Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Germinação de sementes de atemoia (Annona Cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L.) cv 'Gefner' submetidas a tratamentos com ácido Giberélico (GA3) e ethephon

ABSTRACT - The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and ethephon, besides the interaction of both plant growth regulators, on the germinative process of atemoya seeds (Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L.), cultivar ‘Gefner’. Experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5 2 factorial arrangement; treatments consisted of the combination among five GA 3 (gibberellic acid) and five ethephon concentrations, totaling 25 treatments, with four replicates of 25 seeds per plot. GA 3 concentrations were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg L -1 i.a. , whereas those of ethephon were 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L -1 i.a. Seeds were treated with both plant growth regulators through immersion in the different solutions for 36 h. Then, seeds were sown onto germitest paper roll and allowed to germinate in a germination chamber, in the dark and under 20oC/8h-30oC/16h alternate temperature. Germination percentage, time and speed index; normal seedling percentage; and dormant seed percentage were evaluated. There was an interaction of both plant growth regulators on the germinative process of atemoya seeds, which indicates that the germination percentage of atemoya seeds (Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L.), cultivar ‘Gefner’, increases by using 778 mg L
Transfer of some plant species from in-vitro to in-vivo growth in the greenhouse conditions

The trial was conducted studied the possibilty of transfer from in-vitro to in vivo-culture of some plants, namely: Paeonia suffruticosa, Magnolia soulangeana and Philodendron pandouriforme. Some of these plants were without roots and some with roots at the beginning of the experiment. To decrease transplant injuries and to improve the percentage of plant growth attributes, two preparations were used: Glomus mosseae Beg 25 and Rh. stimulus on the plants roots in three experimental treatments: Control, Glomus mosseae Beg 25, Glomus mosseae Beg 25 plus Rh. stimulus. After two weeks of transplantation, the percentage of live plants in Paeonia without roots was 8.83%, Magnolia 0.0%, Philodendron without roots 95.23% and Philodendron with roots 100%. In control treatment, Philodendron plants without roots were divided into two groups: first group was treated by Amalgerol and second group by Azotobacter rich in bacillus megaterium. The results showed the higher values of shoot height and root height in second group, and lower number of leaves as compared to the plants of the first group. Philodendron with roots had lower values with regard to shoots and roots height, but these values were not statistically significant. At the end of trial i.e., after 54 days, there were any plants alive in treatment Glomus mosseae Beg 25. The endomycorrhizal roots infection was higher more than two an half times in treatment Glomus mosseae Beg 25 + Rh. stimulus as compared to control.
Acremonium with catenate elongate conidia: phylogeny of Acremonium fusidioides and related species

Acremonium is one of the largest and most complex genera of hyphomycetes. Its taxonomy is not yet resolved and the phylogenetic value of the most distinctive morphological features is unknown. The species of this genus produce conidia in chains or form slimy heads or both. We have studied a set of clinical and environmental Acremonium strains morphologically characterized by producing mostly catenate, elongate, more or less fusiform conidia. Based on phenotypic data and in the analysis of the sequences of the ITS region, the D1/D2 domains of the 28S rRNA gene and a fragment of the β-tubulin gene, three new species morphologically similar to Acremonium fusidioides and belonging to the family Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales) are described and illustrated; they are Acremonium pilosum, Acremonium parvum and Acremonium citrinum. The first species produces two kinds of conidia: clavate with smooth walls and globose with abundant filiform projections. Acremonium parvum is characterized by slow growth and pyriform or slightly lanceolate conidia with an elongate and truncate base. Acremonium citrinum produces a diffusible yellow pigment and obovoid conidia.
Integrin (cid:2) 4 (cid:3) 1 Promotes Focal Adhesion Kinase-Independent Cell Motility via (cid:2) 4 Cytoplasmic Domain-Speciﬁc Activation of c-Src‡

The ﬁbronectin binding integrins (cid:1) 5 (cid:2) 1 and (cid:1) 4 (cid:2) 1 generate signals pivotal for cell migration through distinct yet undeﬁned mechanisms. For (cid:1) 5 (cid:2) 1, (cid:2) 1-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) promotes c-Src recruitment to FAK and the formation of a FAK-Src signaling complex. Herein, we show that FAK expression is essential for (cid:1) 5 (cid:2) 1-stimulated cell motility and that exogenous expression of human (cid:1) 4 in FAK-null ﬁbroblasts forms a functional (cid:1) 4 (cid:2) 1 receptor that promotes robust cell motility equal to the (cid:1) 5 (cid:2) 1 stimulation of wild-type and FAK-reconstituted ﬁbroblasts. (cid:1) 4 (cid:2) 1-stimulated FAK-null cell spreading and motility were dependent on the integrity of the (cid:1) 4 cytoplasmic domain, independent of direct paxillin binding to (cid:1) 4, and were not affected by PRNK expression, a dominant-negative inhibitor of Pyk2. (cid:1) 4 cytoplasmic domain-initiated signaling led to a (cid:4) 4-fold activation of c-Src which did not require paxillin binding to (cid:1) 4. Notably, (cid:1) 4-stimulated cell motility was inhibited by catalytically inactive receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase (cid:1) overexpression and blocked by the p50Csk phosphorylation of c-Src at Tyr-529. (cid:1) 4 (cid:2) 1-stimulated cell motility of triple-null Src (cid:3) / (cid:3) , c-Yes (cid:3) / (cid:3) , and Fyn (cid:3) / (cid:3) ﬁbroblasts was dependent on c-Src reexpression that resulted in p130Cas tyrosine phosphorylation and Rac GTPase loading. As p130Cas phosphorylation and Rac activation are common downstream targets for (cid:1) 5 (cid:2) 1-stimulated FAK activation, our results support the existence of a novel (cid:1) 4 cytoplasmic domain connection leading to c-Src activation which functions as a FAK-independent linkage to a common motility-promoting signaling pathway. p130Cas cou- pling to the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Dock180 is one of several pathways that can promote Rac activation. It is speculated that the (cid:2) 4 linkage to Src and lamellipodium formation at the front of cells coupled with the (cid:2) 4-paxillin-GIT1 linkage at the rear of cells may act to promote the establishment of cell polarity. (cid:2) 5 (cid:3) 1 binding to FN (9-11) also promotes p130Cas tyrosine phosphorylation, Rac activa- tion, and cell motility. This linkage is dependent on FAK expression and activity and is inhibited by overexpression of the FAK C-terminal domain that binds to (cid:3) 1 integrin-associated proteins such as talin and paxillin. Thus, FN binding (cid:2) 4 (cid:3) 1 and (cid:2) 5 (cid:3) 1 integrins use distinct recep- tor-proximal mechanisms to activate c-Src or a FAK-Src complex, respectively. Phosphorylation of p130Cas by c-Src or a FAK-Src com- plex occurs via a shared pathway associated with enhanced Rac activation, lamellipodium formation, and cell motility.
Leaf respiration in two tropical rainforests: constraints on physiology by phosphorus, nitrogen and temperature

1. Leaf respiration is a major component of the terrestrial carbon cycle, but is poorly quantified for tropical forests. We measured dark respiration, R, and nutrient concentration (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P) of leaves within two forest canopies: in Reserva Jaru, south-west Brazil; and Mbalmayo Reserve, central Cameroon. The data, expressed on a leaf area basis (R a , N a , P a ) and a leaf mass basis (R m , N m , P m ), were used to quantify the temperature sensitivity of R and to test the hypothesis that leaf metabolism is more strongly constrained by phosphorus than by nitrogen in these lowland rainforests. 2. Leaf respiration rate (R a , at 25 °C) at Jaru was nearly half that at Mbalmayo (the range in R a from near the ground to the upper canopy was 0.11-0.78 μmol m -2 s -1 at Jaru versus 0.22-1.19 μmol m -2 s -1 at Mbalmayo), and the mean Q 10 for respiration at each site was 2.3 ± 0.9 (1 SD) and 2.0 ± 0.5 (1 SD), respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) between sites in leaf phosphorus concentration, but not in leaf nitrogen concentration: P m was very low at Jaru (0.2-0.7 mg g -1 ) but higher at Mbalmayo (0.5-2.4 mg g -1 ), whilst N m was similar at both forests (10-45 mg g -1 ). 3. R m was not significantly associated with canopy position or specific leaf area (SLA, m 2 g -1 ) in either forest, but a significant relationship between SLA and N m was found for both sites (P < 0.05), consistent with existing data. At Jaru, R m was strongly related to P m (P < 0.001) and less strongly related to N m (P < 0.05), but at Mbalmayo, R m was not significantly related to either P m or N m . 4. R a was linearly related to N a and P a at both sites (P < 0.01), principally because of changes in leaf mass per area (LMA, g m -2 ) associated with canopy position. At Mbalmayo, LMA explained 70% of the variation in R a , but only 20% at Jaru. For Jaru, the strongest relationship with R a was obtained by combining LMA with P m in a multiple regression (r 2 = 0.53); further inclusion of N m did not improve the regression. At Mbalmayo neither N m or P m improved the regression of R a on LMA. 5. These results indicate a strong influence of LMA on the relative rates of R a within the vertical gradient of each canopy. They also suggest that at Jaru P m constrains respiration more strongly than N m , and further, that the very low P m at Jam may explain the lower absolute values of respiration there relative to Mbalmayo, where P m was higher. The leaves at both sites are typical of lowland tropical rainforests in not having particularly low N m , and consistent with this, N m was a weaker predictor of respiration than P m or LMA.
Genetic analysis of the raffinose oligosaccharide pathway in lentil seeds

Two lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars, Syrian Local Large (SLL) and PANT-L-406 (PL), have been used to study the genetics of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFO) and a related compound, ciceritol, which is a galactosyl cyclitol. The RFO and ciceritol are the major soluble alpha-galactosides in lentil seeds. Crosses were made between the two lentil lines and the patterns of inheritance for the total alpha-galactoside content and for individual RFO compounds (raffinose, stachyose, verbascose) and ciceritol were determined in the embryos and seed coats from single seeds of the reciprocal F(1)s, the F(2)s and ten F(3) families. The inheritance patterns for each of the alpha-galactosides were complex and much of this complexity was attributed to an interaction between the embryo and its surrounding testa. A clear-cut segregation pattern was observed for verbascose. This was the result of PL embryos having very low, or no, verbascose. The F(2) embryos had a segregation ratio of 3 high to 1 low level for this compound, suggesting that within this cross a low verbascose content was determined by a single recessive gene. There was good evidence from the F(2) and F(3) generations of a negative correlation between low levels of verbascose and high levels of ciceritol, which suggests a metabolic link between the RFO pathway and the pathway leading to ciceritol. The data are discussed in terms of defining strategies for genetically manipulating the alpha-galactoside composition in lentil seeds, such that their negative effects on nutrition may be overcome without reducing significantly their positive role in abiotic stress resistance.
Understanding the beliefs, concerns and priorities of trainee teachers: a multi‐disciplinary approach

Individual trainees have various responses to the initial teacher training process, but there are some frequently occurring patterns that require explanation, understanding and attention. Drawing on the literature, a multi‐disciplinary approach is developed to examine the beliefs, concerns and priorities of trainee teachers’ thinking from social, cultural, physiological and psychological perspectives. The resulting discussion is illustrated by a consideration of how best to encourage trainee teachers to broaden their teaching repertoire. This analysis suggests that the implementation of personal educational belief is likely to be deferred by trainees because many trainee teachers do not have time in a one‐year training course to reach the stage of testing their intentions in practice. This results in their beliefs surviving intact. In terms of developing a wider teaching repertoire for trainees, the analysis suggests that it would be appropriate to consider the trainee teacher’s developing self‐efficacy, their beliefs about the value of an extended repertoire, their beliefs about the effects of an extended repertoire and their subjective norm beliefs about the views of their mentors and pupils regarding the extended repertoire. To broaden the repertoire of trainee teachers will require mentors to seek out, support and praise the use of a wide repertoire by trainees. This will reduce cognitive dissonance and make use of reciprocal determinism to affect the trainee teacher’s sense of self‐efficacy, so that, in turn, trainees will be encouraged to value and develop an extended teaching repertoire. As well as offering this challenge, mentors would need to provide support as a positive role model, and try to reduce the trainee teacher’s fear of failure.
Interaction between Glomus mosseae and Erwinia carotovora and its effects on the growth of tomato plants

summary The effect of inoculation with Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora on tomatoes with or without VA mycorrhizal infection by Glomus mosseae was studied in a greenhouse trial. E. carotovora decreased the growth of nonmycorrhizal tomato plants, but neither growth nor the percentage of total root length with VA infection were reduced in mycorrhizal plants. Protection of tomato against the pathogen and reduction in the number of colony-forming units of E. carotovora in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants were independent of concentration of P in the plant and the timing of inoculation with the two microorganisms. The possible mechanisms of the resistance induced in tomato plants by G. mosseae against E. carotovora are discussed.
Recombinant expression and characterization of ligand binding to mutants ff 3-O-sulphotransferase-1

iii List of tables. iv List of figures. v-xi List of abbreviations. xi-xii Acknowledgments. xiv Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Part 1: Heparin and 3-O-sulphotransferases.2-2
Big Cypress Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) Diet, Activity and Habitat Use on a Golf Course in Southwest Florida

ABSTRACT Habitat use, feeding and activity patterns of Big Cypress fox squirrels (Sciurus niger avicennia) were studied in southwest Florida to identify golf course features favorable to fox squirrels. The location, behavior and foods of 30 radio-located squirrels were recorded twice weekly from Dec. 1995 to Jul. 1997. Diet was >85% food from native conifers for 6 mo (Aug.–Jan.), >75% flowers and fruits of planted exotics for 3 mo (Feb.–Apr.) and a variety of foods supplemented by mushrooms and webworm larvae for 3 mo (May–Jul.). Ground feeding accounted for 69.6% of observations. Use of foods from exotic species was associated with greatest reproduction in the summer. Five categories of behavior in adults (feeding, travel, resting, nesting, social interactions) showed significant interaction between sex and time-of-day and season and time-of-day in a log-linear model. Squirrels were least active during the hottest part of the year. Squirrels concentrated their activity in tree stands of the course's roughs. Squirrels were more likely to use open areas to travel between tree stands than for other activities. Among patches of trees, stands dominated by Pinus elliottii and Taxodium sp. and by P. elliottii and Sabal palmetto were used the most. Squirrels used pure stands of S. palmetto and stands of mixed natives less than expected based on availability. Dense understory reduced overall stand use and ground foraging. Golf course design and management directly affect features favorable to Big Cypress fox squirrels and may determine the value of golf courses in conservation.
The Biosphere Reserve: A Tool for Environmental Conservation and Management

The concept of ‘biosphere reserve’ emerged from the programme of Man and the Biosphere (MAB) of which it constitutes an essential part. This paper describes how the concept has progressively evolved as the Programme was being implemented, and as the multiple objectives and characteristics of Biosphere Reserves were clearly identified. The primary function of Biosphere Reserves remains the in situ long-term conservation of plant and animal genetic resources, together with research on ecosystem management and conservation, monitoring of changes in The Biosphere, training of specialists, and environmental education. They are being progressively integrated into a world-wide network of ‘representative ecological areas’ that is intended to cover all major representative natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The paper stresses the flexibility and versatility of the new concept, and gives examples of how this concept is being implemented. It underlines current trends in the building-up of the international network, which now includes 214 Biosphere Reserves in 58 countries, and the future prospects for its full development. The paper also suggests that the direct involvement of the local population in the management of Biosphere Reserves, together with the maintenance of research and monitoring activities in them, constitute the best guarantee for long-term conservation of genetic resources on a world-wide basis. It announces the proposed ‘International Conference on Biosphere Reserves’, which it is hoped can be held in Minsk (USSR) in the autumn of 1983.
Predicting bitcoin price using lstm And Compare its predictability with arima model

: Due to the difficulty in assessing the exact nature of a time series, it is often considerably challenging to generate appropriate forecasts. Over the years, various forecasting models have been developed in the literature, but they have produced minimum accuracy in forecasting the bitcoin price. The study involves the time series forecasting of the bitcoin prices with improved efficiency using long short-term memory techniques (LSTM) and compares its predictability with the traditional method (ARIMA). TheRMSE of ARIMA Model is 700.69 whereas for the LSTM is 456.78 which proves that tradition (ARIMA) model outperforms the machine learning algorithms in our case LSTM model.
The high‐latitude terrestrial carbon sink: a model analysis

A dynamic, global vegetation model, hybrid v4.1 ( Friend et al. 1997 ), was driven by transient climate output from the UK Hadley Centre GCM (HadCM2) with the IS92a scenario of increasing atmospheric CO2 equivalent, sulphate aerosols and predicted patterns of atmospheric N deposition. Changes in areas of vegetation types and carbon storage in biomass and soils were predicted for areas north of 50°N from 1860 to 2100. Hybrid is a combined biogeochemical, biophysical and biogeographical model of natural, potential ecosystems. The effect of periodic boreal forest fires was assessed by adding a simple stochastic fire model. Hybrid represents plant physiological and soil processes regulating the carbon, water and N cycles and competition between individuals of parameterized generalized plant types. The latter were combined to represent tundra, temperate grassland, temperate/mixed forest and coniferous forest. The model simulated the current areas and estimated carbon stocks in the four vegetation types.
Precipitation pulses and soil CO2 flux in a Sonoran Desert ecosystem

Precipitation is a major driver of biological processes in arid and semiarid ecosystems. Soil biogeochemical processes in these water‐limited systems are closely linked to episodic rainfall events, and the relationship between microbial activity and the amount and timing of rainfall has implications for the whole‐system carbon (C) balance. Here, the influences of storm size and time between events on pulses of soil respiration were explored in an upper Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Immediately following experimental rewetting in the field, CO2 efflux increased up to 30‐fold, but generally returned to background levels within 48 h. CO2 production integrated over 48 h ranged from 2.5 to 19.3 g C m−2 and was greater beneath shrubs than in interplant spaces. When water was applied on sequential days, postwetting losses of CO2 were only half a large as initial fluxes, and the size of the second pulse increased with time between consecutive events. Soil respiration was more closely linked to the organic matter content of surface soils than to rainfall amount. Beneath shrubs, rates increased nonlinearly with storm size, reaching an asymptote at approximately 0.5 cm simulated storms. This nonlinear relationship stems from (1) resource limitation of microbial activity that is manifest at small time scales, and (2) greatly reduced process rates in deeper soil strata. Thus, beyond some threshold in storm size, increasing the duration or depth of soil moisture has little consequence for short‐term losses of CO2. In addition, laboratory rewetting across a broad range in soil water content suggest that microbial activity and CO2 efflux following rainfall may be further modified by the routing and redistribution of water along hillslopes. Finally, analysis of long‐term precipitation data suggests that half the monsoon storms in this system are sufficient to induce soil heterotrophic activity and C losses, but are not large enough to elicit autotrophic activity and C accrual by desert shrubs.
Identification of QTL for drought responses in maize and their use in testing causal relationships between traits

A difficulty in identifying traits that help crop plants maintain their yield under droughted conditions is distinguishing between those traits that contribute to yield stability under drought and traits that do not affect yield. With the development of molecular markers for many crops it is now possible to identify major quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating specific drought responses. By comparing the coincidence of such QTL for specific traits it is possible to test much more precisely than before whether a particular constitutive or adaptive response to drought stress is likely to be of significance in improving drought resistance. We have used this approach to identify QTL for ABA content and other traits likely to be important in determining drought response in maize. Eighty-four RFLP markers were mapped in an F 2 population of 81 plants from a cross between parents, Polj17 (drought resistant) and F-2 (drought sensitive), that differ markedly in many constitutive and adaptive responses to drought stress. In a soil glasshouse experiment, from which water was withheld for 3 weeks after anthesis, flowering time, stomatal conductance, tissue ABA contents, leaf water relations parameters and fluorescence characteristics, root pulling force, and nodal root number were measured. The minimum number and location of genes having major effects on the traits were determined and possible causal relationships amongst them tested. Comparing the coincidence of QTL for ABA content and stomatal conductance showed that xylem ABA content was more likely to have had a regulatory effect on the stomatal conductance of those plants than the whole leaf ABA content. However, both xylem and leaf ABA contents were significantly associated with root characteristics, suggesting that the rooting behaviour (either constitutive or adaptive) was important in regulating stress responses, particularly in determining xylem ABA contents. We also found that F m (a measure of the activity of photosynthetic reaction centres) was positively associated with chlorophyll concentration per unit area. Different methods for comparing QTL are presented and discussed.