Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selection of diets by dual-purpose Mamber goats in Mediterranean woodland

The feeding behaviour of Mamber dairy goats grazing on Mediterranean woodland in the Upper Galilee mountains of Israel was studied throughout a year (1991/92). The percentages of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and condensed tannins (CT) were determined in samples collected by hand to simulate the plant parts selected by the goats. Total feed intake was evaluated by using Cr-sesquioxide as an external marker to determine the amount of faeces excreted, and 48 h in sacco degradability to assess the digestibility of samples. Overall, more time was spent by goats in feeding on ligneous material (tree and shrub foliage) than herbaceous vegetation (60 and 40% of total feeding time, respectively, P<0·05). The main ligneous species consumed by the goats were Quercus calliprinos, Sarcopoterium spinosum and Calicotome villosa (20, 13 and 7% of total grazing time, respectively). There was considerable variability in the 48 h dry matter (DM) in sacco degradability, and in the concentration of CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and CT, within and between seasons and plant species. Although requirements for nutrients varied according to the physiological stage of the goats, 48 h in sacco DM degradability and the concentration of non-ADF linked (available) CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and CT in the diet did not vary greatly: respective ranges were 45·0–49·4; 9–12·5; 44–53; 33–39; 12–17 and 3·5–4·7%. It is concluded that Mamber goats (i) may not select the best quality diet available, but may avoid wide variations in nutrient content of their diets throughout the year; and (ii) may not select a diet consistent with maximization of milk yield, but rather with optimization of body condition at the onset of the mating season.
Combining routing and virtual machine selection algorithm based on multi‐hop cloud wireless access network of mobile edge computing

For the problem that mobile devices that are far away from the base station obtain limited wireless resources, which causes high transmission delays, the study proposes a multi-hop path to assist users who are far away from the base station to use edge computing resources. And it combines cloud radio access network and wireless self-organising network. The modelling aims to minimise the total energy consumption under the constraints of task delay considering the mobility of mobile devices. Meanwhile, it selects the joint optimisation problem of the path for data transmission and the virtual machine for calculation. This study also introduces the krill herd algorithm and analyses its advantages and disadvantages. The author enhances the global search ability of the algorithm by defining perturbation factors in the random diffusion behaviour and introduces a new strategy of elite selection and retention into the iterative process to improve the convergence accuracy. Finally, the improved krill herd algorithm is used to solve the joint optimisation problem and a better allocation result than the separate resource allocation of calculation and communication is obtained. The experiment proves that the selection algorithm combining virtual machine and routing proposed in this study can achieve the expected results.
Reference Levels for Leaf Nutrient Diagnosis of cv. Tempranillo Grapevine in the Rioja Appellation

Plant nutritional diagnosis requires specific reference levels for each variety to effectively reflect the nutritional status of the crop. A vine nutritional survey was undertaken in the Rioja A.O. C. , northeastern Spain. The survey method was used to establish the preliminary reference levels for the nutritional diagnosis of leaf blade and petiole tissues of Vitis vinifera L. , cv. Tempranillo on Richter-110 rootstock. These references were generated from data obtained during the course of 11 years (2000–10) from 166 vineyards trained on Gobelet and Vertical Shoot Position (VSP), pruned in Guyot or Double Cordon Royat, systems. The database obtained included information from different altitudes, soil types, cultural practices, and climatic conditions within the Rioja appellation. The majority of the vineyards had no irrigation and soil was tilled mechanically. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B) were analyzed in leaf blade and petiole dry tissues sampled at both flowering and veraison. Vineyards with phytosanitary damages, flowering problems, and data with extreme nutrient values were discarded. Data were statistically analyzed to obtain the normal average values considering the (μ ± 0.25σ) of the central data as optimal levels and the tails values (μ ± 0.84σ) of the population as excessive or deficient levels. The statistical procedure included the Kolmogorov–Smirnov nonparametric test for normality, data transformations for normality, and the calculation of percentiles when those transformations to normal distributions become unlikely (P20, P40, P60, and P80). Finally, reference levels for leaf blade and petiole at both flowering and veraison are proposed for the nutrition diagnosis of the cv. Tempranillo grapevine in the Rioja A.O. C.
Scoring functions for protein-RNA complex structure prediction: advances, applications, and future directions

Protein-RNA interaction is among the most essential of biological events in living cells, being involved in protein synthesizing, RNA processing and transport, DNA transcription, and regulation of gene expression, and many other critical bio-molecular activities. A thorough understanding of this interaction is of paramount importance in fundamental study of a variety of vital cellular processes and therapeutic application for remedy of a broad range of diseases. Experimental high-resolution 3D structure determination is the primary source of knowledge for protein-RNA complexes. However, due to technical limitations, the existing techniques for experimental structure determination couldn't match the demand from fast growing interest in academia and industry. This problem necessitates the alternative high-throughput computational method for protein-RNA complex structure prediction. Similar to the in silico methods used for protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, a reliable prediction of protein-RNA complex structure requires a scoring function with commensurate discriminatory power. Derived from determined structures and purposed to predict the to-be-determined structures, the scoring function is not only a predictive tool but also a gauge of our knowledge of protein-RNA interaction. In this review, we present an overview of the status of existing scoring functions and the scientific principle behind their constructions as well as their strengths and limitations. Finally, we will discuss about future directions of the scoring function development for protein-RNA structure prediction.
Factors affecting biosurfactant production using Pseudomonas aeruginosa CFTR‐6 under submerged conditions

Studies on the biosurjactants produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa CF TR- 6 revealed that they consisted of glycolipids R-1 and R-2. A time course study of fermentation indicated that the appearance of glycolipids in the jiv-mentation broth coincided with the exhaustion of nitrogen arid the commencement of the stationary phuse with respect to biomass. The efect of variation of the media components such us carbon, nitrogen, phosphute and metal ions has been investigated. The jbllowing values were . found to be optimum ,fbr biosurjactant production: glucose, 20 g dm - 3; carbon to nitrogen rutio, 38; phosphate, 30 mmol dm- 3; MgSO,. 7H20,10 0 mg dm- ’. Adtlitiori of’ iron to the medium signijicantly diminished the glycolipid yield.
Cleavage pattern in Oscarella species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha): transmission of maternal cells and symbiotic bacteria

The cleavage and the first stages of development of larvae in five Oscarella species, from the north-west Mediterranean, O. lobularis, O. tuberculata, O. imperialis, O. microlobata and Oscarella sp. , are investigated. Eggs are isolecithal, and rich in yolk inclusions. The cleavage is holoblastic, equal and asynchronous. During cleavage, there is no central cavity (blastocoel). The result of cleavage is the formation of a solid morula constituted by equal blastomeres. The polarity of the blastomeres is not expressed prior to the beginning of larva differentiation, i.e. approximately up to 64-cell stage. The superficial membrane of the blastomeres shows numerous filopodia which form blastomere contact. Symbiotic bacteria and cells with inclusions of the maternal mesohyl are present in the intercellular spaces of the embryo from the beginning of cleavage. Whereas maternal symbiotic bacteria are present in the embryo of the five species studied, maternal cells with inclusions are absent from two species (O. tuberculata and O. microlobata). The most original feature of early development in the genus Oscarella is the formation of a coeloblastula larva from a morula due to the progressive migration of the internal cells to the periphery.
Light quality and vernalization interact in controlling late flowering in Arabidopsis ecotypes and mutants

Abstract The late flowering ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Heyn.) Eifel, Pitztal and Innsbruck responded to 10 d vernalization (cold treatment) by flowering earlier with less with less than half the number of leaves of non-induced plants. The vernalization response was cumulative: increased numbers of days of vernalization induced earlier flowering up to an apparent saturation in response after 30 to 40 d. The ratio of red:far-red (R:FR) light also affected non-vernalized time-to-flower. When grown under fluorescent plus incandescent lamps (R:FR = 1·0), time-to-flower was approximately half that required by plants grown under fluorescent lamps (R:FR = 5·8) at the same photon flux density and photoperiod. Leaf production rate was unaffected by either vernalization or light quality changes and time-to-flower and leaf number were highly correlated (r2 = 0·973). The late flowering mutants of Landsberg erecta were grown under lighting which displayed a gradient of R:FR. Some mutants like co, flowered at the same time in all R:FR treatment, while other like fca took nearly twice as long to flower, with double the number of leaves at R:FR ratio of 5·8 compared with the R:FR = 1 treatment. The ranking of the response from least to most responsive was co, fe, gi, WT, fd, fwa, ft, fha, fpa, fy, fve and fca. Vernalization of these Landsberg mutants always resulted in earlier flowering, although only fca, fve, fy and fpa were significantly more sensitive to thermoinduction than the wild type parent. There was a high correlation (r2 = 0·89 between the response to thermoinduction and to R:FR ratio. Vernalization of fca for 24 d largely eliminated the R:FR time-to-flower response. Vernalization and photoinduction similarly affect late flowering and can substitute for each another.
Textbook of Pollen Analysis

INTRODUCTION WHERE DOES THE POLLEN GO? : Production and Dispersal of Pollen Grains WHERE POLLEN IS FOUND: Organic Deposits, Origin and Description HOW POLLEN IS RECOVERED: Field Technique (Quaternary Pollen Analysis) FINDING THE GRAIN: Laboratory Technique PRESENTING THE RESULTS: Pollen Diagrams and Maps WHERE DID THE POLLEN COME FROM? : Interpretation of the Findings HOW TO USE THE INFORMATION: Applications of Pollen Analysis: ARCHAEOPALYNOLOGY: Pollen Analysis of the Human Environment SOME OTHER MICROFOSSILS WHAT POLLEN IS AND DOES: Form and Function of the Pollen Grain WHICH PLANT: Identification Keys for the NW European Pollen Flora.
Quantification of Viable Plesiomonas shigelloides in a Mixture of Viable and Dead Cells Using Ethidium Bromide Monoazide and Conventional PCR

A rapid and efficient method for quantitative detection of viable Plesiomonas shigelloides in pure culture containing a mixture of viable and heat-killed cells was developed using ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) in combination with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The addition of EMA (1 μg/ml) to mixtures of viable and heat-killed cells of P. shigelloides inhibited the PCR amplification of DNA derived from the dead cells, but did not inhibit the PCR amplification of DNA derived from the viable cells. EMA at 5 μg/ml or less had little or no inhibition on the PCR amplification of DNA derived from viable cells of P. shigelloides. After EMA treatment, the DNA from viable P. shigelloides cells in varying ratios of viable to dead cells could be selectively quantified by PCR. The minimum level of detection was DNA from 24 genomic targets per PCR reaction. A linear relationship was found between the relative fluorescent intensity of the DNA bands and the log of genomic targets derived from the viable cells in mixtures of viable and dead cells in the range of 2.4 × 101 to 2.4 × 104 DNA targets from viable cells per PCR.
Species Richness, Ecology, and Prediction of Orchids in Central Europe: Local-Scale Study

Orchids are one of the most species-rich families in the world, and many species are under threat in numerous countries. Biodiversity research focusing on the relationship between the richness of orchid species and ecological factors was performed across the Cerová vrchovina Mts (Western Carpathians) testing impact of 26 explanatory variables. We aimed to determine the main ecological predictors controlling species richness and to predict potential species richness patterns. Altogether, 19 orchid species were found in the studied area, with Cephalanthera damasonium and Epipactis microphylla being the most common. Four environmental predictors (minimal longitude, carbonate-containing sediments, maximal yearly solar irradiation, and agricultural land) had statistically significant effects on orchid richness following regression analysis. Predictive models for the nine most frequent species using MaxEnt software showed (i) that land cover and geological substrate had the highest contribution to the explained variance in the models and (ii) strong potential for occurrence of given orchids in several poorly mapped parts of the studied area.
Crop research to benefit poor farmers in marginal areas of the developing world: a review of technical challenges and tools

Despite great successes in crop research for the developing world, many poor farmers in marginal areas have not benefited. There is increasing recognition that crop research can and should benefit these farmers. This paper reviews some of the key technical issues related to the challenge of formulating and carrying out crop research that is targeted, relevant and appropriate to these farmers, with a particular emphasis on crop improvement. It examines the reasons that underpin the lack of research impacts, and some of the key challenges and tools available to make this happen. The challenges include breeding for marginal environments, incorporating risk and vulnerability as important dimensions of crop research, recognizing the demand for multiple traits and diverse varieties, as well as addressing neglected and underutilized species important to the poor. The tools are comprised of a combination of crop environmental classification systems with poverty mapping to target and prioritize research at the global and national levels, the use of participatory research approaches, particularly in plant breeding, as well as non-market valuation methodologies to make research products relevant and appropriate to the poor at the local level. The paper briefly examines the promise of modern biotechnology.
A Copper‐Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling Reaction of Diverse Activated Alkyl Halides with Terminal Alkynes Under Ambient Conditions

We describe a copper-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction of alkyl halides with terminal alkynes under ambient conditions, efficiently providing a versatile tool for the construction of substituted alkynes. A new proline-based N,N,Pligand is utilized to promote the transformation under a mild reaction condition. Diverse alkyl halides, such as primary and secondary (hetero) benzyl chlorides and bromides, secondary and tertiary α-bromo amides and propargylic bromide, are applicable to provide a wide array of alkynes.
The injuries on tortoise shells as a depository of past human impact

Abstract The spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca has a wide distribution encompassing southern Europe and the Middle East through to northern Africa. The populations at the northern limit of T. graeca’s range in the province of Dobrogea (Romania) are sparsely distributed across the entire area, with higher densities found in the hilly forested areas. Although strictly protected, the spur-thighed tortoise was and continues to be impacted by human activities. This study investigated the presence and characteristics of scars from past injuries on their shells. We studied three populations from protected areas, situated along a north–south gradient of approximately 150 km: Măcin Mountains National Park (northernmost limit of T. graeca’s range), Cetatea Histria, located within the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, in the central part of the region, and the Dumbrăveni Forest Natural Reserve in the south. All three populations had individuals with scars from past injuries on their shells. The highest numbers of injured tortoises were in Dumbrăveni Forest (35.78%) and Măcin Mountains (35%) while the population from Cetatea Histria (11.26%) was less affected. Carapace injury frequency was higher in the Măcin Mountains whilst the Dumbrăveni Forest population had a higher frequency of plastron injuries. Human-caused injuries were observed mainly in the anterior and dorsal zones of the carapace and the anterior zone of the plastron. Natural injuries were located on the posterior zone of the carapace, mainly on marginal scutes. Our study showed that the scars of turtle shells proved to be an excellent depository of past and recent human impacts and may offer insights for better conservation and management strategies.
Molecular evidence for recognizing the Chaetothyriales

The 18S rRNA gene sequences from the bitunicate ascomycetes Ceramothyrium linnaeae (Chaetothyriaceae) and Coccodinium bartschii (Coc- codiniaceae) were determined and aligned with the corresponding sequences from 33 other ascomycetes and one basidiomycete, Boletus satanas. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences supported previous re- ports that the Herpotrichiellaceae (Capronia, black yeasts, etc.) are distant from Dothideales and Pleo- sporales. A new sequence of Ceramothyrium linnaeae, representing the family Chaetothyriaceae, is mono- phyletic with representatives of the Herpotrichiella- ceae, suggesting that both families can be accom- modated in the order Chaetothyriales. The concept of Chaetothyriales can not be based on the presence of periphysoids, since Coccodinium bartschii, which also has periphysoids, clustered with members of the Dothideaceae. The Chaetothyriales are not closely re- lated to other bitunicates, but are the sister group of either Eurotiales or Lecanorales/Peltigerales.
COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTONICS OF THE NEOCORTEX OF MAMMALS AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY INTERPRETATION *

Cytoarchitectonics and myeloarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex were introduced around the turn of the century as a method of outlining cortical areas with the particular scope of localizing functional units. Together with the neurophysiological approach, such functionally and architectonically determined cortical areas could be’ demonstrated throughout most of the mammalian orders. In particular, sensory receiving areas for vision, audition, and tactility and, contiguous with the latter, effector motor areas could be outlined. From the point of view of the architectonicists, particular terms were coined regarding the structure of the neocortex on the one hand and of the older cortices on the other. The neocortex, insofar as it passes through a 6-laminated period during fetal life, is referred to as isogenetic cortex, short isocortex. The older cortices-the medial archicortex (hippocampus formation of mammals) and the lateral paleocortex (olfactory cortex proper) which exhibit very peculiar characteristics in addition to limited lamination are classified as allogenetic cortex, short allocortex. However, two particular intermediate structural steps are encountered, the first going out from allocortex to isocortex, referred to as periallocortex, and the second intercalated between the latter and the mature isocortex, referred to as proisocortex. Periallocortex ( pAll) and proisocortex (Pro) mediate structurally between the extreme types of allocortex and isocortex (FIGURE 1 ) . Both the architectonic and the electrophysiological studies were first made in monkey and in man (Brodmann, 1909; Campbell, 1905; Foerster, 1936; C. & 0. Vogt, 1919) and subsequently in many other mammals. For example, the central region of higher primates comprises the precentral motor cortex, an agranular type of cortex with the largest pyramidal cells of layer V, and the postcentral somatic sensory cortex, a highly granular type of cortex with the highest degree of granularization in area 3b. For this hypergranular type, von Economo (1925) introduced the term koniocortex, which means powder cortex, since not only granular layers I1 and IV are well elaborated, but the whole outer main stratum of cell layers 11,111, and IV appears enriched with granular cells and stands out by its cell density against a light V and dense VI of the inner main stratum. It is this hypergranular type which, with specific modifications, also forms the central areas of the auditory and visual regions. The agranular motor cortex and the eugranular sensory cortex meet in the depth of the deep central sulcus of higher primates corresponding to a general rule, which we have elaborated in a series of mammals, that the majority of the bottoms of sulci and even fissurets form the limit of architectonic areas. (Sanides, 1962; Sanides & Krishnamurti, 1967; Sanides & Hoffmann, in press.) The central sulcus of higher primates has, moreover, a decisive meaning for