Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capital-Skill Complementarity and Economic Development∗

Capital deepening has played an important role for the economic development of many countries, especially for the East Asian ‘Growth Miracles. ’ At the same time the fraction of output invested in capital increased gradually over time. These growth characteristics appear to be at odds with the standard growth model which predicts that investment rates should start out high and then decline over time. We argue that the neoclassical growth model is still consistent with a hump-shaped investment rate if one takes into account that capital and skilled labor are complementary in production and that the relative supply of skilled labor increases only gradually over time. Based on the model calibrated to the observed population, TFP, employment, and skilled labor ratios in Korea for the last 40 years, we reproduces a hump-shape pattern of investment and savings rates. ∗ We would like to thank discussants and participants at various conferences and seminars, in particular, Francesco Caselli, Jang-Ok Cho, Seijik Kim, Yongjin Kim, Kyoungmook Lim, Jong-Wha Lee, Jaewoo Lee, Diego Restuccia, and Kei-Mu Yi. Kangwoo Park has provided excellent research assistance. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond or the Federal Reserve System. Our e-mail addresses are yohg@snu.ac. kr and andreas.hornstein@rich.frb. org. † Seoul National University ‡ Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
Evaluation of intercropping system based modules for the management of major insect pests of brinjal

An IPM based module consisting of brinjal (PKM 1) + cluster bean (4:1) six releases of Trichogramma chilonis @ 2.5 cc/acre on 15, 22, 29, 36 43 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT) + two releases of Chrysoperla eggs @ (20,000 eggs/acre) on 60 and 70 DAT + yellow sticky trap @ 25/acre + Lencinodes orbonalis pheromone trap @ 5 /acre (Intercropping system based module I) was found to be the best in managing major pests of brinjal.
Aspects of the early life history of the japanese eel Anguilla japonica determined from otolith microstructure

Otoliths (sagittae) of 22 elvers of Anguilla japonica which were collected in southern Kyushu, Japan, in December 1981 and January and March 1982, and in northern Taiwan in November 1981, and of two artificially hatched larvae were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Otoliths of five elvers of A. marmorata from the same places were also observed. The arrangement and other characteristics of otolith rings in both species were similar to those of the daily rings known for other species. The total number of rings in A. japonica for the November, December, January and March samples averaged 130.8, 155.2, 163.7 and 169.8, and that in A. marmorata for the November and January samples was 146.3 (mean) and 133, respectively. The otolith of 6 day old larvae indicated that the first ring in the elvers was not formed at hatching. The spawning time was estimated to be June-October 1981 for A. japonica, and May-August 1981 for A.marmorata, respectively. The three samples from southern Kyushu differed with each other in the time of spawning, the location of and/or the route from the waters they were spawned. The December elvers may have grown faster than the March elvers.
Cell division in Escherichia coli the expression and regulation of division genes

The four essential cell division genes ftsQ, ftsA, ftsZ. and envA are arranged sequentially within a large cluster of genes required for cell envelope growth and form. The bacteriophage X.TFL100 carries the 1.8 kilobase R1.adIII chromosomal restriction fragment which spans the ftsQ and part of ftsA coding sequences. This fragment contains at least two promoters; one within ftsQ is required for the expression of ftsA and one within ftsA is required for expression of ftsZ. The f.j. fragment is cloned upstream of a lecZ gene so that transcription originating from within the fragment leads to the production of -galactosidase. Expression from the fts promoters in cells lysogenic for the phage is shown to be derepressed in the absence of FtsA protein. The results presented here suggest that transcription from these promoters is linked to the cell's periodic requirement f or FtsA protein during septum formation. The exact positions of the promoters within the group is not yet known although their approximate locations have been determined by promoter assay and sequence analysis. An attempt has been made to define the position of the ftsA promoter more precisely by j.-vitro transcription from short, defined templates and by the sequential deletion of ftsQ. Serial deletion through ftsQ has revealed what appears to be a complex upstream regulatory region, reminiscent of a eukaryotic enhancer element, which influences the expression of ftsA. A model is presented for the transcriptional control of ftsA expression.
Dynamic switching in predator attack and maternal defence of prey

Predator and prey relationships are dynamic and interrelated. Thus, any offensive behaviour will vary according to differing defensive behaviours, or vice versa, within each species in any predator–prey system. However, most studies are one-sided as they focus on just one behaviour, that of either the predator or prey. Here, we examine both predatory behaviour of an oophagus katydid and antipredator behaviour by a frog with egg-stage parental care. Katydid offensive behaviour and predation success was greater in females and increased with predator maturity and size. Frog defensive behaviour was sex specific, probably because only mothers provide parental care. Defensive behaviour could be active, such as charging predators, or passive, such as sheltering eggs, with greater active defence against larger predators; neither was influenced by offspring age. These results are contrary to existing theory, which argues parental investment ought to be negatively correlated with parental predation risks and affected by offspring age. This study highlights the use of antipredator behaviour to test predictions of parental investment theories in amphibians. In addition, it illustrates the need to consider factors that influence both species concurrently when examining the complex interaction between predators and parents.
EFEITOS DE INSETICIDAS BOTÂNICO E SINTÉTICOS SOBRE OVOS E LARVAS DE CYCLONEDA SANGUINEA (LINNAEUS) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) EM CONDIÇÕES DE LABORATÓRIO

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do azadirachtina e de alguns inseticidas sintéticos utilizados na cultura do algodoeiro sobre ovos e larvas de primeiro e quarto instares do predador Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus). Nim-I-Go® (azadirachtina) foi utilizado nas concentrações de 1%, 5% e 10%, correspondendo a 10 mg/L, 50 mg/L e 100 mg/L de azadirachtina, respectivamente. Os inseticidas utilizados foram teflubenzurom (Nomolt 150 SC) (0,15 g i.a./L), lambdacialotrina (Karate Zeon 250 CS) (0,08 g i.a./L) e clorpirifós (Vexter 480 CE) (1,6 g i.a./L). O tratamento testemunha foi composto somente por água destilada. Utilizaram-se sete tratamentos com seis repetições, sendo cada parcela formada por três ovos ou larvas de C. sanguinea, sendo as aplicações realizadas com um pulverizador manual. Os bioensaios foram mantidos a 25 ± 2o C, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Os insetos foram alimentados ad libitum com o pulgão-verde-do-sorgo Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). Todos o compostos avaliados reduziram a viabilidade de ovos. Lambdacialotrina e clorpirifós foram altamente tóxicos para larvas de 1 o e 4o instar de C. sanguinea. Azadirachtina a 50 e 100 mg/L foi tóxico para larvas de quarto instar de C. sanguinea. Em função da baixa toxicidade apresentada, azadirachtina 10 mg/L e teflubenzuron apresentam as características mais favoráveis para uso em associação com C. sanguinea, para o controle de pragas na cultura algodoeira, dentre os compostos testados.
Compatibility of translational enhancers with various plant species

Translational enhancers are effective tools to increase the expression level of transgenes in plant cells, and some candidate elements are in use today. However, knowledge about suitable elements for a given plant species are limited. We aim here to make a catalogue of translational enhancers, and evaluated the effectiveness of 5′-UTRs of Nicotiana tabacum alcohol dehysrogenase gene (NtADH 5′-UTR), Arabidopsis thaliana ADH gene (AtADH 5′-UTR), Oryza sativa ADH gene (OsADH 5′-UTR), Ω derived from tobacco mosaic virus, and tobacco etch virus leader (TEVL) in various plant species. We found that the OsADH 5′-UTR is functional in all plant species tested, and that Ω and TEVL are effective in eudicots but not in monocots. From these results, we speculate that the degree of translational enhancement of any element in a given plant species is closely correlated with the phylogenic position of the species.
Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Smartphone overuse has been cited as a potentially modifiable risk factor that can result in visual impairment. However, associations between smartphone overuse and visual impairment have not been consistently reported. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to determine the association between smartphone overuse and visual impairment, including myopia, blurred vision, and poor vision, in children and young adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic search in the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, and ScienceDirect since the beginning of the databases to June 2020. Fourteen eligible studies (ten cross-sectional studies and four controlled trials) were identified, which included a total of 27110 subjects with mean ages ranging from 9.5 to 26.0 years. We used a random-effects model in the ten cross-sectional studies (n = 26962) and a fixed-effects model in the four controlled trials (n = 148) to combine odds ratios (OR) and effect sizes (ES). The I2 statistics was used to assess heterogeneity. Results: A pooled OR of 1.05 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.13; p = 0.159) from cross-sectional studies suggests that smartphone overuse is not statistically significantly associated with myopia, poor vision, or blurred vision, however these visual impairments together are more apparent in children (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.14; p = 0.087) than in young adults (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.46; p = 0.707). In all the controlled trials, the smartphone overuse groups showed worse visual function scores compared with the less-use groups. The pooled ES is 0.76 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.99) and statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicate that longer smartphone use may increase the likelihood of ocular symptoms including myopia, asthenopia, and/or ocular surface disease, especially in children. Thus, regulating use time and restricting the prolonged use of smartphones may prevent ocular and visual symptoms. Further research on the patterns of use, with longer follow-up on the longitudinal associations will help inform detailed guidelines and recommendations for smartphone use in children and young adults.
Bacterial pulmonary superinfections are associated with unfavourable outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients

Objectives While superinfections are associated with unfavourable disease course, their impact on clinical outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the burden of superinfections in COVID-19 patients. Methods In this prospective single centre cohort study in an intensive care setting patients aged [≥] 18 years with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome were assessed for concomitant microbial infections by longitudinal analysis of tracheobronchial secretions, bronchoalveolar lavages and blood. Our primary outcome was ventilator-free survival on day 28 in patients with and without clinically relevant superinfection. Further outcomes included the association of superinfection with ICU length of stay, incidence of bacteremia, viral reactivations, and fungal colonization. Results In 45 critically ill COVID-19 patients, we identified 19 patients with superinfections (42.2%) by longitudinal analysis of 433 TBS, 35 BAL and 455 blood samples, respectively. On average, superinfections were detected on day 10 after ICU admission. The most frequently isolated clinically relevant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ventilator-free survival was substantially lower in patients with superinfection (subhazard ratio 0.37, 95%-CI 0.15-0.90, p=0.028). Patients with pulmonary superinfections more often had bacteraemia, virus reactivations, yeast colonization, and needed ICU treatment for a significantly longer time. Conclusions The detection of superinfections was frequent and associated with reduced ventilator-free survival. Despite empirical antibiotic therapy, superinfections lead to an extended ICU stay in COVID 19 patients. Longitudinal microbiological sampling in COVID-19 patients could allow targeted antimicrobial therapy, and therefore minimize the use of broad-spectrum and reserve antibiotics.
Tissue and Inducible Expression of a Rice Glutathione Transporter Gene Promoter in Transgenic Arabidopsis

The promoter of a rice glutathione transporter (OsGT1) was fused to the reporter gene s-glucuronidase (GUS) and introduced into Arabidopsis to analyze promoter and expression patterns. Deletion of various length-promoter studies indicated that a 1246 bp fragment upstream of start codon (ATG) of OsGT1 is sufficient to activate the expression of GUS gene. The GUS assays revealed that the OsGT1 promoter is expressed in an organ and tissue-specific manner. GUS was being expressed in the root stele, the veins of cotyledons, the anthers and flower petals, but not in leaves or stems under normal growth conditions. GUS expression activated by the OsGT1 promoter was strongly stimulated by NaCl and low temperature, moderately by abscisic acid and naphthaleneacetic acid, and not at all by salicylic acid and gibberellic acid. Expression was inhibited by cadmium but not by copper. The function of OsGT1 in glutathione transport in normal or stress conditions is discussed.
Controlling and Tracking an Unmanned Ground Vehicle with Ackermanndrive

This work presents a tracking and control mechanism for an UGV (Unmanned Ground Vehicle) and its integration into ROS (Robot Operating System). The overall goal of which this work is part, is the creation of a ﬂeet of ackermann robots to conduct studies in the ﬁeld of autonomous driving. In order to achieve this goal a 1:10 RC-race car model is equipped with an Arduino board to control the vehicles actuators and a Raspberry Pi to host the ROS server. In addition, a physics simulation is used to model this car for testing. The shown results support the used velocity motion model and the applicability of the developed interface to control both platforms
The herb layer restoration potential of the soil seed bank in an overgrazed oak forest

We investigated the potential contribution of the persistent soil seed bank in post-disturbance restoration of the herb layer in a long-term overgrazed, mixed oak forest (NW Greece). We examined the impacts of grazing on plant richness and density in the soil seed bank in regard to the different dispersal and life strategy types of the herb layer taxa. Soil seed bank was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed and contrasting plant guilds were defined according to life strategy type and dispersal mode. Soil seed bank differences between a) the upper and lower soil layers and b) plant functional guild pairs (ruderals vs. non ruderals, including typical forest taxa, and physically- vs. animal-dispersed plants) were statistically tested in overgrazed and sporadically grazed plots. Moreover, correlations in soil seed bank species dominance between overgrazed and sporadically grazed plots were examined by Spearman’s Rank correlation. The majority of seeds were found in the upper (0-5 cm) soil layer. Seed density in the deeper (5-10 cm) soil layer was rather poor and did not differ significantly between overgrazed and sporadically grazed plots. In the upper soil layer, both seed density and plant species richness were significantly lower in the overgrazed plots. Overgrazing reduced both species richness and seed density of non-ruderal species in general and typical forest herbs in particular, while it did not affect ruderal species richness and density. Plant species richness and seed density of animal-dispersed taxa were reduced by overgrazing while physically-dispersed species were not affected; it is therefore concluded that large herds of grazers fenced in relatively small areas cannot act as efficient dispersal vectors of the former species. Our findings suggest that, upon cessation of grazing, the soil seed bank is rather inadequate to restore the herb layer of overgrazed forest sites.
Have You Driven an SELinux Lately? An Update on the Security Enhanced Linux Project

Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) [18] has evolved rapidly over the last few years, with many enhancements made to both its core technology and higher-level tools. Following integration into several Linux distributions, SELinux has become the ﬁrst widely used Mandatory Access Control (MAC) scheme. It has helped Linux to receive the highest security certiﬁcation likely possible for a mainstream off the shelf operating system. SELinux has also proven its worth for general purpose use in mitigating several serious security ﬂaws. While SELinux has a reputation for being difﬁcult to use, recent developments have helped signiﬁcantly in this area, and user adoption is advancing rapidly. This paper provides an informal update on the project, discussing key developments and challenges, with the aim of helping people to better understand current SELinux and to make more effective use of it in a wide variety of situations.
Plasmonic lasers at deep sub-wavelength scales

Rupert F Oulton, Volker J Sorger, Thomas Zentgraf, Ren-Min Ma, Christopher Gladden, Lun Dai, Guy Bartal and Xiang Zhang NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centre, 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Mathematical Analysis of Vector-Host Diseases Models

The emphasis of this dissertation lies on the theoretical study of di? erent models of vector borne diseases in order to get better understanding of the transmission and spread of these diseases. The patterns of infection in the host population can be understood more precisely if we comprehend those factors that in? uence the transmission of the disease. Five math ematical models are presented in this dissertation. Four of these explore the dynamics of the disease in relation to human population and mosquitoes. One model is dedicated to pine wilt disease in which hosts are pine trees and vectors are bark beetles. The dynamics of vector-borne diseases are explored on three scales. First, various mathematical models are constructed by using ordinary di? erential equa tions. These models are developed by considering bilinear contact rates, nonlinear inci dence rates and standard incidence rates. The models explore direct as well as vector mediated transmission. In mathematical model of pine wilt disease, it is considered that susceptible beetles (vectors of pine wilt disease) receive infection directly from infectious ones through mating. Next, the global behavior of equilibria of models are analyzed. The analytical expressions for the basic reproduction number R0 are obtained and global dynamics of the models are completely described by this number. Using Lyapunov functional theory it is proved that the disease-free equilibria are globally asymptotically stable whenever R0 ? 1. The geometric approach is utilized to study the global stabilities of endemic equilibria whenever the basic reproduction number exceeds unity. Finally, in order to assess the e? ectiveness of disease control measures, the sensitivity analysis of the basic reproductive number R0 and the endemic proportions with respect to epidemiological and demographic parameters is provided. This sensitivity analysis provide an aid to design e? ective control strategies. It may be an important tool in the decision support system.
Antibody-Like Phosphorylation Sites in Focus of Statistically Based Bilingual Approach

In accordance with previous reports, the sequences related to phosporylated protein segments occur in conserved variable domains of immunoglobulins including first of all certain N-terminally located segments. Consequently, we look here for the sequences 1) composing human and mouse proteins different from antigen receptors, 2) identical with or highly similar to nucleotide sequence representatives of conserved variable immunoglobulin segments and 3) identical with or closely related to phosphorylation sites. More precisely, we searched for the corresponding actual pairs of DNA and protein sequence segments using five-step bilingual approach employing among others a) different types of BLAST searches, b) two in-principle-different machine-learning methods predicting phosphorylated sites and c) two large databases recording existing phosphorylation sites. The approach identified seven existing phosphorylation sites and thirty-seven related human and mouse segments achieving limits for several predictions or phylogenic parameters. Mostly serines phosporylated with ataxia-telangiectasia-related kinase (involved in regulation of DNA-double-strand-break repair) were indicated or predicted in this study. Hypermutation motifs, located in effective positions of the selected sequence segments, occurred significantly less frequently in transcribed than non-transcribed DNA strands suggesting thus the incidence of mutation events. In addition, marked differences between the numbers and proportions of human and mouse cancer-related sequence items were found in different steps of selection process. The possible role of hypermutation changes within the selected segments and the observed structural relationships are discussed here with respect to DNA damage, carcinogenesis, cancer vaccination, ageing and evolution. Taken together, our data represent additional and sometimes perhaps complementary information to the existing databases of empirically proven phosphorylation sites or pathogenically important spots.