Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Effective Teaching Method of the Course “Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics” in Higher Education by Formative Evaluation

Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics" is a public mathematical elementary course for all science and engineering specialties in colleges and universities. It is because this course applies widely in many other professional courses of the specialties of science and engineering. But this course is full of theoretical knowledge and almost no practical experiment. It makes the students show little interest in this course. In this paper, we analyze disadvantage of classic educational method in course "Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics" at first. Then with practical nature of itself, we provide a novel evaluating method after a long time teaching practice in this course. We improve the classic evaluating method, which is examination on paper only, but bring the formative evaluation in the evaluating method. Finally, based on the new evaluating method, experiment results show advantage and effectiveness of this improved evaluating method.
A Benthic Terrain Classification Scheme for American Samoa

Coral reef ecosystems, the most varied on earth, continually face destruction from anthropogenic and natural threats. The U.S. Coral Reef Task Force seeks to characterize and map priority coral reef ecosystems in the U.S./Trust Territories by 2009. Building upon NOAA Biogeography shallow-water classifications based on Ikonos imagery, presented here are new methods, based on acoustic data, for classifying benthic terrain below 30 m, around Tutuila, American Samoa. The result is a new classification scheme for American Samoa that extends and improves the NOAA Biogeography scheme, which, although developed for Pacific island nations and territories, is only applicable to a maximum depth of 30 m, due to the limitations of satellite imagery. The scheme may be suitable for developing habitat maps pinpointing high biodiversity around coral reefs throughout the western Pacific.
Evaluation of the agricultural vocational training programmes conducted by the Krishi Vigyan Kendras (Farm Science Centres) in Indian Punjab

Krishin Vigyan Kendras-KVKs (Farm Science Centres) have been established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in 569 districts. The trust areas of KVKs are refinement and demonstration of technologies, and training of farmers and extension functionaries. Imparting vocational trainings in agriculture and allied fields for the rural youth is one of its mandates. The study was undertaken to do a formative and summative (outcome and impact) evaluation of the beekeeping and mushroom growing vocational training programmes in the Indian state of Punjab. One-group pre and post evaluation design was employed for conducting a formative and outcome evaluation. The knowledge tests were administered to 35 beekeeping and 25 mushroom cultivation trainees, before and after the training programmes organized in 2004. The trainees significantly gained in knowledge. A separate sample of 640 trainees, trained prior to 2004, was selected for finding the adoption status. Out of 640, a sample of 200 was selected by proportionate sampling technique out of three categories, namely: non-adopters, discontinued-adopters and continued-adopters for evaluating the long-term impact of these training programmes. Ex-post-facto one-shot case study design was applied for this impact analysis. The vocational training programmes have resulted in continued-adoption of beekeeping and mushroom cultivation enterprises by 20% and 51% trained farmers, respectively. Age and trainee occupation had significant influence on the adoption decision of beekeeping vocation, whereas education and family income significantly affected the adoption decision of mushroom cultivation. The continued adopters of beekeeping and mushroom growing had increased their family income by 49% and 24%, respectively. These training programmes are augmenting the dwindling farm income of the farmers in Indian Punjab.
DISCOVERY OF A DAMPED Lyα ABSORBER AT z = 3.3 ALONG A GALAXY SIGHT-LINE IN THE SSA22 FIELD

Using galaxies as background light sources to map the Lyα absorption lines is a novel approach to study Damped Lyα Absorbers (DLAs). We report the discovery of an intervening z = 3.335 ± 0.007 DLA along a galaxy sight-line identified among 80 Lyman Break Galaxy (LBG) spectra obtained with our Very Large Telescope/Visible Multi-Object Spectrograph survey in the SSA22 field. The measured DLA neutral hydrogen (H i) column density is log(NH i/cm−2) = 21.68 ± 0.17. The DLA covering fraction over the extended background LBG is >70% (2σ), yielding a conservative constraint on the DLA area of ≳1 kpc2. Our search for a counterpart galaxy hosting this DLA concludes that there is no counterpart galaxy with star formation rate larger than a few M⊙ yr−1, ruling out an unobscured violent star formation in the DLA gas cloud. We also rule out the possibility that the host galaxy of the DLA is a passive galaxy with M* ≳ 5 × 1010M⊙ or a heavily dust-obscured galaxy with E(B − V) ≳ 2. The DLA may coincide with a large-scale overdensity of the spectroscopic LBGs. The occurrence rate of the DLA is compatible with that of DLAs found in QSO sight-lines.
Co morbidity and Neuroimaging in Alzheimer’s Disease

Multiple medical co morbid conditions are common in older adults. Patients with dementia and high comorbidity are characterized by the most compromised health status. This study aims to assess the correlation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data and medical co morbidity in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study is based on data collected from the European Study Innomed. Clinical and MRI data were collected from six European sites. Patients had to meet the ADRDA/NINCDS and DSM -IV criteria, and the MMSE score was ≤23. A total of 61 AD patients’ data, were analyzed. The Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) was used to calculate the co morbidity burden. MRI volume of 14-brain regions of interest, mostly mentioned as affected by AD in literature, were analyzed. The impact of co morbidity, on the volume of the selected MRI areas of the 61 patients with AD, was assessed via Spearman correlation coefficient. The correlation of CIRS-G with the volume of the brain areas of interest showed that there was
The Power of Networks: Integration and Financial Cooperative Performance

The purpose of this paper is to perform a cross-country survey of the level of integration of systems of financial cooperatives (FC) and its effect on measures of performance. We develop a classification scheme based on a theoretical framework that builds on published work using transaction cost economics (TCE) to explain integration of large numbers of financial cooperatives into networks. We identify three critical level of increasing integration we call respectively atomized systems, consensual networks and strategic networks. Further, we test some of the propositions that result from the theoretical framework on an international sample of financial cooperative systems. Based on this analysis we can conclude that: i) Integration is less (more) important is developing (more developed) countries and for very small (large) financial cooperatives as a determinant of efficiency. However, integration tends to reduce volatility of efficiency and performance regardless of development. ii) Integration appears to help control measure of managers' expense preferences that tend to affect performance of FC. iii) Despite high costs of running hub-like organizations in highly integrated system, these systems economize in bounded rationality and operate at lower costs that less integrated systems.
Closing the performance gap between an iterative frequency-domain solver and an explicit time-domain scheme for 3D migration on parallel architectures

Three-dimensional reverse-time migration with the constantdensity acoustic wave equation requires an efficient numerical scheme for the computation of wavefields. An explicit finitedifference scheme in the time domain is a common choice. However, it requires a significant amount of disk space for the imaging condition. The frequency-domain approach simplifies the correlation of the source and receiver wavefields, but requires the solution of a large sparse linear system of equations. For the latter, we use an iterative Krylov solver based on a shifted Laplace multigrid preconditioner with matrixdependent prolongation. The question is whether migration in the frequency domain can compete with a time-domain implementation when both are performed on a parallel architecture. Both methods are naturally parallel over shots, but the frequency-domain method is also parallel over frequencies. If we have a sufficiently large number of compute nodes, we can compute the result for each frequency in parallel and the required time is dominated by the number of iterations for the highest frequency. As a parallel architecture, we consider a commodity hardware cluster that consists of multicore central processing units (CPUs), eachof them connected to two graphics processing units (GPUs). Here, GPUs are used as accelerators and not as an independent compute node. The parallel implementation of the 3D migration in frequency domain is compared to a time-domain implementation. We optimize the throughput of the latter with dynamic load balancing, asynchronous I/O, and compression of snapshots. Because the frequency-domain solver uses matrix-dependent prolongation, the coarse-grid operators require more storage than available on GPUs for problems of realistic size. Due to data transfer, there is no significant speedup using GPU-accelerators. Therefore, we consider an implementation on CPUs only. Nevertheless, with the parallelization over shots and frequencies, this approach could compete with the time-domain implementation on multiple GPUs.
Fractional Weyl-Riesz Integrodifferentiation of Periodic Functions of Two Variables via the Periodization of the Riesz Kernel

We consider the periodization of the Riesz fractional integrals (Riesz potentials) of two variables and show that already in this case we come across different effects, depending on whether we use the repeated periodization, first in one variable, and afterwards in another one, or the so called double periodization. We show that the naturally introduced doubly-periodic Weyl-Riesz kernel of order 0< f <2 in general coincides with the periodization of the Riesz kernel, the repeated periodization being possible for all 0< f <2 , while the double one is applicable only for 0< f <1 . This is obtained as a realization of a certain general scheme of periodization, both repeated and double versions. We prove statements on coincidence of the corresponding periodic and nonperiodic convolutions and give an application to the case of the Riesz kernel.
Supporting Gift Selection to Encourage Consideration of Gift-Receivers from Various Perspectives

The purpose of this research is to encourage consideration of gift-receivers in the gift selection process from various perspectives. People often purchase gifts for their loved ones, such as partners and friends. There are various e-commerce websites that recommend gifts for loved ones; however, selecting an appropriate gift is difficult because these recommendations do not consider gift-receivers’ hobbies and preferences. Entering all their hobbies and preferences into the system in advance will solve this problem, but it takes time and effort. To solve this problem, we proposed a system that encourages consideration of gift-receivers by themselves. To achieve this, the proposed system provides questions about the gift-receiver and facilitates deeper consideration in gift selection. Using this proposed system, we conducted an experiment to observe the participants’ gift selection process. As a result, we confirmed that the system increases people’s consideration of gift-receivers.
A Way of Getting Scaled Mode Shapes in Output Only Modal Testing

In this paper some further work is done following the idea introduced by Parloo et all [2] where they proposed that the scaling factor should be estimated by repeated testing introducing mass changes in different points on the structure. In this paper the approximate formula for determination of the scaling factor based on the frequency shift when introducing mass changes on the structure is derived directly from the governing equation of motion. Further the error sources are studied and a new formula introducing less approximation errors on the scaling factor is proposed. Using this new formula scaling factors can be estimated from relative large frequency shifts without introducing any approximation errors. Further it is explained how testing should be performed in order to significantly reduce approximation errors due to mode shape changes and random errors due to uncertainty on the mode shape values. It turns out that if the mass changes are well distributed over the structure, then both random errors and the approximation errors will be minimized.
Elimination of Grapevine Bois Noir Phytoplasma by Tissue Culture Coupled or not With Heat Therapy or Hot Water Treatment

Background and Aims: Bois Noir phytoplasma is one of the most widespread yellows in grape industry in the European and Middle Eastern countries causing damages of increasing concern for the growers. So far, traditional before hot water therapy was not totally successfully in controlling this disease as it interfered with the vitality of woody propagation material leading to a weak recovery of grafted vines. This study examined the efficiency of tissue culture techniques to eliminate Bois Noir phytoplasma from grapevines. Methods: Six tissue culture protocols were tested on Chardonnay grapevine infected by Bois Noir by using stem cuttings and shoot tips associated or not to heat treatment at 38 ± 1°C for 40 days from culture initiation; and stem cuttings combined with a hot water bath at 50°C for 15 and 30 min prior to culture initiation. Key results: The protocols were all suitable, either for shoot regeneration or for phytoplasma elimination. Stem cutting culture coupled with heat or hot water treatments appeared to be the most effective treatments leading to a correct rate of survival explants and yielding to 100% sanitized shoots. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, the stem cutting culture coupled with heat or hot water treatment and followed by micropropagation of sanitized explants, appears to be a
Restoration and Enhancement of Underwater Images Based on Bright Channel Prior

This paper proposed a new method of underwater images restoration and enhancement which was inspired by the dark channel prior in image dehazing field. Firstly, we proposed the bright channel prior of underwater environment. By estimating and rectifying the bright channel image, estimating the atmospheric light, and estimating and refining the transmittance image, eventually underwater images were restored. Secondly, in order to rectify the color distortion, the restoration images were equalized by using the deduced histogram equalization. The experiment results showed that the proposed method could enhance the quality of underwater images effectively.
Introducing PrEmo2 : New directions for the non-verbal measurement of emotion in design

Non-verbal emotion self-report methods have flourished in the last 10 years. We present the theoretical basis underlying non-verbal self-report, review available tools, and discuss perspectives for further progress in measurement practices in design-oriented emotion research. We describe a new questionnaire following these perspectives and the first steps of its validation. The results highlight the potential for improvements and limitations of existing measurement tools. The conclusion examines some lessons learned about the difficulties facing researchers interested in creating specific emotion measures.
Regional Inequality In China: An Overview

China’s spectacular growth and poverty reduction has been accompanied by growing inequality which threatens the social compact and thus the political basis for economic growth and social development. The regional dimension of inequality— rural/urban, inland/coastal and provincial—dominates in a country as large as China, and especially with its particular history. The three of us have been researching Chinese regional inequality for over a decade. In a series of papers which have been published in peer reviewed journals, we have been involved in a systematic investigation into the nature and evolution of regional inequality in China. The object of this volume is to bring together a selection of these papers by us and our co-authors, so that researchers and policy makers can have access to them in one place. This introduction provides an overview of the volume.
Delegation, job satisfaction and subordinate performance : the mediating effect of leader-member exchange.

Delegation is widely accepted as an essential element of effective management in North American organizations; however, delegation may not be effective in other countries where employees hold different cultural values. We suggest that Chinese cultural values are inconsistent with delegation, and as such we develop a model in which leader-member exchange (LMX) mediates the relationship between delegation and, subordinate job satisfaction and performance in the Chinese context. Our sample comprised 186 Chinese subordinates working in a large transport company in Hong Kong. Our results show that LMX partially mediates between delegation and job satisfaction and fully mediates between delegation and subordinate performance. Implications for the theory and practice of delegation are discussed, particularly in the context of employees’ national cultural differences.
Tone and song in Kalam Kohistani (Pakistan)

Like many other languages in the north-western corner of the South-Asian subcontinent, Kalam Kohistani, spoken in two mountain valleys in northern Pakistan, has contrastive lexical tone. This paper explores how the tonal distinctions of Kalam Kohistani are reconciled with the musical use of pitch in sung recitations of traditional poetry.
USING SUFFIX ARRAYS FOR LEMPEL-ZIV DATA COMPRESSION

In the 1970s, Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv developed the first dictionary-based compression methods (LZ77 and LZ78). Their ideas have been a wellspring of inspiration to many researchers , who generalized, improved and combined them with run-length encoding (RLE) and statistical methods to form many commonly used lossless compression methods for text , image and sounds. The proposed methods factor a string x into substrings (factors) in such a way as to facilitate encoding the string into a compressed form (lossless text compression). This LZ factorization , as it is commonly called today, became a fundamental data structure in string processing, especially valuable for string compression. Recently, it found applications in computing various "regularities" in strings. The main principle of LZ methods is to use a portion of the previously seen input string as the dictionary. LZ77 and LZ78 encoders differ in two aspects . The first aspect is that LZ77 uses a sliding window unlike LZ78 which uses the entire string for building the dictionary. The use of a sliding window in LZ77 makes its decoder much simpler and faster than the LZ78 decoder. This implies that LZ77 is valuable in cases where a file is compressed once (or just a few times) and is decompressed often. A rarely used archive of compressed files is a superb example. The other aspect is the format of the codewords. LZ77 codewords consist of three parts: position, length and first non-matching symbol , while LZ78 removes the need for the length of the match in the codeword since it is implied in the dictionary. A whole family of algorithms has stemmed out of the original LZ algorithms (LZ77 and LZ78). This was a result of an effort to improve upon the LZ encoding algorithm
Altı Yaş Çocuklarının Yaratıcı Düşünme Becerilerine Sosyo-Ekonomik Düzey ve Anne Baba Öğrenim Düzeyinin Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Bu arastirma, alti yas cocuklarinin yaratici dusunme becerilerine sosyo-ekonomik duzey ve anne-baba ogrenim duzeyinin etkisini belirlemek amaciyla planlanmistir. Arastirmanin evrenini, Ankara il merkezinde farkli sosyo-ekonomik duzeydeki ilkogretim okullarinin anasiniflarina devam eden alti yas cocuklari olusturmaktadir. Arastirmanin orneklemine ise bu okullar arasindan tesadufi ornekleme yontemiyle secilen alt, orta ve ust sosyoekonomik duzeyleri temsil ettigi varsayilan sekiz ilkogretim okulundaki anasiniflarina devam eden, normal gelisim gosteren alti yasindaki 300 cocuk dahil edilmistir. Arastirmada, cocuklar ve aileleri ile ilgili bilgi almak amaciyla Anket Formu ve cocuklarin yaratici dusunme duzeylerini belirlemek amaciyla Urban ve Jellen (1996) tarafindan gelistirilen Can-Yasar (2009) tarafindan alti yas Turk cocuklari icin gecerlik guvenirlik calismasi yapilan “Yaratici Dusunme-Resim Olusturma Testi (YD-ROT) (The Test for Creative Thinking–Drawing Production TCT-DP)” kullanilmistir. Cocuklarin yaratici dusunme becerileri ile sosyo-ekonomik duzey ve anne baba ogrenim duzeyleri arasindaki iliski Kruskall-Wallis H Testi kullanilarak analiz edilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda, cocuklarin yaratici dusunme becerilerinde sosyo-ekonomik duzeyin ve anne baba ogrenim duzeylerinin anlamli farklilik yarattigi bulunmustur (p < 0,001).
Will skyscrapers save the planet

This paper studies the effectiveness of building height limits as a policy to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It shows that building height limits lead to urban sprawl and higher emissions from commuting. On the other hand, aggregate housing consumption may decrease which reduces emissions from residential energy use. The paper uses numerical simulation to show that total GHG emissions may be lower under building height restrictions. It also studies the effect of endogenous transport technology and the urban heat island effect.
Perceptions of Employees in the Effects of Decision-Making and Leadership Styles on Relationships and Perceived Effectiveness in King Saud University Development Context

Leadership is crucial in all facets of humanity as it enhances personal, organisational, and national socio-economic growth and development. By portraying a great vision, a leader acknowledges their followers’ efforts to maximise performance within the organisation. Leaders inspire their followers to achieve beyond their expectations by providing guidance to their followers, nurturing an environment of trust, and encouraging their followers to rise above their self-interests for the sake of the organisation. This study examines leadership, decision making, and, in particular, the effects of the perceptions of employees on decision-making and leadership styles on relationships and perceived effectiveness in the context of development at King Saud University. The study takes a quantitative approach to analysing the research findings and gives conclusions and recommendations for future study, based on the presented arguments.