Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
QUANTIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANT –PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN VITIS VINIFERA .L.VARIETIES

objective: To quantify the antioxidant - Phytochemicals in Vitis vinifera varieties. Methods: In this study, different antioxidant phytochemicals in V. vinifera varieties was determined in Thompson seedless, flame seedless, Kismis chorni, Pusa navrang, and Rizamat by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant is a compound that can delay or prevent the oxidation of lipids or other molecules by inhibiting the initiation or propagation of an oxidizing chain reaction . The Quantification levels of various antioxidants in selected grape varieties which possess predominant quantities of antioxidants are phenols, flavonols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, radical scavenging assay (FRAP, ABTS, DPPH) respectively, phenols was recorded more in Rizamat (25.7±0.52 mg/g dry wt ), followed by FRAP radical scavenging activity was maximum in Kismiss chorni variety (34±0.167µM/g dry wt ) among all the varieties Kismis chorni , Pusa navrang were showing maximum antioxidant activity. Fruits have an important function in maintaining the physiological balance, optimal levels of antioxidants such as vitamin C and phenol compounds ,Anthocyanin, , and phenol acids, being the most important for the human body . Vitamin C present in grapes, fights against reactive oxygen species and polyphenols are associated with the prevention of diseases caused by oxidative stress. Phenolic content of these fruits is significantly correlated with antioxidant capacity. These findings revealed that phytochemicals in the selected grapes have potent antioxidant activities. Conclusions: This study shows that maximum antioxidant activity levels were in Kismis chorni followe0d by other varieties. The present experiments on Vitis varieties were designed to find out the important antioxidants and nutrient potential Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. From above study it is concluded that, Vitis vinifera promising antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. Thus can function as powerful free radical scavengers. Keywords: Vitis vinifera, Antioxidant - Phytochemical studies, Antioxidant scavenging activity (ferric reducing antioxidant property, 2,2’-azinobis3ethylbenzthiazoline-sulphonic acid, 2,2-Diphenyl -2-picryl hydrazyl), Spectrophotometric method.
Description of a new species of the genus Xenophrys Günther, 1864 (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Mount Jinggang, China, based on molecular and morphological data

A new species, Xenophrys jinggangensis sp. nov., is described based on a series of specimens collected from Mount Jinggang, Jiangxi Province, Eastern China. The new species can be easily distinguished from other known congeners by morphology, morphometrics and molecular data of the mitochondrial 16SrRNA gene. The new species is characterized by its small size with adult females measuring 38.4–41.6 mm in snout-vent length and males measuring 35.1–36.7 mm; head length approximately equal to head width; tympanum large and distinct, about 0.8 times of eye diameter; vomerine teeth on two weak ridges; tongue not notched behind; relative finger length II < I < IV < III; slight lateral fringes present on digits; toes bases with thick, fleshy web; dorsum with tubercles and swollen dorsolateral folds; large pustules scattered on flanks; and unique color patterns. The new species represents the thirty-first known Xenophrys in China.
IFN-γ-Dependent Regulatory Circuits in Immune Inflammation Highlighted in Diabetes1

We demonstrate diverse roles of IFN-γ in the induction and regulation of immune-mediated inflammation using a transfer model of autoimmune diabetes. The diabetogenic CD4+BDC2.5 (BDC) T cell clone upon transfer into NOD.scid mice induced destruction of islets of Langerhans leading to diabetes. Administration of a neutralizing Ab to IFN-γ (H22) resulted in long-term protection (LTP) from diabetes, with inflammation but persistence of a significant, albeit decreased, number of β cells. BDC T cells were a mixture of cells expressing high, intermediate, and low levels of the TCR. Clonotypelow BDC T cells were required for LTP. Furthermore, islet-infiltrating leukocytes in the LTP mice contained Foxp3+CD4 T cells. Islet inflammation in both diabetic and LTP mice was characterized by heavy infiltration of macrophages. Gene expression profiles indicated that macrophages in diabetic mice were M1 type, while LTP mice contained M2 differentiated. The LTP was abolished if mice were treated with either Ab-depleting CD4 T cells or a neutralizing Ab to CTLA-4, in this case, only at a late stage. Neutralization of IL-10, TGF-β, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), or CD25 had no effect. Transfer of only clonotypehigh- expressing BDC T cells induced diabetes; in contrast, H22 Abs did not inhibit diabetes. While clonotypehigh T cells induced diabetes even when IFN-γ was neutralized, paradoxically there was reduced inflammation and no diabetes if host myeloid cells lacked IFN-γ receptor. Hence, using monoclonal CD4 T cells, IFN-γ can have a wide diversity of roles, depending on the setting of the immune process.
Unconditional Coresets for Regularized Loss Minimization

We design and mathematically analyze sampling-based algorithms for regularized loss minimization problems that are implementable in popular computational models for large data, in which the access to the data is restricted in some way. Our main result is that if the regularizer’s eﬀect does not become negligible as the norm of the hypothesis scales, and as the data scales, then a uniform sample of modest size is with high probability a coreset. In the case that the loss function is either logistic regression or soft-margin support vector machines, and the regularizer is one of the common recommended choices, this result implies that a uniform sample of size O ( d √ n ) is with high probability a core-set of n points in (cid:60) d . We contrast this upper bound with two lower bounds. The ﬁrst lower bound shows that our analysis of uniform sampling is tight; that is, a smaller uniform sample will likely not be a core set. The second lower bound shows that in some sense uniform sampling is close to optimal, as sig-niﬁcantly smaller core sets do not generally exist.
A comparison of the welfare of sows in different housing conditions.

Twelve sows in good quality unstrawed stalls, three groups of five sows in strawed pens with individual feeding stalls and sows in a 38-sow group in a strawed yard with an electronic sow feeder were compared during the first four parities. They originated from the same source, were about 9 months of age and in the 7th week of their first pregnancy at the start of the experiment and were kept in adjacent rooms in a building, cared for by the same staff and given the same diets at a rate of 2·2 kg/day per animal. No new animals were added to the groups or stalls during the study and animals returned to the same condition after periods in farrowing and service accommodation. Using a wide range of welfare indicators, it was clear that stall-housed sows had more problems than group-housed sows and that tliese problems were worse in the fourth than in the first pregnancy. By the fourth pregnancy, stall-housed sows spent proportionately 0·14 of time showing activities which were clearly stereotypies and much time on activities which were sometimes stereotyped, i.e. ‘drinking’ and rooting or chewing at pen fittings making a total of proportionately 0·50 of time. Comparable figures for group-housed sows were much lower (0·037 and 0·081 in total). Stall-housed sows were also more aggressive than group-housed by the fourth pregnancy and their body weights were lower. There were no differences using physiological or immunological tests or measures of reproductive output. When the two group-housing systems were compared, sows in the electronic feeder system showed more fighting, especially soon after initial mixing, but fewer total agonistic interactions than sows in groups of five during the first pregnancy. Oral stereotypies were slightly higher in small groups, perhaps because of smaller pen space, than in larger groups but much lower than in stalls. By the fourth pregnancy there were few differences between sows in small and large groups and all seemed to have adapted well to the conditions. Evaluation of welfare in different housing systems requires use of a wide range of measures and of long-term studies.
Species abundance distributions reveal environmental heterogeneity in modified landscapes

Summary 1.Environmental heterogeneity influences biodiversity patterns such as species richness and community composition, but we do not know how it shapes community structure in terms of the number of rare and abundant species. This question is particularly relevant to modified landscapes such as agro-ecosystems, where intensive management creates highly homogeneous landscapes, which often lead to loss of rare taxa and dominance by a few aggressive species. 2. It can be difficult to evaluate the effects of management on communities in different localities due to regional differences in species richness and composition. Because species abundance distributions (SADs) express assemblage structure in comparable units, they can be used to characterize communities irrespective of species composition, and for this reason provide a novel means of assessing the effects of management. 3. We analysed the SADs of weed communities across a gradient of environmental heterogeneity generated by different management treatments. We tested the hypothesis that environmental heterogeneity promotes multimodality in SADs by comparing observed patterns with those predicted for simulated random samples from homogeneous communities. 4. Observed SADs from a homogeneous environment did not deviate from predictions. By contrast, SADs from increasingly heterogeneous environments were progressively and consistently multimodal. 5. These results demonstrate that environmental heterogeneity, resulting from variation in management treatments, leaves a signature on the SAD. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that Species Abundance Distributions are informative indicators of environmental heterogeneity in modified landscapes. Weed communities include both rare species, which are often of conservation interest and pose little threat to crops, and abundant species, which can be problematic. Our analysis suggests that creating environmental heterogeneity by varying management treatments across the landscape can be an effective way of promoting biodiversity and decreasing the abundance of problematic species.
Impacts of Beech Bark Disease and Deer Browsing on the Old-growth Forest

ABSTRACT Old-growth stands within the Tionesta Research Natural Area were sampled in 1977, 1990 and 2000. Sapling growth within 25 treefall gaps was sampled all three times. Canopy trees were measured using the point-centered quarter method, with 83 points sampled all three times. Gap regeneration increased significantly in density and basal area from 1977–1990. Beech (Fagus grandifolia) significantly increased its relative gap sapling density from 68% to 91% to 94% over the 3 y. Other species decreased in absolute numbers presumably due to deer browsing. Canopy tree density remained constant and basal area increased 1977–1990 but both decreased 1990–2000. Species relative density and basal area values did not change. Mortality rates almost doubled from 1977–1990 to 1990–2000, increasing especially for smaller canopy trees. Snag densities and formation rates also increased, though not significantly, from the first to the second time interval. Beech, in particular, showed large increases in mortality, probably due to the growing impact of beech bark disease, which reached the stand about 1990. The stand seems changing to a new state with less beech in the canopy and more in the understory. Which species will replace beech in the canopy is difficult to predict.
Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: summary

For all patients with coronary heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction) or other major atherosclerotic disease, every effort should be made to achieve the lifestyle, risk factor, and therapeutic targets given in the table. The care of coronary patients should embrace all aspects of cardiac prevention and rehabilitation. Priorities for CHD prevention in clinical practice (1) (a) Patients with established coronary heart disease (b) Patients with other major atherosclerotic disease (2) Patients with hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, family history of premature CHD, or a combination of these risk factors, which puts them at high risk of developing CHD or other atherosclerotic disease. Patients with diabetes melitus are at particularly high risk of CHD
Multi-level Gaussian Graphical Models Conditional on Covariates

We address the problem of learning the structure of a high-dimensional Gaussian graphical model conditional on covariates, when each sample belongs to groups at multiple levels of hierarchy. The existing statistical methods for learning covariate-conditioned Gaussian graphical models focused on learning the aggregate behavior of inputs and outputs in a single-layer network. We propose a statistical model called multi-level conditional Gaussian graphical models for modeling multi-level output networks inﬂuenced by both individual-level and group-level inputs. We describe a decomposition of our model into a product of two components, one for sum variables and the other for diﬀer-ence variables derived from the original variables. This decomposition leads to an eﬃ-cient learning algorithm for both complete data and incomplete data with randomly missing individual observations, as the expensive repeated computation of the partition function can be avoided. We demonstrate our method on simulated data and real-world data in ﬁnance and genomics.
Does land‐use change affect biodiversity dynamics at a macroecological scale? A case study of birds over the past 20 years in Japan

Because the effects of land‐use change on biodiversity have primarily been examined at or below the regional scale, it remains unclear whether such effects scale up to the macroecological scale (i.e. nationwide or continental scale). In Japan, forests have become more mature since the cessation of most forestry efforts in the 1970s. At a nationwide scale, this forest maturation may lead to reductions in the abundance of species that depend on early successional forests (early successional species) and increases in the abundance of species that depend on mature forests (mature forest species). Japan has met its high demand for wood through imports from South‐east Asia, resulting in deforestation there. Therefore, the abundance of mature forest species that migrate long distances to overwinter in South‐east Asia may decrease. We examined changes in the range sizes of birds in Japan over the past 20 years using the living planet index (LPI). The LPI indicated that the range sizes of early successional species decreased. For mature forest species, the range sizes of long‐distance migrants decreased, whereas those of short‐distance migrants and residents increased. Our predictions were generally supported. Our results indicate that the effects of land‐use change extend to the macroecological scale and that such changes in one country can affect the biodiversity dynamics in other countries. Forest maturation in Japan and concomitant deforestation in South‐east Asia have been caused by internationally coupled socioeconomic processes. Therefore, biodiversity conservation at the macroecological scale must consider the role of land use, and such efforts will require both international and socioeconomic perspectives.
Screening Study of Leaf Terpene Concentration of 75 Borneo Rainforest Plant Species: Relationships with Leaf Elemental Concentrations and Morphology

Terpenes confer advantage in plant protection against abiotic stresses such as heat and drought and biotic stresses such as herbivore and pathogen attack. We conducted a screening of leaf mono- and sesquiterpene concentrations in 75 common woody plant species in the rainforest of Danum Valley (Borneo). Terpene compounds were found in 73 out of the 75 analysed species. Similar or lower proportions have been reported in other parts of the world. To our knowledge, this study reports for the first time the foliar concentration of mono- and/or sesquiterpene for 71 species and 39 genera not previously analyzed. Altogether 80 terpene compounds were determined across the species, and out of these only linalool oxide and (E)- g -bisabolene had phylogenetic signal. A significant negative relationship between leaf monoterpene concentration and leaf length was observed, but leaf mono- and sesquitepene concentration were not related to any other leaf morphological trait nor to leaf elemental composition. Functions such as temperature protection, radiation protection or signaling and communication could underlie the high frequency of terpene-containing species of this tropical ecosystem which has multiple and very diverse interactions among multiple species.
Haustoria of Cuscuta japonica, a Holoparasitic Flowering Plant, Are Induced by the Cooperative Effects of Far-Red Light and Tactile Stimuli

When seedlings of Cuscuta japonica were grown with Vigna radiata (the host plant) in a flower pot for 6 d under white light and then irradiated with far-red or blue light (ca. 6 [ano\ photons m~2 s"1), the seedlings parasitized V. radiata. However, no parasitism of the seedlings was observed under red or white light or in darkness. The parasitic behavior of seedlings of C. japonica was observed even if an acrylic rod was used as a substitute for the host plant. Upon incubation under far-red light, the seedling twined tightly around the rod and developed haustoria towards it. Haustoria also developed when apical and subapical regions of seedlings were held between two glass plates that were about 0.7 mm apart and were irradiated with far-red light. However, no haustoria were induced by either the hold or irradiation alone. These results indicate that parasitism of Cuscuta japonica is controlled by the cooperative effects of two physical signals, far-red light and appropriate tactile pressure. Our findings suggest that parasitism by the genus Cuscuta involves a novel strategy.
New Species of Ctenosaura (Squamata, Iguanidae) from Southeastern Honduras

Abstract A new species of Ctenosaura is described from the Pacific versant of southeastern Honduras (Departments of Francisco Morazán and Choluteca). This species occurs in a restricted area between the ranges of Ctenosaura flavidorsalis (southwest Honduras, El Salvador and southeastern Guatemala) and Ctenosaura quinquecarinata (Nicaragua and Costa Rica). The new species differs from C. quinquecarinata, Ctenosaura oaxacana, and C. flavidorsalis in several scalation and osteological characteristics and coloration pattern. The suggested phylogenetic relationships of the new species are ((C. flavidorsalis + Ctenosaura sp. “southeastern Honduras”) + (C. quinquecarinata + C. oaxacana)). The specimens of the new species were mostly found in hollow trees and branches no more than 2 m above the ground. The habitat was dominated by shrub and tree vegetation. This lizard feeds mainly on young leaves and insects. Local people occasionally hunt the ctenosaur for food and consider it to have become rarer in the last two decades, primarily because of habitat loss.
Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant E. Coli in the river Mahanadi of Sambalpur

resistance has emerged as a potentially precarious peril for the world. The present study reports the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli in the widely used river water of Mahanadi. The isolates identified biochemically and by ribotyping to be Escherichia coli exhibited resistance to extended spectrum β-lactum antibiotics, carboxypenicillin coupled with β-lactamase inhibitor, glycopeptides, macrolides, first, second, third and fourth generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, first, second, third and fourth generation fluroquinolones. The resistance rate of the isolates to the 42 antibiotics tested ranged from 16.6% to 100% while the MAR indices of the isolates ranged between 0.51 and 0.90. High MAR indices mandate vigilant surveillance and remedial measures.
Characterization of Turnip mosaic virus from the Asian‐BR Population in Iran

Brassicaceae crops in eight provinces of the North-west Iran were surveyed for Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection during 2011 and 2012. Many symptomatic plants (38%; 226 of 598) were found to be infected with TuMV. The highest frequency was in turnip (61%), followed by radish (55%), oilseed rape (38%), and brassica weeds including annual bastard cabbage (42%), small tumbleweed-mustard (50%) and wild radish (45%), but not Brassica oleracea and Lepidium sativum. Using biological assays, Iranian TuMV isolates grouped in three [B], [B(R)] and [BR] host-infecting types. Phylogenetic analysis using complete coat protein (CP) gene nucleotide sequences showed that the Iranian isolates belonged to the Basal-B and Asian-BR populations. No evidence of recombination was found in these isolates using different recombination-detecting programmes. To our knowledge, our study shows for the first time the occurrence of TuMV Asian-BR subpopulation in the mid Eurasian region of Iran. The data suggest that the Asian-BR subtype population is found across southern Eurasia and might be a continuous population in East Asia (mostly Japan and China) and Minor Asia (Turkey), the places considered to be one of the origins of TuMV populations.
Weak genetic divergence between the two South American toad-headed turtles Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae)

Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae are two endangered, little-known toad-headed turtles with small distribution ranges in Colombia and Venezuela, respectively. Using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene as a marker, we investigate their phylogeographic differentiation. Furthermore, based on 2341 bp of mtDNA and 2109 bp of nDNA of M. dahli, M. zuliae and allied chelid turtles, we infer their divergence time using a fossil-calibrated relaxed molecular clock approach. Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae are closely related species, with an estimated mean divergence time of 10.6 million years. This estimate correlates with the uplift of the Serrania de Perija, an Andean mountain chain separating their distribution ranges, suggesting that this event could have caused the evolution of the two species. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities of M. dahli are markedly higher than in Podocnemis lewyana, another endemic turtle species of Colombia. This pronounced dissimilarity may reflect differences in the phylogeographies and demographic histories of the two species, but also different habitat preferences.