Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrated Approach for the Management of Soil Borne Disease Fusarium oxysporum in vitro in Groundnut

Groundnut plants affected with wilt exhibited greyish green discolouration and flaccidity of leaves followed by yellowing of foliage and wilting. Vascular browning of internal tissues was also noticed. In the pathogenicity tests carried out in vitro as well as in vivo, plants inoculated F.oxysporum produced the same symptoms as observed in the field. The findings corroborate with that of Jofee (1973) who observed bleaching of foliage, drying of canopy with vascular browning of tap roots in wilt of groundnut caused by F.oxysporum. In cotton infection caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum lead to loss of leaf turgidity, leaf yellowing and withering. Wilting was either partial or complete.
Frequency and Magnitude of Internal Organ Colonization Following Exposure of Laying Hens to Different Oral Doses of Salmonella enteritidis

Contaminated eggs produced by infected laying hens continue to pose a significant public health concern as a leading source of transmission of Salmonella enteritidis infections to humans. A recently implemented national regulatory program for egg-producing poultry in the United States seeks to control eggborne transmission of illness to consumers via a diverse program of mandatory risk reduction practices plus testing to detect infected flocks. However, many aspects of S. enteritidis infections in laying hens, including the precise relationship between the magnitude of oral exposure and infection parameters such as the numbers of bacteria that reach internal tissues, remain unresolved. In the present study, groups of laying hens were experimentally infected with oral doses of 10 , 10 , or 10 CFU of a phage type 13a strain of S. 4 6 8 enteritidis and the number of S. enteritidis cells in the livers of infected hens was determined at 5 d and 20 d post-inoculation. The frequency of S. enteritidis recovery from livers ranged from 30% (10 CFU dose) to 4 90% (10 CFU dose) at 5d post-inoculation and from 0% (10 CFU dose) to 40% (10 CFU dose) at 20 d 8 4 8 post-inoculation. Significantly (p<0.05) greater numbers of S. enteritidis were isolated from livers at both 5 d and 20 d post-inoculation following inoculation with 10 CFU than after administration of either of the two 8 lower doses. These results demonstrate that the oral exposure dose significantly affects important parameters of S. enteritidis infection in laying hens and could thereby influence the outcome of testing efforts. Interpreting the potential implications of testing results and improving the effectiveness of testing protocols are both contingent on understanding how different levels of exposure are likely to be detected by particular sampling methods.
Effect of Oxidized Fat on Performance and Some Physiological Responses in Broiler Chickens

The purpose of the present experiments was to determine influences of feeding or injection of oxidized fat on growth performance and some physiological functions in broiler chickens. Feeding of oxidized fat (10 meq peroxide value (POV)/kg diet) for 14 days depressed growth rate, feed utilization, plasma alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations, but increased 2-thiobarbituric acid reactants (TBARS) in plasma and ratio of heterophile to lymphocyte in blood (HL ratio). Feeding oxidized fat reduced microsomal cytochrome P-450 content in liver and primary antibody production to Brucella abortus, but did not affect microsomal cytochrome b5 content in liver and primary antibody production to sheep blood red cell. Oxidized fat injection (1megPOV/day/100g BW) into breast muscle for 14 days did not affect growth performance and TBARS, but influenced plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration and HL ratio as observed in the experiments 1 and 3. The results suggested that oxidized fat feeding or injection resulted in occurrence of oxidative stresses, and that feeding oxidized fat is a convenient way to reproduce oxidative stresses rather than by the injection under the present experimental condition. In addition, feeding oxidized fat extensively affects wide ranges of physiological functions in chicks as well.
Validation of Modified Breast Graded Prognostic Assessment for breast cancer patients with brain metastases: extra-cranial disease progression is an independent risk factor.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) patients with brain metastases (BM) are heterogeneous with markedly variable survival. The Breast Graded Prognostic Assessment (B-GPA) and Modified B-GPA (mB-GPA) have been proposed as useful tools for stratifying survival in this population. However, extra-cranial disease progression, a clinically important variable, is not incorporated into the final model. We undertook the validation of B-GPA and mB-GPA in an Asian cohort and further explore extra-cranial disease progression as a prognostic factor. METHODS Data of BC patients with newly diagnosed BM between 2006 and 2017 was extracted retrospectively from a prospectively maintained institutional database. Patients were classified based on their B-GPA and mB-GPA scores. Univariate (UVA) and multivariate analysis (MVA) using the Cox proportional hazard model were performed to investigate the factors prognostic of overall survival (OS). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS and log-rank test to compare survival between scores. The performances of B-GPA and mB-GPA were compared using Harrell's concordance index (C-index) and Akaike information criterion (AIC). RESULTS In our cohort of 282 patients, the B-GPA and mB-GPA were validated as prognostic tools for OS, demonstrating excellent separation between survival curves (P <0.001). In MVA, we found all components of mB-GPA (age, performance status, number of BM, tumour subtype) to be independent predictors of survival. C-index was 0.64 and AIC was 2,483.39 for B-GPA. mB-GPA demonstrated marginally better discrimination with a C-index of 0.65 and AIC of 2,445.78. Extra-cranial progression was an independent predictor for survival in our population (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The mB-GPA incorporates four simple clinical variables each of independent prognostic significance. Both B-GPA and mB-GPA demonstrate moderate discriminative capabilities for OS with mB-GPA performing marginally better. Inclusion of extra-cranial disease progression as a factor in future model development may further improve its prognostic value.
GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG FARMER-PREFERRED CASSAVA LANDRACES

Understanding of genetic diversity among a breeding population is an important requirement for crop improvement as it allows for the selection of diverse parental combinations and formation of heterotic pools for genetic gain. This study was carried out to determine genetic diversity within and among 51 farmer-preferred cassava (Manihot esculenta) landraces and 15 elite accessions grown in Uganda. Twenty six simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers used for genetic diversity assessment in this study revealed a total of 154 alleles, of which 24% were unique alleles present only in landraces. The genetic diversity and observed herozygosity in landraces were slightly higher than in elite accessions. Elite accessions clustered with some of the landraces indicating that there were some alleles in common. However, 58.8% of the landraces fell into 3 different clusters independent of the elite accessions. Including these landraces with unique alleles in cassava breeding schemes will increase the chances of producing farmer preferred adapted elite cultivars. The study also revealed genetic differentiation among accessions from different regions providing an opportunity for establishment of heterotic pools within a breeding programme.
Técnicas geoestatísticas aplicadas ao mapeamento de variáveis limnológicas e quantificação da incerteza associada às estimativas

Aim: This study aimed to map the concentrations of limnological variables in a reservoir employing semivariogram geostatistical techniques and Kriging estimates for unsampled locations, as well as the uncertainty calculation associated with the estimates. Methods: We established twenty-seven points distributed in a regular mesh for sampling. Then it was determined the concentrations of chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Subsequently, a spatial variability analysis was performed and the semivariogram function was modeled for all variables and the variographic mathematical models were established. The main geostatistical estimation technique was the ordinary Kriging. The work was developed with the estimate of a heavy grid points for each variables that formed the basis of the interpolated maps. Results: Through the semivariogram analysis was possible to identify the random component as not significant for the estimation process of chlorophyll-a, and as significant for total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Geostatistical maps were produced from the Kriging for each variable and the respective standard deviations of the estimates calculated. These measurements allowed us to map the concentrations of limnological variables throughout the reservoir. The calculation of standard deviations provided the quality of the estimates and, consequently, the reliability of the final product. Conclusions: The use of the Kriging statistical technique to estimate heavy mesh points associated with the error dispersion (standard deviation of the estimate), made it possible to make quality and reliable maps of the estimated variables. Concentrations of limnological variables in general were higher in the lacustrine zone and decreased towards the riverine zone. The chlorophyll-a and total nitrogen correlated comparing the grid generated by Kriging. Although the use of Kriging is more laborious compared to other interpolation methods, this technique is distinguished for its ability to minimize the variance of the estimate and provide the estimated value of the degree of uncertainty.
Revealing contrasting genetic variation and study of genetic diversity in urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) using SDS-PAGE of seed storage proteins

Total seed storage protein profiles of 20 urdbean genotypes including the popular variety T9 were analysed by Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). 14 genotypes could be clearly identified based on genotype-specific seed protein fingerprints while rest of the test genotypes were categorized into three protein types. Dendrogram based on electrophoretic data clustered the genotypes into seven groups at 78.5% phenon level. TU 95-1 with TU 12-25-4 revealed lowest similarity index value (0.33) followed by TU 95-1 with PU 30 and KU 96-3(SI=0.35). Clustering pattern revealed distinctly divergent group formed by TPU 95-1 and TPU 4. These may serve as a valuable source genotype in recombination breeding. Key words: Seed storage protein profiling, SDS-PAGE, Genetic variation, urdbean.
Aggregation and coexistence. II. A neotropical Drosophila community

The aggregation model of coexistence states that intraspecific aggregation over patches stabilizes species coexistence and allows high diversity in patchy systems. Until now, most of the empirical evidence for the model has come from temperate and/or artificial systems. We present general support for the model from a community of Drosophila and other insects breeding on fallen fruits of Spondias mombin in a neotropical forest. Our data show weaker aggregation than has been reported from other data sets. Moreover, our data show that the usual practice of estimating aggregation from pooled samples collected at different times leads to an overestimate of aggregation at any particular moment, as is expected when densities fluctuate. The number and the density of competitors in a patch have opposite correlations with patch size: while large fruits seem to be aggregations when numbers were considered, they in fact tend to be low-density refuges. Therefore, we use measures of intraspecific and interspecific aggregation that account for variable patch sizes. We reconstruct mortality patterns by comparing distributions of immature stages and of emerging adults. Our data indicate that the usual practice of estimating aggregation from emerging adults instead of from eggs is only mildly conservative for Drosophila. Associations between species have previously been interpreted as essentially random. We find that associations are consistent between years, and thus should be taken as real aspects of the community structure. Our persistence criterion, the 'relative effect of competitor aggregation', indicates that aggregation can explain coexistence in this community. The exceptions confirm the rule: the species that do not meet the criterion rely more on other breeding substrates. Our analysis suggests that the community is near saturation, but also that saturation may be a gradual phenomenon in patchy systems.
Can nest predation explain the timing of the breeding season and the pattern of nest dispersion of New Holland honeyeaters

We tested the following two predictions of the hypotheses that predation rate may select for nest spacing and winter breeding in New Holland honeyeaters: (a) the level of nest predation should be lower during the breeding season than outside it, and (b) clumped nests should show a higher predation rate than more dispersed nests. Artificial nests, containing budgerigar and artificial eggs, were set out in four different seasons and in two different configurations: clumped and spaced. Clumped nests suffered higher predation than spaced nests but there was no seasonal difference in total predation rates. Birds accounted for 67% of predation events for which the predator was identified
Clinical relevance of Aeromonas sM503

More than 100 published cases of Aeromonas infection over the last 6 years have involved both healthy and immunocompromised patients. The spectrum of clinical presentations is in line with those previously reported, namely, gastroenteritis, haemolytic uremic syndrome, urine, wound and burn infections, infections associated with leech therapy, necrotizing fasciitis, pneumonia, meningitis and eye infections. Despite that, new syndromes including intravascular gas production, epididymitis and pyelonephritis have also been reported. New data seem to indicate an increasing tendency to affect patients with hepatobiliary disease, especially those with cirrhosis, culminating in a rapid and fatal outcome. As it has traditionally been the case, A. hydrophila was still the most frequently reported species although it is not the only or most frequent species in reality. The false importance attributed to this species is due to limitations in the identification methods for other pathogenic species. Unfortunately, awareness or suspicion of the involvement of Aeromonas in the spectrum of clinical presentations reviewed is still insufficient for the correct management of the infection.
Relationship between polymorphisms of MPO and NAT2 and susceptibility of adult acute leukemia in Chinese aclult population

Objective To study the relationship between MPO and NAT2 polymophisms and the susceptibility of the adult acute leukemia in Chinese Han population.Methods A 1∶1 paired case-control study of 139 patients of adult acute leukemia and 139 cancer-free hospital subjects as a control group(matched for age±5years and sex)was conducted to detect myeloperoxidase(MPO) and N-terminal acetyltransferase(NAT2) polymorphisms by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)techniques.Results A significant difference of genotpe frequency was observed between acute leukemia cases and controls(χ~2=7.026,P0.05,OR=0.505,95%CI=0.325～0.847)for MPO,and the mutant MPO genotype was associated with a decreased risk of acute leukemia.No difference of phenotype frequency between cases and controls for NAT2 was found,but the frequencies of NAT2*5 481T and NAT2*6 590A alleles in cases were higher than those in controls(P0.05). Conclusion The genetic polymorphism of MPO genotype might be cortributed to the susceptibility of adult acute leukemia in Chinese Han population.No association was observed between the NAT2 phenotype and the susceptibility of adult acute leukemia,but the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NAT2*5(C481T)and NAT2*6(G590A)alleles and the susceptibility to leukemia should be further studied.
HALLUCINOGENS

THE TERM HALLUCINOGEN refers to substances, both natural and synthetic, whose ingestion ,produces compelling changes in experience including hallucinations. Of these, mescaline, LSD and its derivatives, and psilocybin and its derivatives are the most widely known. In the flrst hour or so after taking an hallucinogen, most people report altered perceptions of their body, for example, the intriguing feeling of just being a head floating around above the ground, with no body supporttng it. Later experiences are enhanced, colours become brighter, music is evocative, and if the subject walks around in the room the walls can look rubbery and flexible. If another person points suddenly, his finger and hand may loom towards the subject in a startling way.
Kinetics of β-Amylase-catalyzed Hydrolysis of Corn Starch

The kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch by β-amylase were described and fitted with the Michaelis-Menten equation and the kinetic parameters were calculated by the Lineweaver-Burk and the Wilkinson methods. The β-amylase-catalyzed hydrolysis of corn starch obeyed the classical first-order reaction law and the kinetics could be modeled by the Michaelis-Menten equation.
Interactions among Triatoma sanguisuga blood feeding sources, gut microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi diversity in southern Louisiana

Integrating how biodiversity and infectious disease dynamics are linked at multiple levels and scales is highly challenging. Chagas disease is a vector‐borne disease, with specificities of the triatomine vectors and Trypanosoma cruzi parasite life histories resulting in a complex multihost and multistrain life cycle. Here, we tested the hypothesis that T. cruzi transmission cycles are shaped by triatomine host communities and gut microbiota composition by comparing the integrated interactions of Triatoma sanguisuga in southern Louisiana with feeding hosts, T. cruzi parasite and bacterial microbiota in two habitats. Bugs were collected from resident's houses and animal shelters and analysed for genetic structure, blood feeding sources, T. cruzi parasites, and bacterial diversity by PCR amplification of specific DNA markers followed by next‐generation sequencing, in an integrative metabarcoding approach. T. sanguisuga feeding host communities appeared opportunistic and defined by host abundance in each habitat, yielding distinct parasite transmission networks among hosts. The circulation of a large diversity of T. cruzi DTUs was also detected, with TcII and TcV detected for the first time in triatomines in the US. The bacterial microbiota was highly diverse and varied significantly according to the DTU infecting the bugs, indicating specific interactions among them in the gut. Expanding such studies to multiple habitats and additional triatomine species would be key to further refine our understanding of the complex life cycles of multihost, multistrain parasites such as T. cruzi, and may lead to improved disease control strategies.
Bidirectional Natural Killer Cell and Dendritic Cell Interactions in HIV-1 Pathogenesis

14 Chapter 1: Introduction . 16 HIV-1 PATHOGENESIS . 17 NK CELLS . 20 KIRs . 23 NK cell major subsets . 24 NK cell maturation . 25 CD4 NK cells . 26 NK cells in viral infections . 26 NK cells in HIV-1 infection . 28 CD4 MOLECULE . 33 CD4 gene promoter . 34 CD4 functionality . 35 DENDRITIC CELLS . 36
mRNA DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY AND EST SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF ABORTED BUD AND NORMAL BUD IN RADISH(Raphanus sativus)

DNA of aborted and normal buds in Radish male sterility BT-18 was extracted,and the mRNA difference of the aborted and normal bud was studied by DD-PCR.DNA of aborted bud showed regular ladder,while normal bud showed a strip only,this result provided biochemistry evidence on which cell programmed death occurred in aborted bud of Radish;107 sequences were gained by DD-PCR,in which 94 sequences were from aborted bud,13 sequences were from normal bud.Result of BLAST showed 50% homologous different sequences in function protein were from chloroplast,so it is suggested that aborted bud of Radish had close relations with chloroplast;Maturase K in chloroplast was amplified thrice in different primer combinations,it was found that sequences of 282bp and 283bp in length were the same,but sequence of 396bp differed from sequences of 282bp and 283bp in length,so it is suggested that the two sequences coded different subunit of maturase K.Maturase K is concerned with cutting intron of RNA transcription Ⅱ in chloroplast and modulates expression of gene through influencing introns cut,so we suggested increment of maturase K gene expression in chloroplast might change protein synthesis,and induced abnormal development and aborted bud in Radish;DNA methyltransferase might regulate and control development of Radish,and also induced abnormal development and aborted bud of Radish by DNA methylation.If BLASTx score was less than 80 and no significant similarity found,BLASTn will be carried through,the results suggested that PCD might be a physiology and biochemistry phenomenon which existed in aborted bud of Radish,plant senescence and adversity intimidating.
Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of Interleukin-2 of Sichuan White Goose

[Objective] The study aimed to clone interleukin-2(IL-2) gene from Sichuan white goose. [Method] Based on the IL-2 gene of duck accessed in GenBank, a pair of primers was designed for cloning IL-2 gene from total RNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes of Sichuan white goose stimulated by ConA via RT-PCR technology. The yielded fragment was sequenced for bioinformatics analysis. [Result] The full length of IL-2 gene of Sichuan white goose is 468 bp that contains a 441 bp open reading frame(ORF), encoding 146 amino acid residues. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the amino acid sequence of IL-2 gene of Sichuan white goose contains four phosphorylation sites, a glycosylation site and a signal peptide with 21 amino acid residues. Homologies of IL-2 nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence between Sichuan white goose and duck, chicken, turkey are 92.7%, 77.5%, 78.2% and 85.8%, 65.5%, 64.1%, respectively. By contrast IL-2 nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence between Sichuan white goose and mammalian and rodents such as human, monkey, rat, bovine, horse, pig, cat, mouse, rabbit and deer, are all less than 45% and 28%, respectively. [Conclusion] The IL-2 gene of Sichuan white goose has closer genetic relationship with those of chicken and duck.