Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attitude and perception towards vaccination against poliomyelitis in Peshawar, Pakistan

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to quantitatively assess the general public's awareness, attitude and perception of polio and its vaccination in Peshawar KPK, Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a survey-based study to understand the surge in polio cases from 2015 to 2019 in the Peshawar city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. A pre-tested questionnaire-based study was conducted in 2019 to assess the attitude and general perception of residents of Peshawar KPK towards polio vaccination. RESULTS: Out of 241 country-wide polio cases, 63 (26.1%) polio cases were reported in Peshawar city from 2015–2019. The questionnaire revealed that individuals between 18–30 years of age had sufficient knowledge (65.1%) about polio. Male and female participants had equal awareness (~ 43%). Participants with higher education (45.9%), those with better financial status (49.5%), individuals with children < 5 years of age (46.4%), and those who had experience of a polio patient (63.1%) had better knowledge. Participants inhabiting the central city were better aware (50.5%) of polio than individuals living in the outskirts. CONCLUSION: The data indicated that poor knowledge and negative attitudes of people towards polio vaccination are the main causes of the polio eradication program's failure. Moreover, religious beliefs, unchecked migration between the Pak-Afghan border, and lack of knowledge about polio vaccination are identified as critical barriers to polio eradication.
Neural Model for Real-Time Engine Volumetric Efficiency Estimation

Increasing the degrees of freedom in the air path has become a popular way to reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of modern combustion engines. That is why technical definitions will usually contain components such as multi or single-stage turbocharger, throttle, exhaust gas recirculation loops, wastegate, variable valve timing or phasing, etc. One of the biggest challenges is to precisely quantify the gas flows through the engine. They include fresh and burnt gases, with trapping and scavenging phenomena. An accurate prediction of these values leads to an efficient control of the engine air fuel ratio and torque. Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions are then minimized. In this paper, we propose to use an artificial neural networkbased model as a prediction tool for the engine volumetric efficiency. Results are presented for a downsized turbocharged spark-ignited engine, equipped with inlet and outlet variable valve timing. The calibration process that is used in this study only requires steady-state operating points. The validation stage was conducted on both steady-state and vehicle transients. Model prediction is in very good agreement with experimental results while keeping a very low calibration effort and matching embedded computational requirements. The conclusion stresses that thanks to their generic structure, neural models offer an interesting potential for generalization to even more complex technical definitions.
Whole-Genome Resequencing of Worldwide Wild and Domestic Sheep Elucidates Genetic Diversity, Introgression, and Agronomically Important Loci

Abstract Domestic sheep and their wild relatives harbor substantial genetic variants that can form the backbone of molecular breeding, but their genome landscapes remain understudied. Here, we present a comprehensive genome resource for wild ovine species, landraces and improved breeds of domestic sheep, comprising high-coverage (∼16.10×) whole genomes of 810 samples from 7 wild species and 158 diverse domestic populations. We detected, in total, ∼121.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, ∼61 million of which are novel. Some display significant (P < 0.001) differences in frequency between wild and domestic species, or are private to continent-wide or individual sheep populations. Retained or introgressed wild gene variants in domestic populations have contributed to local adaptation, such as the variation in the HBB associated with plateau adaptation. We identified novel and previously reported targets of selection on morphological and agronomic traits such as stature, horn, tail configuration, and wool fineness. We explored the genetic basis of wool fineness and unveiled a novel mutation (chr25: T7,068,586C) in the 3′-UTR of IRF2BP2 as plausible causal variant for fleece fiber diameter. We reconstructed prehistorical migrations from the Near Eastern domestication center to South-and-Southeast Asia and found two main waves of migrations across the Eurasian Steppe and the Iranian Plateau in the Early and Late Bronze Ages. Our findings refine our understanding of genome variation as shaped by continental migrations, introgression, adaptation, and selection of sheep.
The Circular Platform Task for Evaluation of Mci in the Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus ), a Non-human Primate Model

The circular platform task apparatus was an adaptation of the device described by Barnes (4) for mouse lemurs. It consisted of a white circular platform (diameter, 100 cm) with 12 equally spaced circular holes (each 5 cm in diameter) located 3 cm from the perimeter. The platform could be rotated. The maze platform was placed 60 cm above the floor, and a cardboard nest box (10 cm × 10 cm × 20 cm) could be inserted and removed beneath each hole and served as a refuge (goal box). To prevent the mouse lemur from escaping, the platform was entirely surrounded with a white wall 25 cm high and covered with a transparent Plexiglas® ceiling that permitted the mouse lemurs to see the extra-maze visual cues. The apparatus was surrounded by a black curtain hung from a square metallic frame (length of the side, 120 cm) located 110 cm above the floor. The roof of the frame was a one-way mirror to allow observation. Attached beneath the one-way mirror and along perimeter of the maze (about 50 cm above the platform), there are 24 evenly spaced 2-W lights, illuminating the maze. The maze center was also illuminated with a 60-W light. Between the one-way mirror and the upper edge of the wall, various objects were attached along the inner surface of the curtain to serve as visual cues. The starting box was an open- ended dark cylinder positioned in the center of the platform. Transparent radial Plexiglas partitions (25 cm high x 20 cm long) were placed between the holes to prevent the strategy used by some mouse lemurs to go directly to the periphery of the platform and then walk along the wall and inspect each hole one by one. Consequently, animals had to return to the center of the platform after each hole inspection. Animals were given one session of habituation and training (day 1) and one session of testing (day 2). Each session included four trials, each of which began with placement of the animal inside the starting box. After 30 seconds, the box was lifted to release the animal. For the lemurs, the objective was to reach the goal box positioned beneath one of the 12 holes, kept constant relative to the cues for all trials. When the animal entered the goal box, the trial was stopped, and the animal was allowed to remain in its nest box for 2 minutes. After each trial, the platform was cleaned and randomly rotated on its central axis to avoid the use of intra-maze cues, although the position of the goal box was kept constant relative to the cues.
Analysis of Genetic Diversity in the American Standardbred Horse Utilizing Short Tandem Repeats and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Abstract American Standardbreds were developed as a harness racing horse breed. The United States Trotting Association closed the studbook in 1973 and implemented a book size cap in 2009. This study aimed to investigate genetic diversity in the American Standardbred after the studbook cap was introduced using short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Sixteen STRs from horses foaled from 2010 to 2015 and their sires and dams (n = 50 621) were utilized to examine allelic richness (Ar), expected heterozygosity (HE), observed heterozygosity (HO), unbiased heterozygosity (HU), inbreeding coefficient (FIS), and fixation index (FST). These analyses found that trotting and pacing sires were less genetically diverse than dams (HEPBonferroni = 0.029 and 6.3 × 10−5, respectively) and their offspring (ArPBonferroni = 0.034 and 6.9 × 10-6, respectively), and pacing offspring were significantly less diverse than their dams (HEPBonferroni = 2 × 10-3). Inbreeding coefficients for trotters (FIS = −0.014) and pacers (FIS = −0.012) suggest that breeding practices have maintained diversity. Moderate levels of genetic differentiation (0.066 < FST < 0.11) were found between pacing and trotting groups. Additionally, 10 of the most prolific trotting sires and their male offspring (n = 84) were genotyped on the 670K Axiom Equine HD Array. HO values higher than HE (P < 0.001), low inbreeding coefficients (mean F = −0.064), and mean FROH = 21% indicate relatively high levels of diversity in this cohort, further supporting the STR data. However, in contrast, HO values were higher for trotting sires (0.41) than their offspring (0.36). This observation warrants further monitoring of diversity over time. These data provide an updated foundation of diversity indices for further, long-term analysis in the breed.
Bibliometric Evaluation of Publications (2000-2020) on the Prognosis of Gastric Cancer

Background: Gastric cancer remains a global malignancy. The role of bibliometric analysis is increasingly valued. It is feasible and necessary to perform a bibliometric analysis to regurgitate studies in the prognosis of gastric cancer. Materials and methods: Web of Science was selected for the dataset resource. Articles published between 2000 and 2020 within the database of Web of Science Core Collection were included with predefined search terms. CiteSpace version 5.7. R1 and R software program version 4.0. 3 were used for bibliometric analysis with parameters extrapolated from included studies. Results: A total of 1721 articles were included from 2000 to 2020 with remarkably increasing trends. China (n=1183), Japan (n=218), and South Korea (n=119) showed the most publications. SUN YAT SEN University, FUDAN University, and NANJING MED University were the top institutions with most publications. Keywords with strongest citation bursts between 2000 and 2020 were characterized. Particularly, “statistics”, “resistance”, “mortality”, “lncrna”, “diagnosis”, “outcome”, “migration”, “promote,” and “regulatory t cell” were the latest rising keywords since 2017, indicating possible study trends ahead. Several articles showed strongest citation bursts, including Jemal A. CA-CANCER J CLIN, Van Cutsem E. LANCET, and Japanese Gastric Cancer Association GASTRIC CANCER. Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis provides a thought-provoking, insightful result concerning the trajectory of research development in prognosis of gastric cancer with a future perspective.
Neural representation of the parent–child attachment from infancy to adulthood

Abstract Attachment theory is built on the assumption of consistency; the mother–infant bond is thought to underpin the life-long representations individuals construct of attachment relationships. Still, consistency in the individual’s neural response to attachment-related stimuli representing his or her entire relational history has not been investigated. Mothers and children were followed across two decades and videotaped in infancy (3–6 months), childhood (9–12 years) and young adulthood (18–24 years). In adulthood, participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while exposed to videos of own mother–child interactions (Self) vs unfamiliar interactions (Other). Self-stimuli elicited greater activations across preregistered nodes of the human attachment network, including thalamus-to-brainstem, amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and temporal cortex. Critically, self-stimuli were age-invariant in most regions of interest despite large variability in social behavior, and Bayesian analysis showed strong evidence for lack of age-related differences. Psycho–physiological interaction analysis indicated that self-stimuli elicited tighter connectivity between ACC and anterior insula, consolidating an interface associating information from exteroceptive and interceptive sources to sustain attachment representations. Child social engagement behavior was individually stable from infancy to adulthood and linked with greater ACC and insula response to self-stimuli. Findings demonstrate overlap in circuits sustaining parental and child attachment and accord with perspectives on the continuity of attachment across human development.
PEALL4: a 4-channel, 12-bit, 40-MSPS, Power Efficient and Low Latency SAR ADC

The PEALL4 chip is a Power Efficient And Low Latency 4-channels, 12-bit and 40-MSPS successive approximation register (SAR) ADC. It was designed featuring a very short latency time in the context of ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter phase I upgrade. Moreover this design could be a good option for ATLAS phase II and other High Energy Physics (HEP) projects. The full functionality of the converter is achieved by an embedded high-speed clock frequency conversion generated by the ADC itself. The design and testing results of the PEALL4 chip implemented in a commercial 130nm CMOS process are presented. The size of this 4-channel ADC with embedded voltage references and sLVS output serializer is 2.8x3. 4 mm2. The chip presents a short latency time less than 25 ns defined from the very beginning of the sampling to the last conversion bit made available. A total power consumption below 27mW per channel is measured including the reference buffer and the sLVS serializer.
A Study of Weaving ‘Turkish Knots’ in Handmade Carpets with an Electromechanical System

Abstract To form a Turkish knot in a handmade carpet, a study for a computer-controlled prototype loom and its drive system has been presented. The mechanisms involved in the prototype are described separately and the design considerations for each mechanism are given with the function requirements needed. The control of the knotting system is achieved with the actuators applied. The research on the subject is still continuing at the Department of Textile Engineering, University of Gaziantep.
New advances in quantitative proteomics research and current applications in asthma

ABSTRACT Introduction Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease and has been declared a global public health problem by the World Health Organization. Due to the high heterogeneity and complexity, asthma can be classified into different ‘phenotypes’ and it is still difficult to assess the phenotypes and stages of asthma by traditional methods. In recent years, mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies have made significant progress in sensitivity and accuracy of protein identification and quantitation, and are able to obtain differences in protein expression across samples, which provides new insights into the mechanisms and classification of asthma. Areas covered In this article, we summarize research strategies in quantitative proteomics, including labeled, label-free and targeted quantification, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each. In addition, new applications of quantitative proteomics and the current status of research in asthma have also been discussed. In this study, online resources such as PubMed and Google Scholar were used for literature retrieval. Expert opinion The application of quantitative proteomics in asthma has an important role in identifying asthma subphenotypes, revealing potential pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. But the proteomic studies on asthma are not sufficient, as most of them are in the phase of biomarker discovery.
Automatic Sleep Staging in Children with Sleep Apnea using Photoplethysmography and Convolutional Neural Networks

Sleep staging is of paramount importance in children with suspicion of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Complexity, cost, and intrusiveness of overnight polysomnography (PSG), the gold standard, have led to the search for alternative tests. In this sense, the photoplethysmography signal (PPG) carries useful information about the autonomous nervous activity associated to sleep stages and can be easily acquired in pediatric sleep apnea home tests with a pulse oximeter. In this study, we use the PPG signal along with convolutional neural networks (CNN), a deep-learning technique, for the automatic identification of the three main levels of sleep: wake (W), rapid eye movement (REM), and non-REM sleep. A database of 366 PPG recordings from pediatric OSA patients is involved in the study. A CNN architecture was trained using 30-s epochs from the PPG signal for three-stage sleep classification. This model showed a promising diagnostic performance in an independent test set, with 78.2% accuracy and 0.57 Cohen’s kappa for W/NREM/REM classification. Furthermore, the percentage of time in wake stage obtained for each subject showed no statistically significant differences with the manually scored from PSG. These results were superior to the only state-of-the-art study focused on the analysis of the PPG signal in the automated detection of sleep stages in children suffering from OSA. This suggests that CNN can be used along with PPG recordings for sleep stages scoring in pediatric home sleep apnea tests.
Self-perceived oral health-related salutogenic factors in orally healthy older Swedes. A qualitative interview study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to explore oral health-related salutogenic factors in orally healthy older Swedish people, applying the three components of Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence (SOC) concept: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. Material and method Interviews were conducted with 12 orally healthy patients, aged 75 years and older, enrolled at public dental clinics. The interviews were subjected to qualitative content analysis, applying the SOC concept as the theoretical framework. Results Three themes were formulated under the predefined SOC components, describing the central meaning of the informants’ perception of factors favourable to their good oral health. The theme ‘comprehension of cause and effect’ consisted of three categories, for example importance of oral hygiene, and reflected the component comprehensibility. The theme ‘living in confidence and trust in supporting society’ consisted of five categories, for example self-esteem, and reflected the component manageability. The theme ‘good oral health as a basis for satisfaction and social confidence’ consisted of two categories, for example social norms, and reflected the component meaningfulness. Conclusion This study discloses how orally healthy elderly Swedish people perceive the lifelong impact of salutogenic factors in response to lifelong stressors on their oral health and highlights the important roles of their internal resources, dental professionals, family and society in supporting and reinforcing lifelong oral health.
An overview of avalanche photodiodes and pulsed lasers as they are used in 3D laser radar type applications

This paper will examine how Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) and Infrared Pulsed lasers (PL) are used and optimized to provide the "intelligence" to smart weapons. The basics of APD's and PL will be covered and the principle "time of flight ranging" which is the underlining principle of 3D laser radar will be illustrated. The time of flight principle is used for range finding, lidar, 3D laser radar and speed measurements - this information can then be used to provide intelligence to the smart weapon. Examples of such systems are discussed and illustrated, for example: Cluster bombs, Proximity fuses, and how laser range finding systems can be incorporated with GPS to produce effective and lethal weapons. The APD's that are discussed include silicon APD's for cost effective weapons, and 1550nm APDs for eye-safe systems. An overview of the different PL's will be outlined, but the focus will be on 905nm laser pulsars for cost effective laser weapons.
Nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites in milk based on mass defect filtering using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry

The development of nontargeted screening strategy for veterinary drugs and their metabolites is very important for food safety. In this study, a nontargeted screening strategy was developed to find the potentially hazardous substances based on mass defect filtering (MDF) using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry. First, the drug metabolites of 112 veterinary drugs from seven classes of antimicrobials were predicted. Second, three MDF models were established, including the traditional rectangular MDF, the enhanced parallelogram MDF, and the polygonal MDF. Finally, the strategy was applied to nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs in 36 milk samples. The polygonal MDF model based on the distribution area of parent drugs and their metabolites showed a better filtering effect. After removing food components and performing MDF, about 10% of the substances remained, and four veterinary drugs and six drug metabolites were discovered and identified, showing the effectiveness of this strategy. The nontargeted screening strategy can rapidly remove interfering substances and find the suspected compounds. It can also be used for nontargeted screening of veterinary drugs and their metabolites in other food matrices.
Bidirectional flow of action potentials in axons drives activity dynamics in neuronal cultures

Objective. Recent technological advances are revealing the complex physiology of the axon and challenging long-standing assumptions. Namely, while most action potential (AP) initiation occurs at the axon initial segment in central nervous system neurons, initiation in distal parts of the axon has been reported to occur in both physiological and pathological conditions. The functional role of these ectopic APs, if exists, is still not clear, nor its impact on network activity dynamics. Approach. Using an electrophysiology platform specifically designed for assessing axonal conduction we show here for the first time regular and effective bidirectional axonal conduction in hippocampal and dorsal root ganglia cultures. We investigate and characterize this bidirectional propagation both in physiological conditions and after distal axotomy. Main results. A significant fraction of APs are not coming from the canonical synapse-dendrite-soma signal flow, but instead from signals originating at the distal axon. Importantly, antidromic APs may carry information and can have a functional impact on the neuron, as they consistently depolarize the soma. Thus, plasticity or gene transduction mechanisms triggered by soma depolarization can also be affected by these antidromic APs. Conduction velocity is asymmetrical, with antidromic conduction being slower than orthodromic. Significance. Altogether these findings have important implications for the study of neuronal function in vitro, reshaping our understanding on how information flows in neuronal cultures.