Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Midsouthern Consultant's Survey on Weed Management Practices in Soybean

Abstract Soybean consultants from Arkansas, Louisiana, southeast Missouri, Mississippi, and Tennessee were surveyed in 2016 to assess weed management practices and the prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds in midsouthern U.S. soybean production. The consultants surveyed represented 13%, 28%, 8%, 16%, and 5% of the total soybean area planted in Arkansas, Louisiana, southeast Missouri, Mississippi, and Tennessee, respectively. Of the total scouted area, 78% of the consultants said their growers planted glyphosate-resistant soybean in 2016, with 18% planting glufosinate-resistant (LibertyLink®), primarily due to familiarity with and cost of the technology. Although 94% of the consultants determined that glufosinate was most effective on killing Palmer amaranth, the primary concern associated with controlling herbicide-resistant weeds was the associated cost, followed by return profit and time constraints. Palmer amaranth, morningglory species, horseweed, barnyardgrass, and Italian ryegrass were the five most problematic weeds in soybean across the five states. Palmer amaranth was the most problematic and important weed in each state individually. The increased concern (77% of consultants) with this species was attributed to the rising concern with and occurrence of protoporphyrinogen oxidase-resistant Palmer amaranth. Consultants were of the opinion that more research was needed on cover crops and the new traited technologies in order to improve weed management in soybean. Nomenclature: Glufosinate; glyphosate; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ; horseweed, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. ; Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot; morningglory, Ipomoea spp. ; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. ; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Efficacy of Saflufenacil for Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) as Affected by Height, Density, and Time of Day

Control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed in soybean with glyphosate (900 g ai ha−1) plus saflufenacil (25 gaiha−1) has been variable. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of GR horseweed height, density, and time of day (TOD) at application on saflufenacil plus glyphosate efficacy in soybean. All experiments were completed six times during a 2 yr period (2014, 2015) in fields previously confirmed with GR horseweed. Applications from 0900 to 2100 hours provided optimal control of GR horseweed 8 WAA. Soybean yield paralleled GR horseweed control with the highest yield of 3000kgha−1 at 1500 hours, and the lowest yield of 2400kgha−1 at 0600 hours. The height and density of GR horseweed at application had minimal effect on saflufenacil efficacy. Saflufenacil provided>99% control of GR horseweed when applied to small plants and low densities; however, control decreased to 95% when>25 cm tall, and to 96% in densities>800 plants m−2 at 6 WAA due to some plant regrowth. TOD of application had a greater influence on GR horseweed control with saflufenacil than height or density. To optimize control of GR horseweed, saflufenacil should be applied during daytime hours to small plants at low densities. Optimizing GR horseweed control minimizes weed seed return and weed interference. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; saflufenacil; horseweed, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. ; soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Features of the planning system for repair and construction production as a part of the urban programs’ implementation

The paper presents the results of the study, which formed the methodological foundations for constructing a system of the urban programs’ rational planning in the field of housing and communal services and the urban environment, which provide intellectual support for decision-making. The use of the considered problems and proposed methods for their solutions is advisable to put into practice in informatization and computerization of the urban processes.
Ecological evaluation of existing plant resources of Manrai hills, Swat, Pakistan using multivariate analysis

Like other montane temperate forests in Pakistan, vegetation of Manrai hills, Swat is declining at an alarming rate due to anthropogenic pressure, although they represent abode of plant biodiversity and need special care and attention. Keeping this motive in mind, the area was studied to evaluate the existing vegetation during 2012-2016. Species and environmental data from 50 quadrats by using stratified random sampling viz., 1x1m, 2x2m and 10x10m for herbs, shrubs and trees, respectively were placed in TURBOVEG (v. 2.101) software and transferred to JUICE (v. 7.0.102) software for establishing reliable clusters. From the sampled area, a total of 270 species of vascular plants were recorded. Three communities viz., 1) Quercus-Sarcococca-Pinus, 2) Iris-Poa-Arenaria and 3) Abies-Picea-Viburnum were determined through standard default parameters of modified TWINSPAN. All communities showed distinct strata with clear demarcation of tree, shrub and herb layers. On an average, tree, shrub and herb layers were occurred at 13.52±7.62m, 0.90±0.39m, 35.0± 7cm, respectively. Average Species richness (21.38±5.29), Shannon-Wiener (2.56±0.32), Simpson (0.88±0.05) and evenness (0.85±0.06) indices were comparatively higher in comparison to other studies from Pakistan. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) run through PC-ORD (v.6) indicated that topographic, edaphic and anthropogenic factors as the main determinants of community types. Lopping, deforestation and overgrazing are serious ecological threats to the vegetation of the area. Practical and workable measures for conservation of this valuable bio-resource are suggested considering our findings.
Novel analysis of second law and irreversibility for a solar power plant using heliostat field and molten salt

Nowadays, the low efficiency of solar energy power plant systems brings about uneconomical performance and high‐cost uncompetitive industries compared with the traditional fossil fuel ones. In order to overcome these kinds of issues, in this study, the performance of a solar tower coupled with a Rankine cycle is scrutinized using the first and second laws of thermodynamic. Moreover, a numerical code has been developed in the GNU Octave software environment to calculate the precise value for both energy and exergy losses of each component. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis approach corresponds to the variation of several inner parameters such as direct normal irradiation (DNI), molten salt outlet temperature (MSOT), and the molten salt velocity (MSV), environmental parameters such as wind speed and ambient temperature have been performed. In addition, the overall losses are calculated by considering all possible forms of losses such as convection, conduction, reflection, and emission, and also, the portion of each source of these losses are determined. The obtained results indicate that the maximum exergy loss occurs in the central receiver system (CRS), while the major energy loss occurs in the turbine located in the power block. The sensitivity analysis shows that the rise of DNI significantly increases the exergy%energy efficiency of the cycle and also, the portion of loss related to emission heat transfer would be enhanced. Moreover, the variation of the MSV and MSOT illustrate influencing the performance of the cycle; consequently, the MSOT changes demonstrate a reverse relation with energy and direct relation with exergy efficiency. Accordingly, an optimum value of 650K is calculated for the MSOT as well as an optimum value of 2 m%s for the MSV. The environmental sensitivity analysis indicates that the enhancement of wind speed and ambient temperature has a negative impact on the net output of the cycle, which is not desirable.
Studies in Seed vigour of different maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids and composite varieties under North Indian Condition

Three hybrids and one composite variety of maize (Zea mays L.) were studies for seven seed vigour characters to predict the field emergence. The seed of each variety was stored for eight nine months under ambient conditions at Karnal before testing for various parameters during 2010-12. Hybrid ‘ HQPM -1 was found to show high germination at first and final count, seedling dry weight and accelerated against test. ‘HM-4’ and ‘HM-11’ were superior for field emergence, first and final counts of germination. Variety ‘HM-4’ was also significantly superior for coeloptile length and cold test, whereas hybrid ‘J-1006’ was better for field emergence and coleoptiles length. Various vigour tests did not uniformly predict field emergence in different cultivars. Field emergence exhibited significant correlation with germination at first count in majority of cultivars, thus can be used to predict field emergence. Correlations of field emergence with accelerated aging test in ‘HQPM -1’ and with cold test in hybrid ‘J1006’ were also observed. None of the test was uniformly correlated with field emergence in all the varieties, thereby suggesting that the behaviour of different varieties in the performance of various seed vigour parameters was different from each other.
Evaluation of cardiac troponin I, atrial natriuretic peptide and some oxidative/antioxidative biomarkers in the serum and hemolysate of trained Arabian horses after exercise.

Background Limited information existed on performance tests in Iranian Arab horses. Aims The objective of this study is to investigate time related changes of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and oxidative/antioxidant biomarkers in the serum of Arabian horses before and after regular training. Methods Blood samples were collected from jugular vein of 25 Arabian horses before exercise; 5 h and 18 h after exercise and used to measure the cTnI, ANP, malondialdehyde (MDA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations. Data analysis was performed using SAS. Results Significant time related changes were seen for cTnI, MDA, and GPX concentrations (P<0.05). There were no time significant variations in the concentrations of ANP, FRAP and SOD. The values of cTnI and MDA significantly increased after exercise. The amounts of GPX significantly increased 5 h after exercise and then decreased up to 18 h after exercise. Conclusion The results of the present study can be used in future studies in evaluating the health status of Arabian horses. In addition, the present results can be used as primarily described data in the evaluation of Arabian horses.
Genetic Diversity Assessment of Selected Annona muricata L. Germplasm in Sri Lanka

Annona muricata L. commonly known as soursop is an underutilized fruit crop species in Sri Lanka gaining much importance in the recent past due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. Soursop germplasm collections are available within the country and assessing the genetic diversity is needed to proceed with conservation, detecting promising lines and breeding programs. This study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of 50 soursop individuals using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The study was conducted at Plant Genetic Resources Centre of the Department of Agriculture in Gannoruwa during 2017 to 2019. DNA of the 50 soursop samples were extracted using CTAB method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried using 13 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers. PCR products were visualized using 1.5 percent Agarose gel electrophoresis under the Biorad Gel documentation system and analyzed using POPGENE 1.31. PCR amplified 139 bands from 13 ISSR markers among which 118 were found to be polymorphic. The polymorphic band percentage was 85 percent while as the average Original Research Article Samaradiwakara et al.; AJAHR, 7(1): 1-13, 2020; Article no.AJAHR. 60963 2 number of bands observed (Na) was 1.8489 and the effective allele number (Ne) was 1.5377. The Nei's gene diversity index (h) was 0.3079. The Shannon Information Index (I) found to be 0.4556. Dendrogram constructed based on the UPGMA method clustered the studied accessions into four major clusters at 80 percent similarity level. Results revealed considerable degree of genetic diversity existed within the studied soursop germplasms at Sri Lanka. Existing genetic diversity within soursop individuals will serve as germplasm bank to identify and utilize potential germplasm resources for conservation and future breeding programs to develop quality soursop varieties in Sri Lanka.
Diagnostic Accuracies of Anti-carbamylated and Anti-citrullinated Fibrinogen Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Meta-analysis

pISSN: 2093-940X, eISSN: 2233-4718 Copyright c 2016 by The Korean College of Rheumatology. All rights reserved. This is a Free Access article, which permits unrestricted non-commerical use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Original Article Journal of Rheumatic Diseases Vol. 23, No. 6, December, 2016 https://doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2016. 23.6. 373
Safety and efficacy of Sacox® microGranulate (salinomycin sodium) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying

Abstract Salinomycin sodium (SAL‐Na) is active against certain Gram‐positive bacteria, while Gram‐negative species are resistant. SAL‐Na at the proposed concentration is unlikely to increase shedding of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter and or induce resistance and cross‐resistance to antimicrobials important in human and animal therapy. SAL‐Na is safe for chickens for fattening at 70 mg/kg complete feed, for chickens reared for laying at 50 mg/kg complete feed in the first 12 weeks of life. The simultaneous use of SAL‐Na and certain antibiotic drugs (e.g. tiamulin) is contraindicated. SAL‐Na is absorbed and extensively metabolised. Metabolites have reduced ionophoric activity. SAL is the marker residue (MR). No residues in eggs are expected. SAL‐Na is not genotoxic and not a carcinogen. A NOAEL of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day is derived from a cardiovascular study in dogs as well as from a 12‐month dog study. Consumer exposure complies with an acceptable daily intake of 0.005 mg SAL/kg bw after 1 h withdrawal. A withdrawal time and maximum residue limits are not considered necessary. SAL‐Na from Sacox® is not an irritant to skin and eyes; it is a potential sensitiser to skin and the respiratory tract. A toxicological risk by inhalation for persons handling the additive cannot be excluded. SAL‐Na in feed for chickens will not pose a risk for the aquatic environment. A risk for the terrestrial ecosystem is considered unlikely due to metabolisation and the rapid degradation of SAL in the environment. SAL‐Na at a minimum concentration of 50 mg/kg complete feed is an effective coccidiostat for chickens for fattening. This conclusion is extended to chickens reared for laying. SAL‐Na in Sacox® 120 microGranulate and Sacox® 200 microGranulate is considered bioequivalent with respect to its anticoccidial effect.
Formation of Indonesia's National Law System

The formation of Indonesia's national legal system cannot be separated from the politics of law, because it is used as a guide in the process of making and enforcing the law to achieve a dream and national goal. The formation of the legal system in Indonesia has not gone well, Indonesia should have its own law. By having its own law, Indonesia will have national identity and will be seen as advanced by other countries. The formation of the national legal system in Indonesia is heavily influenced by external elements. It should maintain all the material sources of law that already exist in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to describe the formation of the national legal system in the State of Indonesia. This study uses a normative approach by using secondary data from library materials. The results of this study indicate that the formation of a national legal system is a process of developing a legal system and along with its element. With the development of the national legal system, it must be able to replace the Dutch colonial legal products with its own legal products. The development of the national legal system is a way to make changes in Indonesian legal products that must be in accordance with the values that are in people's lives. In the process of legal development, it is impossible to be separated from a legal politics.
Live weight gain, animal behaviour and urinary nitrogen excretion of dairy heifers grazing ryegrass–white clover pasture, chicory or plantain

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess live weight gain, animal behaviour and N excretion in the urine of dairy heifers fed herbs during autumn and spring. Sixty heifers were allocated into five dietary treatments: 100% ryegrass–white clove pasture (100RG/WC); 50% RG/WC + 50% chicory (50CH); 75% RG/WC + 25% chicory (25CH); 75% RG/WC + 25% plantain (25PL); and 50% RG/WC + 50% plantain (50PL). The 100RG/WC had the highest (5.0 times/6 h) and lowest (2.5 times/6 h) urination frequency compared with other treatments in autumn (averaged 3.5 times/6 h) and spring (averaged 4.5 times/6 h), respectively. The heifer LWG in spring was higher in 25CH (1.36 kg/day) than other treatments (averaged 1.10 kg/day). Urinary N concentration was 0.18% and 0.23% in autumn and spring, respectively, across treatments, with no difference between treatments. The study demonstrated inconsistent results of use of chicory and plantain as a mitigation tool to reduce the environmental impact of heifer rearing systems in autumn and spring.
Identification and characterization of Rubisco activase genes in Oryza punctata

Rubisco activase (Rca), a specific chaperone, catalyzes the in vivo activation of Rubisco, and thus plays a major role in plant photosynthesis. Although the genes encoding Rubisco activase have been studied in many model or economic plants, few studies have analyzed their homologs in plants of closely related crop species. In this study, an Rca gene was identified and characterized in a wild relative of rice, Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. The gene was 2747 bp long and possessed six exons and five introns with 47% GC content. Furthermore, cDNA sequencing produced two transcripts, RcaL and RcaS, that differed in the sequence by an inclusion of 99 bp at the carboxy terminus of RcaL. Sequence comparison between the two transcripts and the genomic DNA showed that there was a 20‐bp alternative splicing event that occurred at the fifth intron of the gene leading to the synthesis of a short polypeptide. The leaf transcriptome analysis showed that RcaS had a higher expression level than that of RcaL in a normal growth environment. In addition, the yeast two‐hybrid assays showed the small isoform of Rubisco activase in close contact with the large subunit of the Rubisco in this species, supporting the side‐on binding model of interaction between two proteins. This study broadens our understanding of the molecular characteristics of some essential genes in photosynthesis.
Impact of Urban-Rural Health Insurance Integration on Health Care: Evidence from Rural China

Abstract In recent years, Chinese local governments have experimented with integrating the social health insurance system segmented between rural and urban areas to unify the administration, policy, and funds of various health insurance programs. In this study, we take advantage of the staggered implementation of the urban-rural health insurance integration across cities over time to examine the impacts of the integration on rural residents' health care utilization and health outcomes. Based on an original city-year level policy dataset and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) for the years 2011, 2013, and 2015, we find that the integration significantly increases the middle-aged and older rural residents' inpatient care utilization and this positive effect is particularly salient in poor areas. Moreover, we find that the positive policy effect of integration is attributed to enhanced health insurance benefits, such as a higher reimbursement rate for inpatient care. However, the integration has limited impacts on the middle-aged and older rural residents' health outcomes. This study reveals the partial success of urban-rural health insurance integration to reduce health care inequality in China.
The complete chloroplast genome of Cnidium officinale Makino

Abstract Cnidium officinale (Ligusticum officinale) is an important herbal medicine. To facilitate species identification, we determined the complete chloroplast genome of C. officinale using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The genome was 148,518 bp in length, comprising a large single copy (LSC) region of 93,977 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,607 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 18,467 bp each. The genome contains 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 30 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. officinale is most closely related to L. tenuissium, with high bootstrap values.
The Population Genetics of Ploidy Change in Fungi

Ploidy is a significant type of genetic variation, describing the number of chromosome sets per cell. Ploidy evolves in natural populations, clinical populations, and lab experiments, particularly in fungi. Despite a long history of theoretical work on this topic, predicting how ploidy will evolve has proven difficult, as it is often unclear why one ploidy state outperforms another. Here, we review what is known about contemporary ploidy evolution in diverse fungal species through the lens of population genetics. As with typical genetic variants, ploidy evolution depends on the rate that new ploidy states arise by mutation, natural selection on alternative ploidy states, and random genetic drift. However, ploidy variation also has unique impacts on evolution, with the potential to alter chromosomal stability, the rate and patterns of point mutation, and the nature of selection on all loci in the genome. We discuss how ploidy evolution depends on these general and unique factors and highlight areas where additional experimental evidence is required to comprehensively explain the ploidy transitions observed in the field and the lab.
Predicting >10 MeV SEP Events from Solar Flare and Radio Burst Data

The prediction of solar energetic particle (SEP) events or solar radiation storms is one of the most important problems in the space weather field. These events may have adverse effects on technology infrastructures and humans in space; they may also irradiate passengers and flight crews in commercial aircraft flying at polar latitudes. This paper explores the use of ≥ M2 solar flares and radio burst observations as proxies for predicting >10 MeV SEP events on Earth. These observations are manifestations of the parent event at the sun associated with the SEP event. As a consequence of processing data at the beginning of the physical process that leads to the radiation storm, the model may provide its predictions with large anticipation. The main advantage of the present approach is that the model analyzes solar data that are updated every 30 min and, as such, it may be operational; however, a disadvantage is that those SEP events associated with strong well-connected flares cannot be predicted. For the period from November 1997 to February 2014, we obtained a probability of detection of 70.2%, a false alarm ratio of 40.2%, and an average anticipation time of 9 h 52 min. In this study, the prediction model was built using decision trees, an interpretable machine learning technique. This approach leads to outputs and results comparable to those derived by the Empirical model for Solar Proton Event Real Time Alert (ESPERTA) model. The obtained decision tree shows that the best criteria to differentiate pre-SEP scenarios and non-pre-SEP scenarios are the peak and integrated flux for soft X-ray flares and the radio type III bursts.