Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sampling techniques for burbot in a western non-wadeable river

Burbot, Lota lota (L.), populations are declining throughout much of their native distribution. Although numerous aspects of burbot ecology are well understood, less is known about effective sampling techniques for burbot in lotic systems. Occupancy models were used to estimate the probability of detection (^) for three gears (6.4- and 19- mm bar mesh hoop nets, night electric fishing), within the context of various habitat characteristics. During the summer, night electric fishing had the highest estimated detection probability for both juvenile (^, 95% C.I.; 0.35, 0.26-0.46) and adult (0.30, 0.20-0.41) burbot. However, small-mesh hoop nets (6.4-mm bar mesh) had similar detection probabilities to night electric fishing for both juvenile (0.26, 0.17-0.36) and adult (0.27, 0.18-0.39) burbot during the summer. In autumn, a similar overlap between detection probabilities was observed for juvenile and adult burbot. Small-mesh hoop nets had the highest estimated probability of detection for both juvenile and adult burbot (0.46, 0.33-0.59), whereas night electric fishing had a detection probability of 0.39 (0.28-0.52) for juvenile and adult burbot. By using detection probabilities to compare gears, the most effective sampling technique can be identified, leading to increased species detections and more effective management of burbot.
Plant-derived compounds and extracts with potential as aphid repellents

We devised a method for screening various substances for possible aphid repellency. Corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) were released in an arena and allowed to select paired green tiles coated with petroleum jelly alone or petroleum jelly containing 1% of the substance being tested. Aphids adhering to tiles were counted 24 h later. If significantly fewer aphids landed on treated tiles, the substance was considered to have potential for repelling aphids. Fifty-five substances were tested. Most showed no activity, but several including β-citronellol, farnesol, geraniol, linalool, oils distilled from several species of Artemisia and Achillea millefolia (yarrow) oil showed some promise.
On the Benefits of Time-Inconsistent Preferences

Abstract Why are time-inconsistent preferences widespread among decision makers? This paper provides a possible explanation by showing that time-inconsistent preferences could be beneficial for decision makers that work together. Time-inconsistent preferences – which are usually blamed for having detrimental effects – can thus be advantageous for the functioning of societies. We further show that decision makers with time-inconsistent preferences are better off if they are naive rather than sophisticated concerning their inconsistency. The results do not depend on the construction of contracts or punishment schemes.
Do Women in Highly Qualified Positions Face Higher Work‐To‐Family Conflicts in Germany than Men?

Changing employment conditions lead to new chances, but also new risks for employees. In the literature, increasing permeability between occupational and private life is discussed as one special outcome of this development that employees must face, especially those in highly qualified positions. Drawing on existing research, we investigate in how far women and men in those positions differ in their perceived work-to-family conflicts (WFC), considering the mediating role of gender specific job opportunities. Referring conflicting theoretical arguments, we hypothesize that in Germany - as a conservative welfare state - women, especially those with family responsibilities, will perceive higher WFC than men in those positions. Our analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Using the Siegrist instrument on effort-reward imbalance we find that women in highly qualified positions perceive higher WFC than men. This association is explained by women’s lower willingness to take risks, and also party explained by lower job rewards women receive. It gets visible even more strongly if women’s lower time-based burdens in the job are controlled for. Mixed results are observed concerning associations between family responsibilities and WFC, which is in line with ambivalent results in the literature.
The Merits and Feasibility of Returning to a Commodity Standard

Although few academic economists today endorse a gold standard, historical data show that actual gold standards have outperformed actual fiat standards in at least five respects: (1) lower mean inflation rate, hence lower deadweight cost of economizing on money balances; (2) lower price level uncertainty, hence deeper long-term bond markets; (3) greater international trade and capital flows, due to network benefits of a common currency area; (4) lower resource costs of gold mining for monetary purposes with a lower real price of gold, due to the elimination of private demand to hold gold as an inflation hedge; and (5) greater fiscal discipline. Returning to a gold standard would be immediately feasible for the US, the Eurozone, and Switzerland, where official gold stocks are large enough at the current price of gold to provide historically reasonable reserve ratios behind broader monetary aggregates. Other major nations (Japan, UK, China) would have to purchase gold.
The Impact of Corporate’s Size on Their Common Stock’s Return: Evidence from EGX

The current research investigates the impact of the corporate's size of their common stock return in Egyptian exchange (EGX); the population of the study is Egyptians corporation that has been issued common stock and listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange during the year 2019, finally, the study found an impact of corporate's size on their return; and it explain a 41% from the change on common stock's return in EGX. The study recommends that investors and portfolio managers consider the corporate's size as one of the determinants of investment weights for common stock; it's has impact of performance's portfolio, according to two dimensions are risk and return.
Trader Compensation, Risk, and the Banking Labour Market

This paper argues that employee mobility in the financial sector can be conducive to excessive risk taking by financial institutions. Excessive risk can result from the need for these institutions to hire from a labour market with dispersed talent. On the one hand, institutions want to hire only talented workers, making sure untalented ones do not seek employment with them. In order to pick only the best bankers, the institution offers a low base salary and high bonuses. These high-powered incentives can lead to excessive risk taking. The paper studies two different labour market models with varying degrees of mobility. On the labour market, banks of different sizes compete for the most talented workers. Larger banks end up hiring more talented traders. However, the competition from other banks endogenously raises the outside options for talented traders, giving rise to a need for high-powered incentives, leading to potentially excessive risk taking. The paper finds that labour markets with high worker mobility are more conducive to excessive risk than those with lower mobility, as the threat of a trader moving jobs raises the compensation that such a trader can demand.
Museum collections, species distributions, and rarefaction

Biological specimens in museums and herbaria are sometimes used to compare the geographical distribution of different species. In doing so, it is necessary to account for differences in the numbers of specimens. We show how rarefaction can be used for this purpose. Rarefaction is a simple mathematical method originally designed to compare species richness in communities that differed in the number of sampled individuals. We present an example involving two Phragmipedium orchid species. In this case, rarefaction suggests that the apparent difference in range can be explained by the difference in the numbers of specimens.
YIELDS AND QUALITY OF PHASEOLUS BEAN CULTIVARS UNDER FARMERS’ CONDITIONS IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

SUMMARY Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a dominant grain legume in eastern and southern Africa, where it constitutes a major source of protein and microminerals in peoples’ diet. The current studies aimed at determining how initially promising genotypes of bean responded in terms of yield and grain element composition under farmers’ cropping conditions. It was found that variations between genotypes in the proportions of elements in the grain dry matter across a wide range of conditions could be linear with an additional 20% iron (Fe) or zinc (Zn) for some genotypes. However, this linearity was only identifiable under relatively favourable conditions. Further, a favourable season could enhance the proportion of Fe in the grains of the same genotypes by up to 20%, whereas Zn did not respond. Fe and Zn correlated only to some degree with P (r2 > 0.35). It is concluded that the supply of elements in the diet may best be secured by selecting for high-yielding cultivars as the amounts of phosphorus (P), Fe and Zn in the grains correlated strongly (r2 > 0.93) to the dry matter grain yield.
Earnings Management Preferences of Family Firms and Its Impact on the Market Value of the Firm

In this paper we analyze the preference for earnings management techniques by the family firms and the impact of the same on the performance of the firm. Family firms contrary to non-family firms are driven by different objectives. Using socio emotional wealth theory, we hypothesize that family firms prefer an earnings management technique, which is less risky in the long term. Using the publicly available data on all the family firms listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), our analysis indicates prevalence both accrual based and real activity earnings management among Indian family firms. However, revenue based real activity earnings management was preferred by those family firms that have exhausted the possibility of accrual based earnings management. Our analysis of the impact of earnings management choice on market value indicates a short-term positive impact of the accrual based earnings management. Revenue based real activity earnings management was found to have long term positive impact but the cost based real activity earnings management had a long term negative impact on the value of the market value of the firm.
Changes in inorganic carbon uptake during the progression of a dinoflagellate bloom in a lake ecosystem

The physiological, biochemical, and genetic aspects of inorganic (Ci) carbon uptake in aquatic plants and algae have been studied extensively. Yet, to date, few studies examined these questions on dominant phytoplankton populations in their natural environment. Lake Kinneret, Israel, provides a good example of a system in which changes in CO2 availability play a vital role in the ecophysiology of inorganic carbon uptake and in the population dynamics during the annual bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense Nygaard. In this study we investigated whether the availability of CO2(aq) limited growth rates and primary productivity of in situ populations of P. gatunense and focused on the role of adaptive mechanisms for Ci uptake. At the onset of the bloom, when epilimnetic pH was low (≅8) and Ci concentrations were high (≅2.5 mM), carbonic anhydrase activity and cellular affinity to CO2(aq) were comparatively low. At this time photosynthetic rates, quantum yields, and in situ growth rates were high. As P. gatunense biomass increased, inorganic carbon decreased by 40%, while CO2(aq) concentrations declined 50-fold to values less than 2 μM. The algae adapted by acquiring a CO2-concentrating mechanism indicated by (i) intracellular Ci-concentrations higher by a factor of 5n70 relative to the ambient Ci ;( ii) levels of carbonic anhydrase activity higher by 5- to 50-fold than those at the beginning of the bloom; and (iii) enhanced affinity for Ci and CO2(aq) 3- and 40-fold higher, respectively, than affinities at the start of the bloom. These mechanistic changes in carbon uptake were reflected in declining photosynthetic rates and quantum yields as well as in the carbon isotopic composition with lower fractionation ( 13 C enrichment) of the algae as the bloom progressed. Finally, despite induction of adaptive uptake mechanisms to low CO2 availability; scarcity of other nutrients combined with low CO2 concentrations, increased temperatures, and increased turbulence cause a decline in in situ growth rates and the collapse of the dinoflagellate biomass.
Do Contraceptives Cause Fertility Transition? Evidence from Korea

As the total fertility rate fell from 6.0 to 1.6 from 1960-90, the South Korean government implemented a family planning program focusing on the distribution of contraceptives. While the concurrence has been interpreted as evidence of the public provision of fertility control devices lowering fertility, the causal link has yet to be established controlling for the covariates of fertility. Constructing and analyzing panel data sets, this paper finds that the fertility transition was driven predominantly by per capita output growth, with vasectomy, together with financial development, rising population density, and the public provision of secondary schooling, playing supporting roles.
Call Auction Mechanism and Closing Price Manipulation: Evidence from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange

The Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx) adopted a closing call auction in 2008 but suspended its operation ten months later due to suspicion of widespread price manipulation. The Exchange relaunched the auction in 2016 with manipulation-deterrence enhancements. We exploit this unique setting by applying a triple-differences (DDD) methodology to examine the causal effect of call auction design on closing price manipulation. Our results indicate that a plain-vanilla call auction mechanism is prone to closing price manipulation. Under this mechanism overnight price reversal is more pronounced on days when derivatives expire and on days with large orders submitted just before the market close.
Biosynthesis of the fungal xanthone ravenelin

Carbon-13 and carbon-14 labelling experiments have shown that the fungal xanthone ravenelin (1) is acetatederived. Enrichment studies with [1,2–13C]acetate have demonstrated that an oxygenated benzophenone derivative is an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway.
Selection Bias Corrections Based on the Multinomial Logit Model: Monte-Carlo Comparisons

This survey presents the set of methods available in the literature on selection bias correction, when selection is specified as a multinomial logit model. It provides a theoretical exposition of underlying assumptions made by the methods and shows results from a set of Monte-Carlo experiments. We find that, in most cases, the approach initiated by Dubin and MacFadden (1984) is to be preferred to the more commonly used Lee (1984) method, as well as to the semi-parametric alternative method recently proposed by Dahl (2002), even in the presence of high non-linearity in the selection term. Monte-Carlo experiments also show that selection bias correction based on the multinomial logit model generally provides fairly good correction for the outcome equation, even when the IIA hypothesis is violated.
Order Selection Tests with Multiply-Imputed Data

We develop nonparametric tests for the null hypothesis that a function has a prescribed form, to apply to data sets with missing observations. Omnibus nonparametric tests do not need to specify a particular alternative parametric form, and have power against a large range of alternatives, the order selection tests that we study are one example. We extend such order selection tests to be applicable in the context of missing data. In particular, we consider likelihood-based order selection tests for multiply-imputed data. A simulation study and data analysis illustrate the performance of the tests. A model selection method in the style of Akaike's information criterion for multiply imputed datasets results along the same lines.
Long-Term Care Reform and the Labor Supply of Household Members – Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

Germany introduced a new mandatory insurance for long-term care in 1995 as part of its social security system. It replaced a system based on means tested social welfare. Benefits from the long-term care insurance are not means tested and depend on the required level of care. The insurance provides both benefits in kind and cash benefits. The new scheme improved the situation for households to organize informal care at home. This was one goal of the reform since policymakers view informal care as a cost-saving alternative to formal care. This view however neglects possible opportunity costs of reduced labor supply of carers. We exploit this reform as a quasi-experiment and examine its effect on the labor supply of caregivers who live in the same household as the care recipient. We find strong negative labor market effects for men but not for women. We conduct a series of robustness tests and find results to be stable.
Accounting for the spread of vaccination behavior to optimize influenza vaccination programs

Vaccination is the most efficient means of preventing influenza infection and its complications. While previous studies have considered the externalities of vaccination that arise from indirect protection against influenza infection, they have often neglected another key factor–the spread of vaccination behavior among social contacts. We modeled influenza vaccination as a socially contagious process. Our model uses a contact network that we developed based on aggregated and anonymized mobility data from the cellphone devices of ~1.8 million users in Israel. We calibrated the model to high-quality longitudinal data of weekly influenza vaccination uptake and influenza diagnoses over seven years. We demonstrate how a simple coupled-transmission model accurately captures the spatiotemporal patterns of both influenza vaccination uptake and influenza incidence. Taking the identified complex underlying dynamics of these two processes into account, our model determined the optimal timing of influenza vaccination programs. Our simulation shows that in regions where high vaccination coverage is anticipated, vaccination uptake would be more rapid. Thus, our model suggests that vaccination programs should be initiated later in the season, to mitigate the effect of waning immunity from the vaccine. Our simulations further show that optimally timed vaccination programs can substantially reduce disease transmission without increasing vaccination uptake.
Unionized Wage Setting and the Location of Firms

We analyze how unionized wage setting affects the location of firms. We find that the degree of 'centralization' (at firm or sectoral level) and 'regionalization' (at regional or supra-regional level) is crucial. We show that wage setting at the firm level is the best policy to attract firms when trade costs are low, while wage setting at a more centralized level is most effective to attract firms when trade costs are high. Moreover, wage setting at the supra-regional level is beneficial for the already more agglomerated region and hurts the peripheral region.
Health Benefit Assessment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5 in Taiwan

We used the Impact Pathway Approach to assess the health benefits from the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5 of Taiwan. The results indicated significant health benefits linked to the implementation of NAAQS for air basins in central and southern Taiwan. Meeting the "14+N Air Pollution Control Strategy" air quality targets reduced the mortality risk from PM2.5 by 3,568 people on average. The health benefits from lower medical costs and cost of death was estimated at US$ 8.6 billion, or 1.5% of Taiwan's 2017 GDP. If NAAQS can be achieved through further efforts then mortality risk can be reduced by 6,664 people for estimated health benefits of US$16.1 billion, or 2.8% of Taiwan's 2017 GDP. The findings suggest that air quality standards provide an effective policy with significant health benefits. Combining the results of the cost-benefit assessment in this study with further cost-related data will facilitate a cost-performance analysis of air pollution management policies.
Sentiment Stocks

To study how investor sentiment at the firm level affects stock returns, we match more than 58 million social media messages in China with listed firms and construct a measure of individual stock sentiment based on the tone of those messages. We document that positive investor sentiment predicts higher stock risk-adjusted returns in the very short term followed by price reversals. This association between stock sentiment and stock returns is not explained by observable stock characteristics, unobservable time-invariant characteristics, market-wide sentiment, overreaction to news, or changing investor attention. Consistent with theories of investor sentiment, we find that the link between sentiment and stock returns is mainly driven by positive sentiment and non-professional investors. Finally, exploiting a unique feature of the Chinese stock market, we are able to isolate the causal effect of sentiment on stock returns from confounding factors.
The Interest Rate Effects of Government Bond Purchases Away from the Lower Bound

I analyze the recent experience of unconventional monetary policy in Sweden to study the interest rate transmission mechanisms of government bond purchases when interest rates are not constrained by a lower bound. Using dynamic term structure models and event study regressions I find that government bond purchases have important portfolio balance and signaling effects. The signaling channel operates mainly by lowering short-rate expectations in the intermediate segment of the yield curve, while the portfolio balance channel is effective in lowering longer maturity term premia. In addition, I find that target interest rate policy and government bond purchases operate in different segments of the yield curve. This suggests that a combination of the two policies can be used to lower interest rates across the whole maturity spectrum, making monetary policy more expansionary.