Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wing colors based on arrangement of the multilayer structure of wing scales in lycaenid butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Male wing colors and wing scale morphology were examined for three species of lycaenid butterflies: Chrysozephyrus ataxus, Favonius cognatus and F. jezoensis. Measurement of spectral reflectance on the wing surface with a spectrophotometer revealed species‐specific reflection spectra, with one or two peaks in the ultraviolet and/or green ranges. Observations of wing scales using an optical microscope revealed that light was reflected from the inter‐ridge regions, where transmission electron microscopy revealed a multilayer structure. Based on the multilayer dimensions obtained, three models were devised and compared to explain the measured reflectance spectrum. The results showed that the best fit is a model in which thicknesses of thin films of the multilayer system are not constant and air spaces between cuticle layers are more or less packed with cuticle spacers. This suggests that the specific wing colors of the species examined are produced by the species‐specific arrangement of the multilayer structure of wing scales.
Identification and Characterization of Rat ETV6 Gene by Using Bioinformatics Tools

The products of ETS (erythroblast transformation specific domain) family genes are essential for a variety of developmental processes. This group of genes is frequently involved in leukemia and sarcoma as the result of specific chromosomal translocations. The ETV6 (ETS variant gene 6) gene, also called Tel or Tel1, is a member of the ETS family transcriptional regulators. Using in silico bioinformatic tools, we identified and characterized the rat ETV6 gene in this study. It has 8 exons and is located on the rat genomic contig NW_047696 of the rat chromosome 4. Its protein product has a predicted nuclear localization signal, one SAM_PNT (SAM-Pointed domain), and one ETS conserved domain. It has high homology to those of other vertebrate species. This is the first report on identification and characterization of the rat ETV6 gene.
An analysis of avoidance generalization and food preference transitivity in goldfish, Carassius auratus

To examine the effect of novelty in food selection by fishes, goldfish were trained by feeding them on red or green food pellets. Individual fish and fish in shoals of two, three, and five were then given a choice between equal numbers of familiar pellets and novel (yellow) pellets. In experimental groups, the yellow pellets were soaked in 15% quinine hydrochloride to make them unpalatable. Fish were next presented with equal numbers of familiar and a second novel pellet. It was expected that fish would generalize from their experience with the unpalatable pellets and demonstrate avoidance to sampling a second novel food item. However, as groups, neither controls nor experimentals were reluctant to sample the second novel pellets. Also, fish did not eat significantly more familiar than novel pellets when both were palatable. A third set of experiments examined food preference transitivity in which each pellet type was presented alone and in three pair-wise combinations to individual fish. Although red and yellow pellets were preferred over green, they were preferred equally, indicating an absence of transitivity in pellet choice and, perhaps, a “preference” for a mixture of red and yellow pellets.
PULSED FLOW EFFECTS ON THE FOOTHILL YELLOW-LEGGED FROG (RANA BOYLII): POPULATION MODELING

ix Executive Summary . 1 1.0 Research Problem Statement . 1 1.1. Hydrologic Alteration, Rana boylii Conservation, and the Need for Population Projection Models . 4 1.2. Rana boylii Life Cycle and Demographic transitions . 5 1.3. Focal Watersheds (Alameda Creek, South Fork Eel River, North Fork Feather River, Hurdygurdy Creek) . 6 1.4. Project Objectives and Report Organization . 11 2.0 Methods: Model Construction, Estimation of Survival Rates, and Population Viability Scenarios . 13 2.1. Life Table Construction . 13 2.2. Model Statement . 14 2.3. Vital Rate Estimation for Each Life Stage . 22 2.3. 1. Long-term censuses of Rana boylii egg masses . 22 2.3. 2. Adult Female Fecundity and Background Embryo Survival . 23 2.3. 3. Survival of Stranding or Scouring events . 26 2.3. 4. Survival of Tadpoles to Metamorphosis . 28 2.3. 5. First Year Over-Winter Survival . 31 2.3. 6. Survival from Age 1 to Age 2 . 32 2.3. 7. Survival from Age 2 to Age 3 . 33 2.3. 8. Adult Survival Estimates . 33 2.4. Central Coastal California Populations Reference Model . 36 2.5. Typical Study Reach Lengths, Starting Population Size, and Quasi-Extinction Thresholds 36 2.5. 1. Application to Population Model – Reference Values . 37 2.5. 2 Model Scenarios . 40 2.6. Combined Effects Scenarios . 40
CHANGES IN TRIGLYCERIDE FATTY ACIDS DURING BROOD PRODUCTION OF DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

Abstract The triglyceride fatty acids of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. , were studied 0–21 days during the beetle’s reproductive period. Fatty acids present were identified as myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), and linoleic (18:2). Palmitic acid increased from 12 to 23%, while palmitoleic decreased from 15 to 6% of the total triglyceride fatty acids during reproduction. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in both sexes (approx. 65%) and formed 55% of the fatty acid moiety of the egg triglycerides. Résumé L’auteur étudia les acides gras à triglycérides du Dendroctone du Sapin de Douglas, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. au moment où cet insecte se reproduisait (0–21 jours). Les acides gras étaient méristique (14 = 0), palmitique (16 = 0), palmitoléique (16 = 1), stéarique (18 = 0), oléique (18 = 1) et linoléique (18 = 2). Durant la reproduction, l’acide palmitique augmenta de 12 à 23%, tandis que l’acide palmitoléique diminua de 15 à 6% de la quantité totale d’acides gras à triglycérides. L’acide oléique était la plus abondante chez les deux sexes (environ 65%) et formait 55% de la portion d’acides gras chez les triglycérides des œufs.
Fiord populations of Astrobrachion constrictum (Ophiuroidea: Asteroschematidae) show little genetic differentiation for mitochondrial DNA

The fiords of southwestern New Zealand may promote the existence of genetically divergent populations as a result of geological and ecological isolation. The ophiuroid Astrobrachion constrictum lives on black coral in these fiords, and is thought to have a relatively short pelagic larval duration that may limit dispersal among populations. Samples of A. constrictum were collected from seven sites (four fiords) in Fiordland. Analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene using single-stranded conformational polymorphism revealed eight haplotypes, representatives of which were sequenced. These included nine variable sites, none of which were phylogenetically informative. G-test and AMOVA revealed little structuring of samples within or among fiords, but there was evidence for reduced gene flow among the most geographically separated fiords. We conclude that fiords do not house relict populations from earlier glaciations, and that little differential sorting of haplotypes has occurred in the last 10,000 years.
Genetic differentiation among populations of the shortfinned eel Anguilla australis from East Australia and New Zealand

Variability at seven microsatellite loci was used to survey the genetic population structure of the shortfinned eel Anguilla australis. Samples were collected from six estuaries along the east coast of Australia and from three estuaries around New Zealand. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance of the five loci with good fit to Hardy–Weinberg genotypic proportions detected highly significant differences among samples (FST= 0·016, P 0·05 in Australia; r= 0·762, P > 0·05 in New Zealand). These findings indicate that populations of A. australis in East Australia and in New Zealand may be reproductively isolated from one another. Genetic differentiation among populations of A. australis was two- to 10-fold higher than that among populations of other temperate eels in the North Atlantic Ocean, suggesting that two group of A. australis may reflect sub-species. Anguilla australis in the two countries have different genetic structures and thus require separate management. Genetic isolation between Australian and New Zealand populations indicates that juveniles recruit independently into these two regions from geographically or temporally isolated spawning areas.
BRAINWASHING

Those acquainted only with hospital work will be introduced to something quite new to them-the patientreferred problem which may be presented as an emergency but conforms to no pattern and to which as often as not no conventional diagnosis can be applied. He will see something of the behaviour of patients, their relatives, and their doctors under unusual circumstances and stresses, and perhaps realize for the first time how little of medical practice can be systematic and reduced to purely scientific terms. Many of the histories seem to the outside observer incoherent and untidy, some appear to have no beginning, others no ending. This, however, is general practice, whether by night or day. The doctors, who throughout the book express themselves with disarming frankness and transparent honesty, are the subject of a special analysis by Dr. Lask in which he seeks to show how the character and personality of the doctor influence the management of the call, the doctor's response to the patient's emergency. This chapter is particularly revealing to those psychoanalytically inclined. The book as a whole tells of an aspect of London night-life about which next to nothing is known, and it gives an indication of the needs of ordinary people which are met by family doctors who indeed minister to the fear in the dark. R. J. F. H. PINSENT.
Genetically modified crops in Chile

The economical, environmental and social impacts associated with genetically modifi ed (GM) crops are supported by the increased use of GM species by farmers. This increase in the use of GM species has included a global increase in both the number of hectares with GM crops and the number of countries using this technology. However, the use of GM crops has some drawbacks, due to the environmental risks associated with some of the events and social risks related to intellectual property rights issues and the monopoly associated with this technology. An overview of the current status of the use of GM crops in relation to the production, benefi ts, associated risks, intellectual property rights, legislation and regulatory framework is presented, focusing in the situation of ties crops in Chile. Los benefi cios economicos, ambientales y sociales asociados al cultivo de especies geneticamente modifi cados (GM) se ven respaldados por la creciente adopcion de estos por parte de los agricultores los que ha signifi cado, a nivel mundial, un incremento importante tanto en el numero de hectareas destinadas su cultivo como en el numero de paises que utilizan esta tecnologia. El uso de cultivos GM no ha estado exento de detractores, no solo por la posibilidad de riesgo tanto al medio ambiente como a la salud humana, sino porque la investigacion y desarrollo esta basada fuertemente en el patentamiento y la proteccion de la propiedad intelectual. Este trabajo presenta una resena general del estado actual del uso de cultivos GM en relacion a la produccion, benefi cios y riesgos asociados, derechos de propiedad intelectual, legislacion y marcos regulatorios, enfocado principalmente a la situacion de estos cultivos en Chile.
Modelling Mutualism: A Mathematical Model Of Plant Species Interactions In A Harsh Climate

Ecologists Have Observed That, In A Harsh Environment, Plant Species May Cease To Compete For Resources, But Display Positive Interactions Such As Mutualism. This Means That The Impact Of Climate Change, Where Harsh Envi- Ronments May Become More Benign, Could Be To Change The Nature Of Interac- Tions Between Plant Species And This May Be One Influence On Biodiversity. In This Talk, We Have Considered Whether The Observed Positive Interactions May Be Explained Through A Combination Of Existing Models Of Competition With Other Known Features Of The Environment In The Arctic (Where These Observa- Tions Have Been Made). This Provides A Prototype Model Where Sensitivity Of The Ecosystem To Different Types Of Environmental Change May Be Considered.
Endothelins as a Potential Target for Anticancer Therapy

The endothelin (ET) system consists of three small peptides (ET-1, ET-2, ET-3) and two ET receptors (ET A and ET B ). ETs play key physiologic roles in normal tissue, acting as modulators of vasomotor tone, tissue differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone production. Besides their physiologic roles, endothelins are implicated in pathologic conditions, such as vascular diseases and cancer. ET system is differentially expressed in invasive cancer compared to precancerous lesions and their normal tissue counterparts. In tumors, ETs exhibit antiapoptotic and angiogenic activities which facilitate malignant growth. Increased ET-1 production and ET A receptor density keeps tumor vessels in vasoconstrictive state, leading to decreased perfusion, hypoxia and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this article, the potential of ETs as a target for anticancer therapy and novel therapeutic strategies are discussed.
Exploring Phylogenetic Relationships within a Broadly Distributed Northern Hemisphere Group of Semi-Aquatic Iris Species (Iridaceae)

Abstract Three series, Prismaticae, Tripetalae, and Laevigatae, in Iris subgenus Limniris comprise a clade of nine species with an affinity for wetland environments. Prior work has failed to resolve phylogenetic relationships among these taxa. We used maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods to analyze plastid and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data to infer a robust phylogeny for this circumboreal group. Our analyses recovered clades that do not reflect current series circumscriptions and show that species from Tripetalae and Laevigatae comprise one clade. Species relationships also do not reflect geographic proximity, as Asian and North American species do not assort into regional clades. This finding suggests that multiple exchanges between Asia and North America are required to explain current distributions and refutes the hypothesis that Asian taxa are the earliest diverging lineage within the clade.
BRIEF RESEARCH REPORTS Detection of all eight serotypes of Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) has been associated with bluetongue-like disease in cattle. Although U.S. EHDV strains have not been experimentally proven to cause disease in cattle, there is serologic evidence of infection. Differentiation of Bluetongue virus (BTV) and EHDV is necessary because diagnosis of infection caused by these viruses is often confused. The previously developed nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) test for indigenous EHDV disease is sensitive and specific, but it is prone to contamination problems. Additionally, the EHDV nRT-PCR only detects 7 of the 8 serotypes. To develop an improved diagnostic test, sequence analysis was performed on 2 conserved target genes; one is highly expressed in infected mammalian cells, whereas the other is highly expressed in infected insect cells. This information was used to develop a rapid EHDV real-time PCR that detects all 8 EHDV serotypes. The EHDV assay did not cross-react with BTV strains and performed similarly to the nRT-PCR tests with archived clinical samples. In addition, it is superior to the nRT-PCR, not only because it is a closed system with fewer cross- contamination problems, but also because it detects all 8 serotypes and is less labor and time intensive.
Spatial–temporal variation of Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Sciaenidae) density in relation to some environmental factors on the inner shelf of south-eastern Brazilian coast

The temporal and spatial variation of Paralonchurus brasiliensis density (fish per m2) in relation to environmental factors was studied on the coasts of Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, south-eastern Brazil. The fish were collected by shrimp fishery trawl on a monthly basis from January to December, 2002. Seven depths were previously established and for each one the temperature, salinity, organic matter content and grain size of the sediment (φ) was measured. The seasonal analysis of temperature and salinity indicated the presence of the water masses South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) and Coastal Waters (CW) acting in the study area. A total of 29,808 fish were collected during the study period. The highest densities were registered during the summer and autumn indicating an association with CW. The fish population moved to shallow depths during the intrusion of the cold water mass, SACW. The highest densities were registered in depths where the sediment composition ranged from fine sand to silt–clay. Thus, the temperature and type of the sediment are the main environmental factors which affect the spatial–temporal variation of P. brasiliensis density in south-eastern Brazil.
Environmental aspects of soil phosphorus testing

Soil phosphorus testing in Ireland uses Morgan’s reagent from samples taken to 10 cm depth for agronomic recommendations. However, its suitability as an environmental indicator has been questioned in terms of sample depth and extraction solution. Seven grassland sites were sampled to depths of 2, 5 and 10 cm and extracted for Morgan’s P, the standard agronomic test, as well as iron-oxide impregnated paper strip P (FeOP), calcium chloride extractable P (CaCl 2 -P) and water soluble P (WSP), all proposed as environmental soil tests. Extractable soil P decreased with increasing sample depth, as did variances in each test, such that, 2 cm samples had highest concentrations and variances. The current standard sample depth (10 cm) was linearly related to corresponding data from samples taken to 2 and 5 cm, indicating that surface soil P can be consistently estimated from the current standard depth. When soil tests were compared with dissolved reactive P (DRP) in overland flow collected from two field sites, certain soil tests were better indicators of P loss than others. The relative difference in Morgan’s P values at the standard sample depth (10 cm) was reflected in the relative difference in P loss between the two sites. Average values of DRP collected from two sites ranged from 0.032 to 0.067 mg/l at the low P site and 0.261 to 0.620 at the high P site. Average DRP values from the high P site and maximum DRP values from the low P site were simulated using water-soluble P extraction at water to soil ratios 5 to 250 l/kg. In this study, Morgan’s P to 10 cm gave a good indication of the relative difference in DRP loss between the two sites.
A simple method for collecting airborne pollen

Pollination is a broad area of study within biology. For many plants, pollen carried by wind is required for successful seed set. Airborne pollen also affects human health. To foster studies of airborne pollen, we introduce a simple device — the ‘megastigma’ — for collecting pollen from the air. This device is flexible, yielding easily obtained data that can be readily analysed. Thus, it is ideally suited for use in upper level biology courses. Using maize, Zea mays, as our sample study species, we obtained a graph showing daily amounts of pollen in the air. The megastigma can be applied to a wide range of plant species, from herbs to trees, be deployed in a wide variety of ways, and so have potential for many palynological applications.
Integrated Broadband Power Amplifier for Systemon-Chips Wireless Devices in 65 nm CMOS Process

In connection with the development of wireless technologies, there is the increasing number of small-sized mobile devices. For the operation of such devices, small-sized power amplifiers are required to provide a power of several mW. Increasing requirements for miniaturization lead to the need to develop devices such as systems-on-chip, in which all the IP blocks of the complex device are placed on one substrate. The paper describes the broadband power amplifier operating in the frequency range of 100 MHz…2.5 GHz. The output power is 2 mW, the consumption current is 40 mA. The output SWR does not exceed 2, the output resistance is 50 Ω. The amplifier is developed in the standard process of 65 nm CMOS.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF ORIBATID MITES (ACARI, ORIBATIDA) HAPLOZETES LONGISACCULUS AND SCUTOVERTEX ARMAZI FROM GEORGIA (CAUCASUS)

Two new species of oribatid mite, one each from the genera Haplozetes and Scutovertex, are described based on adult specimens. The H. longisacculus n. sp. specimens were found in manganese mining areas of Chiatura region (Western Geor- gia) and one individual of S. armazi n. sp. was found in open arid woodlands in Mtskheta surroundings (Eastern Georgia). System- atic placement of H. longisacculus n. sp. is discussed and the main characters of similar Scutovertex species are compared.
Variation in the kcat of Rubisco in C3 and C4 plants and some implications for photosynthetic performance at high and low temperature

The capacity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to consume RuBP is a major limitation on the rate of net CO(2) assimilation (A) in C(3) and C(4) plants. The pattern of Rubisco limitation differs between the two photosynthetic types, as shown by comparisons of temperature and CO(2) responses of A and Rubisco activity from C(3) and C(4) species. In C(3) species, Rubisco capacity is the primary limitation on A at light saturation and CO(2) concentrations below the current atmospheric value of 37 Pa, particularly near the temperature optimum. Below 20 degrees C, C(3) photosynthesis at 37 and 68 Pa is often limited by the capacity to regenerate phosphate for photophosphorylation. In C(4) plants, the Rubisco capacity is equivalent to A below 18 degrees C, but exceeds the photosynthetic capacity above 25 degrees C, indicating that Rubisco is an important limitation at cool but not warm temperatures. A comparison of the catalytic efficiency of Rubisco (k(cat) in mol CO(2) mol(-1) Rubisco active sites s(-1)) from 17 C(3) and C(4) plants showed that Rubisco from C(4) species, and C(3) species originating in cool environments, had higher k(cat) than Rubisco from C(3) species originating in warm environments. This indicates that Rubisco evolved to improve performance in the environment that plants normally experience. In C(4) plants, and C(3) species from cool environments, Rubisco often operates near CO(2) saturation, so that increases in k(cat) would enhance A. In warm-habitat C(4) species, Rubisco often operates at CO(2) concentrations below the K(m) for CO(2). Because k(cat) and K(m) vary proportionally, the low k(cat) indicates that Rubisco has been modified in a manner that reduces K(m) and thus increases the affinity for CO(2) in C(3) species from warm climates.
Spatial regulation of cell division by the nucleoid occlusion protein SlmA in Escherichia coli

iii Acknowledgements . v Table of contents . vi List of Figures . x List of Tables . xiii Abbreviations . xiv Chapter I: Introduction . 1 Bacterial cell division. 1 FtsZ . 2 Z ring . 20 Cell division regulation in bacteria . 25 Growth rate regulation of Z ring formation . 26 Spatial and temporal regulation of Z ring formation . 29 Min system . 30 MipZ gradient formation . 34 Nucleoid Occlusion . 37