Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Condensation limited cooling in supersonic expansions

Supersonic expansions of pure and seeded rare gases have been investigated experimentally, measuring the translational and rotational temperatures. The lowest achievable translational temperature in the jet depends on both gas properties as well as on experimental boundary conditions like nozzle shape and nozzle–skimmer distance. We show that there is a limit to the lowest temperature achieved, under practical conditions, set by condensation in the jet. A large cluster binding energy enhances the formation of clusters and they release their condensation energy into the beam. The spatial confinement of the jet extends to long distances, and is sensitive to the shape of the nozzle. The confined jet forms a narrow cone of high intensity, and results in increased collision probability and cluster formation.
Tree Diversity, Carbon Storage, and Soil Nutrient in an Old‐Growth Forest at Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

Abstract The study of plant diversity and its role in ecosystem functioning is becoming a central issue in ecology. The relationships between carbon storage and tree diversity of natural forest at small scale are still unclear. This research investigated these relationships in an old‐growth forest at Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. It was found that at small scale, tree carbon storage generally increases with increasing tree species richness, but for stands with same species richness, tree carbon storage varies dramatically. At the small scale, tree species evenness has a significantly linear relationship with nature logarithm of total tree carbon storage. The stand carbon storage of trees is mainly controlled by stand tree composition. Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis, and Acer mono contribute more than 85% of stand carbon storage of trees. Stands with similar tree composition at small scale have different soil organic carbon storage and nutrient contents. Tree species evenness has great impact on soil N content at the soil horizon less than 30 cm deep, but its impacts on C/N, P, K, and S contents are small. Tree density has a negative linear relationship with soil organic C and C∶N ratio at the soil horizon is less than 30 cm deep. The implication of our findings here for carbon sequestration in the Kyoto Protocol is also discussed.
Molecular activation energies (Δμ*2) of L-lysine, L-tyrosine, L-proline, DL-alanine, glycerol, orcinol, iodine, DTAB, and TMSOI for blending with melamine-formaldehyde-polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer resin illustrated with SEM

Efficient molecular mixing together is a key precondition for industrial exploitation of individual macromolecules for potential product development and quality assurance with resource saving mechanism. Conceptually, MFP (melamine-formaldehyde-polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer resin was mixed with amino acids (L-lysine, L-tyrosine, L-proline, DL-alanine), nonionic surfactants (glycerol, orcinol), iodine as metal and cationic surfactants (DTAB, TMSOI) as dispersants, in 4 : 1 ratio, w/w. A mutual molecular dispersion occurs at a cost of molecular activities with utilization of a sufficient amount of activation energies. The activation energies (Δμ*2, kJ mol−1) were derived from intrinsic viscosities ([η], kg/L) and partial molar volumes (V2, 10−6 m3/mol), which were calculated from experimental data of viscosities (η, N s m−2) and apparent molar volumes (V2, 10−6 m3/mol) of 0.005, 0.007, 0.009, and 0.0011 g/mL aqueous samples of the dispersants at 304.15 K. The limiting data were fitted to standard activation energy equations and were analyzed to assess potential of their micromixing. Densities (ρ/103 kg m−3) for apparent molar volume (V2/10−6 m3 mol−1) and viscosity (η, 0.1N, s m−2 = 0.1 kg m−1 s−1, = 1 poise, SI unit) were also measured with weight method. The Δμ*2 TMSOI (−117.55) > DTAB (−102.93) > orcinol (−101.54) > MFP-R (−93.71) > iodine (−59.32) > L-proline (−59.27) > L-lysine (−55.87) > DL-alanine (−55.04) > L-tyrosine (−53.04) > water (−48.35) orders with maximum utilization of Δμ*2, glycerol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
An Integral Equation Formulation for Solving Reaction-Diffusion-Convection Boundary-Value Problems

Many interesting problems that include convective transport arise in chemical reactor engineering (for example, tubular reactors). To solve these boundary-value problems, finite-difference schemes with a type of discretization of the convection term have been traditionally used. Some controversy about the discretization form of the convection term has arisen because of the different possibilities, including backward, forward and central discretizations. To overcome this problem, the usage of Green's function formulations for the numerical solution of typical chemical engineering problems with both linear and nonlinear kinetics, diffusion and convection phenomena, is presented. A distinctive feature of the proposed scheme is that boundary conditions are exactly incorporated. The results show that the integral formulation is, in general, superior in accuracy to the different finite-differences schemes. That is, more accurate calculations of the performance factor are obtained in terms of less mesh points and computer time.
Roadside Accidents In India And Image Preprocessing For Autonomous Cars

: Roadside accidents are one of the leading cause of deaths in India. Though car accidents are preventable, number of causalities due to car accidents have only seen an increase over the years. This paper looks at one of the promising solutions to this problem – autonomous cars. While self-driving cars dominating the Indian roads is still a distant future, it is important to understand and improve the image preprocessing required in a self-driving car before they are omnipresent in our society. This paper interprets the released government data on roadside accidents in India and studies different types of noise with varying intensity to help choose the most appropriate smoothing filter in spatial domain. The paper then focuses on another important aspect of pre-processing, edge detection and compare the prevalent edge-detection techniques with one another.
Geostatistical Simulation Study of Porosity and Hydrocarbon Saturation Values in the Vicinity of Adiyaman, Turkey

Abstract The Cretaceous Mardin Group sequence in the Adiyaman region displays a “continental platform type” petroleum system. The main lithologies within the sequence are shales, mudstones, and carbonates. Most dolomitic and bioclastic wackestones of the Karababa-C member and dolomites of the Derdere Formation have hydrocarbon reservoir characteristics, whereas shales and some carbonates of the Derdere and Karababa-A member have mature hydrocarbon source-rock properties. To determine the porosity and hydrocarbon saturation value vs. depth and areal extends, geostatistical simulation for the three dimensional evaluation of the study area were constructed and the variogram functions were calculated and then three dimensional variograms which were obtained from the porosity and hydrocarbon saturation values were modelled spherically. According to the simulation results, the porosity values in the Karababa-C member decrease with increasing depth. The amount of hydrocarbon saturation tends to decrease with increasing depth, as well and the decrease ratio is 7.2%. The suitability of the model parameters were validated with back-kriging technique.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mn(1-t)Mo(t)As.

Observation de deux regions sur la solution solide separees par une region a deux phases pour 0,12<t<0,35. Pour t≤0,12, la structure est de type MnP a la temperature ambiante et au dessous. A haute temperature on observe une transition du 2eme ordre vers une structure de type NiAs. La susceptibilite magnetique suit la loi de Curie-Weiss dans le domaine haute temperature. Aux basses temperatures, apparait une structure helimagnetique de type Ha. Pour 0,35<t<0,90 la structure est de type MnP. Aucune transformation de phase n'est observee a haute temperature. La loi de Curie Weiss est suivie
A bis(1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionato)­nickel(II) adduct with 3-amino­pyridine

In the adduct bis(1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionate)­bis(3-amino­pyridine)­nickel(II), [Ni(C10H9O2)2(C5H6N2)2], the NiII atom lies on a crystallographic center of symmetry. The coordination geometry around the NiII atom is distorted octahedral. Four O atoms of two 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionate ligands form the equatorial plane, with Ni—O distances in the range 2.0160 (14)–2.0338 (14) A. The axial positions are occupied by N atoms of two 3-amino­pyridine ligands. The adduct mol­ecules translated by one unit along the a axis are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains.
Conceptual Dependency To Extract The Important Event From Story To Enchaned Summarization

: text summarization is the procedure to extract prominent information from the source text and provide it in the form of summary to user. Summarization becomes tedious as the size of document increase for humans so automated summarization becomes a great alternative. Automated summarization do have many challenges like paraphrasing, understanding context based information impact still its important due to its need and vast areas of application like as mail clients, report generation, news feed, Entity timeline, story line of events, sentence compression, event understanding, Summarization of user-generated content etc. this paper focus on the aspect of conceptual dependency on verb in stories, as verbs are words that show action or the overall physical condition of a person helping to extract the main drama behind the stories. We have used the conceptual dependency to extract the important event from stories based on verb search for Enhancement on summarization.
Thermoelectric power and conductivity of different types of polypyrrole

We have measured the thermoelectric power and conductivity as a function of temperature of a wide range of polypyrrole samples, including a film of soluble polypyrrole synthesized chemically, and wrinkled films synthesized using indium–tin oxide electrodes; other samples investigated include high-conductivity polypyrrole films synthesized at different temperatures and current densities, films grown on nonconducting substrates, and polypyrrole gas sensors. The thermoelectric powers are remarkably similar and metal-like for the medium and high conductivity samples but show nonzero extrapolations to zero temperature for wrinkled samples. The temperature dependence of conductivity tends to be greater for samples of lower conductivity. In contrast to polyaniline and polyacetylene, a crossover to metallic sign for the temperature dependence of conductivity at higher temperatures is not observed in any of our samples; the fluctuation-induced tunnelling and variable-range hopping expressions account for nearly all our conductivity data except for low-temperature anomalies. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 953–960, 1999
: User-Dependent Neural Sequence Models for Continuous-Time Event Data

Temporal Embedding The encoder contains a bidirectional RNN that accepts as input for each step the embedded mark vector, ki, and the embedded time vector, ti, for a given event in the sequence being encoded. The embedding for the mark is a standard, learned embedding. The embedding for the time is a fixed transformation that converts a single time t into a dtime-dimensional vector. The specific temporal embedding function used in the models trained is defined as follows:
Hollow organic globules in the Tagish Lake meteorite as possible products of primitive organic reactions

We report the first in situ observation of hollow organic globules in any extraterrestrial material using the Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite. Data from analytical transmission electron microscopy, Raman and micro-Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicate that the globules consist of aliphatic and oxygenated functions. The hollow spherical morphologies are strikingly similar to the material produced by the laboratory simulation of ultraviolet photolysis of interstellar ice analogues and subsequent aqueous processing, suggesting that the organic globules in the Tagish Lake meteorite may be extremely primitive organic material that formed before or during the formation of the solar system. The FTIR organic signatures also show strong similarities to the membrane-like products formed from hydrothermal reaction of an OH-bearing amino acid in the presence of hydrous minerals. The survival of the structures in the Tagish Lake sample indicates that primitive meteorites must have delivered these structures to the early Earth as a possible precursor to life.
Gold Nanorods Coated with Multilayer Polyelectrolyte as Intracellular delivery Vector of Antisense Oligonucleotides

A novel functionaliztion of gold nanorods (GNRs) intracellular delivery system was prepared via electrostatically layer-by-layer assemblying, in which multilayer polyelectrolyte-coated GNRs were used as vector and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides ( ASODNs ) as therapeutic gene. The as-prepared positively charged GNRs were firstly modified with two successive polyelectrolyte layers of the negatively charged poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and positively charged polyenthylenimine (PEI) in order to greatly improve the biocompatibility of these cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)-coated GNRs and facilitate further biofunctionalization. The multilayered polyelectrolyte functionalized GNRs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and MTT assay. The polyelectrolytes-coated GNRs were then used as vector for ASODNs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) was employed to confirm the formation of the GNRs-ASODNs conjugates through electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, c ellular uptake and delivery efficiency of the GNRs - ASODNs conjugates as well as cellular apoptosis induced by the ASODNs transfected with gold nanorods were investigated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry , exhibiting efficient intracellular delivery and improved antitumor activity of ASODNs by the polyelectrolytes-coated GNRs carriers .
DSC studies of neohexanol and its isomers

DSC method has been used to establish a solid state polymorphism of four dimethyl butanols having CH3 side groups: 2,2-dimethyl-1-butanol [CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2OH)], 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol [(CH3)3CCH2CH2OH], 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol [(CH3)3CCH(OH)CH3] and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol [(CH3)2CHCOH(CH3)2]. Three isomers appear to be glass formers. Glass of liquid phase has been observed for 3,3-DM-1-B while glass of plastic phase for 2,2-DM-1-B and 3,3-DM-2-B. For 2,3-DM-2-B on cooling only crystallization has been found. Influence of location of the OH group in molecule on polymorphism is discussed. IR-spectra, measured in the liquid phase, have revealed hydrogen bonds in all isomers.
Ambient organic molecular passivation of Si yields near-ideal, Schottky-Mott limited, junctions

We report near-perfect transfer of the electrical properties of oxide-free Si surface, modified by a molecular monolayer, to the interface of a junction made with that modified Si surface. Such behavior is highly unusual for a covalent, narrow bandgap semiconductor, such as Si. Short, ambient atmosphere, room temperature treatment of oxide-free Si(100) in hydroquinone (HQ)/alkyl alcohol solutions, fully passivates the Si surface, while allowing controlled change of the resulting surface potential. The junctions formed, upon contacting such surfaces with Hg, a metal that does not chemically interact with Si, follow the Schottky-Mott model for metal-semiconductor junctions closer than ever for Si-based junctions. Two examples of such ideal behavior are demonstrated: a) Tuning the molecular surface dipole over 400 mV, with only negligible band bending, by changing the alkyl chain length. Because of the excellent passivation this yields junctions with Hg with barrier heights that follow the change in the Si e.
DESCRIBING TAXONOMY OF REFLECTIVE THINKING FOR FIELD DEPENDENT- PROSPECTIVE MATHEMATICS TEACHER IN SOLVING MATHEMATICS PROBLEM

Reflective thinking is one of the important things which become a concern in learning mathematics. Reflective thinking is also used to look for solution toward the problem of mathematics given in the classroom because it can increase student’s willing in completing it. Reflective thinking is identified as a skill for future competence so that it should be trained to students in facing the challenges and responding demands of the 21 st century. One of reflective thinking models is taxonomy of reflective thinking which aims to see someone with a reflective thinking skill by checking up, evaluating and testing the truth of a mathematical task which has be done. The main objective of this paper is to describe the ability of prospective teachers' mathematical problem solving based on taxonomy of reflective thinking. To achieve this purpose is used a qualitative research in describing in depth related to mathematical problem-solving of subject who can be investigated from the subject’s behavior in completing the tasks assigned by paying attention the aspect of taxonomy of reflective thinking. Subject, in this research paper, is student teacher who has cognitive style of field-dependent. This research report describes that the subject used some mathematics concepts and determined a strategy in solving mathematics problem by using the main point of problem based on keywords in two ways which can be implemented in every day life.
Determination of Bromide Ions in Food by Unsuppressed Ion Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection after Microwave Digestion in a Sealed PTFE Vessel

A residue procedure for bromide ion was studied to establish an analytical method using ion-exchange chromatography with an ultraviolet spectrometric detector. Samples were prepared by a microwave digestion and cation-exchange removal of sodium ions. The procedure is very simple and quick (ashing time is a few minutes). Recoveries of bromide ions ranged from 81 to 119% at 25 and 50 ppm. Several samples for a total diet study were also examined
A contemporary concept of the value(s)-added food and agriculture sector and rural development

ABSTRACT The changing structure of agriculture strains the historically close relationship between commodity agriculture and rural development. Meanwhile, growth in consumer interest for differentiated, value-added products has the potential to create community economic development opportunities. However, the evidence regarding the benefit of value-added programs for broader community wealth is mixed. We argue that the mixed findings result, in part, from differences in how “value-added” is defined. Value-added agriculture has been conceptualized in many ways. Taking a US-focused approach, we first review four main concepts: value-added, short food supply chain, values-based supply chain, and civic agriculture. Building on these, we present our definition of a value(s)-added food and agriculture sector, incorporating three features: (1) Consumers make purchases that simultaneously provide utility and enable a price premium; (2) the shared principles among firms and their relational arrangement support the distribution of the value, and thus the premium, across the chain and between owners and employees (the use of “principles” or “values” prompts the “(s)” in our definition); and (3) supply chain actors have a demonstrated commitment to the community. We discuss how this definition contributes to debates in, and has implications for, community economic development policy.
Deep levels in homoepitaxial boron‐doped diamond films studied by capacitance and current transient spectroscopies

Deep level transient spectroscopies (DLTS) applied to Schottky junctions made on homoepitaxial boron‐doped diamond films show the existence of two traps. A deep acceptor, negatively charged and strongly attractive for holes, 1.57 eV above the valence band edge displays the characteristic features of a complex defect due to interacting centers and impurities, also displaying some evolutions after thermal cycles, possibly due to hydrogen effusion or diffusion. It is tentatively ascribed to association of a boron atom, a vacancy and several hydrogen atoms. A deep donor, 1.13 eV above the valence band edge, able to compensate the boron acceptors, is attributed to a defect correlated with dislocations. It could be due to the positively charged carbon vacancy. These conclusions are drawn from the Fourier transform‐DLTS results coupled with isothermal time domain algorithms allowing the discrimination of multiple emission rates with high resolution. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanical properties of silane‐treated silica particle‐filled polyisoprene composites: Influence of the alkoxy group mixing ratio in silane coupling agent containing mercapto group

Spherical silica particles were treated with a mixture of silane coupling agents with mercapto functional groups and dialkoxy or trialkoxy groups. The surface coverage, which indicates the number of layers covering the silica surface, was in the range from 1.6 to 6.0. The molecular mobility of the treated layer was analyzed with 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The silane chain became more flexible with increasing dialkoxy structures in the mixture and with increasing surface coverage. The stress–strain behavior was measured for a composite consisting of the treated silica and vulcanized polyisoprene rubber (PIR). There was no influence of the dialkoxy and trialkoxy mixing ratio for near monolayer coverage. In the case of the pure dialkoxy and low trialkoxy contents, a higher stress was observed at the same strain for surface coverages of 2.4–3.8. However, a longer length flexible silane chain, that is, with a surface coverage of 6.0, was disadvantageous for the reinforcement effect. The results of pulse NMR analysis of the unextracted PIR on the particle surface and swelling test indicate that the reinforcement effect was strongly affected both by entanglement and the crosslinking reaction between the silane chain and PIR at the interfacial region. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Title: The Impact of Buyouts on Company Performance: Evidence from Norway

There exists a long-standing controversy about private equity and its impact on the funded company. Using a novel data set compiled by the Argentum Centre for Private Equity at the NHH on Norwegian buyout transactions, the economic impact on the respective portfolio company is analyzed for a sample of 113 buyouts occurring within the period of 1996 and 2009. The focus lies on five performance dimensions: the financial performance, profitability and productivity, the development of financial distress risk, the impact on employment as well as innovation. At first, enhancements in operating income and net cash flow are observed for portfolio firms in conjunction with substantial increases in sales. Secondly, a productivity improvement owing to the buyout transaction occurs. Finally, evidence depicts a substantial increase in employment remuneration for private equity-backed companies, thus suggesting that the universal criticism on the impact of buyouts on employment and wages is unfounded and misplaced. ⇤This thesis was written as a part of the Double Degree program between NHH MSc in Economics and Business Administration, Major in Financial Economics, and The Business school of the University of Mannheim, Mannheim Master in Management (MSc). Neither the institutions, the supervisor(s), nor the censors are through the approval of this thesis responsible for neither the theories and methods used, nor results and conclusion drawn in this work. †This thesis owes much to its supervisor Prof. Dr. rer. pol. Carsten Bienz. In addition to his great support during the thesis process, I would like to thank him in particular for his initiation of this project idea. It not only provided me the opportunity to explore an entirely unknown area within the field of corporate finance, but also challenged me from an academic perspective with respect to its empirical methodology.