Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus acidipiscis Induced Regulatory Gamma Delta T Cells and Attenuated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system, and shows a high disability rate. Its pathogenesis is complicated, and there is no good treatment. In recent years, with in-depth studies on the regulation of gastrointestinal flora, the relationship between the mammalian immune system and the intestinal flora has been extensively explored. Changes in the composition and structure of the gastrointestinal flora can affect the characteristics and development of the host immune system and even induce a series of central nervous system inflammation events. The occurrence and development of multiple sclerosis are closely related to the continuous destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by intestinal dysbacteriosis. In this study, we analyzed Lactobacillus acidipiscis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that the amount of L. acidipiscis in the intestinal tract was inversely proportional to the progress of EAE development. In addition, the number of CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice increased significantly after the mice were fed with L. acidipiscis, and the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells was inhibited. However, the protective effect of L. acidipiscis was lost in γδ T cell-deficient mice and hence was concluded to depend on the presence of regulatory γδ T cells in the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, including L. acidipiscis enhanced the development of Vγ1+γδ T cells but suppressed that of Vγ4+γδ T cells. In summary, our results demonstrated the ability of L. acidipiscis to induce generation of regulatory γδ T cells that suppress the development of the encephalomyelitic Th1 and Th17 cells and the progress of EAE.
The synthesis of diphenolic acid using the periodic mesoporous H3PW12O40-silica composite catalysed reaction of levulinic acid

The green water-tolerant acid catalyst, periodic mesoporous H3PW12O40/SBA-15, has been prepared by a direct sol-gel co-condensation technique. The composite is an efficient and reusable solid catalyst for the condensation of phenol with a biomass-derived platform molecule, levulinic acid, to produce the important molecule diphenolic acid.
Electrochemical Methods for Chloride Removal from Simulated Cast Iron Artefacts

Abstract The characteristics of chloride removal from simulated cast iron artefacts by electrochemical methods were studied. The effects of current and potential on chloride removal were investigated in both galvanostatic and potentiostatic modes. The composition of the rusts before and after treatment were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that Cl- was extracted rapidly at the beginning of the treatment and that the extraction rate decreased with time. To obtain the maximum extraction rate of Cl- and avoid side-effects due to hydrogen, the optimal current density and potential were determined. Akaganeite, the main component of the test samples, was not detected after treatment. Further corrosion of iron artefacts after treatment will be inhibited by this process.
Laminar Convection Heat Transfer in Square Channel Fitted Diagonally with 45° V-Discrete Baffles

This work presents a numerical investigation of laminar periodic flow and heat transfer in a constant heat flux-surfaced square-channel fitted diagonally with 45° V-discrete baffles. The computations are based on the finite volume method, and the SIMPLE algorithm has been implemented. The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are presented for Reynolds numbers based on the hydraulic diameter of the channel ranging from 200 to 1,200. Effects of different blockage ratios (BR=b/H), BR in range from 0.05-0.2 with pitch ratio of 1.0 on heat transfer and pressure loss in the channel are studied. It is apparent that vortex flows created by the 45° diagonal V-discrete baffle exist and help to induce impinging flows on wall leading to drastic increase in heat transfer rate over the smooth channel. In addition, the increase in the BR results in the rise of Nusselt number and friction factor values. The computational results reveal that the optimum thermal enhancement factor of the 45° V-discrete baffle is about 2.24 at BR=0.2.
Particle‐Size Distribution of CoFe2O4 Formed by the Coprecipitation Method

The particle size distribution of CoFe2O4 formed by the coprecipitation method was investigated by x‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy. In the x‐ray diffraction method, 〈110〉 column length distributions were calculated by Warren's procedure. A particle size distribution was obtained from the 〈110〉 column length distribution by assuming that each particle was a spherical crystallite. The particle size distribution of CoFeO4 formed at 100°C covered a range of 0–350 A and showed a maximum at 180–200 A on volume base. From changes of the 〈110〉 column‐length distribution by heat treatments, it was suggested that crystal growth of smaller particles was noticeably advanced at a temperature of 300°–400°C. The above results were supported by electron microscopy.
Acetogenesis in Deep Subseafloor Sediments of The Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank: A Synthesis of Geochemical, Thermodynamic, and Gene-based Evidence

In deep subsurface sediments of the Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank, porewater acetate that is depleted in 13 C relative to sedimentary organic matter indicates an acetogenic component to total acetate production. Thermodynamic calculations indicate common fermentation products or lignin monomers as potential substrates for acetogenesis. The classic autotrophic reaction may contribute as well, provided that dihydrogen (H 2 ) concentrations are not drawn down to the thermodynamic thresholds of the energetically more favorable processes of sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. A high diversity of novel formyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs) genes throughout the upper half of the sediment column indicates the genetic potential for acetogenesis. Our results suggest that a substantial fraction of the acetate produced in marine sediment porewaters may derive from acetogenesis, in addition to the conventionally invoked sources fermentation and sulfate reduction.
The Statistical Mechanical Theory of Transport Processes. IV. The Equations of Hydrodynamics

The equations of hydrodynamics—continuity equation, equation of motion, and equation of energy transport—are derived by means of the classical statistical mechanics. Thereby, expressions are obtained for the stress tensor and heat current density in terms of molecular variables. In addition to the familiar terms occurring in the kinetic theory of gases, there are terms depending upon intermolecular force. The contributions of intermolecular force to the stress tensor and heat current density are expressed, respectively, as quadratures of the density and current density in the configuration space of a pair of molecules.
Characterization of quantum-confined CdS nanocrystallites stabilized by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The bipolymer calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is employed to stabilize cadmium sulfide crystallites in the quantum confinement size regime (Q-CdS). In this work, the synthesis and characterization of these semiconductor 'quantum dots' is described. These Q-CdS clusters are easily prepared in aqueous solution at room temperature and are extremely stable (for more than 17 months when stored at 5 degrees C). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the crystallites have an average diameter of 5.6 nm, with lattice images and diffraction patterns consistent with the zinc-blende structure of CdS. For approximately 15% of the particles, unique hollow-sphere- or hollow-hemisphere-shaped CdS structures are observed, and their presence attributed to the influence of the DNA host. Spectroscopically, these clusters show an absorption edge blue-shifted from that of the bulk, consistent with quantum confinement, and broad trap emission characteristic of an appreciable number of defect sites at the semiconductor cluster interface, apparently induced in part by the host polynucleotide. The effects of the Q-CdS clusters on the macroscopic properties of the DNA are illustrated by the change in intrinsic viscosity upon addition of cadmium ions and subsequent CdS formation.
Nanopotentiometry: Local potential measurements in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors using atomic force microscopy

In nanopotentiometry a conductive atomic force microscope tip is used as a voltage probe in order to measure the distribution of the electrical potential on the cross section of an operating device. The information thus obtained is complementary to the carrier profiles and provides a method for calibration of device simulations. The experimental procedure is discussed in detail with emphasis on preparation techniques and contact force calibration. The present results are obtained on the cross section of a 0.25 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor transistor cell which was designed such that even after sectioning, the device is still operational. I–V characteristics of the transistors before and after preparation indicate that the sectioned transistors show a higher leakage current, but are still functionally operational. Using nanopotentiometry, potential maps are measured under various bias conditions, showing the progressive creation of the channel. The present results demonstrate that nanopotenti.
Natriumschichtsilicate und Schichtkieselsäuren

Der Einsatz von technisch verfugbaren Natriumschichtsilicaten ermoglicht vielfaltige Innovationen. Schwerpunkte des Aufsatzes sind die Herstellung und Charakterisierung solcher Produkte, Anwendungsbeispiele und wirtschaftliche Aspekte.
Direct Assembly of BaTiO3‐Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposite Films

Summary: This study examines the use of a PMMA-mediated assembly of BaTiO3 nanoparticles directly onto Cu electrodes under an electric field. The compatibility of the interface between BaTiO3 nanoparticles and PMMA in a mixed organic solvent system enables the homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in a solid polymer matrix. This results in the effective packing of particles, which is desirable from the point of view of achieving a high dielectric constant in the composite. In this study, three-phase Al/BaTiO3/PMMA nanocomposite films from stable colloidal suspensions containing aluminium nitrate salts were also designed using an electrodeposition process. The simultaneous formation of Al metallic inclusions in the BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the PMMA matrix significantly improved the dielectric constant of nanocomposite films. HRTEM micrographs of BaTiO3 (240 nm)/PMMA and magnified view of BaTiO3 (50 nm)/PMMA/Al(NO3)3 · 9H2O composite particles in each suspension, and FESEM micrograph of electrodeposited three-phase nanocomposite film.
Inkjet deposition of liquid-exfoliated graphene and MoS2 nanosheets for printed device applications

Here we demonstrate inkjet printing of nanosheets of both graphene and MoS2 prepared by liquid exfoliation. We describe a protocol for the preparation of inks of nanosheets with well-defined size distribution and concentration up to 6 mg ml−1. Graphene traces were printed at low temperature (<70 °C) with no subsequent thermal or chemical treatment. Thin traces displayed percolation effects while traces with thickness above 160 nm displayed thickness-independent conductivity of 3000 S m−1. We also demonstrate the printing of semiconducting traces using solvent-exfoliated, size-selected MoS2 nanosheets. Such traces can be combined with inkjet-printed graphene interdigitated array electrodes to produce all-printed photodetectors.
The Interpretation of the Dependence of Luminescent Efficiency on Activator Concentration

The previously published analysis (see reference 1) of the dependence of efficiency of substitutionally activated inorganic phosphors on activator concentration is generalized to include a wide variety of inorganic phosphors under various types of excitation. In addition to the optical excitation of the activator, the creation of conduction electrons and excitons, and the transfer of their energy to the luminescent and non‐luminescent activator ions and to other impurities and lattice defects are included in the formulation. The dependence of efficiency on activator concentration of ZnF2:Mn under c.r. , x‐ray, vacuum u.v. and near u.v. has been measured and interpreted on the basis of the theory. Preliminary photo‐conductivity measurements clarify the role of the conduction band in the luminescence of ZnF2:Mn. Also the dependence of the efficiency vs. activator concentration of both ZnF2:Mn and KCl:Tl on temperature has been measured and interpreted on the basis of the variation in activation energy for co.
The Efficient and Sustainable Pyrolysis and Gasification of Biomass by Catalytic Processes

The biomass thermochemical conversion process includes two major approaches: pyrolysis and gasification. The advantages of pyrolysis and gasification of biomass feedstock in the presence of various catalyst systems are critically reviewed. The role of a catalyst in pyrolysis of biomass and its major components cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is investigated. The discussion is focused on elucidating the reaction mechanisms involved in the formation of aromatics and phenols during catalytic pyrolysis. The pyrolysis performance of two major catalyst systems, metal-containing catalysts and zeolite catalysts, is analyzed. The impact of the catalyst on the deoxygenation efficiency is ascertained. In the catalytic gasification process, two major catalyst systems including alkali metals and noble metal catalysts are employed. This review illustrates the function of the catalyst in improving the yields of syngas and hydrogen and the mechanistic aspects of the reduction of tar and char formed during gasification. Ultimately, the review is intended to introduce the state of art in the biomass thermochemical conversion with an emphasis on the importance of the catalyst in producing value-added products.
Variable-temperature magnetic-susceptibility measurements of spin equilibria for iron(III) dithiocarbamates in solution

The magnetic moments of four tris(NN-disubstituted dithiocarbamato)iron(III) complexes have been measured in solution over a wide temperature range, using an n.m. r. method. The assumption of a simple Boltzmann distribution between high- and low-spin forms (6A1 and 2T2) gives a good fit to the observed susceptibility data. ΔS is approximately constant at ca. 20 J K–1 mol–1. Solvent effects are small and there is no evidence that hydrogen bonding to chloroform is important in solution. The paramagnetic shifts in the 1H n.m. r. spectrum of one complex as a function of temperature have been analysed and give thermodynamic parameters in good agreement with those obtained from the susceptibility measurements.
ΔG0 Dependence of the Electron Transfer Rate in the Photosynthetic Reaction Center of Plant Photosystem I: Natural Optimization of Reaction between Chlorophyll a (A0) and Quinone

The rate of the electron transfer reaction from the reduced primary electron acceptor chlorophyll a (A0-) to the secondary acceptor quinone (Q) was measured by picosecond−nanosecond laser spectroscopy at 280 K in the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) complex of plant photosystem I (PS I). The free energy change (ΔG0) of the reaction was varied between −1.1 and +0.2 eV by the reconstitution of 13 different quinone/quinonoid compounds after the extraction of the intrinsic phylloquinone. Phylloquinone and its natural analog menaquinone, both of which show a ΔG0 value of −0.34 eV, gave the highest rate constant (k) of (23 ps)-1. Analysis of log k versus ΔG0 plot according to the quantum mechanical electron transfer theory gave the total reorganization energy (λtotal) of 0.30 eV and the electronic coupling (V) of 14 cm-1. The natural system is shown to be highly optimized to give a ΔG0= −λtotal condition. The λtotal value is smaller and the V value is larger than those estimated in the corresponding reaction.
Direct Photopolymerisation of PEG-Methacrylate Oligomers for an Easy Prototyping of Microfluidic Structures

A photocurable polymer mixture made of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) dimethacrylate and monomethacrylate is proposed as structural material for the fabrication and easy prototyping of the microfluidics for Lab-on-Chip (LOC) devices. The kinetics of photopolymerisation and some material properties such as its viscoelastic behaviour (by dynamic-mechanical analysis) and surface wettability (by contact angle) were studied. The PCR biocompatibility of the PEG crosslinked material was favourably assessed by preliminary in vitro tests. A direct fabrication method of controlled geometry microchannels is finally presented by direct photopolymerisation under UV light irradiation through photomasks without the need of a master. Finally the same process was successfully used to assembly and seal the microchannels.
Effect of substituents in the molecular and supramolecular architectures of 1-ferrocenyl-2-(aryl)thioethanones

We discuss here a comprehensive solid state approach to the influence of diverse molecular functionalities present in a group of 1-ferrocenyl-2-(aryl)thioethanones [aryl = phenyl, 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorophenyl, 3- and 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, and 2-naphthyl] on their molecular structures, intermolecular contacts and subsequent supramolecular arrangements. Ab initio calculations provide electrostatic charge distributions and electron density isosurface maps to assist this analysis. Atomic point charges are used to evaluate the best acceptors and donors in the molecules. The absence of good hydrogen donors increases the influence of close packing factors on the crystal network for the majority of these compounds. However the characteristics of each substituent, like the donor–acceptor ability of the methoxy group, electronic anisotropy of chlorine or electronic resonance of the nitro group, also play important roles in the self-assembly processes. A systematic and detailed analysis is presented.
Electromechanical resonator in scanning microdeformation microscopy: theory and experiment

We have studied, both theoretically and experimentally, the dynamic behaviour of an electromechanical resonator, which is the probe head of our scanning microdeformation microscope (SMM). The SMM is a form of contact a.c. force microscope using a tip mounted at the end of a silicon cantilever, which vibrates in contact with the sample. A new model, which takes into account the normal and tangential stiffness of the tip-sample contact, but also the geometry of the tip, is proposed. Experimental investigations into the vibration shapes of the cantilever performed with a highly sensitive optical probe confirm the realistic behaviour of our model. The fitted theoretical results are in good agreement with experiments. Associated with this model, scanning microdeformation microscopy seems an attractive technique for the quantitative measurement of local material properties.
Formation of foreign language professionally oriented competence of future foreign language teachers with the use of electronic educational resources

The study tested electronic educational resources recommended and selected for development of language competencies in future teachers. Motivational, cognitive and communicative criteria were chosen as indicators of professional readiness. The research involved relevant methods and forms of improving language competencies and diagnostic methods. Meanwhile the level of the development of professional competencies was monitored with reasonable adjustment of students’ independent work. The choice of electronic educational resources as the main tool of independent work improves the linguistic communicative competencies of students, activates their search, learning and selforganization; motivates to create their own educational trajectory, and improves the academic performance. The use of electronic resources is not an independent technology for teachers’ training; it requires implementation in the educational process. The effectiveness of these methods of organizing the educational process is 25% of the quantitative composition of the experimental groups, so the subject of the study requires development and implementation in the educational field. The effectiveness of application of the results determines practical value of this article. The offered methods can be applied to students majoring in the Humanities, and in independent language study. This research can be used for development of programs and courses in independent, distance and differentiated learning.
FOREST SOIL RESPONSE TO ACID AND SALT ADDITIONS OF SULFATE: I. SULFUR CONSTITUENTS AND NET RETENTION

We used soil columns constructed from a Maine Spodosol and Illinois Alfisol to investigate the retention of SO42−added as Na2SO4 or H2SO4. Both organic and inorganic S pools were examined to determine how retention of added SO42−was influenced by both mineralization/immobilization and adsorption/desorption processes. Forty columns were leached weekly for a year with simulated throughfall solutions containing base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+), NH4+, NO3−, Cl−, and either 80, 280, or 1080 μ eq SO42−L−1for varying periods. At the conclusion of the experiment acid and control columns were destructively sampled by depth increments to examine organic (C-bonded S and ester sulfate) and extractable SO42−concentrations, as well as soil pH. For all Spodosol columns, SO42−adsorption by the B horizon was the dominant process of SO42−retention; no changes in organic S pools were observed. Soils in acid columns retained greater SO42−than salt columns, most likely due to pH dependent adsorption. However, all Spodosols retained large amounts of SO42−. In the Alfisol, SO42−retention was lower than in the Spodosols (<25%) due to a limited SO42−adsorption capacity; mineralization of C-bonded S resulted in S inputs nearly equaling outputs. Although organic S was the dominant S pool in both soils, there was little mineralization overall, and inorganic adsorption appeared to be the primary process of SO42−retention.
The effect of preferred orientation on the intensity distribution of (hk) interferences

The X-ray scattering produced by a distribution of two-dimensional lattices with preferred orientation, a problem which arises e.g. in the study of anisotropic structures of non-graphitic C atoms, is given a rigorous theoretical treatment for infinite and perfect lattices and approximations are given for finite and imperfect lattices as well as for structures with partial positional correlations. As an example of the application, the observed intensity distributions of (hk) interferences of a highly oriented carbon fiber are compared with calculated intensity distributions.
CSCI 669: Project Survey

A major goal of our project is to express the semantics of an image (objects, attributes and relations) in the representation that can communicate with external data from the knowledge graph. Inspired by how our brain uses a conceptual representation, we aim to find the correct level of abstraction through which information can flow through different data modalities. In this section, we first introduce studies that provide neural evidence that our brain does indeed process multimodal information using a common semantic representation. Then, we introduce recent studies on the joint representation of image and text in a single semantic domain. Lastly, we introduce previous works that have incorporated external knowledge into visual task pipelines.