Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Word Sense Disambiguation: Hybrid Approach with Annotation Up To Certain Level - A Review

Word sense disambiguation is concerned with determining correct meaning of word in a given particular context. Disambiguation of a word is required in Machine Translation for lexical choice for words that have different translations for different senses and that are potentially ambiguous within a given domain, Information Retrieval for Resolving ambiguity in questions and in Information Extraction for distinguish between specific instances of concepts:. It is one of the challenging issues in Natural Language Processing which is ability of computer program being able to processes human like language like Hindi, English, and French etc. This paper presents a review on methods for WSD.
The activation of Akt/PKB signaling pathway and cell survival

Akt/PKB is a serine/threonine protein kinase that functions as a critical regulator of cell survival and proliferation. Akt/PKB family comprises three highly homologous members known as PKBα/Akt1, PKBβ/Akt2 and PKBγ/Akt3 in mammalian cells. Similar to many other protein kinases, Akt/PKB contains a conserved domain structure including a specific PH domain, a central kinase domain and a carboxyl‐terminal regulatory domain that mediates the interaction between signaling molecules. Akt/PKB plays important roles in the signaling pathways in response to growth factors and other extracellular stimuli to regulate several cellular functions including nutrient metabolism, cell growth, apoptosis and survival. This review surveys recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms of Akt/PKB activation and its roles in cell survival in normal and cancer cells.
RNA structures with pseudo-knots: Graph-theoretical, combinatorial, and statistical properties

The secondary structures of nucleic acids form a particularly important class of contact structures. Many important RNA molecules, however, contain pseudo-knots, a structural feature that is excluded explicitly from the conventional definition of secondary structures. We propose here a generalization of secondary structures incorporating ‘non-nested’ pseudo-knots, which we call bi-secondary structures, and discuss measures for the complexity of more general contact structures based on their graph-theoretical properties. Bi-secondary structures are planar trivalent graphs that are characterized by special embedding properties. We derive exact upper bounds on their number (as a function of the chain length n) implying that there are fewer different structures than sequences. Computational results show that the number of bi-secondary structures grows approximately like 2.35n. Numerical studies based on kinetic folding and a simple extension of the standard energy model show that the global features of the sequence-structure map of RNA do not change when pseudo-knots are introduced into the secondary structure picture. We find a large fraction of neutral mutations and, in particular, networks of sequences that fold into the same shape. These neutral networks percolate through the entire sequence space.
The Girl Next Door: The Effect of Opposite Gender Friends on High School Achievement

This paper finds that a student's share of opposite gender school friends negatively affects high school GPA. It uses the gender composition of schoolmates in an individual's neighborhood as an instrument for the gender composition of an individual's self-reported friendship network. The effect occurs across all subjects for students older than 16, but only in mathematics and science for younger students. Additional results indicate effects may operate inside the classroom through difficulties getting along with the teacher and paying attention, and outside the classroom through romantic relationships. (JEL I21, J13, J16)
Clinical evaluation of the Cell-Dyn 1700CS blood counter.

New generations of hematology analyzers produce fast and reliable data on blood count, while at the same time offering screening information on differential blood count. The aim of this study was to evaluate a Cell-Dyn® (CD) 1700CS (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL) hematology analyzer that determines 18 parameters, including three-part differential blood count. A single unit instrument consists of a sample analyzer, data module section, and printer as a separate component. The analyzer contains the hardware to aspirate, dilute, and analyze each whole-blood sample from open and closed collection tubes or prediluted samples. Aspiration volume in open mode is 30 μL, in closed mode 450 μL, and in predilute mode 40 μL. The data module section includes a computer controlling all operations and storing a total of 5000 numeric and graphic data results, color video display monitor, and keyboard. The keyboard allows entry of sample identification number, patient name, sex, date of birth, physician, collection date and time, and comments. In addition, limits and reference ranges can be printed with each patient’s results. Counting of blood cells is based on the volumetric impedance method, directly measuring white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelets, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean platelet volume, and automatically calculating hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC), RBC distribution width, plateletcrit, and platelet distribution width. The instrument differentiates the subpopulations of lymphocytes, granulocytes, and the mid-cell fraction (eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and precursors of WBCs) by electronic sizing. Specially formulated reagents cause the WBC membrane to shrink around the nucleus while keeping the cell intact, allowing separation of white cells according to their volume. Lymphocytes fall within the small-cell region, neutrophils within the large-cell region, and the remaining cells into the mid-size cell region. The three-part differential screen is provided …
A weighted fair queuing finishing tag computation architecture and implementation

This paper investigates a customized implementation for Xilinx Virtex Pro board of a weighted fair queuing (WFQ) tag scheduler that has the capacity to serve 8,000 individual sessions at over 100MHz. The implementation is actually capable of handling up to 64,000 different sessions requiring only the use of a minimal size FPGA. This represents an excellent hardware cost for a next generation terabit router.
Phantom experiments with a microwave imaging system for breast-cancer screening

Microwave imaging is emerging as a promising technique for breast-cancer detection. In this paper, the microwave imaging system currently being developed at the Technical University of Denmark is introduced. This system consists of 32 antennas positioned in a cylindrical setup, each equipped with its own transceiver module. The images are reconstructed using a Newton-based algorithm to solve the nonlinear inverse scattering problem.
Effectiveness of Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, and Speech Pathology for People with Huntington's Disease: A Systematic Review

This review provides a summary of the current literature examining the outcomes of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology interventions for people with Huntington's disease. The literature was retrieved via a systematic search using a combination of key words that included Huntington's disease, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology. The electronic databases for Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and PEDro were searched up to May 2002. Articles meeting the review criteria were graded for study type and rated for quality using checklists to assess study validity and methodology. The majority of articles that examined therapy outcomes for people with Huntington's disease were derived from observational studies of low methodological quality. A low level of evidence exists to support the use of physiotherapy for addressing impairments of balance, muscle strength, and flexibility. There was a small amount of evidence to support the use of speech pathology for the management of eating and swallowing disorders. The current evidence is insufficient to make strong recommendations regarding the usefulness of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or speech pathology for people with Huntington's disease. There is further need for therapy outcomes research in Huntington's disease so that clinicians may use evidence-based practice to assist clinical decision making.
Human Gait Recognition And Classification Using Similarity Index for various conditions

Gait recognition is usually referred to signify the human identification by the style/way people walk in image sequences. Our aim is to implement the traditional gait recognition algorithm and to show the variation in gait recognition when subject is observed parallel to camera under three conditions- walking normal, carrying a bag and wearing a coat. However in this case, the work devises a novel method for the purpose of similarity computation rather than the traditional recognition where the overall recognition rate of 78.57 percent was obtained.
Shared promoter elements between a viral superantigen and the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain

Superantigens have the ability to stimulate subsets of T lymphocytes bearing particular T-cell receptor Vbeta chains. The best-known viral superantigen is Mls, a product of the murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) sag gene. The MMTV superantigen is not displayed by the virus itself; however, after infection of B lymphocytes, the superantigen is expressed. The resulting immune stimulation is essential for viral transmission. We have analyzed the transcriptional elements which control Mls-1 expression. Here we present evidence that a region at the 3' end of Mtv-7 env, Penv2, controls B-cell-specific expression of sag. Penv2 has elements homologous with promoters of immunoglobulin H chain, the invariant chain, and major histocompatibility complex class II, suggesting a coordinate regulation of expression of these various B-cell-specific genes and indicating a possible eukaryotic origin of MMTV sag. We have determined that both an IgH heptamer element and a Y box are essential for Penv2 promoter activity and that tandem octamer motifs in the U3 region of the 3' MMTV long terminal repeat function as enhancers. We propose that Penv2 controls constitutive Mls expression in B lymphocytes.
Utility of the 6-minute walk test following lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND The 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) has replaced standard cardiopulmonary exercises for the evaluation of lung disease. However, data on the utility and characteristics of the 6-MWT following lung transplant are lacking. This study aimed to determine if 6-MWT distance has a normal distribution at 6 months post-transplant and if lower 6-MWT distance was predictive of all-cause mortality. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of 6-MWT data on all patients who were lung transplant recipients at Ochsner Medical Center between 2000 and 2005. Forty-nine lung transplant recipients completed a 6-MWT at 6 months following transplant. Of these 49 patients, 34 had completed both the 6-month and 12-month 6-MWT, and data from these were used to evaluate change in distance walked over time. RESULTS The mean age was 46 ± 16 years, 57% were female, and 69% received a bilateral lung transplant. Normal distribution by Kolmogorov-Smirnov was demonstrated for 6-MWT distance at 6 months (P = 0.873). Mean distance walked improved from 348 ± 15 m to 478 ±14 m at 12 months (P = 0.0001). The 6-MWT distance at 6 months was not a predictor of survival (OR = 1.002). CONCLUSIONS Distance for the 6-MWT followed a normal distribution following lung transplant, and distances walked continued to improve for a year following transplant. Although 6-MWT distances are not a predictor of survival, other components of the test may strengthen the predictive value for morbidity and mortality post-transplant.
A high-throughput screening for phosphatases using speci W c substrates

A high-throughput screening was developed for the detection of phosphatase activity in bacterial colonies. Unlike other methods, the current procedure can be applied to any phosphatase because it uses physiological substrates and detects the compelled product of all phosphatase reactions, that is, orthophosphate. In this method, substrates diVuse from a Wlter paper across a nitrocellulose membrane to bacterial colonies situated on the opposite face, and then reaction products Xow back to the paper. Finally, a colorimetric reagent discloses the presence of orthophosphate in the Wlter paper. We validated the performance of this assay with several substrates and experimental conditions and with diVerent phosphatases, including a library of randomly mutagenized rapeseed chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. This procedure could be extended to other enzymatic activities provided that an appropriate detection of reaction products is available.  2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Biological Evolution: Entropy, Complexity and Stability

In the present paper we have made an attempt to investigate the importance of the concepts of dynamical stability and complexity along with their interelationship in an evolving biological systems described by a system of kinetic (both deterministic and chaotic) equations. The key to the investigation lies in the expres-sion of a time-dependent Boltzmann-like entropy function derived from the dynamical model of the system. A significant result is the determination of the expression of Boltzmann - entropy production rate of the evolving system leading to the well-known Pesin-type identity which provides an elegant and simple meas-ure of dynamical complexity in terms of positive Lyapunov exponents. The expression of dynamical com-plexity has been found to be very suitable in the study of the increase of dynamical complexity with the suc-cessive instabilities resulting from the appearance of new polymer species (or ecological species) into the original system. The increase of the dynamical complexity with the evolutionary process has been explained with a simple competitive model system leading to the “principle of natural selection”.
Explanation of soft and hard breakdown and its consequences for area scaling

A simple theory of soft breakdown, that can explain wide ranging experimental data, is proposed. In addition, this model identifies the appropriate conditions for which soft breakdown turns into hard breakdown and the origin of bimodal failure distribution. Connections to older theories for thicker oxides are established and consequences of the new theory for the reliability of ultra-thin gate oxides are analyzed.
Directed Evolution of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor for Improved Folding and Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in nervous system function and has therapeutic potential. Microbial production of BDNF has resulted in a low-fidelity protein product, often in the form of large, insoluble aggregates incapable of binding to cognate TrkB or p75 receptors. In this study, employing Saccharomyces cerevisiae display and secretion systems, it was found that BDNF was poorly expressed and partially inactive on the yeast surface and that BDNF was secreted at low levels in the form of disulfide-bonded aggregates. Thus, for the purpose of increasing the compatibility of yeast as an expression host for BDNF, directed-evolution approaches were employed to improve BDNF folding and expression levels. Yeast surface display was combined with two rounds of directed evolution employing random mutagenesis and shuffling to identify BDNF mutants that had 5-fold improvements in expression, 4-fold increases in specific TrkB binding activity, and restored p75 binding activity, both as displayed proteins and as secreted proteins. Secreted BDNF mutants were found largely in the form of soluble homodimers that could stimulate TrkB phosphorylation in transfected PC12 cells. Site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that a particularly important mutational class involved the introduction of cysteines proximal to the native cysteines that participate in the BDNF cysteine knot architecture. Taken together, these findings show that yeast is now a viable alternative for both the production and the engineering of BDNF.
Rescue of Defective Poliovirus RNA Replication by 3AB-Containing Precursor Polyproteins

ABSTRACT This study demonstrates the in vitro complementation of an RNA replication-defective lesion in poliovirus RNA by providing a replicase/polymerase precursor polypeptide [P3(wt) {wild type}] in trans. The replication-defective mutation was a phenylalanine-to-histidine change (F69H) in the hydrophobic domain of the membrane-associated viral protein 3AB. RNAs encoding wild-type forms of protein 3AB or the P3 precursor polypeptide were cotranslated with full-length poliovirus RNAs containing the F69H mutation in a HeLa cell-free translation/replication assay in an attempt to trans complement the RNA replication defect exhibited by the 3AB(F69H) lesion. Unexpectedly, generation of 3AB(wt) in trans was not able to efficiently complement the defective replication complex; however, cotranslation of the large P3(wt) precursor protein allowed rescue of RNA replication. Furthermore, P3 proteins harboring mutations that resulted in either an inactive polymerase or an inactive proteinase domain displayed differential abilities to trans complement the RNA replication defect. Our results indicate that replication proteins like 3AB may need to be delivered to the poliovirus replication complex in the form of a larger 3AB-containing protein precursor prior to complex assembly rather than as the mature viral cleavage product.
Three-dimension thermal slide rheostats analysis of cylinder with medium alternation

In this paper, thermal slide rheostats of cylinder and thermal circuit network based on them have been studied. The object here is abstracted from part of cylinder in swashplate axial piston pump (SAPP) in electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA). Obviously, this object occupies asymmetry of thermal processes and medium alternation in circumferential direction. As a result, a three-dimension thermal circuit network based on thermal slide rheostats has been proposed newly based on a two-dimension model presented by the same author. With necessary mathematical deduction and simulated analysis, characteristics and variation laws of related temperature field and thermal slide rheostats have been discussed in detail and several conclusions have been summarized in the end.
Pulp Chamber Temperature Rise during Resin Composite Polymerization

Objectives: To compare the pulp chamber temperature during illumination of resin-based composites using different light-curing units, and to assess the effects of a glass-ionomer (GI) base on the increase of pulp chamber temperature during polymerization. Material and Method: Standard occlusal cavities were prepared and restored with the adhesive bonding agent Clearfil Liner Bond 2V and the composite resin Clearfil AP-X. The GI base, Aqua Ionobond, was preapplied. Groups were polymerized with a halogen-curing lamp (QTH) and with a LED lamp. Intrapulpal temperature rises were measured at 60sec intervals and data analyzed using ANOVA, Post-Hoc Scheffé and t-test. Results: The smallest rise was recorded when a GI base was applied to the cavity floor and the halogen curing lamp used, while the highest rise occurred when the LED curing lamp used directly over the bonding agent. Conclusion: Visible light-cure lamps varied greatly in the amount of heat emitted and judicious choice of lamps can minimize the potential for pulpal damage. The GI liner lowered the pulp chamber temperature rise occurring during the illumination of composite restoration significantly.
Electronic Monitoring Improves Brace-Wearing Compliance in Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Study Design. Randomized controlled trial. Objective. To assess whether monitoring increases brace-wearing compliance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Summary of Background Data. Noncompliance is a barrier to brace treatment of AIS. Studies have demonstrated that monitoring improves medication compliance; however, this has not been investigated in spinal braces. Methods. Twenty-one patients (mean age = 12.4 ± 2.0 years) with AIS were prescribed treatment with a custom-made Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral-Orthosis for 18 hours a day using a standardized script. Before beginning treatment, 10 patients were randomized to be informed that their compliance was monitored, whereas 11 patients were unaware. Compliance was measured via a temperature probe embedded within the Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral-Orthosis hidden from view. Results. Patients who were notified that they had a monitor in their brace demonstrated significantly increased compliance during the first 14 weeks of treatment compared with those who were uninformed (85.7% vs. 56.5%, P = 0.029), corresponding to a mean difference of 5.24 hours of daily brace wear. Conclusion. Electronic monitoring can improve compliance with orthoses in patients with spinal deformity during a short observation period.
CT appearance of the pleural space after talc pleurodesis.

OBJECTIVE This study describes the CT appearance of the pleural space after talc pleurodesis. CONCLUSION After talc pleurodesis, the pleural space reveals variable degrees of pleural thickening and nodularity, often with a residual loculated effusion. High-attenuation areas representing talc deposits are expected and should not be confused with other pleural abnormalities.
Sequitur-based Inference and Analysis Framework for Malicious System Behavior

Targeted attacks on IT systems are a rising threat against the confidentiality of sensitive data and the availability of critical systems. With the emergence of Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), it has become more important than ever to fully understand the particulars of such attacks. Grammar inference offers a powerful foundation for the automated extraction of behavioral patterns from sequential system traces. In order to facilitate the interpretation and analysis of APTs, we present a grammar inference system based on Sequitur, a greedy compression algorithm that constructs a context-free grammar (CFG) from string-based input data. Next to recursive rule extraction, we expanded the procedure through automated assessment routines capable of dealing with multiple input sources and types. This enables the identification of relevant patterns in sequential corpora of arbitrary quantity and size. On the formal side, we extended the CFG with attributes that help depict the extracted (malicious) actions in a comprehensive fashion. The tool’s output is automatically mapped to the grammar for further parsing and discovery-focused pattern visualization.