Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparision of Hodgkin-Huxley and soliton neural theories

Abstract. Hodgkin and Huxley were the pioneers to abstract biological neuron as an electric circuit and nerve signal as the voltage impulse. The Hodgkin-Huxley theory (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952) has set the direction and defined the goals for much of the ensuing research in biophysics. However, in 2005, T. Heimburg and A. D. Jackson, biophysicists from Copenhagen proposed a new neural theory called Soliton theory (Heimburg and Jackson, 2005). In this theory, the nerve conduction is proposed as a density wave. In this paper, Hodgkin-Huxley and Soliton theories are described and a theoretical comparison has been carried out throughout the analysis of the theories and models.
A fuzzy model for the representation and recognition of linguistically described trends

Below we present the Fuzzy Temporal Profile model (FTP) for the representation and recognition of patterns in the evolution of a physical parameter. One of the fundamental aspects of the model is the linguistic acquisition of the information that constitutes the profile. Thus, this proposal deals with a fuzzy representation of the semantics associated to the linguistic description that is made by experts on different forms of evolution of a physical parameter, and the manner in which this representation is used in pattern recognition tasks.
A Simple Expression of BER Performance in DPSK/OFDM Systems with Post-Detection Diversity Reception

In this letter, we propose a simple but accurate calculation method, that is, an approximate closed-form equation of average bit error rate in DPSK/OFDM systems with post-detection diversity reception over both time- and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. The validity of the proposed method is verified by the fact that BER performances given by the derived equation coincide with those by Monte Carlo simulation.
Überleben und Beschäftigungsentwicklung neu gegründeter Betriebe

Anhand einer Kohorte von Betrieben des IAB-Betriebspanels, die 1995/96 ihren ersten sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschaftigten einstellten, werden potenzielle Erklarungsfaktoren des Uberlebens und der Beschaftigungsentwicklung neu gegrundeter Betriebe bis 2003 analysiert. Zu den wenigen robusten, langerfristig statistisch signifikanten Ergebnissen zahlen der negative Zusammenhang zwischen der Startgrose eines Betriebes und seiner Beschaftigungsentwicklung sowie die hoheren Uberlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten von Betrieben mit einem Startkapital von uber 50.000 DM und von Grundungen im sekundaren Sektor. Dagegen scheinen (messbare) sozio-demographische Merkmale des Grunders keine wichtige Rolle fur den Erfolg der neuen Betriebe zu spielen.
Animal models of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are a group of auto-antibodies directed against components of neutrophil granules and monocyte lysosomes. Since the first description of ANCA by Davies et al in 1982 in patients with segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis, ANCA have been demonstrated in a number of primary vasculitic syndromes1. In 1985, van der Woude et al reported on ANCA as a specific and sensitive marker for active Wegener's granulomatosis2. ANCA were later shown to be present in Churg-Strauss syndrome3,4, microscopic polyangiitis5, and pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis (NCGN)6,7. In most cases of systemic vasculitis, the primary target antigens for ANCA are proteinase 3 (Pr3), a serine proteinase, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme involved in the production of reactive oxygen intermediates6,8,9,10. Both enzymes are present in secretory granules of neutrophils and monocytes. Although anti-Pr3 and anti-MPO are found across the spectrum of ANCA-associated vasculitides, it is now well established that anti-Pr3 is a sensitive marker for Wegener's granulomatosus whereas anti-MPO is predominantly found in microscopic polyangiitis, pauci-immune NCGN, and Churg-Strauss syndrome11. Although not uniformly accepted, changes in titers of ANCA seem to reflect changes in disease activity12,13,14,15,16.
A mode based de-convolution algorithm in CT cerebral tumor perfusion image

With the advent of fast, multi-slice CT scanners, CT perfusion technique has significant implications in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral tumor in the past 2 decades. The fundamental bases for dual chamber model which is selected to fit the tumor tissue are both the transport by blood flow of intravenously iodinated constrast material to tissue and the exchange by diffusion of these contrast between the intravascular space and the extravascular interstitial space. In this paper, a digital de-convolution algorithm is introduced and realized to compute the tissue residue function R(t), and the following parameters: cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), mean transit time (MTT) and the tissue permeability coefficient (TPS). They can provide important reference before and after therapy. This algorithm is tested by CT cerebral tumors medical image data.
Evidence of Correlated Mobility Fluctuations in p-Type Organic Thin-Film Transistors

We report on the results of noise measurements in p-type organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) extending from the subthreshold region into the strong accumulation region over four decades of drain current values. The low-frequency noise produced by the devices can be successfully interpreted in the context of a multitrap correlated number fluctuation-mobility fluctuation (CMF) theory, while neither phonon-induced mobility fluctuation nor carrier number fluctuation mechanisms are capable of justifying the observed noise behavior. The Coulomb scattering parameter is found to be in the order of 107 Vs/C, about three orders of magnitude larger with respect to crystalline silicon MOSFETs and comparable with what already reported in hydrogenated amorphous silicon TFTs, suggesting a much more relevant contribution coming from CMF in disordered materials.
Ensuring information security by using Haskell's advanced type system

Protecting data confidentiality and integrity has become increasingly important in modern software. Sometimes, access control mechanisms come short and solutions on the application-level are needed. An approach can rely on enforcing information security using some features provided by certain programming languages. Several different solutions addressing this problem have been presented in literature, and entire new languages or libraries have been built from scratch. Some of them use type systems to let the compiler check for vulnerable code. In this way we are able to rule out those implementations which do not meet a certain security requirement. In this paper we use Haskell's type system to enforce three key properties of information security: non-interference and flexible declassification policies, strict input validation, and secure computations on untainted and trusted values. We present a functional lightweight library for applications with data integrity and confidentiality issues. Our contribute relies on a compile time enforcing of the aforementioned properties. Our library is wholly generalized and might be adapted for satisfying almost every security requirement.
Blood glutathione peroxidase activity in horses in relation to muscular dystrophy and selenium nutrition.

The activity of glutathione peroxidase, a selenium containing enzyme, was measured in the blood of horses to determine its usefulness as an indicator of selenium status. In 15 horses the enzyme activity was positively related to the blood selenium concentration (P less than .001, r-0.98) over the range of enzyme activities of 8.2 to 140 units (mumoles NADP-oxidised/min/gHb) and selenium concentrations of 0.24 to 2.74 mumol/l. In a group of 8 horses which 2 foals had died with lesions of muscular dystrophy the enzyme activity increased from a mean of 11.8 units before treatment with selenium to 34.5 units after 2 intravenous injections of sodium selenite given one month apart. Another group of 8 horses grazing paddocks adjacent to this affected group did not receive any selenium treatment and had a mean enzyme activity of 11.9 units. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity was measured in 50 pasture-fed horses and 180 stall-fed horses. The range of activities found (7 to 158 units) indicated that selenium intake in horses varied widely between localities. All pasture-fed horses grazing areas where muscular dystrophy had occurred in foals had low activities (less than 20 units). In stall-fed horses the enzyme activity was influenced by selenium treatment, and horses which had been treated usually had higher activities than horses in the same stable with no history of selenium treatment. It was concluded that blood glutathione peroxidase is a suitable indicator of selenium status in horses.
Analysis of a novel field-modulated dual-stator brushless wind generator with three electrical ports

This paper proposes a novel field-modulated dualstator brushless generator (FMDSBG) with three electrical ports, which owns two power windings and one control winding, used for the wind power system. The key innovation of the design is to utilize two different pole-pair space harmonics, interacting with the two power windings, respectively. The topology and operating principle of the proposed generator are described, and the no-load EMF, the no-load characteristic and the power capability are analyzed, then its superior performance is verified by the 2d-FEM.
Cloning and Characterization of the cDNA Coding for a Polymyositis-Scleroderma Overlap Syndrome-related Nucleolar 100-kD Protein By Martin Blfithner and Friedlinde

About 50% of patients with the polymyositis-scleroderma overlap syndrome are reported to have autoantibodies to a nucleolar particle termed PM/Scl. The particle consists of several polypeptides of which two proteins of 75 and 100 kD have been identified as the major antigenic components. Here we report on the cDNA cloning and partial epitope mapping of the 100-kD autoantigen from human placenta and HeLa ~, gt l l libraries. The deduced amino acid sequence encodes a protein of 885 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 100.8 kD. Rabbit antibodies raised against a recombinant protein fragment reacted in immunofluorescence and immunoblotting in the same manner as human autoantibodies directed against the nucleolar 100-kD protein. Sequence analysis shows close homology to a consensus sequence of 12 amino acids from serine/threonine kinases, suggesting a possible function for this autoantigen. A major antigenic region is found to be located within the NHz-terminal third of the polypeptide.
Induction of human interferon gene expression is associated with a nuclear factor that interacts with the NF-kappa B site of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer

The relationship between transcription of alpha and beta interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) genes and the interaction of IFN promoter-binding transcription factors has been examined in monoblastoid U937 cells following priming with recombinant IFN-alpha 2 (rIFN-alpha 2) and Sendai virus induction. Pretreatment of U937 cells with rIFN-alpha 2 prior to Sendai virus infection increased the mRNA levels of IFN-alpha 1, IFN-alpha 2, and IFN-beta as well as the final yield of biologically active IFN. Analysis of nuclear protein-IFN promoter DNA interactions by electrophoretic mobility-shift assays demonstrated increased factor binding to IFN-alpha 1 and IFN-beta regulatory domains, although no new induction-specific complexes were identified. On the basis of competition electrophoretic mobility-shift assay results, factors interacting with the IFN-alpha 1 and IFN-beta promoters appear to be distinct DNA-binding proteins. U937 factor binding was localized to the P2 domain (-64 to -55) of the IFN-beta regulatory element, a sequence motif with 80% homology to the recognition site of transcription factor NF-kappa B. Protein-DNA interactions within the IFN-beta P2 domain were, in fact, specifically competed by either excess homologous P2 fragment or the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer element which contains two duplicated NF-kappa B recognition sites. Hybrid promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion plasmids, containing either the IFN-beta regulatory element or the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer element linked to the simian virus 40 promoter, were analyzed for virus and phorbol ester inducibility in epithelial and lymphoid cells, respectively. In the 293 cell line, both plasmids were constitutively expressed but not virus inducible, while in Jurkat cells, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity from these plasmids was induced by tumor-promoting agent treatment. These experiments suggest that induction of IFN gene expression may be controlled in part by transcription regulatory proteins binding to an NF-kappa B-like site within the IFN-beta promoter.
Homozygosity for Pro of p53 Arg72Pro as a potential risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese population.

AIM Codon 72 exon 4 polymorphism (Arg72Pro) of the p53 gene has been implicated in cancer risk. Our objective was to investigate the possible association between p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among Chinese population. METHODS The p53 Arg72Pro genotypes were determined by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in 507 HCC cases and 541 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) for HCC and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from unconditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate relative risks. Potential risk factors were included in the logistic regression models as covariates in the multivariate analyses on genotype and HCC. RESULTS The frequencies for Pro and Arg alleles were 44.5%, 55.5% in HCC cases, and 40.3% and 59.7% in controls, respectively. The Pro allele was significantly associated with the presence of HCC (P = 0.05) and had a higher risk for HCC (OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.00-1.41) as compared with the Arg allele. After adjusted for potential risk factors, Arg/Pro heterozygotes had an 1.21-fold increased risk (95% CI 0.82-1.78, P = 0.34) of HCC compared with Arg homozygotes, whereas the risk for Pro homozygotes was 1.79 (95% CI 1.06-3.01, P = 0.03) times higher than that for Arg homozygotes. Pro-allele carriers had a higher relative risk of HCC than the Arg-only carriers (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI 0.92-1.92, P = 0.13), although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Homozygosity for Pro of p53 Arg72Pro is potentially one of the genetic risk factors for HCC in Chinese population. The p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism may be used as a stratification marker in screening individuals at a high risk of HCC.
Performance analysis of peer-to-peer overlay architectures for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) are good candidate for peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay architectures. In both, nodes work independently and are distributed in nature. P2P overlays are mostly built over traditional underlying IP network like Internet. There are two flavors of it; unstructured P2P such as Gnutella and structured P2P such as Chord. In this paper, we explain and evaluate Gnutella and Chord for different scenarios in NS-2 while keeping Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) as underlying routing protocol. Simulation results show that unstructured P2P architecture achieves high hit rate and produces less updates. We further investigate Gnutella by changing the underlying routing protocol.
pH‐dependent and ‐independent effects inhibit Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release during metabolic blockade in rat ventricular myocytes

We have investigated the role of changes of intracellular pH (pHi) in the effects of metabolic blockade (cyanide plus 2‐deoxyglucose) on Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in rat ventricular myocytes. pHi and cell length were measured simultaneously. Metabolic blockade decreased the frequency of Ca2+ waves, an effect previously shown to be due to inhibition of Ca2+ release from the SR. This was accompanied by an intracellular acidification. Intracellular acidification was produced in the absence of metabolic inhibition by application of sodium butyrate. A maintained intracellular acidosis produced a decrease of wave frequency. A hysteresis between pHi and wave frequency was observed such that during the onset of the acidification the wave frequency decreased more than in the steady state. Comparison of the steady state relationship between pHi and wave frequency showed that the decrease of wave frequency produced by metabolic blockade was greater than could be accounted for simply by the accompanying decrease of pHi. In other experiments the buffering power of the solution was increased. Under these conditions, metabolic blockade produced no change of pHi but the decrease of wave frequency persisted. We conclude that, although intracellular acidification occurs during metabolic blockade, it is not responsible for most of the inhibition of Ca2+ release from the SR.
Spectral Clustering Predicts Tumor Tissue Heterogeneity Using Dynamic 18F-FDG PET: A Complement to the Standard Compartmental Modeling Approach

In this study, we described and validated an unsupervised segmentation algorithm for the assessment of tumor heterogeneity using dynamic 18F-FDG PET. The aim of our study was to objectively evaluate the proposed method and make comparisons with compartmental modeling parametric maps and SUV segmentations using simulations of clinically relevant tumor tissue types. Methods: An irreversible 2-tissue-compartmental model was implemented to simulate clinical and preclinical 18F-FDG PET time–activity curves using population-based arterial input functions (80 clinical and 12 preclinical) and the kinetic parameter values of 3 tumor tissue types. The simulated time–activity curves were corrupted with different levels of noise and used to calculate the tissue-type misclassification errors of spectral clustering (SC), parametric maps, and SUV segmentation. The utility of the inverse noise variance– and Laplacian score–derived frame weighting schemes before SC was also investigated. Finally, the SC scheme with the best results was tested on a dynamic 18F-FDG measurement of a mouse bearing subcutaneous colon cancer and validated using histology. Results: In the preclinical setup, the inverse noise variance–weighted SC exhibited the lowest misclassification errors (8.09%–28.53%) at all noise levels in contrast to the Laplacian score–weighted SC (16.12%–31.23%), unweighted SC (25.73%–40.03%), parametric maps (28.02%–61.45%), and SUV (45.49%–45.63%) segmentation. The classification efficacy of both weighted SC schemes in the clinical case was comparable to the unweighted SC. When applied to the dynamic 18F-FDG measurement of colon cancer, the proposed algorithm accurately identified densely vascularized regions from the rest of the tumor. In addition, the segmented regions and clusterwise average time–activity curves showed excellent correlation with the tumor histology. Conclusion: The promising results of SC mark its position as a robust tool for quantification of tumor heterogeneity using dynamic PET studies. Because SC tumor segmentation is based on the intrinsic structure of the underlying data, it can be easily applied to other cancer types as well.
A quantum inspired time efficient OptiMUSIG activation function for multilevel image segmentation

The bidirectional self-organizing neural network (BDSONN) architecture when induced with a multilevel sigmoidal (MUSIG) activation function in its primitives, is efficient in segmenting multilevel images. Since, the MUSIG activation function resorts to heuristic class responses, an optimized version of the same, the OptiMUSIG activation function was proposed using genetic algorithm based optimization techniques. As is with most optimization search based techniques, the generation of the class boundaries of the OptiMUSIG activation function is a very time complex procedure. In this article, an attempt has been made to reduce the time complexity of the generation of the optimized class boundaries of the OptiMUSIG activation function using a quantum inspired genetic algorithm (QIGA). Comparative results are demonstrated on three real life gray level images with eight classes with the conventional GA based approach. The QIGA based OptiMUSIG shows significantly better time efficiency than the conventional GA based OptiMUSIG activation function.
Expanded Diversity among CalifornianBorrelia Isolates and Description of Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. (Formerly Borrelia Group DN127)

ABSTRACT Up to now, the only species in the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato known to cause Lyme borreliosis in the United States has been B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. However, some atypical strains closely related to the previously designated genomic group DN127 have been isolated in the United States, mostly in California. To explore the diversity of B. burgdorferi sensu lato group DN127, we analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the rrf-rrl intergenic spacer regions from 19 atypical strains (18 from California and one from New York) and 13 North American B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains (6 from California). The spacer region sequences from the entire B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex available in data banks were used for comparison. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences shows that the main species of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex (B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. andersonii,B. japonica, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto,B. valaisiana, and B. lusitaniae) each form a coherent cluster. A heterogeneous group comprising strains belonging to the previously designated group DN127 clustered separately fromB. burgdorferi sensu stricto. Within this cluster, the deep branches expressing the distances between the rrf-rrlsequences reflect a high level of divergence. This unexpected diversity contrasts with the monomorphism exhibited by B. burgdorferisensu stricto. To clarify the taxonomic status of this highly heterogeneous group, analysis of the rrs sequences of selected strains chosen from deeply separated branches was performed. The results show that these strains significantly diverge at a level that is compatible with several distinct genomic groups. We conclude that the taxonomy and phylogeny of North American B. burgdorferi sensu lato should be reevaluated. For now, we propose that the genomic group DN127 should be referred to as a new species,B. bissettii sp. nov., and that other related but distinct strains, which require further characterization, be referred to asBorrelia spp.
Evaluation of public datasets for intrusion detection/prevention system benchmark

Thousands of new intrusion patterns appear everyday. Anti-virus industry soon may not be able to deal with the scale of signatures and ease of deployment. Therefore, tools like intrusion detection/prevention systems receive more acceptance nowadays. Even though misuse IDS use similar approach to AV industry, anomaly-based approaches exploit more ingenious algorithms borrowed from data mining field. Normally those algorithms require datasets for training and testing. However, openly published datasets are rarely found and usually subject to privacy issues. Therefore, in this paper, we focus our attention on the available labeled datasets. Firstly, we give description regarding generation of each dataset followed by analysis and feedback. This could be a useful reference point before choosing benchmark for the Intrusion detection/prevention system(IDS/IPS) development by research community.