Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies in Cranial Suture Biology: Part I. Increased Immunoreactivity for TGF‐β Isoforms (β1, β2, and β3) During Rat Cranial Suture Fusion

The mechanisms involved in normal cranial suture development and fusion as well as the pathophysiology of craniosynostosis, a premature fusion of the cranial sutures, are not well understood. Transforming growth factor‐β isoforms (TGF‐β1, β2, and β3) are abundant in bone and stimulate calvarial bone formation when injected locally in vivo. To gain insight into the role of these factors in normal growth and development of cranial sutures and the possible etiology of premature cranial suture fusion, we examined the temporal and spatial expression of TGF‐β isoforms during normal cranial suture development in the rat. In the Sprague‐Dawley rat, only the posterior frontal cranial suture undergoes fusion between 12 and 22 days of age, while all other cranial sutures remain patent. Therefore, immunohistochemical analysis of the fusing posterior frontal suture was compared with the patent sagittal suture at multiple time points from the fetus through adult. Whereas the intensity of immunostaining was the same in the posterior frontal and sagittal sutures in the fetal rat, there was increased immunoreactivity for TGF‐β isoforms in the actively fusing posterior frontal suture compared with the patent sagittal suture starting 2 days after birth and continuing until approximately 20 days. There were intensely immunoreactive osteoblasts present during fusion of the posterior frontal suture. In contrast, the patent sagittal suture was only slightly immunoreactive. A differential immunostaining pattern was observed among the TGF‐β isoforms; TGF‐β2 was the most immunoreactive isoform and was also most strongly associated with osteoblasts adjacent to the dura and the margin of the fusing suture. Since the increased expression of TGF‐β2 during suture fusion suggested a possible regulatory role, recombinant TGF‐β2 was added directly to the posterior frontal and sagittal sutures in vivo to determine if suture fusion could be initiated. Exogenously added TGF‐β2 stimulated fusion of the ectocranial surface of the posterior frontal suture. These data provide evidence for a regulatory role for these growth factors in cranial suture development and fusion. Additionally, the intense immunostaining for TGF‐β2 in the dura mater underlying the fusing suture supports a role for the dura mater in suture fusion. It is possible that premature or excessive expression of these factors may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of craniosynostosis and that modulation of the growth factor profile at the suture site may have potential therapeutic value.
Effect of Input Mode on EFL Free-Recall Listening Performance: A Mixed-Method Study

This study conducted a mixed-method study of the influence of audio and video input mode on free-recall listening performance. It first explored quantitatively whether input mode significantly influenced 34 sophomores’ performance in general and across two genres (passage and long dialogue) and three ranks of idea units (the discourse topic, main point , and supporting detail). Then it investigated qualitatively how four of the participants interacted with the audio and video input. T-test results showed the video mode significantly facilitated listening performance in general and for long dialogue in particular, as well as the recall of supporting details for long dialogue. Qualitative findings revealed that the participants’ interaction with the video varied with their language proficiency and the visual-verbal relationship in the input, suggesting the threshold of language proficiency for the visuals to take effect and the intervening effect of visual input and task features.
Effect of Frequency and Focal Depth of Push Pulses on Acoustic Intensity, Mechanical Index, and Shear Wave Amplitude for Elastography Imaging

Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) is being used for measurement of mechanical properties of musculoskeletal tissues due to its potential for diagnosis of injuries or diseases in soft tissues. Often, high transducer frequencies (7-15 MHz) are used for ultrasound imaging of superficial and/or small musculoskeletal tissues; while lower frequencies (2-5 MHz) are employed for deeper tissues [1-6]. In order to use SWE in musculoskeletal tissues, such as tendon and ligaments, it may be necessary to use high frequency probes. However, current reports on acoustic output parameters (such ISPPA, ISPTA and MI) have been limited to lower frequencies [7-10]. Additionally, there is no information on the effect of frequency on the amplitude of the generated shear waves in musculoskeletal tissues.
Revision of the parasitic chalcidoid flies of the genera Homalotylus Mayrand Isodromus Howard, with descriptions of two closely related genera

The genus Homaloiylus was erected by Gustav Mayr * for three European species which had been retained previously in Encyrtus^ namely, E.fiarainius, vinulus, undjlaviceps—all described by Dalman in 1820. A few months after Maj'-r's Vv^ork appeared, Thomson ^ published his genus Nohrimus, based on the same three and a doubtful fourth species, E. eytelweinU Ratzeburg, which Mayr had synonymized with E.jlamini'us Dalman. Nohimiis has been considered a synonym of Homaloi'ylus by subsequent writers, and Encyrius jiaminivs Dalman is hereby definitely selected as the type, the same species having been selected by Ashmead in 1900 as the type of Homalotylus* The genus Mendozaniella Brethes ^ is unquestionably another synonym of Homalotylus, as its type M. mirahilis Brethes, agrees throughout in description and figure with the species of Homalohjlus belonging to the Haminius group. The genus also has been redescribed by Girault * under the name of Hemaenasoidea, the genotype species, H. oculata, being closely allied to Homalotylus vicinus Silvestri. Of the eighteen species which have been described or subsequently placed xmder Homalotylus only twelve rightfully belong here as the genus is now restricted. //. vinulus (Dalman) and jlavicejjs (Dalman) belong to Isodromus Howard ; H. laclini Ashmead was referred by its author to Pliaenodiscus in 1887,^ but in reality belongs to the genus Microterys Thompson; H. similis Ashmead becomes the type of the new genus, Anisotylus, Avhich the writer has ventured to separate from Homalotylus, because of several peculiarities; H. hi^asciatus Ashmead was removed by its author to MeromyzoUa in 1900; and finally H. latipes Girault difters so profoundly in having scattered pin-punctures on the body, foliate hind tibiae, and a three-jointed club, that there is much doubt whether it has any close relationship to Homalotylus at all.
A Document Classification Framework for Efficient Retrieval

: Document classification has become an evolving field of exploration with the significant rise in the volume of computerized information. Weighting of a term is an elementary research issue in document classification. Several alternatives to the traditional techniques to weight a term like TF_IDF have been proposed by the researchers. This paper introduces a novel method to weight a term by calculating the semantic similarity between the category label and the term. Also the proposed term weighting technique includes the co-occurrence relation between the terms. Experiments were carried on the 20 Newsgroups and Reuters_21578 benchmark datasets. The results obtained infer that the proposed method outperforms the other weighting methods using various classifiers.
A molecular and chromosomal study of the moonshine shrew, Crocidura luna Dollman, 1910 from Zambia with a description of a new remarkable karyotype

Abstract The genus Crocidura Wagler, 1832 represents the most diverse group of Soricidae. It is widely accepted that the genus is in need of revision, because the taxonomy of several species is still unresolved. In this paper, we present a chromosomal (standard and G-banding) and molecular genetic (16S rDNA, 1112bp; cytochrome b, 501bp) characterization of specimens of Crocidura luna from Zambia. We compare these data with those obtained for the same species from Burundi. The genetic divergence (uncorrected p-distance) between the two samples is 4.1% for cytochrome b and 1.1% for 16S. These values are usually found among close sister species or different populations of the same species in Crocidura. The karyotype found in C. luna (2n=28 and FN=56) is of particular interest, as it represents one of the lowest diploid numbers among the genus Crocidura. Moreover, it presents large chromosomal differences compared to the karyotype of C. luna, previously described in the specimens from Burundi with 2n=36 and NF=56.
Application Constant Temperature Charging Technique for Charging Time Reduction of Lithium Ion Battery

Existing battery charging techniques such as Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) method, Multistage Constant Current (MCC) method, Pulse Charging, S inusoidal Ripple Approach (SRA), etc., are time consuming open loop approach which uses the fixed cell parameters and does not consider temperature variation while charging. The proposed Constant Temperature – Constant Voltage (CT-CV) charging technique suggests the closed loop scheme using instantaneous cell voltage and temperature changes with the charging current magnitude and maintaining the temperature rise at the set value as CCCV. Charging current is controlled using PID controller added by feed forward current. This method is inexpensive as compared to the other optimization techniques which involve high quality and high cost sensors. Results shows that the proposed technique reduces the battery charging time by 24% when compared with CC-CV technique. As per the results Requirement of fast charging can be achieved through higher ambient temperature limits. The scheme can be expanded to pack level by integrating the cells.
Permeability of receptive fig fruits and its effects on the re‐emergence behaviour of pollinators

1. Figs and pollinating fig wasps provide a model system for studying mutualism. The permeability of the syconium changes during receptivity or between seasons, which may affect the behaviour of pollinators. Fig fruits are permeable during receptivity, and in some species, pollinators can enter and re‐emerge after oviposition/pollination. We studied the relationship between fig permeability and pollinator re‐emergence behaviour with a functional dioecious fig, Ficus hispida and the obligate pollinator Ceratosolen solmsi marchali.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

Internet of Things IoT become a recent concept of communication technologies and a novel computing paradigm. The idea is to connect a variety of objects or things (e.g., RFID tags, NFC tags, sensors, etc.), which can interact and exchange data with each other anywhere and everywhere over the internet. With the evolution of IoT, the volume of data interchanged among connecting IoT devices is increasing at a remarkable scale due to the increase in number of the connected objects. Most of IoT devices are constrained devices and low resources that handling confidential and sensitive data. Therefore, using conventional cryptographic methods are unsuitable due to many issues and challenges like limited computational power, memory space, energy resources, performance cost, and security requirement. For that, lightweight cryptographic primitives (LWC) have been introduced. Many kinds of research continue moving forward to find a suitable algorithm that meets the specific demands of the IoT application. This paper provides an overview of the LWC primitives for IoT environment and presents various LWC algorithms based on their key dimension, block size, structures and number of rounds. We examine also the security viewpoint for the constrained IoT environment focusing on the relevant research challenges, difficulties and solutions. Finally, we proposed a secure scheme for improving the constrained IoT environment and conclude by discussing the open issues.
Project Summary : Exploring the evolution of IPv6: topology, performance, and traf(cid:2)c

edge and compare characteristics of IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity. The resulting data sets will serve as input to our next task when we correlate these observations with other technical and socioeconomic data: address allocation, available geographic and traf(cid:2)c data, ISP organizational structure (commercial, government, educational), and political/regulatory factors in(cid:3)uencing IPv6 deployment. Our (cid:2)nal task is to improve the state of quantitative modeling of the IPv6 transition by gathering rigorous empirical data on the extent and effectiveness of converter technologies, investigating prevailing concerns over IPv6 performance and path in(cid:3)ation, and analyzing actual IPv6 traf(cid:2)c workloads on a major U.S. backbone. The proposed research targets the following priorities of the NeTS program: scalable, non-intrusive mechanisms, tools, and methodologies for new and historically signi(cid:2)cant network measurement and characterization; and using these tools to enable a scienti(cid:2)c case study that will inform the discipline of network architecture innovation. Our country is the birthplace of the Internet, and as one of the Internet’s godmothers, the National Science Foundation again has an opportunity to play a leading role in promoting Internet health and unencumbered development. Intellectual merit. This project will provide solid empirically grounded understanding of the most dif(cid:2)cult architectural transition ever attempted on the Internet, while simultaneously advancing the state-of-the-art in network measurement science and technology. A rigorous approach to the study of IPv6 deployment will represent a compelling case study for the current Internet, with applicability to technology transfer challenges in other domains. Broader impact. Our results will be widely disseminated to research, commercial, and government sectors, informing communications and technology policies. Data, tools, and methodologies will be available to researchers and used to create accessible educational materials for future generations, who will be even more dependent on a robust Internet than we are today.
The Review of Economics and Statistics

This study makes use of detailed student-level data from eight cohorts of first-year students at Northwestern University to investigate the relative effects of tenure track/tenured versus contingent faculty on student learning. We focus on classes taken during a student’s first term at Northwestern and employ an identification strategy in which we control for both student-level fixed effects and next-class-taken fixed effects to measure the degree to which contingent faculty contribute more or less to lasting student learning than do other faculty. We find consistent evidence that students learn relatively more from contingent faculty in their firstterm courses. This result is driven by the fact that the bottom quarter of tenure track/tenured faculty (as indicated by our measure of teaching effectiveness) has lower ‘‘value added’’ than their contingent counterparts. Differences between contingent and tenure track/tenured faculty are present across a wide variety of subject areas and are particularly pronounced for Northwestern’s average and less-qualified students.
Analyses of Possible Domestic Pig Contribution in Two Populations of Finnish Farmed Wild Boar

It is believed that some Finnish farmed “Wild Boars” may not originate from genuine European Wild Boar. To test this the D-loop mitochondrial sequence and nuclear glucosephosphate isomerase processed pseudogene (GPIP) and melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) genes were analysed in 41 Finnish farmed Wild Boar from two farms in order to determine if there was any evidence of hybrid origins. D-loop sequences clustered with European domestic pigs and northern European Wild Boars. On one farm, animals had both European and Asian/European GPIP genotypes suggestive of crossbreeding, while on the other, animals had exclusively European GPIP alleles. One animal from the first farm also had a MC1R genotype, strongly indicative of crossbreeding with European domestic pigs while the other 40 animals showed MC1R genotypes expected for genuine European Wild Boar. Joint consideration of all markers suggests that domestic pigs may have contributed to the origins of the “Wild Boar” on one of the farms.
Aquatic Locomotor Kinematics of the Eastern Water Dragon (Intellagama lesueurii)

Abstract Quantitative studies of the axial undulatory swimming techniques used by secondarily aquatic vertebrates have been largely restricted to crocodilians. Numerous members of the suborder Lacertilia (lizards) are also known to swim using axial undulatory techniques, but how they do so has received minimal attention from the scientific community. We investigated the morphology and undulatory locomotor kinematics adopted by the Eastern Water Dragon (Intellagama lesueurii) through observation of natural swimming and filming of animals in a flume tank with a high speed camera. We found that morphological modifications associated with improved swimming ability and correlations between wave characteristics and swimming velocity are limited to the tail. The shape of dorsal spines and the reduction in the width of transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae result in a mediolaterally compressed tail instead of the typically rounded or dorsoventrally compressed tail seen in other Australian agamids. Axial undulatory swimming in I. lesueurii was found to be conceptually similar to that of crocodilians, but the relatively long and thin terminal part of the tail produces a different shaped undulatory wave. Unlike crocodilians and fishes, I. lesueurii does not use frequency moderated velocity control. Instead, changes in velocity are solely controlled by the phase speed of the propagating wave. The combined effect of these traits is comparable efficiency and performance in the water relative to that of crocodilians and an improvement relative to terrestrial lizards.
Clinical analysis by proton spin-echo NMR. 2. Oxidation of intracellular glutathione as a consequence of penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis

Spin echo NMR analysis is used to monitor the effect of penicillamine on intact erythrocytes obtained from patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis during a 12-week period of therapy. The results are compared to the previously reported in vitro effects of the compound (McKay, C. N. N.; et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1986, 888, 30-35). At clinical assessment at week 12, the 20 patients were divided into responder and nonresponder groups. The intracellular glutathione in the responder group is more oxidized (P less than 0.01) than in the nonresponder group. A retrospective analysis of the two patient groups at the initial assessment following the commencement of therapy indicated that in the nonresponder group intracellular glutathione was significantly more reduced (P less than 0.02) than in the responder group. It is postulated that penicillamine stimulates cellular defense against the oxidation of the cell membrane at the expense of cytosolic glutathione. This initial study suggests that spin-echo NMR analysis of erythrocyte glutathione can act as an early indicator of a clinical response to penicillamine therapy.
Tiny but Complex Foliage Leaves Occur in Many “Leafless” Cacti (Cactaceae)

Most cacti in subfamily Cactoideae have tiny foliage leaves (most less than 1.5 mm long) hidden by enlarged axillary buds (the spine clusters). Leaf development similar to that of Arabidopsis and other model plants occurs in six species that have a rudimentary lamina, mesophyll, vascular tissue, stomata, and dorsiventral asymmetry. In the other 141 species, mature foliage leaves are progressively simpler, as if development stops at different points during otherwise ordinary morphogenesis. In 21 species, development stops at the leaf primordium stage, and in 52 species, mature leaves are up to 500 μm tall (distinctly larger than primordia) but consist of just ground tissue and ordinary epidermis cells. Mature leaves in 71 species are elongate (500–2500 μm) cones of epidermis and ground tissue, with xylem near the adaxial side (phloem was detected in only four species); most conical leaves have abaxial stomata. Chlorenchyma is universally present in mesophyll; mucilage and druses occur in some species. Leaf reduction may have reduced auxin production: long, complex leaves occur on columnar plants; short, simple leaves are on globose plants. Expression of genes such as KNOX, PHANTASTICA, and YODA were probably modified during leaf evolution in cacti.
One size fits all: corolla compression in Aphelandra runcinata (Acanthaceae), an adaptation to short-billed hummingbirds

Co-evolutionary processes have moulded interactions between hummingbirds (Trochilidae) and ornithophilous flowers. Generally, long corollas exclude short-billed trochilids, whereas short corollas allow access for both long- and short-billed species. At La Mucuy, Sierra Nevada National Park, Mérida, Venezuela, we studied interactions between Aphelandra runcinata (Acanthaceae) and its avian pollinators. Of 13 trochilid species reported from this site, only two, Coeligena torquata and C. eos, have bills long enough to allow legitimate access to the nectar of A. runcinata flowers. However, we observed that hummingbirds with much shorter bills were also able to extract nectar and pollinate the flowers. This is due to a reversible compression mechanism in A. runcinata, caused by the pressure exerted by the bird in flight and the physical opposition of the inflorescence. The compression mechanism observed in A. runcinata flowers is a morphological characteristic that provides mutualistic advantages for both the plant and its avian visitors. The spectrum of potential pollinators is increased by giving access to nectar even to species with short or medium-long bills. Moreover, nectar-robbing, a foraging strategy that does not result in pollen transfer common among short-billed trochilids, seems to be reduced.
Quantification of δ-Opioid Receptors in Human Brain with N1′ -([11C]Methyl) Naltrindole and Positron Emission Tomography

The regional binding of N1′ -([11C]methyl)naltrindole (MeNTI), a selective δ-opioid antagonist, was studied in healthy human subjects with positron emission tomography (PET). After the bolus intravenous administration of high specific activity [11C]MeNTI, PET was performed over 90 minutes. Arterial plasma samples were obtained during the scanning period and assayed for the presence of radiolabeled metabolites. The data were analyzed with various kinetic (two-and three-compartment models, Patlak graphical analysis) and nonkinetic (apparent volume of distribution and activity at a late scanning time) approaches. This tracer showed irreversible binding characteristics during the scanning period used. The results of the analyses also were compared with the density and distribution of δ-opioid receptors in the human brain in vitro. Additionally, computer simulations were performed to assess the effects of changes in receptor binding and tracer transport changes on the perceived binding parameters obtained with the models. A constrained three-compartment kinetic model was demonstrated to be superior to other quantification models for the description of MeNTI kinetics and quantification of δ receptor binding in the human brain with 11C-labeled MeNTI.