Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Differentiated Carbon Prices and Discount Rates

The consensus view amongst economists is that carbon prices, in order to be effcient, must be the same across the globe. But when there are inefficiencies in the allocation of capital so that consumers in different countries face different discount rates, we show that efficient carbon prices must be different across countries. This is a consequence of Hotelling’s familiar argument on the price of a non-renewable resource: it must grow at the rate of the next best use of marginal funds, which is equal to the country’s discount rate. If different countries discount at different rates, their carbon prices ought to grow at different rates as well. If they grow at different rates, they can’t be the same all of the time, as first-best carbon prices are. The computational climate policy literature has so far avoided this conclusion by altering time preferences in a country specific way through time-varying Negishi weights. We show that the use of such weights causes inefficient policy prescriptions and, furthermore, has the particularly undesirable consequence of incorrectly discounting future consumption more in countries with high growth rates. The existence of inefficiencies in the savings process - causing differences in discount rates - is well-known and should be acknowledged head on in climate policy analysis. Doing so results in global mitigation policy with carbon price paths for different countries growing (efficiently) at different rates.
Association of television viewing with fasting and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose levels in adults without diagnosed diabetes.

OBJECTIVE We examined the associations of television viewing time with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (2-h PG) levels in Australian adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 8,357 adults aged > 35 years who were free from diagnosed diabetes and who attended a population-based cross-sectional study (Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study [AusDiab]) were evaluated. Measures of FPG and 2-h PG were obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test. Self-reported television viewing time (in the previous week) was assessed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) and beta-cell function (HOMA-%B) were calculated based on fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders and physical activity time, time spent watching television in women was positively associated with 2-h PG, log fasting insulin, and log HOMA-%B and inversely associated with log HOMA-%S (P < 0.05) but not with FPG. No significant associations were observed with glycemic measures in men. The beta-coefficients across categories of average hours spent watching television per day (< 1.0, 1.0-1.9, 2.0-2.9, 3.0-3.9, and > or = 4.0) for 2-h PG in women were 0 (reference), 0.009, 0.047, 0.473, and 0.501, respectively (P for trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the unique deleterious relationship of sedentary behavior (indicated by television viewing time) and glycemic measures independent of physical activity time and adiposity status. These relationships differed according to sex and type of glucose measurement, with the 2-h PG measure being more strongly associated with television viewing. The findings suggest an important role for reducing sedentary behavior in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, especially in women.
Multiscale Modeling of Heat Dissipation in 2D Transistors Based on Phosphorene and Silicene

We use multiscale modelings to investigate the heat dissipation in 2D transistors based on phosphorene and silicene. First, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to calculate the thermal interface resistance Rint between the 2D materials (phosphorene and silicene) and dielectrics substrates (SiO2 and TiO2). The calculated Rint of these systems are close to that between graphene and SiO2 and are insensitive to the temperature. The MD values then served as inputs for finite-element simulations at the device scale. It is found that the heat-dissipation ability of the 2D transistors can be improved by increasing the thermal conductivities of the 2D materials as well as of the substrate. However, in contrast to the common belief, it is difficult to largely reduce the hot-spot temperature by tuning the interface thermal resistance. Finally, we show that the cooling performance of silicene/SiO2 system can be significantly improved with a few-layer graphene heat spreader. These results provide important i.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium.

A large number of memory corruption vulnerabilities, e.g., heap overﬂow and use after free (UAF), could only be exploited in speciﬁc heap layouts via techniques like heap feng shui. To pave the way for automated exploit generation (AEG), automated heap layout manipulation is demanded. In this paper, we present a novel solution M AZE to manipulate proof-of-concept (POC) samples’ heap layouts. It ﬁrst identiﬁes heap layout primitives (i.e., input fragments or code snippets) available for users to manipulate the heap. Then, it applies a novel Dig & Fill algorithm, which models the problem as a Linear Diophantine Equation and solves it de-terministically, to infer a primitive operation sequence that is able to generate target heap layout. We implemented a prototype of M AZE based on the analysis engine S2E, and evaluated it on the PHP, Python and Perl interpreters and a set of CTF (capture the ﬂag) programs, as well as a large micro-benchmark. Results showed that M AZE could generate expected heap layouts for over 90% of them.
Isolierung von organischen Säuren aus Fermenterbrühe mit Hilfe chromatographischer Methoden

Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung organischer Sauren aus Fermenterbruhen, wobei der pH-Wert wahrend der Fermentation uber die Zugabe einer Base eingestellt wird, welche die entstehende organische Saure als Salz bindet, die Biomasse von der Fermentationsbruhe abgetrennt wird und das entstehende Filtrat mit Saure behandelt wird, wodurch ein Gemisch entsteht, das die freigesetzte organische Saure sowie weitere Komponenten enthalt, indem das Gemisch auf ein mit einer geeigneten mobilen Phase equilibriertes Chromatographieharz, einer kontinuierlich betriebenen Simulated Moving Bed Chromatographie, umfassend eine oder mehrere miteinander verbundene Saulen, aufgebracht wird, die Saule mit der mobilen Phase gespult wird und verschiedene Fraktionen erhalten werden, in denen Einzelkomponenten des Gemisches aufgrund unterschiedlicher Retentionszeiten getrennt voneinander gesammelt werden.
Europe : feasibility and projected impacts of climate change 2 based on Century simulations of long-term arable 3 experiments 4

Elisa Bruni1, Bertrand Guenet1,2, Yuanyuan Huang3, Hugues Clivot4,5, Iñigo Virto6, 5 Roberta Farina7, Thomas Kätterer8, Philippe Ciais1, Manuel Martin9, Claire Chenu10 6 1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université 7 Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 8 2LG-ENS (Laboratoire de géologie) CNRS UMR 8538 École normale supérieure, PSL University 9 IPSL, 75005 Paris France 10 3CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale 3195, Australia 11 4Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LAE, 68000, Colmar, France 12 5Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France 13 6Departamento de Ciencias. IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain 14 7CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture 15 and Environment, 00198 Rome, Italy 16 8Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden 17 9INRA Orléans, InfoSolUnit, Orléans,France 18 10Ecosys, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Campus AgroParisTech, 78850 Thiverval19 Grignon, France 20 Correspondence to: Elisa Bruni (elisa.bruni@lsce.ipsl.fr) 21
Breakdown of fractal dimension invariance in high monomer-volume-fraction aerosol gels

Aerosol gels are volume-spanning, semi-rigid networks of solid nanoparticles possessing ultralow density and high surface area (Dhaubhadel et al. 2007; Chakrabarty et al. 2014). The current consensus is that aerosol gels have a hybrid morphology with equal mass (Dm) and surface (Ds) fractal dimensions 2.5 at super-micron length scale and 1.8 at submicron length scale, respectively (Sorensen et al. 2003; Dhaubhadel et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2006; Chakrabarty et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015). In this study, we show that this consensus is partially complete and not universal. Gels, when formed under high monomer-volume-fraction (fv) conditions, have a Ds 2 implying solid-like surfaces while retaining their Dm 2.5. In other words, the conventional assumption of dimensional invariance (Dm1⁄4Ds) breaks down for monomer-dense gels. Using our static light scattering (SLS) apparatus, which is similar to Wang et al. (2015), we studied the structure factor S(q) in the angular range 1 –168 of carbon aerosol gels produced from a buoyancy-opposed flame (BoF) aerosol reactor (Chakrabarty et al. 2014). The details of the experimental setup are available in the accompanying online supplementary information (SI). The hybrid fractal morphology of the gel particles was probed by plotting the scattered intensity as a function of the magnitude of scattering wave vector q, where q 1⁄4
Relationships between hexapods and crustaceans based on mitochondrial genomics.

Author(s): Carapelli, Antonio; Nardi, Francesco; Dallai, Romano; Boore, Jeffrey L. ; Lio, Pietro; Frati, Francesco | Abstract: The ion current from different cathode materials was measured for 50 500 A of arc current. The ion current normalized by the arc current was found to depend on the cathode material, with values in the range from 5% to 19%. The normalized ion current was generally greater for elements of low cohesive energy. The ion erosion rates were determined from values of ion current and ion charge states, which were previously measured in the same ion source. The absolute ion erosion rates ranged from 16 173 microgram/C ?
The effect of powder grain size on the microstructure and electrical properties of 8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2

To improve the electrical properties of an 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) electrolyte, nanocrystalline (10–100 nm) 8YSZ powders were synthesized via a hydrothermal method followed by heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1200 °C. Note that all the powders maintained the single-cubic phase structure, as observed via the results of the XRD and Raman spectra. Moreover, the annealing procedure of the powders caused the yttrium concentration of the surface to slightly increase, as observed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, according to the morphology shown in the SEM images and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the powder grain size had an effect on the microstructure of the electrolytes fabricated via the conventional sintering method. In addition, it further influenced the relative density and conductivity of the electrolytes, which both first increased and then decreased with the increase in the powder grain size in the range of 10–100 nm. This showed that the powders with 50–80 nm grain size exhibited the best performance since it was not easy to induce grain coarsening in ceramics. The electrolyte sintered by these powders showed uniform and hexagonal grains with a mean size of 0.97 μm and a relative density of over 99%. Because of a large sum of grain boundaries and point defects, the electrolyte had a good conductivity of 174.1 mS cm−1 at 1000 °C measured by the four-probe DC method. In addition, the activation energy (0.955 eV) is lower than that for other samples; this suggests that 8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 has more advantages at lower working temperatures for SOFCs.
Catalytic Synthesis of the Esters of Phosphorus Acids from White Phosphorus and Aliphatic or Aromatic Alcohols

The various esters of the phosphoric and phosphorous acids have been obtained directly from white phosphorus and aliphatic (or aromatic) alcohols under aerobic atmosphere in the presence of the CuX 2 or FeX 3 (X = Cl, NO 3 , C 3 H 7 CO 2 ) salts. Irrespective of the variable nature of the used alcohols and catalysts, trialkyl(aryl) phosphates and dialkyl phosphites are a major products, whereas trialkyl(aryl) phosphites and dialkyl phosphates are a minor products of the phosphorylation process. Thanks to the presence of catalysts, the possible side reaction route of the radical chain oxidation of white phosphorus by oxygen to phosphorus oxides has been precluded. A comparison between the catalytic properties of CuX 2 and FeX 3 has been done. Although both of them have been found an efficient catalysts for the syntheses, the Cu(II) salts are active at 50-65 В°C, whereas the Fe(III) based catalytic systems become competitive in terms of catalytic efficiency when reaction is carried out at 70-90 В°C. Aromatic alcohols are characterised by less reactivity in this catalytic reaction as compared with an aliphatic ones. The same coordinative redox mechanism of the oxidative P-O coupling of P 4 to ROH in the presence of both Cu(II) and Fe(III) catalysts has been proposed. Relevant steps of the catalytic cycle including the complexation of both white phosphorus and alcohol molecules to metal ion, the reduction of catalyst by white phosphorus, and the oxidation of reduced form of catalyst by oxygen have been also considered.
Electro-thermal simulation of lithium ion batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles

A lithium ion battery is analyzed with regard to its thermal behaviour using modelling. Therefore resistive energy losses are translated into generated heat inside the battery, which is evacuated by forced convection, thus forming an electro-thermal model. Based on that model, simulations are done using OpenFOAM. The simulation underlines the observation that batteries have higher temperature close to the connectors and that temperature increase depends highly on discharge rate.
Coal Matrix Deformation and Pore Structure Change in High-Pressure Nitrogen Replacement of Methane

Coal matrix deformation is one of the main controlling factors for coal reservoir permeability changes in nitrogen foam fracturing. The characteristics and mechanism of coal matrix deformation during the process of adsorption/desorption were studied by isothermal adsorption/desorption experiments with methane and nitrogen. Based on the free-energy theories, the Langmuir equation, and elastic mechanics, mathematical models of coal matrix deformation were developed and the deformation characteristics in adsorption/desorption processes were examined. From the study, we deduced that the coal matrix swelling, caused by methane adsorption, was a Langmuir-type relationship with the gas pressure, and exponentially increased as the adsorption quantity increased. Then, the deformation rate and amplitude of the coal matrix decreased gradually with the increase of the pressure. At the following stage, where nitrogen replaces methane, the coal matrix swelling continued but the deformation amplitude decreased, which was only 19.60% of the methane adsorption stage. At the mixed gas desorption stage, the coal matrix shrank with the reduction of pressure and the shrinkage amount changed logarithmically with the pressure, which had the hysteresis effect when compared with the swelling in adsorption. The mechanism of coal matrix deformation was discussed through a comparison of the change of micropores, mesopores, and also part macropores in the adsorption process.
Co-administration of cyclosporine and ticagrelor may lead to a higher exposure to cyclosporine: a case report of a 49-year-old man.

ADVERSE EVENT A drug interaction leading to higher exposure to cyclosporine. DRUGS IMPLICATED Cyclosporine and ticagrelor. THE PATIENT A 49-year-old man with a stable renal graft, managed with cyclosporine with stable trough blood concentrations for several years, was treated with ticagrelor for unstable angina pectoris. EVIDENCE THAT LINKS THE DRUG TO THE EVENT The timeline was consistent with the appearance of an interaction, the interaction was confirmed by an increase in trough concentration of cyclosporine, and there were no alternative causes that by themselves could have caused the increase in cyclosporine exposure. MANAGEMENT Cessation of ticagrelor. MECHANISM Inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein by ticagrelor. IMPLICATIONS FOR THERAPY Clinicians should be aware of this potential interaction as ticagrelor is frequently prescribed in individuals using cyclosporine. Close monitoring of cyclosporine serum concentrations is warranted to avoid overdosing of cyclosporine. A pharmacokinetic study is needed to further examine the probable interaction between cyclosporine and ticagrelor.
Association of obesity, visceral adiposity, and sarcopenia with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome: A retrospective study

Aims Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a global health problem associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Body composition parameters, including obesity, visceral adiposity, and sarcopenia contribute to the development of MS and CVD. Previous studies have investigated the association of individual body composition parameters with MS. Studies analyzing the association between multiple body composition parameters and MS have been rare. We aimed to investigate the association between MS and multiple body composition parameters, including obesity, visceral adiposity, and sarcopenia. Methods A total of 13,620 subjects who underwent voluntary routine checkups at the Health Care Center of our institution between October 2014 and December 2019 were enrolled. Only data from the first examination of subjects who underwent repeated checkups were included. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Skeletal muscle mass and visceral fat area (VFA) were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was divided by body weight (in kg) and expressed as a percentage (calculated as, ASM% = ASM × 100/Weight). Data were compared between the groups based on obesity, VFA, and ASM%. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk of MS in each group. Results Body mass index and VFA were significantly higher in subjects with MS than in those without MS. ASM% was significantly lower in subjects with MS than in those without MS. Subjects with obesity, visceral adiposity, or sarcopenia had a higher prevalence of MS than those without. As the number of metabolic components increased from 0 to 5, we identified a decreasing trend of ASM% and an increasing trend of VFA and BMI (P for trend < 0.001 for all). In the paired analyses, all the three body composition parameters showed additive effects in predicting MS. In the logistic regression analysis, the three parameters were associated with an increased risk of MS after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol intake, and C-reactive protein. Conclusions Obesity, visceral adiposity, and sarcopenia showed additive effects on MS prediction. Subjects with obesity, visceral adiposity, or sarcopenia were significantly associated with the increased risk of MS after adjustment for multiple confounders. Increasing skeletal muscle and reducing visceral fat may be strategies for the prevention or treatment of MS.
Current Diagnostic Criteria for Neurocysticercosis

Abstract Neurocysticercosis (NCC) causes significant neurological morbidity around the world, and is the most common preventable factor for epilepsy in adults. It is endemic in most developing countries, and also diagnosed with some frequency in industrialized countries because of travel and migration. The clinical manifestations of NCC are extremely variable and may include almost any neurological symptom, depending on the number of lesions, location, size and evolutive stage of the infecting parasitic larvae and the immune response of the host. Thus, the diagnosis of NCC relies mostly on neuroimaging and immunological tests. Despite being a disease with a known etiology, the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations and auxiliary examinations makes its diagnosis difficult. In an attempt for developing a standard diagnosis approach, a chart of diagnostic criteria for NCC was initially published in 1996, and revised in 2001 and 2017. This chart of diagnostic criteria systematized the diagnosis of NCC and became widely used worldwide. This manuscript describes the structure of the chart, the principles behind the changes for each revision, as well as the context of its use and potential for improvement.
Risk Factors of Death in Bloodstream Infections Caused by AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales in Patients with Neoplasia

Purpose The infections caused by ESCPM Enterobacterales (Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Citrobacter spp., Providencia spp. and Morganella spp.) have limited therapeutic options. Patients with neoplastic diseases are particularly vulnerable to bloodstream infections (BSIs). Objective To analyze determinant factors of death in patients with neoplasia complicated with BSI caused by ESCPM Enterobacterales. Patients and Methods A cohort study of patients aged 18 years or older with neoplasia and BSI due to ESCPM group was conducted at the Cancer Hospital I of the National Cancer Institute, Brazil, from September 2012 to December 2017. The variables associated with death were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Of the 103 patients included in the cohort, 67.0% were male, the median age was 63 years and 67.0% had solid tumors. Of the 107 BSI episodes evaluated, 70.1% were hospital-acquired infections, 54.2% were secondary to extravascular focus of infection, gastrointestinal tract (19.6%), mainly. Enterobacter spp. (n: 49, 45.4%) was the most frequent agent isolated followed by Serratia spp. (n: 34, 31.5%), Morganella morganii (n: 16, 14.9%), Citrobacter freundii. (n: 7, 6.5%) and Providencia spp. (n: 2, 1.8%). Ten (9.3%) BSI episodes were caused by multidrug-resistant ESCPM Enterobacterales (MDR-ESCPM). The 7-day and 30-day mortality were 9.3% and 21.5%, respectively. The BSIs caused by MDR-ESCPM were independently associated with 7-day death (OR = 21.62 95% CI: 1.81–258.51 P = 0.01). Monotherapy with piperacillin-tazobactam tended to be associated with 7-day death (OR = 10.46 95% CI: 0.97–112.91 P = 0.05) and 30-day death (OR = 2.73 95% CI: 0.96–7.70 P = 0.05). Conclusion BSIs due to ESCPM group have high mortality and when caused by MDR-ESCPM are independently associated with 7-day death. The possible association of piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy for BSI-ESCPM with death needs to be better studied.