Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anodization strategy to fabricate nanoporous gold for high-sensitivity detection of p-nitrophenol

The anodization of a gold electrode in oxalic acid aqueous solution of different concentration has been investigated at different applied potentials, which enables the formation of nanoporous gold (NPG). Electrochemical measurements show that the electrochemically active surface areas of the as-anodized Au samples show an obvious potential, electrolyte concentration and time dependence. The as-prepared NPG samples were used as the working electrode to investigate the redox behavior of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The CV profiles of NPG display a pair of redox peaks, and the peak current densities increase linearly with increasing p-NP concentration. Besides, o-nitrophenol (o-NP) has little influence on the electrochemical detection of p-NP. Through the anodization strategy, NPG electrodes with a high sensitivity and good selectivity can be developed to detect trace p-NP in water.
Quantum‐Mechanical Calculation of the Probability of an Exchange Reaction for Constrained Linear Encounters

A numerical procedure suitable for use with a high‐speed computing machine is developed for calculating the average quantum‐mechanical probability of the exchange reaction BC+A→B+CA for constrained linear encounters at temperature T when BC is initially in its ground or first excited vibrational state. The average refers to the average over the relative momentum frequency distribution of collisions between BC and A at temperature T. The procedure, which involves the numerical solution of the time‐dependent Schrodinger equation, is sufficiently general so that any three‐atom potential energy surface may be used. Two sample calculations have been performed using a simple potential energy surface. The results of these quantum‐mechanical calculations for the average probability of reaction are compared with the corresponding classical quantities which are obtained in an elementary fashion.
Nanoscale FinFETs for low power applications

FinFETs were the most favourable double gate transistor for the future CMOS device demands due to their improved turn off behaviour caused by better electrostatic channel control, suits especially for battery powered hand held applications. The device was fabricated with an Eltran SOI wafers. Its transfer characteristics reveals its suitability for its application in low power applications.
A simple model of internal loading of phosphorus in Lake Okeechobee

Abstract Models of nutrient dynamics in Lake Okeechobee have not adequately simulated the lake's reduced capacity, over time, to remove phosphorus. These models lack processes to either simulate phosphorus saturation in sediments or internal loading to the water column from the sediments. We developed a relatively simple mass balance model that incorporates nonlinear Langmuir sorption dynamics previously used by Pollman (1983) to describe the partitioning of inorganic phosphorus between sediment aqueous and solid phases. This partitioning resulted in progressive saturation of sediment phosphorus exchange sites. The resulting model represents an improvement over earlier efforts but still yielded only modest agreement between observed and predicted annual values (r2= 0.38). Model residuals were significantly correlated with lake–water column calcium concentrations; therefore, the model was refined to include a predictive submodel for calcium, based on ambient loadings and precipitation to, or dissolution from, the sediments. The latter process was modeled kinetically, based on the deviation of water column concentrations from a calibrated equilibrium value. The submodel assumed that as particulate calcium dissolves it releases attached soluble reactive phosphorus. Although this additional source of phosphorus (P) to the lake was small (∼11% compared to external inputs), it was significant during years when appreciable calcium dissolution occurred. As a result, the revised model performance was improved (r2= 0.48). The model indicates that internal fluxes of P exceed external inputs on average by a factor of 2.6. This internal flux will compromise the efficacy of load reduction measures taken to improve the water quality of Lake Okeechobee.
The Relationship Between Fiscal Deficit and Inflation in India: A Cointegration Analysis

Maintaining price stability is an important macroeconomic goal for sustainability of economic growth. Fiscal deficit has come to be widely regarded as the key player in determining inflation dynamics. Theoretical insights on inflation, however, give a contrasting view on the inflationary tendencies of fiscal deficit. The fiscal theory of price level suggests that persistent budget deficits can result in inflation, while the monetarists consider inflation to be a monetary phenomenon. The structural economists attribute rising prices to the changes in demand and supply constraints while Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis views fiscal deficit and inflation to be independent of each other. In light of these competing theoretical views on the factors affecting inflation, this study empirically examines the equilibrium relationship between fiscal deficit, money supply, exchange rate and inflation using Indian annual data for the period 1970-71 to 2014-15. The econometric framework used for the analysis is the Johansen cointegration technique, which tests both the existence and the number of cointegrating vectors. Furthermore, for testing the short-run causality, Granger Causality tests have been employed. The results show that there exists a long-run relationship between fiscal deficit, money supply, exchange rate volatility and inflation. Granger Causality tests do not confirm the causality running from fiscal deficit to inflation. This implies that the fiscal theory of the price level does not find empirical support in the Indian case. Given these findings, the efficacy of fiscal deficit as an instrument of price stabilisation in the short-run is questioned.
Dehydration dynamics of potatoes in superheated steam and hot air

Tang, Z. and Cenkowski, S. 2000. Dehydration dynamics of potatoes in superheated steam and hot air. Can. Agric. Eng. 42:043-049. Superheated-steam at atmospheric pressure is an alternative drying medium for dehydrating materials insensitive to temperature equal to or above 100°C. This research compared the dehydration characteristics, temperature histories, drying rates, and overall moisture diffusivities of cylindrical potato samples exposed to superheated steam and hot air at 125, 145, and 165°C. A small amount of moisture (0.18 to 0.47 kg/kg db, dry basis) dependent on the steam temperature was gained from steam condensation on the sample surface during the warm-up period from the superheated-steam. The temperature of the drying medium had a greater effect on the drying rate, overall moisture diffusivity, and consequently dehydration time for the superheatedsteam dehydration than for the hot-air dehydration. Increasing the temperature from 125 to 165°C decreased the dehydration time by 60 and 24% for the superheated-steam and hot-air dehydration, respectively. A constant-rate drying period was only observed with superheated steam at 125 and 145°C. There existed an inversion temperature point between 145 to 165°C for the first dehydration stage
IDENTIFICATION OF STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE GENES Yr's IN CANDIDATE EGYPTIAN AND CIMMYT WHEAT GENOTYPES BY MOLECULAR MARKERS

Stripe rust is a widespread damaging disease of wheat, causing significant losses in yield and quality. Each monogenic line of Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr32 and YrSP exhibited high levels of resistance to both 198E56 and 128E28 races, at seedling stage. The same monogenic lines showed adult plant resistance. Whereas, those with Yr17 and YrSP showed a disease severity ranged between 5MR to 10MR. The monogenic line ( YrSK ) was the only one which recorded susceptible and highly resistant reactions, at seedling and adult stages respectively . Nine Egyptian cultivars and four lines from CIMMYT tested at seedling stage were susceptible (IT 6-8). Misr-1, Misr-2, Gemmezia-10, Line - 6043, Line - 6085, Line - 6086 and Line-6107 showed a range of adult plant responses of TrR–10MR. T he remainder had variable degrees of susceptibility (5MS-30S). Fourteen genotypes were screened with three DNA markers to detect the presence of Yr9 , Yr17 and Yr18 . The 1100bp band diagnostic for Yr9 was present in 7 genotypes, i.e. Misr-1, Misr-2, Sids-12, Sids-13, Gemmeiza-9, Gemmeiza-10 and Gemmeiza-11. At 252bp fragment in Line 6043 (8STEMRRS) from CIMMYT was only indicative of Yr17 , and Yr18 was present all tested Egyptian and CIMMYT genotypes at 517bp. This mainly aimed to identify the stripe rust resistance genes in some wheat cultivars from and promising lines from by traditional and method, molecular
A Near-field Scanning Thermal Microscope - mapping the heat transfer by evanescent electromagnetic fields in the direct vicinity of a surface

The heat transfer caused by evanescent electromagnetic fields is by orders of magnitude smaller than the ones by adsorbed liquid-film and gas conduction and therefore cannot be examined by most Scanning Thermal Microscopes (Majumdar 1999). These fields have been used recently by De Wilde (2006) to map surface plasmon waves in a distance of 3 μm with a SNOM-based approach. A Near-field Scanning Thermal Microscope (NSThM) capable to measure the heat transfer by evanescent electromagnetic fields in distances of up to 100 nm is described herein. It is a refined version of the first and still only microscope (Muller-Hirsch et al., 1999, Kittel et al. 2005) able to measure this radiation in the direct vicinity of a sample. The setup is based on a variable temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) which is operated at a base pressure in the lower 10 -10 mbar range which excludes the heat transfer by liquid film and gas conduction. A temperature gradient between the tip and the sample is established by cooling the sample to 110 K and keeping the tip holder at room temperature. A modified tip forming a thermocouple is used as a probe to measure the heat transfer. In contrast to the previous version of the instrument (MullerHirsch et al., 1999) the thermocouple is now fabricated by heating and pulling a micropipette threaded by a platinum wire in a micropipette puller which forms the glass and the platinum jointly into a sharp tip. This is afterwards coated with 20 nm of gold resulting in a sub- μm sized platinumgold thermocouple. With this probe it is possible to measure the tunneling current and the temperature of the tip simultaneously. The STM functionality of the probe is retained: It is still possible to detect monatomic steps on a gold surface. The thermovoltage images sampled in constant (tunneling) current mode strongly resemble the topographic images. While the reasons for this are not yet clearly understood it can be securely excluded that it is just an artefact caused by electronic coupling of the thermovoltage to other STM currents or voltages.
Particulate matter, air quality and climate: Lessons learned and future needs

Abstract. The literature on atmospheric particulate matter (PM), or atmospheric aerosol, has increased enormously over the last 2 decades and amounts now to some 1500–2000 papers per year in the refereed literature. This is in part due to the enormous advances in measurement technologies, which have allowed for an increasingly accurate understanding of the chemical composition and of the physical properties of atmospheric particles and of their processes in the atmosphere. The growing scientific interest in atmospheric aerosol particles is due to their high importance for environmental policy. In fact, particulate matter constitutes one of the most challenging problems both for air quality and for climate change policies. In this context, this paper reviews the most recent results within the atmospheric aerosol sciences and the policy needs, which have driven much of the increase in monitoring and mechanistic research over the last 2 decades. The synthesis reveals many new processes and developments in the science underpinning climate–aerosol interactions and effects of PM on human health and the environment. However, while airborne particulate matter is responsible for globally important influences on premature human mortality, we still do not know the relative importance of the different chemical components of PM for these effects. Likewise, the magnitude of the overall effects of PM on climate remains highly uncertain. Despite the uncertainty there are many things that could be done to mitigate local and global problems of atmospheric PM. Recent analyses have shown that reducing black carbon (BC) emissions, using known control measures, would reduce global warming and delay the time when anthropogenic effects on global temperature would exceed 2 °C. Likewise, cost-effective control measures on ammonia, an important agricultural precursor gas for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), would reduce regional eutrophication and PM concentrations in large areas of Europe, China and the USA. Thus, there is much that could be done to reduce the effects of atmospheric PM on the climate and the health of the environment and the human population. A prioritized list of actions to mitigate the full range of effects of PM is currently undeliverable due to shortcomings in the knowledge of aerosol science; among the shortcomings, the roles of PM in global climate and the relative roles of different PM precursor sources and their response to climate and land use change over the remaining decades of this century are prominent. In any case, the evidence from this paper strongly advocates for an integrated approach to air quality and climate policies.
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering MESOPOROUS MOLECULAR SIEVE MCM-41 SYNTHESIS FROM FLUORIDE MEDIA

A study of the synthesis of MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves in fluoride media, having no alkaline metal ions, was performed by changing the gel composition and crystallization temperature and time. X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that highly ordered MCM-41 samples were obtained from gels with a NH4OH/SiO2 molar ratio in the 3.25-4.3 range (room temperature synthesis) or in the 4.3-20 range (24 hours at 373 K). During calcination, unit cell shrinkage, caused by high temperature polycondensation of the SiOH groups, was observed for all samples. The samples synthesized at high temperature (373 K) or using low pH gels (7.5) underwent lower unit cell shrinkage than those obtained at room temperature or high pH (9.0), indicating that the former samples had lower SiOH groups content than the latter. These highly-ordered samples showed large surface area (ca. 1100 m2/g) and pore volume (ca. 0.80 cm3/g), also presenting a narrow pore size distribution. Due to higher silicate polycondensation and a thicker pore wall, the samples synthesized at 373 K were more hydrothermally stable than those obtained at room temperature.
One-pot depolymerization of cellulose into glucose and levulinic acid by heteropolyacid ionic liquid catalysis

A series of heteropolyacid (HPA) ionic liquids [C4H6N2(CH2)3SO3H]3−nHnPW12O40 ([MIMPSH]nH3−nPW12O40, n = 1, 2 3, abbreviated as [MIMPSH]nH3−nPW) was used to catalyze one-pot depolymerization of cellulose into glucose. Their performances were much better than those of the previously reported HPAs, such as H3PW12O40, Cs2.5H0. 5PW12O40. Besides cellulose, the HPA ionic liquids were able to catalyze the conversion of sucrose and starch into glucose. In addition, one-pot synthesis of levulinic acid (LA) directly from cellulose was realized using these HPA ionic liquid catalysts in a water–methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) biphasic system. The separation of the products and catalysts was easy, and the retrieved [MIMPSH]nH3−nPW could be repeatedly used without appreciable loss of performance.
Electrophoretic Deposition Forming of SiC‐TZP Composites in a Nonaqueous Sol Media

Electrophoretic deposition (ED) was used to form uniform-structure green bodies with a thickness of about 3 mm of SiC whisker-tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) mixtures. A kinetic model for ED is presented. The model predicts the decrease of the forming rate as an exponential function of time. Diagrams of colloidal groups and electrochemical reactions of charged solid particles on the deposited electrode are proposed. The effects of applied electric field, viscosity, dielectric constant, amount of suspending agent, and zeta potential of the solid particles in Al(OC[sub 3]H[sub 7])[sub 3]-C[sub 3]H[sub 7]OH-CH[sub 3]OH sol on ED processing are discussed.
Effect of additive noble gases in chlorine-based inductively coupled plasma etching of GaN, InN, and AlN

The effects of additive noble gases, He, Ar and Xe to chlorine-based inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) for etching of GaN, AlN and InN were studied in terms of etch rate and selectivity. The etch rates were greatly affected by the chlorine concentration, rf chuck power and ICP source power. The highest etch rates for InN were obtained with Cl2/Xe, while the highest rates for AlN and GaN were obtained with Cl2/He. It was confirmed that efficient breaking of the III-nitrogen bond is crucial for higher etch rates. The InN etching was dominated by physical sputtering; the GaN and AlN etch rates were limited by initial breaking of the III-nitrogen bond. Maximum selectivities of ∼80 for InN to GaN and InN to AlN were obtained with the Cl2-based discharges.
Reactive extraction of itaconic acid using tri‐n‐butyl phosphate and aliquat 336 in sunflower oil as a non‐toxic diluent

Itaconic acid finds a place in various industrial applications. It can be produced by biocultivation in a clean and environment friendly route but recovery of the acid from the dilute stream of the bioreactor is an economic problem. Reactive extraction is a promising method to recover carboxylic acid but suffers from toxicity problems of the diluent and extractant employed. So there is need for a non-toxic extractant and diluent or a combination of less toxic extractants in a non-toxic diluent that can recover acid efficiently. Effect of different extractants: tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) (an organophosporous compound) and Aliquat 336 (a quaternary amine) in sunflower oil was studied to find the best extractant–sunflower oil combination. Equilibrium complexation constant, KE, values of 1.789 and 2.385 m3 kmol−1, respectively, were obtained for itaconic acid extraction using TBP and Aliquat 336 in sunflower oil. The problem of toxicity in reactive extraction can be reduced by using a natural non-toxic diluent (sunflower oil) with the extractant. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A semiconductor based pump-probe system and its application to THz spectroscopy

In this work a description of a semiconductor laser based system is presented that can be utilised in many pump-probe experiments and in particular as the basis for a THz spectrometer. There are two methods described, one which has a stepping time delay function and the other which has a sweep time delay function. These two methods are achieved in the first case by a manipulation of the relative gain switching of two semiconductor lasers and in the second case by a gain switching of two semiconductor lasers with slightly different RF frequencies. The time delay by cross-correlating the two gain switched laser outputs on a silicon APD via two photon absorption is demonstrated. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extraction chromatographic separations and analysis of actinides using sequential injection techniques with on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) detection

A sequential injection (SI) separation system has been developed for separation and analysis of Am, Pu, and Np isotopes using on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) detection. On-line actinide separations were carried out using an actinide-specific extraction chromatographic material (TRU-resin, Eichrom Industries, Inc. USA). Separations are demonstrated and characterized that are compatible with on-line ICP MS detection and address isobaric (241Am/241Pu, 244Pu/244Cm, 238U/238Pu), molecular (238UH/239Pu), and spectral (238U/237Np) interferences encountered in the analysis of Am, Pu and Np isotopic composition using ICP MS. The effects of reductive sample treatment on the extent of U matrix removal were investigated. Uranium separation factors were limited by the formation of U(IV) species, which exhibited separation behaviors similar to that of Pu(IV) and Np(IV). Nevertheless, separation factors as high as 3.0 × 105 can be achieved at the 0.1 mg ml−1 U concentration levels using Fe(II) sulfamate as a reductant. The sequential injection (SI) ICP MS technique has been applied towards analysis of Am, Pu, and Np isotopes in a dissolved vitrified nuclear waste sample. Results obtained using the automated separation technique with ICP MS detection were in satisfactory agreement with results obtained using standard analytical methodologies.
Sputter depth profiling: past, present, and future

Sputter depth profiling is a direct method to obtain the in‐depth distribution of composition in thin films, at surfaces and at interfaces. It was developed in conjunction with the main methods of surface and interface analysis (AES, XPS, and SIMS). During the past decades, progress in depth profiling is characterized by the aim to obtain optimally resolved depth profiles. This is mainly achieved by experimentally identifying the decisive parameters for distortions of the original in‐depth distribution caused by sputtering and analysis. The physical origins of profile blurring are predicted by elaborate particle transport theories based on Sigmund's theory of sputtering. A simplified, user‐friendly model presentation of the result for depth profiling is its representation by convolution of the original in‐depth distribution with an appropriate depth resolution function (or response function). Great progress has been achieved by the development of the so‐called MRI model, based on the three physically well‐defined parameters atomic mixing, roughness and information depth, which describe the depth resolution function. The latter can be presented as a user‐friendly analytical expression for delta layers as well as for layers with a given thickness. Numerical solutions are necessary to include preferential sputtering and other depth or concentration‐dependent parameters. Whereas the instrumental development in AES is fairly stable, great progress is going on in XPS and particularly in SIMS and related techniques, enhanced by growing interest in three‐dimensional analysis of organic materials. At the horizon, there are more sophisticated models for quantification of transient states in shallow profiles and of sputter depth profiles generated by cluster ion bombardment of organics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.