Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Afaan Oromo News Text Categorization using Decision Tree Classifier and Support Vector Machine: A Machine Learning Approach

Afaan Oromo is one of the major African languages that is widely spoken and used in most parts of Ethiopia and some parts of other neighbor countries like Kenya and Somalia. It is used by Oromo people, who are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, which amounts to 25.5% of the total population. There are large collections of Afaan Oromo document available in web, in addition to hard copy document in library, and documentation centers. Even though the amount of the document increase, there are challenging tasks to identify the relevant documents related to a specific topic. So, a text categorization mechanism is required for finding, filtering and managing the rapid growth of online information. Text categorization is an important application of machine learning to the field of document information retrieval. The objective of this research is to investigate the application of machine learning techniques to automatic categorization of Afaan Oromo news text. Two machine learning techniques, namely Decision Tree Classifier and Support Vector Machine are used to categorize the Afaan Oromo news texts. Annotated news texts are used to train classifiers with six news categories: sport, business, politics, health, agriculture, and education. To design Afaan Oromo news text categorization system, different techniques, and tools are used for preprocessing, document clustering, and classifier model building. In order to preprocess the Afaan Oromo documents, different text preprocessing techniques such as tokenization,
Efficiency and Betweenness Centrality of Graphs and some Applications

The distance dG(i, j) between any two vertices i and j in a graph G is the minimum number of edges in a path between i and j. If there is no path connecting i and j, then dG(i, j) = ∞. In 2001, Latora and Marchiori introduced the measure of efficiency between vertices in a graph. The efficiency between two vertices i and j is defined to be ∈i,j= 1 dG(i,j) for all i 6= j. The global efficiency of a graph is the average efficiency over all i 6= j. The power of a graph Gm is defined to be V(Gm) = V(G) and E(Gm) = {(u, v)|dG(u, v) ≤ m}. In this paper we determine the global efficiency for path power graphs Pm n , cycle power graphs Cm n , complete multipartite graphs Km,n, star and subdivided star graphs, and the Cartesian products Kn × Pt m, Kn × Ct m, Km × Kn, and Pm × Pn. The concept of global efficiency has been applied to optimization of transportation systems and brain connectivity. We show that star-like networks have a high level of efficiency. We apply these ideas to an analysis of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) Subway system, and show this network is 82% as efficient as a network where there is a direct line between every pair of stations. From BOLD fMRI scans we are able to partition the brain with consistency in terms of functionality and physical location. We also find that football players who suffer the largest number of high-energy impacts experience the largest drop in efficiency over a season. Latora and Marchiori also presented two local properties. The local efficiency Eloc = 1 n ∑ i∈V(G) Eglob (Gi) is the average of the global efficiencies over the subgraphs Gi, the subgraph induced by the neighbors of i. The clustering coefficient of a graph G is defined to be CC(G) = 1 n ∑ i Ci where Ci = |E(Gi)|/(i 2 ) is a degree of completeness of Gi. In this paper, we compare and contrast the two quantities, local efficiency and clustering coefficient. Betweenness centrality is a measure of the importance of a vertex to the optimal paths in a graph. Betweenness centrality of a vertex is defined as bc(v) = ∑x,y σxy(v) σxy where σxy is the number of unique paths of shortest length between vertices x and y. σxy(v) is the number of optimal paths that include the vertex v. In this paper, we examined betweenness centrality for vertices in Cm n . We also include results for subdivided star graphs and C3 star graphs. A graph is said to have unique betweenness centrality if bc(vi) = bc(vj) implies i = j: the betweenness centrality function is injective over the vertices of G. We describe the betweenness centrality for vertices in ladder graphs, P2 × Pn. An appended ladder graph Un is P2 × Pn with a pendant vertex attached to an “end”. We conjecture that the infinite family of appended graphs has unique betweenness centrality.
Diffraction of a plane wave on a multilayered grating

The two-dimensional problem of wave scattering on a multilayered grating consisting of dielectric infinite cylindrical bodies with arbitrary cross-section is considered. The system of integral equations to which the initial problem is reduced is derived. The efficient algorithm for calculation of periodic Green’s function is offered. The dependences for reflected and transmitted field are obtained.
The association between smoking prevalence and eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running head: smoking in eating disorders

word count 239) Background and aims: Cigarette smoking is associated with severe mental illness including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and with morbidity and mortality, but the association withanorexia (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED), is unclear. This meta-analysis compared the odds of smoking in Eating Disorders (ED) (ED= AN or BN or BED) versus healthy controls (HC) and calculated the prevalence of smokers in people with ED. Methods: Three independent authors searched PubMed,MEDLINE and Scopus from database inceptionuntil 12/31/2015 for studies reporting data on life-time or current smoking prevalence in BED, BN, and AN, with or without control group. Meta-analyses were
Exploring the utility of Acxiom’s Research Opinion Poll data for use in social science research

Acxiom’s Research Opinion Poll (ROP), a voluntary survey designed to capture detailed information about household consumption and expenditure across Great Britain, has the potential to provide information valuable for social science research. This paper provides a review of the ROP, indicating that the survey in undertaken through a number of channels which enable Acxiom to generate over one million household responses a year. The ROP micro data collected are used in the construction of many of Acxiom’s aggregate products including its geo-demographic classification system called ‘PersonicX’. The ROP is found to compare favourably in areas such as sample size, geographic detail, consistency and data quality and accuracy when compared against government datasets including the 2001 Census, the Living Costs and Food Survey, the Labour Force Survey, the British Household Panel Survey, the General Lifestyle Survey and the English Housing Survey.
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) forcing on the late Holocene Cauca paleolake dynamics, northern Andes of Colombia

Abstract. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), is a major driving climate mechanism, in the eastern Caribbean Sea and the South Atlantic Ocean in relation to the dynamics of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) for the late Holocene. Here we document the AMO signal in the San Nicolas-1 core of the Cauca paleolake (Santa Fe–Sopetran Basin) in the northern Andes. Wavelet spectrum analysis of the gray scale of the San Nicolas-1 core provides evidence for a 70 yr AMO periodicity for the 3750 to 350 yr BP time interval, whose pattern is analogous to the one documented for the Cariaco Basin. This supports a possible correlation between enhanced precipitation and ENSO variability with a positive AMO phase during the 2000 to 1500 yr BP interval, and its forcing role on the Cauca ria lake deposits, which led to increased precipitation and to the transition from a igapo (black water) to a varzea (white water) environment ca. 3000 yr BP.
Chain Inflation Reconsidered

We investigate density perturbations in the chain inflation scenario, where the inflaton undergoes successive tunneling transitions along one field direction. First we show that when the bubble walls associated with such a phase transition meet, they induce the next phase transition and continue to propagate as phase interfaces. Then we present an analytical calculation of the density fluctuations and an estimate of non-Gaussianities such as f_{NL}, which we find to be small (of order 1). To get the right amplitude for the power spectrum, there have to be 10^8 phase transitions per Hubble time, a significant model building challenge. We find that working models of chain inflation must be rather strongly coupled, and thus have a very limited range of validity as effective field theories. We discuss generalizations to the multiple field case, the curvaton scenario, and noncanonical kinetic terms.
Were last glacial climate events simultaneous between Greenland and France? A quantitative comparison using non‐tuned chronologies

Several large abrupt climate fluctuations during the last glacial have been recorded in Greenland ice cores and archives from other regions. Often these Dansgaard–Oeschger events are assumed to have been synchronous over wide areas, and then used as tie‐points to link chronologies between the proxy archives. However, it has not yet been tested independently whether or not these events were indeed synchronous over large areas. Here, we compare Dansgaard–Oeschger‐type events in a well‐dated record from southeastern France with those in Greenland ice cores. Instead of assuming simultaneous climate events between both archives, we keep their age models independent. Even these well‐dated archives possess large chronological uncertainties that prevent us from inferring synchronous climate events at decadal to multi‐centennial time scales. If possible, comparisons between proxy archives should be based on independent, non‐tuned time‐scales. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On convergence of quadrature-differences method for linear singular integro-differential equations on the interval

Here we propose and justify the quadrature-dierences method for the full linear singular integro-dierentia l equations with Cauchy kernel on the interval ( 1, 1). We consider equations of zero, positiv e and negative indices. It is shown, that the method converges to exact solution and the error estimate depends on the sharpness of deriv ative approximation and the smoothness of the coecients and the right-hand side of the equation.
Biosynthesis of Extracellular Polymeric Substances by the Marine Bacterium Saccharophagus degradans under Different Nutritional Conditions

The effect of carbon source, carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and limitation in nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe) on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) synthesis by the marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans was studied. This strain was able to grow in mineral medium and produce EPS with different efficiency according to the C source used (g EPS/L): glucose or starch (1.5 ± 0.2); galactose, sucrose, or xylose (0.7 ± 0.2); and fructose (0.3 ± 0.1). The C/N ratio (glucose/ammonium) had a significant effect on EPS biosynthesis due to its production rise as the C/N ratio increased from 3 to 100 (0.7 to 2.1 g EPS/L). It was also observed that limitation in nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe also favored EPS biosynthesis. When taking into account both factors (C/N ratio, 100; nutrients limitation, 50%) a positive synergistic effect was noted on EPS production since under these conditions the maximum concentration obtained was 4.12 ± 0.3 g/L after 72 h of culture. The polymer was found to be a polysaccharide of mainly glucose, mannose, and galactose. This is the first report on EPS production by S. degradans which is a new feature of this versatile marine bacterium.
An Empirical Investigation on The Effect of Business Environment Factors on The FDI Inflows in Pakistan: The Moderating Role of Political Stability

This study has examined the moderating role of Political Stability (PS) on the relationships between microeconomic variables, business environment variables and the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in Pakistan.This study confined to the annual data for the period from 1991 to 2011 obtained from the authentic sources.The empirical analysis involved using the ADF test to check the stationary of the data, the EViewssoftware and hierarchal regression using the SPSS statistical software package. The statistical results of the study confirmed that that degree of openness, the Labor minimum wage and Infrastructure were significant predictors of FDI inflows. On the other hand, other variables such as GDP growth rate and the rule of law were not significant in determining the FDI inflows in Pakistan.However, the GDP growth rate tends to be a significant determinant of FDI inflows when the moderating effect of the Political stability is accounted for. These findings, thus, strongly suggested that political stability is crucial for the countryi¯s domestic and foreign investment in the future course of direction.
Prospective of biodiesel production utilizing microalgae as the cell factories: A comprehensive discussion

Microalgae are sunlight-driven miniature factories that convert atmospheric CO2 to polar and neutral lipids which after esterification can be utilized as an alternative source of petroleum. Further, other metabolic products such as bioethanol and biohydrogen produced by algal cells are also being considered for the same purpose. Microaglae are more efficient than the conventional oleaginous plants in capturing solar energy as they have simpler cellular organization and high capacity to produce lipids even under nutritionally challenged and high salt concentrations. Commercially, microalgae are cultivated either in open pond systems or in closed photobioreactors. The photobioreactor systems including tubular bioreactors, plate reactors and bubble column reactors have their own advantages as they provide sterile conditions for growing algal biomass. Besides, other culture conditions such as light intensity, CO2 concentration, nutritional balance, etc, in closed reactors remain controlled. On the other hand, though the open ponds provide a cost-effective option to utilize natural light facility for algal cells, the tough maintenance of optimal and stable growth conditions makes it difficult to manage the economy of the process. Further, these systems are much more susceptible to contamination with unwanted microalgae and fungi, bacteria and protozoa that feed on algae. Recently, some work has been done to improve lipid production from algal biomass by implementing in silico and in vitro biochemical, genetic and metabolic engineering approaches. This article represents a comprehensive discussion about the potential of microalgae for the production of valuable lipid compounds that can be further used for biodiesel production.
Vehicle Number Plate Detection Using Sobel Edge Detection Techniques by MATLAB

Detection of vehicle number plate is very interesting and also challenging topic for research. Since identification of a particular vehicle can be possible through its number plate, therefore each vehicle contains its own unique number plate. Characters are nothing but the different shapes of lines or edges; hence, edge Detection is the most important step for number plate extraction. Edges can be defined as the change in intensity of pixel, where each pixel value is set on average value with its neighborhood pixel. Bright-pixel gets brighter and dark-pixel gets darker hence characters are clearly visible which results into proper segmentation and helps in number plate extraction. This paper presents an optimized method based on Edge Detection Technique to identify the number plate of vehicle. As the number of vehicles is increasing on the road, this calls for the need of traffic management, by this method one can find whether the vehicle is registered or not. This also helps to maintain smooth traffic movement and method used here simplifies the image characters, i.e. numbers and alphabets, present in a number plate.
Capturing the many faces of an exploded star: communicating complex and evolving astronomical data

This study explored how different presentations of an object in deep space affect understanding, engagement, and aesthetic appreciation. A total of n = 2,502 respondents to an online survey were randomly assigned to one of 11 versions of Cassiopeia A, comprising 6 images and 5 videos ranging from 3 s to approximately 1 min. Participants responded to intial items regarding what the image looked like, the aesthetic appeal of the image, perceptions of understanding, and how much the participant wanted to learn more. After the image was identified, participants indicated the extent to which the label increased understanding and how well the image represented the object. A final item asked for questions about the image for an atronomer. Results suggest that alternative types of images can and should be used, provided they are accompanied by explanations. Qualitative data indicated that explanations should include information about colors used, size, scale, and location of the object. The results are discussed in terms of science communication to the public in the face of increasing use of technology. Abstract
Solving Non Linear Function with Two Variables by Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

The meaning of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) refers to a relatively new family of algorithms that may be used to find o ptimal (or near optimal) solutions to numerical and qualitative problems. The genetic algorithm (GA) is an adaptive search me thod that has the ability for a smart search to find the best solution and to reduc e the number of trials and time required for obtaining the optimal solution. The aim of this paper is to use the PSO to solve so me kinds of two variables function which submits to optimize function filed. We invest igate a comparison study between PSO and GA to this kind of problems. The experimental results reported will shed more light into which algorithm is best in solving optimization problems. The work shows the iteration results obtained with implementation in Delphi version 6.0 visual programming language exploiting the object oriented tools of this language.
For every quantum walk there is a (classical) lifted Markov chain with faster mixing time

Quantum walks on graphs have been shown in certain cases to mix quadratically faster than their classical counterparts. Lifted Markov chains, consisting of a Markov chain on an extended state space which is projected back down to the original state space, also show considerable speedups in mixing time. Here, we construct a lifted Markov chain on a graph with $n^2 T^3$ vertices that mixes to the average mixing distribution of a quantum walk on any graph with $n$ vertices over $T$ timesteps. Moreover, we prove that the mixing time of this chain is $T$, the number of timesteps in the quantum walk. As an immediate consequence, for every quantum walk there is a lifted Markov chain with the same mixing time. The result is based on a lifting presented by Apers, Ticozzi and Sarlette (arXiv:1705.08253).
PERFORMANCE OF THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS UNDER DRY ABRASIVE WEAR CONDITIONS

The performance under dry abrasive wear conditions is studied for HVOF sprayed cermet coatings in comparison to APS Cr2O3 and cermet as well as electroplated hard chromium coatings in Taber Abraser tests. Investigations on the wear behavior depending on the use of different abrasive wheels as well as on the influence of hard phase size, microhardness and chemical composition of the metallic matrix alloy in HVOF sprayed cermet coatings are carried out. In general cermet coatings show superior wear resistance compared to APS Cr2O3 and electroplated hard chromium coatings in Taber Abraser tests with H-22 abrasive wheels. The chemical composition of the metallic matrix of HVOF cermet coatings proves to be decisive concerning optimized wear resistance. The size of hard phases shows only minor influence. Coatings produced with coarse carbides make the highest wear resistance accessible, but the wear behavior depends much more severely on an optimized processing compared to coatings with fine carbides.
Testing GARCH and RV Exchange Rate Volatility Models using Hinich Tricorrelations

The aim of this paper is to enlighten a need to test the two most popular volatility models: the GARCH-ARMA model, based on a daily returns and the RV and the ARMA model, based on 30 min intraday high frequency (HF) data, in terms of non Gaussian Time Series Analysis. The ability of the models to perform a digital whitening and to produce independent innovations is tested on seven foreign exchange rates (FX) including Jpy/Eur, Usd/Eur, Cad/Usd, Chf/Eur, Chf/Usd, Usd/Gbp and Gbp/Eur, taken from Bloomberg. In the first step, stationary ARMAGARCH models of different orders were built and the best model was chosen by using AIC and Box-Pierce test based on the innovations of daily squared returns. In the second step, realized daily volatilities (RV), defined as the sum of intraday squared 30 min returns, are used to estimate the RV-ARMA volatility model parameter and to calculate forecasting errors. In the third step, the higher order cumulants (HOC) are calculated for 20 lags for all currencies and used to perform the Hinich test. Finally, it was not shown that whitening of squared returns, neither by using GARCH-ARMA nor by using RV ARMA model, is efficient. The finding of serial dependence in innovations signifies the presence of structure in the data that cannot be modeled by ARCH or GARCH or RV volatility models that assume a pure noise input. A further improvement is suggested in the stage of parameter estimation by using Higher Order Cumulant function , prior to the model testing based on Hinich test.
GeV-TeV cosmic-ray spectral anomaly as due to reacceleration by weak shocks in the Galaxy⋆

Recent cosmic-ray measurements have found an anomaly in the cosmic-ray energy spectrum at GeV-TeV energies. Although the origin of the anomaly is not clearly understood, suggested explanations include the effect of cosmic-ray source spectrum, propagation effects, and the effect of nearby sources. In this paper, we propose that the spectral anomaly might be an effect of reacceleration of cosmic rays by weak shocks in the Galaxy. After acceleration by strong supernova remnant shock waves, cosmic rays undergo diffusive propagation through the Galaxy. During the propagation, cosmic rays may again encounter expanding supernova remnant shock waves, and get re-accelerated. As the probability of encountering old supernova remnants is expected to be larger than the younger remnants because of their bigger sizes, reacceleration is expected to be produced mainly by weaker shocks. Since weaker shocks generate a softer particle spectrum, the resulting re-accelerated component will have a spectrum steeper than the initial cosmic-ray source spectrum produced by strong shocks. For a reasonable set of model parameters, it is shown that the re-accelerated component can dominate the GeV energy region while the non-reaccelerated component dominates at higher energies, thereby explaining the observed GeV-TeV spectral anomaly.
The activity of peroxidases and superoxide dismutases in transgenic phosphinothricin-resistant lotus corniculatus shoots

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the non-selective herbicide Basta ® , with phosphinothricin (PPT) as active compound, on antioxidative enzymes in transgenic PPT-resistant Lotus corniculatus cv. Bokor shoots grown under in vitro conditions. Analysis of peroxidases (POD) and superoxide dismutases (SOD) showed that the activity of these enzymes was affected by herbicide application more in control PPT-sensitive than in transformed resistant shoots. These results confirmed the capacity of genetically modified resistant shoots to reduce the influence of PPT on the physiological processes and disturbance of oxidative balance in cells.