Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Induces Differential Modulation of Costimulatory Molecules and Cytokines by Monocytes and T Cells from Patients with Indeterminate and Cardiac Chagas’ Disease (cid:1)

Interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes through costimulatory molecules and cytokines are essential for mounting an efﬁcient immune response and controlling its pathogenic potential. Here we demonstrate the immunomodulatory capacity of Trypanosoma cruzi , the causative agent of Chagas’ disease, through its ability to induce differential expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines by monocytes and T cells. Costimulatory molecule and cytokine modulation was evaluated using cells from noninfected individuals and from patients with the asymptomatic indeterminate form and those with the severe cardiac clinical form of Chagas’ disease. Our results show that while exposure of monocytes to live T. cruzi leads to an increase in the frequency of CD80 (cid:1) monocytes in all groups, it decreases both the frequency and intensity of CD86 expression by monocytes from patients with the cardiac form but not from those with the indeterminate form. Conversely, exposure of lymphocytes to monocytes infected with T. cruzi increased the surface expression of cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) by T cells from indeterminate but not from cardiac patients, compared to that from control patients. These data suggest that T. cruzi induces a potentially down-regulatory environment in indeterminate subjects, which is associated with higher CD80 and CTLA-4 expression. To test the functional importance of this modulation, we evaluated the expression of cytokines after in vitro infection. Although exposure of lymphocytes to parasite-infected monocytes induced high expression of inﬂammatory and anti-inﬂammatory cytokines by T cells in all groups, indeterminate patients displayed a higher ratio of monocytes expressing interleukin 10 than tumor necrosis factor alpha following infection than did controls. These data show the ability of T. cruzi to actively change the expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines, suggesting molecular mechanisms for the differential clinical evolution of human Chagas’ disease. and TNF- (cid:3) by monocytes was determined using intracellular cytokine staining, as we describe previously (13). We also evaluated the CTLA-4 staining in the intracellular compartment of T lymphocytes. Samples destined for intracellular molecule analysis were cultured in the presence or absence of any stimulus for a period of approximately 18 h, as described above. During the las t 4 h ofculture, 1 (cid:6) g/ml brefeldin A (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was added to the cultures to prevent molecule secretion. Cells were then harvested, labeled for CD4, CD8, or CD14, as described above, and ﬁxed in 2% formaldehyde solution for 20 min. After the ﬁxing solution was removed by centrifugation, cells were permeabilized by incu- bation for 10 min with a 0.5% saponin solution and submitted to the intracellular molecule labeling. Samples were incubated with PE-labeled anticytokine or anti- CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies for 20 min at room temperature, washed twice with the 0.5% saponin solution, resuspended in PBS, and read in a cytom- eter. Events (30,000) were counted, and parameters were analyzed for the CD4 (cid:1) or CD8 (cid:1) lymphocyte population and CD14 (cid:1) monocytes by gating in the regions classically occupied by lymphocytes or monocytes in a size-versus-granularity plot (30, and and intracellular) We compared our results among different groups using Tukey-Kramer all-pair comparison analysis of variance soft- ware comparisons between treatments the same group, Wilcoxon paired statistical analysis. statistically signiﬁcant P (cid:9)