Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New techniques for high pressure falling sphere viscosimetry in DIA-type large volume presses

Here we report recent technical advances that enable viscosity measurements in two DIA-type multi-anvil apparatus with a maximum of 250 tons and 1750 tons. We anticipate that this system will enable viscosity measurements for the pressures up to about 30 GPa. The deformation of the cell assemblies were analyzed by X-ray absorption tomography at beamline W II at DESY/HASYLAB after the high pressure runs. This analysis gave considerable insights into strategies for improving the cell assembly with the result that the optimized assemblies could be used at much higher pressures without blow-outs. We demonstrate using of X-ray transparent cubic boron nitride-anvils (single-stage DIA) and slotted carbide anvils (double-stage DIA) to make the whole melting chamber accessible for the high pressure X-radiography system. Results are demonstrated with viscosity measurements following Stokes’ Law by evaluation of X-radiography sequences taken by a camera equipped with a charge-coupled device sensor (CCD-camera) at pressures of 5 GPa as well as 10 GPa and temperatures of 1890 K.
Simultaneous HPTLC Estimation of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Tablet Dosage Form

A method enabling the precise and quick simultaneous analysis of simvastatin and ezetimibe in tablet formulation by high performance thin layer chromatography has been presented. Samples of simvastatin and ezetimibe in organic solvents were separated on a plate coated with silica gel 60 F-254 and the chromatograms were developed using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (9.5: 0.5 %v/v). The method has a linearity range of 40-280 ng.mL -1 for both the drugs when scanned at 254 nm. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 30 and 100 ng.band -1 respectively, for both the drugs. The mean percent recovery was found to be 100.65 and 101.55 for simvastatin and ezetimibe. The intra-day and inter-day precision studies were carried out with mean RSD of 0.88 and 1.27 for ezetimibe and 1.35 and 1.50 for simvastatin.
Mass spectrometric measurements of steady-state kinetics of cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation by monitoring dissolved N2 in an open system

The effect of the concentration of dissolved N 2 on the rate of nitrogen fixation is a fundamental piece of information about the process. A mass spectrometer linked to a membrane-covered inlet provides a highly sensitive instrument for measuring the concentration of dissolved gases, including N 2. We show here how it can be used to measure the rate of N 2 uptake by illuminated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) under steady-state conditions in the presence of variable concentrations of dissolved N 2. To achieve this we have employed the open system approach originally developed by Degn and Wohlrab [1] for the measurement of steady-state kinetics of oxygen uptake by mitochondria, and since used, for example, to study respiration in Klebsiella aerogenes [2] and Beneckia natrigens [3]. The basic idea behind the open system measurements of nitrogen uptake is that the rate of diffusion (v) of nitrogen across a stable interface between a rapidly stirred liquid phase and a mobile gas phase containing N 2 is directly proportional to the difference between the nitrogen tension of the gas (To) and the nitrogen tension in the liquid (TL). When steady-state conditions are attained the rate of diffusion of nitrogen is equal to the nitrogen consumption by the cyanobacteria, and so the rate of nitrogen fixation can be calculated from
Removal of oily hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater by γ-alumina nanofiltration membranes

A supported γ-Al2O3 nanofiltration (NF) membrane was prepared from colloidal dispersions of bohemite via a sol—gel method. The structure and morphology of the membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The pore mean diameters were determined by nitrogen adsorption measurements. The filtration properties of the membrane were tested by cross flow nanofiltration using oil-in-water emulsion. The influence of the parameters such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross flow velocity (CFV) and oil concentration in feed were investigated by the measurements of permeate flux and total organic carbon (TOC). The removal efficiency higher than 90% was obtained under all experimental conditions.
ZrOCl2 · 8H2O as an Efficient Reagent for the Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones

Abstract ZrOCl2 · 8H2O, a commercially available reagent, can be used for the promotion of the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under solvent‐free reaction conditions. All reactions were performed at 90°C in good to high yields.
Anthropogenic aerosol effects on convective cloud microphysical properties in southern Sweden

In this study, we look for anthropogenic aerosol effects in southern Scandinavia’s clouds under the influence of moderate levels of pollution and relatively weak dynamic forcing. This was done by comparing surface aerosol measurements with convective cloud microphysical profiles produced from satellite image analyses. The results show that the clouds associated with the anthropogenic-affected air with high PM0.5, had to acquire a vertical development of ∼3.5 km before forming precipitation-sized particles, compared to less than 1 km for the clouds associated with low PM0.5 air-masses. Additionally, a comparison of profiles with precipitation was done with regard to different potentially important parameters. For precipitating clouds the variability of the cloud thickness needed to produce the precipitation (Δh14) is directly related to PM0.5 concentrations, even without considering atmospheric stability, the specific aerosol size distribution or the aerosols’ chemical composition. Each additional 1 μg m−3 of PM0.5 was found to increase Δh14 by ∼200–250 m. Our conclusion is that it is indeed possible to detect the effects of anthropogenic aerosol on the convective clouds in southern Scandinavia despite modest aerosol masses. It also emphasizes the importance of including aerosol processes in climate-radiation models and in numerical weather prediction models.
Survey of Glyphosate Residues in Honey, Corn and Soy Products

Samples of honey (sixty nine), pancake and corn syrup (twenty six), soy sauce (twenty eight), soy milk (eleven), and tofu (twenty) purchased in the Philadelphia, US metropolitan area were analyzed for glyphosate residue using ELISA. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and range of the method were determined for honey, pancake syrup, and corn syrup to be 15 to 800 ppb; soy sauce, soy milk, and tofu 75 to 4,000 ppb. Glyphosate residues above the limit of quantification were not found in pancake and corn syrup, soy milk, and tofu. Of the sixty-nine honey samples analyzed, forty-one samples, or fifty-nine percent (59%), had glyphosate concentrations above the method LOQ (15 ppb), with a concentration range between 17 and 163 ppb and a mean of 64 ppb. Eleven of the tested honey samples were organic; five of the organic honey samples, or forty-five percent (45%), contained glyphosate concentrations above the method LOQ, with a range of 26 to 93 ppb and a mean of 50 ppb. Of the fifty-eight non-organic honey samples, thirty-six samples, or sixty-two percent (62%), contained glyphosate concentrations above the method LOQ, with a range of 17 to 163 ppb and a mean of 66 ppb. In addition to comparison of production method (organic vs. conventional), the honey results were evaluated according to pollen source and by country of origin, grouped by GMO usage (prohibited, limited, or permitted). Glyphosate concentrations above the method LOQ (75 ppb) were also found in ten of the twenty-eight soy sauce samples evaluated (36%), with a concentration range between 88 and 564 ppb and a mean of 242 ppb; all organic soy sauce samples tested were below the method LOQ.
A novel method for cultivating soil bacteria

Abstract. Ribosomal RNA analyses of soil microbial communities consistently indicate that the majority of microorganisms in soil have never been cultivated or described in the laboratory. It has been suggested that microorganisms fail to grow in traditional culture media because the media fails to simulate the organisms' natural environment. We designed a unique culture technique that can cultivate an average of 40% and as high as 90% of the bacteria present in a soil sample. The 16S rDNA of 50 of these isolates were PCR amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. Nineteen, 26, 2 and 3 of the isolates were affiliated with the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, respectively. Ten isolates possessed less than 98% sequence similarity to any previously characterized organism.
Zinc Hydroxide: Solubility Product and Hydroxy-complex Stability Constants from 12.5–75 °C

We have made atomic absorption measurements leading to the solubility of zinc hydroxide at 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 75.0 °C from pH = 6.7 to pH = 13.8. Results have been used for evaluation of the solubility product and stepwise constants for association of Zn2+(aq) with OH− (aq) to form solute species of type Zn(OH)i2−i(aq) with i = 1–4. Evidence is presented to support the reliability of the various equilibrium constants. Uncertainties in derived enthalpies are assessed.
Sampling volatile organic compounds using a modified solid phase microextraction device

Headspace solid phase microextraction (headspace SPME) has been demonstrated to be an excellent solvent-free sampling method. One of the major factors contributing to the success of headspace SPME is the concentrating effect of the fiber coating toward organic compounds. The affinity of the fiber coating toward very volatile analytes, such as chloromethane, may, however, not be large enough for detection at the parts per trillion concentration level. Static headspace analysis, on the other hand, is very effective for these very volatile compounds. As analyte volatility decreases, the sensitivity of static headspace analysis drops. The complementary nature of these two sampling methods can be exploited by combining the SPME device with a gastight syringe. The sensitivity of the new sampling device is better than that of SPME for very volatile compounds or that of static headspace analysis for less volatile compounds. This new method can sample a wide range of compounds from chloromethane (b.p. −24°C) to bromoform (b.p. 149°C) with estimated limits of detection at the low parts per trillion level.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Tandem Coupling/Cyclization: An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo‐/Pyrido[2,1‐b]benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐ 1‐ones

A highly efficient method has been developed for the one-pot synthesis of multi-ring heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrolo-/pyrido[2,1-b]benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-1-ones from o-aminobenzyl alcohols via a gold(I)-catalyzed tandem coupling/ cyclization reaction. Significantly, the strategy presents a straightforward and efficient approach to construct novel tricyclic or polycyclic molecular architectures in which two new C-N bonds and one C-O bond are formed in a one-pot reaction operation from two simple starting materials. Moreover, a broad spectrum of substrates can participate in the process effectively to produce the desired products in good yields.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MANY FATTY ACIDS FROM FLOWERS OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L. AND ITS INHIBITORY EFFECT ON SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) method was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of seven fatty acid compounds in the petroleum ether, chloroform and fractions (Chloroform-Ethanol) from (Aceton, Ethanol and also aqueous extract after using column chromatography of the crude extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers. Fatty acids were investigated as followings: Lauric, Palmitic, Linoleic, Stearic, Oleic, Heptanoic and Octanoic acids. The major component of fatty acids content was palmitic and Linoleic acids, respectively while the other fatty acids were identified in a trace amounts. All extracts under study were tested against some pathogenic bacterial of human, the grame positive were (Corynebacterium diphtheria, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus capitis), and the gram negative were (Pseudomonas aurogenosa and protus merabeles) from the all extracts, the fraction of (ChloroformEthanol) (H3F1) gave the highest effect as a result of containing of all the fatty acids except Heptanic acid, and it gave inhibition range: (26-34 mm) which was comparisons with authentic samples at concentration of Gentamicin (CN) (10 mcg/disc), Amikacin (AK) (10 mcg/disc), Tobramycin (TOB) (10 mcg/disc). As the effect of fatty acid extracts of Rosella flowers exceeded selected antibiotics under study. The combination of these fatty acids in H3F1 extract showed higher synergistic bactericidal effect against all bacteria under study.
An improved oxalate method for the determination of active oxygen in manganese dioxide

Of the various methods available for the determination of active oxygen in managanese dioxide, the oxalate method is preferred because of its simplicity and reproducibility. However, it tends to give higher results than the iron(II) and Bunsen methods, the discrepancies being greater with synthetic materials than with ores. In confirmation of the work of other authors it has been shown that there is a Mn2+ catalysed loss of oxalate that causes the high results. It is concluded that the loss is caused by oxidation by oxygen dissolved in the reagent solutions. With the addition of Cu2+ or Fe3+, the oxalate method gives results that are comparable with those of the iron(II) method. The stabilisation of oxalate with Fe3+ has been used to speed up the time taken to dissolve samples by boiling them under reflux.
Sandwich-like octacyanometalate-based cadmium assemblies with the 4,4′-dipyridyl sulfide ligand

The self-assembly of octacyanotungstate, cadmium ions, and 4,4′-dipyridyl sulfide ligands has isolated the first octacyanometalate-based cadmium compounds, which exhibit novel sandwich-like coordination networks. The effect of solvent and temperature on the formation of products was discussed.
Transport of Binary Mixtures in Pervaporation through a Microporous Silica Membrane: Shortcomings of Fickian Models

Abstract This study explores the applicability of the adsorption‐diffusion mechanism to describe the transport of binary “methanol‐water” and “ethanol‐water” mixtures in pervaporation through a commercial microporous silica membrane. Two different adsorption‐diffusion models are considered: one based on Fick's diffusion equation and another based on the Maxwell‐Stefan formulation. Basic models (Fick) assume concentration independent parameters; more complex models (Maxwell‐Stefan) incorporate flux coupling and other non‐idealities. The influence of feed temperature (40°C–90°C) on permeation flux was analysed in terms of activation energy for flux, permeability and diffusion, and heat of adsorption and vaporization. Also the occurrence of coupling effects was studied by determining the effect of feed composition (entire composition range) on permeation flux, permeability and selectivity. Adsorption‐diffusion models based on Fick's diffusion equation can be used to describe coupling effects if they are modified with concentration dependent diffusion and/or sorption coefficients. They are incapable of describing drag effects by water on alcohols. These drag effects should be modeled through models based on the Maxwell‐Stefan theory.
Ice in Prefermented Frozen Bread Dough—An Investigation Based on Calorimetry and Microscopy

ABSTRACT The amount, morphology, and distribution of ice in prefermented frozen bread dough were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cryoscanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Bread dough was frozen after proofing, stored frozen at -22 ± 3°C and analyzed without previous thawing. At constant storage conditions, the ice fraction amounted to 53% of the total water and remained constant even over a period of 56 days. Unlike other frozen food foams, ice crystals were observed in the gas pores of the dough. Ice crystals were already present at 1 hr after freezing. Crystal growth and rounding off by recrystallization was observed after 1 day of frozen storage. After 149 days, crystal size reached several 100 μm. It is concluded that growth of ice crystals leads to a redistribution of water in the dough mix in the form of ice, which in turn affects the properties of polymeric compounds in dough and reduces the baking performance of prefermented frozen doughs.
A Concise Study of Organic Volatile Impurities in Ten Different Marketed Formulations by [GC/HS-FID/MS] Gas Chromatography Technique

Organic solvents such as Methanol, Isopropyl alcohol and Dichloromethane frequently used in sustained release or controlled release dosage form in pharmaceutical industry for coating. The good choice of solvent for coating of modified release dosage form is Methanol, Isopropyl alcohol and Dichloromethane. A selective Gas Chromatographic GC/HS-FID method has been developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for residual solvent quantification and confirmed the mass number by GC/HS-MS method. The separation was carried out on DB 624 column (30 m, 0.53 mm, [ID] 0.25 mm coating thickness), using Perkin Elmer/Clarus 500 GC/MS, with nitrogen as carrier gas in the split mode by head space injection method. The method described is simple, sensitive, rugged, reliable and reproducible for the quantization of Isopropyl alcohol, methanol and Dichloromethane at residual level in marketed modified release dosage form. In this paper completely demonstrated the method of quantification of residual solvents by GC/HS/FID and confirming by GC/HS/MS of the residual solvents present in 10 different marketed products availed in southern part of India. The enteric coated product has been selected and experiment was performed.
An improved separation method for classification of Macleaya cordata from different geographical origins

In this study, an improved separation method for the metabolomic study of polar and basic secondary metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) using an “Xcharge C18” column has been developed. Good retention for the polar compound and perfect peak shape for basic components was achieved. Classification of four different major origins of Macleaya cordata, which is a traditional folk medicine mainly used as a popular natural feed additive (e.g. Sangrovit®) in Europe and Asia since 2002, was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PCA data showed a clear separation among four different geographical origins. Biomarkers such as N-methyl-7-demethoxylhydrocotarnine and 13-methylcryptopine accountable for variation were tentatively identified by their tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation behaviors. The proposed analytical method was shown to be a useful tool for the metabolomic study of polar compound and alkaloid containing plants.
Complete biodegradation of the azo dye azodisalicylate under anaerobic conditions.

Azo dyes are a widespread class of poorly biodegradable industrial pollutants. In anaerobic environments, azo bonds are reductively cleaved yielding carcinogenic aromatic amines, many of which are assumed to resist further metabolism by anaerobes. Here we report for the first time that an azo dye compound is completely biodegradable in the absence of oxygen. A pharmaceutical azo dye, azodisalicylate, constructed from two 5-aminosalicylic acid (5ASA) molecules was mineralized in an adapted methanogenic consortium to CH4 and NH3 with transient accumulation of 5ASA as a degradation intermediate in both batch assays and continuous bioreactors. The anaerobic metabolism of 5ASA was shown to provide the electrons required for the initial reductive cleavage of the azo group. Our results suggest that it is possible to design azo dyes that are fully mineralized in the environment; thereby, avoiding ac cumulation of notorious toxic intermediates.
Self-assembly in solutions of block and random copolymers during metal nanoparticle formation

The self-assembly behavior of poly(isoprene-b-acrylic acid) and poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) amphiphilic block copolymers, as well as a poly(styrene-r-2-vinylpyridine) amphiphilic random copolymer was investigated in slightly selective organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran and toluene) in the presence of Ag and Au ions and subsequently Ag, Au metal nanoparticles, by means of dynamic light scattering. In the range of concentrations studied the copolymers exist in the form of micelles with cores composed of acrylic acid and 2-vinylpyridine segments in equilibrium with unimers. The addition of metal ions and their subsequent transformation to metal nanoparticles shifts the equilibrium in favor of the micelles. The concentration of the inorganic components has also a considerable effect on the size of the polymeric aggregates. A similar behavior is observed for the random copolymer. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) give valuable additional information on the nature of the interactions between the polymeric and inorganic components, as well as on the characteristics of the metal nanoparticles and the hybrid micelles formed in each case. The presented results have a direct relation to the synthesis of metal nanoparticles under confinement by utilization of copolymer nanoreactors and appropriate solution conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1515–1524, 2008
Hollow Titania Spheres from Layered Precursor Deposition on Sacrificial Colloidal Core Particles

The preparation of monodisperse hollow titania spheres with defined diameter, wall thickness and crystal phase is reported. The hollow spheres have been produced by the layered deposition of a water-soluble titania precursor, e.g. titanium(IV) bis (ammonium lactato) dihydroxide (TALH), in alternation with poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) onto submicrometer-sized template particles e.g. polystyrene (PS) particles, followed by calcination at elevated temperatures. the layer-by-layer growth of the coating on the colloid particles was observed by microelectrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Calcination of the TALH/PDADMAC-coated particles resulted in intact, hollow titania spheres, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM. Calcining the coated particles at 450 or 950 DEG C resulted in hollow sphere consisting of titania in anatase or rutile form, respectively. Nanometer-level control over the sphere wall thickness was achieved by varying the number of layers deposited on the PS particles. The hollow titania spheres produced can be used in photonic applications, where hollow spheres of high refractive index materials are desired, and in catalysis.
Stacked-NMOS triggered silicon-controlled rectifier for ESD protection in high/low-voltage-tolerant I/O interface

A stacked-NMOS triggered silicon-controlled rectifier (SNTSCR) is proposed as the electrostatic discharge (ESD) clamp device to protect the mixed-voltage I/O buffers of CMOS ICs. This SNTSCR device is fully compatible to general CMOS processes without using a thick gate oxide to overcome the gate-oxide reliability issue. ESD robustness of the proposed SNTSCR device with different layout parameters has been investigated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The HBM ESD level of the mixed-voltage I/O buffer with the stacked-NMOS channel width of 120 /spl mu/m can be obviously improved from the original /spl sim/2 kV to be greater than 8 kV by this SNTSCR device with device dimensions of only 60 /spl mu/m/0.35 /spl mu/m.