Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward Understanding Privileged Features Distillation in Learning-to-Rank

In learning-to-rank problems, a privileged feature is one that is available during model training, but not available at test time. Such features naturally arise in merchandised recommendation systems; for instance,"user clicked this item"as a feature is predictive of"user purchased this item"in the offline data, but is clearly not available during online serving. Another source of privileged features is those that are too expensive to compute online but feasible to be added offline. Privileged features distillation (PFD) refers to a natural idea: train a"teacher"model using all features (including privileged ones) and then use it to train a"student"model that does not use the privileged features. In this paper, we first study PFD empirically on three public ranking datasets and an industrial-scale ranking problem derived from Amazon's logs. We show that PFD outperforms several baselines (no-distillation, pretraining-finetuning, self-distillation, and generalized distillation) on all these datasets. Next, we analyze why and when PFD performs well via both empirical ablation studies and theoretical analysis for linear models. Both investigations uncover an interesting non-monotone behavior: as the predictive power of a privileged feature increases, the performance of the resulting student model initially increases but then decreases. We show the reason for the later decreasing performance is that a very predictive privileged teacher produces predictions with high variance, which lead to high variance student estimates and inferior testing performance.
How can voting mechanisms improve the robustness and generalizability of toponym disambiguation?

A vast amount of geographic information exists in natural language texts, such as tweets and news. Extracting geographic information from texts is called Geoparsing, which includes two subtasks: toponym recognition and toponym disambiguation, i.e., to identify the geospatial representations of toponyms. This paper focuses on toponym disambiguation, which is usually approached by toponym resolution and entity linking. Recently, many novel approaches have been proposed, especially deep learning-based approaches, such as CamCoder, GENRE, and BLINK. In this paper, a spatial clustering-based voting approach that combines several individual approaches is proposed to improve SOTA performance in terms of robustness and generalizability. Experiments are conducted to compare a voting ensemble with 20 latest and commonly-used approaches based on 12 public datasets, including several highly ambiguous and challenging datasets (e.g., WikToR and CLDW). The datasets are of six types: tweets, historical documents, news, web pages, scientific articles, and Wikipedia articles, containing in total 98,300 places across the world. The results show that the voting ensemble performs the best on all the datasets, achieving an average Accuracy@161km of 0.86, proving the generalizability and robustness of the voting approach. Also, the voting ensemble drastically improves the performance of resolving fine-grained places, i.e., POIs, natural features, and traffic ways.
Namur Center for Complex Systems

The goal of this study is to determine which strate gic model, either IO or RBV, allows firms to generate the highest performance on a competitiv e market. Contrasting with classical studies that mobilize analyses as VARCOMP, we deplo y a multi-agent system simulating the behavior of firms adopting RBV or IO strategic mode ls. For an equivalent proportion of both strategic orientations, we study the instant and to tal performances of the firms on hypercompetitive markets. We show that the performance o f best-performing IO firms, measured by the ROA, is higher in the short term, but that R BV firms obtain an average higher sustained performance, in the long term. Moreover, when they are in competition with IO firms on a highly profitable and competitive market , RBV firms which dare to enter such markets obtained generally the highest performance.
04 03 04 2 v 3 2 6 O ct 2 00 4 SU L ( 4 ) × U ( 1 ) model for electroweak unification

After some general remarks about SUL (4) electroweak unification, the model is extended to SUL (4) × UX (1) to accomodate fractionally charged quarks. The unification scale is expected to be in TeV region. A right-handed Majorana neutrino along with known lepton are put in the fundamental representation of SUL (4) with YX = 0. The see-saw mechanism for neutrino masses and flavor mixing in neutrino sector is a natural feature of the model. The lepton number violating processes can occure through dilepton gauge bosons contained in the model.
The Search and Study of Low-Mass Scalar Mesons in the Reaction np -->np Pi+Pi- at Pn = 5.20 Gev/c^2

Using irradiation of a 1-meter Hydrogen Bubble Chamber (LHE JINR) by a quasimonochromatic neutron beam with impulse Pn=(5.20 +/- 0.12)GeV/c produced after acceleration of deuterons in the synchrophasotron (LHE JINR) 2560 events of reaction np-->npPi+Pi- were selected. After supplementary sorting out the events where a secondary proton flies forward in the general c.m.s. of reaction in the effective mass spectrum of Pi+Pi- - combinations, there were nine peculiarities found out at masses 350, 408, 489, 579, 676, 762, 878, 1036, 1170 MeV/c^2 with experimental widths not more than several tens of MeV/c^2. The resonance effects grow too much after using an additional criterion - balance of the sum of the longitudinal impulse of Pi+ and Pi--mesons in the general c.m.s. of the reaction. Under these conditions the values of a standard derivation from the background are (5 - 7.5). The direct measurement of the spin of resonances was carried out. Also other quantum numbers were obtained. All of these peculiarities have a similar set of quantum numbers I^G(J^(PC))=0+(0++). This way the sequence of scalar-izoscalar resonances f0(SIGMA0) with masses in the range of M<M1200 MeV/c^2 are to be seen. There is no information about these resonances in the literature. The phenomenological dependence for the resonance mass from its number was found. This dependence covered not only resonances shown in this paper but also all those which are present in PDG tables with quantum numbers f0(SIGMA0) - mesons.
2005 Incident Energy Dependence of p t Correlations at RHIC

We present results for two-particle transverse momentum correlations, h ∆ p t,i ∆ p t,j i , as a function of event centrality for Au+Au collisions at √ s NN = 20, 62, 130, and 200 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We observe correlations decreasing with centrality that are similar at all four incident energies. The correlations multiplied by the multiplicity density increase with incident energy and the centrality dependence may show evidence of processes such as thermalization, jet production, or the saturation of transverse ﬂow. The square root of the correlations divided by the event-wise average transverse momentum per event shows little or no beam energy dependence and generally agrees with previous measurements at the Super Proton Synchrotron.
A Discrete Time Series Model for High Frequency Financial Data

In this paper a flexible model for correlation in high frequency data is proposed, which maintains the data’s discrete nature and captures features such as asymmetry and excess zeros. The model uses an a theoretical approach based on that of an ARIMA model. This model works with price changes and does not restrict the size of the price change. The model employs a combination of different distributions to model price changes. An unbounded discrete distribution was used to model the size of the change combined with a multinomial to determine the direction of the change and provide an excess number of zeros. A binominal thinning operator was used to model the correlation. The model was estimated for correlation in high frequency share price and exchange rate data. Results are presented for seven data sets. Two have an excess number of zeros and four exhibit asymmetry. An ARCH equation can be readily incorporated into the model, but the results here demonstrate that an excess number of zeros can be misinterpreted as ARCH when a continuous model is fitted.
All supersymmetric solutions of minimal gauged supergravity in ﬁve dimensions

All purely bosonic supersymmetric solutions of minimal gauged supergravity in ﬁve dimensions are classiﬁed. The solutions fall into two classes depending on whether the Killing vector constructed from the Killing spinor is time-like or null. When it is timelike, the solutions are determined by a four-dimensional K¨ahler base-manifold, up to an anti-holomorphic function, and generically preserve 1/4 of the supersymmetry. When it is null we provide a precise prescription for constructing the solutions and we show that they generically preserve 1/4 of the supersymmetry. We show that AdS 5 is the unique maximally supersymmetric conﬁguration. The formalism is used to construct some new solutions, including a non-singular deformation of AdS 5 , which can be uplifted to obtain new solutions of type IIB supergravity.
Space LIDAR for Earth and Planetary Missions

Fig. 1 shows the Shuttle Discovery, with LITE aboard, being launched on September 9, 1994 at 1823 EDT from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. This momentous event led to the insertion of Shuttle into a 57°-inclined orbit and an exceedingly successful 10-day flight of the Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE), which is the first Earth-orbiting atmospheric lidar. This proof-of-principle mission set the stage for the future use of Earth-orbiting lidars to study the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and surface. Its data applications have clearly shown the usefulness of this active remote sensor, and its ability to probe the troposphere with high vertical resolution taking data between clouds and through optically thin clouds down to the Earth’s surface. However, LITE utilized technologies that prevented its use for long-duration; that is, flashlamp-pumped lasers, heavy optics, etc., were used LITE, at approximately 2000 kg and 3 kw, posed no resource issues for Shuttle. But, of course, to use this remote sensing technique for long-duration. Earth satellite or planetary missions require much more efficient lasers and lightweight technologies. Since the
Offline motion libraries and online MPC for advanced mobility skills

We describe an optimization-based framework to perform complex locomotion skills for robots with legs and wheels. The generation of complex motions over a long-time horizon often requires offline computation due to current computing constraints and is mostly accomplished through trajectory optimization (TO). In contrast, model predictive control (MPC) focuses on the online computation of trajectories, robust even in the presence of uncertainty, albeit mostly over shorter time horizons and is prone to generating nonoptimal solutions over the horizon of the task’s goals. Our article’s contributions overcome this trade-off by combining offline motion libraries and online MPC, uniting a complex, long-time horizon plan with reactive, short-time horizon solutions. We start from offline trajectories that can be, for example, generated by TO or sampling-based methods. Also, multiple offline trajectories can be composed out of a motion library into a single maneuver. We then use these offline trajectories as the cost for the online MPC, allowing us to smoothly blend between multiple composed motions even in the presence of discontinuous transitions. The MPC optimizes from the measured state, resulting in feedback control, which robustifies the task’s execution by reacting to disturbances and looking ahead at the offline trajectory. With our contribution, motion designers can choose their favorite method to iterate over behavior designs offline without tuning robot experiments, enabling them to author new behaviors rapidly. Our experiments demonstrate complex and dynamic motions on our traditional quadrupedal robot ANYmal and its roller-walking version. Moreover, the article’s findings contribute to evaluating five planning algorithms.
Against contour tone units

En phonologie, un des grands sujets de discussion est l'existance de contours segmentaux. Trois sortes de contours segmentaux sont proposes: les affriques, les occlusives pre- ou postnasalisees et les contours tonals. L'A. appelle unite de contour tonal les contours tonals qui derivent des niveaux de tons, et propose les arguments en faveur et contre ces unites. Son etude est basee sur les langues chinoises
Attractor Control Using Machine Learning

Ambrosys GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 1-5, D-14469 Potsdam, GermanyLEMTA, 2 Avenue de la Fort de Haye F-54518 Vandoeuvre-ls-Nancy Cedex, France andUniversity of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 D-14476 Potsdam, Germany(Dated: December 16, 2013)We propose a general strategy for feedback control design of complex dynamical systems exploit-ing the nonlinear mechanisms in a systematic unsupervised manner. These dynamical systems canhave a state space of arbitrary dimension with nite number of actuators (multiple inputs) and sen-sors (multiple outputs). The control law maps outputs into inputs and is optimized with respect toa cost function, containing physics via the dynamical or statistical properties of the attractor to becontrolled. Thus, we are capable of exploiting nonlinear mechanisms, e.g. chaos or frequency cross-talk, serving the control objective. This optimization is based on genetic programming, a branch ofmachine learning. This machine learning control is successfully applied to the stabilization of non-linearly coupled oscillators and maximization of Lyapunov exponent of a forced Lorenz system. Weforesee potential applications to most nonlinear multiple inputs/multiple outputs control problems,particulary in experiments.
Weak Interactions of Hot Nuclei in Stellar Collapse

The physics of the atomic nucleus and supernovas are fundamental to our very being. Indeed, supernovas provide the wind that disperses the nuclei of which we are composed, and the physics of nuclei is pivotal in supernova dynamics. During supernova core collapse, the extremely high temperatures and densities and low entropy favor large, neutron-rich nuclei at high excitation energy. My collaborators and I examine two weak interactions that occur in nuclei under these conditions. First, we study the production of neutrino pairs via de- excitation of hot nuclei. In de-exciting, the nucleus can emit a virtual Z⁰ boson that decays into a neutrino- antineutrino pair. We find this to be the dominant source of neutrino pairs of all flavors during collapse. Second, we use modern shell model computation techniques to revise the Brink-Axel hypothesis method of computing electron capture rates that was pioneered by Fuller, Fowler, and Newman. Our results show that the Brink-Axel hypothesis (which posits that the bulk of nuclear transition strength is distributed among transition energies independently of initial excitation energy) fails at low and moderate excitation, but that at high initial energies, the strength is largely independent of excitation. The failure of the Brink-Axel hypothesis manifests as the redistribution of strength to low and negative transition energies, which can have the effect of increasing the overall electron capture rate in the core
Reflections on the Difference Between Implicit Bias and Bias on Implicit Measures

We are pleased about the considerable interest in our target article and that there is overwhelming agreement with our central thesis that, if the term implicit is understood as unconscious in reference to bias, implicit bias (IB) should not be equated with bias on implicit measures (BIM) (Cesario, this issue; Corneille & B ena, this issue; Cyrus-Lai et al., this issue; De Houwer & Boddez, this issue; Dovidio & Kunst, this issue; Melnikoff & Kurdi, this issue; Norman & Chen, this issue; Olson & Gill, this issue; Schmader et al., this issue; but see Krajbich, this issue; Ratliff & Smith, this issue). We are also grateful for the insightful commentaries, which continue to advance the field’s thinking on this topic. The comments inspired us to think further about the relation between IB and BIM as well as the implications of a clear distinction between the two. In the current reply, we build on these comments, respond to some critical questions, and clarify some arguments that were insufficiently clear in our target article. Before doing so, we would like to express our appreciation for the extreme thoughtfulness of the commentaries, every single one of which deserves their own detailed response. For the purpose of this reply, we will focus on recurring themes and individual points that we deem most important for moving forward. We start our reply with basic questions about the concept of bias, including the difference between behavioral effects and explanatory mental constructs, the role of social context, goals, and values in evaluating instances of bias, and issues pertaining to the role of social category cues in biased behavior. Expanding on the analysis of the bias construct, the next sections address questions related to the implicitness of bias, including the presumed unconsciousness of BIM, methodological difficulties of studying unconscious effects, and the implications of a broader interpretation of implicit as automatic. The next sections again build on the discussions in the preceding sections, addressing questions about the presumed significance of IB research for understanding societal disparities and the value of BIM research if IB is treated as distinct from BIM. The final section presents our general conclusions from the conversation about our target article and several suggestions on how to move forward. Reflections on Bias
Carbon emission intensity and firm performance: An empirical investigation in Indian context

Abstract The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of carbon emission intensity on firm performance, in the context of top 100 companies listed in Bombay Stock Exchange. For the purpose of this study, secondary data has been collected from annual reports and environmental report and the study period is 5 years i.e. 2016-17 to 2020-21. By employing System GMM model, we found that the effect of carbon emission on firm performance is negative and statistically significant.
Discovery and measurement of excited b hadrons at the Collider Detector at Fermilab

This thesis presents evidence for the B**{sup 0} and {Sigma}{sub b}{sup (*){+-}} hadrons in proton-antiproton collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV, using data collected by the Collider Detector at Fermilab. In the search for B**{sup 0} {yields} B{sup {+-}} {pi}{sup {-+}}, two B{sup {+-}} decays modes are reconstructed: B{sup {+-}} {yields} J/{Upsilon}K{sup {+-}}, where J/{Upsilon} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}, and B{sup {+-}} {yields} {bar D}{sup 0}{pi}{sup {+-}}, where {bar D}{sup 0} {yields} K{sup {+-}} {pi}{sup {+-}}. Both modes are reconstructed using 370 {+-} 20 pb{sup -1} of data. Combining the B{sup {+-}} meson with a charged pion to reconstruct B**{sup 0} led to the observation and measurement of the masses of the two narrow B**{sup 0} states, B{sub 1}{sup 0} and B*{sub 2}{sup 0}, of m(B{sub 1}{sup 0}) = 5734 {+-} 3(stat.) {+-} 2(syst.) MeV/c{sup 2}; m(B*{sub 2}{sup 0}) = 5738 {+-} 5(stat.) {+-} 1(syst.) MeV/c{sup 2}. In the search for {Sigma}{sub b}{sup (*){+-}} {yields} {Lambda}{sub b}{sup 0}{pi}{sup {+-}}, the {Lambda}{sub b}{sup 0} is reconstructed in the decay mode {Lambda}{sub b}{sup 0} {yields} {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}, where {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} {yields} pK{sup -} {pi}{sup +}, using 1070 {+-} 60 pb{sup -1} of data. Upon combining more » the {Lambda}{sub b}{sup 0} candidate with a charged pion, all four of the {Sigma}{sub b}{sup (*){+-}} states are observed and their masses measured to be: m({Sigma}{sub b}{sup +}) = 5807.8{sub -2.2}{sup +2.0}(stat.) {+-} 1.7(syst.) MeV/c{sup 2}; m({Sigma}{sub b}{sup -}) = 5815.2 {+-} 1.0(stat.) {+-} 1.7(syst.) MeV/c{sup 2}; m({Sigma}*{sub b}{sup +}) = 5829.0{sub -1.8}{sup +1.6}(stat.){sub -1.8}{sup +1.7}(syst.) MeV/c{sup 2}; M({Sigma}*{sub b}{sup -}) - 5836.4 {+-} 2.0(stat.){sub -1.7}{sup +1.8}(syst.) MeV/c{sup 2}. This is the first observation of {Sigma}{sub b}{sup (*){+-}} baryons. « less
Comparison of

Background: Bronchial artery embolisation (BAE) is an effective treatment option to control haemoptysis in primary lung cancer. However, no studies have investigated optimal embolisation material for BAE in lung cancer patients. Thus, this study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of BAE performed using n‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles in primary lung cancer patients to determine which embolic material is better for patients with haemoptysis. Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and consent was waived. The rates of hemostasis, complications, procedure time, dose–area product, and haemoptysis‐free survival were retro‐ spectively compared between primary lung cancer (non‐small cell [n = 111] and small cell [n = 11]) patients who underwent BAE using NBCA (n = 58) or PVA particles (n = 64) between January 2004 and December 2019. Predictors of recurrent haemoptysis were analysed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results: Among 122 patients (mean age, 66 ± 10 years; range 32–86 years; 103 men), more patients in the NBCA group (81.0%; 47 of 58) achieved complete hemostasis than did patients in the PVA group (53.1%; 34 of 64) (P = 0.002). No major complications were observed in either group. The procedure time (36.4 ± 21.6 vs. 56.3 ± 27.4 min, P < 0.001) was shorter, and the dose–area product (58.6 ± 64.0 vs. 233.5 ± 225.0 Gy*cm, P < 0.001) was smaller in the NBCA group than in the PVA group. The median haemoptysis‐free survival was 173.0 in the NBCA group compared with 20.0 days in the PVA group (P < 0.001). The PVA use (P < 0.001) and coagulopathy (P = 0.014) were independent predic‐ tors of shortened haemoptysis‐free survival. Conclusion: BAE using NBCA showed significantly superior initial hemostasis with longer haemoptysis‐free survival, shorter procedure time, and reduced radiation dose than BAE using PVA particles. The PVA use and coagulopathy were independent predictors of recurrent haemoptysis. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered
The rate coefficients of the chemi-ionization processes in slow Li*(n) + Na collisions

The semi-classical method for determining the rate coefficients of the chemi-ionization processes in slow non-symmetric atom–Rydberg atom collisions is applied to the Li*(n) + Na case. Calculated rate coefficients are compared with the existing experimental data from the literature. Obtained results have confirmed that resonant mechanism of non-elastic processes in atom–Rydberg atom collisions are fully applicable to non-symmetric chemi-ionization processes. The rate coefficients of such processes in Li*(n) + Na collisions are determined in the regions of principal quantum number and temperature 4 ⩽ n ⩽ 20 and 700 K ⩽ T ⩽ 1100 K which can be of interest for possible further experiments. Also, the potential curves of several lowest Σ states of the molecular ion LiNa+, as well as the values of the square of dipole matrix element for the transition between X2Σ+- and A2Σ+-states, are presented in this paper.