Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The multiple maternal legacy of the Late Iron Age group of Urville-Nacqueville (France, Normandy) documents a long-standing genetic contact zone in northwestern France

The compilation of archaeological and genetic data for ancient European human groups has provided persuasive evidence for a complex series of migrations, population replacements and admixture until the Bronze Age. If the Bronze-to-Iron Age transition has been well documented archaeologically, ancient DNA (aDNA) remains rare for the latter period and does not precisely reflect the genetic diversity of European Celtic groups. In order to document the evolution of European communities, we analysed 45 individuals from the Late Iron Age (La Tène) Urville-Nacqueville necropolis in northwestern France, a region recognized as a major cultural contact zone between groups from both sides of the Channel. The characterization of 37 HVS-I mitochondrial sequences and 40 haplogroups provided the largest maternal gene pool yet recovered for the European Iron Age. First, descriptive analyses allowed us to demonstrate the presence of substantial amounts of steppe-related mitochondrial ancestry in the community, which is consistent with the expansion of Bell Beaker groups bearing an important steppe legacy in northwestern Europe at approximately 2500 BC. Second, maternal genetic affinities highlighted with Bronze Age groups from Great Britain and the Iberian Peninsula regions tends to support the idea that the continuous cultural exchanges documented archaeologically across the Channel and along the Atlantic coast (during and after the Bronze Age period) were accompanied by significant gene flow. Lastly, our results suggest a maternal genetic continuity between Bronze Age and Iron Age groups that would argue in favour of a cultural transition linked to progressive local economic changes rather than to a massive influx of allochthone groups. The palaeogenetic data gathered for the Urville-Nacqueville group constitute an important step in the biological characterization of European Iron age groups. Clearly, more numerous and diachronic aDNA data are needed to fully understand the complex relationship between the cultural and biological evolution of groups from the period.
Interactive comment on “The variability of urban aerosol size distributions and optical properties in São Paulo – Brazil: new particle formation events

The manuscript presents an aerosol climatology based on 3 months of observations during the late spring/early summer in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The observations include aerosol number concentrations, aerosol size distributions between 0.8-800 nm, and aerosol light scattering and absorption coefficients. The analysis also includes data from a nearby SO2 monitoring site. The analysis includes comparisons to previous observations, including heavily populated areas such as New Delhi and Beijing, examinations of the diurnal and weekday patterns in the observations, and an investigation into new particle formation events observed at the site.
Bystander Intervention to Prevent Sexual Violence: The Overlooked Role of Bystander Alcohol Intoxication.

Objectives Bystander training is a promising form of sexual violence (SV) prevention that has proliferated in recent years. Though alcohol commonly accompanies SV, there has been little consideration of the potential impact of bystander alcohol intoxication on SV prevention. The aims of this commentary are to provide an integrative framework for understanding the proximal effect of alcohol on SV intervention, provide recommendations to spark novel research, and guide the application of research to bystander programming efforts. Method This commentary begins with a review of existing bystander training programs and the need to target alcohol use and misuse in these programming efforts. Next, pertinent alcohol and bystander theories and research are drawn from to develop a framework for the proximal effect of alcohol on SV intervention. Results The well-established decision-making model of bystander behavior (Latané & Darley, 1970) and Alcohol Myopia Theory (Josephs & Steele, 1990) are used to identify potential barriers to SV intervention that may be created or exacerbated by alcohol use. Additionally, the ways in which alcohol may facilitate intervention are discussed. Conclusions Specific recommendations are made for elucidating the relationship between alcohol and bystander behavior and testing the impact of alcohol at each level of the presented framework. Methodological and analytic concerns are discussed, including the need for more multi-method studies. Recommendations to guide the application of the present framework to SV prevention programming efforts are provided and consider how the proximal effects of alcohol impact intervention.
Aerosol decadal trends - Part 1: In-situ optical measurements at GAW and IMPROVE stations

Currently many ground-based atmospheric sta- tions include in-situ measurements of aerosol physical and optical properties, resulting in more than 20 long-term (> 10 yr) aerosol measurement sites in the Northern Hemi- sphere and Antarctica. Most of these sites are located at re- mote locations and monitor the aerosol particle number con- centration, wavelength-dependent light scattering, backscat- tering, and absorption coefficients. The existence of these multi-year datasets enables the analysis of long-term trends of these aerosol parameters, and of the derived light scatter- ing ˚ Angstr¨ om exponent and backscatter fraction. Since the aerosol variables are not normally distributed, three different methods (the seasonal Mann-Kendall test associated with the Sen's slope, the generalized least squares fit associated with an autoregressive bootstrap algorithm for confidence inter- vals, and the least-mean square fit applied to logarithms of the data) were applied to detect the long-term trends and their magnitudes. To allow a comparison among measurement sites, trends on the most recent 10 and 15 yr periods were cal- culated. No significant trends were found for the three con- tinental European sites. Statistically significant trends were found for the two European marine sites but the signs of the trends varied with aerosol property and location. Statistically significant decreasing trends for both scattering and absorp- tion coefficients (mean slope of 2.0 % yr 1 ) were found for most North American stations, although positive trends were found for a few desert and high-altitude sites. The difference in the timing of emission reduction policy for the Europe and US continents is a likely explanation for the decreasing trends in aerosol optical parameters found for most American
Tracing the Roots of Cognition in Predictive Processing

Can PP (Predictive Processing) help us understand “the roots of cognition”, and how we may have acquired (during evolution and/or development) our sophisticated cognitive abilities from the relatively simpler adaptive control mechanisms of our early evolutionary ancestors? Here I make the case that some cognitive operations may be constructed as detached actions — where the detachment process rests on the construction of generative PP models, which permit one to internalize action-environment dynamics. I provide three examples. The first example focuses on the role of internally-generated sequences of (hippocampal) neuronal activity across goal-directed navigation and detached tasks such as planning. This example illustrates how neuronal sequences (putatively forming an internal model for spatial navigation) may have a “dual use”: they may support both overt navigation and covert cognitive operations while running, respectively, in stimulus-based and internally-generated modes. Furthermore, the latter (internally-generated) mode may be considered a form of internalization of the former (stimulus-based) mode. The second example focuses on actions to resolve epistemic uncertainty, and the formal similarity in PP between epistemic actions that are executed overtly (e.g., exploration) and those executed covertly (e.g., episodic retrieval). This example illustrates the possibility of defining mental actions, such as reducing one’s uncertainty before making a choice, as internalized information foraging acts that have the same intentionality as externally-directed actions. The third example focuses on the detachment of cognitive goals such as “eating in a fancy restaurant” from homeostatic drives such as “being satiated”. This example illustrates that by internalizing regulatory loops within hierarchical PP models, one can build cognitive goals that can in turn enjoy some form of detachment — for example, one can go to a restaurant or buy food even when one is not hungry. I discuss these examples in relation to alternative theories of how higher cognition originates from (or is independent of) action-perception loops, including various versions of action-oriented, embodied and enactivist views. Keywords
Chloro- and Dichloro-methylsulfonyl Nitrenes: Spectroscopic Characterization, Photoisomerization, and Thermal Decomposition

Chloro- and dichloro-methylsulfonyl nitrenes, CH2ClS(O)2N and CHCl2S(O)2N, have been generated from UV laser photolysis (193 and 266 nm) of the corresponding sulfonyl azides CH2ClS(O)2N3 and CHCl2S(O)2N3, respectively. Both nitrenes have been characterized with matrix-isolation IR and EPR spectroscopy in solid N2 (10 K) and glassy toluene (5 K) matrices. Triplet ground-state multiplicity of CH2ClS(O)2N (|D/hc| = 1.57 cm−1 and |E/hc| = 0.0026 cm−1) and CHCl2S(O)2N (|D/hc| = 1.56 cm−1 and |E/hc| = 0.0042 cm−1) has been confirmed. In addition, dichloromethylnitrene CHCl2N (|D/hc| = 1.57 cm−1 and |E/hc| = 0 cm−1), formed from SO2-elimination in CHCl2S(O)2N, has also been identified for the first time. Upon UV light irradiation (365 nm), the two sulfonyl nitrenes R–S(O)2N (R = CH2Cl and CHCl2) undergo concomitant 1,2-R shift to N-sulfonlyamines R–NSO2 and 1,2-oxygen shift to S-nitroso compounds R–S(O)NO, respectively. The identification of these new species with IR spectroscopy is supported by 15N labeling experiments and quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level. In contrast, the thermally-generated sulfonyl nitrenes CH2ClS(O)2N (600 K) and CHCl2S(O)2N (700 K) dissociate completely in the gas phase, and in both cases, HCN, SO2, HCl, HNSO, and CO form. Additionally, ClCN, OCCl2, HNSO2, •NSO2, and the atmospherically relevant radical •CHCl2 are also identified among the fragmentation products of CHCl2S(O)2N. The underlying mechanisms for the rearrangement and decomposition of CH2ClS(O)2N and CHCl2S(O)2N are discussed based on the experimentally-observed products and the calculated potential energy profile.
Instrument for the quality analysis of power systems based on the wavelet packet transform

: This letter presents the design and implementation of a computer-based instrument to virtually monitor the quality of voltage, current, and power in electric power systems. The proposed instrument is capable of performing online measurement functions, including data acquisition, display, and analysis, as well as data archiving. The analysis of concurrent voltage and current waveforms is performed using the wavelet packet transform (WPT) technique to provide the value of power quality (PQ) indices. In particular, the instrument also enables us to display both the temporal and spectral relationship of the original waveforms. Results of actual data are reported to validate the performance of the developed instrument.
Shifts within ecological modernization in South Africa: Deliberation, innovation and institutional opportunities

Abstract Sustainable development is now widely accepted as a policy framework in planning and development both internationally and in South Africa. Within this framework, technocentric scientific approaches to environmental management, which are reflective of weak ecological modernization, have dominated environmental practice both in the developed and developing world. South Africa is a country in transition and as a result environmental law and policy have undergone significant reform. However, implementation and practice remains embedded within a weak ecological modernization approach. Through the lens of two case studies reflecting changing approaches and practices within state institutions, this paper explores the shifts taking place in the construction, adaptation and application of policy frameworks and tools used in the drive towards sustainability in South Africa. The research uses critical approaches to ecological modernization (Hajer, 1995; Christoff, 1996) and deliberative policy analysis (Hajer and Wagenaar, 2003; Hajer, 2003, 2003; Hajer, 2004) to explore these shifts. It suggests that the shift towards strong ecological modernization has taken place as a result of the adaptation of international practice to the South Africa context, the global acceptance of more integrated approaches, the opportunities for change that ‘institutional ambiguity’ and ‘multi-signification’ create, and pockets of innovation that have developed when intellectual actors shift the boundaries of environmental practice.
A Comparison of International Residential Housing Risk Premia

This paper contributes to this debate on the substantial risk-adjusted returns to real estate by first constructing a panel of housing risk premia for 13 OECD countries over a long sample period (1966: Q3 to 2004:Q4), and then exploring the relationship of these risk premia to changes in the financial market depth, equity market activities, property tax system, urbanization, zoning regulations and political orientation of the government. By comparing the experiences of housing markets in various developed countries, this paper adds to our understanding of what constitutes the real estate risk premium.
The response of a Helmholtz resonator to external excitation. Part II:Flow-induced resonance

In the paper a phenomenon of sound production in a resonator driven by an air jet has been investigated. Measurements of sound spectra at the closed end of the resonator cavity were performed to determine the influence of the jet velocity on the frequency and amplitude of excited acoustic oscillations. It was found that in the sound generation process two ranges of the jet velocity could be distinguished where different variations of the oscillation frequency with the growing jet velocity were observed. After the onset of oscillation the frequency increased fast with growing jet velocity and the frequency increment was directly proportional to a value of jet velocity. At higher flow velocities an increase in the frequency was still observed, but the frequency growth was much smaller. The experiment has shown also that due to an excitation of mechanical vibrations of the resonator elements a rapid change in the oscillation frequency occurred. Finally, the experimental data were compared to calculation results to examine the accuracy of the theoretical model, in which a force driving the resonator was predicted from the vortex sound theory and the resonator was modelled by an equivalent impedance circuit. Key words: sound generation, flow-induced resonance, acoustic resonators.
Automatic music transcription using neural networks

The use of artificial intelligence to solve problems that were not previously viable is growing exponentially. One of these problems is obtaining the musical notes (the music score) given a song in audio format. This task has a high complexity due to the large number of notes that can be played at the same time by different instruments. This project makes use of the Musicnet dataset which provides the audio data of 330 songs with their corresponding note labels. To extract relevant information and derive the features, Constant-Q Transform has been applied to transform the audio data to the frequency domain in a logarithmic scale. In addition, one-hot encoding vectors have been used to represent the output data, i.e., the music notes. Then, a deep neural network is trained to recognise the score given the music audio information. A research has been carried out to find the most appropriate methods to solve the problem. Besides, different topologies of neural networks have been developed to find which of them offers the best outcomes. The results obtained are positive since a high percentage of prediction accuracy has been achieved taking into account the great number of combinations that the problem presents.
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Two Sea Cucumbers, Holothuria edulis Lesson and Stichopus horrens Selenka

Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrates of the phylum of Echinodermata that have been used in Asian traditional medicine since ancient times. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of aqueous and organic extracts from two sea cucumber species, Holothuria edulis Lesson (Holothuriidae) and Stichopus horrens Selenka (Stichopodidae). Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by DPPH· and β-carotene bleaching assays, while MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays were used to demonstrate the cytotoxic effects of the extracts against two human cancer cell lines, non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) and esophageal cancer cells (TE1). The results showed that both aqueous and organic extracts of H. edulis were able to scavenge DPPH radical (IC_50 at 2.04 mg/ml and 8.73 mg/ml, respectively). Aqueous and organic extracts of S. horrens inhibited 79.62% and 46.66% of β-carotene oxidation by linoleate free radical. On the other hand, the organic extract of S. horrens exhibited the highest cytotoxic effects against A549 and TE1 cancer cells giving IC_50 at 15.5 and 4.0 μg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, the present study revealed that H. edulis and S. horrens contain promising levels of antioxidant and cytotoxic natural products that might be used for cancer prevention and treatment.
The miR-106a~363Xpcl1 miRNA cluster induces murine T cell lymphoma despite transcriptional activation of the p27Kip1 cell cycle inhibitor

The miR-106a~363 cluster encodes 6 miRNAs on the X-chromosome which are abundant in blood cells and overexpressed in a variety of malignancies. The constituent miRNA of miR-106a~363 have functional activities in vitro that are predicted to be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive, yet little is known about their physiological functions in vivo. Mature miR-106a~363 (Mirc2) miRNAs are processed from an intragenic, non-protein encoding gene referred to as Xpcl1 (or Kis2), situated at an X-chromosomal locus frequently targeted by retroviruses in murine lymphomas. The oncogenic potential of miR-106a~363Xpcl1 has not been proven, nor its potential role in T cell development. We show that miR106a~363 levels normally drop at the CD4+/CD8+ double positive (DP) stage of thymocyte development. Forced expression of Xpcl1 at this stage impairs thymocyte maturation and induces T-cell lymphomas. Surprisingly, miR-106a~363Xpcl1 also induces p27 transcription via Foxo3/4 transcription factors. As a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor, elevated p27 is expected to inhibit lymphomagenesis. Consistent with this, concurrent p27Kip1 deletion dramatically accelerated lymphomagenesis, indicating that p27 is rate limiting for tumor development by Xpcl1. Whereas down-regulation of miR-106a~363 is important for normal T cell differentiation and for the prevention of lymphomas, eliminating p27 reveals Xpcl1's full oncogenic potential.
Social capital uncovered: entrepreneurship networks and cronyism effects on Indonesian manufacturing wealth creation, destruction and (re)-distribution

We study empirically the effects of entrepreneurial social capital on both individual manufacturing establishments and aggregate manufacturing sector growth, disentangling individual and aggregate effects. We look at both a priori positive social capital group membership, foster parenting, and negative social capital corruption networks. We find that corruption seems to have positive impact on individual establishments’ output and productivity growth, that having a foster parent does not significantly increase either output or productivity, and that group membership boosts output growth but not productivity growth. Only bribe payments increase productivity growth, for several reasons: bribes touch most firms, services are rendered in the corruption system but little is done via the foster parenting programme. However low corruption plants contribute the largest share in aggregate TFPG (about 80%), while representing about a third of total employment. High corruption plants also represent a third of employment but contribute negatively: even though corruption seems to bring individual gains, there is obviously a waste of resources for the plants that are paying bribe rates above the median. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW Stretching from development economics to management studies, the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurship has mostly been discussed in terms of the instrumental market value of networks (a mean to achieve economic growth) rather than in terms of their intrinsic value (the aim of development). Sabatini (2005), proposes a review of the literature on the link between social capital and economic development and find that most empirical studies use outcomes of social capital as a proxy for measuring social capital, which is an indication of the difficulty, both from a theoretical and an empirical standpoint, for disentangling social capital as a mean or an end to development. A large fraction of the literature has investigated the many ways in which social capital and trust could influence economic development and economic growth. Heliwell, J.F. (1996) investigates social capital and economic growth in Asia, Temple, J. (1998 & 2001) carries out a similar analysis for Africa and OECD countries respectively, Knack, S. , Keefer, P. (1997) explore the effect of social capital on economic growth on a cross-country basis, Temple, J., Johnson, P.A. (1998) show that, beyond the strict definition of social capital, social development and social capabilities indices have a strong predictory power with regards to economic growth rates, Zak, P., Knack, S. (2001) demonstrate that higher levels of trust within the institutional and economic settings will lead to higher rates of AGSE 2009
THE APOKASC CATALOG: AN ASTEROSEISMIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC JOINT SURVEY OF TARGETS IN THE KEPLER FIELDS

We present the first APOKASC catalog of spectroscopic and asteroseismic properties of 1916 red giants observed in the Kepler fields. The spectroscopic parameters provided from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment project are complemented with asteroseismic surface gravities, masses, radii, and mean densities determined by members of the Kepler Asteroseismology Science Consortium. We assess both random and systematic sources of error and include a discussion of sample selection for giants in the Kepler fields. Total uncertainties in the main catalog properties are of the order of 80 K in Teff, 0.06 dex in [M/H], 0.014 dex in log g, and 12% and 5% in mass and radius, respectively; these reflect a combination of systematic and random errors. Asteroseismic surface gravities are substantially more precise and accurate than spectroscopic ones, and we find good agreement between their mean values and the calibrated spectroscopic surface gravities. There are, however, systematic underlying trends with Teff and log g. Our effective temperature scale is between 0 and 200 K cooler than that expected from the infrared flux method, depending on the adopted extinction map, which provides evidence for a lower value on average than that inferred for the Kepler Input Catalog (KIC). We find a reasonable correspondence between the photometric KIC and spectroscopic APOKASC metallicity scales, with increased dispersion in KIC metallicities as the absolute metal abundance decreases, and offsets in Teff and log g consistent with those derived in the literature. We present mean fitting relations between APOKASC and KIC observables and discuss future prospects, strengths, and limitations of the catalog data.