Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population connectivity among migratory and stationary cod Gadus morhua in the Northeast Atlantic — A review of 80 years of study

The population structure of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. in the Barents Sea and in fjords and coastal waters in Norway and northwestern Russia has been a controversial subject since the 1930s. Eight decades of scientific inquiry have compared migratory NE Arctic (NA) and stationary Norwegian and Russian coastal cod (NC). At one extreme the existence of 2 non-interbreeding groups is advocated, whereas others find support for low genetic differentiation due to substantial gene flow, with geographical distance being the limiting factor. We review studies of a wide range of phenotypic (e.g. growth, maturation, counts of vertebrae) and polymorphic genetic markers (e.g. allozymes, mtDNA, microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms). Regardless of whether or not the observed differences have a genetic basis, 70% of the 54 reviewed papers conclude that NA and NC differ with respect to the characters studied. However, few papers remain after exclusion of those relying on characteristics or markers that are generally agreed to be subject to selection and therefore less suited to assessing population connectivity. The lack of studies examining the potential influence of environments on growth of annual zones in otoliths is surprising, since otoliths are used to catego- rize specimens in managing the NA and NC and in scientific papers. We conclude that it is still an open question whether NA and NC effectively make up 1 large population or >1 non- interbreeding 'groups'. As next-generation sequencing technology transforms 'population genetics' into 'population genomics', we will move towards a better understanding of differentiation among fish populations.
Present and past nonanthropogenic CO2 degassing from the solid earth

Global carbon cycle models suggest that CO2 degassing from the solid Earth has been a primary control of paleoatmospheric CO2 contents and through the greenhouse effect, of global paleotemperatures. Because such models utilize simplified and indirect assumptions about CO2 degassing, improved quantification is warranted. Present‐day CO2 degassing provides a baseline for modeling the global carbon cycle and provides insight into the geologic regimes of paleodegassing. Mid‐ocean ridges (MORs) discharge 1–3 × 1012 mol/yr of CO2 and consume ∼3.5 × 1012 mol/yr of CO2 by carbonate formation in MOR hydrothermal systems. Excluding MORs as a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere, the total CO2 discharge from subaerial volcanism is estimated at ∼2.0–2.5 × 1012 mol/yr. Because this flux is lower than estimates of the global consumption of atmospheric CO2 by subaerial silicate weathering, other CO2 sources are required to balance the global carbon cycle. Nonvolcanic CO2 degassing (i.e., emission not from the craters or flanks of volcanos), which is prevalent in high heat flow regimes that are primarily located at plate boundaries, could contribute the additional CO2 that is apparently necessary to balance the global carbon cycle. Oxidation of methane emitted from serpentinization of ultramafics and from thermocatalysis of organic matter provides an additional, albeit unquantified, source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Magmatic CO2 degassing was probably a major contributor to global warming during the Cretaceous. Metamorphic CO2 degassing from regimes of shallow, pluton‐related low‐pressure regional metamorphism may have significantly contributed to global warming during the Cretaceous and Paleocene/Eocene. CO2 degassing associated with continental rifting of Pangaea may have contributed to the global warming that was initiated in the Jurassic. During the Cretaceous, global warming initiated by CO2 degassing of flood basalts, and consequent rapid release of large quantities of CH4 by decomposition of gas hydrates (clathrates), could have caused widespread extinctions of organisms.
Constraining the N 2 O 5 UV absorption cross section from spectroscopic trace gas measurements in the tropical mid-stratosphere

Abstract. The absorption cross section of N2O5, σN2O5(λ, T), which is known from laboratory measurements with the uncertainty of a factor of 2 (Table 4-2 in (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) JPL-2011; the spread in laboratory data, however, points to an uncertainty in the range of 25 to 30%, Sander et al., 2011), was investigated by balloon-borne observations of the relevant trace gases in the tropical mid-stratosphere. The method relies on the observation of the diurnal variation of NO2 by limb scanning DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) measurements (Weidner et al., 2005; Kritten et al., 2010), supported by detailed photochemical modelling of NOy (NOx(= NO + NO2) + NO3 + 2N2O5 + ClONO2 + HO2NO2 + BrONO2 + HNO3) photochemistry and a non-linear least square fitting of the model result to the NO2 observations. Simulations are initialised with O3 measured by direct sun observations, the NOy partitioning from MIPAS-B (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding – Balloon-borne version) observations in similar air masses at night-time, and all other relevant species from simulations of the SLIMCAT (Single Layer Isentropic Model of Chemistry And Transport) chemical transport model (CTM). Best agreement between the simulated and observed diurnal increase of NO2 is found if the σN2O5(λ, T) is scaled by a factor of 1.6 ± 0.8 in the UV-C (200–260 nm) and by a factor of 0.9 ± 0.26 in the UV-B/A (260–350 nm), compared to current recommendations. As a consequence, at 30 km altitude, the N2O5 lifetime against photolysis becomes a factor of 0.77 shorter at solar zenith angle (SZA) of 30° than using the recommended σN2O5(λ, T), and stays more or less constant at SZAs of 60°. Our scaled N2O5 photolysis frequency slightly reduces the lifetime (0.2–0.6%) of ozone in the tropical mid- and upper stratosphere, but not to an extent to be important for global ozone.
Transformation of somatic embryos of Vitis sp. (grapevine) with different constructs containing nucleotide sequences from nepovirus coat protein genes

1996. Transformation of somatic e m b r y o s o f Vitis sp. (grapevine) with different constructs containing nucleotide sequences from nepovirus coat protein genes. Arqiiipe'lngo. L i f e a n d M a r i n e Sciences 14A: 67-74. Ponta Delgada. ISSN 08734704. Breeding of grapevines. one of the world's most widcly-grown fruit crop, as in the case with many woody crops, is hampered by genetic heterozygozity and long generation time. Transformation offcrs new alternatives in the genetic improvement of grapevine. Nepovimses are the grapevine viruses of greatest economic importance because of their worldwide occurrence and the severe damages they cause. An Agrobncteriurn-mediated gene transfer system relying on repetitive embryogencsis has been used to regenerate transgenic grapevines. Embryogenic cultures of Vitis vinifera (Russalka - selfpollinatcd) and 1 10 Richter (Vitis rupestris x Vitis berlandieri) were transformed with Agrobacteriron turnefacierzs strain LBA 4404 containing various binary plasmids. pBinCUSint. carrying the marker gene P-glucuronidasc (GUS). and seven different constructs containing chimeric coat protein (CP) genes of grapevine fanleaf virus (CFLV), including nontranslatable and truncated forms of the CP gene. and arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), respectively. Putative transformed embryos werc selected by continued proliferation on kanamycin containing medium. Embryos transformed with the plasmid pBinCUSint were shown to exprcss the GUS gene by histochemical analyses.
PYROLYSIS OF OIL SHALE MIXED WITH LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

The pyrolysis experiments on oil shale mixed with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were carried out with the aid of thermogravimetric analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry system and distillation furnace. The results obtained indicate that a synergistic effect exists to some extent during pyrolysis of oil shale mixed with LDPE. The temperature of maximum degradation of the mixture is approximately 5 °C lower than that of oil shale. The difference in weight loss between the pure oil shale and that mixed with LDPE is 1.17% at 550 °C. Co-pyrolysis experiments of oil shale mixed with LDPE show an increased shale oil yield, and the obtained oil containes novel alkynes or allenes.
Analysis of smallholder farmers’ preferences for Biofuel investments for livelihood diversification in Kenya

Poverty continues to be a problem in some parts of the world and is typically severe among small-scale farmers. If this issue is not addressed, farmers will continue to fall into poverty thereby stifling the achievement of Kenya Vision 2030’s plan to transform the country to middle income status by 2030. Biofuel investments are emerging as a possible alternative livelihood diversification strategy. However, little is known on farmers’ preferences for biofuel investments. Given Kenya’s Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) 2010-2020, it was important to analyze smallholder farmers’ livelihood strategies and preferences for biofuel investments in terms of how they should be designed so as not to stifle ASDS vision of ensuring a food secure and prosperous nation. Specifically, the study focused on characterization of smallholder farmers’ livelihood strategies and preferences for biofuel investments. The survey data was generated from a multistage area sample of smallholder farmers in Western Kenya. Descriptive statistics were used in the characterization of smallholder farmers’ livelihood strategies. Further, the Choice Experiment (CE) approach and the Random Parameter Logit (RPL) were used to elicit farmers’ preferences for biofuel investments. Pooled results from the preference analysis indicated that farmers had higher preference for short contract length compared to long contract length. In addition to this, farmers had a higher preference for quarter piece of land to be leased out compared to three quarter piece of land to be leased out. Also, they had higher preference for permanent type of employment compared to casual type of employment. Lastly, farmers in both areas had a higher preference for renewable contracts compared to non-renewable contracts. The study also estimated Compensating Surplus (CS) measures, which indicated that farmers in Kakamega are willing to accept higher compensation compared to their counterparts in Bungoma for them to participate in biofuel investments. These findings offer useful insights to policy-makers on the design of biofuel investments to address the livelihood challenges in Western Kenya and other areas with similar conditions.
CHARACTERIZING dsRNA PRODUCTION IN VIRUS-INFECTED FISH CELLS

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Aquaculture and the Effect of Fish Viruses 1 1.2. Fish Viruses Used in this Study 2 1.3. How Viruses Produce dsRNA 4 1.4. Viral infection and Innate Immune Mechanisms 6 1.4.1. Viral dsRNA 6 1.4. 2. Stimulating Antiviral Genes and Antiviral Defence 10 1.5. Rainbow Trout Cell Lines . 13 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS 15 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 18 3.1. Cell culture 18 3.2. Virus propagation and infection 18 3.3. Antibodies 19 3.4. Immunofluorescence analysis 20 3.5 Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Nikon NIS-ELEMENTS Software 23 3.6. Acridine Orange Stain (AO) 23 3.6. 1. RNA extraction 23 3.6. 2. AO gel stain 24 4. RESULTS 25 4.1. Determining dsRNA production of fish viruses in fish cell lines 25
Global Sourcing: Evidence from Spanish Firm-Level Data

AbstractWe investigate the link between productivity of firms and their sourcing behavior. Following Antras and Helpman (2004) we distinguish between domestic and foreign sourcing, as well as between outsourcing and vertical integration. A firm's choice is driven by a hold-up problem caused by lack of enforceable contracts. We use Spanish firm-level data to examine the productivity premia associated with the different sourcing strategies. We find strong empirical support for the predictions of the model.
Towards dynamically running quadruped robots: performance, scaling, and comparison

The field of robotic research applying legged machines and robots is growing quickly, but it is still facing a major discrepancy of performance, quality, and complexity, compared to their biological counterparts. A lack of appropriate off-the-shelf hardware platforms, a lack of open-access to dynamically running legged robot platforms, and missing comparative studies between existing quadruped platforms (mis)leads researchers to re-invent and re-design own quadruped robots, from the scratch. As research of legged locomotion should be the goal, and not research about its tools (the robots per se), this can be a frustrating and time consuming process. Research in dynamic legged locomotion would benefit from free and easy access to blueprints, and studies where different robot design choices can be tested and compared rigorously against each other. A future, better-performing platform could be assembled from the best-performing components (actuators, sensors, driver code, controllers) and principles (type of actuation, type of control, sensing, leg design, trunk design, compliant design) of existing systems.
Rotation matrix factorization Impact on the quality of images rotation

Most efficient algorithms for rotating 2D images are based on the succession of three translations, following the lines, then the columns and the lines of the image again (LCL). These translations result from the decomposition of the rotation matrix into a product of an upper triangular matrix, a lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix (ULU). We have shown in this paper that the decomposition of the rotation matrix is not unique and have separated it into a product of a lower triangular matrix, an upper triangular matrix and a lower triangular matrix (LUL). This new decomposition led to a new algorithm based on a succession of three translations following the columns, then the lines and the columns of the images again (CLC). Statistical analysis of experimental results showed that the computational complexity of images rotation does not depend significantly (p>0.05) on the factorization ULU or LUL, whereas the precision depends on it significantly (p<0.05). Each of the two algorithms of rotation is more precise for certain images and for certain angles. The method can be generalized in a case of 3D image rotation using the Euler angles.
Ancient and modern hybridization between Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

There are important but inconsistent differences in breeding site preference between the blow flies Lucilia sericata (Mei- gen, 1826) and L. cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) that have significance for medical and veterinary science. These inconsistencies might arise from hybridisation. The species are difficult to distinguish using external morphology, although the male genitalia are distinctive and there are reliable molecular markers. Molecular evidence of modern hybridisation, derived from a newly developed nuclear marker, the period (per) gene, is presented here. This has implications for identifications of these species based on mtDNA, and may lead to an explanation of the medical and veterinary anomalies noted in these species.
Implementation of Hierarchical Clustering for Improved Classification of Incomplete Pattern

: Most of the time values are missing in database, which should be dealt with. Missing qualities are happened in light of the fact that, the information section individual did not know the correct esteem or disappointment of sensors or leave the space purge. The arrangement of missing esteemed deficient example is a testing errand in machine learning approach. Fragmented information is not appropriate for classification handle. At the point when inadequate examples are arranged utilizing prototype values, the last class for similar examples may have different outcomes that are variable yields. We cannot characterize particular class for particular examples. The framework creates a wrong outcome which additionally brings about differing impacts. So to manage such sort of inadequate information, framework executes prototype-based credal classification (PCC) technique. The PCC technique is fused with Hierarchical bunching and Evidential thinking strategy to give exact, time and memory productive results. This technique prepares the specimens and recognizes the class prototype. This will be helpful for identifying the missing qualities. At that point in the wake of getting every single missing worth, credal strategy is use for classification. The trial comes about demonstrate that the improved form of PCC performs better as far as time and memory effectiveness.
The Role of Indigenous Peoples in Guatemalan Political Advertisements: An Ethnographic Content Analysis

This study investigates the current status of indigenous peoples within Guatemalan society, as articulatedin one of the most relevant forms of modern communication, political advertising,anddefinedbyoneofthemostrelevantformsofself-expressiontotheindigenous peoples of Guatemala, the traje. Using ethnographic content analysis, the study examines the roles and characterizations of indigenous people in 67 television commercials from across the Guatemalan political spectrum. Results indicate that indigenous people are most often seen as ‘‘crowd members,’’ and are never given important roles, such as ‘‘candidate endorser’’ or ‘‘undecided voter. ’’ Overall, wearing traje is associated with helplessness and
Oil – The Earth’s blood, a paper on how to recover its critical declining prices by using a hedge vaccine through a leading core of countries termed as VIRUS

This paper introduces the description of whom are the main concerns about the currently and critical decline of oil prices, and how this countries, named as VIRUS, could turn out to be a “vaccine” into resulting on a hedge to correct and return to economic viable prices on the commodity. It uses as methodology the acceptance of five main regions or countries as the main characters on the supply and demand of crude oil globally, using a hedge through observation of old prices through a sextic polynomial equation to determine the price to be used into an econometric equation to forecast the hedge price scenario that could help the recovery of the global oil prices at mid-term, taking also into consideration a possible decline over the shale gas demand of the USA due environment question over fracking
Translation of Power and Solidarity Pronouns in Qur’anic Rhetoric

Translation of the Holy Quran can be difficult for translators in terms of accuracy and translatability. Sometimes translators fail to render the Quranic thoughts because of the lack of language features in target languages. This results in an unfavorable interpretation. One of the challenging aspects of translating Quran is reference switching as rhetorical devices, which are widespread in the book due to the aesthetic aspects of the Arabic language. Rendering rhetorical devices may lead to misinterpreting the Quran as the target languages might not have the same context as Arabic. The ongoing research discovers several rhetorical problems in the English translation of the Quran by Abdel - Haleem in terms of power and solidarity relations on the basis of Brown and Gilman personal pronoun description. This study provided a brief introduction and review about “tenor” – interpersonal relationship among the text – that is a part of Hallidayan functional linguistics, which was the framework for data analysis in this study and the pronouns of power and solidarity as rhetorical devices. This study also investigated the analysis of the six selected and randomly chosen samples and their English translations regarding reference switching as a rhetorical device in the tenor of the target texts. The results of the study revealed that the translator was not successful in switching the references amongst the pronouns in English translation and the tenor in target text was also different from the source one.
A Framework for Optimizing the Process of Energy Harvesting from Ambient RF Sources

Energy harvesting has been an active research topic in the past half a decade with respect to wireless networks. We reviewed some of the recent techniques towards improving energy harvesting performance to find that there is a large scope of improvement in terms of optimization and addressing problems pertaining to low-powered communicating mobile nodes. Therefore, we present a framework for identifying available RF sources of energy and constructing a robust link between the energy source and the mobile device. We apply linear optimization approach to enhance the performance of energy harvesting. Probabilility theory is used for identification of event loss in the presence of different number of nodes as well as node distances. The objective of the proposed system is to offer better availability of RF signals as well as better probability of energy harvesting for mobile devices. The proposed technique is also found to be computationally cost effective.
An Examination of the Motivation and Satisfaction of College Students Enrolled in Physical Education Courses

An Examination of the Motivation and Satisfaction of College Students Enrolled in Physical Education Courses Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find what factor structures are for the Learning Motivation Scale and Learning Satisfaction Scale, and test a model of learning motivation and learning satisfaction based on college students in Taiwan. Finally, to realize what the most important motivation influence is for students to select PE classes. Methods: The questionnaire was administered by purposeful sampling to 350 students. By using LISREL 8.51 and SPSS 17.0 Package Software, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The results of this study supported a five factor confirmatory factor analysis model of learning motivation as well as a five factor CFA model of learning satisfaction. In addition, the model of learning motivation and learning satisfaction in physical education was supported and the intellectual construct is the most significant motivation to select PE classes. Conclusion: The current study indicated that students' learning motivation significantly affects learning satisfaction in the PE field, although the path coefficient was somewhat low. In other words, from a statistical perspective, there might be some other constructs between learning motivation and learning satisfaction. From a practical perspective, besides letting students feel satisfied with PE classes, the most important values of PE classes are to provide intellectual sport knowledge, to design sport activities which can increase their social relations and an enjoyable atmosphere.
Chinese Traffic Panels Detection and Recognition From Street-Level Images

Traffic sign detection and recognition has been the active research topic due to its potential applications in intelligent transportation. However, detection and recognition of traffic panels containing much information, still remains to be a challenging problem. This paper proposes a method to detect and recognize traffic panels from street-level images in the urban scenes and to analyze the information on them. The traffic panels are detected based on histogram of oriented gradient and linear support vector machines. The text strings and symbols on traffic panels are segmented using connected component analysis method. Finally, the symbols on traffic panels are recognized by means of a model named bag of spatial visual words. Experimental results on images from Baidu Panorama Map prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.