Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEDUSAE

1. Studies were made in Puget Sound on several medusae belonging to the groups Anthomedusae (Stomotoca, Sarsia), Leptomedusae (Aequorea, Halistaura, Phialidium), and Stauromedusae (Haliclystus). 2. The water content was determined for four species (Aequorea, Halistaura, Phialidium, Sarsia) and found to range from 96.5 to 97 per cent (salinity of the sea water 3.09 per cent). Evidence was obtained that the water content declines slightly with increasing size.3. Activities are limited and responses cannot be elicited with dependable regularity.4. All species observed have alternate periods of pulsation and floating; in general these periods bear no absolute or relative time duration to each other.5. Behavior is correlated with morphology and hence shows characteristic differences between the different groups.6. Mechanical or chemical stimulation, when effective, elicits either an escape reaction or the feeding reaction.7. The escape reaction may consist of bell pulsations but to stronger stimuli a general co.
Interclutch variation in egg size among starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) reflects female condition

Starlings show considerable variation in egg mass among clutches. Mean clutch egg mass was highly repeatable for females, but few characteristics of females were found to relate to egg mass. Egg mass related weakly to female age, but female age only explained a small part of the variation. Hatchling mass was strongly correlated with egg mass, but body mass at 14 d of age was unrelated to egg mass. Nestling tarsus length at the same age was related to mean egg mass in one, but not another, year. Egg mass had no effect on hatchability or fledging success, although there was some evidence that brood reduction was more severe among broods hatching from small eggs. Females that had laid larger eggs were in better condition during incubation thus suggesting that high quality females are able to lay larger eggs and to maintain higher body reserves during incubation. This was supported by the observation that females laying smaller eggs were more likely to abandon their nests during incubation.
A comparison of five methods that estimate meal criteria for cattle

In data collected for feeding behaviour analysis, feeding events are generally separated by many very short to very long intervals during which no feeding occurs. When feeding is clustered in bouts, a meal criterion (that is the longest non-feeding interval accepted as part of a meal) must be estimated before events can be grouped into meals. Until recently, three methods that estimate quantitative meal criteria were available. These methods consist of fitting a ‘broken-stick’ (two straight intersecting lines, both with a negative slope) to the frequency distribution (method 1), the log e -transformed cumulative frequency distribution (the log-survivorship curve; method 2) or the log e -transformed frequency distribution (method 3) of intervals between events. Recently, new methods have been proposed that fit either two (method 4) or three (method 5) Gaussians to the frequency distribution of log e -transformed interval length (log-normal models). We compare the estimates obtained with these five methods when applied to a data set of 79575 intervals between visits to food dispensers. These were recorded with 16 lactating cows during an average period of 156·6 (s.d. 51·5) days per cow. Meal criteria were estimated as 1·9, 6·0, 7·5, 32·4 and 49·1 min by methods 1 to 5, respectively. Estimated daily number of meals ranged from 5·7 to 12·1 per cow and estimated average meal size from 4·0 to 8·4 kg. The observed probabilities of cows initiating feeding in relation to time since feeding last showed best agreement with the predictions of the log-normal models. We conclude that the first three methods do not, while log-normal models do, have an adequate biological basis for a clear interpretation of the estimated meal criteria. Log-normal models are, therefore, the most promising for estimating meal criteria in cattle and probably in other species as well.
G-Quadruplex Dna Structures And Site Specific Genetic Instability

20 Introduction 21 Materials and Methods 23 Java-Based Program for Identification of LG4 23 Sequence Analysis 23 Statistical Analysis 25 Circular Dichroism 25 Primer Extension Assays 26 PCR of CRLF2 LG4 from Human Genomic Template 27 Identification of Disease Genes 27 Results 28 Identification of Large G4 Regions in the Human Genome 28 Validation of G4 Folding Potential 29 LG4s are found in Sequences Involved in Gene Regulation 31 G4 DNA in Exons 33
Genomic and Molecular Analyses of the Core DNA Replication Machinery in Plants

SHULTZ, RANDALL WILLIAM. Genomic and Molecular Analyses of the Core DNA Replication Machinery in Plants. (Under the direction of William F. Thompson and George C. Allen). Accurate and complete DNA replication is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome. In eukaryotes, this process requires the coordinated action of numerous molecular machines. Based on yeast and animal model systems, we defined a set of fiftyone “core DNA replication proteins” that are integral to the initiation, DNA synthesis, and Okazaki fragment maturation functions of DNA replication. We used computational analyses to identify putative homologs in the genomes of two plants, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Oryza sativa (rice), providing the first comprehensive view of the core DNA replication machinery in plants. Our results indicated that the overall composition of this apparatus is conserved, but plants are unique in that multiple DNA replication genes exist as small gene families. Fourteen of the genes we annotated in this study have not been previously reported in the literature, and we have provided revised gene models for seventeen plant proteins. To better understand how the DNA replication machinery functions in plants, we cloned multiple subunits of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC) from Arabidopsis and generated antibodies against four key components of this complex − AtORC1, AtORC2, AtMCM5, and AtMCM7. We demonstrated that the pre-RC is developmentally regulated in Arabidopsis and, consistent with a role in DNA replication, is abundant in proliferating tissues. We used immunocytochemical and biochemical methods to characterize MCM7 in plants. We observed two distinct localization patterns for plant MCM7 proteins. In most cells, MCM7 was nuclear and colocalized with DNA. In a small fraction of cells, MCM7 was dispersed throughout the cytoplasmic compartment. Biochemical analysis confirmed that MCM7 binds to chromatin and that it is present in the nucleus at least during the G1, S and G2 cell cycle stages. Together, these analyses support a model where the MCM complex is loaded onto DNA in late M and early G1, released into the nucleoplasm during S phase followed by a brief dispersion into the cytoplasmic compartment concurrent with nuclear envelope breakdown in mitosis. GENOMIC AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF THE CORE DNA REPLICATION MACHINERY IN PLANTS by RANDALL WILLIAM SHULTZ A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 2007 APPROVED BY: ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Rebecca Boston Dr. Steven Spiker ______________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Thorne ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. William F. Thompson Dr. George C. Allen (Co-chair of Advisory Committee) (Co-chair of Advisory Committee) For my grandfather, Sherm
Lipid Degradation of Cod Liver During Frozen Storage as Influenced by Temperature, Packaging Method, and Seasonal Variation

ABSTRACT Lipid degradation of cod liver during frozen storage was studied, where the effects of storage temperatures (−18/−24°C), packaging methods (vacuum packing/regular plastic bag and waxed cardboard box), and seasonal variations (March/June/September) were evaluated. For this, the formations of free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide value (PV) were analyzed. Lipid degradation within different parts of the liver (middle/surface) was also investigated. Increase in FFA and PV was observed for most of the samples throughout the frozen storage period. Vacuum packaging and lower storage temperature had a significantly stronger preservative effect on lipid degradation in all seasons. Higher FFA content was observed in cod liver captured in June than in its counterparts from September and March. More intense increase in PV was observed for liver collected in June compared to September. Furthermore, significant difference in PV was observed in different layers of the liver while FFA showed minimum variation between the surface and the middle part of the cod liver. Based on the present results, packaging method and storage temperature have a significant effect on lipid hydrolysis and oxidation in frozen cod liver.
PHYLOGENIC, PATHOGENIC AND REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF HETERORHABDITIS INDICA FROM DISTRICT MEERUT, INDIA

*Corresponding Author Email: aashiqhussainbhat10@gmail.com ABSTRACT Heterorhabditis indica isolate CH18 was isolated from District Meerut of Uttar Pradesh, India and characterized by short juveniles and the arrangement of the terminal group of bursal ribs. The values of E and D ratio differentiate it from other described species of Heterorhabditis. It can be recognised by; L = 534 (514-548) μm, pharynx = 107 (99-111) μm; ratio ‘a’ = 24 (22-27); ratio ‘c’ = 5.4 (5-6); D% = 84 (75-91) and E%= 92 (83-101). It was further recognised by the male characters viz. L = 721 (592-884) μm, SL = 41 (32-55) μm; GL = 19 (13-27) μm; GBW = 46 (33-54) μm. H. indica isolate CH18 was genetically recognised by sequence lengths of the ITS region (737 bp), D2D3 region (942 bp) and COX1 (596 bp). Pathogenicity trial based on different IJ concentration viz. 25, 50, 100, 200 IJ/larva showed that the degree of susceptibility to nematode infection varied from different dose infection and also on the exposure time. A positive relation was observed in between the doses of infective juvenile and larval mortality where increments in doses also lead to increment in mortality rate. With a maximum count of progeny (1.79±0.8×10 5 IJs/ Larva) in lowest larval dose, a strong negative correlation was observed where the number of IJ production decreased significantly with increment in the dose of infection.
Eksplorasi Bakteri Pemfiksasi Nitrogen Non Simbiotik Penghasil IAA dan Pelarut Fosfat Asal Rhizosfer

Biofertilizer is fertilizer contain microbes that help provide available nutriens for plants. Non symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria has been widely utilized as a biofertilizer agent. The objective of this research was to explore bacteria have ability in fixing nitrogen, producing IAA ( indole acetic acid) and solubilizing phosphate from rhizosfer of Apple tree in Batu City. East Java. Isolation of soil sample from A pple tree rhizosphere was carried out using serial dilution. Nitrogen fixation ability was assayed qualitatively using nitrogen free bromothymol blue (Nfb) medium enriched with tryptophan. Quantitative measurement of Nitrogen fixation was done by Visocolor ammonium alpha detection kit. IAA production was observed in Luria Bertani medium enriched with tryptophan and Salkowski reagent. Detection of phosphate solubilization was done using Pikovskaya agar and Mo-blue reagent. Four isolates were obtained, isolates TR1, TR2, TR4 and TR5. All isolates have ability to fix nitrogen and to produce IAA. Isolate TR5 has the highest ability of nitrogen fixing (1 mg/L). Isolate TR1 produce maximum IAA concentration (793,55 µg/mL) at 48 hours. Isolate TR4 has the highest ability to solubilize phosphate (31,28 ppm) with index of phosphate solubization 1,21. Isolate TR1, TR4 and TR5 are potential as biofertilizer agents.
RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Omeprazole and Ondansetron in Combined Dosage Forms

A RP-HPLC method is developed for simultaneous estimation of omeprazole and ondansetron in combined tablet dosage form. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor and in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ondansetron is used as selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and used in the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radio therapy and also post operative nausea and vomiting. The mobile phase used was a combination of Methanol: Acetonitrile (90:10). The detection of the combined dosage form was carried out at 218 nm and a flow rate employed was 0.5 ml/min. The retention time for omeprazole and ondansetron was found to be 5.39 and 11.08 min respectively. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 4 to 20 μg/ml of omeprazole and 4 to20 μg/ml of ondansetron with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and 0.9967. Detector consists of photodiode array detector; the reversed phase column used was RP-C18 (2.27μm size, 250 mm´4.6 mm i.d.) at ambient temperature. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and values of accuracy, precision and other statistical analysis were found to be in good accordance with the prescribed values. Thus the proposed method was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of ondansetron and omeprazole in routine analysis.
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of improved varieties for enhancing yield and yield components of wheat

A field experiment was conducted at New Developmental Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar during rabi 2012-2013 to study the effect of N and P fertilization of improved varieties for enhancing yield and yield components of wheat varieties. Randomized Complete Block (RCB) Design with split plot arrangement having three replications was used. A sub plot size of 12 m having ten rows of 4 m length was used. N levels (100, 125 and 150 kg ha) and P levels (60, 90 and 120 kg ha) were applied to the main plots and wheat varieties (Siran-2010 and Atta-Habib) were assigned to the sub plots and one control having no N and P was maintained in main plot treatment. All of the phosphorus and half of the nitrogen were applied at sowing time. The remaining N was applied at tillering stage. The results of the experiment showed that maximum tillers m (377), spikes m (362), grains spikes (50.67), thousands grains weight (41.16 g), biological yield (10060 kg ha), grain yield (3855 kg ha) and harvest index (38.7 %) were produced by Siran-2010 while maximum nonproductive tillers m (18) was maintained by Atta-Habib. The plots that received nitrogen at the rate of 62.5 kg ha produced maximum tillers m (383). Maximum spikes m (368), grains spikes (51.44), thousand grains weight (42.16 g), grain yield (4061 kg ha) and harvest index (40.9 %) were produced by 125 kg N ha while nitrogen application at the rate of 150 kg ha produced maximum biological yield (10386 kg ha). Phosphorus application at the rate of 90 kg ha produced highest number of tillers m (379), spikes m (364), grains spikes (52.44), thousand grains weight (41.21 g), biological yield (10298 kg ha), grain yield (3944 kg ha) and harvest index (38.8 %). It is concluded that wheat variety Siran-2010 produced higher grain yield when treated with 125 kg N ha and 90 kg P ha.
A report on 33 unrecorded bacterial species of Korea isolated in 2014, belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria

The class Gammaproteobacteria forms the largest phylogenetic group (at least 180 genera and over 750 species) in the phylum Proteobacteia and members of the class show diverse metabolic pathways and phenotypes (Garrity et al., 2005; Kersters et al., 2006; Williams et al., 2010). In general, all organisms in this class are unicellular and mostly rods, and are abundant in various freshwater habitats (Kim et al., 2012a; Zhang et al., 2014; Keller-Costa et al., 2014), seawater habitats (Giovannoni et al., 1990; Cho and Giovannoni, 2004; Du et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012), and guts of animal (Kersters et al., 2006; Williams et al., 2010). The class Gammaproteobacteria contains photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiales) together with a great number of familiar chemoheterotrophic groups, such as En­ terobacteriales, Legionellales, Pasteurellales, Pseudo­ monadales, and also some chemolithotrophic sulfur and iron-oxidizing bacteria group (Kersters et al., 2006). Based on the branching pattern in the 16S rRNA gene trees, the class Gammaproteobacteria has been currently divided into 16 main orders (Parte, 2014): Aeromonad­ ales, Alteromonadales, Arenicellales, Cardiobacteriales, Chromatiales, Enterobacteriales, Legionellales, Methy­ lococcales, Oceanospirillales, Orbales, Pasteurellales, Pseudomonadales, Salinisphaerales, Thiotrichales, Vib­ rionales, Xanthomonadales (Garrity et al., 2005; Kersters et al., 2006; Williams et al., 2010). As a part of the research program of ‘The survey of Korean indigenous species’, during 2014 we collected diverse environmental samples including ginseng field Journal of Species Research 5(2):241-253, 2016
Nutrition for post-exercise recovery and training adaptation

The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and thus the replenishment of glycogen stores is central for post-exercise recovery. Nevertheless, nutritional recommendations, particularly related to the precise nutrient amount/type to optimise short-term (2-6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated. Furthermore, the available nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e. muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout, yet this has never been established. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity is the co-ingestion of protein with carbohydrate. Notwithstanding this, there is outstanding need to establish the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion on recovery from running exercise. Beyond the acute post-exercise period, protein ingestion following exercise is known to increase muscle protein synthesis and thus modulate exercise-induced training adaptation. However, whether post-exercise protein ingestion increases the magnitude of running-based endurance training adaptation has not been determined. The collection of work presented in this thesis provides evidence that the availability of muscle glycogen at the end of recovery determines the capacity for repeated exercise such that muscle glycogen depletion is shown to be a major determinant of fatigue during this bout. Moreover, the present work suggests that energy intake per se and not macronutrient composition (i.e. the addition of protein) determines maximal muscle glycogen resynthesis rate and the capacity for repeated exercise. The final experimental chapter in this thesis also provides some evidence for the potential role of post-exercise protein ingestion in amplifying cardiovascular training adaptation through an increase in plasma albumin content in response to six weeks of prescribed endurance training when compared to an energy-matched carbohydrate supplement.
The North Atlantic Oscillation synchronises fruit production in western European forests

Weather and its lagged effects have been associated with interannual variability and synchrony of fruit production for several tree species. Such relationships are used often in hypotheses relating interannual variability in fruit production with tree resources or favourable pollinating conditions and with synchrony in fruit production among sites through the Moran effect (the synchronisation of biological processes among populations driven by meteorological variability) or the local availability of pollen. Climatic teleconnections, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), representing weather packages, however, have rarely been correlated with fruit production, despite often being better predictors of ecological processes than is local weather. The aim of this study was to test the utility of seasonal NAO indices for predicting interannual variability and synchrony in fruit production using data from 76 forests of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus petraea, and Q. robur distributed across central Europe. Interannual variability in fruit production for all species was significantly correlated with seasonal NAO indices, which were more prominently important predictors than local meteorological variables. The relationships identified by these analyses indicated that proximal causes were mostly responsible for the interannual variability in fruit production, supporting the premise that local tree resources and favourable pollinating conditions are needed to produce large fruit crops. Synchrony in fruit production between forests was mainly associated with weather and geographical distance among sites. Also, fruit production for a given year was less variable among sites during warm and dry springs (negative spring NAO phases). Our results identify the Moran effect as the most likely mechanism for synchronisation of fruit production at large geographical scales and the possibility that pollen availability plays a role in synchronising fruit production at local scales. Our results highlight the influence of the NAO on the patterns of fruit production across western Europe.
Variation in Display Behavior, Ornament Morphology, Sexual Size Dimorphism, and Habitat Structure in the Fan-Throated Lizard (Sitana, Agamidae)

Abstract Fan-Throated Lizards (Sitana; Agamidae) are a widespread yet little-studied genus of lizards found in dry habitats throughout South Asia. Male lizards in this genus bear a fan-like structure under their throats that is displayed by rapid extension and retraction during the breeding season, particularly during courtship and male–male interactions. Throat-fans vary dramatically in both size and coloration across the genus, ranging from small and white to large and blue, black, and orange. In this paper, I investigate variation in throat-fan morphology and display behavior in eight populations of Fan-Throated Lizards. Displays of these lizards included partial and complete throat-fan extensions, changes in body position, rapid head-turning behavior, and occasional bipedality. Part of the variation in display behavior across these lizards was associated with throat-fan elaboration, and increased throat-fan size and coloration were associated with male-biased sexual size dimorphism but not with changes in habitat. These results suggest that sexual selection may underlie increases in both throat-fan size and coloration in the genus Sitana. Therefore, Fan-Throated Lizards are a promising system in which to further investigate the coevolution of different display components of a striking visual signal.