Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of pollution prevention and control technology for plating operations

The National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS) is sponsoring an on-going project to assess pollution prevention and control technology available to the plating industry and to make this information available to those who can benefit from it. Completed project activities include extensive surveys of the plating industry and vendors of technologies and an indepth literature review. The plating industry survey was performed in cooperation with the National Association of Metal Finishers. The contractor that conducted the surveys and prepared the project products was CAI Engineering. The initial products of the project were made available in April, 1994. These products include an extensive report that presents the results of the surveys and literature review and an electronic database. The project results are useful for all those associated with pollution prevention and control in the plating industry. The results show which treatment, recovery and bath maintenance technologies have been most successful for different plating processes and the costs for purchasing and operating these technologies. The project results also cover trends in chemical substitution, the identification of compliance-problem pollutants, sludge generation rates, off-site sludge recovery and disposal options, and many other pertinent topics.
Sodium Bromodifluoroacetate:A Difluorocarbene Source for the Synthesis of gem-Difluorocyclopropanes

As a new difluorocarbene source, sodium bromodifluoroacetate (BrCF2CO2Na) was found to be effective for high-yielding­ synthesis of gem-difluorocyclopropanes and gem-difluorocyclopropenes under mild conditions.
Thought and Language: Index

Preface 1. Introduction: One tradition in the philosophical study of thought and language John Preston 2. Seeing through language Donald Davidson 3. 'The only sure sign. ': thought and language in Descartes John Cottingham 4. Words and pictures John Hyman 5. Social externalism and conceptual diversity Andrew Woodfield 6. The explanation of cognition John R. Searle 7. Thought without language: thought without awareness L. Weiskrantz 8. Philosophy, thought and language Hans-Johann Glock 9. The flowering of thought in language W. V. Quine 10. Talking to cats, rats and bats K. V. Wilkes 11. Analyticity, linguistic rules and epistemic evaluation Christopher Hookway 12. How to do other things with words Daniel C. Dennett Bibliography Index.
Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization Initiated with Ultraviolet Radiation

Styrene was polymerized under a source of ultraviolet radiation in the presence of certain thiocarbonylthio compounds. Use of 1-phenylethyl phenyldithioacetate (1-PEPDTA) produced well-defined polymers with molecular weights close to those predicted from theory, up to conversions of 30%. The mechanism of polymerization was examined and shown to proceed via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer, as opposed to reversible termination with a thiocarbonylthiyl radical. UV-induced decomposition of the dithioester moiety in 1-PEPDTA and 1-phenylethyl dithiobenzoate (1-PEDB) mediated RAFT polymerizations was followed using UV/vis spectrophotometry, 1-PEPDTA decomposed much slower than 1-PEDB. Analysis of the decomposition products of 1-PEPDTA with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to elucidate a possible mechanism for its degradation, suggesting that both 1-phenylethyl and benzyl radicals are decomposition products.
Determination of Metal Impurities at Near Surface of Silicon Wafer by Etching Method

The metal impurities in specific regions at near surface of silicon wafer were determined by constant depth etching·lt is possible to etch uniformly over the entire wafer surface by 1 depth with 5 mL of etching solution made up of HF and HNO mixed by l:3 volume ratio. The microwave oven was used to evaporate the solution after etching. After spiking, The recoveries of Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Mg and K were found to be 99∼105%ted in polysilicon region and could be quantified by 1 depth
Ethylene Glycol and Glycerin as the Solvent for Alkaline Treatment of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Fabrics

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics are treated with sodium hydroxide using ethylene glycol or glycerin as the solvent. Compared with conventional aqueous alkaline hydrolysis, the degradation rate in ethylene glycol increases tenfold. The kinetics of the alkaline-ethylene glycol treatment show that the weight loss is linear with respect to time. The moisture regain rate and tensile properties of the treated fabrics are measured; other tests include scanning electron microscopy and dyeing properties. The results show that the properties of the treated fabrics do not depend significantly on the solvent; therefore, using ethylene glycol can greatly shorten the treatment time to achieve results similar to those with the conventional aqueous system.
Synthesis and Application of La0.59Ca0.41CoO3 Nanotubes

Perovskite-type La 0 . 5 9 Ca 0 . 4 1 CoO 3 nanotubes were prepared by a sol-gel template method. The composition, morphology, structure, microstructure, and surface properties of the as-prepared products were characterizedby inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. The as-prepared nanotubes were used as the catalysts in the air electrode for oxygen evolution, exhibiting superior catalytic activity and durability in comparison with that of the electrodes made by nanoparticles. This is promising for the La 0 . 5 9 Ca 0 . 4 1 CoO 3 nanotubes as electrocatalysts of air electrodes in fuel cells and rechargeable metal-air batteries. Furthermore, the La 0 . 5 9 C 0 . 4 1 CoO 3 nanotubes were made into sensors and the sensitivity to hydrogen and ethanol was also measured, showing the tube interest in the application of gas sensors due to the nanostructure with interconnected hollow behavior.
Influence of Chloride Concentration on the Active Dissolution and Passivation of Nickel Electrodes in Acid Sulfate Solutions

The influence of Cl - ion concentration on the active dissolution and passivation of polycrystalline nickel rotating disk electrodes in sulfuric acid-potassium sulfate solutions at pH 2.6 and 25°C was studied. The voltammetric data suggest that the passive layer results from a complex reaction involving the electrodissolution of the base metal, the formation of the anodic layer and its partial chemical dissolution. The influence of Cl - ions under different hydrodynamic conditions is discussed taking into account the competitive adsorption involving Cl - ions and species containing oxygen at the initial stages of the reaction yielding soluble products, and the appearance of Ni(OH) 2 as a new phase. Solution stirring favors the electrodissolution reaction by increasing the transport rate of Cl - and H + ions to the electrode surface, and simultaneously decreasing the thickness of the Ni(OH) 2 layer
Chemical composition of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) grown on acid sulfate soils

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of soil geochemistry on the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, P, Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) grown on acid sulfate (AS) soils in Western Finland. A total of 11 topsoil (0–20 cm) and corresponding cabbage samples and three whole-soil profiles (≈ 0–260 cm) were collected on three agricultural fields. The concentrations of Co and Zn in cabbage were correlated with the NH4Ac-extractable (easily available) concentrations in the topsoil, indicating that the uptake of these elements in cabbage is largely governed by soil geochemistry. Yet, the concentrations of Co and Zn in cabbage were not in general elevated relative to that of Finnish average values, although some AS soils showed enriched concentrations of these metals in the soil and cabbage. Significant geochemical differences (e.g., oxidation depth, organic-matter and S content, pH) were observed among the studied AS soils, while, on the other hand, the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, P, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Fe in cabbage were relatively similar. The hydroxylamine-extractable concentrations of these elements in the topsoil were not correlated to those in cabbage, suggesting that uptake is not governed by the oxide-bound fraction of these elements in the soil. Similarly, the easily available concentrations of Ca, P, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Fe in the topsoil were not correlated to those in cabbage, indicating that uptake is independent of the easily available concentrations in the soil. Hence, it is suggested that cabbage can regulate and thus optimize its concentrations of Ca, P, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Fe. Oxidation depth affected neither the easily available concentrations of Co, Ni, Zn, and Mn in the topsoil nor the concentrations in cabbage. However, the subsoil with a lower oxidation depth, which is to a smaller extent affected by leaching, may partly be enriched in these metals. Nevertheless, these showed no increased concentrations in cabbage. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the large amounts of metals mobilized in AS soils are easily lost to drains, subsequently contaminating nearby waterways and estuaries whereas they are only partly enriched in cabbage and other previously studied crops (oat).
Séparation des isomères de l’hexane par des solides hybrides poreux (MOFs)

Le principal objectif de cette recherche est l’evaluation de nouveaux adsorbants nommes Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) pour la separation des isomeres de l'hexane afin d'ameliorer l'indice d'octane de l’essence. La separation des isomeres de l'hexane est actuellement realisee par Total Isomerization Processes (TIP) base sur l’utilisation de la zeolithe 5A qui permet d’isoler les paraffines «non normales». Afin d'ameliorer et de tester d’autres adsorbants, des structures MOFs flexibles et rigides ont ete synthetisees et evaluees pour cette separation au travers de series de courbes de percage avec des melanges d’isomeres de l’hexane nHEX, 3MP, 22DMB et 23DMB. Cela a permis d'obtenir des isothermes d'adsorption a l'equilibre et une analyse de leurs performances a permis de trouver les structures plus performantes. L’UiO-66(Zr) fonctionnalise par des groupes –Br, –NO2, et –NH2, les solides mesoporeux MIL-100(Cr) et son analogue fonctionnalise MIL-100(Cr) greffe avec des alkylamines, le solide microporeux MIL-125(Ti) fonctionnalise avec un groupe –NH2 et le tetracarboxylate de fer(III) microporeux MIL-127(Fe) sont les solides rigides etudies. Les structures flexibles sont les dicarboxylates de fer(III) MIL-53(Fe) fonctionnalises –(CF3)2, –2CH3, le ZIF-8 a base d’imidazolate et un polymorphe MIL-88B(Fe) fonctionnalise –2CF3. La caracterisation de ces adsorbants cristallins a ete realisee par combinaison de diffraction des rayons X (XRPD), spectroscopie infrarouge (IR), analyse thermogravimetrique (TGA) et la porosimetrie d’adsorption d’azote. Les solides MIL-53(Fe)–(CF3)2 et ZIF-8 demontrent un effect de tamis moleculaires avec un comportement remarquable.
Removal of Janus Green dye from aqueous solutions using oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were oxidized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption characteristics of the oxidized MWCNT adsorbent were examined using Janus Green (JG) as adsorbate. In batch tests, the effects of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature were studied. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 56 mg g−1. The experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherm models, the first one being the most appropriate. Kinetic analysis showed that adsorption was most accurately represented by a pseudo-second-order model.
Combined atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy measurements as a method of erythrocyte investigation

A specially developed complex, combining functions of optical and force microscopy, was used for investigation human blood cells, namely erythrocytes. The evaluation of the red blood cells form has a significant practical interest, so far as it determines the functional states of these cells and may change under the influence of many external factors and also in the case of some pathology. We received erythrocytes surface topography recorded by atomic force microscopy in the air conditions comparing two methods of simples' preparation. Also we derived the contrast image of cytoskeleton spatial structure of intact red blood cells and made the quantitative analysis of their elastic properties using the techniques of force spectroscopy. The possibility of the investigations of these biological objects using atomic force microscopy gives wide opportunities for the future research.
Electron avalanches influenced by detachment and conversion processes

The authors analyze the avalanche growth in electronegative gases which exhibit detachment and conversion processes in addition to ionization and attachment processes. The study is based on an evaluation of the model of H.F. A. Verhaart and van der Laan (1982). Humid air is taken as an example to demonstrate, with this model, the effects of detachments and conversion processes on the avalanche electron distribution across the gap and on the external current waveform. The model is also used to determine swarm parameters from fast swarm experiments. The results show that detachment and conversion affect the electron distribution in the avalanche and can thereby influence the streamer breakdown threshold. The neglect of these process in the analysis of swarm experiments results in measured values for the effective ionization coefficient that can may substantially differ from the true values. >
Determining the Contact Angle of a Nonwetting Liquid in Pores by Liquid Intrusion Calorimetry

A microcalorimetric method is proposed to determine the contact angle of a nonwetting liquid within a mesoporous solid. It is based on the simultaneous measurement of the heat and work of wetting, as the pressure is raised. The method simply requires a previous determination of the surface area to be wetted. It allows one to carry out liquid intrusion porosimetry without any a priori assumption on the contact angle. This method is, in principle, applicable to mercury porosimetry. Its feasibility is shown here for water in porous hydrophobic silicas.
Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium

Titanium, zirconium, and hafnium belong to the group IVB of the periodic table. A characteristic feature of these transition elements is the ease with which they form stable complex ions. Features that contribute to this ability are favorably high charge-to-radius ratios and the availability of unfilled d orbitals. The ability of forming metallic bonds is demonstrated by the existence of a wide variety of alloys among different transition metals. Other features of these metals are high densities, high melting points, and low vapor pressures. Within this group, these properties tend to increase with increasing atomic weight. This chapter discusses the chemical and physical properties followed by the toxicity of each chemical and compound in three sections: the first section provides details on titanium, the second section on zirconium, and the third section on hafnium. Tables present the atomic number, atomic weight, and natural isotopes of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium. Keywords: Alloys; by-products; exposure assessment; hafnium; hafnium compounds; lung function; physical and chemical properties; production; occurrence; standards, guidelines, and regulations; superalloys; titanium; titanium compounds; toxic effects; use; zirconium; zirconium compounds
The electron diffraction rechnique

The Electron Diffraction Technique, A Survey: The Gas-Phase Technique of Molecular Structure Determination Status of Electron Scattering Theory with Respect to Accuracy in Structure Analyses Small-Angle Electron Scattering by Gas Molecules: Experimental and Theoretical Aspects Determination of Electron Density Distribution from High-Energy Electron Scattering Temperature Dependence of Structural Parameters: Theory and Experiment Gas Electron Diffraction Experiment Joint Use of Electron Diffraction and High-Resolution Spectroscopic Data for Accurate Determination of Molecular Structure Spectroscopic Information from Electron Diffraction Molecular Orbital Constrained Electron Diffraction (MOCED) Studies: The Concerted Use of Electron Diffraction and Quantum Chemical Considerations Self-Consistent Molecular Models from a Combination of Electron Diffraction, Microwave, and Infrared Data Together with High-Quality Theoretical Calculations Conformational and Thermodynamic Properties from Electron Diffraction Investigation of Large-Amplitude Motion Linking Gas Electron Diffraction and EXAFS? Combined Application of Electron Diffraction and Liquid Crystal NMR Spectroscopy Low-Resolution Microwave Spectroscopy and Its Combination with Electron Diffraction Gas-Phase X-Ray Diffraction.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched Aromatic Homo- and Copolyesters via the Slow Monomer Addition Method

Random bulk polycondensation and the slow monomer addition (SMA) strategy have been employed for the preparation of hyperbranched aromatic homo- and copolyesters, based on 3,5-bis(trimethylsiloxy)benzoyl chloride (AB2 monomer) and 3-(trimethylsiloxy)benzoyl chloride (AB comonomer). Whereas random copolycondensation in bulk yielded limited molecular weights (Mn = 2900−8400; SEC-LALLS in DMF/GHC), considerably higher molecular weights and low polydispersities were obtained under slow monomer addition conditions (Mn = 83 000−278 000; PD = 1.09−1.49). Copolymerization of the AB2 and AB monomers resulted in polymers with controlled degrees of branching (DB) in the range 0−0.5. In the random copolycondensation the theoretical DB values could be confirmed by detailed analysis of the 13C NMR data, demonstrating equal reactivity of the comonomers. Using the slow monomer addition strategy (SMA), the DB was significantly enhanced above the value of 0.5 for bulk AB2 polycondensation to 0.61−0.66, in agreement with th.
Test of Full and Partial Tube Dilation Pictures in Entangled Blends of Linear Polyisoprenes

The molecular picture of dynamic tube dilation (DTD) was tested for viscoelastic and dielectric data for two series of entangled binary blends of linear cis-polyisoprenes (PI) having 10-3M2 = 308 and 10-3M1 = 94.0 or 21.4. The volume fraction υ2 of the high-M chains was varied from 0.005 to 0.5. The Struglinski−Graessley parameter rSG (= M2Me2M1-3), specifying the constraint release (CR) contribution to the relaxation of high-M chains at small υ2, was quite different for the two series of blends (rSG = 0.0093 and 0.79). For large υ2 (= 0.5), the full-DTD picture treating the relaxed portions of the chains as a simple solvent held satisfactorily in the entire range of time t irrespective of the rSG value. However, on a decrease of υ2, this picture began to fail at intermediate t and further at long t (in the terminal regime of the high-M chains), and the failure was more significant for the blend with small rSG. This failure occurred when the number βCR(t) of the entanglement segments equilibrated through .
Addison Wesley's Review for the Computer Science AP Exam in C++

From the Publisher: This book provides the Java review, sample tests, and test-taking hints needed to help high-school students prepare for the AP Exam in Computer Science. Four comprehensive sample exams-just like the ones students take on exam day. Review of all the core Java topics needed to know to ace the exam. An extensive glossary that provides quick and easy reference of Java and general computer science terms. A multitude of test-taking hints that will focus readers on the important aspects of the questions so they can quickly move through the exam Students who are preparing to take the AP Computer Science exam.
Pervaporation Characteristics of Aqueous Isopropanol Solution Using Tubular Type PDMS/Ceramic Composite Membrane

PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane)/ceramic composite membrane was used in pervaporation process in order to enhance the flux with maintaining proper selectivity. In pervaporation of IPA(Isopropanol) from aqueous IPA solution, selectivities of IPA decreased and fluxes increased with concentration of IPA in feed mixtures. In removal of IPA from aqueous IPA solution by using PDMS/ceramic composite membrane, selectivities of IPA increased with operating temperature in the range from 0 to 20 wt% of IPA in feed mixtures. This phenomenon could be explained in terms of coupling effects between permeant and composite membrane and between permeants. Among these effects, capillary condensation could be importantly considered due to hydrophilicity and porous structure of ceramic support. In order to investigate the effect of ceramic support on pervaporation characteristics, pervaporation with homogeneous PDMS membrane without ceramic support was carried out with the same feed mixtures. In the case of non-supported membrane, the selectivities of IPA decreased with operating temperature in all the concentration range of IPA in feed mixtures.
Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements

CHAP 1 - Introduction to the Guide CHAP 2 - Solution chemistry of carbon dioxide in sea water CHAP 3 - Quality assurance CHAP 4 - Recommended standard operating procedures (SOPs) SOP 1 - Water sampling for the parameters of the oceanic carbon dioxide system SOP 2 - Determination of total dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water SOP 3a - Determination of total alkalinity in sea water using a closed-cell titration SOP 3b - Determination of total alkalinity in sea water using an open-cell titration SOP 4 - Determination of p(CO2) in air that is in equilibrium with a discrete sample of sea water SOP 5 - Determination of p(CO2) in air that is in equilibrium with a continuous stream of sea water SOP 6a - Determination of the pH of sea water using a glass/reference electrode cell SOP 6b - Determination of the pH of sea water using the indicator dye m-cresol purple SOP 7 - Determination of dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen in sea water SOP 7 en Espanol - Determinacion de carbono organico disuelto y nitrogeno total disuelto en agua de mar SOP 11 - Gravimetric calibration of the volume of a gas loop using water SOP 12 - Gravimetric calibration of volume delivered using water SOP 13 - Gravimetric calibration of volume contained using water SOP 14 - Procedure for preparing sodium carbonate solutions for the calibration of coulometric CT measurements SOP 21 - Applying air buoyancy corrections SOP 22 - Preparation of control charts SOP 23 - Statistical techniques used in quality assessment SOP 24 - Calculation of the fugacity of carbon dioxide in the pure gas or in air CHAP 5 - Physical and thermodynamic data Errata - to the hard copy of the Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements