Molecular phylogenetics of the Dissochaeta alliance (Melastomataceae): Redefining tribe Dissochaeteae

The Dissochaeta alliance (= subtribe Dissochaetinae) is a group of woody climbing taxa within tribe Dissochaeteae (Melastomataceae) and comprises 90 species mainly distributed in Southeast Asia. The circumscription of the alliance and its genera has been problematic when based on only morphological characters. With a broad sampling of relevant taxa, this study aims at a natural circumscription of and revised generic delimitation within this alliance. A molecular phylogeny based on two nuclear (nrETS, nrITS) and four chloroplast ( ndhF , psbK-psbL , rbcL , rpl16 ) markers confirmed the non-monophyly of Dissochaeteae s.l. Taxa tradi-tionally placed in Dissochaeteae are found in three lineages in distant positions within Melastomataceae. The Medinilla alliance is resolved within Sonerileae + Oxysporeae, while the monophyletic Dinophora / Ochthocharis lineage forms a polytomy with Marcetieae, Melastomateae, Microlicieae, and Rhexieae; and the well-supported Dissochaeta alliance is sister to Cambessedesieae. Based on the molecular results, Dissochaeteae is redefined to exclude the Medinilla alliance and Dinophora / Ochthocharis . It consists of six successively branching major clades, which we treat as six genera, Pseudodissochaeta , Creochiton , Dalenia ( Dissochaeta sect. Dalenia ), Diplectria ( Dissochaeta sect. Diplectria ), Macrolenes and Dissochaeta s.str. To avoid a paraphyletic Dissochaeta , Dalenia and Diplectria are resurrected, Macrolenes is expanded to include the Dissochaeta rostrata complex, and a narrowly circumscribed Dissochaeta s.str. is adopted. A re-investigation of morphological characters based on herbarium material provides support of newly defined taxa. Two sections for Macrolenes are newly proposed, and two sections of Dissochaeta s.str. are maintained. Important morphological traits such as habit and floral characters are discussed to show the morphological support for each delimited genus and the establishment of a new classification of the tribe. dimorphic, equal to unequal, inserted in 2 whorls, outer alternate with the petals, inner opposite with the petals, all fertile or 1 whorl staminodal, sometimes only with 4 stamens; filaments flattened, glabrous; anthers 2-thecate, basifixed, rarely medifixed, smooth, rarely tesselate-reticulate, opening by single terminal pore, straight in bud, inserted in extraovarial chambers, slightly curved (sickle- or S-shaped) or straight when mature, ovoid or narrow lanceolate; connective with appendages, dorsally with a spuriform, hastate, or triangular crest, ventrally with a pair of auriculate, ligular to filiform appendages or fimbriate, rarely inappendiculate. Ovary inferior, ¼ to ¾ as long as hypanthium, apex glabrous to pubescent or bristly; locules 4, placenta axillar, rarely basal; style glabrous, curved distally, usually herkogamous; stigma minute, capitate; ovary concrescent with hypanthium with 4 or 8 septae, forming 4 or 8, shallow to deep, extraovarial chambers. Fruit a berry, globose to urceolate, exocarp thin, rarely woody, glabrous or with stellate hairs, frequently with barbed bristle hairs, dark pur-ple to blackish when ripe, fleshy; sepals persistent. Seeds numer-ous, usually cuneate or cochleate, flat-topped, slightly curved, with smooth or papillose testa, hilum black.