Use of blanks to determine in vitro net gas and methane production when using rumen fermentation modifiers

Blanks (flasks without substrate containing only inoculum and medium) are used in vitro to correct for gas, CH4 and residual organic matter (OM) fermented in inoculum. However inclusion of rumen fermentation modifiers may affect fermentation of OM in the substrate and inoculum. Thus, data correction using blanks that lack additives may result in inaccurate adjustment for background fermentation. Our objective was to evaluate impacts of using blanks containing additive (i.e., specific blanks) or blanks without additive on estimation of in vitro net gas and CH4 production. We used the semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique including monensin sodium at 2.08 mg/l of buffered rumen fluid (Experiment 1) or carvacrol, eugenol and 1,8-cineol at 667 mg/l (Experiment 2) in flasks with substrate and in blank flasks. At 16 h of incubation, monensin reduced (P≤0.02) total gas production in flasks containing substrate (162.0 ml versus 146.3 ml) and in blanks (84.4 ml versus 79.2 ml). Total methane production was also decreased (P≤0.05) by adding monensin to flasks containing substrate (15.7 ml versus 11.9 ml) as well as in blanks (6.4 ml versus 5.0 ml). Inclusion of carvacrol or eugenol reduced (P≤0.05) total gas and CH4 production in flasks with substrate and in blanks, but in a more pronounced manner than monensin. For these three additives, correction for blank without additive resulted in lower net gas and CH4 production than correction for a treatment specific blank. For instance, correcting carvacrol data using a blank without the additive resulted in negative net gas and CH4 production (−6.5 and −1.5 ml, respectively). These biologically impossible results occurred because total gas and CH4 production in blanks without carvacrol (46.1 and 2.1 ml, respectively) were higher than in flasks containing substrate plus carvacrol (39.7 and 0.6 ml, respectively). Results demonstrated that inclusion of rumen additives affected fermentation of OM in the substrate and the inoculum. Thus, correction of gas and CH4 production using blanks without additives resulted in overestimation of these variables. Blanks containing the additive of interest should be included when rumen fermentation modifiers are evaluated in vitro. This paper is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors: K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. Abbreviations: ADFom, acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash; aNDFom, neutral detergent fiber with heat stable -amylase expressed xclusive of residual ash; CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; OM, organic matter; TDOM, truly degraded OM. ∗ Corresponding author at: Av. Pádua Dias no 11, Caixa Postal 09, CEP 13418–900, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. Tel. : +55 19 34294134; fax: +55 19 34294215. E-mail address: rcanonenco@hotmail.com (R.C. Araujo). 377-8401 © 2011 Elsevier B.V. oi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci. 2011.04. 009 Open access under the Elsevier OA license. Open access under the Elsevier OA license. 156 R.C. Araujo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 166– 167 (2011) 155– 162