Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occluded Face Recognition Based on Double Layers Module Sparsity Difference

Image recognition with occlusion is one of the popular problems in pattern recognition. This paper partitions the images into some modules in two layers and the sparsity difference is used to evaluate the occluded modules. The final identification is processed on the unoccluded modules by sparse representation. Firstly, we partition the images into four blocks and sparse representation is performed on each block, so the sparsity of each block can be obtained; secondly, each block is partitioned again into two modules. Sparsity of each small module is calculated as the first step. Finally, the sparsity difference of small module with the corresponding block is used to detect the occluded modules; in this paper, the small modules with negative sparsity differences are considered as occluded modules. The identification is performed on the selected unoccluded modules by sparse representation. Experiments on the AR and Yale B database verify the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON YIELD ATTRIBUTING AND YIELD OF DILL ( ANETHUM SOWA ROXB )

Six antibiotics [viz. amphotericin-B (AP), clotrimazole (CC), fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (IT), ketoconazole (KT) and nystatin (NS)] and six bacteria (viz. Bacillus licheniformis, B. haloduran, B. cohnii, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., and Rhizobium sp.) were tested for their antifungal activities against two pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (102566) and A. niger, which cause a significant yield loss in many important crops during preand post-harvest periods. Antibiotics susceptibility test for six antibiotics revealed the antifungal activities of five antibiotics, FLC being ineffective against the test pathogens. Out of the six bacteria, two (Pseudomonas sp. and Rhizobium sp.) were found to show antifungal activities against both the test pathogens; while, all four Bacillus spp. were found to be ineffective against A. flavus and A. niger, The investigation revealed that the chemical and biological agents can be effectively used against the fungal pathogens.
On developing and evaluating of the literature review

A researcher needs an effective literature review to uncover what is already known in the body of knowledge prior initiating any research study. In this paper we identify three possibilities: 1) There is no literature review, 2) the literature review exists but it is expired and 3) the recent literature review exists. We give some preliminary advice how to proceed in each of those three cases. A researcher can sometimes exploit the existing literature review. But as we demonstrate with some warning examples it is reasonable to evaluate that existing review, especially if the lens-directed approach was applied to. Hence the conceptcentric approach can be recommended.
Gravity waves from tachyonic preheating after hybrid inflation

We study the stochastic background of gravitational waves produced from preheating in hybrid inflation models. We investigate different dynamical regimes of preheating in these models and we compute the resulting gravity wave spectra using analytical estimates and numerical simulations. We discuss the dependence of the gravity wave frequencies and amplitudes on the various potential parameters. We find that large regions of the parameter space leads to gravity waves that may be observable in upcoming interferometric experiments, including Advanced LIGO, but this generally requires very small coupling constants.
Bidirectionalizing Graph Transformations ∗ Soichiro Hidaka Zhenjiang

Bidirectional transformations provide a novel mechanism for synchronizing and maintaining the consistency of information between input and output. Despite many promising results on bidirectional transformations, these have been limited to the context of relational or XML (tree-like) databases. We challenge the problem of bidirectional transformations within the context of graphs, by proposing a formal definition of a well-behaved bidirectional semantics for UnCAL, i.e., a graph algebra for the known UnQL graph query language. The key to our successful formalization is full utilization of both the recursive and bulk semantics of structural recursion on graphs. We carefully refine the existing forward evaluation of structural recursion so that it can produce sufficient trace information for later backward evaluation. We use the trace information for backward evaluation to reflect in-place updates and deletions on the view to the source, and adopt the universal resolving algorithm for inverse computation and the narrowing technique to tackle the difficult problem with insertion. We prove our bidirectional evaluation is well-behaved. Our current implementation is available online and confirms the usefulness of our approach with nontrivial applications.
Comparison Between Bag of Words and Word Sense Disambiguation

Bag of Words (BoW) and Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) are the main approaches utilized in almost every data mining project for classification and data processing. The two approaches are extensively used in constructing various classifiers including supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised classifiers. In this paper, we introduce new method of defining and comparing between BoW and WSD based on three categories. First, introduce and explain the approaches through the human brain analogy to simplify the overall concept. Secondly, sort their classifiers, methodologies and algorithms in the data mining field. Finally, introduce our developed cognitive miner to illustrate the practical functionality of these two approaches.
Intraspecific variation in the venom electrophoretic profile of saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus of Central Punjab, Pakistan

The use of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for basic proteins may be a useful auxiliary tool for the characterization of whole snake venoms and for the taxonomic classification of snakes. The electrophoretic characterization of the basic venom proteins has emerged as an efficient method for taxonomic studies of the families Elapidae and Viperidae. The present study comprises the intra-specific protein profiling of venom of saw-scaled Viper (Echis carinatus) through the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate – PAGE (SDS-PAGE) in order to understand the protein patterns of its venom. This study will also help to explain the importance of venom studies for the elucidation of taxonomic status of an important venomous snake species of Pakistan.
Impacts of big game on private land in south-western Montana: landowner perceptions.

Increasing populations of big game animals are a problem for private landowners in some parts of western North America. Influence of bit game costs, hunting-related income, noneconomic benefits, size of private land holding, and proportion of total income from agriculture upon landowner management goals as well as perception of damage to forage resources were studied in 1989-1990 using a mail survey of 858 randomly selected southwestern Montana landowners. They reported that elk (Cervus canadensis) populations increased, did not change, or decreased on 71%, 25%, or 4% of their private lands, respectively. Similar trends were reported for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginia), and antelope (Antilocapra americana). More than 50% of the respondents thought that bit tame damaged forage and crop yields, while less than 2% of the respondents thought that bit game was beneficial to forage and crop yields. Big Same consumed a mean of 511 AUMs per private landowner, which contributed to the mean big game cost of $6,353 per landowner. Respondents desiring fewer elk, deer, and antelope outnumbered those desiring more by a 4-to-1 margin. As costs of big game increased and as dependency on agricultural income for livelihood increased, respondents desired fewer big game animals and perceived the impact of big game to be more harmful to forage and crop yields. Landowner attitudes toward big game were not significantly affected by economic returns from big game. Although owners with larger land holdings were more likely to allow hunters access to hunt big game, owners of large- and of small-sized ranches generally regarded big game populations similarly. Results from this survey should be useful in forming natural resource policy.
Seasonal variation in the feeding ecology of pumas (Puma concolor) in northern California

Direct effects of predators depend upon factors that can vary across seasons, including variations in the abundance and vulnerability of migrating prey. Past studies show conflicting results of whether puma (Puma concolor (L., 1771)) feeding ecology varies among seasons. We employed GPS collars to study puma feeding ecology in a single-prey system with migratory black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson, 1829)). We hypothesized that puma feeding ecology would vary based on changes in prey abundance and spatial distribution, as well as competition with scavengers and decomposers. Our results supported these hypotheses. Kill rates in number of ungulates/week were significantly higher in summer and autumn than in winter, likely owing to the increased availability and density of black-tailed deer fawns. The handling times of blacktailed deer ≥1 year old were significantly higher in winter than in spring, summer, or autumn. We speculated that reduced handling time in summer may have been influenced by black bear (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) kleptoparasitism and the decomposition of kills. Pumas killed black-tailed deer at higher elevations in summer than in winter, spring, or autumn, and the elevations correlated significantly with seasonal elevations used by black-tailed deer, suggesting that pumas exhibited seasonal foraging behaviours and tracked prey availability in a system with migrating prey.
A study on phase equilibria in the CaO-Al 2 O 3-SiO 2-“ Nb 2 O 5 ” ( 5 mass pct ) system in reducing atmosphere

Phase equilibria in 5 mass% “Nb2O5” plane of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-“Nb2O5” system at 1873 K in an oxygen partial pressure of 1.78×10 Pa have been investigated through isothermal equilibration and quenching followed by EPMA examinations. In order to characterize the effect of niobium oxide on the phase relationship of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, Nb2O5-containing and Nb2O5 -free samples with the same CaO/Al2O3/SiO2 weight ratio were investigated simultaneously. The ratios of CaO/Al2O3/SiO2 were selected from the CaO·2Al2O3-liquid two-phase equilibrium region in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system at1873 K. It was found that the adding of 5 mass% Nb2O5 to the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system caused the original CaO·2Al2O3-liquid equilibrium to become three different new equilibria. The three equilibria were single liquid phase, CaO·6Al2O3-liquid and gehlenite-CaO·2Al2O3-liquid equilibrium respectively. The gehlenite phase may be a new solid solution of 2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2 and NbOx with melting point higher than 1873 K.
Diversity and distribution of fungal communities within the hot springs of soda lakes in the Kenyan rift valley

1 Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000 00200, Nairobi, Kenya. 2 Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P. O. Box 90420 80100, GPO, Mombasa, Kenya. 3 School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, P. O. Box, 143-10300, Kerugoya, Kenya. 4 Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. 5 Taita Taveta University, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 635-80300, Voi, Kenya.
Influence of herbivory pressure on the growth rate and needle morphology of Taxus baccata L. juveniles

Damage by herbivore grazing negatively influences the development of subsequent forest generations. Little is known about the long-term impacts of grazing and interactions between grazing and light conditions on sapling growth after the cessation of herbivory impact. In this study, Taxus baccata saplings were grown over a period of four years in artificial shading at 2, 8, 30 and 100% of full sunlight (described as initial light). These saplings were planted in fenced and unfenced plots in a mixed forest in Poland. After six years with no protection from grazing, deer pressure was eliminated by fencing. In this study, we analysed sapling growth and needle morphology five years after deer suppression. Overall, grazing had a negative significant impact on the growth rate and needle morphology of T. baccata saplings. Saplings damaged by herbivores had a height increment approximately one-third that of non-grazed saplings. The grazed yew saplings had a lower needle area and length and a higher specific leaf area (SLA) than non-grazed saplings. Initial and current light conditions did not influence tree growth rates and needle morphology. However, we found positive correlations between sapling height and both leaf area and leaf length and a negative correlation between sapling height and SLA. Browsed yews also had a greater tendency to form polycormic (multi-stemmed) individuals. Lower growth rates, smaller needles and polycormic stems indicate a strategy of “escaping” herbivory pressure even five years after elimination of deer pressure.
Success and Failure Factors of Technology Commercialization: A Korean Case

s We wanted to show the different group dynamics of factors for success and failure cases for technology commercialization in small technology-based firms. Existing studies are based on product level, project level, division level or firm level. We deal with technology level, and at small-technology-based firms. This is a longitudinal case study based on 8 cases from Korea. Our study on technology level is a first trial in success and failure studies unlike all existing studies. As a first step, we introduced new categories and factors such as technology attributes and CEO reflecting data, and especially a new concept of launch readiness level. Finally, we adopted correspondence analysis to show the group dynamics. The results are as follows; Technology factors are the most important factors. Second, resource-based factors are more critical in failure cases than success cases and technology factors are more critical to success.
Determination of Cesium Adsorption Breakthrough Curves Using Carbonized Rice Hull and Beech Sawdust as Adsorbents

To determine the adsorption breakthrough curves of carbonized rice hull and beech sawdust, which were selected as candidate natural materials for Cesium (Cs) adsorption in our previous study, fixed-bed adsorption experiments were conducted. These experiments were performed using a glass column with a continuous flow system and a variable packed-bed height of the above materials. For carbonized rice hull, the breakthrough point appeared relatively early, although a long adsorption time was required to reach the end point. In addition, for beech sawdust, the maximum Cs concentration at the column outlet was approximately 1.2 times that at the inlet. Regarding the Cs mass balance in the packed-bed layer, the amount of Cs adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent was greater for carbonized rice hull than for beech sawdust. Furthermore, the adsorption ratio in the packed-bed was higher for beech sawdust than for carbonized rice hull. However, following estimation of the length of the adsorption zone formed in the packed bed using the model formula commonly employed in the design of the fixed-bed adsorption apparatus, it was not possible to calculate the real length of the adsorption zone.
The Ideological Reflection in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Novel, The Great Gatsby, (Post-Colonial Literature)

This study aims to disclose the cultural reflection of post-colonialism in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby. This research uses analytical approach of post-colonial literature in the form of colonial behavior passed down to the weak, namely the colonized who consciously or unconsciously becomes the object of ideological oppression and power hegemony. The data collection techniques were reading, identifying, classifying, interpreting, inferring. The results of the analysis of events in the novel suggest that the descriptions of the colonized ideology are in the forms of hybrid ideology, mimicry, ethnicism, racism, sexism, and classism. The author describes that Gatsby has reflected ideology of hybrid, mimicry, racism, and ethnicism in his struggle to change his social status to be a rich man designated as the Jazz to attract Desy, his former girlfriend who has left him to marry Tom who has reflected ideology of classism and sexism to the colonialized native inhabitant.
Innovation and productivity in services : an impact evaluation of Colciencias funding programs in Colombia

1 1. Introducción . 2 2. Background . 2 3. Colciencias funding programs . 6 4. Data . 7 5. Model Specification and Results . 9 5.1 Methodology . 9 5.2 Results . 11 6. Extensions.14 6.1 Firm Size . 14 6.2 Knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) . 19 7. Conclusions . 25 References . 26
Changes in Import Demand Elasticity for Red Meat and Livestock: Measuring the Impacts of Animal Disease and Trade Policy

This paper estimates import demand functions for red meat and live cattle and investigates the impact of BSE and the trade ban on Canadian Cattle and beef on U.S. import demand elasticity using an error correction model (ECM). The results show that beef, pork, and live cattle were price inelastic prior to the BSE case. There has been statistical evidence of the effect of BSE and the trade bans on import demand elasticity in favor of more elastic demand. The effect is, however, quite small in absolute values for pork and beef imports and is relatively more elastic for live cattle. But the import demand elasticities of the three products are still inelastic. The use of ECM model provides efficient and robust estimates of the parameters.
Finding Diverse Shortest Paths for the Routing Task in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks are deployed with the idea of collecting field information of different variables like temperature, position, humidity, etc., from several resourceconstrained sensor nodes, and then relay those data to a sink node or base station. Therefore, the path finding for routing must be carried out with strategies that make it possible to manage efficiently the network limited resources, whilst at the same time the network throughput is kept within appreciable levels. Many routing schemes search for one path, with low power dissipation that may not be convenient to increase the network lifetime and long-term connectivity. In an attempt to overcome such eventualities, we proposed a scenario for relaying that uses multiple diverse paths obtained considering the links among network nodes, that could provide reliable data transmission. When data is transmitted across various diverse paths in the network that offer low retransmission rates, the battery demand can be decreased and network lifetime is extended. We show, by using simulations, that the reliability in packets reception and the power dissipation that our scheme offers compare favourably with similar literature implementations. Keywords-WSNs; Wireless Sensor Networks; K Shortest Paths; Diverse Paths.
Analysis and Design of a Single-Phase Tapped-Coupled-Inductor Boost DC–DC Converter

A single-phase tapped-inductor boost converter has been proposed previously. However, detailed characterization and performance analysis were not conducted. This paper presents a detailed characterization, performance analysis, and design expressions of a single-phase tapped-coupled-inductor boost converter. Expressions are derived for average and RMS input current as well as for RMS input and output capacitor current ripple. A systematic approach for sizing the tapped-coupled inductor, active switch, and output diode is presented; such approach has not been reported in related literature. This study reveals that sizing of the inductor has to be based on current ripple requirement, turns ratio, and load. Conditions that produce discontinuous inductor current are also discussed. Analysis of a non-ideal converter operating in continuous conduction mode is also conducted. The expression for the voltage ratio considering the coupling coefficient is derived. The suitability of the converter for high-voltage step-up applications is evaluated. Factors that affect the voltage boost ratio are also identified. The effects of duty ratio and load variation on the performance of the converter are also investigated. The theoretically derived characteristics are validated through simulations. Experimental results obtained at a low power level are included to validate the analytical and simulation results. A good agreement is observed among the analytical, simulation, and experimental results.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of the Sun and HD 20010 - Compiling a new line list in the near-infrared

Context: Effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity are basic spectroscopic stellar parameters necessary to characterize a star or a planetary system. Reliable atmospheric parameters for FGK stars have been obtained mostly from methods that relay on high resolution and high signal-to-noise optical spectroscopy. The advent of a new generation of high resolution near-IR spectrographs opens the possibility of using classic spectroscopic methods with high resolution and high signal-to-noise in the NIR spectral window. Aims: We aim to compile a new iron line list in the NIR from a solar spectrum to derive precise stellar atmospheric parameters, comparable to the ones already obtained from high resolution optical spectra. The spectral range covers 10 000 {\AA} to 25 000 {\AA}, which is equivalent to the Y, J, H, and K bands. Methods: Our spectroscopic analysis is based on the iron excitation and ionization balance done in LTE. We use a high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio spectrum of the Sun from the Kitt Peak telescope as a starting point to compile the iron line list. The oscillator strengths (log gf) of the iron lines were calibrated for the Sun. The abundance analysis was done using the MOOG code after measuring equivalent widths of 357 solar iron lines. Results: We successfully derived stellar atmospheric parameters for the Sun. Furthermore, we analysed HD20010, a F8IV star, from which we derived stellar atmospheric parameters using the same line list as for the Sun. The spectrum was obtained from the CRIRES- POP database. The results are compatible with the ones found in the literature, confirming the reliability of our line list. However, due to the quality of the data we obtain large errors.