Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eine neuartige Fragmentierung cyclischer α, ß-ungesättigter Carbonylsysteme; Synthese von Exalton und rac-Muscon aus Cyclododecanon Vorläufige Mitteilung

The conversion of bicyclo[10.3. 0]-1,12-epoxy-13-pentadecanone into 4-cyclopenta-decyne-1-one, effected by p-tolylsulfonylhydrazine under mild conditions and in high yield, provides an example of a new fragmentation reaction.
A novel method for washing lignin precipitated from kraft black liquor – Laboratory trials

A previous study on the washing of lignin precipitated from kraft black liquor encountered problems with complete or partial plugging of the filter cake and/or filter media that resulted in uneven washing and high sodium contents in the final lignin product. This effect was ascribed to large gradients in pH and ionic strength during the washing process. This paper presents an improved method that aims at solving these problems by reducing pH and ionic strength gradients through the introduction of a re-suspension stage before the final washing. Laboratory results indicate successful washing with sodium contents of the lignin well below the requirements for the intended use as a biofuel. No plugging problems were encountered when the pH was below 3.75. An additional important positive effect was a net yield gain in precipitated lignin over the process.
Automated Extraction of Carboxy THC from Urine on an ASPEC XL4 TM Solid-Phase Extraction System without the Use of SPE Cartridges

An automated liquid-liquid extraction method for extracting the major urinary metabolite of cannabis, 11-nor-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Carboxy THC) was developed on the 4-probe Gilson ASPEC XL4 TM Solid-Phase Extraction System. The method employs liquidliquid extraction principles but does not require the use of SPE cartridges. The limits of detection (LOD), quantitation (LOQ), and the upper limit of linearity of the developed method were found to be 1, 2, and 1500ng/mL respectively. There was no detectable carry over after 10,000ng/mL analyte. For a batch of 76 samples, the process uses 450mL hexane/ethyl acetate (5:1) as extracting solvent and 1L of 30% methanol in water as rinsing solvent and takes 5 hours to complete. Precision and accuracy of the method are comparable to both manual liquid-liquid extraction and automated SPE methods. The developed method has been proven to be a simple, speedy and economical alternative to the currently popular automated SPE method for the quantitative analysis of urinary Carboxy THC.
Aqueous Dispersion and Slip Casting of Boron Carbide Powder: Effect of pH and Oxygen Content

The effect of pH and oxygen content on the zeta potential, viscosity, and casting performance of fine (>3 μm) boron carbide powder is presented. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the powder revealed a surface layer of adsorbed water and oxides of boron and carbon. The soluble boric acid impurity was removed by washing the powder with water or alcohols. Electrophoresis indicated that the B4C surface was negatively charged in water above pH 1, but the presence of dissolved boric acid suppressed the zeta potential at high pH. Stable, low-viscosity dispersions of >30 vol% solids were prepared and slip cast at pH >6, but boric acid was destabilizing for dispersions prepared above pH 7. The green density of slip-cast parts was more reproducible and about 3% to 5% higher for washed powders than for high-oxygen-content powders.
New structural aspects of Elements appearing under hydrostatic pressure

Importance of hydrostaticity in high-pressure research has well been recognized in recent years. Figure 1 illustrates a sample pressurized in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC). If the pressure-transmitting medium is a hard solid, the stress condition in the sample chamber becomes nonhydrostatic, giving rise to a number of problems. Firstly, pressure (or better to say, stress) is anisotropic and spatially inhomogeneous. Pressure on a ruby sensor can be different from that on the sample, if it is located far from the sample. The sample itself suffers from a large pressure gradient, and hence we cannot define the pressure with high precision. Secondly, if the sample is anisotropically compressed, the crystal lattice is distorted. The distorted lattice, if studied by x-ray diffraction, gives lattice parameters different from those under isotropic compression (Singh et al. 1998). This is a big problem, for example, for the determination of the equation of state. Phase transition pressures are affected by stress conditions (von Bargen and Boehler 1990), and even the phase stability may become different. More importantly, however, physical properties, such as electrical, magnetic, and optical ones, are likely to be different for such a distorted lattice. Hydrostatic conditions are therefore essential for the study of intrinsic properties of a sample subjected to high pressure.
Histone H2AX in DNA repair

The paper reviews the recent reports on the role of the phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). The modification of this histone is an important part of the cellular response to the induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) by ionising radiation and other DSB-generating factors. In irradiated cell the modification is carried out mainly by ATM (ataxia- -telangiectasia mutated) kinase, the enzyme that starts the alarm signalling upon induction of DSB. γ-H2AX molecules are formed within 1−3 min after irradiation and form foci at the sites of DSB. This seems to be necessary for the recruitment of repair factors that are later present in foci of damaged nuclei. Modification of a constant percentage of H2AX molecules per DSB takes place, corresponding to chromatin domains of megabase pairs of DNA.
The structure of two‐layered objects reconstructed using EDXRF‐analysis and internal X‐ray ratios

Many objects of common use (tools, utensils, metals, knick-knacks, dishes and glasses) and artifacts (for example paintings of all types) are composed of two or more layers. In many cases, it would be useful to determine the correct location, composition and thickness of the various layers. Non-destructive and non-invasive methods are described, based on energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence which are able to ‘reconstruct' the complete structure of a multilayered sample. These methods use, in different ways, the ratios of characteristic X-rays emitted by the elements of the layers, and, in particular, two effects can be usefully employed, effects which are based on the differential attenuation of Kα and Kβ or Lα and Lβ X-rays: Different self-attenuation of K or L X-rays emitted by an element characterizing a layer because of the different energy of the two K or L X-rays; Different attenuation of the two K or L X-rays of an element characterizing a layer by a second superimposed layer. Furthermore, the ratio of the Kα (or Lα) X-rays emitted by an element characterizing the internal layer, to the Kα (or Lα) X-rays emitted by an element characterizing a second superimposed layer, can also be employed in the ‘reconstruction’ of the layers. In this paper, the theoretical background of all these methods is described, and typical examples are shown. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioanalytical method development and validation of ciprofloxacin by RP-HPLC method

Objective: A new, simple and precise bio analytical RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma. Methods: The developed method was successfully used for assaying drug content in plasma. Isocratic elution mode was carried at C18 10µm stationary phase (Lichrospher 4.6×250mm) using acetonitrile: TEA Buffer (150:850 v/v; pH adjusted with phosphoric acid to 2.36) at flow rate of 1.5 mLmin-1. Levofloxacin was taken as an internal standard. Results: The peak symmetry resolution was determined at 9.4 and 7.3 min for ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin respectively through UV Detection at 280 nm. The linearity of the method was achieved over the concentration range of 10-0.05 gmL, demonstrated good linearity with correlation coefficients 2 (r) of > 0.99. Validation parameters of the proposed method were found to be satisfactory with acceptable recovery and precision. Conclusion: The selectivity and limit of detection value, suggests that the developed method can be used effectively to quantify ciprofloxacin in plasma.
The Platinum Group Element Deposits of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa

School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; E-mail: grant.cawthorn@wits.ac. za There are enough platinum group element deposits in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa to supply world demands for many decades or even a century using current mining techniques. Demonstrated reserves and resources published by mining companies make detailed calculations up to a maximum of about twenty years ahead, but there is abundant and adequate geological evidence that these deposits continue far beyond where mining companies have proven according to rigorous international reporting codes. For each 1 km of depth into the Earth in the Bushveld Complex there is in the order of 350 million oz of platinum. For comparison, annual production of platinum from the Bushveld Complex currently is only around 5 million oz. The distinction between ‘reserves’,‘resources’ and ‘deposits’ is also explained in this article.
Si/SiGe heterostructure parameters for device simulations

This paper is based on a comprehensive review of the literature and our own studies. We present a summary of the theoretical models and related empirical expressions to evaluate parameters related to the carrier transport within Si/SiGe heterostructures. The models and expressions include the effects of alloy composition and mechanical strain on the band structure of Si/SiGe alloys and the corresponding interfaces. They are presented in a form suitable for implementation in various types of device simulators. Important parameters, such as the band structure of strained or relaxed SiGe, the conduction and valence band offsets in the Si1−xGex/Si1−yGey heterostructures, the effective transport masses and the densities of states, have been calculated and shown to be in good agreement with existing experimental and theoretical results. Analytical expressions of those parameters as a function of Ge composition of the SiGe alloy have been given for strained Si on relaxed Si1−yGey substrate and strained Si1−xGex on Si substrate.
Assessment of the molecular diversity of a set of wheat genotypes

The genetic diversity of a set of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat genotypes at biotechnology centre Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was investigated by applying 21 simple sequence repeats (SSR) primers and only six primers gave ploymorphism. The materials consisted of eleven bread wheat and five durum wheat. In total 93 alleles were detected with an average of 15.5 alleles per locus. The average PIC values per locus varied from 0.77 for the primer Xgwm-136 to 0.92 for the primer Xgwm-130. Genetic similarity values between genotypes, calculated by Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, were used to produce a dendrogram. In the dendrogram the genotypes were clustered in three main clusters and two genotypes remained solitary in dendrogram.
Cyberostracism: Emotional and behavioral consequences in social media interactions

This study focuses on the effect of cyberostracism on social networking sites. Based on the temporal need-threat model of ostracism, we examined a) reflexive reactions, specifically worsened mood and threats to the four fundamental needs (i.e., belongingness, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and control), and b) reflective reactions, in the form of prosocial, antisocial, and avoidance behavior. We also focused on the role of social anxiety. Using the experimental tool Ostracism Online, we conducted an online experiment to manipulate ostracism, measure self-reported reflexive reactions, and measure reflective reactions in a newly developed cooperative financial game. The participants were 196 young Czech adults (age 18-30; 62% women). T-tests showed worsened mood and higher threat connected to all four of the fundamental needs in the reflexive stage in ostracized participants. Regression models showed that social anxiety had a small effect on reflexive reactions, but it did not moderate the effect of ostracism. The type of threatened need and social anxiety did not predict a reflective reaction. The only significant predictor of antisocial response was experienced ostracism. Even a mild form of ostracism such as the lack of reactions by strangers to a shared post can lead to negative emotional and behavioral consequences. Este estudio se centra en el efecto del ostracismo cibernético en los sitios de redes sociales. Sobre la base de un modelo de necesidad temporal-amenaza del ostracismo, analizamos el efecto en reacciones reflexivas, específicamente el empeoramiento del ánimo y amenaza a cuatro necesidades fundamentales (sentido de pertenencia, autoestima, existencia con sentido y control), y la reacción reflexiva en forma de comportamiento prosocial, antisocial o evasivo. También nos concentramos en el papel que desempeña la ansiedad social. Mediante el uso de la herramienta experimental Ostracism Online (Ostracismo en línea), realizamos un experimento en línea en el que se manipuló el ostracismo, se midieron las reacciones reflexivas autoinformadas en un juego financiero cooperativo recientemente desarrollado. Los participantes fueron 196 adultos jóvenes checos (de 18 a 30 años; 62% mujeres). T-tests demostraron empeoramiento del ánimo y amenaza más alta en las cuatro necesidades fundamentales en la etapa reflexiva de los participantes ostracidos. Los modelos de regresión mostraron que la ansiedad social tenía poco efecto en las reacciones reflexivas, pero no moderaba el efecto del ostracismo. El tipo de necesidad amenazada y ansiedad social no predijo la reacción reflexiva; el único indicador significativo de la respuesta antisocial fue el ostracismo experimentado. Incluso una forma leve de ostracismo en forma de falta de reacciones por parte de extraños a la publicación compartida puede dar lugar a consecuencias emocionales y conductuales negativas.
Antioxidant Activities of Soluble Dietary Fiber Extracted from Brewers’ Spent Grain

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is the most common by-product of the brewing industry, contains about 16.8% cellulose, 28.4% non-cellulosic polysaccharides and 27.8% lignin, which is a good raw material for industrial production of soluble dietary fiber (SDF). The antioxidant activity of crude dietary fiber (CDF) and grade dietary fiber (GDF) isolated from BSG was investigated in vitro. The scavenging hydroxyl radical capability of CDF and GDF was respectively reached to15.4% and 69.2% at the concentration of 0.1mg /mL. DF concentration from 0.02mg /mL to 0.1m g /mL was used. The scavenging capability of CDF and GDF to superoxide anion radical was increased from 10.68% and 12.33% to 35.78% and 78.39%. Both of the two DF showed some effect in scavenging superoxide radical and 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical with the concentration increase. The result showed that BSG DF can be used as a good additive with some functionality.
Composição química e atividade inseticida do óleo essencial de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) sobre a broca-do-café (Hypothenemus hampei) Ferrari

The essential oil from the leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius was obtained by hydrodistillation and was analyzed by GC-MS. The oil yield was 0.8%, and 37 chemical constituents were identified. The main components were germacrene D (25.0%), (E)-β-cariophyllene (17.5%) and δ-elemene (10.5%). The essential oil was diluted in acetone in concentrations of 10-2 to 10-8 and it was applied to insects (Hypothenemus hampei) by topical application and exposure to contaminated surface. Mortality rates were evaluated after 24 and 48 hours. The contaminated surface application resulted in 25.0% of mortality in control while the dilutions of 10-2 to 10-8 resulted in 100% to 30.0% of mortality respectively. In the topical application, it was observed 27.5% of mortality in control and 97.5 to 77.5% of mortality in dilutions of 10-2 to 10-8.
Professional development, job satisfaction and burnout of teachers of English

This research aims to determine professional development activities conducted by teachers of English and whether their frequency of conducting these activities vary according to their job satisfaction and burnout levels and some other variables. 'Maslach Burnout Inventory', 'Job Satisfaction Scale' and 'Professional Development Activities Questionnaire' were used to collect data from randomly chosen 121 teachers of English at primary, secondary and tertiary education schools in Konya city center during 2010-2011 academic year. The findings show that, there is a positive correlation between professional development activities scores and job satisfaction levels of teachers of English and a negative correlation between professional development activities scores and burnout.
A risk map for gully locations in central Queensland, Australia

In central Queensland, Australia, relatively little is known about where gullies occur (‘gully presence’). This is despite a general acceptance among scientists and politicians that gully erosion in the region is an ecologically important process, exacerbated by grazing pressure. We aimed to create a risk map of gully presence for a 4.86 × 106‐ha area of central Queensland dominated by grazing and thought to be particularly prone to gully erosion. We achieved this by using (i) light detection and ranging (lidar) technology (vertical accuracy < 0.15 m; spatial resolution 0.5 m) to observe topography on transects at eight selected sites within the study area, (ii) object‐oriented classification to derive gully presence from lidar observations and (iii) a random forest to model the relationship between gully presence and a set of readily available explanatory variables (comprising soil, topography, and vegetation information; finest spatial resolution 25 m) and (iv) extrapolating the model to unsampled locations. Cross‐validation indicated that the predictive ability of the model was modest, with an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.62 (where 1.0 is a perfect model and 0.5 is no better than chance). The greatest risk of gully presence was associated with areas of large topographic variation, and where, coincidentally, there was relatively little long‐term vegetation cover. Ultimately, however, we acknowledge that the quality of the map is limited by the small area of observed lidar data relative to the study area, the relatively coarse spatial resolution of the explanatory variables and the possibility that gully presence is the result of different processes at different locations.
The Kinetics of Ampicillin Release from Hydroxyapatite for Bones Regeneration

Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics are among the most used pharmaceuticals. Their use in veterinary and human medicine is in continuous expansion. There is a growing need for developing bioactive implants. Advantages of implantable drug delivery tools can include high release efficiency, precise dose control, low toxicity, and allow to overcome disadvantages connected with conventional methods. In this respect, hydroxyapatite (HA) is an elective material. It enables to produce architectures similar to those of real bones. Here we studied a kinetic model to describe ampicillin release from HA. In the course of adsorption experiment, ampicillin was dissolved, maintained at 30∘C and shaken at 60 strokes/minute. Samples were withdrawn periodically for analysis and then returned to the mixture. Adsorbed amounts were measured by the difference of the concentration of the antibiotics before and after adsorption using UV adsorption at 225 nm. The aim of this work was to evaluate its application as ampicillin delivery carrier.
A model for the interpretation of holographic and Lorentz images of tilted reverse-biased p-n junctions in a finite specimen

Abstract An analytical model for the electric field associated with a periodic array of alternating p- and n-doped stripes lying in a half-plane, tilted with respect to the specimen edges and thus better representing the actual experimental set-up is presented. With respect to a previous treatment, relative to the case of stripes perpendicular to the edge, a more physical derivation is outlined, and the calculated phase shift is used to interpret the main features of holography and Lorentz microscopy images, allowing a quantitative assessment of the influence of the specimen edge on them.
Rapid Synthesis of Nanosized NaY Zeolite by Hydrothermal Method

A transparent seed(guiding agent) solution was prepared by using sodium aluminate as the aluminium source and silica sol(Ludox) as the silicon source.The aging time of the seed solution was around 6 hours for best crystallization of Nay zeolite under the conditions: the molar composition of the reactant mixture was n(Na2O)∶n(Al2O3)∶n(SiO2)∶n(H2O)= 8∶1∶15∶220,at crystallization temperature of 100℃ for 4 hours.Identified by XRD,SEM,TEM,and BET techniques.Results indicated that the synthesized product was NaY whose particles were in relatively uniform size of about 150-200 nm in nano-size scale.
One-pot synthesis of hydrophilic CuInS2 and CuInS2–ZnS colloidal quantum dots

A green method for the one-pot direct synthesis of hydrophilic CuInS2 and CuInS2–ZnS colloidal quantum dots was developed employing N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. Highly reactive H2S gas, in situ generated from the reaction between FeS and H2SO4, was utilized as the sulphur source for the synthesis of hydrophilic CuInS2 quantum dots. Short chain thiols were applied as ligands, reactivity controllers and sulphur sources for the growth of the ZnS shell. The growth of CuInS2 quantum dots experiences a typical Ostwald ripening process, and it should be controlled in 45 min due to the pyrolysis of the ligands. The reaction temperature should not exceed 130 °C. The ZnS shell was grown on CuInS2 quantum dots in a very simple and one-pot approach. Both the luminescence and optical stability were improved substantially after the formation of the ZnS shell. The versatility of this synthetic strategy was demonstrated by extending it to the synthesis of other metal sulphide quantum dots, for instance, CdS and ZnS quantum dots.
The effect of chromium on sulfur resistance of Pd/HY-Al2O3 catalysts for aromatic hydrogenation

Sulfur is a major poison to noble metal catalysts for deep aromatic hydrogenation in the petroleum refining industry. In order to study the sulfur resistance of Pd-based catalysts, a series of Pd, Cr, and PdCr catalysts supported on HY–Al2O3 were studied by NH3-TPD, pyridine-adsorption IR, TPR, IR spectra of adsorbed CO, and toluene hydrogenation in the presence of 3000 ppm sulfur as thiophene under the following conditions: 533–573 K, 4.2 MPa, and WHSV 4.0 h−1. Cr has no influence on the acidity of the catalysts. TPR patterns and in situ IR spectra of adsorbed CO revealed a strong interaction between Cr and Pd, and the frequency shift of linear bonded CO on Pd indicates that the electron density of Pd decreases with the increase of the Cr/Pd atomic ratio. The catalytic performance of Pd, Cr, and PdCr catalysts shows that the sulfur resistance of Pd is strongly enhanced by Cr, and the activity reaches its maximum when the Cr/Pd atomic ratio equals 8. The active phase model “Pd particles decorated by Cr2O3” is postulated to explain the behavior of PdCr catalysts.