Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sources of variation in uropygial gland size in European birds

Defence mechanisms against parasites and pathogens are some of the most elaborate biological systems in animals. The oily secretion of the avian uropygial gland has been suggested to serve as a chemical defence against feather and eggshell bacteria. Yet, the traits associated with uropygial gland oil production are not well understood. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis comprising 132 European bird species aiming to test: (1) whether life-history and ecological traits drive gland size evolution by potentially promoting microbial infestation and (2) how these traits affects change in the gland size throughout the annual cycle. We show that the size of the uropygial gland is dynamic (i.e. increasing from the nonbreeding to the breeding season, independent of sex). Furthermore, we found that the year-round size of the gland was similar between sexes and was correlated with different ecological and life-history traits promoting microbial infection throughout the annual cycle. During the breeding season, the total eggshell surface area in a clutch correlated significantly and positively with the gland size, suggesting the importance of oil in protecting eggs from microbes. Social species exhibited a larger gland size increase during the breeding season compared to nonsocials; a change that was also predicted by the total eggshell surface area. Aquatic, riparian and non-migratory species had larger glands than terrestrials and migrants, respectively. The findings of the present study suggest that aquatic environments may promote the production of gland oil, through either the need of waterproofing the plumage and/or defending it against the intensified feather degradation in these moist conditions. Finally, we found a negative effect of the incubation period on uropygial gland size, which may suggest an energetic constraint imposed by other development-connected costly activities. Our results show that the role of the uropygial gland dynamically varies during the annual cycle, potentially in response to seasonal variation in parasitic infection risk. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110, 543-563.
Assessing the Helicopter and Net Gun as a Capture Technique for White-Tailed Deer

Abstract The helicopter and net gun is a technique used to capture white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and is useful in a variety of habitat types and at various population densities with the ability to be highly selective. During capture, deer may sustain injuries or even die as a result of capture and handling, and may also be prone to capture myopathy. Therefore, our objectives were to determine 1) type and frequency of injuries sustained during the helicopter and net-gun capture, and 2) the effects of capture on survival of radiocollared deer. We captured 3,350 white-tailed deer from 1998 to 2005 using a net gun fired from a helicopter on 5 southern Texas, USA, ranches. Additionally, we captured 51 yearling males and 49 mature (≥4 yr of age) males and fitted them with radiocollars to monitor their survival. We recorded injuries and mortalities during capture and ranked the seriousness of injuries on a scale from 0 to 4. We recorded 281 injuries (8.4%) and as a result of capture, at least 206 deer had broken antlers (6.1%), 55 were injured (1.6%), and 20 were direct mortalities (0.6%). The most common antler injury was broken antler tines and the most common body injury was broken legs. Postcapture mortality rates were low (1%) for this capture method. Based on capture-related injuries, mortalities, and postcapture survival, we found the helicopter and net gun to be a safe capture technique compared to other capture techniques, particularly when conditions are favorable.
Use of Highly Discriminating Morphological Characters and Isozymes in the Study of Spanish Chestnut Cultivars

Morphological characters (six traits) and isozymes (four systems, fi ve loci) were used to discriminate between Spanish chestnut cultivars (Castanea sativa Mill.) from the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 701 accessions (representing 168 local cultivars) were analyzed from collections made between 1989 and 2003 in the main chestnut growing areas: 31 were from Andalucia (12 cultivars), 293 from Asturias (65 cultivars), 25 from Castilla-Leon (nine cultivars), four from Extremadura (two cultivars) and 348 from Galicia (80 cultivars). Data were synthesized using multivariate analy- sis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. A total of 152 Spanish cultivars were verifi ed: 58 cultivars of major importance and 94 of minor importance, of which 18 had high intracultivar variation. Thirty-seven cultivars were clustered into 14 synonymous groups. Six of these were from Galicia, one from Castilla-Leon (El Bierzo), four from Asturias, one from Asturias and Castilla-Leon (El Bierzo), and two from Asturias, Castilla-Leon (El Bierzo), and Galicia. The chestnut cultivars from Galicia and Asturias were undifferentiated in genetic terms, indicating that they are not genetically isolated. Overall, chestnut cultivars from southern Spain showed the least variation. Many (58%) of Spanish cultivars produced more than 100 nuts/kg; removing this low market-value character will be a high priority. The data obtained will be of use in chestnut breeding programs in Spain and elsewhere. Growers have selected chestnut cultivars since Roman times. Traditionally, chestnut stands are derived by grafting selected cultivars onto planted seedlings. In the Middle Ages huge plan- tations were established for forestry with the dual purpose of timber and nut production (Pereira-Lorenzo and Ramos-Cabrer, 2004). Some of these plantations can still be found in Tuscany (Italy), Galicia (Spain), Tras-Os-Montes (Portugal), and Aveyron and Cevennes (France). Monasteries established most of these extensive chestnut orchards. There are 187 cultivars documented in Spain (Pereira-Lorenzo et al., 2001a, 2001b). There is considerable need to defi ne precisely chestnut cultivar variation for improved planting regimes and chestnut breeding. Breviglieri (1955) made the fi rst comprehensive study of chestnut variation using morphological characteristics in the "Scheda Castanografi ca. " Later, the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) published a chestnut guide for distinguishing chestnut cultivars and suggested some
Matthew

word is the proclaimed Gospel and the candidate’s profession of faith. The marriage is Christ’s resurrection, ‘‘when he rose in his spiritual Body which is the Church’s proper sphere” (145). This last point could be strengthened by bringing in the theme of the royal nuptials in the Gospels and Revelation, as well as possible echoes of the song of Songs in relation to the risen Christ. There is scarcely an allusion to the descent in Eph 5 2 6 . Unfortunately, Hanson does not take account of Markus Barth’s magisterial and contrasting discussion in his Anchor Bible Ephesians ( 19 74). The myriad references to exegetical opinion are normally consigned to notes a t the end of the book. However, they sometimes weigh down the text, e.g., pp. 1 lb117, 128, 139. The intricate verbal interweaving of scriptural texts, required by the cumulative interlocking arguments, makes for dificult if rewarding reading. Summary is wellnigh impossible, though note pp. 18-20, 30, 93-95, 102, 121, 154-155, 165, and 175. Dissent has been expressed above about a few topics. A more accurate title would be, Studies in the New Testatilent Interpretation of Scripture. If italics were used for all the Greek texts the book’s high price might have been lowered. Hanson’s method is more controlled than that of, say, Michael Goulder or John Drury. His analyses are carried out with admirable sensitivity towards the presuppositions, feelings, and methods of N T authois. This ecumenism in scholarship leads to a real understanding of John and Paul on their own terms which gradually make sense for us. BRIAN M. NOLAN
A Hybrid UHF Passive Tag Antenna for RFID Applications at 865 MHz

A planar UHF RFID tag antenna comprised of nested slot and T-match network is presented. A novel T-match network in Nested slot is introduced for better conjugate impedance matching between tag antenna and the semiconductor microchip is obtained. Moreover, by expansion the nested slot area and increasing the T-match branch length enhances the electrical length and increase the antenna inductance. Thus by utilizing the arm of matching network and feeder line, conjugate impedance is achieved in accordance with the semiconductor chip at 865 MHz. A surpassing UHF tag with volume 120mm x 60mm x 1.6mm (0.346λ×0.173λ×0.0046λ), with impressive power transmission coefficient of 99.9% has been flourishingly demonstrated and it is able to obtain detection range of 13.9 m. This tag antenna composition is simulated with respect to 4 W EIRP reader.
ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS AND ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF CEREAL APHIDS ON BARLEY IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC

Abstract Artificial infestations of cereal aphids in caged plants were made at different growth stages of barley in the field in 1978 and 1979. Forty, 80, 160, and 200 aphids/tiller reduced grain yield significantly (P < 0.01) when introduced into caged plants at flowering and milky stages for 2 weeks. Only the 150 and 200 aphids/tiller-treatments gave significant reductions in yield when introduction was at the mealy ripe stage. Twenty aphids/tiller gave a significant reduction in yield only when they were introduced at the beginning of ear emergence and flowering, but not at the milky ripe stage. Significant reduction in percentage protein was obtained only when 160 and 200 aphids/tiller were introduced at flowering and milky ripe stages. The economic injury and threshold levels were calculated as 10–18 and 8–16 aphids/tiller, respectively, depending on rate of increase of aphids, costs of chemical control, and the value of the crop in 1978 and 1979. Résumé Des infestations artificielles de pucerons des céréales sur des plants d’orge en cage ont été faites à différents stades de croissance en 1978 et 1979. Lorsque 40, 80, 160 et 200 pucerons par talle ont été introduits pour deux semaines sur des plants en cage à la floraison et au stade laiteux, le rendement en grain a été réduit significativement (P < 0.01). Seuls les niveaux d’infestation de 160 et 200 pucerons par talle ont occasionné des réductions significatives de rendement quand cette infestation a été faite au stade farineaux. Vingt pucerons par talle ont causé une diminution significative du rendement seulement lorsqu’ introduit au début de la montaison et de la floraison mais pas au stade laiteux tardif. Des réductions significatives du pourcentage de protéine sont été obtenues seulement lorsque 160 et 200 pucerons par talle ont été introduits à la floraison et au stade laiteux tardif. Le niveau de dommage économique et le seuil économique sont respectivement de 10–18 et 8–16 pucerons par talle, selon le taux de multiplication des pucerons, les coûts de contrôle chimique et la valeur de la récolte en 1978 et 1979.
5G core network security issues and attack classification from network protocol perspective

Fifth-generation technology [5G] services commercialized in 2019 have not only provided voice and data communication but also undergone signiﬁcant structural changes in mobile networks to accommodate Internet-of-things devices, sensitive to latency and reliability, by adopting the latest ICT technologies, such as software-deﬁned networking/network function virtualization, multi-access edge computing, and network slicing. However, this technological evolution poses new security challenges, such as creation of new access paths, owing to its complex inter-operation structures, security downgrading, and limitations in security visibility. To address these issues, research on 5G security threats and security architecture has been actively underway at international standards organizations, communication carriers, and universities. However, security researchers ﬁnd it difﬁcult to conduct studies on 5G security technology design and application methods owing to the relatively unknown nature of the mobile carrier network. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed ﬁve new security issues for each 5G section, relative to 5G technical advantages, by reviewing previous studies. In addition, we classiﬁed cyber attacks against nine network protocols primarily used in the 5G core network. The result of this study is expected to be used as basic data for modeling 5G security threats.
Indigenous Articulations

Examines the ways that curators have attempted to represent multiple forms of indigenous experience and politics in exhibition, including the successes and failures of the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC (Smith), the hybridizing curatorial legacies of Rene d'Hamoncourt (Lutkehaus), and the contemporary “transpacific fusion” artworks of Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas (Levell).
Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass‐fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives

Grazing animals walk outdoors and harvest fresh herbage from a three-dimensional canopy. Botanical composition and grassland management in various farming systems affect herbage intake and milk fatty acid (FA) composition. Grazing animals encounter a vertical gradient while grazing down a sward; responses in milk FA composition are discussed. Grazing animals have diets rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). Concentrates and starch-rich fodders affect rumen retention time of the feed, increase linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) intake, and alter biohydrogenation pathways toward less n-3 PUFA and less rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer C18:2c9t11), leading to lower contents of these compounds in the milk. Milk from grazing-based production systems including organic systems, therefore, has less saturated and more n-3PUFA and CLAc9t11 which is considered beneficial for health. The occurrence of natural trans FA (t11) in milk predominates with grazing whereas intensive feeding practices enhance t10-FA, with possible negative health effects. FA intake – output relations can differ among plant species due to rapid rumen passage rate or compounds protecting PUFA, resulting in more PUFA in milk. Methodological constraints for FA measurement in herbages are discussed. Trends in grazing and dairy farming systems and implications for milk FA composition are addressed. Practical applications: Grazing is important for fresh forage intake, animal health and natural behaviour, landscape values and grassland biodiversity. Grazing is a political, societal and marketing issue in The Netherlands where retailers since 2011 sell dairy products labelled as “pasture-milk” and dairies pay a premium to farmers whose cows get access to pasture. Grazing affects green leaf intake because animals can select. Pasture allowance enhances α-linolenic acid and CLAc9t11 (rumenic acid) concentrations in milk fat. FA need to be designated by unique names; CLA is a generic term and isomers give rise to different biological responses. As some forbs reduce biohydrogenation, grassland species diversity may improve PUFA transfer efficiency from feed to milk. Trends in animal genetics and increased herd size, TMR feeding and automated milking systems cause reduction of grazing in Europe, which can increase saturated and trans-10 milk FA concentrations and reduce naturally occurring fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants in dairy products. Grazing (pasture-feeding versus indoor with conserved forage and concentrates) increases n-3 PUFA and trans-11 over trans-10 FA in cow milk when cows can select, as leaves have high n-3 PUFA concentrations; biodiverse grasslands enhance this effect as some forbs show less PUFA rumen biohydrogenation than grasses, thus increasing efficiency of PUFA transfer from forage to milk.
Length-weight relationship of 73 fish species caught in the southeastern inner continental shelf region of Brazil

The a and b parameters of the length-weight relationship (LWR) of the form W = aL b were estimated for 71 species of Actinopterygii and 2 Elasmobranchii, caught in the coastal region and inner shelf of southeastern Brazil. Estimates of b varied from 2.151 to 3.882. For the first time LWR for eight fish species is reported. Significant differences were observed among b values obtained for the same species caught in different ecosystems. Moreover, significant different results for b were observed among species caught in different ecosystems and between sexes of 12 species. Therefore, in order to obtain a reliable biomass estimate it is necessary to choose LWR data close in time and region with estimates for each sex.
Novel 5G patch antenna designs for FR1 and FR2 frequency bands with radio network planning

This paper presents two novel patch antennae operating in 5G sub 6GHz (FR1) and millimeter-wave (FR2) frequency bands. The FR1 patch antenna is designed to operate in sub 6GHz with VSWR < 2 from 2 to 4 GHz, peak gain of 1.8 dBi and 2.7 dBi for 2.4 and 2.7 GHz respectively. The FR2 patch antenna is designed to operate with a VSWR < 2 from 24 to 29 GHz and peak gain of 7.4 dBi at 25 GHz. A linear antenna array with $\mathbf{1}\times \mathbf{4}$ configuration is designed to operate for both FR1 and FR2 patch antennae. The antenna simulations are performed in Altair Feko. Altair WinProp is utilized for practical deployment to analyze detailed radio network planning. The antenna radiation patterns are imported from Feko to WinProp and deployed as a macro and micro base station antennae for FR1 and FR2 respectively. In WinProp, data rates, throughput, signal strength, and reference signal parameters representing signal quality are evaluated. From the simulation results, with different carriers assigned to the macro and micro base stations, a maximum achievable data rate and throughput of 1.07 Mbit/s, 26.78 Mbit/s and 1.146 Mbit/s, 28.65 Mbit/s for uplink and downlink frequencies respectively are achieved.
Factores genéticos que inciden en la resistencia a enfermedades infecciosas en salmónidos y su aplicación en programas de mejoramiento

The control of infectious diseases is essential in the success of salmon aquaculture. Genetic improvement of disease resistance may provide a feasible and sustainable option for the management of these diseases. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) or Gene-assisted selection (GAS), represent a valuable alternative to the conventional schemes for improving disease resistance using pedigree. Nevertheless a previous knowledge of the genetic factors invol ved in the trait is necessary to implement this methodology. In this review, the most important aspects of genetic resistance to infectious diseases in saImonids and their suitability for breeding programmes are both reviewed and discussed. Firstly, we briefly mention the most important infectious diseases in Chile. Furthermore, we include aspects related with conventional breeding for this quantitative trait, such as selection criteria, genetic variation of resistance and genetic correlations with other traits. We also review three approaches used in molecular identification of genetic factors involved in resistance: candidate genes, with particular emphasis on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or MH genes, detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and gene expression studies. FinaIly, we discuss the use ofthis information in the implementation ofbreeding schemes that include disease resistance in their breeding goal.
Hunting influences the diel patterns in habitat selection by northern pintails Anas acuta

Northern pintail Anas acuta (hereafter pintail) populations wintering within Suisun Marsh, a large estuarine managed wetland near San Francisco Bay, California, USA, have declined markedly over the last four decades. The reasons for this decline are unclear. Information on how hunting and other factors influence the selection of vegetation types and sanctuaries would be beneficial to manage pintail populations in Suisun Marsh. During 1991-1993, we radio-marked and relocated female pintails (individuals: N = 203, relocations: N = 7,688) within Suisun Marsh to investigate habitat selection during the non-breeding months (winter). We calculated selection ratios for different vegetation types and for sanctuaries, and examined differences in those ratios between hunting season (i.e. hunting and non-hunting), age (hatch-year and after-hatch-year), and time of day (daylight or night hours). We found that diel patterns in selection were influenced by hunting disturbance. For example, prior to the hunting season and during daylight hours, pintails selected areas dominated by brass buttons Cotula coronopifolia, a potentially important food source, usually outside of sanctuary boundaries. However, during the hunting season, pintails did not select brass buttons during daylight hours, but instead highly selected permanent pools, mostly within sanctuaries. Also, during the hunting season, pintails showed strong selection for brass buttons at night. Sanctuaries provided more area of permanent water pools than within hunting areas and appeared to function as important refugia during daylight hours of the hunting season. Wildlife managers should encourage large protected permanent pools adjacent to hunted wetlands to increase pintail numbers within wetland environments and responsibly benefit hunting opportunities while improving pintail conservation.
Trophodynamics of the Spotfin Flathead Grammoplites suppositus (Troschel 1840) from the Southeast Arabian Sea

The dietary habits of the spotfin flathead, Grammoplites suppositus which inhabits the southeast Arabian Sea was studied. The stomach contents of 581 specimens were analysed between September 2001 and May 2002. G. suppositus preyed primarily on crustaceans. The most important preys were benthic crabs and penaeid prawns, and fishes were next in rank. During premonsoon, fishes and crustaceans were equally important, whereas in monsoon and postmonsoon benthic crabs and penaeid prawns were the predominant prey. There were significant (p 165 mm) ate crustaceans such as the benthic crabs, penaeid prawns, the paste shrimp, Acetes indicus and the mantis shrimp, Oratosquilla nepa. Highest similarity in diet was observed between 216240 and 241-265 mm length groups. Diet breadth was higher during the monsoon season; however, the trophic level which had a mean value of 3.79 ± 0.13 peaked during the postmonsoon season. Maximum diet breadth was for 191-215 mm length groups. The length of the prey Solenocera choprai had a linear positive correlation to the predator length (r 2 = 0.72). Electivity studies showed that G. suppositus has a strong preference for low trophic level animals such as benthic crabs and Solenocera choprai. The Amundsen plot showed that G. suppositus is a specialized feeder on benthic crustaceans.
Genetic diversity and structure found in samples of Eritrean bread wheat

Genetic diversity and structure plays a key role in the selection of parents for crosses in plant breeding programmes. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity and structure of Eritrean bread wheat accessions. We analysed 284 wheat accessions from Eritrea using 30 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 539 alleles were detected. The allele number per locus ranged from 2 to 21, with a mean allele number of 9.2. The average genetic diversity index was 0.66, with values ranging from 0.01 to 0.89. Comparing the three genomes of wheat, the B genome had the highest genetic diversity (0.66) and the D genome the lowest diversity (0.61). A STRUCTURE analysis based on the Bayesian model-based cluster analysis followed by a graphical representation of the distances by non-parametric multidimensional scaling revealed a distinct partition of the Eritrean wheat accessions into two major groups. This is the first report of the genetic diversity and structure of Eritrean bread wheat.