Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of an Intrusion Detection System under Different Techniques

Nowadays, with the rapid growth in technologies, which depend on computers systems and networks, threats are also increasing enormously. So, a huge number of approaches have been developed to protect systems and networks and to increase the security since it is an essential requirement in the majority of the applications. In this paper, a statistical Naive Bayesian method is applied in an IDS system using different scenarios. The performance of the IDS is measured through experiments using NSL-KDD dataset.
Effects Of Humidity On Downward Flame Spread Over Combustible Solids

Effects of humidity on downward flame spread over combustible solids have been studied cxpcrimentally. The experiments were performed using a wind tunnel with heater and :-:umidifier. The temperature and velocity of the air flowing in the tunnel were controlled to be 2()cC and 10 cm/s, respectively, and the moisture content was varied. The test pieces used '. "ere of filter paper and PMMA, typical hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic materials, respectively. Although both the flame spread rates over these materials decreases as the moisture content increases, the decreasing rate for filter paper is much larger than that for PMMA. It is shown :hat filter paper is influenced by moisture more strongly than PMMA. This result indicates that flame spread in an air stream with moisture depends strongly on the hygroscopicity of the combustible material. When the moisture content in the air is high, local blow offs are observed repeatedly at various parts on the leading flame edge spreading over a test piece of filter paper, while the flame spread over PMMA seems stable. Amount of heat transferred from the spreading flame to unburned material at preheat zone is calculated on the basis of experimental results. When the moisture content increases, the heat input for both materials decreases though the decreasing rate for filter paper is larger than that for PMMA. This result shows that the moisture in the air stream influences not only the phenomena in the solid phase but also in the gas phase. The effects of the moisture in the air stream on the flame spread is inferred to be attributable to the reduction of chemical reaction rate in the gas phase caused by water vapor ejected from the solid surface.
Motion Planning Framework for Industrial Manipulators using the Open Motion Planning Library (OMPL)

Robotic manipulators are used in many different scenarios these days. If one of these manipulators is moved from one location to another it may require a total reprogramming of that manipulator because of the new environment the robot is working in. This is because the path planning and trajectory planning scheme which works in one environment might not be suitable in another. This text takes a look at how an intuitive and easy to use motion planning framework for finding paths in different static environments or scenarios can be made. The use of the Open Motion Planning Library has been used for the path planning and second-order cone programming solved by SeDuMi in Matlab has been used for finding the time-optimal trajectory.
Effect of Dead Space on Avalanche Speed

The effects of dead space (the minimum distance trav- elled by a carrier before acquiring enough energy to impact ionize) on the current impulse response and bandwidth of an avalanche multiplication process are obtained from a numerical model that maintains a constant carrier velocity but allows for a random dis- tribution of impact ionization path lengths. The results show that the main mechanism responsible for the increase in response time with dead space is the increase in the number of carrier groups, which qualitatively describes the length of multiplication chains. When the dead space is negligible, the bandwidth follows the be- havior predicted by Emmons but decreases as dead space increases.
Critical Race Theory: Focusing the Lens on Human Resource Development

: The challenge that continues to face HRD is how to integrate real concerns for diversity into programs, practices, and research. Critical race theory was used as a lens to examine work on diversity published in Human Resource Development Quarterly (HRDQ). Eight publications were selected and analyzed. Despite the prevalence of corporate diversity initiatives, most companies have failed to achieve racial balance in their organizational structures (Cox, 1991). Current workforce diversity initiatives are caused not by the changing composition of the workforce itself but by the inability of organizations to truly integrate and use a heterogeneous workforce at all levels of the organization (Cox, 1993). In recent years, the discussions about improving diversity initiatives have focused on organizations’ readiness to create a diverse workforce, to sustain a diverse workforce, and to assess their current disposition to manage, teach and evaluate diversity effectively (DeMuese & Hostager, 2001). Unfortunately, the absence of corresponding changes in the organizations have created a culture that is somewhere between toxic and deadly when it comes to encouraging diversity (Cox, 2001). Hence, the presence of real diversity that is sustainable as a characteristic of the organization is missing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the assumptions and paradigms used to discuss diversity and equity in human resource development (HRD) using critical race theory (CRT) as a lens. Human Resource Development Quarterly (HRDQ) will provide a snapshot of publications on diversity in the field of HRD.
A Radiation Hydrodynamic Model for Protostellar Collapse. I. The First Collapse

Dynamical collapse of a molecular cloud core and the formation of a star are investigated by performing radiation hydrodynamic calculations in spherical symmetry. The angle-dependent and frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation is solved without any diffusion approximations, and the evolution of the spectral energy distribution (SED) is examined. In the present paper, as the first step in a series of our work, evolutions before hydrogen molecules begin to dissociate (the so-called first collapse) are examined for different masses and initial temperatures of the parent cloud cores and for different opacities. Numerical results for a typical case [Tinit = 10 K and κP(10 K) ~ 0.01 cm2 g-1] show that the radius and mass of the first core are ~5 AU and ~0.05 M☉, respectively. These values are independent both of the mass of the parent cloud core and of the initial density profile. The analytical expressions for the radius, mass, and accretion luminosity of the first core are also obtained. The SED contains only cold components of a few times 10 K throughout the first collapse phase, because the opaque envelope veils the first core from observers. We suggest that the molecular cloud cores with luminosities higher than ~0.1 L☉ should contain young protostars deep in the center, even if they show no evidence for the existence of central stars in near-infrared and optical observations.
THE EFFECT OF IRANIAN FEMALE EFL LEARNERS’ POLITENESS STRATEGIES AWARENESS ON THEIR LETTER WRITING ABILITY

Abstract: This research examines the effect of teaching politeness strategies based on the models proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) and Leech (1983) to intermediate English learners on their ability in writing more polite letters. The instrumentation includes an IELTS test, used as a placement test, an inventory, used to measure learners’ awareness of politeness strategies, and a letter-writing test, used as a measurement of learners’ ability in using politeness strategies. Among all the participants, twenty of them were put in the control group, and twenty-four of them in the experimental group, who went under the treatment. They were taught how to write politely based on the politeness strategy models proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) and Leech (1983). After the treatment, learners wrote letters to the same people with the same situations. Comparing the twenty learners in the control group with the twenty-four learners in experimental group, the researchers concluded that the treatment had a significant effect on the learners’ ability in writing more polite letters. They selected to use more formal strategies with those who they saw further distance with, and more informal strategies with more intimate people. Furthermore, the answers the learners provided to the questions of the inventory offered more awareness of politeness strategies. This implies that they were more aware of various choices of polite language that were available for them to use in the given situations. Keywords: politeness strategy, face, face threatening act
A novel and effective technology for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from land-applied manures

Land-applied manures produce nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas (GHG). Land application can also result in ammonia (NH3) volatilisation, leading to indirect N2O emissions. Here, we summarise a glasshouse investigation into the potential for vermiculite, a clay with a high cation exchange capacity, to decrease N2O emissions from livestock manures (beef, pig, broiler, layer), as well as urea, applied to soils. Our hypothesis is that clays adsorb ammonium, thereby suppressing NH3 volatilisation and slowing N2O emission processes. We previously demonstrated the ability of clays to decrease emissions at the laboratory scale. In this glasshouse work, manure and urea application rates varied between 50 and 150 kg nitrogen (N)/ha. Clay : manure ratios ranged from 1 : 10 to 1 : 1 (dry weight basis). In the 1-year trial, the above-mentioned N sources were incorporated with vermiculite in 1 L pots containing Sodosol and Ferrosol growing a model pasture (Pennisetum clandestinum or kikuyu grass). Gas emissions were measured periodically by placing the pots in gas-tight bags connected to real-time continuous gas analysers. The vermiculite achieved significant (P ≤ 0.05) and substantial decreases in N2O emissions across all N sources (70% on average). We are currently testing the technology at the field scale; which is showing promising emission decreases (~50%) as well as increases (~20%) in dry matter yields. This technology clearly has merit as an effective GHG mitigation strategy, with potential associated agronomic benefits, although it needs to be verified by a cost–benefit analysis.
Decimal to Binary Number Conversion can be Fun

Numbering systems are of great importance in Computer Science and Engineering education. The binary numbering system can be considered as one of the most fundamental, since its understanding is essential for the understanding of other Computer Science and Engineering concepts, such as data representation, data storage, computer architecture, networking, and many more. Yet, students are having difficulties understanding it. One approach which has been shown to improve learning of different science and mathematics concepts is the use of educational games. Educational games have the potential to engage and motivate learners through fun activities. This paper presents a small exploratory survey on an electronic educational game for practicing decimal to binary number conversions.
HarT : Smart Tool for Harmonic Content Transformations

We present HarT, a software tool for assisting users recreating existing music content by harmonic transformations while retaining rhythmic and harmonic function structure. Our main contribution is the exploration of the perceptually-motivated Tonal Interval Space to analyze the harmonic content of user-input MIDI files according to the function each vertical music aggregate plays within the structure, as well as providing a ranking order of harmonic related chords to a given function. These strategies are then applied to guide harmonic transformations of the music content in an intuitive user-navigable map.
Heritability of Overconfidence

Empirical evidence suggests that people on average overestimate their own ability in a variety of circumstances. Little is known, however, about the origins of such overconfidence. To shed some light on this issue, we use the classic twin design to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in overconfidence. We collect data on overconfidence among 460 twin pairs. Overconfidence is measured as the difference between the perceived and actual rank in cognitive ability. Cognitive ability is measured using a 20-minute test of general intelligence. We find a highly significant joint effect of genes and common environment, but our estimates of the relative contributions of genetic and common environmental variation are less precise. According to our point estimates, genetic differences explain 16-34% of the variation in overconfidence depending on the definition of overconfidence used and common environmental differences explain 5-11%. (JEL: C91, D87, Z13) (c) 2009 by the European Economic Association.
Analysis of the essential oil from the dried leaves of Euphorbia hirta Linn (Euphorbiaceae), a potential medication for asthma

Essential oil was obtained from the dried leaves of Euphorbia hirta, commonly called asthma plant. Analysis of the oil was carried out on a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer fitted with an HP-5 MS (5% phenylmethyl siloxane) column at a temperature programme of 120°C (5 min) increased at 5°C/min to 320°C and held for 5 min. The major components identified include 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, hexadecanal, phytol and n-hexadecanoic acid adding up to 61.01%. Minor constituents include 2-butoxyethanol, tetradecane, phthalic acid, butyl tetradecyl ester, oleic acid, 13-heptadecyn-1-ol, 2-methyl-1-hexadecanol and 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid diisooctylester. The possible roles of the components in the treatment of asthma and other diseases are discussed. The oil may function as a repellent against Anopheles species and thus useful for malaria control.
Aggregation in environmental systems – Part 1: Seasonal tracer cycles quantify young water fractions, but not mean transit times, in spatially heterogeneous catchments

Abstract. Environmental heterogeneity is ubiquitous, but environmental systems are often analyzed as if they were homogeneous instead, resulting in aggregation errors that are rarely explored and almost never quantified. Here I use simple benchmark tests to explore this general problem in one specific context: the use of seasonal cycles in chemical or isotopic tracers (such as Cl−, δ18O, or δ2H) to estimate timescales of storage in catchments. Timescales of catchment storage are typically quantified by the mean transit time, meaning the average time that elapses between parcels of water entering as precipitation and leaving again as streamflow. Longer mean transit times imply greater damping of seasonal tracer cycles. Thus, the amplitudes of tracer cycles in precipitation and streamflow are commonly used to calculate catchment mean transit times. Here I show that these calculations will typically be wrong by several hundred percent, when applied to catchments with realistic degrees of spatial heterogeneity. This aggregation bias arises from the strong nonlinearity in the relationship between tracer cycle amplitude and mean travel time. I propose an alternative storage metric, the young water fraction in streamflow, defined as the fraction of runoff with transit times of less than roughly 0.2 years. I show that this young water fraction (not to be confused with event-based "new water" in hydrograph separations) is accurately predicted by seasonal tracer cycles within a precision of a few percent, across the entire range of mean transit times from almost zero to almost infinity. Importantly, this relationship is also virtually free from aggregation error. That is, seasonal tracer cycles also accurately predict the young water fraction in runoff from highly heterogeneous mixtures of subcatchments with strongly contrasting transit-time distributions. Thus, although tracer cycle amplitudes yield biased and unreliable estimates of catchment mean travel times in heterogeneous catchments, they can be used to reliably estimate the fraction of young water in runoff.
Impacts of climate and emission changes on nitrogen deposition in Europe: a multi-model study

The impact of climate and emissions changes on the deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) over Europe was studied using four offline regional chemistry transport models (CTMs) driven by the same global projection of future climate over the period 2000-2050. Anthropogenic emissions for the years 2005 and 2050 were used for simulations of both present and future periods in order to isolate the impact of climate change, hemispheric boundary conditions and emissions, and to assess the robustness of the results across the different models. The results from these four CTMs clearly show that the main driver of future N-deposition changes is the specified emission change. Under the specified emission scenario for 2050, emissions of oxidised nitrogen were reduced substantially, whereas emissions of NH3 increase to some extent, and these changes are largely reflected in the modelled concentrations and depositions. The lack of sulfur and oxidised nitrogen in the future atmosphere results in a much larger fraction of NHx being present in the form of gaseous ammonia. Predictions for wet and total deposition were broadly consistent, although the three fine-scale models resolve European emission areas and changes better than the hemisphericscale model. The biggest difference in the models is for predictions of individual N compounds. One model (EMEP) was used to explore changes in critical loads, also in conjunction with speculative climate-induced increases in NH3 emissions. These calculations suggest that the area of ecosystems that exceeds critical loads is reduced from 64% for year 2005 emissions levels to 50% for currently estimated 2050 levels. A possible climate-induced increase in NH3 emissions could worsen the situation, with areas exceeded increasing again to 57% (for a 30% NH3 emission increase).
Incorporating Novel Ecosystems and Layered Landscapes for Ecological Restoration in Cities

Ecological restoration in cities is problematic. The natural environment is radically altered with large areas of impervious surfaces, invasive species and a parallel artificial infrastructure for transporting water, waste and energy. There are also competing goals to meet the needs of people as identified in Official Community Plans. Cities are novel ecosystems and the restoration targets often do not align well with the natural ecosystems that historically existed in the area. The objective of this study is to use the University of Victoria campus as an example of urban restoration that incorporates novel ecosystems and takes a layered landscapes approach to address the complex socio-ecological histories of a site. Hobbs Creek and its ravine, Mystic Vale, are a particular focus. Instead of trying to restore the original fish-bearing stream and forest, the University of Victoria has used a novel ecosystem approach to set a suitable restoration target for an ecosystem that is capable of maturing, has a stable trajectory and is resilient. The university has an ongoing program of invasive species removal, reducing stream bank erosion and managing human impacts that is consistent with applying the layered landscapes concept, addressing the diverse values and visions of people as well as ecological integrity. In cities, the novel ecosystem approach acknowledges that complex socio-ecological histories of a site have shaped them over time and play a major role in determining a site’s future. Combining the layered landscapes perspective with the novel ecosystems concept as was done in this project is an effective approach to ecological restoration in cities.
Distribution, Abundance, and Genetic Population Structure of Wood River Sculpin, Cottus leiopomus

Abstract The Wood River sculpin Cottus leiopomus is endemic to the Wood River Basin in central Idaho and is a nongame species of concern because of its limited distribution. However, status and genetic population structure, 2 factors often central to the conservation and management of species of concern, have not been assessed for this species. We used backpack electrofishers to survey streams that were small enough (i.e., <10 m wide) to collect quantitative distribution and abundance data for Wood River sculpin, and we used mitochondrial DNA control region sequencing to investigate the distribution of genetic variation across the species' range. Of the 102 study sites surveyed, 20 sites (20%) had Wood River sculpin present, including 50%, 15%, and 0% of the sites predicted a priori to contain, possibly contain, or not contain the sculpin, respectively. Native redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri were present at 21 study sites, including 18 of the 20 sites that contained Wood River sculpin. Sixty-one study sites (60%) were dry or had too little water to contain any fish. We estimated that a minimum of 1.36 million Wood River sculpin (≥20 mm total length) currently reside in the basin. The presence of Wood River sculpin was positively associated with stream width:depth ratio and percent cobble/boulder substrate and negatively associated with stream gradient. Mitochondrial DNA haplotype differences were observed between and within the 3 major river subbasins supporting sculpin, with the most striking differences observed between populations in the Camas Creek subbasin and the other 2 subbasins, among which no haplotypes were shared, suggesting relatively long-term isolation. Our results suggest that the Wood River sculpin remains relatively widespread and abundant within its endemic range, despite obvious changes in historical stream connectivity caused by irrigation diversions and other chronic habitat alterations.
PROJECT X BEAM PHYSICS ISSUES

Fermilab plans to boost the power of Main Injector beam to about 2 MW by building a new SC 8 GeV linac. Its H beam will be strip-injected and accumulated in upgraded Recycler ring, and then transferred to Main Injector for further acceleration to 120 GeV. Beam physics issues related to high intensity operation of Recycler ring and Main Injector are considered. NEW INJECTOR The present high energy physics program in Fermilab is based on the successful operation of the injector complex consisting of 400 MeV Linac and 8 GeV Booster. This complex supports both the Tevatron collider operation and the neutrino experiments. It is about 30 years old and its replacement by a modern machine is highly desirable. The collider program will be complete in two years. Therefore the main goal of the new injector complex is to support high power operation of the Main Injector (MI) for the continuing 120 GeV neutrino program as well as the 8 GeV program focused on low energy neutrino and muon beams [1]. It is expected that the average power of the 120 GeV MI beam on the target will grow from 0.35 to 2.3 MW. Table 1: Parameters of the linac ILC linac SC linac Beam current, mA 9 21