Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequency of haemophilus somnus in the semen of bulls in Iran as determined by polymerase chain reaction

Haemophilus somnus is a small, pleomorphic, gram-negative and coccobacillus bacterium that has been identified as a common inhabitant of the sheath in bulls and the vagina and major vestibular gland in cows. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of H. somnus infection in the semen samples of bulls in Iran. H. somnus was isolated from 40 of 185 (21.62%) bull's semen. Results showed high frequency of H. somnus infection in artificially prepared semen that is used for artificial insemination. The findings of this study indicate that semen samples of bulls that are used for artificial insemination are important sources of H. somnus infection in Iran. In addition, it can be concluded that this bacterium may normal flora of the bovine prepuce and that dissemination from the male bovine reproductive tract and it can be related to H. somnus -associated diseases. To control and prevention of the distribution of H. somnus , examination of bull's semen for artificial insemination seems to be necessary.
Protection of phosphate dissolving bacteria against bacteriophage attack

Bacteriophages specific for Bacillus megaterium were isolated and were found to be common in soil of the Experimental Farm of Fac. Agric. , Minia Univ., Egypt. A bacteriophage resistant mutant of B. megaterium was successfully isolated. The efficiency of the isolated mutant, free and immobilized cells of B. megaterium in dissolving insoluble phosphate and their susceptibility to phages were studied in pure liquid cultures (in vitro) and under cultivated soil conditions (in vivo). Presence of phages did not affect the efficiency of both the phage resistant mutant and the immobilized cells of B. megaterium in dissolving insoluble phosphate in pure liquid cultures. Whereas, bacteriophages completely inhibited the free cells of B. megaterium in the pure liquid cultures. Under cultivated soil conditions inoculation of wheat plants with either immobilized cells or phage resistant mutant of B. megaterium markedly increased numbers of phosphate dissolving bacteria in the rhizosphere soil and significantly increased plant P% as well as fresh and dry weight/plant, as compared to those inoculated with the free cells. In free cells inoculated plants bacteriophages had a marked depressive effect on numbers of P-dissolving bacteria in the rhizosphere soil and significantly reduced plant P% as well as fresh and dry weight/plant, as compared to those inoculated with the free cells in absence of phages. In plants inoculated with either immobilized cells or phage resistant mutant, no significant effect for the presence of phages was detected.
Direct plant regeneration from different explants through micropropagation and determination of secondary metabolites in the critically endangered endemic Rhaponticoides mykalea

Direct plant regeneration from different explants, micropropagation and determination of secondary metabolites were studied in the critically endangered endemic Rhaponticoides mykalea (Hub.-Mor.) M.V. Agab & Greuter. Seed germination was achieved by damaging the seed coat and cultivating the embryos on Woody Plant Medium (WPM), of which 40% germinated. The epicotyls and cotyledonary petioles of seedlings were used as initial explants and direct shoot regeneration was obtained on WPM containing 2.22 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). WPM medium supplemented with 2.22 μM BA and 4.92 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) significantly improved the production of multiple shoots, resulting in an average of 5.6 shoots per explants. The highest rooting of shoots (35.6%) was observed with WPM medium containing 19.68 μM IBA with 990 μM putrescine. Plantlets with well-developed roots were transferred to soil and acclimatised within a plant growth chamber. Acclimatised plants showed 100% survival rate and remained healthy. As a part of our study, the content of secondary metabolites in three tissue culture regenerated lines were determined by HPLC analysis. Chlorogenic acid, Quercetin and scutellarin were confirmed secondary metabolites of R. mykalea.
FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHROME B GENE IN MAIZE

ZmPHYB1 and ZmPHYB2 with some other factors and their own interactions were studied using yeast two-hybrid technology. Results showed that interaction signals were detected among different segments. Results speculated that interaction signals between ZmPHYB1 and ZmPHYB2 could be detected under certain lighting condition after a certain period of time. AtSPA1 and AtCOP1 may form complexes with other interaction factors co-interacting ZmPHYB accumulation. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation study of functional ZmPhyB1 and ZmPhyB2 into Arabidopsis thaliana showed that genes can complement the corresponding mutant phenotype, while over-expressing transgenic plants gave rise to more obvious phenotypes in photo-morphogenesis. We speculated that endogenous PhyB gene interferences were responsible for different of indexes of necessary light-inducing phenotypic conditions between over-expression transform-ants and complementary transform-ants.
An efficient procedure for genotyping single nucleotide

Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been and will be increasingly utilized in various genetic disciplines, particularly in studying genetic determinants of complex diseases. Such studies will be facilitated by rapid, simple, low cost and high throughput methodologies for SNP genotyping. One such method is reported here, named tetra-primer ARMS-PCR, which employs two primer pairs to amplify, respectively, the two different alleles of a SNP in a single PCR reaction. A computer program for designing primers was developed. Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR was combined with microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis, gaining the advantage of high throughput for gel-based resolution of tetraprimer ARMS-PCR products. The technique was applied to analyse a number of SNPs and the results were completely consistent with those from an independent method, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
The respiration and filter-feeding rates of the snail Viviparus viviparus (Gastropoda) under simulated stream conditions

In the lowland river Spree in north-east Germany, the freshwater snail Viviparus viviparus comprises 35 % of the total invertebrate biomass. Viviparus viviparus is able to obtain food by both grazing and filter-feeding. We investigated the seston removal rate and the respiration rate under simulated stream conditions. We measured three different size classes of snails at ambient temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 21 °C. The relationship between the snails' soft tissue dry mass (DM) and the height of the shell was: DM [g] = 0.01. shell height 3,1 [cm]. We found respiration rate to be 1-5 mg O 2 g DM -1 h -1 . Respiration rate was significantly higher in smaller specimens (p <0.05), and increased significantly with higher temperatures (p <0.05). The Q 10 -value was approximately 2. We found the seston removal rate to be 0.214 mg DM seston g DM -1 h -1 . There was a positive correlation between the seston concentration and the seston removal rate, and seston removal rate was significantly correlated with specimen size (p <0.05). In the largest size class we found also a correlation between temperature and seston removal rate (p <0.05). Since respiration and filtration are supported by the same anatomic organ, the gill, respiration and filtration rates were also correlated (p <0.05). In the plankton-rich environment provided by the River Spree, filter-feeding can be the main feeding mechanism for V. viviparus during the summer months.
On the systematic status of the Cyrenaic Partridge (Alectoris barbata Reichenow, 1896)

Some considerations on the morphological features that differentiate Alectoris barbara barbata by A. b. barbara are exposed and are also reported the results of a genetic investigation performed on historical specimens. Results showed a considerable genetic dis- tance (0.60), certainly enough to consider it an ESU (Evolutionary Significant Unit), but most likely a separate species.
The possible effect of dirtiness on structurally based ultraviolet plumage

Abstract Colourful feathers are important traits in female mate choice in birds because the colour properties of the feathers are often correlated with individual condition during moult. Feather colour can change after moult, and dirt accumulation has been suggested to contribute to this variation. However, we still know little about the influence of dirt on feather colour change, possibly because it is difficult to experimentally manipulate the level of feather dirtiness. We investigated whether reflectance properties of feathers exposed to naturally deposited soil (atmospheric particle deposition such as dust, pollution and smoke) differ from feathers for which this contact was prevented. To achieve this, we compared the spectral colour of throat-breast feathers of European starling, Sturnus vulgaris, kept in the open air (dirty group) with those preserved within a plastic envelope (clean group). Before treatment and three and six weeks after the beginning of the treatment we measured the plumage reflectance of the two groups of feathers. While clean feathers did not change their reflectance spectra, the dirty group showed a reduced reflectance along the entire spectrum (300–700 nm). The reduction in reflectance was particularly pronounced in the UV range (300–400 nm). These preliminary results are consistent with the idea that feather colours are not static signals but are plastic traits. However, much work remains to determine the role of soil and air pollution in altering plumage colouration.
Effects of Weather on Survival in Populations of Boreal Toads in Colorado

Abstract Understanding the relationships between animal population demography and the abiotic and biotic elements of the environments in which they live is a central objective in population ecology. For example, correlations between weather variables and the probability of survival in populations of temperate zone amphibians may be broadly applicable to several species if such correlations can be validated for multiple situations. This study focuses on the probability of survival and evaluates hypotheses based on six weather variables in three populations of Boreal Toads (Bufo boreas) from central Colorado over eight years. In addition to suggesting a relationship between some weather variables and survival probability in Boreal Toad populations, this study uses robust methods and highlights the need for demographic estimates that are precise and have minimal bias. Capture-recapture methods were used to collect the data, and the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model in program MARK was used for analysis. The top models included minimum daily winter air temperature, and the sum of the model weights for these models was 0.956. Weaker support was found for the importance of snow depth and the amount of environmental moisture in winter in modeling survival probability. Minimum daily winter air temperature was positively correlated with the probability of survival in Boreal Toads at other sites in Colorado and has been identified as an important covariate in studies in other parts of the world. If air temperatures are an important component of survival for Boreal Toads or other amphibians, changes in climate may have profound impacts on populations.
Effect of fermentable liquid diet based on tomato silage on the performance of growing finishing pigs

SUMMARY This study was performed to evaluate the use of tomato silage as part of a fermentable liquid diet for growing finishing pigs. Thirty two crossbreed (Duroc × York) male pigs of 27 ±3 days age and 8.4 ±1.3kg body weight (BW) were randomly assigned to one of two diets: diet 1, basal diet with 30% (DM basis) of tomato silage (TS); and diet 2, basal diet with 30% (DM basis) of wet brewers grains (WBG) as control. Growth and carcass characteristics were measured. The average daily weight gain (ADG) was improved (P 0.05) by TS addition. It is concluded that tomato silage can be added at 30% DM basis in fermentable liquid diets of growing-finishing pigs, because this diet improved growth performance without affect carcass characteristics.
Sapling growth as a function of resources in a north temperate forest

Radial and height growth are characterized for saplings of 10 dominant tree species in a transition oak–northern hardwoods forest in southern New England. Growth of saplings in the field is regressed against measures of whole-season light availability, soil moisture, and sapling size. Statistical tests show strong effects of light availability on growth, but no significant effects of soil moisture. Comparison of the light-dependent growth functions for the 10 species revealed three apparent interspecific trade-offs. (i) Species growing quickly at high light tended to grow slowly at low light and vice versa. The order of species from fast growing at high light to fast growing at low light did not correspond to traditional classifications of shade tolerance, and variation along this axis was approximately continuous. (ii) There was substantial variation off the species continuum defined in i. At any point along the continuum from fast growth at high light to fast growth at low light, some species grew faste.
History of Arachis Including Evidence of A. hypogaea L. Progenitors

Abstract The genus Arachis L. probably originated as a geocarpic form of Stylosanthes Sw. on the old Brazilian Shield in what is now southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil or northeastern Paraguay. Several mid-Tertiary uplifts followed, raising the penaplain and the ancient Arachis with it. The two most ancient species are still found in the area today, comprising the taxonomic section Trierectoides Krapov. and W.C. Gregory. From this beginning the other species and sections evolved as the shield was uplifted and eroded by the tributaries. The more advanced species, but still quite ancient, are in sections Extranervosae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, Triseminatae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, Heteranthae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, and Erectoides Krapov. and W.C. Gregory. The evolution and distribution of these species was a slow process because of the geocarpic fruit, which would have limited movement to an estimated 1 m/yr. However, after several geologic uplifts, flowing water likely played a large part in the d.
A New Species of the Genus Allaeotes Pascoe from China (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae)

Abstract Allaeotes niger, new species, is described from China and compared with A. griseus Pascoe, 1885 from Indonesia. The relationship between the genus Allaeotes Pascoe and Synommatus Wollaston is discussed. All type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
A Study on Tissue Processing

Histology, the study of tissue had been done for century in order to detect and observe normal structure of tissue. However, there are several reasons that might alter tissue from its original structure. Several processes, such as fixation, processing, embedding, cutting and staining had been done to reduce the limitation of tissue observation. In this study, ileum, skin, and appendix were experimental by using neutral buffered formaldehyde as fixative and stained with Van Gieson stain, Haematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s Trichrome stain and Periodic Acid Schiff.
Nitrogen Source and Concentration, Growing Medium, and Cultivar Affect Longevity of Potted Chrysanthemums

Chrysanthemums Bright Golden Anne' and Iridon' [Dendranthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] were grown with N concentration of 1.3, 2.6, or 5.2 kg N/m 3 of water during the crop cycle from either Osmocote slow-release 14N-6.2P-11.6K or 12.4N-4.4P-14.1K or Peters soluble 20N-4.4P-16.6K. Plants were moved to stimulated interior rooms at flowering to evaluate effects of the treatments on longevity. Bright Golden Anne' longevity was not affected by fertilizer source, but Iridon' longevity was reduced when Peters soluble fertilizer was applied at 2.6 and 5.2 kg N/m 3 of water, whereas N concentration did not affect longevity when the slow-release Oscomote fertilizer was used (.)
Germinação de sementes e formação de mudas de Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Pau - Brasil): efeito de sombreamento

Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Brazilwood), Brazil's national tree, has ornamental potential, and due to years of exploitation this species has been reduced on the verge of extinction. This study was aimed to evaluate seed germination and seedling growth of brazil wood under shading conditions. The experiments were conducted at the IBt/SMA Ornamental Department, Sao Paulo-SP. Seeds were harvested from ripe fruits, from trees of the experimental arboretum of brazilwood at Mogi-Guacu-SP. The germination tests were carried out in 1999, 2000 and 2003 with 4 replicates consisting of 25 seeds, the germination percentage and the speed germination index (SGI), subjected to five shading levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) were evaluated. Nine-month-old brazilwood seedlings were submitted to the same shading treatments and the analyzed variables were seedling heights, stem base diameters and number of leaves. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates, and each experimental unit consisted of 24 plants, totaling 96 plants. The obtained results showed that shading levels did not the affect seed germination percentage and SGI. The stem base diameters were not statically significant for full sunlight, 20 and 40% of shading, but they were significant for the treatments with 60 and 80% of shading.
Corticimorbus sinomyrti gen. et sp. nov. (Cryphonectriaceae) pathogenic to native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae) in South China

The Cryphonectriaceae includes many important tree pathogens, especially of the Myrtales. Disease surveys on Myrtales in South China revealed a stem canker disease on native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae, Myrtales) trees in the proximity of Eucalyptus plantations in GuangXi Province and in a natural forestry area in the Hong Kong Region. Fruiting structures with typical characteristics of the Cryphonectriaceae were observed on the canker surfaces. The fungus was identified based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphological features, and its pathogenicity was tested on R. tomentosa under field conditions. DNA sequence comparisons for the partial large subunit, partial internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal DNA, and two regions of the β-tubulin gene showed that the fungus represents a previously undescribed genus and species in the Cryphonectriaceae. Based on morphology, the fungus is most similar to species in the genus Chrysoporthe, but can be distinguished from this and the other genera of Cryphonectriaceae. The fungus provided with the name Corticimorbus sinomyrti gen. et sp. nov., is described. Field inoculations showed that it is highly pathogenic to R. tomentosa trees, with the ability to kill inoculated branches within 4 weeks. Pathogenicity tests also showed that C. sinomyrti is pathogenic to a tested Eucalyptus clone. Pathogenicity on both native R. tomentosa and non-native Eucalyptus suggests that this fungus should be monitored carefully to limit its possible spread to commercially grown Eucalyptus in South China.
Geographical variations in waving display and barricade‐building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Geographic variations in two social behavioural characters, waving display and barricade building, and genetic population structure were examined in the tidal‐flat‐inhabiting dotillid crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835), in six localities between the northern and southern limits of its distributional range (four localities from the Japanese mainland and two southern localities from the Ryukyu Islands). Although waving motion followed the same lateral–circular pattern in all of the local populations, cheliped‐extension at the wave peak was most prominent in the Yakugachi River population (near the distribution's southern limit in the Rykukyu Islands), followed by Haneji Inlet (the southern limit in the Ryukyu Islands) and four localities on the Japanese mainland in that order. The frequency of barricade building showed a similar trend, namely lowest in Yakugachi River, followed by Haneji Inlet and the four mainland localities. Genetic relationships among the six local populations revealed that the two southernmost populations (Yakugachi River and Haneji Inlet), particularly the former, differed significantly from the mainland populations. The similar geographic trend between social behaviour and genetic structure suggests a relationship at some level between the two.
Effect of Drug-metabolizing Enzyme Activity Induced by PCB on the Residence Time of Oxolinic Acid, Piromidic Acid and Nalidixic Acid in Carp

A study was made of the effect of drug-metabolizing enzyme activity induced by polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) on the residence time of quinoline antibacterial agents in carp Cyprinus carpio. Carp were fed with a diet containing PCB (1 mg PCB/kg body weight/day) for 2 weeks to induce drug metabolizing enzymes. After pretreatment, three kinds of quinoline antibacterial agents (oxolinic acid, piromidic acid and nalidixic acid) were individually administered in feed to PCB-treated or nontreated (as control) fish as a single dose of 20 mg/ kg body weight. The peak concentrations of oxolinic acid in the blood, liver and muscle of PCB-treated fish were lower than half of those in the control. The concen trations of piromidic acid in the liver, muscle and kidney of PCB-treated fish were undetectable throughout the experiment (2 to 98 h post dosing), except in the blood. However, the residence time and concentration of nalidixic acid in the tissues of PCB-treated fish showed no significant difference compared with those in the control.
Effect of nitrogen on leaf mineral nutrient status, growth and fruiting in peach

The highest leaf N was noted where maximum N was applied. However, every higher dose resulted in increasing N contents in leaves. A decreasing trend was observed in case of P and K levels with increasing doses of N. In case of mi-cronutrients, the levels of Zn and Mn indicated fairly positive correlation with the increasing levels of N. There were fluctuating results in case of Fe, B and Co. Tree height, spread, trunk circumference, flowering intensity, fruit set, fruit weight and fruit yield were found to be directly associated with the N content in leaves. Thus 450 g N and 200 g each of P2O5 and K2O/tree to 5-year-old onwards trees is recommended as it gives optimum status of nutrients in leaves. These doses are good for tree height, spread, flowering, fruit set and fruit yield.