Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics study of stability and diffusion of graphene-based drug delivery systems

Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial with unique biomedical properties, has attracted great attention due to its potential applications in graphene-based drug delivery systems (DDS). In this work graphene sheets with various sizes and graphene oxide functionalized with polyethylene glycol (GO-PEG) are utilized as nanocarriers to load anticancer drug molecules including CE6, DOX, MTX, and SN38. We carried out molecular dynamics calculations to explore the energetic stabilities and diffusion behaviors of the complex systems with focuses on the effects of the sizes and functionalization of graphene sheets as well as the number and types of drug molecules. Our study shows that the binding of graphene-drug complex is favorable when the drug molecules and finite graphene sheets become comparable in sizes. The boundaries of finite sized graphene sheets restrict the movement of drug molecules. The double-side loading often slows down the diffusion of drug molecules compared with the single-side loading. The drug molecules bind more strongly with GO-PEG than with pristine graphene sheets, demonstrating the advantages of functionalization in improving the stability and biocompatibility of graphene-based DDS.
Penaeus monodon

The effect of microalgae Chaetoceros spp. for survival rate and development of larval tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. By: Samuel Lante and Herlinah Microalgae is one of important factor contributing to the success of hatchery production of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. This study aimed to determine the species of live food, Chaetoceros spp. which can stimulate better growth and survival rate of tiger shrimp larvae. This trial used 15 fiber tanks (size 60 cm x 40 cm x 50 cm) with 120 liters capacity filled with 100 liters seawater. Stocking density was 90 larvae/liter or 9,000 larvae/tank. Five species of Chaetoceros spp. were used namely: Chaetoceros simplex, Chaetoceros ceratosporum, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chaetoceros amami, and Chaetoceros gracilis. The results of study showed that application of the five species of Chaetoceros spp. gave the same development rate to PL-1 among the treatments. Chaetoceros gracilis yielded the highest survival rate of tiger shrimp larvae at 41.48% and the lowest survival rate was observed in larvae fed Chaetoceros simplex (28.02%). These results indicated that the application of the five Chaetoceros spp. on larvae rearing gave significant different on tiger shrimp larvae survival rate but not significant difference for larvae metamorphosis stage. Application of Chaetoceros gracilis gave the best survival rate of tiger shrimp larvae.
The influence of changes in viticulture management on the butterfly (Lepidoptera) diversity in a wine growing region of southwestern Germany

Viticulture is one of the most intensively managed agricultural ecosystems in Europe. Therefore, the conservation prob- lems of vineyards and the ecological benefits of increasing the amount of fallow land are addressed using butterflies as a model group. We established 43 transects, each 100 m long, in a vineyard region in the vicinity of Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) and recorded the butterflies observed along these transects on 20 occasions from late May to early August 2003. Transects crossed vineyards, fallow land and transitional areas of land. 4041 individuals of 34 species showed the typical pattern of relative abundance with few common and many relatively rare species. Fallow land had more individuals and species and a higher Shannon species diversity index than vineyards. Community evenness and average butterfly dispersal ability were highest in the vineyards. Principal Factor Analyses and UPGMA cluster analysis distinguished between fallow land and vineyards. The difference between early meadow and late forest fallow land areas was not strong, but the former tended to have a higher diversity than the latter. Vineyards thus might act as a sink for butterflies. Therefore, a clear separation between vineyards and fallow land is best for nature conserva- tion. As young fallow land tends to have a higher diversity than older fallow land in this study, it is likely that the conservation value of vineyards for butterflies could be increased by active management of fallow land areas.
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Blood Pressure Pattern during Sleep-Wake Cycle in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

1 Internist. Comprehensive Healthcare Unit at the University of Carabobo (Unidad de Atención Médico Integral de la Universidad de Carabobo, UAMI), Venezuela. 2 MSc. in Management and Information Technology. Bachelor Degree in Bioanalysis. Center for Biotechnology and Medical Research at the University of Carabobo (Centro de Investigaciones Médicas y Biotecnológicas de la Universidad de Carabobo, CIMBUC), Faculty of Health Science, University of Carabobo, Venezuela. 3 MSc. in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Research (Instituto de Investigaciones en Nutrición, INVESNUT), Faculty of Health Science, University of Carabobo, Venezuela. 4 Bachelor Degree in Bioanalysis. Department of Research and Professional Development, School of Bioanalysis, University of Carabobo, Venezuela. ULISES A. LEAL, MILAGROS ESPINOZA, NELINA RUIZ, DALIS PADILLA, JOTSHARI OCHOA, GRACIELA NICITA
Nitrous oxide emission in response to N application in irrigated sugarcane

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) resulting from the application of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) doses in fertigated sugarcane, in comparison to emissions from conventional fertilizer application. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa Mid-North, Teresina, Piauí state, Brazil, from August 2014 to January 2015. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, analyzed in a (2 x 2) +1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of two doses of N and K2O (60-120 and 120-180 kg ha-1, respectively) and two methods of application (in soil and fertigation), and a control. The use of fertigation reduced the emissions of N2O in sugarcane compared with the crop under conventional fertilization. Increase in N dose from 60 to 120 kg ha-1 applied through fertigation did not affect N2O emissions, while 60 and 120 kg ha-1 applied in the soil led to 40.6 and 50.2% increases in N2O emissions, respectively. The application of 60 and 120 kg ha-1 of N in the soil led to higher N2O emission factor, being 1.39 and 2.08% higher than in the crop fertigated with 60 and 120 kg ha-1 of N, respectively.
Debt Overhang versus Crowding Out Effects: Understanding the Impact of External Debts on Capital Formation in Theory

This is a conceptual analysis of the relationships between external debt and capital formation geared towards a proper assessment and understanding the experiences of Sub Saharan African countries external debts experiences. The study established that debt in general and external debt in particular is a necessary evil that all economies survive with. During the five decades of external debt experiences in SSA, all indices have indicated adverse relationships amongst and between all variables of interest in these countries. Most important of the negative consequences was the debt overhang and crowding out effects and their attendant effects on the economies. The study has shown that it has negatively affected the positive development of capital formation being one of the essential macroeconomic variables for a sustained economic development. Keywords: External debts, Debt Overhang, Crowding out Effects, Capital formation. JEL Classifications: E60, H63, O55.
Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Phenolic Compositions and Color Properties of Fresh Grape Leaves

Grape leaves have been consumed as fresh and canned for years. Stuffed grape leaves (dolma) is a traditional delicacy for Turkish, Balkan and Middle East nations. In this study; grape leaves from Sultani Cekirdeksiz (SC), Sultan1 (S1), Sultan7 (S7) Saruhanbey (SB) and Narince (N) grape cultivars were assayed for their total phenolics, total flavonoids, some phenolic compounds and color properties. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the samples were determined by Folin Ciocalteu and colorimetric aluminum chloride methods respectively. Results were expressed as Gallic acid and (+)-catechin equivalent mgg-1. The phenolic compositions of the samples were separated by HPLC. L*, a*, b* values of the samples were measured by Minolta Colorimeter and a/b values were calculated. Total phenolic contents varied from 9.72 to 14.22 mg g-1 fresh leaves and total flavonoid contents from 5.08 to 7.22 mg g-1 fresh leaves. L* values of samples were measured between 37.9─45.0 and a* values -8.3─ -3.9 and b* values 8.6 ─ 15.0. a/b values were calculated between -0.57─ -0.45. (+)-catechin. (-) epicatechin, gallic acid, caffeic acid and vanillic acid were detected in all grape leaf samples
Assessment of wash load transport in the Araguaia River (Aruanã Gauge Station), Central Brazil

With an area close to 377,000 km 2 and a mean annual discharge of ~ 6,420 m 3 s -1 the Araguaia River is the main river draining the central highlands of Brazil. The Araguaia Rivers is a particularly sandy anabranching system that has been suffering geomorpholo- gic and sedimentary changes because of the effect of high rates of deforestation during the last decades. Little is known, however, on the amount of wash load transport. We will present the first relatively systematic results on wash load transport for the Araguaia River at the Aruana gauge station. The drainage area at Aruana is 77,000 km 2 and the mean annual discharge is ~1,200 m 3 s -1 . A total of 140 samples from 20 field surveys were analyzed and the wash load transport was estimated. We calculated that from 2001-2007 the average annual transport oscillated between 8 Mt yr -1 and 6 Mt yr -1 . An interesting aspect that makes the Araguaia unique when compared to other large alluvial rivers of Brazil is the relation between sandy load and wash load. The Araguaia at Aruana carries up to ~57% of the total sediment load as sandy load. We can now conclude that wash load just represents near 43 to 49% of the total sediment load in this system. Our results demonstrate that previous works overestimated the total wash load transported by the Araguaia. Taking into account that these are the first systematic results on wash load transport in the Araguaia, proposed human interventions in this system affecting sediment flows such as dams can be extremely harmful for the fluvial system. A more systematic analysis of sediment transport and an integrated and multidisciplinary plan of basin management must be done so that the detrimental effects of these human interventions will be understood. Resumen: Con un area de drenaje de ~377.000 km2 y un caudal medio anual de ~ 6.420 m 3 s -1 el Rio Araguaia es el principal rio que drena el Brasil Central y el Bioma Cerrado. El Rio Araguaia es un sistema anabranching de tipo arenoso que ha sufrido importantes cambios geomorfologicos y sedimentologicos como consecuencia de las altas tasas de deforestacion sufridas por su cuenca durante las ultimas decadas. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre el transporte de sedimentos de lavado (limo y arcilla) en este sistema. Aqui se presentan los primeros datos sistematicos de la carga de lavado del Rio Araguaia en la estacion hidrometrica Aruana. Se colectaron y analizaron en total 140 muestras obtenidas en 20 trabajos de campo. Se estimo que el transporte de sedimentos de lavado entre 2001 y 2007 oscilo entre aproximadamente 8 Mt ano -1 y 6 Mt ano -1 . Un aspecto interesante que hace del Araguaia un sistema particular cuando comparado a otros grandes sistemas aluviales de Brasil, es que la relacion entre la carga de lavado y la carga arenosa o carga "de fondo" (bedload) es muy alta. El Araguaia transporta hasta 57% del total de sedimentos como carga arenosa y la carga de sedimentos de lavado representa
Effects of forages and total mixed rations particle size on physical effectiveness and chewing activity of lactating cows

In study are determined effects of four different mean lengths of corn silage, alfalfa haylage and total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating cows on physical effectiveness (pef), physically effective fiber content (peNDF) and total chewing activity. High correlations were found between mean particle length of forages and TMR and their physical effectiveness in lactating cows nutrition as also with physically effective fiber content. Significant effect of ration particle size on stimulating total chewing activity of lactating cows was determined.
A Synoptic Review on Deriving Bathymetry Information Using Remote Sensing Technologies: Models, Methods and Comparisons

This paper discusses the bathymetric mapping technologies by means of satellite remote sensing (RS) with special emphasis on bathymetry derivation models, methods, accuracies, advantages, limitations, and comparisons. Traditionally, bathymetry can be mapped using echo sounding sounders. However, this method is constrained by its inefficiency in shallow waters and very high operating logistic costs. In comparison, RS technologies present efficient and cost-effective means of mapping bathymetry over remote and broad areas. RS of bathymetry can be categorised into two broad classes: active RS and passive RS. Active RS methods are based on active satellite sensors, which emit artificial radiation to study the earth surface or atmospheric features, e.g. light detection and ranging (LIDAR), polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR), altimeters, etc. Passive RS methods are based on passive satellite sensors, which detect sunlight (natural source of light) radiation reflected from the earth and thermal radiation in the visible and infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, e.g. multispectral or optical satellite sensors. Bathymetric methods can also be categorised as imaging methods and non-imaging methods. The non-imaging method is elucidated by laser scanners or LIDAR, which measures the distance between the sensor and the water surface or the ocean floor using a single wave pulse or double waves. On the other hand, imaging methods approximate the water depth based on the pixel values or digital numbers (DN) (representing reflectance or backscatter) of an image. Imaging methods make use of the visible and/or near infrared (NIR) and microwave radiation. Imaging methods are implemented with either analytical modelling or empirical modelling, or by a blend of both. This paper presents the development of bathymetric mapping technology by using RS, and discusses the state-of-the-art bathymetry derivation methods/algorithms and their implications in practical applications.
Agglomeration Economies and Productivity Growth in Manufacturing Industry: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

type="main" xml:id="ecor12115-abs-0001"> This study examines the effect of agglomeration economies on productivity growth in Indonesian manufacturing industries during the first decade of this century. Productivity growth is measured at the firm level using the Fare-Primont Productivity Index. Each firm's productivity growth is then regressed against a set of firm and industry characteristics, including three measures of agglomeration representing the effects of specialisation, diversity and competition. The results show evidence of a positive specialisation effect and a negative diversity effect for aggregate manufacturing and sub-sectors. Furthermore, there are mixed effects across industries, suggesting that Porter's competition externalities stimulate firm productivity growth under some conditions but not others.
Investigation of Sensitivity to Heavy-Ion Irradiation of Junctionless Double-Gate MOSFETs by 3-D Numerical Simulation

Microelectronics industry has experienced tremendous progress in the last forty years, especially with regard to the evolution of the products (i.e. integrated circuits) performances, and at the same time, concerning the drastic reduction of manufacturing costs by elementary function integrated. So far, this considerable growth of the semiconductor industry has been due to its technological capability to constantly miniaturize the elementary components of circuits, namely the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor), the basic building block of VLSI (very large scale integration) integrated circuits. The continuous decrease of the silicon surface used by these elementary components has kept the race integration at the rhythm dictated by the famous “Moore's Law”, which states that the number transistors per integrated circuit doubles every 18 to 24 months [1]. However, the conventional bulk MOSFET scaling down encountered this last decade serious physical and technological limitations, mainly related to the gate oxide (SiO2) leakage currents [2-3], the large increase of parasitic short channel effects and the dramatic mobility reduction [4] due to highly doped silicon substrates precisely used to reduce these short channel effects. Technological solutions have been proposed in order to continue to use the “bulk solution” until the 32-28 nm ITRS nodes [5]. Most of these solutions have then introduced high-permittivity gate dielectric stacks (to reduce the gate leakage [1], [6], midgap metal gate (to suppress the Silicon gate polyde‐ pletion-induced parasitic capacitances) and strained silicon channel (to increase carrier mobility) [7]. However, in parallel to these efforts, alternative solutions to replace the conven‐ tional bulk MOSFET architecture have been proposed and studied in the recent literature. These options are numerous and can be classified in general according to three main directions: (i) the use of new materials in the continuity of the “bulk solution”, allowing increasing
Development of yield and some photosynthetic characteristics during 82 years of genetic improvement of soybean genotypes in Northeast China

The aim of this work was to investigate development of some photosynthetic characters and their relationship with seed yield during the genetic improvement of soybean. For this objective, we grew 38 soybean cultivars representing genetic improvement progress in northeast China, released from the period of 1923 to 2005 (82 years). The experiment was performed in 2005 and 2006. Some photosynthetic characteristics such as leaf area, chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight (SLW) were measured at R2 stage (flowering stage). Days to maturity and yield were measured in each plot. The results of two years study showed that number of days to maturity decreased from 140.3d to 125.6d depends on the year of release, but soybean seed yield increased significantly from 1282.3 Kg to 2310.7 Kg during the 82 years of breeding. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), apparent mesophyll conductance (Pn/Ci), transpiration (Tr), chlorophyll content and SLW all increased in bred cultivars during the improvement, but contrastingly the leaf area and ratio of Ci/Ca (intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci; ambient CO2 concentration, Ca) decreased in the same time. Yield was positively correlated with Pn, Tr, Gs, Pn/Ci, chlorophyll content and SLW, whereas the leaf area, Ci/Ca and WUE were negatively correlated. Our results revealed that Pn and Pn/Ci are the effective selection indexes for seed yield and can be used in future soybean breeding programs. We also found that the increase of Tr is higher than Pn. As a result, WUE is decreased as the increase of yield with year of release. Therefore, the main cost of high yield in new cultivars is water expense.
Quantifying fire‐wide carbon emissions in interior Alaska using field measurements and Landsat imagery

Carbon emissions from boreal forest fires are projected to increase with continued warming and constitute a potentially significant positive feedback to climate change. The highest consistent combustion levels are reported in interior Alaska and can be highly variable depending on the consumption of soil organic matter. Here we present an approach for quantifying emissions within a fire perimeter using remote sensing of fire severity. Combustion from belowground and aboveground pools was quantified at 22 sites (17 black spruce and five white spruce‐aspen) within the 2010 Gilles Creek burn in interior Alaska, constrained by data from eight unburned sites. We applied allometric equations and estimates of consumption to calculate carbon losses from aboveground vegetation. The position of adventitious spruce roots within the soil column, together with estimated prefire bulk density and carbon concentrations, was used to quantify belowground combustion. The differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) exhibited a clear but nonlinear relationship with combustion that differed by forest type. We used a multiple regression model based on transformed dNBR and deciduous fraction to scale carbon emissions to the fire perimeter, and a Monte Carlo framework to assess uncertainty. Because of low‐severity and unburned patches, mean combustion across the fire perimeter (1.98 ± 0.34 kg C m−2) was considerably less than within a defined core burn area (2.67 ± 0.40 kg C m−2) and the mean at field sites (2.88 ± 0.23 kg C m−2). These areas constitute a significant fraction of burn perimeters in Alaska but are generally not accounted for in regional‐scale estimates. Although total combustion in black spruce was slightly lower than in white spruce‐aspen forests, black spruce covered most of the fire perimeter (62%) and contributed the majority (67 ± 16%) of total emissions. Increases in spring albedo were found to be a viable alternative to dNBR for modeling emissions.
Estimation of variance components of milk, fat, and protein yields of Tunisian Holstein dairy cattle using Bayesian and REML methods

Abstract. A multi-trait repeatability animal model under restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and Bayesian methods was used to estimate genetic parameters of milk, fat, and protein yields in Tunisian Holstein cows. The estimates of heritability for milk, fat, and protein yields from the REML procedure were 0.21 ± 0.05, 0.159 ± 0.04, and 0.158 ± 0.04, respectively. The corresponding results from the Bayesian procedure were 0.273 ± 0.02, 0.198 ± 0.01, and 0.187 ± 0.01. Heritability estimates tended to be larger via the Bayesian than those obtained by the REML method. Genetic and permanent environmental variances estimated by REML were smaller than those obtained by the Bayesian analysis. Inversely, REML estimates of the residual variances were larger than Bayesian estimates. Genetic and permanent correlation estimates were on the other hand comparable by both REML and Bayesian methods with permanent environmental being larger than genetic correlations. Results from this study confirm previous reports on genetic parameters for milk traits in Tunisian Holsteins and suggest that a multi-trait approach can be an alternative for implementing a routine genetic evaluation of the Tunisian dairy cattle population.