Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GaOOH, and b- and c-Ga2O3 nanowires: preparation and photoluminescence

A composite methodology using laser ablation followed by a solution refluxing process was demonstrated to prepare GaOOH and (b-, g-) Ga2O3 nanowires, where GaOOH and g-Ga2O3 nanowires were prepared for the first time. The CTAB surfactant and PVP polymer facilitated the nucleation and growth of GaOOH nanorods, and played different roles in selectively controlling the growth rates of different facets. In the PVA/CTAB-assisted reaction, a high aspect ratio (of at least 200) of GaOOH nanowires was approached. The calcination of GaOOH nanowires at a temperature of 500 1C (6 h) transformed them into g-Ga2O3 nanowires and converted them further into b-Ga2O3 nanowires at 750 1C (18 h). Photoluminescence measurements were conducted at room temperature for the GaOOH and (b-, g-) Ga2O3 nanowires using a high resolution synchrotron X-ray source. The blue emissions from the GaOOH and (b-, g-) Ga2O3 nanowires were resolved into a few sharp peaks, and may provide a valuable reference for further understanding the PL mechanisms. Although luminescence spectra of the GaOOH and g-Ga2O3 nanowires were recorded for the first time, the similar optical band gap and emission contour observed for b-Ga2O3 nanowires suggests that the optical behavior of GaOOH and g-Ga2O3 nanowires are likely to closely follow the PL mechanisms of b-Ga2O3 nanowires.
Poly(butene‐1 sulfone) —A highly sensitive positive resist

The positive electron resist poly(butene‐1 sulfone) (PBS) has been reported previously. As with other electron resists, sensitivity has been shown to be dependent on a number of processing parameters such as accelerating voltage, developer, developer solvent, and polymer characteristics (namely, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, etc.). Previous reports have involved resist samples and conditions resulting in sensitivities within the range of 4–6×10−6 C/cm2 at 10 kV. For certain uses, for example, on the Bell Laboratories electron beam exposure system (EBES), a sensitivity of better than 1×10−6 C/cm2 at 10 kV is desired for efficient operation. Recent studies involving samples of varying molecular parameters verify feasibility of sensitivities of 7–8×10−7 C/cm2 at 10 kV for carefully controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. As expected, processing of PBS at this sensitivity requires careful attention to polymer dissolution mechanisms. An ideal developing system should d.
Space Vector Pulse Density Modulation Scheme for Multilevel Inverters using Line Voltages Coordinate Transformation

This paper proposes a Space Vector Pulse Density Modulation (SVPDM) scheme that utilizes line voltage coordinate transformation. The scheme uses three first order Sigma Delta Modulators (SDM) for generating pulse density modulation, wherein the reference vector is vector quantized to generate the output switching vectors. The switching vectors for the inverters are derived without sector identification in this scheme making the algorithm computationally simpler. Voronoi region in the proposed Space Vector Quantizer (SVQ) are defined as a triangle with the inverter switching vectors as its vertices. The proposed SVPDM scheme retains the advantages over Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) scheme such as avoidance of pulse width problem, calculation of duty ratio, use of look-up table. SVPDM has better spectral characteristics, ease of digital implementation, decreased electromagnetic interference, avoidance of complex timing calculations, and less acoustic noise of motor. The proposed scheme is simulated for a 5L Active Neutral Point Clamped (5L-ANPC) topology and result are verified.
Generalized anomeric effects and hyperconjugation in CH2(OH)2, CH2(SH)2, CH2(SeH)2, and CH2(TeH)2

The origin of generalized anomeric effects (energy differences between gauche and anti structures) is methanediol and its sulfur, selenium, and tellurium derivatives has been examined in detail by ab initio calculations through the MP2 level and by NBO analyses of the Hartree-Fock wave functions. Gauche preferences of SH, SeH, and TeH substituents decrease but do not vanish. The X lone pairs as well as the CH, CX, and XH bonding electrons are slighly delocalized (X=O, S, Se, and Te). If the wave functions are expanded in terms of localized and orthogonal molecular orbitals, these delocalizations are represented by hyperconjugative orbital interactions. p X →σ * CX and σ CH →σ * XH hyperconjugation strongly favors gauche structures
Sustainable joint solventless coproduction of glycerol carbonate and ethylene glycol via thermal transesterification of glycerol

This study focuses on the thermal reaction between glycerol and ethylene carbonate to obtain glycerol carbonate and ethylene glycol under solventless homogeneous operation, the process being a transcarbonation of glycerol or a glycerolysis of ethylene carbonate. As the two reagents constitute an immiscible system at 40 °C evolving into a single phase at 80 °C, the evolution of phases with temperature was studied by focused beam reflectance measurement. As the biphasic system was inert, runs were completed under a monophasic regime from 100 to 140 °C with molar ratios of ethylene carbonate to glycerol of 2 and 3, achieving quantitative conversion of glycerol, as corroborated by a thermodynamic study. Second order potential kinetic models were proposed and fitted to the data. Finally, a comparison with analogous catalytic approaches was made, showing that this process performs better material-wise.
Polyelectrolyte solutions containing mixed valency ions in the cell model: A simulation and modified Poisson–Boltzmann study

Monte Carlo simulations of linear polyelectrolyte solutions containing mixed valency simple ions in the cylindrical cell model are reported. The equilibrium distributions of the simple ions and the osmotic pressure of the solution are calculated at various concentrations of the monomer units of the polyelectrolyte. Specifically, the following systems are studied—monovalent counterions with added 2:2 salt, divalent counterions with added 1:1 salt, and systems containing mono- and divalent counterions only, and mono- and trivalent counterions only. The simulation results are compared with the corresponding predictions from the Poisson–Boltzmann and modified Poisson–Boltzmann theories applied to the cell model. It is seen that upto moderate concentrations of the polyion, the modified Poisson–Boltzmann theory provides a very good description of the systems with deviations occurring at higher concentrations. The theory also reproduces the charge reversal observed in the simulations when strongly correlated cou.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to forest and estuary environments in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China

Due to its significant ecological and climate consequences, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is a growing global concern, especially in the severely N-polluted regions such as the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of southern China. One-year measurements of reactive N species, including ammonium nitrogen ( -N), nitrate nitrogen ( -N) and total organic nitrogen (ON) in dry and wet deposition, were conducted using an automated wet–dry sampler incorporated with a DDAS (dry deposition on aqueous surface) sampling device at Dinghushan (DHS), a natural forest site in the northwest of PRD and at Hengmen (HM), an estuary site in the south of PRD during 2006–2007. Total deposition fluxes of N at DHS and HM were up to 48.2 and 37.8 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, with most of the deposition occurring in the rainy season. Wet deposition was the dominant form, contributing 65–70% to the total deposition. -N was the largest contributor to the total N deposition at DHS (47%) due to significant influence of agriculture emissions. ON was the most important N component at HM (41%), which is probably attributed to the marine sources. However, -N deposition is increasing rapidly recently and is expected to be more important in the near future. The current N deposition level in PRD is much higher than those in Europe and North America. Great challenges exist in reducing reactive N emission in this region. Thus, a scenario of rising N deposition in PRD in the near future cannot be ruled out. The environmental consequences due to elevated N deposition should therefore be paid more attention in the future.
Text representations for lyric-based identification of musical subgenres

The advancement of techniques and computational tools for data mining has been boosting the music market with applications focused on user experience. These techniques explore musical data looking for patterns and trends that can guide business strategies. One of the key steps in these applications is the vector representation of the original text. This work approaches textual representation techniques applied to the problem of classifying musical sub-genres, a gap in the literature in musical information retrieval, whose complexity lies in the difficult identification of the separation boundary between the sub-classes of the same genre since both carry several features in common. For this, exhaustive experiments were carried out aiming to find the best combination between classifier and textual representation models. The results showed enriched Bag-of-Words (BoW) with the SVM and Logistic Regression algorithms obtained better results than embeddings models and deep neural networks. The conclusions obtained could guide future studies for classifying texts whose separability surfaces are subtle and challenging.
nJ(13C, O1H) coupling constants of intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded compounds

nJ(13C,O1H) carbon–hydrogen couplings were measured for a broad series of intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded compounds, some of which display tautomerism. A plot of Jobs(C‐3,OH)+Jobs(C‐1,OH) vs. δOH showed reasonable correlation both for compounds displaying tautomerism and for those with localized hydrogen bonds. Ketones and aldehydes fall on one line and esters on another line corresponding to a lower sum. The 4Jobs(C‐1,OH) coupling depends on orbital overlap between the hydrogen‐bonded hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen. This coupling can therefore also be useful for monitoring twisting of the carbonyl group out of the plane of the hydrogen bond. An interesting finding is that for aromatic compounds 3Jobs(C‐2,OH)cis is larger than that for an olefin both having the same 1H OH chemical shift. A plot of Jobs(C‐3,OH) vs. Jobs(C‐1,OH) is very useful for monitoring tautomerism, and Jobs(C‐1′,OH) and Jobs(C‐1″,OH) are both well suited for estimating the mole fractions of tautomeric systems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power control and channel allocation optimization game algorithm with low energy consumption for wireless sensor network

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), the energy of nodes is limited and cannot be charged. Hence, it is necessary to reduce energy consumption. Both the transmission power of nodes and the interference among nodes influence energy consumption. In this paper, we design a power control and channel allocation game model with low energy consumption (PCCAGM). This model contains transmission power, node interference, and residual energy. Besides, the interaction between power and channel is considered. The Nash equilibrium has been proved to exist. Based on this model, a power control and channel allocation optimization algorithm with low energy consumption (PCCAA) is proposed. Theoretical analysis shows that PCCAA can converge to the Pareto Optimal. Simulation results demonstrate that this algorithm can reduce transmission power and interference effectively. Therefore, this algorithm can reduce energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime.
Depth profiling of Fe-implanted Si(100) by means of X-ray reflectivity and extremely asymmetric X-ray diffraction

This article reports on surface density variations that are accompanied by ion-beam-induced pattern formation processes on Si. The density profiles perpendicular to Si(100) surfaces were investigated after off-normal implantation with 5 keV Fe+ ions at fluences ranging from 1 × 1016 to 5 × 1017 ions cm−2. Ripple formation was observed for ion fluences above 1 × 1016 ions cm−2. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) revealed the formation of a nanometre subsurface layer with incorporated Fe. Using XRR, no major dependence of the surface density on the ion fluence could be found. In order to improve the surface sensitivity, extremely asymmetric X-ray diffraction was applied. Depth profiling was achieved by measuring X-ray rocking curves as a function of the decreasing incidence angle down to 0° using this noncoplanar scattering geometry. The density information was extracted from the dynamical Bragg shift of the diffraction peak caused by refraction of the X-ray beam at the air–sample interface. Simulations based on the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction revealed a decrease of density for increasing ion fluence in a region close to the surface, caused by the amorphization and surface roughening.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving using High-Level Heterogeneous Graph Representations

Graph networks have recently been used for decision making in automated driving tasks for their ability to capture a variable number of traffic participants. Current high-level graph-based approaches, however, do not model the entire road network and thus must rely on handcrafted features for vehicle-to-vehicle edges encompassing the road topology indirectly. We propose an entity-relation framework that intuitively models the road network and the traffic participants in a heterogeneous graph, representing all relevant information. Our novel architecture transforms the heterogeneous road-vehicle graph into a simpler graph of homogeneous node and edge types to allow effective training for deep reinforcement learning while introducing minimal prior knowledge. Unlike previous approaches, the vehicle-to-vehicle edges of this reduced graph are fully learnable and can therefore encode traffic rules without explicit feature design, an important step towards a holistic reinforcement learning model for automated driving. We show that our proposed method outperforms precomputed handcrafted features on intersection scenarios while also learning the semantics of right-of-way rules.
Organometallic mediated radical polymerization of vinyl acetate with Fe(acac) 2

The radical polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) is moderated by iron(II) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)2) by the organometallic route (OMRP), as well as by degenerative transfer polymerization (DTP) when in the presence of excess radicals, through the formation of thermally labile organometallic FeIII dormant species. The poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)-FeIII(acac)2 dormant species has been isolated in the form of an oligomer and characterized by 1H NMR, EPR, and IR methods, and then used as a single-component initiator for the OMRP of VAc. The degree of polymerization of this isolated oligomeric species demonstrates the limited ability of Fe(acac)2, relative to the Co(acac)2 congener, to rapidly trap the growing PVAc radical chain. Control under OMRP conditions is improved by the presence of Lewis bases, especially PMe2Ph. On the other hand, iron(II) phthalocyanine inhibits the radical polymerization of VAc completely. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3494–3504
A Sensitivity-Aware Motion Planner (SAMP) to Generate Intrinsically-Robust Trajectories

Closed-loop state sensitivity [1], [2] is a recently introduced notion that can be used to quantify deviations of the closed-loop trajectory of a robot/controller pair against variations of uncertain parameters in the robot model. While local optimization techniques are used in [1], [2] to generate reference trajectories minimizing a sensitivity-based cost, no global planning algorithm considering this metric to compute collision-free motions robust to parametric uncertainties has yet been proposed. The contribution of this paper is to propose a global control-aware motion planner for optimizing a state sensitivity metric and producing collision-free reference motions that are robust against parametric uncertainties for a large class of complex dynamical systems. Given the prohibitively high computational cost of directly minimizing the state sensitivity using asymptotically optimal sampling-based tree planners, the proposed RRT*-based SAMP planner uses an appropriate steering method to first compute a (near) time-optimal and kinodynamically feasible trajectory that is then locally deformed to improve robustness and decrease its sensitivity to uncertainties. The evaluation performed on planar/full-3D quadrotor UAV models shows that the SAMP method produces low sensitivity robust solutions with a much higher performance than a planner directly optimizing the sensitivity.
The recording and analysis of synchrotron X-radiation Laue diffraction photographs

Transmission Laue diffraction photographs can be recorded with short exposure times from stationary macromolecular and small-molecule crystals. With the use of a broad wavelength band a very large number of reflections is stimulated in a single `snapshot' of large regions of reciprocal space. Processing software has been developed which allows quantitation of the Laue data without resort to monochromatic data. The procedures have been developed and the software strategies optimized by using test data recorded on the SRS wiggler from a protein, pea lectin, and small-molecule crystals. These latter include an organic molecule, trimethyl-1H-2,1,3-benzophosphadiazine-4(3H)-thione 2,2-disulfide, referred to as BPD, and a rhodium complex, [Rh6(CO)14(dppm)], where dppm is Ph2PCH2PPh2, referred to as RHCOP. Monochromatic data were available for comparison.
Intercalative Ion-Exchange Route to Amino Acid Layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrids and Their Sorption Properties

A soft chemical route to amino acid layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanohybrids was demonstrated on the basis of an intercalative ion-exchange reaction. Two different amino acids, phenylalanine and glutamic acid, were intercalated and stabilized in the interlayer space of a 2-dimensional double hydroxide lattice by electrostatic interaction. An attempt was also made to understand the effect of the intracrystalline structure of the amino acid in the LDH on the specific surface area, porosity, and gas sorption properties of the hybrid. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis, the basal spacings of LDH intercalated with phenylalanine and LDH intercalated with glutamic acid were expanded to 1.80 and 1.22 nm, respectively, relative to that of the pristine MgAl-NO-LDH (0.88 nm), which indicates that amino acid molecules were successfully intercalated into the LDH. Fourier transform infrared spectra for both samples confirmed that the carboxylic acid group in the amino acid is anionic carboxylate under basic conditions and it eventually interacts with the positively charged LDH surface. From N adsorption/desorption analysis, the BET specific surface area of the LDH intercalated with phenylalanine was found to be twice as large as that for the LDH intercalated with glutamic acid. However, the CO adsorption capacity of the former was determined to be three times more enhanced than that of the latter, due to an enhanced specific surface area and effective amine sites to form carbamates.
Determination of Bromine in Human Serum by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

Abstract The determination of bromine in human serum by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is discussed. Sample preparation was kept as limited as possible: serum samples were only diluted with nitric acid (five- or ten-fold). Indium was added as internal standard. In order to avoid overlap of 40Ar 40Ar with
Design of a Box-Shape Coil Structure to Achieve Uniform Magnetic Field Distribution for WPT

A box-shape coil structure is proposed for the wireless power transfer (WPT) system. The assist coils parallel with the transmission direction are added around the primary coil. The proposed coil structure could achieve a more uniform magnetic field distribution, which enhances the ability of anti-misalignment. The uniform field is also beneficial to the realization of multi-receiver WPT. Calculations by Biot-Savart Law are adopted for field evaluation and further coil design. The results prove that the magnetic field uniformity of the proposed coil improves more than 20 times compared with an existing designed structure. The result of the proposed design is verified by FEM simulation, and the calculation result matches well with FEM simulation.
Bakeable ionization chamber

A 3/4 litre outbakeable ionization chamber for the measurement of Townsend's ionization coefficients up to a gap distance of 1.5 cm is described. Use has been made of improved techniques and particular attention has been paid to the simplicity of mounting of the instrument, the convenience in dismantling prior to a bake and the accuracy in setting the electrode gap distance.
DonkieTown: a Low-cost Experimental Testbed for Research on Autonomous Cars

In this work, DonkieTown is introduced, an affordable and scalable platform for research on autonomous vehicles. The experimental framework was developed in the Robot Operative System (ROS). The platform integrates multiple small scale autonomous vehicles called Asinus Cars, which are equipped with at least a camera, odometer, and onboard computer. The vehicles are Differential Drive Robots (DDR), forced by software to behave as car-like vehicles. DonkieTown incorporates a low-cost localization system to provide the real-time vehicles' pose, by means of external cameras which detect ArUco markers, then Kalman Filters (KF) are used to track and estimate the pose of each vehicle. The platform includes a base station computer with a graphical interface for monitoring the system. DonkieTown also includes a series of algorithms to facilitate autonomous driving, such as communication, tracking, object detection, obstacle avoidance, control, trajectory tracking, etc. Moreover, a centralized vehicular network is implemented to allow communication between the agents and the base station, where the agents can share information about their state, obstacles, maneuver intentions, etc. To facilitate the research on autonomous cars in Latin America, the developed libraries are released as open source. Real-time experiments demonstrate the performance of DonkieTown in autonomous driving missions, such as following a lane while avoiding Donkey-like obstacles, and collaborative autonomous driving in convoy.