Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controls on the Global Distribution of Martian Landslides

Recent acquisition of high‐resolution satellite imagery of the Martian surface has permitted landslides to be studied on a global scale on Mars for the first time. We apply the Scoops3D software package to compute slope stability for select regions of the Martian surface, combining calculations of slope stability with number of observed landslides (Crosta, Frattini, et al., 2018; Crosta, De Blasio, et al., 2018), as reported in a recently published inventory of Martian landslides, to understand controls on the global distribution of landslides on Mars. We find that the distribution of landslides does not simply follow the distribution of unstable slopes. In particular, there is an abundance of landslides around Tharsis, and especially in Valles Marineris and Noctis Labyrinthus, which is not explained by an abundance of unstable topography alone. We analyzed for but did not find a clear large‐scale lithologic or stratigraphic control on landslide occurrence from subsurface heterogeneities. Other possibilities to explain the increased occurrence of landslides in Tharsis include (1) thin weak unit(s) that is regionally widespread and at multiple stratigraphic levels, such as from interbedded ashes; (2) seismic activity related to the Tharsis's geological activity, and (3) possible groundwater near Valles Marineris into the Amazonian. Given the apparently young ages of many landslide deposits in Valles Marineris (Quantin et al., 2004), continued modern day analysis of lithologies in Valles Marineris and observations of Martian seismicity may act to strengthen or rebut the first two hypotheses.
The relationship between time to surgery(TTS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)and survival in breast cancer patients: meta-analysis

PURPOSE: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact of delaying surgery in operable breast tumor patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on survival.METHODS: An electronic literature retrieval was conducted on PubMed/Medline and EMBASE((between January 2000 and June 2020). The primary end point was overall survival(OS),secondary end points included disease-free survival (DFS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS). The HR with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model.RESULTS: The combined HR for OS was 1.52(95% CI 1.29-1.78; P = 0.000) by fixed-effects model.No statistically significant heterogeneity was found (P=0.114;I2=39.8%). The pooled HR for RFS/DFS was 1.47 (95%CI: 1.27- 1.71,I2=61.9%) by random-effects model, with significant heterogeneity.CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis revealed a significant adverse association between longer TTS after NAC and more inferior OS and RFS/DFS in patients with breast cancer.Clinicians and patients should minimize surgical delay after NAC as much as possible.
Exploring Anaerobic Microbial Communities Capable of Oxidizing Manganese

The metabolic pathway of oxygenic photosynthesis is fueled by sunlight and the oxidation of water; oxygen is produced as a waste product. Before the rise of oxygenic phototrophs 2.3 billion years ago, microbes utilized anoxygenic photosynthesis to form organic carbon compounds using electron donors such as iron [Fe(II)] and reduced sulfur compounds. Anoxygenic phototrophs can be found in modern environments like meromictic lakes. We studied enrichment cultures of microorganisms driven by anoxygenic photosynthesis to determine whether and how they use another possible electron donor, manganese [Mn(II)]. Cultures reduced with sulfide [H​2​S] and enriched with Mn(II) as a potential electron donor oxidized Mn(II) and formed various manganese oxide minerals in the presence of light. To further characterize these anaerobic microbial communities and the role of manganese, we grew the cultures on different concentrations of Mn(II) and H​2​S and isolated individual microbes. We characterized ​the composition of the microbial communities by extracting copies of a specific gene, 16S rRNA, which is highly conserved and a standard species-identifying marker. Communities grew only in the presence of light and obligately anaerobic green sulfur bacteria from the phylum Chlorobi were the only phototrophic organisms. From these communities, a species of Chlorobi identified as ​Chlorobium limicola ​was isolated on an agar medium enriched with H​2​S as the electron donor and characterized by sequencing nearly the entire 16S rRNA gene and a species of ​Desulfomicrobium​ identified as ​Desulfomicrobium baculatum ​was isolated on an agar medium enriched with sulfate. ​ ​We found a robust microbial community capable of oxidizing Mn(II) in the absence of molecular oxygen. These communities are driven by anoxygenic photosynthesis and dependent on the concentration of sulfur sources, like sulfide. Optimal conditions for anaerobic oxidation of Mn(II) suggest this process occurs in source environment.
Corak Pemikiran Hukum Teologi Asy’ariyyah; Studi Pemikiran Hukum Abu Hâmid Al-Ghazâli (450 H - 505 H) Dalam Al-Mustashfâ Min ‘Ilm Al-Ushûl

Polemik terkait masalah al-Husn wa al-Qubh al-‘aqliyayn telah mejadi perdebatan panjang antara kubu Mu’tazilah dengan Asy’ariyyah. Polemik ini hampir menghiasi lembaran kitab Ushul Fiqih yang ditulis para ulama pasca Imam al-Bâqillâni. Argumentasi mereka dalam membahas al-Husn wa al-Qubh tidak jauh berbeda dengan pembahasan yang telah dibahas oleh para pendahulunya. Kesamaan pola dan jawaban mengenai masalah ini (al-husn wa al-Qubh) mencerminkan identitas (eksistensi) sekaligus meneguhkan pola dan kecenderungan paradigma Madzhab Kalam dalam mewarnai corak pemikiran fiqih. Sebagai seorang As’ariyyah, Abu Hâmid al-Ghazâli (w. 505) Menyatakan bahwa Ushul Fiqih adalah qath’i, karena ia berdiri di atas pijakan kalam yang juga bersifat qath’i hingga berimplikasi pada cara pandang dan status produk ijtihad. Fiqih sebagai produk ijtihad pada wilayah zhanniyyât dihukumi tidak berdosa, namun hukum yang sama tidak berlaku dalam ranah qathiyyât, karena kesalahan ijtihad dalam ranah ini berakibat dosa bahkan menyandang status kâfir. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Teori al-Tashwib Fi al-Ijtihâd teori ini menyatakan bahwa setiap hasil ijtihad itu (pasti) benar (Kullu Mujtahid[in] Mushib[un] Fi Ijtihadihi). Teori ini diikuti oleh Pengikut Madzhab Asy’ari (Asy’ariyyah), Mu’tazilah, termasuk al-Ghazâli dan al-Bâqillâni. Penelitian ini bersifat doktrinal yang akan menyingkap doktrin hukum al-Ghazali dalam kitab al-Mustashfâ Min ‘Ilm al-Ushul melalui pendekatan analisis tekstual terhadap: (1) masalah-masalah fiqih, (2) klasifikasi objek pebahasan, (3) landasan pemikiran, (4) pendapat yang disepakati, (5) pendapat yang diperselisihkan, (6) diksi keyakinan pendapat, (7) diksi menyikapi perbedaan pendapat, (8) wilayah/ranah pemikiran. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa konsep Nazhariyyat Qath’iyyat dan Zhanniyyat yang dikemukakan al-Ghazâli merupakan upaya proteksi pemikiran Kalam madzhab Asy’ari dari pengaruh pengaruh pemikiran kalam Mu’tazilah, yang berimbas pada masalah fiqih dan bahasa, sehingga paradigma hukum Madzhab al-Mushawwibah bersifat tegas, menutup ragam kebenaran (tashwib) dalam wilayah-wilayah pemikiran yang bersifat Qath’iyyat.
Deposition of cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide thin films using chemical bath deposition technique

A simple, convenient and low cost chemical synthesis technique, chemical bath deposition, are used to deposit cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots on glass substrates. Based our characterizations, high quality CdS and CdSe thin films have been deposited on the substrates. In order to synthsize CdS quantum dots on glass, we use cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), ammonia water (NH4OH) and thiourea (CS(NH2)2) as reaction agents. For CdSe thin films, we use cadmium acetate as cadmium ion source and sodium selenosulfate / thiourea as a selenium / sulfur ion sources. Aqueous ammonia is used as a complex reagent and also to adjust the pH of the final solution. The asdeposited thin films using this technique are optically transparent, adherent, homogeneous and yellowish for CdS and redish for CdSe without powdered precipitation. The deposition can be made at 60 – 70°C under magnetic stirring for all samples. The films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and UV-Vis absorption. The SEM measurements show that the shapes of deposited CdSe nanoparticles on glass substrates can be controlled to exhibit different shapes under different reaction conditions.
Physiotherapists’ Awareness of Risk of Bone Demineralisation and Falls in People Living with HIV and their Perceptions about Fall Risk Management: A Qualitative Study

Background: Recent research has indicated a seemingly increased propensity for both falls and accelerated bone loss in people living with HIV (PLWH). Physiotherapists play a crucial role in optimising function and quality of life of PLWH through prevention of falls and reducing the harm that results. Aim: This study aimed to explore physiotherapists’ awareness of falls risk and accelerated bone demineralisation in PLWH and their perceptions about current falls prevention in the care of PLWH in selected regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Method: An interpretative exploratory qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach was employed to explore physiotherapists’ perceptions and experiences regarding bone health and falls in PLWH. In-depth semi-structured telephonic interviews were used to collect data from 21 physiotherapists working in primary HIV care. Transcribed interview data were coded in Atlas.ti. 8 ® and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: The primary study revealed a lack of awareness by physiotherapists of falls risk and bone demineralisation in PLWH. As such, physiotherapists did not link falls or fractures to HIV or antiretroviral therapy (ART) when they did observe such events during their general patient assessments. However, in retrospect, some physiotherapists were able to recognise risk factors linked to falls in those with HIV. Current services for falls prevention, as perceived by the physiotherapists, were sub-optimal. Conclusion: Physiotherapists may need to be more aware of the potential risk of falls and bone demineralisation in PLWH and routinely assess for these phenomena in both older and younger PLWH. Key words: Accidental falls, Bone mineral density, HIV, physiotherapists, sub-Saharan Africa
Aqueous dispersion and tuning surface charges of polytetrafluoroethylene particles by bioinspired polydopamine–polyethyleneimine coating via one-step method

We propose a surface modification of poorly dispersive polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles via bioinspired polydopamine–polyethyleneimine (PDA–PEI) which conferred PTFE particles a uniform dispersion in aqueous medium. With increasing dopamine concentration in the reaction solution, dispersity of PTFE particles improved and the surface charges of particles changed from negative to positive due to an increase of surface coverage of PDA–PEI layers. Simplicity of the method here outlines an attractive route for surface modification of inert surfaces useful for large-scale applications.
An observer model of tilt perception, sensitivity and confidence

Humans experience levels of confidence in perceptual decisions that tend to scale with the precision of their judgements; but not always. Sometimes precision can be held constant while confidence changes—leading researchers to assume precision and confidence are shaped by different types of information (e.g. perceptual and decisional). To assess this, we examined how visual adaptation to oriented inputs changes tilt perception, perceptual sensitivity and confidence. Some adaptors had a greater detrimental impact on measures of confidence than on precision. We could account for this using an observer model, where precision and confidence rely on different magnitudes of sensory information. These data show that differences in perceptual sensitivity and confidence can therefore emerge, not because these factors rely on different types of information, but because they rely on different magnitudes of sensory information.
Social cognition in refugee children: an experimental cross-sectional study of emotional processing with Syrian families in Turkish communities

More than 5.6 million people have fled Syria since 2011, about half of them children. These children grow up with parents that often suffer from war-related mental health problems. In this study, we assess emotional processing abilities of 6–18 year-old children growing up in families that have fled from Syria and reside in Turkish communities (100 families, 394 individuals). We demonstrate that mothers', but not fathers’, post-traumatic stress (PTS) impacts children's emotional processing abilities. A 4% reduction of mothers' PTS was equivalent to 1 year of development in children, even when controlling for parents’ traumatic experiences. Making a small investment in increased mental health of refugee mothers might have a positive impact on the lives of their children.
Fitness cost from fluctuating ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important environmental threat for organisms in aquatic systems, but its temporally variable nature makes the understanding of its effects ambiguous. The aim of our study was to assess potential fitness costs associated with fluctuating UVR in the aquatic zooplankter Daphnia magna. We investigated individual survival, reproduction and behaviour when exposed to different UVR treatments. Individuals exposed to fluctuating UVR, resembling natural variations in cloud cover, had the lowest fitness (measured as the number of offspring produced during their lifespan). By contrast, individuals exposed to the same, but constant UVR dose had similar fitness to control individuals (not exposed to UVR), but they showed a significant reduction in daily movement. The re-occurring threat response to the fluctuating UVR treatment thus had strong fitness costs for D. magna, and we found no evidence for plastic behavioural responses when continually being exposed to UVR, despite the regular, predictable exposure schedule. In a broader context, our results imply that depending on how variable a stressor is in nature, populations may respond with alternative strategies, a framework that could promote rapid population differentiation and local adaptation.
Human biomechanics perspective on robotics for gait assistance: challenges and potential solutions

Technological advancements in robotic devices have the potential to transform human mobility through gait assistance. However, the integration of physical hardware and software control algorithms with users to assist with impaired gait poses several challenges, such as allowing the user to adopt a variety of gaits and the process for evaluating the efficacy and performance of these assistive devices. Here, I discuss some of the challenges in the development of assistive devices and the use of biomechanical concepts and tools for control and test validation. Several potential solutions are proposed through the case study of one project that aimed to provide gait assistance for individuals with a spinal cord injury. Further challenges and future directions are discussed, with emphasis that diverse perspectives and approaches in gait assistance will accelerate engineering solutions towards regaining mobility.
β-Arrestin–dependent ERK signaling reduces anxiety-like and conditioned fear–related behaviors in mice

β-Arrestin signaling may mediate the fear- and anxiety-relieving effects as well as adverse events of opioids. Arresting fear and anxiety Opioid receptors activate either G proteins or β-arrestins. Many adverse side effects associated with opioid use are mediated by β-arrestins. Therefore, drugs that bias opioid receptor signaling toward G protein–mediated pathways are preferred for treating pain. However, Ko et al. found that β-arrestin–biased drugs may have potential for treating fear and anxiety. Natural and synthetic opioids differentially altered such behaviors in mice through G protein– and β-arrestin–specific signaling in various brain regions that indicated distinct and compensatory functions of the β-arrestin isoforms. The findings begin to reveal a context-specific aspect of opioid receptor signaling in neurological function and animal behavior. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are implicated in the regulation of fear and anxiety. GPCR signaling involves canonical G protein pathways but can also engage downstream kinases and effectors through scaffolding interactions mediated by β-arrestin. Here, we investigated whether β-arrestin signaling regulates anxiety-like and fear-related behavior in mice in response to activation of the GPCR δ-opioid receptor (δOR or DOR). Administration of β-arrestin–biased δOR agonists to male C57BL/6 mice revealed β-arrestin 2–dependent activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala and β-arrestin 1–dependent activation of ERK1/2 in the nucleus accumbens. In mice, β-arrestin–biased agonist treatment was associated with reduced anxiety-like and fear-related behaviors, with some overlapping and isoform-specific input. In contrast, applying a G protein–biased δOR agonist decreased ERK1/2 activity in all three regions as well as the dorsal striatum and was associated with increased fear-related behavior without effects on baseline anxiety. Our results indicate a complex picture of δOR neuromodulation in which β-arrestin 1– and 2–dependent ERK signaling in specific brain subregions suppresses behaviors associated with anxiety and fear and opposes the effects of G protein–biased signaling. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of noncanonical β-arrestin–dependent GPCR signaling in the regulation of these interrelated emotions.
A Survey on Encrypted Network Traffic Analysis Applications, Techniques, and Countermeasures

The adoption of network traffic encryption is continually growing. Popular applications use encryption protocols to secure communications and protect the privacy of users. In addition, a large portion of malware is spread through the network traffic taking advantage of encryption protocols to hide its presence and activity. Entering into the era of completely encrypted communications over the Internet, we must rapidly start reviewing the state-of-the-art in the wide domain of network traffic analysis and inspection, to conclude if traditional traffic processing systems will be able to seamlessly adapt to the upcoming full adoption of network encryption. In this survey, we examine the literature that deals with network traffic analysis and inspection after the ascent of encryption in communication channels. We notice that the research community has already started proposing solutions on how to perform inspection even when the network traffic is encrypted and we demonstrate and review these works. In addition, we present the techniques and methods that these works use and their limitations. Finally, we examine the countermeasures that have been proposed in the literature in order to circumvent traffic analysis techniques that aim to harm user privacy.
Automatically Identifying the Quality of Developer Chats for Post Hoc Use

Software engineers are crowdsourcing answers to their everyday challenges on Q&A forums (e.g., Stack Overflow) and more recently in public chat communities such as Slack, IRC, and Gitter. Many software-related chat conversations contain valuable expert knowledge that is useful for both mining to improve programming support tools and for readers who did not participate in the original chat conversations. However, most chat platforms and communities do not contain built-in quality indicators (e.g., accepted answers, vote counts). Therefore, it is difficult to identify conversations that contain useful information for mining or reading, i.e., conversations of post hoc quality. In this article, we investigate automatically detecting developer conversations of post hoc quality from public chat channels. We first describe an analysis of 400 developer conversations that indicate potential characteristics of post hoc quality, followed by a machine learning-based approach for automatically identifying conversations of post hoc quality. Our evaluation of 2,000 annotated Slack conversations in four programming communities (python, clojure, elm, and racket) indicates that our approach can achieve precision of 0.82, recall of 0.90, F-measure of 0.86, and MCC of 0.57. To our knowledge, this is the first automated technique for detecting developer conversations of post hoc quality.
Security Vulnerabilities of SGX and Countermeasures

Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) have been widely used in many security-critical applications. The popularity of TEEs derives from its high security and trustworthiness supported by secure hardware. Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) is one of the most representative TEEs that creates an isolated environment on an untrusted operating system, thus providing run-time protection for the execution of security-critical code and data. However, Intel SGX is far from the acme of perfection. It has become a target of various attacks due to its security vulnerabilities. Researchers and practitioners have paid attention to the security vulnerabilities of SGX and investigated optimization solutions in real applications. Unfortunately, existing literature lacks a thorough review of security vulnerabilities of SGX and their countermeasures. In this article, we fill this gap. Specifically, we propose two sets of criteria for estimating security risks of existing attacks and evaluating defense effects brought by attack countermeasures. Furthermore, we propose a taxonomy of SGX security vulnerabilities and shed light on corresponding attack vectors. After that, we review published attacks and existing countermeasures, as well as evaluate them by employing our proposed criteria. At last, on the strength of our survey, we propose some open challenges and future directions in the research of SGX security.
Images in Space and Time

Medical imaging diagnosis is mostly subjective, as it depends on medical experts. Hence, the service provided is limited by expert opinion variations and image complexity as well. However, with the increasing advancements in deep learning field, techniques are developed to help in the diagnosis and risk assessment processes. In this article, we survey different types of images in healthcare. A review of the concept and research methodology of Radiomics will highlight the potentials of integrated diagnostics. Convolutional neural networks can play an important role in next generations of automated imaging biomarker extraction and big data analytics systems. Examples are provided of what is already feasible today and also describe additional technological components required for successful clinical implementation.