Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The intensity of ethylene release by soybean plants under the influence of fungicides in the early stages of legume-rhizobial symbiosis

The effect of pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with fungicides on the intensity of ethylene release, the processes of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in different symbiotic systems in the early stages of ontogenesis were investigated. The objects of the study were selected symbiotic systems formed with the participation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) Diamond variety, strains Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b (active, virulent) and 604k (inactive, highly virulent) and fungicides Maxim XL 035 PS (fludioxonil, 25 g/L, metalaxyl, 10 g/L), and Standak Top (fipronil, 250 g/L, thiophanate methyl, 225 g/L, piraclostrobin, 25 g/L). Before sowing, the seeds of soybean were treated with solutions of fungicides, calculated on the basis of one rate of expenditure of the active substance of each preparation indicated by the producer per ton of seed. One part of the seeds treated with fungicides was inoculated with rhizobium culture for 1 h (the titre of bacteria was 107 cells/mL). To conduct the research we used microbiological, physiological, biochemical methods, gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. It is found that, regardless of the effectiveness of soybean rhizobial symbiosis, the highest level of ethylene release by plants was observed in the stages of primordial leaf and first true leaf. This is due to the initial processes of nodulation – the laying of nodule primordia and the active formation of nodules on the roots of soybeans. The results show that with the participation of fungicides in different symbiotic systems, there are characteristic changes in phytohormone synthesis in the primordial leaf stage, when the nodule primordia are planted on the root system of plants. In particular, in the ineffective symbiotic system, the intensity of phytohormone release decreases, while in the effective symbiotic system it increases. At the same time, a decrease in the number of nodules on soybean roots inoculated with an inactive highly virulent rhizobia 604k strain due to the action of fungicides and an increase in their number in variants with co-treatment of fungicides and active virulent strain 634b into the stage of the second true leaf were revealed. It was shown that despite a decrease in the mass of root nodules, there is an increase in their nitrogen-fixing activity in an effective symbiotic system with the participation of fungicides in the stage of the second true leaf. The highest intensity of ethylene release in both symbiotic systems was recorded in the stage of the first true leaf, which decreased in the stage of the second true leaf and was independent of the nature of the action of the active substances of fungicides. The obtained data prove that the action of fungicides changes the synthesis of ethylene by soybean plants, as well as the processes of nodulation and nitrogen fixation, which depend on the efficiency of the formed soybean-rhizobial systems and their ability to realize their symbiotic potential under appropriate growing conditions.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptides Containing Reverse‐Turn Mimetic Bicyclic Lactams

The solid-phase synthesis and characterization of a series of peptides (4–15) containing reverse-turn mimetic bicyclic lactams is reported. The bicyclic lactams (1a, 1b) possess high structural similarity to the two central residues of a β-turn. Amino acid conjugates of these bicyclic lactams were synthesized on solid supports following a 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) protection strategy on Wang-Merrifield resin. Coupling between amino acids was accomplished by means of diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC)/hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HOAt). Coupling between amino acids and the mimics was performed with the potent Carpino's reagent O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU). The final compounds were cleaved from the resin and obtained as N-acetylated methyl esters or benzyl amides.
Immunohistochemical PSMA expression patterns of primary prostate cancer tissue are associated with the detection rate of biochemical recurrence with 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted PET has a high detection rate for biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, even at high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (> 3 ng/ml), a relevant number of PSMA-PET scans are negative, mainly due to PSMA-negative PCa. Our objective was to investigate whether PSMA-expression patterns of the primary tumour on immunohistochemistry (IHC) are associated with PSMA-PET detection rate of recurrent PCa. Methods: Retrospective institutional review board approved single-centre analysis of patients who had undergone 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET for BCR after radical prostatectomy (RPE) between 04/2016 and 07/2019, with tumour specimens available for PSMA-IHC. Clinical information (age, PSA-level, ongoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), Gleason score) and PSMA-IHC of the primary tumour were collected and their relationship to results from PSMA-PET (positive/negative) was investigated using a multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: 120 PSMA-PET scans in 74 patients were available for this analysis. Overall detection rate was 62% (74/120 scans), with a mean PSA value at scan time of 0.99 ng/ml (IQR 0.32-4.27). Of the clinical factors, only PSA-level and ADT were associated with PSMA-PET positivity. The percentage of PSMA-negative tumour area on IHC (PSMA%neg) had a significant association to PSMA-PET negativity (OR = 2.88, p < 0.001), while membranous PSMA-expression showed no association (p = 0.73). The positive predictive value of PSMA%neg ≥ 50% for a negative PSMA-PET was 85% (13/11) and for a PSMA%neg of 80% or more, 100% (9/9). Conclusions: PSMA-negative tumour area on IHC exhibited the strongest association with negative PSMA-PET scans, beside PSA-level and ADT. Even at very high PSA levels, PSMA-PET scans were negative in most of the patients with PSMA%neg ≥ 50%.
Research on Product Detection Algorithm for Intelligent Refrigerator

In this paper, we designed a pure visual static identification scheme for the intelligent freezer system. The camera is added to each layer in the freezer to detect and identify the product images before and after the user switches the freezer door. The difference in the quantity of the product is calculated as the amount of consumption. In order to solve the problem of real-time detection of many types of products, this project designed a lightweight network structure IceboxNet suitable for product detection and recognition. In the visual intelligent freezer scene, this structure can not only achieve high accuracy recognition of hundreds of commodities. Moreover, the detector based on the SSD algorithm can greatly reduce the depth model size and improve the algorithm speed without loss of precision. In the improved scheme of SSD algorithm, considering the computing power of the device, IceboxNet is used as the basic network to simplify the multi-layer feature fusion mechanism. In order to further improve the accuracy of product detection, this paper sets the size and length of the default proposal for the product dataset. The width ratio and the model parameters in the hundred kinds of product identification are used to initialize the parameters of the object detector. Finally, the model designed in this paper has a mAP of 99.15% in the product data set and a detection speed of 74FPS.
COMMUNITY DISASSEMBLY, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, AND THE EROSION OF AN ECOSYSTEM SERVICE

Distinguishing the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services requires knowledge of (1) the functional roles played by individual species and (2) the sequence with which species are added to or lost from communities in nature (i.e., “community assembly” and “community disassembly,” respectively). Rarely, if ever, are both these issues understood with certainty in any given ecosystem. We used an empirically based simulation model to assess the degree to which the sequence of species loss from vertebrate communities influences risk of human exposure to Lyme disease, as measured by the proportion of ticks infected with the etiological agent. Dramatic differences in the shapes of the curves relating vertebrate biodiversity to disease risk (which we consider an ecosystem service) were observed. Randomized sequences of species loss resulted in a decrease in disease risk with reduced biodiversity, a result that is contradicted by both empirical observations and model .
MIGRATION ACROSS THE SOUTHERN NORTH SEA STUDIED BY RADAR PART 5. MOVEMENTS IN AUGUST, WINTER AND SPRING, AND CONCLUSION

Summary Arrivals of gulls S.W. seem almost confined to late July. In August, the main movements are W. by day and night of Lapwings and S.S. E. by night of warblers. Sand Martins migrated at dawn directly from a large roost at 34 m.p.h. In midwinter, migration occurred in at least one direction almost every morning and night. “Hard-weather movements” west or south are initiated primarily by easterly or northerly winds respectively, and not by cold. The corresponding return movements, which sometimes follow immediately, arc initiated primarily by westerly or southerly winds respectively, but warmth has an influence in February. In midwinter, various species are evidently ready to travel in either the autumn or the spring direction, and wind-direction is the paramount factor determining which occurs. The big eastward departures in March and April occur mainly with westerly winds and in warm weather, both factors being important, but proportionately more departures occur against strong head or cross-winds than in autumn. The general weather situation has no direct influence. Starlings migrated directly from their roosts on a few mornings each spring, normally at sunrise but on one occasion some did so much earlier. In late April and May the chief movements are N.N. W. arrivals and onward passages of British summer visitors, N.E. departures of shore-birds, and N.N.E. departures of small passerines, presumably en route between Iberia and Norway. These movements occur mainly with southerly winds, but sometimes against the wind. “Reversed movements” W. or S.S. E. are much more frequent in spring than has previously been supposed. They occur exclusively with easterly or northerly winds respectively (like the midwinter movements). The frequency of each migratory movement throughout the year is summarized in Table 6. The main findings of the 5-year study are reviewed under four heads in the Conclusion.
The kinetics of chain exchange in two‐chain coiled coils: αα‐ and ββ‐tropomyosin

Measurements are presented on the time course of chain exchange among two‐chain α‐helical coiled coils of rabbit tropomyosin. All experiments are in a regime (temperature, protein concentration) in which coiled‐coil dimers are the predominant species. Self‐exchange in αα‐tropomyosin was investigated by mixing αα species with α*α*, the asterisk designating an α‐chain whose lone sulfhydryl (C190) has been blocked by carboxyamidomethylation. The overall process αα + α*α* ⇄ 2αα* is followed by measurement of the fraction (h ) of αα* species as a function of time. Similarly, self‐exchange in ββ‐tropomyosin is examined by measurements of the overall process: ββ + β*β* ⇄ 2ββ*, in which β* signifies a β‐chain blocked at both sulfhydryls (C36 and C190). The observed time course for both chains is well fit by the first‐order equation: h (t ) = h (∞)(1 − e −k 1t ), with h (∞) ≃ 0.5. This long‐time limit is as expected for self‐exchange, and agrees with experiments that attain equilibrium after slow cooling of thermally dissociated and unfolded chains. The simplest consonant mechanism is chain exchange by rate‐limiting dissociation of dimers followed by random reassociation. Kinetic analysis shows k 1 to be the rate constant for the chain dissociation step, a quantity not previously measured for any coiled coil. This rate constant for ββ species is about an order of magnitude greater than for αα. In both, the activation enthalpy and entropy are very large, suggesting that activation to an extensively (>50%) unfolded species necessarily precedes dissociation. Experiments are also reported for overall processes: αα + β*β* ⇄ 2αβ* and α*α* + ββ ⇄ 2α*β. Results are independent of which chain is blocked. Again h (∞) ≃ 0.5, in agreement with equilibrium experiments, and the time course is first order. The rate constants and activation parameters are intermediate between those for self‐exchange.
Global asymptotic stability of a delayed plant disease model

In this paper, we consider the following system of delayed differentialequations,\[\left\{\begin {array}{rcl}\frac {dS(t)}{dt} & = & \sigma \phi-\beta S(t)I(t-\tau)-\eta S(t),\\\frac {dI(t)}{dt} & = & \sigma(1-\phi)+\betaS(t)I(t-\tau)-(\eta+\omega)I(t),\end {array}\right. \]which can be used to model plant diseases. Here $\phi\in (0,1]$,$\tau\ge 0$, and all other parameters are positive. The case where $\phi=1$ is well studiedand there is a threshold dynamics. Thesystem always has a disease-free equilibrium, which is globallyasymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number $R_0\triangleq\frac{\beta\sigma}{\eta(\eta+\omega)}\le 1$ and is unstable if$R_0>1$; when $R_0>1$, the system also has a unique endemic equilibrium,which is globally asymptotically stable. In this paper, we study thecase where $\phi\in (0,1)$. It turns out that the system only has anendemic equilibrium, which is globally asymptotically stable. Thelocal stability is established by the linearizationmethod while the global attractivity is obtained by the Lyapunovfunctional approach. The theoretical results are illustrated withnumerical simulations.
The leaf extract of Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata (Linn.) Borkh) contains potential fatty acid synthase inhibitors

The present work focused on the kinetics of the inhibitory effects of the leaf extract of Siberian Crabapple, named Shan jingzi in China, on chicken liver fatty acid synthase. The results showed that this extract had much stronger inhibitory ability on fatty acid synthase than that from green teas described in many previous reports. The inhibitory ability of this extract is closely related to the extracting solvent, and the time of extraction was also an important influencing factor. The inhibitory types of this extract on diffeerent substrates of chicken liver fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA and NADPH, were found to be noncompetitive, uncompetitive and mixed, respectively. The studies here shed a new light on the exploration for inhibitors of fatty acid synthase.
Cryptic invasion by Capsella rubella in Chile detected by ARMS–PCR

Cryptic species are morphologically similar species that tend to be recognised as a single taxon. The genus Capsella contains two cryptic species, C. bursa-pastoris and C. rubella, which are sympatrically distributed on the Iberian Peninsula, but only one of them (C. bursa-pastoris) has been recognised as an introduced species in South America. In continental Chile, two specimens of C. rubella were collected from two distant sites, but it is unclear whether this indicates only local presence or a wider distribution. After extensive sampling throughout continental Chile, we analysed the diversity of collected Capsella specimens using molecular markers. Our aim was to establish the presence of C. bursa-pastoris and/or C. rubella in continental Chile. To this end, we used an amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) to detect the trnD–trnY fragment of cpDNA, which allowed the differential amplification of polymorphic sites for both species. A subsample of these amplification products (n = 8 fragments) was sequenced and compared with previously documented sequences for C. bursa-pastoris and C. rubella. Of 188 plants, 96.8% were identified as C. bursa-pastoris and 3.2% as C. rubella. C. bursa-pastoris was collected at all localities (28°34ʹS–53°09ʹS), whereas C. rubella was collected only in central-south Chile (34°59ʹS–41°28ʹS). This confirms that both C. bursa-pastoris and C. rubella are present in continental Chile, although they apparently exhibit different abundances and ranges. Our results suggest efforts to elucidate distribution of both Capsella species in South America.
Investigating the Electronic Customer Relationship Management Success Key Factors in the Telecommunication Companies: A Pilot Study

The Electronic Customer Relationship Management (E-CRM) is a moderately new field of researches. There are some issues facing telecommunication companies about the use of E-CRM systems. In this study, the researchers suggest a model of a relationship in that a quantitative research design selected to validate the proposed factors and to build relationships between them. The main factors that may influence the employee satisfaction stated as three classifications: technology (service quality, system quality, and information quality), organization (top management support, training, and individual (skills, experience, efficacy, accessibility) and supposed effectiveness. To ensure that a design questionnaire, which is reliable and acceptable, two steps of verification have followed. First, a validation phase in which, the questionnaire checked by a panel of professionals in the field of the information system. The feedback received followed up before proceeding to the next phase. Second, the pilot study proceeding to investigate the consistency of the instrument analyzed through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient reliability screening in SPSS 21 software package. Moreover, the results found that all the items were reliable and the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient above 0.7.
Linear Regressions in Fishery Research

A number of regression situations in fish and fishery biology are examined, in which both of the variates are subject to error of measurement, or inherent variability, or both. For most of these situations a functional regression line is more suitable than the ordinary predictive regressions that have usually been employed, so that many estimates now in use are in some degree biased. Examples are (1) estimation of the exponent in the weight:length relationship, where almost all published values are somewhat too small; and (2) estimating the regression of logarithm of metabolic rate on log body weight of fish, where the best average figure proves to be 0.85 rather than 0.80. In the very common situation where the distribution of the variates is non-normal and open-ended, a functional regression is the most appropriate one even for purposes of prediction. Two ways of estimating the functional regression are (1) from arithmetic means of segments of the distribution, when computed symmetrically; and (2) from .
Achieving plant disease resistance by antibody expression

Molecular biotechnology has provided powerful new measures for the control of crop disease. Crops can now be engineered to be resistant through creation of transgenic plants producing recombinant proteins, pathogen-related proteins, or antisense RNAs that block pathogenesis. Antibody engineering is a novel approach to create pathogen-resistant plants, which is based on the expression of recombinant antibodies (rAbs) or rAb fragments that inactivate pathogens and pathogen proteins. The feasibility of this approach has been shown for viral pathogens, where a high degree of resistance has been obtained. The effectiveness of antibody-based resistance is related to the antibody affinity for the target protein, subcellular targeting of the rAb, and the limitations of current rAb expression technology, such as antibody stability in cellular compartments. Antibody-based resistance can create plants that are resistant to pathogens and do not require the undesirable chemical controls currently used in agriculture. Importantly, recombinant-antibody expression can be optimized to overcome any resistance developed by pathogens and ‘pyramided’ to create resistance to several pathogens. As more suitable target proteins are identified in plant pathogens, the use of antibody-based resistance and other traits will help to increase crop yields and reduce agrochemical usage. We anticipate that antibody-based resistance will become a major strategy for the molecular breeding of pathogen-resistant crops and pathogen-resistant plant lines.
Translating Foraging Movements in Heterogeneous Environments into the Spatial Distribution of Foragers

The relationship between movement and population dynamics in heterogeneous environments has been approached from two directions: theoretical analyses using diffusion models and empirical studies that often employ computer simulations. In this paper I am proposing a unified framework for studying individual movements that brings both of these approaches together. The proposed framework is based on the diffusion—approximation" procedure developed by Patlak (1953a, b), which translates a probabilistic description of the pattern of individual movements (such as provided by simulation models) into a partial differential model describing the population redistribution in a patchy habitat. My first goal is this paper was to make Patlak's work accessible to ecologists interested in realistic movement models. Secondly, making some simplifying assumptions I solved Patlick's model to obtain the equilibrium distribution of organisms among patches in a heterogeneous environment. This led me to a definition of "residenc.
Geographic distance and the role of island area and habitat diversity in the species–area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups: a complementary note to Ricklefs & Lovette

Summary 1. Recently, Ricklefs & Lovette (1999) have emphasized the possible confounding effect of habitat diversity on area while studying species–area relationships. They illustrated this problem using four groups of organisms (birds, bats, herptiles, and butterflies) on 19 islands of the Lesser Antilles. Although they referred to the potential for species to migrate between islands, they did not take into account the geographical distances between islands. 2. Here, I reanalyse their data using a multivariate method, based on permutation of distance matrices, which incorporates pairwise geographical distances between islands. The analysis includes as independent variables the geographical distances between pairs of islands, size, maximum elevation, and habitat diversity of each island. The last three variables were obtained from Ricklefs & Lovette (1999). 3. Results of the analysis were similar to those of Ricklefs & Lovette (1999). In addition, however, geographical distances influenced species richness of bats, birds and butterflies. 4. These new results are helpful for investigating the processes that may contribute to the observed pattern of species richness. The level of endemism of the four taxonomic groups is related to the influences of geographical distances among islands, and might be explained by differences in their vagility. 5. Finally, I emphasize the need to incorporate geographical distances among islands, using statistical methods that can manipulate distance matrices.