Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DETECTION AND DELINEATION OF SUBSURFACE COAL MINE FIRE FROM SPACEBORNE THERMAL INFRARED DATA IN JHARIA COALFIELD, DHANBAD, INDIA

Abstract. Coal fire has been found to be a major problem worldwide in coal mining areas. The surrounding areas get hugely affected, and significant amount of reserves are wasted due to the burning of coal. This severely affects the environment condition, which leads to a rise in temperature of the region, which is a major reason for climate change. Greenhouse gases like CO2 SO2 NO CH4 are also emitted from the cracks and fissures. Large masses of the burning of coal also causes land subsidence and collapse. Underground coal fires ignited by natural causes or human error leads to atmospheric pollution, acid rain, land subsidence, and increased coronary and respiratory diseases. They consume a valuable energy resource, destroy floral and faunal habitats, and promote human suffering because of heat, subsidence, and pollution. Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand, India, is well known for being the storehouse of prime coking coal and for accommodating the maximum number of coal fires among all the coalfields in the country. In this paper, some of the important issues of coal fire mapping from satellite thermal infrared data have been addressed in particular reference to Jharia Coalfield. Namely, these are: retrieval of spectral radiance from raw digital satellite data using scene-specific calibration coefficients of the detectors from metadata, thermal emissivity of surface to obtain kinetic temperature at each ground resolution cell of satellite data, field-based modelling of pixel-integrated temperature for differentiating surface and subsurface fire pixels in Landsat 8 thermal IR data, identification of surface coal fire locations from infrared data and lateral propagation of coal fire.
Reverse QMRA as a Decision Support Tool: Setting Acceptable Concentration Limits for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Naegleria fowleri

Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Naegleria fowleri are a growing concern in building water systems because of their potential risks to human health. The aim of this study was to determine the critical concentrations of P. aeruginosa and N. fowleri in water that are associated with meaningful public health risks. To determine these concentrations, a reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was conducted. Environmental concentrations of P. aeruginosa and N. fowleri corresponding to the risk target of one micro-disability-adjusted life year (DALY) per person per year and 10−4 annual risks of illness were calculated for several applicable exposure scenarios. To calculate the concentration of P. aeruginosa, cleaning contact lenses with potentially contaminated tap water in the absence of an appropriate cleaning solution was considered. For N. fowleri, two exposure scenarios, recreational exposure (swimming) and nasal cleansing (via the use of a neti pot™ or similar device) were considered. The highest critical concentration for P. aeruginosa was found to be 33 CFU/L with a 95% confidence interval of (2.0, 118) for the drop exposure scenario using the 10−4 annual risk target. For N. fowleri, based on the DALY approach, critical concentrations were 0.000030 N. fowleri/L for swimming and 0.00000060 N. fowleri/L for neti pot™ use scenario. Considering heat inactivation, the critical concentration limits for P. aeruginosa using the DALY approach and the 10−4 annual risk target approach were found to be 0.55 CFU/L and 55 CFU/L, respectively. For N. fowleri, the 10−4 annual risk target approach resulted in 0.022 N. fowleri/L and the DALY approach resulted in 0.00000064 N. fowleri/L for the neti pot™ scenario. For P. aeruginosa, N50 (the median infective dose) and alpha (α) contributed the most and contact rates the least to the variability and uncertainty of the estimates for all the scenarios. For N. fowleri, N50 and contact rates contributed the most and α the least to the variability and uncertainty to calculate the concentrations for all the scenarios. The QMRA framework implemented in this research can be used to incorporate more information regarding opportunistic pathogens to inform management decisions, and to prioritize the best interventions regarding estimated reduction in infections caused by opportunistic pathogens.
Chemotaxonomic patterns of vegetation and soils along altitudinal transects of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, and implications for paleovegetation reconstructions – Part II: lignin-derived phenols and leaf-wax-derived n-alkanes

Abstract. Erica is a dominant vegetation type in many sub-afroalpine ecosystems, such as the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. However, the past extent of Erica is not well known and climate versus anthropogenic influence on altitudinal shifts are difficult to assign unambiguously, especially during the Holocene. The main objective of the present study is to chemotaxonomically characterize the dominant plant species occurring in the Bale Mountains using lignin phenols and n-alkane biomarkers and to examine the potential of those biomarkers for reconstructing vegetation history. Fresh plant material, organic layer and mineral topsoil samples were collected along a northeastern and a southwestern altitudinal transect (4134–3870 and 4377–2550 m a.s.l., respectively). Lignin-derived vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl phenols were analyzed using the cupric oxide oxidation method. Leaf-wax-derived n-alkanes were extracted and purified using Soxhlet and aminopropyl columns. Individual lignin phenols and n-alkanes were separated by gas-chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection, respectively. We found that the relative contributions of vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl phenols allow us to chemotaxonomically distinguish contemporary plant species of the Bale Mountains. Erica in particular is characterized by relatively high cinnamyl contributions of >40 %. However, litter degradation strongly decreases the lignin phenol concentrations and completely changes the lignin phenol patterns. Relative cinnamyl contributions in soils under Erica were <40 %, while soils that developed under Poaceae (Festuca abyssinica) exhibited relative cinnamyl contributions of >40 %. Similarly, long-chain n-alkanes extracted from the leaf waxes allowed for differentiation between Erica versus Festuca abyssinica and Alchemilla, based on lower C31 ∕ C29 ratios in Erica. However, this characteristic plant pattern was also lost due to degradation in the respective O layers and Ah horizons. In conclusion, although in modern-day plant samples a chemotaxonomic differentiation is possible, soil degradation processes seem to render the proxies unusable for the reconstruction of the past extent of Erica on the Sanetti Plateau, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. This finding is of high relevance beyond our case study.
The Generic Mapping Tools Version 6

The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software is ubiquitous in the Earth and ocean sciences. As a cross‐platform tool producing high‐quality maps and figures, it is used by tens of thousands of scientists around the world. The basic syntax of GMT scripts has evolved very slowly since the 1990s, despite the fact that GMT is generally perceived to have a steep learning curve with many pitfalls for beginners and experienced users alike. Reducing these pitfalls means changing the interface, which would break compatibility with thousands of existing scripts. With the latest GMT version 6, we solve this conundrum by introducing a new “modern mode” to complement the interface used in previous versions, which GMT 6 now calls “classic mode. ” GMT 6 defaults to classic mode and thus is a recommended upgrade for all GMT 5 users. Nonetheless, new users should take advantage of modern mode to make shorter scripts, quickly access commonly used global data sets, and take full advantage of the new tools to draw subplots, place insets, and create animations.
Thermal Comfort Simulation on Cik Ditiro Corridor

Surface materials that turn into hard surface material and lack of vegetations are some of the effects of rapid development that can affect the micro climate in urban areas. This happened on Cik Ditiro corridor in the city of Yogyakarta which had quite dense activities, this was marked by various functions of land use and human activities throughout the day. The method is simulation method that uses the EnviMET 4.0 software and the empirical measurements. This method is to simulate the value of each climate variable in existing conditions and ideal conditions. The results of this research show that the condition of the Cik Ditiro corridor still belongs to the heat which is uncomfortable thermal conditions. Recommendations result of this research is to make better thermal comfort on corridor. The result of this research to give recommendations in terms of improving better for thermal comfort.
Multiscale fracture length analysis in carbonate reservoir units, Kurdistan, NE Iraq

Fracture scaling parameters are an important input for modelling of naturally fractured reservoirs, but are very difficult to derive from subsurface data. Extensive areas of exposure in the northern Kurdistan Region of Iraq provide useful outcrop analogues for nearby producing and potential hydrocarbon fields. A variety of data acquisition methods are used to analyse fracture systems in carbonates of the Upper Cretaceous Aqra–Bekhme Formation across a wide range of scales. When plotted on length–intensity graphs, the collated data lie below an upper envelope that follows a power-law distribution over five orders of magnitude between 0.1 and 3000 m, and which defines the maximum likely intensity of background fracturing across the region. Contouring the length–intensity data shows the distribution of intensities below the upper envelope, and allows modal and minimum likely intensities to be estimated. Likely causes for the observed variation in fracture intensities include the domainal nature of deformation, the proximity to high strain zones including faults, second-order effects such as ladder fractures, and variations in the thickness of mechanical layering. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Naturally Fractured Reservoirs collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection. org/cc/naturally-fractured-reservoirs
Association of Body Mass Index with Oral Cancer Risk

Purpose: Although obesity is a well-established risk factor for many cancers, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on oral cancer risk remains controversial. We therefore investigated the effect of BMI on oral cancer risk in a case-control study in Korea. Methods: Overall, 364 patients with oral cancer and 439 community controls were enrolled. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models, adjusted for age, smoking status and alcohol consumption. Results: We found no overall significant evidence of an association between oral cancer risk and BMI in either gender. However, when the relationship between BMI and oral cancer risk was examined according to female age groups (50 years), there was a significant association between oral cancer risk and high BMI in female subjects younger than 50 years of age (OR=3.92, 95% CI 1.03~14.9, for trend=0.04), but not in older (50 years) female subjects (OR=1.11, 95% CI 0.55~2.24, for trend=0.76). There was no significant relationship between BMI and oral cancer risk in any of the male age subgroups. Conclusion: Our study provides the first epidemiological evidence supporting an association between obesity and an increased risk of oral cancer.
Advancing dental education: feedback processes in the clinical learning environment

ABSTRACT Feedback plays an important role in students’ learning. The clinical dental teaching and learning environment is challenging; tutors supervise students undertaking irreversible procedures on patients. Situations arise where ‘good’ teaching practices may take second place to ensuring patient, student, and tutor safety. This research aimed to investigate the specific factors impacting clinical tutors’ desire and ability to give effective feedback to students. It reports data from interviews with clinical teachers at the University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry. The data were analysed inductively, and four themes were identified: (i) Feedback as a teaching moment, where tutors used the terms feedback and teaching interchangeably and viewed feedback as their primary mode of teaching in the clinical environment; (ii) time, where tutors spoke about time constraints in the clinic that made it difficult to engage with students in the depth they would like; (iii) empathy and respect where tutors were mindful that the students were emerging professionals and should be treated as the tutors wished to be treated themselves; (iv) and self-reflection where the tutors reflected on their own teaching practices in order to improve them. Findings will inform ongoing improvements to institutional processes that can help improve student outcomes.
Analysis of Multiple-agents’ Symbiotic Patterns of Cultural Community Tourism in Minority Ethnic Area:A Case Study on Tu Nationality Hometown Park of Huzhu, Qinghai

As for the tourism development of cultural community in ethnic area, the coexistence(symbiosis) of both the local tourism and local culture is not only connected with the relevant agents of them but also the relation of the relevant agents themselves. This is because harmonious coexistence(symbiosis) of the various agents is the elementary precondition of the ethnic cultural community tourism development. Symbiosis Theory was chosen as the theoretical perspective in this thesis, and Tu Nationality Hometown Park of Huzhu was selected as the study area. Then, symbiotic relationships and patterns of the various tourism agents were put into quantitative analysis. The findings displayed as the following: firstly, the four agents’ mutual characteristic symbiotic degree δM belongs to(ϵ) [0.719, 1.390], which illustrates that there exists the symbiotic relation between the every two agents of the four mutual agents and the symbiotic relations are totally positive symbiosis; secondly, the symbiotic coefficient 9m belongs to(ϵ) [0.34, 0.66], which approaches to 0.5 except the symbiotic coefficient of G-R(0.34). This illustrates that the mutual incidence of the other agents is basically the same except G-R; thirdly, the symbiotic relevancy of each agent approaches to one another, the symbiotic relevancy§m belongs to(e) [0.88, 1.08] concretely as R=E>G>T for the perspective of the tourism subject(tourists); lastly, the mutual behavioral patterns of the four agents of Tu Nationality Hometown Park of Huzhu belong to the patterns of positive reciprocal symbiosis(the positive symbiotic pattern of “residents-leading, enterprises-boosting” (REGT).
Shallow reworking of magmatic zircon grains of latest Neoproterozoic (Timanian) age in serpentinite of the Voykar Massif, Polar Urals: new constraints from U-Pb isotopic data, and first trace elements and Lu-Hf isotopic data

ABSTRACT The Voykar Massif of the Polar Urals in Russia consists of an ultramafic complex (mantle section) in the northwest, followed by a late Cambrian to Silurian mafic complex (intra-oceanic primitive island arc) and early Devonian intrusive rocks of an evolved island arc to the southeast. These complexes represent tectonic nappes thrust over the East European continental margin during the late Palaeozoic Uralian Orogeny. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon grains (n = 42) from an antigorite-serpentinite lens within the mafic complex yielded a Concordia age of 542 ± 2 Ma with an age range of 549–527 Ma. Additionally, few grains contain inherited domains with ages between ~990 and 3277 Ma. Hafnium isotopic data of the main age group show 176Hf/177Hft from 0.28242 to 028249 and εHft ranging from +1.9 to −6.5. The evolved Hf isotope data and the trace-element composition of the zircon grains point to an involvement of a continental crustal component in the parental magma. The zircon grains originate from igneous rocks formed during the Timanian Orogeny that affected the East European margin in the latest Neoproterozoic. During the Timanian or Uralian Orogeny, the magmatic zircons were eroded and shallowly recycled into the serpentinised mantle above the subduction zone. Finally, Uralian thrusting led to juxtaposition and imbrication of the zircon-bearing serpentinite and intra-oceanic volcanic rocks of the mafic complex.
Environmental adaption of concrete: Environmental impact of concrete and asphalt pavements

The object of the st udy has been to assess the environmen tal impact of concrete and asphalt road pavements. The assessment is based on the estimation of service life of road pavements and the envi ronmental burdens caused by their produ ction, use and disposal. Also taken into account is the influence of the pav ement on fuel consumption by traffic, noise, lighting requirements and dust formation. The functional unit studied is 1 km of pavement of the Tampere motor way assuming passage of 20 000 vehicles per day. The time scale is 50 years. On the basis of the results the environmental burdens of concr ete pavements significantly depend on the cement content of concrete. Consequently, the environmental profile of concrete pavement also significantly depends on the depth of the concrete layer. The envi ronmental burdens from paving and maintenance are rather low compared with those caused by produ ction processes of high-strength concrete. On the contra ry, the signif icance of lighting during 50 years is high. The dust emissions of the concrete pavement studied are mainly i nduced by abrasion and salting of the pavement. The significance of pavement materials, pavi ng, maintenance and lighting is low compared with the environmental burdens caused by traffic during 50 years. With respect to the effect of material properties of pavement on fuel consumpti on, it was assumed that the influence on fuel consumption related to the s urface texture is the same for both pavements, the difference in E-m odulus does not influence the fuel consumption for the heavy veh icles and that the measured differences in rolling resistance have no influence on fuel consumption. However, any difference in fuel consumption of traffic due to pavement materials would significantly affect the result. For example, a roughly 0.1 0.5% decrease in fuel consumption of traffic due properties of concrete pavement would bring "savings" in emissions of the same order of magnitude than those from all the other parts of the life cycle of concrete roads. On the basis of the results the environmental burdens of asph alt significantly depend on the bitumen content of asphalt. In additi on, the manuf acture of asphalt including
In-situ analysis of thermal performance of dwellings of the medieval center of Cahors befor thermal rehabilitation

As other historical centres in Europe, the centre of Cahors-in the south west of France-is characterized by its historical heritage, but also by its high level of degradation, high vacancy rate of the dwellings and fuel poverty of its inhabitants. Consequently, the energy retrofit of the old housing stock is urgent and relevant. For this, the city council of Cahors had created several partnerships with Universities, craftsmen, and architects in order to elaborate sustainable technical solutions. The energy retrofit solutions have to preserve historical details, to be sustainable, to create a healthy indoor climate and also to preserve the building from pathologies. In-situ measurements have been running in two medieval apartments to study indoor comfort in the main room (room and wall temperatures, indoor relative humidity) and also some parameters in the outer wall such as humidity, temperature variations and heat transfer (U value). A large masonry brick and a timber frame wall have been monitored in summer and winter conditions, before retrofitting. Large thickness of wall, inhomogeneity of construction, aging of materials and uncontrolled indoor environment-in part due to natural ventilation-make difficult obtaining accurate and relevant results by computer simulations. The onsite campaign, offering more realistic boundaries, permits to offer a better understanding of thermal behaviour of historical buildings.
Hydrodynamic modelling of a sea-crossing bridge in the Maldives

‘Gaadhoo Koa Channel’ is an atoll pass located in the southern tip of Male Atoll, Maldives, which separates the capital city, Male and the main international airport Hulhule island. The Gaadhoo Koa channel is known for its strong tidal flow and strong swell waves and is located in a strategic area which includes the main shipping lane for Male port and also marine traffic lanes connecting both Male and Hulhule with nearby inhibited islands and tourist resorts. Recently, a water crossing bridge has been constructed across the channel connecting these two islands. As a result, 21 bridge piers have been built across the channel which can result in potential changes of the flow regime in the vicinity of the bridge. This project report presents a numerical modelling study to investigate the hydrodynamic impact of the bridge piers in the Gaadhoo Koa channel. Various different software used for hydrodynamic modelling were explored and Delft3D-FLOW software was chosen. The model results were calibrated against water level data from Hulhule station and finally model simulations were run to assess the hydrodynamic impact of the bridge piers. The results indicated that the flows in the close vicinity of the bridge were reduced with the introduction of bridge piers. Also, the magnitude of flow velocity reduced around bridge piers and increased in between bridge piers. Furthermore, the overall velocity distribution in the northern region from the bridge axis showed a decreased pattern while the southern regions showed an increased pattern: peak velocity in the northern region decreased by 7.3 % 500 m from bridge axis while peak velocity in the southern region raised by 33% 500 m from bridge axis. Based on these findings, it can be considered that the introduction of bridge piers can have a considerable impact on the hydrodynamic conditions of Gaadhoo Koa atoll pass.
Estimates and Analysis of the Reference Evapotranspiration in Gassol, Taraba State

Reference evapotranspiration is very important because it correlates with the amount of water required by crops and also plays very key role in the hydrological cycle. Evaporation is the process of water loss from the earth surface in which temperature effect is significant while transpiration is water loss from plants. Studying evapotranspiration is also important because of the link between climate change and water scarcity. The reference evapotranspiration for Gassol was estimated and analysis done to observe its trend and variation. In this paper, the FAO Penmann-Monteith model was used to estimate the reference evapotranspiration for Gassol town located in the Sudan Savannah vegetation belt of Nigeria. The annual monthly estimates show a generally recurring seasonal pattern of variation from 1985 to 1991. January through June had lower ET0 compared to July through December. The time series plot of the ET0 estimates from 1985 to 1991 in monthly renditions gives a cyclical pattern of variability with most of the years showing bimodal peaks. Also, an evenly spread data was presented by the normal distribution curve. The periodogram of the estimated reference evapotranspiration gave a dominant periodicity of 9.33 months cycle. The estimates of and the pattern of variation of the reference evapotranspiration as observed for Gassol in this study will very likely experience a continuous downward trend. For proper irrigation management, January to March and October to December should be properly planned.