Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Flywheel Used in Petrol Engine Car

A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir which stores energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than supply. For example, in I.C. engines, the energy is developed only in the power stroke which is much more than engine load, and no energy is being developed during the suction, compression and exhaust strokes in case of four stroke engines. The excess energy is developed during power stroke is absorbed by the flywheel and releases its to the crank shaft during the other strokes in which no energy is developed, thus rotating the crankshaft at a uniform speed. The flywheel is located on one end of the crankshaft and serves two purposes. First, through its inertia, it reduces vibration by smoothing out the power stroke as each cylinder fires. Second, it is the mounting surface used to bolt the engine up to its load. The aim of the project is to design a flywheel for a multi cylinder petrol engine flywheel using the empirical formulas. A 2D drawing is drafted using the calculations. A parametric model of the flywheel is designed using 3D modeling software Pro/Engineer. The forces acting on the flywheel are also calculated. The strength of the flywheel is validated by applying the forces on the flywheel in analysis software ANSYS. Structural analysis, modal analysis and fatigue analysis are done on the flywheel. Structural analysis is used to determine whether flywheel withstands under working conditions. Fatigue analysis is done for finding the life of the component. Modal analysis is done to determine the number of mode shapes for flywheel Analysis is done for two materials Cast Iron and Aluminum Alloy A360 to compare the results. Pro/ENGINEER is the standard in 3D product design, featuring industry-leading productivity tools that promote best practices in design. ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces (of user-designated size) called elements.
The influence of switching phase and frequency of voltage on the vibration damping effect in a piezoelectric actuator

In a structural system with piezoelectric actuators, a damping effect can be achieved by properly switching the voltage on the actuators. Switched voltage methods based on piezoelectric actuators, including active bang–bang control and semi-active synchronized switch damping methods, have become an important category of vibration damping approach. Since the switching phase and switching frequency are critical factors to damping performance, their influence on converted energy in a piezoelectric actuator is investigated under the condition that the switched voltage is constant. The converted energy with randomly switched voltage is also investigated theoretically and numerically. Finally an example of beam vibration with synchronized switch damping on inductor (SSDI) control and synchronized switch damping on voltage source (SSDV) control is used to illustrate how the switching frequency can affect the control performance of different modes in a multiple-degree-of-freedom system.
Categorisation of Sit-To-Stand Motion Pattern. Human vs Automated Quantitative Assessments.

BACKGROUND: The Sit-to-Stand (STS) test is widely used in clinical practice as an indicator of lower-limb functionality decline, especially for older adults. Hitherto, due to its high variability, there is no standard approach for categorising the STS motion pattern, and the vision-based evaluation remains the most reliable method to evaluate people’ performance. This paper presents a comparative analysis between visual assessments and an automated-software approach for the categorisation of STS, relying on registrations from a force plate. METHODS: A group of 5 participants (30 ± 6 years) took part in 2 different sessions of visual inspections on 200 STS movements randomly extracted from a dataset of 742 acquisitions under self-paced and controlled speed conditions. Assessors were asked to identify three specific STS events from the Ground Reaction Force, simultaneously with the software analysis: the start of the trunk movement (Initiation), the beginning of the stable upright stance (Standing) and the sitting movement (Sitting). The Test-Retest Reliability between first and second visual evaluations was compared with the Inter-Rater Agreement between visual and software assessments, as indexes of human and software performance, respectively.RESULTS: No statistical differences between methods were found for the identification of the Initiation and the Sitting events at self-paced speed and for only the Sitting event at controlled speed. The estimated significant values of maximum discrepancy between visual and automated assessments were 0.200 s [0,039; 0.361] in unconstrained conditions and 0,340 s [0,014; 0,666] for standardised movements.CONCLUSIONS: The software assessments displayed an overall good agreement against visual evaluations of the Ground Reaction Force, relying, at the same time, on objective measures. In this sense, the proposed approach can provide robust and consistent data in the field of Big Data analytics, augmenting the performance of artificial intelligence methods for Human Activity Recognition tasks.
Modeling and Simulation of PEM Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle with Multiple Power Sources

This paper provides detailed modeling and simulation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell electric vehicle. The power supply system consists of a PEM fuel cell and a battery bank. The power management system effectively manages the supply flow from the dual power supply system without compromising the efficient working condition of both power supply systems. The mathematical modeling of each subsystem of the hybrid electric vehicle is presented. All the subsystems are then combined and simulated and the results are presented and discussed
A stable back-EMF MRAS-based sensorless low-speed induction motor drive insensitive to stator resistance variation

It is well-documented that back-EMF MRAS-based speed sensorless induction motor drives can suffer from instability problems especially at low-speed operation, and that MRAS schemes using flux estimation suffer from drift problems associated with direct integration. Sensorless IM drives are also sensitive to stator resistance mismatch, particularly at low speeds. Novel stable MRAS speed and stator resistance estimators based on back-EMF quantities, and which are capable of being operated simultaneously, are proposed. Full details of the theoretical foundation and of the design procedure are given. The stability of the estimators is assured by appropriate location of the closed-loop poles of the estimators. Extensive simulation and experimental investigations have been performed to verify the stability of the proposed estimators in the motoring, generating and braking modes of operation.
The Honda humanoid robot: development and future perspective

Honda revealed a humanoid robot with two legs and two arms in December of 1996. The robot walks not only forward and backward but also diagonally either to the right or left and turns in any direction as well. The robot can also steadily walk up and down a staircase without missing a step and push a cart with coordinated movement of its legs and arms. This robot with its innovative posture stability control can keep its balance against such unexpected disturbances as irregularities and unevenness on the floor surface. The paper introduces an outline of the structure and joints of the robot along with the development history. The basic principle of the robot’s posture recovery control is also briefly explained.
Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management Dealing With Terrorism-Stick or Carrot ?

Bruno Frey examines four different approaches to dealing with terrorism in his recent book, Dealing With Terrorism Stick or Carrot. He names these approaches as “stick, carrot, diffusion of targets, and information control. ” He applies microeconomic thinking to his evaluation of these different approaches and presents the argument that too much emphasis has been placed on the “stick” method of control.
Two generalized complex orthogonal space-time block codes of rates 7/11 and 3/5 for five and six transmit antennas

Space-time codes from orthogonal designs have two advantages, namely, fast maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and full diversity. Rate 1 real (PAM) space-time codes (real orthogonal designs) for any transmit antennas have been constructed from the real Hurwitz-Radon families, which also provides the rate 1/2 complex (QAM) space-time codes (complex orthogonal designs) for any number of transmit antennas. Rate 3/4 complex orthogonal designs (space-time codes)for 3 and 4 transmit antennas have existed in the literature but no high rate (>½) complex orthogonal designs for other numbers of transmit antennas exists. In this correspondence, we present rate 7/11 and rate 3/5 generalized complex orthogonal designs for 5 and 6 transmit antennas, respectively.
VARIABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL TRAVEL TIME COMPONENTS

Each of the separate components of journey time is examined for a variety of travel modes (both public and private) between a single origin and destination pair. The components of travel time considered for variability include, for each mode, walk times, wait times, in-vehicle time, and transfer times. The mean travel time is shown to be strongly dependent on departure time. The log-normal distribution proves a useful, general descriptor of in-vehicle times. Individual components of travel time on any particular journey are found not to be significantly correlated to one another.
The CERN revamping project of the obsolete cryogenic control systems: Strategy and results

The cryogenic infrastructure at CERN was originated in the 1960s with the era of bubble chambers and the associated superconducting solenoids. Since then and especially with the construction of the LHC accelerator and its detectors, large and complex cryogenics plants have been installed to provide cooling power from 800 W to 18 kW at different temperatures down to 1.9 K, demanding high and distributed technical capabilities from the control systems. The size and the complexity of the dedicated cryogenics has required the adoption of the CERN standard control framework UNICOS in order to enhance ease of operation and maintenance, and to provide long-term availability. After the completion of the LHC construction, exploiting the gained experience, CERN has started the upgrade of several obsolete cryogenic control systems. This paper describes (i) the overall project challenges, (ii) the technical procedure used in order to meet the technological operational requirements in terms of installation constraints.
Phenotypic plasticity in the symbiotic cnidarian Anemonia viridis : stress response at multiple levels of structural complexity

During the course of their life cycle organisms are exposed to natural environment variations capable of inducing physiological, morphological and behaviour changes, thus a phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to generate a new phenotype following exogeneous or endogeneous stress. Here, we investigated the phenotypic plasticity of the non-calcifying symbiotic cnidarian Anemonia viridis at multiple levels of structural complexity, in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, we determined the mechanisms behind the phenotypic plasticity under expected future climate change (i.e. ocean acidification and ocean warming). Our results show physiological changes in the inorganic carbon use of the sea anemone A. viridis exposed to high pCO2 during a long-term stress in natura or a short-term stress in controlled conditions. We then observed an equivalent decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity, a key enzyme of cnidarian carbon concentrating mechanisms. Also, we demonstrated that an increase in seawater temperature modified the response observed during a high pCO2 scenario. In vitro, we established a viable primary cell culture from regenerating tentacles of A. viridis. We determined the gastrodermal tissue origin of the cultivated cells and validated the use of this new tool to the in vitro study of stress response at the cellular level. The set-up of this powerful in vitro tool will open a multitude of perspectives for the study of cellular responses to exogeneous stress (as global change perturbations) and to endogeneous stress (as the symbiosis constraints experienced by symbiotic cnidarians)
Second Law (Exergy) Analysis of Cogeneration System

Abstract The thermal performance of power generating and consuming devices can be improved significantly, both during design and operation. Turkey's electric energy demand is growing at an average of 6–8% yearly. Cogeneration facilities have an important role in the country's energy strategy, because a substantial amount of Turkey's energy need has been met by cogeneration facilities in recent years. In the present study, the chemical and physical exergy and exergy destruction of the cogeneration system was calculated with the BASIC program by using second law analysis. Performance of the cogeneration system is also discussed, based on the second law (exergy) concept.
Study of Control Algorithm for Indirect Stabilized Optical Seeker

Indirect stabilization technology can make the optical seeker lower cost and more compact, but it will also decrease the system’s performance. In order to improve the line-of-sight (LOS) stabilization precision, the indirect stabilized seeker’s model and loop control algorithm must be deeply studied. In this paper, the dynamic model of LOS coordinate frame is created according to the working principle of indirect stabilization system; A new no-angle-error control scheme was proposed. For severse disturbance environment, a feedforward torque compensation control algorithm was proposed based on disturbance torque estimation. The simulation and experiment results show that the proposed control approach can make the system tracking the instruction angular rate quickly and exactly, and also have the strong disturbance resistance ability. The study result will have great significance to the indirect stabilization technology’s theory study and engineering application.
Physically based diagnosis and prognosis of cracked rotor shafts

A physics-based approach for diagnostics and prognostics using integrated observers and life models is presented. Observers are filters based on physical models of machine- fault combinations and use measured machine signatures to identify and characterize the state of a machine. Observers are adaptively deployed as a machine wears and can be coupled with one another to handle interacting conditions and faults. The scheme is detailed using the fault of a cracked rotor shaft that interacts with gravity and imbalance. Observers for shaft cracking and imbalance are presented. The observers provide machine condition and fault strengths to life models used to determine remaining machine life. A life model based on the Forman crack growth law of linear elastic fracture mechanics is developed to determine the number of machine cycles remaining until catastrophic failure.
Integration of AlN with molybdenum electrodes and sacrificial amorphous silicon release using XeF2

This paper presents a new post-CMOS-compatible integration scheme for AlN-based MEMS devices. The proposed scheme integrates molybdenum (Mo) bottom electrodes with an amorphous silicon (a-Si) sacrificial layer, which is etched using XeF2 to release the MEMS structures. This integration approach faces two potential issues, which are solved in this work: (i) poor adhesion of AlN with a-Si, and (ii) XeF2 attacking the Mo electrode during the removal of the a-Si sacrificial layer. The adhesion problem was solved by introducing a thin oxide layer between a-Si and AlN. The sidewalls of the Mo electrodes were protected by a 0.2 µm thick SiN spacer layer from the XeF2 attack. The robustness of the integration scheme was verified by fabricating an FBAR band pass filter. RF measurements on the FBAR band pass filter show that the proposed integration works well and can be utilized for other AlN-based MEMS devices in post-CMOS applications.
Designing H ∞/GH 2 static-output feedback controller for vehicle suspensions using linear matrix inequalities and genetic algorithms

This paper presents an approach to design the H ∞/GH 2 static-output feedback controller for vehicle suspensions by using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and genetic algorithms (GAs). Three main performance requirements for an advanced vehicle suspension are considered in this paper. Among these requirements, the ride-comfort performance is optimized by minimizing the H ∞ norm of the transfer function from the road disturbance to the sprung mass acceleration, while the road-holding performance and the suspension deflection limitation are guaranteed by constraining the generalized H 2 (GH 2) norms of the transfer functions from the road disturbance to the dynamic tyre load and the suspension deflection to be less than their hard limits, respectively. At the same time, the controller saturation problem is considered by constraining its peak response output to be less than a given limit using the GH 2 norm as well. A four-degree-of-freedom half-car model with active suspension system is applied in this paper. Several kinds of H ∞/GH 2 static-output feedback controllers, which use the available sprung mass velocities or the suspension deflections as feedback signals, are obtained by using the GAs to search for the possible control gain matrices and then resolving the LMIs together with the minimization optimization problem. These designed H ∞/GH 2 static-output feedback controllers are validated by numerical simulations on both the bump and the random road responses which show that the designed H ∞/GH 2 static-output feedback controllers can achieve similar or even better active suspension performances compared with the state-feedback control case in spite of their simplicities.
The research data centres of the Federal Statistical Office and the statistical offices of the Länder

The complexity of economic and social change and the progress made in science and information technology have led to a fundamental change in modern societies’ need for data. The data required to analyse and shape modern societies must in particular provide information on social sub-groups and allow to perform analyses of economic and social change on the basis of longitudinal data. Due to the changed information demand, it is no longer sufficient to publish results in the form of tables. To meet the requirements in terms of methodology and content, it is necessary to present statistical data in a way meeting the data demand of the scientific community. This includes providing access to anonymised and non-anonymised microdata which allow to perform more varied analyses.
Older asthmatic patients have increased discrepancies between symptoms and objective asthma control parameters

Abstract RATIONALE: Discrepancies between clinical, physiological and inflammatory asthma control parameters need to be documented in older patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of discrepancies between asthma control parameters among older and younger patients. METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional study compared data from older (≥60 years; n = 92) and younger (18–35 years; n = 266) subjects with asthma. Discrepancies ( > 20% difference) between any two parameters of the asthma control scoring system (ACSS): (1) clinical (respiratory symptoms), (2) physiological (forced expiratory volume in one second percent predicted) and (3) inflammatory (sputum eosinophil percentage) were determined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of older asthmatics had at least one discrepancy, against 40% of younger (P = 0.008). A higher proportion of older patients showed discrepancies between clinical and physiological scores (P = 0.0005) and between clinical and inflammatory scores (P = 0.007), with a better clinical than physiological or inflammatory score in most cases. CONCLUSION: The increased prevalence of discrepancies between asthma control parameters in older asthmatics strengthens the importance of considering all parameters of control in the evaluation and management of asthma in older patients.
Application of the direct Lyapunov method to improve damping of power swings by control of UPFC

Large interconnected power systems often suffer from weakly damped swings between synchronous generators and subsystems. This paper presents an approach, based on the use of the nonlinear system model and application of the direct Lyapunov method, to improve damping of power swings using the unified power flow controller (UPFC). A state-variable control strategy has been derived as well as its implementation using locally available signals of real and reactive power. The results of simulation tests, undertaken using a small multi-machine system model, have been presented.
Capacitor-Shunted Transmitter for Power Reduction in Inductive-Coupling Clock Link

The importance of low-power and high-speed chip-to-chip communication between stacked chips is increasing in system in a package (SiP) systems. Wireless chip-to-chip communication is a promising technology that can increase the speed of inter-chip data transfer with very little area and power overhead. The wireless clock link in this scheme consumes more power than wireless data circuits. To reduce the overall power consumption we need to reduce the power consumed in the clock link of the circuit. In this paper we present a simple yet effective transmitter circuit, namely a capacitor-shunted transmitter, to reduce the power consumed in the clock transmitter. The simulation is carried out in spectre, and, to confirm the simulation result, a test chip is fabricated using Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS). The simulation results and the test chip measurement results show that the power consumption of the clock transmitter circuit is reduced by 50% because of the capacitor-shunted transmitter circuit.
Design and analysis of across-chip linewidth variation for printed features at 130 nm and below

We discuss the incentive and design outlines for a reticle that is used for assessing across-chip linewidth variation (ACLV). For printing features whose dimensions are near half of the exposure wavelength ((lambda) ), the ACLV Solver reticle can be used to diagnose the contributing factors that cause the critical dimension (CD) to vary out of control. For example, mask error factor (MEF) and mask pattern density loading have both been shown to have a significant impact on ACLV. The focus of this paper is the ACLV design methodology, along with a couple of proposed designs of experiment (DOE). Conclusions and future work are discussed.
Response of Ten Corn Cultivars to Flooding

ABSTRACT EMERGENCE, growth and mineral uptake of five inbred and five hybrid corn cultivars when flooded for 0, 2, 4 or 6 days at the pregermination and the 4-5 leaf seedling growth stages was determined. Emergence following pregermination flooding was determined under laboratory and field conditions at cold and warm temperatures during flooding. Growth and mineral uptake were determined for seedlings growing in the field and flooded at warm temperatures. Emergence percentage decreased as flooding duration and temperature increased during flooding. Dry matter per plant was reduced as flooding duration increased. Hybrid cultivars were more susceptible to flooding than inbred cultivars at both growth stages. The concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg and Cu in the plant decreased while Fe, Al, and Na increased with increased flooding. Potassium concentration peaked at 2 days of flooding then decreased, while Mn and Zn showed a reversed trend