Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny and Synonymy of Gyrodinium heterostriatum comb. nov. (Dinophyceae), a Common Unarmored Dinoflagellate in the World Oceans [plus supplementary materials]

The North Sea and the English Channel are regions with a long tradition of plankton studies, where the colony-forming haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa dominates the spring phytoplankton blooms. Among its predators, we investigated an abundant unarmored dinoflagellate (~3000 cells per liter) in the North Sea in May 2019. It has been reported in the literature as Gymnodinium heterostriatum or G. striatissimum, and often identified as Gyrodinium spirale. Phylogenetic analyses using the small-, large subunit- and Internal Transcriber Spacers of the ribosomal RNA (SSU-, LSU-, ITS rRNA) gene sequences indicate that our isolates clustered within the Gyrodinium clade. The new sequences formed a sister group with sequences of the freshwater taxon Gyrodinium helveticum, being one of the infrequent marine-freshwater transitions in the microbial world. This isolate is the first characterized member of a clade of numerous environmental sequences widely distributed from cold to tropical seas. This common and abundant taxon has received several names due to its morphological plasticity (changes of size and shape, often deformed after engulfing prey) and the difficulty in discerning surface striation. We conclude that the priority is for the species name Gymnodinium heterostriatum Kofoid & Swezy 1921, a new name that was proposed for Gymnodinium spirale var. obtusum sensu Dogiel 1906. The species Gyrodinium striatissimum (Hulburt 1957) Gert Hansen & Moestrup 2000 and Gymnodinium lucidum D. Ballantine in Parke & Dixon 1964 (=G. hyalinum M. Lebour 1925) are posterior synonyms. We propose Gyrodinium heterostriatum comb. nov. for Gymnodinium heterostriatum.
Structures of Self-Assembled Nonmetal Borates Derived from α,ω-Diaminoalkanes

A series of crystalline nonmetal borate compounds was prepared by reactions of linear α,ω-diaminoalkanes, H2N(CH2)nNH2 (n = 5−12), with excess boric acid in aqueous solution. These simple reagents self-assemble in water to form complex ordered structures. The products were characterized by a combination of elemental, thermal, and X-ray diffraction analyses as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In each case except for n = 7 and 12, a bis(pentaborate) product of general formula [H3N(CH2)nNH3][B5O6(OH)4]2 (1, 2, 4−7) was obtained in good yield. When n = 12, the product, [H3N(CH2)12NH3][B5O6(OH)4]2·4H2O (8), contained interstitial water. When n = 7, a product of composition [H3N(CH2)7NH3][B8O10(OH)6]·2B(OH)3 (3) was obtained, containing an unusual octaborate anion and interstitial boric acid. The borate anions form hydrogen-bonded supramolecular anionic frameworks that host alkyldiammonium dications. These cations contribute to hydrogen bonding and arrange either extended linearly or folded to .
Analgesic and Neuropharmacological Activities of Methanol Extract from the Leaf of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.

The aim of study was to evaluate the analgesic and neuropharmacological activities of the leaf of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia . The central analgesic activity of the methanolic extract was evaluated in Swiss Albino mice by using tail immersion, hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing tests at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. These tests showed significant analgesic activity of the extract compared to the standard drug, diclofenac-Na (1 mg/kg b.w.). The neuropharmacological activities were evaluated using hole cross, open field, light/dark box and elevated plus maze stage tests in mice model at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The results of neuropharmacological assays demonstrated potential CNS depressant activity of the extract when compared to the standard drug, diazepam (1 mg/kg b.w.) Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18 (2): 85-89, 2015
A Simple Route to New Phenanthro‐ and Phenanthroid‐Fused Thiazoles by a PIFA‐Mediated (Hetero)biaryl Coupling Reaction

An application of the PIFA-mediated [PIFA: phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate)] biaryl coupling reaction is presented and extended to the formation of heterobiaryl connections. A preliminary study of the scope and limitations of this procedure was carried out in the synthesis of phenanthroids 11 from a series of phenethyl-substituted heterocycles 10. It was observed that in some cases a competitive dimerization process took place. It was also found that the coupling step could be efficiently extended to a larger number of examples if an aromatic ring were situated fused to the 1,2-diarylethane skeleton, as in 23 and 30. The synthesis of a series of 4,5-diarylthiazoles 23a−g was therefore carried out to explore the electronic requirements and the regioselectivity of the PIFA-mediated non-phenolic coupling reaction. When the same procedure was applied to aryl-heteroarylthiazoles 30, a series of phenanthroid-fused thiazoles 31 was obtained in good overall yields. To the best of our knowledge, no oxidative aryl-heteroaryl coupling reaction of this type had previously been reported. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Precision Polymers through ADMET Polymerization

Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization is a unique strategy for achieving polymers with precise control over the primary structure. This precision is obtained by specific monomer design and carefully controlled polymerization conditions. Over time, this approach has produced an array of sophisticated architectures ranging from precise polyethylenes, to hyperbranched polymers, to rotaxanes.
Relative electron affinities of substituted benzophenones, nitrobenzenes, and quinones

On determine les affinites electroniques de 53 molecules en mesurant les constantes d'equilibre des reactions de transfert d'electron en phase gazeuse du type A −• +B=B −• +A. On utilise un spectrometre a resonance cyclotronique ionique pour generer, stocker et detecter les radicaux anioniques moleculaires a des pressions inferieures a 1×10 −5 torr
Characterization by medium energy ion scattering of damage and dopant profiles produced by ultrashallow B and As implants into Si at different temperatures

High depth resolution medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) has been used to examine the influence of dynamic defect annealing on the damage formed in silicon substrates irradiated with ultralow energy ions (1 keV B+, 2.5 keV As+). Samples were implanted to doses ranging from 3×1014 to 2×1016 cm−2 at sample temperatures −150/−120, 25, and 300 °C. For all doses examined, B implantation at 25 and 300 °C produced a near-surface disordered layer 3–4 nm thick. For doses above 1×1015 cm−2, a second, deeper damaged layer was resolved at a depth greater than the peak of the projected range (Rp) of the implanted ions. For irradiations at −150 °C, MEIS and transmission electron microscope studies indicated the formation of a continuous amorphous layer, extending from the deeper damage region to the surface. However, epitaxial regrowth of this layer was not complete after a 30 s anneal at 600 °C, being arrested near Rp by clusters containing B. The dependence of B transient enhanced diffusion on the implant temperatur.
Unoccupied electronic structure of phthalocyanine films

The unoccupied molecular orbitals of metal‐free phthalocyanine (H2PC), nickel‐phthalocyanine (NiPC), and copper‐phthalocyanine (CuPC) adsorbed on single crystal surfaces have been studied by inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) and near‐edge x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS). The features observed in the experimental data are assigned by reference to molecular orbital calculations. Carbon and nitrogen 1s NEXAFS measurements of NiPC adsorbed on Cu(110) surface indicates that the phthalocyanine molecular planes are parallel to the surface. X‐ray absorption data recorded at the Ni LIII and LII edges show that the unoccupied Ni 3d level is located in the plane of the phthalocyanine rings.
Preparation of Polyimide/Silica Hybrid Composites Based on Polymer‐Modified Silica Gel

Abstract With a view to improve the affinity of silica particles for the polymer matrix, a new type of polyimide/silica (PI/SiO2) hybrid composite films has been successfully prepared using the polymer‐modified silica gels. First, poly(maleic anhydride‐co‐styrene)/silica [P(MA‐ST)/SiO2], polymer‐modified silica gels, were prepared by the condensation reaction of the surface hydroxyl group of silica gel with a polymeric coupling agent, P(MA‐ST)–trimethoxysilane. Then, PI/SiO2 hybrid films of different silica contents were obtained by the blending of polymer‐modified silica gels with poly(amic acid) (PAA) from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP). The decomposition temperature at 5 wt% loss (Td5) of the hybrid films, as measured by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), increased with the increasing P(MA‐ST)/SiO2 content within the measured range. The PI/SiO2 hybrid films with ca. 5 wt% of modified‐silica exhibited balanced mechanical properties, whereas the hybrid films with higher silica contents had reduced mechanical properties, as confirmed by the scanning electron micrographs (SEM) observation.
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles Using Solanum Indicum Fruits

This paper reports on the eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Solanum indicum fruit extract (SFE). We have evaluated various parameters for synthesis of AuNPs such as SFE (0.03%), HAuCl4 (0.5 mM) and reaction time (20 seconds). The synthesized AuNPs were characterized with different physical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). TEM experiments showed that AuNPs presented an anisotropic shape and size ranging from 5-50nm. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that biomolecules containing an amine group (-NH2), a carbonyl group, -OH groups and other stabilizing functional groups were adsorbed on the surface of the synthesized AuNPs. EDX showed the presence of the elements on the surface of the AuNPs. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized AuNPs were tested on two different human cancer cell lines, HeLa and MCF-7 and were found to be nontoxic, thus providing an opportunity to be used in biomedical applications.
On the nature of the discourse effect on extraction in Japanese

The present study tested whether the D-linked object moves from its thematic position over the subject or it originates where it appears in non-canonical sentences in Japanese. To this aim, we conducted acceptability judgment experiments that employed island effects as a diagnosis of movement and assessed whether the D-linking status of an extracted object of non-canonical OSV sentences escaped island effects. The results revealed that D-linking did not improve an acceptability of island violations, and therefore, a D-linked object of OSV does have a status of a moved constituent. The present result contributes to an understanding of a relationship between syntactic representation and processing of filler-gap dependencies. According to recent event-related brain potential (ERP) studies, non-canonical sentences with a filler-gap dependency elicits a P600 effect when there is no felicitous context, but they do not reveal any effect when the filler is discourse-old information. The present result is inconsistent with the interpretation that the D-linked filler does not have a status of a moved constituent, thereby resulting in no filler-gap dependency formation in Japanese sentence comprehension. Instead, the present result is consistent with the view that the P600 effect is not a neural cost of the reconstruction but is elicited by other cognitive processes, such as the resolution of the unsatisfied presupposition encoded by scrambling.
Pregnancy Serum Contains the β-Core Fragment of Human Choriogonadotropin

We have developed a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) for quantification of the core fragment of the β-subunit (cβhCG) of hCG. The assay uses two monoclonal antibodies. One antibody is immobilized onto the wall of a microtiter strip well, and the other one is labeled with a europium chelate. The assay is sensitive (0.44 pmol/L = 4.6 ng/L), but cross-reaction with free β-subunits of hCG (βhCG) prevents direct determination of cβhCG in serum. To circumvent this limitation we separated hCG and βhCG from cβhCG by gel chromatography and quantified each component in the fractions by specific IFMAs. The high sensitivity of the newly developed IFMA enabled us to demonstrate that serum from pregnant women contains cβhCG and elutes at the same position in gel chromatography as cβhCG purified from urine. The proportion of cβhCG to hCG in pregnancy serum was 0.012–0.045% (mean ± SD, 0.028 ± 0.01) on a molar basis. Our finding of cβhCG in serum confirms earlier reports suggesting that proteolytic degradati.
Temperature dependence of thermal vibrations in cubic ZnS: A comparison of anharmonic models

Accurate integrated intensities for the Bragg reflection of neutrons from a ZnS single crystal have been measured at temperatures between 285 and 1173 K. After correction for thermal diffuse scattering and extinction effects the data were interpreted with different models that allow anharmonic contributions to the temperature factor. Both the cumulant expansion and the one‐particle potential (OPP) model with quasiharmonic temperature dependence describe the data satisfactorily, although the Gruneisen parameter obtained in the OPP analysis differs greatly from the value calculated from known thermodynamic quantities. Predictions based on Matsubara’s anharmonic formalism are not in accord with the behavior observed at the highest temperatures.
Efficient and productive asymmetric Michael addition: development of a highly enantioselective quinidine-based organocatalyst for homogeneous recycling via nanofiltration

The relatively high cost and low availability of chiral organocatalysts, in addition to the high catalytic loading required (typically 1–30 mol%), pose a general challenge to the industrial development of economical asymmetric organocatalytic processes. This challenge can be addressed by recycling the organocatalysts. In this work, the potential of a class of organocatalysts, based on the cinchona alkaloid quinidine, was evaluated for the enantioselective synthesis step of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Enlarging the organocatalysts through polyalkylation made the organocatalysts easier to recycle with organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes. Each organocatalyst candidate's molecular size, molecular charge and ability to form hydrogen bonds were all important factors which determined the membrane retention of the catalyst. The consideration of these three factors enabled the eventual identification of a catalyst, of MW = 1044 Da, that was almost completely retained by the membrane, making it well-suited for recycling via OSN. In addition, a marked improvement in catalytic performance was observed for the enlarged catalyst compared to the non-enlarged catalyst, with high enantioselectivities of >92% ee obtained for all catalysed asymmetric Michael additions. Finally, a 2-stage membrane process was implemented to improve the productivity of the catalyst recycling process, resulting in a 96% reduction of solvent required for the recycling process.
Optimization of Dilute Alkali Extraction of Crude Polysaccharides from Mixotrophic Chlorella sp.-XJY

Chlorella sp. -XJY isolated from the Ili River in Northern Xinjiang was cultivated under mixotrophic conditions. The maximum biomass and crude polysaccharide production significantly increased (2.06 g/L and 145.5 mg/L, respectively) under mixotrophic conditions than under photoautotrophic conditions. Dilute alkaline was employed to extract crude polysaccharides from Chlorella sp. -XJY. The effects of time, temperature, and pH value on extraction yield were investigated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: 3.2 h extraction time, 96.4°C extraction temperature, and pH 10.94. Analysis of variance showed that the contribution of the quadratic model was significant (R = 0.9808) for the responses. Under the optimum conditions, the extraction yield of crude polysaccharides was 10.56%, which matches well with the predicted yield of 10.72%.
Tetramethyleneethane (TME) Diradical: Experiment and Density Functional Theory Reach an Agreement

REKS-type (Filatov, M.; Shaik, S. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999, 304, 429) density functional calculations were carried out for the lowest energy singlet and triplet states of tetramethyleneethane (TME) diradical. The calculations indicate that the ground state of TME in the gas phase is the singlet state, whereas the triplet state should be metastable at low temperatures. The triplet state metastability derives from the energetic preference for the triplet state at the optimal triplet molecular geometry and from the extremely small (<0.05 cm-1) spin−orbit coupling between the triplet and ground singlet states. REKS calculations predict that, in the vibrational spectra of the two states of TME, the modes corresponding to symmetric scissoring vibrations should have nearly the same frequencies of 357 cm-1, in accord with the experimental observation of two modes of the same frequency of 335 cm-1 in the vibrational structure of the photoelectron spectrum of the [TME]- anion.
Synthesis and reactivity ratios of regioisomeric vinyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with styrene

The free radical reactivity ratios between styrene and different vinyl-1,2,3-triazole regioisomeric monomers in 1,4-dioxane at 65 degrees C have been established using nonlinear least square method. The results obtained for the reactivity ratio between regioisomers show exceptionally different polymerization behavior, highlighting the effects of the electronic and steric factors of these regioisomeric monomers. The experimental results highlight the effects of the electronic and sterics on the copolymerization behavior. In case of 1,4-vinyl-triazoles, it was found that without the steric effects, the reactivity is very similar to that of styrene and forms random copolymers. However, it was found that 1,5-vinyl-triazoles are more reactive than 1,4-vinyl triazoles. In the case of styrene-co-1,4-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles, the reactivity ratios were calculated to be r(styrene): r(1-octyl-4-vinyl-triazole)=1.97:0.54, r(styrene) : r(1-benzyl-4-vinyl-triazole)=1.62:0.50, and r(styrene): r(1-methyl-4-vinyl-triazole)=0.90:0.87. On the other hand, reactivity ratios for styrene-co-1,5-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles were found to be r(styrene): r(1-octyl-5-vinyl-triazole)=0.13:0.66 and r(styrene): r(1-benzyl-5-vinyl-triazole)=0.34:0.49. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3359-3364
Polymer Library Comprising Fluorene and Carbazole Homo- and Copolymers for Selective Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Extraction

To date, (n, m) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) cannot be selectively synthesized. Therefore, postprocessing of SWNTs including solubilization and sorting is necessary for further applications. Toward this goal, we have synthesized a polymer library consisting of fluorene- and carbazole-based homo- and copolymers. Variations of the connection of these aromatics together with the incorporation of further conjugated monomers give access to a broad diversity of polymers. Their ability to selectively wrap specific (n, m) species is investigated toward HiPco SWNTs raw material which contains more than 40 (n, m) species. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to analyze SWNTs/polymer suspensions. These results provide evidence for selective SWNTs/polymer interactions and allow a more detailed assessment of polymer structure–property relationships, thus paving the way toward custom synthesis of polymers for single (n, m) SWNTs extraction.
Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Films Prepared from the Tunicate Styela clava

The tunic of Styela clava(SCT) consists of a proteoglycan network. Regenerated cellulose films were prepared by solution casting and coagulation of SCT in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide(NMMO)/(87/13 wt%). The crystalline structure of powdered SCT was primarily that of cellulose I. The crystalline structure of SCT films exhibited a cellulose II structure, similar to that of viscose rayon. Physical characterization of SCT films and fibers revealed an intrinsic viscosity() of 6.35 dL/g, average molecular weight() of 423,000 g/M, and fiber density of 1.50 with a moisture regain and water absorption of 10.20% and 365%, respectively. The results were similar to those of cellulose films regenerated from wood pulp. Films prepared with 6 wt% SCT exhibited strong tensile strength, high water absorption, and a greater degree of elongation. Scanning electron micrographs(SEM) of film cross-sections showed a layered, sponge-like structure.
A BGK-type model for a gas mixture with reversible reactions

In this paper we propose a BGK-type procedure which is applied to the full Boltzmann equation extended to a mixture of four gases undergoing a reversible bimolecular reaction. Based on a suitable modelling of the reactive cross sections, the kinetic equations are obtained in an approximated form preserving conservation laws. A numerical simulation, showing the influence of elastic collisions and reactive interactions, is proposed in order to test the trend to equilibrium of the model
Analytical plasma ion sources for elemental mass spectrometry : where are we coming from-where are we going to?

The invention of mass spectrometry at the beginning of the 20th century has had a very important impact on science and technology. In the early days of mass spectrometry a combination of electric and magnetic sector fields was used to separate ions according to their mass to charge ratio and as an ion source a reduced pressure plasma has been applied. Nowadays, plasma source mass spectrometers have become the most powerful instrumentation for inorganic analytical chemistry. The history of plasma source mass spectrometry will be discussed in this article highlighting our own contribution and presenting a personal vision of future application where instrumentation with high mass resolving properties will still play the most important role as to get the highest possible elemental coverage.
Chemical effects on UV irradiation absorption of fouled quartz sleeves in ultraviolet disinfection

The effects of foulant chemical composition on ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of fouled quartz sleeves in UV disinfection systems were studied. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine the effects of nine fouling chemicals on the UV transmittance changes of fouled quartz lamp sleeves. The results demonstrated that the main effects were attributable to surface concentrations of iron and manganese. The surface concentrations of calcium and copper had no significant effects on the UV absorbance of fouled sleeves. The interaction effects of copper with iron and magnesium with manganese were also revealed from the statistical analysis. The model is able to give reasonable predictions of the UV absorbance characteristics of foulants from other UV systems. However, several limitations of this model were identified. First, the model does not accurately predict the absorbance at relatively high chemical surface concentrations. Second, the model does not account for the possible effects of anions and organics on UV absorption of fouled quartz sleeves.