Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children with Late Language Emergence: Effects of Maternal Education and Language Use

Abstract: This study investigated the eﬀ ects of maternal education and language use on vocabulary and mean-length-of-utterance (MLU) in 20 children with late language emergence (LLE). Multiple home visits were conducted over an 8-month period to measure child vocabulary growth using a standardized checklist and to collect spontaneous mother-child language samples. Standardized receptive and expressive test scores for the 20 children were obtained at the end of the 8 months. Results indicated that maternal education was positively associated with child MLU. Furthermore, the number of diﬀ erent words (NDW) used by mothers was positively associated with child receptive vocabulary scores but curiously not with expressive vocabulary scores. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) indicated that children with LLE diﬀ ered in their vocabulary sizes and rates of growth, but that these diﬀ erences were not accounted for by maternal education. Children with LLE appeared to beneﬁ t from hearing a wide variety of words, even though they may not immediately produce them. The primary mechanism driving vocabulary growth in children with LLE may diﬀ er from that in typical children, where maternal education has been argued to play a signiﬁ cant role. In any case, SLPs have further evidence that use of a large variety of words may be helpful in treating children with LLE, and they should continue to recommend this strategy to parents.Children with late language emergence (LLE; a term coined by Zubrick, Taylor, Rice, & Slegers, 2007) have small expressive vocabularies compared to their age peers, often deﬁ ned as producing fewer than 50 words and/or no two-word combinations by 2 years of age (Rescorla, 1989). Other researchers (e.g., Moyle, Weismer, Evans & Lindstrom, 2007) have used a vocabulary score below the 10th percentile on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI; Fenson, et al., 1993) to identify these children. Hearing and nonverbal cognition are unimpaired. These children have also been labeled as demonstrating slow expressive language development (SELD, Paul & Elwood, 1991; Paul, Hernandez, Taylor & Johnson, 1996) and/or as late talkers (Rescorla, 1989, 2002; Vigil, Hodges, & Klee, 2005). Zubrick et al. (2007) reported a 13.9% prevalence rate for LLE in the general population.Studies of language development in typical children have suggested several candidates for predictors of later vocabulary growth. Huttenlocher, Haight, Bryk, Selter, and Lyons (1991) investigated the extent to which maternal input altered vocabulary size in 22 typical children who were between 14 and 26 months of age. Maternal speech
The Effect of Increase in Population on the Economic Growth of Bangladesh

Cross countries studies on the relationship between economic growth and population growth is inconsistent because the underlying parameters and assumption vary greatly across countries. Specific country analysis is more useful; in this study I examine the impact of population growth on economic growth for Bangladesh using data from 1980 to 2005 by employing multiple linear regression model. The result indicates that economic growth and population are both negatively correlated and that an increase in population will have a negative impact on the economic growth of Bangladesh. Government can focus on family planning programs to overcome the negative consequences of rapidly increasing population. Keywords: Population growth, Economic growth, Bangladesh, Per Capita Income.
De la Restauración a la Reconquista: la construcción de un mito nacional (Una revisión historiográfica. Siglos XVI-XIX)

An analysis of the way that the historiography of the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries studied the Muslim conquest (711 A.D.) and the beginning of the Christian resistance in the battle of Covadonga in an attempt to establish when the word «reconquest» was utilized for the first time and all of the meanings that it had.
Surface Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Buckled Thin Film

The buckling of thin films with natural nonlinearity can provide a useful tool in many applications. In the present paper, the mechanical properties of controllable buckling of thin films are investigated by accounting for both geometric nonlinearity and surface effects at nanoscale. The effects of surface elasticity and residual surface tension on both static and dynamic behaviors of buckled thin films are discussed based on the surfacelayer-based model. The dynamic design strategy for buckled thin films as interconnects in flexible electronics is proposed to avoid resonance in a given noise environment based on the above analysis. Further discussion shows that the thermal and piezoelectric effects on mechanical behavior of buckled thin film are equivalent to that of residual surface tension. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007681]
EIGHT KEY STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN DESIGN

Design professionals work often in multi-stakeholder environments. This research aims to understand how design practitioners deal with challenges resulting from stakeholder involvement in design activities. In this exploratory study, ten interviews were conducted with design practitioners from design agencies in the Netherlands. Eight key strategies were identified that are considered for successful stakeholder involvement. The findings can help the field of DTM to develop methods and tools that fit better with the needs of design professionals.
Educational design and networked learning: Patterns, pattern languages and design practice

There is a growing demand for advice about effective, time efficient ways of using ICT to support student learning in higher education. This paper uses one such area of activity - networked learning - as a context in which to outline a novel approach to educational design. The paper makes two main contributions. It provides a high level view of the educational design problem space. It then introduces the patterns based approach to educational design. While other professional communities, particularly in software engineering, have been developing patterns based approaches to sharing and re-using design experience, this paper goes back to the original conceptions of participatory design that informed Christopher Alexander's early work on patterns and pattern languages. In particular, it makes connections between the technicalities of design and the central place of values. A patterns based approach can help with encoding, sharing and using knowledge for educational design. But it is also a powerful way of connecting educational values and vision to the details of the tasks, tools and resources we offer our students.
Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence

This survey study provides general support for the positive effect of extended contact on interethnic attitudes. However, the current research also expands our understanding of the effect in a number of ways. First, by including four dependent variables that address positive and negative affects, behavioural intentions, and beliefs and ideology regarding target outgroups it provides a broader test than is common in the literature. Second, it uses an ethnically diverse sample and multiple target outgroups. Extended contact was found to have positive effects across the DVs in majority/minority, minority/majority, and minority/minority relations. Third, the study tested and found significant but partial mediation of the extended contactlprejudice relationship by perceptions of ingroup norms. Finally, it was found that the level of identification with one's ethnic group moderates the mediational role of perceptions of ingroup norms. For those with low levels of ingroup identification, mediation by norms did not occur.
Constituent Quark Scaling of Strangeness Enhancement in Heavy-Ion Collisions

In the framework of a nuclear overlap model, we estimate the number of nucleons and quark participants in proton-proton, proton-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions. We observe the number of nucleon- (-) normalized enhancement of multistrange particles, which shows a monotonic increase with centrality and turns out to be a centrality-independent scaling behavior when normalized to number of constituent quarks participating in the collision (). In addition, we observe that the -normalized enhancement, when further normalized to the strangeness content, shows a strangeness-independent scaling behavior. This holds good at top RHIC energy. However, the corresponding SPS data show a weak -scaling. Moreover, the strangeness scaling seems to be violated at top SPS energy. This scaling at RHIC indicates that the partonic degrees of freedom play an important role in the production of multistrange particles. Top SPS energy, in view of the above observations, shows a coexistence of hadronic and partonic phases. Therefore we give a comparison of data with HIJING, AMPT, and UrQMD models to understand the particle production dynamics at different energies.
An Efficient Parallel Variable-metric Projection Algorithm Based on Set-theoretic and Krylov-proportionate Adaptive Filtering Techniques

—We blend two adaptive ﬁ ltering techniques for further ef ﬁ ciency: the set-theoretic adaptive ﬁ lter (STAF, Yamada et al. 2002) and the Krylov-proportionate adaptive ﬁ lter (KPAF, Yukawa 2009). Although the ideas behind these techniques are quite different from each other, there is a way to blend them together by noticing that KPAF can be seen as a sort of ‘variable-metric’ projection algorithm. We propose a blended algorithm named set-theoretic Krylov-proportionate adaptive ﬁ lter (SKAF) , which features iterative parallel variable-metric projection onto well-designed closed convex sets. We present comparisons in complexity and mean square error (MSE) performance, showing signi ﬁ cant advantages of the proposed algorithm over the existing algorithms.
Diffusion–Recombination Impedance Model for Solar Cells with Disorder and Nonlinear Recombination

The diffusion–recombination model is a key tool in understanding the photovoltaic operation of solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and inorganic semiconductor solar cells are systems affected by disorder that are often characterized with impedance spectroscopy. In this paper, we extend the previous theory of diffusion–recombination impedance including traps and nonlinear recombination. We show the transmission line equivalent circuit representation, and we describe the physical meaning of a number of model parameters that can be obtained: the chemical capacitance, ; the recombination resistance, ; the transport resistance, ; the electron lifetime, ; the electron conductivity, ; the chemical diffusion coefficient of electrons, ; and the diffusion length, . At most, three of these parameters are independent, but if the diffusion length is short, the impedance model collapses to a function that has one degree of freedom less, known as the Gerischer impedance. We show the connection of the two parameters that remain to the diffusion length and the lifetime.
Effects of Different Intensities of Weighted Vest Warming up Session on Physical Performances of Power Sports Athletes

Optimum physical performance is vital component for athletes to excellent in their sports. Weighted vest warming up is one of the ways to manipulate intensities of warming. The purpose of this was to investigate the effect of different intensities weighted vest warming up session on physical performances. Twenty participants from power sports athletes was did all weighted vest warming up protocol (a) wore weighted vest 6% of body mass,(W6),(b) wore weighted vest 12% of body mass (W12) (c) with body weight only or 0% of additional weight in intensities of warming up session (W0). All participants undergo cross over design and evaluated using vertical jump test, standing broad jump test, seated medicine ball toss test and 20m sprint test after finish each warming up sessions. 1-way, repeatedmeasures analysis of variance on the test result showed significant different of the effect different intensities of weighted vest warming up session on all physical performances test. In conclusion, usage of 6% and 12 % from body weight of additional weight on weighted vest warming up session can promote to improving physical performances.
Experiment and Modeling of Soil-WaterCharacteristic Curve of Unsaturated Soilin Collapsing Erosion Area

Soil erosion tends to occur with rainfall runoff, thus leading to grave soil and water loss. An increase of water content in soil caused by rain makes the loss of matrix suction and the decrease of shear strength obvious, and will promote soil erosion. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) can be used to describe the relationship between the water content and the matrix suction in unsaturated soil. For this paper we studied the SWCCs of the granite residual soils in a collapsing erosion area in Jiangxi Province, China. A GEO-Experts pressure plate extractor was used to measure SWCCs for soils with different dry density, grain size, drying and wetting cycles, and lime content. The initial dry density has a significant impact on SWCC. With increasing dry density, the suction was decreased for the same water content. The larger the grain size, the greater the suction value for the same volumetric water content. Under the same suction, the volumetric water content decreases as the lime percentage increases and water stability improves. SWCCs of the drying and wetting cycle demonstrate the hysteresis phenomenon. The area of the hysteresis loop decreased with the increase of the dry density and drying and wetting cycle number. It also became small when the soils were mixed with lime. In this paper, the Van Genuchten model, the Fredlund and Xing model, and the Gardner model were used to fit the experimental data of SWCCs. The presented fitting parameters show that the residual sum of squares is less than 0.002. All the experimental data fit well to three models for SWCC. The results indicated that the simulated value of the Gardner model does provide best agreement with the measured value. These results will provide an important basis for the further study of the soil collapsing erosion process and soil cover design.
Performance Characterization in Computer Vision

This document provides a tutorial on performance characterization in computer vision. It explains why learning to characterize the performances of vision techniques is crucial to the discipline’s development. It describes the usual procedure for evaluating vision algorithms and how to assess whether performance differences are statistically valid. Some remarks are also made about the difficulties of vision ‘in the wild. ’
Protist grazing and viral lysis as prokaryotic mortality factors at Baltic Sea oxic!anoxic interfaces

Interface zones between oxic and anoxic water masses (pelagic redoxclines) host highly active prokaryotic communities, mediating important biogeo- chemical transformations. However, for marine pelagic redoxclines almost no knowledge exists on the magni- tude of the loss processes affecting these prokaryotic communities. We assessed the importance of protist grazing and viral lysis as prokaryotic mortality factors for 2 central Baltic Sea redoxclines using a combination of microscopy and experimental community manipula- tion techniques. Our results demonstrate that protist grazing dominated prokaryotic mortality at suboxic (<30 µmol l ! 1 oxygen) and oxygen! hydrogen sulphide interface depths, with 50 to 100% of prokaryotic stand- ing stocks grazed daily, compared to 2 to 20% of virally infected cells. Grazing was mediated by 2 different pro- tist associations, viz. dinoflagellates and Strombidium- like ciliates in the suboxic zone, and larger ciliates (cf. Mesodinium, Metacystis spp., cf. Coleps and un - identified morphotypes) at the oxygen! hydrogen sul- phide interface. In contrast, heterotrophic nanoflagel- lates (HNF) played a minor role, generally grazing <5% daily of prokaryotic standing stocks. Thus, these redox zones show major differences in microbial food web structure when compared to surface waters, with ciliates and dinoflagellates constituting the major bacterivores instead of HNF. At sulphidic depths, grazing was below the detection limit, and the frequency of virally infected cells decreased, leaving the identity of the major pro - karyotic mortality factor at these depths unresolved.
Maturity indices and quality attributes during growth and development in guava cultivars ‘shweta’ and ‘lalit’

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), grown in the northern plains of India differ in physico-chemical characteristics. However, their standard for maturity, storage and ripening lack specificity. Two cultivars ‘Shweta’ (white pulp) and ‘Lalit’ (pink pulp), were studied for maturity and quality changes from fruit set to and ripening. Two hundred flowers of each cultivars were tagged and 20 fruits were harvested at regular intervals during autumn-winter. Total chlorophyll content of peel and pulp decreased in both the cultivars from 62 to 132 days after fruit set. The total soluble solids (TSS) did not differ significantly. However, the titrable acidity and ascorbic acid content increased during fruit development period of 132 days. The anthocyanin content of peel was higher than that of pulp in both the cultivars. The Lycopene content in pulp of cv. Lalit increased from 62 days and attained maximum at maturity (122 days after fruit set). Higher ascorbic acid with lycopene and early maturing cultivar ‘Lalit’ has scope for fresh fruit consumption as well as for processing.
Rydberg Atoms in THz Fields

Rydberg atoms are highly excited atoms with bizarre and exotic properties such as huge orbits and exaggerated sensitivity to fields. In this study we examine these atoms using classical methods. We present the classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method, where the microcanonical distribution is used. This is a model based on the microcanonical ensemble from statistical mechanics and can be used to initialize the desired atomic system. The systems are propagated by classical equations solved numerically. Recent experiment found ionization probabilities of excited sodium atoms under the influence of a single-cycle THz field. Energy distributions of the electrons from ionized states were obtained. We make corresponding classical calculations and compare results. For field strengths corresponding to low ionization probabilities we see a n−3 scaling behaviour in experimental results as well as in classical calculations. For higher field strengths the results diverge, with classical results scaling as n−4 and experimental results as n−3. Further calculations show that states require stronger fields to ionize at very high n. Ionization probabilities for states with various angular momentum ` were compared and states with relatively low ` were found to ionize before states with relatively high `. Energy distribution of electrons from ionized states were compared with experimental results and the underlying trend were found to be in some agreement. The current classical method was however unable to reproduce detailed properties of the distributions. Further calculations were done for energy distributions of hydrogen and sodium in various states and results suggests that core scattering plays a role in these interactions. Momenta and positions of electrons from ionized states as a function of time are for high n found to agree with analytical calculations corresponding to a free particle in a field. Investigations of single electron trajectories are made to glean insights into ionization mechanisms. Corresponding author: jorgen.j.rorstad@gmail.com
ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR WAVE SIMULATIONS AROUND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

The CFD simulation tool ComFLOW, developed for the simulation of slosh- ing liquids and two-phase ow, is applied to study water waves around a semi-submersible model. ComFLOW solves the Navier-Stokes equations in both water and compressible air, with second order accuracy in both space and time. The water surface is advected by means of a modied Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method, with improved accuracy through a height-function approach. Particular attention has been paid to the numerical treatment of the density around the interface. With a so-called 'gravity-consistent' density averaging method, severe instabilities near the free surface can be avoided. An Absorbing Boundary Condition (ABC) has been developed for wave simulations in open domains, based on a rational function approximation of the linear dispersion rela- tion for waves. This approximation is combined with the traditional Sommerfeld outow condition, making use of an estimate of the local wave number. By employing the ABC at an outow boundary, this boundary can be located relatively close to the object, without inuencing
Thermal Fluctuations in Electric Circuits and the Brownian Motion

Thermal Fluctuations in Electric Circuits and the Brownian Motion In this work we explore the mathematical correspondence between the Langevin equation that describes the motion of a Brownian particle (BP) and the equations for the time evolution of the charge in electric circuits, which are in contact with the thermal bath. The mean quadrate of the fluctuating electric charge in simple circuits and the mean square displacement of the optically trapped BP are governed by the same equations. We solve these equations using an efficient approach that allows us converting the stochastic equations to ordinary differential equations. From the obtained solutions the autocorrelation function of the current and the spectral density of the current fluctuations are found. As distinct from previous works, the inertial and memory effects are taken into account.
Cu Nanoparticles absorbed on chitosan hydrogels positively alter morphological, production, and quality characteristics of tomato

Use of nanoparticles as nano copper (nCu) may be useful in agriculture. The objective of the present study was to evaluate responses in plant growth and antioxidants in tomato fruits upon application of nCu absorbed on chitosan hydrogels. The study was performed in two stages. The first stage, with tomato seedlings, was done to determine the most appropriate nCu concentration. nCu was absorbed on a chitosan hydrogel at 100 mg nCu kg-1 of hydrogel, and five different treatments of hydrogel were applied to the substrate prior to transplantation: 0.3, 0.15, 0.06, 0.03 and 0.015 g L-1, plus a control. The second stage evaluated the best treatment results from the previous stage, a chitosan treatment without nCu and a control. Effects of the treatments on antioxidants in the leaves and fruit were evaluated, along with fruit quality. The results from the first stage demonstrated that 0.06 g L-1 nCu-chitosan hydrogel treatments had better results. Outcomes from the second stage demonstrated that treatment with nCu had the best results for most of the plant growth variables, with differences in catalase activity in the leaves and lycopene concentration in the fruit. Application of chitosan hydrogels with nCu was favorable to tomato growth and quality.