Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A molecular phylogeny of the Australian skink genera Eulamprus, Gnypetoscincus and Nangura

Skinks from the genera Eulamprus, Gnypetoscincus and Nangura are a prominent component of the reptile fauna of the mesic forests of the east coast of Australia and have been the subject of numerous ecological studies. Highly conserved morphology and the retention of ancestral traits have limited our understanding of the relationships within and among these genera beyond an initial identification of species groups within Eulamprus. To address this deficit and to explore the relationships between Eulamprus and the monotypic genera Nangura and Gnypetoscincus, sections of two mitochondrial genes (ND4 and 16S rRNA) were sequenced and subjected to Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. This phylogenetic analysis supports recognition of the three species groups proposed for Eulamprus (murrayi, quoyii and tenuis) and indicates that this genus is paraphyletic, with Gnypetoscincus and Nangura being proximal to basal lineages of the tenuis group. To resolve these and broader problems of paraphyly, we suggest that each of the species groups from 'Eulamprus' should be recognised as a distinct genus. The phylogenetically and ecologically distinct water skinks of the quoyii group would be retained within Eulamprus and the diverse species of the tenuis group allocated to Concinnia. We suggest placing the monophyletic murrayi group, endemic to the rainforests of central eastern Australia, in a new genus ( yet to be formally described). The sequencing data also revealed the existence of a genetically divergent but morphologically cryptic lineage within E. murrayi and substantial diversity within E. quoyii. There is evidence for two major habitat shifts from rainforest towards drier habitats, one leading to the quoyii group and the second defining a clade of three species within the tenuis complex. These ecological transitions may represent adaptations to general drying across eastern Australia during the late Miocene - Pliocene. Each of the major areas of east coast tropical or subtropical rainforest contains multiple phylogenetically diverse endemic species, reflecting the long-term persistence and high conservation value of wet forest habitats in each area.
Screening various variables of Cellular Anatomy of Scots pines in Subarctic Finland for Climatic Signals

This exploratory study on Scots pine in subarctic Finland was aimed at identifying the climatic signal(s) ‘archived’ in cellular anatomy and tree-ring variables, such as diameter and wall thickness of tracheids, or early- and latewood width, respectively. For this purpose, these variables were measured in increment cores year by year from 1961–2008 and compared to each other. According to the low values of some statistical descriptors (e.g., expressed population signal and mean sensitivity) the cell-anatomical variables could, in fact, not be expected to be useful climatic proxies. Nevertheless, they turned out to significantly reflect other climatic signals than the tree-ring variables did. The tree-ring variables responded positively to temperature in July and August, whereas the cell-anatomical variables responded positively to temperature in December and January, prior to the growing season. These encouraging findings provide a strong rationale for further studies, and for enlarging the statistical sample size.
Immunocompetence and duration of immunity againstVibrio salmonicidaandAeromonas salmonicidaafter vaccination of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) at low and high temperatures

Abstract The influence of the environmental temperature on immunocompetence and duration of immunity in Atlantic salmon was investigated. Immunity and antibody responses in fish acclimated and reared at 2 and 10° C were examined 9, 18 and 27 weeks after vaccination with aqueous and oil-emulsified vaccines. The results obtained show that both aqueous and oil-emulsified vaccines gave full protection againstVibrio salmonicidaindependent of the rearing temperature. Vaccination against furunculosis served to confirm this result. However, the antibody response was delayed or strongly suppressed by low temperature (2° C). These results show that immunity can be fully established at temperatures shown to be non-permissible for specific antibody responses in Atlantic salmon. Duration of immunity appears to be strongly correlated to temperature and vaccine formulation. Protection obtained with the aqueous vaccine was severely reduced by 18 weeks after vaccination in fish reared at 10° C. This negative effect of high rearing temperature on the duration of protection was fully prevented by the oil emulsification of the vaccine antigens. However, high temperature had no similar effect on the duration of antibody production. This may indicate that duration of antibody production and immunity is not maintained by the same mechanisms.
Behavioural and reproductive ecology of the dog-faced fruit bats, Cynopterus brachyotis and C. horsfieldi, in a Malaysian rainforest

Roosting, foraging and reproductive aspects of two species of dog-faced fruit bats, Cynopterus brachyotis and C. horsfieldi, were examined in Ulu Gombak, Selangor, West Malaysia. The day roosts of C. horsfieldi were sparsely distributed and were found mainly in palms, whereas roosts of C. brachyotis were abundant, and mostly found in non-palm tree species. Males of both species frequently changed their roosts. The nocturnal activity patterns of the two species were different. The initial peak of flight activity of C. brachyotis was two hours sooner after sunset than that of C. horsfieldi, and its flight activity gradually declined during the night. In C. horsfieldi flight activity decreased around midnight then increased again three hours before sunrise. The home ranges of C. horsfieldi were larger than those of C. brachyotis, however these were non-exclusive ranges with individual home ranges of both species overlapping extensively. In association with their greater home range size, C. horsfieldi also tended to move further than C. brachyotis (when comparing means of greatest distances moved). The diets of the two species also differed, with C. brachyotis eating fruits, flowers and leaves, whereas C. horsfieldi ate Ficus fruits virtually throughout the year. The wet weight of figs carried by C. brachyotis per feeding bout averaged 7.9 g, while C. horsfieldi carried on average 17.8 g of figs. The average distances between feeding roost sites and fruiting Ficus variegata trees were 50-78 m. Cynopterus brachyotis probably produces two or three litters per year whereas C. horsfieldi has two litters.
The cell lineages of two types of embryo and a hermaphroditic gonad in dicyemid mesozoans

The present review summarizes the patterns of cell division and the cell lineages of the two types of embryo, namely, the vermiform embryo and infusoriform embryo, of the dicyemid mesozoan Dicyema japonicum. The infusoriform embryo develops from a fertilized egg. The early cleavages are holoblastic and spiral. At around the 20‐ to 24‐cell stage, cleavages become asynchronous and the cleavage pattern changes from spiral to bilateral. The fully formed infusoriform embryo consists of 37 cells and exhibits bilateral symmetry. These 37 cells are produced after only four to eight rounds of cell division. The vermiform embryo develops asexually from an agamete. Cell division proceeds spirally in the early stages, becoming bilateral from the fifth cell division onward. The fully formed vermiform embryo consists of 23 cells and exhibits bilateral symmetry. The 23 cells are produced after only four to six rounds of cell division. During the development of both types of embryo, a few cells consistently undergo extremely unequal divisions; the much smaller daughter cells eventually degenerate and ultimately disappear during embryogenesis. This disappearance may be an example of programmed cell death. The cell lineages appear to be invariant among embryos, apart from the derivation of the lateral cells of infusoriform embryos. In addition to a description of embryogenesis, the present review includes details of development of the functionally hermaphroditic gonad, the infusorigen, and gametogenesis. The infusorigen is formed from an agamete. The first spermatogonium is produced by the second division and the first oogonium is produced by the third division. Oogonia occupy the outer surface of the axial cell of the infusorigen, while spermatogonia are incorporated into the cytoplasm of the axial cell of the infusorigen. The infusorigen consists finally of approximately 20 cells.
Seed production and germination in two rare and three common co-occurring Acacia species from south-east Australia

Seed set, size, viability and germination requirements were investigated for two rare (Acacia ausfeldii and A. williamsonii) and three common (A. pycnantha, A. genistifolia and A. paradoxa) co-occurring congeners in box-ironbark eucalypt forests near Bendigo, south-east Australia to investigate correlates of rarity. Seed size was significantly smaller for the two rare species and germinants were less able to emerge from deeper sowing depths than were the larger seeded common congeners. All species had a strong heat-stimulated germination response. While the rare A. ausfeldii showed strong germination only at the highest temperature treatment (100°C), the common and widespread A. pycnantha showed strong germination across a broad range of temperatures (60-100°C), likely to be experienced by soil-stored seeds during a fire. Seed viability, number of seeds per plant, and number of firm, aborted and eaten seeds per pod varied between species, but the pattern of variation was not related to rarity. Small seed size and a very specific temperature requirement for germination may help to explain rarity in A. ausfeldii, and to a lesser extent in A. williamsonii. Fires are often patchy and heating of the soil is likely to be highly spatially variable, so species with germination responses to a broad range of temperatures have an advantage over those that respond only to a narrow range. A narrower range of soil depths from which seeds can emerge will further reduce the proportion of the seed bank that might recruit following fire. Human impacts on species habitats, such as fragmentation, loss of topsoil through mining, timber harvesting, grazing and urbanization, and consequent reduction in fire intensity, are likely to have further contributed to rarity in these species. The role of pollination and other factors in relation to population size is the subject of further investigation.
Is the Bosphorus Strait a barrier to gene flow for the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819)?

Abstract The Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, is a commercially important species with a continuous distribution spanning the eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Aegean and the Black Sea. Previous genetic research has indicated differentiation between the Aegean and the Ukrainian Black Sea populations of this species. Using the COIII region of mitochondrial DNA and six microsatellite markers, we investigated whether there is any genetic differentiation among populations of the Black Sea, the Bosphorus Strait and the Sea of Marmara, on a local scale. A total of 170 mussels representing eight localities extending from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, including the Bosphorus Strait, were analysed. Results for mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analysis showed no significant genetic grouping among geographical regions. Ukrainian samples differed from those analysed in this study by a single base position. These results suggest that the Bosphorus Strait does not restrict gene flow for this species. Analysis of samples from a greater geographic range, encompassing the Dardanelles, the Aegean, and more northern populations in the Black Sea, will be necessary to understand the nature of the previously reported genetic break of the Mediterranean mussels between the Black Sea and the Aegean.
Culture of In Vitro Mouse Embryos with Vitamin E Improves Development

To investigate the effects of vitamin E on the in vitro development of mouse embryos from 1-cell to blastocysts, embryos were cultured in two media, Brinster's BMOCIII and BMOCIII supplemented with 100 μM vitamin E (BMOCIIIvitE). The incorporation and oxidation of glucose were also compared between the embryos cultured in these media. Both the number of embryos that developed to the 1-cell stage and to the blastocyst stage were much larger for BMOCIIIvitE than BMOCIII. No significant differences in the incorporation of 14C-glucose or in the oxidation of 14C-glucose were found between the 2-cell embryos incubated in BMOCIIIvitE and BMOCIII. On the other hand, the incorporation and oxidation rates of 14C-glucose were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the embryos cultured in BMOCIIIvitE compared with those in BMOCIII at the blastocyst stage. These findings indicate that vitamin E has a beneficial effect on embryo development in mice, perhaps through protecting the cells from oxygen radicals in vitro.
Biological Conditions for Chaos in a Three‐Species Food Chain

Although the discrete-time logistic model provided one of the very first examples of chaotic dynamics, and despite the fact that population models tend to be highly nonlinear, thus far chaos has played a surprisingly small role in ecology. Some investigators have found (in the context of insect population dynamics) that the parameters that produce chaos tend to be biologically unrealistic (Hassell et al. 1976); others have argued that evolution tends to favor nonchaotic dynamics (Berryman and Millstein 1989). Indeed, the known examples of chaotic population systems tend to be extreme in one way or another. Hastings and Powell (1991) have produced a new example of a chaotic population system, a simple threespecies food chain with Type II functional responses. This is a particularly intriguing example because it can be viewed as an approximation-if admittedly a very crude one-to a whole ecological community, rather than some sort of subsystem. Moreover, the basic feature that generates the chaos-coupled oscillationsis just as likely to be present in more detailed wholesystem models as in the simple food chain. But one still needs to ask whether there might be something extreme about the parameter values that produce chaos in this system. We show here that the parameter values used by Hastings and Powell are indeed rather improbable biologically, but we indicate biologically reasonable parameters that also produce chaos. Finally, we offer some generalities as to which biological conditions favor chaos in these food chains. Yodzis and Innes (1992) have shown how to relate parameter values in just such models as employed by Hastings and Powell to the body sizes and metabolic characteristics of the animals involved. In the notation of Yodzis and Innes, Hasting and Powell's (1 99 1) model reads
What Makes an Employer-Entrepreneur?

Why do increasing numbers of entrepreneurs remain solo while less of them start hiring employees and grow? And which characteristics help entrepreneurs to remain an employer? A better understanding of what makes an employer-entrepreneur is of high interest as the policy debate on entrepreneurship centers on start-ups that create jobs and have growth potential. Using household panel data, we analyze the full dynamics of transitions between the labormarket states of soloand employer-entrepreneurship, paid employment and non-employment, taking personality traits into explicit consideration. We distinguish between direct entry into employer-entrepreneurship and a stepwise entry via solo-entrepreneurship and find important differences. Using various proxies for entrepreneurial abilities, we observe that those who have better abilities are more likely to hire immediately. Concerning entrepreneurial survival, our results show that higher entrepreneurial abilities generally also have a positive influence, but very high levels of risk tolerance and trust in others have opposing effects. Overall, we reveal that personality traits matter more for survival than for entry into employer-entrepreneurship. JEL classification: J22, J23, L26.
Oral Health Indices for Epidemiological Surveys: AComparison in the Saycare Study

Objective: To compare, within the SAYCARE study, the epidemiological indices adopted by the WHO in oral health for dental caries and periodontal disease with others used for the same purpose. Methods: The oral health of preschoolers, schoolchildren and adolescents from Teresina was evaluated in the SAYCARE pilot project. Caries disease was evaluated by the ICDAS and DMFT indices while for periodontal disease the PSR and CPI indices were used. The diagnostic results of these indices were then compared by means of percentages (descriptive analysis). Results: In all age groups studied, there was a high prevalence of caries, where the number of white spot lesions was higher than that of dentine caries, according to the ICDAS code. The DMFT index presented worse results than the ICDAS, as the former does not consider white spot lesions or enamel cavitation. A high prevalence of gingival bleeding was also seen, especially among adolescents. Comparisons between PSR and CPI results showed similar diagnostic results. Conclusion: Analysis of the comparison of the results of the DMFT and ICDAS indices indicates that the latter is more appropriate when describing the prevalence of caries in multicentric studies. However, the CPI index seems to be better suited to the evaluation of periodontal conditions than the PSR.
First record of Vulgarogamasus immanis (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Svalbard

The mesostigmatid mite Vulgarogamasus immanis (Berlese, 1904) is reported in Svalbard for the first time. The gamasid mite community of Svalbard is amongst the best known of invertebrate groups of the archipelago due to recent revisions based on fresh sam− pling campaigns. Nonetheless, a hitherto unrecorded species of gamasid mite was recently found along the strandline in Barentsburg. This record brings the total gamasid mite inven− tory of Svalbard to 23 species. The current inventory of Svalbard is bedeviled with syn− onyms and misidentifications. Nevertheless, resolving these confusions and maintaining an accurate and updated species inventory is of prime importance in understanding the ecology of this region. Especially in a period of rapid environmental change. Key wor ds: Arctic, Spitsbergen, Barentsburg, mite, Gamasida.
Analysis of Coronary Ailment Using Various Data Mining Techniques: A Review

Coronary illness is the main cause of demise on the globe in the course of current years. Researcher have been utilizing distinct data mining methods as indicated by assist wellbeing with health care experts into the analysis on coronary illness. In this way require to treat coronary ailment that is found in people which exact snared issues, whenever neglected at starting time. Distinct Data Mining Techniques can be utilized to investigate heart related issues. The essential point is that investigation of the Data Mining technique which is generally exact. The essential point is an analysis of the Data Mining strategy which is basically accurate. The focal point of research work is to evaluate the utilization of information mining in medical field as well as a portion of the procedures utilized in heart disease prediction.
Vestures in Woody Plants: A Review

Vestures are defined as mostly branched or irregularly shaped protuberances on the inner surface of the secondary wall of wood incIuding the surface of the wall lining the pit cavity. Based on a survey of literature, vestures in softwoods and hardwoods are discussed. Data on the chemical composition, ontogeny and possible functions are limited and partly contradictory. A preliminary list of dicotyledonous families is given in which vestures have been reported to occur. No general morphological cIassification of the different types of vestures (and 'warts') has been accepted at present. The taxonomie and diagnostic value of this polyphyletic character can be considerable but should be evaluated for each individual taxonomie group. It is not cIear whether all types of vestures and warts are homologous; both structures remain poorly understood.
Doses de ácido giberélico na frutificação efetiva e qualidade de frutos de atemoieira 'Gefner'

The objective of present study was to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the fruit set and fruit quality in atemoya 'Gefner' under irrigated conditions in the North of Minas Gerais. The experiment was performed in a commercial farm of atemoya 'Gefner'. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with four replicates and five fruits per parcel. Five different doses of the commercial product Pro-Gibb ®, (10% of GA3) in the form of soluble powder was used as follow: 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg.L-1. The product was applied directly on flowers at anthesis stage and more three applications were performed (7, 21 and 35 days after anthesis stage). Fruit set, fruit length and fruit diameter were evaluated weekly during 19 weeks. After harvest the physical-chemical characteristics were submitted to analysis of variance and the effects of doses were tested and adjusted in regression equations. The percentage of fruit set, the fruit weight, pulp weight, the peel weight and pH increase with increasing of dose of GA3. The application of GA3 produces seedless fruit and does not affect the soluble solids content of atemoya 'Gefner' fruits.
Release of ferulic acid from cereal residues by barley enzymatic extracts

The use of esterase- and xylanase-rich extracts of barley for the release of ferulic acid (FA) from barley spent grain and wheat bran is proposed here. Esterase activity was determined in 11 barley varieties and enriched extracts were prepared from one of the varieties with higher activity, Halcyon (7·3 mU/g barley). The esterase(s) extract alone was able to release low amounts of FA from spent grain and wheat bran. However, the presence of the xylanase(s)-containing extract increased the release of FA and demonstrated synergistic reactions between these enzymes. Maximum FA released by the combination of esterase(s) and xylanase(s) extracts was 26% and 13·3% from spent grain and wheat bran respectively after 36 h incubation. FA from spent grain and wheat bran was also released by barley esterase(s) extract and Trichoderma viride xylanase. Reducing sugar release followed a pattern similar to that for the release of FA. However, barley xylanase(s) appear more specific than T. viride xylanase for spent grain. These results demonstrate the potential use of economical barley enzymes for the release of ferulic acid from cell wall materials.
Particle Adhesion Measurements on Insect Wing Membranes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Many insects have evolved refined self-cleaning membrane structuring to contend with an environment that presents a range of potential contaminates. Contamination has the potential to reduce or interfere with the primary functioning of the wing membrane or affect other wing cuticle properties, (for example, antireflection). Insects will typically encounter a variety of air-borne contaminants which include plant matter and soil fragments. Insects with relatively long or large wings may be especially susceptible to fouling due to the high-wing surface area and reduced ability to clean their extremities. In this study we have investigated the adhesion of particles (pollens and hydrophilic silica spheres) to wing membranes of the super/hydrophobic cicada (Thopha sessiliba), butterfly (Eurema hecabe), and the hydrophilic wing of flower wasp (Scolia soror). The adhesional forces with both hydrophobic insects was significantly lower for all particle types than the hydrophilic insect species studied.