Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel representation of biological nitrogen fixation and
competitive dynamics between nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing plants
in a land model (GFDL LM4.1-BNF)

Abstract. Representing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is an important challenge in the incorporation of nitrogen (N) cycling in land models. Initial representations of BNF in land models applied simplified phenomenological relationships. More recent representations of BNF are mechanistic and include the dynamic response of BNF to N limitation of plant growth. However, they generally do not include the competitive dynamics between N-fixing and non-fixing plants, which is a key ecological mechanism that determines ecosystem-scale symbiotic BNF. Furthermore, asymbiotic BNF is generally not included in land models. Here, we present LM4.1-BNF, a novel representation of BNF (asymbiotic and symbiotic) and an updated representation of N cycling in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Land Model 4.1 (LM4.1). LM4.1-BNF incorporates a mechanistic representation of asymbiotic BNF by soil microbes, a representation of the competitive dynamics between N-fixing and non-fixing plants, and distinct asymbiotic and symbiotic BNF temperature responses derived from corresponding observations. LM4.1-BNF makes reasonable estimations of major carbon (C) and N pools and fluxes and their temporal dynamics, in comparison to the previous version of LM4.1 with N cycling (LM3-SNAP) and to previous representations of BNF in land models generally (phenomenological representations and those without competitive dynamics between N-fixing and non-fixing plants and/or asymbiotic BNF). LM4.1-BNF can be applied to project the dynamic response of vegetation to N limitation of plant growth and the degree to which this will constrain the terrestrial C sink under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and other global change factors.
Validation, emotion dysregulation and self-harm Results from an anonymous large-scale Internet-based study of young people

Background: Self-harm is a major public healh concern and it is particularly prevalent among adolescents. The functions of self-harm are diverse, but can be devided into interpersonal and intrapersonal. Linehan’s Biosocial Theory suggests that there is a transaction between the indivduals’ emotional vulnurablity and an invalidating environment, which in turn results in maladptive and often self-destructive behaviors. This paper examines the associations between self-harm, emotion dysregulation and percieved validation/invalidation. Methods: A total of 1910 (M age = 17.2, 86.9% female gender identity) respondents completed questionnaires in an anonymous Web-based survey. We used well-established questionnairs for assessing self-harm and emotion dysregulation, and for the assessment of perceived validation/invalidation we used a novel instrument “Responses to my Emotion, Thoghts and Actions, REMTA”. Results: Validation/invalidation correlated with self-harm and to an even larger extent to emotional dysregulation. A lagre and significat part of the association between self-harm and perceived validation/inavldiation was also mediated by emotion regulation. Validation/invalidation from family members had a higher impact on both self-harm and emotion dysregulation than from non-relatives. Those reporting high levels of invalidation also reported significantly more difficulties in emotion regulation. Conclusions: The present study contributes to the understanding validation in the ethiology of self-harm. The results also provide additional support for the Biosocial Theory and has implication assessment and treatment of self-harm. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Board in Stockholm (Dnr. 2015/815-31/5).
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Fault Dislocation Magnitude Induced by Strong Earthquakes: A Case Study of the Sichuan-Yunnan Region

Seismic risk in this region is high in Sichuan-Yunnan region of western China, and active faults are well developed in this region. Tunneling in this region would inevitably come across with active faults, and the stability of the tunnel would face serious threats due to the dislocation of an active fault. The magnitude of the fault dislocation is an important design parameter in the design work of tunnels across an active fault. However, traditionally this parameter is estimated as a deterministic value that is often overestimated. In this paper, the probabilistic analysis method was introduced into the estimation of the dislocation magnitude for a tunnel in Sichuan-Yunnan region. To demonstrate the proposed approach, the Xianglushan tunnel in the Central-Yunnan-Water-Transmission Project, which crosses the Longpan–Qiaohou active fault, was taken as an example case. The seismicity parameters in Sichuan-Yunnan region and the dislocation probability caused by earthquakes are considered. The fault dislocation magnitude that may occur during the service life of the tunnel can be estimated as a probability function, and parameter analysis was conducted. Thus, anti-dislocation design work of the tunnel may be conducted based on this reasonable estimation.
No country for native crayfish: importance of crustaceans in the diet of native and alien Northern raccoons

The Northern raccoon Procyon lotor is a native mesocarnivore of North America which has been introduced to many Eurasian countries, where invasive populations currently occur. Regarding Italy, the species is present in Lombardy and in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park (Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna). In this work, we conducted a review on food habits of the Northern raccoon both in the native and in the introduced ranges, and we firstly reported the evidence on the impact of this species on native crayfish in Central Italy. We retrieved 18 papers published between 1932 and 2020, 14 from the native range and four from the invasive range. We analysed the frequency of occurrence of nine food categories (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, crustaceans, fruits, and others). After fruits, crustaceans (where available) were the main food items detected in raccoon scats (up to 60% of the total diet, in the frequency of occurrence). In September 2019, we detected a total of 37 dead adult freshwater white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes complex in Central Italy, with evident signs of predation by the Northern raccoon. The local population of Northern raccoon is fast expanding its range, whereas the local population of A. pallipes complex is declining. This crayfish species is protected by national and international laws. Thus, a monitoring program involving all stakeholders and institutions dealing with in environmental management, aiming at removing all raccoons currently present in this area of Central Italy, should be carried out in the short term to limit the potential impacts exerted by the fast-spreading of this invasive mammal.
Perceived Behavioral Control as a Mediator between Attitudes and Intentions toward Marine Responsible Environmental Behavior

The marine environment has plunged into crisis with the growth of human activities. The enhancement of responsible environmental behavior (REB) requires policy and education to cultivate social awareness and actions to sustain marine resources. Several studies revealed that the intention serves as an effective predictor of actual behaviors. Furthermore, researchers generally acknowledge that attitudes and perceived behavioral control are potential factors toward behavior intention. However, some research has found that a positive attitude toward the environment does not translate into responsible environmental behavior. Additionally, the model of behavior in the marine context, especially the relationships between attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and the intention of responsible environmental behavior, are still not clear. Students’ attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intentions toward responsible marine environmental behavior (M-REB) were evaluated via questionnaires. The data from a total of 79 undergraduate students were analyzed. The results suggest that perceived behavioral control is the mediator between attitudes and intentions toward M-REB. This finding reveals the potential benefits of reconsidering the importance of perceived behavioral control in promoting M-REB and provides empirical evidence for future policy-makers in society and education.
Organocatalytic dimensions to the C–H functionalization of the carbocyclic core in indoles: a review update

An integration of two dynamic research paradigms – organocatalysis and remote C–H bond functionalization – has emerged as a profound competitor to conventional transition-metal catalyzed processes. In the contemporary research world of ample metal mediated transformations, there is a unique space for organocatalytic functionalization techniques. The benzene core in indoles remains difficult to explore owing to the dominant reactivity of the pyrrole core. Yet, exciting developments have been achieved to access remote regioselectivities: the C4, C5, C6 and C7 positions. This review documents contributions devoted to the metal-free organocatalytic functionalization of indoles in the carbocyclic ring positions up to the middle of 2020.
Parent–Infant Interventions to Promote Parental Sensitivity During NICU Hospitalization: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of parent–infant interventions for parents of preterm infants on parental sensitivity compared to standard care or active comparators. This review follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration ID: CRD42016047083). Database searches were performed from inception to 2020 to identify eligible randomized controlled trials. Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and quality of evidence using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. A total of 19 studies (n = 2,111 participants) were included and 14 were suitable to be pooled in our primary outcome meta-analysis. Results show no significant effect of parent–infant interventions over standard care or basic educational programs, on parental sensitivity. Results may not necessarily be due to the ineffectiveness of the interventions but rather due to implementation failure or high risk of bias of included studies.
Design Techniques of Sub-ns Level Shifters With Ultrahigh dV/dt Immunity for Various Wide-Bandgap Applications

In high-frequency gate drivers, especially for wide-bandgap applications, hundreds of voltages per nanosecond noise would be generated. Therefore, the sub-ns delay level shifter with high dV/dt immunity is necessary for signal conversion among different voltage domain areas. This article presents design techniques for the sub-ns delay level shifter with ultrahigh dV/dt immunity. The propagation delay of the proposed floating level shifter is dramatically reduced by utilizing the edge detection technique. In order to further improve the performance, auxiliary pull-up circuit, promoting delay matching, and self-calibration techniques are adopted, which make the proposed level shifters more suitable for high-frequency wide-bandgap applications. The level shifter is fabricated in a 0.5 μm bipolar CMOS DMOS (BCD) process, whose results demonstrate the final level shifter achieves zero static power consumption, a 0.024 mm2 active area, and dV/dt immunity up to 250 V/ns. The measurement results show that the sub-ns delay level shifter can be realized, and the minimum delay is only 664 ps at VSSH 25 V. Its figure of merit is just 0.044 ns/(μm × V), which is optimal among previous level shifters. The level shifters are also simulated at the 0.18 μm BCD process, and the propagation delay can be decreased by more than 60%.
Dynamic analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvester under magnetic interaction

The aim of this embodiment is to present an analytical analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvester consisting of a flexible functionally graded piezoelectric layers carrying magnetic mass at the free end. The magnetic tip mass is in interaction with a permanent magnet which is located at a distance from the top of the tip mass. The oscillation of the harvester happens via excitation of the base. Using Rayleigh’s beam theory and Hamilton’s principle and considering geometric nonlinearity, the coupled electromechanical governing equations have been developed. The nonlinear frequency response of the piezoelectric energy harvester beam has also been studied under base excitation. A parametric study has been carried out to investigate the effect of grading index and magnetic force on responses of both free vibration and induced excitation cases. The results were compared with those obtained using three-dimensional finite element model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 commercial software and good agreement has been observed. The results from both the analytical method and simulation confirm that tuning the design parameters of grading index and magnetic gap to the optimal value results in a considerable change in the performance of the energy harvester.
A method of thermal and chemical activation of waste bleaching earth for preparation of a low-cost carbon-mineral adsorbent for chromium(VI) removal

ABSTRACT In this study, the use of a spent bleaching earth for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The waste material derived from the process of vegetable oil purification was subjected to thermal and chemical activation. The so-prepared carbon-mineral adsorbents were characterised by the uptake of chromium(VI) from synthetic solutions. The highest adsorption capacities were obtained for adsorbents carbonised at 400°C (15.9 mg∙g−1) and activated with H2SO4 (15.8 mg∙g−1). Based on the equilibrium and kinetic studies, it was concluded that the adsorption mechanism was based on chemisorption only since no correlation with the porous texture was found.
Assessment of a Spalart–Allmaras Model Coupled with Local Correlation Based Transition Approaches for Wind Turbine Airfoils

This paper present recent advances in the development of local correlation based laminar–to–turbulent transition modeling relying on the Spalart–Allmaras equation. Such models are extremely important for the flow regimes involved in wind energy applications. Indeed, fully turbulent flow models are not completely reliable to predict the aerodynamic force coefficients. This is particularly significant for the wind turbine blade sections. In this paper, we focus our attention on two different transitional flow models for Reynolds–Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. It is worth noting that this is a crucial aspect because standard RANS models assume a fully turbulent regime. Thus, our approaches couple the well–known γ– technique and logγ equation with the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model in order to overcome the common drawbacks of standard techniques. The effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness of the above-mentioned methods are tested and discussed by computing several flow fields developing around airfoils operating at Reynolds numbers typical of wind turbine blade sections.
Prolactin acts in the pathway of photoperiod regulating the reproduction of the Striped Hamsters

It was first found that prolactin (PRL) was produced and secreted by horse in the glandular portion of the pituitary (Thompson & Oberhaus, 2015), and subsequently it was detected in the equine ovary by immunocytochemical techniques (King et al., 2010). The stimulatory effects of the extracts from bovine pituitary on rabbit mammary glands and a substance in similar extracts on pigeon crop sacs were respectively reported in 1928 (Stricker & Gruter, 1928) and Riddle et al. (1933) in 1933. For the function of the extracts which were related to milk inducing, it was termed as “prolactin”. Subsequently, prolactin was also found to have the ability to promote breast development, maintaining lactation, and regulating animal reproduction (Zhang et al., 2012). In addition, prolactin was found in numbers of peripheral organs, such as heart, lung, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, uterus, skeletal muscle, and skin (Bole-Feysot et al., 1998; Nagano & Kelly, 1994). Therefore, prolactin was considered as a unique hormone among pituitary hormones for its significant variation of the biological effects across species.
Latest 30-m map of mature rubber plantations in Mainland Southeast Asia and Yunnan province of China: Spatial patterns and geographical characteristics

Knowledge of the location, area and extent of rubber plantations is a prerequisite for assessing their ecological and environmental impacts. Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and Yunnan province (MSEA&YN) in China are globally important rubber-planting regions. Rubber cultivation in areas at moderate and low altitudes (<1000 m) within these regions has expanded rapidly in recent years. However, datasets of maps generated at a fine spatial resolution are still unavailable for MSEA&YN. Because of this, three relevant and important questions remain unanswered: what are the northernmost boundary for rubber production in these regions, what is the highest altitude at which rubber is produced, and how are the plantations distributed in (cross-) border regions? An approach of the phenology- and Landsat-based re-normalized vegetation index (RNVI), originally developed for Xishuangbanna in southern China, is used in this study to verify the feasibility of mapping mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN using the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data products acquired from January to April, 2013 to 2018. Characteristics of the vertical and horizontal distributions of mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN, as well as national differences especially in the (cross-) borders, were examined using the generated map. The results showed that the RNVI method, although tailored to the northern edge of the tropics, is useful for detecting mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN. The latest map of mature rubber plantations indicated that they occupied a total area of 7.69 × 106 ha, accounting for 3.32% of the study area. Spatial analyses showed three typical features of the distribution: new plantations at higher (over 1000 m) and lower (below 200 m) elevations, more cultivation in the borderlands (over a half within 60 km buffers), and their northward movement (as far as 25°N). The results of this study have important implications for phenological methods verification in the tropics, and provide valuable information on mature rubber plantations in MSEA&YN.
The Impact of Health Technology on the Delivery of Paediatric Care: A Narrative Review

Background: The use of technology in paediatrics is increasing, and new health technology will change the way in which paediatric care is delivered in the future. This review is part of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Paediatrics 2040 project, which is developing a credible vision for the future of paediatrics in the UK. Aims: To summarise the impact of health technology on the delivery of paediatric care over the last ten years. To learn from existing technology use and make recommendations for future
Autophagy-Mediated Clearance of Free Genomic DNA in the Cytoplasm Protects the Growth and Survival of Cancer Cells

The cGAS (GMP-AMP synthase)-mediated senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and DNA-induced autophagy (DNA autophagy) have been extensively investigated in recent years. However, cGAS-mediated autophagy has not been elucidated in cancer cells. The described investigation revealed that active DNA autophagy but not SASP activity could be detected in the BT-549 breast cancer cell line with high micronucleus (MN) formation. DNA autophagy was identified as selective autophagy of free genomic DNA in the cytoplasm but not nucleophagy. The process of DNA autophagy in the cytosol could be initiate by cGAS and usually cooperates with SQSTM1-mediated autophagy of ubiquitinated histones. Cytoplasmic DNA, together with nuclear proteins such as histones, could be derived from DNA replication-induced nuclear damage and MN collapse. The inhibition of autophagy through chemical inhibitors as well as the genomic silencing of cGAS or SQSTM1 could suppress the growth and survival of cancer cells, and induced DNA damage could increase the sensitivity to these inhibitors. Furthermore, expanded observations of several other kinds of human cancer cells indicated that high relative DNA autophagy or enhancement of DNA damage could also increase or sensitize these cells to inhibition of DNA autophagy.
Highly efficient organic photovoltaic cells fabricated by electrospray deposition using a non‐halogenated solution

Since a large amount of solvents are needed for roll‐to‐roll printing processes of organic photovoltaic cells, an environmentally friendly process for practical mass production systems is in high demand. In this research, a highly efficient organic photovoltaic cell was successfully demonstrated by the electrospray deposition method using a non‐halogenated solvent, o‐xylene. An addition of acetonitrile and 1,8‐diiodooctane drastically reduced domain size of the organic active layer, resulting in improved device performance. In addition, the photoconversion efficiency was continuously increased with increasing the solvent evaporation time of a droplet deposited on a substrate, and the highest photoconversion efficiency of 5.6% was achieved by optimizing the solvent evaporation time.
A Survey on Analog-to-Digital Converters’ Architectures and Performance Analysis

Analog to digital converter (ADC) represents the link between the real world represented by real time analog signals and the digitized world represented by digital integrated circuits. The performance of the ADC depends on some important parameters such as resolution, sampling frequency, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Power consumption and Figure-Of-Merit (FOM). This paper introduces a brief discussion of the most common ADC architectures. More detailed discussion on time-based ADCs is introduced and recent architectures introduced by researchers are presented and compared with each other in terms of linearity error, resolution, and power consumption. Moreover, a comparison survey is presented on the most popular commercial ADCs. The data used in the survey are taken for about 1500 commercial ADCs from major integrated circuits companies such as Texas Instruments and Analog Devices. The aim of this paper is to give a detailed comparison on the most common ADCs to help researches to choose the best architecture that fits their desired application and to draw researchers’ attention towards time-based ADCs as they proved a promising performance improvements compared with other ADCs architectures in many applications such as software radio receivers.