Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic modelling of a ferrochrome furnace

All industrial ventures strive to achieve a maximum profit margin through increasing the production of saleable products, lowering operational costs and improving operation efficiency. Although all industrial processes have these objectives in common, the means through which it could be achieved would depend on the operational variables of the specific process route. Throughout the years the economic optimization of industrial processes has developed into a respected enterprise based on the cost-effectiveness of the specific process route. A good example of process optimization is the semi-empirical model developed by Broekman and Ford1, which incorporated the ore supply, smelting operations, as well as the markets to predict and improve the overall cost-effectiveness of the process. Developing simulation models such as these has allowed producers to benchmark numerous operational parameters, as well as evaluate different operational conditions. Furthermore, following the global trend towards green technology, simulations could be expanded to include the cost of both the environmental and social responsibility of the producer. Previous work done in this field was based on the principles of material and energy balances for smelting operations. According to Broekman and Ford1, the mass and energy balances were generated either from the theoretical partition ratios of the components between the product and slag mass, or through empirical relationships derived from experimental and plant data. These balances were used to predict the metal and slag constituents for a given combination of raw material inputs of known composition. Ultimately, this allowed producers to assess the influence of various raw material inputs on the power consumption, slag properties, and alloy grade. Figure 1 indicates the theoretical minimum amount of energy and reductants required for ferrochrome (FeCr) production utilizing either AC or DC furnaces for various raw material inputs.
Seismology Tracking earthquake source evolution in 3-D

S U M M A R Y Starting from the hypocentre, the point of initiation of seismic energy, we seek to estimate the subsequent trajectory of the points of emission of high-frequency energy in 3-D, which we term the ‘evocentres’. We track these evocentres as a function of time by energy stacking for putative points on a 3-D grid around the hypocentre that is expanded as time progresses, selecting the location of maximum energy release as a function of time. The spatial resolution in the neighbourhood of a target point can be simply estimated by spatial mapping using the properties of isochrons from the stations. The mapping of a seismogram segment to space is by inverse slowness, and thus more distant stations have a broader spatial contribution. As in hypocentral estimation, the inclusion of a wide azimuthal distribution of stations significantly enhances 3-D capability. We illustrate this approach to tracking source evolution in 3-D by considering two major earthquakes, the 2007 Mw 8.1 Solomons islands event that ruptured across a plate boundary and the 2013 Mw 8.3 event 610 km beneath the Sea of Okhotsk. In each case we are able to provide estimates of the evolution of high-frequency energy that tally well with alternative schemes, but also to provide information on the 3-D characteristics that is not available from backprojection from distant networks. We are able to demonstrate that the major characteristics of event rupture can be captured using just a few azimuthally distributed stations, which opens the opportunity for the approach to be used in a rapid mode immediately after a major event to provide guidance for, for example tsunami warning for megathrust events.
A new Triassic carnivorous dinosaur from Argentina

Abstract. A new Triassic theropod, Zupaysaurusrougieriis described from La Rioja Province and its phylogenetic relationships amongst Theropoda are discussed. Zupaysaurusshares with Tetanurae several features that include the presence of a tooth row that is anterior to the orbit, a pneumatized lacrimal, and a tibia with a posterolaterally concave and transversely expanded distal end. Features shared with some ceratosaurs, like the presence of a longitudinal alveolar ridge on the maxilla, a large antorbital fenestra, and a fused astragalus-calcaneum, are either homoplasies with some ceratosaurs or plesiomorphic features within Neotheropoda. Based on relative stratigraphical position, Zupaysaurusis regarded as Late Triassic in age, which makes it the oldest record of Tetanurae. Zupaysaurusprovides data about the early evolution of theropods, strengthening the assumption about the origin of tetanurans in the Late Triassic, and indicating their simultaneous record with the oldest coelophysids (i.e. Coelophysisand Liliensternus) Resumen. NUEVO DINOSAURIO CARNIVORO TRIASICO DEARGENTINA. Se describe un nuevo teropodo triasico de la provincia de La Rioja, Zupaysaurus rougieri, y se discuten sus relaciones filogeneticas dentro de los Theropoda. Zupaysauruscomparte con Tetanurae varios caracteres que incluyen la presencia de una hilera dental por delante de la orbita, un lagrimal pneumatizado y una tibia con extremo distal posterolateralmente concavo y expandido lateralmente. Caracteres compartidos con algunos ceratosaurios, tales com la presencia de una cresta alveolar longitudinal en el maxilar, una fenestra antorbital grande, y astragalo y calcaneo fusionados, son considerados homoplasicos o caracteres plesiomorficos dentro de los Neotheropoda. En base a la posicion estratigrafica relativa de los niveles en donde se encontro el holotipo, se considera que Zupaysauruses de edad Triasica tardia, lo que lo convierte en el registro mas antiguo de Tetanurae. Zupaysaurus provee informacion acerca de la evolucion temprana de los teropodos, fortaleciendo la hipotesis del origen de los tetanuros en el Triasico Superior, e indicando su registro simultaneo con los celofisidos mas antiguos (p.e. Coelophysisy Liliensternus).
The NSLS-II multilayer Laue lens deposition system

The NSLS-II[1] program has a requirement for an unprecedented level of x-ray nanofocusing and has selected the wedged multilayer Laue lens[2,3] (MLL) as the optic of choice to meet this goal. In order to fabricate the MLL a deposition system capable of depositing depth-graded and laterally-graded multilayers with precise thickness control over many thousands of layers, with total film growth in one run up to 100μm thick or greater is required. This machine design expounds on the positive features of a rotary deposition system[4] constructed previously for MLLs and will contain multiple stationary, horizontally-oriented magnetron sources. A transport will move a substrate back and forth in a linear fashion over shaped apertures at well-defined velocities to affect a multilayer coating.
ANALYSIS OF A SPECIAL TREE STRUCTURE

In this note we discuss on a special tree structure of size n which we call a b-increasing tree for convenience. This family of trees have the total weights Tn = (n−1)! We study the quantity depth of the largest element and show that the corresponding bivariate generating function satisfies a differential equation of order b where b is the maximal bucket size in this model. Also we concentrate on the model, where deterministically weights are attached to the edges according to the definition of actual labels in this tree. We will use a bijection between this model and permutations. Using this bijection we obtain some results on the sum of weighted edges.
DO MONEY AND INTEREST RATES MATTER FOR STOCK PRICES? AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY OF SINGAPORE AND USA

This paper examines the long-term as well as short-term equilibrium relationships between the major stock indices and selected macroeconomic variables (such as money supply and interest rate) of Singapore and the United States by employing the advanced time series analysis techniques that include cointegration, Johansen multivariate cointegrated system, fractional cointegration and Granger causality. The cointegration results based on data covering the period January 1982 to December 2002 suggest that Singapore's stock prices generally display a long-run equilibrium relationship with interest rate and money supply (M1) but a similar relationship does not hold for the United States. To capture the short-run dynamics of the relationship, we replicate the same experiments with different subsets of data representing shorter time periods. It is evident that stock markets in Singapore moved in tandem with interest rate and money supply before the Asian Crisis of 1997, but this pattern was not observed after the crisis. In the United States, stock prices were strongly cointegrated with macroeconomic variables before the 1987 equity crisis but the relationships gradually weakened and totally disappeared with the emergence of Asian Crisis that also indirectly affected the United States. The results of fractional cointegration and the Johansen multivariate system are consistent with the earlier cointegration results that both Singapore and US stock markets did possess equilibrium relationships with M1 and interest rate at the early days. However, the stability of the systems was disturbed by a series of well-known financial turbulence in the past two decades and eventually weakened for Singapore and completely disappeared for the US. This may imply that monetary authority may take action to respond to the asset price turbulence in order to maintain the stability of monetary economy and thus break the existing equilibrium between stock markets and macroeconomic variables like interest rate and M1. Another possible explanation is that the market became more efficient after 1997 Asian crisis. Finally, the results of Granger causality tests uncover some systematic causal relationships, implying that stock market performance might be a good gauge for Central Bank's monetary policy adjustment.
A hard look at hard laddering A comparison of studies examining the hierarchical structure of means-end theory

Purpose – This paper aims to outline the fundamental assumptions regarding the laddering methodology (Reynolds and Gutman), examine how some “hard” laddering approaches meet or violate these assumptions, provide a review and comparison of a series of studies using “soft” and “hard” laddering approaches to examine the hierarchical structure of means-end theory, and assess if the discrepant conclusions from this series of studies may be attributed to violations of the fundamental assumptions of the laddering methodology. Design/methodology/approach – A series of published empirical works using “hard” and “soft” laddering approaches, which aim to examine the hierarchical structure of means-end theory (Gutman), are reviewed and compared to integrate research findings and to examine discrepancies. Discrepant conclusions, which appear to be attributable to violations of the assumptions underlying the laddering methodology, are explored through a reanalysis and reclassification of the content codes. Findings – The paper validates the case for laddering and the care needed to gauge how conclusions can be affected when violations of fundamental assumptions of the laddering methodology occur. Research limitations/implications – Means-end chain research and, more specifically, the laddering methodology are in need of investigations that assess the importance of its underlying assumptions. Additional work validating both the “hard” and “soft” laddering approaches is also needed. Practical implications – Results of means-end research are more interpretable and less ambiguous when the fundamental assumptions of the laddering methodology are met. In practice, means-end theory benefits managers by providing a useful structure to aid in the interpretation of laddering data. Originality/value – This paper outlines the fundamental assumptions regarding the laddering methodology to provide methodological guidelines for laddering researchers. This paper also reviews the academic literature examining the hierarchical structure of means-end theory and explores how violations of the fundamental assumptions of the laddering methodology may impact research findings.
The Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Variability Selection and Quasar Luminosity Function

The SDSS-IV/eBOSS has an extensive quasar program that combines several selection methods. Among these, the photometric variability technique provides highly uniform samples, unaffected by the redshift bias of traditional optical-color selections, when $z= 2.7 - 3.5$ quasars cross the stellar locus or when host galaxy light affects quasar colors at $z 2.2$. Both models are constrained to be continuous at $z=2.2$. They present a flattening of the bright-end slope at large redshift. The LEDE model indicates a reduction of the break density with increasing redshift, but the evolution of the break magnitude depends on the parameterization. The models are in excellent accord, predicting quasar counts that agree within 0.3\% (resp., 1.1\%) to $g<22.5$ (resp., $g<23$). The models are also in good agreement over the entire redshift range with models from previous studies.
Clinical and pathological factors affecting lymph node metastasis in patients operated on with the diagnosis of colorectal cancer

Objective: We aimed to examine the clinical and the pathological factors that affect lymph node metastasis, which is an important prognostic factor in the survival of the patients with colorectal cancer, and to determine the most appropriate patient-centered treatment method. Methods: The file records and electronic data of the patients who had been operated on with the diagnosis of colorectal cancer at the General Surgery Clinic between May 2008 and December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Seventy-four patients including 50 males (67.6%) and 24 females (32.4%) were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 69.3 years (range: 38-60 years). While lymphovascular invasion was observed in 21 (28.4%), and perineural invasion in 19 (25.7%) patients. When the growth pattern was examined, 48 patients (64.9%) demonstrated ulcerovegetative, 18 patients (24.3%) ulcerated, eight patients (10.8%) polyp-type growth patterns. The most frequent tumor localization was the middle third of rectum (n=20; 27%) and the most common type of surgery was the Miles operation (n=16; 21.6%). Conclusion: In conclusion, the risk of LNM significantly increases in patients with colorectal cancer who have surgical radial margin, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. Over time, the other risk factors affecting LNM will be determined with large scale studies that can be conducted together with advancing technology and broad sources of knowledge. In this way, minimally invasive surgery can be performed on cases with colon cancer and the patients will be protected from the side effects of unnecessary chemotherapy.
Standardized Assessment in Mexico: Issues on Interpretation and Use of Assessment Results.

This paper summarizes main findings from a two-step investigation of the translation of a psychological scale from English into Spanish. The overall purpose of the study was to document the effects of tailoring a scale with etic items (i.e., culturally general items) and emic items (i.e., culture specific items) on the quality of the information. Other goals were to document the psychometric properties of self-efficacy scores for a sample of Spanish-speaking students from southern Mexico and to appraise the effects of extreme response style on total, factor, and item congruence. The short form of the Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale (CDMSE-SF) (Betz, Klein, and Taylor, 1996) was tailored and administered to 3,000 high school students. Reliability and validity evidence was gathered using standard psychometric practices. For the second part of the study, the scale was administered to two samples of students differing in their extreme response styles. Total, factor, and item congruence coefficients were gathered from Procrustes rotation. Reliability and validity evidence did not support the five-dimension structure of the self-efficacy construct. Reliability estimates for the translation were markedly inferior to those reported for the source language, and dimensions present in the source culture were not reproducible in the target culture. Students could not distinguish between items dealing with self-appraisal and items dealing with goal selection. The second part of the study corroborated these findings. Nonuniform effects of the extreme response style were found on etic and emic items. The observed no invariance might relate more to extreme response styles than self-efficacy. (Contains 8 tables and 34 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 00 N kr) RUNNING HEAD: Translation of psychological scales, linguistic similarity, psychometric tn equivalence across groups, test score interpretation U. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Oft of Educational Research and Improvement ED CATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY t_J_____;_cnecoS CO hecrOuf TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Standardized Assessment in Mexico: Issues on interpretation and use of assessment results Alvaro J. Arce-Ferrer Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan and Edith J. Cisneros-Cohernour Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Copies of this paper are available from: Alvaro J. Arce-Ferrer Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mexico aferrer@tunku.uady. mx Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Division D). Seattle, Washington, April 11, 2001.
Volatility Comparison of the GSE All Share Index Returns using Student t and Normal-GARCH models

In a frontier equity market like Ghana, trades can be quiet for long periods increasing the liquidity risk for investors. This notwithstanding, studies into the risk dynamics of the stock market are largely lacking for the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). In this paper, we have undertaken to use a dynamic volatility model, Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) to assess the risk of equity returns in the market. A comparison is made between the student-t and normal GARCH(1,1) models to ascertain a better fit for the market data. Using a daily log of adjusted return series of the Ghana Stock Exchange All Share Index (GSEASI) from January 04, 2011 to December 31, 2013, there is enough evidence that the student-t GARCH(1,1) better describes the volatility dynamics of the market for the period 2011 to 2013.
Automatic Coastline Extraction Using Radar and Optical Satellite Imagery and Wavelet-IHS Fusion Method

Article History: Received: 16 Jul. 2018 Accepted:1 Sep. 2018 The coastline is defined as an edge or land margin by the sea. Managing such ecological environments in terms of continuous changes requires monitoring at different intervals. To do this, it is necessary to use remote sensing techniques to detect and analyze coastline variations. Two study areas located on the coast of the Persian Gulf (South part of the Qeshm Island and the port of Tien to Asaluyeh) have been studied by two types of optical and radar images and wavelet edge detection algorithm for coastline extracting. In this study, the coastline is extracted in two ways, firstly the coastline extracts from both optical and radar images separately, then by images fusion using wavelet-IHS method. The accuracy obtained in Qeshm area in 2009 from optical, radar and fused images was 3.4, 5.5 and 3.2 respectively, and in Asaluyeh region in 2007, 2.1, 3.4 and 2.98 respectively.
Export Experience, Product Differentiation and Firm Survival in Export Markets

This paper examines the determinants of firm survival in export markets by explicitly taking into account the impact of firms' previous export market experience and their product differentiation. Utilizing a 16-year panel data set for Japanese manufacturing firms obtained from the Basic Survey of Japanese Business Structure and Activities compiled by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, we employ both hazard and panel probit estimations to examine the likelihood of exit from export markets. The results of our estimations show, first, that the exit probability from export markets decreases over the export duration. Second, the probability of exiting from export markets tends to be lower when firms are more research and development (R&D) intensive both prior to and after starting exports. Third, firms in industries that manufacture differentiated products (e.g., machinery) also experience higher survivability in export markets. These results imply that learning from exporting plays an important role in firms' survival in export markets. In addition, our results imply that firms producing differentiated products likely have a greater incentive to make up-front investments to start exporting, and that these investments in turn enable such firms to survive in export markets for a longer period.
Serum Iron and Free Hemoglobin Concentrations in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

A number of evidences suggest that during ischemic stroke, serum iron and hemoglobin (Hb) levels are changed. Yet, there are few reports in the literature related to this issue and resolution of this mechanism requires further experiments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of serum iron and hemoglobin levels as a biomarker in diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. The sample size was 60 ischemic stroke patients who were admitted to the Rouhhani hospital in Babol, with 60 healthy volunteers selected as control group. Clinical evaluation consisted of complete medical history and physical examination and neuro-imaging's studies. Sampling strategy was based on clinical characteristics, including age, gender, and history of diseases. Laboratory measurements were performed in the department of clinical biochemistry. Serum iron and plasma hemoglobin levels were measured by standard kit of iron and hemoglobin ELISA Kit, as of the manufactures' manual. Data were analyzed through statistical software SPSS version 22. The mean level of serum iron and hemoglobin in patients with acute ischemic stroke were higher than those in control group (P<0.05). However, there was no relation between these biomarkers and age and gender of subjects (P>0.05). Our results reinforce the possibility of serum iron and hemoglobin as biomarker in diagnosis of ischemic stroke patients.
Gas kinematics of a sample of five Hickson Compact Groups - The data

We present Fabry Perot observations of galaxies in five Hickson Compact Groups: HCG 10, HCG 19, HCG 87, HCG 91 and HCG 96. We observed a total of 15 galaxies and we have detected ionized gas for 13 of them. We were able to derive 2D velocity, monochromatic, continuum maps and rotation curves for the 13 objects. Almost all galaxies in this study are late-type systems; only HCG 19a is an elliptical galaxy. We can see a trend of kinematic evolution within a group and among dierent groups - from strongly interacting systems to galaxies with no signs of interaction - HCG 10 exhibits at least one galaxy strongly disturbed; HCG 19 seems to be quite evolved; HCG 87 does not show any sign of merging but a possible gas exchange between two galaxies; HCG 91 could be accreting a new intruder; HCG 96 exhibits past and present interactions.