Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of analysis error and adjoint-based sensitivities

The structure and evolution of analysis error and adjoint-based sensitivities [potential enstrophy initial singular vectors (SVs) and gradient sensitivities of the forecast error to initial conditions] are compared following a cyclone development in a three-dimensional quasigeostrophic channel model. The results show that the projection of the evolved SV onto the forecast error increases during the evolution. Based on the similarities of the evolved SV to the forecast error, use of the evolved SV is suggested as an adaptive observation strategy. The use of the evolved SV strategy for adaptive observations is evaluated by performing observation system simulation experiments using a three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme under the perfect model assumption. Adaptive strategies using the actual forecast error, gradient sensitivity, and initial SV are also tested. The observation system simulation experiments are implemented for five simulated synoptic cases with two different observation spacings and three different configurations of adaptive observation location densities (sparse, dense, and mixed), and the impact of the adaptive strategies is compared with that of the nonadaptive, fixed observations. The impact of adaptive strategies varies with the observation density. For a small number of observations, several of the adaptive strategies tested reduce forecast error more than the nonadaptive strategy. For a large number of observations, it is more difficult to reduce forecast errors using adaptive observations. The evolved SV strategy performs as well as or better than the adjoint-based strategies for both observation densities. The impact of using the evolved SVs rather than the adjoint-based sensitivities for adaptive observation purposes is larger in the situation of a large number of observation stations for which the forecast error reduction by adjointbased adaptive strategies is difficult.
Linear System Theory

Mathematical notation and review state equation representation state equation solution transition matrix properties two important cases internal stability Lyapunov stability criteria additional stability criteria controllability and observability realizability minimal realization input-out-put stability controller and observer forms linear feedback state observation polynomial fraction description polynoial fraction applications geometric theory applications of geometric theory.
Source‐Labeled Anthropogenic Carbon Reveals a Large Shift of Preindustrial Carbon From the Ocean to the Atmosphere

Two centuries of anthropogenic CO2 emissions have increased the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere and the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration of the ocean compared to preindustrial times. These anthropogenic carbon perturbations are often equated to the amount of anthropogenically emitted carbon in the atmosphere or ocean, which ignores the possibility of a shift of natural carbon between the oceanic and atmospheric carbon reservoirs. Here we use a data‐assimilated ocean circulation model and numerical tracers akin to ideal isotopes to label carbon when it is emitted by anthropogenic sources. We find that emitted carbon accounts for only about 45% of the atmospheric CO2 increase since preindustrial times, the remaining 55% being natural CO2 that outgassed from the ocean in response to anthropogenically emitted carbon invading the ocean. This outgassing is driven by the order‐10 seawater carbonate buffer factor which causes increased leakage of natural CO2 as DIC concentrations increase. By 2020, the ocean had outgassed ∼159 Pg of natural carbon, which is counteracted by the ocean absorbing ∼347 Pg of emitted carbon, about 1.8 times more than the net increase in oceanic carbon storage of ∼188 PgC. These results do not challenge existing estimates of anthropogenically driven changes in atmospheric or oceanic carbon inventories, but they shed new light on the composition of these changes and the fate of anthropogenically emitted carbon in the Earth system.
Design, synthesis and molecular docking study of thiophenyl hydrazone derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Abstract A series of thiophene derivatives substituted at 2, 3 and 5 positions were designed and synthesized using 2,3-disubstituted thiophene aldehyde and alcohol as key building blocks. Invitro cytotoxicity assessed against PC-3, DU145 (prostate), A549 (lung), HT29, HCT116 (colon), MCF7, MDAMB231 (breast), B16F10 (melanoma) NCI (Colorectal) cancer cell lines by conducting (MTT) assay of thiophene derivatives. Most of these synthesized compounds showed anti-cancer activity, compound 5b showed good cytotoxicity with IC50 = 2.61 ± 0.34 µM on HT29 cell line. Also, the key property of cell migration was observed while treating cells with 5b. The Cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase was observed by 5b on HT29 cell line which inhibited tubulin polymerization with IC50 value of 8.21 ± 0.30 μM. Moreover, binding pose with co-crystal ligand and interaction with colchicine binding site of 5b was established by molecular docking studies. Hence this scaffold can be developed as anti-cancer agents that target tubulin polymerization. Graphical Abstract
Syndecan-4 is More Sensitive in Detecting Hypertensive Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in 2K2C Rats

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of syndecan-4 (SDC-4) during the hypertensive period in two kidney-two clip (2K2C) hypertension rats and compare them to brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the echocardiographic parameters for diastolic function evaluation in the rat model of 2K2C hypertension. Methods A total of 36 Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study. Hypertension was induced in 21 by 2K2C surgery, and 15 were sham-operated. Both the 2K2C hypertension group (n = 21) and the sham-operated group (n = 15) were equally divided into 3 subgroups according to the schedules (week 4, week 8, and week 12). Serum SDC-4 and BNP were detected by ELISA, and echocardiography indexes were acquired. Results The level of SDC-4 and cardiac fibrosis increased gradually as the experiment was processed, and BNP, Tei index, and E/E′ followed to be raised as high blood pressure was maintained after four weeks in the 2K2C hypertension rats. In the earlier 4 weeks, only SDC-4 and cardiac fibrosis were significantly increased in 2K2C hypertensive rats in comparison with normotensive rats. And it was shown that SDC-4 was positively correlated with BNP level during the entire study (r = 0.762, p < 0.01). Conclusion SDC-4 increases gradually during the process of diastolic dysfunction in 2K2C hypertensive rats. SDC-4 is the earliest biomarker reflecting diastolic dysfunction in this model, superior to E/E′ and the Tei index. Our results indicate that serum SDC-4 could act as an early biomarker to show diastolic dysfunction.
Automated regime detection in multidimensional time series data using sliced Wasserstein k-means clustering

Recent work has proposed Wasserstein k-means (Wk-means) clustering as a powerful method to identify regimes in time series data, and one-dimensional asset returns in particular. In this paper, we begin by studying in detail the behaviour of the Wasserstein k-means clustering algorithm applied to synthetic one-dimensional time series data. We study the dynamics of the algorithm and investigate how varying different hyperparameters impacts the performance of the clustering algorithm for different random initialisations. We compute simple metrics that we find are useful in identifying high-quality clusterings. Then, we extend the technique of Wasserstein k-means clustering to multidimensional time series data by approximating the multidimensional Wasserstein distance as a sliced Wasserstein distance, resulting in a method we call `sliced Wasserstein k-means (sWk-means) clustering'. We apply the sWk-means clustering method to the problem of automated regime detection in multidimensional time series data, using synthetic data to demonstrate the validity of the approach. Finally, we show that the sWk-means method is effective in identifying distinct market regimes in real multidimensional financial time series, using publicly available foreign exchange spot rate data as a case study. We conclude with remarks about some limitations of our approach and potential complementary or alternative approaches.
Better-connected boards and their influence on corporate social responsibility: Evidence from U.S. restaurant industry

Many studies on the impact of boards of directors on corporate social responsibility have focused on the human capital of board members (i.e., structures and characteristics). However, the relational capital of board members (i.e., board interlock centrality) has yet to be fully explored. This study examines the extent to which board members are connected in their networks (i.e., board interlock centrality) on corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in the restaurant industry. It also recognizes the moderating role of board effectiveness on the relationship between board centrality and CSR performance. On the basis of organization legitimacy theory and resource dependence theory, this study found that high-centrality boards increase positive CSR performance. The effect is more substantial when a firm has more standing board committees. The theories view firms as components of the larger social environment, and their performance depends on their ability to procure crucial resources from other firms through mutual exchange. No significant link was found between negative CSR performance and the moderating effect of board committees.
Resource pulses and human–wildlife conflicts: linking satellite indicators and ground data on forest productivity to predict brown bear damages

Pulsed resources have prominent effects on community and ecosystem dynamics; however, there is little research on how resource pulses affect human–wildlife interactions. Tree masting is a common type of pulsed resource that represents a crucial food for many species and has important bottom‐up effects in food webs. In anthropogenic landscapes, years of food shortage after mast years can have negative outcomes for both people and wildlife, for instance when an increased use of anthropogenic foods by animals exacerbates human–wildlife conflicts. Here, we used novel remote sensing indicators of forest productivity and phenology, together with weather cues and ground measures of mast production, to assess whether years of masting and crop failures lead to changes in human–wildlife conflict occurrence. We used a unique 14‐year dataset including the production of European beech Fagus sylvatica seeds and brown bear Ursus arctos damage in the northeastern Carpathians as our model system. Linking these data in a panel regression framework, we found that temporal fluctuations in damage occurrence were sensitive to the year‐to‐year variation in beechnut production. Specifically, the number of damages during bear hyperphagia (i.e., September to December, when bears need to accumulate fat reserves prior to hibernation) was significantly higher in years with low beechnut production than in normal or mast years. Furthermore, we provide evidence that beech masting and failure can be predicted through a combination of remote‐sensing, weather, and field indicators of forest productivity and phenology. We demonstrate how pulsed resources, such as tree masting, can percolate through food webs to amplify human–wildlife conflict in human‐dominated landscapes. Given the recent range expansion of large carnivores and herbivores in many regions, including Europe, predicting years of natural food shortage can provide a pathway to proactive damage prevention, and thus to foster coexistence between wildlife and people.
Eigenvalue decomposition method for photon statistics of frequency filtered fields and its applications to quantum dot emitters

A simple calculation method for photon statistics of frequency-filtered fields is proposed. This method, based on eigenvalue decompositions of superoperators, allows us to study effects on the photon statistics of spectral filtering by various types of filters, such as Gaussian and rectangular filters as well as Lorentzian filters, which is not possible by conventional approaches. As an example, this method is applied to a simulation of quantum dot single-photon emitters, where we found the efficient choice of the filter types to have pure single photons depends on the excitation conditions i.e. incoherent or coherent (and resonant) excitations.
THE ZERO, ONE AND ZERO-AND-ONE-INFLATED NEW UNIT-LINDLEY DISTRIBUTIONS

In this paper, we propose the zero, one and zero-and-one-inflated New unit-Lindley distributions as natural extensions of the New unit-Lindley distribution to model continuous responses measured at the following intervals [0, 1), (0, 1] and [0, 1]. They were constructed based on convex combinations between the New unit-Lindley distribution and the distributions degenerate at zero, one, and Bernoulli distribution. They also have a number of interesting properties, such as being members of the exponential family. Besides, they have closed forms for the cumulative distribution functions, quantiles, and moments. Inferential aspects and regression structures arediscussed in this work as well as a Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate theperformance of the regressors. Finally, we bring an application to real data on the suicide rate in the year 2016.
Learning and Discovery

We formulate a dynamic framework for an individual decision-maker within which discovery of previously unconsidered propositions is possible. Using a standard game-theoretic representation of the state space as a tree structure generated by the actions of agents (including acts of nature), we show how unawareness of propositions can be represented by a coarsening of the state space. Furthermore we develop a semantics rich enough to describe the individual's awareness that currently undiscovered propositions may be discovered in the future. Introducing probability concepts, we derive a representation of ambiguity in terms of multiple priors, reflecting implicit beliefs about undiscovered proposition, and derive conditions for the special case in which standard Bayesian learning may be applied to a subset of unambiguous propositions. Finally, we consider exploration strategies appropriate to the context of discovery, comparing and contrasting them with learning strategies appropriate to the context of justification, and sketch applications to scientific research and entrepreneurship.
A computational methodology for synthesis of epicyclic gear transmission system configurations with multiple planetary gear trains

Epicyclic Gear Transmission Systems (EGTs) find a wide variety of applications in automatic transmission systems due to their flexibility to deliver a variety of speed ratios. The design of EGT involves the enumeration of all possible layouts, typically called structural synthesis. Thus, the structural synthesis of an EGT consists of defining a topology for EGT with coupled planetary gear trains (PGTs) along with constraining elements such as connections, brakes, and clutches while delivering a definite transmission ratio between the input and output shafts. Given the number of PGTs, permanent connection, clutches, and brakes, the methodology systematically introduces these elements of PGTs to deliver the given number of distinct speed ratios. Determining the number of distinct speed ratios for a given combination of brakes and clutches has been expressed as a transformation of a graph representation of the EGT layout. A computer program has been developed for the structural synthesis of EGTs and validated against the 3 epicyclic, 6-speed EGT systems. The viability aspects of the synthesized structure are carried out. Also, an isomorphism test is addressed in the synthesis methodology to detect unique EGT structures at every synthesis stage.
A Three-Dimensional Optical Lattice of Ytterbium and Lithium Atomic Gas Mixture

We develop an optical lattice system for an ultracold atomic gas mixture of ytterbium (174Yb) and lithium (6Li), which is an ideal system for studying disorder and impurity problems. We load a Bose–Einstein condensate of 174Yb into a three-dimensional optical lattice and observe its interference patterns in time-of-flight (TOF) images. Furthermore, we perform laser spectroscopy of 174Yb in an optical lattice using the ultranarrow optical transition 1S0–3P2 in both cases with and without 6Li. Owing to the weak interspecies interaction, we do not observe clear effects of 6Li in the obtained interference patterns or excitation spectra. However, this is an important first step in the optical control of atomic impurity in ultracold fermions. We also measure the polarizabilities of the 3P2 state of 174Yb atoms in an optical trap with a wavelength of 1070 nm. We reveal that the polarizability can be tuned to be positive, zero, or the same as the ground state, which is useful for certain applications.
Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Their Performance Appraisal in Public Secondary Schools

This paper aimed to assess the effect of teachers’ self-efficacy on their performance appraisal in public secondary schools in Sabatia Sub County, Vihiga County, Kenya. The study, anchored on the social cognitive theory, adopted correlational and descriptive survey research designs. Stratified random sampling was used to select 12 schools and 227 teachers for the study based on category of school, status, and gender. Principals of each sampled school and the Sabatia Sub-County Teachers’ Service Commission director were purposively sampled. Data for the study was collected using questionnaires, interview guide, and document analysis guide. Quality assurance of research instruments ensured through piloting, content validity and test retest for reliability. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS (version 25.0) descriptively and inferentially, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings showed the R-value from the model summary of the regression between self-efficacy and performance appraisal was 0.617. The R square value was 0.381, which implied 38.1 % effect on self-efficacy was attributed to teacher appraisal. The findings show significant effect of self-efficacy on performance appraisal. Therefore, performance appraisal for teachers needs to be enhanced since it plays a significant role in boosting their confidence, thus their self-efficacy.
Large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in magnetostrictive Fe 1- x Ga x thin films

In this work we report the appearence of a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in Fe1−xGax thin films grown onto ZnSe/GaAs(100). This arising anisotropy is related to the tetragonal metastable phase in as-grown samples recently reported [M. Eddrief {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. B {\bf 84}, 161410 (2011)]. By means of ferromagnetic resonance studies we measured PMA values up to ∼ 5×105 J/m3. PMA vanishes when the cubic structure is recovered upon annealing at 300∘C. Despite the important values of the magnetoelastic constants measured via the cantilever method, the consequent magnetoelastic contribution to PMA is not enough to explain the observed anisotropy values in the distorted state. {\it Ab initio} calculations show that the chemical ordering plays a crucial role in the appearance of PMA. Through a phenomenological model we are able to explain that an excess of next nearest neighbour Ga pairs (B2-like ordering) along the perpendicular direction arises as the source of PMA in Fe1−xGax thin films.
EFFECT OF SEED COATING WITH SOME MICRONUTRIENTS ON FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) II- EFFECT ON YIELD, YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND MINERAL COMPOSTION.

Two field experiments were conducted on the Experimental farm of El-Gemmeiza Agric.Res.Station,Agric.Res. Center for two seasons; 1998 /99 and 1999 /2000. The aim of these experiments was to evaluate the impact of coating faba bean seeds(Giza2variety) with certain micronutrients on the production and mineral composition of both faba bean seeds and straw. Zn, Mn and Fe were applied by seed coating method individually or in all possible combinations in EDTA form at rate of 0.3gm for either Zn or Fe and 0.15 gm for Mn / kg seeds. The mean results of the two growing seasons could be summarized as follows: Meanwhile, triple and dual treatments had the superiority effects. 5- Seed and straw yields were significantly correlated by its content of Zn, Mn and Fe as the following multiple regression equations: and of Zn, and
SMA OBSERVATIONS ON FAINT SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES WITH S850 < 2 mJy: ULTRA DUSTY LOW-LUMINOSITY GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT

We obtained Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations of eight faint (intrinsic 850 μm fluxes < 2 mJy) submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) discovered in SCUBA images of the massive lensing cluster fields A370, A2390, and A1689 and detected five. In total, we obtain five SMA detections, all of which have de-lensed fluxes <1 mJy with estimated total infrared luminosities 1010–1012 L☉, comparable to luminous infrared galaxies and normal star-forming galaxies. Based on the latest number counts, these galaxies contribute ∼70% of the 850 μm extragalactic background light and represent the dominant star-forming galaxy population in the dusty universe. However, only 40% of our faint SMGs would be detected in deep optical or near-infrared surveys, which suggests many of these sources are at high redshifts (z ≳ 3) or extremely dusty, and they are not included in current star formation history estimates.
THE USE OF BANANA PEEL FOR CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES PRODUCTION BY A LOCAL STRAIN OF Aspergillus niger

Banana peel was used as a carbon source to produce cellulases and cellobiase in shake flask cultures by A . niger . Peak cellulases and cellobiase activities were obtained on the 6 th day of fermentation. The temperature and pH influenced the yield of enzymes. The maximum cellulase activities were recorded at 30  C and pH 5.0. The maximum rate of enzyme activities was obtained when A. niger was grown on 1.5% banana peel. Deprivation of ammonium sulphate, peptone or nitrogen source as whole inhibited cellulolytic enzyme formation. The maximum enzyme activities were recorded at 40  C except cellobiase, which had maximum activity at 30  C. The optimum pH of CMCase, FPase and cellobiase was 5.5, 6.5 and 5.5, respectively. The maximum CMCase and cellobiase activities were detected after 1 h, whereas the maximum FPase was detected after 16 h. More than 50% of CMCase, FP-activity and cellobiase retained at 60, 70 and 60  C, respectively.
HyperGraphDis: Leveraging Hypergraphs for Contextual and Social-Based Disinformation Detection

In light of the growing impact of disinformation on social, economic, and political landscapes, accurate and efficient identification methods are increasingly critical. This paper introduces HyperGraphDis, a novel approach for detecting disinformation on Twitter that employs a hypergraph-based representation to capture (i) the intricate social structure arising from retweet cascades, (ii) relational features among users, and (iii) semantic and topical nuances. Evaluated on four Twitter datasets -- focusing on the 2016 U.S. Presidential election and the COVID-19 pandemic -- HyperGraphDis outperforms existing methods in both accuracy and computational efficiency, underscoring its effectiveness and scalability for tackling the challenges posed by disinformation dissemination. The HyperGraphDis displayed exceptional performance in an evaluation using a COVID-19-related dataset, achieving an impressive F1 score of approximately 92.5%. This result represents a notable improvement of around 7% compared to other existing methods. Additionally, significant enhancements in computation time were observed for both model training and inference processes. In terms of model training, completion times were noticeably accelerated, ranging from 1.6 to 16.5 times faster than previous benchmarks. Similarly, during inference, computational times demonstrated increased efficiency, ranging from 1.3 to 17.7 times faster than alternative methods.