Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Work Satisfaction and Community Attachment among Fishermen in Southwest Nova Scotia

Social scientists have examined the problem of attachment to the New England fisheries in terms of two interacting influences: work satisfaction, based on questionnaire interviews, and attachment to kin and community, based on ethnographic field research. There is a paucity of equivalent information for the Maritimes. This study replicates the New England work satisfaction studies, and includes additional questions concerning community attachment. We demonstrate that fishermen in southwest Nova Scotia are, in contrast with their New England counterparts, satisfied with all questions about their work (save for the common dissatisfaction with government officials found in both the Nova Scotia and New England samples). In particular, although offshore fishermen in southwest Nova Scotia tend to be somewhat less satisfied than those who fish inshore or both inshore and offshore, they have, by comparison with the New Bedford fishermen, scores that are over the "neutral value" on all time and adventure questions.
Testing the rate isomorphy hypothesis using five statistical methods

Abstract Organisms are said to be in developmental rate isomorphy when the proportions of developmental stage durations are unaffected by temperature. Comprehensive stage‐specific developmental data were generated on the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at eight temperatures ranging from 16°C to 30°C (in 2°C increments) and five analytical methods were used to test the rate isomorphy hypothesis, including: (i) direct comparison of lower developmental thresholds with standard errors based on the traditional linear equation describing developmental rate as the linear function of temperature; (ii) analysis of covariance to compare the lower developmental thresholds of different stages based on the Ikemoto‐Takai linear equation; (iii) testing the significance of the slope item in the regression line of versus temperature, where p is the ratio of the developmental duration of a particular developmental stage to the entire pre‐imaginal developmental duration for one insect or mite species; (iv) analysis of variance to test for significant differences between the ratios of developmental stage durations to that of pre‐imaginal development; and (v) checking whether there is an element less than a given level of significance in the p‐value matrix of rotating regression line. The results revealed no significant difference among the lower developmental thresholds or among the aforementioned ratios, and thus convincingly confirmed the rate isomorphy hypothesis.
Reciprocal Transfer of Class I MHC Allele Specificity between Activating Ly-49P and Ly-49W Receptors by Exchange of β4–β5 Loop Residues 1

Receptors of the Ly-49 multigene family regulate rodent NK cell functions. Ly-49Rs are highly polymorphic and exist in either activating or inhibitory forms. Examples of both Ly-49 receptor types have been shown to recognize class I MHC ligands. Ly-49Rs can distinguish between class I alleles, but the molecular basis of this discrimination is unknown. Two activating receptors, Ly-49P and Ly-49W, differ in class I recognition, recognizing H-2Dd, or H-2Dd and Dk, respectively. In this report, we demonstrate that specificity for H-2Dk can be transferred from Ly-49W to Ly-49P by substituting 3 aa predicted to reside in the β4–β5 loop of Ly-49W into Ly-49P. Replacement of these same residues of Ly-49W with corresponding residues in Ly-49P eliminates H-2Dk recognition while still preserving H-2Dd recognition. Further mutagenesis indicates that all 3 aa facilitate optimal class I specificity exchange. These results provide the first evidence for a specific site on Ly-49Rs, the β4–β5 loop, in determining class I MHC allele specificity.
Humason's Animal tissue techniques

Part 1 Historical perspectives: overview of the development of microtechnology. Part 2 Laboratory safety: practical aspects of safety special provisions for the handicapped. Part 3 Basic procedures: fixation dehydration - preparation for embedding clearing infiltrating embedding - paraffin method microtomes and microtome knives paraffin sectioning and mounting the microscope stains and staining action mounting and staining procedures haematoxylin staining. Part 4 Specific staining methods: staining connective tissue and muscle silver impregnating reticulum silver impregnating and staining neurological elements periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Feulgen techniques and related reactions staining haematologic elements and related tissues staining pigments and minerals staining proteins and nucleic acids staining lipids and carbohydrates staining cellular elements staining golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and living cells staining microorganisms. Part 5 Histochemistry and miscellaneous special procedures: histochemistry immunohistochemical methods microwave histology special procedures I special procedures II special procedures III special procedures. Part 6 Solution preparation and general laboratory aids: solution preparation general laboratory aids. (Part contents)
ARE POINT COUNTS OF BOREAL SONGBIRDS RELIABLE PROXIES FOR MORE INTENSIVE ABUNDANCE ESTIMATORS?

Abstract Point counts are often used to provide information on abundance of songbirds. If data from point counts are to be compared in space or time, however, any bias in the estimate should be consistent and linearly related to the true abundance. Several studies have suggested that this assumption may be violated for songbirds. Here, we used double sampling to test whether point counts are linearly related to true abundance, as estimated from spot mapping, for 12 songbird species in the boreal mixed-wood forest of northern Alberta, Canada. We found that total abundance of birds across several point-count stations was positively correlated with the number of territories and confirmed that point counts were linearly related to spot-mapping abundance for the species tested. However, large sampling errors masked this relationship at the scale of a single point-count station (100-m fixed-radius plot). Double-sampling models that accounted for differences in abundance between spot-mapping grids using random effects improved prediction for most species. We found no year effect on detectability. Maximum abundance over point-count rounds was a more sensitive index of abundance than mean abundance and tended to produce better-fitting models. Point-count abundance was more closely related to true abundance in species with relatively small territories, or those with large spatial or temporal variation in density. Our results further suggest that point-count abundance may be proportional to the total length of territorial boundaries in the plot rather than the total fraction of territories in the plot. Our analysis suggests that point counts provide a reasonable index of abundance, even though individual point-count stations are not consistently effective in estimating the density of territorial individuals. Est-ce que les Points D'Écoute de Passereaux Boréaux Constituent une Méthode Fiable pour L'Obtention D'Estimateurs D'Abondance Plus Avancés?
An experimental test of host song mimicry as a species recognition cue among male brood parasitic indigobirds (Vidua spp.)

ABSTRACT Obligate brood parasites, which typically lack reliable interactions with conspecifics early in life, acquire species recognition cues by mechanisms other than imprinting on parents and siblings. The African indigobirds (Vidua spp.) are exceptional among brood parasites in that learning and mimicry of host vocalizations play an integral role in the social behavior of the parasites. Male indigobirds have impressive vocal repertoires featuring chatter calls, host mimicry, and complex non-mimicry songs. While chatter calls are similar, sympatric indigobirds are distinguished both by their mimicry of different hosts and by unique repertoires of non-mimicry songs. A previous playback experiment showed that male indigobirds respond differentially to natural singing (i.e. playbacks including host mimicry, chatter, and complex non-mimicry) of sympatric conspecifics and heterospecifics, but the relative role of host mimicry and complex non-mimicry in species recognition remains unknown. We addressed this question in a playback experiment that tested the response of focal males to 3 treatments: sympatric conspecific, allopatric conspecific (same host mimicry combined with unfamiliar complex non-mimicry songs), and sympatric heterospecific (different host mimicry and different, but familiar, complex non-mimicry). Three behavioral responses (number of hops, latency of response, and number of chatter calls) were similar in the 2 conspecific treatments but differed in comparison with the heterospecific treatment. Our study provides evidence that host mimicry is an important cue in species recognition among territorial male indigobirds and suggests that it may contribute to species cohesion when juveniles or adults disperse beyond the boundaries of their local dialect neighborhood. This study enhances our understanding of avian recognition systems by showing that cues obtained through heterospecific imprinting can be important for species recognition in brood parasitic birds.
Aging mountain lions using gum-line recession

The ability to accurately age mountain lions (Puma concolor) would be a valuable tool for management. However, no reliable or standardized technique is currently available. We tested the accuracy of using gum recession as an aging technique. We measured gum recession of the upper canine teeth in 13 known-age individuals (12 females, 1 male). Gum recession was significantly related to age in months (R 2 = 81.0, t28 = 10.16, P < 0.001). The 95% confidence intervals for age estimations of lions based on gum reces- sion ranged from ±0.5 to 1.3 years. Gum recession appears to provide reasonably accu- rate ages for free-roaming mountain lions.
Evolution of a Ureagenic Ability of Japanese Mugilogobius Species (Pisces: Gobiidae)

Abstract Interspecific differences in the ability to excrete urea in four gobiid fishes, Mugilogobius abei, M. chulae, M. sp. 1 and M. sp. 2, in response to elevated external ammonia, were compared and set against the phylogenetic relationships of species, following molecular phylogenetic analyses using a portion of mitochondrially-encoded 12S ribosomal RNA and tRNA-Val genes, which were sequenced from five species of Mugilogobius. The resulting tree, based on 710 base pairs of aligned sequences, was statistically robust and indicated two major clades, (M. abei, M. sp. 1 and M. chulae) and (M. parvus and M. sp. 2), respectively. High ureagenic ability was demonstrated in M. abei and M. sp. 1, being sister species according to the phylogenetic analysis, while the remaining species having a low level of ability. The two former species are restricted to temperate and subtropical Japan, whereas the others are widely distributed throughout tropical Asia. The most parsimonious reconstruction of these features suggested that ancestral Mugilogobius, probably widely distributed in tropical Asia, may had low ureagenic ability. The high ureagenic ability of the temperate species may have evolved concurrently with the northward spread of Mugilogobius from the tropical zone.
Morphometric and morphological analyses of leaves in two species of Araceae : Montrichardia linifera and Montrichardia arborescens among different French Guiana populations

In French Guiana, Araceae represents one of the most important monocots family. Montrichardia is one of its 117 genera and it is represented by two species, M. arborescens and M. linifera. Currently, the two species can be found meanly in diverse sites of the region. Recent studies on the species have failed to establish clear geographical patterns between the two species and among their populations. Here, the morphological variations of leaves were studied in the two species of Montrichardia using classical measurements of leaf outlines shape. In order to identify intra-populational variabilities and interspecific differences of their leaves, the Elliptic Fourier Analysis and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. The results obtained showed that the morphological variables were more discriminating at interspecific level. At the intra-populational level, there are two parameters to consider. Firstly, in M. arborescens, morphological variables had a more important part in the population discrimination than morphometric variables. Secondly, in M. linifera, the populations were better discriminated by morphometrics variables than for M. arborescens. Moreover, it was highlighted that even if differences could be observed between both species within each site, one population of one species from one site could be morphometrically and/or morphologically similar to another population of the other species in another site. This result suggests that the variation of the leaf studied traits was as important within site between the two species as among sites within a given species.
Shorebird Responses to Construction and Operation of a Landfill on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Abstract. Although much of the Arctic Coastal Plain has remained undeveloped, oil and gas industries, new and expanding villages, as well as tourism are likely to increase in the near future. One potential effect of increased human development is increased anthropogenic waste and the need to dispose of this waste in landfills. We investigated potential indirect effects of the North Slope Borough landfill on breeding shorebirds by examining changes in environmental conditions (predator densities and timing of snow melt) and measures of shorebird reproduction (nest-initiation dates, nest density, nest survival, and return rates) in relation to construction and deposition of waste in the landfill. This study included one year of pre-construction data (2004), three years when landfill roads and fences were being constructed (2005–2007), and five years when waste was being deposited (2008–2012). We monitored 364 shorebird nests within a 36-ha plot (approximately half of which was inside the landfill and half outside). Construction of a fence around the landfill reduced snow levels inside the landfill, leading to earlier snow melt and likely to shorebirds initiating nests earlier. Densities of avian predators increased following waste deposition, but nest densities, nest survival, and return rates were generally greater inside the landfill than outside in all years after landfill construction. Our results indicate that fences placed around landfills and procedures to reduce attraction of predators to landfills can minimize indirect negative effects of landfill construction and operation and even favor species breeding in the area.
Germinação de sementes de três espécies de Fabaceae típicas de floresta estacional decidual

O presente estudo avalia a germinacao de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina, Acacia polyphylla e Bauhinia cheilantha , especies tipicas de florestas deciduas, submetidas a tratamentos pre-germinativos e ataque de insetos nativos. As sementes de cada especie foram agrupadas em: sementes escarificadas com lixa, sementes imergidas em agua aquecida a 70 °C, sementes com sinais de ataque por insetos e o grupo controle. A maior proporcao de sementes germinadas ocorreu na primeira semana de incubacao, com pico de germinacao variando do primeiro ao terceiro dia. Independente do grupo avaliado, A. polyphylla e B. cheilantha apresentaram elevada taxa de germinacao (> 90%), sendo reduzida apenas quando as sementes apresentaram ataque por insetos (< 25%). O grupo de escarificacao mecânica em A. polyphylla apresentou maxima germinacao (100%) e aumentou a velocidade da germinacao. Em A. colubrina , nao houve diferenca entre os grupos e a taxa de germinacao foi inferior (< 50%), a qual foi atribuida a infestacao por fungos, comumente relatada em experimentos com a especie, independente dos procedimentos usuais de higienizacao. Salvo efeito de infestacao por fungos em A. colubrina , as especies avaliadas mostraram-se independentes de tratamentos pre-germinativos para obter uma elevada taxa de germinacao.
Impacts of high utilisation pressure on biodiversity components in Colophospermum mopane savanna

This study aimed to quantify and evaluate the effects of heavy land utilisation, mainly grazing, on plant species richness and diversity, species abundance, vegetation structure and soil characteristics in a communal area in Colophospermum mopane dominated savanna in southern Africa. The treatment was benchmarked against a relatively lightly stocked neighbouring farm. An assessment of termite richness across the contrasting land-use areas was also made. Significant differences were found mainly in plant structure, with reduced plant canopy cover and plant height on the communal land, thus transforming a woodland to a predominantly shrubland physiognomy. There was no significant effect of heavy utilisation on richness or diversity of plant or termite taxa. Species compositional shifts were reflected by significant species associations with either land-use type. Forb species formed an important component of the vegetation irrespective of grazing intensity. Cover of annual plants did not increase with heavy utilisation owing to the increase of ‘weedy’ annual species being counterbalanced by declining cover of palatable annual plants. Biological soil crusts were markedly less common on the communal land, which may result in an increased hydraulic conductivity of the soil. Other soil properties measured appeared to be insensitive to the intense level of land utilisation.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial activity of Solanum erianthum D. Don

The present study was carried out for phytochemical screening of principle bioactive compounds in Solanum erianthum. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannin, saponin, terpenoid, steroid, flavonoid and alkaloid. The petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts were subjected for antimicrobial activity against twelve bacteria and three fungal strains using agar well diffusion method. Leaf extracts inhibited B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Fruit extracts possessed antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, C. albicans and C. tropicalis. P. aeruginosa showed significant sensitivity to stem extract. The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values ranged from 1.6 - 1.92 mgmL-1. Among the different solvent extracts used for the study, the extract prepared in methanol and water proved to have greater antimicrobial activity. The results suggested that methanolic and aqueous leaf, fruit and stem extracts were highly potent against P. aeruginosa and can be used in treatment of nosocomial infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bacteremia. The study revealed the high medicinal property of Solanum erianthum.
Phylogenetic relationships of labeonine cyprinids of the disc-bearing group (Pisces: Teleostei)

Phylogenetic relationships of labeonine cyprinids of the disc-bearing group (Pisces. Teleostei). Zoological Studies 44 (1): 130-143. The disc-bearing group is composed of 4 currently recognized cyprinid genera: Discocheilus, Discogobio, Garra, and Placocheilus. This group is defined as having a lower lip modified to form a mental adhesive disc whose posterior margin is not continuous with the mental region, and includes 91 widely distributed species in tropical Africa and Asia. So far, it is represented in China by 28 species (about 1/3 of the total number) of all 4 genera. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 29 morphological characters scored from first-hand observations of 23 of the Chinese species examined, revealed that the disc-bearing group forms a monophyletic clade in which Garra is the basal lineage, and Placocheilus constitutes a subclade with the sister pair of Discocheilus and Discogobio. In such a phylogenetic framework, the validity of each genus of the disc-bearing group was evaluated. It was confirmed that Discocheilus, Discogobio and Placocheilus represent 3 valid cyprinid genera. Evidence provided in this phylogenetic analysis, incorporated with conclusions reached in the known literature, reveals that the monophyly and validity of Garra need to be further studied using observations of more Garra species. Additional characters should also be examined, as the characters utilized in this study and in Abebe's with Getahun's (1999) study are insufficient to resolve the monophyly of Garra.
Phytoplankton photosynthetic response to solar ultraviolet irradiance in the Ross Sea Polynya: Development and evaluation of a time‐dependent model with limited repair

The relationship of photosynthesis (14C incorporation) to ultraviolet (UVR) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured over the course of the late‐spring to early‐summer phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea Polynya (Southern Ocean). Experiments were conducted in November 2005 to determine PAR‐only photosynthesis–irradiance (P‐E) curves, biological weighting functions (BWFs) using a new version of the “photoinhibitron” laboratory spectral incubator, and variation in photosynthesis under high vs. low solar UVR treatments in on‐deck incubations. These observations were incorporated into a new spectral model of photosynthetic response to UVR + PAR with time‐dependent repair rates. The distinguishing feature of this model is that repair scales with inhibition up to a maximum absolute repair rate (rmax). Once repair is limited at the maximum rate, additional exposure has a more severe inhibitory effect on photosynthesis, consistent with measured exposure response curves. Parameters for the BWFRmax/P‐E model were determined for 10 sampling locations ranging from mixed diatom and Phaeocystis antarctica assemblages at the beginning of the bloom to assemblages dominated by P. antarctica at the peak of the bloom. The model explained 86–97% of the measured spectral variation with BWFs severalfold higher (more inhibitory) than those previously measured in the Weddell–Scotia Confluence and coastal waters near the Antarctic Peninsula. Predicted relative productivity (ratio of modeled photosynthesis under high vs. low UVR) was close to observed relative productivity, but absolute photosynthetic rates were higher in the on‐deck incubations than in the photoinhibitron.
Isolation and identification of cultivable lactic acid bacteria from traditional goat milk cake in Yunnan province of China

Thirteen goat milk cake samples which were collected from different households in Yunnan province in China were used for isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The results showed that LAB and yeasts were the dominant microflora in the samples with the LAB counts in all samples ranged from 8.32 log 10 CFU/g to 10.16 log 10 CFU/g. The number of yeasts in most samples ranged from 1.60 log 10 CFU/g to 6.15 log 10 CFU/g respectively. Seventy-six strains of LAB were isolated from these samples and identified by conventional and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis methods. The LAB strains were found to belong to five general and nine different species, among which the ratio of cocci bacteria (96.1%) was higher than that of rod (3.9%), and was considered to be the major population. The results also showed that Lactococcus lactis, subsp. lactis (72.4%) and Lactococcus garvieae (10.5%) could be considered as the dominant groups population in these samples. The obtained LAB pure cultures may serve as valuable sources for further selection of starter cultures in dairy industry.