Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Associated Factors Towards Trachoma Among People Living in Arba Minch Zuria District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background Trachoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world affecting the poorest communities. Despite many interventions undertaken on prevention and control for trachoma, Ethiopia has failed to achieve the 2020 elimination goal. Objective To assess knowledge, attitude, practice and its associated factors toward trachoma infection among people living in Arba Minch Zuria district Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to June 2020. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire from 796 randomly selected individuals. Epi Info version 7 was used to enter and clean the data and exported to SPSS V20 for analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis model was fitted to identify factors associated with the outcome variables. Findings Among 796 interviewed participants, 611 (76.8%) had inadequate knowledge toward trachoma infection and 244 (30.7%) had unfavorable attitude. Individuals who had no formal education (AOR=0.365, 95%CI: 0.212–0.626) and primary education (AOR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.35–0.962) were negatively associated with adequate knowledge towards trachoma infection. Being a farmer (AOR=0.063, 95%CI: 0.008–0.52), merchant (AOR=0.022, 95%CI: 0.003–0.194), student (AOR=0.026, 95%CI: 0.003–0.225) or housewife (AOR=0.03, 95%CI: 0.004–0.256) were negatively associated with adequate knowledge. Those study subjects whose wealth index were lowest (AOR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.27–0.878), second (AOR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.21–0.69) and middle (AOR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.199–0.658) percentiles negatively associated with adequate knowledge. A short distance to fetch water (AOR=2.53, 95%CI: 1.18–5.415) was positively associated with adequate knowledge about trachoma infection. Environmental cleanliness (AOR=2.224, 95%CI: 1.518–3.257), being male (AOR=1.848, 95%CI: 1.332–2.565) and distance from home to health facility (AOR=1.845, 95%CI: 1.308–2.600) were significantly associated with attitude status. Conclusion Considerable numbers of people have unfavorable attitude and inadequate knowledge about trachoma infection. Awareness creation through community mobilization and sensitization should be strengthened.
Cerebellar and Cortical Correlates of Internal and External Speech Error Monitoring

Abstract An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined how speakers inspect their own speech for errors. Concretely, we sought to assess 1) the role of the temporal cortex in monitoring speech errors, linked with comprehension-based monitoring; 2) the involvement of the cerebellum in internal and external monitoring, linked with forward modeling; and 3) the role of the medial frontal cortex for internal monitoring, linked with conflict-based monitoring. In a word production task priming speech errors, we observed enhanced involvement of the right posterior cerebellum for trials that were correct, but on which participants were more likely to make a word as compared with a nonword error (contrast of internal monitoring). Furthermore, comparing errors to correct utterances (contrast of external monitoring), we observed increased activation of the same cerebellar region, of the superior medial cerebellum, and of regions in temporal and medial frontal cortex. The presence of the cerebellum for both internal and external monitoring indicates the use of forward modeling across the planning and articulation of speech. Dissociations across internal and external monitoring in temporal and medial frontal cortex indicate that monitoring of overt errors is more reliant on vocal feedback control.
An economic valuation of federal and private grazing land ecosystem services supported by beef cattle ranching in the United States

Abstract Beef cattle ranching and farming is a major agricultural industry in the United States that manages an estimated 147 million ha of private land and uses approximately 92% of forage authorized for grazing on federal rangelands. Rangelands, as working landscapes, sustain beef cattle ranching while providing habitat for wildlife, recreation, and open space amenities, as well as spiritual and cultural values that define a way of life. Historically, discussions regarding the economics of beef cattle ranching have focused primarily on the value of beef production but have more recently expanded to consider related ecosystem services. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature published between 1998 and 2018 found 154 articles that considered ecosystem services from rangelands/grasslands. Of these, only two articles (1%) provided an in-depth economic valuation (monetary measure) of ecosystem services in the United States. To fill this knowledge gap, we primarily used publicly available data to conduct an economic valuation of major ecosystem services associated with beef cattle production in the United States at both the national and state levels. We find that over 186 million ha were actively grazed by beef cattle ranches and farms in the United States in 2017. We estimate the economic value of this land use to be $17.5 billion for wildlife recreation, $3.8 billion for forage production, and $3.2 billion for other ecosystem services related to the conservation of biodiversity—a combined total of $24.5 billion. Ecosystem services from federal rangelands in 16 western states accounted for 35% of the total value. Ecosystem services per beef cow and per kilogram of retail beef were estimated to be $1,043.35 and $2.74, respectively. More studies like these are needed to inform decision-makers at the industry, land management, and federal levels to ensure that the conservation, improvement, and restoration of these ecosystem services are considered in future management and research efforts.
Pristionchus trametes n. sp. (Diplogastridae) isolated from the mushroom Trametes orientalis in Kyoto, Japan

Abstract A new species of Pristionchus was isolated from fruiting bodies of the wood-decaying fungus Trametes orientalis collected from Kyoto, Japan. Attempts to culture it using bacteria, yeast, and freeze-killed wax moth larvae as food or substrate failed. The eurystomatous form of the species was not found in the collected material, and the species is typologically characterized by: its ‘small’ stoma with thin, membrane-like cheilostomatal plates, a small triangular right subventral tooth, thorn-like dorsal tooth, and small left subventral denticles; a short, blunt male tail spike; and a short, conical female tail. Although the posterior probability support was not high (66%), phylogenetic analysis of both small and large ribosomal RNA gene subunits suggests that the species is closely related to P. elegans and P. bucculentus. The new species can be distinguished from those two by its diagnostic characters comprising the stomatal morphology and male and female tail characters.
Role of Oxidative Stress in La2O3 Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in CHANG and HuH-7 Cells

Introduction Nanoparticles are extensively applied in pharmaceutical, agriculture, food processing industries, and in many other fields. In the current experiment, we have determined the mechanism of toxicity of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles (La2O3 NPs) on human liver cell lines. Methods Before the investigation, we have characterized the size and shape of La2O3 NPs using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The mean size of the La2O3 NPs was found 32 ±1.6 nm with a sheet-like shape. The cytotoxicity effect of La2O3 NPs for 24 h on CHANG and HuH-7 cells was determined by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Results The cytotoxicity was observed in a concentration-dependent manner in both cells but NPs were more toxic to HuH-7 than CHANG cells. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using fluorescent dye 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) and high green fluorescence was observed in HuH-7 cells than CHANG cells. Oxidative stress biomarker such as glutathione (GSH) was decreased and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased but SOD level was decreased in HuH-7 cells than CHANG cells. Apoptotic cells were determined by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Maximum percentage of the apoptotic cell was observed at 300 µg/mL in HuH-7 cells. DNA double-stranded breakage was observed by comet assay and maximum DNA damage was found in CHANG cells than HuH-7 cells at 300 µg/mL La2O3 NPs for 24 h. Conclusion Thus, this study demonstrated that La2O3 NPs were toxic to human liver cells and induced more toxicity in HuH-7 cells than CHANG cells.
Accessibility Through Control and Display: Literature Review on Tactile Display

Introduction : This article studied tactile displays reflecting its various types and its development through literature review. This study also discussed about and suggested incorporation of the universal design model into the clinical implication and research of the tactile display. Body : Tactile displays have been used as one of the ways to make people’s life more accessible. They offer an alternative channel through which to present information when visual-, auditory-, or other sensation is impaired. Tactile displays could be mainly categorized into touch-based type and power-based type. The touch-based displays are stimulated by vibration sense and the power-based types use electrical current as a stimulus. Complexity of a tactile display depends on the intended usage. Four levels of complexity, including single-element, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional, are currently available. Since tactile displays are varying in their size and power requirements, they offer a discrete, affordable means of providing accessibility via touch sense. The initial introduction of the tactile display contributed to enhance accessibility for people with blindness, in terms of accessibility to computer graphical user interfaces, mobility in controlled environments, and learning ability of visual concepts. Recent uses of tactile substitute are expanded. Conclusion : To make the potential benefits of tactile display maximize for all, it is desirable that it should be enlarged not only to compensate the specific disease but also to make an ordinary life more convenient, with respecting individualized requirements. In this manner, it is important to investigate various human factors to ensure the advance of tactile display. It is also suggested that further work is required on the development of tactile display design with respect to not only the requirements of specific application but also universal design.
Crystal structure of ethyl 2-amino-5-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate, C6H7BrN2O2S

Abstract C6H7BrN2O2S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.2669(5) Å, b = 8.3859(3) Å, c = 19.4047(8) Å, β = 95.207(2)°, V = 1825.85(13) Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0556, wRref(F2) = 0.1619, T = 100 K.
Evaluation of Young’s Modulus of Tethered 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Membranes Using Atomic Force Spectroscopy

Unilamellar vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) with varying 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-poly(ethylene glycol)-2000-N-[3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate] (DSPE-PEG-PDP) concentration between 0 mol % and 24 mol % were assembled on atomically flat template-stripped gold (TS Au) surfaces. Force spectroscopy, using an atomic force microscope (AFM), of the resulting tethered lipid bilayer membranes (tLBMs) in buffer provided information regarding mechanical response as a function of tethering molecule, DSPE-PEG-PDP, concentration. Young’s modulus was determined by fitting the force–indentation curve with a recently modified Sneddon model that corrects for contributions from the substrate underneath. At low concentrations, Young’s modulus is lower than that of a supported POPC LBM, i.e., directly sitting on a solid substrate. The decrease in modulus is attributed to increased membrane fluidity as coupling between the tLBM and solid substrate is reduced.
A manifesto for cooperative human / machine interaction in object-oriented conceptual software design

Conceptual software design presents many challenges to practitioners and yet is crucial to the success of software development. However, current computational tool support for conceptual software design is poor. One possible cause for this is that current computational tool support typically fails to exploit the natural cognitive design behaviours observed in software engineers. This manifesto declares that future computational support for conceptual software designers should exploit not only the specific strengths of designers and machines, but also their interaction during conceptual design. In addition, this manifesto builds on empirical evidence of cognitive behaviours of software engineers to advocate that man / machine interaction should be cooperative rather than competitive. Cooperative interaction presents significant opportunities for computational support for the discovery of substantive design knowledge and implicit learning in designers and machines alike. 1. Conceptual object-oriented software design The process of conceptual object-oriented software design involves analysis of the problem domain to derive important and relevant concepts which are designed as classes. Such classes become an important part of the specification of the software system-to-be, and are subsequently implemented in a programming language to produce an executable software program. The designer’s synthesis of these conceptual design classes is critical to development; such classes ensure that crucial concepts of the software problem domain drive the implementation. However, there exists a body of empirical evidence to suggest that conceptual object-oriented software design is difficult for human software designers to perform and learn. Studies by Guindon (1990a, 1990b) have shown that knowledge of design problem domain is difficult to grasp, especially when the problem domain is novel and
Multi-Document Summarization : Content Selection based on CST Model ( Cross-document Structure Theory )

This paper presents the definition, formalization and evaluation of Content Selection strategies, based on CST semantic-discursive model (Crossdocument Structure Theory). These strategies were modeled by operators that represent possible summarization preferences. Our experiments were performed using CSTNews corpus, which consists on a group of journalistic texts written in Brazilian Portuguese language, and show that the use of CST knowledge improves the quality of summaries in terms of informativity. This approach is novel for Brazilian Portuguese language, because it is the first that explores linguistic knowledge in a differentiated way.
Estimation of spot weld design parameters using deep learning

In automotive production, each automobile has approximately 7,000 to 12,000 spot welds along with other kinds of connections. The position of the spot weld with respect to the flange and the distance between the spot welds as well as various other parameters usually vary for each part combination (spot weld design). If these properties are known, they can be used for automatic generation of spot welds during the design phase of the product development which is otherwise a cumbersome manual process. The spot weld design to be determined by the engineer depends on many factors (input parameters) such as loads and forces that might be applied to the structure, material combination, geometry of the parts, connection technology and its process parameters. Some of these parameters such as material combination and geometry of the parts are predefined by the designer or are results of the circumstances such as loads and forces applied at the connection. The remaining parameters such as connection technology, process parameters, spot weld distances and flange distance have to be chosen by the engineer. On the basis of existing designs and with help of machine learning techniques it may be possible to predict the spot weld design parameters like spot weld distance and flange distance. Within this work existing spot-weld designs are extracted from a vast amount of FEM simulation input data available in the Simulation Data Management (SDM) system LoCo of SCALE GmbH and applied as the basis for training and benchmarking new methods for estimating spot weld parameters.
3 D Face Analysis for Facial Expression Recognition

In this paper, we investigate the person-independent 3D facial expression recognition. A 3D shape analysis is applied on local regions of 3D face scan. The correspondent regions of different faces under different expressions, are extracted and represented by a set of closed that capture their shapes. A framework is applied to quantify the deformations between curves and compute the geodesic length (or distance) that separates them. These measures are employed as inputs to a commonly used classification techniques such as AdaBoost and Support Vector Machines (SVM). A quantitative evaluation of our novel approach is conducted on the publicly available BU-3DFE database.
Money and Biased Technical Progress: A Further. Test on'Monetization as Technological Innovation' Hypothesis

Recent studies have tested the hypothesis of 'monetization as technological innovation' for the Indian economy. The objective of this paper is to test the above hypothesis on the the Malaysian rubber estate sector data over the period 1962-89. We seek to determine the bias in technical change on labor and capital in the rubber estate sector economy. In this study, we use both the conventional and the error correction model of production function. Results indicate that the total bias in technical change is labor saving. The study further points out that the failure to appropriately allow for non-stationary il1legrated variables in estimation has led lO estimates which are subjected to substantial upward bias.
Effect of Nanochannel Diameter and Debye Length on Ion Current Rectification in a Fluidic Bipolar Diode

We have simulated ion current rectification (ICR) in a bipolar nanochannel fluidic diode for different nanochannel diameters, electrolyte concentrations, and surface charge densities. The ICR decreases with diameter of the fluidic nanochannel due to decrease in unipolar character of the electrolyte. The ICR decreases with electrolyte concentration due to surface charge screening by counterions. The ICR increases with channel diameter for a given ratio of channel diameter to Debye length. Scaling of forward and reverse current densities with electrolyte concentration has been determined using curve fitting for different values of surface charge densities and channel diameters. The ICR can be increased by increasing surface charge density to enhance unipolar character of the electrolyte. The fluid velocity close to the nanochannel walls is driven by body force and along the center by the fluid pressure, which gives rise to a curly fluid flow.
Title Page Title: Apathy: an underestimated feature in GBA and LRRK2 non-manifesting mutation carriers. Running title: Apathy in prodromal Parkinson’s disease

Background: Higher prevalence of motor and non-motor features has been observed in non-manifesting mutation carriers of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) compared to Healthy Controls (HC). Objectives: The aim was to detect the differences between GBA and LRRK2 mutation carriers without PD and HC on neuropsychiatric symptoms. Methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective study of non-manifesting GBA and LRRK2 mutation carriers and HC enrolled into Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Data extracted from the PPMI database contained: demographics and performance in MoCA scale and MDS-UPDRS scale part 1A (neuropsychiatric symptoms). All six features were treated as both continuous (MDS-UPDRS individual scores) and categorical variables (MDS-UPDRS individual score>0 and MDS-UPDRS individual score=0). Logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the association between mutation carrying status and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Results: We found that non-manifesting mutation carriers as a whole (total N=654, GBA: n=285, LRRK2: n=369) were 2.3 times more likely to present apathy compared to HC, even after adjustment for covariates (adjusted OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.1-5.0, p-value=0.027). The effect was mainly driven by GBA mutation carriers (adjusted OR= 2.6, 95% CI=1.1-6.3, p=0.031), while the higher percentage of apathy for LRRK2 carriers compared to HC was marginally non-significant. Other neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as psychotic or depressive manifestations, did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Symptoms of apathy could be present in the premotor period of LRRK2 and, especially, GBA mutation carriers. Longitudinal data, including detailed neuropsychiatric evaluation and neuroimaging, would be essential to further investigate the pathophysiological basis of this finding. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 22, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07. 20.21260819 doi: medRxiv preprint
Estimation of COVID-19 recovery and decease periods in Canada using machine learning algorithms

We derive a novel model escorted by large scale compartments, based on a set of coupled delay differential equations with extensive delays, in order to estimate the incubation, recovery and decease periods of COVID-19, and more generally any infectious disease. This is possible thanks to machine learning algorithms applied to publicly available database of confirmed corona cases, recovered cases and death toll. In this purpose, we separate i) the total cases into 14 groups corresponding to 14 incubation periods, ii) the recovered cases into 406 groups corresponding to a combination of incubation and recovery periods, and iii) the death toll into 406 groups corresponding to a combination of incubation and decease periods. In this paper, we focus on recovery and decease periods and their correlation with the incubation period. The estimated mean recovery period we obtain is 22.14 days (95% Confidence Interval(CI): 22.00 to 22.27), and the 90th percentile is 28.91 days (95% CI: 28.71 to 29.13), which is in agreement with statistical supported studies. The bimodal gamma distribution reveals that there are two groups of recovered individuals with a short recovery period, mean 21.02 days (95% CI: 20.92 to 21.12), and a long recovery period, mean 38.88 days (95% CI 38.61 to 39.15). Our study shows that the characteristic of the decease period and the recovery period are alike. From the bivariate analysis, we observe a high probability domain for recovered individuals with respect to incubation and recovery periods. A similar domain is obtained for deaths analyzing bivariate distribution of incubation and decease periods.