Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diffusion-steered super-resolution method based on the Papoulis-Gerchberg algorithm

Papoulis-Gerchberg (PG) algorithm, a technique to extrapolate signals, has attracted many researchers for its lower complexity, higher computational efficiency, and effectiveness. One field that receives these merits is super-resolution, which fuses multiple band-limited scenes to generate a high-resolution image. Most super-resolution methods based on the PG algorithm, however, underperform when input images are seriously degraded by blur, noise, and sampling. The current study addresses the challenges by embedding the PG algorithm into a super-resolution minimization problem. The proposed method is iterative and incorporates a diffusion-driven smoothness prior that updates its regularisation process according to the local image features. This well-crafted prior, which attempts to overcome the super-resolution ill-posedness, provides an automatic interplay between flat and contour regions, and ensures necessary levels of regularisations to generate sharper and detailed images. Results show that the current method outperforms some state-of-the-art super-resolution approaches including those based on total variation. Even more importantly, the authors' method contains a robust noise suppressor that treats comfortably noisy scenes.
Changes in antibiotic susceptibility and ribotypes in Clostridium difficile isolates from southern Scotland, 1979-2004.

An increase in the incidence of clinical cases of Clostridium difficile infection has been reported in recent years, but few studies have examined changes in molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance over a long period of time. A collection of 179 isolates of C. difficile obtained from symptomatic adult patients in southern Scotland between 1979 and 2004 was used to determine changes in the prevalence of epidemiological types and antibiotic susceptibilities to common antibiotics. PCR ribotyping and MIC determination were performed on all isolates. A total of 56 different ribotypes were identified, among which ribotype 002 was the commonest type overall (14 .0%), followed by ribotypes 014 (7.3 %), 012 (5 .0%), 015 (5.0 %), 020 (5 .0%) and 001 (4.5 %). Ribotype 078 was also identified. The 10 commonest ribotypes comprised 55 % of the total isolates. Ribotype 001 increased in prevalence from 1.5 to 12.2 % over the study years, whereas the prevalence of ribotype 012 decreased from 8.7 to 2 . 0%. Resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin and ceftriaxone was found in 95.5, 14.0 and 13.4 % of isolates, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin or metronidazole was not detected. Thirty-two (17.9 %) and 14 (7.8 %) isolates were resistant to two and three or more antibiotics, respectively. Ribotype 001 displayed maximum resistance, with 50 % of isolates resistant to erythromycin, moxifloxacin and ceftriaxone, and 100 % resistant to clindamycin. Over the 26 years of the study, antibiotic resistance and ribotype prevalence have changed, and antibiotic pressures may have been the major driver of this change.
A critical narrative review of transfer of basic science knowledge in health professions education

‘Transfer’ is the application of a previously learned concept to solve a new problem in another context. Transfer is essential for basic science education because, to be valuable, basic science knowledge must be transferred to clinical problem solving. Therefore, better understanding of interventions that enhance the transfer of basic science knowledge to clinical reasoning is essential. This review systematically identifies interventions described in the health professions education (HPE) literature that document the transfer of basic science knowledge to clinical reasoning, and considers teaching and assessment strategies.
Oxygen Transport in the Microcirculation and Its Regulation

Cells require energy to carry out their functions and they typically use oxidative phosphorylation to generate the needed ATP. Thus, cells have a continuous need for oxygen, which they receive by diffusion from the blood through the interstitial fluid. The circulatory system pumps oxygen‐rich blood through a network of increasingly minute vessels, the microcirculation. The structure of the microcirculation is such that all cells have at least one nearby capillary for diffusive exchange of oxygen and red blood cells release the oxygen bound to hemoglobin as they traverse capillaries.
Exercise‐Induced Capillary Growth in Human Skeletal Muscle and the Dynamics of VEGF

In skeletal muscle, growth of capillaries is an important adaptation to exercise training that secures adequate diffusion capacity for oxygen and nutrients even at high‐intensity exercise when increases in muscle blood flow are profound. Mechanical forces present during muscle activity, such as shear stress and passive stretch, lead to cellular signaling, enhanced expression of angiogenic factors, and initiation of capillary growth. The most central angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle capillary growth is VEGF. During muscle contraction, VEGF increases in the muscle interstitium, acts on VEGF receptors on the capillary endothelium, and thereby stimulates angiogenic processes. A primary source of muscle interstitial VEGF during exercise is the skeletal muscle fibers which contain large stores of VEGF within vesicles. We propose that, during muscle activity, these VEGF‐containing vesicles are redistributed toward the sarcolemma where the contents are secreted into the extracellular fluid. VEGF mRNA expression is increased primarily after exercise, which allows for a more rapid replenishment of VEGF stores lost through secretion during exercise. Future studies should focus on elucidating mechanisms and regulation of VEGF secretion.
Naturally Existing Oncolytic Virus M1 Is Nonpathogenic for the Nonhuman Primates After Multiple Rounds of Repeated Intravenous Injections.

Cancers figure among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The number of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades. Development of novel therapeutic agents is urgently needed for clinical cancer therapy. Alphavirus M1 is a Getah-like virus isolated from China with a genome of positive single-strand RNA. We have previously identified that alphavirus M1 is a naturally existing oncolytic virus with significant anticancer activity against different kinds of cancer (e.g., liver cancer, bladder cancer, and colon cancer). To support the incoming clinical trial of intravenous administration of alphavirus M1 to cancer patients, we assessed the safety of M1 in adult nonhuman primates. We previously presented the genome sequencing data of the cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), which was demonstrated as an ideal animal species for virus infection study. Therefore, we chose cynomolgus macaques of either sex for the present safety study of oncolytic virus M1. In the first round of administration, five experimental macaques were intravenously injected with six times of oncolytic virus M1 (1 × 10(9) pfu/dose) in 1 week, compared with five vehicle-injected control animals. The last two rounds of injections were further completed in the following months in the same way as the first round. Body weight, temperature, complete blood count, clinical biochemistries, cytokine profiles, lymphocytes subsets, neutralizing antibody, and clinical symptoms were closely monitored at different time points. Magnetic resonance imaging was also performed to assess the possibility of encephalitis or arthritis. As a result, no clinical, biochemical, immunological, or medical imaging or other pathological evidence of toxicity was found during the whole process of the study. Our results in cynomolgus macaques suggested the safety of intravenous administration of oncolytic virus M1 in cancer patients in the future.
Spatio-temporal probabilistic query generation model and sink attributes for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks

Proliferation in Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) technology along with advancement in distributed computing infrastructure has facilitated the versatile usage and deployment of wireless sensors networks (WSNs) in last one and half decades. WSNs support large number of applications from the civilian and military regimes. Irrespective of these regimes; owing to difficulty associated with battery replenishment, proper energy usage has been at centre stage in WSNs operations. The lifetime of WSNs typically depends upon sensor’s energy dissipation pattern, which is non-homogeneous with respect to spatial distribution over any short epochs. The genesis behind this nonhomogeneity is random generation of queries, which owes to application specific spatio-temporal parameters. Importance of spatio-temporal parameters is ubiquitous in WSNs paradigm and uncertainties are inevitable with these parameters, although the degree of uncertainties varies in accordance to applications served. Thus, from network design perspectives, precision involved with spatio-temporal aspects must be given due priority to obtain a mathematical model that maintains a good rapport with realistic query generation process. With these motivations, the study explores: (i) uses of energy-efficient clustering schemes, (ii) incorporation of spatio-temporal parameters uncertainties into probabilistic model of query generation using fuzzy-intervals bound, and (iii) sink attributes to enhance network lifetime. For various network surveillance scenarios; the performance measures average residual energy status and service-time-duration are estimated and analysed.
Integrated state-based dynamic slicing technique for UML models

The authors propose a technique for constructing dynamic slices of unified modelling language (UML) models using the state information. Given a software architecture specified using UML, the authors first construct an intermediate representation. The authors have named this intermediate representation model dependency graph (MDG). MDG combines information extracted from various sequence diagrams along with those from class and state-machine diagrams. The authors have named our proposed algorithm state-based dynamic slicing of UML models (SDSUM). Our SDSUM algorithm traverses the constructed MDG to identify the model elements that are either directly or indirectly involved during the execution of a specific scenario. Instead of processing each UML diagram independently and iteratively cross linking relevant information across different diagrams, our algorithm's novelty lies in constructing and analysing an integrated model for determining the implicit interdependencies among the different model elements distributed across various UML diagrams for computing a state-based dynamic slice. Consideration of state information of objects makes the computed dynamic slices more precise compared to traditional slicing. A case study has been presented to illustrate our approach.
The plant alkaloid piperine as a potential inhibitor of ethidium bromide efflux in Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Piperine, a major plant alkaloid found in black pepper (Piper nigrum) and long pepper (Piper longum), has shown potential for inhibiting the efflux pump (EP) of Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, a modulation assay showed that piperine could decrease the MIC of ethidium bromide (EtBr) twofold at 32 μg ml(-1) and fourfold at 64 μg ml(-1) against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155 ATCC 700084. A real-time, 96-well plate fluorometric method was employed to evaluate the EP inhibition ability of piperine in M. smegmatis. Reserpine, chlorpromazine, verapamil and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone were used as positive controls. Piperine significantly enhanced accumulation and decreased the efflux of EtBr in M. smegmatis, which suggests that it has the ability to inhibit mycobacterial EPs.
Colonization and transmission of meticillin-susceptible and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine nasal colonization model.

Nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus is an important risk factor for the development of a nosocomial infection. Acquisition of nasal colonization by S. aureus increases mortality in hospitalized patients, but little is known about the transmission dynamics of S. aureus. To study S. aureus transmission, colonization and colonization persistence, we developed a murine transmission model. In 20 cages, 2 out of 10 mice were nasally inoculated (at 5×10(8) c.f. u. per mouse) with either meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (10 cages) or meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (10 cages). On days 5, 15, 25 and 40, all mice in a cage were swabbed or sacrificed and nasal colonization and c.f. u. were determined in all 10 mice by nasal dissection or by nasal swab. Spread and subsequent stable colonization by both MSSA and MRSA from colonized to uncolonized mice within a cage was seen. At day 5, an increased number of colonized mice were observed in the MSSA group compared to the MRSA group (P = 0.003). On day 40, the mean number of c.f. u. per mouse was higher for MRSA than for MSSA (P = 0.06). Faecal-oral transmission was shown to be a possibly important transmission route in this model. These results suggest a more rapid spread of MSSA compared to MRSA. However, MRSA shows a more stable nasal colonization after a longer period of time.
Fuzzy entropy-based framework for multi-faceted test case classification and selection: an empirical study

Software testing is complex, ambiguous, labour-intensive, costly, error prone and a core activity of software development. Devising the cost-effective and adequate strategies for software test cases optimisation has been one of the research issues in software testing for a long time. Existing techniques of test case optimisation are not providing the optimal solution to the test cases optimisation problem in terms of precision, completeness, cost and adequacy. The authors have already proposed a fuzzy logic-based multi-faceted measurement framework for test cases classification and fitness evaluation. Though, it reduces testing efforts, cost, incompleteness and increases adequacy, but, still there is ambiguity in classification and selection of some test cases due to ambiguity in fitness of test cases. Hence, there is a strong need to devise a technique to measure suitably and resolve the ambiguity in software test cases classification and selection problem. In this paper, the authors have unified their earlier proposed framework by introducing fuzzy entropy-based approach. The proposed unified framework chunks out the high ambiguity test cases and selects low ambiguity test cases for exercising on SUT (Software under Test). The proposed unified framework is tested on artefacts of benchmark applications, and the results show that the proposed unified framework enhances the classification accuracy by reducing ambiguity, and increases the number of test cases classified accurately.
Chronic Childhood Disorder-Promoting Patterns of Adjustment

Both society and physicians are increasingly aware of the importance of chronic illnesses on childhood development. This may be due to an increase in the number of children with chronic illnesses now surviving because of modern medical techniques, but it may also be due to a decline in the acute illnesses of childhood. Physicians, particularly pediatricians, are therefore being called on in increasing numbers to deal with children who have chronic illnesses. This book was written by a pediatrician and a child psychiatrist, with the purpose of providing a critical review of current knowledge about psychosocial problems associated with chronic disease in children, as well as providing a practical approach to the assessment of these children and their management. The following areas are covered in the book: (1) adjustment; (2) the assessment of adjustment by various techniques; (3) the psychological effect of a long-term illness on the individual; (4) the
Developing a Smart Structure Using Integrated Subspace‐Based Damage Detection and Semi‐Active Control

Damage detection in large building structures has always faced challenges due to analyzing the large amount of measured data. In this article, a new damage detection approach based on subspace method is proposed to identify damages using limited output data. Also, a new scheme is presented to develop a smart structure by integrating structural health monitoring with semi‐active control strategy. If damage occurs in such a structure under severe excitations, the proposed scheme has the capability to exert necessary control forces in order to compensate for damage and reduce simultaneously the dynamic response of the structure. The reliability and feasibility of the proposed method are demonstrated by implementing the technique to two shear building structures with semi‐active control devices. Results show that the damage could be identified accurately with saving time and cost due to less computation even under noise existence; and dynamic response is significantly reduced in the smart structure.
Colocalization and interaction between elongasome and divisome during a preparative cell division phase in Escherichia coli

The rod‐shaped bacterium Escherichia coli grows by insertion of peptidoglycan into the lateral wall during cell elongation and synthesis of new poles during cell division. The monofunctional transpeptidases PBP2 and PBP3 are part of specialized protein complexes called elongasome and divisome, respectively, which catalyse peptidoglycan extension and maturation. Endogenous immunolabelled PBP2 localized in the cylindrical part of the cell as well as transiently at midcell. Using the novel image analysis tool Coli‐Inspector to analyse protein localization as function of the bacterial cell age, we compared PBP2 localization with that of other E. coli cell elongation and division proteins including PBP3. Interestingly, the midcell localization of the two transpeptidases overlaps in time during the early period of divisome maturation. Försters Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) experiments revealed an interaction between PBP2 and PBP3 when both are present at midcell. A decrease in the midcell diameter is visible after 40% of the division cycle indicating that the onset of new cell pole synthesis starts much earlier than previously identified by visual inspection. The data support a new model of the division cycle in which the elongasome and divisome interact to prepare for cell division.
Emergence of bla(CTX-M-15), qnrB1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr resistance genes in Pantoea agglomerans and Enterobacter cloacae from Nigeria (sub-Saharan Africa).

Resistance of Enterobacter species to extended-spectrum cephalosporins is known to be mediated by hyperproduction of chromosomal AmpC b-lactamases. However, the additional expression of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) has become more prevalent worldwide in recent years (Ko et al., 2008). In Nigeria, ESBL production in Enterobacter species has been associated with TEMand SHV-type ESBLs (Aibinu et al., 2003; Kasap et al., 2010). Other b-lactamase resistance determinants, conferring resistance to extendedspectrum cephalosporins, such as blaVEB, blaOXA and blaCMY, have recently been reported in Nigerian Providencia species strains (Aibinu et al., 2011). In addition, the worldwide spread of CTX-M-15 (Cantón & Coque, 2006) has reached Nigeria, having being identified in Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli (Soge et al., 2006; Olowe et al., 2010). There is no documented report yet on ESBL production mediated by blaCTX-M-15 or the association of the spread of PMQR determinants in Enterobacter species from Nigeria. This study reports the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ten clinical isolates of Enterobacter species and one isolate of Pantoea agglomerans with respect to the occurrence of blaCTX-M and other resistance genes. The Enterobacter species, which consisted of Enterobacter asburiae (n51), Enterobacter aerogenes (n51) and Enterobacter cloacae (n58), and the Pantoea agglomerans isolate represented 9.5 % of all members of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated within a period of 6 months from October 2008 to March 2009 at Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), a tertiary hospital, in Nigeria. Enterobacter agglomerans was previously renamed Pantoea agglomerans to reflect its genetic distance from the genus Enterobacter (Sanders & Sanders, 1997).
Trust management model for mobile ad hoc network based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy theory

Owing to the openness in network topology and the absence of centralised administration in management, mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is vulnerable to attacks from malicious nodes. In order to decrease the hazards from these malicious nodes, the authors incorporate the concept of trust into the MANET, and build a trust management model which is divided into two parts: subjective trust evaluation model and trusted routing model. In subjective trust evaluation model, the credibility of nodes can be evaluated using analytic hierarchy process theory and fuzzy logic rules prediction method. Based on the fuzzy dynamic programming theory, in trusted routing model, the authors present a novel trusted routing algorithm which can kick out the untrustworthy nodes in order to obtain a reliable passage delivery route. As an application of the proposed trusted routing algorithm, a novel reactive routing protocol on the basis of the standard dynamic source routing protocol, called fuzzy trusted dynamic source routing (FTDSR) protocol is proposed. Several experiments have been conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the protocol in malicious node identification and attack resistance. The experimental results show that FTDSR can effectively detect the malicious nodes that guarantee the packet delivery ratio and the network throughput.
Hybrid sensor kinase PA1611 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa regulates transitions between acute and chronic infection through direct interaction with RetS

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes serious acute and chronic infections in humans. Major differences exist in disease pathogenesis, clinical treatment and outcomes between acute and chronic infections. P. aeruginosa acute infection characteristically involves the type III secretion systems (T3SS) while chronic infection is often associated with the formation of biofilms, a major cause of difficulties to eradicate chronic infections. The choice between acute and chronic infection or the switch between them by P. aeruginosa is controlled by regulatory pathways that control major virulence factors and genes associated with biofilm formation. In this study, we characterized a hybrid sensor kinase PA1611 that controls the expression of genes associated with acute and chronic infections in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Expression of PA1611 completely repressed T3SS and swarming motility while it promoted biofilm formation. The protein PA1611 regulates two small RNAs (sRNAs), rsmY and rsmZ which in turn control RsmA. Independent of phosphate relay, PA1611 interacts directly with RetS in vivo. The positive effect of RetS on factors associated with acute infection could presumably be restrained by PA1611 when chronic infection conditions are present. This RetS–PA1611 interaction, together with the known RetS–GacS interaction, may control disease progression and the lifestyle choice of P. aeruginosa.
Health targets for people with an intellectual disability

This article describes the development and identification of a set of health targets for adults with an intellectual disability. The authors developed the targets through a process of collaboration, consultation and literature review. The targets were included if reliable studies had shown the conditions to be highly prevalent, easily detected, and amenable to treatments that are readily available. It is envisaged that these targets will be further refined and eventually endorsed by IASSID for presentation to the World Health Organisation in the year 2000.