Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fruit and vegetable intakes are an independent predictor of bone size in early pubertal children 1 – 3

Background: Adequate intakes of fruit and vegetables are recommended for optimum health in children. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether consuming fruit and vegetables 3 times per day is beneficial to bone mass in children. Design: Fifty-six white females (Tanner stage 2) recorded dietary intake on 3 independent days. The numbers of servings of fruit and vegetables were recorded for each day and tallied, and the subjects were divided into 2 consumption groups for analysis (low consumption: 3 servings/d, n 22; high consumption: 3 servings/d, n 34). Bone area and the bone mineral content of the whole body and radius were assessed by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Radioimmunoassays measured serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Twenty-four–hour urine samples were assessed for calcium, sodium, and creatinine. Results: After adjustment for age, body mass index, and physical activity, those children who reported consuming 3 servings fruit and vegetables/d had more bone area of the whole body (6.0%; P 0.03) and radius (8.3%; P 0.03), lower urinary calcium excretion (2.6 0.2 compared with 1.8 0.3 mg/kg; P 0.04), and lower parathyroid hormone (19.6 1.9 compared with 25.0 1.6 pg/mL; P 0.01) than did those children who reported consuming 3 servings fruit and vegetables/d. Conclusions: High fruit and vegetable intakes have beneficial effects on the bone area of the radius and whole body in early pubertal girls. The lower urinary calcium output associated with higher fruit and vegetable intakes may be a modulating factor. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:311–7.
Reproduction of Varroa destructor in Africanized Honey Bees under the Tropical Conditions of Costa Rica

Varroa destructor is a worldwide ectoparasite of serious economic importance for beekeeping. Severe colony mortality is routine in parasitized European honey bees (EHB) colonies in Europe, Asia and North America. This study was carried out in Heredia, Costa Rica. The reproductive ability of varroa mites was determined approximately 240 h after cell sealing in worker brood from four Africanized honey bee (AHB) colonies and four hybrid (HF1) colonies. Several variables were measured for foundress female mites: fertility, production of a mature female mite, production of only immature offspring, production of only female or only male offspring and no reproduction at all. No significant differences were found between AHB and HF1 in the percentage of fertile foundress mites (X 2 = 3.66, P= 0.06), the percentage of foundress mites that produced mature female offspring (X 2 = 0.53, P= 0.47), and the percentage of
Categorical model of structural operational semantics for imperative language

Definition of programming languages consists of the formal definition of syntax and semantics. One of the most popular semantic methods used in various stages of software engineering is structural operational semantics. It describes program behavior in the form of state changes after execution of elementary steps of program. This feature makes structural operational semantics useful for implementation of programming languages and also for verification purposes. In our paper we present a new approach to structural operational semantics. We model behavior of programs in category of states, where objects are states, an abstraction of computer memory and morphisms model state changes, execution of a program in elementary steps. The advantage of using categorical model is its exact mathematical structure with many useful proved properties and its graphical illustration of program behavior as a path, i.e. a composition of morphisms. Our approach is able to accentuate dynamics of structural operational semantics. For simplicity, we assume that data are intuitively typed. Visualization and facility of our model is not only a new model of structural operational semantics of imperative programming languages but it can also serve for education purposes.
Amixicile, a Novel Inhibitor of Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase, Shows Efficacy against Clostridium difficile in a Mouse Infection Model

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a serious diarrheal disease that often develops following prior antibiotic usage. One of the major problems with current therapies (oral vancomycin and metronidazole) is the high rate of recurrence. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), an inhibitor of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) in anaerobic bacteria, parasites, Helicobacter pylori, and Campylobacter jejuni, also shows clinical efficacy against CDI. From a library of ∼250 analogues of NTZ, we identified leads with increased potency for PFOR. MIC screens indicated in vitro activity in the 0.05- to 2-μg/ml range against C. difficile. To improve solubility, we replaced the 2-acetoxy group with propylamine, producing amixicile, a soluble (10 mg/ml), nontoxic (cell-based assay) lead that produced no adverse effects in mice by oral or intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes at 200 mg/kg of body weight/day. In initial efficacy testing in mice treated (20 mg/kg/day, 5 days each) 1 day after receiving a lethal inoculum of C. difficile, amixicile showed slightly less protection than did vancomycin by day 5. However, in an optimized CDI model, amixicile showed equivalence to vancomycin and fidaxomicin at day 5 and there was significantly greater survival produced by amixicile than by the other drugs on day 12. All three drugs were comparable by measures of weight loss/gain and severity of disease. Recurrence of CDI was common for mice treated with vancomycin or fidaxomicin but not for mice receiving amixicile or NTZ. These results suggest that gut repopulation with beneficial (non-PFOR) bacteria, considered essential for protection against CDI, rebounds much sooner with amixicile therapy than with vancomycin or fidaxomicin. If the mouse model is indeed predictive of human CDI disease, then amixicile, a novel PFOR inhibitor, appears to be a very promising new candidate for treatment of CDI.
Effect of out-of-band terminations on intermodulation distortion in common-emitter circuits

This paper presents the results of Volterra series analysis of the third-order intermodulation distortion in common-emitter circuits. The derived closed-form expression shows how out-of-band source and load impedances affect the distortion. The expression was used to optimally tune the input matching network of a 2 GHz Si BJT LNA at the sub- and second-harmonic frequencies for a higher IIP/sub 3/. While the in-band noise figure, gain and input return loss were not affected, the peak IIP/sub 3/ increased by 14 dB.
The effects of subliminal and supraliminal suggestion on verbal productivity.

INVESTIGATIONS of "subliminal" influences on behavior are not new in psychology; studies in this area date back to the 19th century. However, judging from recent reviews of the literature by Adams (1957), McConnell, Cutter, and McNeil (1958), Eriksen (1958), and Goldiamond (1958), a resurgence of interest in the area is underway. Most of the studies reviewed by Adams (1957) require a subject to make a stimulus discrimination. In one group of these experiments, the subject knows the nature of the cue but his discrimination is better than chance at stimulus intensities at which he thinks he is guessing. In another group of experiments the subject does not know that a cue to discrimination is being given. Only 9 of the 57 studies in Adam's review do not involve a stimulus discrimination task. Seven of these are essentially operant conditioning studies in which the subject does not realize he is being conditioned because he is unaware of either the reinforcer or the class of responses being reinforced, or of both. The use of subliminal suggestion in movie and television advertising seems to belong with this latter group, for the subject's operant behavior is supposedly brought under control by suggestive cues of which he is not aware. The present study represents an attempt to construct an analogue of this type of situation. The question asked in the first experiment was: "Can one influence frequency of a graphomotor response by suggestions administered visually at subliminal intensities? "
An Insight into Role of Wordnet and Language Network for effective IR from Hindi Text Documents

This paper investigates the limitations of traditional Information Retrieval (IR) models and how the semantic based approaches overcomes these limitations. Further the paper analyzes a range of aspects of language network representation of text corpus and how different network properties can lead to improve the results for different applications of IR. The paper analyzes Hindi Wordnet to exploit its capabilities and applicability as knowledge source and then its limitation. The paper discusses various research issues yet to be explored in area of IR of Hindi text documents. This paper suggests that how application of fuzzy logic in semantics can improve the performance of IR outcomes. Our entire analysis is in relevance to Hindi language corpus. CCS CONCEPTS: • Analysis of Traditional IR models →Construction of Language Network using Hindi Wordnet as Background Knowledge → Exploring Graphical Properties of Language Network for different Applications of IR →Applying Fuzzy Logic on Semantics of Hindi Wordnet
An information theoretic approach to the expressiveness of programming languages

The conciseness conjecture is a longstanding notion in computer science that programming languages with more built-in operators, that is more expressive languages with larger semantics, produce smaller programs on average. Chaitin defines the related concept of an elegant program such that there is no smaller program in some language which, when run, produces the same output. This thesis investigates the conciseness conjecture in an empirical manner. Influenced by the concept of elegant programs, we investigate several models of computation, and implement a set of functions in each programming model. The programming models are Turing Machines, λ-Calculus, SKI, RASP, RASP2, and RASP3. The information content of the programs and models are measured as characters. They are compared to investigate hypotheses relating to how the mean program size changes as the size of the semantics change, and how the relationship of mean program sizes between two models compares to that between the sizes of their semantics. We show that the amount of information present in models of the same paradigm, or model family, is a good indication of relative expressivity and average program size. Models that contain more information in their semantics have smaller average programs for the set of tested functions. In contrast, the relative expressiveness of models from differing paradigms, is not indicated by their relative information contents. RASP and Turing Machines have been implemented as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuits to investigate hardware analogues of the hypotheses above. Namely that the amount of information in the semantics for a model directly influences the size of the corresponding circuit, and that the relationship of mean circuit sizes between models is comparable to the relationship of mean program sizes. We show that the number of components in the circuits that realise the semantics and programs of the models correlates with the information required to implement the semantics and program of a model. However, the number of components to implement a program in a circuit for one model does not relate to the number of components implementing the same program in another model. This is in contrast to the more abstract implementations of the programs. Information is a computational resource and therefore follows the rules of Blum’s axioms. These axioms and the speedup theorem are used to obtain an alternate proof of the undecidability of elegance. This work is a step towards unifying the formal notion of expressiveness with the notion of algorithmic information theory and exposes a number of interesting research directions. A start has been made on integrating the results of the thesis with the formal framework for the expressiveness of programming languages.
Detection, characterization, and staging of polyneuropathy: Assessed in diabetics

The reported prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy varies from 5 to 80%. This unsatisfactory state may relate to evaluation of different patient groups, different minimal criteria for the diagnosis of neuropathy, and different degrees of surveillance. To made matters worse, patients with polyneuropathy tend to be equated ignoring differences in severity. To remedy this situation, four recommendations are made: (1) population‐based patients should be studied, (2) nerve conduction should be used to set minimal criteria for neuropathy because the test is objective, sensitive, and repeatable, (3) validated tests of symptoms and deficits should also be used because clinical manifestations of neuropathy cannot be accurately inferred from electrophysiologic measurements, and (4) approaches to staging severity of neuropathy should be developed and used in expressing abnormality. To this end minimal criteria for the diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy have been proposed, and validated tests to assess neuropathic symptoms and sensory deficits have been developed. In this report we also propose a staging approach utilizing nerve conduction and neurologic history and examination and validated tests of neuropathic symptoms and deficits.
Production of β2‐Microglobulin by Normal and Malignant Human Cell Lines and Peripheral Lymphocytes

/Js-microglobulin {[^T/I) is a low molecular weight protein (MW 11.800) originally isolated by Berggard & Beam (1968) from human urine. /? 2-/i was later found in human serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and colostrum (Berggard & Bearn 1968, Evrin et al. 1971). The serum levels have been shown to vary within a narrow range for normal individuals (Evrin & Wibell 1972). High levels are recorded regularly in sera from patients with renal diseases (Bemier et al. 1968, Peterson et al. 1969, Wibell et al. 1973) and irregularly in patients with malignant diseases (Evrin & Wibell 1973, Kithier et al. 1974). Studies of the primary structure have shown a high degree of homology of p2-u with the constant domains of human IgG (Peterson et al. 1972, Smithies & Poulik 1972). This finding and the fact that ^2-/^ has an intrachain disulphide loop suggested that /? 2-/( was a free immunoglobulin domain with effector function similar to that of the C H 3 domain of IgG (Peterson et al. 1972). Consequently early work on the production of ^2-^ by human cells was concentrated on lymphocytes. Peterson et al. (1972) and Evrin & Pertoft (1973) showed that ^2-fiwas present at the cell surface of
A Criterion of the Strain-Based Quench Decision for a Low-Temperature Superconducting Solenoid

It is important to pursue an efficacious way of detecting the quench in superconducting magnets as soon as possible so that the large magnetic energy stored in the magnets can be discharged duly. By means of strain measurement during the spontaneous quench, we recently proposed a quench-detection method for low-temperature superconducting solenoid magnets. By examining the leap character of strain-rate recorded, we further extended the strain-based quench-detection method. An appropriate criterion for the spontaneous quench was suggested and utilized for two liquid helium-cooled superconducting solenoids with different sizes and coil configurations. It was shown that the proposed method is capable of providing a safe criterion for the quench detection/protection within a short period of time, and it is a simple process comparing with the rate of quench development. The experimental data from the two different solenoids under excitation and quench tests supported the new strain-based detection method.
A Combinatorial Method for Antenna Array Design in Minimum Redundancy MIMO Radars

In this letter, the antenna array design problem in minimum redundancy (MR) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radars is addressed, which seeks to maximize the virtual array aperture for a given number of transmitting and receiving (Tx/Rx) elements. Based on difference bases and cyclic difference sets (CDSs), a combinatorial method is proposed for the optimal design of Tx/Rx antenna arrays. The theoretical limits of the redundancy of MIMO virtual arrays constructed by the method for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases are derived. Numerical results are also presented, showing notable improvement in the spatial resolution of MIMO radar system over those reported in the literature.
Executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury: The effects of injury severity and effort on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

This study examined the persistent effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance. Since poor effort can contaminate results in populations with incentive to perform poorly, performance validity was explicitly assessed and controlled for using multiple well-validated cognitive malingering indicators. Participants were 109 patients with mild TBI and 67 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI seen for neuropsychological evaluation at least one year post injury. Patients with diffuse neurological impairment and healthy controls were included for comparison. Results suggested a dose–response effect of TBI severity on WCST performance in patients providing good effort; the mild TBI group did not differ from controls while increased levels of impairment were observed in the moderate-to-severe TBI group. Effort during testing had a larger impact on WCST performance than mild or moderate-to-severe TBI. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
The effects of interproximal distance between roots on the existence of interdental papillae according to the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest.

BACKGROUND This study investigated the existence of interdental papillae at certain distances from the contact point to the alveolar crest, depending on the interproximal distance between roots. METHODS A total of 206 papillae from 80 patients were examined after the inflammation of the papillae had been minimized using non-surgical periodontal therapy. The existence of the interdental papillae was determined using the following categorization: 1) papillae were deemed to be absent if they did not extend all the way up to the contact point between the teeth; and 2) papillae were determined to be present if they filled up to the entire proximal space. The interproximal distance between roots and the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest were measured when a full-thickness flap was used. The number of papillae present interproximally between roots, according to the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest, was analyzed using the x2 analysis method, and the linear-by-linear association analysis method was used for trend analysis. RESULTS The number of papillae that filled the interproximal space decreased with increasing distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest (P <0.05). In addition, the number of papillae that filled the interproximal space decreased with increasing interproximal distance between roots (P <0.05) and became more prominently decreasing with the increasing distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest (especially 4, 5, and 6 mm) (P <0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the interproximal distance between roots and the distance between the contact point and the alveolar crest have an independent and combined effect on the existence of interproximal papillae.
Tissue-specific Tropomyosin Isoform Composition

Four distinct genes encode tropomyosin (Tm) proteins, integral components of the actin microfilament system. In non-muscle cells, over 40 Tm isoforms are derived using alternative splicing. Distinct populations of actin filaments characterized by the composition of these Tm isoforms are found differentially sorted within cells (Gunning et al. 1998b). We hypothesized that these distinct intracellular compartments defined by the association of Tm isoforms may allow for independent regulation of microfilament function. Consequently, to understand the molecular mechanisms that give rise to these different microfilaments and their regulation, a cohort of fully characterized isoform-specific Tm antibodies was required. The characterization protocol initially involved testing the specificity of the antibodies on bacterially produced Tm proteins. We then confirmed that these Tm antibodies can be used to probe the expression and subcellular localization of different Tm isoforms by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining of cells in culture, and immunohistochemistry of paraffin wax-embedded mouse tissues. These Tm antibodies, therefore, have the capacity to monitor specific actin filament populations in a range of experimental systems.
Distributed Constrained Optimization over Networked Systems via A Singular Perturbation Method

This paper studies a constrained optimization problem over networked systems with an undirected and connected communication topology. The algorithm proposed in this work utilizes singular perturbation, dynamic average consensus, and saddle point dynamics methods to tackle the problem for a general class of objective function and affine constraints in a fully distributed manner. It is shown that the private information of agents in the interconnected network is guaranteed in our proposed strategy. The theoretical guarantees on the optimality of the solution are provided by rigorous analyses. We apply the new proposed solution into energy networks by a demonstration of two simulations.
Peripheral tolerance limits CNS accumulation of CD8 T cells specific for an antigen shared by tumor cells and normal astrocytes

T cell mediated immunotherapies are proposed for many cancers including malignant astrocytoma. As such therapies become more potent, but not necessarily more tumor‐specific, the risk of collateral autoimmune damage to normal tissue increases. Tumors of the brain present significant challenges in this respect, as autoimmune destruction of brain tissue could have severe consequences. To investigate local immune reactivity toward a tumor‐associated antigen in the brain, transgenic mice were generated that express a defined antigen (CW3170–179) in astroglial cells. The resulting six transgenic mouse lines expressed the transgenic self‐antigen in cells of the gastrointestinal tract and CNS compartments, or in the CNS alone. By challenging transgenic mice with tumor cells that express CW3, self/tumor‐specific immune responses were visualized within a normal polyclonal T cell repertoire. A large expansion of the endogenous CW3170–179‐specific CD8 T cell population was observed in nontransgenic mice after both subcutaneous and intracerebral implantation of tumor cells. In contrast, CW3170–179‐specific immune responses were not observed in transgenic mice that exhibited extracerebral transgene expression. Importantly, in certain groups of mice in which transgene expression was restricted to the CNS, antigen‐specific immune responses occurred when tumor was implanted subcutaneously, but not intracerebrally. This local immune tolerance in the brain was induced via peripheral (extrathymic) rather than central (thymic) tolerance mechanisms. Thus, this study highlights the role of regional immune regulation in the prevention of autoimmunity in the brain, and the potential impact of these mechanisms for brain tumor immunotherapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.