Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long Live Keju! The Persistent Effects of China’s Civil Examination System

The effect of China’s civil examination system (keju) on human capital outcomes persists to this day. Using the variation in the density of jinshi—the highest qualification—across 278 Chinese prefectures in the Ming-Qing period (1368-1905) to proxy for the keju effect, and river distance to a prefecture’s nearest locations of pine and bamboo—the main ingredients for producing ink and paper—as instrumental variables, we find that an additional jinshi per 10,000 people during the Ming-Qing period leads to an increase in schooling of 0.8 years in 2010 when evaluated at the mean of 8.712. The persistent effect of keju can be explained by the transmission of a culture of valuing education across generations both “vertically” (within families) and “horizontally” (within the society at large). However, cultural transmission was significantly weakened by the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), as parents responded to the deadly attacks on intellectuals by discounting the value of education.
Assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil

Summary It was found that, in order to estimate the number of weed seeds in soil with a desirable degree of accuracy and confidence level. the sample size depends to large extent on the spatial distribution pattern of the seeds in the soil. The seeds of most weeds found in cultivated soils are distributed according to one of two statistical distributions: Poisson or Negative Binomial. For an acceptable degree of accuracy in estimating the number of seeds in the soil, the sample size must be large, Taking this into account, in this study a practical solution based on a theoretical approach is proposed for the problem of establishing the sample size for a species distributed according to either statistical pattern. In addition, given the sample size, it was possible to determine the estimation error to be expected. This theoretical approach is compared with that proposed in previous studies. Two abaci, based on simple expressions, are provided to determine the sample size, according to the Poisson or the Negative Binormal distribution of the weed species. For Poisson distribution, the sample size is determined (given the desired maximum relative error estimation and the confidence level) as a function of only one parameter: the expected number of seeds per sampling unit m (estimaied by the sample mean). For Negative Binomial distribution, the sample size is determined as a function of two parameters: m and p (estimated according to the relationship between the sample mean and the sample variance). A sample size n nol very different from those given in previous studies is obtained, but the lower limit found for the n-values is lower than that found in these studies.
Application of the value-belief-norm model to environmentally friendly drone food delivery services

This study aims to apply the value-belief-norm (VBN) model in the context of environmentally friendly drone food delivery services to understand ways to influence consumers’ behavior toward the services. The current study also attempted to deepen the VBN model using the moderating role of product involvement. ,Data were collected from 428 respondents through an online survey in South Korea. ,The results of the data analysis indicated that all proposed hypotheses have been statistically supported in the VBN model. Furthermore, product involvement played a moderating role in the relationship between the sense of obligation to take pro-environmental actions and intentions to use and a sense of obligation to take pro-environmental actions and willingness to pay more. ,Although drone food delivery services have not yet been fully commercialized, many foodservice companies have conducted pilot tests and the services are likely to be commonly used in the near future. Thus, the findings of this study are expected to have important implications for companies preparing to roll out drone food delivery services.
Light limitation in a stream ecosystem: responses by primary producers and consumers

Heavy shade presents serious challenges for primary producers and food- limited herbivores in forest streams. In this study, we examined the response of periphyton and grazing snails (Elimia clavaeformis) to summer shade in White Oak Creek (WOC), a second-order stream in a Tennessee deciduous forest. Three experiments were performed: (1) in situ manipulation of light and snail density to test the effects of light limitation and grazing; (2) construction of photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) curves to test for shade ad- aptation by periphyton; and (3) measurements of snail growth vs. irradiance, to quantify the indirect relationship between grazers and an abiotic constraint on photosynthesis. In the first experiment, light and snail densities were manipulated in a 2 X 2 factorial design: two light treatments were created by removing streamside vegetation from four sites in WOC and by pairing each of these sites with an adjacent, shaded site; two snail density treatments at each site were created by adding snails at normal (970 individuals/) and low (50 individuals/) density to the two sides of Plexiglas channels. Snails at normal densities cropped periphyton biomass to low levels regardless of light regime, but periphyton productivity was higher at the open sites where snails grew faster and accumulated more lipid. Snail growth and lipid accumulation were strongly affected by intraspecific com- petition in both light regimes. In the second experiment, photosynthesis-irradiance curves for periphyton from shaded and open sites illustrated considerable shade adaptation: shaded periphyton was 2 times more efficient at low irradiance than was periphyton from open sites. Despite the greater efficiency of shaded periphyton at low irradiance, integrated primary production estimated with photosynthetic models was 4 times greater in the open because shade adaptation provided only partial compensation for the very low irradiances in the shade. In the third experiment, in situ snail growth again increased with decreasing shade. The growth vs. irradiance response resembled a P-I curve: snail growth increased almost linearly with increased light and then leveled off at a photon flux density of -'~7 mol.m-2.d-l. If this curve primarily reflects rates of food supply, then periphyton production and grazer growth in WOC and similar streams is light-limited at a photon flux density <7 mol.m-2-d-'. Bottom-up effects of light limitation were propagated very strongly in WOC, where the invertebrate fauna is dominated by a grazer that appears to escape top-down control.
How Social Media Analytics Can Inform Content Strategies

ABSTRACT Social media has become a strategic tool for businesses and nonprofit organizations to connect with audiences. However, no comprehensive framework exists to support the continued improvement of social media outcomes. This work draws on prior studies related to social media analytics and user engagement to develop an overarching, analytics-driven process for social content strategy development and improvement. The process provides firms with a set of procedures to regularly assess competitors’ and possibly their own content topic posting activities. It then outlines steps to measure the influence of content topics and post characteristics on engagement outcomes and use the garnered insights to drive future posting activities. A proof-of-concept case in the healthcare context is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed process.
Vigilance in a solitary marsupial, the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)

We studied vigilance activity in a wild population of the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a large, solitary, burrow-using, marsupial prey species in which individuals tolerate the presence of conspecifics within their home range. For the first time, we report postures and rates of vigilance in common wombats; our results show a limited repertoire of vigilant postures and low overall rates of vigilance. Because few studies of birds and mammals that have reported the effect of distance to conspecifics on the vigilance of focal animals have considered solitary prey species, we tested this effect in wombats. Our results show that a model including distance to cover and distance to the nearest conspecific, but not time of day, best explained the variation in the proportion of time that focal individuals spent in vigilance. Individual vigilance decreased when distance to cover increased. Vigilance of wombats increased when there was a conspecific within a radius of 70 m of the focal individual. In addition, we tested whether pairs of nearby wombats scanned independently of one another, coordinated their activity in non-overlapping bouts of vigilance or synchronised their bouts of vigilance. Wombats in close proximity exhibited independent bouts of individual vigilant and foraging activity. Thus, in this solitary species, our results support the assumption that individuals scan independently of each other.
Towards Evaluating the Robustness of Deep Intrusion Detection Models in Adversarial Environment

Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is a method that is utilized to categorize network traffic as malicious or normal. Anomaly-based method and signature-based method are the traditional approaches used for network intrusion detection. The signature-based approach can only detect familiar attacks whereas the anomaly-based approach shows promising results in detecting new unknown attacks. Machine Learning (ML) based approaches have been studied in the past for anomaly-based NIDS. In recent years, the Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have been widely utilized for intrusion detection due to its capability to obtain optimal feature representation automatically. Even though DL based approaches improves the accuracy of the detection tremendously, they are prone to adversarial attacks. The attackers can trick the model to wrongly classify the adversarial samples into a particular target class. In this paper, the performance analysis of several ML and DL models are carried out for intrusion detection in both adversarial and non-adversarial environment. The models are trained on the NSLKDD dataset which contains a total of 148,517 data points. The robustness of several models against adversarial samples is studied.
eHealth in support for daily functioning of people with intellectual disability: Views of service users, relatives, and professionals on both its advantages and disadvantages and its facilitating and impeding factors

ABSTRACT Background: The use of eHealth in support for daily functioning of service users with intellectual disability (ID) is a rather unexplored domain. Therefore, the current study identified the a) level of familiarity, b) advantages/disadvantages, and c) facilitating/impeding factors for the use of eHealth in support for daily functioning of people with ID according to service users, relatives, and professionals. Method: Four focus groups and one semi-structured qualitative interview were conducted. Results: Participants were familiar with numerous eHealth applications. Benefits were related to service users (e.g., increased independency) and relatives/professionals (e.g., providing more efficient support). Adequate informing and involving all stakeholders and centrally positioning the needs and possibilities of service users were reported as important facilitators. Contrary, impeding factors were malfunctioning Internet, expenses of eHealth, and lack of proper IT-support. Conclusions: The results provide imperative information for future eHealth implementations and to direct its use more specifically to people with ID.
Revisiting entrepreneurial capabilities and export market orientation: a multi-scale investigation in an emerging economy

Purpose: The study aims to bridge entrepreneurial capability, export market orientation and the international performance of international new ventures (INVs). Thus, multi-scale entrepreneurial capabilities have been adopted to provide more profound insights into the early literature on internationalisation. Since little is known about the antecedents of export market orientation, the performance outcome of this is ambiguous. This study aims to enhance knowledge in this pressing research area. Design and Methodology: The sample of this study consists of data (354 firms) from INVs operating in the apparel industry of an emerging economy, namely, Bangladesh. Structural equation modelling has been used to investigate the hypothesised relationships. Findings: For the Deshpande and Farley (1999) scale, the effect of general entrepreneurial capability on intelligence dissemination and responsiveness is positively significant. Similarly, the effects of international entrepreneurial capability on customer orientation, intelligence generation, dissemination, and responsiveness are positively significant. However, general entrepreneurial capability has non-significant effects on customer orientation and intelligence generation. The results also showed that export market orientation positively mediates the relationship between international entrepreneurial capability and firm performance. For Morris and Paul (1987) scale, our hypothesised relationships between capabilities and market orientation are positively significant, and, therefore, support the mediating relationships for both general entrepreneurial capability and international entrepreneurial capability. Originality/value: Merely having capabilities without acknowledging the firm’s strategic orientations is not sufficient to secure superior performance. We urge entrepreneurs to capitalise
Glycosaminoglycans as Novel Targets for in vivo Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is an important promoter of cardiovascular disease potentiating myocardial infarction or stroke. Current demand in biomedical imaging necessitates noninvasive characterization of arterial changes responsible for transition of stable plaque into ruptureprone vulnerable plaque. In vivo contrast enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) allows quantitative and functional monitoring of pathomorphological changes through signal diff erences induced by the contrast agent uptake in the diseased vessel wall, therefore it is the ideal modality toward this goal. However, studies have so far focused on the cellular targets of persisting infl ammation, leaving extracellular matrix (ECM) far behind. In this review, we portray ECM remodeling during atherosclerotic plaque progression by summarizing the state of the-art in MRI and current imaging targets. Finally, we aim to discuss glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and their functional interactions, which might off er potential toward development of novel imaging probes for in vivo contrast-enhanced MRI of atherosclerosis.
Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Mussels: Nutritional State and Distribution at the Galapagos Rift

Rich faunal communities have been discovered around active deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites. The mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) is one dominant member of this hard-substrate community along the Galapagos Rift, east of the Galapagos Islands in the equatorial eastern Pacific. These mussels are most dense around the vent efiluent and decrease in number with increased distance away from the discharge site. At the Mussel Bed vent, at 2490 m depth, the nutritional state of mussels (oxygen consumption and chemical composition) from a densely populated site ~ 1 m from a warm-water fissure was compared to that of mussels from a sparsely populated peripheral site to examine the importance of food supply on mussel distribution. The submersible Alvin was used to collect bottom-water samples for chemical analysis, to manipulate in situ respirometers, and to collect specimens for chemical composition analysis. The quantity of par? ticulate organic carbon immediately above the bottom ( .05) between sites, including water temperature, current speed, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and dissolved organic carbon. Concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, and hydrogen sulfide were below the detection limits of the assay used. Oxygen consumption rates {R) as a function of mussel dry mass {M) were higher at the dense site {R = 0.23M038) than at the peripheral site {R = 0.098A/048). Dense-site mussels had robust soft-tissue structure whereas peripheral mussels had an emaciated appearance. Water content was lower but condition index values and glycogen content were higher in the dense mussels. Less distinct differences were noted in total lipid and protein content between populations. Mussels examined 312 d after reciprocal site-to-site transplanting con- formed in water and glycogen content to their adopted populations. I conclude that the nutritional state ofthe dense-site mussels is considerably higher than that ofthe peripheral mussels and is probably related to increased nutritive supply at the dense site. Possible causative factors are differences in the nutritive quality of organic matter and influences of symbiotic chemoautotrophs in the gills of these mussels.
Is ambient chitobiase activity a monitoring tool for impacts on secondary production in lotic systems

Chitobiase is one of two enzymes responsible for cleaving the chitin polymers that form arthropod exoskeletons and has been found to be predictive of secondary production for marine and freshwater zooplankton. Since chitobiase is re- leased into water during molting by aquatic arthropods, it is possible that ambient chitobiase activity may be a useful proxy of secondary production in aquatic systems. In the present study, surface water samples from the upper Tennessee River basin, USA, were collected and analyzed for chitobiase to determine how enzyme levels vary with season, water depth, and proximity to sewage treatment outfalls. Additionally, chitobiase activity was correlated with three pharmaceuti- cal compounds to assess if changes in chitobiase activity were associated with contaminants derived from sewage treat- ment plants. Chitobiase activity was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in the fall relative to other seasons. Further, chitobiase activity displayed significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between surface and subsurface samples and was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with pharmaceutical concentrations in summer samples. These results indicate the potential for chitobiase as an assessment tool in estimating secondary production and as an ecotoxicological indictor.
Posttraumatic stress disorder concerning the end of the covid-19 lockdown: A mini review

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurs generally two months after an acute stress. We challenge the opportunity to observe an increase of PTSD after the end of the confinement induced by the pandemic of covid-19. PTSD can develop in response to exposure to an extremely stressful or traumatic event, or an exceptionally threatening situation. Examples include rape, violent attack, severe accidents, sudden destruction of home or community, or harm to close relatives or friends, but as well after confinement. The present paper tries to prevent from the consequences of fear of pandemic and confinement.
Down the up staircase: Equatorward march of a cold‐water ascidian and broader implications for invasion ecology

While warming temperatures are expected to facilitate the poleward movement of species previously restricted to more equatorial waters, the arrival and persistence of cold‐water species in more equatorward waters are relatively unprecedented. The native north‐east Pacific ascidian Corella inflata Huntsman, 1912, has spread southward and invaded new regions along the North American Pacific coast, a rare example of a marine species moving towards the equator. Here, we document C. inflata's equatorward movement and potential impact, assess several hypotheses for its spread and consider implications for invasion ecology.
Conodont faunas across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary (Late Pennsylvanian) in South China and implications for the selection of the stratotype for the base of the global Gzhelian Stage

The upper Pennsylvanian Naqing and Narao carbonate successions were deposited in intra‐platform slope‐to‐basinal settings across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary in Guizhou, South China. Conodont faunas consist of a mixture of the endemic taxa of the Idiognathodus luodianensis group and cosmopolitan species of the I. simulator group. The I. luodianensis group includes the new species I. fengtingensis, I. luodianensis, I. naqingensis and I. naraoensis. On platform landmark analysis the species of the I. luodianensis group differ in morphological features from co‐occurring species of the I. simulator group. Both groups display similar increasing asymmetry in P1 element pairs across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary, as recognized on the basis of the first occurrence of I. simulator. Many Kasimovian Idiognathodus species disappear and several Gzhelian species first appear with I. simulator, including two new species of Streptognathodus: S. nemyrovskae and S. zhihaoi. Just below the base of the Gzhelian, carbonate δ13C falls from 4‰ to 2‰ in both sections. The combination of an abrupt faunal turnover immediately above the prominent negative δ13C excursion might represent an oceanic event in South China, perhaps recognizable on a global scale. One of these two South China sections may be the best location to place the GSSP for the base of the Gzhelian Stage.
Mixing Yarns and Triangles in Cloth Simulation

This paper presents a method to combine triangle and yarn models in cloth simulation, and hence leverage their best features. The majority of a garment uses a triangle‐based model, which reduces the overall computational and memory cost. Key areas of the garment use a yarn‐based model, which elicits rich effects such as structural nonlinearity and plasticity. To combine both models in a seamless and robust manner, we solve two major technical challenges. We propose an enriched kinematic representation that augments triangle‐based deformations with yarn‐level details. Naïve enrichment suffers from kinematic redundancy, but we devise an optimal kinematic filter that allows a smooth transition between triangle and yarn models. We also introduce a preconditioner that resolves the poor conditioning produced by the extremely different inertia of triangle and yarn nodes. This preconditioner deals effectively with rank deficiency introduced by the kinematic filter. We demonstrate that mixed yarns and triangles succeed to efficiently capture rich effects in garment fit and drape.