Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors that Influence Cross-validation of Hierarchical Linear Models

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CROSS-VALIDATION OF HIERARCHICAL LINEAR MODELS by Tracy Widman While use of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to predict an outcome is reasonable and desirable, employing the model for prediction without first establishing the model’s predictive validity is ill-advised. Estimating the predictive validity of a regression model by cross-validation has been thoroughly researched, but there is a dearth of research investigating the cross-validation of hierarchical linear models. One of the major obstacles in cross-validating HLM is the lack of a measure of explained variance similar to the squared multiple correlation coefficient in regression analysis. The purpose of this Monte Carlo simulation study is to explore the impact of sample size, centering, and predictor-criterion correlation magnitudes on potential crossvalidation measurements for hierarchical linear modeling. This study considered the impact of 64 simulated conditions across three explained variance approaches: Raudenbush and Bryk’s (2002) proportional reduction in error variance, Snijders and Bosker’s (1994) modeled variance, and a measure of explained variance proposed by Gagne and Furlow (2009). For each of the explained variance approaches, a cross-validation measurement, shrinkage, was obtained. The results indicate that sample size, predictor-criterion correlations, and centering impact the cross-validation measurement. The degree and direction of the impact differs with the explained variance approach employed. Under some explained variance approaches, shrinkage decreased with larger level-2 sample sizes and increased in others. Likewise, in comparing groupand grand-mean centering, with some approaches grand-mean centering resulted in higher shrinkage estimates but smaller estimates in others. Larger total sample sizes yielded smaller shrinkage estimates, as did the predictor-criterion correlation combination in which the group-level predictor had a stronger correlation. The approaches to explained variance differed substantially in their usability for cross-validation. The Snijders and Bosker approach provided relatively large shrinkage estimates, and, depending on the predictor-criterion correlation, shrinkage under both Raudenbush and Bryk approaches could be sizable to the degree that the estimate begins to lack meaning. Researchers seeking to cross-validate HLM need to be mindful of the interplay between the explained variance approach employed and the impact of sample size, centering, and predictor-criterion correlations on shrinkage estimates when making research design decisions. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CROSS-VALIDATION OF HIERARCHICAL LINEAR MODELS by Tracy Widman
Inertial Measurement Units IMU

Abstract : It is recognized that Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems / MEMS will enable the of development of new military capabilities. Such capabilities will allow the introduction of low-cost, high-end functionality, to military systems, thereby, extending their performance and lifetimes. Examples of such novel capabilities include the development of complete inertial and navigation units on a single chip. These capabilities will be realized through developments in civil applications which will be advanced to satisfy the military requirements. The development of inertial systems is a common goal of the military and commercial MEMS communities alike, and have been universally recognized as offering major advantages in terms of size, weight and cost over conventional systems. Early predictions of both cost and performance have not, as yet, been fulfilled and current state-of-art characteristics falls somewhat short of the required inertial performance. To date, the MEMS accelerometer performance is close to that demanded by most military systems, but the rate sensor remains the weak link in the chain.
Research on Sentimental Techniques

The sentimental analysis may be a dominant role in opinion mining is in addition stated as sentiment analysis due to clear sort, review sites, blogs, and tweets square measure on the market in digital sort. Sentiment analysis is that the sphere of study that analyses consumer opinion, feedback, sentiment analysis, attitudes and feeling from communication. At intervals fraction second, we've got an inclination to classify the text in many manner in several seconds. It’s one all told the active analysis areas in communication method. There are a unit vary of techniques we would like to classify the opinion reviews. the most problematic within the sentiment analysis is to grasp the usage of negation and also the taxonomy of positive and negative sentiments recorded by the users in the group. the most aim of this paper boon a survey relating to the presently accessible technique, application and drawback that seem within the field of opinion mining.
Towards automatic extraction of harmony information from music signals

In this thesis we address the subject of automatic extraction of harmony information from audio recordings. We focus on chord symbol recognition and methods for evaluating algorithms designed to perform that task. We present a novel six-dimensional model for equal tempered pitch space based on concepts from neo-Riemannian music theory. This model is employed as the basis of a harmonic change detection function which we use to improve the performance of a chord recognition algorithm. We develop a machine readable text syntax for chord symbols and present a hand labelled chord transcription collection of 180 Beatles songs annotated using this syntax. This collection has been made publicly available and is already widely used for evaluation purposes in the research community. We also introduce methods for comparing chord symbols which we subsequently use for analysing the statistics of the transcription collection. To ensure that researchers are able to use our transcriptions with confidence, we demonstrate a novel alignment algorithm based on simple audio fingerprints that allows local copies of the Beatles audio files to be accurately aligned to our transcriptions automatically. Evaluation methods for chord symbol recall and segmentation measures are discussed in detail and we use our chord comparison techniques as the basis for a novel dictionary-based chord symbol recall calculation. At the end of the thesis, we evaluate the performance of fifteen chord recognition algorithms (three of our own and twelve entrants to the 2009 MIREX chord detection evaluation) on the Beatles collection. Results are presented for several different evaluation measures using a range of evaluation parameters. The algorithms are compared with each other in terms of performance but we also pay special attention to analysing and discussing the benefits and drawbacks of the different evaluation methods that are used.
Image reconstruction from optical speckle pattern based on deep learning

The image reconstruction of an object passed through a scattering media has attracted a lot of interest due to its potential application in corresponding fields. Recently, the deep learning techniques have been introduced into the computational imaging through scattering media and obtained good results. In this work, a modified U-Net model with dense blocks is designed under the framework of PyTorch, MobileNet is used as the backbone model. The network is trained by using mean square error (MSE) loss function. The features of image can be extracted and the information of every pixel of the speckle field can be classified and restored in this model through depth separable convolution. Thus, the speckle field can be reconstructed. The experimental results show that this network has good generalization ability for image reconstruction and improves the ability of information acquisition.
ALL ABOUT CONGESTION: MODELING DEPARTURE TIME DYNAMICS AND ITS INTEGRATION WITH TRAFFIC MODELS

Title of thesis: ALL ABOUT CONGESTION: MODELING DEPARTURE TIME DYNAMICS AND ITS INTEGRATION WITH TRAFFIC MODELS Chenfeng Xiong, Master of Science, 2011 Thesis directed by: Professor Lei Zhang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering This thesis comprehensively studies departure time choice models, and analyzes the consequent system-level peak spreading effects. In modeling, the school of discrete choice models successfully reveals the user heterogeneity. A mixture logit model and a latent class model based on the notion of carpooling preference have been estimated. Then a novel positive approach has been developed, which avoids the assumptions of rationality and focuses on how individuals actually make departure time decisions. Following this positive theory, we specify Bayesian learning, empirically estimate search start and stopping conditions that vary among users, and empirically derive search and decision rules from a joint reveal/stated-preference survey dataset. This innovative behavioral model is integrated with a traffic simulation model for a real-world study. Findings from this application reveal the potential of the proposed model to capture network dynamics and behavioral reactions. This integrated framework also provides a valuable tool for the evaluation of new transportation infrastructures, policies, and operation strategies. ALL ABOUT CONGESTION: MODELING DEPARTURE TIME DYNAMICS AND ITS INTEGRATION WITH TRAFFIC MODELS
The utility of six serum tumor markers in early detection of lung cancer

Background: Lung cancer has become the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. However, most of patients were diagnosed at advanced stage. Thus, novel lung cancer diagnostic tests, which can be used to screen individuals in early stage, are required.Methods: A total of 208 patients involving 161 cases of lung cancer and 47 cases of benign diseases were enrolled. Serum concentration of GTM, CETM, PTM, CTM, ETM and HTM were analyzed by kits according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.Results: The results showed significant difference in serum concentrations of GTM, CETM, PTM, CTM, ETM, and HTM between patients with lung cancer and benign diseases. In addition, when compared with benign diseases, higher levels of those six markers were also observed in patient with SCC and SCLC, but not for ADC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were further suggested a high sensitivity and specificity of six markers to identify lung cancer.Conclusion: The serum levels of GTM, CETM, PTM, CTM, ETM and HTM in lung cancer were significantly higher than those of benign diseases. Moreover, these six biomarkers showed a high sensitivity and specificity to identify a patient with malignant. These findings suggested that detection of those six biomarkers in serum might be helpful for differential diagnosis of lung cancer.
Implementing Server-Based Communication within Ethernet Switches

Server-based architectures have generated recently a considerable interest. They provide an effective means to support composability, i.e., the integration of diverse components while guaranteeing the required service-levels to each one. While common in CPU scheduling, the support for server-oriented architectures in the domain of real-time communication protocols is more limited due to distribution and specific medium access control and queues management policies within network controllers, network devices and protocol stacks. Consequently, server-based traffic scheduling is either not supported or supported in a limited and inefficient way, e.g., only basic servers, no hierarchical composition, static configuration. To overcome such limitations, the authors proposed recently the Server-SE protocol, which supports unconstrained server-based traffic scheduling over switched Ethernet, using the FTT-SE protocol and common off-the-shelf (COTS) switches as platform. This paper extends such work by bringing the servers inside a customized Ethernet switch. This option provides a high level of determinism, robustness and flexibility, being particularly suited to open systems as servers can easily be added, composed, adapted and removed at run-time. The proposal is validated with a prototype implementation and experimental results that show its effectiveness in enforcing correct resource reservations.
Deer

Despite their economic and aesthetic values, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can conflict with a variety of human interests. Deer cause damage to garden vegetables, fruit trees, flowerbeds, and ornamentals. They feed on agricultural crops, and when overabundant, can negatively impact native plant communities. Deer threaten human health and safety by their involvement in deer-vehicle collisions and transmission of diseases, such as Lyme disease.
Theoretical studies of high-power ultraviolet and infrared materials. Technical report no. 8, 1 July--31 December 1976

The main thrust of the program in the current report period has been on analyzing the expected performance of high-power reflectors and windows for use in the wavelength region from 250 to 350nm, in anticipating potential problems for these reflectors and windows, and in seeking solutions. Several exciting new results were obtained. The abstracts and summaries in the Introduction and Summary subsections of the individual sections provide an outline of the central results. The following list is intended to provide an overview and a very brief summary of the results obtained to date. (1) Theoretical results for the failure modes of reflectors and windows are derived and applied to a model system with wavelengths lambda = 250 to 350nm, pulse duration t(p) = 1 microsecs, repetition rate 100 Hz (to 1000 Hz), reflector absorptance . 005, extrinsic window material absorptance . 0001 (absorption coefficient beta = .0001/cm for a one-centimeter-thick window), and lambda/40 allowed optical phase distortion. (Author)
Multivariate and multidimensional analysis

About the book: Thirty leading international figures celebrate 50 years of achievement in biometry Over the past half-century, biometry has grown from a fledgling application of statistics to a vital and dynamic field that is relevant to some of the most important, substantive scientific and social issues that face us today. Statistical methodology has played a central role in the interpretation of experimental data in such dissimilar areas of biological and medical research as genetics, toxicology, neurology, and clinical trials. It has been applied in both the study and the solution of practical problems in the areas of public health, forestry, animal habitats, environmental contamination, and many more. In this book, 30 leading researchers--many of whom have made outstanding contributions to our understanding of the living world--discuss their specific branches of the subject and reflect on the exciting interaction of mathematics, statistics, and biology that has characterized the growth of biometry. Beginning with a brief history of the International Biometric Society and its journal Biometrics on the occasion of its 50th anniversary, the book goes on to offer a series of views on important developments in the field from two main perspectives: branches of statistical methodology that have played a central role in biometric applications, and branches of biology and medicine that have benefited from these applications. Selected topics are developed in depth, typically with a glance toward the future, and the book is extensively referenced throughout. Advances in Biometry is fascinating reading for students and researchers in applied statistics and mathematics, the biological and medical sciences, public health, and the environmental sciences.
Gesture-Based Robot Path Shaping

For many individuals, aging is frequently associated with diminished mobility and dexterity. Such decreases may be accompanied by a loss of independence, increased burden to caregivers, or institutionalization. It is foreseen that the ability to retain independence and quality of life as one ages will increasingly depend on environmental sensing and robotics which facilitate aging in place. The development of ubiquitous sensing strategies in the home underpins the promise of adaptive services, assistive robotics, and architectural design which would support a person’s ability to live independently as they age. Instrumentation (sensors and processing) which is capable of recognizing the actions and behavioral patterns of an individual is key to the effective component design in these areas. Recognition of user activity and the inference of user intention may be used to inform the action plans of support systems and service robotics within the environment. Automated activity recognition involves detection of events in a sensor data stream, conversion to a compact format, and classification as one of a known set of actions. Once classified, an action may be used to elicit a specific response from those systems designed to provide support to the user. It is this response that is the ultimate use of recognized activity. Hence, the activity may be considered as a command to the system. Extending this concept, a set of distinct activities in the form of hand and arm gestures may form the basis of a command interface for human-robot
Quantifying Soldier Shooting Performance of the M4 Carbine with and without a Vertical Grip

Abstract : The Human Research and Engineering Directorate s Dismounted Warrior Branch conducted a live-fire research study where subjects were asked to engage targets at various ranges using an M4 carbine with and without a vertical grip. The objectives of the study were to quantify subjects shooting performance of the M4 carbine with and without a vertical grip and to determine subjects subjective responses on their perceived shooting performance and preferences while shooting the M4 carbine. Of the 18 subjects, 6 were US Army Soldiers and 12 were officers from the local Special Response Team (a local police force at Aberdeen Proving Ground). All 18 subjects fired both weapon conditions in the reflexive posture at 10-, 25-, and 50-m targets and aimed posture at 50-, 100-, and 150-m targets. For the reflexive posture, all subjects conducted 3 training trials with 24 rounds per trial, firing at 24 targets exposed for 3.5 s and later 3 record trials with 24 rounds per trial firing at 24 targets. A similar scenario was conducted in the aimed posture only using 6-s target exposure times. Shooting performance data were collated by the range computer and analyzed for significant differences between weapon configurations. The results of this study showed that for the mean number of targets hit, mean radial error (distance from the point of aim on the E-silhouette target), mean time to shoot, and mean time to hit the target, there were no significant differences in any of the weapon configurations (M4 with and without a vertical grip) in either the reflexive or aimed firing postures, suggesting that perhaps the use of a vertical grip should be left to the discretion of each user.
Semantic relatedness retroactively boosts memory and promotes memory interdependence across episodes

Two fundamental issues in memory research concern when later experiences strengthen or weaken initial memories and when the two memories become linked or remain independent. A promising candidate for explaining these issues is semantic relatedness. Here, across five paired-associate learning experiments (N=1000), we systematically varied the semantic relatedness between initial and later cues, initial and later targets, or both. We found that learning retroactively benefited long-term memory performance for semantically related words (vs. unshown control words), and these benefits increased as a function of relatedness. Critically, memory dependence between initial and later pairs also increased with relatedness, suggesting that pre-existing semantic relationships promote interdependence for memories formed across episodes. We also found that modest retroactive benefits, but not interdependencies, emerged when subjects learned via studying rather than practice testing. These findings demonstrate that semantic relatedness during new learning retroactively strengthens old associations while scaffolding new ones into well-fortified memory traces.
Aviation Human-in-the-Loop Simulation Studies: Experimental Planning, Design,and Data Management

Researchers from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Flight Cognition Lab and the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA’s) Aerospace Human Factors Research Lab at the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute examined task and workload management by single pilots in very light jets, also called entry-level jets. This exploratory simulation study was also performed to generate baseline data to be used in future NextGen-oriented studies and was conducted in a Level 5 Cessna Citation Mustang flight training device (for simplicity, referred to as a “simulator” throughout the rest of this document). In addition to the use of the simulator, data collection included voice analysis, instantaneous self-assessment of perceived workload, NASA Task Load Index workload measures, researcher observations, final debriefing interviews, Cockpit Set-up Preferences questionnaires, Demographics questionnaires, and Automation Experiences and Perceptions questionnaires. Within the current paper, the process by which the human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation study was designed and the methodology used to collect and analyze the results are described. For a summary of the results, please refer to Burian, Pruchnicki, Rogers, et al. (2013). The purpose of this document is to describe much of the work required in the development of HITL simulation study materials, the design of experimental scenarios, and the management and transformation of data required in preparation for analysis.
Acupuncture with Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Recovery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Acupuncture is a well known treatment for ischemic stroke recovery, but evidence of its effectiveness remains limited. Methods: Rehabilitation training was provided to a control group. In Arm 1 and Arm 2, acupoint schemes were determined by a consensus of acupuncture experts and previous clinical research. Arm 1 was based on an acupoint summary of ancient literature, and Arm 2 was based on the summary of effective acupuncture points from modern RCT literature. Acupuncture was given on the acupoint. After acupuncture, the needles were left in for 30 minutes, and checked every 10 minutes. The three groups received treatment once a day, 5 times a week, for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was the National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), and the secondary outcomes were the Barthel index (BI) and the modified Ashworth scale (MAS). Outcomes were observed in patients both before and after treatment. Results: A total of 497 patients with ischemic stroke were randomized into either Arm 1 (159 cases), Arm 2 (173 cases) or a control group (165 cases). After 2 weeks of treatment, the NIHSS scores for Arm 1 were lower than those of the control group (P=0.017); the BI scores were higher in Arm 2 than they were in the control group (P=0.020). Additionally, there was no significant difference between Arm 1 and the control group for either the BI scores or the modified Ashworth scale scores (P>0.05). Conclusion: The clinical efficacy of Arm 1 and Arm 2 (acupuncture groups) was superior to that of the control group.