Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PAPER PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INCREASING WHEAT YIELD POTENTIAL, CIMMYT, OBREGON, MEXICO, 20–24 MARCH 2006 Improving estimation of N top-dressing by addressing temporal variability in winter wheat

Field-average based recommendations have been a common practice for nitrogen (N) rate recommendations. The problem is that, even when the same amount of N fertilizer is applied at the recommended rate, yields differ from year to year, the result being poor use efficiency. Reduced fertilizer use efficiency can result in unnecessary costs to producers, especially with a likely price of US$ 1·10 per kilogram of N fertilizer anticipated within the next few years, largely due to rising oil and natural gas prices. It has been estimated that by the year 2025 the consumption of N fertilizer will increase by 60–90%, with two-thirds of this being applied in the developing world. In light of this, methods that increase N use efficiency and profitability of farms, while reducing environmental impact, are no longer simply commendable but required in developing countries. The present review assesses the temporal variability in winter wheat with respect to N nutrition and presents improved methods, including the calibration stamp (CS), N-rich strips (NRS) and ramped calibration strips (RCS) to overcome this variability. These methods can be used either as visual tools or along with NDVI handheld sensors for accuracy. Unlike the CS and NRS, the RCS method is designed to include more pre-plant N rates in strips to improve top-dress N estimation. Hypotheses as backgrounds to these methods have been developed and tested in the USA and Mexico. However, the simplicity of these technologies suggests that many farmers in both developed and developing countries can readily apply them.
Aggregation and species coexistence in fleas parasitic on small mammals

The aggregation model of coexistence states that species coexistence is facilitated if interspecific aggregation is reduced relative to intraspecific aggregation. We investigated the relationship between intraspecific and interspecific aggregation in 17 component communities (the flea assemblage of a host population) of fleas parasitic on small mammals and hypothesized that interspecific interactions should be reduced relative to intraspecific interactions, facilitating species coexistence. We predicted that the reduction of the level of interspecific aggregation in relation to the level of intraspecific aggregation would be positively correlated with total flea abundance and species richness of flea assemblages. We also expected that the higher degree of facilitation of flea coexistence would be affected by host parameters such as body mass, basal metabolic rate (BMR) and depth and complexity of burrows. Results of this study supported the aggregation model of coexistence and demonstrated that, in general, a) conspecific fleas were aggregated across their hosts; b) flea assemblages were not dominated by negative interspecific interactions; and c) the level of interspecific aggregation in flea assemblages was reduced in relation to the level of intraspecific aggregation. Intraspecific aggregation tended to be correlated positively to body mass, burrow complexity and mass-independent BMR of a host. Positive interspecific associations of fleas tended to occur more frequently in species-rich flea assemblages and/or in larger hosts possessing deep complex burrows. Intraspecific aggregation increased relative to interspecific aggregation when species richness of flea infracommunities (the flea assemblage of a host individual) and component communities increased. We conclude that the pattern of flea coexistence is related both to the structure of flea communities and affinities of host species.
The effect of probiotic drinks containing homofermentative or hetrofermentative strains of lactobacilli on the growth of Candida albicans and Escherichia coli in mixed culture

The effect of Lactobacillus species isolated from probiotic drinks on the growth of Candida albicans and Escherichia coli was investigated. Two of the isolates, Lactobacillus casei Immunitas® and L. casei Shirota, are homofermentative organisms. They produced lactic acid that lowered the pH of the culture medium, resulting in a reduction in cell numbers of C. albicans and E. coli in mixed culture over a 24 h period. The third isolate, which was listed as L. reuteri and a hetrofermentative organism, produced the most DL-lactic acid compared to the other two isolates that produced L(+)-lactic acid in excess of D(−)-lactic acid and also lowered the cell numbers of C. albicans and E. coli in mixed culture over a 24 h period. Identification of each probiotic isolate was confirmed by an API 50 CHL strip test. Both homofermentative isolates were positively identified as L. casei, whereas the hetrofermentative isolate was identified as L. casei, a homofermentative organism – not L. reuteri, which is a hetrofermentative organism.
Mixograph Responses of Gluten and Gluten‐Fortified Flour for Gluten Produced by Cold‐Ethanol or Water Displacement of Starch from Wheat Flour

ABSTRACT The total protein of gluten obtained by the cold-ethanol displacement of starch from developed wheat flour dough matches that made by water displacement, but functional properties revealed by mixing are altered. This report characterizes mixing properties in a 10-g mixograph for cold-ethanol-processed wheat gluten concentrates (CE-gluten) and those for the water-process concentrates (W-gluten). Gluten concentrates were produced at a laboratory scale using batter-like technology: development with water as a batter, dispersion with the displacement fluid, and screening. The displacing fluid was water for W-gluten and cold ethanol (≥70% vol, -12°C) for CE-gluten. Both gluten types were freeze-dried at -10°C and then milled. Mixograms were obtained for 1) straight gluten concentrates hydrated to absorptions of 123–234%, or 2) gluten blended with a low protein (9.2% protein) soft wheat flour to obtain up to 16.2% total protein. The mixograms for gluten or gluten-fortified flour were qualitatively and .
AN X-RAY DOSE-ACTION CURVE FOR EYE-COLOR MUTATIONS IN MORMONIELLA

1. X-ray dose-action curves for visible mutations in Drosophila are discussed. An x-ray dose-action curve for eye-color mutations in Mormoniella is presented. Within the limits of error of the experiments the curves may be of the straight-line type indicating that single hits produce the mutations. However, in the Mormoniella curve an insignificant dip occurs at the mid-point, 2680 r, suggesting the possibility of a second factor.2. A shortened chi square method of testing goodness of fit to a straight line is presented. With reference to the present Mormoniella data, the deviation is shown to be insignificant.
A bioeconomic model of marine sanctuaries on Georges Bank

An empirically estimated fleet dynamics model for New England trawlers is integrated with spatial, age-structured models of primary groundfish species on Georges Banks, southern New England, and the Gulf of Maine. This bioeconomic model is used to explore how permanent marine sanctuaries on Georges Bank might affect catches, revenues, and spawning stock of principal groundfish species in New England. The simulations explore how the location of sanctuaries relative to major ports and their orientation relative to seasonal movement patterns of fish stocks impact their effectiveness and the distribution of benefits across groups of fishers from different ports. The simulation results also demonstrate that the impacts of sanctuaries can vary greatly across species, sometimes increasing yields for some while decreasing yields for others. While the specific results from the simulations reflect the characteristics of the New England groundfish fishery, the modeling methodology and some general conclusions are ap.
Anti cancer activity of rodent tuber (Thyphonium flagelliforme (lodd.) Blume on human breast cancer t47d cells

incidence of breast cancer in developing countries showed an increase from year to year. The efforts of cancer prevention or treatment of the more important given the frequency of occurrence is quite high. Several studies have been focuses on natural products as agents of cancer chemoprevention and as co-chemotherapy agent against cancer. One of medicinal plant that is widely used as anticancer is rodent tuber (Thyphonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume). In present study, we investigated the anticancer acitivty of rodent tuber extract (RTE) in vitro. Study of anti-proliferative conducted on human breast cancer primary T47D cells. Furthermore, the present study also investigated the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The study of rodent tuber as co-chemotherapy is determined by examining the effects on T47D and its combination with tamoxifen (TAM). The results showed the cytotoxic effects of RTE on T47D cells with IC50 value of 632 μg/mL. Low concentration RTE (below 250 ug/mL) are proliferative, while the concentration above 250 μg/mL indicated cytotoxic effect. Based on the calculation of Combination Index (CI), combination of RTE with TAM yielded a value above 10 indicated a strong antagonistic effect. In observation of apoptosis, low concentration of RTE (63 µg/mL) stimulate apoptosis better than high concentration of 250 μg/mL. However, the combination study with 5 nM TAM reduced the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the observation cell cycle arrest by flowcytometry, demonstrated that RTE 63 and 250 μg/mL increase the population of sub G1 phase respectively from 14.8% to 53.19 and 32.90%. These results suggest that RTE able to induce cell cycle to apoptosis, but low concentration of RTE more effective than high concentration. Similar to apoptosis observation, the combination of RTE and TAM also demonstrated the antagonistic effect by reducing the population of Sub-G1 RTE (63 μg/mL) and TAM 5 nM, respectively from 53.19% and 44.50% to 35.86%. All finding results of this study provide information that the use of rodent tuber extract (RTE) alone is better than the combination with TAM. In addition, the use of RTE together with TAM reduced the effectiveness of TAM in the treatment of breast cancer.
Use of microhabitat, shelter preference, activity patterns, population structure and sexual dimorphism of the Andean lizard Riama striata (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) in a high-altitude urban area of Colombia

Gymnophthalmidae is a family of Neotropical lizards from which its ecology has been widely studied in the lowlands. However, the life history of Andean species is still unknown, being most of these species apparently tolerant of anthropic habitats. The objective of this study is to describe some aspects of the ecology of one of the species of this family, Riama striata, a lizard found in a highly urbanized area in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. I describe microhabitat use, shelter preference, activity patterns, population structure and sexual dimorphism of the species. Riama striata uses both artificial and natural substrates that are mainly microhabitats of rock and concrete, and males prefer bricks even though this is the least frequent refuge available. The species has a bimodal diurnal activity, particularly on sunny days. It is sexually dimorphic in the size of the head; males have larger heads. There is a high abundance of individuals, with a greater number of females and juveniles than males. These results, together with those of other Andean species contrast sharply with the studies in gymnophthalmids and alopoglosids of the lowlands and raise new hypotheses about the ecology and life history of these lizards and how they respond to the effects of anthropic impact.
Stream microbial ecology

Abstract Microbes play numerous roles in stream ecosystems. They carry out key processes in stream nutrient cycles and are responsible for a large part of organic matter breakdown. Advances over the past 25 y in our understanding of which microbes are linked to specific processes have been rapid and fundamental, in part, because of improvements in methods. It is now clear that immobilization of inorganic nutrients and other transformations are just as important as release of nutrients during organic matter decomposition. Microbial biomass is recognized as a key portion of trophic transfer, but our understanding of the pathways of connection have changed. Information on the actual composition of microbial communities is very recent, and it is still unclear whether there are consistent biogeographic patterns in freshwater bacterial composition. One of the major areas of potential advancement is clarifying the linkage between microbial community composition and ecosystem function. Determining the strength of the connection between microbial assemblage composition and the processes they catalyze remains a technical and conceptual hurdle. Quantifying the strength of this linkage seems necessary to understand variability in both composition and function because feedbacks are likely in cases where the link is strong. The future of the field is bright, but we need to understand how microbes and the processes they carry out will respond to climate change and novel stream management approaches.
Comparison of duration and method of herbaceous weed control on loblolly pine response through midrotation

Herbaceous weed control studies installed by the Auburn University Silvicultural Herbicide Cooperative to examine response to methods and duration of herbaceous weed control in eight loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantations were analyzed to determine stand response through age 9. Studies were designed to compare weed control treatments with an untreated check, weed control methods (band vs. broadcast), and weed control duration (first year vs. first 2 years). Pine growth was increased by weed control on all sites. Growth was increased by an additional year of weed control (duration) on about one-half of the sites, but did not differ between band and broadcast treatments (method). Age 9 volume response above the check averaged 27.3 m3/ha for first-year weed control and 42.9 m3/ha for the first 2 years of weed control. Individual-tree height growth between ages 7 and 9 did not differ by treatment at most sites, but stand volume growth was higher with weed control at six of the eight sites. Uniformity of in.
Neural Network-Based Expression Recognition System for Static Facial Images

Affective Computing is a field of studying the human effect to interpret, recognize, process, and simulate in computer science, psychology, and cognitive science. Humans express their emotions in a variety of ways such as body gesture, word, vocal, and mainly facial expression. Non-verbal behavior is a significant component of communication, and facial expressions of emotions are the most important complex signal. Facial Expression Recognition (FER) is an interesting and challenging task in artificial intelligence. FER system in the study three steps including preprocessing, feature extraction and expression classification. In the paper, comparative analysis of expression recognition is implemented based on Neural Network (NN) with three feature extraction methods of Sobel Edge, Histogram of Oriented Gradient and Local Binary Pattern. NN-based expression recognition system achieves an accuracy of 95.82% and 97.68% for JAFFE and CK+ dataset respectively. The result has shown that the Edge features are the effected features for recognizing human expression using still images.
Unequal clustering and scheduling in Wireless Sensor Network using Advance Genetic Algorithm

Duo to limited energy of the sensor nodes which forming the wireless sensor network (WSN), and almost deployed in harsh environment, therefore it is very important to minimize the consumption of the sensor node’s energy. For this reasons designing an energy efficient clustering and scheduling of sensor nodes considered the most efficient methods for extending the WSN’s lifetime. In this paper, we have proposed Genetic algorithm based methods for clustering and scheduling. The proposed methods have two stages; in the first stage GA is used for cluster formation where the chromosome is represented by using the sensor node’s position. While in the second stage GA is used for selecting a minimum number of nodes while maintaining the full coverage and the connectivity of the selected nodes. The simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm (AGA) is more efficient than the existent algorithms in terms of number of first node die per round, number of a live nodes, and energy consumption.
The Probability of Attack and Patterns of Constitutive and Induced Defense: A Test of Optimal Defense Theory

Optimal defense theory predicts that tissues that are unlikely to be attacked by herbivores should have low constitutive amounts of defense and high inducibility, while tissues that are likely to be attacked should have high levels of constitutive defense and low inducibility. We artificially damaged roots, leaves, and reproductive parts of wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) and found that these parts differ not only in constitutive levels of chemical defense but also in the degree to which these defenses are inducible. Reproductive parts contain the highest constitutive concentrations of a toxic furanocoumarin, xanthotoxin, but xanthotoxin production is not inducible in these parts. Roots contain the lowest constitutive levels of xanthotoxin and are highly inducible. Leaves are intermediate in both the constitutive amounts of xanthotoxin they contain and inducibility. To test the prediction of optimal defense theory, we surveyed three populations of wild parsnip for the presence of damage to roots, leaves, and reproductive parts in the summers of 1993 and 1994. The probabilities of attack of these organs were remarkably consistent among populations and years. Roots were least likely to be attacked, while reproductive parts and leaves had high probabilities of attack. Although reproductive parts and leaves were equally likely to suffer damage, reproductive parts were far more extensively damaged. Thus, relationships between patterns of defense and attack were consistent with predictions based on optimal defense theory.
Fine‐scale Spatial Genetic Structure of Ten Dipterocarp Tree Species in a Bornean Rain Forest

Fine‐scale spatial genetic structure is increasingly recognized as an important factor in the studies of tropical forest trees as it influences genetic diversity of local populations. The biologic mechanisms that generate fine‐scale spatial genetic structure are not fully understood. We studied fine‐scale spatial genetic structure in ten coexisting dipterocarp tree species in a Bornean rain forest using microsatellite markers. Six of the ten species showed statistically significant fine‐scale spatial genetic structure. Fine‐scale spatial genetic structure was stronger at smaller spatial scales (≤ 100 m) than at larger spatial scales (> 100 m) for each species. Multiple regression analysis suggested that seed dispersal distance was important at the smaller spatial scale. At the larger scale (> 100 m) and over the entire sample range (0–1000 m), pollinators and spatial distribution of adult trees were more important determinants of fine‐scale spatial genetic structure. Fine‐scale spatial genetic structure was stronger in species pollinated by less mobile small beetles than in species pollinated by the more mobile giant honeybee (Apis dorsata). It was also stronger in species where adult tree distributions were more clumped. The hypothesized mechanisms underlying the negative correlation between clump size and fine‐scale spatial genetic structure were a large overlap among seed shadows and genetic drift within clumped species.
Relationship between CSR and firms’ Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence from Indian Banks

Plethora of researches is conducted to ascertain influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR)on financial performance(FP) of firms, and results vary widely. The reason for such varied findings may be due to erroneous analysis or because of insignificant controlled variables considered for current study.Weintend to explore the relationship between CSR and financial performance in the Indian banking sector. Data have been gatheredfrom 8 banks, for period of 10 years (2009-2018). The result indicates negative impact of CSR on profitability and no impact on the Earning per Share.
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on resistance to Phytophthora parasitica of citrus seedlings and on growth of Thai honey tangerine scions on citrus rootstocks

Thai honey tangerine (Sainamphueng tangerine) is generally grown by grafting on rootstocks of another variety of tangerine or citrus species which may differ in their reaction to beneficial and pathogenic soil organisms. The objectives of this study were to evaluate responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Phytophthora parasitica of different citrus genotypes and the effect of AM fungi on the growth of scions of Thai honey tangerine grafted on different citrus rootstocks including Cleopatra tangerine, lime, pomelo, Swingle citrumelo and Troyer citrange. Significant differences were found among citrus species in the percentage of root colonization by the AM fungi and in the severity of root rot disease when inoculated with P. parasitica alone. Thai honey tangerine was most susceptible and Cleopatra tangerine was most resistant to P. parasitica . Inoculation with AM fungi could reduce disease severity of all the citrus plants from P. parasitica . AM fungi enhanced the growth of seedling to the greatest extent in lime. Variation in the response to AM fungi was found among the scions of Thai honey tangerine on different citrus rootstocks. The scion of Thai honey tangerine grew best on the lime rootstock inoculated with AM fungi. Key words: Phytophthora parasitica , citrus, rootstock, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, root rot.
U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Iranian Nuclear Threat from Bill Clinton to Donald Trump Administration

Iranian nuclear threat remains one of the most pressing issue throughout the history of US foreign policy. Ever since the islamic revolution occured in Iran in 1979, Iran hostile activities in Middle East has been a major threat for US security interest, in particular when Iran started to build its ambition to build its nuclear weapon. Having said that, this article aims to discuss US foreign policy toward the threat of Iranian nuclear program from Bill Clinton administration until Trump Administration. By using thematic analysis from Braun and Clarke, this article would scrutinize the internal and external factors of US foreign policy toward Iran and then seeks to understand the change and continuity of US foreign policy from Bill Clinton until Trump administration. From the analysis, it was found that US foreign policy has been influenced a lot by its internal and external factors, resulting in different responses of US foreign policy in each administration. Moreover, US foreign policy has been consistent to put Iranian nuclear threat as its major security threat despite differ in its foreign policy. However, the withdrawal of US under Trump in Joint Comprehensive Plan Of Action (JCPOA) deal has provided an inconsistency of US foreign policy with its previous administration.