Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Text Segmentation Using Reiteration and Collocation

A method is presented for segmenting text into subtopic areas. The proportion of related pairwise words is calculated between adjacent windows of text to determine their lexical similarity. The lexical cohesion relations of reiteration and collocation are used to identify related words. These relations are automatically located using a combination of three linguistic features: word repetition, collocation and relation weights. This method is shown to successfully detect known subject changes in text and corresponds well to the segmentations placed by test subjects.
IGC-Parl: Icelandic Corpus of Parliamentary Proceedings

We describe the acquisition, annotation and encoding of the corpus of the Althingi parliamentary proceedings. The first version of the corpus includes speeches from 1911-2019. It comprises 406 thousand speeches and over 219 million words. The corpus has been automatically part-of-speech tagged and lemmatised. It is annotated with extensive metadata about the speeches, speakers and political parties, including speech topic, whether the speaker is in the government coalition or opposition, age and gender of speaker at the time of delivery, references to sound and video recordings and more. The corpus is encoded in accordance with the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines and conforms to the Parla-CLARIN schema. We plan to update the corpus annually and its major versions will be archived in the CLARIN.IS repository. It is available for download and search using the KORP concordance tool. Furthermore, information on word frequency are accessible in a custom made web application and an n-gram viewer.
Sexual Selection in Dung Beetles .1. A Multivariate Study of the Morphological Variation in 2 Species of Onthophagus (Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini)

Sexual dimorphism in horned beetles reflects a history of different selection pressures operating on males and females. A multivariate morphometric analysis was carried out on two scarabaeine dung beetles, Onthophagus binodis Thunberg and O. ferox Harold. There is clear structural polymorphism within O. binodis; horned males, females and hornless males were separated on the basis of body shape. Sexual dimorphism within O. ferox was established; sexes were separated according to the size of pronotal and cephalic horns. The effect of differential selection is discussed within the context of sexual selection.
Population viability analysis for Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori): A stochastic population model for local populations

Abstract Mortality of Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) in gill‐net fisheries is a threat to local populations throughout its range. This population viability analysis extends previous work by exploring a wider range of fishing levels and population growth rates, by incorporating year‐to‐year and environmental variability and by reporting results for smaller population units. Ten of the 16 populations are likely to continue to decline, five are indefinite, and one is likely to increase. All populations subjected to high fishing effort are declining. The only population predicted to increase is partly protected by a marine mammal sanctuary (created in 1988) which reduces the amount of gill‐net fishing. Conservation measures are most urgently needed for the highly threatened North Island population, in particular the dolphins at the northern and southern end of this range.
Direct and indirect responses to selection on pollen size in Brassica rapa L.

Pollen size varies little within angiosperm species, but differs extensively between species, suggesting the action of strong selection. Nevertheless, the potential for genetic responses of pollen size to selection, as determined by additive genetic variance and genetic correlations with other floral traits, has received little attention. To assess this potential, we subjected Brassica rapa to artificial selection for large and small pollen during three generations. This selection caused significant divergence in pollen diameter, with additive genetic effects accounting for over 30% of the observed phenotypic variation in pollen size. Such heritable genetic variation suggests that natural selection could effect evolutionary change in this trait. Selection on pollen size also elicited correlated responses in pollen number (–), flower size (+), style length (+), and ovule number (+), suggesting that pollen size cannot evolve independently. The correlated responses of pollen number, flower size and ovule number probably reflect the genetically determined and physically constrained pattern of resource allocation in B. rapa. In contrast, the positive correlation between pollen size and style length may represent a widespread gametic‐phase disequilibrium in angiosperms that arises from nonrandom fertilization success of large pollen in pistils with long styles.
Plankton studies in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts USA. I. Hydrography and bacterioplankton, 1987 to 1990

The hydrography, water chemistry and plankton communities of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA, a temperate estuary (41' N), were studied over 45 cruises (10 October 1987 to 11 September 1990). Surface temperature varied from -2.0 to 27.26"C (n = 360), but because of shallow depth (mean = 10 m), strong wind and tidal mixing, the water column was isothermal most of the year. The only thermal structure was found during the summer, when it was minimal and appeared to be a die1 phenomenon, partly related to solar heating. Secchi disk readings ranged from 0.75 to 9.0 m (n = 352). Due to shallow depth most of the water column was in the euphotic zone (> 1 % of surface illumination) for most of the year Exceptions were bay-wide levels of only 60 to 80% of the water column being euphotic during each of 3 winters, as well as at the sewage outfall of the City of New Bedforclthroughout 3 years where regardless of season only 40 to 80% of the water column was euphotic due to light attenuation by fine particles of sewage sludge. Surface bacterioplankton abundance ranged from 0.30 to 10.92 X 106 cells ml-' (n = 352), and fluctuations generally tracked those of temperature. The overwhelmingly dominant aspect of the water-column ecology of Buzzards Bay is high variability due to severe seasonality of physical parameters, particularly temperature.
SINAI at SemEval-2017 Task 4: User based classification

This document describes our participation in SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter. We have only reported results for subtask B - English, determining the polarity towards a topic on a two point scale (positive or negative sentiment). Our main contribution is the integration of user information in the classification process. A SVM model is trained with Word2Vec vectors from user’s tweets extracted from his timeline. The obtained results show that user-specific classifiers trained on tweets from user timeline can introduce noise as they are error prone because they are classified by an imperfect system. This encourages us to explore further integration of user information for author-based Sentiment Analysis.
Contribution to the knowledge of Bulgarian serpentine grasslands and their relationships with Balkan serpentine syntaxa

Serpentine areas, including those in Bulgaria, are rich in endemic taxa, and still remain to be investigated phytocoenologically. We analyse the vegetation types in various sites and compare them with those in other Balkan countries. The main objectives were (1) to explore and describe the relationships between the vegetation in the serpentine areas investigated in Bulgaria with those in the Balkan Peninsula and (2) to explore and classify the diversity of vegetation in grasslands on serpentine rocks in eastern Rhodope, Bulgaria. The classic methodology of the Braun-Blanquet school was applied to the exploration of the vegetation. Average linkage method (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) and principal coordinate analysis were used to evaluate floristic and synoptic similarities. As a result, the new endemic association Onosmo pavlovae-Festucetum dalmaticae was proposed. This association can be included in the alliance Alyssion heldreichii Bergmeier et al. 2009, newly described on serpentine rocks in northern Greece. Our data confirmed the existence of similar or vicariant endemic syntaxa (associations) on isolated serpentine terrains in northern Greece and south-eastern Bulgaria.
Lidar: shedding new light on habitat characterization and modeling

Ecologists need data on animal–habitat associations in terrestrial and aquatic environments to design and implement effective conservation strategies. Habitat characteristics used in models typically incorporate (1) field data of limited spatial extent and/or (2) remote sensing data that do not characterize the vertical habitat structure. Remote sensing tools that directly characterize three-dimensional (3-D) habitat structure and that provide data relevant to organism–habitat interactions across a hierarchy of scales promise to improve our understanding of animal–habitat relationships. Laser altimetry, commonly called light detection and ranging (lidar), is a source of geospatial data that can provide fine-grained information about the 3-D structure of ecosystems across broad spatial extents. In this review, we present a brief overview of lidar technology, discuss recent applications of lidar data in investigations of animal–habitat relationships, and propose future applications of this technology to issues of broad species-management and conservation interest.
A NOVEL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN ENDEMIC STICKLEBACK AND A PARASITIC DINOFLAGELLATE. 2. MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE 1

An unusual dinoflagellate has been discovered in association with an endemic population of stickleback, Gasterosteus (L.), from the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada. The dinoflagellate spends most of its life cycle as a coccoid vegetative cyst, not as a parasitic trophont. The vegetative cyst is unique in containing a rigid fenestrated matrix, which is penetrated by cytoplasmic process that emanate from a central area containing the dinokaryotic nucleus and associated chloroplasts. Some pores in the matrix are filled by oil droplets or starch granules. Intracellular bacteria are found throughout the cyst, sometimes in association with the nucleus. The cytoplasm contains accumulation bodes, microbodies, polyhedral crystals, chloroplasts and polyvesicular bodes. The encysted dinoflagellate has several potential strategies. It can 1) shed its wall and become amoeboid; 2) undergo sporogenesis and give rise to both regular and resistant spores; 3) divide mitotically, with a gradual reduction in the size of daughter cells down to 20 μm; and 4) apparently form a resting cyst, during which it secretes a thick outer wall composed of five layers. Taxonomically, this unusual dinoflagellate appears to be a new member of the Blastodiniales, although its position will become clearer when details of the motile stage are known.
Credit Crunch and Target Capital Structure: Empirical Studies Based on Natural Experimentin China

Abstract: Data from China’s credit crunch, which started in 2007, is utilized to establish a natural experiment to investigate the impact of the credit crunch on target capital structures. The sample consists of 1,128 listed companies in China during the period 2000–2011. The interest-bearing debt to total assets ratio is used as a representative indicator for capital structures. The results indicate that the credit crunch was associated with a decrease in the target debt ratios for all listed companies. Small firms, privately owned enterprises, and firms with weak mortgage capabilities responded more sensitively to the credit crunch by showing a substantial decrease in target debt ratios.
Effects of Corn Naturally Contaminated with Aflatoxins on Performance, Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, and Bone Mineralization of Broiler Chicks

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of corn naturally contaminated with low levels of aflatoxins (AF) on performance, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism, and bone mineralization in broilers. Four hundred and fifty 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted to control (no AF), and the diet with the corn contaminated with AF as a substitute for 50% or 100% of the corn in control (HAC or AAC). The broilers in HAC and AAC were administered with 6.5-8.0 and 13.0-16.0 μg AF/kg BW per day respectively in overall period (1-42 d). Ten birds per treatment were selected at d 43 to explore the apparent digestibility of Ca and P using all excreta collection method after 2 days adaptation. The AAC diet reduced (P<0.05) the performance of birds in overall period, whereas the HAC diet temporarily decreased (P<0.05) the performance of birds in starter phase (1-21 d). The corn contaminated with AF had no effect (P>0.24) on the apparent digestibility of Ca and P. The increasing AF intake content linearly increased (P<0.001) serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level, and decreased (P<0.05) serum 1,25-dihydroxychocalciferol and P concentrations on d 42. On d 21, the AAC diet reduced (P<0.05) tibia breaking strength (TBS) when compared to control or HAC group, however, it did not affect (P>0.10) the percentages of ash, Ca and P in tibia. On d 42, the increasing AF intake level linearly decreased (P<0.05) TBS, and the percentages of Ca and P in tibia. These results indicated that the low level of AF intake had negative effects on the P metabolism and bone mineralization of broilers at exposure of 42 days, which might relate to the changes in vitamin D and PTH metabolism.
The crest of the peafowl: a sexually dimorphic plumage ornament signals condition in both males and females

Both male and female peafowl grow crests on top of their head - iridescent blue in males, dull iridescent green and brown in females - but the potential signal function of this plumage ornament is unknown. In this study, peafowl crests were measured in three feral populations, and morphological variation in this ornament was studied in relation to body condition (body mass in relation to tarsus length) and health (white blood cell concentration and ectoparasite load). Prior to the start of the breeding season, male crests are wider with greater pennaceous area, and are more likely to have all feathers grown out compared with female crests. Only crest length changed with measurement date, increasing over time; in males, crest measurements were not related to the extent of train feather development. Crest morphology is a potential signal of individual health and condition in both sexes, but in different ways. In females, the amount of crest plumage grown out to its full extent was related to body condition at the start of the breeding season, whereas in males, the size and pennaceous area of the ornament were related to ectoparasite load. Observations of within-sex agonistic behaviour suggest a possible role for the crest ornament in status signaling in males, because males that engage in more aggressive interactions tend to have wider crests. There was no evidence for a relation between crest morphology and agonistic behaviour in females.
SemEval-2010 Task 2: Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution

In this paper we describe the SemEval-2010 Cross-Lingual Lexical Substitution task, where given an English target word in context, participating systems had to find an alternative substitute word or phrase in Spanish. The task is based on the English Lexical Substitution task run at SemEval-2007. In this paper we provide background and motivation for the task, we describe the data annotation process and the scoring system, and present the results of the participating systems.
Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: above- and below-ground views

We examined the species diversity of an ectomycorrhizal community in natural stands of bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) to determine the correspondence between above- and below-ground views of species composition, spatial frequency, and abundance. We addressed this question by simultaneously sampling fruit bodies and ectomycorrhizae over a 4-year period. By using molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction, we were able to identify the fungal symbionts directly from mycorrhizae in nearly all of the mycorrhizal morphotypes we found. Most species were either rare or low in abundance. Among the common species we observed three patterns: (i) some species, such as Russula xerampelina s.l. and Amanita francheti were well represented both above- and below-ground; (ii) some common fruiting species such as Suillus pungens were rare components belowground; (iii) some species that were common as mycorrhizae were represented poorly or unrepresented in the aboveground fruiting record. The latter was the ca.
Capital Flight: What It Is, and How to Combat It

This article analyzes the problem of capital flight from Russia, and discusses the effectiveness of administrative methods to combat that outflow. In the author's opinion, the fight against capital outflows boils down to fighting against the reluctance of a country's inhabitants to invest in their own economy. As long as investments abroad are incomparably more attractive than investments at home, the small reductions in returns on foreign assets produced by administrative barriers to capital outflows cannot be expected to significantly slow these outflows. The key factors in limiting capital outflows are not administrative measures, but rather a sensible tax system and legislation, and balanced budget policies that stimulate rather than impede investment in the Russian economy. On the other hand, the author assumes that unless problems of nonpayment of taxes, money laundering, and stealing are addressed, the creation of an attractive investment climate is impossible.
Methods used to cope with sleepiness may perpetuate sleepiness in college students with an evening type circadian preference

This study examined college student reports of how often they used various methods to cope with sleepiness, as well as students' rankings of the relative effectiveness of these methods. Results varied with circadian preference. Evening types coped with sleepiness by taking long naps or listening to music more often than intermediate types. Intermediate types coped by exercising or time outdoors more often than evening types. Compared to intermediate types, evening types were less likely to exercise in the morning and more likely to consume caffeine in the evening. Evening types ranked long naps as more effective than intermediate types. Intermediate types ranked exercise and time outdoors as more effective than evening types. Compared to intermediate types, evening types were sleepy more often, exercised less often, and rated their fitness level as poorer. Implications for chronic sleepiness are addressed.
Use of Underwater Observations to Estimate Cutthroat Trout Abundance in the Yellowstone River

Abstract The abundance of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in four study areas of the Yellowstone River in Yellowstone National Park was estimated three times in 1981 by a team of observers equipped with snorkeling gear. Divers spaced themselves along lengths of PVC pipe to maintain individual counting lanes. Three replicate counts were normally made in the main channel and one count was conducted along the banks. Cutthroat trout generally were not disturbed by the presence of the divers and replicate counts were consistent. Population estimates were made for each study area and date, and confidence limits varied from the point estimate by an average of 24.5%. The technique appears to be applicable to a number of larger rivers with underwater visibilities in excess of 3 m. Factors that could affect both the precision and accuracy of the technique include water depth, fish behavior, underwater visibility, and the degree to which fish densities in areas counted are representative of densities in stratified ha.
Biological Control of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Argentina: Releases of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Fruit-Producing Semi-Arid Areas of San Juan

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is one of the major pests of fruit crops in Argentina and it is a phytosanitary barrier to the export of fresh fruits. In the Province of San Juan, located in the central-eastern region of Argentina known as Cuyo, control strategies against Medfly in fruit-producing irrigated-valleys have been implemented by the National Fruit Fly Control and Eradication Program (ProCEM) jointly with the provincial government and the producers. This program uses an area-wide integrated pest management approach that includes the use of environment-friendly strategies to suppress or eradicate Medfly, such as the use of the sterile insect technique and the application of new-generation bait sprays, and more recently the release of the Indo-Pacific parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead). This exotic larval-prepupal endoparasitoid is being mass-reared on larvae of Vienna 8 TSL C. capitata strain at the BioPlanta San Juan facility. In this respect, the objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of laboratory-reared D. longicaudata females in order to find and successfully parasitize Medfly larvae in different host fruit species once released under semi-arid environmental conditions in ecologically isolated fruit-growing valleys of San Juan. Ground releases were used to disperse parasitoids in 6 fruit-producing valleys. In total, 40,000 adult parasitoids were released at places with various Medfly host plants bearing fruits and in which no insecticides were regularly applied, such as backyards and small orchards. 119 D. longicaudata adults were recovered from 6 Medfly-infested fruit species that were collected in 5 release sites (Pocito, Zonda, Santa Lucia, Caucete, and Rivadavia). The highest number of parasitoids was recovered from fig, followed by grape, rose, orange, tangerine, and persimmon. Data provided from this study open up the possibility of implementing a parasitoid mass-release program in San Juan.
Caloric and Carbon Equivalents of Zooplankton Biomass

In a study throughout 1 year at a station in St. Margaret's Bay, N.S. , the caloric content per unit dry weight of zooplankton showed a fivefold variation. Along with all the available information from the literature, the data indicated that the dependence of caloric content of zooplankton (y) on per cent organic matter (x) could be described by the equation y = −3370 + 136 x − 0.514 x2. The caloric content may be predicted from per cent ash (A) and per cent carbon (C) by the equation y = 1351 + 106 C − 21.2 A. The relative stability of the caloric or carbon standing stock of zooplankton per unit water volume, compared with numbers or dry weight, may be an indication of some kind of regulatory mechanism controlling energy flow.
Relations of Weights and Volumes of Eggs to Measurements of Long and Short Axes

Abstract THE relationship between the volume, dimensions, and weight of eggs of domestic fowl seems to be a subject which has not been investigated extensively. Knowledge of such relationships should be useful in the general study of the inheritance of egg characteristics such as breaking strength, hatching power, and many other criteria. Several investigators have studied the relationship between dimensions and gross weight as well as the weight of parts of the egg but we have not found reports of quantitative determinations of the relation between volume and dimensions. From an interesting study of the progressive variation in the shape of the eggs of a pullet from the first to the fifty-fourth egg, Pearl (1909) proposed an “index” (breadth/length × 100), as a criterion. Asmundson and Baker (1940) postulated an equation for calculating volume from density and the length and breadth index but apparently they did not test the formula by .