Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Processed Cranberries by HPLC Method

Cranberries contain significant amounts of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds that provide health benefits including antioxidants functions, protection against cardiovascular diseases and anti-adhesive properties that help to prevent urinary tract infections and stomach ulcers. In this study, phenolic compounds in different cranberry products were extracted using methanol and acetone. The phenolic extracts were then analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the different cranberry products had different phenolic types (including tannic acid, (+) catechin, (-) epicatechin, procyanidin A2 and p-coumaric acid) in different amounts. Moreover, the results varied depending on the extraction methods. Generally, the methanol extracts had higher total phenolic in comparison to acetone extracts of all the different cranberry products studied. For methanol extraction, frozen cranberry had the highest total phenolic content (616.65 ± 0.14 mg/g), followed by sauces (360.80 ± 0.09 mg/g), then 17% juices (237.84 ± 0.03 mg/ml) and lastly, dry cranberry (142.13 ± 0.05 mg/g). However, for acetone extraction, the total phenolic content were in the order: frozen (609.92 ± 0.12 mg/g) > 17% juices (269.27 ± 0.06 mg/ml) > sauce (94.03 ± 0.06 mg/g) > dry cranberry (0.57 ± 0.01 mg/g). The results of the present study showed that methanol serves as a better solvent than acetone for extracting phenolic compounds for both qualitative and quantitative HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in cranberry products.
Protocol Data Quality and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Electronic and Paper-Based Interviewer-Administered Public Health Surveys : Protocol for a Systematic Review

Background: Population-level survey is an essential standard method used in public health research to quantify sociodemographic events and support public health policy development and intervention designs with evidence. Although all steps in the survey can contribute to the data quality parameters, data collection mechanisms seem the most determinant, as they can avoid mistakes before they happen. The use of electronic devices such as smartphones and tablet computers improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of public health surveys. However, there is lack of systematically analyzed evidence to show the potential impact on data quality and cost reduction of electronic-based data collection tools in interviewer-administered surveys. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of interviewer-administered electronic device data collection methods concerning data quality and cost reduction in population-level surveys compared with the traditional paper-based methods. Methods: We will conduct a systematic search on Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Global Health, Trip, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for studies from 2007 to 2018 to identify relevant studies. The review will include randomized and nonrandomized studies that examine data quality and cost reduction outcomes. Moreover, usability, user experience, and usage parameters from the same study will be summarized. Two independent authors will screen the title and abstract. A third author will mediate in cases of disagreement. If the studies are considered to be combinable with minimal heterogeneity, we will perform a meta-analysis. Results: The preliminary search in PubMed and Web of Science showed 1491 and 979 resulting hits of articles, respectively. The review protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018092259). We anticipate January 30, 2019, to be the finishing date. Conclusions: This systematic review will inform policymakers, investors, researchers, and technologists about the impact of an electronic-based data collection system on data quality, work efficiency, and cost reduction. Trial Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018092259; http://www.crd. york.ac. uk/PROSPERO/display_record. php? ID= CRD42018092259 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/10678 (JMIR Res Protoc 2019;8(1):e10678) doi:10.2196/10678
PRIMUS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAR FORMATION AND AGN ACCRETION

We study the evidence for a connection between active galactic nuclei (AGNs) fueling and star formation by investigating the relationship between the X-ray luminosities of AGNs and the star formation rates (SFRs) of their host galaxies. We identify a sample of 309 AGNs with 10 41 < L X < 10 44 ? > erg s−1 at 0.2 < z < 1.2 ? > in the PRIMUS redshift survey. We find AGNs in galaxies with a wide range of SFR at a given LX. We do not find a significant correlation between SFR and the observed instantaneous LX for star-forming AGN host galaxies. However, there is a weak but significant correlation between the mean LX and SFR of detected AGNs in star-forming galaxies, which likely reflects that LX varies on shorter timescales than SFR. We find no correlation between stellar mass and LX within the AGN population. Within both populations of star-forming and quiescent galaxies, we find a similar power-law distribution in the probability of hosting an AGN as a function of specific accretion rate. Furthermore, at a given stellar mass, we find a star-forming galaxy ∼2–3 more likely than a quiescent galaxy to host an AGN of a given specific accretion rate. The probability of a galaxy hosting an AGN is constant across the main sequence of star formation. These results indicate that there is an underlying connection between star formation and the presence of AGNs, but AGNs are often hosted by quiescent galaxies.
FOOD ADDICTION AND BULIMIA Amanda R. Hartley A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF FAMILY CONSUMER SCIENCES

Dr. Julian Williford, Advisor The purpose of this study was to determine if binge eaters on a college campus showed signs of developing bulimia, as measured by analyzing data from the subjects’ voluntarily completing both The Yale Food Addiction Scale and Bulimia Investigatory Test, Edinburgh. Analysis of this data will enable the researcher to determine if binge eating appears to be a precursor to bulimia, and if there are nutritional deficiencies or toxicities, such as dietary folate, vitamin D, and calcium, associated with these unhealthy eating behaviors, as compared to those subjects with measured healthy eating behaviors. This study consisted of a voluntary student sample population from the Introductory to Human Nutrition course at Bowling Green State University. Overall, 525 students voluntarily participated in the study, receiving extra credit for their participation. The statistical analysis of the YFAS concluded that 5% exhibited behaviors of food addiction. Analysis of the BITE showed that 4% were classified as “high symptom”, indicating that this group had a high probability to be diagnosed with bulimia in the clinical setting. There were significant differences when comparing the average intakes of folate and vitamin D between the spring and fall semester. The mean intakes of folate, vitamin D, and calcium were all comparable to that of the average intake of the United States population and below the recommended intakes.
Practice of Epidemiology Accuracy of Reporting of Menstrual Cycle Length

There are many studies based on self-reported menstrual cycle length, yet little is known about the validity of this measure. The authors used data collected in 1990 from 352 women born in Chicago, Illinois, aged 37–39 years. Women reported their usual cycle length and behavioral and reproductive characteristics at study enrollment and then completed daily menstrual diaries for up to 6 months. The authors compared this observed cycle length (geometric mean) with the reported length by using kappa coefﬁcients. To assess systematic effects, they performed linear regression of the difference between reported and observed cycle length. Agreement between observed and reported cycle length was moderate. The crude overall kappa coefﬁcient was 0.33; the kappa adjusted for within-woman sampling variability was 0.45 (95% conﬁdence interval: 0.36, 0.55). On average, women overestimated their cycle length by 0.7 days (95% conﬁdence interval: 0.3, 1.0). Reporting by sexually active women and women with a history of infertility was more accurate. Parity, body mass index, prior medical evaluation for irregular cycles, and exercise were all associated with systematic reporting differences. Studies that rely on self-reported cycle length could be prone to artifactual ﬁndings because of systematic covariate effects on reporting. interviews; menstrual questionnaires; reproducibility of results; research design
Carbonated water injection (CWI) studies

CO2 injection is a well-established method for increasing recovery from oil reservoirs. However, poor sweep efficiency has been reported in many CO2 injection projects. Various injection strategies including gravity stable, WAG and SWAG have been suggested and, to some extent, applied in the field to alleviate this problem. An alternative injection strategy could be carbonated water injection (CWI). This paper describes an investigation of the process of CWI by performing high-pressure flow experiments. The experiments reveal the underlying physics and the pore-scale mechanisms of fluid-fluid and fluid-solid interactions during CWI. The results show that CWI, compared to unadulterated water injection, improves oil recovery as both secondary (before water flooding) and tertiary (after water flooding) recovery methods. The improvement is, however, higher when carbonated water is injected in secondary recovery mode. The main mechanisms of oil recovery by CWI are improved sweep efficiency due to a favourable increased in water viscosity and decrease in oil viscosity and also swelling and coalescence of the isolated oil ganglia and the resultant fluid redistribution. A larger part of the porous medium is contacted by carbonated water compared to direct CO2 injection.
Density of three skink species on a sub-tropical pacific islanD estimateD with hierarchical Distance sampling

—Henderson Island is an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Ocean with many native vertebrate and invertebrate species, but reptile populations are very poorly known. Reptile populations are typically quantified using simple count statistics, which may not allow robust population comparisons in time or space if detection probability changes. Here, we provide density estimates for three skink species on Henderson Island using repeated point counts and hierarchical distance sampling to estimate skink density while accounting for habitat associations and variation in detectability. Emoia cyanura had the highest density (Mean ± SE, 1,286 ± 225.3 individuals/ha; 95% confidence interval = 912.1–1,812.6), followed by Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus (762.7 ± 108.3 individuals/ ha; 95% CI = 577.5–1,007.5) and Lipinia noctua (375.7 ± 125.4 individuals/ha; 95% CI = 195.4–722.6). The density of C. poecilopleurus varied by substrate and was higher on rock and gravel, and L. noctua density was higher in areas with larger trees or with less litter cover. We also recorded two gecko species that had not previously been recorded on Henderson Island. While this single-year survey does not capture environmental variability in population density over time, it provides a useful starting point for future assessments.
The molecular and antigenic structure of TBEV Chapter 2 b

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) has played a pioneering role in the history of flavivirus structural biology, being the first of these viruses for which a high atomic resolution structure of the envelope glycoprotein E was determined (Figure 1A,B). This undertaking started in 1987 in a collaboration between researchers at the Institute of Virology, University of Vienna, and the Department of Biochemistry, Harvard University. The work took several years and required the purification of a total of 49 mg of a soluble form of the TBEV E protein (sE) that was isolated by trypsin cleavage from 401 mg of purified infectious TBEV. To obtain these amounts, 34,300 embryonated eggs were used for the preparation of primary chick embryo cells that were required for growing the virus. First structural details became visible in 1993, and the complete study was finally published in 1995. The structure of sE was a great surprise because of its unexpected features. In stark contrast to the prototypic influenza envelope glycoprotein (hemagglutin, HA), which forms spiky projections of HA trimers at the viral surface, the TBEV E protein is an antiparallel dimer that is oriented horizontally to the viral membrane (Figure 1A,B). Each of the monomeric sE subunits contains 3 domains (DI, DII, and DIII) that are connected to each other and the membraneassociated part of the protein by flexible linker regions. It took 8 additional years until another flavivirus E protein structure (the dengue virus E protein) was published. Meanwhile, atomic resolution structures of E proteins are now available for several of the most important human pathogenic flaviviruses, including dengue viruses, West nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus. All of these structures have the same overall protein architecture as the TBEV E protein. So far, no structure of this protein is yet published for yellow fever virus (YFV), the virus that gives the name to the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. In terms of their structure, flaviviruses are today among the best-studied enveloped viruses. Importantly, new technologies and instrumentation have led to the elucidation of structural details not only of the isolated E protein but also of whole virus particles using electron cryomicroscopy. Structures of both immature and mature virions are now available for closely-related mosquito-borne flaviviruses (such as dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses), 18 but not yet for TBEV, and form the basis for understanding the viral life-cycles and interactions with antibodies at a molecular level. Here, we review the structure of TBEV, with a focus on the role of E in the viral life-cycle and as a major determinant for the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies. These properties are discussed in the context of what is known for other flaviviruses, in order to provide a more rounded picture of TBEV structure-function relationships and to emphasize the gaps that still exist in our understanding of the structural foundations of TBEV biology.
Explicit Ion Effects on the Charge and Conformation of Weak Polyelectrolytes

The titration behavior of weak polyelectrolytes is of high importance, due to their uses in new technologies including nanofiltration and drug delivery applications. A comprehensive picture of polyelectrolyte titration under relevant conditions is currently lacking, due to the complexity of systems involved in the process. One must contend with the inherent structural and solvation properties of the polymer, the presence of counterions, and local chemical equilibria enforced by background salt concentration and solution acidity. Moreover, for these cases, the systems of interest have locally high concentrations of monomers, induced by polymer connectivity or confinement, and thus deviate from ideal titration behavior. This work furthers knowledge in this limit utilizing hybrid Monte Carlo–Molecular Dynamics simulations to investigate the influence of salt concentration, pKa, pH, and counterion valence in determining the coil-to-globule transition of poorly solvated weak polyelectrolytes. We characterize this transition at a range of experimentally relevant salt concentrations and explicitly examine the role multivalent salts play in determining polyelectrolyte ionization behavior and conformations. These simulations serve as an essential starting point in understanding the complexation between weak polyelectrolytes and ion rejection of self-assembled copolymer membranes.
Does Cross-validation Work when p n ?

Cross-validation is a popular tool for evaluating the performance of a predictive model, and hence also for model selection when we have a series of models to choose from. It has been suggested that cross-validation can fail when the number of predictors p is very large. We demonstrate through a suggestive simulation example that while K-fold cross-validation can have high variance in some situations, it is unbiased. We also study two permutation methods to assess the quality of a cross-validation curve for model selection, which we demonstrate using the lasso. The first approach is visual, while the second computes a p-value for our observed error. We demonstrate these approaches using two real datasets “Colon” and “Leukemia”, as well as a null dataset. Finally we use the bootstrap to estimate the sampling distribution of our cross-validation curves, and their functionals. This adds to the graphical evidence of whether our findings are real or could have arisen by chance. ∗Trevor Hastie was partially supported by grant DMS-1007719 from the National Science Foundation, and grant RO1-EB001988-15 from the National Institutes of Health.
Dynamic Directional Gradient Vector Flow for Snakes Jierong Cheng and Say

Snakes, or active contour models, have been widely used in image segmentation. However, most present snake models do not discern between positive and negative step edges. In this paper, a new type of dynamic external force for snakes named dynamic directional gradient vector flow (DDGVF) is proposed that uses this information for better performance. It makes use of the gradients in both and directions and deals with the external force field for the two directions separately. In snake deformation, the DDGVF field is utilized dynamically according to the orientation of snake in each iteration. Experimental results demonstrate that the DDGVF snake provides a much better segmentation than GVF snake in situations when edges of different directions are present which pose confusion for segmentation.
SMOS brightness temperature assimilation into the Community Land Model

SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission) brightness temperatures at a single incident angle are assimilated into the Community Land Model (CLM), improving soil moisture simulations over the Australian continent. Therefore the data assimilation system DasPy is coupled to the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) as well as to the Community Microwave Emission Model (CMEM). Brightness temperature climatologies are precomputed to enable the assimilation of brightness temperature anomalies, making use of 6 years of SMOS data (2010–2015). Mean correlation R increases moderately from 0.61 to 0.68 when the root-zone is included in the updates. A slightly reduced improvement is achieved when restricting the assimilation to the upper soil layers. Furthermore, the long-term assimilation impact is analysed by looking at a set of quantiles computed at each grid cell. Within hydrological monitoring systems, extreme dry or wet conditions are often defined via their relative occurrence, adding great importance to assimilation induced quantile changes. Although now still limited, longer L-band radiometer time series will become available and make model output improved by assimilating such data more usable for extreme event statistics.
The Role of Eumelanin in Generating Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen in Solution: Possible Relevance to Keloid Formation

Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as an epigenetic factor in keloids, a scarring disease occurring primarily in dark skinned people who have relatively high amounts of pigment melanin. In this work, we tested whether a melanin-mediated redox reaction involving adsorbed NO and O2 can couple NO oxidation with O2 reduction to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in vitro at pH 7.4. We measured the formation of reactive species that oxidize dihydrorhodamine123 (DHR) to fluorescent rhodamine123 in the presence and absence of sepia melanin. In separate experiments, we monitored NO concentration with 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF) by measuring the highly fluorescent NO-adduct, DAF-2T. We attempted to detect peroxynitrite with 5 μM 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione (MCP), a selective scavenger of peroxynitrite (IC50 = 3.6 μM for ONOO- vs. 63.8 μM and >> 100 μM for NO and O2- respectively). However, MCP itself oxidized DHR. We found that in the absence of NO, melanin itself oxidizes DHR, with no loss of DAF-fluorescence (i.e. no net consumption of NO). In the presence of NO, there was a ~ 57% loss of DAF fluorescence, indicating that NOx is formed at the expense of NO. The data provided good fit (r2 = 0.94) to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with pseudo first order rate k' = 8.2 × 107) s-1 and adsorption coefficient Kad = 4.04 M-1. Both of these parameters are consistent with a facile chemisorption reaction between NO and O2 on the melanin surface. Possible reactions are a) NO and O2- → ONOO- and/or b) 2NO + O2 → 2NO2. The latter reaction is disfavored in solution but is significantly accelerated on the melanin surface via an entropy effect.
Benefits of increasing the model resolution for the seasonal forecast quality in EC-Earth.

AbstractResolution in climate models is thought to be an important factor for advancing seasonal prediction capability. To test this hypothesis, seasonal ensemble reforecasts are conducted over 1993–2009 with the European community model EC-Earth in three configurations: standard resolution (~1° and ~60 km in the ocean and atmosphere models, respectively), intermediate resolution (~0.25° and ~60 km), and high resolution (~0.25° and ~39 km), the two latter configurations being used without any specific tuning. The model systematic biases of 2-m temperature, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind speed are generally reduced. Notably, the tropical Pacific cold tongue bias is significantly reduced, the Somali upwelling is better represented, and excessive precipitation over the Indian Ocean and over the Maritime Continent is decreased. In terms of skill, tropical SSTs and precipitation are better reforecasted in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans at higher resolutions. In particular, the Indian monsoon is bet.
DEVELOPING A MODEL TO EXPLAIN THE MATHEMATICAL CREATIVITY OF GIFTED STUDENTS

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships among students’ mathematics self-efficacy, their metacognitive skills in mathematics and their mathematics achievement in relation to their mathematical creativity. The study’s sample consisted of 445 gifted and talented middle school students who attended grades 5, 6, 7, and 8 at 13 Science and Art Centers in 11 cities. For such a correlational study, Mathematics Self-efficacy Scale, Mathematical Creativity Scale, Young Pupils’ Metacognitive Abilities in Mathematics Scale were used. The research findings indicated that mathematical creativity is significantly correlated with mathematical achievement, mathematical metacognition skills and self-efficacy in mathematics, including the three sub-dimensions of self-efficacy, positive self-efficacy, negative self-efficacy and self-efficacy in the use of mathematics in daily tasks. Because the adaptive values of the model are within reasonable boundaries, the model can be regarded as valid. The research model suggests that students’ mathematical creativity is significantly predicted by mathematics self-efficacy, mathematical achievement and mathematical metacognition skills. Article visualizations: