Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
4 Inelastic Scattering and Beam Damage

In the previous chapter, we discussed elastic scattering of the electron beam in which the incident electrons lost no energy as they traversed the specimen. Inelastically scattered (often termed energy-loss) electrons are equally important and we’ll discuss many of these processes here, but leave the applications till later. Why are we interested in inelastic scattering? Well, such scattering generates a whole range of signals, each of which can tell us more about the chemistry of the specimen than we can find out from the elastic electrons. In addition to the energy-loss electrons themselves, the most important signals are the characteristic X-rays, secondary electrons, and, occasionally, visible light (cathodoluminescence (CL)) and sowe’ll emphasize how these arise.Wewill also tell youwhy all these signals are useful, to varying degrees, to materials scientists, engineers, and nanotechnologists. So how do we use these inelastic signals? First we have to detect them and we’ll describe electron detection in general in Chapter 7 and the spectrometers that disperse electrons according to their energy in Chapter 37. Then in Chapters 38–40 we’ll talk about analyzing these energy-loss electrons. We will discuss how to detect X-rays in Chapter 32 and how we get quantitative, elemental information from the spectra in Chapters 33–36. In all cases we get complementary information to that gained in TEM images and DPs. We’ll briefly discuss CL images and spectra in Chapter 29. Obviously there’s a lot of useful information in these signals and this is a major advantage to using ionizing radiation. However, the other side of the coin is that all the inelastic processes deposit energy in your specimen, which can be damaged if it is beam sensitive. So we must also look at the downside of the inelastic processes andwe end the chapter by discussing this problem under the general topic of beam damage or radiation damage. A warning: This chapter is based on some quite difficult theoretical, physical concepts. However, these concepts form the basis of AEM,which constitutes Part 4 of the book, so we have to address the material. You can safely delay studying much of this material in detail until you reach Chapter 32 and beyond.
Search WordnetAdd new axioms list of predicates Retry ( a ) CCG Parsing ( b ) Semantic Parsing ( c ) Theorem Proving ( Coq ) Yes , No , Unknown Premise & Hypothesis ( d ) Axiom Injection

In logic-based approaches to reasoning tasks such as Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE), it is important for a system to have a large amount of knowledge data. However, there is a tradeoff between adding more knowledge data for improved RTE performance and maintaining an efficient RTE system, as such a big database is problematic in terms of the memory usage and computational complexity. In this work, we show the processing time of a state-of-the-art logic-based RTE system can be significantly reduced by replacing its search-based axiom injection (abduction) mechanism by that based on Knowledge Base Completion (KBC). We integrate this mechanism in a Coq plugin that provides a proof automation tactic for natural language inference. Additionally, we show empirically that adding new knowledge data contributes to better RTE performance while not harming the processing speed in this framework.
A multilevel Bayesian analysis of university entrance eligibility for selected districts in Sri Lanka: methods and application to educational data

Multilevel data structures are becoming a commonly encountered phenomenon in educational research. This type of data generates a number of statistical problems, of which clustering is particularly important. To solve the problems inherent in these, special statistical techniques are required. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the university entrance eligibility of students from some selected districts in Sri Lanka, whilst capturing the layered structure of this educational data into pupil and school levels and determining how these layers interact and impact the dependent variable of interest. This study used university entrance eligibility of General Certificate of Education: Advanced Level (G.C.E) (A/L) student records in 3 districts of Sri Lanka. The response variable is university entrance eligibility of students, which is a binary variable. Thus a two level binary logistic model was fitted using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method as this method has some advantages over other classical statistical methods. When determining the eligibility for university entrance, GCE A/L students find Science subjects more competitive than Arts and Commerce subjects. Students with a higher IQ level (as given with the data) and students with higher English ability stand a better chance. The chance is higher for students from national schools compared to provincial and private schools, and girls show more potential than boys. Students studying in English medium have a higher chance while those studying in Tamil medium have a lower chance compared to the students studying in Sinhala medium. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v42i1. 6676 J.Natn. Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 2014 42 (1): 23-36
grasp actions affects the control of speech : combined behavioral and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation study

Does the mirror system affect the control of speech? This issue was addressed in behavioral and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) experiments. In behavioral experiment 1, participants pronounced the syllable /da/ while observing (1) a hand grasping large and small objects with power and precision grasps, respectively, (2) a foot interacting with large and small objects and (3) differently sized objects presented alone. Voice formant 1 was higher when observing power as compared to precision grasp, whereas it remained unaffected by observation of the different types of foot interaction and objects alone. In TMS experiment 2, we stimulated hand motor cortex, while participants observed the two types of grasp. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) of hand muscles active during the two types of grasp were greater when observing power than precision grasp. In experiments 3–5, TMS was applied to tongue motor cortex of participants silently pronouncing the syllable /da/ and simultaneously observing power and precision ranscranial Magnetic Stimulation grasps, pantomimes of the two types of grasps, and differently sized objects presented alone. Tongue MEPs were greater when observing power than precision grasp either executed or pantomimed. Finally, in TMS experiment 6, the observation of foot interaction with large and small objects did not modulate tongue MEPs. We hypothesized that grasp observation activated motor commands to the mouth as well as to the hand that were congruent with the hand kinematics implemented in the observed type of grasp. The commands to the mouth selectively affected postures of phonation organs and consequently basic nits. features of phonological u
Steganography & the Art of Deception: A Comprehensive Survey

Ever since the beginning of human civilization, mankind had always confidential things to hide or share secretly. Endless methods were devised; an ingenious one is called steganography which refers to secret writing. In essence, steganography is the science of hiding secret data into innocuous-looking mediums in such a way that only the communicating parties are aware of this trick. Steganography maybe started during the Stone Age and greatly evolved during the computer age. Currently, it has many techniques, methods, and applications, making it worth having a closer look at. This paper presents a comprehensive overview on steganography and on its different techniques that have been proposed in the literature during the last decades. It additionally sheds the light on its history before and after the computer age, its various models, requirements, and processes.
Molecular mechanisms of complement activation by damaged cells

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Cause-Related Marketing: A Coalignment of Marketing Strategy and Corporate Philanthropy

Cause-related marketing represents the confluence of perspectives from several specialized areas of inquiry such as marketing for nonprofit organizations, the promotion mix, corporate philanthropy, corporate social responsibility, fund-raising management, and public relations. The authors outline the concept of cause-related marketing, its characteristics, and how organizations, both for-profit and not-for-profit, can benefit from effective use of this promising marketing tool.
Student Reflection on the Development of Intercultural Competence through the Education Abroad Experience

This study is devoted to the topic of intercultural competence. It aims to determine what intercultural competence students acquire through education abroad experience. Based on the results of our research we will introduce synthesized and identified fundamental structures and on their basis we will present research questions/hypotheses. We are not neglecting the recommendation for practice. We present recommendations for the development of these key competences through ideas such as “pre-departure intercultural training”, which would help students to find their way around their new environment and gain a deeper understanding of the cultural context.
Towards a Positive Application of Complementarity in the African Human Rights System: Issues of Functions and Relations

According to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples� Rights establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples� Rights, the main function of the Court is to complement the protective mandate of the already existing African Commission on Human and Peoples� Rights. Thus, complementarity was introduced into the framework of the African human rights system. Since then, the concept of complementarity has also been brought into play in the Protocol to the Statute of the proposed African Court of Justice and Human Rights. Although the interim rules of procedure of the Court and of the Commission have sought to give meaning to the concept of complementarity, there is still very little understanding of how it will pan out in the system. Questions abound as to the exact implication it would have on the existing mechanisms of the Commission. Almost nothing has been said or written on its impact on the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Against this background, this article argues that complementarity in the African human rights system can be applied positively by adopting a normative approach that allows for the prescription of what the system's supervisory institutions should do and how they should relate to each other in their work. The article argues further that the justifications for the introduction of judicial organs can also be employed to prescribe complementary functions for each supervisory institution. It concludes that applying complementarity positively would require encouraging each institution to focus on its strengths with a view to strengthening the overall effectiveness of the system.
Expressive rendering of animated hair

Hair simulation is one of the crucial elements of a character realism in video games as well as animated movies. It is also one of the most challenging because of its complex nature. A simulation model needs to be able to handle hair fibers or wisp interaction while keeping the desired rendering style. During the past few years intensive work has been done in this field. Most of the authors have tried to render and animate hair as realistically as possible. Impressive results have been obtained and computation times have been reduced. Nevertheless this level of realism is not always desired by the animator. Most animated characters are represented with a hair model only composed of a few hair wisps or clumps in other words the individual hair fibers are not even accounted for. Only little work has been done to animate and render non-photorealistic hair for cel-characters1 . The goal of this work is to design an expressive rendering technique for a realistic animation of hair. This project is a part of an ANR research program for a joint industrial project with two production studios: Neomis Animation and BeeLight, two other INRIA project-teams: Bipop and Evasion and a CNRS lab (Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert de l'Universite Pierre et Marie Curie). The aim of this project is to provide hair rendering and animating tools for movie making. According to the discussions we had with artists from Neomis studio, it appears that an animator will expect realism of hair motion combined with an expressive rendering technique that is dedicated to animated movies.
Characterization of Emissions from a Desktop 3D Printer

3D printers are currently widely available and very popular among the general public. However, the use of these devices may pose health risks to users, attributable to air‐quality issues arising from gaseous and particulate emissions in particular. We characterized emissions from a low‐end 3D printer based on material extrusion, using the most common polymers: acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). Measurements were carried out in an emission chamber and a conventional room. Particle emission rates were obtained by direct measurement and modeling, whereas the influence of extrusion temperature was also evaluated. ABS was the material with the highest aerosol emission rate. The nanoparticle emission ranged from 3.7·108 to 1.4·109 particles per second (# s−1) in chamber measurements and from 2.0·109 to 4.0·109 # s−1in room measurements, when the recommended extruder temperature was used. Printing with PLA emitted nanoparticles at the rate of 1.0·107 # s−1 inside the chamber and negligible emissions in room experiments. Emission rates were observed to depend strongly on extruder temperature. The particles’ mean size ranged from 7.8 to 10.5 nanometers (nm). We also detected a significant emission rate of particles of 1 to 3 nm in size during all printing events. The amounts of volatile organic and other gaseous compounds were only traceable and are not expected to pose health risks. Our study suggests that measures preventing human exposure to high nanoparticle concentrations should be adopted when using low‐end 3D printers.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS WITH NONLINEAR RESISTIVE ELEMENTS

An efficient analysis of circuits with nonlinear resistive elements can be performed using the equivalent sources method. The nonlinear resistors are replaced by sources which are iteratively corrected based on their terminal voltages or currents. The internal resistances of the sources remain unchanged during the iterative process and their values can be chosen so that the iterative procedure convergence is always ensured. The equivalent circuit remains unchanged and only the sources values are iteratively corrected. That allows the development of a fast procedure for circuit analysis which computes on each harmonic the transfer immitance matrix between the controlled sources and their control variables. The computation time is further decreased by iteratively selecting a specific number of harmonics in terms of their weight.
MODEL BASED GLOBAL IMAGE REGISTRATION

In this paper, we propose a model-based image registration method capable of detecting the true transformation model between two images. We incorporate a statistical model selection criterion to choose the true underlying transformation model. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is robust to degeneracy as any degeneracy is detected by the model selection component. In addition, the algorithm is robust to noise and outliers since any corresponding pair that does not undergo the chosen model is rejected by a robust fitting method adapted from the literature. Another important contribution of this paper is evaluating a number of different model selection criteria for image registration task. We evaluated all different criteria based on different levels of noise. We conclude that CAIC and GBIC slightly outperform other criteria for this application. The next choices are GIC, SSD and MDL. Finally, we create panorama images using our registration algorithm. The panorama images show the success of this algorithm.
Limits to future expansion of surface‐melt‐enhanced ice flow into the interior of western Greenland

Moulins are important conduits for surface meltwater to reach the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet. It has been proposed that in a warming climate, newly formed moulins associated with the inland migration of supraglacial lakes could introduce surface melt to new regions of the bed, introducing or enhancing sliding there. By examining surface strain rates, we found that the upper limit to where crevasses, and therefore moulins, are likely to form is ∼1600m. This is also roughly the elevation above which lakes do not drain completely. Thus, meltwater above this elevation will largely flow tens of kilometers through surface streams into existing moulins downstream. Furthermore, results from a thermal ice sheet model indicate that the ∼1600m crevassing limit is well below the wet-frozen basal transition (∼2000m). Together, these data sets suggest that new supraglacial lakes will have a limited effect on the inland expansion of melt-induced seasonal acceleration. Key Points Greenland Ice Sheet meltwater volumes are increasing notably at high elevations Low strain rates limit the likelihood of moulin formation at high elevations High-elevation meltwater will reach an already wet bed at lower elevations
Applications of Cloud Computing in Health Systems

INTRODUCTION: Equitable access to health services is one of the health justice criteria. E-health can sometimes be helpful in this regard. This study is aimed to find the use of cloud computing services across health system. METHOD: In the present review article, numerous research papers from different resources, such as MEDLINE, IEEE and Science direct, were studied. Based on the subject, 210 studies were found. After quality analysis of the papers, 78 studies were selected, from which 53 articles were directly related to the applications of cloud computing in health system. FINDINGS: Cloud computing services are widely used in various industries. Therefore, health system takes advantage of the services. Findings indicate that, the applications of cloud computing in health system, including telemedicine, medical imaging, public and personal health, clinical and hospital information systems, medical decision support system, care, secondary use of health data, serve as different types of specialized software used to analyze gene sequences and archive huge biological data. Generally cloud computing services are available in two sectors in any health system as follows: E-health services and Bioinformatics. CONCLUSION: Facilitated access to the E-health services and big data in health systems are the main features of exploiting cloud computing services in health systems. Using cloud computing in health systems not only makes health services more affordable, but also helps nations to achieve health equity.
On generic rank and phylogenetic relationships of Dorycnopsis Boiss. (Leguminosae, Loteae)

Nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data as well as morphological data show that Dorycnopsis gerardii (L.) Boiss. can not be placed in the genus Anthyllis L. The genus Dorycnopsis Boiss. includes two species, D. gerardii and D. abyssinica (A. Rich.) V.N. Tikhom. et D.D. Sokoloff (=Vermifrux abyssinica (A. Rich.) J.B. Gillett). Morphological similarity between Dorycnopsis gerardii and Anthyllis onobrychioides Cav. might be best explained by evolutionary parallelism. Anthyllis (including Hymenocarpos Savi but excluding Dorycnopsis and the monotypic Tripodion Medik.) is well-resolved as a highly supported monophyletic group in analyses of nrITS data set.
Two‐dimensional shallow flow equations for partially dry areas

A new set of two‐dimensional shallow flow equations is developed in order to deal with partially wet and very irregular domains. The bottom irregularities, which in many practical cases strongly affect the dynamics and the continuity, are accounted for statistically. Assuming hydrostatic approximation, the three‐dimensional Reynolds equations are suitably averaged over a representative elementary area and then integrated over the depth. The resulting subgrid model for ground irregularities is tested by resolving two sample problems. The first concerns the wetting and drying of tidal flats; the second deals with overland flow on an irregular plane surface. Numerical simulations show that the proposed equations are a useful tool for modelers who have to cope with partially dry domains.
IN SILICO RETRIEVAL AND CATALOGING OF GENBANK DNA SEQUENCES ADJACENT TO INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE ELEMENTS

Repetitive elements are often undrepresented among drafts of genomic sequencing projects, especially during the early stages of such projects. The assembly of clones containing repetitive DNAs poses some technical problems and the sequencing of clones containing these DNAs is generally considered low priority despite the fact that they constitute 50-80% of the DNA in many eukaryotes. A comprehensive understanding of the architecture of genomes requires a detailed knowledge of the organization of these forsaken DNAs. A good example of this paucity of repetitive DNA representation is the soybean genome, where one family of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrovirus-like retroelements, the SIRE1 family, is virtually absent from Genbank, despite the fact that its members alone constitute as much as 1% of the soybean genome. We have found, however, that the SIRE1 family is well represented among BAC-end sequences deposited in the Genbank (GSS) database, with over 1800 independent entries. The repetitive nature of elements like SIRE1 makes characterizing their insertions amenable to in silico search strategies. Using SIRE1 as our model, we have developed a computational method that searches all appropriate databases to collect and evaluate DNAs that are adjacent to individual members of transposable element families. This allows us to characterize the immediate neighborhoods into which these repetitive elements are found and by extension, a major portion of eukaryotic genomes that are in various stages of sequence assembly. In our study, 998 unique entries were determined to flank SIRE1 in Glyicine Max, and 179 unique flanking sequences were given preliminary annotation. This iterative search strategy can be applied to virtually any moderately repetitive transposable element family whose members are fairly well conserved and can be used to search databases containing incomplete and complete drafts of eukaryotic genomes.