Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influx of African biomass burning aerosol during the Amazonian dry season through layered transatlantic transport of black carbon-rich smoke

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) aerosols influence the Earth's atmosphere and climate, but their microphysical properties, spatiotemporal distribution, and long-range transport are not well constrained. This study presents airborne observations of the transatlantic transport of BC-rich African biomass burning (BB) smoke into the Amazon Basin using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) as well as several complementary techniques. We base our results on observations of aerosols and trace gases off the Brazilian coast onboard the HALO (High Altitude and LOng range) research aircraft during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign in September 2014. During flight AC19 over land and ocean at the northeastern coastline of the Amazon Basin, we observed a BC-rich layer at ∼3.5 km altitude with a vertical extension of ∼0.3 km. Backward trajectories suggest that fires in African grasslands, savannas, and shrublands were the main source of this pollution layer and that the observed BB smoke had undergone more than 10 d of atmospheric transport and aging over the South Atlantic before reaching the Amazon Basin. The aged smoke is characterized by a dominant accumulation mode, centered at about 130 nm, with a particle concentration of Nacc=850±330 cm−3. The rBC particles account for ∼15 % of the submicrometer aerosol mass and ∼40 % of the total aerosol number concentration. This corresponds to a mass concentration range from 0.5 to 2 µg m−3 (1st to 99th percentiles) and a number concentration range from 90 to 530 cm−3. Along with rBC, high cCO (150±30 ppb) and cO3 (56±9 ppb) mixing ratios support the biomass burning origin and pronounced photochemical aging of this layer. Upon reaching the Amazon Basin, it started to broaden and to subside, due to convective mixing and entrainment of the BB aerosol into the boundary layer. Satellite observations show that the transatlantic transport of pollution layers is a frequently occurring process, seasonally peaking in August/September. By analyzing the aircraft observations together with the long-term data from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), we found that the transatlantic transport of African BB smoke layers has a strong impact on the northern and central Amazonian aerosol population during the BB-influenced season (July to December). In fact, the early BB season (July to September) in this part of the Amazon appears to be dominated by African smoke, whereas the later BB season (October to December) appears to be dominated by South American fires. This dichotomy is reflected in pronounced changes in aerosol optical properties such as the single scattering albedo (increasing from 0.85 in August to 0.90 in November) and the BC-to-CO enhancement ratio (decreasing from 11 to 6 ng m−3 ppb−1). Our results suggest that, despite the high fraction of BC particles, the African BB aerosol acts as efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), with potentially important implications for aerosol–cloud interactions and the hydrological cycle in the Amazon.
Burnout and Related Factors Amongst Special School Teachers in Samarinda

Special school teachers are vulnerable to burnout, but research of burnout on this profession has not revealed much. The purpose of this study is to investigates the burnout of special school teachers and to analyze related factors. Crosssectional studies were conducted on 90 teachers in the city of Samarinda. Determining sample size using Slovin’s formula, data were assessed using the Maslach burnout inventory, a depression anxiety stress scale, and the Tennessee self-concept scale. Data analysis used chi-square and Pearson correlation. All of the teachers had experienced burnout (26.7% low level and 73.3% medium level). Marital status (p=0.034), working experience (p=0.023), hours of teaching (p=0.044), self-concept (p=0.010) and job stress (p=0.004) correlated significantly with burnout. It was concluded that burnout amongst special school teachers requires immediate treatment. The school is advised to reduce the teacher's workload, make efforts to improve teacher self-concept and provide training for beginner teachers on educating students with special needs. For further research, it is advisable to further explore the factors causing job stress on the teacher so that the appropriate alternative can be found.
Challenging assumptions: the gendered nature of mosquito net fishing and the implications for management

Abstract Mosquito net fishing (MNF) is a growing activity globally, particularly in places where mass distributions of nets are a public health policy to tackle malaria. Due to the mesh sizes used, and therefore its assumed ‘indiscriminate’ nature, MNF is thought to be unsustainable and a threat to both fisheries resources and biodiversity. As a consequence, MNF is widely illegal. While a body of evidence is growing as to the scale of MNF, few detailed case studies exist and none explicitly address the assumptions of ecological harm. Here, we present a first full characterization and gear comparison for MNF within the small-scale fisheries of Cabo Delgado, Northern Mozambique. The assumptions of harm to the fishery are challenged by the characterization of MNF as highly gendered in this case; with a primarily androcentric deployment method posing some risk to the fishery but a predominantly gynocentric method demonstrating possibility of limited resource overlap with other gears and little evidence of ecosystem-level impacts. The gendered nature of the fishery is discussed in terms of both risks and benefits to the fishery, with a critical need for further socio-economic assessment identified in order to guide more effective and equitable management of MNF.
Vacancy trapping meachanism of multiple hydrogen/helium atoms in fcc-Fe: A first-principles study

Using first-principles calculations, we studied the dissolution and diffusion behaviors of H/He atom in perfect fcc-Fe and vacancy capture multiple H/He atoms meachanism in fcc-Fe. The calculation results show that H/He atom prefers to occupy octahedral site, and they diffused along octahedral site-tetrahedral site-octahedral site in perfect fcc-Fe. Inside vacancy, H atom prefers to occupy octahedral site, while He atom prefers to occupy the vacancy center. The exist of H/He atom would decrease the vacancy formation energy. According to capture energies, a vacancy can trap five H atoms in fcc-Fe, but more He atoms can be accommodated even when the number of He atoms reaches sixteen. Therefore, the result provides an important theoretical basis to research the mechanism of hydrogen and helium embrittlement.
Detection of Human Behaviour by Object Recognition Using Deep Learning: A Review

The major drawback of the society is the falsehood of human nature; so prediction of nature of the individual by analysing the video or image of that person is highly necessary. From the post World War II period due to the advancement of technology since the past few decades many countries have developed low cost cameras with high resolution. They generally use the RGB and depth features to enhance the image quality captured by the camera. Hence object recognition is the new branch of computer science which emerges. It has got aclose relationship with image understanding and analysis of video; which encourages several researchers to work in this domain since past few years. As the branch of deep learning develops handful of efficient tools have been develop which prove to be highly efficient to learn high level deeper features of the image and semantics. In this paper a review on object recognition using deep learning has been discussed. This paper includes basics of deep learning and object recognition. Then we have discussed some tools required to perform object recognition as well as moving object recognition and finally some future goals of this subject have been discussed.
Light and scanning microscopic studies of integument differentiation in the grass snake Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes) during embryogenesis

Swad 0 ba, E. , Ma s lak, R. and Rupik W. 2009. Light and scanning microscopic studies of integument differentiation in the grass snake Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes) during embryogenesis. — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90: 30‐41 We analysed the differentiation of body cover in the grass snake ( Natrix natrix L.) over the full length of the embryo’s body at each developmental stage. Based on investigations using both light and scanning electron microscopes, we divided the embryonic development of the grass snake integument into four phases. The shape of the epidermal cells changes first on the caudal and ventral parts of the embryo, then gradually towards the rostral and dorsal areas. In stage V on the ventral side of the embryo the gastrosteges are formed from single primordia, but on the dorsal side the epidermis forms the scale primordia in stage VII. This indicates that scalation begins on the ventral body surface, and spreads dorsally. The appearance of melanocytes between the cells of the stratum germinativum in stage VII coincides with changes in embryo colouration. The first dermal melanocytes were detected in stage XI so in this stage the definitive skin pattern is formed. In the same stage the epidermis forms the first embryonic shedding complex and the periderm layer begins to detach in small, individual flakes. This process coincides with rapid growth of the embryos.
Phenotypic Diversity of Root Anatomical and Architectural Traits in Zea Species

We characterized phenotypic variation for root traits in 256 Zea spp. accessions, including maize landraces and Z. mays L. subsp. huehuetenangensis (H. H. Iltis & Doebley) Doebley, subsp. mexicana (Schrad.) H. H. Iltis, and subsp. parviglumis H. H. Iltis & Doebley, Z. nicaraguensis H. H. Iltis & B. F. Benz, Z. perennis (Hitchc.) reeves & Mangelsd. , and Z. luxurians (Durieu & Asch.) r. M. Bird. Anatomical traits included areas of the cross-section, stele, cortex, aerenchyma, and xylem and number of cortical cells and cell files. Architectural traits included diameters of the nodal root system, individual crown roots, and the stem; numbers of seminal and nodal roots; biomass; and nodal root length and branching. r anges for anatomical traits were similar for teosintes and landraces, except for aerenchyma and xylem areas, and number of cortical cells. Landraces had greater variation for architectural traits except for nodal root number and branching, and had larger mean stele and xylem areas, longer nodal roots, wider nodal systems, and more seminal roots than teosintes. In contrast, teosintes were smaller but had more nodal roots with greater branching. At a common plant size, teosintes would have lower mean values for all anatomical traits, except for number of cortical cells and cell files. Teosintes had greater scaled values for all architectural traits except average root diameter. Cluster analysis divided accessions into eight root phenotypes. phenotypic diversity for root traits in the genus Zea could be a valuable resource for improving stress tolerance in maize.
Preliminary Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Containing Reclaimed Epoxy Asphalt Materials

Designing long-life pavements and pavement recycling with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) are two important strategies for improving the sustainability of asphalt pavements. Epoxy asphalt, as a proven long-life pavement material, is attracting attention from the pavement community for its use in road pavements. The recyclability of epoxy asphalt mixtures, however, has never been studied and has now become one concern in promoting the use of epoxy asphalt in road pavements. This study attempts to explore the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing reclaimed epoxy asphalt materials. Reclaimed epoxy asphalt was fabricated in the laboratory and incorporated into regular asphalt mixtures at various contents. Specimens were prepared and tested for their performance in comparison with mixtures without RAP. It was found that replacing the coarse aggregates in HMA with epoxy RAP up to 80% did not negatively affect its Marshall stability, tensile strength, and moisture resistance. The plastic deformation at failure of HMA, however, may increase with the increase in epoxy RAP content. At the current stage, the results from this study do not provide evidence to invalidate the use of epoxy RAP in HMA, at least at a coarse aggregate replacement rate of less than 40%.
Layer‐By‐Layer Coating of Aminocellulose and Quorum Quenching Acylase on Silver Nanoparticles Synergistically Eradicate Bacteria and Their Biofilms

The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and the failure of the existing antibacterial therapeutics call for development of novel treatment strategies. Furthermore, the formation of bacterial biofilms restricts drug penetration and efficiency, causing life‐threatening infections. Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation are regulated by the cell‐to‐cell communication phenomenon called quorum sensing (QS). In this work, antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are decorated in a layer‐by‐layer fashion with the oppositely charged aminocellulose (AM) and acylase to generate hybrid nanoentities with enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activities as well as reduced cytotoxicity. Acylase, a quorum‐quenching enzyme that degrades the QS signals in the extracellular environment of bacteria, disrupts the bacterial QS process and together with the bactericidal AM synergistically lowers fourfold the minimum inhibitory concentration of the AgNPs templates toward Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The hybrid nanoparticles in eightfold‐lower concentration than the AgNPs inhibit 45% of the QS‐regulated virulence factors produced by the reporter Chromobacterium violaceum bacterial strain and reduce by 100% the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Moreover, the sequential deposition of antibacterial/antibiofilm active and biocompatible biopolymers onto the AgNPs allows the engineering of safe nanomaterials that do not affect the viability of human cells.
Design of a GaN-Based Interleaved Nine-Level Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter for Electric Aircraft Applications

Multilevel inverters such as the flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCML) hold large potential benefit in applications where the size and weight of the inverter is constrained. This article presents the design and implementation of an inverter module that incorporates two individual nine-level FCML single-phase inverters in an interleaved design. Each inverter utilizes GaN field-effect transistors (FETs) switching at 100 kHz for an effective inductor ripple frequency of 800 kHz. The implementation features an innovative dual-sided integrated switching cell layout, which decreases the commutation loop inductance of the inverter and allows fast switching with minimal ringing, while also enabling efficient double-sided cooling. The switching cell layout is particularly well suited for high-voltage applications, as creepage and clearance requirements can be easier met compared to single-sided solutions. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated in a hardware inverter prototype intended for driving low-inductance electric machines for future electric aircrafts. The 1000 $\mathbf {V_{dc}}$ to 380 $\mathbf {V_{ac,rms}}$, 6-kW prototype achieves a peak efficiency of 98.6% and a peak power density of 15 kW/kg.
How stable are the reef odor preferences of settling reef fish larvae?

Settlement-stage larvae of the coral reef fishes Ostorhinchus doederleini (Apogonidae) and Pomacentrus coelestis (Pomacentridae) prefer the odor of their settlement reef to that of other nearby reefs. It was unknown whether these olfactory preferences are temporally stable or the result of recent olfactory experience. Ostorhinchus doederleini and P. coelestis larvae were held in aquaria and exposed to water from either their settlement reef or a neighboring reef for 5–9 days and their olfactory preference was tested. We show that exposure to water from another reef did not influence olfactory preference. Ostorhinchus doederleini olfactory preference declined slightly over time whereas P. coelestis preference was gradually lost after 2–3 days in captivity. Neither species switched their preference to the new reef odor. While we cannot determine conclusively the time window of odor learning, imprinting at or shortly after birth is logical and has been demonstrated in other fish species.
A new species of Phylloscopus warbler from central China

A new species of leaf warbler (Sylviidae: Phylloscopus) is described from the mountains of central China. Morphologically it is slightly, yet significantly, different from the partly sympatric P. (proregulus) chloronotus. However, both song and calls are very different, and playback tests elicited no response from either species to the other's song. There are also differences in habitat preference and breeding biology of the two species.
Aerial hunting behaviour and predation success by peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus on starling flocks Sturnus vulgaris

Predators use diverse hunting strategies to maximize hunting success, while preys adopt anti-predator strategies to maximize escape chances, among which flocking, communal roosting, and the related collective responses are a common pattern in gregarious species. Prey-predator interactions involving a single predator and flocks, a common situation in birds, have received little attention. We studied predation behaviour and success of peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus on starlings Sturnus vulgaris, a highly gregarious species, in proximity of two winter roosts. A total of 328 hunting sequences, with an overall success of 23.1% were recorded. They usually consisted of several attacks, predation success being higher when hunting sequences lasted less than 1.5 min, included less than 3 attacks and no other falcons were hunting simultaneously. Predation success was higher when hunts were directed on singletons than on flocks. However, most hunting sequences were directed towards flocks. Nine hunting strategies on flocks were identified. The most frequent was the ‘surprise attack’, which was also the most successful. We suggest that this strategy minimizes the amount of anti-predator display elicited by flocks and economizes energy spent in hunting. The constant predation pressure did not seem to affect the use of roosts by starlings, consistent with the ‘dilution’ hypothesis, while falcons captured at least one prey item every evening. Communal roosting may benefit predator and prey, as both sides could have reached a mutual local equilibrium.
Nuclear DNA from old collections of avian study skins reveals the evolutionary history of the Old World suboscines (Aves, Passeriformes)

Museum study skins represent an invaluable source of DNA for phylogenetics, phylogeography and population genetics. This becomes evident by comparing the number of study skins of birds housed in museums worldwide (c. 10 million) with the corresponding number of tissue samples (probably fewer than 500 000). While the laboratory techniques used hitherto have primarily allowed PCR‐based studies of mitochondrial genes from museum skins, we present here the first avian phylogeny based on a large number of nuclear sequences. The targeted fragment sizes and the properties of the primers used are important contributory factors to obtain good amplification results. In this study we routinely amplified fragments of c. 350 bp nuclear DNA. This advance in methodology opens up a new avenue for the use of avian museum skins, as nuclear DNA is especially useful when studying ancient patterns of diversification. The phylogenetic hypothesis of the Old World suboscines (Eurylaimides) presented herein strongly supports a monophyletic origin of the pittas (Pittidae). The phylogeny further suggests that pittas could be divided into three major groups, in agreement with the external morphological variation found in this group. The broadbills (Eurylaimidae) as currently defined are, on the other hand, found to be a paraphyletic family, as both Sapayoa aenigma and the asities (Philepittidae) are nested among them. Based on the phylogenetic results we suggest a revised classification of the Old World suboscines (Eurylaimides).
HISTOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR ACID PHOSPHATASE USING HEXAZONIUM PARAROSANILIN AS COUPLER

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A submerged‐coil heating apparatus for investigating thermal inactivation of micro‐organisms

A novel apparatus has been designed for the investigation of the thermal inactivation of micro‐organisms over the temperature range 20–90d̀C. It comprises a stainless steel coil fully submerged in a thermostatically‐controlled water bath which allows very rapid temperature equilibration of microbial suspensions. Automated repeat sampling is possible at short time intervals (variable between 6 and 999 s) by means of an electronically controlled displacement mechanism. Validation of the apparatus performance and typical death curves are described.
Foraminiferal holobiont thermal tolerance under future warming – roommate problems or successful collaboration?

Abstract. Understanding the response of marine organisms to expected future warming is essential. Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are symbiont-bearing protists considered to be major carbonate producers and ecosystem engineers. We examined the thermal tolerance of two main types of LBF holobionts characterized by different algal symbionts and shell types (resulting from alternative biomineralization mechanisms): the hyaline diatom-bearing Amphistegina lobifera and the porcellaneous-dinoflagellate-bearing Sorites orbiculus. In order to assess the holobiont thermal tolerance we separately evaluated foraminiferal calcification rates and symbionts' net photosynthesis under present-day and future warming scenarios. Our results show that both holobionts exhibit progressive loss-of-life functions between 32 and 35 ∘ C. This sensitivity differs in the magnitude of their response: calcification of A. lobifera was drastically reduced compared with S. orbiculus. Thus, future warming may significantly shift the relative contribution of the two species as carbonate producers. Moreover, A. lobifera exhibited a synchronous response of calcification and net photosynthesis. In contrast, in S. orbiculus the symbionts decreased net photosynthesis prior to calcification. This implies that algal symbionts limit the resilience of the halobiont.