Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synchronous or asynchronous? Various online learning platforms studied in Indonesia 2015-2020

Online learning occupies an important position as an indicator of improving the quality of learning in Indonesia. This paper aims to identify the online learning platform studied in Indonesia in 2015-2020. This is to determine the potential for developing the quality of online learning in Indonesia. There are 178 articles studied in this paper as research population using systematic literature review method. Systematic literature review method is used to list, filter, classify, and identify learning approaches that used in each learning platform. This study used secondary data from the IOP database, especially for articles conducted in Indonesia in 2015-2020. It was found that asynchronous online learning is more widely used about 68 articles. Meanwhile, there are 57 research conducted without specific learning approach. Also, the number of research on online learning conducted in Indonesia is increased by 178 articles in total during 2015-2020. The most widely studied platforms in Indonesia were Edmodo, Moodle, MOOC, and Google Classroom. However, there are tendencies that social media which are not learning platform are treated like learning platforms. This has implications for educators’ to apply online learning using various forms of media and platforms, so that it is starting to be widely accepted.
Climate change impacts on solar power generation and its spatial variability in Europe based on CMIP6

Abstract. Solar photovoltaics (PV) plays an essential role in decarbonizing the European energy system. However, climate change affects surface solar radiation and thereby will directly influence future PV power generation. We use scenarios from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) for a mitigation (SSP1-2.6) and a fossil-fuel dependent (SSP5-8.5) pathway, to quantify climate risk for solar PV in Europe simulated by the Global Solar Energy Estimator (GSEE). We find that PV potential increases by around 5 % in the mitigation scenario, suggesting a positive feedback loop between climate change mitigation and PV potential. While increased clear-sky radiation and reduced cloud cover go hand in hand in SSP1-2.6, a decrease in clear-sky radiation is overcompensated by a decrease in cloud cover in SSP5-8.5, resulting in an increase of all-sky radiation. Moreover, we find that the seasonal cycle of PV generation changes in most places as generation grows more strongly in winter than in summer (SSP1-2.6) or increases in summer and declines in winter (SSP5-8.5). We further analyze climate change impacts on the spatial variability of PV power generation. Similar to effects anticipated for wind energy, we report an increase of the spatial correlations of daily PV production with large inter-model agreement yet relatively small amplitude, implying that PV power balancing between different regions in continental Europe will become more difficult in the future. Based on the most recent climate simulations, this research thus supports the notion that climate change will only marginally impact renewable energy potential, while changes in the spatio-temporal generation structure are to be expected and should be included in power system design.
How Physical Factors Coordinate Virus Infection: A Perspective From Mechanobiology

Pandemics caused by viruses have threatened lives of thousands of people. Understanding the complicated process of viral infection provides significantly directive implication to epidemic prevention and control. Viral infection is a complex and diverse process, and substantial studies have been complemented in exploring the biochemical and molecular interactions between viruses and hosts. However, the physical microenvironment where infections implement is often less considered, and the role of mechanobiology in viral infection remains elusive. Mechanobiology focuses on sensation, transduction, and response to intracellular and extracellular physical factors by tissues, cells, and extracellular matrix. The intracellular cytoskeleton and mechanosensors have been proven to be extensively involved in the virus life cycle. Furthermore, innovative methods based on micro- and nanofabrication techniques are being utilized to control and modulate the physical and chemical cell microenvironment, and to explore how extracellular factors including stiffness, forces, and topography regulate viral infection. Our current review covers how physical factors in the microenvironment coordinate viral infection. Moreover, we will discuss how this knowledge can be harnessed in future research on cross-fields of mechanobiology and virology.
Producer preferences for drought management strategies in the arid west

This study uses choice experiments to assess fresh produce and hay/forage grower preferred drought management strategies, the level of drought at which growers adopt specific management strategies and the level of drought at which they choose to exit farming in the arid west. Results show preferred strategies differ by drought level and across grower groups. Using logit models, we find that fresh produce growers prefer adopting a water-saving technology (cover crops, manure/mulch application, etc.) and hay/forage growers prefer switching to a more efficient irrigation system. Growers would only exit farming in extreme circumstances such as loss of all water resources. Policies aimed at assisting growers with drought adaptation should focus on preferred strategies to ensure effectiveness. Incentives to offset adoption costs are also recommended. Additionally, growers may benefit from information related to productivity changes under various drought management strategies and drought scenarios.
Improving Latent Representations via Explicit Disentanglement

A promising approach for improving both the interpretability and usefulness of latent representations for downstream tasks is disentanglement. Though recent work in variational frameworks has found success implicitly encouraging disentan-glement for learning better representations, such methods do not take advantage of the readily available priors in most data. We propose three methods for explicit disentanglement and evaluate their ability to learn better representations with different datasets. Additionally, we investigate how we can leverage explicit disentanglement for learning representations under biased data
Expanding the Myxochelin Natural Product Family by Nicotinic Acid Containing Congeners

Myxobacteria represent a viable source of chemically diverse and biologically active secondary metabolites. The myxochelins are a well-studied family of catecholate-type siderophores produced by various myxobacterial strains. Here, we report the discovery, isolation, and structure elucidation of three new myxochelins N1–N3 from the terrestrial myxobacterium Corallococcus sp. MCy9049, featuring an unusual nicotinic acid moiety. Precursor-directed biosynthesis (PDB) experiments and total synthesis were performed in order to confirm structures, improve access to pure compounds for bioactivity testing, and to devise a biosynthesis proposal. The combined evaluation of metabolome and genome data covering myxobacteria supports the notion that the new myxochelin congeners reported here are in fact frequent side products of the known myxochelin A biosynthetic pathway in myxobacteria.
Movement Planning Determines Sensory Suppression: An Event-related Potential Study

Abstract Sensory suppression refers to the phenomenon that sensory input generated by our own actions, such as moving a finger to press a button to hear a tone, elicits smaller neural responses than sensory input generated by external agents. This observation is usually explained via the internal forward model in which an efference copy of the motor command is used to compute a corollary discharge, which acts to suppress sensory input. However, because moving a finger to press a button is accompanied by neural processes involved in preparing and performing the action, it is unclear whether sensory suppression is the result of movement planning, movement execution, or both. To investigate this, in two experiments, we compared ERPs to self-generated tones that were produced by voluntary, semivoluntary, or involuntary button-presses, with externally generated tones that were produced by a computer. In Experiment 1, the semivoluntary and involuntary button-presses were initiated by the participant or experimenter, respectively, by electrically stimulating the median nerve in the participant's forearm, and in Experiment 2, by applying manual force to the participant's finger. We found that tones produced by voluntary button-presses elicited a smaller N1 component of the ERP than externally generated tones. This is known as N1-suppression. However, tones produced by semivoluntary and involuntary button-presses did not yield significant N1-suppression. We also found that the magnitude of N1-suppression linearly decreased across the voluntary, semivoluntary, and involuntary conditions. These results suggest that movement planning is a necessary condition for producing sensory suppression. We conclude that the most parsimonious account of sensory suppression is the internal forward model.
Lubrication Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyethylene Glycol Gel for Artificial Joints

One of the most common problems encountered by patients using artificial joints is the high wear rate. In this study, a polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol (PVA/PEG) gel was prepared through the cross-linking reaction between polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions. This gel can lubricate artificial joints, thereby lowering their coefficient of friction (COF) and increasing their service life. Various techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, X-ray photon spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses, were used to analyze the structure of this synthetic gel. The tribological results indicated that the synthetic gel’s lubrication effect was the most optimum when it contained PVA (10 wt%) and PEG (15 wt%). An average COF of 0.05 was obtained under a load of 10 N and at a speed of 1.0 cm/s. In addition, the wear rate was reduced in comparison to distilled water. Furthermore, the biological tests proved that the PVA/PEG gel was highly biocompatible. Thus, this study introduces a novel technique to prepare PVA/PEG gels that improve the tribological performance of artificial joints.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Clash of Views on Supreme Court Retirements

Hagle (1993) constructed a model to test whether Supreme Court justices engage in strategic behavior in their retirements. The model included several political variables that proved highly significant and supported the hypothesis. Since Hagle’s study, research works by Atkinson (1999), Brenner (1999), and Ward (2003) have examined the departures of Supreme Court justices in detail and have called into question whether political motivations influence the justices’ retirement decisions. Using Hagle’s model as a starting point, this study examines recent research, updates the data, and tests two new variables. The model is again estimated using Poisson regression. The model and the political variables, continue to be highly significant with the new data and one of the two new variables adds to the model’s explanatory power. Although the passing of any United States Supreme Court justice is a historic event, the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist on September 3, 2005, was particularly important for those who study personnel changes on the Court. In addition to bringing an end to the Rehnquist Court, the Chief Justice’s death was the first by a sitting justice since the death of Justice Jackson in 1954. In addition, given the retirement announcement of Justice O’Connor on July 1, 2005, Rehnquist’s death created a rare double vacancy, something that had not occurred since 1971 when Justices Powell and Rehnquist were confirmed within days of each other to replace Justices Black and Harlan. Chief Justice Rehnquist’s death also came at a time when there was great speculation whether he would retire once a nominee was confirmed to replace Justice O’Connor. Speculation whether Rehnquist or another justice might be the next to retire actually began to intensify immediately after the 2002 elections. Several factors contributed to the belief that a retirement was imminent. From a practical standpoint, there had not been a change in personnel on the Court since 1994 when Justice Blackmun retired and was replaced by Justice Breyer. Aside from the remaining justices being nine years older, several had experienced a variety of medical problems over the years. Chief Justice Rehnquist, for example, had suffered a severe knee injury in late-2002 that kept him from hearing December’s oral arguments (Associated Press, 2002). From a political standpoint, Justice O’Connor’s reported remark on election night of 2000 when news outlets initially called Florida for Al Gore suggested that she
Municipal transitions: The social, energy, and spatial dynamics of sociotechnical change in South Tyrol, Italy

With the aim of proposing recommendations on how to use social and territorial specificities as levers for wider achievement of climate and energy targets at local level, this research analyses territories as sociotechnical systems. Defining the territory as a sociotechnical system allows us to underline the interrelations between space, energy and society. Groups of municipalities in a region can be identified with respect to their potential production of renewable energy by means of wellknown data-mining approaches. Similar municipalities linking together can share ideas and promote collaborations, supporting clever social planning in the transition towards a new energy system. The methodology is applied to the South Tyrol case study (Italy). Results show eight different spatially-based sociotechnical systems within the coherent cultural and institutional context of South Tyrol. In particular, this paper observes eight different systems in terms of (1) different renewable energy source preferences in semi-urban and rural contexts; (2) different links with other local planning, management, and policy needs; (3) different socio-demographic specificities of individuals and families; (4) presence of different kinds of stakeholders or of (5) different socio-spatial organizations based on land cover. Each energy system has its own specificities and potentialities, including social and spatial dimensions, that can address a more balanced, inclusive, equal, and accelerated energy transition at the local and translocal scale.
EWS -D RIVEN S TOCK P REDICTION U SING N OISY E QUITY S TATE R EPRESENTATION

News-driven stock prediction investigates the correlation between news events and stock price movements. Previous work has considered effective ways for representing news events and their sequences, but rarely exploited the representation of underlying equity states. We address this issue by making use of a recurrent neural network to represent an equity state transition sequence, integrating news representation using contextualized embeddings as inputs to the state transition mechanism. Thanks to the separation of news and equity representations, our model can accommodate additional input factors. We design a novel random noise factor for modeling influencing factors beyond news events, and a future event factor to address the delay of news information (e.g., insider trading). Results show that the proposed model outperforms strong baselines in the literature.
Mobile applications developed for children and adolescents experiencing chronic health conditions: an integrative review

This paper presents the results of an integrative literature review regarding the methods to develop mobile applications for children and adolescents experiencing chronic health conditions. The analyzed manuscripts were available on MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS and EMBASE, over a period from 2010 to 2020. We identified 87 manuscripts in the databases and 8 of them attended the inclusion and quality criteria. It was observed that the use of humor, gamification, simple language and attractive visuals arouse interest and facilitated the use of the application. The examined literature evidenced that the development of applications for children and adolescents must recognize the needs of users, considering them in the creation process. Mobile health applications favored adherence and self-care and were important allies in the care of chronically ill children and adolescents.
Dissociable Contribution of Extrastriate Responses to Representational Enhancement of Gaze Targets

Abstract Before saccadic eye movements, our perception of the saccade targets is enhanced. Changes in the visual representation of saccade targets, which presumably underlie this perceptual benefit, emerge even before the eye begins to move. This perisaccadic enhancement has been shown to involve changes in the response magnitude, selectivity, and reliability of visual neurons. In this study, we quantified multiple aspects of perisaccadic changes in the neural response, including gain, feature tuning, contrast response function, reliability, and correlated activity between neurons. We then assessed the contributions of these various perisaccadic modulations to the population's enhanced perisaccadic representation of saccade targets. We found a partial dissociation between the motor information, carried entirely by gain changes, and visual information, which depended on all three types of modulation. These findings expand our understanding of the perisaccadic enhancement of visual representations and further support the existence of multiple sources of motor modulation and visual enhancement within extrastriate visual cortex.
Beware the Side Effects: Capital Controls Cause Misallocation and Reduce Welfare∗

This paper studies the effect of capital controls on misallocation and welfare in an economy with financial constraints. We build a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms, financial constraints and international trade and calibrate it to the Chilean economy. Since high-productivity and exporting firms need to borrow more to reach their optimal scale, capital controls that tax international borrowing hit them harder. As a result, misallocation increases relatively more for this group of firms, and for young firms that are still trying to reach their optimal scale. In terms of welfare, the model predicts a sizable aggregate loss of 2.39% when capital controls are introduced, with welfare decreasing twice as much for high-productivity firms. We empirically corroborate the main insights in terms of misallocation obtained from the model using Chilean manufacturing firm data from 1990 to 2007.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods for Skin Lesion Classification and Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

Computer-aided systems for skin lesion diagnosis is a growing area of research. Recently, researchers have shown an increasing interest in developing computer-aided diagnosis systems. This paper aims to review, synthesize and evaluate the quality of evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of computer-aided systems. This study discusses the papers published in the last five years in ScienceDirect, IEEE, and SpringerLink databases. It includes 53 articles using traditional machine learning methods and 49 articles using deep learning methods. The studies are compared based on their contributions, the methods used and the achieved results. The work identified the main challenges of evaluating skin lesion segmentation and classification methods such as small datasets, ad hoc image selection and racial bias.
E FFICIENT RANDOMIZED SMOOTHING BY DENOISING WITH LEARNED SCORE FUNCTION

The randomized smoothing with various noise distributions is a promising approach to protect classifiers from `p adversarial attacks. However, it requires an ensemble of classifiers trained with different noise types and magnitudes, which is computationally expensive. In this work, we present an efficient method for randomized smoothing that does not require any re-training of classifiers. We built upon denoised smoothing, which prepends denoiser to the pre-trained classifier. We investigate two approaches to the image denoising problem for randomized smoothing and show that using the score function suits for both. Moreover, we present an efficient algorithm that can scale to randomized smoothing and can be applied regardless of noise types or levels. To validate, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods through extensive experiments on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, under various `p adversaries.
TRIP: R EFINING I MAGE - TO -I MAGE T RANSLATION

We propose a new model to refine image-to-image translation via an adversarial ranking process. In particular, we simultaneously train two modules: a generator that translates an input image to the desired image with smooth subtle changes with respect to some specific attributes; and a ranker that ranks rival preferences consisting of the input image and the desired image. Rival preferences refer to the adversarial ranking process: (1) the ranker thinks no difference between the desired image and the input image in terms of the desired attributes; (2) the generator fools the ranker to believe that the desired image changes the attributes over the input image as desired. Preferences over pairs of real images are introduced to guide the ranker to rank image pairs regarding the interested attributes only. With an effective ranker, the generator would “win” the adversarial game by producing high-quality images that present desired changes over the attributes compared to the input image. The experiments demonstrate that our TRIP can generate high-fidelity images which exhibit smooth changes with the strength of the attributes.
Weak FI-extending Modules with ACC or DCC on Essential Submodules

In this paper we study modules with the WFI-extending property. We prove that if M satisfies the WFI-extending, pseudo duo properties and M/(SocM) has finite uniform dimension then M decompose into a direct sum of a semisimple submodule and a submodule of finite uniform dimension. In particular, if M satisfies the WFIextending, pseudo duo properties and ascending chain (respectively, descending chain) condition on essential submodules then M = M1 ⊕ M2 for some semisimple submodule M1 and Noetherian (respectively, Artinian) submodule M2. Moreover, we show that if M is a WFI-extending module with pseudo duo, C2 and essential socle then the quotient ring of its endomorphism ring with Jacobson radical is a (von Neumann) regular ring. We provide several examples which illustrate our results.
Implicit Acceleration of Gradient Flow in Overparameterized Linear Models

We study the implicit acceleration of gradient ﬂow in over-parameterized two-layer linear models. We show that implicit acceleration emerges from a conservation law that constrains the dynamics to follow certain trajectories. More precisely, gradient ﬂow preserves the diﬀerence of the Gramian matrices of the input and output weights and we show that the amount of acceleration depends on both the magnitude of that diﬀerence (which is ﬁxed at initialization) and the spectrum of the data. In addition, and generalizing prior work, we prove our results without assuming small, balanced or spectral initialization for the weights, and establish interesting connections between the matrix factorization problem and Riccati type diﬀerential equations