Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of model inconsistencies on reconstructions of past mantle flow obtained using the adjoint method

The adjoint method is a powerful technique to compute sensitivities (Fréchet derivatives) with respect to model parameters, allowing one to solve inverse problems where analytical solutions are not available or the cost to determine many times the associated forward problem is prohibitive. In Geodynamics it has been applied to the restoration problem of mantle convection—that is, to reconstruct past mantle flow states with dynamic models by finding optimal flow histories relative to the current model state—so that poorly known mantle flow parameters can be tested against observations gleaned from the geological record. By enabling us to construct time dependent earth models the adjoint method has the potential to link observations from seismology, geology, mineral physics and palaeomagnetism in a dynamically consistent way, greatly enhancing our understanding of the solid Earth system. Synthetic experiments demonstrate for the ideal case of no model error and no data error that the adjoint method restores mantle flow over timescales on the order of a transit time (≈100 Myr). But in reality unavoidable limitations enter the inverse problem in the form of poorly known model parameters and uncertain state estimations, which may result in systematic errors of the reconstructed flow history. Here we use high-resolution, 3-D spherical mantle circulation models to perform a systematic study of synthetic adjoint inversions, where we insert on purpose a mismatch between the model used to generate synthetic data and the model used for carrying out the inversion. By considering a mismatch in rheology, final state and history of surface velocities we find that mismatched model parameters do not inhibit misfit reduction: the adjoint method still produces a flow history that fits the estimated final state. However, the recovered initial state can be a poor approximation of the true initial state, where reconstructed and true flow histories diverge exponentially back in time and where for the more divergent cases the reconstructed initial state includes physically implausible structures, especially in and near the thermal boundary layers. Consequently, a complete reduction of the cost function may not be desirable when the goal is a best fit to the initial condition. When the estimated final state is a noisy low-pass version of the true final state choosing an appropriate misfit function can reduce the generation of artefacts in the initial state. While none of the model mismatches considered in this study, taken singularly, results in a complete failure of the recovered flow history, additional work is needed to assess their combined effects.
Advance Approach for Brain Tumor Detection and Classification using Segmentation

: Brain tumor is an abnormal and excessive growth in the brain. It can be categorized as benign and malignant. Benign tumor stays localized and does not spread elsewhere in the body and can be cured by surgical removal. The malignant tumors spread to other organs and tissues. Both the benign and malignant tumors are hazardous to the patients and may lead to death. Image creation of the human body (or parts thereof) for clinical application is referred as medical imaging. A medical imaging technique used primarily in radiology to image the anatomy and functioning of the body is known as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Hence an efficient method for tumor segmentation should clearly use a reliable tool where the MRI scan can be used as an accurate technique for detecting tumor from human brain. Main objective of these dissertation is design efficient architecture for base on segmentation and classification base concept.using segmentation base on color shape and texture identify
Comparative studies of grain refinement of commercial purity Mg by CaO and Ca addition

ABSTRACT The comparative studies of grain refinement of commercial purity Mg by CaO/Ca addition have been investigated by using TP-1 tests, optical microscope, XRD characterisation and TEM (STEM) observation along with EDX analysis. Experimental results showed that Ca/CaO addition significantly refines the grain structure of commercial purity Mg. Compared with Ca addition, CaO exhibits finer grain size and the average grain size remains invariable with further CaO addition. CaO addition is readily reduced to Ca by Mg melt and forms Mg2Ca on the surface of MgO particles. First-principle calculations were used to understand the nucleation of Mg2Ca layer by a coherent interface model calculating the work of adhesion and the interface energy between Mg2Ca and α-Mg. The combination of experiments and calculations showed that the formation of Mg2Ca layer on MgO facilitates the nucleation of α-Mg and then refines the grain structure by Ca or CaO addition.
The Acute Occult Salter-Harris Injuries in Children

Salter and Harris reported their five-part classification in children with open growth plates to grade fractures of the physeal plate according to the involvement of adjacent metaphysis and epiphysis. Their grading is the most commonly used classification for pediatric physeal fractures and is based on radiographic appearance, causal mechanism and prognosis, concerning the disturbance of growth [1 3].
Efficacy and safety of TVT-Secur in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review

Hypothesis / aims of study To reduce the complication rate of trans-obturator tension-free vaginal tape, mainly represented by groin pain, the singleincision TVT-Secur device was first introduced in 2007. Since then a number of studies have been performed to verify if this minimally invasive device has the same efficacy of the standard retropubic TVT and trans-obturator TVT (TOT and TVT-O) and if it offers a higher safety profile. Aim of this systematic review was to identify all articles reporting on the efficacy and/or safety of TVT-Secur for the surgical treatment of female urinary stress incontinence and to extract data to identify overall cure and success (patients cured plus patients improved) rates, to evaluate TVT-Secur safety and to verify if discrepancies exist between reports from peer-reviewed journals and abstracts presented at international congresses.
Thresholds for Botrytis bunch rot contamination of Chardonnay grapes based on the measurement of the fungal sterol, ergosterol

Background and Aims The threshold for Botrytis contamination of winegrapes is not fully known. Using a measurement of the fungal sterol, ergosterol, we aimed to understand how much grey mould of grapes can be tolerated before there is a perceivable impact on wine sensory characteristics. Methods and Results Chardonnay grape bunches hand‐harvested in January 2016 from the Hunter Valley, NSW, were divided into one of five groups based on the visual assessment of the severity of grey mould using a scale of 0–4. Ergosterol analysis indicated that the fungal biomass of the five batches of grapes was 0.06, 0.28, 0.87, 1.50 and 4.25 g dry mass of fungus per kg wet mass. Grey mould infection resulted in an elevated concentration of benzaldehyde, 2‐pentyl furan, ethyl linoleate, (E)‐3‐hexenol, 3‐octanol, 1,5‐dimethyl‐naphthalene, 1,5‐dimethyl tetralin 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 1‐octen‐3‐one and 3‐octanone in the juice. 1‐Octen‐3‐ol, and 3‐octanone, ethyl‐3‐hydroxydodecanoate and isoamyl acetamide were elevated in wine made with Botrytis‐affected grapes. Sensory discrimination tests identified a difference between wine made from grapes with ≥0.87 g of dry mass of fungus/kg wet mass of grapes (equivalent to ≥2.57 mg ergosterol/kg grapes) and wine made from asymptomatic grapes. Conclusions Ergosterol correlated with the degree of grey mould contamination and the threshold in Chardonnay grapes was 0.28–0.87 g dry mass fungus/kg fresh mass of grapes. Significance of the Study Measurement of ergosterol has been evaluated as a quantitative estimate of the threshold for Botrytis contamination of winegrapes.
Comparison of Models for some Testicular Characteristics in Karakaş Male Lambs

Kadir Karakuş1, Turgut Aygün2, Şenol Çelik3, Mohammad Masood Tariq4*, Muhammad Ali4 Majed Rafeeq4 and Farhat Abbas Bukhari4 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Malatya, Turkey 2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van-Turkey 3Biometry Genetics Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, Bingöl-Turkey 4Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Article Information Received 12 February 2019 Revised 22 May 2019 Accepted 10 June 2019 Available online 06 December 2019
$H_{\infty }$ Sampled-Data Fuzzy Observer Design for Nonlinear Parabolic PDE Systems

This article considers the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> sampled-data fuzzy observer (SDFO) design problem for nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) systems under spatially local averaged measurements (SLAMs). Initially, the nonlinear PDE system is accurately represented by the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy PDE model. Then, based on the T–S fuzzy PDE model, an SDFO under SLAMs is constructed for the state estimation. To attenuate the effect of the exogenous disturbance and the design disturbance, an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> SDFO design under SLAMs is developed in terms of linear matrix inequalities by utilizing Lyapunov functional and inequality techniques, which can guarantee the exponential stability and satisfy an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> performance for the estimation error fuzzy PDE system. Finally, simulation results on the state estimation of the FitzHugh–Nagumo equation are given to support the presented <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> SDFO design method.
Probabilistic Constrained Secure Transmissions: Variable-Rate Design and Performance Analysis

In a wiretap channel, due to the passive nature of eavesdropper and the inevitable errors during channel estimation or feedback, the channel state information is usually imperfectly known at the transmitter. While probabilistic constrained secure transmission provides an elegant formulation to tackle these uncertainties, current works mostly focus on the fixed-rate secure transmission design. To exploit the dynamic channel state information for performance enhancement, this paper investigates a variable-rate transmission scheme with adjustable rate and power, under the outage probabilistic constraints and upper bounding rate constraint. By leveraging the first-order and log-concavity properties of the Marcum Q-function, closed-form optimal secure transmission design is obtained. Furthermore, the optimality of the proposed method empowers us to concisely quantify the performance gain brought by rate variation. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves significantly lower average outage probability and higher throughput than the fixed-rate scheme no matter with or without upper bound rate limitation.
Relationship between exposure to radon and the risk of lung cancer; Systematic review and meta-analysis updated to 2015

Radon 222 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 3.825 days,which is colorless and odorless and it endangers human health in the long run by emitting alpha radiation during the decay. Many studies have been done on the effects of inhaling Radon on lung cancer risk and most studies show that inhalation of radon increases the risk of lung cancer. Therefore,in this study,it has been tried to provide accurate results on the relationship between the inhalation of Radon and the risk of lung cancer by adding new case-control studies performed by 2015. The databases of ISI,Pubmed,Scopus,Iran doc and SID were used to find the studies in Iran and the world. The studies were searched from 1990 to 2015 with the use of checklist STROBE. The studies which obtained the least score,were entered at the stage of meta-analysis. The quality of the studies was determined based on system scale Newcastle – Ottawa. 24 papers (24 case-control studies),totally 50784 participants (20138 cases and 30646 controls) were specified. The measurement period was between 3 to 12 months. The mean concentration of Radon that the cases were exposed was 103.4±54 and 80.3±44 Bq/m3. The meta-analysis of 24 case-control studies showed that there is a significant relationship between the exposure to radon and the risk of lung cancer (OR=1.46,95% CI (1.23-1.72),P value<0.001). Also,the heterogeneity of the studies was high (I²=65%,p=<0.001). Egger’s test showed that (Beta:1.43,95%(0.7-2.12) there was a significant error propagation between the studies (p value<0.001). The results of this study support the increased risk of lung cancer caused by the inhalation of radon. © 2016,International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.
Strategies for Employee Retention in Nonprofit Organizations

Strategies for Employee Retention in Nonprofit Organizations by Gentri White MBA, Dominican University, 2011 BSC, DePaul University, 2007 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University December 2019 Abstract Low employee retention is one of the main challenges for managers and negatively impacts an organization’s ability to survive and remain competitive. Using Herzberg’s two-factor theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies nonprofit sector managers use to retain employees. The participants included 4 managers from 4 Illinois nonprofit organizations who implemented successful strategies forLow employee retention is one of the main challenges for managers and negatively impacts an organization’s ability to survive and remain competitive. Using Herzberg’s two-factor theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies nonprofit sector managers use to retain employees. The participants included 4 managers from 4 Illinois nonprofit organizations who implemented successful strategies for employee retention. Data were collected using semistructured, face-to-face interviews, company documents, and archival records. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data, which revealed 3 themes: employee fit, workplace culture, and employee feedback. The implications for positive social change include the potential to benefit communities through improvements in unemployment rates and decreased levels of stress on families. The results of this study may also benefit employees of nonprofit organizations through better work environments and encouragement of employee engagement. Strategies for Employee Retention in Nonprofit Organizations by Gentri White MBA, Dominican University, 2011 BSC, DePaul University, 2007 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University December 2019 Dedication My successful completion of this doctorate program is dedicated to my family. My grandmother was a prominent figure in my life. I dedicate my strength to her and know that she has been with me throughout this journey. Completing this journey would not have been possible without the continued support of my mother, father, and brother. Sacrificing time spent and enduring a moody, sleep-deprived daughter/sister must not have been pleasant. To all my loved ones, thank you for being there. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Teresa Jepma for her time, guidance, and support in completing my doctoral study. Dr. Jepma has served as my mentor since I began the doctoral study process and has been a guiding light throughout. I truly appreciate your assistance and patience. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members, Dr. Jordan and Dr. Knight. Your feedback and guidance strengthened my skills as a writer. Thank you all.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics Study of Ultrasound-Assisted Depolymerization of k-Carrageenan in Acidic Solution

K-carrageenan is a natural polymer with high molecular weight ranging from 100 to 1000 kDa. The oligocarrageenan with low molecular weight is widely used in biomedical application. The aim of this work was to depolymerize k-carrageenan in an acidic solution with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation. The ultrasonication was conducted at various pH (3 and 6), temperatures (30-60 °C), and depolymerization time (0-24 minutes). The results show that the depolymerization reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetic model with reaction rate constant of 1.856×10 -7 to 2.138×10 -6 s -1 . The reaction rate constant increases at higher temperature and lower pH. The Q 10 -temperature coefficients of the depolymerization are 1.25 and 1.51 for pH 6 and 3, respectively. The enthalpy of activation (ΔH ‡ ) and the Gibbs energy of activation (ΔG ‡ ) are positive, while the entropy of activation (ΔS ‡ ) is negative, indicating that the activation step of the ultrasound-assisted depolymerization of k-carrageenan is endothermic, non-spontaneous, and the molecules at the transition state is more ordered than at the ground state. The ΔH ‡ and the ΔS ‡ are not affected by temperature, while the ΔG ‡ is a weak function of temperature. The ΔH ‡ and ΔS ‡ become smaller at higher pH, while the ΔG ‡ increases with the increase of pH. The kinetics and thermodynamics analysis show that the ultrasound-assisted depolymerization of k-carrageenan in acidic solution is possibly through three mechanisms, i.e. bond cleavage due to cavitational effect of microbubbles, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, as well as proton. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved
Effectiveness and Safety of Oral Paricalcitol Therapy on Long-Term Treatment of Normocalcemic Persistent Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Renal Transplant Patients

Copyright: © 2017 Massimetti C, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *Corresponding author: Carlo Massimetti, Centro di Riferimento di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale Belcolle, Viterbo, Italy, Tel: +3934478787594; E-mail: cmassimetti@libero.it
Band gap engineered ternary semiconductor PbxCd1−xS: Nanoparticle‐sensitized solar cells with an efficiency of 8.5% under 1% sun—A combined theoretical and experimental study

We report the synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a ternary metal sulfide alloyed semiconductor PbxCd1−xS prepared by the two‐stage sequential ionic layer adsorption reaction. The synthesized PbxCd1−xS nanoparticles (NPs) retain the hexagonal structure of the CdS host with Pb substituting a fraction of the Cd atom (x = 0‐0.17). Band structures of PbxCd1−xS with various Pb contents x were calculated using the complementary density functional theory (DFT) method. Optical, quantum efficiency, cyclic voltammetry measurements, and band structure calculation revealed that the band gap of PbxCd1−xS decreased with increasing x, resulting in an increased optical absorption band from 500 to 720 nm (1.73‐2.44 eV) for x = 0 to 0.17. Solid‐state PbxCd1−xS semiconductor nanoparticle‐sensitized solar cells (NSSCs) were fabricated from the synthesized NPs using spiro‐OMeTAD as the hole‐transporting material. The best Pb0.05Cd0. 95S cell yielded a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.67%, a Voc of 0.70 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 62.8% under 1 sun. The PCE increased to 5.93% under a reduced light intensity of 0.1 sun and further increased to 8.48% under 0.01 sun. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum covers the spectral range of 300 to 730 nm with a maximal EQE of 82% at λ = 580 nm. The PCE over 8% can be categorized into a high‐efficiency NSSCs. In addition, the Voc of 0.70 V is a relatively high Voc among all NSSCs. The high PCE and Voc suggest that PbxCd1−xS has potential to be an efficient solar absorber.
Effect of risk messages on risk appraisals, attitudes, ambivalence, and willingness to smoke hookah in young adults

ABSTRACT Objective: We examined effects of hookah tobacco risk messages on risk appraisals, attitudes towards hookah, ambivalence about hookah use, and willingness to smoke in young adults aged 18–30 years (n = 234). Design: In an online experiment, participants completed pre-exposure measures and were randomized to hookah tobacco risk messages or to a no message control condition. Main Outcome Measures: Risk appraisals, attitudes, ambivalence, and willingness to smoke hookah. Results: Those who viewed risk messages reported greater risk appraisals (M 4.50, SD 1.17 vs. M 3.87, SD 1.16, p < .001), less positive attitudes (M −0.56, SD 1.24, vs. M 0.39, SD 1.35, p < .001), greater ambivalence (M 3.86, SD 1.26, vs. M 3.08, SD 1.32, p < .001), and less willingness to smoke than controls (M 4.48, SD 1.27, vs. M 4.85, SD 1.37, p = .034). Structural equation modeling demonstrated messages reduced willingness to smoke by evoking less positive attitudes (b = −0.15, 95% CI −0.32, −0.05) and by the effect of heightened risk appraisals on less positive attitudes (b = −0.14, 95% CI −0.30, −0.07). Conclusions: Honing messages and understanding their mechanisms of action are necessary to produce more effective interventions to address hookah and other tobacco use in young adults.
REVIEW ARTICLE ON PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) IN CHILDREN THROUGH AYURVEDA

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the commonest neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and one of among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-age children. It is characterized by inattention, including increased distractibility and difficulty sustaining attention; poor impulse control and decreased selfinhibitory capacity; and motor over activity and motor restlessness. The incidence of ADHD, ranging from 2% to 16% is depending on the diagnostic criteria and assessment tools. In Ayurveda it can be correlated to Unmad (insanity) due to etiology of vitiation dhee, dhriti and smriti that causes imbalance of kala and karma which results into improper contact of the senses with their objectives (Asatmendriyartha samyoga) and give rise to inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Present time no clear cut treatment in modern medicine except presynaptic dopaminergic agonists, i.e. methylphenidate. This article serves to highlight Ayurvedic medicine along with Panchkarma therapies approaches in use today for children with ADHD, including dietary therapies, environmental hygiene.
Faking Fairness via Stealthily Biased Sampling

Auditing fairness of decision-makers is now in high demand. To respond to this social demand, several fairness auditing tools have been developed. The focus of this study is to raise an awareness of the risk of malicious decision-makers who fake fairness by abusing the auditing tools and thereby deceiving the social communities. The question is whether such a fraud of the decision-maker is detectable so that the society can avoid the risk of fake fairness. In this study, we answer this question negatively. We specifically put our focus on a situation where the decision-maker publishes a benchmark dataset as the evidence of his/her fairness and attempts to deceive a person who uses an auditing tool that computes a fairness metric. To assess the (un)detectability of the fraud, we explicitly construct an algorithm, the stealthily biased sampling, that can deliberately construct an evil benchmark dataset via subsampling. We show that the fraud made by the stealthily based sampling is indeed difficult to detect both theoretically and empirically.
On the Tracks of Erythema Migrans Identifying Novel Mechanisms and Agents of Tickborne Disease

42 Introduction . 43 Materials and Methods . 45 Samples / Source of ticks . 45 Nucleic acid extraction . 46 PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing . 46 Phylogenetic analysis. 48 Nucleotide sequence accession numbers . 49