Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE STRIKINGLY SIMILAR RELATION BETWEEN SATELLITE AND CENTRAL GALAXIES AND THEIR DARK MATTER HALOS SINCE z = 2

Satellite galaxies in rich clusters are subject to numerous physical processes that can significantly influence their evolution. However, the typical L* satellite galaxy resides in much lower mass galaxy groups, where the processes capable of altering their evolution are generally weaker and have had less time to operate. To investigate the extent to which satellite and central galaxy evolution differs, we separately model the stellar mass–halo mass (M*–Mh) relation for these two populations over the redshift interval 0 < z < 1. This relation for central galaxies is constrained by the galaxy stellar mass function while the relation for satellite galaxies is constrained against recent measurements of the galaxy two-point correlation function (2PCF). Our approach does not rely on the abundance matching technique but instead adopts a flexible functional form for the relation between satellite galaxy stellar mass and subhalo mass, where subhalo mass is considered as the maximum mass that a subhalo has ever reached in its merger history, Mpeak. At z ∼ 0 the satellites, on average, have ∼10% larger stellar masses at fixed Mpeak compared to central galaxies of the same halo mass (although the two relations are consistent at 2σ–3σ for Mpeak ≳ 1013 M☉). This is required in order to reproduce the observed stellar mass-dependent 2PCF and satellite fractions. At low masses our model slightly under-predicts the correlation function at ∼1 Mpc scales. At z ∼ 1 the satellite and central galaxy M*–Mh relations are consistent within the errors, and the model provides an excellent fit to the clustering data. At present, the errors on the clustering data at z ∼ 2 are too large to constrain the satellite model. A simple model in which satellite and central galaxies share the same M*–Mh relation is able to reproduce the extant z ∼ 2 clustering data. We speculate that the striking similarity between the satellite and central galaxy M*–Mh relations since z ∼ 2 arises because the central galaxy relation evolves very weakly with time and because the stellar mass of the typical satellite galaxy has not changed significantly since it was accreted. The reason for this last point is not yet entirely clear, but it is likely related to the fact that the typical ∼L* satellite galaxy resides in a poor group where transformation processes are weak and lifetimes are short.
Remediation of machining medium effect on biocompatibility of titanium-based dental implants by chemical mechanical nano-structuring

Dental implants are commonly manufactured by shaping titanium rods into screws in an oil medium followed by sandblasting. This study compares the biocompatibility of the titanium dental implants machined in an oil versus DI-water environment. Electrochemical evaluations showed that the machining oil leaves residue on the implant. As a remedy, chemical mechanical nano-structuring (CMNS) is implemented to remove oil residue while controlling the surface roughness and surface passivation. Bacteria growth on the oil-machined and sandblasted implants was higher than the implants only machined in oil ( p value 0.014) and DI water ( p value 0.002). Cytotoxicity experiments also showed ~ 5% higher cell concentration on the DI-water-machined implants than the oil-machined implants and ~ 10% higher than the oil-machined/sandblasted implants. After CMNS treatment, both the DI-water and oil-machined implants showed statistically the same cell proliferation ( p value 0.785), indicating that the implants were cleaned from the oil residue. Graphical abstract
Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups.

The central theme of this study is Artin's braid group and the many ways that the notion of a braid has proved to be important in low-dimensional topology. In Chapter 1 the author is concerned with the concept of a braid as a group of motions of points in a manifold. She studies structural and algebraic properties of the braid groups of two manifolds, and derives systems of defining relations for the braid groups of the plane and sphere. In Chapter 2 she focuses on the connections between the classical braid group and the classical knot problem. After reviewing basic results she proceeds to an exploration of some possible implications of the Garside and Markov theorems. Chapter 3 offers discussion of matrix representations of the free group and of subgroups of the automorphism group of the free group. These ideas come to a focus in the difficult open question of whether Burau's matrix representation of the braid group is faithful. Chapter 4 is a broad view of recent results on the connections between braid groups and mapping class groups of surfaces. Chapter 5 contains a brief discussion of the theory of "plats. " Research problems are included in an appendix.
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Planar Optical Waveguide

Atomic coherence is induced in the multilevel atomic system via strong control field that alters the response of medium to a weak probe laser field. This involves quantum interference in the amplitudes of optical transitions and causes the cancellation of absorption, i.e., electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Electromagnetically induced transparency is investigated inside a planar optical waveguide. The eigenvalue equation for the waveguide is solved and used to explore various EIT effects. We show how EIT depends on the incidence angle and allowed mode order of the waveguide and on position of EIT atom inside the structure.
Correlation between dark matter and dark radiation in string compactifications

Reheating in string compactifications is generically driven by the decay of the lightest modulus which produces Standard Model particles, dark matter and light hidden sector degrees of freedom that behave as dark radiation. This common origin allows us to find an interesting correlation between dark matter and dark radiation. By combining present upper bounds on the effective number of neutrino species Neff with lower bounds on the reheating temperature as a function of the dark matter mass mDM from Fermi data, we obtain strong constraints on the (Neff, mDM)-plane. Most of the allowed region in this plane corresponds to non-thermal scenarios with Higgsino-like dark matter. Thermal dark matter can be allowed only if Neff tends to its Standard Model value. We show that the above situation is realised in models with perturbative moduli stabilisation where the production of dark radiation is unavoidable since bulk closed string axions remain light and do not get eaten up by anomalous U(1)s.
Differential representation of natural and manmade images in the human ventral visual stream

The human visual cortex processes visual stimuli hierarchically. Early visual areas (V1, V2) of the ventral visual stream feed crude visual features (like orientation and edges) into later visual areas (V4, lateral occipital (Lat Occ), inferior temporal (IT)) that then encode complex visual features (like object form). Previous studies have reported a difference in fMRI responses between natural and urban landscapes in certain parts of the brain. Here we asked if this distinction in the representation of complex natural and man-made visual stimuli extends to the ventral visual stream and if state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks (CNN) provide a map to this categorical distinction. To assess this, we used an open source fMRI data set of V1-4 and LatOcc BOLD responses to 1750 passively viewed natural and man-made grayscale images. The same images were fed into the pre-trained CORnet-S, a CNN designed to model hierarchical human visual processing layer-wise. To identify differences in representations within and between the human visual cortex and the CNN, we computed representational dissimilarity matrices. The BOLD response to the manmade and natural images shows correlation differences for the two categories, which increase across V4 and LatOcc. Such differences were also observed in the model CORnet-S for the layers V4 and IT. Our results suggest that the human visual cortex processes natural and manmade images differently starting from V4 and that this representational difference is modeled in CORnet-S. In both, categorical representation is progressively established in the later processing stages. This might indicate that the brain has perhaps developed two-distinct systems for their representations which can be directed through evolution. Further analysis may elucidate the contributory role of evolution towards this paradigm.
(Re-)Framing Virtual Reality

We address the problem of translating the rich vocabulary of cinematographic shots elaborated in classic films for use in virtual reality. Using a classic scene from Alfred Hitchcock’s "North by Northwest", we describe a series of artistic experiments attempting to enter "inside the movie" in various conditions and report on the challenges facing the film director in this task. For the case of room-scale VR, we suggest that the absence of the visual frame of the screen can be usefully replaced by the spatial frame of the physical room where the experience takes place. This "re-framing" opens new directions for creative film directing in virtual reality
How Cold is Cold Spray? An Experimental Study of the Heat Transfer to the Substrate in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying

Time-resolved thermographic measurements were performed by a high speed infrared camera on a substrate surface during cold gas dynamic spraying without powder particles. Experiments were carried out on three commercial cold spray systems (Centerline SST, CGT Kinetiks 3000 and Inovati KM-CDS 2.2) spanning a wide range of gas pressures, gas temperatures, gun traverse speeds and stand-off distances. The substrate surface temperatures were measured directly beneath the cold spray gun nozzle as well as at predetermined distances from the gun giving a general evaluation of the heat input to the substrate in actual deposition conditions. It is shown that the substrate surface temperature can rise to a value close to the inlet gas stagnation temperature in the area located beneath the cold spray gun (bow shock region). For the same set of process conditions, significant differences were found in measured surface temperature range between the three cold spray systems, due to differences in nozzle configuration.
Valuation of path-dependent American options using a Monte Carlo approach

It is shown how to obtain accurate values for American options using Monte Carlo simulation. The main feature of the novel algorithm consists of tracking the boundary between exercise and hold regions via optimization of a certain payoff function. We compare estimates from simulation for some types of claims with results from binomial tree calculations and find very good agreement. The novel method allows to calculate so far untractable path-dependent option values.
Hollow Fibre-Supported Liquid Membrane for the Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Egg Samples

In this study, a three-phase hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) technique incorporated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD) was developed for the extraction, clean-up, and determination of fifteen sulfonamide residues in chicken egg samples. The residues were extracted from the 5 mL sample solution of pH 2.5 into a thin layer of organic phase (1-octanol with 10% TOPO) immobilised in hollow fibre pores and then back-extracted into approximately 6 μL of aqueous phase (pH 13) located in the lumen of the hollow fibre. After extraction, 6 μL of the acceptor phase was injected into an HPLC instrument for subsequent analysis. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values ranged from 0.8–7.9 μg·kg−1 and from 2.4–21.0 μg·kg−1, respectively, linearity in the range of 5 1 000 μg·kg−1, and intra- and inter-day precision (%RSD) values at three concentration levels (50, 100, and 500 μg·L−1) ranged from 6.2–15.7%, 7.3–15.0%, and 7.3–14.6%; and 6.4–17.4%, 4.3–16.2%, and 8.3–16.5%, respectively, were obtained. The accuracy of the method, expressed as percentage recovery, was in the range of 71.0–98.7%, with corresponding %RSD (n = 6) values ranging from 1.9–9.9% being obtained. The developed method provided enrichment factors in the range of 17.1 to 541.4. The applicability of the proposed method was also evaluated by analysing egg samples, which were randomly collected from local supermarkets located in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The results obtained revealed that the developed method has the potential to be used as an alternative method for the determination of sulfonamide residues in egg and related complex samples.
Local anesthetics and alcohol in splanchnic plexus block for pain control in patients with intra-abdominal malignancy.

Background: Pancreatic and other upper abdominal organ malignancies can produce intense visceral pain syndromes that are frequently treated with splanchnic nerve neurolysis (SNN) or celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN). Most frequent indication for celiac plexus block is pain secondary to an upper abdominal malignancy, although it is very effective for pain generated by retroperitoneal tumors or metastases. The study aimed to evaluate effect of use a local anesthetic and ethanol for chemical neurolysis to control pain in patients with intra-abdominal malignancy. Methods: prospective randomized single blinded study. It involved Group (A): is formed of 20 patients had splanchnic plexus block with lidocaine 1% and ethanol 75%. Group (B): is formed of 20 patients used the traditional treatment with analgesics by considering the previous and subsequent consumption of narcotics as a control group. The outcome was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) values, quality of life (QOL) opioid consumptions which were evaluated prior to the procedure and at 1 to 2 weeks intervals after the procedure. Any change in pain character and associated constitutional symptoms. Results: there was statistically significant difference between the pre and post procedure data as visual analogue scale score (VAS) among both groups. Conclusion: local anesthetics and alcohol in splanchnic plexus block was effective than traditional treatment with analgesics in patients with intra-abdominal malignancy. Local anesthetics and alcohol in splanchnic plexus block for pain control in patients with intra-abdominal malignancy.
Cover crop residue influence on soil N2O and CO2 emissions under wetting‐drying intensities: An incubation study

Under increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, the natural wet‐dry cycles of different intensities can induce soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transformation and may contribute to increased nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from cultivated soils. While cover crop residue addition is a viable strategy to improve soil health, their impacts on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially N2O emissions, in response to wetting‐drying intensities have received limited attention. A 3‐factorial laboratory incubation was conducted using soils from a long‐term experiment to examine cover crop residue roles on N2O and CO2 emissions when exposed to different intensities of wetting‐drying cycles. These factors included (i) cover crop residue (3 levels): no cover crop, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), (ii) wetting intensity (2 levels): 70% and 90% water‐filled pore space (WFPS), and (iii) drying intensity (2 levels): 10% and 40% WFPS. All treatments received the same amount of N fertiliser as urea equivalent to 100 kg N ha−1. We measured N2O and CO2 fluxes, N2O isotopomer composition, as well as dynamics of soil WFPS and biogeochemical changes after wetting. While cover crop residue addition generally exhibited higher CO2 emissions than the no cover crop treatment under all wetting‐drying intensities, their impact on N2O was more nuanced and contingent on cover crop residue type and wetting‐drying intensity. When wetted to 70% WFPS, crimson clover amended soils produced the largest daily and cumulative N2O emissions, whereas soil amended with winter wheat residues had comparable emissions to the no cover crop treatment. In contrast, cover crop residues, especially winter wheat, significantly decreased N2O emissions under extreme wetting to 90% WFPS which was often dominated by denitrification and nitrifier denitrification processes (except in winter wheat when wetted from 10% WFPS). Our results suggest that winter wheat cover crop residues mixed with N fertiliser could provide reliable N2O mitigation benefits under variable soil moisture conditions.
Protective Effects of Royal Jelly against Hepatorenal Toxicity Induced by Deltamethrin in Male Albino Rats: Biochemical and Histopathological Studies.

Competing interest: The authors have declared that no competing exists. Abstract Deltamethrin (DM) is one of the most environmental and industrial pollutants that are toxic to humans, animals, fishes, and birds. The most common sources of human and animal exposure to deltamethrin (DM) are polluted water and food . This study was done to evaluate the nephrohepatic toxicity of deltamethrin. Twenty-four male rats were used. The first group was used as a control. The second and third groups were given deltamethrin orally in a dose of 1/10 % of the LD50 equal to 0.6mg\kg bwt alone plus royal jelly (RJ) at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for two months, respectively. Oral administration of DM-induced biochemical and histopathological alterations. DM toxicity exhibited changes in the liver and kidney function tests manifested by an increase in AST, ALT, urea, uric acid and creatinine with no changes noticed in plasma proteins when compared to the control group. Giving RJ ameliorated the hepatorenal toxicity by causing recovery in both liver and kidney functions in comparison to DM given group. Pathologically, severe degenerative and necrotic changes in livers and kidneys were present in the deltamethrin group, where it improved to moderate to mild lesions with a protective royal gel substance. This study concluded that royal gel substance has been shown to benefit in lower down the side effects and increasing the rate of improvement of injury induced by deltamethrin.
Combined suPAR and qSOFA as A Mortality Predictor in ICU Patients with Sepsis

Introduction: Prediction of 28 days mortality in ICU patients with sepsis enables physicians to pay special attention to concerned patients and may affect their management. Scoring systems are widely used in clinical practice as mortality predictors. But all have their limitation. Different biomarkers also lack enough sensitivity and specificity. We studied the concentrations of suPAR, measured in serum on the first day of suspected sepsis, comparing combined suPAR and qSOFA with suPAR, qSOFA and SOFA (alone) as a predictor of 28 days mortality in ICU patients. Method: This study was conducted in ICU at Zagazig University Hospitals. 131 sepsis patients were included and classified according to 28 days mortality into: survivors (113/86.3%) and non-survivors (18/13.7%). Serum sample for suPAR measurement, and parameters of SOFA were collected upon suspicion of sepsis. Then, SOFA and qSOFA were calculated. Results: The best predictor of 28 days mortality was SOFA at cutoff 9 (AUC) followed by suPAR at cutoff 12.32 ng/ml (AUC 0.918 and 0.770) and (95% CI 0.849-0.988 and 0.634-0.906) respectively with no statistical difference between them. Combining suPAR and SOFA and combining suPAR and qSOFA increased AUC to 0.941 and 0.827 (95% CI 0.892-0.990 and 0.729-0.926) respectively. There was no statistical difference between AUC of combined suPAR and qSOFA and AUC of standard SOFA score. Conclusion: In our model, suPAR had 28 days mortality prognostic ability comparable to SOFA and better than qSOFA. Combining suPAR and qSOFA increased the prognostic ability of qSOFA to be not inferior to that of SOFA.
Multiepoch Spectropolarimetry of SN 2011fe

We present multiple spectropolarimetric observations of the nearby Type Ia supernova (SN) 2011fe in M101, obtained before, during, and after the time of maximum apparent visual brightness. The excellent time coverage of our spectropolarimetry has allowed better monitoring of the evolution of polarization features than is typical, which has allowed us new insight into the nature of normal SNe Ia. SN 2011fe exhibits time-dependent polarization in both the continuum and strong absorption lines. At early epochs, red wavelengths exhibit a degree of continuum polarization of up to 0.4%, likely indicative of a mild asymmetry in the electron-scattering photosphere. This behavior is more common in subluminous SNe Ia than in normal events, such as SN 2011fe. The degree of polarization across a collection of absorption lines varies dramatically from epoch to epoch. During the earliest epoch, a λ4600–5000 Å complex of absorption lines shows enhanced polarization at a different position angle than the continuum. We explore the origin of these features, presenting a few possible interpretations, without arriving at a single favored ion. During two epochs near maximum, the dominant polarization feature is associated with the Si ii λ6355 Å absorption line. This is common for SNe Ia, but for SN 2011fe the polarization of this feature increases after maximum light, whereas for other SNe Ia, that polarization feature was strongest before maximum light.
A Realistic Projection of Climate Change in the Upper Atmosphere Into the 21st Century

Climate change in the upper atmosphere (∼90–500 km altitude) has important impacts on practical applications. To prepare for these, realistic projections of future climate change are needed. The first climate projection up to 500 km altitude is presented here based on a long transient simulation with the whole atmosphere community climate model extension, following Shared Socio‐economic Pathway 2–4.5, a moderate emission scenario. Effects of predicted main magnetic field changes and reasonable solar radiative and particle forcings are also included. The predicted global mean cooling in the thermosphere and associated decline in thermosphere density for 2015–2070 are significantly stronger than for the historical period, which is ascribed to the more rapid increase in CO2 concentration. Trends in global mean ionospheric parameters also increase in magnitude, but there are considerable spatial variations, caused by changes in the Earth's magnetic field. The largest ionospheric changes are expected in the region of ∼50°S–20°N and ∼90–0°W.
Linear programming approach in cooperative games

In this paper we consider TU-cooperative games in the form of characteristic function. We notice that if one uses the necessary and sufficient condition for the core to be not empty in a dual form, it may be used for selecting the final outcome in the core. Using the linear programming approach for constructing the subcore, which is a subset of the core, we represent it in a simple form. We consider reduced games due to Davis-Mashler, Moulin and Funaki and formulate the sufficient conditions for the subcore to be S-consistent.