Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Relative Stability in 4-Dimensional Duck Solution

This paper gives the existence of a relatively stable duck solution in a slow-fast system in R 2+2 with an invariant manifold. The slow-fast system in R 2+2 has a 2-dimensional slow vector field and a 2-dimensional fast vector field. The fast vector field restricts a feasible region of the slow vector field strictly. In the case of the slow-fast system in R 2+1 , that is, the fast vector field is 1-dimension, it is classified according to its sign, because it gives only negative(-), positive(+) or zero sign. Then it is attractive, repulsive or stationary. On the other hand, in R 2+2 , the fast vector field has combinatorial cases. It causes a complex state to analyze the system. First, we introduce a local model near the pseudo singular point on which we classify the fast vector field attractive(-,-), attractive-repulsive(-,+) or repulsive(+,+), simply as possible. We prove the existence of a 4-dimensional duck solution in the local model. Secondarily, we assume that the slow-fast system has an invariant manifold near the pseudo singular point. When the invariant manifold has a homoclinic point near the pseudo singular point, we show that the slow-fast sytem has a 4-dimensional duck solution having a relatively stable region.
Statistical simulation of pattern formation on plane target surfaces by ion beam sputtering

Numerical simulation of pattern formation on plane target surfaces undergoing ion-beam sputtering is carried out. Base of the mathematical model of target ion-sputtering is nonlinear evolutionary equation in which the erosion velocity dependence on ion flux is evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo method. This approach needs much computational resources, but allows to investigate the influence of ion flux parameters on surface topography. Deviation of the findings from the pattern formation predicted by the continuum model is discussed.
XTFMB: Stata module to execute Fama-MacBeth two-step panel regression

xtfmb is an implementation of the Fama and MacBeth (J. Polit. Econ. 1973) two step procedure. The procedure is as follows: In the first step, for each single time period a cross-sectional regression is performed. Then, in the second step, the final coefficient estimates are obtained as the average of the first step coefficient estimates.
Can women’s reports in client exit interviews be used to measure and track progress of antenatal care services quality? Evidence from a facility assessment census in Malawi

Introduction : Exit interviews given their shorter recall period unlike household surveys provides an opportunity to capture routine performance and level of service quality at the facility level. However, very few studies exist validating whether womens reports in exit interviews can reliably be used to measure quality of care. This study contributes to the sparse literature by examining the validity and reliability of womens report of selected antenatal care (ANC) interventions in the exit interviews in Malawi. Methods: Using the 2013-2014 Malawi service provision facility census, we compared womens reports at exit interviews of ANC received with reports through direct observation by a trained third-party. Six indicators of ANC common in both direct observation and client exit tool were identified. These include; whether provider prescribed or gave fansidar for malaria prevention; whether provider prescribed or gave iron and folic tablets; whether provider explained side effects of iron and folic tablets; whether provider discussed importance of good nutrition during pregnancy; whether provider discussed delivery preparation and whether provider discussed pregnancy related complications. We assessed indicator accuracy by calculating sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and inflation factor (IF). Indicators considered to have both high individual accuracy (an AUC value of 0.70 or greater) and low population-level bias (0.750.80), substantial (0.61-0.80), moderate (0.41-0.60), fair (0.21-0.40), slight (0.00-0.20) and poor (<0.00). Using chi-squared tests we also examined factors that are associated with high agreement between exit interview reports and direct observations. Results: for both validity and agreement measures, our findings show that womens self-reports in the exit interviews presented overall higher accuracy and agreement for indicators related to concrete, observable interventions. For example, indicators which met accuracy criteria reflected those to do with medical prescription. In contrast, indicators related to counselling or advice given, performed less reliably. The results also show that age, primiparous status, number of antenatal visit and type of health provider were associated with high level of agreement. Conclusion: In the context of calls for enhanced measurement of the components that lead to effective coverage, study findings such as these suggest that careful consideration of the type of information women are asked to recall is needed and also the timing is important. While household survey programmes such as the DHS and MICS are frequently relied on as data sources for measuring intervention coverage, triangulation of such findings with other data sources such as client exit interviews is important.
Altered Functional Performance in Patients with Fibromyalgia this access benefits you. Your story matters

Fibromyalgia is a common chronic pain condition that exerts a considerable impact on patients’ daily activities and quality of life. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate kinematic parameters of gait, functional performance, and balance in women with ﬁbromyalgia syndrome. Methods: The study included 26 female patients with ﬁbromyalgia (49.2 ± 8.0 years) according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, as well as 16 pain-free women (43.5 ± 8.5 years). Gait and balance parameters were extracted from video recordings of participants performing several motor tasks. Non-linear dynamic of body sway time series was also analyzed by computing the Hurst exponent. In addition, functional performance and clinical pain were obtained by using standardized motor tests (Berg’s balance scale, 6-min walking test, timed up and go task, Romberg’s balance test) and self-report questionnaires (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire). Results: Walking speed was signiﬁcantly diminished ( p < 0.001) in FM patients as compared to pain-free controls, probably due to signiﬁcant reductions in stride length ( p < 0.001) and cycle frequency ( p < 0.001). Analyses of balance also revealed signiﬁcant differences between ﬁbromyalgia and pain-free controls on body sway in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior axes (all ps < 0.01). Several parameters of gait and balance were signiﬁcantly associated with high levels of pain, depression, stiffness, anxiety, and fatigue in ﬁbromyalgia. Conclusion: Our data revealed that both gait and balance were severely impaired in FM, and that subjective complaints associated with FM could contribute to functional disability in these patients. These ﬁndings suggest that optimal rehabilitation and fall prevention in ﬁbromyalgia require a comprehensive assessment of both psychological responses to pain and physical impairments during postural control and gait.
CARBON MOLECULAR SIEVES AND METHODS FOR MAKING THE SAME

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Predicting the ground effect in drone landing with online learning

Drone landing is a difficult task due to disturbance forces near the ground called the ground effect. Traditional models fails to describe the full complexity of these forces and also lack the ability to adapt to differences in ground effect due to the environment. In this thesis I implemented a deep neural network to predict the ground effect from the state (i.e. altitude, velocity and attitude) and control input (i.e. rotor speeds) of a drone, which in previous work has shown to be able to improve control accuracy in drone landing. As an extension of this, I added online learning to be able to adapt to new environments or new values of the ground effect that are not know in advance. The method was tested in simulations and showed to improve landing in different scenarios.
E conomiEs in T ransiTion : H ow D oEs E xporT p romoTion F aci liTaTE G rowTH aT i nTEnsivE anD E xTEnsivE m arGins

The primary goal of this paper is the empirical assessment of the effects proceeded from exports on the economic growth of transition economies from both extensive and intensive margins. Preferred estimation methods are Granger causality test and panel regression/coin-tegration estimators. The study found that fostering export-oriented growth policy triggers technological progress/productivity increase through spillover effects attached to international trade (intensive growth). On the other hand, increasing trade volume/exports stimulate capital accumulation and simultaneously enhances the demand for imported capital and intermediate goods that further complements capital accumulation (extensive growth).
Vertical integration, bundled discounts and welfare Information Economics and Policy

This paper studies ﬁrms’ incentives for vertical integration and bundled discounts of com- plementary components. We assume that ﬁrms ﬁrst choose ownership structures and pricing schemes, and then compete on price. We ﬁnd that vertical integration and mixed bundling is a dominant strategy for all ﬁrms, while, except for systems of components that are highly differentiated, total surplus is maximized under independent ownership with bundled discounts. Thus, our model suggests that vertical separation is beneﬁcial for both ﬁrms and consumers in such a situation of competitive bundling. Our results have impor- tant policy implications for broadband markets.
A DECISION-MAKING MODEL FOR SOCIAL NETWORK USERS BASED ON PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESS

The traditional models for social network users often ignore the cause of user behavior and the psychological decision mechanism. To make up for the gap, this paper constructs a decision-making model for social network users based on the theory of social psychology and the extended closed-loop psychological process. The established model mainly consists of four process models, namely, emotion incentive model, two-channel decision model, intention fluctuation model and experience feedback model. Through experiments on actual user data of social network, our model was proved more accurate than the traditional user decision-making model. The research results provide new insights into the psychological decision mechanism of user behavior in social networks.
Measuring the Brand Personality Dimensions of Modest Fashion Industry in Malaysia

Brand personality is one of the key concepts in branding that can be used to create competitive differentiation. Brand personality scale by Aaker (1997) has been widely used however many studies has shown that the scale is not stable across various businesses. In view of that, this study examines the structure of brand personality dimensions in modest fashion industry in Malaysia. Samples of 400 respondents were surveyed to establish the dimensions of brand personality among the generation y female. Based on the Principle Component Analysis result, a new dimension emerged and expanded the original five dimensions; sincerity, excitement, competence, sophisticated and ruggedness. The motivation to focus on generation y female consumers is the assumption that they will be drawn to brands that reflect to individual personality. Validation of new constructs brings a significant interaction of measurements of brand personality. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach was employed to examine and validate detail proposed dimensions with a series of observed variables. The findings empirically support the reliability and validity of the scale developed. The result also revealed that the new dimension of brand personality can be a suitable enhancer to develop brand personality scale for modest fashion in Malaysia.
Q UANTIFYING T EST -R ETEST R ELIABILITY U SING THE I NTRACLASS C ORRELATION C OEFFICIENT AND THE SEM

Weir, J.P. Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(1):231–240. 2005. —Reliability, the consistency of a test or measurement, is frequently quantified in the movement sciences literature. A common metric is the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In addition, the SEM, which can be calculated from the ICC, is also frequently reported in reliability studies. However, there are several versions of the ICC, and confusion exists in the movement sciences regarding which ICC to use. Further, the utility of the SEM is not fully appreciated. In this review, the basics of classic reliability theory are addressed in the context of choosing and interpreting an ICC. The primary distinction between ICC equations is argued to be one concerning the inclusion (equations 2,1 and 2,k) or exclusion (equations 3,1 and 3,k) of systematic error in the denominator of the ICC equation. Inferential tests of mean differences, which are performed in the process of deriving the necessary variance components for the calculation of ICC values, are useful to determine if systematic error is present. If so, the measurement schedule should be modified (removing trials where learning and/or fatigue effects are present) to remove systematic error, and ICC equations that only consider random error may be safely used. The use of ICC values is discussed in the context of estimating the effects of measurement error on sample size, statistical power, and correlation attenuation. Finally, calculation and application of the SEM are discussed. It is shown how the SEM and its variants can be used to construct confidence intervals for individual scores and to determine the minimal difference needed to be exhibited for one to be confident that a true change in performance of an individual has occurred.
PIV analysis of Ludwig Prandtl's historic flow visualization films

Around 1930 Ludwig Prandtl and his colleagues O. Tietjens and W. Muller published two films with visualizations of flows around surface piercing obstacles to illustrate the unsteady process of flow separation. These visualizations were achieved by recording the motion of fine particles sprinkled onto the water surface in water channels. The resulting images meet the relevant criteria of properly seeded recordings for particle image velocimetry (PIV). Processing these image sequences with modern PIV algorithms allows the visualization of flow quantities (e.g. vorticity) that were unavailable prior to the development of the PIV technique. The accompanying fluid dynamics video consists of selected original film sequences overlaid with visualizations obtained through PIV processing.
Evaluation of simulated O 3 production efficiency during the KORUS-AQ campaign: Implications for anthropogenic NO x emissions in Korea

We examine O 3 production and its sensitivity to precursor gases and boundary layer mixing in Korea by using a 3-D global chemistry transport model and extensive observations during the KORea-US cooperative Air Quality field study in Korea, which occurred in May–June 2016. During the campaign, observed aromatic species onboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft, especially toluene, showed high mixing ratios of up to 10 ppbv, emphasizing the importance of aromatic chemistry in O 3 production. To examine the role of VOCs and NO x in O 3 chemistry, we first implement a detailed aromatic chemistry scheme in the model, which reduces the normalized mean bias of simulated O 3 mixing ratios from –26% to –13%. Aromatic chemistry also increases the average net O 3 production in Korea by 37%. Corrections of daytime PBL heights, which are overestimated in the model compared to lidar observations, increase the net O 3 production rate by ~10%. In addition, increasing NO x emissions by 50% in the model shows best performance in reproducing O 3 production characteristics, which implies that NO x emissions are underestimated in the current emissions inventory. Sensitivity tests show that a 30% decrease in anthropogenic NO x emissions in Korea increases the O 3 production efficiency throughout the country, making rural regions ~2 times more efficient in producing O 3 per NO x consumed. Simulated O 3 levels overall decrease in the peninsula except for urban and other industrial areas, with the largest increase (~6 ppbv) in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). However, with simultaneous reductions in both NO x and VOCs emissions by 30%, O 3 decreases in most of the country, including the SMA. This implies the importance of concurrent emission reductions for both NO x and VOCs in order to effectively reduce O 3 levels in Korea.
Auditory event-related potentials during target detection are abnormal in mild cognitive impairment

Objective : To deﬁne brain activity and behavioral changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an isolated memory deﬁcit in the elderly that is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods : Brain potentials and reaction time were examined in elderly controls ( n ¼ 12) and MCI ( n ¼ 15) using a target detection paradigm. Subjects listened to a sequence of tones and responded to high-pitched target tones ( P ¼ 0 : 20) that were randomly mixed with low-pitched tones ( P ¼ 0 : 80). Measures were a pre-stimulus readiness potential (RP), post-stimulus potentials (P50, N100, P200, N200, P300), and reaction time. Results : Accuracy was equivalent between groups, but there was a trend for longer reaction times in MCI ( P ¼ 0 : 08). Two potentials differed between groups: (1) P50 amplitude and latency were signiﬁcantly increased in MCI, and (2) P300 latency was signiﬁcantly longer in MCI. Results from two MCI subjects that converted to Alzheimer’s disease are also discussed. Conclusions : Brain potentials in MCI subjects during target detection have certain features similar to healthy aging (RP, N100, P200, N200), and other features similar to Alzheimer’s disease (delayed P300 latency, slower reaction time). P50 differences in MCI may reﬂect pathophysiological changes in the modulation of auditory cortex by association cortical regions having neuropathological changes in early Alzheimer’s disease. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
New perspectives on the natural gradient method

In this report we review and discuss some theoretical aspects of Amari's natural gradient method, provide a unifying picture of the many different versions of it which have appeared over the years, and offer some new insights and perspectives regarding the method and its relationship to other optimization methods. Among our various contributions is the identification of a general condition under which the Fisher information matrix and Schraudolph's generalized Gauss-Newton matrix are equivalent. This equivalence implies that optimization methods which use the latter matrix, such as the Hessian-free optimization approach of Martens, are actually natural gradient methods in disguise. It also lets us view natural gradient methods as approximate Newton methods, justifying the application of various "update damping" techniques to them, which are designed to compensate for break-downs in local quadratic approximations. Additionally, we analyze the parameterization invariance possessed by the natural gradient method in the idealized setting of infinitesimally small update steps, and consider the extent to which it holds for practical versions of the method which take large discrete steps. We go on to show that parameterization invariance is not possessed by the classical Newton-Raphson method (even in the idealized setting), and then give a general characterization of gradient-based methods which do possess it.
Is NF- (cid:107) B the sensor of oxidative stress?

NF- (cid:107) B is a dimeric transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of a large number of genes that control various aspects of the immune and inﬂammatory response. It is activated by a variety of stimuli ranging from cytokines, to various forms of radiation, to oxidative stress (such as exposure to H 2 O 2 ). Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the signal transduction pathway leading to NF- (cid:107) B activation by cytokines and will provide insights for the mechanism by which NF- (cid:107) B is regulated by oxidative stress. An important question that is yet to be answered is whether reactive oxygen species play a physiological role in NF- (cid:107) B activation. —Li, N. , Karin, M. Is NF- (cid:107) B the sensor of oxidative stress? FASEB J. 13, 1137–1143 (1999)
Analytical solution for clay plug swelling experiments 1

6 Clay swelling experiments frequently involve monitoring the one-dimensional displacement with time of an initially dry clay plug as it imbibes water from a supply at its base. This article presents a new analytical solution for interpreting such experiments based on Richards’ equation for ﬂow in a partially saturated porous medium combined with a linear empirical function relating moisture ratio with void ratio. The analytical solution is described by just two parameter groups. The ﬁrst parameter group describes the swelling potential of the clay. The second parameter group describes the rate at which the swelling plug reaches equilibrium, which is controlled by permeability and capillary pressure. Application of the analytical solution is demonstrated by calibration to one-dimensional displacement data from clay swelling experiments for an illite and bentonite clay.
Inﬂuence of Different Rotations of Organic Formamidinium Molecule on Electronic and Optical Properties of FAPbBr 3 Perovskite

: Hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites (HOIPs) have recently represented a material breakthrough for optoelectronic applications. Obviously, studying the interactions between the central organic cation and the Pb-X inorganic octahedral could provide a better understanding of HOIPs. In this work, we used a ﬁrst-principles theoretical study to investigate the effect of different orientations of central formamidinium cation (FA + ) on the electronic and optical properties of FAPbBr 3 hybrid perovskite. In order to do this, the band structure (with and without spin– orbit coupling (SOC)), density of states (DOS), partial density of states (PDOS), electron density, distortion index, bond angle variance, dielectric function, and absorption spectra were computed. The ﬁndings revealed that a change in the orientation of FA + caused some disorders in the distribution of interactions, resulting in the formation of some speciﬁc energy levels in the structure. The interactions between the inorganic and organic parts in different directions create a distortion index in the bonds of the inorganic octahedral, thus leading to a change in the volume of PbBr 6 . This is the main reason for the variations observed in the electronic and optical properties of FAPbBr 3 . The obtained results can be helpful in solar-cell applications.