Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Function Synonyms Source Code Context / Response Extractor Miner Error Handler Locator Specifications Function Synonyms Source Code Context / Response Extractor Error Handler Locator Specs Spec Miner Function Synonyms Source Code Context / Response Extractor Error Handler Locator

Identifying relationships among program elements is useful for program understanding, debugging, and analysis. One such kind of relationship is synonymy. Function synonyms are functions that play a similar role in code; examples include functions that perform initialization for different device drivers, and functions that implement different symmetric-key encryption schemes. Function synonyms are not necessarily semantically equivalent and can be syntactically dissimilar; consequently, approaches for identifying code clones or functional equivalence cannot be used to identify them. This paper presents Func2vec, a technique that learns an embedding mapping each function to a vector in a continuous vector space such that vectors for function synonyms are in close proximity. We compute the function embedding by training a neural network on sentences generated using random walks over the interprocedural control-flow graph. We show the effectiveness of Func2vec at identifying function synonyms in the Linux kernel. Finally, we apply Func2vec to the problem of mining error-handling specifications in Linux file systems and drivers. We show that the function synonyms identified by Func2vec result in error-handling specifications with high support.
Reinforced Satellite Image Preprocessing and Segmentation using Enhanced Wavelets and Watershed Algorithms

Satellite imagery consists of photos of earth or other planets captured by artificial satellites. Satellite images have many applications in biodiversity conservation, regional planning, meteorology, agriculture, geology, forestry, education, intelligence and warfare. Segmentation is a process of partitioning a satellite image into nonintersection regions and is considered as a important step in many satellite image processing applications. The performance of the segmentation algorithm is very much degraded by the image quality and because of their huge size, is often slow. The present need is an algorithm which can solve both these problems. In this article, a solution that highly enhances the image quality through a simultaneous process that rectifies intensity, adjusts contrast, improves edges and removes unwanted noise is proposed. The reinforced image is then segmented using an enhanced watershed algorithm that uses mean-shift clustering. Experimental results prove that both the proposed enhancement procedure and segmentation algorithm show significant improvement when compared with existing solutions.
MADS Box Transcript Amount Is Affected by Ethylene during Abscission

Thinning of young fruit is an important agronomical practice to ensure the maximum economic production. This practice is based on the control of the natural self thinning process occurring during fruit development. At the early stages of fruit development (fruitlet), the vegetative part of the tree is competing with the reproductive part of the tree and within the fruit clusters the different fruitlets are competing with each other. As a result the least fit organ abscises, Ethylene and auxin play a central role in this event but the role of ethylene is not thoroughly understood because in other systems abscission occurs partly with ethylene independent processes. We have followed the early development of fruitlets and studied the transcription patterns of MADS-box and ethylene related transcripts. Furthermore, we verified that ethylene has an effect on the expression of some ethylene related and MADS BOX genes. We propose that the ethylene burst during abscission induction is similar to a stage 2 ethylene system and it is related to fruitlet growth by affecting transcript amount of MADS-BOXes which modulate seed development and cortex growth.
Effect of zonal asymmetries in stratospheric ozone on simulated Southern Hemisphere climate trends

Stratospheric ozone is represented in most climate models by prescribing zonal‐mean fields. We examine the impact of this on Southern Hemisphere (SH) trends using a chemistry climate model (CCM): multi‐decadal simulations with interactive stratospheric chemistry are compared with parallel simulations using the same model in which the zonal‐mean ozone is prescribed. Prescribing zonal‐mean ozone results in a warmer Antarctic stratosphere when there is a large ozone hole, with much smaller differences at other times. As a consequence, Antarctic temperature trends for 1960 to 2000 and 2000 to 2050 in the CCM are underestimated when zonal‐mean ozone is prescribed. The impacts of stratospheric changes on the tropospheric circulation (i.e., summertime trends in the SH annular mode) are also underestimated. This shows that SH trends related to ozone depletion and recovery are underestimated when interactions between stratospheric ozone and climate are approximated by an imposed zonal‐mean ozone field.
Achieving the Promise of Integration in Social-Ecological Research: A Review and Prospectus

An integrated understanding of both social and ecological aspects of environmental issues is essential to address pressing sustainability challenges. An integrated social-ecological systems perspective is purported to provide a better understanding of the complex relationships between humans and nature. Despite a threefold increase in the amount of social-ecological research published between 2010 and 2015, it is unclear whether these approaches have been truly integrative. We conducted a systematic literature review to investigate the conceptual, methodological, disciplinary, and functional aspects of social-ecological integration. In general, we found that overall integration is still lacking in social-ecological research. Some social variables deemed important for addressing sustainability challenges are underrepresented in social-ecological studies, e.g., culture, politics, and power. Disciplines such as ecology, urban studies, and geography are better integrated than others, e.g., sociology, biology, and public administration. In addition to ecology and urban studies, biodiversity conservation plays a key brokerage role in integrating other disciplines into social-ecological research. Studies founded on systems theory have the highest rates of integration. Highly integrative studies combine different types of tools, involve stakeholders at appropriate stages, and tend to deliver practical recommendations. Better social-ecological integration must underpin sustainability science. To achieve this potential, future social-ecological research will require greater attention to the following: the interdisciplinary composition of project teams, strategic stakeholder involvement, application of multiple tools, incorporation of both social and ecological variables, consideration of bidirectional relationships between variables, and identification of implications and articulation of clear policy recommendations.
Decoupling simulation accuracy from mesh quality

For a given PDE problem, three main factors affect the accuracy of FEM solutions: basis order, mesh resolution, and mesh element quality. The first two factors are easy to control, while controlling element shape quality is a challenge, with fundamental limitations on what can be achieved. We propose to use p-refinement (increasing element degree) to decouple the approximation error of the finite element method from the domain mesh quality for elliptic PDEs. Our technique produces an accurate solution even on meshes with badly shaped elements, with a slightly higher running time due to the higher cost of high-order elements. We demonstrate that it is able to automatically adapt the basis to badly shaped elements, ensuring an error consistent with high-quality meshing, without any per-mesh parameter tuning. Our construction reduces to traditional fixed-degree FEM methods on high-quality meshes with identical performance. Our construction decreases the burden on meshing algorithms, reducing the need for often expensive mesh optimization and automatically compensates for badly shaped elements, which are present due to boundary constraints or limitations of current meshing methods. By tackling mesh generation and finite element simulation jointly, we obtain a pipeline that is both more efficient and more robust than combinations of existing state of the art meshing and FEM algorithms.
Deformations of calibrated submanifolds

Assuming the ambient manifold is Kahler, the theory of complex submanifolds can be placed in the more general context of calibrated submanifolds, see [HL]. It is therefore natural to try to extend some of the many results in complex geometry to the other calibrated geometries of [HL]. In particular, the question of deformability of calibrated submanifolds is addressed here (analogous to Kodaira's work on deformations of complex submanifolds [K]). Also, a formula for the second variation of volume of an arbitrary calibrated submanifolds which generalizes a result of Simons' in the complex category [S] is given.
Corporate Cash Holdings and Product Market Competition: The Effects of Stock-Based Executive Compensation

This study explore the effects of different levels of stock-based reward incentives on the value of corporate cash holdings by the PTM developed by Hansen (1999). Empirical results revealed that the positive effects of executives? cash holdings on corporate value increase concurrently with the sensitivity of the value of their stock-based rewards on the standard deviation of corporate stock returns. Conversely, the positive effects of executives? cash holdings on corporate value diminish concurrently with managerial incentives. Furthermore, the excess cash in companies with strong managerial incentives positively affects corporate value. However, these effects have no substantial economic effects. Finally, the outcomes of this study can serve as a reference for companies and competent authorities when formulating reward agreements to inhibit agency problems by taking into account the positive and negative effects of reward incentives, thereby protecting shareholders? interests and ensuring capital market stability.
A Survey for Action Recognition Research

Understanding human actions in visual data is tied to advances in complementary research areas including object recognition, human dynamics, domain adaptation and semantic segmentation. Over the last decade, human action analysis evolved from earlier schemes that are often limited to controlled environments to nowadays advanced solutions that can learn from millions of videos and apply to almost all daily activities. Given the broad range of applications from video surveillance to human-computer interaction, scientific milestones in action recognition are achieved more rapidly, eventually leading to the demise of what used to be good in a short time. This motivated us to provide a comprehensive review of the notable steps taken towards recognizing human actions. To this end, we start our discussion with the pioneering methods that use handcrafted representations, and then, navigate into the realm of deep learning based approaches. We aim to remain objective throughout this survey, touching upon encouraging improvements as well as inevitable fallbacks, in the hope of raising fresh questions and motivating new research directions for the reader.
Nickel: A Framework for Design and Verification of Information Flow Control Systems

Nickel is a framework that helps developers design and verify information flow control systems by systematically eliminating covert channels inherent in the interface, which can be exploited to circumvent the enforcement of information flow policies. Nickel provides a formulation of noninterference amenable to automated verification, allowing developers to specify an intended policy of permitted information flows. It invokes the Z3 SMT solver to verify that both an interface specification and an implementation satisfy noninterference with respect to the policy; if verification fails, it generates counterexamples to illustrate covert channels that cause the violation. Using Nickel, we have designed, implemented, and verified NiStar, the first OS kernel for decentralized information flow control that provides (1) a precise specification for its interface, (2) a formal proof that the interface specification is free of covert channels, and (3) a formal proof that the implementation preserves noninterference. We have also applied Nickel to verify isolation in a small OS kernel, NiKOS, and reproduce known covert channels in the ARINC 653 avionics standard. Our experience shows that Nickel is effective in identifying and ruling out covert channels, and that it can verify noninterference for systems with a low proof burden.
Testing the bed-blocking hypothesis: does higher supply of nursing and care homes reduce delayed hospital discharges?

Hospital bed blocking occurs when hospital patients are ready to be discharged to a nursing home but no place is available, so that hospital care acts as a more costly substitute for long-term care. We investigate the extent to which higher supply of nursing home beds or lower prices can reduce hospital bed blocking. We use new Local Authority level administrative data from England on hospital delayed discharges in 2010-13. The results suggest that delayed discharges do respond to the availability of care-home beds but the effect is modest: an increase in care-homes bed by 10% (250 additional beds per Local Authority) would reduce delayed discharges by about 4%-7%. We also find strong evidence of spillover effects across Local Authorities are associated with fewer delayed discharges.
Filter and Grid Resolution Requirements in LES via a Discontinuous Galerkin Solver

The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methodology has proven very effective for large eddy simulation (LES) of various turbulent flows. In LES with a given discretization accuracy, two important parameters are the grid resolution $h$ and the filter size $\Delta$. In most of the previous works, the grid spacing is usually set to be proportional to the specified filter size. In this work, the DG method is combined with a subgrid scale (SGS) closure which is equivalent to that of the filtered density function (FDF). Various $\Delta/h$ ratios for LES of a two-dimensional and three-dimensional temporally developing mixing layer are considered, and a systematic parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of grid resolution, the filter width size, and the order of the spectral discretization. Comparative assessments are made via the use of high resolution direct numerical simulation (DNS) data.
Reduced Precision Ray-Triangle Intersection Filtering

We propose a new leaf intersection scheme for hardware accelerated ray tracing. We provide and exploit a new analysis of raytriangle intersection, focusing on the rays which do not intersect a triangle. This analysis enables a new ray-triangle intersection algorithm which detects ray-triangle misses. We show that this algorithm can be implemented entirely with branch free, low precision, integer arithmetic, making it well suited for hardware implementation. We test our algorithm by simulation to analyze its e ciency. By focusing on the triangles which do not contribute to a ray our scheme reduces intersections across our test scenes by as much as 96% and removes over 80% of missing intersections when optimized for low area.
Detecting Ransomware

Ransomware attacks – in contrast to other cyber attacks – must not be detected and especially not blocked or recovered on first sight. This relaxation is supported by the rareness of ransomware attacks. Certainly, the uprising of ransomware families, which are able to circumvent the detection mechanism, integrated into the local machine, prevents the approaches from taking advantage of the relaxation. Justified by the attack isolation, the move to the personal cloud storage is the reasonable way to gain as much as possible of the relaxation, the perfect protection of false positives and the simplified recovery. In this paper we investigate different ransomware families – with the help of realworld malware samples – to formulate a taxonomy of requirements for operation classes and indicator categories. Additionally, we propose an approach which moves the ransomware detection from the local system to the personal cloud storage. Utilizing the file versioning of the cloud storage, we can delay the recovery and reliably perform our content-based, metadata-based and behaviour-based analysis in combination with the ‘guilt by association’ assumption to improve the false positive rate. The new burden for the end-user is the responsibility of supervising the recovery; but the responsibilities are supported by the simplified recovery – offering the classification information – allowing the user to make a qualified decision and release the user from fighting with false classified operations. In summary, this leads to an improvement in the aspects of detection quality, usability and reliable recovery.
Systematic Review of School-Based Mental Health Intervention among Primary School Children

Mental health disorders among children are increasing in trend. Evidence had suggested a better outcome if any school intervention introduced at primary school before entering the secondary level due to the peer influence. Many focused interventions on mental health targeting the school children are conducted in high income countries. Scares publication related to child mental health intervention from developing countries. This study aimed to systematically review and identify universal mental health program done in addressing the common types of mental health disorders among primary school children looking at the effectiveness of the school-based mental health intervention implemented. PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and grey literature from these database were search using specific keywords search. Abstracts and full articles were reviewed and graded for quality in pairs using criteria determined in consensus. Any dispute was resolved through third reviewer. A total of 109,242 were found in first hit, and nine studies were included following careful selection process. Three were randomized controlled trials; two used bifactorial design, one prospective intervention cohort, one experimental design with waitlist control, one quasiexperimental pre-post and one non-equivalent group comparison with pre and post-test. Eight of 9 studies showed effectiveness in the outcome. The studies had low to moderate quality. An intervention design that adapted to the population socio cultural showed better acceptance and effective in preventing childhood mental health problems at primary school level.
The tadpole of the Malagasy treefrog Boophis rufioculis: molecular identification and description

Grosjean, S. , M. Thomas, F. Glaw & M. Vences (2006): The tadpole of the Mala-gasy treefrog Boophis rufioculis: molecular identification and description (Am-phibia, Anura, Mantellidae). - Spixiana 29/1: 73-76The tadpole of Boophis rufioculis Glaw & Vences, a species of treefrog fromMadagascar, is described for the first time, based on specimens identified by DNAbarcoding. The larvae were coUected in a stream and were rather generalized inbody shape and oral disc morphology, largely agreeing with other previouslydescribed species of the Boophis gouaoti group. Their keratodont row formula is1:2+2/1+1:2.Stephane Grosjean, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Departement Syste-matique et Evolution, UMS 602, Taxinomie et Collections - Reptiles et Amphibiens,case 30, 25, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; e-mail: sgrosjea@mnhn.frMeike Thomas, Institute for Genetics, Evolutionary Genetics, University of Co-logne, Weyertal 121, 50931 Koln, Germany; e-mail: meike.thomas@uni-koeln.deFrank Glaw, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munchhausenstr. 21,81247 Munchen,Germany; e-mail: frank.glaw@zsm.mwn. deMiguel Vences, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, ZoologicalMuseum, University of Amsterdam, Mauritskade 61, 1092 AD Amsterdam, TheNetherlands; e-mail: vences@science.uva. nlIntroductionThe larval stages of Malagasy frogs have evolved aremarkable diversity of ecological and morphologi-cal adaptations (e.g. Blommers-Schlosser 1979a,b,Glaw & Vences 1994). In many small bodies offreshwater in Madagascar, tadpoles are the pre-dominating aquatic vertebrates, because fishes arescarce both in terms of individuals and species insmall mid- and high-altitude rainforest streams andponds. Knowledge on the ecological and morpho-logical adaptations of anuran larvae can thereforebe of relevance to understand both the ecology ofaquatic ecosystems in Madagascar, and to evaluatethe habitat requirements and conservation prioritiesof Malagasy frogs. However, tadpoles have beendescribed for only a few species, and the descriptionsare largely based on the identification of reared ju-veniles, an error-prone procedure considering themany morphologically similar cryptic frog speciesin Madagascar (Glaw & Vences 2003). Molecular methods offer an efficient alternativeto identifying larval stages of organisms (e.g. Blaxter2004). Such DNA barcoding (Hebert et al. 2003)identifies larvae by similarities, ideally identity, inthe DNA sequences of a particular gene fragment.We have recently started a research program to ap-ply this method to the identification of Malagasytadpoles (Thomas et al. 2005) and have obtainedevidence for an acceptable reliability of the method.Here we report on one of the results, the identifica-tion of the tadpole of Boophis rufioculis, and providedata on its morphology.
Slim: OS Kernel Support for a Low-Overhead Container Overlay Network

Containers have become the de facto method for hosting large-scale distributed applications. Container overlay networks are essential to providing portability for containers, yet they impose significant overhead in terms of throughput, latency, and CPU utilization. The key problem is a reliance on packet transformation to implement network virtualization. As a result, each packet has to traverse the network stack twice in both the sender and the receiver’s host OS kernel. We have designed and implemented Slim, a low-overhead container overlay network that implements network virtualization by manipulating connection-level metadata. Our solution maintains compatibility with today’s containerized applications. Evaluation results show that Slim improves the throughput of an in-memory key-value store by 66% while reducing the latency by 42%. Slim reduces the CPU utilization of the in-memory key-value store by 54%. Slim also reduces the CPU utilization of a web server by 28%-40%, a database server by 25%, and a stream processing framework by 11%.