Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Dependent Electrical Properties of Al2O3-Passivated Multilayer MoS2 Thin-Film Transistors

It is becoming more important for electronic devices to operate stably and reproducibly under harsh environments, such as extremely low and/or high temperatures, for robust and practical applications. Here, we report on the effects of atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) aluminum oxide (Al2O3) passivation on multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film transistors (TFTs) and their temperature-dependent electrical properties, especially at a high temperature range from 293 K to 380 K. With the aid of ultraviolet-ozone treatment, an Al2O3 layer was uniformly applied to cover the entire surface of MoS2 TFTs. Our Al2O3-passivated MoS2 TFTs exhibited not only a dramatic reduction of hysteresis but also enhancement of current in output characteristics. In addition, we investigated the temperature-dependent behaviors of the TFT performance, including intrinsic carrier mobility based on the Y-function method.
Monte Carlo calculated stopping-power ratios, water/air, for clinical proton dosimetry (50 - 250 MeV)

Calculations of stopping power ratios, water to air, for the determination of absorbed dose to water in clinical proton beams using ionization chamber measurements have been undertaken using the Monte Carlo method. A computer code to simulate the transport of protons in water (PETRA) has been used to calculate -data under different degrees of complexity, ranging from values based on primary protons only to data including secondary electrons and high-energy secondary protons produced in nonelastic nuclear collisions. All numerical data are based on ICRU 49 proton stopping powers. Calculations using primary protons have been compared to the simple continuous slowing-down approximation (c.s.d.a.) analytical technique used in proton dosimetry protocols, not finding significant differences that justify elaborate Monte Carlo simulations except beyond the mean range of the protons (the far side of the Bragg peak). The influence of nuclear nonelastic processes, through the detailed generation and transport of secondary protons, on the calculated stopping-power ratios has been found to be negligible. The effect of alpha particles has also been analysed, finding differences smaller than 0.1% from the results excluding them. Discrepancies of up to 0.6% in the plateau region have been found, however, when the production and transport of secondary electrons are taken into account. The large influence of nonelastic nuclear interactions on proton depth - dose distributions shows that the removal of primary protons from the incident beam decreases the peak-to-plateau ratio by a large factor, up to 40% at 250 MeV. It is therefore emphasized that nonelastic nuclear reactions should be included in Monte Carlo simulations of proton beam depth - dose distributions.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE Lp-NORMS AND THE ENTROPY FOR GENERAL ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

The limit behavior of the sequence of Lp-norms of orthogonal polynomials is studied. Orthogonal polynomials on both a finite interval and the entire real line are considered. As a corollary, asymptotic formulas for entropy integrals containing orthogonal polynomials are obtained. Bibliography: 18 titles.
The VANET-Solution Approach for Data Packet Forwarding Improvement

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are ad hoc wireless mobile networks which is important role in commercial applications and safety of public vehicular communications. In VANETs, data routing is a major problem because of its quick change in topology and vehicular high mobility. The routing protocols that base on vehicular position are attracting much interest because of the availability and advancement of devices equipped with GPS. A major problem with VANETs is the frequent disruptions in the path of vehicles due to the high mobility of the participating vehicles. This can lead to the breaking of established links and result in low throughput, delay in service delivery, less overhead as well as low rate of delivery. In this paper, the Civil Defiance Vehicle (CDV) approach is proposed. The proposed approach (CDV-VANET) compared to VANET, incorporates a potential score-based strategy which is traditionally better in performance and might achieve less delay in service delivery with a higher rate of delivery.
Development of an inorganic scintillating mixture for proton beam verification dosimetry

The availability at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) of a spot-scanning technique with an isocentric beam delivery system (gantry) allows the realization of intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). The development of 3D dosimetry is an important tool for the verification of IMPT therapy plans based on inhomogeneous 3D conformal dose distributions. For that purpose new dosimeters are being developed. The concept is to use a system of many millimetre sized scintillating volumes distributed in a polyethylene block, which are read on a CCD camera over a bundle of optical fibres and which can be irradiated from any direction orthogonal to the fibre axis. The purpose of this work is to investigate the composition of such small sensitive volumes. A mixture of inorganic phosphors and optical cement allows an optimal coupling between the scintillating volume and the optical fibre. Five different inorganic phosphors, available as powder, have been examined by considering their response along the Bragg curve. In particular, two phosphors have shown interesting behaviours: Gd2O2S:Tb and (Zn, Cd)S:Ag. Both phosphors have a high emission efficiency but contrasting behaviour in the Bragg peak region. The efficiency of Gd2O2S:Tb decreases with increasing stopping power (quenching of luminescence) while that of (Zn, Cd)S:Ag increases. Because of these contrasting behaviours it is possible to prepare a mixture of the two scintillating powders in a certain ratio in order to modulate the height of the measured Bragg peak relative to the entrance value so that it is in agreement with the ionization chamber measurements. We propose to use a mixture for the sensitive volume consisting of the following weight fractions: 48% Gd2O2S:Tb, 12% (Zn, Cd)S:Ag and 40% optical cement.
Machine learning techniques to estimate the dynamics of a slung load multirotor UAV system

This thesis addresses the question of designing robust and flexible controllers to enable autonomous operation of a multirotor UAV with an attached slung load for general cargo transport. This is achieved by following an experimental approach; real flight data from a slung load multirotor coupled system is used as experience, allowing for a computer software to estimate the pose of the slung in order to propose a swing-free controller that will dampen the oscillations of the slung load when the multirotor is following a desired flight trajectory. The thesis presents the reader with a methodology describing the development path from vehicle design and modelling over slung load state estimators to controller synthesis. Attaching a load via a cable to the underside of the aircraft alters the mass distribution of the combined "airborne entity" in a highly dynamic fashion. The load will be subject to inertial, gravitational and unsteady aerodynamic forces which are transmitted to the aircraft via the cable, providing another source of external force to the multirotor platform and thus altering the flight dynamic response characteristics of the vehicle. Similarly the load relies on the forces transmitted by the multirotor to alter its state, which is much more difficult to control. The principle research hypothesis of this thesis is that the dynamics of the coupled system can be identified by applying Machine Learning techniques. One of the major contributions of this thesis is the estimator that uses real flight data to train an unstructured black-box algorithm that can output the position vector of the load using the vehicle pose and pilot pseudo-controls as input. Experimental results show very accurate position estimation of the load using the machine learning estimator when comparing it with a motion tracking system (~2% offset). Another contribution lies in the avionics solution created for data collection, algorithm execution and control of multirotor UAVs, experimental results show successful autonomous flight with a range of algorithms and applications. Finally, to enable flight capabilities of a multirotor with slung load, a control system is developed that dampens the oscillations of the load; the controller uses a feedback approach to simultaneously prevent exciting swing and to actively dampen swing in the slung load. The methods and algorithms developed in this thesis are validated by flight testing.
Treatment planning for heavy ion radiotherapy: clinical implementation and application

The clinical implementation and application of a novel treatment planning system (TPS) for scanned ion beams is described, which is in clinical use for carbon ion treatments at the German heavy ion facility (GSI). All treatment plans are evaluated on the basis of biologically effective dose distributions. For therapy control, in-beam positron emission tomography (PET) and an online monitoring system for the beam intensity and position are used. The absence of a gantry restricts the treatment plans to horizontal beams. Most of the treatment plans consist of two nearly opposing lateral fields or sometimes orthogonal fields. In only a very few cases a single beam was used. For patients with very complex target volumes lateral and even distal field patching techniques were applied. Additional improvements can be achieved when the patient's head is fixed in a tilted position, in order to achieve sparing of the organs at risk. In order to test the stability of dose distributions in the case of patient misalignments we routinely simulate the effects of misalignments for patients with critical structures next to the target volume. The uncertainties in the range calculation are taken into account by a margin around the target volume of typically 2-3 mm, which can, however, be extended if the simulation demonstrates larger deviations. The novel TPS developed for scanned ion beams was introduced into clinical routine in December 1997 and was used for the treatment planning of 63 patients with head and neck tumours until July 2000. Planning strategies and methods were developed for this tumour location that facilitate the treatment of a larger number of patients with the scanned heavy ion beam in a clinical setting. Further developments aim towards a simultaneous optimization of the treatment field intensities and more effective procedures for the patient set-up. The results demonstrate that ion beams can be integrated into a clinical environment for treatment planning and delivery.
Self-Consistent Zero-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of a Magnetized Target Fusion Configuration

A self-consistent zero-dimensional model of a Magnetized Target Fusion MTF configuration is presented. The plasma target is a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC). Model parameters were scanned using a Monte Carlo routine in order to determine an operating point that would correspond to reactor conditions. Albeit the model being intrinsically optimistic, the highest Q-values found only slightly exceed unity. The limited performance is due to the short dwell time of the liner, preventing a large portion of the fuel to burn.
Canonical variables and quasilocal energy in general relativity

Recently Brown and York(1993) have devised a new method for defining quasilocal energy in general relativity. Their method employs a Hamilton-Jacobi analysis of an action functional for a spatially bounded spacetime M, and this analysis yields expressions for the quasilocal energy and momentum surface densities associated with the two-boundary B of a spacelike slice of such a spacetime. These expressions are essentially Amowitt-Deser-Misner variables, but with canonical conjugacy defined with respect to the time history 3B of the two-boundary. These boundary ADM variables match previous variables which have arisen directly in the study of black hole thermodynamics. Further, a 'microcanonical' action which features fixed-energy boundary conditions has been introduced in related work concerning the functional-integral representation of the density of quantum states for such a bounded gravitational system. This paper introduces Ashtekar-type variables on the time history 3B of the two-boundary and shows that these variables lead to elegant alternative expressions for the quasilocal surface densities. In addition, it is demonstrated here that both the boundary ADM variables and the boundary Ashtekar-type variables can be incorporated into a larger framework by appealing to the tetrad-dependent Sparling differential forms. Finally, using these results and a tetrad action principle employed by Goldberg(1988), this paper constructs two new tetrad versions of the microcanonical action.
Design optimization and simulation of micro-electro-mechanical system based solar energy harvester for low voltage applications

In this paper, the design of a micro-cantilever based solar energy harvester is proposed. Solar energy is converted to electrical voltage using a MEMS solar cell that uses the principle of coefficient of thermal expansion and piezoelectric effect. Initially, the bilayer cantilever made of two different materials (Al and SiO2) is displaced at the free end by absorbing the solar radiation that develops the stress at the fixed end and thus the solar radiation is converted to mechanical energy. Also, the developed mechanical energy (stress) is converted to electric potential by using the piezoelectric material that is positioned at the fixed end of the cantilever. Different shapes of bilayer cantilevers are designed and analyzed for maximum stress distribution. Experimental study on different shapes is also carried out in an INSTRON 8800 compression testing machine with the prototype made of aluminium. The results obtained prove that the triangular beam shows larger displacement and stress when compared with other shapes. Then the optimized structure with maximum stress is evaluated computationally for maximum voltage generation by placing different piezoelectric materials at the fixed end. The size of the designed solar cell is very small (4000 μm2) when compared to the conventional photovoltaic cell which ultimately reduces the cost by the batch fabrication process.
On-line Human Gait Stability Prediction using LSTMs for the fusion of Deep-based Pose Estimation and LRF-based Augmented Gait State Estimation in an Intelligent Robotic Rollator

In this work we present a novel Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) based on-line human gait stability prediction framework for the elderly users of an intelligent robotic rollator, using only non-wearable sensors, fusing multimodal RGB-D and Laser Range Finder (LRF) data. A deep learning (DL) based approach is used for the upper body pose estimation. The detected pose is used for estimating the Center of Mass (CoM) of the body using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). An Augmented Gait State Estimation framework exploits the LRF data to estimate the legs' positions and the respective gait phase. These estimates are the inputs of an encoder-decoder sequence to sequence model which predicts the gait stability state as Safe or Fall Risk walking. It is validated with data from real patients, by exploring different network architectures, hyperparameter settings and by comparing the proposed method with other baselines. The presented LSTM-based human gait stability predictor is shown to provide robust predictions of the human stability state, and thus has the potential to be integrated into a general user-adaptive control architecture as a fall-risk alarm.
Novel Decoupling Modular Permanent Magnet Flux-Switching Linear Motor

In this paper, a novel decoupling modular permanent magnet flux-switching linear motor (PMFSLM) is proposed. The primary iron core of the motor is a nonsegmented structure without magnetic coupling among different modules. In contrast to a normal PMFSLM driven by a sinusoidal current, the proposed PMFSLM adopts square-wave current driving. On the basis of structure and working characteristics, a piecewise linear permeance model of a single-module PMFSLM is presented, and a specific design method of the novel modular three-phase PMFSLM is proposed. The proposed design method aims at reducing the cogging force and force ripple of a three-phase PMFSLM. Through further electromagnetic analysis, a set of structural parameters is proposed, based on which finite-element analysis (FEA) is conducted. FEA results show that the design aim is realized even with the influence of armature winding commutation. Prototype experiments of a single-module PMFSLM are performed, and experimental results agree well with FEA results. The findings of this paper verify the effectiveness and practicability of the novel modular PMFSLM and the proposed design method.
Creation of two tomographic voxel models of paediatric patients in the first year of life

Tomographic computational models, based on regional segmentation of CT or MRI medical images, have increasingly been proposed as replacements for current stylized mathematical models of human anatomy used in radiation dosimetry studies. While much effort has been devoted towards the creation of adult models, few research studies have been initiated to address the need for models supporting paediatric radiology dosimetry. In this study, two tomographic models were created using a combination of automatic and manual segmentation via a program created in-house using IDL version 5.5. The first model is of a normal 6 day female newborn, and consists of a 512 × 512 × 485 data array. The CT slices of this model were obtained every 1 mm, and 66 different anatomic regions were defined. The second model is of a patient developmentally equivalent to a 2 month male, and was saved as a 512 × 512 × 438 data array. This subject had severe tissue oedema within the gut, kidneys, liver and spleen. The model is thus considered representative of a critically ill child, from a patient subpopulation expected to receive a larger than normal number of diagnostic x-ray exams. The voxel volumes for the two models are 0.35 mm3 and 0.30 mm3, respectively, thus making these models the most detailed in existence for paediatric dosimetry applications. Ratios of organ masses for the UF newborn model to those within the reference ORNL/MIRD model range from highs of 1.2 to 1.7 for the oesophagus and small intestine/colon, respectively, to lows of 0.18 to 0.27 for the mandible and humeri, respectively. For the UF 2 month model, ratios of organ masses in the UF model to those in the 8 week GSF BABY model ranged from highs of 3.7 to 5.2 for the clavicles and spleen, respectively, to lows of 0.2 to 0.3 for the adrenals and scapulae, respectively.
Assessment of the Harvest Wheat Yield by CROPSYST Model

An experiment was performed to assess the wheat harvest yield using a CROPSYST model in 2008-2009 at Rashmijan zone, the northern part of Fars province, Iran. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design and were conducted under treat of four irrigation levels (I1, I2, I3, I4) in three replicates. Irrigation were done by a usual cycle of zone irrigation at 20% tension, 40% tension and without irrigation (dry land farming). Finally, the statistical analysis showed that, the simulation efficiency using CROPSYST model for yield, stalk and biological yield, are 0.91, 0.82 and 0.94, respectively. Notably, the investigations of yield, stalk and biologic yield showed a high correlation among yield, stalk and biologic yield (0.93, 0.95 and 0.95, respectively) which confirmed the highest accuracy of anticipated operation by using CROPSYST model. As a result, this model is evaluated as a desirable model to anticipate the harvest operation in the Marvdasht zone.
Displacement and Force Self-Sensing Technique for Piezoelectric Actuators Using a Nonlinear Constitutive Model

This paper describes a new self-sensing technique for piezoelectric actuators that estimates both displacement and force from voltage and charge measurements. The novelty of this technique lies in the use of a constitutive model with nonlinear capacitance and an exponential hysteresis model. The advantage of the presented self-sensing technique over similar techniques in the literature is that it only requires one parameter identification experiment and its hysteresis model is computationally efficient. The control performance of the self-sensing technique is evaluated in a sensorless displacement and force control structure. Validation experiments are carried out on a two degree of freedom test setup that mimics micropositioners by generating simultaneously varying displacements and forces. Less than $\text{3}\%$ absolute average errors are obtained for both displacement and force.
Integer quadratic programming model for dynamic VAR compensation considering short‐term voltage stability

Dynamic VAR compensation (DVC) planning is important in power system planning to enhance short-term voltage stability. However, since its optimisations models include differential algebraic equations (DAEs), existing methods cannot directly solve the problem as that in the optimal power flow problem. In this study, the authors design an integer quadratic programming (IQP) model for the DVC planning problem which can simultaneously optimise the sites and size of DVCs. On the basis of the defined dynamic correlation indices, a quadratic programming objective function is defined to minimise the total investment of DVCs as well as to avoid redundant installation of DVCs on adjacent buses. Subsequently, sensitivity coefficients about the control effect of DVCs are introduced to form the linear inequations as the substitute for DAEs in constraints. Then, an iterative process is applied to solve the IQP. The proposed method is applied on a modified NE 39-bus system and a real power grid. Comparisons to the existing methods are carried out to show its superiority in model complexity and solving efficiency.
The reproducibility of polyacrylamide gel dosimetry applied to stereotactic conformal radiotherapy

The reproducibility of polyacrylamide gel (PAG) dosimetry has been evaluated when used to verify two radiotherapy treatment plans of increasing complexity. The plans investigated were a three-field coplanar arrangement, using the linac jaws for field shaping, and a four-field, conformal, non-coplanar plan using precision-cast lead alloy shielding blocks. Each treatment was performed three times using phantoms and calibration gels manufactured in-house. Two phantoms were specially designed for this work to aid accurate positioning of the gels for irradiation and imaging. All gels were imaged post-irradiation using a Siemens Vision 1.5T MR scanner. T2 relaxation images were calibrated to absorbed dose distributions using a number of smaller calibration vessels to produce distribution maps of relative dose. The relative dose distributions were found to be reproducible, with the standard deviation on the mean areas enclosed by the ⩾50% isodose lines measured in three orthogonal planes being 6.4% and 4.1% for the coplanar and non-coplanar plans respectively. The measured distributions were also consistent with those planned, with isodose lines generally agreeing to within a few millimetres. However, the measured absolute doses were on average 23.5% higher than those planned. Although the polyacrylamide gel dosimetry technique has some limitations, particularly when calibrating distributions to absolute dose, the ability to resolve sharp dose gradients in three dimensions with millimetre precision is invaluable when verifying complex conformal treatment plans, where avoidance of proximal, critical structures is a treatment criterion.