Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distributed event‐triggered algorithm for unconstrained convex optimisation over weight‐balanced directed networks

In this study, the authors propose a distributed discrete-time algorithm for unconstrained optimisation with event-triggered communication over weight-balanced directed networks. They consider a multi-agent system where each agent has a state and an auxiliary variable for the estimates of the optimal solution and the average gradient of the entire cost function. Agents send the states and auxiliary variables to their neighbours when their trigger errors exceed thresholds. They derive a convergence rate of the proposed algorithm which shows faster convergence to the optimal solution compared to the subgradient-based method.
Vulnerabilities of the European Union’s Economy to Hydrological Extremes Outside its Borders

Climate change is leading to increased water scarcity and drought in many parts of the world. This has implications for the European Union (EU) because a lot of the water intensive goods consumed or used there are produced abroad. This makes the EU’s economy dependent on water resources well beyond its borders since when a country imports water intensive goods, indirectly it also imports virtual water (water needed to produce the imported goods). This study maps the EU’s global dependency on water resources outside its borders in terms of virtual water imports and assesses how water scarcity and drought may disrupt supplies of key food crops that it imports. The EU uses approximately 668 km3 of water for all of the goods it produces, consumes and exports, annually. Around 38% of that water comes from outside its borders, which means that the EU’s economy is highly dependent on the availability of water in other parts of the world. In the near future, supplies of certain crops to the EU could be disrupted due to water scarcity in other parts of the world; a large portion of the water used in producing soybeans, rice, sugarcane, cotton, almonds, pistachios and grapes for import to the EU comes from areas with significant or severe levels of water scarcity. Although the immediate risks to the EU’s economy are due to current water scarcity levels, any disruption to rainfall patterns that occur in the future, due to the effects of climate change in the countries of origin of key crops, could have a far greater impact. This is because as much as 92% of the EU’s total external water demand from agriculture is attributed to green water use, availability of which has relatively higher vulnerability to drought.
Pairwise Multi-marginal Optimal Transport and Embedding for Earth Mover's Distance.

We investigate the problem of pairwise multi-marginal optimal transport, that is, given a collection of probability distributions $\{P_\alpha\}$ on a Polish space $\mathcal{X}$, to find a coupling $\{X_\alpha\}$, $X_\alpha\sim P_\alpha$, such that $\mathbf{E}[c(X_\alpha,X_\beta)]\le r\inf_{X\sim P_\alpha,Y\sim P_\beta}\mathbf{E}[c(X,Y)]$ for all $\alpha,\beta$, where $c$ is a cost function and $r\ge1$. In other words, every pair $(X_\alpha,X_\beta)$ has an expected cost at most a factor of $r$ from its lowest possible value. This can be regarded as a locality sensitive hash function for probability distributions, and has applications such as robust and distributed computation of transport plans. It can also be considered as a bi-Lipschitz embedding of the collection of probability distributions into the space of random variables taking values on $\mathcal{X}$. For $c(x,y)=\Vert x-y\Vert_2^q$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$, where $q>0$, we show that a finite $r$ is attainable if and only if either $n=1$ or $0<q<1$. As $n\to\infty$, the growth rate of the smallest possible $r$ is exactly $\Theta(n^{q/2})$ if $0<q<1$. Hence, the metric space of probability distributions on $\mathbb{R}^n$ with finite $q$-th absolute moments, $0<q<1$, with the earth mover's distance (or 1-Wasserstein distance) with respect to the snowflake metric $c(x,y)=\Vert x-y\Vert_2^q$, is bi-Lipschitz embeddable into $L_1$ with distortion $O(n^{q/2})$. If we consider $c(x,y)=\Vert x-y\Vert_2$ (i.e., $q=1$) on the grid $[0.s]^n$ instead of $\mathbb{R}^n$, then $r=O(\sqrt{n}\log s)$ is attainable, which implies the embeddability of the space of probability distributions on $[0.s]^n$ into $L_1$ with distortion $O(\sqrt{n}\log s)$, and improves upon the $O(n\log s)$ result by Indyk and Thaper. The case of the discrete metric cost $c(x,y)=\mathbf{1}\{x\neq y\}$ and more general metric and ultrametric costs are also investigated.
The application of ultrasonicharmonic scalpel in elderly gastric cancer patients with open surgery

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of gastric cancer surgery in elderly patients using ultrasonic harmonic scalpel.Methods We divided the elderly patients who had gastric cancer open surgery from March 2007 to March 2010 into scalpel surgery group (34 cases) and conventional surgery group (38 cases). Scalpel surgery group underwent the open surgery by ultrasonic harmonic scalpel.Instead,conventional surgery group were performed with the open surgery by monopolar electrocautery shovel and other traditional instruments.Average operation time,blood loss,number of harvested lymph nodes,average drainage 3 days aftersurgery,and postoperative hospital stay of the two groups were compared.Results As compared with those in the conventional surgery group,the average operation time,blood loss,postoperative hospital stay in scalpel surgery group were significantly lower,and the number of lymph node dissection was significantly higher (all P0.05). The difference of average drainage 3 days after surgery between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusions Ultrasonic harmonic scalpel can be effectively used in elderly patients with gastric cancer open surgery,suggesting its clinical routine use.
Perubahan Konversi Lahan Menggunakan NDVI, EVI, SAVI dan PCA pada Citra Landsat 8 (Studi Kasus : Kota Salatiga)

Perubahann fungsi lahan pada Kota Salatiga dipengaruhi oleh kebutuhan masyarakat dalam penggunaan tanah di wilayah Kota Salatiga, akibatnya lahan terus mengalami perubahan. Laju perubahan penggunaan tanah di Kota Salatiga dari daerah pertanian ke permukiman dan kawasan industri dari tahun ke tahun mencapai 8.1 Ha. Maka diperlukan sebuah pemetaan dan perhitungan perubahan konversi lahan yang terjadi di Kota Salatiga.Sistem Informasi Geografis sangat diperlukan untuk melihat jenis vegetasi yang berada pada wilayah penelitian yang di lakukan, indeks vegetasi yang diperlukan diantaranya indeks NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) dan SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) yang kemudian akan dioleh menggunakan metode PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa luas area untuk tahun 2013 dan tahun 2018 diantaranya pada luas area urban/pemukiman mengalami kenaikan sebesar 801.511 Ha, sedangkan lahan perkebunan/sawah mengalami penurunan sebesar 801.511 Ha, dan RTH (Ruang Terbuka Hijau) mengalami penurunan sebesar 1.001. 889 Ha pada tahun 2018. Dari pengolahan PCA gabungan dari NDVI, EVI dan SAVI pada Kota Salatiga, Provinsi Jawa Tengah untuk tahun 2013 dan 2015 terjadi perubahan di nilai Eigenvalues dimana NDVI pada tahun 2015 mengalami penurunan sebesar 1,7433 sedangkan nilai EVI mengalami penurunan sebesar 1.5324, untuk indeks SAVI mengalami penurunan indeks nilai juga sebesar 0,8368. Sedangkan untuk perubahan persentase eigenvalues pada tahun 2013 dan 2018 perubahan indeks Eigenvalues NDVI mengalamipenurunan yang cukup signifikan yakni sebesar 1,5694, untuk indeks EVI juga mengalami penurunan sebesar 1,7201, dan SAVI juga mengalami penurunan sebesar 0,8522. Jadi Perubahan indeks vegetasi yang di olah menggunakan PCA dapat diketahui ketika melihat selisih perubahan dari nilai indeks Eigenvalues yang dihasilkan.
SOTE: A Nonlinear Method for Magnetic Topology Reconstruction in Space Plasmas

Complex magnetic structures are ubiquitous in turbulent astrophysical plasmas. Such structures can be host to many dynamic processes, such as magnetic reconnection and energy dissipation. Thus, revealing the 3D topologies of these structures is necessary. In this study, we propose a new method to reconstruct complex magnetic topologies in quasi-steady space plasmas, by utilizing eight-point measurements of magnetic fields and particles. Such a method, based on the Second-Order Taylor Expansion (SOTE) of a magnetic field, is nonlinear; it is constrained by and , where is from particle moments. A benchmark test of this method, using the simulation data, shows that the method can give accurate reconstruction results within an area about three times the size of a spacecraft tetrahedron. By comparing to the previous First-Order Taylor Expansion (FOTE) method, this method (SOTE) gives similar results for reconstructing quasilinear structures but exhibits better accuracy in reconstructing nonlinear structures. Such a method will be useful to the multi-scale missions, such as the future European Space Agency's “cross-scale” mission and China's “self-adaptive” mission. Also, it can be applied to four-point missions, such as Cluster and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission. We demonstrated how to apply this method to the four-point missions. In principle, this method will be useful to study shocks, magnetic holes, dipolarization fronts, and other nonlinear structures in space plasmas.
The Induced Removal Lemma in Sparse Graphs

Abstract The induced removal lemma of Alon, Fischer, Krivelevich and Szegedy states that if an n-vertex graph G is ε-far from being induced H-free then G contains δH(ε) · nh induced copies of H. Improving upon the original proof, Conlon and Fox proved that 1/δH(ε)is at most a tower of height poly(1/ε), and asked if this bound can be further improved to a tower of height log(1/ε). In this paper we obtain such a bound for graphs G of density O(ε). We actually prove a more general result, which, as a special case, also gives a new proof of Fox’s bound for the (non-induced) removal lemma.
An Experimental and Numerical Study of Regulating Performance and Flow Loss in a V-Port Ball Valve

Process valves are responsible for regulating and controlling the rate and direction of flow in pipeline systems. The V-port ball valve is one kind of process valve with a regulating performance influenced by V-angle. In this article, a DN50 V-port ball valve is taken as the research object. This work therefore aims to investigate the effect of and relationship between the V-angle on valve performance and internal flow properties via experiments and numerical simulations. Results indicate that an increase in either V-angle or valve opening causes a large-pressure fluctuation near the valve outlet, thus leading to a long pressure-stable distance. Meanwhile, the flow coefficient increases exponentially with valve opening, and the value of the exponent remains at 2.5 for different V-angles. Furthermore, the stable position of internal energy loss along the downstream pipe is well-matched with the stable position of external pressure fluctuation. This inspires a new method for controlling the pressure stability downstream from the valve. These results may facilitate improvements in the design and optimization of the process valve, thus benefiting the development of fluid transport techniques in energy industries.
Computational aspects of the Generalized Trapezoidal Rule

In this article we analyze a generalized trapezoidal rule for initial value problems with piecewise smooth right hand side F:IR^n -> IR^n. When applied to such a problem, the classical trapezoidal rule suffers from a loss of accuracy if the solution trajectory intersects a non-differentiability of F. In such a situation the investigated generalized trapezoidal rule achieves a higher convergence order than the classical method. While the asymptotic behavior of the generalized method was investigated in a previous work, in the present article we develop the algorithmic structure for efficient implementation strategies and estimate the actual computational cost of the latter. Moreover, energy preservation of the generalized trapezoidal rule is proved for Hamiltonian systems with piecewise linear right hand side.
A B-Spline-SSPRK54 Method for Advection-Diffusion Processes

Abstract. In this work, we have developed here a striking numerical method for solving the Burgers equation. The numerical scheme is based on collocation of the modified cubic B-splines basis functions in space variable. The obtained results have been computed without using any linearization and transformation processes. The produced diagonal system has been solved by the optimal strong stability preserving time stepping Runge-Kutta for five stage and order four scheme(SSPRK54). The present approach has been seen to be appropriate for the advection dominant cases. The effectiveness of this method has been verified by considering some test problems. The numerical solutions are in good agreement with the exact solutions and available literature. The present method has been seen to be relatively easy and economical for researchers. And also, the proposed scheme needs relatively less storage space and computational time.
Diagnostic Value of Real-time Microbubbles Ultrasonography in Pancreatic Mass Lesions

Purpose To study the diagnosis value of real-time microbubbles ultrasonography in pancreatic mass lesions. Materials and Methods A total of 42 patients with pancreatic mass lesions were undertook real-time microbubbles ultrasonography. Perfusion of the malignant tumors, benign lesions and the normal pancreatic parenchyma were observed and quantified. The results were compared with the pathology or clinical diagnosis. Results Of 42 patients with focal pancreatic lesions, 34 cases were confirmed pancreatic cancer and 8 cases were pancreatic benign lesions. Among the three groups, the time of beginning and the time of beginning to peak were different with statistical significance. In 34 cases of pancreatic cancer, 30 showed entirely heterogeneous low enhancement of both EPPP and DPPP. Contrast agent in the tumors rushed out earlier than the surrounding pancreas parenchyma during DPPP. Two cases showed the EPPP equal enhancement, while DPPP low enhancement; the other two cases showed a high degree heterogeneous enhancement of EPPP, while DPPP showed low enhancement. In three cases of pancreatic endocrine tumors, two cases showed a high degree of enhancement of both EPPP and DPPP, and one case showed equal enhancements of EPPP and DPPP. Four of five limited pancreatitis cases showed heterogeneously high enhancement of both EPPP and DPPP, and one case showed equal enhancement of EPPP and DPPP. Conclusion Real-time ultrasound imaging can provide more information of perfusion characteristics of the lesions, which would help in the diagnosis of focal pancreatic lesions.
The Strength of Reinforced Concrete Slabs of 30% Candlenut Shell Variation Using Destructive Testing Methods

The compressive strength of concrete is one of the parameters used to control the quality of concrete. Concrete compressive strength testing method which is considered the highest level of reliability is a destructive testing method using a compression testing equipment. Based on the case, a testing tool is needed to measure or determine the compressive strength of concrete known as the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Experimental research is conducted with a scientific approach using several of variables. The purpose of this research is to get the compressive strength value of concrete slabs variation of 30% candlenut shells. From the test results using a UTM so that it can be obtained the quality of reinforced concrete. The research variable are the 28 days age of concrete and the curing methods (wet curing and dry curing). The number of specimens of reinforced concrete slabs is 4 pieces measuring 50cm x 25cm x 12cm. The results of the study are the compressive strength of concrete slabs 30% variation of candlenut shells using UTM shows that the strength of reinforced concrete slabs reaches 75 MPa in wet curing and 59 MPa in dry curing or equivalent to the quality of K400 to K500 concrete at 28 days. The results also show the compressive strength of concrete in wet curing is higher than in dry curing.
Ueber die Glucoside der Alkohole

Fur die kunstlįche Bereitung von Glucosiden ist zurzeit nur die von A. Michael2) aufgefundene Methode bekannt. Dieselbe beruht auf der Wechselwirkung zwischen der sogenannten Acetochlorhydrose und den Alkalisalzen der Phenole. Sie ist nur fur die letzteren anwendbar und wurde offenbar wegen des komplexen Verlaufes der Reaktion und der dadurch bedingten schlechten Ausbeute bisher nur in wenigen Fallen mit Erfolg benutzt. Ich habe nun in der Salzsaure ein Mittel gefunden, die Zuckerarten mit den Alkoholen direkt zu glucosidartigen Produkten zu vereinigen. Leitet man in eine Auflosung von Traubenzucker in Methylalkohol unter Abkuhlung gasformige Salzsaure bis zur Sattigung ein,*) so verliert das Gemisch nach kurzer Zeit die Fahigkeit, Fehlingsche Losung zu reduzieren und enthalt dann ein schon kristallisierendes Produkt C6H11O6.CH6, welches mithin aus gleichen Molekulen Zucker und Alkohol nach der Gleichung Open image in new window entsteht.
On-line Data Analysis and Optimization of Crankshaft Dynamic Balance

The crankshaft is a high-speed rotating component that is widely used in many fields. Dynamic balance of the crankshaft is an important process stage that affects the quality of the crankshaft. In order to optimize the quality of crankshaft dynamic balance machining, this paper illustrates the importance of the initial unbalance of crankshaft to the dynamic balance machining of crankshaft. For the initial imbalance distribution of crankshaft, the improved mean method, gradient descent method and mean shift algorithm are used to calculate the machining center. The position of the hole realizes the crankshaft imbalance correction with different effects and reduces the processing strength of the crankshaft dynamic balance phase. The study is applicable to the machining of crankshafts in geometric centering processes in batches.
• NEW KULLI-BASAVA INDICES OF GRAPHS

A topological index or graph index is a numerical parameter mathematically derived from the graph structure. In this paper we introduce the total Kulli-Basava index, modified inverse first Kulli-Basava inverse degree, Kulli-Basava Zeroth order index, F-Kulli-Basava index and general Kulli-Basava index of a graph. Also we introduce the total Kulli-Basava polynomial and F-Kulli-Basava polynomial of a graph. Furthermore, we exact formulas for regular graphs, complete graphs, cycles, wheel graphs, gear graphs and helm graphs.
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

Objective: The objective was to provide guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of androgen deficiency syndromes in adult men. Participants: The Task Force was composed of a chair, selected by the Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee of The Endocrine Society, five additional experts, a methodologist, and a professional writer. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. Evidence: The Task Force used systematic reviews of available evidence to inform its key recommendations. The Task Force used consistent language and graphical descriptions of both the strength of recommendation and the quality of evidence, using the recommendations of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation group. Consensus Process: Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during three group meetings, several conference calls, and e-mail communications. The drafts prepared by the panelists with the help of a professional writer were reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society’s Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee, Clinical Affairs Committee, and Council. The version approved by the Council was placed on The Endocrine Society’s web site for comments by members. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes. Conclusions: We recommend making a diagnosis of androgen deficiency only in men with consistent symptoms and signs and unequivocally low serum testosterone levels. We suggest the measurement of morning total testosterone level by a reliable assay as the initial diagnostic test. We recommend confirmation of the diagnosis by repeating the measurement of morning total testosterone and in some patients by measurement of free or bioavailable testosterone level, using accurate assays. We recommend testosteronetherapyforsymptomaticmenwithandrogendeficiency,whohave low testosterone levels, to induce and maintain secondary sex characteristics and to improve their sexual function, sense of well-being, muscle mass and strength, and bone mineral density. We recommend against starting testosterone therapy in patients with breast or prostate cancer, a palpable prostate nodule or induration or prostate-specific antigen greater than 3 ng/ml without further urological evaluation, erythrocytosis (hematocrit 50%), hyperviscosity, untreated obstructive sleep apnea, severe lower urinary tract symptoms with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) greater than 19, or class III or IV heart failure. When testosterone therapy is instituted, we suggest aiming at achieving testosterone levels during treatment in the mid-normal range with any of the approved formulations, chosen on the basis of the patient’s preference, consideration of pharmacokinetics, treatment burden, and cost. Men receiving testosterone therapy should be monitored using a standardized plan. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1995–2010, 2006)
Broadband Filtering Magnetoelectronic Dipole Antenna With Quasi-Elliptic Gain Response

A filtering magnetoelectronic dipole antenna (MEDA) with quasi-elliptic gain response and wide operating band is investigated. Different from the conventional MEDA, the antenna studied here is fed by fork-shaped microstrip line aperture-coupled excitation. The intrinsic radiation null of the MEDA at the lower passband edge is utilized, and a mathematical model is first put forward to demonstrate its working mechanism. Four driven stubs connected to the shorted walls of MEDA are used to excite the planar dipole arms. The parasitic inductor and the coupling capacitor introduced by driven stubs form an equivalent low-pass filter network, leading to a radiation null at higher frequency. Furthermore, a third radiation null is generated by introducing two quarter-wavelength U-shaped shorted stubs to improve the out-of-band suppression. Besides, due to the introduction of multiple coupling structure, including the fork-shaped microstrip line coupling slot and driven stubs, a wide operating band can be realized while maintaining a low profile of 0.15 wavelength. The experimental results show that an impedance bandwidth of 53.5% (2.95–5.1 GHz) is achieved and an out-of-band suppression level higher than 17.9 dB is obtained. What is more, an average gain of 8 dBi and good radiation patterns are realized over the whole operating band.
Design and implementation patch antenna with different fractal shape

This work presents the effect of fractal shapes on the patch antenna. It is a conventional rectangular patch antenna with dimension of 9.2 mm × 6.94 mm. It is implemented on FR-4 lossy substrate material with relative permittivity of εr = 4.3, thickness of 1.6 mm and loss tangent of 0.025. It is feed through a microstrip line with dimension of 6 mm × 3.11 mm. The overall dimension of the antenna is 35 mm × 30 mm × 1.6 mm. It operates over a frequency band from 8 GHz to 12 GHz with central frequency 10 GHz. Application of Pythagorean tree Sierpinski gasket, and Koch curve is to decrease the bandwidth and increase the gain of the designed antenna. The performance properties of the antenna such as resonant frequency, radiation pattern, and gain were examined by simulation. The design is implemented through CST microwave studio and measured through network analyser.