Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behavioural priorities of laying hens

This article reviews the behavioural requirements of laying hens. It primarily concentrates on evidence from consumer demand studies and relates this to the behavioural and physical consequences of denying hens opportunities to express certain activities. Hens clearly place a high value on food and this provides a useful yardstick for assessing the value of other resources. Hens have been found to work for access to a range of additional resources including pecking, scratching and dust bathing substrates, perches (particularly prior to nightfall), additional space and nestboxes. So far, only nestboxes (prior to oviposition) have been found to have a value comparable to food (in food-deprived hens). To date, however, no study has systematically compared the value of a range of resources. Furthermore, only a limited number of studies have related deprivation of specific resources to behavioural or physiological measures of distress. Egg production is clearly very efficient economically when hens are housed in conventional wire cages and provided with adequate food and water, but the hens show signs of frustrated nesting and pecking/scratching behaviour in these conditions. Modified or enriched cages allow for these activities, as well as perching, and, potentially dust bathing, but do not allow full expression of exploratory or comfort behaviours, Free-range systems, percheries and other types of colony housing provide opportunities for all of the above, although at high stocking densities social competition and limited space may restrict performance of these behaviours for certain birds.
Expert Systems with Applications: X

Citation screening is a labour-intensive part of the process of a systematic literature review that identi-ﬁes citations eligible for inclusion in the review. In this paper, we present an automatic text classiﬁcation approach that aims to prioritise eligible citations earlier than ineligible ones and thus reduces the manual labelling effort that is involved in the screening process. e.g. by automatically excluding lower ranked citations. To improve the performance of the text classiﬁer, we develop a novel neural network-based feature extraction method. Unlike previous approaches to citation screening that employ unsupervised feature extraction methods to address a supervised classiﬁcation task, our proposed method extracts document features in a supervised setting. In particular, our method generates a feature representation for documents, which is explicitly optimised to discriminate between eligible and ineligible citations. The generated document representation is subsequently used to train a text classiﬁer. Experiments show that our feature extraction method obtains average workload savings of 56% when evaluated across 23 medical systematic reviews. The proposed method outperforms 10 baseline feature extraction methods by approximately 6% in terms of the WSS @95% metric.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR INCREASING LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

In the recent years, an efficient design of a Wireless Sensor Network has become important in the area of research. The major challenges in the design of Wireless Sensor Network is to improve the network lifetime. The main difficulty for sensor node is to survive in that monitoring area for the longer time that means there is a need to increase the lifetime of the sensor nodes by optimizing the energy and distance. There are various existing routing protocols in which optimal routing can be achieved like Data-Centric, Hierarchical and Location-based routing protocols. In this paper, new power efficient routing protocol is being proposed that not only select the shortest path between the source node and sink node for data transmission but also maximizes the lifetime of the participating nodes by selecting the best path for sending the data packet across the network. The main objective of this research is to develop a faster algorithm to find the energy efficient route for Wireless Sensor Network. Simulation results shows that this strategy achieves long network lifetime when compared to the other standard protocols.
When You Win, Nothing Hurts: The Durability of Electoral Salience on Individuals’ Satisfaction with Democracy

There is a substantial literature on the impact of having voting for an electorally victorious party on individual voters’ satisfaction with democracy. Yet, there have been few evaluations as to temporally salient are elections to the satisfaction levels for those who voted for a “winning” party and those who voted for a “losing” party. Using rounds 1–8 of the European Social Surveys, I find evidence from 92 elections in 27 European countries that both the levels of and the difference between satisfaction levels of “winners” and “losers” do not attenuate quickly but rather last almost 5 years. That is, it appears that “winners” are more satisfied with democracy and stay that way. While this confirms earlier, smaller studies, the absence of a causal connection between the time from election and satisfaction levels poses a significant challenge to the current literature about the electoral mechanism of this relationship.
Evolutionary divergence of field and laboratory populations of Manduca sexta in response to host‐plant quality

1. The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, has been an important model system in insect biology for more than 50 years. In nature, M. sexta successfully utilises a range of host plants that vary in quality. The consequences of laboratory domestication and rearing on artificial diet for fitness of phytophagous insects on natural host plants have not been explored.
Re-envisioning Citizen Diplomacy: A Case Study of a Multifaceted, Transnational, People’s Republic of China “Ethnopreneur”

This article problematises the traditional conceptualisation of the “citizen diplomat” as being confined only to a single nation state sovereignty. At the nexus of transnational “ethnopreneurship,” dual embeddedness, neoliberalism, and post-materialism, citizen diplomats transcend territorially bound identities and perform unofficial dual-accredited roles in the enhancement of bilateral relationships. The protagonist in this case is a transnational People’s Republic of China ethnopreneur who adopts multiple forms of cultural commodification based on both Thai and Chinese resources. As a result, both territories have benefitted from the ensuing informal diplomatic interactions. Traversing the culturally distinctive city of Chiang Mai in Thailand and several flourishing cities in China, the article elucidates the importance of non-traditional diplomats. Put succinctly, it argues for a re-envisioning of transnational ethnopreneurial diplomacy so as to recognise multiple identities, cultures, and markets wherein positive-sum diplomatic returns are achieved. From an intra-Asian perspective, it seeks to remedy a scarcity in the literature – given that existing migrant studies are largely set in North American and European contexts.
Amyloplast Formation in Cultured Tobacco Cells II : Effects of Transcription/Translation Inhibitors on Accumulation of Starch

Differentiation of leucoplast-like plastids to amyloplasts occurred when BY-2 cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cells were grown for 2 days in auxin-depleted culture medium containing cytokinin (benzyladenine, 1 mg/l). Development of the amyloplasts was inhibited by addition of various inhibitors, such as actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and chloramphenicol, indicating that amyloplast formation in BY-2 cells requires de novo synthesis of RNA and proteins in nucleo-cytoplasm and in organelles (i.e., plastids and mitochondria). Actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibited accumulation of starch effectively and promptly irrespective of the timing of addition, while the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol decreased as the time until addition grew longer. This indicates that continuous expression of cell-nuclear genes is necessary for amyloplast formation in BY-2 cells, whereas organelle gene expression becomes less necessary in the late phase of amyloplast development.
Encountering COUNTER 5

Abstract To make fiscally and academically responsible selection and deselection of subscribed content, it is critically important to have reasonably accessible usage data for those resources. To this end, the organizers of Project Counting Online Usage of NeTworked Electronic Resources (COUNTER) initiated the development of a standard known as the COUNTER Code of Practice. Beginning with the year 2019, COUNTER 5 standardized usage reports are available for most commercially published electronic information resources such as online journals, aggregated research databases, and ebooks. This column explores some of the differences between the COUNTER 5 Title Master Report-Journal Report (TR-JR1) report and the COUNTER 4 JR1 report for online journal usage and offers some assistance in extracting specific data from the TR-JR1 report that is not as readily visible as it was in COUNTER 4 reports.
Applied phyloepidemiology: Detecting drivers of pathogen transmission from genomic signatures using density measures

Understanding the driving forces of an epidemic is key to inform intervention strategies against it. Correlating measures of the epidemic success of a pathogen with ancillary parameters such as its drug resistance profile provides a flexible tool to identify such driving forces. The recently described time‐scaled haplotypic density (THD) method facilitates the inference of a pathogen's epidemic success from genetic data. Contrary to demogenetic approaches that define success in an aggregated fashion, the THD computes an independent index of success for each isolate in a collection. Modeling this index using multivariate regression, thus, allows us to control for various sources of bias and to identify independent predictors of success. We illustrate the use of THD to address key questions regarding three exemplary epidemics of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacterial lineages, namely Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing, Salmonella Typhi H58, and Staphylococcus aureus ST8 (including ST8‐USA300 MRSA), based on previously published, international genetic datasets. In each case, THD analysis allowed to identify the impact, or lack thereof, of various factors on the epidemic success, independent of confounding by population structure and geographic distribution. Our results suggest that rifampicin resistance drives the MDR Beijing epidemic and that fluoroquinolone resistance drives the S. aureus ST8/USA300 epidemic, in line with previous evidence of a lack of resistance‐associated fitness cost in these pathogens. Conversely, fluoroquinolone resistance measurably hampered the success of S. Typhi H58 and non‐H58. These findings illustrate how THD can help leverage the massive genomic datasets generated by molecular epidemiology studies to address new questions. THD implementation for the R platform is available at https://github.com/rasigadelab/thd.
Security Improvement Mechanisms in Software-Defined Internet of Things

The IoT contains millions of heterogeneous smart objects that are connected together through the Internet platform. These heterogeneous smart objects deal with different protocols, technologies and resources, therefore each of them requires diverse security services in heterogeneous environments. Therefore, providing security services in heterogeneous environments is a daunting task for network providers that cannot be guaranteed through the traditional network architecture. Wide distribution and openness of IoT smart objects makes them very vulnerable to attacks and it can be easily targeted by cyber-attacks. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new paradigm that separates the control plane from data plane t a global network view by centralized controller. Integrating the software-defined network with the Internet of Things can provide better access control and security mechanisms. Software-defined networking provides better control and management possibilities to manage and secure Internet of Things in a good manner. In this paper, we discuss about IoT architecture, security challenges in IoT, SDN architecture, security challenges in each layers of the SDN and software-defined IoT. In addition, we provide solutions to security problems in IoT through software-defined networking approach.
School Bullying Through Graphic Vignettes: Developing a New Arts-Based Method to Study a Sensitive Topic

The purpose of this study was to develop a new arts-based measure assessing school bullying and to test it within a pilot study involving 19 schoolchildren (mean age = 15.4; range = 1.00). The researchers designed the new methodological tool (referred to as graphic vignettes) as a set of incomplete comic strips, which participants were asked to complete in a creative way. Researchers then invited participants to engage in follow-up interviews using completed comic strips as individualized interview prompts. The authors detail the design and administration of the graphic vignettes and discuss their efficacy, limitations, and potential applications. The researchers argue that studies on sensitive topics can benefit from a wider dissemination of this arts-based research method. They also assert that the use of creatively co-constructed interview prompts individualizes participant–researcher interactions, placing the power in the hands of participants. The article aims to inspire further development of graphic vignettes.
Challenges and opportunities of local fisheries management: pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Percidae), in Pärnu Bay, northern Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea

A local stock of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), adapted to brackish water conditions, is a valuable fishery resource in Parnu Bay (Vetemaa et al. 2000, 2006), a shallow bay in the Estonian exclusive economic zone in the Northern Gulf of Riga (Fig. 1). Despite fishing regulations, which were established in Estonia as early as in the 1920s, this stock has been heavily exploited since the early 1930s, when large-scale export of this fish from Estonia started. After low catches in the 1960s new, biologically justified measures to protect pikeperch were implemented, such as protected areas and the use of artificial spawning substrates to increase recruitment. Catches then improved and reached 300 t in the early 1990s (Erm et al. 2003). After Estonia regained independence in 1991, new export markets for pikeperch opened and privatization of state farms offered local fishermen cheap access to fishing gear. With Estonia’s low average wages in the early 1990s and high first-buyer prices for pikeperch, the average catch of pikeperch needed to provide the equivalent of an average monthly gross wage ranged from 43 kg in 1993 to 240 kg in 1999 (Vetemaa et al. 2000, 2006). Consequently, pikeperch catches increased drastically and its fishing mortality rose to the highest level ever recorded. Young age groups, including immature fish, became an important part of the catches. This was caused by Estonia’s weak legal instruments for regulating fisheries in the 1990s (Vetemaa et al. 2002) and by insufficient funding for enforcing the legal minimum size of ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA (2013) 43 (2): 151–161 DOI: 10.3750/AIP2013.43. 2.08
Restraint of Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury with Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Butylated Hydroxytoluene, and Its Effects on Hepatic Heat Shock Protein 25 and 70i

: We examined the effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on acetaminophen - induced hepatotoxicity using two different administration methods; i.e, feeding rats with BAH- and BHT- added diets, and by direct oral administration. In the former case, BHA and BHT (0.5% each) were separately added to experimental diets which were given to rats for 7 days, and then after a 16 h - fast, APAP (500mg/ kg) was intraperitneally given. The oral administration of BHA or BHT (125 mg / kg body weight) was carried out 2 h before the APAP treatment. The elevation of the plasma AST and ALT activities as an index of liver injury was significantly suppressed in the BHA- and BHT- fed groups at 24 h after the APAP treatment and significantly lower levels in the BHA oral pretreatment group were seen when compared with those in the APAP group. On the other hand, the BHT oral pretreatment group showed rather high AST and ALT activities. The restraint function was clarified when BHA and BHT were fed, and also when BHA was orally administered, although a similar function was not observed in case of the oral administration of BHT. The inductions of Hsp25 and Hsp70i by APAP were not depressed by the BHA administration, but were suppressed by the BHT except in the case of Hsp70i in the group orally given BHT. These results suggest that BHT blocks NAPQI to covalently bind to the cellular macromolecules, although BHA does not.
Personality configurations in teams: a comparison of compilation and composition models

The purpose of this study is to examine the facilitating and inhibiting influence of team-level negative affectivity and conscientiousness on a dyad of emergent states, adopting and comparing both the composition and compilation perspectives. ,Data were collected over three time points from 410 undergraduate students nested within cross-functional project teams (N = 62). The data, including individual self-reports and judges’ ratings of team performance, were aggregated to the team-level using both composition (mean) and compilation (skewness) approaches. ,The findings indicate that mean-levels of negative affectivity were associated with decreased psychological safety. The use of skewed conscientiousness counterintuitively suggests too many highly conscientious members can also be detrimental to psychological safety. Psychological safety influences team potency and ultimately performance. ,The results of this study highlight that the aggregation approach used is important. For example, the use of skewed (but not mean-level) conscientiousness brought an undetected and counterintuitive relationship to light. Future research should use compilation approaches in addition to composition approaches.
Executive functioning and word reading in Hong Kong Chinese children: A 1‐year longitudinal perspective

Background: This study examined the bidirectionality between kindergarten children’s executive functioning (EF) and word reading across two time points. Methods: Participants were 523 Hong Kong Chinese-speaking children (mean age at time 2 = 64.59 months; 52.9% male) and their parents. At time 1, children were administered the measures of EF skills: inhibitory control, attention shifting, and working memory, and Chinese word reading. They were reassessed with these measures at time 2 one year later. Results: Results from the crosslagged panel model revealed that, controlling for child age, gender, and parental educational levels, children’s word reading at time 1 was significantly predictive of their working memory at time 2, but that the three EF skills at time 1 were not predictive of word reading at time 2. Conclusions: The findings underscored the role of early word reading in promoting children’s working memory.
Characteristics of the potential vorticity and its budget in the surface layer over the Tibetan plateau

The variability of interior atmospheric potential vorticity (PV) is linked with PV generation at the Earth's surface. The present paper reveals the features of the surface PV and provides a stepping stone to investigate the surface PV budget. In this study, the formats of the PV and PV budget adopting a generalized vertical coordinate were theoretically examined to facilitate the calculation of the surface PV and its budget. Results show that the formats of the PV and PV budget equations are independent of the vertical coordinate. While the vertical component of the surface PV dominates over the platform of the Tibetan Plateau, the horizontal component plays an important role over the slopes of the Tibetan Plateau, especially the southern slope owing to the strong in‐situ meridional gradient of the potential temperature. These results indicate that the employment of complete surface PV not only provides a finer PV structure but also more appropriately reveals its effect on atmospheric circulation. Diagnosis based on reanalysis and model output demonstrates that the surface PV budget equation is well balanced both in terms of the climate mean and synoptic process, and the surface PV budget in June has a prominent diurnal cycle. The diabatic heating with a minimum in the early morning and a maximum from evening to midnight contributes dominantly to this diurnal cycle. It is further indicated that positive PV generation due to diabatic heating is essential for the formation, development, and movement of the Tibetan Plateau vortex.
Using Leader Election and Blockchain in E-Health

Article history: Received: 13 March, 2020 Accepted: 20 April, 2020 Online: 03 May, 2020 The development of electronic healthcare systems requires to adopt modern technologies and architectures. The use of Electronic Personal Health Record (E-PHR) should be supported by efficient storage such as cloud storage which enables more security, availability and accessibility of patients’ records. Actually, the increase of availability of E-PHR enhances parallel access, which improves the performance and the throughput of the system. Using distributed systems, users are able to communicate and to share resources to achieve specific goals. Such kind of access needs to have more coordination to maintain parallelism, which can be provided through leader election algorithms. In leader election algorithms, users elect one of them as a leader to coordinate the work and to prevent conflicts. This paper introduces an adoptive leader election algorithm (ALEA) that considers medical and healthcare specifications, since it uses leader election algorithm for E-PHR in the cloud environment. The use of ALEA improves performance by allowing more parallelism and reducing the number of coordinating messages within the system, as well as facilitating the medical specifications such as having a primary doctor or handling emergency situations. Moreover, the paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of using Blockchain technology in the field of healthcare. In fact, the paper investigates the implementation challenges of ALEA concepts using Blockchain technology.
Effects of Tephrosia candida DC Leaf and its Mixtures with Guinea Grass on in vitro Fermentation Changes as Feed for Ruminants in Nigeria

Ruminants in the tropics are slow growing, arising from low quality feed. The use of indigenous legume trees and Guinea grass is a good strategy for an improved livestock performance. The nutrient composition and secondary metabolites of differently year of established Tephrosia candida leaf were determined. The mixtures of Tephrosia candida leaf and Guinea grass as treatments A (100% Tephrosia + 0% Guinea grass), B (75% Tephrosia + 25 Guinea grass), C (50% Tephrosia + 50% Guinea grass), D (25% Tephrosia + 75% Guinea grass) and E (0% Tephrosia + 100% Guinea grass) were incubated for in vitro gas production for 24 hours. The total gas (ml/200 mg DM) at post incubation was measured. Methane (mmol/200 mg DM) was evaluated by introducing 10 M NaOH into the content. Metabolizable energy (MJ/Kg DM) and organic matter digestibility (%) were calculated. Results showed that the crude protein (g/100 g DM) ranged between 19.33 and 23.18 while neutral detergent fibre (g/100 g DM) ranged from 25 – 32. The Tephrosia forages contained condensed tannin and steroids. The inclusion levels of the legume apparently increased the total gas production (range 1 – 6), metabolizable energy (range 2.99 – 4.75), organic matter digestibility (range 21.46 – 33.80) and methane (29.30 – 234). It is concluded that Tephrosia candida forage may be a good combination with Guinea grass for livestock production but may be higher than 50% inclusion in order to minimize energy loss through methane.