Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fruit and pulp buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.): physical, chemical and technological aspects.

The physical and chemical characterizations of food are important to describe it and document it. Dehydration is an alternative for the conservation of fruit. We carried out physical and chemical characterizations of the fruit, obtaining and describing physical and chemical buriti dehydrated pulp (PBD). On the physical characterization of the fruit and PBD was evaluated weight (g) and diameter (mm) for the fruit and pulp and thickness for the PBD. The industrial yield calculated by the percentage of peel, pulp and core. The PBD followed the flowchart: reception, cleaning, sorting / grading, preparation, pulping, forming, drying, packing, storage. The fruits weighed 33.66 g, 52.5 and 39.1 mm in longitudinal and transverse diameters, respectively. The percentage of bark was 25.13%, 10.98% flesh and core 63.88%. The chemical composition of the pulp in nature and PBD were to: total energy (and 270Kcal 604Kcal/100g), moisture (54.35% and 12.06%), protein (1.30% and 3.39%), lipids (18 , 16% and 51.67%), ash (0.66% and 1.64%), carbohydrates (25.53% and 31.24%), respectively. Physical measurements of PBD were: weight (2.65 g), diameter (36.66 mm) and thickness (2.98 mm). The yield was 58.32% PBD. Fruits and PBD had a uniform for physical characteristics and chemical composition of the relevant fact was the percentage of lipids. The PBD was a useful yield and shape product. Key-word: cerrado, dehydration, palm.
Fermentable Fiber for Diet Formulation

Feed formulation is the art of combining ingredients to meet nutritional requirements of animals. Ruminants have a 4-compartment stomach made up of the rumen, reticlum, omasum, and abomasum or true stomach. The largest compartment is the rumino reticulum, which contains bacteria and protozoa and functions as a fermentation vat in which fiber is digested. Thus, appropriate feed components are needed for normal ruminal bacteria and protozoa to flourish in order to develop (Warner et al., 1956) and maintain proper rumen function. Diets for ruminants should, therefore, be formulated to provide: 1) feed components for fermentation by and multiplication of ruminal microbes; and 2) feed components that are directly digested into nutrients in the true stomach and intestines. The major end product categories of fermentation by ruminal microbes are 1) volatile fatty acids (VFA: acetate, propionate, butyrate), which are absorbed through papillae of the rumen wall; and 2) more bacteria and protozoa. The VFA are metabolized by ruminants into glucose and other carbohydrates or used directly as fuel and to synthesize tissues and milk. The bacteria and protozoa are passed to the abomasum and small intestine where they are digested to provide high quality protein and other nutrients.
Generation of Novel Wine Yeast Strains by Adaptive Evolution

As a non-recombinant means of strain improvement, adaptive evolution is a technique with great potential. In this first report of the use of adaptive evolution in the improvement of a commercial wine yeast strain, a sequential batch fermentation system was used to adaptively evolve the wine strain L-2056 and its haploid derivative, C9. Mutants were isolated under the selective pressures of a winelike fermentation after approximately 350 generations (from L-2056) and 250 generations (from C9) and were demonstrated to have altered production of metabolites, including ethanol, glycerol, and succinic and acetic acid. Additionally, the evolved isolate of the commercial wine yeast was able to more rapidly catabolize all available sugars under these conditions. These results endorse the potential of adaptive evolution as a tool for the non-recombinant modification and optimization of industrial yeast strains.
Blackleg development and tuber yield in relation to numbers of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica on seed potatoes.

The relationship between number of viable cells of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica on inoculated potato seed tubers and blackleg development was investigated in 2 years for five cultivars grown in the contrasting climates of Scotland and Israel. Blackleg, and to a lesser extent non-emergence, increased with higher numbers of bacteria on the seed tubers at planting. This relationship was also found for several commercial seed stocks of one cultivar naturally contaminated with different numbers of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica.The threshold number of bacteria necessary for the development of blackleg declined during the growing season and was also higher for the cultivar Pentland Crown in comparison with the others. In general, yield declined linearly with blackleg incidence and there was a 0.8% reduction in yield for every 1 % blackleg at 13 weeks after planting. Yield loss was positively related to the incidence of blackleg late in the season, whereas the relationship between yield loss and the incidence of non-emergence was poor.
Frequentist coverage of adaptive nonparametric Bayesian credible sets

We investigate the frequentist coverage of Bayesian credible sets in a nonparametric setting. We consider a scale of priors of varying regularity and choose the regularity by an empirical Bayes method. Next we consider a central set of prescribed posterior probability in the posterior distribution of the chosen regularity. We show that such an adaptive Bayes credible set gives correct uncertainty quantification of "polished tail" parameters, in the sense of high probability of coverage of such parameters. On the negative side, we show by theory and example that adaptation of the prior necessarily leads to gross and haphazard uncertainty quantification for some true parameters that are still within the hyperrectangle regularity scale.
Cryptic species and phylogeographical structure in the tree Cedrela odorata L. throughout the Neotropics

The origins of much Neotropical biodiversity remain a topic of debate, with both palaeogeographical and more recent climatic drivers playing a role in diversification both among and within species. Here we use a combination of molecular data to assess genetic variation within and among species in the Neotropical tree genus Cedrela, with a focus on Cedrela odorata, to test hypotheses on the drivers of diversification, to place known ecotypic variation in context and to detect intraspecific phylogeographical structure.
Wild polyps of the blooming jellyfish Aurelia limbata (Brandt, 1838) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) found on deep-sea debris off Sanriku, Japan

Mass aggregations of Aurelia limbata have been reported along the Pacific coast of northern Japan, from spring to fall. The polyp stage is important for understanding the factors leading to mass occurrences of jellyfish, because polyps reproduce asexually and are responsible for the release of many ephyrae. Until the present report, the polyps of A. limbata had not been found in the wild and their ecology remained unknown. We found 18 polyps of A. limbata attached to two pieces of deep-sea debris, an aluminum beverage can and a plastic bottle, collected by bottom trawl at depths of 296 m and 392 m, respectively. Strobilation of the polyps was observed at 4°C without temperature change stimulation. This raises the possibility that strobilation occurs in low-temperature environments throughout the year. A large quantity of debris had sunk to the seafloor off the coast because of the tsunami tidal wave after the Great East Japan Earthquake, increasing the available substrate for A. limbata polyps. Additional ecological research on polyps and medusae in deep waters is necessary to predict future blooms of A. limbata.
Polyploid Mosaics Induced by Temperature Shocks in the Giant Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Cold shocks at 10°C, 12°C, 15°C and heat shocks at 32°C, 35°C or 38°C were administered to 4 h-or 6 h-fertilized eggs of the giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, for a period of 4 h or 6 h. The treated eggs were further cultured in vitro at room temperature (29°C). The control was in vitro cultured at room temperature to hatching. Both cold and heat shocks caused an abnormal chromosome separation resulting in a formation of fused nuclei. Mosaics, individuals containing both diploid and polyploid cells, rather than complete polyploids were induced. Cold shocks at 10°C were detrimental while at 15°C were inefficient. Whereas application of 12°C to 4 h-fertilized eggs for 6 h or to 6 h-fertilized eggs for 4 h produced polyploid mosaics and enlarged embryos but caused great reduction in the survival rates. Heat shocks at 32°C did not induce mosaicism or enlarged embryo, while at 38°C were detrimental. Application of 35°C to 4 h-fertilized eggs for a long duration of 6 h or to 6 h-fertilized eggs for 4 h produced some mosaics and enlarged embryos. Though, enlarged embryos appeared to develop normally and survived to the hatching days (18-19 days), none engaged in hatching. Defect in the hatching enzymes upon the treatments was suggested.
Cell motility and proliferation in 2D and 3D substrata. Applications to chemotaxis, wound healing and collective migration.

A wide range of physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation, tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, tumour growth and invasion, are strongly linked to cell proliferation and migration mechanisms that govern the dynamic evolution of both individual cells and cell aggregates. The complex mechanisms governing cell dynamic behavior have yet to be completely clarified. A detailed analysis of these processes requires a rigorous approach to quantitatively analyze cell dynamics and measure cell movement and proliferation indices. This work is addressed to investigate the dynamic evolution of cells, from single to collective cell dynamic behavior, in a quantitative way. Our methodological approach is based on live cell imaging in vitro, coupled to several cell migration assays, and image analysis techniques. Live cell imaging based on in vitro time-lapse microscopy is a powerful analytical tool that allows direct visualization of biological systems during their dynamic evolution. In order to maintain cell viability, the sample is kept in a controlled air, constant temperature environment. The experimental data are used to model cell dynamic evolution using mathematical equations based on the transport phenomena approach.
Phylogeny of six African Leptopilina species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea, Figitidae), parasitoids of Drosophila, with description of three new species

Abstract Species of the genus Leptopilina are larval parasitoids of Drosophilidae, mainly species of the genus Drosophila. We provide four lines of evidence (i.e. morphological descriptions, crossing experiments, ITS2 sequences and RFLP’s) to show that at least six species of Leptopilina occur in Africa, of which three previously unidentified species are described here. The phylogenetic position of these three new African species (L. orientais n. sp., L. freyae n. sp. and L. guineaensis n. sp.) is established in relation to the species already known (L. heterotoma Thomson, 1862, L. victoriae Nordlander, 1980 and L. boulardi Barbotin et al., 1979) from Africa. This relationship is based on a comparison of sequences of the ITS2 of the ribosomal DNA. The geographical distributions over the Afrotropical region of these Leptopilina species are illustrated.
Isotopic assessment of the hydrologic importance of fog deposition on tall snow tussock grass on southern New Zealand uplands.

The stable isotopic composition of rain, fog and groundwater was determined for three sites on the Otago upland snow tussocklands, southeastern South Island, New Zealand, for the snow-free period of November to June in 1996-1998. The rain and fog were collected concurrently, but the rain was consistently isotopically more depleted than the fog. The compositions of the rain form a line of the equation δD = 8. 31δ 18 O + 13.6, which is similar to the line of δD = 8. 11δ 18 O + 13.6 formed by the fog. The groundwater has compositions usually between those of the fog and rain, shows no isotopic evidence of evaporation, and is assumed to be a mixture of the two in sub-equal proportions. This pattern has been observed previously only in forested regions where the tree crowns act as collection mechanisms for fog water. On the Otago uplands, the only fog collection mechanism is interception gains through fog deposition on the relatively short (0.8-1.2 m) fine wispy foliage of the native tall snow tussock grasses (Chionochloa spp.). These results support earlier but debated claims that interception of fog by the foliage of the dominant tall snow tussock grasses makes a substantial contribution to the water yield from these uplands.
Isolation and Characterisation of Eight Microsatellite Markers of the Thorn-Tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda

Summary. Eight novel microsatellites were isolated and characterised in the thorn-tailed rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda in order to evaluate genetic diversity in three contrasting populations, two of them at the boundaries of the geographic range of the species. All loci were found to be polymorphic and 3–15 alleles were found per locus. Expected and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.26 to 0.89 and from 0.27 to 0.87, respectively. Global and pairwise Weir and Cockerham's Fst showed that genetic differentiation was greater between the northern population and the ones in central and southern Chile. The eight markers developed will be useful to study the genetic diversity of the thorn-tailed rayadito across its distribution.
Magnetic Characteristics for the Mould-Cast Hard Magnetic Nd70–xFe30Alx ($x=0$ –10) Alloys

Bulk amorphous or nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-based alloys show surprising hard magnetic properties. Its pronounced room temperature coercivity results from the high random anisotropy of ferromagnetic nanoclusters. In this paper, the magnetic characteristics of the mould-cast Nd70– x Fe30Al x ( $x=0$ –10) alloys were studied in detail. The substitution of Nd by Al could improve the glass forming ability, reduce the coercivity and Curie temperature, and suppress the formation of Nd2Fe17 phase. The microstructure consisting of 5–20 nm-sized dHCP Nd phases embedded in the amorphous phase was evident. The room temperature coercivities decreased from 340 to 270 kA/m with increasing Al content. The domain structure was investigated by magnetic force microscopy. The temperature dependence of the coercivity could be well explained by the strong pinning model of domain walls of Gaunt. The double layer hexagonal-close-packed (dHCP) Nd phase works as the pinning center. The Hopkinson peak was also investigated using the mathematical formalism based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. The hard magnetic properties of the alloys disappeared after heat treatment at 873 K, since part of the amorphous phase and the ferromagnetic clusters transferred into Th2Zn17-type phases and some unknown phase. This paper provides further insights into the origin of the hard magnetism for the amorphous and nanocluster alloys.
Effects of within‐plant Variation in Leaf Quality on the Ecology of G. viridula

ABSTRACT In order to find out the relationship between the leaf quality of R. obtusifolius and the ecology of G. viridula, a series of experiments was carried out. The effects of leaf age on rates of growth of instars of G. viridula showed that the leaf age was closely related to the development of the larvae of G. viridula. Also, the results showed quite clearly that the N concentration of R. obtusifolius leaves have significant effects on the growth rates of G. viridula larvae. It is suggested that C: N ratio of food plant plays an important role in the population dynamics of phytophagous insects. A small increase in leaf N concentration in a nutrient poor habitat will substantially increase the G. viridula population.
Leaf anatomy of Harpullia, Majidea, and Conchopetalum (Sapindaceae)

The leaf anatomical characters of Harpullia and the related genera Majidea and Conchopetalum are described in detail. Harpullia and Majidea both have stellate hair tufts together with solitary unicellular hairs, in Conchopetalum stellate hair tufts are absent. A high variability below the species level is reported for several leaf epidermal characters. Other leaf anatomical characters such as the hypodermis, sclerification of the bundle sheath extensions, and the presence of secretory idioblasts and idioblastic sclereids also show a considerable variation. Characters with a higher diagnostic value within Harpullia are the type of stomata and in certain species the presence of idioblastic sclereids in the mesophyll. Based on leaf anatomy the subgenus Otonychium within Harpullia can be distinguished by the cyclocytic stomatal type and absence of secretory idioblasts. The subgenus Harpullia is characterized by the paracytic stomatal type, which has not been recorded elsewhere within the Sapindaceae. A subdivision of the subgenus Harpullia cannot be made, because of an obvious lack of mutual correlation between the different leaf anatomical characters.
Crude glycerin in supplement to primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture: nutritional and productive characteristics

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and productive characteristics of primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, using different levels of crude glycerin in the supplement. The experiment was conducted at Rancho Santana farm, located in Jequie city, Bahia, Brazil, in the period from December 21, 2010 to March 16, 2011. Ten ¾ Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr lactating primiparous cows, with 109±24 days of lactation and a mean age of 30±6 months and mean body weight of 426.2±68.29 kg were distributed into five treatments, using two simultaneous 5 × 5 latin squares. Treatments consisted of inclusion levels (0, 94, 191, 289, 389 g/kg dry matter basis) of crude glycerin in the supplement. Intake, digestibility, milk production and composition were measured. Results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and regression at 0.05 probability. For all consumption variables no significant differences were found between the levels of crude glycerin. Except for the digestibility of ether extract, all digestibility values were similar between treatments. The fat content and yield showed quadratic effect between treatments. No significant differences were observed for protein, lactose, total solids, nonfat dry extract, fat:protein ratio, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count between treatments. For primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, up to 389 g of crude glycerin/kg of dietary supplement can be included without nutritional and productive interference.
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells May Express Six β4-Galactosyltransferases (β4GalTs)

Six β4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT) genes have been cloned from mammalian sources. We show that all six genes are expressed in the Gat−2 line of Chinese hamster ovary cells (Gat−2 CHO). Two independent mutants termed Pro−5Lec20 and Gat−2Lec20, previously selected for lectin resistance, were found to have a galactosylation defect. Radiolabeled biantennary N-glycans synthesized by Pro−5Lec20 were proportionately less ricin-bound than similar species from parental CHO cells, and Lec20 cell extracts had a markedly reduced ability to transfer Gal to GlcNAc-terminating acceptors. Northern blot analysis revealed a severe reduction in β4GalT-1 transcripts in Pro−5Lec20 cells. The Gat−2Lec20 mutant expressed β4GalT-1 transcripts of reduced size due to a 311-base pair deletion in the β4GalT-1 gene coding region. Northern analysis with probes from the remaining five β4GalT genes revealed that Gat−2 CHO and Gat−2Lec20 cells express all six β4GalT genes. Unexpectedly, the β4GalT-6 gene is not expressed in either Pro−5 or Pro−5Lec20 cells. Thus, in addition to a deficiency in β4GalT-1, Pro−5Lec20 cells lack β4GalT-6. Nevertheless, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry data of N-glycans released from cellular glycoproteins showed that both the β4GalT-1− (Gat−2Lec20) and β4GalT-1−/β4GalT-6−(Pro−5Lec20) mutants have a similar Gal deficiency, affecting neutral and sialylated bi-, tri-, and tetraantennaryN-glycans. By contrast, glycolipid synthesis was normal in both mutants. Therefore, β4GalT-1 is a key enzyme in the galactosylation of N-glycans, but is not involved in glycolipid synthesis in CHO cells. β4GalT-6 contributes only slightly to the galactosylation of N-glycans and is also not involved in CHO cell glycolipid synthesis. These CHO glycosylation mutants provide insight into the variety of in vivosubstrates of different β4GalTs. They may be used in glycosylation engineering and in investigating roles for β4GalT-1 and β4GalT-6 in generating specific glycan ligands.
On the Pathogenic Role of Brain-Sequestered αβ CD8+ T Cells in Experimental Cerebral Malaria1

Cerebral malaria (CM) develops in a small proportion of persons infected with Plasmodium falciparum and accounts for a substantial proportion of the mortality due to this parasite. The actual pathogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood, and in humans investigations of experimental CM are unethical. Using an established Plasmodium berghei-mouse CM model, we have investigated the role of host immune cells at the pathological site, the brain. We report in this study the detailed quantification and characterization of cells, which migrated and sequestered to the brain of mice with CM. We demonstrated that CD8+ αβ T cells, which sequester in the brain at the time when neurological symptoms appear, were responsible for CM mortality. These observations suggest a mechanism which unifies disparate observations in humans.
Elucidating virus uptake and fusion by single virus tracing

Viruses are known to cause many diseases, from the common cold and cold sores to more serious diseases such as the Ebola virus disease and AIDS. Viruses have evolved different strategies to enter and infect cells. In order to infect a cell, viruses have to overcome the cell membrane barrier to deliver their genome to the site of replication. Enveloped viruses can either fuse directly at the plasma membrane or with an endosomal membrane after endocytic uptake. In this work, I studied the early steps in virus entry of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and foamy virus (FV) by means of fluorescence microscopy. The virus particles contain two different labels, one located at the envelope and the other at the capsid so that fusion can be detected upon separation of the two colors in space. The virus preparations were optimized for a high dual-color virus yield and live-cell imaging experiments were performed with spinning-disk confocal microscopy in 3D to gain insights into the entry kinetics. In order to determine the time-scale when virus fusion occurs, the percentage of virions containing both envelope and capsid signals was evaluated over time. Virus particles that are taken up by endocytosis face an increasing proton concentration within maturing endosomes. However, the emission of some fluorescent proteins is known to be pH-dependent and the use of pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins, such as GFP, can result in critical artifacts in live-cell imaging. Therefore, experimental approaches are presented to circumvent this issue. To obtain dynamic information on virus fusion, single virus tracing experiments were performed with high time resolution to investigate individual fusion events in real-time. In the case of foamy virus, sixteen fusion events, visualized by color separation, were observed. Thereof, four fusion events were observed at the plasma membrane and twelve fused with an endosomal membrane after endocytic uptake. Moreover, an intermediate stage during the fusion process of foamy viruses was identified that lasted over minutes. This stage was characterized by an increase in the distance between the fluorescent envelope and capsid signals before the final color separation event. Hence, it was possible for the first time to visualize single fusion events of foamy virus in real-time and characterize the corresponding dynamics. The results provide new insights into the entry pathway and fusion process of this unconventional retrovirus.