Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ventilation and Geometrical Parameters of the Burning Object on the Heat Release Rate in Tunnel Fires

A 1/13 scaled model tunnel is constructed in order to investigate the blockage effect (the ratio of the model cross sectional area to the tunnel cross sectional area) on the heat release rate inside the tunnel with different ventilation velocities. Scaling is done based on Froude number. In the experiments, wood sticks assembled in different geometrical configurations are burned with various longitudinal ventilation velocities inside the model tunnel. Combustion gases are sampled to calculate the heat release rate. A statistical model is developed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. According to the statistical model, 79.8% of the variation in heat release rate is attributed to changes in blockage ratio, 10.6% to changes in thickness, and 4.5% to changes in velocity.
Sweeping of Analyte Zones in Electrokinetic Chromatography

The sweeping phenomenon in electrokinetic chromatography under a considerably homogeneous electric field is theoretically examined and experimentally verified. The roles of analyte charge, retention factor, and electroosmotic flow are given consideration. Experimental studies are performed using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sodium dodecyl sulfate as a micelle-forming agent. Uses and limitations of the new phenomenon are also critically conveyed.
Characteristics of graphene quantum dots determined by edge structures: three kinds of dots fabricated using thermal plasma jet

When a graphene sheet is cut along zigzag lines, carbene edges having two unshared valence electrons at each edge carbon atom are obtained, while along the armchair lines, carbyne edges having carbon triple bonds are obtained. Carbene and carbyne edges have polar and nonpolar characters, respectively. 90 degree corners are obtained when armchair and zigzag lines are encountered, while 120 degree corners are obtained when the same type of lines are encountered. Therefore, hexagonal graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are obtained when the same type of cutting lines are encountered at all the corners, while rectangular GQDs are obtained when different types of cutting lines are encountered. We have fabricated three types of GQDs by a gas phase collision reaction using a thermal plasma jet. Zigzag GQDs having only carbene edges were dispersed in polar solvents and they had basic hexagonal shapes. Armchair GQDs having only carbyne edges were dispersed in nonpolar solvents and they also had basic hexagonal shapes. Hybrid GQDs having both carbyne and carbene edges in each dot were dispersed in both polar and nonpolar solvents and had rectangular shapes. The photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra of hybrid GQDs responded to the combination of the spectra of zigzag and armchair GQDs.
Effects of biochar application on vegetable production and emissions of N2O and CH4

A pot experiment was performed to estimate the effect of maize (Zea mays L.) straw biochar application on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions, N2O emission factors and vegetable yield through cultivation of choy sum (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) and amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) for 99 days in 2011 at Nanjing, China. Eight treatments were established as follows: control (CK), 100% urea nitrogen (N) (Urea), urea and manure N at 5:5 (UM1) or 7:3 (UM2) combination, biochar incorporation with urea at 20 Mg ha−1 (UB1) or 40 Mg ha−1 (UB2) and biochar incorporation at 30 Mg ha−1 with UM1 (UM1B) or UM2 (UM2B). UB1, UB2, UM1B and UM2B significantly decreased N2O emission by 77% to 86%, while UM1 and UM2 did not show significant N2O emission difference in comparison with Urea. CH4 emissions were not affected by biochar amendment or manure application. On average, UM1B and UM2B significantly enhanced vegetable production by 32, 48 and 28% as compared to Urea, average UM1/UM2 and average UB1/UB2, respectively. N2O–N emission factors with biochar application were 0.4–0.7%, while those without biochar being 2.5–3.2%. Comprehensively considering vegetable yield, N2O emission, CH4 emission and N2O–N emission factor, the most effective combination in this study was biochar at 30 Mg ha−1 when applied with chemical N fertilizer and manure. In conclusion, biochar application greatly reduced N2O emissions and N2O–N emission factors while maintaining vegetable production.
Microfabricated palladium-silver alloy membranes and their application in hydrogen separation

A submicron-thick and defect-free palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy membrane is manufactured using microfabrication technology. The microfabrication process creates a robust wafer-scale membrane module, which can easily be integrated into a holder with gastight connections. High separation fluxes of up to 4 mol of H2/m2·s with a minimal selectivity of 1500 for H2/He at 450 C and 83 kPa of H2 retentate pressure were obtained with this setup. The developed membrane technology has great potential for hydrogen purification and in applications such as dehydrogenation.
Synthesis and Electrical Properties of Cation Deficient Perovskite-type Oxides in the Ln-A-Ti-Al-O System (Ln=La, Nd; A=Ca, Sr).

The effects of ion vacancy on the crystal structure and the electrical conductivity of perovskite-type oxides were investigated. The cation and oxide ion deficient perovskite-type oxides LnA2-x, Ti2AlO9-d, (Ln=La, Nd; A=Ca, Sr) were synthesized. Single-phase samples of LnA2-xTi2AlO9-d were prepared by heating at 1673 K in air in the compositional range of x=0-0.3 for both A=Ca and Sr. The crystal structures were cubic perovskite-type for A=Sr and orthorhombic perovskite-type for A=Ca. Lattice parameters of LnA2-xTi2AlO9-d, increased with increasing amounts of A cation vacancies. All the samples exhibited semiconducting behavior in the temperature range of 573-1023 K in air. The measurements of conductivity for LnA2-xTi2AlO9-d as a function of oxygen partial pressure revealed n-type conductivity at oxygen partial pressure less than 0.21 atm. The conductivities of LnA2-xTi2AlO9-d, increased with increasing amount of A cation and oxide ion vacancies for both A=Ca and Sr.
Thin‐film GaAs epitaxial lift‐off solar cells for space applications

In the present work the space compatibility of thin‐film GaAs solar cells is studied. These cells are separated from their GaAs substrate by the epitaxial lift‐off (ELO) technique and mounted behind a CMG cover glass which at the same time serves as a stable carrier for the thin film cells. In the present initial stage of development these cells have an average efficiency of about 15·4% under AM0 illumination due to not yet optimized grid contacts and anti‐reflection coatings. Inspection after irradiation by 1 MeV electrons, thermal vacuum and thermal cycling experiments reveal that degradation of the cells is largely due to delamination and micro‐cracking. Based on these results, glass dehydration and adhesive degassing procedures are implemented in the ELO cell processing. As a consequence, even in this premature phase, newly produced cells show a radiation hardness comparable to or better than that of commercially available GaAs cells on Ge substrates and are virtually unaffected by severe thermal cycling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of H2/Ar mixtures on the analysis of conducting and insulating materials by radiofrequency glow discharge mass spectrometry

The effect of the addition of hydrogen to a radiofrequency–argon glow discharge coupled to a time of flight mass spectrometer has been studied. Pressure and forward power conditions in the discharge were kept constant. The hydrogen concentrations added to the argon plasma gas were 0.5%, 1% and 10% v/v and two types of homogeneous samples were investigated: a conducting material (nickel-base) and two glasses. A decrease of the dc-bias voltage with increasing H2 concentration was observed at every forward power assayed. For the nickel material, the analytical signals turned out to be higher in 10% H2/Ar and 1% H2/Ar discharges than in pure Ar, while for 0.5% H2/Ar the increases were just obtained at the lowest power assayed. Concerning the glass samples, signal increases were obtained at the powers assayed for most analytical signals using 0.5% H2/Ar instead of pure Ar.
Impedimetric Aptasensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes – Poly(methylene blue) Composite

The effect of aptamer structure and immobilization platform on the efficiency of thrombin binding and its detection using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characteristics was investigated with aptasensors based on glassy carbon electrodes covered with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Aptamers with one or two binding sequences GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG specific for thrombin and poly(dA) and poly(dT) tags able to form dimeric products (aptabodies) were used to establish significance of steric and electrostatic factors in aptasensor performance. We have shown that electropolymerization of methylene blue onto MWNTs significantly improved electrochemical characteristics and sensitivity of thrombin detection against bare MWNTs. Charge transfer resistance and capacitance of the surface layer were measured in the presence of redox probe [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Aptasensors make it possible to detect thrombin in the concentration range 1 nM–1 µM with the limit of detection of 0.7 nM (monitoring resistance changes) and 0.5 nM (capacitance changes), respectively.
Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading

This report provides a preliminary analysis of the costs associated with converting whole wet algal biomass into primarily diesel fuel. Hydrothermal liquefaction converts the whole algae into an oil that is then hydrotreated and distilled. The secondary aqueous product containing significant organic material is converted to a medium btu gas via catalytic hydrothermal gasification.
On the Relevance of Considering the Intermolecular Interactions on the Prediction of the Vibrational Spectra of Isopropylamine

The effects of implicitly considering the effects of hydrogen bonding on the molecular properties, such as vibrational frequencies, were inferred on the basis of DFT calculations. Several clusters of isopropylamine were assembled and theoretically characterized. The results showed that maximum H-bond cooperativity is achieved when the amine group acts simultaneously as donor and acceptor. The effect of H-bond cooperativity manifests itself in the relative cluster stability and on the structural and vibrational frequency predictions. Referring to the vibrational frequencies it was found that the stretching and torsion vibrational modes are the most affected by the amine involvement in hydrogen bonding. Both stretching modes were found to be significantly redshifted relative to the monomer. The torsional mode, on the other hand, was found to be blueshifted up to 350 . Finally, the comparative study between the theory levels performed allows to conclude that the small 6-31G* basis set is able to stabilize weak interactions as long as the new dispersion corrected DFT methods are considered. The impairments observed with conventional DFT methods for describing weak interactions may be overcome with the improvement of basis set, but the associated increase of computational costs may turn the calculations unfeasible.
Dependence of Laser-Induced Incandescence on Physical Properties of Black Carbon Aerosols: Measurements and Theoretical Interpretation

We used a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) to measure the mass of individual black carbon (BC) particles down to ∼ 0.5 fg by means of laser-induced incandescence with an intra-cavity, continuous-wave laser. The incandescence of nine different types of BC samples was investigated to provide a physical basis for choosing appropriate BC materials for SP2 calibration. We estimated the vaporization temperatures of these BC samples from the spectral dependence of incandescence at the limit of the small size parameter x, for which spectral dependence of emissivity is known a priori. The vaporization temperatures differed by less than 2.2% among the samples. For the x < 1 regime of particle size, the peak amplitude of the incandescence signal measured by the SP2 was linearly proportional to the particle mass. The slopes of such linear proportionality were positively correlated with | (m 2 -1)/(m 2 +2)|, where the m is the complex refractive index of the BC particle. For particles in which x > 1, the rate of increase in the peak amplitude of the incandescence signal with increasing particle mass was negatively correlated with the compactness of particle shape, consistent with the theoretical prediction of emissivity, which accounts for particle shape. The incandescence–BC mass relationships were similar between fullerene soot and ambient soot sampled in Tokyo, thus suggesting that fullerene soot is a suitable calibration standard for SP2 measurements of ambient soot.
Poly(ether sulfone) as a negative resist for electron beam lithography

The sulfone containing polymer poly(butene sulfone) has long been used as positive electron beam resist due to the high scission rate of sulfone under electron irradiation. The authors demonstrate that poly(ether sulfone) acts as a high resolution negative electron beam resist which displays good chemical and dry-etch resistance. The electron beam exposure sensitivity at 10kV was found to be approximately 230μC∕cm2 for poly(ether sulfone), roughly 2.3 times that of poly(methyl methacrylate). As poly(ether sulfone) is a robust engineering polymer that can withstand etching this polymer is a suitable mask material and has properties of interest for direct incorporation in devices.
Pulsed discharge purification of water containing nondegradable hazardous substances

We investigate the decomposition characteristics of phenol in an aqueous solution under exposure to pulsed discharge plasma. The investigation is carried out with different electrode configurations, applied voltages, and humidity levels and compositions of the background gas. It is possible that in the case of all gases, OH radicals are responsible for the decomposition of phenol in the solution. In pure O2, the decomposition rate of phenol increases due to the generation of O and O3. In pure N2, OH radicals produced by N2, which is excited in the metastable state, contribute to phenol decomposition. In N2‐O2, the decomposition rate of phenol remains low, and the NOx produced by the pulsed plasma in a N2‐O2 mixture destroys O3, and the production of the NOx inhibits O3 production. In Ar‐O2, the decomposition rate of phenol increases with an increase in the concentration of Ar in the mixture. It is possible that excited Ar atoms are responsible for the decomposition of phenol in the solution at higher concentrations of Ar in Ar‐O2. Further, it is found that the decomposition rate of phenol in aqueous solution exposed to a pulsed discharge is almost the same as that of phenol in aqueous solution exposed to a DC corona discharge. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(2): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20937
Ferroelectric liquid-crystalline semiconductors based on a phenylterthiophene skeleton: effect of the introduction of oligosiloxane moieties and photovoltaic effect

Ferroelectric liquid-crystalline phenylterthiophene derivatives bearing a decenyl group, disiloxane chain, and cyclotetrasiloxane ring were synthesized. These compounds exhibited a chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase. The spontaneous polarizations of the compounds exceeded 50 nC cm−2. The hole mobilities determined by the time-of-flight method were in the order of 1 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. The compound with a decenyl group exhibited an anomalous photovoltaic effect in the SmC* phase although the conversion efficiency was lower than 0.01%. Notably, even the compound bearing a bulky cyclotetrasiloxane ring exhibited an enantiotropic SmC* phase.
AEROSOL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES

T HE CHALLENGE. Aerosol particles inf luence climate by modifying both the global energy balance through absorption and scattering of radiation (direct effects), and the reflectance and persistence of clouds and the development and occurrence of precipitation (indirect effects); the term “aerosol” denotes a stable, sparse suspension of microscopical or submicroscopical solid and/or liquid particles in air. Aerosol particles contribute to numerous other climatically important processes, including fertilization of land and oceans through the deposition of nitrates, iron, and other nutrients, The U.S. Department of Energy strategy for improving the
NUTRACEUTICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF OLDENLANDIA CORYMBOSA L. FOUND IN BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY AGRO- CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

Herbs have been used as a dietary source of nutrition and play a vital role in improving our health. Various metabolic activities in our body results in the formation of the free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to the onset of many diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, liver diseases and atherosclerosis as well as in degenerative processes associated with ageing. Antioxidant compounds in diet play an important role as a health protecting factor. The present study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Oldenlandia corymbosa having ethno medicinal property. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The methanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activity significantly in the plant extracts. The IC50 value of the methanolic extract was found to be 129.28 ± 1. 59µg/ml. The study has revealed that the extracts of this plant can be used as therapeutic agent as it would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of their antioxidant activity and also can be a rich source of nutrition in our diet system as it was rich in its phytochemical constituents.
New polyaniline-based potentiometric biosensor for pesticides detection

A cholinesterase potentiometric sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with processible polyaniline has been developed and explored for the detection of organophosphorus and carbamic pesticides. Acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase from various sources were immobilized on the surface of a polyaniline modified electrode by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Polyaniline modification made it possible to obtain a reversible pH response of about 86-mV/pH unit and to improve the analytical and operational characteristics of substrate and inhibitor detection. The sensitivity of pesticide detection depends on both the source of the enzyme and its activity and on pesticide hydrophobicity. The detection limits of the pesticides investigated (Trichlorfon, 1.5/spl middot/10/sup -7/ mol/l, Coumaphos, 5/spl middot/10/sup -9/ mol/l, Methiocarb, 8/spl middot/10/sup -7/ mol/l, Aldicarb, 2/spl middot/10/sup -7/ mol/l) were found lower than those obtained with other similar cholinesterase sensors. The possibility for the detection of the trace amounts of pesticides in river waters and grape juice with cholinesterase sensors developed has been established on model samples.
Acylated Iridoid Glycosides from Verbascum lasianthum

From the roots of Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham 4 catalpol derivatives, 6-O-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-catalpol (1), verbascoside A [= 6-O-(4''-O-trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl)-a -L-rhamnopy- ranosylcatalpol] (2), pulverulentoside I [= 6-O-(3''-O-acetyl-2''-O-trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl)-a -L-rham-nopyranosylcatalpol] (3), and buddlejoside A5 [= 6-O-(2''-O-acetyl-3''-O-trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl)-a -L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol] (4), as well as aucubin (5) and an aucubin derivative, unduloside III [= 6-O-(3''-O-trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl)- a-L-rhamnopyranosylaucubin] (6), were isolated and characterized. The structure elucidation of the compounds was established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Buddlejoside A5 (4) was found for the first time in the genus Verbascum.
Confined Synthesis and Properties of Porous Silicon from Silica Aerogel Templates by Magnesiothermic Reduction

Novel nanoporous silicon was successfully converted from SiO2 aerogels by a template-confined magnesiothermic reduction at low temperature (650 °C) based on a gas-solid reaction. The composition, crystal structure, morphology, and pore structure of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett- Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Their optical and electrochemical properties were also investigated. The results indicated that the products consisted of nanocrystalline silicon, retained a morphology similar to that of the original templates, and possessed a specific surface area as high as 602 m 2 ·g - 1 . They also showed red photoluminescence at room temperature and had a high capacity and good Li-ion insertion/extraction properties for use in lithium ion batteries. (Article)
α‐Amylase immobilized by Fe3O4/poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) magnetic composite microspheres: Preparation and characterization

Fe 3 O 4 /poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) core-shell composite microspheres, suitable for binding enzymes, were prepared using magnetite particles as seeds by copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride. The magnetite particles were encapsulated by polyethylene glycol, which improved the affinity between the magnetite particles and the monomers, thus showing that the size of the microspheres, the amount of the surface anhydrides, and the magnetite content in the composite are highly dependent on magnetite particles, comonomer ratio, and dispersion medium used in the polymerization. The composite microspheres, having 0.08-0.8 μm diameter and containing 100-800 μg magnetite/g microspheres and 0-18 mmol surface-anhydride groups/g microsphere, were obtained. Free α-amylase was immobilized on the microspheres containing reactive surface-anhydride groups by covalent binding. The effects of immobilization on the properties of the immobilized α-amylase [magnetic immobilized enzyme (MIE)] were studied. The activity of MIE and protein binding capacity reached 113,800 U and 544.3 mg/g dry microspheres, respectively. The activity recovery was 47.2%. The MIE had higher optimum temperature and pH compared with those of free α-amylase and showed excellent thermal, storage, pH, and operational stability. Furthermore, it can be easily separated in a magnetic field and reused repeatedly.
Property and storage stability of whey protein‐sucrose based safe paper glue

Whey is a byproduct of cheese making. Disposal of whey may cause environmental pollutions. Whey protein isolate (WPI) is obtained from whey via ion-exchange and ultra-filtration, and contains more than 90% of protein. Most current commercially available paper glue products are made from undegradable synthetic polymers and may be harmful to human. The objective of this study was to develop environmentally friendly and children safe paper glue using WPI and sucrose as major ingredients. Results showed that both desirable bonding strength and viscosity of the safe paper glue were achieved by adding sucrose. The whey protein and sucrose based paper glue had excellent recovered bonding strength (ideal for self-seal envelopes) and bonding strength to different substrates (paper–paper, paper–wood, paper–plastic, and paper–metal). Shelf life tests indicated that the safe glue was stable with addition of low level of preservative and there were no considerable changes in bonding strength and viscosity during the storage at 23°C or 40°C for up to 1 year. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39710.