Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Summary-Guided Incremental Symbolic Execution

Symbolic execution is a powerful technique for systematically exploring program paths, but scaling symbolic execution to practical programs remains challenging. State-of-the-art techniques face the challenge to efficiently explore incremental behaviors, especially for highly coupled programs with complex control and data dependency. In this paper, we present a novel approach for incremental symbolic execution based on an iteration loop between path exploration and path suffixes summarization. On one hand, the explored paths are summarized to enable more precise identification of affected paths; on the other hand, the summary guides path exploration to prune paths that have no incremental behaviors. We implemented the prototype of our approach and conducted experiments on a set of real-world applications. The results show that it is efficient and effective in exploring incremental behaviors.
AI-Driven Web API Testing

Testing of web APIs is nowadays more critical than ever before, as they are the current standard for software integration. A bug in an organization’s web API could have a huge impact both internally (services relying on that API) and externally (third-party applications and end users). Most existing tools and testing approaches require writing tests or instrumenting the system under test (SUT). The main aim of this dissertation is to take web API testing to an unprecedented level of automation and thoroughness. To this end, we plan to apply artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the autonomous detection of software failures. Specifically, the idea is to develop intelligent programs (we call them "bots") capable of generating hundreds, thousands or even millions of test inputs and to evaluate whether the test outputs are correct based on: 1) patterns learned from previous executions of the SUT; and 2) knowledge gained from analyzing thousands of similar programs. Evaluation results of our initial prototype are promising, with bugs being automatically detected in some real-world APIs.
Towards Providing Automated Supports to Developers on Writing Logging Statements

Developers write logging statements to generate logs and record system execution behaviors. Such logs are widely used for a variety of tasks, such as debugging, testing, program comprehension, and performance analysis. However, there exists no practical guidelines on how to write logging statements; hence, making the logging decision a very challenging task. There are two main challenges that developers are facing while making logging decisions: 1) Difficult to accurately and succinctly record execution behaviors; and 2) Hard to decide where to write logging statements. This thesis proposes a series of approaches to address the problems and help developers make logging decisions in two aspects: assist in making decisions on logging contents and on logging locations. Through case studies on large-scale open source and commercial systems, we anticipate that our study will provide useful suggestions and supports to developers for writing better logging statements.
Physio-Stacks: Supporting Communication with Ourselves and Others via Tangible, Modular Physiological Devices

Our physiological activity reflects our inner workings. However, we are not always aware of it in full detail. Physiological devices allow us to monitor and create adaptive systems and support introspection. Given that these devices have access to sensitive data, it is vital that users have a clear understanding of the internal mechanisms (extrospection), yet the underlying processes are hard to understand and control, resulting in a loss of agency. In this work, we focus on bringing the agency back to the user, by using design guidelines based on principles of honest communication and driven by positive activities. To this end, we conceived a tangible, modular approach for the construction of physiological interfaces that can be used as a prototyping toolkit by designers and researchers, or as didactic tools by educators and pupils. We show the potential of such an approach with a set of examples, supporting introspection, dialog, music creation, and play.
PHOSPHORUS EFFECTS ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND PHOSPHORUS TMDL DEVELOPMENT

Phosphorus is essential for all life. Phosphorus is an essential element for all life. It is part of the backbone of DNA. ATP is the fuel, or energy currency of cellular metabolism. Phosphorus at different energy states is organically bound and essential to the operation of photosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism (the building of molecules). Because of the central role of phosphorus, when crop yields are high, phosphorus is always in adequate supply.
Refactoring Operations Grounded in Manual Code Changes

Refactoring tools automate tedious and error-prone source code changes. The prevalence and difficulty of refactorings in software development makes this a high-impact area for successful automation of manual operations. Automated refactorings tools can improve the speed and accuracy of software development and are easily accessible in many programming environments. Even so, developers frequently eschew automation in favor of manual refactoring and cite reasons like lack of support for real usage scenarios and unpredictable tools. In this paper, we propose to redesign refactoring operations into transformations that are useful and applicable in real software evolution scenarios with the help of repository mining and user studies.
Regularized S-Map Reveals Varying Bacterial Interactions

It has long been acknowledged that bacterial interactions play important roles in community structure and function. Revealing the interaction variability can allow an understanding of how bacteria respond to perturbation and why bacterial community performance changes. Such information should improve our skills in engineering bacterial communities (e.g., in a wastewater treatment plant) and achieve better removal performance and lower energy consumption. ABSTRACT There is a growing awareness that bacterial interactions follow a highly nonlinear pattern in reality. However, it is challenging to track the varying bacterial interactions using pairwise correlation analysis, which fails to explore their potential effects on the behavior of microbes. Here, we utilized a regularized sequential locally weighted global linear map (S-map) to capture the varying interspecific interactions from the time series data of a bacterial community under exposure to nitrite. Our results show that bacterial interactions are highly variable and that asymmetric interactions dominate the interaction pattern in a community. Furthermore, we propose a Jacobian coefficient-based statistical method to predict the harmony level of a bacterial community at each successive ecosystem state. The results show that the bacterial community exhibits a higher harmony level in nitrite-treated samples than in the control group. We show that the community harmony level is positively associated with the specific endogenous respiration rates and biofilm formation of the culture. In addition, the community tends to process lower diversity and structural stability under zero- and high-nitrite stresses. We demonstrate that the harmony level, rather than structural stability, is a useful index for unveiling the underlying mechanism of bacterial performance. Overall, the regularized S-map can help us to understand bacterial interactions in ecosystems more accurately than previous approaches. IMPORTANCE It has long been acknowledged that bacterial interactions play important roles in community structure and function. Revealing the interaction variability can allow an understanding of how bacteria respond to perturbation and why bacterial community performance changes. Such information should improve our skills in engineering bacterial communities (e.g., in a wastewater treatment plant) and achieve better removal performance and lower energy consumption.
The Influence of Social Media on Employee’s Knowledge Sharing Motivation: A Two-Factor Theory Perspective

This study aims to investigate social media (hygiene factor), motivators (allow employees to share knowledge), and employee’s knowledge sharing motivation (KSM). For this purpose, the author introduces two-factor theory as its research framework to propose research hypotheses and construct the theoretical model. Then the model is tested and validated based on a survey of 278 enterprise employees in China, utilizing structural equation modeling through SPSS statistics and AMOS. It is found that first, the three states of knowledge sharing (lack of motivation, intermediate state, and with motivation) constitute two continuums. The satisfaction of motivators and hygiene factors respectively lead to changes in the state of motivation to share, and second, social media affects the staff’s motivation to share through both a direct and an indirect pathway. Directly, as the hygiene factor, the absence of social media will weaken the staff’s motivation to share. However, its usage doesn’t directly increase employees’ sharing motivation. Indirectly, through the mediating effect of self-efficacy social media can influence knowledge sharing motivation of employees.
Posture control for humanoid robot on uneven ground and slopes using inertial sensors

We designed a stable gait pattern and posture-control balance system to enable a biped humanoid robot to maintain balance and avoid falling when walking on uneven ground or slopes. In this study, we first examined the problem of gait generation and the balance of a humanoid robot and then proposed a posture-control balance system using the inertial sensors of a gyroscope and accelerometer to sense the tilt angle of the robot according to the environment. To process the data obtained by the sensors, the mean filter was applied to eliminate the noise in the data, and the complementary filter was used to properly combine the data from both the gyroscope and accelerometer. The system further modifies the gait and posture of the robot based on the results obtained through a fuzzy system to attain the angle of balance and stabilization. A robot with an open platform was used to test the implementation of the proposed algorithm, and the experimental results demonstrated that the robot could successfully maintain balance when walking uphill and downhill on uneven surfaces. Moreover, because only one parameter needs to be adjusted when applying the balance-control system, the system can be easily extended to any related humanoid robot.
Comparative Studies on the Quality and Lycopene Content of Pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) Cultivars

Three cultivars of pomelo “Guanximiyou” (GX) and its variants “Hongroumiyou” (HR) and “Sanhongmiyou” (SH) were selected as experimental materials to evaluate the quality and edible value of the fruit. In this study, the fruit quality and lycopene contents were investigated. The results show that among the 3 cultivars used, the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, and total phenol in the juice sac of SH were the highest, followed by HR and GX. SH has the largest fruit shape index, soluble sugar content: GX > HR > SH, and titratable acid content: GX < HR < SH. From our findings, the content of lycopene was the highest in SH, followed by HR and GX. SH has the greatest potential for production due to its appreciable content of lycopene and fruit quality.
Beyond aggregation: Pathological phase transitions in neurodegenerative disease

Over the past decade, phase transitions have emerged as a fundamental mechanism of cellular organization. In parallel, a wealth of evidence has accrued indicating that aberrations in phase transitions are early events in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. We review the key evidence of defects at multiple levels, from phase transition of individual proteins to the dynamic behavior of complex, multicomponent condensates in neurodegeneration. We also highlight two concepts, dynamical arrest and heterotypic buffering, that are key to understanding how pathological phase transitions relate to pleiotropic defects in cellular functions and the accrual of proteinaceous deposits at end-stage disease. These insights not only illuminate disease etiology but also are likely to guide the development of therapeutic interventions to restore homeostasis.
Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal protein with silkworm pupae on the growth performance, body composition, and health status of Cyprinus carpio var. specularis fingerlings

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal(FM)with silkworm pupae(SWP)on juvenile Cyprinus carpio var.specularis[(12.10±0.89) g]. FM diet(fish meal 10%,silkworm pupae 0%,CP 36.18%,EE 5.18%)and SWP diet(fish meal 5%,silkworm pupae 5.5%,CP 35.38%,EE 5.06%)were formulated to feed the fish three times daily to visual satiety in indoor circulating water system for 61 days.The results showed that final body weight(FBW),weight gain rate(WGR),special growth rate(SGR),protein efficiency ratio(PER),feed conversion ratio(FCR),survival rate(SR)of the SWP group and FM group were not significantly different(P0.05),while no difference was found in condition factor(CF),viscerossomatic index(VI),hepatosomatic index(HI),spleen index(SI),intestine index(II),as well as the content of moisture,crude lipid,crude protein,crude ash of the fish tissue(P0.05). The contents of Lys in whole body and Tyr in muscle of SWP group were significantly lower than those in FM group(P0.05). The contents of C14∶ 0,C16∶ 1n-7 and C18∶ 1n-7 in muscle of SWP group were significantly lower than those in FM group,and the contents of C18∶ 3n-3 and ∑n-3PUFA in muscle of SWP group were significantly higher than those in FM group(P0.05). On the other hand,the contents of C18∶ 3n-3 and C22∶ 5n-3 in hepatopancreas of SWP group were significantly higher than those in FM group(P0.05). No significant difference was found in serum biochemical indices,index of atherogenicity(IA)and index of thrombogenicity(IT)between the two groups(P0.05). There are no significant differences in mucosa amount,mucosa height,mucosa width and submucosa thickness of foregut and midgut(P0.05),however,the muscular coat thickness of foregut was significantly lower in SWP group than FM group(P0.05). It is concluded that silkworm pupae is an acceptable alternative animal protein source,which can replace up to 50% of fish meal protein in C.carpio var.specularis diet without significant adverse impact on the health status,althought it affects the tissue amino acid and fatty acids profiles,and has a tendency to promote the growth performance and feed utilization.
Age of Bufo bufo in amplexus over the spawning period

Using skelettochronology the age of paired Bufo bufo L. at different dates in the spawning period was determined. Female toads appear to attain maturity at a more advanced age than male toads and are, on the average, older too. During the period in which pairs were formed and spawning took place, neither the mean age nor the mean length of male and female toads in amplexus did change. Mate selection based on age or length could not be established either. Although considerable overlap exists, the length of the male and female toads increases with increasing age. At any age adult female toads are bigger than adult male toads.
Photon-induced Fragmentation of Zinc-based Oxoclusters for EUV Lithography Applications

To meet the requirements for EUV nanolithography, the semiconductor industry has drawn attention towards hybrid inorganic-organic based photoresists. However, the mechanisms responsible for the solubility switch in these materials are not well understood. In this work, UV/ VUV (4-14 eV) photon-induced fragmentations of Zn-based oxoclusters in the gas phase are investigated to study the fundamental reactivity of their cationic form. Irradiation of the parent cations results mainly in the ligand dissociation and fragmentation of the inorganic clusters at energies below the second ionization threshold (～12 eV). This ionization energy appears to be linked to the methacrylate ligand in the organic shell. We presume that this type of fragmentations can also occur when the oxoclusters are ionized in the thin film upon EUV irradiation.
The Challenges and Difficulties of Teachers in the Insertion and Practice of Environmental Education in the School Curriculum

The objective of this research was to investigate the main difficulties encountered by teachers when working on environmental education in the various disciplines of the school curriculum. The qualitative methodology was used in the home study format. This study was carried out with teachers from three State Colleges of the Public Education Network in Curitiba, Parana. An intercession was made with the teachers so that they could point out these difficulties in the insertion of environmental education and the results indicated some problems in the school environment. It was concluded from this study that it is necessary to rethink and plan to overcome challenges with regard to environmental education in the school.
Educating Children in Our Care

In Canada, there is increasing recognition that poor educational outcomes of children and adolescents involved with the child welfare system represent an emerging crisis for youth, their families, and the broader society. Interprofessional education and collaboration between educators and social workers may facilitate better outcomes for children in care. Although interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional collaboration (IPC) are well established in the allied health fields, there is not an equivalent acceptance within the applied social sciences, specifically in education and child welfare contexts. This may partially be attributed to the “siloed” nature of these professions, which limits both capacity and opportunities for professionals to understand each other’s mandates, roles, and policies. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a graduate elective course for social workers and educators that was geared toward educational outcomes of children in care. Thirty-eight students from both disciplines participated in a summer institute. Although participants valued the content and process of the course, it is unclear whether these types of initiatives facilitate enhanced IPC. Findings do however suggest that IPE initiatives targeted toward a specific population may have more positive outcomes, compared to general IPC.
Does Generation Moderate the Effect of Total Rewards on Employee Retention? Evidence From Jordan

Skill shortages along with changes in employee demographics have required that employers reconsider hitherto undifferentiated retention strategies in favor of a more targeted approach that accounts for precisely which total reward factors induce retention among talented employees. One notable gap in corresponding research is insufficient empirical data regarding the impact of employees’ generation on the relation between total rewards and retention. This article addresses existed gab(s) in the literature by exploring how total rewards—categorized into extrinsic, intrinsic, and social rewards—influence retention among two distinct groups in today’s labor force, Generation X and Generation Y, via surveys conducted among schoolteachers in Jordan. A total of 250 copies of structured questionnaire were administered to the high school teachers in the eastern areas of Jordan, while partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed for the model analysis, and multigroup analysis was conducted to determine the moderating effects of generations. Findings revealed that no statistically significant difference in terms of the total rewards–employee retention relationship exists between the two generations. For both generations, extrinsic rewards had a significant impact on retention, while social rewards had none. Intrinsic rewards proved effective among Generation Y though not Generation X employees although the difference was minimal. Ultimately, in recruiting and managing employees of both generations in Jordan’s education sector, the results of this study indicate that employers should channel their resources primarily into providing attractive extrinsic rewards.
The Effects Live High, Train Low/High at Natural Altitude on Blood Variables and Endurance Performance

Purpose: The present study was done to specify the impacts of a protocol called “living high, training low and high (LHTLH)”on serum ET-1 and EPO levels as well as the 3000-m performance of endurance runners in Iran’s national team. Method: eight male runners (aged24.4±3.1, height of 180.5±4.2, weight of66.7±3.4 and BMI of20.1±5.0kg/m2) who cooperated voluntarily with regard to middle distance and marathon running (R2M system training) at high and low altitudes. All case studies did 3000-m test and blood samples were taken at a time period of 24-hours before and after the test. The intended tasks consisted of continuous, interval, aerobic and resistance exercises. The runners were to take part in 16 training sessions each week. It should be noted that the training lasted for 11 weeks according to (LHTLH) protocol. Variance with repeated measures (P≤0.05) was utilized as the method to analyze the collected data. Results: It was shown that 3000-m time underwent significant decrease with regard to the time of impact both before and after the training. However, there were not significant changes in EPO (P≥0.05). On the contrary the amount of ET-1 demonstrated significant increase (P≤0.05). Conclusions: The results indicated that 3000-m time at lower altitudes will decrease on account of certain training programs. The reason is not directly related to the level of EPO. It is through hematological and metabolic changes as well as increase of ET-1 levels that performance under hypoxic and normoxic states happens to improve in the real sense.
Educational Gender Inequality in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Long‐Term Perspective

To what extent was the 20th century schooling revolution in sub-Saharan Africa shared equally between men and women? We examine trajectories of educational gender inequality over the 20th century, using census data from 21 African countries and applying a birth-cohort approach. We present three sets of findings. First, compared to other developing regions with similar histories of colonial rule and educational expansion, sub-Saharan Africa performed comparatively poorly in closing educational gender gaps (M-F) and gender ratios (M/F) over the 20th century. Second, in most African countries, the educational gender gap rose during the colonial era, peaked mid-century, and declined, albeit at very different rates, after independence. Southern African countries were remarkably gender equal, both in terms of gaps and ratios. French (former) colonies had smaller gaps but higher ratios than British (former) colonies, which we attribute to slower expansion of male education in the former. Both on the world-region and country-level, the expansion of male education is associated initially with a growing gender gap, and subsequently a decline. We refer to this pattern as the “educational gender Kuznets curve”. Third, using data from 6 decadal cohorts across 1,177 African regions, we explore sub-national correlates of educational gender equity. Better connected and urban regions witnessed lower educational gender inequality. In regions with large Christian mission stations in the early 20th century access to education was also less gender unequal, an effect that persisted into the post-colonial period. We also find that during the colonial era, cash crop cultivation was not consistently associated with larger gender gaps, while female farming systems were associated with smaller gaps. The sub-national cross-sectional results confirm the existence of an educational gender Kuznets curve.