Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of University students towards Antibiotic Use and Resistance: Questionnaire Based Assessment

Antibiotic resistance is a serious health crisis all over the world and students of biological sciences should have proper awareness to combat the problem. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards antibiotic use and resistance among university students of biological sciences in Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 826 students of biological sciences programs from eight major Pakistani universities during September-November 2020. A self-administered online questionnaire was developed which consisted of four dimensions: sociodemographic characteristics (3 questions) and assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practices with 13, 6 and 11 questions, respectively. Association of KAP scores with sociodemographic characteristics was analyzed by nonparametric analysis i.e., Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H test (p-value < 0.05). The sample comprised more females (82.9%) than males while most of the respondents belonged to 21-23 years and enrolled in the master’s degree. The overall knowledge score (correct answer) was 74.7% which was significantly associated with gender, age and degree. The positive attitude score (87.9%) was significantly higher in >23 years age group. Around 75% of the surveyed students had positive practices. The scores were observed significantly higher in females, 21-23 years age group and doctoral students. The study provides baseline evidence about the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use and resistance among biology students. Overall, good positive attitude was depicted by participants however level of knowledge and positive practices was found lower and declared as moderate. Academic interventions such as lectures, courses, seminars and workshops on antibiotic use, along with establishing open-access antibiotic-resistance learning sites and use of mainstream and social media platforms, etc., are needed to improve the awareness and practices of university students of biological sciences with regards to the rational use of antibiotics.
Point by point reply to the Interactive comments of the Referees

Following their comments, the main modifications are that we have: ● corrected expression/syntax mistakes/typos across the document (all the comments not answered in this document, have been directly fixed in the revised manuscript), ● added several comparisons/references for the evaluation of the SAFRAN reanalysis, ● modified all the figures so that m-2 of kg m-2 is not written in italic, add white dots on the Figure 8 to indicate non-significant trends, ● added in an Appendix, the equivalent of Figure 6 for the trend in 10-year return and the 50-year return level, ● added in an Appendix, the equivalent of FIgure 2 and Figure 8 for the the winter precipitation, which justify the use of the same methodology to compute trends in 100-year return level of winter precipitation, and highlight at all elevations the contrasted pattern for trends in 100-year return level of winter precipitation, ● removed the subsection “Elevation gradients for pointwise fits” in the discussion, because the two cited references, i.e. Blanchet et al. (2009) and Gaume et al. (2013) did not focus on the maxima of 1-day snowfall, ● removed two paragraphs of the discussion from L254 to L262 which were unnecessarily speculative. In the revised manuscript, some of these elements have been added at the end of the perspective section. Please find below, point by point, our answers to all the other suggestions. Referee #1 suggestions are in red, suggestions from Referee #2 are in blue, while suggestions from Referee #3 are in green. We hope that our revised manuscript will be found suitable for publication in “The Cryosphere”
A Thematic Summarization Dashboard for Navigating Student Reflections at Scale

: Instructors often ask students to reflect on projects or tasks because it has been shown to be effective for learning. Instructors also use these reflections to improve future offerings of a course. Sifting through reflections manually, however, is both time-consuming and inefficient, especially for large courses. This paper describes a method for organizing student reflections by named entities (i.e., topics of interest) and instructor-defined “themes” to produce summaries that better meet the needs of instructors. Named entities are first extracted from the reflection corpus. Upon choosing one named entity to explore, sentences mentioning that entity are collated from across student reflections. The selected sentences are then classified into instructor-defined themes. Instructors can choose to re-define themes as necessary with support from the system in the form of prevalence statistics and theme-definition suggestions. Finally, a summary of student reflections for each theme is provided. This process and the resulting summaries were evaluated in a semi-structured Wizard of Oz interview study with the teaching assistants of a 160-student graduate-level course on Cloud Computing offered online to the students at Carnegie Mellon University. Results from quantitative Likert-scale analyses and qualitative coding show that teaching assistants preferred our topic and theme-focused summaries over general summaries generated from a random subset of student reflections. Deployment in the form of an instructor-facing dashboard and improvement to the system to allow for uncommonly expressed content to be better discoverable through the dashboard are planned for future work.
The Development of a Multi-Agent System for Controlling an Autonomous Robot

A control system for autopilot transport robots in warehouses has been developed to solve the problem of transportation, loading and unloading of the goods. The system is implemented on the basis of an organizational model of the mobile robots control process using a multi-agent approach. The proposed model describes the interaction of agents, the functions and the amount of work they perform, as well as the set of admissible states. The implemented algo-rithm for finding the shortest path in the virtual world of a warehouse to find needed targets. The developed system effectiveness has been demonstrated using computer simulations.
Technological pedagogical content knowledge self-confidence of prospective pre-school teachers for Science Education during the COVID-19 period: A Structural Equational Modelling

In the age of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of technology and competencies of educators to support the education of early childhood children drew attention to the education that teachers need to receive in the pre-service period. In this context, it could be significant to examine the relationship between technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge that teachers acquire in the pre-service period. The study aimed to identify the relationship between prospective pre-school teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) self-confidence for Science Education and TPACK sub-scales. The study utilized the relational screening method based on the quantitative research paradigm. Path analysis was conducted for structural equational modeling. The study group of the research consisted of 280 pre-school teacher candidates who study at the faculties of education in two different state universities located in the eastern region of Turkey. The data were collected via the “Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Self-Confidence Scale” developed by Graham, Burgoyne, Cantrell, Smith and Harris (2009) and adapted to Turkish by Timur and Taşar (2011). The theoretical validity of the data collection tool was tested through the validity and reliability performed on the data set obtained from the prospective pre-school teachers. The results showed that the TPACK variable was affected by the TPK and TCK variables directly and positively. TPK and TCK variables were affected by the TK variable directly and positively. © 2016 IJCI & the Authors. Published by International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction (IJCI). This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY-NC-ND) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Phenotype and genotype variability of interspecific rice lines related to bacterial leaf blight resistance (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) character

Abstract. Yuriyah S, Darnaedi D, Setia TM, Windarsih G, Utami DW. 2021. Phenotype and genotype variability of interspecific rice lines related to bacterial leaf blight resistance (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) character. Biodiversitas 22: 4123-4130. Wild rice species are the source of the gene pool for rice genetic diversity. The cross-species crosses (interspecific crosses) play an important role in breeding, namely in terms of expanding the diversity of desirable characters, such as disease resistance and improvement in yield potential. Currently, the genes from wild rice species have been successfully introgressed into cultivated rice so that they can overcome the rice production constraints, including the introgression of genes for the bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the variability of phenotype and genotype performance of lines derived from wild rice species for the character of resistance to BLB disease. A total of 33 selected backcross lines derived from wild rice species of O. rufipogon and O. glaberrima as the donor parents and 2 control varieties (resistant and susceptible to BLB disease), were used in this study. The evaluation of phenotype and genotype of resistance characters to BLB disease was carried out during a vegetative phase of the plant. The resistance evaluation was carried out in a greenhouse, while the genotype performance was analyzed using 4 STS markers linked to Xa4, Xa7, and Xa13 genes. The result of the phenotype evaluation showed that there were variations among the resistance of the tested lines. Three lines derived from a Situ Bagendit/Oryza rufipogon cross were resistant to all BLB races used in the testing. Those three lines indicated to have the allele of the Xa7 resistance gene based on the genotype performance which grouped with the Code variety that had the Xa7 resistance gene.
Understanding the Impact of Bad Words on Email Management through Adversarial Machine Learning

Spam filters that employ machine learning models have been instrumental in fighting back against spam and phishing emails. Studies have shown that these filters are susceptible to adversarial evasion attacks that can exploit these models by purposely modifying malicious emails to bypass detection. However, not enough attention has been paid to the issue of normal emails that cause false positives in spam filters. This risk may rise as these misclassifications follow a different threat model. Computer users sometimes write business emails that include certain words, coined “bad words” in this paper, that result in the emails being flagged by a spam filter. This paper reports a novel method to identify potential bad words and to analyze their impact. Using two different datasets, preliminary experimentation results have spotlighted real concern about such words’ ability to cause interruptions to normal email communications. These results can help develop more effective spam detection tools.
Species identification and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in Indonesian native chickens, and its impact on egg production

Abstract. Zalizar L, Winaya A, Malik A, Widodo W, Suyatno, Anggraini AD. 2021. Species identification and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in Indonesian native chickens, and its impact on egg production. Biodiversitas 22: 4363-4369. Gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infection is a severe problem of local chicken production, such as poultry and egg. Hence, the proper strategy to control the parasite invasion should be implemented regarding chicken productivity performance. Moreover, the existing environment is also essential in supporting chicken production. The study's objective was to determine the prevalence rate of the gastrointestinal helminths in four strains of Indonesian native chicken viz. Ranupane, Lokal Putih, Wareng, and Lurik, and the impact of the chicken egg production. A total of 280 chickens which were evaluated consisting of 70 birds from each strain, were tested for the prevalence of helminths eggs in a sample of feces and the effect on hen day production (HDP). The results showed that the percentage rates of infected chicken with helminths reached 56.43%, and the number of eggs per gram (EPG) in all four strains was considered moderate (115 EPG of feces). At the same time, the average of HDP per the four strains at 7 to 12 months was about 34.36-45.80%, which was in a normal range. The majority of helminths species found in examined native chicken were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Raillietina spp. , and Capillaria spp. The prevalence of GIP helminths did not negatively affect egg production in all four strains of chicken by moderately tolerant infections, and the HDP of chickens was normal.
Atmospheric Hydro-cracking of Jatropha Oil Using Wood Char Catalyst

Article Info Abstract Article history: Received October 2020 Accepted December 2020 Published December 2020 Jatropha oil which is non-edible oil were hydro-crack at atmospheric pressure using an activated wood char catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. The hydro-cracking process was carried out at three temperature variations of 400, 450 and 500C, and three variations of the oil feed injection rate of 2/2, 2/5 and 2 mL/10 minutes. The catalysts were characterized using SEM and BET. The composition of the liquid product obtained from the hydro-cracking process was analyzed using GC-MS. The effects of operating temperature and oil feed injection rate on oil recovery and conversion have been discussed. The results showed that the feed injection temperature and rate had an effect on the yield and conversion. The highest yield of 59.8% oil liquid products was achieved at a temperature of 450C with injection rate of 2 mL/10 min. The composition of the oil-liquid product was dominated by heptanal at 32.9% -mass. Alkanes group contain C5 to C20 and alkene compounds consist of C8 until C18.
The Effect of Charisma, Voice Pitch, and Information Richness on Leadership Perception and Follower Performance

This study aimed to investigate the effect of charisma, voice pitch, and information richness on followers’ perceptions of leadership and task performance. A number of previous studies consistently found significant effects of charisma on performance. Similarly, some studies found the effect of lower voice pitch on leadership perception and effectiveness. In addition, the growth of information technology has changed the way leaders influence followers, making this variable an interesting one to examine. This study employed 2 (charisma vs. non-charisma) x 2 (low vs. high voice pitch) x 2 (strong vs. weak information delivery) experimental design. The participants were undergrad students (N= 259) and most of them were female (Female= 185, Male= 74) with age range from 18 to 31 (mean= 19.76, SD= 2.25). The study found the main effect of charismatic leader (F= \2Al,p< .001) and lower voice pitch (F= 12.89, p< .001) on participants’ rating of charisma. In addition, the three-way interaction also occurred on the effect of leader charisma, voice pitch, and information richness on performance (F= 4.41, p< .05). Participants under non-charismatic, low pitch, and strong information delivery performed highest across conditions. Implications are discussed. Running Head: The Effect of Charisma, Voice Pitch, and Information Richness THE EFFECT OF CHARISMA, VOICE PITCH, AND INFORMATION RICHNESS ON LEADERSHIP PERCEPTION AND FOLLOWER PERFORMANCE
How to phrase critical realist interview questions in applied social science research

The tenets of critical and social realism are well supported in the literature. However, researchers following a realist paradigm have concerns about the lack of methodical guidance for qualitative interviewing, despite their affirmation about the importance of in-depth interviews. A conducted review of empirical realist literature provides evidence of an absence of guidance and commonality regarding interview planning practices. To overcome this absence, this paper composes a guiding framework to assist researchers to phrase more appropriate interview questions in realist research. The steps are founded on critical and social realist concepts while guided by methodological realist principles. Its contribution aims to not only improve the practice of realist inquiry methods but also to introduce more research transparency. A more transparent method for interview questions can lead to increased validity and afford replicability of mechanism-based theories resulting from empirical realist research.
Employment limitations of peripheral regions: The case of Gozo

2 Executive summary . 4 1. What can one say about regional employment distribution? 5 2. Can one quantify any Gozitan employment disadvantages over Malta? 11 3. How is sectoral employment in Gozo faring? 24 Appendix A – Shift-share methodology . 36 Appendix B – Shift-share regression method . 38 Model fit . 39 References . 41
QSAR, Molecular Docking and Toxicology Profile of Synthesized Derivatives of 1, 3, 4- Thidiazole-2-Amine.

In the present research paper in silico evaluation of synthesized derivatives of 3, 4-disubstituted1,3,4-thidiazole-2-amine based on their QSAR property, molecular docking and toxicology profile. The interaction of binding sites with bacterial protein receptor, the docking study was performed using DNA gyrase enzymes (PDB ID: 2XCT) by Schrodinger's Maestro program. Published previous research article reveals in vitro antibacterial activity of same compounds was studied and the MIC value was calculated by Kirbey Bauer method. Among all the synthesized compounds, some compounds showed potent antimicrobial activity. It concludes that most of the synthesized compounds were found more active against in virtual screening and all tested bacterial strains in comparison to the standard drug Ciprofloxacin.
NEURO-ART IN THE CONTEXT OF CREATIVITY

Purpose of Article. The research aims to identify related art parallels between time-disparate cultural periods and innovative scientific discoveries that determine the mechanisms for the functioning of the mentioned links. Methodology. The choice of research strategies within studying the dynamics of changes in the socio-cultural system, identified the application of systemic and sophisticated approaches, as well as comparative and heuristic research methods, caused by the actual technological progress of the present time. In terms of the particular context, we use the prognostic aspect of the research, which involves the building of new value models and symbols reflecting social relations and cultural ones as well as artistic forms of modern civilization. The application of the mentioned methods of the research contributed to obtaining the own theoretical results. The scientific novelty of the study consists the formulation and development of an actual topic, which has not received comprehensive and objective coverage and is being investigated for the first time regarding the scientific dimension. The core idea is based on the fact that the results of understanding the essence of neuro-art can serve as an essential component in the context of contemporary cultural achievements study, as well as within the definition of value categories of the hyper-informational society. Conclusions. The development of the humankind culture demonstrates the presence of internal artistic parallels between separated time periods. It is noted that the similarity is inspired by the existence of internal mechanisms formed in the conditions of primitive society with its inherent expression of the eidetic imagery. The dynamics of the cultural trends is associated with the subconscious impulses of the human brain, which determined the importance for the introduction of such innovative terms as neuro-esthetics and neuro-art.
Contextual Choice between Synonymous Pairs of Metaphorical and Literal Expressions: An Empirical Study and Novel Dataset to tackle or to address the Question

Research on metaphorical language detection and interpretation has produced a large number of resources mainly focusing on metaphoric vs. literal uses of speciﬁc expressions, and on metaphor paraphrases. As to our knowledge, however, no existing NLP resource provides a basis for understanding the choice between a synonymous pair of a literal and a metaphorical expression. E.g., why would one favor the use of grasp a term over understand a term in a given context, and does the preceding context prime for one or the other usage? We address these questions and provide an empirical study and a novel resource: Based on 50 pairs of English synonymous literal/metaphorical verb–object and subject–verb expressions in discourse, we asked participants in crowdsourcing experiments to (1) rate the degree of metaphoricity of a discourse, and (2) choose the expression that ﬁts best. Our resource con-tains a total of 1,000 discourses and is ready to be exploited for computational research on discourse conditions for metaphorical vs. literal expression choices.
Battery Life Estimation of a Battery Under Different Stress Conditions

The prediction of capacity degradation, and more generally of the behaviors related to battery aging, is useful in the design and use phases of a battery to help improve the efficiency and reliability of energy systems. In this paper, a stochastic model for the prediction of battery cell degradation is presented. The proposed model takes its cue from an approach based on Markov chains, although it is not comparable to a Markov process, as the transition probabilities vary as the number of cycles that the cell has performed varies. The proposed model can reproduce the abrupt decrease in the capacity that occurs near the end of life condition (80% of the nominal value of the capacity) for the cells analyzed. Furthermore, we illustrate the ability of this model to predict the capacity trend for a lithium-ion cell with nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) at the cathode and graphite at the anode subjected to a life cycle in which there are different aging factors, using the results obtained for cells subjected to single aging factors.
Design Modification to Reduce the Noise Level of Silencer Used for Single Cylinder Water Cooled Diesel Engine: A Review

The single cylinder water cooled diesel engine is used for various applications such as in agriculture as well as in domestic purpose. This diesel engine having too much noise level; this is irritating not only for operator but also for external environment. High noise level is harmful for human beings. For the reduction of noise level ‘silencer’ is mounted on this diesel engine, which attenuates the noise. The noise level of this water cooled single cylinder diesel engine can be reduced further by modifying its design. This review is conducted to study the variety methods used by various researchers for noise reduction of silencer through modification of its existing shape. In this study the recent developments on design modification of silencer for diesel engine exhaust manifold, their performance evaluation using various methods such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD), acoustic software, various geometrical types of exhaust manifold and their impact on the diesel engine performance have collected and discussed.