Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE CLASSIC: On a Method of Investigating the Deep Ganglia and Tracts of the Central Nervous System (Cerebellum)

Robert Henry Clarke (1850–1926, Paris) (Fig 1) attended Cambridge University, received his medical training at St. George’s Hospital in London, and then served as a house surgeon to Dr. Alexander Patterson at the Western Infirmary, Glasgow. After several years, he returned to St. George’s. He collaborated with and joined Sir Victor Horsley (Fig 2) at University College, London in the late 1880s. He developed pneumonia in the early 90s, however, and traveled to Egypt for recovery. Cerebral localization of function had become an important issue following the work of Hughlings Jackson and others, who had stimulated the cerebral cortex with small amounts of galvanic current to plot body movements. Apparently during his time in Egypt Clarke developed the idea for a stereotaxic frame which could be clamped to an animal’s head to minimize movement between the brain and probing instruments. He presented the idea to Horsley sometime after 1895. However, the first instrument was apparently not made and used experimentally until about 1906, and it is that device (Fig 3) which is reported in our Classic this month. Clarke died in Paris after a long illness, the nature of which has never been established, although he claimed it stemmed from taking a single aspirin tablet.
Selective Mapping OFDM without Side Information Using a Low Complexity ML Decoder

Selective mapping (SLM) has been proposed for peak to average power reduction (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. With SLM, multiple sequences are generated by multiplying independent phase se- quences with the original data and the sequence with the lowest PAPR is chosen for transmission. Hence, to determine the selected sequence at the receiver, side information must be sent along with the data. Previously, a maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder was proposed to eliminate this side information. However, this adds significant complexity to the receiver. In this paper, we first propose a partial SLM (P-SLM) technique using combinations of time-domain sequences. We then show that P-SLM can significantly reduce the ML decoder complexity. We examine the bit error rate (BER) performance of the simplified decoder over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels. The results show that the proposed decoder has almost identical BER performance to that of the previous decoding algorithm while achieving very low computational complexity.
Phosphatidylserine Decarboxylase 1 (Psd1) Promotes Mitochondrial Fusion by Regulating the Biophysical Properties of the Mitochondrial Membrane and Alternative Topogenesis of Mitochondrial Genome Maintenance Protein 1 (Mgm1)*

Background: Phosphatidylethanolamine is proposed to regulate mitochondrial fusion, but its mechanism of action is unknown. Results: Decreasing phosphatidylethanolamine reduces the rate of lipid mixing and the biogenesis of Mgm1, a mitochondrial fusion protein. Conclusion: Psd1 regulates the lipid and protein machineries of mitochondrial fusion. Significance: Understanding how lipid metabolism regulates mitochondrial dynamics will reveal its role in cellular functions such as apoptosis and autophagy. Non–bilayer-forming lipids such as cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are proposed to generate negative membrane curvature, promoting membrane fusion. However, the mechanism by which lipids regulate mitochondrial fusion remains poorly understood. Here, we show that mitochondrial-localized Psd1, the key yeast enzyme that synthesizes PE, is required for proper mitochondrial morphology and fusion. Yeast cells lacking Psd1 exhibit fragmented and aggregated mitochondria with impaired mitochondrial fusion during mating. More importantly, we demonstrate that a reduction in PE reduces the rate of lipid mixing during fusion of liposomes with lipid compositions reflecting the mitochondrial membrane. This suggests that the mitochondrial fusion defect in the Δpsd1 strain could be due to the altered biophysical properties of the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in reduced fusion kinetics. The Δpsd1 strain also has impaired mitochondrial activity such as oxidative phosphorylation and reduced mitochondrial ATP levels which are due to a reduction in mitochondrial PE. The loss of Psd1 also impairs the biogenesis of s-Mgm1, a protein essential for mitochondrial fusion, further exacerbating the mitochondrial fusion defect of the Δpsd1 strain. Increasing s-Mgm1 levels in Δpsd1 cells markedly reduced mitochondrial aggregation. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial PE regulates mitochondrial fusion by regulating the biophysical properties of the mitochondrial membrane and by enhancing the biogenesis of s-Mgm1. While several proteins are required to orchestrate the intricate process of membrane fusion, we propose that specific phospholipids of the mitochondrial membrane promote fusion by enhancing lipid mixing kinetics and by regulating the action of profusion proteins.
Characteristics of subband current ratio in double-gate MOSFET

The subband current is evaluated by solving the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) self-consistently with Poisson's equation for the double-gate MOSFETs with different channel lengths and thicknesses. The characteristics of subband current ratio and the details of subband number M are simulated, and the results show that the characteristics of current are determined by the first subband when TSi is smaller than 2.5nm, while the value of TSi is between 3.5nm and 5nm, the current of the second subband needs to be considered. The subband current ratios are highly related to the gate voltage, while less sensitive to the channel length. The suitable subband number M is also discussed for the devices with different sizes, which must be considered in balancing the model accuracy and the efficiency.
THE IMPACT OF SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM ON ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Patients are exposed to a number of risk factors for cardiovascular complications, which are the result of uremia and dialysis. Aim of our study was to examine the incidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and left ventricular hypertrophy, the interplay between them as predictors of mortality. This prospective study included 53 patients. All patients had measured echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular hypertrophy and laboratory parameters of bone metabolism. We followed the death rate of patients over two years. Elevated levels of PTH in the serum was present in 79.24% of patients, hypertrophy of the left chamber was recorded in 81.13% of patients. The survivors had lower values of PTH and phosphate levels which were significantly lower (p <0.05) in relation to deceased patients. Patients with poor outcome had higher LV mass index, lower EF and FSLV, larger diameters of interventricular septum and posterior wall (P <0.05). Left ventricular hypertrophy is premature cardiovascular disorder that develops rapidly during the progression of CKD and is based of uremic cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular hypertrophy is a strong indicator of mortality in patients with ESRD.
Cleavage of Bax enhances its cell death function.

Members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins are key regulators of apoptosis. Some of these proteins undergo posttranslational modification, such as phosphorylation or proteolysis, that serves to alter their function. Caspases are known to cleave Bid, a proapoptotic family member, as well as Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), two prosurvival family members, which activate their cytotoxic activity resulting in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Previously we showed that Bax was cleaved by calpain rather than by caspases from full-length 21 kDa to generate a cleavage fragment of 18 kDa. Since cleavage of Bid serves to activate its cytotoxic activity, we wanted to determine if the p18 form of Bax exhibited increased cytotoxicity compared to p21 Bax. Using a transient transfection system in human embryonic kidney 293T cells we show that the p18 form of Bax displays a more potent ability to induce cell death. The pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk completely blocked apoptosis induced by p21 Bax but only partially inhibited apoptosis induced by p18 Bax. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pore, had no effect on Bax-mediated apoptosis of 293T cells suggesting that apoptosis was independent of the PT. Thus cleavage of p21 Bax during apoptosis to the p18 form may serve to increase the intrinsic cytotoxic properties of this proapoptotic molecule and enhance its cell death function at the mitochondria.
Using Word Sense as a Latent Variable in LDA Can Improve Topic Modeling

Since proposed, LDA have been successfully used in modeling text documents. So far, words are the common features to induce latent topic, which are later used in document representation. Observation on documents indicates that the polysemous words can make the latent topics less discriminative, resulting in less accurate document representation. We thus argue that the semantically deterministic word senses can improve quality of the latent topics. In this work, we proposes a series of word sense aware LDA models which use word sense as an extra latent variable in topic induction. Preliminary experiments on benchmark datasets show that word sense can indeed improve topic modeling.
Key elements for sub-50μm pitch micro bump processes

The ever need for more dense 3D integration or increasing number of IOs requires a scaling down of micro bump dimension and pitch. Scaling although adds high requirements on micro bump process technology and stacking accuracy. It is shown that by working on the micro bump sizes, increased stacking accuracy can be achieved. Integration scheme and process parameters need to be carefully tuned to allow a stable Cu(Ni)Sn micro bumping process. Analysis of the micro bumps is done by shear tests.
A New Synthetic Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Chart for Monitoring Process Dispersion

Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts have been widely recognized as a potentially powerful process monitoring tool of the statistical process control because of their excellent speed in detecting small to moderate shifts in the process parameters. Recently, new EWMA and synthetic control charts have been proposed based on the best linear unbiased estimator of the scale parameter using ordered ranked set sampling (ORSS) scheme, named EWMA‐ORSS and synthetic‐ORSS charts, respectively. In this paper, we extend the work and propose a new synthetic EWMA (SynEWMA) control chart for monitoring the process dispersion using ORSS, named SynEWMA‐ORSS chart. The SynEWMA‐ORSS chart is an integration of the EWMA‐ORSS chart and the conforming run length chart. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations are used to estimate the run length performances of the proposed control chart. A comprehensive comparison of the run length performances of the proposed and the existing powerful control charts reveals that the SynEWMA‐ORSS chart outperforms the synthetic‐R, synthetic‐S, synthetic‐D, synthetic‐ORSS, CUSUM‐R, CUSUM‐S, CUSUM‐ln S2, EWMA‐ln S2 and EWMA‐ORSS charts when detecting small shifts in the process dispersion. A similar trend is observed when the proposed control chart is constructed under imperfect rankings. An application to a real data is also provided to demonstrate the implementation and application of the proposed control chart. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a Multi-Sensor System for Road Condition Mapping

Abstract. We present a concept for a vehicle based road condition mapping system using infrared spectrometers, high resolution RGB cameras and a laser scanner. Infrared spectrometry is employed to monitor the deterioration of the surface material and pavement condition, in particular by aging. High resolution RGB imaging enables automatic asphalt crack detection and provides base images for spectrometry spots. Laser scanning aims at the detection of geometrical road irregularities and pavement failures such as potholes and ruts. These three major recordings contribute to the analysis of the pavements condition. All mapping sensors are synchronised with a navigation sensor to collect geo-referenced data. The concept of road condition mapping relies on a separate analysis of the different sensor data which are related to road sections. Processing results like the percentage of the road section area related to cracks, pot holes, ruts etc. are merged to achieve an assessment for the road section. The processes for assessing deterioration from the spectrometer data, the detection of ruts from the laser data and cracks from the images are discussed in detail and outlined with some experiments.
The erosion-inhibiting effect of TiF4, SnF2, and NaF solutions on pellicle-covered enamel in vitro

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the protective effect of TiF4, SnF2, and NaF treatment on the development of erosion-like lesions in pellicle-covered human enamel. Material and Methods. Twelve human molars were each divided into 5 specimens, 4 of which were immersed in saliva for 2 h. Three pellicle-covered specimens from each tooth were treated with a TiF4, SnF2, or NaF solution (all 0.5 M F) for 2 min. Control specimens, one with and one without pellicle, were included. Immersion in acid (0.01 M HCl) was carried out stepwise (2+2+2+2 min). The etching depths (in µm) were measured using white light interferometry. Results. Compared with the control with pellicle, TiF4 reduced enamel loss by 100% after 2 min and by 24% after 8 min of acid exposure. The corresponding values for SnF2 were 45% and 14%. NaF provided no significant protection of the surface. The pellicle-covered specimens showed reduced lesion depths after 6 and 8 min compared to the controls without pellicle. Conclusions. TiF4 gave the best protection against acid attack. SnF2 provided significant protection only after 2 min of acid exposure, while NaF had no significant protective effect.
Dynamic Fault-Tolerant Control on Faults with Prior Knowledge for Discrete Systems with Multiple Transfer Delays

Juan Li, Jing Chen, Xue Yang, Dan-song Yue, Xiu-Rong Chen and Hong-Min Guan 1, 4, 6 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China 3, College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China lijuan291@sina.com, chenjing1981929@126.com, yangxue_qau@126.com, songdanyueqd@163.com, xrchen_100@163.com, ggu686@163.com
2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.

For new or updated text, view the 2011 Focused Update and the 2011 Focused Update on Dabigatran. Text supporting unchanged recommendations has not been updated. It is important that the medical profession play a significant role in critically evaluating the use of diagnostic procedures and therapies as they are introduced and tested in the detection, management, or prevention of disease states. Rigorous and expert analysis of the available data documenting absolute and relative benefits and risks of those procedures and therapies can produce helpful guidelines that improve the effectiveness of care, optimize patient outcomes, and favorably affect the overall cost of care by focusing resources on the most effective strategies. The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have jointly engaged in the production of such guidelines in the area of cardiovascular disease since 1980. The ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines, whose charge is to develop, update, or revise practice guidelines for important cardiovascular diseases and procedures, directs this effort. The Task Force is pleased to have this guideline developed in conjunction with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Writing committees are charged with the task of performing an assessment of the evidence and acting as an independent group of authors to develop or update written recommendations for clinical practice. Experts in the subject under consideration have been selected from all 3 organizations to examine subject-specific data and write guidelines. The process includes additional representatives from other medical practitioner and specialty groups when appropriate. Writing committees are specifically charged to perform a formal literature review, weigh the strength of evidence for or against a particular treatment or procedure, and include estimates of expected health outcomes where data exist. Patient-specific modifiers, comorbidities, and issues of patient preference that might influence the choice of particular …
The therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic virus Delta24-RGD in a murine glioma model depends primarily on antitumor immunity

Oncolytic viruses selectively lyse tumor cells, making these agents a promising treatment modality for glioma. Accumulating data suggest that the immune system plays an important role in the anti-glioma activity of oncolytic viruses. In an immune competent glioma model, the therapeutic effect of the oncolytic adenovirus Delta24-RGD was found to depend primarily on antitumor immune responses.
Preliminary Results on HAT-P-4, TrES-3, XO-2, and GJ 436 from the NASA EPOXI Mission

Abstract EPOXI (EPOCh + DIXI) is a NASA Discovery Program Mission of Opportunity using the Deep Impact flyby spacecraft. The EPOCh (Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization) Science Investigation will gather photometric time series of known transiting exoplanet systems from January through August 2008. Here we describe the steps in the photometric extraction of the time series and present preliminary results of the first four EPOCh targets.
Early detection of small-fiber neuropathy in diabetes: a laser-induced pain somatosensory-evoked potentials and pupillometric study.

Over the last 15 years, many authors have pointed out that small nerve fibers may be selectively damaged in the early stages of diabetes, leading to an early impairment of pain and temperature sensations and to a decline in autonomic nervous function (1,2). The CO2 pain-induced laser somatosensory-evoked potential (pSEP) evaluation may represent a new quantitative and objective approach to evaluate pain and temperature sensation functions (3–8). Recently, Agostino et al. (9) reported small-fiber dysfunction assessed by pSEPs in diabetic patients with different degrees of peripheral nerve damage. A total of 27 diabetic patients (12 type 1 [group 1] and 15 type 2 [group 2]) and 27 age-, sex-, and height-matched control subjects were included in the study. In group 1 (6 men and 6 women), the mean age was 33.6 ± 9 years, the duration of diabetes was 13.5 ± 6.7 years, and the glycated hemoglobin was 6.1 ± 1.3%; two patients had nephropathy and three had background retinopathy. In group 2 (7 men and 8 women), the mean age was 55.3 ± 8.8 years, the duration of diabetes was 8.2 ± 6.2 years, and the glycated hemoglobin was 6.8 ± 1.5%; three patients had nephropathy and four had background retinopathy. The patients reported no history of autonomic and somatic neuropathy and had negative clinical examinations (evaluated using the Neuropathy Symptom Score [NSS], the Neurological Symptom Profile [NSP], and the Neurologic Disability Score [NDS]) (10); normal nerve conduction velocity and P100 latency at visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) recording; no severe diabetic retinopathy or other opthalmological diseases; no recurrent ketoacidosis, ketonuria, or hypoglycemia; no psychiatric disorders or alcohol consumption; no cognitive impairment; and no other diseases or treatment with medications known to influence nervous system function. Two control groups (groups 3 and 4) were included …
Polarization Measurement of Cs Using the Pump Laser Beam

In the optically pumped systems, the spin polarization of the atoms is generally derived by employing additional modulations, in which way an extra perturbation will be introduced and thus affect the normal operation of the sensors. By investigating the absorption principle of the circularly polarized pump laser, here, we demonstrate the feasibility of extracting the electron-spin polarization from the transmitted intensity of the pump beam. This scheme can detect real-time polarization without disturbing the normal operation of the sensor, and the experimental result agrees well with the theory. This research is of value to the research and development of optically pumped systems, especially the magnetometer, and the comagnetometer operated in the spin-exchange relaxation free regime.
Facilitating Reflection with Supporting Groups: A Model of Collective Teaching Reflection

This paper reports the findings of four-semester action research study, in which the investigator collaborated with a group of teachers and systematically explored and studied several methods of improving teaching reflection in a preschool. The study led to the development of a practical model of collective teaching reflection. The model consists of three interrelated methodological components: a dialogue reflection journal, a reflective seminar, and a reflection portfolio. With distinctive emphases and functions, the three methods complemented each other to facilitate a deeper level of reflection in participating teachers in the school where the researcher conducted the study. The common feature of the three methods is that they all involve intensive peer interactions and collaboration within supporting groups. The study brings new insights to school administrators on how to enhance teaching reflection in their organizations.
A preliminary practice in mappling service requirements to executable service flows

Gathering and understanding what the user need is one of the most important things in the service creation lifecycle. We firstly discuss the difference between the service requirements and the traditional software requirement. Then we propose the service requirement refinement method by decompose the goal of the users. Once the sub-goals are defined, they can be mapping directly into related service template. Users can instantiate the templates into service flows by fill the related parameters and define the control flows. At last, the template can be translated into WS-BPEL directly, which can be executed by related execution engine. Some preliminary practices on these methods are shown at the end of this paper to illustrate the feasibility of the methods.