Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charge‐Transfer and Energy‐Transfer Processes in π‐Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers: A Molecular Picture

Inorganic semiconductor devices such as transistors have been instrumental in shaping the development of our society of information and communication. Recently, the electronics and photonics technologies have opened their materials base to organics, in particular π-conjugated oligomers and polymers. The goal with organics-based devices is not necessarily to attain or exceed the level of performance of inorganic semiconductor technologies (silicon is still the best at the many things that it does) but to benefit from a unique set of characteristics combining the electrical properties of (semi)conductors with the properties typical of plastics, that is, low cost, versatility of chemical synthesis, ease of processing, and flexibility. Interest in conjugated polymers picked up significantly after the 1976 discovery that they can be made highly electrically conducting following a redox chemical treatment.1 This discovery led to the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Alan Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa. By the mid-eighties, many research teams in both academia and industry were investigating π-conjugated oligomers and polymers for their nonlinear optical properties or their semiconducting properties, paving the way to the emergence of the fields of plastic electronics and photonics.2 The technological developments in plastic electronics and photonics have been required to gain a much better fundamental understanding of the nature of electronic excitations, charge carriers, and transport phenomena in ordered and disordered π-conjugated materials. Our aim in this contribution is to review a number of these issues and to highlight the fascinating chemistry and physics of these materials and the strong connection that exists in this field between basic and applied research. A major breakthrough in the field of organic electronics is the 1987 report by Tang and VanSlyke at Kodak of the first electroluminescent device based on a π-conjugated molecular material, tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3). Shortly thereafter, Friend and his group at Cambridge discovered electroluminescence (EL) in a conjugated polymer, poly(paraphenylenevinylene) (PPV), thereby opening the way for the fabrication of polymer light-emitting diodes (LEDs). 4 Typically, an organic LED is built5 by successively depositing the following materials on a transparent substrate: a transparent electrode made of a high work function compound, usually indium-tin oxide; one or several organic layers that in the case of molecular materials are generally deposited by vacuum sublimation6 or in the case of polymers are generally deposited by spin coating or ink-jet print* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 1-404-385-4986. Fax: 1-404-894-7452. E-mail: jean-luc.bredas@ chemistry.gatech. edu. † Georgia Institute of Technology. ‡ University of Mons-Hainaut. 4971 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4971−5003
Sugar Industry: Effect of Dextran Concentrations on the Sucrose Crystallization in Aqueous Solutions

Using the spectrophotometric method, as a new method, the influence of dextran on the sucrose solubility and metastable zone width has been studied. In agreement with the literature the experimental data show that the dextran has a negligible effect on the sucrose solubility. The results also show that this impurity decreases the sucrose metastable zone width. The study of the nucleation kinetics performed, using Nyvlt’s approach, shows that the dextran accelerates the nucleation and that the nuclei are formed in the solution by instantaneous nucleation. The presence of dextran in the system causes a decrease in the growth rate of sucrose. The growth process of sucrose is governed by a Birth and Spread mechanism. The kinetic parameters of sucrose growth in aqueous solutions without and with dextran were estimated.
Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of multiphase mass transfer process for industrial applications in China

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive review of the remarkable achievements by Chinese scientists and engineers who have contributed to the multiscale process design, with emphasis on the transport mechanisms in stirred reactors, extractors, and rectification columns. After a brief review of the classical theory of transport phenomena, this paper summarizes the domestic developments regarding the relevant experiments and numerical techniques for the interphase mass transfer on the drop/bubble scale and the micromixing in the single-phase or multiphase stirred tanks in China. To improve the design and scale-up of liquid-liquid extraction columns, new measurement techniques with the combination of both particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics have been developed and advanced modeling methods have been used to determine the axial mixing and mass transfer performance in extraction columns. Detailed investigations on the mass transfer process in distillation columns are also summarized. The numerical and experimental approaches modeling transport phenomena at the vicinity of the vapor-liquid interface, the point efficiency for trays/packings regarding the mixing behavior of fluids, and the computational mass transfer approach for the simulation of distillation columns are thoroughly analyzed. Recent industrial applications of mathematical models, numerical simulation, and experimental methods for the design and analysis of multiphase stirred reactors/crystallizers, extractors, and distillation columns are seen to garnish economic benefits. The current problems and future prospects are pinpointed at last.
Solubility of d-Tryptophan and l-Tyrosine in Several Organic Solvents: Determination and Solvent Effect

The solubilities of d-tryptophan in neat n-propanol, ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol (EG), n-butanol, acetonitrile, 1-octanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide and of l-tyrosine in ethyl acetate, EG, isopropa.
Chemical enrichment and accretion of nitrogen-loud quasars

We present rest-frame optical spectra of 12 nitrogen-loud quasars at z ~ 2.2, whose rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectra show strong nitrogen broad emission lines. To investigate their narrow-line region (NLR) metallicities, we measure the equivalent width (EW) of the [OIII]5007 emission line: if the NLR metallicity is remarkably high as suggested by strong UV nitrogen lines, the [OIII]5007 line flux should be very week due to the low equilibrium temperature of the ionized gas owing to significant metal cooling. In the result, we found that our spectra show moderate EW of the [OIII]5007 line similar to general quasars. This indicates nitrogen-loud quasars do not have extremely metal-rich gas clouds in NLRs. This suggests that strong nitrogen lines from broad-line regions (BLRs) are originated by exceptionally high abundances of nitrogen relative to oxygen without very high BLR metallicities. This result indicates that broad-emission lines of nitrogen are not good indicators of the BLR metallicity in some cases. On the other hand, we also investigate virial black-hole masses and Eddington ratios by using the Hbeta and CIV1549 lines for our sample. As a result, we found that black-hole masses and Eddington ratios of nitrogen-loud quasars tend to be low and high relative to normal quasars, suggesting that nitrogen-loud quasars seem to be in a rapidly-accreting phase. This can be explained in terms of a positive correlation between Eddington ratios and nitrogen abundances of quasars, that is probably caused by the connection between the mass accretion onto black holes and nuclear star formation.
Experimental Design for the Gemini Planet Imager

The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high-performance adaptive optics system being designed and built for the Gemini Observatory. GPI is optimized for high-contrast imaging, combining precise and accurate wavefront control, diffraction suppression, and a speckle-suppressing science camera with integral field and polarimetry capabilities. The primary science goal for GPI is the direct detection and characterization of young, Jovian-mass exoplanets. For plausible assumptions about the distribution of gas giant properties at large semimajor axes, GPI will be capable of detecting more than 10% of gas giants more massive than 0.5 MJ around stars younger than 100 Myr and nearer than 75 pc. For systems younger than 1 Gyr, gas giants more massive than 8 MJ and with semimajor axes greater than 15 AU are detected with completeness greater than 50%. A survey targeting young stars in the solar neighborhood will help determine the formation mechanism of gas giant planets by studying them at ages where planet brightness depends upon formation mechanism. Such a survey will also be sensitive to planets at semimajor axes, comparable with the gas giants in our own solar system. In the simple, and idealized, situation in which planets formed by either the “hot-start” model of Burrows et al. or the core accretion model of Marley et al., a few tens of detected planets are sufficient to distinguish how planets form.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) MRI of pancreatic cancer for radiotherapy

Purpose: In radiation therapy of pancreatic cancer, tumor alignment prior to each treatment fraction is improved when intratumoral gold fiducial markers (from here onwards: markers), which are visible on computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT, are used. Visibility of these markers on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might improve image registration between CT and magnetic resonance (MR) images for tumor delineation purposes. However, concomitant image artifacts induced by markers are undesirable. The extent of visibility and artifact size depend on MRIsequence parameters. The authors’ goal was to determine for various markers their potential to be visible and to generate artifacts, using measures that are independent of the MRI-sequence parameters. Methods: The authors selected ten different markers suitable for endoscopic placement in the pancreas and placed them into a phantom. The markers varied in diameter (0.28–0.6 mm), shape, and iron content (0%–0.5%). For each marker, the authors calculated T2*-maps and ΔB0-maps using MRI measurements. A decrease in relaxation time T2* can cause signal voids, associated with visibility, while a change in the magnetic field B 0 can cause signal shifts, which are associated with artifacts. These shifts inhibit accurate tumor delineation. As a measure for potential visibility, the authors used the volume of low T2*, i.e., the volume for which T2* differed from the background by > 15 ms. As a measure for potential artifacts, the authors used the volume for which |ΔB0| > 9.4 × 10-8 T (4 Hz). To test whether there is a correlation between visibility and artifact size, the authors calculated the Spearman’s correlation coefficient (Rs) between the volume of low T2* and the volume of high |ΔB0|. The authors compared the maps with images obtained using a clinical MR-sequence. Finally, for the best visible marker as well as the marker that showed the smallest artifact, the authors compared the phantom data with in vivo MR-images in four pancreatic cancer patients. Results: The authors found a strong correlation (Rs = 1.00, p < 0.01) between the volume of low T2* and the volume with high |ΔB0|. Visibility in clinical MR-images increased with lower T2*. Signal shift artifacts became worse for markers with high |ΔB0|. The marker that was best visible in the phantom, a folded marker with 0.5% iron content, was also visible in vivo, but showed artifacts on diffusion-weighted images. The marker with the smallest artifact in the phantom, a small, stretched, ironless marker, was indiscernible on in vivo MR-images. Conclusion: Changes in T2* and ΔB0 are sequence-independent measures for potential visibility and artifact size, respectively. Improved visibility of markers correlates strongly to signal shift artifacts; therefore, marker choice will depend on the clinical purpose. When visibility of the markers is most important, markers that
Multispectral palmprint recognition using textural features

In order to utilize identification to the best extent, we need robust and fast algorithms and systems to process the data. Having palmprint as a reliable and unique characteristic of every person, we extract and use its features based on its geometry, lines and angles. There are countless ways to define measures for the recognition task. To analyze a new point of view, we extracted textural features and used them for palmprint recognition. Co-occurrence matrix can be used for textural feature extraction. As classifiers, we have used the minimum distance classifier (MDC) and the weighted majority voting system (WMV). The proposed method is tested on a well-known multispectral palmprint dataset of 6000 samples and an accuracy rate of 99.96-100% is obtained for most scenarios which outperforms all previous works in multispectral palmprint recognition.
Nonunitary geometric phases: A qubit coupled to an environment with random noise

Fil: Lombardo, Fernando Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisica de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Fisica; Argentina;
Null Object Something for Nothing

The intent of a NULL OBJECT is to encapsulate the absence of an object by providing a substitutable alternative that offers suitable default do nothing behavior. In short, a design where "nothing will come of nothing" [Shakespeare1605]. NULL OBJECT is a tactical pattern that has been discovered time and again, and not only in object-oriented systems: null file devices (/dev/null on Unix and NUL on Microsoft systems), no-op machine instructions, terminators on Ethernet cables, etc. The pattern has been documented in a variety of forms by many authors, varying widely in structure and length: from a thorough and structured GOF-like form [Woolf1998] to a brief thumbnail-like production-rule form [Henney1997]. This paper is derived from a previously published article [Henney1999] and includes the aforementioned thumbnail. The aim of the current work is to update and capture the latest understanding of the pattern and its implications, also addressing a wide audience by documenting the pattern primarily with respect to Java and UML.
Flexibility in Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Basic Understanding

Much has been written about the fundamental aspects of the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Still, details concerning the MOFs with structural flexibility are not comprehensively understood. However, a dramatic increase in research activities concerning rigid MOFs over the years has brought deeper levels of understanding for their properties and applications. Nonetheless, robustness and flexibility of such smart frameworks are intriguing for different research areas such as catalysis, adsorption, etc. This manuscript overviews the different aspects of framework flexibility. The review has touched lightly on several ideas and proposals, which have been demonstrated within the selected examples to provide a logical basis to obtain a fundamental understanding of their synthesis and behavior to external stimuli.
Modeling and Mitigating Phosphorus Losses from a Tile-Drained and Manured Field Using RZWQM2-P.

Prediction of P losses from manured agricultural fields through surface runoff and tile drainage is necessary to mitigate widespread eutrophication in water bodies. However, present water quality models are weak in predicting P losses, particularly in tile-drained and manure-applied cropland. We developed a field-scale P management model, the Root Zone Water Quality Model version 2-Phosphorus (RZWQM2-P), whose accuracy in simulating P losses from manure applied agricultural field is yet to be tested. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the accuracy of this new model in simulating dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) losses in surface runoff and tile drainage from a manure amended field, and (ii) to identify best management practices to mitigate manure P losses including water table control, manure application timing, and spreading methods by the use of model simulation. The model was evaluated against data collected from a liquid cattle manure applied field with maize ( L.)-soybean [ (L.) Merr. ] rotation in Ontario, Canada. The results revealed that the RZWQM2-P model satisfactorily simulated DRP and PP losses through both surface runoff and tile drainage (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.50, percentage bias within ±25%, and index of agreement > 0.75). Compared with conventional management practices, manure injection reduced the P losses by 18%, whereas controlled drainage and winter manure application increased P losses by 13 and 23%, respectively. The RZWQM2-P is a promising tool for P management in manured and subsurface drained agricultural field. The injection of manure rather than controlled drainage is an effective management practice to mitigate P losses from a subsurface-drained field.
Synthesis of 2-exo-methylenepenam and 3-chloro-Δ3-cephem through a sequential reductive 1,2-elimination/S-S bond fission or chloride ion-addition/cyclization of 3,4-disubstituted 2-butenoates in metal salt/metal combinations

Synthesis of 2-exo-methylenepenam 1 through a sequential reductive 1,2-elimination/S−S bond fission/cyclization of 6 was performed by treatment with a PbBr2/Al (or a BiCl3/Al) combination in DMF, while that of 3-chloro-Δ3-cephem 2 through reductive 1,2-elimination/chloride ion-addition/cyclization was attained by use of an AlCl3/Al combination in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The selective transformation of 6 to the allenecarboxylate 3 was also achieved by treatment with an AlBr3/Al combination in NMP. Cyclic voltammograms of 3,4-disubstituted 2-[2-oxo-3-(phenylacetamido)-4-[(phenylsulfonyl)thio]azetidin-1-yl]-2-butenoates (6) exhibit two irreversible reduction peaks responsible for reductive 1,2-elimination of the 3,4-disubstituted 2-butenoate moiety (at less negative potential) and for reductive S−S bond fission of the (phenylsulfonyl)thio moiety, suggesting that the reductive 1,2-elimination of 6 leading to allenecarboxylate 3 would occur prior to the reductive S−S bond cleavage.
Raman Spectra of Molten Aluminum Chloride: 1-Butylpyridinium Chloride Systems at Ambient Temperatures

Abstract : The Raman spectra of AlCl3:1-butylpyridinium chloride liquids at ambient temperatures have been recorded for the 0.75:1.0 to 2.0:1.0 molar composition range, respectively. Four absorption bands for AlCl4- ionic species were assigned on the basis of higher temperature vibrational spectral results of AlCl3:alkali metal chloride systems.
Platinum nanoparticles: biosynthesis and activity on SiHa cervical cancer cell line

Single step highly reproducible procedure for synthesizing platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) is reported using a very common weed having widely reported medicinal properties, Oxalis sp. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the formation of face-centered cubic platinum and transmission as well as scanning electron micrographs showed individual spherical shaped nanoparticles having the particle sizes ranging between 7-13 nm with a very few agglomerations. Pt-NPs sol when applied to the SiHa cancer cell line was found to inhibit the growth by 80-90%.
Effect of Exogenous Application of L-arginine and Sodium Nitroprusside on Fruit Abscission and Physiological Disorders of Pistachio (Pistacia Vera L.) Scions

Pistachio yield are often negatively affected by some physiological problems such as abscission of inflorescence buds and fruits, deformed or blank nuts, and non-split shells. In the present study the effect of exogenous application of arginine (Arg) (a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase) and sodium nitroproside (SNP), as a NO-donor was investigated on yield production, fruit and inflorescence buds abscission, and physiological parameters of Pistacia vera. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with factorial structure in a commercial pistachio orchard. Factors were included two levels of Arg (0.5 and 1 mM), two levels of SNP (50 and 100 μM) and their combination applied at two distinct time; one week before full bloom (first stage) and five weeks after full bloom (second stage). Comparing to SNP-treated trees, Arg was more effective on growth and physiological parameters of shoots and on fruit and inflorescence buds abscission, and on fruit parameters such as split and non-split shells, blank nuts, number of nuts per ounce. Effects of these treatments were considerably depending on the time of application and the concentrations of applied compounds. It is proposed that the effects of Arg and SNP may be related to the NO signaling and polyamines production.
A Method for Estimating Agricultural Crop Biomass by Using Sar Images at X and C Bands

This paper deals with the analysis of the backscattering sensitivity at C and X bands to the agricultural crop characteristics and the implementation of a method for estimating crop biomass. The study areas were located in Tuscany (Central Italy) close to Florence. Series of Sentinel-1 and COSMO-SkyMed images have been collected for several years. An accurate crop classification method was first realized in order to separate crops characterized by different scattering behaviors, namely broad- and narrow-leaf crops. The backscattering trends have been simulated by using electromagnetic models based on radiative transfer theory. Algorithms based on Neural Network approaches have been implemented for estimating the crop biomass by using multi-frequency and multi-polarization SAR data at C and Xband.
Особенности восприятия греческого текста славянскими переводчиками: ошибки перевода

The translated Slavic hymnography represents a very interesting material from the point of view of the features of the translation and the perception of foreign texts by the Slavs. In most cases the Greek word has different, but quite correct equivalent in Slavonic. Cases of wrong translation are rare. However, there are some cases which are obviously testifying to existence of a paronymy in the Greek or to a wrong reading of the word in the manuscripts of Menaion Sticherarium of the 12th century. The paper deals with some mistakes connected with a wrong perception of the text by the Slavic translators and caused by a mixture of consonants, a mixture of vowels, a shift of syllables and a wrong division into words. Mostly the wrong lexeme quite correctly ts into the context. It’s very likely, that the texts were translated by different translators and not at the same time; besides, the work could be done not only directly from a hand-written Greek original, but also by means of dictation.
Ocean Mesoscale Eddies Identification Based on Yolof

Mesoscale eddy is a typical mesoscale ocean phenomenon, which widely exists in all oceans and marginal seas around the world. The spatiotemporal scale of mesoscale eddies ranges from a few days to hundreds of days, tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. The traditional mesoscale eddy identification is subjective and usually depends on expert discrimination or threshold setting. In this study, due to the significant advantages of YOLO series target recognition models in the field of deep learning, we propose an ocean mesoscale eddy identification algorithm for deep transfer learning target recognition based on YOLOF (You Only Look One Level Feature). Compared with traditional recognition methods, this model has better recognition effect, The influence of setting threshold on mesoscale eddy identification is avoided, and the identification speed is improved to a certain extent.