Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two-Stream Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Target Detection

In this article, a two-stream convolutional network-based target detector (denoted as TSCNTD) for hyperspectral images is proposed. The TSCNTD utilizes the two-stream convolutional networks to extract abundant spectral information in hyperspectral images. For the background samples, the TSCNTD finds enough typical background pixels via a hybrid sparse representation and classification-based pixel selection strategy in the entire image. To tackle the problem under limited target samples, a novel synthesis method is proposed to generate sufficient target samples with a target priori and some typical background pixels. Once the target and background samples are obtained, then the designed two-stream convolutional networks were trained with a target priori, target samples, and background samples. During training, a target priori and a target sample, which construct a positive training sample, are considered as two inputs of the two-stream convolutional networks, while a target priori and a background sample construct a negative training sample. During testing, the test samples, which are constructed by a target priori and the detected pixels, are classified by the well-trained network. The outputs of the network constitute the final detection result of the TSCNTD. Extensive experiments were made on four benchmark hyperspectral images. The experimental results indicate that the TSCNTD can achieve superior performances in target detection.
ISOLATION OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL DECOMPOSING BACTERIA FROM SOIL

Abstract The bacteria capable of degrading pentachlorophenol (PCP) were isolated from soil. In the soil perfused with 40 ppm PCP solution, PCP was decomposed and five chlorine atoms of PCP were liberated as chloride ion after about 3 weeks. Re-addition of PCP after its degradation, accelerated the rate of PCP degradation and de-chlorination. After the addition of PCP to the soil three times, bacteria which grew on PCP agar were counted to be about 2 × 107 per gram dry soil. In the liquid medium inoculated with the perfused soil, PCP degradation and complete de-chlorination were found. In this case, multiplication of bacteria capable of growing on PCP agar was found. The bacteria capable of growing on and degrading PCP in the medium with inorganic salts and 40 ppm PCP as a sole source of carbon were isolated from the agar plates for enumeration of the bacteria. From the morphological and physiological properties of the isolated bacteria, the genus of the bacteria was considered to be Pseudomonas or a close.
Fog-Centric Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme Without Trusted Parties

Fog computing can effectively provide a variety of application support for the fast-growing number of Internet of Things devices. However, the unique characteristics of fog computing also bring new security problems, especially the identity authentication in fog computing will face new challenges: Low latency (cloud servers should not be involved in authentication); fog servers are not completely trusted; robustness (no user reregistration is required when a fog server leaves fog) and lightweight (fog devices have constrained resources). In order to solve these problems faced by identity authentication in fog computing, we propose an authentication scheme suitable for fog computing environment, which implements mutual authentication between fog users and fog devices with the cooperation of incompletely trusted fog servers. Formal security analysis using the extended real-or-random (ROR) model shows that the proposed scheme is provably secure, and informal security analysis shows that the proposed scheme can resist known attacks. Compared with existing schemes, the proposed scheme supports more functionality features. In addition, a comparative analysis of the communication costs and calculation costs of various schemes shows that our scheme is more suitable for application in fog computing environment than the existing schemes.
Sol-gel synthesis of rodlike polysilsesquioxanes forming regular higher-ordered nanostructure

Rodlike polysilsesquioxanes forming regular higher-ordered nanostructure such as hexagonal phase were prepared by sol-gel reaction of organotrimethoxysilanes having amino groups in aqueous solutions of inorganic strong acids. The XRD profiles of the resulting polysilsesquioxanes showed three peaks with the d-value ratio of 1 : 1/√3 : ½, indicating that these polysilsesquioxanes have hexagonal phase. The diffraction peaks shifted by changing the humidity. In addition, the d-values of diffraction peaks increased by ion-exchange reaction with organic compounds such as fatty acid salt and anionic polymer. Therefore, this hexagonal phase originated from the stacking of rodlike polysilsesquioxanes with Si–O–Si framework at the core and ammonium groups extruding outside. This Si–O–Si framework probably formed a ladder or ladder-related structure, which was characterized by solid-state 29Si NMR and IR spectrometries.
Performance Analysis of Distributed Uplink NOMA

We propose an optimal joint user association and decoding order selection scheme for distributed uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (DU-NOMA) with fixed transmission rates. It is considered that the remote radio heads can either perform decoding independently from each other or exchange information via a dedicated feedback link with limited capacity. The outage probability is derived in closed-from and useful insights for the high signal-to-noise ratio regime are provided. Finally, it is illustrated that DU-NOMA with feedback together with the proposed coordination scheme achieves substantial gain compared to DU-NOMA without feedback. Also, in most of the practical cases it outperforms orthogonal multiple access schemes, even if the feedback link is not error-free.
Being Negative to be Popular: Style in Online Comments at the Mail Online

Language users may make stylistic choices to signal group membership (Rampton 2002). The use of an aggregate of common linguistic features that are distinct from those of other groups of language users can be a sign of shared values in a linguistic ‘community of practice’ (Eckert and McConnell-Ginet 1992). New members of such a community display their knowledge of the group’s practices, and thus their desire to be accepted as members of the community, by mimicking the language of more established members. The purpose of this research is to uncover stylistic features of a relatively new genre of text, online newspaper comments. This research argues that comments posted by readers of online newspapers provide us with the opportunity to both identify some shared stylistic features of a community of practice and to see how other readers evaluate the use of those features by deciding whether or not to approve or disapprove of the comments made. The top-rated comments from Mail Online newspaper articles with more than one thousand comments were collected over a period of one week, leading to a dataset of 65 comments that were analysed qualitatively using discourse analytic tools. The high number of approving votes for these comments suggests that other readers approve of their content and stylistic delivery. Previous studies (Anderson et al. 2014; Blom et al. 2014; Reagle 2015; Santana 2011) have suggested that online comments tend to be negative, but have said little about how the comments are realised or why there is a tendency to be negative. Based on the results of this analysis I argue that, through the use of common language choices (similar grammatical structures, little or no epistemic modality, implicature), commentators aim to accrue upvotes to validate themselves as core members of the Mail Online commentator community of practice.
Characterization and Optimal Control of Totem-Pole PFC Converter With High Frequency GaN HEMTs and Low Frequency Si Diodes

A cost-effective totem-pole power factor correction converter with high-frequency gallium nitride high electron-mobility transistors and low-frequency Si diodes is investigated in this article. The reverse recovery characteristics of low-frequency diodes are evaluated experimentally. With the slow recovery characteristics, a negative current can flow through the low frequency diode, so that soft-switching and critical mode operation is achieved easily. However, if the duration of the negative current exceeds the reverse recovery time of the low-frequency diode, the diode will switch at high frequency, leading to severe losses and losing control of the inductor current. In order to avoid this issue, an adaptive off-time soft-switching strategy is adopted, and discontinuous conduction mode operation is suggested near the zero crossing of the grid voltage. Furthermore, since only the low-frequency grid current is sampled, this control strategy has the merits of low requirements on control resources and low cost. Experimental results of a 400W prototype are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Dispersed Phases and Dispersed Phase Deposition Issues Arising in Asphaltene Rich Hydrocarbon Fluids

Abstract Our interest in the phase behavior of asymmetric, industrial organic fluids focuses on understanding the impact of phase behavior, particularly solid phase behavior, on flow assurance and other reservoir fluid management and production issues, as well as on heavy oil partitioning processes in upgrading operations. Recent developments in X-ray view cell technology allow us to examine the phase behavior of fluids containing large mass fractions of asphaltenes, and dispersed organic and inorganic solids, in a routine manner. Over the past three years we have been preparing detailed phase behavior maps, including phase densities, for the model system Athabasca Bitumen Vacuum Bottoms (ABVB), a 525+ °C fraction containing 32 wt% pentane asphaltenes + pentane, heptane and dodecane using a variable volume X-ray view-cell. The X-ray view-cell experimental program focused on the temperature range, 100 to 340°C, and the pressure range, 0.1 to 30 MPa. The mixtures exhibit complex but reversible multiphase behaviors. Over much of the phase space solids, if present, remain dispersed. Over a narrow range of conditions the solids tend to settle. In addition, adherent deposits, including solids and viscous liquids, are observed at temperatures less than 200°C over a broad range of conditions.
Practical issues in measuring the anticoagulant effect of direct oral anticoagulants

The classical oral anticoagulants are increasingly being replaced in clinical practice by new antithrombotic drugs, which act by enabling direct inhibition of coagulation factor IIa (FIIa) or factor Xa (FXa). These drugs have multiple acronyms, including NOACs (new, non–vitamin K antagonist) or DOACs (direct oral anticoagulants), and currently include dabigatran (FIIa inhibitor), and rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban (FXa inhibitors). These drugs are approved for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. The "mantra" that DOACs do not require laboratory monitoring is not entirely correct because laboratory testing for drug effects is needed in many situations, because they influence hemostasis tests and in situations in which urgent measurement of DOACs is required. This should be very important to consider in the clinical situation for numbers of indications and increasing numbers of patients on DOACs therapy. The main aim of this article is to provide practical issues to general laboratory testing for DOACs, as well as to help avoid diagnostic errors associated with hemostasis testing. The assays for DOAC quantification must be available in medical centers on a whole day basis, to facilitate optimal drug management in conditions when things go wrong or in urgent cases of immediate reversal of anticoagulation or appropriate administration of a specific antidote.
Localized molecular orbitals for polyatomic molecules. I. A comparison of the Edmiston-Ruedenberg and Boys localization methods

The Edmiston‐Ruedenberg (ER) and Boys localization methods are compared for a number of boron hydrides and carboranes. The Boys localization equations are solved explicitly for the two‐orbital case and an iterative procedure for the multidimensional case is presented. The Boys analogs of Taylor's [J. Chem. Phys. 48, 2385 (1968)] ER equations are derived and the second‐order term is converted into a symmetrized quadratic form which is analogous to the ER equations of Switkes et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 3847 (1970)]. A limited second‐derivative test is employed in order to determine the nature of the convergence, and a transformation based on it is defined which successfully resolves structural ambiguities to which the standard two‐orbital transformation procedure is subject. The Boys and ER localization methods are in at least qualitative agreement for all molecules except 1,2‐C2B4H6, where the Boys localization yields a structure with fractional bonds and no open three‐center B–C–B bonding. Previous ER localizations of 1,2‐C2B4H6 resulted in two open B–C–B three‐center bonds and no fractional bonding.
Modeling and experimental studies of emulsion copolymerization systems. II. Styrenics

Using a model previously published, predictions for evolution of conversion and average particle diameter in batch experiments are compared against experimental data for four emulsion copolymerizations of styrene with the following monomers: (1) methyl methacrylate, (2) butyl acrylate, (3) butadiene, and (4) acrylic acid. For each copolymerization system the experiments covered simultaneous variations in five variables: initiator and surfactant concentrations, water to monomer ratio, monomer composition, and temperature. It is shown that after data fitting for unknown or uncertain parameters, the model is capable of explaining quantitatively the experimental observations for conversion evolution and only qualitatively the particle size evolution data. This points out to the possible contribution of particle nucleation mechanisms other than the micellar one, which is the only mechanism included in the model. Some of the adjustable parameter values were found to depend on the copolymer composition. The only case in which the model does not perform well is in the prediction of the effect of initiator concentration on the copolymerization rate for butadiene-rich formulations. It is also found that the model predictions are very sensitive to the value of the diffusion coefficients of monomeric radicals in the copolymer particle, which are not readily available in the literature. It is concluded that it is important to independently measure these parameters in order to enhance the predictive power of models. It is also concluded that the model can be useful for practical applications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2380–2397, 2001
Biocidal organotin compounds: Part 1. Preparation and characterization of triorganotin(IV) 4-pyridyl- and 2-pyrimidyl- thioacetates and the crystal structure of triphenyltin(2-pyrimidylthioacetate)

The preparation and spectroscopic characterization of [R 3 Sn(O 2 CCH 2 SC 5 H 4 N-4)], R = Ph, benzyl (Bz), cyclohexyl (c-Hex) and n-Bu, and of [R 3 Sn(O 2 CCH 2 SC 4 H 3 N 2 -2,6)], R=Me, Ph and n-Bu, are reported. The 2-pyrimidyl compounds feature trigonal bipyramidal tin centres with trans-R 3 SnO 1 geometries as was confirmed by X-ray crystallography for [Ph 3 Sn(O 2 CCH 2 SC 4 H 3 N 2 -2,6]. By contrast the 4-pyridyl compounds have trigonal bipyramidal geometries in the solid state (arising from intermolecular Sn.N interaction) and tetrahedral geometries in solution. The biocidal activity of these compounds against the fungi Helminthosporium maydis (ITCC 2675) and H. oryzae (ITCC 2537), both of which damage crops such as maize and rice, shows promise. Encouraging is the observation that the compounds show no adverse phytotoxicity at concentrations to 10 -3 M
Theoretical description of elastic atom—atom scatteringd

Recent measurements of Lindhar's scattering function are used as starting point for some theoretical investigations of the elastic atom-atom scattering within the quasistatic model. Good agreement is found for scattering of light ions on heavy atoms. For heavy collision partners the theoretical results agree in average with the experiments but don't provide the oscillations in full magnitude. This deviation is caused by neglecting the deformation of electron distributions. Ausgehend von neueren Messungen der Lindhardschen Streufunktion werden einige theoretische Untersuchungen zur elastischen Atom-Atom-Streuung im Rahmen des quasistatischen Modells gemacht. Im Falle der Streuung leichter Ionen an schweren Atomen wird eine gute Ubereinstimmung erhalten. Fur schwere Stospartner stimmen die theoretischen Ergebnisse im Mittel mit den Experimenten uberein, liefern jedoch zu schwache Oszillationen. Diese Abweichung entsteht durch das Vernachlassigen der Deformation der Elektronenverteilungen.
The effect of soil sample handling between collection and drying on nitrate concentration

Abstract The residual soil NO3‐N concentration is used in determining the N fertilizer recommendation for many crops in the arid United States. Accurate representation of the field levels of residual NO3‐N is complicated by the fact that the NO3 concentration in a soil sample can change significantly if the sample is not handled properly after collection. This will result in erroneous N fertilizer recommendations. Soil samples were retained in their field moist state after collection and subjected to various conditions that would be encountered under normal soil sample handling situations before they were dried and analyzed. Subsamples were removed periodically to determine the change in NO3‐N as influenced by the various handling conditions. Samples with an original NO3‐N concentration of 26 ppm increased by 30.4, 12.8, 27.5 and 36.4 ppm when incubated (30 C), refrigerated, kept at room temperature or placed in a window where they were exposed to the sun 7 hours/day over a 7 day period, respectively. The.
Cycle threshold as a measure of infectivity from Covid-19 PCR tests

The Covid-19 polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) test run with a cycle threshold of 40 returns as positive also cases of patients only having a small number of viral fragments in the sample This produces an overrated number of those who are considered infected It is suggested to always include the cycle number for positivity in the test result, as well as to lower the cycle threshold to 30-35 for more appropriate detection of those contagious
Ideal gas thermodynamic properties of the eight bromo‐ and lodomethanes

The available molecular parameters, fundamental frequencies, and enthalpy of formation for eight bromo‐ and indomethanes have been critically evaluated and recommended values selected. This information has been utilized to calculate the ideal gas thermodynamic properties. C°p, S°, H°−H°0, (G°−H°0)/T, ΔHF°, ΔGF°, and log KF from 0 to 1500 K using the rigid rotor‐harmonic oscillator approximation.
Development of a method for the energy efficiency determination of stacker cranes in automated high-bay warehouses

Modern intralogistic facilities fulfil important tasks within today’s supply chains. Many different influences must be taken into account in their planning and construction. Current trends and circumstances show a strong tendency to build energy efficient and therefore environmentally friendly warehouses. This applies to the building technology of a warehouse and the intralogistic system used. Intralogistic facilities with an automated high-bay warehouse are very common and often operated by stacker cranes. This storage technology allows goods to be stored in a very volume and energy-efficient manner. The performance and energy demand of stacker cranes are influenced by a large number of parameters. To determine their energy efficiency is therefore complex. In this paper we present a method based on a simulation study which could be a possible solution for this problem.
Mechanisms of Fouling Control in Membrane Bioreactors by the Addition of Powdered Activated Carbon

This paper describes the experiments and observations that examine the mechanisms by which the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC), in the form of biologically activated carbon (BAC), improves the filtration performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR). The membrane performance was observed to increase significantly with steady state PAC concentration. It is necessary to steadily replenish the PAC, to match that which is lost in sludge wastage. The enhancement mechanisms identified are, first, the role of PAC as an adsorbent of organics and planktonic bacteria, second, the effect of PAC as a scouring agent that limits foulant deposition, and third, the effect of the combined adsorption and biodegradation of BAC on the foulant components. The effectiveness of each mechanism in decreasing the fouling rate has been carefully evaluated. All three mechanisms play a role and the most significant appears to be the combined adsorption and biodegradation effect. The properties and filtration characteristics of activated sludge, with and without BAC have been measured and compared in both short-term tests and long-term continuous operation runs. The results of the short-term (cross flow mode) tests are in qualitative agreement with long-term performance.
Interpretation of Depression Detection Models via Feature Selection Methods

Given the prevalence of depression worldwide and its major impact on society, several studies employed artificial intelligence modelling to automatically detect and assess depression. However, interpretation of these models and cues are rarely discussed in detail in the AI community, but have received increased attention lately. In this article, we aim to analyse the commonly selected features using a proposed framework of several feature selection methods and their effect on the classification results, which will provide an interpretation of the depression detection model. The developed framework aggregates and selects the most promising features for modelling depression detection from 38 feature selection algorithms of different categories. Using three real-world depression datasets, 902 behavioural cues were extracted from speech behaviour, speech prosody, eye movement and head pose. To verify the generalisability of the proposed framework, we applied the entire process to depression datasets individually and when combined. The results from the proposed framework showed that speech behaviour features (e.g. pauses) are the most distinctive features of the depression detection model. From the speech prosody modality, the strongest feature groups were F0, HNR, formants, and MFCC, while for the eye activity modality they were left-right eye movement and gaze direction, and for the head modality it was yaw head movement. Modelling depression detection using the selected features (even though there are only 9 features) outperformed using all features in all the individual and combined datasets. Our feature selection framework did not only provide an interpretation of the model, but was also able to produce a higher accuracy of depression detection with a small number of features in varied datasets. This could help to reduce the processing time needed to extract features and creating the model.