Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early-Flowering Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana

The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth represents a major change in angiosperm development. During the floral transition, shoot meristem activity progresses through the overlapping developmental phases: vegetative→inflorescence→floral. The transition to flowering is regulated by graft-transmissible substances, and the arrival of these substances at the shoot apex is correlated with the establishment of the inflorescence meristem. To identify the genes involved in regulating the floral transition, we have screened for mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that display altered timing of flowering. We expect that such heterochronic mutants are defective either in the production or transport of floral signals, or in the response of the shoot meristem to these signals. We have isolated four early-flowering mutants: terminal flower 1 (tfl1) and early-flowering (elf) 1, 2 and 3. Three phenotypic classes are represented by these mutations: (I) early-flowering, photoperiod-sensitive, and displaying abnormal inflorescence development (tfl1); (II) early-flowering photoperiod-sensitive (elf1 and elf2); and (III) early-flowering, photoperiod-insensitive (elf3). This paper describes the initial phenotypic and genetic analysis of the mutants, and discusses how the genes represented by these mutations may fit into the signal/response pathway that leads to reproductive development.
‘Computer Says No’: Was Your Mortgage Application Rejected Unfairly?

Statistical tools powered by machine learning algorithms are used by many institutions to inform decision makers in high-stakes processes such as hiring,credit scoring and lending, university admission and teaching, or criminal justice. Proponents of such models claim that automating the decision making process removes human bias and subjectivity. Critics, on the other hand, are warning that mathematical formulas and computer algorithms can ensconce bigotry and discriminatory practices or be used to justify them. To address these concerns, the machine learning community devotes a significant research effort to analysing and attempting to fix the problems arising at its interface with the society. Driven by the researchers' conscience, the pressure of public opinion and political leaders, but also the corporate desire to avoid regulatory concerns, it led to the emergence of a new field called 'Fairness, Accountability and Transparency in Machine Learning', or FAT/ML in short. I will attempt to analyse it critically (but sympathetically), biting my teeth mostly into the 'fairness' part of the FAT triad. It is not a comprehensive review, but an honest, even if by necessity subjective, commentary.
The Framework of Consensus Equilibria for Mining-Pool Games and Related Stability of Gap Games Behaviors in Blockchain Ecosystems

The goal of this paper is to establish the general framework of consensus equilibria for Mining-Pool Games in Blockchain Ecosystems, and in particular to explain the stable in the sense for the existence of consensus equilibria related to mining gap game’s behaviors by using one new concept called “consensus games (CG)” in Blockchain Ecosystems, here, the Blockchain ecosystem mainly means the economic activities by taking into the account of three types of different factors which are expenses, reward mechanism and mining power for the work on blockschain by applying the key consensus called “Proof of Work” due to Nakamoto in 2008. <br><br>In order to do so, we first give an outline how the general existence of consensus equilibria for Mining-Pool Games is formulated, and then used to explain the stable for Gap Games for Bitcoin in the sense by the existence of consensus equilibria under the framework of Blockchain consensus, we then establish a general existence result for consensus equilibria of general mining gap games by using the profit functions for miners as the payoffs in game theory. As applications, the general existence results for consensus equilibria of Gap games are established, which not only help us to claim the existence for the general stability for Gap games under the general framework of Blockchain ecosystems, but also allow us to illustrate a number of different phenomenons on the study of mining- pool games with possible impacts due to miners’ gap behaviors with scenarios embedded in Bitcoin economics. Our study on the explanation for the stability of mining gap game for Blockchain ecosystems shows that the concept of consensus equilibria may play a important role for the development of fundamental theory for consensus economics.
Male and female contact calls differentially influence behaviour in a cockatoo, the Galah (Eolophus roseicapillus)

Abstract Even in species in which males and females share a repertoire of calls, subtle sex differences in vocalisations often exist, particularly in calls used for long-distance communication. However, few studies address whether birds respond differently to similar male and female calls. This study investigated whether an Australian cockatoo, the Galah (Eolophus roseicapillus), responds differentially to three types of loud calls (Double Chet, Chechet and Chewp) commonly produced by both sexes. I played back male and female vocalisations to wild Galahs in Canberra, Australia, and recorded vocal and approach responses. Galahs responded differently to at least one call type, with birds approaching male Double Chets more closely but vocalising more to female Double Chets. Males were more likely than females to vocalise to Double Chets and Chechets, regardless of stimulus sex. These results suggest that males may have to expend more effort than females in forming affiliative relationships. Although males and females exhibited different vocal behaviour, paired males and females tended to approach stimuli together, which may indicate that coordination of movement, rather than coordination of vocal behaviour, is important in maintaining the pair-bond. These experiments show that even when the sexes share a repertoire, the sender and receiver sex may influence the nature of a vocal interaction.
Foreign Ownership and Firm Performance: Emerging Market Acquisitions in the United States

This paper examines the recent upsurge in foreign direct investment by emerging market firms into the United States. Traditionally, direct investment flowed from developed to developing countries, bringing with it superior technology, organizational capital, and access to international capital markets, yet increasingly there is a trend toward “capital flowing uphill” with emerging market investors acquiring a broad range of assets in developed countries. Using transaction-specific information and firm-level accounting data, the paper evaluates the operating performance of publicly traded U.S. firms that have been acquired by firms from emerging markets over the period 1980–2006. The empirical methodology uses a difference-in-differences approach combined with propensity score matching to create an appropriate control group of nonacquired firms. The results suggest that emerging country acquirers tend to choose U.S. targets that are larger in size (measured as sales, total assets, and employment) relative to matched nonacquired firms. In the years following the acquisition target firm sales and employment decline while profitability rises compared with matched nonacquired firms, suggesting significant restructuring of the target firms.
Assortative Multisided Assignment Games. The Extreme Core Points

We analyze assortative multisided assignment games, following Sherstyuk (1999) and Martínez-de-Albéniz et al. (2019). In them players’ abilities are complementary across types (i.e. supermodular), and also the output of the essential coalitions is increasing depending on types. We study the extreme core points and show a simple mechanism to compute all of them. In this way we describe the whole core. This mechanism works from the original data array and the maximum number of extreme core points is obtained.
Regional Income Distribution in Mexico: New Long-Term Evidence, 1895-2010

In the last years, Economic History literature has paid close attention to the long-term changes undertaken by regional income inequality in different countries after the integration of their domestic markets. Nevertheless, this literature has mainly focused on developed economies (US and Europe). New evidence is required from peripheral economies, where economic growth has had different features, and income inequality may have been dominated by other forces and followed different trends. The aim of this paper is to analyse several dimensions of the long-term evolution of Mexican regional income inequality, from the early stages of domestic markets integration to the present (1895–2010). This analysis may be taken as basis for further explanatory analysis and may contribute to the emergence of new hypothesis to explain the long-term changes in regional inequality in peripheral economies.
Is It Okay As Long as You Make a Profit? Evidence Based on Biased Discretionary Bonus Adjustments

To prevent unethical behaviours by managers and employees, many companies include compliance aspects in their compensation schemes. For example, ex post discretionary adjustments allow managers to react to unforeseen events, such as dishonest behaviour. We propose that the level of ex post adjustments due to a subordinate’s misconduct depends on the subordinate’s ex ante financial performance. We further propose that this effect is reduced when the superior must justify his/her decision to adjust the subordinate’s bonus. Through an experiment, we find evidence confirming our hypotheses. The participants’ subjective ex-post bonus reduction is lower (higher) when the subordinates’ ex-ante objective performance is higher (lower). Additionally, our data show that increasing the superiors’ accountability through justification reduces the spill-over effect. Our research can help companies understand how and why superior managers (in-)sufficiently react to subordinates’ unethical behaviour and can help the development of remuneration schemes that are less vulnerable to judgemental biases.
Socio-Economic Implications from Indian ‘Banking’: An Empirical Appraisal Study

The ‘bank’ and hence ‘banking’ is one of the greatest inventions in human civilization that accelerates socio-economic growth through regular developmental process. ‘Banking’ in itself acts as a dynamic developmental instrument for the development. This banking process considers several reforms including recent implementations. It is well known that continuous reforms and their evaluations are necessary for developing countries where their people need regular and upgraded policy injections. In this spirit, reforms have several eye-catching stuffs from the bank-nationalization in 1969 to its recent liberalization, privatization, and globalization. There is no doubt that this service sector has been providing better quality of services. In tune with its social responsibility the banking sector is selected to provide best quality of services as ultimately, banking is for everyone in the society. This will be the added advantage to the banking system where its professional standard withstands.
DNA BARCODING OF FRESHWATER FISHES FROM LAKE LAUT TAWAR, ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Modern taxonomic work regularly employs internal anatomy, physiology, behaviour, genes, isozymes, geography, and morphological characters, which remain the cornerstone of taxonomic treatments (Ward et al. 2009). However, there are difficulties in relying primarily on morphology when attempting to identify fishes during various stages of their development for example larvae or when examining fragmentary-, partial-, or processed remains. Even when intact adult specimens are available, the morphological characters used to discern species can be so subtle that identification is difficult, even for trained taxonomists (Ward et al. 2009). It is well recognised that DNA-based identification system or commonly known as DNA barcoding (Floyd et al. 2002, Hebert et al. 2003a), can aid the resolution of the vast diversity of life with its millions of species (Hebert et al. 2003a, 2003b, Tautz et al. 2003). It has much to offer ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA (2013) 43 (1): 21–29 DOI: 10.3750/AIP2013.43. 1.04
Will FTAA Bring Income Convergence?

By the beginning of year 2006, the Free Trade Area of the Americas, FTAA, will be launched. Mixed expectations and concerns about its effects on the individual economies have grown in the area since this process started in December, 1994. This paper aims to discuss a particular expectation - or concern - which is: Will this liberalization of the Americas contribute to increase or to decrease the huge gap in per capita income between the industrialized economies of the North, -Canada and the U.S.- and the other thirty-two countries? Based on the analysis of empirical evidence on current trade areas in the region, we conclude that even in the case of equal trade, where the agreement manages to conciliate the interests of developed and less developed countries, income convergence will, probably, not be one of the outcomes of this liberalization. The lack of symmetry in an area which gathers countries at very different stages of development, an asymmetry much more pronounced in the FTAA because it includes the largest economy in the world, prevent us from expecting income convergence even if this trade area becomes a successful one.
Why are Reits Currently so Expensive?

Over the last several years, the price of listed real estate stocks has been unusually high relative to dividends. I find that neither low interest rates nor low risk premia can account for the high valuation ratios. Lower interest rates have been offset by rising risk premia to keep expected returns close to average. Instead, the market has priced in future income growth on commercial properties far above the growth rates seen in the data. High implied growth rates are less extreme for nontraditional REIT sectors. Income growth expectations are also less extreme for international listed real estate.
Short Term Trading Model for Asian Equity Index Futures – Using Hurst Exponent

The three-broad behaviour of market prices: trending, mean-reversion and random walk can be studied using the Hurst exponent. The goal of this paper is to develop a comprehensive trading strategy for Asian Equity Index Futures by making use of Hurst exponent of the price series. This paper presents research on usages of Moving Hurst Exponent along with other well-known trading indicators to develop a complete short-term trading strategy and trading strategy evaluation experience which the academic and research community can build on.
When Risks and Uncertainties Collide: Quantum Mechanical Formulation of Mathematical Finance for Arbitrage Markets

Geometric Arbitrage Theory reformulates a generic asset model possibly allowing for arbitrage by packaging all assets and their forwards dynamics into a stochastic principal fibre bundle, with a connection whose parallel transport encodes discounting and portfolio rebalancing, and whose curvature measures, in this geometric language, the ''instantaneous arbitrage capability'' generated by the market itself. <br><br>The asset and market portfolio dynamics have a quantum mechanical description, which is constructed by quantizing the deterministic version of the stochastic Lagrangian system describing a market allowing for arbitrage. <br><br>Results, obtained by solving explicitly the Schrödinger equations by means of spectral decomposition of the Hamilton operator, coincides with those obtained by solving the stochastic Euler Lagrange equations derived by a variational principle and providing therefore consistency. Arbitrage bubbles are computed.
Carbon isotope dynamics in Abies amabilis stands in the Cascades

Carbon isotope ratios ( delta 13C) of canopy air and carbon isotope discrimination at the ecosystem level were studied in three montane Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes) stands, an old-growth and two younger stands. Spatial and temporal variations of canopy CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) and their delta 13C were strongly related to stand structure. Within the old-growth stand, both daytime canopy [CO2] and canopy delta 13C stayed close to those of the troposphere, either indicating low overall photosynthetic rates or high turbulent mixing. Pronounced periods of photosynthetic drawdown below baseline [CO2] accompanied by more enriched canopy delta 13C were observed for the two younger and denser stands. Canopy [CO2] profiles seemed closely related to changes in soil conditions. Soil respiration rates were positively related to soil temperature, but negatively to soil moisture. delta 13C of soil-respired CO2 stayed relatively constant at -24.55 ± 0.20%oduring the growing .
Political Uncertainty and Firm's Information Environment: Evidence from China

How political uncertainty affects the supply of value relevant information about a firm is an important but unresolved question. Using an emerging market setting where political leaders are expected to exert significant influence on economic activities, we examine the effect of political uncertainty caused by turnovers of local government leaders on a firm’s information environment. We find that during periods of political uncertainty, the total amount of idiosyncratic information about a firm that is available to the market is reduced. The adverse effect on information supply is manifest in firms that are more politically dependent and stronger when uncertainty is more severe. Further, we find evidence suggesting that firms react to political uncertainty by reducing the amount and the quality of information provided to investors even when information intermediaries such as financial analysts and the media increase the production of information.
Behavior Analysis of the Personal Taxpayer on Taxation Administration System in the Merauke Pratama Tax Service Office

Technological advancements now have an impact on the implementation of tax modernization currently applied by the Directorate General of Taxation in the tax administration process. The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of taxpayers in fulfilling their tax obligations using behavioral theory with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This research is a quantitative research, with SPSS 21 analysis tool. The sample used in this study amounted to 67 people (taxpayers) individuals registered at the Pratama Merauke tax service office (KPP). The results of this study indicate that perceived ease of use, experience, complexity has an influence on perceived usefulness; the perception of ease of use affects the use; and attitudes towards use affect the interest of taxpayers' behavior in utilizing tax administration facilities.
Role of planktonic bacteria in biodegradation of fish-exuded kairomone in laboratory bioassays of diel vertical migration

Daphnia, freshwater crustaceans that graze algae, often rely on predatory chemical cues termed kairomones as signals for predator-avoidance. Using laboratory bioassays, we studied how planktonic bacteria may modify kairomone activity. We measured the amplitude of diel vertical migration (DVM) of Daphnia pulex DE GEER among treatments with different amounts of bacteria. We used temperature incubation to increase bacterial densities and filtration to reduce abundance. Daphnids exposed to fish cue (F) and filtrate of fish cue (FF) (i. e. 3.0 fold decrease in the planktonic bacteria) exhibited a strong DVM response. In addition, the strength of the response remained the same for both treatments. However, daphnids exposed to an incubated fish cue (IF), which had higher bacterial densities, showed similar migration to daphnids in the control treatment. This IF treatment showed a 3-fold enrichment of bacteria. Besides observing a gradient in DVM response with bacterial density, we also found that DVM response varied seasonally in our experiments. DVM response to fish cue developed quickly in the experiments carried out in March and May compared to a delayed response that we observed in a similar experiment in January. A seasonal shift also occurred in the population sizes of cultivable planktonic bacteria. Responsiveness of D. pulex to predator cues may vary seasonally, possibly due to higher vulnerability during seasons with high fish production. Kairomone concentrations may also fluctuate due to varied release or degradation rates. Our results suggest that the in-situ, tight coupling between production and degradation of kairomone appears to be the cause of DVM response for daphnids during summer.
The Premium Reduction of European, American, and Perpetual Log Return Options

Traditional plain vanilla options may be regarded as contingent claims whose value depends upon the simple returns of an underlying asset. These options have convex payoffs, and as a consequence of Jensen’s inequality, their prices increase as a function of maturity in the absence of interest rates. This results in long-dated call option premia being excessively expensive in relation to the fraction of a corresponding insured portfolio. We show that replacing the simple return payoff with the log return call option payoff leads to substantial premium savings while providing the similar insurance protection. Call options on log returns have favorable prices for very long maturities on the scale of decades. This property enables them to be attractive securities for long-term investors, such as pension funds. TOPICS: Options, pension funds Key Findings ▪ This article develops valuation and risk techniques for a log return payoff option under a Geometric Brownian Motion. ▪ A comparison is made between premium advantages of the log return contract to those of traditional European options. ▪ A pricing and optimal excise boundary formula for perpetual and finite maturity American log return options id derived. ▪ This article examines long-term insurance applications of the new contract that are prohibitively expensive for traditional options.
A rice mutant with enhanced amylose content in endosperm without affecting amylopectin structure

The Wxb gene, one of the alleles at the rice waxy locus, responds to environmental temperatures during seed development and, as a result, the amylose content fluctuates and affects rice quality. Seeds of a low-amylose variety ‘Snow Pearl’ could be visibly distinguished depending on whether they matured in warm or cool temperatures; based on this, we isolated a mutant candidate, namely, the enhanced amylose content (ENA) mutant, which showed enhanced amylose content in the endosperm. The amylose contents of ENA mutants that matured at 20°C and 26°C were 6–7% higher than those of Snow Pearl. As the chain length distributions of amylopectin were almost identical between ENA and Snow Pearl, the mutation was not the amylose-extender mutation, but a new mutation that enhanced amylose content in the rice endosperm. Furthermore, ENA and Snow Pearl had a single nucleotide polymorphism on the third exon of the Wx gene and a single base change at the 5′ splice junction of the first intron specific to the Wxb gene. Genetic analysis revealed that enhanced amylose content is controlled by 2 recessive genes. Thus, we isolated a rice mutant with enhanced amylose content in the endosperm without affecting the amylopectin structure. As global warming or higher maturation temperatures decrease the amylose content in rice endosperms, the mutant obtained in this study would be useful in breeding programs to diversify grain quality and to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms of amylose synthesis.