Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Liquidity effects, the monetary transmission mechanism, and monetary policy

tik Conventional wisdom holds that an expansionary monetary policy shock generates a persistent decline in short term interest rates and a persistent increase in the level of employment and output. Using different styles of analysis, Bernanke and Blinder (1992), Christiano and Eichenbaum (1992a,c), Eichenbaum (1992), Gali (1992), King and Watson (1992), Sims (1992), and Strongin (1992) provide strong empirical support in favor of the conventional view. These findings pose an important challenge to macroeconomists. This is because existing quantitative, general equilibrium business cycle models which allow for capital accumulation are inconsistent with the conventional view. For example, King (1991) and King and Watson (1992) discuss the difficulty of generating a negative interest rate response to positive money supply shocks in Keynesian type models with sticky wages and/or sticky prices. This is also the case for real business cycle models in which money is introduced simply by imposing cash in advance constraints on agents (as in Lucas [1984], Greenwood and Huffman [1987], Cooley and Hansen [1989], or Christiano [1991]), or by incorporating a transactions demand for money into the analysis (as in Kydland [1989], den Haan [1991], or Marshall [1992]). A generic implication of these monetized real business cycle models is that, if money growth displays positive persistence, then unanticipated increases in the supply of money drive interest rates up, not down. This is because, in these models, money shocks affect interest rates exclusively through an anticipated inflation effect. So, to drive interest rates down, a positive shock to the supply of money would have to signal less inflation in the future. But to obtain this result one must make grossly counterfactual assumptions regarding the law of motion for the money supply. Specifically, one would have to assume that the growth rate of money displayed substantial negative serial correlation. In our opinion, any convincing explanation of the empirical facts will involve business cycle models in which money supply shocks generate significant, persistent liquidity effects. Recently, a number of researchers have made progress in constructing such models. For convenience we refer to these models as liquidity effect models. Specifically, Lucas (1990), Christian (1991), Christiano and Eichenbaum (1992a), Fuerst (1992a), Grilli and Roubini (1992), and Schlagenhauf and Wrase (1992) have constructed general equilibrium models in which purely transitory liquidity effects arise. In these models, the liquidity effect can dominate the initial expected inflation effect associated with a change in the growth rate of money. Under these circumstances, the contemporaneous effect of an unanticipated increase in the money supply is a fall in the nomi-
Young rabbit does fed with fibrous diet during rearing: serical and productive parameters.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of different feeding systems during rearing on serum leptin, non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and total protein levels and some productive parameters of rabbit does. Thirty six animals 11-weeks old were randomly distributed in three experimental groups: group AL-C and group R-C were fed ad libitum and restricted (150 g/day) respectively a commercial diet (NDF 38% DM). One week before first artificial insemination (AI), R-C group was fed ad libitum. AL-F group fed an experimental diet with a higher level of fibre provided ad libitum (NDF 50% DM). First AI was made in AL-C does at 16 weeks of age and in AL-F and R-C does one week later. After first parturition, all animals fed ad libitum the commercial diet. During the rearing period, animals of group R-C had the lowest daily feed intake (P<0.001), digestible energy intake (P<0.03) and digestible protein intake (P<0.001), delaying the onset of puberty (P<0.001), decreasing their fertility at first AI (P<0.02) and having the lowest pre-puberal leptin concentration (P<0.001) in comparison with the other two groups. During pregnancy, AL-F does had a tendency to a higher feed intake with respect to other groups, and their fertility on day 11 post partum (pp) tended to be higher (P<0.09). All animals showed physiological high levels of total serum protein at 16 weeks of age. Serum NEFA level was high around parturition in all groups indicating mobilization of energy reserves, even though in AL-F group this mobilization was lower. Ad libitum feeding system with fibrous diets during rearing allowed to obtain similar reproductive performances in nulliparous rabbit does than feeding system with lower fibre inclusion.
The Skill-Focused Approach to Interpretation Teaching: An Empirical Exploration

This paper conducts an empirical study to testify the necessity and feasibility of the skill-focused interpretation teaching for undergraduate English majors, aiming at probing into the issue of accurate positioning of interpretation course. The participants in the experiment are 72 fourth-year students with 36 in the experimental class and 36 in the control class. The pedagogical principles and procedures between the experimental class and control class are rather different. The former follows the language-focused approach while the latter implements the skill-focused one. Results indicate that the mean of experimental class (77.69) is higher than that of the control class (72.48) in the post-test, and there is significant difference between them (p = .000). On the whole, experimental class produces better overall interpreting performance than control class, especially in terms of completeness, accuracy, re-expression, and adaptability. There are significant differences between all of them (p < .05). Empirical evidence shows that the skill-focused approach has its advantages over the traditional language-focused approach.
Implementation of particle filtering in a turtlebot

The interest in autonomous mobile robot applications is growing. In order to be autonomous the robots need to have a certain awareness of their environment. Therefore maps are build and sensor data is obtained. One of the problems is to localize a robot with the use of sensor data in a known environment. This can be done with the use of a localization method called particle filter. This is a robust localization method that allows the robot to estimate its position in a given map. We were able to implement this method into the turtlebot platform and the performances are tested on different environments
Trakeostomi Öncesi Boyun Yapılarının Değerlendirilmesi ve Trakeostomi Yönteminin Belirlenmesinde Ultrasonun Etkinliği: Perkütan veya Cerrahi?

YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu retrospektif çalışmaya 20152017 yılları arasında 72 hasta dahil edildi. Tüm veriler, Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi'ndeki elektronik veri tabanından tarama yapılarak elde edilmiştir. US, krikoid kıkırdakların, trakea halkalarının, tiroidin ve vasküler yapıların konumunu belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. US ile yapılan boyun muayenesinden sonra uygun olmayan olgulara cerrahi trakeostomi kararlaştırıldı.
Shell morphology and genetic characteristics of Corbula (Potamocorbula) spp. (Bivalvia: Corbulidae) from the waters adjacent to Japan, Korea and San Francisco Bay

Corbula (Potamocorbula) spp. are natively distributed in the waters adjacent to Japan and Korea. These populations are distinguished by 6 morphological characteristics. How- ever, they have high geographic variation, and it is quite difficult to distinguish among them. In the present study, we investigated the geographic distribution of the morphological and genetic characteristics of Corbula (Potamocorbula) spp. collected from the waters adjacent to Japan, Korea and San Francisco Bay, USA. Shell morphology was inferred through canonical discrimi- nant analysis (CDA) of 8 shell characteristics, and genetic characteristics were analysed using the DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and nuclear internal tran- scribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions. The results of CDA showed that the samples from Ganghwa-do in western Korea could be clearly separated from those of all the other localities. The molecular phy- logenetic tree and haplotype network that were constructed from the CO1 and ITS2 regions, respectively, did not show clear groupings among the collected samples, except for 1 group com- posed of samples from Ganghwa-do. In addition, no differences in CO1 amino acid sequences could be found among any of the samples examined, including the Ganghwa-do samples. These facts suggest that Corbula (Potamocorbula) spp. distributed in the waters adjacent to Japan and Korea were separated into 2 groups. However, these 2 groups were genetically closely related, and it seems appropriate to treat them as 2 distinct species. The classification of the subgenus Potamocorbula should be re-examined at the species level.
Domestic Resource Mobilisation Strategies of National Non-Governmental Development Organisations in Ghana

National non-governmental development organisations (NNGDOs) in Ghana are confronted with declining external donor funding, arising in part from the country’s promotion to a lower-middle-income status, but also more complex changes in external funding modalities. This presents incentives for mobilisation of alternative domestic resources to ensure organisational survival. Drawing on 62 qualitative interviews with NNGDOs leaders, donor representatives and key informants, this article presents findings on how NNGDOs in Ghana are responding to this challenge. In particular, the article focuses on resource diversification. NNGDOs mobilised five main domestic resources: a) corporate philanthropy; b) individual donations and diaspora remittances; c) volunteer support; d) earned income through commercialisation and e) government funding. We conclude that while reduced external donor funding is an immediate threat to civil society space in Ghana, social innovations in domestic resources in response to it offer limited potentials for NNGDOs financial sustainability.
Genome Symbols in the Triticeae (Poaceae)

A system for the application of nuclear genome symbols in the tribe T riticeae is proposed. It is based mainly on prevailing symbols. In agreement with this, the system uses individual upper case letters as symbols in the first place. Since the number of basic nuclear genomes in the Triticeae exceeds the number of single letters in the Roman alphabet, some basic genomes are designated with an upper case letter followed by a lower case letter, e.g. Ns for the genome of Psathyrostachys. Superscripts in small letters are used when modified versions of a basic genome are referred to, e.g. HP for the genome found in Hordeum pusillum. Unknown or equivocally identified genomes are designated by X followed by a lower case letter, e.g. Xu for Hordeum murinum. Underline of the relevant genome symbol can be used to indicate the ori,gin of the cytoplasm.
Leadership Behaviour and Occupational Tedium among Primary School Teachers in Nyanza Region, Kenya

There is growing concern with the growth and prevalence of stress and occupational tedium among teachers. In most schools, autocratic administration and supervision appear to be the rule rather than the exception. Recent estimates suggest that teachers in Kenya are so demoralized, despised, frustrated and ridiculed that 30 to 40 per cent of them do not enjoy optimum health while 45 per cent experience occupational tedium. It is against this background that this study investigated the relationship between leader behaviour and experienced occupational tedium among primary school teachers in Nyanza province. Given that most studies have been conducted in industrial settings, this study hopes to fill this gap by deeply exploring incidences of occupational tedium in educational settings within the Kenya context and suggest remedies for mitigating it. The Ex-post facto research design was used to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in the study. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select the study sample. The population of the study was 399 primary school teachers drawn from 32 primary schools and 8 District Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (DQASOs) in Nyanza province. Data was collected by means of both structured and unstructured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. The two tailed t-test and product-moment coefficient of correlation were run to establish the differences and relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Content analysis of the written free responses was also carried out. It was established that primary school teachers in Nyanza province experience high levels of occupational tedium. The occupational tedium syndrome among Nyanza teachers appear to be most prevalent in the form of emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment. It is recommended that individual teachers, educational management personnel, planners and policy makers should have an informed understanding of occupational tedium and its early warning signs hence equip themselves with skills, abilities, behaviours, conflict management and resolution policies and strategies needed to minimize incidences of occupational tedium.
Multi-armed Bandit, Dynamic Environments and Meta-Bandits

This paper presents the Adapt-EvE algorithm, extending the UCBT online learning algorithm (Auer et al. 2002) to abruptly changing environments. Adapt-EvE features an adaptive change-point detection test based on Page-Hinkley statistics, and two alternative xtra-exploration procedures respectively based on smooth-restart and Meta-Bandits.
The number of antihypertensive agents simply reflects the grade and the risk of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aims: The associations between the number of antihypertensive agents being taken by type 2 diabetic patients and 1) the grade of atherosclerosis according to non-invasive surrogate markers for atherosclerosis and 2) the other risk factor for atherosclerosis, were cross-sectionally investigated. Methods: The association between the blood pressure control and the clinical characteristics was evaluated in 1359 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: The number of antihypertensive agents was 1.5 ± 1.4 (2.0 ± 1.2 among the 990 patients with hypertension). The proportion of patients taking no antihypertensive agents was 29%, 22% were taking one, 29% were taking two and 21% of the patients were taking three or more antihypertensive agents. The value of the ankle-brachial pressure index significantly decreased with the increase in the number of antihypertensive agents even if the blood pressure was corrected to the target value. The values of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness were also increased. The prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, hyperuricemia and anemia was significantly elevated with the number of agents. Conclusions: The number of antihypertensive agents simply reflects the grade and risk of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The disparate cloud size distributions obtained from aircraft and satellite observations

The central question in this study is whether simultaneous satellite observations (projection to 2D) and aircraft observations (1D) of a cumulus cloud field (essentially 3D) in principle give rise to a similar cloud size distribution, and if not, what causes this disparity. Starting point for this study is the paper by Rodts et al. (2003) in which it was shown that aircraft measurements over Florida (the SCMS field experiment) were strongly biased towards small clouds in comparison to LANDSAT satellite observations of the region. For both aircraft and satellite measurements Rodts et al. (2003) calculated the cloud size that dominated the cloud cover and found the resulting sizes to differ by an order of magnitude. The problem, however, is that the definition of a ”cloud” differs between the two measurement methods, impeding strong conclusions to be drawn from the results. To mitigate these experimental difficulties, in this study we resort to large-eddy simulations (LES) of cumulus cloud fields. We simulate both the satellite observations (vertical projection of the cloud field) and the aircraft observations (large series of line measurements) and determine in both cases the observed cloud size distribution, as well as the cloud size that dominates the cloud cover. The simulations reproduce the large disparity between the satellite/aircraft cloud size distributions as found in the observations. Since the ”real” cloud size is known in the simulations, we find that the aircraft cloud statistics is indeed significantly biased to smaller cloud sizes, whereas the satellite cloud statistics are biased to larger sizes. We show that these properties can be attributed to the particular (fractal) geometry of cumulus clouds.
Do all lives have the same value? Support for international military interventions as a function of political system and public opinion of target states

This research examined the support for international military interventions as a function of the political system and the public opinion of the target country. In two experiments, we informed participants about a possible military intervention by the international community towards a sovereign country whose government planned to use military force against a secessionist region. They were then asked whether they would support this intervention whilst being reminded that it would cause civilian deaths. The democratic or nondemocratic political system of the target country was experimentally manipulated, and the population support for its belligerent government policy was either assessed (Experiment 1) or manipulated (Experiment 2). Results showed greater support for the intervention when the target country was nondemocratic, as compared to the democratic and the control conditions, but only when its population supported the belligerent government policy. Support for the external intervention was low when the target country was democratic, irrespective of national public opinion. These findings provide support for the democracy-as-value hypothesis applied to international military interventions, and suggest that civilian deaths (collateral damage) are more acceptable when nondemocratic populations support their government’s belligerent policy.
Electrochemical/Photochemical CO2 Reduction Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes

Conversion of CO2 into useful chemicals is attractive as a solution of the fossil fuel shortage and the global warming problems. Reduction of CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) and formic acid (HCOOH) is also important for obtaining the materials in organic syntheses. There are a lot of studies on the catalysts for electrochemical/photochemical CO2 reduction. Especially, transition metal complexes have actively researched as the molecular catalysts for CO2 reduction. In this chapter, the electrochemical/photochemical CO2 reduction catalyzed by cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CO)2] (bpy: 2,2′-bipyridine) and trans(Cl)-[Ru(bpy) (CO)2Cl2] is described as a representative example.
A NEW LEAD ION INJECTION SYSTEM FOR THE CERN SPS WITH 50 NS RISE TIME

The LHC High Luminosity upgrade project includes a performance upgrade for heavy ions. One of the present performance limitations is the rise time of the SPS injection kicker system, which imposes a spacing of at least 220 ns between injected bunch trains at the operational rigidity. A reduction of this rise time to 50 ns for lead ions is requested as part of the suite of measures needed to increase the present design performance by a factor three. A new injection system based on a fast pulsed septum and a fast kicker has been proposed to fulfil this rise time requirement, and to meet all the constraints associated with the existing high intensity proton injection in the same region. This paper describes the concept and the required equipment parameters, and explores the implications of such a system for SPS operation.
Color discrimination at threshold using asymmetric color matching and method of adjustment discrimination to test a six mechanism theory of color vision

Human color vision is a vital aspect of our perception of the world. We rely on color perception on a day-to-day basis, ranging from object discrimination and face recognition to the detection and determination of whether food is spoiled. Color vision is caused by the differential activation of three cone photoreceptors, each of which is sensitive to a distinct range of wavelengths. However, we have the ability to detect and discriminate between a variety of colors much finer than the broad and overlapping wavelengths that activate the cones. One theory posits that numerous neural mechanisms are required. Another theory holds that as few as six such mechanisms are sufficient, and a later recombination of the signals from these mechanisms gives rise to the variety of discriminable colors. In the present study, using barely-detectable chromatic stimuli, we conducted color matching and method of adjustment discrimination experiments on human subjects to help us understand the number and the characteristics of these post-receptoral mechanisms. Cluster analysis of the color matching data and examination of the discrimination boundaries revealed six unique color categories, which provides further support for a simple six mechanism model. The six mechanism model does an excellent job of accounting for the psychophysical data and helps resolve a current dispute in color vision research on post-receptoral processing. COLOR DISCRIMINATION AT THRESHOLD 3 Color Discrimination at Threshold Using Asymmetric Color Matching and Method of Adjustment Discrimination to Test a Six Mechanism Theory of Color Vision
A Phenomenological Analysis of Sintering Kinetics from the Viewpoint of Activated Volume

The sintering kinetics of real systems has been viewed as a process of transport of activated volume. Activated volume is a parameter that can be used to describe mass transport during the sintering process. It defines the movement of point defects and dislocations during the sintering process. A phenomenological equation has been defined using this parameter, which can be applied to analyze kinetics of the sintering process. It has been applied to analyze the sintering process of several disperse systems. Values obtained for parameters of the equation have also been analyzed.
Subdistribution to cox's model for partly interval-censored data with application to aids studies

In this paper, we consider incomplete survival data that is, partly-interval failure time data where observed data include both exact and interval-censored observation on the survival time of interest. We presented a modification of Fine and Gray (1999) which proposed a class of estimation procedures for semi-parametric proportional hazards regression model for the subdistribution of a competing risks model using the partial likelihood principle and weighting techniques. The method is evaluated using simulation studies and illustrated by AIDS data set.