Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hyperfine Paschen–Back regime in alkali metal atoms: consistency of two theoretical considerations and experiment

Simple and efficient λ-method and λ/2-method (λ is the resonant wavelength of laser radiation) based on a nanometric-thickness cell filled with rubidium (Rb) are implemented to study the splitting of hyperfine transitions of an Rb85 and Rb87D1 line in an external magnetic field in the range of B=0.5–0.7 T. It is experimentally demonstrated from 20 (12) Zeeman transitions allowed at low B-field in Rb85 (Rb87) spectra in the case of σ+ polarized laser radiation, only 6 (4) remain at B>0.5 T, caused by decoupling of the total electronic momentum J and the nuclear spin momentum I (hyperfine Paschen–Back regime). The expressions derived in the frame of completely uncoupled basis (J,mJ;I,mI) describe the experimental results extremely well for Rb85 transitions at B>0.6 T (that is a manifestation of hyperfine Paschen–Back regime). A remarkable result is that the calculations based on the eigenstates of the coupled (F,mF) basis, which adequately describe the system for a low magnetic field, also predict reduction of the number of transition components from 20 to 6 for Rb85 and from 12 to 4 for Rb87 spectrum at B>0.5 T. Also, the Zeeman transition frequency shifts, frequency intervals between the components and their slope versus B, are in agreement with the experiment.
Breakdown Voltage Enhancement of Vertical Diamond Schottky Barrier Diode With Annealing Method and AlO Field Plate Structure

We proposed a simple method to enhance the breakdown voltage (BV) and reduce the turn-on voltage (VON) for diamond vertical Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with Al2O3 field plate (FP) structure. The Al2O3 was deposited by atomic layer deposition at 200 °C. Ti/Pt/Au and Zr/Ni/Au metal stacks were used as ohmic and Schottky electrodes, respectively. Then, this FP terminated SBD was annealed at 400 °C to improve Al2O3 quality and lower Schottky barrier height. The ideality factor and Schottky barrier height are 1.60 and 1.42 eV, respectively. Compared with regular diamond SBD, the BV of annealed diamond SBD was enhanced from 162 V to 386 V with an increasement of 138%, and the VON was decreased from −2.30 to −1.65 V. This method is potential for the development of diamond power devices.
No Difference in Knee Kinematics Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament–First and Posterior Cruciate Ligament–First Fixation During Single-Stage Multiligament Knee Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study

Background: For combined reconstruction of both the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), there is no consensus regarding which graft should be tensioned and fixed first. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine which sequence of graft tensioning and fixation better restores normal knee kinematics. The hypothesis was that ACL-first fixation would more closely restore normal knee kinematics, graft force, and the tibiofemoral orientation in the neutral (resting) position compared with PCL-first fixation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 15 unpaired human cadaveric knees were examined using a robotic testing system under the following 4 conditions: (1) 89.0-N anterior tibial load at different knee angles; (2) 89.0-N posterior tibial load at different knee angles; (3) combined rotational 7.0-N·m valgus and 5.0-N·m internal rotation load (simulated pivot shift) at 0°, 15°, and 30° of flexion; and (4) 5.0-N·m external rotation load at 0°, 15°, and 30° of flexion. The 4 evaluated knee states were (1) intact ACL and PCL (intact), (2) ACL and PCL deficient (deficient), (3) combined anatomic ACL-PCL reconstruction fixing the ACL first (ACL-first), and (4) combined anatomic ACL-PCL reconstruction fixing the PCL first (PCL-first). A 9.0 mm–diameter quadriceps tendon autograft was used for the ACL graft, tensioned with 40.0 N at 30° of flexion. A 9.5 mm–diameter hamstring tendon autograft (gracilis and semitendinosus, quadrupled loop, and augmented with an additional allograft strand if needed), tensioned with 40.0 N at 90° of flexion, was used for the PCL graft. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between ACL-first and PCL-first fixation regarding knee kinematics. ACL-first fixation restored anterior tibial translation to the intact state at all tested knee angles, while PCL-first fixation showed higher anterior tibial translation than the intact state at 90° of flexion (9.05 ± 3.05 and 5.87 ± 2.40 mm, respectively; P = .018). Neither sequence restored posterior tibial translation to the intact state at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. At 15° of flexion, PCL-first fixation restored posterior tibial translation to the intact state, whereas ACL-first fixation did not. Conclusion: There were no differences in knee laxity between ACL-first and PCL-first fixation with the ACL graft fixed at 30° and the PCL graft fixed at 90°. Clinical Relevance: This study showed that there was no evidence to support the use of one tensioning sequence over the other in single-stage multiligament knee reconstruction.
Optical and Near-Infrared Photometry of Nova V2362 Cyg: Rebrightening Event and Dust Formation

We present optical and near-infrared (NIR) photometry of a classical nova, V2362 Cyg (= Nova Cygni 2006). V2362 Cyg experienced a peculiar rebrightening during the period between 100 and 240 d after the maximum of the nova. Our multicolor observation indicates the emergence of a pseudophotosphere with an effective temperature of � 9000 K at the rebrightening maximum. After the rebrightening maximum, the object showed a slow fading homogeneously in all of the used bands for one week. This implies that the fading soon after the rebrightening maximum (.1 week) was caused by a slowly shrinking pseudophotosphere. Then, the NIR flux drastically increased, while the optical flux steeply declined. The optical and NIR fluxes were consistent with blackbody radiation with a temperature of � 1500 K during this NIR rising phase. These facts are likely to be explained by dust formation in the nova ejecta. Assuming an optically thin case, we estimated the dust mass to be 10 � 10 –10 � 8 Mˇ, which is less than those in typical dust-forming novae. These results support the senario that a second, long-lasting outflow which caused the rebrightening interacted with a fraction of the initial outflow and formed dust grains.
Atomic simulations of nanoscale friction behavior in polycrystalline alloy 690

Fretting wear is one of the most important failure forms of alloy 690 heat exchanger tubes in nuclear power plants. The key to understanding the fretting wear of alloys lies in the friction process, especially at the atomic scale. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed on alloy 690 to investigate the nanoscale friction behavior and its influencing factors, laying a foundation for further understanding the fretting wear mechanism of alloy 690. The friction processes of a single-asperity (probe) on a smooth polycrystalline surface (matrix) were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations at the atomic scale, and the variation law of friction force during the friction process was calculated. The factors that affected the friction force were discussed, including the pressing depth, temperature, and sliding speed of the probe, and the friction force was positively correlated with the pressing depth and sliding speed of the probe, while the temperature had little effect on the friction force. Observations of the generation and evolution of dislocations during the friction process and related factors such as grinding grooves and wear debris were also reported.
Laboratory Study and Field Validation of the Performance of Salt-Storage Asphalt Mixtures

The traditional method of removing ice and snow on roads carries the risk of damaging roads and the environment. In this circumstance, the technology of salt-storage asphalt pavement has gradually attracted attention. However, snow-melting salts may also have an impact on asphalt mixture performance. To explore the effect of snow-melting salts on the mechanical and surface properties of salt-storage asphalt mixtures (SSAM), SSAMs were prepared with styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt and high-elastic asphalt (HEA) as binders and snow-melting salts as fillers. The influence of the type of asphalt binder and the content of snow-melting salt on the performance of the SSAM was preliminarily investigated through laboratory tests. The results show that the high-temperature, low-temperature, and moisture resistance performance of the SBS group SSAM decreased by 9.8–15.1%, 1.6–12.3%, and 6.3–19.4%, respectively, compared with SBS00. The higher the amount of snow-melting salt, the greater the performance drop. The three mechanical properties of the HEA group containing high-elastic agent TPS are 11.3–19.7%, 4.2–12.3%, and 4.8–13.3% higher than that of the SBS group. Even when the content of snow-melting salt is 50% or 75%, the mechanical properties of the HEA group are better than that of SBS00 without snow-melting salt. Snow-melting salt has clear advantages in improving the anti-skid performance but decreases the anti-spalling performance. The surface properties of the HEA group were also better than that of the SBS group. Considering the mechanical properties and surface properties, the comprehensive performance of the HEA group is better than that of the SBS group, and HEA50 has the best comprehensive performance. In addition, the construction performance of the SSAM has also been verified, and the production of SSAM according to the hot mix asphalt can meet the specification requirements.
Next Generation Sequencing genomic analysis of bacteria from soils of the sites with naturally-occurring summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

The rhizosphere is the region of soil in which the highest densities of fungi and bacteria occur. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the distribution of bacterial species in soil where the summer truffle Tuber aestivum Vittad. bears fruit in selected stands in Poland. In order to determine the bacterial metagenome, the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) method was applied. Differences occurred in the bacterial species composition at the cluster level between soils in which summer truffle fruiting was recorded and control soils. In particular, differences in the percentage of Firmicutes bacteria were noted with an average frequency of 3.9% in truffle soil compared to 96.1% in the control soil. It was estimated that two bacterial species, namely Lysobacter antibioticus and Ensifer adhaerens had a positive effect on the occurrence of T. aestivum. Our research increased the knowledge of particular groups of bacteria accompanying truffles and their potential impact on the formation of fruiting bodies in T. aestivum.
Spectroscopic Studies of Styrylquinoline Copolymers with Different Substituents

The aim of the study was to present the influence of various styrylquinoline (StQ) substituents on the luminescence, structural, and optical properties of StQ-containing copolymers. StQ-containing copolymers were synthesized by free-radical thermoinitiated polymerization. The calculations of the copolymerization ratios for the obtained copolymers were based on the basis of the integrated peak areas of the 1H NMR spectra in CDCl3. The luminescence measurements show that the change in the nature of the electron-donating and electron-withdrawing of the substituent shifts the emission band to longer wavelengths and causes a transition from blue fluorescence to green or yellow and orange (or even white), regardless of the electronic nature of the introduced substituent group. The structural properties were measured by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. For all of the compounds, we observed similarities in the bands in FTIR and Raman measurements. The optical parameters were obtained from the absorbance measurements. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study the surface topography of the thin layers on the glass substrate. The SEM images confirm that we obtained smoother layers for two copolymers. The computational Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis fully supports the beneficial features of the analyzed systems for their applications in optoelectronic devices. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that all of the studied styrylquinolines are promising materials for applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, COP1 with an OCH3 donor substituent possess a wider luminescence band, and its layer is smoother and more transparent.
Three-dimensional bioprinting and electrospinning of cellulose nanocrystal/polycaprolactone for tracheal scaffolds

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has high flexibility and controllability, and has attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field. However, the scaffolds prepared only by 3D bioprinting have poor mechanical properties, and they cannot effectively carry the required drugs. At the same time, compared with the size of cells, the pore size of 3D printed scaffolds is relatively large, and the efficiency of cell inoculation and tissue formation are still limited by the pore resolution of scaffolds. Therefore, a new method of forming 3D printing trachea composites is proposed. When combined, 3D bioprinting and electrospinning (ESP) can overcome the issues associated with scaffolds prepared by 3D bioprinting alone. Nanofibers create a suitable environment for cell growth. In terms of material use, Polycaprolactone (PCL) is commonly used as an ideal material source for 3D printing, but its biomechanical properties are insufficient. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) can effectively improve the properties of polymers such as PCL. Therefore, the inner layer of the scaffold used in tracheal surgery is created from PCL/CNC composite by 3D bioprinting, and the outer nano-cellulose film is deposited on the inner surface by electrospinning. Mechanical properties and cell adhesion/growth of scaffolds prepared by 3D bioprinting combined with electrospinning were found to be superior to those of scaffolds prepared by 3D bioprinting.
Cross-Border Acquisitions and Shareholders’ Wealth: The Case of the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector

Cross-border acquisitions by Indian companies have increased tremendously, especially during the last two decades, and the pharmaceutical industry is one of the top acquiring industries. This study verifies the relationship between cross-border acquisitions and shareholders’ wealth in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. For this purpose, the data related to acquisitions were acquired from 2005 to 2019 and the event study methodology was applied along with two parametric tests. The findings of the current research prescribe that cross-border acquisitions have a positive and significant impact on shareholders’ wealth. Furthermore, the outcomes also indicate higher positive abnormal returns in the short run when the targets are based in the US and the UK as compared to the positive but insignificant abnormal returns when the targets are based in locations other than the US and the UK.
A continuous version of the negative binomial distribution

While discretization of continuous distributions have been attempted for many life distributions the reverse has hardly been attempted. The present endeavor is to establish a reverse relationship by offering a continuous counter part of a discrete distribution namely negative binomial distribution. Different properties of this distribution have been established for a special choice of the parametric value covering class properties, ordering and mean residual life.
Ownership, Governance, Uses, and Ecosystem Services of Community Forests in the Eastern United States

Over time, community forests (CFs) have been established across the globe to meet various social, economic, and ecological needs. Benefits of CFs include conserving resilient forests and natural resources and ecosystem services, enhancing social and economic capital, and leveraging local and indigenous knowledge in forest and natural resource management and decision-making. Research on CFs in the U.S. is quite limited, and cases that have been assessed show a wide spectrum in terms of CF ownership, organizational structure, governance, property rights, and uses. Through an exploratory research approach, this study enhances the understanding of the characteristics of CFs in the U.S. and the ecosystem services and other benefits that they provide. Through online web searches, we compiled one of the first comprehensive lists of CFs in the Eastern U.S. Prior to this study, there was no publicly available comprehensive database or list of CFs in the country. Subsequently, we conducted comparative case study research, which included semi-structured in-person interviews with key stakeholders from four CFs in the Eastern U.S. to understand CF ownership, governance, uses, and benefits. CFs benefits frequently included cultural services, such as recreation and education, and regulating and supporting services, such as water quality and wildlife habitat. Much less common was a focus on provisioning services such as timber or non-timber forest products. Maintaining collaboration and funding for CF efforts in the long run without significant CF revenues remains a challenge for most forests. Overall, this research sheds lights on CF characteristics and capacities in the Eastern U.S. and identifies potential opportunities and needs for the U.S. in the future. CFs researchers, managers, and community members.
Biodiversity Indices Pattern of Butterfly in Nasik District (M.S.) India

Due to their high sensitivity to pollution, butterflies have been considered as bio-indicators to gauge the degree of pollution. In addition to being an essential link in the food chain, they play a crucial role in the pollination of many blooming plants. Many different butterfly species are attracted to various plant species and environments in the Nashik area. The goal of the current study was to count the diversity and abundance of butterflies. The study was conducted in Nashik from January 2021 to December 2021. A review of literature throws light on the importance of butterfly diversity. We have therefore surveyed to know butterfly diversity in Nashik locality by using quantitative techniques. The data was analyzed to understand α and ẞ diversity. K.G. D.M. College campus, Trimbakeshwar, Nandur Madhyameshwar, Vani, and Lasalgaon are the five sites selected for butterfly study. The aims and objective of the study diversity of butterflies are to understand the taxonomic status of butterflies from the study area to see if there was variation in the butterfly community across various sites and to study seasonal distribution, abundance patterns in the butterfly community and diversity indices patterns.
Holographic Principle and the Surface of Last Scatter

I discuss a solution to the dark energy problem, which arises when the visible universe is approximated by a black hole, in a quasi-static asymptotically-flat approximation. Using data, provided by WMAP7, I calculate the Schwarzschild radius rs and compare to the measured physical radius of the visible universe, bounded by the surface of last scatter. The ratio, ε(t0) = r/rs is found to be comparable to ε = 1, as allowed by the holographic principle. The measurement of a shift parameter, σ, introduced by Bond, Efstathiou and Tegmark in 1997, plays an important role in the accuracy of the calculation. The approximation leads to a surprisingly small discrepancy, presumably explicable by the de Sitter, and expanding, nature of the actual universe.
Dynamics of articulated structures

An articulated structure is defined as an assembly of flexible bodies that may be coupled by kinematic connections and force elements that permit large relative displacement and rotation. Kinematics of such systems is defined using one reference frame for each body in the system and deformation modal coordinates that define displacement fields within flexible bodies. Deformation kinematics are defined by both elastic vibration and static correction deformation modes. Linear elastic deformation is presumed; i.e., a linear stress-strain relation is valid and relative displacements within each elastic component are small enough so that the theory of linear elasticity applies. Coupling of reference and modal coordinates leads to a system of nonlinear equations of motion. Methods of automatically generating and solving these equations of motion are outlined.
Warm molecular gas temperature distribution in six local infrared bright Seyfert galaxies

We simultaneously analyze the spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs) of CO and H2 of six local luminous infrared (IR) Seyfert galaxies. For the CO SLEDs, we used new Herschel/SPIRE FTS data (from J=4-3 to J=13-12) and ground-based observations for the lower-J CO transitions. The H2 SLEDs were constructed using archival mid-IR Spitzer/IRS and near-IR VLT/SINFONI data for the rotational and ro-vibrational H2 transitions, respectively. In total, the SLEDs contain 26 transitions with upper level energies between 5 and 15000 K. A single, constant density, model (n$_{H_2}$ ~ 10$^{4.5-6}$ cm$^{-3}$) with a broken power-law temperature distribution reproduces well both the CO and H2 SLEDs. The power-law indices are $\beta_1$ ~ 1-3 for warm molecular gas (20 K 100 K). We show that the steeper temperature distribution (higher $\beta$) for hot molecular gas can be explained by shocks and photodissociation region (PDR) models, however, the exact $\beta$ values are not reproduced by PDR or shock models alone and a combination of both is needed. We find that the three major mergers among our targets have shallower temperature distributions for warm molecular gas than the other three spiral galaxies. This can be explained by a higher relative contribution of shock excitation, with respect to PDR excitation, for the warm molecular gas in these mergers. For only one of the mergers, IRASF 05189-2524, the shallower H2 temperature distribution differs from that of the spiral galaxies. The presence of a bright active galactic nucleus in this source might explain the warmer molecular gas observed.