Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study and Analysis of the Treatment of Mexican Unaccompanied Minors by Customs and Border Protection

Executive Summary The routine human rights abuses and due process violations of unaccompanied alien children (UAC) by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) have contributed to a mounting humanitarian and legal crisis along the US–Mexico border. In the United States, the treatment of UAC is governed by laws, policies, and standards drawn from the Flores Settlement, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), and CBP procedures and directives, which are intended to ensure UAC’s protection, well-being, and ability to pursue relief from removal, such as asylum. As nongovernmental organizations and human rights groups have documented, however, CBP has repeatedly violated these legal standards and policies, and subjected UAC to abuses and rights violations. This article draws from surveys of 97 recently deported Mexican UAC, which examine their experiences with US immigration authorities. The study finds that Mexican UAC are detained in subpar conditions, are routinely not screened for fear of return to their home countries or for human trafficking, and are not sufficiently informed about the deportation process. The article recommends that CBP should take immediate steps to improve the treatment of UAC, that CBP and other entities responsible for the care of UAC be monitored to ensure their compliance with US law and policy, and that Mexican UAC be afforded the same procedures and protection under the TVPRA as UAC from noncontiguous states.
Outcome Evaluation of an Empirical Study: Food Waste Social Marketing Pilot

Background: Evidence indicates behavior change is more likely when more social marketing benchmark principles are applied. Yet, transparent and clear reporting of the application of benchmarks to change behavior is rare. Focus of the Article: The aims of this study were (1) to verify the efficacy of social marketing in reducing food waste and (2) to enumerate and critique the practicality of applying social marketing benchmark criteria. Research Question: To address the research aims, two research questions were proposed: (1) Can a social marketing program designed with consumers reduce household food waste behavior? and (2) How are social marketing benchmarks applied to reduce food waste? Program Design/Approach: A consumer-insight driven social marketing program Waste Not Want Not (WNWN) was designed following the social marketing process and delivered to local Redland City Council residents located within the pilot area. This article reports a process and outcome evaluation for the pilot study and a critical evaluation of benchmark criteria application. Importance to the Social Marketing Field: This article demonstrates social marketing’s efficacy to reduce food waste behavior in households, and it critically evaluates application of benchmark criteria to assist future research and practice. Methods: In total, 314 local council area residents were randomly allocated into either a program (n = 110) or control group (n = 204). The program group received intervention materials and invitations to attend the 2-week program activities held in a local shopping center. Control group participants received nothing. The extent of social marketing benchmark application was examined for the WNWN program. Results: Outcome evaluation indicated that the pilot study reduced self-reported household food waste and increased perceived level of self-efficacy in cooking for the program group, but not the control group. WNWN successfully applied five of the eight social marketing benchmark criteria, namely, consumer orientation, insight, competition, marketing mix, and behavior change. Recommendations for Research or Practice: Given that use of more benchmarks increases the likelihood of behavior change, future research must advocate for complete application of the eight major social marketing benchmark criteria in program design. Clear operational definitions are required to improve practice and behavioral change outcomes. Limitations: Study 1 focused on individual feedback and self-reported data minimizing the possibility of generalization. Future research could employ observational methods and involve a wider array of stakeholders to increase generalizability.
Distinguishing a protected geographical indication vegetable (Almagro eggplant) from closely related varieties with selected morphological traits and molecular markers.

BACKGROUND: Certification of the authenticity of local landraces having a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status is essential when fake exotic varieties can be used to replace authentic local varieties. The Almagro eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a landrace used for making pickle products recognized by PGI status. Other pickling varieties from the region of Andalusia that are closely related have been detected in fields of the Almagro region. We have studied the diversity of Almagro and Andalusian accessions with morphological traits and molecular markers (amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs)) with the aim of obtaining a characteristic fingerprint of the Almagro eggplant. RESULTS:Almagro eggplants have smaller plant parts and greater prickliness than Andalusian eggplants. No overlap in the ranges of variation was found between Almagro and Andalusian accessions for three traits (fruit pedicel width at the proximal end, fruit calyx length, and fruit calyx prickles). AFLP characterization showed that Almagro and Andalusian accessions are genetically diverse and share a common genetic background. On the other hand, SSR, allowed a clear distinction of Almagro and Andalusian varieties, and for two SSRs we found alleles exclusive of Almagro eggplant and universal to all Almagro accessions. CONCLUSION: By using selected morphological descriptors and specific molecular markers we have been able to distinguish the PGI Almagro eggplant from closely related varieties. SSRs have proved useful for detecting differences between the closely related Almagro and Andalusian accessions. The approach followed by us can be used for the protection and enhancement of other PGI vegetable crops. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantum Noise-Assisted Coherent Radio-Over-Fiber Cipher System for Secure Optical Fronthaul and Microwave Wireless Links

This article reports on a symmetric-key direct-data encryption technique that directly protects the interception of optical and microwave signals from physical layer in a coherent analog radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. Secrecy is realized by signal masking by quantum (shot) noise. The quantum noise masking for the encryption is achieved by converting data into extremely high-order signals at an optical frequency. After signal transmission over an optical fronthaul link, the frequency of the encrypted signal is shifted to a microwave frequency via an optical heterodyne process using a local oscillator for wireless transmission. The effect of the quantum noise masking is naturally and seamlessly kept in the heterodyne process. We experimentally demonstrate 12 Gbit/s coherent RoF cipher systems utilizing the quantum noise masking for a 30 GHz wireless band. Adequate signal quality and high security against interception with sufficient quantum noise masking are simultaneously achieved in the optical fronthaul and microwave wireless links.
Do Existing Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms Use a Sufficient Number of Operators? An Empirical Investigation for Water Distribution Design Problems

Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) have been used extensively to solve water resources problems. Their success is dependent on how well the operators that control an algorithm's search behavior are able to identify near‐optimal solutions. As commonly used MOEAs contain a relatively small number of operators (generally between 2 and 7), this study investigates whether the performance of MOEAs could potentially be improved by increasing their operator set size. This is done via a series of controlled computational experiments isolating the influence of the size of the operator set (i.e., how many operators are used, ranging from 2 to 12), the composition of the operator set (i.e., which operators are used, given a set number of operators), the search strategy used (e.g., parent selection and survivor selection), and increasing the operator set size of an existing MOEA. These experiments are performed on six benchmark water distribution optimization problems. Results of the 3,150 optimization runs indicate that operator set size is the dominant factor affecting algorithm performance, having a significantly greater influence than operator set composition and other factors affecting algorithm search behavior. In addition, increasing the operator set size of the state‐of‐the‐art MOEA GALAXY, which has been designed specifically for solving water distribution optimization problems, from its currently used value of 6 to 12 increased its performance significantly. These results suggest there is value in investigating the potential of increasing operator set size for a range of algorithms and problem types.
Girdling‐induced nutrient accumulation in above ground tissue of peanuts and subsequent feeding by Spissistilus festinus, the three‐cornered alfalfa hopper

Changes in nutrient partitioning in stems and leaves of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were examined after girdling of stems by Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Homoptera:Membracidae), the three‐cornered alfalfa hopper. Under field conditions amino acids increased more than 12‐fold in concentration in the 2 cm stem section above the girdle compared to below the girdle or control stems for newly formed girdles (less than 7–11 days). Asparagine and proline were the predominant amino acids, and increased 40‐ and 60‐fold, respectively, above the girdle compared to below the girdle. There was no buildup of nutrient assimilates for the older girdled stems that had callused (and presumably recovered from feeding injury). A time course from 1–11 days was followed under greenhouse conditions, and girdled regions remained enriched in sugars for one day and amino acids for four days after girdle formation. After girdle formation most S. festinus responded to nutrient sinks by feeding within 5 mm above the girdle. This behavior was most pronounced one day after girdle formation, but persisted for seven days after girdle formation. During this period a new girdle was often formed within 10 mm above the original girdle. Under field conditions, stems and leaves derived from stems that had sustained an early or late season girdle generally had a reduced dry weight, total nitrogen content, and total carbon content; however, significant differences did not always occur. Thus, although temporary changes occurred in nutrient partitioning in girdled stems, there appears to be longer term negative growth effects on leaves and stems.
Long time-series analysis of urban development based on effective building extraction

The effective detection of urban development is the basis of understanding urban sustainability. Although various studies concentrated on long-time-series analysis on urban development, the resolution of images was too low to focus on a single object. In this paper, we provide a long-time-series analysis of built-up areas at an annual frequency in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2015, based on the automatic building extraction and high-resolution satellite images. We propose a deeplearning based method to extract buildings, and employ an ensemble learning method to improve the localization of boundaries. The time-series results of built-up areas are analyzed based on two schemes, i.e., change detection over the past fifteen years and evaluation of the whole region in three selected years. Our proposed method achieves an average overall accuracy (OA) of 93%. The results reveal that Beijing developed more rapidly during 2001-2008 than other periods in terms of the density and the number of buildings.
Improved Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Diclofenac Sodium by Topical Nanoemulgel: Formulation Development—In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

The present study aimed to develop diclofenac sodium nanoemulgel for managing pain and inflammation using the low-energy emulsification technique. Nanoemulsion of diclofenac was formulated using clove oil with adequate amount of surfactants and cosurfactants, and it was converted to hydrogel form using Carbopol 980 as the gelling agent. The droplet size of the oil globules in the nanoemulsion was found to be 64.07 ± 2.65 nm with a low polydispersity index (0.238 ± 0.02) along with high negative zeta potential (−39.06 mV). The developed nanoemulgel exhibited non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic behavior. The in vitro release profile of the developed nanoemulgel was higher as compared to marketed and conventional gel. The carrageenan-induced paw edema test was performed in rats to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of developed nanoemulgel. The developed nanoemulgel showed significantly higher ( ) effect in reducing pain and inflammation symptoms as compared to marketed as well as conventional gel of diclofenac. The overall findings of the study suggest that the developed nanoemulgel formulation of diclofenac can be used as a potential approach for the management of pain and inflammation.
Snowmobile Activity and Glucocorticoid Stress Responses in Wolves and Elk

Abstract: The effect of human activities on animal populations is widely debated, particularly since a recent decision by the U.S. Department of the Interior to ban snowmobiles from national parks. Immunoassays of fecal glucocorticoid levels provide a sensitive and noninvasive method of measuring the physiological stress responses of wildlife to disturbances. We tested for associations between snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid levels in an elk (Cervus elaphus) population in Yellowstone National Park and wolf (Canis lupus) populations in Yellowstone, Voyageurs, and Isle Royale national parks. For wolves, comparisons among populations and years showed that fecal glucocorticoid levels were higher in areas and times of heavy snowmobile use. For elk, day‐to‐day variation in fecal glucocorticoid levels paralleled variation in the number of snowmobiles after we controlled for the effects of weather and age. Also for elk, glucocorticoid concentrations were higher in response to snowmobiles than to wheeled vehicles after we controlled for the effects of age, weather, and number of vehicles. Despite these stress responses, there was no evidence that current levels of snowmobile activity are affecting the population dynamics of either species in these locations.
‘New Combinations’ in Schumpeter’s Economics: The Lineage of a Concept

Abstract The notion of a new combination has long been a leitmotiv in theories of economic evolution and innovation. This article examines the origin of the term ‘new combination’ in Schumpeter’s work. After examining the diverse uses to which Schumpeter put the combinatorial concept, this article examines possible intellectual antecedents to Schumpeter’s use of the idea. Although he is often credited as being the originator of the concept, Schumpeter himself cited Jean-Baptiste Say as a precursor, while other scholars have identified Marx as an inspirational source for Schumpeter’s ideas on the combinatorics of innovation.
Evaluation of the counting efficiency of a pcCVD diamond detector irradiated by 62 MeV/nucl. carbon beams

It is well known that synthetic diamond exhibits unique properties which make it an attractive material for a broad range of applications in the particle-detection field. In particular, thanks to its radiation hardness and availability in larger sizes, the polycrystalline (pc) diamond sample, grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), is especially suitable for online beam-monitoring applications, provided it demonstrates excellent counting performances. The present work reports the counting efficiency of a large 20.0× 20.0× 0.3 mm3 pcCVD diamond detector irradiated by 62 MeV/nucl. carbon beams. The parameter under study was estimated at different particle rates by employing a combination of different detector counters in a sandwich configuration. Results show a counting efficiency of ∼ 95% up to 0.7 MHz particle rate. The pcCVD diamond detector under study was selected among other prepared devices by studying their leakage current and photocurrent characteristics under X-ray irradiation.
Developing a job motivation scale: A focus on cross-cultural adaptation and validation among hospital staff

ABSTRACT Objectives: This paper is to culturally adapt and confirm the validity and reliability of a job motivation scale among health workers in hospitals in Vietnam. Methods: We used data from two studies of health workers’ job motivation which were conducted at two public hospitals in Vietnam. These studies were conducted in 2016 in 2018. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify the motivation factors and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then used to certify the elementary factors produced by EFA using Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker Lewis Index (TLI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR). Results: The results demonstrate that two factors of job motivation, namely ‘Satisfaction and Commitment’ and ‘Conscientiousness’ were identified by EFA with Cronbach’'s Alpha of 0.88 and 0.89 respectively. The whole scale of job motivation was reliable, with Cronbach’'s Alpha of 0.87. The result was confirmed by CFA where the motivation item corresponds as CFI (0.91), TLI (0.88) and RMSEA (0.087), SRMR (0.06) are good fit indices. Conclusions: Job motivation scale should be widely applied for measuring the health workers’ motivation in other hospitals in Vietnam. The necessary solutions should be implemented to improve health workers’ job motivation.
Preplanting indicators of survival and growth of desiccated Abies procera bareroot planting stock

Plant moisture loss during preplanting handling is considered one of the major elements in transplanting shock. The aim of the present study was to evaluate test parameters that may be suitable for assessment of the physiological condition of noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) planting stock that has been subjected to desiccation stress. The transplanting-sensitive species was subjected to full exposure (roots and shoots) for 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 6 h, or partial exposure (shoots) for 0, 3, 10, and 24 h before planting. The effects of desiccation on moisture content (MC), shoot water potential (ψ), root growth potential (RGP), root electrolyte leakage (REL), survival and height growth were evaluated. Desiccation effects on plant parameters and performance were generally significant after 1.5 h of full or 10 h of partial exposure to treatment. REL explained the largest percentage of performance variation in fully exposed plants, followed by MC and ψ. RGP tended to underestimate performance potential. Factors affecting the reliability of the test parameters, e.g. moisture loss rate, root rewetting and site conditions, are discussed.
Response of herbaceous vegetation functional diversity to land use change across five sites in Europe and Israel

Only a few studies have examined responses of grassland functional diversity to management and major environmental gradients, in order to address the question of whether grassland use can promote functional divergence. For five grassland sites in Israel, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Mediterranean France, and the French Alps, where traditional grassland management is being abandoned, we quantified community-weighted means (CWM) and functional divergence (FDvg) for the three Leaf-Height-Seed (LHS) traits, individually and in combination. Responses of CWM and FDvg to land use were analyzed by mixed linear models with aridity, phosphorus, fertility, and the fractions of grasses and annuals as covariates. Responses of community-weighted traits to land use were consistent with current knowledge. More intense management favored plants with more rapid resource acquisition (high Specific Leaf Area, or SLA), whereas abandonment or less intense grassland management increased the dominance by tall plants with more c.
Application of Mangosteen Peel Extract (Garcinia mangostana L) As Feed Additive in Ration for Performance production and Egg Quality of Sentul Chicken

Sentul chicken is a specific local chicken from the Ciamis region in West Java and a dual-purpose type that can be utilized for eggs and meat production. The use of antibiotics continuously for maintenance to prevent and treat disease in Sentul chicken can lead residues in meat and eggs. To wean farmers for the antibiotic, it is necessary to find a natural antibiotic derived from herbal plants that Mangosteen Peel Extract (MPE). Mangosteen Peel Extract (MPE) is containing xanthone compounds like antioxidants and antimicrobials. This research was held to find out the effect of mangosteen peel extract on feed consumption, hen day production, feed conversion, and egg quality. This research used 40 female chickens aged seven months, which was kept in cages until three months, and each cage contains 2 chickens. The method used was a completely randomized design with four treatments namely P0 (ration without MPE), P1 (ration with 67 ml/kg MPE addition), P2 (addition of 100 ml/kg MPE) and P3 (addition of 133 ml/kg MPE) with five replications. Furthermore, treatment differences were tested using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The measured variables were feed consumption, egg weight, hen day production, feed conversion, thick of shell, egg yolk color, and egg cholesterol. The results showed the addition of MPE 133 ml/kg ration had a significant effect on egg production, egg weight, feed conversion, the thickness of eggshell, the color of egg yolk, and egg cholesterol but not significant to feed consumption, yolk index score and Haugh unit. It can be concluded that MPE can be used as a feed additive until 133 ml/kg ration to gave the best on production and egg quality of Sentul chicken.
Promising Macromolecular Conjugates of Camptothecin - the Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Studies

New macromolecular conjugates of camptothecin were prepared. The polymeric matrixes were obtained by the ring-opening polymerization of ϵ-caprolactone, glycolide, rac-lactide or trimethylene carbonate. The synthesized polymers and camptothecin were coupled via 1,6-diisocyanatohexane. The received macromolecular conjugates of camptothecin were characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR or FT-IR spectroscopy. Toxicity of the received polymeric products were evaluated with bacterial luminescence test and two protozoan assays. Furthermore, the in vitro release of camptothecin from the obtained conjugates was investigated.
LoRa mesh architecture for automation of rural electricity distribution networks

The current transformation scenario in power distribution networks forecasts the need for alternative solutions in communication systems employed in the process of making them intelligent. As a premise, these alternatives should be easy to implement and affordable to allow their adoption in rural distribution networks, where, often, the use of technologies, such as mobile, is not available. This Letter proposes a new communication architecture with mesh topology, based on LoRa technology. The architecture adapts packet prioritisation and MIMO mechanisms to ensure the communication requirements necessary for the services. In this sense, several applications and protocols of a smart grid can coexist in the same communication system. The deployment of the architecture gave rise to a routing protocol adapted to the limitations of the radio technology used. The benefits of the proposed architecture can be observed when compared to the use of traditional low power wide area network networks and cellular technologies. The robustness of the system has been proven with average latency measurement within the acceptable range for DNP3 Modbus and NBR14522 applications. The results have shown its potential employment in the management of intelligent rural distribution systems.