Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitigating the Impact of Irrigation With Effluent Water: Mixing With Freshwater and/or Adjusting Irrigation Management and Design

The use of treated wastewater (WW) for irrigation is steadily increasing worldwide. However, irrigation with WW requires special attention as it may alter soil hydraulic properties and, eventually, affect crop yields. The main goal of this study was to investigate two approaches that could mitigate this adverse impact: (i) mixing WW with local freshwater (FW) and (ii) adjusting the irrigation management and design to the deteriorated soil hydraulic properties. Four water qualities resulting from mixing FW and WW at different ratios for irrigation of an avocado orchard planted on a clayey soil were considered: FW, M1/3 (2/3 FW – 1/3 WW), M2/3 (1/3 FW ‐ 2/3 WW), and WW. Increasing the WW component in the irrigation water reduces the soil's saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltrability, and this reduction is depth dependent. It also reduces the transpiration of trees and their trunk growth. This is supported by numerical simulations that showed that irrigation with WW produced the reduction in plant transpiration relative to irrigation with FW. Numerical simulations indicated that irrigation management and design could be adjusted to improve plant water uptake and reduce the differences due to water quality. The results indicate that decreasing the irrigation rate and increasing the wetted area per tree could increase the water uptake in WW‐irrigated soils to almost equal that in FW‐irrigated soils. This can be achieved by using drippers with lower discharge and by using more drippers per dripline, more driplines per tree, and more drippers per tree (concentric loops of driplines around each trunk).
4 CJTPE22 ch4

A growing body of empirical evidence shows that some financial aid programs increase college enrollment. Puzzlingly, there is little compelling evidence that Pell Grants and Stafford Loans, the primary federal student aid programs, are effective in achieving this goal. In this chapter, we provide an in-depth review of this evidence, which taken as a whole suggests that complexity and uncertainty in the federal aid system undermine its efficacy. We document complexity in the aid system, comparing it in particular to complexity in the tax system. We build on our previous work by showing that complexity in the aid process does little to improve the targeting of both student loans and grants, for both dependent and independent students. We conclude that the current targeting of aid can be reproduced with a much simpler aid process. While we show that the targeting benefits of complexity are small, we further document that the costs are large. We offer new estimates of the compliance costs faced by applicants and the administrative costs borne by the government and colleges. These costs total at least 4 billion dollars per year. The perspective of behavioral economics suggests that the true cost is even higher, since complexity and uncertainty may discourage the target population from applying for student aid.
Post-hoc Explanations for Complex Model Recommendations using Simple Methods

Many leading approaches for generating recommendations, such as matrix factorization and autoencoders, compute a complex model composed of latent variables. As such, explaining the recommendations generated by these models is a difﬁcult task. In this paper, instead of attempting to explain the latent variables, we provide post-hoc explanations for why a recommended item may be appropriate for the user, by using a set of simple, easily explainable recommendation algorithms. When the output of the simple explainable recommender agrees with the complex model on a recommended item, we consider the explanation of the simple model to be applicable. We suggest both simple collaborative ﬁltering and content based approaches for generating these explanations. We conduct a user study in the movie recommendation domain, showing that users accept our explanations, and react positively to simple and short explanations, even if they do not truly explain the mechanism leading to the generated recommendations.
The Mid-Infrared Instrument for JWST VI: The Medium Resolution Spectrometer

We describe the design and performance of the Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) for the JWST-MIRI instrument. The MRS incorporates four coaxial spectral channels in a compact optomechanical layout that generates spectral images over fields of view up to 7 x 7 arcseconds in extent and at spectral resolving powers ranging from 2,500 to 3,700. Each channel includes an all-reflective integral field unit (IFU): an ‘image slicer’ that reformats the input field for presentation to a grating spectrometer. Two 1024 x 1024 focal plane arrays record the output spectral images with an instantaneous spectral coverage of approximately one third of each channel’s full wavelength range. The full 5 to 28.5 μm spectrum is then obtained by making three exposures using gratings and pass-band selecting filters that are selected using just two three-position mechanisms. The expected on-orbit optical performance is presented, based on testing of the MIRI Flight Model, and including spectral and spatial coverage and resolution. The point spread function of the reconstructed images is shown to be diffraction limited and the optical transmission is shown to be consistent with the design expectations.
Influence of Fabric Weave Pattern on Buckling Behavior of Fabric Reinforced Composite Plates with Through the Width Delamination

Delamination is one of the most common failure modes in composite materials which affects the overall stiffness of the structure. In present study, the compressive buckling behavior of Eglass/epoxy composite laminates with artificial through the width delamination is investigated experimentally. Glass fabrics with two most basic weave patterns, i.e. plain and twill(2/2) were used as reinforcement of composite samples. Each laminate consists of 8 layers with same fabric weave type. Compression tests were carried out on specimens in order to compare the buckling load-carrying capacity of the two different types of fabric reinforced composites with each other. Results showed that the reinforcement weave type has a considerable effect on compressive behavior of laminated composites.
Discovery of 16 Nearby Brown Dwarf Candidates in WISE Preliminary Release Data

We report a discovery of sixteen nearby brown dwarf candidates and seven temperaturespecific (∼ 200 K ∼ 500 K) populations (∼ 102 sources) in the WISE Preliminary Release Data. Four of the candidates are between 285 K and 400 K, temperatures akin to that of Earth. Eleven of the candidates were identified by querying WISE with magnitudes based on a pure blackbody spectrum assumption; the remaining five resulted from Monte Carlo variant queries generated through application of randomization factors of 50% and 20% to the blackbody magnitudes of the low (∼ 2.8 ∼ 5.4μm) and high (7 28 μm) wavelength WISE band passes, respectively. The correlation between the spectra of nine of the blackbody candidates and the temperature-equivalent blackbody spectra was within 1%. The respective concurrence of the remaining two was within 15%. The Monte Carlo queries also identified local interstellar brown dwarf populations (∼ 102 sources) for 7 evenly incremented temperatures between 200 K and 500 K, inclusively. The ratios of the spectra of the 7 Monte Carlo query brown dwarf population returns to band 1 flux values were modeled as third-degree polynomial functions of wavelength.
Special aspects on the scattering of high-energetic electrons on crystals

Quantitative analysis becomes more and more important in High-ResolutionTransmission-Electron-Microscopy (HRTEM). The current task of HRTEM-development is expanding the method from the sole characterization of the periodic structure to the determination of position and species of atoms within the specimen. Electron Holography is a unique technique capable of recording a 2-dimensional electron wave. In order to interpret this electron wave quantitatively, it is crucial to understand the interaction process between electron and specimen. Several methods have been developed to describe the scattering process. They offer a good qualitative description, although quantitatively they suffer from inaccuracy, which may contribute to the Stobbs-factor [1]. The problem has not been solved yet, although several proposals have been made.
How Object Softness Contributes to Robotics

This paper describes how object softness contributes to robotics, taking two research projects on locomotion and manipulation. First, I describe crawling and jumping by the deformation of a robot body. Second, I focus on the soft-ﬁngered manipulation to show how ﬁngertip softness realizes the secure grasping and manipulation of an object.
The phenotypic interrelationships between feather pecking, being feather pecked, feather eating, feather score, fear, body weight, and egg production traits in a F2- cross of White Leghorn lines selected for high and low severe feather pecking

It is generally assumed that there is a relationship between feather pecking, fear, feather condition and laying performance criteria in laying hens. This hypothesis was tested in a F2-cross of high (HFP) and low (LFP) feather pecking birds of White Leghorn origin. A total of 967 birds were first observed for the number of bouts of severe feather pecks delivered (FPD) and received (FPR) when kept in groups of random composition. The whole population was split for FPD in HFP and LFP using the threshold of ≥ 2 (HFP) and < 2 (LFP). The birds clearly differed in FPD but there was no significant difference for FPR between HFP and LFP. The subgroups were subjected to a pencil test at 29 weeks of age. At 26 weeks and 39 weeks of age body weight was measured and feather condition scored in different body parts (neck, breast, wings, vent and tail) using a scale from 0–4 (0 = worse, 4 = best). In addition the birds were tested for their feather eating behaviour and their laying performance criteria (hen-day egg production %, egg weight, feed consumption per day and FCR) at 29 weeks of age. In contrast to our expectation HFP birds showed a significant better plumage condition at 39 weeks of age than LFP birds. There were differences in feather scores at both ages for wings and tail. There were no differences between subgroups in the body weight at neither age. There were also no differences in the pencil test. But HFP birds showed a significant higher number of eaten feathers than LFP birds. This is in line with many other studies. But the difference was not as large as reported in previous studies. In contrast to our expectation there were no significant differences between the subgroups in performance, feed intake and FCR although LFP birds showed a significant poorer feather condition than HFP birds at 39 weeks of age. There were, however, negative correlations between feather score, performance, feed consumption and FCR within subgroups.Obviously there is no consistent relationships between feather pecking, fear, feather condition and performance criteria.
A Review on the Environmental Behavior of the Polyoxyethylene Type Nonionic Surfactants Adjuvants in Pesticides

A Review on the Environmental Behavior of the Polyoxyethylene Type Nonionic Surfactants Adjuvants in Pesticides KONG Xiang-ji1,2, WEI Xiao3, WANG Na1,2, BU Yuan-qing1,2, SHAN Zheng-jun1,2 (1.Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing 210042, China; 2.Laboratory of Pesticides Environmental Assessment and Control, Nanjing 210042, China; 3.Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China) Abstract:Polyoxyethylene type nonionic surfactants such as alkylphenol ethoxylates(APEOs), alcohol ethoxylates(AEOs)and alkylamine ethoxylates(ANEOs)are typical pesticide adjuvants. Their unique environmental behavior characteristic is reflected in the parameters describing the fate e.g.distribution coefficient, adsorption to soil, degradation and effects of these substances. The major environmental problem related to these compounds is their part metabolites’relatively higher environmental risk. In views of their chemical structure, this paper outlined present knowledge on occurrence, fate and environment effect of the three adjuvants:AEOs, ANEOs and APEOs. The adsorption behaviour of ANEOs in contrast to AEOs was particularly variable and matrix dependent due to the ability of the compound to ionise at environmentally relevant pH. Probably because the compounds exceeded high soil adsorption and were easily degradable which were reflected in the low environmental concentrations generally found in monitoring studies.
MICRO-SCRATCH FOR COATING ADHESION TEST OF NANO-STRUCTURED TiB2 COATINGS

TiB2-based nano-structured coatings were fabricated on high-speed steel by magnetron sputtering technique. Mechanical characterization of the resultant coating-substrate systems, such as, coating adhesion, friction and scratch resistance, was conducted by micro-scratch techniques. The linearlyincreasing load mode of the micro-scratch tests was studied to determine the most effective and informative testing conditions and to determine the critical load (Lc) for coating failure. The mode of failure was examined by high resolution SEM and AFM. By applying a small substrate bias and controlling the sputter-cleaning time, it was found the coating adhesion strength with high hardness was significantly improved.
Simulation of the OCT-depth signal of homogeneous turbid media via an extended Monte-Carlo model

We present a simple model to simulate OCT depth signals in weakly and strongly scattering media. A weighting function rescales the photon signal according to its individual number of scattering events. With this function, we are able to implicitly predict the influence of dependent scattering without modelling the process explicitly. In future, our quantitative approach could improve biological imaging.
Mixed precision LU factorization on GPU tensor cores: reducing data movement and memory footprint

Modern GPUs equipped with mixed precision tensor core units present great potential to accelerate dense linear algebra operations such as LU factorization. However, state-of-the-art mixed half/single precision LU factorization algorithms all require the matrix to be stored in single precision, leading to expensive data movement and storage costs. This is explained by the fact that simply switching the storage precision from single to half leads to significant loss of accuracy, forfeiting all accuracy benefits from using tensor core technology. In this article, we propose a new factorization algorithm that is able to store the matrix in half precision without incurring any significant loss of accuracy. Our approach is based on a left-looking scheme employing single precision buffers of controlled size and a mixed precision doubly partitioned algorithm exploiting tensor cores in the panel factorizations. Our numerical results show that compared with the state of the art, the proposed approach is of similar accuracy but with only half the data movement and memory footprint, and hence potentially much faster: it achieves up to 2× and 3.5× speedups on V100 and A100 GPUs, respectively.
RELIABILITY OF THE METHOD OF MEASURING ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS BASED ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FOOT SCANNING

Three-dimensional foot scanning is a method increasingly used in designing both footwear and medical devices. Measuring anthropometric parameters is the starting point of the process of designing lasts for footwear. The reliability of the method of measuring anthropometric parameters determines the degree of reproducibility of data obtained as a result of applying the method in question. Reliability is a measurement of the accuracy with which both an assessor (intrarater reliability) and many assessors (interrater reliability) obtain stable results when they apply this method. The lack of stability of a measuring method in obtaining values of anthropometric parameters may lead to challenging results obtained through application of this method. Given that standards for last sizes allow size deviations of ±1 mm for perimeters, ±0.3 mm for widths and ±0.5 mm for lengths, determining the reliability of the method of measuring anthropometric parameters becomes a necessary condition. The aim of the article is that of presenting methodology of determining intraand interrater reliability in the case of measurements of anthropometric parameters obtained based on three-dimensional foot scanning.
An experimental study of coconut fibre reinforced concrete under impact load

Devastating impact, e.g. due to falling parapet, during a strong earthquake can greatly damage surrounding structures. This has been observed in many major earthquakes, especially in the case of unreinforced masonry structures. To prevent damage resulting from such an impact loading mitigation measures need to be developed. In this study protective structures made of natural fibre reinforced concrete are considered. The selected fibre is coconut fibre, because it has a high energy absorption capability in comparison with other natural fibres. The inclusion of coconut fibre in the concrete will also enhance the damping of the composite. In this preliminary study, coconut fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC) cylinders with 100 × 200 mm were considered. The corresponding plain concrete specimens were used as references. Coir with a length of 50 mm and 0.4% weight content of plain concrete is selected. The impact behaviours of plain concrete and CFRC were investigated. The results showed that CFRC can absorb more impact energy in comparison with plain concrete. CFRC under impact loading has more small cracks, while plain concrete shows brittle failure. The study also defined the influence factor that controls the energy dissipation of the composite which will be used for developing future protective structures in earthquake regions.
Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods among healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods among healthcare workers (HCW's) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA methodology. Two authors independently searched three electronic databases for studies published between 2000 and January 2020 reporting on the KAP of LARC methods among HCW's in SSA. Titles and abstracts were screened against eligibility criteria, data were extracted and the included studies were assessed for risk of bias. A meta-analysis of proportions for 11 pre-determined questions relating to LARC KAP was performed. Heterogeneity was explored using the I2-statistic and publication bias investigated using funnel plots and Egger's tests. Results: Twenty-two studies comprising of 11 272 HCW's from 11 SSA countries were included. Forty-one percent (95% CI: 20%, 61%) of HCWs had received intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) insertion training while 63% (95% CI: 44%, 81%) expressed a desire for training. Only 27% (95% CI: 18%, 36%) deemed IUCD appropriate for HIV-infected women. Restrictions for IUCD and injectables based on a minimum age were imposed by 56% (95% CI: 33%, 78%) and 60% (95% CI: 36%, 84%), respectively. Minimum parity restrictions were observed among 29% (95% CI: 9%, 50%) of HCW's for IUCDs and 36% (95% CI: 16%, 56%) for injectable contraceptives. Heterogeneity was high and publication bias was present in two of the 11 questions. Conclusion: The systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that unnecessary provider-imposed restrictions may hinder the uptake of LARC methods by women in SSA.
Numerical Investigation of Propeller-FrameArm Interaction in Hovering Flight

1 Aerospace Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey, srknyener@hotmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1539-6004 2 Aerospace Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey, mpercin@metu.edu. tr, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7849-5141 3 Center for Wind Energy Research (RÜZGEM), Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
Role of calcium-activated potassium channels in the heart

Ability of intracellular calcium to open K+-selective channels in an excitable membrane and to hasten repolarization of an action potential or inhibit firing is a fundamental principle of biology first recognized in the mid-1970s. There are several types of these channels, the principal ones being large conductance (BK) and small conductance (SK). While these channels are clearly more prevalent in the brain and other neuronal tissue, they are definitely present in various parts of the heart and the information about their role has gradually emerged over the past 40 years. The structure and function of these channels are described in the first part of this review. SK channels are opened exclusively by [Ca2+]i, while BK channels are sensitive to both voltage and [Ca2+]i. Opening of calcium-activated potassium channels does not seem to be the primary mechanism of action potential repolarization in the heart as once thought, and further research is needed to clarify if shortening of the action potential during acute myocardial infarction is due to opening of these channels due to “calcium overload. ” Some evidence for a role of SK channels in ischemia-induced action potential shortening has been obtained. Calcium-activated K+ channels in the ventricular myocardium are upregulated in heart failure which may have an antiarrhythmic effect by counteracting calcium-dependent inward currents. BK channels have been implicated in ischemic preconditioning. Mutations affecting BK and SK channels do not seem to be an important cause of long QT syndrome, but genome-wide association studies that focus on these channels should be performed in patients or families with long QT or genetically mediated sudden death.
Some Advantages of the Hybrid Methods, Which Used the First Derivative of the Solution of the Considered Problem

The scientists began investigate of the solution of ODE from the XVII century. Many famous mathematicians as Newton, Leibniz, Bernoulli, D’ Alembert, Euler, Cauchy and etc. have considered solving of the ordinary differential equations. For solving these equations the scientists from the different country have constructed many methods. Here, with the help of the compare known results are shown some advantages of the hybrid methods. Are constructed the hybrid methods with the order of accuracy p = 8k . Here, is suggested concrete hybrid method of the fractional step type with the order of accuracy p = 8 for k =1 for which uses the first order derivative of the solution of the initial value problem.