Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preventing HIV / AIDS in young people: a systematic review of the evidence from developing countries. UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People.

The various chapters in this report focus on ways of meeting the global goals on young people and HIV. They also emphasize the sense of urgency that should accompany the drive to achieve these goals as well as the need for a specific emphasis on prevention and within that a focus on the young people who remain at the centre of the HIV pandemic. The chapters also explore the need to have a better understanding of the evidence base for making decisions about the allocation of resources and they particularly focus on developing countries. This report has three specific objectives: 1. first to clarify our collective understanding of the term "evidence" in complex areas of programme development and delivery -- such as the prevention of HIV among young people -- and to develop a transparent methodology for reviewing the effectiveness of different types of interventions in different settings -- such as schools health services the mass media within geographically defined communities and for services targeting the young people most at risk of HIV infection; 2. second to provide a comprehensive review of the evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to prevent HIV among young people in developing countries; 3. third to inform the choices of policy-makers people responsible for programme development and delivery and researchers about interventions to achieve the global goals on HIV and young people that were endorsed during the UNGASS on HIV/AIDS. The report also seeks to provide decision-makers with guidance on which interventions they can support with confidence which interventions need to be implemented more cautiously along with careful evaluation of their impact on key health outcomes which interventions require further development and demonstration of effectiveness before they can be recommended for widespread implementation and which interventions should not be implemented because there is sufficient evidence of their lack of effectiveness. (excerpt)
Proving the correctness of algorithmic debugging for functional programs

This paper formally presents a model of tracing for functional programs based on a small-step operational semantics. The model records the computation of a functional program in a graph which can be utilised for various purposes such as algorithmic debugging. The main contribution of this paper is to prove the correctness of algorithmic debugging for functional programs based on the model. Although algorithmic debugging for functional programs is implemented in several tracers such as Hat, the correctness has not been formally proved before. The difficulty of the proof is to find a suitable induction principle and a more general induction hypothesis.
Study on Extraction of Pumpkin Polysaccharide with Complex Enzymes and Its Purification

In this study, enzymolysis was adopted to extract pumpkin polysaccharide with obvious treatment effects on diabetes. The adding rate of cellulase 1%, pectinase 1.5% and papain 1% respe ctively is optimal through orthogonal tests. Temperature 40 ℃, pH4.5 and extraction time 30 min are optimal conditions for complex enzymes extraction through orthogonal tests. Under these optimum conditions the extraction rate of pumpkin polysaccharide reaches 28.8%. Three fractions(PP I, PP II, PP III) are identified from the purified pumpkin polysaccharide by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration, ultraviolet spectrometry and freeze-thawing assays show that PPIII is purified.
Simulation and optimisation modelling approach for operation of the Hoa Binh reservoir

Mitigation of ﬂood damages is one of the highest priorities for water resources man-agement in the Red River Basin, Vietnam. A comprehensive river basin plan was pro-posed in the 1960s according to which a cascade reservoir system should be built in the basin including the Hoa Binh reservoir that has been operated since 1990. Because of its multi-purpose character, conﬂicts and disputes in managing the reservoir have been ongoing since then, particularly in the ﬂood season. Therefore, it is important and desirable to improve the current operational regulation of the Hoa Binh reservoir. This paper proposes to optimise the control strategies for the HoaBinh reservoir operation by applying a combination of simulation and optimisation models. The control strategies are set up in the MIKE 11 simulation model to guide the release of the reservoir system according to the current storage level, the hydro-meteorological con-ditions, and the time of the year. A heuristic global optimisation tool, the Shufﬂed Complex Evolution (SCE) algorithm, is adopted for optimising the reservoir operation. This algorithm conducts an efﬁcient and robust search of the parameters space. First, different decision parameter sets that deﬁne the control strategies are generated. For each trial parameter set the simulation model is used to evaluate the performance of the system with respect to different objectives. Then, the parameter set is modiﬁed toward optimality by using the optimisation
Policing - or, at Least, Policying - Plagiarism at one Australian University

How universities and university people deal with plagiarism is articulated in universities’ plagiarism policies. Universities, policies and people are all located in a bigger context, one which is being increasingly shaped by global issues. Some global issues of particular relevance to plagiarism are associated with the Internet and its attendant values and practices, Westernisation and notions of individualism versus collectivism, and contested constructions of the concept of ‘author’. Within this dynamic milieu, individual universities attempt to formalise appropriate policy statements. The policy of one Australian university is analysed here and suggestions offered regarding possible directions for research which seeks to reconcile plagiarism policy and practice with the global tides buffeting universities and those who work in them.
Leveraging the Private Sector : Management-Based Strategies for Improving Environmental Performance

Part I: Management-Based Strategies Management-Based Strategies: An Emerging Approach to Environmental Protection --Cary Coglianese and Jennifer Nash Environmental Management Style and Corporate Environmental Performance -- Robert A. Kagan Part II: Mandates and Regulation Evaluating Management-Based Regulation: A Valuable Tool in the Regulatory Tool Box? -- Lori Snyder Bennear The RMP Rule and Management-Based Regulation -- Paul R. Kleindorfer Environmental Management Under Pressure: How Do Private-Sector Mandates Affect Performance? --Richard N. L. Andrews, Andrew Hutson, and Daniel Edwards, Jr. Mandating Insurance and Using Private Inspections to Improve Environmental Management -- Howard Kunreuther, Shelley Metzenbaum, and Peter Schmeidler Part III: Incentives and Pressures The Promise and Limits of Voluntary Management-Based Reform: An Analysis of EPA s Strategic Goals Program -- Jason Scott Johnston Clean Charles 2005 Initiative: Why the 'Success'? -- Tapas Ray and Kathleen Segerson The Role of Management Systems in Stakeholder Partnerships -- Andrew King Part IV: Conclusion The Promise and Performance of Management-Based Strategies -- Cary Coglianese and Jennifer Nash
Defining comparative social policy

Any attempt to ‘define’ comparative social policy in just a few words is bound to run into trouble. This is not only because of the difficulty in characterizing a composite term, but also due to the contested nature of both of its elements, that is, the substantive focus of social policy and the comparative approach. Is social policy an academic discipline or a field of study? Which particular programmes should be regarded as social policy and which should not? What is comparative analysis and is it different from other qualitative or quantitative research strategies in social science? Is there any scientific research that is not, explicitly or implicitly, comparative in nature? The first part of this chapter addresses some of these definitional problems. It does not make any claims to be exhaustive but aims to highlight instead the limitations of delving into an extensive definitional mapping exercise of what are ultimately ambiguous and amorphous substantive and methodological boundaries. A more helpful approach to appreciating what comparative social policy is about is simply to review some of the major contributions to the field. As will be seen below, comparative social policy has not only grown enormously over the past three decades or so, but has also progressed to a considerable degree.
The effect of 300 mW, 830 nm laser on chronic neck pain: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study of low level laser therapy (LLLT) in 90 subjects with chronic neck pain was conducted with the aim of determining the efficacy of 300 mW, 830 nm laser in the management of chronic neck pain. Subjects were randomised to receive a course of 14 treatments over 7 weeks with either active or sham laser to tender areas in the neck. The primary outcome measure was change in a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain. Secondary outcome measures included Short-Form 36 Quality-of-Life questionnaire (SF-36), Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPNPQ), Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD), the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and Self- Assessed Improvement (SAI) in pain measured by VAS. Measurements were taken at baseline, at the end of 7 weeks treatment and 12 weeks from baseline. The mean VAS pain scores improved by 2.7 in the treated group and worsened by 0.3 in the control group (difference 3.0, 95% CI 3.8- 2.1). Significant improvements were seen in the active group compared to placebo for SF-36-Physical Score (SF36 PCS), NPNPQ, NPAD, MPQ, VAS and SAI. The results of the SF-36 - Mental Score (SF36 MCS) and other MPQ component scores (afferent and sensory) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Low level laser therapy (LLLT), at the parameters used in this study, was efficacious in providing pain relief for patients with chronic neck pain over a period of 3 months. (author abstract)
Adverse effects of monosodium glutamate on the reproductive organs of adult Female albino rats and the possible ameliorated role of carob (Ceratonia Siliqua)

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid that enhances the flavor of certain foods. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of anovulatory infertility. This study was carried out to evaluate the histological, histochemical as well as immunohistochemical effects of MSG on the ovaries, uterus and vagina of adult female Wistar rats and the possible ameliorative role of carob (Ceratonia Siliqua). In the present work, twentyfour Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6): Control group received 0.5ml saline solution, carob-group, feeding on diet containing 5% carob powder, MSGtreated group received 400 mg/kg b.wt and ameliorative group received MSG 400mg/kg b.wt simultaneously with feeding on diet containing 5% carob powder. In MSG treated rats, the serum estrogen level was significantly decreased. The histopathological results showed ovarian atretic follicles, fragmented oocyte, vascular congestion, and vacuolated stroma. The uterus exhibited a comparative reduction in the endometrial thickness and loss of endometrial glands associated with cellular hyperplasia and reduced vacuolated cells. In MSG treated group, the vaginal epithelium appeared relatively thin, folded and hypertrophied with sign of cornification. Histochemically, a weak reaction for PAS stain was remarked in investigated sections of MSGtreated rats. On the other side, an intense positive reaction for silver stain was recorded in the ovarian stroma and peripheral layers of atretic follicles as well as spreading in endometrium of uterus and lumina sheath of vagina. Immunohistochemically, MSG-treated group exhibited intense positive reaction for CD31and CD68 and activated caspase3 compared to carob-ameliorated MSG and the control. The authors concluded that, feeding of MSGtreated group on diet containing 5% carob powder led to marked amelioration of histopathological lesions induced in ovaries, uterus and vagina by MSG attributed to the biological benefits of its phytochemical components.
THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN SINUS TACHYCARDIA

A sinus tachycardia is an accelerated sinus rate that is a physiological response e.g., to fever, anxiety, pain, exercises hyperthyroidism or cardiac disease. Heart rate is more usually regular and P waves are present. sinus tachycardia according to the clinical feature and ECG assessment, old, age mean ± SD (23.7097± 3.984 sinus tachycardia, also assessment of disease diseases. Laboratory investigations has been done, free serum vitamin D (25 dihydroxyvitamin assessment of vitamin D status and thyroid functions (T3, T4, and TSH). Our results suggested that there is an association between the vitamin D deficiency and patients diagnose tachycardia by assessment the free serum vitamin D (25 results showed strong evidence among patients whose received treatment with vitamin D3 (300000 IU/month for 3 Consecutive months) and showed a good = 0.005). In conclusion, the deficiency of vitamin D effect on regulation of the heart beats; also the poster of vitamin D 3 in certain dose for certain period can be treating the disturbance of the beats.
Just energy transitions? Social inequities, vulnerabilities and unintended consequences

The transitions literature has framed energy transitions as a process involving material and social consequences. Such radical changes can also be viewed as constituting discursive dimensions, involving debate, idea exchange and value positioning. The implementation of a biomass energy system in residential buildings in a socioeconomically deprived community near Liverpool, UK, is investigated for its acceptance by, and impacts on, the community. A mixed-methods approach involving questionnaire, focus group and interview data reveal how practical, on-the-ground energy transitions are understood at the community level. Given the changes to how residents pay for their energy in the study community, from prepayment meters to pay-as-you-use methods, considerations of ‘efficiency’ are debated and framed on the cost of energy rather than from an environmental performance perspective. Although the intention of low-carbon energy transitions in low-income communities is to deliver economic and environmental benefits, many unintended social consequences arose from top-down decision-making choices and implementation mechanisms. These processes exacerbate economic inequalities and inequities. Justice implications arising from this study have clear repercussions for future implementation of similar, and additional, sustainability interventions that attempt to address climate change in the built environment. Practice relevance The successful implementation of a decentralised energy system requires more than a technological approach. This case study emphasises the need for extensive community engagement when undertaking local energy transitions. In particular, attention needs to be given to how vulnerable people are affected by pricing and given clear information on how to use the new system. Policy recommendations include: the choice of energy technologies should not disrupt vulnerable residents’ daily routines and ability to pay; the provision of substantial pre-, during and post-installation community engagement is needed to improve familiarity with new energy systems; and adequate opportunities for listening and responding to residents’ concerns prior, during, and after the installation of low-carbon energy systems.
Further analysis of p300 in mediating effects of Butyrate in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Butyrate, a product of dietary fiber, hyperactivates Wnt signaling in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells; this activity of butyrate is causally associated with the induction of apoptosis, and the repression of proliferation, in these cells. However, CRC can develop despite a high fiber diet; hence, butyrate resistance likely occurs during colonic neoplasia. To evaluate the mechanisms of butyrate resistance, HCT-116 CRC cells were previously made resistant to butyrate (HCT-R cell line); I observed that butyrate resistance in HCT-R cells is accompanied by repressed Wnt hyperactivation. CBP and p300 competitively bind to the Wnt signaling factor beta-catenin; CBP-Wnt activity is associated with proliferation, while p300-Wnt activity is associated with differentiation and apoptosis. While butyrate sensitive HCT-116 cells express p300, butyrate resistant HCT-R cells do not. Further, HCT-116 p300 knockout cells exhibit butyrate resistance, and restoration of p300 expression in these cells enhances butyrate sensitivity. Thus, p300 activity is a mediator of butyrate sensitivity in HCT-116-derived cell lines. In the present study, YH249, a pharmacological inhibitor of the p300-beta-catenin association, was utilized to more specifically evaluate the role of p300-Wnt signaling in butyrate responsiveness. Unexpectedly, YH249 potentiates butyrate-induced effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation in HCT-116 cells; in addition, potential off-target, p300-independent, effects of YH249 on butyrate-induced Wnt hyperactivation were observed. SW620 metastatic CRC cells express p300, but do not exhibit association of p300 with beta-catenin. Thus, I hypothesized that SW620 cells can be made butyrate resistant without loss of p300 expression, while butyrate resistance would still be associated with repressed Wnt hyperactivation; this hypothesis was confirmed. Thus, the data in toto suggest that while p300-Wnt activity is an important effector of butyrate sensitivity in some CRC cell lines, other, p300-independent pathways influencing butyrate sensitivity must also exist.
Gender Bias in a Philippine Setting: Decoding Manifestations of Gender division in English Curriculum Modules

This paper aimed to examine the manifestations of gender bias in English curriculum modules, in the Philippines. It examined the male and female illustrations along with texts and pictures and occupational roles and were characterized into four gender biases, such as stereotyping, subordination, multiple burden, and marginalization. Content analysis was used in the five English modules at the elementary level. Frequencies of male and female for different manifestations of gender bias was utilised. Findings of the study from the content analysis revealed that English Modules in the Philippines perpetuate gender biases. Thus, special attention to the pedagogical implications for children has been considered in this study.
Enhancing Artificial Neural Network with Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Optimizing Real Time Reservoir Operations: A Review

The need for, and the process of, optimizing real time reservoir operations have attracted substantial research attention. Among these is the employment of artificial neural network (ANN), singly or with supporting algorithms, for real time multi-objective reservoir operation optimization. Using Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this paper reviews 66 studies, comprising of studies that employed ANN with or without another training algorithm(s), and those that employed evolutionary algorithm (EA) of any type for real time reservoir operations optimization. From this, it highlights the necessity of using ANN and the suitability of EA as a training algorithm. This paper, from the meta-analysis of the studies reviewed, shows that, though ANN is primarily suitable for real time forecasting, the best network architecture is the real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) neural network algorithm. And, ANN supported with supervised or unsupervised learning algorithm, has better performance potential than those singly used. Also, evolutionary algorithms are presented as viable supporting training algorithms capable of extrapolating data of deeper abstraction, complex uncertainty, with consistent predictive capacities.
Power System Static Security Evaluation Using Ball Vector Machine

— This paper investigates the classification of power system states using a machine learning algorithm and has shown huge potential for predicting the security of large scale power systems. Ball Vector Machine (BVM) is utilized to classify the secure and insecure status of the power system based on the pre-contingency system variables for Static Security Assessment (SSA). The Implementation of Machine Learning programs often yield good results, however under certain conditions, the presence of redundant and irrelevant information could result in the opposite of their intended effect such as slowed execution, less understandable and much reduced accuracy. Thus, an efficient feature reduction technique is needed to reduce the dimensionality of the operating space for BVM and to create a high correlation of input data with the decision space. This paper presents, correlation based F-value feature reduction technique for power system static security assessment. The proposed feature reduction technique reduces the computational burden, which assures that BVM is rapidly trained to predict the security condition. The proposed methodology is implemented and tested in IEEE 57 bus system. Simulation results demonstrate that, the proposed BVM classifier provides better classification accuracy and a reduced amount of misclassification rate than other equivalent classifiers.
Urologic Minilaparoscopy : AU 1 c Indications , Techniques , and Surgical Outcomes in a Multi-institutional European Cohort

Objectives: To provide an analytical overview of contemporary indications, techniques, and outcomes of urologic minilaparoscopy (ML) in multiple European centers. Methods: Data of patients who had undergone a minilaparoscopic urologic procedure at nine European institutions between 2009 and 2012 were retrospectively gathered. Surgical procedures were classified as upper or lower urinary tract and as ablative or extirpative and reconstructive. The main surgical outcome parameters were analyzed and relevant operative data related to the surgical technique were recorded. Results: Overall, 192 patients (mean age 45.25 – 17.8 years) were included in the analysis. Most of them were nonobese (mean body mass index [BMI] 24.7 – 3.6 kg/m) at low estimated surgical risk (mean American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] 1.69 – 0.68). Indications for surgery were mostly nononcologic (132 cases, 68.8%). Most of the procedures were done in the upper urinary tract (133 cases, 69.2%) and were mostly with a reconstructive intent (109 cases, 56.7%). Overall operative time was 132.7 – 52.3 minutes with an estimated blood loss of 60.9 – 47.6 mL while the mean hospital stay was 5 – 2.1 days. Most of the postoperative complications were low Clavien grade (1 and 2), with only one (0.5%) grade 3 and one (0.5%) grade 4 complications recorded. Conclusions: A broad range of common procedures can be safely and effectively performed with ML techniques. By duplicating the principles of standard laparoscopy, but potentially offering less surgical scar and trauma, ML can be regarded as a viable option when looking for a virtually ‘‘scarless’’ surgery.