Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles

What M. Koch’s “Wir bestimmen Schmetterlinge” is for macrolepidopterists in Germany, that is R. South‘s “The moths of the British Isles” for British macrolepidopterists. It was the identification tool for generations of entomologists. In the 1970‘s the “South” was replaced by a modern identification guide published by B. Skinner. It soon became as popular and handy as the old “South”. In 1998 a second edition was issued with some minor changes. Now, the author felt that the time is right to offer a third edition with an updated content and a somewhat widened scope. This indeed was a necessary step. The body of information on taxonomy, biology and distribution has been enlarged considerably in the last decade and many records of previously unrecorded species have been accumulated. The book covers the macrolepidopteran families including Hepialidae, Cossidae, Sesiidae, Limacodidae and Zygaenidae. The text of the book has been thoroughly revised and updated for the new edition. Many important records, new distribution points, status of species, time of appearance of adults and larvae and the new arrivals are documented. A description of distinguishing characters, illustrated by black and white line drawings in the text, are provided for separating similar or critical species. Figures or photos of genitalia are not included nor are keys for genera and supra-generic taxa. The colour plates are of a very high standard and enable in most cases the correct determination. Fifty-one species of newly recorded residents and migrants, and some Microlepidoptera are illustrated in this edition for the first time. The book concludes with indices of scientific names of genera and species and of the known food plants, and an index of the English names of all moth species. This book is an indispensable tool for lepidopterists in Britain, but it is also a rich source of information for their continental counterparts.
Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Spontaneous Uterine Leiomyomas in Two Captive Asian Elephants

Two captive female Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) in Thailand were euthanatized after prolonged recumbency, weakness, and unresponsive treatment. Necropsy revealed multinodular masses of 5-10 cm in diameter which were irregular, large, white and firm in consistency scattered throughout the uterine horns and uteri of both the elephants. Histologically, the tumors displayed mildly pleomorphic, spindle-shaped cells arranged in interlacing pattern interpreted as muscle bundles. The bundles of the muscle cells were interspersed by small amounts of collagen fibers and blood vessels. For immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells showed diffuse positivity for vimentin, desmin, and smooth muscle actin. Based on the pathological results, uterine leiomyomas were diagnosed. This study describes the morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics of the uterine smooth muscle tumor in Asian elephants.
Effect of Particle Size on Physico-Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Corn Silk Powder

본 연구에서는 옥수수수염을 일반분쇄기와 저온초미분쇄기를 이용하여 얻은 5단계의 다른 입자 크기의 옥수수수염 분말을 각각의 입자 크기별 이화학적 특성을 검토하고 항산화활성을 평가하여 최적의 입자크기를 찾고 우수한 가공법을 확립하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 건조된 옥수수수염을 일반적 분쇄 방법과 저온초미분쇄기를 이용하여 분쇄한 5단계의 입자크기는 각각 199.17 ㎛, 178.27 ㎛, 85.48 ㎛, 27.04 ㎛ 및 20.97㎛ 로 가장 큰 입자 크기와 가장 작은 입자 크기와는 약 10배 가량 입자크기의 차이가 있었다. 2. 입자크기별 옥수수수염 분말의 색차는 입자의 크기가 작아질수록 명도와 황색도의 수치가 커졌다. 3. 또한 입자크기별 옥수수 수염 분말을 주사전자현미경(SEM)을 이용하여 300배 확대하여 관찰한 결과 입자의 크기가 작아질수록 확대한 입자의 크기가 작은 것 을 확인할 수 있었으며 입자의 모양은 다각형의 모양을 보였다. 4. 입자크기별 옥수수수염 분말의 조지방，조섬유，조회분，조단백질 함량과 유리당 함량을 분석한 결과 조섬유 함량과 조단백질 함량은 입자크기가 작아질수록 그 수치가 줄어들었고, 조지방 함량과 조단백질 함량，유리당 함량은 입자크기 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 5. 입자크기별 옥수수수염 분말의 총 페놀 함량과 DPPH 라디컬 소거능 모두 입자크기가 작아질수록 그 수치가 증가하였고 통계적으로도 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 6. 옥수수수염 분말의 입자크기에 따른 ascorbic acid equivalents 는 입자크기간의 수치적으로는 차이가 있는 것으로 보였으나 통계적으로는 서로간의 유의적 차이가 없는 것 으로 나타났으나 TEAC 실험과 FRAP 실험에서는 입자크기가 작아질수록 그 수치가 증가하였고 통계적으로도 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 7. 옥수수수염 분말의 입자크기, 색도, 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 서로 유의적 관계를 보였으며 특히 입자크기가 작아질수록 명도, 적색도，황색도, 총 페놀 함량，ascorbic acid equivalents, TEAC에서 고도로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다.
The efficacy of acoustic techniques to infer differential ose of habitat by bats

The use of acoustic detectors to investigate differential use of habitat by bats has become increasingly common. However, in many of these studies, authors failed to clearly articulate assumptions a priori. For example, spatial and temporal scales were rarely defined. True replication is rarely reported, suggesting that authors assume that these systems are both spatially and temporally static. In this study, we attempted to clearly identify underlying assumptions of this technique, thereby limiting level of inference to a clearly defined and repeatable degree. We followed strict assumptions beforehand and were able to classify bat calls into guilds based on acoustic data. Lack of experience in acoustic identification by technicians did not affect the outcome, as guilds were based on bat call sequences following strict rules of classification. Individuals in guilds were not randomly distributed across sample locations. However, distribution of guild members did not suggest differential use of habitat, as within habitat variation was often greater than that observed among types of habitat. Explicitly stating assumptions before surveys were conducted 'protected' us from making incorrect inferences. We suggest that care be taken when attempting to infer differential use of habitat by bats using acoustic techniques.
Automatic incident detection

Congestion has become a major threat to a country’s economy. It not only causes loss in terms of man-hours and fuel costs, but also causes frustration among the public. It has become important for traffic operators to clear off congestion in a timely manner to resume the normal flow of traffic. This research focuses on evaluating congestion detection algorithms to implement them in an Intelligent Transportation System to detect congestion in real time. We have evaluated statistical based algorithms as well pattern recognition based algorithms to detect non-recurrent congestion on I-74, Davenport, Iowa, USA. Inter-Quartile Distance based algorithms and Supervised Learning based Decision Tree and Random Forest Classifiers are compared and evaluated in this study.
Action of exogenous ascorbic acid on physiological quality of cowpea seeds artificially aged

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-treatment and post-treatment with ascorbic acid in reducing the damage caused by aging in cowpea seeds, which were aged in artificial accelerated aging chamber (45°C, 99% relative humidity in the dark) for 72 h and it were subjected to four treatments: T1 – non-aged seeds were not treated with ascorbic acid (AsA); T2 – non-aged seeds treated with AsA; T3 – seeds before aging were subjected to a treatment with AsA to 0.85 mM; T4 – seeds after aging were subjected to a treatment with a 0.85 mM AsA. The aging of seeds for 72 h (T2) caused significant damage in the cell membranes of cowpea seeds, as evidenced by a increase in electrolyte leakage, higher level of lipid peroxidation and a lower germination percentage, when compared with the control (T1). T4 results were like the control treatment, with a lower electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation, well as a higher germination percentage, when compared with T2. The exogenous application of 0.85 mM ascorbic acid in cowpea seeds after artificial aging can mitigate its detrimental effects on the membranes integrity and seed physiological quality.
Fiscal Decentralization and Routine Conflict in Indonesia

This study attempts to investigate whether fiscal decentralization is more effective to reduce routine conflict in provinces with good institutional quality. Our quantitative findings show that institutional quality does matter in explaining the fiscal decentralization – routine conflict nexus. In addition, both fiscal dependence and fiscal discretion are negatively and significantly correlated with the incidence of routine conflict and the deaths resulted from routine conflict. However, the qualitative results indicate that the phenomenon of elite capture occurs in every level of government.
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Order Insectivora Based on Complete 12S rRNA Sequences from Mitochondria

Despite numerous studies, there is no single accepted hypothesis of eutherian ordinal relationships. Among the least understood mammalian orders is the group Insectivora. Currently, molecular and morphological data are in conflict over the possible monophyly of the living members of Insectivora (lipotyphlans), and the relationships within the group remain largely unresolved. One of the primary criticisms concerning molecular analyses is the noticeable lack of data from a well‐sampled group of lipotyphlan insectivores. The mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene has been widely used to resolve interordinal and intraordinal relationships across a variety of mammalian taxa. This study compares 118 complete mammalian 12S rRNA sequences, representing all of the 18 eutherian orders and 3 metatherian orders, and includes as well taxa from each of the six families of lipotyphlan insectivores. Insectivoran lineages are thought to have diverged concurrently with the general radiation of mammalian orders. This study suggests that the 12S rRNA sequences lack the ability to resolve relationships extending into this period. This would explain the polyphyly, unusual affinities, and low support derived in this and other studies employing 12S rRNA sequences to diagnose relationships among eutherian orders. The results of these analyses suggest that even extensive taxon sampling is insufficient to provide well supported groups among eutherian orders. Additional genes and species sampling will be necessary to elucidate whether the Insectivora form a monophyletic group.
Sperm storage in males and females of the deepwater shark Portuguese dogfish with notes on oviducal gland microscopic organization

Sperm storage in males and females was studied for the deepwater shark Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis. In males, sperm is stored in the seminal vesicle from early maturity stages until mating. The epithelium of the seminal vesicle secretes an acid mucopolysaccharide that might preserve sperm until it is released. The oviducal gland (OG) presents the four distinct zones described for other elasmobranchs: club, papillary, baffle and terminal. Mature, pregnant, resting and regenerating females are able to store sperm in the terminal zone. Sperm was found within sperm storage tubules (SSTs), involved by a secretory matrix. The localization of SSTs deeper in the OG suggests long-term sperm storage, which is in agreement with the long reproductive cycle described for this species. Sperm storage is an advantage for this deepwater species that presents sexual segregation and lives in a food-constrained environment, increasing the efficiency in reproduction.
Natural selection on the genetical component of variance in body condition in a wild bird population

Although there is substantial evidence that skeletal measures of body size are heritable in wild animal populations, it is frequently assumed that the nonskeletal component of body weight (or ‘condition’) is determined primarily by environmental factors, in particular nutritional state. We tested this assumption by quantifying the genetic and environmental components of variance in fledgling body condition index (=relative body weight) in a natural population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis), and compared the strength of natural selection on individual breeding values with that on phenotypic values. A mixed model analysis of the components of variance, based on an ‘animal model’ and using 18 years of data on 17 717 nestlings, revealed a significant additive genetic component of variance in body condition, which corresponded to a narrow sense heritability (h2) of 0.30 (SE=0.03). Nongenetic contributions to variation in body condition were large, but there was no evidence of dominance variance nor of contributions from early maternal or common environment effects (pre‐manipulation environment) in condition at fledging. Comparison of pre‐ and post‐selection samples revealed virtually identical h2 of body condition index, despite the fact that there was a significant decrease (35%) in the levels of additive genetic variance from fledging to breeding. The similar h2 in the two samples occurred because the environmental component of variance was also reduced by selection, suggesting that natural selection was acting on both genotypic and environmental variation. The effects of selection on genetic variance were confirmed by calculation of the selection differentials for both phenotypic values and best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) estimates of breeding values: there was positive directional selection on condition index both at the phenotypic and the genotypic level. The significant h2 of body condition index is consistent with data from human and rodent populations showing significant additive genetic variance in relative body mass and adiposity, but contrasts with the common assumption in ecology that body condition reflects an individual’s nongenetic nutritional state. Furthermore, the substantial reduction in the additive genetic component of variance in body condition index suggests that selection on environmental deviations cannot alone explain the maintenance of additive genetic variation in heritable traits, but that other mechanisms are needed to explain the moderate to high heritabilities of traits under consistent and strong directional selection.
CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOFUNCIONAIS DO SÊMEN CANINO REFRIGERADO E CONGELADO, USANDO DOIS DIFERENTES MEIOS DILUENTES

The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of two different extenders: TRIS/Fructose/Citric Acid/Glycerol (8 %) - (TRIS 8 %) (Morton, 1988 modified) and commercial extender - MP50) (PAPA et al., 2002) – for freezing dog semen. Ten ejaculates from different adult dogs were collected by digital manipulation. The samples semen were evaluated for sperm motility and vigor, hypo-osmotic swelling test, sperm membrane integrity, sperm morphology, ultra structural analysis in three different moments, fresh (T1), cooled (T2) and thawed (T3). The samples were packaged in 0.5 mL French straws with 40 x 106 spermatozoa/ straw, and kept at 5 0C for 60 minutes (T2); then frozen in static vapor of nitrogen for the following 20 minutes and immersed in liquid nitrogen until being thawed in 70 0C water for 8 seconds (T3). By analysis of variance, it would be possible to verify the animal effect on almost all variables observed in this study, except for sperm motility and membrane integrity. For cooled semen (T2), MP50 were significantly better for hypo-osmotic swelling test, sperm membrane integrity (p<0.05) and for thawed semen (T3), there was no significant difference between extenders. By ultra structural analysis, it was possible to verify swelling plasma and acrosomal sperm membranes in the different stages of freezing process. In conclusion, the extenders showed the same results as to morphofunctional characteristics the semen canine thawed. KEY WORDS: Semen, dog, freezing and extender.
Elucidation of the prodiginine biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

The prodiginine antibiotics are produced by eubacteria, in particular members of the actinomycete family. Interest in this group of compounds has been stimulated by their antitumour, immunosuppressant and antimalarial activities at non-toxic levels. Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) produces two prodiginines: undecylprodiginine and its carbocyclic derivative streptorubin B, which are both derived from the two intermediates 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde (MBC) and 2-undecylpyrrole (2-UP). The red gene cluster of S. coelicolor contains 23 genes responsible for prodiginine biosynthesis. PCR-targeting was used to generate rapid in-frame deletions or replacements of several genes in the S. coelicolor red cluster. Using this method redI, redJ, redK, the A domain encoding region of redL, redT and redV were disrupted. Prodiginine production by these mutants was analysed by LC-MS allowing roles for the genes investigated to be hypothesised. A major focus was investigating the function of RedH (proposed to catalyse the condensation of 2-UP and MBC) and RedG (proposed to be responsible for the oxidative carbocyclisation of undecylprodiginine to form streptorubin B) by genetic complementation of existing mutants and heterologous expression of the genes in S. venezuelae coupled with feeding of synthetic MBC and 2-UP. The results of these experiments clearly defined the roles of RedH in the condensation of MBC and 2-UP and RedG in the oxidative carbocyclisation of undecylprodiginine. Streptomyces longispororuber is known to produce undecylprodiginine (like S. coelicolor) and a carbocyclic undecylprodiginine derivative called metacycloprodigiosin (streptorubin A), which contains a 12-membered carbocycle instead of the 10-membered carbocycle of streptorubin B. A S. longispororuber fosmid library was constructed, from which a clone containing a previously identified redG orthologue was isolated and partially sequenced. Expression of the S. longispororuber redG orthologue in the S. coelicolor redG mutant resulted in production of metacycloprodigiosin instead of streptorubin B showing that RedG and its S. longispororuber orthologue catalyse carbocyclisation reactions during prodiginine biosynthesis. Another aim of the work was to investigate redU, a gene from the red cluster that encodes a phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase). PPTases are responsible for post-translational modification of acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCPs). A pre-existing redU mutant and two newly constructed mutants lacking PPTases encoded elsewhere in the S. coelicolor genome were analysed to investigate the role of PPTases in S. coelicolor metabolite biosynthesis. Production of prodiginines, actinorhodins, methylenomycins, calcium dependent antibiotics, coelichelin and grey spore pigment was investigated as ACPs and PCPs are involved in biosynthesis of these compounds. Different specific PPtases were found to be required to modify the ACP/PCP domains/proteins in the biosynthesis of these metabolites.
Fluorescence Quenching Causes Systematic Dye Bias in Microarray Experiments Using Cyanine Dye

The development of microarray technology has facilitated the understanding of gene expression profiles. Despite its convenience, the cause of dye-bias that confounds data interpretation in dual-color DNA microarray experiments is not well known. In order to economize time and money, it is necessary to identify the cause of dye bias, since designing dye-swaps to reduce the dye-specific bias tends to be very expensive. Hence, we sought to determine the reliable cause of systematic dye bias after treating murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), interferon-beta , and 8-bromoadenosine (8-BR). To find the cause of systematic dye bias from the point of view of fluorescence quenching, we examined the correlation between systematic dye bias and the proportion of each nucleotide in mRNA and oligonucleotide probe sequence. Cy3-dye bias was highly correlated with the proportion of adenines. Our results support the fact that systematic dye bias is affected by fluorescence quenching of each feature. In addition, we also found that the strength of fluorescence quenching is based on not only dye-dye interactions but also dye-nucleotide interactions as well.
The Indefinite Object in Mandarin Chinese. Its Marking, Interpretation and Acquisition

The subject of this dissertation is the indefinite object noun phrase (NP) in Chinese. In order to investigate whether language specific factors can be accounted for by language universal constraints, three aspects of the indefinite object are studied: its marking, its interpretation and its acquisition. I show that the characteristics of indefinite objects in Chinese are the result of a language specific ranking of general and independently motivated constraints of various nature. In Chapter 3 I examine differential object marking in Chinese and conclude that features of both animacy and specificity influence this phenomenon, as has been argued for other languages (Aissen 2003). Strikingly however, in Chinese not the specific but rather the non-specific objects are obligatorily marked with the object marker ba, while ba is optional for specific objects. In order to explain this, I argued that in Chinese, apart from animacy and specificity, a third dimension plays a role in differential object marking, namely word order. That is, the preverbal position is associated with specific NPs, independently of whether they are subjects or objects. Thus scrambled objects (irrespective of the reason why they scrambled in the first place) are usually specific objects. Hence non-specific objects in scrambled position are ‘atypical’ and that is why they need to be bamarked in Chinese. In Chapter 4 I study the interpretation of object NPs in preverbal position in Chinese. Contrary to the traditional claim that only strong (specific) NPs may occur in the preverbal position marked with ba, I show that non-specific indefinite NPs in fact do occur in baconstructions as well. I argue that the interpretation of indefinite objects in the ba-construction is influenced by the lexical properties of the object, its syntactic position and the type of predicate, and is conceived of as the optimal resolution of the interaction between the relevant universal, but potentially conflicting constraints.
Transport noise interventions and health

This paper reports the final outcomes of a systematic review of literature (1980 -2014) of changes in health resulting from transport noise control measures. This was part of the evidence-base for the planned revision of the World Health Organization's Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. While there are many studies of transport noise interventions which report a consequent change in emissions, or change in noise levels near sources, only a limited number have reported resultant health outcomes of receivers. These health outcomes were mostly of annoyance, with a few examining sleep disturbance, cardiovascular effects, and cognitive development in children. The majority of studies included were of road traffic noise; fewer for aircraft noise and rail traffic noise. Because of diversity in the studies, a meta-analysis of association between changes in level and changes in outcome was not feasible. However, it was possible to conclude, though within a limited evidence base, that transport noise interventions do change the health outcomes reported by those who experience the intervention, irrespective of the source type, the outcome, or the intervention type. The minimum magnitude of the change in annoyance outcomes can be predicted from the interventions using a relevant exposure-response function.
Genetic diversity analysis of mango cultivars using inter simple sequence repeat markers

With 33 polymorphic Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers, genetic diversity among 70 mango cultivars and a distant outgroup was analysed. Clustering was done using Dice and Jaccard coefficients with bootstrapping. Multivariate analysis was conducted using the Euclidean distances. Among the total 420 bands, 408 were polymorphic. Probability that any ISSR fragment is shared by two different cultivars was calculated to be 2.54 x10 -1 . Non-Indian mango cultivars were found genetically diverged from Indian mango germ pool. No separation was observed between North Indian and South Indian cultivars. Twelve different cultivar-specific bands were detected for six cultivars, which approved the effectiveness of ISSR markers in mango genetic diversity analysis.