Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature and rhizome chain effect on sprouting of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) ecotypes

Abstract The effect of constant or various fluctuating temperature regimes and single or multiple tubers in rhizome chains on tuber sprouting of six purple nutsedge ecotypes was determined. After 24 d at constant 20 C, budbreak of tubers detached from the rhizome chain (single tubers) ranged from 11 to 85% among ecotypes. When dormant tubers were exposed to a single 0.5- to 12-h, 35 C pulse followed by constant 20 C, budbreak increased for all ecotypes; daily 0.5-h, 35 C pulses from a 20 C base temperature for three to seven cycles did not significantly increase budbreak more than these did for a single cycle. Shoot length increased linearly for all ecotypes as the number of 0.5-h, 35 C pulse cycles increased, although the magnitude of shoot elongation varied with ecotype. At a 20 and 30 C (12:12 h) daily alternating temperature regime, 98% of single tubers from a Kamuela, HI, ecotype produced actively growing shoots (active tubers), whereas only 32 to 60% of tubers in two- to six-tuber chains were active. The rhizome chain effect on budbreak was minor because ≥ 90% of the tubers in rhizome chains had budbreak. Using a range of constant and alternating temperatures on single tubers and four-tuber chains, similar results were observed for all six ecotypes as for the Kamuela ecotype. Although alternating temperature increased active tubers for both single tubers and tubers in chains, it did not overcome apical dominance among tubers in rhizome chains in suppressing active tubers. The budbreak and shoot elongation stimulation by alternating temperatures and high-temperature pulses appear to be common physiological responses to all purple nutsedge ecotypes examined in this study. Nomenclature: Purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO.
New microsatellite markers allow high-resolution taxon delimitation in critically endangered Asian box turtles, genus Cuora

We isolated and characterized 16 new di- and tetranudeotide microsatellite markers for the critically endangered Asian box turtle genus Cuora, focusing on the "Cuora trifasciata" species complex. The new markers were then used to analyse genetic variability and divergence amongst five described species within this complex, namely C. aurocapitata (n = 18), C. cyclornata (n = 31), C. pani (n = 6), C. trifasciata (n = 58), and C. zhoui (n = 7). Our results support the view that all five species represent valid taxa. Within two species (C. trifasciata and C. cyclornata), two distinct morphotypes were corroborated by microsatellite divergence. For three individuals, morphologically identified as being of hybrid origin, the hybrid status was confirmed by our genetic analysis. Our results confirm the controversial species (Cuora aurocapitata, C. cyclornata) and subspecies/morphotypes (C. cyclornata meieri, C. trifasciata cf. trifasciata) to be genetically distinct, which has critical implications for conservation strategies.
A guide to extant coccolithophores (Calcihaptophycidae, Haptophyta) using light microscopy.

We present here a collection of light microscope, and comparative scanning electron microscope, images of extant coccolithophores, sampled from various oceanic locations, and also from cultured strains. This series of images is intended to provide students and researchers interested in extant coccolithophore biology with an accessible means of identifying the common coccolithophore species found in modern assemblages.
Fluid mechanics of nodal flo w due to embryonic primary cilia: Electronic Supplementary Material

This describes a clockwise rotation viewed from above. We shall take the x x1 axis to be the ‘left/right’ axis of the embryo, with positive x corresponding to the ‘left’ and the y x2 axis to be the anterior/posterior axis, with negative y corresponding to the posterior. Hence the net fluid flow will be in the positive x direction and the tilt is in the negative y direction. The plane z 0 represents the cell surface, and z 0 is the extracellular fluid compartment. This is shown on the left of Figure 1. Applying the posterior tilt with angle θ it is straightforward to show that the parametric representation now becomes:
Spectrophotometric determination of dissolved organic carbon in some South Island streams and rivers (note)

Abstract Absorbance at 360 nm and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were measured on 47 filtered water samples collected from streams and rivers of the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. The regression equation (DOC (g m‐3) = 59.6 Abs1 cm + 1.9) calculated from the data, reliably predicted DOC concentration within the range 1.6–43.2 gm‐3. This relationship is similar to that found fsr some Venezuelan and south‐eastern United Stales waters indicating that it may have widespread utility for estimating DOC concentrations in soft waters where DOC is dominated by humic substances
Comparison of the Postharvest Quality of Noble Fir Boughs from the United States and Danish Provenances Grown in Denmark

Postharvest moisture and needle retention of boughs was examined for four Danish and five U.S. provenances of noble fir grown in Denmark. Boughs were displayed indoors under controlled conditions, and data were collected relating to rates of moisture loss and needle retention. Small current-year shoots had moisture and needle loss patterns similar to larger bough material. Postharvest quality of the Danish and U.S. provenance boughs was very similar. There was also a high correlation between the moisture level of the boughs and shoots, indicating that it should be possible to use small shoots to assess differences in moisture retention in future tests. Noble fir (Abies procera Red.) has become one of the most important conifer species used for the production of high-quality Christmas tree and bough products in Europe and North America (Chastagner and Benson, 2000; Da- vidson, 1999; Frampton and McKinley, 1999). In Europe, Denmark produces an estimated 9.5 × 10 6 Christmas trees that when combined with 25,000 tons of bough material has an estimated value of $120 million (Kaj Ostergaard, personal communication). This represents nearly half of the total revenue from all forest products produced in Denmark (Danmarks statistik 2000). Although nordmann fir (Abies nord- manniana (Stev.) Spach. ) accounts for most of the Danish Christmas tree production, noble fir makes up the majority of the Danish bough material and most of the new Christmas tree production in Ireland. Growers in the western portions of Oregon and Washington in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) supply about one-third of the 36 × 10 6
Different strategies of photoacclimation by two strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta) 1

Photoacclimation involves the modification of components of the light and dark reactions to optimize photosynthesis following changes in available light. All of the energy required for photosynthesis comes from linear electron transport through PSII and PSI and is dependent upon the amount of light harvested by PSII relative to PSI (a*PSII and a*PSI). The amount of light harvested is determined by the effective absorption cross‐sections (σPSII, σPSI) and cellular contents of the PSII and PSI reaction center complexes (RCII, RCI). Here, we examine the effective absorption cross‐sections and reaction center contents for calcifying (B11) and noncalcifying (B92) strains of the globally important coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. H. Hay et H. Mohler when grown under various photon flux densities (PFDs). The two strains displayed different “strategies” of acclimation. As growth PFD increased, B11 preferentially changed σ and the cellular content of chl a per cell over PSU “size” (the total cellular chl a content associated with the reaction center complexes); strain B92 preferentially changed PSU size over the cellular content of reaction complexes. Neither strategy was specifically consistent with the majority of previous studies from other microalgal species. For both strains, cellular light absorption for PSII and PSI was maintained close to unity across the range of growth PFDs since changes of σPSII and σPSI were reciprocated by those of RCIIs and RCIs per cell. Our results demonstrate a significant adaptive flexibility of E. huxleyi to photoacclimate. Finally, we calculated the amount of chl a associated with either photosystem to consider our interpretations of photoacclimation based on conventional determinations of PSU size.
Field Performance of Sweet Corn Seed Bio-primed and Coated with Pseudomonas fluorescens AB254

In field experiments, bio-priming and coating with Pseudomonas fluorescens AB254 consistently protected sweet corn (Zea mays L.) seeds from preemergence damp- ing-off caused by Pythium ultimum Trow. The bio-priming seed treatment was evalu- ated under various disease pressures and with seeds of three sweet corn genotypes: shrunken-2 supersweet (sh-2), sugary enhancer (se), and sugary (su). While no damping- off occurred in the su sweet corn, bio-priming protected sh-2 and se sweet corn seeds at a level equivalent to that obtained by treatment with the fungicide metalaxyl. Bio- priming increased seedling height of all three sweet corn genotypes at 4 weeks post- planting. Coating of sweet corn seeds with P. fluorescens AB254 provided an equivalent degree of protection from damping-off under all but the most severe conditions.
A revIeW oF The PygMy SquID IdIosepIus: PerSPeCTIveS eMergIng FroM An "InConSPICuouS" CePhALoPoD

The monogeneric family Idiosepiidae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Idiosepiida) contains the smallest living representatives of squid. Sexual dimorphism, presence of an adhe- sive organ on the dorsal mantle integument, lack of fully developed tentacles on hatching, and ability to produce large quantities of eggs relative to their body size during reproduction provide unique characteristics not commonly found in other cephalopods. These "mini-maximalists" have a life history strategy of rapid growth and high fecundity, and species of Idiosepius have been used as a model to examine embryonic and post-embryonic development, neurobiology, phylogeny, physiology, and life history strategies. Their small size, rapid generation time, soli - tary nature, and ease of producing eggs/hatchlings in captivity has provided a solid foundation for better understanding the evolution of an organism that has pushed the boundaries of a multi - tude of life history characteristics not observed in other metazoans. IdIosepIus CePhALoPoD LIFe hISTory evoLuTIon SquID MoLLuSC
The Relative Biological Effectiveness of Low Doses of 14 MeV Neutrons in Steady-State Murine Spermatogenesis as Determined by Flow Cytometry1

Abstract Hacker-Klom, U. B. , Köhnlein, W. , Kronholz, H. L. and Göhde, W. The Relative Biological Effectiveness of Low Doses of 14 MeV Neutrons in Steady-State Murine Spermatogenesis as Determined by Flow Cytometry. The relative biological effectiveness of 14 MeV neutrons in the low-dose range ≤1 Gy has been determined in differentiating and differentiated spermatogonia. Male NMRI mice were exposed to single doses of 2 cGy to 3 Gy of 60Co γ rays or neutrons. The ratios of testicular S-phase cells, 4c primary spermatocytes, and elongated spermatids were quantified by DNA flow cytometry 2 to 70 days after irradiation and were found to decrease. Histological samples and testis weight were analyzed in parallel. Doses of 2–5 cGy neutrons and 10–50 cGy γ rays significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the proportions of S-phase cells, spermatocytes and elongated spermatids at 4, 14 and 28 days postirradiation. For S-phase cells, the biphasic shape of the cell survival curves was described with a D50 of 5 cGy neutrons. The D50 for 60Co γ rays and the relative biological effectiveness could not be determined. The relative biological effectiveness of neutrons at 50% reductions of testis weight, primary spermatocytes, and elongated spermatids were 2.5, 10.0 and 6.1, respectively. This in vivo assay is interesting because of its sensitivity at dose ranges that are relevant for exposures in the environment, the workplace and radiotherapy.
Production of artemisinin from cell suspension culture of Artemisia annua L

Elite clones of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) with anti-malarial properties were selected based on plant height from a population of eight-week old in vitro plantlets. The selected elite clones were found to contain artemisinin in the range of 90 - 330 µg/g (DW) in the aerial portion of the plant. Friable calluses, derived from the leaf explants, cultured on MS medium + 0.5 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA, were used to establish the cell suspension culture of A. annua. The friable yellowish white calluses were fast growing and contained lower artemisinin (1.7 µg/g DW) compared to the green compact calluses (3.7 µg/g DW) which were not suitable for the establishment of cell suspension culture. MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.25 mg/L BA induced the most friable and fine cells but with a very low cell biomass. However, the production of artemisinin (8.2 µg/g DW) was increased in cells cultured in culture medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L IAA + 0.25 mg/L BA. The addition of 2 mg/L elicitor N to the cell suspension culture of A. annua in ½MS + 0.25 mg/L BA + 0.25 mg/L NAA did not stimulate the cell growth of the A. annua cells but increased the production of artemisinin to 50 µg/g DW. The nitrogen ions provided in the form of potassium nitrate (KNO3) was found to be more suitable than ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). A large-scale culture of A. annua cells maintained the normal growth index and the artemisinin content in the cells.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE BASED SANDWICH ARRAY PLATFORM FOR THE DETECTION OF TRANSGENIC ELEMENTS FROM PLANT SOURCES USING LABEL-FREE PCR PRODUCTS

iv ÖZ. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ix TABLE OF CONTENTS . xi LIST OF TABLES . xv LIST OF FIGURES . xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.xx CHAPTERS 1.1 Microarray . 1 1.2 DNA Microarray Technology . 2 1.3 Applications of Microarray . 3 1.3. 1 Gene Expression and Discovery . 3 1.3. 2 Genotyping . 4 1.3. 3 Drug Discovery and Developments . 5 1.3. 4 Diagnostic Applications . 6 1.4 Types of Microarray . 7 1.4. 1 According to Target Detection . 7 1.4. 1.1 Tissue Microarray . 7 1.4. 1.2 Protein Microarray . 10 1.4. 1.3 Oligonucleotide Microarray . 11 1.4. 2 According to Hybridization Type . 12 1.4. 2.1 Direct Hybridization . 12 1.4. 2.2. Sandwich Hybridization . 14 1.5. Sandwich Hybridization Based Detection . 15 1.6 Aim of the Study . 16 2. MATERIALS & METHODS . 17
Nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in Crepis sancta (Asteraceae)

We describe nine new variable di- and trinucleotide microsatellites in the plant Crepis sancta, as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneous genotyping sets of loci. Their variability was assessed in four populations. Four to 33 alleles were detected per locus; two to 23 alleles per population. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium could be attributed either to a mating system involving partial selfing or to null alleles. Genetic differentiation over all loci was significant among the four populations studied. These markers will constitute an efficient tool for investigating dispersal patterns in fragmented landscapes. Cross-species amplification provided few loci variability in three other Crepis species (C. pulcra, C. foetida and C. rubra).
Detection and Partial Characterization of Algal Viruses from Freshwater and Rice Field in Egypt

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in aquatic environments and our understanding of their ecological significance has increased since the first discovery of their high abundance in natural waters. By using liquid lysis assay and plaque assay, phycoviruses (Viruses infected algae) were isolated for the first time from fresh water in Egypt. Water samples collected from Nile River, El-Ibrahimia canal, El-Moheit drainage canal and rice field were screened for presence of viruses infected algae. We isolated and described for the first time three viruses infected Chlorella species and five viruses infected Phormidium species during June 2009. Presence in the lysis and plaque assay methods showed that populations of phycoviruses were distributed in water samples. Transmission electron microscopy showed that Chlorella viruses isolated from Egypt water resemble PBCV-1 (the prototype of Chlorella virus) in its icosahedral head without tail while viruses of Phormidium species resemble to bacteriophage in its icosahedral head and lone or short tail. Nucleic acid of Egyptian Chlorella virus is same size as DNA of CVK2 (Chlorella virus Kyoto-2).
Beyond Recognition

One of the greatest sadnesses of married life for Mrs. A. was the loss of the lead role in a college production of the play Shakuntala. Mrs. A. identified closely with Shakuntala, a heroine whose story is typically told as an ethical narrative of recognition. Skanutala’s story is the most detailed and thoroughly explored myth in the case, and its moral lessons are part of a long history of establishing identities and ethics of reform in the midst of colonial rule, histories that shaped Mrs. A. ’s own world and the social and political ideas available to her. But its dimensions also establish starkly gendered conditions for the ethical ideal of recognition. As Mrs. A. imagined life after marriage, she reimagined alternate versions of Shakuntala’s story, transforming a story of recognition into one containing the personal and political possibilities of non-recognition. She did so not through interpretation, but through a dancerly orientation that cast ethics as feeling, gesture, movement, play, and even artifice, reimagining not only the content of ethics, but the very form ethics might take.
Human Fibroblasts as a Model for the Study of Bone Disorders

Bone tissue degeneration is an urgent clinical issue, making it a subject of intensive research. Chronic skeletal disease forms can be prevalent, such as the age-related osteoporosis, or rare, in the form of monogenetic bone disorders. A barrier in the understanding of the underlying pathological process is the lack of accessibility to relevant material. For this reason, cells of non-bone tissue are emerging as a suitable alternative for models of bone biology. Fibroblasts are highly suitable for this application; they populate accessible anatomical locations, such as the skin tissue. Reports suggesting their utility in preclinical models for the study of skeletal diseases are increasingly becoming available. The majority of these are based on the generation of an intermediate stem cell type, the induced pluripotent stem cells, which are subsequently directed to the osteogenic cell lineage. This intermediate stage is circumvented in transdifferentiation, the process regulating the direct conversion of fibroblasts to osteogenic cells, which is currently not well-explored. With this mini review, we aimed to give an overview of existing osteogenic transdifferentiation models and to inform about their applications in bone biology models.
Rapid Isolation of Sorghum and Other Cereal Starches Using Sonication

ABSTRACT High-intensity ultrasound (sonication) was investigated as a method to rapidly purify starch from sorghum and other cereal grains. To improve the process, buffers were optimized to solubilize sorghum proteins in combination with the sonication. Protein content and starch color were determined to evaluate the efficiency of the extraction process. Sonication times, SDS concentration, different types and concentrations of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite, dithiothreitol, and β-mercaptoethanol), and centrifugation speeds of the starch washing procedure were tested. Protein content of isolated sorghum starch was reduced to 0–0.14% (db) after 2 min of sonication (using any of the reducing agents tested). Sodium metabisulfite was chosen as the preferred reducing agent because of its lower toxicity and odor compared with other reducing agents tested. The optimum conditions for producing high-purity sorghum starches (0.06% protein) were obtained using the following conditions: 2 min of sonication tim.
Developing Mechanized Systems for Producing, Harvesting, and Handling Brambles, Strawberries, and Grapes

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. abscission layer, fruit maturity, mechanization systems, mechanical harvesting, mechanical shoot positioning, mechanical pruning, processing SUMMARY. Mechanization of harvesting, pruning, and other cultural operations on many small fruit crops for the processing market has occurred in response to the scarcity and expense of hand labor. Scientists at the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station and other experiment stations in the United States and throughout the world have developed new cultural and fruit- handling systems and have determined the effects of these systems on fruit yield and quality. This research has resulted in the development of prototype and commercial machinery as well as production and handling systems that have assisted in mechanization systems for brambles, strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.), and grapes (Vitis sp.). Much of this body of work is in commercial use and much is simply available, awaiting circumstances that will be beneficial to implementation.
ARTICLE Anagenetic evolution in island plants

Aim Plants in islands have often evolved through adaptive radiation, providing the classical model of evolution of closely related species each with strikingly different morphological and ecological features and with low levels of genetic divergence. We emphasize the importance of an alternative (anagenetic) model of evolution, whereby a single island endemic evolves from a progenitor and slowly builds up genetic variation through time. Location Continental and oceanic islands. Methods We surveyed 2640 endemic angiosperm species in 13 island systems of the world, both oceanic and continental, for anagenetic and cladogenetic patterns of speciation. Genetic data were evaluated from a progenitor and derivative species pair in Ullung Island, Korea, and Japan. Results We show that the anagenetic model of evolution is much more important in oceanic islands than previously believed, accounting for levels of endemic specific diversity from 7% in the Hawaiian Islands to 88% in Ullung Island, Korea, with a mean for all islands of 25%. Examination of an anagenetically derived endemic species in Ullung Island reveals genetic (amplified fragment length polymorphism) variation equal or nearly equal to that of its continental progenitor. Main conclusions We hypothesize that, during anagenetic speciation, initial founder populations proliferate, and then accumulate genetic variation slowly through time by mutation and recombination in a relatively uniform environment, with drift and/or selection yielding genetic and morphological divergence sufficient for the recognition of new species. Low-elevation islands with low habitat heterogeneity are highly correlated with high levels of anagenetic evolution, allowing prediction of levels of the two models of evolution from these data alone. Both anagenetic and adaptive radiation models of speciation are needed to explain the observed levels of specific and genetic diversity in oceanic