected linguistic features of this variety, which will have to be incorporated into standard descriptions if this discrepancy is to be removed. The reasons for the comparative neglect of domestic conversational analysis are well-recognized. It is difficult if not impossible to capture the informal spontaneity of this variety using a process of controlled intuitive reflection. And corpus-based techniques are problematic, because of the difficulty of obtaining uncontaminated samples of data uncontaminated either by observer presence, informant self-consciousness, or poor recording quality. The data on which the present paper is based avoided
Inference in Supervised Spectral Classifiers for On-Board Hyperspectral Imaging: An Overview

Machine learning techniques are widely used for pixel-wise classification of hyperspectral images. These methods can achieve high accuracy, but most of them are computationally intensive models. This poses a problem for their implementation in low-power and embedded systems intended for on-board processing, in which energy consumption and model size are as important as accuracy. With a focus on embedded and on-board systems (in which only the inference step is performed after an off-line training process), in this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the inference properties of the most relevant techniques for hyperspectral image classification. For this purpose, we compare the size of the trained models and the operations required during the inference step (which are directly related to the hardware and energy requirements). Our goal is to search for appropriate trade-offs between on-board implementation (such as model size and energy consumption) and classification accuracy.
Multicenter Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Lymph Nodes Using Unsupervised Domain-Adaptation Networks Based on Cross-Domain Confounding Representations

To achieve the robust high-performance computer-aided diagnosis systems for lymph nodes, CT images may be typically collected from multicenter data, which cause the isolated performance of the model based on different data source centers. The variability adaptation problem of lymph node data which is related to the problem of domain adaptation in deep learning differs from the general domain adaptation problem because of the typically larger CT image size and more complex data distributions. Therefore, domain adaptation for this problem needs to consider the shared feature representation and even the conditioning information of each domain so that the adaptation network can capture significant discriminative representations in a domain-invariant space. This paper extracts domain-invariant features based on a cross-domain confounding representation and proposes a cycle-consistency learning framework to encourage the network to preserve class-conditioning information through cross-domain image translations. Compared with the performance of different domain adaptation methods, the accurate rate of our method achieves at least 4.4% points higher under multicenter lymph node data. The pixel-level cross-domain image mapping and the semantic-level cycle consistency provided a stable confounding representation with class-conditioning information to achieve effective domain adaptation under complex feature distribution.
Corruption and Stock Price Volatility: Firm-Level Evidence

This paper assesses the eﬀects of corruption on ﬁrm-level equity price volatility using a sample of over 3,000 ﬁrms from 31 countries around the world over the period of 2003–2014. We ﬁnd that corruption, constructed using the responses from the World Bank Enterprise Survey to match the ﬁrm’s size, industry, location, and country, is positively associated with equity price volatility. We further ﬁnd that equity price volatility decreases with the asset size in the presence of corruption, indicating that smaller ﬁrms are disproportionately aﬀected by corruption. We also ﬁnd evidence of a positive association between corruption measured at the country level and stock price volatility, however, the eﬀect of country-level corruption is found to be worse for ﬁrms with larger asset sizes.
Influence of silk fibroin content on cellulose blend film using LiBr solution

Cellulose–silk fibroin (CSF) films were prepared by blending cellulose and silk fibroin (SF) in different ratios (10:0, 10:3, 10:6, 10:9, and 10:12 wt%) in 60% LiBr aqueous solution. All of the blend films were transparent, and their coloration gradually increased with increasing SF content. Interestingly, cross-sections of all of the tested films were observed by scanning electron microscopy and exhibited similar morphologies. The silk II structure was not well developed in the CSF; however, regenerated SF affected the crystal structure of the cellulose and formed intermolecular hydrogen bonds with cellulose. EDS mapping showed that cellulose and silk in the film were distributed uniformly. The mechanical properties of the dry-state film was greatly improved with the addition of an appropriate amount of SF. In contrast with the dry-state films, the films in the wet state exhibited smaller tensile strengths and E-modulus as SF content increased; however, the elongation values were higher than those in the dry-state films.
Quantitatively Assessing and Attributing Land Use and Land Cover Changes on China's Loess Plateau

The global land surface cover is undergoing extensive changes in the context of global change, especially in the Loess Plateau, where ecological restoration policies have been vigorously implemented since 2000. Evaluating the impact of these policies on land cover is of great significance for regional sustainable development. Nonetheless, there are few quantitative assessment studies of the impact of ecological restoration policies on land use and land cover change (LULCC). In this study, a relative contribution conceptual model (RCCM) was used to explore the contribution of the policies to LULCC under the influence of natural background change, which was based on the Markov chain and the future land use simulation (FLUS) model. The results show that LULCC is influenced by ecological restoration policies and the natural environment, of which the policies contribute about 72.37% and natural change contribute about 27.63%. Ecological restoration policies have a profound impact on LULCC, changing the original direction of LULCC greatly. Additionally, these policies regulate the pattern of LULCC by controlling the amount of cropland as a rebalanced leverage. These findings provide useful information for facilitating sustainable ecological development in the Loess Plateau and theoretically supporting environmental decision-making.
Exploring the complexities of understanding vulnerability and adult safeguarding within Christian faith organisations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the findings from a study exploring the understanding of vulnerability and adult safeguarding within Christian faith-based settings. The paper concludes with recommendations for practitioners involved in safeguarding adults in faith-based Christian settings. Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers a survey (n=3,182) into understanding of vulnerability and adult safeguarding for individuals who attend Church regularly or work in a Christian organisation Findings – This study is the first to be undertaken with a UK sample and highlights a range of factors informing adult safeguarding practice within Christian organisations. This includes: complexity linked to understanding vulnerability and its role in safeguarding activity; lack of clarity about what to do with a safeguarding adult concern; and the need for safeguarding training pertinent to the particular needs of faith-based settings. Research limitations/implications – As there is currently a de.
Controller Design for Snake Robots

Exploratory robots of the snake type are a class of mobile robots designed to move in places of difficult access like cracks and pipes, thanks to the movement of meander derived from the sinusoidal movement characteristic of this type of robot to lack of limbs that facilitate its displacement. Deepening the study of the snake robots it is found that they lack a control system, causing them to be usually controlled by means of preprogrammed movement sequences or are also controlled at a distance, i.e. their movements are tele operated. Due to this, this work was carried out with the purpose of proposing a control system based on the kinematic model, studying different controllers such as proportional controller, diffuse controller and proportional-diffuse controller; Seeking to correct the error of the locomotion presented by the robot in a path that considers various factors such as meandering angle, length of modules, number of modules, among others.
A survey of utilizing user-reviews posted on Google play store

Mobile application (app) markets, such as Google Play Store, provide a rating mechanism for users to rate the hosted apps and leave comments and feedback (i.e., user-reviews). User-reviews contain valuable information, such as bug reports, feature requests, and user experiences. Recent studies have shown the unavoidable impact of studying users’ feedback on the success of an app, whereas ignoring users’ feedback can endanger the survival of an app in an app market. In this paper, we survey the research papers and solutions that can help developers and researchers to utilize user-reviews and integrate them into the app development process. We provide an overview of each work, briefly explain their applications, and finally mention the limitations. Moreover, derived from the existing body of research, we provide a guideline for researchers and developers, showing them how to collect, preprocess, and analyze user-reviews. Finally, we conclude the survey and provide directions for future research.
Economic approach to intergenerational mobility: Measures, methods, and challenges in developing countries

This paper provides a critical survey and synthesis of the recent economic literature on intergenerational mobility in developing countries, with a focus on data and methodological challenges. The attenuation due to measurement error is compounded by sample truncation resulting from co-residency and causes substantial downward bias in intergenerational regression coefficient. In contrast, intergenerational correlation and intergenerational rank correlation are much more robust to such data limitations.
Influence of Wavy Bending on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Rolled AZ31 Sheet

In the present work, cross-wavy bending at room temperature was carried out to tailor the microstructure and stretch formability of rolled AZ31 sheets. Wavy bending processing generates profuse {10–12} twins and a tilt basal texture. Subsequent recrystallization annealing causes grain coarsening and enhances the intensity of twin-orientation. The combined use of wavy bending and annealing can maintain high tensile ductility and remarkably enhances the stretch formability of rolled AZ31 sheet. It can be mainly attributed to the non-basal texture in the wavy bent sheet which increases the thinning capability during in-plane tension.
Clinical Study Freezing More than Gait: A Case Report of Freezing of Urination (FOU) in Parkinson’s Disease

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling phenomenon that is described by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Not only gait may be involved in the freezing phenomenon, but also some nonmotor symptoms, such as freezing of urination (FOU) in this case. +e characters of urinary dysfunctions in this case resemble “off” freezing: (1) abrupt difficulty in starting or continuing in urination; (2) the urinary dysfunctions fluctuated with medication state; and (3) the urinary dysfunctions could be alleviated dramatically by an external cueing. Urinary dysfunctions in this patient (and maybe more PD patients) are associated not only with the classical “nonmotor symptoms” but also the freezing phenomenon. FOU could be a part of the spectrum of freezing symptoms. +e subtypes of the freezing phenomenon will shed light on the PD pathophysiology and clinical treatment.
2002 HST Calibration Workshop-October 17-18-NICMOS Photometric Calibration-Dickinson, et al

We review procedures and measurements used to calibrate the photometric zeropoints of the HST Near Infrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrograph (NICMOS). New spectrophotometric models of solar analog and white dwarf standard stars have been calibrated and tested against ground-based photometry, as well as against one another using NICMOS observations through many filters. These are then used to derive the bandpass-averaged flux densities of these stars through the NICMOS filters. We describe the characteristics of the on-orbit standard star observations made in Cycle 7, and the procedures used to correct finite aperture measurements to total count rates, and finally to derive the NICMOS zeropoints. We conclude with preliminary measurements of the increase in delivered quantum efficiency (DQE) at the warmer operating temperatures for Cycle 11.
Changes in Bacterial Communities in Seawater-Flooded Soil in the Four Years After the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan

The 2011 Tohoku tsunami had a serious impact, such as an increase in harmful substances and salinity over a large area. Herein, we evaluated transitions in bacterial communities in agricultural fields in the four years after the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. Bacterial communities were compared across four different types of soil—unflooded field (UF) soil, soil flooded for a short term (ST), soil flooded for the long term (LT), soil flooded long term and cultivated fields (LTC), and marine environmental materials (bay sediment, sea sand and sea water), using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes. In the soil bacterial communities that were flooded by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami, these effects were not seen after 2013. Although the difference in bacterial communities between LT and UF became smaller during the four years, the bacterial communities in LT were different from those in UF in several ways, such as a higher tendency frequency of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and the presence of halotolerant SOB. Therefore, it is thought that the Tohoku tsunami affected the microbial communities in the soil for more than four years. Especially genus Halothiobacillus, which is Halotolerant SOB in flooded soils, was detected neither in unflooded soil nor in the marine environment. Therefore, it is thought that inundation by a tsunami produces a unique environment with bacterial communities to form in soil. Further, SOB structure, especially halotolerant, might serve as a good indicators of the impacts of inundation on bacterial communities in agricultural fields over the long term.
Methodology for the Agile Development of Software Based on a Guide for the Body of Knowledge of SCRUM

The management and agile development of software requires the definition and selection of an adequate methodology that is adaptable, iterative, flexible and effective, as is the SCRUM methodology, which is designed to offer significant value quickly throughout the project development. This paper performs a characteristic analysis of the principles, aspects and processes proposed by the SBOK Guide, which interact with each other to achieve a mechanism that allows the correct and successful implementation of the SCRUM methodology. In addition, the components of the SCRUM framework will be addressed by adapting the activities, roles and tools with respect to the planning of the necessary efforts to complete each of the tasks raised throughout the management and development of the software project, no matter its complexity.
Inequality of Opportunity in Indian Society∗

Using data from the National Sample Survey we estimate inequality of opportunity for India, in consumption expenditure, wage earning and education, on the basis of caste, sex, region and parental backgrounds as our circumstances. We use the widely used methods of non-parametric and parametric analysis to find that even in 2011-12, more than one-fourth of total inequality in wage and education is due to unequal circumstances. But as compared to the other two outcomes, we find inequality of opportunity in consumption to be relatively low. We further provide the opportunity tree for India using the recently introduced method of the regression tree analysis and find parental backgrounds as the most important circumstances for all outcomes. The opportunity tree also reveals a hierarchical order among the circumstances that are most relevant for the underlying unequal opportunity in the country. JEL Classification : D31, D63, I24
Descriptive and experimental evidence for timing‐mediated polygyny risk in a pied flycatcher
 Ficedula hypoleuca
 population

In polygynous species with biparental care, mates are often acquired in succession. Most research has focussed on the cost of polygyny in secondary females, but primary females may also suffer from reduced paternal care. The likelihood of sharing a male may be higher for early laying females, which could counteract the fitness benefits of breeding early. In this study, we use 12 years of data on pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca, to show that the likelihood of becoming a primary female of a polygynous male declines over the season. Moreover, we provide experimental evidence that early breeding elevates polygyny risk, through an experimental manipulation that introduced early breeding females to a population with later breeding phenology. We found that, independently of breeding date, primary females slightly more often experienced complete brood failures than monogamous females, but did not differ in number of fledged offspring among successful broods or number of locally returning recruits. However, apparent survival in subsequent years was substantially lower in primary females, indicating that they may compensate for reduced male care at the expense of future reproduction. Our study reveals that polygyny risk indeed increases with early breeding and entails a local survival cost for primary females. However, this cost is likely largely outweighed by fitness benefits of early breeding in most years. Hence it is unlikely that the increased polygyny risk of early breeding counteracts the fitness benefits, but it may reduce selection for breeding extremely early.
The Meteorological Society of Japan

9 The observation operator for the Phased Array Weather Radar in the SCALE-LETKF data 10 assimilation system is revisited, and the impact of its improvement on the analyses and forecasts 11 is examined. The observation operator provides a functional relationship between equivalent 12 radar reflectivity factor (Ze) and hydrometeor mass density (W ) of each precipitation particle 13 category. The W − Ze relationship is obtained by a radar simulator. This study performs a 14 radiation code calculation with the parameters regarding particle size distribution of graupel 15 consistent with the cloud microphysics scheme in the SCALE model. The newly obtained 16 observation operator provides much stronger sensitivity of graupel mixing ratio to observed 17 2 Amemiya et al., PAWR observation operator in SCALE-LETKF Ze compared to the operator originally used in the model. To examine the impact on the 1 SCALE-LETKF analyses and forecasts, an experiment on a 13 July 2013 heavy rain case is 2 performed with the new observation operator and is compared with the previous study. The 3 forecast initiated by the analysis using the new operator shows much more realistic evolution of 4 Ze in the middle troposphere, where a large amount of graupel is located. The overestimation 5 of forecast Ze is significantly alleviated by the new observational operator. The 30-minute 6 forecast of surface precipitation rate is also improved. 7 (Citation: Amemiya, A., T. Honda, and T. Miyoshi, XXXX: Improving the observation opera8 tor for the Phased Array Weather Radar in the SCALE-LETKF system . SOLA, X, XXX-XXX, 9 doi:10.2151/sola.XXXX-XXX.) 10
Political Competition and Elite Capture of Local Public Goods

This paper examines the role of re-election concerns in provision of local public goods. Using a household survey data from India, I first analyze how differences in wealth affect the type of projects demanded by the households. I then construct a project-level dataset for local public goods provided under the MPLAD scheme in order to compare allocation decisions of politicians. The identification strategy takes advantage of an information shock that occurred as a result of electoral redistricting in India. In 2007, it was announced that the reservation status of some of the electoral constituencies would change in 2009. This change in reservation status completely shut down the re-election concerns for some incumbents. I exploit this event to use difference-indifferences to compare the changes in the public good choices of the incumbents who were affected by this shock with those who were not. The results are consistent with the elite capture hypothesis: in absence of electoral pressures, politicians are more likely to spend on projects that are desired by the rich. JEL Classification: D72, H41, H50, O22 ∗First Draft: Preliminary and incomplete. Please do not cite or quote. I am indebted to Dilip Mookherjee, Andrew Newman, Claudia Olivetti, and Daniele Paserman for their constant guidance on this project. I would also like to thank Kevin Lang, Sam Bazzi, Ajayi Kehinde, Michael Manove, Anmol Bhandari and participants of the Development Reading Group and the Empirical Lunch Seminar at Boston University for helpful comments and suggestions. Am grateful to Andrew Foster for sharing the 2006 REDS database with me. Yike Zhang and Whitney Dudley provided excellent research assistance. All errors are mine. †Boston University. Email: anushan@bu.edu
Investigation of the Most Suitable Conditions for Dehydration of Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) Fruits

Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) is an Australian native tree, possessing high level bioactivity and antioxidant activity. To prevent deterioration of active constituents, appropriate drying practices must be determined. This study comparatively evaluates the impact of a range of drying methods including freeze-, microwave-, vacuum-, hot air- and sun-drying on the physical, phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of Tuckeroo fruit. Experimental results showed that the five drying methods had significant impact on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of the fruits. Of the drying methods assessed, freeze drying best preserved Tuckeroo activity, recording higher total phenolic content (TPC) (81.88 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), total flavonoids (TFC) (107.71 mg catechin equivalent (CAE)/g), proanthocyanidins (TPro) (83.86 mg CAE/g) and exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity. However, vacuum drying at 65 kPa, 100 °C for 5 h is recommended for drying Tuckeroo fruits for further processing in a large scale as it also retained high levels of TPC, TFC and TPro (58 mg GAE/g, 91 mg CAE/g and 74 mg CAE/g, respectively).