Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth and development of Bactrocera papayae (Drew & Hancock) feeding on guava fruits

Asian Papaya Fruit Fly, B. papayae (Drew & Hancock) undergoes four stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) during its growth and development. In this study, observation showed that the egg's stage took 1.16 ± 0.00, larva's stage took 12.02 ± 0.13 and pupa's stage took 7.03 ± 0.08 days before the emergence of the adults. The male adult survived for 21.97 ± 2.69 days whilst the female 19.19 ± 1.50 days. It was observed that the eggs laid in a cluster, range between 10 - 50 eggs per cluster. The length and width of the individual egg observed were 1.12 ± 0.03 mm and 0.20 ± 0.00 mm respectively. The percentages of the survived individual larva decreased from the first instar until third instar. In the observation, the length and width of the larva reached 7.77 ± 0.08 mm and 1.84 ± 0.03 mm respectively. Pupae were observed changing in colour from pale yellow to dark brown. The length and the width of the pupae observed were 6.78 ± 0.16 mm and 2.90 ± 0.02 mm. The longevity of the adult B. papayae (Drew & Hancock) was influenced by the diets they consumed, the presence of other individuals, wideness of the areas, differences in times taken in different stages and temperature in the laboratory.
The role of ligand processing in neuromedin U receptor signalling and regulation

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ii ABBREVIATIONS . iv PRESENTATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS . ix Table of contents . x CHAPTER 1 . 1 1.1 Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters . 1 1.2 Neuromedins. 3 1.2.
IMPROVEMENT OF GENETIC TRANSFORMATION AND PLANT REGENERATION VIA SUSPENSION CULTURES IN Cucurbitaceae FAMILY

An improved plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system was established for squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The effect of 2,4-D and kinetin on callus formation, the effect of liquid and solid MS medium on embryogenic callus proliferation, expression of Gus gene beside its influence by acetosyringone, and regeneration of transformed and non-transformed plant cells were investigated. Cotyledon explants and 2,4-D of 1 mg/L were found to be the best for induction of callus formation giving the highest percentage; 92% and 94% in squash and cucumber, respectively. Transfer of induced callus on liquid MS medium containing 1 mg/L 2,4-D for 4 weeks greatly increased the proliferation of embryogenic callus with an increased percentage of 81.9% and 139.7% in squash and cucumber, respectively. Preculture of embryogenic callus on the liquid MS medium prior to inoculation and cocultivation with Agrobacterium enhanced the genetic transformation efficiency with an increased percentage of 40.6% and 55.7% in the number of blue spots in the absent of acetosyringone in squash and cucumber, respectively, and with an increased percentage of 63.1% and 38.5% in the number of blue spots in the presence of 0.1 mM acetosyringone in squash and cucumber, respectively. Higher percentage of non-transformed regenerates (193.3% and 172.7%) and transformed regenerates (107.1% and 86.4%) were obtained from the embryogenic calli, which were previously cultured on the liquid MS medium in squash and cucumber, respectively. Molecular evidence of transgenic plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and demonstrated the effectiveness of the transformation procedure.
Sustainability assessment of Plain Pigeons and White-crowned Pigeons illegally hunted in Puerto Rico

ABSTRACT The Puerto Rican Plain Pigeon (Patagioenas inornata wetmorei) and the White-crowned Pigeon (P. leucocephala) are hunted illegally in Puerto Rico, despite being protected. Data are lacking to estimate how many are hunted illegally each year. For this reason, we used abundance estimates derived from distance sampling surveys conducted in 1986–2014 to (1) fit a Bayesian state-space model, (2) estimate posterior distributions for population and harvest management parameters (e.g., growth rate, carrying capacity, and maximum sustainable harvest rate), and (3) predict abundance in 2025 as a function of potential illegal hunting in 2015–2024. For the Plain Pigeon and White-crowned Pigeon, respectively, the intrinsic rate of population growth was 0.351 (95% credible interval = 0.086–0.737) and 0.352 (0.094–0.699), population carrying capacity was 55,840 (29,649–96,505) and 73,692 (47,225–98,434) individuals, maximum sustainable harvest rate was 0.176 (0.043–0.369 and 0.047–0.349), and predicted abundance was 20,536 (8,167–89,040) and 29,361 (1,779–100,937) individuals in 2025. Both pigeon populations increased from low numbers in the 1980–1990s, recovered quickly after hurricanes in 1989 and 1998, surpassed carrying capacity in 1995–2008, and decreased sharply at the same time that legal hunting of columbids increased in 2008–2014. Our monitoring and modeling results suggest that an increase in illegal hunting may be responsible for some of the abundance decline in 2008–2014, and that population sustainability may be affected by illegal hunting in 2015–2025. Therefore, data collection and the control of illegal hunting should be considered management priorities. Because we are updating model-based abundance predictions annually with monitoring data, we can inform management decisions, evaluate the results of conservation actions taken to maintain the pigeon populations fluctuating around carrying-capacity levels, and learn from the comparison of estimated and predicted abundances. Our monitoring and modeling scheme is applicable to other resident and migratory bird populations in the Caribbean.
Use of Dual Marker Transposon to Construct Methylobacterium sp. MB200 Mutants

Methylobacterium sp.MB200 is a pink and facultatively methylotrophic bacteria,which can make a single carbon compounds as a single carbon sources energy and can be used as amino acids,enzymes industrial production strains.We mainly focus on one carbon metabolism of M.sp.MB200,using mTn5-gusA-pgfp21 transposon mutagenesis to have constructed methylotrophic bacteria mutant pool.From the 12 000 transposon insertion mutants obtained on succinate,119 methanol defective mutant strains were isolated,1 542 performanced GUS activity.Then,according to the transposon known sequence,the use of TAIL-PCR method to have been cloned several mutant genes partial sequence.
Notes on Nosema apis Zander

Aside from Nosema bombycis Nageli, no other Microsporidian has received so much attention of investigators as Nosema apis Zander. A disease of adult honey bees for which the Microsporidian is responsible, and which is known by different names such as Nosema-Seuche, Isle of Wight disease, Nosema disease, etc., has been reported to occur in various parts of the world. In North America, White (1914) found 40 infected bees in 120 samples received from 27 states of the union, and two diseased samples received from Canada. The same author further published (White, 1919) valuable results of experiments on the means by which the spores may be killed. The morphology and development of the Microsporidian have, however, been studied by but three investigators, i. e. , Zander (1911) and Fantham and Porter (1912). According to these authors, the spores of Nosema apis are on the whole similarly constructed to those of Nosenma bombycis studied by Stempell (1909). Recently, I had an opportunity of studying the Microsporidian, and have obtained more or less different results by observations upon the structure of the spore from those of the above mentioned European investigators. I shall briefly describe the results in the following pages. In a field at Spring Valley, New York, 660 workers of Apis millifica were collected from August 27 to September 5, 1920. Although I could not trace the hive for these captured bees, there were a number of hives in the nearby woods where the collection was made. The digestive tract of each bee was drawn out from the body by means of a pair of forceps and a needle. A part of the ventriculus was smeared on a slide and examined microscopically in the fresh state.
ANÁLISE DE CRESCIMENTO EM BRAQUIÁRIA NOS SISTEMAS DE PLANTIO SOLTEIRO E CONSÓRCIO COM LEGUMINOSAS

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito da competicao no crescimento da graminea forrageira Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu em consorcio com as leguminosas forrageiras Stylosanthes guianensis cv Mineirao e Neonotonia wightii cv Comum, nos sistemas de plantio solteiro e em consorcio.O delineamento experimental foi o em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes, cujos tratamentos foram os seguintes: Braquiaria em sistema solteiro de plantio; braquiaria em consorcio com soja perene e braquiaria em consorcio com estilozantes. Para a analise de crescimento foram colhidas plantas ao nivel do solo aleatoriamente na parcela e, posteriormente, encaminhadas ao Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal da Embrapa – CNPAF. As taxas de crescimento da cultura (TCC) braquiaria nos sistemas consorciados de plantio foram inferiores em relacao ao sistema solteiro, sendo que o estilozante contribuiu de forma mais expressiva para a reducao dessa taxa. Considerando-se que a TCC maxima (kg.ha-1.dia-1) do braquiaria foi obtida aos 84 DAE e que o IAF observado nessa mesma data correspondente ao IAF otimo,demonstra-se que os consorcios nao afetaram o ciclo da graminea, mas sim os valores obtidos para TCC e IAF. Isso pode levar a concluir que existe competicao interespecifica nos cultivos consorciados, o que interfere de forma diferenciada nos parâmetros avaliados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Indice de area foliar, Neonotonia wightii, Stylosanthes guianensis, taxa de crescimento da cultura,Urochloa brizantha.
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF BENTHOPANOPE INDICA (DE MAN, 1887) (DECAPODA: BRACHYURA: PILUMNIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

ABSTRACT Larval development in the laboratory of the pilumnid crab Benthopanope indica (de Man, 1887) consisted of 4 zoeal and 1 megalopal stage. Complete larval metamorphosis required at least 24 days at 20-25°C. The morphology of the larval stages is described in detail, and comparisons are made with the known larvae of other species of the genera Benthopanope, Pilumnopeus, and Heteropanope. The zoea of Benthopanope is clearly distinguished from those of the 2 other genera in having a hooked dorsal spine, no lateral spines, and lateral knobs on abdominal somite 2.
Peixes de riachos da Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins: estrutura e conservação

A Mata Atlântica e um dos ecossistemas mais ameacados do mundo e abriga uma quantidade excepcional de especies endemicas que estao sofrendo com a reducao dos habitats. Neste trabalho, nos avaliamos a estrutura da ictiofauna que ocorre nos riachos da Estacao Ecologica Jureia-Itatins (EEJI) em termos de composicao, abundância e biomassa das especies, discutimos sobre as ameacas a ictiofauna e sugerimos algumas medidas conservacionistas. Os peixes foram amostrados em 73 locais com diferentes apetrechos de pesca (pesca eletrica, redes-de-emalhar, armadilhas tipo covo e peneira) de acordo com as possibilidades de uso em cada ambiente (e.g. corredeiras e pocos). Foram registradas 39 especies, pertencentes a seis ordens e 17 familias totalizando 7.719 individuos e aproximadamente 32,2 kg. As ordens Characiformes e Siluriformes foram predominantes em termos de riqueza, abundância e biomassa. A maior parte das especies (74,4%) ocorreram em ambientes exclusivos de agua doce e o restante das especies sao tolerantes a salinidade e por isso foram registradas nos ambientes proximos da influencia das mares. Muitas especies de peixes endemicos da Mata Atlântica (61,5%) ocorreram nos riachos da EEJI. Seis especies, Characidium schubarti (Crenuchidae), Scleromystax macropterus , S . prionotos (Callichthyidae), Pseudocorynopoma heterandria (Characidae), Hoplias lacerdae (Erythrinidae) e Brachyhypopomus jureiae (Hypopomidae), encontram-se na lista oficial de especies ameacadas de extincao do estado de Sao Paulo. A ictiofauna amostrada durante este estudo complementa os inventarios anteriores feitos nos riachos da EEJI e representa uma parcela significativa dos peixes do bioma Mata Atlântica. A distribuicao restrita da maioria das especies aumenta sua vulnerabilidade frente os disturbios provocados por atividades antropicas. Dessa forma, as UCs desempenham o papel fundamental de preservacao dos habitats da fauna aquatica. Considerando o avancado grau de desmatamento da Mata Atlântica e a importância das UCs para a conservacao de especies ameacadas e endemicas deste bioma, e altamente recomendado a criacao de novas unidades de protecao integral como a EEJI.
Chloride Partitioning in Leaves of Salt-Stressed Sorghum, Maize, Wheat and Barley

Chloride distribution in the blade, sheath and midrib of leaves was determined for several grasses in salinised field plots and in nutrient solutions at various NaCl levels in the greenhouse. Chloride preferentially accumulated in the sheaths relative to the blades in all grass species and varieties examined when Cl- concentrations were expressed on a dry weight basis, although to varying degrees. Substantial levels of Cl- sheath partitioning were obtained only for sorghum when Cl- con- centrations were expressed on a fresh weight basis. Partitioning of Cl- in sorghum leaves was found to be ion specific and resulted from a combination of the ability of sheath tissue to accumulate Cl- to high concentrations and blade tissue to regulate Cl- concentrations at moderate levels.
Testing causal explanations in organismal biology : causation, correlation and structural equation modelling

This paper describes some recent statistical developments that specify under what conditions multivariate causal explanations can be tested with observational data. The specific questions that motivate the paper involve testing hypotheses concerning the causal relationships between different traits of an organism. I argue that in such cases neither randomized experiments nor controlled experimental manipulations can test such hypotheses but that structural equation modelling (path analysis) can be used for such purposes. I conclude by describing some of the limitations of path analysis.
Cross-Resistance Patterns Among Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Resistant to organophosphorus Insecticides

Strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) have been characterized as having low, internlcdiate, or high levels of esterase-mediated hydrolysis of the organophosphorus insecticide, chlorfenvinphos. These levels correlate respectively with susceptibility to organophosphorus insecticides, malathion resistance, or diazinon resistance. Diazinon and chlorfenvinphos are diethyl organophosphorus insecticides having 2 methoxy groups attached to their central phosphorus atom, whereas malathion is a dimethyl organophosphorus insecticide having 2 methoxy groups attached to its phosphorus atom, and, unusually, malathion also has 2 carboxylester bonds in addition to the phosphoester bonds that define organophosphorus compounds. We tested larvae for resistance to diazinon and also assessed representative malathion-resistant and diazinon-resistant L. cuprina strains at the adult stage for resistance to 12 organophosphorus insecticides, including analog pairs differing only in respect to their dimethyl- diethyl status. Two malathion-resistant strains have low-level cross-resistance to diazinon (3 to 4-fold), 4 diazinon resistant strains have high-level diazinon resistance (11 to 16-fold), and 2 strains with a combined (malathion plus diazinon) resistance type also have high-level diazinon resistance (17 to 18-fold) relative to 3 organophosphorus insecticide-susceptible strains. One of the diazinon-resistant strains showed ≍ 2 times greater resistance factors toward diethyl organophosphorus insecticides than their dimethyl analogs while (leaving aside malathion to consider only the majority which have no carboxylester groups) a malathion-resistant strain showed 2-5 times greater resistance factors toward the dimethyl organophosphorus insectides than their diethyl analogs. The diazinon-resistant strain showed no resistance to 2 di-isopropyl organophosphorus compounds or to 2 organophosphorus insecticides which are asymmetric about the phosphorus atom (optically active). The malathion-resistant strain showed only slight resistance <3-fold) to either the di-isopropyl or optically active organophosphorus insecticides, including the di-isobropyl analog of malathion. These cross-resistance patterns parallel those of certain organophosphorus insecticide-resistant strains of Musca domestica L. , in which diazinon and malathion resistances also are proposed to be esterase mediated, reinforcing other biochemical data suggesting a general mechanism among the higher Diptera
Residual Toxicity of Newer Insecticide Molecules against Shoot and Fruit Borer of Okra

Seven new molecule insecticides viz., Deltamethrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Emamectin benzoate, Indoxacarb, Bifenthrin, Rynaxypr and Flubendiamide were bio-assayed against okra shoot and fruit borer (Earias vittella) to study the residual toxicity on Okra at College of Agriculture, Raipur during the Rabi applied season(2014-15 and 2015-16). On the basis of average LT50 values, the order of toxicity was Emamectin Benzoate > Indoxacarb > Lambda-Cyhalothrin > Rynaxypr > Flubendiamide > Deltamethrin > Bifenthrin against okra shoot and fruit borer.
Quimiotipos, Extracción, Composición y Aplicaciones del Aceite Esencial de Lippia alba

Lippia alba is a plant widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of the Americas, Africa and Asia. The essential oil of L. alba has been widely studied and there are many variations in the production process. Therefore, this study is aimed at conducting a review of the main chemotypes, extraction methods, composition and application of the essential oil of L. alba. In this study, the main chemotypes and its relation to genetic and morphological characteristics are discussed. It also discusses the factors that affect the yield, chemical composition, extraction methods and the use and the biological activity of the essential oil of L. alba. Despite the vast literature on the essential oils of L. alba, there is still a lack of development in its application for the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food, as well as a lack of agronomic definitions for its cultivation and genetic improvement.
Remediación de la contaminación de agua por metales pesados con el uso de celulosa de la biodiversidad de Ecuador

Heavy metal ions are commonly encountered toxic substances released into the water from diverse anthropogenic sources. Numerous organic and inorganic materials have been used for remediation of water pollutants. However, there is an evident attraction in sustainable and ecofriendly materials development. Novel unmodified cellulose extracted from unique natural sources in Ecuador has emerged as an effective adsorbent of heavy metal ions presented in water pollution (e.g. Cu2+, Ag+). Commercially available cellulose (e.g. cellulose microcrystals) was used as a control to test cellulose adsorption capacity of previously mentioned cations. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy assays proved that non-treated cellulose successfully adsorbed heavy metal ions, such as cupper ions, depicting a notable diminution in the characteristic peak of Cu2+ in samples containing cellulose. Results suggested that cellulose-based materials can be a potential, environmental friendly, less expensive solution for decontamination of water pollutants, specifically heavy metal ions.
An association of habitat with color dimorphism in finches

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Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Supplemental Organic Zinc Sources and Their Stabilities in vitro Fermentation Rumen

Two experiments were conducted to test physical and chemical characteristics of organic Zn sources and their stabilities in vitro fermentation rumen.In experiment 1,physical and chemical characteristics of seven organic Zn sources were analyzed.The results showed that: Zn concentrations and amino acid composition of organic Zn sources varied greatly;Two organic Zn sources(ZnPro B and ZnAA B) had characteristic peaks of complexed Zn.The solubility of all Zn products was more than 90% in the buffer of HCl,citric acid and meutral ammonium citrate,and the solubility of Zn sources in pH2 buffer was ranged from 53.92% to 98.54%,and the solubility in water and pH5 buffer was changed from 6.04% to 98.54%;No complexed Zn was found for these organic Zn sources filtrates from pH2,0.2 mol/L HCl-KCl,pH5,0.1 mol/L KH2PO4-K2HPO4 buffer,or deionized water;Four organic Zn sources showed weak complex strength,and one organic Zn source showed moderate complex strength,and two organic Zn sources showed strong complex strength.In experiment 2,a completely randomized design involving a 6×4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to evaluate the stability of organic Zn sources with different complex strength in rumen by in vitro rumen fermentation method.The results showed that: The organic Zn sources with different complex strength were stable in the rumen in vitro,and the rumen by-pass ratio of them were more than 92%. The rumen by-pass ratio of organic Zn source with strong complex strength was the highest(99.55%),and that of organic Zn source with weak complex strength was in the middle(94.85%),and that of organic Zn source with moderate complex strength was the lowest(92.16%).