Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The biosphere, or part of the earth within which organisms live, is a region in which temperatures range not far from those at which water is liquid. It receives a radiation flux of wavelength >3200 A from the sun or has the products of photosynthesis made available by gravity as in the dark depths of the ocean. Numerous interfaces are present in most parts of the biosphere. It is geochemically characterized by atmophil elements in relative quantities such that both oxidized (Eh ~ 0.5 volt) and quite reduced (Eh 0.0 volt) regions are both easily possible often within a few millimeters of each other as in lake sediments. Conditions for such a region on a planet are fairly critical, and would probably always involve loss of the initial gaseous phase with reformation of the atmosphere from frozen or chemically combined material. Chemically, living organisms are mainly made of cosmically common, light, easily soluble atmophil and lithophil elements. The special properties of the several important elements, such as hydrogen bridge formation, the formation of long carbon chains, the possible existence of -COOH and of NH2 in the same molecule, the easily oxidized and reduced system -SH HS'± -S-S-, the high energy phosphate bond and various other less striking properties exhibited by common biophil elements (of which phosphorus, with an odd atomic number between Si and S, is the rarest) are obviously fundamental. Without these properties life as we know it would be impossible. The reduction of magnesium concentration in the earth's crust, as compared with the mantle, and the consequent approximate equalization of the amounts of Na, K, Mg, and Ca provide a geochemical rather than a purely chemical example of the "fitness of the environment" to use Henderson's phrase. However, it is difficult to be sure we know we are talking sense in this field without comparative instances, or whether we are involved in problems like the insoluble metaphysical question of childhood, Why am I not someone else? The exploration of the surface of Mars may give, long before the National Academy is celebrating another centenarA, some welcome contrasting information. Meanwhile it is reasonable to suppose that extreme rarity and extreme insolubility, leading to a very low concentration of some elements within living tissues, do limit their functional importance. If we consider an average mammalian liver cell of diameter about 23.4 JA, of volume, assuming a spherical form, of about 6700 pA, and of mass, if a density rather more than unity be assumed, of about 7 X 10-9 gm, we can obtain from published analyses1 a rough idea of the mean number of atoms per cell as follows.
Effect of Chemical Treatment of Sesame Stover with NaOH and Urea on Chemical Composition and In vivo Rumen Digestion in Sheep

This study tested the effect of urea, urea sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and NaOH + urea on chemical composition and total tract nutrition in sheep. Treated stovers were prepared by mixing stovers with aqueous solution of urea (SU, 3g in 100 ml water /100 g DM), NaOH (SN, 4g in 100 ml water /100g DM) and urea + NaOH (SUN). Five male Balouchi sheep (30 ±1.4 kg) were used in a change-over design. In vivo experimental diets were as follows: alfalfa hay (AH), alfalfa hay + S (AHS), alfalfa hay + SU (AH SU), alfalfa hay + SN (AHSN) and alfalfa hay + SUN (AHSUN). The NDF content significantly (P 0.05) in urea and NaOH. The urea caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in CP content of sesame stover. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDF and ADF increased with chemically treatment of sesame stover. Furthermore, rumen pH was not affected by the chemical treatment, while rumen NH3- N (P<0.05) concentration was enhanced by urea +NaOH treatment. These results suggest that digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF could be improved by chemical treatment with urea and NaOH.
Seasonal Movements and Home-Range Use by Female Pronghorns in Sagebrush-Steppe Communities of Western South Dakota

Abstract Knowledge of seasonal movements by pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) within the easternmost extension of sagebrush-steppe communities is limited. Current hypotheses regarding movement patterns suggest that pronghorns initiate seasonal movements in response to severe winter weather, snowfall patterns, spatial and temporal variation in forage abundance, and availability of water. From January 2002 to August 2005, we monitored movements of 76 adult (≥1.5 years) female pronghorns on 2 study areas (Harding and Fall River counties) in western South Dakota. We collected 8,750 visual locations, calculated 204 home ranges, and documented 17 seasonal movements. Eighty-four percent (n = 55) of pronghorns were nonmigratory and 10% (n = 6) were conditional migrators. Mean distance between summer and winter range was 23.1 km (SE = 2.8 km, n = 13). Five adult pronghorns (8%) dispersed a mean distance of 37.6 km (SE = 12.4 km); of which 1 female moved a straight-line distance of 75.0 km. Winter and summer home-range size varied (P < 0.0001) between study sites. Mean 95% adaptive kernel winter and summer home-range size of pronghorns was 55.5 and 19.7 km2, respectively, in Harding County and 127.2 and 65.9 km2, respectively, in Fall River County. Nonmigratory behavior exhibited by pronghorns was likely associated with minimal snow cover and moderate temperatures during winter 2002–2004. Variation in size of adult seasonal home ranges between sites was likely associated with differences in forage distribution and availability between regions.
Efficacy of Common Disinfectants against Mycobacterium marinum

Abstract Mycobacteriosis is an important bacterial disease of freshwater, brackish-water, and marine fishes. In addition to affecting many species of wild and cultured fish, the aquatic mycobacterial species present a potentially important zoonotic risk to humans. Reduction or elimination of the causative pathogen from an aquarium or aquaculture facility is therefore paramount. This study examined a variety of commercially available disinfectants for their efficacy in reducing or eliminating Mycobacterium marinum. In this study, ethyl alcohol (50% and 70%), benzyl-4-chlorophenol/phenylphenol (1%), and sodium chlorite (mixed as 1:5:1 or 1:18:1 [base : water : activator]) were the most effective disinfectants evaluated; each reduced or eliminated the number of detectable M. marinum within 1 min of contact time. Sodium hypochlorite (50,000 mg/L) was moderately effective but required a minimum contact time of 10 min to reduce bacterial counts. Ethyl alcohol (30%), N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1:.
Integrin β6 Mediates Phospholipid and Collectin Homeostasis by Activation of Latent TGF-β1

Surfactant lines the alveolar surface and prevents alveolar collapse. Derangements of surfactant cause respiratory failure and interstitial lung diseases. The collectins, surfactant proteins A and D, are also important in innate host defense. However, surfactant regulation in the postnatal lung is poorly understood. We found that the epithelial integrin, αvβ6, regulates surfactant homeostasis in vivo by activating latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Adult mice lacking the β-subunit of αvβ6 (Itgb6−/−) developed increased bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipids and surfactant proteins A and D, and demonstrated abnormal-appearing alveolar macrophages, reminiscent of the human disease pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Using lung-specific expression of constitutively active TGF-β1 in Itgb6−/− mice, we found that TGF-β1 was sufficient to normalize these abnormalities. Tgfβ1-deficient mice also demonstrated increased phospholipids and surfactant proteins A and D, but mice lacking the key TGF-β signaling molecule, SMAD3, did not. Therefore, integrin-mediated activation of latent TGF-β1 regulates surfactant constituents independent of intracellular SMAD3. In vivo increases in surfactant protein A and D were not associated with increases in mRNA for these proteins in alveolar tissue from Itgb6−/− mice. On the other hand, isolated alveolar macrophages from Itgb6−/− mice were defective in processing phospholipids in vitro, suggesting that reduced surfactant clearance contributes to altered surfactant homeostasis in these mice in vivo. These findings show that αvβ6 and TGF-β1 regulate homeostasis of phospholipids and collectins in adult mouse lungs and may have implications for anti-fibrotic therapeutics that inhibit active TGF-β in the lung.
Stopover duration of Palearctic passerine migrants in the western Sahara - : independent of fat stores?

Birds on migration spend much more time on stopover sites to refuel for the next migration step than aloft, but empirical data on stopover duration are rare, especially for Palearctic trans-Sahara migrants whilst crossing the desert. Previous studies suggest that stopover duration of fat birds in oases is much shorter than that of lean birds. During 2003 and 2004 capture-recapture data of migrating passerines from two inland oases in spring and from one coastal site in autumn in Mauritania, West Africa, were analysed to test whether the probability of being a transient and the stopover duration depend on fuel stores at first capture. The application of capture-recapture models revealed that during autumn migration at the coast the proportion of transients (individuals that stop over only for 1 day) was relatively high (77-90%) in three out of four species investigated and stopover duration was short (1.9-4.6 days). In the inland oases in spring, transients were detected in only four out of 12 analyses. Stopover duration was longer than at the coast in autumn and surprisingly long in some species with durations of up to 30 days. Models taking into account the initial fat load of birds on the first capture occasion were, with one exception, never the most parsimonious ones. This indicates that the time spent after and before capture at the stopover site did not depend on the fat stores at first capture. Therefore, we cannot confirm the assumption that birds arriving at stopover sites in the desert with low fat loads stay longer than birds that arrive with high fat loads.
Integrating numt pseudogenes into mitochondrial phylogenies: comment on ‘Mitochondrial phylogeny of Arvicolinae using comprehensive taxonomic sampling yields new insights’

Mitochondrial fragments that have been integrated into the nuclear genome (numt pseudogenes) can cause problems in phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies that utilize mitochondrial DNA if numts are inadvertently included among mitochondrial sequences (Bensasson et al. , 2001; Triant & DeWoody, 2007). Buzan et al. (2008) presented a phylogenetic analysis of the rodent subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings, and muskrats) using sequences primarily mined from public databases. However, twelve of the presumptive mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences used in their study were apparently nuclear pseudo-gene sequences that we previously published (Triant & DeWoody, 2008). These twelve numt sequences are labelled as such within the GenBank database and contained indels, frame-shift mutations, or premature stop codons that emphasize their nuclear origins and render them difficult to align with mitochondrial sequences. In the Buzan et al. (2008) phylogeny, the relation-ships within the Arvicolini clade, which contained most of the sequences used in their analyses, were not shown. We reanalysed the Buzan et al. (2008) dataset using the same taxa, sequences, and phylogenetic methods reported in their original study. The novel phylogeny that we present here (Fig. 1) is concordant with previously reported phylogenies estimated using arvicoline mitochondrial and nuclear cytochrome b sequences, whereby numt lineages formed a mono-phyletic group to the exclusion of the arvicoline mitochondrial sequences (Triant & We again caution systematists that the inadvertent inclusion of paralogous nuclear pseudogenes within mitochondrial DNA phylogenies can be misleading
Modeling and analysis of spoke-type permanent magnet vernier machine based on equivalent magnetic network method

In this paper, a new equivalent magnetic network(EMN) model is established for a spoke-type permanent magnet(PM) vernier(PMV) machine. Two different modeling methods are proposed for different parts of the PMV machine, considering that their magnetic field distributions are quite different. Hierarchical modeling method is proposed for the modeling of the rotor as the magnetic intensity of the rotor iron core presents gradient distribution along the radial direction. Mesh based reluctance network method is used for the modeling of flux modulation poles with irregular and unstable magnetic field distributions. Moreover, accurate PM leakage permeance calculation formulae are deduced to improve the simulation precision. The electromagnetic parameters, such as flux linkage, back electromagnetic force, electromagnetic torque and iron loss are predicted by the proposed EMN model. Finally, finite element analysis(FEA) and experimental results are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Phylogenetic analysis of ambrosial species in the genus Raffaelea based on 18S rDNA sequences

Cladistic analysis of characters derived from nuclear-encoded 18S rDNA sequences was used to infer the phylogenetic placement of ambrosial species of the anamorph genus Raffaelea among perithecial ascomycetes. Of eight species in the genus investigated, seven resolve as a monophyletic lineage that forms a sister group to the sexual genus Ophiosioma. Raffaelea hennebertii , the single species excluded from this lineage, appears to be allied phylogenetically with species of Melanospora . These data are discussed in relation to the monophyly of Raffaelea and its relationship with other sexual and asexual fungal associates of wood-boring Coleoptera. In addition, we report the presence of significant length variation in PCR-amplified 18S rDNA fragments for three of the Raffaelea species studied.
PTEN Induces G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Decreases Cyclin D3 Levels in Endometrial Carcinoma Cells

Inactivating mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene occur in approximately 30-50% of endometrial carcinomas. PTEN is a phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway, including the downstream effector AKT. To evaluate the role of PTEN in endometrial growth regulation, we expressed wild-type or mutant PTEN in endometrial carcinoma cell lines. As expected, expression of exogenous PTEN decreased levels of activated AKT in all cell lines examined. However, PTEN induced a G(1) cell cycle arrest specifically in endometrial carcinoma cells that lack endogenous wild-type PTEN. Growth of cells containing wild-type PTEN was unaffected by exogenous PTEN expression. Growth arrest required a functional phosphatase domain but not the PDZ interaction motif of PTEN. Overall levels of CIP/KIP and INK4 family members, the known inhibitory regulators of the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, were unchanged. However, PTEN induced a specific reduction of cyclin D3 levels and an associated increase in the amount of the inhibitor p27(KIP1) complexed with CDK2. Enforced expression of cyclin D3 abrogated the PTEN-induced cell cycle arrest. Although PTEN signaling directly regulates p27(KIP1) levels in some settings, in endometrial carcinoma cells, PTEN expression indirectly regulated p27(KIP1) activity by modulating levels of cyclin D3. These data support multiple mechanisms of PTEN-induced cell cycle arrest.
Scalar Product Graphs of Modules

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M an R-module. The Scalar-Product Graph of M is defined as the graph GR(M) with the vertex set M and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if there exist r or s belong to R such that x = ry or y = sx. In this paper , we discuss connectivity and planarity of these graphs and computing diameter and girth of GR(M). Also we show some of these graphs is weakly perfect.
ASSOCIATON TESTS THAT ACCOMMODATE GENOTYPING ERRORS

High-throughput SNP arrays provide estimates of genotypes for up to one million loci, often used in genome-wide association studies. While these estimates are typically very accurate, genotyping errors do occur, which can influence in particular the most extreme test statistics and p-values. Estimates for the genotype uncertainties are also available, although typically ignored. In this manuscript, we develop a framework to incorporate these genotype uncertainties in case-control studies for any genetic model. We verify that using the assumption of a “local alternative” in the score test is very reasonable for effect sizes typically seen in SNP association studies, and show that the power of the score test is simply a function of the correlation of the genotype probabilities with the true genotypes. We demonstrate that the power to detect a true association can be substantially increased for difficult to call genotypes, resulting in improved inference in association studies.
Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Laver, Dolgim

The composition and antioxidant activity of three kinds of dried laver were compared (ondolgim, bandolgim, and paraegim). Dolgim was high in protein (>35%), carbohydrates (>41%), and minerals (>7.5%). Lipid content in dolgim was very low ( 110g/kg), while tocopherol content was very low (<12.0 mg/kg). Ondolgim had the lowest levels of carotenoids, phycobilin, and chlorophyll, however, polyphenol content was higher in ondolgim. The antioxidant activity was the same among the three kinds of dolgim, and both water and a 20% ethanol extract of dolgim showed higher antioxidant activity than did a 100% ethanol extract. The results suggested that dried laver dolgim was a good food and that all varieties provided both food and health functionality.
RELIABILITY OF REUSING THE SENSITIZED LIF THERMOLUMINESCENCE DOSIMETERS

The reliability of reusing the sensitized thermoluminescence (TL) for LiF (TLD-100) dosimeters have been investigated. It has been found that reusing the same sensitized LiF dosimeters may influence the sensitivity of the dosimeters even under the same experimental conditions when the temperature readout range does not include the high-temperature TL signal at T > 505K. But, if the high-temperature TL signal is included in the temperature readout range, it has been found that the ultra-high temperature TL signal significantly increases with increasing the number of reusing the dosimeters. After almost 7 times of reusing the sensitized dosimeters, the total area under the glow-curve becomes stable and independent of the number of reusing the dosimeters. It has been also found that the TL signal located between the low-temperature TL signal and the ultra-hightemperature TL signal was almost stable over all the number of reusing the dosimeters. For all the lowtemperature peaks, the kinetics parameters of the sensitized LiF dosimeters have not to be influenced by reusing the same dosimeters. However, the activation energy of peak 5 which lies at temperature range (460-500K) has been influenced by the readout temperature range and reusing the dosimeters. The typical value for this glowpeak has been obtained in the case which the high-temperature TL signal has been included in the temperature readout.
Melting of gold nanoparticle: study on structural evolution

We investigate the structural evolution on melting of Gold nanoparticle due to heat treatment from room temperature up to slightly above melting point. The evolution is followed using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. Structure factor and pair distribution function calculation indicated that the system is melted at the end of simulation. Common Neighbour Analysis (CNA) method shows the local lattice structure transformation confirming phase transition.
The sense and antisense coat protein gene of alfalfa mosaic virus strain N20 confers protection in transgenic tobacco plants

The coat protein gene of a South Australian strain of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV-N20 (NcS)) has been cloned, sequenced, and transferred into Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi via Agrobacterium tumefaciens under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. A number of lines (T0 generation) were selected with the coat protein gene either in sense orientation (CP+) or in antisense orientation (CPi). The T0 plants were tested for their gene expression and susceptibility to the homologous AMV strain. A signiflcant delay in the onset of symptoms and a reduction in virus accumulation was observed in CP+ plants mechanically inoculated with AMV. CPi plants were also signiflcantly protected but less so than the CP+ plants. Plants transformed with the expression vector only (CP0) showed a minor resistance to local infection on inoculated leaves compared with untransformed plants. The strategy of coat protein mediated protection (CPMP) using the CP gene in either messenger sense or antisense would therefore be appropriate for testing on economically important pasture legumes.
Substrats cognitifs et neuronaux de l'anosognosie dans la maladie d'Alzheimer typique et atypique : étude en neuropsychologie et imagerie multimodale

La non-conscience de ses propres symptomes est un phenomene frequemment retrouve dans la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA). Ce phenomene appele anosognosie, principalement reporte dans la forme typique de la MA, implique une absence de conscience de ses propres difficultes cognitives pouvant conduire d'une part, a des situations de mise en danger de la part du patient, et d'autre part, a un retard de diagnostic. L'origine de ce phenomene etant encore debattue, trois etudes se sont ici portees sur l'etude des substrats cognitifs et neuronaux de ce phenomene dans la forme typique de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Les investigations menees en imagerie structurelle et metabolique ont pu mettre en evidence une alteration du cortex cingulaire anterieur dorsal en lien avec ce phenomene d'anosognosie. L'etude fonctionnelle a, quant a elle, pu mettre en evidence une diminution de la connectivite entre le precuneus et le cortex cingulaire anterieur pregenual. Ces regions cles du reseau par defaut permettent la mise a jour du soi, maintenant ainsi un sentiment de continuite au cours du temps. Au sein d'une quatrieme etude, le lien entre la meconnaissance des troubles et le retard de diagnostic a ete investigue dans l'atrophie corticale posterieure. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en evidence que la plainte visuelle et gestuelle emise par le patient ne serait pas le reflet exact de ses deficits, tant sur le plan cognitif que sur le plan metabolique. Il semblerait que dans cette forme atypique de la maladie d'Alzheimer, les patients aient egalement des difficultes a caracteriser pleinement leurs deficits.
The haematology of triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L.

Triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon had a larger mean erythrocyte volume but lower erythrocyte count than diploids; the haematocrit was the same in diploids and triploids. Although the total blood haemoglobin content and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were lower in triploids than in diploids, the actual mean corpuscular haemoglobin content of triploid erythrocytes was higher than that of diploids. The increase in triploid mean erythrocyte volume was mainly due to an increase in cell length; there was only a minor increase in cell width and no increase in cell height. The nucleus of triploid erythrocytes occupied a greater percentage of the corpuscular volume than did the diploid nucleus. Mean cytoplasmic haemoglobin concentration was found to be the same for diploids and triploids when this was taken into account