Eurasian Journal of agricultural research

Feed evaluation methods aim to give information on the feeds to meet the nutritional needs of the animal. Therefore feed evaluation is needed to assess the nutritional value between feeds. The methods to express the feed value incline to measure mainly digestibility of the feedstuff. Many feed evaluation methods have been developed and modified over the years to predict the nutritional component of the feed. The nutritive value of ruminant feeds is assessed by the chemical composition, concentration and rate and extent of digestion of feed in the rumen. Chemical, digestibility and enzymatic methods are the main methods that have been used for feed evaluation. The Weende and detergent analysis systems are the commonly used chemical methods of feed evaluation. For many years, feed digestibility has been measured by in-vivo, in situ and in-vitro digestibility techniques. This paper aims to review the feed evaluation methods of chemical, digestibility and enzymatic with emphasis on performance/outcomes, economic consideration and environmental effects/ footprints. Abstract The development and application of modern technology for upgrading crop residues has stimulated great interest in developing countries. Researchers are working on the development of crop residues particularly vegetable discarded leaves in agriculture fields as feed, with emphasis on improving their intake and digestibility in ruminants. Despite much research at universities and research stations, farmer uptake and utilization of the residues is still minimal. Reasons for this include the difficulty of transporting and storing crop residues, insufficient trials at farmer level, inappropriate technology and absence of agriculture extension services. Literature showed that crop residues have good nutritive values of crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and mineral contents. Results of various studies demonstrated that cereal straws and vegetable leaves from field crops and non-conventional feed resources had a significant influence on the growth performance of ruminants. The literature further revealed that vegetable leaves could be stored in the form of silage and hay and they have the potential to be used as alternative forage in the ruminant ration. This review summarizes the data of Turkey and Pakistan related to animal feed resources and availability of forage, problems associated with utilization of crop residues and recommendations about the offering of agriculture field crop residues and wastes to animals as alternatives to conventional feedstuffs. Abstract The use of vegetable products to prolong the shelf life of fish in addition to as a functional feed additive in aquaculture is expected to increase significantly in the near future. In parallel with the increasing world population, the inability to increase fisheries has made it inevitable to meet the aquaculture needs from aquaculture and this has led to the continuous increase of aquaculture and to reach a great market potential. Synthetic feed additives and antibiotics used unconsciously have become a major problem with the increase in aquaculture and in many countries restrictions on antibiotic use have been imposed. As a result of these restrictions, interest in functional feed additives has increased. It has been shown in many studies that it may be appropriate to use herbal products as an alternative to antibiotics and synthetic substances used as growth enhancers in aquaculture. Natural products, such as medicinal plants, can be widely used as feed additives to improve the efficiency of feed use and increase animal production performance. This study aims to promote the use of medicinal plants as an alternative to chemical products in the aquaculture sector. Abstract In this research, the use of waste water produced after treatment for irrigation purposes was investigated. Clean water resources in our world are gradually decreasing and water scarcity is experienced in some countries. For this reason, people turned to domestic water obtained after treatment. In order to meet the water needs of plants, clean water resources are needed. The use of potable water instead of drinking water for this purpose provides a large amount of savings. In this sense, the quality of the water used is very important. Treatment waters must have certain criteria for use in agricultural irrigation. Criteria for wastewater from conventional activated sludge; AKM (suspended solid), BOD (Biological oxygen demand) and total nitrogen value less than 1 mg/L, the COD (chemical oxygen demand) value should be less than 2. Ammonium value should be maximum 0.1 mg/L, total phosphorus value should be 0.5 mg/L (Anonymous, 2019). It is desirable to infect plants with any harmful substances from outside. for this reason, continuous analysis of the water used should be controlled. Abstract Water is one of the most important elements for living things. Water, which forms the biological structures of living things, is a vital life support that ensures the growth and development of living things since they came into the world. While most of the world is covered with water, the seas form salty seas. However, only 2.6% of the world's water reserves are composed of fresh water. Drops falling from the clouds in the form of water droplets are called rain. Rain makes the water cycle happen and clears the water on earth. Rain water which raises sea levels is also beneficial for forests, plants and people. Rain water can be stored and used to meet drinking and utility water and agricultural irrigation needs.