Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010) Yellow Vein Clearing of Lemon in Pakistan

In different citrus areas of Pakistan, lemon and sour orange trees show vein clearing frequently associated with leaf crinkling. Bark inoculation of different citrus species and varieties reproduced the symptoms on sour orange and Femminello Siracusano lemon, whereas Navelina ISA 315, Hamlin and Pineapple sweet orange showed only mild mottling and rings. Rough lemon, Ciaculli and Parson's Special mandarin, Marsh Seedless grapefruit, Mexican lime, alemow, Etrog Arizona 861-S1 citron and Dweet tangor were symptomless. Mechanical inoculation with scalpel blade failed to transmit the disease. DAS-ELISA tests for citrus variegation virus and citrus tristezavirus and electron microscopic observations for viral particles were negative. On the basis of symptoms and host range, it is suggested that yellow vein clearing might be a new graft transmissible disease.
Revisiting the price puzzle in Chile

Economic theory argues that a contractionary monetary policy has a negative impact on inflation. Despite this, evidence from the empirical literature frequently finds that the estimated impulse-response function of a vector autoregressive (VAR) model implies that inflation increases after an unexpected monetary shock. This is referred to as the price puzzle and was first noted by Sims (1992) for a number of industrialized countries. The present note revisits the price puzzle in Chile with data from 2002 to 2016. Even though the results are not statistically significant, they do show an interesting feature. In line with the main part of the earlier literature, inflation increases after an unexpected monetary shock in the pre-crises period suggesting the presence of a price puzzle in Chile. After the crisis, however, inflation decreases following a monetary shock. This is in contrast with earlier evidence for Chile suggesting that the price puzzle is no longer present.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBS

Nutritive values of the leaves of Mediterranean shrubsQuercus coccifera,Calicotome villosa ,Rhamnus oleoidesssp. graecus,Pistacia terebinthus, Paliurus spina-christiandPhillyrea latifolia, andLeuceana leucocephala,an introduced specieswere studied. These shrubs were handharvested from three plots established in the experimental field at before flowering,floweringandbear fruitstages. The nutritive values were evaluated in terms of the chemical composition, dry matter (DM),organic matter (OM), relative f eed value (RFV), dry matter intake(DM I)as well asdigestibledry matter (DDM) . Maturity had a significant effect on the chemical composition, ,OM andestimated paramete rs (DDM, DMI and RFV)of the leaves of the shrub species . Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and condensed tannin (CT) contents increased with increasing maturity whereas the crude protein decreased. DM and estimated parameters alsodecreased with increasing maturity. CP, ADF , NDF, AshandCT contents ranged from6.4to33. 3%, from6.9to39. 1%, from 10.1 to 50.5%, from 2.9 to 6.8% and from0.7 to 1 5.8%, respectively. The OM andDM ranged from 93.2 to 97.1% and from 28.5 to 70.8%, res pectively. The digestibility DM ,DM intake andRFV ranged from58.4 to 83.5%, from 2.4 to 11.9% and from 107.7 to 769.3, respectively ADF, NDF and condensed tannincontentsof the leaves of the shrub species harvested at bear fruit stage were significantly higher thanthoseharvested at before flowering and flowering stages, while CP contentsand estimated parameters of the leaves of the shrub species harvested at flowering stage were significantly higher than those harvested at before flowering and bear fr uit stages.The biplot analysis indicated negative correlation of CP contentwithOM and DM, whereas it is positively correlated with CT an d
Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Friction in Transient Two-Phase Flow with Godunov Method

Most numerical transient flow models that consider dynamic friction employ a finite differences approach or the method of characteristics. These models assume a single fluid (water only) with constant density and pressure wave velocity. But when transient flow modeling attempts to integrate the presence of air, which produces a variable density and pressure-wave velocity, the resolution scheme becomes increasingly complex. Techniques such as finite volumes are often used to improve the quality of results because of their conservative form. This paper focuses on a resolution technique for unsteady friction using the Godunov approach in a finite volume method employing single-equivalent twophase flow equations. The unsteady friction component is determined by taking into account local and convective instantaneous accelerations and the sign of both convective acceleration and velocity values. The approach is used to reproduce a set of transient flow experiments reported in the literature, and good agreement between simulated and experimental results is found.
The Impact of ICT on Growth in Transition Economies

The paper analyzes the multi-channel contribution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to output and labour productivity growth in eight transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), i.e. Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Slovenia between 1995-2001. The impact of ICT on growth in the new five EU member countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) was higher than the average for the former EU-15. Hence, ICT - through both the capital deepening and TFP growth in ICT-producing sector - contributed to convergence of the level of income between those countries and the EU-15. This was however not the case for Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia, where ICT contribution to growth was lower than in the EU- 15. ICT thus led to income deconvergence. Future growth prospects of the CEE countries, including Russia, will largely depend on further ICT investments and an ability to ensure their productive use on a macro, industry and micro level. The paper speculates that ICT capital will have a significant contribution to long-term growth in Poland, taken as a proxy for other CEE countries, on the level of 15% of the projected average annual GDP growth of 4% until 2025. This projection does not however take into account the potential for emergence of new applications of ICT, which could stimulate further increases in aggregate productivity. Neither does it measure the possible contribution from TFP growth in ICT sector and from the spillover effects of ICT production and use. The paper argues that the potential of ICT will not however be realized without changes in business models and an increase in the quality of human capital and ICT skills. On the macrolevel, as indicated by the New Economy Indicator, ICT will not benefit CEE countries without them making consistent progress in economic, institutional and regulatory environment.
Investigating the Efficacy and Anti-Resistance Activity of Fexinidazole in Conjunction with Eflornithine Against Trypanosoma Brucei for Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is one of 17 neglected tropical disease prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO). Neglected tropical diseases are diseases which affect poor or developing countries and which do not get as much as attention as the ‘big three’: malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. HAT specifically affects coutries in Sub-Saharan Africa and is caused by a parasitic protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei. There are two stages of HAT: the early haemolymphatic and late meningo-encephalitic stages. There are also two subtypes of the disease caused by either T. b. gambiense or T.b rhodesiense forms of the parasite. There are four drugs currently used to treat HAT, depending on the subtype of disease and whichever stage a patient is in. The nitroheterocyclic drug, Fexinidazole is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of both the early and late stages of HAT as well as the two subtypes. However, as with most antiparasitic drugs, potential parasitic resistance of the target parasite to Fexinidazole is an issue which must be taken into consideration and dealt with. Combination therapy is a method by which the likelihood of potential parasite resistance is reduced. The therapy uses two chemically unrelated drugs to treat a disease and is based on the theory that parasitic resistance to a combination therapy is less likely than resistance to a monotherapy. The combined drugs usually work additively or synergistically to treat the disease as well. Eflornithine (also known as α-difluoromethylorntihine or DFMO) is a drug currently used in combination with nifurtimox to treat the second stage of HAT caused by T.b gambiense. Nifurtimox and Fexinidazole are both nitroheterocyclic drugs and as a result, have similar modes of action. Therefore, I believe that eflornithine is the ideal partner drug to be used in conjunction with Fexinidazole since it has been shown to be effective in combination with a Fexinidazolerelated drug (nifurtimox) but is not chemically related to Fexinidazole. The use of this combination therapy will allow prolonged use of Fexinidazole in treating HAT and contribute towards the eventual elimination of the disease.
VPRM-CHINA: Using the Vegetation, Photosynthesis, and Respiration Model to partition contributions to CO 2 measurements in Northern China during the 2005–2009 growing seasons

Abstract. Accurately quantifying the spatiotemporal distribution of the biological component of CO 2 surface-atmosphere exchange is necessary to improve top-down constraints on China's anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. We provide hourly fluxes of CO 2 as Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE; µmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ) on a 0.25° × 0.25° grid by adapting the Vegetation, Photosynthesis, and Respiration Model (VPRM) to the eastern half of China for the time period from 2005–2009; the minimal empirical parameterization of the VPRM-CHINA makes it well-suited for inverse modeling approaches. This study diverges from previous VPRM applications in that it is applied at large scale to China's ecosystems for the first time, incorporating a novel processing framework not previously applied to existing VPRM versions. In addition, the VPRM-CHINA model prescribes methods for addressing dual-cropping regions that have two separate growing season modes applied to the same model gridcell. We evaluate the VPRM-CHINA performance during the growing season and compare to other biospheric models. We calibrate the VPRM-CHINA with ChinaFlux and FluxNet data and scale up regionally using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model v3.6. 1 meteorology and MODIS surface reflectances. When combined with an anthropogenic emissions model in a Lagrangian particle transport framework, we compare the ability of VPRM-CHINA relative to an ensemble mean of global hourly flux models (NASA CMS) to reproduce observations made at a site in Northern China. The measurements are heavily influenced by the Northern China administrative region. Modeled hourly timeseries using vegetation fluxes prescribed by VPRM-CHINA exhibit low bias relative to measurements during the May-September growing season. Compared to NASA CMS subset over the study region, VPRM-CHINA agrees significantly better with measurements. NASA CMS consistently underestimates regional uptake in the growing season. We find that during the peak growing season, when the heavily cropped North China Plain significantly influences measurements, VPRM-CHINA models an CO 2 uptake signal comparable in magnitude to the modeled anthropogenic signal. In addition to demonstrating efficacy as a low-bias prior for top-down CO 2 inventory optimization studies using ground-based measurements, high spatiotemporal resolution models such as the VPRM are critical for interpreting retrievals from global CO 2 remote sensing platforms such as OCO-2 and OCO-3 (planned). Depending on the satellite time-of-day and season of crossover, efforts to interpret the relative contribution of the vegetation and anthropogenic components to the measured signal are critical in key emitting regions such as Northern China – where the magnitude of the vegetation CO 2 signal is shown to be equivalent to the anthropogenic signal.
Prediction of sugar content along the height of sugarcane internodes using VisNIR

Sugarcane is a tall crop with sugar distribution varying along the height. Using Vis/NIR spectrometer, an initial measurement was carried out to investigate the sugar distribution along the height of internodes. Spectral data was collected from 25 internode samples. Each internode sample was further cut into four sections and scanned based on cross-sectional scanning (CSS) and skin scanning (SS). It was found that for the cross-sectional scanning (CSS), the coefficient of determination (R2) varied between 0.78 and 0.89, achieving the highest value around the middle of the internode. For the skin scanning (SS), the coefficient of determination (R2) varied between 0.81 and 0.91, also achieving the highest value around the middle of the internode. The results suggested that quality prediction based on non-juice sample is feasible using a spectrometer.
Sward structure of marandu palisadegrass subjected to continuous stocking and nitrogen-induced rhythms of growth

A aceleracao do ritmo de crescimento das plantas por meio da adubacao nitrogenada altera a velocidade dos processos fisiologicos, atuando sobre o crescimento e a senescencia, podendo refletir-se em alteracoes importantes sobre a estrutura do dossel. Avaliou-se a estrutura do dossel forrageiro de pastos de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) mantidos a 30 cm de altura por meio de lotacao continua e submetidos a ritmos de crescimento contrastantes de janeiro de 2007 a abril de 2008. Os distintos ritmos de crescimento foram criados por meio da utilizacao de adubacao nitrogenada, segundo os tratamentos: sem adubacao (controle), 150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de N. A aceleracao do ritmo de crescimento dos pastos resultou em aumentos de densidade volumetrica de folhas e de colmos, refletindo em maior IAF e densidade volumetrica total em pastos submetidos aos ritmos de crescimento mais acelerados (adubados com 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de N) relativamente aqueles submetidos a ritmos de crescimento mais lentos (pastos nao adubados e/ou adubados com 150 kg ha-1 de N). Variacoes em densidade volumetrica do material morto estiveram associadas a flutuacoes estacionais das condicoes climaticas, e nao foram influenciadas pelos ritmos de crescimento avaliados. Na epoca da seca (outono/inverno e inicio de primavera), os pastos submetidos aos ritmos de crescimento mais acelerados apresentaram maior proporcao de folhas no horizonte superior do dossel. Por outro lado, a estrutura do dossel nao variou entre os ritmos de crescimento nas epocas de maior disponibilidade de fatores de crescimento (final de primavera e verao), indicando que quando o controle do processo de pastejo e feito de maneira eficiente, mudancas em estrutura sao funcao basicamente de variacoes estacionais em condicoes climaticas e estadio fenologico das plantas.
RFIA: A Novel RF-band Interference Attenuation Method in Passive Radar

Passive radars get benefit from transmitter signals in the environment for target detection. One of the most important challenges in these radars is multipath and direct path interferences that enter the target and reference antennas. This article expressed the types of weakening, and multi-step structure to mitigate the mentioned signals in passive radars. In the RF-band Interference Attenuation (RFIA) Method, at the first step the strongest interference component is mitigated by controlling the phase and amplitude. In next steps, other interference components are similarly nulled. This structure leads to separate mitigation for each interference components. Simulation results show the success of RFIA method to reduce dynamic range of analog-to-digital converter and, accordingly, the number of required bits for this converter.
Wavelet analysis of the singular spectral reconstructed time series to study the imprints of solar–ENSO–geomagnetic activity on Indian climate

Abstract. To study the imprints of the solar–ENSO–geomagnetic activity on the Indian subcontinent, we have applied singular spectral analysis (SSA) and wavelet analysis to the tree-ring temperature variability record from the Western Himalayas. Other data used in the present study are the solar sunspot number (SSN), geomagnetic indices (aa index), and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) for the common time period of 1876–2000. Both SSA and wavelet spectral analyses reveal the presence of 5–7-year short-term ENSO variations and the 11-year solar cycle, indicating the possible combined influences of solar–geomagnetic activities and ENSO on the Indian temperature. Another prominent signal corresponding to 33-year periodicity in the tree-ring record suggests the Sun-temperature variability link probably induced by changes in the basic state of the Earth's atmosphere. In order to complement the above findings, we performed a wavelet analysis of SSA reconstructed time series, which agrees well with our earlier results and increases the signal-to-noise ratio, thereby showing the strong influence of solar–geomagnetic activity and ENSO throughout the entire period. The solar flares are considered responsible for causing the atmospheric circulation patterns. The net effect of solar–geomagnetic processes on the temperature record might suggest counteracting influences on shorter (about 5–6-year) and longer (about 11–12-year) timescales. The present analyses suggest that the influence of solar activities on the Indian temperature variability operates in part indirectly through coupling of ENSO on multilateral timescales. The analyses, hence, provide credible evidence of teleconnections of tropical Pacific climatic variability and Indian climate ranging from inter-annual to decadal timescales and also suggest the possible role of exogenic triggering in reorganizing the global Earth–ocean–atmospheric systems.
A Review of Perfectly Matched Absorbers for the Finite-Volume Time-Domain Method

Different implementations of planar per- fectly matched absorbers are studied under the unified framework of the Finite-Volume Time-Domain (FVTD) method. This comparative analysis allows to discuss the similarities existing between the theoretical models and explores the differences in their practical implementation and numerical performance in the framework of the FVTD method. Numerical experiments for performance analysis of the different PML models are conducted in terms of discretization and angle of incidence using waveguide models. The results are compared to theoreti- cally expected values and to the first-order Silver M¨ uller absorbing boundary condition.
Infield Biomass Sorghum Yield Component Traits Extraction Pipeline Using Stereo Vision

Yield component traits such as plant height and stem diameter are dominant phenotypic data for biomass sorghum yield prediction. Extraction of these traits by machine vision during the growing season significantly reduces labor and time cost for large breeding programs. An automated 3D point cloud processing pipeline was developed to quantify different phenotypic variations in plant architecture of infield biomass sorghum. The input point cloud was generated by three side-view stereo camera heads placed vertically to capture extremely high plants. The features were extracted on a row plot basis instead of individual due to severe occlusion caused by densely populated leaves. Available features include plant height, plant width, vegetation volume index, and vegetation area index. Our strategy was to slice the point cloud along row direction into several equal volume slices and sum up the feature values with weights based on the point population and distribution in each volume slice. Therefore, the results were robust against empty space and abnormal individuals in the row plot. In addition, a semi-automated user interface was developed for users to measure stem diameters from the stereo images according to their specific sampling strategies. Users only need to zoom in on a stem segment and pick four corners of the rectangular segment. Metric measurement is then computed automatically based on image patch stereo matching using normalized cross correlation. The extracted stem diameters were compared to manual measurements in the field and a high correlation was obtained. The extracted features revealed great potential for automated field-based high-throughput phenotyping for plant architecture.
Dimensional Analysis and Dissipation Rate Estimation in the Near Wake of a Circular Cylinder

A particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment is performed for dissipation rate estimation in the near wake behind a circular cylinder with diameter D of 12 mm and corresponding Reynolds number of 7100. Considering the limitation of PIV resolution, a large eddy PIV method based on idea of large eddy simulation (LES), is used for more accurate estimation of dissipation rate. Based on the dynamic equilibrium assumption in the inertial subrange, the dissipation rate of the subgrid scales is approximated by the subgrid scale (SGS) flux, computed from PIV velocity fields and Smagorinsky model for SGS stress. A dimensional analysis about the integral length scale and the Kolmogorov length scale is discussed firstly to verify whether the dynamic equilibrium assumption holds or not.
A tool for enhancing MetaMap performance when annotating clinical guideline documents with UMLS concepts

We developed a tool that integrates the National Library of Medicine's MetaMap software with GATE, an open-source text an- alytics framework. The tool allows non-ASCII encoded documents of numerous formats to be annotated with UMLS concepts. We created a GATE pipeline to chunk cardiovascular disease guideline text into default segments (blank-line delimited), XML element content, sentences and phrases, which were sequentially submitted to MetaMap for annotation. XML element, sentence and phrase chunking allowed term extraction and mapping to be completed in around 1/3 of the time taken with de- fault chunking, although with slight loss of accuracy (F1.0s=0.94-0.99). However, phrase chunking allows more complex input to be processed in real time, which is not possible with the other approaches. We discuss the results in relation to use of MetaMap's --term processing option for generating pre- and post-coordinated mappings from composite phrases.
The role of social support in posttraumatic growth in people struggling with cancer

The experience of cancer, in addition to a number of adverse effects that manifest themselves in different spheres of functioning, may also serve human development. This was confirmed by recent studies on posttraumatic growth. This phenomenon requires the presence of positive changes in self-perception, interpersonal relationships, and philosophy of life, which appear as a result of attempts to cope with the aftermath of traumatic events. Studies indicate that the incidence of positive changes as a result of the experience of cancer is quite high and occurs in 30-90% of patients. They relate mainly to the relationships with other people and an appreciation of life and are characteristic especially for the early stages of diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Among the factors determining posttraumatic growth, a key role is attributed to social support. This paper presents the role of social support in the process of developing positive changes after the trauma associated with the experience of cancer, including the types and sources of support.