Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tectonics of the Isua Supracrustal Belt 2: Microstructures Reveal Distributed Strain in the Absence of Major Fault Structures

Archean geological records are increasingly interpreted to indicate a ≤3.2 Ga initiation of plate tectonics on Earth. This hypothesis contrasts with dominant plate tectonic interpretations for the Eoarchean (ca. 4.0–3.6 Ga) Isua supracrustal belt (southwest Greenland). Alternatively, recent work shows the belt could have formed via heat‐pipe tectonics. Predicted strain distributions across the belt vary between models. Plate tectonic models predict a dominant unidirectional shear sense, corresponding to subduction vergence, and strain localization within ∼10‐m‐scale shear zones. In contrast, the proposed heat‐pipe model predicts two opposing shear senses, corresponding to opposite limbs of 0.1‐m to km‐scale a‐type folds (i.e., sheath and curtain folds), with relatively equal strain distributed across the belt. Here, we present the first microstructure study using thin‐section petrography and electron backscatter diffraction analysis on quartz of oriented samples from throughout the Isua supracrustal belt. Key findings are: (1) the Eoarchean Isua supracrustal belt was deformed at ∼500°C–650°C, with potential postdeformational recovery at similar or lower temperatures, (2) the spatial distribution of the two opposing shear senses which dominate the belt (top‐to‐southeast and top‐to‐northwest) appears to be random, and (3) the strain intensity across the belt appears to be quasiuniform as evidenced by the uniformly low (mostly <0.1) M‐indexes of quartz fabrics, such that no ≤ 100 ‐m‐scale shear zones can be detected. Our findings are only consistent with the predictions of the heat‐pipe model and do not require plate tectonics, so the geology of the belt is compatible with a ≤3.2 Ga initiation of plate tectonics.
Interfacial Structure Change and Selective Dissolution of Columbite–(Fe) Mineral during HF Acid Leaching

The goal of the paper is to study the charge transfer and reactions at the columbite-(Fe) (FeNb2O6) mineral surface during the HF leaching process. In this paper, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), leaching experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to study the surface element adsorption, charge distribution, chemical state, and energy changes of the mineral surface during the process of leaching columbite–(Fe) with different concentrations of hydrofluoric acid. The results showed that as the concentration of F atoms was increased during the acid leaching process, the Nb–O bond was more likely to be broken than the Fe–O bond; the amount of charge transferred from Nb atom to F atom (0.78 e–0.94 e/atom) was greater than that from Fe atom to the F atom (0.25 e–0.28 e/atom), so it was determined that compared to Fe atoms, it was easier for the Nb atoms to bind to F. The results of XPS analysis showed that the electron binding energies of Nb5+–O, Fe3+–O, and Fe2+–O bonds on the mineral surface increased sequentially, and the M–O bond broke during the acid leaching process, forming more stable M–F bonds. Therefore, the Nb5+–F bonds were easier to form a stable structure. Combined with the ICP results, it was found that in the filtrate after 5M HF and 10M HF acid leaching minerals, c(Nb)/c(Fe) were 2.69 and 2.95, respectively, and the concentration ratio of Nb to Fe element in the mineral was 2 which was lower than 2.69 and 2.95, confirming the result of DFT calculation and illustrating that Nb atoms in columbite-(Fe) mineral were more soluble than Fe atoms.
Development of apparatus for Single-sided Wet Etching and its applications in Corrugated Membrane Fabrication

Wet etching is more economical than dry etching and provides a uniform etching depth regardless of wafer sizes. Typically, potassium hydroxide (KOH) and tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solutions are widely used for the wet etching of silicon. However, there is a limit to the wet etching process when a material deposited on an unetched surface reacts with an etching solution. To solve this problem, in this study, an apparatus was designed and manufactured to physically block the inflow of etchants on the surface using a rubber O-ring. The proposed apparatus includes a heater and a temperature controller to maintain a constant temperature during etching, and the hydrostatic pressure of the etchant is considered for the thin film structure. A corrugation membrane with a diameter of 800 μm, thickness of 600 nm, and corrugation depth of 3 μm with two corrugations was successfully fabricated using the prepared device.
Non-Ohmic Variable Range Hopping in Lightly Doped Semiconductors

In this project we have focused on the low temperature electron transport in hopping insulators. At temperatures close to the absolute zero the transport occurs by thermally activated Variable Range Hopping between Anderson localized states. Systems of this kind have been studied for decades and the first models were originally constructed for the lightly doped, compensated semiconductors. In our case the strong, long range Coulomb interactions between the carriers and the dopants are taken into account. The interactions cause a depletion of the density of states near the Fermi level, also known as the Coulomb gap. This strongly influences the system’s conductivity. We have performed numerical Monte Carlo simulations of single electron jumps, and investigated the transport effects when the system is influenced by an electric field. In the linear, Ohmic regime we investigate the Coulomb gap and compare the conductance behaviour to the one predicted by Efros and Shklovskii. In the non-Ohmic case we compare our results to the experimental studies by Aronzon et al. We also observe that the system can be described by two temperatures, a real and an effective one, as the system is heated by the electric field. The effective temperature is extracted from the site occupancy probability distribution which we find is close to the Fermi-Dirac distribution. The results open up for several theoretical questions regarding the relation between the transport, field strength and the effective temperature. A couple of preliminary ideas on how to answer these are introduced.
A New Deployment Schema Using Dynamic Relay Vehicle to Improve VANETs Connectivity in Urban Environment

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs) have emerged as promising technology to support traffic safety applications of intelligent transportation system (ITS). One of the most important challenges facing VANET is the connectivity, due to obstacles, high mobility, dynamic topology which leads to disconnection problem. Deploying road Sid unite (RSU) to improves VANET connectivity is considered as a highly cost solution. Previous researches suggested diverse RSU deployment schemes and algorithms to solve the RSU deployment issue in order to achieve better network connectivity with minimum number of RSU. In this paper we propose dynamic relay node as replacement to RSU with zero infrastructure. It’s Using key metrics of interest (such as connection duration, re-healing time, receiving time) we provide thorough visualization for network connectivity of urban VANETs with dynamic relay node. It is not only a low-cost solution, but it is practical solution since it does not require RSU installation or maintenance. Simulations are carried out in ns2 to evaluate the performance of dynamic relay node in urban environment. The proposed scheme proves its efficiency through increasing the vehicle density in the road and by increasing relay vehicle velocity. The result shows that the proposed scheme improve the network connectivity as the number of relays increased up to four dynamic relay nodes.
Comparison of calculations for interplanar distances in a crystal lattice

ABSTRACT The derivations for the general formulae of lattice interplanar distances are reviewed along with the methods using elementary geometry, intermediate Cartesian axes, and reciprocal lattice vectors. To highlight the characteristics of these three methods and the connections between them, examples for the simple cases such as orthorhombic, hexagonal, and rhombohedral systems are included. Calculations from reciprocal space are established from those from direct space with heavily involved mathematics for which details are seldom included in crystallography monographs. The only geometric method found in the literature for the interplanar distances in a crystal lattice is derived for a few specific simple cases with cos2α + cos2β + cos2γ = 1, where α, β, and γ are the angles between the normal to the plane and the axes of a orthogonal system. However, the geometric method introduced in this work is a newly developed method and this method is complementary to other methods including the advanced contemporary reciprocal method. The connections between Cartesian and crystal coordinate systems, for angular relationships and the volume of unit cell are revealed. The interplanar spacing in non-primitive lattice and crystals are also discussed.
Performance of a MIS Type Pd-Cr/AlN/Si Hydrogen Sensor

An MIS Hydrogen sensor with a Pd 0.96 Cr 0.04 /AlN/Si structure was fabricated, exhibiting the dynamic range considerably wider than that of analogous devices with pure Pd gates. A useful response could be obtained for Hydrogen concentrations as large as 50,000 ppm. Although the response amplitude was much reduced at the lower concentrations, satisfactory signal to noise down to 50 ppm could be obtained. The saturating magnitude of the electrical response is in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 V, which is the same as that for the pure Pd gated devices, inspite of the 3 orders of magnitude difference in the saturation hydrogen concentration. This result will be discussed in terms of the response mechanism of these devices.
EMC hardware design of intelligent watt-hour meter

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is very important for intelligent instruments, and it is an important guarantee for its reliable operation. The complexity of EMC is mainly reflected in how to quickly and accurately locate the disturbance source, effectively suppress the disturbance source, and correctly judge the disturbance coupling path. Intelligent instruments have similar hardware characteristics. In this paper, the characteristics of common hardware characteristics of disturbance source and coupling path are analyzed, the equivalent antenna model of disturbance is analyzed, and the disturbance suppression method is given. Finally, the correctness of the method is verified by experiments.
Developing a kindergarten computational thinking assessment using evidence-centered design: the case of algorithmic thinking

ABSTRACT Background and Context: There is a need for early childhood assessments of computational thinking (CT). However, there is not consensus on a guiding framework, definition, or set of proxies in which to measure CT. We are addressing this problem by using Evidence Centered Design (ECD) to develop an assessment of kindergarten-aged children’s CT. Objective: To present a design case on the development of the assessment, specifically the algorithmic thinking (AT) tasks and to share validity evidence that emerged. Method: We focus on the AT sub-component of CT and present the principled assessment design process using ECD. Findings: Our operationalization of CT includes spatial reasoning as a sub-component. Pilot results showed an acceptable internal consistency reliability for the AT items and critical design decisions that contributed to validity evidence. Implications: An important contribution of this work is the inclusion of spatial reasoning in our definition of early childhood CT.
Influence of type and concentration of lyoprotectants, storage temperature and storage duration on cell viability and antibacterial activity of freeze-dried lactic acid bacterium, Lactococcus lactis Gh1

Abstract This study was aimed at evaluating the influence of type and concentration of lyoprotectants, storage temperature and storage duration on cell viability and antibacterial activity of Lactococcus lactis Gh1 after drying and during a long-term storage for 120 days. Highest survivability rate after freeze-drying was observed for cells protected in galactose followed by trehalose and peptone. The differences in cell viability among the different types of protective agent and between the concentrations after freeze-drying were not significant. However, significant difference was seen between the protective agents at different concentrations during storage. At high storage temperatures, the number of viable cells decreased for all protective agents and concentrations investigated in this study. Antibacterial activity from L. lactis Gh1 against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313 was in linear correlation with the viable cell counts. Possible formulation of protective agent from this study could be applied in the industrial development of probiotic and bioprotective cultures.
On the Role of Westerly Wind Anomalies in the Development of the
1982–1983 El Niño

Abstract. A recent study of two strong El Ninos highlighted the potential importance of a region of low sea level that developed in the western equatorial Pacific prior to the El Ninos of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998. Here the cause of the low sea level in 1982 is investigated using a series of runs of a global ocean model with different wind fields and initial conditions. The results indicate that the low sea level was due to the increased wind shear that developed just north of the Equator during 1982. This generated Ekman divergence at the latitudes of the North Equatorial Trough, raising the underlying density surfaces and increasing the depth of the trough. This also increased the strength of the North Equatorial Counter Current which lies on the southern slope of the trough. The anomalous westerly winds associated with Madden Julian Oscillations are often held responsible for triggering El Ninos through the generation of westerly wind bursts and the resulting equatorial Kelvin waves in the ocean. However if Webb (2018) is correct, the present results imply that a different physical process was involved in which Ekman divergence due to the same winds, increased the heat transported by the North Equatorial Counter Current early in the year and ultimately caused the strong 1982–1983 El Nino.
Facile fabrication of polyacrylonitrile‐derived porous carbon beads via electron beam irradiation as anode materials for Li‐ion batteries

In this study, porous carbon beads (PCBs) as an anode material for Li‐ion batteries (LiBs) were prepared from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) via electron beam irradiation (EBI). Porous PAN beads (PPBs) were irradiated with electron beams, stabilized under the optimized conditions, and finally carbonized to produce PCBs. EBI was introduced to shorten the conventional thermal stabilization. The results of N2 physisorption measurement revealed that the PCBs had hierarchical pore structures. The PCB‐based anodes exhibited an initial reversible capacity of 387 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and a high capacity retention of 83.2% after 200 cycles. Therefore, the PCBs prepared via EBI are promising anode material for LiBs.
Far infrared studies of diatomic cubic crystals by dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy

Tlie far infrared optical properties and complex dielectric response functions of two alkali halide crystals (Csl and KT) and two III-V compound semiconductor crystals (TnAs and TnP) have been studied using the technique of dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy. The values of the transverse optic and longitudinal optic phonon frequencies at wave vector q=0 determined from these results agree quite well with published values, and the dielectric functions were used to calculate the imaginary parts of the anharmonic self-energies P (oj,V) of the q=0 transverse optic modes. These are the first reported measurements on Csl by dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy, and reasonable agreement is obtained between the frequencies of measured fea­ tures in P (oj,V ) and published two-phonon frequencies. In the case of KI the present measurements have been made at a higher resolution than any reported previously, and they provide a sensitive test of the validity of various theoretical calculations available in publications. Also, in the case of KT some two-phonon difference bands have been observed and assigned in the, spectrum of P (oj,V) for the first time. No measurements of the optical constants of InP in the far infrared region using this technique have been reported before, and, for both InAs and InP, tliese are the first reported experimental determinations of the imaginary part of the frequency dependent damping function. A number of features in the spectra of P ( o j ) for InAs and InP are revealed and attri­ buted to two-phonon decay processes with the aid of a critical point analysis based on published data for these materials. Since the performance of the dispersive reflection interfe­ rometer was limited by the specimen size a prototype focused beam interferometer was constructed, and its performance has been demonstrated by recording a water vapour absorption spectrum at a resolution of 2 cm ' using end mirrors 5mm in diameter.
Comparison of Natural and Synthetic Petroleum Coke Slag Viscosities under Reducing Conditions: Applicability of Predictive Models Using Factsage and Modified Urbain Model

The viscosity of slag from an operating integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant utilising petroleum coke and a synthetic petcoke slag with the same composition made from chemical grade oxides in a reducing environment for gasification application were investigated in this study. A high temperature rotating bob-type viscometer was used to measure viscosity between temperatures of 1250–1375 °C. Natural and synthetic ash had similar viscosities above 1300 °C in this study. The viscosity was predicted by using FactSage, a thermodynamic modelling software, in conjunction with different viscosity models, available in the open literature. Percentage deviations of predicted viscosities from different models with experimentally measured values ranged from about 41 to 151%. Crystallisation of the slag was noted in SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy– energy dispersive spectroscopy) and FactSage results. Solid phases from FactSage predictions were used to modify the Kalmanovitch–Frank model with the Roscoe method. It predicted the viscosity of the slag accurately between 1250 and 1375 °C. Average percentage deviation from measured natural ash viscosity was about 11%.
Relationships Between Childhood Interpersonal Trauma, Religious Coping, Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms, and Resilience

Positive and negative religious coping strategies have been linked to symptom trajectories following adult interpersonal trauma. However, the interactions between childhood interpersonal trauma, religious coping, and psychological outcomes are less clear. This study examined whether aspects of religious coping moderated the associations between cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma and mental health outcomes, such as post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and resilience. Participants included 525 undergraduates from two universities (Mage = 20.04, SD = 1.71; range = 18–24; 57.7% White; 82.1% female). In both the positive and negative religious coping models, cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma was related to PTSS (b = 6.66; b = 6.10, respectively). While positive religious coping was not associated with PTSS (b = .01), it was linked to resilience (b = .69). Negative religious coping was significantly related to PTSS (b = .75) but not resilience (b = –.20). No significant interactions were identified between aspects of religious coping and cumulative childhood interpersonal trauma. While religious coping was directly related to both positive and negative mental health outcomes, it may not be associated with the relationships between childhood interpersonal trauma exposure and clinical outcomes. Such findings offer valuable information on malleable factors that may contribute to adaptive and maladaptive functioning following childhood adversity.
Security-Aware Data Offloading and Resource Allocation For MEC Systems: A Deep Reinforcement Learning

The Internet of Things (IoT) is permeating our daily lives where it can provide data collection tools and important measurement to inform our decisions. In addition, they are continually generating massive amounts of data and exchanging essential messages over networks for further analysis. The promise of low communication latency, security enhancement and the efficient utilization of bandwidth leads to the new shift change from Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) towards Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). In this study, we propose an advanced deep reinforcement resource allocation and securityaware data offloading model that considers the computation and radio resources of industrial IoT devices to guarantee that shared resources between multiple users are utilized in an efficient way. This model is formulated as an optimization problem with the goal of decreasing the consumption of energy and computation delay. This type of problem is NP-hard, due to the curseof-dimensionality challenge, thus, a deep learning optimization approach is presented to find an optimal solution. Additionally, an AES-based cryptographic approach is implemented as a security layer to satisfy data security requirements. Experimental evaluation results show that the proposed model can reduce offloading overhead by up to 13.2% and 64.7% in comparison with full offloading and local execution while scaling well for large-scale devices.
Vanadium, arsenic and fluoride in natural waters from Argentina and possible impact on human health

The composition of water can be influenced by the input of elemental constituents from natural and anthropogenic sources. Elevated levels of vanadium, arsenic, fluoride and other trace elements in water (ground, surface and tap) from various provinces in Argentina (including La Pampa, south east Buenos Aires, Rio Negro and Neuquen), were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion selective electrode (for fluoride). Vanadium species were determined in water by a newly developed solid phase extraction method (SPE). Vanadate (VV) was found to be the predominant species in water samples. The correlation between vanadium and arsenic species, and total elemental levels are presented. Vanadate (VV) correlates strongly with total arsenic, vanadium, fluoride and also the inorganic arsenic species compared to the vanadyl ion (VIV). However, vanadyl (VIV) had stronger Spearman correlations with the organosenical species. The levels of vanadium, arsenic and other trace elements were analysed in hair and nail samples and in water to evaluate exposure levels. The elemental exposure via drinking water increased in the following order: La Pampa (General San Martin-GSM and Eduardo Castex-EC) > Buenos Aires (Moron-MO) > Rio Negro (General Roca-GR). In La Pampa (GSM and EC) and Buenos Aires (South east-SE) many sites showed vanadium, arsenic and fluoride levels exceeded the international regulatory limits for drinking water. La Pampa residents had the widest distribution of vanadium and arsenic in hair, fingernails and toenails compared to other populations in this study. A significant Spearman correlation (P < 0.0001) exists between the levels of vanadium and arsenic in groundwater from La Pampa and hair or nail values. The rural farms in La Pampa have no access to treated water. An electrocoagulation method using aluminium and iron electrodes showed a high level of efficiency in removing vanadium, arsenic and fluoride from groundwater. This may offer clean, and safe drinking water for farmers living in these areas of Argentina.