Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The nutritive value of citrus pulp ensiled with wheat straw and poultry litter for sheep

In experiment 1, 4 treatments were prepared consisting of a mixture of chopped wheat straw in different proportions, a fixed proportion of poultry litter and 0, 15, 30 and 45% citrus pulp on a dry matter basis. The mixtures were ensiled for 60 days at room temperature in polythene bags. Ensiling (time effect) resulted in an increase (P 0.05) in dry matter intake between diets containing 0, 76 and 167 g/kg citrus pulp when the intake was expressed on the basis of metabolic body weight. However, there was a decrease (P<0.001) in intake of silage and diet dry matter, organic matter and digestible organic matter when the level of citrus pulp in the basal silage diet increased from 167 to 272 g/kg. Only animals on the basal silage diet containing 167 g/kg citrus pulp had a higher (P<0.05) and positive nitrogen balance of 1.0 g/day. It is concluded that wheat straw and poultry litter can be ensiled successfully with citrus pulp to produce silage that is safe and of high fermentation quality. This silage has a medium to high feeding value in sheep, provided that the level of citrus pulp in the diet is in the range of 150-200 g/kg.
Greenhouse and field cucumber genotypes use different mechanisms to protect against dark chilling.

Diurnal changes in photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured after two consecutive night chills to reveal the photosynthetic characteristics and the mechanism of photoprotection in a greenhouse genotype Jinyou No. 3 (GH), and in a field genotype Jinyan No. 4 (OF) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Both genotypes showed inhibition of CO2 assimilation immediately after the dark chill, with OF exhibiting a greater reduction. Dark chilling had little effect on stomatal limitation (l) and RuBP regeneration (Jmax) but significantly decreased maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (Vcmax). The reduced capacity for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle induced a downstream regulation of PSII photochemistry, a mechanism that regulates the photosynthetic electron transport to match the lower demand for ATP and NADPH in the stroma of chloroplasts. The reduced quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry was mainly due to reductions both in the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and in the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centres (Fv' / Fm') for OF, but only to the latter for GH. Night chills resulted in an enhanced photorespiration proportion in GH and an O2-dependent alternative electron flux in OF, which served as protective mechanisms for the two varieties. These results showed that there are genotypic differences in the limitation factor for CO2 assimilation and in photo-protection mechanism to night chill in cucumber.
First report of Carnation mottle virus in Turkey.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is the most important cut flower produced in Turkey. However, yield and quality are lower than carnations from Turkey’s international competitors (Tascioglu & Sayin, 2005). This could be due to virus infections causing reduction of yield, size and the quality of the flowers. Detection of Carnation mottle virus (CarMV) in other countries (Sanchez-Navarro et al., 1999; Singh et al., 2005) and the presence of suspect plants in Antalya prompted screening for CarMV. Surveys were conducted in the greenhouses of three different carnation producers in Antalya and 17 samples representing 17 different cultivars were collected. Total RNA was isolated from 100 mg leaf samples from plants using a one-step RNA isolation method (BioBasic). A set of primers specific to the conserved sequences of CarMV coat protein (CP) gene was designed (sense BC57 5’ GATCGCGATGAATCCCA CTGTGC 3’ and anti-sense BC58 5’ TCACATCCTATAAACAACCATTG 3’) using sequences available in GenBank. Samples were tested for CarMV by a two-step RT-PCR method, using PrimeScript RT-PCR kit (Takara) and the specific primers. No amplification was observed in the healthy control whereas a 1000 bp fragment corresponding to the CP gene of CarMV was amplified from a positive control. When the greenhouse samples were tested by RT-PCR, the 1000 bp fragment was amplified from 15 of 17 samples demonstrating that major carnation cultivars commonly grown in the most important carnation production region of Turkey were infected with CarMV. To confirm these results, an amplicon from the RT-PCR was sequenced and submitted to GenBank (Accession No. FJ825618). The sequence of the amplicon showed 99% nt identity with the CP gene of CarMV isolate ITALY-ca4 (EF622209). The same samples were also tested for Carnation etch ring virus and Carnation ringspot virus, but none of the samples tested positive. Despite the small sample size, detection of CarMV in all the cultivars grown in the Antalya region indicated that CarMV has potential economical significance. Although typical mottling symptoms were not observed, growth retardation, narrowed leaves and small flowers resulting in reduced yield and quality of flowers that could be attributed to CarMV infection and represents the first report of CarMV in Turkey.
AIDS TO THE INVESTIGATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES

Two Factors in the Prognosis of Alcoholism. J. M. Nagle. 633. On the Fear of Being Buried Alive. S. Feldman. 641. Contrasting Schizophrenic Patterns in the Graphic Rorschach. J. H. Grassi. 646. Ward Therapy-A New Method of Group Psychotherapy. N. Blackman. 660. Prognosis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in 15 Patients, previously Mentally Ill. R. J. Van Amberg. 668. The Massive Structure of Delinquency. A. N. Foxe. 681.
Demography of an Age-Structured Annual: Resampled Projection Matrices, Elasticity Analyses, and Seed Bank Effects

The role of age—structured seed banks in influencing population dynamic parameters was investigated in a natural population of the winter annual Collinsia verna. Seed persistence was quantified by creating experimental seed banks in the field with seeds of known age. Survival and fecundities of adult plant stages were determined in quadrats of naturally occurring individuals in the field population. Bootstrapping was applied to the resulting data set to estimate means and 95% confidence intervals for population growth rate, stable age distributions, reproductive values, and elasticities. Analyses were performed to determine the extent of variation in these demographic parameters between two consecutive years and between three transects within each year. The results indicate that the presence of a seed bank, even of short duration, was critical to the demography of this population. The population was expanding rapidly in the 1st year of the study (growth rate 1.80), but was declining during the 2nd year (0.41). While the seed bank was demographically important in some transects during the good year (Year 1) the demographic effects of the seed bank were seen most significantly in the poor year (Year 2). The results of this study indicate the need for including age—structured seed banks in demographic analyses and the potential importance of seeds in age—structured seed banks in the shaping of plant life histories.
An Introduction to the psychotherapies

KEY CONTEXTS 1. An historical context 2. Ethical aspects of psychotherapy practice 3. Research in psychotherapy 4. What is psychotherapy? PRINCIPAL APPROACHES 5. Individual long-term psychotherapy 6. Short-term dynamic therapy 7. Cognitive psychotherapy 8. Behavioural psychotherapy 9. Crisis intervention 10. Supportive psychotherapy 11. Group psychotherapy ATTEMPTS AT INTEGRATION 12. Cognitive-analytic psychotherapy 13. The conversational model SPECIFIC CLINICAL GROUPS 14. Child psychotherapy 15. Psychotherapy with older adults 16. Couple psychotherapy 17. Sex therapy 18. Family therapy in the adult psychiatric setting
Leaf life span as a simple predictor of evergreen forest zonation in China

Aim Our aim was to investigate how the average life span of canopy leaves might be used to predict the geographical distribution of natural forests at large geographical scales, and to explore the link between leaf characteristics and ecosystem functioning. We examine whether there is a general relationship between canopy mean leaf life span and climate (i.e. temperature and precipitation) that can be used to predict evergreen forest zonation in China.
True Metabolizable Energy of Dried Bakery Product

Abstract Twenty-six samples of dried bakery product (DBP) were obtained from commercial sources and were evaluated for their proximate composition and TMEn content. Among the samples, marked variations were noted in ash, fiber, ether extract, and TMEn content. An equation to predict the TMEn content from the proximate composition was developed: TMEn (kcal/kg) = 3.9 + . 02 × ether extract – . 09 × crude fiber . 03 × ash (R2 = .80). Ten additional samples of DBP were evaluated for proximate composition and TMEn in order to test the prediction equation. The error obtained when estimating the TMEn content from the prediction equation (4.1%) was substantially less than that obtained when assuming an average value based on Samples 1 to 36 (6.8%). The final prediction equation, derived from Samples 1 to 36, was: TMEn (kcal/g) = 4.34 –. 10 × crude fiber – . 04 × ash – . 03 × protein + . 01 × ether extract (R2 = .78). The mean errors based on the initial and final equations were 2.91 and 2.65%, respectively. Both compare favorably with the residual error of 5.78% obtained when using the average value of 3.63 kcal/g. All values given are expressed on the basis of 90% dry matter.
Modélisation en forêt naturelle : Les modèles à compartiments comme outils d'aide à l'aménagement forestier

Un modele matriciel deterministe en temps discret avec densite-dependance est presente ici. Il doit fournir un guide dans le choix de methodes de gestion de la foret tropicale humide (duree de rotation et intensite de coupe, impacts sur la diversite floristique). Ce modele est calibre grâce aux donnees recueillies sur le dispositif du CIRAD-Foret a Paracou en Guyane francaise. Le modele, partiellement valide a court et moyen termes sur des donnees externes, permet de discuter de la stabilite d'un peuplement naturel et de sa reaction apres une perturbation sylvicole en termes de structure diametrique et de composition floristique.
Exogenous Ethylene Enhances Formation of Embryogenic Callus and Inhibits Embryogenesis in Cultures of Explants of Spinach Roots

Effects of ethephon, AgNO3, and AVG on formation of embryogenic callus and somatic embryogenesis were examined in cultures of explants of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L. 'Nippon') roots. At 10 μM, ethephon more than doubled the frequency of formation of embryogenic callus as compared to that in cultures without ethephon. Silver nitrate at 10 μM and AVG at 1 μM each inhibited formation of embryogenic callus but neither reduced the growth rate of established callus. When ethephon was applied at 10 μM during embryogenesis, it completely inhibited embryo development. By contrast, AgNO3 at 10 μM markedly increased the number of embryos. Results suggest that ethylene might be essential as a plant hormone for formation of embryogenic callus but inhibits somatic embryogenesis per se in cultures of explants of spinach roots. Chemical names used: 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), silver nitrate (AgNO 3), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). of ethylene and of ethylene inhibitors on somatic embryogenesis differ among plant species and among various types of tissues. Somatic embryogenesis of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was first reported by Xiao and Branchard (1993), and a protocol for regeneration of plants from root explants was established subse- quently by Komai et al. (1996a, 1996b, 1996c). Tests of effects of various nutritional and hormonal supplements revealed that ap- plication of gibberellic acid (GA 3) in combination with a rela- tively low concentration of fructose (29 m M) was beneficial for formation of embryogenic callus in cultures of root explants (Komai et al. 1996a, 1996c). However, the effects of exogenous ethylene on embryogenesis remained to be investigated. The following research was conducted to characterize the role of ethylene in somatic embryogenesis in spinach with the goal of improving the efficiency of regeneration of plants from root explants. Effects of ethephon, AgNO3, and AVG on formation of embryogenic callus and somatic embryogenesis using estab- lished cultures of root explants from spinach seedlings were investigated (Komai et al. 1996a).
SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF SPINOSAD (TRACER®) ON THE COTTON LEAFWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

The effects of sublethal concentrations of spinosad (Tracer®) on development, fecundity, and food utilization, in the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were investigated. The fourth-instar larvae were fed on castor bean leaves treated with LC 25 (13.9 ppm) or LC 50 (57.8 ppm) of spinosad. Pupation and pupal weight were significantly reduced in both LC 25 and LC 50 treatments, compared with those of the controls. The fecundity rates of females in either LC 25 or LC 50 treatment were also reduced, compared with the controls. The residual activity of spinosad, applied on cotton at labeled field- and subfield-rates (200 and 70 g active substance (a.s.)/ 200 l water, respectively), was examined against the fifth-instar larvae of S. littoralis. Feeding deterrent effects were significantly demonstrated in larvae that fed on leaves collected from field plots with residual deposits of spinosad at 3 and 7 days old after ap- plication (DAA). The residual activity of spinosad on feeding and other metabolic parameters was decreased after 21 DAA indicating that the chemical started to degrade under field conditions. A histological study on midgut from larvae that previously fed on leaves treated with a concentration corresponding to the labeled-field rate of spinosad showed some alterations occurred after 48 and 96 h of treatment, compared to the normal midgut from the controls. The histological alterations included degeneration in the epithelial lining of the midgut and in the peritrophic matrix. Such histopathological effects are presumed to be responsible for the reduction in growth and food utilization caused by spinosad. It is, therefore, concluded that spinosad has sublethal effects on S. littoralis that may affect population dynamics in the field via reductions in survival and reproduction.
The annual cycles of CO2 and H2O exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower

We present the annual patterns of net ecosystem‐atmosphere exchange (NEE) of CO2 and H2O observed from a 447 m tall tower sited within a mixed forest in northern Wisconsin, USA. The methodology for determining NEE from eddy‐covariance flux measurements at 30, 122 and 396 m above the ground, and from CO2 mixing ratio measurements at 11, 30, 76, 122, 244 and 396 m is described. The annual cycle of CO2 mixing ratio in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is also discussed, and the influences of local NEE and large‐scale advection are estimated. During 1997 gross ecosystem productivity (947−18 g C m−2 yr−1), approximately balanced total ecosystem respiration (963±19 g C m−2 yr−1), and NEE of CO2 was close to zero (16±19 g C m−2 yr−1 emitted into the atmosphere). The error bars represent the standard error of the cumulative daily NEE values. Systematic errors are also assessed. The identified systematic uncertainties in NEE of CO2 are less than 60 g C m−2 yr−1. The seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2 was highly correlated with leaf‐out and leaf‐fall, and soil thaw and freeze, and was similar to purely deciduous forest sites. The mean daily NEE of CO2 during the growing season (June through August) was −1.3 g C m−2 day−1, smaller than has been reported for other deciduous forest sites. NEE of water vapor largely followed the seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2, with a lag in the spring when water vapor fluxes increased before CO2 uptake. In general, the Bowen ratios were high during the dormant seasons and low during the growing season. Evapotranspiration normalized by potential evapotranspiration showed the opposite pattern. The seasonal course of the CO2 mixing ratio in the ABL at the tower led the seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2 in time: in spring, CO2 mixing ratios began to decrease prior to the onset of daily net uptake of CO2 by the forest, and in fall mixing ratios began to increase before the forest became a net source for CO2 to the atmosphere. Transport as well as local NEE of CO2 are shown to be important components of the ABL CO2 budget at all times of the year.
α‐Tocopherol and protein kinase C inhibition enhance platelet‐derived nitric oxide release

Platelet activation is tightly regulated by products of the endothelium and platelets including nitric oxide (NO). Excess vascular oxidative stress has been associated with impaired NO release, and antioxidant status has been shown to alter endothelium‐derived NO bioactivity. Although physiological levels of α‐tocopherol are known to inhibit platelet function, the effect of α‐tocopherol on platelet NO release is unknown. Loading platelets with physiologic levels of α‐tocopherol increased platelet NO production ~1.5‐fold (P<0.01) and reduced extent of aggregation from 84 to 58% (P<0.01). In normal subjects supplemented with 400 IU/day α‐tocopherol, platelet NO release increased 50% (P<0.05; n=5). α‐Tocopherol‐loaded platelets also produced 74% less superoxide as compared with control (P<0.05); however, this did not completely explain its effect on NO production, because platelets aggregated in the presence of superoxide dismutase produced no detectable superoxide, and NO production only increased 72% (P<0.01). Protein kinase C inhibition with chelerythrine also increased NO production by 90% compared with control (P<0.01), and incubation of platelets with α‐tocopherol inhibited PKC‐dependent eNOS phosphorylation as determined by immunoprecipitation. Lastly, platelets isolated from NOS3‐deficient mice released 80% less superoxide as compared with control animals (P=0.011), and incubation of NOS III‐deficient platelets with 500 pM α‐tocopherol only caused a modest additional decrease in platelet superoxide release (NS). Thus, α‐tocopherol appears to enhance platelet NO release both in vitro and in vivo through antioxidant‐ and PKC‐dependent mechanisms.
Late harvest associated with P and S fertilization enhances yield and quality of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), grown as a rainfed crop in Pakistan

-1 ), in combination with three levels of sulphur (0, 20 and 40 kg SO 4 ha -1 ), in combination with three harvest times (35, 45 and 55 days after emergence; DAE), were tested in a factorial randomized block design. At each harvest, morphological, functional, yield and quality traits were assessed on plant samples. Extending the growing season from DAE 35 to 55 enhanced almost all the traits and greatly benefited dry biomass yield (ca. +100%). The longer growth also determined a higher efficiency in the accumulation of dry biomass per unit time and land surface (crop growth rate ca. +30%), as well as per unit time and leaf surface (net assimilation rate ca. +100%). Quality traits also improved when plants were harvested at a more advanced maturity: leaf hydrocyanic acid content, a toxic component to livestock, decreased by ca. 30%; stalk soluble-solid content, an indicator of forage juiciness and palatability, increased by ca. 50%. On concluding, the combined effects of harvest delay, P and S fertilization on sorghum are deemed able to significantly increase forage production in warm, relatively dry areas of the world.
Exploring the Work Experiences of School Counselors of Color

In spite of research suggesting the importance of diverse professionals in education (Mattison & Aber, 2007), no studies have explored the professional experiences of school counselors of Color. In this exploratory grounded-theory qualitative study, researchers interviewed 19 school counselors of Color. Responses revealed both positive and negative racial experiences in the schools, with mitigating factors involving the school environment. Implications for professional school counselors include advocacy and allyhood.
Zyxin Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Mediating Actin-Membrane Linkages at Cell-Cell Junctions

ZYXIN REGULATES EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION BY MEDIATING ACTIN-MEMBRANE LINKAGES AT CELL-CELL JUNCTIONS L. Rebecca Bakkevig Sperry Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology Doctor of Philosophy Development is punctuated by morphogenetic rearrangements of epithelial tissues, including complete detachment of individual motile cells during epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT). Dramatic actin rearrangements occur as cell-cell junctions are dismantled and cells become independently motile during EMT. Characterizing dynamic actin rearrangements and identifying actin machinery driving these rearrangements is essential for understanding basic mechanisms of cell-cell junction remodeling; yet, neither the precise series of actin rearrangements at cell-cell junctions that accompany EMT, nor the machinery that controls actin rearrangement during EMT, have been identified. This work represents a detailed study of junctional actin reorganization in cells undergoing EMT, identifies actin regulatory proteins that control this actin reorganization, and defines the specific function of one regulatory protein, zyxin, in EMT. Using immunofluorescence and live cell imaging of HGF induced scattering of MDCK cells, dynamic actin rearrangement events occurring during EMT are characterized. Junctional actin characteristic of cell-cell adherent cells is rearranged into contractile medial actin networks linked to the junctional membrane in the initial steps of cell scattering. This actin rearrangement is accompanied by dynamic redistribution of specific actin regulatory proteins, namely α-actinin and zyxin-VASP complexes. α-Actinin mediates higher order structure of junctional actin. Zyxin-VASP complexes mediate linkage of dynamic medial actin networks to adherens junction membranes. Zyxin regulation of actin-membrane linkage controls whether cell migration during EMT occurs independently in solitary cells or is coordinated through tissues. The functional analysis employed here uses novel, quantitative methods that define specific cellular EMT ‘phenotypes’ to reveal the precise role of zyxin in EMT. Constitutive active zyxin mutants exhibit persistent actin-membrane linkages and a scattering phenotype in which cells migrate without loss of cell-cell adhesion. Zyxin is proposed to regulate EMT progression by regulating disruption or maintenance of actin membrane linkages at cellcell junctions. Zyxin alters the ability of cells to fully detach and migrate independently during EMT and may be an important regulator of morphogenetic plasticity.