Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection rules for Non Technical Losses analysis in power utilities

This paper details a new procedure in the detection module of a general framework to detect and identify abnormalities which may be due to non-technical losses (NTL) in power utilities. Fraud detection techniques have been widely used in other businesses including credit card, telecommunications and insurance companies. However, there is very limited reporting on fraud detection in power utilities using customer databases. A combination of data mining tasks, including feature selection, clustering and classification techniques, have been used to test our proposed general framework and to develop detection rules to produce the most accurate benchmark to be used as a reference for individual customers. The contribution of this paper is the detection rules and the procedures using the detecting rules which have been detailed in our framework. Using real utility data, comparison results have been evaluated in order to check the classification accuracy of the proposed methods.
Roles of Deletion and Regulation in Creating Mixed Chimerism and Allograft Tolerance Using a Nonlymphoablative Irradiation-Free Protocol

The induction of mixed chimerism (MC) is a powerful and effective means to achieve transplantation tolerance in rodent models. Host conditioning with irradiation or cytotoxic drugs has been used in many protocols for chimeric induction across allogeneic barriers. The deletion of alloreactive T cell clones has been described as the main mechanism responsible for the induction of a stable MC. In this study, we demonstrate that a stable MC and skin allograft tolerance can be established across MHC barriers by a noncytotoxic, irradiation-free approach using costimulation blockade plus rapamycin treatment. By using an adoptive transfer model of skin allograft and using specific Vβ TCR probes, we demonstrated that deletion of donor-reactive cytopathic T cell clones is indeed profound in tolerant hosts. Nonetheless, the challenge of tolerant mixed chimeras with 5 million mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from naive syngeneic mice was neither able to abolish the stable MC nor to trigger skin allograft rejection, a hallmark of peripheral, not central tolerance. Furthermore, in an adoptive transfer model, MNLs harvested from tolerant hosts significantly inhibited the capacity of naive MNLs to reject same donor, but not third-party, skin allografts. Moreover, when we transplanted skin allografts from stable tolerant chimeras onto syngeneic immune-incompetent mice, graft-infiltrating T cells migrated from the graft site, expanded in the new host, and protected allografts from acute rejection by naive syngeneic MNLs. In this model, both deletional and immunoregulatory mechanisms are active during the induction and/or maintenance of allograft tolerance through creation of MC using a potentially clinically applicable regimen.
The effect of bee pollen consumption on functional morphology of small intestine of rats

In our experiment, the effects of bee pollen addition in diet on the functional morphology of small intestine in rats were investigated. The microscopic changes in the small intestine after administration of the pollen addition were evaluated. The experimental animals were divided into one control and three experimental groups of ten rats in each group. Feed given to animals in group A contained addition of pollen in concentration of 0.2%, in group B the addition of pollen was 0.5% and in group C 0.75%. Animals of the control group were fed without the pollen addition. Using the quantitative morphometrical methods, we have found statistically significant increase in the relative composition of epithelial tissue (P < 0.0001) and decrease in the connective tissue volume (P < 0.0001) of the small intestine in experimental groups B and C as compared to the control. The results of our work show that the addition of pollen in diet had concentration-dependent effects on the mucosa of small intestine and thus it could be used as a proof of another beneficial use of pollen as a feed supplement. Key-Words: pollen, rat, small intestine
Robust Distributed 3 D Mapping With Communication Constraints

Rapid autonomous exploration of challenging, GPS-denied environments such as underground mines provides essential information to search and rescue as well as defense operations. We pursue a distributed perception strategy for a team of robots to develop a consistent distributed map of these communication-constrained environments that in addition exhibit perceptual aliasing due to repetitive structure. Since each robot operates with respect to a local reference frame, robots estimate relative transforms to other robots’ reference frames using observed environment correspondences in order to construct a consistent distributed map. Perceptual aliasing, or the incorrect association of observations from different areas in the environment, complicates the estimation of relative transforms between robots. In this work, we extend a robust distributed mapping formulation to operate using 3D sensors under hardware network limitations for operation in the communication constrained, repetitive structure of an underground mine. Real-world communication constraints limit a robot from sharing large numbers of observations at high fidelity. Näıvely simplifying sensor information leads to loss of unique features and an increase in perceptual aliasing. Towards sharing the most relevant subset of information, we develop a scan utility function based on information theoretic measures to assess a scan’s ability to reduce map uncertainty and featurebased place recognition approaches to assess a scan’s potential for containing shared observations between robots. Using the utility function to rank scans, we formulate an offer-response-request framework, Communication Constrained Information Routing (CCIR), that ensures operation under stringent bandwidth restrictions. In simulation results, CCIR decreases the required network usage for distributed mapping to 20.7% of a fixed-rate down-selection approach. Given the ability to share rich 3D information over constrained networks, we pursue full 3D mapping via extensions to existing approaches including robustification techniques. The robust measures we introduce allow operation in the targeted mine environment even given substantial perceptual aliasing with outliers accounting for 98.1% of all detections. Furthermore, the developed CCIR framework allows robots to develop relative transforms while respecting network bandwidth constraints. Similar performance when operating using a fixed-rate down-selection approach over the same mine environment requires 7.69 times more data transmission. Additionally, to enable operation in environments that exhibit perceptual aliasing that exceeds the performance characteristics of the developed CCIR framework, this thesis details first results for an approach that moves away from feature-based techniques and introduces a methodology utilizing Hierarchical Gaussian Mixture Models. Through regeneration of the point cloud from the HGMM model and Generalized Iterative Closest Point algorithms, we show that we are able to detect multi-robot loop closures accurately with an outlier rate 34% of that of feature-based methods.
Surveillance of Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Pathogens in High-risk Neonates—Does it Make a Difference?

Classification of Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Pathogens Prematurely born infants treated in a neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) face an increased risk of colonization and subsequent local or systemic infection caused by multidrug-resistant Gramnegative pathogens (MDRGN). Current definitions of multidrugresistant Gram-negative pathogens do not allocate these isolates to a certain class of resistance due to the underlying resistance mechanism (eg, the expression of extended spectrum β-lactamases) but focus on their in vitro sensitivity to 4 different classes of bactericidal antibiotics: broad spectrum penicillins (piperacillin–tazobactam), third or fourth generation cephalosporines (cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefepime), carbapenems (in neonates meropenem) and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin). A Gram-negative pathogen in vitro resistant to 3 of those classes is defined as “3MDRGN,” a pathogen with in vitro resistance to all of them, including carbapenems, as “4 MDRGN. ” This approach seems very reasonable in terms that from a clinical perspective the underlying molecular mechanism of resistance is not as important as the remaining alternatives for first line treatment in case of infection. One obstacle in adjusting those categories (“3 MDRGN, 4 MDRGN”) to neonatal and pediatric patients is that fluoroquinolones are not licensed for first line treatment except in selected cases such as oral treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis or oral outpatient treatment of pediatric cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. Taking into account the recommendation to use fluoroquinolones only in selected patients and not empirically in neonates, the risk of colonization with a “2MRGN,” resistant to cephalosporines and broad spectrum penicillins, needs consideration that differs substantially from that in adult intensive care unit patients.
Characteristics and Future Cardiovascular Risk of Patients With Not‐At‐Goal Hypertension in General Practice in France: The AVANT'AGE Study

Although many studies focus on patients with resistant hypertension, general practitioners (GPs) are more likely to face patients in clinical practice with not‐at‐goal hypertension, whose antihypertensive treatment needs to be modified. However, information regarding such patients is limited. In the present study, 710 GPs in France each included their first 10 not‐at‐goal hypertensive patients, ie, the patients for whom they decided to modify antihypertensive treatment. The study population was composed of 7032 patients (58% men, mean age 62.4±11.5 years). Anthropometric and biologic measurements and clinical data were collected, and vascular age and 10‐year cardiovascular risk were estimated by standard formula. Of 7032 participants, cardiovascular risk factors were prevalent, with 15.1% current smokers, 26.1% obese, 22.8% with diabetes mellitus, 35.1% with dyslipidemia, 12.0% with left ventricular hypertrophy, and 4.9% with renal insufficiency. In the subgroup (n=4697) of patients aged between 30 and 74 years and undergoing primary cardiovascular prevention, vascular age was superior (13 to 28 years) when compared with chronological age in different subgroups. The patients' estimated 10‐year cardiovascular global risk was 25.3±13.6%, with 16.0±10.5% for coronary heart disease, 8.7±6.8% for myocardial infarction, 5.8±4.5% for stroke, and 6.8±6.6% for cardiovascular mortality. Patients with not‐at‐goal hypertension in primary care bear a heavy burden of cardiovascular diseases.
Feature Selection Algorithm Considering Trial and Individual Differences for Machine Learning of Human Activity Recognition

In recent years, many studies have been performed on the automatic classification of human body motions based on inertia sensor data using a combination of inertia sensors and machine learning; training data is necessary where sensor data and human body motions correspond to one another. It can be difficult to conduct experiments involving a large number of subjects over an extended time period, because of concern for the fatigue or injury of subjects. Many studies, therefore, allow a small number of subjects to perform repeated body motions subject to classification, to acquire data on which to build training data. Any classifiers constructed using such training data will have some problems associated with generalization errors caused by individual and trial differences. In order to suppress such generalization errors, feature spaces must be obtained that are less likely to generate generalization errors due to individual and trial differences. To obtain such feature spaces, we require indices to evaluate the likelihood of the feature spaces generating generalization errors due to individual and trial errors. This paper, therefore, aims to devise such evaluation indices from the perspectives. The evaluation indices we propose in this paper can be obtained by first constructing acquired data probability distributions that represent individual and trial differences, and then using such probability distributions to calculate any risks of generating generalization errors. We have verified the effectiveness of the proposed evaluation method by applying it to sensor data for butterfly and breaststroke swimming. For the purpose of comparison, we have also applied a few available existing evaluation methods. We have constructed classifiers for butterfly and breaststroke swimming by applying a support vector machine to the feature spaces obtained by the proposed and existing methods. Based on the accuracy verification we conducted with test data, we found that the proposed method produced significantly higher F-measure than the existing methods. This proves that the use of the proposed evaluation indices enables us to obtain a feature space that is less likely to generate generalization errors due to individual and trial differences.
The Use of Simple Thin Partially Reflective Surfaces With Positive Reflection Phase Gradients to Design Wideband, Low-Profile EBG Resonator Antennas

Partially reflecting surfaces (PRS) with positive reflection phase gradients are investigated for the design of wideband, low-profile electromagnetic band gap (EBG) resonator antennas. Thin single-dielectric-slab PRSs with printed patterns on both sides are proposed to minimize the PRS thickness and to simplify fabrication. Three such surfaces, each with printed dipoles on both sides, have been designed to obtain different positive reflection phase gradients and reflection magnitude levels in the operating frequency bands. These surfaces, and the EBG resonator antennas formed from them, are analyzed theoretically and experimentally to highlight the design compromises involved and to reveal the relationships between the antenna peak gain, gain bandwidth, the reflection profile (i.e., positive phase gradient and magnitude) of the surface and the relative dimensions of dipoles. A small feed antenna, designed to operate in the cavity field environment, provides good impedance matching (|S11| <; -10 dB) across the operating frequency bands of all three EBG resonator antennas. Experimental results confirm the wideband performance of a simple, low-profile EBG resonator antenna. Its PRS thickness is only 1.6 mm, effective bandwidth is 12.6%, measured peak gain is 16.2 dBi at 11.5 GHz and 3 dB gain bandwidth is 15.7%.
Identification of the putative RNA polymerase of Cryphonectria hypovirus in a solubilized replication complex

Hypovirulence of the pathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, caused by the unencapsidated viral double-stranded RNA of Cryphonectria hypovirus (CHV1), provides a means for biological control of chestnut blight. We report here the isolation of a replication complex of the virus solubilized from host membranes. The conserved regions of the putative RNA polymerase encoded by strain CHV1-713 were cloned and expressed, and the recombinant protein was purified and used to produce polyclonal antibodies. The CHV1 replication complex was solubilized from a membrane fraction of CHV1-infected C. parasitica hyphae. Antibodies raised against the putative viral polymerase reacted on a Western immunoblot with an 87-kDa polypeptide of the replication complex but not with comparable preparations from an isogenic uninfected strain. Analysis of the polypeptide composition of the complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining revealed a number of other polypeptides along with the double-stranded RNA of the virus. We conclude that this 87-kDa polypeptide is the putative RNA polymerase encoded on open reading frame B of CHV1.
Estimating Ground Inclination Using Strain Sensors with Fourier Series Representation

An embedded measurement system for foot orthosis during gait is proposed. Strain gauge sensors were mounted on a foot orthosis to give information about strain in the sagittal plane. The ankle angle of the orthosis was fixed and strain characteristics were therefore changed when walking on slopes. With a Fourier series representation of the strain during a gait cycle, ground angle at different walking speeds and inclinations could be estimated with similar accuracy as previous studies using kinematically based estimators. Furthermore, if the angle of the mechanical foot ankle was changed, the sensing technique still could estimate ground angle without need for recalibration as opposed to kinematical sensors. This indicates that embedded strain sensors can be used for online control of future orthoses with inclination adaptation. Also, there would be no need to recalibrate the sensing system when changing shoes with different heel heights.
Metabolism of 14C-azoxystrobin in water at different pH

Metabolism of 14C-azoxystrobin was studied in water at pH 4, 7 and 9. The study suggested that volatilization losses of azoxystrobin were very low (3%) during 130 days of incubation. Only 2.5–4.2% of azoxystrobin was mineralised to CO2 and pH of water did not have much effect on rate of mineralisation. The dissipation of azoxystrobin in water of all the three pHs followed first order kinetic with half-life values ranging from 143 to158 d; degradation was the fastest at pH 9. Azoxystrobin acid, a major metabolite, was detected 4–7 day onwards and its concentration increased up to 130 days. The formation of azoxystrobin acid was more and faster under alkaline (pH 9) condition than neutral (pH 7) or acidic (pH 4) conditions.
Tsg101, a homologue of ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes, binds the L domain in HIV type 1 Pr55Gag

Ubiquitination appears to be involved in virus particle release from infected cells. Free ubiquitin (Ub), as well as Ub covalently bound to a small fraction of p6 Gag, is detected in mature HIV particles. Here we report that the p6 region in the Pr55Gag structural precursor polyprotein binds to Tsg101, a putative Ub regulator that is involved in trafficking of plasma membrane-associated proteins. Tsg101 was found to interact with Gag in (i) a yeast two-hybrid assay, (ii) in vitro coimmunoprecipitation by using purified Pr55Gag and rabbit reticulocyte lysate-synthesized Tsg101, and (iii) in vivo in the cytoplasm of COS cells transfected with gag. The PTAPP motif [or late (L) domain] within p6, which is required for release of mature virus from the plasma membrane, was the determinant for binding Pr55Gag. The N-terminal region in Tsg101, which is homologous to the Ubc4 class of Ub-conjugating (E2) enzymes, was the determinant of interaction with p6. Mutation of Tyr-110 in Tsg101, present in place of the active-site Cys that binds Ub in E2 enzymes, and other residues unique to Tsg101, impaired p6 interaction, indicating that features that distinguish Tsg101 from active E2 enzymes were important for binding the viral protein. The results link L-domain function in HIV to the Ub machinery and a specific component of the cellular trafficking apparatus.
Plasma Free Fatty Acids Decrease Insulin-Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake by Suppressing Glycolysis in Conscious Rats

The effects of elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels on insulin-stimulated whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose transport, glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis were studied in conscious rats during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with (n = 26) or without (n = 23) Intralipid and heparin infusion. Whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis were estimated using d-[3-3H]glucose and 2-[14C]deoxyglucose (study 1), and glucose transport activity was assessed by analyzing plasma kinetics of l-[14C]glucose and 3-O-[3H]-methylglucose (study 2). Plasma FFA levels decreased during the clamps without intralipid but increased above basal during the clamps with Intralipid infusion (P < 0.01 for both). Elevated plasma FFA levels decreased insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose uptake by ∼ 15% and ∼ 20% during physiological and maximal insulin clamps, respectively (P < 0.01). Similarly, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was also decreased in individual skeletal muscles with Intralipid infusion (P < 0.05). The most profound effect of elevated plasma FFA levels was a 30–50% suppression of insulin-stimulated glycolysis in whole body and individual skeletal muscles in both clamps. In contrast, physiological insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis was increased with elevated plasma FFA levels in whole body and individual skeletal muscles (P < 0.05). Glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) levels were increased in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles with Intralipid infusion in both clamps (P < 0.05). Intralipid infusion did not alter the time profiles of plasma l-glucose and 3-O-methylglucose after an intravenous injection during maximal insulin clamps, and compartmental analysis indicated no significant effect of elevated FFA levels on glucose transport activity in insulin-sensitive tissues (P > 0.05). Thus, elevated plasma FFA decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle by suppressing glycolysis and increasing G-6-P levels. These findings suggest that the classic glucose-fatty acid cycle was the predominant mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of FFA on skeletal muscle glucose uptake.
Implementation of a prototype glomerular filtration rate application to monitor creatinine kinetic dynamics in critically ill patients

It has always been desirable for clinicians to ascertain whether glomerular filtration rate has recovered or still depressed at the bedside as increase in serum creatinine often indicates acute kidney injury to a clinician. In recent years, several clinical studies have developed mathematical models to simulate the creatinine response to changes in glomerular filtration rate which includes the estimated glomerular filtration rate Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, the Chen-kinetic estimated GFR model and the modified Chen-Pianta-Endre-Pickering-Bukley-Pecke kinetic estimated GFR model. Another study also showed that the ratio of creatinine excretion rates to creatinine production rates may predict changes in plasma concentration. The aim of this study is to allow clinicians to gauge the performance of glomerular filtration rate estimation using the aforementioned equations and models to predict worsening of renal function, indicated by a low kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate or creatinine production rates less than unity, or recovery of kidney function, indicated by high kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate. In order to achieve this a mobile software is developed to aid data collection and calculation for the clinical study based on the aforementioned models. This paper summarises the implementation details of the native application development and presents the graphical user interface of the system in practice.