Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The [simple carbon project] model v1.0

Abstract. We construct a carbon cycle box model to process observed or inferred geochemical evidence from modern and paleo settings. The [simple carbon project] model v1.0 (SCP-M) combines a modern understanding of the ocean circulation regime with the Earth's carbon cycle. SCP-M estimates the concentrations of a range of elements within the carbon cycle by simulating ocean circulation, biological, chemical, atmospheric and terrestrial carbon cycle processes. The model is capable of reproducing both paleo and modern observations and aligns with CMIP5 model projections. SCP-M's fast run time, simplified layout and matrix structure render it a flexible and easy-to-use tool for paleo and modern carbon cycle simulations. The ease of data integration also enables model–data optimisations. Limitations of the model include the prescription of many fluxes and an ocean-basin-averaged topology, which may not be applicable to more detailed simulations. In this paper we demonstrate SCP-M's application primarily with an analysis of the carbon cycle transition from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Holocene and also with the modern carbon cycle under the influence of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. We conduct an atmospheric and ocean multi-proxy model–data parameter optimisation for the LGM and late Holocene periods using the growing pool of published paleo atmosphere and ocean data for CO2, δ13C, Δ14C and the carbonate ion proxy. The results provide strong evidence for an ocean-wide physical mechanism to deliver the LGM-to-Holocene carbon cycle transition. Alongside ancillary changes in ocean temperature, volume, salinity, sea-ice cover and atmospheric radiocarbon production rate, changes in global overturning circulation and, to a lesser extent, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation can drive the observed LGM and late Holocene signals in atmospheric CO2, δ13C, Δ14C, and the oceanic distribution of δ13C, Δ14C and the carbonate ion proxy. Further work is needed on the analysis and processing of ocean proxy data to improve confidence in these modelling results.
An analysis of Hotmail artefacts in Firefox 9

Webmail is a convenient way of accessing emails via a web browser on any computer connected to the Internet and it has gained popularity amongst Internet users. Many webmail service providers offer a free email service where users can set up an email account online by supplying their personal details and choosing a preferred username. Email artefacts such as usernames, aliases, message subject and body may be useful in a digital investigation and thus require recovery and analysis. Unlike client based email software where a user’s messages are stored locally on the hard disk, webmail messages are stored remotely on the webmail provider’s servers, potentially making it difficult for digital investigators to obtain relevant artefacts. However, since webmail is accessed through a browser and browsers leave their own artefacts, it may be possible to recover artefacts that may be useful in investigations. This paper discusses certain artefacts that can be left on a user’s hard disk as a result of using Hotmail. For instance, artefacts that could be used to infer when an email account was created and the details supplied at set up; details of exchanged emails such as who a user sent an email to, when the email was sent and whether it was replied to; full or partial contents of the email; details of contacts that had been added, edited, deleted or restored by the account user. The experiments are carried out on Hotmail using Firefox 9 and involve the analysis of the various file formats used by Firefox as well as their evidential value. The research also involves a multi-tool analysis technique which is necessary due to the differences in the format of artefacts recovered and to ensure the accurate interpretation of data. A hex editor, SQLite analysis tool, standalone JSON viewer, and a cache analysis tool are some of the tools identified as useful and are discussed in this paper.
Hydraulic characterization of settled sediment layer and subsoil in an urban infiltration basin

The impact of a sedimentary layer on the infiltration capacity of an infiltration basin was studied through infiltration experiments. The combination of the modeling the infiltration experiments using BEST algorithm with laboratory soil column evaporation experiments helped to estimate unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of the materials. Poor infiltration capacities of the basin were the result of the combined effect of the sediment low hydraulic conductivity and high hydrophobicity (organic matter). The complete hydraulic characterization of the materials will constitute a material database useful to the numerical modeling of stormwater infiltration in Chevire basin for several scenarii of monitoring.
Sparse kernel classication using IRWLS procedure

Abstract Support vector classi cation (SVC) provides more complete description of the lin-ear and nonlinear relationships between input vectors and classi ers. In this paper. wepropose the sparse kernel classi er to solve the optimization problem of classi cationwith a modi ed hinge loss function and absolute loss function, which provides the e-cient computation and the sparsity. We also introduce the generalized cross validationfunction to select the hyper-parameters which a ects the classi cation performance ofthe proposed method. Experimental results are then presented which illustrate theperformance of the proposed procedure for classi cation.Keywords: Cross-validation, hinge loss function, iterative reweighted least squares, ker-nel function, support vector classi cation. 1. Introduction Support vector machine (SVM), rstly developed by Vapnik (1995, 1998), is being usedas a popular technique for classi cation and regression problems. SVM is based on thestructural risk minimization (SRM) principle, which has been shown to be superior to tra-ditional empirical risk minimization (ERM) principle. SRM minimizes an upper bound onthe expected risk unlike ERM minimizing the error on the training data. By minimizingthis bound, high generalization performance can be achieved. In particular for the SVC,SRM results in the regularized ERM with the hinge loss function. The introductions andoverviews of recent developments of SVM can be found in Vapnik (1995, 1998), Gunn (1988),Smola and Scholkopf (1998). Oh et al. (2003) studied classi cation problem based on leastsquares SVM. Training an SVC requires the solution to a quadratic programming (QP)optimization problem. But QP problem presents some inherent limitations which resultsin computational diculty especially for the large data sets. Platt (1998) developed thesequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm which divides the QP problem into a se-ries of small QP problems to avoid such computational diculty. Perez-Cruz et al. (2000)proposed iterative reweighted least squares (IRWLS) algorithm for SVM regression by trans-forming the Lagrangian function into sum of quadratic terms by de ning associated weights
A captology study on behavior model for persuasive ubiquitous technology

This is a conceptual paper to study the role of privacy in the behavior model for persuasive ubiquitous technology. The study reviews the literature on the factors of persuasive technology, particularly in ubiquitous and pervasive computing. These factors are motivation, ability and trigger. The paper goes on to analyze privacy factor that also plays important role in ubiquitous technology. In theory, although there are some models that explain persuasive technology, including Fogg Behavioral Model that is highly referenced, the inclusion of the privacy, especially in the area of location-based services (LBS) is almost none. Therefore, building on the importance of upholding user privacy, the research is proposed to extend Fogg’s model. Several methods will be deployed. First, a quantitative survey to assess the current users’ awareness of the persuasive and manipulative part of the technology. Second, a qualitative technique to gather more inclusive understanding of the issue from the viewpoints of users, developer and government agencies. Third, based on the findings, a model will be developed and tested via a quasi experiment that deploys an intervention module. The research is significant and important for the society and national development in several aspects; 1) promoting a comprehensive data protection policy development of cyber security, 2) providing rules to persuasive technology developer on the dos’ and don’ts, and 3) educating the society about cyber ethics and privacy.
Phonon assisted tunnel emission of electrons from deep levels in GaAs

A theory is developed for the electric field emission of electrons from deep levels in GaAs taking into account quantum mechanical tunneling and electron phonon interaction. Using this theory, a numerical model is developed simulating capacitive DLTS and capacitive transient experiments. The parameters of the model for the electron irradiation induced defect E3 are extracted by fitting an experimental DLTS spectrum and an experimental transient capacitance curve. In particular, an estimate is given for the Franck-Condon shift. This estimate is found to be consistent with that obtained by another method based on the measured activation energy of the capture cross-section. With the parameters thus found, the model is shown to reproduce correctly several other experimental results over a wide range of temperatures and electric field intensities.
Bottom of the class? The leaving certificate applied programme and track placement in the Republic of Ireland

Across many countries, young people are differentiated into academic and vocational tracks, a pattern that is closely related to their social class background. The Irish secondary system has been largely undifferentiated, but the introduction of a pre-vocational programme, the Leaving Certificate Applied (LCA), has brought an element of tracking into upper secondary education. This article explores whether allocation into the LCA track reflects processes similar to those highlighted in international research. It goes further than these studies by explicitly recognising the role of school organisation in influencing student's learning careers and educational decisions. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the determinants of track placement in the Republic of Ireland. Using in-depth qualitative case study interviews with students from Irish post-primary schools, this paper examines the factors influencing students' decisions to enter the LCA programme. This paper explores the extent to which individual agency and school-level factors influence track choice by focusing on the learning careers of individual students within specific school contexts.
INFLUENCE OF THE POLYMERS AND CO-EXCIPIENTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BUCCAL BIOADHESIVE TABLETS CONTAINING MICONAZOLE NITRATE

Background and purpose of the study: The purpose of this research was to study the influence of Carbopol® 71 G and Noveon® AA-1 as mucoadhesive polymers for the buccal delivery of Miconazole Nitrate (MN). The formulations were developed with varying concentrations of Carbopol® 71G or Noveon® AA-1 as well as composed by the combination of both polymers in 1:1 ratio, using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or lactose as fillers. Methods: Twelve different types of tablets were prepared using blends of either Carbopol® 71G or Noveon® AA-1 and a mixture of both polymers at 1:1 ratio with either MCC or lactose as fillers. Accurate quantity of MN and coexcipients were weighed. They were passed through 30 mesh sieve and thoroughly mixed using mortar and pestle. The blend was lubricated and compressed into tablet on a hydraulic press with 8 mm diameter flat-faced tooling. Results: All the formulations exhibited satisfactory pharmaceutical properties. Cumulative percentage of the drug released in 10 hrs from the ten formulations were about 90% for F1,F3 and F5 formulation . The microcrystalline cellulose and lactose included in the formulations slightly modifies the swelling capacity. The mucoadhesive strength increase as the concentration of polymer increases. However there is no correlation between swelling and mucoadhesion strength of compacts. Conclusion: The optimal balance between a combination of Carbopol® 71G and Noveon® AA-1 polymers showed satisfactory mucoadhesive characteristics and drug controlled release over 10 h, which in turn reduces dosing frequency and improved patient compliance in oral candidiasis patients.
Directional shift current in mirror-symmetric 
BC2N

We present a theoretical study of the shift current in a noncentrosymmetric polytype of graphitic BC$_2$N. We find that the photoconductivity near the fundamental gap is strongly anisotropic due to the vanishing of particular tensor components not foretold by point-group symmetry arguments; this is a consequence of dipole selection rules imposed by mirror symmetry, which imply that the relative parities between valence and conduction bands are key for determining the directionality of the band-edge response. In addition, the band-edge photoconductivity turns out to be rather large, with the peak value occurring in an energy range suitable for optical manipulation
Low genetic diversity and absence of population differentiation of hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) revealed by mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b region in Ganga and Hooghly rivers

We investigated the mtDNA cytochrome b based genetic structure of anadromous clupeid hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha, from the rivers Ganga and Hooghly. Six different haplotypes were observed, in sample size of 240, with a single dominant haplotype present in both rivers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of Ganga and Hooghly populations does not suggest existence of population structuring in hilsa. AMOVA conducted on the whole population from Ganga and Hooghly suggested existence of a single population, migrating to Ganga and Hooghly rivers through the estuaries for spawning and breeding.
EVALUATION OF A HIGHLY STANDARDIZED WITHANIA SOMNIFERA EXTRACT ON ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE BLIND, PLACEBO CONTROLLED STUDY

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disorder with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Withania somnifera Dunal ( Ashwagandha ) is shown to have potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in several studies. The present study was planned to compare the effect of Withania somnifera on endothelial dysfunction and biomarkers in patients with d iabetes mellitus . Materials and Methods: After taking IEC approval and written informed consent, 66 eligible patients, who are on metformin therapy, were randomized to receive either one capsule of highly standardized aqueous extract of Withania somnifera 250mg twice daily, one capsule of Withania somnifera 500 mg twice daily or Placebo for a duration of 12 weeks. Primary efficacy parameter was a change in endothelial function (measured as change in reflection index of more than 6 %) performed by salbutamol challenge test at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Secondary end points were change in biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and glutathione), high sensitivity C-reactive protein and change in lipid profile. Safety lab parameters were measured, at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results: A total of 60 patients completed the study. Twelve weeks of treatment with Withania somnifera 250mg and 500mg produced significant reduction in reflection index (-2.52Â±1.32% to -7.49Â±3.49%) and (-2.24Â±1.00% to -9.03Â± 2.42%) respectively, suggesting improvement in endothelial function versus placebo (-2.11Â±1.62% to -0.81Â± 2.86%). Similarly a significant improvement in biomarkers of oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, lipid parameters and HbA1c levels, compared to baseline and placebo, was observed with Withania somnifera . All treatments are well tolerated. Conclusion: Withania somnifera showed significant improvement in endothelial function, reduction in biomarkers of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation and can be used as a therapeutic adjunctive in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
Splanchnic metabolism of propylene glycol infused into the jugular vein of steers under washed rumen conditions

The splanchnic metabolism and blood to rumen fl ux of propylene glycol (PG) infused into the jugular vein of steers, implanted with permanent indwelling catheters in major splanchnic blood vessels as well as a rumen cannula, was investigated under washed rumen conditions. Up to 95% of the infused PG was taken up in splanchnic tissues. The hepatic uptake of PG accounted for up to 70% of the PG infused though the hepatic extraction ratio was only 8%. Up to 9% of the infused PG was transferred to the buffer incubated in the washed rumen. Increased hepatic balance of L-lactate could account half of the hepatic PG uptake. In conclusion the liver is the quantitatively most important organ for PG uptake from the blood, however, up to about one third of blood PG could be transferred back to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. L-lactate is a quantitatively important product of PG metabolism in the ruminant liver.
Approximation power of random neural networks

This paper investigates the approximation power of three types of random neural networks: (a) infinite width networks, with weights following an arbitrary distribution; (b) finite width networks obtained by subsampling the preceding infinite width networks; (c) finite width networks obtained by starting with standard Gaussian initialization, and then adding a vanishingly small correction to the weights. The primary result is a fully quantified bound on the rate of approximation of general general continuous functions: in all three cases, a function $f$ can be approximated with complexity $\|f\|_1 (d/\delta)^{\mathcal{O}(d)}$, where $\delta$ depends on continuity properties of $f$ and the complexity measure depends on the weight magnitudes and/or cardinalities. Along the way, a variety of ancillary results are developed: an exact construction of Gaussian densities with infinite width networks, an elementary stand-alone proof scheme for approximation via convolutions of radial basis functions, subsampling rates for infinite width networks, and depth separation for corrected networks.
Acoustic Signal Based Fault Detection in Motorcycles – A Comparative Study of Classifiers

The sound patterns generated by the vehicles give a clue of the health conditions. The paper presents the fault detection of motorcycles based on the acoustic signals. Simple temporal and spectral features are used as input to four types of classifiers, namely, dynamic time warping (DTW), artificial neural network (ANN), k- nearest neighbor (k-NN) and support vector machine (SVM), for a suitability study in automatic fault detection. Amongst these classifiers the k-NN is found to be simple and suitable for this work. The overall classification accuracy exhibited by k-NN classifier is over 90%. The work finds applications in automatic surveillance, detection of non-compliance with traffic rules, identification of unlawful mixture of fuel, detection of over-aged vehicles on road, vehicle fault diagnosis and the like.
Constructive feedback as a learning tool to enhance students' self-regulation and performance in higher education

If feedback is provided in a way that can develop students’ self-regulatory skills, it could enhance learning and, consequently, lead to improved performance. To improve teaching and learning in higher education (HE), this study sought to determine whether the feedback to first-year students affords them an opportunity to learn from it. A theoretical framework on constructive feedback, self-regulated learning and the expectations of students was synthesised from literature which formed the basis of the research. This was followed by empirical research using a questionnaire to capture students’ perspectives regarding feedback. Students experienced the feedback as not contributing towards improving their performance but are convinced that, if they receive feedback that is focused on the task level, it can improve their performance. Suggestions are provided that emphasise the need to use feedback at both task and process level as a learning tool.
Diagnosing the stratosphere‐troposphere stationary wave response to climate change in a general circulation model

[1] A stationary wave model (SWM) that captures the stratospheric and tropospheric stationary wave field is developed and applied to the problem of the stationary wave response to climate change. The SWM solution is controlled by damping settings that need to be tuned differently for observational and for modeling applications. The SWM is used to separately diagnose the effects of changes to the zonally asymmetric component of diabatic heating and of changes to the zonal mean basic state on the Northern Hemisphere winter stationary wave response to greenhouse gas forced climate change simulated by the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM). The SWM analysis shows that changes to the zonal mean basic state with diabatic heating held fixed explain much of the stationary wave response. In particular, changes to the zonal mean wind in the Northern Hemisphere subtropical upper troposphere dominate the subtropical and extratropical stationary wave response. CMAM simulates an increase in stratospheric wave driving in response to greenhouse forcing, in common with many climate models. In the SWM, this wave driving response, which is sensitive to the spatial structure of the waves, is not dominated by the subtropical jet response but involves several aspects of the zonal mean wind response and the diabatic heating response, all of which contribute to enhanced stratospheric wave driving.
A refinement of the Shuffle Conjecture with cars of two sizes and $t=1/q$

The original Shuffle Conjecture of Haglund et al. has a symmetric function side and a combinatorial side. The symmetric function side may be simply expressed as $ $ where \nabla is the Macdonald polynomial eigen-operator of Bergeron and Garsia and $h_\mu$ is the homogeneous basis indexed by $\mu=(\mu_1,\mu_2,.,\mu_k)$ partitions of n. The combinatorial side q,t-enumerates a family of Parking Functions whose reading word is a shuffle of k successive segments of 1,2,3,. ,n of respective lengths $\mu_1,\mu_2,. ,\mu_k$. It can be shown that for t=1/q the symmetric function side reduces to a product of q-binomial coefficients and powers of q. This reduction suggests a surprising combinatorial refinement of the general Shuffle Conjecture. Here we prove this refinement for k=2 and t=1/q. The resulting formula gives a q-analogue of the well studied Narayana numbers.
Integrated cost-benefit analysis with environmental factors for a transportation project : Case of pinglin interchange in taiwan

The concern over sustainable development gives rise to the importance of the environmental factors in evaluating an environment-sensitive project. In this regard, the widely adopted exercise which involves the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the traditional cost–benefit analysis (CBA) in a sequential way may be flawed with a failure to calculate the resultant economic and environmental impacts in the same setting and at the same time. It is mainly because the EIA is qualitative in nature and hence the environmental impacts are hard and difficult to translate into monetary terms. In contrast, by monetizing the environmental impacts, the study shows that it is feasible to integrate the CBA with the environmental factors on an equal basis. The empirical base of the paper draws on the case of the Pinglin Interchange in Taiwan. In particular, the empirical results show that an integrated CBA may produce an entirely different conclusion from the one resulting from the common traditional EIA and CBA ex.