Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primary production, physiological state and composition of phytoplankton in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean

Phytoplankton species composition and primary production werestudied in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean in early austral summer1995/1996. Results from photosynthesis-irradiance experiments (P vs E curves)were used to examine photosynthetic adaptation in this part of the ocean. The studyarea comprised 3 different provinces: the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), the AntarcticCircumpolar Current (ACC) beyond the influence of frontal systems, and themarginal ice zone (MIZ). Phytoplankton composition derived from HPLC data,P*m (maximum biomass-specific photosynthetic production rate) values and arealdaily primary production (ADP) rates showed different features for these zones. Thecentral core of the APF was dominated (60%) by a bloom of large (>20 µm)diatoms (Thalassiothrix spp., Pseudonitzschia cf. lineola and Chaetoceros spp.),equal values for P*m at the surface and 1% light depths and ADP rates exceeding900 mg C m-2 d-1. At the fringes of the APF core, phytoplankton were smaller,diatom abundance decreased and dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes and chrysophytesbecame more important within the community. Chlorophyll a concentrations andADP rates were low and comparable to values for the ACC outside the front: <0.5mg m-3 and <300 mg C m-2 d-1 respectively. Beyond the frontal systems, P*mvalues from the 1% light depth were significantly higher than at the surface. Therewas also a bloom of large phytoplankton species within the MIZ, dominated incontrast by Phaeocystis spp. ; this province was characterised by ADP rates of 558mg C m-2 d-1. Vertical mixing processes, temperature, silicate concentrations andzooplankton grazing seem to be the factors controlling production and growth ofphytoplankton at this time.
Morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of Lyngbya hieronymusii var. hieronymusii (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria)

An axenic clonal strain, CN4–3, of Lyngbya was obtained from a water sample collected from Lake Dalai, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China. The filaments were solitary, usually straight, sometimes a little bent and twisted. They sometimes made loose bundles. A filament was composed of a clear and film sheath and the trichome had no polarity and false branching. The sheath was approximately 0.5 μm in thickness and had no coloration in standard culture conditions, but the sheath was observed to be yellow in some filaments in seawater medium. The trichome had no constriction at the cross‐walls. Many small gas vacuoles were scattered in the cell. The end cells of the trichomes were broadly rounded and sometimes had calyptra. The presence or absence of granulation at the cross‐walls and calyptra was thought to be variable due to the range of environmental conditions or developmental stages of individual filaments. Trichomes were brownish‐green to olive‐green. Cell dimensions were 12.6–14.0 μm wide and 1.7–2.6 μm long. These characteristics are similar to those of Lyngbya hieronymusii Lemmermann var. hieronymusii. DNA base composition was 49.14 ± 0.34 mol% GC. Fatty acids were composed of four major components, 14:0, 16:0, 18:2 and 18:3α and six minor components, 16:1*, 16:1cis, 16:2, 16:3, 18:0 and 18:1 showing characteristics of group 2 (Kenyon et al. 1972; Murata et al. 1992). More than 20% of fatty acids were 14:0. This kind of fatty acid composition has never been reported in the other filamentous cyanobacteria of group 2. In vivo and phycobilin pigment absorption spectra showed that the strain contained phycoerythrin. Growth at different temperatures showed that the strain could grow from 10 to 40°C with the optimum growth at 20 and 30°C. Growth at different salinities showed that the strain could grow from standard (CT) medium to half strength (1.78%) of seawater medium. Even in the seawater medium (3.58%), the strain survived during experiments. These results suggest that L. hieronymusii var. hieronymusii has a peculiar taxonomic position within the filamentous cyanobacteria belonging to group 2 and inhabits various habitats.
Larval aestivation and direct development as alternative strategies in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria, in Sweden

ABSTRACT. 1 Sweden has two disjunct populations of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria L. The southern population has two generations per year but the central Swedish population is univoltine. When rearing larvae from central Sweden under normal photoperiodic conditions but at temperatures slightly above the ambient, 42% of the larvae developed directly and produced a second generation of adults the same summer. The egg—larval development time of the directly developing individuals was about 40 days, whereas that of the individuals developing along the univoltine pathway was about 100 days. 2 Larvae of the central Swedish population normally aestivate during part of the summer even though abundant food is available. In the closely related Lasiommata petropolitana F. , which is the only Swedish satyrid that overwinters in the pupal stage besides P.aegeria, larvae do not aestivate, indicating that there does not seem to be any obligatory association between pupal hibernation and larval aestivation. 3 Development rates of aestivating and directly developing P.aegeria are equal up to the third larval instar. During the third and fourth instars, however, the development rate of aestivating individuals is retarded and females also have an additional fifth instar. 4 Since the central Swedish P.aegeria have the capacity to develop directly, and the southern Swedish ones have the capacity to aestivate, the evidence indicates that the outcome of the cost/benefit balance of univoltine versus bivoltine development differs between the two areas.
Effect of Bentonite, Nitrogen Source and Stage of Maturity on Nitrogen Redistribution in Corn Silage

Abstract Redistribution of nitrogen, when isonitrogenous levels of urea (.5%) or diammonium phosphate (1.1%) were added with 0, . 125, . 25, . 5 and 1.0% sodium bentonite to whole corn plants at ensiling, was studied in 33 pilot silos in Experiment I. In Experiment II, redistribution of 15 N urea added to corn plant tissue harvested at 28.8 (low dry matter), 36.4 (medium dry matter) and 49.0% (high dry matter) dry matter was studied. Bentonite was added at 0, . 25, . 5 and 1.0% to the medium dry matter material. All treatments were ensiled in pilot silos designed to permit collection of gas and seepage fractions. In general, increasing bentonite produced the following changes: increased pH (P 15 N urea into microbial protein; decreased (P 15 N urea recovered in high dry matter samples existed as 15 N ammonia. Of the total ensiled nitrogen, 11.2% was lost in seepage from low dry matter samples. This accounted for 17.7% of the original 15 N urea added. Nitrogen-15-analysis of the gas indicated no 15 N urea was lost as volatilized ammonia.
Differences between the in vitro digestibility of extrusa collected from oesophageal fistulated steers and the forage consumed

In a study that included C-4 tropical grasses, C-3 temperate grasses and C-3 pasture legumes, in vitro dry matter digestibility of extrusa, measured as in vitro dry matter loss (IVDML) during incubation, compared with that of the forage consumed, was greater for grass extrusa but not for legume extrusa. The increase in digestibility was not caused by mastication or by the freezing of extrusa samples during storage but by the action of saliva. Comparable increases in IVDML were achieved merely by mixing bovine saliva with ground forage samples. Differences were greater than could be explained by increases due to completely digestible salivary DM. There was no significant difference between animals in relation to the saliva effect on IVDML and, except for some minor differences, similar saliva effects on IVDML were measured using either the pepsin-cellulase or rumen fluid-pepsin in vitro techniques. For both C-4 and C-3 grasses the magnitude of the differences were inversely related to IVDML of the feed and there was little or no difference between extrusa and feed at high digestibilities (>70%) whereas differences of more than 10 percentage units were measured on low quality grass forages. The data did not suggest that the extrusa or saliva effect on digestibility was different for C-3 grasses than for C-4 grasses but data on C-3 grasses were limited to few species and to high digestibility samples. For legume forages there was no saliva effect when the pepsin-cellulase method was used but there was a small but significant positive effect using the rumen fluid-pepsin method. It was concluded that when samples of extrusa are analysed using in vitro techniques, predicted in vivo digestibility of the feed consumed will often be overestimated, especially for low quality grass diets. The implications of overestimating in vivo digestibility and suggestions for overcoming such errors are discussed.
In vitro bulblet regeneration from immature embryos of endangered and endemic Muscari azureum

A high frequency of bulblet regeneration was achieved for the endemic and endangered ornamental plant Muscari azureum using immature embryos. Immature embryos of M. azureum were cultured on a callus induction medium consisting of N6 mineral salts and vitamins, 400 gL-1 casein + 40 gL-1 sucrose + 2 mgL-1 L-proline, 2 mgL-1 2,4-D and 2 gL-1 Gelrite. Then the embryogenic callus clusters were transferred to a bulblet induction medium consisting of MS mineral salts and vitamins containing different concentrations and combinations of BAP, KIN, TDZ, Zeatin, IAA, NAA, 30 gL-1 sucrose and 7 gL-1 agar. Prolific bulblet multiplication (over 13 bulblets/embryo) was achieved from immature embryos after 5-6 months of culture initiation. Well-developed bulblets were excised and individually rooted on Ѕ strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 IBA, 0.5 gL-1activated charcoal, 20 gL-1sucrose and 6 gL-1agar and acclimatized. This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction 10.2298/ABS150608072E
Brain Mechanisms of Perception and Memory: From Neuron to Behavior.Taketoshi Ono , Larry R. Squire , Marcus E. Raichle , David I. Perrett , Masaji Fukuda

Information about perception and memory is accumulating rapidly in both basic and clinical neuroscience, and this progress has been made using a variety of approaches while drawing jointly on the traditions of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropsychology. In order to disseminate research occurring in leading laboratories around the world, an international symposium on "Brain Mechanisms of Perception and Memory: From Neuron to Behavior" was held in Toyama, Japan, in October 1991. Planned in conjunction with this important meeting, this volume presents the work of over 40 eminent scientists from around the world. Their research covers many topics, including such core issues as the perception of form, perception of motion, memory and the limbic system, the neocortex, and neural plasticity. A prominent area of discussion at the symposium, and one which figures prominently in this volume, is work with nonhuman primates, especially useful in the study of perception and memory. The breadth of coverage of this volume in conjunction with its extensive studies of nonhuman primates makes this book a necessary reference for those interested in current perspectives on brain mechanisms of perception and memory. Neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, cognitive and physiological psychologists will find this authoritative, state-of-the-art review important and informative reading.
Feedback structures of northern small rodent populations

Regular oscillations of northern small rodents (lemmings, voles and mice) have fascinated ecologists for decades. In particular, cycles exhibited by Fennoscandian voles have inspired population ecologists to propose several hypotheses for their underlying causes. Although there is now some agreement that the interaction with specialist predators is involved, many aspects remain enigmatic, one being the precise ecological mechanism involved in the first-order feedback effect (i.e. direct density dependence). In this paper we evaluate the relative importance of first and second-order negative feedback on small rodent dynamics in 64 data sets, assess the evidence of non-linearity in the feedback structure, and look for similarities and/or differences between species and places. A clear feature of our analysis was the highly consistent pattern of first-order dynamics across species and locations, suggesting the importance of intra-specific interactions independent of local environmental conditions. Second-order feedback generally showed a large degree of variation and appears to be strongly dependent on environmental conditions and locality. There seems to be no consistent latitudinal pattern or non-linearity in the feedback responses. We conclude that northern small rodent populations are basically regulated by both highly consistent first-order feedback (e.g. intra-specific competition, functional responses of generalist predators) and less consistent, site-specific second-order effects (e.g. numerical responses of specialist predators or food plants).
Relationships among Fossil and Living Dipteridaceae: Anatomically Preserved Hausmannia from the Lower Cretaceous of Vancouver Island

Anatomically preserved foliage of a dipteridaceous fern has been identified in both calcareous nodules and fine‐grained, carbonate‐cemented sandstone from the early Cretaceous (Hauterivian‐Barremian) Apple Bay locality from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Fronds with attached sporangia containing spores are preserved as both compression/impressions and as permineralizations. Fan‐shaped laminar segments display paired teeth along the margin. Major veins dichotomize to the lamina edge, and finer veins reticulate, forming square to polygonal areoles, with freely ending veinlets. Veins are enclosed by sclerenchymatous sheaths, and the abaxial epidermis is recessed, producing concave areas between veins. Adaxial cuticle is thick, and the epidermis contains rectangular cells with undulating walls. Anomocytic scattered stomata occur on the abaxial surface. Sporangia and trichomes are scattered across the abaxial epidermis in the areolar concavities. Sporangial stalks are short, two to three cells long and four to six cells wide throughout their length. Sporangia have a vertical annulus that is interrupted by the stalk, and they contain trilete spores that correspond to Cibotiumspora jurienensis. Leaf morphology is similar to that of extant Dipteris novoguineensis and fossil Hausmannia spp. A unique combination of characters demonstrates that Hausmannia is a distinct genus of fossil dipterids. An examination of leaves from extant Dipteris rhizomes of various ages suggests that the genus Protorhipis may represent juvenile Hausmannia at some localities. The association of Hausmannia with small pieces of delicate moss gametophytes, fern sporelings, and vegetative remains of Lycopodium and Selaginella at Apple Bay reinforces the interpretation that these fossil dipterids were deposited under storm conditions and that Hausmannia may have grown in disturbed habitats.
Dangerous Lions and Nonchalant Buffalo

1. Aspects of the influence of predation on the African buffalo Syncerus caffer were studied in Lake Manyara National Park, northern Tanzania, from 1981 to 1985. 2. During the study period, predation by lions was the most important cause of death in buffalo but occasionally major epidemics, such as rinderpest, can be by far the most important cause of death. 3. A comparison of Manyara with four other areas in Africa shows that the Manyara buffalo ran the same level of risk as those in these other areas, and that in periods in which epidemics or drought conditions are absent it was normal that ultimately some 90% of the large herbivores fell victim to predation. 4. Juvenile mortality in females was higher than in males but adult mortality in females was lower than in males. Adult bulls ran a much higher risk to be killed by lions (12.9% p.a.) than herd-living buffalo (4.4% p.a.); the latter category comprised cows and sub-adult bulls. 5. Risk of predation was highest near the ecotone between grasslands and structurally closed vegetations. Grasslands were as dangerous as woodlands and thickets, and only the mudflats were really safe. The chance to be killed fell steeply away from (potential) cover for lions. 6. Buffalo were more vigilant at night than during the day, peripheral animals more so than central ones. Adult bulls were more vigilant than other categories of buffalo. It is concluded that vigilance in buffalo was not restricted to predator detection. 7. The choice of feeding areas in buffalo was not dictated by predation risk alone.
Effects of silvicultural cleaning in mixed pine‐deciduous stands on moose damage to scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Silvicultural cleaning is commonly carried out in young stands to control competition between conifers and deciduous tree species. However, it has been questioned whether this practice affects moose (Alces alces L.) browsing on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with respect to damage at the stand level. In this study, moose winter browsing was examined in relation to food availability in 19 Scots pine stands divided into silviculturally cleaned and non‐cleaned blocks. Cleaning had a negative effect on moose foraging in terms of reduced density, biomass availability, and height of the deciduous tree species. The total biomass consumed by moose was significantly lower on the cleaned blocks than on the non‐cleaned ones. There were no differences between the treatments in the amounts of pine consumed and in moose damage to pines. The density or biomass available of different deciduous tree species did not explain the variation in moose browsing on pine. In conclusion, timing of silvicultural cleaning with refe.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science

T he ability to recognize people uniquely and to associate personal attributes such as name and nationality with them has been very important to the fabric of human society. Nowadays, modern societies have an explosion in population growth and increased mobility which necessitated building advanced identity management systems for recording and maintaining people’s identities. In the last decades, biometrics has played an important role in recognizing people instead of traditional ways such as passwords and keys which can be forgotten or be stolen. Biometric systems employ physiological and/or behavioral characteristics of people to verify their identities. There are different biometric modalities that can be used to recognize people such as fingerprints, face, hand geometry, voice, iris, signature, etc. In this paper, a comprehensive overview have been provided on the major issues of biometric systems including general biometric system architecture, major biometric traits, biometric systems performance, and some relevant works.
Trifluralin effects on the development of cotton in arid zone soils

Summary: The effect of trifluralin on the growth and development of cotton plants in low-organic-matter soils from the northern Negev of Israel was studied. Trifluralin exhibited linear sorp tion isotherms on these soils, Trifluralin and dinitramine losses from soils under varying moisture regimes and application practices were determined in open systems. The data were fitted to both first-order and biexponential kinetic equations. In about 50% of cases the biexponential kinetic model provided a better fit to the data, but no relationship could be found between the model parameters and environmental or soil properties. Losses were generally greater at field capacity than at 50% field capacity, and at 27°C than at 15°C, and in soils with a lower organic matter content. The trifluralin application rate was negatively correlated with vegetative growth parameters of cotton, but the correlation became weaker with increasing soil organic carbon content. Trifluralin delayed boll production in coarse textured soils, the longest delay occurring at higher application rates. It is concluded that in light soils that contain very little organic matter, trifluralin rates must be maintained at the minimum level required for adequate weed control to prevent damage to crops.
Scavenging Effect of Methanolic Extracts of Peanut Hulls on Free-Radical and Active-Oxygen Species

The scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls (MEPH) on free-radical and active-oxygen species was investigated. MEPH showed marked activity as a radical scavenger in the experiment using 14,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, indicating that MEPH has effective activities as a hydrogen donor and as a primary antioxidant to react with lipid radicals. MEPH also possessed antioxidative activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and superoxide (O 2 .- ), indicating that MEPH has a scavenging activity on H 2 O 2 and O 2 . - . The scavenging effect of MEPH on hydroxyl radical was investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry
In vitro allelopathic potential of Leonurus sibiricus L. leaves

Abstract The chemical interaction between plants is known as allelopathy and it is related to the release of substances into the environment. The present study aimed at the evaluation of the allelopathic activity of the leaves of Leonurus sibiricus against the germination and initial growth of Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa, and Lepidium sativum. Chemical analyses showed the presence in the leaves of four major flavonoids (quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1>6)-β-D-galactopyranoside; rutin; hyperin, and isoquercetrin) and of three minor flavonoidic compounds (genkwanin, 3′-hydroxy genkwanin, and quercetin). Extracts, their chromatographic fractions and pure isolated flavonoids showed different biological activities. A methanol extract of leaves of Leonurus sibiricus caused significant reduction only in the germination of Lactuca sativa, with no effects on the germinative processes of Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum. Some chromatographic fractions, containing the flavonoids, showed inhibitory activity on the initial stages of root growth of all tested seeds. The isolated flavonoids, at the higher concentration tested (10−4 M) seemed to be responsible for the inhibition of the germination, as well as the radical elongation. Among pure compounds, 3′-OH-genkwanin and quercetin showed the stronger antigerminative activity at the concentration of 10−4 M, whereas the radical elongation was reduced by rutin, isoquercetrin and 3′-OH-genkwanin. All compounds, tested at concentrations ranging between 10−5 and 10−7 M, showed stimulatory activities.
New Record of Two Species in Stichotrichous Ciliates (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia) from Korea

Two stichotrichous ciliates, Amphisiella annulata (Kahl, 1928) and Pseudoamphisiella alveolata (Kahl, 1932), were collected from the Yellow Sea in Incheon, Korea and were identified as new to Korea. The main diagnostic key to the species of the genera are that the two species share the features of two macronuclear nodules, one marginal row per side, and transverse cirri. A. annulata is distinguishable from other members in the genus mainly due to the several ring-shaped (hollow) structures in its cytoplasm and its wide and narrowly arranged amphisiellid median cirral row. P. alveolata has a conspicuous alveolar layer and two conspicuous macronuclear nodules, but no frontoterminal cirri.