Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tale of two metrics: density and biomass in a desert rodent community

Numerous studies have been made of rodent population and community dynamics, especially in arid ecosystems. Most have centered on understanding how total and species-specific densities of rodents change over time. The standing biomass each species contributes also is important to the energy available to the mesocarnivore community. Although density and standing biomass are related, how they might differ and if those differences are of importance to community structure and function have not received much attention. We analyzed 12 years of rodent density and body mass data from the Chihuahuan Desert in northern Mexico. Data were collected yearly in spring and fall from radial livetrapping webs. Total density and biomass changed significantly in a parallel manner from year to year, and both were related to precipitation and percent cover of grass and forbs. Based on density and biomass, the rodent community was dominated by 2 or 3 principal species. However, on a species-specific level, the numerically dominant species was a small-bodied granivore (Chaetodipus nelsoni), and a large-bodied folivore (Neotoma albigula) dominated in biomass. As total density increased, the proportion contributed by dominant species decreased. As total biomass increased, the proportion in the 2 dominant species increased and accounted for approximately 80% of total biomass. Over the 12 years of the study, species distributions based on density showed no directional change. In contrast, biomass of the rodent community gradually concentrated in a single, large-bodied folivore, N. albigula. Although total density and biomass responded similarly to precipitation and plant productivity, considerable differences between these 2 characteristics existed in their species-specific contributions to and changes within the community. The significance of these differences relative to foraging strategies and variable feeding opportunities within the community is discussed.
A parallel approach of interest management in exascale simulation systems

Interest management in parallel/distributed simulation is a filtering technique which is designed to reduce bandwidth consumption of data communication and therefore enhances the scalability of the system. This technique usually involves a process called “interest matching”, which determines what data should be sent to the participants as well as what data should be filtered. However, existing interest matching algorithms are mainly designed for serial processing which is supposed to be run on a single processor. As the problem size grows, these algorithms may not be scalable since the single processor may eventually become a bottleneck. In this research, a parallel approach of interest matching is developed, which is suitable to apply on exascale parallel/distributed simulation systems.
Fluorescence study of the pro-oxidant effect of free fatty acids on marine lipids

The free fatty acid (FFA) effect on the oxidative stability of marine lipids was studied by fluorescence assessment. Under different reaction conditions, including time, temperature and FFA content and type (different chain lengths and unsaturation degrees), FFAs were made to interact in model systems with a commercial marine oil (cod liver oil) and two different fish (hake and pout) white muscles. Fluorescence assessment showed a pro-oxidant effect of all types of FFA, which increased with time, temperature and FFA content in the reaction mixtures. At 30 °C a higher degree of oxidation was obtained in systems including the shorter-chain-length fatty acids (lauric and myristic) compared to systems including the longest ones (arachidic and stearic). At the same temperature an increasing pro-oxidant effect was also observed with increasing degree of fatty acid unsaturation (stearic < oleic < linoleic < linolenic). When a lower temperature (−10 °C) was tested, a differential pro-oxidant effect among fatty acids (chain length and unsaturation degree) was not observed. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Response of Six‐Lined Racerunner (Aspidoscelis sexlineata) to Habitat Restoration in Fire‐Suppressed Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Sandhills

Six‐lined racerunner (Aspidoscelis sexlineata) is an indicator species of frequently burned Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests. To evaluate how the species responded to forest restoration, we conducted a mark‐recapture study in formerly fire‐suppressed Longleaf pine forests exposed to prescribed fire or fire surrogates (i.e. mechanical or herbicide‐facilitated hardwood removal) as well as in fire‐suppressed control sites and reference sites, which represented the historic condition. After initial treatment, all sites were exposed to over a decade of prescribed burning with an average return interval of approximately 2 years. We used population‐level response of A. sexlineata as an indicator of the effectiveness of the different treatments in restoring habitat. Specifically, we compared mean numbers of marked adults and juveniles at treatment sites to that of reference sites. After 4 years, restoration objectives were met at sites treated with burning alone and at sites treated with mechanical removal of hardwoods followed by fire. After over 10 years of prescribed burning, restoration objectives were met at all treatments. We conclude that prescribed burning alone was sufficient to restore fire‐suppressed Longleaf pine sandhills for A. sexlineata populations.
Stress, resource allocation, and mortality

We model the optimal allocation of limited resources of an animal during a transient stressful event such as a cold spell or the presence of a predator. The animal allocates resources between the competing demands of combating the stressor and bodily maintenance. Increased allocation to combating the stressor decreases the mortality rate from the stressor, but if too few resources are allocated to maintenance, damage builds up. A second source of mortality is associated with high levels of damage. Thus, the animal faces a trade-off between the immediate risk of mortality from the stressor and the risk of delayed mortality due to the build up of damage. We analyze how the optimal allocation of the animal depends on the mean and predictability of the length of the stressful period, the level of danger of the stressor for a given level of allocation, and the mortality consequences of damage. We also analyze the resultant levels of mortality from the stressor, from damage during the stressful event, and from damage during recovery after the stressful event ceases. Our results highlight circumstances in which most mortality occurs after the removal of the stressor. The results also highlight the importance of the predictability of the duration of the stressor and the potential importance of small detrimental drops in condition. Surprisingly, making the consequences of damage accumulation less dangerous can lead to a reallocation that allows damage to build up by so much that the level of mortality caused by damage build up is increased. Similarly, because of the dependence of allocation on the dangerousness of the stressor, making the stressor more dangerous for a given level of allocation can decrease the proportion of mortality that it causes, while the proportion of mortality caused by damage to condition increases. These results are discussed in relation to biological phenomena. Copyright 2005.
Apparent digestibility of mixed feed with increasing levels of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds in rabbit diets

Abstract Thirty crossbred rabbits were randomly allocated to three groups with ten animals each (five male and five female rabbits each), and kept individually in separate cages. Three isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated with increasing levels of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds (SHS) (0, 10, and 15%). The digestibility coefficients of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and gross energy (GE) were calculated according to standard procedures following the indirect digestibility method, using acid insoluble ash as an internal marker. The results showed that the DM, OM and GE digestibilities of 10% and 15% SHS diets were higher than those of the control diet, while the ADF digestibility of the 15% SHS diet was lower than that of the 10% SHS diet.
Mixing nutrients mitigates the intake constraints of a plant toxin in a generalist herbivore

The diversity and concentration of primary plant compounds, including nutrients and secondary metabolites, such as plant toxins differ spatially and temporally among food resources, creating a varied feeding environment for herbivores. Both nutrients and toxins influence foraging behavior, but their interactive effects remain poorly understood. Our aim was to determine how patterns of intake and feeding behavior are influenced by the nutritional composition of foods as modified by the presence of toxins and the capacity to choose between nutritionally different foods. We offered common brushtail possums, a generalist mammalian herbivore, a choice between 2 food mixtures, one high in protein (HP), the other high in carbohydrate (HC), or a no-choice diet formulated to reflect the mixture of protein and carbohydrate selected when animals had access to both HP and HC foods. We tested choice and no-choice dietary regimes in the presence or absence of the toxin, cineole, at a concentration known to limit intake by ∼50%. We found that possums could compensate for the effect of a high concentration of cineole on food intake if they could mediate dietary concentrations of the HP and HC foods. They appeared to do this by 1) selecting an increased proportion of dietary protein and 2) by continually adjusting the proportion of protein and carbohydrate eaten throughout a feeding night. Our results demonstrate that the protective effect of cineole against herbivory by possums is not a simple function of its concentration but rather depends strongly on the nutritional context in which it occurs.
Cell shape for microcellular systems in residential and commercial environments

Personal Communication Services (PCS) will make use of low antennas and low radiated power to achieve base station coverage over microcells having radius of about 500 m. For such small cells the configuration of buildings surrounding the base station will have a major influence on the propagation in different directions, and hence on cell shape. This paper presents a theoretical approach to determining cell shape for residential and commercial regions, where the buildings are of a relatively uniform height, and are closely spaced in rows along the streets. Because it is based in theory, the model treats base station antenna height, location, and frequency as input parameters, in addition to area specific descriptors of the buildings, such as average height, location with respect to the streets, and street geometry. As an example, contour plots of signal level have been computed for an area having two story town houses located on a rectangular street grid, and for base station antennas located mid-block, at a street intersection, and in the backyards of the buildings.
Molecular genetic variation and fisheries of Mesopodopsis orientalis (Crustacea: Mysida) in Indonesian waters, with remarks on fisheries of Acetes (Crustacea: Decapoda)

3 Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 6 References 16 Chapter 2 GENETIC DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC . 20 STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATIONS OF MESOPODOPSIS ORIENTALIS (Tattersall, 1908) IN INDONESIAN WATERS 2.
Induced Expression of Murine γ2a by CD40 Ligation Independently of IFN-γ1

IgG2a, with γ2a H chains, is important for protection against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. Although a large portion of IgG2a expression is dependent upon IFN-γ, some germline transcription and switch recombination to the murine γ2a H chain gene expression are independent of IFN-γ. We found that agonistic anti-CD40 Abs injected into IFN-γ-deficient mice induce a >200-fold increase in the amount of serum Ig2a, while other Ig isotypes are increased by 16-fold or less. In vitro, ligation of CD40 on B cells, without the addition of other B cell activators or cytokines, results in germline transcription and switch recombination that are largely restricted to the γ2a gene. These results suggest that some immune responses to infectious agents can result in large amounts of IgG2a expression through ligation of CD40, without the expression of IFN-γ by Th1 or other cells.
KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU PEMBELAJARAN DI ERA PANDEMI COVID 19

School has a function as an agent of change whose job is to build students to become human beings who have faith and are devoted to God, virtuous, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, being a good citizen, able solve the problems they face and become a solution for themselves, and society as a whole. To achieve the goals of education, the principal's active role as a leader and manager is needed in creating quality and superior schools. In this role the principal is expected to have work targets in realizing the vision and mission of the school. For this reason, the quality of education as one of the outputs will become a benchmark for each school as part of the principal's leadership in developing the quality of existing education. The quality of a school can be seen from the process along with the results in teaching and learning activities carried out. Teaching and learning activities remain a priority that must be maintained, developed, and carried out well regardless of the conditions. Like today, where Indonesia has experienced the Covid-19 pandemic since March to date, certainly many aspects have changed due to this pandemic, especially related to educational activities in Indonesia. For this reason, principals are expected to be able to improve the quality of learning in this pandemic era where face-to-face learning is not permitted in the school environment, thus requiring schools to create distance learning that does not reduce the value of conventional learning so that the quality of the learning process can be maintained and implemented properly.
Coordinated Capacity Reductions and Public Communication in the Airline Industry

We investigate whether legacy U.S. airlines communicated via earnings calls to coordinate with other legacy airlines in offering fewer seats on competitive routes. To this end, we first use text analytics to build a novel dataset on communication among airlines about their capacity choices. Estimates from our preferred specification show that when all legacy airlines in a market discuss the concept of “capacity discipline,” they reduce offered seats by 1.79%. We verify that this reduction materializes only when airlines communicate concurrently, and that it cannot be explained by other possibilities, including that airlines are simply announcing to investors their unilateral intentions to reduce capacity, and then following through on those announcements. Additional results from conditional-exogeneity tests and control function estimates confirm our interpretation.
A Modified Program for Estimating the Parameters of the SSI Model

ABSTRACT Temperature has a significant influence on the development rates of poikilotherms. There are many nonlinear mathematical models for describing temperature-dependent development rates. Among these models, the Sharpe-Schoolfield (SS) model with six parameters may be the most popular one. The reciprocal of the denominator in the SS model represents the probability of enzyme being in the active state. There is a reference temperature, 25°C, which was defined as a temperature at which the probability of enzyme being in the active state reaches its maximum. However, several examples of using the SS model to fit experimental data display that the probability of enzyme being in the active state does not reach its maximum at 25°C. For different taxonomic groups, the temperatures at which the probability of enzyme being in the active state reaches its maximum might be different. Thus, Ikemoto modified the SS model to a new model (i.e., the SSI model) which can meet the condition that at a particular temperature the probability of enzyme being in the active state can reach its maximum. In addition, Ikemoto related the SSI model to the linear model and devised an algorithm to estimate model parameters; however, that original program of Ikemoto is so timeconsuming that it limits the use of the SSI model. We provide a new program for a faster estimation of the parameters in the SSI model. One complete run of the new program takes less than 1 min (using R 2.10.1). This new program allows investigators to use the SSI model more readily. In addition, we test the linear approximation of the SSI model over three temperature ranges: low, middle, and high temperatures. We also provide a method for calculating the tangent at any point in the SSI model.
Analysis of Text Classification Algorithms: A Review

Classification of data has become an important research area. The process of classifying documents into predefined categories based on their content is Text classification. It is the automated assignment of natural language texts to predefined categories. The primary requirement of text retrieval systems is text classification, which retrieve texts in response to a user query, and text understanding systems, which transform text in some way such as answering questions, producing summaries or extracting data. In this paper we are studying the various classification algorithms. Classification is the process of dividing the data to some groups that can act either dependently or independently. Our main aim is to show the comparison of the various classification algorithms like K-nn, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with rapid miner and find out which algorithm will be most suitable for the users.
Nestmate relatedness in the Australian ant myrmecia pyriformis smith, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

We investigated the genetic structure of 19 colonies of the myrmeciine ant Myrmecia pyriformis SMITH, 1858, using five microsatellite loci. Nestmate relatedness of b = 0.51 +/- 0.04 significantly deviated from the theoretical value of 0.75, which is expected in a monogynous monandrous social system. The occurrence of multiple mating by queens was the most likely explanation in the majority of colonies, and the effective number of male mates was estimated to be 2.60. However, multiple female reproductives were also inferred in some cases. The results correspond well both to observations on promiscuous mating behaviour in the winged sexuals of some species of Myrmecia and to the occurrence of gamergates (mated workers) in M. pyriformis. The finding of high levels of polyandry in a species with totipotent workers is discussed with regard to the evolution of eusociality.
Increased dark respiration and calcium deficiency of red spruce in relation to acidic deposition at high-elevation southern Appalachian Mountain sites

Rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) foliage were examined in relationship to soil and foliar nutrient status at three elevations across each of three mountains in the southern Appalachians. These studies tested our previously stated hypothesis that increased dark respiration and reduced growth were associated with natural or induced nutrient deficiency at higher elevation sites. A consistent and highly significant reduction in the ratio of net photosynthesis to dark respiration was found at the highest sites on each mountain compared with lower sites, as had been previously reported for the initial two test sites. This response was produced by significant increases in dark respiration that were associated with low foliar calcium levels and high foliar aluminum levels found at the higher elevation sites in this region. Net photosynthesis was generally comparable between sites. A consistently inverse relationship between dark respiration and foliar calcium was .
Coverage Analysis for Multi-Request Association Model (MRAM) in a Caching Ultra-Dense Network

This paper examines the impact of multiple requests based user association model on the performance of ultra-dense small cell network. We consider a cache-enabled small cell network where popular files are cached in different small cells according to the spatial popularity of files. Unlike traditional models, where a user sends requests to a single nearby small cell, we propose a multi-request based user association model (MRAM). In this model, a user selects multiple small cells in its vicinity, referred to as neighbors, for sending file requests. This subset of neighbors search the requested file simultaneously, in order to provide it to the user at the small cell level. This results in an improved coverage probability, which increases the cache hit ratio, eventually alleviating the backhaul congestion. We further exploit coverage probability by considering different coverage patterns and derive closed-form expressions based on these coverage scenarios. We concretely demonstrate that the performance of such a multi-request model is improved with user's movement in different regions. Gains obtained from MRAM are quantified in terms of coverage probability through numerical simulations as well as network simulations.
Glacial geomorphology

information to everyone interested in the interaction of glaciers and their beds. Participants from a dozen countries, including geographers, geologists, meteorologists, physicists, mathematicians and civil engineers, discussed such topics as ’Erosion and deposition processes’, ‘The nature of the ice-rock interface’, ’Physical and chemical properties of debris-laden basal ice’, ’Subglacial hydrology’, ’The sliding boundary condition’ and ’Conditions at the base of Pleistocene ice sheets’. With the Geilo ’Symposium on processes of glacier erosion and sedimentation’ (the proceedings of which will be published as the second number of Annals of Glaciology) to look forward to in 1980, glacial geomorphologists should continue to enjoy a stimulating period.