Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Encoding and Segmentation Strategies on End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation

Boosted by the simultaneous translation shared task at IWSLT 2020, promising end-to-end online speech translation approaches were recently proposed. They consist in incrementally encoding a speech input (in a source language) and decoding the corresponding text (in a target language) with the best possible trade-off between latency and translation quality. This paper investigates two key aspects of end-to-end simultaneous speech translation: (a) how to encode efficiently the continuous speech flow, and (b) how to segment the speech flow in order to alternate optimally between reading (R: encoding input) and writing (W: decoding output) operations. We extend our previously proposed end-to-end online decoding strategy and show that while replacing BLSTM by ULSTM encoding degrades performance in offline mode, it actually improves both efficiency and performance in online mode. We also measure the impact of different methods to segment the speech signal (using fixed interval boundaries, oracle word boundaries or randomly set boundaries) and show that our best end-to-end online decoding strategy is surprisingly the one that alternates R/W operations on fixed size blocks on our English-German speech translation setup.
PPFL: privacy-preserving federated learning with trusted execution environments

We propose and implement a Privacy-preserving Federated Learning (PPFL) framework for mobile systems to limit privacy leakages in federated learning. Leveraging the widespread presence of Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) in high-end and mobile devices, we utilize TEEs on clients for local training, and on servers for secure aggregation, so that model/gradient updates are hidden from adversaries. Challenged by the limited memory size of current TEEs, we leverage greedy layer-wise training to train each model's layer inside the trusted area until its convergence. The performance evaluation of our implementation shows that PPFL can significantly improve privacy while incurring small system overheads at the client-side. In particular, PPFL can successfully defend the trained model against data reconstruction, property inference, and membership inference attacks. Furthermore, it can achieve comparable model utility with fewer communication rounds (0.54×) and a similar amount of network traffic (1.002×) compared to the standard federated learning of a complete model. This is achieved while only introducing up to ~15% CPU time, ~18% memory usage, and ~21% energy consumption overhead in PPFL's client-side.
Learning Robust Variational Information Bottleneck with Reference

We propose a new approach to train a variational information bottleneck (VIB) that improves its robustness to adversarial perturbations. Unlike the traditional methods where the hard labels are usually used for the classification task, we refine the categorical class information in the training phase with soft labels which are obtained from a pre-trained reference neural network and can reflect the likelihood of the original class labels. We also relax the Gaussian posterior assumption in the VIB implementation by using the mutual information neural estimation. Extensive experiments have been performed with the MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, and the results show that our proposed approach significantly outperforms the benchmarked models.
Dynabench: Rethinking Benchmarking in NLP

We introduce Dynabench, an open-source platform for dynamic dataset creation and model benchmarking. Dynabench runs in a web browser and supports human-and-model-in-the-loop dataset creation: annotators seek to create examples that a target model will misclassify, but that another person will not. In this paper, we argue that Dynabench addresses a critical need in our community: contemporary models quickly achieve outstanding performance on benchmark tasks but nonetheless fail on simple challenge examples and falter in real-world scenarios. With Dynabench, dataset creation, model development, and model assessment can directly inform each other, leading to more robust and informative benchmarks. We report on four initial NLP tasks, illustrating these concepts and highlighting the promise of the platform, and address potential objections to dynamic benchmarking as a new standard for the field.
Current Status and Performance Analysis of Table Recognition in Document Images With Deep Neural Networks

The first phase of table recognition is to detect the tabular area in a document. Subsequently, the tabular structures are recognized in the second phase in order to extract information from the respective cells. Table detection and structural recognition are pivotal problems in the domain of table understanding. However, table analysis is a perplexing task due to the colossal amount of diversity and asymmetry in tables. Therefore, it is an active area of research in document image analysis. Recent advances in the computing capabilities of graphical processing units have enabled the deep neural networks to outperform traditional state-of-the-art machine learning methods. Table understanding has substantially benefited from the recent breakthroughs in deep neural networks. However, there has not been a consolidated description of the deep learning methods for table detection and table structure recognition. This review paper provides a thorough analysis of the modern methodologies that utilize deep neural networks. Moreover, it presents a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art and related challenges of table understanding in document images. The leading datasets and their intricacies have been elaborated along with the quantitative results. Furthermore, a brief overview is given regarding the promising directions that can further improve table analysis in document images.
Simplified Kalman filter for on-line rating: one-fits-all approach

Abstract In this work, we deal with the problem of rating in sports, where the skills of the players/teams are inferred from the observed outcomes of the games. Our focus is on the on-line rating algorithms that estimate skills after each new game by exploiting the probabilistic models that (i) relate the skills to the outcome of the game and (ii) describe how the skills evolve in time. We propose a Bayesian approach which may be seen as an approximate Kalman filter and which is generic in the sense that it can be used with any skills-outcome model and can be applied in the individual as well as in the group sports. We show how the well-known Elo, Glicko, and TrueSkill algorithms may be seen as instances of the one-fits-all approach we propose. To clarify the conditions under which the gains of the Bayesian approach over simpler solutions can actually materialize, we critically compare the known and new algorithms by means of numerical examples using synthetic and empirical data.
Physical Study of the Primary and Secondary Photothermal Events in Gold/Cellulose Nanocrystals (AuNP/CNC) Nanocomposites Embedded in PVA Matrices

Inorganic/organic nanocomposites are a class of materials that have garnered a flurry of research because of their unusually independent tandem or synergistic physical and chemical properties. A unique class of nanocomposites has been prepared that is composed of tunable diameter (24–45 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by a one-step protocol at room temperature. The CNCs behave as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents during the in situ synthesis. The morphology and diameter of the AuNPs were controlled by the number of CNCs. It was serendipitously discovered that the AuNPs displayed a photothermal effect upon laser irradiation at the AuNPs SPR frequency (532 nm). The as-generated AuNPs/CNC were blended as types of bifunctional nanofillers within a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film to provide a unique and desirable combination of high tensile strength and photothermal chemistry. The CNCs played a significant role in the AuNPs/CNC/PVA film by scattering incident light in t.
Deep Neural Network as an alternative to Boosted Decision Trees for PID

In this paper we recreate, and improve, the binary classification method for particles proposed in Roe et al. (2005) paper"Boosted decision trees as an alternative to artificial neural networks for particle identification". Such particles are tau neutrinos, which we will refer to as background, and electronic neutrinos: the signal we are interested in. In the original paper the preferred algorithm is a Boosted decision tree. This is due to its low effort tuning and good overall performance at the time. Our choice for implementation is a deep neural network, faster and more promising in performance. We will show how, using modern techniques, we are able to improve on the original result, both in accuracy and in training time.
Late Afterglow Bump/Plateau around the Jet Break: Signature of a Free-to-shocked Wind Environment in Gamma-Ray Burst

A number of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit the simultaneous bumps in their optical and X-ray afterglows around the jet break. These bumps are similar to the afterglows of GRB 170817A, except preceded by a long shallow decay. Its origin is unclear. We suggest that these late simultaneous bumps may sound a transition of circumburst environment from a free-wind medium to a constant density medium, e.g., the shocked-wind medium. In this paper, we study the emission of an external-forward shock propagating in a free-to-shocked wind environment at different viewing angles. The late simultaneous bumps/plateaux followed by a steep decay are found in the optical and X-ray afterglows for high-viewing-angle observers. In addition, these theoretical bumps are preceded by a long plateau or shallow decay, which is formed during the external-forward shock propagating in the free-wind environment. For low-viewing-angle observers, the above bumps also appear but only in the situation where the structured jet has a low characteristic angle and the deceleration radius of the in-core jet flow is at around or beyond the free-wind boundary. We search GRBs for afterglows with the late simultaneous optical and X-ray bumps followed by a steep decay. GRBs 120326A, 100901A, 100814A, and 120404A are obtained. We find that an off-core (in-core) observed external-forward shock in a free-to-shocked wind environment can well explain the optical and X-ray afterglows in GRBs 120326A, 100901A, and 100814A (GRB 120404A).
Flows of Herschel-Bulkley fluids in confined environments

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Flows of Herschel-Bulkley fluids in confined environments : applications to the cementing of oil wells Anne-Laure Vayssade
Methodical approach to evaluation of commodities’ advancement efficiency using online-instruments

Рукопис отримано: 03.09. 2020 р. Прийнято: 26.09. 2020 р. Затверджено до друку: 24.11. 2020 р. This article summarizes arguments and counter-argument within the limits of scienti c discussion through the question of e ciency of the use of onlineinstruments of commodities advancement to the market. Primary purpose of undertaken research was the development of the methodical approach to the e ciency evaluation of commodities advancement with the use of onlineinstruments and research of practical aspects of application of online-instruments of new commodity advancement to the market. In accordance with the aim the material in the article is carried out in the logical sequence: rst methodical approach o ers theoretical level in relation to the e ciency evaluation of the use of online-instruments of commodities advancement, the feature of that is systematization of evaluation process in threestages: preparatory, analytical and administrative, that all owstoaccept e ective administrative decisions oneachlevel. As part of the preparatory stage it is necessary to de ne the aims, tasks, terms, methods, receptions of e ciencyevaluation of the use of online-instruments of commodities advancement. The analytical stage is characterizedby the extensive work. According to the o ered methodology, there will be the evaluation and analysis of communication indexesand economic e ciency of online-advancement and calculation of integral index of evaluation e ciency of the use of online-instruments of commodities advancementon the basis of the system of evaluation indexes. The third type is administrative. On the basis of generalization of results of e ciency evaluation of the use of online-communications it is expedient to work out suggestions in relation to the increase of commodities’ e ciency advancement of online-instruments and work out the complex of events in relation to the removal of the educed lacks of complex on-line-advancement. Development of strategies, control after implementation of the events and their coordination, will provide e ciency of management of policycommoditiesadvancement in the Internet. Researches empiric con rm the necessity of the use of online-instruments of new commodity launching to the market and creation of synergy e ect at the use of onlineand o ine instruments of commodities’advancement. The results of undertaken research can be useful to the enterprises of food industry that plan to enter to the competitive market with a new commodity.
Spectroscopic investigation of OH dynamics in transient atmospheric pressure plasmas

The absolute density of OH radicals generated in a nanosecond pulsed filamentary discharge in atmospheric pressure He + 0.84% H2O, is measured independently by UV absorption and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) calibrated with Rayleigh scattering. For the calibration of LIF with Rayleigh scattering, two LIF models, a 6-level and 4-level model, are studied to investigate the influence of the rotational (RET) and vibrational (VET) energy transfers. In addition, a chemical model is used to deduce the OH density in the afterglow from the relative LIF intensity as a function of time. The different models show good correspondence, and by comparing these different methods the accuracy and the effect of assumptions on the obtained OH density is discussed in detail. An analysis of the sensitivity of the absolute OH density to the parameters used in the LIF models is also included. A modified version of this chapter is accepted for publication in Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics as: T. Verreycken, R. M. van der Horst, N. Sadeghi and P. J. Bruggeman, “Absolute calibration of OH density in a nanosecond pulsed plasma filament in atmospheric pressure He-H2O: comparison of independent calibration methods”. 20 Chapter 2: Absolute calibration of the OH density
Treatment of Miller I Mandibular Gingival Recessions Using PRF vs. Connective Graft

Gingival recession (GR) can cause aesthetic and functional problems. Using connective tissue graft (CTG) and coronally advanced flap (CAF) is considered the technique of choice for treating GR. Considering the morbidity resulting from taking CTG, different alternative biomaterials have been described, including plasma-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane. Studies in lower teeth are few because of the complexity of the factors that can influence obtaining less predictable outcomes. Objective. To compare between CAF + PRF and CAF + CTG in the treatment of lower teeth Miller I gingival recession. Methodology. Split-mouth included 26 isolated GR (13 in each side of the mouth). The left side was treated with CAF + PRF and the right side with CAF + CTG. Clinical variables, probing depth (PD), GR, keratinized tissue (KT), vestibular soft tissue thickness (VSTT), and teeth sensitivity (TS), were assessed at the baseline. GR, KT, VSTT, extraoral inflammation (EI), and patient discomfort (PaD) were assessed at 45 days. Results. Statistically greater VSTT at 45 days was obtained using CAF + CTG (p < 0.05). Less EI and PaD were obtained using CAF + PRF (p < 0.05). No change was observed in GR, KT, and TS values in the intergroup or intragroup comparisons. Conclusion. Even with the limitations of this study, using PRF and CTG in lower teeth demonstrated an improvement in terms of root coverage, although it was without a total percentage of coverage. Regarding the VSTT, better results were obtained using the CTG + CAF, suggesting eventually long-term stable clinical results. We suggest a combined technique for future investigations.
The Benefits and Pitfalls of Using an Autologous Dermal Flap in Immediate Implant-Based Reconstruction

One of the challenges of implant breast reconstruction post-subcutaneous mastectomy is coverage of the inferior pole of the implant to provide a barrier between the implant and skin. Numerous biological and synthetic meshes are available on the market for this purpose; however, they are often very costly and carry all the risks of using a foreign body. In patients with large ptotic breast, the skin of the inferior mastectomy flap can be used instead. A number of techniques and variations have been developed over the last 40 years driven by the increasing cost of healthcare and acceptance of breast reconstruction as vital part of breast cancer care and survivorship. This review outline the benefits and pitfalls of using an autologous dermal flap in breast construction and the variations in published use.
Influence of Electric Current and Magnetic Flow on Firing Patterns of Pre-Bötzinger Complex Model

The dynamics of neuronal firing activity is vital for understanding the pathological respiratory rhythm. Studies on electrophysiology show that the magnetic flow is an essential factor that modulates the firing activities of neurons. By adding the magnetic flow to Butera's neuron model, we investigate how the electric current and magnetic flow influence neuronal activities under certain parametric restrictions. Using fast-slow decomposition and bifurcation analysis, we show that the variation of external electric current and magnetic flow leads to the change of the bistable structure of the system and hence results in the switch of neuronal firing pattern from one type to another.
Patterns of Natural Selection on Mitochondrial Protein-Coding Genes in Lungless Salamanders: Relaxed Purifying Selection and Presence of Positively Selected Codon Sites in the Family Plethodontidae

There are two distinct lungless groups in caudate amphibians (salamanders and newts) (the family Plethodontidae and the genus Onychodactylus, from the family Hynobiidae). Lunglessness is considered to have evolved in response to environmental and/or ecological adaptation with respect to oxygen requirements. We performed selection analyses on lungless salamanders to elucidate the selective patterns of mitochondrial protein-coding genes associated with lunglessness. The branch model and RELAX analyses revealed the occurrence of relaxed selection (an increase of the dN/dS ratio = ω value) in most mitochondrial protein-coding genes of plethodontid salamander branches but not in those of Onychodactylus. Additional branch model and RELAX analyses indicated that direct-developing plethodontids showed the relaxed pattern for most mitochondrial genes, although metamorphosing plethodontids had fewer relaxed genes. Furthermore, aBSREL analysis detected positively selected codons in three plethodontid branches but not in Onychodactylus. One of these three branches corresponded to the most recent common ancestor, and the others corresponded with the most recent common ancestors of direct-developing branches within Hemidactyliinae. The positive selection of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in Plethodontidae is probably associated with the evolution of direct development.
Channel-width dependent pressure-driven flow characteristics of shale gas in nanopores

Understanding the flow characteristics of shale gas especially in nanopores is extremely important for the exploitation. Here, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the hydrodynamics of methane in nanometre-sized slit pores. Using equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD), the static properties including density distribution and self-diffusion coefficient of the confined methane are firstly analyzed. For a 6 nm slit pore, it is found that methane molecules in the adsorbed layer diffuse more slowly than those in the bulk. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD), the pressure-driven flow behavior of methane in nanopores is investigated. The results show that velocity profiles manifest an obvious dependence on the pore width and they translate from parabolic flow to plug flow when the width is decreased. In relatively large pores (6 – 10 nm), the parabolic flow can be described by the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation with appropriate boundary conditions because of its slip flow character.
Update in the Management of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Significant progress has been made in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV), notably in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis. Over the past few years, many innovative studies have changed the way we now induce and maintain remission in AAV; achieving remission while limiting treatment toxicity is the key. This article provides an in-depth, up-to-date summary of recent trials and suggests treatment algorithms for induction and maintenance of remission based on the latest guidelines. Future possible therapies in AAV will also be discussed.
Linear and Volumetric Analysis of Maxillary Sinus Pneumatization in a Sri Lankan Population Using Cone Beam Computer Tomography

Objective The objectives of this study were to evaluate the linear and volumetric measurements of the maxillary sinus in relation to sex and side on cone beam computer tomographic (CBCT) images in a Sri Lankan population. Methods A total of 20 sets of CBCT images selected from the database at the Division of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, were evaluated. Linear measurements were obtained in a craniocaudal (height), anteroposterior (length), and mediolateral (width) dimensions. Volume was computed by using the same data using a computerized 3D modeling software developed for 3D measurements and calculations. Results The maximum mean craniocaudal dimension was at the level of the 1st and the 2nd molar tooth bilaterally. The largest average craniocaudal, mediolateral, and anteroposterior extensions of the maxillary sinus using CBCT were 31.71 ± 5.44 mm, 21.28 ± 5.09 mm, and 32.92 ± 4.31 mm, respectively. The differences between the sides and sex showed no statistical significance (P > 0.05), except for the maximum average value in craniocaudal dimension which showed a statistically significant difference in relation to gender (P = 0.02). Conclusion There is no significant difference in the largest average craniocaudal, mediolateral, and anteroposterior extensions of the maxillary sinus when gender and side were compared. However, the maximum average value in craniocaudal dimension had a statistically significant difference in relation to gender. This study provides valuable knowledge of the anatomical dimensions of the maxillary sinus which may help clinicians in treatment planning.