Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The higher educational trajectories of undocumented youth in New York City

ABSTRACT Despite growth in the number of Latino students enrolled in U.S. colleges, foreign-born Latinos are less likely than both native-born Latinos and other immigrant groups to graduate. However, it is difficult to understand the lower educational attainment of Latino immigrants without considering variation in enrolment by legal status. Until recently, undocumented immigrants have been blocked from higher education in the United States. Drawing upon the education and immigrant illegality literature, as well as longitudinal administrative data on 35,400 college students, we examine the association between students’ legal status and their educational achievement, or GPA – an important predictor of educational attainment. We find that, despite high achievement in high school and upon first enrolling in college, undocumented students do not experience upward achievement over time, otherwise known in the education literature as educational progression. Rather, their growth is flat, and their level of achievement declines slightly, what we call an educational regression, relative to their documented and foreign-born citizen Latino peers. We identify several individual- and structural-level factors that help explain the pattern and timing of undocumented student regression. The results have implications for studies of immigrant inequality, immigrant incorporation, and immigration law in the U.S. and globally.
The demography and physiology of Melomys sp. (Rodentia: Muridae) in the Mitchell Plateau area, Kimberley, Western Australia

Populations of a mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys sp.) were studied for one year in vine-thicket and mangrove habitats in the Mitchell Plateau area of the tropical Kimberley district of Western Australia. Demographic and physiological (haematological values, androgens, corticosteroids and their binding proteins) parameters were measured together with parasite prevalence and electrophoretic protein variation. Seasonal variation occurred in most parameters measured. Higher values were found in the vine-thicket for number of sympatric mammal species, growth rate of immatures and androgens. Higher values were found in the mangroves for population density, survival, size at sexual maturity, body weight, home range overlap, albumins, total and free-corticosteroids and parasite prevalence. The phenotypic frequencies of two protein polymorphisms (albumin and 6–phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) differed between sites, while a third (adenosine deaminase) showed no between-site differences; these suggest differential selection between the adjacent habitats which are separated by 10 km. The overall physiological response of Melomys was more entrained to seasonal variation in the vine-thicket than in the mangroves, which is in accord with the relative variation in the vegetation and temperature in the two areas. It is hypothesized that the greater population density in the mangroves results in behavioural feedback through the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. This results in increased stress (higher free-corticosteroid levels) which slows the growth rate and the onset of sexual maturity. The study is the first to indicate that such a mechanism, commonly proposed for temperate small mammals, may operate in tropical areas.
The oxidation of cysteine, glutathione and thioglycollate by iodate, bromate, persulphate and air

The oxidation of cysteine, glutathione and thioglycollate by bromate, iodate, persulphate and air has been studied at 28° and at near-neutral pH values. The oxidations have been followed by a combination of methods—by reaction with p-chloromercuribenzoate (spectrophotometric), methylmercuric iodide (polarographic) and, in the case of cysteine, chromatographically and manometrically. The oxidation is rapid by iodate, slow with bromate and persulphate and slower still with air. The major product in the case of cysteine is the disulphide cystine, but up to 10% of the higher oxidation products, cysteinesulphinic and cysteinesulphonic acids, are formed. The oxidation of thiol groups is discussed in relationship with the action of the improvers used in the bread industry.
Variation of the perception of the landscape resource in Southern Chile

El paisaje es el escenario de la actividad humana, por lo que cualquier accion artificial repercute inmediatamente en los factores perceptuales. Diversos autores defienden la idea de universalidad de las preferencias esteticas, lo que es refutado por quienes consideran determinantes los aspectos culturales e idiosincraticos a la hora de apreciar paisajes. Pareciera que una posicion intermedia es, por ahora, la mas atractiva. El objetivo de esta investigacion es establecer la variabilidad derivada del evaluador y proponer tecnicas que controlen, lo mas posible, esta fuente de variacion. Hemos seleccionado tres paneles, uno caracterizado como exigentes en la evaluacion de paisaje, el segundo como transformadores y un tercero como control. De trabajos sincronicos se evaluaron 144 paisajes, principalmente con bosque nativo, actividades ganaderas, agricolas y silvicolas y ambientes lacustres. Se aplico una encuesta cuya informacion fue dispuesta en arreglos matriciales de acuerdo a la naturaleza de los analisis que de ella se hicieron. Las tecnicas estadisticas consideraron recursos descriptivos, tanto graficos como numericos y tecnicas de analisis multivariado, particularmente analisis en componentes principales. Se establecio la variabilidad intragrupo de los observadores, detectandose diferencias significativas en algunos subgrupos que lo componen. Respecto a la variabilidad intergrupo de los observadores, se constato una alta coherencia interna en los tres grupos, la que varia segun las macrounidades de paisaje. Se recomiendan criterios para la constitucion de un panel que disminuya la subjetividad para evaluar paisaje del sur de Chile
Induction of Early Spawning of Channel Catfish in Heated Earthen Ponds

Abstract The spawning of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in earthen ponds is limited to the spring and early summer (late April through June) in North America, when water temperatures range from 24°C to 30°C. Temperature appears to be the primary factor that influences the timing of spawning in channel catfish. The heating of ponds will allow the spawning season to begin early. During the late winter and spring (February to early May) of 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2001, 0.03-ha earthen ponds containing male and female channel catfish broodstock (1.3–4.1 kg, 440–680 mm total length) were heated at about 2°C/d by adding geothermally heated water (36°C) and then maintained within the range of 24–30°C. Four spawning containers were added to each pond and checked for eggs at 3-d intervals. Eggs were removed and evaluated for fertilization percentage. Over the 4 years, spawning in heated ponds occurred from 20 to 62 d in advance of spawning in unheated (control) ponds, and the period of egg production possible w.
The Jet-Disk Coupling of Seyfert Galaxies from a Complete Hard X-ray Sample

We analyze the jet-disk coupling for different subsamples from a complete hard X-ray Seyfert sample to study the coupling indices and their relation to accretion rate. The results are: (1) the power-law coupling index ranges from nearly unity (linear correlation) for radio loud Seyferts to significantly less than unity for radio quiet ones. This decline trend of coupling index also holds from larger sources to compact ones; (2) the Seyferts with intermediate to high accretion rate (Eddington ratio λ ∼ 0.001 to 0.3) show a linear jet-disk coupling, but it shallows from near to super Eddington ( λ ∼ 0.3 to 10), and the former is more radio loud than the latter; (3) the Seyfert 1s are slightly steeper than the Seyfert 2s, in the jet-disk correlation. In the linear coupling regime, the ratio of jet efficiency to radiative efficiency ( η / ε ) is nearly invariant, but in low accretion or super accretion regime, η / ε varies with λ in our model. We note that a radio-active cycle of accretion-dominated active galactic nuclei would be: from a weaker jet-disk coupling in λ < 0 . 001 for low luminosity Seyferts, to a linear coupling in 0 . 001 < λ < 0 . 3 for radio-loud luminous Seyferts and powerful radio galaxies/quasars, and to a weaker coupling in 0 . 3 < λ < 10 ones.
Monitoring Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Counts by a Multi-Process Kalman Filter

Abstract High amounts of somatic cells in bulk tank milk from dairy herds indicate poor milk quality and low health status. Bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC) are therefore regularly used to encourage good milk quality through price penalties and to detect mastitis problems in the dairy herd. The use of BTSCC for monitoring is complicated by variation and outliers in the data that may mask the changes that should be detected. The Kalman filter, a recursive algorithm for making short-term predictions, is suggested to reduce the noise in BTSCC data. A multi-process Kalman filter with three components applying to (1) normal variation in the data, (2) outliers and (3) abrupt changes in the level of the data is described with updating equations and an example. Retrospective smoothing of the data is also described. A graphical presentation with the smoothed level of historical BTSCC data and forecasted future BTSCC values, both with confidence intervals, is suggested for monitoring purposes.
The Flexible Global Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land System Model Grid‐Point Version 3 (FGOALS‐g3): Description and Evaluation

This paper introduces the Flexible Global Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land System Model: Grid‐Point Version 3 (FGOALS‐g3) and evaluates its basic performance based on some of its participation in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiments. Our results show that many significant improvements have been achieved by FGOALS‐g3 in terms of climatological mean states, variabilities, and long‐term trends. For example, FGOALS‐g3 has a small (−0.015°C/100 yr) climate drift in 700‐yr preindustrial control (piControl) runs and smaller biases in climatological mean variables, such as the land/sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and seasonal soil moisture cycle, compared with its previous version FGOALS‐g2 during the historical period. The characteristics of climate variabilities, for example, Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) eastward/westward propagation ratios, spatial patterns of interannual variability of tropical SST anomalies, and relationship between the East Asian Summer Monsoon and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are well captured by FGOALS‐g3. In particular, the cooling trend of globally averaged surface temperature during 1940–1970, which is a challenge for most CMIP3 and CMIP5 models, is well reproduced by FGOALS‐g3 in historical runs. In addition to the external forcing factors recommended by CMIP6, anthropogenic groundwater forcing from 1965 to 2014 was incorporated into the FGOALS‐g3 historical runs.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Cattle Dung and Nutrient Cycling in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems

Residue decomposition from cattle dung is crucial in the nutrient cycling process in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems (ICLS). It also involves the impact of the presence of trees exerted on excreta distribution, as well as nutrient cycling. The objectives of this research included (i) mapping the distribution of cattle dung in two ICLS, i.e., with and without trees, CLT and CL, respectively, and (ii) quantification of dry matter decomposition and nutrient release (nitrogen—N, phosphorus—P, potassium—K, and sulphur—S) from cattle dung in both systems. The cattle dung excluded boxes were set out from July 2018 to October 2018 (pasture phase), and retrieved after 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 84 days (during the grazing period). The initial concentrations of N (~19 g kg−1), P (~9 g kg−1), K (~16 g kg−1), and S (~8 g kg−1) in the cattle dung showed no differences. The total N, P, K and S released from the cattle dung residues were less in the CLT system (2.2 kg ha−1 of N; 0.7 kg ha−1 of P; 2.2 kg ha−1 of K and 0.6 kg ha−1 of S), compared to the CL (4.2 kg ha−1 of N; 1.4 kg ha−1 of P; 3.6 kg ha−1 of K and 1.1 kg ha−1 of S). Lesser quantities of cattle dung were observed in the CLT (1810) compared to the CL (2652), caused by the lower stocking rate, on average, in this system (721 in the CL vs. 393 kg ha−1 in the CLT) because of the reduced amount of pasture in the CLT systems (−41%), probably due to light reduction (−42%). The density of the excreta was determined using the Thiessen polygon area. The CL system revealed a higher concentration of faeces at locations near the water points, gate and fences. The CLT affects the spatial distribution of the dung, causing uniformity. Therefore, these results strengthen the need to understand the nutrient release patterns from cattle dung to progress fertilisation management.
Aspects of free radical oxidation in the large bowel in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Research into the accumulation patterns of protein oxidative modification (POM) products and lipids in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) could have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis and improving the diagnosis and therapy for these diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the aspects of free radical oxidation (FRO) in the large bowel and their possible correlations with clinical symptoms of UC and CD. In the Wistar rat model used in the experiment, CD was induced with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, and UC was induced with oxazolone. Clinical status was assessed using the Disease activity index (DAI). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) products were measured in the heptane and isopropanol phases of the intestinal mucosa extract. POM products were measured following spontaneous and stimulated oxidation. The DAI ( Me (Q25–Q75)) was increased in both CD and UC on days 3 and 7 of the experiment: for CD, it was equally increased on days 3 and 7 (7 (3-7)) and was 11 (11–11) and 11 (9–11) for UC on days 3 and 7, respectively. The amount of primary, secondary and end LPO products in the heptane and isopropanol phases, as well as the total amount of POM products, was increased in the homogenized mucosa of the large bowel. In the CD group, the relative content of secondary basic POM products was increased on day 7 of the experiment. The following patterns of FRO were revealed: accumulation of LPO products in the UC group and accumulation of POM products in the CD group; UC is characterized by the accumulation of mostly LPO products in the heptane phase and secondary LPO products in the isopropanol phase; CD is characterized by the accumulation of secondary basic POM products. DAI scores were correlated with the amount of LPO products in the isopropanol phase and the amount of POM products in the spontaneous oxidation mode. The highest number of strong correlations was observed in the UC group. Our findings suggest a very serious contribution of FRO changes to the pathogenesis of UC and CD, meaning that LPO and POM products could be regarded as diagnostic markers and indicators of treatment efficacy.
Fine and Coarse Carbonaceous Aerosol in Houston, TX, during DISCOVER-AQ

To investigate major sources and trends of particulate pollution in Houston, total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected and analyzed. Characterization of organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon combined with realtime black carbon (BC) concentration provided insight into the temporal trends of PM2.5 and coarse PM (subtraction of PM2.5 from TSP) during the Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) Campaign in Houston in 2013. Ambient OC, EC, and BC concentrations were highest in the morning, likely due to motor vehicle exhaust emissions associated with the morning rush hour. The morning periods also had the lowest OC to EC ratios, indicative of primary combustion sources. Houston also had significant coarse EC at the downtown site, with an average (±standard deviation) PM2.5 to TSP ratio of 0.52 ± 0.18 and an average coarse EC concentration of 0.44 ± 0.24 µg·C·m−3. The coarse EC concentrations were likely associated with less efficient industrial combustion processes from industry near downtown Houston. During the last week (20–28 September, 2013), increases in OC and EC concentrations were predominantly in the fine fraction. Both PM2.5 and TSP samples from the last week were further analyzed using radiocarbon analysis. Houston’s carbonaceous aerosol was determined to be largely from contemporary sources for both size fractions; however, PM2.5 had less impact from fossil sources. There was an increasing trend in fossil carbon during a period with the highest carbonaceous aerosol concentrations (September 24 night and 25 day) that was observed in both the PM2.5 and TSP. Overall, this study provided insight into the sources and trends of both fine and coarse PM in a large urban U.S. city impacted by a combination of urban, industrial, and biogenic emissions sources.
Gillnet selectivity to roach, Rutilus rutilus, from the Szczecin Lagoon, Poland

Gillnets are used widely in the Szczecin Lagoon fishery to catch pike-perch, Sander lucioperca (L.), common bream, Abramis brama (L.), European perch, Perca fluviatilis L. , and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.). Since the latter two species are of similar size, catches of them are made with the same fishing gear, namely gillnets. The gillnet fishery is directed predominantly at perch, with roach being bycatch. Consequently, the fishery effort and regulations directed at one of these species may affect the harvest of the other. This issue has become especially important since the 1990s, when, according to the authors’ own observations, an increase in the price paid to fisherman for perch spurred a substantial increase in the gillnet fishing effort. In the Szczecin Lagoon, the roach and perch minimum landing lengths are the same (17 cm TL), and in order to prevent the harvest of undersized perch, the minimum mesh size was increased in 2003 from 28 to 30 mm bar length. Psuty-Lipska et al. (2006) found that a 30 mm minimum mesh size should protect undersized perch. However, since the body shapes of these two fish are different, it is anticipated that the selectivity of the same gear will vary with regard to the two species. Perch become entangled easily in nets due to the spines in the dorsal fins and the shape of the operculum. A bimodal curve best illustrates the perch selectivity effect (Psuty-Lipska et al. 2006). In the case of cyprinids, entanglement in nets is of far less significance. According to the Baranov classification, these fish are usually caught in two ways: gilled (held by the mesh slipping behind the opercula) and wedged (held around the body at maximum girth) (Sparre et al. 1989). Thus, the 30 mm minimum mesh size may be ineffective at protecting undersized roach, and so the aim of the current investigation was to evaluate effectiveness of this regulation it terms of its protecting undersized roach. Selectivity can be measured indirectly when comparing catches made with nets of different mesh size. Numerous models and methods have been developed to represent the selectivity of different gear and for estimating the parameters of appropriate selectivity models (e.g., Regier and Robson 1966, Hamley and Regier 1973, Holst and Moth-Poulsen 1995). Useful models estimate the parameters of pre-determined selectivity curves simultaneously across mesh size and size class from catch data ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA (2007) 37 (1): 17–23
Risk response over time: political compartmentalization of terrorism risk perception

Abstract Societal threats are a growing concern in European democracies in light of risks of terrorism. At the same time, we are witnessing a visible trend of political polarization across the countries. Therefore, there is a need to understand how risk perceptions have changed over time ideologically and demographically. This article provides a novel look into risk response over time while considering potential ideological links to the phenomenon. The analysis is based on four comparable population surveys collected between 2004 and 2017 (N = 7,775) in Finland. Findings showed that terrorism risk perception was highest in 2004 and declined during the 2010s despite multiple terrorist attacks in Western Europe. Terrorism risk perception became ideologically based in 2014 and 2017, and the decrease in terrorism was explained by the deepening of political polarization. Overall, the findings reflect the evolution of risk perception over time depending on values, attitudes and goals, here linked to political ideology. These findings help us to deepen our understanding of the significance of recent political movements and emerging parties affecting not only political systems but also the realignment of traditional parties.
Development of microsatellite markers in the noxious red tide-causing algae Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

We isolated 13 polymorphic microsatellites from the noxious red tide-causing algae, Heterosigma akashiwo. These loci provide a class of highly variable genetic markers as the number of alleles ranged from three to 12 and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.286 to 0.926 and from 0.314 to 0.888, respectively. We consider these loci potentially useful for detailing the genetic structure and gene flow among H. akashiwo populations.
Fingerprints of Anthropogenic Influences on Vegetation Change Over the Tibetan Plateau From an Ecohydrological Diagnosis

Vegetation cover exerts a strong control on land‐atmosphere interactions. To quantify the relative effects of external forcing (climate change) versus internal forcing (anthropogenic activity) on recent vegetation change over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), we apply an ecohydrological diagnostic framework, developed from earlier work. We compare vegetation change during 1986–2015 based on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data with changes in environmental conditions (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5th generation, ERA5). Results show that external forcing is the dominant factor behind significant vegetation change over the southeastern TP during 1986–2015. In the area with significant vegetation changing, 60.5%/41.5% of pixels have experienced a respective wetting/drying of climate, which in turn has supported greening/browning during 1986–2005/1996–2015. However, during the greening/browning transition in the latter period, the proportion of internal forcing on browning increased from 5.62% to 19.4%, indicating that anthropogenic factors are playing an increasingly role on impacting vegetation change in recent decades.