Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Test Suite Generation using Genetic Algorithm and Evolutionary Techniques with Dynamically Evolving Test Cases

Test oracles are mostly written manually by the user once test data are generated. This is because of the fact that each bug requires a different input and different data. This is a very difficult and time consuming task as the tester must produce quick and meaningful test cases for testing. However, the major problem of this approach is that they can cover only one goal at a time. They are dependent on one another and sometimes are not replicable. This paper presents a new approach by which test oracles are generated automatically by the usage of evolutionary algorithm. This method has successfully allowed bug identification in thousands of classes and it is quick to use.
Relationship between Snacking Patterns, Diet Quality and Risk of Overweight and Abdominal Obesity in Children

Snacking is very common among Americans; the impact of variety of snacking patterns on nutrient intake and weight status is unclear. This study examined the associations of snacking patterns on nutrient intake and weight in U.S. children 2-18 years (n=14,220) participating in the 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cluster analysis generated 12 distinct snacking patterns, explaining 57% of variance in total calories consumed. Only 8% of the children did not consume snacks on the day of the 24-hour recall. Cakes, cookies and pastries was the most common snacking pattern (16%) followed by miscellaneous snacks (e.g. whole milk, orange juice and meat/fish/poultry; 13%), and crackers and salty snacks (10%). Most snacking patterns resulted in higher total energy intake than the no snack pattern. After controlling for energy intake, most snacking patterns resulted in higher intakes of fiber; vitamins A, C, B12, and K; riboflavin; folate; potassium; calcium; zinc; and magnesium than the no snack pattern. However, most of the snacking patterns resulted in higher total intake of saturated fatty acids, solid fats, added sugars, and sodium (nutrients to limit). Several of the snacking patterns (i.e. cakes/cookies/pastries, crackers/salty snacks, sweets, and other grains) were associated with a reduced risk of overweight and abdominal obesity. Overall, several snacking patterns compared with non-snackers had better diet quality and were less likely to be overweight or obese and less likely to have abdominal obesity. Education is needed to improve snacking patterns in terms of nutrients to limit in the diet.
Bioinformed Performative Composite Structures: From biological micro-structures to material composites and articulated assemblies

This ongoing investigation aims to learn from nature novel material organizations and structural systems in order to develop innovative architectural system. We developed a multidisciplinary approach, using scientific analysis and design research and prototyping. We focus on the study of a living fossil fish, whose armor system is so efficient it has remained almost unchanged for millions of years. We investigate its morphological characteristics, its structural properties, the assembly mechanisms and the underlying material properties in order to derive new principles to design new enhanced structural systems. We use micro computerized tomography and scanning electron microscopy to observe microstructures, parametric design to reconstruct the data into digital models and then several 3D printing technologies to prototype systems with high flexibility and adaptive capabilities, proposing new gradual material interfaces and transitions to embed performative capabilities and multifunctional potentials.
Colonization by mites of glacier-free areas in King George Island, Antarctica

This work aimed to investigate the ratio of colonization by terrestrial mites on ice-free areas created by the ongoing climate-induced melting of Antarctic glaciers. Glacier retreat opens new ice-free areas for the colonization by vegetation and animals. The study was undertaken on the Antarctic Specially Protected Area no. 128 (West Coast of the Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands Islands). Transects marked between the Ecology, Baranowski and Windy Glaciers, and a sea shore were used to collect soil samples. Oribatid mites were found only on near-shore areas, on patches of vegetation of more than 30 years of age. The colonization by mite communities is strongly determined by the presence of plants.
Optimization-based motion planning for legged robots

Legged machines have the potential to traverse terrain that wheeled robots cannot. These capabilities are useful in scenarios such as stairs in homes or debris-filled disaster scenes, such as earthquake areas. This thesis develops one of the algorithms necessary to achieve such a task, a motion-planner, which translates a high-level task into a desired motion-plan for a legged robot to execute. A core difficulty in legged locomotion is that a forward body movement cannot be directly generated, but results from contact forces between the end-effectors and the environment. Furthermore, there are various physical restrictions on the contact forces that can be generated. These can make hand-crafting valid motions for all the interdependent quantities such as body motion, end-effector motion and contact forces tedious and even infeasible for complex tasks. Alternatively, Trajectory Optimization can be utilized to generate motions in a more general, automated way. Only a high-level task is specified, while the algorithm determines the motions and forces taking into account the physical restrictions of legged locomotion. This approach is attractive because once the problem has been properly modeled, the algorithm would, in an ideal case, produce motions for any high-level task, solving legged locomotion planning on a general level. This thesis presents approaches to transcribe, using e.g. collocation, the legged locomotion problem into a mathematical optimization problem, then solvable by off-the-shelf software. The three developed motion-planning algorithms generate motion-plans for increasingly complex terrains and tasks. Simulation and experiments on the quadruped robots HyQ and ANYmal verify the physical correctness of the motion-plans. The final formulation and main contribution of this thesis holistically determines the gaitsequence, step-timings, footholds, contact forces, swing-leg motions and 6-dimensional body motion, given a desired goal state and 2.5D height map of the non-flat terrain. We model the robot as a single rigid body (SRBD) controlled by the contact forces at the endeffectors. Our novel phase-based parameterization of end-effector motion and forces allows optimizing over the discrete gait sequence using only continuous decision variables. The algorithm efficiently generates highly dynamic motion-plans with flight-phases for legged systems, such as monopeds, bipeds, and quadrupeds.
Utility And Privacy Guarantees of Differential Privacy by Shubham Srivastava

The primary aim of any survey is to facilitate analysis of sensitive data to extract useful information, without jeopardizing privacy of the participants. Privacy models like k-anonymity do not guarantee privacy against attackers with background knowledge. "Differential privacy" is a model for data release which formalizes data privacy and makes no assumption on the attackers’ background knowledge. It builds on the idea that adding carefully computed noise to certain data can make it safer from privacy perspective while retaining utility of the data. We have addressed two problems for data release in this thesis and proposed algorithms that address the trade-off between utility and privacy. Following are the major contributions of this thesis: 1. We studied a functional mechanism to achieve differential privacy in regression analysis. We have extended an existing algorithm to achieve differential privacy for a more general form of linear regression. We have proved that the mechanism preserves differential privacy and provides better utility when compared to direct perturbation technique. 2. We have analyzed two strategies of achieving differential privacy for publishing summary statistics — the compose-then-perturb approach and perturb-thencompose approach. We prove that the perturb-then-compose approach indeed satisfies differential privacy. We then try to find out which approach provides better balance between utility and privacy, for summary information that we want to publish, for a dataset.
Examining the Effects of Cultural Distance and Cultural Intelligence on Students' Overseas Experience

There is an increasing wave that students are being sent to overseas for either temporary study or global internship by international programs and institutions. This article aims to examine the relationships between components of a multidimensional model of cultural intelligence, and overseas students’ social-cultural and psycho-cultural experience in different cultural contexts, with special consideration given to the effects of Cultural Distance on the covered relationships. We proposed that there would be a significant difference among students on adaptability in the case of the extent of their psycho-cultural and social-cultural experience, and that cultural distance would moderate the relationship between the experience of overseas students and their cultural intelligence. Keywords—overseas internship; cultural intelligence;
Sustainable Agriculture and Culture: An Exploration of the Significance of the Indigenous Shona Religious Beliefs and Practices in Agricultural Sustainability

This qualitative study sought to examine the indigenous Shona religion with a view to assess its relevance to sustainability in agriculture in contemporary Zimbabwean society. The paper argues that indigenous religion, which is still very much alive in Zimbabwe today, has a bearing on the sustainability of agriculture. Data collection was through participant observation, documentary analysis and interviews. The study found out that there are a number of indigenous Shona religious beliefs and practices which can still play a positive role in agricultural production in the light of climate change. These serve the important function of protecting the natural resource base which is critical for successful agricultural production although this role has been to a large extent negatively affected by political and economic developments in the country. The study also found out that there are certain religious rituals which can enhance agricultural production. The study further established the existence of indigenous beliefs and practices which are a hindrance to sustainable agriculture. It is recommended that aspects of indigenous religion which are consistent with sustainability in agriculture be revived, strengthened, adopted and adapted in order to enhance agricultural sustainability. The study also recommends that similar studies be conducted with indigenous ethnic groups locally and beyond our borders.
Noncentralities Induced in Regression Diagnostics

Anomalies persist in the use of deletion diagnostics in regression. Tests for outliers under subset deletions utilize the R-Fisher FI statistics, each having a noncentral F-distribution with noncentrality parameter λ as a function of shifts only at deleted rows in the index set I. Numerous studies examine empirical outcomes of these diagnostics in random experiments. In contrast, studies here are probabilistic, examining distributions behind those empirical outcomes and tracking the effects of shifts at nondeleted rows. By allowing shifts at nondeleted rows in a set J, in addition to traditional shifts at deleted rows in I, FI is shown to have a doubly noncentral F-distribution. By removing the unnecessary restriction that shifts occur only at deleted rows, these findings support constructs akin to power curves in tracking probabilities of masking or swamping as shifts evolve. In addition, “regression effects” among outliers may have unforeseen consequences. A dichotomy of shifts is discovered as projections into the “regressor” and “error” spaces of a model. Hidden shifts at nondeleted rows can obfuscate not only meanings ascribed to traditional outlier diagnostics, but also to subset influence diagnostics corresponding one-to-one with FI. In short, despite wide usage abetted by software support, deletion diagnostics in current vogue no longer can be recommended to achieve objectives traditionally cited. Case studies illustrate the debilitating effects of these anomalies in practice, together with conclusions misleading to prospective users.
BAYESIAN TESTING OF MANY HYPOTHESIS × MANY GENES: A STUDY OF SLEEP APNEA BY SHANE

Substantial statistical research has recently been devoted to the analysis of large-scale microarray experiments which provide a measure of the simultaneous expression of thousands of genes in a particular condition. A typical goal is the comparison of gene expression between two conditions (eg. diseased vs. non-diseased) to detect genes which show differential expression. Classical hypothesis testing procedures have been applied to this problem and more recent work has employed sophisticated models that allow for the sharing of information across genes. However, many recent gene expression studies have an experimental design with several conditions that requires an even more involved hypothesis testing approach. In this paper, we use a hierarchical Bayesian model to address the situation where there are many hypotheses that must be simultaneously tested for each gene. In addition to having many hypotheses within each gene, our analysis also addresses the more typical multiple comparison issue of testing many genes simultaneously. We illustrate our approach with an appli-
Buku panduan internalisasi : pendidikan karakter di sekolah

Buku ini secara terperinci membahas mengenai pentingnya pendidikan karakter, peran guru dalam pendidikan karakter, tahap-tahap pendidikan karakter, beberapa tantangan dalam pendidikan karakter, indikasi-indikasi generasi berkarakter instan, karakter tokoh yang layak diladeni, tips efektif pendidikan karakter di sekolah, karakter kuat, prestasi meningkat, serta membangkitkan pendidikan karakter di semua level kehidupan.
Adult Education-Related Graduate Degrees: Insights on the Challenges and Benefits of Online Programming

This study investigated the experiences of program coordinators’/instructors’ experiences of teaching online in graduate adult education programs. Specifically, we examined their perspectives on the benefits and challenges to both students and instructors in online learning environments and participants’ recommendations for others who were interested in transitioning their courses and degrees to online programming.
How the Assessment of Burden of Illness might change NICE Decisions: A Retrospective Analysis under Value-Based Pricing

Background: Value based price (VBP) is the price that reflects the value to patients, carers, society and the economy which delivers health benefits that exceed the health predicted to be displaced both elsewhere in the NHS and in the welfare economy, due to their additional cost. VBP is constituted of the the burden of illness (BoI), the cost of illness due to its severity and unmet need. It will replace the existing PPRS in September 2014. Objective: To address the question of how moving to a VBP system from the current Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) might change selected old non-recommended and optimised NICE appraisal decisions dependent on the BoI, which considered to be a key driver of VBP. Methodology: Two classification measures were identified and used in order to categorise the selected diseases into higher, medium and lower burden. After a categorisation matrix was constructed, information about the BoI assessment along with the cost and clinical effectiveness of each disease were applied to the analysis so as to make recommendations of how NICE decisions might have changed under VBP and the BoI assessment. Results: A categorisation of the diseases into higher, medium, and lower burden was attempted and it was evident that the decisions differed with respect to the different measurement tool that were used. In some cases BoI played a trivial role into the assessment of NICE decisions due to the fact that clinical effectiveness was considered a more important factor. In other cases, where the ICER was bounded into the recommended range of £20,000 and £30,000, the nonrecommended or optimised decisions might change under VBP.
Evaluation of genetic diversity in Fennel accessions using AFLP markers

In this study, genetic diversity of 30 accessions of the Fennel from different cities of Iran and other Asian and European countries were assessed by using 20 selective AFLP primers. From a total of 1127 observed bands, 250 were polymorph. E11-M20 primer with 20 bands, also E46-M35 and ETG-M20 primers with 8 bands have indicated the maximum and minimum numbers of polymorphism, respectively. Grouping of genotypes has been done by NTSYS software, version 2.02e, by using the methods of UPGMA and Furthest neighbor (with Jaccard, Dice and SM coefficients). Calculation and comparison of Cophenetic correlation coefficient didn’t show a significant difference for the mentioned coefficients. Overall the method of UPGMA based on Jaccard coefficient has been recorded as the best method, due to genetic information and geographic analysis. Justification of the results was done based on the dendrogram produced from Jaccard coefficient. According to these markers, the similarity among the genotypes was 60%. The most genetic similarity was 97% found between two genotypes from Hungary and also in Iranian genotypes a similarity of 89% which was found between Karaj and Kashan genotypes. One genotype from Tabriz with a genetic diversity of 60% has shown the most amount of diversity in comparison with other genotypes. The results of cluster analysis, to some extent showed a relationship between molecular diversity and geographic diversity, in a way that the genotypes gathered from regions close to one another were in some cases placed in the same groups or subgroups. On the other hand some of the genotypes placed in the same subgroups, were from different geographic regions, which could also be a reason for similarity of regional conditions or physical interchange of plants in these regions. The results of this study showed that AFLP markers are suitable for assessing genetic diversity of Fennel accessions.
Meta-analysis of the CYP 1 A 2-163 C > A Polymorphism and Lung Cancer Risk

The cytochromes P450 (CYPs) gene polymorphisms played an important role in the development of various cancers (Jin et al., 2011; Leng et al., 2012; Niu et al., 2012). Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is one enzyme of the CYPs and it is a key enzyme in the activation of major classes of indirect carcinogens (Boobis et al., 1994). CYP1A2 gene has been mapped on chromosome 15q24.1 and is highly polymorphic (Zhou et al., 2009). According to NCBI dbSNP database, there are more than 200 polymorphisms existed in CYP1A2 gene region. CYP1A2 -163 C>A polymorphism (CYP1A2*1F; rs762551) is located in the intron1 of CYP1A2 (Sachse et al., 1999), there are many studies focused on this polymorphism and risk of cancer have been published (Wang et al., 2012). In 2012, a meta-analysis by Wang et al (Wang et al., 2012) identified 19 eligible case control studies on the association between CYP1A2 -163 C>A polymorphism and risk of cancer, which suggested that CYP1A2 -163 C>A polymorphism is likely to be associated with susceptibility to cancer in Caucasians. Lung cancer is one of the six different cancers in this meta-analysis; however, there are histopathological types of lung cancer
An interactive approach for cleaning noisy observations in Bayesian networks with the help of an expert

When using Bayesian networks in real applications it is often the case that the empirical evidence or observations we employ for making inferences are corrupt and contain noise: Failure in a sensor, outliers, human errors, etc. Although many methods have been proposed in the literature for data cleaning (i.e. detect and correct noisy data values), all of these methods perform this task automatically. In this paper we argue that, if available, expert knowledge should be used for this task and we propose two methods which explicitly interact with an expert for detecting and correcting noisy observations.
Quantum optics with diamond color centers coupled to nanophotonic devices

Chapter 1 reviews recent advances towards the realization of quantum networks based on atom-like solid-state quantum emitters coupled to nanophotonic devices. Specifically, focus is on experiments involving the negatively charged silicon-vacancy color center in diamond. These emitters combine homogeneous, coherent optical transitions and a long-lived electronic spin quantum memory. Optical and spin properties of this system at cryogenic temperatures and experiments where silicon-vacancy centers are coupled to nanophotonic cavities are discussed. Finally, the chapter discusses experiments demonstrating quantum nonlinearities at the single-photon level and two-emitter entanglement in a single nanophotonic device.
Confidentiality Concerns, Perceived Staff Rudeness, and Other HIV Testing Barriers

The objectives of this project were to identify barriers to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing in public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and to obtain recommendations for improving access to clinic-based HIV testing among low income persons. This was a cross-sectional project examining data collected from 10 gender-specific focus groups conducted from June 2000 to July 2001 in a North Carolina city with high STD and HIV prevalences. Focus group participants were enrolled through purposive sampling of members of community-based organizations serving at-risk and indigent populations. The most frequently reported barriers to clinic-based HIV counseling and testing were concerns about confidentiality, perceptions of being treated rudely by clinic staff and perceptions about costs associated with obtaining HIV testing. To promote HIV testing in public STD clinics, future research and interventions should improve confidentiality protections and improve the quality of patient provider interactions. Increasing awareness that HIV testing is free to patients who cannot afford to pay for it also is crucial.
Three-dimensional finite element analysis of mandibular overdentures with different implant positions and attachment types

OBJECTIVE: This 3-D FEA study compared the stress distribution in two-implant mandibular overdentures as a function of implant position and attachment system (LA: locator attachment vs. BA: ball attachment). METHODS: Four models of mandibular overdentures were tested: M1-LA – with implants at the canine regions (standard implant position) and LA; M2-LA – with implants placed at the first premolar regions (distalized implant position) and LA; M1-BA – with standard implant position and BA; and M2-BA – with distalized implant position and BA. The geometric models were converted into finite element models. A 100 N axial load was applied at the first molar region. The von-Mises stress distribution was compared in selected points.RESULTS: The models with BA had pattern of stress distribution was more uniform along the implant axis than the ones with LA, although the stress magnitude was larger. The largest area of von Mises stresses on the alveolar ridge was in the models with standard implant distribution.CONCLUSION: The findings showed that the models with BA had better biomechanical behavior than the ones with LA. For both types of attachment, the models with increased inter-implant distance presented a smaller area of stress distribution in the perimplant cortical bone tissue than the standard implant position.