Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationships Between the Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Economic Development: A Correlation Analysis for Turkey

Integration of women into the labor market has been a crucial indicator of economic development and social welfare. Although Turkey has taken important steps in terms of integrating with the world economy by shifting from an import-substituting industrialization model to an export-oriented growth strategy from the 1980s onward, female labor force participation rates and the significant regional variations in these rates indicate that women’s integration into the labor force has still some ways to go to reach the level of EU and OECD countries. The influence of economic growth on female employment participation has been discussed in many studies. But, studies analyzing the interdependent relationship of female labor force participation and economic growth as well as the interplay of female labor force participation and sectoral GDP growth have been limited. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by evaluating the relationships between female labor force participation rate and economic growth expressed by GDP per capita levels in Turkey for the 1990-2015 period, using data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) 2017 database of the World Bank. The empirical findings point to a strong correlation between the rate of female labor force participation in industry and services sectors and economic development.
Changes in the Pattern of Intercellular Junctions during Early Embryogenesis of the Starfish, Asterias amurensis

Changes in the cellular adhesion pattern during the early embryogenesis of a starfish Asterias amurensis were examined using carboxyfluorescein (CF) dye as a probe. CF that was injected into one of the blastomeres at the 2‐ or 4‐cell stage was in all cases restricted to the progeny cells of the CF‐labelled blastomere. With the advancement of gastrulation, however, the injected dye was distributed not only to the progeny of the labelled blastomere, but also to cells that originated from non‐injected blastomeres. At the beginning of mesenchyme cell release, the injected dye spread uniformly to most cells comprising the embryo. When one of the blastomeres situated in the vegetal hemisphere of an 8‐cell embryo was labelled, the resulting embryo showed more intense fluorescence in the cells surrounding the archenteron than in the ectodermal layer, suggesting that the cells in ectodermal layer became associated more intimately or earlier than those surrounding the archenteron. Likewise, in double embryos formed by combining two denuded eggs, in which one egg had been labelled with CF, dye spread was observed when the ectodermal layer began to expand. The intercellular spread of CF dye in starfish embryo suggests that there is a dramatic change in the cellular adhesion pattern during the course of gastrulation.
Development of sex linked AFLP-derived SCAR markers in Carica papaya.

【Objective】 Papaya(Carica papaya L.),native to tropical America,is a widely distributed fruit crop throughout the tropical and warmer subtropical regions of the world.Papaya is a polygamous plant species with three sex forms:female,male,and hermaphrodite.Sex determination in the young seedling stage is very important for papaya plantation. 【Method】 By cloning sex-linked AFLP markers,31 Carica papaya sex linked SCAR markers were developed and validated at different sex types of papaya plants and segregation population. 【Result】 Sixteen SCAR markers were found to be polymorphic between different sex types and were co-segregated with male and hermaphrodite sex,and therefore can be used to discriminate the female and hermaphrodite or male tree,while the other 15 SCAR markers were monomorphism yielding same size DNA fragments at three sex types. 【Conclusion】These AFLP-derived SCAR markers can be used as diagnostic tools for molecular discrimination of different papaya sex types at seedling stage and as probes to screen papaya BAC library to construct physical map around the papaya sex determination gene.
Identification and characterisation of MORC6 as a component of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana

RNA silencing pathways control the expression of genes and other DNA loci by the action of small RNA molecules and are found in many eukaryotes. In plants there are a number of RNA silencing pathways, of which RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is one. In this pathway the small RNA molecules direct DNA methylation, resulting in the down regulation of expression of the target locus. In terms of the mechanism of the pathway it is mostly well characterised but several gaps exist in our knowledge. These relate to its initiation, where it is not known how RdDM targets the correct locus; methylation, where it is unclear how the action of small RNAs triggers methylation; and chromatin modification, where it is unclear how methylated DNA is converted into higher order chromatin modification. These gaps in the pathway raised the possibility of the involvement of novel proteins and so this project aimed to identify and characterise mutants in these proteins. Screening of a library of putative RdDM mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana identified three alleles in MORC6, which encodes a GHKL ATPase containing protein associated with RdDM that is thought to form higher order chromatin in response to DNA methylation. Analysis of the three alleles revealed that morc6 mutants have no effect on siRNA production but at certain loci do have an effect on DNA methylation and so would suggest that MORC6 is also involved in the DNA methylation process in RdDM at specific loci. It was also shown that silencing by RdDM can still occur in morc6 mutants in a limited capacity and that this silencing is stochastic and cell autonomous in nature. These findings point to MORC6 also having further roles in RdDM other than higher order chromatin modification and so increase our understanding of the mechanism of RdDM.
The energetics of lactation in the northern elephant seal

Apparatus for storing chunk or cube ice and for delivering ice on command in which a plurality of elongated members mounted for staggered reciprocating movement in side by side relationship at the bottom of a generally rectangular storage bin having sides sloping slightly outwardly from top to bottom of the reservoir are provided with serrated upper surfaces inclined downwardly from the back of the reservoir toward a discharge area at the front and are adapted to be driven to discharge ice from said bin.
The wildlife picture index, monitoring and conservation

The Wildlife picture index (WPI) is presented by O’Brien et al. (2010) as a reasonable approach for monitoring medium and large-sized birds and mammals in a variety of habitats, with emphasis on tropical areas. The description of WPI is exemplary in several respects. It includes clearheaded discussion of why this sort of biodiversity monitoring is needed, what characteristics a biodiversity indicator should have, and how such a monitoring program can be implemented. Special attention is devoted to the ‘how’ question, as O’Brien et al. (2010) consider the two key design issues, spatial sampling and detectability. By relying on the occupancy modeling framework (MacKenzie et al., 2006; Royle & Dorazio, 2008), programs that adopt WPI will become some of the only biodiversity monitoring programs to explicitly incorporate detection probability into inference procedures. O’Brien et al. (2010) also present explicit recommendations for data analysis, again distinguishing their proposal from the vast majority of existing monitoring programs that have been designed and implemented in the absence of a clear idea of how resulting data are to be analyzed and used to meet program objectives. The example analysis of data from Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park provides potential users of this approach with a good idea of what sorts of results may be expected from a WPI program (O’Brien et al., 2010). In summary, the treatment of the proposed WPI by O’Brien et al. (2010) is excellent and includes discussion of the important issues that should be considered by those developing and initiating new monitoring programs.
Hypocreales of the Southeastern United States : An identification guide

Interpretive Summary: Fungi are a diverse group of organisms, some of which attack plants and annually cause billions of dollars of crop and forest losses in the United States. A major problem facing U.S. agriculture and forestry is that the fungi that cause plant diseases are microscopic and very difficult to accurately identify. This book is an identification manual for about 100 species within a group of fungi called the Hypocreales; the book is devoted to those species found in or near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southeastern United States. The manual includes photographs of the external and internal features that are needed to identify the fungi, as well as information about their geographic distribution and host range. The book is significant because it provides the first thorough compilation of data about the Hypocreales in the Smokies and contains the only accurate guide for identifying them. Because many of these fungi have a much wider geographic distribution than the Smokies, this book will be used by agronomists, plant pathologists, foresters, ecologists, and other scientists to identify these fungi wherever they are encountered.
Interaction effect of organic and mineral amendments on soil properties, plant growth, and nutrients uptake by onion and corn plants

ABSTRACT Two field experiments were carried out in the Research Station Sids in Beni swef, Egypt, during winter season 2015/2016, and summer season 2016; to study the effect of amendments (sulfur at rate of 1ton/fed, Farmyard manure at rate of 4 ton/fed and filter mud at rate of 2 ton/fed and in combination) on soil properties, some characteristic growth and nutrients uptake by onion and corn plants. The results showed that the highest values of grain yield of corn plant, dry weight of onion plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake were recorded with combined effect of amendments (sulfur, farmyard manure and filter mud). The combined effect of amendments was found to be more effective in reducing EC and pH of the soil compared with application of sulfur or filter mud alone. Also, organic matters contain more of elements of nutrients by application of combined amendments which is due to solubility to nutrients uptake by plant. On the other hand, addition of sulfur to soil in combination with farmyard manure and filter mud caused a high increase of the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium due to increase of soil fertility compared with control treatment. Generally, from these results it can be concluded that the application of amendments (sulfur, Farmyard manure and filter mud in combination) improved soil fertility as well as increase of plant growth and nutrients uptake by onion and corn plants.
Dietary Practical Ingredients with Emphasis on Protein Sources for Penaeid Shrimp

Studies on the utilization of dietary practical ingredients, in particular protein sources, by penaeid shrimp juveniles were reviewed in this paper. It has been proved by a number of researchers in shrimp nutrition that diets containing a mixture of two or more protein sources are better utilized by shrimp than those containing single protein sources. In general, evaluation of the nutritive value of a feed ingredient for growth is based on both the quantity and the quality of the protein in the ingredient. The amino acid composition and the relative proportions of other dietary nutrients are mostly relevant to the efficiency of protein assimilation by penaeids. Based on the essential amino acid index (EAAI) used to screen some potential protein sources for penaeid shrimp, there were found that fish meal, shrimp meal, squid meal and soybean meal were good dietary potential protein sources with EAAIs between 0.87-0.98.
Challenges facing real-time PCR characterization of acute respiratory tract infections.

The use of real-time PCR in microbial diagnostics has increased to the point where it has evolved from a novelty into a mature and essential technology for the field doing so, real-time PCR has driven significant changes in the way we detect microbes. The predominantly phenotype-related methods of culture and antigen detect while still of considerable value, are being supplanted by the detection, characterization and quantification of microbial nucleic acids. Real-time PCR has engender a wider acceptance of the PCR technique due to its improved rapidity, sensitivity, reproducibility and the considerably reduced risk of carry-over contamination. There many fluorogenic chemistries that can detect PCR product as it accumulates but only a few are useful, popular or exciting enough to be the subject of publication in field of microbiology. We review how real-time PCR has come to be; especially the essential role of fluorescence and we criticallyreview the plethora of detection chemistries available to the end user.
Hybrid Wheat Breeding and Commercial Seed Development

Following an account of the use made of the various genomes and cytoplasms of Triticum and Aegilops in hybrid wheat breeding, information is reviewed on the following hybridization methods: (1) cytoplasmic male sterility and pollen restoration, (2) chemical induction of male sterility and (3) single recessive genetic male sterility combined with chemical restoration. Sections are then devoted to (1) germplasm development and evaluation, (2) seed distribution and production, including parent and hybrid seed distribution, and (3) grain quality and yield in hybrids.
Transversals of graphs

The intention of this work is to study problems about transversals of graphs. A transversal of a graph is a set of vertices or edges that intersects every object of some type. We study three types of transversals: of longest paths, of longest cycles, and of triangles. For each such type of transversal, we show upper bounds on the minimum cardinality of a transversal in a given graph class. The problems we study here have a strong connection with two well-known questions in graph theory: Gallai’s question and Tuza’s Conjecture. Gallai asked whether all longest paths in a connected graph intersect. In terms of transversals, Gallai was asking whether there is a transversal of longest paths of cardinality one. Although the answer to this question is negative, it is still open for several classes of graphs. One part of this work is as an attempt to solve Gallai’s question, and its corresponding analogous question for cycles, on important classes of graphs. In some of these classes we are able to solve the question and in others we present significant advances. Tuza conjectured whether the minimum cardinality of a transversal of triangles is at most twice the cardinality of a maximum packing of triangles, where a packing of triangles is a set of edge-disjoint triangles in a graph. This conjecture is still open and several related advances have been made in the literature. One part of this work is an attempt to solve Tuza’s Conjecture for several classes of graphs. For some of these classes we prove the conjecture. For some other classes, the conjecture was already proved, so we show stronger results.
Drosophila balancer reengineering using polycistronic gRNA for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing

Figure 1 A) U6:3-tRNA-gRNA cassette design. Red arrow represents transcription start site. B) Number of phenotypic mutants transmitted from Act5c-Cas9/FM7c; U6:3-tRNA-gRNA/+ females. Genotypes of the progeny are FM7c/y cv v f. C) Mutations induced at each locus of the respective phenotypes from B. Red letters represent insertions and dashes represent deletions. Black arrows show the Cas9 cleavage site.
Acculturation and Sexuality: Sexual Knowledge, Attitude and Help-seeking Behaviour of South Asian Women in Australia

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to report breast and cervical cancer screening participation by South Asian women in Australia and to investigate the influence of acculturation on their screening behaviour. Methods: Participants were 194 females aged 18-59 years from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Results: Half of the respondents reported ever having had a mammogram and more than half reported ever having had a CBE or a Pap test. Age, ethnicity and acculturation were significant predictors of cancer screening. Conclusion: The findings highlighted the need for socio-culturally tailored health promotion programs among South Asia women.
The Role of Irrational Beliefs on Predicting Teacher’s Organizational Commitment

A person’s beliefs may affect their job performance conceptions, work place and conditions. The present paper was aimed to appraise irrational beliefs and its impact on elementary school teacher’s organizational commitment. The current research was based on surveys. Shiraz elementary school male teachers were selected as a statistical population. Consequently, 211 participants were randomly selected using Kersji and Morgans’ sample size table. The measuring instrument was the 40-Items questionnaire of irrational beliefs-Ahvaz version, and Allen and Meyer’s 18Items organizational commitment questionnaire. The results showed that helplessness for change (t=8.915, p<0.001), problem avoidance (t=11.945, p<0.001) and emotional irresponsibility (t=13.092, p<0.001) were significantly lower than mean, and approval demand (t=3.969, p<0.001) was significantly higher than mean. The results also showed that affective (t=1.602, p>0.111) and normative (t=0.833, p>0.406) commitments were at the mean level and continuous commitment (t=3.980, p<0.001) was higher than mean significantly. Moreover, the results showed that irrational beliefs affect the teacher’s organizational commitment. The correlation coefficient of irrational beliefs in organizational commitment was calculated 0.457, affective commitment 0.387, continuous commitment 0.473, and normative commitment 0.227, respectively. The study was concluded that irrational beliefs have a significant impact on teacher’s organizational commitment. It seems that irrational beliefs can be considered as individual factors influencing organizational commitment.
Patterns of sexual size dimorphism in Chelonia: revisiting Kinosternidae

Rensch's rule, a macroevolutionary pattern in which sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with body size in male-biased SSD species, or decreases with female-biased SSD species, has been investigated in many vertebrates because it indicates whether SSD is being driven by sexual selection or a different force (i.e. fecundity or natural selection). Evidence in turtles has shown some conflicting results, which may be explained by the different phylogenies used in the analyses. Because the newly available well-resolved phylogeny of family Kinosternidae provides evidence for the ancient monophyly of Staurotypidae and Kinosternidae and their recognition as separate families (previously Staurotypidae was considered as a subfamily within Kinosternidae) and introduced the genus Cryptochelys for the monophyletic leucostomum clade, we revisit the pattern of SSD and body size in Kinosternidae. By contrast to what had been proposed, we found that the Kinosternidae as formerly recognized (i.e. including Staurotypus and Claudius) and the restricted Kinosternidae both follow a pattern consistent with Rensch's rule. Our analysis with published body size data did not change our results, confirming the importance of the phylogeny used in macroevolutionary studies. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111, 806–809.
Evolutionary ecology of transmission strategies in protozoan parasites

In recent years there has been growing interest in applying frameworks from evolutionary ecology to understand infectious disease. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the interactions between parasites within the host environment can shape parasite phenotypes underlying infection dynamics and transmission. However, the spread of the disease will crucially depend on both within-host and between-host dynamics. Bridging these scales is challenging and for vector borne parasites, such as malaria and trypanosomes, will involve gaining a much better understanding of infection dynamics both within the host and vector. I apply evolutionary ecology frameworks including social evolution, life history theory, and phenotypic plasticity to investigate how parasite phenotypes are shaped by within-host and within-vector environments and examine the implications for inhost survival and between-host transmission. Specifically, I demonstrate that; 1. Within the host; i. In accordance with theory malaria parasites detect and respond to the presence of competitors by altering reproductive strategies to maximise in-host survival. Furthermore, these strategies are fine tuned in response to variation in the within-host environment, including the availability of resources. ii. The reproductive investment strategies of malaria parasites can be applied to explain the transmission strategies of African trypanosomes. This shows how general evolutionary frameworks can be applied to a novel parasite species and demonstrates the explanatory power of an evolutionary approach. iii. The complexity of the within-host environment poses specific statistical challenges for examining the temporal dynamics of parasite life history traits that are often not adequately dealt with, potentially leading to type 1 errors. Methods to evaluate levels of autocorrelation and how to deal with it are applied to datasets of within-infection dynamics. 2. Within the vector; i. Malaria parasites undergo programmed, apoptotic cell death. The occurrence of, and putative explanation for, apoptosis in protozoan parasites is controversial. I demonstrate the importance of quantitative methods and parasite ecology in testing the evolutionary explanations for parasite apoptosis. ii. The links between within-host dynamics and within-vector dynamics are complex and can lead to counter-intuitive implications for the success of between-host transmission. Density-dependent processes result in diverse fitness costs to parasites of crowding. More broadly, these processes could explain why parasites undergo apoptosis. In general my results demonstrate, across vertebrate hosts and insect vectors, how the interactions between parasites and with their environment shapes traits important for the transmission of infectious disease.