Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pattern Recognition of DC Partial Discharge on XLPE Cable Based on ADAM-DBN

Pattern recognition of DC partial discharge (PD) receives plenty of attention and recent researches mainly focus on the static characteristics of PD signals. In order to improve the recognition accuracy of DC cable and extract information from PD waveforms, a modified deep belief network (DBN) supervised fine-tuned by the adaptive moment estimation (ADAM) algorithm is proposed to recognize the four typical insulation defects of DC cable according to the PD pulse waveforms. Moreover, the effect of the training sample set size on recognition accuracy is analyzed. Compared with naive Bayes (NB), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and back propagation neural networks (BPNN), the ADAM-DBN method has higher accuracy on four different defect types due to the excellent ability in terms of the feature extraction of PD pulse waveforms. Moreover, the increase of training sample set size would lead to the increase of recognition accuracy within a certain range.
The Effects of Nicotine on Cortical Excitability After Exercise: A Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study.

PURPOSE The use of smokeless tobacco/nicotine products is common among athletes, but clear evidence for their positive or negative effect on sports performance is lacking. Nicotine is a psychoactive substance involved in numerous neuronal processes including cortical excitability. The aim of this study was to evaluate its effect on cortical excitability associated with aerobic exercise in nicotine-naive healthy volunteers. METHODS Ten nicotine-naive healthy volunteers were recruited for this double-blind, randomized, crossover study to compare the effect of snus (8 mg nicotine), an oral, smokeless tobacco product, to placebo on cortical excitability before and after aerobic exercise. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure changes in corticomotor excitability (motor-evoked potentials, MEPs) and electromyography of leg muscles during maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) to assess changes in muscle contractions. Before and after aerobic exercise and with or without nicotine treatment, MEPs and MVCs were measured. RESULTS Analysis of TMS data showed lower motor cortex activation (lower MEP amplitude) after snus administration compared with placebo, whereas electromyography data showed no difference in muscle contraction between snus and placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a general reduction in cortical excitability, without no relevant effect on physical performance.
Enhancing the Noah‐MP Ecosystem Response to Droughts With an Explicit Representation of Plant Water Storage Supplied by Dynamic Root Water Uptake

Plants are able to adapt to changing environments and thus survive droughts. However, most land surface models produce unrealistically low ecosystem resiliency to droughts, degrading the credibility of the model‐predicted ecohydrological responses to climate change. We aim to enhance the Noah‐MP modeled ecosystem resilience to droughts with an explicit representation of plant water storage supplied by dynamic root water uptake through hydrotropic root growth to meet the transpiration demand. The new model represents plant stomatal water stress factor as a function of the plant water storage and relates the rate of root water uptake to the profile of model‐predicted root surface area. Through optimization of major leaf, root, and soil parameters, the new model improves the prediction of leaf area index, ecosystem productivity, evapotranspiration, and terrestrial water storage variations over most basins in the contiguous United States. Sensitivity experiments suggest that both dynamic root water uptake and groundwater capillary rise extend the plants' “memory” of antecedent rainfall. The modeled plants enhance their efficiency to use antecedent rain water stored in shallow soils mainly through more efficient root water uptake over the U.S. Southwest drylands while use that stored in deep soils and aquifers with the aid of groundwater capillary rise in the Central United States. Future plant hydraulic models should not ignore soil water retention model uncertainties and the soil macropore effects on soil water potential and infiltration.
Electromagnetic torque analysis of wind-driven SRG with ferrite magnet

- The present paper analyses the effect of placing the ferrite magnet into the rotor air barrier of synchronous reluctance generators (SRG) on its electromagnetic performance. The paper uses a difference of average electromagnetic torque and ripple torque as a measure of the performance index. Here, in the analysis, a magnetic material is placed in the middle of each air barrier, and its size is symmetrically increased on both sides to increase the percentage of the volume of the magnetic material. The effect of an increase in the volume of the magnetic material on its performance is presented. Moreover, the variation in electromagnetic features such as the d− and q-axes inductance and flux linkage are also explored and compared for different volumes and ferrite material. In the present work, finite element analysis is used to get the electromagnetic performance. The paper also includes hardware validation on the fabricated prototype of SRG (without ferrite magnet), but SRG with a ferrite magnet only includes the results with FEA simulation.
A Comparative Study of Spacecraft Charging Onset at Geosynchronous Altitudes: A Nonextensive Particle Approach

Space plasma particlesand space weather conditions strongly affect spacecraft and satellites at geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) and their charging essentially occurs for incoming primary electrons and outgoing secondary and backscattered electrons. Due to the presence of high energetic (superthermal) electrons at GEO altitudes, a generalized power law q‐nonextensive particle distribution is utilized to solve the current‐balance equation for spacecraft charging both analytically and numerically. The impact of subextensivity (q>1) and superextensivity (q<1) is discussed for plasma systems to analyze more pronounced energy tails associated with q distribution as compared to standard Kappa distribution. The present findings indicate the suitability of proposed distribution for better describing the charge triggering as compared to Kappa and Maxwellian distributions. Furthermore, numerical estimation is made for identifying the current and charging onset due to various space grade materials.
A novel numerical model to simulate acoustofluidic particle manipulation

Acoustofluidic systems are attracting more attention in recent years because of their specifications, like versatility, high biocompatibility, high controllability, and simple design. However it is important to optimize the system parameters, which affects system performance. Simulation techniques have a crucial role in optimization since high fabrication costs limit the number of runs. However, the complex Multiphysics structure of the system makes the optimization process very elaborate. Here, an innovative and feasible numerical method to simulate and optimize the acoustofluidic particle manipulation process is reported. The proposed numerical method consists of three main steps. In the first step, surface acoustic waves are generated and propagated on a piezoelectric substrate. Next, the particle motion under the effect of the acoustophoresis force is simulated using successive two-dimensional models representing the different regions along the microfluidic channel. Finally, the particle trajectory is calculated using the superposition method. The proposed numerical method was validated using a reference experimental study available in the literature. The proposed method successfully simulated the separation of particles with diameters of 10 and 15 μm. This numerical method can be used as an optimization tool for acoustofluidic particle manipulation systems.
The Role of Mitochondrial DNA Replication Fidelity in Toxicity Initiated by Drugs that Impair Mitochondrial Function

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is crucial for proper mitochondrial function in part because it encodes for 13 subunits of the electron transport chain (ETC). mtDNA is replicated exclusively by DNA polymerase gamma (Polg), which has an exonuclease proof-reading domain critical for maintaining mtDNA replication fidelity. Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity is a common problem that can occur by many mechanisms, including ETC inhibition and mtDNA damage. Gene-environment interactions can modulate mitochondrial toxicity, and individuals with POLG mutations are at risk for toxicity from valproic acid, a drug that impairs mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that mtDNA replication fidelity protects against toxicity initiated by drugs that impair mitochondrial function. I observed that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with impaired polymerase gamma exonuclease activity (Polg) and increased mtDNA mutation load have increased susceptibility to toxicity caused by drugs that impair mitochondrial function. The ETC complex I inhibitor rotenone caused increased apoptosis in Polg MEFs relative to wild type. This sensitivity was also observed for other ETC complex inhibitors and clinical drugs with off-target ETC complex I inhibition. A mitochondria-penetrating peptide (MPP) was used to target the alkylating agent chlorambucil (Cbl) specifically to mitochondria. Mitochondria-
On stress and subjectivity

This article offers a critical analysis of contemporary mainstream stress research, focusing particularly on the way subjectivity is conceptualized. The article shows in detail how researchers in areas from biology to sociology and psychology commonly split stress into two concepts, namely objective, environmental “stressors” and subjective responses. Simultaneously, most research also readily acknowledges that stressors are only stressors insofar as the individual perceives or appraises them to be so. At the heart of stress research today, this paper shows, is a situation wherein the binary between the “objective” stressor and the “subjective” response is dependent upon the very subjectivity that is parsed out and cast aside. This paper critically examines this divide and discusses some possible ways forward for exploring subjectivity vis-à-vis contemporary stress research, arguing for the need for entangled and critical interdisciplinary explorations of subjectivity and stress.
Life history notes on Bicyclus dorothea Cramer (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in Cameroon

Bicyclus dorothea dorothea (Cramer, 1779) is a widely distributed butterfly inhabiting much of the northern part of the tropical African rainforest. The biology of the species has not been well studied despite it being relatively common throughout its distribution. In this study, we report on the life history of B. d. dorothea following three years of research on the species in Cameroon. We describe the life cycle of the species and report on key life history aspects such as distribution, habitat, reproduction, and host plant relationships.
Inverse Directional Simulation: an environmental contour method providing an exact return period

This study presents an improved approach for drawing environmental contours, derived from the inverse First Order Reliability Method (iFORM). It is shown that the approach used in the iFORM method is not accurate as it only takes into account a fraction of the probability space behind the contour line-which means that the iFORM method provides inherently non-conservative environmental contours. iDS, an alternative solution based on the chi-square distribution is suggested, and its adequacy is demonstrated with a Monte Carlo simulation. An expression is derived for computing sector-constrained environmental contours where the exceedance probability is contained within specific range of interest for one or more variables. The newly suggested environmental contour methods are applied on measured wind and turbulence time series and compared with the iFORM method.
Detailed morphological descriptions of the immature stages of the ant parasite Microdon mutabilis (Diptera: Syrphidae: Microdontinae) and a discussion of its functional morphology, behaviour and host specificity

The myrmecophilous immature stages of hover flies of the genus Microdon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Syrphidae) are still poorly known and only about 15 species were previously incompletely described and/or illustrated using light microscopy based on occasional findings mainly of pupae and third instar larvae. The exceptional finding of a large number of second and third instar larvae and pupae (159 specimens) of Microdon mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) inside the nest of a new host species, Formica cunicularia Latreille,1798, enabled us to rear them and obtain a great number of eggs and first instar larvae. We filmed and described the feeding behaviour and locomotion of these highly derived slug-like larvae. Combining light, fluorescence and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy, we describe in detail and illustrate the external features of all the immature stages of M. mutabilis (eggs, larvae and pupae). Covering the entire chorion of the egg is a peculiar microsculpture composed of volcano-like processes. The three larval instars strongly differ from each other, especially at the level of the shape of the body, the posterior spiracular tubercle and the cephaloskeleton. SEM microscopy was used to describe in detail the microsculpture, sensorial structures, spiracles and cephalic appendages of larvae and pupae. Fluorescence microscopy was used to reveal the exceptional presence of resilin in the external layer of the posterior spiracular tubercle in first instar larvae. The possible functional significance of these structures is discussed.
Scale Sizes of Magnetosheath Jets

Magnetosheath jets are plasma entities that feature a significantly enhanced dynamic pressure with respect to the ambient plasma. They occur more often downstream of the quasi‐parallel bow shock. Jets can propagate through the entire magnetosheath and impact on the magnetopause. We reanalyze multi‐spacecraft data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission to obtain the first unbiased distributions of scale sizes of the jets, in the directions parallel and perpendicular to their propagation direction. These distributions are log‐normal; they fit well to the observations. We argue that jet scales should be log‐normally distributed as they should result from multiplicative processes in the foreshock and in the magnetosheath. We find that typical jet scales are on the order of 0.1 Earth radii (RE), one order of magnitude smaller than previously reported. Median scale sizes of 0.12 RE and 0.15 RE in the perpendicular and parallel directions are obtained. The small scales may be related to the substructure of Short Large Amplitude Magnetic Structures (SLAMS) in the foreshock, or to the break up of larger jets within the magnetosheath. Use of the log‐normal distributions also allows for an analysis of impact rates of small‐scale jets: While previous results on large jets hitting the magnetopause several times per hour remain largely unchanged, we now find that hundreds to thousands of mostly small‐scale jets could potentially impact the dayside magnetopause every hour.
Contemporary adaptive divergence of plant competitive traits in urban and rural populations and its implication for weed management

Competition among neighbouring plants plays essential roles in growth, reproduction, population dynamics, and community assembly, but how competition drives local adaptation and the traits underlying the adaptation remain unclear. Here, we focused on populations of the aggressive weed Digitaria ciliaris from urban and rural habitats as low‐ and high‐competition environments for light resources and examined how competitive interaction drove contemporary adaptive divergence of competitive traits. To examine local adaptation to different competitive environments in D. ciliaris and the specific traits that have been selected for, we compared growth rate and competitive traits in plants from farmland and urban populations between high‐ and low‐competition treatments. Furthermore, we conducted a field tillage experiment with drone (unmanned aerial vehicle) monitoring to examine the possibility that trait evolution in farmland habitats might influence weed management practices in crop fields. Plants from farmland populations had higher growth rates than plants from urban populations in high‐competition treatments, and vice versa in low‐competition treatments. Among populations, those with larger height/width ratios (farmland populations) were more tolerant of above‐ground competition in high‐competition treatments, but among individuals, those with larger ratios had lower growth rates in low‐competition treatments. More plants from farmland populations, which had thicker stems (and larger height/width ratios), survived after experimental tillage than plants from urban habitats with thinner stems. Synthesis. Our study empirically demonstrated adaptive divergence in competitive traits in above‐ground competitors and its underlying traits. Moreover, contemporary adaptive divergence between urban and rural plant populations has practical implications for weed control. The urban–rural model system can thus contribute to both basic and applied research in plant evolutionary ecology. Further research is required to understand adaptive divergence in plants between urban and rural environments, and the traits underlying the adaptation, not only above‐ground but also below‐ground.
Unemployment Disrupts Sleep

Although there is a substantial literature indicating that unemployment and joblessness have profound adverse impacts on individuals’ health and wellbeing, there is relatively little evidence of their impact on sleep. Using data for over 3.5 million individuals in the United States over the period 2006-2019 from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey series we show sleep disruption patterns that vary by labor market status. We look at sleep measured by hours in a day and days in a month and whether sleep is disturbed over a fortnight, as indicated by problems falling or staying asleep or staying asleep too much. We find the short-term unemployed suffer more short and long sleep than the employed and are more likely to suffer from disturbed sleep. These problems are greater still for the long-term unemployed and for the jobless who say they are unable to work.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Two‐Phase Mg–Li Alloy Processed By Constrained Groove Pressing

Constrained groove pressing (CGP), as a novel severe plastic deformation method, is applied to a two‐phase Mg–Li alloy at room temperature, 373 K, 423 K, and 473 K. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Mg–Li alloy sheets during CGP are investigated. The optimum mechanical properties are achieved at 373 K after two passes. The tensile strength and yield strength are 157 MPa and 145 MPa, respectively, with a moderate elongation to failure of 12.4%, and the average micro‐hardness is about 63 HV. At 373 K, high‐density dislocations induced by CGP are preserved to enhance the strength and microhardness. The cross‐orientation procedure improves the deformation homogeneity and results in strength increase and ductility recovery at later stages. Increasing temperature weakens the homogeneity improvement and grain refinement with strain accumulation. The β‐Li phase is refined faster than α‐Mg phase, and grain sizes about 1 μm are observed in β‐Li phase. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) first occurs in the soft and ductile β‐Li phase at 423 K. The grain refinement induced by DRX in β‐Li phase is counteracted by grain coarsening in α‐Mg phase, which causes no obvious enhancement of mechanical properties at higher temperatures of 423 K and 473 K.
Are the Current Account Imbalances on a Sustainable Path?

This paper examines the current accounts of 16 developed and developing countries over the period 1970 to 2018. We test whether these nations satisfy their intertemporal solvency condition for external imbalances. The solvency condition in the strong form entails: (1) a cointegration, or a long run equilibrium, relationship between exports and imports of goods and services; and (2) an increase in imports leading to a proportional increase in exports. Our findings imply that the external imbalances are a cause of vulnerability for several nations. Bangladesh satisfies the abovementioned solvency condition—in other words, its current account is sustainable in the strong form. Australia, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, New Zealand, and Venezuela show weak forms of sustainability. For these six nations, the presence of a cointegration relationship between exports and imports coincides with less than proportional increases in exports with increases in imports. The current accounts of Chile and Paraguay are unsustainable—while their exports and imports are cointegrated, a growth in imports leads to a more than proportional increase in exports. For a few nations that failed the full sample (1970–2018) cointegration test, we developed sub-samples by anchoring the start date at 1970 and increasing the sample by every five years from 1999 to 2014. From the sub-samples, we find evidence of intermittent, but weak, cases of sustainability for Peru and South Africa. We show that Panama’s current account became unsustainable after 2009. China’s current account satisfied the strong form of sustainability between all sub-samples until 2014 and became unsustainable in the most recent four years (2015–2018). France, the Philippines, and the United States unequivocally failed the intertemporal solvency test in the full sample and sub-sample analyses. The cointegration tests allow for structural breaks in exports and imports. We find these breaks have strong economic significance. For instance, we find that for most countries the structural break in exports coincides with their worst economic recession.
Developing coupled, multiple-response assessment items addressing scientific practices

Science education literature has called for blending of scientific practices with conceptual knowledge in higher education. With this move, there must also come a shift in the ways we assess students. To date, most research-based assessments place their main focus on conceptual knowledge as opposed to scientific practices, which may in part be due to the difficult nature of assessing scientific practices. Additionally, most assessment items addressing scientific practices are in free-response formats, which require in-class administration and scoring by hand, which can be onerous. Coupled, multiple-response (CMR) items pose a unique opportunity for assessing scientific practices because they elicit student reasoning while also allowing for streamlined, automated scoring. Grounded in Evidence-Centered Design, in this paper, we present the first stages in developing a generalizable process for creating CMR items that address scientific practices. We illustrate this process through an example from upper-division thermal physics.