Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity of Two Evergreen Oaks [Quercus suber (L.) and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Lam.)] in Portugal using AFLP Markers

Abstract The genetic variability of cork oak (Quercus suber, L.) in Portugal was evaluated by AFLP using five primer combinations. Three hundred and thirteen trees from three geographically contrasting regions exhibited a high level of genetic variation. The genetic profile of each individual is composed of 291 loci, randomly positioned in the genome and consists of monomorphic and polymorphic fragments. Similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals were quantitatively evaluated by numerical taxonomy. The overall sample shows a proportion of AFLP polymorphic markers of 71%, denoting a high level of variability. Ninety percent of the polymorphic markers identified in cork oak genotypes are uniformly distributed throughout the cork oak populations of Algarve, Alentejo and Trás-os-Montes regions. The coefficients of genetic similarity vary from 0.61 to 0.88 implying that 60% of fragments found are common. A sample of 52 holm oak [Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Lam.)] trees from overlapping areas was also analysed by AFLP with the same five primer combinations. However the codification of markers together with those selected on cork oak profiles was feasible with only one primer combination due to an apparent much higher polymorphism. AFLP and numerical taxonomy analysis enabled to differentiate the taxa and showed that the level of similarity observed between the profiles of the individuals from holm oak species was lower than that observed in cork oak, implying that apparently the degree of polymorphism is higher in Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia than that quantified in Q. suber. A Bayesian approach was used to assess Q. suber total genetic diversity (Ht = 0.2534, P < 0.001) of which 1.7% (Fst = 0.0172, P < 0.001) was assigned to differences among populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that most genetic variation is comprised within populations (96%) while 3.6% is among populations (Φst = 0.036, P < 0.001). Differences among populations within geographic regions account for 2.6% (Φsc = 0.026, P < 0.001) of the total variation and only 1.3% (Φct = 0.013, P = 0.007) is attributed to variation among regions denoting little differentiation of populations over a range of 700 km.
TnlOOO-Mediated Insertion Mutagenesis oftheHistidine Utilization (hut) GeneCluster fromKlebsiella aerogenes: Genetic Analysis ofhutandUnusual Target Specificity ofTnlOOO

The histidine utilization (hut) genes from Klebsiella aerogenes were cloned in both orientations into the Hindlll site of plasmid pBR325, and the two resulting plasmids, pCB120 and pCB121, were subjected to mutagenesis with Tn1000. The insertion sites of TnlOOO into pCB121 were evenly distributed throughout the plasmid, but the insertion sites into pCB120 were not. There was a large excess of TnlOOO insertions in the "plus" or y8 orientation in a small, ca. 3.5-kilobase region of the plasmid. Genetic analysis of the TnlOOO insertions in pCB120 and pCB121 showed that the hutUH genes form an operon transcribed from hutU and that the hutC gene (encoding the hut-specific repressor) is independently transcribed from its own promoter. The hutlG cluster appears not to form an operon. Curiously, insertions in hutI gave two different phenotypes in complementation tests against hutG504, suggesting either that hutI contains two functionally distinct domains or that there may be another undefined locus within the hut cluster. The set of TnlOOO insertions allowed an assignment of the gene boundaries within the hut cluster, and minicell analysis of the polypeptides expressed from plasmids carrying insertions in the hut genes showed that the hutI, hutG, hutU, and hutH genes encode polypeptides of 43, 33, 57, and
Antibiosis Mechanism of Resistance to the Legume Pod Borer, Maruca Testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Cowpea

The biology of Maruca testulatis Geyer was studied on different parts of 18 cowpea cultivars to determine the role of antibiosis in their levels of resistance. M. testulalis larvae were successfully reared from first instar to adult stage on floral buds, flowers and sliced pods, but not on stems, terminal shoots and intact (unsliced) pods, where there was complete larval mortality. The mean pupal weight ranged from 43.5–54.5 mg on floral buds, 38.5–58.6 mg on flowers and 42.7–58.6 mg on sliced pods, with highly significant differences between (P < 0.01) resistant and susceptible cultivars on each part. Growth indices showed that sliced pods were the most suitable for larval growth and development, followed by flowers and floral buds.The levels of resistance found were inadequate for solving the M. testulalis problem in cowpea. Selection and breeding for cowpea ideotypes (architypes), to combine such resistance with morphological, biochemical and biophysical traits, could enhance the low levels of resistance in the cowpea crop and ultimately lead to the effective management of this pest. The correlations between growth and development parameters showed that larval period had the most influence on M. testulalis survival and population build-up in the succeeding generations. RésuméLa biologie de Maruca testulalis a été étudié sur différentes parties des 18 variétés du niébé pour déterminer le rôle de l’antibiosis sur les niveaux de résistance. Des larves du M. testulalis ont été multipliées en masse avec succès à partir du stade larvaire au stade adulte sur les boutaux floraux, les fleurs ainsi que sur les gousses dissequées mais non pas sur les tiges, bourgeons terminaux et les gousses intactes où était une mortalité complète. Les poids moyens des pupes oscillaient entre 43,5 et 54,5 mg sur les boutaux floraux; 38,5–58,6 mg sur les fleurs et 42,7–58,6 mg sur les gousses dissequées avec une difference hautement significative (P < 0, 01) entre les variétés résistantes et susceptibles de chaque partie. Les indices de croissance ont montré que les gousses dissequées étaient les meilleures pour la croissance et le développement larvaires, suivies des fleurs et des boutaux floraux. Les niveaux de résistance trouvés n’étaient pas souffisants pour résoudre le problème de M. testulalis du niébé. La séléction et le croisement des idéotypes (architypes) du niébé pour combiner telle résistance avec les traits morphologiques, biochimiques et biophysiques renforceraient des bas niveaux de resistance du niébé apportant ainsi un control efficace de cet insecte. La corrélation entre les paramètres de croissance et de développement montrait que le stade larvaire avait plus d’influence sur la survie et la croissance de la population de M. testulalis sur les générations futures.
Enzyme Supplements to Poultry Feeds

Abstract IT HAS always been understood that the limited digestive capacity of growing birds makes the use of a bulky feed undesirable. With optimum levels of protein, minerals and vitamins, the best results have been obtained on growth and feed efficiency with feeds having a low fiber content. In terms of specific gravity a good, medium-priced growing mash should weigh 60 to 70 pounds per bushel. Low-priced feeds generally are more bulky and contain a large percent of fiber. With the gradual disappearance of heavy feed ingredients from the market and the use of more fibrous products, the weight per bushel of growing mashes has been lowered to around 50 to 55 pounds. The results as expressed in terms of growth and feed efficiency have been somewhat lower than standard. Vegetable protein supplements have replaced animal by-products, fine ground alfalfa stem meal has replaced alfalfa leaf meal, ground oats has replaced .
Determining the recreational demands and tendencies of students at Atatürk University through questionnaires.

If recreational planning is to be made considering the demands and tendencies of users, limited resources will be utilized more profitably and the needs of the users will be met more effectively. From this point of view, the purpose of this study was to determine the recreational tendencies of students at Atatürk University and investigate whether the campus was satisfactory enough to meet the needs. At the end of the study, the results were put forward by comparing the factors which influence the demands and tendencies of the students most to the parameters such as the faculty, origin and sex of the student.
Resistance to thromboembolism in PI3Kγ‐deficient mice

Platelet aggregation and subsequent thrombosis are the major cause of ischemic diseases such as heart attack and stroke. ADP, acting via G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), is an important signal in thrombus formation and involves activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K). When platelets from mice lacking the G protein‐activated PI3Kγ isoform were stimulated with ADP, aggregation was impaired. Collagen or thrombin, however, evoked a normal response. ADP stimulation of PI3Kγ‐deficient platelets resulted in decreased PKB/Akt phosphorylation and αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor activation. These effects did not influence bleeding time but protected PI3Kγ‐null mice from death caused by ADP‐induced platelet‐dependent thromboembolic vascular occlusion. This result demonstrates an unsuspected, well‐defined role for PI3Kγ downstream of ADP and suggests that pharmacological targeting of PI3Kγ has a potential use as antithrombotic therapy.
Fine Structure of Thiobacillus novellus

SUMMARY: The study of ultrathin sections of Thiobacillus novellus has shown that it has a structure similar to that of T. thiooxidans and other Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall showed a multilayered structure and varied in thickness between 250 and 350 A. The cytoplasmic membrane and 70 A thick. On certain media a capsule was formed. The cytoplasm contained ribosomes and polymetaphosphate granules. The structure of the nuclear material was similar to that observed in other bacteria.
Production of Spirulina platensis by adding sodium bicarbonate and urea into chicken manure medium

In this study, dry chicken manure (DCM) was used as the source of nitrogen in the production of Spirulina platensis . Experiment was conducted in two different types of nutrition. In the type I nutrition, the highest average cell increase was recorded as 289.70 filaments mL -1 in value in the type I group (DCM+urea). In the type II nutrition, the highest average cell increase was recorded as 296.50 filament mL -1 in value in the type II group (DCM+urea+sodium bicarbonate). In the type I nutrition (DCM+Urea), the highest specific growth rate was detected as 0.21 division day -1 on the sixth day and k value as being 0.30 division day -1 . In the type II nutrition, the highest specific growth rate was recorded as 0.08 division day -1 in the group II (DCM+Urea+NaHCO 3 ) and k value as being 0.12 division day -1 . In both types of nutrition, the protein rates of the type I group (DCM+urea) and the group III (DCM+sodium bicarbonate) are found to be higher than that in the other groups. The lipid levels in both types of nutrition, in DCM (Control) and in the type I group (DCM+Urea) were found to be higher than the other groups. Keywords: Spirulina platensis, dry chicken manure, sodium bicarbonate, urea African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(14), 1597-1603
A Cholinergic Sensory-Motor Circuit Controls the Male Copulation Behavior in C. elegans

A Cholinergic Sensory-motor Circuit Controls the Male Copulation Behavior In C. elegans. (May 2011) Yishi Liu, B.S., Huazhong Agricultural University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. L. Rene Garcia The nervous system coordinates a sequence of muscle movements to give rise to animal behaviors. In complex invertebrates or lab-studied vertebrates, due to the large number of cells in their nervous systems and the complexities of their behaviors, it is difficult to address how circuits process information to direct each motor output of the behavior. In this dissertation, I used the Caenorhabditis elegans male copulation behavior as a model to address how a compact circuit coordinates different behavioral programs. Insertion of a male copulatory organ into a suitable mate is a conserved behavioral step for most terrestrial mating. However, the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms for this distinct social interaction have not been elucidated in any animal. During mating, the C. elegans male cloaca is positioned over the hermaphrodite‟s vulva as he attempts to insert his copulatory spicules repetitively. Rhythmic spicule thrusts cease when insertion is sensed. Circuit components consisting of sensory/motor neurons and sex muscles for these steps have been previously identified, but it was unclear how their outputs are integrated to generate a coordinated behavior.
An assessment of the quality of forage from its cell-wall content and amount of cell wall digested

SUMMARY Grasses and legumes comprising poor to good quality temperate and tropical species were fed to either cattle or sheep in 36 digestibility experiments. Cell wall in these forages was the ash-free and protein-free residue after sequential extraction with acidpepsin, organic solvents and either water for grasses or ammonium oxalate for legumes. The average amount of cell wall digested per 100 g forage OM was 40·0±0·59 g in grasses and 19·8±1·85 g in legumes. It was considered that within grasses and within legumes the physiology of ruminant digestion, rather than forage quality, was the main determinant of the average amount of cell wall digested and the difference between grasses and legumes was due to interaction of the ruminant digestion process with the physical structure of the cell wall. Of forage factors governing variation about the physiological average, the total cell wall had some effect on the amount of cell wall digested, but the lignin concentration in the cell wall had no effect. Among grasses and legumes the average, apparently undigested, protein-free non-cell-wall component was 6·2±0·13 g per 100 g forage OM. This component and digestible protein relative to total protein varied among different sets of data. It was concluded that only the component of digestible organic matter which was governed by the relative proportions of cell walls and cellular contents was predictable from chemical composition. It was considered that selection in plant breeding should be based on both digestible cell wall and cell-wall content instead of digestible organic matter.
No African Futures without the Liberation of Women: A Decolonial Feminist Perspective

Coloniality of gender speaks to the perennial question of the liberation of women from various forms of oppression. The ‘modern’ world system and its global order have remained fundamentally patriarchal. This implies that any initiative aimed at creating African futures has to address the fundamental question of the liberation of women. Liberation of women does not speak to the incorporation of women within the patriarchal system. The first step, as Thomas Sankara said in his 1987 speech, is to understand how the patriarchal system functions, to grasp its real nature in all its subtlety, in order to work out a line of action that can lead to women’s genuine emancipation. Decolonising gender therefore becomes a necessary task so that answers to what should be done are formulated from the perspective of asking correct questions. Decolonising gender is to enact a critique of racialized, colonial, and capitalist heterosexualist gender oppression as a lived transformation of the social (Lugones 2010). As such, decolonizing gender places the scholar in the midst of people in a historical, peopled, subjective/intersubjective understanding of the oppressing-resisting relation at the intersection of complex systems of oppression. To a significant extent, it has to be in accord with the subjectivities and intersubjectivities that construct and in part are constructed by the situation. This article deploys decolonial feminist ideas of Thomas Sankara, amomg others, to push forward the frontiers of the struggle for the liberation of women as a constitutive part of initiatives of creating African futures. Its central argument is that women’s liberation struggle should not be reduced to efforts of incorporation of women within the patriarchal, colonial and imperial modern system/s women seek to reject. Making use of Maria Lugones’ theoretical framework, we should be able to understand that the instrumentality of the colonial/modern gender system is subjecting both men and women of colour in all domains of existence and therefore allows us to reveal that the gender transformation discourse is not just a women’s emancipation discourse but rather efforts of both men and women to overcome the colonial global structure that is subjectifying in different ways. The change of the system and its structures, which are essentially patriarchal, is the main mechanism that will bring about possible equal futures for women in Africa, as case studies of Rwanda and South Africa show in the article.
Efficiency of a phytoplankton‐based and a bacterial‐based food web in a pelagic marine system

The food web efficiency in two contrasting food webs, one phytoplankton based and one bacteria based, was studied in a mesocosm experiment using seawater from the northern Baltic Sea. Organisms included in the experiment were bacteria, phytoplankton, protozoa, and mesozooplankton (copepods). A phytoplankton‐based food web was generated by incubating at a high light level with the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus (NP). A bacteria‐based food web was created by adding carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CNP) and incubating at a lower light level. In the CNP treatment bacteria dominated the productivity (91%), while in the NP treatment phytoplankton were dominant producers (74%). The phytoplankton community in the NP treatment was dominated by autotrophic nanoflagellates. The food web efficiency, defined as mesozooplankton productivity per basal productivity (phytoplankton + bacteria), was 22% in the phytoplankton‐based food web and 2% in the bacteria‐based food web. This discrepancy could be explained by 1‐2 extra trophic levels in the bacteria‐based food web where carbon passed through flagellates and ciliates before reaching mesozooplankton, while in the phytoplankton‐based food web there was a direct pathway from phytoplankton to mesozooplankton. The results were supported by stable isotope analysis of mesozooplankton. We propose that climate change, with increased precipitation and river runoff in the Baltic Sea, might favor a bacteria‐based food web and thereby reduce pelagic productivity at higher trophic levels.
Investing in legal advice - What determines the costs of enforcing intellectual property rights?

This paper studies the determinants of investment in legal advice by plaintiffs in patent litigation. A hand-collected sample of US patent litigation cases is used to identify the empirical factors that determine the number of legal counsels employed by the plaintiffs. It turns out that more valuable patents lead to a higher investment in legal advice. Large firms, and plaintiffs with large patent portfolios employ more counsels, whereas individual litigants employ fewer. Software patents are related to a lower investment by the plaintiffs. These findings help not only to understand the cost drivers of litigation but have also important implications for the discussions on software patents, and the role of the litigant status for litigation success.
Latin@s: What’s in a Name?

“That which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet,” Shakespeare has famously told us. Is this true? And, if you change the name, is it still a rose? Or is the name an important part of the existential reality? Anyone who has followed ethnonational politics in the world-system cannot miss how often names change, how many quarrels take place about the change of names, and how many people refuse to accept name changes, persisting in the use of earlier terminology. Are those in the United States who are to some degree related to those who were slaves to be called Colored people, Negroes, Afro-Americans, Blacks, or African Americans? May one of these people call himself or herself a Nigger? And should we capitalize these names or use lower case? Is the language spoken today by most people in Montenegro Serbo-Croat, Serbian, or Montenegrin? And on and on. You will notice immediately that these are not recondite scholarly debates but matters of passion and anger. As we know, the term Latin@s is a relatively recent invention, especially with the @ sign. It is not an innocent choice. The @ sign is obviously the deference to the quite recent determination to develop and use nonsexist language. But whence Latin@s? It refers first of all to two different but related groups: those who come from and identify themselves with the countries of what is today called Latin America; and those within the United States who are descended from the first group. Or more or less, since no doubt there are a
Estimating the global area of potential establishment for the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgiferavirgifera) under rain‐fed and irrigated agriculture*

A CLIMEX model for Diabrotica virgiferavirgifera (western corn rootworm), was initially fitted to the known range of this pest in the USA and Mexico under rain-fed agricultural situations. When this model was projected into Europe, it became clear that soil moisture thresholds for irrigation differed markedly between Central Europe and the USA. A second model was fitted using soil moisture parameters derived from theoretical expectations, and was found to fit the known distribution of all North American locations well, and all the European distribution records perfectly. Globally, the modelled potential range of D. v. virgifera covers approximately 64% of the global area of maize production. The highest nascent biosecurity risks to maize-producing areas posed by the western corn rootworm are China, Japan, Argentina, South Africa and Australia. Biosecurity agencies concerned with managing D. v. virgifera invasion risks to Asia should adopt a regional approach to the problem, attempting to slow its spread through Eurasia. The sensitivity of D. v. virgifera’s modelled potential distribution to the inclusion of irrigated sites in the model training dataset highlighted the importance of carefully exploring the implications of land-use factors that might be practised in different ways in the model training area and the area of concern.
GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN THE LLANO POCKET GOPHER, GEOMYS TEXENSIS

Abstract Geomys texensis, the Llano pocket gopher, consists of 3 subspecies, all identified using classical morphological methods. Enzymatic studies have found little support for the existence of one of these subspecies (G. t. llanensis); however, it continues to be recognized regularly today. To clarify the subspecific status of members within this species, we have sequenced the entire 1,140 base pairs of the cytochrome b gene for 25 individuals collected from throughout the range of the species. Our data refute the designation of 1 of the 3 currently recognized subspecies and allude to the existence of a new, as yet unnamed subspecies.