Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REMOVAL OF LEAD USING ANAEROBIC BIOMASS

III ÖZ . V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS.VIII LIST OF TABLES.XI LIST OF FIGURES. XII LIST OF SYMBOLS . XVI ABBREVIATIONS. XVII
STORAGE OF CORNEAS IN THE FROZEN STATE FOR KERATOPLASTY

It is generally believed that for a penetrating corneal transplant to become clinically successful, the graft cells must be >>viable<< a t the time of the operation (for a recent review, see Billingham and Rycroft, 1956). That is to say, the cells of the donor cornea must be able to carry out their normal metabolic functions to a certain degree in order that the graft become permanently clear. In the storage of corneas for keratoplasty, preservation of the metabolism of the cells for more than a few days has been a problem. Recently, considerable attention has been given to the preservation of corneas in the frozen state after pretreatment with dilute glycerol solution a storage technique successful in other fields of biology (Polge, Smith and Parkes, 1949). After such preservation, successful lamellar transplants of the cornea have been reported, but penetrating grafts have been less satisfactory (Eastcott, Cross, Leigh and North, 1954; Billingham and Rycroft, 1956). Tissue culture reports have also indicated that corneas which had glycerol treatment prior to freezing subsequently grew faster, and therefore were more >,viable. than corneas that were merely frozen (McPherson, Draheim, Evans and Earle, 1956; Cockeram, Basu and Ormsby, 1957). However, Aurell, Dohlman and Roden (1956) found a greatly depressed metabolism in all the layers of corneas which had been treated with 15 per cent glycerol in neutral Krebs-Ringer solution, frozen, and then thawed in the
HIV infection in elderly medical patients.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and presentation of HIV-infection among medical admissions aged 55 years and above. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. SUBJECTS Consecutive patients aged 55 years and above hospitalised in the medical wards of the Muhimbili Medical Centre in Dar es Salaam from February to May 1998. RESULTS The overall HIV-1 seroprevalence was 15.0% (38/253); and by sex it was 18.5 % (28/ 151) among males compared to 9.8% (10/102) amongfemales (p=0.06). The HIV-1 prevalence among those aged 55 to 59 years was 29.7%. There was no association between HIV- 1 serostatus and whether one lived in a rural or urban area, marital status, level of education nor socio-economic status. The main presenting features in patients who were found to be HIV-1 seropositive were wasting 44.7%, fever 39.5%, pallor 34.2% and weight loss 31.6%. Only six (15.8%) of the 38 patients were initially suspected to have been HIV-infected before laboratory results were obtained. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infection is a notable problem in the population of elderly medical admissions in Dar es Salaam. The possibility of HIV-infection should be considered among elderly patients with clinical features of immunodeficiency. HIV/AIDS prevention programmes directed towards the elderly should be established.
Arabidopsis Phytochrome B Promotes SPA1 Nuclear Accumulation to Repress Photomorphogenesis under Far-Red Light[C][W][OA]

Photoreceptors usually repress seedling hypocotyl elongation under light, whereas PHYB overexpression causes longer hypocotyls than in the wild type under far-red light. This work demonstrates that phyB forms a protein complex with SPA1 through a direct interaction to promote its nuclear accumulation, enhancing hypocotyl elongation in response to far-red light. Phytochrome A (phyA) is the primary photoreceptor mediating deetiolation under far-red (FR) light, whereas phyB predominantly regulates light responses in red light. SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA1) forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), which is responsible for the degradation of various photomorphogenesis-promoting factors, resulting in desensitization to light signaling. However, the role of phyB in FR light signaling and the regulatory pathway from light-activated phytochromes to the COP1-SPA1 complex are largely unknown. Here, we confirm that PHYB overexpression causes an etiolation response with reduced ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) accumulation under FR light. Notably, phyB exerts its nuclear activities and promotes seedling etiolation in both the presence and absence of phyA in response to FR light. PhyB acts upstream of SPA1 and is functionally dependent on it in FR light signaling. PhyB interacts and forms a protein complex with SPA1, enhancing its nuclear accumulation under FR light. During the dark-to-FR transition, phyB is rapidly imported into the nucleus and facilitates nuclear SPA1 accumulation. These findings support the notion that phyB plays a role in repressing FR light signaling. Activity modulation of the COP1-SPA E3 complex by light-activated phytochromes is an effective and pivotal regulatory step in light signaling.
Test of four colon cancer risk-scores in formalin fixed paraffin embedded microarray gene expression data.

BACKGROUND Prognosis prediction for resected primary colon cancer is based on the T-stage Node Metastasis (TNM) staging system. We investigated if four well-documented gene expression risk scores can improve patient stratification. METHODS Microarray-based versions of risk-scores were applied to a large independent cohort of 688 stage II/III tumors from the PETACC-3 trial. Prognostic value for relapse-free survival (RFS), survival after relapse (SAR), and overall survival (OS) was assessed by regression analysis. To assess improvement over a reference, prognostic model was assessed with the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. All statistical tests were two-sided, except the AUC increase. RESULTS All four risk scores (RSs) showed a statistically significant association (single-test, P < .0167) with OS or RFS in univariate models, but with HRs below 1.38 per interquartile range. Three scores were predictors of shorter RFS, one of shorter SAR. Each RS could only marginally improve an RFS or OS model with the known factors T-stage, N-stage, and microsatellite instability (MSI) status (AUC gains < 0.025 units). The pairwise interscore discordance was never high (maximal Spearman correlation = 0.563) A combined score showed a trend to higher prognostic value and higher AUC increase for OS (HR = 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44 to 2.10, P < .001, AUC from 0.6918 to 0.7321) and RFS (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.33 to 1.84, P < .001, AUC from 0.6723 to 0.6945) than any single score. CONCLUSIONS The four tested gene expression-based risk scores provide prognostic information but contribute only marginally to improving models based on established risk factors. A combination of the risk scores might provide more robust information. Predictors of RFS and SAR might need to be different.
Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study

We evaluated the performance of a 22-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered in 1980-81 to 3,005 members of the Adult Health Study cohort, part of the Life Span Study. The questionnaire was compared with the records of a 24-hour dietary survey that was performed in 1984-85. From the dietary records, food and nutrient intakes were estimated. The association between the two measures of dietary intake was assessed using Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The frequency of food intake as measured by the FFQ was linearly associated with food intake as measured by the 24-hour diary, with the exception of dry fish. The highest correlations were observed for beverages, including coffee (0.51), milk (0.32) and black tea (0.26). Foods such as fruit (0.27), confectionery (0.23), rice (0.34) and bread (0.28) were also moderately correlated. These results show that, with the exception of dry fish, the FFQ is moderately correlated with the 24-hour diary and can be used to assess diet intake in this cohort.
Nanostructural evolution of Al3Sc precipitates in an AlScMg alloy by three‐dimensional atom probe microscopy

The effects of Mg alloying on the precipitation of Al3Sc precipitates were investigated, focusing on nanostructural evolution during isothermal aging at 300°C. Three‐dimensional atom probe microscopy was performed on samples both in the as‐quenched state and after aging for various times. Magnesium tends to segregate at the coherent Al/Al3Sc interface, with a measured value of 1.9 ± 0.5 atom nm−2 for the relative Gibbsian excess of Mg with respect to Al and Sc. This value is constant for all heat treatments, thereby demonstrating that the system is in global thermodynamic equilibrium. This study provides direct experimental evidence for first‐principles calculations, which explain morphological changes of Al3Sc precipitates in the presence of Mg observed by high‐resolution electron microscopy. Evidence for the presence of Mg atoms in the center of the precipitates is also found, and is discussed in terms of heterogeneous nucleation of the precipitates on MgSc atomic clusters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early post-fire succession in a Nothofagus glauca forest in the Coastal Cordillera of south-central Chile

The temperate deciduous species Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser exhibits characteristics commonly found in fire-adapted vegetation, yet the role of fire in the evolutionary history of the vegetation in south-central Chile has not been well investigated. We examined the effects of a wildfire on early succession in a Nothofagus glauca forest in the Coastal Cordillera of south-central Chile by comparing data from a burned forest to the vegetation in an adjacent, unburned stand.
Semidwarf (sd-1), “green revolution” rice, contains a defective gibberellin 20-oxidase gene

The introduction of semidwarf rice (Oryza sativa L.) led to record yield increases throughout Asia in the 1960s. The major semidwarfing allele, sd-1, is still extensively used in modern rice cultivars. The phenotype of sd-1 is consistent with dwarfism that results from a deficiency in gibberellin (GA) plant growth hormones. We propose that the semidwarf (sd-1) phenotype is the result of a deficiency of active GAs in the elongating stem arising from a defective 20-oxidase GA biosynthetic enzyme. Sequence data from the rice genome was combined with previous mapping studies to locate a putative GA 20-oxidase gene (Os20ox2) at the predicted map location of sd-1 on chromosome 1. Two independent sd-1 alleles contained alterations within Os20ox2: a deletion of 280 bp within the coding region of Os20ox2 was predicted to encode a nonfunctional protein in an indica type semidwarf (Doongara), whereas a substitution in an amino acid residue (Leu-266) that is highly conserved among dioxygenases could explain loss of function of Os20ox2 in a japonica semidwarf (Calrose76). The quantification of GAs in elongating stems by GC-MS showed that the initial substrate of GA 20-oxidase activity (GA53) accumulated, whereas the content of the major product (GA20) and of bioactive GA1 was lower in semidwarf compared with tall lines. We propose that the Os20ox2 gene corresponds to the sd-1 locus.
Osmotic shrinkage elicits FAK-and Src phosphorylation and Src-dependent NKCC 1 activation in NIH 3 T 3 cells Line

Rasmussen LJ, Müller HS, Jørgensen B, Pedersen SF, Hoffmann EK. Osmotic shrinkage elicits FAKand Src phosphorylation and Src-dependent NKCC1 activation in NIH3T3 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 308: C101–C110, 2015. First published November 5, 2014; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00070. 2014. —The mechanisms linking cell volume sensing to volume regulation in mammalian cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that activation of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Janus kinase-2 (Jak2) occurs after osmotic shrinkage of NIH3T3 fibroblasts and contributes to volume regulation by activation of NKCC1. FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397, Tyr576/577, and Tyr861 was increased rapidly after exposure to hypertonic (575 mOsm) saline, peaking after 10 (Tyr397, Tyr576/577) and 10–30 min (Tyr861). Shrinkage-induced Src family kinase autophosphorylation (pTyr416-Src) was induced after 2–10 min, and immunoprecipitation indicated that this reflected phosphorylation of Src itself, rather than Fyn and Yes. Phosphorylated Src and FAK partly colocalized with vinculin, a focal adhesion marker, after hypertonic shrinkage. The Src inhibitor pyrazolopyrimidine-2 (PP2, 10 M) essentially abolished shrinkage-induced FAK phosphorylation at Tyr576/577 and Tyr861, yet not at Tyr397, and inhibited shrinkage-induced NKCC1 activity by 50%. The FAK inhibitor PF-573,228 augmented shrinkage-induced Src phosphorylation, and inhibited shrinkage-induced NKCC1 activity by 15%. The apparent role of Src in NKCC1 activation did not reflect phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase (MLC), which was unaffected by shrinkage and by PP2, but may involve Jak2, a known target of Src, which was rapidly activated by osmotic shrinkage and inhibited by PP2. Collectively, our findings suggest a major role for Src and possibly the Jak2 axis in shrinkageactivation of NKCC1 in NIH3T3 cells, whereas no evidence was found for major roles for FAK and MLC in this process.
N′-[(E)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethylidene]-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanohydrazide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H25ClN2O, contains four crystallographically independent molecules, which differ mainly in the orientation of the isobutyl groups. The benzene rings are almost orthogonal to each other, forming dihedral angles of 87.40 (6), 88.69 (6), 84.88 (6) and 85.12 (6)° in the four molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, together with C—H⋯π interactions.
Electric Arc Furnace's active and reactive powers measurement based on multi-resolution structure

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is one of the largest loads in power systems which is nonlinear and time-varying. Therefore, it is rich of harmonics and causes voltage variations. To compensate the negative effects of EAF's on the power system, active and reactive powers measurement becomes an important issue. This paper provides the measurement of EAF's power using a multi-resolution structure. The measurement relies on the use of the Hilbert Transform to create in-quadrature signals. The active and reactive powers for each frequency band are gathered. In this way, both frequency and time variations of signal can be accessed together. Furthermore the powers associated with each level are a signed quantity and have a direction associated with their. This allows tracking the power flow of EAF in each subband.
Backup Mechanism for Cell-based Positioning Method in WSNs

Positioning information is helpful for guide system to obtain proper information in appropriate place. Based on the cell-based positioning method in wireless sensor networks, SNs not only cover the entire sensing field but also provide positioning information. In order to improve the robustness and reliability, a backup mechanism is presented in this paper. We deploy backup SNs in initial stage and modify a control message that is compatible for original cell-based positioning method. For a variety failure rate of SNs, the proposed method can effective reduce the unlocated mobile device that is within the sensing field.
Mapping platypus SOX genes; autosomal location of SOX9 excludes it from sex determining role

In the absence of an SRY orthologue the platypus sex determining gene is unknown, so genes in the human testis determining pathway are of particular interest as candidates. SOX9 is an attractive choice because SOX9 deletions cause male-to-female sex reversal in humans and mice, and SOX9 duplications cause female-to-male sex reversal. We have localized platypus SOX9, as well as the related SOX10, to platypus chromosomes 15 and 10, respectively, the first assignments to these platypus chromosomes, and the first comparative mapping markers from human chromosomes 17 and 22. The autosomal localization of platypus SOX9 in this study contradicts the hypothesis that SOX9 acts as the sex determining switch in platypus.
Unthreaded Fixation of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Leads to Continued Growth of the Femoral Neck

Background: The optimal treatment for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) remains controversial. In Sweden, the standard treatment is unthreaded fixation over the physis, with the purpose to permit continued growth of the femoral neck. The aim of the present study was to verify and quantify longitudinal growth of the femoral neck after in situ pinning with the Hansson hook-pin. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 54 patients treated with the Hansson hook-pin for SCFE between 2001 and 2009. The immediate postoperative radiograph and the radiograph after physeal closure (mean interval, 34 mo) were analyzed. Because the smooth Hansson hook-pin only has a grip fixation in the epiphysis, the femoral neck growth was determined as the difference in nail protrusion from the lateral cortex between the 2 radiographs. The femoral neck offset was also measured in all radiographs. Results: Significant longitudinal growth occurred both in the slipped and the prophylactically treated contralateral hip by mean 7.1 mm (P<0.001) and 10.0 mm (P<0.001), respectively. There was no difference in growth between genders and no correlation between the amount of longitudinal growth and slip severity (range, 4.0 to 71,6 degrees; mean 27.3 degrees). Young patients (less than 11 y) grew more than older patients (more than 14 y), 12.1 vs. 4.2 mm, P=0.002. The femoral offset increased by mean 16% from mean 30.0 to 35.2 mm (P<0.001). The longitudinal growth of the femoral neck correlated with the increase in femoral offset (R=0.51, P<0.001). Conclusions: Unthreaded fixation of SCFE with the Hansson hook-pin allows continued growth of the femoral neck. The remaining growth enables the patient to achieve an almost anatomic offset of the hip. This is essential to optimize the abduction forces that stabilize the pelvis during gait. Future studies need to establish whether the longitudinal growth also results in improved remodelling of the proximal femur. Level of evidence: Level III—retrospective comparative study.
How Does the Bond Market Perceive Macroeconomic Risks under Zero Lower Bound

I present a joint model of yield curves and macroeconomic variables with an explicit effective zero lower bound by employing the concept of shadow interest rates. Bond yields are derived by assuming no arbitrage opportunities. However, they are not affine due to the zero lower bound. I thus develop a new approximate bond pricing formula that is correct up to a second order. To describe macroeconomic dynamics, I employ a standard New Keynesian macroeconomic model and estimate the model parameters for the US and Japan. In the first chapter, I conduct three different types of counterfactual analyses of monetary policy. First, I evaluate a counterfactual analysis of raising the target inflation level. For both the US and Japan, I find that a higher inflation target steepens the yield curve when the current policy interest rate is not constrained by the zero lower bound. On the other hand, a higher inflation target increases long-term nominal yields while keeping short-term nominal yields unchanged when the current policy interest rate is constrained by the zero lower bound. Second, I study the effect of suddenly ending the zero interest rate policy. Third, I examine the impact of introducing a negative interest rate on the bond markets and the macro economy. In the second chapter, I investigate whether the empirical findings documented before the zero lower bound period holds during the zero lower bound period. For example, I study how macroeconomic risks impact the shape of yield curves by looking at their decompositions and their factor loadings. In the third chapter, I conduct two additional exercises. First, I incorporate a Markov regime switching feature into a New Keynesian macro finance model with the zero lower bound for nominal bond pricing. Second, I study the excess sensitivity of long-distant real forward interest rates to changes in the short-term nominal interest rate using a dataset of Japanese fixed income investors.
Environmental Allergens and Asthma Morbidity in Low-Income Children

Asthma morbidity is high in inner-city children in the United States, which may be related in part to increased allergens in poorly maintained housing. This study examined asthma morbidity in relation to mold, cockroach, dust mite, and cat allergens in the homes of 61 low-income Chicago children with asthma. Children exposed to higher levels of Penicillium in the bedroom had more frequent asthma symptoms, whereas those exposed to higher levels of cockroach allergen in the bedroom had a higher number of asthma symptoms. Respiratory infections confounded the association of cockroach allergen with number of asthma symptoms.
A Preliminary Classification of Usage Measures in Information System Acceptance: A Q-Sort Approach

In the light of a diverse body of disorganized usage measures available and the difficulty of building a cumulative research tradition, a literature review is conducted on system use in Information Systems IS Acceptance through the two main theories of Technology Adoption, the Technology Acceptance Model TAM, and The Unified Theory of Use and Acceptance of Technology UTAUT. The authors seek to understand how usage measures are being operationalised and proposed a preliminary classification of those measures that covers system and task aspects of use. A Q-Sort approach was taken to validate the authors' classification scheme and the result indicates high inter-rater agreement. The ensuing classification is meant to help researchers in their choice of system use measures. This review also summarises the arguments for a multi-dimensional measure of use and establishes that omnibus measure such as frequency, volume and use/non-use hold prevalence. Finally, the authors provide recommendations for further research in the area of system use.
Paradoxical anticonvulsant activity of the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate in the rat caudate-putamen.

We used limbic seizures induced in rats by systemic injection of the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine (380 mg/kg; i.p.) to study the neuronal pathways within the basal ganglia that modulate seizure threshold. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (N-Me-D-Asp) is an excitatory amino acid derivative that is a powerful convulsant agent when injected into the cerebral cortex, amygdala, or hippocampus in rats. Bilateral microinjections of N-Me-D-Asp into the caudate-putamen, however, protected against limbic seizures induced by pilocarpine (injected systemically), with an ED50 of 0.7 nmol (range 0.5-1.0 nmol). Lesioning the caudate-putamen (by bilateral microinjection of the excitotoxin ibotenate) converted subconvulsant doses of pilocarpine into convulsant ones. The anticonvulsant action of N-Me-D-Asp in the caudate-putamen was reversed by blocking gamma-aminobutyrate-mediated inhibition in the substantia nigra pars reticulata or in the entopeduncular nucleus. The results suggest that the caudate-putamen and its gamma-aminobutyrate-dependent efferent pathways modulate the threshold for seizures in the limbic forebrain.