Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane. A theoretical study

An attempt was made to calculate growth yields of microorganisms on methanol and methane on the basis of known biochemical pathways of C1 metabolism. Since 3‐phosphoglycerate is a key intermediate in the assimilation pathways of C1 compounds, the calculations were based on the assumption that the synthesis of cell material from C1 substrates can be regarded as a two step process. When YATP on 3‐phosphoglycerate was taken as 10.5, a maximal cell yield of organisms of the composition C4H8O2N on methanol was found to be 0.73 g cells/g substrate. For growth on methane a value of 0.91 g cells/g substrate was calculated when a mixed function oxidase was implicated in methane oxidation. These yields were calculated on the basis of the ribulose phosphate pathway of formaldehyde fixation as the major pathway of C1 assimilation. Yields calculated on the basis of the serine pathway were on an average 20% lower. The calculations disclosed that for growth on methane, at least for Methylococcus capsulatus, a reversed electron transport system is required when methane is oxidized by a mixed function oxidase. The theoretical cell yields on methanol and methane have been compared with experimentally obtained yields and the validity of the estimations of growth yields on the basis of the present calculations is discussed.
Why Has Ecological Risk Assessment Found Such Limited Application?

Recently I have been asking a fundamental question about a particular part of my research career. It might be that after so many years of research and teaching environmental science I am wondering if it was all worth it. The question is simple. Why is ecological risk assessment not a more fundamental tool in all aspects of environmental management? Is this failing because of its history, a scientific unsoundness, or some other feature? This essay is a partial examination of this question from my particular perspective. Risk assessment in the United States began as a decision-making process for contaminated sites, especially under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response and Compensation Act (CERCLA, also called Superfund) (NRC 1983). Suter (2008) has summarized the history of ecological risk assessment and its derivation from human health risk assessment processes. From its inception risk assessment has been a contaminant-centric process. This emphasis is understandable given the regulatory environment of the principal sponsor of the development of risk assessment, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Superfund (CERCLA) and pesticide registration under Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). The encyclopedic Ecological Risk Assessment by Suter (2007) is a book about the risk assessment of chemicals, reflecting the development of the process. However, the kinds of questions being asked by environmental managers now are much more diverse than mere chemical contamination. Over the last two years the Washington State Department of Natural Resources has been developing the Cherry Point Resource and Management Plan (WADNR 2009). Cherry Point is a region along the most northwest coast of Washington State and is the location of an iconic Pacific herring run, several industrial sites, and is considered an important marine resource. This plan has been conducted with the input of the stakeholders, including state and tribal governments, industries, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and Western Washington University. The list of sources and stressors includes: climate change, noise, shading from the piers, shoreline modification, recreation, invasives from ballast water, invasives from other sources, water quality, oil spills, effluent outfalls, and air quality. Of these items conventional ecological risk assessment has principally dealt with only the last four. A major piece of environmental legislation and regulation has been the national resource damage assessment (NRDA) segment of CERCLA managed by the U.S.
Seven alkaloids and their antibacterial activity from Hypecoum erectum L.

From the aerial part of Hypecoum erectum L. , seven alkaloids, Protopine (1), Cryptopine (2), Allocryptopine (3), Hypecorinine (4), (-)-N-Methylcanadine (5), Oxohydrastinine (6) and N-Methylcorydaldine (7) were isolated. The structures of the seven compounds were established by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT and ESI-MS analyses. Compounds 2, 5 and 7 were obtained from this plant for the first time. The antibacterial activities were investigated against six bacteria (3 gram-positive and 3 gram-negative) by disc diffusion method followed by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) which was determined using a two fold serial dilution assay for the compound which have inhibitory effect. In vitro antimicrobial activities assay indicated that some compounds showed promising activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the antimicrobial properties of these alkaloids from this plant. Key words: Hypecoum erectum L. , alkaloids, antimicrobial activity.
Coexistence of Competitors

Some critical remarks have been made concerning Darwin's statement that "two animal species with similar needs and habits cannot inhabit the same habitat". Until now this "exclusion principle" has been studied quantitatively using the model of logistic growth. In this paper the principle is tested by some variants of the Lotka-Volterra model of interaction between predator and prey and some analyses and simulations are carried out. The shrews Sorex araneus L. and S. minutus L. were chosen as examples of predators with earthworms and spiders as examples of prey species. The impact of territoriality, density dependent predation and handling time on the coexistence both of competitors and predator sharing prey species is studied. The model is continuous, implies a constant, homogeneous environment, and takes no account of delayed reactions. If the densities of two predator species are regulated by one common prey species only, one of the competitors will exclude the other. This also applies when two prey species share one predator species. The latter type of exclusion has been called "klompetition". In accordance with Levin's formulation that "no stable equilibrium is possible if some r species are limited by less than r factors", it appears that in a system with two common predators and two common prey species there is no trend towards extermination in any of the species. The introduction of intraspecific territoriality of the predators stabilizes the system in such a way that permanent coexistence of competitors is possible. A sensitivity study for all parameters of the model is carried out. The introduction of density dependent predation counteracts "klompetition" in such a way that it enables two prey species which share one predator to coexist permanently. The introduction of handling time has only a destabilizing effect on the system and does not affect coexistence or exclusion. Summaring we can formulate the following "exclusion" or "coexistence" rule: Permantent coexistence of competitors is possible. A sufficient condition for stability in an ecosystem in a constant, homogeneous environment is that for each arbitrarily chosen pair of species there must be two different combinations of density limiting factors, provided that each species itself can be conceived as such a factor.
Cytochemistry of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae

Development of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae differs from that of many actinorhizae. After the endophyte penetrates the wall of a cortical cell, that (primary) cell wall becomes lignified, based on histochemical (autofluorescence, phloroglucinol staining) and cytochemical (permanganate staining, enzyme etching) evidence. Subsequently, the remaining walls of the infected cell become lignified. Adjacent noninfected cells somehow are stimulated to deposit a lignified secondary wall only on those walls bordering the infected cell. This remarkable participation of all adjacent noninfected cells in the development of a given infected cell results in an increased thickness and strength of the wall material surrounding infected cells. When they mature, there is a further modification of some of the wall layers surrounding infected cells, manifested in a relative impermeability to en bloc staining with permanganate. Unlike lignified walls, the permanganate-impermeable region is selectively s.
Absence of psilocybin in species of fungi previously reported to contain psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives

Seven taxa of agarics reported in literature to contain psilocybin (viz. Psathyrella candolleana, Gymnopilus spectabilis, G. fulgens, Hygrocybe psittacina var. psittacina and var. californica, Rickenella fibula, R. swartzii) have been analysed for psilocybin and related tryptamines with negative results.
The Social–Cognitive Construction of Psychotherapeutic Change: Bridging Social Constructionism and Cognitive Constructivism

Self-with-other processing and construction play an important role in human adjustment, development, and change. This idea is critical for an adequate understanding of psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic change. A theory of psychotherapeutic change that combines elements of both social constructionist and cognitive constructivist thought is presented briefly. After reviewing salient examples of both forms of thought as these have manifested in theorizing about psychotherapeutic change, a sampling of original empirical demonstrations is offered in support of the theory. Psychotherapeutic change is described as a process of appropriation and practical application through which clients internalize therapeutic conversations and activities, which they then use as psychological tools to restructure personal theories, experiences, and actions.
Biological, serological and molecular studies on Prunus necrotic ring spot virus infecting Rosa hybrida L. in Egypt

Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV) was isolate d for the first time in Egypt from naturally infected rose plants collected from the e xperimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University). Observed symptoms circumvented nring spots on leaves, bud failure, and color breaking of petals. The virus was transmitted mechanically. The purified virus had Amax and A min at 260 and 240 nm respectively. The 260/280 ratio was 1.56. Yield of purified virus from infected Gompherina globosa was 0.182 mg/g tissue. Electron micrograph of the purified virus showed spherical (23-nm) as well as bacilliform vir us particles (42x23 nm). The induced antiserum from the purified virus was successfully used to de tect PNRSV in rose plants in several locations in Egypt. The full length of the replicase gene of PNR SV was successfully amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) us ing different sets of specific primers. A sensitive and specific IC-RT-PCR protocol was used for the detection of PNRSV from rose tissues. Sequence analysis of PNRSV/rep gene of the rose iso late indicated 60 % similarity to that of PNRSV-AF278534 and NC-004362.
Counseling Adolescent Girls for Body Image Resilience: Strategies for School Counselors

Because body image dissatisfaction is such a pervasive problem in adolescent girls, school counselors need to develop effective prevention programs in this area. In this article, a model to promote girls' body image resilience is presented. The model identifies five protective factors that contribute to girls' abilities to resist sociocultural pressures regarding thinness. Specific prevention and counseling strategies that school counselors can use to promote positive body image in adolescent girls are provided.
A box-trap design to capture alligators in forested wetland habitats

Abstract Although much work has been conducted on coastal populations of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), less is known about the population dynamics and ecology of alligators in inland habitats. This paucity of knowledge may relate to the difficulty in capturing alligators within inland locations, as traditional methods of capture often are compromised by the heterogeneous habitat. To circumvent these problems, we developed an alternative method for capturing alligators that allows researchers to sample forested wetlands using a simple box-trap design. We set traps for 273 trap-nights, resulting in 45 captures. Twenty-nine of these were adults (183–287 cm total length), 9 were juveniles (100–183 cm total length), and 7 were recaptures. Inland population surveys and demographic data sets collected using this capture method can be integrated into more sound alligator management strategies that encompass varying population life histories.
BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE DOUBLE-COLLARED SEEDEATER (SPOROPHILA CAERULESCENS)

Abstract The Double-collared Seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens) is the most common seedeater in southern South America. Because information on its breeding biology is mostly limited to descriptions of nests and eggs, I studied the reproductive biology of the Double-collared Seedeater in southeastern Brazil. I found 41 active nests during seven breeding seasons (1997–2003). Nesting occurred from December to May. All nests found during incubation contained two eggs, eggs were laid on consecutive days, and incubation started the morning the female laid the last egg. Incubation and nestling periods were 12 and 12–15 days, respectively. Only females incubated the eggs. Mean time spent incubating/hr was 52.3 min, and incubation recesses averaged 6.6 min. Nestlings were fed 7.6 times/hr, and although both males and females fed the young, the participation of females was significantly greater than that of males. Predation was the major cause of nest failure. Daily survival rates during the incubation (0.990) and nestling (0.935) stages differed. Overall nesting success was 36%. Although studies conducted in disturbed areas can reveal greater rates of nest predation than those found in undisturbed areas, some Sporophila species seem to benefit from habitat disturbance. The conversion of native habitats to agricultural lands in Brazil, as well as the spread of exotic grasses, has resulted in the expansion of the Double-collared Seedeater to previously forested areas.
Protective Factors Contributing to the Academic Resilience of Students Living in Poverty in Turkey

This article examines the potential individual characteristics and environmental protective factors that promote academic resilience among impoverished eighth-grade students in Turkey. Study results revealed that home high expectations, school caring relationships and high expectations, and peer caring relationships were the prominent external protective factors that predicted academic resilience. Considering the internal protective factors, the following were positively linked with the academic resilience of adolescents in poverty: havingpositive self-perceptions ahoutone's academic abilities, high educational aspirations, empathic understanding, an internal locus of control, and hope for the future.
Variability in preference for conspecific songs with syntactical complexity in female Bengalese Finches: towards an understanding of song evolution

ABSTRACT Male Bengalese Finches Lonchura striata var. domestica sing syntactically complex songs. A previous study suggested that complex songs elicit more reproductive behavior in female Bengalese Finches than do simple songs. Since the study measured passive reactions to stimulus songs, it is not clear if female birds actively choose complex songs. Here we conducted an active choice experiment using female Bengalese Finches in which selecting a particular perch resulted in the playback of a simple or a complex song. Four out of the eight birds chose complex songs, one chose the simple song, and the remaining three chose both songs randomly. These results suggest that the song preferences of female Bengalese Finches vary individually. A simple population dynamics model confirmed that such a tendency in female preference could lead to the evolution of complex songs in male Bengalese Finches.
The probiotic potential of lactobacilli isolated from Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )’s intestine

The potential probiotic acid lactic bacteria isolated from Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )fs intestine was tested for fish farming. In our collection, 10 Lactobacillus strains were targeted to confront a series of antibiotics in order to draw their resistance profile, and to test their degree of inhibitory to four pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp . The power of acidification and tolerance was tested. Overall, our results show that strains BLT31 and BLT21 are fully susceptible and resistance to the tested antibiotics. Strains BLT3, BLT20, BLT21 and BLT23 have a good antagonistic effect against pathogenic bacteria that cause the highest damage in aquaculture. For acid lactic production, strains BLT3, BLT26, BLT27, BLT28, and BLT31 are considered fast since ƒ¢ pH . 4U in less than three hours. As for the resistance to pH and bile salts, two strains BLT3 and BLT31 showed significant power which gives them acceptable probiotic potential. Key words : Probiotics, antibiotics, aquaculture, the Nile Tilapia, inhibitory activities, lactobacilli.
Factors controlling the age structure of Margaritifera falcata in 2 northern California streams

Abstract Freshwater mussels are long-lived and relatively stationary organisms that form annual rings, so they provide excellent opportunities for studying how population properties such as age structure relate to environmental influences on recruitment and mortality. We investigated population dynamics of the freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera falcata, in 2 northern California Coast Range rivers, the South Fork Eel and the Navarro. We used field observations and inverse theoretical modeling to assess age structures and identify factors that control population demographics. Distinctly different mortality rates for young (<20 y) and old (≥20 y) mussels were observed in the South Fork Eel, and recruitment and mortality both were related to river discharge regimes. Margaritifera falcata recruited more successfully during low-discharge than during high-discharge years, and a 2-fold increase in discharge caused a 60% decline in recruitment success. Active annual recruitment (˜1100–1800 ind./y) was observed in the South Fork Eel, whereas recruitment has been low or nonexistent during the past 30 y in the Navarro. This difference probably is a consequence of the influence of 2 non-mutually exclusive factors: landuse history and host-fish abundance. The Navarro watershed has extensive timber harvesting and orchard/vineyard agriculture and has had severe declines in fish populations, whereas large sections of the South Fork Eel pass through protected land and the river has retained its historical fish populations. Investigation of the factors that shape local M. falcata population age structures yielded insights into the influence of environmental variables and history on mortality and recruitment that will aid conservation of this endangered family.
Female preference did not evolve under laboratory conditions in the solanaceous fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons

Sterile insect technique (SIT) is widely used to eradicate target pest species. Its effectiveness depends on the ability of released sterile males to mate with wild females. In pest species with a female choice mating system, there is potential for female preference to evolve in the wild population in view of the resulting zero-fitness in females that mate with sterile males. The evolution of female preference against sterile males can, therefore, reduce the efficiency of the SIT as the likelihood decreases that sterile males will mate with wild females. We examined this experimentally by using the solanaceous fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons, a serious pest of solanaceous crops, by allowing female preference in mass-reared fruit flies to select between fertile and sterile males over 12 generations. However, this did not generate a rapid evolutionary response. Also the remating rate of females did not increase, even when the first mating partner was a sterile male. We discuss the implication of the results for the eradication project by the SIT program.
The Fine Structure of Chromosomes in Pollen Mother Cells of Tradescantia reflexa

Many studies have been carried out by light microscopy on the structure of chromosomes and it has been established that the chromosomes at ana and telo phase consist of two coiled strands of chromonemata. The structure has been examined in more detail by light microscopic autoradiography and by electron microscopy. Several models of chromosomes have been proposed, such as a multistrand model (Steffensen 1959, Sparvoli, Gay and Kaufman 1965, Ris 1962, Wolfe and Martin 1968, Wolff 1969), protein-backbone model (Taylor 1957, and Freese 1958), supercoil model (Amano, Dohi, Tanaka, Uchino and Hiraoka 1956), cycloid model (Whitehouse 1967) and single strand model (Callen 1963, Gall 1963, DuPraw 1966, Ris 1969). DuPraw (1966) was offered "folded fiber model" as one of single strand models. This model has been generally accepted by some workers, but it does not explain light microscopic findings, which visualize the presence of chromonemata in the chromosome. Thus, at present no definite structural model of the chromosome is generally accepted, because the structure is still in a highly complicated state. In the present study, the detailed structures of the chromosomes by electron microscopically obtained by using the whole mount technique were compared with those obtained using ultrathin sections.
Iodide.

that there was a higher success rate where the subject was male, young (less than 50 years), had been in hospital for a short time, and when the request was made between six and 24 hours after death. We also found that some clinical units were more successful than others; the necropsy rates varied from one unit to another from 50% to 92%. Apparently the nature of the approach made is of greater importance than reluctance on the part of relatives. Consideration of this would be essential in any attempt to introduce the partial audit. That the answer lies with the clinicians is indicated by comments we have had from some of our consultant colleagues: "We put less pressure on relatives than we used to" and "pressure is brought to bear on the reluctant, because I believe the necropsy is of fundamental importance. "4
Formation of volatile aroma compounds and carbon dioxide in yogurt starter grown in cows' and goats' milk

Summary Yogurt starter B3 was grown in cows' milk, goats' milk I (obtained 2–3 weeks after parturition) and goats' milk II (8 months after parturition), and a number of biochemical and bacteriological parameters were recorded at intervals during incubation for 8 h at 43°C. No appreciable differences between the milks were observed for total viable count, bacteriological ratio of rods to cocci, or decrease in pH. Production of acetaldehyde, however, was considerably lower in goats' milk I (6·2 ppm) and goats' milk II (8·9 ppm) than in cows' milk (18 ppm). Formation of diacetyl and acetoin showed similar patterns in all three milks. The highest production of α-acetolactic acid was observed in goats' milk II, apparently coincident with the highest production of CO2 in this milk.