Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The vapour pressure of solutions saturated with lead nitrate and ammonium nitrate

The vapour pressure of the four‐phase equilibrium: solid Pb (NO3)2‐solid NH4,NO3‐saturated aqueous solution‐water vapour, was measured from 10° C to the end‐point of the four‐phase curve. That end‐point is the eutectic point of the binary system Pb (NO3)2‐NH4NO3. This eutectic point was accurately determined and found to lie at a temperature of 133.8° C and a composition of 32.1 percent by weight of Pb(NO3)2 and 67.9 percent by weight of NH4NO3.The vapour pressure curve measured has a maximum at a temperature of 102.1° C and a pressure of 114.4 mm Hg.Miss Korvezee and DingemansMiss A. E. Korvezee and P. Dingemans, Rec. trav. chim. 62, 625 (1943). previously discovered that for binary systems the relative vapour pressure of aqueous solutions saturated with one salt is in many cases a linear or almost linear function of the temperature. This rule is found to hold also for the ternary system now investigated, consisting of an aqueous solution saturated with respect to two salts, as well as for all other ternary salt systems previously measured in this laboratory.
Demonstrating the application of dielectric polymer actuators for tactile feedback in a mobile consumer device

Nutzerinterschnittstellen heutiger Mobilgerate werden immer komplexer. Um dieser Komplexitat zu begegnen werden Touchscreens als Eingabegerat benutzt. Diese erlauben ein flexibles Anpassen der Nutzerschnittstelle, begrenzen jedoch die Benutzbarkeit aufgrund der fehlenden tactilen Ruckmeldung mechanischer Tasten. Dielektrische Elastomer Aktoren (DEA) versprechen die Flexibilitat eines Touchscreens mit der intuitiven Benutzbarkeit klassischer Tasten zu kombinieren. Zum Ansteuern von DEA sind jedoch hohe Spannungen notig. Das Erzeugen dieser Spannungen in einem Mobilgerat, in dem Bauraum und zur Verfugung stehende Energie begrenzt sind, ist eine Herausforderung. In dieser Arbeit wird ein funktionsfahiges Mobilgerat aufgebaut, welches die Funktion taktiler Ruckmeldung unter Zuhilfenahme eines DEA demonstriert. Abbildung A zeigt die Struktur des Systems. Basierend auf dem von Haus [D1723] beschriebenen Prinzip einer Ansteuerelektronik fur DEA wird eine verbesserte Elektronik entwickelt. Die wichtigsten Optimierungspunkte sind die Baugrose und die Energieeffizienz der Schaltung. Das vollstandige System kommt mit 0.52 W Leistung und einem Bauraum von 110 mm x 45 mm x 20 mm aus. Zum Betreiben der DEA erzeugt die Ansteuerelektronik acht Hochspannungssignale mit einer Amplitude von bis zu 1100 V aus einer, von einem Lithium Ionen Akku bereitgestellten Eingangsspannung von 3,7 V. Die Kontrollelektronik bestimmt Frequenz und Tastverhaltnis des Reckecksignals zum Erzeugen der taktilen Ruckmeldung. Die Frequenz des Signals kann in einem Bereich von DC bis 300 Hz variiert werden. Tastverhaltnisse von maximal 10:1 sind moglich. Eine Messelektronik erlaubt es die Aktoren als mit dem Finger zu betatigende Taster zu verwenden. Dazu wird die den DEA inne wohnende Sensorfunktion benutzt. Die Messung basiert auf der Anderung der Aktorkapazitat und der Einfluss des vom Finger ausgeubten Drucks, durch Integration uber den Ladestrom des Aktors. Der Ladestrom wird entweder durch das generierte Feedbacksignal hervorgerufen, oder durch zusatzliche Schaltpulse erzeugt. Ein in der Kontrollelektronik integrierter TI MSP430 Mikrocontroller bestimmt das Zusammenspiel von gedruckten Tasten und taktiler Ruckmeldung. Er erlaubt die Anderung der taktilen Ruckmeldung als Reaktion auf von Benutzer gedruckte Tasten. Zusatzlich zur vom Mobilgerat selbst zur Verfugung gestellten Demonstrationsfunktion wird eine Funkverbindung zu einem PC bereitgestellt. Diese erlaubt die Anzeige gedruckter Tasten und weiterer Informationen, sowie die manuelle Einstellung der Parameter des Mobilgerates mittels eines “Virtuellen Instruments” in LabView.
Theories of molecular reaction dynamics : the microscopic foundation of chemical kinetics

1. Introduction I GAS-PHASE DYNAMICS 2. From microscopic to macroscopic descriptions 3. Potential energy surfaces 4. Bimolecular reactions, dynamics of collisions 5. Rate constants, reactive flux 6. Bimolecular reactions, transition-state theory 7. Unimolecular reactions 8. Microscopic interpretation of Arrhenius parameters II CONDENSED-PHASE DYNAMICS 9. Introduction to condensed-phase dynamics 10. Static solvent effects, transition-state theory 11. Dynamic solvent effects, Kramers theory III APPENDICES A. Statistical Mechanics B. Microscopic reversibility and detailed balance C. Cross sections in various frames D. Classical mechanics, coordinate transformations E. Small vibrations and normal mode coordinates F. An integral G. Dynamics of random processes H. Multidimensional integrals, Monte Carlo method
Surface and moisture characteristics of jute using a D.C. glow discharge argon plasma

ABSTRACT A D.C. glow discharge plasma source was employed to characterize changes in water absorbance and surface morphology of natural jute fibers. The low temperature plasma removed moisture from the fibers and significantly modified surface properties. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used for characterization. Open source software was used for the processing of the scanning electron micrographs. The changes in the macromolecular structure and the crystallinity were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated moisture removal from the fibers following plasma treatment.
Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles in deep eutectic solvent

The application of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a solvent and a working catalyst for Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with isatin as well as homocyclic carbonyl compounds has been developed. The salient features of the present protocol are practical simplicity, excellent yields, product selectivity and reusability of reaction media.
Intestinal Trefoil Factor/TFF3 Promotes Re-epithelialization of Corneal Wounds*

Disorders of wound healing characterized by impaired or delayed re-epithelialization are a serious medical problem. These conditions affect many tissues, are painful, and are difficult to treat. In this study using cornea as a model, we demonstrate the importance of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3, also known as intestinal trefoil factor) in re-epithelialization of wounds. In two different models of corneal wound healing, alkali- and laser-induced corneal wounding, we analyzed the wound healing process in in vivo as well as in combined in vivo/in vitro model in wild type (Tff3+/+) and Tff3-deficient (Tff3-/-) mice. Furthermore, we topically applied different concentrations of recombinant human TFF3 (rTFF3) peptide on the wounded cornea to determine the efficacy of rTFF3 on corneal wound healing. We found that Tff3 peptide is not expressed in intact corneal epithelium, but its expression is extensively up-regulated after epithelial injury. Re-epithelialization of corneal wounds in Tff3-/- mice is significantly prolonged in comparison to Tff3+/+ mice. In addition, exogenous application of rTFF3 to the alkali-induced corneal wounds accelerates significantly in in vivo and in combined in vivo/in vitro model wound healing in Tff3+/+ and Tff3-/- mice. These findings reveal a pivotal role for Tff3 in corneal wound healing mechanism and have broad implications for developing novel therapeutic strategies for treating nonhealing wounds.
Cold-Induced Aggregation Microextraction: A Novel Sample Preparation Technique Based on Ionic Liquids for Preconcentration of Cobalt Prior to Its Determination by Fiber Optic-Linear Array Detection Spectrophotometry in Real Water Samples

Despite good development in modern analytical instruments, direct determination of trace analytes at low concentrations is often a problem for analytical chemists and, as a result, a sample-preparation step is required. The sample preparation in analytical process typically consists of an extraction–separation step, which offers not only the ability to isolate target analytes from the matrix solution, thus reducing or even eliminating originally present interferences but also the opportunity for these analytes to be preconcentrated and determined at very low levels. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), based on the partitioning of an analyte from one liquid phase to another immiscible liquid phase, is a still widely used traditional sample preparation technique. However, this method is time-consuming and tedious. Also large amounts of high purity solvents, which are expensive and toxic, are inevitable to be used. The continuous quest for novel sample preparation procedures has led to a development of new methods, which have main advantages like rapidity and reduction of solvents consumption, such as cloud point extraction (CPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), single drop microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and others. Cloud point extraction is considered to be a green extraction method because the extraction is performed while using surfactants, which may exhibit lower toxicity, volatility and flammability compared with organic solvents used in other extraction techniques. This technique is widely used in extraction of metals (Bezerra et al., 2005; Dallali et al., 2009), organic compounds (Carabias-Martinez et al., 2000) and proteins (Saitoh & Hinze, 1995). Despite many benefits when using CPE, in rather high content of salt, background is increased since the enrichment phase is composed of a little aqueous sample. Also in the presence of more than 3 % of water-miscible organic solvents such as acetone the phase separation does not occur and the extraction system is destroyed (Manzoori & Karim-
Characterization of Lithium Electrode in Lithium Imides/Ethylene Carbonate, and Cyclic Ether Electrolytes I. Surface Morphology and Lithium Cycling Efficiency

The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of deposited lithium on a nickel substrate in LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 (LiBETI) electrolytes with ethylene carbonate (EC) + tetrahydropyran (THP), dimethoxyethane, dimethylcarbonate (DMC), propylenecarbonate (PC), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) (1:1) binary solvents were investigated by scanning electron microscopy observation. Dendritic morphology of deposited lithium was observed in DMC-, PC-, and GBL-containing solvents. However, deposited lithium in a EC + THP electrolyte exhibited a fine particle-like morphology and had a thinner surface film. The EC + THP electrolyte provided excellent performance based on the results of cycling characteristics using a Li/LiCoO 2 cell and Li/Ni cell. The morphology of deposited lithium in an EC + tetrahydrofuran electrolyte was strongly influenced by the kind of solutes. In LiBETI electrolyte, freshly deposited lithium exhibited uniform and fine particle-like morphology. In contrast, dendritic morphology was observed in LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 (LiTFSI) electrolyte, resulting in a subsequent decrease in the lithium cycling efficiency. Electrolyte temperature was also an important factor influencing the lithium surface and efficiency. The use of LiTFSI electrolyte at elevated temperatures could suppress dendritic formation, resulting in excellent efficiency and cycling characteristics. We confirmed that the lithium surface morphology correlated well with the lithium cycling efficiency and the efficiency was strongly influenced by combinations of solvents and solutes.
Deep Packet Inspection Based on Many-Core Platform

With the development of computer technology, network bandwidth and network traffic continue to increase. Considering the large data flow, it is imperative to perform inspection effectively on network packets. In order to find a solution of deep packet inspection which can appropriate to the current network environment, this paper built a deep packet inspection system based on many-core platform, and in this way, verified the feasibility to implement a deep packet inspection system under many-core platform with both high performance and low consumption. After testing and analysis of the system performance, it has been found that the deep packet inspection based on many-core platform TILE_Gx36 [1] [2] can process network traffic of which the bandwidth reaches up to 4 Gbps. To a certain extent, the performance has improved compared to most deep packet inspection system based on X86 platform at present.
Controllable Generation of Nitric Oxide by Near‐Infrared‐Sensitized Upconversion Nanoparticles for Tumor Therapy

NaYbF4:Tm@NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles are synthesized and then integrated with light‐sensitive nitric oxide (NO) donors (Roussin's black salt) to construct a novel near‐infrared (NIR)‐triggered on‐demand NO delivery platform. This nanocompound can absorb 980 nm NIR photons, convert them into higher energy photons and then transfer the energy to the NO donors, resulting in an efficient release of NO. By manipulating the output power of the 980‐nm NIR light, NO‐concentration‐dependent biological effects for cancer therapy can be fine‐tuned, which is investigated and confirmed in vitro. High concentrations of NO can directly kill cancer cells and low concentrations of NO can act as a potent P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) modulator to overcome multi‐drug resistance (MDR) if combined with chemotherapy.
Application of a supramolecular solvent as the carrier for ferrofluid based liquid-phase microextraction for spectrofluorimetric determination of levofloxacin in biological samples

In the present study, a novel and environmentally friendly liquid-phase microextraction method based on the application of a supramolecular solvent as a carrier for ferrofluid was proposed for spectrofluorimetric determination of levofloxacin (LEVO). The ferrofluid was composed of oleic acid-coated magnetic particles and the supramolecular solvent as the extraction solvent. The supramolecular solvent is water-immiscible nanostructured liquid that was produced from coacervation of decanoic acid aqueous vesicles in the presence of tetrabutyl ammonium (Bu4N+). As the ferrofluid can be attracted by using a magnet, no special devices and complicated operations were needed for phase separation. The important parameters affecting the microextraction efficiency including pH, volume of the extraction solvent, salt effect and extraction time were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve for LEVO determination showed good linearity in the range of 1–200.0 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.9987). The repeatability and reproducibility (RSD%) of 20 ng mL−1 LEVO were 2.9% and 4.4%, respectively and the limit of detection (S/N = 3) was estimated to be 0.2 ng mL−1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of levofloxacin in biological samples.
Self Assembly in Supramolecular Systems

Self-assembly: What Does it Mean? Intermolecular Interactions: The Glue of Supramolecular Chemistry Hydrogen-bonded and pi-Stacked Systems Rotaxanes Catenanes Metal-directed Synthesis - Rotaxanes, Catenanes, Helicates and Knots Further Metal-containing Systems Subject Index.
Carbon and macronutrient losses during accelerated erosion under different tillage and residue management

There have been many studies on the effects of tillage on erosional losses from soil, but rarely have soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses been quantified simultaneously during a single erosion event. We applied a simulated rainfall event (70 mm hour−1) to plots within a gently sloping field (6%) in Ohio, USA, on which maize (C4) cultivation had replaced C3 vegetation several decades earlier. The plots were under different tillage management: (i) no till (NT100) for 42 years; (ii) NT100 plots from which 50% (NT50) or (iii) 100% (NT0) of crop residues were removed annually for 8 years; (iv) NT100 plots tilled 24 hours previously (TNT); and (v) conventional tillage (CT) for 28 years. Relationships between SOC, N and P concentrations and natural abundance 13C : 15N stable isotope values in the topsoils and sediments suggested that eroded SOC and TN were associated with the erosion of soil organic matter, whilst P losses were driven by the transport of the mineral fraction. Stable 13C isotope analyses revealed that tillage and residue removal both increased the proportion of older (C3), rather than new (C4, maize‐derived), SOC in eroded sediments. This study therefore demonstrated that a single tillage event after 42 years of continuous no‐till caused larger erosional fluxes than 8 years of continuous removal of all maize residues, and that long‐term conventional tillage resulted in the loss of a greater amount of older (> 28 years) SOC in eroded sediments, compared with continuous NT management.
Technische Verfahren zur Synthese von Carotinoiden und verwandten Verbindungen aus 6‐Oxo‐isophoron. II. Ein neues Konzept für die Synthese von (3RS, 3′RS)‐Astaxanthin

Technical Procedures for the Synthesis of Carotenoids and Related Compounds from 6-Oxo-isophorone. III. A New Concept for the Synthesis of the Enantiomeric Astaxanthins A new and efficient concept for the total synthesis of (3S, 3'S)- and (3R, 3'R)-astaxanthin (1a and 1c, resp.) in high overall yield and up to 99,2% enantiomeric purity is described. Key intermediates are the (S)- and (R)-acetals 10 and 17, respectively (Scheme 2). These chiral building blocks were synthesized via three different routes: a) functionalization of the enantiomeric 3-hydroxy-6-oxo-isophorons4) 2 and 11, respectively (Scheme 2); b) optical resolution of 3,4-dihydroxy-compound4) 19(Scheme 3), and c) fermentative reductions of 6-oxo-isophorone derivatives (Schemes 4 and 5). - The absolute configurations of the two intermediates 12 and 13(Scheme 2) have been confirmed by X-ray analysis. - The final steps leading to the enantiomeric astaxanthins are identical with those described for optically inactive astaxanthin [1].
Body composition techniques in health and disease: Assessment of body composition in the obese

Introduction Definition of obesity Obesity is an excess of body fat or perhaps more correctly excessive fatness, since it is the proportion of fat to other tissues in the body, rather than the absolute amount of fat, which is indicative of obesity (Bray, 1992). There is no consensus on either the expected amount of fat, or the degree of fatness which can be considered normal. Moreover it is not clear whether it is the total amount of fat in the body, the proportion of fat or the rate at which excess fat is deposited which is most significant for health and fitness. Definition of obesity is complicated by variations in the normal amount and distribution of fat with age, sex, genetic inheritance and physical fitness, irrespective of nutritional state. Obesity is considered an abnormal situation and one which in current Western culture carries a social disadvantage although fatness is actually considered desirable in some cultures. Severe obesity carries risks for long term health (Hubert et al. , 1983; van Itallie & Abraham, 1985; Garrow, 1988) but correlations between culturally undesirable fatness and medically undesirable fatness have not been made. Obesity is difficult to treat and it seems a waste of health resources to struggle with obesity which is of no significance for health. Thus it would be helpful, although currently not possible, to distinguish fatness which is a cosmetic problem only, from fatness which is likely to endanger life. Fat is the most variable component of the body. It forms less than 10% of body weight in some individuals and more than 50% of body weight in others.
Three-dimensional bioremediation modeling in heterogeneous porous media

Recently Price University and Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) have begun a collaborative research effort that involves laboratory, field, and simulation work directed toward validating remediation strategies, including both natural and in situ bioremediation at US Department of Energy (DOE) sites such as Hanford. Because of chemical, biological, geologic and physical complexities of modeling these DOE sites, one of the major simulation goals of the project is to formulate and implement accurate and efficient (parallel) algorithms for modeling multiphase/multicomponent mow and reactive transport. In this paper we first describe the physical problem that needs to be modeled. Because of the emergence of concurrent supercomputing, we propose accurate numerical algorithms that are based on operator-splitting in time and domain decomposition iterative techniques. In particular reference is made to the biodegradation of carbon tetrachloride.
Adsorption of two sodium atoms on graphene -- A first principles study

We perform a systematic density functional theory (DFT) study of the adsorption of two sodium atoms on graphene using the SIESTA package, in the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The adsorption energy, geometry, magnetic moment and charge transfer of the Nan-graphene (n=1, 2) system are calculated. Three initial horizontal orientations of the pair of sodium atoms on graphene are studied. Our calculations reveal that sodium atoms bind weakly to the graphene surface which is in agreement with previous results. We also notice a charge transfer of 0.288e from a sodium adatom to the graphene sheet altering its magnetic moment (−0.318 µB) that is reduced from the gas phase value of the isolated atom (1 µB). The calculated adsorption energies suggest that clustering of Na atoms on graphene is energetically favorable.
Use of confinement and additives to control inorganic crystallization

This thesis describes the investigation of the three minerals, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate under two bio-inspired methods, additives and confinement. The first experiment in Chapter 3 investigated the precipitation pathway of calcium sulfate above and under the solubility levels. Two metastable phases were obtained at ambient condition, hemihydrate and amorphous calcium sulfate (ACS), that first revealed hemihydrate can be found in room temperature and the existence of ACS. The transformation of ACS to the most stable phase, gypsum via hemihydrate was also proved under the titration and Cryo-TEM at undersaturated solution. Chapter 4 deals with the investigation of calcium sulfate grown in the presence of additives. These additives which have the profound inhibition effect provide another evidence of the existence of hemihydrate and ACS in the ambient conditions. Neglected before in literature, the morphology change of gypsum and hemihydrate also provide an aggregation-based transformation from hemihydrate to gypsum. Similar results were obtained growing calcium carbonate in confinement allowing formation of amorphous calcium carbonate. The results in Chapter 5 also demonstrated that confinement plays a significant role in the formation not only of the amorphous phase, but also the metastable phase, hemihydrate. Results were obtained in the absence and presence of the additives that lead to stabilize hemihydrate and ACS for more than 24 hours. Precipitation of calcium phosphate in confinement in the absence and presence of the additives used the same method as mentioned in the previous chapter. Similar results were obtained and again demonstrated that confinement and additives play a more significant role in bone formation. The last chapter investigated the crystallization pathway of calcium carbonate under UV-Vis at 2-10 mM concentration solutions with/without additives. The in-situ experiment in Chapter 7 provides a simple method to investigate the influence of concentrations of calcium carbonate solution and additives. Amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles were formed at early stage which transformed to stable calcite with time