Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vivo localization at the cellular level of stilbene fluorescence induced by Plasmopara viticola in grapevine leaves

Accurate localization of phytoalexins is a key for better understanding their role. This work aims to localize stilbenes, the main phytoalexins of grapevine. The cellular localization of stilbene fluorescence induced by Plasmopara viticola, the agent of downy mildew, was determined in grapevine leaves of very susceptible, susceptible, and partially resistant genotypes during infection. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and microspectrofluorimetry were used to acquire UV-excited autofluorescence three-dimensional images and spectra of grapevine leaves 5–6 days after inoculation. This noninvasive technique of investigation in vivo was completed with in vitro spectrofluorimetric studies on pure stilbenes as their fluorescence is largely affected by the physicochemical environment in various leaf compartments. Viscosity was the major physicochemical factor influencing stilbene fluorescence intensity, modifying fluorescence yield by more than two orders of magnitude. Striking differences in the localization of stilbene fluorescence induced by P. viticola were observed between the different genotypes. All inoculated genotypes displayed stilbene fluorescence in cell walls of guard cells and periclinal cell walls of epidermal cells. Higher fluorescence intensity was observed in guard-cell walls than in any other compartment due to increased local viscosity. In addition stilbene fluorescence was found in epidermal cell vacuoles of the susceptible genotype and in the infected spongy parenchyma of the partially resistant genotype. The very susceptible genotype was devoid of fluorescence both in the epidermal vacuoles and the mesophyll. This strongly suggests that the resistance of grapevine leaves to P. viticola is correlated with the pattern of localization of induced stilbenes in host tissues.
Self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The introduction of portable monitors (point-of-care devices) for the management of patients on oral anticoagulation allows self-testing by the patient at home. Patients who self-test can either adjust their medication according to a pre-determined dose-INR schedule (self-management) or they can call a clinic to be told the appropriate dose adjustment (self-monitoring). Several trials of self-monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy suggest this may be equal to or better than standard monitoring. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of self-monitoring or self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy compared to standard monitoring. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 4), MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL (to November 2007). We checked bibliographies and contacted manufacturers and authors of relevant studies. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA: Outcomes analysed were thromboembolic events, mortality, major haemorrhage, minor haemorrhage, tests in therapeutic range, frequency of testing, and feasibility of self-monitoring and self-management. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The review authors independently extracted data. We used a fixed-effect model with the Mantzel-Haenzel method to calculate the pooled risk ratio (RR) and Peto’s method to verify the results for uncommon outcomes. We examined heterogeneity amongst studies with the Chi2 and I2 statistics. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 18 randomized trials (4723 participants). Pooled estimates showed significant reductions in both thromboembolic events (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.69) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.89). This reduction in mortality remained significant after the removal of low-quality studies (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.90). Trials of self-management alone showed significant reductions in thromboembolic events (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.70) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.84); self-monitoring did not (thrombotic events RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.00; mortality RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.41). Self-monitoring significantly reduced major haemorrhages (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.91) whilst self-management did not (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.61). Twelve trials reported improvements in the percentage of mean INR measurements in the therapeutic range. No heterogeneity was identified in any of these comparisons. AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS: Compared to standard monitoring, patients who self-monitor or self-manage can improve the quality of their oral anticoagulation therapy. The number of thromboembolic events and mortality were decreased without increases in harms. However, self-monitoring or self-management were not feasible for up to half of the patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. Reasons included patient refusal, exclusion by their general practitioner, and inability to complete training.
Correction: A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome

In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 3: doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio. 0040072 1. In the supplementary materials, the intended simulation models for the population growth scenarios in the Yoruba were incorrectly specified. The corrected command lines, matching the models that were the intended simulations, are as follows: Exponential growth from initial size NA to N0, occurring tonset generations in the past. NA = 11156, N0 = 11156, tonset = 1000: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 0 -eG 0.02241 0.0 NA = 10659, N0 = 22600, tonset = 1000: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 67.94 -eG 0.011062 0.0 NA = 7834, N0 = 57900, tonset = 4000: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 115.81 -eG 0.017271 0.0 NA = 10424, N0 = 938000, tonset = 500: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 33765.3 -eG 0.00013326 0.0 NA = 9944, N0 = 44600, tonset = 1500: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 178.49 -eG 0.008408 0.0 NA = 11020, N00 = 23300, tonset = 250: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 279.13 -eG 0.002682 0.0 NA = 9912, N0 = 199000, tonset = 1000: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 2387.65 -eG 0.0012563 0.0 NA = 10018, N0 = 1910000, tonset = 750: ms 120 1 -s S -r ρ L -G 53484.84 -eG 9.8167E-5 0.0 2. As a result of the above, Figure 4 as presented in the manuscript is incorrect, and the revision is presented below. The fundamental result and interpretation of the figure as they pertain to the manuscript are unchanged: The observed iHS scores for the Yoruban Hapmap sample are more extreme than under the (correctly) simulated growth models presented above. We regret any confusion this may have caused readers.
Racial Disparities in Awareness and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Background and Purpose— Warfarin reduces stroke risk by approximately 60% in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Differences in awareness and treatment of AF may contribute to racial and geographic disparities in stroke mortality. The objective was to examine predictors of awareness of the diagnosis of AF and treatment with warfarin. Methods— REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) is a national, population-based, longitudinal study of 30 239 blacks and whites ≥45 years old with oversampling from blacks and the southeastern stroke belt states. Participants were enrolled January 2003 to October 2007. Data were collected using telephone interview, in-home evaluation, and self-administered questionnaires. The main variable of awareness of AF was defined by a positive answer to “Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you had atrial fibrillation? ” and whether there was evidence of treatment on the basis of an in-home medications inventory. Results— From baseline electrocardiograms, 432 individuals (88 black and 344 white) had AF. Of these, 88% (360 of 409) had at least 1 additional CHADS2stroke risk factor and 60% (258 of 432) were aware of their AF. The odds of blacks being aware of their AF were one third that of whites (OR=0.32; 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.52). Among those aware, the odds of blacks being treated with warfarin were only one fourth as great as whites (OR=0.28; 0.13 to 0.60). Conclusion— Blacks were less likely than whites to be aware of having AF or to be treated with warfarin. Potential reasons for the racial disparity in warfarin treatment warrant further investigation.
One Fast Discrete Correlation Algorithm in the Frequency Domain

Correlation algorithm in the frequency domain is now in widespread use due to Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm. However, its calculating speed and accuracy need to be further studied for the limited length sequence. A kind of discrete correlation algorithm in the frequency domain was derived based on analyzing the correlation theorem and vectors in the frequency domain. As is shown from the simulation experiments for two periodic signals and the composite signals of mixing the stochastic signal, the error of correlation values obtained by using the correlation algorithm in the frequency domain and the classic correlation algorithm in the time domain was lower than 10-6. Moreover, by contrast with the classic correlation algorithm in the time domain, the correlation algorithm in the frequency domain has higher accuracy and can enhance the calculation speed due to leave out the inverse FFT calculation step. It will play a significant role in removing the correlation components and solving the coherence components in composite signals.
University of Massachusetts: MUC-4 Test Results and Analysis

The UMass/MUC-4 system is based on a form of sentence analysis known as selective concept extraction. This approach to language processing is distinguished by a minimal reliance on syntactic sentence analysis, along with a minimal dictionary customized to operate in a limited domain. Last year, the UMass/MUC-3 system demonstrated the viability of selective concept extraction, but serious questions were raised about the portability and scalability of the technology, particularly with respect to the creation of domain-dependent and task-dependent dictionaries. We estimated that 9 person/months went into the creation of the dictionary used by UMass/MUC-3, and we were unable to say how much domain-dependent lexicon was still missing. We were nevertheless sure that our dictionary coverage was incomplete.
État de l'art des méthodes de correction des déformations cérébrales per-opératoires

L'utilisation croissante de systemes de navigation pour l'aide a la chirurgie a permis de faciliter les interventions ainsi que la planification des gestes chirurgicaux. Neanmoins, dans le cas de la neurochirurgie ou le geste operatoire doit etre tres precis, les systemes actuels sont limites a cause de deformations per-operatoires nommees ``Brain Shift''. Le terme de 'Brain Shift' traduit le mouvement des structures cerebrales arrivant apres ouverture de la boite crânienne (jusqu'a 25mm). Le recalage rigide realise par le systeme de neuronavigation entre les examens preoperatoires et la position du patient en salle d'operation est donc entache d'une imprecision. Ainsi, les informations fournies par le systeme de navigation deviennent partiellement obsoletes. Ce document propose une presentation des differentes techniques de mesure et de compensation du 'Brain Shift'. Les avantages et inconvenients de chaque approche seront soulignes avant de conclure par une breve presentation des methodes de validation existantes. / Navigation systems become a very attractive tool in surgical planning and procedure. However, the accuracy and usefulness of such systems is limited in presence of soft-tissue deformations. In neurosurgery, this phenomenon is called ``Brain Shift''. The ``Brain shift'' is the motion of cerebral structures occurring after the craniotomy (up to 25mm). The neuronavigation system matches rigidly the pre-operative images with the surgical field. The hypothesis of a rigid registration is no longer valid because of deformations. This document presents a survey with classification of published methods to measure and compensate for the brain shift. The various validation framework are also presented.
Impact of the basal metabolic ratio in predicting early deaths after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Early deaths after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) are of major concern. On the assumption that both decreased and increased basal metabolism might relate to early deaths, we analyzed the risk factors for overall survival to days 30 (OS30) and 60 (OS60). The Harris-Benedict equation was used to calculate basal metabolism. Comparing a patient's basal metabolism (PBM) calculated from pretransplant body weight with the standard basal metabolism (SBM) calculated from standard body weight (body mass index (BMI) = 22), we defined the basal metabolic ratio (BMR) as a parameter (BMR = PBM/SBM). We retrospectively analyzed 360 adult patients transplanted between 1997 and 2006 at a single center in Japan. A multivariate analysis of OS30 showed risk factors to be: BMR < or = 0.95 (low BMR; LBR) (P = 0.01), BMR > 1.05 (high BMR; HBR) (P = 0.005) and non-complete remission (non-CR) (P 5 0.001), whereas a multivariate analysis of OS60 showed those risk factors to be: LBR (P = 0.02), HBR (P = 0.04), non-CR (P = 0.002), and performance status < or = 1 (P = 0.01). OS30 and OS60 were found to be favorable in 0.95 < BMR < or = 1.05 (average BMR; ABR) (96.8 and 90.3% for ABR, 87.1 and 76.2% for LBR, and 87.8 and 81.1% for HBR). In conclusion, BMR could prove to be a predictor of early death after allo-SCT.
Improving physical activity levels of children in childcare during extreme winter weather

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v DEDICATION . vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 Key Terms . 2 Context and Personal Background . 3 Overview of the Theoretical Framework . 5 Introduction to the Review of the Literature. 6 Rationale and Importance . 7 Purpose and Guiding Questions . 9 Summary and Organization of the Project . 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW . 12 Sociocultural, Social Learning, and Physical Literacy Theories . 12 Review of the Literature . 14 Barriers to Activity . 14 Improving Physical Activity Levels . 17 Physical Activity, Health, and Mental Health . 18 CHAPTER 3 CONNECTIONS TO PRACTICE. 20 Social cultural theory and social learning theory the role of ECEs and MKO’s as models for children. 20 Physical literacy theory and Government recommended activity level. 21 Small classroom spaces and barriers that ECEs encounter . 24 Guidelines and Realistic Activities for Early Childhood Educators within their Classrooms . 27 Preliminary Steps for ECEs Planning for Active Days . 28 Outline and Brief Description of Workshop for Early Childhood Educators . 30 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSIONS . 33 Reflections and Concluding Thoughts . 33 Limitations and Recommendations for Future Study and Practice . 34 References . 36 APPENDICES . 39
Prevalence of Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected Children in Tanzania on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Objective: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been associated with lipodystrophy (LD) in adults but data are more limited for children. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for LD in Tanzanian children receiving HAART by clinical assessment and to compare the results with anthropometric data. Design and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in a cohort of HIV-infected children aged 1–18 years receiving HAART in a single center in Moshi, Tanzania. Age, gender, past and current medication regimens and anthropometric measurements were recorded. A clinical scoring method was used to assess LD. Backward binary multivariate logistic regression was used to determine relationships between anthropometric measurements and the presence of clinical LD. Results: Among 210 HIV-infected children, the prevalence of LD was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.8–36.2) overall, 19% (95% CI: 13.7–24.3) for lipoatrophy only, 3.8% (95% CI: 1.2–6.4) for lipohypertrophy only and 7.1% (95% CI: 3.6–10.6) for the mixed type. Most cases were mild. Older age and use of stavudine increased the risk of LD. Overall, the study population was stunted but not underweight. In children with relatively lower weight-for-height (<1), only the mid-upper arm circumference was found to be associated with lipoatrophy, while nearly all anthropometric measurements were associated with lipoatrophy in the well-nourished (weight-for-height ≥1) children. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that LD is a significant problem among Tanzanian HIV-infected children receiving HAART. Anthropometric measurements predicted LD in well-nourished children but generally failed to do so in relatively wasted children. Our findings support current efforts to avoid stavudine use in children.
Numerical Hydrodynamics in General Relativity

The current status of numerical solutions for the equations of ideal general relativistic hydrodynamics is reviewed. Different formulations of the equations are presented, with special mention of conservative and hyperbolic formulations well-adapted to advanced numerical methods. A representative sample of available numerical schemes is discussed and particular emphasis is paid to solution procedures based on schemes exploiting the characteristic structure of the equations through linearized Riemann solvers. A comprehensive summary of relevant astrophysical simulations in strong gravitational fields, including gravitational collapse, accretion onto black holes and evolution of neutron stars, is also presented.
DNA polymerase beta participates in DNA End-joining

Abstract DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most deleterious lesions and if left unrepaired, they lead to cell death, genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Cells combat DSBs by two pathways: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), wherein the two DNA ends are re-joined. Recently a back-up NHEJ pathway has been reported and is referred to as alternative NHEJ (aNHEJ), which joins ends but results in deletions and insertions. NHEJ requires processing enzymes including nucleases and polymerases, although the roles of these enzymes are poorly understood. Emerging evidence indicates that X family DNA polymerases lambda (Pol λ) and mu (Pol μ) promote DNA end-joining. Here, we show that DNA polymerase beta (Pol β), another member of the X family of DNA polymerases, plays a role in aNHEJ. In the absence of DNA Pol β, fewer small deletions are observed. In addition, depletion of Pol β results in cellular sensitivity to bleomycin and DNA protein kinase catalytic subunit inhibitors due to defective repair of DSBs. In summary, our results indicate that Pol β in functions in aNHEJ and provide mechanistic insight into its role in this process.
A Characterization of Processor Performance in the vax-11/780

This paper reports the results of a study of VAX-11/780 processor performance using a novel hardware monitoring technique. A micro-PC histogram monitor was built for these measurements. It keeps a count of the number of microcode cycles executed at each microcode location. Measurement experiments were performed on live timesharing workloads as well as on synthetic workloads of several types. The histogram counts allow the calculation of the frequency of various architectural events, such as the frequency of different types of opcodes and operand specifiers, as well as the frequency of some implementation-specific events, such as translation buffer misses. The measurement technique also yields the amount of processing time spent in various activities, such as ordinary microcode computation, memory management, and processor stalls of different kinds. This, paper reports in detail the amount of time the “average” VAX instruction spends in these activities.
Spatial Attention Reduces Burstiness in Macaque Visual Cortical Area MST

Abstract Visual attention modulates the firing rate of neurons in many primate cortical areas. In V4, a cortical area in the ventral visual pathway, spatial attention has also been shown to reduce the tendency of neurons to fire closely separated spikes (burstiness). A recent model proposes that a single mechanism accounts for both the firing rate enhancement and the burstiness reduction in V4, but this has not been empirically tested. It is also unclear if the burstiness reduction by spatial attention is found in other visual areas and for other attentional types. We therefore recorded from single neurons in the medial superior temporal area (MST), a key motion‐processing area along the dorsal visual pathway, of two rhesus monkeys while they performed a task engaging both spatial and feature‐based attention. We show that in MST, spatial attention is associated with a clear reduction in burstiness that is independent of the concurrent enhancement of firing rate. In contrast, feature‐based attention enhances firing rate but is not associated with a significant reduction in burstiness. These results establish burstiness reduction as a widespread effect of spatial attention. They also suggest that in contrast to the recently proposed model, the effects of spatial attention on burstiness and firing rate emerge from different mechanisms.
Population Genetic Structure of Glycyrrhiza inflata B. (Fabaceae) Is Shaped by Habitat Fragmentation, Water Resources and Biological Characteristics

Background Habitat fragmentation, water resources and biological characteristics are important factors that shape the genetic structure and geographical distribution of desert plants. Analysis of the relationships between these factors and population genetic variation should help to determine the evolutionary potential and conservation strategies for genetic resources for desert plant populations. As a traditional Chinese herb, Glycyrrhiza inflata B. (Fabaceae) is restricted to the fragmented desert habitat in China and has undergone a dramatic decline due to long-term over-excavation. Determining the genetic structure of the G. inflata population and identifying a core collection could help with the development of strategies to conserve this species. Results We investigated the genetic variation of 25 G. inflata populations based on microsatellite markers. A high level of population genetic divergence (FST = 0.257), population bottlenecks, reduced gene flow and moderate genetic variation (HE = 0.383) were detected. The genetic distances between the populations significantly correlated with the geographical distances, and this suggests that habitat fragmentation has driven a special genetic structure of G. inflata in China through isolation by distance. STRUCTURE analysis showed that G. inflata populations were structured into three clusters and that the populations belonged to multiple water systems, which suggests that water resources were related to the genetic structure of G. inflata. In addition, the biological characteristics of the perennial species G. inflata, such as its long-lived seeds, asexual reproduction, and oasis ecology, may be related to its resistance to habitat fragmentation. A core collection of G. inflata, that included 57 accessions was further identified, which captured the main allelic diversity of G. inflata. Conclusions Recent habitat fragmentation has accelerated genetic divergence. The population genetic structure of G. inflata has been shaped by habitat fragmentation, water resources and biological characteristics. This genetic information and core collection will facilitate the conservation of wild germplasm and breeding of this Chinese medicinal plant.