Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inorganic carbon acquisition by Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta) involves external carbonic anhydrase and direct HCO3 − utilization insensitive to the anion exchange inhibitor DIDS

A mechanism of bicarbonate uptake with a high sensitivity to the putative anion-exchange inhibitor 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′- disulphonic acid (DIDS) has been previously reported in green algae. In this study, DIDS inhibited net oxygen evolution by Dunaliella tertiolecta by up to 22%, but internal pH regulation, intracellular CO2 accumulation, carbon fixation and affinity for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Dunaliella tertiolecta showed low or insignificant sensitivity to DIDS. However, in cells grown and tested at pH 9·5, treatment with DIDS elevated the k 0.5(HCO3 −), suggesting there may be a minor role for a DIDS-sensitive anion-exchange-type HCO3 − transporter in DIC acquisition by D. tertiolecta at high pH. In contrast, significant external carbonic anhydrase (CAext) activity and up to 70% inhibition of DIC-dependent O2 evolution by acetozolamide (AZ) suggest that CAext has an important role in DIC acquisition in D. tertiolecta, in normal seawater conditions and at elevated pH. Furthermore, the rate of DIC-dependent photosynthesis at high pH, in the presence of AZ, was 12 times higher than the calculated uncatalysed rate of CO2 supply from HCO3 −. This requires some system for direct HCO3 − uptake by D. tertiolecta, which may include a DIDS-insensitive mechanism. The effects of DIDS upon indirect measures of DIC acquisition should be interpreted cautiously as DIDS may have non-specific effects upon whole cell function, and affect ion transport processes not directly related to HCO3 − uptake.
Species of Euglossa of the analis group in the Atlantic forest (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

The species of Euglossa Latreille, 1802 of the analis group inhabiting the Brazilian Atlantic forest are revised and identification keys for males and females are provided. Five species are recognized in the Atlantic forest: Euglossa cognata Moure, 1970, Euglossa marianae Nemesio, 2011, Euglossa roderici Nemesio, 2009 and two new species described here, Euglossa botocuda sp. nov. and Euglossa calycina sp. nov. These two new species have been misidentified by previous authors as Atlantic forest populations of, respectively, Euglossa iopyrrha Dressler, 1982 and Euglossa mixta Friese, 1899. Relevant morphological features are illustrated and distribution maps are also provided. Notes on the analis group are included and an additional available name, Euglossa aureiventris Friese, 1899, is placed in this species group.
Freshwater Fishing Participation Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Groups in Texas

Abstract The goal of this paper was to understand differences in the recreational fishing behavior of African-American, Mexican-American, and Anglo anglers in Texas. Hypotheses about different behaviors in recreational fishing were generated from documented differences in the cultural patterns of these groups as well as alternative theories of outdoor recreation behavior. Data from four Texas statewide angler surveys were used to test hypotheses. Twelve measures of participation were identified as subject to racial and ethnic differentiation. Except for the rate of licensed participation, only males were included in group comparisons because of the limited sample size of minority female anglers. Results indicated significant differences among racial and ethnic groups for 10 participation variables, all of which were generally consistent with what was expected from previous research. Anglo males were more likely than all other racial and gender groups (African-American males, African-American females, and .
Surface-soil Properties of Alder Balds with Respect to Grassy and Rhododendron Balds on Roan Mountain, North Carolina—Tennessee

Abstract We analyzed soils in Alder Bald, Grassy Bald, and Rhododendron Bald communities on Roan Mountain to infer the influence of vegetation on soil and to help guide management strategies. In all vegetation types, soils were acid (pH = 4–5) sandy loams. We found vegetation-associated differences for organic content, cation exchange capacity, acidity, two plant macronutrients (K, Mg), and three cations (Fe, Na, Zn). We predicted that nitrogen compounds would be highest in the Alder Bald because Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Green Alder) can harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Organic content was highest at the alder-bald sites, ammonium was similar among vegetation types, and nitrate was high at only some sample sites. The unique soil properties of the Alder Bald community, its likely role in primary succession, and its documentation as a long-standing community type on Roan Mountain suggest that management should be directed towards its conservation.
Deep sea swimming crabs of the Charybdis miles species group in the western Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae)

The deep-sea species of the Charybdis miles group occurring in the western Indian Ocean are revised on the basis of recent collections obtained by German and Russian expeditions. Two new species are described, Charybdis meteor sp. n. from the Straits of Bab el Mandeb and Charybdis crosnieri sp. n. from the insular margins and seamounts of the western Indian Ocean, which has been previously identified as Charybdis sagamiensis Parisi, 1916. The C. miles group represents a lineage with a probably relatively recent tendency for submergence which culminated in the formation of C. acutidens Türkay, 1986, a characteristic species of the deep Red Sea water mass.
Performance Trade‐offs Driven by Morphological Plasticity Contribute to Habitat Specialization of Bornean Tree Species

Growth‐survival trade‐offs play an important role in niche differentiation of tropical tree species in relation to light‐gradient partitioning. However, the mechanisms that determine differential species performance in response to light and soil resource availability are poorly understood. To examine responses to light and soil nutrient availability, we grew seedlings of five tropical tree species for 12 mo at < 2 and 18 percent full sunlight and in two soil types representing natural contrasts in nutrient availability within a lowland dipterocarp forest in North Borneo. We chose two specialists of nutrient‐rich and nutrient‐poor soils, respectively, and one habitat generalist. Across all species, growth was higher in high than low light and on more nutrient rich soil. Although species differed in growth rates, the ranking of species, in terms of growth, was consistent across the four treatments. Nutrient‐rich soils improved seedling survival and increased growth of three species even under low light. Slower‐growing species increased root allocation and reduced specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) in response to decreased nutrient supply. All species increased LAR in response to low light. Maximum growth rates were negatively correlated with survival in the most resource‐limited environment. Nutrient‐poor soil specialists had low maximum growth rates but high survival at low resource availability. Specialists of nutrient‐rich soils, plus the habitat generalist, had the opposite suite of traits. Fitness component trade‐offs may be driven by both light and belowground resource availability. These trade‐offs contribute to differentiation of tropical tree species among habitats defined by edaphic variation.
The response of Plantago major ssp pleiosperma to elevated CO2 is modulated by the formation of secondary shoots

The effect of elevated CO2 on the relative growth rate (RGR) of Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma was studied during the vegetative stage, in relation to plant development, by growing plants at 350 mu l l(-1) or at 700 mu l l(-1) CO2 in non-limiting nutrient solution with nitrate. To minimize interference by the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in the interpretation of results, RGR was expressed on a f. wt basis (RGR(FW)), as were all plant weight ratios. Stimulation of the RGR(FW) Of the whole plant by elevated CO2 was transient, and did not last longer than 8 d. At the same time a transient increase in root weight ratio (RWR) was observed. In order to investigate whether the transient effect of elevated CO2 on RGR(FW) was size-dependent, the data were plotted versus total f. wt (log(e) transformed). The transient period of stimulation of RGR(FW) and of RWR by elevated CO2 was still found, but in both CO2 treatments RGR(FW) decreased after a certain plant size had been reached. This size coincided with the stage at which secondary shoots started to develop, and was reached earlier in plants grown at elevated CO2. The RGR of these secondary shoots (RGR(see)) was Still increased when the period of whole plant stimulation of RGR(FW) had ended, indicating that the development of these new sinks took priority over a continuation of the stimulation of RWR. It is hypothesized that in this Plantago subspecies the response of the RGR(FW) of the whole plants to elevated CO2 is modulated by the formation of secondary shoots. Apparently, partitioning of the extra soluble carbohydrates at elevated CO2 to this tissue takes precedence over partitioning to the roots. resulting in a cessation of stimulation of plant RGR(FW) by elevated CO2.
Measurement of bio-physical signals for posture movement on the transformation system

A signal transformation system of posture movement for the stable state was designed in order to measure the bio-physical signal. To estimate the subject in a stable state on the basis of the bio-physical signal in the posture movement, the conditions of vision, vestibular, somatosensory apparatus and the central nervous system (CNS) were detected. Based on the vision condition, there was a greater average variation (Vi-αAVG-MAX and Vi-αAVG-MIN) in position with eyes closed and eyes opened (PC and PO), which was 27.11 ± 6.36 units. The vestibular condition showed a slightly larger average variation (Ve-αAVG-MAX and Ve-αAVG-MIN) in the body position with PC and PO, which was 6.60 ± 1.65 units. The somatosensory condition demonstrated a lower average variation (So-αAVG-MAX and So-αAVG-MIN) in position with PC and PO that amounted to 3.653 ± 2.424 units. The CNS condition was confirmed to indicate very little average variation (C-αAVG-MAX and C-αAVG-MIN) in body position with PC and PO that was at 0.401 ± 0.56 units. As the model depends on the bio-physical transformation system of posture movement, the average values of these perturbations were computed (0.01–2 Hz, range of Fourier frequency). The system consists of a data algorithm, an acquisition system, a data signal processing unit and a network system for the evaluated stability.
Edwardsiella tarda Associated Subcutaneous Abscesses in A Captive Grass Snake (Natrix natrix, Squamata: Colubridae)

Summary Edwardsiella tarda is an opportunistic pathogen associated with aquatic environments. It has been identified as part of the normal flora of the digestive tract of healthy crocodiles, alligators, turtles, lizards and snakes. However, data on its association with different clinical diseases in reptiles, especially in snakes, is scarce. A female grass snake (Natrix natrix) was presented with low body condition and with multiple subcutaneous nodules. After surgical cleaning of a nodule, E. tarda was cultivated in pure culture from the abscesses. To the author’s best knowledge, this is the first reported clinical case linked to E. tarda in snakes and one of the first case reports in grass snake.
The production of catechols from benzene and toluene by Pseudomonas putida in glucose fed-batch culture

Catechol and 3-methylcatechol were produced from benzene and toluene respectively using different mutants of Pseudomonas putida. P. putida 2313 lacked the extradiol cleavage enzyme, catechol 2,3-oxygenase, allowing overproduction of 3-methylcatechol from toluene to a level of 11.5 mM (1.27 g·1-1) in glucose fed-batch culture. P. putida 6(12), a mutant of P. putida 2313, lacked both catechol-oxygenase and catechol 1,2-oxygenase, and accumulated catechol from benzene to a level of 27.5mM(3g·1-1). In both biotransformations product formation ceased within 10 hours of feeding the aromatic substrate, and this was due to product inhibition by the catechols. The primary site of catechol toxicity was inhibition of the aromatic dioxygenase. Neither cis-toluene dihydrodiol cis-1,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene), nor cis-benzene dihydrodiol (cis-l,2-dihydroxy-3-methylcyclohexa-3,5-diene) dehydrogenase was significantly inhibited by catechol overproduction whereas both ring activating dioxygenases were inhibit.
Learning & Development, Making Connections to Enhance Teaching

COllege is changing. Anyone who has spent time in a college classroom lately can probably verify this change by reflecting on the variety of students encountered there. More specifically, recent studies indicate that the demographic composition of students is much more varied than it used to be. Today, college students come from increasingly diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, the number of older, nontraditional-age students as well as those with disabilities (both physical and learning) is growing. While this is no doubt a positive trend, it also presents new challenges for those teaching in higher education. In their new book, Learning and Development, Making Connections to Enhance 'leaching, Silverman and Casazza, both of whom have backgrounds in education, attempt to give college instructors tools to better accommodate this newly heterogeneous student population. Designed to be utilized by educators in a wide range of disciplines and settings, the book is organized into three segments an introduction to current trends and problems in postsecondary education; an overview of research relating to teaching and learning; and a discussion about evaluating current teaching practices and implementing new techniques. The largest portion of the book addresses research. In fact, over half
A Minute New Ecuadorian Andean Frog (Anura: Strabomantidae, Pristimantis)

We describe a new species of Pristimantis from a cloud forest at 2450–2800 m in the Cordillera Oriental in southern Ecuador (Zamora Chinchipe). The new species has a maximum snout–vent length of 17.9 mm (average SVL of 21 males = 12.3 mm ± 1.2, and of 19 females = 15.9 mm ± 1.3). This new species is the second smallest frog from Ecuador and smallest Pristimantis. Morphologically and phylogenetically, the new species is similar to P. caeruleonotus and P. colodactylus. It is distinguished from them and its congeners by its size, tuberculation, a distinct color pattern consisting of tan blotches on dorsum, spots on a brown venter, minute brown spots on anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, and other morphological features. Determination of small body size in frogs is discussed and meristic data of 40 minute frogs are compiled.
Predictors of reproductive cost in female Soay sheep

1. We investigate factors influencing the trade-off between survival and reproduction in female Soay sheep (Ovis aries). Multistate capture-recapture models are used to incorporate the state-specific recapture probability and to investigate the influence of age and ecological conditions on the cost of reproduction, defined as the difference between survival of breeder and non-breeder ewes on a logistic scale. 2. The cost is identified as a quadratic function of age, being greatest for females breeding at 1 year of age and when more than 7 years old. Costs, however, were only present during severe environmental conditions (wet and stormy winters occurring when population density was high). 3. Winter severity and population size explain most of the variation in the probability of breeding for the first time at 1 year of life, but did not affect the subsequent breeding probability. 4. The presence of a cost of reproduction was confirmed by an experiment where a subset of females was prevented from breeding in their first year of life. 5. Our results suggest that breeding decisions are quality or condition dependent. We show that the interaction between age and time has a significant effect on variation around the phenotypic trade-off function: selection against weaker individuals born into cohorts that experience severe environmental conditions early in life can progressively eliminate low-quality phenotypes from these cohorts, generating population-level effects.
Bisimulation Equivalence of Pushdown Automata Is Ackermann-Complete

Deciding bisimulation equivalence of two pushdown automata is one of the most fundamental problems in formal veriﬁcation. Though Sénizergues established decidability of this problem in 1998, it has taken a long time to understand its complexity: the problem was proven to be non-elementary in 2013, and only recently, Jančar and Schmitz showed that it has an Ackermann upper bound. We improve the lower bound to Ackermann -hard, and thus close the complexity gap. 2012 ACM Subject Classiﬁcation Theory of computation → Logic and veriﬁcation
NF-κB is required for CD38-mediated induction of Cγ1 germline transcripts in murine B lymphocytes

Ligation of CD38 on murine B cells with agonistic anti-CD38 mAb induces B cell proliferation, expression of germline g1 transcripts and enhances IL-5 receptor expression. This leads to Ig class switch recombination from the m to g1 heavy chain gene, and high levels of IgM and lgG1 production, particularly in response to anti-CD38 and IL-5 co-stimulation. Although some of the post-receptor signaling events initiated by CD38 ligation have been characterized, signaling pathways involved in CD38-mediated germline g1 transcript expression in B cells are poorly understood. Here we show that CD38 ligation of murine splenic B cells activates members of the NF-kB/Rel family of proteins including c-Rel, p65 and p50. The activation patterns and kinetics of NF-kB-like proteins in CD38-stimulated B cells differ somewhat from those seen in CD40-stimulated B cells. Activation of NF-kB-like proteins by CD38 ligation is not observed in splenic B cells from Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk)-deficient (Btk ‐/‐ ) mice, with inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase also suppressing NF-kB activation in CD38-activated B cells. We infer from these results that activation of Btk, PI-3 kinase and PKC play, at least in part, important roles in the induction of NF-kB in CD38-stimulated murine B cells. Consistent with a role for NF-kB/ Rel signaling in CD38-mediated germline g1 transcript expression, p50 ‐/‐ B cells show significant impairment of germline g1 transcript expression in response to CD38 ligation, whereas the CD40induced response was not altered. In contrast, c-Rel ‐/‐ B cells show a severe impairment of germline g1 transcript expression in response to CD38 or CD40 ligation. These results indicate an essential role for NF-kB proteins in the induction of germline g1 transcripts by CD38-ligated murine B cells giving rise to IL-5-induced IgG1 production.
HARMONIZATION OF CRITERIA AND TERMINOLOGY IN RABBIT MEAT RESEARCH

The harmonization of rabbit carcass criteria is a result of an international work. lts task was to specify the main traits to be considerad from the birth of the animal to carcass analysis, to define these traits with enough accuracy and to propose a common terminology. Work on harmonization has been initialized by the Mediterranean Rabbit Group Conference (BLASCO, OUHAYOUN and MASOERO, 1992), completad by several research teams and, finally, discussed during a round table of the Vth World Rabbit Congress (Corvallis, 1992). The proposal described in this work concerns: 1- growth, consumption and breeding measurments, preslaughter handling and slaughter processing, 2- dressing percentage analysis, 3- measurments or prediction of commercial and reference carcass composition. The work represents an official document of the World Rabbit Science Association. A commission has been created to examine the efficiency of the proposed criteria and to modify them according to what the scientific development and the practica! experience or thei use would recommend.
A null biogeographic model for quantifying the role of migration in shaping patterns of global taxonomic richness and differentiation diversity, with implications for Ordovician biogeography

Abstract Biodiversity patterns in the fossil record are often interpreted as functions of only origination and extinction whereas the migration of taxa among regions or paleocontinents is rarely considered. A null biogeographic model is presented that evaluates the role of migration in shaping global biodiversity patterns across evolutionary time scales. As taxa are allowed to originate, go extinct, and migrate among continents, the model keeps track of global richness and differentiation diversity (the diversity gained by pooling continents). The model's results highlight the difference between global-scale and continental-scale origination and extinction rates. Intuitively, origination and extinction have opposite effects on global richness at the global scale, but they interact with migration at the continental scale to influence differentiation diversity and global richness in surprising ways. The model shows that the migration of taxa among paleocontinents can facilitate an increase in global richness, even when continental extinction is greater than continental origination. Additionally, the model shows that differentiation diversity reaches a dynamic equilibrium that is dictated by the combination of migration, origination, and extinction rates. A test of the model with Ordovician macroinvertebrate data indicates that migration rates were low during the Ordovician and that differentiation diversity was high and varied little. Overall, the Ordovician was an interval of high provinciality. It also shown that widespread genera were less prone to global extinction, even though extinction of genera on individual paleocontinents was common.
Diet of Black-Winged Stilt Chicks in Coastal Wetlands of Southwestern Taiwan

Abstract. The Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) is a long-distance migratory wader common in Europe, North Africa, Asia and Australia. Diets of Black-winged Stilt chicks collected from breeding sites in southwestern Taiwan between April and September 1999–2001 were investigated. The contents of 305 stomachs were examined and 12,176 food items categorized into seven classes, 17 orders, 39 families and 48 species of animals. Prey importance was determined by the index of Acosta (I'a); i.e. the sum of the relative frequency of occurrence, relative abundance and relative estimated volume. The mean abundance and estimated volume of animal contents per stomach were 39 ± 6 items and 80 ± 10 mm3, respectively. The main aquatic invertebrate prey (I'a > 10) were water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), chironomid midges (Chironomidae), shore flies (Ephydridae), house flies (Muscidae) and brine shrimp (Artemiidae). The total relative frequency of occurrence, relative abundance and relative estimated volume of these six families were over 64%, 87% and 72%, respectively. The major prey size range of stilt chicks was 2.7–7.4 mm3, which comprised only 18% of the total relative abundance of diet items while contributing 42% of the total estimated diet volume. Two alien (an Oreochromis hybrid and Gambusia affinis) and one indigenous (Yongeichthys caninus) fish species were also important contributors to the relative estimated volume (17% in total). The findings suggest that water-level management may improve the feeding habitats of stilts.