Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iteration of semiconductor Bloch equations for ultrashort laser pulse propagation

The numerical propagation of intense laser pulses through bulk material requires the recurrent calculation of the nonlinear material response. To describe the optical Kerr effect and the current in the conduction band for macroscopic propagation distances, very simplified models are typically used. Recent studies of the response of dielectrics to intense few-cycle pulses have revealed that ionization does not accumulate monotonically, but conduction bands are populated both irreversibly and reversibly during a laser cycle. The reversible (or transient or virtual) population of the conduction bands is not captured by simple response models. Here, an efficient iteration based on the semiconductor Bloch equations for three bands is developed, which consistently captures the laser cycle resolved interband polarization and intraband current. The full calculation of the nonlinear material response at each propagation step is avoided, instead only the incremental modification of the previous propagation step is calculated. The iteration is particularly well-suited for very short pulses and can be applied for intensities above the critical value at which perturbation theory does not converge. Furthermore, it is shown that virtual currents and dynamic Bloch oscillations are mechanisms which are missing in the Drude model, but these two mechanisms prevail for short intense pulses. Therefore, a generalized Drude model is derived from the SBEs, which is capable to account for arbitrary band shapes and both real and virtual ionization.
Seasonal variation in the long-term warming trend in water temperature off the Western Australian coast

Previous studies have demonstrated that one area of greatest increase in surface sea temperatures (SST) (0.02°C per year) in the Indian Ocean over the last 50 years occurs off the lower west coast of Australia, an area dominated by the Leeuwin Current. The present paper examines water temperature trends at several coastal sites since the early 1970s: two rock lobster puerulus monitoring sites in shallow water (<5 m); four sites from a monitoring program onboard rock lobster vessels that provide bottom water temperature (<36 m); and an environmental monitoring site at Rottnest (0–50 m depth). Two global SST datasets are also examined. These data show that there was a strong seasonal variation in the historic increases in temperature off the lower west coast of Australia, with most of the increases (0.02–0.035°C per year) only focussed on 4–6 months over the austral autumn–winter with little or no increase (<0.01°C per year) apparent in the austral spring–summer period. These increases are also apparent after taking into account the interannual variation in the strength of the Leeuwin Current. The warming trend results in a change to the seasonal temperature cycle over the decades, with a delay in the peak in the temperature cycle during autumn between the 1950s and 2000s of ~10–20 days. A delay in the timing of the minimum temperature is also apparent at Rottnest from August–September to October. This seasonal variation in water temperature increases and its effect on the annual temperature cycle should be examined in climate models because it provides the potential to better understand the specific processes through which climate change and global warming are affecting this region of the Indian Ocean. It also provides an opportunity to further test the climate models to see whether this aspect is predicted in the future projections of how increases will be manifest. Any seasonal variation in water temperature increase has important implications for fisheries and the marine ecosystem because it may affect many aspects of the annual life cycle such as timing of growth, moulting, mating, spawning and recruitment, which have to be taken into account in the stock assessment and management of fisheries.
Factors Influencing Social Knowledge Management in Social Society: A Systematic Literature Review

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 15 April, 2020 Accepted: 21 April, 2020 Online: 19 May, 2020 Knowledge is important now for the development of social society; it is necessary for knowledge management. Knowledge management (KM) aims to support the creation, transfer, and application of knowledge in social societies. This fact illustrates that in the management of social knowledge, the role of social communities is very important and is influenced by factors in the process. With this, this study will look for theories and factors that influence KM social interactions that occur in social societies. The method used is a systematic literature review. The results of this study found theories and factors that influence KM in social societies.
Pod Dehiscence in Relation to Chemical Components of Pod Shell in Soybean

Abstract The relationship between chemical components of pod shell and pod dehiscence was investigated using 25 soybean cultivars; 16 with easily dehiscing pods (susceptible cultivars) and 9 with hardly dehiscing pods (resistant cultivars). After air-drying for about three weeks, the pod shells were ground and analyzed for the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), hemi-cellulose (HCe), cellulose (Ce), uronic acid and calcium. The correlation of the contents of chemical components with the percentage of pod dehiscence (%PD) was examined by principal component analysis. The first principal ingredient score was given by the formula; score = – 0.421[ADF] – 0.038[ADL] + 0.821[HCe] – 0.382[Ce] + 20.556, where, [ADF], [ADL], [HCe] and [Ce] are percentage of each component in dried pod shell. This score gave an eigenvalue of 30.2 and contribution rate of 97.1%, and the score was higher in the susceptible cultivars than in the resistant cultivars on the average. The multiple regression analysis of the relationship between %PD and the content of chemical components also showed that %PD was best predicted by the regression equation with two chemical components, [HCe] and [Ce]. Water retention capacity and cellulose crystallinity of the pod shell were less different between the susceptible and resistant cultivars. The results in this study suggested that the chemical analysis of dry pod shell may provide useful information on breeding and selection of the resistant cultivars.
Refractory black carbon (rBC) variability in a 47-year West Antarctic snow and firn core

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is an important climate-forcing agent that affects snow albedo. In this work, we present a record of refractory black carbon (rBC) variability, measured from a 20 m deep snow and firn core drilled in West Antarctica (79∘55′34.6′′ S, 94∘21′13.3′′ W, 2122 m above sea level) during the 2014–2015 austral summer. This is the highest elevation rBC record from West Antarctica. The core was analyzed using the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) coupled to a CETAC Marin-5 nebulizer. Results show a well-defined seasonality with geometric mean concentrations of 0.015 µg L−1 for the wet season (austral summer–fall) and 0.057 µg L−1 for the dry season (austral winter–spring). The core was dated to 47 years (1968–2015) using rBC seasonality as the main parameter, along with sodium (Na), sulfur (S) and strontium (Sr) variations. The annual rBC concentration geometric mean was 0.03 µg L−1, the lowest of all rBC cores in Antarctica referenced in this work, while the annual rBC flux was 6.25 µg m−2 a−1, the lowest flux in West Antarctica rBC records. No long-term trend was observed. Snow albedo reductions at the site due to BC were simulated using SNICAR online and found to be insignificant (−0.48 %) compared to clean snow. Fire spot inventory and BC emission estimates from the Southern Hemisphere suggest Australia and Southern Hemisphere South America as the most probable emission sources of BC to the drilling site, whereas HYSPLIT model particle transport simulations from 1968 to 2015 support Australia and New Zealand as rBC sources, with limited contributions from South America. Spectral analysis (REDFIT method) of the BC record showed cycles related to the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but cycles in common with the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) were not detected. Correlation of rBC records in Antarctica with snow accumulation, elevation and distance to the sea suggests rBC transport to East Antarctica is different from transport to West Antarctica.
A passive hutch-cooling system for achieving high thermal-stability operation at the Nanoprobe beamline, Diamond Light Source

A novel strategy to achieve very high temperature stability in X-ray hutches using radiant panels is described. At maximum heat load, a standard deviation down to 0.017°C over 15 h and drift well below 0.001°C h−1 are demonstrated. After a sample change, the room recovers stability within 15 min.
Diminished Reproductive Success of Steelhead from a Hatchery Supplementation Program (Little Sheep Creek, Imnaha Basin, Oregon)

Abstract Hatchery supplementation programs are designed to enhance natural production and maintain the fitness of the target population; however, it can be difficult to evaluate the success of these programs. Key to the success of such programs is a relatively high reproductive success of hatchery fish. This study investigated the relative reproductive success (RRS) of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous rainbow trout) by creating pedigrees for hatchery and natural spawning steelhead. We genotyped adult steelhead that returned to a weir and were released upstream to spawn in Little Sheep Creek, a tributary to the Imnaha River in eastern Oregon. The broodstock for this supplementation program were originally chosen from natural-origin steelhead returning to the weir and in subsequent years consisted of both natural- and hatchery-origin individuals. Microsatellite analyses showed the broodstock to be genetically similar to the natural population across years. We also genotyped adult resident rainbow t.
MINIATURE GROWTH CHAMBERS FOR THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN VITRO

Miniature (65-L) growth chambers, designed and tested to study environmental conditions affecting in vitro culture, provide an accurate and inexpensive method to perform multifactorial experiments under these conditions. Temperature control was achieved by an electronic device combined with a heating cable and a heat exchanger (water to air). Two-dimensional temperature variations in the chamber were within 1 °C of the set point temperature. Nine chambers were placed under photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 80, 125 and 250 μmol m−2 s−1 and CO2 concentrations of 330, 1650 and 3000 μL L−1. Gas concentrations in both the chambers and the test tubes with in vitro cultures were monitored and fresh weight accumulation of raspberry (Rubus idaeus), strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) cultures were recorded during a growth experiment. Carbon dioxide accumulation in the culture tubes during the night and subsequent depletion during the day indicated CO2 fixation enhancement with .
A Survey of Fractional Order Calculus Applications of Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Process Control

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are usually present in process systems engineering. Due to the interaction among the variables and loops in the MIMO system, designing efficient control systems for both servo and regulatory scenarios remains a challenging task. The literature reports the use of several techniques mainly based on classical approaches, such as the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, for single-input single-output (SISO) systems control. Furthermore, control system design approaches based on derivatives and integrals of non-integer order, also known as fractional control or fractional order (FO) control, are frequently used for SISO systems control. A natural consequence, already reported in the literature, is the application of these techniques to MIMO systems to address some inherent issues. Therefore, this work discusses the state-of-the-art of fractional control applied to MIMO systems. It outlines different types of applications, fractional controllers, controller tuning rules, experimental validation, software, and appropriate loop decoupling techniques, leading to literature gaps and research opportunities. The span of publications explored in this survey ranged from the years 1997 to 2019.
When Poor Students Attend Rich Schools: Do Affluent Social Environments Increase or Decrease Participation?

College is a key pathway to political participation, and lower-income individuals especially stand to benefit from it given their lower political participation. However, rising inequality makes college disproportionately more accessible to high-income students. One consequence of inequality is a prevalence of predominantly affluent campuses. Colleges are thus not insulated from the growing concentration of affluence in American social spaces. We ask how affluent campus spaces affect college’s ability to equalize political participation. Predominantly affluent campuses may create participatory norms that especially elevate low-income students’ participation. Alternatively, they may create affluence-centered social norms that marginalize these students, depressing their participation. A third possibility is equal effects, leaving the initial gap unchanged. Using a large panel survey (201,011 students), controls on many characteristics, and tests for selection bias, we find that predominantly affluent campuses increase political participation to a similar extent for all income groups, thus leaving the gap unchanged. We test psychological, academic, social, political, financial, and institutional mechanisms for the effects. The results carry implications for the self-reinforcing link between inequality and civic institutions.
A framework of an integrated sustainability and value engineering concepts for construction projects

Abstract Sustainability and value enhancement are major considerations in the modern construction world. Thus, the integration of sustainability and Value Engineering (VE) will have the potential to boost the value of a construction project. This research was therefore aimed to develop a framework that integrates VE and sustainability concepts in the construction industry in Sri Lanka to improve project values. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used in the research. The questionnaire survey that was carried out as a part of the research had a response rate of 68.9% and collected data were analysed using Relative Importance Index (RII). The survey was followed by 15 individual interviews conducted with experts and the findings were analysed using content analysis. The study revealed that both VE and sustainability are used in isolation in the Sri Lankan construction industry. Hence, the relationship between the two was determined and a framework was developed for integrating SC and VE.
Methanospirillum, a New Genus of Methanogenic Bacteria, and Characterization of Methanospirillum hungatii sp.nov.

A new genus of methanogenic bacteria is described. The colonies produced by these bacteria are yellow, circular, and convex with lobate margins; an optical pattern of regular, light and dark striations throughout the colonies is a most unique and distinguishing characteristic. These striations are two cell lengths apart. Cells are gram negative and occur in filaments up to 100 μm in length. Tufts of polar flagella and a striated cell surface are revealed in electron micrographs; cell ends are blunt, not rounded. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the type species is 45 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Formate or hydrogen and carbon dioxide serves as a substrate for methane formation and growth; acetate, pyruvate, methanol, ethanol, and benzoate do not. The name Methanospirillum is proposed for this new genus of spiral-shaped methanogenic bacteria. The type species, Methanospirillum hungatii sp. nov., is named in honor of R. E. Hungate. The type strain of M. hungatii is JF1 (ATCC 27890).
The Structure of the Membrane Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Resembles the Sugar Transporter SemiSWEET

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the disease COVID-19 that has decimated the health and economy of our planet. The virus causes the disease not only in people but also in companion and wild animals. People with diabetes are at risk of the disease. As yet we do not know why the virus has been highly successful in causing the pandemic within 3 months of its first report. The structural proteins of SARS include membrane glycoprotein (M), envelope protein (E), nucleocapsid protein (N), and the spike protein (S). Methods: The structure and function of the most abundant structural protein of SARS-CoV-2, the membrane (M) glycoprotein, is not fully understood. Using in silico analyses we determined the structure and potential function of the M protein. Results: The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 is 98.6% similar to the M protein of bat SARS-CoV, maintains 98.2% homology with pangolin SARS-CoV, and has 90% homology with the M protein of SARS-CoV; whereas, the similarity is only 38% with the M protein of MERS-CoV. In silico analyses showed that the M protein of SARS-CoV-2 has a triple helix bundle, forms a single 3-trans-membrane domain, and is homologous to the prokaryotic sugar transport protein SemiSWEET. SemiSWEETs are related to the PQ-loop family whose members function as cargo receptors in vesicle transport, mediate movement of basic amino acids across lysosomal membranes, and are also involved in phospholipase flippase function. Conclusions: The advantage and role of the M protein having a sugar transporter-like structure is not clearly understood. The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with S, E, and N protein. The S protein of the virus is glycosylated. It could be hypothesized that the sugar transporter-like structure of the M protein influences glycosylation of the S protein. Endocytosis is critical for the internalization and maturation of RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Sucrose is involved in endosome and lysosome maturation and may also induce autophagy, pathways that help in the entry of the virus. Overall, it could be hypothesized that the SemiSWEET sugar transporter-like structure of the M protein may be involved in multiple functions that may aid in the rapid proliferation, replication, and immune evasion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Biological experiments would validate the presence and function of the SemiSWEET sugar transporter.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence between two cryptic species of Lethenteron, with reference to an improved identification technique

Genetic divergences and population structures were examined in the cryptic Lethenteron sp. N and sp. S, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO I) region sequences. An improved method of discrimination between L. sp. N and sp. S was found using PCR, with diagnostic primers for each species-specific sequence in the mtDNA CO I region. Identification of 50 individuals of each species by this analysis was consistent with that by allozyme analysis of nuclear DNA. L. sp. N and sp. S, identified on the basis of diagnostic alleles at five allozymic loci, were independently grouped in a neighbour-joining (NJ) tree, with a large sequence difference (mean ± s.d. = 9·10 ± 0·36%) between them. Within each species, the values of sequence divergence among localities were significantly higher in L. sp. S (1·61 ± 0·44%) than in L. sp. N (1·10 ± 0·48%). On the tree and nested clade analyses, several phylogenetic groups comprising geographically close localities were detected in the former, although scarcely detected in the latter, probably resulting from dispersal pattern differences between them.
Effects of “soil‐like” particle size on gas transport and water retention properties in aged municipal solid waste from a Sri Lankan open dumpsite

Open dumps constitute a major source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), predominantly methane and carbon dioxide, in developing countries. In an aged dump, typical waste composition is dominated by the “soil-like” fraction of which physical, hydraulic and gas transport characteristics markedly affect GHG emissions. This study characterized soil-gas diffusivity ( D p / D 0 ), soil-water characteristics (SWC)
Aspect-dependent high-irradiance damage in two transplanted foliose forest lichens, Lobaria pulmonaria and Parmelia sulcata

High-irradiance damage in two epiphytic lichens was recorded as reduction in predawn photosystem II quantum yield (Fv /Fm) measured at the end of a night with full hydration. Measurements were repeated during a 29-day transplantation in early summer at defined aspects (north, east, south, west, perpendicular to the sun at noon, and shade) in an open site at 60°N. These treatments included the contrasts that remaining lichens adjacent to clear-cut areas could experience subsequent to logging. The Fv /Fm values declined linearly with the mean irradiance during the previous day, with the old-forest epiphyte Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. being consistently more severely photoinhibited than the ubiquitous Parmelia sulcata Taylor. Both irradiance levels and predawn Fv /Fm values decreased in the following direction: shaded controls > transplants facing north > south, east, west > transplants perpendicular to the sun. Since the transplantation period happened to be very rainy with favorable conditions for recov.
Design and Analysis of a Short-Term Sensing-Based Resource Selection Scheme for C-V2X Networks

The cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) networks can support direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications via sidelink/PC5 interface without cellular infrastructure support. The sensing-based semipersistent scheduling (SPS) scheme is to allow vehicles to autonomously reserve and select radio resources. However, the common sensing nature of the distributed SPS algorithm gives rise to that C-V2X distributed communications can be challenged by the resource selection collisions, especially in aperiodic traffic, which results in low reliability. In this article, we propose a short-term sensing-based resource selection (STS-RS) scheme to reduce packet collisions due to resource contention, where a short-term sensing duration is configured at the beginning of the resource unit right before resource selection, and whether the packet is ultimately transmitted on the selected resource depends on the sensing result. Furthermore, analysis models of the performance for the proposed STS-RS scheme and SPS scheme defined in C-V2X mode 4 are investigated. Finally, simulations and numerical results show that the STS-RS scheme significantly reduces the packet collisions and increases the C-V2X direct communication performance compared to the SPS scheme.
Comparative Study of Control Strategies for Stabilization and Performance Improvement of DC Microgrids with a CPL Connected

The DC microgrid system is composed by converters that operate like feeders and loads. Among these loads, we highlight the constant power loads (CPLs) that may cause instability in the microgrid, observed in the form of undesired oscillations due to its negative impedance behavior. Therefore, this work proposes to use performance indices and stability margins to evaluate state and output feedback control strategies for stabilization of DC microgrids. In particular, it is proposed to evaluate the stability margin of the proposed methodologies by means of the impedance relations in the microgrid based on the Middlebrook criterion. Our simulations and tests showed the relation between the performance and stability degradation and the microgrid impedances variation.