Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Proposed Methodology for Online Implementation of a Support Vector Machine With Applications in Power Transformers Event Classification

The constant evolution of resources in computational processing and machine learning algorithms, combined with the increasing complexity of embedded systems, made the hardware implementation of machine learning models more viable. This paper proposes a methodology for online implementation of a support vector machine classifier through the development of a simple, concise, and easily adapted algorithm for data classification. The system was validated through the development of an application that classifies disturbances in a power transformer, followed by a comparison with the results obtained with the Library for Support Vector Machines (LIBSVM). Besides the very similar results when compared with the LIBSVM, the proposed methodology achieved high overall accuracy and fast classification time. Resumo: A constante evolução dos recursos em processamento computacional e dos algoritmos de aprendizagem de máquina, combinado com o aumento da complexidade dos sistemas embarcados, tornou a implementação em hardware de modelos de aprendizagem de máquina mais viáveis. Este artigo propõe uma metodologia para implementação online de uma máquina de vetor de suporte através do desenvolvimento de um algoritmo simples, conciso e facilmente adaptado para classificação de dados. O sistema foi validado através do desenvolvimento de uma aplicação que classifica distúrbios em um transformador de potência, e em seguida foi feita uma comparação com os resultados obtidos com a Library for Support Vector Machines (LIBSVM). Além de resultados muito similares quando comparado com a LIBSVM, a metodologia proposta alcançou uma alta acurácia e um tempo rápido de classificação.
Functional roles of antisense enhancer RNA for promoting prostate cancer progression

Rationale: Enhancer RNA (eRNA) bi-directionally expresses from enhancer region and sense eRNA regulates adjacent mRNA in cis and in trans. However, it has remained unclear whether antisense eRNAs in different direction are functional or merely a reflection of enhancer activation. Methods: Strand-specific, ribosome-minus RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were performed in AR positive prostate cancer cells. RNA-seq, GRO-seq, ChIP-seq, 4C-seq and DNA-methylation-seq that published in our and other labs were re-analyzed to define bi-directional enhancer RNA and DNA methylation regions. Molecular mechanisms were demonstrated by 3C, ChIP, ChIRP, CLIP, RT-PCR and western blot assays. The biological functions of antisense-eRNA were assessed using mice xenograft model and RT-PCR analysis in human tissues. Results: In this study, we identified that antisense eRNA was regulated by androgen receptor (AR) activity in prostate cancer cells. Antisense eRNA negatively regulated antisense ncRNA in AR-related target genes' loci, through recruiting DNMT1 on the antisense enhancer in the gene-ending regions and elevating DNA methylation. Importantly, the chromatin exhibited a double looping manner that facilitated sense-eRNA to promoter and antisense-eRNA to gene-ending region in cis. Depletion of antisense eRNA impaired its neighbor mRNA expression, cancer growth and invasion. The expressions of antisense eRNA were correlated with biochemical recurrence and clinical marker PSA's levels in patients' tissues. Conclusions: The findings indicated that antisense eRNA was a functional RNA and may be a novel target that when suppressed improved prostate cancer therapy and diagnosis. New chromatin interaction among enhancer, promoter and gene-ending region might provide new insight into the spatiotemporal mechanism of the gene transcription and acting of bi-directional eRNAs.
The Chiquihuite Cave, a Real Novelty? Observations about the Still-ignored South American Prehistory

ABSTRACT The recently reported discovery of cultural evidence at Chiquihuite Cave (Zacatecas, Mexico), produced by humans of at least 26,500 calendar years ago, is a major advance in research into early human occupations in the Americas. Thirteen of the 239 lithic artifacts recovered from the SC-C stratigraphic component, dated during and before the Last Glacial Maximum, are illustrated in Ardelean et al. (2020. “Evidence of Human Occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum.” Nature 584: 87–92). Although waiting for more detailed technological studies, these types of artifacts have been reported in other sites, primarily in South America. The field evidence from sites predating the Last Glacial Maximum must now be included in all interpretations of the initial settlement of the Americas.
Novelty Detection Applied in Recognition of Facial Expressions

This research investigates the capacity of the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks in the task of Novelty Detection (ND) in the recognition of facial expressions using video resources. The video data set used is produced by professional actors in the studio with basic affective states of the human face. The Viola-Jones, KanadeLucas-Tomasi (KLT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithms are used in the pre-processing phase to extract features from the face. The results evaluate the performance of the MLP and RBF networks in the ND task, using new facial expressions compatible with those used in the training phase and also examines the capacity of the networks in ND using the faces of actors never before seen by the networks. In this process, the MLP and RBF networks have an accuracy of 98% for classification task, 68% and 98% for ND with data similar to the data from the training phase and 100% for ND with totally new data. Thus, this work brings together methods and techniques applied in ND using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) aiming at the production of interactive cognition systems in the field of affective computing, based on techniques of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computer Vision. Resumo: Esta pesquisa investiga a capacidade das redes Perceptron de Múltiplas Camadas (MLP) e Função de Base Radial (RBF) na tarefa de Detecção de Novidade (DN) no reconhecimento de expressões faciais usando recursos de v́ıdeo. O conjunto de dados de v́ıdeo utilizado é produzido por atores profissionais em estúdio com estados afetivos básicos do rosto humano. Os algoritmos Viola-Jones, Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) e Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) são usados na fase de pré-processamento para extrair atributos da face. Os resultados avaliam o desempenho das redes MLP e RBF na tarefa DN, usando novas expressões faciais compat́ıveis com as utilizadas na fase de treinamento e também examinam a capacidade das redes em DN usando as faces de atores nunca antes vistos pelas redes. Neste processo, as redes MLP e RBF têm uma precisão de 98% para tarefa de classificação, 68% e 98% para DN com dados semelhantes aos dados da fase de treinamento e 100% para DN com dados totalmente novos. Assim, este trabalho reúne métodos e técnicas aplicadas na DN utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA), visando a produção de sistemas interativos de cognição no campo da computação afetiva, baseados em técnicas de Inteligência Artificial (IA) e Visão Computacional.
An Analytical Mechanical Model of Corti in the Cochlea

The organ of Corti (OC) in the cochlea is a significant structure for feeling sound. The components of OC and the interaction of the part with the surroundings contribute to the fact that the passive tuning of the cochlear macrostructure is unclear. Based on the interaction between the basilar membrane (BM), tectorial membrane (TM), reticular lamina (RL), and various parts of OC, a mechanical model of the cochlea is established to study the motion patterns of each part under the action of a certain pressure. The variational principle is applied to the calculation of the analytical expression of the displacement of the BM. The results of the analytical solution differ little from the experimental value, and the variation trend is consistent, which presents the correctness of the model. The parameter sensitivity analysis is carried out for obtaining the interaction principle and the primary and secondary roles of each component in the process of the sense of sound. The results show that the absence of the TM and the decrease in the stiffness of the outer hair cells (OHCs) and OHC bundles will shift vibratory response patterns to lower frequencies, in which the lack of TM will result in the greatest reduction of CF. The absence of RL exerts a negative influence on the CF as well as the amplitude of BM and thereby loss of hearing. Therefore, both TM and RL are essential structures during the process of the sense of sound. At the same time, the resonance frequency at the base of the BM is concentrated on the high-frequency segment, while the apex of the BM is mainly in the low frequency. Different points of BM correspond to different CF, which demonstrates the frequency selectivity of the BM.
Oscillator Flicker Phase Noise: A Tutorial

A deep understanding of how to reduce flicker phase noise (PN) in oscillators is critical in supporting ultra-low PN frequency generation for the advanced communications and other emerging high-speed applications. Unfortunately, the current literature is either full of conflicting theories and ambiguities or too complex in mathematics, hiding the physical insights. In this brief, we comprehensively review the evolution of flicker noise upconversion theories and clarify their controversial and confusing parts. Two classes of such upconversion mechanisms in voltage-biased <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$LC$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-tank oscillators (nMOS-only and complementary) are specifically compared and numerically verified using a commercial simulation model of 28-nm CMOS. We identify that non-resistive terminations of both 2nd and 3rd harmonic currents contribute to oscillation waveform asymmetries that lead to the flicker noise upconversion. Further, we discuss three <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/f^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> PN reduction mechanisms: waveform shaping, narrowing of conduction angle, and gate-drain phase shift.
A Review of Extended Reality (XR) Technologies for Manufacturing Training

Recently, the use of extended reality (XR) systems has been on the rise, to tackle various domains such as training, education, safety, etc. With the recent advances in augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) technologies and ease of availability of high-end, commercially available hardware, the manufacturing industry has seen a rise in the use of advanced XR technologies to train its workforce. While several research publications exist on applications of XR in manufacturing training, a comprehensive review of recent works and applications is lacking to present a clear progress in using such advance technologies. To this end, we present a review of the current state-of-the-art of use of XR technologies in training personnel in the field of manufacturing. First, we put forth the need of XR in manufacturing. We then present several key application domains where XR is being currently applied, notably in maintenance training and in performing assembly task. We also reviewed the applications of XR in other vocational domains and how they can be leveraged in the manufacturing industry. We finally present some current barriers to XR adoption in manufacturing training and highlight the current limitations that should be considered when looking to develop and apply practical applications of XR.
THE TURNOVER OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER IN SOME OF THE ROTHAMSTED CLASSICAL EXPERIMENTS

Data are assembled from the Rothamsted classical field experiments on the effects of long-continued cropping and manuring on the amount of organic matter in soil, on the age of this soil organic matter, on the amount of microbial biomass in the soil, and on the rate at which plant residues decompose in these soils. These data were then fitted to a model in which soil organic matter was separated into five compartments: decomposable plant material (DPM, half-life 0.165 years); resistant plant material (RPM, 2.31 years); soil biomass (BIO, 1.69 years); physically stabilized organic matter (POM, 49.5 years) and chemically stabilized organic matter (COM, 1980 years) For unitary input of plant material (1 t fresh plant C ha-1 year-1) under steady-state conditions, after 10,000 years, the model predicts that the soil will contain 0.01 t C in DPM, 0.47 t in RPM, 0.28 t in BIO, 11.3 t in POM, and 12.2 t in COM. The predicted radiocarbon age is 1240 years (equivalent age). The fit between predicted and measured data is sufficiently good to suggest that the model is a useful representation of the turnover of organic matter in cropped soils.
Consensus stability in multi-agent systems with periodically switched communication topology using Floquet theory

The stability of consensus in linear and nonlinear multi-agent systems with periodically switched communication topology is studied using Floquet theory. The proposed strategy is illustrated for the cases of consensus in linear single-integrator, higher-order integrator, and leader-follower consensus. In addition, the application of Floquet theory in analyzing special cases such as switched systems with joint connectivity, unstable subsystems, and nonlinear systems, including the use of feedback linearization and local linearization in the Kuramoto model, is also studied. By utilizing Floquet theory for multi-agent systems with periodically switched communication topologies, one can simultaneously evaluate the effects of each subsystem’s convergence rate and dwell time on overall behavior. Numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach in stability analysis of all these cases.
A novel Ca3(PO4)2–CaCO3 support mixture for the CVD synthesis of roughened MWCNT-carbon fibres

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with unusual rough surfaces (including pits) have been synthesised by the chemical vapour decomposition process of acetylene using a novel Ca3(PO4)2–CaCO3 support mixture. An Fe–Co bimetallic mixture (50 : 50, w/w) was impregnated (5 wt% loading) onto either Ca3(PO4)2 to give <1% MWCNTs or CaCO3 to give high yields of MWCNTs with smooth surfaces. Mixtures of Ca3(PO4)2–CaCO3 (0/100–100/0) yielded tubes with very rough surfaces (t = 30 min, 1 h) and the CNT yield increased with respect to the amount of CaCO3 in the support mixture. The inner walls of the CNTs possessed a regular orientation of crystalline graphite sheets (3–5 nm), while the outer surface of the CNTs had a thick, rough, compact layer (∼30 nm) of carbon with a random orientation of graphite sheets. These induced extremely rough surfaces of the CNTs could serve as ‘docking stations’ that can harbour a variety of metal catalyst particles for industrially important applications.
Charge Disproportionation and Charge Transfer in A-site Ordered Perovskites Containing Iron

New A-site ordered perovskite structure oxides, CaCu3Fe4O12 and LaCu3Fe4O12, were synthesized under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The compounds contain unusually high valence states of iron: Fe4+ in CaCu3Fe4O12 and Fe3.75+ in LaCu3Fe4O12. Instabilities of the high oxidation states at low temperatures are resolved in CaCu3Fe4O12 by charge disproportionation from Fe4+ to Fe3+ and Fe5+ and in LaCu3Fe4O12 by charge transfer between A-site copper and B-site iron ions. The charge disproportionation and the charge transfer are accompanied by significant changes in structural, transport, and magnetic properties.
Tree species have a greater influence on species composition of the herb layer than soil texture on a forested post‐mining area

Trees are promoters of forest ecosystems and tree species differ in their manners of shaping the habitat conditions on reclaimed areas. We compared effects of pure forest stands of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, and Pinus sylvestris (age 20–31 years) planted on sandy, loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soils, on chemical properties of the soil and vascular plants species composition of the herb layer. Studied properties were assessed in pairs of plots located less than 50 m apart, that differed in species composition of the canopy but were characterized by similar abiotic conditions. Forest stands of A. glutinosa were distinguished by a higher SOC content in soil (2.3% vs. 1.4% under B. pendula and P. sylvestris), higher contribution of species typical for fertile forest edges (11.4 species vs. 5.9 species on average under B. pendula and P. sylvestris) and lower number of species of the family Fabaceae (1.5 species vs. 5.2 species on average under B. pendula and P. sylvestris). Effects of P. sylvestris stands depended on soil texture. On soils with more than 15% of silt and clay, generally, no effects were observed. However, on sandy soils (more than 85% of sand) we reported lower soil reaction (pH 6.3 in aqueous solution vs. 7.3 under B. pendula) and smaller number of plant species (17 vs. 28 on average under B. pendula). Our results showed that the tree species used for afforestation significantly influenced the characteristics of the forest ecosystems, even more than abiotic conditions.
Stepwise synthesis of γ-glutamic acid 16-mer

γ-Glutamic acid 16-mer α-ethyl ester was synthesized in stepwise transesterification of the ethyl ester group into benzyl ester group, followed by hydrogenation afforded γ-glutamic acid 16-mer with free carboxyl groups. Alkaline hydrolysis of γ-glutamic acid 16-mer α- ethyl ester also afforded 16-mer with free carboxyl groups. The two 16-mers showed similar circular dichroism spectra. The structures and optical properties of γ-glutamic acid dimer, trimer, tetramer, octamer, and 16-mer were elucidated by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR, circular dichroism spectra, and X-ray. Specific rotation of the intermediates of 16-mer increased as the number of the glutamate unit.
A Comparative Study of Deep Learning based Named Entity Recognition Algorithms for Cybersecurity

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is important in the cybersecurity domain. It helps researchers extract cyber threat information from unstructured text sources. The extracted cyber-entities or key expressions can be used to model a cyber-attack described in an open-source text. A large number of general-purpose NER algorithms have been published that work well in text analysis. These algorithms do not perform well when applied to the cybersecurity domain. In the field of cybersecurity, the open-source text available varies greatly in complexity and under-lying structure of the sentences. General-purpose NER algorithms can misrepresent domain-specific words, such as "malicious" and "javascript". In this paper, we compare the recent deep learning-based NER algorithms on a cybersecurity dataset. We created a cybersecurity dataset collected from various sources, including "Microsoft Security Bulletin" and "Adobe Security Updates". Some of these approaches proposed in literature were not used for Cybersecurity. Others are innovations proposed by us. This comparative study helps us identify the NER algorithms that are robust and can work well in sentences taken from a large number of cybersecurity sources. We tabulate their performance on the test set and identify the best NER algorithm for a cybersecurity corpus. We also discuss the different embedding strategies that aid in the process of NER for the chosen deep learning algorithms.
Assessing the Liability Convention and the Indonesian Space Act in Light of Active Debris Removal

DOI: 10.20956/halrev.v6i3. 2600 As the orbit in outer space becomes denser, the drive to actively preserve the outer space increases. Active debris removal is the answer to this issue. It serves solemn purposes to maintain the space environment and prevent collision between space objects. This action requires high-level technology and techniques which make it prone to accidents. This article examines the applicability of Liability Convention of 1972 and Indonesian Space Act of 2013 for active debris removal and whether its provisions are sufficient for any future legal issues on this matter. A normative juridical method is used for the analysis. The Space Act from other States like France and Austria will also be briefly mentioned and compared to. At the end, it is concluded that although both of the legal instruments are suitable and applicable for active debris removal, there are still some essential aspects that need to be defined namely property and proof of fault. The paper suggests that it should be emphasized that only catalogued debris can be regarded as property, and that the term “fault” at the minimum should have a modest definition that captures the “deviation from the normal operation”.
“Maddie is online”: an educational video cartoon series on digital literacy and resilience for children

PurposeThis paper examines children's development of digital literacy, resilience and citizenship in the online environment, addressing active engagement and participation via cartoon videos. Previous research has emphasised the positive role of cartoons in different educational contexts, as important agents of attracting children's attention and interest with opportunities to engage in contextual and collaborative learning.Design/methodology/approachThe work describes the design and an initial pilot study of the animated cartoon video series, with a group of 30 children in an S1 class, at a secondary school in Scotland as part of workshop addressing digital resilience themes. Children worked individually and in teams in a series of interactive activities, which were evaluated by means of a short questionnaire survey.FindingsThe majority of the children enjoyed the cartoon videos which addressed a story of cyberbullying and, in teams, they chose different copying strategies. Children's verbalisations included expressions of positive feelings when connecting online, linked to socialising, creative and playful activities and they expressed a preference towards speaking to their parents and friends rather than their teachers when dealing with online challenges.Research limitations/implicationsChildren not only enjoyed watching the cartoon story but had an interest to learn more about how other children deal with the pressures and challenges of the online world, how to manage their own digital footprint and, particularly, how easy it is to spread personal information online.Practical implicationsCartoon animations present an opportunity to act as a basis for encouraging children to exchange ideas and engage in dialogue in class and at home by means of creating a point of reference which creates an environment, where pressure is taken away from the “self”. The cartoon character can be the focal point for discussion on issues that may be difficult to address directly and on a personal level because of insecurity or fear.Social implicationsBoth teachers and parents have a responsibility to offer support and advice to children and ensure their online safety and resilience. Engaging with children in open further dialogue via fun and interactive cartoon-based activities may help to further explore and understand their perspectives.Originality/valueThe work addresses everyday life issues encountered online and aims to offer educators and parents an engaging and fun series of activities, harnessing the advantages of cartoon video animation as a didactical resource that can utilised as a supplementary learning tool inside the classroom and at home.
Second dissociation constant of 3-(N-morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid and pH of its buffer solutions

3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanelsulfonic acid (MOPSO) has been recommended as a second pH standard in the range of physiological application. The pH values for this buffer system, at ionic strengths matching those in physiological fluids, have been determined at temperatures from 0 to 50 o C by the emf method. The liquid junction potentials between the buffer solutions of MOPSO and saturated KCl solution of the calomel electrode at 25 o C have been evaluated by measurement with flowing junction so that the operational pH values can be ascertained