Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tükenmişlik Ölçeği Kısa Versiyonu’nun Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Bu calismanin amaci farkli meslek gruplari ve tezsiz yuksek lisans ogrencilerinin tukenmisliklerini olcmek icin Pines (2005) tarafindan hazirlanan Tukenmislik Olcegi Kisa Versiyonu’nun (The Burnout Measure Short Version-BMS) ogretmen adaylari icin Turkceye uyarlama, gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismalarini yapmaktir. Calisma grubu, C. U. Egitim Fakultesi son sinif ogrencilerinden olusmaktadir. Toplam 233 ogrencinin 137’si kiz, 96’si erkektir. Veriler, Tukenmislik Olcegi Kisa Versiyonu, Yasam Doyumu Olcegi ve Depresyon Anksiyete ve Stres Olcegi ile sinif ortaminda toplanmistir. Yapilan faktor analizi sonucunda (Principal Compenent Analysis) Tukenmislik Olcegindeki maddelerin oz degeri 1.00’dan buyuk olan bir faktorde toplandigi gorulmustur. Bu faktor toplam varyansin % 55.92’sini aciklamakta ve oz degeri 5.59’dur. Maddelerin faktor yukleri ise . 54 ile . 87 arasinda degismektedir. Maddelerin toplam puan ile korelasyon degerleri ise . 46 ile . 81 arasindadir. Aracin olcut gecerligi icin yapilan analizlerde Tukenmislik Olcegi Kisa Versiyonu puanlarinin Yasam Doyumu Olcegi puanlariyla -. 48, Depresyon puanlariyla . 73, Anksiyete puanlariyla . 70 ve Stres puanlariyla da . 70 korelasyon degerleri gostermistir (p < .01). Olcek maddelerinin ic tutarlilik guvenirlik katsayisi . 91, testtekrar test guvenirligi ise . 70’dir. Bu calismada yapilan gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismalarinin sonuclari, olcegin orijinali icin yapilan calismalarin sonuclarina oldukca benzer oldugu gorulmustur. Bu sonuclar, Tukenmislik Olcegi Kisa Versiyonu’nun Turk kulturunde ogretmen adaylarinin tukenmislik yasantilarini olcmek icin kullanilabilecek bir arac oldugunu gostermektedir
Race and Economic Well-Being in the United States

We construct a measure of consumption-equivalent welfare for Black and White Americans. Our statistic incorporates life expectancy, consumption, leisure, and inequality. Based on this incomplete list of factors, welfare for Black Americans was 43% of that for White Americans in 1984 and rose to 59% by 2019. Going back further in time (albeit with more limited data), the gap was even larger, with Black welfare equal to just 29% of White welfare in 1940. On the one hand, there has been remarkable progress for Black Americans: the level of their consumption-equivalent welfare increased by a factor of 26 between 1940 and 2019, when aggregate consumption per person rose a more modest 5-fold. On the other hand, despite this remarkable progress, the welfare gap in 2019 remains disconcertingly large. The gap appears even larger when we make rough attempts to incorporate omitted factors such as morbidity, incarceration, and unemployment. ∗Brouillette: Stanford University; Jones and Klenow: Stanford University and NBER. We are grateful to Armelle Grondin, Arjun Ramani, and Chloe Shrager for superb research assistance, and Julian Reif for a very helpful discussion.
School of Management and Languages

This paper examines the determinants of fertility, child mortality and female disadvantage in child survival in India, using a district-level panel data set linking 1981 and 1991 censuses. The results of the paper, inter alia, question the dominant view in this area which asserts that it is variables directly relating to women’s agency (specifically, the female literacy rate and the female labour-force participation rate) which have played the crucial roles here. Instead, it is variables reflecting the general level of development and modernisation which are seen to have had the greatest impact in reducing fertility and child mortality during the period of the study. So far as the female disadvantage in child survival is concerned, while both economic development and women’s agency variables are seen to have had significant effects in reducing this disadvantage, the results also suggest that with continued economic development, the two women’s agency variables lose their relative significance in influencing this disadvantage. The paper also finds that the “cultural” bias which results in female disadvantage in child survival operates most strongly against female children between the ages of 1 and 2. There has been a change here over time, with discrimination against older female children declining and that against the female children between ages of 1 and 2 increasing. The paper concludes with some brief comments on the policy implications of the findings.
Ammonia/ammonium dissociation coefficient in seawater: A significant numerical correction

Environmental context. Quantifying ammonia concentrations in natural waters is important for our understanding of environmental processes that relate, in particular, to aquaculture toxicity and to the transfer of gaseous ammonia into the atmosphere where it plays a role in new particle formation and climate regulation. The proportion of ammonia present in natural waters is determined in part by variations in temperature and salinity. This work identifies that a previous equation for predicting ammonia concentrations over natural temperature and salinity ranges is incorrect and suggests alternative, more appropriate equations. A more accurate estimation of environmental ammonia concentrations is essential if improved estimates are to be made of the flux of ammonia into the atmosphere and the level of ammonia toxicity within aquacultures. Abstract. The equilibrium between ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+) in aqueous solution is a function of temperature, pH and the ionic strength of the solution. Here we reveal a 30-year-old error in published work on the thermodynamics of ammonium dissociation in seawater, which has propagated throughout the literature. The work in question[1] [K. H. Khoo, C. H. Culberson, R. G. Bates, J. Solution Chem. 1977, 6, 281] presents an incorrect expression for the variation of the acid dissociation coefficient (Ka) of ammonium with temperature and ionic strength. We detail the error and reveal that it can lead to as much as a 500% overestimation in calculated NH3 concentration under environmental conditions. This finding is highly relevant, particularly for studies of ammonia toxicity and air–sea ammonia exchange. In addition, we recommend two expressions that better reproduce previous experimental work: (i) taken from the work of Johansson and Wedborg,[2] and (ii) our own derivation using the dataset of Khoo et al.[1]
Theoretical study of a nonlinear fast silicon photoconductive switch

Silicon-On-Insulator waveguide can be used as photoconductor, the light being coupled in the silicon film by a diffraction grating. Nonlinear effects are induced by the photogeneration of electron-hole pairs. This leads to photocurrent variations which are much faster than in linear regime and also much steeper than the incident light pulse. A model is presented which takes into account the refractive index variations arising from both the excess carrier density and the temperature rise induced by carrier recombination and Joule effect. The photocurrent is calculated for various values of the incident light power, incidence angle and pulse duration.
A sensitive determination of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples using multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode

A chemically modified electrode is constructed based on multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (MWCNTs/GCE). It was demonstrated that this sensor could be easily used for determination of acetaminophen (ACT) in aqueous buffered media. The measurements were carried out by application of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) methods. Application of DPV method showed two linear dynamic ranges. The first linear dynamic range was from 0.1 to 22 µmol L-1, with a calibration equation of Ip(µA) = 1.2782c (µmol L-1) + 0.2431 (R2 = 0.9984) and the second linear dynamic range was between 26 to 340 µmol L-1 with a calibration equation of Ip(µA) = 0.7793c (µmol L-1) + 11.615 (R2 = 0.9986). A detection limit of 0.029 µmol L-1 (S/N = 3) was obtained. The modified electrode showed electrochemical responses with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and stability for ACT determination at optimal conditions, which makes it a suitable sensor for submicromolar detection of ACT in solutions. The analytical performance of this sensor has been evaluated for detection of ACT in human serum, human urine and a pharmaceutical preparation with satisfactory results.
Correlation between Asphaltene Stability in n-Heptane and Crude Oil Composition Revealed with In Situ Chemical Imaging

Five crude oil samples with different physical properties have been studied with respect to asphaltene stability. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging approach of n-heptane-induced precipitation has been used to monitor crude oil behaviour under dilution with a flocculation agent. For each sample, the dynamics of asphaltene precipitation has been observed by applying this chemical imaging method. Based on these data, the stability of crude oil samples has been compared and the correlation between asphaltene stability and crude oil properties has been proposed.
Mass Spectroscopic Study of the Chemical Reaction Zone in Detonating Liquid Nitromethane

We report a time-of-flight mass spectroscopic study of the chemical reaction zone in base-sensitized detonating liquid nitromethane (NM--CH3NO2). Mass spectra of the reaction zone region are presented for cases where the CH3NO2, 13CH3NO2, and CD3NO2 forms of NM were detonated. In experiments in which detonation was made to occur, the detonation process was initiated by a slapper detonator system. The NM explosives were confined in steel, and the charge geometry was chosen such that the detonations were traveling steadily by the time the detonation wave reached the end of the charge. Various nondetonation control experiments were also performed and are described. Two-dimensional numerical fluid-dynamic computations that mimic the experimental system were performed in order to help in the interpretation. We estimate that, for the base-sensitized NM explosive used, the steady two-dimensional chemical-reaction zone is ca. 50 μm in spatial extent and has a time duration of ca. 7 ns. The most important result o.
Optical Properties of TiO2 Suspensions: Influence of pH and Powder Concentration on Mean Particle Size

The optical properties of photocatalytic suspensions, that is, the absorption and scattering coefficients, depend on the effective size of particle agglomerates. This work aimed to investigate if the pH and powder concentration affect the particle size and eventually the optical properties of suspensions. Aqueous suspensions of commercial TiO 2 powders irradiated by monochromatic light have been optically characterized by measuring the transmitted photon flow as a function of catalyst mass and by applying an asymptotic form of the Kubelka-Munk solution of the radiative transfer equation. It was found that equal masses of catalyst at different pH and concentration values show different particle size distributions and therefore different optical properties. Moreover, the quantum yield for the photocatalytic reaction of phenol was determined for each catalyst and pH.
Development of a microwave-assisted digestion method for the rapid determination of chloride and fluoride in nuclear-grade boron carbide powders

A simple and efficient microwave-assisted digestion (MAD) method for the rapid determination of chloride and fluoride in nuclear-grade boron carbide powders has been developed using a closed microwave-vessel (G30, Anton Parr) and a domestic microwave oven. Parameters optimized to get quantitative recoveries of chloride and fluoride were extractant concentration, microwave power, irradiation time and amount of the sample. The optimized MAD conditions for quantitative recovery of chloride and fluoride were obtained by irradiating ∼0.5 g of sample in 10 mL of 10% HNO3 (v/v) for about 30 s at a microwave power of 480 W. After completion of the extraction process, the sample mixture was centrifuged and then a known volume of the sample extract (clear supernatant) was transferred to another pre-cleaned tube for subsequent analyses of Cl and F using an ion-selective electrode (ISE). A pyro-hydrolysis method was used for validation of the results of the proposed MAD method. The LOD values for chloride and fluoride in conjunction with the proposed MAD were found to be 1.9 μg g−1 and 1.2 μg g−1 respectively with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 10%. The studies have demonstrated that the proposed microwave-based approach constitutes a good alternative sample preparation methodology for the determination of chloride and fluoride in nuclear-grade boron carbide powder samples.
Transport Properties of Polymer Chains in Dilute Solution: Hydrodynamic Interaction

Several problems related to hydrodynamic interaction in flexible chain polymers without excluded volume are investigated. First, a correction to the Oseen hydrodynamic interaction tensor for a system of many spheres is derived, taking into account the finite volume of the spheres. The new hydrodynamic interaction tensor gives the positive definite diffusion tensor identical with that of Rotne and Prager. Second, the possible effects of the correction term in the hydrodynamic interaction tensor on the translational diffusion coefficient and intrinsic viscosity are examined when preaveraging the hydrodynamic interaction tensor is avoided following the procedure of Pyun and Fixman. If the Rouse free‐draining normal coordinates together with the diagonal approximation are used, the effects are shown to be negligibly small in the case of flexible chains. Third, however, the intrinsic viscosity and diffusion coefficient are re‐evaluated, taking the lower limit of | i − j | as unity in the evaluation of sums ove.
Effect of Crystallization on Thermal Properties of (1−x)CaAl2Si2O8-xCaMgSi2O6

Dependence of thermal properties on the crystallization behaviors of (1−x)CaAl2Si2O8-xCaMgSi2O6 glass-ceramics was investigated as a function of CaMgSi2O6 content (x). Crystallization behaviors of the specimens were depended on the CaMgSi2O6 content (x) which could be evaluated by the degree of crystallization obtained from the difference of peak temperature of crystallization (Tp ) from onset temperature of crystallization (Tc ), area of Tp of DTA curve and Challa-Hermans-Weidinger equation. The thermal diffusivity of the specimens was increased with the CaMgSi2O6 content (x), while the thermal conductivity was decreased up to x = 0.3, and then increased.
POTASSIUM FIXATION IN SOME KENYAN SOILS

Summary Potassium fixation was measured for 13 Kenyan soils with a range of applied potassium (0 to 1000 mg kg−1). The fixed potassium was measured, and hence is defined in this study, by the difference between the amount of applied K and the increase in the extractable K after equilibration, using a single ‘equilibrium’ extraction procedure with 0. 25 M Cad, as the extractant. At application rates of 50 and 1000 mg kg−1 the fixed potassium varied from −52% to 64% and 7% to 39% respectively. A correlation was found between the K fixation and % clay content at the 1000 mg kg1 application rate. Estimates of the % fixation by the clay fractions gave 53 to 80% for montmorillonites, 48 to 66% for amorphous clays and 19 to 32% for kaolinites. It is suggested that the amorphous clays may fix potassium by a ‘sieve’ mechanism.
Improving the Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbons in Li-Ion Batteries by Controlling the Lithium Insertion Process

Disordered carbons obtained from cherry stones were tested as electrodes for lithium batteries and their properties were compared with those of short multiwalled carbon nanotubes (s-MWCNT), proposed as candidates for use in these electrochemical devices. Cells were cycled (up to 100 cycles) over a wide range of rates (C/10 to 5C). Previously, their structural, textural, and morphological properties were examined by X-ray diffraction patterns, N 2 adsorption data, and electron microscopy images (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy), respectively. All carbons exhibited irreversible capacity (IC) to an extent roughly governed by the H/O content among other variables. The best performing carbons were obtained at low calcination temperatures (500°C). Although these conditions can increase IC, the effect can be offset by limiting the amount of Li inserted in the first charge. Moreover, this method improves capacity retention and rate capabilities. This approach allows one to obtain activated carbons with specific capacities of as high as 200 mAh g -1 at 5C; a high rate indeed. Their performance after as many as 100 cycles over a wide range of charge/discharge rates surpassed that of s-MWCNT and matched that of the best performing carbons reported so far.
Contribution of Ion-Exchange and Non-Ion-Exchange Reactions to Sorption of Ammonium Ions by Natural and Activated Aluminosilicate Sorbent

The effect of acid and alkaline activation of complex natural aluminosilicate sorbent on its chemical composition, surface properties, and adsorption capacity towards ammonium ions was studied. An increase in specific surface area of the sorbent by 1.3 times after acid treatment and by 1.5 times after alkaline activation was shown. The change of ion-exchange complex of sorbent as a result of activation was observed. Sorption isotherms of ammonium ions on natural and activated samples were obtained and were satisfactorily described by the Langmuir equation. The evaluation and comparison of desorbed cations of alkali and alkaline earth metals were carried out. It was confirmed that ion-exchange processes primarily contributed to sorption of ammonium ions by natural and acid-activated silica-alumina, in contrast to alkali-activated one, for which absorption of nonexchangeable ammonium ions increased adsorption capacity of ammonium ions by 1.5 times.
On the mechanical properties of HIPE templated macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) prepared with low surfactant amounts

Reducing the surfactant amount below generally accepted values in polyHIPE chemistry allowed for distinctly improving the mechanical properties of ROMP derived HIPE templated poly(dicyclopentadiene) without compromising the open cellular structure of the scaffold rendering the preparation of a ductile polymer foam with 80% porosity and a Young's modulus of 110 MPa possible.
Pyrolysis Kinetics and Chemical Structure Considerations of a Green River Oil Shale and its Derivatives

Pyrolysis Kinetics and Chemical Structure Considerations of a Green River Oil Shale and its Derivatives James Lyle Hillier Department of Chemical Engineering Doctor of Philosophy This work had the objective of determining both the kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis of oil shale and kerogen as well as using analytical techniques coupled with pyrolysis to shed light on the structure of a specific Green River oil shale. Because of the problems with linearized methods and disagreement among literature values and methods, a new method was developed to fit kinetic parameters to non linearized data. The method was demonstrated to determine the “correct” answer for mathematically generated data within a few percent error and was shown to have a lower sum squared error than the linearized methods. The curve-fitting methodology was then applied to pyrolysis kinetic data for kerogen and oil shale. Crushed samples were pyrolyzed at heating rates from 1 to 10 K/min and at pressures of 1 and 40 bar. The transient pyrolysis data were fit with a first-order model and a progressive Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM). An F-test was used to determine confidence regions and compare the kinetic parameters among the samples. The activation energies determined ranged from 173 to 226 kJ/mol, with most values around 200-220 kJ/mol. The kinetic coefficients determined for oil shale and the demineralized samples were statistically the same. Only small differences in kinetic coefficients were seen in the size-graded samples. The first-order and DAEM were shown to be statistically different, but a visual inspection of a graph of the model predictions and the data revealed that both models performed well. The largest effect on the kinetic parameters was between samples collected from different geographical locations. The pyrolysis products (and the parent kerogen sample) were analyzed by several chemical techniques to determine chemical structure information about the parent sample. The GC/MS data for the tars collected showed a distribution of alkenes/alkanes with 11 to 12 carbons in length being the most frequent. XPS analysis demonstrated that any chemical model must have pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogens as well as carbonyls and carboxyl groups. Therefore a chemical structure model of kerogen should have heteroatoms of nitrogen in the aromatic region (i.e., the portions of the kerogen that are stable at moderate temperatures).
Optical investigations on thermal conductivity in n- and p-type porous silicon

Determination of thermal conductivity of top side illuminated n-type and p-type porous silicon (PS) samples have been performed by means of photo-acoustic and optical pump-probe techniques. Concerning the n-type samples, the values found can be explained in the framework of Looyenga effective medium theory, leading to a thermal conductivity of the solid phase of 13 W/mK. This result suggests that n-type thick PS samples formed by top side illumination has a complex multilayer morphology in which mesophases, nanophases and macrophases coexist. The investigation on p-type nanoporous silicon shows that the thermal conductivity does not scale with porosity p as (1-p)3, suggesting that the percolation of the solid phase is more pronounced respect to the case of a regular “Looyoenga-like” mesophase. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transformation of brookite-type TiO2 nanocrystals to rutile: correlation between microstructure and photoactivity

Nanometric particles of pure brookite TiO2 were synthesized by modified thermolysis of reactant solutions containing titania powder, HCl, urea and PEG 10000. Unique flower-like brookite agglomerates with an average diameter of ∼400–450 nm composed of single brookite nanocrystals of ∼4–5 nm were obtained at 105 °C. The brookite → rutile transformation has been studied and TiO2 mixtures with variable amount of anatase, brookite and rutile polymorphs at different temperatures (from 200 to 800 °C) were obtained. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron diffraction pattern and BET/BJH analyses were used to characterize the phase assemblages, crystallite size and pore volume of the pure-phase brookite and TiO2 mixtures. In order to understand the metastable–stable TiO2 phase transformation X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was performed. The photoactivity of pure brookite and TiO2 powders with different compositions of the brookite–anatase–rutile and anatase–rutile polymorphs obtained during the transitions was examined by photocatalyzed degradation of 4-chlorophenols in aqueous solution. The titania sample having the highest catalytic activity was obtained at 500 °C, contained 3.2% brookite, 42.9% anatase and 53.9% rutile and is referred to as TiO[B])/500 .