Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Halojulellaceae a new family of the order Pleosporales

Halojulellaceae fam. nov. and Halojullela gen. nov. are introduced to accommodate Julella avicenniae , a marine species in the suborder Pleosporineae, order Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Justification for the new family is based on combined gene analysis of the large and small subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (LSU, SSU) and two protein coding genes RPB2 and TEF1, as well as morphological characters. Halojulellaceae and Halojulella are characterized by immersed to semi-immersed, clypeate ascomata, with short, papillate ostioles, cellular, hyphae-like, pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical asci with a well-developed apical apparatus, a moderately long pedicel with a club-like base and hyaline or golden brown, ellipsoidal, muriform ascospores and is typified by Halojulella avicenniae . Halojullela differs from Julella, (type J. buxi ) in its marine habitat and distinctly differing ascus with the apical apparatus being well-developed and moderately long club-like pedicel . Morphological characters and molecular data show that H. avicenniae belongs in the Pleosporales, outside any of the known families, and thus a new family is introduced to accommodate it. Julella is maintained as a distinct genus which is presently most likely polyphyletic with saprobic and lichenized elements and needs further study as no molecular data is presently available for any species.
Growth Inhibition Caused by Turbulence in the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata

The effects of agitation on growth of Gonyaulax excavata were determined using laboratory cultures. Continuous rotary shaking of cultures at speeds of 125 rpm and greater caused rapid death and disintegration of cells, while shaking at slower speeds caused inhibition of growth rate compared to nonshaken cultures. Also, intermittent shaking, even for as little as 30 min/day, caused growth inhibition. The study suggests that small-scale, oceanic turbulence of sufficient intensity may inhibit growth of individual dinoflagellate cells.
Culture, context and the quality of education: evidence from a small‐scale extended case study in England and Denmark

Much recent education policy‐making around the world has focused on a restructuring of the role of the classroom teacher in a bid to increase the ‘quality’ of the educational experience and raise pupil attainment. However, the definition of quality, as expressed through policy, may not always accord with the aims and aspirations of individual teachers who work within a specific cultural context. The rhetoric and intent expressed in policy texts may even have the potential to restrict the quality of what teachers do. This paper draws on some of the findings from a small‐scale comparative study of teachers' work in England and Denmark which used an extended case study approach, set in a socio‐cultural framework, to examine the relationship of policy trends to teacher values and professional practice. Evidence from the study is used to discuss the issue of ‘quality’, highlighting contextually specific variations which impact on the implementation of national policy at the local level. Through a discussion of the study's methodology, attention is also drawn to the need for a more contextually sensitive approach to the creation and evaluation of policy which, while recognising universal concerns, also pays heed to local priorities and teacher values.
Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Indian Acacias: Acacia Leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd., Acacia Ferruginea Dc., Acacia Dealbata Link. and Acacia Pennata (L.) Willd

The acetone and methanol extracts of barks of A. leucophloea, A. ferruginea, A. dealbata, and A. pennata were evaluated for their total phenolics and flavonoid contents and antioxidative activities. Acetone extracts of barks exhibited higher contents of total phenolics and flavonoids. Further, the acetone extracts showed higher activity in DPPH•, ABTS•+, and OH•; FRAP; metal chelation; phosphomolybdenum reduction; and peroxidation inhibition. In conclusion, the results implied that the barks could be considered as health supplements and nutraceuticals/functional foods.
Multivariate analysis of leaf shape patterns in Asian species of the Uvaria group (Annonaceae)

Multivariate analysis of leaf radian measurements was used to investigate variation in leaf shape among 34 Asian species of the Uvaria group, a large palaeotropical group of climbing Annonaceae characterized by imbricate petals and stellate hairs. Raw data were normalized by conversion into 15 ratio characters and using the log10 transformation. All species surveyed showed a unique leaf-shape ‘bauplan’. The ratio character with the greatest discriminating power in both the Principal Components Analysis and Discriminant Analysis (DA) results was a measure of the shape of the leaf base. Ratio characters with the highest factor loadings for principal components 1 and 2 clearly separated the sampled taxa when plotted against one another and provided support for the retention of several taxa as distinct species or varieties. Classification of cases into taxa using DA yielded a correct classification rate of only 52% for the ratio-transformed data; however, division of taxa in the dataset into smaller subgroups defined by discrete morphological characters significantly increased the accuracy of case identification to between 67 and 100% of cases correctly classified, depending on the group. Case identification using DA on log10-transformed data was higher than for the ratio values in the entire dataset (61.7%) and the larger subgroups. However, the rate of correct case assignment was lower in the smaller groups than for the ratio data. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 143, 231–242.
Effect of Formalin on the Hatching Rate of eggs and Survival of larvae of the African Catish ( Clarias gariepinus )

The effect of formalin on the hatching rate of eggs of the African catfish and subsequent survival of the larvae were investigated using range finding and definitive tests to determine the impact of formalin for 15 minutes. In the range finding test, 0mgl -1 (control), 250mgl -1 , 500 mgl -1 , 750 mgl -1 , and 1000 mgl -1 of formalin were used to define the threshold limit of tolerance of eggs to formalin. There were significant differences in the hatching rate and survival of early larvae between the control and all four formalin concentrations (p -1 , 750 mgl - 1 , and 1000 mgl -1 of formalin resulted in total egg mortality (0% hatching rate). In the definitive test, the difference between the control and 50mgl-1, 100 mgl -1 , 150 mgl -1 , and 250 mgl -1 of formalin was significant in hatching rate (p -1 , 100 mgl -1 , 150 mgl -1 (p>0.05). The survival rate of early larvae of Clarias gariepinus showed no significant difference between the control and 50mgl -1 , 100 mgl -1 , 150 mgl -1 , and 250 mgl -1 (p Clarias gariepinus , impacted negatively in terms of acute toxicity effect on the fish. Its use should be carefully investigated to reduce potential toxic effect on fish. @JASEM J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. December, 2010, Vol. 14 (4) 31 - 34
Introduction to Special Issue on Food Security in a Changing World

Food security, or access to sufficient, healthy, and nutritious foods, presents aserious challenge for scholars committed to the advancement of human healthand well-being. Food insecurity poses a multifaceted biocultural problem thatincludes chronic malnutrition, metabolic and degenerative diseases, and thehastening decline of sustainable food production and subsistence practices.Despite numerous advances made by food scholars, anthropologists, folklorists,ethnobiologists, and others who seek to improve human nutrition and itsconstituent cultural and natural resource bases, food security remains relativelyneglected in studies of the ecology of food procurement, preparation, preserv-ation, consumption, and distribution.Many local and indigenous communities worldwide are presently facingnew and dramatic challenges linked directly to climate change and concomitantfood shortages and inequalities, including health problems associated withhypernutrition and malnutrition (e.g., Lawrence et al. 2010; Lobell and Burke2010; McDonald 2010). Intellectually, ethnobiologists are uniquely situated toexamine human access to foods in ways that may strengthen food security for thebenefit of present and future generations. Traditional ecological knowledge(TEK) is increasingly important among international stakeholders committed tothe systematic improvement of food security and shaping culturally sensitiveapproaches to public health and nutritional policy development. The study oftraditional knowledge of foodways necessarily entails understanding howcommunities protect, procure, prepare, and consume local foods sustainablywithin ecological systems (e.g., DeSoucey and Te´choueyres 2009; Turner 2008;Mirsky 1981). Taken in concert, these findings can in turn promote innovativecollaborative strategies to strengthen food security effectively and lastingly inother regions of the world (Hinrichs and Lyson 2007). The contribution of ethnobiology to food security is furthermore crucial toadvancing current discussions and debates surrounding food sovereignty(Declaration of Nye´le´ni 2007). This dialogue stresses the rights of localcommunities to define their own food systems, including the agency of the localcommunities which produce, distribute, and consume their own foods at thecenter of decisions regarding food systems and policies (Wittman et al. 2010). Ethnobiologists have a special opportunity to establish innovative, collaborativeplatforms together with local communities a nd indigenous groups, environmentalists,food activists, and NGOs for implementing sound strategies of ensuring food
Mud shrimps of the genus Callianassa leach from the Brazilian coast (Crustacea, Decapoda)

Callianassa branneri Rathbun was the only species of the genus recorded from the Atlantic coast of South America. In the present work five other species are recorded. Callianassa guassutinga, C. guara and C. mirim are considered as new to science. Callianassa major Say, 1818 and C. jamaicensis Schmitt, 1935, were previously known from the Atlantic coast of North America. The variety louisianensis of Callianassa jamaicensis is considered without systematic value as the present material fills most gaps between the variety and the typical form. All the species here described (or redescribed) fit perfectly in the subgenus Callichirus, besides having the same branchial formula and number of pleopods, characteristics also considered as significant to their taxonomy.
POLYTYPIC SPECIES OF SPORE‐FEEDING THYSANOPTERA IN THE GENUS ALLOTHRIPS HOOD (PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE)

Four species and sixteen subspecies of the genus Allothrips are recognised and a key provided. The megacephalus series of forms from North America show a gradient in structure between Illinois and Mexico, with one subspecies in Southern Florida. Three new subspecies of megacephalus Hood are described from Australia apparently introduced from Mexico or California; these are m. greensladei, m. prolixus, and m. stannardi. The Indian and African Allothrips are here regarded as subspecies of pillichellus (Priesner). One new subspecies, p. bournieri, is described from France and Spain, and two forms from America are regarded as introduced subspecies of pillichellus from Europe and India. The following nomenclatural changes are made: A. megacephalus acutus Stannard ssp. comb.n. ; A. megacephalus mexicanus Stannard ssp. comb. n. ; A. megacephalus watsoni Hood stat. n. ; A. pillichelus acaciae Faure stat. n. ; A. pillichellus africanus Faure stat. n. ; A. pillichellus aureus Stannard stat. n. ; A. pillichellus bicolor Ananthakrishnan stat. n. ; A. pillichellus biminianus Stannard ssp. comb. n. ; A. pillichellus indicus Ananthakrishnan stat. n. ; A. pillichellus montanus Ananthakrishnan stat. n. ; Allidothrips cinctus (Faure) comb. n.
Nesting Ecology of Red-Breasted Mergansers in a Common Tern Colony in Eastern New Brunswick

Abstract. Nest-site selection and nest success for Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator) breeding on a barrier island complex (Tern Islands) with >10,000 Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) in eastern New Brunswick, Canada, were studied in 2005 and 2006. Concealment was the most important feature for nest placement as 153 of 156 nests were in dense stands of Marram Grass (Ammophila breviligulata), and overhead concealment, vegetation density and vegetation height were all greater at nests than at random locations. Apparent success for all nests was 57% and was similar between years. Few nests were depredated (N = 3), but abandonment was responsible for 95% of nest losses and was most common early in the season. Nest success was <45% for nests initiated before 25 May but >75% for nests initiated after 10 June. Nest abandonment was influenced by intraspecific nest parasitism and investigator activity. Red-breasted Mergansers selected nest sites adaptively on Tern Islands because: 1) nests were more concealed than random sites; 2) avian predation at nests in the Common Tern colony was lower than at nests on nearby islands without terns; 3) nests were not exposed to mammalian predators; and 4) nest success and nest densities were high.
In Vitro Fungitoxic Activity of Some Glucosinolates and Their Enzyme-Derived Products toward Plant Pathogenic Fungi

The enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates (GLs), typical compounds of Cruciferae, produces molecules with fungitoxic activity. Eleven GLs and their enzymatic hydrolysis products obtained by myrosinase were tested in vitro against Fusarium culmorum. Toxicity of hydrolysis products from glucoiberin, glucotropaeolin, sinigrin, and epiprogoitrin were assayed on eight plant pathogenic fungi. The results showed (i) the native GLs showed no fungitoxic activity, whereas their hydrolysis products inhibited fungal growth depending on their chemical structure; (ii) the hydrolysis products from glucoiberin, glucoerucin, glucocheirolin, and glucotropaeolin were the most effective, with 50% inhibition of fungal growth at 0.1 mg/mL; (iii) the fungitoxic activity of hydrolysis products obtained from glucoiberin, glucotropaeolin, sinigrin, and epiprogoitrin was confirmed on eight pathogenic fungi, with different responses depending on their chemical structure; (iv) the most effective hydrolysis products were those from g.
Identification of SYK inhibitor, R406 as a novel senolytic agent

The selective removal of senescent cells by senolytics is suggested as a potential approach to reverse aging and extend lifespan. Using high-throughput screening with replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), we identified a novel senolytic drug R406 that showed selective toxicity in senescent cells. Using flow cytometry and caspase expression analysis, we confirmed that R406 caused apoptotic cell death along with morphological changes in senescent cells. Interestingly, R406 altered the cell survival-related molecular processes including the inhibition of phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in senescent cells. This pattern was not observed in other known senolytic agent ABT263. Correspondingly, apoptotic cell death in senescent cells was induced by simultaneously blocking the FAK and p38 pathways. Taken together, we suggest that R406 acts as a senolytic drug by inducing apoptosis and reducing cell attachment capacity.
Understanding decisions to scale up: a qualitative case study of three health service intervention evaluations

Objective Efforts to scale up evidence-based health care interventions are seen as a key strategy to address complex health system challenges. However, scale-up efforts have shown significant variability. We address the gap between scale-up theory and practice by exploring the socio-cultural factors at play in the evaluation and scale-up of three interventions within the clinical field. Methods A qualitative multiple case study was conducted to characterize the evaluation and scale-up efforts of three interventions. We interviewed 18 participants, including clinicians and researchers across the three cases. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of field and capital as a theoretical lens, we conducted a thematic analysis of the data. Results Despite the espoused goals of ensuring that health service interventions are always based on high-quality evidence within the clinical field, this study demonstrates that the outcomes of the evaluations are not the only factor in the decision to engage in scale-up efforts. Important socio-cultural factors also come into play. Bourdieu uses the term capital to refer to the resources that agents compete for and with their acquisition, accumulate power and/or social standing. The type of evidence valued in the clinical field and the ability to leverage capital in demonstrating that value are also important factors. Conclusions Determining if an intervention is effective and should be scaled up is more complex in practice than described in the literature. Efforts are needed to explicitly include the role of social processes in the current frameworks guiding scaling-up efforts.
Bidirectional crosstalk between Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and glucocorticoid signalling in zebrafish larvae

In the last decades in vitro studies highlighted the potential for crosstalk between Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-(HIF) and glucocorticoid-(GC) signalling pathways. However, how this interplay precisely occurs in vivo is still debated. Here, we use zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) to elucidate how and to what degree hypoxic signalling affects the endogenous glucocorticoid pathway and vice versa, in vivo. Firstly, our results demonstrate that in the presence of upregulated HIF signalling, both glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) responsiveness and endogenous cortisol levels are repressed in 5 days post fertilisation larvae. In addition, despite HIF activity being low at normoxia, our data show that it already impedes both glucocorticoid activity and levels. Secondly, we further analysed the in vivo contribution of glucocorticoids to HIF activity. Interestingly, our results show that both glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) play a key role in enhancing it. Finally, we found indications that glucocorticoids promote HIF signalling via multiple routes. Cumulatively, our findings allowed us to suggest a model for how this crosstalk occurs in vivo.
Re–evaluating the omnivory–stability relationship in food webs

Under equilibrium conditions, previous theory has shown that the presence of omnivory destabilizes food webs. Correspondingly, omnivory ought to be rare in real food webs. Although, early food web data appeared to verify this, recently many ecologists have found omnivory to be ubiquitous in food web data gathered at a high taxonomic resolution. In this paper, we re–investigate the role of omnivory in food webs using a non–equilibrium perspective. We find that the addition of omnivory to a simple food chain model (thus a simple food web) locally stabilizes the food web in a very complete way. First, non–equilibrium dynamics (e.g. chaos) tend to be eliminated or bounded further away from zero via period–doubling reversals invoked by the omnivorous trophic link. Second, food chains without interior attractors tend to gain a stable interior attractor with moderate amounts of omnivory.
Network Pharmacology Study of Heat-Clearing and Detoxifying Traditional Chinese Medicine for Alzheimer's Disease

This study aims to explore the possible homologous mechanism of 7 frequently‐used herbs for heat-clearing and detoxification in traditional Chinese medicine (HDTCM) for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common types of dementia, based on network pharmacology. Herbs that satisfied the criteria of containing chlorogenic acid, relating to AD and aligning with HDTCM, were simultaneously collected to determine whether they have anti-AD effect based on a survey of the literature. Herb-ingredient-target-disease networks were constructed by collecting information from the TCMSP and GeneCards public databases. The common targets of the herbs and AD were identified for conducting a Gene Ontology (GO) analyses and a Reactome pathway enrichment analysis. The results showed that PTGS1, IL-6, CASP3, and VEGFA were the predicted key gene targets. The IL-4 and IL-13 signaling pathway, the ESR-mediated signaling pathway, and the extranuclear estrogen signaling pathway were the significant pathways associated with the 7 herbs. This study revealed that the analogous anti-AD mechanism of the 7 herbs of HDTCM may be associated with anti-inflammation, which is a common effect of the chlorogenic acid and quercetin components.
Common gray and white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

This study aimed to investigate abnormalities in the gray matter and white matter (GM and WM, respectively) that are shared between schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). We used 3T-magnetic resonance imaging to examine patients with SZ, BD, or healthy control (HC) subjects (aged 20–50 years, N = 65 in each group). We generated modulated GM maps through voxel-based morphometry (VBM) for T1-weighted images and skeletonized fractional anisotropy, mean diffusion, and radial diffusivity maps through tract-based special statistics (TBSS) methods for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. These data were analyzed using a generalized linear model with pairwise comparisons between groups with a family-wise error corrected P < 0.017. The VBM analysis revealed widespread decreases in GM volume in SZ compared to HC, but patients with BD showed GM volume deficits limited to the right thalamus and left insular lobe. The TBSS analysis showed alterations of DTI parameters in widespread WM tracts both in SZ and BD patients compared to HC. The two disorders had WM alterations in the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, internal capsule, external capsule, posterior thalamic radiation, and fornix. However, we observed no differences in GM volume or WM integrity between SZ and BD. The study results suggest that GM volume deficits in the thalamus and insular lobe along with widespread disruptions of WM integrity might be the common neural mechanisms underlying the pathologies of SZ and BD.