Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solutions to the inverse problem in a two-dimensional model for microwave breast tumour detection

This paper presents an in vivo detection method to estimate the size and the position of a breast tumour using microwave frequencies. At these frequencies there is a significant difference in dielectric properties between a malignant tumour and healthy breast tissue. By considering these properties we solve the forward problem of the signal's scattering effect for a two-dimensional breast model. We use Newton's multidimensional iterative method to solve the inverse problem and compute the unknown location and size of the tumour. Our analytical study suggests that the approach will be capable of detecting a millimetre size tumour inside the breast. Due to the complex scattering from the non-homogeneous internal structure and other complications the microwave measurements can have errors. However, in tests, our algorithm can calculate tumour distance with 0.54% error when there is a 10% error in the value of the microwave field measurements.
Evaluation of the INNOVANCE PFA P2Y assay and its association with CYP2C19 genotypes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between INNOVANCE PFA P2Y (PFA P2Y) test results and CYP2C19 genotypes and provide baseline data for PFA P2Y testing to establish a therapeutic monitoring strategy for clopidogrel. A total of 75 new patients with acute coronary syndrome with planned percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled between June 2012 and September 2012. All patients received clopidogrel at an initial loading dose of 600 mg followed by a 75-mg daily maintenance dose. Blood samples were obtained on the third morning after clopidogrel loading. PFA P2Y, VerifyNow P2Y12 and VASP assays were used to determine platelet inhibition due to clopidogrel, and the Verigene CYP2C19 test was used for CYP2C19 genotyping. The genotype frequency of 75 patients was as follows: CYP2C19 *1/*1 (wild type), 28 (37.3%); *1/*2, 31 (41.3%); *1/*3, 4 (5.3%); *2/*2, 5 (6.7%); *2/*3, 5 (6.7%); *1/*17, 1 (1.3%); and *2/*17, 1 (1.3%). Classified according to CYP2C19 genotypes, there were 29 (38.7%) extensive metabolizers (EM) or ultra rapid metabolizers (UM), 35 (46.7%) intermediate metabolizers (IM), and 10 (13.3%) poor metabolizers (PM). Median (interquartile range) PFA P2Y closure times (seconds) were 119 (101–260), 300 (130–300) and 300 (300–300) in the PM, IM and EM or UM groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Median (interquartile range) VerifyNow PRUs were 294 (213–297), 215 (165–320) and 189 (118–279); and the VASP platelet reactivity index (%) was 52.7 (33.3–91.9), 59.9 (41.4–72.8) and 38.9 (26.8–62.2) in the PM, IM and EM or UM groups, respectively (p > 0.05). Compared with non-carriers, carriers of reduced function CYP2C19 alleles tended to have higher platelet reactivity after clopidogrel treatment. The cut-off for PM versus other groups (IM and EM or UM) was ≤141 seconds (AUC 0.704, sensitivity 70%, specificity 76.6%) on the ROC curve. A statistically significant correlation between PFA P2Y (seconds) and VerifyNow (PRU) was found (ρ = −0.47, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the PFA P2Y test showed a statistically significant association with CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotypes based on CYP2C19 genotyping and effectively determined the risk groups resistant to clopidogrel therapy, including PM.
Analysis and visualization of health data from the CAB dataset

Many datasets contain variables that take binary values. Often one would like to subset the data set according to the value of such a binary variables and compare and contrast the statistical parameters for such subsets. We have written an R code to analyze such datasets and create plots to give comparison of mean of variables for such binary partitions. We show the result of this analysis for the CAB database which has health data from several Indian states. The data contains survey from the year 2014 with total 53 health indicators, covering 8 states and with total data 13.8 MB. We also show the state-wise means of several partitioned and normalized variables using a single plot. Two binary variables have been used, a demographic one (rural/urban) and the gender (male/female), to partition and compare the database.
Routing in Duty-Cycled Surveillance Sensor Networks

In many surveillance sensor networks, sensors are scheduled to work in a duty-cycled mode (i.e., periodically switching between active states and sleeping states) in order to prolong the network lifetime. The duty-cycled mode saves sensors' energy but brings other issues. In surveillance applications (e.g., forest fire alarm or intruder detection), it is desired to report detected events to the sink node as soon as possible. However, the duty-cycled mode may increase the data delivery latency. In this paper, we study minimum-delay routing in duty-cycled surveillance sensor networks. As the minimum-delay routes are time dependent (i.e., they change with time) in duty-cycled sensor networks, routing becomes a challenging task. We propose a distributed routing algorithm to find the minimum-delay routes at any time from all nodes to the sink node. Further, all minimum-delay routes can be found in one execution of our routing algorithm. We further provide a distributed route maintenance algorithm for finding the minimum-delay routes when the network dynamically changes. We theoretically prove the correctness of the proposed algorithm, and extensive simulation results show that the performance of our algorithm outperforms other existing algorithms.
Electric Field Effect Observed on Current-Voltage Curve of YBa2Cu3O7-delta Nano-Channel with Laterally Placed Gate Electrode

A nano-channel with a laterally placed gate electrode was fabricated using a YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> film on a SrTiO<sub>3</sub> substrate. Current-voltage curves were measured at various applied gate voltages at 4.2 K. The current increased with decreasing the gate voltage. The carrier concentration was modified by the applied gate voltage. At the small source-drain voltage, the physical factor derived from superconductivity also has an influence.
Accessory limb production by nerve‐induced cell proliferation

The deviation of large limb nerves to a more proximal skin wound yielded a high proportion of accessory limb respones in different age groups of Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotls). In some instances the deviated nerve was positioned on skin previously grafted from an animal of different age and pigmentation from that of the host. Grafts were found not to be a necessary prerequiste for accessory limb induction, but the presence of wound epithelium was required. The rule of distal morphogenesis was expressed in reference to the level at which the nerve was cut, not in reference to the wound site where the accessory actually developed.
LMI control of boost-PWM converters: An implementation approach

Switching regulator implementations become unsuccessful when the duty-cycle signal propagates the current ripple. We propose a new robust LMI control strategy to avoid the ripple propagation drawbacks. This control strategy is applied to boost converters ensuring that the duty-cycle signal is almost ripple free. In addition, the proposed control takes into account usual LMI constraints on stability, pole-placement and control effort while optimizes the current-disturbance rejection. In order to illustrate our approach, we compare the proposed strategy when we take into account the ripple constraint and when we do not. We verify the proposed strategy by means of PSIM simulations concluding that the corresponding waveforms are in perfect agreement with the analytical derivations.
Macrophage depletion inhibits experimental choroidal neovascularization.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of macrophages in the development of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by selective depletion with liposomal clodronate (Cl(2)MDP-LIP). METHODS Laser photocoagulation was used to induce CNV in wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Animals were treated with intravenous (IV) and/or subconjunctival (SC) Cl(2)MDP-LIP or PBS-LIP at the following time points: 2 days before, immediately after, 2 days before and immediately after, or 2 days after laser injury. CNV responses were compared on the basis of en masse volumetric measurements and fluorescein angiography after laser photocoagulation. Macrophages were identified by immunostaining for F4/80, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS Macrophages invaded the site of laser injury within 1 day of photocoagulation and peaked at 3 days. IV Cl(2)MDP-LIP significantly decreased the volume of CNV and angiographic leakage when administered 2 days before and/or immediately after laser injury, but not when administered 2 days after injury. SC Cl(2)MDP-LIP significantly decreased lesion volume when coadministered with IV PBS-LIP but not IV Cl(2)MDP-LIP. IV Cl(2)MDP-LIP was significantly more beneficial when administered 2 days before laser injury than immediately after, but combining SC Cl(2)MDP-LIP with IV treatment eliminated this difference. Reduction in CNV volume correlated with VEGF protein levels and number of infiltrating macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Generalized macrophage depletion reduced the size and leakage of laser-induced CNV and was associated with decreased macrophage infiltration and VEGF protein. These findings define the role of the macrophage as a critical component in initiating the laser-induced CNV response.
The Development of Self-Esteem

In this article, we review new insights gained from recent longitudinal studies examining the development of self-esteem and its influence on important life outcomes. The evidence supports the following three conclusions. First, self-esteem increases from adolescence to middle adulthood, peaks at about age 50 to 60 years, and then decreases at an accelerating pace into old age; moreover, there are no cohort differences in the self-esteem trajectory from adolescence to old age. Second, self-esteem is a relatively stable, but by no means immutable, trait; individuals with relatively high (or low) self-esteem at one stage of life are likely to have relatively high (or low) self-esteem decades later. Third, high self-esteem prospectively predicts success and well-being in life domains such as relationships, work, and health. Given the increasing evidence that self-esteem has important real-world consequences, the topic of self-esteem development is of considerable societal significance.
Year in review 2013: Acute lung injury, interstitial lung diseases, sleep and physiology

Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital and Qingpu Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre, Shanghai, China, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College, and Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, UK
Twist1 Is Essential for Tooth Morphogenesis and Odontoblast Differentiation*

Twist1 is a basic helix-loop-helix-containing transcription factor that is expressed in the dental mesenchyme during the early stages of tooth development. To better delineate its roles in tooth development, we generated Twist1 conditional knockout embryos (Twist2Cre/+;Twist1fl/fl) by breeding Twist1 floxed mice (Twist1fl/fl) with Twist2-Cre recombinase knockin mice (Twist2Cre/+). The Twist2Cre/+;Twist1fl/fl embryos formed smaller tooth germs and abnormal cusps during early tooth morphogenesis. Molecular and histological analyses showed that the developing molars of the Twist2Cre/+;Twist1fl/fl embryos had reduced cell proliferation and expression of fibroblast growth factors 3, 4, 9, and 10 and FGF receptors 1 and 2 in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme. In addition, 3-week-old renal capsular transplants of embryonic day 18.5 Twist2Cre/+;Twist1fl/fl molars showed malformed crowns and cusps with defective crown dentin and enamel. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the implanted mutant molars had defects in odontoblast differentiation and delayed ameloblast differentiation. Furthermore, in vitro ChIP assays demonstrated that Twist1 was able to bind to a specific region of the Fgf10 promoter. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Twist1 plays crucial roles in regulating tooth development and that it may exert its functions through the FGF signaling pathway.
A study of the molecular mechanism of binding kinetics and long residence times of human CCR5 receptor small molecule allosteric ligands

The human CCR5 receptor is a co‐receptor for HIV‐1 infection and a target for anti‐viral therapy. A greater understanding of the binding kinetics of small molecule allosteric ligand interactions with CCR5 will lead to a better understanding of the binding process and may help discover new molecules that avoid resistance.
Computation and Experimental Evaluation of Mordell–Tornheim–Witten Sum Derivatives

ABSTRACT In the previous work, the present authors and others have studied Mordell–Tornheim–Witten sums and their connections with multiple-zeta values. In this note, we describe the numerical computation of derivatives at zero of a specialization originating in a preprint by Romik and the experimental evaluation of these numerical values in terms of well-known constants.
Correlation of carotid stenosis diameter and cross-sectional areas with CT angiography.

PURPOSE Carotid stenosis quantification traditionally uses measurements of narrowest stenosis diameter. The stenotic carotid lumen, however, is often irregularly shaped. New PACS workstation tools allow for more precise calculation of carotid geometry. We compare the narrowest stenosis diameter with 2D area stenosis measurements, with the hypothesis that the narrowest diameter is a good predictor of the more precise area measurement. METHODS Two neuroradiologists evaluated 178 stenosed carotids in a blinded protocol. Carotid artery bulb stenosis was identified on axial CT angiography and measured in millimeters at its narrowest diameter. An AGFA Impax 4.5 Volume Tool (VT) using Hounsfield units was used to estimate the cross-sectional area of the contrast luminogram. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the millimeter stenosis and the VT area, as well as between the VT area and the calculated area (radius based on narrowest diameter). Regression analysis was performed with the VT area and narrowest diameter datasets. RESULTS Excellent interobserver correlation (correlation coefficients, 0.71-0.85; 2-tailed significance = .01) permitted averaging of measurement data. There is excellent correlation between the VT area and the narrowest diameter (correlation coefficient, 0.88; n = 176). The VT area was generally greater than the calculated area by an average of 2.77 mm2. There was excellent correlation between the VT area and the calculated area (correlation coefficient, 0.87; n = 176). Regression analysis shows the ability of the diameter measurements to predict corresponding area stenosis. CONCLUSION Although some carotid stenoses are irregularly shaped and noncircular, measurement of the narrowest stenosis is a reasonably reliable predictor of the cross-sectional area.
Modulation of perch connexin35 hemi‐channels by cyclic AMP requires a protein kinase A phosphorylation site

Retinal neurons are coupled via gap junctions, which function as electrical synapses that are gated by ambient light conditions. Gap junctions connecting either horizontal cells or AII amacrine cells are inhibited by the neurotransmitter dopamine, via the activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. Fish connexin35 (Cx35) and its mouse ortholog, Cx36, are good candidates to undergo dopaminergic modulation, because they have been detected in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, where Type II amacrine cells establish synaptic contacts. We have taken advantage of the ability of certain connexins to form functional connexons (hemi‐channels), when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, to investigate whether pharmacological elevation of cAMP modulates voltage‐activated hemi‐channel currents in single oocytes. Injection of perch Cx35 RNA into Xenopus oocytes induced outward voltage‐dependent currents that were recorded at positive membrane potentials. Incubation of oocytes with 8‐bromoadenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (8‐Br‐cAMP), a membrane permeable cAMP analog, resulted in a dose‐dependent and reversible inhibition of hemi‐channel currents at the more positive voltage steps. In contrast, treatment with 8‐Br‐cAMP did not have any effect on hemi‐channel currents induced by skate Cx35. Amino acid sequence comparison of the two fish connexins revealed, in the middle cytoplasmic loop of perch Cx35, the presence of a PKA consensus sequence that was absent in the skate connexin. The results obtained with two constructs in which the putative PKA phosphorylation site was either suppressed (perch Cx35R108Q) or introduced (skate Cx35Q108R) indicate that it is responsible for the inhibition of hemi‐channel currents. These studies demonstrate that perch Cx35 is a target of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and identify a consensus PKA phosphorylation site that is required for channel gating. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alkylation of DMA in Rat Tissues following Administration of Streptozotocin 1

Streptozotocin, an antibiotic widely used for induction of diabetes in experimental animals and for the treatment of pancreatic neoplasms, was shown to be a potent methylating agent reacting with DNA in vitro to form methylated purines. The reaction was similar in extent and relative proportions of methylation products to that produced by /V-methyl-N-nitrosourea, the aglycone of Streptozotocin. When Streptozotocin was administered to rats by i.v. injection, DNA was methylated with the formation of 7-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine, 3-methyladenine, and 7-methyladenine in liver, kidney, intestine, and pancreas. In contrast to A/-methyl-A/-nitrosourea which pro duced approximately equal amounts of methylation in DNA of liver, brain, and kidney, Streptozotocin caused virtually no methylation in brain DNA; but, both liver and kidney DNA were alkylated to a greater extent than with N-methyl-A/-nitrosourea. This methylation of renal DNA may account for the ability of Streptozotocin to induce renal tumors. Streptozotocin pro duced significant methylation of pancreatic DNA which, if con centrated in the /S-cells, may account for their destruction. Pretreatment with nicotinamide reduced the extent of methyl ation of pancreatic DNA but did not affect the methylation in the liver or kidney. Methylation of /3-cell DNA in the pancreas may lead to the initiation of tumors if the extent of alkylation is not so great that cell death occurs.
The high costs of aggression: public expenditures resulting from conduct disorder.

OBJECTIVES We explored the economic implications of conduct disorder (CD) among adolescents in 4 poor communities in the United States. We examined a range of expenditures related to this disorder across multiple public sectors, including mental health, general health, school, and juvenile justice. METHODS We used self- and parental-report data to estimate expenditures during a 7-year period in late adolescence of a sample of youths. We contrasted expenditures for youths with CD and youths with oppositional defiant disorder, elevated symptoms (no CD diagnosis), and all others. Diagnosis was determined with a structured assessment. RESULTS Additional public costs per child related to CD exceeded $70000 over a 7-year period. CONCLUSIONS Public expenditures on youths with CD are substantially larger than for youths with closely related conditions, reflecting the importance of prevention and early treatment for the disorder.
Temperature-Induced Changes in the Optical and Material Characteristics of HAMR Media COC and Its Effect on Recording Performance

The carbon overcoat (COC) on heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) media was deposited at increasing temperature. The optical extinction ( ${k}$ ) of this media was measured with ellipsometry and found to increase with temperature from 0.2 to 0.9 over the temperature range from 220 °C to 360 °C. Raman spectroscopy of these COC surfaces had an increasing G-peak position and decreasing G-peak width along with an increasing I(D)/I(G). An increasing sp2 ring/chain and aromatic cluster size and decreasing optical gap were inferred from these changing parameters. HAMR writing on this media was found to require incrementally less laser power (from 100% to 92%) with increasing optical extinction to attain a fixed track width. This was determined to be due to the increased imaginary component of the dielectric function in this film (2nk). The SNR of these written tracks was observed to improve by approximately 0.65 dB with deposition temperature. A finite-element method model of the head and media showed that the thermal gradient of the hot spot in the media increases with optical extinction and increases the SNR. A small decrease in the COC density with temperature was observed and was calculated to further decrease the COC thermal conductivity and thus enhance the increased thermal gradient.
ICC’s project for DInSAR terrain subsidence monitoring of the catalonian territory

The Institut Cartografic de Catalunya (ICC) has initiated a project for continuous subsidence monitoring of the Catalonian territory using an automatic advanced DInSAR processor (DISICC). Data used in this project are acquired by ERS-1/2, ENVISAT, and the future ALOS, TerraSAR-X and Radarsat 2 satellites. The processor performs the co-registration, interferogram generation, filtering, topographic cancellation, linear deformation model adjustment and non-linear displacement estimation, allowing the generation of classical and advanced DInSAR results combining information from different orbits and satellites. The project consists of the usage of 10 different ERS/ENVISAT frames, 5 descending and 5 ascending, completely covering the desired area, which is about 31.930 Km2. The data temporal frame comprises images acquired from 1992 to 2006.