Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbiological properties of both drinking and domestic waters in Çorum

Drinking water is of vital importance for all living things and regular monitoring of water quality is of great importance for public health.In this study, we aimed to examine some microbiological characteristics and to be evaluated in terms of the health of drinking water and wells used in Corum. In Corum province, once a month from ten sources-wells and water tanks used for consumption and five days a week from the central stopcock water relating to 40 locations; samples were taken in observance with the hygiene precept to 250 ml private bacteriological sterile drinking water cruet with 10% sodium thiosulfate solution. In winter, spring and summer seasons, total 1234 samples taken from sources-well, water tanks and central city tap water between January and July were used. A total of 66 samples taken from resources and wells used for consumption in Corum proved to have seasonal changes, and some increment and diminish in bacteria rate are defined. According to the “Regulation on Waters for Human Consumption”; Chloride value: 0.2-0.5 mg/L (photometric method) was detected in the value range, and at the end daily control and checking, 1168 samples were gathered from the water samples among January and July in Corum province. As a result of the information determined, there is no negative and contradictory data.
Nonlinear Response of Extreme Precipitation to Warming in CESM1

The response of extreme precipitation to warming varies widely among climate models, especially in the tropics. In some models, there have been indications that the rate of response increases with warming—that the response is not linear. We investigate the evolution of extreme precipitation, quantified by the maximum accumulated precipitation in a day each year, in CESM1. We find that tropical‐ and global‐average extreme precipitation is related to global‐mean surface temperature quadratically. This behavior is associated with an increase in the large‐scale fraction of extreme precipitation and also strengthening circulation on extreme precipitation days. Compared to other CMIP5 models, the nonlinearity in CESM1 is among the largest. One implication is that the difference between CESM1 simulations with full forcing and with fixed aerosols cannot be used to isolate the response of extreme precipitation to aerosols, as the resulting climates are not equally warm.
Interface Flow With Vertically Varying Hydraulic Conductivity

We present an approach for solving problems of saltwater intrusion in aquifers with an hydraulic conductivity that varies in the vertical direction. The approach is based on the concept of a comprehensive potential, whose gradient exactly represents the vertically integrated discharge, which is, by definition, a two‐dimensional vector. We apply the approach to an island in Sweden and use it to estimate maximum allowable pumping rates of wells that recover part of the infiltration on the island.
The study of long-term fluctuations in the dates of ice formation and ice destruction in the rivers of the Votkinsk reservoir catchment

A statistical analysis of the dates of ice formation and ice destruction in the rivers of the Votkinsk reservoir catchment was carried out, including testing the hypothesis of randomness for both the full series of observations and their parts; autocorrelation diagnostics of the time series; verification of the homogeneity hypothesis of the series of observations and the aggregate index. The results indicate that there are statistically significant changes in the ice formation and ice destruction dates occurring in recent years in the rivers of the Votkinsk reservoir catchment.
Are there intervention-generated inequalities in type 2 diabetes care? : a systematic review and analysis of routine data

This thesis aimed to contribute to current understanding of ‘intervention-generated inequalities’, that is, the concern that processes in the planning or delivery of an intervention may create or exacerbate the health differences between population groups. This was done by examining the impact of secondary and tertiary preventive interventions for type 2 diabetes by socio-economic status (SES). Previous research has shown that the condition places a disproportionate burden on individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds. It addition, managing the condition involves a range of health care; all potentially exacerbating existing health inequalities. A systematic review was conducted and secondary data analyses of patient data collected by a hospital diabetes register. The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 was used as an indicator of patients’ SES. Multilevel models were fitted using repeated measurements, with patients nested within general practices. Interaction effects were used to determine inequalities over time and if interventions were associated with differential health outcomes by SES. The multilevel analyses showed that high SES patients were more likely to have lower blood glucose over time, but higher levels of cholesterol compared to low SES patients. In contrast, there were few differences in long-term health complications by SES over time. High SES patients were more likely to receive higher quality of care and shared care than low SES patients over time. Furthermore, there significant inequalities in health by SES were found in patients receiving the same care. There were also significant inequalities in prescriptions for treatments, conditional on other relevant covariates. The results in thesis indicate that there were intervention generated inequalities which are particularly important for practitioners. As these were either a result of interventions not being appropriately accessed and/or administered based on need or the efficacy of these interventions differed by SES. Further analyses are needed to unpick the direction of these associations.
Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Implications for Arson Residue Analysis

The effects of selective microbial activity on hydrocarbon accelerants have been examined both in vitro and in simulated arson residues. Two groups of Pseudomonas species that assimilate components of common petroleum based accelerants have been found; one species metabolizes only aromatic hydrocarbons, the other only aliphatics. The kinetics of hydrocarbon metabolism are discussed and gas chromatographic profiles of two common accelerants that have been subjected to microbial attack are presented. Some implications and recommendations for arson investigation are discussed.
Use of DNA Testing in Police Investigative Work for Increasing Offender Identification, Arrest, Conviction, and Case Clearance: A Systematic Review

The use of DNA testing as part of police investigative work has increased substantially since its emergence in the 1980s. The objective of this review has been to synthesize the existing evidence on the effectiveness of DNA testing as part of routine police investigative practices compared to other more traditional forms of investigation. We have identified five studies that clearly addressed the effectiveness of DNA testing as part of a criminal investigation to improve criminal justice system outcomes. The evidence suggests that DNA testing has positive value when used to investigate a broad range of crime types. There are caveats. Other than a methodologically sound evaluation in five U.S. jurisdictions, the evidence of the utility of DNA testing for serious violent crimes is based on studies with clear methodological weaknesses.
Ethnobotanical Survey to Perceive the Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants Related to Ecology and Society in Parapram, Kerala

: This paper discusses the value of nutritional plants and importance of them in the diet. Different parts of plants are edible; they include fruits, leaves, stems etc. Each plant has its own nutritional value in maintaining the nutritional deficiency of people. This paper list out most important wild edible plants available in Parapram, Kerala and also to identifies highly nutritive plant source.
Retrieval of ozone profiles from OMPS-LP observations and merging with SCIAMACHY and SAGE II time series to study long-term changes

Stratospheric ozone has been extensively studied over the last decades, as it is considered one of the most important trace gases in the atmosphere, due to its role as a protective shield against biologically harmful solar radiation. At the end of the 20th century, extensive stratospheric ozone depletion was observed, mainly caused by anthropogenic emissions of chlorinecontaining substances. The discovery of the so-called Antarctic ozone hole gave a boost to the research activities in stratospheric chemistry and dynamics, which led to a better understanding of the processes governing the ozone layer, and ultimately to more reliable model simulations. During the 21st century, an ozone recovery is expected, in response to the decreasing emissions of chlorine-containing ozone-depleting substances. This recovery is predicted to have a complex spatial structure and is modulated by the ongoing climate change. For this reason, spatially and temporally resolved observations of the stratospheric trace gases are of great significance. In this sense, the beginning of the century witnessed several new satellite missions dedicated to the study of the atmospheric composition. In particular, limb-viewing satellite instruments such as the Optical Spectrograph and Infra Red Imaging System (OSIRIS), the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) substantially contributed to extending our knowledge of the stratosphere. Over the last few years, significant efforts have been put into the merging of several satellite and ground-based data sets to obtain consistent long-term composites and investigate ozone changes. Thanks to these efforts, an ozone recovery over the last two decades has been identified. Within this framework, this dissertation is articulated in three main steps: • The set-up of an ozone retrieval algorithm to be applied to limb observations from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS-LP) and its characterization in terms of error budget; • The comparison and the validation of the ozone profiles retrieved from OMPS-LP measurements using independent data sets; • The merging of OMPS-LP time series with other satellite data sets (in particular SCIAMACHY) to study long term ozone changes over the last decades, as a function of altitude, latitude and longitude. First, the retrieval algorithm applied to OMPS-LP observations is presented, from the preliminary studies to its final version. This algorithm is extensively adapted from the retrieval scheme used for SCIAMACHY measurements, maintaining a similar retrieval approach and
Initial sustainability assessment of tapioca starch production system in Lake Toba area

This study aims to explore to what extent the principles of sustainability have been applied in a tapioca industry located in Lake Toba area and to explore the aspects that open the opportunities for system improvement. In conducting such assessment, we adopted the life-cycle approach using Mass Flow Analysis methods that covers all cassava starch production processes from fresh cassava root till dry cassava starch. The inventory data were collected from the company, in the form of both production record and interviews. From data analysis the authors were able to present a linked flow that describes the production process of tapioca starch that quantifies into the functional unit of one pack marketable tapioca starch weighs 50 kg. In order to produce 50 kg of tapioca, 200 kg cassava root and 800 kg of water are required. This production efficiency translates to 25% yield. This system generates 40 kg of cassava peel, 60 kg of pulp and 850 kg of waste water. For starch drying 208.8 MJ of thermal energy is required in the form of heating fuel. The material flow analysis is employed for impact assessment. Several options in improving the operation are proposed includes utilization of pulp into more valuable co-products, integration of waste treatment plant to enable the use of water recycled from the extraction operation for the washing process, and to application of a waste water treatment system that produces biogas as a renewable energy, which reduces the consumption of fuel in dryer unit.
GB‐InSAR interferogram processing method to generate DEM based on PS technology

Ground-based interferometry synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) technology is becoming an important terrain mapping technology as it has the characteristics of short observation intervals, flexible operation environment and high data precision. Compared with air/space borne InSAR system, it is much easier for GB-InSAR to acquire repeat-pass/short-baseline data set, which can bring huge convenience on permanent scatterer (PS) technology. By using PS technology, on the one hand, the error caused by low coherence can be avoided, and on the other hand, the speed of the phase unwrapping part can be increased. In order to overcome the disadvantages of the non-uniform PS points distribution and low coherence cavities, the Kriging interpolation method is used to get an uniform digital elevation model (DEM) eventually. This study proposed a GB-InSAR interferogram processing method. First, it proposes a PS point selection method considering both accuracy and efficiency. Second, the study shows a network programming phase unwrapping method to unwrap the PS points. Then, Kriging interpolation method is analysed and used to fill the low coherence cavities. Finally, a field test is carried out in an open pit in Hebei, China. The DEM result of the observation area is shown to verify the correctness of this study's method.
The Hydrodynamic Dispersion Characteristics of Coral Sands

Dispersion characteristics are important factors affecting groundwater solute transport in porous media. In marine environments, solute dispersion leads to the formation of freshwater aquifers under islands. In this study, a series of model tests were designed to explore the relationship between the dispersion characteristics of solute in calcareous sands and the particle size, degree of compactness, and gradation of porous media, with a discussion of the types of dispersion mechanisms in coral sands. It was found that the particle size of coral sands was an important parameter affecting the dispersion coefficient, with the dispersion coefficient increasing with particle size. Gradation was also an important factor affecting the dispersion coefficient of coral sands, with the dispersion coefficient increasing with increasing d10. The dispersion coefficient of coral sands decreased approximately linearly with increasing compactness. The rate of decrease was −0.7244 for single-grained coral sands of particle size 0.25–0.5 mm. When the solute concentrations and particle sizes increased, the limiting concentration gradients at equilibrium decreased. In this study, based on the relative weights of molecular diffusion versus mechanical dispersion under different flow velocity conditions, the dispersion mechanisms were classified into five types, and for each type, a corresponding flow velocity limit was derived.
Organic matter and sediment properties determine in-lake variability of sediment CO2 and CH4 production and emissions of a small and shallow lake

Abstract. Inland waters, particularly small and shallow lakes, are significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. However, the spatial in-lake heterogeneity of CO2 and CH4 production processes and their drivers in the sediment remain poorly studied. We measured potential CO2 and CH4 production in slurry incubations from 12 sites within the small and shallow crater lake Windsborn in Germany, as well as fluxes at the water–atmosphere interface of intact sediment core incubations from four sites. Production rates were highly variable and ranged from 7.2 to 38.5 µmol CO2 gC−1 d−1 and from 5.4 to 33.5 µmol CH4 gC−1 d−1. Fluxes ranged from 4.5 to 26.9 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1 and from 0 to 9.8 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1. Both CO2 and CH4 production rates and the CH4 fluxes exhibited a significant and negative correlation (p<0.05, ρ<−0.6) with a prevalence of recalcitrant organic matter (OM) compounds in the sediment as identified by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. The carbon / nitrogen ratio exhibited a significant negative correlation (p<0.01, ρ=-0.88) with CH4 fluxes but not with production rates or CO2 fluxes. The availability of inorganic (nitrate, sulfate, ferric iron) and organic (humic acids) electron acceptors failed to explain differences in CH4 production rates, assuming a competitive suppression, but observed non-methanogenic CO2 production could be explained up to 91 % by prevalent electron acceptors. We did not find clear relationships between OM quality, the thermodynamics of methanogenic pathways (acetoclastic vs. hydrogenotrophic) and electron-accepting capacity of the OM. Differences in CH4 fluxes were interestingly to a large part explained by grain size distribution (p<0.05, ρ=±0.65). Surprisingly though, sediment gas storage, potential production rates and water–atmosphere fluxes were decoupled from each other and did not show any correlations. Our results show that within a small lake, sediment CO2 and CH4 production shows significant spatial variability which is mainly driven by spatial differences in the degradability of the sediment OM. We highlight that studies on production rates and sediment quality need to be interpreted with care, though, in terms of deducing emission rates and patterns as approaches based on production rates only neglect physical sediment properties and production and oxidation processes in the water column as major controls on actual emissions.
Impacts of Climate Change on Volcanic Stratospheric Injections: Comparison of 1‐D and 3‐D Plume Model Projections

Explosive volcanic eruptions are one of the most important driver of climate variability. Yet, we still lack a fundamental understanding of how climate change may affect future eruptions. Here, we use an ensemble of simulations by 1‐D and 3‐D volcanic plume models spanning a large range of eruption source and atmospheric conditions to assess changes in the dynamics of future eruptive columns. Our results shed new light on differences between the predictions of 1‐D and 3‐D plume models. Furthermore, both models suggest that as a result of ongoing climate change, for tropical eruptions, (i) higher eruption intensities will be required for plumes to reach the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere and (ii) the height of plumes currently reaching the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere or above will increase. We discuss the implications of these results for the climatic impacts of future eruptions. Our simulations can directly inform climate model experiments on climate‐volcano feedback.
Continental‐Scale Landscape Evolution: A History of North American Topography

The generation and evolution of continental topography are fundamental geologic and geomorphic concerns. In particular, the history of landscape development might contain useful information about the spatiotemporal evolution of deep Earth processes, such as mantle convection. A significant challenge is to generate observations and theoretical predictions of sufficient fidelity to enable landscape evolution to be constrained at scales of interest. Here, we combine substantial inventories of stratigraphic and geomorphic observations with inverse and forward modeling approaches to determine how the North American landscape evolved. First, stratigraphic markers are used to estimate postdepositional regional uplift. Present‐day elevations of these deposits demonstrate that >2 km of long‐wavelength surface uplift centered on the Colorado‐Rocky‐Mountain plateaus occurred in Cenozoic times. Second, to bridge the gaps between these measurements, an inverse modeling scheme is used to calculate the smoothest spatiotemporal pattern of rock uplift rate that yields the smallest misfit between 4,161 observed and calculated longitudinal river profiles. Our results suggest that Cenozoic regional uplift occurred in a series of stages, in agreement with independent stratigraphic observations. Finally, a landscape evolution model driven by this calculated rock uplift history is used to determine drainage patterns, denudation, and sedimentary flux from Late Cretaceous times until the present day. These patterns are broadly consistent with stratigraphic and thermochronologic observations. We conclude that a calibrated inverse modeling strategy can be used to reliably extract the temporal and spatial evolution of the North American landscape at geodynamically useful scales.
Numerical Simulation of the Mechanical Behavior of Single Piles in Expansive Soil

A numerical method, PEI (Pile behavior in Expansive soil upon Infiltration) developed at the University of Ottawa can be used as a tool for the prediction and interpretation of the mechanical behavior of piles in expansive soils taking account of the influence of matric suction changes associated with water infiltration. This program is employed in back analyses of the in-situ single pile test results for a case study at the Colorado State University (CSU) field test site, which has expansive soil deposits. Four single piles were drilled into the expansive shale of the Pierre Formation west of Fort Collins, Colorado. The piles were 350 mm in diameter and were installed to a depth of 7.6 m. During installation, slope indicator-type VS embedment strain gauges were embedded on the piers at a depth of 1.8 m, 3.1 m, 4.3 m and 5.5 m below the ground surface. Water content variations of the surrounding soil along the pile depth were measured periodically from 1995 to 2004, in addition to other measurements, which include pile axial force distribution and pile head displacement. Extensive analysis regarding this case study with respect to the mechanical behavior of pile associated with changes in water content is available in the literature. In this paper, this case study is illustrated in an innovative way to understand the influence of matric suction on the mechanical behavior of the pile using the program PEI. In addition, in-situ measurements of both pile head displacements and pile axial force distribution are compared with the results of numerical simulations using the PEI. Analyses of the results show that measured in-situ and numerical results are in good agreement. The results of this study are of significant interest for the practicing engineers who routinely design pile foundations in expansive soils.