Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Military Alliances and Public Support for War

How do military alliances affect public support for war to defend victims of aggression? We offer the first experimental evidence on this fundamental question. Our experiments revealed that alliance commitments greatly increased the American public’s willingness to intervene abroad. Alliances shaped public opinion by increasing public fears about the reputational costs of nonintervention and by heightening the perceived moral obligation to intervene out of concerns for fairness and loyalty. Finally, although alliances swayed public opinion across a wide range of circumstances, they made the biggest difference when the costs of intervention were high, the stakes of intervention were low, and the country needing aid was not a democracy. Thus, alliances can create pressure for war even when honoring the commitment would be extremely inconvenient, which could help explain why democratic allies tend to be so reliable. These findings shed new light on the consequences of alliances and other international legal commitments, the role of morality in foreign policy, and ongoing debates about domestic audience costs.
Large-Sample Variance of Fleiss Generalized Kappa

Cohen’s kappa coefficient was originally proposed for two raters only, and it later extended to an arbitrarily large number of raters to become what is known as Fleiss’ generalized kappa. Fleiss’ generalized kappa and its large-sample variance are still widely used by researchers and were implemented in several software packages, including, among others, SPSS and the R package “rel. ” The purpose of this article is to show that the large-sample variance of Fleiss’ generalized kappa is systematically being misused, is invalid as a precision measure for kappa, and cannot be used for constructing confidence intervals. A general-purpose variance expression is proposed, which can be used in any statistical inference procedure. A Monte-Carlo experiment is presented, showing the validity of the new variance estimation procedure.
Psychometric properties of the Ani Banani Math Test

ABSTRACT This study assessed the psychometric properties of a digital early mathematics assessment, the Ani Banani Math Test (ABMT) in three samples (N1 = 243, N2 = 691, N3 = 1282) in kindergarten and first grade (age range 4.67– 7.30). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the ABMT appears to measure one general construct of children’s informal mathematics development. MIMIC models showed that all items functioned similarly across age, socioeconomic status, and sex, except for two items which showed a bias towards boys and one item towards girls. The correlations with other mathematics assessments were strong, and significantly stronger than with executive function, working memory, and literacy measures, indicating concurrent and discriminant validity. The task was highly correlated with mathematics achievement five years later, indicating high predictive validity. Taken together, the ABMT appears to be a psychometrically valid research measure of children’s overall early mathematics skills; however, caution should be taken when comparing mean scores for boys and girls.
Relationship between body adiposity index and serum glycemic level among post menupausal women in Muritala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria

Body adiposity index (BAI) is documented to exhibit significant relationship with the component of metabolic syndromes (MetS) including serum glucose. The relationship between BAI and serum glucose among postmenopausal women has not been well studied. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between BAI and serum glycemic level among postmenopausal women. The study design was observational crosssectional. Fasting serum glucose was obtained via superficial vein venipuncture after at least eight hours of meal and was analysed following standard biochemical procedure. Standard techniques for anthropometric measurement were used in obtaining the standard parameters. Chi-square was used to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and clinically accepted categorical subdivision of fasting blood sugar (FBG). A total of 156 postmenopausal women with mean age of 62.70 ± 12.84 years, height (1.58 ± 0.07) m, weight (67.30 ± 17.68) kg, hip circumference (99.94 ± 12.75) cm, waist circumference (86.56 ± 14.25) cm, BAI (32.61 ± 6.78), BMI (27.05 ± 6.90) kh/m2 and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (5.21 ± 2.78mmol/L) were assessed in the here was significant positive correlation between BAI and BMI (r = 0.877, P = 6.97x10-51) and not between BAI and FBG (r = 0.026, P = 0.748). In conclusion BAI was not significantly associated with serum glycemic level among post-menopausal women.
Assessing Financial Distress and Predicting Stock Prices of Automotive Sector: Robustness of Altman Z-score

After the advent of a new economic policy, the stock market had shown exponential growth. The world’s financial markets have become a global financial village via the free flow of capital from one market to another. This provides breadth and depth in the stock market. On the other hand, with the dawn of globalization, the market has become cointegrated and thus more vulnerable to financial shocks. Thus, as a rational investor, catching early signs of financial distress and predicting stock prices is the challenge. This study considers the Altman Z-score to predict the financial distress and stock prices with special reference to the automotive sector in India. The study has been conducted in two parts: the first part focuses on analysing the financial distress of the automotive sector under the face of the financial crisis and GST regime. Thus, this study has been conducted in four window periods. The second part of the study deals with predicting the prices of auto stocks by panel data modelling for the period from 2000 to 2020. Using econometric-based growth curves, the study analyses that the automotive sector is affected by the financial crisis and the GST regime. Lastly, with the application of the panel data static-based fixed effects model, it has been analysed that EBITDA/TA and MV/TL are the significant ratios to predict the stock prices.
When policy entrepreneurs fail: Explaining the failure of long‐term care reforms in Poland

This article explains the failure of two long-term care (LTC) reforms attempted between 2005 and 2019 in Poland, and driven by policy entrepreneurs — individuals with a personal understanding of the challenges faced by LTC and determined to initiate policy change in the domain. The article inductively identifies the ‘ outsider policy entrepreneur ’ mechanism of policy reform. LTC in Poland is a negative case (or breakdown) of this mechanism, which occurs when a policy entrepreneur has enough political influence to initiate a formal reform proposal, but not enough to convince decision-makers to adopt it. The article combines an exami-nation of the role of policy entrepreneurs in social policy change with an analysis of their interactions with domestic and foreign epistemic communities. Through showing how ‘ foreign ’ policy models are used by policy entrepreneurs to pursue domestic reform, the study contributes to the literature on transnational policy diffusion/transfer. The analysis is based on document analysis and 16 semi-directed expert interviews, which were used to process trace the explained outcome (failed reforms). The article concludes that the mechanism failures were due to the fact that involved policy entrepreneurs did not convince decision-makers of the need to reform LTC. Specifically, the contribution identifies two features of the political context in illiberal post-transition
100-Trillion-Frame-per-Second Single-Shot Compressed Ultrafast Photography via Molecular Alignment

1 State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China 2 School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China 3 Laboratory of Applied Computational Imaging, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec J3X1S2, Canada 4 Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China 5 Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulations and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
An Assessment of Cultivators' Perception about Climate Change and It's-induced Adaptation Practices in Agriculture of Cooch Behar Sadar Sub-division, West Bengal, India

The Perception of climate change and its induced adaptation practices is very important in agricultural activity. This study was conducted at Cooch Behar Sadar sub-division in West Bengal, India, from May to December 2019. The objective was to find out the cultivators' perceptions about climate change and its adaptation practices and also analysis the preferences about Climate Resilient Agriculture (CRA) practices in the study area. Both primary and secondary data were collected using qualitative and quantitative methods. Mean score (MS), conjoint analysis, and Knowledge-adaptation index (KAI) were used to analysis the above mention objectives related to this study. The result shows that the adaptation practices such as high, moderate crop yield and climate resilience agricultural (CRA) practices had a positive utility, implying that these were the most preferred combination of CRA when responding to climate change. Contrary to this, high greenhouse gas emissions, low climate resilience, and low crop yield had a negative utility, implying that these were the least preferred combination. The majority of the respondent cultivators with marginal landholding were almost perceived by the phenomena of climate change. The study established that CRA practices were visible and effective response measures, to address the barriers of climatic variability and changes. So, it should be supported by the adoption of innovative technologies, policies, and strategies.
Bi-TLLDA and CSSVM based fault diagnosis of vehicle on-board equipment for high speed railway

Vehicle on-board equipment (VOBE) is a significant component of the control system of high-speed railway train, the fault diagnosis of VOBE mainly depends on maintenance experience, which is inefficiency. The fault data of on-board equipment is described by natural language. Due to its unstructured, high-dimensional and unbalanced fault class distribution, it has become a challenge in fault diagnosis. In this paper, bilevel topic labeled latent Dirichlet allocation for extraction feature of fault text data is proposed. Firstly, label information is set according to prior knowledge of railway field. Then, local topics and global topics are defined for two level fault types of VOBE. The fault feature space generated by Gibbs sampling from local topics and global topics contains two level fault features, which are conducive to fault text classification. Finally, considering the imbalanced distribution of fault class, cost sensitive support vector machine based fault text classification is proposed. By using actual fault data of on-board equipment of China Railway Corporation, the accuracy, precision and F1-score are used as performance indicators to compare the proposed method with other fault diagnosis methods. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed method is 90.3%, which is about 2% higher than that of the suboptimal method, and the average recall, precision and F1-score of various fault classes are 77.9%, 91.8% and 83.4%, respectively, which outperforms other fault diagnosis methods.
Support Vector Machine Method for Developing Ground Motion Models for Earthquakes in Western Part of China

ABSTRACT This article develops ground-motion models (GMMs) by using a support vector regression (SVR) for western part of China. These SVR GMMs constitute mathematical equations that can predict the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and response spectral acceleration at different periods. Given the earthquake magnitude (M w), hypocentral distance (R hypo) and shear-wave velocity averaged over the top 30 m of soil (V s30), predicted values can be acquired. The results demonstrate that the proposed GMMs are reasonable and can produce accurate estimations with a good generalization capability for ground motions exhibiting a range of seismic characteristics similar to those considered in the database.
Study of Dehumidification and Regeneration in a Starch Coated Energy Wheel

Energy wheels were designed using desiccant-coated materials to exchange energy between supply and exhaust air streams to reduce the energy required to condition ventilation air. Recent advances in energy wheel design that use biopolymer desiccant materials have provided the motivation in this paper to investigate the performance of starch coated energy exchangers. A small-scale high amylose starch (HAS) coated exchanger was built, and its transient response to a step change in inlet humidity was acquired and studied at conditions of variable air flow rate and temperature. The humidity response, dehumidification, regeneration capacity, and the rate of moisture removal were measured. The results demonstrate that greater regeneration flow rate and temperature can enhance the regeneration capacity. In spite of the increase in the regeneration capacity, the moisture recovery (latent) effectiveness decreased as the air flow rate and/or temperature increased. The effectiveness is reduced by 15% when the flow ra.
Effects of Nitrogen Sources on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of Diatom (Amphora coffeaeformis) Used for Shrimp Larviculture

Amphora coffeaeformis is a benthic diatom and serves as a rich nutritional feed for various aquaculture industries. The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of different nitrogen sources on the growth and biochemical composition of the diatom (A. coffeaeformis) culture. Sodium nitrate in Guillard’s f medium, used as a control treatment, was compared with sodium nitrite and ammonium sulfate. The results in the 3rd batch of culture showed that all treatments led to the highest growth on Day 6. The highest cell dry weight occurred in the ammonium sulfate treatment with significance (0.78±0.06 mg/mL). The cultures in each treatment were harvested at the exponential phase (Day 3) for biochemical composition analysis. A. coffeaeformis in the ammonium sulfate treatment significantly accumulated the highest protein content, at 44.82 % by dry weight, while the highest lipid content at 29.78 % by dry weight was significantly found in the sodium nitrate treatment. The cell size and structure showed no significant differences among the treatments. The experiment demonstrated the effects of different nitrogen sources on the growth and biochemical composition of A. coffeaeformis. After that, we selected A. coffeaeformis that was cultured with the nitrate and ammonia nitrogen sources for feeding to shrimp larvae. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of A. coffeaeformis on the growth, survival rate, salinity stress test, and ammonia stress test for shrimp. The experiment was designed with four treatments, as follows: 1) the control feed with flake winner (no water exchange for 28 days), 2) Am-NO3 supplement with A. coffeaeformis cultured using nitrates (no water exchange for 28 days), 3) Am-NH3 supplement with A. coffeaeformis cultured using ammonia (no water exchange for 28 days), and 4) the positive control feed with flake winner (daily water exchange at 20 %). The results showed that the growth of shrimp fed with the diet supplemented with A. coffeaeformis cultured using nitrate and ammonia were not significantly different from the negative and positive controls (P > 0.05). However, the survival rate in the negative control was significantly lower than the other groups (P 0.05). However, the results from the salinity stress test indicated that the highest survival rate was observed in the shrimp fed with the diet supplemented with A. coffeaeformis cultured using nitrate. A. coffeaeformis cultured with the sodium nitrate treatment had a positive effect on shrimp tolerance to salinity changes.
Effect of protein level and grain source on milk production, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows

Abstract This study investigated whether the interaction of protein level and grain type can affect milk production, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows. Four dietary treatments were used: high-protein with barley as the only grain source, HP-B; (2) high-protein with an equal mix of barley and maize, HP-BM; (3) low-protein with barley as the only grain source, LP-B and (4) low-protein with equal proportions of barley and maize, LP-BM. High-protein diets showed no improvement in milk or protein yield compared with low-protein, but barley and maize mix diets increased energy-corrected milk yield and fat yield compared with barley-only diets. The highest total apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre was observed for LP-BM whereas HP-BM showed the greatest crude protein digestibility. Treatment had no effect on total volatile fatty acid concentrations, molar proportion of acetate and propionate and acetate to propionate ratio. The lowest ruminal pH was observed for LP-B. High-protein diets resulted in greater concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (N), urinary N, blood and milk urea nitrogen compared with low-protein diets, whereas low-protein diets showed better nitrogen utilization efficiency. This study showed that primiparous lactating cows do not benefit from high-protein diets with different fermentation rates of grain sources, but barley and maize diets may improve milk production performance, ruminal fermentation and pH under the present dietary conditions. The current results on milk production performance should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of cows used (eight in each treatment).
Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Creep Mechanism of Nanocrystalline Cu-Ni Alloy

Creep mechanism is an essential mechanism for material when subjected to a high temperature and high pressure. It shows material ability during an extreme application to maintain its structure and properties, especially high pressure and temperature. This test is already done experimentally in many materials such as metallic alloys, various stainless steel, and composites. However, understanding the creep mechanism at the atomic level is challenging due to the instruments limitation. Still, the improvement of mechanical properties is expected can be done in such a group. In this work, the creep mechanism of the nanocrystalline Cu-Ni alloy is demonstrated in terms of molecular dynamics simulation. The result shows a significant impact on both temperature and pressure. The deformation supports the mechanisms as a result of the grain boundary diffusion. Quantitative analysis shows a more substantial difference in creep-rate at a higher temperature and pressure parameters. This study has successfully demonstrated the mechanism of creep at the atomic scale and may be used for improving the mechanical properties of the material.
How Nussbaum's Capabilities Approach Values the Environment: Extrinsically But as an End?

ABSTRACT How Nussbaum’s capabilities approach engages with non-human nature is a topic of growing interest, though such work tends to focus on Nussbaum’s proposal to expand her approach to conceive of the flourishing of non-human animals. Less explored but still worth investigating is how her approach, insofar as it applies to humans, relates to the environment. I consequently ask, what kind of value does Nussbaum’s approach, as a conception of human flourishing, ascribe to the natural environment? Though widely assumed to value the natural environment instrumentally, I argue that it is instead plausible, and perhaps even more in keeping with certain commitments of the approach, to see it as valuing the environment extrinsically but as an end. I focus on Nussbaum’s eighth capability, “Other Species,” which refers to living with concern for and in relation to the world of nature, and argue that the value attributed to the environment by this capability may be extrinsically located, but should not be assumed to only be instrumental. By using Christine Korsgaard’s work on distinguishing between different kinds of valuing, I suggest a new way to understand how Nussbaum’s approach values the environment that has not been defended at length before.
Development of Indonesian Correspondence Teaching Materials Based on High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) to Improve Students Competency Towards the Revolution 4.0 Era

Teaching materials are all forms of material that are designed and arranged systematically to enable students to learn independently and be adapted to the applied curriculum. This study aims of this research to design Indonesian Correspondence teaching materials that can are expected to improve students' high order thinking skills Office Administration Education students. Teaching materials designed are validated by experts in terms of content, language, and development design, then tested on students according to the stages. The research design used the ADDIE research and development model. This model is suitable to be applied to the development of teaching materials because the stages are systematic. The instruments in this study were collected through questionnaires, observation sheets for students who took Indonesian Correspondence courses in the odd semester of 2020/2021. Based on the results of trials conducted in class, it was found that the teaching materials that were designed were quite good because they met the criteria and characteristics of the course and students. Based on the student response questionnaire, it was found that student responses were very positive (98.33). Teaching materials meet the criteria of being effective, 65% of students get completeness scores and 35% more get 90 points in the aspect of mastery of the material. The data in this research were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. The results obtained indicate that the teaching materials designed and developed are effective enough to improve students' higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in the Indonesian Correspondence course.
Investigation of structural and electronic properties of small Au n Cu m (n+m≤5) nano-clusters for Oxygen adsorption

In this study, the structures, the IR spectroscopy, and the electronic properties of Au n Cu m (n+m≤5) bimetallic clusters were studied and compared with those of pure gold and copper clusters using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and exchange correlation density functional theory (DFT). The study of an O 2 -Au n Cu m system is important to identify the promotion effects of each of the two metals and their effect in catalysts, sensors, energy sources, or many other applications. This study also demonstrated that the O 2 molecule preferred to adsorb at the Cu site rather than at the Au site in bimetallic clusters. O 2 adsorption at a bridge site is energetically more favored over the other sites (1- both oxygen atoms are bonded to the same substrate atom 2- O 2 is connected to a Cu atom through a single bond) for oxygen adsorption on these clusters. Further, it was concluded that after the adsorption of the O 2 molecule on the bimetallic clusters, the Au-Cu interaction is strengthened and the O-O interaction is weakened; the reactivity improvement of the oxygen molecule was clear.