Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of different application timings of methane fermentation digested liquid to paddy plots on soil nitrogen and rice yield

Treatment of animal and food wastes using a methane fermentation technique is drawing considerable public attention as a suitable option for the utilization of biomass resources. The application of a fermentation byproduct (methane fermentation digested liquid) as an agricultural fertilizer has been investigated. Determining the appropriate timing required for applying digested liquid on a rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy plot is important. The concentrations of soil nitrogen (N) components and rice yield should be considered because digested liquid contains both inorganic and organic N. This study compares the N transformation and the rice yield and growth at different application times over a period of 3 y. The effects of the timing of basal application on soil N were different and the timing that maximized the rice yield was different in each year. Days before ponding (DBP) affected soil N before mid-summer drainage, and rice growth rates at the panicle formation stage and the ear emergence stage. The effects of DBP disappeared before harvest. The results indicated that sufficient potentially mineralizable N existed regardless of DBP, and the effect of DBP lessened after the mid-summer drainage, which coincides with the period when N uptake is most active.
Offline Based Ransomware Detection and Analysis Method using Dynamic API Calls Flow Graph

최근 랜섬웨어 탐지는 디지털 콘텐츠 보호를 위한 컴퓨터 보안 분야에서 중요한 주요한 이슈가 되고 있다. 그러나 불행하게도 현재 시그니쳐 기반이나 정적 탐지 모델의 경우 압축 및 암호화 등의 기법을 이용하여 탐지를 피해갈 수 있다. 이를 극복하기 위해 본 논문에서는 RF, SVM, SL, NB 알고리즘 같은 데이터 마이닝 기법을 이용한 다이나믹 랜섬웨어 탐지 시스템을 제안하였다. 이 기법은 실제 소프트웨어를 구동 시켜 동작 행위를 추출해 API 호출 흐름 그래프를 만들고 그 특징을 분석에 이용하였다. 그 후 데 이터 정규화, 특징 선택 작업을 진행하였다. 우리는 이러한 분석과정을 더욱더 개선 시켰다. 마지막으로 데이터 마이닝 알고리즘 을 적용시켜 랜섬웨어인지를 판별하였다. 제안한 알고리즘의 성능 측정을 위해 더 적합한 추가 샘플 랜섬웨어 데이터를 수집하여 실험하였고 탐지성능이 향상되었음을 보여주었다.
Determinação do teor de ésteres graxos em biodiesel metílico de soja por cromatografia gasosa utilizando oleato de etila como padrão interno

A method for ester content determination in soybean methyl biodiesel was studied, using ethyl oleate as internal standard. A biodiesel sample was analyzed and had its purity estimated as 92.8%. Method accuracy was evaluated by comparison with the result obtained via EN14103, with a relative difference of 0.1%. Repetitivity and intermediate precision were estimated as 2 and 1.5%, respectively.
Membrane-Assisted Charge Separation and Photocatalytic Activity in Embedded TiO2: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study

TiO2 dispersed in polyester acrylate membranes was tested as a photocatalyst in the phenol mineralization reaction assisted by molecular oxygen. Kinetics experiments revealed that, although embedded, the oxide maintains significant catalytic activity. This result was first attributed to the homogeneous dispersion inside the polymeric host of TiO2 nanocrystals, which can be easily irradiated and interact with the reactants. Furthermore, the investigation of the photogenerated charge carriers in the photocatalyst demonstrated that electrons are trapped on Ti3+ centers, while holes are trapped on C-centered species of the polymer matrix. In the presence of O2, the C-centered radicals of the polymer transform into peroxy radicals, reinforcing the charge separation in the polymer-embedded oxide with respect to the powder. The positive interference of the polymer matrix in reinforcing the electron−hole separation is responsible for the relevant photoactivity of the embedded TiO2.
High Quality Factor Graphene Resonator Fabrication Using Resist Shrinkage-Induced Strain

We used SU-8 shrinkage to fabricate strained graphene resonators to produce a high quality factor in a graphene resonator. A-few-layer graphene resonators were fabricated on a trench of an SU-8 resist. These resonators were clamped with diamond-like carbon (DLC), which was deposited by using focused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition (FIB-CVD), and trimmed by using FIB etching. Annealing was used to apply tensile strain to the graphene resonators because SU-8 shrinks drastically. We also observed an increase in resonant frequency and quality factor in these graphene resonators after annealing. At room temperature, the quality factor of the best sample exceeded 7,000 for a resonator length of 10 µm.
Low concentration of HgCl2 drives rat hepatocytes to autophagy/apoptosis/necroptosis in a time-dependent manner

Mercury (Hg) is known to produce hepatotoxicity driving cells towards apoptosis. It was recently reported that low concentrations of Hg (5 μM) initiate autophagy in vitro within 30 min of incubation modulated by several autophagy-related gene proteins, and co-regulators through ubiquitination. The present study aimed to elucidate in vitro mode of cytotoxic responses including programed cell death in 5-μM Hg-treated rat hepatocytes. Autophagy proceeded from 30 min to 4 hr mediated by crosstalk between specific regulating factors of cell-death-signaling mechanisms. It was noted that after 4-hr incubation with 5 μM HgCl2, cells were driven towards apoptosis followed by necroptosis within 6.5 hr. Receptor-interacting serine-threonine protein 3 (RIP3) and caspase-8 played a significant role in interlinking function. The positive role of caspase-8 with RIP3 significantly triggered caspase-3 via extrinsic apoptotic pathway. A shift from apoptosis to necroptosis occurred after 6 hr via tumor necrosis factor α-RIP3-caspase-8 pathway. No alteration in caspase-3 expression and presence of high-mobility group box 1 protein in nucleus indicated absence of apoptosis and necrosis in rat hepatocytes between 6.5 and 8 hr. Data indicated that cellular homeostasis is regulated by modulating different proteins and driving hepatocytes through autophagy to apoptosis to necroptosis in a time-dependent manner.
Speciation study of Cr(VI/III) reacting with humic substances and determination of local structure of Cr binding humic substances using XAFS spectroscopy

Copyright © 2012 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. phenomenon presenting important implications for environmental problems (Wittbrodt and Palmer, 1996, 1997; Kožuh et al., 2000). Reduction-oxidation studies of Cr in soils have mainly targeted estimation of the reduction kinetics and stability constants (complexation capacities), or have addressed the presence of Cr(VI) (Fukushima et al., 1995; Wittbrodt and Palmer, 1995, 1996, 1997; Nakayasu et al., 1999; Kožuh et al., 2000). Information about the detailed chemical structure of Cr in nature is also necessary for complete understanding of toxicity and stability. However, determining a chemical state of Cr during or after a reaction process of Cr(VI) and soils is challenging because the soil system is too complex for speciation studies of Cr. Analysis using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is effective for determination of a valence state and a chemical form of metals in heterogeneous materials because it yields information with elemental selectivity obtained through Speciation study of Cr(VI/III) reacting with humic substances and determination of local structure of Cr binding humic substances using XAFS spectroscopy
Emulsifying and Foaming Properties of a Derivatized Whey Protein Ingredient

A derivatization procedure for the production of a cold gelling whey protein isolate (WPI) has been identified. The cold gelling derivatized whey protein isolate (dWPI) imparted greater viscosity and water holding ability when rehydrated at room temperature than unmodified whey powders. The objective of this study was to further characterize the foaming and emulsifying functionality of the derivatized ingredient. Samples were prepared by hydrating dWPI and WPI in deionized water and, when needed, adjusting the sample pH from 3.4 to 6.8, with 6M NaOH. Yield stress, drainage, and overrun were measured for 6.5% WPI and dWPI foams. Emulsifying capacity and creaming stability were determined for various WPI and dWPI emulsions. The overrun of dWPI foams was approximately 50% lower than WPI foams at pH 3.4 and 6.8. Foams of the derivatized ingredient were significantly more stable than WPI foams. The derivatized ingredient displayed a similar emulsifying capacity to WPI at pH 3.4 and pH 7.0, and differences were not observed in creaming of dWPI and WPI emulsions. Information on foaming and emulsifying ability of derivatized protein ingredients will expedite the development of applications with the novel dairy ingredient, particularly in those foods desiring an all-natural, or all dairy, food label.
Etherification of tert-Amyl Alcohol with Methanol over Ion-Exchange Resin

tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME) is a proven high octane additive. The synthesis of tert-amyl methyl ether from tert-amyl alcohol and methanol has been carried out in the presence of a variety of solid acid catalysts. Amberlyst-36 was found to be very effective in comparison with other solid acids. A complete theoretical and experimental analysis is presented for the model studies of tert-amyl alcohol with methanol. The parallel reactions of tert-amyl alcohol adsorbed on the sites were found to control the overall rate of reaction, which led to the formation of TAME, 2-methyl-1-butene (2MB1), and 2-methyl-2-butene (2MB2). The reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics at a fixed catalyst loading. The individual rate constants for the formation of TAME, 2MB1, and 2MB2 were also evaluated from the same data.
Multigram synthesis of copper nanowires using ac electrodeposition into porous aluminium oxide templates

Multigram quantities of Cu nanowires ca. 25 nm in diameter and µm in length have been produced by AC electrodeposition into porous aluminium oxide (PAO) templates. Multiple, large-area Al electrodes (5 × 11 cm or 10 × 25 cm) are anodized in parallel at 25.0 V in 0.3 M H2SO4(aq) using custom built baths. The pores are efficiently filled by applying 200 Hz sine waves at 10 Vrms between the anodized Al and Cu plate counter electrodes immersed in a 0.50 M CuSO4(aq) solution. Dissolution of the PAO template in 0.6 M H3PO4 to free the Cu nanowires results in significant coarsening of the nanowires, whereas dissolution of the PAO template in 1.0 M NaOH(aq) results in retention of the Cu nanowire diameters corresponding to the pore diameter of the PAO template. Liberated Cu nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Electrochemical Aptasensor for Determination of Mucin 1 by P-Aminophenol Redox Cycling

Mucins, produced by epithelial tissues in most metazoans, have served as reliable molecular biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this work, a competitive electrochemical aptasensor is reported for the determination of mucin 1 protein by p-aminophenol redox cycling. Specifically, the conjugates produced between biotinylated mucin 1 and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase were captured by an anti-mucin 1 aptamer-modified electrode, which induced the production of electrochemically active p-aminophenol from the p-aminophenyl phosphate substrate. The resulting p-aminophenol was cycled by tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine after its oxidization on the electrode, thus enabling an increase in the anodic current. Because the mucin 1 competed with the conjugates to bind the anchored aptamer, the signal decreased with an increase in protein concentration between 0.5 and 6 nM. As a result, a detection limit of 0.1 nM was achieved. To demonstrate the viability of the method for real samples, the effects of glucose, blood serum, and other proteins (e.g., thrombin, human immunoglobulin G, and Zn7-metallothionein) were investigated.
Towards state selective measurements of the H3+ dissociative recombination rate coefficient

Ion storage and trapping techniques in connection with efficient internal state control and diagnostic for molecular ions offer the potential of providing rate coefficients for the dissociative recombination of H3+ for well-defined initial rotational states, required for understanding the role of this ion in the interstellar medium and other cold environments. Information on the vibrational and rotational excitation in stored H3+ ion beams, as obtained from experiments at the ion storage ring TSR, is reviewed. In addition, the arrangement of the TSR injector trap, using buffer gas cooling in a cryogenic radiofrequency multipole structure to inject pulses of internally cold H3+ ions into the TSR via a high-energy accelerator, is outlined. An account is given of tests towards the in-situ diagnostic of rotational level populations, where laser transitions between low-lying rovibrational levels could be detected in dilute H3+ ion ensembles using chemical probing in the radiofrequency multipole ion trap.
Synthesis and reactivity of arylgold(III) complexes from aromatic hydrocarbons via C–H bond activation

The reactions of anhydrous gold(III) chloride [AuCl3]2 with aromatic hydrocarbons (ArH) such as benzene, toluene, xylenes, mesitylene, cumene, methoxybenzene and chlorobenzene, and the following treatment with 2,6-lutidine (lut) gave stable arylgold(III) complexes [AuArCl2(lut)]. These auration reactions proceeded heterogeneously in hexane and homogeneously in diethyl ether. The 1H NMR spectra of the arylgold(III) complexes revealed that aurations towards aromatic compounds take place regiospecifically at the position with higher electron density and with less steric hindrances. The trans configuration of the arylgold(III) complexes was established by means of their far-IR spectra and confirmed for [Au(2,5-Me2C6H3)Cl2(lut)] by its single-crystal X-ray structure. The reactions of [AuArCl2(lut)] (Ar = phenyl, 2,5-xylyl) with a terminal alkyne, phenyacetylene (HCCPh), afforded arylated phenylacetylenes ArCCPh.
Paste Residence Time in a Spouted Bed Dryer. III: Effect of Paste Properties and Quality Interactions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of paste properties on residence time during drying in a spouted bed dryer with inert bodies. The effect of paste solids content, surface tension, and viscosity on the residence time distribution and the mean residence times were studied using factorial experimental designs. The inert bodies used were glass and polyethylene beads. The mean residence times varied from 13.6 to 16.3 and 12.2 to 17.7 min for drying on glass and polyethylene beads, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that mean residence times significantly depended on solids content and surface tension for glass beads and also on viscosity for polyethylene beads. The residence time distributions for all conditions studied fitted well to the perfect mixing cell when applying the continuous stirred vessels in series model analysis. The powder density, flowability, and particle size depended on paste properties and inert type.
Modeling Radiative Transfer by Aerosol Particles on a Filter

A model for calculation of radiative transfer in a layer of particles on a fiber filter that takes into account multiple scattering has been developed. It was shown that the model describes calibration curves for the black smoke method. Multiple scattering and variations in the black carbon fraction are the main factors that control complex relationships between substrate loading and optical response. It was obtained that on average for the UK the fraction of the black carbon decreased from about 23% in the 1960s to about 10% in the 1990s. An approach has been suggested to convert black smoke data into PM 10 . A new method of measuring PM 10 based on measuring light reflectance of two filters containing the same aerosol but different surface mass concentrations is suggested. The model can be applied to the integrating plate and other optical methods.
Kriging interpolation method for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis of Zn in various soils

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine Zn concentrations in various types of soils, and discarding and kriging interpolation methods were combined to enhance the accuracy and precision of the LIBS analysis. In order to determine Zn concentrations in 10 field soils, the discarding method was used for pre-treatment of LIBS data acquisition. A remarkable decrease of relative standard deviation was observed indicating a significant increase of pulse-to-pulse precision. Nine artificial soil sets containing different contents of sand, kaolin, and goethite were manufactured for the interpolation database, and they displayed differing LIBS broadband spectra due to their respective sample matrices. In addition, the calibration slope of each soil set varied significantly showing up to a 3.36-fold difference. We found that the matrix effect derived from sand, kaolin, and goethite contents can be determined by detecting major elements in soil (Si, Al, and Fe) from LIBS analysis without additional measurements. The kriging interpolation model was applied using the database obtained from the artificial soil sets. The concentration of Zn in field soils calculated from data treatment methods showed significantly accurate results when compared to ICP-OES analysis results. By minimizing factors affecting the LIBS result, heavy metal concentrations in various types of soils can be determined using a developed database without calibration.
Determination of Triazole Fungicides Using Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction Prior to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis

A two phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the separation and determination of triazole fungicides, namely, penconazole, hexaconazole, diclobutrazole and diniconazole, is described. The extraction conditions were optimized for the four triazole fungicides as follows: extractant solvent, toluene; extraction time, 20 min; stirring rate, 720 rpm; no salt addition; and no pH adjustment. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity (r2 = 0.997–0.999), acceptable reproducibility (RSD% = 6–9%), low limit of detection (0.3–0.8 μg·L–1), and satisfactory relative recoveries. The linear range is 1–5000 μg·L–1. The developed HF-LPME method was applied for the determination of triazole fungicides in farm, river, and tap water and also grape juice samples.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Detection of Arsenic(III) at Gold Nanoparticle‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes Prepared by Electrodeposition in the Presence of Various Additives

The simple, fast and highly sensitive anodic stripping voltammetric detection of As(III) at a gold (Au) nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon (GC) (nano-Au/GC) electrode in HCl solution was extensively studied. The Au nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto GC electrode using chronocoulometric technique via a potential step from 1.1 to 0 V vs. Ag|AgCl|NaCl (sat.) in 0.5 M H2SO4 containing Na[AuCl4] in the presence of KI, KBr, Na2S and cysteine additives. Surfaces of the resulting nano-Au/GC electrodes were characterized with cyclic voltammetry. The performances of the nano-Au/GC electrodes, which were prepared using different concentrations of Na[AuCl4] (0.05–0.5 mM) and KI additive (0.01–1.0 mM) at various deposition times (10–30 s), for the voltammetric detection of As(III) were examined. After the optimization, a high sensitivity of 0.32 mA cm−2 μM−1 and detection limit of 0.024 μM (1.8 ppb) were obtained using linear sweep voltammetry.
Application of steered molecular dynamics (SMD) to study DNA–drug complexes and probing helical propensity of amino acids

We present the preliminary results of two computer experiments involving the application of an external force to molecular systems. In the first experiment we simulated the process of pulling out a simple intercalator, the 9-aminoacridine molecule, from its complex with a short DNA oligonucleotide in aqueous solution. Removing a drug from the DNA is assumed to be an opposite process to the complex formation. The force and energy profiles suggest that formation of the DNA–9-aminoacridine complex is preferred when the acridine approaches the DNA from the minor groove rather than the major groove side. For a given mode of pulling the intercalation process is also shown to be nucleotide sequence dependent. In another computer experiment we performed a series of molecular dynamics simulations for stretching short, containing 15 amino acids, helical polypeptides in aqueous solution using an external force. The purpose of these simulations is to check whether this type of approach is sensitive enough to probe the sequence dependent helical propensity of short polypeptides.
Simultaneous determination of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium in virgin olive oils by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection

Analysis of trace elements in virgin olive oil (VOO) is important for nutritional information, geographical characterization, and adulteration detection. In this study, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in VOO were extracted to an aqueous solution with the aid of ultrasound energy, which was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D). The metal ions were separated in less than 3 min with good peak resolutions. The CE-C4D method exhibited good linearity, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.9978 to 0.9995. The limits of quantification for Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were 0.029, 0.029, 0.033, and 0.044 mg kg−1, respectively. The results of the recovery tests at three concentration levels ranged from 80.5% to 119.6% with a relative standard deviation of 0.6 to 18.1%. The proposed CE-C4D method was successfully applied for determination of the target analytes in five commercial samples of VOO.
Comparison of Soil Properties and Microbial Activities between Air-Dried and Rewetted Desert and Oasis Soils in Northwest China

An air-drying and rewetting (AW) experiment was used to examine the responses of soil properties and microbial activities to abrupt alteration of water availability between desert and oasis soils in northwest China. The results revealed that AW increased soil pH and available nitrogen and phosphorus but decreased soil organic matter in the desert, while available phosphorus increased and available nitrogen decreased in the oasis. This AW also caused a burst of microbial activity in both desert and oasis soils, and the magnitude of the AW effect was correlated with the extent of soil rewetting, incubation temperature, land use, and the interaction between rewetting moisture and incubation temperature. The responses of soil properties and microbial activity to AW were greater in the desert than in the oasis. Different soil properties and microorganism composition resulted from land-use change and were likely to be the causes of the different responses to AW in the desert and oasis soils.
Mathematical Modelling of the Liquid-Liquid Extraction Separation of Rare Earths

Abstract An empirical mathematical model has been developed for the simulation of an integrated solvent extraction circuit consisting of an extractor, scrubber and a stripper. This model is designed to simulate the separation of any lanthanide from a mixed lanthanide feed. The Kremser equation is used to calculate the separation occurring in each section of the circuit. The inputs required for the simulation are the feed composition, separation factors, equilibrium data of the key element under a wide range of conditions, the number of stages and flow rates of the aqueous and organic streams in the circuit. This model has been validated with the experimental data for the separation of Nd from a mixed lanthanide chloride feed with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethyl-hexyl ester (EHPNA) as an extractant.