Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immunodetection of Botrytis‐specific Invertase in Infected Grapes

Invertase (β-fructofuranosidase, EC 3.2.1.26) activity was shown to be stimulated in grape berries after infection with Botrytis cinerea. By using organism-specific extraction methods, evidence was found proving that both partners contribute to the increase in activity. Qualitative analysis of the extracts by SDS-PAGE showed a new invertase species in the botrytised material, with a molecular weight similar to that of Botrytis invertase (BIT). A method allowing the preparative isolation of homogeneous invertase from liquid cultures of B. cinerea in only three steps (ethanol precipitation, DEAE anion exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography) with 50% recovery was developed. BIT appeared to be strongly glycosylated; interestingly, the amount of glycan seemed to vary and had a remarkable influence on the chromatographic behaviour of the enzyme. After chemical deglycosylation with TFMS, the BIT peptide was used for the production of polyclonal antibodies in chickens (anti-BIT-IgY). The antibodies recognised glycosylated as well as deglycosylated BIT, a partial denaturation of the protein being necessary for reaction. This indicates that the deglycosylation procedure had been successful and that the antibodies were in fact directed to the peptide moiety. However, after a short incubation at 70°C, native BIT was detectable by anti-BIT-IgY, while still active. Western blotting with extracts of diseased berries confirmed the fungal origin of the new invertase form. The anti-BIT-IgY proved highly specific, although some cross-reaction with a protein in Monilia laxa extracts occurred. The importance of careful immunogen preparation in the production of specific antibodies, and the potential of BIT as a target molecule for the immunological detection of B. cinerea are discussed.
A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE ON RELATIONSHIPS OF AUSTRALIAN PSEUDOPHRYNE (ANURA: MYOBATRACHIDAE)

Phylogenetic relationships of Pseudophryne and Metacrinia (P. nichollsi) were studied by micro-complement fixation analyses of serum albumin. Metacrinia is not congeneric with Pseudophryne, but Metacrinia and Myobatrachus are sister groups, and the lineage formed by these two genera is the sister group of Pseudophryne. By probing relationships within Pseudophryne we found (1) the western species P. occidentalis and P. guentheri resulted from an early Pleistocene divergence, thus supporting the suppression of Kankanophryne, and (2) P. douglasi evolved earlier from the same western lineage. In the east, P. bibroni, P. australis and P. coriacea are closely related and diverged in the Pliocene; the other four eastern species appear to have evolved in the late Miocene. The eastern Australian radiation is thus coincident with the origin of the western Australian lineages. We see no need to invoke multiple Pleistocene invasions of Tasmania to account for species diversity in southeastern Australia as advocated by Littlejohn and colleagues for 20 years. We argue that the species of Pseudophryne probably evolved through allopatric speciation events. (Albumin; speciation; Aus- tralian frogs; Pseudophryne; Metacrinia.)
The Law of Adaptive Radiation

ONE of the essential features of divergent evolution as conceived in the branching system successively developed by Lamarck, Darwin, Huxley, and Cope has been termed by the writer " adaptive radiation. " This term seems to express most clearly the idea of differentiation of habit in several directions from a primitive type, as shown in the accompanying diagrams. The law is a familiar one ; it results in the formation of analogous radii in different groups of animals. The first comprehensive illustration of the law known to the writer is that under the headings " Homologous Groups " and " Heterology," in Cope's paper of i868 on the "Origin of Genera," reprinted in the Orzrin of the Fittest (pp. 95-io6). This brilliant essay is marred only by great confusion in the use of terms; but the parallelisms in unrelated groups of amphibians and of mammals such as marsupials and placentals, as first observed by Owen, are clearly brought out. In the present paper citations from earlier essays of my own may be given bearing upon gnci-erl adaplive radiation and the independent production of analogous radii under the convergent
Facile synthesis of 5-(alkylidene)thiophen-2(5H)-ones. A new class of antimicrobial agents

5-(Chloromethylene)- and 5-(bromoalkylidene)thiophen-2(5H)-ones are easily prepared from readily available 2-acyl-5-methoxythiophenes in one step by reaction with excess acetyl chloride or acetyl bromide. Other 5-(methylidene)thiophen-2(5H)-ones have been made from 5-(bromomethylene)thiophene-2(5H)-one by treatment with different nucleophiles. Eighteen thiophenones were tested for capacity to reduce biofilm formation by the marine bacterium V. harveyi. All but three compounds reduced biofilm formation markedly. For all effective compounds but one, the relative biofilm reducing capacity was greater than inhibition of bacterial planktonic growth.
Biochemical changes in cassava tuber during fermentation and its effect on extracted starch and residue

The biochemical changes brought about in cassava tubers during fermentation (72 h) with a mixed culture inoculum are delineated. The initial starch content of the four cultivars studied ranged from 216 to 331.3 g kg -1 and only slight decrease in starch occurred after 72 h fermentation, the final values being 200-302.2 g kg -1 . There was a considerable decrease in the sugar content with fermentation in all the cultivars, indicating a predominant utilisation of the easily assimilable sugars by the microorganisms. A sharp decrease in pH (4.3-4.7) was observed after 24 h fermentation itself, resulting from the production of organic acids. There was increased recovery of the starchy flour from the fermented cassava tubers with concomitant decrease in the residue yield. The starchy flour had higher fiber content than that obtained from the non-fermented tubers. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed clustering of starch granules in the starchy flour from fermented tubers.
Dietary lipid and the absorption of Mg and Ca: Effect of corn oil infused via the rumen on the absorption of Mg and Ca in sheep fed white clover

Abstract In sheer fed white clover, increasing the intake of long chain fatty acids by mfusing 52 ml corn oil per day into the rumen significantly increased the faecal excretion of fatty acid soaps, but had no effect on the apparent absorption or plasma concentrations of Mg and Ca. Most of the lipid was absorbed from the small intestine, and the large intestine was the major site of Mg and Ca soap formation. It was concluded that the formation of Mg and Ca soaps was unlikely to influence greatly the absorption of Mg and Ca.
Munidopsis (Decapoda, Anomura) from south-eastern Australia

[Six species of the galatheid genus Munidopsis are recorded for the first time from Australia: M. bispinoculata Baba, 1988, M. dasypus Alcock, 1894, M. edwardsii (Wood-Mason, 1891), M. marginata (Henderson, 1885), M. serricornis (Loven, 1852), and M. verrilli Benedict, 1902. Another, Munidopsis rostrata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880), previously known from Queensland and reported here from Victoria, is a widespread species in both the Atlantic and the Indo-West Pacific, as also is M. serricornis. Munidopsis verrilli shows a disjunct distribution in the eastern Pacific off California and south-eastern Australia. A seventh species, M. victoriae n. sp. , is described as new. Six especes de Galatheides du genre Munidopsis sont signalees pour la premiere fois d'Australie: M. bispinoculata Baba, 1988, M. dasypus Alcock, 1894, M. edwardsii (Wood-Mason, 1891), M. marginata (Henderson, 1885), M. serricornis (Loven, 1852), et M. verrilli Benedict, 1902. Une autre, Munidopsis rostrata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880), connue auparavant de Queensland et signalee ici de Victoria, est une espece repandue a la fois dans l'Atlantique et dans l'Indo-ouest Pacifique, ce qui est aussi le cas de M. serricornis. Munidopsis verrilli presente une distribution discontinue dans l'est du Pacifique au large de la Californie et dans le sud-est de l'Australie. Une septieme espece, M. victoriae n. sp. est decrite comme nouvelle. , Six species of the galatheid genus Munidopsis are recorded for the first time from Australia: M. bispinoculata Baba, 1988, M. dasypus Alcock, 1894, M. edwardsii (Wood-Mason, 1891), M. marginata (Henderson, 1885), M. serricornis (Loven, 1852), and M. verrilli Benedict, 1902. Another, Munidopsis rostrata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880), previously known from Queensland and reported here from Victoria, is a widespread species in both the Atlantic and the Indo-West Pacific, as also is M. serricornis. Munidopsis verrilli shows a disjunct distribution in the eastern Pacific off California and south-eastern Australia. A seventh species, M. victoriae n. sp. , is described as new. Six especes de Galatheides du genre Munidopsis sont signalees pour la premiere fois d'Australie: M. bispinoculata Baba, 1988, M. dasypus Alcock, 1894, M. edwardsii (Wood-Mason, 1891), M. marginata (Henderson, 1885), M. serricornis (Loven, 1852), et M. verrilli Benedict, 1902. Une autre, Munidopsis rostrata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880), connue auparavant de Queensland et signalee ici de Victoria, est une espece repandue a la fois dans l'Atlantique et dans l'Indo-ouest Pacifique, ce qui est aussi le cas de M. serricornis. Munidopsis verrilli presente une distribution discontinue dans l'est du Pacifique au large de la Californie et dans le sud-est de l'Australie. Une septieme espece, M. victoriae n. sp. est decrite comme nouvelle. ]
Differential expression of the auxin primary response gene MASSUGU2/IAA19during tropic responses of Arabidopsis hypocotyls

We have examined the expression pattern of an auxin primary response gene, MSG2/IAA 9, during photo- and gravitropic responses of hypocotyls using a transgenic Arabidopsis harboring MSG2/IAA19 promoter::GUS. The upper portion of most etiolated hypocotyls showed uniform β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining with the strongest activity in the pericycle. When hypocotyls were irradiated with unilateral blue light, GUS activity on the concave side of hypocotyls was decreased, resulting in differential GUS staining with a stronger signal on the convex side. The number of differentially stained hypocotyls peaked at 24 h after the onset of the phototropic stimuli, while hypocotyl curvature continued to increase for the entire 36-h experimental period. This result suggests that the MSG2/IAA19 expression precedes the phototropic responses. When seedlings were grown under dim white light, their hypocotyls displayed almost no GUS activity. The light-grown hypocotyls also showed differential GUS staining after phototropic stimuli as result of the increase in GUS activity on the convex side of hypocotyls, especially in the epidermis, the outer cortex and pericycle, although GUS activity was much weaker than that observed in etiolated hypocotyls. Similar but less obvious differential staining was obtained for gravitropic response of hypocotyls. Considering the recent finding that Aux/IAA proteins are immediate targets of the auxin F box receptors, MSG2/IAA19 is likely to act as one of master genes for tropic responses.
Consumo, cinética digestiva e digestibilidade de nutrientes em equinos atletas alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de soja

The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, digestive kinetics and nutrient digestibility in horses fed diets supplemented with soybean oil inclusion. Fifteen horses were used in a randomized complete design with three diets and five replications. The experimental diets were formulated from a control diet (without soybean oil) with the addition of 8.5% and 19.5% soybean oil. The experiment lasted for 34 days, 30 days for the horses to adapt to the diets and four days for feces collection. The kinetics of the liquid phase of the digesta in the digestive tract was estimated by LIPE® (Purified Enriched Isolated Lignin) in liquid form. LIPE® was given on the 30th day, in a single dose, and the feces samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72 and 78 hours after administration. Dry matter intake of the diets decreased with soybean inclusion. The apparent digestibility coefficient of the ether extract increase in the high fat diets, while the cellulose digestibility decreased with the inclusion of 19.5% soybean oil. The coefficient of digestibility of the other nutrients, except crude protein, and the kinetics of the digesta in the gastrointestinal tract were not altered. Including soybean oil in practical diets for horses enables dry matter intake reduction and increase in the energetic concentration, which is desirable in athletic horses.
Influences of sex, size, and symmetry on ejaculate expenditure in a moth

Although sperm fundamentally function to fertilize eggs, forces arising from both sexes select for optimal ejaculate composition. Sperm competition is one recognized agent in the evolution of sperm and ejaculate structure. Few studies, however, have examined how female factors influence ejaculate structure, despite some behavioral evidence for male mate choice. Male Plodia interpuncteOa (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) accrue all resources for reproduction as larvae. Adults emerge with a limited sperm complement and are therefore under intense selection to optimize gamete allocation. I detected no effect of male body weight on ejaculate size. However, female reproductive potential (ovary masses) was dictated by body weight In addition, heavier females had greater spermathecal volumes, but there was no such relationship with bursal size. Finally, heavier females showed a higher mating frequency. I found that mating males were sensitive to female size and produced larger ejaculates when mating with heavier females. Males may ejaculate more sperm into larger females either because it pays them to "spend" more reproductive resources on matings that provide greater reproductive potential, or because heavier (longer lived and more attractive) females mate more frequently and have larger spermathecal volumes. Alternatively, females may control spermatophore formation and "accept" an appropriate ejaculate to maximize fertility. Males may therefore be also selected to ejaculate more sperm into larger females to counteract greater risks of sperm competition associated with heavier females. There was no association between male or female femur asymmetry and ejaculate size. P. mterpunctella may be selected to exercise modulation of ejaculate size because males invest paternally, sperm for the single reproductive episode are limited, and female fecundity and mating pattern vary between individuals and are associated with body weight. More obvious variability in male reproductive behavior and choice may therefore be paralleled at the cryptic gametic level by plasticity in ejaculate allocation.
New Guinean passerines have globally small clutch-sizes

Abstract Tropical birds have small clutches. The mechanisms responsible for generating this pattern remain debated, and are typically examined by comparing tropical species, with small clutches, to their temperate counterparts, with large clutches. However, variation in clutch-size among tropical regions is seldom considered. We show that New Guinean forest passerines lay markedly smaller clutches (n = 102 species; mean ± s.d. = 1.52 ± 0.48) than other tropical avifaunas. Whereas tropical species commonly lay two-egg clutches, a substantial number of New Guinean passerines appear to solely (38%) or frequently (24%) lay single-egg clutches. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to demonstrate that New Guinean passerines lay significantly smaller clutches than congeneric South-East Asian species. We also show that reductions in clutch-size have occurred multiple times among New Guinean passerines, suggesting phylogenetic constraint does not explain this pattern. Instead, current environmental factors, including high levels of parasitism or predation, may explain why New Guinean passerines lay small clutches. We conclude that variation in clutch-size between tropical regions offers a valuable opportunity to test drivers of this variation, such as parasitism and predation, originally developed within a tropical-temperate framework.
Lipochito‐oligosaccharides re‐initiate root hair tip growth in Vicia sativa with high calcium and spectrin‐like antigen at the tip

Lipochitooligosaccharides, Nod factors secreted by Rhizobium bacteria, are signal molecules that induce deformation of root hairs of their host plant. A bioassay was used for deformation, and the cytological changes induced by specific lipochitooligosaccharides in root hairs of Vicia sativa L. (vetch), grown between glass slides, were examined. In the assay, root hairs of a particular developmental stage, those that were terminating growth, were susceptible to deformation. These hairs obtained characteristics of tipgrowing cells again: (i) a polar cytoplasmic organization and reverse fountain streaming, (ii) an accumulation of a spectrinlike antigen at the tip, and (iii) a tipfocused calcium gradient. Calcium gradients were visualized in Indo1 loaded root hairs with UV confocal microscopy and ratioimaging. The results show that hairs respond to the bacterial signal by recovering cytoplasmic polarity and exocytosis
Benzo(a)pyrene-induced genotoxicity: Attenuation by farnesol in a mouse model

In the present study we have evaluated the antigenotoxic effects of Farnesol (FL) a 15-carbon isoprenoid alcohol against benzo (a) pyrene [B(a)P] (125 mg kg− 1.b.wt oral) induced toxicity. B(a)P administration lead to significant induction in Cytochrome P450 (CYP) content and aryl hydrocarbon hydrolase (AHH) activity (p < 0.001), DNA strand breaks and DNA adducts (p < 0.001) formation. FL was shown to suppress the activities of both CYP and AHH (p < 0.005) in modulator groups. FL pretreatment significantly (p < 0.001) restored depleted levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), quinone reductase (QR) and glutathione –S-transferase (GST). A simultaneous significant and at both the doses reduction was seen in DNA strand breaks and in in-vivo DNA adducts formation (p < 0.005), which gives some insight on restoration of DNA integrity. The results support the protective nature of FL. Hence present data supports FL as a future drug to preclude B (a) P induced toxicity.
Fisheries in southern Brazil: a comparison of their management and sustainability.

Summary Defined as operational units, the estuarine and marine fishing production systems (FPS) from the two southernmost states of Brazil, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul were analyzed using the RAPFISH technique with respect to sustainability of fisheries. The FPS were defined by 49 attributes divided into five fields: economic, social, ecological, technological and managerial. Data were obtained from the literature and interviews with fishers, skippers, and ship owners in 2003 and 2004. Overall, 26 FPS were identified: nine small-scale; three medium-scale; ten large-scale operating on the shelf, upper slope or nearby oceanic waters; and four large-scale fishing systems on the upper slope or neighboring oceanic waters. The latter included only foreign vessels, which produced frozen products exclusively for export. Analyses of 15 selected attributes more closely associated with sustainability in the five fields of evaluation showed all FPS in an intermediate position between the extremes of ideal and bad, reinforcing the perception that no FPS in southern Brazil can be considered truly sustainable; evidence of clearly unsustainable FPS was also not found. Thus RAPFISH fell short of producing a clear pattern that could result in sound management, probably due to disagreement among the different dimensions of sustainability. All five fields of evaluation were equally weighted; however, it could be argued that the biological and ecological status of fisheries were not given enough emphasis in relation to the other dimensions. Dissimilarities within FPS and differences regarding sustainability levels must all be taken into consideration for sound management measures.
Mitochondrial Variation and Biogeographic History of Chinook Salmon

Abstract The genetic variation of many species in the Northern Hemisphere has been influenced by climatic changes during the Pleistocene Epoch. Phylogeographic studies can help determine intraspecific relationships and postglacial recolonization routes for many of these species, potentially leading to a more complete understanding of how flora and fauna respond to dramatic climate change. We analyzed the variation in the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from California to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, to gain insight into the role of Pleistocene glaciation in the genetic structuring of this species. The geographic distribution of haplotypes revealed high levels of genetic diversity in the Columbia River drainage. Nested clade analysis suggests northward expansion from this area during the late Pleistocene, a hypothesis that is further supported by evidence of demographic growth and population expansion in the northern portion of the species' range. Estimates of the.
Differences in Strain Virulence of the European Stone Fruit Yellows Phytoplasma and Susceptibility of Stone Fruit Trees on Various Rootstocks to this Pathogen

Twenty strains of the European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) phytoplasma showed great differences in virulence when examined by graft inoculation of trees on peach, peach hybrid GF 677 and P. Marianna' GF 8/1 rootstocks. The most virulent strains killed all trees on peach rootstocks whereas the mild strains did not cause mortality but induced only mild foliar symptoms and slightly reduced vigour. Virulence often depended on the pathogen-scion combination and was in several cases most severe when the scion consisted of the original host of the pathogen. To examine resistance in stone fruits, trees on a total of 23 rootstocks were inoculated with the ESFY strains. Trees on the Prunus domestica stocks Ackermann's, Brompton and P 1275 and on Prunus cerasifera stock Myrabi were little affected. Slightly more damage occurred in trees on rootstocks GF 677, GF 8-1, and the P. insititia stocks St Julien A and St Julien GF 655/2. Ishtara. P. cerasifera stock Myrobalan. and peach rootstocks Higama and GF 305 were showr to be moderately susceptible and a high susceptibility was found in trees on peach rootstocks Montclar, peach seedling, Rutgers Red Leaf, and Rubira, on apricot seedlings and St Julien 2. Of flowering cherry trees on various rootstocks, the least susceptible were those on Gisela 3 and F 12/1 whereas Gisela 1, Weihroot 158 and Gisela 5 were more affected. Phytoplasmas were detected by either DAPI (4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining or polymerase chain reaction in all rootstocks and scions tested. However, detection frequency and phytoplasma concentrations were usually lower in the more tolerant hosts than in susceptible genotypes.