Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recovery and Purification of Plutonium by Anion Exchange

Results to date indicate that plutonium can be absorbed at a reasonably rapid rate on any of several commercially available anion exchange resins from 7M nitric acid at 60 C. When the plutonium-loaded resin is then washed with 7M nitric acid, very high factors are obtained for separation of plutonium from uranium, fission products, and common ionic and nonionic impurities. The degree of separation depends on the extent of the washing cycle. Fission product separation factors as high as 3 x 10/sup 7/ have been obtained in two cycles of anion exchange. Urauium separation factors of comparable magnitude are possible with moderate volumes of wash solution. Product concentrations of greater than 50 grams of plutonium per liter are obtainable by eluting with dilute nitric acid at elevated temperature. Several resins show adequate resistance to chemical and radiation damage. Of the resins studied, Permutit SK shows the best combination of operating characteristics. Chemical and radiation stability and elution characteristics are outstanding. (auth)
Ultraviolet grating polarizers

Wet and dry processing technologies are applied to the development of high‐aspect‐ratio gratings in SiO2. Planar gratings having nearly vertical sidewalls and periods of 3000 A are used as the basic structure for generating ultraviolet polarizers which perform at wavelengths well below 3000 A. Extinction ratios of 0.5 at wavelengths of 2400 A have been obtained. With new techniques available for generating fine‐period surface gratings, it should be possible to fabricate planar polarizers with high polarization efficiencies at even shorter wavelengths.
Variation of b value with hypocentral depth in Beijing area: Implications for earthquake nucleation

We relocated 2098 earthquakes that occurred in Beijing area between 1980 and 2000 using a double-difference (DD) earthquake location algorithm, and obtained the high-precision relative locations of 1825 events. b values versus depth were investigated with the relocated hypocenters. The results show that the b values decrease with the increasing hypocentral depth systematically. A dramatic variation in b is observed around the depth of 8 km. It indicates that there are more smaller earthquakes at shallow depth (0–8 km), while more larger earthquakes at greater depth (8–25 km). The physical mechanism behind this phenomenon can be explained by the variations in material heterogeneity and lithostatic stress condition. Large earthquakes are more likely to nucleate at greater depth with more homogenous material and higher lithostatic stress. On the basis of the results, we suggest that future strong earthquakes in Beijing area tend to occur below the depth of 8 km.
Heme-iron complexing biphenyl and naphthalene derivatives as CYP17 inhibitorsfor the treatment of prostate cancer : design, synthesis and evaluation

Insufficient efficacy and unsafe treatment options are the current state of the art of prostate cancer therapies. This motivated us to develop antiandrogenic drugs with reduced side effects, aiming at effective tumor growth prevention and regression for prostatic adenocarcinomas. The key enzyme in androgen synthesis CYP17 is to date the most promising target for an overall, mild treatment of prostate carcinomas. Thus, it was our aim to develop nonsteroidal CYP17 inhibitors. In the present work, the synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of 69 compounds divided in three main classes are presented. These were published in three different international scientific magazines. A further manuscript is already prepared. Other related compounds, not essential for this work, are already published or to be published soon in four other co-authored works. Ungenugend wirksame und risikoreiche Behandlungen sind der heutige Stand der Prostatakrebstherapien. Dies motivierte uns zur Entwicklung antiandrogener nebenwirkungs-armer Wirkstoffe mit dem Ziel eine effektive Tumorwachstumpravention und -regression prostatischer Adenokarzinome zu erreichen. Das Schlusselenzym der Androgensynthese CYP17 ist bis dato das vielversprechendste Target fur eine Behandlung des Prostatakarzinoms. Dementsprechend war es unser Ziel nichtsteroidale CYP17 Inhibitoren zu entwickeln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Synthese, biologische Evaluierung und Molecular Modeling Studien von 69 Verbindungen in drei Substanzklassen vorgestellt. Diese wurden in drei verschiedenen internationalen Zeitschriften publiziert. Ein weiteres Manuskript ist fertiggestellt. Andere verwandte, fur diese Arbeit nicht essentielle Verbindungen, sind in vier weiteren Publikationen niedergelegt.
LASER-DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY IN A BAFFLED MIXING TANK

Abstract Experiments were conducted for extremely high turbulent mixing operations in a baffled mixing lank. Three components of the mean and root-mean-square velocities were measured using a laser-Doppler anemometer. The impeller rotation rate, the impeller type, and the impeller location were considered. Due to the complexity of flow in a baffled mixing tank, there are still several fundamental modeling and computational difficulties in simulating the flow, Thus, these experimental data based on the sophisticated and extensive measurements may improve fundamental modeling methods. The results show that the flow patterns depend on the impeller type. The effect of the impeller location on flow was small. The axial direction of the How was caused by the baffles. The flow was three-dimensional, rotational periodic, and statistically random. This information successfully characterizes the flow in the baffled mixing tank.
Rationalizing the effects of modified electrostatic interactions in computer simulations: The dielectric self-consistent field method

The dielectric self-consistent field method, a novel tool to study solvated systems based on continuum electrostatics, is introduced. It permits the qualitative and even semiquantitative calculation of orientational correlation functions, i.e., it gives insights into the orientational structure of a solute–solvent system. Further, modified Coulomb potentials and periodic boundary conditions can easily be integrated. One possible application is rapid, yet detailed methodological studies of the effects resulting from the various modified electrostatic interactions that are used regularly in computer simulations with explicit solvent molecules. As an example, we report the distance dependent Kirkwood g-factor and ion–dipole correlation functions of a solvated glycine zwitterion obtained with a simple cutoff, a shifted potential, two reaction field techniques, and Ewald summation. For the reaction fields and Ewald summation, conducting and adjusted dielectric boundary conditions are compared.
A Method to Assess Analytical Uncertainties Over Large Concentration Ranges With Reference to Volatile Organics in Water

The uncertainty associated with a volatile organic concentration measurement is a function of variability and bias introduced at the various levels of sample handling; collection, storage and analysis. During the past decade, sampling materials and the development and/or improvement of sampling protocols have been the subject of considerable research activity. As a result, in cases of samples properly handled, the analytical variability can be the dominant source of uncertainty in a given concentration value. Here analytical variability refers to any error that might arise during analysis, including the detector response error and any sample handling errors common to both standards and samples. This can be a particular concern for field analyses by gas chromatography (GC). Well-established statistical methods are available to estimate analytical uncertainty from linear calibration curves, but these methods are poorly suited for the analysis of volatile organics because organic samples frequently require instrument calibration (usually GC) over several orders of magnitude in concentration. If a single linear calibration curve is used to determine sample concentrations and uncertainties, then unrealistically large uncertainties may be assigned to low concentration samples. However, the methods can be adopted for extended concentration range calibration curves by breaking the overall calibration line downmore » into smaller sub-calibration lines that span smaller ranges. These can then be examined and used selectively to determine concentrations with more appropriate uncertainties attached. The method of multiple calibration line analysis described here is suitable for programming with any high-level computer language. It can be used to calculate meaningful analytical uncertainty values for any substance analyzed over a wide range in concentrations (i.e., an order of magnitude or more). « less
Introduction to the Glucose Sensing Problem

1.1 A SHORT HISTORY OF DIABETES AND GLUCOSE MEASUREMENT1.1.1 Chemical Methods for Glucose Measurement1.1.2 Instrumental Readout for Glucose Strip Measurements1.1. 3 Glucose Biosensors for Clinical Applications1.1. 4 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems (Electrochemical)1.1. 5 Glucose Monitoring Systems (Nonelectrochemical)1.2 SENSOR DESIGN1.2. 1 The Reactions1.2. 2 Control of Mass Transfer Using Membranes1.2. 3 The Electrochemical Cell1.3 DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING1.3. 1 Acquisition and Readout Device1.3. 2 Management Software1.4 GLUCOSE KINETICS1.5 EVALUATION OF SENSOR PERFORMANCE (IN VITRO)1.6 EVALUATION OF SENSOR PERFORMANCE (IN VIVO)1.6. 1 In Vivo Sensitivity Loss1.6. 2 Calibration In Vivo1.7 BIOCOMPATIBILITY1.8 FUTURE DIRECTIONSACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES
Coupled Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Out-of-Phase Stability of Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors

Abstract As the last topic of a series of U.S. reference supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) design stability studies, coupled neutronic-thermal-hydraulic out-of-phase stability is analyzed and compared with that of a typical boiling water reactor (BWR). A modal expansion method based on λ modes (reactivity modes) of the neutron kinetic equation is applied, and the first subcritical mode of the neutron dynamics model is coupled with the coolant thermal-hydraulic model. The out-of-phase oscillation of the SCWR is found to be dominated by the reactor thermal hydraulics, whereas the BWR is more sensitive to the coolant density reactivity coefficient because of much stronger neutronic coupling. It is also found that the SCWR stability is sensitive to the details of the core simulation model and the hottest channel dominates the stability. The BWR is less sensitive to the core simulation model since it has much stronger neutronic coupling that is controlled by the whole-core average properties. Power and flow rate sensitivity analysis of the out-of-phase stability was also conducted for both the SCWR and the BWR. The SCWR stability is found to be more sensitive to the operating parameters than the typical BWR. Although the water rod heating can improve the SCWR out-of-phase stability, it cannot significantly improve the sensitivity feature.
Impact of Selected Rodenticides on the Acidic and Enzymatic Coagulation Properties of Milk

The early detection of chemical contaminants in milk at the farm level is essential to prevent them entering into the food chain. The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of selected rodenticides on the acidic and enzymatic coagulation properties of milk by using selected strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and to evaluate the suitability of lactic acid bacteria as a biomarker for early detection of toxins in milk. Specific objectives of this study were (a) to determine the optimum growth temperature for lactic acid bacteria in MRS broth for early detection of rodenticides; (b) to determine the effect of selected rodenticides on the growth and activity of different strains of lactic acid bacteria in MRS broth; and (c) to determine the effect of selected rodenticides on the growth and activity of different strains of lactic acid bacteria in milk. Serially diluted rodenticides were added to tubes containing MRS broth/milk. Commercial yogurt culture was then inoculated into the medium and incubated at 42 °C for 6 hours. The pH of the broth was recorded at 2, 4, and 6 hour intervals. The bacterial counts, lactic acid production, α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase activity were also measured at the end of incubation. In the MRS broth, the yogurt cultures YF001 and YI 885 showed highest sensitivity to diphacinone at the level of 0.005 mg/ml. YF001 showed detectable sensitivity to brodifacoum and bromadiolone at the level of 0.02 mg/ml. YG011 showed detectable sensitivity to brodifacoum, bromadiolone and diphacinone at the levels of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. The growth of YI 885 was inhibited by brodfacoum and bromadiolone at the levels of 0.01 and 0.04 mg/ml, respectively. In milk, the yogurt cultures YG011 and YI 885 showed highest sensitivity to diphacinone at the level of 0.04 mg/ml. YF001 showed detectable sensitivity to brodifacoum, bromadiolone and diphacinone at the levels of 0.12, 0.08, and 0.08mg/ml, respectively. The growth of YG011 was inhibited by brodfacoum and bromadiolone
Influence of pH and Chloride-Based Metal Salts on Coagulation/Dispersion Behavior of Talc Suspension

In this study, the coagulation behavior of talc suspensions in the presence and absence of chloride-based metal salts (NaCl, CaCl2 and AlCl3) at a constant (pH 4) and different pHs was assessed by sedimentation tests and zeta potential (ZP) measurements. In addition, the pH-dependent dissolution experiments were performed on the talc powder in water. To evaluate the results of the sedimentation tests, the turbidity of supernatant liquid was considered. The isoelectric point (iep) of the talc sample was determined at around pH 1.9. Even though the talc suspension used in this work has a sufficient ZP at neutral pHs to provide a better dispersion in suspension, the sedimentation tests and also the viscosity measurements showed that the powdered talc coagulated easily, even at these pHs without the metal salt. This was attributed to the hydrophobic attraction between the basal surfaces of talc particles. At acidic pHs (i.e., pH 4) the effect of metal salts on the coagulation of talc suspension was marginal.
KOC estimation of deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, hexazinone and terbuthylazine by reversed phase chromatography and sorption isotherms

The KOC of three triazine herbicides (atrazine, hexazinone and terbuthylazine) and two triazine degradation products (deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) were derived both by using a HPLC‐reversed phase chromatography method and measuring the KD with sorption isotherms. 21 reference substances and 3 different chromatographic conditions were used to measure the KOC with the HPLC method. The KOC values from sorption isotherms were determined using 6 different soils. The two different KOC values for atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hexazinone derived from the two methods were similar, while those of terbuthylazine were more different. Deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hexazinone had very low KOC values, even lower than that of atrazine, and this indicates their tendency to move through the soil easily.
Static light scattering from poly(ethylene oxide) in methanol

Static light scattering measurements were performed on dilute solutions of monodisperse poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in methanol at 25°C. PEOs of five different molecular weights ranging from nominal M w = 8.6 x 10 4 to 9.13 x 10 5 were used. Linear Zimm plots were obtained for all the PEO samples : no downturn was observed at small angles, indicating that no large aggregates of PEO molecules exist in the solution. From the plots, values of the weight-average molecular weight, M w , the radius of gyration, R G , and the second virial coefficient, A 2 , were successfully determined for respective PEOs. Observed relationship between R G and M w indicates that methanol is certainly a good solvent for the polymer.
CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE RELATIONSHIPS OF SILICA PHASES IN CHERT

ABSTRACT A transmission electron microscope survey of silica phase relationships in layered chert indicates that the phase transformation (opal-CT→ quartz) is complex, even at a sub-micron scale. Preliminary results, utilizing electron diffraction and dark field methods, indicate that the crystallographic relations between phases and the nature of the transformation can be illustrated by these techniques. Previous investigations of siliceous rocks by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope have been restricted to identification of major silica phases in bulk rock samples and recognition of characteristic free-growth morphologies. In this study, identification and location of silica phases is accomplished at the micron scale. Two different kinds of cherts are characterized by dissimilar opal-CT textures-fine-grained groundmass (.01–.1 microns) and bladed crystallites (.1–1.0 microns). Increased crystallinity of opal-CT is not reflected by changes of its bladed morphology. Quartz crystals display.
Avaliação de um reator tipo tambor rotativo para hidrólise enzimática do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar

The biological conversion of cellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals offers high yields of products for the success of the economy and future the potential for very low costs. Enzymatic hydrolysis that converts fermentable sugars in lignocellulosic biomass is a complex step in this process. An important requirement in cost-efficient in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass is to employ a reactor that will ensure, or even promote, maximal conversion of cellulose to glucose with a minimum dosage of enzyme. The purpose of using the reactor is also for to process of high dry matter contents and therefore higher levels of cellulose that will also drive up the product concentration. However, the processes that emply high solid loadings, in addition to the high viscosity of the reaction mixture and other factors than product inhibition, notably mixing and mass transfer limitations. Within this context, the aim of this work was to design a bioreactor rotary drum to be used in the process, with largescale enzymatic hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse. To achieve this objective were performed in a bench scale, with prototype already existing in the laboratory. In this equipment was added a solids loading of 10% (w/v) (sugar cane bagasse, raw and pretreated) and cellulose enzyme (Accellerase 1500 (Danisco)). The results of the reactor experiments showed an increase in glucose concentration (L-1) converted when compared with those realized in Erlenmeyer flasks (control). This occurred because the mass transfer and mixing in the reactor is more efficient because it allows greater contact area of the enzyme with the substrate (sugarcane bagasse).
Nano‐hydroxyapatite/polyamide66 composite tissue‐engineering scaffolds with anisotropy in morphology and mechanical behaviors

Based on a biomimetic conception, nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA)/polyamide66 (PA66) composite scaffolds were prepared with anisotropic properties both in morphology and mechanical behavior. A novel improved thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique was developed to generate orientation-structured scaffolds for tissue engineering. The physiochemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of the resultant scaffolds were evaluated. According to the results, the improved TIPS method exhibited good processability and reproducibility and enabled the composite scaffolds to have a high content of inorganic fillers. The morphological study proved that the n-HA/PA66 scaffolds exhibited unidirectional microtubular architecture with high porosity (ca. 80–85%) and an optimal pore size ranging from 200 to 500 μm. Besides, the effect of n-HA content on the morphology of the scaffolds was studied, and the results indicated that the obtained scaffolds presented an improvement in anisotropic morphology with increase of n-HA content. The anisotropy was also evaluated in the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, that is, the longitudinal compressive strength and modulus were ∼1.5 times of the transverse ones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 658–669, 2009
Direct determination of kinetic fragility indices of glassforming liquids by differential scanning calorimetry: Kinetic versus thermodynamic fragilities

A calorimetric method of obtaining directly the fragility of liquids from the fictive temperatures of variably quenched glasses, is outlined. “Steepness indexes” m, have been determined for a group of molecular liquids of diverse character, and vary in the range 50–150. The values obtained mostly agree well with those from earlier studies using dielectric relaxation, heat capacity spectroscopy, and viscosity data. In our method there is the advantage that the fragility is determined from the relaxation process that is basic to the calorimetric glass transition temperature measurement, namely, that of the enthalpy. The calorimetric measurements also yield the liquid and glass heat capacities, and entropies of fusion, permitting relationships between thermodynamic and kinetic responses to be examined simultaneously. We study glycerol, dibutylphthallate, 9-bromophenanthrene, salol, orthoterphenyl, propylene carbonate, decalin and its nitrogen derivative decahydroisoquinoline, and find the latter two to be the most fragile liquids known, m =145 and 128 respectively. Surprisingly, of the liquids studied, decalin has the smallest increase in heat capacity at the glass transition. By contrast, the strongest liquid, glycerol, has the largest increase. However, the thermodynamic fragility of decalin, assessed from the scaled rate of increase of the excess entropy above Tg, is found to be high, due to the unusually small value of the excess entropy at Tg. Conversely, the entropy-based fragility for glycerol is the lowest. Thus the correlation of kinetic and entropy-based thermodynamic fragilities reported in recent work is upheld by data from the present study, while the basis for any correlation with the jump in heat capacity itself is removed.
Heats of Mixing in Binary-Liquid—Alkali-Metal Mixtures

The enthalpies of mixing in all the binary‐liquid alloys formed among the alkali metals sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium have been measured by reaction calorimetry at 111°±2°C. All systems except rubidium—cesium show positive enthalpies of mixing. There is a tendency for the mixing enthalpies to become more positive and also more unsymmetrical as the two metals become more separated in the periodic table.A comparison of the new enthalpy data with reported phase‐diagram information indicates that the three liquid alloys which contain sodium all exhibit nearly ideal entropies of mixing. For potassium—rubidium, potassium—cesium, and rubidium—cesium, the new heat data, combined with the available phase diagrams, permit estimates to be made of the excess free energies of mixing in the solid solutions.