Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of alcohol dependence in epidemiological surveys: an epidemic of youthful alcohol dependence or a case of measurement error?

AIMS To review the literature on the prevalence of alcohol dependence according to age, presenting data suggesting that the increased prevalence of alcohol dependence among young adults may be inflated because of measurement error. DESIGN Household surveys with random selection of respondents. SETTING General population. PARTICIPANTS Survey respondents 12 years of age and older. MEASUREMENTS Alcohol dependence. FINDINGS Data for male current drinkers show that 4.6% of adolescents (aged 12-17 years) meet criteria for past year dependence, and the rate increases to 8.5% in the 18-23 age group, decreasing thereafter. Symptom level prevalence estimates indicate that younger age groups report higher rates of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms than older age groups. CONCLUSION Young adults may be reporting tolerance and withdrawal symptoms partly because the wording of structured interview schedules leads to confusion of binge drinking and its sequelae with physical symptoms of alcohol dependence. There is a need to examine whether young adults are confusing the sequelae of acute intoxication with alcohol withdrawal, and rapid initial tolerance with the classical tolerance reported by alcoholics. Epidemiologists and clinicians need to be cautious of the tendency of structured psychiatric interviews to classify young adults as being alcohol-dependent. It may be useful to characterize individuals who meet alcohol dependence criteria at a young age (e.g. prior to age 25 years) as manifesting a form of 'adolescent alcohol dependence', which may represent a less severe form of alcohol use disorder than that observed in adults.
Growth suppressing activity for endothelial cells induced from macrophages by carboxymethylated curdlan.

A carboxymethylated derivative of a linear (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (CMCD) from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes acted directly on mouse peritoneal macrophages and mouse lymphoma P388D1 cells, and induced a growth suppressing activity for bovine artery endothelial cells (BAEs) from themselves at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. The suppressing activity was also detected in the mouse serum administered as an i.p. injection of CMCD at a dose of 100 mg/kg, suggesting that the growth suppressing activity was induced from macrophages potentiated by CMCD in vivo.
Fixed structure robust H∞ loop shaping control of feedback linearised CSTR using PSO

A fixed-structure polynomial controller based on robust H∞ loop shaping control for feedback linearised CSTR is proposed in this paper. It can be used to guarantee the robust performance under a structure-specified controller. In this proposed technique, the performance and robust stability conditions of the designed system satisfying the H∞ loop shaping are formulated as the objective function in the optimisation problem. Particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is applied to solve this problem and to achieve the control parameters of the proposed controller. Additionally, in the proposed technique, the performance weighting function, which is normally difficult to obtain, is determined by using PSO. The optimal stability margin is used as an objective function in PSO for selecting the optimal weighting parameters. Simulation results of feedback linearised CSTR show that the proposed controller has simpler structure than that of the conventional Η∞ loop shaping controller and its stability margin is near the Η∞ loop shaping controllers.
Projection methods for computation of spectral characteristics of weakly guiding optical waveguides

The original problem on surface and leaky eigen-modes of a weakly guiding step-index optical waveguide is considered. The original problem is reduced to a nonlinear spectral problem for the set of weakly singular boundary integral equations. We approximate the integral operator by collocation and Galerkin methods. Their convergence and quality are proved by numerical experiments.
IEB Working Paper 2016 / 23 CO 2 CONTENT OF ELECTRICITY LOSSES

Worldwide, countries are implementing policies to develop greener energy markets. In Europe, the ̈2030 Energy and Climate Package ̈ asks for further reductions of GHG, renewable sources integration, and energy efficiency targets. These objectives may counterbalance each other modifying the electricity flows, and hence, affecting the electricity losses. Precisely, the extra amount of energy necessary to cover losses is the departure point from which we analyze the impact of losses on CO2 emissions. With this purpose we use Spanish market and system data with hourly frequency from 2011 to 2013. Our results show that electricity losses significantly explain CO2 emissions, with higher CO2 emissions when covering losses that those on the average system. Additionally, we find that the market closing technologies used to cover losses have positive and significant impacts on CO2 emissions: when polluting technologies (coal or combined cycle) close the market, the impact of losses on CO2 emissions is greater in comparison with the rest of technologies (CHP, renewables or hydropower). From these results we make some policy recommendations to reduce the impact of losses on CO2 emissions. JEL Codes: L11, Q40, Q50, Q54
Hepatic gene therapy: Present and future

In 1992 the first clinical trial of hepatic gene therapy began with the introduction of a gene for the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor into the liver of a patient with familial hypercholesterolemia (1). This clinical trial, and other clinical trials that are imminent (21, may validate a series of novel technologies for somatic gene therapy of a variety of diseases involving the liver. The principle of somatic gene therapy is that genes can be introduced into selected cells in the body to treat genetic or acquired diseases (3-5). Somatic gene therapy is analogous to cell or organ transplantation where biological materials are introduced into the body for therapeutic purposes. Somatic gene therapy, as presently conceived, does not involve repairing or replacing mutant genes and explicitly does not involve manipulation of the inherited genetic material in the sperm and egg. Hepatic gene therapy may provide an approach to therapy for various inherited disorders of hepatic function such as familial hypercholesterolemia caused by LDL-receptor deficiency, phenylketonuria caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency or hyperammonemia caused by inherited defects in the urea cycle. Such diseases might be treated by introducing a normal gene into hepatic cells to provide the function of the inherited, mutant gene. Hepatic gene therapy may also be an approach for treating acquired or multifactorial diseases where expression of a recombinant gene may alter the course of a pathological process. For example, diseases such as multifactorial hypercholesterolemia, infectious hepatitis or even cirrhosis may be targets for gene therapy in the future. The liver may also be an important target for gene therapies that use hepatocytes as bioreactors to secrete
SHADOZ—A TROPICAL OZONESONDE–RADIOSONDE NETWORK FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC COMMUNITY

This article describes the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) network of ozonesonde-radiosonde stations in the southern Tropics and subtropics. SHADOZ was initiated in 1998 by NASA, NOAA, and a team of international meteorological services and space agencies to remedy a paucity of ozone profile data in a region of intense natural variability and anthropogenic change. SHADOZ augments launches at selected sites and provides a public archive of ozonesonde and radiosonde data (see additional information online at http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz). Ozone is important because of its role as an atmospheric UV shield, surface pollutant, oxidant, and greenhouse gas. Ozone profile data are essential for the detection of ozone trends and for verification of satellite ozone retrievals. Instrumentation, data, and a summary of the first scientific findings from SHADOZ are presented. A zonal view shows that troposphere ozone accumulates over the south tropical Atlantic and adjacent continents throughout.
Willingness to Help Following the Sichuan Earthquake

Examining individuals’ TV and Internet involvement following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, this study demonstrates that involvement with disaster media renders positive and negative effects on viewers. Although TV involvement increases perceived stress, TV and Internet involvement predict perceived gains of social-relational resources (e.g., companionship and intimacy with friends and family) and social trust. Media involvement, in general, is also positively related to individuals’ willingness to help people in the affected areas, though this link was mediated by individuals’ perceived social-relational resource gain and social trust. This suggests that individuals’ willingness to help disaster victims is partly shaped by their relatively proximal and personal responses to the disaster coverage.
Studying user-defined iPad gestures for interaction in multi-display environment

The paper investigates the iPad gestures that users naturally perform for data transfer. We examine the transfer between two iPads, iPad and a tabletop, and iPad and a public display. Three gesture modalities are investigated: multi-touch gestures, performed using iPad display, spatial gestures, performed by manipulating iPad in 3D space, and direct contact gestures, involving the physical contact of iPad and other device. We report on user choices of the modalities and gesture types, and derive critical points for the design of iPad gestures.
Reasoning about knowledge

Reasoning about knowledge—particularly the knowledge of agents who reason about the world and each other's knowledge—was once the exclusive province of philosophers and puzzle solvers. More recently, this type of reasoning has been shown to play a key role in a surprising number of contexts, from understanding conversations to the analysis of distributed computer algorithms. Reasoning About Knowledge is the first book to provide a general discussion of approaches to reasoning about knowledge and its applications to distributed systems, artificial intelligence, and game theory. It brings eight years of work by the authors into a cohesive framework for understanding and analyzing reasoning about knowledge that is intuitive, mathematically well founded, useful in practice, and widely applicable. The book is almost completely self-contained and should be accessible to readers in a variety of disciplines, including computer science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, and game theory. Each chapter includes exercises and bibliographic notes.
Precomputed multiple scattering for light simulation in participating medium

Illumination simulation involving participating media is computationally intensive. The overall aspect of the material depends on simulating a large number of scattering events inside the material. Combined, the contributions of these scattering events are a smooth illumination. Computing them using ray-tracing or photon-mapping algorithms is expensive: convergence time is high, and pictures before convergence are low quality (see Figure 1). In this paper, we precompute the result of multiple scattering events, assuming an infinite medium, and store it in two 4D tables. These precomputed tables can be used with many rendering algorithms, such as Virtual Ray Lights (VRL), Unified Point Beams and Paths (UPBP) or Manifold Exploration Metropolis Light Transport (MEMLT), greatly reducing the convergence time. The original algorithm takes care of low order scattering (single and double scattering), while our precomputations are used for multiple scattering (more than two scattering events).
A Review of Comparison Techniques of Image Steganography

Steganography is an important area of research in recent years involving a number of applications. It is the science of embedding information into the cover image viz., text, video, and image (payload) without causing statistically significant modification to the cover image. The modern secure image steganography presents a challenging task of transferring the embedded information to the destination without being detected. This paper deals with hiding text in an image file using Least Significant Bit (LSB) based Steganography, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based Steganography and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based steganography. The LSB algorithm is implemented in spatial domain in which the payload bits are embedded into the least significant bits of cover image to derive the stego-image whereas DCT & DWT algorithm are implemented in frequency domain in which the stego -image is transformed from spatial domain to the frequency domain and the payload bits are embedded into the frequency components of the cover image. The performance and comparison of these three techniques is evaluated on the basis of the parameters MSE, PSNR, Capacity & Robustness.
RNA Silencing of Glycolysis Pathway in Toxoplasma gondii

TOXOPLASMA gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite with unique apical secretory structures that mediate locomotion and host cell invasion. Many of apicomplexan parasites are important pathogens of humans and other animals. For example, Plasmodium falciparum causes a lethal form of malaria and is responsible for millions of deaths each year (Idro, Jenkins, and Newton 2005). Toxoplasma gondii can cause congenital birth defects and serious complications in immunocompromised patients (Black and Boothroyd 2000). It can be readily manipulated for experimental research compared with other apicomplexan parasites. It can be cultured in vitro and is amenable to genetic manipulation (Boothroyd et al. 1997; Roos et al. 1994; Taylor and Webster, 1998). Any essential gene or function identified in T. gondii could be important for understanding other apicomplexan parasites (Roos 2005). We have successfully shown that the introduction via electroporation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into T. gondii could induce homologous gene silencing (Al-Anouti, Quach, and Ananvoranich 2003). Here we report on progress in a study designed to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a genome-wide functional analysis using dsRNA-induced gene silencing in T. gondii. We generated an RNAi library specific to T. gondii glycolytic genes. These genes were chosen because intracellular parasites derive much of their energy from glycolysis while residing in their hosts. The glycolysis pathway is considered a promising drug target in many parasitic organisms, such as Trypanosoma (Lakhdar-Ghazal et al. 2002; Verlinde et al. 2001) Leishmania (Louassini et al. 1999) and Plasmodium (Brady and Cameron 2004). We analyzed the rate of T. gondii proliferation in vitro as a means of evaluating the importance of genes of the glycolytic pathway in this organism. We demonstrated that dsRNA-induced gene silencing provided a rapid assessment on the loss-of-function effect.
Enhanced TCP for Congestion Control in

Mobile ad-hoc network is a decentralized network, where nodes are mobile. It is dynamic in nature. nodes autonomously join or leave the network. Due to its characteristics, this network faces various problems. One of the major problem is congestion. it occurs in congestion there is huge data packet in the network that cannot be control easily. The existing approach works well in the wired scenario and provides good results but in the wireless scenario, it does not work properly. In our proposed work the performance the existing compound TCP for wireless scenario is improved upgrade TCP give satisfactory result in high speed huge network. Upgrade TCP is a TCP for fast speed and huge network. Upgrade TCP execute congestion control with the help of a combination of open congestion window or delay based method, for transmission data or packet or mutual understanding among all sender or receiver we apply synchronization in TCP handshaking mechanism. In our propose work, we explain working of upgraded TCP Keywords—MANET, Congestion, TCP _________________________________________________________________________________________
The Role of Pre-Entry Experience, Entry Timing and Product Technology Strategies in Explaining Firm Survival

Studying the U.S. personal computer industry from its inception in 1974 through 1994, we address the following questions. What product technology strategies increase the survival chances of entrants into new, technologically dynamic industries? Does the effectiveness of these strategies differ by pre-entry experience? Does the effectiveness of these strategies differ by when firms enter a new industry? Consistent with the published literature, we find that diversifying entrants have an initial survival advantage over entrepreneurial startups. But, we find the reverse for later entrants: startups that enter later in the industry have a survival advantage over the later entering diversifying entrants. We explain this finding in terms of the firms' product technology strategies (i.e., offering products based on the technology standard and products incorporating the latest technology), pre-entry experience, and entry timing. Our findings highlight that it is crucial to study what firms do after they enter a new industry to more completely understand their ultimate performance.
The Incidence of Cognitive Disabilities in the Siblings of Autistic Children

Summary Individual components of cognitive disability were assessed in the siblings of 41 autistic probands and compared with similar measures from a control group of siblings of Down's syndrome individuals. The results showed a significant familial clustering of cognitive disabilities in the siblings of autistic probands. These cognitive impairments included disturbances in expressive and receptive language, specific learning disabilities, and varying degrees of mental subnormality.
Eddy-Current-Based SQUID-NDE for Detection of Surface Flaws on Copper Tubes

An eddy-current-based SQUID-NDE system has been developed to detect shallow surface flaws of less than 50 mum in depth on heat-exchanger copper tubes using an HTS-SQUID gradiometer and an Helmholtz-coil-type inducer. In this study, detectable flaw sizes on the tubes were investigated by experiments and simulation. Copper tube specimens with flaws of various sizes were inspected by the system with an excitation field of 5.6 muT at 3 kHz. A magnetic anomaly due to the shallowest flaw of 10 mum depth, 100 mum width and 15 mm length was successfully detected. The experimental results showed that the magnetic signal amplitude due to a flaw was proportional to the effective flaw size given by the product of flaw depth, width and length. A numerical simulation was carried out to calculate the magnetic signal from a flaw on a copper tube to determine the dependence on the flaw size. It is concluded that a flaw with a volume of 106 mum3 should be detectable by improving the system parameters.
Boosting association rule mining in large datasets via Gibbs sampling

Significance Informative association rule mining is fundamental for knowledge discovery from transaction data, for which brute-force search algorithms, e.g., the well-known Apriori algorithm, were developed. However, operating these algorithms becomes computationally intractable in searching large rule space. The stochastic search algorithm developed here tackles this challenge by using the idea of annealing Gibbs sampling. Large rule space of exponential order can still be randomly searched by this algorithm to generate an ergodic Markov chain of viable length. The ergodic chain contains the most informative rules with probability 1, creating a much reduced rule space for subsequent mining without information loss. Such capacity of the algorithm is demonstrated using a carefully designed simulation study and a real genomic dataset containing 1,067 items. Current algorithms for association rule mining from transaction data are mostly deterministic and enumerative. They can be computationally intractable even for mining a dataset containing just a few hundred transaction items, if no action is taken to constrain the search space. In this paper, we develop a Gibbs-sampling–induced stochastic search procedure to randomly sample association rules from the itemset space, and perform rule mining from the reduced transaction dataset generated by the sample. Also a general rule importance measure is proposed to direct the stochastic search so that, as a result of the randomly generated association rules constituting an ergodic Markov chain, the overall most important rules in the itemset space can be uncovered from the reduced dataset with probability 1 in the limit. In the simulation study and a real genomic data example, we show how to boost association rule mining by an integrated use of the stochastic search and the Apriori algorithm.
Mutations within Sox 2 / SOX 2 are associated with abnormalities in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in mice and humans

1London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and 2Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom. 3Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom. 4Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom. 5Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy. 6Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom. 7Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. 8Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. 9Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Performance Enhancement of Indoor Mobile Localization System using Unscented Kalman Filter

One of the most common and important goals of several indoor mobile localization systems developed in the world is to enhance their performance of localization which is to get a mobile object's position data. Particularly, it is very hard for the indoor localization system using ultrasound sensors to achieve much highly precise localization for mobile target due to ultrasound's physical characteristics, such as multi-path. Such ultrasound's demerits make the measured distance value incorrect. In order to overcome this problem, a number of techniques and tips have been suggested; generally, an estimation algorithm like extended Kalman filter has been used. In this paper, we present the application of unscented Kamlan filter to improve the localization performance of our indoor mobile localization system, 'indoor GPS', as well as to overcome some limitations of ultrasound as enough as possible. In addition, we present the comparison of the unscented Kalman filter and another estimation algorithm, such as the unscented particle filter through simulation for our system