Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protein fraction, mineral profile, and chemical compositions of various fiber-based substrates degraded by Pleurotus ostreatus

The objective of this study was to characterize the substrates after their degradation by P. ostreatus within 60 days of cultivation in four Mexican mushroom-producing companies, in order to use it as a complement feed for ruminants. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), protein fraction, and mineral profile were analyzed after degradation. Crude protein (CP) of companies 1 and 4 increased by 6.1% and 6.8%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Soluble nitrogen reached 60% relative to un-degraded substrate with 43.8%. Proteins A, B1, and B3 fractions increased compared to controls (p ≤ 0.05) at some companies. The B2 fraction was decreased in all the degraded substrates (p ≤ 0.05), but the C fraction at companies 1, 2, and 3 presented no significant differences with respect to their controls (p ≤ 0.05). Crude fiber (CF), ADF, NDF, and hemicellulose (HC) decreased while dry matter digestibility (DMD) increased to 55.5-58% on degrade substrates. The mineral composition increased disproportionately. The substrate degraded by P. ostreatus by improving its digestibility and soluble protein content may be a low-cost food supplement. However, due to its mineral imbalance, it is not recommended as the sole food source for ruminants.
Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices (KAP) of Italian Occupational Physicians towards Tick Borne Encephalitis

Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) is an occupational health threat with increasing incidence in the geographic area of Italy. Despite this, TBE vaccination rates have ranged from 10% to 40% in Italy, even in at-risk workers. The reasons for this low rate are investigated in this present study of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of occupational physicians (OP) regarding TBE disease and vaccination in at-risk workers. A total of 229 OP participated in an internet-based survey by completing a structured questionnaire. Adequate general knowledge of TBE disease was found in 58% of OP. Accurate perception of TBE risk in occupational settings was found in 20%. TBE vaccination for at-risk workers was recommended by 19%. Willingness to recommend TBE vaccination was more likely by OP practicing in endemic areas (Odds Ratio 3.10, 95% confidence intervals 1.47–6.55), who knew the existence of the term “arboviruses” (3.10, 1.29–7.44), or exhibited a better understanding of TBE (2.38, 1.11–5.12)—and were positive predictors for promoting TBE vaccine, while acknowledging that TBE as a severe disease was a negative one. Tick-borne disorders in Italy are a still rare (but increasing) occupational health threat, and vaccination gaps for TBE virus may find an explanation in OP incomplete knowledge of evidence-based recommendations.
Comparison of Key Characteristics of Remarkable SSW Events in the Southern and Northern Hemisphere

<p>An exceptionally strong sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during September 2019 was observed. Because SSW in the SH is very rare, comparison with the only recorded major SH SSW is done. According to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) definition, the SSW in 2019 has to be classified as minor. The cause of SSW in 2002 was very strong activity of stationary planetary wave with zonal wave-number (ZW) 2, which reached its maximum when the polar vortex split into two circulations with polar temperature enhancement by 30 K/week and it penetrated deeply to the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. On the other hand, the minor SSW in 2019 involved an exceptionally strong wave-1 planetary wave and a large polar temperature enhancement by 50.8 K/week, but it affected mainly the middle and upper stratosphere. The strongest SSW in the Northern Hemisphere was observed in 2009. This study provides comparison of two strongest SSW in the SH and the strongest SSW in the NH to show difference between two hemispheres and possible impact to the lower or higher layers. </p>
{beta}1 Integrin Expression Increases Susceptibility of Memory B-Cells to EBV Infection

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) uses nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) as portal of entry to establish life-long persistence in memory B-cells. We previously showed that naive and memory B-cells from NALT are equally susceptible to EBV infection. Here, we show that memory B-cells from NALT are significantly more susceptible to EBV infection than those from remote lymphatic organs. We identify beta1 integrin, which is expressed highest by naive B-cells of distinct lymphoid origin and by memory B-cells from NALT, as mediator of increased susceptibility to infection by EBV. Furthermore, we show that BMRF-2-beta1 integrin interaction and the downstream signal transduction pathway is critical for post-binding events. Increase of beta1 integrin expression in peripheral blood memory B-cells provoked by CD40 stimulation plus B-cell receptor cross-linking increased the susceptibility of non-NALT memory B-cells to EBV infection. Thus, EBV seems to utilize the increased activation status of memory B-cells residing in the NALT to establish and ensure persistence.
Effect of milk replacers on growth curves up to 90 days old in developing Siboney de Cuba females

Under production conditions, the effect of two technologies of milk replacers on growth curves (up to 90 days) of developing Siboney de Cuba females was evaluated. For that purpose, 30 females were used, randomly divided, at their arrival to the rearing unit, into two groups (15 animals each). For growth analysis, linear (linear, square linear and square logarithmic models) and non-linear (logistic, Gompertz and Richards) regression models were tested. For linear models, gains were estimated by the least square method. For non-linear ones, the interactive method of Marquardt was applied. The best adjustment was determined from different statistical criteria. ANOVA was applied for weights and daily mean gains, reached in different moments. The square logarithmic model had the best fit of growth, with R2 => 0.93 and P < 0.001 in both treatments, from which the performance of liveweight increase in other group of animals may be predicted, with the use of similar combinations per treatment. Daily mean gain and liveweight, up to 90 d, differed in both treatments after a month of birth. For females of the second treatment, daily mean gains were near 500 g/animal/d, and liveweight was around 69.2 kg up to weaning. Key words: milk replacers, growth curves, Siboney de Cuba females
The robustness of trust, institutions and entrepreneurship regressions, revisited

ABSTRACT Several studies have shown the importance of trust and economic institutions to entrepreneurship. How trust works through institutions is still unknown. We examine the joint effect trust and institutions have on entrepreneurship and complement the regressions with three sophisticated robustness tests. We find trust and legal system/property rights to be complement and trust and access to sound money substitutes to each other. Trust’s effects on entrepreneurship are quite dependent on the sample data and model specifications. The results should lead to a re-evaluation of the relationship between trust, institutions and entrepreneurship.
An evaluation of charged Pam2Cys-based lipopeptides as novel adjuvants for subunit-based vaccines

ii DECLARATION . iv PREFACE . v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . vi TABLE OF CONTENT . viii LIST OF TABLES . xii LIST OF FIGURES . xiii PUBLICATIONS . xv POSTER AND ORAL PRESENTATIONS . xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xviii LIST OF AMINO ACIDS . xxi Chapter 1 .
Steady State and 2D Thermal Equivalence Circuit for Winding Heads—A New Modelling Approach

The study concerns the winding head thermal design of electrical machines in difficult thermal environments. The new approach is adapted for all basic shapes and solves the thermal behaviour of a random wire layout. The model uses the nodal method but does not use the common homogenization method for the winding slot. The layout impact can be precisely studied to find different hotspots. To achieve this a Delaunay triangulation provides the thermal links between adjoining wires in the slot. Voronoï tessellation gives a cutting to estimate thermal conductance between adjoining wires. This thermal behaviour is simulated in cell cutting and it is simplified with the thermal bridge notion to obtain a simple solving of these thermal conductances. The boundaries are imposed on the slot borders with Dirichlet condition. Then solving with many Dirichlet conditions is described. Some results show different possible applications with rectangular and round shapes, one ore many boundaries, different limit condition values and different layouts. The model can be integrated into a larger model that represents the stator to have best results.
Legitimation code theory to facilitate transition from high school to first-year biology

Abstract Institutions of Higher Education have grappled with the predicament of first-year success and epistemological access for years. Recently, a study employed Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) to elucidate why students who performed relatively well in high school biology struggled with the subject in first-year. This study shed valuable light on this problem by revealing that the high school biology curriculum is at a completely different level to the university curriculum. In terms of LCT’s Semantics dimension, the high school curriculum displayed little movement from context dependent simpler meanings towards the relatively decontextualised complex meanings, frequently encountered in first-year biology. We argue that the Semantics dimension of LCT also offers a useful tool for restructuring first-year biology curricula to intentionally facilitate a more gradual transition for first-year students. Thus, by explicitly planning teaching activities to gradually increase the range between context dependent simpler meanings and relatively decontextualized complex meanings, the potential of cumulative learning can be optimised. This paper reflects on the process of revising a first-year biology curriculum to contribute to greater epistemological access and cumulative knowledge building.
Comparison of resistant, tolerant, and susceptible host responses to Cherry Leaf Spot and assessment of trait inheritance

COMPARISON OF RESISTANT, TOLERANT, AND SUSCEPTIBLE HOST RESPONSES TO CHERRY LEAF SPOT AND ASSESSMENT OF TRAIT INHERITANCE By Kristen Leigh Andersen Cherry Leaf Spot (CLS) is a devastating fungal disease of sour cherry where ‘Montmorency’, the major cultivar grown in the U.S., is highly susceptible. As many as 10 fungicide sprays can be required each growing season to combat this disease; therefore, developing CLS resistant cultivars is a top breeding priority. Past efforts identified cherry germplasm with resistance and tolerance to CLS; however, direct comparisons of the host disease responses had not been conducted. The goals of this study were to (i) compare CLS disease progression profiles of the susceptible ‘Montmorency’ and resistant and tolerant germplasm used in the MSU sour cherry breeding program, and (ii) gain an understanding of the inheritance of these traits by evaluating the host response of progeny individuals belonging to families derived from this germplasm. By observing host responses to CLS in a common environment with high disease pressure, significant differences were observed between the susceptible ‘Montmorency’ and the various tolerant and resistant selections in their response to CLS. These differences support previous reports that P. canescens derived resistance is consistent with a hypersensitive host response, and P. avium, P. cerasus ‘North Star’, and P. maackii derived tolerances are characterized by reduced infection and delayed defoliation compared to ‘Montmorency’. Evaluation of the CLS host responses of progeny individuals derived from this germplasm supports a dominant two gene model for P. canescens derived resistance, and a recessive gene model for P. avium derived tolerance.
An Expressive Access Control Mechanism for Cloud Data Outsourcing

—Now a days, intension of people are hosting all kind of information into the cloud to get beneﬁtted in various way without considering security and privacy. Though cloud is providing wonderful services with lot of utilities, fully trust on third party cloud server tends to a lot of risk, especially data storage and outsourcing. In order to build the trust level of users of outsourcing sensitive information maintained by third party un-trusted cloud provider, the user should have partial or full control on security of their own data rather than relying completely on the security provided by the cloud provider. The user to set the access polices on their outsourced sensitive information to decide which user can access what information. The user should be authenticated before accessing any service from the cloud without compromising their privacy. In this paper, we explained various issues of cloud data outsourcing and also propose a dynamic access control mechanism for outsourced cloud data which will give more efﬁciency and reliability.
Evaluating debris‐flow and anthropogenic disturbance on 10Be concentration in mountain drainage basins: implications for functional connectivity and denudation rates across time scales

We examine the sensitivity of 10Be concentrations (and derived denudation rates), to debris‐flow and anthropogenic perturbations in steep settings of the Eastern Alps, and explore possible relations with structural geomorphic connectivity. Using cosmogenic 10Be as a tracer for functional geomorphic connectivity, we conduct sampling replications across four seasons in Gadria, Strimm and Allitz Creek. Sampling sites encompass a range of structural connectivity configurations, including the conditioning of a sackung, all assessed through a geomorphometric index (IC). By combining information on contemporary depth of erosion and sediment yield, disturbance history and post‐LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) sedimentation rates, we constrain the effects of debris‐flow disturbance on 10Be concentrations at the Gadria sites. Here, we argue that bedrock weakening imparted by the sackung promotes high depth of erosion. Consequently, debris flows recruit sediment beyond the critical depth of spallogenic production (e.g., >3 m), which in turn, episodically, due to predominantly muogenic production pathways, lowers 10Be concentration by a factor of 4, for at least 2 years. In contrast, steady erosion in Strimm Creek yields very stable 10Be concentrations through time. In Allitz Creek, we observe two‐ to fourfold seasonal fluctuations in 10Be concentrations, which we explain as the combined effects of water diversion and hydraulic structures on sediment mixing. We further show that 10Be concentration correlates inversely with the IC index, where sub‐basins characterized by high concentrations (long residence times) exhibit low IC values (structurally disconnected) and vice versa, implying that, over millennial time scales a direct relation exists between functional and structural connectivity, and that the IC index performed as a suitable metric for structural connectivity. The index performs comparably better than other metrics (i.e., mean slope and mean normalized channel steepness index) previously used to assess topographic controls on denudation rates in active unglaciated ranges. In terms of landscape evolution, we argue that the sackung, by favouring intense debris‐flow activity across the Holocene, has aided rapid postglacial reshaping of the Gadria basin, which currently exhibits a topographic signature characteristic of unglaciated debris‐flow systems. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lost at sea: determining geographic origins of illegally traded green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) rescued on Hainan Island, China

Abstract Context. Green sea turtles are threatened by exploitation for food and medicine markets, with Asian populations facing the heaviest pressures. Sea turtle confiscations that happen out at sea can give a general area that poachers are targeting, but it can be difficult to determine the impact on specific nesting rookeries. Previous studies circumvented this difficulty by using genetic markers to identify nesting rookery origins of confiscated green turtles. Aims. To determine the impact on nesting rookeries from the illegal harvesting of green sea turtles by Hainan fishermen and describe the genetic diversity of the Paracel Islands’ green sea turtle population. Methods. In the present study, we sequenced 384 bp of mitochondrial DNA control region from 85 illegally traded green sea turtles rescued on Hainan Island, China, to investigate their population of origin. For reference-source data, we used previously published mtDNA haplotype data from rookeries from Australasian waters and mtDNA haplotype data from 16 newly collected samples from the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea, a previously unsampled area. Key results. Ten and four mtDNA haplotypes, all being reported before, were detected from the Hainan confiscation and Paracel Islands rookery respectively. However, CmP19, an infrequent haplotype that has been found only in 10 green sea turtles previously, made up ∼45% of our rescued samples and ∼62% of the Paracel Islands sample, suggesting a potential association between CmP19 and the Paracel Island rookery. Haplotype diversity of the rescued green sea turtles was relatively high (h = 0.7143 ± 0.04), whereas nucleotide diversity was relatively low (π = 0.0031 ± 0.00), compared with other rookeries. Mixed-stock analysis suggested that the rookeries in the Paracel Islands (∼57%) and the Sulu Sea (∼29%) are experiencing the greatest impact from illegal harvesting by fishermen from Hainan and neighbouring countries. Conclusions. The Paracel Islands population contains a unique genetic makeup compared with other studied rookeries, particularly the high frequency of the previously rare CmP19 haplotype. The current harvesting of green sea turtles by Hainan fishermen affects not only protected local populations (Paracel Islands), but also distant populations (Sulu Sea) in protected international waters. Implications. Establishment of a large-scale Sea Turtle Nature Reserve in the South China Sea, including a special law enforcement team to monitor this National Marine Park, needs to be top priority to help curb illegal harvesting. The Paracel Islands represents a newly defined population, and conservation measures need to be taken immediately to preserve this distinct population.
Introducing negative effective radius variations to control whispering gallery modes propagating on optical fibers

We showed that the microresonators of whispering gallery modes on the surface of standard optical fibers can be shaped by introducing negative radius variations of effective radius instead of positive. To do this, the sample of optical fiber is irradiated with CO2 laser and heated to temperatures that are well below the transformation temperature. The method reduces the influence of the heated spot to the surrounding silica and makes the modification method simpler. Combining both positive and negative modification also expands the range of axial shapes of microresonators that can be introduced with CO2 laser heating.
Wide Distribution but Low Differentiation: Phylogenetic Relationships and Phylogeography of Hynobius nigrescens (Amphibia: Caudata)

We surveyed the genetic structure of Hynobius nigrescens Stejneger, 1907, a lentic breeding salamander widespread throughout montane and lowland regions of northeastern Japan. We performed a mitochondrial DNA analysis to explore intraspecific genetic variation and infer the evolutionary population history of H. nigrescens. Complete 1141 bp sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were studied for 134 adult and larval individuals collected from 62 localities, encompassing the known range of the species. Hynobius nigrescens proved to be monophyletic, including two major clades (Clade II from southwestern Hokuriku and Clade I from all other localities). The latter clade comprises four well-supported and geographically structured subclades, which show genetic distances smaller than those seen in the widely sympatric species Hynobius lichenatus. Results of population statistical analyses indicated that Clade II of the westernmost range of H. nigrescens seems to have maintained a constant population size, while Clade I from most of the northeastern species range shows a tendency of recent population expansion, which is evident in Subclades I-A from the northernmost range and I-B from southern Tohoku to northern Kanto and eastern Chubu. In contrast, Subclades I-C from northeastern Chubu and Sado Is. and I-D from northwestern Chubu to Hokuriku seem to have been relatively stable in population size. Hynobius nigrescens differs greatly from other salamander species from northeastern Japan in its much more recent periods of genetic differentiation and its pattern thereof, and is suggested to be a young faunal element in this region.
The relationship between feed efficiency, growth and group dominance dynamics in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Variation among families of turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) in growth, feed efficiency, and body weight variation was investigated. A total of 672 turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) originating from eight families (84 full-sibs per family) were used in this experiment. Body weight (BW) was recorded individually four times between approximately 250 and 370 days of age. Feed intake was measured for each tank during the three corresponding time periods. Feed efficiency was estimated for each tank based on the calculations of residual feed intake (RFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The within-tank coefficient of variation in body weight (CV-BW) and residual body weight variation (RBWV) were calculated to evaluate group dominance dynamics. Components of variation attributable to families were estimated from linear and quadratic random regression orthogonal polynomials. The random quadratic family component explained 14% (RFI), 22% (FCR), 76% (BW), 50% (CV-BW), and 45% (RBWV) of the total variance. The family components were significant for BW, CV-BW and RBWV ( p <0.001), and was very close to significance for FCR ( p =0.052). The correlation between the intercept (grand mean) of RFI and FCR was highly significant (r=0.94). Intercepts of RFI and FCR were positively correlated with CV-BW and RBWV (r=0.09 to 0.12), however, the correlations were not significant. The results indicate differences between families in FCR, which may be used in selection programs aimed at improving feed efficiency.