Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Quantitative Testing of Samplers

The problem of uniform sampling is, given a formula F , sample solutions of F uniformly at random from the solution space of F . Uniform sampling is a fundamental problem with widespread applications, including configuration testing, bug synthesis, function synthesis, and many more. State-of-the-art approaches for uniform sampling have a trade-off between scalability and theoretical guarantees. Many state of the art uniform samplers do not provide any theoretical guarantees on the distribution of samples generated, however, empirically they have shown promising results. In such cases, the main challenge is to test whether the distribution according to which samples are generated is indeed uniform or not. Recently, Chakraborty and Meel (2019) designed the first scalable sampling tester, Barbarik , based on a grey-box sampling technique for testing if the distribution, according to which the given sampler is sampling, is close to the uniform or far from uniform. They were able to show that many off-the-self samplers are far from a uniform sampler. The availability of Barbarik increased the test-driven development of samplers. More recently, Golia, Soos, Chakraborty and Meel (2021), designed a uniform like sampler, CMSGen , which was shown to be accepted by Barbarik on all the instances. However, CMSGen does not provide any theoretical analysis of the sampling quality. CMSGen leads us to observe the need for a tester to provide a quantitative answer to determine the quality of underlying samplers instead of merely a qualitative answer of Accept or Reject . Towards this goal, we design a computational hardness-based tester ScalBarbarik that provides a more nuanced analysis of the quality of a sampler. ScalBarbarik allows more expressive measurement of the quality of the underlying samplers. We empirically show that the state-of-the-art sampler, CMSGen is not accepted as a uniform-like sampler by ScalBarbarik . Furthermore, we show that ScalBarbarik can be used to design a sampler that can achieve balance between scalability and uniformity.
Understanding How People Approach Constraint Modelling and Solving

Research in constraint programming typically focuses on problem solving efficiency. However, the way users conceptualise problems and communicate with constraint programming tools is often sidelined. How humans think about constraint problems can be important for the development of efficient tools that are useful to a broader audience. For example, a system incorporating knowledge on how people think about constraint problems can provide explanations to users and improve the communication between the human and the solver. We present an initial step towards a better understanding of the human side of the constraint solving process. To our knowledge, this is the first human-centred study addressing how people approach constraint modelling and solving. We observed three sets of ten users each (constraint programmers, computer scientists and non-computer scientists) and analysed how they find solutions for well-known constraint problems. We found regularities offering clues about how to design systems that are more intelligible to humans
External Potential Flow Around Multiple Aerofoils

This chapter present a fats boundary integral equation method for numerical computing of uniform potential flow past multiple aerofoils. The presented fast multipole-based iterative solution procedure requires only $O(nm\ln n)$ operations where $m$ is the number of aerofoils and $n$ is the number of nodes in the discretization of each aerofoil's boundary. We demonstrate the performance of our methods on several numerical examples.
Plotting: A Planning Problem with Complex Transitions

We focus on a planning problem based on Plotting, a tile-matching puzzle video game published by Taito. The objective of the game is to remove at least a certain number of coloured blocks from a grid by sequentially shooting blocks into the same grid. The interest and difficulty of Plotting is due to the complex transitions after every shot: various blocks are affected directly, while others can be indirectly affected by gravity. We highlight the difficulties and inefficiencies of modelling and solving Plotting using PDDL, the de-facto standard language for AI planners. We also provide two constraint models that are able to capture the inherent complexities of the problem. In addition, we provide a set of benchmark instances, an instance generator and an extensive experimental comparison demonstrating solving performance with SAT, CP, MIP and a state-of-the-art AI planner
Natural language processing in CALL: language with a purpose

This paper makes a case for a style of CALL in which learners engage in written ‘conversations’ with a computer, implemented by means of natural language processing techniques. These conversations involve using language as a tool for achieving goals through active communication rather than as the subject matter for language exercises. The paper goes on to discuss the design and implementation of prototype software developed to illustrate this approach, and reports on pilot observations of the software in use. However, many issues in the design and use of this approach remain to be clarified.
Constrained Statistical Inference: Inequality, Order, and Shape Restrictions

The remainder of the book turns to more statistical and applied issues but is relatively short in comparison to the foregoing material. Chapter 10 discusses estimation of the parameters of a multivariate t distribution including the use of the expectation maximization algorithm or one of its variants to obtain maximum likelihood estimates. Chapter 11 deals with classical and Bayesian inference in regression models when the errors are assumed to come from an uncorrelated multivariate t distribution. The implications of this model are that the errors are identically distributed but statistically dependent despite their lack of correlation. The applications in Chapter 12 are really notes for further reading. Projection pursuit, portfolio optimization, cluster analysis, and multiple decision problems are mentioned. In summary, this book is a useful reference work for anyone with an interest in non-Gaussian continuous multivariate distributions. Some form of heavytailed multivariate t distribution is often a natural alternative model to the normal distribution, and this book successfully summarizes what is known about such distributions. No doubt there are some omissions, as is to be expected when the relevant literature is very scattered, but the authors have done a useful service in bringing together a lot of useful material in one compact volume.
Estimating productivity and nutritive value of Marandu palisadegrass using a proximal canopy reflectance sensor

Abstract In intensive livestock production systems, estimating forage production and its nutritive value can assist farmers in optimizing pasture management, stocking rate, and feed supplementation to animals. In this study, we aimed to use vegetation indices, determined using a proximal canopy reflectance sensor, to estimate the forage mass, crude protein content, and nitrogen in live forage of Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha). Pasture canopy reflectance was measured at three wavelengths (670, 720, and 760 nm) using a Crop Circle device equipped with an ACS-430 sensor. Total forage mass, plant-part composition, leaf area index (LAI), and crude protein content were assessed during 14 growth cycles in a pasture under four management regimes, comprising different combinations of two N fertilization rates and two irrigation schedules. For each forage assessment, pasture canopy reflectance data were used to calculate the following vegetation indices: normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference red edge, simple ratio index (SRI), modified simple ratio, and chlorophyll index. In addition, we also performed analyses of the linear and exponential regressions between vegetation indices and total forage mass, leaf + stem mass, leaf mass, LAI, crude protein content, and nitrogen in live forage. The best estimates were achieved for total forage mass, leaf + stem mass, leaf mass, and nitrogen in live forage using SRI (R2 values between 0.72 and 0.79). When estimating pasture productive variables (total forage mass, leaf + stem mass, leaf mass, and LAI) from SRI, the equations showed R2 values between 0.69 (leaf mass) and 0.74 (LAI) and relative errors ranging from 19% to 21%. For each of the water and nitrogen supply conditions evaluated, this index facilitated the monitoring of forage mass time series and nitrogen in live forage and the extraction of this nutrient by the pasture.
A novel MMSE based codebook construction for MIMO precoded spatial multiplexing with limited feedback

This paper deals with the design and performance analysis of the transmission precoder optimization for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with limited feedback of channel state information (CSI). We assume that the receiver can get perfect channel knowledge by channel estimation while the transmitter only has partial channel knowledge from limited feedback. We present a minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion based codebook construction algorithm for MIMO precoded spatial multiplexing systems under a specific average power constraint. The optimal transmitter structure is employed in this paper. Simulation results show that the MMSE criteria based codebook construction algorithm with hybrid design of power allocation and precoding can achieve better performance than that of equal power allocation based codebook of previous research.
Markov Processes: An Introduction for Physical Scientists

Random Variable Theory. General Features of a Markov Process. Continuous Markov Processes. Jump Markov Processes with Continuum States. Jump Markov Processes with Discrete States. Temporally Homogeneous Birth-Death Markov Processes. Appendixes: Some Useful Integral Identities. Integral Representations of the Delta Functions. An Approximate Solution Procedure for "Open" Moment Evolution Equations. Estimating the Width and Area of a Function Peak. Can the Accuracy of the Continuous Process Simulation Formula Be Improved? Proof of the Birth-Death Stability Theorem. Solution of the Matrix Differential Equation. Bibliography. Index.
Near-Infrared Emission-Line Spectra of the Orion Nebula, NGC 4151, and Other Seyfert Galaxies

Les spectres CCD IR-proche couvrant l'intervalle 7000-11000 A ont ete obtenus pour la Nebuleuse d'Orion NGC 1976 et la galaxie Seyfert NGC 4151 dans 3 segments se chevauchant. Les 3 raies les plus intenses dans les 2 objets sont [S III] λ9531, He I λ10830, et [S III] λ9069. Le spectre de la Nebuleuse d'Orion est tres utile pour l'identification des raies dans NGC 4151 et pour l'intercomparaison. Les spectres couvrant l'etendue 7000-10000 A de 14 galaxies Seyfert additionnelles ont egalement ete obtenus et mesures. La raie la plus forte dans toutes les galaxies sauf 2 d'entre elles est [S III] λ9531. Pratiquement toutes les galaxies montrent la raie [Ni II] la plus forte a λ7378
Carter's factor calculation using domain transformations and the finite element method

The main purpose of this work is to present a methodology to calculate Carter's factor using the actual air‐gap geometry, that is, without simplifications of the slot geometry. The methodology is based on the finite element method, and its results are compared with some traditional procedures used for Carter's factor calculation and also with a domain transformation technique. It is shown that the finite element method and the domain transformation methodologies present similar results, which are different from the results obtained with traditional procedures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Study on State Estimation in Elastic Joints

In robots with elastic joints, discrepancies exist between the motor side and the load side (i.e., the link of the robotic joint) due to joint elasticity. Thus, sensing only at the motor side does not precisely provide the information of interest at the load side. In view that the load side states determine the position and orientation of the end‐effector, it is critical to have the load side states sensed and/or estimated. In this paper, we present a comprehensive comparative study on load side state estimation utilizing two different models of robotic elastic joints. Low‐cost MEMS inertia sensors, such as gyroscopes and accelerometers, are adopted on the load side to supplement the motor side sensing. We also incorporate sensor noises and biases in the measurement dynamics. Kalman filtering methods are designed based on the extended dynamic/kinematic models for the fusion of multiple sensor signals. We also study the specific issue related to the noise covariance adaptation. The effectiveness of the proposed schemes is experimentally demonstrated and compared on a robotic elastic joint testbed.
Subsystems of second order arithmetic

List of tables Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Part I. Development of Mathematics within Subsystems of Z2: 2. Recursive comprehension 3. Arithmetical comprehension 4. Weak Konig's lemma 5. Arithmetical transfinite recursion 6. pi11 comprehension Part II. Models of Subsystems of Z2: 7. ss-models 8. omega-models 9. Non-omega-models Part III. Appendix: 10. Additional results Bibliography Index.
Optical constants of CdxZn1−xSe ternary alloys

A simple model is presented for the complex dielectric function, e(E)=e1(E)+ie2(E), of CdxZn1−xSe alloy. The effects of alloy composition are properly taken into consideration in the calculation. The model is applicable over the entire range of photon energies, below and above the lowest band gap, and is in relatively good agreement with the existing experimental data. Dielectric-function-related optical constants, such as the real refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), and high-frequency dielectric constant (e∞), of this alloy system have also been presented. The present results can be used in the design and analysis of various optoelectronic devices using this alloy system.
Validation of moving target doses using ArcCHECK Planned Dose Perturbation Algorithm

The aim of the study is to use Planned Dose Perturbation (PDP™) measurement-guided reconstruction method to estimate dynamic 4D dose and evaluate both 3D dose and DVH changes caused by target motion resulting from respiration. Five patients of Ca lung were selected for the study. Target and Organ at risks were (OARs) delineated on 4DCT data set of each patient. Dose of moving target vs. stationary target were simulated and compared for OARs and target by analyzing 3D dose and DVH(Dose Volume Histogram). There was almost 3.5% higher target maximum doses measured with moving target after applying the target motion trajectory data as compared to the stationary target whereas OARs doses were comparable. The results, clinically signifies the importance of motion management in lung tumors.
SPECIFICATION TESTING OF GARCH REGRESSION MODELS

This thesis analyses, derives and evaluates specification tests of Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) regression models, both univariate and multivariate. Of particular interest, in the first half of the thesis, is the derivation of robust test procedures designed to assess the Constant Conditional Correlation (CCC) assumption often employed in multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models. New asymptotically valid conditional moment tests are proposed which are simple to construct, easily implementable following the full or partial Quasi Maximum Likelihood (QML) estimation and which are robust to non-normality. In doing so, a non-normality robust version of the Tse's (2000) LM test is provided. In addition, a new and easily programmable expressions of the expected Hessian matrix associated with the QMLE is obtained. The finite sample performances of these tests are investigated in an extensive Monte Carlo study, programmed in GAUSS.In the second half of the thesis, attention is devoted to nonparametric testing of GARCH regression models. First simultaneous consistent nonparametric tests of the conditional mean and conditional variance structure of univariate GARCH models are considered. The approach is developed from the Integrated Generalized Spectral (IGS) and Projected Integrated Conditional Moment (PICM) procedures proposed recently by Escanciano (2008 and 2009, respectively) for time series models. Extending Escanciano (2008), a new and simple wild bootstrap procedure is proposed to implement these tests. A Monte Carlo study compares the performance of these nonparametric tests and four parametric tests of nonlinearity and/or asymmetry under a wide range of alternatives. Although the proposed bootstrap scheme does not strictly satisfy the asymptotic requirements, the simulation results demonstrate its ability to control the size extremely well and therefore the power comparison seems justified. Furthermore, this suggests there may exist weaker conditions under which the tests are implementable. The simulation exercise also presents the new evidence of the effect of conditional mean misspecification on various parametric tests of conditional variance. The testing procedures are also illustrated with the help of the SP however the covariance marginal tests lack power for some alternatives.
Using Knowledge Management to Strengthen Information Security Policy Development in Developing Countries: Case - Jamaica

Information security incidents continue to grow exponentially amidst the development of advanced technological solutions aimed at protecting information system resources. Today, the growth in information systems’ breaches remains at an alarming rate. The strategies developed by malicious users are becoming more sophisticated in nature and are introduced unabated across various networks. However, security experts and developers are lagging behind in their response to the information security phenomenon. Today, developing countries continue struggling to effectively address information security issues and are becoming the main avenue for cyber criminals who capitalize on the weaknesses that exist in these regions. An effective response to information security requires a significant amount of resources. In developing countries there are limited human, financial and technological resources and weak legislative frameworks and these are fundamental requirements for combating cyber-crime. One major cyber-crime incident could be catastrophic for businesses and governments in these small, fragile economies and could have far reaching effects on their citizens. Knowledge management can be employed to assist in strengthening the capability of organizations and governments in the development of context-sensitive information security policies in developing regions. In this paper we present a knowledge acquisition model that brings together the two most widely adopted standards COBIT, ISO/IEC 27005 and tacit knowledge that exists in repositories (human) within the information security domain to support the development of context-sensitive information security policies. A quantitative methodology was used in the development of an artifact, preliminary evaluation was done using the informed argument approach and results and recommendations for future research are presented. This study can add to the limited literature on the use of knowledge management in the information security domain and the artifact presented can assist information security practitioners in small/medium-sized organizations.
Zonal structure of a spectrum of magneto-plasma waves in periodic semiconducting lattice

Research of stratified-periodic mediums has been rousing constant interest in scientific literature for many years. Quoted papers apply to various materials and various frequency ranges, but the availability of a translating symmetry in researched structures is common in these papers. The interest for such research is due to the fact that the periodic structures represent a new type of artificially created material. The properties of such structures are suitable for operation while changing structure of layers or their dimensions. The specific pass-band zone arising in stratified periodic semiconductor-dielectric structure located in a magnetic field is examined in the paper. The existence of this zone is conditioned by the distribution of surface magneto-plasma waves along the boundaries of a structure, by percolating (or tunneling) of the fields of these waves through layers of a structure and by forming of a collective mode.
Enucleation versus hepatectomy for hepatic hemangiomas: A meta-analysis

Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of enucleation and hepatectomy for the treatment of hepatic hemangioma (HH). Methods A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies evaluating enucleation versus hepatectomy for HH starting from the time of database creation to February 2022. Extraction of the data used in this study was done from the literature. The differences between the two surgical approaches were evaluated by comparing and analyzing the relevant data by means of meta-analysis. Results A total of 1,384 patients (726 underwent enucleation, and 658 with hepatectomy) were included in our meta-analysis from 12 studies. Enucleations were associated with favorable outcomes in terms of operation time [mean difference (MD): −39.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): −46.23, −33.30], blood loss (MD: −300.42, 95% CI: −385.64, −215.19), length of hospital stay (MD: −2.33, 95% CI: −3.22, −1.44), and postoperative complications (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.44–0.74). There were no differences between the groups in terms of patients needing transfusion (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.50, 1.42), inflow occlusion time (MD: 1.72, 95% CI: −0.27, 3.71), and 30-day postoperative mortality (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.02–2.17). Conclusion Compared with hepatectomy, enucleation is found to be effective at reducing postoperative complications, blood loss, and operation time and shortening the length of hospital stay. Enucleation is similar to hepatectomy in terms of inflow occlusion time, 30-day postoperative mortality, and patients needing transfusing to hepatectomy.
Automatic method for individual parcellation of manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of rat brain

Aims To construct an automatic method for individual parcellation of manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) of rat brain with high accuracy, which could preserve the inherent voxel intensity and Regions of interest (ROI) morphological characteristics simultaneously. Methods and results The transformation relationship from standardized space to individual space was obtained by firstly normalizing individual image to the Paxinos space and then inversely transformed. On the other hand, all the regions defined in the atlas image were separated and resaved as binary mask images. Then, transforming the mask images into individual space via the inverse transformations and reslicing using the 4th B-spline interpolation algorithm. The boundary of these transformed regions was further refined by image erosion and expansion operator, and finally combined together to generate the individual parcellations. Moreover, two groups of MEMRI images were used for evaluation. We found that the individual parcellations were satisfied, and the inherent image intensity was preserved. The statistical significance of case-control comparisons was further optimized. Conclusions We have constructed a new automatic method for individual parcellation of rat brain MEMRI images, which could preserve the inherent voxel intensity and further be beneficial in case-control statistical analyses. This method could also be extended to other imaging modalities, even other experiments species. It would facilitate the accuracy and significance of ROI-based imaging analyses.