Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interface of Two Immiscible Electrolytes as a Potentiometric Sensor for Flow Analysis

ABSTRACT An interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions (dual ITIES) was investigated for application as a biomimetic sensor for potentiometric flow analysis. The dual ITIES was formed by a water/ortho–dichlorobenzene/water interface in free-standing and nanoporous membrane-supported arrangements. One aqueous phase served as the mobile and second aqueous phase as the stationary phase. The nonaqueous (ortho-dichlorbenzene) phase contained dissolved phthalocyanine as a redox mediator, whereas tetrabutylammonium perchlorate acted as a phase transfer agent. The sensing mechanism utilized ambient oxygen for regeneration of the redox mediator; the sensor thus operates under air conditions where oxygen serves to partially establish the equilibrium interface potential. The free-standing and nanoporous membrane-supported arrangements provided fast and reproducible response for flow analysis with sulfide serving as a model analyte. Good stability, fast recovery, and high resistance to saturation were found. The signal-to-noise ratio was discussed with respect to electrolyte concentration and gaseous bubbles trapped on the membrane.
Conversion of phenols into chromens: regiospecificity and scope

Regiospecificity of the pyridine-catalysed reaction of α-unsaturated aldehydes or acetals with phenols is discussed. It is proposed that, after selection of the acidic triggering hydroxy-group, retention of the delocalisation energy of attachments to the phenol plays an important part in deciding which o-quinone methide, and hence which chromen, ‘citrylidene’ type, or cyclol will form. Examples involving chelated systems and fused homo- and hetero-cyclic aromatic rings are illustrated, and pyridine-catalysed deuteriation is shown to be a useful indicator of the ability of a phenol to undergo conversion into a chromen, and of the position at which pyran formation occurs. Certain rearrangements of the Claisen type appear to follow an orientation pattern explicable in terms of similar considerations. In some systems, where requirements for retention of the delocalisation energy from two features conflict, both possible products are formed. When terminally unhindered reagents such as acrylaldehyde acetal or methyl vinyl ketone are employed, products from C-Michael addition by the phenol are found. Some experimental conditions influencing chromen formation are mentioned.
The identification of asbestos

Techniques are described for identifying and distinguishing between the six varieties of asbestos. When the fibres are large and numerous, as is the case for insulation materials, simple optical or X‐ray methods suffice. For environmental samples one must normally resort to electron microscopic techniques for a positive identification. When asbestiform minerals are to be distinguished from other fibrous silicates it is often necessary to use both electron diffraction and X‐ray spectrometry.
AIDIC CONFERENCE SERIES

This work extends the concepts proposed in a previous research paper about the interaction between the aroma of two white wines and bentonites. Such previous results led to hypothesized that some odor-active compounds were removed through direct adsorption mechanism on the clays. As a consequence, this paper examined the adsorption isotherms at 17±1°C of three bentonite samples added in three different amounts to a model white wine without the presence of wine macromolecule. The clays were analyzed for the elemental composition, the surface charge density, and the specific surface area (SSA) and differences were analyzed by Tukey’s test. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to demonstrate the significance of the bentonite on the aroma reduction. The Langmuir and the Freundlich models were fitted to the adsorption data. The most experimental adsorption isotherms were robustly fitted by the Freundlich equation indicating that, under the condition of the study, the adsorption process more frequently occurred with a heterogeneous energy distribution of an infinite number of surface active sites. Overall, the modeling prediction ability tested by the error on r in cross validation enhanced differences both among the odor-active compounds and among the clays. Samples having a lower SSA value and a greater charge density per surface unit seemed to interact with most of the odor-active compounds primarily through physical mechanisms. Differently, the clay with a large SSA value and a low charge density per surface unit promoted stronger adsorptions that were probably driven by chemical interactions especially for ethyl esters. For the tested odor-active compounds differences in the adsorption intensity and capacity depended mainly on the bentonite characteristics rather than on the properties of the substances.
Determination of chromophore concentrations from spatially resolved skin measurements

Chromophore concentrations from skin contain information about the blood parameters, for example total hemoglobin content or antioxidant status of the skin. Deviations from the normal values of the concentrations may indicate pathologies. As the chromophore concentrations are determined from skin absorption coefficients, the optical absorption spectra of the isolated skin chromophores have to be known in advance, enabling least squares fitting of the basis spectra to the skin absorption coefficient. It could be shown that spectrally and spatially resolved reflectance in combination with a determination of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients from a look-up table provides a means for quantification of chromophores, although the accuracy largely depends on the tissue model. Good qualitative results can also be obtained with the homogenous tissue model used here. For example, it could be shown that the hemoglobin basis spectra determined from human whole blood and the pure water absorption fit very well to the skin absorption coefficients, but the ex vivo carotene spectra does not. Therefore it was examined how the carotene spectra change from ex vivo to in vivo. Interindividual and interpositional variation of the optical parameters could also be evaluated using this method as well as the dependence of determined optical parameters on the source-detector separation.
Design, Testing, and Simulation of Microscale Gas Chromatography Columns

A microscale gas chromatography column is one component in a microscale chemistry laboratory for detecting chemical agents. Several columns were fabricated using the Bosch etch process which allows deep, high aspect ratio channels of rectangular cross-section. A design tool, based on analytical models, was developed to evaluate the effects of operating conditions and column specifications on separation resolution and time. The effects of slip flow, channel configuration, and cross-sectional shape were included to evaluate the differences between conventional round, straight columns and the microscale rectangular, spiral columns. Experimental data were obtained and compared with the predicted flowrates and theoretical number of plates. The design tool was then employed to select more optimum channel dimensions and operating conditions for high resolution separations.
Some recent developments in the preparation of novel recognition systems: A recognition site for the selective catalysis of an aldol condensation using molecular imprinting and specific affinity motifs for α‐chymotrypsin using a phage display peptide library

Molecular imprinting and phage display library technologies are rapidly being accepted as useful techniques for the generation of ligand‐selective recognition motifs. The use of molecular imprinting to produce a novel type II aldolase mimic selective for the cobalt(II)‐mediated aldol condensation of benzophenone and acetaldehyde is reported here. Furthermore, peptide motifs have been identified which are acting as 'affinity ligands' selective for the recognition of the enzyme α‐chymotrypsin using phage display techniques.
TEACHING WRITING A DESCRIPTIVE TEXT BY USING ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATION STRATEGY

The purpose of this article is to explain how the English teacher applies the Environmental Observation Strategy in teaching writing a descriptive text to Junior High School. The ability of Junior High School students in writing a descriptive text is weakness due to the use of strategy by the teacher is not interesting. Descriptive text is a genre of the text that illustrates and gives characteristics of a thing, an event and people including the behavior and identity of someone. One of teaching strategy, which helps students in writing descriptive text, is Environmental Observation Strategy. Environmental Observation Strategy is started by divided students in groups that is consisted by five students. Then they will observe the topic given from the teacher before, which is a group have to make idea while the observation happened. The time given is 10-15 minutes. After that, all of the idea of each group complete, so the groups combine the idea into a descriptive text. The implementing of Environmental Observation Strategy is hoped that it can be an alternative way to increase the ability of the students of Junior High School in writing. Abstrak Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menjelaskan bagaimana cara menggunakan Environmental Observation Strategy. Kemampuan siswa SMP dalam memahami deskriptif teks masih sangat kurang disebabkan karena penggunaan media yang tidak menarik oleh guru dalam pengajaran. Deskriptif teks adalah suatu jenis teks yang berisikan gambaran atau ciri-ciri dari suatu benda, kejadian dan orang termasuk juga sifat dan tingkah laku seseorang. Salah satu media pengajaran yang dapat membantu siswa dalam memahami deskriptif teks adalah Environmental Observation Strategy Pengajaran menulis dengan menggunakan strategi Environmental Observation Strategy terlebih dahulu dimulai dengan membagi siswa dalam kelompok yang beranggotakan lima orang. Kemudian mereka akan mengobservasi topik yang telah diberikan guru sebelumnya dimana masing- masing anggota dalam kelompok harus membuat ide atau gagasan yang mereka dapat selama melakukan observasi tersebut. Waktu yang diberikan guru berkisar 10-15 menit. Setelah semua ide dari masing – masing anggota kelompok didapat, maka kelompok tersebut akan menuangkan ide tersebut dalam bentuk deskriptif teks. Penerapan Environmental Observation Strategy diharapkan bisa meningkatkan kemampuan dan motivasi belajar siswa, terutama dalam bidang menulis.
AMR and magnetometry studies of ultra thin GaMnAs films

We have measured the Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) of ultra thin (5nm) Ga0.95Mn0. 05As films. We find that the sign of the AMR can be positive or negative, which may depend on the direction of the current with respect to the crystal. At low temperatures, transport measurements and SQUID magnetometry suggest that the magnetisation has a component pointing out of the plane of the film. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A green synthesis of bis[1-(hydroxy-κO)-2(1H)-pyridinethionato-κS2]-(T-4)-zinc (zinc pyrithione) nanoparticles via mechanochemical milling

Particulate bis[1-(hydroxy-κO)-2(1H)-pyridinethionato-κS2]-(T-4)-zinc (zinc pyrithione; ZPT) in the diameter range 0.5–0.7 µm is a US FDA-approved anti-dandruff active widely used in anti-dandruff shampoos. A nanoparticulate form of ZPT is expected to exhibit a higher activity, be distributed more effectively on the scalp, require less thickening agent in the shampoo formulation to ensure its stability against settling than the standard form of ZPT, and would enable clear anti-dandruff shampoo formulations. We demonstrate, for the first time, that a green, mechanochemical nanoparticle synthesis process can be used to prepare nanoparticulate ZPT from zinc chloride and sodium pyrithione monohydrate. Both a Reeves attrition mill and a Retsch MixerMill were found to be effective tools for delivering the mechanical energy needed for the conversion. The infrared spectra and X-ray powder diffraction patterns for the products correspond to those for the known desired material. Transmission electron microscopic analysis indicates that ZPT nanoparticles with primary particle diameters in the range of 20–200 nm (mean diameters of 65–100 nm) can be obtained via this method.
RECOVERY OF URANIUM FROM AMINE EXTRACTANTS WITH AMMONIUM CARBONATE

An economical process was developed through benchscale experiments for recovering uranium from amine extractants with ammonium carbonate solution. By recycling the strip solution to allow build-up in the concentration of ammonium sulfate (formed in the stripping reactions) to 1-2M, the solubility of uranium in the aqueous phase was limited to i by calcination at 5OO deg C, yielding a high assay (>97% U/sub 3/O/sub 8/) concentrate virtually free of sodium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Estimated reagent costs for the strippingprecipitation step were 7 cent per pound of U/sub 3/O/sub 8/. (auth)
Rapid Steam Hydrolysis/Extraction of Mixed Hardwoods as a Biomass Pretreatment

Abstract Rapid steam hydrolysis of wood chips with continuous condensate/product removal was investigated as a biomass pretreatment similar to steam explosion. Steam was introduced at the top of a pressurized reactor containing mixed southern hardwood chips while steam condensate and partible products were removed at the bottom of the reactor. A reaction time of one minute was employed for isothermal steaming runs from 160-280°C. Fractionation of wood occurred at temperatures above 200°C as hemicellulose and lignin began to appear in the steam condensate fraction, leaving a cellulose-rich fraction in the steaming reactor. At high temperatures cellulose was not degraded as much as it was in steam explosion at the same temperature, presumably due to the removal of acetic acid as it is formed. Lignin extracted from the solid residue appeared particularly reactive as determined by nitrobenzene oxidation and pyrolysis/gas chromatography. Lignin collected in the steam condensate was also very reactive, presumab.
Dynamics of Energy Carriers in Solids During Interaction with Ultrafast Laser Pulses

To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification/Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University's " Policy on Integrity in Research " and the use of copyrighted material.
Inhibiteurs des récepteurs plaquettaires P2Y12 à l'ADP: importance du métabolisme et influence des interactions médicamenteuses sur leurs paramètres pharmacocinétiques

Une des grandes classes de medicaments antiplaquettaires utilises dans les maladies cardiovasculaires est la famille des thienopyridines. Une revue de la litterature approfondie a tout d'abord ete realisee sur la pharmacologie et la variabilite de reponse interindividuelle de ces medicaments. La deuxieme partie montre les etudes in vitro qui ont ete effectuees pour caracteriser le metabolisme de ces agents antiplaquettaires. Les interactions medicamenteuses entre les thienopyridines et les antiretroviraux comme le ritonavir ont ensuite ete etudiees in vitro puis in vivo avec la realisation d'une etude clinique sur des volontaires sains. Les resultats de ces etudes ont confirme une interaction pharmacocinetique entre le ritonavir et le prasugrel liee a l'inactivation du CYP3A par le ritonavir, provoquant une diminution de la production de metabolite actif du prasugrel. Dans une derniere partie, le potentiel inducteur/inhibiteur du CYP3A4 par les anti-VIH a ete investigue a l'aide d'une nouvelle lignee cellulaire hepatique.
Dynamic‐mechanical study of the secondary transition of poly(vinyl chloride)

The influence of crystallinity, thermal history, plasticization, copolymerization, and chemical modifications on the dynamic-mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) has been studied by means of a free-oscillation torsional pendulum. It was found that the secondary dispersion maximum is not affected by free volume, crystallinity, or head-to-head microstructure, but is modified by post-chlorination, copolymerization, and plasticization. These results show that the molecular motions responsible for the PVC β peak are not influenced by local differences in the distribution of the Cl atoms along the chain, so that they seem to be largely of a cooperative type.
One-Step Synthesis of High-Quality Gradient CdHgTe Nanocrystals: A Prerequisite to Prepare CdHgTe−Polymer Bulk Composites with Intense Near-Infrared Photoluminescence

We have demonstrated an efficient method to prepare high-quality CdHgTe alloyed nanocrystals (NCs) by making use of a large difference in the solubility between CdTe and HgTe in aqueous medium. The resultant NCs show a gradient quasi “core/shell” structure in which the “core” is rich in HgTe and the “shell” is rich in CdTe. This unique structure makes the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of CdHgTe NCs up to 45% and remarkably improves their stability. The excellent stability of CdHgTe NCs allows for the successful preparation of NC-polymer bulk composites with intense PL in the near-infrared spectral region (tunable from 1100 to 1400 nm) upon excitation at 550 nm. Not only is the difficulty of preparing the CdHgTe NC−polymer bulk composites overcome, but also the composites show excellent thermal and luminescent stabilities, which is of importance for their future applications.
Mercury separation from concentrated potassium iodide/iodine leachate using Self-Assembled Mesoporous Mercaptan Support (SAMMS) technology

A study was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel adsorber, the Self-Assembled Mesoporous Mercaptan Support (SAMMS) material to remove mercury (Hg) from potassium iodide/iodine (KI/I{sub 2}) waste streams. This study included investigations of the SAMMS material`s binding kinetics, loading capacity, and selectivity for Hg adsorption from surrogate and actual KI/I{sub 2} waste solutions. The kinetics data showed that binding of Hg by the adsorber material occurs very rapidly, with 82% to 95% adsorption occurring within the first 5 min. No significant differences in the rate of adsorption were noted between pH values of 5 and 9 and at Hg concentrations of {approximately}100 mg/1. Within the same range of pH values, an approximate four-fold increase in initial Hg concentration resulted in a two-fold increase in the rate of adsorption. In all cases studied, equilibrium adsorption occured within 4 h. The loading capacity experiments in KI/I{sub 2} surrogate solutions indicated Hg adsorption densities between 26 to 270 mg/g. The loading density increased with increasing solid: solution ratio and decreasing iodide concentrations. Values of distribution coefficients (1.3x10{sup 5} to >2.6x10{sup 8} ml/g) indicated that material adsorbs Hg with very high specificity from KI/I{sub 2} surrogate solutions. Reduction studies showed that comparedmore » to metallic iron (Fe), sodium dithionite can very rapidly reduce iodine as the triiodide species into the iodide form. Adsorption studies conducted with actual KI/I{sub 2} leachates confirmed the highly specific Hg adsorption properties (K{sub d}>6x10{sup 7} to>1x10{sup 8} ml//g) of the adsorber material. Following treatment, the Hg concentrations in actual leachates were below instrumental detection limits (i.e., < 0.00005 mg/l), indicating that the KI solutions can be recycled. « less
Comparison of Hough and Fourier transform approach in the study of kinetics of red blood cell aggregates

The kinetics of three-dimensional red blood cell (RBC) aggregates during sedimentation using an optical method was studied. The blood was taken from healthy donors. Sedimentation of RBCs and glutaraldehyde hardened RBCs in autologous plasma and the sedimentation of RBCs in Dextran at haematocrits 5% was investigated. Light intensity in the image plane of the suspension of the cells was recorded. The movement of the aggregates was visualized by means of a spatiotemporal analysis of the light intensity. With the use of Hough transform and two-dimensional Fourier transform the velocity of the aggregates was estimated. The velocity depends on the sample height and changes with time. Spatiotemporal distributions of the aggregate velocity were determined. A comparison of velocity distributions obtained with the two methods is presented.
Rate Studies Of Organolithium-Mediated Reactions: Reaction Of Lithium Diisopropylamide With Fluoropyridines An D Reaction Of Lithium Diethylamide With An Alkyl Bromide And An Alkyl Sulfonate

Treatment of 2,6-difluoropyridine with lithium diisopropylamide in THF solution at -78 C effects ortholithiation quantitatively. Warming the solution to 0 C converts the aryllithium to 2-fluoro-6-(diisopropylamino)pyridine. Rate studies reveal evidence of a reversal of the ortholithiation and a subsequent 1,2-addition via two monomer-based pathways of stoichiometries [ArH•i-Pr2NLi(THF)] ‡ and [ArH•i-Pr2NLi(THF)3] . Computational studies fill in the structural details and provide evidence of a direct substitution without the intermediacy of Meisenheimer complex.
Instabilités de Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni, induites par évaporation, en régime transitoire. Applicatons aux solutions polymères

Dans ce travail nous etudions numeriquement le declenchement d'instabilites thermo-solutales dans le cas du sechage d'une solution polymere. L'evaporation du solvant entraine une baisse de la temperature et de la concentration du solvant en surface. Ceci peut generer des instabilites thermo-convectives et solutales, induites par les variations de la masse volumique (poussee d'Archimede) et/ou de la tension super ficielle (eff et Marangoni). L'epaisseur du milieu ainsi que les gradients de temperature et de concentration evoluent au cours du sechage et il s'agit donc d'un probleme transitoire. Deux modeles simplifies sont mis en place, tenant respectivement compte des e ffets thermique et solutal. L'etude porte principalement sur trois points : la determination du role respectif de chaque phenomene, le caractere transitoire du probleme, et enfi n l'influence de l'evolution de la viscosite de la solution avec la concentration au cours du sechage sur les seuils de transition entre les regimes conductif et convectif.
A general Fourier program for X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis which utilizes the Cooley–Tukey algorithm

A computer program utilizing the Cooley–Tukey algorithm for rapid Fourier transformation is described. It has the following main features: (1) Fortran language compatible with most present day computers (the program was tested on Univac 1106/8, IBM 360, CDC 6600) is used; (2) limited core-storage is required (30,000–40,000 words); (3) except for the electron-density output, no auxiliary storage is required; (4) all space groups can be treated without any modification in the program; in every case only the independent reflections must be supplied; (5) repetitive syntheses, such as are required in working with direct multi-solution methods, can be carried out; (6) automatic search for the electron-density peaks, calculation of the distances between them and direct drawing of the structure on the computer printout are provided.