Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Smaller Hippocampal Volume and Degraded Peripheral Hearing Among Japanese Community Dwellers

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that dementia and hearing loss are interrelated. Recent interest in dementia research has expanded to brain imaging analyses with auditory function. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between hearing ability, which was assessed using pure-tone audiometry, and the volume of brain regions, specifically the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, Heschl’s gyrus, and total gray matter, using Freesurfer software and T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging. The data for 2082 samples (age range = 40–89 years) were extracted from a population-based cohort of community dwellers. Hearing-impaired individuals showed significantly smaller hippocampal volumes compared with their non-hearing-impaired counterparts for all auditory frequency ranges. In addition, a correlational analysis showed a significant dose-response relationship for hearing ability and hippocampal volume after adjusting for potential confounding factors so that the more degraded the peripheral hearing was, the smaller the hippocampal volume was. This association was consistent through the auditory frequency range. The volume of the entorhinal cortex, right Heschl’s gyrus and total gray matter did not correlate with hearing level at any frequency. The volume of the left Heschl’s gyrus showed a significant relationship with the hearing levels for some auditory frequencies. The current results suggested that the presence of hearing loss after middle age could be a modifier of hippocampal atrophy.
Performance of Self Compacting Concrete with Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Coconut Shell: A Review

: Different waste materials, for example, fly ash, silica flumes, copper slag, brick bat, crushed concrete have been effectively utilized to create different materials for construction development, for example, solid, flush door, plywood, jute board and so on. Aggregate is a noteworthy element for making concrete, possess very nearly 70-80% part of concrete [1]. Traditionally crushed rocks are utilized as coarse aggregate and river sand as the fine aggregate. Both are normally accessible material. Because of a quick development of construction exercises, ordinary aggregate sources are draining quick prompting noteworthy increment in the cost of construction. For sustainable development, these materials need to be utilized carefully and option materials should be looked to supplant ordinary aggregate. The Large number of studies has been done to scan elective materials for the creation of concrete. In the meantime because of fast industrialization, creation of the waste material is expanding step by step. Its disposal has turned into a genuine issue. The answer for this issue is to arrange disposal on landfill site or utilize this waste for some positive movement. Space for landfill site is turning into an expensive issue. In perspective of this, the choice is- it is possible that we ought to limit the waste at the creation level, or use it. India is the third biggest coconut creating nation on the planet [2]. A Huge measure of waste is created by coconut. The waste coconut shell might be utilized to supplant ordinary coarse aggregate. It might deliver concrete financially economical and in the meantime also help to reduce it disposal issue. The point of this paper is to deliver the issue identified with the deficiency of ordinary material, an issue of disposal of waste material and review the work done on the utilization of waste coconut shell for creation of self compacting concrete.
Orientation in migratory birds: time-associated relearning of celestial cues

Migratory birds use the geomagnetic field and celestial cues to identify their migratory direction. In cue-conflict situations, when the two sets of cues give contradictory information, birds normally follow the direction indicated by the magnetic field and recalibrate celestial cues. To analyse the nature of these relearning processes, we repeatedly exposed Australian silvereyes, Zosterops l. lateralis, outdoors to conflicting magnetic and celestial cues at sunset by deflecting magnetic north anticlockwise to 240° west-southwest. The birds followed the altered magnetic cues, changing their preferred direction from south to east. During subsequent tests at sunset without magnetic information, the experimental birds continued to orient in the altered direction, confirming that they had recalibrated the celestial cues. Tested without magnetic information in the morning before sunrise, however, these birds preferred southerly directions that were not different from those of the control birds. This suggests that recalibration of celestial cues was specific for the time of the day when the birds had experienced the cue conflict. Relearning celestial compass mechanisms thus does not seem to be a generalizing process. The use of sunset cues is largely independent of the use of the corresponding cues at sunrise.
Returns to emptied cache sites by Clark's nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana: a puzzle revisited

Abstract Abstract. The cache recovery behaviour of Clark's nutcrackers was investigated with a new, more refined technique in which nutcrackers were presented with small clusters of test holes to search during recovery sessions. The first experiment evaluated the usefulness of the cluster technique. The birds performed extremely well, making many fewer errors than would be expected by chance and avoiding clusters that did not contain cache sites. The second experiment employed the cluster technique to investigate the tendency of nutcrackers to revisit old cache sites emptied earlier in recovery. During the first half of recovery testing, the birds were tested with three cluster types: (1) good clusters: cache sites with seeds in them; (2) plundered clusters: cache sites from which the experimenters had removed the seeds; and (3) bad clusters: with no cache sites. The birds performed accurately in both the good and plundered clusters, but avoided bad clusters. During the second half of recovery testing, the birds were presented with good, bad and old clusters. Old clusters included both good clusters that had been visited and emptied, and plundered clusters that had been visited during the first half of testing. The birds were less likely to enter old clusters, and their behaviour was less well-directed towards cache sites in old than in good clusters. These results demonstrate that nutcrackers can discriminate good sites from emptied ones, probably by either 'tagging' the location by remembering it or by forgetting it.
Optogenetic Light Sensors in Human Retinal Organoids

Optogenetic technologies paved the way to dissect complex neural circuits and monitor neural activity using light in animals. In retinal disease, optogenetics has been used as a therapeutic modality to reanimate the retina after the loss of photoreceptor outer segments. However, it is not clear today which ones of the great diversity of microbial opsins are best suited for therapeutic applications in human retinas as cell lines, primary cell cultures and animal models do not predict expression patterns of microbial opsins in human retinal cells. Therefore, we sought to generate retinal organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as a screening tool to explore the membrane trafficking efficacy of some recently described microbial opsins. We tested both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing microbial opsins including CatCh, ChrimsonR, ReaChR, eNpHR 3.0, and Jaws. The membrane localization of eNpHR 3.0, ReaChR, and Jaws was the highest, likely due to their additional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) release and membrane trafficking signals. In the case of opsins that were not engineered to improve trafficking efficiency in mammalian cells such as CatCh and ChrimsonR, membrane localization was less efficient. Protein accumulation in organelles such as ER and Golgi was observed at high doses with CatCh and ER retention lead to an unfolded protein response. Also, cytoplasmic localization was observed at high doses of ChrimsonR. Our results collectively suggest that retinal organoids derived from hiPSCs can be used to predict the subcellular fate of optogenetic proteins in a human retinal context. Such organoids are also versatile tools to validate other gene therapy products and drug molecules.
Mismatch negativity: deviance detection or the maintenance of the ‘standard’

ELECTRIC brain responses were measured to infrequent tones that broke the frequency alternation of two tones, deviated in duration or violated both regularities (alter-nation and constant duration). Mismatch negativity (MMN) was elicited by both simple deviants with the duration-related MMN peaking ∼130 ms later than the alternation-related MMN. The double deviant elicited two successive MMNs. Thus violation of each regularity elicited a separate MMN, whereas previous studies showed that multiple temporally separate deviations from a single repetitive standard elicit one MMN only. These results suggest that the primary function of the MMN-generating process is more closely related to maintaining the representation of auditory regularities than to deviance detection per se.
Heritable variation for female remating in Lobesia botrana, a usually monandrous moth

Abstract The occurrence of heritable variation for polyandry in the usually monandrous moth Lobesia botrana Den. and Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was studied in the laboratory, using isofemale lines, a selection experiment and F 1 and F 2 crosses between the selected line (S) and an unselected control line (C). We assessed polyandry by observing the frequency of recalling in once mated females (i.e. the frequency of females resuming calling after mating). Polyandry differed significantly between isofemale lines, ranging from 0 to 100% in a normal distribution. Heritability of polyandry ±SE, estimated as a threshold trait using a full-sib design, was h 2 =0.40±0.12. Artificial selection for polyandry resulted in a significant increase from 32 to 65% in which a plateau occurred. Realized heritability in the first and second generations of selection yielded estimates of h 2 =0.41 and h 2 =0.53, respectively. We also found a concomitant, significant increase in matings per female. In the sixth generation (S line), when only females that had mated more than twice were used as parents, polyandry rose again from 65 to 80%. Results from F 1 crosses supported the hypothesis that polyandry was recessive and autosomally inherited. Cavalli's joint scaling test confirmed these results, yielding values ±SE of d =0.18±0.03 and h =−0.16±0.05. Observed and expected frequencies of polyandry in F 2 fitted significantly under the hypothesis of a two-loci model. The underlying implications of heritable variation in polyandry in a usually monandrous species are outlined, from an evolutionary perspective, in the context of the adaptive significance of this aspect of insect mating systems. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Natural Auditor: How To Tell If Someone Used Your Words To Train Their Model

To help enforce data-protection regulations such as GDPR and detect unauthorized uses of personal data, we propose a new \emph{model auditing} technique that enables users to check if their data was used to train a machine learning model. We focus on auditing deep-learning models that generate natural-language text, including word prediction and dialog generation. These models are at the core of many popular online services. Furthermore, they are often trained on very sensitive personal data, such as users' messages, searches, chats, and comments. We design and evaluate an effective black-box auditing method that can detect, with very few queries to a model, if a particular user's texts were used to train it (among thousands of other users). In contrast to prior work on membership inference against ML models, we do not assume that the model produces numeric confidence values. We empirically demonstrate that we can successfully audit models that are well-generalized and not overfitted to the training data. We also analyze how text-generation models memorize word sequences and explain why this memorization makes them amenable to auditing.
Prospective Association between Total and Specific Dietary Polyphenol Intakes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Nutrinet-Santé French Cohort

Background: Epidemiological and experimental evidence support a protective effect of dietary polyphenols on chronic diseases, but high quality longitudinal data are needed, including details on categories of polyphenols. Our objective was to investigate the prospective association between total and individual classes and subclasses of dietary polyphenols and the risk of major cardiovascular disease in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Methods: A total of 84,158 participants, who completed at least three 24 h dietary records, were included between May 2009 and June 2017. Individual polyphenols intakes were obtained by matching food consumption data from the 24 h dietary records with the Phenol-Explorer polyphenol composition database. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to characterize the associations between dietary polyphenols and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, comparing tertile T3 vs. T1 of classes and subclasses of polyphenols. Results: Over a median of 4.9 years of follow-up, 602 major cardiovascular events were diagnosed. Intakes of anthocyanins, catechins, and flavonols were strongly inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk (anthocyanins: Hazard Ratio (HR)for a 1-point increment of 10 mg/day = 0.98 (0.96–0.99, p = 0.03, HRT3vs.T1 = 0.66 (0.52–0.83), ptrend = 0.0003; catechins: HRfor a 1-point increment of 10 mg/day = 0.98 (0.96–0.99), p = 0.02, HRT3vs.T1 = 0.74 (0.60–0.91), ptrend = 0.004; flavonols: HRfor a 1-point increment of 10 mg/day = 0.94 (0.90–0.99), p = 0.02, HRT3vs.T1 = 0.75 (0.61–0.94), ptrend = 0.006). Intakes of dihydrochalcones, proanthocyaninidins, dihydroflavonols, hydroxybenzoic acids, and stilbenes were also associated with a decrease (13%, 19%, 24%, 24%, and 27%, respectively) in cardiovascular disease risk, when comparing tertile T3 to T1. Conclusions: Higher intakes of polyphenols, especially of anthocyanins, catechins, and flavonols, were associated with a statistically significant decreased cardiovascular disease risk.
Dynamin 1 Restrains Vesicular Release to a Subquantal Mode In Mammalian Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

Dynamin 1 (dyn1) is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in most secretory (neuronal and neuroendocrine) cells. There are two modes of Ca2+-dependent catecholamine release from single dense-core vesicles: full-quantal (quantal) and subquantal in adrenal chromaffin cells, but their relative occurrences and impacts on total secretion remain unclear. To address this fundamental question in neurotransmission area using both sexes of animals, here we report the following: (1) dyn1-KO increased quantal size (QS, but not vesicle size/content) by ≥250% in dyn1-KO mice; (2) the KO-increased QS was rescued by dyn1 (but not its deficient mutant or dyn2); (3) the ratio of quantal versus subquantal events was increased by KO; (4) following a release event, more protein contents were retained in WT versus KO vesicles; and (5) the fusion pore size (dp) was increased from ≤9 to ≥9 nm by KO. Therefore, Ca2+-induced exocytosis is generally a subquantal release in sympathetic adrenal chromaffin cells, implying that neurotransmitter release is generally regulated by dynamin in neuronal cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release from a single vesicle is the primary event in all neurotransmission, including synaptic/neuroendocrine forms. To determine whether Ca2+-dependent vesicular neurotransmitter release is “all-or-none” (quantal), we provide compelling evidence that most Ca2+-induced secretory events occur via the subquantal mode in native adrenal chromaffin cells. This subquantal release mode is promoted by dynamin 1, which is universally required for most secretory cells, including neurons and neuroendocrine cells. The present work with dyn1-KO mice further confirms that Ca2+-dependent transmitter release is mainly via subquantal mode, suggesting that subquantal release could be also important in other types of cells.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Helicobacter pylori inosine 5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase (HpIMPDH) inhibitors

Inosine 5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes a crucial step in the biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. Being a validated target for immunosuppressive, antiviral, and anticancer drug development, lately it has been exploited as a promising target for antimicrobial therapy. Extending our previous work on Mycobacterium tuberculosis IMPDH, GuaB2, inhibitor development, we screened a set of 23 new chemical entities (NCEs) with substituted flavone (Series 1) and 1,2,3‐triazole (Series 2) core structures for their in vitro Helicobacter pylori IMPDH (HpIMPDH) and human IMPDH2 (hIMPDH2) inhibitory activities. All the NCEs possessed acceptable molecular, physicochemical, and toxicity property profiles. The ranges for HpIMPDH and hIMPDH2 inhibition were 9–99.9% and 16–57%, respectively, at 10 μM concentration. The most potent HpIMPDH inhibitor, 25c, exhibited IC50 value of 1.27 μM with no hIMPDH2 inhibitory activity. The moderately potent, structurally novel hit molecule, 25c, may serve as a lead for further design and development of highly potent HpIMPDH inhibitors.
Macrophage stimulating protein preserves blood brain barrier integrity after intracerebral hemorrhage through recepteur d'origine nantais dependent GAB1/Src/β‐catenin pathway activation in a mouse model

Blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an important contributor to brain edema and neurological deficits following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) is a hepatocyte growth factor‐like protein that mediates its functions via activating receptor tyrosine kinase recepteur d'origine nantais (RON). Grb2‐associated binder 1 (GAB1) is a docking protein that mediates downstream receptor signal transduction pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the role of MSP and RON activated signaling pathway in preserving BBB integrity after collagenase‐induced ICH. ICH mice received recombinant human MSP (rhMSP) or rhMSP combined with siRNA knockdown of RON or GAB1. rhMSP was administered by intranasal route 1 h after ICH. Brain edema, neurobehavior, BBB tight junction protein expression, and BBB permeability were evaluated. The expression of endogenous MSP and p‐RON was decreased after ICH. Exogenous rhMSP administration reduced brain edema, neurological deficits, BBB permeability, and increased the expression of tight junction proteins in ICH mice. rhMSP administration increased the expression of p‐RON, p‐GAB1, p‐Src, nuclear β‐catenin, and tight junction proteins after ICH. These effects were reversed with RON and GAB1 siRNA. We conclude that MSP activation of RON preserved BBB integrity via GAB‐1/Src/β‐catenin pathway, thereby reducing brain edema and neurological deficits after ICH in mice.
Sensitivity to a change in reward is heritable in the honeybee, Apis mellifera


Abstract Honeybees must track changing distributions of food resources in their environment. We evaluated the genetic basis for interindividual differences in this ability by selecting lines of honeybees that differed in their tendency to reverse a learned discrimination between two odours. We show that individual variation in reversal learning performance, which is an analogue of natural foraging problems such as risk sensitivity, has a heritable component. Selection on drones, which are haploid, was sufficient to obtain a significant selection response after a single generation. In addition, worker age and/or task specialization, in terms of performance of housekeeping versus outside duties, is a source of environmental control over expression of reversal performance. Finally, we identified a correlated response in latent inhibition, in which pre-exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) retards learning about that CS when it is subsequently paired with reinforcement. From an ecological standpoint, our results suggest that colonies that contain a variety of genetic lineages may be able to target foragers to learning tasks in which they are genetically predisposed to do well.
Continuous renal replacement therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: why, when and how?

Purpose of review The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasing rapidly. Patients on ECMO have a high risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) and needing renal replacement therapy (RRT). The aim of this review is to describe different strategies of combining RRT and ECMO and to outline their advantages and drawbacks. Recent findings Fluid overload is the most common indication for RRT during ECMO, and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the most commonly used modality. The optimal timing for initiation of CRRT should be individualized based on degree of fluid overload and severity of AKI-related metabolic derangements. In ECMO patients, CRRT can be provided via an integrated approach (i.e. in-line haemofilter or a fully integrated CRRT device) or a parallel system with separate ECMO and RRT circuits. In-depth knowledge of the resulting intra-circuit pressure changes, risks of air entrapment and haemolysis, and implications for ultrafiltration and solute clearance are essential. There is no evidence that the different methods of combining ECMO and CRRT impact mortality. Summary In patients on ECMO, CRRT can be provided via an integrated approach or independently via parallel systems. An in-depth understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of the different techniques is required.
How long should a dive last? A simple model of foraging decisions by breath-hold divers in a patchy environment

Abstract Although diving birds and mammals can withstand extended periods under water, field studies show that most perform mainly short, aerobic dives. Theoretical studies of diving have implicitly assumed that prey acquisition increases linearly with time spent searching and have examined strategies that maximize time spent foraging. We present a simple model of diving in seals, where dive durations are influenced by the seal's assessment of patch quality, but are ultimately constrained by oxygen balance. Prey encounters within a dive are assumed to be Poisson distributed and the scale of the patches is such that a predator will encounter a constant prey density during a dive. We investigated the effects of a simple giving-up rule, using recent prey encounter rate to assess patch quality. The model predicts that, for shallow dives, there should always be a net benefit from terminating dives early if no prey are encountered early in the dive. The magnitude of the benefit was highest at low patch densities. The relative gain depended on the magnitude of the travel time and the time taken to assess patch quality and the effect was reduced in deeper dives. As the time taken to decide decreased, the relative benefit increased, up to a maximum, but fell as decision time was reduced further. Frequency distributions of different aspects of dive durations from three deep-diving and two shallow-diving seal species are presented and compared with the model's predictions.