Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age-related changes of lateral ventricular width and periventricular white matter in the human brain: a diffusion tensor imaging study

Aging is the accumulation of multidimensional deterioration of processing of biological, psychological, and social changes with expansion over time (Bowen and Atwood, 2004; Grady, 2012). Aging-related changes are typically accompanied by decline in cognitive function, urinary control, sensory-motor function, and gait ability (Bradley et al., 1991; Bowen and Atwood, 2004; Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004; Grady, 2012; Moran et al., 2012). In addition, a number of studies have suggested changes in brain structure with normal aging, such as decrease in cortical thickness or increase in ventricular width (Blatter et al., 1995; Tang et al., 1997; Uylings and de Brabander, 2002; Preul et al., 2006; Apostolova et al., 2012). In particular, ventricular enlargement has been suggested as a structural biomarker for normal aging and progression of some illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (Blatter et al., 1995; Tang et al., 1997; Uylings and de Brabander, 2002; Preul et al., 2006; Apostolova et al., 2012). However, the question of how this structural change in the brain in normal elderly affects change of white matters remains a topic of interest and concern. Diffusion tensor imaging allows for evaluation of white matter due to its ability to capture and quantify water diffusion characteristics (Mori et al., 1999; Assaf and Pasternak, 2008; Neil, 2008). In normal white matter, water molecules move relatively freely in a direction parallel to nerve fiber tracts, however, their movements are restricted across tracts, which cause diffusion anisotropy in white matter. This selective restriction of water molecule movement allows for exploration of physical changes in white matter caused by normal aging using diffusion anisotropy. Some studies using DTI have reported on changes in periventricular white matter in patients with stroke or other brain injuries (Yeo et al., 2011; Hattori et al., 2012; Jang et al., 2013). In the current study, using DTI, we investigated ventricular enlargement with normal aging, and its effect on periventricular white matter.
Heterogeneous expression of connexin 36 in the olfactory epithelium and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb

Gap junctions regulate a variety of cell functions by directly connecting two cells through intercellular channels. Connexins are gap junction channel‐forming protein subunits. In this study, we studied the expression of connexin 36 (Cx36) in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb of adult mice. In situ hybridization revealed that mRNA for Cx36 was expressed in the olfactory sensory epithelium, main olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb. Expression of mRNA encoding Cx36 was observed in the olfactory epithelium mainly in ventral and lateral regions of the turbinates. Immunohistochemical determination of Cx36 protein expression showed sparse punctuate staining in the olfactory epithelial layer. Intense Cx36‐like immunostaining was found in the olfactory nerve bundles underlying the olfactory epithelium and in the olfactory nerve layer and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Mapping of the intensity of Cx36‐like immunofluorescence in glomeruli throughout the main olfactory bulb indicated a heterogeneous distribution. A set of approximately 50 glomeruli located in the anterior and posterior limits of the olfactory bulb was more intensely labeled than other glomeruli. There was intense immunofluorescence signal in the glomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb and in the vomeronasal nerve. β‐Galactosidase distribution in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in Cx36 knockout mice (Deans et al. [ 2001 ] Neuron 31:477–485) supported the findings with immunofluorescence. Cx36‐like immunofluorescence was absent in the olfactory nerve bundles in Cx36 knockout mice. The immunolocalization of Cx36 to the olfactory and vomeronasal nerves, and a subset of olfactory glomeruli suggest a functional role for Cx36 in odor coding. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:426–439, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An efficient method for power flow calculation applied to the reconfiguration of radial distribution systems

The analysis of distribution electrical systems has become of the outmost importance during recent time. The arrival of computer-based tools such as genetic algorithms, neural networks, expert systems, searching methods, etc., have favored the progress in planning, operation, control, investment cost and other tasks in distribution systems. Such tasks require a power flow method calculation in order to obtain suitable results for an efficient operation. In 1977 was proposed by the authors Lemus, Ruiz, Viramontes a very simple method (LRV method) to obtain the power flows in radial distribution systems. The method required a special ordering of the nodes before calculating the currents and voltages in a feeder. In this paper is shown a new version of this method, called LRSV (Lemus Ruiz Suchite Viramontes method). This method gets the nodal voltage solutions faster than all FBS (forward/backward sweep) existing methods until now. First is explained how LRV method works, next is explained how a renumbering process improve this method, and make it suitable to analyze every radial configuration. Finally some cases are shown in order to compare this method with those existing.
Syntenin-Syndecan Binding Requires Syndecan-Synteny and the Co-operation of Both PDZ Domains of Syntenin*

Syntenin is an adaptor-like molecule that binds to the cytoplasmic domains of all four vertebrate syndecans. Syntenin-syndecan binding involves the C-terminal part of syntenin that contains a tandem of PDZ domains. Here we provide evidence that each PDZ domain of syntenin can interact with a syndecan. Isolated or combined mutations of the carboxylate binding lysines in the inter-βAβB loops and of the αB1 residues in either one or both the PDZ domains of syntenin all reduce syntenin-syndecan binding in yeast two-hybrid, blot-overlay, and surface plasmon resonance assays. PDZ2 mutations have more pronounced effects on binding than PDZ1 mutations, but complete abrogation of syntenin-syndecan binding requires the combination of both the lysine and the αB1 mutations in both the PDZ domains of syntenin. Isothermal calorimetric titration of syntenin with syndecan peptide reveals the presence of two binding sites in syntenin. Yet, unlike a tandem of two PDZ2 domains and a reconstituted PDZ1+PDZ2 tandem, a tandem of two PDZ1 domains and isolated PDZ1 or PDZ2 domains do not interact with syndecan bait. We conclude to a co-operative binding mode whereby neither of these two PDZ domains is sufficient by itself but where PDZ2 functions as a “major” or “high affinity” syndecan binding domain, and PDZ1 functions as an “accessory” or “low affinity” syndecan binding domain. The paired, but not the isolated PDZ domains of syntenin bind also strongly to the immobilized cytoplasmic domains of neurexin and B-class ephrins. By inference, these data suggest a model whereby recruitment of syntenin to membrane surfaces requires two compatible types of bait that are in “synteny” (occurring together in location) and engages both PDZ domains of syntenin. The synteny of compatible bait may result from the assemblies and co-assemblies of syndecans and other similarly suited partners in larger supramolecular complexes. In general, an intramolecular combination of PDZ domains that are weak, taken individually, would appear to be designed to detect rather than drive the formation of specific molecular assemblies.
Towards a Design Space for Multisensory Data Representation

Humans have represented data in many forms for thousands of years, yet the main sensory channel we use to perceive these representations today still remains exclusive to vision. Recent developments now offer us opportunities to perceive data through different levels and combinations of sensory modalities. In this article, we survey the state-of-the-art in data representation that requires more than one sensory channel to fully interpret and understand the data. Drawing on techniques and theories adapted from Thematic Analysis and Prototype Theory, we analysed 154 examples of multisensory data representations to establish a design space along three axes: use of modalities, representation intent and human–data relations. We frame the discussion around presenting how a selection of examples, chosen from the collection, fit into the design space. This not only informs our own research but can also draw the attention of the human–computer interaction and Design Research communities to aspects of data representation that have hitherto been either ill-defined or underexplored. We conclude by discussing key research challenges, which emerged from the exploration of the design space and point out future research topics.
Nuclei in which functionally identified spinothalamic tract neurons terminate

The approximate level of termination of the axons of individual, functionally characterized spinothalamic tract neurons within the monkey thalamus was mapped by antidromic activation using a monopolar electrode which was moved in a systematic grid of tracks through the thalamus. The course of individual axons could be followed through several thalamic levels, and in a few cases branches to both the VPL nucleus and to the intralaminar nuclei were demonstrated. Most of the axons studied, however, projected just to the VPLc or VPLo nuclei. The spinothalamic tract cells that projected to the VPLc nucleus included representatives of all known functional categories: low threshold, wide dynamic range, high threshold and “deep”. It is speculated that these different classes of spinothalamic projections could make contributions to such sensory modalities as touch, proprioception and pain.
Elucidation of intestinal absorption mechanism of carvedilol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles using Caco-2 cell line as an in-vitro model

Abstract Enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drugs encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) via lymphatic delivery has been documented. Since no in-vitro lymphoid tissue is currently available, human excised Caco-2 cell monolayer could be alternative tissue for development of an in-vitro model to be used as a screening tool before animal studies are undertaken. Therefore, optimized carvedilol-loaded SLNs (FOPT-SLNs) were prepared, characterized, and evaluated using Caco-2 cell line as an in-vitro model. Physical mixture of components of FOPT-SLNs (FOPT-PM) and carvedilol solution were used as control groups. From the studies of effect of SLNs concentration and cells incubation time, suitable carvedilol concentration and incubation time were selected for the model in which cells were subjected to five pretreatments for 24 h or 1 h of cell incubation and then followed with treatment of FOPT-SLNs, FOPT-PM or 100 µg/mL solution of carvedilol, for additional 24 h of cell incubation. The results obtained in this model suggest that main absorption mechanism of FOPT-SLNs could be endocytosis and, more specifically, clathrin-mediated endocytosis. When Transwell® permeable supports were used for the cells, carrier-mediated mechanism for FOPT-SLNs and passive absorption mechanism (transcellular and paracellular) for FOPT-PM and drug solution were concluded.
Reliability and validity of an algorithm for fuzzy tissue segmentation of MRI.

PURPOSE A new multistep, volumetric-based tissue segmentation algorithm that results in fuzzy (or probabilistic) voxel description is described. This algorithm is designed to accurately segment gray matter, white matter, and CSF and can be applied to both single channel high resolution and multispectral (multiecho) MR images. METHOD The reliability and validity of this method are evaluated by assessing (a) the stability of the algorithm across time, rater, and pulse sequence; (b) the accuracy of the method when applied to both real and synthetic image datasets; and (c) differences in specific tissue volumes between individuals with a specific genetic condition (fragile X syndrome) and normal control subjects. RESULTS The algorithm was found to have high reliability, accuracy, and validity. The finding of increased caudate gray matter volume associated with the fragile X syndrome is replicated in this sample. CONCLUSION Since this segmentation approach incorporates "fuzzy" or probabilistic methods, it has the potential to more accurately address partial volume effects, anatomical variation within "pure" tissue compartments, and more subtle changes in tissue volumes as a result of disease and treatment. The method is a component of software that is available in the public domain and has been implemented on an inexpensive personal computer thus offering an attractive and promising method for determining the status and progression of both normal development and pathology of the CNS.
Alterations in intrinsic neuronal excitability during normal aging

Normal aging subjects, including humans, have difficulty learning hippocampus‐dependent tasks. For example, at least 50% of normal aging rabbits and rats fail to meet a learning criterion in trace eyeblink conditioning. Many factors may contribute to this age‐related learning impairment. An important cause is the reduced intrinsic excitability observed in hippocampal pyramidal neurons from normal aging subjects, as reflected by an enlarged postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and an increased spike‐frequency adaptation (accommodation). In this review, we will focus on the alterations in the AHP and accommodation during learning and normal aging. We propose that age‐related increases in the postburst AHP and accommodation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons play an integral role in the learning impairment observed in normal aging subjects.
Electrochemistry and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of CTAB modulated interactions of magnetic nanoparticles with biomolecules

In this study, we use cyclic voltammetry (CV) to depict the association of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) with two different coating materials namely, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dextran. The role of a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in stabilizing the MNPs and augmenting the association with BSA and dextran is also investigated. CV of the MNPs/CTAB systems shows a diffusion-controlled mechanism on interaction with BSA and dextran. In the presence of CTAB, the reduction potential of MNPs shifted to a higher value indicating hindrance in the electron transfer process. Raman spectroscopy is used to study the structural change of MNPs during the associations. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides an insight into the mode of interaction by enhancing the otherwise weak signals arising due to Raman active carbon skeletal modes in organic coating materials. BSA tends to associate with the MNPs by diffusing through the CTAB molecule by hydrophobic interactions, while dextran is attached with the hydrophilic head groups of CTAB. Zeta potential and saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles show good colloidal stability and retention of magnetic properties, respectively after coating.
Analysis and design of Superconducting left-handed transmission lines

In this paper, for the first time, we study the properties of a superconductive-based left-handed transmission line (SLHTL). The effect of the kinetic inductance on the propagation constant of the left-handed transmission line is analyzed. It is shown that increasing the kinetic inductance decreases both the bragg frequency and the negative index frequency band of a distributed LHTL. A Coplanar waveguide structure is proposed to realize the LHTL. It is shown that the CPW structure has the capability of increasing the kinetic inductance of the TL by narrowing the spacing between the line and the ground plane because they are deposited on the same side of the substrate. This was not possible in a microstrip line as the spacing between the line and the ground is equal to the substrate thickness and is usually fixed. Furthermore, the dependency of the kinetic inductance to the bias current has been employed to design a tunable SLHTL. Possible applications of the tunable SLHTL in the design of miniaturized tunable resonators and filters are discussed.
Simultaneous THEMIS observations in the near-tail portion of the inner and outer plasma sheet flux tubes at substorm onset

We analyzed the measurements made by two Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes in ideal observational conditions (quiet background, near midnight, inside the substorm current wedge) during two distinct isolated substorm onsets, with probe P2 measuring the inner plasma sheet at ∼8 Re and P1 near the plasma sheet–lobe interface at 11–12 Re. The earliest onset-related strong perturbations were observed by P1; they include the increase of both B z (dipolarization) and E y (a few mV/m) as well as the simultaneous drop in total pressure, indicating the unloading process. This was also accompanied by fast inward plasma motion (up to 100 km/s, toward the neutral sheet) and fast plasma sheet thinning while the poleward auroral expansion was in progress in the conjugate ionosphere. These perturbations were followed after 6–8 min by the rapid expansion of the already heated plasma sheet. While in the adjacent lobe during this thinning phase, probe P1 continued to observe intense flux transfer toward the sheet center plane. The inner probe observed intense dipolarization and inward plasma injection but with a smaller flux transfer and starting 1–2 min after the perturbations at P1, supporting the conclusion that onset instability took place tailward of 12 Re. We also demonstrate the global MHD simulations to show that a nontrivial combination of dipolarization and the plasma sheet thinning may be observed simultaneously in the outmost part of the dipolelike region during a sudden increase of the reconnection rate at the nearby active X line, staying a few Re from the observation point. These observations provide constraints for the choice of substorm onset mechanism and indicate near-Earth magnetic reconnection as the most probable source process.
An Occupational Therapist as a Sexual Health Clinician in the Management of Spinal Cord Injuries

The Sexual Health Clinician is a health care specialist who is able to assess the sexual potential of physically disabled persons and assist them in the development of acceptable alternatives in sexual practices. This specialty role was first developed at the Spinal Cord Injury Unit, Shaughnessy Hospital in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, to answer a need of spinal cord injured patients, their partners and family. The opportunity to join the Service arose in May, 1981 following one year as the Senior Occupational Therapist on the Spinal Cord Injury Unit. This paper, which describes the experience of an occupational therapist as a member of the Sexual Health Service, is presented in five brief parts: 1. a background history; 2. a description of the sexual problems of the spinal cord injured and the goals of rehabilitation in this area; 3. the role of the Sexual Health Clinician; 4. the strengths and limitations of Occupational Therapy in this new role; 5. a brief discussion of the the need for a sex-related role and curriculum for students of Occupational Therapy.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository )-caryophyllene emitted from a transgenic Arabidopsis or chemical dispenser repels Diaphorina citri , vector of Candidatus

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MLCC: A new hash‐chained mechanism for multicast source authentication

Asymmetric cryptography has been widely used to generate a digital signature for message authentication. However, such a strategy cannot be used for packet authentication. Neither the source nor the receiver will be capable of handling the computational cost of asymmetric cryptography. For unicast communication, the solution adopted is based on symmetric cryptography. Solutions based on symmetric cryptography do not scale for multicast communication. Several solutions have been reported to authenticate multicast streams, with the possibility of packet losses. Proposed solutions are based on the concept of signature amortization, where a single signature is amortized on several packets. In this paper we present a new mechanism for multicast data source authentication based on signature amortization. Multi‐layers connected chains divides the packet stream into a multi‐layer structure, where each layer is a two‐dimensional matrix. The hash of a packet is included into a forward chain of packets within the same layer as well as a downward chain of packets across multiple layers. The values of the key parameters that influence the mechanism efficiency as well as its performance are selected following a mathematical analysis. Comparisons of performance results with the well‐known efficient multi‐chained stream signature scheme as well as a recently reported scheme multiple connected chains model show that the proposed mechanism achieves a stronger resistance to packet losses with low overhead and high authentication probability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cognitive Look at Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: Understanding the Multidimensionality of the Phenomena

© 2012 Garcia, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A Cognitive Look at Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: Understanding the Multidimensionality of the Phenomena
Negative regulation by SHPS‐1 of Toll‐like receptor‐dependent proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages

SHPS‐1 is a transmembrane protein predominantly expressed in macrophages. The possible role of SHPS‐1 in regulation of Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages has remained unknown, however. We now show that expression either of a mutant version of mouse SHPS‐1 (SHPS‐1–4F) in which the four tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the cytoplasmic region are replaced by phenylalanine or of a chimeric protein comprising the extracellular and transmembrane regions of human CD8 fused to the cytoplasmic region of SHPS‐1–4F (CD8–4F) markedly promoted the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) or interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid [poly(I : C)] in RAW264.7 macrophages. In contrast, expression of a mutant form of SHPS‐1 that lacks most of the cytoplasmic region did not promote such responses. Expression of SHPS‐1–4F promoted the LPS‐ or poly(I : C)‐induced activation of NF‐κB. LPS and poly(I : C) each induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS‐1 through a Src family kinase and the association of SHPS‐1 with SHP‐1 and SHP‐2. These results suggest that LPS or poly(I : C) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS‐1 and the association of SHPS‐1 with SHP‐1 and SHP‐2 in a manner dependent on a Src family kinase. SHPS‐1 then negatively regulates TLR4‐ or TLR3‐dependent cytokine production through inhibition of NF‐κB‐dependent signaling.