Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities on NDVI Changes in China

The spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation and its influencing factors can be used to explore the relationships among vegetation, climate change, and human activities, which are of great importance for guiding scientific management of regional ecological environments. In recent years, remote sensing technology has been widely used in dynamic monitoring of vegetation. In this study, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) from 1998 to 2017 were used to study the spatiotemporal variation of NDVI in China. The influences of climate change and human activities on NDVI variation were investigated based on the Mann–Kendall test, correlation analysis, and other methods. The results show that the growth rate of NDVI in China was 0.003 year−1. Regions with improved and degraded vegetation accounted for 71.02% and 22.97% of the national territorial area, respectively. The SPEI decreased in 60.08% of the area and exhibited an insignificant drought trend overall. Human activities affected the vegetation cover in the directions of both destruction and restoration. As the elevation and slope increased, the correlation between NDVI and SPEI gradually increased, whereas the impact of human activities on vegetation decreased. Further studies should focus on vegetation changes in the Continental Basin, Southwest Rivers, and Liaohe River Basin.
Optimal control for the coupled chemotaxis-fluid models in two space dimensions

This paper deals with a distributed optimal control problem to the coupled chemotaxis-fluid models. We first explore the global-in-time existence and uniqueness of a strong solution. Then, we define the cost functional and establish the existence of Lagrange multipliers. Finally, we derive some extra regularity for the Lagrange multiplier.
Future Summer Marine Heatwaves in the Western South Atlantic

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are periods of abnormally high ocean temperatures and their impacts threaten physical, biological, and human systems. Here, we show through different scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) that significant positive trends in frequency, duration, and cumulative intensity are identified for the western South Atlantic, leading to an almost permanent state of MHW by the end of the 21st century considering a constant baseline. We also find that the main mechanism that causes MHWs in this region, atmospheric blocking, is likely to intensify in the future. Thus, the increase in occurrence of MHWs is not just due to the direct effect of long‐term warming. Moreover, the largest trends occur during 2021–2050, and not during 2071–2100. This has important implications for marine ecosystems and the ocean ability of absorbing heat and CO2, underlying the urgency for a global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
The Challenge of 3D Bioprinting of Composite Natural Polymers PLA/Bioglass: Trends and Benefits in Cleft Palate Surgery

Cleft lip and palate is the fourth most common congenital malformation. Its prevalence is about 1 in 750 to 1 in 2000 live births. The consequences of this malformation are major: maxillary growth deficit, unaesthetic appearance, phonation disorders, difficulty in eating, and psycho-social disorders. Cleft palate repair establishes the division between the oral and nasal cavities. The alveolar bone graft is a key step. Different sites of autogenous bone harvesting are used, the most common being the iliac crest. Nevertheless, the large number of complications associated with harvesting has led to the use of substitute biomaterials. Bioactive glasses, discovered in 1969, are a group of synthetic silica-based materials with bone-bonding properties. Although 45S5 granular composition is commonly used in bone surgery to repair critical defects, it is only rarely used in the repair of cleft palates because this galenic form is only moderately adapted. However, advances in bone tissue engineering allow the shaping of three-dimensional scaffolds, which support colonization by host cells. Recent advances in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have even led to the 3D printing of scaffolds combining 45S5 bioglass with a natural and biocompatible poly-lactic acid matrix. The shape of the parts is customized and adapted to the particular shape of the critical bone defects. The objective of this literature review is to highlight the particularities of alveolar defects subsequent to facial clefts, then to detail the characteristics of the materials and technologies used to elaborate 3D matrices by bioprinting. Finally, we will explore research directions regarding their use in reconstructive surgery of cleft palates.
Abbreviations and acronyms

The transfers, impacts of small through global databases. These include: the Global Firearms Holdings (GFH) database, which provides estimates of the number of firearms in the world, disaggregated by civilian, law enforcement, and military holdings; the Global Violent Deaths (GVD) database, which provides estimates on lethal violence, including sex-disaggregated data and data on lethal violence inflicted by firearms; the Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer, which analyses and ranks the transparency of global authorized small arms exporters; and the Unplanned Explosions at Munitions Sites (UEMS) database, which consolidates information on accidental explosions of ammunition stockpiles at storage sites.
Locate faulty components by IR based Direct Current Injection method with Analog Signature Analysis

This article describes a method to integrate Analog Signature Analysis (ASA) into IR based Direct Current Inject method (IRDCI) for Printed Circuit Board Assembly failure analysis, which extends IRDCI application from diagnostic shorted power rails to any measurement locations that show signature differences. Also, it extends the application of component failure modes from electrical short to breakdown or degradation that can be identified by signature comparison and still keep high efficiency to eliminate the needs to guess and remove suspected faulty components one by one from the board to validate.
Cloud geometry from oxygen-A band observations through an aircraft side window

Abstract. During the ACRIDICON-CHUVA aircraft campaign in September 2014 over the Amazon, among other topics aerosol effects on the development of cloud microphysical profiles during the burning season were studied. Hyperspectral remote sensing with the imaging spectrometer specMACS provided cloud microphysical information for sun-illuminated cloud sides. In order to derive profiles of phase or effective radius from cloud side observations vertical location information is indispensable. For this purpose, spectral measurements of cloud side reflected radiation in the oxygen-A absorption band collected by specMACS were used to determine absorption path length between cloud sides and the instrument aboard the aircraft. From these data horizontal distance and eventually vertical height were derived. It is shown that, depending on aircraft altitude and sensor viewing direction, an unambiguous relationship of absorption and distance exists and can be used to retrieve cloud geometrical parameters. A comparison to distance and height information from stereo image analysis (using data of an independent camera) demonstrates the efficiency of the approach. Uncertainty estimates due to method, instrument and environmental factors are provided by the method. Main sources of uncertainty are unknown in-cloud absorption path contributions due to complex 3D geometry or unknown microphysical properties, variable surface albedo and aerosol distribution. A systematic difference of 3.8 km between stereo and spectral method is found which can be attributed to 3D geometry effects not considered in the methods simplified cloud model. If this offset is considered, typical differences found are 1.6 km for distance and 230 m for vertical position at a tpyical distance around 20 km between sensor and convective cloud elements of typically 1–10 km horizontal and vertical extent.
Goals, Process, and Challenges of Exploratory Data Analysis: An Interview Study

How do analysis goals and context affect exploratory data analysis (EDA)? To investigate this question, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 data analysts. We characterize common exploration goals: profiling (assessing data quality) and discovery (gaining new insights). Though the EDA literature primarily emphasizes discovery, we observe that discovery only reliably occurs in the context of open-ended analyses, whereas all participants engage in profiling across all of their analyses. We describe the process and challenges of EDA highlighted by our interviews. We find that analysts must perform repetitive tasks (e.g., examine numerous variables), yet they may have limited time or lack domain knowledge to explore data. Analysts also often have to consult other stakeholders and oscillate between exploration and other tasks, such as acquiring and wrangling additional data. Based on these observations, we identify design opportunities for exploratory analysis tools, such as augmenting exploration with automation and guidance.
Molecular Genetic Markers for Tissue Culture Response in Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Five genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.), namely Balady (G1), Chinese (G2), Sids-40 (G3), Egaseed-1 (G4) and Egaseed-2 (G5) were used for assessing tissue culture response, genetic variability and polymorphism amongst which and to identify molecular markers associated with tissue culture response using ISSR and SRAP techniques. Significant differences were found among the five genotypes, the concentration of growth regulators as well as the interaction between them for all measured tissue culture traits. The Euclidean-distance dendrogram using tissue culture data separated the five garlic genotypes into two clusters; the first cluster comprised the highly responsive genotypes (G1, G2 and G3) while the less responsive genotypes (G4 and G5) grouped together in the second cluster. Using two molecular marker systems (ISSR and SRAP), a total of 191 fragments were amplified from the five garlic genotypes and 107 (56.61%) of them were polymorphic. The dendrogram generated based on combined ISSR and SRAP data showed two main clusters, the first comprised of one genotype (G2) which had the highest mean values for three tissue culture traits on all concentrations of growth regulators, while the second comprised the four other garlic genotypes (G1, G3, G4 and G5) which were the less responsive. Highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.595: p = 0.001) was found between the data of the tested molecular markers and tissue culture response. Thirteen DNA fragments were found to be positive molecular genetic markers for tissue culture response in garlic genotypes. The investigation demonstrated that ISSR and SRAP analyses showed considerable potential for variety identification and discrimination and could be useful for tissue culture response in garlic.
Mechanisms governing target search and binding dynamics of hypoxia-inducible factors

Transcription factors (TFs) are classically attributed a modular construction, containing well-structured sequence specific DNA-binding domains (DBDs) paired with disordered activation domains (ADs) responsible for protein-protein interactions targeting cofactors or the core transcription initiation machinery. However, this simple division of labor model struggles to explain why TFs with identical DNA binding sequence specificity determined in vitro exhibit distinct binding profiles in vivo. The family of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) offer a stark example: aberrantly expressed in several cancer types, HIF-1α and HIF-2α subunit isoforms recognize the same DNA motif in vitro – the hypoxia response element (HRE) – but only share a subset of their target genes in vivo, while eliciting contrasting effects on cancer development and progression under certain circumstances. To probe the mechanisms mediating isoform-specific gene regulation, we used live cell single particle tracking (SPT) to investigate HIF nuclear dynamics and how they change upon genetic perturbation or drug treatment. We found that HIF-α subunits and their dimerization partner HIF-1β exhibit distinct diffusion and binding characteristics that are exquisitely sensitive to concentration and subunit stoichiometry. Using domain-swap variants, mutations, and a HIF-2α specific inhibitor, we found that although the DBD and dimerization domains are important, a major determinant of chromatin binding and diffusion behavior is the AD-containing intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Using Cut&Run and RNA-seq as orthogonal genomic approaches we also confirmed IDR-dependent binding and activation of a specific subset of HIF-target genes. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of IDRs in regulating the TF search and binding process that contribute to functional target site selectivity on chromatin.
Varying Partitioning of Surface Turbulent Fluxes Regulates Temperature‐Humidity Dissimilarity in the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Experimental evidence shows that temperature‐humidity ( θ−q ) similarity in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) is reduced as Bowen ratio ( β ) increases over land. However, underlying physical mechanisms remain not well understood. With large‐eddy simulations, θ−q dissimilarity is investigated in the steady‐state, convective boundary layer (CBL) over homogeneous landscape with varying β . As β increases from 0.4 to 2.0, the entrainment ratio for θ slightly decreases but that for q largely increases. As a result, local production of humidity variance is substantially enhanced in the upper CBL and transported to the lower CBL by vigorous large eddies, contributing significantly to nonlocal fraction. However, the increased temperature variance in the ASL associated with strong heat flux is larger than that transported from the upper CBL. Such asymmetry in vertical diffusion induced by varying partitioning of surface fluxes strongly regulates θ−q dissimilarity even under perfect conditions valid for Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory.
Nonparametric Correlative-Probabilistic Microgrid Power Energy Management Based Sine-Cosine Algorithm

In modern power systems, microgrids play a pivotal role with several economical, technical, and environmental benefits. However, there are still challenges that need to be properly addressed, including: i) accurate modeling of the uncertain parameters behavior, ii) considering the correlation between the random variables, and iii) find the optimal solutions with low computational burden. To address these issues, this paper proposes a nonparametric-correlative stochastic framework for microgrids (MGs) energy management. The proposed method imposes no assumption on the probability density function of renewable generations and electrical load consumption. To this end, an improved kernel density estimator (IKDE) is presented to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of uncertain parameters, e.g., renewable generations and load. To account for the correlation between the uncertain parameters, Cholesky decomposition is utilized. Furthermore, a multi-objective MG energy management problem considering reliability has been reformulated, and to solve the problem, a sine-cosine optimization algorithm (SCOA) is developed. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed stochastic framework through comparison with several optimization algorithms by reducing the total cost of MG more than 11% in comparison with several metaheuristic algorithms and stochastic frameworks with less than 1% error.
Active Sampling for the Quickest Detection of Markov Networks

Consider $n$ random variables forming a Markov random field (MRF). The true model of the MRF is unknown, and it is assumed to belong to a binary set. The objective is to sequentially sample the random variables (one-at-a-time) such that the true MRF model can be detected with the fewest number of samples, while in parallel, the decision reliability is controlled. The core element of an optimal decision process is a rule for selecting and sampling the random variables over time. Such a process, at every time instant and adaptively to the collected data, selects the random variable that is expected to be most informative about the model, rendering an overall minimized number of samples required for reaching a reliable decision. The existing studies on detecting MRF structures generally sample the entire network at the same time and focus on designing optimal detection rules without regard to the data-acquisition process. This paper characterizes the sampling process for general MRFs, which is shown to be optimal in the asymptote of large $n$ . The critical insight in designing the sampling process is devising an information measure that captures the decisions’ inherent statistical dependence over time. Furthermore, when the MRFs can be modeled by acyclic probabilistic graphical models, the sampling rule is shown to take a computationally simple form. Performance analysis for the general case is provided, and the results are interpreted in several special cases: Gaussian MRFs, non-asymptotic regimes, Chernoff’s rule for controlled (active) sensing, and the problem of cluster detection.
Coupled Hydromechanical Modeling of Induced Seismicity From CO2 Injection in the Illinois Basin

Injection of CO2 for geologic carbon sequestration into deep sedimentary formations involves fluid pressure increases that engage hydromechanical processes that can cause seismicity by activation of existing faults. In this work, we use a coupled multiphase fluid flow and geomechanical simulator to model spatiotemporal fluid pressure and stress changes in order to study the poroelastic effect of CO2 injection on faults in crystalline basement rock below the injection zone. The seismicity rate along features interpreted to be basement faults is modeled using Dieterich's rate‐and‐state earthquake nucleation model. The methodology is applied to microseismicity detected during CO2 injection into the Mount Simon formation during the Illinois Basin—Decatur Project. The modeling accurately captures an observed reduction in seismicity rate when the injection in the second well was into a slightly shallower zone above the base of the Mount Simon formation. Moreover, the modeling shows that it is important to consider poroelastic stress changes, in addition to fluid pressure changes for accurately modeling of the observed seismicity rate.
A Compact and Broadband Balun Based on Multilayer SIW

A compact broadband balun based on a new planar wideband power divider circuit is presented in this work, which makes use of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique and multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) process. A broadband 180° reverse-phase characteristic between the two output ports can be easily achieved by the middle metal-ground of the SIW power divider. An elliptic coupling slot is utilized for this multilayer SIW power divider to realize a broad passband. The concept is validated by simulation and measurement. The measured results suggest that a 10 dB return loss at the input can easily be achieved, across a 50.3% relative bandwidth from 11.3 to 18.9 GHz. The measured amplitude and 180° phase imbalance between the two outputs are within 0.35 dB and 1.9°, respectively.
Development of deficit irrigation program for improving the water use efficiency, growth, and yield of groundnut in the semiarid tropical region of India

In this study, we assessed the efficiency of a deficit irrigation program (DIP) on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield and economic profits. The DIP was designed to combine frequency and volume of irrigation to develop an appropriate irrigation water management (IWM) strategy for groundnut. Two field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, with a bunch variety of groundnut, VRI 2, under a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatments included DIP in combination with a foliar application of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFM). The irrigation frequencies adopted for the first set of treatments were high frequency (5/5), medium frequency (7/5), and lower frequency (7/7) starting from 14 days after sowing (DAS). The effects of early water stress on groundnut pod yield and water use efficiency were investigated in a second experiment by starting irrigation at 21 DAS. The number of irrigation frequencies and irrigation volume was fixed to develop an easily readable irrigation chart for end-users. The number of irrigation frequencies was fixed as three, and the volume of irrigation was fixed as a depth of 3 cm. In the first experiment, a mini mobile pumping unit was used for scheduling irrigation frequencies; in the second experiment, the surface drip method was used. In both experiments, we also assessed the effects of foliar application of PPFM, widely used as a growth stimulant for several crops, especially under drought conditions. Overall, we observed that DIP led to up to 25.6% water saving compared to surface irrigation. Use of the DIP at the medium frequency with PPFM spray had a significantly positive influence on water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) compared to conventional drip irrigation (CDI). Compared to surface irrigation (SI), DIP had a positive impact on growth parameters, yield attributes, and economic profitability with a higher benefit-cost ratio. Additionally, there were only minor differences between deficit irrigation (DI) results starting from 21 DAS and 14 DAS. Irrespective of the irrigation techniques, PPFM application had a positive effect on the yield attributes and WUE. Our results indicated that DI at a medium frequency (7/5) with PPFM spray, starting from 21 DAS under drip fertigation, is the best irrigation management innovation (IMI) strategy for optimum utilization of irrigation water without significant reduction in pod yield. This management had a positive influence on WUE and IWUE of summer groundnut in sandy clay loam soil. However, the exact scheduling of the irrigation may differ in different environments as well as soil types. Nevertheless, we propose that the application and further optimization of the DIP devised in this study would help the farmers attain a similar yield using a lower amount of irrigation water and lead to significant economic profits for the farmers.