Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Altered Light Spectral Quality on Warm Season Turfgrass Growth under Greenhouse Conditions

Warm-season turfgrass quality declines under shade due to reduced photosynthesis, increased disease pressure, reduced carbohydrate production, tree root competition, and reduced lateral stem growth. Another factor limiting turfgrass growth and development under tree shade is variable qualities of light fi ltered by trees. However, effects of various fi ltered wavelengths on turfgrass performance are lacking and deserve research. Therefore, a greenhouse project investigated the physiological and morphological responses of ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. ], ‘Sea Isle 2000’ seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.), and ‘Tifway’ and ‘Celebration’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] to variable light spectral qualities. Light treatments included a control without any shade cloths and four different color shade cloths fi ltering wavelengths 560 to 720 nm (blue shade cloth), 360 to 520 nm (yellow shade cloth), 360 to 560 nm (red shade cloth), and 360 to 720 nm (black shade cloth). The percent light reduction for each cloth was about 65% relative to the control. Data collected included visual turfgrass quality (TQ), relative clipping yield, relative chlorophyll concentration, relative shoot width, relative root biomass, relative root length density, relative specifi c root length, and root and shoot total nonstructural carbohydrates. Diamond was the least affected turfgrass by the color shade cloths, while Celebration and Sea Isle 2000 performed similarly. Tifway was the most sensitive turfgrass with the lowest TQ under color shade cloths. Yellow and red shades were least detrimental, while black shade most negatively inhibited parameters measured, followed by blue shade. This study implies different types of shade signifi cantly impact the TQ of warmseason turfgrasses.
Floral Studies on Korean Wood-rotting Fungi (II) -on the flora of the Aphyllophorales(Basidiomycotina)-

The fungal flora of Korean wood-rotting fungi were studied for two years from March of 1990 to February of 1992. Fresh fungi were collected from national parks, local areas, and islands throughout the country. Fleshy fungi of the Aphyllophorales were identified through specimen examination and literature studies. Total 217 species and 1 variety were counted, among which Aleurodiscus cerussatus, Botryobasidium obtusisporum, Ceraceomyces cystidiatus, Erythricium hypnophilum, Grandinia crustosa, Grandinia spathulata, Hyphoderma praetermissum, Hyphoderma roseocremeum, Hypochnicium bombycinum, Hypochnicium detriticum, Hypochnicium lundellii, Laeticorticium roseum, Mycoacia fuscoatra, Peniophora incarnata, Phanerochaete avellanea, Phanerochaete filamentosa, Phanerochaete martelliana, Phlebia lilascens, and Trechispora vaga under the Corticiaceae, Chondrostereum purpureum and Cystostereum subabruptum under the Stereaceae, Tomentella pilosa under the Thelephoraceae, Asterostroma laxum, Hymenochaete cruenta, Hymenochaete fuliginosa, Hymenochaete tabacina, Inonotus radiatus, and Phellinus pomaceus under the Hymenochaetaceae, Antrodia crassa, Antrodia serialis, Ceriporia reticulata, Oligoporus balsameus, Oligoporus guttulatus, Oxyporus cuneatus, Rigidoporus microporus, and Trichaptum laricinum under the Polyporaceae, total 36 species were confirmed as unrecorded species to Korea and are registered here with Korean names and English descriptions.
Hyphal mediated transport processes of the allelochemical juglone in soil

Foreword IV Acknowledgements V List of figures VII List of tables VIII Chapter I: General Introduction 9 Chapter II: Soil hypha mediated movement of allelochemicals: arbuscular mycorrhizae extend the bioactive zone of juglone 21 Chapter III: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae enhance transport of the allelochemical juglone in natural soil 48 Chapter V: General Discussion 68 Chapter VI: Summary/Zusammenfassung 73 Contribution to the publications 81 Curriculum vitae 82
Preliminary Results on an Approach for the Quantification of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes (LCC) in Hardwood Pulps

Abstract The literature on biomass research contains many references to lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC) decreasing the rate of delignification in chemical pulp production, decreasing the yield of cellulosic ethanol via fermentation, and decreasing forage digestibility. However, it is difficult to find correlations between rates of the processes above and initial LCC concentration. One of the main reasons for the lack of such correlations is the absence of methods for accurate quantification of LCC. In this investigation, repeatable and reproducible determinations of bound sugars at monomeric concentrations as low as 0.3 wt% on enzymatic lignin (EL) have been achieved. The bound sugars are hydrolyzed by H2SO4, most likely as low molecular weight oligomers. In the same H2SO4 treatment, the oligomers are hydrolyzed to monomers which are subsequently quantified by 1H NMR analyses. A significant enrichment of bound arabinan was previously reported when a crude milled wood lignin (MWL) was compared to the starting wood meal. A similar arabinan enrichment was observed for ELs from kraft and soda-AQ (SAQ) pulps in the present study. Also, well-resolved cross-peaks have been obtained in 2D HSQC NMR analyses of ELs. It has so far been confirmed that the EL from a 30.6 kappa number SAQ pulp from sugar maple contained ∼30% more benzyl ethers linked to primary-OH groups in sugar units than the corresponding EL from a 33.7 kappa number kraft pulp.
Density‐Dependent Survival of Scatterhoarded Nuts: An Experimental Appoach

We tested our earlier prediction that the food content of buried nuts will influence the density at which fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) scatterhoard each species of nut. We buried black walnuts (Juglans nigra), bur oak acorns (Quercus macrocarpa), and chinquapin oak acorns (Q. muehlenbergii) at varying densities in monospecific and mixed-species grids in three different years and three different seasons within a year, and analyzed their survival from predation over time. We also observed free- ranging squirrels scatterhoard walnuts and bur oak acorns, which we made available in equal numbers. The survival of buried nuts was dependent on the nut species, nut density, and squirrel density. The lowest meaningful density of buried nuts for squirrels was related to the food content of the nut species. Analysis of nut survival at the same burial sites in successive seasons indicated that squirrels did not use memory to return to specific sites where they had previously found nuts. Rather, they foraged preferentially in certain microhabitats. Squirrels were observed burying black walnuts farther away from a source pile than they buried bur oak acorns. The difference is consistent with the difference in food content between the two species and also with the threshhold density below which naive squirrels have no density-dependent effect on buried nuts. Our data on nut survival suggest that squirrel foraging varies with nut density but not with nut spacing.
Genetic Diversity for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms: Relation to Estimated Genetic Effects in Maize Inbreds

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been proposed for investigating relationships among inbred lines and predicting heterosis and performance of single-cross hybrids in maize (Zea mays L.). Such use was evaluated in 20 maize inbreds classified as first-cycle, second-cycle, good, and poor lines, and in diallel crosses within types. Eight generations (parents, F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , backcrosses, and backcrosses selfed) from 67 crosses were evaluated for grain yield in five Iowa environments. Genetic effects were estimated from generation means by ordinary diallel analyses and the Eberhart-Gardner genetic model (.)
Provisional checklist of genera of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

A provisional list of lower taxa (genera, subgenera) for the butterfly family Pieridae is provided based on review of the literature. A total of 98 taxa (83 genera, 15 subgenera) is recognised. Most of the genera appear in relatively good order but there is considerable doubt concerning the monophyly of Eurema sensu lato, Eurema sensu stricto, Catasticta sensu lato and Appias sensu lato. Systematic revision of Eurema sensu lato, Phoebis sensu lato, Hesperocharis sensu lato and Appias sensu lato is also required to determine the status or taxonomic rank (i.e. genera or subgenera) of taxa currently or previously included in these genera in the broad sense. The status of subgenera currently assigned to Colias sensu stricto appears doubtful. It is recommended that future systematic studies on lower classification focus on recognition of species-groups rather than subgenera within monophyletic genera.
Enzymatic Degrading Solubilization of a Polymer Comprising Glycine, Phenylalanine, 1,2-Ethanediol, and Adipic Acid

Water-insoluble four-component polymers, comprising glycine (Gly), phenylalanine (Phe), 1,2-ethanediol, and adipic acid, were synthesized. These polymers exhibited degrading solubilization upon incubation with chymotrypsin. It was found that the degradation rate of the polymer could be controlled by altering the Phe/Gly ratio.
Life history and molecular sequences of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), a new introduction to European waters

J. Rueness. 2005. Life history and molecular sequences of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), a new introduction to European waters. Phycologia 44: 120–128. Gracilaria vermiculophylla, originally described from Japan, is reported for the first time from European waters where it appears to be restricted to sheltered, estuarine habitats as loose-lying, entangled mats on mud and fine sand, mostly in the vegetative state. The life history was completed in culture in an isolate from Brittany, France. Growth experiments demonstrated the euryhaline and eyrytherm nature of the alga with good growth at 11°C, 19.5°C and 25°C at salinities of 10, 20 and 30 psu, and best growth at 10 psu and 19.5°C. Specimens were sampled from 13 locations in Brittany. In addition, samples of unidentified Gracilaria sp. growing under similar environments were received from Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. Dried specimens of authentic G. vermiculophylla (G. asiatica) from Japan and Korea were examined using DNA sequence data. Mitochondrial DNA cox 2–3 spacer was sequenced in at least one individual from each locality and plastid DNA Rubisco spacer sequences were obtained from many. The rbcL sequence was obtained in the cultured clone, and was only partially sequenced (c. 50–60%) in a few others. No intraspecific variation was seen in the cox 2–3 and Rubisco spacers, and only one difference was seen in rbcL sequences. Isolates of G. gracilis and Gracilariopsis longissima were used for comparisons. It is concluded that the G. vermiculophylla populations in Europe are probably due to a recent introduction event. Some recent reports suggest that the species may also occur on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts of America.
Linking Habitat Restoration to Meaningful Units of Animal Demography

To restore habitat is to restore the functional aspects of a place where one or more species are intended to live. However, habitat restored with the right structural elements can still fail to support the species due to insufficient space and spatial contiguity (e.g., movement corridors) with nearby habitat. The spatial extent of habitat determines its capacity to support various demographic units, such as a breeding pair of individuals, a true population, or a metapopulation. In scatter‐plots of published density estimates and their corresponding study area sizes, I found consistent patterns that appeared to represent spatial scale domains, in which subpopulations, populations, and multiple populations exist for each species. These spatial scale domains can help guide habitat restoration by indicating the minimum area needed to support a population. The effectiveness of restored habitat, considered alone or in combination with existing habitat, should be judged by the habitat's capacity to sustain a functioning population, which includes the population's membership in a metapopulation. Additionally, the evidence increasingly demonstrates that habitat must include sufficient space for the population(s) to periodically relocate as resources are depleted locally. The spatial extent of proposed habitat restoration can now be linked to the likely demographic unit of the species that can be supported there. I provide two examples of proposed habitat conservation and their likely effectiveness based on their spatial areas.
The unconventional geminivirus Beet curly top Iran virus: satisfying Koch's postulates and determining vector and host range

Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIRV) is a geminivirus with unusual genomic organisation, recently reported in Iran, infecting sugarbeet and a few other plant species. Although three BCTIRV sequences have been reported, demonstration that BCTIRV DNA is the causal agent of the disease was missing. A full-length genomic DNA was obtained from symptomatic leaves of sugarbeet collected in the Sivand area of Iran, and its nucleotide sequence was determined (BCTIRV-Siv, 2845 nt). To satisfy Koch's postulates, an infectivity assay was developed by inserting a 1.4-mer of BCTIRV-Siv DNA in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and using it in agroinoculation experiments. The cloned viral DNA was capable of infecting sugarbeets, reproducing the leaf curling and vein enations observed in the field. These results demonstrate that the single DNA component of BCTIRV is sufficient for infectivity. Host range studies indicated that some economically important crops can be affected, such as spinach, tomato and sweet pepper, as well as important laboratory plants including Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis thaliana and Jimson weed. Circulifer haematoceps, the dominant leafhopper species present in sugarbeet fields in Iran, was successfully used to transmit the disease. The availability of an infectious clone will facilitate extended host range studies, to determine the potential risks to other crops, as well as genetic studies on this unusual member of the family Geminiviridae.
Species Richness of Experimental Productivity Gradients: How Important is Colonization Limitation?

The biodiversity of a site should depend on the interplay of local colonization (gain) and extinction (loss) rates, but few theoretical explanations of diversity patterns on productivity gradients have included effects of productivity on colonization. In an 1 -yr study, experimental increases in productivity via nitrogen addition generally led to de- creased species richness in four grassland fields. Decreased diversity in productive plots was caused as much by lower rates of species gain as by greater rates of loss of existing species. Annual grasses and forbs had high gain and loss rates, but these were independent of productivity. In contrast, the rates of gain of perennial grass and forb species declined with productivity, and their rates of loss increased. Species richness was dependent on litter mass and on light penetration, but not on aboveground living plant mass, suggesting that there was no direct effect of productivity on diversity. Diversity in periodically burned prairie, which had low litter mass, was independent of productivity by the 10th and 11th yr of the study. Results suggest that diversity is lower in productive grasslands because accumulated litter, and possibly lower light penetration, inhibit germination and/or survival of seedlings, and thus decrease rates of establishment by new species. Higher productivity also leads to higher rates of loss, presumably via competitive displacement, of existing species. Results do not support the hypothesis that soil N heterogeneity controls diversity on the temporal and spatial scales of this study.
Estimating plant biomass: A review of techniques

Abstract Many different techniques have been used to estimate biomass for ecological, agricultural and forestry research. The most suitable technique depends on available budget, accuracy required, structure and composition of the vegetation, and whether species and component biomass are required. A survey of the methods that have been used to estimate biomass is given, and the advantages and disadvantages of direct sampling, calibrated visual estimation and double sampling techniques are discussed. The relative cost and accuracy of each technique are summarized and recommendations are made for the use of the techniques in different vegetation complexes, such as discrete shrubs or trees, patchy vegetation, homogeneous vegetation, and species-rich inhomogeneous heathland.
Can distribution of trees explain variation in nitrous oxide fluxes?

Abstract The impact of distance to tree stems on nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes was examined to determine whether it is possible to improve the accuracy of flux estimates from boreal forest soils. Dark static chambers were placed along transects between pairs of trees within a Norway spruce stand and fluxes of N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured during the period 1999–2003. The groundwater table was measured on every sampling occasion along the transects. In addition, radiation transmission, potential diffusion rate and biomass of forest floor vegetation were measured once at each chamber site along one of the transects and soil samples were collected at three depths, from which pH, denitrification enzyme activity, soil moisture, organic matter, and carbon and nitrogen content were determined. There was a high level of variation in the N2O fluxes, both spatially and temporally. However, the spatial variation in the N2O fluxes within the transect could not be explained by differences in any of the measured variables. Sometimes, mainly when no major peaks occurred, N2O fluxes were significantly correlated with CO2 release. It is concluded that distance to stems cannot be used to improve the design of sampling schemes or for extrapolating flux levels to larger scales.
Effect of low molecular weight heparin and different heparin molecular weight fractions on the activity of the matrix‐degrading enzyme aggrecanase: Structure–function relationship

The matrix‐degrading enzyme aggrecanase has been identified in cartilage and is largely responsible for cartilage breakdown. The present study determined the efficacy of different heparin molecular weight fractions (HMWFs) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) on aggrecanase activity. Aggrecanase activity was determined using biotinylated peptide substrate, which was immobilized onto streptavidin‐coated 96‐well plates; aggrecanase enzyme was then added. Proteolysis of the substrate at the specific amide bond was detected using specific antibody for the neoepitope generated. HMWFs ranging from 1,700 to 12,000 Da demonstrated a concentration‐dependent inhibitory efficacy of aggrecanase activity, with a Ki ranging from 5,000 nM down to 1 nM as a function of the molecular weight. The higher the molecular weight distribution, the greater the inhibitory efficacy of the heparin fragments toward aggrecanase activity. The absence or presence of antithrombin did not alter the affinity of heparin in inhibiting aggrecanase. Additionally, tissue factor pathway inhibitor at various levels did not alter the activity of aggrecanase. LMWHs demonstrated different levels of potency in inhibiting aggrecanase activity as a function of their average molecular weight distribution. Tinzaparin (average molecular weight = 6,500 Da) and enoxaparin (average molecular weight = 4,500 Da) demonstrated a Ki of 20 and 80 nM, respectively. The aggrecanase inhibitory effect of LMWH might contribute to blocking inflammation and tumor invasion by inhibiting aggrecanase activity and maintaining an intact extracellular matrix barrier. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulating grass seed passage through the digestive system of cattle : a laboratory technique

Seed of numerous grass species are known to be ingested by cattle (Bos spp.) and remain germinable, while seed of other grass species do not. The seed and animal factors that control the fate of grass seed have eluded researchers. Earlier research showed that seed germination declines linearly with increased residence time in the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle. The objectives of this research were to develop modification to the two-stage in vitro dry matter digestion procedure (used for evaluating forage digestibility) so the procedure will produce the linear decline in seed germination observed in vivo [. ]
Spatial patterns and seasonality in the epibenthic communities of the Westerschelde (Southern Bight of the North Sea)

Beamtrawl samples were taken monthly between January 1988 and December 1989 in 14 subtidal stations along the longitudinal axis of the Westerschelde Estuary. The estuary harboured high densities of epibenthic species (total average of 2250 ind 1000 m−2). Only 37 fish species were recorded and three mobile macroinvertebrate species were quantified. Seventeen epibenthic species were common, only eight of which were very abundant. An overall dominance of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon was noted. The near absence of anadromous and freshwater species was correlated with the low oxygen concentrations upstream the Dutch–Belgian border. The epibenthic species could be divided into a polyhaline and a mesohaline community along the main salinity–oxygen–turbidity gradients of the estuary. The mesohaline zone was characterized by higher densities and biomasses for shrimps, gobies and flatfish. The spatial structure in the epibenthic community of the polyhaline zone was more influenced by the watermasses from the sea and inflowing channels, and was correlated with the degree of exposure (current velocities and tides). A classification is proposed, based on the season in which the epibenthic species occur in the estuary, and on their life stages and abundances during that period. The monthly data demonstrate that while the eight abundant epibenthic species were generally present throughout the year (summer or winter resident), the majority tended to appear in the Westerschelde at varying times (summer, winter or bimodal) and often remained in large numbers (nine common species) for only a short time. The fact that mainly juveniles were recorded in the higher density-classes, suggests that the Westerschelde Estuary still acts as a nursery area for many epibenthic species.
Maize DNA polymerase 2 (an α-type enzyme) suffers major damage after seed deterioration

Abstract DNA polymerase 2 holoenzyme is an α-type polymerase present as a major activity in 24-h germinated maize embryo axes. At this time, several of the polypeptides that compose this multisubunit enzyme are phosphorylated. During the germination of artificially deteriorated maize embryo axes, total DNA polymerase activity decreases by around 50% when compared with activity in non-deteriorated axes. DNA polymerase 2 appears to be damaged by the deterioration treatment, greatly reducing its activity. This decrease in activity is related to protein degradation during germination since the amount of both the holoenzyme and the different polymerase 2 subunits is reduced as imbibition progresses. The decrease in amount is more dramatic for some of the subunits than for others, i.e., the amount of the 90-kDa catalytic subunit is reduced by about half, whereas all other subunits totally disappear at different times during germination. The phosphorylation state of the different polypeptides is also greatly affected.