Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NON-DESTRUCTIVE WHOLE-BRAIN MONITORING USING NANOROBOTS: NEURAL ELECTRICAL DATA RATE REQUIREMENTS

Neuronanorobotics, a promising future medical technology, may provide the ultimate tool for achieving comprehensive non-destructive real-time in vivo monitoring of the many information channels in the human brain. This paper focuses on the electrical information channel and employs a novel electrophysiological approach to estimate the data rate requirements, calculated to be (5.52 ± 1.13) × 1016 bits/sec in an entire living human brain, for acquiring, transmitting, and storing single-neuron electrical information using medical nanorobots, corresponding to an estimated synaptic-processed spike rate of (4.31 ± 0.86) × 1015 spikes/sec.
Probing Behaviour of thrips. Behavioural study on the feeding of Western flower thrips related to Tomato spotted wilt virus transmission and host plant susceptibility

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis , feeds in a piercing sucking manner and is a worldwide pest on many ornamental and vegetable crops. Thrips can feed on different parts of the plant; leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. On leaves thrips can ingest the cell contents of epidermal, mesophyll, and parenchymal cells, but their mouthparts cannot reach the vascular tissue. Western flower thrips can also transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) during probing. My research has shown that individual probes can be divided in several phases using an electrical monitoring system, electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Six different phases have been distinguished: P, Q, R, S, T, and U. These phases were shown to reflect different behavioural activities and are represented by different waveforms. Waveform P represents mandibular stylet insertion through the surface of the leaf, during waveform Q the maxillary stylets are inserted and salivation occurs and waveform R represents ingestion of the cell contents. Of waveform S and U it is only known that they reflect mandibular action, and during waveform T probably the stylets are retracted. Not all these waveforms occur in every individual probe and waveform transients are often gradual therefore I suggest for practical reasons to distinguish only phases for: the 'puncture phase, PQ', also including S, and the 'feeding phase, R', also including T and U. Transmission of TSWV occurs with salivation during waveform Q in the puncture phase. TSWV can be transmitted in a single probe without ingestion, but only in one of 125 probes transmission was found to be successful. Therefore, more probes made by a viruliferous thrips result in a higher chance of virus transmission. The probability of TSWV transmission is not the same in every probe; the duration of the salivation phase has a positive effect whereas the duration of the ingestion phase has a negative effect. Host plant resistance against TSVW works well in pepper, but combined with thrips resistance it can be more durable. This can be concluded because this study found that thrips resistance only results in small changes in the probing behaviour and these changes hardly influence TSWV transmission.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF PHILIPPINE FRESHWATER EELS ANGUILLA SPP. (ACTINOPTERYGI: ANGUILLIFORMES: ANGUILLIDAE) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

There are no studies on phylogenetic analysis of the freshwater eels, Anguilla spp. in the Philippines at a molecular level and species identification of the eel is usually carried out through morphological features. In this study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to characterize the species and establish the phylogeny of the eels found in the Philippines. Genomic DNA was extracted from nine eels collected from the Cagayan River system and Chico River in Northern Luzon, Philippines. The 16S rRNA and cytochrome b genes of the mtDNA of the eels were amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the resultant products were sequenced. Nucleotide sequences of the amplified regions of the 16S rRNA and cytochrome b consisted of 813 and 920 nucleotide base pairs, respectively. Based on the DNA analysis, two Anguilla species (including two Anguilla subspecies) were validated and identified from the samples namely, A. marmorata, A. bicolor bicolor and A. bicolor pacifica. Anguilla marmorata was the basal species of the lineage among the three species and A. bicolr is the most recently evolved species. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the Philippine freshwater eels belong to the Indo-Pacific lneage and corroborates with the phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the mtDNA data from the GenBank for these eels. This study is the first to use molecular genetics to identify the freshwater eels in the Philippines.
Determinação da variabilidade em isolados de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum por meio de marcadores morfológicos e culturais

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (teleomorfo Glomerella cingulata f. sp. phaseoli) apresenta ampla variabilidade genetica, demonstrada por suas caracteristicas morfologicas. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar, por meio de marcadores morfologicos, diferentes isolados de C. lindemuthianum e identificar marcadores morfologicos com uso potencial em analises geneticas. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres morfologicos e culturais: cor e textura das colonias, compatibilidade vegetativa e sexual, indice de velocidade de crescimento micelial (IVCM), diâmetro colonial (DC), capacidade de esporulacao (CE), dimensoes e formas conidiais, dimensoes dos ascosporos, formacao de estruturas reprodutivas e formacao de anastomoses entre hifas e conidios. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os isolados de C. lindemuthianum possuem ampla variabilidade genetica para todas as caracteristicas avaliadas e que a forma do conidio pode ser usada como marcador morfologico em analises geneticas.
Probabilistic Representation and Inverse Design of Metamaterials Based on a Deep Generative Model with Semi‐Supervised Learning Strategy

The research of metamaterials has achieved enormous success in the manipulation of light in a prescribed manner using delicately designed subwavelength structures, so‐called meta‐atoms. Even though modern numerical methods allow for the accurate calculation of the optical response of complex structures, the inverse design of metamaterials, which aims to retrieve the optimal structure according to given requirements, is still a challenging task owing to the nonintuitive and nonunique relationship between physical structures and optical responses. To better unveil this implicit relationship and thus facilitate metamaterial designs, it is proposed to represent metamaterials and model the inverse design problem in a probabilistically generative manner, enabling to elegantly investigate the complex structure–performance relationship in an interpretable way, and solve the one‐to‐many mapping issue that is intractable in a deterministic model. Moreover, to alleviate the burden of numerical calculations when collecting data, a semisupervised learning strategy is developed that allows the model to utilize unlabeled data in addition to labeled data in an end‐to‐end training. On a data‐driven basis, the proposed deep generative model can serve as a comprehensive and efficient tool that accelerates the design, characterization, and even new discovery in the research domain of metamaterials, and photonics in general.
Soil and water loss in Ultisol of the Cerrado-Pantanal Ecotone under different management systems

Soil and water losses were evaluated in dystrophic ultisol of the Cerrado-Pantanal Ecotone cropped with common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L, under different tillage systems. The treatments studied were conventional tillage with primary and double secondary disking (CT), minimum tillage with chisel plow (MT) and no-tillage (NT) systems, the last associated to 4 crop densities: 0, 3, 6 and 9 Mg ha-1. In order to characterize the experimental area, analyzes of water-dispersible clay, flocculation degree, aggregate stability, soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil moisture and surface roughness was carried out. Using the portable rainfall simulator, the plots received application of rainfall of 60 mm h-1 to evaluate soil and water loss. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The soil losses ranging from 11.38 to 380.56 × 10-3 kg m-2, while water losses ranging from 4.15 to 31.57 × 10-3 m3 m-2. The highest soil losses occur in CT and the lowest water losses in MT. In NT, the highest level of crop residue deposition on soil surface reduces soil and water loss. Compared to water loss, soil loss is more susceptible to variations in the type of tillage system and levels of plant residues. Key words: Water erosion, soil conservation, simulated rainfall.
Ethyl 1‐acetyl‐3‐amino‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxyl­ate, a tetra­gonal structure with Z′ = 4

The title compound, C8H11N3O3, crystallizes with Z′ = 4. One pyrazole N atom is substituted and excluded from inter­molecular contacts. The amine N, acetyl O and an ester O atom are involved in the formation of nearly planar mol­ecular layers. The layers are perpendicular to the c axis, with an inter­layer distance of 3.333 A. The hydrogen-bonding patterns are similar for each mol­ecule, i.e. intra­molecular N—H⋯O, as well as inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯N(pyrazole), bonds are present.
Security Analysis of a Closed-Source Signal Protocol Implementation

In recent years, with the reveal of mass surveillance programs targeting online communication came a growing interest for properties such as privacy and security of that very same communication. One way to ensure those properties is by using cryptographic protocols such as the Signal Protocol to secure the communication channel. However, this protocol is fairly recent therefore there is a limited amount of study regarding its security and its implementations’ security. With this work, we seek to tackle that problem by providing some more knowledge regarding this specific topic. After performing a relevant literature review in order to understand the state of the art and also to identify the underdeveloped areas that should be focused, we performed a security analysis of a popular Signal Protocol implementation. For that, we took a hands-on approach which involves reverse engineering an application using said implementation, analysing its interaction with the filesystem, dynamically tracing some parts of the protocol in execution and testing the protocol’s behaviour in an unlikely yet possible device cloning scenario. A secondary objective of this work, resulting from the approach taken, is to incentivize the analysis and audit of closed-source applications and demystify the associated difficulty and complexity. In this work, we intentionally refrained from analysing network data and elliptic-curve and signature scheme implementations as it was considered to be out of scope. Overall, our results matched the initial expectations set by the existing pertinent literature, with no major flaws being detected. However, our last test scenario did generate some erratic and elusive behaviour that could be considered a small security vulnerability and a hint of the existence of potential serious vulnerabilities, if some of the observed behaviour is controllable. In the end, we contributed with yet another independent analysis using a different approach that found no major problems with the protocol and its implementations, besides our specific test scenario, in accordance with the existing literature. In the specific test scenario we found some interesting investigation clues to be pursued in future research.
Effects of environmental factors on the performance of broiler breeder hens

SUMMARY In this study, we attempted to provide practical, reliable information on the influence of different managerial and nutritional approaches to commercial broiler breeder flock performance (Lohmann I.R. strain). Altitude, maximum and minimum outside temperature, house direction and dimension, flock density, ventilation capacity, and drinking water quality were examined as the main environmental variables. Moreover, the relationship between energy and protein intake and the investigated factors was evaluated. This field study was conducted in 12 broiler breeder flocks at 8 different locations in Iran. A significant positive linear relationship was observed between the ME intake of females during the starter period and hen-housed chick production. Increments of total and digestible lysine and methionine plus cysteine intake of females during the rearing period increased hen-housed chick production. Drinking water quality, including total hardness, total dissolved solids, and total alkalinity, and the altitude of the hatchery significantly affected chick production rate (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the ME intake of females in the rearing and laying periods, amino acid intake, drinking water quality, and the altitude of the hatchery are important concerns that influence the performance of commercial broiler breeder hens.
Effects of habitat quality on growth, age of first reproduction, and dispersal in Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni)

Populations of the highly social Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) were studied at two sites in south central Colorado. The sites differed in availability of water, duration of the growing season, and the diversity and quantity of edible vegetation. At the lusher site, Quartz Creek, all age- and sex classes weighed significantly more than their counterparts at the more barren site, Blue Mesa. Growth rates and overwinter survival of Quartz Creek young were higher than at Blue Mesa. Two of 5 yearling females raised litters at Quartz Creek, whereas none of 15 yearling females weaned litters at Blue Mesa. Quartz Creek females produced larger litters than Blue Mesa females . At Quartz Creek, 6 of 17 yearlings dispersed from their natal harem, but none of the 31 yearlings at Blue Mesa dispersed. Thus, in a favorable habitat, Gunnison's prairie dogs were heavier, reached sexual maturity more rapidly, and dispersed at a younger age than in a less favorable habitat. These results provide intraspecific sup.
Establishing an Information Baseline: Ecogeographic Surveying

Before any conservation action on a target taxa can be undertaken, sufficient information about the taxa must be gathered in order to make informed decisions and establish appropriate priorities for the development of a practical conservation strategy. Box 8.2 outlines the different kinds of information about the taxa that should be gathered. This information can be obtained from the literature, herbarium specimens, genebanks, botanic gardens, arboreta and meteorological stations, as well as from field surveys, so as to establish a knowledge baseline.
The cotton dehydration-responsive element binding protein GhDBP1 contains an EAR-motif and is involved in the defense response of Arabidopsis to salinity stress.

Our previous work reported that cotton dehydration-responsive element (DRE) binding protein 1 (GhDBP1) could function as an active transcriptional repressor for DRE-mediated gene expression. However, the repression mechanism utilised by GhDBP1 was unclear. In this report, we demonstrate that GhDBP1’s transcriptional repression domain is located at the C-terminus, and is known as an ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR)-motif. Furthermore, the amino acid residues aspartic acid (D), leucine (L), asparagine (N) and proline (P) are conserved in the EAR-motif, and were found to be necessary for repression through mutational analysis. In addition, our promoter assays demonstrated a dehydration-induced and rehydration-repressed expression pattern of GhDBP1. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GhDBP1 were more sensitive to high salinity stress and appeared to downregulate the expression levels of the stress-induced effecter genes. Taken together, our findings provide an important insight into GhDBP1’s potential molecular repression mechanism and how it is involved in plant stress responses.
A possible energy‐saving role for the major fascia of the thigh in running quadrupedal mammals

Experiments were performed to determine the mechanical importance of the fascia lata in stopping the hind limb during its rearward extension and reversing the direction of leg swing. Samples of fascia lata from a number of different mammals were subjected to tensile tests. Tangent Young's moduli reached about 0.5 GPa and stresses at failure about 50 MPa for fascia from each of the species examined. Energy losses incurred in a loading-unloading cycle were generally about 20%. The moment arms of the fascia lata, in combination with its muscle, about the hip and knee joints were determined and the extension of the fascia lata while its muscle is active was estimated. Calculations suggest that the fascia lata could help to reverse the backward swing of the hind limb by recoiling elastically shortly after the foot leaves the ground. Substantial savings of internal kilnetic energy could be made.
Kinetic analysis of chemotactic peptide receptor modulation

The dynamics of the chemotactic peptide receptor on rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes were followed using the tritiated peptide N-formylnorleucylleucylphenylalanine (FNLLP). We have used a kinetic analysis to examine the possible interrelationships between receptor loss (down-regulation), receptor-mediated peptide uptake, and receptor recycling. We have previously demonstrated that cells incubated with FNLLP show a dose-dependent reduction in the number of receptors available on the surface. This receptor down-regulation is complete within 20 min and then the number of receptors available for binding remains at a plateau level. Peptide continues to be taken up in a receptor-mediated manner even after down-regulation is complete. If peptide is removed, receptor recovery occurs and does not require protein synthesis. In these studies we have investigated the kinetics of these processes. On the basis of this analysis, we propose that the plateau receptor level is a steady-state in which receptor internalization and return occur continuously. We demonstrate that the rate of receptor-mediated peptide uptake is approximately equal to the rate of receptor recovery measured after peptide removal. In addition, the rate of receptor recovery is proportional to the number of receptors missing from the surface, suggesting receptor recycling may be occurring.
Panel Cointegration and Pooled Mean Group Estimations of Energy-Output Dynamics in South Asia

This study employs the panel cointegration and pooled mean group (PMG) techniques to examine the long run relationships between energy consumption and GDP for 5 South Asian countries from 1981 to 2009. Unit root and panel cointegration tests find a long run relationship between energy consumption and GDP after allowing for country-specific effect. Furthermore, we use the PMG technique to identify the magnitude of this relationship. Our results are consistent with the theory that suggests a role of energy use in GDP. On average, a 1% increase in energy consumption leads to a 0.61% increase in the long run GDP in South Asia from 1981 to 2009. Hence, it is apparent that energy is an important component to maintain the economic activities in these countries. These results have important implications for policy makers of South Asian countries which have experienced magnificent growth performance along with a sharp rise in consumption demand for energy in last few decades.
Sex-specific differences in reindeer calf behavior and predation vulnerability

According to reproductive strategy theory, males in polygamous breeding systems should invest in morphological or behavioral features that increase reproductive success. When the early development of such traits conflicts with predator protection, we expect that male calves will exhibit risk-taking behavior, such as high activity level and increasing distance from mother, to a greater extent than female calves. We investigated sex differences in mother--calf distance, calf activity levels, and calf mortality in a semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) population. The results show that male calves stray farther away from their mothers, exhibit a higher level of locomotive behavior in terms of play and walking, and are more vulnerable to predation than are female calves. Although mother--calf distance increased over time in 1- to 6-month-old calves, no evidence was apparent for an increase in sex difference in mother--calf distance over this period. The results suggest a trade-off between predation vulnerability and investments in behavioral traits thought to be important for future reproductive success and suggest that these sex-related differences in behavior are apparent as early as 6 months of age. Copyright 2003.
Effect of Hen's Age on the Level of Cystatin in the Chicken Egg White

Cystatins, protein-type cysteine proteinase inhibitors are widely distributed in animals and plants. It is generally assumed that these inhibitors are involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes caused by cysteine proteinases Cystatins. The study aimed to isolate and characterize the cystatin from various chicken in different ages between 20-80 weeks. We used acid treatment, affinity chromatography Sepharose-Papain-4B, and desalting G-25 column, followed gel chromatography G-100 column. We obtained that the chicken in age 50 weeks have a higher activity against papain and the yield of cystatin among the chicken in ages 20, 30, 40, 60, 65, 70 and 80 weeks. The purified cystatin was shown to be homogenous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses (SDS-PAGE) The molecular weight of first and second fractions were determined to be 40 000 and 13 000, respectively. The low molecular fraction was strongly inhibited papain (K = 0.0012 nM) and cathepsin B (K =2.554 nM). i i
Thickness limitation and cell viability of multi-layered cell sheets and overcoming the diffusion limit by a porous-membrane culture insert

A major challenge of tissue engineering is the creation of three-dimensional (3D) and functional tissues. However, the tissue ischemic environments make the production of thicker 3D tissues difficult. For evaluating the thickness limitation of tissue, the cell viability and metabolism of a novel in vitro 3D tissue model, which is composed of multi- layered cell sheets, were investigated. Human endometrial-derived mesenchymal cells (EMC) were cultured on temperature-responsive culture dishes. Confluently cultured EMCs were harvested as an intact contiguous cell sheet only by lowering temperature. The obtained cell sheets were successfully layered into 3D cell-dense tissues and cultured in vitro for 7 days. Glucose consumption and lactate production in the culture media increased in accordance with the number of layers (single to triple). Histological analyses and cell viability assays showed that viable tissues were found in single- to triple-layered cell sheets and damaged tissues in over quadruple layers. The results concluded that the thickness limitation of layered cell sheets was approximately 40 mm, which was the thickness of triple-layered cell sheets. Importantly, when multi-layered cell sheets were cultured on porous membranes, the adhesion among cell sheets and cell viability were improved, resulting in successful fabricating thicker tissues (~100 mm) than that on normal culture dishes. The metabolic analyses showed that multi-layered cell sheets rely on their anaerobic metabolism, indicating that supplying nutrients rather than oxygen through both upper and bottom tissue surfaces improved the cell viability in 3D tissues.