Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting emotion in music through audio pattern analysis

Music plays a big part in the development of humanity and has inspired so many people to do great things. Which is why a study was conducted focusing on music and its relation to human emotions. It tackles on how an emotional response is generated from an audio pattern through the use of a model constructed by the researchers. The work done is aimed to generate ratings of the emotion conveyed in a song represented as valence and arousal. Audio feature extraction and Artificial Neural Networks played big parts in the development of the research in creating the regression model and predicting the human emotion being emphasized in an audio pattern. The findings of the research will be used to give meaning to audio patterns and how their structure and composition leads to different emotional states of man.
Prioritized epoch - incremental Q - learning algorithm

The basic reinforcement learning algorithms, such as Q-learning or Sarsa, are characterized by short time-consuming single learning step, however the number of epochs necessary to achieve the optimal policy is not acceptable. There are many methods that reduce the number of' necessary epochs, like TD(lambda greather than 0), Dyna or prioritized sweeping, but their computational time is considerable. This paper proposes a combination of Q-learning algorithm performed in the incremental mode with the method of acceleration executed in the epoch mode. This acceleration is based on the distance to the terminal state. This approach ensures the maintenance of short time of a single learning step and high efficiency comparable with Dyna or prioritized sweeping. Proposed algorithm is compared with Q(lambda)-learning, Dyna-Q and prioritized sweeping in the experiments of three grid worlds. The time-consuming learning process and number of epochs necessary to reach the terminal state is used to evaluate the efficiency of compared algorithms.
Conditioning Permeability Fields to Pressure Data

Generating realizations of the permeability field drawn from a probability density function conditioned on inaccurate pressure or saturation data is difficult, even if the unconditional realizations are Gaussian random fields, because the problem is highly nonlinear. Inefficient methods that generate large numbers of rejected images, such as simulated annealing, must be ruled out as impractical because of the repeated need for reservoir flow simulation.
Testing the Test : Exploring Conceptualisations of English Literature in Post-16 Literature Assessment

The format of post-16 literature education assessment has not varied much since formal post-16 education began in Malaysia in the late 1950s. While it still relies heavily on the writing of literature essays, conceptualisations of literature as a school subject embedded in examination papers which are constructed by different examination boards have changed in important ways. This article argues that identifying these conceptualisations through an analysis of examination papers creates an avenue to provide a different perspective in exploring the development of literature in schools. To demonstrate this, examination papers on Shakespeare and modern literature from two examination sittings administered in Malaysia, one in the year 1968 and the other in the years 2012/2013, are analysed with a focus on whether questions are writer, text or reader-centred while considering how student response, termed outcome space, is framed. This study suggests that conceptualisations of literature have shifted in two ways: the first is a shift from a balance between writer, text and reader-centred questions to a heavy inclination towards text-centred questions which is linked to another noticeable shift in student responses to literature texts that has moved from the expression of personal meaning and interpretation of the text to the demonstration of detailed textual knowledge. Such shifts demonstrate that there is a need to consider literature assessment not only as an end-product of school subject construction but as an active representation of literature that influences the teaching and learning of the subject.
Nitrogen transfers off Walvis Bay: a 3-D coupled physical/biogeochemical modeling approach in the Namibian upwelling system

Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) are regions of high primary production often associated with oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). They represent key regions for the oceanic nitrogen (N) cycle. By exporting organic matter (OM) and nutrients produced in the coastal region to the open ocean, EBUS can play an important role in sustaining primary production in subtropical gyres. However, losses of fixed inorganic N through denitrification and anammox processes take place in oxygen depleted environments such as EBUS, and can potentially mitigate the role of these regions as a source of N to the open ocean. EBUS can also represent a considerable source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, affecting the atmospheric budget of N2O. In this paper a 3-D coupled physical/biogeochemical model (ROMS/BioEBUS) is used to investigate the N budget in the Namibian upwelling system. The main processes linked to EBUS and associated OMZs are taken into account. The study focuses on the northern part of the Benguela upwelling system (BUS), especially the Walvis Bay area (between 22° S and 24° S) where the OMZ is well developed. Fluxes of N off the Walvis Bay area are estimated in order to understand and quantify (1) the total N offshore export from the upwelling area, representing a possible N source that sustains primary production in the South Atlantic subtropical gyre; (2) export production and subsequent losses of fixed N via denitrification and anammox under suboxic conditions (O2 < 25 mmol O2 m−3); and (3) the N2O emission to the atmosphere in the upwelling area. In the mixed layer, the total N offshore export is estimated as 8.5 ± 3.9 × 1010 mol N yr−1 at 10° E off the Walvis Bay area, with a mesoscale contribution of 20%. Extrapolated to the whole BUS, the coastal N source for the subtropical gyre corresponds to 0.1 ± 0.04 mol N m−2 yr−1. This N flux represents a major source of N for the gyre compared with other N sources, and contributes 28% of the new primary production estimated for the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. Export production (16.9 ± 1.3 × 1010 mol N yr−1) helps to maintain an OMZ off Namibia in which coupled nitrification, denitrification and anammox processes lead to losses of fixed N and N2O production. However, neither N losses (0.04 ± 0.025 × 1010 mol N yr−1) nor N2O emissions (0.03 ± 0.002 × 1010 mol N yr−1) significantly impact the main N exports of the Walvis Bay area. The studied area does not significantly contribute to N2O emissions (0.5 to 2.7%) compared to the global coastal upwelling emissions. Locally produced N2O is mostly advected southward by the poleward undercurrent.
Advanced control for modifying the acoustic impedance at the diaphragm of a loudspeaker

Conventional techniques for acoustic impedance control operate either by feedback control of acoustic quantities (pressure and/or velocity) or by plugging an electrical network at the terminals of an electroacoustic transducer, thus modifying the acoustic impedance of its diaphragm. The general idea is to absorb the incident sound energy or to contain it, by simply controlling the dynamics of loudspeakers. The direct application is to better control the low-frequency sound field in enclosed or semi-closed spaces, improve the sound insulation between adjacent rooms or confine the noise emitted by industrial machines. Using a loudspeaker as a noise control device has several advantages: it is readily available at almost low cost, and already well-suited for rudimentary acoustic treatments. It naturally behaves as a damped harmonic oscillator which resonance can be altered through basic electrical means. With active control, sound absorption within the frequency range around the loudspeaker resonance can be significantly improved. The underlying problem often results in performance degradation outside this range, in the form of over-reflections. In this paper we propose means for compensating such undesired effects. For illustrative purposes, computed results and measurements obtained in impedance tube are provided to show the performances of a controlled loudspeaker in terms of absorption and stability.
Infrasonic component of volcano‐seismic eruption tremor

Air‐ground and ground‐air elastic wave coupling are key processes in the rapidly developing field of seismoacoustics and are particularly relevant for volcanoes. During a sustained explosive volcanic eruption, it is typical to record a sustained broadband signal on seismometers, termed eruption tremor. Eruption tremor is usually attributed to a subsurface seismic source process, such as the upward migration of magma and gases through the shallow conduit and vent. However, it is now known that sustained explosive volcanic eruptions also generate powerful tremor signals in the atmosphere, termed infrasonic tremor. We investigate infrasonic tremor coupling down into the ground and its contribution to the observed seismic tremor. Our methodology builds on that proposed by Ichihara et al. (2012) and involves cross‐correlation, coherence, and cross‐phase spectra between waveforms from nearly collocated seismic and infrasonic sensors; we apply it to datasets from Mount St. Helens, Tungurahua, and Redoubt Volcanoes.
Chapter 5 . 5 MAPPING AND MAP-BASED CLONING

Niels Sandal, Katja Krause, Mirela Frantescu, Simona Radutoiu, Lene Krusell, Lene H Madsen, Norihito Kanamori, Esben Madsen, Leïla Tirichine, and Jens Stougaard Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, DENMARK; Molecular Plant Nutrition Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, GERMANY; *Corresponding author
Interactive comment on “ Advances in representing interactive methane in ModelE 2-YIBs ( version 1 . 1 ) ” by Kandice L

Overview This paper describes advances to the NASA GISS ModelE2-Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere global chemistry-climate model (ModelE2-YIBs) and its use to optimise natural methane emission sources for the year 2005, through comparison of modelled and observed surface atmospheric methane concentrations. These emission inventories and the overall model performance are then assessed against atmospheric column methane measurements from the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument and ozone sonde measurements.
Explaining the gender wage gap: Is culture the missing link?

The topic of the gender wage gap has been an important research issue for several decades. While many have investigated reasons for the persistence of a differential in the wages of men and women, none has successfully explained away the entire difference. The wage differential is a global problem. Despite differences in political and economic make-up of countries all over the world, the gender wage gap is present. The purpose of the paper is to examine the gender wage gap from an international perspective and to determine whether any pattern exists between cultural dimensions of a country and the male-female wage differential. The paper will utilize the cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede (2001) to profile a country’s cultural status and compare those cultural dimensions to the gender wage gap.
LOWERING EFFECT OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS FLOWER PETALS ON MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ( MSG ) INDUCED OBESE RATS

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) regularly used as a flavoring agent in cooking. The consumption of MSG has been shown to cause endothelial dysfunction long before development of any significant obesity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the lipids lowering effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower petals on MSG induced obesity in female albino rats. The feed intake and body weight gain was increased in MSG rats. The levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were increased and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was decreased in MSG obese rats. After administration of H. rosa-sinensis, the feed intake and bodyweight gain were normalized and also the levels of free fatty acids, TG, phospholipids, TC, VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were reverted to near normal. The results are also compared with those of the silymarin, the standard drug treatment to MSG induced obese rats.
The Political Participation and Government Size PARTICIPATION POLITIQUE ET TAILLE DU GOUVERNEMENT

Abstract: This paper analyzes the effect of political participation on government size. First, the paper extends the model proposed by Mueller and Stratmann, which considers relation of political participation and government size. Second, we estimate this model with another index like democracy, voice and accountability, and Civil liberties index as political participation index. This model points that any increase in political participation is generally found to raise government size; however this increasing effect is low. Also, other considered indicators have a significant effect on government size. Our case study is the Asia and Pacific Ocean countries in during 2000 to 2008. Findings showed that when participation rate, democracy index, and voice and accountability index increase one percent, government size increases 0.065, 1.30, and 3.19 percent, respectively. Additionally, when civil liberties increases one percent, government size declines 1.29 percent. The paper provides a small expansion of Mueller and Stratmann model that considers the effect of the overall concept of political participation on government size by using indexes like democracy, voice and accountability, and Civil liberties index. Key words: Government Size; Political participation; Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Resume: Cet article analyse l'effet de la participation politique sur la taille du gouvernement. Tout d'abord, l'article etend le modele concernant la participation politique et la taille du gouvernement propose par Mueller et Stratmann. Ensuite, il evalue ce modele avec d’autres indices comme la democratie, le droit de parler et la responsabilite, et des indices de libertes civiles en tant que l'indice de la participation politique. Ce modele indique que toute augmentation de la participation politique contribue generalement a elargir la taille du gouvernement, mais cet effet est faible. En outre, d'autres indicateurs estimes ont un effet significatif sur la taille du gouvernement. Notre etude de cas est menee sur les pays en Asie et dans l’ocean pacifique au cours de 2000 a 2008. Les resultats ont montre que lorsque le taux de participation, l'indice de democratie et l’indice du droit de parler et de la responsabilite augmente de 1%, la taille du gouvernement elargit de 0.065%, 1.30%, et 3.19%t, respectivement. Par contre, lorsque les libertes civiles augmente de 1%, la taille du gouvernement baisse de 1,291%. L’article fait une legere expansion du modele de Mueller et Stratmann qui evalue l'effet de la notion globale de la participation politique sur la taille du gouvernement a l'aide des indices comme la democratie, le droit de parler et la responsabilite, et des indices de libertes civiles. Mots cles: Taille du gouvernement; Participation politique; Methode des Moments Generalisee (MMG)
Health Expenditures and Externalities: Their Contribution to Economic Growth

This paper develops a dynamic, endogenous growth model that reveals the various pathways through which health expenditures, in the presence of an externality, augment labor e¤ectiveness causing capital deepening and growth. In an inter-temporal environment, competitive rms employ capital and labor services, the latter is endogenously determined by households inter-temporal choice to allocate some forgone consumption to health expenditures to augment own e¤ective labor. These expenditures in turn lower harmful health externalities on other workers due to a lessening of the communicable nature of disease. The growth-health path ways suggest various potential points for policy interventions to ameliorate productivity, avoid a poverty-like trap and to enhance economic growth.
ROTOR RESISTANCE IDENTIFICATION FOR SPEED SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES TAKING SATURATION INTO ACCOUNT

This paper aims at developing a method of rotor resistance estimation for speed sensorless indirect vector controlled induction motor drive taking the effect of magnetic flux saturation into account. A mathematical dynamic model of an induction motor as influenced by magnetic circuit saturation is presented. Moreover, a modified structure of indirect vector controller scheme is proposed which involves the saturated value of the magnetizing inductance. In this scheme, an effective online method for rotor resistance estimation is based on a modified model reference adaptive system (MRAS) to achieve high-precise control in a wide range of motor speed. The motor speed is estimated from the difference between the estimated synchronous speed and slip speed. The online magnetizing inductance estimation algorithm to operate within the rotor resistance estimation is presented. Digital simulations have been carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless drive system. The results have proven excellent steady-state and dynamic performances of the drive system, which confirms validity of the proposed scheme.
The Calculation of the 97.5% Upper Confidence Bound: Application to Clustered Binary Data in a Binomial Non-Inferiority Two-Sample Trial.

This paper will discuss the analysis of a cluster randomized binomial non-inferiority two-sample trial. The determination of the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) and its use in the calculation of the 97.5% upper confidence bound for delta, the true difference in binomial proportions between the active control and the experimental treatment groups, will be outlined. As noted in the EMEA guideline on the choice of the non-inferiority margin (2005), “Many clinical trials comparing an experimental treatment with an active control are designed as non-inferiority trials. The term ‘non-inferiority’ is now well established, but if taken literally could be misleading. The objective of a non-inferiority trial is sometimes stated as being to demonstrate that the experimental treatment is not inferior to the active control. However, only a superiority trial can demonstrate this. In fact, a non-inferiority trial aims to demonstrate that the experimental treatment is not worse than the active control by more than a pre-specified, small amount. This amount is known as the non-inferiority margin, or delta ( 0 δ ). ” It is common practice to adopt the 2.5% significance level for a non-inferiority test, since the test is one-sided. Thus, we would consider the 97.5% upper confidence bound for δ , the true difference in binomial proportions between the active control and the experimental treatment groups.
Predicting e-textbook adoption based on event segmentation of teachers' usage

Customized content of e-textbook require teachers to spend greater efforts using authoring tools and planning activities before class, and teachers with various contexts have different demands on e-textbook. However, some teachers who lack ICT skills and dissatisfy with the features tend to give up using e-textbook. Thus we need to know the status of teachers' usage earlier before we decide to give them some technical supports. This paper describes an analysis method for predicting e-textbook adoption from usage records in early days, and an event segmentation method of teachers' usage is used in effort to provide features of predictive model.
Mutations in the “a” Determinant Region of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype A among Voluntary Kenyan Blood Donors

Background: Occurrence of mutations within the major antigenic alpha determinant region of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg can alter HBV antigenicity resulting in failures in diagnosis, vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin therapy. Objective: This study aimed at detection of mutations in the “a” determinant region of HBV surface antigen among voluntary blood donors in Kenya. Design: A cross sectional study involving serology and molecular techniques Settings: This study involved analysis of samples from blood transfusion centers Subjects: A total of 301 blood samples from donor blood were collected for the study. Methods: Sero-status for HBsAg was determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A fragment of the S gene including the "a" determinant was amplified by PCR from the HBsAg positive samples and sequenced for mutation analysis. Mutations and phylogenetic analyses were performed using Mega 6 software, Bioedit software and GENETYX ® software version 9.1. 0. Results: Out of the 301 samples tested 69/301 (22.9%) were Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive including 2/69(2.9%) were sero-negative for HBsAg. All isolates were genotype A, sub-genotype A1. A total of 29 mutations were observed of which 37.9% were located within the “a” determinant. Mutations T143M and K122R were the most frequent in this study. Escape mutations associated with diagnostic failure, vaccine and immunoglobulin therapy escape were also identified. Conclusions : These findings are important for policies related to vaccine implementation and therapeutic and diagnostic guidelines. Keywords: Escape mutants, genotype, hepatitis B virus, antigenic determinant, surface antigen.
Social Interaction: A Study on the Openness Attitude of Both Religion Believers towards the Other Believers in the Southern Thailand

The Southern of Thailand citizens are known as the plural society that possesses various different religions. Even though the citizens are from multi-religious society, the majority of them are Muslims and followed by the Buddhists. It is a continuous issue for the religious believers in the Southern of Thailand in communicating with the other religious believers. Their interaction process is always accompanied by the suspicion and doubt among each other. Among the concepts of harmonious living in a religious pluralism society, openness attitude is the most important basic concept. It plays the significant role as a tool to form a good relationship among people. Therefore, this study is meant to scrutinize to which extent the religious teaching that teaches on the religious harmonious of life influence its believers in interpreting it to an openness attitude in their daily interaction. This study utilised two main methods namely the qualitative and the quantitative approaches. The results from the descriptive analysis depict that most of religious believers in the Southern of Thailand possess the openness attitude in interacting with the other believers at a good level as 40.02% of them agreed, and 30.96% of them strongly agreed on the issue. Hence, the findings have convinced the study that majority of the citizens in the Southern of Thailand are highly motivated to live harmoniously. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that there are some of the religious believers failed to practice the openness attitude when interacting with the other believers, so it is a must to identify the causes in order to offer the best solution for it.