Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A cross-sectional overview of SARS-CoV-2 genome variations in Turkey

Abstract Objectives We assessed SARS-CoV-2 genome diversity and probable impact on epidemiology, immune response and clinical disease in Turkey. Materials and methods Complete genomes and partial Spike (S) sequences were accessed from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database. The genomes were analysed for variations and recombinations using appropriate softwares. Results Four hundred ten complete genomes and 206 S region sequences were included. Overall, 1,200 distinct nucleotide variations were noted. Mean variation count was 14.2 per genome and increased significantly during the course of the pandemic. The most frequent variations were identified as A23403G (D614G; 92.9,%), C14408T (P323L, 92.2%), C3037T (89.8%), C241T (83.4%) and GGG28881AAC (RG203KR, 62.6%). The A23403G mutation was the most frequent variation in the S region sequences (99%). Most genomes (98.3%) belonged in the SARS-CoV-2 haplogroup A. No evidence for recombination was identified in genomes representing sub-haplogroup branches. The variants B.1. 1.7, B.1. 351 and P.1 were detected, with a statistically-significant time-associated increase in B.1. 1.7 prevalence. Conclusions We described prominent SARS-CoV-2 variations as well as comparisons with global virus diversity. Continuing a molecular surveillance in agreement with local disease epidemiology appears to be crucial, as vaccination and mitigation efforts are ongoing.
Functional Yoghurt Beverages Fortified with Different Sorts of Carrot Products مشروبات اليوغورت الوظيفية المدعمة بأنواع مختلفة من منتجات الجزر

In this study, functional yoghurt beverages were fortified with different sorts of carrot products including of 5% fresh carrot pulp (FCP), carrot treated with instant controlled pressure drop (CDIC), and carrot treated with conventional hot air drying (CHAD). The different treatments were analyzed for physicochemical, rheological, microbiological, and organoleptic properties when fresh and after 10 and 20 days of storage at 4±1 °C. Total solids, protein, fat, and ash contents were found to be higher in carrotyoghurt beverages as compared to the control. In addition, there was a gradual decrease in total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities during storage period. Furthermore, the treatments supplemented with CDIC and CHAD exhibited higher water holding capacity. The addition of carrot products had a positive impact on the starter culture bacteria. The viable probiotic cell count throughout the product shelf-life was above the minimum count required in a probiotic product (more than log 6 CFU/g) for treatments containing CDIC and CHAD. However, CDIC and FCP gained the highest scores for the overall sensory attributes.
Factors Associated with Condom Knowledge, Attitude, and Use among Black Heterosexual Men in Ontario, Canada

African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) men living in Canada share a heightened risk of HIV infection and the associated risk factors such as suboptimal use of family planning services such as condom use. In this study, we assessed the factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and condom use among ACB men in Ontario. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study that surveyed heterosexual ACB men regardless of their residency status living in Ontario (n = 430). This is a part of a larger mixed methods study informed by critical race theory, intersectionality, and community-based participatory research (CBPR). Outcome variables were knowledge of condom use, attitude towards condom use, and actual use of condom during the last 12 months. Results. Of 430 participants, 77.70% has good knowledge of condom use as a protection against HIV transmission, 31.77% had positive attitude towards condom use, and 62.43% reported using condom regularly with casual partners during the last 12 months. Men who were currently married had more positive attitude towards condom use compared with their unmarried counterparts (odds ratio = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.20, 1.78). Canadian residents were found to have higher odds of having correct knowledge of condom (odds ratio = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.55), and positive attitude towards condom use (odds ratio = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.09, 1.92). Men who visited sexual health clinics showed a positive association with having correct knowledge of condom (odds ratio = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.30, 2.44) and reported experiences of difficulty in accessing sexual health. This showed a negative association towards condom use (odds ratio = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.21, 0.97]. Conclusion. A considerable percentage of heterosexual ACB men did not have correct knowledge regarding the protective effect of condom use against HIV and positive attitude towards the use of condom. Several sociodemographic and healthcare-related factors were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude, and use of condom.
Characteristics of Critical Nozzle Flow Meter for Measuring High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas

The critical nozzle flow meter was developed for high-pressure hydrogen gas flow measurements, and its characteristics was experimentally examined with hydrogen gas at the pressure up to 70 MPa. The results show that the critical back pressure ratio is 0.93-0.95 under the above pressure conditions, and its discharge coefficient has a curious behavior which the discharge coefficient decreases with increasing the Reynolds number over 40 MPa. Also, tests filling hydrogen gas into the storage tank of fuel cell vehicle was conducted under 35 MPa condition with the developed flow meter, and the high efficiency of this flow meter was confirmed even on practical uses.
Experimental Evaluation and Modeling of Air Heating in a Ceramic Foam Volumetric Absorber by Effective Parameters

Reticulate porous ceramic reactors use foam-type absorbers in their operation which must fulfill two essential functions: favoring the volumetric effect and increasing the mass and heat transfer by acting as a support for the reactive materials. Heating these absorbers with highly inhomogeneous concentrate irradiation induces high thermal gradients that affect their thermal performance. Owing to the critical function of these component in the reactor, it is necessary to define a selection criterion for the foam-type absorbers. In this work, we performed an experimental and numerical thermal analysis of three partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) foam-type absorbers with pore density of 10, 20, and 30 PPI (pores per inch) used as a volumetric absorber. A numerical model and an analytical approximation were developed to reproduce experimental results, and calculate the thermal conductivity, as well as volumetric heat transfer coefficient. The results show that an increase in pore density leads to an increase in the temperature difference between the irradiated face and the rear face of the absorber, this occurs because when pore density increases the concentrated energy no longer penetrates in the deepest space of the absorber and energy is absorbed in areas close to the surface; therefore, temperature gradients are created within the porous medium. The opposite effect occurs when the airflow rate increases; the temperature gradient between the irradiated face and the rear face is reduced. This behavior is more noticeable at low pore densities, but at high pore densities, the effect is less relevant because the internal structure of porous absorbers with high pore density is more complex, which offers obstructions or physical barriers to airflow and thermal barriers to heat transfer. When the steady state is reached, the temperature difference between the two faces of the absorber remains constant if the concentrate irradiation changes slightly, even changing the airflow rate. The results obtained in this work allow us to establish a selection criterion for porous absorbers that operate within solar reactors; this criterion is based on knowledge of the physical properties of the porous absorber, the environment, the working conditions, and the results expected.
Foreign-Born Population Growth, Negative Outgroup Contact, and Americans’ Attitudes Towards Legal and Unauthorized Immigration

Individual attitudes towards immigration are powerfully driven by ethnic context, that is, size of foreign-born population. We advance the literature by examining how the change (growth) in foreign-born population, in addition to its size (level), is related to two distinct outcomes: natives’ views on legal and unauthorized immigration. By analysing a probability US sample, we find that an increase in the state-level immigration population is positively related to Americans’ approval of a policy aimed at containing the flow of undocumented immigrants. The proportion of immigrants in a state, however, is not a significant predictor of support for such restrictive policy. With respect to legal immigration, neither the amount of recent change in, nor the size of, the immigration population matters. Our study provides strong evidence for contextual effects: net of compositional factors, a dynamic change in foreign-born population has an independent impact on how Americans view unauthorized, but not legal, immigration.
Characterization of aura tropospheric emissions spectrometer carbonyl sulfide retrievals

We present a description of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) arbonyl sulfide (OCS) retrieval algorithm, along with evaluation of the biases and uncertainties against aircraft profiles from the HIPPO campaign and data from the NOAA Mauna Loa site. In general, the OCS retrievals (1) have less than 1.0 degree of freedom for sig5 nals (DOFs), (2) are sensitive in the mid-troposphere with a peak sensitivity typically between 300 to 500 hPa, (3) but have much smaller systematic errors from temperature, CO2 and H2O calibrations relative to random errors from measurement noise. Here we estimate the monthly means from TES measurements averaged over multiple years so that random errors are reduced and useful information about OCS seasonal 10 and latitudinal variability can be derived. With this averaging, TES OCS data are found to be consistent (within the calculated uncertainties) with NOAA ground observations and HIPPO aircraft measurements. TES OCS data also captures the seasonal and latitudinal variations observed by these in situ data.
Effects of different pretreatment methods on the enzymatic hydrolysis of oak shell

ABSTRACT Sawtooth Oak (Quercus acutissima) shells were used as a renewable and low-cost agricultural residue for bioethanol production for the first time. The efficiency of H2SO4, NaOH, steam explosion and the combination of these methods was compared in terms of delignification, saccharification efficiency and yield. The structural features of samples were characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Results show H2SO4/steam explosion resulted in the highest hemicellulose reduction (98.5%) and cellulose recovery yield (99.9%). NaOH /steam explosion resulted in the highest delignification level (31.5%). Steam explosion exhibited the highest enzymatic digestibility of 98.8% and total product yield of glucose of 84.8%, an increase of 130.8% and 98.1% than that of untreated oak shell, respectively, which seemed to be the most effective for improving enzymatic saccharification. The results of structural features showed the structure and surface of shells were changed that is in favor of the following enzymatic hydrolysis.
Mainstream partial nitritation-anammox as post-treatment of anaerobic effluents under warm climate regions: a critical review of the reported drawbacks

ABSTRACT The anaerobic technology via UASB reactors is consolidated for mainstream sewage treatment in warm climate regions (i.e. Brazil and India). The need to improve the post-treatment step in terms of nitrogen removal has driven researchers and practitioners to assess different technological alternatives. Although the anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process has been already used in full-scale applications to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich (> 1000 mgN L−1) wastewaters (sidestream), it is still a concern for mainstream application. Several studies have been performed aiming to solve existing drawbacks related to the implementation of mainstream partial nitritation-anammox (PN/A) for N removal from sewage, however, none of them addressed the particular conditions of anaerobically treated sewage under warm climate conditions. Therefore, this paper presents a critical review of the main limiting factors commonly reported for mainstream PN/A application, focusing on possible applications of single-stage partial nitritation-anammox for post-treatment of anaerobically treated sewage under warm climate conditions. Commonly reported constraints for achieving mainstream PN/A application such as temperature, COD/N ratio, sulfide toxicity and nitrite requirements were addressed. It was concluded that temperature and COD/N should not be concerns for mainstream anammox systems fed on anaerobically treated sewage under warm climate regions. Despite long-term exposure assessments should be still performed, sulfide toxicity seems to be of less relevance. Therefore, reaching reliable nitritation is the major challenge that remains among the typically reported limitations for mainstream PN/A application following anaerobic sewage treatment. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Framing the Values of Vernacular Architecture for a Value-Based Conservation: A Conceptual Framework

While a growing number of researchers have provided series of tough critiques of the typology-led heritage value assessment over the recent years, the impacts have been constrained by the continued obsession with expanding the list of the predetermined value typologies rather than escaping its limitations. While these sustained debates have provided important insights, this article argues that operationalizing these predetermined ‘one-size-fits-all’ value typologies is symptomatic of a number of shortcomings, especially in the context of capturing the pluralities of values in contextualized heritage such as vernacular architecture. It also often undermines inclusivity and participation in the valuing processes. However, rather than simply rejecting the values-based paradigm, this article proposes a conceptual value assessment framework that is informed by the theorization of vernacular architecture as a contextualized heritage. The proposed Vernacular Value Model (VVM) puts forward the ‘when(s)’ and ‘how(s)’ of amalgamating both technical and normative processes to capture the range of contextual values present in built vernacular heritage. To this end, this article posits that by drawing on such a proposed flexible framework, the conservation strategy for built vernacular heritage can be propagated as an inclusive and participatory process which captures the wide range of values for a more sustainable practices for conservation.
Application of Support Vector Regression to the Prediction of the Long-Term Impacts of Climate Change on the Moisture Performance of Wood Frame and Massive Timber Walls

The objective of this study was to explore the potential of a machine learning algorithm, the Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR), to forecast long-term hygrothermal responses and the moisture performance of light wood frame and massive timber walls. Hygrothermal simulations were performed using a 31-year long series of climate data in three cities across Canada. Then, the first 5 years of the series were used in each case to train the model, which was then used to forecast the hygrothermal responses (temperature and relative humidity) and moisture performance indicator (mold growth index) for the remaining years of the series. The location of interest was the exterior layer of the OSB and cross-laminated timber in the case of the wood frame wall and massive timber wall, respectively. A sliding window approach was used to incorporate the dependence of the hygrothermal response on the past climatic conditions, which allowed SVR to capture time, implicitly. The variable selection was performed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator, which revealed wind-driven rain, relative humidity, temperature, and direct radiation as the most contributing climate variables. The results show that SVR can be effectively used to forecast hygrothermal responses and moisture performance on a long climate data series for most of the cases studied. In some cases, discrepancies were observed due to the lack of capturing the full range of variability of climate variables during the first 5 years.
Pore Habit of Gas in Gassy Sediments

Gas bubbles are widespread in seafloors and lakebeds and typically found in shallow and fine‐grained sediments. Sediment properties control gas nucleation and gas migration. Gas migration and pathways have been studied mostly in clean coarse particles or fine‐grained matrices. Nevertheless, both cases show very distinct geo‐behaviors. Pore habit is defined by the counteracting effects of effective stress and pore‐throat‐dependent capillary pressure. In this article, we explore gas nucleation by CO2 gas exsolution and its consequent gas‐driven fractures (open‐mode discontinuities) or pore invasion in binary sediments as a function of fines content (FC). We conducted physical test analogies for different FC subjected to gas exsolution. Our results highlight that the pore habit of gas in gassy sediments depends on its capability to invade a neighboring pore (capillarity) and burial depth (effective stress). We show that the load dominant fraction in binary soils can be used to estimate the dominant pore throat size. We then proposed a robust methodology to predict the pore habit of gassy sediments from its properties as defined in recent developments in soil behavior and characterization. Finally, we applied it to a real case offshore Vancouver Island.
Impact of Forest Fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan to Atmospheric Pollution During Period Of 2010-2015

contribute significantly. Pollutant emissions caused by forest fires comprising CO, SO 2 and dust (PM10). This paper will be analyzed estimates of pollutant emissions in both Kalimantan and Sumatra using the estimation method based on the amount of material burned. Estimates of the emissions and dispersion of pollutants such as particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide were investigated. Distribution and concentration of pollutants used time series of monthly data and spatial map based on satellite data. Extensive data from the 2010-2014 forest fires data from the ministry of the environment and forestry (KLHK) and forest fire data period 2015 from LAPAN. Pollutant concentration data used AIRS on satellite data, OMI satellite and MERRA during 2010-2011 and in 2014-2015, adjusted to the data in situ vast wildfires for both regions. The results of estimation of pollutant emissions in Sumatra shows emissions from forest fires for the period of 2010 greater than in 2011, reaching 9 tons of CO per year, while emissions from fires and plantations during 2011 were higher than in 2010 with a very high value of 150 Tons/year for pollutants CO. In Kalimantan, emissions from forest fires during 2010-2011 CO emissions highest in West Kalimantan 11.13 tons/year and South Kalimantan 12.14 tons of CO per year. Emissions from fires and plantations in South Kalimantan reached 32.11 tons/year.
Effect of Photoperiod Manipulation on Spawning Time and Performance of Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Temperature and photoperiod are known as the main stimuli of seasonal reproduction in fish. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a spring spawning teleost fish species with a promising aquaculture potential and high market value. This study was conducted to assess the effect of photoperiod manipulation on spawning time and spawning performance of turbot. A total of 28 mature turbots from the Black Sea population were subjected to manipulated photoperiod (a photoperiod regime that fish would naturally receive three months later) and natural photoperiod for almost a year. While the fish exposed to natural photoperiod spawned in May, the fish exposed to manipulated photoperiod spawned almost three months earlier compared to the natural photoperiod group. Reproductive and hatchery performance of the manipulated photoperiod and natural photoperiod groups were similar. It can be emphasized that photoperiod play an important role in accelerating maturation and spawning. The findings of this study could be implemented in the turbot aquaculture industry to advance production.
Representasi Sosial Masa Pandemi Covid-19 dalam Antologi Puisi To Kill The Invisible Killer karya FX Rudy Gunawan dan Afnan Malay

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan wujud representasi sosial masa pandemi Covid-19 dalam buku antologi puisi To Kill the Invisible Killer karya FX Rudy Gunawan dan Afnan Malay. Peneliti membatasi penelitian pada enam puisi pilihaan diantaranya, “Rapid Test”, “Stay At Home (1)”, “Stay At Home (2)”, “Leadership (1)”, “Menolak Tumbang” dan “Mulai Janggal”. Puisi-puisi tersebut dikaji menggunakan teori sosiologi sastra versi Alan Swingewood yang menganggap karya sastra merupakan dokumen sosial budaya dan dapat digunakan untuk melihat suatu fenomena dalam masyarakat pada masa tersebut. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa enam puisi tersebut yang mengandung realitas sosial yang beragam. Hal tersebut menumbuhkan kesan dan pesan yang menjadi refleksi pembaca terutama untuk meningkatkan kesadaran diri selama masa pandemi Covid-19 berlangsung. Dalam sepuluh puisi tersebut, terdapat lima wujud representasi sosial masa pandemi Covid-19 diantaranya, kesadaran masyarakat, perjuangan kemanusiaan, eksistensi para pemimpin selama masa pandemi Covid-19, kemiskinan, dan disorganisasi keluarga. Ekspresi sosial yang diciptakan pengarang sangat menonjol sehingga resepsi yang dihasilkan mengandung representasi sosial masa pandemi Covid-19 yang kuat.
Cascade control for heterogeneous multirotor UAS

PurposeDespite of the numerous characteristics of the multirotor unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), they have been termed as less energy-efficient compared to fixed-wing and helicopter counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to explore a more efficient multirotor configuration and to provide the robust and stable control system for it.Design/methodology/approachA heterogeneous multirotor configuration is explored in this paper, which employs a large rotor at the centre to provide majority of lift and three small tilted booms rotors to provide the control. Design provides the combined characteristics of both quadcopters and helicopters in a single UAS configuration, providing endurance of helicopters keeping the manoeuvrability, simplicity and control of quadcopters. In this paper, rotational as well as translational dynamics of the multirotor are explored. Cascade control system is designed to provide an effective solution to control the attitude, altitude and position of the rotorcraft.FindingsOne of the challenging tasks towards successful flight of such a configuration is to design a stable and robust control system as it is an underactuated system possessing complex non-linearities and coupled dynamics. Cascaded proportional integral (PI) control approach has provided an efficient solution with stable control performance. A novel motor control loop is implemented to ensure enhanced disturbance rejection, which is also validated through Dryden turbulence model and 1-cosine gust model.Originality/valueRobustness and stability of the proposed control structure for such a dynamically complex UAS configuration is demonstrated with stable attitude and position performance, reference tracking and enhanced disturbance rejection.