Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Listeners with congenital amusia are sensitive to context uncertainty in melodic sequences

In typical listeners, the perceptual salience of a surprising auditory event depends on the uncertainty of its context. For example, in melodies, pitch deviants are more easily detected and generate larger neural responses when the context is highly predictable than when it is less so. However, it is not known whether amusic listeners with abnormal pitch processing are sensitive to the degree of uncertainty of pitch sequences and, if so, whether they are to a different extent than typical listeners. To answer this question, we manipulated the uncertainty of short melodies while participants with and without congenital amusia underwent EEG recordings in a passive listening task. Uncertainty was manipulated by presenting melodies with different levels of complexity and familiarity, under the assumption that simpler and more familiar patterns would enhance pitch predictability. We recorded mismatch negativity (MMN) responses to pitch, intensity, timbre, location, and rhythm deviants as a measure of auditory surprise. We found reduced MMN amplitudes and longer peak latencies for all sound features with increasing levels of complexity, and putative familiarity effects only for intensity deviants. No significant group-by-complexity or group-by-familiarity interactions were detected. However, in amusics, pitch MMN responses peaked later and were disrupted in high complexity and unfamiliar melodies. Our results indicate that amusics are sensitive to the uncertainty of melodic sequences and hint at pitch-specific impairments in this population when uncertainty is high. As previous research has linked amusia with abnormal frontotemporal connectivity, our findings potentially suggest that processing pitch under high uncertainty conditions requires an intact frontotemporal loop.
Functional Specialization of the Medial Temporal Lobes in Human Recognition Memory: Dissociating Effects of Hippocampal versus Parahippocampal Damage

A central debate in the systems neuroscience of memory concerns whether different medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures support different processes or material-types in recognition memory. We tested a rare patient (Patient MH) with a perirhinal lesion that appeared to spare the hippocampus, using two recognition memory paradigms, each run separately with faces, scenes and words. Replicating reports of a previous case, Patient MH showed impaired familiarity and preserved recollection, relative to controls, with no evidence for any effect of material-type. Moreover, when compared with other amnesic patients, who had hippocampal lesions that appeared to spare the perirhinal cortex, Patient MH showed greater impairment on familiarity and less on recollection, forming a double dissociation. However, when replacing this traditional, binary categorization of patients with a parametric analysis that related memory performance to continuous measures of brain damage across all patients, we found a different pattern: while hippocampal damage predicted recollection, it was parahippocampal instead of perirhinal (or entorhinal) cortex volume that predicted familiarity. Furthermore, there was no evidence that these brain-behavior relationships were moderated by material-type, nor by laterality of damage. Thus, while our data provide the most compelling support yet for dual-process models of recognition memory, in which recollection and familiarity depend on different MTL structures, they suggest that familiarity depends more strongly upon the parahippocampal rather than perirhinal cortex. More generally, our study reinforces the need to go beyond single-case and group studies, and instead examine continuous brain-behavior relationships across larger patient groups.
Extending existing recommended military casualty evacuation timelines will likely increase morbidity and mortality: a UK consensus statement

Introduction Future conflicts may have limited use of aviation-based prehospital emergency care for evacuation. This will increase the likelihood of extended evacuation timelines and an extended hold at a forward hospital care facility following the completion of damage control surgery or acute medical interventions. Methods A three-round Delphi Study was undertaken using a panel comprising 44 experts from the UK armed forces including clinicians, logisticians, medical planners and commanders. The panel was asked to consider the effect of an extended hold at Deployed Hospital Care (Forward) from the current 2-hour timeline to +4, +8, +12 and +24 hours on a broad range of clinical and logistical issues. Where 75% of respondents had the same opinion, consensus was accepted. Areas where consensus could not be achieved were used to identify future research priorities. Results Consensus was reached that increasing timelines would increase the personnel, logistics and equipment support required to provide clinical care. There is a tipping point with a prolonged hold over 8 hours, after which the greatest number of clinical concerns emerge. Additional specialties of surgeons other than general and orthopaedic surgeons will likely be required with holds over 24 hours, and robust telemedicine would not negate this requirement. Conclusions Retaining acute medical emergencies at 4 hours, and head injuries was considered a particular risk. This could potentially be mitigated by an increased forward capacity of some elements of medical care and availability of a CT scanner and intracranial pressure monitoring at over 12 hours. Any efforts to mitigate the effects of prolonged timelines will come at the expense of an increased logistical burden and a reduction in mobility. Ultimately the true effect of prolonged timelines can only be answered by close audit and analysis of clinical outcomes during future operations with an extended hold.
A New Hairy-Winged Pseudorthocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Luxemburg

Pseudorthocladius cristagus sp. n. is described as male imago. It differs from all other members of the genus Pseudorthocladius v. d. Wulp except P. pilosipennis Brundin by having setae on the wing membrane. It can be separated from P. pilosipennis by having a gonostylus with a prominent crista dorsalis and an outer corner or heel. The species was collected with emergence traps from a helocrene spring in northern Luxemburg.
Loss of genetic variation and effective population size of Kirikuchi charr: implications for the management of small, isolated salmonid populations

Small, isolated populations may face extinction due to a combination of inbreeding depression and other threats. Effective population size (Ne) is one comprehensive measure that allows us to evaluate the genetic status of a population, and to make management decisions regarding genetic viability. We simulated loss of genetic variation and estimated Ne for two small, isolated populations of Kirikuchi charr Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus, the endangered, southernmost local populations of the genus Salvelinus in the world, using VORTEX, an individual‐based stochastic PVA model. Approximately half of the genetic variation was lost over 200 years regardless of census population size and demographic parameters, and Ne estimates were roughly 50 in each of the two populations, suggesting the possibility of inbreeding depression. The target population size of Ne>500, by securing long‐term viability, is several times that of the present size of each of the populations studied, and no local habitats maintaining such a target number are considered to exist. The results strongly indicate a need for recovering natural connections and potential gene flow among local populations. However, the impending threat to these populations from non‐native charr widely distributed throughout the drainage has prevented the recovery of the connections. Given the small Ne of the two populations, it would be necessary to retain gene flow artificially within or across local populations. This will be true of many other salmonid populations that have been isolated or fragmented recently.
Short‐term spatial stability in trophic interactions

The concept of stability in ecological theory has been a subject of debate for more than 40 years. Its value lies in being the explanatory principle underlying equilibrium in nature. Until now, the possibility of spatial stability in trophic interactions, defined as resilience of trophic activity (e.g. herbivore/algae or predator/prey) within patches after a disturbance, has not been explored. This concept requires the demonstration of two properties: (i) the return after a strong disturbance to a reference level of intensity of the trophic interaction (intensity criterion), and (ii) positive spatial correlation between pre‐ and post‐disturbance intensity of the trophic interaction (spatial determinism criterion). The first criterion can be assessed by checking the consistency of intensities of grazing effects between years and the second criterion by correlating the intensities of grazing between years on the same set of patches. We used a spatially explicit test, repeated after experimental disturbance of the same plots in two consecutive years, to test for the existence of spatial stability in the effects of grazing on rocky shore algal assemblages. The detection of spatial stability depended on the level of resolution at which the prey assemblages were examined (species, functional group and trophic level) and allowed us to demonstrate stability in grazing effects, which shape the mosaic of patches on the high rocky shore at scales of 10s of meters. The community analysed was highly resilient due to its domination by species that can quickly re‐colonize and recover to pre‐disturbance levels and showed spatial determinism because of the tendency of both grazers and algae to colonize particularly favourable areas. Synthesis. The most important findings are as follows: (i) spatial stability was confirmed for a trophic interaction, and (ii) spatial determinism in these systems was detectable. We suggest that patches exhibiting predictability in trophic interaction strength can function as initiators of recovery after disturbance and at the same time represent the deterministic initial condition that might shape long‐term spatial configurations within the landscape.
Refinement and Testing of a Brook Trout Bioenergetics Model

Abstract The brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis is an important species across North America, being the focus of restoration and conservation efforts in the eastern United States and considered a threat to native salmonids in the western part of the country. Bioenergetics models have emerged as useful tools for studying the ecology and management of fish species, but these models should be critically evaluated prior to widespread application. We conducted laboratory experiments to refine model parameters (metabolism and the activity multiplier) and to test a model for brook trout. Brook trout metabolic rates increased with temperature up to 20°C, then declined sharply. Specific metabolism declined with increasing fish size. Validation experiments conducted for 7, 21, and 31 d at 12-16°C showed that the model predicted consumption within 1.6 ± 3.6%, growth within 2.3 ± 12.5%, and final weight within 1.7 ± 5.1% of measured values. The results of this study will allow biologists to better use bioenergetics mo.
The World's Smallest Vertebrate, Schindleria brevipinguis, A New Paedomorphic Species in the Family Schindleriidae (Perciformes: Gobioidei)

Schindleria brevipinguis n.sp. , from the Lizard Island-Carter Reef vicinity of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and from Osprey Reef nearby in the Coral Sea, is a small, unpigmented gobioid species distinctive in having fewer dorsal- and anal-fin rays and a deeper body with larger eyes than the other described species, S. pietschmanni and S. praematura. The urogenital papilla of male S. brevipinguis has a markedly different shape from those of the other two species. Schindleria brevipinguis apparently provides an even more extreme example of paedomorphosis than its congeners, and with males maturing by 7 mm and the largest specimen only 8.4 mm, it almost certainly is the world's smallest fish and smallest vertebrate.
Genetic relationships between Sardinian and Spanish viticulture: the case of ’Cannonau’ and ’Garnacha’

Summary To evaluate the relationship between Sardinian and Spanish viticulture, Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers were applied to define the genetic profiles of 29 cultivated and 48 wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions. SSR data confirmed synonymy between ‘Cannonau’ and several Spanish accessions of ‘Garnacha Tinta’. SSR analysis also suggested that the ‘Garnacha’ group consisted of a heterogeneous pool of cultivars displaying different morphological and genetic traits (Link coefficient = approx. 0.5), probably caused by somatic mutation or accidental breeding events between closely-related grapevine accessions. In contrast, the ‘Vernaccia’ - ‘Granaccia’ Sardinian group was different from ‘Cannonau’ (Link coefficient = 0.8) and all Spanish ‘Garnacha Tinta’ and ‘Blanca’ accessions analysed. To understand the ‘Cannonau’ - ‘Garnacha’ relationship, we studied the origin of these accessions and their relationships with spontaneous wild grapevine. Both cultivars are ancient grapes that have been cultivated for many centuries in both Sardinia and Spain. Although the name ‘Garnacha’ may derive from the Italian word ‘Vernaccia’, molecular analysis excluded any direct genetic origin of the Spanish ‘Garnacha’, or Sardinian ‘Cannonau’ from the ‘Vernaccia’ -‘Granaccia’ Sardinian group. Structure analysis split the samples analysed into three clusters (K = 3). The first two clusters corresponded to the cultivated samples, while the wild accessions were in the third cluster. Based on this information, we can exclude any direct origin of the ‘Cannonau’ - ‘Garnacha’ group from the wild grapevines analysed and distributed on Sardinia.
Re-expression of Face Images with Help of Samples from Other Face Datasets

A novel algorithm for classiﬁcation of possibly occluded face images is proposed in this paper. And the algorithm ﬁrst constructs a normalized face dataset and then uses it to re-express face images to be classiﬁed. The proposed algorithm enables face images to be partially standardized, so diﬀerence between occluded and non-occluded face images of the same person can be partly eliminated and better accuracy can be attained. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by extensive experiments.
RUMEN ACIDOSIS IN SMALL RUMINANTS AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT

Forty two small ruminants, 26 (61.90%) sheep and 16 (38.10%) goats were treated for rumen acidosis. 19 (45.24%), 12 (28.57%), 6 (14.29%) and 5 (11.90%) animals had eaten apple, cooked rice (wazwan left over) turnip and chapatti respectively and manifested clinical form of ruminal acidosis with, 2.86%; (n=18) as mild (Rumen fluid pH=6.32 ±0.09316), 38.09%;(n=16)moderate (Rumen fluid pH=5.71 ±0.074) and 19.05%; (n=8) (Rumen fluid pH=4.54 ±0.159) as severe ruminal acidosis and accordingly they were classified as group I, II and III, respectively. In group I rumen motility was reduced (1.67±0.162) and subsequently it was almost absent in group III(0.13±0.125). Rectal temperature recorded to be 102.58±0.166, 101.26±0.188and 100.83±1.061in group I, II and III respectively. There was a significant increase heart and respiratory tares before treatment in all the groups. A significant increase in blood glucose and Hb, PCV and TEC was also observed in mild, moderate and severe acidotic animals. Therapeutic measures consisted of neutralization of acidity by oral and / or parenteral use of isotonic (1.3%) and hypertonic (5%) sodium bicarbonate with adequate fluid therapy. Oral and parenteral use of isotonic (1.3%) sodium bicarbonate was given to moderate rumen acidosis. Administration of oral sodium bicarbonate, bolus Rumentas was given to groups I and II and a course of antihistaminic drug was also given to all the groups of animals. Moreover, animals of group II and III were also offered intravenous injection of high dose vitamin B1 along with fluids. Gastric lavage and cud transplantation following rumenotomy was done in animals of group III. All animals except two (one each from group II and III) were recovered uneventfully.
Vegetation patterns along micro‐relief and vegetation type transects in polygonal landscapes of the Siberian Arctic

13 Question: How do absolute cover, alpha-diversity, and the compositional turnover of vascular plants 14 and bryophytes change along micro-relief levels (rim to pond) within polygons in northern Siberia 15 located along a vegetation gradient from open larch forests to subarctic tundra? 16 Methods: In total, 152 one square-metre vegetation plots were investigated in eight low-centred 17 polygons located south of the Taymyr Peninsula and on Samoylov Island in the Lena River delta in 18 northern Siberia. 19 Results: The cover of vascular plants displays no significant differences between the rim and rim20 pond transition but is significantly lower in the pond. Their alpha-diversity decreases strongly from 21 rim to pond in the polygons. We found no trend in vascular plant cover from open forest to tundra 22 vegetation and only a slightly decreasing trend for alpha-diversity. Bryophyte cover and alpha23 diversity are highest on the rim and significantly distinct from the pond, but not from the rim-pond 24 transition. There is no clear trend in cover or alpha-diversity along the tree-line transect. Separate 25
DSM-IV-TR Cultural Formulation of Psychiatric Cases: Two Proposals for Clinicians

This article reviews some limitations of the current guideline for the DSM-IV-TR Cultural Formulation (CF) from the perspective of psychiatric practice that are based on the author’s experience conducting doctoral courses on cultural psychiatry from 1996 to 2007 in the Department of Psychiatry at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain). Two proposals are presented for facilitating use of the CF by general clinicians. These proposals offer a procedure for embedding only the most relevant clinical information in a psychiatric history, followed by a brief cultural formulation. The approach is illustrated with a clinical case. Although the CF has considerable promise for revealing knowledge about patients, health practices, and health systems that is essential for clinical care, substantial research must be carried out to facilitate widespread use of the CF in clinical practice.
New host and locality records for Ixodes simplex Neumann and Ixodes vespertilionis Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) from bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae) in southern China

Between September 2004 and May 2007, 430 bats were examined for ectoparasites in southern China's Guizhou Province and Guangxi Autonomous Region. Ticks were found on 16 individuals from 6 bat species belonging to the families Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae. The tick Ixodes simplex Neumann was found on two species of vespertilionid bats, and Ixodes vespertilionis Koch was found on one species of hipposiderid and three species of rhinolophid bats. Five of the host records appear to be new, as are all the locality records for I. simplex in Guizhou Province and I. vespertilionis in the Guangxi Autonomous Region.
Avian Eggs from the Eocene Willwood and Chadron Formations of Wyoming and Nebraska

ABSTRACT Partial eggs from the Eocene Willwood Formation of Wyoming contain unidentifiable embryonic remains; the eggs are referable to a theropod on the basis of their structural layering of calcite and to an avian theropod because of their Eocene age. We assign the specimens to the oofamily Medioolithidae as Microolithus wilsoni, oogen. et oosp. nov., on the basis of the following unique combination of characters: 600-µm-thick eggshell composed of three structural layers; abrupt and undulating contact between the mammillary and continuous layers; smooth and glossy outer egg surface; faint or obscure prisms of the continuous layer; non-branching pores; and mammillary-to-total shell thickness ratio of 1:4. The eggshell microstructure resembles that of some extant neognath bird eggs. We refer a single egg from Chadron Formation of eastern Nebraska to incertae sedis as Metoolithus nebraskensis, oogen. et oosp. nov. A combination of characters distinguishes the egg from other fossil and modern avian eggs, namely, thicker eggshell, prominent ornamentation, flared upper portion of the prisms, variable mammillary thickness, and irregular squamatic texture in the continuous layer. These characteristics more closely resemble Mesozoic non-avian theropod eggs and likely reflect mosaic evolution in the non-avian to avian-theropod transition. Finally, an external layer occurs in a wide range of Paleogene and Cretaceous eggs of variable size and taxonomic affinities, indicating that this feature may not represent an apomorphic character for the avian crown group with respect to non-avian theropod eggshell. Therefore, an external layer cannot be used to identify neognath birds in the Mesozoic.
Convergent and divergent character displacement

Consideration of the possibilities and difficulties of detecting character displacement leads to a re-definition of the phenomenon; character displacement is the process by which a morphological character state of a species changes under Natural Selection arising from the presence, in the same environment, of one or more species similar to it ecologically and/or reproductively. This incorporates the principal ideas in the original definition given by Brown & Wilson (1956), but eliminates the restriction of making comparisons of the character states of a species in sympatry and allopatry. The evidence for the ecological (competitive) aspect of character displacement is assessed by analyzing in detail the best documented and well publicized examples in the literature. Some of the examples either do not exhibit displaced characters or, if they do, the “displacement” can be interpreted in other and perhaps simpler ways; this applies to the so-called classical case of character displacement, Sitta tephronota and S. neumayer in Iran. Other examples, involving lizards and birds, constitute better evidence for character displacement, but in no single study is it entirely satisfactory. It is concluded that the evidence for the ecological aspect of character displacement is weak.