Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Value of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Histogram Analysis in the Differential Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Readout-Segmented Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

Background This study aims to explore the utility of whole-lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis for differentiating nasopharyngeal lymphoma (NPL) from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) following readout-segmented echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging (RESOLVE sequence). Methods Thirty-eight patients with NPL and 62 patients with NPC, who received routine head-and-neck MRI and RESOLVE (b-value: 0 and 1,000 s/mm2) examinations, were retrospectively evaluated as derivation cohort (February 2015 to August 2018); another 23 patients were analyzed as validation cohort (September 2018 to December 2019). The RESOLVE data were obtained from the MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MR system (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). Fifteen parameters derived from the whole-lesion histogram analysis (ADCmean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, ADC1, ADC10, ADC20, ADC30, ADC40, ADC50, ADC60, ADC70, ADC80, ADC90, and ADC99) were calculated for each patient. Then, statistical analyses were performed between the two groups to determine the statistical significance of each histogram parameter. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic performance of each histogram parameter for distinguishing NPL from NPC and further tested in the validation cohort; calibration of the selected parameter was tested with Hosmer–Lemeshow test. Results NPL exhibited significantly lower ADCmean, variance, ADC1, ADC10, ADC20, ADC30, ADC40, ADC50, ADC60, ADC70, ADC80, ADC90 and ADC99, when compared to NPC (all, P < 0.05), while no significant differences were found on skewness and kurtosis. Furthermore, ADC99 revealed the highest diagnostic efficiency, followed by ADC10 and ADC20. Optimal diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.790, sensitivity = 91.9%, and specificity = 63.2%) could be achieved when setting ADC99 = 1,485.0 × 10−6 mm2/s as the threshold value. The predictive performance was maintained in the validation cohort (AUC = 0.817, sensitivity = 94.6%, and specificity = 56.2%) Conclusion Whole-lesion ADC histograms based on RESOLVE are effective in differentiating NPC from NPL.
The Effects of Feeding Antibiotic on the Intestinal Microbiota of Weanling Pigs

This study investigated the use of carbadox in the diet of nursery pigs. Ten pens of weanling piglets were assigned to 2 treatments: one containing carbadox and another without it. From days 21 to 35 of age, the first group of piglets was fed carbadox at 55 mg/kg of diet; followed by 27.5 mg/kg from days 36 to 49; and 0 mg/kg from days 50 to 63. The second group of pigs was fed a control diet without carbadox from days 21 to 63 of age. On days 35, 49, and 63, fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of 2 piglets in each pen, and the samples were subjected to microbial DNA sequencing and metagenomic functional analysis using the 16S rRNA gene. Feed conversion from days 21 to 63 was improved (P = 0.04) in the group of piglets fed carbadox. Faith's phylogenetic diversity was similar (P = 0.89) for both groups of piglets on day 35, but it was diminished (P = 0.01) in the carbadox-fed group on day 49; however, following the complete removal of carbadox from their diets, this microbial diversity index was once again found to be similar (P = 0.27) in both groups on day 63. Likewise, abundances of Slackia, Peptococcus, Catenibacterium, Coprococcus, and Blautia were all similar between the two groups (P ≥ 0.40) on day 35, but were smaller in the carbadox group (P ≤ 0.05) on day 49; however, on day 63, abundances of all these genera were once again similar (P ≥ 0.29). Metabolic pathways involved in cellular growth, death, and genetic information processing (translation) were found to be similarly expressed in the microbiota of piglets from both groups on day 35 (P ≥ 0.52), but decreased in the carbadox group on day 49 (P ≤ 0.05), and were similar again in both groups on day 63 (P ≥ 0.51). These results revealed that feeding carbadox to piglets during the first 4 weeks after weaning significantly affected their fecal microbiotas; however, 2 weeks after the removal of carbadox, those changes tended to disappear, indicating that the shifts were carbadox-dependent.
Toward the Development of a General Framework for Modeling Molecular Weight and Compositional Changes in Free-Radical Copolymerization Reactions

Abstract Synthetic copolymers are produced as a mixture of macromolecules with varying degree of polymerization, copolymer composition, and degree of branching. The ability to predict molecular properties in a copolymerization process as a function of the reactor operating conditions is of considerable economic importance to the polymer industry.
Revenue diversification or revenue concentration? Impact on financial health of social enterprises

ABSTRACT Researchers have paid little attention to the situation of revenue diversification in social enterprises. This paper addresses this issue by exploring the nature of revenue diversity in social enterprises in China, and its relationship with financial health. A logistic regression analysis for a sample of 372 social enterprises indicated that the enterprises had low levels of revenue diversification, and their revenue structures varied among the subsectors in which they operate. Revenue diversification had a significant negative impact on financial health, but the effects were more than offset after considering the total income. Implications for social entrepreneurs are discussed.
Preparing School-Based Teacher Educators: Mentor Teachers’ Perceptions of Mentoring and Mentor Training

ABSTRACT Teacher education is in the midst of a national shift toward clinically centered teacher preparation, answering recent calls from professional associations, scholarly and policy reports, and accreditation agencies. This model of educator preparation centers efforts in clinical or school-based settings—rather than in university-based contexts—while also purposefully intersecting teacher candidates’ opportunities for academic learning and professional applications of pedagogical skills. It is within this context that the roles school-based teacher educators play in clinical teacher preparation are gaining increased attention. As the key link between learning theory and implementation of pedagogical strategies, mentor teachers are recognized by university-based teacher educators as “experts of practice. ” Yet the roles of the mentor teacher in teacher education endeavors—and specifically their preparation for such essential and valued roles—are largely unexplored. In this article, the authors outline the first year of their now three-year effort to respond to these traditions and assumptions by codesigning a cost-effective and sustainable approach to training PK–12 mentor teachers to serve as boundary-spanning, school-based teacher educators. They also describe participants’ developing perspectives on mentoring and their assessments of the impacts of the training based on an examination of the first-year implementation. They conclude with a consideration of the implications of these initial training efforts for their own contexts, others’ settings, and the broader field of educator preparation.
Controlling three-step harmonic emission for intense attosecond pulses using water window harmonic spectra

ABSTRACT Based on the three-step model of high harmonic generation, we propose a scheme to improve the harmonic spectra and to produce the intense water window attosecond pulses. It is found that, firstly, by introducing the single chirp and two chirps modulations, the instantaneous frequency on the falling part of the laser field is decreased. As a result, the electron can obtain larger energy during the acceleration-recombination process, showing a broad harmonic plateau in the water window region. Secondly, by properly adding a third controlling IR or UV pulse, the ionization process can be controlled and a larger ionization probability can be found, which leads to the enhancement of the harmonic intensity by 1 or 2 orders of magnitudes, respectively. Most important, using this scheme, the harmonic plateau is only contributed by the intense single harmonic emission peak, which can support the generation of an intense 36 as pulse.
The impact of working from home during COVID-19 on work and life domains: an exploratory study on Hong Kong

Abstract The pandemic sweeping the world, COVID-19, has rendered a large proportion of the workforce unable to commute to work, as to mitigate the spread of the virus. This has resulted in both employers and employees seeking alternative work arrangements, especially in a fast-paced metropolitan like Hong Kong. Due to the pandemic, most if not all workers experienced work from home (WFH). Hence WFH has become a policy priority for most governments. In doing so, the policies must be made keeping in mind the practicality for both employers and employees. However, this current situation provides unique insight into how well working from home works, and may play a vital role in future policies that reshape the current structure of working hours, possibly allowing for more flexibility. Using an exploratory framework and a SWOT analysis, this study investigates the continuing experience of the employer and employees face in Hong Kong. A critical insight and related recommendations have been developed for future policy decisions. It will also critically investigate if this work arrangement will remain as a transitory element responding to the exceptional circumstances, or whether it could be a permanent arrangement.
Event‐driven data alteration detection using block‐chain

With the rapid development of Internet and Internet‐based applications, accessing of the file become easy from various locations at the same time around the globe, however, maintaining of data integrity turn into a challenging issue. In order to maintain a data integrity in a large database(s), database file is being kept to secure with the presence of control policies and firewalls, which basically limit the outside users with more strict control policies. Despite these control policies, there still lies a threat to the security of the data through an insider attack. An insider attack refers to someone who is a part of the organization and can have access to the resources (network, system, etc.) with inside knowledge of the system or knows the administrative rights, and thus interferes with the data, now become one of the most critical challenging issues for the organization as such attacks are hard to notice. An insider attacker is more crucial to the organization as they can perform espionage, embezzlement, theft of the intellectual property, disclosing of the research, and development being carried out in the organization, and sabotage. Therefore, to highlight this, an Event‐Driven Data Alteration Detection technique using the tamper resistance property of Block‐chain technology is being presented in this paper. The model has been tested and found that if any unauthorized alteration in the database is being made then it can be detected using the Block‐chain Database API. To make it robust to insider attacks we have implemented and tested the model on a web‐based application. A machine learning based technique will be considered for detection in the future scope of this paper. The results obtained after experiments show the performance of the proposed architecture and the comparison outcome shows that the proposed architecture is better than related models.
Integration and Distribution of Carbon Nanotubes in Solution-Processed Polyaniline/Carbon Nanotube Composites

Composites of high-molecular-weight polyaniline (PANI) and single-walled carbon nanotubes as well as composites of PANI and multiwalled carbon nanotubes of various weight percentages were prepared using solution processing. The integration and distribution of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the PANI matrix were investigated by various characterization methods. CNT distribution was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, while CNT dispersion and alignment were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The specific gravity of the composite material was measured using a density gradient column, which indicates how well the nanotubes are integrated into the polymer matrix. Results indicate that effective integration and distribution of CNTs into a PANI matrix can be achieved with solution processing for composites containing between 1 and 5% CNTs by weight.
Bioremediation of contaminated water with unnatural dye using blue‐green alga spirulina platensis

Blue‐green alga Spirulina platensis as a cheap biosorbent was tested for its ability to remove a common azo dye, C.I. Basic Red 46 (C.I. BR 46), from contaminated water. Dye biosorption was a quick process and biosorption reaction reached equilibrium within 60 min. The pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, logistic, and intraparticle diffusion models were used for the kinetic evaluation. The logistic model presented the best fit to the experimental data. The biosorption data were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin‐Radushkevich isotherm models. Langmuir model fitted better to the equilibrium data than Freundlich model. The maximum dye biosorption capacity was obtained as 25.46 mg g−1 for the biosorbent. Dubinin‐Radushkevich model showed that the predominant mechanism of the dye biosorption was likely physical biosorption. This study suggests promising biosorption potential of S. platensis for C.I. BR 46 removal from contaminated effluents. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1414–1419, 2015
A Microfluidic, Reversibly Stretchable, Large‐Area Wireless Strain Sensor

This article describes the implementation and characterization of a new self‐contained large‐area wireless strain sensor, operating around 1.5 GHz, based on the concept of multi‐layer microfluidic stretchable radiofrequency electronics (μFSRFEs). Compared to existing solutions, the presented integrated strain sensor is capable of remotely detecting repeated high tensile dynamic strains of up to 15% over very large surfaces or movable parts, and gets rid of all hardwiring to external storage or data processing equipment. Unlike conventional electronic devices, the major part of the sensor is a mechanically reconfigurable and reversibly deformable patch antenna, which consists of two layers of liquid metal alloy filled microfluidic channels in a silicone elastomer. A simplified radiofrequency (RF) transmitter composed of miniaturized rigid active integrated circuits (ICs) associated with discrete passive components was assembled on a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) and then heterogeneously integrated to the antenna. The elastic patch antenna can withstand repeated mechanical stretches while still maintaining its electrical function to some extent, and return to its original state after removal of the stress. Additionally, its electrical characteristics at frequency of operation are highly sensitive to mechanical strains. Consequently, not only is this antenna a radiator for transmitting and receiving RF signals like any other conventional antennas, but also acts as a reversible large‐area strain sensor in the integrated device. Good electrical performance of the standalone antenna and the RF transmitter sub‐module was respectively verified by experiments. Furthermore, a personal computer (PC)‐assisted RF receiver for receiving and processing the measured data was also designed, implemented, and evaluated. In the real‐life demonstration, the integrated strain sensor successfully monitored periodically repeated human body motion, and wirelessly transmitted the measured data to the custom‐designed receiver at a distance of 5m in real‐time.
WAGNER'S LAW: AN ECONOMETRIC TEST FOR MEXICO, 1925-1976

Wagner's Law as it applies to developing countries has normally been tested employing cross-sectional data. However, a conceptually superior test of this hypothesis is to examine the same country at different levels of development using time-series analysis. Although this paper demonstrates that Wagner's principle is somewhat useful in at least three of six interpretations in describing Mexico's public sector growth over the period 1925-1976, the results appear to disprove the more relevant "share" versions. On the other hand, linkage is observed between public expenditure growth and changes in Mexico's industrial and demographic structures, changes which Wagner felt would lead to increasing state activity.
EFFECTS OF THE 1981 DEPRECIATION REVISIONS ON THE TAXATION OF INCOME FROM BUSINESS CAPITAL

The new depreciation system adopted as part of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 will produce effective tax rates on new fixed investment estimated at 16 to 21 percent, well below the 46 percent statutory corporate rate and about half the rates estimated under prior law. Effective tax rates on most equipment investments will be negative and the new system tends to increase the differentials in tax rates by asset and by industry. Based on unitary elasticity assumptions, the deadweight loss from the misallocation of capital is estimated at $3.5 to $3.8 billion at 1980 price and income levels, an amount somewhat larger than the $2.7 to $3.3 billion estimated for prior law.
RECENT STATE EXPERIENCE WITH LOCAL TAX AND EXPENDITURE CONTROLS

State government controls on the taxing and spending powers of local units of government within its jurisdiction are long established features of our intergovernmental fiscal system. These controls have traditionally varied in form, encompassing property tax rate limits, debt ceilings, and outright prohibition of certain types of taxes at the local level. The early 1970's have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the State control of local taxing and spending power and have seen new varieties of controls introduced. In fact, since 1970, 13 States and the District of Columbia have enacted some
AMNESTY AND CREATIVE TAX ADMINISTRATION

I'M I'm very particularly honored pleased to be here to be today. addressAnd I' particularly p eased to be addressing the subject of amnesty in the wake of the Senate Finance Committee Tax Reform Plan. Chairman Packwood has not only taken a bold step to improve the equity of our tax system from a policy perspective, but as Rosemary has already pointed out, and with the help of Senators Baucus, Bradley and Moynihan in particular, he has broadened the scope of tax reform to include the issue of more effective compliance, better taxpayer service and more adequate funding for more professional federal tax administration. Significant 1RS funding increases are included in the plan: • A novel trust fund would be endowed, insulating substantial additional 1RS funding from the vagaries of GrammRudman and the vulnerabilities of the politicians getting cold feet, and mandating better audit coverage, faster refund processing, and expanded taxpayer assistance. • New information reporting requirements and tougher penalties are provided. • And the currently informal policy of criminal immunity for voluntary disclosure of taxes due will be man-
Fog computing security and privacy for the Internet of Thing applications: State‐of‐the‐art

Fog nodes are implemented near to end‐users Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which mitigate the impact of low latency, location awareness, and geographic distribution unsupported features of many IoT applications. Moreover, Fog computing decreases the data offload into the Cloud, which decreases the response time. Despite these benefits, Fog computing faces many challenges in meeting security and privacy requirements. These challenges occur due to the limitations of Fog computing resources. In fact, Fog computing may add new security and privacy issues. Although many papers have discussed the Fog security and privacy issues recently, most of these papers have discussed these issues at a very high level. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of Fog privacy and security issue. In this survey, we review the literature on Fog computing to draw the state‐of‐the‐art of the security and privacy issues raised by Fog computing. The findings of this survey reveal that studying Fog computing is still in its infant stage. Many questions are yet to be answered to address the privacy and security challenges of Fog computing.
MEASURING STATE TAX BURDENS

/^YNE of the questions posed by business men, politicians, and students of public finance is: " Are taxes in this state higher than in that one? " In order to answer the question and related queries, two measures of variation in interstate tax burdens have been frequently used: taxes per capita and taxes as a per cent of income. Total tax collections in one state may be compared meaningfully to total tax collections in another state only if the two states are reasonably alike in population or income. Per capita taxes gauge variation in tax burden by reducing all states to a common denominator of population. Taxes as a per cent of income is a standard which uses personal income in each state as a common basis. Both measures have their advantages and both have their shortcomings. Often the two measures for any one state are cited in conjunction with one another. A more useful device for comparing interstate tax burdens is an index of tax sacrifice suggested in this article, which is a synthesis of the two above-mentioned measures. Measures of interstate variations in tax burden rely on three basic figures, all of them estimates: population, personal income, and tax collections. In putting together estimates of population, income, and tax collections, a com-
The mechanism of the long spark formation

The aim of this paper is to present the state of the art of the research on the physics of long sparks. The reference configuration is a non uniform long gap subjected to positive impulse voltages, which is the laboratory schematization of the most critical conditions occurring in the design of EHV apparatus. Under these conditions, the spark formation develops through different subsequent phases : the inception of the first ionization phenomena, the development of corona streamers, the formation of the corona stem and of the leader channel, the leader propagation, the time-evolution of the leader characteristics, the appearance of channel reilluminations, the final jump and the transition to the highly conductive spark channel. Each phase is governed by a complex interaction of electromagnetic, hydrodynamic and thermodynamic elementary processes. Each chapter of the paper presents both the experimental results and the theoretical models which have been obtained for each single phase. In recent years a number of sophisticated measuring systems have been used to study the local conditions of the different discharge phases (space charge distribution, electric field, electron energy, gas temperature and density, etc.) : the first part of each chapter presents a summary of these experimental results, in order to define the physical conditions under which the discharge develops, and to select the elementary phenomena which appear to be dominant. The second part of each chapter presents the different theoretical models, which have been obtained by simplifying the basic electromagnetic, hydrodynamic and thermodynamic equations, according to the dominant phenomena. The good agreement between computed and experimental results, over a large variety of test conditions, certify the large steps forward, which have been taken in the last years by the research on the physics of long sparks. The final objective, i.e. the formulation of a complete breakdown model, able to predict the discharge features in all the possible practical configurations, starting from the physics of the elementary phenomena, is not yet realized, but it appears as a realistic possibility of the further development of the research in this area.