Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power Plant and Boiler Models for Operator Training Simulators

Abstract A specific Operator Training Simulator for Power Plant's Operational Staff (Boilermen, Turbine Drivers, Engineers) is described in detail. The objective Power Plants Dynamic Models for operator's training in Czech Republic are used also in the first standard utilized Operator Training Simulator (OTS) of coal-fired Czech Power Plants Opatovice. The Power Plants consist of six boilers with steam capacity 250 t/h of each, common steam collector and of six turbogenerators with power 60 MWe each. Total heat capacity is 800 MWh. The process model is developed on the basis of mathematical-physical analysis (“first principles” method) of the individual technological subsystems. Dynamic model of the OTS consists of complex thermal power unit, i.e. of two steam boilers working into one section of the common steam collector and of two steam turbines-generators. The process model describes the standard and abnormal operation regimes in the range of 0 % – 100 % of Maximum Continuous Rate, with implementation of individual disturbances by the instructor. The own-built library called “EnergySIM” was developed. on the basis of MATLAB-SIMULINK packages.
GIS Ordination Approach to Model Distribution of Shrub Species in Northern Utah

Anthropogenic and natural disturbances represent a serious threat to natural ecosystems dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Conservation efforts aim to restore original species composition and prevent the invasion of undesirable species. In order to restore the historic plant communities, we need a clear understanding of how species compositions are distributed along environmental gradients. Species ordination is a process of placing plant species along environmental gradients. This study was conducted in Rich County, Utah, where substantial changes in species composition have been documented in recent years. Field data, literature review, multivariate analyzes, GIS and remote sensing techniques, and expert knowledge were used to define environmental variables and their respective suitability ranges of where shrub species may occur along this area. Ordination and CARTstatistical analyzes were used to estimate and predict suitability of shrub species along environmental gradients. GIS procedures were used to spatially predict species distribution. Field data and the Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project data provided useful information to build the model and 20 percent of field data was withheld to cross-validate the findings. Final results showed that the shrub species distribution in the rangelands of Northern Utah, specifically Rich County, might be driven by precipitation and temperature gradients -influenced greatly by elevation. Slope contributing area, NDVI, and solar radiation were statistically significant factors explaining shrub distribution. To our perception, soil moisture availability might be the most explanatory variable behind these findings. In the model validation, the Kappa coefficient was K = 61.3 percent and the overall model accuracy was 74 percent. The location of species distribution areas, in the final map, can be useful to managers in order to define where resources might be allocated to preserve and restore these native rangeland ecosystems. ____________________________________ In Monaco, T.A. et al. comps. 2011. Proceedings – Threats to Shrubland Ecosystem Integrity; 2010 May 18-20; Logan, UT. Natural Resources and Environmental Issues, Volume XVII. S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, Logan Utah, USA.
Application of a computationally efficient method to approximate gap model results with a probabilistic approach

Abstract. To be able to simulate climate change effects on forest dynamics over the whole of Switzerland, we adapted the second-generation DGVM (dynamic global vegetation model) LPJ-GUESS (Lund–Potsdam–Jena General Ecosystem Simulator) to the Alpine environment. We modified model functions, tuned model parameters, and implemented new tree species to represent the potential natural vegetation of Alpine landscapes. Furthermore, we increased the computational efficiency of the model to enable area-covering simulations in a fine resolution (1 km) sufficient for the complex topography of the Alps, which resulted in more than 32 000 simulation grid cells. To this aim, we applied the recently developed method GAPPARD (approximating GAP model results with a Probabilistic Approach to account for stand Replacing Disturbances) (Scherstjanoi et al., 2013) to LPJ-GUESS. GAPPARD derives mean output values from a combination of simulation runs without disturbances and a patch age distribution defined by the disturbance frequency. With this computationally efficient method, which increased the model's speed by approximately the factor 8, we were able to faster detect the shortcomings of LPJ-GUESS functions and parameters. We used the adapted LPJ-GUESS together with GAPPARD to assess the influence of one climate change scenario on dynamics of tree species composition and biomass throughout the 21st century in Switzerland. To allow for comparison with the original model, we additionally simulated forest dynamics along a north–south transect through Switzerland. The results from this transect confirmed the high value of the GAPPARD method despite some limitations towards extreme climatic events. It allowed for the first time to obtain area-wide, detailed high-resolution LPJ-GUESS simulation results for a large part of the Alpine region.
High Channel Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (WDM-PONs)

Summary In the present paper, high channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) in wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) are deeply studied over wide range of affecting parameters. Two multiplexing methods are applied, Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), where 20-40 channels are processed to handle the product of bit rate for planar waveguide cables of multi-links (4-12 links/core) using Soliton transmission technique.
Development of a hydrometeorological forcing data set for global soil moisture estimation

Off‐line land surface modeling simulations require accurate meteorological forcing with consistent spatial and temporal resolutions. Although reanalysis products present an attractive data source for these types of applications, bias to many of the reanalysis fields limits their use for hydrological modeling. In this study, we develop a global 0.5° forcing data sets for the time period 1979–1993 on a 6‐hourly time step through application of a bias correction scheme to reanalysis products. We then use this forcing data to drive a land surface model for global estimation of soil moisture and other hydrological states and fluxes. The simulated soil moisture estimates are compared to in situ measurements, satellite observations and to a modeled data set of root zone soil moisture produced within a separate land surface model, using a different data set of hydrometeorological forcing. In general, there is good agreement between anomalies in modeled and observed (in situ) root zone soil moisture. Similarly, for the surface soil wetness state, modeled estimates and satellite observations are in general statistical agreement; however, correlations decline with increasing vegetation amount. Comparisons to a modeled data set of soil moisture also demonstrates that both simulations present estimates that are well correlated for the soil moisture in the anomaly time series, despite being derived from different land surface models, using different data sources for meteorological forcing, and with different specifications of the land surfaces properties. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Specific Learning Disabilities: Response to Intervention

The content included in the current chapter centers around the screening and identification of students who experience learning challenges in an educational setting in the United States of America. The specific learning challenges discussed will focus on students who may have a specific learning disability (SLD). Legislation that brought about concepts such as response to intervention (RTI) is discussed in detail. The various levels of intensity of interventions, or tiers, provided to students are explained by more than one discipline. The new regulations guiding access to special education services are based on the identification, intervention, and close monitoring of student progress. The overarching goal of RTI is to provide support to students who may be experiencing difficulty, before they experience failure by falling too far behind their peers.
Determining the optimal operating parameters of a wind system

The paper main objective is to determine the representative parameters for the geometrical modeling of the speed amplifiers used in the high-capacity wind systems, taking into account the assembling and also the neighboring conditions of the satellite wheels in the planetary units. The analysis is based on a case study taken from a representative producer in this field a speed amplifier for which is known: wind rotor diameter, type of speed amplifier and electric generator. Starting from these data and from the power curve offered by each wind device producer, the paper presents the synthesis of the number of teeth and the efficiency of such an amplifier taking into account the electrical and wind parameters (wind velocity, density air, wind rotor diameter). Based on the electrical and wind parameters, the system's power factor is determined to determine the efficiency of the speed amplifier and the wind speed at which the system can work best.
Employment Effects of Dispersal Policies on Refugee Immigrants: Empirical Evidence

Do dispersal policies on refugee immigrants promote their labour market outcomes? To investigate this we estimate the effects of location characteristics and the average effect of geographical mobility on the hazard rate into first job of refugee immigrants subjected to the Danish Dispersal Policy 1986-1998. We correct for selection into relocation to another municipality by joint estimation of the duration of the first non-employment spell and time until relocation. We find, first, that the hazard rate into first job is decreasing in the local population size and the local share of immigrants. These findings support dispersal policies. Second, on average geographical mobility had large, positive effects on the hazard rate into first job, suggesting that restrictions on placed refugees’ subsequent out-migration would hamper labour market integration of refugees. JEL Classification: J64, J61, J15.
On the Verwey charge ordering in magnetite

Magnetite, a famous permanent natural magnet, is probably the oldest magnetic material known to humans [1]. Fe3O4 is a ferrimagnet with an anomalously high Curie temperature of ∼850 K which arises from the inverse spinel type crystal structure. This is formally written as AB2O4 where A and B are two crystallographically distinct tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Fe sites. Both have different oxidation states due to the large difference of the corresponding average Fe–O distances, 1.876 and 2.066 A (at 300 K), respectively. Thus the former (the A site) is occupied by Fe3+ ion, whereas octahedral B sites are occupied by an equal number of randomly distributed 2+ and 3+ Fe ions, which results in an average valence value of 2.5+ per FeB ion. The B sublattice is highly frustrated and can be viewed as a pyrochlore lattice of corner-sharing FeB tetrahedra. Therefore, mixed-valent magnetite is considered to be a charge frustrated system with a highly degenerate ground state. Fe3O4 is a poor metal with an electrical resistivity of 4 m cm (at 300 K) which is remarkably higher then the resistivity of simple metals, e.g. 0.96, 1.59 or 1.7 μ cm for Hg, Ag or Cu, respectively. Upon cooling below TV ∼ 120 K magnetite undergoes a sharp first-order metal–insulator transition (the so-called Verwey transition) at which the conductivity abruptly decreases by two orders of magnitude and the symmetry of the structure lowers from the cubic one [2]. To explain this anomaly Verwey proposed a theoretical model according to which the transition is caused by the ordering of Fe2+ ions on the B sublattice with formation of charged (001) planes alternately occupied by 2+ and 3 + FeB ions. This was the first report on a charge ordering as well as an orthorhombic (Verwey) superstructure model. The Verwey charge ordering (CO) model obeys the so-called Anderson criterion for minimal electrostatic repulsion which requires the occupation of each FeB tetrahedron by an equal number of 2+ and 3+ ions, thus leading to a short-range CO pattern [3]. At first confirmed by x-ray and neutron diffraction studies [4], the Verwey CO model was disproved by further experiments. The half-integer satellite reflections (h, k, l + 2 ) clearly observed below TV indicate a doubling of the cubic unit cell along the c axis and show the symmetry to be monoclinic Cc [5]. On the other hand, observation of the magnetoelectric effect revealed even lower P1 symmetry in the low temperature phase [6]. Nevertheless, no conclusive structural model or charge ordered arrangement was identified because of the complexity of the low temperature structure and the difficulties caused by microtwinning at the
Semantic labelling of urban point cloud data

Abstract. Three dimensional urban reconstruction is gaining popularity with the paradigm shift from 2D maps to 3D maps. LiDAR remote sensing is emerging as the main source of 3D spatial data because of its very dense and discrete point cloud. The enormous amount of data collected over natural terrain calls for automatic methods for labelling the point cloud. Semantically labelling the urban point cloud into various features is essential for urban planning and development. In this study,we propose a new object oriented methodology for semantic labelling of urban point cloud data. In addition to the geometrical information from LiDAR, we have used the spectral information for labelling of the point cloud. The coloured point cloud was segmented using colour based region growing algorithm to produce 3D segments. Spectral and geometrical features were extracted from the segments created. The extracted features were classified using different classifier system into five urban classes. The proposed methodology has been tested on LiDAR captured over urban datasets . The results indicate the potential of object based classification for automated 3D point cloud labelling.
Interactive comment on “ Ocean acidification increases the sensitivity and variability of physiological responses of an intertidal limpet to thermal stress ” by Jie

The Wang et al ms is an interesting study of the impact of warming and acidification on physiological responses. The main significant effect was seen with the molecular biology – the hsp response. Some analyses of the other parameters measured (eg. heart rate) were equivocal. I suggest reduce the emphasis on the latter and concentrate on the hsp data. Reduce the text on non-significant results. I have questions on methods that need to be addressed before a full picture of the outcomes of the work
The effect of plant growth regulators on anther culture response and plant regeneration in selected Sri Lankan Indica rice varieties, Japonica varieties and their inter-sub specific hybrids.

The effect of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D), ∝-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Kinetin in anther culture of Japonica rice variety Hu lo tao, Indica rice varieties BG 90-2, BG 379-2 and their F1 hybrids for high frequency of callus induction and plant regeneration was investigated. Anthers were cultured in N6 medium containing 5% sucrose and variable amounts of 2,4-D, NAA and Kinetin. The cultures were placed in the dark at 28+ 2 C for callus induction. When the calli reached 1-2 mm in diameter they were transferred to half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l Kinetin and 0.5 mg l NAA. The effect of variety and the growth regulator combination for the callus induction frequency was significant at 5% significance level. Indica cultivars had the lowest callus induction (ranging from 0.0% 5.0%) while Japonica and Indica × japonica F1 hybrids had comparatively high (ranging from 5.0% 35.3%) callus induction. The F1 hybrid Hu lo tao × BG 90-2 had a significantly high level of callus induction than the other genotypes ranging from 13.6% 35.3%. Both F1 hybrids had a high callus induction frequency than the Japonica and Indica parents. The addition of 2,4-D 2.0 mg l and Kinetin 0.5 mg l had the highest callus induction frequency for all the parental varieties and F1 hybrids.Plant regeneration (green, albino) was significantly high in Japonica parent and F1 hybrids. Highest plant regeneration was observed in Kinetin 0.5 mg l + 2,4D 2.0 mg l (T12) treatment in all the genotypes.
On the ‘coarse‐grained’ evolution of collisionless stellar systems

We describe the dynamical evolution of collisionless stellar systems on a coarse-grained scale. We first discuss the statistical theory of violent relaxation, following the seminal paper of Lynden-Bell (1967). Consistently with this statistical approach, we present kinetic equations for the coarse-grained distribution function f (r,u, t) based on a Maximum Entropy Production Principle or on a quasi-linear theory of the Vlasov-Poisson system. Then, we develop a deterministic approach where the coarse-grained distribution function is defined as a convolution of the fine-grained distribution function f (r,u, t )b y a Gaussian window. We derive the dynamical equation satisfied by f (r,u, t) and show that its stationary states are different from those predicted by the statistical theory of violent relaxation. This implies that the notion of coarse-graining must be defined with care. We apply these results to the HMF (Hamiltonian Mean Field) model and find that the spatial density is similar to a Tsallis q-distribution where the q parameter is related to the resolution length.
The evolution of the mass-metallicity relation and its scatter in IllustrisTNG

The coevolution of galaxies and their metal content serves as an important test for galaxy feedback models. We analyze the distribution and evolution of metals within the IllustrisTNG simulation suite with a focus on the gas-phase mass-metallicity relation (MZR). We find that the IllustrisTNG model broadly reproduces the slope and normalization evolution of the MZR across the redshift range $0 2$) evolution fit by $\mathrm{d\;log(Z)}/\mathrm{dz} \approx - 0.064$. Our simulations indicate that the metal retention efficiency of the interstellar medium (ISM) is low: a majority of gas-phase metals ($\sim$ 85 per cent at $z=0$) live outside of the ISM, either in an extended gas disk, the circumgalactic medium, or outside the halo. Nevertheless, the redshift evolution in the simulated MZR normalization is driven by the higher gas fractions of high redshift galaxies, not by changes to the metal retention efficiency. The scatter in the simulated MZR contains a clear correlation with the gas-mass or star formation rate of the system, in agreement with the observed fundamental metallicity relation. The scatter in the MZR is driven by a competition between periods of enrichment- and accretion-dominated metallicity evolution. We expect that while the normalization of the MZR declines with redshift, the strength of the correlation between metallicity and gas-mass at fixed stellar mass is not a strong function of redshift. Our results indicate that the "regulator" style models are best suited for simultaneously explaining the shape, redshift evolution, and existence of correlated scatter with gas fraction about the MZR.
Intellectual Capital Disclosure from Sell-Side Analyst Perspective

Purpose – Research on the use/disclosure of intellectual capital (IC) information by sell‐side analysts, using content analysis of their reports, is growing. This paper aims to establish the importance of this perspective in understanding the role of IC in communicating firm value, to introduce possible theoretical frameworks to interpret the findings of such studies, and to propose methodological developments.Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues for the need to look at IC from the perspective of sell‐side analysts, and then advocates the use of several theoretical frameworks to enrich current understanding of the role of IC as it is used/disclosed by sell‐side analysts. Current methodologies used in this type of research are critiqued with a view to proposing multiple research methods.Findings – Looking at IC from the sell‐side analyst perspective helps us to understand how the capital market appreciates this information. However, IC information that analysts disclose cannot be taken at its fac.
Simulation of Steam Gasification of Coal with Precombustion Enabling Cleaner Coal Conversion

Gasification is one of the cleanest possible ways to exploit abundant coal reservoirs all over the world to produce electricity and synthesize chemicals. Major challenges in the design of any gasification plant are desulfurization of the gases produced as a result of high sulfur contents in some coal types, removal of tar in the product gas, and costs associated with Air Separation Unit. For environmental sustenance and energy saving, an indirect gasification scheme for coal is proposed and simulated which uses steam instead of oxygen-steam mixture as the gasification medium. This avoids the need of costly air separation process, while the heat for the endothermic process is supplied by hot flue gases passing through a bayonet heat exchanger installed within the reactor vessel. Simulation is carried out using the Aspen PlusTM software integrated with an MS ExcelTM spreadsheet. The simulation results show a remarkable achievement of cold gas efficiency of 70 %. The utilization of heating value of coal is optimized as the process is fully heat integrated and large amount of surplus superheated high pressure steam is generated providing for the electrical power needs of the installation. The proposed gasification scheme can be used to convert high sulfur-containing coal to fuels, chemicals and energy in areas like Thar, Pakistan, where there are an estimated 175 billion tons of coal reservoirs with sulfur content as high as 2.9 wt. %.
Purification and characterization of amine oxidase from Vigna mungo L. seedlings

Amine oxidases (AO) are a group of enzymes that catalyze oxidative deamination of various amines and thus are of potential use in analytical applications. Amine oxidase from five-day-old Vigna mungo L. seedlings (VAO) was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation and Q-Sepharose chromatography to 544 purification folds with 65% yield. VAO apparently is a homodimer with denatured molecular weight of 73 kDa. This enzyme is relatively stable in a pH range of 6.0 to 8.0 and at temperature below 40°C with a complete activity loss upon storage at pH 4.0 or temperature over 60°C (1 h). Kinetics studies of VAO with putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine showed k cat /K m values of 2.54×10 7 , 6.73×10 6 , 2.65×10 5 , and 3.31×10 3 M –1 s –1 , respectively, with undetectable catalytic activity toward tryptamine. VAO was partially inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and completely inhibited by phenylhydrazine, suggesting it is likely a member of copper-containing AO family. Key words : Amine oxidase, cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, tyramine, tryptamine, Vigna mungo L.