Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The intermolecular Pictet-Spengler condensation with chiral carbonyl derivatives in the stereoselective syntheses of optically-active isoquinoline and indole alkaloids

The stereoselective Pictet-Spengler synthesis is one of the currently most important synthetic methodologies for the preparation of polysubstituted optically active tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives functionalized on C-1. The intermolecular Pictet-Spengler condensation with chiral carbonyl derivatives constitutes an interesting and useful approach towards this goal, as summarized in this review. Strategies covered, which were developed during the last 15 years, include the intermolecular Pictet-Spengler reaction with the use of carbonyl derivatives tethered to removable chiral auxiliaries and the cyclocondensation of β- arylethylamines with chiral carbonyl components. Brief mention is also made to the occurrence of asymmetric β-carbolines in foodstuffs.
Apple yield and fruit quality as influenced by boron applications

Abstract Effect of boron (B) fertilization of ‘Elstar'’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on yield and fruit quality was examined. The experiment was carried out during 1994–1996. ‘Elstar’ apple trees were grafted on M.26 rootstock and planted in autumn 1991 at 4x2 m apart, on sandy loam soil. In the experiment, the following B treatments were applied: (i) to the soil at a rate of 2 g B per tree, (ii) spray application of B three times before bloom at a rate of 0.67g B per tree, (iii) spray application with B after bloom at a rate of 0.67g B per tree, and (iv) apple trees without any B fertilization (control). All B treatments increased B concentration in apple fruits compared to the control. However, the most extensive increase of B concentration in fruits was observed from B sprays after bloom and soil B application. Boron sprays after bloom increased fruit set and apple yield. No significant differences between treatments in fruit weight losses during storage, number of apples infected by Penicilliu.
A semi-automated method for the determination of the available carbohydrate content of poultry feeds

A rapid method is described for the determination of the sugar content of takadiastase digests of poultry feeds. The reproducibility of the method has been assessed and the results of recovery tests on pure carbohydrates are presented. The method gives results in reasonable agreement with those obtained by a previously published titrimetric method involving Fehling's reaction.
Phosphate and Trace Metal Availability from Sewage-Sludge Incinerator Ash

Incineration is practiced to reduced sewage sludge volume, but disposal of the resulting ash remains an important waste-management problem. The objectives of a field study conducted from 1987 to 1990 were to evaluate sewage-sludge-incinerator ash as a P fertilizer, determine trace metal availability, and assess the liming potential of the ash. The soil was an Estherville sandy loam (sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll) with an initial pH of 5.7. Treatment compared P rates of 35, 70, and 140 kg ha -1 yr -1 from triple-superphosphate fertilizer with equivalent ash rates based on citrate-soluble (available) P [. ]
Theory of local magnetic moments in transition metals

The authors consider whether a state of disordered local moments (DLM) can exist in an itinerant magnetic metal above Tc. They develop a criterion Il(EF)>1 for the non-magnetic state to be unstable with respect to the formation of DLM. This criterion is more easily satisfied than the Stoner criterion for ferromagnetism. In(EF)>1, near the centre of a tight-binding band and less easily satisfied near the band edges. They report calculations on tight-binding d bands of 3d transition metals by means of the recursion method. These suggest that BCC Mn and Fe do possess a DLM state, whilst Cr, FCC Mn and Ni do not. They present a method of calculation of the real part of the Green function by the recursion method.
Reoxidation Effects of Ba‐Excessive Barium Titanate Ceramics for Laminated Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors

Using tape casting technique Ba-excessive BaTiO3 ceramics were prepared, and their reoxidation effects for laminated positive temperature coefficient thermistors are investigated. These ceramics exhibit fine grains of size ~1.15 μm. A resistivity of 727 Ω·cm and a PTCR jump about 3.3 orders of magnitude can be observed when the sample was sintered in reducing atmosphere at 1150°C and successively reoxidized at 850°C for 15 min. The influences of reoxidation on ceramic characteristics are discussed. The correlation of room temperature resistivity against reoxidation temperature showed an anomalous trend. This anomaly can be explained by the enhancement of ferroelectricity led by annihilation of oxygen vacancies. The influences of reoxidation time on ceramic characteristics were found to be limited. The impedance analysis revealed that the resistance of grain boundary is more likely to be influenced during reoxidation compared to that of grain bulk. The low acceptor-state densities of 2 × 1012–6 × 1012 cm−2 at grain boundaries were also estimated.
HORTICULTURAL SPRAY OIL EFFECTS ON DEGREENING OF CITRUS FRUIT1

Two percent (v/v) of FC 435-66 and FC 455-66 horticul tural spray oils were applied using a hand gun sprayer to Ham- lin' orange trees, 'Marsh' grapefruit trees, and Navel orange trees during the fall of 1992. There was 0.02% of an emulsifier in the oil spray solutions and an emulsifier only spray check. Fruits were harvested 0, 7, and 14 days after spraying. Rind color, Brix, % acid, and Brix/acid ratio were measured. Fruits were degreened for 72 and/or 96 hours. Rind color was then measured again. Results indicated that there was little effect of oil on the degreening or internal fruit quality of 'Hamlin' orang es and 'Marsh' grapefruit regardless of oil type. With navel or ange, no significant effects on degreening were found on fruit harvested 0 days after treatment or with internal fruit quality measures at all harvest times. Oil treated fruit harvested 7 and 14 days after spraying had some reductions in degreening rate over the check. The reduction was most pronounced with fruit harvested 14 days after spraying with 72 hours of degreening.
The optimization design of pre-forming for forging automobile parts using Taguchi method based grey relational analysis

This study used finite element analysis software DEFORM-3D to analyze the preform formability and die stress in the pre-forming process of forging automobile transmission components. The preform and die materials used are AISI- 5120 alloy steel and JIS-SKD61 mould steel, respectively. This research investigated the phenomenon of folding defects in the preform at the end of the final forging process. First, as the die shape under the pre-formed channel was designed to change, its die shape was close to the final forged hole shape. Then, three quality characteristics were optimally analyzed by the Taguchi method for pre-formed passes, namely, “maximum tensile stress of the upper die, ”“maximum stretch stress of the lower die, ” and “ the degree of filling of the preform in the die cavity. ” Then, this study applied grey correlation analysis to identify the experimental parameter configuration that could achieve a balance between the three quality characteristics, as compared with the results obtained by the Taguchi method. The results show that the lower die after the design change of the pre-forming pass can indeed improve the phenomenon of folding defects in the preform. In terms of the overall experimental data, the experimental data obtained by grey correlation analysis can balance the experimental results of the Taguchi method based on the optimization of the three quality characteristics. The experimental result of this set of parameters not only obtained the maximum tensile stress value of 716.614 MPa in the upper die but also considered the degree of the preform filling and maximum tensile stress in the lower die. The two values were 102.56% and 836.843 MPa. Although these two values are not optimal, compared to the data obtained by the Taguchi method, the preform was filled completely in this case. The maximum tensile stress value of the lower die is also the lowest.
Elimination of Cationic and Anionic Dyes by Natural Phosphate

The present work aims to study the adsorption, determining the ability of phosphate to remove cationic dyes, MB (methylene blue) and CV (crystal violet) and an anionic dye, the MO (methyl orange). To explain the important reduction of pollution parameters obtained from its use as a filter bed. Natural phosphate is contacted with an aqueous solution having a concentration of 20 mg/L for 90, 45 and 20 min respectively for the MB, CV and MO. Experimental results show that the phosphate totally eliminates the CV and the WB. While, the adsorption of MO is very low. The Langmuir isotherm applies to MB and MO while the adsorption of CV uses the Freundlich isotherm.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LOCAL T EMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS DURING NUCLEATE BOILING OF BINARY MIXTURES

An experimental study of nucleate boiling heat transfer with the fluids FC-84, FC-3284 and a 0.5 molar mixture has been carefully carried out. Therefore, a test section was built where nucleate boiling is performed ontop of a 20 µm thick stainless steel heating foil. At first the global heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) were analysed using an infrared (IR) sensor for measuring the average temperature at the rear site of the heating foil. Experiments were performed at 500 and 950 mbar with the pure fluids and the 0.5 molar mixture. It was found out that the more volatile fluid FC-3284 showed the highest HTCs. FC-84 showed medium and the 0.5 molar binary mixture the lowest HTCs. Furthermore, local measurements were arranged, with isolated vapor bubbles generated at only one active nucleation site. For analyzing the heater temperature distribution, a high-speed IR camera was used, capturing the rear site of the heating foil. From this temperature information the local heat flux between the heater and the fluid was computed, applying the energy balance to every pixel of the IR images. The local heat flux at the contact line between the vapour/liquid interface and the wall was analysed during the growth and departure of single bubbles. The local heat fluxes appeared in the same relation like during the global measurements: FC-3284 showed the highest heat fluxes, FC-84 medium heat fluxes, and the lowest were observed with the binary mixture.
THE SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF NICKEL(III) STABILIZED BY A NITROGEN-DONOR MACROCYCLE

This experiment describes the synthesis of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and its nickel(II and III) complexes avoiding the use of percholrate anion. The paramagnetic effects in solution and solid state are described for the nickel(III) dihalo derivatives along with a spectrophotometric study.
D/H and 18O/16O Fractionation in Ice-Water System

The equilibrium hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionations in ice-water system were determined under the condition of comparatively slow rate of ice formation using mass spectrometric isotope analysis of coexisting ice and water. The values of hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation factors were determined to be 1.0206±0.0005 and 1.0028±0.0001, respectively.
27 Al and 25Mg solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance study of hydrotalcite and its thermal decomposition sequence

Solid-state 27Al and 25Mg MAS NMR and X-ray powder diffraction in combination with thermal analysis indicates that synthetic hydrotalcite decomposes thermally in at least three weight-loss steps. The first step, at 250–280 °C, principally involves the loss of the interlayer water, but the appearance of some tetrahedral Al in the 27Al NMR spectra suggests that this is accompanied by the onset of Al dehydroxylation. The second step, at 300–400 °C, is accompanied by a rapid increase in the proportion of tetrahedral Al to a maximum at 400 °C, indicating full Al dehydroxylation of the Al regions. The third step, above 400 °C, represents loss of interlayer carbonate and dehydroxylation of Mg and is accompanied by the appearance of poorly crystalline MgO in both the X-ray and 25Mg NMR spectra. In the range ca. 400–900 °C, we suggest that the phase assemblage consists of intergrown microdomains of poorly crystalline MgO, possibly containing substituent Al3+ and vacancies, and a phase with NMR characteristics similar to spinel-based aluminas such as γ-Al2O3. By 1200 °C, migration of Al from the MgO phase and of Mg into the spinel has occurred, resulting in the appearance of crystalline pure MgO and MgAl2O4 with an inversion parameter of ca. 0.3.
Development and Validation of Extractive spectrophotometric method for determination of Rosuvastatin calcium in pharmaceutical dosage forms

A sensitive and rapid extractive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the assay of Rosuvastatin calcium ( RSVC) in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of a chloroform soluble ion-pair complex between Rosuvastatin and Safranin ( SFN ) in phosphate buffer medium at pH 7.2. The complex shows absorption maximum at 518 nm and it obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range of 5-25 µg/ml. The average recovery of Rosuvastatin calcium was found to be 100.94 %. The %CV for repeatability of measurement for Rosuvastatin calcium was found to be 1.956. The intra and inter day precision in term of %CV was found to be 0.481-3.866 % and 1.481-4.139 % respectively. Limit of detection and Limit of quantification for Rosuvastatin calcium were found to be 1. 5µg/ml and 2. 5µg/ml respectively. A market formulation of Rosuvastatin calcium was analyzed with the proposed method. The results obtained are in good agreement with the labeled amount of Rosuvastatin calcium (98.67-103.33 %) in various dosage forms.
Identification of Volatile Compounds in Jellyfish Protein Hydrolysate

In the present investigation, jellyfish protein hydrolysates (JPHs) of the umbrella or oral arm of the sand jellyfish (Rhopilema hispidum) and white jellyfish (Lobonema smithii) were produced by acetic acid hydrolysis with the aid of temperature and pressure. Volatile flavor compounds found in the hydrolysates were categorized into 6 groups: aldehydes (hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and 2-butyl-2-octenal), furan (2-butylfuran), terpene (beta-terpinol), alkane (2, 4-dimethyl undecane), acid (pterin-6-carboxylic acid), ester (isobornyl formate) and ketones (β-ionone and propanone). Hexanal, heptanal and octanal that are indicators of fishy flavors were accentuated by acetic acid treatment.
Comparative Phytoremediation of Chromium‐Contaminated Soils by Fenugreek, Spinach, and Raya

Abstract A glasshouse investigation was undertaken to evaluate the natural potential of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and raya (Brassica campestris L.) for cleanup of chromium (Cr)–contaminated silty loam and sandy soils. Four kilograms of soil per treatment in earthen pots was treated with five levels of chromium [0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg Cr kg−1 soil through dipotassium chromate (K2Cr2O7], equilibrated for 21 days at field-capacity moisture content, and then fenugreek, spinach, and raya were grown for 60 days after seeding. The concentration of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable Cr increased significantly with increasing rate of Cr application in both soils, but the increase was higher in sandy soil than in silty loam soil. The DTPA‐extractable Cr in both soils decreased after harvesting of crops compared to its concentration in soil before sowing of the crops. The decrease in DTPA‐extractable Cr concentration was highest in soil growing raya and least in the fenugreek‐growing soil. The percent reduction in dry‐matter yield (DMY) with increasing levels of added Cr in comparison to the zero‐Cr control was highest for fenugreek (49 and 52%) followed by spinach (36 and 42%) and lowest for raya (29 and 34%) in silty loam soil and sandy soil, respectively. Also, the percent reduction in mean shoot yield of all crops was higher in sandy soil (41%) compared to silty loam soil (36%), when the rate of applied Cr was increased from 0 to 10 mg Cr kg−1 soil. The DMY of both shoot and root was highest for raya and lowest for fenugreek. The Cr concentration in fenugreek, spinach, and raya increased with increasing level of added Cr in both soils. The concentration of Cr in both shoot and root was highest in raya, followed by spinach and fenugreek. The overall mean uptake of Cr in shoot was almost four times and in root was about two times higher in raya compared to fenugreek. The findings indicated that family Cruciferae (raya) was most tolerant to Cr toxicity, followed by chenopodiacea (spinach) and Leguminosae (fenugreek). Because raya removed the highest amount of Cr from soil, it could be used for pytoremediation of mildly Cr‐contaminated soils.
Enantioselektive Synthese N-substituierter a-Amino- carbonsauren aus a-Hydroxycarbonsauren2)

(S)-a-(TrifluormethyIsulfonyloxy)carbonsZureester (S)-3 reagieren mit priinlren und sekundaren Aminen im Sinne einer SN2-Reaktion zu den N-substituierten (R)-a-Aminocarbonsaureestern (R)-5, (R)-9 bzw. (R)-12. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit verschiedener in a-Stellung substituierter Propionsaure-ethylester mit Benzylamin nimmt in der Reihenfolge der Substituenten Triflat (3a) 4 Bromid (8a) > Mesylat (7a) 2 Tosylat (7b) > Chlorid (8b) deutlich ab. Abnehmende Reaktivitat fuhrt bei der Umsetzung mit Aminen aufgrund der erforderlichen harteren Bedingungen in zunehmendem MaDe zu Racemisierung und Eliminierung.
Calculation of Oxygen and Sulfur Average Velocity on the Iron Surface: A Two‐dimensional Gas Model Study

In the present work, a two‐dimensional (2D) gas model is derived and used to simulate the average velocity of individual atoms of the surface active elements oxygen and sulfur on the Fe(100) surface. The average velocity of oxygen and sulfur atoms was found to be related to the vibration frequencies and minimal energy barrier. The calculated results are based on data from density functional calculations combined with thermodynamics and statistical physics. The calculated average velocity of oxygen on the Fe (100) is lower than that of sulphur. This is because of the stronger interaction between oxygen and the first iron layer. We conclude that our simple 2D gas model may be useful for simulating and understanding the complex interfacial phenomena in the steelmaking refining process from an atomic point of view.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL ENZYMES

Aim of the present research was to formulate and evaluate a multienzyme (Bromelain, Papain, Bacterial Protease, Rutin, and Vitamin C) effervescent tablet with sufficient mechanical integrity, good palatability, robust formulation, good stability, inexpensive and shop floor friendly product produced in normal thermo-hygrometric conditions. In the preformulation study, compatibility evaluation was performed which implies that drug and excipients were compatible with each other. The formulations of tablets were done by using wet granulation, dry granulation and direct compression method. Total ten trials for each method was prepared and evaluated for hardness, friability, effervescent time, weight variation, and pH. Finally one trial from each method was kept for stability TF-6 (direct compression) TF-7(dry granulation) and TF-8(wet granulation). From that techniques stability of tablets with wet granulation method was found to be satisfactory as compared to dry granulation and direct compression. Formulation (TF-8) with wet granulation containing citric acid (12.46%), tartaric acid (24.92%), sodium bicarbonate (37.40%), sodium carbonate (5.95%), povidone (2.99%) consider the final formulation.
Geometric stability and adsorption property of hydroxyl group on graphene sheets

Abstract The stable geometrics and adsorption behaviors of hydroxyl (OH) groups on graphene sheets are investigated using the first-principles calculations. The single hydroxyl adatom has small adsorption energy and diffusion barrier on pristine graphene. The binding strength of the hydroxyl group increases with the coverage, and the aggregations of the hydroxyl groups reduce the structural bucking of graphene sheet. On the graphene with single vacancy (SV-graphene), the large trapping zones mean the adsorbed OH would be easily trapped at the vacancy site. The hydroxyl groups prefer to aggregate on graphene surfaces and form the water molecule, leaving the epoxy group on pristine graphene or oxygen dopant in SV-graphene, which is used to constitute the structural model of oxidized graphene. These results would provide us a useful reference to understand the atomic structure and adsorption property of functional groups on graphene sheets.
Laboratory and Field Test of a Sampling Method for Characterization of Combustion Aerosols at High Temperatures

The objective of this study was to design and experimentally examine a sampling method for high-temperature aerosols from biomass combustion, in which nucleation and condensation from fly ash forming vapors is controlled. The sampling method includes a high-temperature probe in which the hot gas is diluted and then cooled. Laboratory results from sampling a model aerosol with known concentrations of SiO2 particles and KCl vapor showed that when using a high dilution ratio, the KCl vapor was effectively separated from the aerosol by deposition onto the probe walls. When a lower dilution ratio was used, the KCl vapor generated a distinct nucleation mode when cooled in the probe. The sampling method was also used for sampling flue gas from a circulating fluidized bed boiler fired with forest residues. The results suggest that the major fractions of Ca, K, S, and Zn were present as particles at 780°C, whereas most of the Cl and Pb were present as gases. The field results are consistent with results previously reported and indicate that the method can be used for efficient and precise characterization of high-temperature combustion aerosols containing inorganic vapors.
The effect of pH on iron and manganese uptake by a green alga

Experiments were conducted with 54Mn and 59Fe in buffered synthetic solutions to determine the short-term uptake of manganese and iron by the green alga Chlamydomonas variabilis as a function of pH and metal concentration. Over the pH range 7 to 5, the adsorption of Fe(II) and Mn(I1) onto the cell surface was independent of pH, but the fluxes of metals into the cells decreased 2-2.5 times for each unit decrease in pH. Thus increasing acidity decreased metal uptake and, by inference, the effects of the metal on the cell. We also compared the uptake of Fe(II) and Fe(III) at the same external concentration (0.1 PM), under conditions where all the metal was dissolved (pH 5). The uptake rates were nearly identical, even though the ratio [Fe*’ ] : [Fe3+] was - 106. The measured fluxes of Fe(III) into an algal cell were lo4 times greater than the calculated diffusive flux of Fe 3+ to the cell surface. The results indicate that the uptake of Fe(III) involves transport to the cell surface of hydroxy-Fe(III) species that are in rapid protolytic equilibrium with each other and with the free hydrated ferric iron.