Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Penetrating Trauma: Representing Rape in the Historical Drama Series Feast of the Uninvited

ABSTRACT In the drama series Feast of the Uninvited, director Katinka Heyns portrays some of the pain and trauma experienced by families during the South African War (also known as the Anglo-Boer War). Within the storyline, the character of Magrieta Van Wyk is raped by a Boer man. This is one of the first physical “on screen” representations of rape in an Afrikaans television production, and because of this, the MNET series ignited a lot of controversy among audiences. Through this representation, Heyns challenges the traditional notion of the “pure and heroic” Boer hero that has become a well-known archetype within films and drama series set against this time period. While witnessing Magrieta’s rape on screen, we only later find out that the black housemaid Siena was also raped in a concentration camp reserved for black women and children. It is one of the first audio-visual case studies that mention black women’s suffering during this war, but it is still only given a brief glance. The author concludes that the collaborative effort of Heyns and cinematographer Koos Roets, combined with powerful performances, recreates the harshness of the South African War, and more specifically the traumatic experiences of women during this war.
Emissions targets for CO2 stabilization as modified by carbon cycle feedbacks

Carbon cycle feedbacks will have a direct effect on anthropogenic emissions required to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere. In this study, I used an intermediate complexity coupled climate-carbon model to quantify allowable CO2 emissions for a series of scenarios leading to CO2 stabilization at levels between 350 and 1000 ppmv. For all scenarios, global temperature did not stabilize over the next several centuries, but rather continued to increase well beyond the point of CO2 stabilization. Furthermore, neither long-term climate change, nor total allowable CO2 emissions, were sensitive to the shape of the CO2 stabilization profile, but only to the final stabilization level. For the 550-stabilization scenario, positive carbon cycle-climate feedbacks required a reduction of annual CO2 emissions throughout the simulation, with a maximum reduction of 2.3 GtC/yr occurring at 2050. Total emissions over the 21st century were 20% lower than those derived from an equivalent simulation without feedbacks. In two additional runs with varied climate sensitivities, emissions consistent with 550-stabilization were reduced by between 190 and 540 GtC over the next 400 yr relative to the no-feedbacks run. Allowable emissions were further reduced in all cases if CO2 increases did not affect future vegetation productivity, as this removed an otherwise important negative feedback on atmospheric CO2.
Structured population models: a tool for linking effects at individual and population level

We address the problem of relating information on the effects of a particular stress on individuals to possible effects at the population level. Structured population models aim to predict population dynamics from a careful specification of the dynamics of individuals; however, in spite of major mathematical advances, there are only a few cases where such models have made significant contributions to ecological understanding. This paper reports progress to date on a project in which we construct both individual and population models of Daphnia. We present a model of individual growth and development which has been tested against results from several laboratories on D. pulex. We propose a simple, stage-structured population model and give a preliminary report of some of its properties.
Identity and upbringing in South Asian Muslim families: insights from young people and their parents in Britain

ever, how people acquire and refine various techniques of agency is part of their political socialization. The two are intertwined. As this book suggests, just as there is not one form of agency, there is not one form of political socialization, but many contexts in which youth are socialized and in which youth socialize themselves. In putting forward its forceful critique of top-down socialization models, this book begins to unpack the tension between socialization on one hand and agency on the other, two countervailing but co-dependent forces. As such, though researchers working within highly charged political environments may find it particularly relevant, anyone with an interest in youth political socialization and political agency would do well to consult this book.
On the low-frequency phase relation between the Denmark Strait and the Faroe-Bank Channel overflows

Abstract Numerical simulations of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans using an ocean-sea ice model are analysed with respect to interannual-to-decadal variability (1948–2008) of the dense water overflows east and west of Iceland. Besides the good agreement between observed and simulated Denmark Strait and Faroe-Bank Channel overflows, the model shows an antiphase relation between both transports at time scales of 3–10 yr. The analysis of wind stress curl over the Nordic Seas suggests that the phase relation is locally forced. The main mode of atmospheric variability in the Atlantic reinforces the dense overflow west of Iceland during positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and decreases it during negative phases. East of Iceland the overflow is decreased during positive phases of the NAO and increased during negative phases. After the mid-1990s, the antiphase relation is less clear due to a reduction of wind stress curl variance and a change in the production of dense water in the Nordic Seas. In that period, the Norwegian Sea experienced a reduction of its cyclonicity, leading to the export of a surplus of dense water across the Faroe-Shetland Channel. The forcing of the gyre variability is attributed to large-scale wind stress curl changes and to shifts of convection regimes linked to Arctic-Nordic Seas dense water exchange modifications at Fram Strait. Simulated sea surface height variability is highly correlated with the dense water volume in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas gyres, implying that altimetric measurements are good indicators of dense water content in the Nordic Seas and therefore provide a potential for monitoring the reservoirs and explain/anticipate changes in the overflows.
Genetic comparison of the peach yellow leaf roll agent with European fruit tree phytoplasmas of the apple proliferation group

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA and Southern blot hybridization using cloned chromosomal DNA fragments from the apple proliferation (AP) phytoplasma as probes were used to investigate the genetic relationship of the California peach yellow leaf roll (PYLR) agent with phytoplasmas causing fruit tree diseases in Europe. This comparison showed that the California PYLR phytoplasma is closely related to apple proliferation (AP), pear decline, and European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmas and that it is a member of the phylogenetic AP group. The PYLR agent could clearly be distinguished from the AP and European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmas by Southern blot hybridization with DNA fragments from the AP phytoplasma and by RFLP analysis of ribosomal DNA employing SspI, BsaAI, and RsaI restriction endonucleases. However, the PYLR phytoplasma was indistinguishable from the pear decline agent by RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA.
Net CO2 exchange rates in three different successional stages of the “Dark Taiga” of central Siberia

Abstract The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of successional stages of the Abies-dominated dark taiga was measured in central Siberia (61°N 90°E) during the growing season of the year 2000 using the eddy covariance technique. Measurements started before snow melt and canopy activity in spring on day of year (DOY) 99 and lasted until a permanent snow cover had developed and respiration had ceased in autumn DOY 299. Three stands growing in close vicinity were investigated: 50 yr-old Betula pubescens (“Betula stand”, an early successional stage after fire), 250 yr-old mixed boreal forest, representing the transition from Betula-dominated to Abies-dominated canopies, and 200-yr-old Abies sibirica (“Abies stand”, representing a late successional stage following the mixed boreal forest). The mixed boreal forest had a multi-layered canopy with dense understory and trees of variable height and age below the main canopy, which was dominated by Abies sibirica, Picea obovata and few old Betula pubescens and Populus tremula trees. The Abies stand had a uniform canopy dominated by Abies sibirica. This stand appears to have established not after fire but after wind break or insect damage in a later successional stage. The stands differed with respect to the number of days with net CO2 uptake (Betula stand 89 days, mixed boreal forest 109 days, and Abies stand 135 days), maximum measured LAI (Betula 2.6 m2 m−2, mixed boreal forest 3.5 m2 m−2 and Abies stand 4.1 m2 m−2) and basal area (Betula stand 30.2 m2 ha−1, mixed boreal forest 35.7 m2 ha−1, and Abies stand 46.5 m2 ha−1). In the mixed boreal forest, many days with net daytime CO2 release were observed in summer. Both other sites were almost permanent sinks in summer. Mean daytime CO2 exchange rates in July were −8.45 μmol m−2 s−1 in the Betula stand, −4.65 μmol m−2 s−1 in the mixed boreal forest and −6.31 μmol m−2 s−1 in the Abies stand. Measured uptake for the growing season was −247.2 g C m−2 in the Betula stand, −99.7 g C m−2 in the mixed boreal forest and −269.9 g C m−2 in the Abies stand. The total annual carbon uptake might be slightly lower (i.e. less negative) due to some soil respiration under snow in winter. The study for the first time demonstrates that old forests in the “Dark Taiga” are carbon sinks and that sink activity is very similar in late and early successional stages. Canopy and crown structure with associated self-shading and available radiation are suggested as possible causes for the observed differences.
Growth of the Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli (Pinnipedia)

Birth weight was more than trebled during the 6-week suckling period in Weddell seals, and increments in girth measurements were greater than increments in standard length. There was a very highly significant relationship between body weight and length and girth, but no consistent difference between the sexes in birth weight or growth during the suckling period. The distribution of body length frequencies, and regression of body length on age of juvenile and adult seals, indicated that at all ages greater than 1 year, females are larger than males. The mean length difference favouring females is approximately 6 cm. A multiple regression equation was derived that permits estimation of body weight from length and girth measurements. Relative weights and growth coefficients of several tissues and organs are recorded, and discussed in relation to similar data from other species of marine mammals.
Re-creation of Early-successional Stages for Threatened Butterflies—an Ecological Engineering Approach

Abstract The importance of early-successional stages for the conservation of threatened butterflies of calcareous grassland, and reasons for their decline, are outlined. The opportunity to re-establish chalk on a site made available through construction of a motorway (the Bar End to Compton section of the M3, Hampshire) is described. The characteristics of the site are compared with present-day and historical conditions on the adjacent St Catherine's Hill Site of Special Scientific Interest. Details of proposals to modify the topography of the site by ecological engineering are given. This modification is based upon a detailed knowledge of the ecological requirements of a range of scarce butterfly species, microclimatic observations and an assessment of available resources for re-vegetating the site. The reason for the failure to implement the proposals are discussed. It is suggested that conservationists need to give greater emphasis to dynamic aspects of conservation and re-creation of early-successional communities.
Flow cytometric detection of activated mouse integrin αIIbβ3 with a novel monoclonal antibody

Background: Integrin IIb3 mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation and plays a crucial role in thrombosis and hemostasis. IIb3 is expressed in a low affinity state on resting platelets. Upon platelet activation, IIb3 shifts to a high affinity conformation that efficiently binds its ligands. On human platelets, the high affinity conformation of IIb3 is detected by the monoclonal antibody (mAb), PAC-1. However, a reagent with binding specificity to high affinity mouse IIb3 has not been described so far. Methods: A novel rat mAb directed against mouse IIb3 (JON/A) was generated and characterized. JON/A was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (JON/A FITC )o r with R-phycoerythrin (JON/A PE ) and used for flow cytometric analysis of mouse platelets. Results: Although JON/A FITC bound to resting and activated platelets, virtually no binding of the larger JON/A PE to resting platelets was detectable. However, strong binding of JON/A PE occurred on platelet activation in a dosedependent manner. Binding of JON/A PE required extracellular free calcium and was irreversible, thereby stabilizing the high affinity conformation of IIb3. Conclusion: JON/A PE is the first tool for direct assessment of integrin IIb3 activation in mice. Furthermore, JON/A FITC and JON/A PE provide the first examples of fluorescent antibody derivatives with identical antigenic specificitiy that allow the discrimination between the resting and the activated state of an integrin. Cytometry 48: 80 ‐ 86, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic relationships and origin of commercial clones of Nangouhi, a vegetatively propagated cultivar of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)

Nangouhi, a vegetatively propagated cultivar of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), includes several vegetatively propagated clones with commercial uses. The genetic diversity, relationships, and origin of Nangouhi were evaluated using ten highly polymorphic microsatellite markers and compared with those of natural hinoki populations. In terms of their genetics, Nangouhi clones appeared to be more closely related to each other than to natural populations. Parentage analysis indicated that clone N14, which is commonly found in the grounds of old shrines and temples, is a parent of 11 of the other clones, of which N6 and N13 had genotypes identical to N14 at eight and seven loci, respectively. These clones could have been produced by crossing N14 and genetically related individuals. Assignment tests were used to determine the genetic origin of Nangouhi clones using 25 natural hinoki populations as a reference. The possible sources of most of the clones were the Hikosan population in Kyushu and the Besshiyama population in Shikoku; however, several clones could not be assigned to any natural population. Crosses between Nangouhi and genetically unrelated plus tree clones and recurrent selection from the possible source populations are recommended for future breeding of Nangouhi.
Guest editorial

Multimodality is a fast growing area of applied linguistics, and – due to the increasingly multimodal environments of learning and the highly visual and embodied features of contemporary discourses – one that has particular relevance to the readership of Classroom Discourse. Multimodality draws attention to the range of different modes that people use to make meaning beyond language – such as movement, posture, gesture, gaze, image – and in doing so, offers new ways of analysing communication and discourse. It rejects the methodological privileging of linguistic resources and with it the assumption that speech or writing is always dominant, carrying the ‘essence’ of meanings, and that other, simultaneously operating modes can merely expand, exemplify or modify these meanings. Multimodality provides a holistic lens through which to analyse and understand interaction and discourse. Researchers have taken up multimodality to explore learning and meaning making across a range of learning environments, with notable international hubs of concentrated activity focused on literacy practices, social pedagogy and more recently digitally mediated interaction. Gunther Kress has led the use of multimodality in educational contexts, notably with early, seminal multimodal studies of School Science (Kress et al. 2001) and English (Kress et al. 2004). This work has pushed at substantive questions for learning and contributed to the development of multimodal methodologies. Early education-focused multimodal studies that have shaped the contemporary landscape include work by Stein (2003), Newfield et al. (2005) and Archer (this issue) exploring student and teacher uptake and design of semiotic resources in South African schools and higher education contexts with a focus on discourses of power and identity. Innovative work in early years and literacy, notably by Pahl and Rowsell (2012), Charmian Kenner and colleagues (2004), Eve Bearne (2007) and Rosie Flewitt (2012), has had a significant impact on the scope of multimodality and methodologically has brought together multimodal and ethnographic methods. Jewitt has examined digital learning environments through a multimodal lens (Jewitt 2002, 2008a, 2013) and recently, with colleagues Bezemer, Domingo, Kress, Price and others, has been developing multimodal methods for researching learning and interaction in digital environments (MODE.ioe.ac.uk). Work has been carried out on multimodal corpus data by Knight et al. (2006). Fuller accounts of the rich history of the take-up of multimodality in education (Jewitt 2008b) and the place of multimodality within linguistics and discourse studies (Bezemer and Jewitt 2010) are provided elsewhere. Multimodality has also been central to much theorising in social linguistics and the development of discourse studies. It has been key to understanding the role of bodily orientation in how people co-construct a shared understanding of what goes on in interactions (e.g. frame and levels of engagement) using a range of different modes (Scheflen 1973; Goffman 1974; Goodwin 1981; Kendon 1990). Modes of
Convection in Lorenz’s global energy cycle with the ECMWF model

Lorenz’s global energy cycle includes the conversion rate C between available potential and kinetic energy. In traditional estimates of C only gridscale processes were evaluated; subgridscale processes were lumped into dissipation. It is argued that this is inadequate; organized subgridscale heat fluxes like deep convection cannot be treated as molecular. Here both Cgrid and Csub are evaluated from the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System, for a 1-yr forecast in climate mode. The subgridscale fluxes are obtained from the model parametrization and the results tested for consistency; the largest contribution comes from the convection scheme. The integrand of Csub, the familiar ‘buoyancy flux’ −α′ω′¯ is locally much smaller than its gridscale counterpart −α′¯ω′¯. However, the buoyancy flux is upward throughout, and thus representative for, the global atmosphere. The global annual means are Cgrid = (3.4 ± 0.1)Wm−2 and Csub = (1.7 ± 0.1)Wm−2. Further, the gridscale generation rate of available potential energy is evaluated independently and found to be Ggrid = (3.0 ± 0.2)Wm−2. These results suggest that (i) the subgridscale processes contribute significantly to the Lorenz energy cycle and (ii) the cycle, represented by the total dissipation of D = (5.1 ± 0.2)Wm−2, is more intense than all earlier gridscale estimates have indicated.
Ice nuclei characteristics from M-PACE and their relation to ice formation in clouds

This paper presents airborne measurements of ice nuclei (IN) number concentration and elemental composition from the mixed-phase Arctic cloud experiment (M-PACE) in northern Alaska during October 2004. Although the project average IN concentration was low, less than 1 L-1 STP, there was significant spatial and temporal variability, with local maximum concentrations of nearly 60 L-1 STP. Immersion and/or condensation freezing appear to be the dominant freezing mechanisms, whereas mechanisms that occur below water saturation played a smaller role. The dominant particle types identified as IN were metal oxides/dust (39%), carbonaceous particles (35%) and mixtures of metal oxides/dust with either carbonaceous components or salts/sulphates (25%), although there was significant variability in elemental composition. Trajectory analysis suggests both local and remote sources, including biomass burning and volcanic ash. Seasonal variability of IN number concentrations based on this study and data from SHEBA/FIREACE indicates that fall concentrations are depleted relative to spring by about a factor of five. Average IN number concentrations from both studies compare favorably with cloud ice number concentrations of cloud particles larger than 125 μm, for temperatures less than -10°C. Cloud ice number concentrations also were enhanced in spring, by a factor of ˜2, but only over a limited temperature range.
Aneuploidy and genome organization in sperm nuclei of river buffalo and cattle detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromosome microdissection

Riassunto Studio delle aneuploidie e organizzazione del genoma in spermatozoi di bovino e bufalo mediante microdissezione cromosomica e ibridazione fluorescente in situ (FISH). Scopo della ricerca è stato la definizione della frequenza di base delle aneuploidie dei cromosomi X-Y- e 5p in spermatozoi della specie bufalina, quale presupposto indispensabile per investigare possibili relazioni tra aneuploidia e efficienza riproduttiva e per ulteriori studi di mutagenesi ambientale. Vengono, inoltre, riportati alcuni risultati preliminari sull’organizzazione territoriale di detti cromosomi nel nucleo degli spermatozoi; difetti di tale organizzazione vengono classificati “non compensabili”, in grado di alterare le prestazioni riproduttive dei tori.
The dentition of fallow deer (Dama dama): a scoring scheme to assess age from wear of the permanent molariform teeth

The sequence of tooth wear was determined from skulls of fallow deer of known age. A system for scoring molariform tooth wear has been devised so that small but readily recognizable wear changes of the individual cusps may be recorded and used to assess the age of animals of unknown birth dates. The technique can be readily adapted for other ruminant species with the appropriate database.