Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UltraSparc I: a four-issue processor supporting multimedia

UItraSpare I is a second-generation superscalar processor. It is a high performance, highly integrated, four issue superscalar processor based on the Spare Version 9 64-bit RISC architecture. We have extended the core instruction set to include graphics instructions that provide the most common operations related to two dimensional image processing; two- and three-dimensional graphics and image compression algorithms; and parallel operations on pixel data with 8-, 16-, and 32-bit components. Additional, new memory access instructions support the very high bandwidth requirements typical of graphics and multimedia applications.
Estimating Moderated Causal Effects with Time-varying Treatments and Time-varying Moderators: Structural Nested Mean Models and Regression with Residuals

Individuals differ in how they respond to a particular treatment or exposure, and social scientists are often interested in understanding how treatment effects are moderated by observed characteristics of individuals. Effect moderation occurs when individual covariates dampen or amplify the effect of some exposure. This article focuses on estimating moderated causal effects in longitudinal settings in which both the treatment and effect moderator vary over time. Effect moderation is typically examined using covariate by treatment interactions in regression analyses, but in the longitudinal setting, this approach may be problematic because time-varying moderators of future treatment may be affected by prior treatment—for example, moderators may also be mediators—and naively conditioning on an outcome of treatment in a conventional regression model can lead to bias. This article introduces to sociology moderated intermediate causal effects and the structural nested mean model for analyzing effect moderation in the longitudinal setting. It discusses problems with conventional regression and presents a new approach to estimation (regression with residuals) that avoids these problems. The method is illustrated using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine whether the effects of time-varying exposures to poor neighborhoods on the risk for adolescent childbearing are moderated by time-varying family income.
Transmitter equalization for 4-Gbps signaling

Most digital systems today use full-swing, unterminated signaling methods that are unsuited for data rates over 100 MHz on 1-meter wires. We are currently developing 0.5-micron CMOS transmitter and receiver circuits that use active equalization to overcome the frequency-dependent attenuation of copper lines. The circuits will operate at 4 Gbps over up to 6 meters of 24AWG twisted pair or up to 1 meter of 5-mil 0.5-oz. PC trace. In addition to frequency-dependent attenuation, timing uncertainty (skew and jitter) and receiver bandwidth are also major obstacles to high-data rates. To address all of these issues, we've given our system the following characteristics: An active transmitter equalizer compensates for the frequency-dependent attenuation of the transmission line. The system performs closed-loop clock recovery independently for each signal line in a manner that cancels all clock and data skew and the low-frequency components of clock jitter. The delay line that generates the transmit and receive clocks (a 400-MHz clock with 10 equally spaced phases) uses several circuit techniques to achieve a total simulated jitter of less than 20 ps in the presence of supply and substrate noise. A clocked receive amplifier with a 50-ps aperture time senses the signal during the center of the eye at the receiver.
Vessel orientation-dependent sensitivity of optoacoustic imaging using a linear array transducer

Abstract. For clinical optoacoustic imaging, linear probes are preferably used because they allow versatile imaging of the human body with real-time display and free-hand probe guidance. The two-dimensional (2-D) optoacoustic image obtained with this type of probe is generally interpreted as a 2-D cross-section of the tissue just as is common in echo ultrasound. We demonstrate in three-dimensional simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo mouse experiments that for vascular imaging this interpretation is often inaccurate. The cylindrical blood vessels emit anisotropic acoustic transients, which can be sensitively detected only if the direction of acoustic radiation coincides with the probe aperture. Our results reveal for this reason that the signal amplitude of different blood vessels may differ even if the vessels have the same diameter and initial pressure distribution but different orientation relative to the imaging plane. This has important implications for the image interpretation, for the probe guidance technique, and especially in cases when a quantitative reconstruction of the optical tissue properties is required.
Study of support vector machine and serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive esophageal cancer detection

Abstract. The ability of combining serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with support vector machine (SVM) for improving classification esophageal cancer patients from normal volunteers is investigated. Two groups of serum SERS spectra based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are obtained: one group from patients with pathologically confirmed esophageal cancer (n=30) and the other group from healthy volunteers (n=31). Principal components analysis (PCA), conventional SVM (C-SVM) and conventional SVM combination with PCA (PCA-SVM) methods are implemented to classify the same spectral dataset. Results show that a diagnostic accuracy of 77.0% is acquired for PCA technique, while diagnostic accuracies of 83.6% and 85.2% are obtained for C-SVM and PCA-SVM methods based on radial basis functions (RBF) models. The results prove that RBF SVM models are superior to PCA algorithm in classification serum SERS spectra. The study demonstrates that serum SERS in combination with SVM technique has great potential to provide an effective and accurate diagnostic schema for noninvasive detection of esophageal cancer.
Adaptive wide-field optical tomography

Abstract. We describe a wide-field optical tomography technique, which allows the measurement-guided optimization of illumination patterns for enhanced reconstruction performances. The iterative optimization of the excitation pattern aims at reducing the dynamic range in photons transmitted through biological tissue. It increases the number of measurements collected with high photon counts resulting in a dataset with improved tomographic information. Herein, this imaging technique is applied to time-resolved fluorescence molecular tomography for preclinical studies. First, the merit of this approach is tested by in silico studies in a synthetic small animal model for typical illumination patterns. Second, the applicability of this approach in tomographic imaging is validated in vitro using a small animal phantom with two fluorescent capillaries occluded by a highly absorbing inclusion. The simulation study demonstrates an improvement of signal transmitted (∼2 orders of magnitude) through the central portion of the small animal model for all patterns considered. A corresponding improvement in the signal at the emission wavelength by 1.6 orders of magnitude demonstrates the applicability of this technique for fluorescence molecular tomography. The successful discrimination and localization (∼1 mm error) of the two objects with higher resolution using the optimized patterns compared with nonoptimized illumination establishes the improvement in reconstruction performance when using this technique.
Deep submicron microprocessor design issues

Deep-submicron technology allows billions of transistors on a single die, potentially running at gigahertz frequencies. According to Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) projections, the number of transistors per chip and the local clock frequencies for high-performance microprocessors will continue to grow exponentially in the near future. This ensures that future microprocessors will become ever more complex. However, physical and program behavioral constraints will limit the usefulness of this complexity. Physical constraints include interconnect and device limits, as well as practical limits on power and cost. Program behavioral constraints result from program control and data dependencies, and from unpredictable events during execution. Other challenges include the need for advanced CAD tools to combat the negative effect of greater complexity on design time. Designers will also have to make improvements to preserve computational integrity, reliability, and diagnostic features. Successful implementations will depend on the processor architect's ability to foresee technology trends and understand the changing design trade-offs for specific applications, beginning with the differing requirements for client versus server processors. This article discusses these trade-offs in light of industry projections and the many considerations affecting deep submicron technology.
Application of multiple artificial neural networks for the determination of the optical properties of turbid media

Abstract. We determined the optical properties of turbid media from simulated spatially resolved reflectance (SRR) curves using an artificial neural network (ANN). In order to improve the performance of our method, multiple ANNs were applied for this problem. First, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed using random optical properties which are relevant for biological tissue. For a better performance of the ANN in respect of SRR measurements, the exact setup geometry was taken into account for the MC simulations. Second, the performed simulations were classified into different categories according to their shape. Third, multiple ANNs which were adjusted to these categories, were used to solve the inverse problem, i.e., the determination of the optical properties from SRR curves. Finally, these ANNs were applied to determine the optical properties of simulated SRR curves out of the range 0.5 mm−1<μs′<5 mm−1 and 0.0001 mm−1<μa<1 mm−1. The average relative error was 2.9% and 6.1% for the reduced scattering coefficient μs′ and for the absorption coefficient μa, respectively.
The Sensitivity of Tropical Rainfall Estimation From Satellite to the Configuration of the Microwave Imager Constellation

The availability of rainfall-related measurements from space has greatly increased from the late 1980s with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and the launch of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission in 1997 to the forthcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program (GPM mission) whose core satellite is to be launched in 2014. The rainfall observing systems have become a constellation enhancing the frequency of measurements all over the globe. In this letter, the Megha-Tropiques TAPEER-BRAIN level-4 rainfall product is considered to explore what impacts the configuration of a microwave imager constellation has on accumulated rainfall and associated sampling error estimates at one-degree/one-day resolution in the tropics. One of the main findings of this letter is that sun-synchronous satellites providing observations separated of time intervals close to rainfall autocorrelation periods result only in small improvements of TAPEER-BRAIN quantitative precipitation estimations (i.e., rain and error estimations). By comparison, it is shown that the GPM constellation of satellites, particularly with satellites on low-inclination “equatorial” orbits, has a high contribution to the improvements of rain and error estimates. The methodology developed in this letter could be also useful to explore the sensitivity of rainfall estimates at finer space and timescales.
En face parametric imaging of tissue birefringence using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Abstract. A technique for generating en face parametric images of tissue birefringence from scans acquired using a fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system utilizing only a single-incident polarization state is presented. The value of birefringence is calculated for each A-scan in the PS-OCT volume using a quadrature demodulation and phase unwrapping algorithm. The algorithm additionally uses weighted spatial averaging and weighted least squares regression to account for the variation in phase accuracies due to varying OCT signal-to-noise-ratio. The utility of this technique is demonstrated using a model of thermally induced damage in porcine tendon and validated against histology. The resulting en face images of tissue birefringence are more useful than conventional PS-OCT B-scans in assessing the severity of tissue damage and in localizing the spatial extent of damage.
CIE 2000 color difference formula: CIEDE2000

The CIE Technical Committee TC 1-47 Hue and Lightness Dependent Correction to Industrial Colour Difference Evaluation was established in October 1998 and its aim was to improve the performance of the CIE94 color-difference formula. As a result of close collaboration between the TC members, the CIE 2000 color difference formula, CIEDE2000, was developed within two years. This paper describes the development of this formula.
Sensorless vector and speed control of brushless motor drives

In the present paper an approach is presented to the speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motors without mechanical transducers. The rotor position, which is an essential component of any vector control scheme, is calculated through the instantaneous stator flux position and an estimated value of the load angle. A closed-loop state observer is implemented to compute the speed feedback signal. Experimental results on a laboratory tested motor drive are presented to validate the proposed procedure. >
An exploration of the internet as a self-management resource

Abstract In this paper, we explore the role of the internet as a resource for self-managing problems experienced by people affected by cancer. To do this, we draw on our observations of a UK online discussion forum used by people affected by cancer. We explored online contributions to the online discussion forum to identify examples of how people used the internet to seek and share information and support in the context of cancer to support their self-management of problems. Our findings show that of those registering on an online discussion forum only a minority (18%) contributed posts. Few people contributed to the online discussion forum more than five times although a minority of contributors participated numerous times. Examples of emotional and informational support exchanged in the online discussions are described. Benefits of contributing to the online discussions were noted. In conclusion, the online discussion forum can provide a useful resource for people to seek and share experiences, information and support with others in similar situations.
An adaptive detecting method for harmonic and reactive currents

The conventional detecting methods for power system harmonic and reactive currents have various limitations. Based on adaptive interference canceling theory, a new adaptive detecting method for harmonic and reactive currents is presented, the corresponding detection system is developed, and experiments are performed which verify the feasibility of the method proposed. The new real-time detecting method is useful for dynamic compensation equipment such as active power filters, static VAr compensators, etc. >
Comparison of cerebral tissue oxygenation values in full term and preterm newborns by the simultaneous use of two near-infrared spectroscopy devices: an absolute and a relative trending oximeter

Abstract. The aim of this study is to compare a two-wavelength light emitting diode–based tissue oximeter (INVOS), which is designed to show trends in tissue oxygenation, with a four-wavelength laser–based oximeter (FORE-SIGHT), designed to deliver absolute values of tissue oxygenation. Simultaneous values of cerebral tissue oxygenation (StO2) are measured using both devices in 15 term and 15 preterm clinically stable newborns on the first and third day of life. Values are recorded simultaneously in two periods between which oximeter sensor positions are switched to the contralateral side. Agreement between StO2 values before and after the change of sensor position is analyzed. We find that mean cerebral StO2 values are similar between devices for term and preterm babies, but INVOS shows StO2 values spread over a wider range, with wider standard deviations than shown by the FORE-SIGHT. There is relatively good agreement with a bias up to 3.5% and limits of agreement up to 11.8%. Measurements from each side of the forehead show better repeatability for the FORE-SIGHT monitor. We conclude that performance of the two devices is probably acceptable for clinical purposes. Both performed sufficiently well, but the use of FORE-SIGHT may be associated with tighter range and better repeatability of data.
A disturbance observer for robot manipulators with application to electronic components assembly

The success of robotic assembly for odd form electronic components depends heavily on the ability to monitor and control the insertion force. For this purpose, a joint disturbance observer for robot manipulators is presented to estimate the reaction force due to component misinsertion. The derivation is presented in the time domain for a multi-degree-of-freedom manipulator without making the SISO linear system assumption. Based on the internal model control (IMC) concept, this observer is simple in structure. It is in the form of an integral controller and only requires measurements of joint position and velocity signals to be implemented. The observed perturbation signal includes the effects of model uncertainties as well as reaction force against the environment. Careful trajectory planning and detailed friction modeling are performed to enhance accuracy of the deduced reaction force. Experiments conducted on a SCARA robot for the insertion of PCB components demonstrated the performance of the proposed disturbance observer. >
The Run Sum Hotelling's χ2 Control Chart with Variable Sampling Intervals

Control charts are widely used for process monitoring and quality control in manufacturing industries. Implementing variable sampling interval (VSI) control schemes on control charts rather than traditional fixed sampling interval procedure can significantly improve the control chart's efficiency. In this paper, the VSI run sum (RS) Hotelling's χ2 chart is proposed. The optimal scores and parameters of the proposed chart are determined using an optimization technique to minimize the following: (i) out‐of‐control average time to signal (ATS); (ii) adjusted ATS (AATS), when the exact shift size can be specified; (iii) expected ATS; or (iv) expected AATS, when the exact shift size cannot be specified. The Markov chain method is used to evaluate the zero‐state ATS and expected ATS, and steady‐state AATS and expected AATS of the proposed chart. The results show that the VSI RS Hotelling's χ2 chart significantly outperforms the standard RS Hotelling's χ2 chart and the former also performs well compared with other competing charts. By adding more scoring regions, the efficiency of the VSI RS Hotelling's χ2 chart can be further enhanced. An illustrative example using data from a manufacturing process is presented to demonstrate the application of the VSI RS Hotelling's χ2 chart. The application of the proposed chart in a quality improvement program can be extended to management and service industries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real-time brightfield, darkfield, and phase contrast imaging in a light-emitting diode array microscope

Abstract. We demonstrate a single-camera imaging system that can simultaneously acquire brightfield, darkfield, and phase contrast images in real time. Our method uses computational illumination via a programmable light-emitting diode (LED) array at the source plane, providing flexible patterning of illumination angles. Brightfield, darkfield, and differential phase contrast images are obtained by changing the LED patterns, without any moving parts. Previous work with LED array illumination was only valid for static samples because the hardware speed was not fast enough to meet real-time acquisition and processing requirements. Here, we time multiplex patterns for each of the three contrast modes in order to image dynamic biological processes in all three contrast modes simultaneously. We demonstrate multicontrast operation at the maximum frame rate of our camera (50 Hz with 2160×2560 pixels).
Hybrid photomultiplier tube and photodiode parallel detection array for wideband optical spectroscopy of the breast guided by magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract. A new optical parallel detection system of hybrid frequency and continuous-wave domains was developed to improve the data quality and accuracy in recovery of all breast optical properties. This new system was deployed in a previously existing system for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided spectroscopy, and allows incorporation of additional near-infrared wavelengths beyond 850 nm, with interlaced channels of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and silicon photodiodes (PDs). The acquisition time for obtaining frequency-domain data at six wavelengths (660, 735, 785, 808, 826, and 849 nm) and continuous-wave data at three wavelengths (903, 912, and 948 nm) is 12 min. The dynamic ranges of the detected signal are 105 and 106 for PMT and PD detectors, respectively. Compared to the previous detection system, the SNR ratio of frequency-domain detection was improved by nearly 103 through the addition of an RF amplifier and the utilization of programmable gain. The current system is being utilized in a clinical trial imaging suspected breast cancer tumors as detected by contrast MRI scans.
Abstract 1083: The pivotal role of IKKalpha in the development of spontaneous lung squamous cell carcinomas.

During the last decades lung cancer has become the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world, and the need to develop better diagnostic techniques and therapies is urgent. To advance the understanding of this disease, various genetically engineered and chemical induced mouse models have been established. However, there are no robust animal models of lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), one of the major types of lung cancer. Here, we generated Ikkα-KA/KA knock-in mice (KA/KA) in which an ATP binding site of IKKα, Lys 44 was replaced by alanine. All the knock-in mice at 4 to 6 months of age developed spontaneous lethal lung SCCs associated with markedly increased leukocyte infiltration and expression of cytokines, and chemokines in the lungs. Furthermore, we identified deregulated c-myc, Nanog, Oct3/4, p53, Rb, EGFR, MAPK, Jun-B, p63, Trim29, Rhov, CDK1, and IGF1 in mouse lung SCCs, and identified reduced IKKα and IκBα and increased ROS1 in mutant lungs and SCCs, some of which were found in human lung SCCs. Lung cancers were prevented by reintroducing epithelial-cell IKKα, depleting macrophages or depleting lymphocytes. This study not only provides a novel model for studying the pathogenesis, treatment, early detection, and prevention of human lung SCCs, but also demonstrates how a single mutation in IKKα elicits malignancy through the combined epithelial-cell-autonomous and immune mechanisms. Citation Format: Zuoxiang Xiao, Qun Jiang, Jami Willette-Brown, Feng Zhu, Sichuan Xi, Sandra Burkett, Fanching Lin, Timothy Back, Mahesh Datla, Zhonghe Sun, Romina Goldszmid, Xiaolin Wu, David Schrump, Howard Young, Georgio Trinchieri, Robert Wiltrout, Yinling Hu. The pivotal role of IKKalpha in the development of spontaneous lung squamous cell carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1083. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1083