Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visual Evaluation of XPath Queries

Over the past one decade, due to its simplicity and flexibility, Extensible Markup Language (XML) is rapidly gaining in popularity as a universal data format for data exchange and integration on the web. In this paper, we present a novel framework to evaluate a variety of XPath queries in a very user-friendly manner. We developed a prototype system named VXPath, which is a visual XPath query evaluator that allows the user to evaluate an XPath query by clicking the nodes in an expanding tree instead of typing the whole XPath query by hand. Our system supports various XPath axes, including child, descendant, self, parent, ancestor, following-sibling, precedingsibling, predicate and so on. In order to handle XML documents in very large size, instead of loading the whole XML document into memory, we extracted a concise data synopsis termed structural summary from the original XML document to avoid the loading overhead for large XML document. We evaluated our system over the data from XMark and DBLP and our system can handle large XML documents up to gigabytes.
Ultrahigh polarimetric image contrast enhancement for skin cancer diagnosis using InN plasmonic nanoparticles in the terahertz range

Abstract. Mueller matrix imaging sensitivity, to delicate water content changes in tissue associated with early stages of skin cancer, is demonstrated by numerical modeling to be enhanced by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects at the terahertz (THz) range when InN nanoparticles (NPs) coated with Parylene-C are introduced into the skin. A skin tissue model tailored for THz wavelengths is established for a Monte Carlo simulation of polarized light propagation and scattering, and a comparative study based on simulated Mueller matrices is presented considering different NPs’ parameters and insertion into the skin methods. The insertion of NPs presenting LSPR in the THz is demonstrated to enable the application of polarization-based sample characterization techniques adopted from the scattering dominated visible wavelengths domain for the, otherwise, relatively low scattering THz domain, where such approach is irrelevant without the NPs. Through these Mueller polarimetry techniques, the detection of water content variations in the tissue is made possible and with high sensitivity. This study yields a limit of detection down to 0.0018% for relative changes in the water content based on linear degree of polarization—an improvement of an order of magnitude relative to the limit of detection without NPs calculated in a previous ellipsometric study.
Photobiomodulation reduces oral mucositis by modulating NF-kB

Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate NF-kB during 5-fluorouracil (FU)-induced oral mucositis and ascertain whether photobiomodulation (PBM), as a preventive and/or therapeutic modality, influences this transcription factor. Ninety-six male golden Syrian hamsters were allocated into four groups: control (no treatment); PBM therapeutic, PBM preventive, and PBM combined. Animals received an injection of 5-FU on days 0 and 2. On days 3 and 4, the buccal mucosa was scratched. Irradiation was carried out using a 660-nm, 40-mW diode laser at 6 J/cm2 during 6 s/point, 0.24 J/point, for a total dose of 1.44 J/day of application. Animals were euthanized on days 0, 5, 10, and 15 (n=6). Buccal mucosa was removed for protein quantification by Western blot. Clinical analysis revealed that PBM groups exhibited less mucositis than controls on day 10. Control animals exhibited lower levels of NF-kB during mucositis development and healing. The preventive and combined protocols were associated with higher NF-kB levels at day 5; however, the therapeutic group had higher levels at days 10 and 15. These findings suggest that the preventive and/or therapeutic PBM protocols reduced the severity of oral mucositis by activating the NF-kB pathway.
Intravital live cell triggered imaging system reveals monocyte patrolling and macrophage migration in atherosclerotic arteries

Abstract. Intravital multiphoton imaging of arteries is technically challenging because the artery expands with every heartbeat, causing severe motion artifacts. To study leukocyte activity in atherosclerosis, we developed the intravital live cell triggered imaging system (ILTIS). This system implements cardiac triggered acquisition as well as frame selection and image registration algorithms to produce stable movies of myeloid cell movement in atherosclerotic arteries in live mice. To minimize tissue damage, no mechanical stabilization is used and the artery is allowed to expand freely. ILTIS performs multicolor high frame-rate two-dimensional imaging and full-thickness three-dimensional imaging of beating arteries in live mice. The external carotid artery and its branches (superior thyroid and ascending pharyngeal arteries) were developed as a surgically accessible and reliable model of atherosclerosis. We use ILTIS to demonstrate Cx3cr1GFP monocytes patrolling the lumen of atherosclerotic arteries. Additionally, we developed a new reporter mouse (Apoe−/−Cx3cr1GFP/+Cd11cYFP) to image GFP+ and GFP+YFP+ macrophages “dancing on the spot” and YFP+ macrophages migrating within intimal plaque. ILTIS will be helpful to answer pertinent open questions in the field, including monocyte recruitment and transmigration, macrophage and dendritic cell activity, and motion of other immune cells.
Communication With Significant Others About Weight Management: The Role of Confirmation in Weight Management Attitudes and Behaviors

The current study employed a confirmation perspective to examine the relationship between communication with significant others and individuals’ weight management. Confirmation was conceptualized as consisting of two components—acceptance and challenge. In Study 1, 413 participants (aged 18-66) completed a survey assessing their diet and exercise behaviors as well as interactions with a significant other about weight management. As predicted, the combination of acceptance and challenge from significant others was related to the highest levels of body self-esteem, eating and exercise self-efficacy, and healthy eating behaviors beyond the individual effects of acceptance and challenge. In Study 2, 161 participants (aged 18-62) rated the effectiveness of messages varying in acceptance and challenge. Messages higher in both acceptance and challenge were rated as more effective in motivating healthy behaviors than messages primarily higher in either acceptance or challenge or lower in both. Overall, both studies suggest the contribution of one component of confirmation was enhanced by the presence of the other component in predicting weight management attitudes and behaviors.
In vitro colocalization of plasmonic nano-biolabels and biomolecules using plasmonic and Raman scattering microspectroscopy

Abstract. An insight into the intracellular fate of theranostics is important for improving their potential in biological applications. In vivo efficacy of plasmonic theranostics depends on our ability to monitor temporal changes in their size, shape, and state of aggregation, and the identification of molecules adsorbed on their surfaces. We develop a technique which combines plasmonic and Raman scattering microspectroscopy to colocalize plasmonic scattering from metallic nanoparticles with the Raman signatures of biomolecules adsorbed on the surface of the former. Using this technique, we have colocalized biomolecules with the plasmonic scattering from silver nanoparticles in the vicinity of Escherichia coli bacteria. To prove the applicability of this setup for the measurements on mammalian cells, imaging of HEK293 cells treated with gold nanoparticles was performed. We discuss the importance of such correlated measurements over individual techniques, although the latter may lead to misinterpretation of results. Finally, with the above-mentioned examples, we have given criteria to improve the specificity of theranostics. We believe that this methodology will be considered as a prime development in the assessment of theranostics.
Quantum dot imaging in the second near-infrared optical window: studies on reflectance fluorescence imaging depths by effective fluence rate and multiple image acquisition

Abstract. Quantum dot (QD) imaging capability was investigated by the imaging depth at a near-infrared second optical window (SOW; 1000 to 1400 nm) using time-modulated pulsed laser excitations to control the effective fluence rate. Various media, such as liquid phantoms, tissues, and in vivo small animals, were used and the imaging depths were compared with our predicted values. The QD imaging depth under excitation of continuous 20 mW/cm2 laser was determined to be 10.3 mm for 2 wt% hemoglobin phantom medium and 5.85 mm for 1 wt% intralipid phantom, which were extended by more than two times on increasing the effective fluence rate to 2000 mW/cm2. Bovine liver and porcine skin tissues also showed similar enhancement in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values. A QD sample was inserted into the abdomen of a mouse. With a higher effective fluence rate, the CNR increased more than twofold and the QD sample became clearly visualized, which was completely undetectable under continuous excitation. Multiple acquisitions of QD images and averaging process pixel by pixel were performed to overcome the thermal noise issue of the detector in SOW, which yielded significant enhancement in the imaging capability, showing up to a 1.5 times increase in the CNR.
Gold nanoaggregates for probing single-living cell based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract. Gold nanoparticles are delivered into living cells by transient electroporation method to obtain intracellular surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The subcellular localization of gold nanoparticles is characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and the forming large gold nanoaggregates are mostly found in the cytoplasm. The SERS detection of cells indicates that this kind of gold nanostructures induces a high signal enhancement of cellular chemical compositions, in addition to less cellular toxicity than that of silver nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that rapid incorporation of gold nanoparticles by electroporation into cells has great potential applications in the studies of cell biology and biomedicine.
Human vs machine: establishing a human baseline for multimodal location estimation

Over the recent years, the problem of video location estimation (i.e., estimating the longitude/latitude coordinates of a video without GPS information) has been approached with diverse methods and ideas in the research community and significant improvements have been made. So far, however, systems have only been compared against each other and no systematic study on human performance has been conducted. Based on a human-subject study with 11,900 experiments, this article presents a human baseline for location estimation for different combinations of modalities (audio, audio/video, audio/video/text). Furthermore, this article compares state-of-the-art location estimation systems with the human baseline. Although the overall performance of humans' multimodal video location estimation is better than current machine learning approaches, the difference is quite small: For 41% of the test set, the machine's accuracy was superior to the humans. We present case studies and discuss why machines did better for some videos and not for others. Our analysis suggests new directions and priorities for future work on the improvement of location inference algorithms.
Relational properties of recursively defined domains

A mixed induction/coinduction property of relations on recursively defined domains is described, working within a general framework for relations on domains and for actions of type constructors on relations introduced by P.W. O'Hearn and R.D. Tennent (1993), and drawing upon P.J. Freyd's analysis (1991) of recursive types in terms of a simultaneous initiality/finality property. The utility of the mixed induction/coinducton property is demonstrated by deriving a number of families of proof principles from it. One instance of the relational framework yields a family of induction principles for admissible subsets of general recursively defined domains which extends the principle of structural induction for inductively defined sets. Another instance of the framework yields the coinduction principle studied elsewhere by the author, by which equalities between elements of recursively defined domains may be proved via bisimulations. <<ETX>>
Role of 5-aminolevulinic acid-conjugated gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of cancer

Abstract. There are three possible mechanisms for 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) through electrostatic bonding for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer: GNPs delivery function, singlet oxygen generation (SOG) by GNPs irradiated by light, and surface resonance enhancement (SRE) of SOG. Figuring out the exact mechanism is important for further clinical treatment. 5-ALA-GNPs and human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells were used to study delivery function and SOG by GNPs. The SRE of SOG enabled by GNPs was explored by protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-GNPs conjugate through electrostatic bonding. Cell experiments show that the GNPs can improve the efficiency of PDT, which is due to the vehicle effect of GNPs. PpIX–GNPs conjugate experiments demonstrated that SOG can be improved about 2.5 times over PpIX alone. The experiments and theoretical results show that the local field enhancement (LFE) via localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of GNPs is the major role; the LFE was dependent on the irradiation wavelength and the GNP’s size. The LFE increased with an increase of the GNP size (2R ≤50 nm). However, the LSPR function of the GNPs was not found in cell experiments. Our study shows that in 5-ALA-conjugated GNPs PDT, the delivery function of GNPs is the major role.
Quantitative evaluation of in vivo vital-dye fluorescence endoscopic imaging for the detection of Barrett’s-associated neoplasia

Abstract. Current imaging tools are associated with inconsistent sensitivity and specificity for detection of Barrett’s-associated neoplasia. Optical imaging has shown promise in improving the classification of neoplasia in vivo. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate whether in vivo vital dye fluorescence imaging (VFI) has the potential to improve the accuracy of early-detection of Barrett’s-associated neoplasia. In vivo endoscopic VFI images were collected from 65 sites in 14 patients with confirmed Barrett’s esophagus (BE), dysplasia, or esophageal adenocarcinoma using a modular video endoscope and a high-resolution microendoscope (HRME). Qualitative image features were compared to histology; VFI and HRME images show changes in glandular structure associated with neoplastic progression. Quantitative image features in VFI images were identified for objective image classification of metaplasia and neoplasia, and a diagnostic algorithm was developed using leave-one-out cross validation. Three image features extracted from VFI images were used to classify tissue as neoplastic or not with a sensitivity of 87.8% and a specificity of 77.6% (AUC=0.878). A multimodal approach incorporating VFI and HRME imaging can delineate epithelial changes present in Barrett’s-associated neoplasia. Quantitative analysis of VFI images may provide a means for objective interpretation of BE during surveillance.
Toward a comprehensive interpretation of intravital microscopy images in studies of lung tissue dynamics

Abstract. Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a well-established imaging technique for real-time monitoring of microscale lung tissue dynamics. Although accepted as a gold standard in respiratory research, its characteristic image features are scarcely understood, especially when trying to determine the actual position of alveolar walls. To allow correct interpretation of these images with respect to the true geometry of the lung parenchyma, we analyzed IVM data of alveoli in a mouse model in comparison with simultaneously acquired optical coherence tomography images. Several IVM characteristics, such as double ring structures or disappearing alveoli in regions of liquid filling, could be identified and related to the position of alveoli relative to each other. Utilizing a ray tracing approach based on an idealized geometry of the mouse lung parenchyma, two major reflection processes could be attributed to the IVM image formation: partial reflection and total internal reflection between adjacent alveoli. Considering the origin of the reflexes, a model was developed to determine the true position of alveolar walls within IVM images. These results allow thorough understanding of IVM data and may serve as a basis for the correction of alveolar sizes for more accurate quantitative analysis within future studies of lung tissue dynamics.
The Influence of Sexual Music Videos on Adolescents’ Misogynistic Beliefs

Research on how sexual music videos affect beliefs related to sexual aggression is rare and has not differentiated between the effects of music videos by male and female artists. Moreover, little is known about the affective processes that underlie the effects of sexual music videos. Using data from a nationally representative three-wave panel survey among 1,204 Dutch adolescents, structural equation modeling showed that viewing sexual music videos by male artists increased the acceptance of female token resistance (i.e., the notion that women say “no” to sex when they actually mean “yes”) among adolescent girls, but not adolescent boys. Furthermore, viewing sexual music videos by male artists influenced girls’ acceptance of token resistance indirectly via affective engagement. The findings suggest that effects of sexual music videos on stereotypical sexual beliefs depend on the specific type of music video and viewers’ gender, and can be partly explained by viewers’ affective engagement.
A fully abstract game semantics of local exceptions

A fully abstract game semantics for an extension of Idealized Algol with locally declared exceptions is presented. It is based on "Hyland-Ong games" (J.M.E. Hyland & C.-H.L. Ong, 1995), but as well as relaxing the constraints which impose functional behavior (as in games models of other computational effects, such as continuations and references), new structure is added to plays in the form of additional pointers which track the flow of control. The semantics is proved to be fully abstract by a factorization of strategies into a "new-exception generator" and a strategy with local control flow. It is shown, using examples, that there is no model of exceptions which is a conservative extension of the semantics of Idealized Algol without the new pointers.
Temporal logic query checking

A temporal logic query checker takes as input a Kripke structure and a temporal logic formula with a hole, and returns the set of propositional formulas that, when put in the hole, are satisfied by the Kripke structure. By allowing the temporal properties of a system to be discovered, query checking is useful in the study and reverse engineering of systems. Temporal logic query checking was first proposed by W. Chan (2000). In this paper, we generalize and simplify Chan's work by showing how a new class of alternating automata can be used for query checking with a wide range of temporal logics.
Communal Risk Information Sharing: Motivations Behind Voluntary Information Sharing for Reducing Interdependent Risks in a Community

This article extends our understanding of risk communication related to communal risk and risk information sharing. Building on research from risk communication, organizational behavior, and social psychology, it examines individual-, relation-, and community-level motivations to share information about a devastating plant disease. This disease can bring about substantial economic risk to everyone in a farming community. We tested our hypotheses using a national sample of U.S. tomato and potato growers (N = 452). Our findings show that growers were motivated to share information about a communal risk based on (a) individual-oriented concerns for economic costs, (b) relation-oriented concerns for reciprocation and the information recipient’s trustworthiness, and (c) community-oriented concerns comprising a sense of shared responsibility and community cohesiveness.
Outcome of, and risk factors for, second degree atrioventricular block in children

Abstract Second degree atrioventricular block is uncommon in children. In order to evaluate its outcome, and to find early prognostic factors, we reviewed the history and evolution of 21 children with this arrhythmia discovered on their surface electrocardiogram. Twenty-four-hour monitoring displayed variations in the conduction patterns in almost all children, from long PR interval to complete heart block alternating in the same patient. At follow-up (nine months to 19 years), 13 children (62%) had received implantation of a pacemaker because of progression either to complete atrioventricular block or to severe ventricular bradycardia. Atrioventricular conduction improved on exercise in 11 children, but this did not predict a favorable outcome since four of them required pacing. In contrast, deterioration during sinus acceleration in four patients predicted further aggravation. A supra-Hisian location of the block did not protect against the occurrence of syncope in the two patients who underwent His recordings. Finally, the outcome was not linked to age at diagnosis. Second degree atrioventricular block, therefore, should be considered a serious disease because of its trend to worsen towards complete block and/or severe complications. Close follow-up, including repeated 24-hour monitoring, is the most effective way to unmask such a progression and to avoid its clinical consequences.
Lower limb amputation in England: prevalence, regional variation and relationship with revascularisation, deprivation and risk factors. A retrospective review of hospital data

Objective We describe the prevalence of major lower limb amputation across England and its relationship with revascularisation, patient demography and disease risk factors. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting England 1 April 2003 to 31 March 2009. Participants Patients aged 50–84 years. Main outcome measures Age standardised prevalence rates were calculated using Hospital Episode Statistics as the numerator with census data as the denominator. The outcome measure ‘amputation with revascularisation’ was created if an amputation could be linked with a revascularisation. Logistic regression determined the odds of having an amputation with a revascularisation across England. Regression was performed unadjusted and repeated after controlling for demographic (age, sex, social deprivation) and disease risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, smoking). Results There were 25,312 amputations and 136,215 revascularisations, and 7543 cases were linked. The prevalence rate per 100,000 (95% confidence intervals) for amputation was 26.3 (26.0–26.6) with rates significantly higher in Northern England (North: 31.7; 31.0–32.3, Midlands: 26.0; 25.3–26.7, South: 23.1; 22.6–23.5). The revascularisation rate was 141.6 (140.8–142.3) with significantly higher rates again in Northern England (North: 182.1; 180.5–183.7, Midlands: 121.3; 119.8–122.9, South 124.9; 123.9–125.8). The odds of having an amputation with a revascularisation remained significantly higher in the North (OR 1.22; 1.13–1.33) even after controlling demographic and disease risk factors. Conclusions There is a North–South divide in England for both major lower limb amputation and revascularisation. The higher odds of having an amputation with a revascularisation in the North were not fully explained by greater levels of deprivation or disease risk factors.