Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elhuyar at TweetNorm 2013

on de microtexto Abstract: This paper presents the system developed by Elhuyar for the Tweet- Norm evaluation campaign which consists of normalizing Spanish tweets to standard language. The normalization covers only the correction of certain Out Of Vocabu- lary (OOV) words, previously identied by the organizers. The developed system follows a two step strategy. First, candidates for each OOV word are generated by means of various methods dealing with the dierent error-sources: extension of usual abbreviations, correction of colloquial forms, correction of replication of characters, normalization of interjections, and correction of spelling errors by means of edit- distance metrics. Next, the correct candidates are selected using a language model trained on correct Spanish text corpora. The system obtained a 68.3% accuracy on the development set, and 63.36% on the test set, being the 4th ranked system on the evaluation campaign.
Extensive release of methane from Arctic seabed west of Svalbard during summer 2014 does not influence the atmosphere

We find that summer methane (CH4) release from seabed sediments west of Svalbard substantially increases CH4 concentrations in the ocean but has limited influence on the atmospheric CH4 levels. Our conclusion stems from complementary measurements at the seafloor, in the ocean, and in the atmosphere from land‐based, ship and aircraft platforms during a summer campaign in 2014. We detected high concentrations of dissolved CH4 in the ocean above the seafloor with a sharp decrease above the pycnocline. Model approaches taking potential CH4 emissions from both dissolved and bubble‐released CH4 from a larger region into account reveal a maximum flux compatible with the observed atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios of 2.4–3.8 nmol m−2 s−1. This is too low to have an impact on the atmospheric summer CH4 budget in the year 2014. Long‐term ocean observatories may shed light on the complex variations of Arctic CH4 cycles throughout the year.
Does hedging make economic sense for American Airlines

This study evaluates the impact of hedging in company value by analyzing how American Airline consolidated group’s market value is impacted by changes in the level of next year’s fuel needs hedged and total value of its outstanding agreements from 1989 to 2010. A descriptive and qualitative research methodology was used. Secondary data was collected for a case study.The results indicate that it makes economic sense to hedge fuel costs. However, investors have negatively valued increases in hedge positions.
IDO Tips : Accelerated Orthodontics Made Easy

Introduction: Prolonged treatment duration is one of the main deterrents in orthodontics. Various methods have been introduced to accelerate tooth movement with invasive, non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques. Aim and Objective: The aim of this article is to introduce a new device with minimally invasive technique and negligible post procedural discomfort to the patient. Instrument: IDO tips are commercially available pre-sterilized, pre-calibrated stainless steel tips. Method: Infiltration anaesthesia is administered. The IDO tip is taken out from the pre-sterilized pack and attached to the driver. It perforates into the bone with a clockwise motion. After full insertion, the tip is rotated in anticlockwise direction to drive it out. Post procedure, patients are advised to take a mild NSAID only if required. Discussion: The IDO tip is a device used for micro-osteoperforation. It provides a very efficient way to shorten the treatment time, using regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP) to advantage. Since the device driver is compatible with the FavAnchor miniscrew system, it reduces the inventory cost. Conclusion: IDO tips are a viable option on occasions when it is desirable to reduce treatment time with accelerated orthodontics.
*Multivariate Business Cycle Synchronization in Small Samples

In this paper, we study the degree of business cycle synchronization by means of a small sample version of the Harding and Pagan's ["Journal of Econometrics" (2006) Vol. 132, pp. 59-79] Generalized Method of Moment test. We show that the asymptotic version of the test gets increasingly distorted in small samples when the number of countries grows large. However, a block bootstrapped version of the test can remedy the size distortion when the time series length divided by the number of countries "T"/"n" is sufficiently large. Applying the technique to a number of business cycle proxies of developed economies, we are unable to reject the null hypothesis of a non-zero common multivariate synchronization index for certain economically meaningful subsets of these countries. Copyright (c) Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 2009.
Impact of fuel costs on high-latitude subsistence activities

Most rural residents in Arctic communities rely on motorized transportation to hunt, fish, trap, and gather subsistence resources. Although these technologies have created advantages, one significant disadvantage is that peoples' ability to meet their nutritional and cultural needs now depends on consistent opportunities for wage employment and availability of affordable fuel. Recent qualitative research suggested that rising fuel prices have disrupted subsistence lifestyles in the Arctic. Our objectives were to collaborate with subsistence users in rural Alaskan communities to quantify how rising fuel costs have impacted subsistence activities and explore ways local residents may adapt to the trajectory of change. We conducted interviews with 178 subsistence harvesters in 8 communities. During the last 10 years, 81% of the harvesters reduced the distance they traveled for subsistence and 89% reduced the number of subsistence trips they took because of gasoline costs. During the last 10 years, the median distance traveled to perform subsistence decreased by 60%, and the median annual number of trips taken to perform subsistence decreased by 75%. The change in subsistence activity was similar across and within communities. Eighty-five percent of the people interviewed reported that they were making sacrifices with serious consequences, such as putting off paying monthly bills, to buy gasoline for subsistence activities. To adapt to high gasoline prices, most participants said that they are using more efficient modes of transportation (69%), followed by more sharing of gasoline costs with family and friends (37%), and conducting more multipurpose subsistence trips (20%). With subsistence practices being critical to food security and cultural identity in the Arctic, our results suggest that unaffordable fuel has threatened social resilience. Because global markets drive gasoline prices, we suggest that future research focus on the effectiveness of adaptation options that build resilience into subsistence systems.
Assessment of the effect of Cost Leadership Strategy on the performance of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Companies in Eldoret town , Uasin Gishu County , Kenya

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of cost leadership strategy on performance of LPGC in Eldoret town. In doing this, the study adopted Porter's Generic Competitive Strategies which states that, cost leadership is a firm sets out to become the low cost producer in its industry. The study used a survey design and targets a population of 175 which comprise of 10 station managers, 40 departmental heads, 20 supervisor and 105 employees. A sample size of 64 was selected using stratified sampling. The study used questionnaires and interview schedule as data collection instruments. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics such as Spearman rank coloration, means. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficients were used to assess the degree of linear relationship among competitive strategies and between competitive strategies and performance of the liquefied petroleum gas companies. Normality of the variable was tested for cost–leadership using skewness and Kurtosis. Homogeneity of variances was tested using Levenne’s test of equality of variances across gender of respondents. The study established that the company uses cost minimization of operational costs (M=427, SD=1.058) Minimization of procurement costs (M=4.54, SD=0.770), evaluation of labour costs (M=4.17,SD=0.966) and Conducts costing of its promotion activities (M=3.98 SD==1.2050. The study concluded that, cost leadership influences the performance of LPGCs performance enabling the company to reduce price leading to high volume of sales visa a-visa profit margin, increase in service delivery, less return inwards, reduced operational costs and reduced wastages. The study recommended that, Liquidified petroleum companies should carry out through market research to identify the gaps in the markets. The gaps should be varied that is product gap, market gap and promotion gap before designing the competitive strategies.
Girls ’ Math Scores Could Indicate Success and Aspirations

Within education systems, female math teachers can affect female students’ math scores and, subsequently, can influence female student aspirations. Nation-wide a persistent gender gap exists with girls scoring lower than boys on math tests. This performance gap on standardized math tests becomes a barrier to continuing education especially in fields that emphasize math or mathematical reasoning. Initial findings show that female teachers in the classroom combined with female superintendents benefited girls' education in math.
Endogenous Specialization of Heterogeneous Innovative Activities of Firms Under the Technological Spillovers

This paper proposes a reduced form model of dynamic duopoly in the context of heterogeneous innovations framework. Two agents invest into expansion of variety of available products and into the improvement of quality of existing products simultaneously. Every newly introduced product has its own dimension of quality-improving innovations and there is a continuum of possible new products. In the area of quality innovations the costless imitation effect is modelled while in the area of variety expanding innovations agents are cooperating with each other. As a result the specialization of innovative activity is observed. This specialization arises from strategic interactions of agents in both fields of innovative activity and is endogenously defined from the dynamics of the model.
Scale-dependent variation in composition of fish fauna among sandy tropical estuarine embayments

Variability in tropical estuarine sandy bottom fish faunas was investigated along a 200 km section of the northeast coast of tropical Australia at 3 nested spatial scales: among bays, among adjacent estuaries within bays, and among replicates within estuaries. Sampling was confined to a single habitat type, shallow sandy habitats, and a single class of estuaries, those with extensive areas of shallow sand in their lower reaches. This approach was employed to minimise the biases inherent in sampling estuaries containing varying proportions of the disparate habitat types that occur in tropical estuaries. The results showed: (1) the compositions of samples from all 9 estuaries in November 1999 were quite distinct from those in July 1999, July 2000 and July 2001; (2) there were no clear differences among estuaries during November 1999, but strong differences among estuaries every July, which were greater than differences among years; and (3) there was a greater difference at the scale of estuaries than at the larger spatial scale of ‘bays’, such that the differences among estuaries within bays were consistently greater than differences among bays. This pattern was consistent between seasons and among years in the same season. The clear estuary-to-estuary variability suggests that fauna of adjacent estuaries are likely to be no more similar than the faunas of estuaries hundreds of kilometres apart. This implies that no single estuary can be assumed to be a control site that can be used as a baseline against which to judge change in a different ‘impacted’ estuary.
Metals Involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease — A Patho-Genetic View

Since Aβ is known to participate in many normal body functions, its precipitation into plaques, often referred to as ‘amyloid cascade’, has been for a long time the only recognized, yet unexplained mechanism of AD pathogenesis [2]. In time, however, diverse phenomena, such as oxidative stress, aberrant inflammations, impaired energy metabolism and more have been gradually discovered to contribute to the cascade [3].
Thermodynamic modelling of liquids: CALPHAD approaches and contributions from statistical physics

We describe current approaches to thermodynamic modelling of liquids for the CALPHAD method, the use of available experimental methods and results in this type of modelling, and considerations in the use of atomic‐scale simulation methods to inform a CALPHAD approach. We begin with an overview of the formalism currently used in CALPHAD to describe the temperature dependence of the liquid Gibbs free energy and outline opportunities for improvement by reviewing the current physical understanding of the liquid. Brief descriptions of experimental methods for extracting high‐temperature data on liquids and the preparation of undercooled liquid samples are presented. Properties of a well‐determined substance, B2 O3, including the glass transition, are then discussed in detail to emphasize specific modelling requirements for the liquid. We then examine the two‐state model proposed for CALPHAD in detail and compare results with experiment and theory, where available. We further examine the contributions of atomic‐scale methods to the understanding of liquids and their potential for supplementing available data. We discuss molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo methods that employ atomic interactions from classical interatomic potentials, as well as contributions from ab initio MD. We conclude with a summary of our findings.
Constructing a Transitive Reasoning Test for 6- to 13-Year-Old Children

A new, computerized transitive reasoning test was constructed using 16 well-structured, theory-based tasks. The test was administered to 615 elementary school children. Within-subjects ANOVA showed that task format and presentation form influenced task difficulty level. Mokken scale analysis supported a unidimensional scale that was reliable. Evidence was collected for an invariant task ordering. The misfit of two pseudotransitivity tasks supported discriminant validity.
Benefits transfer: conceptual problems in estimating water quality benefits using existing studies

The Environmental Protection Agency has used existing studies to estimate the benefits of environmental improvements associated with several regulatory proposals The problems encountered in using existing studies to measure the benefits of water quality improvements are investigated in this paper. We propose criteria for selecting transfer studies and present a case study of a transfer. Our research indicates that although benefit transfer may offer promise, the fact that existing studies were not designed for transfer places severe limitations on the current effectiveness of transfer. Suggestions for future research are presented to address these limitations.
Relevant, less relevant and irrelevant isokinetic strength test parameters: Some critical comments

La dynamometrie isocinetique est aujourd’hui largement reconnue comme etant le « gold standard » de l’evaluation de la performance musculaire. Cependant, il existe encore une multitude de rapports que produit chaque dynamometre lors de tests musculaires traduisant une grande diversite des approches adoptees par les fabricants. Une importance toute particuliere est donnee aux parametres chiffres puisqu’ils permettent de quantifier des performances musculaires. Il semble cependant que certains de ces parametres, qui apparaissent dans tous les rapports isocinetiques, soient devenus redondants dans le meilleur des cas et meme trompeurs dans le pire des cas. Ce court article n’est pas destine a etre une analyse complete de tous les parametres isocinetiques, mais plutot un argumentaire mettant en evidence les principales interrogations relatives a ces derniers.
DRINKING RISK LEVEL AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION SITUATION AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN A RURAL AREA OF THAILAND

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the risk level of drinking by using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) as well as to explore the drinking situation among senior high school students in Phayao province, Thailand. Four high schools were randomly selected where 1,151 grade 10-11 (Mathayomsuksa 4 -5) students voluntarily participated in the survey. Data was collected by using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic such as percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Chi-square was used to test the difference of alcohol consumption between boys and girls. The results shows that 64.9% consumed alcohol during their lifetime, 58.8% consumed last year and 35.0 % consumed in the last month. Among those who ever consumed in the previous year, most of them (65.8%) were low risk drinkers, followed by hazardous drinkers, suspected dependence and harmful drinkers with 23.1%, 5.7 % and 5.4 % respectively. The average daily intake among those who consumed in the previous month was 9.43 grams of ethanol. The most preferred beverage was beer (69.0%), followed by Spirit (49.2%), and White Spirit (37.1%). Moreover, 29.6% of them consumed Local Beverage (Lao Namkhao 10% alcohol), which can be easily prepared in the northern region of Thailand. There was significantly difference of alcohol consumption between boys and girls ( p-value <.001). Moreover, boys were significantly higher risk of alcohol consumption among boys than girls according to AUDIT ( p-value <.001). Among those who ever drank in their lifetime, two main causes leading drinking were social drinking (43.4%) and peer influence (29.8%). Over a quarter of them (27.9%) reported there was no specific alcohol content in their curriculum, but generally focuses on addictive substances. Conclusions, according to AUDIT majority of students were low risk drinkers and a quarter of them were high risk drinkers. Meanwhile, there was no specific alcohol content in school curriculum. Therefore, research suggests that development of alcohol prevention program for enhancing alcohol knowledge and establishing healthier alcohol use behavior among senior high school students is required.
Molecular Phylogeny Of Mouse Hare (Ochotona: Lagomorpha) Using Cytochrome b Gene As A Phylogenetic Marker

Mouse hare (Ochotonidae) is small, short and rounded ears, small limbs and non-ostensible tail. In present study total, 402 bp sequences of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene have been taken for 31 species of Ochotona family. In each sequence having length 402bp coded 134 amino acids, and initial codon is ATG in maximum species. In present analysis Neighbor-joining, minimum evolution and maximum likelihood methods strongly indicated five major groups. The first group comprises fourteen animals (the surrounding Qinghai-Tibet Plateau group) includes present study animal (Ochotona spp.) with O. macrotis, O. roylei, O. koslowi, O. iliensis, O. rutila, O. himalayana, O. forresti, O. rufescens, O. ladacensis, O. erythrotis, O. gloveri, O. muliensis, and O. brookei. The second (the northern group) is composed of eight animals i.e. O. collaris, O. princeps, O. mantchurica, O. hyperborea, O. coreana, O. turuchanensis, O. pallasi, and O. alpine. The third group (the Huanghe group) comprises only one species, O. huangensis. The fourth group comprises seven animals included O. daurica, O. thibetana, O. thomasi. O. annectens, O. cansus, O. curzoniae and O. nubrica. The fifth group the Central Asia comprises only one species, and is O. pusilla.
Adsorption of Nile Blue A from aqueous solution by different nanostructured carbon adsorbents

Dyes are widely used in various industries including textile, cosmetic, paper, plastics, rubber, and coating, and their discharge into waterways causes serious environmental and health problems. Four different carbon nanostructures, graphene oxide, oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, activated carbon and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, were used as adsorbents for the removal of Nile Blue A (NBA) dye from aqueous solution. The four carbon nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The effects of various parameters were investigated. Kinetic adsorption data were analyzed using the first-order model and the pseudo-second-order model. The regression results showed that the adsorption kinetics were more accurately represented by the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data for the aqueous solutions were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and the equilibrium adsorption of NBA was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model. This is the first research on the removal of dye using four carbon nanostructures adsorbents.
Linewidth broadening caused by intrinsic temperature fluctuations in quantum cascade lasers

The intrinsic narrow linewidth of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) promises wide applications such as highsensitive trace-gas detection. However, so far limited work has been reported in intrinsic linewidth characteristics of QCLs. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the linewidth broadening caused by intrinsic temperature fluctuations in both mid-infrared and Terahertz QCLs. When microscopic features of the refractive index variations associated with the intersubband transitions and energy level broadening in mid-infrared QCLs are considered, the linewidth broadening increases up to a few hundred Hz in mid-IR QCLs.
Accurate Vehicle Positioning on a Numerical Map

Nowadays, the road safety is an important research field. One of the principal research topics in this field is the vehicle localization in the road network. This article presents an approach of multisensor fusion able to locate a vehicle with a decimeter precision. The different informations used in this method come from the following sensors: a low cost GPS, a numeric camera, an odometer and a steer angle sensor. Taking into account a complete model of errors on GPS data (bias on position and nonwhite errors) as well as the data provided by an original approach coupling a vision algorithm with a precise numerical map allow us to get this precision.
Ultrastructural analysis of bovine oocytes from ovarian follicles with different diameters

A producao in vitro de embrioes e uma tecnica importante para facilitar a reproducao de animais com elevado merito genetico. O maior desafio para a reprodutibilidade desta tecnica e a qualidade do oocito destinado a maturacao i n vitro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as caracteristicas ultra-estruturais de oocitos provenientes de foliculos com diferentes diâmetros por microscopia eletronica de transmissao. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos e receberam uma unica injecao im de 250 UI de FSH (Pluset, Serono, Italia). Para sincronizar o crescimento folicular, todos os foliculos > 2 mm foram aspirados durante o ciclo estral, que foi considerado o dia zero (D0). O Grupo 1 (G1, n = 4) recebeu FSH no dia 1 (D1), e os foliculos de 2 a 5 mm foram aspirados no dia 2 (D2). Os animais do grupo 2 (G2, n= 5) receberam FSH no dia 2 (D2), e os foliculos de 10 a 15 mm foram aspirados no dia 5 (D5). Apos a aspiracao, os oocitos de ambos os grupos foram fixados e preparados para analise ultra-estrutural. Os oocitos analisados de ambos os grupos apresentaram caracteristicas ultra-estruturais semelhantes. A presenca e distribuicao de organelas no citoplasma dos oocitos nao diferiram entre os grupos, sugerindo que, em relacao as caracteristicas ultra-estruturais, oocitos oriundos de foliculos de 2-5 mm e 10-15 mm sao similares.