Practical RF system design

PREFACE.GETTING FILES FROM THE WILEY ftp AND INTERNET SITES.SYMBOLS LIST AND GLOSSARY.1 INTRODUCTION.1. 1 System Design Process.1. 2 Organization of the Book.1. 3 Appendixes.1. 4 Spreadsheets.1. 5 Test and Simulation.1. 6 Practical Skepticism.1. 7 References.2 GAIN.2. 1 Simple Cases.2. 2 General Case.2. 3 Simplification: Unilateral Modules.2. 4 Nonstandard Impedances.2. 5 Use of Sensitivities to Find Variations.2. 6 Summary.Endnotes. 3 NOISE FIGURE.3.1 Noise Factor and Noise Figure.3.2 Modules in Cascade.3.3 Applicable Gains and Noise Factors.3.4 Noise Figure of an Attenuator.3.5 Noise Figure of an Interconnect.3. 6 Cascade Noise Figure.3. 7 Expected Value and Variance of Noise Figure.3. 8 Impedance-Dependent Noise Factors.3. 9 Image Noise, Mixers.3.10 Extreme Mismatch, Voltage Amplifiers.3.11 Using Noise Figure Sensitivities.3.12 Mixed Cascade Example.3.13 Gain Controls.3.14 Summary.Endnotes. 4 NONLINEARITY IN THE SIGNAL PATH.4. 1 Representing Nonlinear Responses.4. 2 Second-Order Terms.4. 3 Third-Order Terms.4. 4 Frequency Dependence and Relationship Between Products.4. 5 Nonlinear Products in the Cascades.4. 6 Examples: Spreadsheets for IMs in a Cascade.4. 7 Anomalous IMs.4. 8 Measuring IMs.4. 9 Compression in the Cascade.4. 10 Other Nonideal Effects.4. 11 Summary.Endnote. 5 NOISE AND NONLINEARITY.5. 1 Intermodulation of Noise.5. 2 Composite Distortion.5. 3 Dynamic Range.5. 4 Optimizing Cascades.5. 5 Spreadsheet Enhancements.5. 6 Summary.Endnotes. 6 ARCHITECTURES THAT IMPROVE LINEARITY.6.1 Parallel Combining.6.2 Feedback.6.3 Feedforward.6.4 Nonideal Performance.6. 5 Summary.Endnotes. 7 FREQUENCY CONVERSION.7. 1 Basics.7. 2 Spurious Levels.7. 3 Two-Signal IMs.7. 4 Power Range for Predictable Levels.7. 5 Spur Plot, LO Reference.7. 6 Spur Plot, IF Reference.7. 7 Shape Factors.7. 8 Double Conversion.7. 9 Operating Regions.7. 10 Examples.7. 11 Note on Spur Plots Used in This Chapter.7. 12 Summary.Endnotes. 8 CONTAMINATING SIGNALS IN SEVERE NONLINEARITIES.8. 1 Decomposition.8. 2 Hard Limiting.8. 3 Soft Limiting.8. 4 Mixers, Through the LO Port.8. 5 Frequency Dividers.8. 6 Frequency Multipliers.8. 7 Summary.Endnotes. 9 PHASE NOISE.9. 1 Describing Phase Noise.9. 2 Adverse Effects of Phase Noise.9. 3 Sources of Phase Noise.9. 4 Processing Phase Noise in a Cascade.9. 5 Determining the Effect on Data.9. 6 Other Measures of Phase Noise.9. 7 Summary.Endnote. APPENDIX A: OP AMP NOISE FACTOR CALCULATIONS.A. 1 Invariance When Input Resistor Is Redistributed.A. 2 Effect of Change in Source Resistances.A. 3 Model.APPENDIX B: REPRESENTATIONS OF FREQUENCY BANDS, IF NORMALIZATION.B. 1 Passbands.B. 2 Acceptance Bands.B. 3 Filter Asymmetry.APPENDIX C: CONVERSION ARITHMETIC.C. 1 Receiver Calculator.C. 2 Synthesis Calculator.APPENDIX E: EXAMPLE OF FREQUENCY CONVERSION.APPENDIX F: SOME RELEVANT FORMULAS.F. 1 Decibels.F. 2 Reflection Coefficient and SWR.F. 3 Combining SWRs.F. 3.1 Summary of Results.F. 3.2 Development.F. 3.3 Maximum SWR.F. 3.4 Minimum SWR.F. 3.5 Relaxing Restrictions.F. 4 Impedance Transformations in Cables.F. 5 Smith Chart.APPENDIX G: TYPES OF POWER GAIN.G. 1 Available Gain.G. 2 Maximum Available Gain.G. 3 Transducer Gain.G. 4 Insertion Gain.G. 5 Actual Gain.APPENDIX H: FORMULAS RELATING TO IMs AND HARMONICS.H. 1 Second Harmonics.H. 2 Second-Order IMs.H. 3 Third Harmonics.H. 4 Third-Order IMs.H. 5 Definitions of Terms.APPENDIX I: CHANGING THE STANDARD IMPEDANCE.I. 1 General Case.I. 2 Unilateral Module.APPENDIX L: POWER DELIVERED TO THE LOAD.APPENDIX M: MATRIX MULTIPLICATION.APPENDIX N: NOISE FACTORS-STANDARD AND THEORETICAL.N. 1 Theoretical Noise Factor.N. 2 Standard Noise Factor.N. 3 Standard Modules and Standard Noise Factor.N. 4 Module Noise Factor in a Standard Cascade.N. 5 How Can This Be? N.6 Noise Factor of an Interconnect.N.6.1 Noise Factor with Mismatch.N.6.2 In More Usable Terms.N.6.3 Verification.N.6.4 Comparison with Theoretical Value.N. 7 Effect of Source Impedance.N. 8 Ratio of Power Gains.Endnote. APPENDIX P: IM PRODUCTS IN MIXERS.APPENDIX S: COMPOSITE S PARAMETERS.APPENDIX T: THIRD-ORDER TERMS AT INPUT FREQUENCY.APPENDIX V: SENSITIVITIES AND VARIANCE OF NOISE FIGURE.APPENDIX X: CROSSOVER SPURS.APPENDIX Z: NONSTANDARD MODULES.Z. 1 Gain of Cascade of Modules Relative to Tested Gain.Z. 2 Finding Maximum Available Gain of a Module.Z. 3 Interconnects.Z. 4 Equivalent S Parameters.Z. 5 S Parameters for Cascade of Nonstandard Modules.Endnote. REFERENCES.Endnote. INDEX.