Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Principal manifold estimation via model complexity selection

We propose a framework of principal manifolds to model high‐dimensional data. This framework is based on Sobolev spaces and designed to model data of any intrinsic dimension. It includes principal component analysis and principal curve algorithm as special cases. We propose a novel method for model complexity selection to avoid overfitting, eliminate the effects of outliers and improve the computation speed. Additionally, we propose a method for identifying the interiors of circle‐like curves and cylinder/ball‐like surfaces. The proposed approach is compared to existing methods by simulations and applied to estimate tumour surfaces and interiors in a lung cancer study.
A deep learning view of the census of galaxy clusters in IllustrisTNG

The origin of the diverse population of galaxy clusters remains an unexplained aspect of large-scale structure formation and cluster evolution. We present a novel method of using X-ray images to identify cool core (CC), weak cool core (WCC), and non-cool core (NCC) clusters of galaxies that are defined by their central cooling times. We employ a convolutional neural network, ResNet-18, which is commonly used for image analysis, to classify clusters. We produce mock Chandra X-ray observations for a sample of 318 massive clusters drawn from the IllustrisTNG simulations. The network is trained and tested with low-resolution mock Chandra images covering a central 1 Mpc square for the clusters in our sample. Without any spectral information, the deep learning algorithm is able to identify CC, WCC, and NCC clusters, achieving balanced accuracies (BAcc) of 92 per cent, 81 per cent, and 83 per cent, respectively. The performance is superior to classification by conventional methods using central gas densities, with an average ${\rm BAcc}=81{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, or surface brightness concentrations, giving ${\rm BAcc}=73{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. We use class activation mapping to localize discriminative regions for the classification decision. From this analysis, we observe that the network has utilized regions from cluster centres out to r ≈ 300 kpc and r ≈ 500 kpc to identify CC and NCC clusters, respectively. It may have recognized features in the intracluster medium that are associated with AGN feedback and disruptive major mergers.
Escitalopram-induced severe akathisia leading to suicide attempt

Akathisia, a distressing adverse reaction, is usually underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in patients, who are treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Escitalopram-induced akathisia is rarely reported in the literature. We report a case of severe akathisia leading to a suicide attempt in a 25-year-old male induced by 5 mg of escitalopram, that remitted completely after discontinuation of escitalopram and did not reappear later. Patient and their caretakers should be warned of symptoms of akathisia even when a very low dose of SSRI is prescribed.
Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy with paroxetine and paroxetine only for social anxiety disorder: A behavioral, placebo-controlled study

Background: Individually, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and paroxetine (PX) are considered as frontline treatments for social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, the possibility of combined interventions of these might be more helpful than either intervention alone has met with mixed reviews. Hence, the goal of the current study was to examine whether combining CBT + PX would be superior to PX alone in the treatment of SAD in various stages of treatment. Methodology: The present study is a single-center, rater-blind, behavioral placebo (Bh. PBO)-controlled study. Sixty-seven participants were prospectively observed in two groups, one receiving CBT + PX and PX + Bh. PBO for 24 weeks. The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) was measured at pre, post (12 weeks), end of booster (24 weeks), and 2-month follow-up (32 weeks) stage. The SIAS was measured at pre, post (12 weeks), end of booster (24 weeks), and 2-month follow-up (32 weeks) stage. Results: Both treatment groups have significant difference in the mean scores of SIAS in posttreatment, booster, and follow-up stages from their respective mean scores at prestage. Mann–Whitney U-test found no significant differences in the mean scores of SIAS between CBT + PX and PX + Bh. PBO at posttreatment and booster phase, whereas a statistically significance difference (P = 0.03) was found in 2-month follow-up stages. Both treatment groups have large effect size in posttreatment and end of booster phase. At 2-month follow-up stage, a large effect size of 1.11 was found in CBT + PX group as compared to medium size of 0.6 in PX + Bh. PBO group. Conclusions: Combined treatment of CBT + PX provided no advantage over PX + Bh. PBO in acute stages of treatment, but the former have significantly better maintenance of treatment gains in 2-month follow-ups than the latter.
A randomized controlled trial of rectal diclofenac sodium and intramuscular pentazocine versus intramuscular pentazocine, diclofenac, and paracetamol analgesics for pain relief in the first 48 h after cesarean section

Background: Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed operations in obstetric practice. A multimodal approach to post-cesarean pain management has been shown to be more effective than a unimodal approach, though the most effective combination and preferred route of administration are still unknown. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of rectal diclofenac sodium and intramuscular pentazocine versus intramuscular pentazocine, paracetamol, and diclofenac analgesics for pain relief in the first 48 h after cesarean section at Federal Medical Centre, Katsina. Methods: This was a prospective single-blind, randomized controlled trial, in which 120 booked women planned for cesarean section were recruited and randomly allocated to the study or control group. The study group received 100 mg rectal diclofenac sodium 12 h and intramuscular pentazocine 60 mg 6 h, while the control group received intramuscular diclofenac 75 mg 12 h, pentazocine 60 mg 6 h, and paracetamol 600 mg 8 h for the first 48 h postoperatively. Pain perception, maternal satisfaction, and preferred route of drug administration were compared between the two groups. Results: The study group had significantly lower mean visual analog scale pain scores and higher maternal satisfaction in the first 48 h (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the maternal and newborn side effects of the analgesics. The rectal route of drug administration was more preferred (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that rectal diclofenac sodium and intramuscular pentazocine post-cesarean section analgesic efficacy and maternal satisfaction were superior to that of intramuscular pentazocine, diclofenac, and paracetamol.
Prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among school-going adolescent girls

Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome which has a significant negative impact on the various domains of life of adolescent girls. Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PMDD in adolescent girls studying in classes 7th–10th and ascertain the level of stress, anxiety, and depression among them. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three all-girls schools in Chandigarh (two – government and one – private) after taking necessary permissions. Participants were evaluated on a self-rated questionnaire which included the PMDD scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Results: A total of 397 girls participated in the study. The mean age of respondents was 14.34 (standard deviation [SD]: 1.17; range: 11–20) years, with most (44%) studying in class 10th. The mean age of attaining menarche was 12.54 (SD: 0.92; range: 10–15) years. The prevalence of PMDD was found to be 4.8% (n = 19). Majority of the respondents reported moderate levels of perceived stress (62%). A positive correlation was seen between the severity of PMDD, age, levels of perceived stress, severity of depression, and anxiety in the respondents. Conclusion: Nearly 5% of adolescent girls suffer from PMDD, with higher prevalence among those with depression, GAD, and higher perceived stress. Thus, there is a need to screen adolescent females for PMDD at the earliest and institute intervention to minimize its negative impact.
Effect of intraoperative intravenous lignocaine infusion on the haemodynamic stability and postoperative recovery following intracranial aneurysm surgery: A case series

Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) presents as a neurosurgical emergency with symptoms ranging from headache to overt neurological deficit and cardiovascular instability. Intracranial aneurysmal rupture accounts for 85% SAH cases with a subsequent significant morbidity (>50%) and mortality (>25%). [1,2] Surgery constitutes the definitive treatment. Herein, an optimal anaesthetic management revolves around the pivotal aim of maintenance of the perioperative haemodynamic stability and the adequacy of cerebral perfusion. [3] In this context, an intravenous lignocaine infusion is promising as it blunts the surgical stress response with an analgesic contribution. [4,5] Nevertheless, the dearth of evidence on its role in perioperative SAH setting prompted this index case‐series aimed at evaluating the effect of lignocaine infusion on the haemodynamic perturbations and recovery in 10 patients following aneurysm clipping surgery.
Nomophobia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in adolescents

Background: Nomophobia is a portmanteau for “no mobile phone” and phobia or mobile phone addiction. Nomophobia refers to discomfort, anxiety, nervousness, or anguish caused by being out of contact with a mobile phone. There is a paucity of literature from India on this emerging mental health condition. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of nomophobia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and quality of life among adolescent students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1386 high school students aged between 14 and 17 years. The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) was used to assess nomophobia. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) were used to measure depression, anxiety, and quality of life, respectively. Results: Out of 1386 adolescents, 569 (41.05%), 303 (21.86%), and 82 (5.1%) have mild, moderate, and severe nomophobia, respectively. There were significantly more males with nomophobia. There was a statistically significant relationship between NMP-Q score and BDI, BAI, and SF-36 scores. A significant positive correlation was observed between NMP-Q score and scores on BDI and BAI and a significant negative correlation between SF-36 score. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that nomophobia is an emerging mental health condition, especially in male adolescents. Nomophobia is significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and poor quality of life. Multicentric studies are needed to better understand this disorder.
Suitability of stem diameter variations and water potential as indicators for irrigation scheduling of almond trees

Summary Successful irrigation often depends upon the development of a precise schedule based on crop monitoring. Measurements of stem water potential (SWP) and of trunk diameter variations (TDV) were performed on almond trees during 1999 in a commercial orchard in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The objective was to determine the feasibility of using SWP and TDV as indicators for irrigation scheduling, for which reference values, representing behaviour of both indicators under non-limiting soil water levels, will be needed. The trees were irrigated in excess of their requirements with microsprinklers and subsurface drip to ensure their responses were affected only by the aerial environment. Regression analyses between three environmental variables (vapour pressure deficit, VPD; air temperature, Ta; and reference evapotranspiration, ETo) and the SWP and maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) gave best results for the correlations of MDS with daily VPD (r2.=.0.64) and Ta (r2.=.0.59). Goodness of fit for the linear regressions of SWP against all environmental variables was lower than for MDS. (r2 values of 0.48 and 0.37 for daily VPD and Ta, respectively). The relation between MDS and SWP was weak and showed significant hysteresis as the season progressed. Both indicatorsresponded sharply to soil water deficits when another set of trees were allowed to dry before harvest, but the signal strength (stressed/fully irrigated) of MDS, which ranged from 0.08 to 0.35. mm, was greater than that of SWP, which declined from –1.0 to –1.8. MPa, during the drying cycle. It was concluded that while there may be uncertainties in establishing reference levels for both SWP and MDS, the use of MDS is a promising approach for the development of automated irrigation scheduling in almonds.
Behavioural drivers of the ecological roles and importance of marine mammals

Marine mammals feed at a variety of trophic levels, occur from freshwater to openocean ecosystems and are found across virtually all latitudes. Due to their high historical, and sometimes present-day, abundances, capability for large-scale movements and high metabolic rates, they have the potential to affect the structure and function of ecosystems through a variety of mechanisms over both ecological and evolutionary time. Usually, the effects of marine mammals on ecosystems are explicitly or implicitly considered to occur through their ability to remove prey through direct predation. Recent empirical studies and a rich theoretical framework, however, demonstrate that marine mammals can affect ecosystems through more diverse pathways, including those that are driven by marine mammal behaviour. Thus, non-consumptive effects of and on marine mammals may be critical in shaping their ecological importance. Nonconsumptive effects may include risk effects, whereby predators induce costly changes to prey behaviour that impact prey population sizes or the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of prey impacts on communities (e.g. behaviour-mediated trophic cascades). Changes in the abundance of large apex predators (both marine mammals and sharks) and the introduction of perceived and real risks (human disturbance) may also affect behaviours of marine mammals and their prey that cascade to the wider ecosystem; the conditions under which such cascading effects might be most important, however, remain poorly understood. Other behaviour-driven ecological roles of marine mammals may include foraging tactics that facilitate the foraging of other species (especially seabirds), translocating nutrients and linking the dynamics of spatially distinct food webs.
The Effect of Psychoeducation for Depression: A Meta-Analysis 2010-2016

Background/Objective: Depression is a global mental health problem. Therefore, mental health professionals need to develop interventions that are evidence-based and cost-effective. One of the psychosocial interventions is psychoeducation. However, a recent Google search on the effect of psychoeducation for depression suggests conflicting results calling for an analysis of studies to establish psychoeducation effectiveness. The goal of the meta-analysis is to examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) overall effectiveness of psychoeducation for
A randomized trial of aerobic exercise for major depression: examining neural indicators of reward and cognitive control as predictors and treatment targets

Abstract Background Aerobic exercise has demonstrated antidepressant efficacy among adults with major depression. There is a poor understanding of the neural mechanisms associated with these effects. Deficits in reward processing and cognitive control may be two candidate targets and predictors of treatment outcome to exercise in depression. Methods Sixty-six young adults aged 20.23 years (s.d. = 2.39) with major depression were randomized to 8 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (n = 35) or light stretching (n = 31). Depressive symptoms were assessed across the intervention to track symptom reduction. Reward processing [reward positivity (RewP)] and cognitive control [error-related negativity (ERN)] were assessed before and after the intervention using event-related brain potentials. Results Compared to stretching, aerobic exercise resulted in greater symptom reduction (gs = 0.66). Aerobic exercise had no impact on the RewP (gav = 0.08) or ERN (gav = 0.21). In the aerobic exercise group, individuals with a larger pre-treatment RewP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.45] and increased baseline depressive symptom severity (OR = 1.18) were more likely to respond to an aerobic exercise program. Pre-treatment ERN did not predict response (OR = 0.74). Conclusions Aerobic exercise is effective in alleviating depressive symptoms in adults with major depression, particularly for those with increased depressive symptom severity and a larger RewP at baseline. Although aerobic exercise did not modify the RewP or ERN, there is preliminary support for the utility of the RewP in predicting who is most likely to respond to exercise as a treatment for depression.
Placental lipid metabolism in preeclampsia

Objectives: The current study examines the placental and maternal lipid profile and expression of genes involved in placental lipid metabolism in women with preeclampsia. Methods: The current study includes normotensive control women (n = 40) and women with preeclampsia (n = 39). Preeclampsia women were further classified into women delivering at term preeclampsia (T-PE; n = 15) and preterm preeclampsia (PT-PE; n = 24). Results: There were no significant differences in maternal lipid profile between the T-PE and normotensive control groups. Maternal plasma VLDL (P < 0.05) and ratios of total cholesterol : HDL (P < 0.05), atherogenic index [log (triglycerides/HDL)] (P < 0.01) and apolipoprotein B : apolipoprotein A (P < 0.05) were higher in the PT-PE group as compared with the normotensive control group. Placental total cholesterol and HDL levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the T-PE as compared with the normotensive control group. Higher placental triglycerides (P < 0.05) were observed in PT-PE group compared with T-PE group. Placental mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, cluster of differentiation 36 and lipoprotein lipases were lower (P < 0.05) in the PT-PE than normotensive control group. A negative association of mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (r = −0.246, P = 0.032; r = −0.308, P = 0.007, respectively), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (r = −0.292, P = 0.011; r = −0.366, P = 0.001), lipoprotein lipases (r = −0.296, P = 0.010; r = −0.254, P = 0.028) with SBP and DBP was observed. There was a positive association of placental triglycerides (r = 0.244, P = 0.031) with DBP. Conclusion: Women with preeclampsia exhibit higher lipid : lipoprotein ratios suggesting an atherogenic state particularly in women delivering preterm. Lower expression of genes involved in placental fatty acid oxidation and transport was also observed in preeclampsia.
Pan-genomic open reading frames: A potential supplement of single nucleotide polymorphisms in estimation of heritability and genomic prediction

Pan-genomic open reading frames (ORFs) potentially carry protein-coding gene or coding variant information in a population. In this study, we suggest that pan-genomic ORFs are promising to be utilized in estimation of heritability and genomic prediction. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae dataset with whole-genome SNPs, pan-genomic ORFs, and the copy numbers of those ORFs is used to test the effectiveness of ORF data as a predictor in three prediction models for 35 traits. Our results show that the ORF-based heritability can capture more genetic effects than SNP-based heritability for all traits. Compared to SNP-based genomic prediction (GBLUP), pan-genomic ORF-based genomic prediction (OBLUP) is distinctly more accurate for all traits, and the predictive abilities on average are more than doubled across all traits. For four traits, the copy number of ORF-based prediction(CBLUP) is more accurate than OBLUP. When using different numbers of isolates in training sets in ORF-based prediction, the predictive abilities for all traits increased as more isolates are added in the training sets, suggesting that with very large training sets the prediction accuracy will be in the range of the square root of the heritability. We conclude that pan-genomic ORFs have the potential to be a supplement of single nucleotide polymorphisms in estimation of heritability and genomic prediction.
Two-step release of kinase autoinhibition in discoidin domain receptor 1

Significance Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are proteins on the surface of animal cells that transmit signals into the cell. Binding of an extracellular signal protein to the RTK activates its intracellular enzyme (kinase). This process needs to be tightly controlled, as unwanted RTK activation can lead to disease. The discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2, are unusual RTKs that are activated by a major structural protein, collagen. Here we show how the enzyme activity of DDR1 is inhibited by a protein segment outside of the kinase domain and how this inhibition is overcome by tyrosine phosphorylation. Our findings reveal an important regulatory mechanism of DDRs and open up avenues for inhibitor design in diseases caused by unwanted DDR signaling. Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase with important functions in organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant DDR1 activity contributes to the progression of human diseases, including fibrosis and cancer. How DDR1 activity is regulated is poorly understood. We investigated the function of the long intracellular juxtamembrane (JM) region of human DDR1 and found that the kinase-proximal segment, JM4, is an important regulator of kinase activity. Crystal structure analysis revealed that JM4 forms a hairpin that penetrates the kinase active site, reinforcing autoinhibition by the activation loop. Using in vitro enzymology with soluble kinase constructs, we established that release from autoinhibition occurs in two distinct steps: rapid autophosphorylation of the JM4 tyrosines, Tyr569 and Tyr586, followed by slower autophosphorylation of activation loop tyrosines. Mutation of JM4 tyrosines abolished collagen-induced DDR1 activation in cells. The insights may be used to develop allosteric, DDR1-specific, kinase inhibitors.