Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE DERIVED-VECTOR-SPACE: A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR NONOVERLAPPING DDM

We present and discuss a framework called the 'derived-vector-space (DVS) framework'. In part, the relevance of this framework is because in its realm four precondi- tioned massively parallelizable DVS-algorithms with constraints of general applicability (by this we mean: applicable to symmetric-definite, non-symmetric and indefinite matrices) have been developed. Such algorithms yield codes that are almost 100% in parallel; more precise- ly, they achieve what we call the 'leitmotif of DDM research': to obtain algorithms that yield the global solution by solving local problems exclusively. This has been possible because in the DVS-approach the original PDE, or system of such equations, is transformed into a prob- lem formulated in the derived-vector-space, which is a Hilbert-space that is well-defined by itself independently of the particular PDE considered, and afterwards all the numerical work is done in that space. Thus, the applicability of the algorithms developed in this framework is essentially independent of the specific problem considered, and furthermore this allows the development of codes, which to a large extent are of universal applicability. Thus, the DVS- algorithms are very suitable for programming in an efficient manner the most powerful paral- lel computers available at present.
Estimating the Carbon Benefits of Sustainable Land Management Projects: The Carbon Benefits Project Component A

The Carbon Benefits Project (CBP) is working to produce a standardized system for Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and other sustainable land management (SLM) projects to measure, monitor and model carbon stock changes and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project builds on existing C-inventory tools, of different methodological complexity, developed over the past 15 years at Colorado State University. The CBP will produce a modular, web-based system which allows the user to collate, store, analyze, project and report net C stock changes and GHG emissions for baseline and project scenarios in SLM interventions. Existing SLM projects in Brazil, China, Kenya and the transboundary area between Niger and Nigeria are being used as test cases.
Optical Property Enhancement of Silica-Modified Polyaniline Grown on Glass Substrate via Incorporation of Zinc Sulfide into the Polymer Matrix

Growth of zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanostructures on silica modified-polyaniline (SM-PAni) with polymerization time-dependent was prepared using chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The grown samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. SEM images revealed some voids in the nanocomposites. The average diameter of the grown ZnS nanospheres did not significantly change by changing the growth time of the polyaniline. FTIR spectra and UV-Vis absorption spectra revealed the partial transformation of emeraldine salt polyaniline into emeraldine base PAni due to the deprotonation triggered during CBD for the synthesis of ZnS nanostructures. Furthermore, UV-Vis absorption spectra reveal synergistic effect of the absorption bands of both polyaniline and ZnS nanostructures. This synergistic effect results to the enhancement in the optical property of the fabricated nanocomposite which is an essential property in optoelectronics and solar cell application.
License Plate Identification Based on Image Processing Techniques

This paper presents an image segmentation technique to segment out the Region of Interest (ROI) from an image, in this study; the ROI is the vehicle license plate. Vehicle number plate recognition is the most exciting and challenging research topic from past few years. Number plates are of different shape, size and also have different color in different countries. In India the most common vehicle number plate used have yellow or white as background and black as foreground colour. In this paper we proposed a system for localization of number plate for vehicles in India and segmented the numbers as to identify each number separately. We generally focus on two steps; one is to locate the number plate and second is to segment all the number and letters to identify each number separately. The project is developed using MATLAB7.4. 0
ACCOUNTING FOR THE GREAT DIVERGENCE Stephen Broadberry

This paper “accounts” for the Great Divergence between Europe and Asia in two ways. In the sense of measurement: (1) the traditional view, in which the Great Divergence had late medieval origins and was already well under way during the early modern period, is confirmed (2) However, revisionists are correct to point to regional variation within both continents (3) There was a Little Divergence within Europe, with a reversal of fortunes between the North Sea Area and Mediterranean Europe. (4) There was a Little Divergence within Asia, with Japan overtaking China and India. However, Japan started at a lower level of per capita income than the North Sea Area and grew at a slower rate, so continued to fall behind until after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Any explanation needs to be able to account for the Little Divergences within Europe and Asia as well as the Great Divergence between the two continents. The divergences arose from the differential impact of shocks hitting economies with different structural features. The structural factors include: (1) The large share of pastoral farming in agriculture which helped to put the North Sea Area on the path to high-value-added, capital-intensive, non-human-energy intensive production. (2) Late marriage in the North Sea Area, which lowered fertility and encouraged human capital formation (3) Labour supply, with an industrious revolution helping to explain the Little Divergences within both Asia and Europe (4) Institutions, with the role of the state helping to explain the success of the North Sea Area. The two key shocks were (1) The Black Death, which led to a permanent per capita income gain in the North Sea Area, but not in the rest of Eurasia (2) The new trade routes which opened up from Europe to Asia and the Americas around 1500. JEL classification: N10, N30, N35, O10, O57
Advanced one-dimensional nanostructures for high performance catalyst electrodes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

In the past decades, the study of nanotechnology has brought in tremendous progress to the development of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) and many advanced catalyst approaches have been developed. However, many of these still remain at ‘test-tube’ level and have not been implemented in practical fuel cells. The concerns about the gap between the pure material research and fuel cells are increasing, and a study focusing on the electrode structures is required to help address this issue. In this thesis, the in-situ growing process of one-dimensional (1D) Pt-based nanostructures on gas diffusion layers (GDLs) was systematically studied to help understand the structure-property relationship of the gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The crystal nucleation and growth, coupled with the distribution of the produced nanostructures were investigated based on the corresponding GDE performance in PEFCs. The influence of the in-situ growing temperature, the hybridizing Pd metal and the structures of the GDL itself were comprehensively investigated for a further understanding of the in-situ nanowire growing process. This work demonstrates that besides the intrinsic catalytic activities of the catalysts themselves, their optimal implementation in electrodes, i.e. the electrode structure, play an important role in the power performance of PEFCs than we initially expected.
Darmstadt Discussion Papers in Economics Education , Research , and Economic Growth

It is obvious that the German economy exhibits a significant decline in economic growth during the last two decades. Although the German economy has still to overcome the burden of the reunification in 1990 it is shown that this burden might be only one reason of this decline. In this study we follow the new growth theory and develop and compare indicators for the educational and R&D systems of the U.S. and Germany. In this line, we show that on average the German system can compete with the U.S. one, but a lack of human capital at very high skill levels becomes obvious. This lack, particularly leads to a lower performance of German R&D and could, therefore, possibly explain the decline of the German growth trend. JEL Classification: O11, O30
Eco-Friendly Oxidative Iodination of Various Arenes with a Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide Adduct (UHP) as the Oxidant.

Three easy eco-friendly laboratory procedures are pre- sented for the oxidative iodination of various activated and deacti- vated arenes with molecular iodine, in the presence of UHP (percarbamide), a stable, strongly H-bonded, solid urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct as the oxidant.
Biophysical studies of anhydrous peptide structure

Biophysical Studies of Anhydrous Peptide Structure. (August 2007) Janel Renee McLean, B.A., Maryville College; M.S., Cornell University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. David H. Russell Defining the intrinsic properties of amino acids which dictate the formation of helices, the most common protein secondary structure element, is an essential part of understanding protein folding. Pauling and co-workers initially predicted helical peptide folding motifs in the absence of solvent, suggesting that in vacuo studies may potentially discern the role of solvation in protein structure. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMMS) combines a gas-phase ion separation based on collision cross-section (apparent surface area) with time-of-flight MS. The result is a correlation of collision cross-section with mass-to-charge, allowing detection of multiple conformations of the same ion. Most gas-phase peptide ions assume a compact, globular state that minimizes exposure to the low dielectric environment and maximizes intramolecular charge solvation. Conversely, a small number of peptides adopt a more extended (β-sheet or α-helix) conformation and exhibit a larger than predicted collision cross-section. Collision cross-sections measured using IM-MS are correlated with theoretical models generated using simulated annealing and allow for assignment of the overall ion structural motif (e.g. helix vs. charge-
Slow-neutron scattering by molecules

We have explicitly calculated the experimental scattering cross-section for homonuclear diatomic molecular perfect gases using virtually exact expressions for the scattering law. These recoil and detector corrections are illustrated for a series of molecules at various temperatures on various instruments. We have shown that the conventional Placzek corrections are quite inadequate for vibrating molecules and we propose a simple recipe which leads to readily calculable expressions which give good agreement with the ‘exact’ results even for nuclei as light as deuterium. This recipe can be generalized for use for almost any nucleus in any molecule and may be expected to materially improve the accuracy of structure determination in molecular gases and liquids. In particular it is found that the Debye-Waller coefficient is very dependent on the experimental parameters. The generalization to time-of-flight experiments is given in the following paper.
Document de travail de la série Etudes et Documents

This article aims to establish a connection between the political economy of the reform process in SubSaharan African countries and the intervention of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It focuses on the impact of IMF conditionality on the internal factors of the government decision-making process to reform. The paper examines the relationship between a government’s decision to turn to the IMF for assistance and the opposition capacity of interest groups. This link is tested through the estimation of a duration model, where the periods without agreement between the IMF and countries constitute the dependent variable. Parametric and non-parametric analyses show that economic factors are not the only ones that are taken into account by a government to request an IMF arrangement. The anticipated reaction of interest groups opposed to reforms can be an incentive for the government to request the intervention of the IMF. As an external actor, the IMF can initiate and support reforms with high political costs that a weak government cannot implement alone.
A Conversational Model of Multimodal Interaction Arbeitspapiere der GMD 741 March 1993 GMD – Forschungszentrum Informationstechnik GmbH

Multimodal interaction is employed in a variety of contemporary information systems in order to enhance the flexibility and naturalness of the user interface. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework which allows the modeling and specification of multimodal interactions. To this end, we employ an extended notion of ‘dialogue acts’ which can be performed by linguistic or non-linguistic means. On this basis we discuss the temporal structure of multimodal interaction. First, a comprehensive set of constraints is presented that describes all patterns of exchange which can be encountered during a cooperative information-seeking dialogue. Second, we introduce a strategic level of description, which allows the specification of the topical structure of the dialogue according to a selected information-seeking strategy. The model was used to design and implement the MERIT system (Multimedia Extensions to Retrieval Interaction Tools), and led to a reduction in the complexity of the user interface while preserving most of the useful, but sometimes confusing, dialogue options of advanced direct manipulative interfaces. 4 A Conversational Model of Multimodal Interaction Stein, Thiel
An Optical Overview of Blazars with LAMOST. II. Gamma-Ray Blazar Candidates and Updated Classifications

Blazars represent the dominant class of associated γ-ray sources detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). However, in the more recent release of the Fourth Fermi-LAT Point Source Catalog (4FGL), ∼25% of the sources associated with lower-energy counterparts show a multifrequency behavior similar to that of blazars, but lacks an optical spectroscopic confirmation of their nature and are therefore classified as Blazar Candidates of Uncertain Type (BCUs). A particularly challenging task in blazar studies is to classify these BCUs and, when possible to estimate their redshifts, in particular for BL Lac objects, characterized by almost featureless optical spectra with only weak emission lines. Continuing our study of blazars with Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) optical spectral data, we perform an extensive search for optical spectra available in the LAMOST Data Release 6 archive. Our aim is confirming the blazar nature of BCUs and to test if new data can allow us to get a redshift estimate for BL Lac objects that lack measurement, as well as to search for and discover changing-look blazars. We selected sources out of the 4FGL catalog, the list of targets from our follow-up spectroscopic campaign of unidentified and/or unassociated γ-ray sources, and the Roma-BZCAT multifrequency catalog of blazars, finding a total of 42 sources with available LAMOST DR6 spectra. We confirmed the blazar-like nature of four blazar candidates . For the remaining 37 sources we confirm their previous classification.
Nernst–Planck–Poisson analysis of electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors

Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) represent a class of organic thin-film transistors suited for sensing and biosensing in aqueous media, often at physiological conditions. The EGOFET device includes electrodes and an organic semiconductor channel in direct contact with an electrolyte. Upon operation, electric double layers are formed along the gate-electrolyte and the channel-electrolyte interfaces, but ions do not penetrate the channel. This mode of operation allows the EGOFET devices to run at low voltages and at a speed corresponding to the rate of forming electric double layers. Currently, there is a lack of a detailed quantitative model of the EGOFETs that can predict device performance based on geometry and material parameters. In the present paper, for the first time, an EGOFET model is proposed utilizing the Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations to describe, on equal footing, both the polymer and the electrolyte regions of the device configuration. The generated calculations exhibit semi-qualitative agreement with experimentally measured output and transfer curves.
Development of the front end amplifier circuit for the ATLAS ITk silicon strip detector

We present the development of the front end amplifier circuit for the ABCStar readout ASIC designed for the upgraded ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) detector. The amplifier is intended to work with silicon strip sensors of moderate length between 1.9 cm and 5.5 cm dependent on position in the detector. The final circuit is implemented in a commercial 130 nm CMOS process tolerant up to the total ionizing doses (TID) predicted for the lifetime of the detector, that is maximum of 66 Mrad (660 kGy) (Si) for the endcap region. The final architecture and the performance of the circuit is presented in the context of a long development program which started soon after the construction of the present ATLAS Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT) detector.
Contents Guest Editorial

The efficient operation of single-source, single-sink wireless networks is considered with the diversity-multiplexing gain tradeoff (DMT) as the measure of performance. Whereas in the case of a point-to-point MIMO channel the DMT is determined by the fading statistics, in the case of a network, the DMT is additionally, a function of the time schedule according to which the network is operated, as well as the protocol that dictates the mode of operation of the intermediate relays. In general, it is only possible at present, to provide upper bounds on the DMT of the network in terms of the DMT of the MIMO channel appearing across cuts in the network. This paper presents a tutorial overview on the DMT of half-duplex multi-hop wireless networks that also attempts to identify where possible, codes that achieve the DMT. For example, it is shown how one can construct codes that achieve the DMT of a network under a given schedule and either an amplify-and-forward or decode-andforward protocol. Also contained in the paper, are discussions on the DMT of the multiple-access channel as well as the impact of feedback on the DMT of a MIMO channel.
Manuscript Title: Faster Protein Classification Using Suffix Trees Running Head: Protein Classification Using Suffix Trees Authors:

Motivation: Position-specific scoring matrices have been used extensively to recognize highly conserved protein regions. We present a method for accelerating these searches using a suffix tree data structure computed from the sequences to be searched. Methods: Building on earlier work that allows evaluation of a scoring matrix to be stopped early, the suffix tree-based method excludes many protein segments from consideration at once by pruning entire subtrees. Although suffix trees are usually expensive in space, the fact that scoring matrix evaluation requires an in-order traversal allows nodes to be stored compactly in memory and on the disk without significant loss of speed. Results: Our implementation requires as little as 12 bytes of disk storage per input symbol. Searches are accelerated by a factor of up to eleven under typical conditions. Availability: The package source code is available at: http://sequence.rutgers. edu/sat. Contact: dbogdan@cs.rutgers. edu Abbreviations: EOS, end of sequence symbol; K, kilo; M, mega; MB, megabyte; PSSM position-specific scoring matrix.
Yale Working Papers on Economic Applications and Policy

We propose a new methodology to measure and to study worker mobility across occupations and jobs in US Census data at the monthly frequency. Our approach builds on two main ideas. First, we use the longitudinal dimension of matched monthly CPS files to evaluate each occupational transition in the context of the transitioning worker's employment history over four consecutive months. Second, we rely on the post-1994 Dependent Coding of occupations, and additional filters, to (in) validate potentially suspicious transitions. When we apply our methodology to the 1979-2004 period, we obtain new estimates of the average levels and time series patterns of these labor market transitions. We find that about 3.5% of workers employed in two consecutive months report different 3-digit occupations. This flow is procyclical, mildly rising in the 1980s and falling after 1995, faster after the 2001 recession. Based on the results regarding occupational mobility, we can impute information to the numerous missing answers to the job-to-job (or Employer-to-Employer, EE) survey question. We revise upward current estimates of the average EE rate since 1994, to 3.2% per month. This rate mildly declines in 1994-1997, mildly rises in 1997-2000 and falls significantly and continuously in 20012004. This pattern suggests a very persistent negative impact of the latest two recessions on jobto-job mobility.
0 Se p 20 01 Randall-Sundrum Scenario at Nonzero Temperature

The effect of temperature is investigated in the Randall–Sundrum brane– world scenario. It is shown that for a spacetime ansatz motivated by similarity with AdS/CFT correspondence several features of the model, such as its Z2 symmetry, are not maintained at nonzero temperatures. ∗Email:dkpark@feynman.physics. lsa.umich. edu †Email:hskim@hep.kyungnam. ac.kr ‡Email:miao@physik.uni-kl.de §Email:muller1@physik.uni-kl.de 1 The Randall–Sundrum (RS) scenario was designed to solve the gauge hierarchy problem [1]. Furthermore, the RS model involves a massless mode in the graviton fluctuation equation which is interpreted as a confined gravity on the brane [2]. In view of its various promising features the RS brane–world scenario has been applied to various areas of particle physics such as cosmology [3–6], the cosmological constant problem [7,8], and black holes [9–11]. It is interesting to check whether or not the promising features of the RS model are maintained at nonzero temperatures. The most interesting feature of the RS scenario is its compatibility with five–dimensional Einstein theory in spite of its Z2 symmetry. We first show that this remarkable feature is not maintained when the temperature is nonzero. The first step to proceed is to examine how the bulk spacetime is modified at finite temperature. The most appropriate candidate can be constructed by gluing together the two copies of the Schwarzschild-AdS5 spacetime in a Z2-symmetric manner along a boundary which is interpreted as the three-brane world volume: ds = e [ − ( 1 − U 4 T k4 e )