Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fully Homomorphic Encrypted Auditing System for Data Security and Integrity in Multicloud

Now a days, cloud computing is one of thedominant methods used for providing computing infrastructure for Internet services. A major hurdle to the adoption of cloud-based services is security. We are having a technique called pdp(provable data possession) for ensuring the integrity of data in storage outsourcing. In this paper, we address the construction of an efficient PDP scheme for distributed cloud storage to support the data security and integrity , in which we consider the existence of multiple cloud service providers to cooperatively store and maintain the clients’ data. We present a Cooperative Provable Data Possession(CPDP) scheme based on Homomorphic verifiable response and hash index hierarchy. Our proposed system provides security for data and integrity by using fully homomorphic encryption in a multi cloud environment by using Depsky model. Depsky model which is virtual storage cloud system that consists combination of different clouds to build a cloud of cloud. We are providing a scheme which could audit data integrity without decrypting it.
Design of Language Learning Software

In this chapter, the authors focus on the principles and guidelines that should be borne in mind when designing and developing (interactive multimedia) language software for foreign language learning. The stages of software design and development can be categorized into six separate stages: (1) feasibility, (2) setting up a team of experts, (3) designing, (4) programming, (5) testing, and (6) evaluating. Each stage is vital to the design and development process for cost effective software, and a wide range of principles and guidelines need to be borne in mind at each stage in order to design and develop effective language learning software. Here, the authors focus on the design principles and guidelines that need to be considered while designing and developing language software.
Robust Optimization of Hub-and-spoke Airline Network Design

This paper studies the airline network design problem with the uncertain demand and cost.Taking into account the cost of opening airline,we establish the strict uncapacitated multiple robust optimization model of the hub-and-spoke airline network.We improve the Benders Decomposition algorithm to propose algorithm which can solve the robust optimization model.The instance validates the feasibility of the algorithm which has been proposed before.The result indicates that comparing robust solution with the optimal solution under the certain situation,the robust solutions may be suitable for multiplicate scenarios which are likely to come true.
Study on Session Persistency for Web-Server Load Balancing

The session persistency method for the cluster system of load balancing has direct impact on the performance of dynamic web sites.By studying the existing session persistency methods for the cluster system,a stick session-server method is proposed.It is proved thorough the results that the decline trend of the system performance with the increase of concurrent users is not obvious.
Effects of tree species composition on within-forest distribution of understorey species

Abstract Question: Do tree species, with different litter qualities, affect the within-forest distribution of forest understorey species on intermediate to base-rich soils? Since habitat loss and fragmentation have caused ancient forest species to decline, those species are the main focus of this study. Location: Three ancient forests, along a soil gradient from acidification-sensitive to base-rich, were studied: Limbrichterbosch and Savelsbos in The Netherlands and Holtkrat in Denmark. Methods: Canopy and soil surveys along transects generated data for Redundancy Analysis on tree - humus relationships. We analysed the distribution of forest plant species with Canonical Correspondence Analysis. The explanatory factors were soil characteristics (pH, organic matter, loam content and thickness of the humus layers), external crown projection, groundwater and canopy data. We further analysed the relationship between forest species and humus characteristics with Spearman correlations. Results: Tree species have a significant impact on humus characteristics through the nature of their litter. Humus characteristics significantly explain the distribution of forest understorey species. The pH of the first 25 cm mineral soil and the thickness of the F- (fermentation) layer are the primary factors affecting the distribution of ancient forest species. Conclusion: This study indicates that the species composition of the forest canopy affects the distribution of forest understorey species. Ancient forest species are more abundant and frequent underneath trees with base-rich litter. On acidification-sensitive soils these relationships were stronger than on more base-rich, loamy soils. Abbreviations: Ah = Soil horizon consisting of mineral soil with a high organic matter content; CEC = Cation exchange capacity; F = Fermenting litter (layer); Ah = Humus-rich mineral soil (layer); L = Litter (layer); RDA = Redundancy analysis.
The Light Environment and Cellular Optics of the Snow Alga Chlamydomonas nivalis (Bauer) Wille†,¶

Abstract The alga Chlamydomonas nivalis lives in a high-light, cold environment: persistent alpine snowfields. Since the algae in snow receive light from all angles, the photon fluence rate is the critical parameter for photosynthesis, but it is rarely measured. We measured photon irradiance and photon fluence rate in the snow that contained blooms of C. nivalis. On a cloudless day the photon fluence rate at the snow surface was nearly twice the photon irradiance, and it can be many times greater than the photon irradiance when the solar angle is low or the light is diffuse. Beneath the surface the photon fluence rate can be five times the photon irradiance. Photon irradiance and photon fluence rate declined exponentially with depth, approximating the Bouguer–Lambert relationship. We used an integrating sphere to measure the spectral characteristics of a monolayer of cells and microscopic techniques to examine the spectral characteristics of individual cells. Astaxanthin blocked blue light and unknown absorbers blocked UV radiation; the penetration of these wavelengths through whole cells was negligible. We extracted astaxanthin, measured absorbance on a per-cell basis and estimated that the layer of astaxanthin within cells would allow only a small percentage of the blue light to reach the chloroplast, potentially protecting the chloroplast from excessive light.
Sensitivity of Cyanobacterial Antenna, Reaction Center and CO2 Assimilation Transcripts and Proteins to Moderate UVB: Light Acclimation Potentiates Resistance to UVB†,¶

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that cyanobacterial cells have sufficient acclimation potential to tolerate UVB when it is applied in a natural quantum ratio to growth photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). We grew Synechococcus under 50 (Low) or 300 (High) μmol PAR m−2·s−1 and then exposed the cells to 0.125 (Low) or 0.75 (High) μmol UVB m−2·s−1. The PAR:UVB quantum ratios were near natural for both the Low-PAR:Low-UVB and the High-PAR:High-UVB treatments, but UVB was in excess of typical aquatic PAR:UVB for Low-PAR:High-UVB treatments. The cellular light history determined the UVB responses of Synechococcus. High-PAR cells initially had fewer cpc transcripts encoding phycocyanin, lower phycocyanin content, and more psbAII/AIII transcripts encoding the D1:2 photosystem II (PSII) protein isoform. Higher PAR potentiated them to tolerate an appropriate UVB level without short-term inhibition of PSII or growth. Low-PAR cells rapidly altered psbAII/AIII and cpc gene expression and tolerated appropriate Low UVB. Low-PAR:High-UVB cells, in contrast, suffered short-term inhibition of PSII and growth. In all treatments UVB induced transient loss of cpc transcripts, possibly to free resources for psbAII/AIII expression, which is important for UVB resistance. The drop in cpc transcripts was not part of a general shock response because rbcL transcript pools were stable upon UVB exposure.
Fusion of Palm Print and Iris for Multimodal Biometric Recognition

Now a day the security is very important in our daily life. The pattern of the human body is well suited to be applied to access control and provides security in biometric person identification technique. For following two basic purposes security system is used: to verify or identify users. In this paper focus on a powerful methodology for Capturing, matching and verifying for human recognition with feature extraction from iris and palm print of single person. These features of an input image are compared with those of a database image to obtain matching scores. Based on the accuracy during matching process the result is given as the person is authorized or not.It is desirable to develop a feature analysis method which is ideally both discriminating and robust for iris and palm print biometrics.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES IN BIRDS: WHAT IS IN A CORRELATION?1

Evolutionary biology can be studied in many ways. One approach is to develop theory and test the relevance by searching for the patterns that the theory predicts should exist. One such pattern is the relationship between current and future reproduction—if energy is limited then we would find taxa either reproducing early in life and dying early, or reproducing late and dying late, and everything in between. These kind of tests fall into the domain of comparative analyses. This branch of evolutionary biology has been important during the whole last century (and earlier), and it should be clear that a very large proportion of current evolutionary theory has its roots in comparative analyses. Properly done, this is a very powerful tool to reveal patterns and test general models. One great advance in this field in recent years is the recognition that in order to get reliable results from a comparative analysis the phylogenetic relationship among taxa being studied is needed. Unfortunately, the lack of well-supported phylogenies makes things difficult. For birds, much hope was put into the monumental work by Sibley and Ahlquist (1990; the ‘‘Tapestry’’) using DNADNA hybridization. Finally the major branching orders of birds were revealed, including branch lengths that would allow for timing of major branching events. Consequently, the number of comparative studies using birds increased rapidly. The book by Bennett and Owens is a result of this enthusiasm and it uses the Tapestry consistently throughout the book to test a very large number of hypotheses concerning avian ecology. The authors were inspired by David Lack’s book, Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds (Lack 1968), which was a benchmark in the systematic study of breeding adaptations in birds and for comparative studies in general. The impact of that book cannot be overestimated. The authors of the reviewed book want to take a step further and include almost every aspect of the ecology of birds—the subtitle is consequently Life Histories, Mating Systems and Extinction. This book is all about correlations (or patterns)—there are about 450 of them in the book of which about 50% are significant. Many of the hypotheses tested are not necessarily taxonomically limited; they are general for all organisms like senescence and extinction, while others are more limited, such as plumage coloration. The patterns searched for are framed in terms of modern theory and various hypotheses, and the results are related to the various predictions. This is probably the first book that relies entirely on comparative
HOST-INDUCED ASSORTATIVE MATING IN HOST RACES OF THE LARCH BUDMOTH

The likelihood of sympatric speciation is enhanced when assortative mating is a by-product of adaptation to different habitats. Pleiotropy of this kind is recognized as important in parasites that use their hosts as a long-range cue for finding mates, but is generally assumed to have limited applicability for most other organisms. In the larch budmoth, Zeiraphera diniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), sympatric host races feed on larch or pine. Zeiraphera diniana females attract males (call) by releasing host-independent long-range pheromones. Pheromone composition differs strongly between host races, but we show in an experimental field study that cross-attraction can occur at a rate of 0.03–0.38. Cross-attraction to larch females increases when they call from neighborhoods (8-m radius) rich in pine or from pine trees. Cross-attraction to pine females similarly increases when calling from neighborhoods rich in larch, but there is no significant effect of calling substrate. Males, as well as females, of this species preferentially alight on their own host, and in neighborhoods where their own host is common. This effect of tree species and host neighborhood on assortative mating is therefore due, at least in part, to the numbers of males of each host race present within approximately 200 m2 surrounding the female. This proximity effect is enhanced by the clumped distributions of the hosts themselves. Host chemistry might also affect pheromone production and/or response directly, but we have evidence neither for nor against this. This work provides empirical evidence that host adaptation has a pleiotropic effect on assortative mating in a species with host-independent long-range mating signals. Sympatric speciation via pleiotropy between ecological traits and assortative mating may thus be more common than generally supposed: Clumped resource distributions and habitat choice by adults are widespread.
Morphology, Velocity, and Intermittent Flight in Birds1

Abstract Body size, pectoralis composition, aspect ratio of the wing, and forward speed affect the use of intermittent flight in birds. During intermittent non-flapping phases, birds extend their wings and glide or flex their wings and bound. The pectoralis muscle is active during glides but not during bounds; activity in other primary flight muscles is variable. Mechanical power, altitude, and velocity vary among wingbeats in flapping phases; associated with this variation are changes in neuromuscular recruitment, wingbeat frequency, amplitude, and gait. Species of intermediate body mass (35–158 g) tend to flap-glide at slower speeds and flap-bound at faster speeds, regardless of the aspect ratio of their wings. Such behavior may reduce mechanical power output relative to continuous flapping. Smaller species (<20 g) with wings of low aspect ratio may flap-bound at all speeds, yet existing models do not predict an aerodynamic advantage for the flight style at slow speeds. The behavior of these species appears to be due to wing shape rather than pectoralis physiology. As body size increases among species, percent time spent flapping increases, and birds much larger than 300 g do not flap-bound. This pattern may be explained by adverse scaling of mass-specific power or lift per unit power output available from flight muscles. The size limit for the ability to bound intermittently may be offset somewhat by the scaling of pectoralis composition. The percentage of time spent flapping during intermittent flight also varies according to flight speed.
Photodynamic Effects of Antioxidant Substituted Porphyrin Photosensitizers on Gram-positive and -negative Bacteria¶

Abstract Photodynamic treatment of the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli B and Acinetobacter baumannii and the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was performed using two newly devised and synthesized antioxidant carrier photosensitizers (antioxidant carrier sensitizers-2 [ACS-2] and antioxidant carrier sensitizers-3 [ACS-3]), which are butyl hydroxy toluene and propyl gallate substituted haematoporphyrins, respectively. It was found that ACS-2 is less reactive than other photosensitizers previously used for the same purpose, whereas ACS-3 is very effective against the multidrug-resistant bacterium A. baumannii, causing its complete eradication at a low fluence (∼7.5 J/cm) of blue light (407–420 nm) and a low concentration (10 μM). At a higher fluence (∼37.5 J/cm) complete eradication of E. coli B can be obtained under the same conditions. Furthermore, X-ray microanalysis and ultrastructural changes indicate that ACS-3, especially in the case of photodynamic treatment of A. baumannii, interferes with membrane functions and causes the inactivation of the bacterium. ACS-3 may be suggested as a specific photosensitization agent for photoinactivation of gram-negative bacteria.
Pennellia yalaensis (Brassicaceae: Halimolobeae), a New Species from the Andes of Northern Argentina

Abstract Pennellia yalaensis, a new species of Brassicaceae from Jujuy Province in Argentina, is described and illustrated, and its phylogenetic relationships with nearest relatives are discussed. This novelty is morphologically related to P. boliviensis and P. brachycarpa, which also grow in the Central Andes of Argentina. However, P. yalaensis clearly differs from both species by the plant height, inflorescence type, and petal length. In addition, trichomes of the basal leaves distinguish the new species from P. boliviensis, and fruit length and number of ovules/seed from P. brachycarpa. Phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-F regions, confirmed these affinities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ONTOGENETIC NICHE IN RESOURCE-ASSOCIATED DIVERGENCE: EVIDENCE FROM A GENERALIST GRASSHOPPER

Geographic variation in resource use can produce locally adapted populations that exhibit genetic and phenotypic divergence. In the bird-winged grasshopper (Schistocerca emarginata 5 [lineata]), we investigate whether genetic data exist in accordance with geographic variation in resource (host) use and coloration. In Texas, juvenile grasshoppers feed almost exclusively on one of two host plants, Rubus trivialis (Rosaceae) or Ptelea trifoliata (Rutaceae), whereas adults of both forms are dietary generalists and consume many plants from unrelated families. Along with differences in juvenile feeding, differences in a density-dependent color polyphenism are concordant with genetic (mitochondrial DNA) variation among eight populations of the bird-winged grasshopper. Forms feeding on R. trivialis and those feeding on P. trifoliata represent monophyletic lineages according to phylogenetic analysis and maximumlikelihood tests of two alternative phylogeographic hypotheses for geographic variation in host use. Character-state optimization of host-plant acceptability on a phylogeny containing S. emarginata and outgroup taxa indicates that populations consuming R. trivialis gave rise to populations consuming P. trifoliata. Juvenile grasshoppers that consume P. trifoliata acquire deterrence against predation, suggesting that enemy-free space facilitated this host shift. In extant populations, adaptations stemming from alternative resource use during ontogeny present possible barriers to gene exchange. This study represents the first demonstration of resource-associated divergence in an otherwise generalist insect that exhibits temporal variation in resource use, characterized as developmental changes in host specialization. Our findings suggest that exploitation of different resources may have unexplored significance for generalist species that compartmentalize specialization to particular life stages.
GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF A CRYPTIC COPEPOD SPECIES COMPLEX AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN GENETICALLY PROXIMATE “POPULATIONS”

Abstract The copepod Eurytemora affinis has a broad geographic range within the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting coastal regions of North America, Asia, and Europe. A phylogenetic approach was used to determine levels of genetic differentiation among populations of this species, and interpopulation crosses were performed to determine reproductive compatibility. DNA sequences from two mitochondrial genes, large subunit (16S) rRNA (450 bp) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI, 652 bp), were obtained from 38 populations spanning most of the species range and from two congeneric species, E. americana and E. herdmani. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a polytomy of highly divergent clades with maximum sequence divergences of 10% in 16S rRNA and 19% in COI. A power test (difference of a proportion) revealed that amount of sequence data collected was sufficient for resolving speciation events occurring at intervals greater than 300,000 years, but insufficient for determining whether speciation events were approximately simultaneous. Geographic and genetic distances were not correlated (Mantel's test; r = 0.023, P = 0.25), suggesting that populations had not differentiated through gradual isolation by distance. At finer spatial scales, there was almost no sharing of mtDNA haplotypes among proximate populations, indicating little genetic exchange even between nearby sites. Interpopulation crosses demonstrated reproductive incompatibility among genetically distinct populations, including those that were sympatric. Most notably, two geographically distant (4000 km) but genetically proximate (0.96% 16S, 0.15% COI) populations exhibited asymmetric reproductive isolation at the F2 generation. Large genetic divergences and reproductive isolation indicate that the morphologically conservative E. affinis constitutes a sibling species complex. Reproductive isolation between genetically proximate populations underscores the importance of using multiple measures to examine patterns of speciation. Editor: B. Bowen
DISPERSAL, PHILOPATRY, AND INFIDELITY: DISSECTING LOCAL GENETIC STRUCTURE IN SUPERB FAIRY-WRENS (MALURUS CYANEUS)

Dispersal influences evolution, demography, and social characteristics but is generally difficult to study. Here we combine long-term demographic data from an intensively studied population of superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and multivariate spatial autocorrelation analyses of microsatellite genotypes to describe dispersal behavior in this species. The demographic data revealed: (1) sex-biased dispersal: almost all individuals that dispersed into the study area over an eight-year period were female (93%; n 5 153); (2) high rates of extragroup infidelity (66% of offspring), which also facilitated local gene dispersal; and (3) skewed lifetime reproductive success in both males and females. These data led to three expectations concerning the patterns of fine-scale genetic structure: (1) little or no spatial genetic autocorrelation among females, (2) positive spatial genetic autocorrelation among males, and (3) a heterogeneous genetic landscape. Global autocorrelation analysis of the genotypes present in the study population confirmed the first two expectations. A novel two-dimensional local autocorrelation analysis confirmed the third and provided new insight into the patterns of genetic structure across the two-dimensional landscape. We highlight the potential of autocorrelation analysis to infer evolutionary processes but also emphasize that genetic patterns in space cannot be fully understood without an appropriate and intensive sampling regime and detailed knowledge of the individuals genotyped.
Aquatic Insect Assemblages in Shrimp-dominated Tropical Streams, Puerto Rico1

ABSTRACT We examined the effects of shrimp on insects in Puerto Rico by assessing insect assemblages in streams relative to varying shrimp densities and also by manipulating shrimp presence. Insect assemblages were typical of tropical island streams and insects were found in all stream habitats. Shrimp impacted insects directly via predation and competition and indirectly through removing particles from the water column. Variation in shrimp distribution is likely to be an important factor determining insect-assemblage structure in tropical streams.