Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL SELECTION FOR GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Acacia mangium SEEDLING SEED ORCHARD USING AFLP MARKERS

Establishment of seed orchard is aimed at producing good quality seeds which is an important activity for breeding program. Seed orchard is also a base population, thus its genetic diversity is depending on its design and composition (provenance, family and individual tree). Selection of an individual tree in seed orchard is needed for the enhancement of retaining good-character trees. However, selection of individual tree can change the genetic diversity of seed orchard, and the degrees to which the genetic diversity will change depend on the used selection methods. In order to investigate the effects of selection methods, 4 simulations of selection methods based on height, diameter and stem performance of individual trees were used. The differences among the 4 methods were the ranking of individual trees those selected, and families and provenances those have been represented. Seedling seed orchard of Acacia mangium in Wonogiri, Central Java was used as materials. Analysis of genetic diversity was carried out using AFLP markers. Nine primer combinations were used to produce 1025 AFLP banding patterns. Among those banding patterns, only 109 were polymorphic markers. No significant effect of individual tree selection was revealed in this study. Even though the selection was done intensively, only 7.1% of genetic diversity was reduced. In other words, the selection activity did not reduce the genetic diversity of seed orchard significantly. The result is important for developing future tree improvement of A. mangium , including development of hybrid between A. mangium and A. auriculiformis .
Purification and Properties of an Extracellular Acid Phytase from Pseudomonas fragi Y9451

An extracellular acid phytase from Pseudomonas fragi Y9451 was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant by salting-out, DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography, CM-Sepharose column chromatography, and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 74 kDa on gel filtration and 54 kDa and 25 kDa on SDS-PAGE, suggesting that the native enzyme was a heterodimeric protein. The purified enzyme was most active at pH 4.5 and 70°C and fairly stable from pH 4.0- 6.0. It was specific for phytate and exhibited a K m value of 27 mM (sodium phytate, pH 4.5, 50°C). The. phytase activity was strongly inhibited (at maximum by 87%) by Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Zn 2+ at 5 mM concentration, and greatly inhibited by Ca 2+ at 10 mM concentration. However, EDTA notably stimulated the phytase activity at 10 mM concentration. With optimum pH and stability, Pseudomonas fragi phytase could be a potential candidate for animal feed applications.
IDENTIFICATION OF LEAD COMPOUNDS WITH COBRA VENOM DETOXIFICATION ACTIVITY IN ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM. F.) NEES THROUGH IN SILICO METHOD

Objective: To validate the cobra venom detoxification activity in Andrographis paniculata and identification of lead molecules. Methods: The structures of phytochemicals were procured from databases or created by ChemSketch and CORINA. Of the14 cobra venom proteins selected as receptor molecules, the 3D structures of phospholipase A 2 and cobrotoxin were retrieved from protein data bank and serine protease, L-amino acid oxidase and acetylcholinesterase were modelled. The structures of remaining nine proteins were retrieved from SWISSMODEL repository. The active sites of the receptor molecules were detected by Q-site Finder and Pocket Finder. Docking was carried out by AutoDock 4.2. To avoid error in lead identification, top ranked five hit molecules obtained in AutoDock were again docked by iGEMDOCK, FireDock and HEX server. The results were analyzed following Dempster-Shafer theory. The molecular property and biological activity of the lead molecules were predicted by molinspiration. Results: Docking results in AutoDock revealed that the plant having phytochemicals for detoxifying all venom proteins but only one potential hit molecule against each of the following proteins viz . , cobramin A, cobramin B, long neurotoxin 1, long neurotoxin 2, long neurotoxin 3, long neurotoxin 4 and long neurotoxin 5 and several hit molecules (6-12) were obtained against phospholipase A 2 , cobrotoxin, cytotoxin 3, acetylcholinesterase, L-aminoacid oxidase, proteolase and serine protease. Therefore, in latter case lead molecules were identified through Dempster-Shafer theory. The theoretical prediction of drug likeliness and bioactivity of the molecules highlighted the plant as the best source of anti-cobra venom drug. Conclusion: The results substantiated its traditional use and further investigation on biological system is essential for evolving novel drug. Keywords: Andrographis paniculata , Cobra, Docking, Venom, Protein, Neurotoxin, Snake bite
Where nitrite respiration meets electrotrophy: diversity studies and functional characterization of autotrophic bacterial isolates from bioelectrochemical system

Denitrifying biocathodes are used to treat nitrogen contaminated water resources. The present PhD dissertation have been characterized different bacterial families with a relevant role in denitrification process. Different operational conditions were used, different electron acceptors: nitrate and nitrite, and alternative electron donors: organic matter. The use of functional genes as specific target, allowed to identify Bradyrhizobiaceae as a key family in autotrophic denitrification. The dominance of this family were observed using different electron acceptors and also in nitrite and nitrous oxide reduction reactions. Five representative isolates were obtained to determine the role of this bacteria in electrotrophic processes. All of them had the ability to reduce nitrite to nitrogen gas under autotrophic conditions, besides this similar physiological characteristics, only three isolates could reduce nitrite electrochemically. The other two isolates had midpoint potentials associated to biological hydrogen production. The results suggest the interaction between different bacteria in cathodic denitrification.
Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops, Vol. 5

Will reading habit influence your life? Many say yes. Reading underutilized and underexploited horticultural crops vol 3 is a good habit; you can develop this habit to be such interesting way. Yeah, reading habit will not only make you have any favourite activity. It will be one of guidance of your life. When reading has become a habit, you will not make it as disturbing activities or as boring activity. You can gain many benefits and importances of reading.
Cerebellar and cortical neurodegeneration in cyanide induced toxicity

One of the most prominent disease conditions in cassava endemic regions of the world is movement disorders. In this study, we investigate the movement disorder from the cortical and cerebellar point of view. Most toxicity studies involving movement disorder has been greatly linked to the motor cortex, thus, we examined neurodegeneration both in the motor cortex and the cerebellar cortex. This study also evaluated the possible role of such degeneration in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases associated with cassava endemicity. 15 F1 adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups of five animals each. The first group was the control, the second group received 10 mg/kg BW of potassium cyanide (KCN) and the third group received 20 mg/kg BW of KCN for 15 days. The cortical (motor area) and cerebellar tissue were obtained and fixed in formol calcium for cyto-architectural study. In conclusion, toxicity of cyanide in the cortex and cerebellum can involve osmotic imbalance and excitotoxicity at the 10 mg/kg causing increased in cell size and a slower form of degeneration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation causing release hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes that destroys the components of the cytoplasm as observed in the 20 mg/Kg treatment.
Comparison of various carbohydrates for hydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cells

ABSTRACT The direct production of hydrogen from various carbohydrates of lignocellulosic biomass is examined by using single-chamber membrane-free microbial electrolysis cells. The mixed microbial culture was enriched with 20 mmol L−1 2-chloroethane sulphonate and 10 mmol L−1 sodium acetate as a carbon source. Hydrogen was produced from all carbon sources used, including monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and arabinose) and disaccharides (maltose, saccharose and cellobiose). Hydrogen gas (18 mL) was produced using 3.33 mmol L−1 maltose and 20 mL of hydrogen was produced using cellobiose after 14 d of operation. Methane was not produced under any of the tested conditions. The effects of sugar concentration were also examined. Hydrogen production rates varied from 0.01 m3 d−1 m−3 to 0.09 m3 d−1 m−3. The maximum hydrogen yield ranged from 14% to 111%. Our results suggested that carbohydrates, such as maltose and cellobiose, are suitable carbon sources for hydrogen production, when methanogens are suppressed.
Production of a Microspore-derived Callus Population from Sweet Cherry

Microspore-derived callus cultures were obtained by anther culture of 'Emperor Francis' sweet cherry ( avium L.). Branches were removed from the field in January and March and forced in the laboratory. When the microspores reached the uninucleate stage, anthers were placed on modified Quoirin and Lepoivre liquid culture medium containing 4.4 μM BA and 4.5 μM 2,4-D. After ≈60 days, callus that emerged from the anthers was placed on woody plant medium supplemented with 1 μM 2,4-D and 3 μM 2iP and routinely transferred. The resulting 270 callus cultures were screened for two allozymes heterozygous in 'Emperor Francis', Pgi-2 and 6-Pgd-1. Of the 270 callus cultures, 154 expressed only one allele each for Pgi-2 and 6-Pgd-1; thus, they were considered microspore-derived. The microspore-derived callus cultures can be used as a linkage mapping population. Chemical names used: 6-benzyladenine (BA); 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); N6-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP). can be isolated from each megagametophyte for 150 to 250 PCR reactions (Carlson et al., 1991; Tulsieram et al., 1992). In angiosperms, microspore-derived callus cultures, as opposed to individual pollen grains, must be used to provide sufficient DNA so that the haploids can be screened for the entire set of markers. Anther culture of peach (P. persica (L.)
Rapid adaptation to controlling new microbial epibionts in the invaded range promotes invasiveness of an exotic seaweed

Rapid adaptation to novel biotic interactions and abiotic factors in introduced ranges can be critical to invasion success of both exotic terrestrial and aquatic plants. Seaweeds are extremely successful biological invaders in marine environments. Along with herbivores, foulers − ubiquitous enemies in the marine environment − have the potential to determine the success or failure of invasive seaweeds. However, research on the topic of rapid adaptation of seaweeds to biotic challenges is still in its nascent stages and rapid adaptation of seaweeds to fouling is unexplored. We tested whether the impressive invasion success of the red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla may be enhanced by the rapid adaptation of chemical control (defence) of new bacterial epibionts in the invaded range. The native and invasive G. vermiculophylla populations investigated were equally well defended against currently co‐occurring bacterial epibionts isolated from their respective ranges. In contrast, the native populations were weakly defended against bacterial epibionts from the invaded range, whereas the invasive populations were weakly defended against bacterial epibionts from their native range. Apparently during the invasion process, invasive populations have adapted their control capacity to cope with the new epibionts but have lost the capacity to fend off old epibionts. Synthesis. These results provide the first evidence that a change in habitat and, thus, confrontation by new enemies, may trigger rapid defence adaptation of seaweeds, which could be necessary for invasiveness. Such adaptation dynamics as found in the current study could be also applicable to other types of host plant – enemy interaction e.g. plant root – microbe interactions, freshwater plant – fouler interactions in general and for cases of shifting plant – enemy interactions in course of climate change.
Proteomic analysis of Bayvarol® resistance mechanisms in the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor

The haemophagous mite, Varroa destuctor is one of the most dangerous threats to the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Varroa mites parasitize the larval and adult stages of the honey bee and can have devastating effects on the health of the individual bee and colony. In recent years, varroa have shown resistance to the pyrethroid group of insecticides, including Bayvarol® which has flumethrin as the active ingredient. In the work presented here, changes in the expressed proteomes of mites, either sensitive or resistant to Bayvarol® were observed using 2D-SDS-PAGE and shotgun label-free proteomics. A number of detoxification proteins (e.g., glutathione-s-transferase, flavin-containing monooxygenase) were present at higher levels in the resistant mites, as were some proton pumping proteins (e.g., Na+/K+ ATPase alpha and beta subunit, E1–E2 ATPase protein). A decrease in the abundance of 12 cuticle proteins in the resistant mites was observed indicating that alteration to cuticle structure could be a potential resistance mechanism. A number of structural proteins such as myosin and alpha tubulin were expressed at higher levels in the resistant mites, which could indicate a change to the intracellular structure of the cuticle barrier or a change in the cell shape/surface, rather than the addition of extra cuticle proteins. The results presented here indicate higher levels of protein associated with cellular detoxification in Bayvarol®-resistant varroa mites.
Interpreting the diet of extinct ruminants: the case of a non-browsing giraffid

Modern ruminant species have traditionally been placed in three broad dietary categories (browsers, grazers and intermediates) based on their observed feeding habits. Shape analysis of premaxillary outlines of 31 species of ruminants shows that their premaxillae differ according to their dietary category. Browsers have pointed premaxillae and grazers square ones. Intermediate feeders have intermediate outlines. The Miocene giraffid Samotherium boissieri has always been viewed as a specialized browser similar to the modern okapi, Okapia johnstoni. However, the premaxillary shape of S. boissieri falls very close to the mean of the grazers and is most similar to that of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), a committed grazer. Quantitative analyses of the microscopic wear patterns on the molars reveal significant differences between three modern species from the three dietary groups. S. boissieri has more microscopic scratches on its teeth than either the modern giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (a browser) or Grant's gazelle Gazella granti (an intermediate feeder). In this respect, it is indistinguishable from the wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus which is a committed grazer. Both of these analyses suggest that this extinct giraffid was a grazer, although we cannot rule out the possibility that it was an intermediate feeder. It was definitely not a specialized browser as are both living members of the Giraffidae.
Study of e-Learning Outcomes: The Role of Late-Registration and Self-Selection.

The objective of this paper is to study how the registration time (early versus late) and the availability of the self-selection options (online and face-to-face) affect the eLearning outcomes in higher education. The students’ performance in terms of the GPA and the DFW (drop, fail, and withdrawal) is compared in two online sections of an undergraduate business core course. Each section represents a different characteristic in the context of the registration time and the available self-selection options. The results show the students who register late for the online classes and do not have an option to self-select between face-to-face and online sections achieve significantly lower grades and higher DFW (drop, fail, withdrawal) rates than those who register early and have self-selection options.
Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Various Seafoods with Two Enrichment Broths.

This study compares recoveries of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus with salt-polymyxin B broth (SPB) and alkaline peptone water (APW) from samples of crab legs, oysters, shrimp, lobster and shark, which were inoculated at three levels (approximately 101 to 102, 102 to 103 and 104 to 105/g) with each of the pathogens. Six samples of each product were analyzed [3-tube most probable number (MPN)] with each broth. Inoculated samples of oysters and slurries of crab and lobster were also tested after cold stress (refrigerated at 2 to 4°C, 3 or 7 days, or frozen at -15°C for 21 or 28 days). For each seafood, geometric means of cells recovered with APW were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the corresponding means of recovery with SPB. In addition, 12 of 15 calculated estimates of 50% relative detectable levels (RDL50) were lower (P < 0.05) for APW than for SPB. In these samples, the level of detection by APW was found to be 40 to 32,000 and 6- to 42-fold lower for V parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus , respectively, than the level of detection by SPB. In cold-stored samples, overall detection of the pathogens was greatly reduced, but APW was also more efficient than SPB in recovering stressed cells.
Individual Nest Site Selection in Hawksbill Turtles Within and Between Nesting Seasons

Abstract We analyzed 410 nest locations from 150 individual nesting hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) on the northeastern Brazilian coast during 8 nesting seasons from 2006 to 2014 to evaluate individual nesting preferences. We determined the consistency of nest site choice within and between nesting seasons for open sand and vegetation nest microhabitats and also for nest site distances from the current waterline, highest spring tide, vegetation line, and position along the beach. We found that behavioral consistency within seasons was more robust than between seasons. This suggests that a decrease in the consistency of nest site choice may be related to progressive landscape changes in the nesting environment, driving behavioral flexibility in nesting preferences.
Control of the Varroa Mite in Honeybee Colonies by Integrating Chemotherapy with Conventional Requeening Practice

SummaryA new method for controlling the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies, which integrates chemotherapy with normal requeening practice, is described. By creating a 3-day gap in the presence of sealed brood all mites are simultaneously exposed to chemical treatment. Control using two fumigations with Taktic (amitraz 12·5%) approached 100%. The method has the advantages of efficiency, low cost, reduced chance of developing mite resistance to acaricide, and low health hazards for both consumer and beekeeper. Only 5–10 days of egg-laying are lost during confinement of the queen.
Assessment of in vitro Gas and Methane Production of Diet Fortified with Yeast and Lactobacilli spp.

The effect of dietary fortification of two levels of bakers yeast and yeast plus Lactobacilli against negative control and positive control (antibiotic) was assessed extent of gas production (a + b) differed significantly (p < 0.05). For methane gas, D3 recorded the highest (5.00 ml / 200 mg DM) and D2 had the lowest (1.67 ml / 200 mg DM). All other fortifications were higher in methane gas than control. The present study demonstrated the potential of probiotics especially when mixed at 5 g level in improving degradation.
Immunity and physiology of Lepidoptera is influenced by midgut mediated environmental signals

Die meisten Organismen auf der Erde werden von Pathogenen bedroht. Um sich gegen Pathogene zu schutzen, haben Organismen ein oftmals komplexes Immunsystem entwickelt. Das Immunsystem hat viele unterschiedene Zellulare und Humorale Komponenten. Verschiedene Komponenten des Immunrepertoires sind aktiv gegen unterschiedliche Pathogene und haben daher unterschiedliche Kosten fur den Organismus. Das fuhrt zu einen komplexen Muster von trade-offs und anderen life-history Eigenschaften wie zum Beispiel Auswirkungen auf Lebenslange und Reproduktion. Die Verteilung von Rohstoffen zwischen Immunitat und anderen lebenswichtigen Funktionen hat einen substantiellen Einfluss auf die generelle Fitness des Organismus. Eine Investition in Immunitat ist nur dann positiv fur die Fitness, wenn ein reales Risiko fur einen Pathogenbefall besteht. Die Frage besteht also, ob es moglich ist, die Pathogenitat der Umwelt wahrzunehmen und den eigenen Immunstatus entsprechend zu andern. Eine der primaren Interaktionsflachen zwischen der Umwelt und der Lepidopteren-Raupe ist das Verdauungssystem. Viele bakterielle Infektionen, wie zum Beispiel Bacillus thuringiensis, fangen im Larvendarm bei der Verdauung an. Das heisst, dass der Darm die Grenzflache fur potentielle Immunsignale und somit den Informationsaustausch uber mogliche Infektionen und die Vorbereitung des Immunsystems darstellt. Das Wissen uber Immunsignalwege und Molekule, die in der Immunantwort eine Rolle spielen, ist in den letzten Jahren erheblich gewachsen. Gleichzeitig ist nicht sehr viel uber die Umweltfaktoren, die die Entwicklung des Immunsystems beeinflussen konnen, bekannt. Bis zum heutigen Tag gibt es keine einzige Studie uber die Wirkung von nicht-pathogenen Bakterien, die von Insekten mit dem Futter aufgenommen werden, auf das Immunsystem.
Testes de vigor para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijoeiro

The use of tests that enable the classification of the lots at different levels of force is an important aid to the seed companies. The objective of this work was to study the efficiency of different vigor tests in assessing the physiological quality of bean seeds. We used five batches of bean seeds, cultivate ‘Madrepérola’, and physiological quality was determined by the following tests: water content, thousand seed weight, germination, first count of germination, seedling emergence, speed of emergence index, length, mass fresh and dry seedling; accelerated aging and conductivity. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means between batches used the Tukey test at 5% probability. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between the tests evaluated. The tests first germination, emergence rate index, length and seedling dry weight show sensitivity for identifying batches of bean seeds, cultivate Madrepérola, with different levels of force, and the seedling dry weight the most efficient for evaluating the physiological seed quality.