Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Velocity measurements and free-shear-layer instabilities in a rotating liquid metal

The dynamics of rotating flows in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are expected to play an important role in astrophysical accretion disks, specifically via the generation of the magnetorotational instability (MRI). The Princeton MRI experiment, a Taylor-Couette device with split axial endcap rings and with a gallium-indium-tin working fluid, was constructed to study rotating MHD flows in the laboratory. This work uses an ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV) diagnostic to measure internal fluid velocities of the mean background flow and also of fluctuations driven by instabilities in this experiment. Mean azimuthal velocities have been measured to show the effect of an applied axial magnetic field. For moderate magnetic field strengths, with the Elsasser number Λ = B0/ √ 4πρηΩ < 1, the normalized azimuthal velocity at a point, vθ/v1, with v1 the inner cylinder velocity, is constant for a given vA/v1, the Alfvén speed normalized to v1. In the Λ ≫ 1 regime, the shear at the split in the endcaps extends axially as a free Shercliff layer through the full height of the experiment. When the inner endcap ring rotates faster than the outer endcap ring, the free shear layer produces a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability with an eigenmode that fills the experimental volume when Λ = B0/ √ 4πρη∆Ω > 1, with ∆Ω the angular velocity jump across the split endcap rings, or when there is sufficient background rotation so that the Rossby number Ro = ∆Ω/Ω > 2.35, with Ω the background rotation. When the inner endcap ring rotates slower than the outer endcap ring, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is present in the absence of an applied magnetic field or background rotation. Using a linear eigenmode analysis of a free shear layer, the threshold for the appear-
Hepatoprotective Effects of Corn Peptides Prepared by Dual Enzyme Method on D-Galactosamine-induced Liver Injury in Mice

In the present study, sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups, namely normal, model, bifendate positive control and three crude corn peptides (CCP)-treated groups. Firstly, the CCP-treated groups were by gavage administered respectively with the doses of 180, 360 and 720 mg /kg bw of CCP, the positive control group was by gavage administered with the dose of 200 mg/kg bw of bifendate, and the normal and model groups were simultaneously received the same amount of saline once a day for 10 days. Then other mice except the normal group were administered by intraperitoneal injection with 700 mg/kg bw of D-galactosamine (D-GalN). Finally, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities in serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in liver of all mice were measured by the detection kits according to the manufacturer’s protocols, and the pathological characteristics of liver were observed under light microscopy. The results showed that compared with the model group, the administration of 720 mg/kg bw of CCP significantly reduces the ALT and AST activities (p 0.01) in serum and the MDA lever (p 0.01) in liver, and successfully promotes SOD activity (p0.01) and the GSH level (p0.05) in liver, whose hepatoprotective effect is close to 200 mg/kg bw of bifendate. The microscopic examination also indicated that the morphology of livers in the high-dose CCP group and the positive control group are similar to that in the normal group. In conclusion, CCP possesses potent hepatoprotective effects on D-GalN-induced liver damage in mice.
Detailed emissions prediction for a turbulent swirling nonpremixed flame

This paper describes the validation of a previously described CFD-CRN method (computational fluid dynamics–chemical reactor network) for emissions predictions for the laboratory benchmark TECFLAM S09c flame. It details CFD simulation, solution strategy, validation using, CRN generation, detailed emissions predictions and reaction pathway studies. Steady-state 3D CFD models of a 45° sector of the combustor, employing standard numerical techniques; steady-state k–ω SST turbulence, P1 radiation, finite-rate eddy-dissipation turbulence-chemistry interaction, and a three-step methane combustion mechanism, were created in ANSYS FLUENT v14. Steady-state models were used as they are of interest to industrial researchers, who are often limited to their use by extremely complex geometries. The models differ in their handling of pressure-velocity coupling and discretization of the momentum equation. The solution which uses SIMPLE coupling and second-order upwind discretization of the momentum equation was generally .
Electrical properties of the protonic conductor 1 mol% Y-doped BaZrO3 d

Much attention has been paid to barium zirco- nates because their high protonic conductivity and chemical stability are excellent properties for solid electrolytes. However, most studies have focused on highly doped materials such as 10 or 20 mol% Y-doped barium zirconates. In this study, the bulk and the grain boundary electrical properties of 1 mol% Y-doped barium zirconate are investigated as a function of temperature, water partial pressure, and oxygen partial pressure. At low temperatures and in wet atmospheres, the bulk of the barium zirconate predominantly conducts protonic defects, whereas, at high temperatures and in dry conditions, it is mixed oxygen ionic and electron-hole conducting. In the grain boundary, the protonic conductivity is a few orders of magnitude lower than the protonic conductivity in the bulk. In this study, possible causes for the low protonic conduction at the grain boundaries are considered.
Design and Evaluation of Delayed-Release Osmotic Capsule of Acetaminophen

Hard gelatin capsule filled with acetaminophen, osmotic agent (sorbitol), a release promoter (sodium dodecyl sulfate), coated with a semipermeable cellulose acetate membrane containing a hydrophobic plasticizer (castor oil) and sealed with white bees wax plug was designed. When placed in the sink water penetrates the membrane, dissolves the osmotic agent and increases the osmotic pressure inside the capsule. The increased osmotic pressure enhances the water imbibition and consequently increases the hydrostatic pressure inside the capsule and when the latter pressure is high enough it expels out the plug and the drug release commences. With cellulose acetate concentration constant in membrane forming solution, 11% (w/w), the factors affecting the onset of the drug release, i.e. the lag time (t L ), were thickness of semipermeable membrane (0.033-0.112 mm) and plug thickness (2.403.40 mm) although the influence of semipermeable membrane thickness was more important than plug thickness in delaying the onset of release. As the statistical analysis revealed, castor oil concentrations in the range of 3-4% (w/w) did not affect the lag time. With the control of the membrane thickness, the onset of release could be adjusted from 2 to 7 h. The formulations with t L of 3.9 and 5.8 h may have practical benefits in that if such systems are administered simultaneously with conventional forms the 6 and 4 times daily drug dosage frequency would be reduced to 3 and 2 times regimens, respectively. A theoretical justification was provided for the observed nonlinear relationship between the onset and/or t L of drug release and thickness of the semipermeable membrane. After the lag time, the drug release from the systems conformed to the USP requirements.
Thermogravimetric study of the effect of oxygen concentrations on combustion characteristics of natural gas soot

The combustion characteristics of soot generated in natural gas diffusion flame (home-made natural gas soot, NGS) were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis under different oxygen concentrations (21%, 15%, 10% and 5%), and compared with those of candle soot, 4 industrial NGS and one anthracite coke. The combustion characteristic parameters of the test samples can be achieved through data analysis. The results show that NGS sample has better ignition features and lower ignition temperature than other NGS samples and the coke with the low volatile matter. Under oxygen concentration of 21% the ignition temperature of home-made NGS is 483.0℃ which is 114℃ and 127.8℃ lower than those of the coke and the candle soot, respectively. The burning index ((dG/dt)_ max /t_i2) of home-made NGS is lower than that of coke due to its high volatile matter. The combustion reactivity of home-made NGS is weak in the late combustion stage. With decreasing oxygen concentration the ignition temperatures of samples change within 50℃. The relative burn-out time of home-made NGS is longest, 6.03 min under 21% oxygen concentration, which is 21.3% longer than that of coke. The difference of burn-out property between home-made NGS and coke is small. The burn-out time of candle soot is also long due to the small particle size of the soot. With decreasing oxygen concentration the burn-out times of the samples are prolonged. For home-made NGS the burn-out time is 2.97 times longer when oxygen concentration decreases from 21% to 5%.
Magnetically Induced Reversible Transition between Cassie and Wenzel States of Superparamagnetic Microdroplets on Highly Hydrophobic Silicon Surface

In this work, we report a magnetic technique for reversible wetting–dewetting transitions of microdroplets on highly hydrophobic surfaces. A superparamagnetic microdroplet can be reversibly switched between the Cassie state and the Wenzel state on a highly hydrophobic microstructured silicon substrate by the application of the magnetic field. The transition can be controlled by both the intensity of the magnetic field and the concentration of the superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the microdroplet. The magnetic force needed during the transition from the Cassie state to the Wenzel state was found to be apparently smaller than that needed in the reverse process. Such asymmetry is ascribed to the higher energy of the Cassie state compared with the Wenzel state, the change of the gravitational potential energy, and the adhesion hysteresis. This report provides a novel method of dynamically controlling liquid/solid interactions, which can not only help us to understand further the transition between the.
Crystal structure of a novel synthetic compound, Pb2O(OH)I, and structure refinement of ‘iodolaurionite’, Pb(OH)I: hydroxo- and oxocentred units in Pb minerals and synthetic compounds

Abstract Yellow needles of ‘iodolaurionite’, Pb(OH)I, and a novel compound Pb2O(OH)I, have been prepared by hydrothermal reactions of PbO and PbI2 at 170°C. The crystal structure of ’iodolaurionite’, Pb(OH)I (orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 7.8244(8), b = 4.2107(4), c = 10.4724(10) Å, V = 345.03(6) Å3, Z = 4) has been refined to R1 = 0.041 for 129 independent observed reflections. The structure is based on the OHPb3 triangles sharing common edges to produce single [OHPb]+ chains extending along the b axis and parallel to the ab plane. The three-dimensional integrity of the structure is provided by the Pb-I bonds and the O-H⋯I hydrogen bonding. The structure is isotypic with that of laurionite, Pb(OH)Cl. The crystal structure of Pb2O(OH)I (monoclinic, C2/m, a = 13.711(3), b = 4.0975(10), c = 9.584(2) Å, β = 110.64(1)º, V = 503.9(2) Å3, Z = 4), has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.053 for 586 independent observed reflections. In the structure of Pb2O(OH)I, O(1)Pb4 tetrahedra link together by sharing edges and corners to form [OPb2]2+ chains similar to those observed in sidpietersite. The O(2) atoms belong to hydroxyl groups attached to both sides of the chains to produce novel [O(OH)Pb2]+ 1D units. The [O(OH)Pb2]+ units are extended parallel to the b axis and lie within the bc plane. The [O(OH)Pb2]+ units are linked together via hydrogen bonding in the (100) plane and by weak Pb-I bonds in the [100] direction. The [O(OH)Pb2]+ bands can be obtained from the [OPb] layer of OPb4 tetrahedra present in the structure of tetragonal PbO (litharge). The continuous [OPb] layer has to be broken into [O2Pb2] bands containing 3- and 4-coordinated O atoms in the 1:1 ratio with subsequent protonation of the 3-coordinated O sites. Relations of Pb(OH)I and Pb2O(OH)I to known Pb hydroxyand oxyhalides are described briefly.
Social Discourse Influencing Elementary Teachers' Cognition and Metacognition for Problem Solving in Open-Ended Professional Development.

This study explored teachers’ problem solving during technology-mediated professional development (PD) in the topic related to teaching English Learners (ELs, i.e. students whose home languages are not English). Open-ended PD provided authentic, situated contexts using videos of scenario to engage six elementary teachers to participate in small group, social discourse and collaboration for problem solving. Group social discourse was video recorded to observe participants’ cognitive and metacognitive development during PD. Post-PD interviews were also conducted to explore the influence of social discourse upon individual thinking for problem solving. PD artifacts for problem solving were also collected. Data analysis revealed three themes characterizing teachers’ cognition and metacognition including conceptual understanding of PD content, application of professional learning for classroom practice, and authentic discernment of activities in classroom situations. The findings suggested that when teachers developed group thinking that helped them to generalize their own classroom experience to explain problem scenarios social discourse facilitated the development of collective intelligence and enabled peers to scaffold thinking for problem solving. Lacking cohesiveness as a group, teachers’ thoughts manifested individualistic interpretations and unrealistic suggestions to deal with classroom issues. Study implications include incorporating open, interactive, authentic problem-based activities that facilitate meaningful discussions and collaboration to elicit dialogical connections of minds.
Production of 256Lr in the 249,250,251Cf + 11B, 243Am + 18O, and 248Cm + 14N reactions

Abstract Production cross-sections of the isotope 256Lr in the 249,250,251Cf +11B, 243Am +18O, and 248Cm +14N reactions were measured using a He/KCl gas-jet transport system and a rotating wheel α-particle detection apparatus. The α-particle energy of 256Lr was distributed from 8.3 to 8.7 MeV and its half-life, T1/2, was measured to be 28 ± 1 s. The maximum cross sections in the 249Cf(11B, 4n)256Lr and 243Am(18O, 5n)256Lr reactions were determined to be 122 ± 36 nb at the beam energy of 63 MeV and 26 ± 7 nb at 96 MeV, respectively. In the 248Cm(14N, 6n)256Lr reaction, the cross section was measured to be 27 ± 10 nb at 91 MeV.
Nonlinear Risk Optimization Approach to Gas Lift Allocation Optimization

Gas lift allocation can be modeled as a nonlinear programming problem in which adjusting optimum gas injection rates and compressor pressure maximize the oil rate or other objective functions. This study describes a nonlinear programming approach to maximize daily cash flow of some gas-lifted wells in an uncertain condition for oil price. First, some solution points of each well are obtained by employing a production simulation software. Then, by use of nonlinear optimization, a model is developed for gas lift performance in each well. Then these functions are used to develop a model under capacity, pressure and other real constraints for the cash flow of production from these wells. Oil price is assumed as a triangle risk function in this model. Results show a significant increase in cash flow in comparison with old case due to appropriate gas injection parameters. Sensitivity analysis on this problem shows that oil price, compression cost and water–oil ratio variations should be considered in the long t.
Brain Tumor Detection using Fuzzy Support Vector Machine Classification based on a Texton Co-occurrence Matrix

Segmentation of tumors in medical images is not only of high interest in serial treatment monitoring of “disease burden” in oncologic imaging, but is also gaining popularity with the advance of image guided surgical approaches. Magnetic resonance images are widely used in the diagnosis of brain tumors. In this article, an automatic tumor detection and classiﬁcation system is presented, which focuses on the structural study on both tumorous and normal tissue. The proposed system consists of the following steps: (i) pre-processing, (ii) feature extraction using an enhanced texton co-occurrence matrix and (iii) classiﬁcation. In classiﬁcation, a fuzzy logic based support vector machine is used to classify the experimental images into normal and abnormal. The obtained experimental results show that the proposed brain tumor detection approach is more robust than other neural network based classiﬁers, feed forward neural network and radial basis function, in terms of sensitivity, speciﬁcity and accuracy. (cid:100)
Comparative Analysis of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum: Extraction Techniques and Urease and alpha-Amylase inhibition

In the present work, two important medicinal plants of genus Ocimum, O. basilicum and O.sanctum have been compared in a number of phytochemical parameters. Effect of extraction techniques, solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction and hydro-distillation, on the yield in different solvents have been investigated. Hydro-distillation gave a better yield of more volatile components than hexane fraction of the other two techniques. Both the plants showed good urease inhibitory activity. Hydro-distillate was stronger inhibitor than hexane or methanolic extracts of solvent or Soxhlet extractions. The extracts of O. basilicumshowed a greater urease activity than extracts of O. sanctum.Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of O. basilicum was also higher than that of O. sanctum. Notably, the synergistic effect of the extracts of the two plants was much higher than their individual efficacy against alphaamylase. The activity decreased with decrease in concentration. Both the species had almost equal air pollution tolerance index (APTI) with O. basilicum(10.558) having slightly higher value than O. sanctum (9.202). Both plants contained alkaloids and phenolics. Both the plants also had almost same nutritional values.
Characterization and classification of uranium ore concentrates (yellow cakes) using infrared spectrometry

Abstract In this work the applicability of Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) for nuclear forensic studies of uranium ore concentrates (UOC) are investigated. The technique was used for the identification of the type of uranium compound and various process-related impurities, which can give information on the production method of the material. The measured spectra were evaluated also by statistical means, using the soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) technique to reveal less apparent similarities between the measured UOC samples.
Dissociative Hydrogen Adsorption on Close-Packed Cobalt Nanoparticle Surfaces

The dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on cobalt is central to a number of catalytic reactions, yet to date there are relatively few studies examining this important process. Here we utilize Co nanoparticles grown on Cu(111), instead of the traditional planar Co single crystals, to study a more catalytically relevant form of Co. We present scanning tunneling microscopy images of different phases of H on the close-packed Co nanoparticle surfaces with a range of densities. Our data reveal a so-far unreported high coverage phase of H with a (1 × 1) structure and elucidate the importance of spillover from step edges in H adsorption. We also illustrate that, in contrast to the low density phases, the H-(1 × 1) structure can only be formed at an intermediate temperature, indicating that compression to this higher-density phase is activated. Density functional theory calculations yield energies for each of the H overlayer structures, as well as their preferred geometries. This work is the first to report on hig.
Increasing the Nutritional Value of Canola Meal via Fungal Bioprocessing

INCREASING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CANOLA MEAL VIA FUNGAL BIOPROCESSING JASON R. CROAT 2015 The main limitation of meals from canola and other Brassica spp. is the presence of glucosinolates (GLS), which are anti-nutritional and can even be toxic at high ingestion levels. Furthermore, large amounts of GLS can reduce palatability for livestock and thus reduce intake and growth rates. For this reason canola was bred to contain lower levels of GLS (< 30 μmol/g) and erucic acid (< 2%). However, feed inclusion rates are still limited to ~30%, and this reduces the value of canola meal. The goal of this thesis was to optimize a pretreatment and fungal conversion process to enhance the nutritional value of canola meal. Various combinations of physical/chemical pretreatments, fungal cultures, and incubation methods were investigated to metabolize GLS into cell mass, CO2, or other non-toxic components. These treatments also served to hydrolyze canola meal fiber into carbohydrates which were then metabolized by the fungi into single cell protein. Solid-state incubation conditions were initially tested, since filamentous fungi are well adapted to grow at lower moisture levels, and this would potentially reduce contamination issues with bacteria. Flask trials were performed using 50% moisture, hexane extracted (HE) or cold pressed (CP) canola meal, with incubation for 168 h at 30oC. On HE canola meal Trichoderma reesei (NRRL-3653) achieved the greatest increase in protein content (23%), while having the lowest residual levels of sugar (8%
Exploring Retailer's Ordering Decisions under Delays

When final customer demand exceeds available supply, retailers often hedge against shortages by inflating orders to their suppliers. While this amplification in orders is clearly described in the literature, there is little experimental research quantifying the factors influencing these amplifications. We use an experiment to test subjects’ ordering decisions under different ordering and supplier’s capacity acquisition delays. Subjects in the experiment display limited ability to process the impact of delays and feedback. The order trajectories follow a pattern of overshoot and subsequent undershoot until reaching an equilibrium. However, the initial overshoot is less intense and lasts longer than the optimal behavior, when subjects face longer delays. In addition, subjects inflate their orders when the supplier faces longer capacity acquisition delays and when orders take longer to be perceived by the supplier. Econometric estimates show that the proposed anchoring and adjustment heuristic is a possible heuristic for explaining subjects’ ordering behavior.
Mechanism of Lignin Dissolution and Regeneration in Ionic Liquid

Density functional theory (DFT), atoms in molecules (AIM) theory, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, and Wiberg bond index (WBI) are employed to investigate the mechanism of lignin dissolution and regeneration in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl). Lignin is modeled with 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethanol (LigOH). From the theoretical results, it is observed that AmimCl interacts with LigOH mainly by hydrogen bonds (H bonds), and the interaction of AmimCl with LigOH is stronger than that of LigOH with LigOH; thus, it can be speculated that lignin can be dissolved in AmimCl. In addition, the H bonds between LigOH and AmimCl are weakened or even destroyed by the addition of water. The experimental results also reveal that lignin can be easily regenerated from the AmimCl–lignin solution by the addition of water. The regenerated lignin is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) compared to the original lignin.