Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influenza Surveillance Using Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI): A GIS-based Hidden Markov Modeling Approach

Due to the rapid development of a series of Web 2.0 technologies, the past five years have witnessed an explosive growth of geocoded user-generated contents on the Web – popularly known as the Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) (Goodchild 2007; Elwood 2008). The wikification of GIScience in general and the growth of VGI in particular via cloud computing, open-source, and crowd-sourcing will transform GIScience in many fundamental ways in the years ahead (Sui 2008).
An Analytical Review of Orientation Based Concurrency Control Algorithm

- T here is an ever-increasing demand for higher throughputs in transaction processing systems leading to higher degrees of transaction concurrency.Concurrency control in Database management systems ensures that database transactions are performed concurrently without violating the data integrity of the database. Thus concurrency control is an essential element for correctness in any system where two database transactions or more, executed with time overlap, can access the same data. There are problems like Deadlock,Livelock and prevention of these problems is vital in concurrency control of distributed database systems.Many techniques have been proposed for managing concurrent execution of transactions in database systems.A new method for concurrency control in distributed DBMS’s,is discussed which will improve system performance by reducing the chances of deadlock and livelock and reducing restart ratio.
Effect of soil potassium level and different potassium fertilizer forms on nutritional status, growth and yield of apple trees in the first three years after planting

Studies were carried out in 1999-2001 on typical grey brown podzolic soil created of boulder clays for growing apple trees of 'Golden Delicious' cultivar on M.26 rootstock. Two-year-old trees were planted at 3.5 x 1.2 m spacing (2381 trees ha - 1 ) in the spring of 1999. Herbicide fallow strips were in tree rows but grass was maintained between the rows. Investigation was to examine the effect of an increasing potassium level: 12, 16 and 20 mg K 100 g - 1 of soil and three potassium fertilizers: potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulphate (K 2 SO 4 ) and potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) on the growth, yield and nutrient content in the soil and in the leaves of apple trees. Different forms of potassium fertilizers permitted to define the effect of anions accompanying potassium, mainly sulphates (S-SO 4 ), upon the basic parameters of growth and yield of apple trees in the initial 3-year period of cultivation. The content of available forms of nutrients in the soil was analysed by the universal method, where in the macroelements and boron were determined in the modified Spurway extract, but other micro-elements in the modified Lindsay extract. It was found that in the 3-year-old apple orchard, there was a tendency towards both a higher apple yield and an increased number of one-year-old shoots with the use of the sulphatic form of potassium fertilizer (K 2 SO 4 ), although it has not been statistically proven. Such a fertilizer was accompanied by an increase of sulphates in the soil. There was also chloride accumulation when the chloride form of potassium fertilizer (KCI) was used. An increasing level of potassium in the soil raised the content of this nutrient in the leaves, although they did not enhance sulphur as a result of potassium sulphate application. However, a higher chloride content in the foliage was recorded as an effect of apple tree fertilization with potassium chloride.
Largest Chordal and Interval Subgraphs Faster than

We prove that in a graph with n vertices, induced chordal and interval subgraphs with the maximum number of vertices can be found in time O(2λn) for some λ < 1. These are the first algorithms breaking the trivial 2nnO(1) bound of the brute-force search for these problems.
Crystal Structure of B-Amylose

A fiber specimen of B-amylose was prepared from enzymatically synthesized amylose, which is a purely linear 1,4-linked poly-α-d-glucose. X-ray crystal structure analysis was carried out by using the newly collected intensity data, which was estimated by using imaging plate according to the new procedure. The molecule of B-amylose assumes a left-handed parallel strand double helix, and two double helices pass through a hexagonal unit cell with parameters a = b = 18.52 A, c (fiber axis) = 10.57 A, γ = 120°, and the space group P61C62. A total of 36 water molecules were contained in a unit cell. The conformation of the primary hydroxyl group is gg, and the conformation of the bonds linking two glucose residues, Φ and Ψ, are +84.3 and −135.2°, respectively.
Behavioral and Magnetoencephalographic Correlates of Fear Generalization Are Associated with Responses to Later Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in Spider Phobia

As overgeneralization of fear is a pathogenic marker of anxiety disorders, we investigated whether pre-treatment levels of fear generalization in spider-phobic patients are associated with their response to exposure-based treatment, in order to identify pre-treatment correlates of treatment success. Ninety patients with spider phobia completed pre-treatment clinical and magnetoencephalography (MEG) assessments, one session of virtual reality exposure therapy, and a post-treatment clinical assessment. Based on the primary outcome (30% symptom reduction in self-reported symptoms from pre- to post-treatment) they were categorized as responders or non-responders. In a pre-treatment MEG fear generalization paradigm involving fear conditioning with two unconditioned stimuli (UCS), we obtained fear ratings, UCS-expectancy ratings, and event-related fields to conditioned stimuli (CS+, CS-) and 7 different generalization stimuli (GS) on a perceptual continuum from CS+ to CS-. Prior to treatment, non-responders showed behavioral overgeneralization indicated by more linear generalization gradients in fear ratings. Analyses of MEG source estimations revealed that non-responders showed a decline of their (inhibitory) frontal activations to safety-signaling CS- and GS compared to CS+ over time, while responders maintained these activations at early (<300ms) and late processing stages. Results provide initial evidence that pre-treatment differences of behavioral and neural markers of fear generalization are associated with later responses to behavioral exposure. Findings demonstrate the relevance of inhibitory learning functions and their spatio-temporal neural reflections in this interplay. Findings stimulate research on mechanism-based augmentation strategies for behavioral therapies.
The General Psychopathology Factor from Early to Middle Childhood: Longitudinal Genetic and Risk Analyses

Background: Accumulating research suggests the structure of psychopathology is best represented by continuous higher-order dimensions, including a general dimension, p-factor, and more specific dimensions, such as externalizing and internalizing factors. Here, we aimed to 1) replicate the p-factor in early childhood; 2) externally validate the dimensions with measures relating to mental health; 3) examine stability and change of the genetic and environmental influences on the dimensions of psychopathology from early- to mid-childhood; and 4) test the links between the factors and pregnancy, obstetric, and neonatal measures. Methods: The Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins from age 3 to 9 was used for the analyses. Data was available for 2770 children at age 3, 1908 at age 5, 1020 at age 6.5, and 973 at age 8-9. Mothers reported on developmental problems, pregnancy, obstetric, and neonatal conditions, and filled in questionnaires on each twin's externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Possible correlates of psychopathology, as reported by the twins or assessed in the lab, were also included. Results: A bi-factor model that included the p-factor and specific/residualized externalizing and internalizing factors fit the data best at each wave. Longitudinal twin analyses indicated that shared environmental influences do not contribute to psychopathology and that the p-factor is highly heritable (64-73%) with a substantial proportion of the genetic influences already present at age 3. When the p-factor is accounted for, the internalizing factor was also highly heritable, while the externalizing factor was mostly explained by non-shared environmental influences. Higher p-factor scores were associated with more developmental problems and lower self-esteem. Pregnancy, obstetric, and neonatal measures were not strongly associated with psychopathology. Conclusion: Our study suggests that a general psychopathology factor is discernible in early childhood and highly heritable, with genetic factors contributing to continuity and change during childhood.
The vaccine-elicited immunoglobulin profile in milk after COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccination is IgG-dominant and lacks secretory antibodies

The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines are licensed under emergency use authorization, with millions of doses already administered globally [1]. No COVID-19 vaccines are yet under investigation for use in infants or young children. As such, the passive immunity of the antibodies (Abs) provided through milk from a vaccinated person may be one of the only ways to protect this population until pediatric COVID-19 vaccines are licensed. Our early work (as well as an expanded study being published concurrently with this report) examining the milk Ab response after SARS-CoV-2 infection demonstrated that Spike-specific IgA in milk after infection is dominant and highly correlated with a secretory Ab response [2]. Determining if secretory Abs are elicited in milk is critical, as this Ab class is highly stable and resistant to enzymatic degradation in all mucosae - not only in the infant oral/nasal cavity and gut, but in the airways and GI tract as well [3, 4]. Presently, we describe our analysis of the milk Ab response 14 days after completion of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine regimen among 10 individuals. It was evident that unlike the post-infection milk Ab profile, IgG dominates after COVID-19 vaccination. One hundred percent of post-vaccine milk contained significant levels of Spike-specific IgG, with 8/10 samples exhibiting high IgG endpoint titers. Conversely, 6/10 (60%) of post-vaccine samples were positive for Spike specific IgA, with only 1 (10%) exhibiting high IgA endpoint titer. Furthermore, 5/10 (50%) post-vaccine milk samples contained Spike-specific secretory Ab, none of which were found to be high-titer. As our analyses of the immune response in milk to COVID-19 vaccination continues, it will provide a critical opportunity to address huge knowledge gaps, inform the field as to which COVID-19 vaccine, if any, is likely to provide the best milk Ab response, and highlight the need to design improved vaccines with protection of the breastfeeding infant in mind.
Disease and Social Media in Post-Natural Disaster Recovery Philippines

Introduction: The Philippines is plagued with natural disasters and resulting precipitating factors for disease outbreaks. The developing country has a strong disease surveillance program during and post-disaster phases; however, latent disease contracted during these emergency situations emerges once the Filipinos return to their homes. Coined the social media capital of the world, the Philippines provides an opportunity to evaluate the potential of social media use in disease surveillance during the post-recovery period. By developing and defining a non-traditional method for enhancing detection of infectious diseases post-natural disaster recovery in the Philippines, this research aims to increase the resilience of affected developing countries through advanced passive disease surveillance with minimal cost and high impact. Methods: We collected 50 million geo-tagged tweets, weekly case counts for six diseases, and all-natural disasters from the Philippines between 2012 and 2013. We compared the predictive capability of various disease lexicon-based time series models (e.g., Twitter's BreakoutDetection, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Explanatory Variable [ARIMAX], Multilinear regression, and Logistic regression) and document embeddings (Gensim's Doc2Vec). Results: The analyses show that the use of only tweets to predict disease outbreaks in the Philippines has varying results depending on which technique is applied, the disease type, and location. Overall, the most consistent predictive results were from the ARIMAX model which showed the significance in tweet value for prediction and a role of disaster in specific instances. Discussion: Overall, the use of disease/sick lexicon-filtered tweets as a predictor of disease in the Philippines appears promising. Due to the consistent and large increase use of Twitter within the country, it would be informative to repeat analysis on more recent years to confirm the top method for prediction. In addition, we suggest that a combination disease-specific model would produce the best results. The model would be one where the case counts of a disease are updated periodically along with the continuous monitoring of lexicon-based tweets plus or minus the time from disaster.
Participation after childhood stroke: Is there a relationship with lesion size, motor function and manual ability?

Background Childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with significant morbidity with up to 50% of affected children developing hemiparesis. Hemiparesis is assumed to influence participation within the peer group, but it is unclear to what extent its severity affects participation in different areas of social life. Methods Thirteen children (mean age 9y6m) with AIS (6 without hemiparesis, 7 with hemiparesis) and 21 controls (mean age 9y8m) participated. We scored hemiparesis severity with hand strength asymmetry (pinch and grip strength), measured with a dynamometer. We assessed manual ability (ABILHAND-Kids), socioeconomic status (Family Affluence Scale) and participation (Participation and Environment Measure - Children and Youth). From structural MRI, we measured lesion size. We investigated differences in participation and its relationship with hemiparesis severity using non-parametric partial correlations (controlling for lesion size, manual ability, and socioeconomic status), interpreted as absent (r<0.25), weak (r=0.25-0.50), moderate (r=0.50-0.75) or strong (r>0.75). Analyses were performed in jamovi 1.6. 3. Results Children with AIS (with or without hemiparesis) showed reduced participation frequency at school (p<0.001), whilst participation at home and in the community resembled that of their peers. Severity of hemiparesis was moderately related to frequency and involvement at home and to involvement and desire for change in the community, although unrelated to school participation. Conclusion Reduced participation in school life requires close attention in the follow-up of children with AIS - regardless of the severity of hemiparesis. Participation at home and in the community is related to hemiparesis severity and may be improved with participation-focused motor intervention strategies.
Hemodynamic Differences Between Women and Men with Elevated Blood Pressure in China

Background: Whether there are sex differences in hemodynamic profiles among people with elevated blood pressure is not well understood and could guide personalization of treatment. Methods and results: We described the clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of adults with elevated blood pressure in China using impedance cardiography. We included 45,082 individuals with elevated blood pressure (defined as systolic blood pressure of [≥]130 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of [≥]80 mmHg), of which 35.2% were women. Overall, women had a higher mean systolic blood pressure than men (139.0 [{+/-}15.7] mmHg vs 136.8 [{+/-}13.8] mmHg, P<0.001), but a lower mean diastolic blood pressure (82.6 [{+/-}9.0] mmHg vs 85.6 [{+/-}8.9] mmHg, P<0.001). After adjusting for age, region, and body mass index, women <50 years old had lower systemic vascular resistance index (beta-coefficient [{beta}] -31.68; 95% CI: -51.18, -12.19) and higher cardiac index ({beta} 0.07; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.09) than men of their same age group, whereas among those [≥]50 years old women had higher systemic vascular resistance index ({beta} 120.43; 95% CI: 102.36, 138.51) but lower cardiac index ({beta} -0.15; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.13). Results were consistent with a propensity score matching sensitivity analysis, although the magnitude of the SVRI difference was lower and non-significant. However, there was substantial overlap between women and men in the distribution plots of these variables, with overlapping areas ranging from 78% to 88%. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that there are sex differences in hypertension phenotype, but that sex alone is insufficient to infer an individual's profile.
Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus in the adult Norwegian population, winter 2020/2021: pre-vaccination period

Since early 2020, over 123 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with coronavirus disease (Covid-19), but the true number of infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is undoubtedly higher. The seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can provide crucial epidemiological information about the extent of infections independent of virologically detected case numbers. There is no large population-based SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence survey from Norway; thus we estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Norway before the introduction of vaccines and described its distribution across demographic groups. In November-December 2020, a total of 110,000 people aged 16 years or older were randomly selected from the National Population Register and invited to complete a questionnaire and provide a dried blood spot (DBS) sample. The response rate was 30%; compliance rate for return of DBS samples was 88%. The national weighted and adjusted seroprevalence was 0.9% (confidence interval 0.7-1.0). Seroprevalence was highest among those aged 16-19 years (1.9%, 0.9-2.9), those born outside the Nordic countries 1.4% (1.0-1.9), and in the counties of Oslo 1.7 % (1.2-2.2) and Vestland 1.4% (0.9-1.8). The ratio of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (0.9) to the cumulative incidence of virologically detected cases by mid-December 2020 (0.8%) was slightly above one. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was low before the introduction of vaccines in Norway and was comparable to virologically detected cases, indicating that most cases in the first 10 months of the pandemic were detected. Preventive measures including contact tracing have been effective, people are complying with social distancing recommendations, and local efforts to contain outbreaks have been essential.
Embedded cluster calculations of metal complex impurity defects: properties of the iron cyanide in NaCl

We present the results of calculations of the {[FeCl6-n(CN)n]m-×(VNa)5-m}5- impurity complex incorporated in the NaCl crystal lattice. A number of characteristic defect configurations are calculated quantum mechanically using an embedded cluster method, and compared with the results of Mott-Littleton (ML) calculations. We investigate the electron affinity and the orientation of CN- ligands. The dependence of vibrational frequencies of the CN stretching mode on the ligand orientation, charge of the impurity and the relative position of the ligands and the charge compensating vacancies are calculated. Analysis of these results demonstrates the ability of ML calculations to predict the relative stability of different configurations of this particular family of defects. Comparison of the ML and embedded cluster calculations reveals the contributions to the defect energy and stability.
A Survey on Curriculum Learning

Curriculum learning (CL) is a training strategy that trains a machine learning model from easier data to harder data, which imitates the meaningful learning order in human curricula. As an easy-to-use plug-in, the CL strategy has demonstrated its power in improving the generalization capacity and convergence rate of various models in a wide range of scenarios such as computer vision and natural language processing etc. In this survey article, we comprehensively review CL from various aspects including motivations, definitions, theories, and applications. We discuss works on curriculum learning within a general CL framework, elaborating on how to design a manually predefined curriculum or an automatic curriculum. In particular, we summarize existing CL designs based on the general framework of <italic>Difficulty Measurer <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$+$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="wang-ieq1-3069908.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> Training Scheduler</italic> and further categorize the methodologies for automatic CL into four groups, i.e., Self-paced Learning, Transfer Teacher, RL Teacher, and Other Automatic CL. We also analyze principles to select different CL designs that may benefit practical applications. Finally, we present our insights on the relationships connecting CL and other machine learning concepts including transfer learning, meta-learning, continual learning and active learning, etc., then point out challenges in CL as well as potential future research directions deserving further investigations.
Effects of interchannel coupling on the photoionization cross sections of carbon dioxide

The photoionization cross sections of CO2 leading to the first four electronic states of CO+2 have been computed including the effects of interchannel coupling. The results were obtained in the Tamm–Dancoff approximation using the Pade‐approximant C‐functional method to solve the resulting scattering equations. All of the required matrix elements have been computed using single‐center expansions and numerical integration of the resulting radial functions. An alternative approach for computing products of single‐center‐expanded functions is presented where the functions are transformed into a coordinate representation, then the product is computed, and finally the product is transformed back into the angular momentum representation. The computational effort required in this approach depends on the second power of the number of partial waves in contrast to the third power dependence found in methods used previously. The photoionization cross sections are obtained in the mixed dipole representation which en.
O ct 2 01 5 Directed and multi-directed animals in the king ’ s lattice

This article introduces a new, simple solvable lattice for directed animals: the directed king’s lattice, or square lattice with next nearest neighbor bonds and preferred directions { , , , , }. We show that the directed animals in this lattice have an algebraic generating function linked to the Schröder numbers and belong to the same universality class as the ones in the square and triangular lattices. We also define multi-directed animals in the king’s lattice, which form a superclass of directed animals. We compute their generating function and show that it is not D-finite. Finally, we propose efficient random sampling algorithms for our animals. Mathematics Subject Classification: 05A15, 05A16, 82B41, 68Q25