Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heat production and body temperature of Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps): a bird from hot desert habitats

Abstract The Arabian babbler ( Turdoides squamiceps ; adult body mass=65–75 g) lives in groups all year round and inhabits extreme deserts. We measured body temperature (T b ) and resting metabolic rate (as O 2 consumption) and calculated thermal conductance of Arabian babblers at air temperatures (T a ) ranging between 11 and 44°C. T b increased from 40°C to 42·9°C. The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was found to occur at high air temperatures and was wide (31·6°C–40°C). The metabolic rate of 1·34 ml O 2 g −1 h −1 is half of that predicted for a passerine of its body mass. Allometric comparison with passerine species of up to 125 g body mass indicates that the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of babblers is about 71% of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) expected for a passerine of its body mass. When the RMR of the babblers was compared with the phylogenetically-adjusted equation for BMR of birds, RMR was only 73% of the value predicted from this equation. Its thermal conductance at a lower critical temperature of 31·6°C was 0·307 mW cm −2° C −1 , which is 14·9% higher than that predicted for a bird of its body mass. The low heat production, the ability to tolerate high T b , the wide TNZ at high T a and high thermal conductance are physiological adaptations of Arabian babblers to extreme deserts.
The American moths of the genus Diatraea and allies

The genus Diatraea contains a considerable number of species of moths, and is distributed throughout the world, especially in the tropical portions. The larvae are borers in the stems of various grasses, and several species have attracted attention from an economic point of view by their depredations upon sugar cane and Indian corn. Weconsider here the American species only ; but we have not confined ourselves strictly to the limits of the genus Diatraeco. This genus belongs to the family Pyralidae, subfamily Crambinae, and to that section of the subfamily in which vein 7 of the fore wing arises from the discal cell. Among the genera so characterized are some in which vein 11 of the fore wing anastomoses with vein 12, which group includes Diatraea; we herewith treat this whole group, although recognizing that it is not a natural one, the anastomosing of veins 11 and 12 having occurred twice in different lines of descent. In addition to these, we include observations on certain more distantly related forms whose position requires correcting, or the larvae of which have been reported from cane or corn. Ten genera and 56 species are treated in this paper, of which 5 genera and 12 species are described as new. Ten names are added to the synonymy and three species described in Diatraea are unrecognized and omitted from our keys. They are briefly treated at the end of the paper. Five species which have been described in or referred to Diatraea we are transferring to other genera.
Levantamento de mamíferos de maior porte em seringais e florestas do sul da Bahia (Brasil) utilizando armadilhas fotográficas

A regiao sul da Bahia representa a maior area continua de cobertura florestal no dominio Atlântico que permanece no nordeste brasileiro, composta por um mosaico de sistemas agroflorestais, principalmente plantacoes de cacau ( Theobroma cacao ), designadas localmente de “cabrucas”, que apresentam alto potencial de habitat para diversas especies. No entanto, as “cabrucas tradicionais” encontram-se ameacadas devido a crise da lavoura cacaueira, sendo gradativamente substituidas por outras producoes, como as plantacoes de seringueira ( Hevea brasiliensis ). O objetivo foi estudar a ocorrencia de medios e grandes mamiferos terrestres em fragmentos florestais e plantacoes de seringueira no sul da Bahia (Brasil), utilizando armadilhas fotograficas. Um total de 13 especies foi registrado, sendo 8 exclusivas de florestas e 1 exclusiva nas plantacoes de seringueira. O 82% das especies registradas em fragmentos florestais corresponde a Reserva Ecologica da Michelin. As raposas ( Cerdocyon thous ) foram registradas em tres plantacoes de seringa, provocando um risco de zoonoses. O gato-maracaja ( Leopardus wiedii ), especie vulneravel, foi apenas registrado nas fazendas proximas a REBIO-Una. Ainda nao e possivel concluir a situacao das assembleias de mamiferos habitando seringueira-plantacoes, mas nossos resultados mostraram preliminarmente uma relacao negativa dessa producao e uma perturbacao antropica sobre a diversidade de mamiferos de medio e grande porte.
Optimal pricing and advertising decisions with suppliers' oligopoly competition: Stakelberg-Nash game structures

This paper addresses the coordination of pricing, advertising, and production-inventory decisions in a multi-product three-echelon supply chain composed of multiple suppliers, single manufacturer, and multiple retailers. The demand of each product is considered to be non-linearly influenced by the retail price and advertising expenditure. Taking into account the dominant power of the manufacturer and the suppliers' oligopoly competition, this paper aims at obtaining the equilibrium prices at each level of the supply chain and comparing two different scenarios of competitions and cooperation: The former focuses on the situation where the single manufacturer has the dominant power in the supply chain and acts as the leader followed by the retailers and the suppliers simultaneously. The latter implies the situation in which the dominant manufacturer enters cooperation with each independent retailer to boost sales while the suppliers play the role of the followers simultaneously. We develop the Stackelberg-Nash game (SNG), and the Stackelberg-Nash game with cooperation (SNGC) formulations to model the two market structures. The equilibrium decisions are achieved through the optimization methods and the existence and uniqueness properties are explored. Finally, analytical and computational analyses are carried out through a numerical example, and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to discuss some managerial insights such as increasing competition among suppliers leads to reducing retail prices.
Book Review: Imaging Databases and Neuroscience

Brain atlases are equivalent to neuroimage databases provided an appropriate coordinate system to enable multisubject comparisons, along with comprehensive descriptions of the data, are included. Warping tools, visualization, and statistical analyses that accommodate the various neuroimaging modalities can be used to integrate diverse data and form comprehensive maps describing a particular subpopulation’s brain structure and function. By linking task performance and genetic information to brain morphology, complex interrelations between genotype, phenotype, and behavior can be established. Several examples of these multimodal, multisubject atlases, including those that are dynamic, are presented.
Carbohydrates and dietary fiber components of yellow- and brown-seeded canola

Meal samples derived from a number of yellow- or partly yellow-seeded varieties/lines of canola were analyzed for carbohydrate and dietary fiber content and shown to contain 8-10% sucrose, 2-3% oligosaccharides, 20-22% nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), and 5.8% lignin and polyphenols. The sucrose content was positively correlated (r=0.66) with the percentage of yellow seeds in canola samples and was higher by 3-4 percentage points in fully yellow-seeded cultivars as opposed to brown-seeded varieties. Approximately 15 and 40% of the NSP fractions were found to be soluble in water and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) solution, respectively
Factors Influencing Acclimatization of 'Nishimurawase' Japanese Persimmon Micropropagules and Their Field Performance

We studied the factors influencing the acclimatization of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Nishimurawase) micropropagules derived from shoot tips and evaluated their field performance. During acclimatization, optimum plantlet survival was at 28 °C, but most died at 22° or 34 °C. Plantlets grew better under continuous lighting than under a 16 hr photoperiod. Enhanced PPF stimulated growth of the micropropagules and raised their survival rate. When shoots were transplanted into pots, immediately after the root-ing treatment, none survived. On the other hand, when transplanted after root induction on the rooting medium, almost all of them survived. The highest plant growth rate was obtained with those plantlets cultured for 20 days on the rooting medium. Although plant-lets grew vigorously when transferred outside, they grew better when transplanted in the field than in partly glazed pots. Rejuvenation did not occur in the shoot tip culture of Japanese persimmon, because some of the plantlets planted in the pots bore both male and female flowers four months after being transferred outside.
THE EVOLUTION OF MONOGAMY IN LARGE PRIMATES: A NEW HYPOTHESIS AND SOME CRUCIAL TESTS

Monogamy among the large primates is not accompanied by high levels of male care for infants. The selective pressures that have led to its evolution in this case are far from clear. In this paper, we evaluate and test four different hypotheses. Monogamy in these species did not evolve because males are unable to defend access to more than one female. Hence, it must be related to behavioural services provided by the male which substantially increase the female's reproductive output. Existing data argue against the suggestion that these services involve protection against predators or defence of an exclusive feeding area. We propose that the male's service consists primarily in protecting the female against infanticide by other males. Tests that would differentiate this hypothesis unequivocally from other hypotheses are suggested. To the extent that these predictions can be tested with the data currently available, the evidence supports the infanticide hypothesis. We speculate that infanticide avoidance is also responsible for the near-universal occurrence among primates of male-female bonds.
Diversidade de Blastocladiomycota e Chytridiomycota do Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, SP, Brasil

The richness and diversity of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota were analyzed from 120 samples collected in the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC). From these samples we obtained 256 isolates, 112 from water and 144 from soil, with the identification of thirty-four taxa, all of them are first records for the PEIC. Chytriomyces lucidus Karling is first cited for Brazil and Entophlycis lobata Willoughby & Townley and Phlyctochytrium mucronatum Canter for Sao Paulo State. The Shannon’s diversity (H’), Simpson’s dominance (D), evenness (E), and Sorensen’s similarity (61,2%) indices showed a diverse mycota with only a few dominant taxa, most of them common to both water and soil samples. Approximately 24% of the identified taxa were purified in culture media and characterized on the basis of morphological and molecular data (18S, ITS, and 28S regions of the rDNA), with the sequences deposited in GenBank.
Effect of the deletion of the C region on the structure and hydration of insulin-like growth factor 1: a molecular dynamics investigation

The structure and hydration of insulin-like growth factor 1 and an inactive mutant lacking the C region have been investigated in aqueous solution by molecular dynamics simulation. The overall structures of the two polypeptide resemble those determined by NMR spectroscopy. The deletion of the C region in the wild polypeptide introduces structural stability in the mutant, leading to a better definition of the secondary structure elements. A detailed hydration analysis was performed using the radial distribution functions and energy distributions. The backbone of the mutant is in general more solvent accessible than the wild polypeptide backbone. The structural rearrangements induced in the mutant led to changes in the solvent exposition of Tyr24 and Tyr60, which are residues important for ligand—receptor complex formation. Tyr24 exhibited a similar degree of solvent exposition in both IGF-I and in the mutant; however, its hydroxyl group in the wild polypeptide is better solvated than in the mutant. Tyr60 was found to be solvent exposed in the wild protein, while in the mutant the involvement of its hydroxyl group in intramolecular hydrogen bonds led to it being buried away from the solvent.
Exploring the Influence of Stock–Recruitment Relationships and Environmental Variables on Black Bass and Crappie Recruitment Dynamics in Missouri Reservoirs

Abstract Large reservoirs provide important sport fisheries, but managing these fisheries is difficult because of the multiple biological and environmental variables that interact to shape them. Understanding how sport fish recruitment responds to parental stock and environmental influences would improve our management capabilities. We compiled long-term datasets for 15 Missouri reservoirs and used them to examine the influence of parental stock abundance and a suite of environmental variables on the recruitment of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, Spotted Bass M. punctulatus, White Crappie Pomoxis annularis, and Black Crappie P. nigromaculatus. Comparisons of log-linear, Ricker, and Beverton–Holt stock–recruit models revealed that the log-linear model was the most parsimonious for Largemouth Bass, White Crappie, and Black Crappie, but the Ricker model was best for Spotted Bass. However, stock–recruit models alone explained less than 13% of the variation in Largemouth Bass, Spotted Bass, and White Cr.
Screening of Possible In Vitro Neuroprotective, Skin Care, Antihyperglycemic, and Antioxidative Effects of Anchusa undulata L. subsp. hybrida (Ten.) Coutinho from Turkey and Its Fatty Acid Profile

The aim of this work was to determine antioxidant capacities, neuroprotective, skin care, antidiabetic effects, and fatty acid composition of Anchusa undulata subsp. hybrida. The antioxidant activity was screened by four different test systems including total antioxidant, antiradical, reducing power, and metal chelating activities. Neuroprotective potential was determined by anticholinesterase inhibitor assay. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was tested to detect skin care effect. Antidiabetic effects were evaluated with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Inhibitory activities on acetycholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase enzymes were observed as 2.238 and 1.239 μmol GALAEs/g, 0.339 mmol KAEs/g, 0.193, and 0.219 mmol ACEs/g extract, respectively. Amount of total phenolics and flavonoids were found as 80.34 μg GAEs/mg and 25.09 μg QEs/mg in the extract, respectively. Twenty-three fatty acids were found in the aerial parts, being oleic acid (24.30 g/100 g of total fatty acids) the most abundant, followed by linoleic (21.19 g/100 g of total fatty acids) and palmitic acids (17.50 g/100 g of total fatty acids).
Open Corridors Appear to Facilitate Dispersal by Ringlet Butterflies (Aphantopus hyperantus) between Woodland Clearings

We studied the ringlet butterfly (Aphantopus hyperantus) in an area of woodland in eastern England. A. hyperantus occurs in open fields, rides (grassy tracks), and glades within the woodland. Mark-recapture methods showed that exchange rates of adult A. hyperantus between fields and glades can be predicted better by distance-via-rides than by direct distance. Behavioral observations showed that A. hyperantus readily moved from glades into rides but rarely moved from glades into dense woodland. The rides are likely to be corridors that act as conduits between fields and glades. In the A. hyperantus system, connectivity could reduce local extinctions and increase rates of recolonization in the event of local extinction. Estudiamos a la mariposa de ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus) en una area boscosa en Inglaterra oriental. A. hyperantus occurre en campos abiertos, camellones (zonas con pasto) y claros dentro del bosque. Metodos de captura-recaptura muestran que las tasas de intercambio entre los campos y los claros son mas predicibles por distancia-via-camellones que por distancia directa. Observaciones de compartamiento mostraron que A. hyperantus se desplazaba frecuentemente de los claros a los camellones y raramente lo hizo de los claros al bosque denso. Los camellones son corredores que funcionan como conducto entre los campos abiertos y los claros. En el sistema A. hyperantus la conectividad podria reducir las extinciones locales e incrementar las tasas de recolonizacion en el caso de extincion local.
Disruptive selection: a tail color polymorphism in Acris tadpoles in response to differential predation

Previous workers have noted that cricket frog tadpoles of the genus Acris have black tail tips. My initial collections of Acris crepitans tadpoles from various localities in Kansas revealed a polymorphism in tail color associated with habitat type: ponds primarily have black-tailed tadpoles, whereas lakes and creeks have mostly plain-tailed forms. Collections of potential predators from these localities showed that the black-tailed pond populations co-occur with a high density of the aeshnid dragonfly larva, Anax Junius, and led to the hypothesis that the black tail functions as a deflection mechanism to divert the attack of the Anax larva to the tail of the tadpole and away from the more vulnerable head and body. Plain-tailed tadpoles are found primarily in lakes and creeks where fish are the major predators. Tail damage data from natural populations and data from predator–prey experiments support the hypothesis. Disruptive selection is most likely the mechanism responsible for maintenance of this polymo.
Cross-scale Interactions Among Bark Beetles, Climate Change, and Wind Disturbances: a Landscape Modeling Approach

Bark beetles are a key forest disturbance agent worldwide, with their impact shaped by climate, forest susceptibility, and interactions with other disturbances such as windthrow and fire. There is ample evidence of the interactions among these factors at small spatial and temporal scales, but projecting their long-term and landscape-scale impacts remains a challenge. We developed a spatially explicit model of European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) dynamics that incorporates beetle phenology and forest susceptibility and integrated it in a climate-sensitive landscape model (LandClim). We first corroborated model outputs at various spatial and temporal scales and then applied the model in three case studies (in the Black Forest, Germany, and Davos, Switzerland) that cover an extended climatic gradient. We used this model and case study framework to examine the mechanisms and feedbacks that are driving short-term and long-term interactions among beetle disturbance, climate change, and windthrow, and h.
Analysis of the Major Flavonol Glycosides Present in Four Varieties of Onion (Allium cepa) and Changes in Composition Resulting from Autolysis

The major flavonoids of mature onion bulb were confirmed as the 3,4′-O-diglucoside (Qdg) and 4′-O-monoglucoside (Qmg) of quercetin using a combination of chromatographic comparisons, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These two components account for over 85% of the total flavonoids in three varieties of onion with Qdg as the main component. Quercetin is detected in these long stored onions but only at low levels of less than 2% of the total. The remaining flavonoid fraction (approx 15%) comprises upto 17 different components of which quercetin-3-O-glucoside and isorhamnetin glucoside are prominent members although each contribute less than 1% of the total flavonoid fraction. There are significant differences in the levels of Qdg and Qmg between the four different onion varieties analysed; Qdg varying from 50–1300 mg kg-1 fresh onion tissue and Qmg from 36–394 mg kg-1. Maceration of the tissue for the three varieties tested led to a loss of Qdg and the appearance of Qmg and free quercetin. In the variety Rijnsburger 50% of the Qdg was degraded in 5 h and had completely disappeared after 24 h. These changes in Qdg can be quantitatively explained by increases in Qmg and free quercetin. The possible significance of quercetin glycosides in the diet is discussed. © 1997 SCI
Tropical tree species assemblages in topographical habitats change in time and with life stage

1. Recent studies have documented shifts in habitat associations of single tropical tree species from one life stage to the next. However, the community‐level consequences of such shifts have not been investigated, and it is not clear whether they would amplify, neutralize or completely alter habitat structuring during the transitions to the adult community.
Review of Agent-Based Computational Economics: How the Idea Review of Agent-Based Computational Economics: How the Idea Originated and Where It Is Going Originated and Where It Is Going

Abstract Agent-based computational economics (ACE) is the computational modeling of economic processes (including whole economies) as openended dynamic systems of interacting agents (Tesfatsion 2016a). In this book, author Shu-Heng Chen—an important pioneering contributor to the development of ACE—undertakes a detailed exposition of the ACE modeling approach that focuses on two fundamental questions. First, what is ACE? Second, to what extent is ACE useful, or even necessary, for understanding economic processes?
Patch history and spatial scale modulate local plant extinction and extinction debt in habitat patches

Many species exhibit a time‐lag between habitat loss and its extinction, resulting in extinction debt. Although extinction debt is considered a widespread phenomenon, differences in methodological approaches can affect its detection. We aim to contribute to this methodological debate by exploring whether extinction debt is either a phenomenon common to all patches or idiosyncratic to the patch and landscape attributes of a given patch. We also aim to determine whether the scale dependency of species richness might help to explain extinction debt.
Composition and quality characteristics of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) oil roasted at different temperatures in an electric oven

The quality characteristics of sesame oils prepared at different roasting temperatures (120–250°C) from sesame seeds using a home electric oven were compared with an unroasted oil sample: only minor increases (P < 0.05) in characteristics, such as acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value and thiobarbituric acid value, of sesame oils occurred in relation to increasing roasting temperature between 120 and 180°C, but colour increase was more pronounced. In the oil prepared using a 250°C roasting temperature, the glycolipid content per 1000 seeds increased markedly (262.9 mg) compared with unroasted oil (6.9 mg) and phospholipids were no longer detectable. The fatty acid content of the oil was reduced, reflecting an increase in glycolipid content and triglyceride oxidation/polymerisation when the roasting temperature was over 220°C but fatty acid composition was unchanged. The amounts of γ-tocopherol and sesamolin still remained over 900 g kg−1 of the original level after roasting at 180°C, but were almost depleted at 250°C Sesame oil prepared using a 180°C roasting temperature had the best flavour score when compared with the other samples.