Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acid and thermal resistance of a Salmonella enteritidis strain involved in several foodborne outbreaks.

Acid and thermal resistances of a Salmonella enteritidis strain involved in several foodborne outbreaks in southern Brazil were compared with other two Salmonella serovars. Strains were cultivated in Nutrient Broth supplemented with 1% glucose for acid adaptation, and then cells were exposed to different pH and temperatures. Survivors were enumerated and cellular proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). S. enteritidis presented better acid adaptation than S. typhimurium and S. bredeney after exposure to pH 3.5 and 4.0, but all serovars demonstrated a similar behavior at pH 4.5. At 52C, nonadapted and acid-adapted S. bredeney presented enhanced survivor rates when compared to the other serovars, although acid adaptation protected S. enteritidis. At 56C and 60C, nonadapted and acid-adapted S. enteritidis was more thermally resistant than other serovars. Differences in protein profiles of nonadapted and acid-adapted cells of all serovars were observed by SDS-PAGE. S. enteritidis demonstrated greater acid adaptation and thermal resistance after acid adaptation than other serovars. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS These results could be related to the frequent involvement of this strain with salmonellosis in southern Brazil. Information on the thermal resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is an important step toward the optimization of the thermal processing of foods. Underestimation of thermal resistance increases the risk that a sufficient portion of an initial pathogen population may persist after thermal treatments, which could result in a foodborne outbreak.
Factors Influencing the Accuracy of a Macroinvertebrate Bioassessment Protocol in South Carolina Coastal Plain Streams

ABSTRACT The multiple habitat sampling protocol (MHSP) is a bioassment method designed to assess the ecological health of South Carolina streams on the basis of macroinvertebrate samples collected from natural substrates. The MHSP is computed by averaging the EPT (numbers of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera taxa) and BI (a biotic index that reflects the pollution tolerances of individual taxa) to produce a bioclassification score. The MHSP produced low bioclassification scores that could falsely indicate environmental degradation in some undisturbed, high quality streams in the Sandhills ecoregion. This problem had two causes. The metrics (especially EPT) were significantly related to stream size, which potentially confounded stream size effects with environmental impacts, and the scoring criteria for EPT were too high for some Sandhills streams. We corrected these problems by developing new scoring criteria for Sandhills streams that utilized residuals from regressions of the metrics on stream width to normalize for stream size. The MHSP and related protocols are effective methods for assessing environmental quality, but allowances must be made for the effects of stream size and the potential ecological heterogeneity that naturally exists among streams in some ecoregions.
Why do frog and toad forelimbs suddenly (but asynchronously) appear, every time metamorphosis is near?

Summary The internal development and the emergence of the forelimbs at metamorphosis is a defining feature of anuran amphibians (frogs and toads). However, although forelimb emergence is considered sudden, it is rarely synchronous. Any asynchrony may or may not exacerbate the increased drag that is predicted to occur with the emergence of the forelimbs at metamorphic climax. Despite the impact forelimb emergence is hypothesized to have on individual survival and life-history evolution, the degree of asynchrony between forelimb emergence, and any consequences of such asymmetry, has not been investigated. The asynchrony in forelimb emergence also provides an opportunity to test the currently held evolutionary basis for the internal development and sudden emergence of the forelimbs in anurans. Using a diverse range of anuran taxonomic groups, we measured the time between, and pattern of, the emergence of the forelimbs across a range of species. To examine the evolutionary impacts of forelimb emergence, we assessed locomotory performance when individuals had zero, one or two forelimbs emerged. The duration of time between the emergence of the two forelimbs was longer and more variable than predicted. Furthermore, no species suffered impaired burst speeds nor was their angle of escape affected as the forelimbs emerged asynchronously. In fact, burst swimming speed was faster after the emergence of one and two forelimbs than prior to their emergence. Fundamentally, our results call into question the proposition, long accepted, that internal forelimb development is associated with locomotion and reducing drag during metamorphosis. This does not appear to be the case, and we suggest that anatomical or developmental constraints or advantages may be responsible.
Towards a unified view of fluids

It has traditionally been believed that, unlike normal fluids whose structural properties are determined primarily by the intermolecular short-range repulsive interactions, the properties of polar and associating fluids are strongly affected by the long-range Coulombic interactions. In the course of investigations to determine the primary driving forces governing the behaviour of various (non-simple) fluids, and hence to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of theoretically based simple models and theory, extensive and systematic computer simulations have been performed on typical quadrupolar (carbon dioxide), dipolar (acetone and acetonitrile), and associating (hydrogen fluoride, methanol, and water) fluids using the available realistic effective pair potentials and their variants involving forces of different ranges. In addition to the main structural characteristics (one- and two-dimensional site–site correlation functions, local g factors, and radial slices through the full pair correlation function), the dielectric constants and the thermodynamic properties (internal energy and pressure) of both the homogeneous liquid and supercritical fluid phases, and vapor–liquid equilibria have also been considered. Furthermore, in the case of water, the diffusion coefficient and viscosity have also been considered along with water at the interface. All the obtained results lead to the unambiguous conclusion that the structure, defined in terms of the complete set of site–site correlation functions, for both polar and associating pure fluids is governed by the same molecular mechanism as for normal fluids, i.e. by the short-range interactions (which, however, may be both repulsive and attractive), whereas the long-range part of the electrostatic forces, regardless of their strength, plays only a marginal role and may be treated as a perturbation only. The consequences of these findings for theory and applications are also discussed.
INFLUENCE OF TROPHY HUNTING AND HORN SIZE ON MATING BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVORSHIP OF MOUNTAIN SHEEP

Abstract We conducted a study of the effects of horn sizes and trophy hunting on mating behavior and survival of rams in hunted and unhunted populations of Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), Rocky Mountain bighorn (O. canadensis canadensis), and desert bighorn (O. c. nelsoni) sheep. Mating success was positively correlated with horn size in Dall sheep (P = 0.03) and Rocky Mountain bighorns (P = 0.05), but not in the desert bighorn (P > 0.05) taxa. Group sizes, rams per rut group, and competition between rams were lowest in desert bighorn sheep. There were indications of greater harassment of ewes by young rams in trophy-hunted populations. In hunted populations, compared with unhunted, ewes ran away more often from approaching rams, ewes moved farther away from courting young rams (P = 0.003), younger rams performed fewer courtship displays (P = 0.042) and more aggressive displays to ewes, and sheep interacted 27% more of the time. Ram-to-ewe interaction times per individual ewe did not differ for any of the taxa (P > 0.05), and, apparently as a consequence of this, we found no discernable effects of trophy hunting on survivorship of ewes, ewe fecundity, or recruitment of young (P > 0.05). There were greater energy expenditures by young rams in the heavily hunted Dall sheep population versus the paired Dall sheep unhunted population, but not in the lightly hunted Rocky Mountain and desert bighorn populations when compared with unhunted populations. This was consistent with evidence for depressed survivorship of rams too young or too small to be hunted (approximately ages 4–6) in the heavily hunted Dall sheep population (P = 0.0001), but not in the bighorn sheep populations (P > 0.05).
Identifying (E)-4,8-Dimethyl-1,3,7-Nonatriene Plus Acetic Acid as a New Lure for Male and Female Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

ABSTRACT Laboratory and field studies were conducted to measure the responses of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), to several plant volatiles presented alone and in combination with acetic acid. Plant volatiles included ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester), (E)-β-farnesene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, ± farnesol, and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-l,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT). Male codling moth exhibited upwind behavioral responses to each compound in flight tunnel tests with acetic acid > DMNT > ± farnesol > (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate > pear ester > (E)-β-farnesene. In apple orchards, however, only pear ester was an effective lure when used alone with clear pane traps. Choice tests in a flight tunnel with delta traps baited with DMNT plus acetic acid caught significantly more male and females than unbaited traps and significantly more females than DMNT-baited traps. Combining pear ester or DMNT loaded in septa lures with separate vials containing acetic acid significantly increased both male and female moth catch compared with the plant volatile alone, acetic acid alone, and unbaited pane traps in field trials. Similar results were not obtained with the other three plant volatiles. Septum loadings of 1 and 10 mg with either pear ester or DMNT in combination with acetic acid caught similar numbers of moths in orange delta traps. Sixty to 75% of the moths captured in traps baited with DMNT plus acetic acid were females. Moth catches in traps baited with DMNT plus acetic acid were ≈40% of catches in similar traps baited with pear ester plus acetic acid.
Characterization and Identification of Tunisian Olive Tree Varieties by Microsatellite Markers

In the Mediterranean basin, a large number of olive varieties are present. This poses a series of problems concerning germplasm characterization and management. In addition, there is a problem arising from the existence of homonyms and synonyms. This makes cultivar identification very difficult and complex. Microsatellites or simple sequence repeat (SSR) are locus-specific codominant markers showing a high degree of polymorphism and multiple alleles per locus. Their high informativeness makes them the markers of choice in genetic diversity studies. This work presents the results of molecular characterization and identification of 20 Tunisian olive varieties using 10 SSR markers. All the SSR amplification products were sequenced to determine the number of repeats and the range of allele size. The number of alleles per SSR varied from three to six and the average heterozygosity rate ranged from 30% to 95%. Hierarchical classification of varieties base on similarity measures and clustering was globally consistent with the grouping of varieties by end use and phenotypic characteristics. The result is that varieties having the same name were found to have a clonal relationship. Paternity analysis showed also clone relationships between varieties not known to be related.
Obtenção e caracterização do amido do endocarpo da manga Tommy Atkins proveniente do resíduo agroindustrial

A agroindustria da manga e uma atividade em expansao e produz grande volume de residuos que nao sao reaproveitados, mas descartados de forma inadequada. O objetivo deste trabalho e obter e caracterizar o amido da amendoa do endocarpo da manga, variedade Tommy Atkins, proveniente dos residuos agroindustriais para que esse possa ser usado na formulacao de novos produtos na industria alimenticia. A amendoa e o amido foram caracterizados atraves de analises fisico-quimicas. A amendoa da manga Tommy Atkins apesentou umidade de 59,00%, cinza de 1,16%, teor de lipidio de 4,17%, proteina de 3,79% e quase 50% de carboidratos totais. No processo de extracao do amido variando a concentracao da solucao de extracao e o tempo de trituracao da amendoa, de acordo com planejamento experimental,observou-se rendimento de extracao variando de 18,28 a 27,11%. A qualidade do amido e influenciada pela concentracao dos outros componentes presentes, sendo assim, o amido extraido apresentou boa qualidade com teor de umidade de 10,4%, proteina de 2,49 %, cinzas de 0,07% e lipidios de 4,6%. O amido apresentou caracteristicas desejaveis podendo ser largamente utilizado na industria de alimentos.
Dynamic response of deep-sea sediments to seasonal variations: A model

We present a dynamic, numerical model of early diagenetic processes that can be used to examine the response of different organic carbon mineralization pathways, concentration vs. depth profiles, and the resultant fluxes to seasonally varying carbon deposition. We show that there can be substantial temporal variability in sediment-water fluxes as well as in the relative contribution of different organic carbon mineralization pathways and oxygen consumption processes in deep-sea sediments. The timing and amplitude of the sediment response are most sensitive to the reactivity of the organic matter. We show that the fluxes of dissolved substances can be approximated by assuming that these constituents are at steady state with the carbon profiles. The model is used to reconcile a time series of community oxygen consumption rates, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonia, and manganese profiles, and solid- phase organic carbon profiles at a deep-sea station in the Pacific. The organic carbon that is deposited is very reactive (7.2 yr(-1)), which causes a fast response of the sediment community to seasonal pulses in carbon flux and significant temporal variation in oxygen and nutrient fluxes. The model predicts large seasonal variations in the relative importance of oxic (48-71%), denitrification (12-17%), and anoxic (16-37%) pathways. There is also substantial variation in the porewater profiles of oxygen, nitrate, ammonia, and other reduced substances over the seasonal cycle, indicating that seasonal variability should be taken into account when extrapolating from a single observation to yearly averaged values. [KEYWORDS: Community oxygen-consumption; eastern north pacific; organic-matter; marine-sediments; flux; mineralization; distributions;bioturbation; diagenesis; reduction]
Non-native freshwater cladoceran Bosmina coregoni (Baird, 1857) established on the Pacific coast of North America

The freshwater cladoceran Bosmina coregoni (Baird, 1857), native to Eurasia, has established and spread in the Great Lakes region of North America since the 1960s. Here we report the first detection of B. coregoni on the Pacific coast of North America, in three geographically distinct locations: the Lower Columbia River Estuary (LCRE), Lake Washington in western Washington state, and the Columbia River Basin in south eastern Washington state. Bosmina coregoni was detected on multiple sampling dates in Lake Washington and the LCRE between 2008 and 2012.
Experiences of undergraduate students with literal symbols

The study investigated the results of an experiment where the researcher observed misuses of literal symbols by university students when they had to solve integration exercises. 150 university students were selected as the sample of the study. The study used examination papers, semi-structured interviews and in-class observations as the data collection instrument. The study showed cases of difficulties experienced by students when they had to use letters like x, y, u, v, . to solve the exercises. The main conclusion is that students have letter x as their prototypical concept image of literals used in algebra or calculus and, for this reason, they have difficulties in using other letters. The study presented several classifications of students' answers showing wrong uses of literals, and some examples of student' answers, in some cases followed by fragments of interviews where a researcher asks the students for the reasons of their use of literals, in other cases without any explanation. Key words: Literal symbols, the concept of variable, concept image, integration exercises.
Interfacial Effects on Stress Transfer in Fiber-Reinforced Composites

A three-dimensional solution for a fiber-reinforced circular cylinder is presented for axisymmetric force and displacement boundary conditions. The solution, which can satisfy all the boundary conditions prescribed on the curved and end surfaces of the cylinder, can be used directly in the micromechanical analysis of fiber-reinforced composites to investigate the typical representative volume element (RVE). The element consists of a combined circular cylinder composed of a solid inner circular cylinder of transversely isotropic fiber, a concentric outer circular cylinder of isotropic matrix material, and an interface layer between the fiber and the matrix. The radial and tangential flexural compliances of the interfacial material are considered, and their effects on the stress transfer at the interface are studied parametrically. The numerical results presented show that the material properties of the interfacial layer have significant influences on the stress distribution within the RVE, particularly at the cross sections near the ends of the cylinder, where external loads are applied.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese honeybees ( Apis cerana ) under microsatellite markers

Using 21 microsatellite markers and PCR method, the polymorphisms of 20 Apis cerana honeybee populations across China was investigated and the genetic structure and diversity of the populations were explored. The results showed that 507 alleles (mean 24.14 per locus, ranging from 13 to 45) were observed in 842 honeybees. Wuding bee had the highest level of heterozygosity (0.695), and the lowest estimate was 0.207 for Changbai bee. The global heterozygote deficit across all populations (Fit) amounted to 0.776. About 42.3% of the total genetic variability originated from differences between breeds, with all loci contributing significantly to the differentiation. An unrooted consensus tree using the Neighbour-Joining method and pair-wise distances showed that 6 populations from Eastern China clustered together. The structure analysis indicated that the 6 populations were separated first. These findings demonstrated that the 6 honeybee populations had close genetic relationships. Key words : Apis cerana, microsatellite, polymorphism, genetic structure.
Taxonomic revision of Xanthomendoza borealis and Xanthoria mawsonii (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota)

Abstract: The xanthorioid taxa Xanthomendoza borealis and Xanthoria mawsonii are revised using morphological, anatomical, secondary chemical, and molecular characters. We conclude that most specimens determined as X. mawsonii from the Antarctic are conspecific with specimens labelled X. borealis from the Northern Hemisphere. Some specimens named X. mawsonii from the Antarctic are wrongly determined specimens of Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr, including the holotype of Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge. Accordingly, Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge is a synonym to Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. The only available correct name for the bipolar species, which comprises material previously determined as X. borealis and X. mawsonii, and is distinct from the more widespread taxon X. candelaria, is Xanthomendoza borealis (R. Sant. & Poelt) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Kondratyuk.
Capsule structure in three species of Dyckia (Bromeliaceae): Ontogenetic and taxonomic issues1

Abstract Dyckia is characterized by conserved external floral and fruit morphology. Considering the conservative morphology of Dyckia fruits, anatomical features could be an important source of phylogenetically useful characters. The objectives of this study were to characterize fruit ontogeny and dehiscence in three species of Dyckia (Dyckia distachya, Dyckia reitzii, and Dyckia remotiflora), and in the process to identify characters that contribute to the systematics of the genus and family. Differences were found among species in the number of mesophyll/mesocarp layers, presence of pluristratified hypodermis, presence of mucilage secretory structures, and presence of perivascular bundle sheath extensions. In addition, a xerochastic mechanism of dehiscence in Dyckia denticidal capsules is described here for the first time. As a potential source of characters, fruit anatomical features can be useful at the generic and specific levels.
Bioethanol production by immobilized Sacharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus cells

Bioethanol can be produced by fermentation of sugars from various waste agricultural materials. Whichever system for bioethanol production is chosen, the attention must be paid to the overall economics and energy consumption. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immobilization of Sacharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus yeast cells for bioethanol production from corn meal hydrolyzates. For this purpose the biocompatible polymers such as polyvinil alcohol (PVA) and Ca-alginate were assessed. The parameters of ethanol fermentation, such as inoculum concentration in different carriers and the choice of a convenient carrier for the efficient ethanol production were studied. The maximum ethanol concentration of 10.05% (w/w) was obtained in the fermentation of corn meal hydrolyzates by 5% (v/v) of inoculum concentration of the yeast immobilized in Ca-alginate using a method of electrostatic droplet generation. The repeated batch fermentation with the yeast immobilized in Ca-alginate indicated that alginate gels degraded after the second fermentation cycle. PVA carrier exhibited better mechanical properties and stability; however lower ethanol concentrations were achieved during the fermentation.
Role of wetlands and developed land use on dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations and DON/TDN in northeastern U.S. rivers and streams

Previous studies have shown that watersheds with significant human development (i.e., urban and agricultural land use) generally have higher concentrations and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in comparison to less‐developed or forested watersheds. However, the impact of watershed development on dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in drainage waters has received little attention. We present data from 39 watersheds in Massachusetts (Ipswich River watershed) encompassing a gradient of developed land use (0%–92% urban plus agriculture) and wetland abundance (0%–32%) to assess controls on mean annual DON concentrations and DON/total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in drainage waters. In addition, we compiled published data from 119 northeastern U.S. watersheds to evaluate broader‐scale relationships between DON, developed land use, and wetlands. The percentage of developed land is a poor predictor of DON concentrations in the Ipswich watersheds (r2 = 0.09) and the compiled dataset (r2 = 0.27). In contrast, wetland percentage explains 56% of the variability in DON concentrations in the Ipswich watersheds, and 60% when all literature data are included. Excluding watersheds with direct wastewater inputs to surface waters improves the regional relationship significantly (r2 = 0.79). The DON:TDN ratio is best explained by a multiple regression of wetland percentage and developed land use percentage for both the Ipswich watersheds (r2 = 0.73) and the compiled dataset (r2 = 0.50). Watersheds with abundant wetlands may therefore have high DON concentrations and DON:TDN ratios despite elevated anthropogenic nitrogen inputs associated with human development.