Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Handling uncertainty in extreme or unrepeatable hydrological processes—the need for an alternative paradigm

*Correspondence to: Malcolm Anderson, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK. E-mail: m.g. anderson@bristol.ac. uk The conventional approach to assessing uncertainty in a hydrological model involves comparing model predictions with a test dataset of measurements. Typically, both the dataset and the model predictions will be represented as a time series of precise measurements, even though it is acknowledged that field measurements have associated inaccuracies and, more significantly, a model cannot be expected to make an exact prediction of a hydrological phenomenon. By comparing predicted and measured time series it is possible to extract, often multiple, measures of the distance (in length or time) between model prediction and measurement, which is thought of as residual uncertainty. This conventional characterization also applies to the GLUE methodology (Beven and Binley, 1992), in which multiple model runs with multiple parameter sets, after some preselection on ‘behavioural’ grounds, are conditioned according to the distance between predicted and measured response. However, we believe that there are a number of classes of problems in hydrological processes that require different approaches towards uncertainty estimation. Figure 1 illustrates the dimensions on which hydrological problems can be classified, following a general classification for modelling problems proposed by Blockley (1980). The base (and rather special) case is the situation in which there are precise simultaneous measurements of the phenomenon of interest and the model prediction of that phenomenon. However, often the most interesting hydrological problems are where there are no simultaneous measurements and predictions. This may, for example, be because the phenomenon of interest is extremely rare (such as an extreme flood) or unrepeatable (such as a hydrologically activated landslide). The situation is analogous to the problem that occupies engineers responsible for high reliability systems: how is the probability of a nuclear reactor meltdown or the collapse of a long-span suspension bridge to be estimated when there may be no instances of the event of interest, and even if there are, the population is hopelessly small in statistical terms? Even if relevant measurements are available they may not be recorded in precise terms. Measurements may only be bounded, as would be the case with a discrete measurement device (any digital device), or may be described in linguistic terms, as is the case in a linguistic soil classification. Finally, the available measurements may only be partially relevant to the
Genetic Diversity, Population Subdivision, and Gene Flow in Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) from Belize, Central America

Abstract The lack of information surrounding natural history and ecology of the endangered Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) has prompted a baseline study of the population genetics for this species. Nine microsatellite loci have been used to estimate genetic structure within and gene flow patterns among crocodiles (using a recently described maximum likelihood approach) from seven localities in north-central Belize. Individuals from the seven localities grouped into four apparent populations. Within localities, a high degree of genetic heterogeneity was observed. Among all localities, some subdivision was present (FST = 0.062; RST = 0.100). Furthermore, among the apparent populations, we found a significant correlation between geographic distance and genetic subdivision. Our findings suggest a relatively high level of migration among populations (Nm = 5.15) and are consistent with an isolation-by-distance model of gene flow. Two contiguous subpopulations in particular, New River and New River Lagoon, may form an important source for genetic variation for smaller populations throughout the region. These data will allow us to test hypotheses of relatedness among C. moreletii for other drainages in Belize and will be useful in optimizing future management programs for C. moreletii.
Interference Aware Resource Allocation with QoS Guarantees in OFDMA/SC-FDMA

Efficient Radio Resource Allocation (RRA) is of utmost importance for achieving maximum capacity in mobile networks. However, the performance assessment should take into account the main constraints of these networks. This letter presents important enhancements to RRA algorithms proposed in [1]. Prior work [1] ignores some important system constraints such as the impact of inter-cell interference and granularity of frequency allocation blocks. Here we show the performance degradation when these system constraints are assumed on the algorithms in [1] as well as propose some improvements on these algorithms in order to achieve better performance.
Occurrence of the Indo-Pacific freshwater prawn Macrobrachium equidens Dana 1852 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) on the coast of Brazilian Amazonia, with notes on its reproductive biology

The freshwater prawn Macrobrachium equidens, which is native species of the Indo-Pacific Region, was recorded for the first time on the Amazon coast of Brazil. This species was found to inhabit the same environment as two native Macrobrachium species, M. amazonicum and M. acanthurus, and is morphologically very similar to the latter. The identification of the species was confirmed by the genetic analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase (COI) gene. A detailed description of the morphological features and reproductive biology of M. equidens in this new environment is presented.
Nominalization, relativization and genitivization in Thulung Rai

This paper looks at the functional inter-relatedness of relativization, nominalization and genitivization in Thulung Rai. It also compares the situation in Thulung with that in other Kiranti languages and examines to what extent the Standard Sino-Tibetan Nominalization Pattern (Bickel 1999) can be said to apply to these languages.
Fatigue Damage Accumulation in 63Sn-37Pb Solder Alloy

This paper presents the application of a TMF damage model to assess reliability of a typical 63Sn-37Pb solder joint material. The damage model is introduced to quanti~ the fatigue damage accumulation in the solder alloy taking into account the presence of micro-defects as they initiate, coalesce, grow, and coarsen under TMF loading. The effect of damage on solder behavior is captured with a coupled viscoplastic damage constitutive model. The proposed model is applied to calculate the hysteresis loops of solder under applied strain rates 10-3/s, 104/s and 10-5/s at temperature 80°C. The model is also able to characterize the cyclic softening of solder that has been observed experimentally under fatigue loading. Based on the concept of equivalent damage accumulation, a failure criterion is proposed for the determination of fatigue life. It is shown that mechanical behavior and fatigue life of 63Sn-37Pb solder alloy can be satisfactorily predicted.
Strategies of thermal adaptation by high-latitude cyanobacteria

Although mat-forming cyanobacteria dominate many freshwater ecosystems in the Arctic and Antarctic, their optimal temperature for growth (Topt) is usually much higher than the temperature range of their native habitat. The present study compared the temperature dependence of growth, pigment composition and absorbance, photosynthesis and photosynthate partitioning for two strains of cyanobacteria with contrasting Topt values; Phormidium subfuscum, isolated from McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and Phormidium tenue, collected from the Kuparuk River in the tundra region of northern Alaska. Phormidium subfuscum grew between 5 and 20°C with a Topt of 15°C whereas P. tenue showed detectable growth from 10 to 40°C and a Topt of 30°C. Light utilization efficiency, photosynthetic capacity and the irradiance at the onset of light saturation increased with increasing temperature up to Topt in both strains. The cellular concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and carotenoid (CAR) and the in vivo absorbance maxima for Chl a, CAR, C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin changed little for P. subfuscum but all these variables increased across the temperature range up to Topt for P. tenue. Neither P. subfuscum nor P. tenue showed changes in relative carbon allocation with varying temperature, suggesting that gross biochemical alterations are not a characteristic of temperature acclimation in these cyanobacteria. We conclude that the eurythermal cyanobacterium P. tenue optimizes growth over a wide range of temperatures by adjusting its light-capturing as well as carbon fixation characteristics, whereas stenothermal P. subfuscum relies on changes in carbon fixation without concomitant shifts in pigment content.
Improved security in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs

Attempts such as the standard 802.11i, in the domain of wireless communication, have been successful in securing the data-exchange procedures between hosts. However the secure exchange of management frames is yet to be addressed. In this paper we propose a solution to address the vulnerabilities that exist in the exchange of management frames (as presented by the IEEE 802.11 standards). We employ the simplisic approach of Diffe-Hellman's algorithms to devise an algorithm for authentication and integrity checks and consequently prevent threats such as active eavesdropping, session hijacking. MitM and DoS attacks. We further verify our results by presenting a performance analysis on our simulation results. This solution provides a reliable platform for a secure session of communication between two or more hosts using the 802.11 standard. No change in standard is required.
Non-rigidity induced by luminance gratings in structure-from-motion displays

An illusory motion between the brightest and darkest strips of luminance gratings used as texture over a slanted plane and rotating around a vertical axis was observed. This effect could not be expected from the theoretical analysis of structure-from-motion displays. The conditions for the perceived non-rigidity produced by the luminance gratings were evaluated in Experiment 1. The results showed that the symmetry of the luminance profile, the slant of the planes and the motion direction modified the perceived orientation only of the brightest stripes. The effect is not due to the interpretation of the brightness variation of the moving gratings as caused by a stationary light source (Experiment 2) or by motion sharpening of the blurred edges in the gratings (Experiment 3). Potential explanations of the observed effect based on interaction between the processes of brightness filling-in and the motion information processing are discussed.
Feature-Based Mesh Simplification With Quadric Error Metric Using A Line Simplification Algorithm

x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND.5 2.1 POLYGONAL MODELLING.8 2.2 – LEVEL OF DETAIL.10 2.2.1 DISCRETE MULTI-RESOLUTION.11 2.2.2 – CONTINUOUS LOD & VIEW-DEPENDENT RENDERING.11 2.2.3 SWITCHING WITH ALPHA BLENDING & GEOMORPHING.12 2.2.4 – SIMPLIFICATION APPROACHES.13 2.3 – METRICS.15 2.3.1 – IMAGE-BASED DIFFERENTIATION.15 2.3.2 – EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE IN OBJECT SPACE.16 2.3.2.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN VERTICES.17 2.3.2.2 – DISTANCE BETWEEN VERTEX AND PLANE.17 2.3.2.3 – DISTANCE BETWEEN VERTEX AND SURFACE.19 2.3.2.4 – SURFACE-SURFACE DISTANCE.20 2.3.3 – CURVATURE MEASUREMENT.21 2.4 – FEATURE BASED MESH SIMPLIFICATION.23 CHAPTER 3 FEATURE BASED GEOMETRY SIMPLIFICATION.26 3.1 – MESH SIMPLIFICATION ALGORITHMS OF INTEREST.27 3.1. 1 – QUADRIC ERROR METRIC BASED MESH SIMPLIFICATION.27 v 3.2 – FEATURE DETECTION.32 3.3 – LINE SIMPLIFICATION.37 3.4 – INTEGRATION OF TECHNIQUES.38 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS.42 4.1 MODELS USED.42 4.2 TIME AND SPACE EFFICIENCY.44 4.2.1 TIME COMPLEXITY.44 4.2.2 MEMORY USAGE.45 4.2.3 EMPIRICAL RUNNING TIME.47 4.3 PARAMETERS USED.48 4.4 FEATURE CURVES.50 4.5 GEOMETRIC QUALITY AND APPROXIMATION ERROR.52 4.5.1 – APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF PRESERVED FEATURE VERTICES.53 4.5.2 VISUAL RESULTS.55 4.5. 3 METRO SCORES.62 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION.69 5.1 CONTRIBUTIONS.70 5.2 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS.70 REFERENCES.72
Research on the Treatments at Sub-Zero Temperatures of the Sintered Steels and Hardened in Oil

The treatments of the hardened parts at low temperatures have like main goal the reducing of the amount of retained austenite through its transformation to martensite under the action of the strong contractions which occur in cryogenic environments. In the case of sintered steels such researches were achieved on a small scale. The paper presents results of research regarding the cooling in medium of dry ice and respectively of liquid nitrogen, for the three groups of sintered steels with structural carbon content of 0.54%, 0.75% and 0.92% sintered at 1150°C for 60 min and oil quenched.
The Effects of Cause-Related Marketing Campaign Characteristics

Gedenk and two anonymous referees for their valuable and constructive comments. Anne J. Fries is an Assistant Professor at the University of Hamburg, Institute for Marketing and Media, Welckerstr. 8, D-20354 Hamburg, Germany, Phone: +49 (0)40 42383-8604, Fax: +49 (0)40 42838-8607, E-Mail: anne.fries@wiso.unihamburg. de. The Effects of Cause-Related Marketing Campaign Characteristics A Literature Review
SELF-COMPASSION AND SELF-DECEPTION ( ÖZ-DUYARLIK VE ÖZ-ALDATMA )

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationships between self-compassion and selfdeception. Participants were 544 university students from Sakarya University, Turkey, who completed the Selfcompassion Scale and the Self-deception Scale. Results demonstrated that self-kindness, awareness of common humanity, and mindfulness positively and self-judgment, common humanity, and isolation negatively related to selfdeception. Results from structural equation modeling showed that the model fitted well (χ2 = 38.88, df = 19, p = .0046, GFI = .98, AGFI = .97, CFI = .99, NFI = .98, RFI = .98, IFI = .99, RMSEA = .044, and SRMR= .045). According to this model self-deception was predicted positively by self-kindness, awareness of common humanity, and mindfulness and negatively by self-judgment, common humanity, and isolation. Results were discussed in the light of literature.
EFFICIENCY OF EU FINANCIAL SUPPORT POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN POLAND

The main research objective was to assess the efficiency and effectiveness, in some theoretical approaches considered as a type of efficiency, of EU financial support affecting the entrepreneurship development in rural areas of Poland. Descriptive and comparative analysis of basic statistics and Gini coefficient as well as the econometric model of absolute beta convergence were applied as e research methods. The analysis utilised the data from Central Statistical Office, Local Data Bank, for 2004-2013 for 1,529 rural counties. General conclusion of the paper is that EU financial support had a positive and statistically significant impact on local absolute beta convergence. Moreover, the analyses confirmed that the higher level of support from the EU budget accelerates an increase in the number of private enterprises, micro-enterprises and the number of the employees. It also slows down the processes of growth in the number of the unemployed. However this is the short time effect.
Collective participation in child protection services: partnership or tokenism?

This article explores how collective participation can help involve service users in the improvement of child protection services. Results from the action research project ‘User participation and professional service in the child protection services’ provide the basis for our discussion. Two of several initiatives in the project aimed at collective user participation undertaken in cooperation with two child protection centres in Norway are presented: a dialogue-based participation group for youths in child protection, and a group for parents who have lost custody of their children (the ‘User Group’). The initiative for young people resulted in changes in the practice of the child protection centre, and the User Group provided the parents with the opportunity to influence child protection services. The findings suggest that there is great need to further investigate models for collective user participation in order to provide service users with the power to influence service delivery.
The perceived self-efficacy of classroom teachers and preschool teachers for teaching with tablets

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived selfefficacy of classroom teachers and preschool teachers for teaching with tablets. The data were collected using the Perceived Self-Efficacy for Teaching with Tablets Scale, which was developed by the researcher. The study used convenience sampling, a type of purposive sampling. The sample was comprised of 171 teachers. In addition to developing the scale, the researcher attempted to reveal whether branch and gender led to a significant difference in perceived self-efficacy for teaching with tablets. Male teachers had higher perceived self-efficacy for teaching with tablets. However, branch was not a statistically significant factor.
RESPECT FOR PEOPLE: THE FORGOTTEN PRINCIPLE IN LEAN MANUFACTURING IMPLEMENTATION

Nowadays companies live in a constant changing world where customers demand better products, higher quality and shorter delivery times. To achieve these customers requirements companies look for strategies, methodologies and/or philosophies that may help them to increase their productivity, and Lean Manufacturing (or Toyota Production System) has been one of the most popular in the last decades. But in the eagerness of being more productive managers mainly focus on the technical part of Lean and forget about the second and equally important principle “Respect for People”. In this paper this “Respect for the People “principle is discussed, and its meaning is explained based on the explanation of several experts in the field. At the end, a small field research (based in semi-structure interviews) of the topic is explained. The present paper is a qualitative research with the purpose to explore and get a deep knowledge about the “Respect for People”, and how department managers perceive and work this principle in their job.
Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing: A Combined Intelligent Optimization Method and Its Application to Subsynchronous Damping Control in Electrical Power Transmission Systems

© 2012 Xie, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing: A Combined Intelligent Optimization Method and Its Application to Subsynchronous Damping Control in Electrical Power Transmission Systems
cdsa: a new seismological data center for the French lesser antilles

The Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean, is prone to a large seismic hazard due to the subduction of the Atlantic lithosphere beneath the Caribbean plate, with a slow convergence rate of 2 cm/yr (Demets et al. 2000; Mann et al. 2002). The largest historical earthquake in the region, in 1843 between Guadeloupe and Antigua, had a magnitude estimate of 7.5 to 8 (Bernard and Lambert 1988), but historical seismicity covers too short a period of time (less than three and one-half centuries) to estimate the recurrence time of strong events or their plausible maximum magnitude. The latest destructive earthquake, Les Saintes in Guadeloupe in 2004, had a magnitude 6.3 (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris 2004; Bertil et al. 2004). To better understand the regional geodynamics and assess the related seismic hazard, we must improve our knowledge and our understanding of the area's present seismicity. Since the 1950s, several regional research institutes have monitored local seismicity. The Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) and Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) have set up various seismological and accelerometric arrays to monitor the French islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. As a consequence, several large datasets with very different formats and time spans exist, scattered among several sites. Providing a more integrated database for the seismicity of the Lesser Antilles arc was the primary motivation for creating the French Antilles Seismological Data Base (Centre de Donnees Sismologiques des Antilles, CDSA). The aim of this paper is to introduce the newly created CDSA and to illustrate its capacity for improving our knowledge of the region's seismicity. In the first part of this study, we present the various arrays, waveform databases, and seismicity catalogs used by the CDSA. In the second part, we present and discuss new …
Banking in India

From very early times India possessed a system of banking suited to her requirements and regulated by the Dharma Sastras (codes of ethics) and the Artha Sastras (codes of political economy). With time the system grew in usefulness and adapted itself to the country's growing needs. The system started with moneylending, but as early as the fourth century B.c. created instruments of credit to finance trade
Phenology of the oil palm interspecific hybrid Elaeis oleifera × Elaeis guineensis

Oil palm is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Because of its high productivity and perennial nature, it has been expanding quickly. Commercial plantations consist mostly of the African palm E. guineensis Jacq. However, producers in Latin America are increasingly planting the O × G interspecific hybrid, a cross between African palm (E. guineensis) and the American palm (E. oleifera (Kunth) Cortes). This interspecific hybrid has emerged as a promising solution to diseases such as the bud rot of oil palm because of the apparent partial resistance of this genotype to the disease. This work studied and described the phenology of the O × G interspecific hybrid. The phenology stages were coded using the BBCH scale. The scale for the phenophases was defined using a three-digit code. Due to the nature of the palm, no descriptions were used for stage two (formation of side shoots/tillering) and stage four (development of harvestable vegetative plant parts or vegetative reproductive organs) because these stages do not apply to oil palm. The scale was constructed using germinating seeds, pre-nursery and nursery plants and five year-old palms. For the description of the stem elongation, different age palms of the same O × G hybrid were used. Observations were performed during an 18-month period. Additionally, the interval for the change from one phenology stage to another was determined both in days and degree-days (DD). The interspecific O × G hybrid required 6408 DD from when the spear leaf unfolds until the bunch was ripened and harvested, and 4427.6 DD from leaf unfolding to anthesis.
Current Issues in the Assessment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective

This paper describes some of the current problems with the assessment of children's anxiety. The main assessment methods — structured clinical interview and self-report — often have problems with validity and reliability while less frequently used measures such as physiological recording, behavioural observation, and thought-listing also have their attendant difficulties. Possible ways of reducing some of these problems using a developmental perspective are discussed.