Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bioacoustic and genetic divergence in a frog with a wide geographical distribution

The study of intraspecific variation of acoustic signals and its relationship with genetic divergence is important for understanding the origin of divergence in communication systems. We studied geographical variation in the acoustic structure of advertisement calls from five populations of the four-eyed frog, Pleurodema thaul, and its relationship with the genetic divergence among these populations. By analyzing temporal and spectral parameters of the advertisement calls, we report that the signals of northern, central, and southern populations have remarkable differences between them. A phylogeographical analysis from a mitochondrial DNA fragment demonstrated three phylogenetic groups coincident with those found with the bioacoustics analysis. Furthermore, bioacoustic and genetic distances show significant correlations after controlling for geographical distance. These results suggest that behavioural divergence among populations of P. thaul has a phylogenetic basis, supporting three evolutionary units within this species, as well as prompting the exploration of divergence processes in the sound communication system of this species. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110, 142–155.
Scavenging Hypothesis: Lack of evidence for Dog Domestication on the Waste Dump

In the debate on canine domestication researchers have identified a lot of valid information regarding the time, region, and ancestor of the dog. But researchers are still figuring out, why and how this process started. The scavenging hypothesis, first proposed 2001 by Ray and Lorna Coppinger, proclaims the first human waste dumps as the ecological niche for the self-domestication-process of dogs. Many scientists refer to that model, sometimes partly modified. The scavenging hypothesis is broadcasted by most public media as the commonly accepted model of dog’s domestication. Thus we have to deal with that popular model. Based on a broad multi-disciplinary approach like human evolution, archaeology, palaeogenetics, psychology and neurobiology, we will look for evidence. Investigating nine assumptions of the scavenging hypothesis we did not find any evidence. Dog’s domestication started thousands of years before the advent of food waste dumps. The scavenging hypothesis cannot explain why only wolves and never foxes nor jackals have been domesticated. Paleolithic people and ancient wolves were living together closely in the same ecological niche hunting the same prey with the same cooperative methods. It is likely that they met very often and knew each other very well. We have some hints, that ancient wolves and people treated each other with respect cooperatively. We have hints for an active cooperation from humans and dogs starting in the Upper Paleolithic period long before it would have even been possible scavenging human waste. We have hints for emotional bonds between ancient people and dogs. Emotional bonds would have been unlikely for an animal hanging around human settlements while scavenging carrion and feces, like the scavenging hypothesizes describe. Looking at recent dogs and humans we have evidence for strong unique similarities in the psychological and neurobiological structures eventually allowing interspecific bonding, communication and working. Interspecific cooperation decreased the level of the stress axis of both species in the Paleolithic period and even does so today what improves our social and cognitive abilities. We propose that dogs domestication could be understand as an active social process of both sides. Further investigations need a closely networked multidisciplinary approach.
Propagation and focusing of optical fields

In this chapter we will use the angular spectrum representation outlined in Section ? to discuss field distributions in strongly focused laser beams. The same formalism is applied to understand how the fields in a given reference plane are mapped to the farfield. The theory is relevant for the understanding of confocal and multiphoton microscopy, single molecule experiments, and the understanding of resolution limits. It also defines the framework for different topics to be discussed in later chapters.
Dynamic Changes in Gene Expression during Early Trophoblast Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Treated with BMP4

Embryonic stem cells (ESC) have routinely been established from the blastocyst stage embryo in rodents and primates, including the human. Whereas mouse (m) ESC are dependent on LIF and BMP4 for maintenance of pluripotency and represent the “ground” or “naive” pluripotent state, human (h) ESC require FGF2 and TGFB/ACTIVIN/NODAL signaling and are analogous to stem cells derived from advanced epiblast stage of mouse embryos. Such, epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSC) are often categorized as “primed”. Moreover, while the former are not generally prone to spontaneous trophoblast differentiation in vitro except in the face of perturbations of Pou5f1 expression and Ras signaling, hESC are highly susceptible to both spontaneous and BMP4-mediated conversion to trophoblast (TR), particularly under high oxygen (O2) conditions. Spontaneous differentiation in hESC has generally been counteracted by a variety of strategies to overcome or quench BMP4 activity, a growth factor that is present in most medium formulations. Here, we shall review these phenomena, as well as the opposing roles of FGF2 and BMP4 in mediating differentiation of hESC into TR. We shall describe how omission of FGF2 not only accelerates TR differentiation but drives the process unidirectionally, avoiding up-regulation of lineages representing endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. In addition we shall summarize data from microarray analyses that have allowed gene expression changes associated with temporal changes in TR differentiation to be examined from early time points after BMP4 exposure for several days when extensive differentiation into specialized sub-lineages has occurred. Such analyses have also permitted the examination of the contrasting effects of low (4 %) and high (20 %) O2 on gene regulation, colony morphology, and the production of progesterone and chorionic gonadotropin over time. These experiments illustrate the value of the BMP4/hESC model for studying emergence of TR from pluripotent precursor cells to fully differentiated syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast and possibly for investigating the etiology of pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia.
Formation of organized nanostructures from unstable bilayers of thin metallic liquids

Dewetting of pulsed-laser irradiated, thin (<20 nm), optically reflective metallic bilayers on an optically transparent substrate with a reflective support layer is studied within the lubrication equations model. A steady-state bilayer film thickness (h) dependent temperature profile is derived based on the mean substrate temperature estimated from the elaborate thermal model of transient heating and melting/freezing. Large thermocapillary forces are observed along the plane of the liquid-liquid and liquid-gas interfaces due to this h-dependent temperature, which, in turn, is strongly influenced by the h-dependent laser light reflection and absorption. Consequently the dewetting is a result of the competition between thermocapillary and intermolecular forces. A linear analysis of the dewetting length scales established that the non-isothermal calculations better predict the experimental results as compared to the isothermal case within the bounding Hamaker coefficients. Subsequently, a computational non-l.
MOLECULAR CLONING AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE MONOTERPENE SYNTHASE GENE ( ZMM 1 ) IN CASSUMUNAR GINGER ( ZINGIBER MONTANUM ( KOENIG )

Cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex Dietr. ) is a native Thai herb with a high content and large variety of terpenoids in its essential oil. Improving the essential oil content and quality of cassumunar ginger is difficult for a breeder due to its clonally propagated nature. In this research, we describe the isolation and expression level of the monoterpene synthase gene that controls the key step of essential oil synthesis in this plant and evaluate the mechanical wounding that may influence the transcription level of the monoterpene synthase gene. To isolate the gene, the selected clones from DNA derived from young leaves were sequenced and analyzed and the monoterpene synthase gene from cassumunar ginger (ZMM1) was identified. The ZMM1 CDS containing 1 773 bp (KF500399) is predicted to encode a protein of 590 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence is 40-74% identical with known sequences of other angiosperm monoterpene synthases belonging to the isoprenoid biosynthesis C1 superfamily. A transcript of ZMM1 was detected almost exclusively in the leaves and was related to leaf wounding. The results of this research offer insight into the control of monoterpene synthesis in this plant. This finding can be applied to breeding programs or crop management of cassumunar ginger for better yield and quality of essential oil.
One-Dimensional Models for Diffusion and Segregation of Boron and Ion Implantation of Aluminum in 4H-Silicon Carbide

Silicon carbide with a poly-type 4H structure (4H-SiC) is an attractive material for power devices. While bipolar devices mainly utilize 4H-SiC p-n junctions, unipolar devices use p-n junctions both within the active region (to control the electric field distribution) and at the edges of the devices (to reduce electric-field crowding) (Baliga, 2005). In a p-type region, very high doping is necessary since common acceptors have deep energy levels (B: 0.3 eV; Al: 0.2 eV) (Heera et al., 2001). Boron is known to exhibit complex diffusion behaviour (Linnarsson et al., 2003), while aluminum has extremely low diffusivity (Heera et al., 2001). Precise modeling of boron diffusion and aluminum-ion implantation is therefore crucial for developing high-performance 4H-SiC power devices. For carbon-doped silicon, a boron diffusion model has been proposed (Cho et al., 2007). Unfortunately, the results cannot be directly applied to boron diffusion in SiC because of the existence of silicon and carbon sublattices. In addition, knowledge of boron segregation in 4H-SiC is lacking, preventing improvement of such novel devices as boron-doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)/nitrogen-doped 4H-SiC heterojunction diodes (Hoshi et al., 2007). Dopant segregation in elementary-semiconductor/compound-semiconductor heterostructures—in which point defects in an elementary semiconductor undergo a configuration change when they enter a compound semiconductor—has yet to be studied. A framework for such analysis needs to be provided. With regards to aluminum distribution, to precisely design p-n junctions in 4H-SiC power devices, as-implanted profiles have to be accurately determined. For that purpose, Monte Carlo simulation using binary collision approximation (BCA) was investigated (Chakarov and Temkin, 2006). However, according to a multiday BCA simulation using a large number of ion trajectories, values of the simulated aluminum concentration do not monotonically decrease when the aluminum concentration becomes comparable to an n-type drift-layerdoping level (in the order of 1015 cm-3). A continuous-function approximation, just like the dual-Pearson approach established for ion implantation into silicon (Tasch et al., 1989), is thus needed. The historic development and basic concepts of boron diffusion in SiC are reviewed as follows. It took 16 years for the vacancy model (Mokhov et al., 1984) to be refuted by the 2
SIDESCAN SONAR IMAGE PROCESSING:CORRECTING BRIGHTNESS VARIATION AND PATCHING GAPS

Sidescan sonar data are typically presented as gray level images. However, sidescan images often show striking variations in brightness. These variations, caused by the sonar beam pattern and the constantly changing attitude of the towfish, make the images difficult to read as pictures of the seabed. This reduces the utility of the images for marine geologists. In this paper, the effects of the sonar beam pattern across the swath are corrected using a normalization process based on the average signal intensity for each grazing angle. Noise along the track, which is generally caused by changes in the attitude of the towfish, is eliminated using an assumption that the total back-scattered energy from each ping should be similar to adjacent pings in the time series. These two processes allow the production of smooth and clear waterfall displays. However, when the sidescan data are projected onto a map as a high resolution “mosaic” image, gaps appear on the outer edge of the swath where the towfish changes course. To remove the gaps, a patching algorithm is proposed. The patching method is justified theoretically by the shape of the sonar footprint on the sea floor. All the pixels falling inside the sonar footprint can be assigned reasonable values using just the original data series, with no need for interpolation.
VECTORIZATION METHODS IN RECOMMENDER SYSTEM

The most used recommendation method is collaborative filtering, and the key part of collaborative filtering is to compute the similarity. The similarity based on co-occurrence of similar event is easy to implement and can be applied to almost all the situation. So when the word2vec model reach the state-of-art at a lower computation cost in NLP. An correspond model in recommender system item2vec is proposed and reach state-of-art in recommender system. It is easy to see that the position of user and item is interchangeable when their count size gap is not too much, we proposed a user2vec model and show its performance. The similarity based on cooccurrence information suffers from cold start, we proposed a content based similarity model based on doc2vec which is another technology in NLP.
Transformational Vulnerability Management Through Standards

The Department of Defense’s new enterprise licenses for vulnerability assessment and remediation tools [1,2] call for use of capabilities that conform to both the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) [3] and Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language (OVAL) [4] standards efforts, as does a new Air Force enterprise-wide software agreement with Microsoft [5]. These contracting activities are part of a larger transformation of the Department of Defense’s (DoD’s) management and measurement of the information assurance posture of their network-enabled systems with respect to vulnerabilities, configuration settings, and policy compliance. In combination with procedural changes, the adoption of these [6] and other standards, such as the National Security Agency’s (NSA’s) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Configuration Checklist Data Format (XCCDF) [7], are making it possible to radically improve the accuracy and timeliness of the DoD’s remediation and measurement activities which are critical to ensuring the network and systems integrity of their network-centric warfare capabilities.
Two-type heterogeneous multiprocessor scheduling: Is there a phase transition? (Extended Abstract)

Consider the problem of non-migratively scheduling a set of implicit-deadline sporadic tasks to meet all deadlines on a two-type heterogeneous multiprocessor platform. We ask the following question: Does there exist a phase transition behavior for the two-type heterogeneous multiprocessor scheduling problem? We also provide some initial observations via simulations performed on randomly generated task sets. Two-type Heterogeneous Multiprocessor Scheduling: Is there a Phase Transition? Gurulingesh Raravi∗, Björn Andersson†∗ and Konstantinos Bletsas∗ ∗CISTER-ISEP Research Center, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal †Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA Email: ∗{ghri, baa, ksbs}@isep.ipp. pt, †baandersson@sei.cmu. edu
Microbial Modulation of Acidic Coal Mine Drainage Chemistry : Implications for Passive Treatment of Minewater

Background and Research Objectives We have identified several acid mine drainage (AMD)-impacted systems in which the acidic, dissolved Fe(II)-rich fluids emerge at the terrestrial surface from underground coal mine works. At these systems, AMD flows over the surface in a “sheet-flow” fashion with a water depth of approximately 0.5 cm. The AMD sheet flow characteristic of these systems facilitates the aeration of the initially anoxic AMD, and enhances the activities of aerobic Fe(II) oxidizing bacteria (FeOB). FeOB catalyze the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) at greater rates than could be achieved via the abiotic reaction between Fe(II) and O2 at the pH associated with these systems (pH = 3.0 – 4.5). The biogenic Fe(III) subsequently hydrolyzes and precipitates as a variety of Fe(III) (hydr)oxide phases, giving rise to extensive Fe(III) (hydr)oxides that are referred to as iron mounds. In some cases, the oxidative precipitation of Fe from AMD leads to removal of ≥90% of dissolved Fe from AMD. Since removal of Fe from AMD is one of the most pressing treatment objectives of AMD treatment, the activities associated with these iron mounds could be exploited to achieve this goal. These sheet flow systems are quite remarkable, since none of these sites have received human intervention to stimulate Fe removal. As such, iron mounds could serve as inexpensive and sustainable approaches to AMD treatment. Implicit in the development of these iron mounds is the fact that at some point in time, “pristine” soil (i.e. unimpacted by AMD) was infiltrated by AMD, inducing shifts in the microbial communities associated with the systems that culminated in the microbial communities that are currently capable of robust Fe(II) oxidizing activity.
Emotional Meanings Assigned to Eating Disorders: Narratives of Women with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa

This study aimed to investigate emotional meanings assigned to eating disorders (ED) through the narratives of women affected with these psychopathological conditions. Participants were patients in a Brazilian service specialized in treatment of ED. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. Recruitment continued until data saturation was reached. The verbatim transcription of interview data was analyzed through thematic content analysis, which was employed by two researchers. Results showed that, after the occurrence of ED, participants began to experience feelings of distress, anxiety, and loneliness, which were related to lowered self-esteem and social isolation. Family dynamics was characterized as confrontational, but in contrast, was considered as participants’ primary social support network. These data underlined that the emotional meanings attributed to ED need to be addressed and explored by health care professionals to gain a detailed understanding of patients’ illness experiences.
Physical Layer Security for Multiuser MIMO Communications

Wireless multi-user MIMO communications are used more and more often to exchange sensitive data. Because of the broadcast nature of the physical medium, unauthorized receivers located within the transmission range can observe the signals sent by the transmitter to a legitimate receiver and eavesdrop them. Therefore, security has become an extremely important issue to deal with. Multiuser MIMO communications are particularly sensitive to the problem of security, because each confidential message must be kept secret not only from external nodes, but also from all the users other than the intended one.
Land Cover Classification with Superpixels and Jaccard Index Post-Optimization

In this work, we consider the land cover classification task of the DeepGlobe Challenge. This task features the largest available labeled dataset for satellite imagery segmentation. We propose an approach to this problem where standard neural network image classification models are augmented by superpixel extraction and postprocessing that aims to directly optimize the average Jaccard index.
RENAL CELL LINES FOR STUDY OF NEPHROTOXICITY IN VITRO

The kidneys are one of the organ that can be commonly damaged by a number of toxic compounds (heavy metals, xenobiotics, drugs, etc.). To characterize the mechanism of toxicity, a variety of methods have been developed. The in vitro methods belong among the mostly used. Especially, the use of cell lines seems to be the leading approach to test and to characterize the toxicity mechanisms. At present, several cell lines of animal (from rat, dog, pig) or human origin are available. A detailed evaluation must go before any selection of a suitable cell line for experiments. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe and to evaluate the mostly used renal cell lines.
Topology Based Routing Protocols : A Comparison

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is kind of mobile ad hoc network which deals with moving vehicles called as nodes. There are two varieties of communications in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network one is Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and another is Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). Vehicles send and receive messages to and from each other. Routing is the process of moving messages across an internetwork from source to destination. This paper presents the Qualitative Analysis of topology based routing protocols and their comparison on different parameters.
A Similarity Based Fuzzy System as a Function Approximator

In this paper, an attempt is made to prove that some similarity based fuzzy systems can be found to behave as function approximators. A typical similarity based fuzzy system is proposed and its behaviour is shown to have the said property. It elucidates the connection between similarity relation and similarity measure of fuzzy sets to fuzzy inference methodology. The concept of similarity relation is used in fuzzification of crisp input values. Similarity index is used in measuring approximate equality of fuzzy sets over a given universe of discourse of a linguistic variable. The similarity between the observation(s) and the antecedent of a rule is used in selecting rule(s) for possible firing and also in modifying the relation between the antecedent and consequent of the rule based on the specific observation. Inference is drawn through the usual composition and subsequently by projecting the modified fuzzy restriction acting on the variables of interest on the universe of the linguistic variable in the consequent of the rule. A specificity based defuzzification scheme is proposed for multiple-rule firing. It has been proved systematically that such a similarity based fuzzy system can uniformly approximate continuous functions to any desired degree of accuracy on a closed and bounded interval. Simulation results are presented for the well-known dc-motor problem. A comparative study is made to establish the validity and efficiency of the proposed similarity based fuzzy system.