Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is thermal oxidation at different temperatures suitable to isolate soil organic carbon fractions with different turnover

Findings of previous studies suggest that there are relations between thermal stability of soil organic matter (SOM), organo-mineral associations, and stability of SOM against microbial decay. We aimed to test whether thermal oxidation at various temperatures (200°C, 225°C, 275°C, 300°C, 400°C, or 500°C) is capable of isolating SOM fractions with increasing stability against microbial degradation. The investigation was carried out on soils (Phaeozem and Luvisol) under different land-use regimes (field, grassland, forest). The stability of the obtained soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions was determined using the natural-13C approach for continuously maize-cropped soils and radiocarbon dating. In the Luvisol, thermal oxidation with increasing temperatures did not yield residual SOC fractions of increasing microbial stability. Even the SOC fraction resistant to thermal oxidation at 300°C contained considerable amounts of young, maize-derived C. In the Phaeozem, the mean 14C age increased considerably (from 3473 y BP in the mineral-associated SOC fraction to 9116 y BP in the residual SOC fraction after thermal oxidation at 300°C). An increasing proportion of fossil C (calculated based on 14C data) in residual SOC fractions after thermal oxidation with increasing temperatures indicated that this was mainly due to the relative accumulation of thermally stable fossil C. We conclude that thermal oxidation with increasing temperature was not generally suitable to isolate mineral-associated SOC fractions of increasing microbial stability.
Synthesis and configuration at C-15 of the epimeric 5α-ianost-8-en-3β,15-diols

Reduction of 3β-hydroxy-5α-lanost-7-en-15-one gives a mixture of the epimeric Δ7-3β,15α- and Δ7-3β,15β-diols; their 3β,15-diacetate derivatives undergo nuclear double bond rearrangement in the presence of HCI to yield the corresponding Δ8-3β,15-diols after hydrolysis.
Antiferromagnetic Coupling in the Binuclear Metal Cluster of Manganese-Substituted Phosphotriesterase

The phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta catalyzes the hydrolysis of a wide range of organophosphates.l The monomeric enzyme has a molecular weight of 36 OOOand contains two divalent metal ions that are required for catalytic activity.2~3 Zn2+ is present in the native enzyme, but this metal can be replaced with Mn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, or Ni2+ without loss of enzymatic activity.2 The 1Wd-NMR spectrum of the Cd/Cd-substituted enzyme exhibits resonances at 212 and 116 ppm downfield from Cd(C104)~. ~ The separation in chemical shift between the two signals indicates that the ligand environment of the two metal ion sites is dissimilara2 Furthermore, the position of the two l13Cd-NMR resonances suggests that the coordination environment of the two metal sites consists of a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen ligands while direct ligation to cysteine is excluded. However, little is known of the roles thesemetal ions play in the catalytic mechanism. To address whether the binding sites for the two required metal ions are structurally independent of each other, we have conducted an EPR investigation of the Mn/Mn-substituted enzyme. In this communication, we report that the two MnZ+ ions are present as an antiferromagnetically-coupled binuclear center. A sample of Mn/Mn-substituted phosphotriesterase4 displayed a complex EPR spectrum (Figure 1A) at the X-band (9.4 GHz). The predominant features were near g = 2 and exhibited what appeared to be more than 26 Mn hyperfine splittings at -45-G intervals. To confirm that these features originated from Mn2+ ions that were enzyme-bound, a sample of the Mn/Mnphosphotriesterase was digested with 2 M perchloric acid for 3 h. The resulting spectrum (Figure 1 B) exhibited six Mn hyperfine lines separated by -90 G, virtually identical to the spectrum of Mn2+ ions in 50 mM HEPES buffer. Thus, the unusual spectral features of Figure 1A undoubtedly arise from Mn2+ ions bound to the enzyme. The large number of hyperfine splittings, separated by approximately half the magnitude expected for a mononuclear Mn2+ center, suggests the presence of two spin-coupled MnZ+
Recent aspects of thiirane chemistry

Abstract This review is not meant to be exhaustive. Several reviews on the synthesis, physical properties, and reactivity of thiiranes have appeared in the past 17 years. This effort is to update previous work on thiiranes with an emphasis on research reported from 1985 to September, 1992.
Induksi Kalus Tanaman Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Pada Media MS Dengan Penambahan 2,4-D, BAP Dan Air Kelapa

Study on callus induction of cacao ( Theobroma cacao L . ) was conducted at the Tissue Culture laboratory, Forestry faculty, Tadulako University, Palu, during periode of January until April 2012. This research was aimed to obtain the best medium formulation for induction and growth of cacao callus. Calli was induced from embryo on MS based medium containing of 2,4-D, BAP and coconut water. The intact plant as explant was taken from Local Farming. This experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were : MS medium + 2 ppm 2,4-D + 15% coconut water (N1), MS medium + 2 ppm 2,4-D + 0,2 ppm BAP, 15% coconut water (N2), MS medium + 2 ppm 2,4-D + 0,2 ppm BAP (N3), and MS medium + 2 ppm 2,4-D (N4). Parameters observed in this study were the days appear of callus, percentage of explant producing callus (%), also observation on morphology and the cell of callus. The best medium for callus induction was MS medium + 2 ppm 2,4-D + 15% coconut water (N1). This medium produces healthy-compac callus which active in cell proliferation, in 6 days after induction.
Impact of Water-Deficit Stress on Growth, Yield and Sugar Content of Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.)

Impact of water-deficit stress levels on growth parameters, yield and sugar content of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) were studied. In this experiment, three deficit-irrigation (DI) treatments based on 60, 80 and 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were applied in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) under field conditions. Based on the results, DI levels had a significant effect on height, number leaves per plant, leaf area, shoots wet and dry weight, sugar content and yield. Increasing irrigation levels increased height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, shoots wet and dry weight, chlorophyll index and yield. Fruit yield of treatments were 19.6, 28.3 and 30.3 t ha -1 at 60%, 80% and 100% ETc, respectively. There was no significant difference between 80 and 100% ETc in terms of yield. The highest height (194.7 cm), number of leaves per plant (243.3), leaf area (24375 cm 2 ) and shoots wet and dry weight (1135.9 and 111.6 g, respectively) obtained at 100% ETc. While, sugar content increased under water deficit stress. So that highest value of sugar content (9.3%) obtained in irrigation based on 60% ETc. Kay words: cantaloupe, chlorophyll index, sugar content, deficit irrigation, crop yield
amoxicillin-clavulanate in Escherichia coli: A Spanish

9 Laboratorio de Antibióticos, Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto 10 de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain 11 Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, 12 Santander, Spain 13 Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 14 Barcelona, Spain. 15 Servicio de Microbiología-INIBIC, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, 16 Spain. 17 Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 18 Spain. 19 Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain. 20 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain. 21 Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. 22 Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/AAC.06393-11 AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on 9 April 2012
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF SILODOSIN IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

A simple, rapid, precise and reliable isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of silodosin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The separation of silodosin was carried out with mobile phase containing ammonium acetate buffer pH 4.5: acetonitrile 50:50 using Zorbax Eclipse C-8 column (150 X 4.6 mm, 5 µ). The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1ml/min and the eluent was monitored by PDA detector at 268 nm. The retention time was 2.865 min. Linearity curve was plotted and correlation coefficient is 0.999. The accuracy of the proposed method was determined and mean percentage was found to be 102.44 %. The method was successfully validated according to the ICH guidelines and it was concluded that the developed method was accurate, sensitive, precise, robust and useful for the routine quality control of silodosin in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
PLASMA GASIFICATION OF COAL AND PETROCOKE

Coal is worldwide m ost abundant energy resource and the least expensive fossil fuel. One more energy resource is petrocoke derivable as a result of hydrocarbons production by oil sands thermal processing. Petrocoke is a solid fuel consisting of fixed carbon, tar and ash. Direct utilization of petrocoke is difficult because of its hardness and high tar content. In connection with this, the development of solid fuels technologies, which would be environmental friendly and efficient, is of a primary importance. Coal gasification is a well-proven technology that started with the production of synthesis gas (CO + H2) for urban areas. Gasification-based technologies can be used to convert carbon-containing resources into a clean syngas as a fuel for combined cycle power generation [1] or as a raw material for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals. Plasma gasification of solid fuels is one of the perspective technologies for effective and environmentally friendly solid fuels use [2]. 1. Numer ical Simulation Code TERRA [2] was used for thermodynamic analysis of the pulverized fuels (pf) plasma gasification process. TERRA has its own database of thermodynamic properties for more than 3500 chemical agents over a temperature range of 300 to 6000 K. The calculations were performed for the process of Kuuchekinski bituminous coal (KBC) and Canadian petrocoke (CP) gasification in steam medium. The chemical composition of the solid fuels is presented in Table 1. The calculations were performed for atmospheric pressure and within temperature interval 400-4000K. The temperature is suggested to be kept at the expense of external heat source, which is an arc in the gasifier. The initial compositions of the variants of the technological systems for calculations are following: 100 kg of KBC + 62.75 kg of water steam and
Enthalpy probe measurements and three-dimensional modelling on air plasma jets generated by a non-transferred plasma torch with hollow electrodes

Thermal flow characteristics of air plasma jets generated by a non-transferred plasma torch with hollow electrodes are experimentally and numerically investigated in order to provide more reliable scientific and technical information, which has been insufficient for their practical applications to material and environmental industries. In this work, a thermal plasma torch of hollow electrode type is first designed and fabricated, and similarity criteria for predicting operational conditions for the scale-up to high-power torches are derived from the arc voltage characteristics measured with various operating and geometry conditions of the torch. The thermal flow characteristics of air plasma jets ejected from the torch are measured by enthalpy probe diagnostics and turn out to have relatively low temperatures of around 3000–7000 K, but show features of other unique properties, such as high energy flux, broad high temperature region and long plasma jet with moderate axial velocity, which are promising for their applications to material syntheses and hazardous waste treatments. Such high enthalpy at a relatively low temperature of air thermal plasma compared with the argon one is due to the high thermal energy residing in the vibrational and rotational states and oxygen dissociation, besides the translational states in monatomic gases such as argon. It is expected that this high specific enthalpy of the air plasma will enable material and environmental industries to treat a large amount of precursors and waste materials effectively at a lower temperature for a longer residence time by the low plasma velocity. It is also found from the measurements that the turbulence intensity influenced by the size of the electrode diameter has a significant effect on the axial and radial profiles of plasma jet properties and that a longer plasma jet is more readily achievable with a larger electrode diameter reducing the turbulence intensity in the external region of the torch. In the numerical studies based on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory, a precise three-dimensional transient numerical model for the internal arc discharge plasma of the torch has been developed along with a practical two-dimensional stationary one for the external thermal plasma jet by considering highly localized distributions of arc roots with circumferential non-uniformity on the electrode wall surfaces, so that more reliable and realistic descriptions on the arc thermal plasma properties become feasible both inside and outside the torch. The numerical calculation results are compared with the experimental data obtained from the probe measurements and found to be in good agreement with them.
The atomic scale structure of graphene powder studied by neutron and X-ray diffraction

The structure of graphene obtained by chemical exfoliation of graphite via the oxidation/reduction procedure has been determined using wide-angle scattering of neutrons and X-rays combined with computer simulations based on classical molecular dynamics (MD). A comparison of results obtained from wide-angle neutron scattering (WANS) with the D4 neutron diffractometer dedicated for liquids and amorphous materials (Institute Laue–Langevin in Grenoble) and from wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) with the laboratory Rigaku-Denki D/MAX RAPID II diffractometer has shown that both techniques provide data of a good quality that can be used to derive precise and valuable structural information about graphene. To obtain detailed structural information, the paracrystal formalism has been used along with MD simulations. The MD simulations were performed at 300 K with second-generation reactive empirical bond order potential for atoms lying in the same layer and the Lennard–Jones potential for interlayer interactions. The proposed models consist of three-layered systems, 36 A in diameter, in which mono-vacancy, di-vacancy and Stone–Thrower–Wales types of defects are introduced. The reported results show that the WANS and WAXS methods together with the MD simulations contribute to a detailed description of the graphene materials, including the presence of topological defects, which is important as their structure at the atomic scale dramatically affects their electrical and mechanical properties.
Brightness reversion of eucalyptus kraft pulp: Effect of carbonyl groups generated by hypochlorous acid oxidation

Abstract The impact of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) treatment on a fully bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp was studied with respect to the final brightness as well as the brightness reversion under humid ageing conditions. The carbonyl contents in the pulps were determined by the CCOA method where carbazole-9-carboxylic acid [2-(2-aminooxethoxy)-ethoxy] amide (CCOA) was applied as the carbonyl-selective fluorescence label. The molecular weight distribution of cellulose and hemicelluloses was analyzed as well. The amount of carbonyl groups in pulp was observed to increase significantly after the HOCl treatment, and the carbonyl distribution in pulp to shift towards the low molecular weight fraction. Plotting the carbonyl content against the post color number (PCN) of the pulps revealed a linear correlation. Additionally, the effect of the hemicellulose content was investigated, and alkaline extraction was applied to partially remove the hemicelluloses in pulp. These hemicellulose-poor samples showed a lower reactivity with hypochlorous acid and less brightness reversion at equal carbonyl content.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ROSIGLITAZONE MALEATE FLOATING TABLETS

The aim of present study was to develop gatroretentive drug delivery system of Rosiglitazone maleate. Floating tablets of Rosiglitazone maleate was developed using gas forming agents, like sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid and polymers like HPMC K15M and Xanthan gum. The prepared tablets evaluated in terms of their precompression parameters, physical characteristics, in vitro release, buoyancy and buoyancy lag time. The formulation optimized for different concentration of polymers like HPMC K15M and Xanthan gum. The results of in vitro r elease studies showed that formulation (F6) could sustain drug release (98%) for 12h and remain buoyant for 12h. The optimized formulation (F6) was subjected to various kinetic release investigations and it was found that the mechanism of drug release was predominantly diffusion with a minor contribution from polymeric relaxation. Optimized formulation (F6) showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, buoyancy lag time or in vitro dissolution study after storage at 45 °C/75% RH for three months.
Superposition of the Transpiration-induced Water Potential and the Growth-induced Water Potential Associated with Expanding Tomato Leaves

The growth parameters of Lockhart's equation were determined in expanding leaves of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) subjected to different relative humidity in the dark. In tomato leaves, sizes of the growth-induced water potential exhibited linear relations with the relative growth rates (RGR) under various vapor pressure difference (VPD) conditions between leaves and the ambient air. When transpiration rates of tomato plants became significantly larger, lines formed between the growth-induced water potential and RGR had a translational relation as VPD increased. Then, the transpiration-induced water potential became proportionally larger as VPD increased. These results indicated that transpiration flux and growth flux have additive relations, suggesting that water fluxes for growth and transpiration are linearly superimposed.
Analysis of Collisional Sheath Structure in an Argon

The electric fields of the sheath region in an argon dc discharge were measured using a laser optogalvanic spectroscopy in a pressure range from 0.88 to 10 torr, where collisions are significant in the sheath region. The sheath width is estimated as the position where the electric field becomes zero, and the pressure dependence of the measured sheath width was obtained to be pressure . The measured electric fields agree well with two-dimensional simulation results but are slightly different from collisional sheath theory in the mobility limited region. The discrepancy of the theory from the experiment and simulation results was found to be caused by the change of ion current density due to ion collisions in the sheath region. Index Terms—Argon dc discharge, collisional sheath region, electric field measurement, optogalvanic, particle-in-cell simula- tion.
Pheophorbide a-Conjugated pH-Sensitive Nanoparticle Vectors for Highly Efficient Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer

To achieve a tumor-targeted drug delivery system for photodynamic therapy, we designed ligand-mediated nanoparticles with stable formulations of a hydrophobic photosensitizer. Folic acid (FA)-conjugated amphiphilic block copolymers of PEG and poly-β-benzyl-L-aspartate with the potential to act as pH-sensitive drug release reservoirs were synthesized. The photosensitizer was conjugated to the copolymers through pH-sensitive hydrazone (Hyd) linkages. The FA-PEG-P(Asp-Hyd)-Pheo nanoparticles had average diameters of 76–217 nm. The pH-dependent photosensitizer release property may ensure intracellular drug release inside tumor cells due to the lower pH inside the endosomes and lysosomes of tumor cells. The FA-PEG-P(Asp-Hyd)-Pheo nanoparticles demonstrated marked phototoxicity and minimal dark toxicity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Urticaria Pigmentosa in Children: A Case Report

: Mastocytosis is a disorder of abnormal mast cell proliferation presented as an abnormal accumulation of mast cells in various tissues. Urticaria pigmentosa (UP) is the most common form of this disorder in children, particularly in the first year of life. Darier’s sign is pathognomonic for UP. Management for UP consists of patient education, triggering factors exposure prevention and symptomatic treatment to reduce the release of mast cells mediator.A5-year-old girl presented with brown spots and itch in various area of the body with dry skin. Physical examination found multiple hyperpigmented macules on her body, arms, legs and face. Darier’s sign was positive. Histopathology examination demonstrated mast cell granules in the superficial layer of dermis with Giemsa staining, consistent with the diagnosis of UP. There is no systemic involvement. Patient was treated with ketotifen syrup, 10% urea cream, and betamethasone valerate 0,1% cream for the erythema lesions.Ketotifen is a mast cell stabilizer that was given to relieve the symptoms of UP. Urea was given to reduce dry skin and enhance the absorption of betamethasone. Betamethasone was given to reduce the lesions of UP. After 12 weeks, patient showed some improvement in her pruritus and skin dryness. The prognosis was quo ad vitam, quo ad sanam and quo ad cosmeticam dubia ad bonam.
A new method for the characterization of organic carbon in aquatic systems

Abstract Some problems in organic carbon characterization are briefly discussed. A new chromatographic multi-method for the direct characterization of organic matter in original waters with the simultaneous determination of UV-Vis, fluorescence, DOC, TIC, and organically bound nitrogen (DON) is described. Some applications with UV-Vis and DOC (“CODOC”) detection are presented.
GELİŞMİŞ VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERDE SAVUNMA HARCAMALARININ İKTİSADİ BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDE ETKİSİ: G20 ÜLKELERİ İÇİN MUKAYESELİ BİR ANALİZ

The relationship between defense expenditures and economic growth has been examined in many studies that have reached quite different results. In this study, the sample of G20 countries was divided into two parts as deveyoped and developing countries, and the effect of defense expenditures on economic growth is investigated for the two panel data sets. In this study, the production function in the growth model of Barro (1990) is used for the economic theoretical basis. According to this function, the effect of each sub-item of total public expenditure on economic growth is different. After econometric analyses carried out with methods taking into account the problem of cross-section dependence, no statistically significant relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth was found in deveyoped G20 countries. Nevertheless, defense spending in developing G20 countries, including Turkey, has been found to have a positive effect on economic growth. However, the findings indicate that this result should not be evaluated alone. Because the negative impact of total public expenditures on economic growth is nearly twice as much in developing countries compared to developed ones. Since defense expenditures are also included in the total government spending, the observed positive effect on economic growth should be interpreted carefully.