Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of a Solid Acid Catalyst from Macro Fungi Residue for Methyl Palmitate Production

During the process of fungal polysaccharide extraction for health care products and food factories, a large quantity of macro-fungi residues are produced, but most of the residues are abandoned and become environmental pollutants. A solid acid catalyst, prepared by sulfonating carbonized Phellinus igniarius residue, was shown to be an efficient and environmentally benign catalyst for the esterification of palmitate acid (PA) and methanol. As a comparison, two types of common biomass catalysts, wheat straws and wood chips, were prepared. In this study, characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller assays and elemental analysis, and reaction conditions for the synthesis of methyl palmitate (MP) using solid acid catalysts were investigated. Experiments showed that the solid acid catalyst prepared from P. igniarius residue had a higher catalytic activity than the other two catalysts, and the highest yield of MP catalyzed by P. igniarius residue solid acid catalyst was 91.5% under the following optimum conditions: molar ratio of methanol/PA of 10:1, reaction temperature of 60 °C, mass ratio of catalyst/substrate of 2%, and a reaction time of 1.5 h. Thus, the use of this catalyst offers a method for producing MP.
A Survey on Security Issues and Attacks in Cloud Environment

Now a days Cloud Computing play an important role for provide the services and data storage in the internet. Cloud computing drive out the need of IT based companies to invest in high computing infrastructure and services used by them. In cloud, the data is dwell into set of networked resources that enable data to be accessed via virtual machines. These data canters are located in various parts of the world beyond the control and reach of the user, so there are multiple challenges and security issues that need to be addressed and understood. There are a number of different challenges to make safe cloud infrastructure from different types of attacks. This review paper aims to analyze and elaborate various security issues and attacks in cloud computing which is the base for our future roadmap.
Evaluation of Fluoride Concentration in Water Treatment Plants of Baghdad City Sura

Fluoride is one of the elements in water that humans need at a certain rate, but it poses a health hazard if its concentration in drinking water is more than the body requirement.In order to analyze the fluoride concentration in drinking water in Baghdad city and estimate its expected effects on consumers, data were taken monthly throughout three years (2012-2014) for raw and supply water. The results show that the fluoride concentration inTigrisriver was below 1.5 ppm andit was found that AL-Wahda and AL-Rasheed W.T. P.s have the highest percentage of removal for fluoride. Using artificial neural network found that its concentration was affected by temperature, pH, total solids and suspended solid where the pH and suspended solid were the most influential on fluoride.
Multivariate Correlation between Analysis Data on Dissolved Organic Material from Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Chips and their Autohydrolysis Pre-Treatment Conditions

Various chemometric techniques were used to establish the relationship between the autohydrolysis conditions prior to pulping and the chemical compositions of the soluble organic materials removed from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood chips. The aqueous chip pre-treatments (autohydrolysis) were administered at 130 °C and 150 °C for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, and the hydrolysates obtained were characterized in terms of total carbohydrates (various mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides together with uronic acid side groups), volatile acids (acetic and formic acids), lignin, and furans (furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural). Based on the analytical data gathered, a relatively accurate model for pine chip autohydrolysis was developed.
Validation of an acoustic rumination sensor for dairy cows

In the last sixty years different techniques were developed to measure the eating and rumination activity of sheep, goats and cows (Balch, 1958; Hodgson, 1977; Chambers, Hodgson, Milne, 1981). Because of the correlation between feeding parameters and rumination activity there is still interest to develop a useful tool for the quantification of the rumination behaviour for on farm and scientific use. In the last 5 to 10 years two systems were developed with interesting possibilities. One of these sensors, based on acoustic measurement, was validated in different works and is already commercial available for farmers. The aim of the study was to use this rumination sensor to attend a feeding trial concerning different urea supplements. Preliminary validation of the sensor was done comparing data provided by the sensor with data collected by direct observation. Direct observation was done at 19 cows. One 2-h-block was recorded for each of the 19 cows. The average rumination time per two hours was 43.9 +/- 18.6 min and 27.0 +/- 16.9 min if recorded by observer and rumination sensor, respectively. The correlation between direct observation and data collected by the system was r = 0.33. The correlation for the cows with an average daily rumination time over 500 min was r = 0.82 (p < 0.05). Due to the validation results the feeding trial could not be interpreted.
Compensation of ac Stark shifts in optical magnetometry

The ac Stark shift of the resonance frequency of the nonlinear magneto-optic effect ~NMOE! results in a fundamental broadening of this resonance which limits the precision of optical magnetometry based on NMOE. We have studied the dependence of the ac Stark shift versus frequency of the probing laser for the D1 and D2 lines of 87 Rb, and have shown that there exists a frequency where the shifts from different hyperfine components of the upper level cancel each other. This holds promise for an in-principle increase in the sensitivity of optical magnetometers. The influence of buffer gas on Faraday rotation and ac Stark shifts is also considered.
Cross-Sectional Study of the Influence of Gestational Hyperglycemia Associated With Urinary Incontinence on Quality Of Life

Introduction: During pregnancy, the prevalence of Urinary Incontinence (UI) is higher adversely impacting quality of life. Both Gestational Diabetes (GDM) and mild hyperglycemia have been associated with increased risk of UI. However, UI influence on quality of life is still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of UI on the quality of life of women with GDM. Method: Cross-sectional study including pregnant women allocated into 2 groups: Normoglycemic (NG) or Hyperglycemic/GDM (HG). All women classified as incontinent were asked to respond to the King’s Health Questionnaire (KHQ). Results: Of the 102 pregnant women enrolled, 69 were NG (67.6%) and 33 were HG (32.4%). UI prevalence was 55.9%. HG scores were lower for all KHQ domains with significant differences between groups regarding the scores for KHQ domains general health perception, UI impact, personal relationships emotions, and sleep/energy (p<0.05). Conclusions: UI impact was higher on pregnant women with hyperglycemia and GDM.
Lantibiotic Nisin and Its Detection Methods

The type A lantibiotic nisin produced by several Lactococcus lactis strains, and one Streptococcus uberis strainis a small antimicrobial peptide that inhibits the growth of a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria and Staphylococcus species. It is nontoxic to humans and used as a food preservative (E234) in more than 50 countries including the EU, the USA, and China. National legislations concerning maximum addition levels of nisin in different foods vary greatly. Therefore, there is a demand for non-laborious and sensitive methods to identify and quantify nisin reliably from different food matrices. The horizontal inhibition assay, based on the inhibitory effect of nisin to Micrococcus luteus is the base for most quantification methods developed so far. However, the sensitivity and accuracy of the agar diffusion method is affected by several parameters. Immunological tests have also been described. Taken into account the sensitivity of immunological methods to interfering substances within sample matrices, and possible cross-reactivities with lantibiotics structurally close to nisin, their usefulness for nisin detection from food samples remains limited. The proteins responsible for nisin biosynthesis, and producer self-immunity are encoded by genes arranged into two inducible operons, nisA/Z/QBTCIPRK and nisFEG, which also contain internal, constitutive promoters PnisI and PnisR. The transmembrane histidine kinase NisK and the response regulator NisR form a two-component signal transduction system, in which NisK autophosphorylates after exposure to extra cellular nisin, and subsequently transfers the phosphate to NisR. The phosphorylated NisR then relays the signal downstream by binding to two regulated promoters in the nisin gene cluster, i.e the nisA/Z/Qand the nisF promoters, thus activating transcription of the structural gene nisA/Z/Q and the downstream genes nisBTCIPRK from the nisA/Z/Q promoter, and the genes nisFEG from the nisF promoter. In this work two novel and highly sensitive nisin bioassays were developed. Both of these quantifi cation methods were based on NisRK mediated, nisin induced Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) fl uorescence. The suitabilities of these assays for quantifi cation of nisin from food samples were evaluated in several food matrices. These bioassays had nisin sensitivities in the nanogram or picogram levels. In addition, shelf life of nisin in cooked sausages and retainment of the induction activity of nisin in intestinal chyme (intestinal content) was assessed.
Painterly Rendering Based on Piano Interface

In this paper, we propose a new painterly rendering technique for visualizing sound, based on correlation between sight and auditory. We analyze the sound feature to create a painterly image which is dependent upon the input music that is playing by user using the piano interface. We analyze the tempo, the frequency, and the octave which are the basic characteristics of sound features. Sound features are used to determine strokes shapes, colors, and brightness which are the crucial elements to complete the pictorial rendering. In addition, during the rendering process, we use a multiple layer system to overlap the layers. From this study, we can create a non-photorealistic image which is suitable for the mood of the music that is playing by user.
ASSESSING THE EARLY HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENT OF NORTHWESTERN GUYANA: AN ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN AND FAUNAL REMAINS

This study uses stable carbon δ13C and oxygen δ18O isotope compositions data to assess the extent to which diet breadths of northwestern Guyana changed during the Holocene. We analyzed human bone and enamel remains from seven shell mound sites dating between 7500 and 2600 BP. Our analyses demonstrate some constancy in C3 plant availability during the past several thousand years, though we note increasing reliance on such plants beginning in the Early Holocene. We also document warming intervals during the Early Holocene (Early Archaic) that appear to correlate with dry periods known elsewhere in the central Amazon during this period. Esta investigación utiliza datos de isótopos estables de carbono δ13C y oxígeno δ18O para evaluar en qué medida cambió la amplitud de la dieta del noroeste de Guyana durante el Holoceno. Analizamos restos óseos humanos y esmalte de siete concheros fechados entre 7500 y 2600 años aP. Nuestros análisis muestran cierto grado de constancia en la disponibilidad de plantas C3 durante los últimos miles de años, aunque se observa una creciente dependencia en tales plantas a comienzos del Holoceno temprano. También documentamos intervalos más cálidos durante el Holoceno temprano (Arcaico Temprano) que parecen correlacionarse con los periodos secos conocidos en otras partes del Amazonas central durante este lapso.
A Bayesian Multilevel Approach to Optimally Estimate Material Properties

Bayesian multilevel modeling establishes a convenient framework to account for aleatory variability and epistemic uncertainty in inverse problems. In view of engineering applications we will place this framework into the context of classical and probabilistic inversion and demonstrate its additional potential to infer material properties as intermediate variables within a hierarchically defined Bayesian multilevel model. The objectiveofprobabilisticinversionis toinfer such probabilitydistributionsthatdescribe the variability of model inputs across a number of experiments. Inference therefore focuses on so-called hyperparameters that parametrize population distributions. To that end intermediate or latent variables are considered nuisance and commonly marginalized out from the problem. But instead of integrating out intermediate quantities, one can just as well fade the hyperparameters from the inferential spotlight and marginalize them out. This allows for an “optimal” inference of the intermediate quantities with respect to the available prior information, structural assumptions and the acquired data. We will devise a simple academic example within the domain of mechanical engineering that will be used to study this optimal kind of inference. The system under consideration is an ensemble of simply supported beams with uncertain material properties. Over the sample of beams, Young’s moduli are subject to aleatory variability, while the knowledge about the true hyperparameter values suffers from epistemic uncertainty. We will show how individual Young’s moduli can be optimally estimated in a series of three-point bending experiments. It will be shown that in hierarchically defined models one can learn more about a specific specimen than what is encoded in dedicated data directly associated with that single specimen. One can indirectly utilize information from different specimens, within the same sample, in order to improve the assessment of a specific one. In this contribution we will demonstrate the potential and challenge of this learning mechanism and we will investigate the underlying flow of information.
Lead Titanate-Based Nanocomposite: Fabrication, Characterization and Application and Energy Conversion Evaluation

Walter Katsumi Sakamoto1, Gilberto de Campos Fuzari Jr1, Maria Aparecida Zaghete2 and Ricardo Luiz Barros de Freitas3 1Faculdade de Engenharia, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista – Campus de Ilha Solteira, Depto de Fisica e Quimica, Grupo de Polimeros, 2Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, 3Faculdade de Engenharia, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista – Campus de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Engenharia Eletrica Brazil
Single photon time resolution of state of the art SiPMs

Comparison of the timing performance of different silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) can be useful for applications that employ these devices. In our study, we characterize some of the currently available SiPMs to compare the single photon time resolution (SPTR) values measured using a 420 nm laser with a pulse width of 42 ps FWHM. SPTR values in the range of 175–330 ps FWHM were measured for most 3 × 3 mm2 and 4 × 4 mm2 devices and varied with the producer and the type of the SiPM. Factors influencing the SPTR including the area, cell to cell non-uniformity and the SPAD (single photon avalanche diode) jitter were investigated by the use of laser light focused at the level of a SPAD within a SiPM. The standard deviation of the SPTR values measured among different cells within a Hamamatsu Through Silicon Via SiPM was found to be less than 5 ps. When measured with focused laser the values of SPTR, the signal delay and the relative PDE were found to vary among different points within a SPAD of a SiPM. We found that such variation causes the values of SPTR measured with focused illumination to be better than when measured with diffuse illumination which probes the entire SiPM active surface. SPTR values close to 20 ps FWHM have been measured for standalone single SPADs produced by FBK after correcting for the laser jitter and the acquisition jitter. The performed tests helped us to understand the limits of the SPAD jitter. We infer that the dominant factor contributing to the degradation of the SPTR from the level of a SPAD to a SiPM is mostly driven by detector noise, if the influence of the signal delay time spread is reduced to a minimum.
The BOSS–WiggleZ overlap region – II. Dependence of cosmic growth on galaxy type

The anisotropic galaxy two-point correlation function (2PCF) allows measurement of the growth of large-scale structures from the effect of peculiar velocities on the clustering pattern. We present new measurements of the auto- and cross-correlation function multipoles of 69 180 WiggleZ and 46 380 Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey CMASS galaxies sharing an overlapping volume of ∼0.2 (h^−1 Gpc)^3. Analysing the redshift-space distortions (RSD) of galaxy two-point statistics for these two galaxy tracers, we test for systematic errors in the modelling depending on galaxy type and investigate potential improvements in cosmological constraints. We build a large number of mock galaxy catalogues to examine the limits of different RSD models in terms of fitting scales and galaxy type, and to study the covariance of the measurements when performing joint fits. For the galaxy data, fitting the monopole and quadrupole of the WiggleZ 2PCF on scales 24 < s < 80 h^−1Mpc produces a measurement of the normalized growth rate fσ_8(z = 0.54) = 0.409 ± 0.055, whereas for the CMASS galaxies we found a consistent constraint of fσ_8(z = 0.54) = 0.466 ± 0.069, When combining the measurements, accounting for the correlation between the two surveys, we obtain fσ_8(z = 0.54) = 0.413 ± 0.048, in agreement with the Λ Cold Dark Matter of structure growth and with other survey measurements.
VLSI Implementation of Parallel Prefix Subtractor using Modified 2's Complement Technique and BIST Verification using LFSR Technique

Parallel prefix Subtractor is the most flexible and widely used for binary addition/subtraction. Parallel Prefix Subtractor is best suited for VLSI implementation. No any special parallel prefix Subtractor structures have been proposed over the past years intended to optimize area. This paper presents a new approach to new design the basic operators used in parallel prefix architectures which subtract the unit by using modified technique of 2's complement. Verification will also be done using LFSR technique so we don't need to apply any manually input to perform the subtraction process. We can analysis and create the difference in terms of area between parallel prefix Subtractor and BIST architecture of parallel prefix Subtractor. The number of multiplexers contained in each Slice of an FPGA is considered here for the redesign of the basic operators used in parallel prefix tree. The experimental results indicate that the new approach of basic operators make some of the parallel Prefix Subtractor architectures faster and area efficient.
SELECTING INDICATORS TO EVALUATE SOIL QUALITY

The main degraded and contaminated soils in Taiwan include highly acid soils, soils deficient in micro-elements, eroded and poorly drained sandy soils, soils suffering from water stress, compacted soils, and rural soils contaminated by trace elements and organic pollutants. Reliable and practical indicators of soil quality are needed to evaluate the condition of degraded and polluted soils. In this Bulletin, several indicators are selected for soil quality assessment in sustainable soil management systems, based on the concept of the control chart. The critical level (threshold level, an upper control limit (UCL), and a lower control limit (LCL)) represent the values within which soil quality must be kept for sustainable soil management.
ROVE BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN APPLE AND PEAR ORCHARDS - COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SPECIES RICHNESS, ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY

The dominance, diversity and activity density of rove beetles were studied in Central Eu- ropean apple and pear orchards. Altogether 6 877 individuals, belonging to 271 species and 11 sub- families were collected. Thirteen species presented a relative abundance from 9 to 2% and amounted to almost 56% of all staphylinids recorded. In dominance order they were: Dinaraea angustula (Gyl- lenhal), Omalium caesum Gravenhorst, Drusilla canaliculata (F.), Sphenoma abdominale Mannerheim, Pal- porus nitidulus (F.), Xantholinus linearis (Olivier), Dexiogya corticina (Erichson), Coprochara bipustulata L. , Mocyta orbata (Erichson), Oligota pumilio Kiessenwetter, Xanthlinus longiventris (Olivier), T achyporus hypnorum (F.) and Pycnota vicina (Kraatz). The alpha diversity of staphylinids for different environ- mental conditions was relatively similar but the Shannon-Weiner Index (H` ) was higher than of other similar studies. However, the activity density was higher in pear, in sand and in abandoned planta- tions; under different environmental conditions this could not be considered uniform in time. After the cumulative studies on the population dynamics, one can conclude that the highest number of species can be found in spring and in summer. Species D. canaliculata and P. nitidulus presented the similar seasonal dynamics in orchards located in different environmental areas, while O. caesum had the same activity density both in apple and pear orchards.
Quaderni di ricerca del Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche “ Hyman P . Minsky ” Anno 2002 n . 3 Non-convexities in the adjustment of different capital inputs : a firm-level investigation

Recent developments in investment research have highlighted the importance of non-convexities and irreversibilities in the firms’ adjustment of quasi-fixed inputs. However, aggregation across capital goods may smooth out the discontinuities associated with the adjustment of individual assets. The lack of suitable data, is one of the reasons why empirical work has stronlgy relied on the assumption of capital homogeneity. In this paper we exploit a new data set of 1539 Italian firms which allows us to disaggregate across several capital types and consider separately purchases and sales of assets. We start from the basic disaggregation between equipment and structures and construct measures of fundamental Q to capture investment opportunities associated with each asset. To uncover the pattern of dynamic adjustment we use non-parametric techniques to relate each individual investment to own fundamental Q.
Genetic Optimization of Pattern Classification Using Heart Disease Data

: Classification is one of the data mining techniques which is generally used in the prediction of data. Particularly in pattern classification a function is built to map input space into output space using multiple classes. For this purpose, artificial neural networks are very effective to build a model and to test and train the data. For the training process many training algorithms are used to increase the performance. In this paper, we shall make a training of feed forward neural network using Backpropagation algorithm, which is optimized with Genetic Algorithm with heart disease dataset with multiple class. Graphs are plotted to show the accuracy of the classification.
Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Antimicrobial Properties Against Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Milk Products at Agra Region

The genus Listeria represents a group of closely related, Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria 0.5 mm in width and 1–1.5 mm in length. Taxonomically, it is divided into six species (i.e. Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria innocua, Listeria welshimeri and Listeria grayi), of which only L.monocytogenes and L.ivanovii are pathogenic (Robinson et al., 2000). L.monocytogenes is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen of both man and animals while L.ivanovii infects mainly ungulates, it rarely occurs in man (Low & Donachie, 1997).