Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Postglacial population genetic differentiation potentially facilitated by a flexible migratory strategy in Golden-crowned Kinglets (Regulussatrapa)

Relatively recently, temperate regions in North America were covered by extensive ice sheets, making them inhospitable to contemporary flora and fauna. Since the retreat of the ice sheets, these regions have been recolonized by a diversity of taxa, some of which have undergone rapid postglacial divergence. Evidence supports the hypothesis that some taxa persisted in unglaciated refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum, such as on Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands). Many taxa on Haida Gwaii are genetically distinct from mainland populations at neutral molecular markers possibly as the result of isolation in refugia or postglacial colonization. The Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein, 1823) is a continentally distributed, short-distance migratory passerine inhabiting mature conifer forests including those on Haida Gwaii. We used five microsatellite markers and a 568 base-pair fragment of themitochondrial control region to determine the likelihood that Haida Gwaii region acted as a refugium for this species during the last ice age.We report significant gene flowbetweenHaida Gwaii and the western North American mainland from mitochondrial markers, but significant population genetic differentiation at nuclear markers. We also report genetic divergence between eastern and western Golden-crowned Kinglets, as well as higher genetic diversity and population substructuring within the western population than within the eastern population. The east– west differentiation probably arose due to isolation in separate Pleistocene refugia south of the ice sheets. However, population differences within the west are likely caused by more recent processes; contemporary differentiation of Haida Gwaii Goldencrowned Kinglets most likely occurred postglacially.
A Novel Software Tool for Analysing NT

Administrating and monitoring New Technology File System (NTFS) permissions can be a cumbersome and convoluted task. In today’s data rich world there has never been a more important time to ensure that data is secured against unwanted access. This paper identifies the essential and fundamental requirements of access control, highlighting the main causes of their misconfiguration within the NTFS. In response, a number of features are identified and an efficient, informative and intuitive software-based solution is proposed for examining file system permissions. In the first year that the software has been made freely available it has been downloaded and installed by over four thousand users.
Regional Growth and income convergence in the western black belt counties of Alabama: evidence from census block group data

This paper examines the effects of growth in African American population, employment, and human capital on growth in per capita income at the census block group (CBG) level using ordinary least square and spatial regression models, The results indicate the presence of conditional income convergence between 1980 and 2000 with poorer CBGs growing faster than the wealthier CBGs, The results also suggest a significant negative relationship between per capita income growth and growth in African-American population. In addition, this study finds that sub-county level data is useful for a realistic understanding of economic growth processes and patterns in rural communities. Introduction Income convergence is one of the major indicators of regional economic development (Cass, 1965; Solow, 1956). Large differences in income are considered undesirable for balanced or equitable economic development (Sen, 1992). Substantial research has been conducted to determine whether there is convergence or divergence in regional economies over time, These studies were designed to track the growth of local economies and assess their pace and progress in achieving national economic growth levels, Previous research suggests the existence of income convergence and in some cases, income divergence across the United States (Mankiw et aI., 1992). Some of the empirical evidence (Barro and Sali-iMartin, 1995; Cole and Neumayer, 2003) contradicts neoclassical growth theorists' prediction (Baumol, 1986) that poorer economies grow at a faster rate compared to the richer economies to reach equilibrium levels. Variations in the results of these studies may be due to the differences in economic characteristics of "studied regions" since it has been difficult for the "studied regions" to maintain the same steady state, a fundamental condition for determining the existence of income convergence, Other sources of variation may have been differences in the spatial characteristics across regions and difficulties in capturing these interregional variations of the "studied regions. " That is, most of the "income convergence studies" thus far have been conducted at larger geographic scales such as county, region, state, or national levels, These studies did not address clustering of the communities based on similarities in physical geography and socio-economic characteristics. The concentration of primary resources, such as farmland and forests or agglomeration in the manufacturing sector, was inadequately addressed.
Semantic Influence on Linkers in Dutch Noun-Noun Compounds

As in many other languages, the constituents of nominal compounds in Dutch are often separated by a linking element. This study investigates to what extent form and semantic properties of the right constituents in Dutch compounds affect the choice of the linker. Using both lexical statistics and experimentation, we show that the left and right constituent families affect the choice of the linker independently of the semantic categories of the left and right constituents themselves. We also show that the choice of the linker is co-determined by the animacy and concreteness of the left constituent. No role for the semantic class of the head constituent was observed in the experiment. Apparently, linkers are non-canonical suffixes in the sense that their occurrence is codetermined by the form properties of the constituent to their right.
Supplementary Materials CASENet: Deep Category-Aware Semantic Edge Detection

In order to effectively visualize the prediction quality of multi-label semantic edges, the following color coding protocol is used to generate results in Fig. 1, Fig. 4, and Fig. 6 in the main paper. First, we associate each of the K semantic object class a unique value of Hue, denoted as H , [H0,H1, · · · ,HK−1]. Given a K-channel output Y from our CASENet’s fused classification module, where each element Yk(p) ∈ [0, 1] denotes the pixel p’s predicted confidence of belonging to the k-th class, we return an HSV value for that pixel based on the following equations:
Executive Leadership in School Improvement Networks: A Conceptual Framework and Agenda for Research.

The purpose of this analysis is to improve understanding of executive leadership in school improvement networks: for example, networks supported by comprehensive school reform providers, charter management organizations, and education management organizations. In this analysis, we review the literature on networks and executive leadership. We draw on research in organization and management to develop a conceptual framework to structure initial, exploratory research. And we propose a research agenda aimed at comparing executive practice, knowledge, and learning a) within different types of school improvement networks (e.g., CSRs, CMOs, and EMOs) and b) between networks and institutionalized education agencies (state, regional, and local).
Sharing of archaeological documentation Which infrastructure support for visual data creati on and visualization ?

Visual data are nowadays a basic component of the massive data gathered in archaeology. With the term visual data we mean any visual representation that could be associated to an artwork, architecture or site, to describe its shape in terms of visual and geometric elements. Therefore, the term visual data stands for different representations: 2D images (standard images, panoramic images, Reflection Transformation Images RTI), 2D graphical representations such as maps or drawings (usually represented by standard digital image files), 3D models (either sampled or reconstructed with modelling systems) or finally videos (grabbed from reality or produced with computer animations). In the framework of the ARIADNE project, we are focusing on the services that an infrastructure for archaeological documentation should provide for managing these media. Our first goal has been to present to users the capabilities of current technology (both commercial tools and resources produced in recent EU projects) and to understand how to map the real needs of the user community to potential services for production, sharing and visualization of visual media. Training is an important component of an infrastructure project, due to the many media available and the complexity of both mastering data creation/presentation and of understanding which media fits better the specific documentation or visual analysis needs. Our purpose will be to help our community in building a clear view of the affordances of particular genres of representations, clarifying their documentation potential and the possible limitations w.r. t. storing, discovery, accessing, connecting with other data, and rendering. Designing an infrastructure requires also focusing on configuration and/or development (e.g. customization to user needs of open source solutions and of academic prototypes developed by EU projects). Obviously, visual data cannot be treated independently from the other data. Integration should be designed to allow advanced visual data creation and visualization to inter-operate with standard databases and repositories.
Genetic landscape with sharp discontinuities shaped by complex demographic history in moose (Alces alces)

The moose (Alces alces) is the most intensely managed game species in Fennoscandia; approximately one-third of the population, ca. 160,000 animals, is harvested annually. Despite the species' biological and socioeconomic importance, there are knowledge gaps with respect to its intraspecific diversity and genetic structure. Recent studies of moose in neighboring countries report 2 genetic groups in Finland, 3 in Norway with one of them suggested to be of ancient origin, and no indications of bottlenecks. To delineate the spatial genetic landscape of the Swedish moose, we used allozyme variability from over 20,000 georeferenced moose collected all over Sweden in combination with 12 microsatellites (n > 1,200) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (n = 44). We combined individual-based and traditional statistical approaches with coalescence-based simulations. The results indicate a complex history with bottlenecks and recent expansions that is consistent with historical records. Swedish moose are separated into 2 major genetic groups, a northern and a southern one, where the southern group is further divided into 3 subgroups. The 2 main subpopulations are moderately differentiated (FST = 0.1; RST = 0.07) and separated by sharp genetic discontinuities occurring over a relatively narrow transition zone in central Sweden that coincides with a similar, previously reported transition zone in Norway. This differentiation is not reflected in mtDNA variation, where no significant divergence was observed. Together with the FST and RST similarities, this suggests that the 2 major subpopulations in Sweden reflect divergence shaped after the postglacial recolonization of Scandinavia. Neighborhood size assessments indicate that gene flow is relatively restricted with an estimated average dispersal distance of 3.5–11.1 km, and spatial autocorrelograms suggest that genetic similarity decreases almost linearly over space resulting in continuous genetic clines within major subgroups. Management areas largely coincide with genetic clusters, simplifying the integration of genetic information into management.
Worthless Patents

This article presents the first empirical analysis of patent value by examining renewal rate data for nearly 100,000 patents. Finding that 53.7% of all patentees allow their patents to expire for failure to pay maintenance fees confirm common perceptions of patent issuance being a poor measure of innovation value. Even more interesting is the finding that patents which expire for failure to pay maintenance fees share some common identifiable characteristics. In particular, we found that renewed patents had more claims, cited more prior art, received more citations, had more related applications, had more inventors, and spent longer in prosecution. We also found that renewal rates varied both by assignee (individual versus corporation) and (foreign versus domestic) and by technology. By providing a means of systematically identifying worthless patents and their ex ante characteristics, this article complements the author’s earlier work on identifying valuable patents by comparing litigated and issued patents. Renewal rate data, however, seems a better predictor of value than litigation data as renewal rate data captures the many ways a patent may be of private value to its owner such as revenue generation via licensing or litigation, defensively, or for signaling purposes. Hence, rather than analyzing a subset of really valuable patents (those that are litigated) which may or may not be representative of all valuable patents, analysis of renewal rate data captures the population of valuable patents.
EVIDENCE FOR ENHANCED PERSISTENT EMISSION DURING SUB-EDDINGTON THERMONUCLEAR BURSTS

In a recent paper we found evidence for an increase in the accretion rate during photospheric radius expansion bursts, quantified by a variable normalization factor fa on the preburst persistent emission. Here we follow this result up on a much larger sample of 1759 type I X-ray bursts from 56 sources. We show that the variable persistent flux method provides improvements in the quality of spectral fits for type I bursts, whether or not they reach the Eddington luminosity. The new approach has an estimated Bayes factor of 64 improvement over the standard method, and we recommend that the procedure be adopted as standard for analyzing type I bursts. We show evidence that the remaining discrepancies to a formally consistent spectral model are due to the burst component deviating significantly from a blackbody, rather than variations in the spectral shape of the persistent emission component. In bursts that do not show radius expansion, the persistent emission enhancement does not exceed 37% of the Eddington flux. We use this observation to constrain the Eddington flux of sources for which F Edd ? > has not been directly measured.
An Illustration of the Effect of Climate Change on the Ocean Wave Climate - A Stochastic Model

Rough seas are amajor cause for ship losses and significantly contribute to the risk tomaritime transportation. It is therefore important to take severe sea state conditions into account, with due treatment of the uncertainties involved, in ship design and operation. There is thus a need for appropriate stochastic models describing the variability of sea states and these should also consider long-term trends related to climate change. This chapter presents such a stochastic model, aiming at describing the spatial and temporal variability, as well as long-term trends, in the ocean wave climate.
A Density Functional Theory Study of the Mechanical Properties of Graphane With van der Waals Corrections

We investigate the mechanical properties of graphane using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) with van der Waals (vdW) interactions in DFT-D2 approach. The mechanical stability of graphane was tested with three deformation modes — armchair, zigzag, and biaxial. We find that it is safe to neglect vdW because it has little effect on the geometry () and the mechanical properties, including ultimate stresses (2%), ultimate strains (8.7%), in-plane stiffness (1%), and Poisson ratio (3%). Our result is helpful to estimate the effect of vdW on the mechanical properties of chemically functionalized graphane systems.
The Division of Inter-Vivos Parental Transfers in Europe

This paper explores the patterns of the division of inter-vivos financial transfers from old parents to adult children in a sample of 14 European countries drawn from two waves of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. Contrary to previous research mostly focused in US, this study finds a higher frequency of parents that equally divide their financial transfers among their adult children. On average, 36% of European parents divide equally. These results sharply contrast with approximately 6.4%-9.2% of American parents that divide equally. It is possible that altruistic parents are also concerned with a norm of equal division, and therefore they do not fully offset the differences of income among their children as predicted by the standard model of altruism. The econometric results show that parents are more likely to give equal transfers if, in their view, income inequality among their children is not too high. Furthermore, the analysis is extended by adding variables at the country level. In this regard, income inequality, pension expenditures, the societal level of altruism and inheritance taxes are key to explain country differences.
Giftedness and Psychological Abuse in Borderline Personality Disorder: Their Relevance to Genesis and Treatment

This clinical study of 23 borderline outpatients and 38 outpatients with other personality disorders provides evidence that individuals who become borderline frequently have a special talent or gift, namely a potential to be unusually perceptive about the feelings of others. We postulate that this talent is derived from an innate characteristic rather than simply arising from early environmental influences. We also present evidence that chronic, severe, pervasive psychological abuse, or “mind abuse,” is the most frequent and significant form of caretaker abuse (vs. sexual or physical) in the childhood histories of this disorder. Our data support the hypothesis that the interaction of a child's gifted characteristics with this abuse creates a tragic drama that is etiological for BPD in a substantial number of cases. We propose that the abuse markedly perverts not only use of the perceptual talents (e.g., powerfully compelling projective identification) but overall psychological development. We discuss how .
The “Brain Drain”: Factors influencing physician migration to Canada

Context: Higher income countries have an average physician density of 300 physicians per 100,000 people. In stark contrast, lower income countries have an average physician density of 17 physicians per 100,000 people. A major cause of this discrepancy is the migration of healthcare professionals from lower income to higher income countries, a phenomenon colloquially known as the “brain drain”. Objective: To explore factors that led International Medical Graduate (IMG) physicians to leave their home countries and migrate to Canada. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire with a mix of open- and close-ended questions was sent to 500 randomly selected IMG physicians practicing in Ontario, Canada. Results were analyzed using a mixed-method design utilizing both descriptive statistics and a thematic analysis approach. Results: 39 physicians met inclusion criteria and completed the survey. The majority were 50 years or older, and over 60% were male. The most common reason for emigration from their home country was the socioeconomic and/or political situation, and the most common reason for selecting Canada was family issues. Suggestions for how brain drain could be stemmed fell into three broad categories: 1) more accurate information about lack of opportunities in Canada, 2) more continuing medical education opportunities in home countries, and 3) address issues such as safety and quality of life in home countries. Conclusions: This survey provides insights into the reasons for emigration and immigration for international medical graduates. The results of this survey can assist stakeholders in working toward appropriate and acceptable solutions to the brain drain.
Is privacy privacy?

This position paper observes how different technical and normative conceptions of privacy have evolved in parallel and describes the practical challenges that these divergent approaches pose. Notably, past technologies relied on intuitive, heuristic understandings of privacy that have since been shown not to satisfy expectations for privacy protection. With computations ubiquitously integrated in almost every aspect of our lives, it is increasingly important to ensure that privacy technologies provide protection that is in line with relevant social norms and normative expectations. Similarly, it is also important to examine social norms and normative expectations with respect to the evolving scientific study of privacy. To this end, we argue for a rigorous analysis of the mapping from normative to technical concepts of privacy and vice versa. We review the landscape of normative and technical definitions of privacy and discuss specific examples of gaps between definitions that are relevant in the context of privacy in statistical computation. We then identify opportunities for overcoming their differences in the design of new approaches to protecting privacy in accordance with both technical and normative standards. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations’.
Sleep Characteristics in Patients with Whiplash-Associated Disorders: A Descriptive Study

Study Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore sleep habits and characteristics of patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) presenting at an outpatient, chiropractic clinic using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale. Methods: Fifty-one patients from an outpatient chiropractic and physical therapy clinic specializing in spinal rehabilitation participated in this cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data were collected using a descriptive survey, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and the self-administered 12-item MOS Sleep Scale. Data analysis included descriptive statistics to describe pain, disability, and sleep characteristics of the study sample, and computation of confidence intervals to determine differences in means of sleep characteristics between the non-WAD population (as determined by previous studies) and the study sample of WAD patients. Results: Results indicate that when compared to normative values of the non-WAD population, the sample of WAD patients in this study presents with significantly greater measures of neck disability (NDI), neck pain (VAS), sleep disturbance, snoring, shortness of breath and headache,
Enhanced Electrochemical Capacitance of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized from Amine Flames

This paper presents a new process for synthesizing a kind of nitrogen- doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) with primarily a ‘graphite-like’ structure at N substitutions from flames using n-propylamine and n-butylamine as fuels. When the N-CNTs are used as the supercapacitor electrode materials, they exhibit a much larger capacitance than the regular carbon nanotubes (CNTs). It is proposed that the high proportional ‘graphite-like’ N dopant in the as-grown N-CNTs improves their surface chemical activity and conductivity and then results in a desirable performance for electro-chemical capacitors.