Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fe and Ni impurities in synthetic diamond

Abstract Using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microanalysis, including XRF tomography, and Xray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analyses, the distribution, and nature of incorporation of Fe and Ni impurities in as-grown diamond crystals, synthesized under high-pressure and hightemperature (HPHT) conditions, have been characterized. We find significantly different behavior for Fe and Ni as impurities in diamond. Nickel is dispersed and sector-zoned, with concentrations in {111} growth sectors at least 3 times those in {100} sectors, whereas Fe exists in the form of microaggregates or clusters with no observable sector correlation. Fe K-edge XANES shows that Fe is oxidized in diamond and has a valence of 2+. Comparison of XANES spectra from numerous standard compounds indicates that Fe is very likely bonded with oxygen as FeO.
Bioefficacy of Organic Extracts of Ocimum basilicum against Sitophilus zeamais

Ocimum basilicum plant extracts in methanol, hexane and methanol: hexane solvent blend were evaluated for their fumigant toxicities, repellent and adult emergence inhibition activities against Sitophilus zeamais. Twenty grams of maize were used for each treatment and four different extract concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100% were tested for their activities. The highest mortality (100%) was observed after 72 h at 100% O. basilicum blend extract concentration. The methanolic extract recorded mortality rates of 74.36% at highest concentration while 78% mortality was true for hexane extract at 96 hours with 100% extract concentration. The three different solvents extracts of O. basilicum recorded high repellent and new adult emergence inhibition activities comparable to actellic (reference pesticide). In conclusion, blend extract of O. basilicum was the most effective in maize weevil control and therefore can be used in formulating eco-friendly bio-pesticide against S. zeamais.
Experimental determination of the roughness functions of marine coatings

The aim of this paper is to determine the roughness functions of different marine coatings, including two novel FOUL-X-SPEL paints and two existing commercial coatings, and two control surfaces, using the overall method of Granville (1987). An extensive series of towing tests of flat plates coated with different antifouling coatings was carried out at the Kelvin Hydrodynamics Laboratory (KHL) of the University of Strathclyde. The tests were designed to examine the as applied drag performances of FOUL-X-SPEL paints and compare them with two existing reference paints and two control surfaces. The surface roughness amplitude parameters of all of the test surfaces were measured using a hull roughness analyser. In total over 150 runs were carried out, including a series of repeat tests designed to quantify the uncertainty in the results. The drag coefficients and roughness function values of each surface were evaluated along with the uncertainty limits.
An Empirical Research on Influence Factor of College Students' Continued Intentions of Online Self-Regulated Learning Based on the Model of ECM and TAM

Online self-regulated learning has been concerned as one of important learning method. The value of online selfregulated learning can be realized by sustained and effective usage, so it is more important to explore the influence factor of college students’ continued intentions of online self-regulated learning. Based on the Expectation Confirmation Model and Technology Acceptance Model, this paper proposes a conceptual model of explaining the continued intention of online selfregulated learning. Using the data from college students and the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method, the paper explores the key elements and mechanisms that impact the continued intention of online self-regulated learning. There are several findings: Firstly, the perceived usefulness, attitude and using satisfaction positively influence continued learning intention, and the perceived usefulness impacts indirectly continued intention through satisfaction and attitude. Secondly, college students’ satisfaction has a significant and direct impact on the attitude of online selfregulated learning. Thirdly, the perceived ease of use and the expectation of confirmation by students has indirectly affects continued intention through perceived usefulness, satisfaction and attitude of online self-regulated learning Keywords— College student; online self-regulated learning; Expectation Confirmation Model; Technology Acceptance Model; Continued Intention
Taxation, Credit Spreads and Liquidity Traps

We argue that optimal state-contingent variations in asset taxation increase welfare, alter the monetary policy transmission mechanism and insure against liquidity traps. These findings are explained by an endogenous relationship between taxation, the effective rate of return on assets, the inflationary output gap and credit spreads. Such unique link operates via a working-capital cost channel, and affords the policy maker an additional degree of freedom in stabilizing the economy. Optimal policy calls for lowering (increasing) asset taxation following adverse financial (demand) shocks. Severe financial contractions, nonetheless, warrant a more limited tax cut to minimize the occurrence of unintended liquidity traps induced by (otherwise optimal) large fiscal subsidies.
Starting point anchoring effects in choice experiments

Anchoring is acknowledged as a potential source of considerable bias in Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation studies. Recently, another stated preference method known as Choice Experiments has gained in popularity as well as the number of applied studies. However, as the elicitation of preferences in Choice Experiments resembles the Dichotomous Choice format, there is reason to suspect that Choice Experiments are equally vulnerable to anchoring bias. Employing different sets of price levels in a so-called Instruction Choice Set presented prior to the actual choice sets, the present study finds that preferences elicited by Choice Experiments can be subject to starting point anchoring bias. Different price levels provoked significantly different distributions of choice in two otherwise identical choice set designs. On a more specific level, the results indicate that the anchoring subjectivity in the present study is gender dependent, pointing towards, that female respondents are prone to be affected by the price levels employed. Male respondents, on the other hand, are not sensitive towards these prices levels. Overall, this implicates that female respondents, when employing a low-priced Instruction Choice Set, tend to express lower willingness-to-pay than when higher prices are employed. Experiments price levels in a so-called Instruction Choice Set (ICS) presented prior to the actual choice sets, resulted in significantly different distributions of choice in two otherwise identical choice set designs. On a more specific level, the results indicate that the anchoring
Experimental validation of minimum cost function-based model predictive converter control with efficient reference tracking

This study proposes a robust and powerful finite control set-model predictive control (MPC) algorithm to control the load current with lower total harmonic distortion and efficient reference tracking. In this control, the cost functions are determined for all the possible switching states of the converter and a switching state is selected corresponding to the minimum cost function for actuating the converter in the next sampling time period. To justify the performance of the proposed MPC scheme, a comprehensive study with the carrier-based pulse-width modulation, hysteresis current control and proposed minimum cost function-based MPC of the three-phase load current has been verified in MATLAB Simulink as well as the validation with dSPACE RTI1104 experimentation. This study validates the robustness of the proposed minimum cost function-based MPC control with a RL-load and three-phase induction motor (IM) load. The simulation and experimental results justifies the proposed MPC algorithm with potential tracking of the RL-load current corresponding to the reference current with lower harmonic contents as well as tracking of predictive torque and flux compared to the nominal torque and reference flux of IM, respectively.
Chapter 2 HIV Neuroinvasion : Early Events , Late Manifestations

Although the widespread use of HAART has significantly improved neurological outcomes in individuals infected with HIV-1, a relatively high risk (~30%) for developing neurocognitive dysfunction caused by HIV replication within cellular reservoirs (macrophages/microglia) in the CNS remains (McArthur 2004; Roc et al. 2007; Sacktor 2002). Furthermore, damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in HIV-infected individuals is probably equally prevalent, reflecting the effects of antiretroviral drug toxicity and persistent HIV replication in similar peripheral cellular reservoirs (Keswani et al. 2002; McArthur 2004). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (now collectively referred to as HAND) can present with a spectrum of severity: HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and less severe forms that have been categorized by selective criteria based upon both behavioral and neuropsychological test performance, minor cognitive motor disorder (MCMD), HIVassociated mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), and asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) (Antinori et al. 2007). Generally, HAD manifests as a subcortical dementia characterized by psychomotor slowing, behavioral changes, and deficits in memory, abstraction, information processing, verbal fluency, decision-making, and attention; also, its progression is relatively slow (years). These cognitive impairments suggest pathological involvement of the fronto-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits (Woods et al. 2004), and recent studies have demonstrated that synaptic and dendritic damage within the hippocampus and putamen is highly correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment (Moore et al. 2006). Moreover, pathological studies have demonstrated that the mere presence of antemortem neurocognitive impairment is predictive of the
Spectral Models for Improving Atmospheric Correction Results in Complex Oceanic Waters around India

Atmospheric correction over turbid and productive waters continues to be problematic and often results in excessive errors in retrieved water-leaving radiance and bio-geo-physical products. This may be likely due to overestimation of La + Lra (atmospheric signal due to aerosol and Rayleigh scattering) in the visible and thus reduction in Lw which appears as an elevated pigment concentration. Spectral models for reconstructing the atmospherically distorted data are developed and their results are thoroughly validated with in-situ data from a wide range of waters. Good agreement was found between the retrieved products and in-situ data. Our results indicate that the new spectral models have the potential to improve the accuracy of ocean colour retrievals in optically complex waters, and can become an important part of the processing of data from ocean colour sensors (e.g., Ocean colour monitor OCM2) with only two near-infrared bands (i.e., 765 and 865 nm).
Subcritical Multiplication Parameters of the Accelerator-Driven System with 100 MeV Protons at the Kyoto University Critical Assembly

Basic experiments on the accelerator-driven system (ADS) at the Kyoto University Critical Assembly are carried out by combining a solid-moderated and -reflected core with the fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator. The reaction rates are measured by the foil activation method to obtain the subcritical multiplication parameters. The numerical calculations are conducted with the use of MCNPX and JENDL/HE-2007 to evaluate the reaction rates of activation foils set in the core region and at the location of the target. Here, a comparison between the measured and calculated eigenvalues reveals a relative difference of around 10% in C/E values. A special mention is made of the fact that the reaction rate analyses in the subcritical systems demonstrate apparently the actual effect of moving the tungsten target into the core on neutron multiplication. A series of further ADS experiments with 100 MeV protons needs to be carried out to evaluate the accuracy of subcritical multiplication parameters.
Modelling of an unbonded CFRP strap shear retrofitting system for RC beams

A retrofitting technique has been developed that uses carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps to increase the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams. The vertical straps are not bonded to the beam but are instead anchored against the beam which makes this technique potentially more effective than bonded FRP retrofitting techniques. However it also means that models for bonded FRPs are not appropriate for use with the straps. Instead a model based on a shear friction approach has been developed where the strain in the straps is calculated based on a term that accounts for the effects of prestress and additional strain in the strap due to shear crack opening. The model can either consider the shear reinforcement to be smeared along the length of the beam or discrete elements. The ‘smeared’ model was checked against an experimental database consisting of rectangular, Tand deep beams both in terms of predicted capacity and predicted strain in the straps. Overall the ‘smeared’ model predicted the capacity of the specimens and, with some adjustments, the strains quite accurately. There were however cases when it was more appropriate to use the ‘discrete’ model such as when the transverse reinforcement ratio was low or when the transverse reinforcement spacing was high. Further experimental data is required to fully validate the models and to determine appropriate limits on the use of the ‘smeared’ model and the ‘discrete’ model. However the initial results are promising. CE Database Subject Headings: Shear; Concrete, prestressed; Fiber reinforced polymers; Concrete beams. 1 Research Associate, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Trumpington St., Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK. E-mail: nah25@cam.ac. uk 2 University Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Trumpington St., Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK. E-mail: jmL2@cam.ac. uk
Effects of Sheep Grazing on Availability and Leaching of Soil Nitrogen in Low-Alpine Grasslands

Abstract Alpine ecosystems are generally nitrogen (N) limited with low rates of N mineralization. Herbivory may affect N cycling and N losses and thus long-term productivity of ecosystems. Using a controlled grazing experiment in a low-alpine region at Hol, southern Norway, with three density levels of sheep, we determined effects of grazing on in situ availability of inorganic N, potential N mineralization, and mobility of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and dissolved organic N (DON) in soil water of O-horizons in grazing-preferred grassland habitats. In addition, we studied the within-season and spatial variation of these processes. The low alpine grasslands at Hol were characterized by small rates of N mineralization and relatively large plant demands for N. Significantly greater rates of potential N mineralization were found at sites with high sheep density compared to those with low density or no grazing. Effects of grazing on bioavailable N (as determined by buried PRS™ exchange resins) were greater at low as compared to high altitudes. At low altitudes, low sheep density reduced amounts of bioavailable N. Nitrogen concentration of plants as a proxy of N availability in soils revealed, however, no significant effects of grazing. There was a strong seasonal effect on inorganic N and DIN∶DON ratios of the soil water, with decreasing values in the course of the growing season, probably due to increasing nutrient demand of plants and/or microbes. We conclude that grazing may significantly stimulate N-cycling, but not sufficiently to release the system from its strong N deficiency, as we found no evidence for short-term increased risk in N loss via soil water due to herbivore activity. Nitrogen removal through grazing is small compared to the total soil N pool and at high sheep density is about half of the N deposition. This suggests that grazing in grassland habitats in this low alpine ecosystem is sustainable from a nutrient point of view.
The Czech Labour Market in the Recent Economic Crisis: Does the Foreign Ownership Matter?

In the global world, the special focus of the proposed paper is on the potential effects of foreign ownership on jobs and wages development in the recent downturn. The initial hypothesis is that the foreign-owned economic subjects may be more often subject to the excessive negative effect caused by the economic downturn compared with those of domestic ownership. Keeping this in mind, we quantified the extended set of employment indicators concerning job creation and job destruction as well as hires and separations according to the ownership of the economic subjects running their businesses in the Czech Republic in the period 2007-2010 and discussed which economic subjects have suffered the consequences of the recent crisis. Int. Statistical Inst. : Proc. 58th World Statistical Congress, 2011, Dublin (Session CPS020) p.6297
MAGNETIC SYSTEM FOR RESIDUAL GAS MONITOR

The advanced residual gas monitor requires very careful design of each structural component and special attention to match the properties of different subsystems. An important point is a proper magnetic guiding system design. As it is shown, high field uniformity, which is required for sub-mm spatial resolution, can be achieved despite the presence of the field-distorting hole for the light signal transmitting. The low energy (down to 10 MeV/u) beam disturbance compensation methods are also discussed. The ionisation process and electron dynamics simulations are used for proving this system design.
Cancer of the larynx: the outcomes of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in prospective and retrospective studies. Is the meaning of conventionality the same?

I n t r o d u c t i o n. Two studies on the radiotherapy of laryngeal cancer were completed at the Radiotherapy Department of the Cancer Center Warsaw at the end of 1999. One of them was a multicenter randomized clinical trial, and the second one – a retrospective study on patients treated between years 1989 and 1995. An opinion exists that the trial outcomes of the conventional arm correspond to the outcomes of everyday practice. The subject of the study was to evaluate this thesis, and to find out, whether the outcomes of prospective and retrospective studies following the same treatment protocol are comparable. M a t e r i a l a n d m e t h o d s. Selection criteria were – age ≤75, WHO 0-1, T1, T2, T3, N0, M0 stage of glottic and supraglottic laryngeal cancer. The treatment was: 66 Gy/2 Gy/33 fraction/45 days. The prospective group had – 199 patients, and the retrospective group: 150 patients. The two groups were comparable according to the age, site, sex and mean hemoglobin level. There was a significant difference in T-stage and performance status between the two groups. Overall survival, local control and CR-response were analyzed. To eliminate the influence of the differences in T-stage and performance status, regression models were applied – Cox's for survival and local control, logit for CR-response endpoint. R e s u l t s. The protocol compliance (prospective, retrospective) was as follows – total dose: (88%, 49%), treatment time: (47%, 11%) respectivaly. Three-year survival for the prospective and the retrospective groups were 89% and 74%, respectively (p=0.035), CR-response rates were 96% and 75%, respectively (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in probability of local recurrence in CR patients. C o n c l u s i o n s. A better outcome of treatment was observed in the prospective study group. It is probably due to a certain “over-selection” of patients for the prospective study and many deviations from the therapeutic protocol in the historical group. “Conventional treatment” has the same meaning in the prospective and retrospective study only as far as the protocol is concerned, but differs in the protocol realization and in the patients selection. However, these observations do not affect the reliability of the clinical trial outcomes. The aim of a clinical trial is to compare two treatment methods – experimental and conventional – in two comparable groups of patients, and the comparability is accomplished by randomization.
Novel 90Sr-90Y generator system based on a cross-flow hollow fiber supported liquid membrane contactor

Separation of yttrium(III) from strontium(II) with 15% (v/v) di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) in dodecane was carried out in a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction system operated under closed-loop recirculation of the donor and acceptor phase. The donor phase was a mixture of 5.7 mmol dm-3 of Sr(II) and 0.23 mmol dm-3 of Y(III) in 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl, the acceptor solution was 3 mol dm-3 HCl, and the donor to acceptor phase volume ratio was 6.2. At the donor flow rate of 4.7 cm3 min-1 and the acceptor flow rate of 0.8 cm3 min-1, the yield of Y(III) in the acceptor phase reached 60% after 360 min with a molar ratio of Y(III) to Sr(II) in the acceptor of 250:1, as compared to 1:25 in the donor phase. The yield of Y(III) was 72% at the acceptor flow rate to 1.9 cm3 min-1, but a breakthrough of Sr(II) through liquid membrane increased from 0.02 to 0.2%.
Changes in Emiliania huxleyi fatty acid profiles during infection with E-huxleyi virus 86: physiological and ecological implications

Fatty acids profiles of Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP1516 were determined in a virus- induced culture crash with E. huxleyi virus 86 (EhV-86). As cell numbers declined in the infected cul- tures due to virus lysis, a concomitant decrease in fatty acids was observed in the particulate fraction. The composition of fatty acids within infected E. huxleyi cells was restructured, with a shift from polyunsaturated to monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (respective distributions changing from 70:10:20% at the start of the experiment to 44:24:32% at the final time point). In particular, decreases were seen in the major fatty acid 22:6(n-3) and in 18:5(n-3), whereas greatest increases were seen in 18:1(n-9) and 22:0. The increase in the amount and restructuring of the fatty acid pool in E. huxleyi was indicative of a combination of specific and non-specific effects of virus infection. Specific effects primarily included induction of metabolic pathways such as the synthesis of compo- nents involved in virus replication, the production of virions and signal transduction via sphingolipid biosynthesis. Non-specific effects due to stress were likely mediated by reactive oxygen species. Changes in the composition of virus-infected E. huxleyi are of significance to the food web since graz- ing on virus-infected blooms will decrease the amount of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids passed on to higher trophic levels. Consequently, this could decrease the overall productivity of marine ecosystems.