Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy Gap of CdS by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) has been set up at Physics Department, KMITL, in order to characterize some interesting materials. The system consists of high intensity broad spectrum light source (Xenon lamp 450 W), PA cell from MTEC model 300, UV-VIS monochromator and lock-in amplifier with chopper. The wavelength selection is usually controlled by HJY Spectrometer Control Program. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) powder was used as the sample to determine its energy gap. The energy gap of CdS from our experiment is 2.43 eV with respect to 2.42 eV from the accepted value.
Data-driven optimized vehicle-level engineering specifications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology that determines vehicle-level specifications for new-car program by balancing market environments and engineering feasibility in the early stages of the vehicle development processes using statistical analysis of historical data. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed methodology effectively captures the interplay among key factors in preliminary vehicle planning: engineering feasibility constraints, market demands, and economic conditions. Engineering design constraints, derived by statistical analysis of historical data, define the strategic feasible space. Within the defined design space, the methodology determines a set of specifications that maximize the customer utility which is built as a function of preferences on each attribute of a vehicle. Findings – The present paper develops an “extrapolation” approach using historical vehicle data, rather than attempt to model a complex system with limited information. In doing so, the propo.
(1-Oxo-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-yl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

In the title compound, C12H15O7PS, the P atom has a distorted tetrahedral environment. The P—O—C—C torsion angles deviate significantly from zero [average = 12.0 (3)°], indicating that the bicyclic OP(OCH2)3C cage is strained. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O interactions consolidate the packing.
Developmental stages in somite and post‐somite rat embryos, based on external appearance, and including some features of the macroscopic development of the oral cavity

In recent years a number of papers have been published dealing with the embryology of abnormalities induced in rats by various agents, Cheng et al. (‘57), Warkany et al. (‘58), Christie (‘61), and Monie (’61). The embryos described in these studies have usually been classified on the basis of developmental age, this having been assigned by some arbitrary system, and thus considerable variation in the stage of development reached at any one particular “age” is found in different papers, depending on the system chosen. The most common method is that described in this paper under the heading “Material and Methods,” and it can be seen that this leaves the possibility of a considerable error of timing. When one adds to this the variation within litters observed by Burlinghame and Long (’39), which may amount to six somites, it becomes clear that some system of standard developmental stages to which embryos could be assigned is required, similar to Streeter’s horizon system for human embryos, Hamburger and Hamilton’s (’51) developmental stages in chick embryos, Gruneberg’s (’43) normal staging of the mouse.
Tensile strain and magnetic particle force application do not induce MAP3K8 and IL‐1B differential gene expression in a similar manner to fluid shear stress in human mesenchymal stem cells

Mechanical forces, important in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation and gene expression, are also key in the development, remodelling and maintenance of load‐bearing tissues such as cartilage and bone. Thus, there is great interest in using in vitro mechanical conditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent adult stem cells, for tissue engineering of these tissues. In a previous gene expression study, we reported a potentially important role for mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1B) in MAPK signalling in MSCs exposed to fluid shear stress. In this follow‐up study, we examined the expression of these genes in MSCs exposed to other types of mechanical force: uniaxial tensile strain (3% cell elongation) and forces generated through the exposure of magnetic particle‐labelled MSCs to an oscillating magnetic field (maximum field strength 90 mT). Exposure to both types of mechanical force for 1 h did not significantly alter the gene expression of MAP3K8 or IL‐1B over the 24 h period subsequent to force exposure. These data demonstrate that uniaxial tensile strain and magnetic particle‐based forces do not induce MAP3K8‐related MAPK signalling in the same manner as does fluid flow‐induced shear stress. This illustrates divergence in the process of mechanotransduction in mechanically stimulated MSCs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensory pathways and motoneurons of the proboscis reflex in the suboesophageal ganglion of the honey bee

A morphological description is given for the motoneurons underlying the proboscis extension reflex in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Sensory neurons from the mandibles and labium were examined and their projection areas were related to those of the motoneurons. Motoneurons are located in the ventral part of the suboesophageal ganglion, have their somata in the hemiganglion ipsilateral to the filled nerve, and send prominent branches through identified ventral commissures into the contralateral hemiganglion. Motoneurons to the same muscle have parallel‐running projections into the contralateral hemiganglion, often parallel‐running neurites, and show vast areas of dendritic overlap. Arborizations of motoneurons are not restricted to their neuromere of origin but invade adjacent neuromeres, resulting in regions of dendritic overlap of motoneurons to different muscles. Sensory fibers from the mouthparts terminate in medio‐ and mediolateral parts of the suboesophageal ganglion, where their arborizations overlap with projections from motoneurons. A few sensory fibers descend in ventral parts of the cervical connective. Although sensory neurons from the mandible are restricted to the ipsilateral hemiganglion, those of the labium also show contralateral branches. These observations are discussed in the context of the suboesophageal ganglion as a ganglion composed of the embryonic fusion of three single neuromeres.
Pre-treatment with candesartan protects from cerebral ischaemia

Angiotensin II (Ang II) regulates cerebral blood flow by stimulating cerebral vasoconstriction via AT1receptors. In adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the cerebrovascular autoregulatory curve is shifted to the right, in the direction of higher blood pressures, an indication of excessive cerebrovascular vasoconstriction. A restricted capacity to dilate cerebral blood vessels may be responsible for the enhanced vulnerability to cerebrovascular ischaemia during hypertension. We found that chronic treatment with the AT1-receptor antagonist, candesartan, (0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days, via osmotic minipumps implanted in the subcutaneous tissue) blocked Ang II binding to AT1 -receptors in cerebral blood vessels and in brain areas involved in the regulation of cerebrovascular flow, and increased the ratio of lumen-wall area in the middle cerebral artery. Candesartan treatment normalised the lower part of the autoregulatory curve in SHR, and markedly decreased cerebral ischaemia as a consequence of middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion. Protection from ischaemia is related to arterial remodelling, enhanced compensatory vasodilatation in the peripheral area of ischaemia, decreased reduction in cerebral blood flow following the occlusion of a major cerebral blood vessel, and protection from injury in the periphery of the lesion. Our results indicate that pre-treatment with AT1-antagonists such as candesartan could be of benefit in the prevention and treatment of brain ischaemia.
DNA Word Set Design Based on Minimum Free Energy

The problem of data and information encoding on DNA bears an increasing interest for both biological and nonbiological applications of biomolecular computing. Recent experimental and theoretical advances have produced and tested to obtain large code sets of oligonucleotides to support virtually any kind of application. In this paper, we have developed an algorithm to design DNA short-word sets based on minimum free energy (MFE) criteria. The MFE constraint is the minimum value among free energies of all the possible structures and the effective approach to control the generation of unexpected secondary structure of DNA sequences may cause error. The algorithm is constructive and directly produces the actual DNA words of the sets, unlike other academic and statistical numbers. According to the previous values, our experimental results can succeed in generating better DNA word sets based on MFE constraint. More importantly, using our results could decrease the emergence of false hybridization reaction, and improve the reliability and the scale of DNA computing.
Systems approach identifies TGA1 and TGA4 transcription factors as important regulatory components of the nitrate response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots.

Nitrate acts as a potent signal to control global gene expression in Arabidopsis. Using an integrative bioinformatics approach we identified TGA1 and TGA4 as putative regulatory factors that mediate nitrate responses in Arabidopsis roots. We showed that both TGA1 and TGA4 mRNAs accumulate strongly after nitrate treatments in roots. Global gene expression analysis revealed 97% of the genes with altered expression in tga1 tga4 double mutant plants respond to nitrate treatments, indicating that these transcription factors have a specific role in nitrate responses in Arabidopsis root organs. We found TGA1 and TGA4 regulate the expression of nitrate transporter genes NRT2.1 and NRT2.2. Specific binding of TGA1 to its cognate DNA sequence on NRT2.1 and NRT2.2 promoters was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. The tga1 tga4 double mutant plants exhibit nitrate-dependent lateral and primary root phenotypes. Lateral root initiation is affected in both tga1 tga4 and nrt1.2 nrt2.2 double mutants, suggesting TGA1 and TGA4 regulate lateral root development at least partly via NRT2.1 and NRT2.2. Additional root phenotypes of tga1 tga4 double mutants indicate that these transcription factors play an important role in root developmental responses to nitrate. These results identify TGA1 and TGA4 as important regulatory factors of the nitrate response in Arabidopsis roots.
Impact of short-channel effects on velocity overshoot in MOSFET

In this work, the impact of short-channel effects on velocity overshoot is discussed. Hydrodynamic simulations are first performed to investigate the overshoot behavior under a uniform electric field. Then a spatially varying electric field, which corresponds to the electric field profile in a MOSFET in inversion, is introduced to observe the impact of short-channel effects on velocity overshoot. Finally, SPICE simulations of a ring-oscillator are used to analyze how the combined influence of overshoot and short-channel effects affect the performance of downscaled CMOS technology.
Analysis of structure and parameters in wireless power transmission system with consideration of losses in source

In magnetic-resonant wireless power transmission system, the transmission efficiency is mainly limited by ohmic losses caused by coil resistance, source internal resistance, etc. In contrast with the losses in coil, which could be effectively reduced by meticulous design and fabrication, the losses in source are difficult to eliminate due to the limited development of high-frequency power source. In this paper, it is proved that losses in source can be reduced significantly only by choosing the appropriate structure and parameters, as a result, the overall system efficiency with consideration of the source will be improved. Furthermore, with this method the phenomenon of frequency splitting in short transmission distance can be weakened as well, which means that the efficiency can be compensated without the tuning circuits or other devices. All of the results are verified by experiments.
Patient compliance and drug failure in protease inhibitor monotherapy.

To the Editor. —We conducted a 2-dose study of saquinavir in which 40 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)positive patients received either three or six 200-mg capsules of saquinavir (Roche Products, Welwyn, United Kingdom) 6 times daily (total dose, 3600 mg/d or 7200 mg/d). 1 Analysis of an early cohort of patients enrolled in the study demonstrated that the duration of the response as measured by HIV-1 plasma RNA copy number varied widely within the 2 groups. This variation was not accounted for by the development of resistant mutations alone. To investigate whether decreased patient compliance with this intensive regimen could explain the observed variation in viral responses, we monitored drug-taking behavior in the remaining patients on their enrollment into the high-dose group for the initial 24 weeks of therapy using medication container closures or caps that record the precise date and time of the opening and closing of the
A Promising Future: Comparable Imaging Capability of MRI-Compatible Silicon Photomultiplier and Conventional Photosensor Preclinical PET Systems

We recently completed construction of a small-animal PET system—the MiniPET-3—that uses state-of-the-art silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photosensors, making possible dual-modality imaging with MRI. In this article, we compare the MiniPET-3 with the MiniPET-2, a system with the same crystal geometry but conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). Methods: The standard measurements proposed by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association NU 4 protocols were performed on both systems. These measurements included spatial resolution, system sensitivity, energy resolution, counting rate performance, scatter fraction, spillover ratio for air and water, recovery coefficient, and image uniformity. The energy windows were set to 350–650 keV on the MiniPET-2 and 360–662 keV on the MiniPET-3. Results: Spatial resolution was approximately 17% better on average for the MiniPET-3 than the MiniPET-2. The systems performed similarly in terms of peak absolute sensitivity (∼1.37%), spillover ratio for air (∼0.15), spillover ratio for water (∼0.25), and recovery coefficient (∼0.33, 0.59, 0.81, 0.89, and 0.94). Uniformity was 5.59% for the MiniPET-2 and 6.49% for the MiniPET-3. Minor differences were found in scatter fraction. With the ratlike phantom, the peak noise-equivalent counting rate was 14 kcps on the MiniPET-2 but 24 kcps on the MiniPET-3. However, with the mouselike phantom, these values were 55 and 91 kcps, respectively. The optimal coincidence time window was 6 ns for the MiniPET-2 and 8 ns for the MiniPET-3. Conclusion: Images obtained with the SiPM-based MiniPET-3 small-animal PET system are similar in quality to those obtained with the conventional PMT-based MiniPET-2.
Overview and Practice of Causal Inference in Observational Studies

Therefore, if randomization is successful, a simple comparison among the observed potential outcomes is the causal effect. In other words, randomization helps simple two-sample test report causal inference results. In causal DAG, successful randomization means that there are no arrows from confounders to the exposure variable. This means that regardless of conditions of confounders, the exposure variable influences its related outcome marginally and unbiased. Thus randomization ensures both the potential outcome framework and casual DAG to attain unbiased causal effect [2].
NUTRITION STATUS BASED ON MID UPPER ARM CIRCUMFERENCE AMONG URBAN, POOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN NORTH 24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

The study of nutritional status based on mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) among pre-school children in India is very limited. Therefore, a study was carried out from February to June 2006 in three municipal wards of the North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India, to determine the nutritional status based on MUAC among urban, poor pre-school children. Undernutrition was defined based on age- and sex-specific MUAC cut-off values as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1995 and 2007. A total of 899 children, 57.5% boys and 42.5% girls, aged 1-5 years were measured randomly and included in the present analysis. Th e overall proportion of undernutrition was 77.8%, of which 52.9 and 24.9% children were moderately and severely undernourished, respectively, using WHO 1995 MUAC cut-off values. Similarly, the rate of undernutrition was 69.8%, of which 43.9 and 25.9% children were moderately and severely undernourished, respectively, when the WHO 2007 MUAC cut-off points were used. Th e prevalence of undernutrition was signifi cantly higher among boys than girls when using either of the cut-off values. Overall, about 9% and 7% of boys and girls, respectively, were overestimated as undernourished by the WHO 1995 cut-off s, as compared to the WHO 2007 cut-off s. In conclusion, the overall prevalence of undernutrition among these children was very high, indicating a critical situation. Th erefore, respective authorities should take initiatives to utilize low-cost methods such as MUAC for identifying children at risk for acute malnutrition at an early age. Such studies may assist policymakers in the formulation of appropriate measures to combat child undernutrition at the national level.
Neural Circuit Simulation of Hodgkin-Huxley Type Neurons Toward Peta Scale Computers

We ported and optimized simulation environment "NEURON" on K computer to simulate a insect brain as multi-compartment Hodgkin-Huxley type model. To use SIMD units of SPARC64VIIIfx (CPU of K computer), we exchanged the order of the compartment loop and the ion channel loop and apply sector caches. These tuning improved single core performance 340 MFLOPS/core to 1560 MFLOPS/core (about 10% efficiency). Spike exchange method of gNEURONh (MPI_Allgather) demands large amount of time in case of 10,000 cores or more and simple asynchronous point-to-point method (MPI_Isend) is not effective either, because of a large number of function calls and long distance of interconnect pathway. To tackle these problems, we adopted MPI/OpenMP hybrid parallelization to reduce interconnect communications and we developed a program to optimize location of neurons on calculation nodes in the 3D torus network. As a these results, we obtained 187 TFLOPS with 196,608 CPU cores.
Imaging Heterogeneity in Lung Cancer: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges.

OBJECTIVE Texture analysis involves the mathematic processing of medical images to derive sets of numeric quantities that measure heterogeneity. Studies on lung cancer have shown that texture analysis may have a role in characterizing tumors and predicting patient outcome. This article outlines the mathematic basis of and the most recent literature on texture analysis in lung cancer imaging. We also describe the challenges facing the clinical implementation of texture analysis. CONCLUSION Texture analysis of lung cancer images has been applied successfully to FDG PET and CT scans. Different texture parameters have been shown to be predictive of the nature of disease and of patient outcome. In general, it appears that more heterogeneous tumors on imaging tend to be more aggressive and to be associated with poorer outcomes and that tumor heterogeneity on imaging decreases with treatment. Despite these promising results, there is a large variation in the reported data and strengths of association.
Existence of calcium channels and intercellular couplings in the testosterone‐secreting cells of the mouse.

1. The electrophysiological properties of testosterone‐secreting cells (i.e. Leydig cells) in the mouse were studied using patch electrodes. The cells appeared solitarily or in clusters after mechanical dissociation from testes. They were confirmed to be Leydig cells on the basis of 3 beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase staining. 2. Under current‐clamp conditions in the whole‐cell configuration, Leydig cells immersed in standard saline were able to generate action potential‐like responses. The active responses occurred after cessation of membrane hyperpolarization or when cells were held in a hyperpolarized condition and stimulated with depolarizing current pulses. 3. In Leydig cells under voltage clamp, depolarizations more positive than ‐50 mV evoked transient inward currents which decayed completely during the duration of depolarization (130 ms). No obvious outward currents were evoked by pulses less positive than 30 mV. 4. The inward currents were identified as Ca2+ current, since replacement of external Ca2+ with Mn2+ reversibly diminished the current whereas Ba2+ or Sr2+ substituted for Ca2+. 5. With voltage pulses more positive than 40 mV, outward currents were evoked. The currents were dependent on K+ concentration and were blocked by quinine or tetraethylammonium. The amplitudes of outward currents were increased with raised internal Ca2+ concentration. 6. Single‐channel recordings of the outward currents revealed that the unitary conductance was 130 pS when internal K+ was 131‐143 mM and external K+ was 5 mM. The open probability of the channel showed marked dependence on the membrane potential and the internal Ca2+ concentration. Thus, the current was identified as being Ca2+‐ and membrane potential‐dependent K+ current. 7. Leydig cells within a cluster possessed distinct intercellular couplings. The mean coupling ratio obtained by applying two patch electrodes to a pair of cells was 0.84. Transfer of injected dye (Lucifer Yellow) to adjacent cells was also confirmed. 8. It was concluded that Leydig cells have at least two kinds of voltage‐dependent channels in the membrane. The Ca2+ channel may be activated by physiological changes in membrane potential, leading to an influx of Ca2+. The Ca2+‐dependent K+ channel hardly seems to be activated unless the internal Ca2+ concentration increases remarkably. It is presumed that intercellular coupling may play a role in synchronizing or intensifying the endocrine activities of Leydig cells located within a cluster.
Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of 'Ecstacy' users and their experiences with the drug.

'Ecstasy' (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA) is a recreational drug that is gaining popularity world wide. There is a paucity of research regarding the ways in which Ecstasy is used and the nature of its effects. A 'snowball' peer network technique was used to recruit 100 users who completed anonymous questionnaires. The research revealed that Ecstasy is primarily used by infrequent recreational drug users for 'fun' at dance parties and social gatherings. The primary reported effects of Ecstasy were a 'positive mood state' and feelings of intimacy and closeness to others. The secondary effects of Ecstasy were the stimulant effects of energy and activation, and the psychedelic effects of insight and perceptual and sensual enhancement. Ecstasy was reported to share the properties of both amphetamines and hallucinogens in the nature of its side effects and residual effects which were no more severe than those of the latter two classes of drug. It appeared Ecstasy was not conductive to regular and frequent use, because tolerance was reported to develop to the positive effects of Ecstasy, while negative effects increased with use. Although few problems associated with the recreational use of Ecstasy have surfaced to date, animal research has shown it to be neurotoxic to serotonergic nerve terminals. Caution must be observed until further research can determine the level of hazard in humans.