Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Populations of hippocampal inhibitory neurons express different levels of cytochrome c

Cytochrome c (CC) immunoreactivity was quantified in functionally distinct rat hippocampal inhibitory neuron populations using double immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy to measure the CC expression level as well as the amount of mitochondria within the cells, which is a sign of neuronal activity. The CC signal showed a similar distribution to cytochrome c oxidase histochemical staining. Strongly stained somata, dendrites and axon terminal clouds were dispersed over the low intensity neuropil staining. The staining was granular and electron microscopic investigation confirmed that the signal was localized in mitochondria. Intensively labeled neurons, showing the morphological features of inhibitory cells, were most frequently found in the principal cell layers, stratum oriens of the CA1–3 areas, stratum lucidum and hilus. These neurons contained not only a higher number of mitochondria than the principal cells but the intensity of the mitochondrial staining was evidently stronger. Among the examined interneuronal populations, parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were intensively labeled for CC. Calbindin D28k‐ (CB), somatostatin‐ and cholecystokinin‐labeled cells showed heterogeneous CC levels, whereas calretinin‐immunoreactive cells never showed a strong CC signal. CB cells in stratum oriens and alveus layers, lucidum and the hilus were strongly labeled for CC. CB cells in such regions are known to project to the medial septum and contain somatostatin. We have demonstrated that the CA1 interneurons that project to the medial septum (hippocampo‐septal neurons) express a high level of CC. Thus, similar to the parvalbumin‐containing basket and axo‐axonic cells, the hippocampo‐septal neurons potentially have a high average activity level.
Near-field antenna measurement facility

In this paper, a design of a near-field antenna measurement apparatus is described. Basic operational requirements, design, structure and parameters of the measurement apparatus are presented. The practical utilization is demonstrated. At the end of this paper acquired results are summarized and compared with results obtained from the far-field antenna measurement and with theoretical radiation patterns.
Graphic analysis of the relationship between skin colour change and variations in the amounts of melanin and haemoglobin

Background/aims The L*a*b* coordinate is the most commonly used colour system to measure skin colour in dermatology and cosmetology. In this system, a* and L* are often used for quantification of the degrees of erythema and pigmentation. The aim of this study was to examine whether a* and L* can be used as specific scales to indicate the amount of haemoglobin and melanin, respectively, in the skin.
Psychostimulant Drugs and Neuroplasticity

Drugs of abuse induce plastic changes in the brain that seem to underlie addictive phenomena. These plastic changes can be structural (morphological) or synaptic (biochemical), and most of them take place in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal circuits. Several addiction-related changes in brain circuits (hypofrontality, sensitization, tolerance) as well as the outcome of treatment have been visualized in addicts to psychostimulants using neuroimaging techniques. Repeated exposure to psychostimulants induces morphological changes such as increase in the number of dendritic spines, changes in the morphology of dendritic spines, and altered cellular coupling through new gap junctions. Repeated exposure to psychostimulants also induces various synaptic adaptations, many of them related to sensitization and neuroplastic processes, that include up- or down-regulation of D1, D2 and D3 dopamine receptors, changes in subunits of G proteins, increased adenylyl cyclase activity, cyclic AMP and protein kinase A in the nucleus accumbens, increased tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme activity, increased calmodulin and activated CaMKII in the ventral tegmental area, and increased deltaFosB, c-Fos and AP-1 binding proteins. Most of these changes are transient, suggesting that more lasting plastic brain adaptations should take place. In this context, protein synthesis inhibitors block the development of sensitization to cocaine, indicating that rearrangement of neural networks must develop for the long-lasting plasticity required for addiction to occur. Self-administration studies indicate the importance of glutamate neurotransmission in neuroplastic changes underlying transition from use to abuse. Finally, plastic changes in the addicted brain are enhanced and aggravated by neuroinflammation and neurotrophic disbalance after repeated psychostimulants.
A simple estimation the number of classes in satellite imagery

Clustering is a popular tool for exploratory data analysis, such as K-means and Fuzzy C-mean. A simple estimation the number of classes for segmented areas (K) in satellite imagery application is often needed in advance as an input parameter to the K-means algorithm. In this paper, a method has been developed to estimate the number of classes for segmented areas in satellite imagery clustering application using an image processing technique based on the co-occurrence matrix technique. The proposed method was tested using data from known the number of classes with satellite imagery. The results from the tests confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in finding the estimation the number of classes and compared with ground truth data.
Effective Integration of Teaching and Research in a First Year Food and Nutrition Course

Previous research has indicated that undergraduate student learning can be enhanced through active involvement in research. Furthermore, creating an academic environment where teaching and research are intimately linked can facilitate the induction of students into a community of learners where new knowledge is created, explored and critiqued. Scaffolding and supporting student learning via engagement in authentic research experiences can work to ensure graduating students have the capacity to generate and investigate important questions that contributes to the development of new knowledge. This paper presents a case study that outlines curriculum design and pedagogical strategies aimed at integrating teaching and research within the first year of an undergraduate course. First year Food and Nutrition students were asked to partake in a research project where they were asked to complete a series of diet and food related questionnaires, analyse, interpret and critique the resulting data. Students were supported through this learning activity via small group tutorial support and question and answer sessions within the learning management system. Anonymous evaluation of the teaching and learning experience was conducted at the end of the teaching period and the results indicate that the students welcomed the opportunity to engage in an authentic, research based learning activity. Students’ found the assessment tasks were clearly explained to them (88% agreeing), and felt well supported in approaching this research based assessment task. Furthermore, the qualitative comments indicated that the students’ found the learning environment to be meaningful and relevant. This case study indicates that it is possible to effectively incorporate authentic research experiences within the curriculum of a first year course. The experiential, inquiry based learning approach used supported the students’ participation in a systematic, rigorous data collection process required in a structured research environment and blended these requirements with authentic learning of discipline specific skills and knowledge.
Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) genome in relation to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIV (AGM)

We constructed an infectious molecular clone of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and generated nine frameshift mutants corresponding to nine open reading frames identified so far. Three structural (gag, pol, env) and two regulative (tat, rev) gene mutants were not infectious, whereas vif, vpx, vpr, and nef genes were dispensable for infectivity. All of the mutants except env and rev were cytopathic in CD4+ human leukemia cells. In transfection assays, the expression of HIV-2 long terminal repeat was activated by infectious clones of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey but not by the tat mutants. However, an HIV-2 tat mutant could produce small amounts of virus proteins and particles in contrast to a rev mutant, which directed no detectable synthesis of virus proteins and virions.
Protonation site and hydrogen bonding in anhydrous and hydrated crystalline forms of doxazosin mesylate from powder data.

The three-dimensional solid-state structures of two modifications of doxazosin mesylate (C23H26N5O5)+. (CH3SO3)-, 4-amino-2-[4-[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)carbonyl]piperazin-1-yl]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline methanesulfonate, a commonly used antihypertensive agent, have been determined by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. An anhydrous form (A) and a dihydrate form (dG) crystallize in monoclinic space groups. In both forms the doxazosin molecule is protonated at the N1 atom of the quinazoline bicycle. The N1 atom, and the amino H atoms and O atoms of the mesylate moieties are involved in three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding networks, while solvent water molecules and carboxamide O atoms are also incorporated in a hydrogen-bonding network in dG.
Spectral Analysis in Walking Balance by Elderly Subjects

Elderly people lose their rhythm of walking balance, because their body alignment and standing balance become less stable through aging. The fluctuations of both hips movement while walking were measured using a portable measurement system with two accelerometers. Before they have had physical exercise and when walking without shoe insoles, the fluctuations of the hip movement, having back and knee pain, was not rhythmic, and also not proportional to 1/f (f=frequency) fluctuation, their walking was unstable. After physical exercise and walking with insoles, their walking became rhythmic and was approximately close to proportional to 1/f fluctuation, and their walking improved. This study provides useful information for the improvement of walking
Global glacial ice volume and Last Glacial Maximum duration from an extended Barbados sea level record

Fundamental characteristics of the climate system during the most recent precessional cycle of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun consist of the final expansion of land ice to its maximum extent, the subsequent episode of deglaciation, and the variations of global sea level that accompanied these events. In order to address the important issue of the variation of continental ice volume and related changes in global sea level through the late glacial period, we employ an extended set of observations of the pre-glacial and postglacial history of sea-level rise at the island of Barbados, together with a refined model of continental deglaciation and an accurate methodology for the prediction of postglacial sea-level change. Although our results provide unambiguous evidence that the post LGM rise of eustatic sea-level was very close to the widely supported estimate of 120m, the data also provide evidence that LGM must have occurred 26,000 years ago, approximately 5000 yr earlier than the usually assumed age. r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Phylogenetic signal in AFLP data sets.

AFLP markers provide a potential source of phylogenetic information for molecular systematic studies. However, there are properties of restriction fragment data that limit phylogenetic interpretation of AFLPs. These are (a) possible nonindependence of fragments, (b) problems of homology assignment of fragments, (c) asymmetry in the probability of losing and gaining fragments, and (d) problems in distinguishing heterozygote from homozygote bands. In the present study, AFLP data sets of Lactuca s.l. were examined for the presence of phylogenetic signal. An indication of this signal was provided by carrying out tree length distribution skewness (g1) tests, permutation tail probability (PTP) tests, and relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA). A measure of the support for internal branches in the optimal parsimony tree (MPT) was made using bootstrap, jackknife, and decay analysis. Finally, the extent of congruence in MPTs for AFLP and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 data sets for the same taxa was made using the partition homogeneity test (PHT) and the Templeton test. These analytical studies suggested the presence of phylogenetic signal in the AFLP data sets, although some incongruence was found between AFLP and ITS MPTs. An extensive literature survey undertaken indicated that authors report a general congruence of AFLP and ITS tree topologies across a wide range of taxonomic groups, suggesting that the present results and conclusions have a general bearing. In these earlier studies and those for Lactuca s.l. , AFLP markers have been found to be informative at somewhat lower taxonomic levels than ITS sequences. Tentative estimates are suggested for the levels of ITS sequence divergence over which AFLP profiles are likely to be phylogenetically informative.
A study on the effect of temperature on cellular signal strength quality

As the world is getting more connected through cell phones, Cellular Signal Strength metrics demand more attention as parameters linked to everyday life. This paper focuses on the effects of temperature on cellular signal strength quality. In telecommunications, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is a measure of the power present in a received radio signal. This work looks into the variation of RSSI values over temperature and its effects on cellular communication networks. The study on the effect of temperature on RSSI is performed by measuring the temperature and signal strength over a region simultaneously. Signal strength values is collected using Android Packaging Index (API) of Android smartphones and temperature using a custom made weather station.
Sub-200 ps spin transfer torque switching in in-plane magnetic tunnel junctions with interface perpendicular anisotropy

Ultrafast spin transfer torque (STT) switching in an in-plane MgO magnetic tunnel junction with 50 nm×150 nm elliptical shape was demonstrated in this paper. Switching speeds as short as 165 ps and 190 ps at 50% and 98% switching probabilities, respectively, were observed without external field assistance in a thermally stable junction with a 101% tunnelling magnetoresistance ratio. The minimum writing energy of P-AP switching for 50% and 98% switching probability are 0.16 pJ and 0.21 pJ, respectively. The observed ultrafast switching is believed to occur because of partially cancelled out-of-plane demagnetizing field in the free layer from interface perpendicular anisotropy between the MgO layer and the Co20Fe60B20 layer. High J/Jc0 ratio and magnetization nucleation at the edge of free layer, which result from the reduced perpendicular demagnetizing field, are possibly two major factors that contribute to the ultrafast STT switching.
Simulation and Modeling of a Novel Medium Access Control Scheme for MultiBeam Directional Networking

In this paper, we analyze a new medium access control (MAC) protocol for multi-beam directional network via highfidelity simulation using a real-time emulator. Multi-beam directional systems are a novel approach to networking that leverage recent advancements in physical layer technology that allows for the formation of multiple simultaneous beams in both transmit and receive. These multiple beams allows for the removal of burdensome coordination between the transmitter and receiver and allows for an uncoordinated, distributed random access scheme that offers high throughput. Besides theoretical work, this paper is the first to characterize the performance of such systems using real-time simulation tools. Aside from the random access scheme, several novel MAC features are added that allow for robust communication, such as location tracking and tracking neighbor’s transmit or receive state. For this paper, we implement this protocol in both simulation and a new Extendable Mobile Ad-hoc Network Emulator (EMANE) model that allows for real-time, high fidelity performance evaluation. Using EMANE allows us to better understand the performance of the newly developed protocols by running real-time applications through the network. We show that our EMANE model and simulator coincide with the theoretical network capacity, which allows for numerical characterization of scenarios in which theoretical results have not been derived. Furthermore, through our work, we performance test the EMANE model and quantify the maximum number of nodes that we can operate in real-time. Through this testing, two bottlenecks are identified: 1) infrastructure issues, where the amount of data passed between the servers is too high, and 2) computation issues, where calculating the interference on the packets becomes too time consuming.
Multiple-wavelength membrane BH-DFB laser arrays

We realized multiple-wavelength laser arrays based on a membrane buried-heterostructure distributed-feedback (BH-DFB) structure fabricated by electron-beam lithography (EBL), CH/sub 4//H/sub 2/ reactive-ion etching, and regrowth by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE), and investigated their wavelength controllability using two different approaches, i.e., a modulation of the DFB grating period and that of the stripe width. Under optically pumped room-temperature continuous-wave (RT-CW) operation, a wavelength fluctuation for a fixed DFB grating period was found to be less than /spl plusmn/1.2 nm for all 75 samples prepared on the same wafer. A total wavelength span of 64 nm and an average channel spacing of 3.4 nm were obtained in the DFB period modulation range of 311.25 to 335.00 nm with 1.25-nm steps. An average channel spacing of 4.1 nm was also obtained in the stripe modulation range of 1.0-2.8 /spl mu/m with 0.2-/spl mu/m steps.
O papel da aprendizagem baseada em problemas nas mudanças no ensino médico no Brasil

A instituicao do Sistema Unico de Saude no Brasil (SUS) acarretou mudancas no trabalho medico. Novas habilidades vem sendo demandadas do medico atuante no SUS, gerando impacto sobre o ensino medico. Atraves da analise das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduacao em Medicina e possivel identificar algumas dessas repercussoes, bem como abordagens propostas para a reestruturacao do ensino. A Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (PBL) e uma metodologia ativa de ensino que vem sendo adotada em algumas Escolas Medicas do pais. Constitui-se um trabalho de pequenos grupos, onde o aprendizado e centrado no aluno e nao no professor, e os conhecimentos sao adquiridos a partir de problemas clinicos. Essa abordagem exige uma estrutura fisica e organizacional complexa, treinamento adequado dos docentes e participacao ativa dos discentes. Uma analise de alguns resultados obtidos a partir da experiencia de paises como os Estados Unidos e o Canada sugere alguns pontos fortes do ensino atraves do PBL: comunicacao social, trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar e aprender a aprender. Essas habilidades sao consoantes com as caracteristicas almejadas para o medico do SUS. Alguns aspectos sao deficitarios em relacao ao metodo tradicional, como conhecimento de ciencias biologicas basicas e fisiopatologia e desempenho na tomada de decisao terapeutica. Com isso, propoe-se uma reflexao sobre a pertinencia da adocao do PBL como modelo didatico no Brasil, sua relacao com as propostas do SUS e das Diretrizes Curriculares e a factibilidade desse processo.
Tracer coupling patterns of the ganglion cell subtypes in the mouse retina

It is now clear that electrical coupling via gap junctions is prevalent across the retina, expressed by each of the five main neuronal types. With the introduction of mutants in which selective gap junction connexins are deleted, the mouse has recently become an important model for studying the function of coupling between retinal neurons. In this study we examined the tracer‐coupling pattern of ganglion cells by injecting them with the gap junction‐permanent tracer Neurobiotin to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive survey of ganglion cell coupling in the wildtype mouse retina. Murine ganglion cells were differentiated into 22 morphologically distinct subtypes based on soma‐dendritic parameters. Most (16/22) ganglion cell subtypes were tracer‐coupled to neighboring ganglion and/or amacrine cells. The amacrine cells coupled to ganglion cells displayed either polyaxonal or wide‐field morphologies with extensive arbors. We found that different subtypes of ganglion cells were never coupled to one another, indicating that they subserved independent electrical networks. Finally, we found that the tracer‐coupling patterns of the 22 ganglion cell populations were largely stereotypic across the 71 retinas studied. Our results indicate that electrical coupling is extensive in the inner retina of the mouse, suggesting that gap junctions play essential roles in visual information processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:664–687, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advancement in Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

In last decade, Tissue Engineering has moved a way ahead and has proposed solutions by replacing the permanently or severely damaged tissues of our body. The field has expanded to tissue regeneration of cartilage, bone, blood vessels, skin, etc. The domain of tissue engineering is very wide and is the combination of bioengineering, biology & biochemistry. This review is focus on recent research advancement in bone tissue engineering. Bone grafting techniques are used to replace the severely damaged due to any accident, trauma or any disease. These are either allograft, autologous or synthetic bone properties similar to bone. Bone Tissue Engineering is part of a synthetic technique and overcome the limitations faced in other two mentioned techniques. Bone Tissue engineering is rapidly developing field and has become important due to its remarkable therapeutic properties. Mesenchymal stem cells are used as starting cells in tissue regeneration. These cells get differentiated into bone cells and start multiplying to form bone. One inevitable requirement of these growing human cells is a strong support which helps in the proper growth. This support is known as scaffold, in tissue engineering. For proper regeneration of cells scaffold materials plays vital importance in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review attempts is illustrate the biology of natural bone, various desirable properties of scaffold, biomaterials used for fabrication of scaffold and various fabrication techniques with examples of bone regenerate.
YARN: Spinning-in-Progress

YARN (Yet Another RussNet), a project started in 2013, aims at creating a large open WordNet-like thesaurus for Russian by means of crowdsourcing. The first stage of the project was to create noun synsets. Currently, the resource comprises 48K+ word entries and 44K+ synsets. More than 200 people have taken part in assembling synsets throughout the project. The paper describes the linguistic, technical, and organizational principles of the project, as well as the evaluation results, lessons learned, and the future plans.