Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward a Better Regional Ozone Forecast Over CONUS Using Rapid Data Assimilation of Clouds and Meteorology in WRF‐Chem

Accuracy of cloud predictions in numerical weather models can considerably impact ozone (O3) forecast skill. This study assesses the benefits in surface O3 predictions of using the Rapid Refresh (RAP) forecasting system that assimilates clouds as well as conventional meteorological variables at hourly time scales. We evaluate and compare the WRF‐Chem simulations driven by RAP and the Global Forecast System (GFS) forecasts over the Contiguous United States (CONUS) for 2016 summer. The day 1 forecasts of surface O3 and temperature driven by RAP are in better agreements with observations. Reductions of 5 ppb in O3 mean bias error and 2.4 ppb in O3 root‐mean‐square‐error are obtained on average over CONUS with RAP compared to those with GFS. The WRF‐Chem simulation driven by GFS shows a higher probability of capturing O3 exceedances but exhibits more frequent false alarms, resulting from its tendency to overpredict O3. The O3 concentrations are found to respond mainly to the changes in boundary layer height that directly affects the mixing of O3 and its precursors. The RAP data assimilation shows improvements in the cloud forecast skill during the initial forecast hours, which reduces O3 forecast errors at the initial forecast hours especially under cloudy‐sky conditions. Sensitivity simulations utilizing satellite clouds show that the WRF‐Chem simulation with RAP produces too thick low‐level clouds, which leads to O3 underprediction in the boundary layer.
Dark carbon fixation contributes to sedimentary organic carbon in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone

In response to rising CO2 concentrations and increasing global sea surface temperatures, oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or “dead zones”, are expected to expand. OMZs are fueled by high primary productivity, resulting in enhanced biological oxygen demand at depth, subsequent oxygen depletion, and attenuation of remineralization. This results in the deposition of organic carbon-rich sediments. Carbon drawdown is estimated by biogeochemical models; however, a major process is ignored: carbon fixation in the midand lower water column. Here, we show that chemoautotrophic carbon fixation is important in the Arabian Sea OMZ; and manifests in a 13C-depleted signature of sedimentary organic carbon. We determined the δ13C values of sedimentary organic carbon deposited in close spatial proximity but over a steep bottom-water oxygen gradient, and the δ13C composition of biomarkers of chemoautotrophic bacteria capable of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox). Isotope mixing models show that detritus from anammox bacteria or other chemoautotrophs likely forms a substantial part of the organic matter deposited within the Arabian Sea OMZ (~17%), implying that the contribution of chemoautotrophs to settling organic matter is exported to the sediment. This has implications for the evaluation of past, and future, OMZs: Biogeochemical models that operate on the assumption that all sinking organic matter is photosynthetically derived, without new addition of carbon, could significantly underestimate the extent of remineralization. Oxygen demand in oxygen minimum zones could thus be higher than projections suggest, leading to a more intense expansion of OMZs than expected. Plain Language Summary Oxygen minimum zones are areas in the ocean in which algae produce so much organic material that sinks towards the seafloor, that all oxygen at depth gets used up. This results in vast “dead zones” where almost no oxygen is available to sustain life. With global warming, and increased nutrients from rivers, dead zones are forecast to expand. Computer models can calculate this, by considering algal production, and the amount of material delivered to the seafloor. However, these models often ignore a major process: anaerobic bacteria in the deeper water column, that can live at the edge or in the middle of these dead zones, which can also produce organic material from the dissolved CO2. In this study, we used the fact that these bacteria add a distinct signature to the organic material, to show that around one fifth of the organic matter on the seafloor could stem from bacteria living in these dead zones. Thus, models who missed out on considering this contribution could have significantly underestimated the extent of oxygen depletion we are to expect in a future, warming world. A more intense expansion of dead zones than expected could have severe ecological, economical (fisheries), and climatic consequences. This manuscript is a non-peer reviewed preprint submitted to Global Biogeochemical Cycles.
Tibetan Plateau's Lake Level and Volume Changes From NASA's ICESat/ICESat‐2 and Landsat Missions

Lake level change is an effective indicator of climate change, because it reflects the dynamic balance of water input and loss. Here we provide a first look of Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2) on the lakes of the Tibetan Plateau. ICESat‐2 doubles the number of lakes observed using predecessor ICESat data. The ICESat/ICESat‐2 altimetry data between 2003 and 2018 are in excellent agreement with in situ measurements from Qinghai Lake (R2 = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 0.10 m) and with gauge observations made on 3 December 2018 (< 2 cm). The 62 lakes examined show a mean rate of water level change of 0.28 ± 0.03 m/year in 2003–2018, with 58 lakes increasing (mean rate 0.30 ± 0.03 m/year), and 4 lakes decreasing (mean rate −0.12 ± 0.06 m/year). A total change of lake water storage of ~14 Gt/year is estimated. The results suggest that ICESat‐2 data will be an important tool for future lake level change studies.
Study on Transient Overvoltage of Offshore Wind Farm Considering Different Electrical Characteristics of Vacuum Circuit Breaker

For the study of transient overvoltage (TOV) in an offshore wind farm (OWF) collector system caused by switching off vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs), a simplified experimental platform of OWF medium-voltage (MV) cable collector system was established in this paper to conduct switching operation tests of VCB and obtain the characteristic parameters for VCB, especially dielectric strength parameters; also, the effectiveness of the VCB reignition model was verified. Then, PSCAD/EMTDC was used to construct the MV collector system of the OWF, and the effects of normal switching and fault switching on TOV amplitude, steepness, and the total number of reignition of the VCB were studied, respectively, with the experimental parameters and traditional parameters of dielectric strength of the VCB. The simulation results show that when the VCB is at the tower bottom, the overvoltage amplitude generated by the normal switching is the largest, which is 1.83 p.u. , and the overvoltage steepness of the fault switching is the largest, up to 142 kV/μs. The overvoltage amplitude and steepness caused by switching off VCB at the tower bottom faultily with traditional parameters are about 2 and 1.5 times of the experimental parameters under the same operating condition.
Using the Forestry Reclamation Approach for Reclaimed Surface Mineland in the Western Gulf: Effects on Pinus taeda Seedling Growth and Survival

While land reclamation efforts of surface mines have considerably increased soil stability since the implementation of SMCRA (Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act), research suggests that resulting soil compaction hinders the productivity of forests post-mining. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) was developed to improve forest health in the Appalachian region through a five-step process that minimizes soil compaction and establishes a productive forest. The FRA has not yet been tested in the western Gulf Coastal Plain (GCP). The higher clay content of some GCP soils and the dearth of coarse fragments (e.g., cobbles, stones and boulders) may affect reclamation practices and the ability of these methods to create productive forests. Compaction caused by conventional reclamation methods in the GCP has not been studied in great detail. Thus, this study attempts to provide a comparison of two reclamation methods, FRA low-compaction method used in the Appalachian region with that of conventional scraper-pan (scraper) methods in the GCP. This study used the FRA with common silvicultural practices of the western Gulf. The two hectare study site was installed with a randomized complete block design with three replicates comparing conventional scraper reclamation used in the region with that of an unmined control and the FRA-style low compaction treatment. Following soil reclamation, containerized loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings of a western Gulf provenance were hand-planted. Soil chemical and physical parameters were assessed on each treatment to determine the effect the FRA and scraper method had on resulting tree seedling growth and survival. After three growing seasons, seedlings in the FRA plots had significantly greater tree volumes than both the scraper (p = 0.0139) and the control (p = 0.0247) treatments. The FRA plots also had a 97% survival rate, while scraper plots had a survival of 86%. The FRA plots had significantly lower soil bulk densities than scraper (p = 0.0353) and control (p < 0.0001) plots which likely influenced growth and survival trends. Soil nutrients were increasingly available on the FRA and scraper plots, likely due to mixing of the soil profile when compared to the unmined control. Leaf-level water potential and gas exchange were not correlated to growth and survival and did not differ among treatments. These results suggest reclamation practices modeled after FRA methods may benefit tree growth and survival in the Western Gulf.
A meta-analysis on environmental drivers of marine phytoplankton C : N : P

Abstract. The elemental stoichiometry of marine phytoplankton plays a critical role in global biogeochemical cycles through its impact on nutrient cycling, secondary production, and carbon export. Although extensive laboratory experiments have been carried out over the years to assess the influence of different environmental drivers on the elemental composition of phytoplankton, a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the processes is still lacking. Here, we synthesized the responses of P:C and N:C ratios of marine phytoplankton to five major drivers (inorganic phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen, inorganic iron, irradiance, and temperature) by a meta-analysis of experimental data across 366 experiments from 104 journal articles. Our results show that the response of these ratios to changes in macronutrients is consistent across all the studies, where the increase in nutrient availability is positively related to changes in P:C and N:C ratios. We found that eukaryotic phytoplankton are more sensitive to the changes in macronutrients compared to prokaryotes, possibly due to their larger cell size and their abilities to regulate their gene expression patterns quickly. The effect of irradiance was significant and constant across all studies, where an increase in irradiance decreased both P:C and N:C. The P:C ratio decreased significantly with warming, but the response to temperature changes was mixed depending on the culture growth mode and the growth phase at the time of harvest. Along with other oceanographic conditions of the subtropical gyres (e.g., low macronutrient availability), the elevated temperature may explain why P:C is consistently low in subtropical oceans. Iron addition did not systematically change either P:C or N:C. Overall, our findings highlight the high stoichiometric plasticity of eukaryotes and the importance of macronutrients in determining P:C and N:C ratios, which both provide us insights on how to understand and model plankton diversity and productivity.
PENGARUH FAKTOR INDIVIDUAL DAN FAKTOR SITUASIONAL TERHADAP NIAT MELAKUKAN WHISTLEBLOWING

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh faktor individual dan faktor situasional terhadap niat melakukan whistleblowing di lingkungan Polda DIY. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga variabel sesuai dengan theory of planned behavior sebagai faktor individual yaitu sikap terhadap perilaku, norma subjektif, dan kontrol perilaku persepsian. Sedangkan faktor situasional menggunakan variabel keseriusan kesalahan, biaya pelaporan pribadi, dan status pelaku. Penelitian ini menggunakan populasi yaitu seluruh staf keuangan Polda DIY sebagai responden. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 84 orang dan teknik pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Metode analisis data menggunakan regresi berganda dengan bantuan software statistik SPSS versi 17. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel norma subjektif dan biaya pelaporan pribadi berpengaruh positif terhadap niat melakukan whistleblowing. Sedangkan variabel sikap terhadap perilaku, kontrol perilaku persepsian, keseriusan kesalahan, dan status pelaku kejahatan tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap niat melakukan whistleblowing. The purpose of this research is to test the influence of individual and situational factors to the intention of doing whistleblowing in Yogyakarta Regional Police Department. This research uses three variables according to the theory of planned behavior as an individual factor: the attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Meanwhile, the situational factor uses seriousness of wrongdoing variable, personal cost of reporting, and the status of the wrongdoer. The population used in this research is every financial staff of Yogyakarta Regional Police Department as respondents. The number of respondents in this study is 84 people and the data collecting technique is by questionnaire. The data analysis method is by multiple regressions with the help of statistical software SPSS version 17. The result of this study indicates that the variable of subjective norms and personal cost of reporting is positively influenced the intention of whistleblowing activity. While attitude toward the behavior variable, perceived behavioral control, the seriousness of wrongdoing, and the status of the wrongdoer doesnâ��t positively influence the intention of doing whistleblowing.
“Microplastics”

Microplastics are plastics with smaller than 5mm particle size and they originate from sequential degradation of larger plastic molecules or are manufactured, and they have found use in many realms of life. Their gradual degradability and ingestion by aquatic organisms have become an environmental concern. Microplastics are regarded as a “tiny problem” requiring massive attention. Occurrences of microplastics have been detected in almost all environment matrices. Although several committees have taken steps towards handling the menace, most of the regulations' guidelines refer to “all wastes” in general, leaving many loopholes. This chapter views microplastics, occurrences, detection, and existing policies. The roles of industry and individuals in preserving the ecosystems are deliberated. In summary, emphasis on the bottom-up strategy to curb the escalating amount of plastics waste in our environment is sought and adoption of the “avoid the avoidable” attitude for a more holistic approach in tackling the severity of the impending threat.
Synthesizing EarthScope data to constrain the thermal evolution of the continental U.S. lithosphere

In this work, we compile several seismic velocity models publicly available from the Incorporated Research Institute for Seismology (IRIS) Earth Model Collaboration (EMC) and compare subcrustal mantle velocities in the models to each other and to the timing of tectonism across the continent. This work allows us to assess the relationship between the time elapsed since the most recent thermotectonic event and uppermost mantle temperatures. We apply mineral- and physics-based models of velocity-temperature relationships to calculate upper-mantle temperatures in order to determine cooling rates for the lower-crust and uppermost mantle following thermotectonic activity. Results show that most of the cooling occurs in the ∼300–500 million years following orogeny. This work summarizes current estimates of upper-mantle shear velocities and provides insights on the thermal stabilization of continental lithosphere through time.
Estimation of Crop Water Requirement (CWR) of Major Vegetable Crops of Selected Agro-climatic Zones of Madhya Pradesh

The term crop water requirement is defined as “amount of water required to the crop from its planting date to harvesting date”. It also refers to the amount of water required to compensate the evapo-transpiration loss from cropped field. It depends on crop type, stage of growth and evaporation demand. The rapidly depleting water resources and agroenvironmental health threaten the sustenance of existing levels of agricultural production, and call for efficient use of water over space and time (Kumari et al., 2013). Hence estimation of CWR of various crops is necessary which will help in planning an accurate irrigation system to save best possible amount of available water. Accurate International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 10 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
The simulated N deposition accelerates net N mineralization and nitrification in a tropical forest soil

Abstract. Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition affects soil N transformations in the N-rich soil of tropical forests. However, the change in soil functional microorganisms responsible for soil N cycling remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the variation in soil inorganic N content, net N mineralization (Rm), net nitrification (Rn), inorganic N leaching (Rl), N2O efflux and N-related functional gene abundance in a tropical forest soil over a 2-year period with four levels of N addition. The responses of soil net N transformations (in situ Rm and Rn) and Rl to N additions were negligible during the first year of N inputs. The Rm, Rn, and Rl increased with the medium nitrogen (MN) and high nitrogen (HN) treatments relative to the control treatments in the second year of N additions. Furthermore, the Rm, Rn, and Rl were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The Rm and Rn were mainly associated with the N addition-induced lower C:N ratio in the dry season but with higher microbial biomass in the wet season. Throughout the study period, high N additions increased the annual N2O emissions by 78 %. Overall, N additions significantly facilitated Rm, Rn, Rl and N2O emission. In addition, the MN and HN treatments increased the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) abundance by 17.3 % and 7.5 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the HN addition significantly increased the abundance of nirK denitrifiers but significantly decreased the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nosZ-containing N2O reducers. To some extent, the variation in functional gene abundance was related to the corresponding N-transformation processes. Partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) indicated that inorganic N contents had significantly negative direct effects on the abundances of N-related functional genes in the wet season, implying that chronic N deposition would have a negative effect on the N-cycling-related microbes and the function of N transformation. Our results provide evidence that elevated N deposition may impose consistent stimulatory effects on soil N-transformation rates but differentiated impacts on related microbial functional genes. Long-term experimentation or observations are needed to decipher the interrelations between the rate of soil N-transformation processes and the abundance or expression of related functional genes.
Response to referee #2

We thank the anonymous referee for the constructive comments that helped to improve the paper. All further questions/comments are answered/annotated in the following, the manuscript is changed accordingly. (Referee comments are emphasized in italics.) 5 This paper contains some interesting analyses regarding transport dynamics associated with the Asian summer monsoon that could potentially be important scientific contributions and worthy of publication in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. However, as it stands, the paper has severe weaknesses that make it unpublishable in its current form. The most glaring problems are that it is poorly organized, lacks focus, and the logic of their analysis is often lost in descriptive details that are not relevant to the main points of the paper. An example of the lack of focus concerns Sec. 4 that discusses the ’assessment’ 10 of atmospheric models from CCMVal to reproduce temperature, water vapor and ozone distributions. This section is awash with details and confusing analysis that neither produces a finding significant enough to state in the abstract nor one that is (apparently) used in subsequent analysis.
River Flood Hazard Modeling: Forecasting Flood Hazard for Disaster Risk Reduction Planning

The objective of the study is to create a flood hazard model of Tarlac River and to calibrate the model based on data gathered from the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. The study employed analytical method wherein the 1D flood modeling was utilized. GIS, DEM data, rainfall data, river analysis system, HEC-GeoRAS, hydrologic modeling system, and HEC-GeoHMS were utilized. The different flood models revealed that Tarlac River is not expected to be overtopped by flood water as regards the different extreme rainfall events considered in the present study. The RAS model simulation was based on the concept that there is no base flow observed within the river reach before the occurrence of any extreme rainfall event. Henceforth, there is still no 100 percent assurance that the river reach will not be overtopped with the occurrence of initial base flow in combination with the occurrence of higher extreme rainfall events. Further studies or investigations should be delved into such combination of events. Possible levee breach of the Tarlac River as well as the possible incorporation of flood mitigating interventions in future modeling scenarios can be likewise considered.