Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low temperature magnetization of sputtered amorphous FeNiB films

Low temperature magnetization and the law of approach to ferromagnetic saturation is investigated for sputtered amorphous films of composition F80−xNixB20 in the temperature range between 10 and 240 K, and in magnetic fields up to 4 T. The spontaneous magnetization, Ms, follows Bloch's T3/2−law and the high-field magnetization obeys an l/H1/2−law indicating the presence of small elastic stress sources of diameters <4 nm. Annealing effects of -Ms and the spin-wave stiffness constant are attributed to an increase of the magnetic exchange coupling. In amorphen gesputterten Filmen der Zusammensetzung Fe80−xNixB20 werden die Tieftemperatur-magnetisierung und das Einmundungsgesetz im Temperaturbereieh zwischen 10 und 240 K in Magnetfeldern 4 T untersucht. Die spontane Magnetisierung, Ms, gehorcht dem Blochschen T3/2−Gesetz und die Hochfeldmagnetisierung genugt einem 1/H1/2−Gesetz, wodurch auf die Anwesenheit kleiner elastischer Spannungszentren mit Durchmessern <4 nm hingewiesen wird. Ausheileffekte von Ms und der Spinwellensteifigkeitskonstanten werden einer Zunahme der magnetischen Austauschkopplung zugeschrieben.
Plasma-Etching Technology With In Situ Etched-Surface Modification for Highly Reliable Low- /Cu Dual

The plasma-etching technology presented in this paper is for fabricating highly reliable Cu dual damascene inter- connects (DDI) with organic low- film through modification of the in situ etched surface during low- etching. Nitrogen-based plasma with oxygen and high-molecular-weight fluorocarbon gas ( ) chemically modifies the sidewall surface of the etched low- film, changing it into the carbon nitride with flu- orocarbon-polymer passivation from the etching gas. After wet cleaning, the fluorocarbon-polymer is removed selectively, leaving a carbon nitride modified layer (CNL) on the sidewall. The CNL has been found to suppress Cu diffusion into the low- film. A stacked barrier structure of conventional barrier metal and CNL is expected to have high tolerance to Cu diffusion. Combining a dual-hard-mask etching sequence with the CNL modification, Cu DDIs with organic low- film were fabricated with high yield.
A Simulation Study on Convection and Microwave Drying of Different Food Products

Abstract It is now well recognized that matching the external drying condition with the drying kinetics of a material can lead to substantial savings of energy and in the case of heat-sensitive products, even to higher quality product. In this work, the effect of convection and microwave heat input and other product parameters on the batch drying characteristics of model materials, potato and carrot slabs, whose thermo-physical data are readily available in the literature, was modeled using a one dimensional liquid diffusion model. The influence of various thermo-physical properties of the product in drying of heat-sensitive materials was quantitatively assessed. Heat of wetting, temperature and moisture dependent effective diffusivity and thermal conductivity are considered in this model. The effect of moisture diffusivity on drying using convection and a microwave field is simulated in view of the interest in predicting the drying performance by simplified method. Conditions under which the drying rate is controlled by the external drying conditions and the internal thermo-physical properties of the product are computed and discussed.
Preparation of ultrathin HfO2 films and comparison of HfO2/SiO2/Si interfacial structures

Stoichiometric HfO2 films were successfully prepared using both thermal oxidation of Hf metal film and direct reactive sputtering deposited on native SiO2/Si wafer. Angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger depth profiling and grazing incident x‐ray reflectivity have been exploited to study the interfacial structures of the generated HfO2 films. A thinner interface (about 1.2 nm) of Hf‐rich silicates is formed using thermal oxidation, while the reactive sputtering deposition leads to a thicker (about 3.2 nm) Si‐rich interface. The results of binding energy, chemical composition, thickness and density all indicate that both interfaces have a graded structure where the concentration of Hf in the silicate interlayer decreases gradually along the depth. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral Separation of a Racemic Compound Induced by Transformation of Racemic Crystal Structures: dl-Glutamic Acid

We found that an appropriate additive (l-Arg) induced the crystallization of dl-glutamic acid (dl-Glu) as a mixture of enantiomerically pure crystals, even under conditions where racemic crystals (both enantiomers in the unit cell) normally crystallize from the pure system. In addition, the additive successfully delayed the crystallization of one of the enantiomers (l-Glu). On the basis of these results, kinetic resolution of racemic crystals into their constituent enantiomers by a chiral additive is proposed.
The Uncomfortable Discrepancies of Software Metric Thresholds and Reference Values in Literature

— Software metrics perform a crucial role in the software industry because they provide measures needed to control software process and product, such as software quality, complexity, maintainability, and size. Measuring software allows one to diagnose whether the project is within expected norms or there is a deviation. However, many publications present metrics but omit thresholds or reference values that would give guidance about their ideal limits and range. Metrics might be used more frequently and effectively if they were accompanied by reliable reference values. We therefore present a Systematic Literature Review to find research that presents such reference values and thresholds. The keyword search phase of the systematic review generated 6.654 articles from IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Ei Compendex, SCOPUS, and Elsevier Science Direct. Further filtering narrowed this to only 19 articles actually disucssing thresholds and reference values. We present an analysis of these papers, including a comparison highlighting discrepancies in the reference values and thresholds. The results serve as a starting point to guide further research.
Viscosity-Pressure Correlation of Liquids

A single correlation was obtained to predict Newtonian viscosity-pressure coefficients of mineral oils, resin and polymer blends, pure hydrocarbons, and nonhydrocarbons. The correlation has been tested for a temperature range from 0°c (32 °F) to 135°C (275 °F). The empirical correlation makes use of atmospheric viscosity and density at the temperature of interest and viscosity-temperature property (mo) of the fluids. When the correlation was compared with other leading correlations, it was shown to require less physical-property data, apply to n wider range of chemical compositions, cover a wider range in fluidity, and provide greater accuracy. The correlation is presented in the form of a polynominal equation. Presented at the 34th Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, April 30-May 3, 1979
Swelling of pH‐sensitive chitosan–poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels

The swelling properties of different chitosan–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were investigated as functions of the medium pH and salt concentration. The maximum swelling ability of the hydrogels was at a buffer pH of approximately 3, regardless of the PVA content in the hydrogels. The maximum mass of the swollen hydrogels was about 13 times that of their contracted counterparts. The cyclical swelling and contraction between pH 3 and pH 7 buffers and pH 3 and pH 3 buffers with salt confirmed the Donnan swelling mechanism of these hydrogels. The swelling mechanism was considered the transfer of water molecules driven by a concentration gradient. This was represented by a simplified mass-balance model, which neglected the effect of the ionization reaction, for the initial swelling period. The effective mass-transfer coefficient of water molecules during swelling, estimated with this model, gradually decreased with increasing PVA content in the hydrogels. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4665–4671, 2006
Studies of diffusion coefficients in disordered porous matrices confined in a slit-pore

We present a series of molecular dynamics simulations to study the structure of porous matrices confined in a slit-pore. The matrices were prepared by two different methods. In the first method we used direct simulations of a fluid at a fixed density and the matrix was taken from the last configuration of its particles. In the second method we simulated a binary mixture where one of the components served as a template material and the final porous matrix configuration was obtained by removing template particles from the mixture. In both methods the matrices were confined by two parallel walls (slit-pore) modeled by continuous solid surfaces. The results show that the matrix structure and porosity were affected by the method of preparation of the porous matrices. Moreover, we found smaller void cavities in these matrices than in matrices prepared without walls. Finally, diffusion of a fluid inside the matrices was investigated and it was found that the diffusion coefficient did not decrease with the fluid density, and presented a maximum at certain values of the fluid density.
Synthesis and properties of block and graft waterborne polyurethane modified with α,ω‐bis(3‐(1‐methoxy‐2‐hydroxypropoxy)propyl)polydimethylsiloxane and α‐N, N‐dihydroxyethylaminopropyl‐ω‐butylpolydimethylsiloxane

In this study, α,ω-bis(3-(1-methoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)propyl)polydimethylsiloxane and α-N,N-dihydroxyethylaminopropyl-ω-butylpolydimethylsiloxane were used to prepare block and graft waterborne polyureathane–polysiloxane copolymer dispersions. α,ω-bis(3-(1-methoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)propyl)polydimethylsiloxane was synthesized by hydrosilylation, methoxylation and equilibrium reactions; α-N,N-dihydroxyethylaminopropyl-ω-butylpolydimethylsiloxane was synthesized via hydroxyl protection, alkylation, anionic ring-opening polymerization, hydrosilylation, and deprotection. Block and graft waterborne polyurethane–polysiloxane copolymer dispersions were prepared by the reaction of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), α,ω-bis(3-(1-methoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)propyl)polydimethylsiloxane, and α-N,N-dihydroxy-ethylaminopropyl-ω-butylpolydimethylsiloxane. The water absorption of block and graft waterborne polyurethane–polysiloxane copolymer films decreased from 163.9 to 40.2% and 17.3%, respectively, when percent of polysiloxane (w/w) increased from 0 to 5%, and the tensile strength of the block waterborne polyurethane–polysiloxane copolymer films decreased while the tensile strength of graft waterborne polyurethane–polysiloxane copolymer films increased with increase of percent of polysiloxane. For graft waterborne polyurethane–polysiloxane films, the tensile strength would decrease when percent of polysiloxane was more than 3%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:805–811, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of propylation of starch with different degrees of substitution on the properties and characteristics of starch‐low density polyethylene blend films

Corn starch was modified by propylation and degree of substitution (DS) of four starch modifications were 0.61, 1.56, 2.27, and 2.51. Different films were prepared by blending native and propylated starch with low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The mechanical properties, thermal properties, water absorption capacity, and biodegradability of the blend films varied with the quantity of starch as well as DS. Tensile strength, elongation, and melt flow index of propylated starch blend films were higher compared to the corresponding native starch blend film. These properties improved with increase in DS from 1.56 to 2.51. Propylated starch blend films were found thermally stable than native starch blend films. There was a decrease in water absorption capacity for the films containing propylated starch at high DS. Enzymatic and soil burial degradation results showed that biodegradability of starch-LDPE films increased with the increase in the starch concentration but it decreased with increase in the DS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Recherches sur les mobilités des ions dans les gaz

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Recherches sur les mobilités des ions dans les gaz A. Blanc
Freestanding ZrO2 nanotube membranes made by anodic oxidation and effect of heat treatment on their morphology and crystalline structure

An integrated freestanding zirconia (ZrO2) membrane was fabricated via a two-step electrochemical anodization with a zirconium (Zr) foil, followed by a simple and safe detachment of the formed ZrO2 membrane. The resulting membrane consists of highly ordered, vertically aligned, and one-side open ZrO2 nanotube arrays. The effect of heat treatment on the morphology and crystalline structure of the integrated freestanding ZrO2 membranes was studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. These results showed that the nanotubes were stable to annealing at 500 °C and then gradually transformed to wires along their long axis from 600 to 900 °C. The as-prepared samples possessed amorphous structures, while both monoclinic and tetragonal phases were found after annealing at a temperature between 400 °C and 900 °C. The present study not only demonstrates a facile approach to produce high quality ZrO2 membranes in a simple manner, but also provides valuable insights into the temperature dependent morphology and crystalline transformations in anodic ZrO2 nanotube arrays.
Recent Progress in Non-Platinum Counter Electrode Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained increasing attention with regard to photovoltaic devices, because of their low cost and simple fabrication methods; they are mostly investigated in indoor light-harvesting and portable applications. The focus has been on three main parameters of photovoltaic devices, that is, lifetime, and cost effectiveness. A DSSC consists of four prominent components including a photoanode, a photosensitizer, a redox electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The counter electrode is a crucial component, in which triiodide is reduced to iodide by electrons flowing through the external circuit. An effective approach to improve the performance of a counter electrode is to enhance the power conversion efficiency and to reduce the cost of the device. Platinum-coated conducting glass electrodes give the best performance, but their high cost and the scarcity of platinum restricts large-scale application in DSSCs. This has prompted researchers to develop low-costing platinum-free electrodes for DSSCs. In this review, we focus mainly on counter electrode materials for the electrocatalytic redox reaction for the I−/ electrolyte, and apart from this, other counter electrode materials for iodine-free redox electrolytes are discussed. Different counter electrode materials are highlighted in different categories such as carbon materials, conducting polymers, oxide and sulfide materials, transition-metal nitrides and carbides, and composite materials. The stability of counter electrodes in DSSCs is also presented.
Über ein niedervalentes Titan-Wolframoxid: Ti0,54W0,46O2 / On a Low Valent Titanium Tungsten Oxide: Ti0,54W0.46O2

Abstract Single crystals of Ti0.54W0. 46O2 have been prepared by CO2-LASER techniques. This phase crystallizes with a non-distorted rutile structure, space group D144H-P42/mnm, a = 4.6862(4), c = 2.9039(3) Å, Z = 2. Split positions of the statistically distributed metal ions show the existence of W-W pair formation as reported for pure WO2.
Predicting heavy metal transfer from soil to plant: potential use of Freundlich-type functions

Soil-plant transfer of metals is a nonlinear process. We therefore aimed at evaluating the potential of Freundlich-type functions (c Plant = b X c Soil a ) to predict Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and leaf (c Plant ) from soil concentrations (c Soil ), Wheat plants and soil A horizons, mainly developed from Holocene sediments, were sampled at 54 agricultural sites in Slovakia. Metals were extracted from soils with 0.025 M EDTA at pH 4.6 and concentrated HNO 3 /HClO 4 (3:1); plant samples were digested with concentrated HNO 3 . Total metal concentrations of soil samples were 0.07-25 mg Cd kg -1 , 9.3-220 mg Cu kg -1 , 14-1827 mg Pb kg -1 , and 34-1454 mg Zn kg -1 . On average, between 20 % (Zn) and 80 % (Cd) of the total concentrations were EDTA-extractable. The total metal concentrations of grain samples were < 0.01-1.3 mg Cd kg -1 , 1.3-6.6 mg Cu kg -1 , < 0.05-0.30 mg Pb kg -1 , and 8-104 mg Zn kg -1 . The leaves contained up to 3.2 mg Cd kg -1 , 111 mg Cu kg -1 , 4.3 mg Pb kg -1 , and 177 mg Zn kg -1 , Linear regression without data transformation was precluded because of the nonnormal data distribution. The Freundlich-type function was suitable to predict Cd (grain: r = 0.71, leaf: 0.86 for the log-transformed data) and Zn concentrations (grain: 0.69, leaf: 0.68) in wheat grain and leaf from the EDTA-extractable metal concentrations. The prediction of Cu and Pb concentrations in grain (Cu: r = 0.44, Pb: 0.41) was poorer and in leaf only possible for Pb (0.50). We suggest to use the Freundlich-type function for defining threshold values instead of linear regression because it is more appropriate to simulate the nonlinear uptake processes and because it offers interpretation potential. The results suggest that the coefficient b of the Freundlich-type function depends on the intensity of metal uptake, while the coefficient a reflects the plants' capability to control the heavy metal uptake. The latter is also sensitive to metal translocation in plants and atmospheric deposition.
Aggregation as a function of and mineral particles

A laboratory experiment was designed to investigate the effects of ocean acidification (three levels) in the presence or absence of the clay mineral illite (five concentrations) on the coagulation of organic particles. The formation of aggregates > 1 mm from marine detritus and phytoplankton, and their characteristics and sinking velocity, were monitored during the 48 h experiment. Aggregation of particulate organic carbon (POC) was independent of both partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and illite addition, implying that the fraction of POC available for export is not affected by either mineral supply or ocean acidification conditions up to ambient + 52.7 Pa PCO2 (+ 520 ppm). This was true even though the illite appreciably influenced aggregate size, number, and characteristics, including the percentage of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) incorporated in aggregates. Carbonate chemistry, in the presence of illite, did affect particle formation by clay, carbon, and TEP at the micrometer scale (allocation between dissolved and particulate pools). Our experiment did not resolve processes on this scale well and it remains to be seen if such shifts in the size spectrum of organic carbon and minerals are relevant for the biological pump. High illite content led to small aggregates with a low average sinking velocity. In the absence of biological changes to particle production or loss, coagulation of POC, which is central to the biological pump, is not influenced by ocean acidification or dust input, but sinking velocity and, hence, flux attenuation of POC are likely to be affected by changes in dust input.
Investigation of flow parameters and efficiency of mixture separation on a structured packing

Results of experimental study of the effect of initial maldistribution of structured packing irrigation on efficiency of binary mixture separation are presented in this article. The studies were carried out in the experimental distillation column with the diameter of 0.9 m using the R114 and R21 freon mixture. Experiments were performed on the structured Mellapak 350.Y packing of stainless steel 316L, containing 19 layers with the total height of 4.016 m at the ratio of mole liquid and vapor flow rates L/V = 1 and 1.7, respectively, and the pressure in the upper part of the column ptop = 3 bars. Nonuniformity at the packing inlet was generated via the blocking of some holes in the liquid distributor. Here, we present some results on efficiency of mixture separation, pressure drop on the packing, distribution of local liquid flow rate under the packing over the cross-section and on the column wall within the range of vapor loading factor (0.69 < Fv < 1.61 Pa0.5), as well as experimental data on distribution of local concentration of the low-boiling component over the cross-section and along the height of the structured packing. It is found out that significant maldistribution of mixture concentration and liquid flow rate over the cross-section slightly changes along the height in the lower part of the column at a change in the degree of packing irrigation nonuniformity at the inlet. It is shown that efficiency of mixture separation depends considerably on the value of parameter L/V, vapor flow factor Fv, and size of the zone underirrigated by liquid at the inlet. In the studied range of liquid and vapor flow rates, the relative pressure drop on the packing does not depend on the ratio of liquid and vapor flow rates L/V and degree of irrigation maldistribution. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 690–705, 2014
Correlation of the Swelling and Permeability of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films

Alternating adsorption of polycations and polyanions on porous supports yields a variety of size-selective membranes whose swelling and transport properties depend on constituent polyelectrolytes, capping layer choice (polycation or polyanion), and deposition conditions. This report shows that in aqueous experiments, ellipsometrically determined swelling percentages correlate well with nanofiltration (NF) rejections and diffusion dialysis fluxes. For example, hyaluronic acid (HA)/chitosan films swell 4 times more than poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) coatings, and in NF experiments, the HA/chitosan membranes permit a 250-fold greater fractional passage of sucrose. In general, films prepared from polyelectrolytes with a high charge density show low swelling and slow solute transport, presumably because of a high degree of ionic cross-linking. In the case of PSS/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), PDADMAC-capped films can swell 4-fold more than their PSS-terminated .