Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Code-switching in young bilingual toddlers: A longitudinal, cross-language investigation

Abstract Although there is a body of work investigating code-switching (alternation between two languages in production) in the preschool period, it largely relies on case studies or very small samples. The current work seeks to extend extant research by exploring the development of code-switching longitudinally from 31 to 39 months of age in two distinct groups of bilingual children: Spanish–English children in San Diego and French–English children in Montréal. In two studies, consistent with previous research, children code-switched more often between than within utterances and code-switched more content than function words. Additionally, children code-switched more from Spanish or French to English than the reverse. Importantly, the factors driving the rate of code-switching differed across samples such that exposure was the most important predictor of code-switching in Spanish–English children whereas proficiency was the more important predictor in French–English children.
GENERALIZED HYERS–ULAM STABILITY OF A FUNCTIONAL EQUATION OF HOSSZU ́ TYPE

The aim of the present paper is to give general solutions of the following functional equation of Hosszu type: f(x − y + xy) + f(y) = f(x) + f(xy) and its Pexiderized version f ( x − y + xy ) + g ( y ) = h ( x ) + k ( xy ) , and prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the above two functional equations in Banach spaces.
EVALUATION OF SOAKED AND UNSOAKED CBR VALUES OF SOIL BASED ON THE COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS

Subgrade of a pavement should be strong enough to give adequate support to the pavement and for supporting and distributing the wheel loads. The design and behaviour of a flexible pavement depends mainly on the stability of the subgrade soil, which can be increased by compacting the soil at optimum moisture content (OMC) thus achieving maximum dry density (MDD). In this study, Modified Proctor Compaction Test (MPCT) was conducted by giving 5 different number of blows per layer so as to establish a relationship of compaction energy with OMC & MDD. Also, OMC and MDD are one of the most important parameters influencing California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. CBR is a penetration test used for evaluating the mechanical strength of subgrade soil and for determining the thickness of the pavement required. Determination of soaked and unsoaked CBR value for a soil is time consuming and a laborious process. Hence in this paper an attempt has been made to arrive at regression equations to correlate soaked and unsoaked CBR values for the silty clay (CL) soil with the compaction characteristics, so that based on OMC and MDD, CBR value of soil can be predicted thus avoiding the time consuming process of conducting CBR tests. The soil sample used in this project was a disturbed sample collected from Thiruporur District in Chennai.
Anterior Insula Reflects Inferential Errors in Value-Based Decision-making and Perception

The process of inference is theorized to underlie neural processes, including value-based decision-making and perception. Value-based decision-making commonly involves deliberation, a time-consuming process that requires conscious consideration of decision variables. Perception, by contrast, is thought to be automatic and effortless. To determine if inference characterizes both perception and value-based decision-making, we directly compared uncertainty signals in visual perception and an economic task using fMRI. We presented the same individuals with different versions of a bi-stable figure (Necker’s cube) and with a gambling task during fMRI acquisition. To track the inferential process assumed in both tasks, we experimentally varied uncertainty, either on perceptual state or financial outcome. We found that inferential errors captured by surprise in the gambling task yielded BOLD responses in the anterior insula, in line with earlier findings. Moreover, we found perceptual risk and surprise in the Necker Cube task yielded similar responses in the anterior insula. These results suggest that uncertainty, irrespective of domain, correlates to a common brain region, the anterior insula. These findings provide empirical evidence that the brain interacts with its environment through inferential processes.
Multi-scale finite element model validation method of cable-stayed bridge based on the support vector regression

In this paper, the multi-scale finite element model (FEM) of a composite cable-stayed bridge, Guanhe Bridge, was established based on the Arlequin method firstly. Then a two-step multi-scale FE model updating method was proposed. Furthermore, based on structural health monitoring (SHM) system of Guanhe Bridge, support vector regression (SVR) method was employed to analyse the uncertainty quantification and transmission. It was shown that the errors between the calculated frequencies from the updated multi-scale FEM and the measured frequencies from SHM were less than 3%. In the procedure of inverse uncertainty propagation, the coincidence indexes of the structural parameters were larger than 65%. The deviations between the optimal values of the updated parameters and the corresponding statistical mean values were very small (<5%). Finally, the analysis results indicate that the distributions of the parameters agree well with the assumed normal distribution.
Market Structure and Corporate Payout Policy: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment

In 2016, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) increased tick size for 1,200 randomly selected firms. We find tick-constrained firms reduce repurchase payouts by 45% during the twoyear pilot period. Their dividend payouts do not change much, total payouts reduce by 31% and payout structure changes from repurchase-dominating towards half-half. In contrast, unconstrained firms do not experience significant change in payouts. The conflicts between rule 10b-18 and the newly imposed trade-at rule which restricts dark-pool trading for test group 3 contribute to a larger reduction in repurchases. The effect of the pilot on share repurchases reverts after Pilot ends. (JEL: G10, G18, G35)
Harmonic distance in intervals and chords

The harmonic distance between two pure tones, in the sense used by Tenney, is generalised to chords whose pitches are harmonic fractions. In the tonal graph generated by the harmonics involved in a chord, which for n-TET systems has its equivalent in the Tonnetz, the melodic distance between the lowest common ancestor and the lowest common harmonic of the pitches composing the chord is a measure of the relative dissonance. This notion, rooted in just intonation, is extended to Pythagorean tuning and is used as an approximation for equal temperament scales. Harmonic distance and sensory dissonance are compared and discussed for chords in different tuning systems. It is borne out that proximity of chords in the Tonnetz is not exactly related to the harmonic distance.
Identifying Modern Slavery through Occupational Hygiene Conditions of Nineteenth-Century Slaves

The Brazilian economy, the rural in particular, was until the end of the 19th century based on slave labour. In this research, it was intended to obtain, through a review of historical descriptive studies, a detailed picture of the occupational hygiene conditions related to the slaves’ work and their interactions with climatic and environmental conditions. The search was done in the following databases: Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Criminal Justice, Ebsco, Business Source Supplement, as well as original historical documents. Descriptive studies, without the restriction of language, were selected that involved the rural work of slaves in colonial and imperial Brazil. Working environmental conditions have been evaluated: environmental and occupational hygiene conditions to which the captive workers were exposed, as well as their accommodation and clothing. The analysed studies registered the existence of accommodation and similar dresses all over Brazil, regardless of the region's climate. In addition to these accommodation conditions, slaves were still exposed in a similar way to physical, chemical and biological agents throughout the country. Finally, it was also possible to identify a clear similarity with the occupational exposure conditions of the modern slaves in the 21st century.
Mechanisms of epistemic change – Exploring the role of (non-)resolvable diverging information in epistemic change

Introduction Research on how to influence individuals’ (and especially higher education students’) epistemic beliefs (i.e., beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing) is thriving because these beliefs have been shown to affect how individuals acquire and evaluate knowledge. While simpler belief types like absolutism (i.e., a view that knowledge claims are either true or false) and multiplism (i.e., a view that knowledge claims consist of purely subjective “opinions”) impair learning and information processing (Kardash & Howell, 2000; Rosman, Peter, Mayer, & Krampen, 2016), evaluativism – defined as a belief that the relative “correctness” of knowledge claims varies depending on their argumentative quality, evidence, and context – has positive effects on such outcomes (Barzilai & Zohar, 2012).
The Influence of Early-life Economic Shocks on Long-term Outcomes: Evidence from the U.S. Great Depression

We show that health and productivity around retirement age, and earnings over the life cycle, vary with exposure to economic conditions in early life. Using state-year-level variation from the most severe and prolonged economic downturn in American history—the Great Depression—combined with restricted micro-data from the Health and Retirement Study, we find that changes in macroeconomic indicators before age 6 are associated with changes in economic well-being, earnings, metabolic syndrome, and physical limitations decades later. We also document large declines in long-term mortality. Results are not driven by endogenous fertility responses throughout the 1930s. Our results help inform the design of retirement and healthcare systems and the long-term costs of business cycles.
Biochemical Characterization of Itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata) Biotypes

Polyacrylamide electrophoresis and spectroscopic methods were used to characterize biotypes A and B itchgrass [Rottboellia exaltata L.f. # ROOEX] and their F2 progeny. Electrophoretic analyses of F2 progeny showed that differences between these two biotypes are multiallelic. Spectrophotometric data indicated differences between the photosynthetic apparatus of the two biotypes. These differences may reflect different abilities to adapt to varying light conditions and infer that these biotypes promote survival of the species by increasing the number of environmental nitches that R. exaltata can occupy.
Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography: Towards the Next Generation of Integrated CircuitsTHE VIEWPOINT - Optical lattice solitons: Guiding and routing light at will

Lithography is the most challenging technology in the semiconductor industry. The most promising next generation lithography technology is extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). EUVL was proposed long ago, in 1988, but its implementation has been postponed several times. Presently, most “showstoppers” are gone, but there are still several challenges that need to be addressed. The semiconductor industry is now getting ready to use EUVL in a pre-production phase, and EUVL might be implemented for 32 nm and 22 nm technological nodes. High volume manufacturing EUVL printers will be delivered to multiple end-users from 2010.
Effectiveness of in planta control measures for Xylella fastidiosa

Abstract This opinion updates the information included in the previous EFSA Scientific Opinion concerning the in planta control measures for Xylella fastidiosa, with a systematic review and critical analysis of the potential treatment solutions that have been published against this pest so far. The output of this opinion focuses on the application of chemical or biological treatments on living plants. In vitro studies, hot water treatments, use of resistant varieties and vector control are excluded from the review. The use of antibiotics is not considered due to the risk of antimicrobial resistance development. The use of weakly virulent or avirulent strains of X. fastidiosa is covered in this review, although this organism is an EU quarantine plant pest and its introduction in the EU territory is banned. Experiments were recently conducted to assess the effect of application of zinc, copper, and citric acid biocomplex, of N‐acetylcysteine, and of ‘diffusible signal factor’ (and of its homologs). Their results showed that these control measures were sometimes able to reduce symptoms caused by X. fastidiosa. Recent experiments also showed that several species of endophytic microorganisms, some bacteriophages and inoculation of weakly virulent/avirulent strains of X. fastidiosa could offer some protection against the Pierce's disease. However, based on the reviewed results, the Panel concludes that, although several published experiments show some effects in reducing symptoms development, the tested control measures are not able to completely eliminate X. fastidiosa from diseased plants. The Panel confirms as previously stated that there is currently no control measure available to eliminate the bacteria from a diseased plant in open field conditions.
Assessing Banks’ Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: An Analytical Framework

The paper aims to develop and validate an analytical framework to assess the service quality and customer satisfaction and hence customer loyalty in banks. We develop a multivariate probit model for the evaluation of service quality and customer satisfaction and an ordered logit model for the rating of customer service of the most frequently used bank. To validate the models, we conduct a survey of 1107 customers from the branches of eight banks in three major cities of the peninsular Malaysia in 2013. The validation was carried out in two stages. First, we analyze the customers’ satisfaction on the core and relational dimension of service quality using multivariate probit model. In the second stage, we analyze the customers’ overall service rating on their most frequently used bank using ordered logit model. The proposed framework can be used by banks to assess service quality and customer satisfaction and identify customers who are likely to switch. This would prove extremely beneficial to banks in the formulation of segment specific customer retention strategies. The framework would also assist regulators to gauge the level of customer confidence in the individual banking institution and intervene as and when necessary to maintain stability in the banking system.
Chomsky with Lewis: Human Nature, Science and Language Origin

This article, in its first part, summarizes Noam Chomsky’s ideas about human nature and their ethico-political consequences, language and its origin and the scope and limitations of experimental science. As a result, there will emerge the portrait of a great scientist without prejudices and a true and honest freethinker. Then, on the second part, and based on the author C. S. Lewis, a proposal will be made about the possible existence of an infused rational soul in humans and how it could connect with the linguist’s ideas with respect to the origin of language. It will also serve to supply with some realism Chomsky’s too optimistic view about human nature.
A New Fixed-Time Consensus Tracking Approach for Second-Order Multiagent Systems Under Directed Communication Topology

This paper considers fixed-time consensus tracking of second-order multiagent systems (MASs) under directed interaction topology. A novel distributed observer is presented to estimate the leader’s states within a fixed time, which overcomes the difficulties caused by the asymmetry of the Laplacian matrix. A sliding surface is designed and a nonsingular terminal sliding mode consensus protocol is developed to achieve fixed-time convergence of the tracking error to the origin. It is shown that each follower can track the leader’s trajectory within a fixed time. Particularly, the gain of the presented consensus protocol is directly related to the prescribed time, which makes it convenient to determine and tune the gain according to the requirement of convergence time. Moreover, the presented control protocol reduces the conservativeness of the convergence time estimation for sliding motion. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed consensus scheme.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Inorganic Thin Films on 3D Polymer Nanonetworks

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a unique tool for conformally depositing inorganic thin films with precisely controlled thickness at nanoscale. Recently, ALD has been used in the manufacture of inorganic thin films using a three-dimensional (3D) nanonetwork structure made of polymer as a template, which is pre-formed by advanced 3D nanofabrication techniques such as electrospinning, block-copolymer (BCP) lithography, direct laser writing (DLW), multibeam interference lithography (MBIL), and phase-mask interference lithography (PMIL). The key technical requirement of this polymer template-assisted ALD is to perform the deposition process at a lower temperature, preserving the nanostructure of the polymer template during the deposition process. This review focuses on the successful cases of conformal deposition of inorganic thin films on 3D polymer nanonetworks using thermal ALD or plasma-enhanced ALD at temperatures below 200 °C. Recent applications and prospects of nanostructured polymer–inorganic composites or hollow inorganic materials are also discussed.
Robust Estimation for State-of-Charge and State-of-Health of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Integral-Type Terminal Sliding-Mode Observers

This paper investigates the real-time estimation on the state-of-charge (SoC) and state-of-health (SoH) of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries for the purpose of achieving reliable, safe, and efficient use of batteries. Three terminal sliding-mode observers (TSMOs) are designed; each observer is used to estimate one variable of a Li-ion cell for developing a real-time SoC estimation algorithm. To estimate the SoH, two additional TSMOs are subsequently presented. Finally, a set of complete estimation algorithms for SoC and SoH are formulated. The output injection signals of the proposed TSMOs are designed to be continuous. This can attenuate chattering that exists in the traditional sliding-mode observers and simplify the estimation algorithms. The main advantage of the proposed algorithms is eliminating the low-pass filter in the estimation algorithms. Therefore, higher estimation accuracy and faster response speed are obtained. The proposed methods are tested and evaluated using the acquired dynamic stress test and federal urban driving schedule test data, which demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility.
The role of job crafting and knowledge sharing on the effect of transformational leadership on innovative work behavior

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of transformational leadership on an employee’s innovative work behavior through job crafting. In addition, the study explores the moderating effect of knowledge sharing behavior in the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative and cross-sectional approach was used to collect data. Data were collected from 325 subordinates and 126 supervisors working in the hotel industry. Subordinates were asked to rate transformational leadership style of their respective supervisors and their own job crafting and knowledge sharing behaviors. Supervisors were asked to rate innovative work behavior of their respective subordinates. Findings The results showed that job crafting behaviors (increasing structural job resources, increasing social resources and increasing job challenges) mediated the effect of transformational leadership on an employee’s innovative work behavior. Moreover, knowledge sharing moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Practical implications Organizations may reap the benefits of an innovative workforce by selecting, nurturing and developing transformational leaders who facilitate employees to proactively craft a challenging and resourceful work environment. Originality/value This is the first study to test the mediating effect of job crafting behaviors on the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior.
A new general fractional-order derivataive with Rabotnov fractional-exponential kernel applied to model the anomalous heat transfer

In this paper, we consider a general fractional-order derivataive of the Liouville-Caputo type with the non-singular kernel of the Rabotnov fractional-exponential function for the first time. A new general fractional-order derivataive heat transfer model is discussed in detail. The general fractional-order derivataive formula is a new mathematical tool proposed to model the anomalous behaviors in complex and power-law phenomena.
Consensus of Multiagent Systems With Relative State Saturations

Within the multiagent systems framework, the relative states between neighbors can be acquired by some on-board sensors, and then the relative state saturations inevitably occur due to the limited sensing capabilities. This paper investigates the consensus problem of nonlinear multiagent systems subject to the relative state saturations. Utilizing the incidence matrix and the edge Laplacian, the consensus problem of nonlinear multiagent systems with the relative state saturations can be cast into the stabilization problem of edge dynamics operating on the constrained set. Three types of protocols, namely continuous, intermittent, and adaptive state feedback protocols are, respectively, proposed for achieving the constrained consensus, and meanwhile yielding consensus values. A consensus analysis is provided by virtue of state saturation theory, switched system theory, adaptive theory, and Lyapunov stability theory. Output feedback protocol is also designed. Finally, the obtained results are applied to connectivity preservation for first-order nonlinear multiagent systems, despite the presence of limited communication range and input constraints. The theoretical results are validated by two simulation examples.
A Proposed Multimedia Cone of Abstraction: Updating a Classic Instructional Design Theory.

Advanced multimedia techniques offer significant learning potential for students. Dale (1946, 1954, 1969) developed a Cone of Experience (CoE) which is a hierarchy of learning experiences ranging from direct participation to abstract symbolic expression. This paper updates the CoE for today's technology and learning context, specifically focused on the use of multimedia in education. The new hierarchy, called the Multimedia Cone of Abstraction (MCoA), has fewer primary levels than the CoE but many more total levels because of multiple potential sublevels. The purpose of the MCoA is to help instructional designers of educational content to select appropriate multimedia for each learning context.