Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An automated system for measuring gas production from forages inoculated with rumen ̄ uid and its use in determining the effect of enzymes on grass silage

This paper describes an automated system that has been developed to measure the production of fermentation gas from ruminant livestock feeds inoculated with rumen ̄uid. The design of the apparatus and its method of use enables gas production to be determined from fresh, unprocessed plant material, as well as the more commonly used ground, particulate substrates, thus representing a closer simulation of forages consumed in vivo. The system consists of 48 140 ml bottles containing 100 ml buffered rumen ̄uid and 1 g of test substrate. Gas is produced as a consequence of the fermentation of the substrate. Gas, accumulating in the head-space of bottles, is released automatically, by use of pressure sensitive switches and solenoid valves, when a pre-determined pressure is reached. This prevents any build up of pressure in the fermentation bottle, which can affect the behaviour of the gas and the fermentation process. Gas accumulation pro®les are produced as the fermentation proceeds and give information on forage digestibility and fermentation kinetics. In this paper, we describe the principles of the gas production technique and provide examples of how the automated system has been used in the evaluation of forages for ruminants. The results obtained show that the automated system is a useful tool for the determination of fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. It is simple to use and is considerably less labour intensive than manual gas measurement techniques. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Circular polarized tunable square slot cut elliptical patch microstrip antenna

In circularly polarized radiation, the rotational orientations of the transmitter and the receiver antennas are unimportant in relation to the received signal strength. In this paper, a center square slot cut elliptical patch microstrip antenna to realize a tunable circular polarization in 1000 MHz frequency band is proposed. It yields axial ratio bandwidth of nearly 1.2% over tunable range. A rectangular slot cut elliptical microstrip antenna is also proposed which provides return loss and axial ratio bandwidth of nearly 47 and 3 MHz. The proposed configurations yield broadside radiation pattern over entire bandwidth with antenna gain of more than 4 dBi in their suspended variation. The proposed configuration can find applications in mobile communication environment in 1000 MHz frequency band and can also be tuned to a required frequency in the given range by using appropriate slot length.
Neural Processing to Visual Stimuli in a Three-Choice Reaction-Time Task

Some authors have suggested that certain components of the event-related potentials (ERPs) reflect underlying stages in the discrimination process. Previous studies have shown that in an auditive three-choice reaction-time task the discrimination is accomplished as a two-stage process, with the more frequently occurring stimulus discriminated at an earlier point than the rarer stimulus and the subjects could be classified as fast and slow responders in function of their response to the most frequent of the three tones. We continuously recorded the electrocerebral activity (EEG) from the scalp and the electromyographic activity (EMG) from the responding muscles in a visual three-choice reaction-time task in 10 strictly right-handed subjects. EEG and EMG responses were subsequently analyzed off-line by aligning them by the onset of either the stimulus (stimulus-synchronized) or the response (response-synchronized). The results suggest that processes of visual stimuli evaluation and response execution are continuously integrated. The discrimination and response systems to visual stimuli is accomplished as a three-stage process, one to frequent tone, another for rare 1, and the last for rare 2. The subjects were classified as fast and slow responders in function of their response to the most frequent of the three tones.
Cache-Filter: A Cache Permission Policy for Information-Centric Networking

Information Centric Networking (ICN) has recently attracted great attention. It names the content decoupling from the location and introduces network caching, making the content to be cached anywhere within the network. The benefits of such design are obvious, however, many challenges still need to be solved. Among them, the local caching policy is widely discussed and it can be further divided into two parts, namely the cache permission policy and the cache replacement policy. The former is used to decide whether an incoming content should be cached while the latter is used to evict a cached content if required. The Internet is a user-oriented network and popular contents always have much more requests than unpopular ones. Caching such popular contents closer to the user’s location can improve the network performance, and consequently, the local caching policy is required to identify popular contents. However, considering the line speed requirement of ICN routers, the local caching policy whose complexity is larger than O(1) cannot be applied. In terms of the replacement policy, Least Recently Used (LRU) is selected as the default one for ICN because of its low complexity, although its ability to identify the popular content is poor. Hence, the identification of popular contents should be completed by the cache permission policy. In this paper, a cache permission policy called Cache-Filter, whose complexity is O(1), is proposed, aiming to store popular contents closer to users. Cache-Filter takes the content popularity into account and achieves the goal through the collaboration of on-path nodes. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of Cache-Filter. Leave Copy Down (LCD), Move Copy Down (MCD), Betw, ProbCache, ProbCache+, Prob(p) and Probabilistic Caching with Secondary List (PCSL) are also implemented for comparison. The results show that Cache-Filter performs well. For example, in terms of the distance to access to contents, compared with Leave Copy Everywhere (LCE) used by Named Data Networking (NDN) as the permission policy, Cache-Filter saves over 17% number of hops.
Conserved TAAAT motif in vaccinia virus late promoters: overlapping TATA box and site of transcription initiation.

We have characterized the vaccinia virus 11‐kd late promoter through 5′ and 3′ deletions and site‐directed mutagenesis. The promoter function appears to be contained within an approximately 30‐bp fragment, which after translocation is able to direct RNA synthesis late in infection at a reduced level. We demonstrate that a TAAAT sequence in the proximal part of the promoter is essential for its function. This cis‐acting element is highly conserved within vaccinia virus late promoters and overlaps the site of transcription initiation. Deletions or mutations within this conserved element completely inactivate the promoter. The evidence indicates that the TAAAT motif functions as a TATA box. The region immediately upstream of the TAAAT motif determines the promoter strength.
Adenovirus early region 1A modulation of interferon antiviral activity

Human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) is a DNA virus which replicates as efficiently in human A549 cells treated with human interferon-alpha 2 (IFN) as in untreated cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), on the other hand, is a negative-strand RNA virus which is very sensitive to the effects of IFN treatment in A549 cells. The IFN-mediated inhibition of VSV replication was not observed in cells coinfected with Ad5. Abrogation of IFN-mediated antiviral activity was maximal when Ad5 infection preceded VSV infection by at least 36 h, but did not require adenovirus DNA synthesis for manifestation. Coinfection experiments with VSV and deletion variants of adenovirus demonstrated that neither virus-associated RNA synthesis nor expression of adenovirus early regions E1B, E2A, E3, or E4 are required for abrogation of IFN-mediated inhibition of VSV replication. However, expression of early region E1A was essential, suggesting that E1A products can modulate, either directly or indirectly, IFN activity in adenovirus-infected cells.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor modulates N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor activation in a rat model of cancer‐induced bone pain

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) released within the spinal cord induces phosphorylation of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors on the spinal cord neurons. This process is necessary for maintaining pain hypersensitivity after nerve injury. However, little is known about the role of BDNF and NMDA receptors in cancer‐induced bone pain (CIBP), whose features are unique. This study demonstrates a critical role of the BDNF‐modulated NMDA subunit 1 (NR1) in the induction and maintenance of behavioral hypersensitivity in a rat model of CIBP, both in the spinal cord and in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We selectively suppressed BDNF expression by RNA interference (RNAi) using intrathecal administration of BDNF small interfering RNA (siRNA). Then, we assessed mechanical threshold and spontaneous pain in CIBP rats. Real‐time PCR, Western blotting, and fluorescent immunohistochemical staining were used to detect BDNF or NR1 both in vivo and in vitro. BDNF and phospho‐NR1 were expressed under CIBP experimental conditions, with expression levels peaking at day 6 (BDNF) or 9 (NR1). Intrathecal BDNF siRNA prevented CIBP at an early stage of tumor growth (days 4–6). However, at later stages (days 10–12), intrathecal BDNF siRNA only attenuated, but did not completely block, the established CIBP. BDNF‐induced NMDA receptor activation in the spinal cord or DRG leads to central sensitization and behavioral hypersensitivity. Thus, BDNF might provide a targeting opportunity for alleviating CIBP. © 2012 Wiley Priodicals, Inc.
Smartphone dependence classification using tensor factorization

Excessive smartphone use causes personal and social problems. To address this issue, we sought to derive usage patterns that were directly correlated with smartphone dependence based on usage data. This study attempted to classify smartphone dependence using a data-driven prediction algorithm. We developed a mobile application to collect smartphone usage data. A total of 41,683 logs of 48 smartphone users were collected from March 8, 2015, to January 8, 2016. The participants were classified into the control group (SUC) or the addiction group (SUD) using the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults (S-Scale) and a face-to-face offline interview by a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist (SUC = 23 and SUD = 25). We derived usage patterns using tensor factorization and found the following six optimal usage patterns: 1) social networking services (SNS) during daytime, 2) web surfing, 3) SNS at night, 4) mobile shopping, 5) entertainment, and 6) gaming at night. The membership vectors of the six patterns obtained a significantly better prediction performance than the raw data. For all patterns, the usage times of the SUD were much longer than those of the SUC. From our findings, we concluded that usage patterns and membership vectors were effective tools to assess and predict smartphone dependence and could provide an intervention guideline to predict and treat smartphone dependence based on usage data.
In vitro interaction between amphotericin B and azoles in Candida albicans

The use of azole prophylaxis as a measure to prevent invasive fungal infections in high-risk patients is increasing and is now the standard of care in many institutions. Previous studies disagree on whether preexposure of Candida albicans to azoles affects their subsequent susceptibility to amphotericin B (AmB). The present in vitro study indicates that azole exposure generates a subpopulation of cells that are not affected by subsequent exposure to AmB. These cells that are phenotypically resistant to AmB tolerated by most cells not exposed to azole. The percentage of cells that convert to phenotypic resistance to AmB varies with the concentration and the azole. Itraconazole is more effective than fluconazole in generating cells that are phenotypically resistant to AmB and that tolerate an otherwise lethal transient exposure to AmB. Until cells that are not exposed to fluconazole are simultaneously challenged with AmB, they are not protected to a significant extent from killing by AmB. Cells that are challenged with continuous exposure to AmB also acquire phenotypic resistance to AmB at increased frequencies by azole preexposure, but this requires that the azole be continuously present during incubation with AmB. In addition, Candida cells taken from mature colonies that are not actively growing are not susceptible to the short-term killing effects of AmB without azole preexposure. The adaptive responses of C. albicans to AmB and potentially other antifungal agents that may result from prior exposure to azoles in vitro or potentially in microenvironments in vivo that induce physiological changes may have major clinical implications.
Parental Physical Force and Alcohol Use in Emerging Adults: Mediation by Psychological Problems

Research has indicated that negative parenting practices, such as physical punishment, are associated with negative outcomes in children. These negative outcomes can present during childhood and during emerging adulthood. One negative consequence can be excessive alcohol use, a problematic outcome with its own myriad consequences. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of parental physical force on emerging adult functioning, specifically alcohol and psychological problems. A sample of 488 young adults completed questionnaires on current perceptions related to alcohol-related problems, physical and psychological aggression by their parents experienced during the previous year, and current emotional and behavioral functioning. Results showed full mediation between paternal physical force and emerging adult alcohol problems by emerging adult psychological problems. Emerging adult psychological problems partially mediated the effect of maternal physical force on emerging adult alcohol problem. Gender did not moderate these effects. The results support existing literature suggesting that the use of parental physical force may lead to a chain reaction of problems, even during emerging adulthood. These results also reveal that emerging adults report currently receiving physical force from their parents, which brings to light a concerning lack of literature on the use of parental physical force on emerging adult children. These results advocate for positive parenting practives and efforts to teach them, even for emerging adult children. The results may also clinically suggest that paying attention to parental force in emerging adult clients could yield a better understanding of their current functioning, especially including excessive alcohol use.
Chemokine receptor trafficking and viral replication

Summary: Chemokines and chemokine receptors have emerged as crucial factors controlling the development and function of leukocytes. Recent studies have indicated that, in addition to these essential roles, both chemokines and chemokine receptors play critical roles in viral infection and replication. Not only are chemokine receptors key components of the receptor/fusion complexes of primate immunodeficiency viruses, hut chemokines can also influence virus entry and infection. Many viruses, in particular herpesviruses, encode chemokines and chemokine receptors that influence the replication of both the parent virus and other unrelated viruses. The cell surface expression of the chemokine receptors is regulated through their interaction with membrane trafficking pathways, ligands induce receptor internalization and downmodulation through endocytosis, and recycling is regulated within endosomes. Pan of the mechanism through which chemokines protect cells from HIV infection is through ligand‐induced internalization of the specific chemokine receptor co‐receptors. In addition, mechanisms may exist to regulate the trafficking of newly synthesized receptors to the cell surface. Here we discuss aspects of the mechanisms through which chemokine receptors interact with membrane‐trafficking pathways and the influence of these interactions on viral replication.
Understanding and Exploiting Spatial Memory in the Design of Efficient Command Selection Interfaces

Humans have a strong natural ability to remember item locations. In graphical user interfaces, this ability is one of the primary mechanisms by which users become efficient. However, there are two ways in which modern applications often fail to exploit the potential of spatial memory. First, they overuse hierarchical structures such as cascading menus, which slows down interaction for expert users who already know item locations; and second, they move items around, most commonly in response to changing display geometry. The three goals of this thesis are therefore to (1) develop a better understanding of human spatial memory in the context of user interfaces; (2) design and validate efficient command-selection interfaces based on the strength of spatial memory; and (3) design and validate interface strategies that allow users to maintain spatial memory even when display geometry changes. Addressing goal (1), a comprehensive literature review of spatial memory for user interfaces is presented. The review covers underlying psychological models of spatial memory, the observable properties of spatial memory, and existing applications of spatial memory to human-computer interaction. In addition to informing the research in this thesis, the review is intended to provide a useful summary of the state of spatial memory research for scientists in HCI, as well as providing a set of design guidelines on spatial memory for practitioners. Addressing goal (2), this thesis presents the design and evaluation of two related user interface techniques, CommandMaps and StencilMaps. The CommandMap is a spatially stable interface with a flattened hierarchy, intended as a replacement for cascading menu systems. Theoretical performance predictions indicate that CommandMaps should be significantly faster than traditional user interfaces such as menus and the Microsoft Office Ribbon, and laboratory-based empirical studies of command selection confirm these predictions. These positive results motivated the design and implementation of two real-world CommandMap user interfaces based on Microsoft Word and Pinta (an open-source image editing application). Evaluation results confirmed that CommandMaps continue
Comparison of energy detection using averaging and maximum values detection for dynamic spectrum access

Opportunistic Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) systems are emerging as a key to enable the Department of Defense (DoD) to meet its technology requirements for access to the electromagnetic spectrum. One of the main goals of DSA is to protect incumbent spectrum users from interference that could be caused by DSA emitters. One of the ways to accomplish this is through spectrum sensing as means to enable the DSA system to detect the presence of emissions from other spectrum users. A simple and practical approach to spectrum sensing is energy sensing that detects other users on the basis of the total signal energy in channel of a given bandwidth. In this paper our goal is to investigate the performance of energy sensing for constant and random power signals using two approaches. The first approach that has been investigated extensively in the past uses the total energy, or equivalent average power, over the entire signal bandwidth as the basis for detecting incumbent signals. The second approach, which needs to be used for wideband signals if the bandwidth of the incumbent signal is not known, uses signal energy in individual FFT bins as the basis for detection. We examine the performance of these detection approach under the Neyman-Pearson criterion and also using the Chernoff-Stein Lemma to obtain the achievable detection probability as a function of detection delay. We find that the method using average over the entire signal achieves better performance than the method that uses values of individual bins. This shows the importance of prior knowledge that can be expressed as radio policy to enable coexistence of DSA with incumbent systems.
The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys. XIV: Plasma Lipid Peroxide and Serum Vitamin E Levels in Patients with and Without Tardive Dyskinesia, and in Normal Subjects

Background Tardive dyskinesia (TD) may be mediated through free radical damage to neurons. Plasma lipid peroxide levels are a measure of radical damage to fats. Vitamin E is a free radical scavenger. Method One hundred and twenty-eight schizophrenic patients were examined for TD using the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale. Blood samples were taken to measure plasma lipid peroxide, serum vitamin E and cholesterol, and vitamin Exholesterol ratios. Twenty-four patients were also examined in October 1993, January 1994, and April 1994. Biochemical results were compared in 81 patients and 79 normal subjects. Results Patients with and without TD did not differ in median plasma lipid peroxide and serum vitamin E levels, or vitamin Exholesterol ratios. Correlations between seasonal change scores in TD and biochemical measurements were low. Lipid peroxide levels were higher and vitamin Exholesterol ratios lower in patients than in normal subjects. Vitamin E levels were lowest in in-patients and in those living in supported accommodation. Conclusions The results do not support the hypothesis that TD is mediated through free radical damage to neurons, but suggest increased free radical activity in schizophrenia.
Sliding Mode Observer based Fault Tolerant Controller of UPFC for power flow tracking

This article presents a Sliding Mode Observer based Fault Tolerant Control (SMOFTC) applied to a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to achieve rapid and finite time reference signal tracking of power flow in presence of actuator faults. SMOFTC is a nonlinear control based on a Sliding Mode Observer (SMO), the Lyapunov stability and variable structure control theories to compensate for actuator faults. In this article, we first establish a state space complete dynamic model of UPFC based on Kirchhoff equations and (d-q) transformation, and then SMOFTC law is developed for the UPFC system. The proposed control is validated via a detailed simulation on a two bus system. Simulation results show power, effectiveness, robustness and accuracy of the proposed controller.
IoT based ransomware growth rate evaluation and detection using command and control blacklisting

Internet of things (IoT) is internetworking of various physical devices to provide a range of services and applications. IoT is a rapidly growing field, on an account of this; the security measurements for IoT should be at first concern. In the modern day world, the most emerging cyber-attack threat for IoT is ransomware attack. Ransomware is a kind of malware with the aim of rendering a victim's computer unusable or inaccessible, and then asking the user to pay a ransom to revert the destruction. In this paper we are evaluating ransomware attacks statistics for the past 2 years and the present year to estimate growth rate of the most emerging ransomware families from the last 3 years to evaluate most threatening ransomware attacks for IoT. Growth rate results shows that the number of attacks for Cryptowall and locky ransomware are notably increasing therefore, these ransomware families are potential threat to IoT. Moreover, we present a Cryptowall ransomware attack detection model based on the communication and behavioral study of Cryptowall for IoT environment. The proposed model observes incoming TCP/IP traffic through web proxy server then extracts TCP/IP header and uses command and control (C&C) server black listing to detect ransomware attacks.