Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Better Set of Object-Oriented Design Metrics for Within-Project Defect Prediction

Background: Using design metrics to predict fault-prone elements of a software design can help to focus attention on classes that need redesign and more extensive testing. However, some design metrics have been pointed out to be theoretically invalid, and the usefulness of some metrics is questioned. Aim: To identify a set of object-oriented metrics that are theoretically valid, and useful for identifying fault-prone classes in a design. Method: Drawing on four well-known sets of design metrics (CK, LK, MOOD and QMOOD), we propose a consolidated set of metrics that covers many aspects of object-oriented software design. We conduct two experiments, first using a single large system and then considering successive releases of that system, to compare the usefulness of the consolidated set with the other four sets for within-project prediction of fault-prone classes. Results: Both experiments suggest the consolidated set is effective at identifying fault-prone classes, outperforming the other metric sets (though at a cost of more false alarms). Conclusion: This paper adds to knowledge about the usefulness of existing sets of design metrics for within-project defect prediction, and identifies a consolidated set of metrics that is more effective than the existing sets at identifying fault-prone classes.
No Effect of Social Competition on Sham Dustbathing in Furnished Cages for Laying Hens

Furnished cages equipped with a nest, a perch and a dustbath have been developed in response to the demand for improved hen welfare in combination with retained profit in egg production. However, the desired welfare improvement requires that the resources are provided in such a way that the hens can use them. Sham dustbathing behaviour on the wire floor is common in furnished cages despite the presence of a dustbath with litter and we tested the hypothesis that such sham dustbathing may be a result of social competition for limited dustbathing space. No support for this hypothesis was found since very little sham dustbathing took place when the dustbath was occupied by another hen. The findings are discussed in the light of previous research on the effect of early experience.
Indicators of Website Features in the User Experience of E-Tourism Search and Metasearch Engines

The continuous growth of e-commerce, combined with new trends in the tourism sector, creates an imperative to conduct analyses and establish suitable models for improving the experience of users who seek tourism products online, using search and metasearch engines. However, few studies analyze web design variables and their impacts on the user experience. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the influence of content, usability, functionality, and branding for determining user experiences with search engines and metasearch engines dedicated to tourism. The methodology used in this research followed a mixed approach to fulfill the proposed dual perspective, that is, to collect data from websites and evaluate the user experience. To determine the variables to be modeled, the authors use a General Additive Model. Main results reveal two determinant factors that enhance the user experience: usability and branding. With this foundation, this study proposes basic premises of the digital strategy that tourism platforms should follow. As implications for the tourism sector, suggest that e-commerce search and metasearch engines in the tourism industry should devote substantial efforts to implementing interactivity, memorability, personalization, privacy, and security.
Investigating the Correlation between Performance Scores and Energy Consumption of Mobile Web Apps

Context. Developers have access to tools like Google Lighthouse to assess the performance of web apps and to guide the adoption of development best practices. However, when it comes to energy consumption of mobile web apps, these tools seem to be lacking. Goal. This study investigates on the correlation between the performance scores produced by Lighthouse and the energy consumption of mobile web apps. Method. We design and conduct an empirical experiment where 21 real mobile web apps are (i) analyzed via the Lighthouse performance analysis tool and (ii) measured on an Android device running a software-based energy profiler. Then, we statistically assess how energy consumption correlates with the obtained performance scores and carry out an effect size estimation. Results. We discover a statistically significant negative correlation between performance scores and the energy consumption of mobile web apps (with medium to large effect sizes), implying that an increase of the performance score tend to lead to a decrease of energy consumption. Conclusions. We recommend developers to strive to improve the performance level of their mobile web apps, as this can also have a positive impact on their energy consumption on Android devices.
Book Reviews

This title joins the now extensive ‘Work and Opportunity Series’ produced by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation and is, presumably, subject to editorial constraints imposed by the Series format. For the reader, such editorial constraints are most likely to be felt when the format stands in the way of comprehensive analysis, a weakness that is, at times, dif cult to ignore, but will no doubt be remedied by supplementary academic publication. The Report seeks to ‘analyse disabled people’s past and present participation in the economic dimensions of social inclusion, to provide evidence for debate on the future of disability policy in Britain. ’ A laudable, but demanding goal in the 79 pages available. Data has been obtained from ‘large-scale, nationally representative datasets’ and the quantitative nature of the study is everywhere present. Evidence is presented in  ve chapters, addressing: employment, movements into and out of work, changes in the bene t system, income and,  nally, social and political participation. The Report makes generally sober reading: the earnings gap between disabled and non-disabled workers has grown substantially since 1985. Whilst employment rates amongst disabled women are shown to have improved by 10% between 1984 and 1996, rates for disabled men have remained static or have fallen slightly. A third of disabled people who enter work are out of work again within a year, 60% of disabled adults in families with children have an income less than half the general population mean and recent welfare reform has blurred the traditional deserving/undeserving poor dichotomy, such that the disabled population has been ‘partitioned’. In seeking to review Enduring Economic Exclusion, I eventually realised that I was actually reviewing two entirely different things: Rowntree’s ‘Work and Opportunity Series’ and the results of a study by Tania Burchardt. Once this distinction is acknowledged, it is easier to do justice to the series and the author. The simple fact of the matter is that the tight constraints of the Series frustrated me precisely because Burchardt’s analysis deserves more space. Equally, there is no doubt that Rowntree have got the format right: strong evidence with a soundbite-friendly
Estimation of faecal output, digestibility, and intake using a controlled release capsule of alkanes in early and late lactation dairy cows fed two levels of concentrate

Thirty-two dairy cows (663 ± 70; kg of BW ± SD) were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the controlled release alkane capsule (CRC; C32 and C36) to estimate digestibility and dry matter (DM) intake in early and late lactation for diets based on low (LC, 30%) or high (HC, 60%) proportions of concentrate. Cows were dosed orally with a CRC into the rumen and digestibility was measured by total collection and estimated from the ratios of alkanes in the diet and faeces. Recoveries of endogenous (C31 and C33) and exogenous (C32 and C36) alkanes were higher and lower, respectively, for LC compared with HC. The effects of diet and the interaction between diet and lactation stage were well estimated (P < 0.05) when measured released rates of C32 and C36 were used to estimate DM digestibility although estimation with both alkanes indicated an effect of lactation stage, which was not observed when using data of measured DM digestibility. The faecal ratio of C31/C32 or C33/C32 showed .
Is Exceptional Behavior Testing an Exception?: An Empirical Assessment Using Java Automated Tests

Software testing is a crucial activity to check the internal quality of a software. During testing, developers often create tests for the normal behavior of a particular functionality (e.g., was this file properly uploaded to the cloud? ). However, little is known whether developers also create tests for the exceptional behavior (e.g., what happens if the network fails during the file upload? ). To minimize this knowledge gap, in this paper we design and perform a mixed-method study to understand how 417 open source Java projects are testing the exceptional behavior using the JUnit and TestNG frameworks, and the AssertJ library. We found that 254 (60.91%) projects have at least one test method dedicated to test the exceptional behavior. We also found that the number of test methods for exceptional behavior with respect to the total number of test methods lies between 0% and 10% in 317 (76.02%) projects. Also, 239 (57.31%) projects test only up to 10% of the used exceptions in the System Under Test (SUT). When it comes to mobile apps, we found that, in general, developers pay less attention to exceptional behavior tests when compared to desktop/server and multi-platform developers. In general, we found more test methods covering custom exceptions (the ones created in the own project) when compared to standard exceptions available in the Java Development Kit (JDK) or in third-party libraries. To triangulate the results, we conduct a survey with 66 developers from the projects we study. In general, the survey results confirm our findings. In particular, the majority of the respondents agrees that developers often neglect exceptional behavior tests. As implications, our numbers might be important to alert developers that more effort should be placed on creating tests for the exceptional behavior.
Learning Bi-directional Social Influence in Information Cascades using Graph Sequence Attention Networks

The online information cascades have spatial and temporal characteristics. Retweets in cascades have bi-directional social influence and temporal delay, e.g., a hub node influenced by a root node will further increase the exposure of information, enhance the influence of the root node, and cause subsequent retweets after a certain time. Existing deep learning approaches mostly consider only the decay effects of social influence, ignoring the bi-directional dependency and delay effects between graphs at different moments. Therefore, a novel method is presented here, namely the Graph Sequence Attention Networks (GSAN) , which addresses the bi-directional attention mechanism to learn temporal dynamics of social influence, as well as the cascading structure. A graph transformer block is designed to learn the complicated dependencies of spatial and temporal features in cascades. The proposed method could achieve state-of-the-art performance and large improvements in popularity prediction compared to strong baselines in real-world datasets.
Improved Advertisement Targeting via Fine-grained Location Prediction using Twitter

With the growing demand for social network service advertisements, more accurate targeting methods are required. Therefore, the authors of this study try to predict the location of Twitter users in a more fine-grained manner with regard to area marketing. Specifically, the visit probability to each segment (e.g., prefecture and city) is predicted by a label propagation algorithm, and the user’s location information is obtained from a geo-tagged tweet and an user profile as a label. The proposed method predicts which Twitter users may visit the corresponding area with improved granularity, to the level of an oaza or a block. As a verification experiment, we construct a system that outputs a list of users who are likely to visit the location when an oaza name is entered based on the proposed method, and we also try to predict the possibility of users visiting each segment. The results show that the average accuracy is 73% at the prefecture level, 42% at the city level, and 25% at the oaza level. In addition, the prediction accuracy in Tokyo alone is 31% at the oaza level. These results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Eosinophil Peroxidase Deficiency in Humans and Mice

Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is one of the granule proteins in the eosinophil-specific granules. EPO is considered an important effector molecule in the host defense mechanisms against various parasite infections and also contributes to the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. However, the detailed function of EPO in these immune-mediated inflammatory responses has not been fully understood. EPO deficiency has been reported for the first time in humans. Recently, we have found that eosinophils of New Zealand White (NZW) mice lack EPO activity. EPO-deficient mice are advantageous in performing various experiments which cannot be performed upon human subjects. Here we present a brief review on the similarities and differences between human and murine EPO deficiency. NZW mice are useful not only as a murine model of human EPO deficiency, but also as a tool for elucidating the biological role of EPO in particular diseases such as helminth infections and allergies.
Towards continues code recommendation and implementation system: An Initial Framework

In the current era, the auto and reliable recommendation system plays a significant role in human life. The code recommender systems are being used in various source code databases to recommend the most suitable source code to the user. While code recommendation, the code analysis concerning 'code quality' and 'code implementation' is important to recommend the most reliable code by considering the objective of the user. The ultimate aim of this research work is to propose a code recommendation and implementation model using the characteristics of DevOps that assist in extracting, analyzing, implementing, and updating the recommender system continuously. The current study presents an initial framework of the proposed code recommender model. The design of the model is based on the data collected through literature review and by conducting an empirical study with experts. We believe that the proposed model will assist the researchers and practitioners to recommend the most secure and suitable source code according to their requirement.
Role of Planktonic and Benthic Factors in the Population Dynamics of the Bryozoan Membranipora Membranacea

The bryozoan Membranipora membranacea possesses a long-lived planktonic larva and occurs as encrusting colonies in the Macrocystis pyrifera kelp canopies of southern California. Seasonally Membranipora populations varied from >1000 to less than one colony per kelp blade in late winter and late summer, respectively. Populations often varied by more than an order of mag- nitude in 2 wk. Several planktonic and benthic factors play important roles in the population dynamics of Mem- branipora. Upwelling conditions and the presence of two nudibranch predators accounted for 55% of the variability in larval abundance relative to adult population size. In turn, low recruitment rates relative to larval abundance corresponded with periods of high surface temperatures. The combined effect of larval abundance and surface temperature accounted for 79% of the variability in recruitment. Although a field transplant experiment demonstrated that predation plays a major role in the survival of colonies, recruitment was a major factor underlying population fluctuations and accounted for 75% of the variability in reproduction as indexed by the production of zooids by Membranipora colonies. A 12-fold density-dependent effect on reproduction attributable to space limination and to the density- dependent component of predation was observed over the 1000-fold range in recruitment resulting from density-independent factors. A population model based on field-derived relationships accounted for 64% of the observed vari- ability in colony density. Temperature, as it affects recruitment, was the major factor controlling the seasonal fluctuations in Membranipora populations. Over longer, multiseasonal time scales the small density-dependent effect was capable of maintaining model populations within the range of values observed in the field and therefore was sufficient to regulate Membranipora populations. The results of this study emphasize the importance of small density-dependent effects in the regulation of single-species populations.
THE MYTH OF THE REPLACEMENT CHILD: PARENTS' STORIES AND PRACTICES AFTER PERINATAL DEATH

Parents bereaved by perinatal death adapt to their losses in different ways. When bereaved parents give birth to a child or children subsequent to a perinatal death, their constructions of the family necessarily change. The subsequent child is thought to be at risk of psychopathology (the replacement child syndrome) if parents have not sufficiently grieved their losses. This qualitative interview study examines the family stories told by bereaved parents, with particular attention to how parents represent the dead child and subsequent children in the current family structure. We categorized parents' stories as those which suggested that parents replaced the loss by an emphasis on parenting subsequent children, or maintained a connection to the dead child through storytelling and ritual behavior. The two ways in which parents maintained the connection were to preserve the space in the family that the dead child would have inhabited, or to create an on-going relationship with the dead child for themselves and their subsequent children. There seem to be multiple paths to parenting through bereavement. The place of rituals and memorial behavior is also examined.
Domain-specific Noisy Query Correction using Linguistic Network Community Detection

Noisy queries pose an important challenge for retrieving relevant search results. The importance for query correction increases with increasing use of hand-held devices and technologies such as SMS, tweets to search and access information. The task is further complicated for domain-specific search engines as the amount of query logs may be significantly smaller than general purpose search engines. In this paper, we propose to use the community detection technique from social network analysis for spelling correction of a set of noisy queries such as SMS messages. We focus on the task of identifying relevant questions from a set of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for different domains for a set of incoming noisy queries. Experimental validation shows that the proposed CD-Speller method performs significantly better than Hunspell, the popular and industry-strength spelling correction tool.
Selective Deletion of the Hnf1 (MODY5) Gene in -Cells Leads to Altered Gene Expression and Defective Insulin Release

Pediatric Endocrine Unit (L.W., G.E., T.M., L.L.L., D.B.R.), MassGeneral Hospital for Children, and Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (M.K.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; and Unité Expression Génétique et Maladies (C.C., L.G., M.Y.), Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1644, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
Structures Paper: Isolation Story Structure of Umeda Tower, Osaka, Japan

The Umeda DT Tower is a super high-rise office building extending 130 m above ground. The construction of the building commenced in 1991, was interrupted in 1993 after installation of the underground columns, piles, 1st floor, and a part of B1 and B2 floors. Subsquently, the building use and plans were reviewed and the working drawing phase started in 1999. Finally, in November 2000, the construction work recommenced and the building was completed in January 2003.
Discussion

rrf'lO DATE, the two fields of industrial quality con11 trol and monitoring in health care have largely existed as separate entities, although several methods developed in the latter are adaptations of standard tools in the former. Now that enough groundwork has been established in the younger of the two fields, formal considerations about similarities and differences between them can be made to hopefully inform and allow strength to be borrowed in both directions.
Intrasexual selection and phylogenetic constraints in the evolution of sexual canine dimorphism in strepsirhine primates

The goals of this study were to analyze the origin and function of sex differences in the size of canine teeth among Malagasy lemurs and other strepsirhine primates. These analyses allowed me to illuminate interactions between different mechanisms of sexual selection and to elucidate constraints on this sexually‐selected trait. In contrast to central predictions of sexual selection theory, polygynous lemurs lack both sexual dimorphism in body size and male social dominance, but the degree of sexual dimorphism in the size of their canines is not known. A comparison of male and female canine size in 31 species of lemurs and lorises revealed significant male‐biased canine dimorphism in only 6 of 13 polygynous lemur species. This result is in contrast to predictions of a hypothesis that would explain the lack of size dimorphism in lemurs as a result of high viability costs because canine teeth presumably have low maintenance costs and because they are used as weapons in male‐male combat. Moreover, because females had significantly larger maxillary canines than males in only one lemur species, female dominance is not generally based on female physical superiority and selective forces favoring female dominance do not constrain sexual canine dimorphism in the sense of a pleiotropic effect. Contrary to predictions of sexual selection theory, species differences in canine dimorphism across strepsirhines were neither associated with differences in mating system, nor with the potential frequency of aggression. Variation in canine dimorphism was also unrelated to differences in body size, but there were significant differences among families, pointing to strong phylogenetic constraints. This study demonstrated that polygynous lemurs are at most subject to weak intrasexual selection on dental traits used in male combat and that traits thought to be under intense sexual selection are strongly influenced by phylogenetic factors.
A Convolutional Approach for Estimating Popularity of New Branch Stores

Thousands of shops are opened and closed down constantly every day. Determining the location of a new branch store is a critical issue for retail business. Making decisions for locations of new stores has been widely studied in many fields considering cost saving and profits. In this study, we propose the “Grid-liked Graph” (GLG), a graph-based approach for spatial data division to model the spatial distribution of urban features. Based on the proposed GLG, four footprint features are extracted from location-based social network data and treated as image features. Convolution Neural Network (CNN)-based models including LeNet and AlexNet are then adopted to infer the popularity of each candidate store for optimizing location selection. According to our experimental results on two kinds of retail stores, the proposed methods can increase usage of data, and can also perform well for datasets with fewer features compared with previous studies.