Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research on the Change of Energy in the Process of the Micro Bubble Formation with Dissolved Air Method

The generation method of dissolved gas micro bubble is introduced in the paper. The micro bubble producing process can be divided into two stages-nucleation and expansion through analysis. The formation process and the free energy change of the micro bubble is analyzed according to the homogeneous nucleation theory, free energy change formula of the two process is derived, and relation between bubble radius and formation bubble number under certain conditions is also discussed. It is concluded that the smaller the radius of formed bubbles, the more free energy change and initial energy are needed according to the analysis of the relation above.
Theoretical calculations of zero‐temperature absorption spectra of Li in solid H2

We employ variational and diffusion Monte Carlo methods to calculate the ground state properties of both pure and Li doped solid H2. The absorption spectra of Li in the H2 solid are calculated from the sampled ground state configurations and a pseudothermal semiclassical spectral line theory, based on the Franck–Condon principle for a condensed phase system. The T=0 numerical results of various thermodynamic properties of the pure and doped solid agree well with those from previous theoretical calculations. However, the Li spectra differ significantly from results of a finite temperature path integral Monte Carlo calculation [D. Scharf et al., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 9013 (1993)], which employed a different Li*–H2 potential. The differences in two calculations are extensively discussed here, and comparisons are also made with available experimental data. We demonstrate that accurate measurements of the Li absorption spectrum provide a powerful means to probe the local structures of the Li trapping sites.
The interaction of a surface cold front with a prefrontal thermodynamically well-mixed boundary layer

The dynamics of a surface cold front as it proceeds from sea to shore and interacts with a thermodynamically well-mixed boundary layer are investigated by means of numerical simulations using a modified version of the two-dimensional model of Reeder and Smith (1987). The theoretical basis of the model is explained, and the results are presented graphically and characterized in detail. Good agreement is found with observational data on Australian summer cold fronts, and the transverse frontal circulation is shown to be significantly affected by diabatic heating.
Evaluation of Designed Calibration Samples for Casein Calibration in Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis of Milk

Abstract The determination of casein in milk by infrared spectrometry still suffers from deficiencies specific to the spectrometers used. Measurements with filtometers are based on the difference in the absorbance before and after casein precipitation. Computerised Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry allows the use of more spectral information but robust casein calibrations were achieved only with high numbers of natural calibration samples. This is expensive due to the costly reference analyses needed for calibration. To reduce effort and costs of casein calibrations we studied the usefulness of commercial calibration milks (designed for fat, protein, and lactose calibration) for casein calibrations. We tested calibration models with and without natural milk samples and assessed the validation results according to International Organization for Standardization and International Dairy Federation standards. We found the combined use of commercial designed samples and fresh natural raw milk samples a very promising approach to the partial least squares casein calibration of FT-IR spectrometers. Measurement uncertainties for casein as low as 0.020 g/100 g for the bias and 0.047 g/100 g for the standard error of prediction (on 25 validation samples of high variability) were achieved with a calibration of 38 samples. This accuracy complies with the requirements of the International Dairy Federation standard 141C:2000 for the infrared analysis of milk.
HISTOCHEMICAL VISUALIZATION OF PHOSPHATASE RELEASED BY ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN SOIL

A histochemical procedure was developed to visualize the excretion of phosphatase by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus in soil. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) plants were grown in three-compartment pots under controlled conditions. Each pot was separated into three compartments by 30-μm nylon mesh, the central one for plant growth and two outer ones for growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. Plants in the central compartments were either uninoculated or inoculated with AM fungus (Glomus mosseae). Plants were harvested after 9 weeks. The activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases and organic P depletion were measured at different distances from the central compartment. The acid phosphatase released by AM hyphae in soil was also assessed in situ using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that AM hyphae increased the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases and decreased the concentration of soil organic phosphorus in the hyphal compartments. Acid phosphatase in soil was observed around the AM hyphae by an in situ histochemical method. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence that AM fungus excretes phosphatases to soil.
Optical Absorption Edge in GaAs and Its Dependence on Electric Field

Values of absorption constant covering the range 1 cm−1 to 104 cm−1 have been derived from transmission measurements made on single‐crystal gallium arsenide. The absorption edge is very steep up to ∼4000 cm−1, where there is a knee beyond which the absorption increases relatively slowly with photon energy. The energy bands have been calculated using Kane's theory. From these a theoretical absorption curve has been obtained which shows very good agreement with the experimental data.Using semi‐insulating material, it has been possible to measure the shift of the edge with applied electric field. The effect is small (∼200‐μ ev shift for 5000‐v/cm field) but is in good agreement with theory.
Melco Management Accounting Research Discussion Paper Series No . MDP 2017-001 Combined Effects of Subjective Performance Evaluation , Environmental Uncertainty , and Budget Rigidity on Financial Performance January 2017

This study examines the combined effects of subjective performance evaluation, environmental uncertainty, and budget rigidity on financial performance. Specifically, this study assumes that the beneficial role of subjective performance evaluation in highly uncertain environment will decrease because high budget rigidity causes dysfunctional behavior in achieving targets. Using survey and archival data for 252 firms, the results support the hypothesis that subjective performance evaluation enhances financial performance as environmental uncertainty increases and budget
Highly selective and high rate SiO2 etching using argon-added C2F4/CF3I plasma

A high SiO2 etching rate (more than 5000 A/min) and an extremely high etching selectivity to photoresist (more than 10) have been simultaneously achieved in C2F4/CF3I/Ar plasma using a conventional dual-frequency reactive ion etching system. The etching selectivity increases with increases of Ar dilution in C2F4/CF3I. The carbon/fluorine ratio of the fluorocarbon polymer on the photoresist was drastically increased by Ar dilution and ion bombardment, which caused the etching rate of a photoresist to decrease. Under these conditions, high-aspect-ratio SiO2 contact etching (0.09 μm φ, more than 10) was achieved. These gas chemistries are promising candidates for use in nano-scale high-aspect-ratio SiO2 etching.
Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of transition-metal salicylato complexes and crystal structure of Bis(diisopropylsalicylato)(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II)

Complexes of CuII, FeIII, CoII, NiII, TiIV and ZnII with 3,5-disubstituted salicylates, and ternary complexes of CuII containing substituted phenanthrolines have been prepared and characterised. The crystal structure of bis(diisopropylsalicylato)(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II), [Cu(phen)(Hdips)2], has been determined; CuII is in a tetragonal co-ordination environment with in-plane bonds to 2 nitrogens from phen[Cu–N 2.014(4)A] and 2 oxygens from the carboxylates of Hdips [Cu–O 1.951(3)A], with weaker off-axial bonds to carboxylate oxygens [Cu–O 2.557(3)A]. The hydroxyl oxygen of Hdips is not co-ordinated. These complexes have been tested for antiviral and cytotoxic activity. Most are potently cytotoxic, especially [Cu(dmphen)(Hdips)2], where dmphen is 2,9-dimethylphenanthroline.
Unique Dielectric Behavior of 0.6Pb(Ni1/2W1/2)O3·0.4PbTiO3 Derived from Mechanical Activation

0.6Pb(Ni1/2W1/2)O3·0.4PbTiO3(0.6PNW·0.4PT) of complex perovskite structure is successfully synthesized by mechanical activation of mixed oxide composition, followed by sintering at 950°C. It exhibits a considerably stable temperature dependence of dielectric constant over the wide temperature range of −120° to 20°C, although there occurs a dielectric peak at around 74°C. Raman spectroscopic studies show the coexistence of tetragonal and pseudocubic perovskite phases on sintering at 950°C, which are attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of PbTiO3 arising from mechanical activation. The dielectric behavior can be fine tuned by thermal annealing at 750°C, leading to phase redistribution in PNW-PT.
Gelation and melting point depression in PVDF-based gel electrolytes

This thesis presents the designs and results of experimental investigations into gelation and melting point behaviour for polymer gel electrolytes. The study used one of the most prominent types of materials in the commercial world—polyvinylidene fluoride-based (PVDF) gel electrolytes—focussing on the effects of gelation temperature and gel composition on the properties of its solid electrolytes. While PVDF was used as the polymer matrix, propylene carbonates (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were used as solvents. Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) and lithium bisoxalatoborate (LiBOB) were used as the electrolyte salts. Gelation from molten PVDF solutions was studied isothermally, using 30% PVDF/PC unsalted and 30% PVDF/PC/ LiBF4 salted gels to investigate the effect of salt addition on gelation behaviour. Crystallisation behaviour and subsequent melting was also investigated. Varying the gel composition involved changing polymer concentration, solvent nature and salt concentration. The measured properties included gel structure and morphology, melting point and ionic conductivity. The techniques of DMTA, DSC, WAXS, dielectric spectroscopy and optical microscopy were used to investigate gelation behaviour and gelation properties. It was found that gelation time is significantly increased at higher temperatures, and that the addition of salt reduces gelation time at any given temperature whilst extending the gelation process to higher temperatures. Gelation occurs without crystallisation at high temperatures, whereas it is induced by crystallisation at low temperatures. The sharp cut-off for crystallisation gives two distinct temperature windows, within which gelation occurs via different mechanisms. The addition of salt has found to raise the gel melting point by about 25C for 1M LiBF4, and hence to enhance its thermal stability, which is attributed to the salt affecting the Flory interaction parameter. Salt also reduces crystal size and gel pore size, and this is attributed to the nucleating effect of the salt molecules. The incorporation of up to 40% DEC in the solvent increases the gel melting point by 5 to 10 C, and is accompanied by a negligible reduction in ionic conductivity, which shows a possible route for further enhancing the properties of the electrolytes.
Reactions and structural changes during thermal annealing in a semicrystalline, aromatic diacetylene-containing polyester

Thermally induced solid-state reactions and microstructure changes in a high molar mass, semicrystalline, aromatic diacetylene-containing polyester, poly[2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-ylene terephthalate], were investigated with a combination of laser Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis. The study has provided some new insights into the rather complex solid-state reactions in the semicrystalline diacetylene-containing polyester. Results suggest that, in addition to the usual desired solid-state topochemical crosspolymerization in the crystalline region, a certain degree of random crosslinking reaction occurs in the amorphous region, especially when the annealing is carried out above the glass transition. After prolonged annealing or annealing at a higher temperature, a further reaction involving the formed polydiacetylene chains may occur, as evident from the reduction in crystallinity and even complete loss of crystallinity. An attempt has been made to separate the contribution of the topochemical reaction from the overlapping exothermic activities in the differential scanning calorimetry curves via subtraction. This allows the monitoring of the crystalline-phase solid-state topochemical crosspolymerization.
A potentially low-cost modified sawdust (MSD) effective for rapid Cr(VI) and As(V) removal from water

The study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a diethylenetriamine (DETA)-crosslinked adsorbent prepared from pine sawdust for removing Cr(VI) and As(V) from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) and As(V) by MSD was highly enhanced from 7.04 mg L−1 to 238.6 mg g−1 and from 4.88 to 71.23 mg g−1 at pH 6.0, respectively. The surface characterization of the MSD proved that the grafted amino groups were responsible for the good affinity towards Cr(VI) and As(V). The uptake of Cr(VI) and As(V) was highly dependent on the pH and was facilitated in acidic solutions. Batch experiments were conducted as a function of pH, temperature and contact time. Both Cr(VI) and As(V) adsorption equilibrium could be quickly attained within 1 h and the process followed the Redlich–Peterson isotherm model. As(V) uptake was more sensitive to an individual coexisting anion (Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, HCO3−) in the system than Cr(VI). The mechanism of adsorption was characterized by the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged surface of sawdust and Cr(VI)/As(V) anions.
SOME STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF EIMERIA SPP. IN QUAILS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH E. COLI

The interactive effect of E. coli and intestinal coccidiosis infections in quails broilers was studied. Single and dual orally inoculations were assessed in 6 groups of 25 quails chicks each.Mortality rate in group infected with Eimeria only was 24%; in group infected with Eimeria before E. coli was 28% while ingroup infectedwithE.coliandEimeriaat the same time was 32%,otherwise no mortalities observed in other tested groups. The total oocyst output and lesion score were high and severe in quail chicks infected with intestinal coccidiosis alone or with E. coli prior to coccidial infection. Low oocyst output and moderate intestinal lesion score were noticed in quail chicks inoculated with E.coli priortoor togetherwith intestinalcoccidiosisinfection. Statistically using LSD, there was a significant decrease in body weight gain in all tested groups infected either with E. coli or intestinal Eimeria spp. or with both pathogens. These results suggested a synergistic action between E. coli and intestinal Eimeria spp. in producing gross lesions.
Microemulsion synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of platinum–cobalt nanoparticles

Mixed platinum–cobalt nanoparticles were prepared using a water-in-oil reverse microemulsion of water–Triton X-100–propan-2-ol–cyclohexane. Nanoparticles formed in the microemulsions were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). TEM shows the Pt–Co nanoparticles to have a narrow size distribution with an average of 3–4 nm. A uniform phase of platinum and cobalt in the nanoparticles was indicated by XRD analysis. The nanoparticles were supported on a carbon electrode with high dispersion. Even at a low precious metal loading, a high catalytic activity was demonstrated for methanol oxidation at room temperature.
Thermodynamic Constraints in Kinetic Modeling: Thermodynamic‐Kinetic Modeling in Comparison to Other Approaches

Kinetic models of reaction networks may easily violate the laws of thermodynamics and the principle of detailed balance. In large network models, the constraints that are imposed by these laws are particularly difficult to address. This hinders modeling of biochemical reaction networks. Thermodynamic‐kinetic modeling is a method that provides a thermodynamically sound and formally appealing way for deriving dynamic model equations of reaction systems. State variables of this approach are thermokinetic potentials that describe the ability of compounds to drive a reaction. A compound has a parameter called capacity, which is the ratio of its concentration and thermokinetic potential. A reaction is described by its resistance which is the ratio of the thermokinetic driving force and flux. In these aspects, the formalism is similar to the modeling formalism for electrical networks and an analogous graphical representation is possible. The thermodynamic‐kinetic modeling formalism is equivalent to the traditional kinetic modeling formalism with the exception that it is not possible to build thermodynamically infeasible models. Here, the thermodynamic‐kinetic modeling formalism is reviewed, compared to other approaches, and some of its advantages are worked out. In contrast to other approaches, thermodynamic‐kinetic modeling does not rely on an explicit enumeration of stoichiometric cycles. It is capable of describing rate laws far from equilibrium. Further, the parameterization by capacities and resistances is particularly intuitive and powerful.
Magnetocaloric effect in an Ising–Heisenberg diamond chain with direct monomer spin couplings

We study the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in a spin’ 1/2 distorted Ising–Heisenberg diamond chain with direct monomer spin couplings. The ground state, isoentropy curves, and adiabatic cooling rate are examined within an exact analytical approach based on the transfer‐matrix technique. We find that the enhancing MCE in the vicinity of the critical field is very sensitive to the nature of field‐induced phase transitions. When the ground‐state phase transitions result from breaking up quantum entanglement states of Heisenberg spins, close to these critical fields, the signal associated with the cooling rate is very small and strongly suppressed by thermal fluctuations. By contrast, the one near the saturation field corresponding to the destruction of antiferromagnetic Ising spin order is considerably large and presents a complex temperature dependence. Interestingly, it can even be enhanced by temperature; this property reflects the intrinsic properties of the antiferromagnetic Ising spin chain and favors the use of frustrated antiferromagnets as promising working substances in low‐temperature magnetic refrigeration.
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Quantification of Yohimbine in the Stem Bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe

A simple, sensitive, and reliable normal-phase HPTLC method has been established for quantification of yohimbine in the stem bark of P. yohimbe. A methanol extract of powdered stem bark was used for quantification. Chromatography was performed on silica gel F254 HPTLC plates with toluene-ethyl acetate-diethyl amine 7:2:1 (v/v) as mobile phase. Quantification was achieved by densitometric scanning at 285 nm in reflectance-absorbance mode. The response to yohimbine was a linear function of concentration over the range 400 to 1200 ng per band. The mean amount of yohimbine in samples of the stem bark of P. yohimbe was 0.56 mg g−1. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, accuracy, recovery, precision, and robustness.
Formulation and process optimizations of nano-cosmeceuticals containing purified swiftlet nest

The good effects of swiftlet nest (SN) on the skin have been widely investigated. However, the importance of the SN in the area of nano-cosmeceutical research is still limited as it is commonly consumed, rather than being applied to the skin. Formulation and optimization processes are two important issues in the manufacturing of cosmetics. In this work, Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to investigate the influence of the nano-cosmeceuticals composition; purified SN (1–5% w/w), and Tween 80 (3–6% w/w) as well as the preparation method; time of homogenization (10–30 min), on the physicochemical properties of nano-cosmeceuticals. The response variables were particle size and zeta potential which were very important characteristics in nano-cosmeceuticals. Formulation and optimization of three independent variables were carried out to obtain an optimum nano-cosmeceuticals with the lowest particle size and high stability formulation. The optimized nano-emulsion containing purified SN with particle size of 136.35 nm and zeta potential of −40.2 mV was successfully formulated. This was obtained experimentally and was closer to the predicted values of 136.22 nm and −40.07 mV, respectively. The optimized formulation remained stable for three months after the centrifugation test as well as storage at different temperatures of 4 °C, 25 °C and 45 °C.
Thermophysical property measurements in microgravity

Experiments recently carried out in a microgravity environment with the electromagnetic levitation facility TEMPUS are reviewed. Containerless processing in microgravity provides optimum conditions for measuring thermophysical properties of liquid metals. Specific heat, density, electrical conductivity, viscosity, and surface tension were obtained as a function of temperature over a wide temperature range, including the undercooled regime for a variety of metals and alloys. The choice of materials investigated included pure metals, binary alloys, and multicomponent alloys. Among the latter, special attention was given to glass-forming systems. Most of these data have been derived for the first time; where comparison to data obtained under terrestrial conditions is possible, the agreement is excellent.
High-pressure pyrolysis study of C3N6H6: a route to preparing bulk C3N4

In order to prepare bulk C3N4, high-pressure pyrolysis of melamine (C3N6H6) at different temperatures was carried out. The products were characterized by C, N, H element analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffractometry. The results of the analysis reveal that graphitic phase C3N4 has been synthesized. It provides a novel route to synthesis of the theoretical superhard cubic C3N4 and other C3N4 phases from organic compounds by a high-pressure and high-temperature method.
Phenolic Compounds in Four Astragalus Species

Aim: To investigate the phenolic compounds in four Astragalusspecies (A. hamosus, A. ponticus, A. corniculatus and A. cicer ) distributed in Bulgarian flora. Study Design: Using LC-MS, HPLC, UV, NMR and HRESIMS for identification of the compounds. Place and Duration of Study:Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,