Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral Mollification for Bidirectional Fluorescence

Fluorescent materials can shift energy between wavelengths, thereby creating bright and saturated colors both in natural and artificial materials. However, rendering fluorescence for continuous wavelengths or combined with wavelength dependent path configurations so far has only been feasible using spectral unidirectional methods. We present a regularization‐based approach for supporting fluorescence in a spectral bidirectional path tracer. Our algorithm samples camera and light sub‐paths with independent wavelengths, and when connecting them mollifies the BSDF at one of the connecting vertices such that it reradiates light across multiple wavelengths. We discuss arising issues such as color bias in early iterations, consistency of the method and MIS weights in the presence of spectral mollification. We demonstrate our method in scenes combining fluorescence and transport phenomena that are difficult to render with unidirectional or spectrally discrete methods.
UV‐free Texturing using Sparse Voxel DAGs

An application may have to load an unknown 3D model and, for enhanced realistic rendering, precompute values over the surface domain, such as light maps, ambient occlusion, or other global‐illumination parameters. High‐quality uv‐unwrapping has several problems, such as seams, distortions, and wasted texture space. Additionally, procedurally generated scene content, perhaps on the fly, can make manual uv unwrapping impossible. Even when artist manipulation is feasible, good uv layouts can require expertise and be highly labor intensive.
Robust Shape Collection Matching and Correspondence from Shape Differences

We propose a method to automatically match two shape collections with a similar shape space structure, e.g. two characters in similar poses, and compute the inter‐maps between the collections. Given the intra‐maps in each collection, we extract the corresponding shape difference operators, and use them to construct an embedding of the shape space of each collection. We then align the two shape spaces, and use the knowledge gained from the alignment to compute the inter‐maps. Unlike existing approaches for collection alignment, our method is applicable to small and large collections alike, and requires no parameter tuning. Furthermore, unlike most approaches for non‐isometric correspondence, our method uses solely the variation within the collection to extract the inter‐maps, and therefore does not require landmarks, descriptors or any additional input. We demonstrate that we achieve high matching accuracy rates, and compute high quality maps on non‐isometric shapes, which compare favorably with automatic state‐of‐the‐art methods for non‐isometric shape correspondence.
Spawning, larval settlement, growth, biomass, and distribution of Ciona intestinalis L. (Tunicata) in Borgenfjorden, North-Tröndelag, Norway

Abstract Spawning, larval settlement, growth, variation of biomass, and distribution of Ciona intestinalis in Borgenfjorden were investigated using submerged slabs of eternite and line transects. In 1970, the spawning started at a temperature between 8°C–12°C in May–June and continued to August–October with main settlement on the bottom in June. Settling was also observed during the winter, but these larvae were probably recruited from populations outside Borgenfjorden. The highest values of biomass on the line transects were observed from August to November on hard-bottom localities in outer Borgenfjorden. The biomass per m2 was larger on the eternite slabs than in the line transects, mainly due to heavy predation both on larvae and adult C. intestinalis on the line transects.
The gene expression and the activity of enzyme synthesis of trehalose during development of Ascaris suum (Nematoda) eggs

Abstract The activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) and their mRNA expression was determined in Ascaris suum eggs developing from a zygote to invasive larvae in an in vitro culture. The stages of nematode embryonic development, i.e. cleavage, gastrulation and formation of larvae, were always accompanied by an increase in TPS activity. An increase in TPP activity, the second enzyme of the analysed pathway, followed in subsequent developmental stages. Key changes in trehalose metabolism were observed in the tadpole stage. The development of moving larvae was accompanied by the highest mRNA expression and activity level of TPP, which converts metabolic intermediate T6P to trehalose. The trehalose synthesis enzymes activity was positively correlated with their mRNA expression. For three genes: tps1, tps2 (TPS coding) and tpp (TPP coding) there was very strong and statistically significant correlation with the activity of a specific enzyme. The Pearson’s coefficient was r = 0.903714 (p < 0.001) for tps1 gene, r = 0.803012 ( < 0.01) for tps2 and r = 0.856244 (p < 0.01) for tpp over development time.
Centrifugation

Centrifugation is a ubiquitous technique in the life science laboratory, and uses specialized equipment (centrifuges) to spin or centrifuge samples in rotors, generating centrifugal force for a range of applications that include pelleting of precipitates, isolating organelles, and protein and DNA purification. The unit describes basic applications, definitions, and references, and provides up to date tables for rotor specifications from major suppliers.
Electrophoretic Study on the Phylogenetic Relationships of Some Species of Penaeus and Metapenaeus (Decapoda: Penaeidae) From the South China Sea

ABSTRACT Electrophoretic analysis of 17 loci coding for 15 enzymes was used to investigate the genetic variation and relationships among 7 species of Penaeus and 3 species of Metapenaeus from the South China Sea. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P0.95) ranges from 0.059-0.235 and observed heterozygosity from 0.007-0.049, indicating low genetic variability in the shrimps. The phenetic dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance comprises 2 clusters, one consisting of species of Penaeus and the other species of Metapenaeus. Among Metapenaeus, M. affinis and M. ensis are more closely related to each other than to M. joyneri. Among Penaeus, P. (Penaeus) monodon and P. (P.) semisulcatus are closely related. P. (Fenneropenaeus) merguiensis and P. (F.) penicillatus are also closely related, but P. (F.) chinensis is more related to species of the subgenus Penaeus than to the other species of Fenneropenaeus. P. (Marsupenaeus) japonicus and P. (Melicertus) latisulcatus cluster together. The large distance value between these 2 species supports their subgenus separation. The results of this study show that the current subgeneric division of Penaeus appears to be a natural one.
Cameras

Another critical component of an image cytometer is the camera, which converts the optical image to an electrical form to view on a monitor, record, or digitize for subsequent analysis. Any image degradation introduced at this stage affects the quality and accuracy of the system output. This unit discusses the fundamentals of camera phenomena and presents extensive data on available CCD chips and cameras.
Expression Packing: As‐Few‐As‐Possible Training Expressions for Blendshape Transfer

To simplify and accelerate the creation of blendshape rigs, using a template rig is a common procedure, especially during the creation of digital doubles. Blendshape transfer methods facilitate copy and paste functionality of the blendshapes from the template model to the digital double. However, for adequate personalization, such methods require a set of scanned training expressions of the original actor. So far, the semantics of the facial expressions to scan have been defined manually. In contrast, we formulate the semantics of the facial expressions as an integer optimization of the blendshape weights. By combining different blendshapes of the template model, our method creates facial expressions that serve as semantic references during scanning. Our method guarantees to compute as‐few‐as‐possible training expressions with minimal overlap of activated blendshapes. If the number of training expressions is limited, blendshapes are selected based on their power to personalize the resulting blendshapes compared to generic blendshape transfer methods.
Stereoselective synthesis of (1S,2S)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol by cell-free extract of Lactobacillus brevis

Abstract In this study Lactobacillus brevis cells were cultivated and then disrupted using various cell disruption methods to obtain maximal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(H))-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in cell-free extract. Evolutionary operation (EVOP) technique was used to find the optimal cell disruption method. The released ADH in cell-free extract was then used for biotransformation of (S)-2-hydroxypropiophenone ((S)-2-HPP) to (1S, 2S)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol ((1S, 2S)-1-PPD). Due to high coenzyme cost, the possibility of NADPH regeneration was considered by examining two substrate-coupled regeneration systems, and for that isopropanol and (R)-1-phenylethanol were used. The enzyme was kinetically characterized, and kinetics of all reactions were determined. Based on kinetic results, mathematical models were developed and were validated in batch reactor. Both regenerating systems successfully shifted the reaction in the desired direction; without coenzyme regeneration, obtained substrate equilibrium conversion was 27.5%, while with coenzyme regeneration by isopropanol oxidation was 99.0% and by (R)-1-phenylethanol was 70.1%.
Neighborhood Effects on Fruit Removal by Birds: A Field Experiment with Viburnum Dentatum (Caprifoliaceae)

The foraging behavior of fruit-eating birds can have important effects on the fitness of plants whose seeds they disperse. An important factor influencing the pattern of fruit consumption by birds may be the amount of fruit in the immediate vicinity of a plant. I experimentally examined the effects of neighborhood fruit density and fruit crop size on the rate, proportion, and temporal pattern of removal of northern arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum) fruits by birds in central New York. I manipulated V. dentatum fruit densities in 100 10 x 10 m plots, then monitored fruit removal by birds during 14 wk in the fall of 1985. Each plot had either high or low fruit density in a central 1 m diameter "crop" area, and either high or zero "neighborhood" fruit density in the rest of the 100- m2 plot. I counted marked fruit in the center of each plot weekly. Fruits in high density neighborhood plots were removed significantly faster than fruits in plots with zero density neighborhoods. A significantly lower proportion of marked fruit was removed from plots with both low crop size and zero density neighborhoods. Forty-three percent of all removal of marked fruit by birds took place during a 2-wk period early in the fruiting season. Birds feeding in flocks were observed feeding in high density neighborhood plots almost exclu- sively, presumably causing the greater removal from these plots. Fruit abscission accelerated after week 9, and by week 14 no fruits were left on plants. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) consumed 400 of the 750 marked infructescences during the 14 wk, but de- stroyed rather than dispersed seeds. These results indicate that the amount of fruit in the area surrounding a fruiting plant, as well as the size of the plant's own fruit crop, can influence fruit removal by seed dispersers. Thus, disperser-mediated plant fitness is affected by neighboring plants. In contrast to previous studies, I found that high fruit density in the area surrounding a plant enhanced fruit removal rather than inhibited it.
Inferring long-term foraging trends of individual juvenile loggerhead sea turtles using stable isotopes

: Individual variation in diet composition has important evolutionary, ecological, and conservation implications. However, few studies of marine turtles have examined long-term foraging behavior of individuals. Using stable carbon ( δ 13 C) and nitrogen ( δ 15 N) isotope values from blood plasma, we examined long-term variation in resource use of 27 juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta captured multiple times in North Carolina between 2001 and 2010. Seven turtles displayed a marked increase in δ 15 N values consistent with a shift from oceanic to neritic habitat. These turtles, which we designated as ‘recruits’, had initial straightline carapace lengths (SCL) and δ 15 N values at first sampling that were significantly lower (p = 0.007 and p < 0.0001, respec-tively) than the remaining 20 ‘resident’ turtles. For the resident group, the influence of SCL on δ 13 C (p = 0.02) and δ 15 N (p = 0.05) values was significant. Individual effects on δ 13 C values were also significant (p < 0.001), indicating that foraging patterns vary among individuals; however, individual effects were not significant for δ 15 N (p = 0.07). Stable isotope niche width calculations suggested that residents were consistent in resource selection over time, and individuals were specialized in resource use relative to the population. Also, the resident population was more specialized than generalized in resource use, and stable isotope mixing (MixSIAR) model results suggest their diet is largely comprised of horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus . These findings improve understanding of the foraging ecology of juvenile loggerhead turtles, and highlight the importance of examining the long-term diet composition of individuals.
Subcellular Fractionation and Isolation of Organelles

I n the early 1700s, Leeuwenhoek noted that avian and amphibian blood cells contained a “clear area,” almost certainly corresponding to the structure we now know as the nucleus. This represents probably the earliest recognition that eukaryotic cells are not simply sacs of protoplasm, but instead contain subcellular structures. Although the concept of the nucleated cell became firmly established in the 18th and 19th centuries, the real beginning of subcellular fractionation had to await the emergence in the mid-1940s of the art form known as electron microscopy. The electron microscope revealed much more complexity than Leeuwenhoek could have imagined. Concurrent with improvements in the techniques of electron microscopy was the development of methodologies for subcellular fractionation. Through the 1950s, these parallel approaches resulted in the discovery and isolation of the major organelles that comprise the eukaryotic cell. Finally, as biochemical functions were associated with specific subcellular compartments, a much clearer picture of the eukaryotic cell began to emerge, and with it the field of modern cell biology.
Determination of Trap Spacings Required to Control an Insect Population

When marked moths are released at various distances from light traps, recovery is reduced greatly by increased distance. A technique is presented for determining trap performance by using the release-recovery data. Equations are developed that use the trap performance for estimating the percentage of an adult insect population that light traps will remove. Results indicate that control of phototactic insects with light traps is possible if trap spacings are much closer than those used in previous control experiments.
Successional trends in soil seed banks of abandoned pastures of a Neotropical dry region

Abstract: A chronosequence was used to study seed-bank communities during the first 12 y of tropical-dry-forest regeneration in abandoned pastures in Chamela, Mexico. Prediction that seeds of woody species replace those of herbaceous species during succession was tested and mechanisms of species replacement (facilitation, tolerance, inhibition) were assessed. Four successional categories (three sites each) were considered: pasture (0–1 y since abandonment), early (3–5 y), intermediate (10–12 y), and old-growth forest. At the end of the dry season, 20 cylindrical soil samples (10 cm diameter, 15 cm depth) were randomly obtained within a 20 × 50-m plot in each site. Seeds ≥1 mm were counted and identified. Overall, 2941 seeds and 102 morphospecies (52 taxonomically identified) were recorded. Seed bank density reduced, species diversity remained fairly constant and seeds of herbaceous species were replaced by those of woody species over the chronosequence. A clear species-by-species replacement pattern was detected, as expected under a mechanism of succession by facilitation. Twelve years after abandonment, a diverse seed bank of woody species did exist, indicating a fast recovery of the tropical-dry-forest regenerative potential; nonetheless, the structure and composition of the seed bank was still different from that in the old-growth forest.
Modeling the growth of rabbits raised in humid climate for improved breeding.

544 weekly body weight records of strains of New Zealand white rabbits were analyzed to model the growth of rabbits for improved breeding. The weekly body weights were collected from 2 to 22 weeks of age when the rabbits were sexually matured. Results of correlation analysis showed higher and highly significant (P<0.01) correlation coefficient values among body weights at early ages (0.79 to 0.91) than values obtained for higher ages (0.25 to 0.73). The R 2 (%) value of all polynomial functions used were above 93% except that of logarithmic thus suggesting good fit of the models. However, because animals cannot be exposed to an environment that will have abundant resources and growth cannot be at a constant rate hence the logistic model which incorporated these factors is assumed to have better predicted the growth of rabbits used in this study. The logistic model exhibited adequate fit with coefficient of determination of over 93.
AN INTUITIVE MOTIVATION OF BAYESIAN BELIEF MODELS

The general use of subjective probabilities to model beliefs has been justified using many axiomatic schemes. This paper presents a rationale for probability models based on intuitive properties of belief orderings and the effect of evidence on beliefs. Qualitative probability, which imposes stringent constraints on belief representation schemes, is derived from four simple assumptions about beliefs and evidence. Properties shown to be sufficient for the adoption of probability proper by Cox (1978) are derived here from qualitative probability and a principle of plausible reasoning advanced by Polya (1954). Models based on complete orderings of beliefs extend easily to motivate set‐valued representations of partial orderings as well.
Computational Design and Optimization of Non‐Circular Gears

We study a general form of gears known as non‐circular gears that can transfer periodic motion with variable speed through their irregular shapes and eccentric rotation centers. To design functional non‐circular gears is nontrivial, since the gear pair must have compatible shape to keep in contact during motion, so the driver gear can push the follower to rotate via a bounded torque that the motor can exert. To address the challenge, we model the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of non‐circular gears, formulate the design problem as a shape optimization, and identify necessary independent variables in the optimization search. Taking a pair of 2D shapes as inputs, our method optimizes them into gears by locating the rotation center on each shape, minimally modifying each shape to form the gear's boundary, and constructing appropriate teeth for gear meshing. Our optimized gears not only resemble the inputs but can also drive the motion with relatively small torque. We demonstrate our method's usability by generating a rich variety of non‐circular gears from various inputs and 3D printing several of them.
Analysis on Codon Usage of Chloroplast Genome of Gossypium hirsutum

【Objective】The codon usage bias in Gossypium hirsutum chloroplast genome was analyzed to find the factors affecting the formation of codon bias. 【Method】 Codon of fifty genes which were selected from the chloroplast genome sequence of Gossypium hirsutum were studied.Mobyle and other softwares were used to calculate different parameters for the codon usage. 【Result】G+C content of the third position in the codons is the lowest among the three positions.The GC3 has a low correlation coefficient(0.14) to the GC12 which is insignificant,whereas GC1 and GC2 have a significant correlation coefficient.ENC ratio of most genes ranged from-0.05 to 0.05. In the corresponding analysis,the first axis shows 10.27% variation.The correlation coefficients for axis1 with GC3 and ENC are 0.223 and-0.147,respectively,and both are insignificant. 【Conclusion】The codon usage bias is formed under effect of mutation and selection,as well as other factors.Genes in function group possibly have the similar factor for the codon formation.The third positions for all codon are preferred to pyrimidine and the most preferred codons end with A and T.
Growth and nutrient relationships of juvenile Pinus pinaster grown on ex-farmland in Western Australia

Summary The action and interaction of N, P and K on the growth and nutrient relationships of young Pinus pinaster were examined on three sites with dissimilar soils and land use histories in Western Australia. The three sites were a fertile gravelly loam (ex-pasture), a deep fertile sand (ex-pasture) and a deep infertile sand (newly cleared banksia woodland). Mean annual rainfall over the 3 y of the experiment was 615 mm, concentrated from May to September, with mean annual evaporation of about 2150 mm. Phosphorus was the key nutrient limiting growth on the infertile sands. Tree height was significantly increased on this site by the application of 140 kg P ha−1. No effect was found on the other two more fertile sites. The addition of 276 kg N ha−1 and/or 250 kg K ha−1 did not increase height growth on any site. There was a negative N × P interaction at all sites, such that the application of N in combination with P significantly reduced tree height growth and lowered P concentrations in the foliage. Foliar P concentrations below 0.07% were found to be deficient for optimum early growth of P. pinaster on all sites. Three years after the treatments were applied, a mean concentration of plant- available P (Olsen bic-P) as low as 0.75 mg kg−1 in the surface soil was sufficient for adequate early growth of P. pinaster, but a mean bic-P of 0.04 mg kg−1 was clearly inadequate. Therefore, while P is the critical element in the optimal early growth of P. pinaster, the amount required is very small.
Retracted: Tumor necrosis factor enhances SN38‐mediated apoptosis in mesothelioma cells

In the April 1, 2005, issue of Cancer, an article entitled “Tumor necrosis factor enhances SN38‐mediated apoptosis in mesothelioma cells: The role of nuclear factor‐κB pathway activation” was published by Dr. Russo and colleagues. On October 6, 2009, we were alerted to concerns about the integrity of the data in the article. A formal investigation was conducted by the Institutional Office for Research Integrity (UIR) at the National Institute for Cancer Research (IST) in Genoa, Italy. The investigation report from the UIR President, dated November 4, 2009, stated the following:
Impacts of transgenic cry1Ab rice on two collembolan species and predation of Microvelia horvathi (Hemiptera: Veliidae)

Two collembolan species were collected from paddy fields and identified as Entomobrya griseoolivata (Packard) and Bourletiella christianseni Banks. Population densities of E. griseoolivata in Bt rice field were significantly higher than that in the control, the XS11 rice field. Cry1Ab insecticidal protein was detected in the E. griseoolivata fed with Bt rice (KMD1 and KMD2) litter in the laboratory. Results from the laboratory studies on predation and functional responses by Microvelia horvathi Lundblad adults showed that all the functional responses of the predator to E. griseoolivata fed with the litter of either Bt rice or the control rice XS11, whether by single or three M. horvathi adult(s), followed the Holling Ⅱ type response. The daily predation, instantaneous attacks constant and handling times of them were not significantly different.