Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) based assessment of genetic relationships among some Zimbabwean sorghum landraces with different seed proanthocyanidin levels

Knowledge of genetic distances between genotypes is important for efficient organization and conservation of plant genetic resources for crop improvement programs. In this study genetic distances between genotype pairs (complements of Jaccard's similarity coefficient) were estimated from Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data collected from 48 Zimbabwean sorghum landraces. These varieties showed variation in their seed proanthocyanidin (PAs) levels with 16 and 29 of them having detectable and non-detectable PA levels respectively. RAPDs revealed considerable genetic variation between the varieties used and 2.7 polymorphisms per primer were obtained. Ninety nine polymorphic RAPD bands were used to calculate genetic distances and the mean genetic distance between the genotypes was 0.494 (± 0.113) with a range of 0.051 to 0.761. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot of the distance matrix revealed two distinct clusters of cultivated and wild sorghums. No clustering of genotypes according to their seed proanthocyanidin levels was revealed by MDS analysis; also the mean genetic distances of genotypes in the low, medium and high PA categories were not different from each other and none of them was significantly different from the mean genetic distances between all the groups. The RAPD markers used in the present study could not distinguish between sorghums with different PA levels in their seeds; however, the protocol established could be useful in further analysis of this trait in near isogenic lines. Key words: Genetic distances, multidimensional scaling, proanthocyanidins, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Sorghum bicolor, Zimbabwe.
Melting of Sea Ice Inexplicable for Recent Global Eustatic Sea Level Rise

Global warming and associated sea level rise due to melting of major ice reserves is one of the most important and debated issues of present time. It has unequivocally been proved that mean global surface and ocean temperature is increasing due to anthropogenic input of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide which has reached its maximum concentration up to 399.35 ppm since last 650,000 years. Due to greenhouse effect global ice caps, sheets and sea ice are melting. But there is an ambiguity of rate of melting of ice and rate of global sea level rise. This can be best exemplified by melting rate of Arctic sea ice with nonequivalent response to the rate of global sea level rise. Conceptual model proposed in this paper differentiates the role of continental glacier, ice sheets and sea ice in the process of global or eustatic sea level rise. It shows that melting of sea ice is not responsible for global or eustatic sea level change. However convoluted effect of melting of continental glaciers and ice sheets and thermal expansion of ocean water due to increasing ocean heat budget is responsible for recent eustatic sea level rise.
Title 5 / 3-Approximation Algorithm for a Multiple Depot , Terminal Hamiltonian Path Problem Permalink

Though 2-approximation algorithms are available for several Multiple Depot Travelling Salesman Problems (TSPs) and Hamiltonian Path Problems (HPPs), there are no algorithms in the literature for any multiple depot variant of TSP or HPP that has an approximation ratio better than 2. This paper addresses one variant of the Multiple Depot HPP and provides the first 3 -approximation algorithm for the same when the costs are symmetric and satisfy triangle inequality.
Life history and ecology of harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) from West Greenland

During 1988, 1989 and 1995, 187 harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) were sampled from the catches off West Greenland. The samples were taken in 3 areas between 62° N and 70° N: northerly (n=134, Maniitsoq and locations Kangaamiut, Qeqertarsuaq and Qasigiannguit further north), southerly (n=30, Nuuk) and southernmost (n=23, Paamiut). A suite of biological measurements and data were collected from these samples. Comparison of age and length distributions between years and areas indicated that while there were no statistical differences between the Maniitsoq and northerly samples in different years, the southerly Nuuk and Paamiut samples were biased to younger age classes. Application of the Gompertz growth model to length and weight at age data indicated an asymptotic length of 154 cm in females and 143 cm in males with weights of 64 kg and 52 kg respectively. A number of correlations were observed between length, midgirth (G3), body and blubber weights and blubber thickness. Indicators of body condition showed that overall pregnant females were fattest but that blubber thickness was greatest in juveniles. The blubber lipid content was generally 92-95% wet weight of tissue. Stomach content analysis for 92 animals indicated regional differences, although capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) was predominant in all samples. The presence of fish, squid and crustaceans indicated opportunistic feeding. Females ovulated from age 3-4 years at a length of about 140 cm; combined testis weights >200 g indicated maturation in males from age 2 years upwards at a length >125 cm. Several small embryos were found, consistent with a mating season in late summer. Testis hypertrophy in August also supported a late summer breeding. Analysis of ovarian corpora indicated annual ovulation. Certain biological parameters, including body condition indicators, indicate differences between West Greenland and eastern North Atlantic populations that agree with published genetic findings.
Structural Policies and Growth: Time Series Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Documenting the long term impact of structural policies on economic performance has generated tremendous interest in the development literature. In contrast, contemporary effects of structural policies are difficult to establish. Structural policies seldom change sufficiently in the short run, and accepted instruments to control for endogeneity in cross sections are inappropriate for time series analysis. In this paper we utilize an eleven year panel of 26 transition countries to identify short term effects of structural policies that are large and significant. A ten percent change in the quality of structural policies (or the Rule of Law) towards OECD standards is shown to raise annual growth by about 2.5 percent. To control for endogeneity, we instrument using the hierarchy of institutions hypothesis and find that it holds robust explanatory power. We also document that early reformers reap the greatest benefits, but that it is never too late to begin structural policy reforms.
Mathematical modelling of decision making processes in construction projects

Many different individuals, who have their own expertise and criteria for decision making, are involved in making decisions on construction projects. Decision-making processes are thus significantly affected by communication, in which a dynamic performance of human intentions leads to unpredictable outcomes. In order to theorise the decision making processes including communication, it is argued here that the decision making processes resemble evolutionary dynamics in terms of both selection and mutation, which can be expressed by the replicator-mutator equation. To support this argument, a mathematical model of decision making has been made from an analogy with evolutionary dynamics, in which there are three variables: initial support rate, business hierarchy, and power of persuasion. On the other hand, a survey of patterns in decision making in construction projects has also been performed through self-administered mail questionnaire to construction practitioners. Consequently, comparison between the numerical analysis of mathematical model and the statistical analysis of empirical data has shown a significant potential of the replicator-mutator equation as a tool to study dynamic properties of intentions in communication.
Spin flips - II. Evolution of dark matter halo spin orientation, and its correlation with major mergers

We expand our previous study on the relationship between changes in the orientation of the angular momentum vector of dark matter haloes (‘spin flips’) and changes in their mass, to cover the full range of halo masses in a simulation cube of length 100 h−1 Mpc. Since strong disturbances to a halo (such as might be indicated by a large change in the spin direction) are likely also to disturb the galaxy evolving within, spin flips could be a mechanism for galaxy morphological transformation without involving major mergers. We find that 35 per cent of haloes have, at some point in their lifetimes, had a spin flip of at least 45° that does not coincide with a major merger. Over 75 per cent of large spin flips coincide with non-major mergers; only a quarter coincide with major mergers. We find a similar picture for changes to the inner halo spin orientation, although here there is an increased likelihood of a flip occurring. Changes in halo angular momentum orientation, and other such measures of halo perturbation, are therefore very important quantities to consider, in addition to halo mergers, when modelling the formation and evolution of galaxies and confronting such models with observations.
SENTIMENTANALYSIS FOR ARABIC AND ENGLISH DATASETS

Sentiment analysis is an important topic that has tracked attention since 2001. It basically is text classification based on analyzing opinions that expressed by writing (e.g., social media, blogs, discussion groups, etc). The widespread use of social networks has, also, led to a widespread availability of opinionated posts, making research in the area more viable and important. We need to make sentiment analysis to calculate the percentage of user acceptance or rejection according to their comments.Although Arabic is the native language of hundreds of millions of people in twenty countries across the Middle East and North Africa, the research in the area of Arabic sentiment analysis is progressing at a very slow pace compared to that being carried out in English[2]. In this paper, we presnet our work in which we start by testing on English texts that wrere collected from Amazon (book, DVD, and electronics). Then, we applied the same process on Arabic dataset that we collect from YouTubeArabic pages. We applied more than one machine learning on algorithms both (Arabic. English) (Decision trees, Navie Bayes, functions, and support vector machines. We also createda Sentiword Lexicon based on the Corpus that we gathered. Then we evaluated each method and compared their accuracies.
Change Point Analysis in Earthquake Data

Earthquake forecasts are very important in human life in terms of estimating hazard and managing emergency systems. Defining of earthquake characteristics plays an important role in these forecasts. Of these characteristics, one is the frequency distribution of earthquakes and and the other is the magnitude distribution of the earthquakes. Each statistical distribution has many parameters describing the actual distribution. There are various statistical distributions used to model the earthquake numbers. As is well known, these are binomial, Poisson, geometric and negative binomial distributions. It is generally assumed that earthquake occurrences are well described by the Poisson distribution because of its certain characteristics (for some details, see Kagan, 2010; Leonard & Papasouliotis, 2001). In their study, Rydelek & Sacks (1989) used the Poisson distribution of earthquakes at any magnitude level. The Poisson distribution is generally used for earthquakes of a large magnitude, and the earthquake occurrences with time/space can be modeled with the Poisson process in which, as is known, the Poisson distribution is one that counts the events that have occurred over a certain period of time. There is a significant amount of research on the change point as applied to earthquake data. Amorese (2007) used a nonparametric method for the detection of change points in frequency magnitude distributions. Yigiter & Inal (2010) used earthquake data for their method developed for the estimator of the change point in Poisson process. Aktas et al. (2009) investigated a change point in Turkish earthquake data. Rotondi & Garavaglia (2002) applied the hierarchical Bayesian method for the change point in data, taken from the Italian NT4.1. 1 catalogue. Recently, much research in the literature has focused on whether there is an increase in the frequency of earthquake occurrences. It is further suggested that any increase in the frequency of earthquakes, in some aspects, is due to climate change in the world. There is considerable debate on whether climate change really does increase the frequency of natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcano eruptions. In many studies, it is emphasized that there is serious concern about impact of climate change on the frequencies of hazardous events (Peduzzi, 2005; Lindsey, 2007; Mandewille, 2007 etc.). In Peduzzi’s study (2005), there are some indicators about increasing number of the earthquakes especially affecting human settlements, and it is also reported that there is an increase in the percentage of earthquakes affecting human settlements from 1980 onwards. The change point analysis can be used to study the increase or decrease in the frequency of the earthquake occurrences.
Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Olanzapine and Orphenadrine in Pure and Dosage Forms by Ternary Complex Formation with Eosin and Lead(II)

The present paper describes a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of olanzapine (OLZ) and orphenadrine (ORP) in pure and in dosage forms. The developed method is based on ternary complex formation of drugs under investigation with eosin and lead(II) using methyl cellulose as surfactant. The formed ternary complex which shows maximum absorbance (λmax) at 540 nm for both drugs OLZ and ORP, respectively. The optimum experimental conditions for the ternary complex formation were established. The Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges, 0.0-35.0 and 0.0-55 μg/mL for both methods. The molar absorptivity values for methods A and B were found to be 1.03 × 104 and 0.51 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1, respectively with the corresponding Sandell’s sensitivity values 0.0303 and 0.0602 μg cm-2. The proposed methods were further applied to the determination of OLZ and ORP in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations via standard addition technique. No interference was observed from the common adjuvants added to the tablets which are applicable for the assay of the investigated drugs in different dosage forms.
De la condensation de Bose-Einstein à l'effet Hanbury Brown & Twiss atomique de l'hélium métastable

Cette these etudie la faisabilite d'une mesure qui vise a verifier quantitativement un effet quantique. La mesure est proposee pour un gaz d'helium metastable refroidi dans la gamme du microkelvin. Il est connu que les atomes obeissent a une statistique quantique qui, si les atomes sont des bosons, est similaire a celle des photons. L'effet de groupement de bosons en est une consequence: sur un detecteur, les bosons arrivent preferentiellement groupes. On le met en evidence en mesurant la probabilite de detection d'un boson dans une fenetre de temps, retardee par rapport a l'arrivee d'un premier boson. Ceci nous donne la fonction de correlation du flux de particules. Ce signal a ete observe avec des photons. Il doit pouvoir l'etre avec des atomes : c'est precisement ce que ce travail demontre. On etudie donc la realisation experimentale d'une mesure de groupement de bosons, effectuee sur des atomes d'helium metastable refroidis au voisinage de la temperature de transition (vers le condensat de Bose-Einstein). Pour ce faire, nous partons d'un dispositif experimental qui a montre la condensation de l'helium metastable. On prevoit quantitativement comment l'effet se manifeste sur un tel montage. On justifie notamment que le signal est observable apres temps de vol des atomes, et on predit sa forme dans le cas d'atomes condenses ou non : la fonction de correlation s'aplatit quand les atomes se condensent. On presente ensuite le detecteur utilise : c'est un systeme de comptage d'atomes sensible en position et tres bien resolu en temps, a base de lignes a retard. On decrit enfin le travail experimental sur le montage, travail qui a permis d'aboutir a la mesure de l'effet de groupement.
Experimental Assessment of Delphi Procedures with Group Value Judgments

Abstract : A study was made using Delphi procedures to aid decisionmakers in dealing with value judgments. Previous studies have not clearly shown that there is an appropriate population of factual questions to compare with value judgments; the variability of performance on factual questions is large, depending on the type of questions asked. With this in mind, some comparisons were made: Two groups of UCLA students were asked to generate and rate lists of value categories that they considered important to higher education and the quality of life. Analyses showed that (1) distributions were generally singlepeaked and roughly bell-shaped, (2) the correlations between different groups and different rating methods were high, and (3) the number of changes and degree of convergence for value judgments (reduction in standard deviation) were comparable to similar indices for factual judgments. The experiment supported the conclusion that Delphi procedures are appropriate for processing value material as well as factual material.
The late Ordovician carbonate sedimentation as a major triggering factor of the Hirnantian glaciation

A new approach explaining the main forcing factor of Hirnantian glaciation is proposed herein. It follows the models associating occurrences of continental glaciations with periods of low atmospheric CO2 levels. The accumulation of great volumes of carbonates during pre-Hirnantian late Ordovician, in regions where these deposits were previously absent, is suggested as a major sink of atmospheric CO2. This would have caused an important lowering of the average temperature in the early Hirnantian, after CO2 values had attained a certain threshold. This process was maintained by other positive feedbacks, such as the short-term carbonate weathering CO2 sink. An increase of the direct flux of CO2 from the atmosphere to the oceans by means of dissolution would have been driven by the enhancement of carbonate deposition. The great inundation of the low latitude Laurentia craton during Cincinnatian times and the establishment of a temperate-water carbonate sedimentation on the North Gondwana margin during pre-Hirnantian Ashgill allowed the burying of more than 840 × 1015 kg (1.9 × 1019 mol) of dissolved CO2. This mass is equivalent to nearly 350 times the present values of atmospheric CO2. This is important enough to have greatly altered the equilibrium between the CO2 dissolved in the oceans and the partial pressure of CO2 in the air, eventually causing an important reduction of the latter. The new model also offers a simple explanation for the end of the glaciation after a short time-span. Glacioeustatic lowering of the sea level, concomitant with the glaciation, would have stopped the extra-sedimentation of carbonate due to the retreat of the oceans from the platforms, closing this CO2 sink. Pre-glacial CO2 levels would then recover, due to volcanic and metamorphic CO2 outgassing. After subsequent melting of the ice cap, oceanic circulation did not recover pre-Hirnantian Ashgill strength, resulting in a strong stratification of ocean waters and precluding the recovery of an extensive carbonate deposition. The well-known positive shift in the [omega]13C at the base of the Hirnantian is assumed to have been caused by weathering and dissolution of carbonates, relatively enriched in 13C, during the glacioeustatic regression and exposure of the platforms.
Fragility of Local Martingale Diffusion Models of Arbitrage and Bubbles

For any positive diffusion with minimal regularity, there exists a semimartingale, with uniformly close paths, which is a martingale under an equivalent probability. As a result, in models of asset prices based on such diffusions, arbitrage and bubbles alike disappear under proportional transaction costs, or under small model misspecifications. Thus, local martingale models of arbitrage and bubbles are not robust to small trading and monitoring frictions.
Photometric redshifts for gamma-ray burst afterglows from GROND and Swift/UVOT

Aims. We present a framework to obtain photometric redshifts (photo-zs) for gamma-ray burst afterglows. Using multi-band photometry from GROND and Swift/UVOT, photo-zs are derived for five GRBs for which spectroscopic redshifts are not available. Methods. We use UV/optical/NIR data and synthetic photometry based on afterglow observations and theory to derive the photometric redshifts of GRBs and their accuracy. Taking into account the afterglow synchrotron emission properties, we investigate the application of photometry to derive redshifts in a theoretical range between z ∼ 1t oz ∼ 12. Results. The measurement of photo-zs for GRB afterglows provides a quick, robust and reliable determination of the distance scale to the burst, particularly in those cases where spectroscopic observations in the optical/NIR range cannot be obtained. Given a sufficiently bright and mildly reddened afterglow, the relative photo-z accuracy η =Δ z/(1 + z) is better than 10% between z = 1. 5a nd z ∼ 7 and better than 5% between z = 2a ndz = 6. We detail the approach on 5 sources without spectroscopic redshifts observed with