Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coevolution of Weathering Front and Water Table

Water is known to play an essential role in initiating and maintaining subsurface weathering reactions. However, the interaction between the weathering front and the water table is unclear and under intense debate. Here, we present a high‐fidelity, 3D image of a variably saturated weathering front beneath a granite terrain in the Laramie Range, Wyoming, constructed using full‐3D ambient‐noise adjoint tomography and calibrated with data from an extensive drilling and hydraulic well testing effort. The imaged weathering front between saprolite and weathered bedrock is overall shallower than the water table under ridge but deeper than water table under valleys. We propose that downward‐advancing weathering front coevolves with water table in a positive cycle that gradually flattens the water table, enhances the rate of groundwater drainage, and exposes underlying bedrock to weathering. As a result, we expect this cycle to become “sluggish” with time as water table gradient decreases.
Experimental observation on a small-scale thermoacoustic prime mover

A miniature thermoacoustic prime mover, consuming heat to radiate sound, may be considered as a potential way of heat management in microcircuits because of its simplicity and stability. A prototype with variable resonant tube length of 10 to 25 cm was built, and experiments were carried out to observe its performance, such as onset temperature, oscillation amplitude and operating frequency. The results with atmospheric air showed that proper structures and operating conditions can make the system start an oscillation at a temperature lower than 100 °C, which proves the feasibility of potential usage in electronic units. The influences of stack position, heat input power or tube inclination on the oscillation amplitude, onset temperature and operating frequency are also presented.
Effects of shoulder translation on lumbar moment for two dimensional modeling strategies during lifting

The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop a dynamic 2D link segment model for lifting using the constraints of four sensors from an electromagnetic motion analysis system; 2) evaluate the magnitude of shoulder movement in the sagittal plane during lifting; and 3) investigate the effect of shoulder translation on trunk acceleration and lumbar moments calculated by the developed model and comparing it with two separate 2D dynamic link segment models. Six women and six men lifted loads of 2 kg, 7 kg, 12 kg and 2 kg, 12 kg, 22 kg respectively, under stoop, squat and freestyle conditions. Trunk orientation and position, as well as shoulder position were monitored during all lifts using the Polhemus FASTRAK™. Results indicated that average range of motion was 0 05 0 02 m in the horizontal direction and 0 03 0 02 m in the vertical direction. Shoulder position relative to T1 was located 0 07 0 02 m anteriorly, and 0 02 0 04 m superiorly (0.06 and 0.00 m for males and 0.08 and 0.04 m for females, respectively). To estimate the effect of shoulder motion on trunk acceleration and L5/S1 moments, three two-dimensional dynamic link segment models were developed within the constraints of the electromagnetic tracking system and compared. Trunk segment endpoints were definedas L5/S1 and either T1 or shoulder depending on model type. For trunk accelerations, average differences between models were greater than 40 deg/s 2 in 70.4% of all lifts. However these large differences in trunk accelerations did not translate into significantly different moment calculations between models. Average peak dynamic L5/S1 moment differences between models were smaller than 4 Nm for all lifting conditions which failed to be statistically significant ( 0 05). The model type did not have a statistically significant effect on peak L5/S1 moments. Therefore, despite important shoulder joint translations, peak L5/S1 moments were not significantlyaffected.
Towards a predictive model for functional loss after oral cancer treatment

For oral cavity and oropharynx tumours the estimation of functional inoperability is a key factor in treatment planning. Functional inoperability means the tumour can be resected radically, but the expected functional loss is unacceptable, causing a different treatment, mostly chemoradiation, is proposed. Due to patient-specific factors the estimation of the functional results are uncertain. To reach objective and accurate predictions the project “Virtual Therapy for Head & Neck Cancer” was launched, which aims on the development of a patient-specific biomechanical model of the oral cavity and oropharynx, on which a virtual treatment can be performed, resulting in a visualization of the functional results. The individual characteristics make an accurate prediction of postoperative functionalities difficult. In the framework of this dissertation, studies are performed to obtain knowledge on variability in anatomical structures and innervation of musculature, and ways to implement them in a biomechanical model. Using finite element modelling realistic tongue motions as well as the effect of fibrotic tissue could be simulated. Furthermore, patient-friendly surface EMG contains sufficient information to predict positions and motions of the lips. In future research those signals can be used to drive the biomechanical model. Peroperative stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve and simultaneous measurements of tongue motions indicated that more anatomic variations of this nerve exist than initially thought. Even the bilateral branching pattern within the patient can differ. A setup to analyse the range of motion of the tongue was created and proven to be reliable. This setup can be used to develop a grading system in which patients can be categorized in risk levels for functional problems. This will also serve as an important feedback to evaluate the biomechanical model. The studies, described in this dissertation lead to methodologies, which can be performed clinically to acquire patient-specific data regarding muscle innervations and the mobility of the lips and tongue. Furthermore, more knowledge is obtained on the anatomical diversity, but also on the possibilities to incorporate patient-specific information in biomechanical models, with the ability to perform virtual treatments.
Property portfolio dynamics: the flexible management of inflexible assets

Resource flexibility is increasingly vital to meet the ever changing needs of organisations. Property is, by its nature, a highly inflexible resource. It needs to become not only more physically flexible, but also more functionally and financially flexible. The paper argues that core property, which is functionally flexible, should be supported by peripheral property, which is financially flexible. A framework for evaluating the flexibilities of a property portfolio is proposed as a basis for assessing when and where flexibility is required.
CMOS exponential current-to-voltage converter

A CMOS current-to-voltage converter with exponential characteristics is presented. The exponential behaviour is achieved using a pseudo-exponential function and is implemented with two back-to-back connected current mirrors. The circuit used is in the design of a compact low-voltage low-power automatic gain control circuit (AGC) with a control range of /spl sim/30 dB.
A COMPLETE HYSTERICAL CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADINGS

A hysterical constitutive law for reinforced concrete subjected to earthquake loadings in both compression and tension is presented in this study. This constitutive law is selected to provide improvements on modeling the hysterical behavior of concrete structures in the finite element codes under earthquake loadings. The fundamental framework of the presented concept is the stress-based elastoplastic- damage-fracture (EPFD) theory. In this theory applied relationships in compression domain include the elasto-plastic-damage behavior and in tension domain, include the elasto-plastic-fracture behavior. The main novelty of the proposed hysterical constitutive law for reinforced concrete lies in the fact that the foundation of constitutive formulations are based on thermodynamics framework and all the required parameters can be obtained through simple formal tests. In the case of earthquake loading, the 1/3 scaled wall model, which was tested on the shaking table at C.E. A. , has been derived from experimental results obtained by considering the dependency of the hysterical parameters with the EPFD attained by the concrete.
A model of the avalanche photodiode

A general model for the avalanche photodiode is presented. It is shown that the diode consists of four regions: 1) guard ring, 2) uniform avalanche region, 3) high-field absorption region and 4) zero-field absorption region. Expressions are given for the ac quantum efficiency, the dc quantum efficiency, and the transit time cutoff frequency. Material requirements are discussed. Based on an entire detector system, an expression is derived for the signal-to-noise ratio. An example is given with the result that a noise-equivalent power (NEP) of 10-12W/Hz1/2is obtained with an optimum avalanche gain of approximately 23.
On the Switching Surge in the Current Resonant Inverter for the Induction Furnace Application

Surges are undesirable with respect to both the reliability and the efficiency of power devices. This study presents the mechanism of surge occurrence in an induction heating power supply. A 2 kW full bridge series resonant inverter based on zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and phase-locked loop (PLL) control is used as a power supply. In this inverter, the modified PLL does not only keep the output current and the voltage in phase but also makes the system operate in ZVS mode. When the PLL mismatches the resonant frequency in a manner of current phase lead, the inverter operates at the non-ZVS mode and the surge voltage heavily affects the switching elements to an extent mainly decided by the recovery energy of the drain-source diode in the power devices. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a modified PLL to be the phase error zero.
Three-dimensional laser based measurement of human foot during walking

Barefoot walking demonstrated a significantly earlier phase shift in sagittal plane ankle and knee kinematics when compared to the VIB and SS (Table 1; Figure 1). There were no temporal differences evident at the hip. All sagittal waveforms showed a high degree of similarity evidenced by CCCs greater than r 0.95. No phase shifts were observed between SS and VIB at these joints in this plane of motion (Table 1). The similarity between waveforms in the frontal plane was particularly weak (r 0.84). At the ankle, although a pronounced phase shift was observed between BF vs SS and BF vs VIB, the 95% CI prevented this from being significant. At the knee however; these were significant.
Design of a sliding mode controller with fuzzy sliding surfaces

The authors suggest a sliding mode controller, using the linear time-varying sliding surface instead of the fixed sliding surface, which has the robustness against parameter variations and extraneous disturbances during the reaching phase to the final sliding surface. By applying the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy algorithm to the regulation of the linear time-varying sliding surface, the reaching time of the system trajectory is shorter than in the fixed method. This proposed scheme has better performance than the conventional method in reaching time, parameter variation and extraneous disturbance. To demonstrate its performance, the proposed control algorithm is applied to a rotational inverted pendulum.
Différences de comportement d’achat entre des magasins laboratoires réels et virtuels

Résumé Pour tester des initiatives marketing en magasin (packaging, prix, etc.), un magasin laboratoire virtuel (3D) offre une alternative attractive au magasin laboratoire réel sur le plan opérationnel. Par une comparaison sur des échantillons contrôlés, cette recherche montre que les mesures attitudinales sont identiques, mais aussi qu’il existe des différences significatives sur les comportements en magasin et sur l’attention au prix et que celles-ci dépendent de l’achat habituel de la marque.
The effects of underfill and its material models on thermomechanical behaviors of a flip chip package

In this paper, the effects of underfill on thermomechanical behavior of two types of flip chip packages with different bumping size and stand-off height were investigated under thermal cycling both experimentally and two-dimensional (2-D) finite element simulation. The materials inelasticity, i.e., viscoelasticity of underfill U8437-3 and viscoplasticity of 60 Sn40 Pb solder, were considered in the simulations. The results show that the use of underfill encapsulant increases tremendously (/spl sim/20 times) the thermal fatigue lifetime of SnPb solder joint, weakens the effects of stand-off height on the reliability, and changes the deformation mode of the package. It was found that the thermal fatigue crack occurs in the region with maximum plastic strain range, and the Coffin-Manson type equation could then be used for both packages with and without underfill. Solder joint crack initiation occurred before delamination when using underfill with good adhesion (75 MPa) and the underfill delamination may not be a dominant failure mode in the present study. The interfacial stresses at the underfill/chip interface were calculated to analyze delamination sites, which agree with the results from acoustic image. Moreover, the effects of material models of underfill, i.e., constant elasticity (EC) and temperature dependent elasticity (ET) as well as the viscoelasticity (VE), on the thermomechanical behaviors of flip chip package were also studied in the simulation. The VE model gives comparatively large plastic strain range and large displacements in the shear direction, as well as decreased solders joint lifetime. The ET model gives similar results as the VE model and could be used instead of VE in simulations for the purpose of simplicity.
The Influence of Borrowers' Language Features on P2P Lending

Under the background of the reshuffle of the P2P market in China, this paper investigates the influence of four borrower's language features on their funding and default rate based on language function theories. In our study, we use a logistic regression model and the empirical results show that: the more redundant the borrower's language expression is, the more open and objective the content is, and the more attention is paid to the punctuation details, the easier it is to obtain the loan successfully. When the borrower's description is more redundant and more attention is paid to the punctuation details, the probability of default would become lower. Taking the education level into consideration, we find that the negative relating effect between the description redundancy and the default rate would be lower with the increase of the borrower’s education level. Therefore, we can conclude that the four linguistic features of borrowers which are defined in this paper can alleviate the information asymmetry problem of P2P lending to some extent and the borrower's linguistic features can be included into the risk control system.
Fabrication process for tall, sharp, hollow, high aspect ratio polymer microneedles on a platform

This paper reports on a new lithographic process for fabricating arrays of tall, high aspect ratio (defined as height/wall thickness), hollow, polymer microneedles on a platform. The microneedles feature a high sharpness (down to 3 µm tip radius) and aspect ratio (>65) which is a factor 2 and 4 better than the state of the art, respectively. The maximum achievable needle shaft length is over 1 mm. The improved performance was obtained by using an anisotropically patterned silicon substrate covered with an antireflective layer as mold for the needle tip and an optimized SU-8 lithographic process. Furthermore, a platform containing liquid feedthroughs holding an arbitrary number of needles out of plane can be manufactured with only one additional process step. The high aspect ratio microneedles undergo failure at the critical load of around 230 mN in the case of 1 mm long hollow needles with triangular cross section and a base of 175 µm. Penetration into human skin is demonstrated as well.
The Influence of Laser Treatment and the Application of Reduced Pressure Force Piston Rings on the Engine Exhaust Emissions under the Conditions of Engine Lubrication with Different Engine Oils

The paper discusses the investigations on combustion engines that aim at the evaluation of the influence of engine design modifications on the exhaust emissions under application of lubricants of different physicochemical parameters. In the engines the authors applied laser treated cylinder liners, piston rings of reduced pressure force on the cylinder liner and optimized the assembling clearances in the slide bearings. The research was carried out in accordance with the ESC and ELR compliant procedures using different engine lubricants. The measurement series were performed for diesel engines of the capacity of 1.3 dm3 of the power outputs of 51 kW and 66 kW. The tested objects were fitted with aftertreatment systems (oxycat and DPF filter).
The evaluative image of the city

Abstract To improve community appearance, planners need to know how the public evaluates the cityscape: their evaluative image of the city. This article presents research aimed at uncovering this information. In two U.S. cities, Knoxville and Chattanooga, Tennessee, we interviewed 220 residents by phone and 180 visitors face-to-face, asking them to specify areas they liked and areas they disliked visually and to describe the physical features accounting for their evaluations. From each interview we prepared an evaluative map of the city. We then overlaid these maps to produce for each city and for residents and visitors separately a composite map—the evaluative image of the city. The evaluative maps suggest effects of city structure and experience, and they indicate five desirable features—naturalness, upkeep, openness, order, and historical significance. By showing the identity, location, and likability of visual features, evaluative maps provide a basis for a visual plan.
A Time Domain Analysis of Gust-Cascade Interaction Noise

ABSTRACT The gust response of a 2–D cascade is studied by solving the full nonlinear Euler equations employing higher order accurate spatial differencing and time stepping techniques. The solutions exhibit the exponential decay of the two circumferential mode orders of the cutoff blade passing frequency (BPF) tone and propagation of one circumferential mode order at 2BPF, as would be expected for the flow configuration considered. Two frequency excitations indicate that the interaction between the frequencies and the self interaction contribute to the amplitude of the propagating mode. 1. INTRODUCTION One of the main contributors to fan tone noise is the so-called rotor-stator interaction noise. It is the result of the interaction of the periodic disturbances of the rotor blade (mean) wakes with the stator vanes. One method of computing rotor-stator interaction was described in detail in [1], in which a two-dimensional strip description of the unsteady aerodynamic interaction between the rotor wakes and the stator vanes is combined with a 3–D acoustic response of an annular cascade to an incident gust. To improve the computation of unsteady aerodynamics, a time-linearized analysis method is used in [2], where a linearized Euler analysis is shown to produce reasonably well the first two harmonics of the blade passing frequency (BPF). On the other hand, nonlinear time-domain analyses would enable understanding of linear-nonlinear regimes, self interactions and interactions of two-frequencies. At NASA Glenn Research Center, an effort is underway to develop a nonlinear time marching algorithm to examine rotor wake - stator interaction noise. In the present paper a non-linear time marching approach is used to compute the gust response of a 2–D cascade. The gust cascade interaction problem can be analyzed employing either a time-linearized approach or a nonlinear time marching approach. A number of time-linearized analyses have been carried out starting with the Sears problem of an airfoil encountering a gust. Some of these studies are summarized in [3]. In a time-linearized analysis, the gust is assumed to be a small harmonic perturbation of the uniform steady mean flow, yielding a system of equations in the frequency domain. However, in the recent linearized Euler analyses (e. g. [2]) fully nonuniform mean flows are considered. In the time-linearized, frequency domain approach,
Statistical Errors in a Research of Clothing and Textiles

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the statistical errors, which may occur in the process of applying statistics, by major stage of research, for greatly contributing to promoting research power through rightly utilizing statistics at the point of time that the application of statistics is increased in the research of clothing and textiles. As a result, it confirmed that there are many errors by each stage. First, it is a point that there was not any research that mentioned on the impact of analysis in the researches, which test the appearance of significance based on the collected data through experiment or survey. Second, the existence of mechanical description which is monotonous as well as not applying right analytical method in factor analysis. Also, even in case of cross tabulation, there was no hypothesis establishment. Key Words : Statistical error, power analysis, clothing and textiles, factor analysis요 약 본 연구는 통계적 방법의 올바른 사용을 통해 의류학 분야 연구결과의 과학성과 윤리성을 높이는데 도움을 주고자 실시되었으며, 나아가 본 연구가 통계적 방법을 활용하는 의류학 관련 연구 발전에 기여하는데 의의가 있다 . 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통계적 방법의 적용이나 통계패키지의 활용과정에서 나타나는 오류는 의류학 관련 연구에서도 예외는 아니었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국의류학회지를 대상으로 연구과정에서 자주 발생할 수 있는 통계적 오류에 대해서 알아보았으며, 그 결과 각 단계별로 많은 오류가 있음을 확인하였다 . 둘째, 요인분석 등에 있어 올바른 분석방법을 적용하고 있지도 않을 뿐더러, 천편일률적으로 기계적인 기술을 하고 있었다. 또한 교차분석의 경우에도 가설설정이 없으며, 검정의 내용을 혼동하는 경우가 많았다.
Cistanches identification based on fluorescent spectral imaging technology combined with principal component analysis and artificial neural network

In this study, fluorescent spectral imaging technology combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to identify Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche tubulosa and Cistanche sinensis, which are traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. The fluorescence spectroscopy imaging system acquired the spectral images of 40 cistanche samples, and through image denoising, binarization processing to make sure the effective pixels. Furthermore, drew the spectral curves whose data in the wavelength range of 450-680 nm for the study. Then preprocessed the data by first-order derivative, analyzed the data through principal component analysis and artificial neural network. The results shows: Principal component analysis can generally distinguish cistanches, through further identification by neural networks makes the results more accurate, the correct rate of the testing and training sets is as high as 100%. Based on the fluorescence spectral imaging technique and combined with principal component analysis and artificial neural network to identify cistanches is feasible.