Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isolasi dan Pengukuran Aktivitas Enzim Bromelin dari Ekstrak Kasar Batang Nanas (Ananas comosus) Berdasarkan Variasi pH

This research aims to determine the highest protein content and the optimum activity of the enzyme bromelain extracted from pineapple stem. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Makassar Alauddin State Islamic University in May 2013. Variable in this study was the isolation and measurement of bromelain enzyme activity as the independent variable while the crude extract of pineapple stem by variations in pH as the dependent variable. The type of this research was experiments with bradford method for determination of protein content enzyme bromelain, with ammonium sulfate concentration variation for precipitation was 10-60%, as well as the determination of the enzyme bromelain activity at variation pH was 4.0; 5.0, 6.0; 7.0 and 8.0, at 650C temperature with incubation time was 10 minutes. Each stage has done three times in repetition and analyzed spectrometry. The results showed the highest levels of protein precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 60% was 37,785 mg/ml. While the optimum pH of the enzyme bromelain activity at pH 6.0 was 1.021 activity units /gram. Keywords: bromelain enzyme, Pineapple stem (Ananas comosus), precipitation with ammonium sulfate, protein contents, pH
13 Luminous Bacteria

Luminous bacteria are those bacteria that carry the lux genes, genes that code for proteins involved in light production. Many luminous bacteria emit light at high, easily visible levels in laboratory culture and in nature, and the phenomenon of light emission has generated interest in these bacteria for over 125 years. Luminous bacteria are especially common in ocean environmentswheretheycolonize avarietyofhabitats, butsome species are found in brackish, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Thischapter,which begins withanhistorical perspective,summarizes current understanding of the biochemistry and genetics of bacterial light emission, the taxonomy and phylogenetics of light-emitting bacteria, the evolutionary origins and hypothesized physiological and ecological functions of bacterial luminescence,the distributions and activities of these bacteria in nature, their symbiotic interactions with animals and especially with marine fishes, and the quorum sensing regulatory circuitry controlling light production at the operon level. This chapter concludes with information on the isolation, cultivation, storage, and identification of luminous bacteria.
Isolation and Identification of Ammonia Degrading Bacteria from Marine Shrimp and Crab Polyculture Ponds

In this study,17 ammonia degrading bacterial strains were isolated from the sediments of shrimp and crab polyculture ponds by selective medium with(NH4)2SO4as exclusive nitrogen source,and then a strain X14-1-1with the maximal degrading rate was screened from the isolated bacterial strains by detecting the ammonia degrading ability.The strain X14-1-1had ammonia degradation rate of 96.7%(1.65mg/L for ammonia)at initial ammonia concentration of 50mg/L and 74.0% at initial ammonia concentration of 5mg/L within 72 h,and showed nitrite degradation rate of 67.2% within 72 h.The X14-1-1as a short Gram-negative bacillus with a size of 1.47—2. 54μm×0.37—0. 53μm has white and round colonies on plate,and was identified as Pseudomonas oleovorans by morphological,physiological,and biochemical tests and 16 SrRNA gene sequence analysis.The strain known as P.oleovorans X14-1-1shows a potential role in regulation of water quality and degradation of ammonia and nitrite in aquaculture wastes.
Microsatellite Polymorphisms and Population Genetic Structure of Elaphurus davidianus in Beijing Milu Park

Pere David's deer Elaphurus davidianus is one of the endangered species of China and is a nationally 1st tier protected species.The wild population of Pere David's deer(also known as milu deer)went extinct in the 19th century.In 1985 and 1987,the Chinese government re-introduced 38 milu individuals obtained from Woburn Abbey in the United Kingdom.These founders were released and bred in their own in Beijing Milu Park,and now,the population has exceeded 1000 individuals(including those offspring which have since been transferred to zoos and research facilities around China). 25 polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to analyses the genetic diversity of this re-introduction species based on 167 samples from two populations in China,namely Beijing Milu Park population and Zhejiang Lin'an populations.The results showed that:the mean number of observed alleles per locus was 2.16,the average expected heterozygosity values was 0.370,and the mean polymorphisms information is 0.301. All these result indicates that the genetic diversity of two populations was poor.In order to promote sustainable development of milu populations,we should exchange milu individuals from other populations,such as from Dafeng milu population,to enhance the inheritance gene heterozygosity.
Surface Topography and Grain Morphology of Nanolayer TiAlN/TiSIN Coating Governed by Substrate Material and Rotation during Deposition

Nanolayer TiAlN/TiSiN coating is one of the most advanced contemporary protective coatings. It has been applied for protection of machining tools, forming tools, and die casting tools. However, due to its versatile properties, there is a high potential for broadening its application, for example for protection of biomedical implants. Each application requires specific base materials, for example cold working steels are used for forming, while stainless steels are applied for biomedical purposes. Different materials and their pre-treatment might result in different coating properties even if coating was conducted in a single batch. Real tools and components have complex geometries, and as such require a multiple-axis rotation during the deposition. Among other properties, grain morphology and surface topography are of great importance in a real application. Since systematic studies on the effect of substrate materials and rotation during deposition on these properties are very scarce, in this article we studied TiAlN/TiSiN coating magnetron sputtered on five different substrates, prepared with 1‑fold, 2-fold, and 3-fold rotations. Cold-work tool steel (X153CrMoV12), hot-work tool steel (X37CrMoV5-1), plasma nitrided hot-work tool steel, surgical stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-3), and cemented carbide (WC/Co) were used as substrate materials. 3D stylus profilometry and atomic force microscopy were used for evaluation of micro and nano topography. The coated surgical steel has the highest roughness (Sa) which corresponds to the highest number of coating growth defects. However, the size of the individual growth defects was considerably smaller for this substrate than for other substrate materials. The observed difference is linked to differences in the concentration of specific carbides contained in a specific steel. Since different carbides have different polishing and ion-etching rates, coatings on different steels may have different concertation of defects. Columnar grain analysis revealed that coating on surgical steel exhibited the smallest column diameter (125 nm) and their highest uniformity. Column diameter on other substrates is around 215 nm, while hot-working tool steel exhibited the largest columns (235 nm). Such finding suggests that the same coating may exhibit different mechanical properties on different substrates. Coatings produced with the higher degree of rotation (2-fold, 3-fold) have less defects and smoother surface. There was no clear trend between columnar grain size and number of rotational degrees.
Protective Mechanisms of Unsaponifiable Matter from Rice Bran Against Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in HepG2 Cells

Rice bran is rich source of phytochemicals, such as phytosterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, policosanols, γ-oryzanol, triterpene alcohol and other minor compounds. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of unsaponifiable matter from rice bran on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of USM (0–100 µg/mL) for 6 h and oxidative stress was induced by TBHP. The result indicated that pretreatment of HepG2 cells with USM significantly reduced TBHP-induced oxidative damage, as determined by cell cytotoxicity and intracellular reactive oxygen species generations. USM activated nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and subsequently enhanced the expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes including heme oxygenase-1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, and NADPH: quinine oxidoreductase-1. These results suggest that USM-mediated up-regulation of phase II detoxifying enzymes via Nrf2-signaling pathways may provide a pivotal mechanism for its hepatoprotective action. Practical Applications Rice bran is a major byproduct of the rice milling process and is produced every year in an enormous amount in Korea. Rice bran is mainly used as animal feed, cooking oil, and cosmetics. It contains important bioactive compounds. This study provides biological evidence that supports the use of rice bran unsaponifiable matter (USM) in the prevention of oxidative damage. The assessment of the protective mechanism of rice bran USM against oxidative damage may give insight into its application as bioactive ingredients in the production and development of functional foods.
The evolution and genetics of Drosophila melanogaster and the sigma virus

Parasites shape the evolution of their hosts and hosts shape the evolution of their parasites. Understanding how these reciprocal selective forces drive evolutionary dynamics is crucial in the fight against infectious disease, and requires knowledge of the genetics of both the host organisms and parasites. In this thesis, I use phylogenetic, molecular, and quantitative genetic techniques to explore the impact of coevolutionary genetic change using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the sigma virus— a negative sense RNA virus that occurs in natural D. melanogaster populations throughout the world. Following a general introduction in Chapter 1 and a description of the general materials and methods used throughout this work (Chapter 2), I describe, in Chapter 3, the isolation and characterisation of new sigma-viral isolates collected from Europe and North America. With these new isolates, I show that the sigma virus has very low levels of viral genetic diversity across Europe and North America compared to other RNA viruses. Based on laboratory measurements of the viral substitution rate, I suggest that most European and North American viral isolates shared a common ancestor approximately 200 years ago, and offer two possible explanations for this: the first is that D. melanogaster has recently acquired the sigma virus; the second is that a single viral type has recently swept through D. melanogaster populations. I go on to examine the population structure of these new viral isolates and find that in contrast to Drosophila populations, the sigma viral populations are highly structured. This is surprising for a vertically transmitted pathogen that has a similar migration rate to its host. I suggest that the low structure in the viral populations can be explained by the smaller effective population size of the virus. In Chapter 4, I examine the susceptibility of D. melanogaster to five of the viral isolates described in Chapter 3 to investigate whether specificity exists in this system, and if it does, whether it generates tradeoffs between resistance against different pathogen genotypes, thereby maintaining variation. To investigate this, I measured the transmission rate of five viral isolates in fly lines with different first, second and
THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT MODERATION IN CASH FLOW SENSITIVITY TO EXTERNAL FINANCING OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES

This study aims to test the pecking order theory by looking at the level of cash flow sensitivity as a source of internal financing for all types of external financing (debt and equity). This testing also considering the financial constraint variable as moderation. The data used are the financial statements of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014 2018. The dependent variable is all types of external financing (debt and equity). Debt financing is divided into two forms, short-term debt financing and long-term debt financing. While the independent variable is cash flow. The results obtained is that cash flow does not substitute all types of external financing, and the highest cash flow sensitivity occurs in short-term debt financing. The next result is that financial constraint strengthen the sensitivity of cash flow to debt and equity financing.
Standard Metabolism of the Juvenile Crab Eriocheir sinensis

The standard metabolism of the juvenile Eriocheir sinensis collected from Shanghai were studied under their non feeding and resting conditions from Oct. to Dec of 1998 and 1999,respectively.The results showed that oxygen consumption,CO 2 production and ammonia N excretion of the juvenile crab weight (2 70±1 40)g were (0 414±0 091)mg·g -1 ·h -1 ,(0 476±0 125)mg·g -1 ·h -1 and (4 179±1 171)μg·g -1 ·h -1 at (20±0 5)℃,respectively.Respiratory quotients,oxygen nitrogen ratio and metabolic substrate ratio were used to describe the substrate metabolism of crabs.It indicated that oxidation of lipid dominated energy metabolism while carbohydrate and protein were the second and the third sources of energy metabolism,and energy ratio of protein,carbohydrate and lipid in metabolic substrate of the crabs was 7 3∶38 8∶53 9.The rate of oxygen consumption of juvenile crabs( R 0)was remarkably affected by the level of oxygen dissolved in water,and negatively correlated with the body weight ( W ) of the crabs ( R 0=0 8403 W -0 7265 , n =33, r =-0 9097, P 0 01).
EXPRESSION OF SOME ANTIOXIDANT GENES IN SUNFLOWER INFECTED WITH BROOMRAPE

Expression levels of ROS-scavenging genes (MnSODI, APX3 and AOX1A) in leaves (R5 stage; 90 days after sowing) of seven sunflower genotypes infected with three Orobanche cumana Wallr. populations were assayed in plants with/without broomrape aerial shoots and control group. Five lines were highly susceptible to all three populations. MS- 2161A was resistant and MS-2039A was tolerant to broomrape populations. The expression of studied genes was much more altered in highly susceptible genotypes than in those resistant. Significant differences in number of cases of ROS- scavenging genes with modified transcriptional activity in infected and non-symptomatic plants were not ascertained. The transcriptional activity of MnSODI, APX3 and AOX1A genes was weakly influenced by infection with broomrape (67 % cases) or was down-regulated (24 % cases). Some up-regulation cases (9 %) for MnSODI (MS-2039) and AOX1A gene (MS-2067) were revealed. AOX1A was the most responsive gene, especially when infection was produced by population from Anenii Noi.
Examining cannabis protective behavioral strategy use using multiple methods.

Purpose – Cannabis use among young adults is increasing, despite being associated with several negative consequences. Protective behavioral strategies (PBSs) are a potential mechanism of behavior change for reducing substance use, yet PBS use for cannabis is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to further define and measure the PBS construct for cannabis. Design/methodology/approach – A community sample of cannabis users (n = 54) participated in eight focus groups discussing the use of PBSs. Participants completed surveys regarding demographics, cannabis use habits and cannabis problems. The authors also administered an existing measure of cannabis PBS and asked them to generate new or unique protective strategies that they had used or had heard of others using. Findings – Thematic analysis of qualitative focus group data provided information about cannabis users' reasons for regulating cannabis use (e.g. health or legal problems, interpersonal) as well as strategies to moderate cannabis use or attenuate their risk for experiencing adverse consequences (e.g. distraction, existential/spiritual strategies). Analyses of quantitative survey data revealed that use of PBSs was negatively correlated with cannabis outcomes. Perceived helpfulness of strategies was an important predictor of decreased cannabis use and adverse consequences. Research limitations/implications – Findings expand the understanding of the definition and measurement of strategies for regulating cannabis use and reducing related risk of experiencing adverse consequences. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine cannabis-related PBS using both qualitative and quantitative methods, which provide insights into the definition of PBS and for future refinements of PBS measurement.
A Multi-scale Study on the Vegetation-environment Relationship of a Mountain Forest Transect

In order to evaluate and constrast the relative effects of topography and other “direct” environmental factors on vegetation, a forest transect of subtropical mountain was sampled along with the habitat factors. The horizontal patterns were analyzed for tree, shrub and herb layers. Multivariate regression and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were applied for contrasting the effects of different environmental factors on the variation of vegetation pattern at 4 scales analyzed. The results are as following: (1)The topographic characteristics are critical for the spatial variations of vegetation. Among the soil Characteristics,soil depth is the most important. (2)Correlations of varied degrees exist not only among the topographic factors except exposure,but also between them,canopy gap,and chemical and physical properties of soil.Shown the topographic controls on gap disturbance and soil erosion. As an integrated reflections of habitat conditions, the relationship between the coverage of tree, shrub and herb layers and abiotic factors showed difference of ecological habits between the understory shrub and herb species. (3)The correlations among the habitat factors are stable on all scales analyzed. However, as the scale enlarges, the microscale habitat heterogeneity is smoothed away, and the prominence of correlation between the factors decreases gradually. (4)From the scale of 5×5m 2 to 5×40m 2,the percentage of interpretation to vegetation variance in tree, shrub and herb layers by the habitat factors increase doubly as the scale doubled. The chief cause for this increase is the number but not the scale of the sampling plots. (5)The interpreted percent of vegetation variance by topography is close to that of all the “direct” habitat factors such as soil properties and light condition. However, comparing with other aspects of habitat factors, topographic properties is the most effective in interpretation of vegetation variations at all analyzing scales. The significance of sampling size and number was discussed on the base of comparison with previous studies.
Decision-Making Analysis using Arduino-Based Electroencephalography (EEG): An Exploratory Study for Marketing Strategy

Business technology has brought conventional marketing methods to the next level. These emerging integrated technologies has contributed to the growth and understanding of the consumer decision making process. Several studies have attempted to evaluate media content, especially on video advertising or TV commercials using various neuroimaging techniques such as the electroencephalography (EEG) device. Currently, the use of neuroscience in Malaysia’s marketing research is very limited due to its limited adoption as an emerging technology in this field. This research uncovers the neuroscientific approach, particularly through the use of an EEG device; examining consumers’ responses in terms of brain wave signals and cognition. A proposed theoretical framework on the factors affecting visual stimulus (movement, color, shape, and light) during the decision-making process by watching video advertising had been customized using two conceptual models of sensory stimulation. Ten respondents participated in the experiment to investigate the spectral changes of alpha brain wave signals detected in the occipital lobe. A 2-channel Arduino-based EEG device from Backyard Brains and Spike Recorder software was used to analyze the EEG signal through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. Results obtained from the investigated population showed that there was statistically significant brain wave activity during the observation of the video advertising which demonstrated the interconnection with short-term memory through visual stimulus. Application of the neuroscience tool helped to explore consumer brain responses towards marketing stimuli with regards to the consumers’ decision-making processes. This study manifests a useful tool for neuromarketing and concludes with a discussion, together with recommendations on the way forward.
Changes in nitric oxide level and nitric oxide synthase and sensitivity to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in serum of white leg shrimp exposed to sudden changes in water temperature

Changes in nitric oxide(NO)concentration,nitric oxide synthase(NOS) activity and lysozyme activity in serum and mortality due to infection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were determined in white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to sudden changes in water temperature from 25℃ to 22℃(Group A),25℃ to 19℃(Group B),25℃ to 16℃(Group C) and exposed to constant water temperature 25℃(Control Group). The results showed that nitric oxide concentration,nitric oxide synthase activity and bacteriolytic activity in shrimp serum were not significantly different from that of the control group 6 hours after sudden changes.24 hours after sudden changes,however,there were significantly higher NOS activity and NO concentration in Group B than that in Control Group.But NOS activity in Group C decreased significantly.And bacteriolytic activity in the shrimp serum was not significantly different from that in Control Group 24 hours after sudden changes.At same time,mortality(58.3%) due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Group C was significantly higher than that in Control Group(33.3%). These results showed that nitric oxide synthase activity,and bacteriolytic activity reduced in the serum from the shrimp exposed to sudden water temperature change,indicating that the shrimp had low resistance to diseases.
Genetic characteristics of introduced birds and mammals

Introduced populations of birds and mammals may have genetic characteristics differing from those of naturally occurring populations. Such populations are often created by translocation of small numbers of individuals. This leads to founder effects and subsequent genetic drift, often resulting in larger differences in allozyme patterns between introduced populations than between naturally established populations. In many cases, a large proportion of alleles has been lost a few generations after the introduction. Under certain conditions, the mean level of heterozygosity is also severely reduced. Theoretically, a reduction in the number of alleles in a population will result in a lowered potential to track environmental changes, but there is scant evidence for this in introduced wildlife. Likewise, evidence is lacking for inbreeding depression occurring in introduced populations of birds and mammals in the wild. Finally, some conclusions are drawn concerning management strategies for wildlife introductions with respect to genetic considerations.