Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NOTE: Genetic Relatedness, Among Streptomycetes Producing Tetracycline Antibiotics, Studied by Means of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Association

The genetic relatedness among streptomycetes capable of producing tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline was studied by using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) association techniques. Reciprocal DNA association experiments yielded genetic similarity values ranging from 75 to 97% among Streptomyces aureofaciens ATCC 10762, S. aureofaciens ATCC 13911, S. lusitanus CBS 101A, and S. lusitanus var. tetracyclini 106-T ATCC 15843. These four strains should thus be considered members of the same species on the basis of genetic relatedness. On the bases of DNA association experiments, the degree of nucleotide similarity of morphologically heterogeneous strains with S. rimosus ATCC-10970 was 28 to 33%.
RAT ADRENAL DOPAMINE‐β‐HYDROXYLASE PURIFICATION AND IMMUNOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS

Dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) was purified from rat adrenal medulla by a series of steps including sedimentation of membranes, extraction with n‐butanol, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel chromatography and ion‐exchange chromatography. Disk gel electrophoresis revealed two protein bands, both of which were active. Antiserum was prepared against homogeneously purified bovine adrenal and rat adrenal DBH: Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, enzyme neutralization and complement fixation tests demonstrated that the respective homologous antisera were monospecific and of high titer. Antiserum to bovine DBH was only 2‐ to 3‐fold more potent than pre‐immune serum in inhibition of rat DBH activity. Complement fixation tests demonstrate that antiserum to bovine DBH has a 25,000‐fold lower immunoreactivity with rat DBH than with bovine DBH.
Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics

Every form of behavior is shaped by trial and error. Such stepwise adaptation can occur through individual learning or through natural selection, the basis of evolution. Since the work of Maynard Smith and others, it has been realized how game theory can model this process. Evolutionary game theory replaces the static solutions of classical game theory by a dynamical approach centered not on the concept of rational players but on the population dynamics of behavioral programs. In this book the authors investigate the nonlinear dynamics of the self-regulation of social and economic behavior, and of the closely related interactions among species in ecological communities. Replicator equations describe how successful strategies spread and thereby create new conditions that can alter the basis of their success, i.e., to enable us to understand the strategic and genetic foundations of the endless chronicle of invasions and extinctions that punctuate evolution. In short, evolutionary game theory describes when to escalate a conflict, how to elicit cooperation, why to expect a balance of the sexes, and how to understand natural selection in mathematical terms. Comprehensive treatment of ecological and game theoretic dynamics Invasion dynamics and permanence as key concepts Explanation in terms of games of things like competition between species
Effect of boron on stomatal opening in epidermal strips of Commelina communis

Boron enhances stomalal opening in epidermal strips of Commelina communis L. under conditions conductive to opening, i.e. light and KCI. This effect is obtained when boron is given together or before KCI application. Since boron increases 86Rb net uptake in both illuminated epidermal strips and illuminated isolated guard cells, it is suggested that boron acts either by reducing potassium leakage or by increasing its uptake, thus leading to increased osmotic potential and, as a result, to stomatal opening.
Effects of Enzyme Treatments and Drying Methods on Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Instant Rice Porridge

Instant rice porridge produced through cooking, drying and a series of other processes possesses inferior sensory quality which is related to the gelatinization and retrogradation of rice starch. The effects of different enzyme treatments including α-amylase, β-amylase and neutral protease and different drying methods including hot air drying, freeze drying and freeze-hot air drying on gelatinization and retrogradation of instant rice porridge were investigated in this work utilizing rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). As for enzyme treatments, rice porridge treated by α-amylase demonstrated the lowest viscosity value and the greatest porosity which suggested that α-amylase exceeded other two enzymes in maintaining gelatinization, inhibiting retrogradation and facilitating rehydration of instant rice porridge. For different drying methods, it was found that freeze drying was most advantageous to maintain gelatinization with the lowest viscosity and the greatest porosity. This study is especially helpful to gain initial insight into the development of instant rice porridge processing technology.
Chemical and Ultrastructural Characterization of High Arctic Cryptoendolithic Habitats

Cryptoendolithic habitats in the Canadian high Arctic are host to a diverse assemblage of microorganisms including cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and heterotrophic bacteria. Communities grow as biofilms attached to mineral surfaces as well as within the open void spaces between grains and in many cases produce extracellular polysaccharides in response to the extreme environmental conditions. In situ observations of the cryptoendolithic habitat as well as ultrastructural examination of microorganisms show that this EPS provides a substrate for accumulation of allochthonous clay particles that enter the system by winds and rain. The lack of evidence for biomineralization within this habitat contrasts with similar environments in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, a consequence of warmer temperatures and wetter conditions that increase erosion rates and subsequent habitat destruction, effectively limiting the time possible for biomineralization by living microorganisms as well as the formation of biosignatures or microfossils.
New opportunities for conservation of a threatened biogenic habitat: a worldwide assessment of knowledge on bivalve-reef representation in marine and coastal Ramsar Sites

The present study draws attention to the current state of knowledge of bivalve reef, an important but historically overlooked habitat type. Recent interest has led to the explicit recognition of this habitat type under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention), an international treaty that has widespread governmental and scientific involvement. To assess the state of knowledge, the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) for marine and coastal Sites was searched for evidence that bivalve-reef habitat is present in the site. We then examined the quality of this information using alternative data sources. These were public databases of geolocated species records at three spatial scales, local and regional experts, and a general web search. It was found that of the 893 marine and coastal Ramsar Sites considered, the RIS for 16 Sites provided strong evidence of bivalve-reef habitat and 99 had confirmed presence of reef-forming bivalves, a strikingly high number, given that it is not yet compulsory to include bivalve reef in RISs. However, the alternative information sources identified bivalve reefs or reef-forming bivalves in 142 further Sites. No one information source provided comprehensive information, highlighting the overall poor state of knowledge of this habitat type.
Monitoring intracellular protein degradation in antibody‐producing Chinese hamster ovary cells

Intracellular proteolysis in mammalian cells is a native cellular strategy to recycle proteins and peptides. Whether or not this mechanism may hamper monoclonal antibody (mAb) formation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was the key driver for this study. Exponentially growing, anti‐interleukin (IL)‐8 producing CHO cells were fed with 13C‐labeled L‐lysine. The fate of the labeling signal was tracked in intracellular peptides, which were the proteolytic fragments of the mAb. Signal analysis was performed in samples after cell disruption, anion exchange SPE and Q‐ToF mass detection. Four degradation peptides were found, with HYTQKSLSLSPGK and HYTQKSLSLSPG containing two and one L‐lysine unit (K), respectively. Labeling dynamics were used for model‐based identification of the degradation rate in four biological replicates. Degradation rates of 22–25 pmol/108cells/h were estimated, representing about 3% of the net mAb production. Hence, intracellular mAb degradation occurs even under the rather smooth production conditions installed.
Peptidoglycan composition of gramnegative obligately anaerobic rods.

The chemical composition of peptidoglycan in gram-negative obligately anaerobic rods was qualitatively analysed by paper chromatography. meso-Diaminopimeric acid (meso-Dpm), as a constituent of the peptidoglycan, was detected in Bacteroides fragilis, B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. ruminicola, B. oxalis, B. ochraceus, B. melaninogenicus var. melaninogenicus, B. melaninogenicus var. intermedius, B. asaccharolyticus, B. hypermegas, B. multiacidus, Fusobacterium varium, and F. mortiferum by one-dimensional paper chromatography. meso-Dpm was also detected in the cell walls of B. splachnicus, B. succinogenes, and B. amylophilus. Lanthionine (Lan) was demonstrated in the peptidoglycan of F. nucleatum, F. fusiforme, and F. necrophorum. But B. furcosus contained neither meso-Dpm nor Lan. By two-dimensional paper chromatography, it was demonstrated that the peptidoglycan of B. fragilis NCTC 9343, B, ruminicola ATCC 19188, B. ruminicola C 12, B. oralis ATCC 15930, B. oralis J 1, B. ochraceus 2467 B, B. melaninogenicus var. melaninogenicus ATCC 25261, B. melaninogenicus var. intermedius 0 33, B. hypermegas ATCC 25560, B. multiacidus ATCC 27723, and F. mortiferum ATCC 9817 contained meso-Dpm, glutamic acid (Glu), alanine (Ala), glucosamine (G1cNH2), and muramic acid (Mur). The peptidoglycan of F. necrophorum ATCC 25286, and F, fusiforme ATCC 23726 contained Lan, Glu, Ala, G1cNH2, and Mur. Several strains of the bacteria mentioned above, further, contained aspartic acid (Asp), Serine (Ser), and Glycine. The peptidoglycan of B. furcosus ATCC 25662 contained Asp, Glu, Ser, Ala, G1cNH2, and Mur.
Relative Allocation of Energy to Growth and Development of Homeothermy in the Eastern Wood Rat (Neotoma floridana) and Hispid Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus)

Allocation of energy to growth and heat production was measured by constructing energy budgets of male and female Sigmodon hispidus (x Adult body mass = ABM = 113 g d; 105 g ? ) and Neotoma floridana (ABM = 270 g d; 184 g ? ) from birth to maturity. Energy ingested and oxygen consumption per gram of body mass of post-weaning animals were not significantly different between sexes within species, but did differ significantly between the species. In all animals the relation between post-weaning ingestion (per gram body mass) and body mass follows a negative power function. Post-weaning metabolic rate as a function of body mass follows a different negative power function. The pattern of change in metabolic rate prior to weaning is different in the two species. In Sigmodon, metabolic rate increases linearly from birth to about 20 g (or about 20%o of ABM). The rate at 20 g is about 5 cm3 g-1 h-1. In Neotoma metabolic rate remains constant at 1.7 cm3 -g- -h- from birth to about 26 g (or about 11% of ABM), then increases linearly to about 2.2 cm3 g-1 h-1 at 65 g (29%o ABM). In both species, the peak in metabolic rate and nutritional weaning coincide with development of homeothermy, (measured as ability to maintain adult-level
Root halotropism: Salinity effects on Bassia indica root

Abstract Plant roots are responsible for the acquisition of nutrients and water from the soil and have an important role in plant response to soil stress conditions. The direction of root growth is gravitropic in general. Gravitropic responses have been widely studied; however, studies about other root tropisms are scarce. Soil salinity is a major environmental response factor for plants, sensed by the roots and affecting the whole plant. Our observations on root architecture of Kochia (Bassia indica) indicated that salinity may cue tropism of part of the roots toward increasing salt concentrations. We termed this phenomenon “positive halotropism”. It was observed that Kochia individuals in the field developed horizontal roots, originating from the main tap root, which was growing toward saline regions in the soil. Under controlled conditions in greenhouse experiments, Kochia plants were grown in pots with artificial soil salinity gradients, achieved by irrigation with saline and fresh water. It was shown that plants grown in low‐salt areas developed a major horizontal root toward the higher salt concentration region in the gradient. In regions of high salinity and in the absence of a salinity gradient, roots grew vertically without a major horizontal root. The novel finding of “positive halotropism” is discussed.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE‐PROTEIN COMPLEXES FROM HUMAN SWEAT

Very little information about the presence of macromolecules in sweat is available a t the present time. Jirka and Kotasl interpret their findings using polarography as proof for the presence of proteins in human sweat. In addition, direct Ehrlich-positive substances before hydrolysis and increased values after hydrolysis were shown by them to be present and expressed as glucosamine. However, no data on the chemical identification of the compounds analyzed are presented. Histochemical evidence for periodic acid-Schiff-positive as well as metachromatic substances in the secretory coils and ducts of the human eccrine sweat glands have been demonstrated by many authors.2~~ Recently a paper by Munger, Brusilow, and Cooke4 presents an electron microscopic study of eccrine sweat glands in patients with cystic fibrosis. On the basis of their histochemical findings, these authors suggest that eccrine sweat glands secrete acidic mucopolysaccharides. A widespread defect in mucus secretions throughout the body leading to obstruction of the pancreatic ducts, biliary ductules, bronchi, and other structures might explain many of the symptoms of the generalized disease, cystic fibrosis of the pan~reas . ~ In view of the known marked difference in the electrolyte composition of eccrine sweat between patients with cystic fibrosis and almost all other patients in the pediatric age group,6 it was thought that a difference in glycoprotein composition might be present in this same secretion. Therefore we decided to investigate the composition of the carbohydratecontaining moiety of macromolecules secreted in human sweat and to try to find and elucidate any change in the composition of glycoproteins in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas as compared to normal control subjects.
Tolerance analysis of habitat loss for multispecies conservation in western Riverside County, California, USA

Understanding the structure of a reserve network and the tolerance of habitat loss within a reserve network system is important for regional species conservation management. To date, there exist only theoretical models of design using randomized spatial structure in which to test alternatives. The Western Riverside Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan provides a complex reserve pattern in which to hypothesize and test outcomes for very different species and groups of organisms. This study uses data analysis and computer simulation to investigate (i) the relationship between species richness and habitat quantity and (ii) tolerance of a reserve network to habitat loss. The results indicated exponential decay between species richness and habitat quantity for plants, reptiles, mammals, birds and all species. The current network of habitats for each species group has low tolerance for loss, especially for mammals. A conceptual model of an ecological safety net between habitat loss and connected networks has an 'S' shape, which means high tolerance for species conservation even under possible habitat loss. Reserve areas with viable buffers and corridors are essential to preserve biodiversity and to increase the ecological safety net of the entire habitat network at risk in areas such as western Riverside County of California.
Interspecies Competition and Its Probable Influence Upon the Vertical Distribution of Appalachian Salamanders of the Genus Plethodon

Competition lies at the foundation of evolution by natural selection; it is assumed to be of universal occurrence within species, and almost as frequent between distinct species. The subject of interspecies competition has recently received an excellent review by Crombie (1947), and no attempt has been made here to give a complete bibliography. The complexity of the situation in nature makes even the description of natural cases of interspecies competition difficult and therefore rare, and analysis of such cases is even more hazardous. Notable successful examples are Beauchamp and Ullyott (1932) for freshwater triclads, and Lack (1945) for birds. The laboratory experiments of Gause (1934), Crombie (1945), Park (1948), and others have yielded valuable information on the problem, but even in such oversimplified cases, little has been discovered concerning the mechanisms by which successful species achieve the demise of their competitors. There are certain obvious differences between interspecies and intraspecies competition. The former has frequently been demonstrated to lead to the elimination of one competitor when two species are confined within a limited space, all parts of which are accessible to each, and given a source of food which each can utilize. A deviation from strict adherence to these conditions may permit the two species to co-exist (cf. Crombie 1945), and the natural environment usu-
Pricing Coupon Bond Options and Swaptions under the One-Factor Hull–White Model

In this article, the authors propose an alternative approach for pricing bond options and swaptions under the one-factor Hull–White model. Their proposal differs from the existing models used to evaluate these type of instruments when the evolution of the term structure of interest rates is modeled by short-rate models. Assuming that the forward price of a coupon bond is a martingale under the forward risk-neutral measure, the proposed model involves deriving the volatility of the coupon bond as a function of its stochastic duration. Once the volatility function is defined, the price of options on coupon bonds can be derived by simply applying the standard no-arbitrage pricing theory in the context of the one-factor Hull–White model. Given the equivalence between the price of a coupon bond and the price of the corresponding swaptions, this approach can be adopted to calibrate the parameters of the one-factor Hull–White model using swaptions quoted in the market. The new solution proposed for the calibration can be considered as an alternative with respect to the existing approaches proposed in the literature and used currently by practitioners. Numerical results are provided in order to analyze the features of the proposed model for calibration purposes.
Quantitative RARβ2 Hypermethylation

Retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently hypermethylated in several human neoplasms. To further characterize this epigenetic alteration in prostate cancer progression, we examined tumor tissue from 118 patients with prostate carcinoma (PCa), 38 paired high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias (HGPIN), and non-neoplastic prostate tissue from 30 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. We found RARβ2 hypermethylation in 97.5% of PCa, 94.7% of HGPIN, and 23.3% of BPH. Methylation levels were significantly higher in PCa compared with HGPIN and BPH (P < 0.00001). By establishing an empiric cutoff value, we were able to discriminate between neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissue, with 94.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Moreover, RARβ2 methylation levels correlated with higher pathological stage (r = 0.30, P = 0.0009). This quantitative assay represents a novel and promising molecular marker that may augment current approaches for prostate cancer detection.
Isolation and identification of respiratory nitrate reductase-producing bacteria from soil and production of the enzyme.

A bacterial strain MY-12, isolated from rice field soil, and identified as Enterobacter cloacae, produced much nitrate reductase in cells in anaerobic culture. Tests were conducted on the growth conditions for anaerobic production of the enzyme. Nitrate was essential for enzyme formation, and iron ions promoted enzyme production. The addition of peptone (2g/liter) to the synthetic medium increased enzyme production with an increase in growth. The specific activity of the enzyme of this strain, cultured under optimal growth conditions, was higher than that of enzyme of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Bacillus licheniformis or Micrococcus denitrificans. Nitrate reductase of E. cloacae MY-12 produced in anaerobic culture was membrane-bound. Some properties of the solubilized enzyme are described.
Potencial energético da biomassa e carvão vegetal do epicarpo e da torta de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas)

In the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas, are produced residues in the peel and of pie form. One alternative use of these residues is in the energy production. The present work analyzed the energy potential of the peel and the pie of Jatropha curcas in the following conditions: in natura and charcoal, determining: the moisture content (VITAL, 1997); the ash, fi xed carbon and volatile matter (ABNT NBR 8112/86); the density and the gravimetric yield. The peel presented: moisture of 18,9%; density of 100kg/m3; volatile matter of 72,6%, fi xed carbon of 13% and 14,4% of ashes and heat combustion of 3.641kcal/kg. The carbonized peel produced 38.1% of charcoal, with: 29% of volatile matter, 45% of fi xed carbon and 25% of ashes; and heat combustion of 3.954kcal/kg. The pie presented: moisture of 2.41%, 601kg/m3 of density; volatile matter of 77.84%, fi xed carbon 14.21% and 7,95% ashes and 5.122kcal/kg of heat combustion. In the carbonization of the pie, 32% of charcoal was produced containing: 18.27% of volatile matter, 71.29% of fi xed carbon, 10.43% of ashes and heat combustion of 6.234kcal/kg. The high ashe contents are related to the fertilization of the plant.
Genetic patterns of ten Elymus species from the Tibetan and Inner Mongolian plateaus of China

Genetic diversity was investigated for forty populations of ten Elymus species from the Tibetan and Inner Mongolian plateaus of China using allozyme and microsatellite markers. The two assays differed in the amount of polymorphism detected. Micro-satellites detected the higher amounts of polymorphism. For allozymes and micro-satellite markers, between populations of each species, the proportion of polymorphic loci, heterozygosity and Shannon’s Information index ranged from 0AE1667 to 0AE833, and 0AE455 to 1AE00, respectively, 0AE0800 to 0AE2528 and 0AE1622 to 0AE3619, respectively, and 0AE1173 to 0AE3769 and 0AE2248 to 0AE5318 respectively. As for gene flow at the species and population levels, limited gene flow was found between populations within species and between species. From a geographical standpoint, samples from different regions showed a range of values. Populations from the Tibetan Plateau of China had higher genetic variation than from the Inner Mongolian plateau both using allozyme and microsatellite markers.