Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solvation Approach* to Ion Solvent Interaction

From the hard‐sphere model proposed, i.e., that the ion and its solvation layer are incompressible, and from density and compressibility data, the variation of solvation number with concentration, the intrinsic volume of ions, and the mean distance of approach are obtained. These properties of the ions, and the molar refractions, the dipole moment of the ion pair, and the viscosity, are correlated via the solvated molar volume φ8.
COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE VOLATILE OILS FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF ACHILLEA TENUIFOLIA LAM. FROM IRAN

Background: Achillea tenuifolia Lam. (Compositae) with small yellow flowers and several times pinnately divided leaves in worm shape is known for many years in the folk medicine. It has been used to reduce sweating and to stop bleeding. It helps regulation of the menstrual cycle and reduces heavy bleeding and pain. Materials and Methods: Plant material (flower, leaf and stem) was collected in Khalkhal – Ardabil road area, at an altitude of 1650 m in Northwest of Iran. Plant materials were air dried 150g of flower; 150g of leaf and 200g of stem were subjected to 3h of hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, separately. The hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. Antibacterial activities of the oils were evaluated by the disc diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar for bacteria. Results: The oil of flower was characterized by higher amount of limonene (23.2%) and αcadinol (18.2%). Twenty one constituents representing (92.2%) of the leaf oil were identified of which limonene (25.2%), αpinene (14.4%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%), αgurjunene (6.3%), bornyl acetate (5.5%) and δ-cadinene (4.4%) were major components. The main components of the stem oil were limonene (23.6%), αpinene (13.4%) and spathulenol (6.4%). The oils showed inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Conclusions: The main components of the oil of flower, leaf and stem were limonene, α-cadinol, αpinene and spathulenol, but Borneol, bornyl acetate, camphor, αand β-thujone, and 1, 8cineol were found as the main components of essential oils of many other Achillea species. These variations may be attributed mainly to variation in their agroclimatic and geographical conditions. The results indicated that three oils were found to be active against bacteria, the oil from the flower was found to be more active than the oil from the leaf and stem.
Controlled Synthesis of Semiconductor PbS Nanocrystals and Nanowires Inside Mesoporous Silica SBA-15 Phase

A new flexible approach is developed to fabricate uniform nanocrystals and nanowires of binary compound semiconductor PbS inside the channels of mesoporous silica SBA-15. The approach combines functionalization of the channel surface with thiol groups, absorption of Pb2+, and heating in N2 atmosphere at high temperature. The separate introduction of thiol groups and Pb2+ makes the loading of a binary compound efficient and as easy as the loading of a single element. The nanocrystals are uniform and their sizes (5 nm) are consistent with the diameter of mesoporous SBA-15. The diameter of the PbS nanowires is about 6 nm and the length is several hundred nanometers. TEM images first intuitively confirm the formation of binary sulfide nanocrystals and nanowires dispersing uniformly inside the channels of mesoporous SBA-15. The key for transition from nanocrystals to nanowires is to increase the amount of the Si−OH group on the channel surface of SBA-15, and ethanol extraction proves to be effective to keep la.
Forced convection heat transfer in rectangular ducts: general case of wall resistances and peripheral conduction

A numerical solution for laminar flow heat transfer between a flowing gas and its containing rectangular duct has been obtained for many different boundary conditions. The problem has been solved for the cases of insulation on no walls, one wall, two walls, and three walls with various finite resistances on the remaining walls. Results have been obtained for several duct aspect ratios in the thermal entrance and in the fully developed regions, including the constant temperature cases. When one wall is insulated and the other three are at constant temperature, the maximum temperature occurs in the fluid rather than on the insulated wall. This maximum moves toward the insulated wall with increasing axial distance. Nusselt numbers for the same constant flux on all four walls with peripheral conduction lie in a narrow band bounded by zero and infinite peripheral conduction cases. A dimensionless wall conduction group of four can be considered infinite for the purpose of estimating fully developed Nusselt numbers to within an accuracy of 3%. A decrease in wall and bulk temperatures by finite wall conduction has been demonstrated for the case of a black body radiation boundary condition.
The Culinary Innovation Process

Abstract The process used in haute cuisine establishments is both aligned and contradicts the model proposed in the culinary innovation literature, the general new product development model, and those shown in the food product development literature. Michelin chefs used a more sequential and top-down process than the one proposed for culinary operations in general. Costs due to any failure in the Michelin-starred chefs' world are far greater than a menu innovation that fails to make the grade in a typical restaurant. Therefore, in this high risk situation, greater care is taken to control the process and ensure successful outcomes.
Effects of sewage sludge stabilization on organic‐N mineralization in two soils

Sewage sludge is a valuable source of organic matter, N, P and certain micronutrients that have beneficial effects on plant growth and biomass production. However, sanitary regulations often require the stabilization of sewage materials prior to applying them to soils as biosolids. Environmental regulations also demand appropriate management of biosolid‐N to avoid groundwater contamination. Because stabilization processes usually make sewage sludge less putrescible, we hypothesized that the mineralization rates of organic‐N from stabilized biosolids would be affected. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the mineralization of five biosolids in two soils – a sandy Spodosol and a clayey Oxisol. Digested sludge, composted sludge, limed sludge, heat‐dried sludge and solar‐irradiated sludge were mixed with soil samples at a concentration of 32.6 mg N/kg soil (1.0 dry t/ha of digested sludge) and incubated at 25 °C in a humidity chamber for 23 weeks. Results showed that the stabilization processes generally slowed the release of mineral‐N in soils relative to the digested sludge from which the biosolids originated. However, increments in the levels of mineral‐N were more influenced by soil type than by the type of stabilization process applied to the sewage sludge. Mineralization rates were up to 5‐fold higher in the Oxisol than in the Spodosol soil, and as a result, organic‐N in biosolids mineralized 10–24% in Spodosol and 23–52% in Oxisol. Any appropriate plan for the management of biosolid‐N for plant use should consider the interaction between soil type and biosolid type.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a 1D Chained Coordination Polymer Containing One-dimensional Egg-like Channels:{[Cu_2(C_2O_4)_2(inta)_4](inta)}_n (inta=Isonicotinamide)

A new one-dimensional copper coordination polymer chain has been prepared and fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. The compound {[Cu2(C2O4)2(inta)4](inta)}n1 crystallizes in the triclinic system,space group P1,with a=8.4722(5),b=10.9825(6),c=11.6128(6),α=104.8050(10),β=102.5740(10),γ= 109.6890(10)o,V=927.18(9)3,Mr=929.79,Z=1,Dc=1.665 g/cm3,F(000)=475,μ=1.231 mm-1,R=0.0453 and wR=0.1185 for 3290 observed reflections (I 2σ(I)). Of the compound,the Cu center is octahedrally coordinated with oxalate acting as a tetra-dentate ligand coordinated to the copper atom and each inta serving as a terminal ligand by employing only one N-donor to coordinate with the Cu center. An infinite {Cu2(C2O4)2}∞ chain is formed along the c axis. Furthermore,the 1D chains are held together via extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions to generate a three-dimensional network with 1D channels (ca. 5.491×11.507) where inta molecules are filled.
Magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow and heat transfer along a permeable stretching surface with non uniform heat generation/absorption

This paper investigates the flow of a nano fluid past a stretchingpermeable sheet under the influence of transverse magnetic field.The space and temperature dependent heat source/sink effect isconsidered. The governing partial differential equations aretransformed into ordinary differential equations with the helpsuitable similarity transformation. The transformed ordinarydifferential equations are solved using Spectral Relaxation Method.To validate the accuracy of the method, a comparison of Nusselt andSherwood number with the data of previous work is presented,whichshows an excellent agreement. The effects of magnetic field,suction, space and temperature dependent heat sourcr/sink, Lewisnumber, thermophoresis and Brownian motion on the flow field,temperature and nanofluid particle concentration are studied withthe help of graphs and tables.
EXAMINATION OF THE DIATOM-BOUND NITROGEN ISOTOPE PROXY: NITRATE CONSUMPTION IN THE POLAR OCEAN

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv PREFACE.vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.xx LIST OF TABLES.xxiii LIST OF FIGURES.xxiv MANUSCRIPT 1: Nitrogen isotopic relationship between diatom-bound and bulk organic matter of cultured polar diatoms . 1 Abstract . 2 Introduction . 4 Samples and Methods . 7 Diatom Species and Culturing . 7 Diatom-bound Cleaning . 11 Chemical Analysis . 11 Results and Discussion . 13 Diatom Growth . 13 Nutrient Concentrations and δNO3 . 14 Bulk δN . 16 Diatom-bound δN . 17 Culture Based Comparisons with Cores . 23 Conclusions . 26
Comparative Effect of Pig Manure and NPK Fertilizer on Agronomic Performance of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

Field experiments were performed to investigate the effectiveness of pig manure (PG) used alone and combined with NPK fertilizer on nutrients composition, growth and yield of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design and applied to tomato seedlings grown on beds at Oba-Ile and Iju in the rainforest zone of Southwest Nigeria Six treatments compared were: (a) the control, (b) 25t/ha pig manure, (c) 250kg/ha NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer, (d) 187kg/ha NPK + 6t/ha PG (75:25), (e) 125kg/ha NPK + 12t/ha PG (50:50) and (f) 62kg/ha NPK + 18t/ha PG (25:75) Soil and plant nutrients composition, growth parameters and fruit weight were determined. The test soils were sandy loam, low in organic matter and marginal in Nitrogen. Pig manure, NPK, used alone or combined at reduced rates significantly increased soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, number of leaves, plant height, stem girth and fruit weight significantly. The 187kg.ha NPK + 6t/ha PG gave highest soil N, leaf N and fruit weight. Combinations of NPK and PG gave relatively high soil N, Ca and Mg and adequate concentrations of leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Mean fruit weight per plant given by the control and 187kg/ha NPK + 6t/ha were 91 and 1016 gm respectively.
A Kirkwood–Buff derived force field for sodium chloride in water

A force field for the simulation of mixtures of sodium chloride and water is described. The model is specifically designed to reproduce the experimentally determined Kirkwood–Buff integrals as a function of salt concentration, ensuring that a good representation of the solution activity is obtained. In addition, the model reproduces many of the known properties of sodium chloride solutions including the density, isothermal compressibility, ion diffusion constants, relative permittivity, and the heat of mixing. The results are also compared to other common sodium chloride force fields.
A Characteristic Reaction of Lignin in Ionic Liquids; Glycelol Type Enol-Ether as the Primary Decomposition Product of β-O-4 Model Compound

Abstract Guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GG), which contains a predominant inter-unit linkage of lignin, could be converted into a corresponding glycerol type enol-ether (EE), 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-propenol, by the heat treatment in ionic liquids. EE is believed to be the unstable intermediate of the lignin decomposition process under acidic and alkaline conditions. By contrast, EE could be isolated as a relatively stable compound from the reaction mixture of ionic liquids. EE was formed as a primary reaction product in all ionic liquids used in this research under the temperature conditions of 120°C, although the decomposition rate and secondary decomposition products of GG varied with the ionic liquid used. NMR data suggested that dehydration reaction of GG progressed stereospecifically and [Z] isomer was predominantly formed (stereoselectivety of [Z] is higher than 90%).
Polymorphic 
PtBi2
: Growth, structure, and superconducting properties

PtBi$_2$ is a polymorphic system with interesting electronic properties. Here we report optimized crystal growth and structural characterization of pyrite-type and trigonal modification of PtBi$_2$. Selected area electron diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction and further Rietveld refinement confirms that trigonal PtBi$_2$ crystallizes in non-centrosymmetric $P31m$ space group, pyrite-type PtBi$_2$ in $Pa\bar{3}$ space group. Series of Pt$_{1-x}$Rh$_x$Bi$_2$ samples was obtained for $x=0, 0.03, 0.35$ in the trigonal PtBi$_2$ structure. These Pt$_{1-x}$Rh$_x$Bi$_2$ compounds become superconducting where critical temperature increases from $T_c=600$ mK for $x=0$ up to $T_c=2.7$ K for $x=0.35$. Furthermore we calculate the electronic band structure, using the structure parameters obtained. The calculated density of states (DOS) shows a minimum for the stochiometric compound at the Fermi level. These findings warrant further research by broader array of experimental techniques, as well as the effect of the substitution on the non-trivial band structure.
FLIC: Fast Lidar Image Clustering

Lidar sensors are widely used in various applications, ranging from scientific fields over industrial use to integration in consumer products. With an ever growing number of different driver assistance systems, they have been introduced to automotive series production in recent years and are considered an important building block for the practical realisation of autonomous driving. However, due to the potentially large amount of Lidar points per scan, tailored algorithms are required to identify objects (e.g. pedestrians or vehicles) with high precision in a very short time. In this work, we propose an algorithmic approach for real-time instance segmentation of Lidar sensor data. We show how our method leverages the properties of the Euclidean distance to retain three-dimensional measurement information, while being narrowed down to a two-dimensional representation for fast computation. We further introduce what we call "skip connections", to make our approach robust against over-segmentation and improve assignment in cases of partial occlusion. Through detailed evaluation on public data and comparison with established methods, we show how these aspects enable state-of-the-art performance and runtime on a single CPU core.
The structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Ba doped La manganites

The structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of barium doped lanthanum manganites La1-xBaxMnO3 with x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 compositions were investigated. The X-ray powder diffraction results show that all samples crystallize in the rhombohedral R-3c space group. The substitution of La3+ by the larger Ba+2 ions induces an increase of the unit cell volume when the doping level increases from 10% to 20%. On the contrary a further increase of Ba doping at 30% causes a decrease in the volume of unit cell. All samples exhibit a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition. Transition temperature increases from 181 K to 319 K with increasing doping level. Above transition temperature the paramagnetic behavior of the samples is well described by the Curie – Weiss law. Arrott-Belov plots show that all samples follow the behavior expected for a conventional second order transition. The magnetic entropy change and relative cooling power have been determined. |ΔSmaxM| observed in the vicinity of transition temperature increases monotonically from 1.51 Jkg–1K–1 for x = 0.1 to 2.61 Jkg–1K–1 for x = 0.3 for a field change of 2 T. The observed temperature dependence of ΔSM is explained reasonably well by the Landau theory of second order phase transition. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemically amplified deep ultraviolet resist for positive tone ion exposure

The positive tone deep ultraviolet resist UV II HS-0.6 (Shipley) has been evaluated for ion exposure in the ion projector at the Fraunhofer Institute in Berlin. The chemically amplified resist showed extremely high sensitivity of 1×1012 H+ ions/cm2 at an ion energy of 75 keV. The contrast number was 11. Smallest lines with 65 nm linewidth could be delineated in 140-nm-high resist. At higher resist thickness of 370 nm, lines down to 70 nm were stable showing aspect ratios of >4. The exposure latitude at 100 nm nominal linewidth was ±10% dose variation for a ±10% linewidth change.
Comparison of Four Species Sensitivity Distribution Methods to Calculate Predicted No Effect Concentrations for Bisphenol A

ABSTRACT Bisphenol A (BPA, CAS RN 80-05-7) is a high production volume chemical used as an intermediate in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. During its manufacture and use, some emissions to surface waters are anticipated. Chronic predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic systems are used to support the assessment of potential risks to aquatic organisms in receiving waters. PNECs for a compound are considered protective of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Traditionally, PNECs are derived by taking the lowest no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) from a set of toxicity studies and dividing by an assessment factor (e.g., 10 to 1000). This traditional approach is appropriate for substances with few data, but may not be necessary for substances with many valid studies. For well-studied substances, statistical approaches (i.e., development of Species Sensitivity Distribution or SSD methods) can be used to calculate a PNEC that makes use of the full distribution of available NOEC values. Bisphenol A has an extensive set of aquatic toxicity studies covering diverse taxa including algae, hydra, rotifers, mollusks, crustaceans (both benthic and pelagic), insects, annelids, fish, and amphibians. The full chronic data set was used to calculate PNEC values using four SSD methods: (1) the Hazard Concentration (HC5) approach developed by The Netherlands National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), (2) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality criteria procedure, (3) SigmaPlot (Systat 2000) commercial software that calculates percentile values, and (4) a distributional method consistent with that used by Environment Canada. Using these approaches, PNEC values for BPA range from 11 to 71 μ g/L. Literature studies suggest that application of an additional assessment factor is unwarranted if an SSD-based PNEC is based on chronic data. SSD-derived PNEC values and the traditionally derived PNEC value of 1.6 μ g/L are then compared to concentrations of BPA that have been measured in North American and European surface waters. Adverse risks to aquatic organisms are not anticipated from measured concentrations of BPA in North American and European surface waters.
Human Parasitic Aquaporins: New anti-parasitic drug targets

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins which are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in all organisms. Mammalian aquaporins have been extensively studied in their structures, functions, pathology and biomolecules. At nucleic acid and protein levels, aquaporins can be classified into two major groups; orthodox aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins. Most parasite aquaporins are aquaglyceroporins, which are permeable to water and other uncharged solutes. Parasite aquaporins also act as channels for nutrients from the environment or waste products from the parasite bodies, including some substances that repress proliferation of parasites. Therefore, aquaporins are feasible target proteins for developing novel anti-parasitic drugs or drug facilitators for parasitic infection treatment in the future.
Enduring involvement with wine: predictive model and measurement

This exploratory study identifies the dimensions of enduring involvement with wine. This article outlines the conceptualisation and measurement of enduring involvement of consumers with wine in regard to its value order in the hierarchy of needs. A convenience sample yielded 140 useable surveys after questionnaires were administered to pre-qualified consumer respondents. Data were analysed using the Predictive Analytics SoftWare statistical software package and its add-on feature, AMOS 18. It was found that wine consumers exhibit varying dimensions of enduring involvement according to the characteristics of the hierarchical order of need. The dimensions of enduring involvement identified to be associated with wine as a social and esteem value order product were: pleasure/interest, wine-related lifestyle/enjoyment and self-image/sign value. We conclude that enduring involvement is the more important of the two variants (situational and enduring) of the involvement paradigm. When harnessed by wine marketers, this may therefore boost sales and customer loyalty. Marketers need to know the drivers of wine consumers in relation to the product they buy. This will help in communicating the best strategies to adopt for consumers and how they are applied.
Enzymatic improvement of guar-based thickener for better-quality silk screen printing

Guar galactomannan (referred to as guar gum) is a versatile polysaccharide, obtained from the seeds of the shrub Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, which finds several applications in either its native or chemically modified form. For textile printing, guar gum can also be partially depolymerised in order to promote dye penetration, improve swelling in water and achieve the desired rheological properties. Guar gum is obtained from guar seeds by a thermo-mechanical process that leaves ca. 3% of largely insoluble proteins in the gum, originating from the endosperms aleurone layer. When printing silk fabrics with acid or premetallised dyes, guar endogenous insoluble proteins bind tightly to anionic dyes, causing deposition of coloured aggregates on the fabric. This causes imperfections on the printed fabric in the form of tiny, but visible, ‘dots’, which lowers the quality of the final articles. In order to eliminate ‘dotting’, a novel printing thickener composed of depolymerised guar gum mixed with a bioengineered subtilisin protease has been developed. Upon solubilisation of the gum, and during preparation of the printing paste mixture, the protease hydrolyses guar gum insoluble proteins, generating soluble peptides that are washed off by the post-printing treatments of the fabric. This enzymatic application prevents ‘dotting’ and significantly improves the quality of the silk print, without any measurable tensile strength loss of the fabric.