Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary Buffering Requirements of the Lactating Dairy Cow: A Review

Abstract Requirements for buffering agents in dairy cow diets are a function of salivary buffer secretion, feedstuff buffering capacity, and feed acidity. Decreasing diet ADF by one percentage unit results in a . 0564 unit decline in rumen pH. Reduction in rumen pH below 6.3 in dairy cows results in a 3.6 percentage unit decline in ADF digestion per . 1 pH unit decrease and may result in depressed feed intake. Effects of decreased rumen pH on whole animal acid-base balance and metabolism are less well-defined. Although salivary buffer flow is not well-defined because of inadequate methodology available for measurement of saliva flow, the estimates of 108 to 308 L/d in beef and dairy cows is equivalent to 390 to 1115 g/d disodium phosphate and 1134 to 3234 g/d NaHCO 3 secretion, making saliva the predominant source of rumen buffering. Where buffer flow from saliva is inadequate, added dietary buffers may be justified. Data from a total of 82 experiments were summarized by buffering material and basal diets. Published experiments documented that the use of NaHCO 3 , MgO, KHCO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , and other buffering agents in low forage diets, are effective in increasing rumen pH, rumen acetate:propionate molar ratio, and milk fat percent. In diets containing at least 30% DM from forages, effects of dietary buffers on rumen pH and milk fat percent are less pronounced. In 17 studies where corn silage was the sole forage, addition of dietary NaHCO 3 increased feed intake by . 5 kg/d and FCM by 1.1 kg/d. However, when alfalfa haylage or hay crop silage was included as all or part of the forage portion of the diet, responses were less. There is no justification for use of dietary buffers in alfalfa hay-based diets from a summary of eight experiments. Regression analysis of milk fat percent responses to dietary ADF, NaHCO 3 , and MgO suggest that in diets containing 14% ADF, 44g NaHCO 3 , or 20g MgO are equivalent to increasing dietary fiber by one percentage unit with responses to added buffers diminishing as dietary fiber increases.
Environment and harvest time affects the combustion qualities of Miscanthus genotypes

Miscanthus spp. are high-yielding perennial C 4 grasses, native to Asia, that are being investigated in Europe as potential biofuels. Production of economically viable solid biofuel must combine high biomass yields with good combustion qualities. Good biomass combustion quality depends on minimizing moisture, ash, K, chloride, N, and S. To this end, field trials at five sites in Europe from Sweden to Portugal were planted with 15 different genotypes including M. x giganteus, M. sacchariflorus, M. sinensis, and newly bred M. sinensis hybrids. Yield and combustion quality at an autumn and a late winter/ early spring harvest were determined in the third year after planting when the stands had reached maturity. As expected, delaying the harvest by three to four months improved the combustion quality of all genotypes by reducing ash (from 40 to 25 g kg -1 dry matter), K (from 9 to 4 g kg -1 dry matter), chloride (from 4 to 1 g kg -1 dry matter), N (from 5 to 4 g kg -1 dry matter), and moisture (from 564 to 291 g kg -1 fresh matter). However, the delayed harvest also decreased mean biomass yields from 17 to 14 t ha -1 . There is a strong interaction among yield, quality, and site growing conditions. Results show that in northern regions of Europe, M. sinensis hybrids can be recommended for high yields (yielding up to 25 t ha -1 ), but M. sinensis (nonhybrid) genotypes have higher combustion qualities. In mid- and south Europe, M. × giganteus (yielding up to 38 t ha -1 ) or specific high-yielding M. sinensis hybrids (yielding up to 41 t ha -1 ) are more suitable for biofuel production.
In vitro cultures of Salvia officinalis L. as a source of antioxidant compounds

The concentrations of carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid in different materials from differentiated (multiple shoot cultures and regenerated plants) and undifferentiated (callus and cell suspension) in vitro cultures of Salvia officinalis were determined by HPLC. The results suggested that diterpenoid (carnosic acid and carnosol) production is closely related to shoot differentiation. The highest diterpenoid yield (11.4 mg g -1 for carnosic acid and 1.1 mg g -1 for carnosol) was achieved in shoots of 10-week-old micropropagated plants. The levels were comparable to those found in shoots of naturally growing plants. Undifferentiated callus and cell suspension cultures produced only very low amounts of carnosol (ca. 0.05 mg g -1 of dry weight). In contrast, content of rosmarinic acid in callus and suspension cultures as well as shoots growing in vitro and in vivo was similar and ranged between 11.2 and 18.6 mg g -1 of dry weight.
Relative Shorebird Densities at Coastal Sites in the Arctic National Widlife Refuge

Abstract. In the first comprehensive survey of post-breeding shorebirds conducted along the remote deltaic mudflat habitats on the coastline of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, six species of shorebirds were documented aggregating prior to southbound migration. Energy reserves gained while foraging in these areas may be critical for southbound migration of long-distance migrant shorebirds, but these habitats are vulnerable to potential effects of oil and gas development and climate change. The study objective was to assess the relative density and species composition of shorebirds . Surveys were conducted at 13 major river deltas on the coast between late July and mid-August each year from 2006 to 2010. Double-observer methods were used in 2010 to estimate the detection rate in surveys of randomly-selected transect sections. Shorebird density varied significantly between years and among river deltas. Peak relative density estimates at three deltas, the Jago (247.8 birds/km2), the Kongakut (100.6 birds/km2) and the Hulahula (49.5 birds/km2), were significantly higher than the estimate for the Canning (16.0 birds/km2). Because shorebird density and abundance vary significantly among sites and years, and individuals likely move among multiple sites within a given year, shorebird conservation strategies for these habitats should consider them to be spatially and temporally interconnected.
Taxonomic characterization of a marine Nannochloropsis species, N. oceanica sp. nov. (Eustigmatophyceae)

Abstract Ten strains of Nannochloropsis species in the Marine Biotechnology Institute Culture Collection (MBIC), Japan, were classified as N. granulata (one strain), N. salina (one strain), N. gaditana (three strains) and N. oceanica Suda & Miyashita sp. nov. (five strains) by determining nearly complete 18S rDNA sequences. The 18S rDNA sequences of strains belonging to the same species were all identical. Rubisco (rbcL) gene sequences of the 10 strains were also determined. The substitution frequencies among the rbcL genes in these four species were more than three times higher than those among 18S rDNA, especially between N. gaditana and N. salina, where 16 substitutions in the rbcL genes were found, in contrast to one substitution in 18S rDNA. These data suggest strongly that rbcL gene sequences provide better resolution than 18S rDNA sequences for classification of Nannochloropsis species. Morphology was characterized by light microscopy (LM) of exponentially growing cells. Cells of N. gaditana and N. salina were cylindrical to oval. The majority of cells of other species were globose. Cells of N. granulata had many refractile granules and other granular inclusions, which exhibited vigorous Brownian movement. Few N. oculata had refractile granules. Some N. oceanica had refractile granules and granular inclusions that were nonmotile. LM observation of old cells and electron microscopy of cells of all growth stages revealed no morphological traits that distinguish between these species.
The role of E-cadherin in mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency

To exploit pluripotent cells for regenerative medicine applications it will be necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern pluripotency and lineage commitment within these cells. The mechanism by which LIF sustains ? na�ve? pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell has recently been delineated; LIF signals to the core circuitry of pluripotency (Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog) via Jak/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt-mediated expression of Klf4 and Tbx3 respectively. E-cadherin has been shown to be required for LIF-dependent mES cell pluripotency since cell lines exhibiting low/no E-cadherin expression maintain pluripotency via Activin/Nodal. However, these cells maintain expression of the core circuitry of pluripotency, thus the role of E-cadherin in pluripotency remains elusive. To investigate this, we have characterised an E-cadherin negative proliferating stem (ENPS) cell line, generated by seeding wt mES cells at low density in the absence of LIF. These cells exhibit Activin/Nodal-dependent pluripotency marker expression but fail pluripotency tests such as EB differentiation and chimera generation and microarray analysis shows they lack na�ve transcripts and express early lineage markers. We have also exploited two additional E-cadherin negative cell lines (Ecad-/- and EcadRNAi mES cells) to delineate the molecular mechanisms connecting E-cadherin to the core circuitry of pluripotency. These cells exhibit decreased expression of pluripotency markers Klf4 and Nanog, the latter a direct consequence of a lack of E-cadherin-mediated STAT3 activation. Interestingly, both ENPS and Ecad-/- mES cells can be ? rescued? to a na�ve pluripotent state upon LIF stimulation. In ENPS cells, LIF supplementation induces restoration of E-cadherin expression, LIF-dependent pluripotency and EB and chimera generation abilities. In Ecad-/- mES cells, LIF supplemention restores LIF-dependent pluripotency via N-cadherin, thus demonstrating a novel role for N-cadherin in mES cell pluripotency. At high passage, ENPS cells (like some cancer cells) exhibit methylation of the E-cadherin promoter and PI3K-dependent increased survival compared to wt mES cells. Our findings provide a potential mechanism for the role of E-cadherin in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation, since STAT3 phosphorylation has recently been shown to be a limiting factor in this process. In addition, our data suggest E-cadherin can be manipulated to direct differentiation for regenerative medicine applications since ENPS cells exhibit a lineage bias towards neuroectoderm at the expense of endoderm specification.
Xylanase Production by Fusarium Solani in Solid State Fermentation

Xylanase constitute one of the most important groups of enzymes for commercial use. In the present study, production of xylanase was enhanced using a newly isolated F. solani SyrN7 strain from infected wheat seeds via solid state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran as substrate . Optimum pH and temperature for enzyme production were found to be 8 and 25 °C, respectively. The wheat bran to mineral solution ratios were tested. The ratio 1:3 (w/v) yielded the highest xylanase production. Among the different nitrogen sources investigated, yeast extract was the best nitrogen source and gave the highest xylanase activity (1593 U/g). The cultivation systems can easily be modified with the above tested features and enhance d the xylanase yield by 3-fold.
Effects Of Monosodium Glutamate On Hippocampus Development In Albino Rats And Pregnant Mothers

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a sodium salt derivative of a natural amino acid called glutamic. The use of monosodium glutamate is very controversial in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the MSG administration effects on the hippocampus development in the prenatal and postnatal periods as well as its neurotoxic effects on a pregnant mother hippocampus. Sixty pregnant albino rats were used in this study and were divided into 3 equal groups: Group I, control group, Group II, pregnant mothers treated with MSG in a dose of 830 mg/Kg body weight per day orally from gestation day 0 to 19th, they were sacrificed at gestation day 20 for prenatal histological examination of fetuses brains. Group III, pregnant animals were treated with oral MSG 830 mg/Kg body weight, from the gestation day 0 and they were allowed to deliver their neonates. The mothers were maintained at the same dose of MSG orally for three weeks after delivery and their neonates were kept on breast feeding up to the age of weaning. At weaning, all neonates (males and females) of the treated mothers were sacrificed and sections of brain were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for examination. Immunohistochemical detection of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and caspase-3 were detected in the brain sections of the fetuses of the group (II), neonates of the group (III) and treated mothers for evaluation of the effects of MSG intake on the hippocampus of the fetuses, the neonates and the mothers. Examination of brain sections from fetuses of (group II) treated mothers with MSG showed an alterations in the brain development compared to the fetuses of the control group (group I). Examination of the brain sections from neonates of (Group III) treated mothers with MSG as compared to the neonates of the control group (group I) revealed gliosis formed by glial cell proliferation and degenerated nerve cells. Multicystic encephalomalacia and cellular neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus of the pregnant mothers were also observed. The statistical analysis of area percent of the GFAP and the caspase-3 immunoexpression in the brain sections of the fetuses of the group (II) and theneonates of the group (III) MSG- treated animals showed a significant increase as compared with the control group (I). Also, MSG- treated mothers showed a significant increase of the area percent of GFAP and caspase-3 immunoexpression compared with the control mothers group. Maternal administration of MSG during pregnancy and lactation has potent neurotoxic effects on brain development of the fetuses and eonates. Therefore, MSG intake should be avoided in the pregnancy and lactating periods because the hippocampus of the developing neonates and fetuses were affected by MSG.
A Wearable Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Device for Paralysis – A Comprehensive Study

Article history: Received: 20 December, 2018 Accepted: 27 December, 2018 Online : 20 January, 2019 As the technology grows scientists and engineers are trying to combine their work to compensate some body parts that is lost. Prosthetic devices grabbed the attention of most of the doctors and engineers working on solution for lost body parts. Generally prosthetic devices are either external wearable devices or internal ones. Such devices may depend on a built on microcontroller or the brain signals from the patient himself. Although it is used for lost body parts it can also be used for rehabilitation, power assistance, diagnostics, monitoring, ergonomics, etc. The currently used devices usually have the disadvantages of big size and high cost. The suggested device in this paper is targeting the design of portable rehabilitation device with light weight and low cost for paralyzed hand people. The suggested device allows the user to train the patient’s hand or perform some needed exercises for his impaired hand. This helps the user to restore the normal hand movement and functionality. The device includes two modes of operation to be chosen by the user through the platform built on a microprocessor which can help controlling the exoskeleton to perform the needed exercises or tasks. Collaboration with several healthcare organizations will be considered to verify or test the effectiveness of this exoskeleton.
Food consumption and growth of marine mammals.

This thesis contains 35 studies on food consumption and growth of captive marine marinmals. Seventeen studies concern food intake and growth records of 9 odontocete species (toothed whales), varying in body weight from 30 to 4500 kg: the killer whale, beluga, false killer whale, Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Amazon river dolphin, common dolphin, dusky dolphin, Commerson's dolphin, and the harbour porpoise (chapter 2). The other eighteen studies concern 8 pinniped species (true seals, sea lions, and walruses), in which the adult male body weight varied between 110 and 1400 kg, and adult female weight between 70 and 800 kg: the Southern elephant seal, grey seal, harbour seal, Steller sea lion, South American sea lion, California sea lion, South African fur seal, and Pacific walrus (chapters 3,4, and 5). In each study, the results were compared to available information on food consumption and growth of wild and captive conspecifics, and were considered with respect to the life histories of the species.
Comparison of barley seed proteomic profiles associated with fusarium head blight reaction

Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB) incited primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a destructive disease that affects the quality and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain. At present, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in barley resistance against infection by and the spread of F. graminearum. The objective of the current study was to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in FHB susceptible and resistant barley accessions. Mature seed from six barley accessions and five pairs of barley sister lines differing in FHB reactions were subject to proteome analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining visualized about 1000 seed protein spots of pI 4–7 on 2DE gels. Proteins were identified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) sequencing after in-gel digestion by trypsin. In our first study, we compared the 2DE seed protein profiles of two FHB susceptible varieties ‘AC Lacombe’ and ‘Stander’ with four partially FHB resistant barley accessions CI4196, ‘Chevron’, ‘Penco/Chevron’ and I92130. One hundred and seventy-one protein spots differed in abundance between the six barley accessions. Ten proteins were identified from 19 protein spots with different abundance between resistant and susceptible FHB barley genotypes. In our second study, we compared the 2DE seed protein profiles from five pairs of sister lines differing in FHB resistance. Ninety-seven protein spots differed in abundance between the five pairs of sister lines. Ten proteins were identified from 20 protein spots with different abundance between resistant and susceptible sister lines. In total, 11 proteins were identified as associated with plant disease or stress resistance. Proteins identified at higher abundance in seed from resistant barley lines included alpha amylase inhibitor (BDAI-1), aldehyde dehydrogenase (BIS1), aconitate hydratase, and NADP dependent malic enzyme. The knowledge gained in the current study will be used to aid the development of an in vitro test to screen barley lines for FHB resistance.
Life in the Slow Lane: Growth and Longevity of Cold-seep Vestimentiferans

Yearly, in situ growth of two species of cold-seep vestimentiferan tubeworms was measured using a combination of banding and video analysis. A total of 53 animals from 15 different aggregations were included in the study, which was conducted over a Cyear period. The most common species, Lamellibrachia sp. , grows very slowly (averaging 0.77 cm. a-1) and yet commonly reaches lengths over 2 m. Based on conservative calculations we conclude that individuals in mature aggregations are a minimum of 100 a old and are likely to be much older. Smaller numbers of a second species of vestimentiferan (related to escarpids) were also monitored over this period. We consider it likely that the individuals of the second species banded for this study were already on the plateau of their growth curve, and that the very low average growth rates recorded here would lead to an overestimate of the ages of the individuals used in this study. However, life history considerations combined with the extremely low measured growth rates of this species suggest it is also long-lived.
Analysis of Prosody Around Turn Starts

We are interested in enabling a robot to communicate with more natural timings: to take turns more appropriately. LSTM models have sometime been effective for this, but we found that this to be not helpful for some tasks. This technical report we look for factors that may explain this difference, by examining statistically the prosodic feature values in the vicinity of turn shift in the data. We observe that the apparent informativeness of prosodic features varies greatly from one dataset to another.
CONTROL OF MOTH PESTS BY MATING DISRUPTION: Successes and Constraints

Male moths generally find their mates by following the females' pheromone plume to its source. A formulated copy of this message is used to regulate mating of many important pests, including the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), the oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta), and the tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella). How synthetic disruptant interrupts normal orientation is uncertain, but the most probable mechanisms invoke adaptation and habituation, competition between point sources of formulation and females, and a camouflage of a female's pheromone plume by the formulation. The efficacy of this technology is related principally to the motility of mated females into the area to be managed, the initial population levels of the pest, and the release characteristics of the formulation. In most cases, implementation of this technology necessitates a sophisticated monitoring and management program. Area-wide management schemes are ideal vehicles for using disruptants. Future acceptance of this.
On a Possible Hair Cell Turn‐Over in the Inner Ear of the Caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

The inner ear of the caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosus is briefly described. An analysis of the fine structure of the utricular macula show the presence of several varieties of hair cells. At least one type seems to be degenerating, another developing. A slow hair cell turnover is proposed. The number of afferent nerve endings in contact with a few hair cells were found to be 6–13 as reconstructed from electron microscopical serial sectioning.