Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pond culture of Tilapia

fish farmers. It thrives in fresh and brackish water provided the pH is suitable. The following will give an idea • of their capacities of resistance: I took ten Tilapia from Fiji to Noumea by air in a one-gallon (4.5-litre) glass jar, without any special provision for aeration, etc When I received them, they had already spent two days in the jar, yet all but two reached Noumea in good condition. A large earthenware vessel has been their home since. But that is not all. These fish had been born in fresh water. I brought the water in the vessel to a salinity of 20 parts per thousand by gradual stages, and then changed it in one stage back to fresh water again. Then I increased the salinity again in three stages to 35 parts per thousand, giving water of the same salinity as the ocean. Thus, it cannot be claimed that Tilapia is not a sturdy fish. Commercial production of fish species sensitive to environment changes would be very difficult for unskilled farmers. Another point in favour of Tilapia is that one need not worry about fry. They attain maturity at about four months, and are able to reproduce all the year round at intervals of from two to three months, in both fresh and brackish water. They have also been observed to breed in really salty water (approximately 35 parts per thousand). One pair of adult fish may produce as many as 10,000 fry in a year.
Characterization, detection and identification of transgenic chili pepper harboring coat protein gene that enhances resistance to cucumber mosaic virus

Abstract Previously, two events (H15 and B20) of transgenic pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) that enhanced resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by the introduction of CMV coat protein (CP) gene were constructed. Presently, a single copy number of the CP gene was revealed in H15 and B20 by Southern blot. To predict possible unintended effects due to transgene insertion in an endogenous gene, we carried out se-quencing of the 5’-flanking region of the CP gene and a Blast- based search. The results revealed that insertion of the trans-gene into genes encoding putative proteins may occur in the H15 and B20 transgenic event. Mutiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for simultaneous detection and identification of transgenic pepper was conducted with a set of nine primers. Both transgenic event were differentiated from non-transgenic event by the presence of 267 bp and 430 bp PCR products indi-cative of CP gene specific primer pairs and primer pairs tar-geting the CP gene and 35S pr omoter. H15 and B20 uniquely possessed a 390 bp and 596 bp PCR product, respectively. The presence of a 1115 bp product corresponding to intrinsic pe-pper actin gene confirmed the use of pepper DNA as the PCR template. The primer set and PCR conditions used presently may allow the accurate and simple identification of CMV re-sistant transgenic pepper.
A Myersonian Framework for Optimal Liquidity Provision in Automated Market Makers

In decentralized finance ("DeFi"), automated market makers (AMMs) enable traders to programmatically exchange one asset for another. Such trades are enabled by the assets deposited by liquidity providers (LPs). The goal of this paper is to characterize and interpret the optimal (i.e., profit-maximizing) strategy of a monopolist liquidity provider, as a function of that LP's beliefs about asset prices and trader behavior. We introduce a general framework for reasoning about AMMs based on a Bayesian-like belief inference framework, where LPs maintain an asset price estimate. In this model, the market maker (i.e., LP) chooses a demand curve that specifies the quantity of a risky asset to be held at each dollar price. Traders arrive sequentially and submit a price bid that can be interpreted as their estimate of the risky asset price; the AMM responds to this submitted bid with an allocation of the risky asset to the trader, a payment that the trader must pay, and a revised internal estimate for the true asset price. We define an incentive-compatible (IC) AMM as one in which a trader's optimal strategy is to submit its true estimate of the asset price, and characterize the IC AMMs as those with downward-sloping demand curves and payments defined by a formula familiar from Myerson's optimal auction theory. We generalize Myerson's virtual values, and characterize the profit-maximizing IC AMM. The optimal demand curve generally has a jump that can be interpreted as a"bid-ask spread,"which we show is caused by a combination of adverse selection risk (dominant when the degree of information asymmetry is large) and monopoly pricing (dominant when asymmetry is small). This work opens up new research directions into the study of automated exchange mechanisms from the lens of optimal auction theory and iterative belief inference, using tools of theoretical computer science in a novel way.
Spatial and temporal variation of echinoderm assemblages from soft bottoms of the Çanakkale Strait (Turkish Strait System) with a taxonomic key of the genus Amphiura (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

This study deals with the structure of echinoderm assemblages and their relationships with the biotic and abiotic conditions in the Canakkale Strait in 2006 and 2007. A total of 25 echinoderm species were found, 4 species of which [Amphiura securigera (Duben & Koren, 1846); Amphiura lacazei Guille, 1976; Amphiura cherbonnieri Guille, 1972; and Thyone fusus (O.F. Muller, 1776)] were new records for Turkish fauna; 1 species [Ophiopsila annulosa (M. Sars, 1859)] was new for the Turkish Strait System; and 22 species were first reports for the Canakkale Strait. Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Muller, 1776), Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1829), and Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard, 1789) were the most important species, representing 71% of the total abundance. Ophiuroids were found to be the dominant group, but asteroids also played a significant role in the echinoderm community structure. No seasonal differences were found, while finer sediments and the percentage of organic carbon (TOC) seemed to encourage echinoderm behavior. Hydrodynamism seems to be the factor regulating benthic assemblages' structure and distribution in the Canakkale Strait. An identification key to the Mediterranean species of the genus Amphiura is provided.
DIAGNOSABILITY VERSUS MEAN DIFFERENCES OF SAGE SPARROW SUBSPECIES

Abstract A subspecies is a collection of populations within a biological species that are diagnosably distinct from other such collections of populations. That infraspecific designation has motivated a litany of spirited debates over the past half-century, from impassioned pleas for its retention to heated outcries for its abolition. We believe that the vast majority of attacks on the subspecies concept have resulted from displeasure with its improper application, not from serious flaws in the concept itself. The recognition of diagnosable subspecies allows one to address many questions not easily answered otherwise, ranging from dispersal and migration to local selection and adaptation and biogeographic affinities, yet that goal was lost for many years. Many taxonomists in the late nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century named subspecies on the basis of average differences between populations under study, a procedure at odds with identification of diagnosable populations. To resolve that dilemma, we make explicit the established 75% rule for subspecies recognition, including formalizing the rule and developing a simple statistic to test whether diagnosability is met. The equations can be adapted readily to any level of diagnosability. We apply the concept and the statistic to a revision of the subspecies of the Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli). Rather than the seven named subspecies or the five that are generally considered valid, we show that only three aggregates of populations are diagnosable, and thus only three subspecies should be recognized: (1) A. b. belli in chaparral and sage scrub of coastal California, northwestern Baja California, and San Clemente Island; (2) A. b. cinerea in desert scrub of west-central Baja California; and (3) A. b. nevadensis in sagebrush and saltbush of the Great Basin and interior California. Consistent application of the 75% rule will result in fewer trinomials and a more biologically meaningful and taxonomically useful subspecies concept.
Seed bank diversity in mesic grasslands in relation to vegetation type, management and site conditions

Abstract Questions: 1. Do different management types (i.e. hay meadow, silage meadow, meadow-pasture, pasture) have different impact on the size and composition of the seed bank of mesic grassland (Arrhenatheretalia)? 2. How strong is the effect of management on the seed bank in relation to above-ground vegetation, edaphic factors and land-use history? 3. Are there differences in C-S-R plant strategy types and seed longevity under different management regimes? Location: Lahn-Dill Highlands in central-western Germany. Methods: Above-ground vegetation and the soil seed bank of 63 plots (at 21 sites) in mesic grasslands were studied. Differences between management types in quantitative seed bank traits and functional characteristics were tested by ANOVA. The impact of management, above-ground vegetation, site conditions and land-use history on seed bank composition were analysed by partial CCA. Results: Management had no significant impact on species richness and density of the seed bank but significantly influenced their floristic composition and functional characteristics. CCA revealed that even after adjustment for soil chemical parameters and above-ground vegetation management still had significant impact on seed bank composition. ANOVA revealed that silage meadows contained higher proportions of R-strategy compared to hay meadows. In contrast, in hay meadows and meadow-pastures proportions of S-strategy were higher than in silage meadows. Conclusions: The type of grassland management has little impact on quantitative seed bank traits. Management types with a high degree of disturbance lead to an increase of species following a ruderal strategy in the seed bank. Irrespective of management type only a limited proportion of characteristic grassland species is likely to re-establish from the seed bank after disappearance from above-ground vegetation. Nomenclature: Wisskirchen & Haeupler (1998).
Validation of the Microlife WatchBP Home device for self home blood pressure measurement according to the International Protocol

ObjectiveCurrent guidelines recommend that self monitoring of blood pressure at home should only be performed using validated devices. This study assessed the accuracy of the Microlife WatchBP Home device for self home blood pressure measurement according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol. MethodsThirty-three participants were included (15 in phase 1 and an additional 18 in phase 2). Simultaneous blood pressure measurements were taken by two observers (Y-tube-connected mercury sphygmomanometers) four times sequentially, with three measurements taken using the tested device. Absolute differences between observer and device measurements were classified into three zones (within 5, 10 and 15 mmHg). The number of measurements with a difference within 5 mmHg was calculated for each individual. ResultsIn phase 1, the device produced 38, 43 and 43 measurements within 5, 10 and 15 mmHg, respectively, for systolic blood pressure and 35, 45 and 45 for diastolic blood pressure. In phase 2.1, the device produced 75, 91 and 97 measurements within 5, 10 and 15 mmHg for systolic, and 74, 93 and 99 for diastolic blood pressure. In phase 2.2, 30 participants had at least two of their differences within 5 mmHg and two participants had no differences within 5 mmHg for systolic blood pressure, whereas for diastolic blood pressure the number of participants were 27 and three, respectively. Mean difference for systolic blood pressure was −0.3±5.6 mmHg and for diastolic −2.4±4.8 mmHg. ConclusionsThe Microlife WatchBP Home device for self home blood pressure measurement fulfills all the validation criteria of the International Protocol and can, therefore, be recommended for clinical use in the adult population.
Skeletal adaptations and phylogeny of the oldest mole Eotalpa (Talpidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) from the UK Eocene: the beginning of fossoriality in moles

The oldest talpid, Eotalpa, was previously known only from isolated cheek teeth from the European late Middle Eocene to earliest Oligocene. Screenwashing of Late Eocene sediments of the Hampshire Basin, UK, has yielded cranial and postcranial elements: maxilla, dentary, ulna, metacarpals, distal tibia, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsals and phalanges. In addition to M1–2 myotodonty, typical talpid features are as follows: ulna with long medially curved olecranon and deep abductor fossa and astragalar body with lateral process. However, Eotalpa retains certain soricid‐like primitive states (M1 preparacrista, P4 with prominent mesiolingual protocone lobe, strongly angled astragalar neck and calcaneum with no space for a cuboid medial process) not found in modern talpids. Eotalpa is more derived than the most primitive living talpid Uropsilus in having lost the M1–2 talon shelf, developed a convex radial facet on the ulna, an incipient proximal olecranon crest, relatively shorter metapodials and depressed manual unguals. Its astragalus with medial trochlear ridge taller than the lateral one and massive medial plantar process is typical of the Lipotyphla. Eotalpa lacks synostosis of tibia and fibula, found in other Talpidae, Soricidae and Erinaceidae, suggesting that synostosis in these groups has been independently acquired. Cladistic analysis places Eotalpa as stem member of the Talpidae and shows that much homoplasy arose during the early evolution of the family. Ground dwelling in Eotalpa is indicated by the following: astragalus with a medially dipping head, curved in a single plane; calcaneum with distal peroneal process and strongly overlapping ectal and sustentacular facets; and matching sized ectal and sustentacular facets on calcaneum and astragalus. These features would have restricted ankle mobility. Ungual and metatarsal shape and ulnar structure suggest a primitive stage in fossorial evolution and argue against a semiaquatic precursor stage in talpid fossoriality. Shrew‐moles may represent a reversal to surface foraging rather than an intermediate stage in fossoriality.
Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Muscadine Grape Leaf Explants

Immature leaf laminae and petioles of 'Regale' and 'Fry' muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium supplemented with 9.0 µM 2,4-D and 4.4 µM BA, and gelled with agar. Callus and original explant tissues were transferred to NN medium containing 10.7 µM NAA and 0.9 µM BA to proliferate em- bryogenic callus, which, when transferred to NN medium without growth regulators, yielded globular embryos. The embryos matured and germinated after being subcultured to fresh medium without growth regulators. Somatic embryogenesis incidence was greater from petioles than laminae: 90% of 'Regale' and 50% of 'Fry' petioles formed embryos, compared with 14% and 2% of laminae, respectively. Culturing germinated somatic embryos on NN medium with 1 µ M BA enhanced shoot growth. Regenerated plants flowered and appeared morphologically normal. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)- 1H -purin-6-amine (BA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); α- naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Evaluation of Real-time PCR Kits for Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Assays

eISSN 2093-6338 혀졌다[2-4]. EBV 진단 방법으로 혈청학적 항체검사법, 바이러스 배양법, DNA를 검출하는 중합-효소연쇄반응(polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 등이 있다. 이 중에 바이러스 배양법은 확진 검사이 지만 수작업으로 검사를 시행하여 표준화가 어려워, 주로 혈청학 적 검사법과 바이러스 DNA를 검출하는 방법이 널리 사용되고 있 다[5]. 혈중 바이러스 DNA 검출을 위한 분자생물학적 검사방법은 EBV 연관 질환을 진단하고 추적 관찰하는 데 도움을 준다. 특히 이식환자에서 EBV DNA의 혈중 농도 상승은 이식 후 림프세포증 식성 질환(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, PTLD)과 연관된 것으로 알려져 있어 혈중 바이러스 DNA 검출은 빠른 치료 를 가능하게 한다[6]. 또한 후천성면역결핍증 환자에서 뇌척수액에 대한 EBV PCR로 중추신경계 림프종을 높은 민감도 및 특이도로 진단할 수 있다고 보고된 바 있다[7]. 한편, 비인두암 환자에서도 혈 중 EBV DNA 측정검사는 예후 판정과 치료 후 재발을 추적관찰 하는 데 유용한 종양표지자로서의 역할을 한다[8, 9]. 현재는 기존의 고식적인 PCR법을 거쳐서 민감도와 특이도가 개 서 론
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Stimulates Proliferation, Migration, and Lumen Formation of Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells In Vitro

Human endometrial regeneration has been considered to be modulated by several growth factors. However, little is known about the detailed mechanisms involved in the repair of the endometrium during the menstrual period. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that reportedly acts on various epithelial cells. In the present study, we observed HGF and mRNA expression in human endometrium and mRNA expression in cultured endometrial epithelial cells of the c-met gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot hybridization. We also examined the biological role of HGF on the regeneration of the endometrium by using cultured endometrial epithelial cells in their proliferative phase. With the proliferation assay, the addition of 10-50 ng/ml of HGF showed that HGF was mitogenic in a dose-dependent manner. With Boyden's chamber technique, 50 ng/ml of HGF significantly stimulated cell migration. In a three-dimensional cellculture system, the endometrial epithelial cells formed cell clusters and gradually formed epithelial lumens, both of which were stimulated by 50 ng/ml of HGF. Results suggest that HGF stimulates the proliferation and migration of, and morphogenic changes in, endometrial epithelial cells. HGF may modulate the regeneration of the endometrium during menstruation.
Neurotrauma

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations and accounts for almost one-third of all trauma-related deaths. Currently, 50,000 Americans die of TBI-related complications annually, and about 5.3 million live with TBI-related disabilities. Among survivors of severe TBI, cognitive deficits are common, which poses a long-term societal burden, given its prevalence in the young. Only one-third of the patients can return to their prior occupation and engage in social activities. Elderly patients have the worst outcome; although accounting for only 10% of the TBI cases, they represent 50% of TBI-related deaths. Road traffic crashes account for 50% of the cases. Falls represent the most common cause in the elderly. Whereas patients with mild TBI rarely seek medical attention, severe TBI requires rapid diagnosis and treatment to limit secondary injury and optimize outcome. Overall, mortality in patients with severe TBI is still poor. However, parallel improvements in the trauma response system and the development of subspecialization in neurocritical care have led to reductions in mortality.
LAMBDA

Security is a critical aspect in many of the latest embedded and IoT systems. Malware is one of the severe threats of security for such devices. There have been enormous efforts in malware detection and analysis; however, occurrences of newer varieties of malicious codes prove that it is an extremely difficult problem given the nature of these surreptitious codes. In this article, instead of addressing a general solution, we aim at malware detection for platforms that have more than one core for performance enhancement. We investigate the utility of multiple cores from the point of view of security, where one of the cores operate as a watchdog. We define a notion of a new metric called LAMBDA (Lightweight Assessment of Malware for emBeddeD Architectures), denoted by λ, indicating a conceptual boundary between the programs which are allowed to run on a given platform, with the codes that are suspected as malwares. The metric λ is computed using carefully chosen monitors or features, which are tuples of high-level programs representing OS resources, along with low-level hardware performance counters. In comparison to heavy-weight machine learning techniques, we use an online hypothesis testing, in the form of t-test, to classify a given program-under-test. For applications where security is of prime concern, we propose an additional step based on multivariate analysis to classify the unknown programs that are closer to the threshold with a high degree of confidence. We present experimental results focusing on an ARM-based platform which validate that the proposed approach provides a lightweight, accurate assessment of malware codes for embedded platforms. In addition to it, we also present a security analysis to show the difficulty of a mimicry attack attempting to bypass LAMBDA.
Biochemical, haematological and histopathological studies of extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. in Sprague Dawley rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety potential of the leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats using biochemical, haematological and histological indices of toxicity. Four groups of seven male SD rats per group were used for the study. To group A was administered 0.25% CMC-Na/kg body weight and was used as the control group, while groups B, C and D were respectively administered with 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of the ethanolic leaf extract of A. conyzoides by gastric intubation for 14 days. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, blood samples were collected for biochemical and haematological assays; organs were isolated and weighed, while the liver, kidney and spleen were processed for histopathological studies. Aspartate amino transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the groups treated with 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Furthermore, there was a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in white blood cell count, mean platelet volume and % platelet distribution width. Histopathological studies indicated various degrees of hepatocellular necrosis in all the treated groups accompanied by significant increases in the weight of liver and spleen. The results showed that the ethanolic leaf extract of A. conyzoides significantly alters the biomarkers of cardiac and skeletal muscle disorders, and higher doses could induce liver cell injury.
Functional Roles of Cav1.3 (&agr;1D) Calcium Channel in Sinoatrial Nodes: Insight Gained Using Gene-Targeted Null Mutant Mice

We directly examined the role of the Cav1.3 (&agr;1D) Ca2+ channel in the sinoatrial (SA) node by using Cav1.3 Ca2+ channel-deficient mice. A previous report has shown that the null mutant (Cav1.3−/−) mice have sinus bradycardia with a prolonged PR interval. In the present study, we show that spontaneous action potentials recorded from the SA nodes show a significant decrease in the beating frequency and rate of diastolic depolarization in Cav1.3−/− mice compared with their heterozygous (Cav1.3+/−) or wild-type (WT, Cav1.3+/+) littermates, suggesting that the deficit is intrinsic to the SA node. Whole-cell L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa,Ls) recorded in single isolated SA node cells from Cav1.3−/− mice show a significant depolarization shift in the activation threshold. The voltage-dependent activation of Cav1.2 (&agr;1C) versus Cav1.3 Ca2+ channel subunits was directly compared by using a heterologous expression system without &bgr; coexpression. Similar to the ICa,L recorded in the SA node of Cav1.3−/− mutant mice, the Cav1.2 Ca2+ channel shows a depolarization shift in the voltage-dependent activation compared with that in the Cav1.3 Ca2+ channel. In summary, using gene-targeted deletion of the Cav1.3 Ca2+ channel, we were able to establish a role for Cav1.3 Ca2+ channels in the generation of the spontaneous action potential in SA node cells.