Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of glial cells and motor neurons during the formation of neuromuscular junctions in cocultures of rat spinal cord explant and human muscle

Motor axons extending from embryonic rat spinal cord explants form fully mature neuromuscular junctions with cocultured human muscle. This degree of maturation is not observed in muscle innervated by dissociated motor neurons. Glial cells present in the spinal cord explants seem to be, besides remaining interneurons, the major difference between the two culture systems. In light of this observation and the well documented role of glia in neuronal development, it can be hypothesized that differentiated and long‐lived neuromuscular junctions form in vitro only if their formation is accompanied by codifferentiation of neuronal and glial cells and if this codifferentiation follows the spatial and temporal pattern observed in vivo. Investigation of this hypothesis necessitates the characterization of neuronal and glial cell development in spinal cord explant–muscle cocultures. No such study has been reported, although these cocultures have been used in numerous studies of neuromuscular junction formation. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate the temporal relationship between neuromuscular junction formation and the differentiation of neuronal and glial cells during the first 3 weeks of coculture, when formation and development of the neuromuscular junction occurs in vitro. The expression of stage‐specific markers of neuronal and glial differentiation in these cocultures was characterized by immunocytochemical and biochemical analyses. Differentiation of astrocytes, Schwann cells, and oligodendrocytes proceeded in concert with the differentiation of motor neurons and neuromuscular junction formation. The temporal coincidence between maturation of the neuromuscular junction and lineage progression of neurons and glial cells was similar to that observed in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that glial cells are a major contributor to maturity of the neuromuscular junction formed in vitro in spinal cord explant–muscle cocultures. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:239–251, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the auditory thalamocortical system in the mongolian gerbil: Nuclear origins and cortical field‐, layer‐, and frequency‐specificities

Knowledge of the anatomical organization of the auditory thalamocortical (TC) system is fundamental for the understanding of auditory information processing in the brain. In the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), a valuable model species in auditory research, the detailed anatomy of this system has not yet been worked out in detail. Here, we investigated the projections from the three subnuclei of the medial geniculate body (MGB), namely, its ventral (MGv), dorsal (MGd), and medial (MGm) divisions, as well as from several of their subdivisions (MGv: pars lateralis [LV], pars ovoidea [OV], rostral pole [RP]; MGd: deep dorsal nucleus [DD]), to the auditory cortex (AC) by stereotaxic pressure injections and electrophysiologically guided iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tract tracer biocytin. Our data reveal highly specific features of the TC connections regarding their nuclear origin in the subdivisions of the MGB and their termination patterns in the auditory cortical fields and layers. In addition to tonotopically organized projections, primarily of the LV, OV, and DD to the AC, a large number of axons diverge across the tonotopic gradient. These originate mainly from the RP, MGd (proper), and MGm. In particular, neurons of the MGm project in a columnar fashion to several auditory fields, forming small‐ and medium‐sized boutons, and also hitherto unknown giant terminals. The distinctive layer‐specific distribution of axonal endings within the AC indicates that each of the TC connectivity systems has a specific function in auditory cortical processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2397–2430, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affirming our commitment to research: the Medical Library Association's research policy statement: the process and findings.

PURPOSE Building on its 1995 research policy statement, the Medical Library Association (MLA) has issued a new research policy, The Research Imperative. This paper shares the background research that informed the new policy. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifty-one key informants representing various library types, functions, geographic locations, ages, and ethnicities. The grounded theory approach was used to analyze the resulting textual database. Additionally, to gather input from the membership as a whole, two open forums were held at MLA annual meetings. RESULTS Key informant data indicated that the policy should provide roles for MLA in leadership, advocacy, collaboration, services, education, publishing, and development of a research agenda. Evidence-based library and information practice was emphasized. Six themes emerged to center the new policy: creation of a research culture, challenges, domains of research, research skills set, roles of stakeholders, and measurement of progress. CONCLUSION Reflecting the interests and beliefs of the membership, The Research Imperative challenges MLA members to build a supportive culture that values and contributes to a research base that is recognized as an essential tool for future practice.
CE‐MS for metabolomics: Developments and applications in the period 2012–2014

In the field of metabolomics, CE‐MS is now regarded as a useful complementary analytical technique for the profiling of (highly) polar ionogenic metabolites in biological samples. Over the past few years, significant advancements have been made in CE‐MS approaches for metabolic profiling studies. This paper, which is a follow‐up of three previous review papers covering the years 2000–2012 [Electrophoresis 2009, 30, 276–291; Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 52–65; Electrophoresis 2013, 34, 86–98], provides an update of these developments covering the scientific literature from July 2012 to June 2014. Attention will be paid to novel interfacing techniques for coupling CE to MS and their implications for metabolomics studies. The potential of CEC‐MS and MEKC‐MS are also considered, and CE‐MS systems for high‐throughput metabolic profiling are discussed. The applicability of CE‐MS for metabolomics studies is demonstrated by representative examples in the fields of biomedical, clinical, microbial, plant, environmental, and food metabolomics. An overview of recent CE‐MS‐based metabolomics studies is given in a table, which provides information on sample type and pretreatment, capillary coatings, and MS detection mode. Finally, general conclusions and perspectives are given.
LPM3770277, a Potent Novel CDK4/6 Degrader, Exerts Antitumor Effect Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with significant malignancy and poor prognosis but effective treatments are limited. Given the critical role of CDK4/6 in cell cycle and the apparent success of CDK4/6 inhibitors against certain cancer, this study attempted to utilize hydrophobic tagging technology to develop a CDK4/6 degrader against TNBC. We based on the chemical structure of the major metabolite of a clinically approved CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, to synthesize three compounds and evaluated their in vitro cytotoxicity. LPM3770277 stood out as the most promising compound which was further confirmed by a series of binding and CDK4/6 degradation studies. LPM3770277 was able to bind to CDK4/6, and time-dependently and dose-dependently increased CDK4/6 protein degradation. Mechanistic study revealed that LPM3770277 exerted its CDK4/6 degradation effect via two machineries: proteasome and lysosome-promoted autophagy. Using in vivo TNBC xenograft cancer model, we found that LPM3770277 demonstrated superior anti-tumor efficacy and safety as compared to abemaciclib, although both compounds exerted similar effects on cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, this study for the first time developed and characterized a CDK4/6 degrader against TNBC using hydrophobic tags, which strongly suggests the viability of hydrophobic tags as a strategy to develop potential treatments against TNBC.
Active Learning with Feedback on Features and Instances

We extend the traditional active learning framework to include feedback on features in addition to labeling instances, and we execute a careful study of the effects of feature selection and human feedback on features in the setting of text categorization. Our experiments on a variety of categorization tasks indicate that there is significant potential in improving classifier performance by feature re-weighting, beyond that achieved via membership queries alone (traditional active learning) if we have access to an oracle that can point to the important (most predictive) features. Our experiments on human subjects indicate that human feedback on feature relevance can identify a sufficient proportion of the most relevant features (over 50% in our experiments). We find that on average, labeling a feature takes much less time than labeling a document. We devise an algorithm that interleaves labeling features and documents which significantly accelerates standard active learning in our simulation experiments. Feature feedback can complement traditional active learning in applications such as news filtering, e-mail classification, and personalization, where the human teacher can have significant knowledge on the relevance of features.
E. Coli Sepsis Induces Profound Mechanoenergetic Inefficiency in the Porcine Left Ventricle

Myocardial dysfunction is believed to be a central part of septic multiorgan manifestations. The aim of the present study was to assess whether E. coli sepsis in an in vivo model would induce a dysfunction in the relationship between mechanical work and energy consumption in the left ventricle (LV). Accordingly, we measured hemodynamics, left ventricular pressure–volume area (PVA), and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) in deeply anesthetized pigs. Eight pigs received 2.0 ± 0.5 × 109E. coli bacteria intravenously, and seven served as controls. Compared with baseline and the control group, no alternations were observed in LV diastolic function or indices of contractility in the septic group. The MVo2–PVA relationship was highly linear in both groups (all r2 = 0.96–0.99). At 5 h, the y-axis intercept of the MVo2–PVA relationship (nonmechanical MVo2) had increased in the sepsis group by 70% compared with baseline (P = 0.004) and by 60% compared with the control group (P = 0.003). Contractile efficiency (the inverse of the MVo2–PVA slope) remained unchanged over time and between groups. The study demonstrates a profound increase in nonmechanical oxygen consumption during E. coli sepsis in the LV.
Estimation of directions of arrival of multipath signals in CDMA systems

An algorithm is proposed for estimating the directions of arrival (DOAs) of multipath signals received from multiple users on the uplink of a code-division multiple-access system. The correlation matrices of the received signal before and after code-matched filtering are used to provide unique estimates even when the number of required DOAs exceeds the number of antenna array elements. This scenario is well known to cause conventional direction-finding algorithms (such as MUSIC) to fail. Both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) are modeled exactly, and so the algorithm performs much better than those which model ISI and MAI as Gaussian noise.
Feature extraction of EEG signals from epilepsy patients based on Gabor Transform and EMD Decomposition

Electroencephalograph (EEG) has been considered as a practical media to explore human brain activities. It is believed that EEG signals have lots of information carried still unknown. The non-stationary, non-linear traits of EEG signals make the information detection a hard task. While time-frequency methods, for their superiority to process such data, were widely studied and applied to this research. EEG information detection is very important during the diagnostics process of epilepsy diseases, because doctors detect abnormal brain activities mainly with their experiences on EEG signals and such subjective method is not so reliable. Here, we try a time-frequency method (Gabor Transform) on EEG signals. The results of Gabor Transform display good performance on both time and frequency scales. The Frequency Band Relative Intensity Ratio (FBRIR) can clearly differentiate the epilepsy periods including interictal, preictal and ictal. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is also used to extract patterns from the original EEG signals. It shows that EMD can be a valuable practical method for such tasks. The results of the two methods can provide doctors with clinical guidelines.
Expenditures for Unintentional Injuries among the Elderly

This article presents national estimates of the probability of having an unintentional injury, the types of medical care associated with unintentional injuries, and the costs of unintentional injuries that occurred in calender year 1977 for persons aged 65 and older. Data come from the 1977 National Medical Care Expenditure Survey (NMCES) and the 1977 National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS). Among persons aged 65 and older, we found differences in the probability of having an unintentional injury by age, sex, and living arrangement, which suggests that unintentional injuries are not "accidental," or random, events. Our estimates indicate that total medical care expenditures for unintentional injuries for the elderly population in 1977 may have been over $2 billion. Using simple adjustments, we also estimated that the amount expended on injury-related medical care in 1984 might have been as high as $5 billion. Given the large amount of monetary, and presumably nonmonetary, costs associated with unintentional injuries, programs designed to reduce such injuries may well pay off in a cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness framework.
Mutations to Essential Orphan Response Regulator HP1043 of Helicobacter pylori Result in Growth-Stage Regulatory Defects

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori establishes lifelong infections of the gastric mucosa, a niche considered hostile to most microbes. While responses to gastric acidity and local inflammation are understood, little is known as to how they are integrated into homeostatic control of cell division and growth-stage gene expression. Here we investigate the essential orphan response regulator HP1043, a member of the OmpR/PhoB subfamily of transcriptional regulators that is unique to the Epsilonproteobacteria and that lacks phosphorylation domains. To test the hypothesis that conformational changes in the homodimer might lead to defects in gene expression, we sought mutations that might alter DNA-binding efficiency. Two introduced mutations (C215S, C221S) C terminal to the DNA-binding domain of HP1043 (HP1043CC11) resulted in a 2-fold higher affinity for its own promoter by footprinting. Modeling studies with the crystal structure of HP1043 suggested that C215S might affect the helix-turn-helix domain. Genomic replacement of the hp1043 allele with the hp1043CC11 mutant allele resulted in a 2-fold decrease in protein levels, despite a dramatic increase in mRNA. The mutations did not affect in vitro growth rates or colonization efficiency in a mouse model. Proteomic profiling (CC11 mutant strain versus wild type) identified many expression differences, and quantitative PCR further revealed that 11 out of 12 examined genes had lost growth-stage regulation and that 6 of the genes contained HP1043 binding consensus sequences within the promoter regions (fur, cagA, cag23, flhA, flip, and napA). Our studies show that mutations that affect DNA-binding affinity can be used to identify new members of the HP1043 regulon.
Deep Brain Stimulation: Emerging Tools for Simulation, Data Analysis, and Visualization

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established neurosurgical procedure for movement disorders that is also being explored for treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions. This review highlights important consideration for DBS simulation and data analysis. The literature on DBS has expanded considerably in recent years, and this article aims to identify important trends in the field. During DBS planning, surgery, and follow up sessions, several large data sets are created for each patient, and it becomes clear that any group analysis of such data is a big data analysis problem and has to be handled with care. The aim of this review is to provide an update and overview from a neuroengineering perspective of the current DBS techniques, technical aids, and emerging tools with the focus on patient-specific electric field (EF) simulations, group analysis, and visualization in the DBS domain. Examples are given from the state-of-the-art literature including our own research. This work reviews different analysis methods for EF simulations, tractography, deep brain anatomical templates, and group analysis. Our analysis highlights that group analysis in DBS is a complex multi-level problem and selected parameters will highly influence the result. DBS analysis can only provide clinically relevant information if the EF simulations, tractography results, and derived brain atlases are based on as much patient-specific data as possible. A trend in DBS research is creation of more advanced and intuitive visualization of the complex analysis results suitable for the clinical environment.
Triple Key Chaotic Encryption And Secret Sharing-Based Method For Authentication Of Color Document Images Via The Use Of The Png Image With A Data Repair Capability

In this paper for improving the security of data transmission we are introducing triple key chaotic encryption technique . In addition to this authentication method based on secret sharing technique with a data repair capability is being introduced. Using Shamir secret sharing scheme shares arebeing created from the authentication signal generated for each block of document image alongwith the binarized block content As many shares as possible are generated by properly choosing the involved parameters.PNG image is formed by combiningalpha channel plane with original image.To yield atransparent stego image the computed share values are mapped in to a range of alpha channel values near to their maximum value of 255 during the embedding process.authentication of the document image can be changed by an intruder by superimposing ,painting or adding noise to the image.image is marked as tampered if there is a mismatch between the authentication signal of the current block and that extracted from the shares embedded in alpha channel plane.reparing of data is being done by applying reverse Shamir scheme by collecting shares from the
Different speciation for bromine in brown and red algae, revealed by in vivo X‐ray absorption spectroscopic studies

Members of various algal lineages are known to be strong producers of atmospherically relevant halogen emissions, that is a consequence of their capability to store and metabolize halogens. This study uses a noninvasive, synchrotron‐based technique, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, for addressing in vivo bromine speciation in the brown algae Ectocarpus siliculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Fucus serratus, the red algae Gracilaria dura, G. gracilis, Chondrus crispus, Osmundea pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata, Polysiphonia elongata, and Corallina officinalis, the diatom Thalassiosira rotula, the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum and a natural phytoplankton sample. The results highlight a diversity of fundamentally different bromine storage modes: while most of the stramenopile representatives and the dinoflagellate store mostly bromide, there is evidence for Br incorporated in nonaromatic hydrocarbons in Thalassiosira. Red algae operate various organic bromine stores – including a possible precursor (by the haloform reaction) for bromoform in Asparagopsis and aromatically bound Br in Polysiphonia and Corallina. Large fractions of the bromine in the red algae G. dura and C. crispus and the brown alga F. serratus are present as Br− defects in solid KCl, similar to what was reported earlier for Laminaria parts. These results are discussed according to different defensive strategies that are used within algal taxa to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses.
bleu2vec: the Painfully Familiar Metric on Continuous Vector Space Steroids

In this participation in the WMT’2017 metrics shared task we implement a fuzzy match score for n-gram precisions in the BLEU metric. To do this we learn n-gram embeddings; we describe two ways of extending the WORD 2 VEC approach to do so. Evaluation results show that the introduced score beats the original BLEU metric on system and segment level.
A proposal to use cloud transmission technique into the ISDB-T system

Cloud Transmission is a new broadcasting system, proposed to be used as the physical layer in the next-generation digital television, especially for the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 system. Its principal benefits are spectral efficiency, robustness against noise, multipath and co-channel interference, besides maintaining compatibility with actual and future systems. Cloud Transmission is based on Layer-Division-Multiplexing (LDM), which provides to the system an increase of its robustness keeping the same data rates. This paper presents a performance analysis of an LDM transmitter/receiver, implemented in Software Defined Radio (SDR), using the same channel coder, interleavers, modulation and OFDM frame structure of Integrated Digital Services Broadcasting-Terrestrial (ISDB-T).
A 0.13µm 64Mb multi-layered conductive metal-oxide memory

A number of technologies have been proposed to replace NAND Flash as scaling becomes more difficult [1–2]. One promising area includes resistive memories using the conductive metal oxide (CMOx™) technology where multiple memory layers can be stacked [3]. Earlier attempts have been made with non-rewritable materials [4]. The key concepts for a very high density, multi physical layer nonvolatile, rewritable memory have been developed on a 64Mb, 130 nm test chip.
Genetic diversity and virulence profile of Escherichia coli isolates causing spontaneous 1 bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in patients with cirrhosis 2 3 Running title : Escherichia coli and cirrhosis 4 5

24 25 Among patients with cirrhosis, infections caused by Escherichia coli organisms that 26 translocate from the gut are a frequent and severe complication. One hundred-ten E. coli 27 isolates from 110 cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and/or spontaneous 28 bacteremia were characterized for phylogenetic group and virulence genotype (34 29 extraintestinal virulence factor genes). Genetic relatedness was investigated by ERIC-2 PCR 30 typing and multi-locus sequence typing. Phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2, and D accounted for 31 24%, 4%, 48%, and 24% of the population, respectively. Overall, 68 distinct ERIC-2 profiles 32 were encountered. Eleven clonal groups, represented by multiple isolates (2 to 11) from the 33 same sequence type or sequence type complex, were identified. These clonal groups 34 accounted for 54 (49%) isolates overall. Membership in one of these clonal groups was more 35 frequent among B2 isolates than non-B2 isolates (67% vs. 32%, p < 0.001). The most frequent 36 sequence types were ST95 (n = 13) and ST73 (n = 8), followed by the ST14 and ST10 37 complexes (n = 7). ST131 and ST69 were represented by 3 isolates each. Clonal group38 associated isolates exhibited a greater prevalence of 11 virulence genes, including pap 39 elements, than did other isolates. However, no association between clonal groups and host 40 factors, type of infection, or mortality was observed. In conclusion, E. coli isolates causing 41 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients are genetically diverse. 42 However, approximately half of the isolates belong to familiar clonal groups and exhibit 43 extensive virulence profiles that may be associated with greater invasive potential. 44 on O cber 2, 2017 by gest ht://jcm . sm . rg/ D ow nladed fom