Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Australasian species of Macowanites are sequestrate species of Russula (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota)

Australian taxa of the sequestrate genus Macowanites were examined by using LSU and ITS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA and found to be paraphyletic within the agaricoid genus Russula. The type of the genus Macowanites, M. agaricinus, is described here as a generic synonym of Russula and an emended description of the genus Russula is provided. Descriptions and illustrations of nine new species, Russula albidoflava T.Lebel, R. albobrunnea T.Lebel, R. brunneonigra T.Lebel, R. galbana T.Lebel, R. pumicoidea T.Lebel, R. reddellii T.Lebel, R. rostraticystidia T.Lebel, R. sinuata T.Lebel and R. variispora T.Lebel, from Australia, are presented. Nomenclatural changes for five previously published Australasian species are also proposed.
Impact of oceanic upwelling on morphometric and molecular indices of an intertidal fish Scartichthys viridis (Blenniidae)

Upwelling is a determinant factor for intertidal community structure on all coasts where it occurs. Most of the evidence has been obtained from sessile species or those with limited mobility and it is still unknown whether nutrients are transferred from primary producers to upper trophic levels in upwelling systems. We studied a fish species from two localities in Central Chile, Quintay, and Las Cruces, the former affected by upwelling and the latter not as evidenced by sea surface temperatures. Specimens of the herbivorous fish Scartichthys viridis, from the two sites were compared for weight–length relationships and RNA : DNA ratio in muscle tissue. The results showed that in the upwelling zone, fish increase their weight faster and have greater RNA : DNA ratios than those from the non-upwelling zone. This suggests that nutrient subsidies can alter the performance of key intertidal vertebrates such as S. viridis. The consequences of this effect on community structure and dynamics are not known.
Sequestration of Cross-linked Membrane Molecules to Caveolae in Two Different Pathways

Various membrane molecules are sequestered to caveolae when cross-linked by antibodies or other multivalent ligands. One of the molecules, β2-microglobulin (β2m) in human fibroblasts, is known to line-up along actin filaments when bound with antibodies. In the present study we questioned whether other molecules show a similar distributional change before sequestration to caveolae. To compare with the anti-β2m antibody, two probes were used: cholera toxin B subunit (CTX-B), which binds to ganglioside GM1, and biotinylated and nicked θ-toxin (BC θ), which recognizes raft cholesterol. BCθ showed a tendency to line-up longitudinally, which was similar to, but less obvious than the anti-β2m antibody. In contrast, CTX-B did not show any sign of linear arrangement. Despite the difference, the anti-β2m antibody and CTX-B eventually concentrated to caveolae and were incorporated into the same endo-lysosomal compartment. The result suggests that cross-linked plasma membrane molecules take two different routes to caveolae, one along actin filaments and the other independent of them.
Primary Settlement Substrate of Scallop, Zygochlamys patagonica (King and Broderip, 1832) (Mollusca: Pectinidae) in Fishing Grounds in the Argentine Sea

Abstract The Patagonian scallop (Zygochlamys patagonica) fishery started in the Argentine Sea after exploratory cruises developed during 1995. Knowledge concerning the habitat requirements involved in the settlement processes of the target species was lacking. The main objectives of this study are to find Z. patagonica spat and to assess the characteristics and distribution of its primary settlement substrate (PSS). We observed under binocular microscope different invertebrate species (potential PSS) collected during 2006 from 125 sampling sites between 37° to 44°S and 83–133 m depth. Spat were found on the hydroid Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (n = 215) and on adult Patagonian scallops (n = 51, attached to the encrusting sponge Iophon proximum, amphipod, and polychaete tubes in nearly half of the cases). To analyze possible interactions between the benthic assemblage and scallop spat throughout the study area, we performed a faunal analysis including the species considered potential PSS (hydroids and scallops) and potential predators. The analysis showed a unique cluster of species closely associated, with variable abundance of hydroids (higher in samples with spat), scallops, and predators. A particular study in MDQ Area (38°S) shows that the sites where spat was collected presented lower density of potential predators and had been scarcely fished in comparison with the other sites within the area. The availability of PSS should be monitored and areas with dense patches of dichotomous hydroids should be protected from trawling.
HOST‐PLANT PREFERENCES AND THEIR INDUCTION IN LARVAE OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR

When first‐instar larvae of gypsy moths are given a choice between red oak and white oak, American beech, red maple, or grey birch, red oak is preferred. Excluding red oak, beech is then highly preferred by first instars; whereas maple is strongly rejected by all tested instars. Second instars can be induced to feed on a host plant by rearing them on that host plant, but strong preference for oak is retained regardless of previous feeding experience. Larval feeding on a synthetic diet did not make an unacceptable plant subsequently acceptable, but did increase tolerance for a normally less acceptable species. The relationship between acceptability and budbreak is discussed.
The construction of recA–deficient Rhizobium meliloti and R. leguminosarum strains marked with gusA or luc cassettes for use in risk–assessment studies

A vector system was developed employing the recA genes of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae as target sequences for the stable genomic integration of foreign DNA. The plasmid vectors can be used either as integration vectors (single cross–over), or as gene replacement vectors (double cross–over). Gene replacement results in the antibiotic–marker–free integration of cloned DNA into the recA genes of R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae. Consequently, the recombinant strains become recombination deficient (RecA‐). The expression of integrated genes is under the control of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptll) promoter of transposon Tn5. The system was used to construct recA mutant strains of R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum by. viciae, carrying the Escherichia coli gusA gene encoding β–glucuronidase as well as the firefly (Photinus pyralis) luc gene encoding luciferase as marker genes. The GUS activity in the constructed strains was found to be absolutely stable over more than 100 generations of non–selective growth in liquid culture. The stability was also confirmed in root–nodule passages. In addition, the potential use of the luc gene as a stable genetic marker in the unequivocal identification of tagged strains among indigenous microbes in non–sterile soil was demonstrated. It is proposed to use bioluminescent recA mutants as model organisms in risk assessment studies with genetically engineered Rhizobium strains.
Establishment and Growth of Living Fence Species: An Overlooked Tool for the Restoration of Degraded Areas in the Tropics

Numerous tree species can establish by vegetative means in the tropics. Many are used in agriculture as living fences and in alley cropping and could also be used in a restorational setting. However, little is known about their establishment ability. This study evaluated the establishment ability and cover development of multiple species in three separate field trials in northern Honduras. First, 11 species were evaluated for their ability to establish in a common garden experiment. Second, of the former species, Bursera simaruba and Gliricidia sepium were evaluated for 2 years for their ability to establish vegetatively and develop cover at three deforested sites. Lastly, a study examined whether greater initial stake height and diameter at breast height increased the establishment success and crown development of G. sepium stakes. First, five species, Erythrina berteroana, Erythrina fusca, Jatropha curcas, G. sepium, and B. simaruba, had high establishment success. Others showed promise but may have been planted in the wrong season. Second, establishment for G. sepium was nearly 100% at all sites, whereas B. simaruba ranged from 30–50%. Gliricidia sepium stakes developed more rapidly and attained greater cover than B. simaruba. Dry season planting may increase the establishment success of both species. Lastly, greater initial stake height and diameter at breast height each resulted in greater crown development for G. sepium. The use of living fence species as a restorational tool has been overlooked. Aside from the advantages of planting tree species vegetatively, species can act as seed recruitment foci by attracting seed dispersers and provide shade to improve microclimatic conditions for seedling establishment. The technique described is simple and could have broad application throughout tropical regions.
Flor Yeast Proteomics under a Biofilm and under a Non-Biofilm Forming Conditions: Biological Processes in which more abundant Proteins are involved

In the Sherry wine elaboration process carried out in specific regions around the world, Saccharomyces cerevisiae â€œflorâ€ yeast develops a velum (biofilm) on the wine surface. This velum remains along several years during the so called â€œbiological agingâ€ process and it contributes to the typical wine organoleptic properties. Besides biofilm formation, some others biological processes are regarded as essentials for the flor yeasts to survive. The aim of this work is to identify other biological processes apart from the biofilm formation which can be required for the flor yeast to survive in a biological aging condition. OFFGEL fractionator coupled to LTQ Orbitrap XL MS equipment were used trying to identify the maximum possible number of proteins in a biofilm forming condition (BFC) and under a reference non-biofilm forming condition (NBFC). Further, proteins were quantified and sorted by biological processes GO Terms by using the SGD database. Higher abundant proteins related with nucleus organization, cellular respiration, oligosaccharide metabolic process were found in the BFC. In the NBFC, proteins related with RNA splicing, ribosomal subunit export from nucleus and protein dephosphorylation were more abundant. Biological processes mentioned in this study may be essential for the flor yeast to survive in a BFC such as wines biologically aged. Genetic experiments are needed to definitively confirm the necessity of these proteins synthesis. All together may lead to the genetic improvement of flor yeast strains aimed to enhance their survival during the biological aging process and hence the whole Sherry wine elaboration process.
First record of Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) in Slovakia

The entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga was found for the first time in Slovakia in 2013. Late instar larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, from two sites with different population densities were dissected to evaluate the presence of pathogens. The presence of conidia and resting spores of E. maimaiga in gypsy moth cadavers was confirmed from both sites.
The effects of consumer's subjective and objective knowledge on perceptions and attitude towards genetically modified foods: objective knowledge as a determinant

Summary Consumer's knowledge and perceptions are suspected of playing key roles in the formation of consumer's attitudes to genetically modified foods (GM foods). Specifically, the study distinguishes between consumer's objective and subjective knowledge and also distinguishes between risk and benefit perceptions. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact paths from consumer's different types of knowledge to consumer's attitudes towards GM foods purchase. A structural equation model (SEM) is constructed, and an empirical test is done using data from 570 consumer respondents collected from five representative cities in China. Interestingly, the paths from subjective knowledge to benefit perceptions (βH1 = −0.098, P = 0.085) and risk perceptions (βH2 = 0.098, P = 0.113) indicate that both the two paths are not significant, while the paths from objective knowledge to benefit receptions (βH3 = 0.769, P < 0.001) and risk perceptions (βH4 = −0.578, P < 0.001) imply that objective knowledge exerts great influence both on benefit and risk perceptions. That is to say, consumers’ objective knowledge rather than subjective knowledge plays an important role in the formation of consumer's attitudes to GM foods in urban China. This result is very different from (AgBioForum, 7, 2004 and 113). At the same time, the results show that in urban China, consumer's attitude towards GM Foods is significantly influenced both by benefit perceptions (βH5 = 0.649, P < 0.001) and risk perceptions (βH6 = −0.286, P < 0.001) but is mainly determined by benefit perceptions, and consumer's attitude towards GM foods is significantly related to his or her attitude towards GM foods purchase. Finally, recommendations for relevant industries and regulating agencies in the GM foods area and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The “Spring Rise” in the Nematode Egg-Count of Sheep

1. Observations carried out on four groups of sheep during the spring of 1954 are described. 2. A spring-rise in the worm-egg output was found to occur in all the groups studied. 3. The management of the animals precluded rcinfestation during the spring and, in two instances, from 8th January and 22nd, respectively. 4. Time of lambing and nutritional level appeared to influence the onset and magnitude of the spring increase.
Structural and functional features of the leaves of Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix., a freshwater submerged macrophophyte

AZA, 5-Acetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulphonamide CA, carbonic anhydrase DIC, dissolved inorganic carbon Hepes, A-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1 piperazine-ethane sulfonic acid IC, inorganic carbon PAR, photosynthetic active radiation PATAg, periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate Tris, tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane The structural and physiological strategies developed by the leaves of the freshwater macrophyte Ranunculus trichophyllus to adapt to submersed life were studied. Photosynthesis is carried out mainly by the epidermis cells of the numerous segments into which the leaf is finely dissected. In these cells, containing most of the chloroplasts, a peculiar organization of the wall has been identified by cytochemical tests. A thin compact outer region covers the cell surface and splits up forming large lacunae between adjacent cells. Below it, a thick and loose inner region rich in hydrophilic pectic acids occurs, which grows in along the cell sides giving rise to wide transfer areas. In this latter cell wall region, in which the cell/environment contact and exchanges are amplified, the systems for inorganic carbon supply to photosynthetic cells operate. The leaves of R. trichophyllus can rely on environmental CO2 and HCO3– as sources of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis. A mechanism for bicarbonate utilization seems to involve its conversion to CO2 by an apoplastic carbonic anhydrase, whose activity gains importance as the availability of environmental CO2 decreases. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that in this species CO2 can also be obtained from HCO3– by a photodependent increase in plasmamembrane H+-ATPase activity in the transfer areas of the epidermis cells. This is the first time that such a mechanism has been noted in a nonpolar leaf of a submerged macrophyte.
Ten-year growth and nutrition effects of a straw treatment and of repeated fertilization on jack pine

Straw was added over snow to smother ground vegetation (straw experiment) in sample plots in a 45-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand in Quebec. Sample plots in the same stand were fertilized six times with N, P, and K in a 10-year period to maintain four foliar N regimes (optimum nutrition experiment). Smothering of ground vegetation with straw improved N nutrition and produced a sustained increase in tree growth. Sustained growth increases were obtained by repeated applications of 56 kg N/ha associated with 1.4% N foliar concentrations in current foliage. Gross volume increments of about 3 m3 • ha−1 • year−1 were sustained with these low applications. Repeated heavy N applications killed trees and reduced growth. Repeated additions of P and K with N did not produce appreciable differences in response from additions of N alone. Increment cores showed the annual development in growth as increasing over most of the 10-year period for low repeated N additions, and as increased and stable over th.
Performance, meat fatty acid profile and meat colour of dairy bulls finished on grazed pasture or grass silage-based diets with similar concentrate allowances

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the impact of grazed grass (PAS bulls) and grass silage-based (UB bulls) diets on the performance, intramuscular fatty acid composition and muscle colour of finishing dairy bulls with similar concentrate allowances, ages and carcass weights. There were no differences in gain, carcass conformation, carcass fat score or meat colour between treatments. The dressing proportion of the PAS bulls was 3% higher than that of the UB bulls (p<0.01). The Longissimus muscle (LM) of the UB bulls contained a higher proportion of 14:0 and 16:0 fatty acids and saturated fatty acids than that of the PAS bulls (p<0.05). The LM of the PAS bulls contained a higher proportion of 18:1n-7, 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3 fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids than that of the UB bulls (p<0.05). There were no differences in the 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid or monounsaturated fatty acid profiles between treatments.
α1-Adrenoreceptors regulate only the caveolae-located subpopulation of cardiac KV4 channels

In ventricular myocytes, α1-AR stimulates Gas proteins and reduces the transient outward K+ current (Ito) via a cAMP/PKA-mediated pathway and thus regulates cardiac contraction and excitability. This Ito reduction is compartmentalized and limited to discrete membrane regions since PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the Ito channels after α1-AR stimulation requires the integrity of both the sarcoplasmic membrane and the cytoskeleton. The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the compartmentalization of the PKA-dependent modulation of Ito in response to α1-AR activation. Ito current recordings were performed by the Patch-Clamp technique. Membrane rafts from isolated ventricular myocytes were extracted by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. The different proteins were visualized by western blot and protein-protein interactions determined by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Localization of Ito channel in caveolae, particular subtypes of membrane rafts, was achieved by electron microscopy. Patch-Clamp recordings show that a functional supramolecular complex, kept together by the A kinase anchoring protein AKAP100, exist in caveolae in living myocytes. Density gradients and immunoprecipitation experiments show that the components of the a1-AR/Ito pathway localize in caveolae, forming two different groups of proteins. The KV4.2/KV4.3 channel forms a supramolecular complex with PKA through AKAP100 and is attached to caveolae by interacting with caveolin-3. On the other hand, α1-AR, Gas and adenylate cyclase gather in a second group also connected to caveolin-3. Therefore, both groups of preassembled proteins are maintained in close proximity by caveolin-3. A different Ito channel population localizes in non-caveolar membrane rafts and is not sensitive to a1-adrenergic regulation.
Effects of intermediate silvicultural treatments on the distribution of within-stand growth

The distribution of within-stand basal area growth following silvicultural treatments was investigated using a relative size–relative growth (RSG) function. The effects of thinning on the distribution of tree basal area, including changes in location or scale, can be incorporated into the estimation of the RSG function parameters. Additional stand growth due to fertilization can also be allocated to individual trees using the same RSG function, since the contribution of a tree's response to total stand treatment response depends on its relative size in the stand. Statistical tests and validation of the RSG function indicated that thinning and fertilization do not alter the characteristic relationships between tree size, stand density, stand structure, and the relative distribution of growth across size classes within a stand. Therefore, silvicultural treatment growth responses predicted at a whole-stand level of resolution can be disaggregated to a list of individual trees using the RSG function developed.
The natural history, thermal physiology, and ecological impacts of intertidal mesopredators, Oedoparena spp. (Diptera: Dryomyzidae)

The ecological roles of small (1–1000 mg) predators in benthic marine systems are poorly understood. We investigated the natural history and predatory impact of one group of such mesopredators—larvae of dipteran flies in the genus Oedoparena—which prey on intertidal barnacles. We 1) quantified patterns of larval Oedoparena distribution and abundance in the Northwest Straits of Washington State, USA, 2) determined larval physiological tolerance limits in the laboratory, and 3) conducted a manipulative field experiment to assess the role of microhabitat temperature on predation rates in Oedoparena. Members of Oedoparena in Washington are univoltine, with peak larval abundance in late spring and early summer. Infestation frequencies in the barnacles Balanus glandula and Chthamalus dalli were as high as 22% and 35%, respectively. In laboratory studies, larvae of O. glauca were able to tolerate temperatures up to 37°C; however, this temperature is often exceeded in high intertidal habitats. In a field manipulation using experimental shades, we demonstrate that the alleviation of physiological stress greatly increased the abundance of larvae of Oedoparena spp. As a result of increased larval densities under shades, adult B. glandula mortality increased from 5% to nearly 30%, and C. dalli mortality increased from less than 20% to over 60%. Because high intertidal barnacles serve as food and habitat for a diverse array of species, Oedoparena spp. have the potential to play a major role in structuring high intertidal communities, particularly in cooler microhabitats.