Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and reasons for light rain reduction in Southwest China in recent decades

Although light rain events have a small intensity and amount, light rain also exerts a significant influence on the environment and climate, and observations have revealed a significant reduction in light rain in many regions around the globe. The specific reasons for light rain reduction have not been clearly revealed. Some studies attribute the reduction in light rain to an increase in aerosol, while other studies tend to associate it with global warming. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to increase knowledge regarding the reasons for the decrease in light rain. Light rain events were analyzed using daily precipitation data collected from 67 gauge stations across Southwest China from 1960 to 2010. The results show that both the amount of light rain and the number of light rain days have decreased during the last 50 years at different magnitudes (0–2 mm, 2–5 mm, and 5–10 mm), in which the light rain amount and number of light rain days for 0–2 mm of rainfall present the largest regionally averaged decreasing rates of –0.20 mm/a and –0.73 days/a from 1960 to 2010, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum (minimum) light rain amount and number of light rain days appear in summer (winter). In addition, an increasing trend in the light rain amount in discrete events and a decreasing trend in the light rain amount in consecutive events are simultaneously revealed, in which the reduction in the frequency of consecutive light rain events is more significant than that of discrete light rain events. The reduction in light rain in the eastern part of Southwest China from 1979 to 2010 is mainly caused by a combination of water vapor reduction and warming. Moreover, the influence of aerosols on the observed reduction in light rain is not statistically significant at the inter-annual scale. The results provide some main correlation factors for predicting the long-term changes of light rain in China and even the global region.
Combination of Discrete Element Method and Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Porosity of Gravel-Bed River

In gravel-bed rivers, monitoring porosity is vital for fluvial geomorphology assessment as well as in r ecosystem management. Conventional porosity prediction methods are restricting in terms of the number of considered factors and are also time-consuming. We present a framework, the combination of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), to study the relationship between porosity and the grain size distribution. DEM was applied to simulate the 3D structure of the packing gravel-bed and fine sediment infiltration processes under various forces. The results of the DEM simulations were verified with the experimental data of porosity and fine sediment distribution. Further, an algorithm was developed for calculating high-resolution results of porosity and grain size distribution in vertical and horizontal directions from the DEM results, which were applied to develop a Feed Forward Neural Network (FNN) to predict bed porosity based on grain size distribution. The reliable results of DEM simulation and FNN prediction confirm that our framework is successful in predicting porosity change of gravel-bed.
Repeated index modulation for OFDM with space and frequency diversity

In this paper, an enhanced scheme of Index Modulation for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (IM-OFDM), called Repeated IM-OFDM with Diversity Reception (ReIM-OFDM) is proposed. ReIM-OFDM achieves performance improvement over the convetional IM-OFDM at the same spectral efficiency by providing additional space and frequency diversity. Similar to IM-OFDM, the proposed ReIM-OFDM also activates K out of total N subcarriers to convey information bits using both the active sub-carriers and their indices. However, it differs from IM-OFDM in that all activated sub-carriers are modulated by the same M-ary data symbol. For signal combining, either Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) or Selection Combining (SC) can be used in the spatial and sub-carriers domain to help ReIM-OFDM achieve both space and frequency diversity gain. In order to analyze performance of the system, the Moment Generating Function (MGF) is used to obtain the closed-form expressions for the pairwise index error probability (PEP) and the symbol error probability (SEP) in both cases: ReIM-OFDM-MRC and ReIM-OFDM-SC. Effects of various system parameters on the SEP are analyzed to select the best ReIM-OFDM configuration with minimum error probability. Our analysis proves the effectiveness of ReIM-OFDM over IM-OFDM at the same spectral efficiency.
Application Model of Data Mining in Economic Analysis of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Dawan Area

The construction of the Great Bay Area of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao is one of the important strategic arrangements for China's economic transformation and upgrading. Regional economy is a complex economic form. The imbalance and difference of its development make it very difficult to analyze and judge its economic form. Economic relations are becoming more and more complex as a whole. Combining data mining technology, economic analysis of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Great Bay Area is constructed to improve the efficiency of economic statistics. Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and Dawan District and surrounding cities have a significant “core-half-edge” structure and a three-level layer structure. The overall network connection relies too much on the radiation-driven and intermediate bridges of the Hong Kong-Shenzhen network. The contact relies too much on the radiation-driven and intermediate bridges of the Hong Kong-Shenzhen, to give play to the leading role of core cities in technological innovation, promote the seamless nesting of core areas and peripheral areas, and effectively interact with the effective market and the government.
Trend Factor in China: The Role of Large Individual Trading

We propose a 4-factor model for the Chinese stock market by adding a trend factor into the market, size, and value of Liu, Stambaugh, and Yuan’s (2019) 3-factor model. Because of up to 80% of individual trading, the trend factor captures salient relevant price and volume trends, and earns a monthly Sharpe ratio of 0.48, much greater than that of the market (0.11), size (0.20), and value (0.28). The 4-factor model explains well a number of stylized facts and anomalies of the Chinese stock market. It also explains well mutual fund returns, serving as an analogue of Carhart’s (1997) model in China.
Effect of Some Agricultural Practices on Mitigating the Harmful of Soil Salinity for Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Productivity

Management of saline soils is the main concern of many specialists in order to mitigate or reduce the salinity problems on the plant for increases its ability to produce crops. Thus, a field experiment was carried out during the winter season of 2014/2015, on a sandy loam soil at a newly reclaimed area of Sahl El-Tina, Galbana Village No.7, North Sinai, Egypt. , to evaluate some of agricultural practices proposed i.e. agricultural system (raised beds or furrow row system) and Zn SO4 foliar application on alleviate salinity stress and faba bean yield and yield components. The results can be summarized as follows ; the raised bed system contributed in good manage of salt accumulation, where the soluble salts were pushed from the root zone of bed shoulder towards bed middle as a result of dawn and lateral irrigation movements. Thus, the gradually decreasing in soil salinity with the consecutive irrigations had significantly positive effect on plant heights, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, straw yield, seed yield, weight of 100 grains and protein contents (%) in seeds of faba bean plants under raised bed system compared to furrow row system. In addition to, the amounts of macronutrients uptake by plant and its chlorophyll content were significantly increased with using raised bed system. In contrast, the prolien content of faba bean plant was decreased with fading the salinity stress problems under this condition. Furthermore, Zn SO4 foliar application treatments gave the same trend particularly with 200 mg L as individual treatment, except number of branches/plant and protein contents (%). This positive effect was higher clearly with the interaction between raised beds system and 200 mg L (Zn SO4) treatment.
An Investigation of Overcrowding Among the UK Households

Despite being a major economic power, the UK has been facing several social issues especially with respect to housing its population. The UK law on housing defines the minimum standards of the housing structure and the number of people occupying a given housing space. In spite of these legal requirements, the census data of housing shows that there is a steady increase in issues of adequate housing for the population and that the overcrowding in UK dwellings is a very common problem. This paper identifies various factors that determine the ‘space’ dimension of overcrowding in the UK housing market. We find that the ‘space’ dimension of overcrowding in the UK housing market as indicated by ‘the total number of bedrooms households’ is significantly related to the joint income of the household personals and tenure type, whereas factors like ‘age under sixteen’ and ‘rurality’ are not significant. We use a linear probability (regression) model for discrete dependent variables with multiple responses to test the hypotheses and provide robust estimations.
Role of Calanus sinicus (Copepoda, Calanoida) on Dimethylsulfide and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Production in Jiaozhou Bay

The role of copepod Calanus sinicus on the production of dimethylsulfide (DMS)/dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in Jiaozhou Bay was evaluated in field measurements and laboratory experiments. Samples at 10 sites in the bay were collected monthly from June 2010 to May 2011 (except for March 2011), and zooplankton species composition was analyzed. Effects of C. sinicus grazing on DMS/DMSP production at different conditions (i.e., algal diets, food concentrations, and salinities) were assessed in the laboratory. Data from the field experiment showed that C. sinicus was the dominant copepod in Jiaozhou Bay (up to 123 individuals/m3 in May 2011) and preferred to graze on diatom. DMS and DMSP concentrations depend on not only phytoplankton abundance but also phytoplankton species and bacterial abundance. In the laboratory experiment, compared with Gymnodinium sp. or Emiliania huxleyi, C. sinicus feeding on Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros curvisetus exhibited increased DMS concentration, whereas high salinity inhibited DMS production. Copepod ingested 0.5%–35% of DMSP in filtered phytoplankton, and copepod DMSP ingestion turnover rate in Jiaozhou Bay was up to 29 pmol L−1 d−1. Although the microbial DMSP consumption rate was 10–2,620‐fold of copepod turnover rate, copepod grazing was still one of the important routes in DMSP loss processes through food chain. This study indicated that DMSP was transferred from phytoplankton to copepod body, fecal pellet, and seawater through copepod grazing. Our results provided important information to understand the biogeochemical cycle of DMSP in Jiaozhou Bay.
Homestead Food Gardeners’ Perceived Vulnerability to Poverty, Income Shocks and Entrepreneurial Activities in North West Province, South Africa

Poor households are faced with several challenges which affect their income generating activities. In the Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality, where this study was carried out, unemployment and food insecurity are prevalent. The respondents were selected using a multistep sampling method. The first stage involved selection of villages, where HFG are commonly found were randomly selected. In the second stage, a snowball sampling process was employed to identify and select people involved in homestead food gardening, lastly was to find a sample of 110 HFG. The study found that HFG were experiencing different shocks. The regression coefficients indicated that entrepreneurial income was significantly and positively affected by socio-economic characteristics and shocks while it was significantly and negatively affected by shocks and challenges. The marginal parameters of perceived vulnerability to poverty were significantly and positively affected by entrepreneurial activities. Socio-economic characteristics significantly and negatively affected marginal effects of perceived vulnerability to poverty. It can be concluded that farmers still need more training and awareness on how to run agricultural businesses as well as non-farm businesses for increased entrepreneurial income, improved welfare and limited likelihood of poverty and vulnerability. It was recommended that government to intervene in matters that arose from this study by providing more awareness, opportunities and training for people in the study area in order to reduce and prevent future poverty.
Title Dual-mode operation of DC-excited memory motors under fluxregulation

The concept of memory is due to the fact that the magnetization level of permanent magnets (PMs) in the motor can be easily regulated by a temporary dc current pulse and then be memorized automatically. By incorporating this concept into the hybrid-field doubly salient PM (DSPM) motor, the resulting dc-excited memory motor can offer effective and efficient air-gap flux control. The purpose of this paper is to newly propose and implement dual-mode operation for the dc-excited memory motor. Namely, by regulating the magnetization level of the PMs, the motor can operate either under the DSPM mode or under the switched reluctance mode while maintaining similar operating performances. Both simulation and experimentation are used to verify the validity of the proposed dual-mode operation.
Earthquake Swarms Triggered by Groundwater Extraction Near the Dead Sea Fault

In 2013 and 2018, earthquake swarms with a maximum moment magnitude of 4.5 occurred ~5 km from the northern section of the Dead Sea Transform Fault. Here we show that aquifer pressure data, interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation time series, and seismic monitoring suggest that groundwater withdrawal triggered these earthquakes. Continuous groundwater extraction from several wells located ~10 km west of the swarms has accelerated since 2010 and resulted in a total decrease of ~50 m of the groundwater level at the time of the 2018 earthquake swarm. The withdrawal also corresponds to surface subsidence of ~10 mm/year based on repeat interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements. The temporal correlation, extensive subsidence, anomalous swarm characteristics, and normal faulting orientation suggest a connection between the groundwater withdrawal and recent earthquakes. Poroelastic modeling demonstrates that pumping‐induced pore pressure decrease west of the earthquake could have caused significant dilatational stresses that led to normal faulting events outside the aquifer.
Numerical study of the use of photovoltaic-Trombe wall in residential buildings in Tibet

In the current paper, the thermal and electrical performance of photovoltaic (PV)Trombe wall (PV-TW) used in Tibetan residential buildings is investigated, and two performance influencing factors are analysed. Based on the original model, the PV-TW’s model for residential buildings is updated, and then a simple design is performed for a given residential building in Tibet. The results show that the indoor temperature increases linearly, whereas the electrical efficiency remains almost constant, when the PV-TW’s width increases. In addition, thermal insulation is found to be quite effective to improve the thermal performance, whereas it decreases the electrical performance only a little. After choosing a width of 1.70 m, the average indoor temperatures are 10.2 ◦C and 24.0 ◦C for PV-TW system with and without thermal insulation, respectively. Besides, the average electrical power can satisfy the requirement of 100W, with an electrical efficiency of 10–11 per cent.
Analysis of employment change in response to hurricane landfalls

Abstract. Hurricanes cause extensive harm to local economies, and in some cases the recovery may take years. As an adequate, skilled, and trained workforce is a prerequisite for economic development and capacity building, employment plays an important role in disaster reduction and mitigation efforts. The statistical relationship between hurricane landfalls and observed changes in employment at the county level is investigated. Hurricane impact is classified into temporary and permanent categories. In the former category, the level of economic activities is lowered following a hurricane landfall but quickly recovers to the pre-storm norm. In contrast, the permanent shift alters the mean value of the data and results in lasting losses in future years. The results show that Hurricane Katrina produced significant permanent impact on Orleans County, Louisiana. Chambers and Fort Bend counties experienced a significant temporary impact due to the landfall of Hurricane Ike. The results are further discussed through a qualitative analysis of various social, economic, and engineering factors in these affected communities. The findings support the notion that a higher resilience level leads to quicker recovery after a disaster. However, the underlying data-generating processes are characterized and tested in a more detailed manner.
A New Era in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Treatment: A Review of UK and European Thrombectomy Guidelines

Background: Acute ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. It creates a massive burden not only on the patient’s life but society as a whole. There has been much advancement in stroke management over the past few decades but 2015 has shown giant leaps in this. Up till now, thrombolysis was the main stroke treatment but recently several randomized controlled trials have emerged to demonstrate the efficacy behind using thrombectomy and how it will lead us into the future by treating ischemic stroke quicker and more effectively than ever before. Aim: To perform a systematic review of the new trials that compare thrombectomy to best medical-care. Furthermore, to critically analyze the current thrombectomy guidelines across UK and Europe in order to develop a thrombectomy best practice protocol that can be used as a guide worldwide. Method: Numerous articles which highlight the use of thrombectomy compared to thrombolysis alone in acute ischemic stroke were reviewed. Most recent UK and Europe guidelines for thrombectomy use were compared and critically appraised. Results and conclusion: Results show that thrombectomy used with thrombolysis reduces mortality rates and improves patients' functional independence and vessel reperfusion rates significantly from 37% to 100% compared to thrombolysis alone. Current European recommendations complies with these results and forms relevant guidance whereas, the UKs guidelines are incompatible, lacking structure and recent evidence. As a result, this review has created a new protocol which encompasses the trial results and European recommendations, in the hope to assist physicians worldwide.
Design Criteria of Permanent Sprinkler Irrigation System to Maximizing Water Productivity under Marginal Conditions

Field experiments were conducted at El-Tina Plain, North Sinai governorate, Egypt, in growing seasons of 2012, 2013 and 2014 to evaluate of design criteria of permanent sprinkler irrigation “PS” under marginal conditions using impact sprinklers with different nozzle diameter and different operating pressure. The other purpose is the response of forage millet yield to seasonal applied water depth and to maximizing the water productivity.Christiansen uniformity coefficient values by different range levels “CUc”, irrigation water use efficiency “IWUE”, water lost by percolation “DP” and irrigation adequacy “pa” was estimated through field experiments. The randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Experimental treatments consisted of five different sprinkler irrigation uniformity range levels: "CUc1" (90 -95%), "CUc2" (80 85%),"CUc3" (70 75%), "CUc4" (60 65%) and "CUc5" (50 55%). The obtained results showed that the maximum value of irrigation adequacy was 69% for CUc1 treatment, while its minimum value (38.8%) was obtained for CUc5 treatment. By increasing irrigation uniformity coefficient, the irrigation adequacy increased, while the water losses decreased. The maximum value of water losses “Dp” was 26.15% for CUc5 treatment, while the minimum value was 7% for CUc1 treatment. By decreasing the irrigation uniformity coefficient "CUc" the high losses of irrigation water "Dp" was caused. Forage millet yield depends on both the application depth of water and the sprinkler irrigation performance, but it is more sensitive to the differences in applied water depth than to the differences in sprinkler irrigation uniformity. Therefore, the good uniformity of the irrigation system under marginal conditions does not mean high forage yield. The methodology of this study could have useful applications in design optimization, management and promotion of permanent sprinkler irrigation system and in deficit irrigation planning under marginal conditions, such as El-Tina Plain.
Object-based feature selection using class-pair separability for high-resolution image classification

ABSTRACT With the increasing popularity of object-based image analysis (OBIA) since 2006, numerous classification and mapping tasks were reported to benefit from this evolving paradigm. In these studies, segments are firstly created, followed by classification based on segment-level information. However, the feature space formed by segment-level feature variables can be very large and complex, posing challenges to obtaining satisfactory classification performance. Accordingly, this work attempts to develop a new feature selection approach for segment-level features. Based on the principle of class-pair separability, the segment-level features are grouped according to their types. For each group, the contribution of each segment-level feature to the separation of a pair of classes is quantified. With the information of all feature groups and class pairs, the separability ranking and appearance frequency are considered to compute importance score for each feature. Higher importance score means larger appropriateness to select a feature. By using two Gaofen-2 multi-spectral images, the proposed method is validated. The experimental results show the advantages of the proposed technique over some state-of-the-art feature selection approaches: (1) it can better reduce the number of segment-level features and effectively avoid redundant information; (2) the feature subset obtained by the proposed scheme has good potential to improve classification accuracy.