Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water and its relatives: the stable, supercooled and particularly the stretched, regimes

While the water molecule is simple, its condensed phase liquid behavior is so complex that no consensus description has emerged despite three centuries of effort. Here we identify features of its behavior that are the most peculiar, hence suggest ways forward. We examine the properties of water at the boundaries of common experience, including stable states at high pressure, the supercooled state at normal and elevated pressure, and the stretched ("negative pressure") state, out to the limits of mechanical stability. The familiar anomalies at moderate pressures (viscosity and density (TMD) behavior, etc.), are not explained by H-bond breaking, according to common bond-breaking criteria. A comparison of data on the TMD, at both positive and negative pressures, with the predictions of popular pair potential models, shows dramatic discrepancies appearing in the stretched liquid domain. This prompts questions on the second critical point (TC2) hypothesis that has been guiding much current thinking. We turn to related systems for guidance, reviewing a hierarchy of water-like anomalies. We conclude that water models are far from complete and that proper understanding of water will depend on success in mastering the measurement of liquid behavior in the negative pressure domain - which we discuss.
THE LONG MEMORY PROPERTY OF HUNGARIAN MARKET PIG PRICES: A COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT METHODS

The present study investigates the long memory property of market pig prices. Simply knowing that these time series have long term dependence could have strong significance when forecasting prices. The presence of long memory is crucial information in making business decisions and creating portfolios. Long memory can be measured by calculating the so-called Hurst exponent. In our article, we studied and described three different methods (Rescaled range, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average). Data consist of four time series (piglet, young pig, sow, slaughter pig) between 1991 and 2011. Before conducting the econometric analysis, all the series were seasonally adjusted using the TRAMO/SEATS method. Data preparation was followed by differencing the time series and testing their normality and stationarity. In the next step, we divided the analysed period into four parts and determined the Hurst exponent for each sub-period, using all three methods. In summary, results showed that slaughter pig prices are random; pig and piglet prices developed similarly and have long memory, while sow price changes definitely have short memory. Among the methods of pinpointing long term memory, ARFIMA was used for making the forecast. The forecasting ability of the method was compared to the traditional ARIMA model, with ARFIMA proving to be the better of the two.
Preconditioners for Wiener--Hopf Equations with High-Order Quadrature Rules

We consider solving the Wiener--Hopf equations with high-order quadrature rules by preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) methods. We propose using convolution operators as preconditioners for these equations. We will show that with the proper choice of kernel functions for the preconditioners, the resulting preconditioned equations will have clustered spectra and therefore can be solved by the PCG method with superlinear convergence rate. Moreover, the discretization of these equations by high-order quadrature rules leads to matrix systems that involve only Toeplitz or diagonal matrix--vector multiplications and hence can be computed efficiently by FFTs. Numerical results are given to illustrate the fast convergence of the method and the improvement on accuracy by using higher-order quadrature rule. We also compare the performance of our preconditioners with the circulant integral operators.
A Test of Temperature Estimation From Solar Irradiation and a Simple Statistical Method to Integrate Elevation Into Prediction Models

Abstract Temperature drives ecosystem function and can be estimated from potential solar irradiation (the surface angle of the Earth in relationship to the sun). However, indirect topographical proxies (i.e., aspect) are often used in lieu of direct temperature estimates; and temperature models based on potential solar irradiation typically omit elevation, a key parameter in temperature estimation. Using temperature data (2002–04) from regional weather stations and field sites in the southern Appalachian region of North Carolina and north Georgia, I test the efficacy of temperature estimations based on potential solar irradiation and present a simple method to improve such estimations by incorporating elevational temperature gradients. The heat load index, which weighs afternoon sun as more integral to heat generation than morning sun, fits actual weather station and field site temperatures better than solar angle alone. However, in all years and data sets, adjusting the heat load index for elevational substantially improves its fit with actual temperatures. Further, by calibrating the adjusted heat load estimation with annual weather station temperature data, actual field site temperature for individual years can be accurately predicted. This paper presents a relatively simple method for generating temperature data that requires only spreadsheet or statistical software. This is useful for estimating temperatures from data sets where only topographical or GPS data were collected. It also can be used to derive missing data when sampling sites outnumber temperature loggers.
Focusing for d L 15-824 , Fall 2018

Focusing, as first presented by Andreoli [1], is an attempt to separate out the essential parts of a proof. A focused proof in Andreoli’s system is a canonical representative of a class of ordinary non-focused proofs which are equivalent in that they only differ in “non-essential” ways. The goal of a focused system for a given logic is to be sound and complete with respect to the original logic, but to restrict the set of possible proofs sufficiently that the process of proof search is much more limited. We set out to develop a focused version of differential dynamic logic, or dL [5]. It is not immediately clear how much practical use this would have, but it does open up more possibilities in the space of proof search.
Feeding Habitats of the Southern Australian Garfish Hyporhamphus melanochir: A Diurnal Herbivore and Nocturnal Carnivore

The diet of Hyporhamphus melanochir underwent shifts from green eelgrass (Zosteraceae) tissue during the day to mainly benthic dwelhng amphipods and other invertebrates at night. The shifts occurred sharply at dawn and dusk and were observed in all size groups of the fish (range of lengths 10.0 to 29.8 cm). H. melanochir probably took detached eelgrass leaves from the water column durlng the day but may also have grazed live eelgrass. Feeding on benthic dwelling amphipods was facilitated by nocturnal vertical migration of these prey. Animals, particularly crustaceans, but also Insects, appear to be the preferred prey of garfish. Eelgrass 1s probably consumed during the day because crustacean prey are rare in the water column at that time. The feeding strategy of H. melanochir appears to be an adaptation to diel changes in food ava~lability as well as the fishes' metabolic requirements
Title Comparison of radar-based microwave imaging algorithmsapplied to experimental breast phantoms

Microwave imaging is a promising imaging modality for the early detection of breast cancer. The two most important signal processing components of a radar-based microwave imaging system are the early-time artifact removal and the image reconstruction algorithm. Several image reconstruction algorithms have been developed and their performance has been evaluated in a number of studies. However, most of these evaluation studies were either performed on numerical breast phantoms or used an idealized artifact removal algorithm. In this paper, a range of both data independent and data adaptive imaging algorithms are evaluated using experimental breast phantoms in combination with a realistic artifact removal algorithm. The clutter rejection capabilities of each algorithm are assessed in the presence of experimental noise and residual artifacts using a range of appropriate image quality metrics.
An investigation into interlinkages between CEO compensation and firm risk

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to do an investigation on the interlinkages between CEO compensation and the firm risk. It further intends to see in particular, whether the firm risk has been interlinked with components of compensation like CEO’s incentive/bonus and stock options. Theoretical framework: CEO compensation, Incentives programs, Stock option, Risk management, Principal agency theory, Managerial power theory, Econometrics. Method: Regression analysis were CEO compensation is a dependent variable in one regression, Proportion of incentive/bonus in one regression and Stock option as a limited dependent variable. Explanatory variables are firm risk, firm size and leverage. Quality test were performed on the data to secure the credibility and reliability of the data. Empirical analysis: Found a significant relationship, but negative one, between CEO compensation with leverage. Insignificant relationship was both with firm risk and firm size. For analysis of the relationship of Proportion of incentives/bonus all of the explanatory variables were insignificant. Significant relationship was found between stock option and both leverage and firm size. A negative with leverage and a positive one for firm size. Insignificant relationship with firm risk. Based on 95% α-level. Conclusion: Based on analysis of Swedish large cap companies the CEO compensation is mostly influenced by managerial power theory rather than agency theory. CEO supply and demand forces can influence the compensation structure. No evidence for the dependency of compensation with firm risk, leverage and size.
THE BLACK SEA AS CONTRIBUTOR TO THE PRECIPITATION AMOUNT ON MOLDOVA REGION

In our study we try to evaluate the contribution of the Black Sea water body to the amount of precipitation across the historical region of Moldova, which encompasses the territory situated between the Carpathian Mountains in West and the Dniester River valley in East. We chose this region for its homogeneity from the point of view of weather circulation types. We used 8 weather stations from ECAD daily datasets which cover the entire region for 32 years (1961-1992). NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Maps were used to identify the weather pattern favourable for the humid air masses advection from the Black Sea towards the region of Moldova. According to this analysis just about 4% (around 10-15 days per year) are characterised by these conditions. Generally, these conditions are related to the action of Mediterranean cyclones in South-Eastern Europe, especially those with a backward trajectory. Despite this weak annual frequency, these weather patterns contribute with 1520% to the total amount of precipitation in Moldova. Without this contribution Moldova region would be characterised by more pronounced arid climate features. The weather pattern, the annual regime of this contribution, the regional distribution will be presented in detail within the present work.
Affinities of groups

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A Study of Semi-Rigid and Nonlinear Behaviour Of Nailed Joints in Timber Portal Frames

Abstract In this paper a study is made of the semi-rigid and non-linear behaviour of nailed knee joints in timber frames. A numerical analysis is applied to the non-linear deformation of the joints. The solution is derived using the stiffness method of analysis in which the rotation of each nailed joint is modelled by a series of piece-wise linear relationships, based on the load-deformation characteristics of nailed joints laterally loaded in single shear. The stiffness matrix is corrected at each step, to allow for joint flexibility; and the short-term non-linear deformation of frames, up to ultimate load, is calculated. Experimental verification is made using knee joint specimens and 6 m span timber portals with nailed plywood knee joints. The test results confirm the applicability of the analysis.
Are Prices a Good Signal of the Degree of Product Differentiation in Oligopoly Markets with Asymmetric Information ?

This article analyses price competition in a two-period duopoly model in which only one firm knows the degree of substitutability between products. Using a Hotelling model, we analyse the informed firm ́s incentive to reveal its private information throughout its price set in period 1. In this setting, the price set by the informed firm only reveals the degree of product differentiation in period 1 when the prior probability of closer substitutes is sufficiently high and the discount factor is sufficiently low. Finally, we find that firms differentiate their products as far as possible under asymmetric information.
Group decision making with multiple leaders: local rules, weighted networks and consensus

In this paper, a realistic and simple discrete-time model based on nearest neighbour rules for describing the movements of autonomous agents is introduced. Two kinds of networks are considered here: weighted directed networks with fixed topology; weighted directed networks with switching topology. The analysis is based on a blend of graph-theoretic and system-theoretic tools. In addition to the stability analysis, the steady state of convergence is also analysed. It turns out that homogenous digraphs plays a central role in addressing average-consensus problems, where the notation 'leadership' is introduced to measure the influence of a node to the consensus of the group. Finally, numerical examples are included which find very good agreements with the analytical results.
Synopsis of Boraginaceae sensu lato in the Caatingas of the São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil

Melo, J.I. M. 2015. Synopsis of Boraginaceae sensu lato in the Caatingas of the Sao Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 72(1): e013 This work presents a commented synopsis of Boraginaceae sensu lato in the basin of the lower-middle and lower stretches of the Sao Francisco River in Northeast Brazil (states of Pernambuco and Bahia). Five genera and 21 species were recorded: Euploca, with six species; Cordia, with five; Varronia, with four; and Heliotropium and Myriopus, represented by three species each. A new combination in the genus Myriopus is here proposed. Keys for the separation of genera and species as well as distributional and geographical data are provided.
Development of a Word Instrument to Test Dental Health Literacy: The DFLD Determination of Functional Literacy in Dentistry

Aim: This study aims to develop and pilot test an instrument to measure dental health literacy (DFLD: Determination of Functional Literacy in dentistry). Methodology: 320 patients attending a dental clinic were approached for the study with prior permission from concerned authorities. Each subject was administered the instrument DFLD along with Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD-30) to measure oral health literacy. The subject’s oral health related quality of life was also assessed using Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). Internal reliability for DFLD was checked using Cronbach’s alpha and its validity by correlating the final score with the scores of REALD- 30 and OHIP-14. Results: DFLD displayed good convergent and predictive validity when correlated with scores of REALD-30 and OHIP-14, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha value for instrument reliability was found to be 0.84. Conclusion: DFLD is an efficient instrument which can be used to assess health literacy in the dental arena
Mathematical Modeling of Resistance of Conductive Adhesive Joints in Climatic Aging

The use of electrically conductive adhesives in electronics is still growing. As the number of applications of these materials grows, so does the spectrum of requirements for their properties. The most commonly used types of these adhesives are epoxy resin adhesives filled with silver flakes. One of the main disadvantages of these materials against lead-free solders is their low resistance to climatic stress. Therefore, for some applications, it must be tested for climate aging. Tests are most often performed at elevated temperature and elevated relative humidity. The article is focused on the calculation of mathematical models for the calculation of the resistance of adhesive joints from adhesives of four manufacturers made on pads with Cu and Ag surface finish. Aging is performed in a combined climate of elevated humidity / elevated temperature. Factor experiment technique was used to calculate the models. The created models showed good agreement with the measured data.
Clustering Test Cases in Web Application Regression Testing using Self-Organizing Maps

In the software testing domain, different techniques and approaches are used to support the process of regression testing in an effective way. Test case prioritization techniques improve the performance of regression testing, and arrange test cases in order to detect the faults in a reasonable amount of time. User-session is a unique feature of web applications that is useful in the process of regression testing as they comprise precious information about the application state before and after any change that is made to the software code. The main challenge is the effectiveness of average percentage fault detection rate and time constraint in the existing techniques. Thus, in this research the priority is given to the test cases, clustered according to some criteria. Using self-organizing map for clustering helps to obtain a higher fault detection rate in a relatively small time span.
Mobile game on Microbial Education by using Unity

Now a day’s mobile devices have became the part of human life and the usage of these devices have drastically increased. Mobile devices have become a new channel of learning educational and social life for new generation people and mobile educational app games have become an important mode of learning the things for younger generation. To help the students to know and learn about microbes, a mobile educational game called microbiology is presented, where players can create their particular implicit organisms in any location on earth. One unique feature of this app is that it will use the real conditions where the player, the type of micro organism to culture on a media and how they multiply. By using this mobile app game users will able to learn the microbe structure, diseases and their pros and cons in daily routine of human beings. The game is developed by using a multiplatform Unity 3-D game engine. This tool allows non developers also to use a powerful animation and design tools to graphically program and animate. Keywords—Animation, Game, Microbes, Microbiology, Three Dimensional
In-Flight Results from the Drag-Free and Attitude Control of GOCE Satellite

Abstract The Gravity and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) is the first Earth Explorer Core Mission of ESA's Living Planet Program. The scientific objectives of GOCE are the determination of the Earth's steady state gravity field anomalies with an accuracy of 1×10 −5 m/s 2 , and the determination of geoid heights with accuracy between 1 to 2 cm, at length scales down to 100 km. To meet the scientific objectives, GOCE flies in a Sun-synchronous orbit with altitude in the range 250÷280km, and it carries out two measurements: gravity gradients by the Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer, and Precise Orbit Determination based on Global Positioning System data. An essential element for meeting the mission requirements is the Drag Free and Attitude Control (DFAC) using an ion engine for compensating the along track non-gravitational forces and a set of magnetic torquers for attitude control. The drag-free control has the task of realizing a virtual environment reducing the non-gravitational linear accelerations (from that the name drag-free ) below a threshold compatible with the accelerometer dynamic range and with the gradiometric performance. For the same reason, the attitude control must constrain the angular accelerations and the angular rates. The mission induces requirements not only on the magnitude of the residual linear and angular accelerations, angular rate and attitude errors, but also on their spectral density in the science measurement bandwidth of [5,100] mHz. GOCE is the first European drag-free mission and the first pure magnetic attitude control system for a medium-sized Low Earth Orbit scientific satellite (about 1 ton mass). The control design has been done following already well known approaches with the introduction of customizations to cope with specific performance requirements, design simplicity and programmatic constraints. After a short presentation of the GOCE mission architecture, of the satellite and of the payload, the paper presents the main aspects of the DFAC scientific mode and its in-flight performances.
The heavily indebted poor countries and the multilateral debt relief initiative: A test case for the validity of the debt overhang hypothesis

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPCI) and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) were both implemented based on an assumption derived from the debt overhang hypothesis - that is, that the removal of excessive debt burdens would help to boost investment and economic growth. Using a quasi-experimental research design to compare the performance of investment and growth between LICs that have benefited from HIPCI and MDRI and those that have not, this study assesses whether the two programs have yielded the expected effects. The results indicate that while debt relief programmes have led to higher private-sector investment in beneficiary countries, they have not had any effect on public sector investment and growth. While the reasons for this outcome are not entirely clear, assumptions concerning the benefits that accrue to LICs as a result of debt relief appear to be in doubt.