Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiment results with modified Hybrid PWM method for three phase induction motor

This paper describes the experiment results with noise reduction in induction motor drive fed by the voltage inverter. The tests were conducted using the hybrid PWM method proposed in [1]. The HPWM reduces computational overhead in space vector computation and introduces k0 factor. The proper shaping of k0 allows either reducing switching losses in power devices or minimizing current ripple in the load. However in some cases modulation of k0 is ineffective. The authors proposed modification in PWM realization to improve silencing of the induction motor.
The role of petal cell shape and pigmentation in pollination success in Antirrhinum majus

The nature of the selective pressures which have resulted in the conical-papillate shape of the cells of the adaxial epidermis of many petals has been a matter for considerable speculation. One suggestion is that this shape focuses light within epidermal cells resulting in an increase in the amount of light absorbed by the floral pigments, intensifying the colour of the petals and possibly enhancing their attractiveness to potential pollinators; another is that conical cells aid pollinator orientation on the flower, either visually or when touched. The recent identification of a mutation at the MIXTA locus of Antirrhinum majus (which blocks the formation of conical petal cells) has allowed us to test this hypothesis. We report the results of field experiments indicating that, where pollinator number limits seed-set, flowers with conical epidermal cells receive more pollinator attention than do those with flat cells. Through the use of double mutants we have examined whether preferences for flowers with conical cells operate through the perception of flavonoid pigments. We have also examined the appearance of flowers with and without conical cells under ultraviolet light to determine whether differences in absorption or reflectance of light at these wavelengths may influence pollinator preference.
Robinson Stability of Parametric Constraint Systems via Variational Analysis

This paper investigates a well-posedness property of parametric constraint systems named here Robinson stability. Based on advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation, we derive first-order and second-order conditions for this property under minimal constraint qualifications and establish relationships of Robinson stability with other well-posedness properties in variational analysis and optimization. The results obtained are applied to robust Lipschitzian stability of parametric variational systems.
An O(N) Level Set Method for Eikonal Equations

A propagating interface can develop corners and discontinuities as it advances. Level set algorithms have been extensively applied for the problems in which the solution has advancing fronts. One of the most popular level set algorithms is the so-called {fast marching method} (FMM), which requires total $\cal O(N\log_2N)$ operations, where N is the number of grid points. The article is concerned with the development of an $\cal O(N)$ level set algorithm called the group marching method (GMM). The new method is based on the narrow band approach as in the FMM. However, it is incorporating a correction-by-iteration strategy to advance a group of grid points at a time, rather than sorting the solution in the narrow band to march forward a single grid point. After selecting a group of grid points appropriately, the GMM advances the group in two iterations for the cost of slightly larger than one iteration. Numerical results are presented to show the efficiency of the method, applied to the eikonal equation in two and three dimensions.
Based on the theory of reverse green supply chain of recyclable goods inventory model

Based on the green supply chain, the essay gives emphasis on the research of the recyclable goods inventory model. Considering that their exists the defective goods in the purchased goods, we could obtain the optimal order quantity of the purchased new products and the best inventory level of recycling the old goods by establishing digital model, so that the total cost of the system can be in the lowest. And through several cases of validation and sensitivity analysis, we could understand the key factors that affect the system. The green supply chain management and the research of the recyclable goods inventory model on the basis of the theory could provide advices and references for many activities, for instance, the effective execution of the enterprises and the government departments on the green production, the recycling of the resources, the optimization of the inventory and so on.
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden Is Associated with Motor Performance of Lower and Upper Extremities in Community-Dwelling Populations

Objective: To investigate the correlation between cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) burden and motor performance of lower and upper extremities in community-dwelling populations. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 770 participants enrolled in the Shunyi study, which is a population-based cohort study. CSVD burden, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), perivascular spaces (PVS), and brain atrophy were measured using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. All participants underwent quantitative motor assessment of lower and upper extremities, which included 3-m walking speed, 5-repeat chair-stand time, 10-repeat pronation–supination time, and 10-repeat finger-tapping time. Data on demographic characteristics, vascular risk factors, and cognitive functions were collected. General linear model analysis was performed to identify potential correlations between motor performance measures and imaging markers of CSVD after controlling for confounding factors. Results: For motor performance of the lower extremities, WMH was negatively associated with gait speed (standardized β = -0.092, p = 0.022) and positively associated with chair-stand time (standardized β = 0.153, p < 0.0001, surviving FDR correction). For motor performance of the upper extremities, pronation–supination time was positively associated with WMH (standardized β = 0.155, p < 0.0001, surviving FDR correction) and negatively with brain parenchymal fraction (BPF; standardized β = -0.125, p = 0.011, surviving FDR correction). Only BPF was found to be negatively associated with finger-tapping time (standardized β = -0.123, p = 0.012). However, lacunes, CMBs, or PVS were not found to be associated with motor performance of lower or upper extremities in multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that cerebral microstructural changes related to CSVD may affect motor performance of both lower and upper extremities. WMH and brain atrophy are most strongly associated with motor function deterioration in community-dwelling populations.
CNS Injury: Posttranslational Modification of the Tau Protein as a Biomarker

The ideal biomarker for central nervous system (CNS) trauma in patients would be a molecular marker specific for injured nervous tissue that would provide a consistent and reliable assessment of the presence and severity of injury and the prognosis for recovery. One candidate biomarker is the protein tau, a microtubule-associated protein abundant in the axonal compartment of CNS neurons. Following axonal injury, tau becomes modified primarily by hyperphosphorylation of its various amino acid residues and cleavage into smaller fragments. These posttrauma products can leak into the cerebrospinal fluid or bloodstream and become candidate biomarkers of CNS injury. This review examines the primary molecular changes that tau undergoes following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, and reviews the current literature in traumatic CNS biomarker research with a focus on the potential for hyperphosphorylated and cleaved tau as sensitive biomarkers of injury.
Backscattered Electron Imaging to Enhance Microstructural Contrast in Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Bone Cement Fracture Analysis

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is used as a grout to secure joint replacement prostheses into bone. It has a distinct microstructure made up of: prepolymerized beads, an interbead matrix polymer, a radiopacifier {barium sulphate (BaS04) or zirconium dioxide (Zr02)}, and pores or voids; the radiopacifier is fmmd only in the interbead matrix of the cured bone cement. The mechanism of slow or fatigue crack growth appears to be initial micro-cracking through the interbead matrix, followed by coalescence of the microcracks to form a continuous crack. Thus, distinguishing the interbead matrix from the pre-polymerized beads is important for investigating fatigue crack behavior in bone cement. Backscattered electron (BE) imaging theoretically facilitates discrimination of the radiopacifier, and thus , interbead matrix polymer, from the prepolymerized beads. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of BE imaging and secondary electron (SE) imaging to enhance the contrast between the microstructural components in PMMA bone cement. Electron microscopy revealed that: (1) the damage zone in fatigue fracture of PMMA was characterized by microcracks ahead of the crack tip, and (2) in the BE micrographs, it was easy to differentiate the prepolymerized beads from the interbead matrix . Therefore, BE imaging can be successfully used to contrast the radiopacifier with other constituents of the cement.
Lithium carnallite, LiCl.MgCl2.7H2O.

The title compound, lithium magnesium chloride heptahydrate, LiCl.MgCl(2). 7H(2)O, was analyzed in 1988 by powder X-ray diffraction [Emons, Brand, Pohl & Köhnke (1988). Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 563, 180-184] and a monoclinic crystal lattice was determined. In the present work, the structure was solved from single-crystal diffraction data. A trigonal structure was found, exhibiting a network structure of Mg(H(2)O)(6) octahedra and Li(H(2)O)Cl(3) tetrahedra connected by H.Cl hydrogen bonds. The [Li(H(2)O)](+) unit is coordinated by distorted edge-connected Cl(-) octahedra.
Post-Boreotropical dispersals explain the pantropical disjunction in Paederia (Rubiaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pantropical intercontinental disjunction is a common biogeographical pattern in flowering plants exhibiting a discontinuous distribution primarily in tropical Asia, Africa and the Americas. Only a few plant groups with this pattern have been investigated at the generic level with molecular phylogenetic and biogeographical methods. Paederia (Rubiaceae) is a pantropical genus of 31 species of woody lianas, with the greatest species diversity in continental Asia and Madagascar and only two species from tropical America. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the biogeographical history of Paederia based on phylogenetic analyses to explore how the genus attained its pantropical distribution. METHODS Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference were used for phylogenetic analyses using sequences of five plastid markers (the rbcL gene, rps16 intron, trnT-F region, atpB-rbcL spacer and psbA-trnH spacer). Biogeographical inferences were based on a Bayesian uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock together with both Bayesian and likelihood ancestral area reconstructions. KEY RESULTS The data suggest an early diverged Asian lineage sister to the clade of the remaining species consisting of a predominantly Asian sub-clade and a primarily Malagasy sub-clade. Paederia is inferred to have originated in the Oligocene in tropical continental Asia. It then reached Africa in the early to middle Miocene, most probably via long-distance dispersal across the Indian Ocean. The two Neotropical species are inferred to have derived independently in the late Miocene from ancestors of Asia and East Africa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the importance of post-Boreotropical long-distance dispersals (across three major oceans) in shaping the global pantropical disjunction in some plants, such as Paederia, with small, winged diaspores adapted to long-distance dispersal by various agents including wind, ocean currents or birds. Overland migration is less likely to explain its palaeotropical disjunction between Asia and Africa.
Strain engineering in suspended graphene devices for pressure sensor applications

The present paper describes a device structure for controlling and measuring strain in graphene membranes. We propose to induce strain by creating a pressure difference between the inside and the outside of a cavity covered with a graphene membrane. The combination of tight-binding calculations and a COMSOL model predicts strain induced band gaps in graphene for certain conditions and provides a guideline for potential device layouts. Raman spectroscopy on fabricated devices indicates the feasibility of this approach. Ultimately, pressure-induced band structure changes could be detected electrically, suggesting an application as ultra-sensitive pressure sensors.
Brain–computer interfaces in the continuum of consciousness

Purpose of reviewTo summarize recent developments and look at important future aspects of brain–computer interfaces. Recent findingsRecent brain–computer interface studies are largely targeted at helping severely or even completely paralysed patients. The former are only able to communicate yes or no via a single muscle twitch, and the latter are totally nonresponsive. Such patients can control brain–computer interfaces and use them to select letters, words or items on a computer screen, for neuroprosthesis control or for surfing the Internet. This condition of motor paralysis, in which cognition and consciousness appear to be unaffected, is traditionally opposed to nonresponsiveness due to disorders of consciousness. Although these groups of patients may appear to be very alike, numerous transition states between them are demonstrated by recent studies. SummaryAll nonresponsive patients can be regarded on a continuum of consciousness which may vary even within short time periods. As overt behaviour is lacking, cognitive functions in such patients can only be investigated using neurophysiological methods. We suggest that brain–computer interfaces may provide a new tool to investigate cognition in disorders of consciousness, and propose a hierarchical procedure entailing passive stimulation, active instructions, volitional paradigms, and brain–computer interface operation.
Mechanism of the spatio‐temporal regulation of Ras and Rap1

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates Ras and Rap1 at distinct intracellular regions. Here, we explored the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. We originally noticed that in cells expressing Epac, a cAMP‐dependent Rap1 GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor), cAMP activated Rap1 at the perinuclear region, as did EGF. However, in cells expressing e‐GRF, a recombinant cAMP‐responsive Ras GEF, cAMP activated Ras at the peripheral plasma membrane. Based on the uniform cytoplasmic expression of Epac and e‐GRF, GEF did not appear to account for the non‐uniform increase in the activities of Ras and Rap1. In contrast, when we used probes with reduced sensitivity to GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs), both Ras and Rap1 appeared to be activated uniformly in the EGF‐stimulated cells. Furthermore, we calculated the local rate constants of GEFs and GAPs from the video images of Ras activation and found that GAP activity was higher at the central plasma membrane than the periphery. Thus we propose that GAP primarily dictates the spatial regulation of Ras family G proteins, whereas GEF primarily determines the timing of Ras activation.
Kinetics of DNA Unwrapping in Nucleosomes

The eukaryotic genome is organized into complex structures known as nucleosomes, which consist of DNA tightly wrapped around four pairs of proteins called histones. This structure raises questions about the accessibility of the DNA to the proteins that must bind to the DNA for key processes such as transcription and repair. Ingenious experiments in the recent past have suggested that the fluctuations of the DNA, involving its wrapping and unwrapping play a major role in getting around this difficulty. In this paper we model the in vitro process of spontaneous DNA wrapping and unwrapping using a Fokker-Planck description, by taking into account the DNA bending elasticity, and the DNA-histone interaction. We make quantitative predictions of these DNA fluctuations as a function of the length of the DNA under consideration with special reference to the probability of unwrapping the nucleosome by a given amount.
Hyperspectral Image Analysis by Spectral–Spatial Processing and Anticipative Hybrid Extreme Rotation Forest Classification

Recent classification-oriented proposals to thematic maps building from hyperspectral images have used both semisupervised approaches and spatial information for correction of spectral classification. Semisupervised approaches enrich the training data set adding similar samples to each class, whereas spatial correction is based on the natural assumption of thematic class spatial compactness. In this paper, we propose and validate the following innovations: 1) a new spectral classifier, which is called anticipative hybrid extreme rotation forest (AHERF); 2) a spatial-spectral semisupervised approach; and 3) a final spatial classification correction step. The novel heterogeneous ensemble learning approach AHERF starts with a model selection phase, using a small subsample of the training data, in order to define a ranking-based selection probability distribution of the classifier architectures that will be used in the ensemble, so that the architecture best adapted to the data domain will be used more frequently to train individual classifiers in the ensemble. After this initial phase, AHERF trains a heterogeneous ensemble applying random rotations to bootstrapped samples of the remaining training data, aiming to obtain diversified and data-domain adapted individual classifiers. The natural assumption that spatially close pixels will most likely have highly correlated values is exploited in two phases of the process pipeline. First, semisupervised label assignment is supported by spectral similarity and spatial proximity. Unsupervised spectral similarity is detected by latent class discovery. In this paper, we use a clustering algorithm (i.e., k-means). Second, maximizing class spatial compactness removes classification errors that appear as speckle noise in the classification image. The whole approach aims to use minimal sets of labeled pixels for training, which we call the seed training data set. Testing results are computed over the entire image ground truth. For comparison, we provide results in several steps: 1) of classification by AHERF and competing classifiers built by semisupervised training and 2) after spatial correction. We validate the approach on several conventional benchmarking images, achieving results which are comparable with state-of-the-art approaches.
About canonical Kähler metrics on Mumford semistable projective bundles over a curve

We study the existence of canonical Kähler metrics on the projectivization of strictly Mumford semistable vector bundles over a curve. We show the existence of almost balanced and almost constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics for such ruled manifolds. The most canonical metric on such manifolds is actually a constant scalar curvature Kähler metric with conical singularities that appears from a natural construction of parabolic stable structure. Eventually, we address some extra results on the log‐stability of the obtained ruled manifold.
Infection Pattern of PVY and PLRV in Potato Tubers Obtained from Potato Plants Infected with Both the Viruses

Experiments were conducted to study the plant growth and tuber yield of the seed potato collected from PVY and PLRV infected plants. The seed potatoes were graded as under size ( 55 mm) which were planted following RCBD in the field. Third generation seed potatoes of Diamant variety were used. The incidence of viruses was confirmed by DAS-ELISA. The incidence of PVY and PLRV was 100% in the plants raised from under size tubers. The lowest plant height, stem number/hill, tuber weight /hill was recorded in plants raised from under size tuber. It was observed that some of the plants raised from tubers A grade, B grade and oversize tubers remained virus free even when the tubers were collected from virus infected plants.
Western blotting revisited: Critical perusal of underappreciated technical issues

The most commonly used semiquantitative analysis of protein expression still employs protein separation by denaturing SDS‐PAGE with subsequent Western blotting and quantification of the resulting ODs of bands visualized with specific antibodies. However, many questions regarding this procedure are usually ignored, although still in need of answering: Does isolation or separation procedure harm the integrity or affect modifications (e.g., phosphorylation) of the protein of interest? Does denaturation reduce binding of antibodies used for detection? Should denaturation be performed or should a native gel be run? How can artificial degradations or aggregations be distinguished from biological relevant ones? If the antibody detects multiple bands (which is not uncommon), which one(s) should be taken into account for quantification and why? Which loading control protein should be chosen and is it really “housekeeping” and how can this be verified? Is the image acquisition system linear and does it come with a sufficient dynamic range? How to account and control for background staining? This article is intended to address these questions and raise the readers awareness to possible Western blot alternatives in the attempt of minimizing possible pitfalls that might loom anywhere from protein isolation to acquisition of final quantitative data.
Direct Torque Control of Induction Motors with Stator Flux Correction Applied to the Low-floor Tramcars

The paper presents a modified direct torque control (DTC) method of an induction motor, which is applied in the main drive of the low-floor tramcars series TMK2200 manufactured by the Croatian consortium CROTRAM — Koncar d.d. , TŽV Gredelj d.d. and Đuro Đakovic d.d. The modification consists in the correction of stator flux vector by means of appropriate stator current component. Simplicity of the basic DTC is maintained because the only required machine parameter is stator resistance, yet the method enables stable operation in the whole speed range (including standstill). In comparison with other DTC schemes, the proposed method is more reliable because the rotor parameters are not used and the rotor quantities are not calculated. The method has been fully verified through exploitation of vehicles, and the simulation results are compared with the experiments on the laboratory model of the drive.
Controllers design of networked control systems with arbitrary bounded step delays and packet dropouts

This paper is concerned with stability analysis and controllers design of discrete-time networked control systems (NCSs). An augmented switched system is proposed for modeling the NCSs with arbitrary bounded step delays, and it is also applicable to the NCSs with arbitrary but finite data packet dropouts. Stability controllers both via state feedback and via observer-based dynamic output feedback are constructed for the switched system by using an LMI-based method.