Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symptomatology, proving pathogenicity and standardization of inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt of fenugreek

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) is an important seed spice, originated in South-Eastern Europe belonging to the family Fabaceae. Wilt of fenugreek caused by Fusarium oxysporum, exhibited symptoms like stunting of the plants, gradual yellowing of lower leaves, drooping, epinasty, drying of leaves, vascular discoloration and ultimately death of entire plant was noticed. In Rhizoctonia solani infected plants showes yellowing, drying of leaves, discolouration of roots and complete decaying of tap and lateral root system was noticed. Finally death of entire plants. The sclerotium wilt symptoms appeared as yellowing of lower leaves, stunted growth, finally death of plant. This is the new report of the Sclerotium wilt of fenugreek. Fusarium oxysporum colonies were cottony white to dark pink. Mycelium was septate and hyaline and produced both macro and microconidia. Macroconidia were moderately curved, stout, sickle shaped, usually 1-3 septate. R. solani produced black colour colony, dense, radiating luxurious mycelial growth and right angle branching. S. rolfsii. produced the silky white, dense, radiating mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar medium. Initiation of sclerotial bodies were obtained from sixth day after inoculation. Pathogenicity test of F. oxysporum was observed for symptom expression. Death of the plant was observed at 28 days after sowing. In Rhizoctonia solani inoculated plants exhibited foliar yellowing and stunting of the plants at 12 days after sowing. Death of plants was noticed at 14 days after sowing. In S. rolfsii yellowing of lower leaves was noticed at 14 days after sowing and finally death of the plants was noticed at 18 days after sowing. The fungus was reisolated from infected plant tissue and compared with the original culture which yielded the Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and S. rolfsii thus proving the pathogenicity following Koch’s postulates respectively. A minimum of eight per cent inoculum was found to be optimum to cause the wilt disaese.
Human allergic asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways and is characterised by airway inflammation, persistent airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR)

Human allergic asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways and is characterised by airway inflammation, persistent airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and intermittent, reversible airways obstruction (GINA, 2006; Bousquet et al., 2000). In addition, structural changes in the airway including subepithelial and airway wall fibrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, smooth muscle thickening and increased vascularity are observed (Bousquet et al., 2000; Fish, 1999). These changes are termed ‘airway remodelling’ and may be the result of repeated exposure to the allergen, which causes repeated or continuing inflammation in the airways (Zosky and Sly, 2007). Chronic inflammation and structural changes are thought to have functional consequences that contribute to asthma symptoms. The exact cellular and biochemical processes underlying chronic inflammation and airway remodelling are poorly understood. Although the best approach to investigate these processes, and to identify crucial pathways and potential novel targets for drug therapy, is to perform studies in human asthmatics, the required mechanistic studies are not acceptable owing to ethical reasons. Animal models provide an alternative for investigating disease mechanisms and progression. Because asthma is a complex multifactorial disease, it is unlikely that a single animal model of asthma that replicates all of the morphological and functional features of the chronic human disease will ever be developed. However, we can use animals to model specific features of the disease, and much of our current understanding of disease processes in asthma, and in particular the response to allergens, comes from studies in laboratory animals such as guinea pigs, rats and mice. The mouse is the most widely used species, mainly because of the availability of transgenic animals and because of the wide array of specific reagents that are available for analysis of the cellular and mediator response. This Commentary will, therefore, focus on the development of allergen challenge models in the mouse.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ethanolic stem bark and root extracts of Khaya ivorensis A Chev. (Meliaceae)

Plants of the genus Khaya (Meliaceae) are traditionally used to relieve ear infection, fever, malaria. The main objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial and the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic of extracts stem back and root of Khaya ivorensis. Plants were extracted by ethanol. The antimicrobial activity was assayed against some Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 70603, Haemophilus influenza ATCC 49247), Gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus BAA-917, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 ) and fungal (Candida albicans ATCC NR2450,Candida albicans 141S, Candida albicans NR2450, Candida glabrata 44B, Candida parapsilosis 153B, Candida krusei) by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the antioxidant activity by determining the inhibition concentration IC50 using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. The phytochemical screening of K. Ivorensis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. The ethanolic extracts of stem back and root showed significant activity against two Gram-positive strains (S. aureus BAA-917 and S. areus ATCC 43300) with MIC ranging 0.3125 to 0.625 mg/mL and two fungal strains (C. albicans 141S and C. krusei) with MIC 0.625 mg/mL. The extract had the greatest scavenging activity with IC50 ranging 2.08, 4.48 μg/mL and 2.78 μg/mL in ABTS and DPPH assays respectively. These results suggest that extracts from K. Ivorensis possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and therefore justifies their usage in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases.
Forecasting hourly Electricity demand in Egypt

Forecasting electricity demand is critical concerning future technical improvements. A notable feature of the electricity demand time series is the presence of both intraday and intraweek seasonal cycles. This study investigates using double seasonal Holt-Winters exponential smoothing method for forecasting hourly electricity demand in Egypt. A one year of hourly electricity demand measured in Megawatt from 7 January 2010 to 31 December 2010 is used. The mean absolute percentage error is used to compare forecasting accuracy between the double seasonal Holt-Winters method and the traditional Holt-Winters that considers only single seasonality pattern. The forecasts produced by the double seasonal Holt-Winters method outperform those obtained from single seasonal Holt-Winters methods.
DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG TAX EVASION, CONTROL OVER CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN

Public provisions and public resources are crucial for achieving the economic development of any economy. The government needs revenue in order to provide these public provisions. Pakistan faces grave challenges to enhance its revenue targets. Tax evasion is one of the factors for this shortage of tax revenues in Pakistan. Therefore, the study employs a co-integration approach to establish short term and long-term relationships between tax evasion, governance (measured as control over corruption), and political accountability. Engle-Granger approach is used to measure ECM while Johansen cointegration test is conducted for long-run relationships among the variables. The study explores that both the control over corruption and the political accountability reduce tax evasion, while the lag value of tax evasion and tax evasion to GDP determines the behavior of taxpayers. Error correction term shows that there is 22% speed of adjustment in the short run to restate the equilibrium while there is a weak long-run relationship among these variables.
Effect of feeding ensiled and fungal treated paddy straw based complete diet on performance of Corriedale female sheep

A growth trial of 90 days (March-April) was conducted on 18 female Corriedale sheep at Sheep Research Station, Shuhama, Srinagar (SKUAST-Kashmir), to study the effect of feeding fungal treated paddy straw based complete feed. The studies indicated no significant (p≤0.05) differences between the experimental groups T1, T2 and T3 in DMI and OMI, however numerically the values were highest in T3, followed by T2 and T1. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE and CF in T3 were significantly (p≤0.05) higher as compared to T1 and T2 whereas the digestibility coefficients of NDF, ADF, NFE, hemicellulose and cellulose in different experimental groups were statistically non-significant (p≤0.05), however numerically the values were highest in T3 group followed by T2 and T1. No significant (p≤0.05) difference was observed in the overall average body weight of animals in different groups though the body weight of T3 group was highest followed by T2 and T1. The periodical ADG and net weight gain in T3 was significantly higher than T1 whereas, periodical average ADG and net weight gain of T2 was nonsignificantly (p≤0.05) related to both T1 and T3. The average periodical FCR in T1 was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than that of T2 and T3 whereas the values in T2 and T3 could not reach statistical significance. Effect of treatments on rumen pH and NH3-N were found non-significant while as TVFA, total nitrogen, TCA-ppt. N and NPN in groups T2 and T3 were found significantly (p≤0.05) increased as compared to the control. Significant (p≤0.05) effect of period irrespective of the treatment was observed on all the rumen parameters.
Intrinsic Variability of Sea Level from Global 1/12 degrees Ocean Simulations: Spatiotemporal Scales

In high-resolution ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), as in process-oriented models, a substantial amount of interannual to decadal variability is generated spontaneously by oceanic nonlinearities: that is, without any variability in the atmospheric forcing at these time scales. The authors investigate the temporal and spatial scales at which this intrinsic oceanic variability has the strongest imprints on sea level anomalies (SLAs) using a 1/128 global OGCM,by comparing a ‘‘hindcast’’ drivenby the full rangeof atmospheric time scaleswith its counterpart forcedby a repeated climatological atmospheric seasonal cycle. Outputs from both simulations are compared within distinct frequency–wavenumber bins. The fully forced hindcast is shown to reproduce the observed distribution and magnitude of low-frequency SLAvariability very accurately. The small-scale (L, 68) SLAvariance is, at all time scales, barely sensitive to atmospheric variability and is almost entirely of intrinsic origin. The high-frequency (mesoscale) part and the low-frequency part of this small-scale variability have almost identical geographical distributions, supporting the hypothesis of a nonlinear temporal inverse cascade spontaneously transferring kinetic energy from high to low frequencies. The large-scale (L . 128) low-frequency variability is mostly related to the atmospheric variability over most of the global ocean, but it is shown to remain largely intrinsic in three eddy-active regions: the Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, and Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Compared to its 1/48 predecessor, the authors’ 1/128 OGCM is shown to yield a stronger intrinsic SLA variability, at both mesoscale and low frequencies.
Comparison of Profile Attractiveness between Class III Orthodontic Camouflage and Predictive Tracing of Orthognathic Surgery

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the profile attractiveness between orthodontic camouflage of the Class III malocclusion and the predictive tracing simulating orthognathic surgery evaluated by dentists and laypeople. Settings and sample population. The sample consisted of 21 patients (9 male; 12 female) with Class III malocclusion treated with orthodontic camouflage and Class III intermaxillary elastics. Material and Methods. The mean initial age of the patients was 24.38 years (SD 3.32), and the mean ANB angle was −1.91° (SD 0.83°). Patients presented skeletal Class III and normal growth patterns. Initial and final lateral cephalograms of each patient were used. The initial cephalogram was used to perform the treatment simulation of orthognathic surgery, and its silhouette was compared to the silhouette obtained from the final cephalogram after Class III orthodontic camouflage. A subjective analysis of profile attractiveness was performed by 47 laypeople and 60 dentists, with scores from 1 (less attractive) to 10 (most attractive). Mann–Whitney tests were used to compare profile attractiveness between the orthodontic treatment and the predictive tracing groups and between dentists and laypeople. Results The predictive tracing of orthognathic surgery showed to be statistically significantly more attractive (mean score 4.57, SD 2.47) than that of the Class III camouflage orthodontic treatment (mean score 4.22, SD 2.40), with a mean numerical but significant difference of 0.35 (SD 2.01) (P < 0.001). Laypeople were more critical than dentists in evaluating profile attractiveness, but numerical difference between the groups was also small. Conclusion The profile silhouette of predictive tracing simulating orthognathic surgery showed to be more attractive than that of Class III camouflage orthodontic treatment; however, differences were small but statistically significant. Laypeople showed to be more critical than dentists.
Role of 3-Lactamase and Different Testing Conditions in Oxacillin-

A group of staphylococcal isolates for which oxacillin MICs were intermediate (1 to 4 ,ug/ml) were studied to establish the role of f-lactamase in this phenomenon. MICs and MBCs of oxacillin and penicillin with and without clavulanic acid or sulbactam (4 or 16 ,ug/ml, respectively) were determined for 11 Staphylococcus aureus and 2 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates for which oxacillin MICs were 1 to 4 ,ug/ml. The susceptibility studies were done with incubation at 35 and 30°C, and the MICs were read at 24 and 48 h. Of the 13 isolates, 4 became resistant when longer incubation or 30°C incubation was used, and the MICs for 9 remained in the intermediate range. Only three of these strains were susceptible to penicillin, and jI-lactamase was not detected. For 6 of 10 P-lactamase-positive strains, there was a greater-than-twofold-dilution reduction in oxacillin MICs with the addition of clavulanic acid or sulbactam. Of the four strains that became resistant with incubation at the lower temperature, a clavulanic acid effect was observed in three but only at 35°C. The oxacillin MIC for one of the ,-lactamase-negative strains was also reduced with clavulanic acid; however, this strain was inhibited by 1 ,ug of clavulanic acid per ml alone. Bactericidal activity was observed with two or four times the oxacillin MIC in eight strains tested at both temperatures, and the combination with clavulanic acid was bactericidal at higher than four times the MIC in five of the strains at 30°C. Our results suggest that oxacillin intermediate MICs for staphylococcal isolates are due not only to P-lactamase hyperproduction but also to some other unidentified factor. The reduction in oxacillin MIC observed when clavulanic acid was added to one strain was probably due to the intrinsic inhibitory activity of clavulanic acid.
Efficient Stopping Rules for Quantitative Security Testing of Cyber-Attacks

A new challenge to software testing lies in the concept of a monitored security testing and most essentially in the determination of an epoch as to when to stop testing. Under minimum assumptions regarding growth of failures or breaches, due to chance (reliability) or malicious (security) reasons, we can objectively define an appropriate stopping rule to timely avoid further damage saving resources with a cost efficient plan. This research topic opens new avenues in a very critical area of cyber-security defined to be quantitative stopping rules in security testing as compared to existing conventionally qualitative rules which do not lend themselves to probabilistic and cost-effective reasoning. We employ two probabilistic models to determine appropriate stopping rules and compare the approaches using two well-known data sets known as DR 4 and DR 5 (Sahinoglu, 2007).
Expression and Cloning of a Novel Stress Responsive Gene (OsMsr1) in Rice

To understand mechanism(s) underlying stress responses and discover new stress-tolerance genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we analyzed a global genome expression profiling of the indica cultivar Pei’ai 64S subjected to cold, drought, or heat stresses. Expression profiles were obtained for leaf and panicle tissues at seedling, booting and heading stages from plants under no stress, or cold, drought or heat stresses using the GeneChip Rice Genome Array (Affymetrix) representing 51 279 transcripts from japonica and indica rice. We identified a large number of genes highly up regulated or down regulated under the stresses. One of these genes, OsMsr1 (Oryza sativa L. Multiple Stresses Responsive Gene 1, GenBank accession: EU284112), was highly induced in leaf and panicle at all the developmental stages, in response to all stresses. The expression profile of OsMsr1 obtained by the microarray analysis was confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of the gene. The two sets of data matched very well, suggesting that OsMsr1 is a multiple stresses responsive gene in rice. In order to study its function in stress tolerance, we cloned the cDNA of the gene through amplification by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA encodes a protein of 89 aminoacid residues with M.W. ≈ 10 kD and pI ≈ 5. Searching sequence databases failed to find similarity to any gene of known function, and/or gene/protein domain. Analysis of the putative promoter region for candidate cisregulatory elements using Plant CARE software (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/) identified 5 matches to ciselements related to stress responses. Based on the above analyses and results obtained, we propose that OsMsr1 is a novel candidate gene involved in stress tolerance in rice. Further study on the function of the gene is in progress.
Assessing the Clinicians' Pathway to Embed Artificial Intelligence for Assisted Diagnostics of Fracture Detection

Fracture detection has been a long-standingparadigm on the medical imaging community. Many algo-rithms and systems have been presented to accurately detectand classify images in terms of the presence and absence offractures in different parts of the body. While these solutionsare capable of obtaining results which even surpass humanscores, few efforts have been dedicated to evaluate how thesesystems can be embedded in the clinicians and radiologistsworking pipeline. Moreover, the reports that are included withthe radiography could also provide key information regardingthe nature and the severity of the fracture. In this paper, wepresent our first findings towards assessing how computer vi-sion, natural language processing and other systems could becorrectly embedded in the clinicians’ pathway to better aidon the fracture detection task. We present some initial exper-imental results using publicly available fracture datasets alongwith a handful of data provided by the National HealthcareSystem from the United Kingdom in a research initiative call.Results show that there is a high likelihood of applying trans-fer learning from different existing and pre-trained models tothe new records provided in the challenge, and that thereare various ways in which these techniques can be embeddedalong the clinicians’ pathway
Relativistic and pseudorelativistic formulation of nonlinear envelope equations with spatiotemporal dispersion. II. Saturable systems

U SIR is a digi t al collec tion of t h e r e s e a r c h ou t p u t of t h e U nive r si ty of S alford. Whe r e copyrigh t p e r mi t s, full t ex t m a t e ri al h eld in t h e r e posi to ry is m a d e fre ely availabl e online a n d c a n b e r e a d , dow nloa d e d a n d copied for no nco m m e rcial p riva t e s t u dy o r r e s e a r c h p u r pos e s . Ple a s e c h e ck t h e m a n u sc rip t for a ny fu r t h e r copyrig h t r e s t ric tions.
Finite Element and Split Bregman Methods for Solving a Family of Optimal Control Problem with Partial Differential Equation Constraint

In this article we will discuss the solution of elliptic optimal control problem. First, by using the finite element method we obtain the discrete form of the problem. The obtained discrete problem is actually a large scale constrained optimization problem. Solving this optimization problem with traditional methods is difficult and requires a lot of CPU time and memory. But split Bergman method converts the constrained problem to an unconstrained, and hence it saves time and memory requirement. Then we use the split Bregman method for solving this problem, and examples show the speed and accuracy of split Bregman methods for solving this type of problems . We also use the SQP method for solving the examples and compare with split Bregman method.
Unique Decoding of Explicit ε-balanced Codes Near the Gilbert-Varshamov Bound

The Gilbert-Varshamov bound (non-constructively) establishes the existence of binary codes of distance $1/2 -\epsilon$ and rate $\Omega(\epsilon^2)$ (where an upper bound of $O(\epsilon^2\log(1/\epsilon))$ is known). Ta-Shma [STOC 2017] gave an explicit construction of $\epsilon$-balanced binary codes, where any two distinct codewords are at a distance between $1/2 -\epsilon/2$ and $1/2+\epsilon/2$, achieving a near optimal rate of $\Omega(\epsilon^{2+\beta})$, where $\beta \to 0$ as $\epsilon \to 0$. We develop unique and list decoding algorithms for (essentially) the family of codes constructed by Ta-Shma. We prove the following results for $\epsilon$-balanced codes with block length $N$ and rate $\Omega(\epsilon^{2+\beta})$ in this family: - For all $\epsilon, \beta > 0$ there are explicit codes which can be uniquely decoded up to an error of half the minimum distance in time $N^{O_{\epsilon, \beta}(1)}$. - For any fixed constant $\beta$ independent of $\epsilon$, there is an explicit construction of codes which can be uniquely decoded up to an error of half the minimum distance in time $(\log(1/\epsilon))^{O(1)} \cdot N^{O_\beta(1)}$. - For any $\epsilon > 0$, there are explicit $\epsilon$-balanced codes with rate $\Omega(\epsilon^{2+\beta})$ which can be list decoded up to error $1/2 - \epsilon'$ in time $N^{O_{\epsilon,\epsilon',\beta}(1)}$, where $\epsilon', \beta \to 0$ as $\epsilon \to 0$. The starting point of our algorithms is the list decoding framework from Alev et al. [SODA 2020], which uses the Sum-of-Squares SDP hierarchy. The rates obtained there were quasipolynomial in $\epsilon$. Here, we show how to overcome the far from optimal rates of this framework obtaining unique decoding algorithms for explicit binary codes of near optimal rate. These codes are based on simple modifications of Ta-Shma's construction.