Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of water retention field measurements in relation to hysteresis phenomena

Knowledge of the soil water retention function is fundamental to quantifying the flow of water and dissolved contaminants in the vadose zone. This function is usually determined by fitting a particular model (see, for example, van Genuchten (1980) or Brooks‐Corey (1964)) to observed retention points. Independent of the model chosen, interpretation and identification of the water retention parameters are subjective and prone to error, particularly as it is common that the hysteresis history in measured data points is unknown. Experimental data sets from three different field soils are used to clearly demonstrate how the lack of hysteresis knowledge can lead to an inconsistent and incorrect interpretation of the retention data, and therefore to the incorrect estimation of soil hydraulic parameters. By using a hysteresis model to interpret this same data set, it is easily shown that consistent and reliable estimates of soil retention parameters can be obtained. This is true for any physically based hysteresis model. The difficulty in reading water retention measurements may be evident when both drying and wetting data are measured. However, in practice, users are rarely aware of this problem since generally only one set of drying data is measured, making comparison impossible. Such erratic interpretation of water retention field data in the literature will be probably far more common than expected.
STUDY OF LIQUID-LIQUID SLUG BREAK UP MECHANISM IN A MICROCHANNEL T-JUNCTION AT VARIOUS MODIFIED WEBER NUMBER

The formation of immiscible liquid droplets, or slugs, in microchannels features the advantages of volume control and mixing enhancement over single-phase microflows. Although the applications of droplet-based microfluidics have been widely demonstrated, the fundamental physics governing droplet break-up remains an area of active research. This study defines an effective Weber (Weeff) number that characterizes the interplay of interfacial tension, shear stress and channel pressure drop in driving slug formation in T-junction microchannel for a relative range of low, intermediate and high flow rates. The immiscible fluid system in this study consists of Tetradecane slug formation in Acetonitrile. The progressive deformation of slug interfaces during break-up events is observed. Experimental results indicate that, at a relatively low Weeff, clean slug break-up occurs at the intersection of the side and main channels. At intermediate Weeff, the connecting neck of the dispersed phase is stretched to a short and thin trail of laminar flow prior to breaking up a short distance downstream of the T-junction. At a relatively high Weeff, the connecting neck develops into a longer and thicker trail of laminar flow that breaks up further downstream of the main channel.
Understanding CMP stacking hyperbola in terms of partial derivative wavefield

Common midpoint (CMP) stacking and velocity analysis are fundamental seismic imaging concepts based on a layered velocity model. We relate these concepts to partial derivative seismograms, which give seismic amplitude variations as a function of layer coordinates. The CMP stacking hyperbola can be described kinematically by partial derivative seismograms, resulting in an interesting seismic imaging relationship.
A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

At least fourteen ornithomimid skeletons were recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Ulansuhai Formation in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region of China. They are assigned to a new genus and species, Sinornithomimus dongi. The anatomy of the species is described. Comparative and phylogenetic studies of ornithomimosaurs prove that these skeletons represent a new taxon that is more derived than Archaeornithomimus and more basal than the clade of [(Anserimimus + Gallimimus) + [Struthiomimus + (Dromiceiomimus + Ornithomimus)]]. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the struc− ture of the hand is similar to Archaeornithomimus and represents an intermediate condition between the primitive (Harpymimus) and the derived (Anserimimus, Gallimimus, Struthiomimus, Dromiceiomimus, and Ornithomimus) condi− tions. The monophyly of Ornithomimidae is supported by a single synapomorphy (arctometatarsalian condition) in this analysis, indicating that the family is not as strongly supported as previously suggested. The analysis also implies that the shape of the rhamphotheca in North American taxa may have been different from that in Asian taxa. Previous study suggests herbivorous habits of this dinosaur based on characteristics of the gastroliths. The skeletons of Sinornithomimus were col− lected from a single monospecific bonebed with a high ratio of juvenile individuals (11 of the 14), suggesting gregarious be− havior for protection from predators. The abundance of juveniles indicates high mortality of juveniles or a catastrophic mass mortality of a population with a high proportion of juveniles. An increase in the relative ratio of the tibia to femur through the ontogeny of Sinornithomimus suggests higher cursoriality in adult individuals than in juveniles.
Time Series Evidence on Education and Growth: The Case of Guatemala, 1951-2002

This article investigates the impact of education on economic growth in Guatemala for the 1951-2002 period. An error-correction model shows that a better-educated labor force has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. A growth-accounting framework demonstrates that human capital explains about 50 percent of output growth. The findings are robust to changes to the conditioning set of variable, while controlling for data issues and endogeneity. The results also compare favorably with the microeconomic evidence.
Exploring the Properties of Warm and Cold Atomic Hydrogen in the Taurus and Gemini Regions

We report Arecibo 21 cm absorption-emission observations to characterize the physical properties of neutral hydrogen (H i) in the proximity of five giant molecular clouds (GMCs): Taurus, California, Rosette, Mon OB1, and NGC 2264. Strong H i absorption was detected toward all 79 background-continuum sources in the ∼60 × 20 square degree region. Gaussian decompositions were performed to estimate temperatures, optical depths, and column densities of the cold and warm neutral medium (CNM and WNM). The properties of individual CNM components are similar to those previously observed along random Galactic sightlines and in the vicinity of molecular clouds, suggesting a universality of cold H i properties. The CNM spin temperature (Ts) histogram peaks at ∼50 K. The turbulent Mach numbers of CNM components vary widely, with a typical value of ∼4, indicating that their motions are supersonic. About 60% of the total H i gas is WNM, and nearly 40% of the WNM lies in thermally unstable regime 500–5000 K. The observed CNM fraction is higher around GMCs than in diffuse regions, and increases with increasing column density ( ) to a maximum of ∼75%. On average, the optically thin approximation ( ) underestimates the total column density by ∼21%, but we find large regional differences in the relationship between and the required correction factor, f = . We examine two different methods (linear fit of f versus log10( ) and uniform Ts) to correct for opacity effects using emission data from the GALFA-H i survey. We prefer the uniform Ts method because the linear relationship does not produce convincing fits for all subregions.
Variational Inference with Numerical Derivatives: variance reduction through coupling

The Black Box Variational Inference (Ranganath et al. (2014)) algorithm provides a universal method for Variational Inference, but taking advantage of special properties of the approximation family or of the target can improve the convergence speed significantly. For example, if the approximation family is a transformation family, such as a Gaussian, then switching to the reparameterization gradient (Kingma and Welling (2014)) often yields a major reduction in gradient variance. Ultimately, reducing the variance can reduce the computational cost and yield better approximations. We present a new method to extend the reparameterization trick to more general exponential families including the Wishart, Gamma, and Student distributions. Variational Inference with Numerical Derivatives (VIND) approximates the gradient with numerical derivatives and reduces its variance using a tight coupling of the approximation family. The resulting algorithm is simple to implement and can profit from widely known couplings. Our experiments confirm that VIND effectively decreases the gradient variance and therefore improves the posterior approximation in relevant cases. It thus provides an efficient yet simple Variational Inference method for computing non-Gaussian approximations.
The effect of temperature and light (PAR) on the induction of Chla fluorescence in situ: 2. Diurnal changes in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and red currant (Ribes spp.)

The phenomenon of a midday decrease in quantum and all other efficiencies of photosynthesis has been acknowledged. Quantum efficiency of PSII in nettle is known to be lower at midday than in the morning or evening. On other hand, the parameters of induction of Chla fluorescence in stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica L.) during the daytime were shown to depend on temperature alone. An increase in temperature also slowed down processes in reaction centres (RCs) and on the acceptor side of PSII, which showed its effect on electron transport in PSII and overall photosynthesis. A similar situation was found for red currant ( Ribes spp.). The temperature effect was considered to be transient thermal inhibition of photosynthesis caused by diurnal changes in temperature.
R2D2: Repeatable and Reliable Detector and Descriptor

Interest point detection and local feature description are fundamental steps in many computer vision applications. Classical methods for these tasks are based on a detect-then-describe paradigm where separate handcrafted methods are used to first identify repeatable keypoints and then represent them with a local descriptor. Neural networks trained with metric learning losses have recently caught up with these techniques, focusing on learning repeatable saliency maps for keypoint detection and learning descriptors at the detected keypoint locations. In this work, we argue that salient regions are not necessarily discriminative, and therefore can harm the performance of the description. Furthermore, we claim that descriptors should be learned only in regions for which matching can be performed with high confidence. We thus propose to jointly learn keypoint detection and description together with a predictor of the local descriptor discriminativeness. This allows us to avoid ambiguous areas and leads to reliable keypoint detections and descriptions. Our detection-and-description approach, trained with self-supervision, can simultaneously output sparse, repeatable and reliable keypoints that outperforms state-of-the-art detectors and descriptors on the HPatches dataset. It also establishes a record on the recently released Aachen Day-Night localization dataset.
Temporal increases of phosphate and apparent oxygen utilization in the subsurface waters of western subarctic Pacific from 1968 to 1998

30‐years time series of AOU and phosphate in the Oyashio sub‐surface domain showed an increasing trend superimposed on bidecadal oscillation. AOU and phosphate trend on isopycnals between 26.7 and 27.2 σθ increased by an average of 0.9±0.5 and 0.005±0.003 µmol/kg/y, respectively. Salinity on these isopycnals also showed an average linear increase of 0.0008 psu/y. Salinity and density of winter mixed layer, on the other hand, was found to have decreased during the observation period. Observed bidecadal oscillation (average period 20±1 y) in subsurface AOU negatively correlated with that of North Pacific Index (r=−0.88±0.06). As the cause of the linear increase of subsurface phosphate and AOU, we speculated that vertical water exchange in the upper layers of the subarctic North Pacific might have been diminished during this period. A decreasing trend of salinity and density of winter mixed layer in Oyashio that was observed during the same period supported this speculation.
Teachers’ Impact on Guiding Students with Dyslexia toward Proficiency in Reading Comprehension

Since dyslexic students often struggle with reading comprehension, this research study asks “Given that early identification and intervention help students with dyslexia understand reading, how can teachers guide students who have been diagnosed with dyslexia move toward proficiency in reading comprehension? ” Using data collected from interviews, field notes, and student scores before and after intervention, the conclusion that there are four strategies that have been found to be effective in supporting reading comprehension for dyslexic students. The implications of this study can be used to educate teachers of dyslexic students about which strategies support reading comprehension and how to recognize the value of one strategy over another for dyslexic students. Document Type Thesis Degree Name MS in Literacy Education Department Education First Supervisor Joellen Maples Subject Categories Education This thesis is available at Fisher Digital Publications: http://fisherpub.sjfc. edu/education_ETD_masters/324 Running head: PROFICIENCY IN COMPREHENSION FOR DYSLEXIC STUDENTS 1 Teachers’ Impact on Guiding Students with Dyslexia toward Proficiency in Reading Comprehension
DERIVED NON-ARCHIMEDEAN ANALYTIC HILBERT SPACE

Abstract In this short paper, we combine the representability theorem introduced in [Porta and Yu, Representability theorem in derived analytic geometry, preprint, 2017, arXiv:1704.01683; Porta and Yu, Derived Hom spaces in rigid analytic geometry, preprint, 2018, arXiv:1801.07730] with the theory of derived formal models introduced in [António, $p$ -adic derived formal geometry and derived Raynaud localization theorem, preprint, 2018, arXiv:1805.03302] to prove the existence representability of the derived Hilbert space $\mathbf{R}\text{Hilb}(X)$ for a separated $k$ -analytic space $X$ . Such representability results rely on a localization theorem stating that if $\mathfrak{X}$ is a quasi-compact and quasi-separated formal scheme, then the $\infty$ -category $\text{Coh}^{-}(\mathfrak{X}^{\text{rig}})$ of almost perfect complexes over the generic fiber can be realized as a Verdier quotient of the $\infty$ -category $\text{Coh}^{-}(\mathfrak{X})$ . Along the way, we prove several results concerning the $\infty$ -categories of formal models for almost perfect modules on derived $k$ -analytic spaces.
Ecological Factors Influencing Nest Survival of Greater Sage-Grouse in Mono County, California

Abstract We studied nest survival of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in 5 subareas of Mono County, California, USA, from 2003 to 2005 to 1) evaluate the importance of key vegetation variables for nest success, and 2) to compare nest success in this population with other greater sage-grouse populations. We captured and radiotracked females (n = 72) to identify nest sites and monitor nest survival. We measured vegetation at nest sites and within a 10-m radius around each nest to evaluate possible vegetation factors influencing nest survival. We estimated daily nest survival and the effect of explanatory variables on daily nest survival using nest-survival models in Program MARK. We assessed effects on daily nest survival of total, sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and nonsagebrush live shrub-cover, Robel visual obstruction, the mean of grass residual height and grass residual cover measurements within 10 m of the nest shrub, and area of the shrub, shrub height, and shrub type at the nest site itself. Assuming a 38-day exposure period, we estimated nest survival at 43.4%, with percent cover of shrubs other than sagebrush as the variable most related to nest survival. Nest survival increased with increasing cover of shrubs other than sagebrush. Also, daily nest survival decreased with nest age, and there was considerable variation in nest survival among the 5 subareas. Our results indicate that greater shrub cover and a diversity of shrub species within sagebrush habitats may be more important to sage-grouse nest success in Mono County than has been reported elsewhere.
A mechanical model reveals that non-axisymmetric buckling lowers the energy barrier associated with membrane neck constriction

Membrane neck formation is essential for scission, which, as recent experiments on tubules have demonstrated, can be location dependent. The diversity of biological machinery that can constrict a neck such as dynamin, actin, ESCRTs and BAR proteins, and the range of forces and deflection over which they operate, suggest that the constriction process is functionally mechanical and robust to changes in biological environment. In this study, we used a mechanical model of the lipid bilayer to systematically investigate the influence of location, symmetry constraints, and helical forces on membrane neck constriction. Simulations from our model demonstrated that the energy barriers associated with constriction of a membrane neck are location-dependent. Importantly, if symmetry restrictions are relaxed, then the energy barrier for constriction is dramatically lowered and the membrane buckles at lower values of forcing parameters. Our simulations also show that constriction due to helical proteins further reduces the energy barrier for neck formation compared to cylindrical proteins. These studies establish that despite different molecular mechanisms of neck formation in cells, the mechanics of constriction naturally leads to a loss of symmetry that can lower the energy barrier to constriction. Significance statement Membrane tubule constriction is a critical step of cellular membrane trafficking processes and is thought to be mechanically regulated. Mechanical modeling techniques employing the Helfrich Hamiltonian and axisymmetric continuum frameworks have previously described energy barriers to constriction as a function of location along a 26 membrane tubule. Recent advances in numerical modeling using spline basis functions (Isogeometric Analysis) enable us to conduct our analyses of membrane mechanics in a generalized 3D framework. Here, we implement a novel 3D Isogeometric Analysis framework and juxtapose it against an axisymmetric model to study the influence of location, symmetry constraints and helical collars on the constriction pathway. We show that an unsymmetric, “crushed soda can” neck consistently displays a lower energy barrier than a symmetric neck.
Ontology Engineering and Development Aspects: A Survey

Ontology can be defined as hierarchical representation of classes, sub classes, their properties and instances. It has led to understanding the concepts of given domain, deriving relationships and representing them in machine interpretable language. Ontologies are associated with different languages that are used in mapping of multiple ontologies. Several applications of ontologies have led towards realization of semantic web. The current web (2.0) is approaching towards semantic web (3.0) that performs intelligent search and stores results in distributed databases. The paper makes readers aware of various aspects of ontology like types of ontology, ontology development life cycle phases, activities involved in ontology development and ontology engineering tools. Ontology engineering contributes to meaningful search and provides with open source tools for deploying and building ontologies.
Application of a Models Integration Module to the Cutting Slabs Problem in a Continuous Casting Machine

This paper considers an application of a model integration module to the cutting slabs problem in a continuous casting machine. The model integration module is a part of the modeling subsystem of the metallurgical enterprise information system being developed. Developed information system is intended to decide the topical production problem: analysis and improvement the technological, logistical and organizational processes. This paper focuses on the interaction of the system modules and dives into the principles that the integration module is based on. Also, the development of a simulation model of cutting slabs in a continuous casting machine is considered with the use of the integration module. Simulation modeling is used to optimize the sequence of the melts supplied to the continuous casting machine. The goal of optimization is to reduce the deviation between the estimated and actual numbers of slabs, because such deviations can lead to missed deadlines. The integration module supports a multi agent simulation. Agents in the developed model are intended to describe the cutting slabs algorithm used by technologists in the metallurgical production. As a result of experiments with the model a solution has been found. The following sequence of melts should be supplied to the continuous casting machine: initially, the melts from the usual quality steel, followed by the melts from the high quality steel. Keywords-model integration; simulation; agent-based modeling; continuous casting machine; automated system.
Instance Segmentation with Point Supervision

Instance segmentation methods often require costly per-pixel labels. We propose a method that only requires point-level annotations. During training, the model only has access to a single pixel label per object, yet the task is to output full segmentation masks. To address this challenge, we construct a network with two branches: (1) a localization network (L-Net) that predicts the location of each object; and (2) an embedding network (E-Net) that learns an embedding space where pixels of the same object are close. The segmentation masks for the located objects are obtained by grouping pixels with similar embeddings. At training time, while L-Net only requires point-level annotations, E-Net uses pseudo-labels generated by a class-agnostic object proposal method. We evaluate our approach on PASCAL VOC, COCO, KITTI and CityScapes datasets. The experiments show that our method (1) obtains competitive results compared to fully-supervised methods in certain scenarios; (2) outperforms fully- and weakly- supervised methods with a fixed annotation budget; and (3) is a first strong baseline for instance segmentation with point-level supervision.
Enhanced direct torque control using a three-level voltage source Inverter

The object of this paper is to study a new control structure for sensorless induction machine dedicated to electrical drives using a three-level voltage source inverter (VSI). The output voltages of the three-level VSI can be represented by four groups : the zero voltage vectors, the small voltage vectors, the middle voltage vectors and the large voltage vectors in (d, q) plane. Then, the amplitude and the rotating velocity of the flux vector can be controlled freely. Both fast torque and optimal switching logic can be obtained. The selection is based on the value of the stator flux and the torque. Both approaches are simulated for a induction motor. The results obtained show superior performances over the conventional DTC one without need to any mechanical sensor.