Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution during Rainy Seasons in Northwest China

Raindrop size distribution (DSD) is of great significance for understanding the microphysical process of rainfall and the quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). However, in the past, there was a lack of relevant research on Xinjiang in the arid region of northwest China. In this study, the rainy season data collected by the disdrometer in the Yining area of Xinjiang were used for more than two years, and the characteristics of DSDs for all samples, for two rain types (convective and stratiform), and for six different rain rates were studied. The results showed that nearly 70% of the total samples had a rainfall rate of less than 1 mm·h−1, the convective rain was neither continental nor maritime, and there was a clear boundary between convective rain and stratiform rain in terms of the scattergram of the standardized intercept parameter ( ) versus the mass-weighted average diameter ( ). When the raindrop diameter was less than 0.7 mm, DSDs of the two rainfalls basically coincided, while when the raindrop diameter was greater than 0.7 mm, DSDs of convective rainfall were located above the stratiform rain. As the rainfall rate increased, increased, while first increased and then decreased. In addition, we deduced the (radar reflectivity-rain rate) relationship and relationship (shape parameter-slope parameter of the gamma DSDs) suitable for the Yining area. These conclusions are conducive to strengthening the understanding of rainfall microphysical processes in arid regions and improving the ability of QPE in arid regions.
Caribbean mangrove forests act as coral refugia by reducing light stress and increasing coral richness

Foundation species structure communities by creating habitat and modifying environmental conditions, and there is increasing interest in how foundation species, such as corals and mangroves, inter-act with one another as these interactions can have cascading effects on diversity and abundance of associated organisms. Given recent reports of corals living on or between mangrove roots under the canopy, we hypothesized that mangroves can serve as a refuge for corals from stresses such as high solar irradiance and temperatures that are associated with the adjacent shallow reef. Using ﬁ eld surveys and a reciprocal transplant experiment, we tested the effects of light and habitat (e.g., reef or mangrove) on coral community structure (i.e., coral species richness, abundance, and diversity) and condition (i.e., level of bleaching, tissue loss, and mortality). The surveys revealed higher coral richness in mangroves than on the adjacent reef, indicating that mangroves can serve as refugia for numerous coral species. Our experimental manipu-lation of light in mangrove and reef habitats indicated that light intensity is a key environmental parameter mediating coral bleaching and survival, with mangrove habitats providing a refuge from the light stress experienced on nearby shallow reefs. Moreover, our experiment revealed that reef corals bleached less than mangrove corals following transplantation, regardless of whether they were transplanted into mangrove or reef habitats. We suggest that the lower coral richness of the shallow reef is the result of the extreme environmental conditions that select for a subset of coral species able to tolerate these conditions. The facili-tative interactions that allow mangroves to act as coral refugia by reducing environmental stress will likely become increasingly important with global climate change.
Quantifying the Outfield Shift Using K-Means Clustering

Sports teams constantly search for a competitive advantage (e.g. bidding for free agents or scouting nontraditional markets). As popularized by Moneyball, we focus on advanced analytics in baseball. These sabermetrics are employed to provide objective information to management and coaches to support player management and in-game strategy decisions. Though widely used at the professional level, analytics use in college baseball is limited. Air Force Academy Baseball has been one win short of qualifying for the Mountain West tournament three straight years, resulting in the loss of potential income from media payouts and exposure for future recruiting efforts. Using a K-means clustering method for defensive shifting, we calculate an overall catch probability increase of 7.4% with a shifted outfield in a one-game case study. Based on our analysis, we provide evidence that Air Force Baseball can benefit from an outfield defensive shifting scheme that drives a competitive advantage and additional wins.
Cold Plasma Treatment on Mustard Green Seeds and its Effect on Growth, Isothiocyanates, Antioxidant Activity and Anticancer Activity of Microgreens

The aims of this work were to study growth, isothiocyanate (ITC), bioactive content, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of mustard green (MG) microgreens grown from seeds treated with cold plasma at 21 and 23 kV for 5 min. Microgreens from plasma-treated seeds at 23 kV showed almost 2-fold increased ITC content (1.57 ± 0.05 mmol/100 g DW) compared to MG from seeds without plasma (control), showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (6.76 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.16±0.01 mg RE/g DW). However, MG plasma-treated seeds at 21 kV showed the highest antioxidant activity from 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (3.51 ± 0.38 mg TE/g DW). Allyl isothiocyanate and 3-butenyl isothiocyanate were the dominant ITCs in MG. The highest cytotoxicities using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against MCF-7 (IC50 of 32.44 ± 1.64 μg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50 of 28.58 ± 1.04 μg/mL) after 72 h exposure were found in MG from plasma-treated seeds at 23 kV and MG from control seeds, respectively. However, MG from plasma-treated seeds at 21 kV exhibited the highest antiproliferative effect against MCF-7 (IC50 of 23.23 ± 0.23 μg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50 of 20.44 ± 0.56 μg/mL) for 14 days and also the most potent antimigratory effect. MG from cold plasma inhibited MMP-9 protein expression in both cancers indicating antimigratory property. MG from cold plasma also significantly reduced MMP-9 mRNA expression in both cancers when compared to the control and untreated cells. In conclusion, cold plasma treatment on seeds seemed to be an innovative tool to enhance ITC, TPC, TFC and anticancer properties of MG microgreens for better health implications. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Marine Leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis Infestation As A Predisposing Factor For Vibrio alginolyticus Infection On The Hybrid Grouper “Cantang” (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus) From Traditional Ponds In The Kampung Kerapu Lamongan East Java Indonesia

Marine leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis is one of the ectoparasites that can infest grouper fish, causing wounds on the place where it is attached, so that it can act as a predisposing factor for secondary infection by pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio alginolyticus . The purpose of this study was to determine Z.arugamensis marine leech infestation as a predisposing factor for V.alginolyticus infection on the Cantang grouper from traditional ponds in the kampung kerapu lamongan. This research is a transversal survey and data analysis using Pearson correlation. Observations were made in the Laboratory of Anatomy and Fish Culture, and the examination of bacteria was made by conventional methods at BKIPM Juanda Surabaya. Based on the results obtained, 17 of 30 Groupers were known to be infested marine leech. Meanwhile, 5 infested fish were positive for V.alginolyticus with a TPC calculation of 0.12-2.13 × 104 CFU/ml. This moment indicates that Infestation of the parasite Z.arugamensis can act as a predisposing factor for the occurrence of V.alginolyticus bacterial infection because there is a positive correlation, that is, the higher the amount of Z.arugamensis infestation followed by the TPC Vibrio sp.
A fundamental comprehension and recent progress in advanced Pt‐based ORR nanocatalysts

Today, Pt/C catalysts are widely used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The practical applications of PEMFCs still face many limitations in the preparation of advanced Pt‐based catalysts, including high cost, limited life‐time, and insufficient power density. A kinetically sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is primarily responsible for these issues. The development of advanced Pt‐based catalysts is crucial for solving these problems when the large‐scale application of PEMFCs is to be realized. Herein, we demonstrate the design principle of advanced Pt‐based catalysts with an emphasis on theoretical understandings to practical applications. Generally, three main strategies (including strain effect, electronic effect, and ensemble effect) that governing the initial activity of Pt‐based electrocatalysts are elaborated in detail in this review. Recent advanced Pt‐based ORR catalysts are summarized and we present representative achievements to further reveal the relationship of excellent ORR performance based on theoretical mechanisms. Then we focus on the preparation standards of membrane electrode assembles and testing protocols in practice. Finally, we predict the remaining challenges and present our perspectives with regards to design strategies for improving ORR performance of Pt‐based catalysts in the future.
2D/3D convertible holographic waveguide-type AR system using the liquid-crystalline microlens array with the electro-switching polarizer

The improvement of holographic waveguide-type two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) convertible augmentedreality (AR) display system using the liquid-crystalline polymer microlens array (LCP-MA) with electro-switching polarizer is proposed. The LCP-MA has the properties such as a small focal ratio, high fill factor, low driving voltage, and fast switching speed, which utilizes a well-aligned reactive mesogen on the imprinted reverse shape of the lens and a polarization switching layer. In the case of the holographic waveguide, two holographic optical elements (HOE) films are located at the input and output parts of the waveguide. These two HOEs have functions like mirror and magnifiers. Therefore, it reflects the transmitted light beams through the waveguide to the observer's eye as the reconstructed images. The proposed system has some common features like holographic AR display’s lightweight, thin size, and the observer can see the 2D/3D convertible images according to the direction of the electro-switching polarizer, with the real-world scenes at the same time. In the experiment, the AR system has been successfully verified that the real-world scene and reconstructed 2D/3D images were observed simultaneously.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to affect the gastrointestinal system with a variety of symptoms, including bleeding. The prevalence of bleeding in these patients remains unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis is to estimate the rate of gastrointestinal bleeding in COVID-19 patients and its association with mortality. MEDLINE and Embase were searched through December 20, 2020. Studies reporting COVID-19 patients with and without gastrointestinal bleeding were included. Estimated prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was pooled; heterogeneity was expressed as I2. Metaregression analysis was performed to assess the impact of confounding covariates. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. A total of 91887 COVID-19 patients were considered, of whom 534 reported gastrointestinal bleeding (0.6%) [409 (76.6%) upper and 121 (22.7%) lower gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB and LGIB, resp.)]. The overall pooled gastrointestinal bleeding rate was 5% [95% CI 2–8], with high heterogeneity (I2 99.2%); “small study effect” was observed using the Egger test (p=0.049). After removing two outlier studies, the pooled bleeding rate was 2% [95% CI 0–4], with high heterogeneity (I2 99.2%), and no “small study effect” (p=0.257). The pooled UGIB rate was 1% (95% CI 0–3, I2 98.6%, p=0.214), whereas the pooled LGIB rate was 1% (95% CI 0–2, I2 64.7%, p=0.919). Metaregression analysis showed that overall estimates on gastrointestinal bleeding were affected by studies reporting different sources of bleeding. No significant association between gastrointestinal bleeding and mortality was found. In this meta-analysis of published studies, individuals with COVID-19 were found to be at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding, especially upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
A discrete choice model of voters’ decision in the general election 2019 using LASSO regression

Statistical modelling faces problems when too many variables are involved in the model. Using all variables in the model will result in overfitting which in turn produces unstable predictions. LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) is a method that can be used to overcome this problem. LASSO selects more important variables with the goal of improving the prediction accuracy and interpretability. This paper identifies factors those influenced voters in 2019 presidential election using LASSO penalized logistic regression. This logistic model is also known as a discrete choice model. The data used in this study is the result of an exit poll conducted during the election day with a total sample of 2,289 respondents. The response variable in this study is a vote choice. The independent variables include sociological, psychological, political economy, and campaign variables. The results showed that there were 17 of 27 variables having nonzero coefficients. These variables include candidates’ personal qualities which show the largest effect, followed by the incumbent performance variable. On the other hand, variables such as religion, education, and ethnicity have much less effects. This implies that the psychological and political economy factors played more important role than the sociological factor in determining voters’ decision. Based on this finding the prospective candidate in the future election should focus their campaign strategy on enhancing positive images (empathy, integrity and capability) as well as offering better programs to convince voters.
Erwinia mallotivora is the causal agent of papaya bacterial crown rot disease in Lampung Timur, Indonesia

Sixteen bacterial strains showing oval, convex with a white colony colour were obtained from the water-soaked lesions on the petioles and leaves of infected papaya (cv. calina) collected from a papaya field in Lampung Timur, Indonesia. The pathogenicity test showed that all the strains produced the same symptoms with those found in the field. Four representative strains were then chosen for further investigation. The phenotypic characteristics revealed that the strains resembled Erwinia mallotivora. Two representative strains were further identified using a 16SrDNA sequence analysis. The result showed that the strains were placed within the group of the type strain and the reference strains of E. mallotivora. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first finding of E. mallotivora as the causal agent of papaya crown rot disease in Indonesia. Among the sixteen plants used for the host range test, the symptom was only observed on eggplants, but not on the other fifteen plant species.
Ni Doping: A Viable Route to Make Body-Centered-Cubic Fe Stable at Earth’s Inner Core

With the goal of answering the highly debated question of whether the presence of Ni at the Earth’s inner core can make body-centered cubic (bcc) Fe stable, we performed a computational study based on first-principles calculations on bcc, hexagonal closed packed (hcp), and face-centered cubic (fcc) structures of the Fe1−xNix alloys (x = 0, 0.0312, 0.042, 0.0625, 0.084, 0.125, 0.14, 0.175) at 200–364 GPa and investigated their relative stability. Our thorough study reveals that the stability of Ni-doped bcc Fe is crucially dependent on the nature of the distribution of Ni in the Fe matrix. We confirm this observation by considering several possible configurations for a given concentration of Ni doping. Our theoretical evidence suggests that Ni-doped bcc Fe could be a stable phase at the Earth’s inner core condition as compared to its hcp and fcc counterparts.
Efficient Rank-Based Analysis of Multilevel Models for the Family of Skew-t Errors

Rank-based analysis of linear models is based on selecting an appropriate score function. The information about the shape of the underlying distribution is necessary for the optimal selection; leading towards asymptotically efficient analysis. In this study, we analyzed the multilevel model with cluster-correlated error terms following a family of skew-t distribution with the rank-based approach based on score function derived for the class of skewnormal distribution. The rank fit is compared with the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) estimation in terms of validity and efficiency for different sample sizes. A Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out over skewed-t and contaminated-t distribution with a range of skewness parameter from moderately to highly skewed. The standard error of regression coefficients is significantly reduced in the rank-based approach and further reduces for a large sample size. Rank-based fit appeared asymptotically efficient than REML for each shape parameter of skewness in skew-t and contaminated-t distribution computed through a calculation of precision. The empirical validity of fixed effects is obtained up to the nominal level 0.95 in REML but not rank-based with skew-normal score function.
Dyspnea on Exercise Is Associated with Overall Symptom Burden in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency

Background: Patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency suffer from many symptoms together with dyspnea. Objective: We evaluated the association of dyspnea on exercise with other symptoms in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or interstitial lung disease. Design: This retrospective study included 101 patients in Tampere University Hospital, Finland. Dyspnea on exercise was assessed with modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea questionnaire, and other symptoms were assessed with Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and Depression Scale (DEPS). The study was approved by Regional Ethics Committee of Tampere University Hospital, Finland (approval code R15180/December 1, 2015). Results: Patients with mMRC 4 (most severe dyspnea) compared with those with mMRC 0–3 reported higher symptom scores on ESAS in shortness of breath (median 8.0 [IQR 6.0–9.0] vs. 4.0 [2.0–6.0], p < 0.001), dry mouth (7.0 [4.0–8.0] vs. 3.0 [1.0–6.0], p < 0.001), tiredness (6.0 [3.0–7.0] vs. 3.0 [1.0–5.0], p < 0.001), loss of appetite (3.0 [0.0–6.0] vs. 1.0 [0.0–3.0], p = 0.001), insomnia (3.0 [1.0–7.0] vs. 2.0 [0.0–3.0], p = 0.027), anxiety (3.0 [0.0–5.5] vs. 1.0 [0.0–3.0], p = 0.007), and nausea (0.0 [0.0–2.0] vs. 0.0 [0.0–0.3], p = 0.027). Patients with mMRC 4 were more likely to reach the DEPS threshold for depression than those scoring mMRC 0–3 (42.1% vs. 20.8%, p = 0.028). Conclusions: Patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency need comprehensive symptom screening with relevant treatment, as they suffer from broad symptom burden worsening with increased dyspnea on exercise.
Ripple torque lessening in space vector pulse width modulation based direct torque control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

In this work, the ripple reduction in torque using space vector pulse width modulation based direct torque control of permanent magnet synchronous motor by employing the predictive current to estimate the flux magnitude is discovered. To lessen the ripple in current, a model-based predictive current is used to estimate the magnitude of current applied for flux estimation. Two control plans are applied to show the viability of the framework. MATLAB/Simulink is used to develop a model of PMSM and simulate the system considering different control algorithm. Simulation is performed for both simple current control and SVPWM-DTC control scheme. The result of the simulation indicates that the torque and current ripple is less for SVPWM-DTC with considerable initial overshoot.
A Study for taking an approach in Industrial IoT based Solution

In present era demand for small and portable electronic devices which supports internet connectivity is increasing all around the world and across all industries. These IoT based devices are gaining popularity because of their ease of use. These devices also provide powerful interoperability and feasibility in almost all situation. We can use Internet of Things (IoT) as a great instrument for achieving the desire of connecting people and devices everywhere all the time and in all situations. IoT builds a network of different types of devices such as small handheld devices, vehicles, home appliances etc. that are connected together. This network is incorporated with small sensor nodes, wireless connectivity and actuators for collecting data from adjacent environment and transfer data seamlessly to the base station without any computer or human interaction. Though Internet of Things (IoT) is a primitive term which has greatly attracted the attentions of researchers and academicians it is now getting limited by a number of factors such as flexibility, interoperability, concurrency, scalability and addressing issues. In this paper we will discuss how to make approach when we will go for IoT based solutions considering several parameters such as cost effectiveness, profit generation, maintenance, security etc. In which projects IoT based solutions will be feasible considering. Its network infrastructure, architecture, processing power and scalability.
Immune thrombocytopenia: the patient’s perspective

: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare heterogeneous autoimmune bleeding disorder that causes a lower than normal circulating platelet count resulting from impaired platelet production and accelerated platelet destruction. Patients with ITP face a complex set of challenges. The multifaceted burden of living with ITP impacts the overall health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients and their families. Here, we review the patients’ perspective on unmet needs, and the physical and emotional burden of disease in an attempt to highlight areas where healthcare providers treating ITP can enhance their current approach to managing a patient with this rare disease. Patients want their voices heard and their experiences with ITP acknowledged beyond simply treating the platelet count. Unmet needs identified include knowledge and communication deficiencies, the need for diagnostic improvements, access issues to the most appropriate treatments, and awareness of the extent to which ITP impacts HRQoL both on physical and mental health. ITP leads to fatigue, challenges with daily activities, reduced physical functioning, anxiety, and depression. Aside from the constant risk for serious bleeding, patients experience both physical and emotional consequences living with their disease on a daily basis. Further studies are needed to clarify the nature and source of pain, anxiety, depression, and fatigue reported in both adults and pediatric patients living with ITP. 13