Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of multi-relay cooperative communication using decode and forward protocol

Nowadays, the development of wireless communication systems will be refer to user cooperative communication system in which a source information can transmit data to a destination through a relay. This can reduce the effect of fading on wireless communication channel which is a major problem in wireless communication system that can degrade the system performance. In this paper, we investigate the performance of multi-relay cooperative communication using decode and forward protocol in terms of channel capacity, bit error rate (BER) and throughput. The use of decode and forward protocol in multi-relay cooperative communication offers cooperation among users to generate virtual multiple antennas to increase the channel capacity and also can give better system performance. Furthermore, the simulation model of the system and computer simulation is developed to evaluate the performance of multi-relay cooperative communication. The simulation result shows that the channel capacity increases as the value of signal to noise ratio (SNR) increases. Also, the channel capacity increases as the number of relays increases. Moreover, the performance of multi-relay cooperative communication performs better than a single-relay cooperative communication by using decode and forward protocol in terms of BER. Furthermore, multi-relay cooperative communication provides a good throughput of the system compared to a single-relay. Therefore, the multi-relay cooperative communication is useful to mitigate the effects of channel fading, increase the channel capacity, improve the system performance and provide a good throughput by exploiting decode and forward protocol.
Interest Rates in Germany and the UK: Cointegration and Error Correction Models

The authors test the expectations hypothesis (EH) of the term structure using U.K. and German weekly data on short dated instruments with maturities up to one year. For both data sets comprising k interest rates the authors find that the rank of the cointegrating space is (k - 1); but they can only accept that the cointegrating parameter estimates are of the form (-1, 1, 0,.) etc. when considering bilateral combinations of interest rates. When the authors test the joint null that the set of (k - 1) spreads forms a basis for the cointegration space, this is rejected. However, the point estimates of the cointegration parameters are close to unity and there is no diminution in outside sample forecasting performance of the ECM equations when the spread restrictions are imposed. On balance, one might conclude that the EH is not grossly at variance with the data. Copyright 1998 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
International Evidence

With the establishment of the EMU and the ECB, the interaction between monetary and fiscal polices is now a major policy issue in the Euro-area, dealt with in detail in the Maastricht and Amsterdam treaties and in the Stability and Growth pact. This paper provides a background to this issue by exploring the long-run relationship between monetary and fiscal policies. We examine a large set of data covering major economies, including eleven out of the fifteen present members of EU, during the past 115 years. The evidence suggests the existence of a close interaction between the monetary regime, that is the behaviour of the central bank, and the fiscal regime, that is the tax and spending behaviour of governments as reflected in the evolution of budget deficits and public debt. In the past, a monetary regime based on the commitment to convertibility of the domestic currency into specie, the 'convertibility principle', was the prevailing pattern in the world economy. According to this principle, the fiscal regime is subordinated to the monetary regime. The major exception to this pattern occurred during major wars and their immediate aftermath when fiscal demands determined monetary policy. Since the mid 1960s and especially after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the period 1971-73, monetary policy has abandoned the 'convertibility principle' and in many countries has been geared towards domestic stabilization goals, especially that of full employment. This led to a build-up of inflationary pressures in the 1970s which has been largely rolled back since the early 1980s. In the same period bond-financed fiscal policy has been used as a stabilization policy tool, when many countries accumulated debt to income ratios sufficient to threaten monetary stability. The establishment of the EMU and the creation of the Euro should properly be regarded as a return to the convertibility principle. The European central bank (ECB) declared in 1998 price stability as the primary goal of its policy. The present twelve members of the Euro-area are committed to support this goal by a policy of fiscal prudence. In short, the new European monetary regime is designed to dominate the fiscal regime in order to guarantee the credibility and sustainability of the goal of price stability.
Cambridge Grand Junction transit implementation : alternatives, scheduling, cost, and performance

The Grand Junction railroad lies at the heart of East Cambridge adjacent to the Kendall Square business district and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus. Over the last one hundred years the railroad has gone through substantial changes - from an important freight corridor to having just a few train movements per day. The recent purchase of the railroad by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, planned relocations of existing freight yards, and future corridor improvements have made it possible to consider the addition of passenger services on the Grand Junction. Rising employment, population, and the congestion of the existing commuter rail facilities necessitate exploration of existing means to alleviate capacity. This study is part of larger study that explores the addition of passenger transit services on the Grand Junction with the goal of increasing frequency and capacity to the west along the Worcester/Framingham main line. The topics of this paper are service alternatives, scheduling, cost and performance. The study outlines all possible alternatives that are then screened for final analysis. Commuter rail and diesel multiple unit (DMU) services are the alternatives quantitatively analyzed. A schedule model estimates the maximum frequency, based on existing constraints, to be five trains per hour. Marginal cost modeling shows that based on estimated demand levels, DMU trains may be a more financially viable option for Grand Junction service. This conclusion is backed up by performance comparison of DMUs and commuter trains, showing that DMUs in the configurations proposed are quieter, more fuel efficient, and would likely have a smaller traffic impact along the densely populated Grand Junction corridor. A substantial and detailed study of DMU service along the Grand Junction is recommended.
Treatment of biodiesel wastewater by solvent extraction: evaluation of kinetic and thermodynamic data

Transesterification is one of the main biodiesel production method that produces huge amount of wastewater due to the high organic substance content (COD =300000-400000 mg/L, oil and grease= 17000-25000 mg/L). Although there are several treatment methods, flotation is the current conventional treatment method for oil and grease (OG) before the biological treatment. In this study solvent extraction method was developed for pre-refining of biodiesel wastewaters. For the solvent extraction method, hexane and methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) were determined as the most efficient solvents for the extraction of OG. In this work, extraction kinetics and extraction thermodynamics were investigated for COD and OG. The effect of solution pH and solvent ratio were investigated onto the solvent extraction process to optimize the developed method. The experimental results show that extraction method effectively removes the COD and OG by 99.0% at pH 2 for both solvents. Experimental results also showed that depending on free energy change COD removal efficiency of hexane is higher than MTBE. COD extraction kinetics perfectly fits to the pseudo-second order kinetics. The necessary solvent/water ratio was found as 1/1 volume ratio for both solvents. The experimental results show that hexane extraction could effectively remove the COD, OG and TOC by 96.0%, 99.8% and 91.0%, respectively, at the optimized conditions of pH 2.0, 1/1 solvent-water ratio and 30 min extraction time.
Level 1

4. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line depends upon (A) Shape of the conductor (B) Surface treatment of the conductor (C) Conductivity of the material (D) Geometric configuration of the conductor Key: (D) 5. In a series R L C   circuit supplied by a source of 125 V at a resonant frequency of 220 Hz, the magnitudes of the voltages across the capacitor and the inductor are found to be 4150 V. If the resistance of the circuit is1 , then the selectivity of the circuit is (A) 33.20 (B) 3.32 (C) 0.0301 (D) 0.301
Experimental testing of a neural-network-based turn-fault detection scheme for induction machines under accelerated insulation failure conditions

Stator winding turn-fault detection schemes reported in the literature have been validated on experimental data obtained on specially re-wound machines, which have taps in the winding to create faults externally. Based on these results, it cannot be ascertained if the methods would detect a turn-fault in an incipient stage of development, before it propagates to ground. An estimate of the time interval between fault detection and the flow of significant ground current would be useful for a commercial application to carefully shut-down the machine and controlled process and for maintenance scheduling. In this paper, an experimental test is carried out to accelerate insulation failure by thermally-induced stress, while simultaneously monitoring the voltages and currents for a turn fault. Using a previously proposed neural-network-based method. Results are provided to show that the fault could be clearly detected ahead of failure of winding-to-ground insulation.
Piezoelectric generators: materials and structures

The article presents piezoelectric generators, which can solve the problem of power supply of wireless sensors nets in the monitoring systems of the structure parameters. The ope- rating principle of these appliances is based on the conversion of mechanical energy, e.g. vibration to electric energy in piezo- electric materials. In the first part of this article, the basic groups of piezoelectric materials: ceramics, composites, polymers and monocrystals were discussed in the field of its application in generators. It focused on material constants, which have the biggest effect on energy conversion. In the second part, struc- tures of generators, which are the most often presented in the literature were discussed. The article focused on the structure consisting of piezoelectric actuators connected with the canti- lever beam as well as other structures containing piezoelectric actuators, which have different shapes. In the last part, the effi- ciency of energy conversion was discussed. It focused on the range of values of the obtained electric power from generators.
The ingredients of an exosomatic cognitive map: isovists, agents and axial lines?

There is some evidence that an axial map, as used in space syntax, may be related to an underlying cognitive map in humans. However, the axial map is derived strictly from the mathematical configuration of space rather than any property of people. Hence there is a question of how a person might have embedded such a map. In this paper we report the results of several experiments which aim to improve the correlation between agent and pedestrian movement.We use a database of external occlusion points derived from isovists constructed throughout the system to provide a lookup table for agents to guide their movement. Since the table is external to the agents, we refer to the visual architecture as exosomatic. The results do improve on previous studies, but are still far from a good simulation of pedestrian movement. However, there is a philosophically important outcome from the experiments. When the agents are tuned to best performance, their movement patterns correspond to the axial structure of the system. This can be shown to be a mathematical result of their movement strategy; that is, the manifestation of movement, or the `memory' of an agent experiment, relates to the combination of the internal structure of the agent and its engagement with the environment in the form of an axial map. There are two unresolved steps from the relationship between individual and environment to human cognition: one, it cannot be shown that people do actually use occlusion points for movement, and two, even if they were to, it cannot be shown that they would use the resultant axial structure for higher level navigation decisions. Nevertheless, our results do provide evidence for a link between the individual and the axial map through embodiment of an agent-environment system, and our theory provides a mechanism for a link between the embodied map and preconditions for cognitive structure, which may in turn provide a basis for the future research into the means by which space syntax may be related to spatial cognition.
Technical Analysis For Dummies

Introduction.Part I: Defining Technical Analysis.Chapter 1: Opening the Technical Analysis Toolbox.Chapter 2: Uncovering the Essence of Market Movement.Chapter 3: Going with the Flow: Market Sentiment.Part II: Preparing Your Mind for Technical Analysis.Chapter 4: Using Chart Indicators.Chapter 5: Managing the Trade.Part III: Observing Market Behavior.Chapter 6: Reading Basic Bars: Showing How Security Prices Move.Chapter 7: Reading Special Bar Combinations: Small Patterns.Chapter 8: Redrawing the Price Bar: Japanese Candlesticks.Part IV: Finding Patterns.Chapter 9: Seeing Patterns.Chapter 10: Drawing Trendlines.Chapter 11: Transforming Channels into Forecasts.Part V: Dynamic Analysis.Chapter 12: Using Dynamic Lines.Chapter 13: Measuring Momentum.Chapter 14: Estimating Volatility.Chapter 15: Ignoring Time: Point-and-Figure Charting.Chapter 16: Combining Techniques.Chapter 17: Should You Build a Trading System? Part VI: The Part of Tens.Chapter 18: Ten Secrets of the Top Technical Traders.Chapter 19: Ten Rules for Working with Indicators.Appendix: Resources.Index.
Ground-Plane Constant Beamwidth Transducer (CBT) Loudspeaker Circular-Arc Line Arrays

This paper describes a design variation of the CBT loudspeaker line array that is intended to operate very close to a planar reflecting surface. The original free-standing CBT array is halved lengthwise and then positioned close to a flat surface so that acoustic reflections essentially recreate the missing half of the array. This halved array can then be doubled in size which forms an array which is double the height of the original array. When compared to the original free-standing array, the ground-plane CBT array provides several advantages including: 1. elimination of detrimental floor reflections, 2. doubles array height, 3. doubles array sensitivity, 4. doubles array maximum SPL capability, 5. extends vertical beamwidth control down an octave, and 6. minimizes near-far variation of SPL. This paper explores these characteristics through sound-field simulations and over-the-ground-plane measurements of three systems: 1. a conventional two-way compact monitor, 2. an experimental un-shaded straight-line array, and 3. an experimental CBT Legendre-shaded circular-arc curved-line array.
Cell envelope stress responses upon protein overproduction in Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis wordt gebruikt in de productie van veel enzymen die nuttig zijn in de was en levensmiddelenindustrie en voor de ontwikkeling van farmaceutische producten. Ondanks eerdere verbeteringen van B. subtilis als een productiestam, door veranderingen van factoren die de verschillende stadia van de productie of secretie van enzymen beperken, kan eiwitproductie nog steeds moeilijk zijn. In dit proefschrift zijn stressreacties geidentificeerd, die geactiveerd worden door de intensieve productie van homo- en heterologe eiwitten. Een specifieke reactie op membraan stress is gekarakteriseerd, inclusief de inductie van een mogelijk membraan-geassocieerd protease, en een nieuwe repressor van deze reactie is geidentificeerd. Ook de onmisbaarheid van PrsA, een foldase die verantwoordelijk is voor een correcte vouwing van uitgescheiden eiwitten, is onderzocht. Dat PrsA essentieel is werd aangetoond omdat het indirect betrokken is bij laterale celwand biosynthese. B. subtilis is in staat om efficienter gebruik te maken van voedinsstoffen door de expressie van genen te reguleren via CcpA gebonden aan cre boxen. Deze regulatie is relevant voor de industrie om de kweek van cellen in grote fermentaties te optimaliseren. cre boxen zijn geanalyseerd op een genoom-brede schaal. Verschillen in cre sequenties en posities ten opzichte van de transcriptie-startsites bleken de regulerende efficientie te bepalen. Dit proefschrift levert kennis over de moleculaire reacties van B. subtilis op de overproductie van membraaneiwitten en uitgescheiden eiwitten, die gebruikt kan worden voor verdere verbetering van B. subtilis als eiwitproductie-host. Bovendien biedt het gedetailleerd inzicht in de rol van de cre boxen bij de genexpressieregulering door de CcpA.
Development of an Object-oriented Anthropometric Database for an Ergonomic Man Model

An object-oriented anthropometric database was developed as a framework of integrating into an ergonomic interface model, data for workplace modelling, and ergonomic evaluation functions as well as basic anthropometric data required to construct a man model. In order to develop an ergonomic man model representing operators that interact with their working environments, not only anthropometric data but also efficient handling of such data and accurate representation of the workspace are needed as a prerequisite to proper ergonomic evaluation. In this research, these three sets of data with distinct characteristics were incorporated into a common integrated database needed for the manipulation of an ergonomic man model together with the generation of an anthropometric man itself. An object-oriented database scheme was used for designing the database to achieve flexibility and expandability, and to efficiently interface to any CAD system. UniSQL/X, an object-oriented database management system and the X-window system on a SPARC workstation were used for implementation. The ergonomic man model generated from the object-oriented database is found to possess great flexibility and performance compared with existing ergonomic interface models or ergonomic CAD systems.
A physical insight into variation aware minimum V DD for deep subthreshold operation of FinFET

Several ultra-low power applications, that do not require high performance, can benefit from operation at the lowest possible supply voltage. Scaling of supply voltage is an effective method to reduce the energy consumption in digital circuits. The fundamental limit for supply voltage has been established as 36 mV for planar complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits based on Shannon’s channel capacity theorem. Owing to its near ideal sub-threshold characteristics, fin field effect transistor (FinFET) devices are a better fit for ultra-low voltage applications than planar devices. In this work, the fundamental limit on supply voltage for FinFET based logic circuits has been established for the first time. This theoretical limit is found to be significantly lower than the limit for planar CMOS circuits. The effect of variation of temperature and device design parameters on this fundamental limit is also explored. The analysis is extended to other logic gates such as NAND gate. Since the operation of a FinFET device in the ultra-low voltage domain is quite different from its planar counterpart, a novel physics based, semi-empirical current equation valid for supply voltage below 100 mV has been proposed for a FinFET device to calculate this fundamental limit. Such a current model is of great importance to a circuit designer because of the ease it offers for the back of the envelope calculations. The logic gates operating in this regime are then analyzed using this proposed model.
Optimal routes for electric vehicles facing uncertainty, congestion, and energy constraints

There are many benefits of owning a battery electric vehicle, including zero tailpipe emissions, potential independence from oil, lower fuel costs, and the option to recharge the battery at home. However, a significant concern about owning a battery electric vehicle is range anxiety: the fear that the battery will run out of charge before the driver reaches his or her destination. We address range anxiety by providing a robust optimization framework to give drivers confidence that they can reach their destinations in a reasonable amount of time with enough energy in the battery, even when there is uncertainty in travel time and energy consumption on the roads. The robust optimization appropriately incorporates uncertainty without significantly increasing the complexity of the problem. This thesis describes that optimization framework and how to use it on real-world examples to find appropriate routes, with a central part being the application of robust optimization to the problem. We develop an energy model, an optimization-based formulation using robust optimization, and algorithms to quickly find good routes for battery electric vehicles. The combination of using robust optimization, the A-Star algorithm to find shortest paths, and Lagrangian relaxation allows us to solve the problem in seconds or less. For one example start and destination, our algorithms required less than 2 seconds for each instance (energy consumption limit). In addition, for example trips, we compute a Pareto frontier to illustrate the time-energy tradeoff from driving different routes. We use Lagrangian relaxation to provide lower
The Lithuanian Block of the Escb Multi-Country Model

This paper presents preliminary results of modelling the Lithuanian block of the ESCB Multi-Country Model, LT_MCM. The theoretical structure of the LT_MCM is in line with most current mainstream macro models, i.e. supply factors determine the long-run equilibrium, while output is demand determined in the short run. Starting with a brief overview of the common features and main building blocks of a typical MCM country model block, we report the preliminary results of estimation of the Lithuanian MCM block. To illustrate the main characteristics of the estimated model, some standard shocks are introduced in the model and the responses studied. Compared to other MCM country blocks, we find that the Lithuanian macro model is characterised by relatively large and rapid response to shocks. Model simulation reveals that, compared to domestic prices, GDP is more responsive to shocks in the short run, while investment on average is more volatile than private consumption. The latter findings are similar to those reported for other EU country macro models.