Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single Cell PCR Using Y Chromosome Specific Repeat for Sexing

Aims: Embryo sexing is one of the important ways for sex selection of offspring. This is a potential method to considerably improve animal breeding and the efficiency of dairy and meat production. A novel repeated sequence specific to male cattle ha s been identified and named S4. S4 is a 1.5 Kb repeating unit contains various internal repeated sequence. S4 is localized on long arm of the Y chromosome in the region near to ZFY genes. The objective of this s tudy was to establish a simple, sensitive, reliable, reproducible and cost effective PCR based technique for sexing. Study Design : Case control study.
Description of some genera and species of fossil pollen and spores

In a former publication we gave a short description and provisional classification of number of species of Maestrichtian age (VAN DER HAMMEN, 1954). As we have established now more definitely the classification system, we give here now the complete description of some of these species and moreover of some new species from the Tertiary, as we need to mention those species in some publications on climatic changes which will soon appear. For the sa.me reason we describe some of the spore-genera we proposed in the former publication (VAN DER HAMMEN, 1956).
What Controls the Onset of Anorexia in Maturing Adult Female Atlantic Salmon

1. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) cease feeding before entering their home river to undertake upriver migration and spawning. Here we examine whether the onset of this anorexia is related to body condition and/or gonad development. 2. The food intake and growth rate of 100 individually marked one-sea-winter fish (stocked in an outdoor tank) were monitored regularly over 11 weeks during summer. The relative size of body lipid reserves, lean mass and gonad size were estimated in all maturing females in midsummer and at the end of the experiment. 3. The date on which individual fish stopped feeding varied greatly ; after ceasing to feed all lost weight at a consistent rate of 0.1% per day. 4. The onset of anorexia was significantly correlated with estimates of fat reserves, lean mass and gonad size. However multivariate analysis showed that lean mass was most important. Female salmon thus appear to continue feeding until their lean mass has reached threshold levels. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed with respect to inter-population variation in the length and relative difficulty of upriver migration.
Facultatively Anaerobic Bacteria Showing High Productivities of 2,5-Diketo-d-gluconate from d-Glucose

Forty-two bacterial strains that produce calcium 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate from 30% (w/v) Dglucose with yields of more than 70 mol% were isolated from various soil and fruit samples. They were small rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, and could be classified taxonomically into three groups. Representative strains (SHS 2003, ATCC 31623; SHS 2006, ATCC 31626; SHS 2008, ATCC 31628) of the latter were identified as members of the genus Erwinia. The DNA base ratios of these strains ranged from 46.3 to 48.7 mol% guanine plus cytosine.The results of experiments using whole cells and cell extracts of these three strains suggested that d-glucose is oxidized to 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate via d-gluconate and 2-keto-d-gluconate. No 5-keto-d-gluconate was detected in the culture broth throughout their cultivation. Most activities of enzyme(s) responsible for the oxidation of d-glucose to 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate were found in the particulate fractions of these strains.
Rectal Temperatures of 2 Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer Fawns

Rectal temperatures (N = 249) of 2 free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns were measured in all seasons in northeastern Minnesota while the animals were normally resting, standing, walking, feeding, and running. Rectal temperatures remained between 38.2 and 40.1 C despite ambient temperatures of -38 to 34 C. Deer were free to select habitats and activities and showed a narrower range of body temperatures (1.9 C) than has been reported for confined individuals (5.6 C). Seasonal and activity-related variations in rectal temperatures were slight but significant. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 51(1):59-62 Body temperatures of 37.2-42.8 C have been reported for captive or freshly captured whitetailed (Holter et al. 1975, Seal et al. 1978), mule (0. hemionus) (Thorne 1975, Parker and Robbins 1984), and Columbian black-tailed deer (0. h. columbianus) (Leopold et al. 1951, Cowan and Wood 1955). A narrower range would be expected for body temperatures of free-ranging deer if deer select habitats and activity levels that facilitate homeothermy (Verme 1965; Moen 1968b, 1985; Ozoga and Gysel 1972). Published data on body temperatures of free-ranging deer do not exist (Anderson 1981). In this study we measured rectal temperatures of free-ranging deer during various activities not prompted by man or other predators in open and forested habitats. We thank S. Demarais, L. Mason, W. W. Mautz, K. R. McCaffery, M. E. Nelson, and J. M. Sweeney for helpful suggestions on the manuscript.
Biological Aspects of the Sixgill Shark, Hexanchus griseus

Life history information on 28 sixgill sharks, collected off California, was obtained from May 1982 through Sept. 1984. Only one mature sixgill shark, a 421 cm TL female with term embryos, was examined. Size at maturity was estimated for females by comparing gonad development with length-weight measurements. Gut analysis revealed that the sixgill shark's diet consists mainly of bony and cartilaginous fishes. Since sixgill sharks do not appear to be abundant anywhere, their distribution and movement patterns along the deep coastal waters off California are, for the most part, unknown.
First Record of Endophytic Paraconiothyrium brasiliense Isolated from Chinese Maple Leaves in Korea

The fungal endophyte EML-CM25 was isolated in Korea from surface sterilized Chinese maple leaf tissues. Internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis indicated that the isolate showed 99% sequence similarity with Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, a finding that was confirmed by morphological analyses. The fungal colonies did not express aerial hyphae. Conidiomata formation was observed in the fungus cultured on potato dextrose agar at 25 o C for 7 days. Visible scattered black dots consisting of pycnidia were present throughout the colony. This is the first record of P. brasiliense in Korea.
Corallococcus gen. nov

Co.ral. lo.coc' cus. Gr. neut. n. korallion coral; Gr. masc. n. kokkos berry; M.L. masc. n. Corallococcus coral-shaped coccus (i.e., with coral-shaped fruiting bodies). Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Myxococcaceae / Corallococcus Vegetative cells are slender rods with tapering ends, cigar-shaped, 0.6–0.8 × 3–8 µm. Myxospores spherical or ellipsoidal, often somewhat irregular, 1.3–2.4 µm in diameter. Fruiting bodies very variable in shape and size even within one culture: pustules, ridges, slabs, and irregular disks, often with finger-like projections, or raised and bizarre coralloid, of cartilaginous consistency. Swarm colonies as are typical for the family. The organisms do not utilize mono- and disaccharides, but may degrade polysaccharides, like starch, into tri- and oligosaccharides, which can be taken up and metabolized. The mol% G + C of the DNA is: 66–68. Type species: Corallococcus coralloides comb. nov. (Myxococcus coralloides Thaxter 1892, 404.) Keywords: Corallococcus gen. nov.; Corallococcus coralloides; Myxococcaceae
Genera of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Taiwan with Descriptions of New Taxa

This paper is based upon the examination of about 7,000 slide specimens of trichogrammatids which were mostly collected by sweep net in Taiwan. It consist of 22 genera. Of these, only Paracentrobia Hwd. , Trichogrammatoidea Grlt. , Trichogramma West. and Oligosita Wlk. have been previously known to this island, whereas Ufens Grit. , Poropoea Frst. , Ophioneurus Rtbg. , Lathromeroidea Grit. , Lathromeris Frst. , Hispidophila Vigg. , Haeckeliania Grlt. , Chaetostricha Wlk. , Uscana Grlt. , Latheromeromyia Grlt,, Giraultiola Nwk. , Probrachista Vigg. , Aphelinoidea Grlt. , Epoligosita Grlt, and Megaphragma Tblk. are hereby recorded for the first time, and Prochaetostricha monticola and Eutrichogrmma elongatum, genn. et spp. nov. are described and illustrated. A key is given for the separation of the genera of Taiwan.
ETNOECOLOGIA E ETNOBOTÂNICA DA PALMEIRA CARNAÚBA NO SEMIÁRIDO BRASILEIRO

The aim of this study was to investigate aspects of ethnoecological and ethnobotanical of carnauba wax (Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore, Arecaceae) in an extractive community of municipality of Ipanguacu, Rio Grande do Norte state. We interviewed key informants, using the technique of inducing nonspecific, guided tour and direct observation to confirm the data. According to most residents of Pedro Ezequiel Araujo community, the area of carnauba wax in the region is natural. In the research ethnoecological, 73% of informants reported the occurrence of "a different kind of carnauba", known as "white carnauba" phenotypically distinct from the "common carnauba wax" by presenting clear stipe, smaller fruits and absence of spines on the petiole, and is rare at the study site. Much of the informants observed phenological phases of carnauba wax, being consistent in stating that the species has fruits dispersed by bats. In ethnobotany, powder wax was cited by all as the most important product extracted from leaves of carnauba and the most used, followed by fruit, stem and root. Were still reported the division of work in the extraction of powder wax from the carnauba. The results of this research will contribute to knowledge of ethnobotanical and ethnoecological carnauba, supporting strategies for management and conservation of natural populations.
In vitro Differentiation of Haploid Plants by Anther Culture in Poncirus trifoliata (L.) RAF.

Anthers of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) RAF. (trifoliate orange, 2n=18) were cultured on the MURASHIGE and SKooG's (1962) medium containing 0.2 and/or 2.0mg/l of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), oi-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and kinetin in combination. Three weeks after planting, heart-shaped and cotyledonary embryoids appeared from the anthers. Embryoids were formed most efifciently from the anthers of early uninu-cleate stage, and on the media containing 0.2mg/1 of IAA. The callus formation was occurred on all media and was increased by the addition of 2, 4-D. Roots were induced by the transfer of the embryoids from the induction media con-taining growth regulators to the medium lacking growth regulators. From microscopic observation, some of these plantlets showed 9(x) chromosomes of haploid state and some of them had 10 (x+1), 11 (x+2), and 18 (2x) chromosomes. Besides these plantlets, mixoploids which had cells with different chromosome numbers in the same preparations, such as (9, 10), (9, 10, 11), and (10, 11) were obtained
Escarificação e ácido giberélico na emergência e crescimento de plântulas de biribá

Nas sementes de anonaceas, ha substâncias inibidoras de germinacao que provocam dormencia e que, juntamente com um tegumento resistente e impermeavel, proporcionam fatores antagonicos a germinacao rapida e uniforme. Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar o efeito da escarificacao mecânica e embebicao de sementes em acido giberelico sobre emergencia e crescimento inicial de plântulas de biriba. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Horticultura da Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Goias (EA/UFG), Goiânia, GO. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinacao dos fatores escarificacao (sementes escarificadas mecanicamente ou nao) e embebicao de sementes por 20 horas, em concentracoes crescentes de acido giberelico (0, 125, 250, 500 e 1000mg L-1), em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. As carateristicas avaliadas foram a porcentagem e indice de velocidade de emergencia de plântulas aos 24, 34 e 43 dias apos a semeadura, o comprimento da raiz principal e da parte aerea, a massa seca das raizes, da parte aerea e total de plântulas. A escarificacao mecânica em sementes de biriba promove maior porcentagem e indice de velocidade de emergencia de plântulas. O aumento das concentracoes de acido giberelico incrementa linearmente a percentagem e o indice de velocidade de emergencia, alem do comprimento da raiz principal e da parte aerea de plântulas. Por permitir emergencia mais rapida e consequente ganho de tempo na producao de mudas, recomenda-se que sementes de biriba sejam escarificadas.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Peptides Against D-galactosamine-induced Liver Injury in Mice

Objective:To research the hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum peptides(GLP) against D-galactosamine(D-Gal)induced liver damage in mice.Method:Mice were randomly divided into five groups,namely normal,model and three GLP-treated groups.GLP-treated groups were daily given(ig) the doses at 60,120 and 180 mg GLP /kg bw respectively.Normal and model groups simultaneously received the same amount of physiological saline for 2 weeks.Then the mice from model group and GLP-treated groups were treated with 750 mg/kg bw D-Gal(ip). Aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase(AST/ALT) activities in serum,malondialdehyde/glutathione(MDA/GSH) levels and superoxidedismutase(SOD) activity in liver were measured by the detection kits according to the manufacturer's protocols.The liver histopathological characters were observed under light microscopy.Results:At the dose of 180mg/kg bw GLP,the ALT/AST activities in serum and MDA lever in liver were significantly reduced,SOD activity and GSH content in liver were significantly increased(p0.05～0.01) when compared to model group.The liver histopathological characters were close to normal groups'. Conclusion:GLP possesses potent hepatoprotective effects against D-Gal-induced liver damage in mice.
Evolution in Changing Environments: Some Theoretical Explorations. (MPB-2)

Professor Levins, one of the leading explorers in the field of integrated population biology, considers the mutual interpenetration and joint evolution of organism and environment, occurring on several levels at once. Physiological and behavioral adaptations to short-term fluctuations of the environment condition the responses of populations to long-term changes and geographic gradients. These in turn affect the way species divide the environments among themselves in communities, and, therefore, the numbers of species which can coexist. Environment is treated here abstractly as pattern: patchiness, variability, range, etc. Populations are studied in their patterns: local heterogeneity, geographic variability, faunistic diversity, etc.
The German Currency Reform and the Revival of the German Economy

AFTER the collapse of Germany in 1945 the German economy rapidly deteriorated into a barter economy in which money served neither as a unit of account, nor as a means of payment (except for the purchase of the meagre official rations when they were obtainable), nor as a store of value. The period which ended with the currency reform of June 2oth, 1948, offers to the economist a unique illustration of the situation which is so often described in text book discussions leading up to the analysis of the advantages of money: individuals and business firms acquired most of the commodities they wanted by exchange against commodities they had to offer, and a whole series of exchanges were sometimes necessary to obtain the desired commodity. Every firm had several specialists, called " compensators ", on its st'aff. If, for example, cardboard for packing was needed, the compensator might be obliged to barter the plant's own products for typewriters, the typewriters for shoes, and the shoes for cardboard. All this was not only illegal but involved tremendous costs. In one case known to the present writer five long trips by a compensator were required to obtain a case of special varnish, whereas formerly a postcard dropped into the post box would have been sufficient. Workers and employees also insisted on being paid partly in kind, and bartered the commodities they received against others which they needed. Most people had no inducement to earn more money than was required to buy the rations at prices which were, on the whole, still fixed at the pre-war level. It was profitable for a man to be absent one or two days a week from his job if he could use the time to cultivate his own garden, to forage in the countryside for food, or to operate in the black market. Accurate accounting was impossible for firms as well as for consumers, because there was no market in which a common price for a commodity could establish itself; each purchase carried out in the black market (whether made by way of the transfer of money or by way of barter) was made at a unique price which was determined by the bargaining power of the individuals concerned, a price which might easily be twice as high as the price at which some other similar transaction was taking place somewhere else at the same moment. The economy was " organised " along lines such that the sell-interest of individuals and firms was strictly opposed to the common interest. Working at a regular job was the least profitable occupation, and mere survival necessitated breaches of the law. By the middle of I948 the economy had reached a state of paralysis resulting in near-starvation for a large part of the population.
Slaughter weights on animal performance, carcass commercial cuts and meat characteristics of cull cows

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of slaughter weight on animal performance, carcass commercial cuts and meat characteristics of Puruna cows feedlot finished. We used 28 cull cows with 68.02±17.36 months of age slaughtered at different weights (461, 476, 434 and 522 kg). The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments (slaughter weight) and seven replicates (animals). The dry matter intake, expressed as kg d-1 and % of body weight, presented quadratic variation with increasing slaughter weight, with the highest values observed for slaughter weight of 461 kg. The average daily gain decreased linearly, whereas the absolute weight of forequarter, short ribs, and pistol cut linearly increased by the advance of slaughter weight. In relative terms only the short ribs was changed by increase slaughter weight, increasing linearly. Between the proportions of meat cuts prepared for commercialization, linear increases were observed for the chuck and striploin. Increasing slaughter weight promoted linear increases in the scores of color, marbling and palatability, but did not alter the score of tenderness of the meat. The increase of slaughter weight of cull cows of the Puruna breed reduces animal performance, increasing the losses by trimming fat, with important benefits only for the meat palatability.
Phylogenetic Systematics of Pontederiaceae

Six different methods of cladogram construction were applied to a data set embracing 34 species and subspecies of Pontederiaceae. Nineteen Wagner trees were constructed using dif- ferent combinations of character subsets and outgroups. Although 12 trees were constructed using the largest character cliques uncovered by character compatibility analysis, these were highly un- resolved. Four additional trees were constructed using phenetic methods. Trees resulting from the various procedures were compared using several optimality criteria. Wagner trees based on all 42 characters or on the subset of 27 reproductive characters were most successful according to these criteria. Branch-swapping trials, based upon common features found in the Wagner and other trees produced another 10 trees that were as successful as the Wagner trees. The number of about equally successful trees is partly a function of homoplasy. Two-thirds of the character state changes on the trees are homoplasious. The primitive breeding system of the Pontederiaceae is not clearly resolved, but heterostyly is probably a synapomorphy of only one lineage of the family. A vicariance expla- nation of the biogeography of the family, based on a Gondwanan distribution, seems less parsi- monious than an origin in South America, followed by several eastward dispersals. While Mono- choria and Pontederia are apparently monophyletic under different analyses, Eichhornia and Heteranthera, as presently circumscribed, are probably paraphyletic. We had two main goals in undertaking this study. The first was to examine the evolution- ary history of tristyly and several other system- atic features in the small, aquatic, monocoty- ledonous family Pontederiaceae. The other was to assess the performance of several different numerical cladistic procedures using character distributions in this family as test data. Grow- ing discussion of the theoretical bases of biological classification has spawned a bewil- dering array of individual methods. No com- parative studies have evaluated all proposed methods, but several of the most popular, in- cluding single linkage clustering, UPGMA (av- erage linkage) clustering, character compatibil- ity analysis, and Wagner tree construction
Fractionnement isotopique lors des changements d‘état solide-vapeur et liquide-vapeur de l'eau à des températures inférieures à 0°C

Measurements of the hydrogen isotopic composition of water in atmospheric precipitations make possible the study of their formation and evolution, since deuterium is a natural tracer for the water molecule. In a hydrologic cycle, each change of state is accompanied by an isotopic fractionation expressed in terms of a factor ? , which is a function of temperature. This fractionation is due to differences in the physical properties of the molecules H 2 O and HDO. In the work described in this paper we have measured ? between ? 40°C and 0°C for the phase equilibrium ice-water vapor and between ? 15°C and 0°C for the equilibrium liquid-water vapor. The values obtained may be expressed in the relations log ? solide-vapeur= ? 4.10 · 10 ? 2 + 7.074/ T 2 log ? liquide-vapeur= ? 4.34 · 10 ? 2 + 6.520/ T 2 . DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967. tb01465.x
On Feedback Control Theory for Constant Temperature Hot Wire Anemometers

A feedback control theory for constant‐temperature hot‐wire anemometers is developed in the form of a linear differential equation of the third order. This theory allows a more detailed and clearer description of the anemometer's behavior than can be obtained by the frequency response method which has been applied until now to constant‐temperature hot‐wire anemometers. The theory is presented for the case of an equal arm bridge in the feedback system. Although the theory is restricted to small velocity fluctuations, it is assumed that large fluctuations may be measured correctly within approximately the same frequency range as small ones. The theory is applied to the optimization of the frequency response of constant‐temperature hot‐wire anemometers by means of a square wave test.
Measuring Energy Metabolism with Open-Flow Respirometric Systems: Which Design to Choose?

1. In the studies aimed at investigating energetics of animals, less accurate open-flow respirometric designs give better results. 2. If CO 2 is not removed from the air stream, the measurement of oxygen consumption rate bears a larger error, but allows a more accurate estimation of energy metabolism.