Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The IRE1α-XBP1 Pathway Positively Regulates Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-related Peptide Receptor Expression and Is Involved in PTH-induced Osteoclastogenesis*

Background: XBP1 is a transcription factor that is activated by one of the ER stress sensors, IRE1α. Results: XBP1 promotes the expression of PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor in osteoblasts and renders these cells responsive to PTH. Conclusion: The IRE1α-XBP1 pathway indirectly regulates PTH-induced osteoclastogenesis. Significance: This study may be the first to reveal the potential link between ER stress sensors and the regulation of osteoclastogenesis. To address the “endoplasmic reticulum stress” triggered by the burden of protein synthesis, the unfolded protein response is induced during osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we show that the transcription of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH1R) is regulated by one of the endoplasmic reticulum-stress mediators, the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway, in osteoblasts. We found that the increase in Pth1r transcription upon BMP2 treatment is significantly suppressed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking IRE1α. As expected, gene silencing of Ire1α and Xbp1 resulted in a decrease in Pth1r transcripts in BMP2-treated embryonic fibroblasts. We identified two potential binding sites for XBP1 in the promoter region of Pth1r and found that XBP1 promotes the transcription of Pth1r by directly binding to those sites. Moreover, we confirmed that the gene silencing of Xbp1 suppresses PTH-induced Rankl expression in primary osteoblasts and thereby abolishes osteoclast formation in an in vitro model of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, the present study reveals potential involvement of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway in PTH-induced osteoclastogenesis through the regulation of PTH1R expression.
Relation between the Nature of the Carbohydrate in the Diet and Refection in Rats

1. The phenomenon of refection has been confirmed. 2. The incidence of spontaneous growth of rats on a vitamin B-free diet is very much greater when potato starch instead of rice starch is used in the diet. 3. Raw arrowroot starch gave similar but not such good results. 4. The protective action is largely destroyed by gentle cooking of the starch, and less so by extraction with alcohol. We wish to thank Prof. Sir F. G. Hopkins for his encouragement and interest during this work. One of us (S. K. K.) is indebted to the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation for a fellowship, and the other (E. W.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant.
Japanese midwives as psychiatric diagnosticians: Application of criteria of DSM‐IV mood and anxiety disorders to case vignettes

Abstract It is believed in Japan that only psychiatrists are capable of providing reliable psychiatric diagnosis. However, more awareness of mental health issues related to perinatal care means that midwives are now required to have psychiatric diagnostic skills. The purpose of the present paper was to examine how well Japanese midwives agreed with a psychiatrist on diagnoses of different psychiatric disorders. Vignettes of 29 cases including DSM‐IV mood disorders (major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) and anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders, and obsessive‐compulsive disorder) were distributed to 12 Japanese midwives. They decided the DSM‐IV diagnoses independently and compared them with those made by an expert. The kappa coefficients of the diagnoses with a base rate of 0.1 or more were moderate to almost perfect (0.64–0.83). The accuracy of symptom assessment was also satisfactory. Appropriately trained Japanese midwives can use the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders reliably. It is therefore feasible to dispatch midwives who are trained in psychiatric diagnosis to antenatal clinics.
Closed-loop regenerative efficiency testing with electric vehicle bidirectional DC-DC converter

Bidirectional dc-dc converters have been widely used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), fuel cell vehicles (FCV), and electric vehicles (EV). In this paper, a 60 kW, three-phase, bidirectional dc-dc converter prototype for electric vehicle is presented along with experimental results. One important evaluation criterion for any converter is efficiency. Due to the high-power level and the bidirectional characteristic of EV bidirectional dc-dc converter, high power sources and compatible electric loads for both high and low side terminals are needed for efficiency testing; however, such equipments may not be easily available. In order to eliminate the need for high power source and loading equipments and to achieve high accuracy efficiency measurement, a regenerative efficiency testing method is employed. Also, the regenerative efficiency measurement is performed under closed-loop condition that yields consistent and repeatable efficiency test results.
Experimental Analysis of Mastery Learning Criteria

A common personalization approach in educational systems is mastery learning. A key step in this approach is a criterion that determines whether a learner has achieved mastery. We thoroughly analyze several mastery criteria for the basic case of a single well-specified knowledge component. For the analysis we use experiments with both simulated and real data. The results show that the choice of data sources used for mastery decision and setting of thresholds are more important than the choice of a learner modeling technique. We argue that a simple exponential moving average method is a suitable technique for mastery criterion and propose techniques for the choice of a mastery threshold.
Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate atomoxetine treatment effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-only), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid dyslexia (ADHD+D), or dyslexia only on ADHD core symptoms and on sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), working memory, life performance, and self-concept. METHODS Children and adolescents (10-16 years of age) with ADHD+D (n=124), dyslexia-only (n=58), or ADHD-only (n=27) received atomoxetine (1.0-1.4 mg/kg/day) or placebo (ADHD-only subjects received atomoxetine) in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial with a 16 week, open-label extension phase (atomoxetine treatment only). Changes from baseline were assessed to weeks 16 and 32 in ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Parent-Version:Investigator-Administered and Scored (ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv); ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Teacher-Version (ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version); Life Participation Scale-Child- or Parent-Rated Version (LPS); Kiddie-Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (K-SCT) Interview; Multidimensional Self Concept Scale (MSCS); and Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C). RESULTS At week 16, atomoxetine treatment resulted in significant (p<0.05) improvement from baseline in subjects with ADHD+D versus placebo on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Total (primary outcome) and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Interview Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Central Executive component scores; in subjects with Dyslexia-only, atomoxetine versus placebo significantly improved K-SCT Youth subscale scores from baseline. At Week 32, atomoxetine-treated ADHD+D subjects significantly improved from baseline on all measures except MSCS Family subscale and WMTB-C Central Executive and Visuo-spatial Sketchpad component scores. The atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to week 32 on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Phonological Loop and Central Executive component scores. The atomoxetine-treated ADHD-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to Week 32 on ADHDRS-Parent:Inv Total and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Hyperactive/Impulsive subscale, LPS Self-Control and Total, all K-SCT subscales, and MSCS Academic and Competence subscale scores. CONCLUSIONS Atomoxetine treatment improved ADHD symptoms in subjects with ADHD+D and ADHD-only, but not in subjects with dyslexia-only without ADHD. This is the first study to report significant effects of any medication on SCT. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION This study was registered at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home, NCT00607919.
What’s Policy Got to Do with It? How the Structure-Agency Debate Can Illuminate Policy Implementation

How does policy influence human behavior? All theories of policy implementation have at their root assumptions about the nature of human action. Some (e.g., principal-agent theories) emphasize autonomous actors making a series of individual choices to maximize their interests. Studies of policy implementation in this vein (e.g., Lane 2013; Loeb and McEwan 2006; Sabatier and Mazmanian 1980) investigate how policy design—often the balance between sanctions and rewards—shapes individual choices and how that, in turn, relates to intended and unintended outcomes. Other theories (e.g., social networks) focus on the ways that individual action is shaped by social interaction and peer effects. Studies that take a network perspective on implementation (e.g., Coburn, Russell, et al. 2012; Frank et al. 2004) investigate how individuals’ embeddedness in systems of social relations influences what they learn about policy in the first place and how they respond. Other theories of implementation (e.g., sensemaking theory, institutional theory) focus on the way that individuals’ and groups’ interpretations of policy are shaped by cultural ideas available to them in the environment. This approach (e.g., Bridwell-Mitchell 2015; Burch 2007; Coburn 2004; Spillane et al. 2002) investigates how cultural ideas are embedded in social structure, influencing what individuals even think to do as they implement policies in the classroom,
Influence of Ca2+ on conformation and stability of three bacterial hybrid glucanases.

The three hybrid glucanases (1-12)AMY x MAC(13-214), (1-12)AMY x des-Tyr13MAC(14-214); (1-16)AMY x MAC(17-214) are composed of short N-terminal segments of 12 or 16 amino acid residues derived from the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens glucanase (AMY) and of residues 13-214, 14-214 and 17-214, respectively, derived from the Bacillus macerans enzyme (MAC). The three proteins have similar conformational features as shown by the similar characteristics of their CD spectra in the far- and near-ultraviolet region. A metal-ion-binding site was identified in the hybrid glucanase (1-16)AMY x MAC(17-214) by a crystal structure analysis [Keitel, T. , Simon, O. , Borriss, R. & Heinemann, U. (1993) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5287-5291]. Only minor conformational changes of the three hybrid glucanases were observed depending on the presence or absence of Ca2+ ions but for (1-16)AMY x MAC(17-214) and (1-12)AMY x des-Tyr13MAC(14-214) the occupation of this metal-binding site by a Ca2+ ion is connected with a large increase of the stability against thermal and chemical unfolding. Surprisingly, for (1-12)AMY x MAC(13-214), which differs from (1-12)AMY x des-Tyr13MAC(14-214) by only one additional amino acid in an N-terminal loop region, the effect of Ca2+ ions on the stability is small. The exchange of a few amino acid residues near the N-terminus of the B. macerans glucanase against amino acids found at comparable positions in the B. amyloliquefaciens glucanase seems to influence very strongly the strength of the Ca2+ binding site and concomitantly the stability of the hybrid glucanases.
Improved pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling for mapping brain perfusion

To investigate arterial spin labeling (ASL) methods for improved brain perfusion mapping. Previously, pseudo‐continuous ASL (pCASL) was developed to overcome limitations inherent with conventional continuous ASL (CASL), but the control scan (null pulse) in the original method for pCASL perturbs the equilibrium magnetization, diminishing the ASL signal. Here, a new modification of pCASL, termed mpCASL is reported, in which the perturbation caused by the null pulse is reduced and perfusion mapping improved.
Identification and phylogenetic comparison of Salem virus, a novel paramyxovirus of horses.

A virus that could not be identified as a previously known equine virus was isolated from the mononuclear cells of a horse. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped virions with nucleocapsid structures characteristic of viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. The virus failed to hemabsorb chicken or guinea pig red blood cells and lacked neuraminidase activity. Two viral genes were isolated from a cDNA expression library. Multiple sequence alignments of one gene indicated an average identity of 45% as compared to Morbillivirus N protein sequences. A weaker relationship was found with Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV) and Hendra virus (HeV) N proteins. In the second gene, multiple open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, corresponding to the arrangement of the P, V, and C ORFs in the Morbillivirus and Respirovirus viruses. Short stretches in the C-terminal regions of the P and C proteins showed limited homologies to viruses in the Morbillivirus genus but no obvious relationship to viruses in other genera. The V ORF translation product contained a highly conserved, cysteine-rich domain that is common to most viruses in the Paramyxovirinae subfamily. Sequencing of P gene cDNA clones confirmed the use of a cotranscriptional editing mechanism for the regulation of P/V expression. Based on the location of its origin it has been named Salem virus (SalV).
Influence of organIc and InorganIc fertIlIzers on nematode communItIes In cornfIeld

Organic amendments increases soil microbial biomass and nutrient availability, and affect soil nematode community by increasing abundance of bacterivore and fungivore nematodes. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different organic manures (beef manure - BM, horse manure - HM, swine manure - SM, poultry manure - PM), mineral fertilization (MF) and “no amended” plots (control - CO ) on nematode community structure. Research was conducted in 2008, in Krizevci, in northwestern part of Croatia, in field planted with corn (Zea mays L). Nematode communities were analyzed to genus level. Significant differences between treatments were observed in MI and in MI25. Statistically lower MI value in MF plots in compared with CO plots indicates more disturbed environmental conditions. A significant difference between CO and MF, HM and PM plots in MI2-5 value also demonstrates change in nematode communities. Diversity and ecological indexes did not show significant differences between treatments and sensitivity to changes in soil. Changes in nematode community structure in soil food web were affected by addition of organic and inorganic fertilizers in soil, and the most disturbed community was observed in treatment with mineral fertilization. Measures of nematode community were functional in providing the information about processes in soil and reflect differences in soil ecosystem.
Guidelines for the use of extended-release nevirapine in HIV-infected patients

Introduction: Nevirapine (NVP) was the first non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) approved for the treatment of HIV infection and quickly became one of the most extensively used antiretrovirals (ARVs) worldwide. A new extended-formulation of the drug has now been FDA approved for once-daily use. Areas covered: Two recent, randomized and controlled clinical trials have established the clinical noninferiority of a new, extended-release formulation of NVP (NVP XR), in both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. VERxVE demonstrated the noninferiority of NVP XR in treatment-naive patients. Treatment-experienced patients already stable on the NVP immediate-release formulation (NVP IR) were safely transitioned directly to NVP XR in the TRANxITION study. Expert opinion: The advantage of the extended release formulation of NVP is that it permits once-daily dosing, while demonstrating safety and efficacy results that are noninferior to that of the twice-daily formulation. It is expected that patients who are on NVP IR at present will consider switching to NVP XR to achieve regimen simplification by reducing their daily dosing and pill burden. In addition, treatment-naive patients who are considering starting on an NVP-based ARV regimen will probably transition to the extended-release formulation once they have successfully initiated NVP therapy according to current guidelines.
RoClust: Role discovery for graph clustering

Graph clustering, or community detection, is an important task of discovering the underlying structure in a network by clustering vertices in a graph into communities. In the past decades, non-overlapping methods such as normalized cuts and modularity-based methods, which assume that each vertex belongs to a single community, are proposed to discover disjoint communities. On the other hand, overlapping methods such as CPM, which assume that each vertex can belong to multiple communities, have been drawing increasing attention as the assumption fits the reality. In this paper, we show that existing non-overlapping and overlapping methods lack consideration to edges that link a vertex to its neighbors belonging to different communities, which often leads to counter-intuitive results of vertices located near borders of communities. Therefore, we propose a new graph clustering methods named RoClust, which uses three roles, bridges, gateways and hubs to discover communities. Each of the three roles represents a kind of vertices that connect communities. Experimental results show that RoClust outperforms state-of-the-art methods of graph clustering including non-overlapping and overlapping methods.
Adaline-based speed controller of the drive system with elastic joint

This paper presents the application of specific type of neural network - ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Neuron) model for speed control of the drive with elastic coupling. Weights coefficients of this speed controller are adapted on-line during the drive system operation. Described control structure is robust against changes of the inertia moment of the loading machine. Besides, important advantage of the tested controller is simplicity of the design process and its practical implementation. Simulation results and experimental verification are presented.
Examining the Relationship between Paternal Incarceration, Maternal Stress, and Harsh Parenting Behaviors

In response to rise of incarceration, there is a burgeoning literature examining the consequences of incarceration on families. Research has suggested that incarceration negatively impacts the well-being of partners connected to men with an incarceration history. However, research examining the effects of imprisonment on partners of former offenders remains underdeveloped. This area of research has yet to adequately address the methodological challenges associated with selection bias. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N= 2,819) to examine the effect of paternal incarceration on maternal stress and harsh parenting behaviors. Using multiple methods and accounting for a rich set of covariates associated with incarceration, results run counter to existing literature. More specifically, after accounting for selection processes, the results suggest no relationship between paternal incarceration, maternal stress and harsh parenting behaviors. Research needs to address preexisting disadvantages that select partners to associating with criminal offenders.
Fast detection of covert visuospatial attention using hybrid N2pc and SSVEP features

Objective. Detecting the shift of covert visuospatial attention (CVSA) is vital for gaze-independent brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), which might be the only communication approach for severely disabled patients who cannot move their eyes. Although previous studies had demonstrated that it is feasible to use CVSA-related electroencephalography (EEG) features to control a BCI system, the communication speed remains very low. This study aims to improve the speed and accuracy of CVSA detection by fusing EEG features of N2pc and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). Approach. A new paradigm was designed to code the left and right CVSA with the N2pc and SSVEP features, which were then decoded by a classification strategy based on canonical correlation analysis. Eleven subjects were recruited to perform an offline experiment in this study. Temporal waves, amplitudes, and topographies for brain responses related to N2pc and SSVEP were analyzed. The classification accuracy derived from the hybrid EEG features (SSVEP and N2pc) was compared with those using the single EEG features (SSVEP or N2pc). Main results. The N2pc could be significantly enhanced under certain conditions of SSVEP modulations. The hybrid EEG features achieved significantly higher accuracy than the single features. It obtained an average accuracy of 72.9% by using a data length of 400 ms after the attention shift. Moreover, the average accuracy reached ∼80% (peak values above 90%) when using 2 s long data. Significance. The results indicate that the combination of N2pc and SSVEP is effective for fast detection of CVSA. The proposed method could be a promising approach for implementing a gaze-independent BCI.
Cerebral atrophy associated with boxing.

In an article published several years ago in a popular magazine, Blitman1described the mental status of former boxers. He drew on his personal experience; he knew "what it means to be punch drunk. " He vividly depicted momentary loss of coordination, brief mental black-outs, sudden waves of anger, lapses of memory, trembling hands, sharp headaches, dizzy spells, sudden jerkiness, uncontrollable shaking of the head, and ringing in the ears. The author was "one of the lucky ones," however; he "came back almost all the way physically," and his "mind remained whole. " But he emphasized that "there are other men who have trouble holding onto the most menial of jobs," owing to steadily progressive physical, nervous, and mental deterioration. More recently, Critchley2reviewed the older literature and detailed the neurologic aspects of boxing, dealing especially with "the phenomenon of groggy states as apparent during or after a contest; and
An Algorithm for BCH Codes Extended with Finite State Automata

This article develops a combinatorial algorithm for a class of codes extending BCH codes and constructed with finite state automata. Our algorithm computes the largest number of errors that the extended codes can correct, and finds a generator for each optimal code in this class of extensions. The question of finding codes with largest possible information rates remains open.
Human leucocyte antigen typing: techniques and technology, a critical appraisal

Methods for the identification of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) have changed significantly since this group of polymorphic proteins were first characterized by serological reagents in the 1960s and 1970s. The invention and development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been key in the progress of methods for HLA genotyping. As the complexity of HLA polymorphism has unravelled so it has exposed the weaknesses in techniques such as PCR – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Reference Strand Mediated Conformation Analysis (RSCA), which are no longer in use today. Methods which have been considered routine laboratory tools in recent years, such as Sequence‐Specific Primer – PCR and Sequencing Based Typing (SBT) are now also threatened with extinction, not only because of the depth of HLA variation but also because of the rapid development of Next Generation Sequencing and technologies which will follow this. This review describes the merits and disadvantages of current technologies available to HLA Typing laboratories, future trends and the problems posed by new alleles.