Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RUMEN MICROBIAL GROWTH IN SHEEP FED THREE DISTINCT QUALITY HAYS

Forages usually fed to sheep in tropics have low values of crude protein (CP) content and/or low availability of protein. The aim of this work was to identify different profiles of microbial protein (MP) yield for sheep fed hays with distinct CP levels. Three hays (LUC - Lucerne, SIG - signalgrass and TIF - Tifton-85), six animals (Santa InAas wethers fitted with rumen and duodenum cannulas) placed in a double Latin square were used to evaluate transit rates of microbial protein and in vivo microbial synthesis. In vitro microbial protein synthesis was evaluated in a complete factorial statistical design. The parameters studied were rumen pH and ammonia-N, microbial protein transit using 15N as marker and microbial protein synthesis by in vivo (purine derivatives urinary excretion) and in vitro (32P incorporation) techniques. Rumen pH values did not present significant differences for treatments (hays) and these values were in a level considered as satisfactory to good microbial development. As studied hays presented great variations on CP levels, the concentration of ammonia-N was higher for animals fed LUC (191 g CP/kg DM) and lower for animals fed SIG (29 g/kg DM), therefore presented no difference for ammonia-N concentration (P > 0.05) between SIG and TIF (75 g CP/kg DM). The nitrogen assimilation rate (k1) by rumen microorganisms was much faster (P 0.05). Feeds with low proteic content had prejudicial effect on utilization of nutrients by sheep and on maintenance of a healthy rumen environment. This fact was highlighted by variations on rumen ammonia-N concentrations. The microbial synthesis capacity was identified more efficiently by purine derivatives urinary excretion technique. The in vitro technique of 32P incorporation did not distinguish microbial growths from tested feeds degradation. In vitro technique showed strong dependency of inoculum quality.
An Economic Analysis of Beverage Size Restrictions

We model the potential efficiency and distributional consequences of a government beverage-size restriction that is designed to curb or reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Unsurprisingly, we find that a credibly implemented restriction can curb consumption, particularly by “high-type” consumers who consume large amounts of sweetened beverages. Surprisingly, we find that for small to moderate restrictions that might be consistent with the magnitude of the NYC soda-ban, consumer welfare will be unaffected by the regulation. Instead, most consumption inefficiency induced welfare losses will be borne by sellers. Thus, policy debates concerning welfare losses from soft-drink sales should focus on business losses rather than consumer welfare losses.
Cross-Sectional Imaging Analysis of Epiretinal Membrane Involvement in Unilateral Open-Angle Glaucoma Severity.

Purpose To determine the relevance of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and potential risk for glaucoma severity. Methods Sixty eyes of 30 patients with POAG who had a unilateral ERM were analyzed; 60 nonglaucomatous eyes of 30 patients with a unilateral ERM also were recruited in this institutional cross-sectional study. Patients underwent swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and visual field testing. Intraindividual differences in the SS-OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) disc cupping area measurements and visual field outcomes were analyzed in the two groups. Results In patients with POAG, the mean circumpapillary RNFL thickness in the eyes with an ERM was 75.6 ± 16.5 μm superiorly and 71.8 ± 26.0 inferiorly compared with the fellow eyes without an ERM (87.2 ± 23.6 μm, P = 0.0061 and 81.3 ± 27.7 μm, P = 0.034, respectively). The areas of disc cupping and cup-to-disc ratio seen on OCT horizontal and vertical B-scans were larger in eyes with an ERM than in the fellow eyes without ERM (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0011, respectively). The average mean deviations were -11.6 ± 7.5 dB in the ERM group and -8.19 ± 6.4 dB in the group with no ERM (P = 0.029). Eyes with an ERM received more antiglaucoma eye drops (P = 0.018). Those differences were not seen between eyes with an ERM or fellow eyes in patients without glaucoma. Conclusions The presence of an ERM can be a potential risk factor for unilateral severity in eyes with POAG.
Author ' s personal copy Gene expression in Citrus sinensis ( L . ) Osbeck following infectionwith the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus causing Huanglongbing in Florida

Huanglongbing (HLB) (= citrus greening) is a destructive disease of citrus which is caused by a fastidious, phloem-inhabiting bacterium of the genus Candidatus Liberibacter. Large-scale analysis of gene expression changes in ‘Valencia’ orange leaves were studied during the course of 19 weeks after inoculation with Ca. L. asiaticus using the Affymetrix GeneChip citrus genome array to provide new insights into the molecular basis of citrus response to this pathogen. Of the more than 33,000 probe sets on the microarray 21,067 were expressed in the leaves, of which 279 and 515 were differentially expressed (false-discovery rate (FDR) 0.05) 5–9 and 13–17 weeks after inoculation, respectively. Results from semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis performed on 14 selected genes were highly correlated with those observed with the microarray. Gene expression changes involved a variety of different processes including cell defense, transport, cellular organization, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism. Notable was the pathogen-induced accumulation of transcripts for a phloem-specific lectin PP2-like protein. Transcriptional changes and their relation to disease symptom development are discussed. This is the first study of transcriptional profiling in citrus in response to liberibacter infection using microarray technology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel. : +1 772 462 5941; fax: +1 772 462 5986. E-mail address: ute.albrecht@ars.usda. gov (U. Albrecht).
Effect of Critical Risk Factors Causing Cost Deviation in Medium Sized Construction Projects

Risk is the outcome of an event which may be predicted on the basis of statistical probability. Construction projects have inherent risks associated with it. The main aim of this paper is to identify the critical risk factors and to propose a model to find the probability of cost deviation in medium sized construction projects. A total of 46 risk factors were shortlisted based on pilot study and experts' opinion. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 223 various construction professionals each representing one project i.e. from 223 different projects. Based on factor analysis, 46 risk factors which influence the cost deviation in construction projects were classified under nine key risk groups viz. project scope and evaluation risk, work environment risk, documentation and legal framework risk, construction and operational risk, resource productivity risk, knowledge sharing risk, site supervision risk, financial viability risk and lean construction risk. Logistic regression analysis was also carried out to develop a model to find the probability of cost deviation in construction projects. It is concluded that the risk groups such as project scope and evaluation risk, site supervision risk, knowledge sharing risk and lean construction risk are having higher influence in the cost deviation in medium sized construction projects. By setting the effective baseline of the project like estimation of original project cost and detailed project report, cost deviations in medium size construction projects can be eliminated. Detailed recommendations are also provided.
An approach to identify the sources of low-carbon growth for Europe

European policymakers are struggling to identify economic policies that can create new jobs and return their economies to a stable growth path. The aim of this report is to examine how Europe can gain a competitive edge in new products and services with higher value added that can form the basis for future growth and jobs. In light of limited fiscal and political capital, the crucial issue is prioritisation in terms of technologies, regions and policies. Given global decarbonisation concerns, the wide array of low-carbon technologies offers significant growth potential. Some EU countries have already been able to develop a comparative advantage in wind turbines and electric vehicles, though the EU is less effective at exporting solar panels and batteries. Based on patenting activities we, however, see some potential – maybe not for entire countries but for some regions – to further specialise in all of these four low-carbon technologies.
Audit fee determinants in the nonprofit sector: A study of community action agencies

There is a growing interest in the pricing of audits in the nonprofit (NPO) sector; however, there is a lack of sufficient research to support the interest. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of audit fees in the Community Action Agency (anti-poverty fighting nonfederal organizations) segment of the NPO sector of the audit market. An external audit fee model is developed using a national sample of 274 Community Action Agencies. Ordinary least square regression is used to test the model. The findings indicate that the model is highly significant and explains the majority of the cross-sectional variance in audit fees. Consistent with prior studies, the size and complexity variables explain the majority of variance in fees. Contrary to prior studies, there is a weak association between the proxies for risk and fees and there is a low concentration of Big audit firms. This segment of the audit market is dominated by small (nonTop 100) audit firms. The results of this study may be useful to managers, policy makers, donors and other stakeholders to assess audit fees in an environment similar to CAAs.
Monte-Carlo Study of Phonon Heat Conduction in Silicon Thin Films

Heat conduction in crystalline semiconductor materials occurs by lattice vibrations that result in the propagation of quanta of energy called phonons. The Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) for phonons is a powerful tool to model both equilibrium and non-equilibrium heat conduction in crystalline solids. Non-equilibrium heat conduction occurs either when the length scales (of the device in question) are small or at low temperatures. The BTE describes the evolution of the number density (or energy) distribution for phonons as a result of transport (or drift) and inter-phonon collisions. The Monte-Carlo (MC) method has found prolific use in the solution of the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) for phonons. This thesis contributes to the state-of-the-art by performing a systematic study of the role of the various phonon modes on thermal conductivity predictions−in particular, optical phonons. A procedure to calculate three-phonon scattering time-scales with the inclusion of optical phonons is described and implemented. The roles of various phonon modes are assessed. It is found that Transverse Acoustic (TA) phonons are the primary carriers of energy at low temperatures. At high temperatures (T > 200 K), Longitudinal Acoustic (LA) phonons carry more energy than TA phonons. When optical phonons are included, there is a significant change in the amount of energy carried by various phonons modes, especially at room temperature, where optical modes are found to carry about 25% of the energy at steady state in silicon thin films. Most
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Cluster Bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub) Genotypes Using RAPD and ISSR Markers

In the present study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to estimate genetic diversity and relationships among 35 cluster bean [ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] genotypes. For RAPD analysis, 20 random primers were used which amplified 164 bands, 147 of which were polymorphic with an average polymorphism of 90.3%. The amplified products varied in size from 250 to 2,050 bp. For ISSR analysis, 10 primers were used which produced 105 bands, 102 of which were polymorphic (97%). The size of amplified bands ranged from 450 to 3,500 bp. The efficiency of primers in generating sufficient information for genetic diversity analysis was computed using discriminatory power (D j), which ranged from 0.40 to 0.98 for RAPDs and 0.44 to 0.99 for ISSRs. Jaccard similarity coefficients were used to estimate the genotypic association with each other, which varied from 0.38 to 0.91 for RAPDs and from 0.20 to 0.88 for ISSRs. Cluster analysis indicated that all 35 genotypes could be distinguished by both RAPD and ISSR markers. Both of the methods (RAPD and ISSR) showed significant correlation (r= 0.69), implying their equal importance in cluster bean diversity analysis.
THE ‘INSTITUTIONS A BASIS OF ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC METHODOLOGIES

UDC 330.837 Review paper Abstract: This paper discusses issues of methodological basis of contemporary economic theory, from the perspective of rival research orientations and their conceptual sensitization to the role and impacts of institutional structures. In this regard, the paper prese individualism, research support of economic orthodoxy, based on a consistent interpretation of all social phenomena as outcomes of individual choice. It is shown that even in its most rigid versions this approach has to take to a certain beyond the individualist framework. The opposing research orientation, methodological holism, gives explanatory primacy to (different) social collective entities and structures, characteristics of which are autonomous in nature and essential for the explanation of the individual as an entity of a lower order, whose individual properties are not significant. Both approaches are subjected to reductionist tendencies individual or culturally over economic reality has repercussions on the mentioned methodological dichotomy, given that in conceptual terms it has the potential to bridge the extre methodological positions. Awareness of the impact of institutions on the socioeconomic reality has produced distinctive methodological orientations. Institutional individualism considers institutions as exogenous mechan the behaviour of the individuals as the main actors of social dynamics, and in that sense this approach can be considered as a milder variant of methodological individualism. The institutionalist understands individual acting as a product of an integrated institutional framework, whose dynamics takes place independently of the individuals, according to its own regularities. Some kind of balance between the aforementioned orientations is offered by methodological systemism, which affirms the dual nature of the actors of social dynamics units of a lower order, but also as entities with autonomous, emergent prope contextualisation of relations between institutions and individuals in accordance with a system perspective may be a suitable way, with more tuned reality, theoretical valuation and overcoming differences between opponent methodological traditio Received: 08.09. 2015 Accepted: 23.03. 2016
More Hosts, More Problems: Factors Related to the Distribution and Abundance of the Four-Host Trematode Parasite Alaria spp. in Amphibians in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, USA

A flatworm genus, Alaria spp. , is a poorly understood parasite found in an aquatic system well suited to study the distribution, effects, and implications of infectious diseases. This North American parasite infects multiple hosts, including snails, amphibians, and mammals, to complete its life cycle. Using a survey of 67 ponds in Northern California, four aspects of Alaria spp. infection in amphibian hosts were studied: (1) natural occurrence, (2) effects of host biology, (3) spatial distribution, and (4) environmental determinants of occurrence. A thorough review of past reports of Alaria spp. as well as analysis involving t-tests, linear models, generalized linear models, and Moran’s I were carried out. The present study identifies Anaxyrus boreas, the Western toad, as a novel host of Alaria spp. As for frequency, Alaria spp. was only found at 27% of sites and only in 25.5% amphibians (range: 5% to 72% hosts per site) and the average abundance across hosts was 1.21 parasites per frog (0.02 to 5.33). There was no significant difference in Alaria spp. infection between Pseudacris regilla and A. boreas as well as between sexes of hosts. Host body size was significantly correlated with Alaria spp. infection. Alaria spp. infection in amphibian hosts was randomly spatially distributed in the study system. Finally, no variable was significantly correlated for presence of Alaria spp. , but vegetated surface area, pond surface area, and pH were significant predictors of average Alaria spp. abundance. The negative correlation of vegetated surface area and pH with abundance is not well supported or understood. Experimental investigation of mechanisms and further surveys of Alaria spp. across years and geographical regions are necessary to fully understand the ecology of Alaria spp.
The Studding of Accuracy of Soil Moisture Measurement by Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) method is increasingly have used for estimation of soil water content. With TDR, soil dielectric constant (K) is measured and related to soil volumetric water content (VWC) using a calibration equation. The main objective of this study was to compare of the TDR measurements and gravimetrically determined VWC and determine the relationship between soil water content obtained from these two methods are based on mathematical equations (Linear, quadratic and cubic) for Clay, Loamy and Sandy soil texture in 10 moisture range. The studied experimental models in this research were Topp et al (1980), Roth et al (1992) and Jacobsen and Schjonning (1993). Results showed that mean soil VWC measurements of TDR method was 3% less than gravimetrically measurements for clay soil texture and mean soil VWCs measurement of TDR method were 0.3% and 2.5% greater than gravimetrically measurements for Loamy and Sandy soil texture. The results indicate cubic model is the best model and the weakest ones were belonged to Roth et al (1992) for Clay, Loamy and Sandy soil texture. It is concluded that with increasing soil clay content, the accuracy of measurement by TDR was decreased and the maximum and minimum measurement accuracy relate to sandy and clay soil texture respectively. Also it is concluded that the accuracy of measurement by TDR was greater than Topp et al (1980), Roth et al (1992) and Jacobsen and Schjonning (1993) and less than Linear, quadratic and cubic mathematical equations.
Comparative Analysis of Hash Function and Symmetric Algorithm for Data Security in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor is utilized as a part of numerous territories, for example, controlling, checking following. System security is a vital assignment that must be extremely considered when outlining a system. It is characterized as a methodology and process took after by a system head to ensure the system gadgets or the information from undesirable dangers and unapproved clients. System security is the imperative part in data security since it is in charge of securing all information went through system. In current period arrange security has turned out to be more critical for exchange of information starting with one PC then onto the next PC, in each association and the military. With the advancement of web security turn into a noteworthy worry for secure the vital information. Due to quickly expanding no of PC's in associations numerous systems has been built up. As per expanding of no of system and clients on the planet and increment the no of dangers and unapproved client that is the reason the system isn't sheltered and we required a security on the system.
Optimal Hedging in Discrete and Continuous Time

In this article we find the optimal solution of the hedging problem in discrete time by minimizing the mean square hedging error, when the underlying assets are multidimensional, extending the results of Schweizer (1995). We also find explicit expressions for the optimal hedging problem in continuous time when the underlying assets are modeled by a regime-switching geometric L'evy process. It is also shown that the continuous time solution can be approximated by discrete time Hidden Markov models processes. In addition, in the case of the regime-switching geometric Brownian motion, the optimal prices are the same as the prices under an equivalent martingale measure, making that measure a natural choice. However, the optimal hedging strategy is not the usual delta hedging but it can be easily computed by Monte Carlo methods. These results presented here are different from those of Follmer & Schweizer (1991) on hedging and Prigent (2003) on weak convergence, who both considered the problem of local quadratic risk minimizing strategies instead of the global quadratic risk minimizing strategies. Even in the discrete case, these two settings were shown to lead, in general, to different solutions by Schweizer (1995).
Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soils in the Vicinity of the Proposed Mkuju Uranium Mine in Tanzania

Tanzania is at advance stages in the preparation to start uranium mining at Mkuju River Deposit. In order to implement best practice in environmental management in uranium mining as required by national and international regulations and standards, a set of site specific baseline data have to be established prior the mining operation. In order to establish heavy metal baseline data for this purpose, a total of 84 soil samples were collected from clustered area of about 1,300 km 2 at two depths: 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. Analysis of the data using EDXRF showed a total metal concentration ranges of 3570-19400 for Al, 15200-58600 Fe, 400-1400 Mn, 15.2-54.9 Cr, 13.5-51.0 Zn, 2.2-45.3 Pb, 2.1-37.3 Cd, 0.2-23.0 Hg, 1.8-25.1Cu, 2.1-22.7 Ni and 0.8-9.1 mgkg -1 for Co. Since the spatial distributions of heavy metals in the vicinity of the planned uranium mine are comparable to established global concentration ranges in soils, it is an indication that the distribution is natural. By virtue of their strong association with uranium and immobility in soil, spatial distributions of lead and copper concentrations would be more sensitive indicators for monitoring uranium related soil contaminants when the uranium mine become operational.
Energetic Analysis of Two Thermal Power Plants with Six and Seven Heaters

An energetic analysis of two power plants with six and seven heaters was realized in this work and also a feedwater heater was taking into consideration. This analysis considered the temperature and pressure ranges under which power generating plants work. The unit thermal consumption (UTC), the specific fuel consumption (SFC) and the specific steam consumption (SSC) were obtained for power generation. The energetic analysis to the cycles of steam with regeneration with six and seven heaters was realized. There was a difference of 0.5% in the values of UTC, SFC and SSC when the pressures of condensation changed. Also an analysis of the behavior of the thermal efficiency in relation to the rise of numbers of heater from two to seven is presented.