Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implicit, time-dependent variable grid finite difference methods for the approximation of a linear waterflood

An implicit, time-dependent variable grid finite difference method based on the addition of an artificial diffusivity is introduced and analyzed for approximating the solution of a scalar conservation law in a single space variable. No relation between the grids at successive time steps is required for convergence. Two adaptive grid selection procedures are shown to be covered by the analysis. Analogous results are also established for an implicit upwinding procedure. at ax provided that capillary effects are ignored. This equation is derived from Darcy's law and the conservation of mass as follows. The subscripts "o" and "w" refer to oil and water, respectively. The symbols 4, k, pi, p, q, p, and s represent porosity, permeability, viscosity, density, velocity, pressure and saturation, respectively, with 4 being a rock property (constant by the assumption of homogeneity) and ko = k(x)kro(so) being the product of the gross permeability k(x), again a constant, and the relative permeability kro(so) of the oil phase. The reservoir can be inclined; it will be assumed to have height Z(x) linear in x; g is a gravitational constant. Then Darcy's law states that
Managing disasters-rapid deployment of sensor network from drones: Providing first responders with vital information

In the last ten years, drones are becoming a common sight. They are used for tasks like filming for TV and Movies, surveillance, delivery, and hobby flight. The potential of drones are slowly, but surely being uncovered and yet we've just scratched the surface. The project described in this paper utilizes drones for various tasks: capturing a full up-to-date 3d terrain elevation model of an area, placing sensors in that area to create an effcient wireless sensor network, and moving or retrieving the sensors. The system is design to aid first responders to an incident. A description of the project and some of the many parts that are developed to achieve the goals set for the project.
Partial-match Retrieval with Structure-reflected Indices at the NTCIR-10 Math Task

To attain fast and accurate response in math formulae search, an index should be prepared which holds structure information of math expressions; a different indexing for full text search. Although some previous research has been done by this approach, the size of indices tends to become huge on memory. This paper proposes a partial match retrieval system for math formulae with two kinds of indices. The first one is an inverted index constructed from paths to the root node from each node seeing formula as an expression tree. The other index is a table which stores the parent node and the text string for each node in the expression trees. A hundred thousand documents in the NTCIR-10 Math Task (formula search) containing 36 million math formulae were used for evaluation. The number of nodes was about 291 million and the number of path kinds in the inverted index was about 9 million. Experimental results showed that the search time grows linearly to the number of retrieved documents. Concretely, the search time ranges from 10 milliseconds to 1.2 seconds; the simpler formulae tend to need more search time.
Objective cast and panoramic radiograph grading system.

Candidates for certification by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) must meet a series of requirements to attain diplomate status. The third and final requirement is the Phase III examination, in which candidates submit a selection of case reports for grading by ABO examiners. The cases are evaluated for quality, completeness, and accuracy of the records; diagnosis and treatment planning; dental and skeletal objectives of treatment and achievement of those objectives; proper case management; facial esthetics and facial change; knowledge of the intricacies of each case; and occlusion. In an effort to make the evaluation of occlusion more objective, the ABO implemented an objective dental cast and panoramic radiograph grading system in 1999. The most recent Phase III clinical examination in February 2002 was the fourth in which the objective grading system was used, and this examination yielded the highest passing rate (89%) in recent years. Of the 479 cases presented for examination, only 9 (1.9%) were found to be unacceptable due to occlusion; this was the lowest posttreatment cast failure rate ever. Because candidates score their own posttreatment casts and radiographs before the examination, they can select cases that are likely to pass, resulting in the low failure rate due to occlusion. The usefulness of this system depends not only on its objectivity, but also on the validity and reliability of the measurements. The grading system was field tested for 4 years to establish the criteria and the precise methods of evaluating posttreatment casts and radiographs, and a special measuring gauge was developed. About 2 months before each Phase III examination, the directors and the examiners go through some measurement calibration exercises to establish a confidence interval in the scoring to account for interrater variability and to make the scoring fair for all candidates. The objective cast and panoramic radiograph grading system has also been used in voluntary recertification field testing. During this field test, diplomates must score 10 consecutively treated cases and submit their scores. Feedback from the diplomates has been positive. A voice-over CD-ROM is being made to demonstrate the ABO’s cast and panoramic radiograph grading system. It will be available soon through the ABO’s central office and its Web site. This objective grading system for assessing the final occlusal results of orthodontic treatment helps to satisfy our mission of establishing and maintaining the highest standards of clinical excellence and to contribute to the development of quality graduate education programs in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:450 Copyright © 2002 by the American Association of Orthodontists. 0889-5406/2002/$35.00 0 8/1/130122 doi:10.1067/mod.2002. 130122
A medical student's perspective of participation in an interprofessional education placement: An autoethnography

Interprofessional education (IPE) has emerged as a critical pedagogy for promoting interprofessional collaboration (IPC) within healthcare. However, the literature includes few reports of students' perspectives on IPE experiences. Understanding students' experiences is critical, as they are the crux of IPE's culture change agenda. This paper presents an autoethnographic account of my experiences as a medical student participating in an IPE placement within a Canadian academic hospital. During the five-week placement, I collected data using participant observation and reflective journaling on all placement experiences. I expanded my notes using the emotional recall technique and conducted thematic analysis. Using a series of narrative vignettes, this paper explores the relationships between my personal experience and the cultural and educational issues underpinning IPE. The first vignette explores the relationship between students' patient access and our status in tutorial discussion. The second vignette considers the impact of shadowing on my appreciation of another professional's practice. The last vignette portrays my experience learning about the complex politics that shape IPC. The conclusion suggests that the IPE placements incorporate reflexive activities (i.e., journaling and interviewing) to enhance the students' appreciation and understanding of roles, responsibilities and professional perspectives, and to promote critical thinking and professional growth.
Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-Bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) Potentiates Cardiac Contractility via Activation of the Ryanodine Receptor*

Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) is the most recently identified phosphoinositide, and its functions have yet to be fully elucidated. Recently, members of our muscle group have shown that PI(3,5)P2 plays an important role in skeletal muscle function by altering Ca2+ homeostasis. Therefore, we hypothesized that PI(3,5)P2 may also modulate cardiac muscle contractility by altering intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in cardiac myocytes. We first confirmed that PI(3,5)P2 was present and increased by insulin treatment of cardiomyocytes via immunohistochemistry. To examine the acute effects of PI(3,5)P2 treatment, electrically paced left ventricular muscle strips were incubated with PI(3,5)P2. Treatment with PI(3,5)P2 increased the magnitude of isometric force, the rate of force development, and the area associated with the contractile waveforms. These enhanced contractile responses were also observed in MIP/Mtmr14−/− mouse hearts, which we found to have elevated levels of PI(3,5)P2. In cardiac myocytes loaded with fura-2, PI(3,5)P2 produced a robust elevation in [Ca2+]i. The PI(3,5)P2-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i was not present in conditions free of extracellular Ca2+ and was completely blocked by ryanodine. We investigated whether the phosphoinositide acted directly with the Ca2+ release channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (ryanodine receptors; RyR2). PI(3,5)P2 increased [3H]ryanodine binding and increased the open probability (Po) of single RyR2 channels reconstituted in lipid bilayers. This strongly suggests that the phosphoinositide binds directly to the RyR2 channel. Thus, we provide inaugural evidence that PI(3,5)P2 is a powerful activator of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and thereby modulates cardiac contractility.
A model of restriction endonuclease MvaI in complex with DNA: A template for interpretation of experimental data and a guide for specificity engineering

R.MvaI is a Type II restriction enzyme (REase), which specifically recognizes the pentanucleotide DNA sequence 5′‐CCWGG‐3′ (W indicates A or T). It belongs to a family of enzymes, which recognize related sequences, including 5′‐CCSGG‐3′ (S indicates G or C) in the case of R.BcnI, or 5′‐CCNGG‐3′ (where N indicates any nucleoside) in the case of R.ScrFI. REases from this family hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond in the DNA between the 2nd and 3rd base in both strands, thereby generating a double strand break with 5′‐protruding single nucleotides. So far, no crystal structures of REases with similar cleavage patterns have been solved. Characterization of sequence‐structure‐function relationships in this family would facilitate understanding of evolution of sequence specificity among REases and could aid in engineering of enzymes with new specificities. However, sequences of R.MvaI or its homologs show no significant similarity to any proteins with known structures, thus precluding straightforward comparative modeling. We used a fold recognition approach to identify a remote relationship between R.MvaI and the structure of DNA repair enzyme MutH, which belongs to the PD‐(D/E)XK superfamily together with many other REases. We constructed a homology model of R.MvaI and used it to predict functionally important amino acid residues and the mode of interaction with the DNA. In particular, we predict that only one active site of R.MvaI interacts with the DNA target at a time, and the cleavage of both strands (5′‐CCAGG‐3′ and 5′‐CCTGG‐3′) is achieved by two independent catalytic events. The model is in good agreement with the available experimental data and will serve as a template for further analyses of R.MvaI, R.BcnI, R.ScrFI and other related enzymes. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human hypertension

The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) enzyme inactivates 11β-hydroxy steroids in sodium-transporting epithelia such as the kidney, thus protecting the non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) from occupation by cortisol in humans. Inhibition by xenobiotics such as liquorice or mutations in the HSD11B2 gene, as occur in the rare monogenic hypertensive syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME), result in a compromised 11βHSD2 enzyme activity, which in turn leads to overstimulation of the MR by cortisol, sodium retention, hypokalaemia, low plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations, and hypertension. Whereas the first patients described with AME had a severe form of hypertension and metabolic derangements, with an increased urinary ratio of cortisol (THF+5αTHF) to cortisone (THE) metabolites, more subtle effects of mild 11βHSD2 deficiency on blood pressure have recently been observed. Hypertension with no other characteristic signs of AME was found in the heterozygous father of a child with AME, and we described a girl with a homozygous gene mutation resulting in only a slightly reduced 11βHSD2 activity causing ‘essential’ hypertension. Thus, depending on the degree of loss of enzyme activity, 11βHSD2 mutations can cause a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from severe, life-threatening hypertension in infancy to a milder form of the disease in adults. Patients with essential hypertension usually do not have overt signs of mineralocorticoid excess, but nevertheless show a positive correlation between blood pressure and serum sodium levels, or a negative correlation with potassium concentrations, suggesting a mineralocorticoid influence. Recent studies revealed a prolonged half-life of cortisol and an increased ratio of urinary cortisol to cortisone metabolites in some patients with essential hypertension. These abnormalities may be genetically determined. A genetic association of a HSD11B2 flanking microsatellite and hypertension in black patients with end-stage renal disease has been reported. A recent analysis of a CA-repeat allele polymorphism in unselected patients with essential hypertension did not find a correlation between this marker and blood pressure. Since steroid hormones with mineralocorticoid action modulate renal sodium retention, one might hypothesize that genetic impairment of 11βHSD2 activity would be more prevalent in salt-sensitive as compared with salt-resistant subjects. Accordingly, we found a significant association between the polymorphic CA-microsatellite marker and salt-sensitivity. Moreover, the mean ratio of urinary cortisol to cortisone metabolites, as a measure for 11βHSD2 activity, was markedly elevated in salt-sensitive subjects. These findings suggest that variants of the HSD11B2 gene may contribute to the enhanced blood pressure response to salt in some humans.
Voriconazole pre-exposure selects for breakthrough mucormycosis in a mixed model of Aspergillus fumigatus-Rhizopus oryzae pulmonary infection

Mucormycosis is an uncommon fungal infection that has been increasingly reported in severely immunocompromised patients receiving Aspergillus-active antifungals. Although clinical studies and pre-clinical animal models have suggested a unique predisposition for breakthrough mucormycoses in patients receiving voriconazole, no study has specifically evaluated the selection dynamics of various Aspergillus –active antifungal classes in vivo. We utilized an Aspergillus fumigatus:Rhizopus oryzae (10:1) model of mixed fungal pneumonia in corticosteroid-immunosuppressed mice to compare the selection dynamics of daily liposomal-amphotericin B (L-AMB), micafungin (MCFG) and voriconazole (VRC) therapy. A. fumigatus and R. oryzae lung fungal burden were serially monitored in parallel using non-cross-amplifying quantitative real-time PCR assays for each fungal genus. Additionally, experiments were performed where the R. oryzae component of the mixed inoculum was serially-passed on VRC-containing agar before animal infection. We found prior exposure to voriconazole in vitro, consistently resulted in a 1.5–2 log10 increase in R. oryzae fungal burden by day +5 in vivo relative to animals infected with the non-VRC preexposed inoculum, irrespective of the antifungal-treatment administered in mice (P ≤ 0.02 all treatment groups). Mice infected with the VRC-preexposed inoculum and subsequently treated with saline or VRC had the highest mortality rates (82–86%), followed by MCFG (55%) then L-AMB (39%, P = 0.04 vs. control). However, in vivo treatment alone with voriconazole alone did not consistently increase the virulence of non- voriconazole preexposed R. oryzae versus controls. We conclude that exposure of R. oryzae sporangiospores to voriconazole in vitro modulates the subsequent growth rate and/or virulence of the fungus in vivo, which reduces effectiveness of Mucorales-active antifungals. The mechanisms underlying this phenotypic change are unknown.
Adaptive image restoration by a novel neuro-fuzzy approach using complex fuzzy sets

A complex neuro-fuzzy approach using new concept of complex fuzzy sets and neuro-fuzzy system is presented to deal with the problem of adaptive image noise cancelling AINC. An image can be tainted by unknown noise, resulting in the degradation of valuable image information. A complex fuzzy set CFS is characterised in the unit disc of the complex plane by a complex-valued membership function that includes an amplitude function and a phase function. Based on the nature of CFSs, several CFSs can be used to design a complex neural fuzzy system CNFS for the application of AINC. To train the CNFS, a hybrid learning method is used, where the algorithm of artificial bee colony ABC and the method of recursive least squares estimator RLSE are integrated in a complementarily hybrid way. Three cases are used to test the proposed CNFS for image restoration. The experimental results by the proposed CNFS approach are compared with those by other approaches and the proposed approach has shown promising performance.
Atrophy of foot muscles: a measure of diabetic neuropathy.

OBJECTIVE Diabetic neuropathy is a length-dependent process that leads to reduced muscle strength and atrophy of leg muscles in some patients. We hypothesized that intrinsic foot muscles are atrophied in diabetic neuropathy and that the degree of atrophy is a measure of motor dysfunction closely related to the neuropathic process. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Consecutive cross-sectional magnetic resonance images of the nondominant foot were obtained for stereological determination of the total volume of the intrinsic foot muscles (VFM) in 23 long-term diabetic patients with (n = 15) and without (n = 8) chronic neuropathy and in 23 matched healthy nondiabetic control subjects. Based on clinical examination, nerve conduction studies, and quantitative sensory examination, a neuropathy rank-sum score was calculated for each patient. RESULTS Total VFM was 86 +/- 52, 165 +/- 34, and 168 +/- 42 cm3 in neuropathic patients, nonneuropathic patients, and healthy control subjects, respectively (P < 0.001). There was a close inverse relationship between the neuropathy rank-sum score and the VFM (r = -0.75, P < 1 x 10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS Total volume of the foot muscles is halved in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Atrophy of foot muscles is closely related to the severity of neuropathy and reflects motor dysfunction.
Immunohistochemical Profile of Breast Cancer With Respect to Estrogen Receptor and HER2 Status

There are a few studies that have evaluated a panel of stains on a single large data set of breast cancers, which is required for direct comparison between antibodies. The immunohistochemical panel in this study was chosen to include breast-specific markers and markers that are expressed in tumors resembling breast cancer. The individual marker positivity in decreasing order was 95% (177/186) for GATA-3, 92% (172/186) for cytokeratin (CK)7, 80% (151/189) for AR, 80% for estrogen receptor (158/198), 69% for progesterone receptor (137/198), 55% (105/190) for NY-BR-1, 52% (99/189) for mammaglobin, 31% (59/191) for vimentin, 26% (51/195) for GCDFP-15, 0.5% (1/186) for CK20, and 0% (0/188) for PAX-8. When tumors were categorized based on estrogen receptor and HER2 status; a total of 45 profiles were identified. In addition, some tumors showed an unconventional profile-although the majority of breast carcinomas were CK7-positive/CK20-negative, a CK7-negative/CK20-negative profile was seen in ∼8% of the cases. Such a profile can create confusion in investigation of a carcinoma of unknown origin. The results define the individual sensitivity of each marker and establish a baseline diagnostic profile of breast cancer in a large data set. In addition, the results support the use of immunohistochemical panel for confirming or determining breast as the source of metastasis.
Developmental and Social Determinants of Religious Social Categorization

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess developmental and social determinants of the age at which children become aware that the social environment can be marked by categorization into religious groups and that those groups are associated with different religious beliefs. The results show that middle childhood is a critical period for this religious social categorization. Moreover, social factors play a role in the development. Religious categorization is likely to appear sooner in children attending heterogeneous schools than in those at homogeneous schools, and children from the minority religious group in the country understand religious categorization earlier than children from the majority group. However, no relation was found between the age at which religious categorization was understood and parents’ religious socialization practices. This study is of both theoretical and practical interest: It complements what is already known about gender, race, and ethnic categorization by integrating developmental and social frameworks, and it can serve as a guideline for educational programs.
Industry Structure and Value-Motivated Conglomeration

Recent literature has been largely negative in its assessment of value effects of corporate diversification. Does value maximization nevertheless play an important role in the conglomeration process? Drawing upon value maximization theories, we identify industry conditions that make a conglomerate structure more likely and relatively more valuable. We argue that existing value maximization theories of conglomeration predict a negative relation between two industry factors (growth opportunities and industry concentration) and the degree of conglomeration in an industry. We find empirical support for this prediction using a panel of 50 industries across 20 years. The role of value-maximization in conglomeration decisions is further supported by the evidence that conglomerates are more valuable relative to single segment firms when industry conditions predict high levels of conglomeration. Although our evidence does not rule out the existence of agency-motivated conglomeration, we conclude that value-maximization also plays an important role.
The covering semigroup of invariant control systems on Lie groups

It is well known that the class of invariant control systems is really relevant both from theoretical and practical point of view. This work was an attempt to connect an invariant systems on a Lie group G with its covering space. Furthermore, to obtain algebraic properties of this set. Let G be a Lie group with identity e and Σ ⊂ g a cone in the Lie algebra g of G that satisﬁes the Lie algebra rank condition. We use a formalism developed by Sussmann, to obtain an algebraic structure on the covering space Γ (Σ , x ) , x ∈ G introduced by Colonius, Kizil and San Martin. This formalism provides a group b G ( X ) of exponential of Lie series and a subsemigroup b S ( X ) ⊂ b G ( X ) that parametrizes the space of controls by means of a map due to Chen, which assigns to each control a noncommutative formal power series. Then we prove that Γ(Σ , e ) is the intersection of b S ( X ) with the congruence classes determined by the kernel of a homomorphism of b S ( X ).