Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emissions,concentrations and effects of BVOCs in the boreal atmosphere

Vast amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from various natural and manmade sources. VOCs have an important role in the atmospheric chemistry. They participate in ozone production in the planetary boundary layer and affect the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. VOCs also contribute to the formation and growth processes of atmospheric aerosol particles, which, once large enough, can act as a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and influence the climate by altering the properties of clouds. Globally, VOC emissions from forest vegetation are dominating over the other sources. The circumpolar boreal forests cover more than 35% of the Earth’s total forested area, making it one of the biggest biomes on planet. This thesis focuses on the biogenic VOCs in the boreal forests with regard to their shoot scale emissions to their role in the atmosphere. First, the VOC emissions of two different Larix species, L. cajanderi and L. sibirica, were measured and reported quantitatively for the first time. Larix species are the predominant trees in large parts of the Siberian forests, where the climate is too harsh for other tree species to grow. The emissions of both examined Larix species were dominated by monoterpenes similarly to other tree species with comparable emission potentials. Second, a protocol for proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was developed for calibration and data processing of long-term and stand-alone VOC measurements. The reliability of this protocol was tested by comparing simultaneous VOC measurements of two PTR-MS and two gas chromatograph mass spectrometers (GC-MS). The detection of five compounds was analyzed in depth and strengths and weaknesses of the measurements were highlighted. Third, the increase in biogenic VOC and CCN concentrations was investigated in connection with the global warming. This was done by analyzing long-term data of concentrations and compositions of aerosol particles and their biogenic precursor VOCs in different environments. A negative aerosol-climate feedback, driven by the increase of BVOC emissions due to climate warming, was hypothesized and found.
Railway wagon dynamics subjected to wind, in-train forces and track geometry defects

A running railway wagon can be subjected to forces from in-train dynamics, wind, track curving, and track geometry irregularities and defects at the same time. However, there is no standard that sets appropriate dynamics criteria under a combination of these loads. This paper takes into account longitudinal train dynamics, lateral coupler forces, wagon dynamics, and the effects of track irregularities/defects to study railway wagon dynamics to determine acceptable operational conditions. A case study has been presented and the results show that the safe wind speed limit is 20 m/s for the simulated wagon running on a section of FRA class 5 track with a combination of track geometry defects and in-train forces.
Process Sequencing Modeled as TSP with Precedence Constraints – A Genetic Algorithm Approach

This study addresses process sequencing subject to precedence constraints which arises as a sub-problem in scheduling, planning and routing problems. The process sequencing problem can be modeled as the travelling salesman problem with precedence constraints (TSPPC). In this study a new genetic algorithm (GA) procedure is developed which includes chromosome’s repairing strategy based topological sort to handle the precedence constraints and to generate only feasible solution during the evolutionary process. The procedure to select the task in sequence is based on “earliest position” techniques. This procedure is combined with roulette wheel selection, linear order crossover and inversion mutation. The effectiveness and the stability of the proposed GA are then evaluated against benchmark problems and the solutions are compared with the results obtained from research results published in the relevant literature. The developed GA procedure improved the performance of the algorithm with less number of generations and less convergence time in achieving optimal solutions. This result will greatly help to solve many real world sequencing problems especially in the field of assembly line design and management.
Effect of Different Error Correction Algorithms on Video Quality over Heterogeneous Networks

Video transferring over Heterogeneous Networks has been considered as one of the most significant subject to study because this process involve in a great number of new applications,which contributed in increasing the number of the users for this type of network.Transferring video in this type of network may suffer from many problems such as connection failures, weakness in the network layer, fading, network traffic overload, storage capacity, and so on. This study involves analyzing video transmission over heterogeneous using Network Simulation-NS2,the main errors which have occurred during video transferring, the types of video transmission techniques error correction methods,and various performance parameters such as the packet delivery ratio, throughput, normalized overhead control, and peak signal to noise ratio. The effect on the quality of the delivered video are calculated, and the results show that the quality of video transmitted over heterogeneous networks has improved using the proposed algorithm.
Congestion on risky routes with risk adverse drivers

We study the impact of information on risk adverse drivers who maximize their von Neumann and Morgerstern expected utility (rather than minimizing expected travel time). The preferences of the users are described by their utility functions. Beside the (potentially inconsistent) mean variance model used so far in transportation, we consider three other standard utility functions: the mean standard deviation model, and the CARA and CRRA utility functions. We show that maximization of expected utility provides a more general formulation than minimization of expected travel time (the latter case corresponds to the standard Wardrop principle). We illustrate the proposed approach with a simple network which consists in one origin/one destination and two routes in parallel. Total demand is inelastic. Capacity on one route is constant and on the other route it is stochastic, and depends on the states of nature, with two possible values. We assume that all users have the same value of time but that they differ in their risk aversion parameter. Equilibrium travel time then depends on the distribution of risk aversion. We consider two polar information regimes: no information and full information. We study the differential impacts of information according to the level of risk aversion, and compute the social value of information. We introduce a formula to compute the value of information that is the individual willingness to pay for information (or in economic terms, the compensating variation). Moreover, we find that optimal route choice may depend on global factors (and not only on local traffic conditions). This has serious implications on the design of driver information systems. Finally, we study road pricing when users are risk neutral (and minimize the expected travel time) and when users are risk adverse. We compare the level of tolls, as well as the benefits of road pricing with and without taking into account risk aversion.
A Novel Improved TFIDF Algorithm

Feature weighting algorithm has a great effect on the accuracy of text categorization. The classical Term Frequency and Inverse Documentation Frequency algorithm (TFIDF) ignores the semantic relationships between terms in the document set, thus to influence the accuracy of term weight calculation. To calculate the weight of words more correctly, the paper introduces the semantic association between words and proposed a new improved algorithm (S-TFIDFIGE) combined with semantic, information entropy and information gain. Experimental results show that the proposed method has better classification results than the traditional TFIDF and other improved algorithms. Keywords-text categorization; TFIDF; semantics; information entropy; information gain
Marketing System of Fresh Friut and Vegetable: The Role of Modern and Wholesale Market in Jakarta and the Vicinity

Marketing system of fresh fruits and vegetable in the context of the rapidly growing dynamic markets in Jakarta and the vicinity was studied. Unstructured interviews and observations of key persons, and panels were conducted, primarily in three main wholesale markets in Jakarta and the vicinity and some supermarkets. It was found that the availability of management services and associated facilities are not yet fully compatible with modern markets. Their role, therefore, in catering to the supermarkets is limited, in particular for vegetables due to requirements on quality and delivery schedules. In general, supermarkets procure their supply directly from production centers through special/dedicated suppliers, which currently amounts to about 1% to 5% of total production from production centers. If policy and conducive economic incentive are available, wholesale markets are not only domain of public investment anymore, but also private investments alike. The newly established wholesale markets show that they now have a higher rate of utilization than in the years before. It is therefore for the local government and the central government to furthers devise conducive policy and regulatory measures, and for the private to take this opportunity in terms of investment in developing the economy of the region.
Synapsis in supernumerary chromosomes of Prochilodus lineatus (Teleostei: Prochilodontidae)

Summary Meiotic analysis performed on a sample of 10 specimens of Prochilodus lineatus revealed continuous filaments of different sizes stained by AgNO3, corresponding to the bivalent of the normal complement. Small supernumerary chromosomes were observed as isolated and well stained bodies, scattered among the other elements. Synaptonemal complex studies have shown that the beginning of chromosome pairing process in P. lineatus usually occurs from the telomeres to the pericentromeric region. At the end of the pachytene 27 bivalents are perfectly paired and the small supernumerary chromosomes of this species are seen as bivalents, trivalents, or tetravalents. The central region of these small chromosomes show a trick staining when they formed bivalents or tetravalents. This portion seems to correspond to the pericentromeric region of the regular chromosomes with the heterochromatic characteristic of B chromosomes.
Machine learning classifiers: Evaluation of the performance in online reviews

Objectives: This paper aims to evaluate the performance of the machine learning classifiers and identify the most suitable classifier for classifying sentiment value. The term “sentiment value” in this study is referring to the polarity (positive, negative or neutral) of the text. Methods/Analysis: This work applies machine learning classifiers from WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) toolkit in order to perform their evaluation. WEKA toolkit is a great set of tools for data mining and classification. The performance of the machine learning classifiers was evaluated by looking at overall accuracy, recall, precision, kappa statistic and few visualization techniques. Finally, the analysis is applied to find the most suitable classifier for classifying sentiment value. Findings: Results show that two classifiers from Rules and Trees categories of classifiers perform equally best comparing to the other classifiers from categories, such as Bayes, Functions, Lazy and Meta. Novelty/Improvement: This paper explores the performance of machine learning classifiers in sentiment value classification of the online reviews. Data used is never been used before to explore the performance of machine learning classifiers.
Investigations on Three Phase Five Level Cascaded type FCMLI

This work presents the comparison of various multicarrier based Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques for the chosen Hbridge type Flying Capacitor Multi Level Inverter (FCMLI). In this paper, a H-bridge type FCMLI is controlled with Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) technique with Phase Disposition (PD), Phase Opposition and Disposition (POD), Alternative Opposition and Disposition (APOD), Carrier Overlapping (CO), Phase Shift (PS) and Variable Frequency (VF) PWM techniques and the variation of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in the output is observed by varying the modulation index. Simulation is performed using MATLAB-SIMULINK. It is observed that sinusoidal reference with PSPWM provides output with relatively low distortion and relatively lower stress on the devices. It is also seen that COPWM strategy is found to perform better since it provides relatively higher fundamental RMS output voltage and relatively lower stress on the devices.
A Cost Benefit Analysis of Voting

This study empirically estimates the determinants of aggregate voter participation rates between 1960 and 1996 using instrumental variables. Other things equal, an increase in the public’s dissatisfaction with politicians decreases voter participation, an increase in the highest marginal tax rate increases voter participation, and Watergate had a sustained negative effect on voter participation.
Shallow and Deep-Seated Landslide Differentiation Using Support Vector Machines: A Case Study of the Chuetsu Area, Japan

Landslides are one of the most destructive geological disasters affecting Japan every year, resulting in huge losses in life and property. Numerous susceptibility studies have been conducted to minimize the risk of landslides; however, most of these studies do not differentiate landslide types. This study examines the differences in landslide depth, volume and the risk imposed between shallow and deep-seated landslide types. Shallow and deep-seated landslide prediction is useful in utilizing emergency resources by prioritizing target areas while responding to sediment related disasters. This study utilizes a 2-m DEM derived from airborne Light detection and ranging (Lidar), geological information and support vector machines (SVMs) to study the 1225 landslides triggered by the M 6.8 Chuetsu earthquake in Japan and the successive aftershocks. Ten factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, lithology, distance from the nearest geologic boundary, density of geologic boundaries, distance from drainage network, the compound topographic index (CTI) and the stream power index (SPI) derived from the DEM and a geological map were analyzed. Iterated over 10 random instances the average training and testing accuracy of landslide type prediction was found to be 89.2 and 77.8%, respectively. We also found that the overall accuracy of SVMs does not rapidly decrease with a decrease in training samples. The trained model was then used to prepare a map showing probable future landslides differentiated into shallow and deep-seated landslides.
Learning strategies of selected urban police related to community policing

The purpose of this case study was to investigate the learning strategies of police officers. Participants were 80 police officers serving in a Midwestern police agency. Of these, 49 were assigned to patrol duties and 31 were assigned to community oriented policing duties. Each participant completed the “Assessing the Learning Strategies of Adults” (ATLAS) instrument. When individual variables were examined in describing learning strategies among police officers, no significant differences were found using both chi‐square and a one‐way ANOVA. A multivariate discriminant analysis produced a recognizable discriminant function, and three variables met the criteria to be included in the interpretation of the meaning of the discriminant function. Predominately, male police officers prescribed to the learning strategy traits that are desired in community oriented policing. Police officers who ascribed to the learning strategies which are more congruent with traditional policing were slightly younger than the officers who ascribed to the learning strategy appropriate for community policing. Furthermore, more females in this study ascribed to learning strategies more related to traditional policing.
The Influence of Work Values on Principal Teacher Selection Decisions in Schools Undergoing Reform.

This paper examines the effects of principal work values, teacher-job-candidate work values, and principal/teacher work-value interactions on principals' teacher-selection decisions. It extends empirical research about work values by examining the influence of values, operationalized as four work values (achievement, concern for others, fairness, honesty) germane to the school work environment. The document reviews related literature, including values theory, work values in education, and experimental designs for teacher-selection research. The report is based on a study of 115 principals that employed a mixed between-within design approach. The between-group independent variables included the four work values, four principal-candidate work-value interactions, and six principal characteristics such as age and gender. The dependent variable was "principal rating" of a teacher candidate. The Comparative Emphasis Scale measured the dominant work values of the school principals and the between-within factorial design. A stepwise multiple regression was used to regress principal ratings of a teacher candidate on principal and teacher dominant work values and on principal/teacher work-value interactions. The four work-value interactions and teacher work-value achievement accounted for a significant amount of variance in principal ratings of teachers, suggesting that principal work values influence teacher-selection decisions. (Contains 50 references.) (RJM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
Literacy and Adults with Developmental Disabilities.

In this paper, research is reviewed on literacy as it pertains to adults and adolescents with three representative types of developmental disabilities: autism, mental retardation, and cerebral palsy. The literature review and synthesis are grounded in the belief that literacy is even more important to persons with severe disabilities than to nondisabled persons. Literacy is central to current debates and to reform efforts aimed at increasing inclusion, developing independence, and broadening employment options for persons with disabilities. Research reviewed here pertaining to individuals with autism or mental retardation was found to consist largely of single-word studies of word use, recognition, and spelling. Research in literacy and individuals with cerebral palsy historically looked within the individual for explanations of learning difficulties, but more recently has examined learning contexts and instruction strategies. The paper concludes with implications and suggestions for a future research agenda.
Sentiment Analysis: Comparative Study between GSVM and KNN

Sentiment classification aims detecting general opinion of users in social media towards business products or daily life events. The classification tells whether sentiment is positive or negative. Techniques of sentiment classification are categorized into lexical analysis and machine learning techniques. In this paper, we propose a comparative study between SVM applied genetics (GSVM) against KNN algorithm in terms of speed and accuracy. We present also an experimental study of sentiment classification on different domains movie reviews, financial and amazon toys products. The experimental results shows that GSVM achieves a classification accuracy of 92% and KNN achieves 87% on movie reviews dataset. For classification speed, KNN shows a remarkable improvement (above 10% improvement) in comparison with GSVM.
In situ dehydration behavior of veszelyite (Cu,Zn)2Zn(PO4)(OH)3-2H2O: A single-crystal X-ray study

Abstract The rare mixed copper-zinc phosphate mineral veszelyite (Cu,Zn)2Zn(PO4)(OH)3 2H2O [space group P21/c, a = 7.5096(2), b = 10.2281(2), c = 9.8258(2) Å, β = 103.3040(10)°, V = 734.45(3) Å3] was investigated by in situ temperature-dependent single-crystal X-ray structure refinements. The atomic arrangement of veszelyite consists of an alternation of octahedral and tetrahedral sheets. The Jahn-Teller distorted CuO6 octahedra form sheets with eight-membered rings. The tetrahedral sheet composed of PO4 and ZnO3(OH) tetrahedra shows strong topological similarities to that of cavansite, gismondine, and kipushite. Diffraction data of a sample from Zdravo Vrelo, near Kreševo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) have been measured in steps of 25 up to 225 °C. Hydrogen positions and the hydrogen-bond system were determined experimentally from the structure refinements of data collected up to 125 °C. At 200 °C, the hydrogen-bonding scheme was inferred from bond-valence calculations and donor-acceptor distances. The hydrogen-bond system connects the tetrahedral sheet to the octahedral sheet and also braces the Cu sheet. At 150 °C, the H2O molecule at H2O2 was released and the Cu coordination (Cu1 and Cu2) decreased from originally six- to fivefold. Cu1 has a square planar coordination by four OH groups and an elongate distance to O3, whereas Cu2 has the Jahn-Teller characteristic elongate bond to H2O1. The unit-cell volume decreased 7% from originally 734.45(3) to 686.4(4) Å3 leading to a formula with 1 H2O pfu. The new phase observed above 150 °C is characterized by an increase of the c axis and a shortening of the b axis. The bending of T-O-T angles causes an increasing elliptical shape of the eight-membered rings in the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. Moreover a rearrangement of the hydrogen-bond system was observed. At 225 °C, the structure degrades to an X-ray amorphous residual due to release of the last H2O molecule at H2O1. The stronger Jahn-Teller distortion of Cu1 relative to Cu2 suggests that Cu1 is fully occupied by Cu, whereas Cu2 bears significant Zn. H2O1 is the fifth ligand of Cu2. Zn at Cu2 is not favorable to adopt planar fourfold coordination. Thus, if the last water molecule is expelled the structure is destabilized. This study contributes to understanding the dehydration mechanism and thermal stability of supergene minerals characterized by Jahn-Teller distorted octahedra with mixed Cu, Zn occupancy
Forestry development scenarios: timber production, carbon dynamics in tree biomass and forest values in Germany

The dynamics of the age class structure stands at the center of modeling long-run forestry scenarios. This insight has been applied to the construction of the Forest Development and Carbon Budget Simulation Model (FORCABSIM), a model which is used for the study of several interrelated questions: the development of timber stocks and the potential level of sustainable harvests, the stocks and fl uxes of tree carbon in managed forests, the economy-wide effects of management practices on the value of forest lands and timber stocks. The combined study of these issues allows to assess development scenarios with regard to the productive potential of forestry, the carbon cycle, and forest values. At present, the model is adapted to German data, but it is designed for use with other data sets as well. This paper provides a description of core mechanisms in FORCABSIM. On this background, the choice and impact of crucial assumptions is examined. Illustrative results are used to demonstrate the use of the model. The paper focuses on the impact of varying rotation ages and the tree species composition. Particular attention is given to the concept of steady states.