Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of broad bean (Vicia Faba L.) grown under field conditions in the jordan valley, jordan: Bestimmung der aktuellen evapotranspiration und pflanzenbestandskoeffizienten von bohnen (Vicia Faba L.) unter feldbedingungen im jordantal, jorda

This study was conducted to determine actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients at different growth stages of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) grown in an open field in the Jordan Valley, Jordan using a precise and accurate approach. The study involved 30-min fluxes measurements of energy budget components over broad bean crop using a complete setup of an Eddy Correlation (EC) system. The measurements were conducted during the three main crop growth stages namely initial, development, and midseason growth stages following the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) crop coefficient model for green harvested broad bean crop. The average crop coefficients during the initial (KC ini), development (KC dev) and midseason (KC mid) growth stages were 0.37, 0.8 and 1.05, respectively. The measured weighted average crop coefficient over the entire growing season KC GS was 9.5% lower than the FAO corresponding value. Results showed that there was a clear decrease of (bulk) surface resistance (rs) as crop canopy developed. Daily average rs values were 855, 337, and 166 s/m for initial, development, and midseason growth stages, respectively. Moreover, rs was found to be highly correlated to crop height (hc). A simple linear relation between rs and hc with R2 of 0.91 was found. This relation will enable future direct determination of crop evapotranspiration (ETC) using Penman-Monteith equation without the need to calculate both grass reference evapotranspiration (ETO) and crop coefficient (KC) values.
Larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) growth on Georges Bank : a model with temperature, prey size, and turbulence forcing

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) on Georges Bank are subjected to a high degree of variability in temperature, turbulence, and prey densities, depending on when they are spawned and where they are advected. We have developed an individual-based model that includes the effect of varying prey density, turbulence, and temperature. Temperature effects were included by using a Q10-type adjustment to the standard metabolic rate as well as a second temperature-dependent term added to the overall ingestion ability of our model fish, a function of the swimming speed, capture efficiency, and "liveliness" of a fish. Three cases were analyzed: (i) constant food and temperature conditions, (ii) variable temperature cycles, and (iii) variable temperature cycles plus turbulence. We found that prey density, turbulence, and temperature ranges typical of the peak spawning season are variable enough to be limiting to larval growth. The timing and location of spawning are crucial to the survival of the larvae. Increasing the average temperature cycle by 1°C, as might occur due to climatological change or interannual variability, increased growth for larvae that were not growing well previously. The increased temperature failed to increase larval growth in areas where larvae were already growing at rates close to their maximum. Resume : La morue franche (Gadus morhua) et l'aiglefin (Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) du banc Georges sont exposes
Haplotypes and levels of fetal hemoglobin and Gγ to Aγ ratios in mediterranean patients with thalassemia minor and major

This study concerned the γ chain composition of Hb F and the haplotypes of 44 patients with β‐thalassemia major or intermedia and many of their relatives. Seventeen patients came from Northern (Turkish) Cyprus, 12 from the Istanbul area, and 15 from Macedonia and Bulgaria. Analysis of the AγT‐Gγ‐AγI ratio was made by HPLC, while haplotyping involved seven restriction sites.
Acyltransferase-catalysed p- coumarate ester formation is a committed step of lignin biosynthesis

An acyltransferase (HCT) catalyses the production of p-coumaroyl-shikimate/quinate esters, the substrates of the 3-hydroxylase involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The heterologously expressed enzyme was shown to transfer the acyl group of p-coumaroyl-CoA to shikimate or quinate. HCT gene silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in changes in lignin amount and composition, thus demonstrating HCT function in planta.
Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals

The symmetrical gaits of quadrupedal mammals are oftendescribed in terms of two variables: duty factor (S = the stanceperiod of one foot, as a percentage of the gait cycle) and diagonality(D = the percentage of the cycle period by whichthe left hind footfall precedes the left fore footfall). We showthat support polygons are optimized during walking (i.e.the percentage of the locomotor cycle spent standing on only twofeet is minimized) for: (1) the diagonal-sequence, diagonal-coupletswalks characteristic of primates (50 < D < 75)when D = [hindlimb S]; (2) lateral-sequence,lateral-couplets walks (0 < D < 25)when D = [hindlimb S]− 50;(3) lateral-sequence, diagonal-couplets walks (25 < D < 50)when D = 100 −[forelimb S]. To determine whether animal behaviour is optimal in this sense,we examined 346 symmetrical gait cycles in 45 mammal species. Ourempirical data show that mammalian locomotor behaviour approximatesthe theoretical optima. We suggest that diagonal-sequence walkingmay be adopted by ­primates as a means of ensuring thata grasping hindfoot is placed in a protracted position on a testedsupport at the moment when the contralateral forefoot strikes downon an untested support. © 2002 The Linnean Societyof London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 136,401−420
Saprobic and ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract The biogeographic distribution of ammonia fungi is reviewed using collection records of ammonia fungi, mainly obtained by artificial applications of urea in the field and in laboratory experiments. Distribution records are fragmentary at a global scale. However, generally speaking, the biogeographic distribution of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi appears to be more restricted than that of saprobic ammonia fungi. Those saprobic species of more restricted distribution are likely to have a more rigid substrate specificity. The biogeographic distribution of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi is likely to relate to the distribution of host mycorrhizal tree(s) based on the degree of host specificity. Patterns of biogeographic distribution of ammonia fungi can be categorised into six regional distribution types: ubiquitous, Northern Hemisphere, East Asia, East Asia and Oceania, Australia and New Zealand, and Australia endemic. Among the ammonia fungi, closely related counterpart species in each hemisphere are recognised.
Correcting for Bias in Log‐Transformed Allometric Equations

mals: their productivity and population dynamics, IBP. Volume 5. Cambridge University Press, London, England. Mahmud, F. S. 1980. Alary polymorphism in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 28: 47-53. McCoy, E. D. , and J. R. Rey. 1981. Alary polymorphism among the salt marsh Delphacidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) of northwest Florida. Ecological Entomology 6:285291. Rey, J. R. 1981. Ecological biogeography of arthropods on Spartina islands in northwest Florida. Ecological Monographs 51:237-265. Stiling, P. D. , and D. R. Strong. 1982. The parasitoids of the planthopper Prokelisia marginate (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Florida Entomologist 65:191-192. Varley, G. C. , G. R. Gradwell, and M. P. Hassell. 1973. Insect population ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, England. Watt, A. D. , and A. F. G. Dixon. 1981. The role of cereal growth stages and crowding in the induction of alatae in Sitobion a'enae and its consequences for population growth. Ecological Entomology 6:441-447.
The ecological importance of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) forests towards a sustainable management and exploitation of Chilean coastal benthic co-management areas

The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera forms dense aggregations in rocky subtidal areas along the Chilean coast. Seasonal abundance of seaweed and invertebrate populations associated with kelp forests and control sites without forests were monitored for two years in Southern Chile. Monitoring took place in areas under co-management fisheries administration provision entitled 'Management and exploitation areas for benthic resources (MEABR)' where several species that are under commercial exploitation have to be monitored. This study provides evidence indicating the importance of giant kelp in the maintenance of exploited organisms and biodiversity in general. The results showed that kelp influences the abundance of other macroalgae and benthic invertebrates, including species exploited by the local fisheries. Kelp size and density varied seasonally, generating cyclical variation in habitat, species composition and community structure. A consequence of the exploitation and depletion of Macrocystis forests will be a decrease in the abundance of other economically important species and therefore the sustainable development of coastal communities may be compromised.
Factors influencing students' entrepreneurial intentions: The critical roles of personal attraction and perceived control over behavior

Many researchers and educators across the world have recently attempted to explore the factors that motivate and enable some individuals and not others to pursue an entrepreneurial career path. The growing attentions given to entrepreneurial intention is partially due the fundamental roles that entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activities play in fostering economic and social development of developed and developing countries, including Malaysia. Research has highlighted the influence of both personal and environmental factors on one’s selection into entrepreneurship. More recent studies emphasized on the impact of a combination of the factors that affect entrepreneurial intention. However, our knowledge about interactions among the factors that construct entrepreneurial intention is limited particularly among university students. This study attempts to narrow the gap in the literature by measuring the factors that affect Malaysian university students’ entrepreneurial intentions using the theory of planned behavior. More specifically, it examines the relationships between personal attraction, perceived control over behavior, entrepreneurial skills, subjective norms, valuation of entrepreneurship in the social and close environment and students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The sample consisted of 722 students from public and private universities. Structural Equation Modeling was employed to test the hypothesized relationships between the variables. The results emphasized the critical roles that personal attraction and perceived control over behavior play in shaping students’ intentions to become an entrepreneur. A system of valuation and support of entrepreneurship consisting of subjective norms and valuation of entrepreneurship in the social and close environment emerged which highly influences students’ personal attraction toward entrepreneurship. Specifically, subjective norms affect students’ entrepreneurial intentions through its impact on their perceived control over the performance of entrepreneurial tasks and personal attraction toward entrepreneurship. Furthermore, entrepreneurial skills have a low contribution to subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Implications of these findings for entrepreneurship research and education are discussed.
Green electricity and biowastes via biogas to bulk‐chemicals and fuels: The next move toward a sustainable bioeconomy

To deal with the global challenges of limited fossil resources, climate change, and environmental pollution bioeconomy has been identified globally as a strategic development goal. In this regard, many industrial countries and regions have set very ambiguous targets: e.g. within the EU 25–30% of all chemicals and other industrial products as well as 5–10% of transportation fuels should be bio‐based by 2030. These targets are hardly achievable and not sustainable with presently known bio‐production systems, mainly due to constrains in substrate availability, limited product yield, and high processing costs. Thus, new concepts are desperately needed. Against this background, an innovative and sustainable concept is presented and discussed here. The central idea of the concept is the conversion of organic wastes into a widely usable product—biogas (CO2 +CH4)—which is then used as a clean and uniform substrate for the synthesis of bulk‐chemicals and/or fuels, especially by using green electricity from wind and solar. Such a concept (shortened as E&G2C) has the potential to overcome major limitations of known bioproduction systems. Biogas as a substrate of biosynthesis has many unique advantages, including sustainability, efficiency, and flexibility. The use of electricity for biosynthesis with biogas represents an ideal system for efficient bioelectrochemical conversion. Here, the rationale behind the concept is illustrated, its sustainability is underpinned with concrete data, and the realization of the concept is discussed by looking at the possible conversion routes and key issues to be solved. The markets and perspectives provided by the concept E&G2C are also briefly addressed. In conclusion, the concept E&G2C provides a unique and innovative path for the next move toward a real sustainable bioeconomy.
Reading model to estimate optimum economic intakes of amino acids for poultry

The use of a linear-plateau procedure to describe the response of an individual in the population has theoretical support, since the maximum potential performance of each individual is genetically determined, and any increment in intake of the limiting nutrient above maintenance will result in a linear response in output until this genetic potential, and hence requirement, is reached. However, because of the distribution of body weights and maximum potential outputs in the population, the mean response of the population is curvilinear, which negates the possibility of defining a 'requirement' for the limiting nutrient, and instead leads to the possibility of defining an optimum economic intake of the nutrient. The Reading model describes the response of a flock to a limiting nutrient by integrating the responses of the individuals making up the population. The response of the population is obtained by inverting a simple factorial model using parameters to describe the mean body weight and maximum output of the flock, their distributions (normal) and covariance. The average response of the population is represented by a linear plateau model with a sigmoidal shape. This model has been widely used to predict the optimum economic intake of amino acids for commercial laying flocks varying in body weight and potential egg output
Melanic moths and changes in epiphytic vegetation in north-west England and north Wales

In 1973 the appearance and epiphyte cover of tree trunks was examined along a 125 km cline of melanic frequency in the peppered moth in NW England and N Wales. The sampled sites were resurveyed in 1986. There has been a marked increase in the crustose lichen Lecanora conizaeoides at the eastern end of the transect, an increase in lichen diversity in the middle of the transect and a possible decline in large foliose forms at the western end. These changes are discussed in relation to the eastward shift of the cline in melanic frequencies in the moth.
Effect of maize endosperm hardness, drying temperature and microbial enzyme supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to determine the influence of maize endosperm type (soft or vitreous), drying temperature (60, 100, 140°C), and enzyme addition (no enzyme or phytase + xylanase) on broiler chicken growth, amino acid availability, and phytate phosphorus hydrolysis. One-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks (total 1200) were allotted to floor pens with a randomised complete block design (2 × 3 × 2). Diets were formulated to be marginally deficient in Lys, total sulfur amino acids, calcium, and nonphytate phosphorus. A positive effect (P 0.05) by drying temperature or hardness. The highest drying temperature had a negative effect on amino acids digestibility (P < 0.05). The use of phytase and xylanase improved amino acid apparent ileal digestibility (P < 0.05), except for Cys, Met, and Phe. Results from this study show that drying temperature and vitreousness of maize influence the nutritional value of this grain for broilers. Part of the beneficial effect of the addition of phytase + xylanase to diets with overheated maize for poultry appears to be mediated through an improvement in amino acid availability.
Predicted effect of climate change on the invasibility and distribution of the Western corn root‐worm

1 Insect pests, biological invasions and climate change are considered to represent major threats to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, agriculture and forestry. Deriving hypothesis of contemporary and/or future potential distributions of insect pests and invasive species is becoming an important tool for predicting the spatial structure of potential threats. 2 The western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte is a pest of maize in North America that has invaded Europe in recent years, resulting in economic costs in terms of maize yields in both continents. The present study aimed to estimate the dynamics of potential areas of invasion by the WCR under a climate change scenario in the Northern Hemisphere. The areas at risk under this scenario were assessed by comparing, using complementary approaches, the spatial projections of current and future areas of climatic favourability of the WCR. Spatial hypothesis were generated with respect to the presence records in the native range of the WCR and physiological thresholds from previous empirical studies. 3 We used a previously developed protocol specifically designed to estimate the climatic favourability of the WCR. We selected the most biologically relevant climatic predictors and then used multidimensional envelope (MDE) and Mahalanobis distances (MD) approaches to derive potential distributions for current and future climatic conditions. 4 The results obtained showed a northward advancement of the upper physiological limit as a result of climate change, which might increase the strength of outbreaks at higher latitudes. In addition, both MDE and MD outputs predict the stability of climatic favourability for the WCR in the core of the already invaded area in Europe, which suggests that this zone would continue to experience damage from this pest in Europe.
Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile grass shrimp Penaeus monodon

: A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the minimal dietary potassium (K) requirement for juvenile grass shrimp Penaeus monodon. Purified diets with seven levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 g/100 g) of supplemental potassium were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.75 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. The rearing water contained 360 mg/L potassium. Weight gain and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of shrimp improved as dietary potassium supplementation level increased up to 1.5 g K/100 g diet and thereafter declined significantly (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) of shrimp also showed a similar trend. However, whole body K concentration of the shrimp kept an increasing trend up to 2.0 g K/100 g diet. Analysis of the weight gain (percent) and PER of the shrimp by polynomial regression indicate that the minimal dietary potassium requirement in growing P. monodon is approximately 1.2 g/100 g.
Zusammenhänge zwischen der Erythrozyten- und Serum-Fettsäuren-zusammensetzung und dem Gehalt an Selen und Vitamin E von Hypertonikern und Normotonikern†

Bei fruheren Untersuchungen des Selen- und Vitaminstatus von Patienten mit essentieller Hypertonie im Alter von 45 bis 65 Jahren wurde bei ca. 50% bzw. 60% dieser Patienten eine Vitamin E- bzw. Selen-Unterversorgung diagnostiziert. Da bei Vitamin E und Selen unter anderem eine Schutzwirkung gegen die Oxidation von ungesattigten Fettsauren im Organismus vermutet wird, wurde bei einem Kollektiv von 50 Normotonikern (25 Manner, 25 Frauen) und 50 Patienten (30 Manner, 20 Frauen) mit essentieller Hypertonie versucht, Zusammenhange zwischen der Fettsaurenzusammensetzung der Serum- und Erythrozyten-Gesamtlipide und dem Gehalt an Vitamin E und Selen zu finden. Die Fettsauren wurden dabei mit einem internen Standard gaschromatographisch quantitativ bestimmt. Vitamin E wurde mittels HPLC im Serum und Selen mittels Atomabsorption im Vollblut analysiert. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse lassen erkennen, das der groste Teil der Probanden mit niedrigem Gehalt an polyungesattigten Fettsauren auch eine Unterversorgung an Selen bzw. Vitamin E aufweist. Empfehlungen von therapeutischen und Diatmasnahmen bei einer solchen Unterversorgung werden ausgesprochen. Da Vitamin E im Serum und nicht in den Erythrozyten nachgewiesen wurde, wird angenommen, das es den extrazellularen Raum und die Ausenwand der Zellmembran und nicht den intrazellularen Raum gegen Peroxidationsvorgange schutzt. Relationship between the Composition of Fatty Acids in Erythrocytes and Serum with the Selenium and Vitamin E Contents in Case of Hypertensive and Normotensive Persons Investigations have been carried out earlier with patients suffering from essential hypertension, in the age group 45 to 65 years. Thereby, it was found that ca. 50% of them suffered from Vitamin E deficiency and ca. 60% were deficient w.r. t. Selenium. Since both Vitamin E and Se are considered to have, among others, a protective effect against oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the organism, the present study was initiated with a collective of 50 patients suffering from essential hypertension (30 male and 20 female members) and 50 Normotensive persons (25 female and 25 male members), to find a relationship between the composition of fatty acids of the corresponding total lipids of Serum and Erythrocytes and the contents of Vitamin E and Se respectively. The fatty acids were determined via GC, using an internal standard. Vitamin E was determined in Serum with HPLC and Se in whole blood by AAS technique. The results to date indicate that a major part of the collective, having relatively a low polyunsaturated fatty acid content, suffer under Vitamin E and/or Se deficiency. Recommendations regarding therapeutical and dietary measures are given to compensate respective deficiencies. Since Vitamin E was identified only in Serum and not in the Erythrocytes, it can be presumed that it primarily protects the extracellular space and the external wall of cellular membrane, and not the intercellular space, against oxidative changes.
Craterellus excelsus sp. nov. from Guyana.

Craterellus excelsus (Cantharellaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) is described from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, where it occurs in rain forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal Dicymbe spp. (Caesalpiniaceae). Craterellus excelsus is noteworthy for its tall (up to 150 mm), persistent, abundant basidiomata that develop in large caespitose clusters. Macromorphological, micromorphological, and habitat data are provided for the new species.