Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Production Of Lactic Acid From Tamarind Kernel By Lactobacillus Casei

In present work lactic acid is produced by microbial fermentation of sugar obtained from tamarind kernel powder (TKP) and its feasibility has been studied for use as raw replacement for glucose. Saccharification of tamarind seed powder is carried out by acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Optimization of acid catalyst concentration and hydrolysis time was carried out in a steam autoclave to get higher yield in short time. The highest yield of reducible sugar of 0.71 g/g of substrate has been obtained by using 0.5 N H2SO4 at 121°C, in 30 min. This tamarind kernel hydrolyzate (TKH) after neutralization and charcoal treatment is used as a source of reducible sugar for production of lactic acid. Four commonly used lactobacillus strains were used to study the suitable microorganism for the fermentative production of lactic acid from TKH sugar media. Out of them the strain giving better result Lactobacillus casei -2125, is selected for the further studies. The rate of glucose consumption and lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei -2125 for standard glucose media and for TKH sugar media was studied in batch fermentation. The results for the standard media of glucose and the TKH was comparable and show nearly 90% conversions in 66 to 72 hour of reaction time, respectively. It gives production of lactic acid up to 81 gl -1 with productivity rate of 1.12g / l / hr. A yield of 0.58 g of lactic acid is obtained from each gram of TKP. It shows that the TKP can be used as a suitable and cheap raw material for the lactic acid production.
Formation and modification of dispersions using Shirasu Porous Glass membranes

This chapter deals with the production, properties, and macrofluidic applications of Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane. The first section provides an overview of the membrane microfluidic processes used for production and modification of liquid-liquid and gas-liquid micro- and nano-dispersions, such as direct and premix membrane emulsification with and without phase inversion, membrane demulsification, membrane micromixing / direct precipitation and micro- and nano-bubbling. In the last section of this chapter, SPG membranes are compared with conventional homogenisers and microfluidic drop generators in terms of production rate, droplet size uniformity, and applied shear stresses. The second section deals with the fabrication of SPG membrane by spinodal decomposition in Na2O– CaO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 type glass and morphological, mechanical, and hydrodynamic properties of SPG membrane. This chapter also covers modification of surface charge, contact angle and porosity of SPG membrane using different physical and chemical methods, such as deposition of silica nanoparticles onto membrane surface, coating with silicon resin, filling the pores with solvent-responsive polymer chains and chemical modification with silane coupling agents. The fourth section is focused on the effects of physical properties of the dispersed and continuous phase, operating parameters and membrane properties on the droplet size in direct and premix SPG membrane emulsification. In addition, the most common classes of micro- and nano-particles fabricated using SPG membrane were reviewed and their fabrication routes were discussed. It was concluded that a broad variety of different chemical and physicochemical processes can be combined with SPG membrane emulsification to convert droplets into uniform particle. The last section briefly discusses the generation of micro- and nano-bubbles using SPG membrane.
Fuzzy control strategy for Acrobots combining model-free and model-based control

This paper describes a fuzzy control strategy for the control of an acrobot. The strategy combines model-free and model-based fuzzy control. The model-free fuzzy controller designed for the upswing ensures that the energy of the acrobot increases with each swing. The control law for the torque is derived directly from the energy of the acrobot. The model-based fuzzy controller, which is based on a Takagi- Sugeno fuzzy model for balancing, employs the concept of parallel distributed compensation. The stability of the fuzzy control system for balance control is guaranteed by a common symmetric positive matrix, which satisfies linear matrix inequalities and is found by a convex optimization technique.
Response of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate-Resistant Grain Sorghum to Quizalofop at Various Rates and Application Timings

Abstract Conventional grain sorghum is highly susceptible to POST grass control herbicides. Development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for POST herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted at Hays and Manhattan, KS, to determine the effect of quizalofop rate and crop growth stage on injury and yield of aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied at 62, 124, 186, and 248 g ai ha−1 at sorghum heights of 8 to 10, 15 to 25, and 30 to 38 cm, which corresponded to early POST (EPOST), mid-POST (MPOST), and late POST (LPOST) application timings, respectively. Grain sorghum injury ranged from 0 to 68% at 1 wk after treatment (WAT); by 4 WAT, plants generally recovered from injury. The EPOST and MPOST applications caused 9 to 68% and 2 to 48% injury, respectively, whereas injury from LPOST was 0 to 16%, depending on rate. Crop injury from quizalofop was more prominent at rates higher than the proposed use rate in grain sorghum of 62 g ha−1. Grain yields were similar in treated and nontreated plots; applications of quizalofop at different timings did not reduce yield except when applied MPOST at the Manhattan site. Nomenclature: Quizalofop; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. SORBI.
Macro and Microanatomical Studies on the Choanal Slit of Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

This work was carried out to describe the morphological characteristics of the choanal slit of the turkey through gross, light, and scanning electron microscopy. The choanal slit measures 27.62 mm long, and constitutes 38.30 % of the total length of the palate. The edges of the narrow part of the choanal slit is smooth rostrally but slightly thickened caudally due to the presence of 2-3 small papillae. The edge of the wide part is thickened because of presence of 5-7 conical and wedge shaped papillae. SEM indicates the presence of median fold within the choana, which represents the direct continuation of the median palatine ridge. After a short distance, this fold bifurcates into right and left folds. Several openings of the palatine salivary glands are demonstrated on the palate at the level of the choanal slit. The epithelium of the oral roof at the level of the choanal slit is stratified squamous epithelium showing intraepithelial sensory corpuscles. This epithelium transforms at the edge of the choanal slit into pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that interrupted by intraepithelial mucous glands surrounded by lymphatic infiltration and nodules. Altogether, this study provides inclusive information on the macroscopic and microscopic morphological features of the choana in the turkey in comparing with those of the other birds.
Writing for Publication: The Essential Literature Review

Changes in the traditional, autocratic role of the doctor, combinedwith a better informed consumer have led to a more questioning approach to care delivery (Muir Gray, 2000). These changes demand of the health service increasing accountability, efficiency and effectiveness within available resources (Muir Gray, 2000). Therefore, those wishing to justify continued investment in current practice, or conversely, development of new innovative methods of care delivery, are expected to be explicit in their requests (Muir Gray, 2000). This explicitness has to include evidence-basedmaterial to support arguments appropriately (Muir Gray, 2000). Fundamentally, the emphasis on evidencebased practice (EBP) today has emerged due to changes in health service delivery, including greater emphasis on value for money, risk management, patient empowerment and the ever expanding role of information technology (Trinder, 2000). The cornerstone of EBP is the integration of high-quality research evidence into clinical decision-making. This evidence is used in combination with clinical judgement and experience to plan the most appropriate patient treatment (Sackett et al., 1996). The applicability of research for clinical practice will depend on its quality (Sackett et al., 1996). Poorly conducted research will only yield poor results, which have no place in the clinical arena (Higgins and Altman, 2008b). It is argued that EBP comprises five main components: (1) identifying a clinical problem; (2) finding the evidence to answer the problem; (3) critically appraising the; evidence, (4) applying the evidence to the clinical situation; and, finally, (5) evaluating the results of the intervention (Reynolds, 2000). Central to this process is the identification of research that is of sound methodological quality, and critically appraising its merits or limitations (Sackett et al., 1996).
Analysis of the Relationship between MODIS NDVI, LAI and Rainfall in the Forest Region of Rwanda

This paper shows the relationship between vegetation indices (MODIS NDVI and LAI) and Rainfall data collected in three different regions of Rwanda from 2003 to 2007. There are two peaks of interannual variability in MODIS NDVI, with vegetation greenness increases from early March to mid-May and from late August to mid-November. The experimental results clearly show the positive linear relationship between rainfall and MODIS NDVI-LAI from the beginning of the year until end of May. The NDVI-LAI has a positive relationship with rainfall; in summer with less rainfall, NDVI and LAI gradually decrease in three regions over Rwanda. The relationship of MODIS NDVI and rainfall is almost higher than that of LAI and rainfall in three regions in Rwanda. The relationship is stronger when time lag increases as the 2-month lag and 3-month lag show the highest relationship in the three regions in Rwanda.
Size-dependent discrimination of mating partners in the simultaneous hermaphroditic cestode Schistocephalus solidus

The cestode Schistocephalus solidus is a simultaneous hermaphrodite that reproduces in the gut of birds, or for this study in an in vitro system that simulates the gut of the bird. Like many other helminth parasites, S. solidus can reproduce by self- and cross-fertilization. Hermaphrodites are expected to mate not primarily to get their own eggs fertilized, but rather to get the opportunity to fertilize a partner's eggs. Because S. solidus has a size-dependent sex allocation (i.e., larger worms are more biased toward female allocation and produce more egg mass), we expect larger individuals to be attractive mating partners for smaller ones. However, this may be a one-directional preference, as smaller individuals may not be attractive to larger ones. We tested this experimentally by studying the reaction of focal worms of different sizes to a compartment containing a potential mating partner that was either smaller or larger than the focal worm. The focal worms were, on average, closer to the compartment containing the stimulus than to an empty control compartment. Moreover, they indeed showed a preference for larger stimulus worms than for smaller ones. They even tended to avoid being close to stimulus worms of very small size compared to themselves. This may reveal a general preference for cross-fertilization over selfing, but it also indicates that all the genetic benefits from outcrossing do not necessarily outweigh the costs of mating with a relatively small individual and that the worms may take this into account in their reproductive decisions. Copyright 2002.
Trend analysis of weather variables in Sagar Island, West Bengal, India: a long-term perspective (1982-2010)

Sagar Island, a gargantuan low-lying archipelago setting on the continental shelf of the Bay of Bengal is one of the most vulnerable deltas to climate change. Extreme climate-driven multifarious threats, including tidal gushes, deluge with sea water, permanent submergence of land, occurrence of droughts and water scarcity have taken a toll on food and environmental security of the island. Knowing the trend of long-term weather variables responsible for the climate of the island holds importance in adaptation and mitigation strategies to sustain food production. In the present article, weather variables of the island (1982–2010) have been analysed to detect the changes in trend using Mann–Kendall non-parametric test and the magnitudes of such trends have been estimated using Sen’s slope. The island receives an annual average rainfall of 1735 ± 352 mm, with an inter-annual deviation exceeding 40% and exhibits a decreasing trend (–5.79 mm year). Significant (P < 0.05) anomalies in interas well intra-annual rainfall distributions (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon months) were observed. Contribution of monsoon and post-monsoon months showed a decreasing trend (–3.84 to –4.42 mm year), while pre-monsoon rainfall showed an increasing trend (+ 0.98 mm year). Wide variability in interannual rainy days (76–139 days) and a decreasing trend (–0.24 days year) may further complicate the existing anomalies. The island is experiencing a significant (P < 0.05) rising trend of inter-annual mean (+ 0.021°C year) and maximum temperatures (+ 0.060°C year), with a reverse trend (decline) in minimum temperature (–0.031°C year). Other weather variables like sunshine duration, wind speed, atmospheric evaporative demand, etc. also manifested a complex interaction and significant (P < 0.05) decreasing trend over the study periods (1982–2010). Implications of these changes were manifested on water balance front: rising trend of water scarcity during post-monsoon months (December–February) in the island.
Airflow inside the nasal cavity: visualization using computational fluid dynamics

Abstract Background: It is of clinical importance to examine the nasal cavity pre-operatively on surgical treatments. However, there is no simple and easy way to measure airflow in the nasal cavity. Objectives: Visualize the flow features inside the nasal cavity using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, and study the effect of different breathing rates on nasal function. Method: A three-dimensional nasal cavity model was reconstructed based on computed tomographic images of a healthy Malaysian adult nose. Navier-Stokes and continuity equations for steady airflow were solved numerically to examine the inspiratory nasal flow. Results: The flow resistance obtained varied from 0.026 to 0.124 Pa.s/mL at flow-rate from 7.5 L/min to 40 L/min. Flow rates by breathing had significant influence on airflow velocity and wall shear-stress in the vestibule and nasal valve region. Conclusion: Airflow simulations based on CFD is most useful for better understanding of flow phenomenon inside the nasal cavity.
Weighted attack trees for the cybersecurity analysis of SCADA systems

In this paper we address the issue of security of SCADA systems; a topic of paramount importance because of the impact on physical security and very challenging because of the peculiarities that set SCADA systems aside from usual ICT networks. We apply the modeling technique based on structures called weighted Attack and Defense Trees (ADT) to a complex case study based on a typical SCADA architecture, in which the attack tree is enriched with the cost and the impact of the attack. We introduce a new analysis technique for weighted ADT based on the representation of the attack scenario by means of MultiTerminal Binary Decision Diagrams (MTBDD) that allow the modeler to identify the most probable attack scenarios, in term of probability cost and impact, and gives an indication on how to mitigate the located breaches by means of suitable countermeasures.
Extreme low ozone episodes over the sub-Arctic region of Keflavik

The present work presents a study of the anomalous low ozone events observed over Keflavik (Iceland) during the winter and spring months from 1992 to 2005 years. Ozone profiles from balloons sounding carried out from Keflavik were used to identify the extreme ozone events and to classify them according to different parameters. Ten days backward trajectories at different isentropic levels in the lower stratosphere have been employed to investigate the dynamical and chemical processes involved. Two types of extreme low ozone events have been found: type A, characterized by low ozone content from the tropopause up to 22 km; and type B, associated to laminated ozone structures in the lower stratosphere. Results indicate that the mechanisms responsible for each type of profile vary depending on the position of the station with respect to the polar vortex.
The HFIP High Resolution Hurricane Forecast Test: Beyond the traditional verification metrics

In the last 10 years, hurricane track forecast errors have been reduced by about 50% through improved model guidance, enhanced observations, and increased forecaster expertise, whereas little progress has been made toward reducing forecasted intensity errors. Recent research suggests that prediction models with grid spacing less than 1 km in the inner core of the hurricane may provide a substantial improvement in intensity forecasts (Powers and Davis 2002, Hendricks et al. 2004, Yau et al. 2004, Braun et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2007, Davis et al. 2008, Rotunno et al. 2009). The 2008-09 staging of the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project (HFIP) High Resolution Hurricane (HRH) Test focused on quantifying the impact of increased horizontal resolution in numerical models on hurricane forecasting, with a special focus on intensity forecasting. The HRH test plan assembled by the Developmental Testbed Center (DTC) was developed jointly by a broad range of community members, including specialists in hurricanes, numerical modeling, and forecast verification. The focus of this test was intra-model differences resulting from changes in horizontal resolution, rather than inter-model comparisons. More detailed information about this project can be found at http://www.dtcenter. org/plots/hrh_test.
GROWTH AND OPENNESS RELATIONSHIP IN THE EU15: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Conventional wisdom suggests that openness of an economy promotes economic growth. There is still argument among economists concerning how a country’s macroeconomic variables and its economic growth interact in numerous econometric studies by using panel data. This paper examines the impact of openness on economic growth for the EU-15 area in 1996–2003. In our empirical work, we have used the panel data technique which is also called longitudinal data or cross-sectional time series data. Panel data is generally concerned with choosing among three alternative regressions that are named fixed effects, random effects and pooled model estimation. The variables used are growth, openness, price level, investment and government share of RGDP. We find that openness has had a weak but negative impact on economic growth in this region over this period. Also, we have found that an increase in investment and a decrease in government expenditure have supported economic growth in the EU-15 countries. </
The effectiveness of drug therapy, relaxation and compound therapy on anxiety reduction, level of epinephrine and norepinephrine among patients with generalized anxiety disorder

care services. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of drug therapy and relaxation on anxiety reduction and epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 30 patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Participants were divided into three groups consisting of 10 patients and categorized as relaxation, drug therapy and combination therapy groups. Furthermore, another group involving 10 healthy individuals was formed as the control group. Instruments included Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory and Hamilton’s Rating Scale. To measure the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body, a 24-hour urine test was performed. Data were analyzed through Pearson correlation test, paired t-test, one-wayANOVA and Tukey test. Results: The results showed that relaxation therapy, drug therapy and combination therapy are significantly effective in reducing anxiety levels. But there were not significant differences between the three methods. In addition, there was a significant relationship between levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine and anxiety, and between treatment methods and reduction in the amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Conclusion: The results indicated that methods of relaxation and drug therapy and combination of them are effective on reduction of anxiety and epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in the body. So, relaxation can be used instead of anti-anxiety drugs having side effects on the body.
Numerical Computation of Unsteady Compressible Flow past a Plunging Aerofoil

Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computations are presented for subsonic and transonic flow past a plunging NACA 64A010 aerofoil. The Implicit RANS solver used for obtaining the time-accurate solution is based on finite volume nodal point spatial discretization scheme with dual time stepping. Results for the subsonic and transonic cases compare well with the experimental data, thus demonstrating the capability of the solver to provide useful unsteady pressure data for aeroelastic analysis.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Plasmonics-Based GaAs MSM-Photodetector for High Bandwidth-Product Responsivity

A detailed numerical study of subwavelength nanogratings behavior to enhance the light absorption characteristics in plasmonic-based metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) is performed by implementation of 2D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. Due to the structure design and changes in the device physical parameters, various devices with different geometries are simulated and compared. Parameters like nano-grating height and duty cycle (DC) are optimized for rectangular and taper subwavelength metal nanogratings on GaAs substrate and their impact on light absorption below the diffraction limits are confirmed. The calculated light enhancement is ~32.7-times for an optimized device in comparison with a conventional MSM-PD. This enhancement is attributed to the plasmonic effects in the near-field region.
Language Teacher Burnout and School Type

The present study was an attempt to explore the level of burnout among primary school teachers in Malaysia. In addition, the study tried to determine if the school type has any significant influence on teachers’ burnout level. To this end, 714 primary school teachers participated in the study. They were teaching at Malay (SK), Tamil (SJKT), and Chinese (SJKC) medium schools. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (MBI- ES) (Maslach, Jackson, & Schwab, 1986) was used to collect the data on the teachers’ burnout. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the teachers’ burnout ranged from moderate to low level. In addition, it was found that the teachers working at SJKC experienced lower level of Personal Accomplishments (PA) than those at SK and SJKT schools.