Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The use of bromine water in the determination of sulphur in coal or coke by the eschka process

The use of bromine water to oxidize to sulphates any sulphites in the incinerated mixture, when determining the sulphur content of coal or coke by the Eschka process, has been customary since the method was devised by Eschka in 1874. It has been shown that, although this was necessary with the heating ‘lamp’ used by Eschka for the incineration (a methylated-spirit lamp is employed as the modern equivalent), it is no longer necessary when a temperature of 700° is attained, as is the case with a Bunsen burner or (British Standard recommendation: B.S. 1016: 1942) a muffle furnace operated at 800°.
Simultaneous determination of five active constituents in Zengmian Yiliu Granules by UPLC-MS

AIM To establish a UPLC-MS method for simultaneous determining the contents of paeoniflorin, albiflorin,astragaloside Ⅳ,scutellarin and wogonin in Zengmian Yiliu Granules( Astragali Radix,Codonopsis Radix,Paeoniae Radix alba,etc.). METHODS UPLC-MS analyses were carried out on an Acquity UPLC BEH C 18 column( 50 mm × 2. 1 mm,1. 7 μm,Waters,USA) with a mixture of 0. 1% formic acid aqueous containing 5mmol ammonium acetate( A) and acetonitrile( B) as the mobile phase in a gradient mode. The flow rate was 0. 3 mL / min and the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. RESULTS The calibration curves of paeoniflorin, albiflorin,astragaloside Ⅳ,scutellarin and wogonin were in good linearity over the ranges of 12. 63 ~ 1 616 ng / mL( r = 0. 999 8),12. 44 ~ 1 592 ng/mL( r = 0. 999 9),12. 53 ~ 1 604 ng/mL( r = 0. 999 4),12. 94 ~ 1 606 ng / mL( r = 0. 999 7),2. 5 ~ 160 ng / mL( r = 0. 999 8),respectively,and the average recoveries were 101. 6%( RSD =2. 40%),98. 84%( RSD =2. 75%),97. 89%( RSD =1. 49%),98. 34%( RSD =2. 03%),97. 13%( RSD =1. 73%),respectively. CONCLUSION The method is simple,feasible,and reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of Zengmian Yiliu Granules.
Effect of calcination temperature on the porous structure of cobalt oxide micro-flowers

Mesoporous cobalt oxide micro-flowers have been synthesized by a simple, surfactant-free method without employing any templates. In this method, cobalt hydroxide micro-flowers were initially prepared in a solution medium. Subsequently, they were applied as a precursor of cobalt oxide by heat treatment, to transform into porous micro-flowers. The morphology of cobalt oxide retained that of its precursor. Experimental analysis confirmed that calcination temperature had great influence on the pore structure and crystal size. The average size of cobalt oxide crystals increased with increasing calcination temperature. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption data showed that the pore size increased and the BET surface area decreased with the gradual increase of calcination temperature. The electrochemical properties of the cobalt oxide were investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements.
Electron‐beam‐induced amorphization of ice III or IX obtained by high‐pressure freezing

Cryo‐electron microscopy of vitrified specimens makes it possible to observe fully hydrated biological samples unimpaired by chemical fixation, staining and dehydration. High‐pressure freezing represents important progress since it allows a 10‐fold increase in the vitrification depth. High‐pressure freezing can also induce the formation of undesirable high‐pressure forms of ice. We show that ice III or IX is amorphized under the electron beam at a dose of about 2400 electronsnm−2 and that the resulting amorphous ice is similar to the vitreous water obtained by high‐pressure freezing.
A Near Field Analytical Model for EMI Reduction and Efficiency Enhancement Using an nth Harmonic Frequency Shielding Coil in a Loosely Coupled Automotive WPT System

In this article, we propose a near field analytical model of an electromagnetic interference reduction method using an nth harmonic frequency shielding coil with efficiency enhancement in a loosely coupled automotive wireless power transfer system. In general, in the loosely coupled automotive wireless power transfer system, the power transfer efficiency is relatively lower than a tightly coupled wireless power transfer system due to the low coupling. In addition, the electromagnetic interference at the nth harmonic frequency from the power source can interfere with nearby electronic devices. To reduce electromagnetic interference level and enhance efficiency, we proposed a shielding coil between a transmitter and a receiver coil. By using a near field analytical model of the magnetic field intensity and efficiency equations, we analyze based on the equations and obtain a proper value of the resonant frequency of the shielding coil. Therefore, we can achieve low levels of electromagnetic interference at the specific nth harmonic frequency and higher value of the power transfer efficiency in the loosely coupled automotive wireless power transfer system.
Moisture Sorption Studies on Garlic Powder

The moisture sorption isotherms of two samples of garlic powder, one containing corn starch (CS) and the other without starch, were deter-mined using saturated salt solutions. Monolayer values were calculated from the isotherms using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) equation. The addition of CS at 5% slightly increased the monolayer value of the garlic powder, but it had little effect on the caking behavior of the powder. Equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) of garlic powder corresponding to the monolayer value was found to be 14%.
Purification of Produced Water by Ceramic Membranes: Material Screening, Process Design and Economics

Abstract Produced water, generated from underlying formations during the recovery of hydrocarbons, constitutes the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas production. Currently, over 90% of produced water is reinjected into the formation, either in support of enhanced oil recovery or for disposal. In arid areas, reclamation of produced water for beneficial uses such as irrigation or tower cooling may be an attractive alternative if the produced water can be purified to an adequate quality, specifically through the removal of dissolved components including inorganic compounds (salts, heavy metals, and radiochemicals) and organic compounds (fatty acid, aliphatic, and aromatics). Membranes technologies show advantages in both energy efficiency and high water quality. Due to the presence of dissolved organics, reverse osmosis with organic membranes is highly limited. Research efforts focus on developing new materials that are less prone to fouling and are easy to regenerate. Novel ceramic membranes are relatively new classes of material that show promising application in produced water purification due to their extreme stability in harsh environments and optional choices for regeneration. This paper details the results of investigations of produced water purification by microporous ceramic membranes, including metal oxide membranes, clay membranes, and zeolite membranes. Techniques for membrane fabrication, process design, and economic aspects are also discussed.
EXPLANATORY GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN EXPRESSION OF RELATIVE ISOTOPE RATIOS AND GAS RATIOS

To minimize confusion in the expression of measurements of isotope and gas ratios, a glossary based on recommendation by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the IUPAC is presented. Entries in the glossary are consistent with the SI system of units or with recommendations of the Commission. The recommendations presented herein are designed to clarify expression of quantities related to measurement of isotope and gas ratios by ensuring that quantity equations and not numerical-value equations are used to define quantities. Examples of column headings consistent with SI recommendations and examples of various deprecated usages connected with the terms recommended are presented herein.
Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds in Liposomes prepared with Milk Fat Globule Membrane-Derived Phospholipids

ENCAPSULATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN LIPOSOMES PREPARED WITH MILK FAT GLOBULE MEMBRANE-DERIVED PHOSPHOLIPIDS Bita Farhang Advisors: University of Guelph, 2012 Dr. Y. Kakuda and Dr. M. Corredig Liposome technology is considered to be an effective technology for the encapsulation and controlled release of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds, as well as for enhancing their stability and bioavailability. This research focused on liposomes prepared from milk phospholipids. Model hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, namely βcarotene and ascorbic acid were incorporated in the liposomes and their properties studied. Liposomes prepared by microfluidization with milk phospholipids showed an apparent diameter of about 100 nm, but in the presence of hydrophobic compounds, they were larger. The incorporation efficiencies for ascorbic acid increased as the concentration of phospholipid-rich powder increased from 5% to 10% (w/w). However, from 10% to 16% (w/w), the incorporation efficiency reached a plateau value of 26%. There appeared to be a change in liposome structure from unilamellar to multivesicular/multilamellar vesicles with high levels of phospholipids (16%) and a high number of passes through the microfluidizer. Storage studies showed less stable dispersions when stored at pH 3 compared to pH 7. The incorporation of hydrophobic compounds was investigated using heat, ethanol and chloroform methods. High incorporation efficiencies of β-carotene were obtained in all cases, i.e. 91 % for the heat and ethanol methods and 98 % for the chloroform method. No significant differences were observed in the encapsulation efficiency (26%± 0.5) of ascorbic acid. The liposomes made using chloroform to dissolve -carotene were significantly smaller in size (120±2 nm) compared to those prepared using the heat or ethanol (approximately 175 nm) methods; however with all treatments, after one day of storage at 4°C, the liposome dispersion showed phase separation. This occurred not only with β-carotene but also with other hydrophobic compounds, namely, coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin D3, and it was concluded that when hydrophobic compounds are incorporated within the unilamellar membrane of the liposomes, the vesicles become colloidally unstable. The instability was resolved by preparing liposomes containing hydrophobic compounds and covering them with a secondary layer of phospholipids, using a secondary homogenization process. As more information becomes available on the health benefits associated with the consumption of milk derived phospholipids, there will be an ever increasing need to design solvent free phospholipid vesicles for incorporation into foods.
How does semantic knowledge impact working memory maintenance? Computational and behavioral investigations

It is now firmly established that long-term memory knowledge, such as semantic knowledge, supports the temporary maintenance of verbal information in Working Memory (WM). This support from semantic knowledge is well-explained by models assuming that verbal items are directly activated in long-term memory, and that this activation provides the representational basis for WM maintenance. However, the exact mechanisms underlying semantic influence on WM performance remain poorly understood. We manipulated the presence of between-item semantic relatedness in an immediate serial recall task, by mixing triplets composed of semantically related and unrelated items (e.g. leaf – tree – branch – wall – beer – dog; hand – father – truck – cloud – sky – rain). Compared to unrelated items, related items were better recalled, as had been classically observed. Critically, semantic relatedness also impacted WM maintenance in a complex manner, as observed by the presence of proactive benefit effects on subsequent unrelated items, and the absence of retroactive effects. The complexity of these interactions is well-captured by TBRS*-S, a decay-based computational architecture in which the activation occurring in long-term memory is described. The present study suggests that semantic knowledge can be used to free up WM resources that can be reallocated for maintenance purposes, and supports models postulating that long-term memory knowledge constrains WM maintenance processes.
Evaluation of Nutritive Value of Vegetable Wastes Grown in North Central Nigeria using In Vitro Gas Production Technique in Ruminant Animals

The potential value of nine different types of vegetables wastes that had expired the date of display in the open market shelves, were evaluated as a ruminant feed source through in vitro gas production technique and the organic matter digestibility (OMD), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and metabolisable energy (ME) was estimated. The results obtained showed wide variations in crude protein (2.61-18.44%), crude fiber (14.8432.04%), carbohydrate (46.07-73.52%), neutral detergent fiber (43.59-66.37%) and acid detergent lignin (4.6310.34%). Okro recorded the highest values (%) for NDF (66.37), ADF (43.68), cellulose (34.54). hemicellulose (22.69), and CF (32.04) while cabbage had the richest content of CP (18.44). The mineral contents varied significantly (p<0.05) among the investigated vegetable wastes. Cabbage contained high contents of Na (7.23 g/kg), P (3.10 g/kg) and Cu (18.43 ppm) whereas carrot (61.20ppm) and water-mellon had high contents of Fe compared with other vegetables wastes. The total gas volume at 24h, 48h and 72h were highest for potato, followed by okro and the lowest value recorded for onion. The estimated OMD (%), SCFA (µmol) and ME (MJ/Kg DM) ranged from 54.10 to 76.12, 0.490 to 1.40 and 6.31 to 10.70 respectively, being highest in potato (76.12%, 1.40µmol and 10.70 MJ/KgDM) followed by okra (64.52%, 1.087µmol 9.07MJ/Kg DM) and water melon (60.27%, 0.82µml and 7.97MJ/Kg DM). From the results obtained in this study, a number of these vegetables could be utilized as supplementary sources of protein, energy and mineral for livestock. However, low dry matter content of these feeds may interfere in the variability of their transport and utilization in north central Nigeria.
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of cobalt in water samples

A new simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been applied to preconcentrate trace levels of cobalt as a prior step to its determination by spectrophotometric detection. In this method a small amount of chloroform as the extraction solvent was dissolved in pure ethanol as the disperser solvent, then the binary solution was rapidly injected by a syringe into the water sample containing cobalt ions complexed by 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN). This forms a cloudy solution. The cloudy state was the result of chloroform fine droplets formation, which has been dispersed in bulk aqueous sample. Therefore, Co-PAN complex was extracted into the fine chloroform droplets. After centrifugation (2 min at 5000 rpm) these droplets were sedimented at the bottom of conical test tube (about 100 µL) and then the whole of complex enriched extracted phase was determined by a spectrophotometer at 577 nm. Complex formation and extraction are usually affected by some parameters, such as the types and volumes of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, salt effect, pH and the concentration of chelating agent, which have been optimised for the presented method. Under optimum conditions, the enhancement factor (as the ratio of slope of preconcentrated sample to that obtained without preconcentration) of 125 was obtained from 50 mL of water sample, and the limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 0.5 µg L−1and the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) for 50 µg L−1 of cobalt was 2.5%. The method was applied to the determination of cobalt in tap and river water samples.
Coating Mass Dependence of Soot Aggregate Restructuring due to Coatings of Oleic Acid and Dioctyl Sebacate

Soot particles in the atmosphere can be coated with organic or nonorganic material, which may affect particle morphology and optical properties. The effect of the mass of coating on the morphology of soot particles was studied using oleic acid and dioctyl sebacate (DOS) coatings. A wide range of coatings were used, with up to 10 times as much coating as the mass of the soot. It is shown that as the coating mass increases the degree of collapsing increases until the coating is so large that the soot particle becomes completely contained within a spherical droplet of the coating material. Higher amounts of coating will not cause further collapse of the particle. The degree of collapse is also a function of the initial size of the soot particle but was independent of the coating materials tested, which have similar surface tensions. A model is presented to predict the change in mobility diameter as a function of coating mass ratio. The effect of coating mass on effective density, shape factor, and fractal dimension is also reported. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
Determination of N mineralization, total N and cation exchange capacity of soil through NIR spectroscopy for decision support in rice farming

Inefficient use of inputs and conventional management practices that are applied during crop production is leading the depletion of soil quality. The inability of conventional farming to address soil variation not only has a detrimental economic impact due to reduced yield but also adversely affects the environment. The need of sustainable management appeals for alternative approaches which will increase the productivity and resources efficiency; and will be desirable in the ecological context as well. Thus, sustainable development has reinforced the process to evolve as a more quantitative manner to optimize soil management and impart spatially differentiated treatments. There is a global need to develop tools that will evaluate soil quality and contribute in the effectiveness and sustainability of farm management. Soil properties delineation at field and landscape scale is extremely important for a variety of agronomic and environmental concerns. The existing knowledge and recent researches (Stenberg et al., 2010) on soil-NIR measurements for soil analysis by the NIR spectroscopic technique could be used potentially for estimation of available nitrogen (N) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils which will optimize fertilization strategy and farmer decision supports. However, this is worth mentioning that NIR measurements are not new in this scientific arena but it has not been practiced so far for estimation of soil properties in Bangladesh. Exploration of its potential would be beneficial for soil property analysis (and or estimation).
Ternary and quaternary Ni(Si)Ge(Sn) contact formation for highly strained Ge p- and n-MOSFETs

The formation of new ternary NiGeSn and quaternary NiSiGeSn alloys has been investigated to fabricate metallic contacts on high Sn content, potentially direct bandgap group IV semiconductors. (Si)GeSn layers were pseudomorphically grown on Ge buffered Si(001) by reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition. Ni, i.e. the metal of choice for source/drain metallization in Si nanoelectronics, is employed for the stano-(silicon)-germanidation of highly strained (Si)GeSn alloys. We show that NiGeSn on GeSn layers change phase from well-oriented Ni5(GeSn)3 to poly-crystalline Ni1(GeSn)1 at very low annealing temperatures. A large range of GeSn compositions with Sn concentrations up to 12 at. %, and SiGeSn ternaries with large Si and Sn compositions from 18%/3% to 4%/11% are investigated. In addition, the sheet resistance, of importance for electronic or optoelectronic device contacts, is quantified. The incorporation of Si extends the thermal stability of the resulting low resistive quaternary phase compared to their NiGeSn counterparts.
An economic valuation of improved water quality in Opequon watershed

An Economic Valuation of Improved Water Quality in Opequon Watershed Matthew C. Benson The Opequon watershed is in northern Virginia and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia. In both states, Opequon Creek is classified as impaired due to violation of the bacteria standard and the narrative General Standard. Both states are using Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans to improve water quality. As part of the TMDL process, a contingent valuation survey was developed which would measure the benefits of improved water quality in Opequon watershed. Five thousand surveys were mailed to households in West Virginia and Virginia. Median willingness-to-pay (WTP) values were estimated from grouped tobit models. For in-state water quality improvements, Virginia households were found to have an annual WTP of $48 and West Virginia households were found to have an annual WTP of $32. For out-of-state clean-up, households in both states were found to have a one-time WTP of $18. Total benefits of improved water quality most likely range between $3.7 and $5.1 million.
Volatile leaf oil constituents of Lantana camara L from Nigeria

The composition of the volatile oil from the leaves of Lantana camara was investigated in detail by GC and GC–MS techniques. β-Caryophyllene (24.6%), α-humulene (19.5%), sabinene (8.8%), germacrene D (5.7%) and cubebol (5.7%) were among the principal components. A total of 56 compounds, which accounted for 91.3% of the oil, were analysed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Some New 3H-quinazolin-4-One Derivatives as Potential Antitubercular Agents

A series of 21 new 2-alkylthio-6-iodo-3-substituted-quinazolin-4-one derivatives was prepared and screened for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H Rv, using the 37 radiometric BACTEC 460-TB methodology. Active compounds were also screened by serial dilution to assess toxicity to a VERO cell line. The results indicate that compounds 5, 14 and 16 showed 96%, 97% and 94% GI, respectively, at a concentration of 6.25. The IC for these 3 compounds, respectively, was found to be 8.522, 50 2.589 and 23.167. Unfortunately, the overall results indicate that they were weakly active with a low selectivity index as indicated by there cytotoxic effects.
Electron beam crystallized silicon solar cells on glass substrates

For solar cells on low cost glass substrates a thickness of 20 /spl mu/m of a poly silicon film is sufficient as light absorber. Efficient deposition rates for the absorber up to 300 nm/min are achieved by means of a PECVD process in a mixture of trichlorosilane and hydrogen. For in-situ p-doping boron trichloride is added. An adjacent thin graphite layer is realized in the same plasma reactor by the addition of acetylene to improve the wetting of the silicon melt. The active silicon film is melted and crystallized by a line shaped electron beam which crosses the substrate at high velocities of up to 10 cm/s. A metal nitride film covering a glass substrate is used as a supporting mechanical layer and diffusion barrier during the crystallization process as well as electrical backside contact and backsurface reflector.
AMINO AND MERCAPTO-SILICA HYBRID FOR Cd(II) ADSORPTION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Modification of silica gel with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane through sol-gel technique producing amino-silica hybrid (HAS) and mercapto-silica hybrid (HMS), respectively, has been carried out using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source. The adsorbents were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX). Adsorption of Cd(II) individually as well as its binary mixture with Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) in solution was performed in a batch system. Adsorption capacities of Cd(II) ion on adsorbent of silica gel (SG), HAS, and HMS are 86.7, 256.4 and 319.5 μmol/g with the adsorption energies are 24.60, 22.61 and 23.15 kJ/mol, respectively. Selectivity coefficient (α) of Cd(II) ion toward combination of Cd(II)/Ni(II), Cd(II)/Cu(II), and Cd(II)/Zn(II) ions on HAS adsorbent is relatively smaller than those on HMS adsorbent which has α > 1.