Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long, depolarising Hα-filament towards the Monogem ring

Context. In soft X-rays, the Monogem ring is an object with a diameter of 25° located in the Galactic anti-centre. It is believed to be a faint, evolved, local supernova remnant. The ring is also visible in the far-ultraviolet, and a few optical filaments are related. It is not seen at radio wavelengths, as other large supernova remnants are. Aims. We study a narrow about 4. °5 long, faint Hα-filament, G203.7 + 11.5, that is seen towards the centre of the Monogem ring. It causes depolarisation and excessive Faraday rotation of radio polarisation data. Methods. Polarisation observations at λ11 cm and λ21 cm with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope were analysed in addition to WMAP data, extragalactic rotation measures, and Hα data. A Faraday-screen model was applied. Results. From the analysis of the depolarisation properties of the Hα filament, we derived a line-of-sight magnetic field, B||, of 26 ± 5 μG for a distance of 300 pc and an electron density, ne, of 1.6 cm−3. The absolute largest rotation measure of G203.7 + 11.5 is −86 ± 3 rad m−2, where the magnetic field direction has the opposite sign from the large-scale Galactic field. We estimated the average synchrotron emissivity at λ21 cm up to 300 pc distance towards G203.7 + 11.5 to about 1.1 K Tb/kpc, which is higher than typical Milky Way values. Conclusions. The magnetic field within G203.7 + 11.5 is unexpected in direction and strength. Most likely, the filament is related to the Monogem-ring shock, where interactions with ambient clouds may cause local magnetic field reversals. We confirm earlier findings of an enhanced but direction-dependent local synchrotron emissivity.
Variations in the natural abundance of oxygen‐18 and deuterium in plant carbohydrates

Variations in the natural abundance of 18O and 2H in plant cellulose are influenced by the isotopic composition of the water directly involved in metabolism—the metabolic water fraction. The isotopic distinction between the metabolic source water and total tissue water must reflect the formation of isotopic gradients within the tissue that are influenced by the rate of water turnover, by properties of the water conducting system and by environmental conditions. It seems that the 18O abundance in the metabolic water is conserved in cellulose with a relatively constant isotope effect. The relationship of the 2H abundance between metabolic water and cellulose is more complex. Hydrogen incorporated into photosynthetic products during primary reduction steps is highly depleted in 2H. However, a large proportion of these hydrogens are subsequently replaced by exchange with water, leading to 2H enrichment during heterotrophic metabolism. Deciphering the oxygen isotope ratio of cellulose could help in providing insights into the carbon and oxygen fluxes exchanged between plants and the atmosphere. This is because the 18O abundance in cellulose records the 18O abundance in the metabolic water, which in turn, controls the oxygen isotopic signatures of the CO2 and O2 released by plants into the atmosphere. The hydrogen isotope effects associated with carbohydrate metabolism provide insights into the autotrophic state of a plant tissue. This is because the hydrogen isotope ratio of carbohydrates must reflect the net effects of the two opposing isotope effects associated with photosynthesis and heterotrophic metabolism.
Greedy inference with structure-exploiting lazy maps

We propose a framework for solving high-dimensional Bayesian inference problems using \emph{structure-exploiting} low-dimensional transport maps or flows. These maps are confined to a low-dimensional subspace (hence, lazy), and the subspace is identified by minimizing an upper bound on the Kullback--Leibler divergence (hence, structured). Our framework provides a principled way of identifying and exploiting low-dimensional structure in an inference problem. It focuses the expressiveness of a transport map along the directions of most significant discrepancy from the posterior, and can be used to build deep compositions of lazy maps, where low-dimensional projections of the parameters are iteratively transformed to match the posterior. We prove weak convergence of the generated sequence of distributions to the posterior, and we demonstrate the benefits of the framework on challenging inference problems in machine learning and differential equations, using inverse autoregressive flows and polynomial maps as examples of the underlying density estimators.
Microgobius urraca (Teleostei: Gobiidae), a new species of goby from the tropical eastern Pacific

A new species of goby in the genus Microgobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini) is described from the Pacific coast of Panama. It is morphologically similar to M. erectus, but differs from that species in possessing fewer lateral scale rows, lacking a patch of ctenoid scales under the pectoral fin, having unpigmented epaxial myosepta, having a distinct ovalshaped dark blotch on the first dorsal fin, and possessing three blue-white stripes on a dark caudal fin. Differences in both the number and type of scales, dorsal and anal fin ray counts, the poor development of a fleshy dorsal crest, and overall color patterns further distinguish this species from the remaining eastern Pacific congeners. Photographs of all Pacific species of Microgobius and a dichotomous key to the Pacific members of the genus are provided.
Morphological Examination of Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs on Cotton and Soybeans, with a Key to Genera

Abstract The eggs of 10 species of stink bugs found on cotton or soybeans are described, including size, chorion, and number and length of the micropylar processes; electron micrographs are provided for each species. In addition, egg size and length of the processes are compared among the species. Eggs of Acrosternum hilare (Say) and Thyanta custator accerra McAtee were the largest and smallest, respectively. Eggs of Podisus maculiventris (Say) had the longest micropylar processes, followed by those of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood). The smallest processes were those of T. c. accerra. The number of micropylar processes ranged from 19 in P. maculiventris to 79 in Oebalus pugnax (F.). In addition, to these characters, the number of eggs per egg mass and the North American distributions of each species is given. Finally, a key is presented for identification of the pentatomid eggs found on cotton and soybeans in the southeastern United States.
Rapid assessment of rat eradication after aerial baiting

Summary Eradication of introduced rodents on islands is increasingly implemented as a conservation tool. Aerial baiting, currently the main eradication technique, provides no information on whether eradication has been achieved. Success is usually evaluated after a standard period of 2 years with no sign of rodents. We describe a novel approach to assess the success of eradication efforts based on a project to eradicate ship rats Rattus rattus from Isabel Island (82 ha), Mexico. We used detection and home-range parameters obtained from a capture–recapture study completed prior to aerial baiting to build a spatial-survey model that predicts probability of eradication after the treatment. The spatial-survey model estimated a >99% probability of success after two surveys with no rats detected. This approach can be used to make eradication projects more cost-effective. Survivors, if any, could be located and dispatched by localized control methods. This avoids repeat aerial baiting of the whole island if failure becomes apparent. This model is a useful tool for (a) assessing the probability of eradication within weeks, rather than years of an operation, and (b) predicting the required survey effort to achieve a probability of success consistent with the costs and risks of falsely declaring eradication success. Synthesis and applications: Rapid assessment of success after rodent eradication efforts on islands results in financial savings by potentially reducing the duration of the projects. Improvements in biosecurity guidelines might also accrue as delays in detecting rats after an operation may confound their identification as offspring of survivors or re-invaders. Advanced techniques and predictive modelling will increase confidence among partners and donors and allow more efficient achievement of regional programmes.
Estimating body mass in New World “monkeys” (Platyrrhini, Primates), with a consideration of the Miocene platyrrhine, Chilecebus carrascoensis

Abstract Well-constrained estimates of adult body mass for species of fossil platyrrhines (New World “monkeys”) are essential for resolving numerous paleobiological questions. However, no consensus exists as to which craniodental measures best correlate with body mass among extant taxa in this clade. In this analysis, we analyze 80 craniodental variables and generate predictive equations applicable to fossil taxa, including the early platyrrhine Chilecebus carrascoensis. We find mandibular length to be the best craniodental predictor of body mass. There is no significant difference in predictive value between osteological and dental measures. Variables associated with the mandible and lower dentition do significantly outperform the cranium and upper dentition. Additionally, we demonstrate that modern platyrrhines differ, morphometrically, from early fossil forms. Chilecebus possesses unusual cranial proportions in several key features, as well as proportionally narrow upper incisors and wide upper cheek teeth. These variables yield widely divergent body mass estimates for Chilecebus, implying that the correlations observed in a crown group cannot be assumed a priori for early diverging fossils. Variables allometrically consistent with those in extant forms yield a body mass estimate of slightly less than 600 grams for Chilecebus, nearly a factor of two smaller than prior preliminary estimates. Scaled to body mass, the brain of Chilecebus is markedly smaller than those of modern anthropoids, despite its lowered body mass estimate advocated here. This finding, in conjunction with a similar pattern exhibited by fossil catarrhines, suggests that increased encephalization arose independently in the two extant subgroups of anthropoids (platyrrhines and catarrhines).
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeleton of the initial Jomon phase excavated at the Yugura cave site, Nagano, Japan

Obtaining genetic information about early humans is indispensable to our understanding of the demographic history of mankind. In the present study, we performed a detailed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of a skeleton of the initial Jomon era unearthed from the Yugura cave site in Nagano, Japan, which was dated to 7920–7795 calBP by direct 14 C dating. mtDNA of the Yugura skeleton was designated to haplogroup D4b2, which is widely observed in present-day East Asians, including the Japanese, but is absent in Hokkaido Jomon people. This finding indicates that the basal population of Japan was heterogeneous with respect to their mtDNA lineage. This is the first report on the genotype of the people from the initial phase of the Jomon period.
Effects of Imazapic on Target and Nontarget Vegetation during Revegetation

Medusahead is an introduced, winter-annual grass covering millions of hectares of the semiarid West. It forms exclusive stands and has a dense thatch cover that resists the establishment of desirable species. Prescribed fire can remove medusahead litter and improve plant establishment. Medusahead control is fundamental to establishing desirable species that will, in turn, resist further invasion. Imazapic is an effective herbicide for control of medusahead, but more information is needed on its effects on desirable species. Our objectives were to test how imazapic application rate and timing affected medusahead, seeded desirable species, and other nontarget vegetation on burned and unburned rangeland in southeast Oregon. We burned existing medusahead infestations at two different sites in June 2003. Following the burn, imazapic was applied at rates of 0, 35, 70, 105, 140, 175, and 210 g ai/ha between July and October of 2003 in a randomized strip-plot design. In November 2003, monocultures of seven desirable species were drill-seeded across the imazapic treated areas. Data on cover and density of medusahead and seeded species were collected in 2004 and 2005. Cover data of nontarget species were collected in the summer of 2005. Medusahead cover was highest in control plots and lowest in plots that received the highest herbicide application rates. Medusahead cover was lower in burned plots. The effect of imazapic on nontarget vegetation was less clear. Seeded species established in the study plots, but their response to herbicide rate showed few consistent patterns; some of the seeded species showed little response to herbicide, whereas others appeared to establish best at different herbicide rates, depending on site and whether the plots were burned or unburned. Site and burn treatment also affected how imazapic rate or application month influenced cover of perennial or annual grasses or forbs. Nomenclature: Imazapic; medusahead, Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski ELYCM.
Rate and Time of Boron Application Increase Almond Productivity and Tissue Boron Concentration

Previous studies with tree species have demonstrated that foliar boron (B) promotes flowering, fruit set, and yield. However, for most species the optimum time for foliar B application has not been determined. This investigation was undertaken to study the effects of time and rate of B application on almond ( Prunus dulcis (Mill D.A.Webb)) tissue B concentration, fruit set, and yield. Solubor (Na 2B8O13.4H2O), a commercial product containing 20.5% B, was applied with a handgun sprayer either in September (3 weeks postharvest), December (dormancy), or February (budbreak) at rates of 0, 0.8, and 1.7 kg·ha -1 B to almond cv. Butte at one site (Parlier, Fresno County, Calif.), and of 0, 0.8, 1.25, 1.7, and 2.1 kg·ha -1 B on the same cultivar in August, September, or February at a second site (Orland, Glenn County, Calif.) using Borosol, a polyboronated commercial product containing 10% B. At site 1, September application was more effective in increasing tissue B concentration, fruit set, and yield than were December or February applications. The optimal rate was 0.8 to 1.7 kg·ha -1 B when applied in September. At site 2, application in 1996 and 1997 increased tissue B concentration almost linearly, especially when applied in August and February. Application at the highest rate (2.1 kg·ha -1 B) in September produced the greatest final fruit set and yield in 1996. February applications increased initial fruit set at both sites but were less effective than September applications in increasing yield. Application of B did not affect any yield variable in 1997. These results suggest that B should be applied immediately postharvest (September) for optimal effect on tissue B concentration, fruit set, and yield in almond.
Sialyltransferase activity probably counteracts that of sialidase as one of the possible mechanisms of natural recovery or stabilization of erythrocyte mass in trypanosome-infected animals - A perspective

Attempts to unravel the mechanisms of development of anaemia in trypanosome-infected animals yielded varying reports with those that implicate trypanosomal sialidase (SD) being among those that enjoy prominence. Significant cleavage of sialic acid (SA) on erythrocyte membranes and terminal positions of erythropoietin (Epo) by SD, which is released during trypanosome infection of animals, results in their rapid clearance and destruction by cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system and in addition, in the case of Epo, decreased biologic activity of the hormone with consequent development of anaemia. Observations on free serum and erythrocyte surface SA profiles of trypanosome-infected animals suggest possible involvement of sialyltransferase (ST) in recovery or stabilization of red blood cell mass, which seems to be a probable explanation as to why some trypanosome-infected animals either recover from the anaemia or run a chronic infection with very low but stable erythrocyte mass. The speculated roles of ST open up a new and, probably, promising area of research; especially, if identification of mechanisms of natural resistance to trypanosome infection is of prime consideration in this contemporary period of research in molecular medicine.
VARIATION AND SPECIES RECOGNITION IN EOCENE TAPIRS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Abstract Samples of the new middle Eocene tapiroid Hesperaletes are analyzed to determine the merits of their referral to particular species. Criteria for recognizing species not only include documenting apomorphic morphologies, but also statistically estimating similarity and variability between and within samples. These criteria are consistent with the general lineage species concept that considers species to be segments of population lineages. Statistical comparisons use Student t tests and an analysis of the coefficient of variation in different samples and combinations of pooled samples. Application of these criteria to samples of Hesperaletes leads to confident referral of late Uintan material to a single species, Hesperaletes borineyi, but indicate that early Uintan samples cannot confidently be referred to a single species. Accordingly, most of the early Uintan samples are referred to a second species, Hesperaletes walshi, with the exception of one sample of uncertain taxonomic status. Although several evolutionary scenarios are consistent with these patterns of variability, they are interpreted to be the result of a cladogenetic speciation event.
Feeling Other People's Pain: An Event-Related Potential Study on Facial Attractiveness and Emotional Empathy

Empathy is the ability to understand and react to other people's inner states. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that there are two aspects of empathy which are subserved by distinct brain networks. The emotional aspect of empathy is reflected by bottom-up processes and the cognitive aspect of empathy is influenced by top-down processes. Both aspects can be studied by measuring the reaction of participants exposed to the pictures of models who feel physical pain, for example, having a needle stuck in their cheek. The early event-related potential (ERP) N2 has been reported in observing other’s physical pain and has been suggested as a biomarker of the emotional aspect of empathy. The present study investigated the time course of processing other’s pain and the influence of face attractiveness on the early ERP component. Participants (N = 24) viewed photos of physically attractive and unattractive men and women during painful (a needle in the check) and nonpainful stimulation (Q-tip touching the skin). N1 and P2 components were sensitive to face attractiveness. The amplitude of the N2 component was more positive for the stimuli associated with pain than for neutral stimuli, but only for unattractive faces. Therefore, we suggest that a difference in the N2 amplitude to pain in unattractive faces most likely reflects a difference in emphatic response depending on facial attractiveness.
Absence of blood parasites in the Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris

Total of 83 birds Alpine Accentor P. collaris were investigated for occurrence of blood parasites Haemoproteus sp. and Leucocytozoon sp. During the years 2001-2009 birds were captured in their natural habitats in alpine areas of the Slovak high mountains. The blood smears of all individuals were examined by microscopical scanning and 50 individuals were tested for blood parasites using PCR. None of the investigated birds was found to be infected with blood parasites.
UPDATED LIST OF MEALYBUGS AND PUTOIDS FROM COLOMBIA (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE AND PUTOIDAE)

Se proveen localidades de colecta, hospederos y hormigas asociadas de 34 especies de cochinillas harinosas(incluyendo putoideos) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae y Putoidae) en Colombia colectadas duranteel periodo 1995–2008. Se dan notas breves sobre la biologia, taxonomia y distribucion geografica de cada especie.Once cochinillas harinosas, Dysmicoccus sp. , Ferrisia sp. , Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Nipaecoccussp. 1, Nipaecoccus sp. 2, Phenacoccus solani Ferris, Ph. solenopsis Tinsley, Planococcus halli Ezzat& McConnell, Prorhizoecus sp. , Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) y Rhizoecus mayanus (Hambleton) sereportan como nuevos registros para Colombia. Se provee una lista actualizada de 78 cochinillas harinosas deColombia.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Group A Streptococcal emm Clusters in Africa To Inform Vaccine Development

Low vaccine coverage is of grave public health concern, particularly in developing countries where epidemiological data are often absent. To inform vaccine development for group A Streptococcus (GAS), we report on the epidemiology of the M protein emm clusters from GAS infections in Africa, where GAS-related illnesses and their sequelae, including rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, are of a high burden. This first report of emm clusters across the continent indicates a high probably of coverage by the M protein-based vaccine currently undergoing testing were an emm-cluster based approach to be used. ABSTRACT An emm-cluster based system was proposed as a standard typing scheme to facilitate and enhance future studies of group A Streptococcus (GAS) epidemiological surveillance, M protein function, and vaccine development strategies. We provide an evidence-based distribution of GAS emm clusters in Africa and assess the potential coverage of the new 30-valent vaccine in terms of an emm cluster-based approach. Two reviewers independently assessed studies retrieved from a comprehensive search and extracted relevant data. Meta-analyses were performed (random-effects model) to aggregate emm cluster prevalence estimates. Eight studies (n = 1,595 isolates) revealed the predominant emm clusters as E6 (18%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.6% to 24.0%), followed by E3 (14%; 95% CI, 11.2% to 17.4%) and E4 (13%; 95% CI, 9.5% to 16.0%). There was negligible variation in emm clusters with regard to regions, age, and socioeconomic status across the continent. Considering an emm cluster-based vaccine strategy, which assumes cross-protection within clusters, the 30-valent vaccine currently in clinical development would provide hypothetical coverage to 80.3% of isolates in Africa. This systematic review indicates the most predominant GAS emm cluster in Africa is E6 followed by E3, E4, and D4. The current 30-valent vaccine would provide considerable coverage across the diversity of emm cluster types in Africa. Future efforts could be directed toward estimating the overall potential coverage of the new 30-valent vaccine based on cross-opsonization studies with representative panels of GAS isolates from populations at highest risk for GAS diseases. IMPORTANCE Low vaccine coverage is of grave public health concern, particularly in developing countries where epidemiological data are often absent. To inform vaccine development for group A Streptococcus (GAS), we report on the epidemiology of the M protein emm clusters from GAS infections in Africa, where GAS-related illnesses and their sequelae, including rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, are of a high burden. This first report of emm clusters across the continent indicates a high probably of coverage by the M protein-based vaccine currently undergoing testing were an emm-cluster based approach to be used.
小剂量地西他滨治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后早期复发髓系恶性血液病患者的疗效分析

Efficacy of lowdose decitabine in the early relapse of malignant hematological diseases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Xu Guofa, Chen Ting, Liu Huanfeng, Lin Shijia, Gao Lei, Zhang Cheng, Liu Yao, Zhang Xi, Kong Peiyan Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China; 2 Department of Hematology, Chongqing Fuling Central Hospital, Chongqing 408000, China Corresponding author: Kong Peiyan, Email: peiyankong@163.com