Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Yeadon, M.R. 2005. What are the limitations of experimental and theoretical approaches in sports biomechanics? In Philosophy and the Sciences of Exercise, Health and Sport: Critical Perspectives on Research Methods (Ed

Introduction In these days of the sound byte and the buzz word we often here the phrase “World Class Sports Science Support”. This seems to conjure up the notion of “World Class Sports Science” but actually refers to the “Sports Science Support” provided to world class sports competitors. The phrase “Sports Science Support” suggests support that is based on the results of sports science research. There is much to be said for this intention but there are a number of factors that limit the theoretical underpinning of such support in sports biomechanics and other branches of sports science. Firstly, it should be noted that while there are some findings that are applicable to the majority of sports, the most useful results are often sportspecific. For example the requirements for success in gymnastics from the perspectives of biomechanics, physiology, psychology and sociology of gymnastics are all quite different from the corresponding requirements for success in field hockey. This means that in order to provide well informed advice on a particular sport from the perspective of a particular discipline it is necessary to have a body of research for that discipline-sport combination. Secondly, while the amount of sports science research is steadily increasing, the disciplinary study of individual sports is limited both by the large number of sports and by the relatively small number of sports scientists undertaking such research. As a consequence “World Class Sports Science Support” will continue to be support that has a relatively weak foundation of relevant research. This will remain the situation until such time as some agency takes responsibility for the funding of sports science research. So what is sports science research? What can it achieve? What are its limitations? This chapter will attempt to address such issues in the context of sports biomechanics research.
Identification of molecular markers for the diagnostic identification of the intracellular prokaryote associated with the appearance of withering syndrome in the abalone Haliotis midae

Withering syndrome is a severe disease of abalone, Haliotis species that has been associated with mortality ranging from 99% in black, H. cracherodii Leach and 30% in red abalone, H. rufescens Swainson. The disease was first observed in California, along the west coast of North America and is an economically important disease that has led to the closure of the black abalone fishery throughout the southern California State. The causative agent of withering syndrome is a gramnegative intracellular Rickettsiales-like prokaryote designated Candidatus xenohaliotis californiensis. The geographical range of C. xenohaliotis californiensis is broad, besides red and black abalone it has also been reported in yellow, H. corrugate and blue abalone, H. fulgens all caught in Baja California, Mexico. In 2000 a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote resembling the disease-causing agent was observed in the digestive gland of the South African abalone H. midae. In this study we aimed to determine the relationship of the bacterium observed in the local abalone species, H. midae to the disease-causing agent of withering syndrome. A specific PCR and in situ hybridization test using primers and probes specific for the C. xenohaliotis californiesis 16S rDNA gene were used to screen H. midae digestive gland tissues showing classical features of the Rickettsiales-like prokaryote. Both analyses indicated that C. xenohaliotis californiensis is not present in the local abalone species. We therefore aimed the identification of the organism parasiting the local abalone species by DNA sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA gene. The 16S rDNA gene was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees, constructed by maximum parsimony analysis revealed a diverse community comprised of α Proteobacteria, Mollicutes and Spirochaetes. In the class α Proteobacteria a novel group of sequences showing phylogenetic affinities to the order Rickettsiales was identified as likely candidate for forming the Rickettsiales-like inclusions in the digestive gland of H. midae. Oligonucleotide probes that bind to four variable regions of the novel group were used to confirm their presence in infected H. midae digestive gland tissue by in situ hybridization. Although these probes did not recognize the inclusions formed by the III Rickettsiales-like organisms, they revealed the presence of a group of free-living bacteria abundant in the host tissue. We therefore conclude that (1) C.xenohaliotis californiensis is not present in the SouthAfrican abalone, H. midae; (2) the organisms isolated from the digestive gland of H. midae are part of the normal microflora and (3) the group of sequences showing phylogenetic affinities to the order Rickettsiales is not responsible for the Rickettsiales-like inclusions in infected digestive gland tissues but represent a novel group of organisms that are abundant in the host tissue.
Lexical Planning in L2 Sentence Production: Evidence from ERPs

This study examined the scope of lexical planning in second language (L2) production using the semantic blocking effect and its associated patterns of ERPs. The semantic blocking effects—as measured by longer response times in picture naming tasks and often interpreted as a reflection of difficulty in lexical access—have been observed when all objects of a set belong to an identical semantic category than diverse categories. Two experiments were conducted to observe patterns of ERPs associated with the semantic blocking effects (i.e., semantic context effects) by using two types of subject nounphrases that include two nouns, a head noun modified by a prepositional phrase (PP) (e.g., the dog above the flower is red) and a conjoined noun phrase (CNP) (e.g., the dog and the flower are both red). The first noun (homogeneous vs. heterogeneous) in the set of pictures was manipulated in Experiment 1, and the second noun in Experiment 2. The ERP results showed that semantic blocking effects were observed in both experiments, in contrast to previous findings for native speaker production, providing no evidence for incremental planning in L2 sentence production. Instead, different ERP patterns were found for the subject NP type (PP vs. CNP) in both experiments, showing that the lexical planning scope in L2 sentence production might vary according to functional phrases—i.e., the relation between two NPs composing the subject noun-phrases.
Concept and Requirements for Airport Surface Conflict Detection and Resolution

The paper deals with the concept and requirement for airport surface Conflict Detection and Resolution (CD&R). The scope of the proposed CD&R concept spans across three different timeframes: (i) near-term (2015), (ii) mid-term (2020), and (iii) far-term (2025). Enabling technologies such as (i) surveillance, (ii) airport surface operations planning automation, (iii) clearance delivery mechanism, (iv) clearance information available to CD&R automation, and (v) flight-deck automation are studied. The paper identifies the functional requirements for the CD&R automation system such as aircraft state estimation module and aircraft trajectory prediction module. Detalied descriptions of the individual algorithms are beyond the scope of the current paper and will be presented in a future paper. However, preliminary closed-loop simulation results obtained with the conflict detection and resolution system are presented.
The origin of the Milky Way globular clusters

We present a cosmological zoom-in simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy used to explore the formation and evolution of star clusters. We investigate in particular the origin of the bimodality observed in the colour and metallicity of globular clusters, and the environmental evolution through cosmic times in the form of tidal tensors. Our results self-consistently confirm previous findings that the blue, metal-poor clusters form in satellite galaxies that are accreted on to the Milky Way, while the red, metal-rich clusters form mostly in situ, or, to a lower extent, in massive, self-enriched galaxies merging with the Milky Way. By monitoring the tidal fields these populations experience, we find that clusters formed in situ (generally centrally concentrated) feel significantly stronger tides than the accreted ones, both in the present day, and when averaged over their entire life. Furthermore, we note that the tidal field experienced by Milky Way clusters is significantly weaker in the past than at present day, confirming that it is unlikely that a power-law cluster initial mass function like that of young massive clusters, is transformed into the observed peaked distribution in the Milky Way with relaxation-driven evaporation in a tidal field.
Comparative study on effect of Natural and Synthetic super Disintegrants in the formulation of Carbamazepine Fast Dissolving Tablets

A direct compression method was used to prepare fast dissolving tablets containing Carbamazepine as a model drug using natural as well as synthetic superdisintegrants such as isolated mucilage of Plantago ovata and croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate respectively. Prepared formulations were evaluated for precompression parameters such as micromeritic properties like angle of repose, %compressibility and Hausner’s ratio. Tablets were also subjected to postcompression analysis for the parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration time, wetting time, drug content, in vitro dissolution study, and stability studies. The prepared tablets were characterized by FTIR for drug-excipient compatibility study. No chemical interaction between drug and excipients was confirmed by FTIR studies. The stability study conducted as per the ICH guidelines and the formulations were found to be stable. The results concluded that amongst all formulations prepared with mucilage of Plantago ovata showed better superdisintegrating property than the most widely used synthetic superdisintegrant like croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate.
Automatic Text-Independent Speaker Tracking System

Speaker tracking system aims to detect speech segments corresponding to known target speakers in a known audio resource. Three major applications of speaker tracking are broadcast news, meetings or seminars and telephone conversations. Speaker tracking system finds the conversations between several speech sources (persons) in which few are already enrolled to speech tracking system and other are unknown speech sources, and a target speaker will be chosen in a set of enrolled users. In the first step, speech is segmented in to knowledge about speakers. Then, the resulting segments are checked to belong to one of the target speakers. Speaker tracking is also analyzed by lip motion features and dynamic facial muscle model. The main disadvantage with the above approaches s the speaker has to be physically present. To overcome this disadvantage s peaker tracking using voice is used. The aim of my proposed research work is modified Speaker tracking procedure, which results in higher tracking rates which is very useful technique for many clients. To provide smooth flow of tracking and detecting speakers in mu lti-party conversations by maintaining the performance, clarity of online speaker tracking system and to manage high number of different speakers and also to encounter unseen speakers, we are proposing hidden Markov model for segmenting and classifying speakers.
Gravity Model of Turkish Agricultural Exports to the European Union

This study analyzes the determinants of Turkish agricultural exports to the European Union (EU) by estimating the gravity model for the panel of 23 trading partners in the EU covering the period 1996-2004. We find that Turkish agricultural exports to the EU are positively correlated with the size of the economy, the importer population, the Turkish population living in the EU countries, the non-Mediterranean climatic environment, and the membership to the EU-Turkey Customs Union Agreement while they are negatively correlated with agricultural arable land of the EU countries and geographical distance between Turkey and the EU countries. This paper was presented at the 18th International Conference of the International Trade and Finance Association, May 22, 2008, meeting at Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.Keywords: Gravity model, panel data, Turkish agricultural exports, the EU. JEL Classification: C23, F14.
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF FIVE ANKLE INVERSION LIGAMENTOUS SPRAIN INJURY CASES IN TENNIS

Ankle sprain injury is very common in sport and this study investigated its kinematics. Five injury incidents captured in televised tennis competitions were analysed by a modelbased image-matching motion analysis technique. Results showed a trend of sudden ankle inversion and internal rotation but not plantarflexion. The peak inversion was achieved explosively in a very short time, which is within 0.09-0.17s, after the foot strike. All but one case presented with a slightly inverted ankle joint at foot strike of 10-24 degrees, which should have incited the injury event. We recommend tennis players who perform repetitive sideward cutting motions to attempt to land with a neutral ankle orientation, and to keep their centre of plantar pressure from shifting to the lateral aspect, in order to prevent an ankle inversion sprain injury.
Thermodynamics of Philicphobic Interaction Shift in Aqueous Tweens 20 to 80

Density (ρ ± 10 -3 kg m -3 ), surface tension (γ ± 10 -2 mNm -1 ) for 8.4 to 83.6 mmolkg -1 at 8 m molkg -1 interval aqueous polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (C=12, Tw20), monopalmitate (C=16, Tw40), monostearate (C=18, Tw60) and monooleate (C=18, 1 double bond, Tw80) nonionic surfactants at 293.15 K are reported. Apparent molar volumes (V 2 ) are derived from densities. The γ is used for surface excess tension (γ excess ), concentration (τ) and area per molecule. The ρ and γ were regressed for ρ 0 and γ 0 limiting and slopes for shift from hydrophilic to hydrophobic interactions (philicphobic). The ρ 0 Tw20 >ρ 0 Tw40 >ρ 0 Tw80 > ρ 0 Tw60 and V 2 0 Tw60 > V 2 0 Tw40 > V 2 0 Tw80 > V 2 0 Tw20 as limiting densities and molal volume respectively in opposite order with stronger structural interaction with Tw20 and weaker with Tw60. The γ water >γ 0 Tw80 >γ 0 Tw40 >γ 0 Tw20 >γ 0 Tw60 inferred 18% weaker cohesive force (CF) and 22.68% with T60.
Irrigation history and pruning effect on growth and yield of jatropha on a plantation in southeastern Brazil

Jatropha is an oilseed culture that has been highlighted due some specific agronomic aspects. This plant produces high oil quantities in its seeds that is used for biodiesel production. One of the major challenges regarding to the Jatropha cultivation is the lack of information on many management techniques, especially the irrigation and pruning management in adult plants in southeastern Brazil. The objective of this study was to study the combined effect of irrigation history and different pruning on Jatropha plant growth and yield. The experiment was conducted during the 4th year of Jatropha growing season at University of Sao Paulo experimental area in Piracicaba, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in randomized block with four replications and treatments were considered the pruning type: No pruning (P1), pruning at 1.5 m high and 2 m canopy diameter (P2), pruning at 2 m high and 2 m canopy diameter (P3). In addition, two water conditions were also evaluated: Irrigated (I) and rainfed conditions (R). Plant growth (height and canopy diameter) and leaf area index (LAI) were evaluated monthly and productive variables were determined at the end of the experiment. Irrigation history influenced canopy diameter, absolute growth rates for plant height and canopy diameter, the relative growth rate for canopy diameter, and all productive variables. Pruning provided differences in all growth variables, where P2 presented the highest average on plant growth rates. The plants under irrigation history conditions showed the highest yield. Key words: Jatropha curcas L. , oilseeds, center pivot, water management, biofuels.
One- and two-sided assembly line balancing problems with real-world constraints

In this study, we consider balancing problems of one- and two-sided assembly lines with real-world constraints like task or machine incompatibilities. First, we study the one-sided assembly line balancing problem (ALBP) with a limited number of machine types per workstation. Using a genetic algorithm (GA), we find optimal results for real-world instances. A set of larger test cases is used to compare two well-established solution approaches, namely GA and tabu search (TS). Additionally, we apply a specific differential evolution algorithm (DE), which has recently been proposed for the considered ALBP. Our computational results show that DE is clearly dominated by GA. Furthermore, we show that GA outperforms TS in terms of computational time, if capacity constraints are tight. Given the algorithm’s computational performance as well as the fact that it can easily be adapted to additional constraints, we then use it to solve two-sided ALBP. Three types of constraints and two different objectives are considered. We outperform all previously published methods in terms of solution quality and computational time. Finally, we are the first to provide feasible test instances as well as benchmark results for fully constrained two-sided ALB.
Business Confidence in South Africa: Identifying Key Domestic Drivers and The Nature Of Their Impact.

The primary objective of this paper is to empirically assess the magnitude, direction and significance of the impact of selected domestic macroeconomic fundamentals on business confidence index for the South African economy. This particular focus of the paper comes at a time in the history of the South African economy when the business climate and investor confidence is at its lowest. According to South African Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SACCI, 2016), the business confidence index reached a 22-year low record of 79.6 in December 2015 before slipping further down to its all-time low of 79.3 in May this year. The auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) model proposed by Pesaran et al (2001) is employed on quarterly data spanning the period 1975 ? 2015 and 2002 ? 2015 for two models; total business confidence and financial services business confidence respectively. We attempt to explore the relationship between business confidence and selected domestic macroeconomic indicators. Empirical results showed that real economic growth, interest rate, exchange rate, inflation outlook and stock market performance have significant impacts on business confidence. Hence, our study empirically supports the notion that macroeconomic stability drives business confidence. The results stress the need by the government to ensure that the business environment is conducive for doing business in order to boost business confidence. By instilling and preserving the needed business confidence in the financial sector and the larger economy, growth prospects and aspirations of a country improve.
The Benefits and Costs of JTPA Title II-A Programs: Key Findings from the National Job Training Partnership Act Study

This paper examines the benefits and costs of Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) Title II-A programs for economically disadvantaged adults and out-of-school youths. It is based on a 21,000-person randomized experiment conducted within ongoing Title II-A programs at 16 local JTPA Service Delivery Areas (SDAs) from around the country. In the paper, we present the background and design of our study, describe the methodology used to estimate program impacts, present estimates of program impacts on earnings and educational attainment, and assess the overall success of the programs studied through a benefit-cost analysis.
Roles of DNA methyltransferases in Arabidopsis development

DNA methylation plays a vital role during development in gene expression and chromatin organization. DNA methyl transferases catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to bases within the DNA helix. Plants differ from animals in having methylation at the sites of CHG and CHH. In plant, there are at least four classes of cytosine methyltransferase: MET1, CMT3, DRM and DNMT2. They show distinct expression patterns and levels in tissues and developmental stages and differential activity on cytosines in different sequence contexts. Mutations that cause severe loss of DNA methylation often leads to abnormal development. In the present review, we summarized recent findings of the three major DNA methyltransferases mutants playing vital role in development of Arabidopsis thaliana . Keywords: DNA methylation, epigenetics, methyltransferase, mutant
FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE ENERGY TUNNELING IN WIRE-LOADED NARROW WAVEGUIDE CHANNELS

Frequency-dependent energy tunneling that results in full transmission of electromagnetic energy through wire-loaded sharp waveguide bends is demonstrated by full-wave simulations. The frequencies at which the tunneling takes place is predicted by a numerical method that involves a variational impedance formula based on Green function of a probe-excited parallel plate waveguide. Analogous tunneling efiects have also been previously observed in waveguide bends fllled with epsilon-near-zero media. However, since the frequency response in the wire-loaded waveguides can be tailored by simply modifying the lengths of the wires, the phenomenon is scalable over a broad range of frequencies and can be potentially exploited in various flltering and multiplexing applications.
PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS, PORINS A N D OUTER-MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY OF CARBENICILLIN- RESISTANT AND -SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Reduced cell permeability and target penicillin-binding protein modification were investigated as mechanisms of intrinsic resistance in strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbenicillin (MIC > 128 mg/L) independently of p-lactamase production. The carbenicillin-resistant strains were also remarkably resistant to other P-lactams, quinolones, tetracyline and chloramphenicol, whereas carbenicillin-hypersusceptible strains (MIC < 2 mg/L) were very sensitive to these antimicrobial compounds. These observations suggested a non-specific mechanism of resistance involving reduced permeability of the outer layers of the bacterial cell. However, carbenicillin-resistant and carbenicillin-sensitive strains had identical porin levels and the target penicillin-binding proteins of carbenicillin-resistant (MIC 256-2048 mg/L), carbenicillin-sensitive (MIC 64 mg/L) and carbenicillin-hypersusceptible (MIC 0.01 5 mg/L) strains were equally sensitive to p-lactams. Thus, subtle changes in porin function or additional outer-membrane barriers regulating permeability may be involved in intrinsic resistance.
Splashback in galaxy clusters as a probe of cosmic expansion and gravity

The splashback radius is a physical scale in dark matter halos that is set by the gravitational dynamics of recently accreted shells. We use analytical models and N-body simulations to study the dependence of splashback on dark energy and screened modified gravity theories. In modified gravity models, the transition from screened to unscreened regions typically occurs in the cluster outskirts, suggesting potentially observable signatures in the splashback feature. We investigate the location of splashback in both chameleon and Vainshtein screened models and find significant differences compared with ΛCDM predictions. We also find an interesting interplay between dynamical friction and modified gravity, providing a distinctive signature for modified gravity models in the behavior of the splashback feature as a function of galaxy luminosity.