Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Domain Adaptation on Semantic Segmentation for Aerial Images.

Semantic segmentation has achieved significant advances in recent years. While deep neural networks perform semantic segmentation well, their success rely on pixel level supervision which is expensive and time-consuming. Further, training using data from one domain may not generalize well to data from a new domain due to a domain gap between data distributions in the different domains. This domain gap is particularly evident in aerial images where visual appearance depends on the type of environment imaged, season, weather, and time of day when the environment is imaged. Subsequently, this distribution gap leads to severe accuracy loss when using a pretrained segmentation model to analyze new data with different characteristics. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised domain adaptation framework to address domain shift in the context of aerial semantic image segmentation. To this end, we solve the problem of domain shift by learn the soft label distribution difference between the source and target domains. Further, we also apply entropy minimization on the target domain to produce high-confident prediction rather than using high-confident prediction by pseudo-labeling. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our domain adaptation framework using the challenge image segmentation dataset of ISPRS, and show improvement over state-of-the-art methods in terms of various metrics.
Metastable eutectic gas to solid condensation in the Al2O3–SiO2 system

An analytical and transmission electron microscope study showed that nonequilibrium gas-to-solid condensation in an AlO–SiO vapor yielded solid units with well defined compositional peaks at 11.5 wt % Al2O3 and 41–47 wt % Al2O3. These peaks coincide with metastable eutectic points in the Al2O3–SiO2 phase diagram. The compositions of thermally annealed units support the presence of a (metastable) miscibility gap between ∼15–∼60 wt % Al2O3. The important finding in this analysis is the determinative role of metastable eutectics in nonequilibrium gas-to-solid condensation.
Microstructure of Ti/Al and Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts for n-GaN

Transmission electron microscopy has been applied to characterize the structure of Ti/Al and Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts on n‐type GaN (∼1017 cm−3) epitaxial layers. The metals were deposited either by conventional electron‐beam or thermal evaporation techniques, and then thermally annealed at 900 °C for 30 s in a N2 atmosphere. Before metal deposition, the GaN surface was treated by reactive ion etching. A thin polycrystalline cubic TiN layer epitaxially matched to the (0001) GaN surface was detected at the interface with the GaN substrate. This layer was studied in detail by electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy. The orientation relationship between the cubic TiN and the GaN was found to be: {111}TiN//{00.1}GaN, [110]TiN//[11.0]GaN, [112]TiN//[10.0]GaN. The formation of this cubic TiN layer results in an excess of N vacancies in the GaN close to the interface which is considered to be the reason for the low resistance of the contact.
Accurate potential energy surfaces for the study of lithium–hydrogen ionic reactions

Three-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) have been computed, and numerically fitted, for the two lowest electronic states of the LiH2+ system, which are of importance for the astrophysically relevant LiH++H→Li++H2 and LiH+H+→Li+H2+ exoergic reactions. We extend the recently computed 11 000 multi reference valence bond ab initio energy values [Martinazzo et al., Chem. Phys. 287, 335 (2003)] with 600 multireference configuration interaction calculations with complete active self-consistent field reference functions and a large Li(12s10p4d1f)/H(8s6p3d1f) basis set. We have fitted the full set of energy values with a modified Aguado–Paniagua ansatz that correctly takes into account in this ionic system the important long-range contributions to the potential. Calibration calculations on the three-body potential term and the use of essentially exact results for the two-body contributions allow us to estimate the overall accuracy of the analytic PESs to be within that required for accurate quantum scat.
Facile method for the synthesis of gold clusters

Gold clusters with strong blue, green, and red fluorescence were synthesised with cysteine in one pot in acid solution. The yield of the blue and red fluorescent Au cluster could be made through adjusting the reactant ratio of cysteine/Au ions. Another Au cluster with strong green fluorescence located at 522 nm was also synthesised when strengthening the reductive ability of the cysteine through tuning the pH of the solution to 13, which gave evidence to the pH effect on the cluster formation. The disappeared –SH peak located at 2,544 cm–1 in the IR spectra verified that –SH group reduced the HAuCl4, and the gold clusters attached to the cysteine through the S-Au bond.
Entwicklung und Optimierung absorptionsspektroskopischer Techniken zur Untersuchung von Verbrennungsprozessen

Die Verbrennung ist die wichtigste Energiequelle unserer Gesellschaft. Um die Schadstoffemissionen minimieren und Verbrennungsprozesse optimieren zu konnen, ist ein besseres Verstandnis der hochkomplexen physikalischen und chemischen Prozesse notwendig. Hierfur werden Messtechniken zur prazisen Bestimmung von Temperatur und Molekulkonzentrationen benotigt. Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Entwicklung absorptionsspektroskopischer Techniken, welche eine prazise und kalibrationsfreie Quantifizierung dieser Parameter ermoglichen. Neben der hochsensitiven Cavity Ring-down Spektroskopie wird auch die direkte Absorptionspektroskopie eingesetzt. Die Erschliesung des mittleren infraroten Spektralbereichs fur die Flammendiagnostik bietet hierbei Zugang zu Molekulen, welche bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden konnten. Neben stabilen Molekulen konnen so auch radikalische Minoritatenspezies detektiert werden. Der Einfluss der Bandbreite des Lasers auf die Abklingkurven der Cavity Ring-down Spektroskopie wird umfassend untersucht, so dass eine prazisere Auswertung moglich wird. Tomographische Messungen ermoglichen eine prazisere Quantifizierung und zudem die Erstellung zweidimensionaler Temperatur- und Konzentrationsfelder. Die Untersuchung der Verbrennungschemie erfolgt sowohl an Kohlenwasserstoffflammen, als auch an Flammen mit oxygenierten und stickstoffhaltigen Modellbrennstoffen.
An epidemiological study on stress among urban residents in social transition period

目的了解社会转型中城市居民存在的心理压力问题及其危险因素. 方法研究样本来自杭州、广州、重庆和太原4个城市3 666名研究对象,采用多阶段抽样,家庭访问调查. 压力测量使用中文版知觉压力量表(CPSS). 初步分析不同特征人群中的高水平压力,即健康危险性压力(HRS)的分布状况,多元logistic分析用于确定其危险因素. 结果研究样本中CPSS具有良好的信度和效度. CPSS均值为24. 22±5.81. HRS发生率为44. 54%(95%CI:42.90～46.12),其中男性为42. 95%,女性为46. 30%,二者之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). HRS率随着年龄的增长而下降,＞21岁年龄组最高(59.29%). HRS率也随着文化程度的上升而降低. HRS率在不同的职业群体间存在差别,高中学生、下岗者和未就业者是HRS高发人群率. HRS率与婚姻状态、家庭经济状况和个体的社交活动相关. 结论心理压力已成为中国城市居民一个严重的健康问题,特别是某些特殊群体值得关注.
Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition

In this study, we performed a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effect of cow manure biochar on maize yield, nutrient uptake and physico‐chemical properties of a dryland sandy soil. Biochar was derived from dry cow manure pyrolysed at 500 °C. Cow manure biochar was mixed with a sandy soil at the rate equivalent to 0, 10, 15 and 20 t biochar per hectare. Maize was used as a test crop. Results of the study indicated that cow manure biochar contains some important plant nutrients which significantly affected the maize crop growth. Maize yield and nutrient uptake were significantly improved with increasing the biochar mixing rate. Application of biochar at 15 and 20 t/ha mixing rates significantly increased maize grain yield by 150 and 98% as compared with the control, respectively. Maize net water use efficiency (WUE) increased by 6, 139 and 91% as compared with the control, with the 10, 15 and 20 t/ha mixing rate, respectively. Nutrient uptake by maize grain was significantly increased with higher biochar applications. Application of cow manure biochar improved the field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sandy soil, as a result net WUE also increased. Results of the soil analysis after the harvesting indicated significant increase in the pH, total C, total N, Oslen‐P, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity. The results of this study indicated that application of cow manure biochar to sandy soil is not only beneficial for crop growth but it also significantly improved the physico‐chemical properties of the coarse soil.
Application of a two-temperature model for the investigation of the periodic structure formation on Si surface in femtosecond laser interactions

We consider the case of surface irradiation by a small number of femtosecond laser shots leading to the formation of surface ripples. To explain this effect, we propose a numerical model that accounts for the following processes: (i) interference of the laser irradiation with an electromagnetic surface wave propagating on a silicon sample; (ii) free carrier formation and laser energy absorption; (iii) energy relaxation and electron-phonon coupling. We perform numerical calculations taking into account the interference of a surface wave with laser; and present the obtained simulation results in order to explain formation mechanisms of the experimentally observed patterns.
Isotope effects in the electron impact ionization of H2/D2, H2O/D2O, and C6H6/C6D6 near threshold

Appearance energies of all parent ions and several fragment ions produced by electron impact ionization of the isotope systems H2/D2, H2O/D2O, and C6H6/C6D6 were determined with high precision using a dedicated high-resolution electron impact ionization mass spectrometer. The determination of the appearance energies from scans of the ion signal as a function of electron energy in the near-threshold region of each ion utilized a fitting and analysis procedure that has recently been successfully applied to the determination of appearance energies of singly and multiply charged rare-gas ions and several molecular ions and cluster ions. The experimentally determined appearance energies are in good agreement (i) with theoretical calculations that we carried out using standard quantum chemistry codes and (ii) with appearance energy values listed in standard reference data tables (to the extent that tabulated values are available). We find isotope shifts for all three systems ranging from a few meV for the paren.
Survey of Flooding Attack in Mobile Adhoc Network

Mobile ad hoc networks will appear in environments where the nodes of the networks are absent and have little or no physical protection against tampering. The wireless nodes of MANET are thus susceptible to compromise and are particularly vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks launched by malicious nodes or intruders. Flooding attack is one such type of DoS attack, in which a compromised node floods the entire network by sending a large number of fake RREQs to nonexistent nodes in the network, thus resulting in network congestion. In this paper, the security of MANET AODV routing protocol is investigated by identifying the impact of flooding attack on it. A simulation study of the effects of flooding attack on the performance of the AODV routing protocol is presented using random waypoint mobility model The simulation environment is implemented by using the NS-3 network simulator. It is observed that due to the presence of such malicious nodes, average percentage of packet loss in the network, average routing overhead and average bandwidth requirement− all increases, thus degrading the performance of MANET significantly.
A new method for the model‐independent assessment of thickness in three‐dimensional images

Three‐dimensional (3‐D) structural parameters derived from lower‐dimensional measurements using indirect morphometric methods may be strongly biased if the measured objects deviate from the assumed structure model. With the introduction of 3‐D microscopic measuring techniques it is possible to obtain a complete depiction of complex spatial structures. As a consequence, new 3‐D methods have recently been developed for the estimation of morphometric parameters such as volume, surface area and connectivity by direct processing of the 3‐D images. Structure thickness is an important morphometric parameter which is usually defined for specific structure models only. In this paper we propose a general thickness definition for arbitrary structures allowing us to calculate the mean structure thickness and the thickness distribution of 3‐D objects in a direct way and independently of an assumed structure model. Additionally, an efficient implementation for the practical usage of the method is described using distance transformation. The new method is applied to trabecular bone structures measured with a 3‐D micro‐computed tomography system.
TABLE OF NUCLIDES

This table presents properties of nuclides, both stable and radioactive, adopted from the 7th edition of the Table of Isotopes. The data are based on experimental results reported in the literature, with the cutoff date varying from January to December, 1977. (The earliest date refers to the lightest nuclides, and vice versa.) Most mass excesses are from the 1977 Atomic Mass Evaluation, with some recent experimental values added. For a few of the very unstable nuclides for which no values were reported in the 1977 Atomic Mass Evaluation, estimates are taken from the tables of W.D. Myers. Natural isotopic abundances and neutron cross sections are taken from compilations by N.E. Holden. For other references, original data, and information on the data measurements, the reader is referred to reference 1.
Dynamic effects for two-phase flow in porous media: Fluid property effects

Traditional descriptions of multiphase flow in porous media rely on an extension of Darcy's law along with relationships between capillary pressure (Pc), saturation (S), and relative permeability (Kr). New theories have been proposed which suggest that Pc relationships should include a dynamic coefficient (τ) (Hassanizadeh and Gray, Water Resour Res. 1993;29:3389–3405) to indicate how “quickly” or “slowly” flow equilibrium is reached. While validity of these theories must be examined, it is also necessary to determine the significance of τ and its range of values. In this article, we analyze the significance of τ depending on fluid properties. We address the ways in which they cause nonuniqueness of dynamic two-phase flow in porous media and, hence, dynamic effect. Simulations are conducted for quasi-static and dynamic flow of perchloroethylene (PCE) in water saturated domains. The data are then fitted to the dynamic Pc relationships to obtain values of τ. The effects of flow directions and, viscosity and density ratios are discussed. To consider the lumped effects of various fluid properties, τ–S relationships are examined for silicone oils. The results are interpreted by examining the correlation between τ and a mobility coefficient, m. We discuss a scaling relationship that shows the dependence of τ on fluid and material properties. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Interpretation of nanoparticle X-ray photoelectron intensities

X-ray photoelectron (XPS) intensities have been simulated for spherical core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) in different geometrical arrangements in order to investigate the validity of commonly made assumptions for the interpretation of XPS NP intensities. The single-sphere approximation is valid for a powder sample when all spatial coordinates of the NP positions are uncorrelated. Correlations along either the depth coordinate or the lateral coordinates lead to features in the angular distribution that provide information on these correlations. The XPS intensity is proportional to the surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles but only for NP sizes exceeding the inelastic mean free path of the photoelectrons.
Simulation of polymer melt intercalation in layered nanocomposites

Polymer layered silicates form an important class of nanocomposite materials. These structures may be formed by annealing layered silicate particles, whose surfaces have been chemically modified to render them organophilic, with a polymer melt. During intercalation, polymer molecules leave the bulk melt and enter the galleries between the silicate layers. An essential feature of this process is the flow of macromolecules from a bulk fluid to a confined environment. To model this phenomenon, we have performed molecular-dynamics simulations of the flow of polymer molecules from a bulk melt into a rectangular slit. The simulations are consistent with a diffusive description of the transport, and show qualitative agreement with time-dependent x-ray diffraction measurements of intercalation kinetics in layered nanocomposites.
Effect of Dilution Ratio on Amount of Asphaltenes Separated from Stock Tank Oil

We have investigated the effect of n‐alkane dilution on the amount of asphaltene separated from stock ‐tank oil. Asphaltenes were produced from three different oils by mixing each oil with varying amounts of n‐alkanes, including n‐pentane, n‐hexane, and n‐heptane. The n‐alkane:oil ratio ranged from 1∶1 to 1000∶1. With increasing n‐alkane:oil ratio, the amount of separated asphaltene initially increased, passed through a maximum, then decreased gradually with further dilution. The maximum occurred at an n‐alkane:oil ratio of around 30∶1 to 40∶1 for n‐hexane and n‐heptane, and 80∶1 for n‐pentane. A two‐component thermodynamic model based on Flory‐Huggins theory was adapted to match the observed trend of produced asphaltene by assuming a polydisperse model of the asphaltene fraction.
Advanced flat top laser heating system for high pressure research at GSECARS: application to the melting behavior of germanium

Laser heating plays an essential role for in-situ high pressure high temperature studies into the physical and chemical properties of materials in the diamond anvil cell (DAC) and minerals at conditions relevant to the Earth's deep interior. High temperature experiments in the multi-Mbar (over 100 GPa) pressure range require the use of very small samples and consequently the utmost stability and controllability of the laser heating is crucial. To accomplish this, we have modified the laser heating system at GSECARS employing newly developed beam shaping optics combined with two diode-pumped, single mode fiber lasers. Varying the settings of the laser heating system, we were able to shape the beam to almost any desired intensity profile and size on the surface of the sample in the DAC, including tight focus, flat top, trident and doughnut types. The advantages and excellent performance of the flat top laser heating (FTLH) technique were demonstrated in melting experiments on germanium in the DAC at pressures up to 40 GPa.
Direct observation by in situ transmission electron microscopy of the behaviour of IF‐MoS2 nanoparticles during sliding tests: influence of the crystal structure

Direct observation of the behaviour of individual inorganic fullerenes (IF)‐MoS2 nanoparticles in a sliding interface is essential for the understanding of the influence of the intrinsic characteristics of the nanoparticles on their lubrication mechanisms, when they are used as additives in lubricant oil. In this work, in situ transmission electron microscopy sliding tests were performed on two different types of MoS2 nanoparticles synthesised by two different methods. It is shown that the IF‐MoS2 nanoparticles having perfect structure with a high crystalline order and without defects are able to roll and to slide under the combined effect of pressure and shear stress, whereas the IF‐MoS2 nanoparticles containing many defects exfoliate immediately in the same conditions to deliver MoS2 layers covering the mating surfaces. A link between these results, the lubrication mechanisms of the nanoparticles and their tribological properties at the macro‐scale was established, proving that the lubrication mechanisms of fullerenes depend on their intrinsic characteristics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of recent developments in carbon capture utilizing oxy‐fuel combustion in conventional and ion transport membrane systems

Fossil fuels provide a significant fraction of the global energy resources, and this is likely to remain so for several decades. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been correlated with climate change, and carbon capture is essential to enable the continuing use of fossil fuels while reducing the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere thereby mitigating global climate changes. Among the proposed methods of CO2 capture, oxyfuel combustion technology provides a promising option, which is applicable to power generation systems. This technology is based on combustion with pure oxygen (O2) instead of air, resulting in flue gas that consists mainly of CO2 and water (H2O), that latter can be separated easily via condensation, while removing other contaminants leaving pure CO2 for storage. However, fuel combustion in pure O2 results in intolerably high combustion temperatures. In order to provide the dilution effect of the absent nitrogen (N2) and to moderate the furnace/combustor temperatures, part of the flue gas is recycled back into the combustion chamber. An efficient source of O2 is required to make oxy‐combustion a competitive CO2 capture technology. Conventional O2 production utilizing the cryogenic distillation process is energetically expensive. Ceramic membranes made from mixed ion‐electronic conducting oxides have received increasing attention because of their potential to mitigate the cost of O2 production, thus helping to promote these clean energy technologies. Some effort has also been expended in using these membranes to improve the performance of the O2 separation processes by combining air separation and high‐temperature oxidation into a single chamber. This paper provides a review of the performance of combustors utilizing oxy‐fuel combustion process, materials utilized in ion‐transport membranes and the integration of such reactors in power cycles. The review is focused on carbon capture potential, developments of oxyfuel applications and O2 separation and combustion in membrane reactors. The recent developments in oxyfuel power cycles are discussed focusing on the main concepts of manipulating exergy flows within each cycle and the reported thermal efficiencies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.