Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vegetation Affects Timing and Location of Wetland Methane Emissions

Common assumptions about how vegetation affects wetland methane (CH4) flux include acting as conduits for CH4 release, providing carbon substrates for growth and activity of methanogenic organisms, and supplying oxygen to support CH4 oxidation. However, these effects may change through time, especially in seasonal wetlands that experience drying and rewetting, or change across space, dependent on proximity to vegetation. In a mesocosm study, we assessed the impacts of Typha on CH4 flux using clear flux chamber measurements directly over Typha plants (“whole‐plant”), adjacent to Typha plants (where roots were present but no stems; “plant‐adjacent”), and plant‐free soils (“control”). During the establishment phase of the study (first 30 days), the whole‐plant treatment had ~5 times higher CH4 flux rates (51.78 ± 8.16 mg‐C m−2day−1) than plant‐adjacent or control treatments, which was primarily due to plant‐mediated transport, with little contribution from diffusive‐only flux. However, porewater CH4 concentrations were relatively low directly below whole‐plant and in neighboring plant‐adjacent treatments, while controls accumulated a highly concentrated reservoir of porewater CH4. When the water table was drawn down to simulate seasonal drying, reserve porewater CH4 from control soil was released as a pulse, equaling the earlier higher CH4 emissions from whole‐plants. Plant‐adjacent treatments, which had neither plant‐mediated CH4 transport nor a concentrated reservoir of porewater CH4, had low CH4 flux throughout the study. Our findings indicate that in seasonal wetlands, vegetation affects the timing and location of CH4 emissions. These results have important mechanistic and methodological implications for understanding the role of vegetation on wetland CH4 flux.
On orthogonal projections of Nöbeling spaces

Suppose that . We prove that there is a dense open subset of the Grassmann space such that the orthogonal projection of the standard Nöbeling space (which lies in for sufficiently large ) to every -dimensional plane in this subset is -soft and possesses the strong -universal property with respect to Polish spaces. Every such orthogonal projection is a natural counterpart of the standard Nöbeling space for the category of maps.
Search for long-lived, massive particles in events with a displaced vertex and a muon with large impact parameter in pp collisions at √s =13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for long-lived particles decaying into hadrons and at least one muon is presented. The analysis selects events that pass a muon or missing-transverse-momentum trigger and contain a displaced muon track and a displaced vertex. The analyzed dataset of proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV was collected with the ATLAS detector and corresponds to 136 fb-1. The search employs dedicated reconstruction techniques that significantly increase the sensitivity to long-lived particle decays that occur in the ATLAS inner detector. Background estimates for Standard Model processes and instrumental effects are extracted from data. The observed event yields are compatible with those expected from background processes. The results are presented as limits at 95% confidence level on model-independent cross sections for processes beyond the Standard Model, and interpreted as exclusion limits in scenarios with pair production of long-lived top squarks that decay via a small R-parity-violating coupling into a quark and a muon. Top squarks with masses up to 1.7 TeV are excluded for a lifetime of 0.1 ns, and masses below 1.3 TeV are excluded for lifetimes between 0.01 ns and 30 ns.
Public Opinion and Death Penalty Policy Under Direct Democracy Institutions: A Longitudinal Analysis of the American States

Capital punishment remains legal in most U.S. states even though only a small number of them regularly impose it. I attribute the persistence of death penalty statutes to the existence of direct democracy institutions in about half the states. Applying a longitudinal research design that leverages annual estimates of state death penalty opinion, I show that these institutions strengthen the connection between public opinion and capital punishment’s legality, indicating that they foster policy responsiveness. By extension, because citizens have generally favored capital punishment, I find that direct democracy states are more likely to have the death penalty. I also demonstrate that direct democracy increases the likelihood that policy will be congruent with majority opinion, especially in states where opinion leans strongly in one direction. The representation-enhancing effect of direct democracy, however, does not extend to the punishment’s application, as measured by states’ issuance of death sentences.
Population genetic structure of the giant panda staple food bamboo (Fargesia spathacea complex) and its taxonomic implications

The taxonomy of woody bamboo presents many difficulties due to its long blooming interval and complex morphological variation. Whether the current taxonomy reflects genuine species divergence within woody bamboo is an intriguing question. The Fargesia spathacea Franch. complex comprises 15 closely related species with a sympatric distribution in China. Their classification has long been controversial because only a handful of vegetative traits are available, providing a good opportunity to explore the evolutionary relationships and genetic differentiation in woody bamboo. Here, we present a study involving 750 individuals from 39 representative populations in the F. spathacea complex using 14 simple sequence repeat markers. We found varying degrees of genetic diversity across populations of the F. spathacea complex (He = 0.07–0.81) and largely negative F‐values at the population level, implying an excess of heterozygotes in the populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all populations were divided into two major groups (clusters A and B), with the majority of the 15 species representing distinct genetic lineages. Based on population genetic analysis along with morphological evidence, we confirmed the identity of three species (F. decurvata J. L. Lu, F. spathacea, and F. murielae Gamble) and suggested the invalidation of four other species (F. scabrida T. P. Yi, F. robusta T. P. Yi, F. denudata T. P. Yi F. murielae (Gamble) T. P. Yi, and F. nitida (Mitford) Keng f. ex T. P. Yi). The delimitation of the remaining eight species has yet to be explored. The analysis of ecological factors and spatial autocorrelation suggested that altitudinal differences might account for the distinct genetic divergence between the two major groups.
In Silico Interactome Network Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Potato Peroxidases and Catalases

Peroxidases (POXs) and Catalases (CATs) are the main antioxidant enzymes involved in scavenging H2O2 in living cells. Different POXs and CATs may be capable of exhibiting interaction with the constituents of the plant cell. Whereas the activity or gene expression of POXs and CATs has been investigated in potato plants, their interactions with other proteins in this crop have not been investigated till now. Determining Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks could be important in providing crucial insights into the regulation of plant defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. STRING analysis revealed interaction of cationic, suberization-associated anionic, and Class III peroxidases in potato with several enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid pathways, which was in accordance with close phylogenetic relationship of the three potato peroxidases investigated in this study. The CAT1 enzyme in potato interacted with several enzymes involved in ROS production. Phylogenetic analysis of the CAT1 and CAT2 genes in this plant species referred to their close relationship. Demonstrating how each isoform of these enzymes responds to environmental stimuli and how it interacts with other proteins at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels seems to be useful in designing novel and effective plant protection strategies against different
When Co-ethnicity Fails

Why do communities with larger shares of ethnic and racial minorities have worse public outcomes such as service provision? Many studies emphasize the role of diversity and other demographic variables, but the question of causality remains underexplored. We contribute to this debate by tracing the roots of contemporary racial demography and public goods provision to the uneven historical expansion of the state in Brazil. We show more remote municipalities with lower levels of state capacity in the past were more frequently selected by escaped slaves to serve as permanent settlements. Consequently, such municipalities have worse public services and larger shares of Afro-descendants today. These results indicate pervasive endogeneity of ethnic demography and public outcomes, which are both influenced by state development. Failure to account for this and other context-dependent historical confounders raises concerns over the validity of previous findings regarding the social costs and benefits of any particular demographic composition.
Differential Plasma Protein Regulation and Statin Effects in HIV-infected and Non-HIV-infected Patients Utilizing a Proteomics Approach Protein Regulation and Statin Effects in HIV.

BACKGROUND PWH (people with HIV) demonstrate increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Statins are being studied to prevent ASCVD in HIV, but little is known regarding the effects of statins on a broad range of inflammatory and cardiovascular proteins in this population. METHODS We used a highly specific discovery proteomic approach (Protein Extension Assay), to determine statin effects on over 350 plasma proteins in relevant ASCVD pathways among HIV and non-HIV groups. Responses to pitavastatin calcium were assessed in 89 PWH in the INTREPID trial and 46 non-HIV participants with features of central adiposity and insulin resistance. History of CVD was exclusionary for both studies. RESULTS Among participants with HIV, PCOLCE (enzymatic cleavage of Type I procollagen) significantly increased after pitavastatin therapy and PLA2G7 (systemic marker of arterial inflammation) decreased. Among participants without HIV, integrin subunit alpha M (integrin adhesive function) and defensin alpha-1 (neutrophil function) increased after pitavastatin therapy and PLA2G7 decreased. At baseline, comparing participants with and without HIV, differentially expressed proteins included proteins involved in platelet and endothelial function and immune activation. CONCLUSIONS Pitavastatin affected proteins important to platelet and endothelial function and immune activation, and effects differed to a degree within PWH and participants without HIV.
Forcing Dependence of Atmospheric Lapse Rate Changes Dominates Residual Polar Warming in Solar Radiation Management Climate Scenarios

Simulations of solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering using comprehensive general circulation models show a residual surface warming at high latitudes. Previous work attributes this to the difference in forcing structure between the increase in greenhouse gases and decrease in insolation, but this neglects the role of the induced reduction in atmospheric energy transport. Here we show that the difference in vertical structure of temperature change between increasing CO2, decreasing insolation, and decreasing atmospheric energy transport is the dominant reason for the residual near‐surface warming at high latitudes. A single‐column model (SCM) is used to decompose the high‐latitude temperature change and shows the importance of the enhanced near‐surface warming from the CO2 increase in explaining the residual polar warming. This suite of models invites caution when attributing high‐latitude surface temperature changes to the lapse rate feedback, as various forcings and nonlocal processes affect the vertical structure of temperature change differently.
Permeability Impairment and Salt Precipitation Patterns During CO2 Injection Into Single Natural Brine‐Filled Fractures

Formation dry‐out in fracture‐dominated geological reservoirs may alter the fracture space, impair rock absolute permeability, and cause a significant decrease in well injectivity. In this study, we numerically model the dry‐out processes occurring during supercritical CO2 (scCO2) injection into single brine‐filled fractures and evaluate the potential for salt precipitation under increasing effective normal stresses in the evaporative regime. We use an open‐source, parallel finite‐element framework to numerically model two‐phase flow through 2‐D fracture planes with aperture fields taken from naturally fractured granite cores at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland. Our results reveal a displacement front and a subsequent dry‐out front in all simulated scenarios, where higher effective stresses caused more flow channeling, higher rates of water evaporation, and larger volumes of salt precipitates. However, despite the larger salt volumes, the permeability impairment was lower at higher effective normal stresses. We conclude that the spatial distribution of the salt, precipitated in fractures with heterogeneous aperture fields, strongly affects the absolute permeability impairment caused by formation dry‐out. The numerical simulations assist in understanding the behavior of the injectivity in fractures and fracture networks during subsurface applications that involve scCO2 injection into brine.
The Effect of Auditor Litigation Risk on Client Access to Bank Debt: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

Abstract We exploit staggered state-level shocks to third-party auditor legal liability in the U.S. to test whether auditor litigation risk affects client companies' access to private debt markets. We find that an exogenous increase in auditor litigation risk leads to an increase in both clients' likelihood of receiving bank loans and the average amount of the bank loans that clients receive. In support of our proposed mechanism that auditor litigation risk leads to improvements in clients' audit and financial reporting quality, we find that these same shocks lead to a reduction in accruals, an increase in going-concern opinions, a decrease in restatements, and an improvement in accruals' ability to predict future cash flows. We also find that increased auditor litigation risk leads to an increase in the contractibility of clients’ accounting numbers, as proxied by the use of debt covenants, and a decrease in the cost of borrowing.
Phase Stress Measurement of Centrifugally Cast Duplex Stainless Steel by Neutron Diffraction

Residual stress can be easily generated during material processing and affect the performance of structural components. Phase stress distribution in austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steels (DSSs) is complicated due to the different material properties between the two phases. In this study, residual phase stress distribution along the thickness direction of centrifugally cast DSS hollow cylinder was measured by pulsed neutron diffraction with the time-of-flight (TOF) method. The triaxial phase stress distribution along the thickness direction shows that the phase stress of austenitic phase is generally in tension and higher than that of ferrite phase. From the outer surface to the inner surface, the macro-stress distributes from −400 MPa to 200 MPa. The mechanism of macro-stress formation was deduced by taking into consideration the thermal shrinkage behavior during the cooling process of water quench after the solution heat treatment. Furthermore, the lattice strain and phase stress evolution under the uniaxial tensile loading was evaluated by in-situ neutron diffraction measurement. The results indicated that the magnitude of phase stress could be affected by plastic working as well. All these measurements were conducted at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC).
The effect of desmopressin and tranexamic acid on blood product use and postoperative bleeding after emergent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery

Amac: Kanama kalp cerrahisinde onemli bir sorundur ve artan morbidite ve mortalite ile iliskili yuksek allojenik kan transfuzyonu riskine yol acar. Son yillarda, literaturdeki calismalar desmopresinin (1-deamino-8-D-arginin vazopressin, DDAVP) cerrahi mudahalelerden sonra kan kaybini azalttigini bildirmislerdir. Bu calismanin amaci, kardiyologlar tarafindan P2Y12 inhibitorleri ile tedavi edilen ve acil koroner arter baypas greftleme (KABG) ameliyati geciren hastalarda desmopressin ve traneksamik asidin kan urunu kullanimi ve postoperatif kanama uzerindeki etkisini analiz etmektir. Gerec ve Yontemler: Acil izole KABG ameliyati geciren ve oncesinde P2Y12 inhibitorleri ile tedavi edilmis 62 eriskin hastanin prospektif olarak toplanan verileri retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastalarin perioperatif verileri birlikte demografik verileri, laboratuvar bulgulari, gogus tuplerinden kan kaybi miktari, kan urunu kullanim miktari, yeniden torakotomi ihtiyaci, morbidite ve mortalite sonuclari degerlendirildi. Hasta populasyonu iki gruba ayrildi: Grup I: Perioperatif traneksamik asit ve DDAVP alan hastalar (n=26); ve Grup II: Perioperatif olarak sadece traneksamik asit alan hastalar (n=36). Bulgular: Iki hasta grubu baslangicta benzer ozelliklere sahipti. Grup I ve II arasinda gogus tuplerinden postoperatif kan kaybi, yeniden torakotomi, alyuvar ve trombosit transfuzyonlari acisindan istatistiksel olarak anlamli fark vardi (p <0.05). Iki grup arasinda taze donmus plazma transfuzyonu, inotropik destek ve mortalite acisindan istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir fark gozlenmemistir. Sonuc: Acil izole KABG ameliyati gecirenlerde traneksamik asitle birlikte desmopresin kullaniminin perioperatif/ postoperatif kanamayi ve kan urunu kullanimini azalttigini dusunuyoruz.
Tradeoffs to Using Standardized Tools: An Innovation Enabler or Creativity Constraint?

A critical determinant of the success of digital platforms is the availability of third-party complements. In order to foster the creation of such complements, platforms often rely on boundary resources: software tools and libraries that support and lower the costs of developing complementary innovations. However, while such boundary components are increasingly widespread, little is understood about how these components shape subsequent innovation outcomes and the overall platform generativity. Here, we focus on a particularly important form of boundary resource for digital platforms: Middleware components for software development. We theorize how middleware may shape both the novelty of products being created and their subsequent market value, and propose a number of mechanisms for these effects, for which we provide evidence. We test for these different mechanisms by looking at the development of console games during 6th and 7th generation of gaming consoles. We find that the introduction of licensed middleware such as third-party game and graphics engines lead to the creation of less novel, but more commercially successful products. We attribute this to the fact that middleware allows firms to reallocate resources from developing basic functionality (such as programming how the graphics will be rendered for the target platform), to other elements that make games more valuable and successful on the market (such as story or game mechanic innovation). Our results have implications for how we think about the impact of boundary resources such as middleware on digital platforms, and recombinant innovation more broadly.
Disclosing Physician Ratings: Performance Effects and the Difficulty of Altering Ratings Consensus

I examine effects of a health care system's policy to publicly disclose patient ratings of its physicians. I find evidence that this policy leads to performance improvement by the disclosed, subjective ratings and also by undisclosed, objective measures of quality. These effects are consistent with multitasking theory, in that physicians respond to the disclosure by providing more of a shared input—time with patients—that benefits performance by ratings and underlying quality. I also find, as predicted by information cascade theory, that the ratings become jammed to some degree near initially disclosed values. Specifically, raters observe the pattern of initial ratings and follow suit by providing similar ratings. Finally, I find evidence that physicians anticipate rating jamming and so concentrate their effort on earlier performance in order to set a pattern of high ratings that later ratings follow. These results demonstrate that the disclosure of subjective ratings can benefit performance broadly but can also shift effort toward earlier performance.
Three‐dimensional pathways of dust over the Sahara during summer 2011 as revealed by new Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer observations

We present a new characterisation of the three‐dimensional (3D) distribution of dust over the Sahara during summer, exemplified for June 2011. Our approach, called AEROIASI, is based on the innovative retrieval of vertical profiles of the dust extinction coefficient from daily cloud‐free hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) satellite observations. AEROIASI observations clearly agree with other widely used measurements (from lidar and radiometers). The 3D characterisation is focused on the dust maximum in June 2011, located in the central Sahara (17–23°N, 1–7°E) and linked to the major atmospheric dynamical drivers associated with the West African Monsoon (WAM) system. AEROIASI shows the near‐surface dust load to be dominated by five major emission events occurring every 3–4 days. These all occur when the study region is under the influence of northward bursts of the WAM and convection‐related cold pools, likely associated with orographic forcing by the Aïr Mountains. During the earliest (June 10) and the dustiest (June 17) cases, northward advection of moisture over the hotspot is favoured by the superposition of cyclonic circulations related to an extratropical disturbance northwest of the Sahara and to the Saharan heat low over Mauritania, respectively. Convection over the hotspot also triggers wave‐like disturbances that travel westwards. The three dustiest events are characterised by elongated dust fronts moving northwards, with a leading edge spanning 200–300 km horizontally and extending from the surface up to 2 km of altitude. Further south, the dust layer progressively elevates to 3.5 km along the slanted isentropes at the interface of the monsoon and the harmattan, increasingly losing contact with the ground. When northerlies blow over the study region, elevated dust layers at 3–5 km are observed, which are transported southwards within the Saharan air layer and westwards along the northern edge of the African easterly jet (after June 13).
Examining host specificity of Chrysochus spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to inform management of invasive dog strangling vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae)

Native insects have the capacity to form novel associations with invasive plants, which in some cases may allow them to exploit the invaders as hosts. To date, little work has been done to predict these novel associations and their outcomes before they occur. By conducting hostspecificity tests on native North American Chrysochus spp. (C. auratus, C. cobaltinus, and their hybrid) with the European invasive vine, Vincetoxicum rossicum and North American Apocynaceae plants, this thesis: (1) addresses the question as to whether native Chrysochus spp. will form a novel association with the vine; (2) predicts the outcomes of such an association; (3) suggests ways to improve the potential biotic resistance of these beetles to reduce the spread of this vine; (4) compares host specificity results of these North American beetles with their European congener C. asclepiadeus, in order to enhance predictions of its ecological host range. Feeding, survival, oviposition, and development tests with North American Chrysochus at all life stages demonstrate: (1) V. rossicum may act as an ovipositional sink for eastern C. auratus;