Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

Here we describe dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry near Goslar (Lower Saxony) that represent the first footprints from the Late Jurassic of Germany discovered outside the Wiehen Mountains. The footprints are preserved in Kimmeridgian marginal marine carbonates. They vary in length from 36 to 47 cm and were made by theropod dinosaurs. The original tracksite with 20 footprints was destroyed by quarrying soon after its discovery in 2003. Only the five best defined footprints were excavated. Based on scanned-in analog photographs which were taken during the excavation, a three-dimensional (3-D) model of the original tracksite was generated by applying historical photogrammetry. The resulting model is accurate enough to allow a detailed description of the original tracksite. Different preservation types result from changing substrate properties and include both well-defined footprints and deeply impressed footprints with elongated heel and variably defined digit impressions. The tracksite was discovered stratigraphically close to the bone accumulation of the dwarfed sauropod dinosaur Europasaurus holgeri and probably records a sea level fall along with a faunal interchange, which would likely have eliminated the resident dwarf island fauna. The two largest and best preserved footprints differ from most other Late Jurassic theropod footprints in their great width. Two different trackmaker species might have been present at the site. Several hypotheses presented in a recent paper on Late Jurassic dinosaur tracks from the Wiehen Mountains by Diedrich (2011b) are commented upon herein. Jens N. Lallensack. Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. jens.lallensack@uni-bonn.de; P. Martin Sander. Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. m.sander@uni-bonn.de Nils Knötschke. Dinosaurier-Freilichtmuseum Münchehagen, Alte Zollstrasse 5, 31547 Rehburg-Loccum, Germany. n.knoetschke@dinopark.de Oliver Wings. Landesmuseum Hannover, Willy-Brandt-Allee 5, 30169 Hannover, Germany & Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. dr.wings@gmail.com PE Article Number: 18.2. 31A Copyright: Palaeontological Association May 2015 Submission: 12 December 2014. Acceptance: 12 April 2015 Lallensack, Jens N. , Sander, P. Martin, Knötschke, Nils, and Wings, Oliver. 2015. Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism. Palaeontologia Electronica 18.2. 31A: 1-34 palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1166-langenberg-tracks LALLENSACK: LANGENBERG TRACKS
Probable Optimization of Reactive Power in distribution systems, in presence of distributed generation sources conjugated to network and islanding

In this article Probable Optimization of Reactive Power in distribution systems, in presence of distributed generation sources conjugated to network and islanding has been presented.For probable assessment of success operation of micro grids based on active and reactive power quality and consideration of voltage limitation, a systematic and optimized strategy for optimum placement of generation resources has been presented. The problem has been solved by the taboo search optimization algorithm and consideration of two objective function. First objective function is the annual energy loss and second one is a novel index in micro grid succession assessment based on active and reactive power quality and voltage limitations. Then the reactive optimum power is designed for reduction of annual energy loss of systems conjugated to network. By a case study in this article it will be shown that placement location and the amount of distributed generation resources have the considerable effect on micro grids operations.
Tests for Unbalanced Error-Components Models under Local Misspecification

This paper derives unbalanced versions of the test statistics for first-order serial correlation and random individual effects summarized in Sosa-Escudero and Bera (2001, Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, vol. 10, pp. 307–311), and updates their xttest1 routine. The derived test statistics should be useful for applied researchers faced with the increasing availability of panel information where not every individual or country is observed for the full time span. The test statistics proposed here are based on ordinary least-squares residuals and hence are computationally very simple.
Convergence rates for Tikhonov regularization from different kinds of smoothness conditions

The article is concerned with ill-posed operator equations Ax = y where A:X →Y is an injective bounded linear operator with non-closed range and X and Y are Hilbert spaces. The solution x=x † is assumed to be in the range of some selfadjoint strictly positive bounded linear operator G:X →X. Under several assumptions on G, such as or more generally , inequalities of the form , or range inclusions , convergence rates for the regularization error of Tikhonov regularization are established. We also show that part of our assumptions automatically imply so-called source conditions. The article contains a series of new results but also intends to uncover cross-connections between the different kinds of smoothness conditions that have been discussed in the literature on convergence rates for Tikhonov regularization.
Coastal geoheritage: encompassing physical, chemical, and biological processes, landforms, and other geological features in the coastal zone

The coast is one of the most complex environments on the Earth’s surface, being a zone of intersection and interaction of land, sea, groundwater, and atmosphere and the processes therein, and carries processes and products that are either not present or only weakly developed elsewhere. With other matters such as lithology, structure, or geological framework being equal, the coastal zone is one that generally results in greater geodiversity than elsewhere. The range of interacting physical, chemical and biological processes in the coastal zone include: waves, tides, storms, and cyclonic activity (all resulting in erosion, sediment mobility, particle size sorting, sedimentary structures); development of a splash zone; onshore winds resulting in shore-directed wind waves and longshore drift, and in erosion, transport, particle sorting, lag deposits, and dune building; sedimentation mediated physically by fluvial influx, longshore and/or onshore transport, and tidal currents, or biologically by skeletal production; bioerosion; chemical erosion; salt weathering; tidal invasion of coastal sedimentary bodies by seawater; evaporation and transpiration; hydrochemical effects such as solution, or precipitation of carbonates, gypsum, or halite; fresh-water seepage and its effect on ecology and coastal erosion; sediment delivery fluvially; and biological effects including skeletal production, encrustation, biostrome and bioherm building, grain fragmentation, and bioturbation. A significant factor also is the prevailing nature of many of the processes therein. Coasts commonly exhibit shore-normal environmental gradients and hence a graded expression of processes, resulting in variation in complexity and geodiversity in physical, geochemical and biological products across the shore, and variation in fineto small-scale stratigraphic sequences. To provide a perspective of the expression of any geodiversity of bedrock, and of the diversity and complexity of sedimentary systems in the coastal zone, selected coastal zones are compared with terrestrial environments for specific rock types, and specific sedimentary sequences – while there is overlap, coastal environments present greater complexity and geodiversity of physical, chemical and biological products. Because they interface with oceans, coastal deposits and coastal forms also can record a history of sea level, climate, and oceanic processes. It is the range of sedimentological and erosional features, expressed geomorphologically and stratigraphically along the coast, and their strength of development, that sets coastal geoheritage apart from continental (or inland) geoheritage.
Analysis of Multi-storey Building Frames Subjected to Gravity and Seismic Loads with Varying Inertia

This paper presents an elastic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with 3 bay, 5 bay and 7 bay 9 storey structures which have been analyzed for gravity as well as seismic forces and their response is studied as the geometric parameters varying from view point of predicting behavior of similar structures subjected to similar loads or load combinations. The structural response of various members when geometry changes either physically, as in case of linear haunches provided beyond the face of columns at beam column joints or step variations as in case of purported T-section due to monolithic action in between beams and slabs, when the slab is available in compression zone of the beam was also studied. Every attempt has been made to describe the things in dimensionless forms. Results, if is expected, can be readily extended and/or extrapolated for other structures too. For the sake of clarity various types and kinds of structures analyzed and results so obtained have been grouped into various categories. This paper also highlighted on response of reinforced concrete frames for variation of axial force for spread of haunch and storey drift.
Accounting indicators for credit risk analysis of firms: a historical perspective

Research on the prediction of the failure of firms by using accounting information started in the second half of the 19th century and was intensified in the second half of the 20th century. Towards the end of the nineteenth century the practice arose of comparing current assets with current liabilities. Some researches in the 1930’s and 1940’s showed that net working capital/total capital assets, net profit/net worth, net worth/debt, net worth/fixed assets, net working capital/total assets, and the current ratio could be good predictors of failure. In the 1960’s Beaver found that the ability to predict failure is strongest for the cash-flow/total debt and net-income/total assets ratios. Starting from the late 1960’s the multiple ratio analyses prevailed upon the univariate analyses of firms’ failures. According to the Z-Score index obtained by a multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), the best predictors of failure are working capital/total assets, retained earnings/total assets, EBIT/total assets, market value of equity/book value of total debt, sales/total assets. In a second MDA generation model (ZETA model), retained earnings/total assets, appeared to be by far the most reliable predictor of failure. In 1980 Ohlson, applying a methodology of conditional logit analysis, found that three accounting ratios are statistically significant for purposes of assessing the probability of bankruptcy: total liabilities/total assets, net income/total assets, working capital/ total assets. In recent years Altman, Sabato and Wilson have developed a methodology for evaluating credit risk of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The best predictors of failures turned out to be retained profit/total assets, quick assets/current assets, net cash/net worth, change in net worth, change in retained profit.
Stage of readiness for planned activity reveals heart failure patients at higher risk

Few individuals with chronic heart failure (CHF) engage in regular physical activity. PURPOSE: 1) To examine stage of readiness for planned physical activity; 2) To compare estimated self-reported daily physical activity and exercise tolerance/capacity by stage of readiness; and 3) To determine the association between stages of readiness for planned physical activity, self-reported daily physical activity and exercise tolerance, in CHF patients. METHODS: One-hundred eleven CHF patients (Age: 53 ± 14 yrs; New YorkHeart Association class II/III) participated. Each participant’s stage of readiness for planned physical activity was assessed. Patients completed a self-reported daily physical activity questionnaire, and performed a six-minute walk test. RESULTS: Average left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 30.12% ± 10.72%. Twelve patients were in Precontemplation (PC),29 inContemplation (C),30 inPreparation (PR),20 inAction (A), and20 inMaintenance (M). There were no differences in age and LVEF between stages. Those classified in A/M performed more minutes in activities > 3 METs. Average 6MWD was 349 ± 118 meters, with significant differences between stages (PC, C CONCLUSION: The majority of CHF patients are in pre-action stages of readiness for adoption of planned physical activity. Patients in pre-action are engaged in less daily activity and have lower exercise tolerance/capacity than those in A/M. Lower exercise tolerance/capacity suggests these patients are more fragile and at greater risk for complications and early mortality. Greater emphasis should be placed on strategies to move patients toward A/M.
Data Mining Classification Approaches for Malicious Executable File Detection

—Classification technique has many applications in executable files detection. The classification method is one of the most popular data mining technique to detect and predict the behavior of executable files. Every executable file has hexadecimal sequence features, which represent the assembly strings sequences of the executable file, and Portable Executable (PE) features like DLL (Dynamic Link Library). These features reflect the behavior and the characteristics of executable files. Classification according to these behavioral patterns is an efficient way to distinguish the malicious executable file from the normal one. We present an extraction code to get specific features of hexadecimal code among thousands of hex codes and DLL. Since there are huge number of extracted features, three different ranker are utilized to select the most worth features. In this paper, among eight classifiers, Neural Networks and KNN achieves a highest accuracy
Dynamic Voltage Stability Analysis for Power Systems with Wind Power Plants using Relative Gain Array (RGA)

Abstract This paper concerns the use of relative gain array (RGA) for analyzing the interactions among the wind power plant voltage controller and power system traditional voltage stability controllers. RGA analyses for both static and dynamic voltage stability controls are carried out based on the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) transfer function matrix J v (s). By means of the singular value and RGA, the dynamic voltage stability and their controller interactions are analyzed and the dynamic voltage stability control loop selection can be realized. A multi-machine power system with a wind power plant is simulated for the demonstration of the proposed approach. The proposed approach takes the advantages of the classical static voltage stability analysis and the modern multi-variable feedback control theory. This proposed approach is simple and can be easily implemented into large power systems with distributed wind power plant voltage controllers.
Early Permian Seawater From The delta18O Record Of Fossil Bivalves: Seasonality And A Latitudinal Gradient

The transition from a glaciated world to one that was ice-free makes the early Permian a time interval that in many ways mirrors the present, and hence there is great interest in constraining paleoclimate conditions over that transition. A common method for estimating ancient temperatures uses the oxygen isotope composition of marine carbonate, but this approach becomes significantly more complicated prior to the Cretaceous due to uncertainties about diagenesis and the isotopic composition of seawater, which has been hypothesized to be more depleted than during the Cenozoic. I use stable isotope compositions of sequentially microsampled accretionary calcite from fossil bivalves in SE Australia to evaluate Permian seawater isotope composition and water temperature seasonality. Co-occurring dropstones, diamicts, and glendonites constrain winter temperatures to near-freezing and hence allow calculations of water composition. Records from microsampled specimens of the bivalve Eurydesma, spanning roughly 11° of paleolatitude (North Sydney Basin, New South Wales to Hobart, Tasmania) reveal cyclic seasonal fluctuations in δ 18 Ocarb that vary with latitude. The δ 13 Ccarb values exhibit ~1‰ of seasonal variation, and are in agreement with characteristically positive values published for the early Permian of ~5.5‰. The δ 18 Ocarb values vary seasonally by up to 3.3‰around a mean that decreases from -1.2‰ to -1.75‰ moving towards the pole; more enriched isotope values correspond to dark growth bands within the shells, suggesting slower growth in the winter months. Mean δ 18 O and seasonal amplitude both decrease with increasing paleolatitude, similar to an observed gradient in the modern high latitudes off the coast of Greenland. Decreasing seasonality is a reflection of decreasing summer temperatures with increasing latitude, while winter temperature minima are presumed to be constant because of freezing conditions. The decrease in mean δ 18 Ocarb with latitude reflects decreasing δ 18 Owater, similar to that observed over a similar latitudinal range off Greenland today. As with Greenland, the slope of the δ 18 O-latitude relationship is steeper than that seen in the global ocean today, indicating some contribution of isotopically negative fresh water. Whether this reflects progressive mixing with isotopically negative water from higher latitudes (e.g., the Arctic Ocean today) or similar amounts of runoff/precipitation at each location that itself is progressively more negative with latitude is as yet unclear, though significant departure from marine salinities is not observed. Early Permian Seawater From The δ 18 O Record Of Fossil Bivalves: Seasonality And A Latitudinal Gradient By James Andrew Beard B.S. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences in the Graduate School of Syracuse University December 2012 Copyright © James Andrew Beard All Rights Reserved
Finite Element Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Subjected to Symmetrical Voltage Sags

This paper studies the effects of symmetrical voltage sags on the operational characteristics of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) by Finite Element Method (FEM). Voltage sags may cause high torque pulsations which can damage the shaft or equipment connected to the motor. By recognizing the critical voltage sags, sags that produce hazardous torque variations could be prevented. Simulations results will be provided and the critical voltage sags are recognized. A simple theoretical analysis will also be presented to obtain a qualitative understanding of the phenomena occurring in PMSM during symmetrical voltage sags.
Emphasizing Statistical Summaries and Showing Spatial Context with Micromaps

form the world that it is producing an HTML document; all other fields need to be filled in by the script. The program starts by calling the R otherwise, it’s being called directly, and it simply needs to print the necessary HTML to display the form. To keep this example simple, we’ll just have one fill-in-the-blank field, and a set of three checkboxes, but any of the more complex form elements can be easily accommodated with this scheme. Similarly, the results are just printed back to the browser, but the full range of perl’s capabilities could be used to do something more interesting with this information.
Role of respirometric analysis in the modelling of hospital wastewater treatment by submerged membrane bioreactor

Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) are efficient processes for wastewater treatment since they are compact and deliver a constant quality of treated water even with variable influent composition [1]. More recently they are considered for treating persistent pollutants so-called “emerging contaminants” (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, etc.) that create additional problems due to the effects on the environment and/or their interferences within biological processes [2]. Several studies have demonstrated the capacity of Submerged Membrane Bioreactors (SMBRs) to remove a great variety of pharmaceutical compounds [3]. On the other hand, the efforts for modelling of wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost and operation). The determination of the biokinetic parameters of these models has been carried out by using systems that treat municipal wastewaters. Considering the simulation of SMBR [4], the purpose of these work is to provide these parameters to adapt an SMBR model fot the treatment of hospital wastewater . In a first part, the behavior and activity of the biomass of sludge from two “sources” were studied simultaneously: the first one from a MBR pilot treating hospital wastewater and the other one from a municipal MBR plant (3000 equivalent inhabitants). The biomass oxygen uptake rate measured while the degradation of an equal volume of hospital wastewater added to each system, showed that there was an adaptation of the first one to the pharmaceutical pollutants while the second one showed a reduction of the oxygen uptake rate, which may be a result either of the inhibition of the degradation process or of the death of part of the microorganisms. Respirometry was used to determine the heterotrophic yields,( ratio of the mass of heterotrophic biomass produced by the mass of easily biodegradable substrate consumed) since it is known to be impacted by the nature of the substrate as well as the population of microorganism carrying out the degradation [5]. The obtained results allowed two remarks: First, the influence of the nature of the sludge on the heterotrophic yield coefficient has been confirmed. In our case YH is close to 0.72 mgCOD/mgCOD for activated sludge used in the hospital wastewater treatment and 0.67 mgCOD/mgCOD for activated sludge used in the urban wastewater treatment. But this comparison is not rigorous and this is the topic of the second point: indeed respirograms of hospital sludge showed a queue that may be related to consumption of nutriment reserves from bacteria [5, 6]. By the way the heterotrophic yields are then over estimated, but the bacterial consortium resistance behavior face to pollution may be interpreted with this nutriments reserve and lowering of the growth yield. These new coefficients and a modified version of the ASM model considering the nutriment reserves were implemented in the SMBR model.