Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interannual variability in size structure, age, and growth of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) assessed by modal progression analysis

Keyl, F. , Arguelles, J., and Tafur, R. 2011. Interannual variability in size structure, age, and growth of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) assessed by modal progression analysis. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . A range of growth rates, longevity, maximum size, and number of annual cohorts have been documented for jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas). Genetic and phenotypic plasticity have been mentioned as possible sources of the differences in maximum sizes. Here, a large dataset on length frequencies derived from the industrial jig fishery for the species off Peru from 1991 to 2007 was corrected for observation bias introduced by the fishing gear and used to analyse growth-related parameters by modal progression analysis (MPA). Mean growth rates of 33 cohorts varied interannually (11–44 mm month −1 ), as did longevity (11.1–32.1 months) and mean maximum size (273–1024 mm). Intra-annual difference in growth parameters was not significant. The number of cohorts per year fluctuated between 0 and 6. Fast-growing cohorts with medium longevity and large terminal size were found during moderately cool periods, and long-lived, slow-growing cohorts with small terminal size during extreme ecosystem conditions (El Nino and La Nina). The application of MPA to cephalopod populations has been rejected before, but the results presented suggest that a modified approach is appropriate if it allows for varying growth parameters and includes a correction for observation bias.
Diagnosing student motivation to learn mathematics: A form of teacher knowledge

This paper reports research that investigated how a teacher motivated his students in a mathematic class. It addresses the work in the field of affect in mathematics education using various frameworks borrowed from educational psychology including Attribution Theory and Self-Determination Theory. The analysis of student motivation levels based on the intrinsic and extrinsic continuum of the Self-Determination Theory in this study will provide some frameworks that teacher could implement to influence student motivation.
Kataspinifera baumannii: a new genus and species of deep photic coccolithophores resembling the non-calcifying haptophyte Chrysochromulina

An unusual new coccolithophore species is described from the deep photic zone. The species is dimorphic with small body coccoliths bearing short spines and larger spine-coccoliths with exceptionally long, hollow, quadrate spines. The species is rare but has been observed in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans reinforcing other evidence that the deep photic zone nannoflora is more diverse and heterogeneous than previously assumed. The species also shows remarkable morphological similarity to some species of the non-calcifying haptophyte Chysochromulina of a type which has frequently been cited as evidence for possible multiple origins of calcification in haptophytes. However, the coccolith structure strongly indicates that the species is a member of the Papposphaeraceae. Available phylogenetic data from molecular genetics and biomineralization modes make it extremely unlikely that the Papposphaeraceae are closely related to the spine-bearing Chrysochromulina species and so the striking morphological similarity is almost certainly a case of homoeomorphy, and possibly functional convergence.
The strange evolutionary history of plant mitochondrial tRNAs and their aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

The translation systems of plant mitochondria differ from those of other mitochondria in that they incorporate tRNAs of three different origins: native mitochondrial tRNAs, plastid tRNAs transcribed from plastid DNA insertions in mitochondrial DNA, and nuclearly encoded imported tRNAs. The complicated evolutionary history of the tRNA replacement events leading up to this situation is slowly being unraveled. Recent research on plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is starting to reveal how the mitochondrial compartment can cope with this unusual mix of tRNAs and has uncovered an unprecedented degree of sharing of isoforms between compartments. Many plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are dual targeted to two compartments, either cytosol/mitochondria or plastids/mitochondria. The molecular basis for some of these cases of dual targeting are described.
Trends in lung cancer screening in the United States, 2016-2017.

Background Lung cancer is the most common cancer killer annually, yet the overall rate of eligible patients who undergo screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) is low. Our goal was to determine factors which were associated with the probability of obtaining lung cancer screening. Methods The Clinformatics Data Mart (CDM) database, a national commercial health insurance database with over 18,000,000 enrollees, was queried to determine the rate of LDCT screening and factors which influenced receiving LDCT screening. All enrollees between the ages of 55 and 77 from 2016 to 2017 were included. Demographics, history of tobacco exposure and state smoking statistics were recorded. Results All 8,350,197 enrollees aged 55-77 were included in the study. Among enrollees, the rate of screening increased throughout 2016 and early 2017 and then appeared to stabilize. In the second half of 2017 the LDCT rate was approximately 6 per 1,000 enrollees per year, and was increasing at a slope of 0.1 additional LDCT per 1,000 enrollees per year. There was marked geographic variation, with 5-fold differences in LDCT rates between different regions. There was no correlation between smoking rate and LDCT rate at the state level (r=0.02; P=0.87). Enrollees aged 65-69 were most likely to be screened (OR =1.53; 1.45-1.61) compared to enrollees aged 55-59. Conclusions The rate of LDCT screening is increasing very slowly with time, and most eligible patients are not screened. Further studies are needed to determine the reasons for low screening rates, and the marked geographic variation.
Aquamalonato(1,10‐phenanthroline)copper(II) sesquihydrate

In the title compound, [Cu(C3H4O4)(C12H8N2)(H2O)]·1.5H2O, there are two complex mol­ecules and three uncoordinated water mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In both complex mol­ecules, the Cu atom is five-coordinated by one bidentate 1,10-phenanthroline mol­ecule, one bidentate malonate dianion and one water mol­ecule, resulting in a distorted square-based pyramidal CuN2O3 chromophore. The structure is stabilized by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving both the coordinated and uncoordinated water mol­ecules.
How do Institutions Affect Structural Unemployment in Times of Crises

This paper examines the effect of economic crises on structural unemployment using an Autoregressive Distributed Lags model and accounting for the role of institutional settings. Analysing an unbalanced panel of 30 OECD economies from 1970 to 2008, we found that downturns have, on average, a significant positive impact on the level of structural unemployment rate. The maximum impact varies with the severity of the downturn. Institutions (such as Employment Protection Legislation, average replacement ratio and product market regulation) influence both the extent of the initial shock and the adjustment pattern in the aftermath of a downturn. Comment les institutions influencent-elles le chomage structurel en temps de crise ? Ce document examine l’effet des crises economiques sur le chomage structurel en utilisant un modele Autoregressif a Retards Distribues et en prenant en compte l’effet des institutions. A partir d’un panel non cylindre de 30 economies de l’OCDE de 1970 a 2008, les crises economiques sont estimees avoir, en moyenne, un effet significatif et positif sur le niveau du taux de chomage structurel. L’effet maximal varie avec la severite de la crise. Les institutions (legislation sur la protection de l’emploi, ratio de remplacement moyen et regulation sur les marches des produits) influencent a la fois l’amplitude du choc initial et l’ajustement suivant le choc.
spagedi: a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels

spag e d i version 1.0 is a software primarily designed to characterize the spatial genetic structure of mapped individuals or populations using genotype data of codominant markers. It computes various statistics describing genetic relatedness or differentiation between individuals or populations by pairwise comparisons and tests their significance by appropriate numerical resampling. spag e d i is useful for: (i) detecting isolation by distance within or among populations and estimating gene dispersal parameters; (ii) assessing genetic relatedness between individuals and its actual variance, a parameter of interest for marker based inferences of quantitative inheritance; (iii) assessing genetic differentiation among populations, including the case of haploids or autopolyploids.
Pteridophytes of Mo'orea, French Polynesia: Additional New Records

Abstract The ferns and lycophytes of Mo'orea, French Polynesia were surveyed as part of the Mo'orea Biocode Project during September 12–13, 2006, September 6–27, 2008, and August 11–28, 2010, resulting in collection of 42 species that had not been previously reported to occur on Mo'orea. Specimen citations, previously known distributions, and taxonomic notes (when appropriate) are given for each new record. New records include 16 species collected for the first time during the Mo'orea Biocode Project, and 26 species collected prior to the project but not included in published species lists. This brings the total number of known Mo'orean pteridophytes to 132 species.
On Developing Distributed Differential Space-Time Codes

I DEDICATION To all my family members for their continuous support II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I thank Allah, without his help and guidance this thesis would not have been come out. I would like to express my deep appreciation to my advisor Dr. Ammar M. Abu-Hudrouss for providing his advice, support, encouragement, and patience. Also, I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Anwar Mousa and Dr. Fady El-Nahal taking time out to reviewing this research and being a part of my committee. Especial thanks goes to Eng. Mohammed Taha El Astal for many technical discussions, I cannot fully express my appreciation for him with a few words here. I also thank my close friend Alaa El Akkad and Ahmed Abu Sitta for their friendship. In addition; I would like to thank my colleagues and friends at ministry of telecommunication and information technology (MTIT) for their continuous support. Last, but not least, my deep thanks goes to my parents, brothers and sisters. The vision and expectation of my parents made it possible for me to study for master degree in the Islamic university. Abstract Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems are used to improve the signal quality, increase the data throughput and suppress interference. Unfortunately, multiple antennas cannot be mounted on small size terminals. To overcome this limitation, cooperative communication was developed. In this technique, all user terminals act as relays to assist a source terminal in transmitting information to the destination terminal, to form virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Applying space-time codes with cooperative approach, the resultant system is called distributed space-time code (DSTC). If the channel response change very fast, the well known differential space-time coding is needed. This eliminate the need for the channel state knowledge information at neither the relay nor the receiver, where each transmitted block acts as a reference for the next one. In this thesis, developing new low decoding complexity distributed differential space-time codes is considered. To achieve this, the idea of MIMO communication systems, differential space-time codes, low decoding complexity, cooperative communications and distributed differential space time codes will be studied. The developed codes are designed using circulant space-time codes. They work for networks with multiple number of two of relays, and have two-group decodable maximum likelihood receiver. The performance of the new code is analyzed via Matlab simulation which demonstrates that they outperform both Cyclic codes and Circulant codes.
Management problems in dogs

Responsible dog owners begin to train their puppies soon after they are adopted. Yet despite training, as dogs mature they often exhibit behaviours that are deemed to be socially unacceptable. Although it is appropriate to reassure the client that a particular behaviour is normal, the behaviour should be addressed if the client is concerned. This chapter deals with evaluation of the patient, treatment, prognosis, follow-up for management problems; problems of obedience, problems of reactivity, problems of self-regulation.
Biological Function of Exosomes as Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles in Carcinogenesis and Infectious Diseases

Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that are formed during inward budding of multivesicular bodies and the maturation of endosomes. They are secreted by almost all cell types under normal, pathological, and physiological conditions. They are found in mostly all biological fluids, such as breast milk, blood, urine, and semen. Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the biological transfer of lipids, proteins, DNAs, RNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes are enriched in tetraspanins, enzymes, heat shock proteins, and membrane trafficking proteins. There are numerous techniques that are used to isolate, purify, and characterize exosomes from biofluids. Isolation/purification techniques include ultracentrifugation, filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, etc. Characterization techniques include flow cytometry, electron microscopy, NanoSight tracking analysis, Western blot, etc. These techniques are often used to help principal investigators understand the properties and biological functions of exosomes. However, some of these techniques can be very complicated and challenging, resulting in various drawbacks. Exosomes can be used as potential carriers for therapeutics. Thus, they can serve as biomarkers to diagnosis various diseases that are associated with cancer, genetics, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. Therefore, with advances in science and technology, many innovative techniques have been established to exploit the biological properties of exosomes.
Efficient computational methods in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: From optimal dielectric pad design to effective preconditioned imaging techniques

This dissertation describes how to design dielectric pads that can be used to increase image quality in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and how to accelerate image reconstruction times using a preconditioner. Image quality is limited by the signal to noise ratio of a scan. This ratio is increased for higher static magnetic field strengths and therefore there is great interest in high-field MRI. The wavelength of the transmitted magnetic RF field decreases for higher field strengths, and it becomes comparable to the dimensions of the human body. Consequently, RF interference patterns are encountered which can severely degrade image quality because of a low transmit efficiency or because of inhomogeneities in the field distribution. Dielectric pads can be used to improve this distribution as the pads tailor the field by inducing a secondary magnetic field due to its high permittivity. Typically, the pads are placed tangential to the body and in the vicinity of the region of interest. The exact location, dimensions, and constitution of the pad need to be carefully determined, however, and depend on the application and the MR configuration. Normally, parametric design studies are carried out using electromagnetic field solvers to find a suitable pad, but this is a very time consuming process which can last hours to days. In contrast with these design studies, we present methods to efficiently model and design the dielectric pads using reduced order modeling and optimization techniques. Subsequently, we have created a design tool to bridge the gap between the advanced design methods and the practical application by the MR community. Now, pads can be designed for any 7T neuroimaging and 3T body imaging application within minutes. In the second part of the thesis a preconditioner is designed for parallel imaging (PI) and compressed sensing (CS) reconstructions. MRI acquisition times can be strongly reduced by using PI and CS techniques by acquiring less data than prescribed by the Nyquist criterion to fully reconstruct the anatomic image; this is beneficial for patient's comfort and for minimizing the risk of patient's movement. Although acquisition times are reduced, the reconstruction times are increased significantly. The reconstruction times can be reduced when a preconditioner is used. In this thesis, we construct such a preconditioner for the frequently used iterative Split Bregman framework. We have tested the performance in a conjugate gradient framework, and show that for different coil configurations, undersampling patterns, and anatomies, a five-fold acceleration can be obtained for solving the linear system part of Split Bregman.
Can Computer Animations Affect College Biology Students' Conceptions About Diffusion & Osmosis?

T HE concepts of diffusion and osmosis are very important for biology students to understand. Diffusion is the primary method of short-distance transport in cells and cellular systems. Osmosis is used to explain water uptake by plants, turgor pressure in plants, water balance in aquatic creatures, and transport in living organisms (Odom 1995). Unfortunately, students find these topics very difficult to understand (Friedler, Amir & Tamir 1987) and several biology education researchers have reported student misconceptions associated with these topics (Marek 1986; Zuckerman 1994; Odom & Barrow 1995). One reason why students may have difficulty with the concepts of diffusion and osmosis is because these concepts require students to visualize and think about chemical processes at the molecular level (Johnstone & Mahmoud 1980; Friedler, Amir & Tamir 1987; Westbrook & Marek 1991). A decade ago, Nurrenbern and Pickering (1987) discovered that students who are successful in solving numerical chemistry problems did not necessarily understand the molecular concepts underlying these problems. Since that time, others have documented students' difficulties in answering visual conceptual questions based on the particulate nature of matter (Gabel, Samuel & Hunn 1987; Sawrey 1990; Pickering 1990; Nakhleh 1993). Research in this area has demonstrated that instruction involving computer animations can facilitate the development of students' visualization skills and their abilities to think about chemical processes at the molecular level (Williamson & Abraham 1995; Russell et al. 1997; Sanger & Greenbowe 1997). The purpose of this study was to determine whether viewing computer animations depicting the molecular processes of diffusion and osmosis would affect students' conceptions of these topics. Students' conceptions of diffusion and osmosis topics were measured using the Diffusion and Osmosis Diagnostic Test (Odom 1995; Odom & Barrow 1995).
Tissue localization of phenolic compounds in plants by confocal laser scanning microscopy

laser scanning microscopy, UV-screening pigments, Picea abies (L.) Karst. , Vicia faba L. , Secale cereale L. , Equisetum Phenolic compounds are involved in many interactions arvense L. of plants with their biotic and abiotic environment. These substances accumulate in different plant tissues and cells during ontogenesis and under the influ- Introduction ence of various environmental stimuli, respectively. Studies on the tissue localization of phenolic com- Phenolic compounds play a major role in the interaction
Assessment of cladistic data availability for living mammals

Analyses of living and fossil taxa are crucial for understanding changes in biodiversity through time. The Total Evidence method allows living and fossil taxa to be combined in phylogenies, by using molecular data for living taxa and morphological data for both living and fossil taxa. With this method, substantial overlap of morphological data among living and fossil taxa is crucial for accurately inferring topology. However, although molecular data for living species is widely available, scientists using and generating morphological data mainly focus on fossils. Therefore, there is a gap in our knowledge of neontological morphological data even in well-studied groups such as mammals. We investigated the amount of morphological (cladistic) data available for living mammals and how this data was phylogenetically distributed across orders. 22 of 28 mammalian orders have < 25% species with available morphological data; this has implications for the accurate placement of fossil taxa, although the issue is less pronounced at higher taxonomic levels. In most orders, species with available data are randomly distributed across the phylogeny, which may reduce the impact of the problem. We suggest that increased morphological data collection efforts for living taxa are needed to produce accurate Total Evidence phylogenies.
Studies on cell structure by the freezing‐drying method V. The chemical basis of the organization of the cell

I propose to name sarcodc that which other observers have called a living jelly. This glutinous, diaphanous, homogeneous matter, reflecting light a little more than water but much less than oil; capable of being stretched and retracting itself like mucus, elastic and contractile, susceptible of producing spontaneously spherical cavities o r vacuoles occupied by the surrounding liquid. Sarcode is insoluble in water. In the long run, however, it decomposes, leaving a granular residue. Potash does not dissolve it suddenly like mucus or albumin; it appears simply to hasten its decomposition by water. Nitric acid and alcohol coagulate it suddenly and and render it white and opaque. Its properties are thus very distinct from those of substaiices with which one might be able to confuse it, for its insolubility in water distinguishes it from albumin and its insolubility in potash distinguishes it at the same time from mucus and gelatin, etc. The most simple animals-amoeba, monads, etc.-are composed solely, at least in appearance, of this living jelly.