Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution in the Chinese Diabetes Society Standards of Care for Type 2 Diabetes

China has been experiencing the biggest shift in the world in diabetes and obesity epidemic over the past three decades. Chinese Diabetes Society developed and published four editions of stand of care for type 2 diabetes management as clinical guidance for practice in China in the last twelve years. During the development and implementation of guidelines, the keyword is ‘evolution’, which includes evolution of evidence, expertise, excellence and endpoints. It will be a complete quality improvement cycle starting with ‘understanding the situation’ and ending with ‘tipping points of diabetes in primary prevention (prevalence), secondary prevention (diabetic complications) and tertiary prevention (diabetes‐related death)’. This series of ‘Stand of care for type 2 diabetes’ allows for a fundamental understanding into the ways in which the domino effects of the epidemic could be curbed. More work for doing with ‘Mens et Manus’ will be carried out in the near future. This English version will be useful for the international scientific community to glean insights into type 2 diabetes management practices in China, and alternative methods of tackling challenges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality differences according to marital status among men and women in Kuwait

Higher mortality among unmarried persons compared with currently married ones has been reported in many previous studies. There is paucity of such studies in developing countries. We analysed the association between marital status and mortality in Kuwait, an oil-rich Gulf Muslim country. Data were obtained from the Public Authority for Civil Information that has maintained a linked record database of population characteristics with death notifications since 2005. Deaths during 2005–2010 were aggregated for the analysis. Age-specific death rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated according to marital status (married, never married, divorced and widowed), age (15–49, 50–64 and 65+), gender, and nationality (Kuwaiti vs. non-Kuwaiti). Among Kuwaiti nationals, the SMRs for widowed, divorced, and never married were 1.75, 1.68 and 1.15 compared to the married. Higher mortality was found among unmarried men and women at almost all ages. These findings may be indicative of considerable public health problems such as higher disability and depression among the unmarried.
Exercise for women in the earlypostmenopausal years

Exercise has many benefits throughout life but in later life in particular it will protect against cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer, and preserve musculoskeletal health and psychological wellbeing. Women as they get older are at increasing risk of osteoporosis and the aim of exercise is to slow these skeletal changes. The early postmenopausal years in particular are associated with a rapid loss of bone mass, together with a loss of aerobic fitness and muscle strength. Therefore an evidence-based exercise regime to protect against these problems is essential, so that the exercise is of the appropriate quantity, duration and intensity for the required outcome.
H2 production potential in thermophilic mixed fermentation

The effect of pH on dark fermentative H2 production at 55°C was studied using three different inocula namely windrow yard waste compost (G), anaerobic organic waste compost (H) and activated sludge (A) and 2 g/L glucose as substrate. The sequential batch experiments were performed by controlling the pH at 5, 5.5 and 6. The highest molar H2 yields were found to be 1.7 at pH 5 for G and H and 1.6 at pH 5.5 for A, while severe drops in the subsequent runs were associated with lactate fermentation. At pH 5.5 in G, despite the butyrate formation ceased, lower but more stable H2 yields of about 1.1 were obtained through acetate-ethanol fermentation. Besides, the clostridial thermopiles prevalent at pH 5 were substituted by Thermoanaerobacterium-related species at pH 5.5 and 6. The findings suggested that for a stable H2 yield through acetate-butyrate fermentation at 55°C with compost inoculum G or H, the pH has to be controlled between pH 5 and 5.5. This is one of the few papers discussing the effects of pH on H2 production through thermophilic mixed fermentation of glucose by using three different natural mixed culture inocula.
Insulin analogues display IGF‐I‐like mitogenic and anti‐apoptotic activities in cultured cancer cells

Insulin analogues are widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Some insulin analogues were reported to display atypical activities in vitro that resemble those of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I). The aim of this study was to investigate whether two long‐acting insulin analogues [glargine (Lantus, Sanofi Aventis, Germany) and detemir (Levemir, Novo Nordisk, Denmark)] and two short‐acting analogues [lispro (Humalog, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, USA) and aspart (Novolog, Novo Nordisk, Denmark)] exhibit IGF‐I‐like activities on cultured cancer cells in comparison with IGF‐I and regular human insulin.
HDAC4 inhibits cell‐cycle progression and protects neurons from cell death

HDAC4 is a Class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) that is highly expressed in the brain, but whose functional significance in the brain is not known. We show that forced expression of HDAC4 in cerebellar granule neurons protects them against low potassium‐induced apoptosis. HDAC4 also protects HT22 neuroblastoma cells from death induced by oxidative stress. HDAC4‐mediated neuroprotection does not require its HDAC catalytic domain and cannot be inhibited by chemical inhibitors of HDACs. Neuroprotection by HDAC4 also does not require the Raf‐MEK‐ERK or the PI‐3 kinase‐Akt signaling pathways and occurs despite the activation of c‐jun, an event that is generally believed to condemn neurons to die. The protective action of HDAC4 occurs in the nucleus and is mediated by a region that contains the nuclear localization signal. HDAC4 inhibits the activity of cyclin‐dependent kinase‐1 (CDK1) and the progression of proliferating HEK293T and HT22 cells through the cell cycle. Mice‐lacking HDAC4 have elevated CDK1 activity and display cerebellar abnormalities including a progressive loss of Purkinje neurons postnatally in posterior lobes. Surviving Purkinje neurons in these lobes have duplicated soma. Furthermore, large numbers of cells within these affected lobes incorporate BrdU, indicating cell‐cycle progression. These abnormalities along with the ability of HDAC4 to inhibit CDK1 and cell‐cycle progression in cultured cells suggest that neuroprotection by HDAC4 is mediated by preventing abortive cell‐cycle progression. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.
Parametric study on the effect of the ratios [H2O2]/[Fe3 +] and [H2O2]/[substrate] on the photo-Fenton degradation of cationic azo dye Basic Blue 41

An experimental parametric study was carried out to investigate the effects of [H2O2], [Fe3 +] and [H2O2]/[Fe3 +] ratio on the photo-Fenton degradation of a azo dye Basic Blue 41 (BB41) in aqueous solution. This method consists of coupling between Fenton's reagent and UV irradiation in order to catalyze the in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals, a powerful oxidizing agent which leads to degradation of organic pollutants until total mineralization. The kinetics study of the reaction between BB41 and hydroxyl radicals showed that the degradation of BB41 follows the first-order kinetics. It was found that the concentration of H2O2 and ferric iron as well as their ratio [H2O2]/[Fe3 +] are key factors governing the removal of BB41 in aqueous medium and that the optimal ratio [H2O2]/[Fe3 +] is equal to 10 for 0.2 mM Fe3 + concentration. The initial BB41 concentration and the [H2O2]/[BB41] ratio are also found as significant operating parameters on the mineralization efficiency. The optimization of the operating conditions permitted to obtain a quasi-total mineralization of synthetic BB41 aqueous solutions. When these optimal conditions were applied to the real wastewater, 90% of TOC removal was obtained after 8 h of irradiation time.
Evaluation of Patients with Sleep Disorders

The evaluation of patients with sleep disorders invariably revolves around the decision of whether to undertake a formal laboratory evaluation of the sleeping patient. Although most of the discussion in this section centers on the patient with respiratory abnormalities during sleep, many of the presenting symptoms may, in fact, be due to other types of disorders that involve sleep dysfunction. A detailed classification of sleep disorders has been developed and published elsewhere; however, the approach taken here is simplified and based on presenting symptoms. Since sleep laboratories are now more accessible, the focus of the discussion will be directed at the appropriate referrals for sleep laboratory testing in patients suspected of having a sleep disorder. Although a reasonably complete list of symptoms occurring in patients with disorders of breathing during sleep is given in Table 1, the most common symptoms suggesting an underlying sleep disorder are listed in Table 2. The two most frequent problems experienced by patients with sleep disorders are difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep (insomnia) or inappropriate sleepiness during the daytime (hypersomnolence). Frequently, these symptoms coexist because of the interdependence of sleep and wakefulness; nevertheless, it is important to determine whether insomnia or hypersomnolence predominates in order to develop an appropriate management strategy.
Living with genetic test results for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE To examine adaptation by nonsymptomatic individuals who knew the results of a genetic test for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) for at least 4 years. DESIGN Longitudinal grounded theory study. METHODS Follow-up interviews after a 3- to 4-year interval were conducted by telephone or e-mail with seven asymptomatic participants originally recruited for an earlier study of genetic testing experiences. A total of 14 interviews, 2 for each participant were conducted. Conceptual analysis on these 14 interviews focused on impact on daily life and health behavior decisions made in the intervening years. FINDINGS Participants described the impact of the result and adaptations made in relationships, sexuality, outlook, and plans for the future. Participants accepted recommended surveillance and preventative measures to maximize a healthy lifestyle and reported both the benefits of knowing their mutation status as well as challenges they had encountered since testing. CONCLUSIONS Adaptation to living with genetic test results indicating a disease-related mutation is an ongoing process of balancing the knowledge of risk with living a normal life. Over time, awareness of genetic risk does not appear to diminish. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Positive and negative long-term consequences of genetic testing for hereditary breast or ovarian cancer may influence many aspects of the personal lives and health care decisions of those tested.
Imaging circuit formation in zebrafish

The study of nervous system development has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in molecular biology and imaging techniques. These approaches are perfectly suited to young transparent zebrafish where they have allowed direct observation of neural circuit assembly in vivo. In this review we will highlight a number of key studies that have applied optical and genetic techniques in zebrafish to address questions relating to axonal and dendritic arbor development, synapse assembly and neural plasticity. These studies have revealed novel cellular phenomena and modes of growth that may reflect general principles governing the assembly of neural circuits. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 346–357, 2012
Impact of nurse work environment and staffing on hospital nurse and quality of care in Thailand.

PURPOSE To determine the impact of nurse work environment and staffing on nurse outcomes, including job satisfaction and burnout, and on quality of nursing care. DESIGN Secondary data analysis of the 2007 Thai Nurse Survey. METHODS The sample consisted of 5,247 nurses who provided direct care for patients across 39 public hospitals in Thailand. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of nurse work environment and staffing on nurse outcomes and quality of care. FINDINGS Nurses cared for an average of 10 patients each. Forty-one percent of nurses had a high burnout score as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory; 28% of nurses were dissatisfied with their job; and 27% rated quality of nursing care as fair or poor. At the hospital level, after controlling for nurse characteristics (age, years in unit), the addition of each patient to a nurse's workload was associated with a 2% increase in the odds on nurses reporting high emotional exhaustion (odds ratio [OR] 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.03; p < .05). Nurses who reported favorable work environments were about 30% less likely to report fair to poor care quality (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.48-0.98; p < .05) compared with nurses who reported unfavorable work environments. The addition of each patient to a nurse's workload was associated with a 4% increase in the odds on nurses reporting quality of nursing care as fair or poor (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.05; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Improving nurse work environments and nurse staffing in Thai hospitals holds promise for reducing nurse burnout, thus improving nurse retention at the hospital bedside as well as potentially improving the quality of care. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Nurses should work with management and policymakers to achieve safe staffing levels and good work environments in hospitals throughout the world.
Hybrid Odontogenic Lesion of the Mandible: A Rare Case Report with Literature Review

A hybrid lesion is defined as being a1lesion showing the combined histopathological characteristics of two or more previously recognized odontogenic tumors and/or cysts of different categories.5Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor (AOT) is relatively rare, and was previously described as a histological variant of ameloblastoma, but is now recognized as a separate entity by the World Health Organization, representing 3-7% of all odontogenic tumors. AOT is a slow-growing lesion that is thought to arise from odontogenic epithelium because of its predilection for tooth-bearing bone, with varying degrees of inductive changes in connective tissue. It is sometimes referred to as the1two-three tumor5because about two thirds occur in the maxilla, two thirds occur in young women, two thirds are associated with an unerupted tooth, and two thirds of these teeth are canines. Cases of maxillary involvement are more common, usually in the anterior region of the jaw. The present case describes the concomitant occurrence of AOT, dentigerous cyst and CEOT in the anterior portion of the mandible of a 13-year-old male patient. PAS staining was performed for confirmation of amyloid components, followed by Congo Red staining.
Functions of effective microorganisms in bioremediation of the contaminated harbor sediments

The aim of this study was to apply loess balls containing effective microorganisms (EM) to the remediation of contaminated harbor sediments, and to thereby elucidate the functions of EM in remediation. Changes in physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological parameters were measured to monitor the remediation process at a laboratory scale. Treatment with high concentrations of EM stock culture and EM loess balls (4%), and a low concentration of EM loess balls (0.1%) that contained molasses (0.05%) contributed to more rapid removal of malodor. Acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, caponic acid, and lactic acid were rapidly removed in the presence of molasses (0.05% w/w) as a carbon nutrient source, indicating enhanced EM activity by amendment with molasses. Fermentation of molasses by EM showed that more acetic acid was produced compared with other organic acids, and that the majority of organic acids were eventually converted to acetate via intermediate metabolites. Sediment bioremediation tests showed there was no significant difference in eubacterial density with the control and the treatments. However, the density of a Lactobacillus sp. in sediments treated with 0.1% and 4.0% EM loess balls was significantly higher than the control, which indicated the bioaugmentation effect of EM loess balls in the polluted sediments. Treatment with EM loess balls and an appropriate amount of molasses, or other nutrients, will facilitate the remediation of polluted marine sediments by malodor removal, via EM degradation or utilization of offensive organic acids. To our knowledge, this is the first study to remediate contaminated marine (harbor) sediments using EM loess balls and to understand EM function during the bioaugmentation process, both in terms of organic acid metabolism and the dynamics of the engineered microbial community.
Loss of tau results in defects in photoreceptor development and progressive neuronal degeneration in Drosophila

Accumulations of Tau, a microtubule‐associated protein (MAP), into neurofibrillary tangles is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. However, the mechanisms leading to this pathology are still unclear: the aggregates themselves could be toxic or the sequestration of Tau into tangles might prevent Tau from fulfilling its normal functions, thereby inducing a loss of function defect. Surprisingly, the consequences of losing normal Tau expression in vivo are still not well understood, in part due to the fact that Tau knockout mice show only subtle phenotypes, presumably due to the fact that mammals express several MAPs with partially overlapping functions. In contrast, flies express fewer MAP, with Tau being the only member of the Tau/MAP2/MAP4 family. Therefore, we used Drosophila to address the physiological consequences caused by the loss of Tau. Reducing the levels of fly Tau (dTau) ubiquitously resulted in developmental lethality, whereas deleting Tau specifically in neurons or the eye caused progressive neurodegeneration. Similarly, chromosomal mutations affecting dTau also caused progressive degeneration in both the eye and brain. Although photoreceptor cells initially developed normally in dTau knockdown animals, they subsequently degenerated during late pupal stages whereas weaker dTau alleles caused an age‐dependent defect in rhabdomere structure. Expression of wild type human Tau partially rescued the neurodegenerative phenotype caused by the loss of endogenous dTau, suggesting that the functions of Tau proteins are functionally conserved from flies to humans. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1210–1225, 2014
Hypertension in chronic arsenic exposure: A case control study in West Bengal

Various systemic manifestations are reported to be caused by chronic arsenic exposure in the population living in the Indo-Bangladesh subcontinent. This study from West Bengal assesses the likelihood of occurrence of hypertension (HTN) in individuals resident in an area of high groundwater contamination with arsenic (Nadia district) compared to those from a non-contaminated area (Hoogly district) in West Bengal, India. Two hundred and eight study participants (Group 1) were recruited from a cross-sectional study in six villages in the Nadia district and 100 controls (Group 2) from a village in the Hoogly district. The two groups were evenly matched in regard to age and sex. History taking and clinical examination including blood pressure measurement were undertaken in each participant. Water samples from current and previous drinking water sources and hair and urine samples from each participant were collected for estimation of arsenic. The present study shows evidence of increased association of HTN in individuals resident in arsenic endemic region compared to those from a non-endemic region in West Bengal. There were increased odds ratios for HTN [Adjusted Odds Ratio, OR, 2.87 (95 %CI = 1.26–4.83)] in Group- 1 participants compared to Group- 2 people. Within Group 1, there was no difference in prevalence of HTN between those with and without skin lesion. There was a dose-effect relationship seen with increasing cumulative arsenic exposure and arsenic level in hair and HTN in participants living in arsenic endemic region.The findings reported here support an association between arsenic exposure and HTN. More work is needed to characterize the link further.
Effect of low temperature thermal pre-treatment on the solubilization of organic matter, pathogen inactivation and mesophilic anaerobic digestion of poultry sludge

Treatment of poultry industry effluents produces wastewater sludge with high levels of organic compounds and pathogenic microorganisms. In this research, the thermal pre-treatment of poultry slaughterhouse sludge (PSS) was evaluated for low temperatures in combination with different exposure times as a pre-hydrolysis strategy to improve the anaerobic digestion process. Organic compounds solubilization and inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms were evaluated after treatment at 70, 80 or 90°C for 30, 60 or 90 min. The results showed that 90°C and 90 min were the most efficient conditions for solubilization of the organic compounds (10%). In addition, the bacteria populations and the more resistant structures, such as helminth eggs (HE), were completely inactivated. Finally, the thermal pre-treatment applied to the sludge increased methane yield by 52% and reduced hydraulic retention time (HRT) by 52%.
Human FGF1 promoter is active in ependymal cells and dopaminergic neurons in the brains of F1B‐GFP transgenic mice

FGF1 is involved in multiple biological functions and exhibits the importance in neuroprotective effects. Our previous studies indicated that, in human brain and retina, the FGF1B promoter controlled the expression of FGF1. However, the exact function and regulation of FGF1 in brain is still unclear. Here, we generated F1B‐GFP transgenic mice that expressed the GFP reporter gene under the control of human FGF1B promoter (−540 to +31). Using the fresh brain sections of F1B‐GFP transgenic mice, we found that the F1B‐GFP cells expressed strong fluorescent signals in the ventricular system throughout the brain. The results of immunohistochemistry further showed that two distinct populations of F1B‐GFP+ cells existed in the brains of F1B‐GFP transgenic mice. We demonstrated that one population of F1B‐GFP+ cells was ependymal cells, which distributed along the entire ventricles, and the second population of F1B‐GFP+ cells was neuronal cells that projected their long processes into multiple directions in specific areas of the brain. The double labeling of F1B‐GFP+ cells and tyrosine hydroxylase indicated that a subpopulation of F1B‐GFP+‐neuronal cells was dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, these F1B‐GFP+/TH+ cells were distributed in the main dopaminergic neuronal groups including hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and raphe nuclei. These results suggested that human FGF1B promoter was active in ependymal cells, neurons, and a portion of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, the F1B‐GFP transgenic mice provide an animal model not only for studying FGF1 gene expression in vivo but also for understanding the role of FGF1 contribution in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 232–248, 2015