Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual of Extending Acts

Since 1980s, the study of the extending module in the module theory has been a major area of research interest in the ring theory and it has been studied recently by several authors, among them N.V. Dung, D.V. Huyn, P.F. Smith and R. Wisbauer. Because the act theory signifies a generalization of the module theory, the author studied in 2017 the class of extending acts which are referred to as a generalization of quasi-injective acts. The importance of the extending acts motivated us to study a dual of this concept, named the coextending act. An S-act MS is referred to as coextending act if every coclosed subact of Ms is a retract of MS where a subact AS of MS is said to be coclosed in MS if whenever the Rees factor ⁄ is small in the Rees factor ⁄ then AS=BS for each subact BS of AS. Various properties of this class of acts have been examined. Characterization of this concept is intended to show the behavior of a coextending property. In addition, based on the results obtained by us, the conditions under which subacts inherit a coextending property were demonstrated. Ultimately, a part of this paper focused on studying the relationships between these acts and other related acts.
Modulation of the immune response to DNA vaccine by co‐delivery ofcostimulatory molecules

We have investigated methods for modulating immune responses, against herpes simplex virus (HSV), generated from DNA vaccination by co-delivery of genes encoding costimulatory molecules. A strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was induced in mice co-injected via the intradermal (i.d.) route with a eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding the CD80 molecule (pCD80) and a plasmid encoding the glycoprotein D of the HSV-2 (pgD). Furthermore, when spleen cells from these mice were cultured in the presence of inactivated HSV, a significant increase in the expression of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) was observed in the CD4 subset compared with mice immunized only with pgD. Analysis of cytokine synthesis at the single-cell level indicated that CD80 genes induce a significant increase in the number of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-, IL-2- and IL-4-secreting cells in the spleen. On the other hand, co-administration of the CD80 gene via the intramuscular (i.m.) route did not induce an increase in the cell-mediated immune response. When a plasmid carrying the CD86 gene (pCD86) was co-injected via the i.m. route with the pgD plasmid, a small decrease in the number of IFN-gamma-secreting cells was observed. This down-regulation of the immune response was also observed when eukaryotic expression cassettes for CD80 and for CD86 were co-administered with the pgD plasmid via the i.d. route. However, co-injection of pCD86 via the i.m. route produced a small increase in the number of IL-4-secreting cells. When immunized mice were challenged intravaginally with 100 plaque-forming units of virus, only co-injection of the CD80 gene by the i.d. route provoked an adjuvant effect compared with mice immunized with pgD alone. A reduction in the titres of HSV in vaginal washings was observed together with a decrease in the lesion score.
Spurious ergodicity breaking in normal and fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process

The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is a stationary and ergodic Gaussian process, that is fully determined by its covariance function and mean. We show here that the generic definitions of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean squared displacements fail to capture these properties consistently, leading to a spurious ergodicity breaking. We propose to remedy this failure by redefining the mean squared displacements such that they reflect unambiguously the statistical properties of any stochastic process. In particular we study the effect of the initial condition in the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and its fractional extension. For the fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process representing typical experimental situations in crowded environments such as living biological cells, we show that the stationarity of the process delicately depends on the initial condition.
A Novel Electronic Component Classification Algorithm Based on Hierarchical Convolution Neural Network

In the paper, the author proposes a recognition and classification algorithm of electronic components based on hierarchical convolutional neural network (NH-CNN) that reduces the computational complexity on the drawbacks of traditional image classification method based on deep learning such as the failure of effectively combining multiple deep characteristics, the poor performance of classifier, the difficulty of parameter adjustment and the long training time. The algorithm is trained through the Convolutional Automatic Coding (CAE) layer to obtain relevant feature maps, which reduces the input parameters of the designed convolutional neural network. Since the CAE model and the convolutional neural network have similar convolution and pooling operations, the feature maps obtained from the CAE model are put into the designed neural network based on the transfer learning method. Finally, the feature fusion method is used to output the obtained features to the fully connected layer, which is used to better express the depth information contained in the electronic component images and improve the accuracy of classification. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively extract depth features with high precision of 94.26% and less complexity and overcome the defects of traditional image classification algorithms such as manual image extraction and low classification efficiency.
Industrialism in the mirror: Edward S. Mason, reader of the Saint-Simonians

Abstract In this article we will first briefly discuss Edward Mason’s biography (I) and then recall his contribution to the birth of the field of Industrial Organisation (II). We then focus on his series of contributions to the study of French socialism, from around 1930 (III), and finally we assess his reading of Saint-Simonianism (IV).
A General Framework for Developing Sequential Fisheries Models

A sequential fisheries model relates observed data to the biological dynamics of an underlying stock. Either model component, dynamic or observational, can be subject to statistical variation. Current fisheries literature includes models with (1) variable dynamics and no observation error, (2) deterministic dynamics and observations subject to measurement error, and (3) combined dynamic and measurement variability. This paper presents a general framework for developing sequential fishery models and estimating model parameters from available data. The framework encompasses most traditional stock assessment models and suggests new, potentially useful extensions. It generalizes the conventional definition of state space model to include nonlinear equations with nonnormal error. The paper rigorously compares two paradigms (KF: Kalman filter, EV: errors in variables) used for parameter estimation. Each paradigm is formulated in both frequentist and Bayes contexts, where Bayes is shown to be most appropriate fo.
Relationship between bill morphology and preening behaviour in waders

The relationship between bill morphology and preening behaviour was studied in 11 species of waders. On the assumption that species with long bills might be less efficient at preening than birds with short bills, the hypothesis was tested that long-billed species devoted more time to preening than short-billed species. Results showed a positive relationship between bill length and time spent preening, supporting the hypothesis. However, bill width, bill depth and curvature were not related to preening behaviour.
A Comparison of Immersion, Immersion/Oral Combination and Injection Methods for the Vaccination of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Against Edwardsiella ictaluri

— Four different vaccination regimes, including non-vaccinated controls (C), immersion/oral combination (IO). late immersion (LI), and injection (IJ), were evaluated for antibody production and protection from challenge in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus that were hatched and raised in recirculating culture systems over a 28-wk period. For IO, fry were vaccinated by immersion on day 12 post-hatch and given an oral booster during week 10 post-hatch. The LI and IJ delivered vaccine was also administered at week 10 post-hatch. No titers were detected in the IO group prior to the oral booster at week 10. Mean titers rose sharply after the week 10 vaccinations in all treatment groups, maintained a high level for about 8 wk, and slowly declined over the next 4 wk. Injected fish had significantly higher titers during the primary response period than either LI or IO fish. There was no statistical difference in titers between LI and IO fish during the primary response. After an oral booster delivered during week 22, titers in LI and IO fish increased significantly at week 25, while titers in IJ fish declined despite the booster delivery. An immersion booster delivered during week 25 resulted in significant increases in titers in all vaccinated groups. Of multiple challenges, the only one not marred by concurrent columnaris infections revealed a low, but significant level of protection in IJ fish at 12 wk post-vaccination.
Ethanol Effects on Intestinal Functions in Giardia lamblia-Infected Rats

The effect of Giardia lamblia infection on D-glucose uptake and brush-border enzymes was studied in chronically ethanol-fed rats. Giardia lamblia trophozoites counts were significantly lower in the intestine of ethanol-fed rats than in the controls. Also, the Na+-dependent uptake of D-glucose and brush-border enzymes was significantly reduced (p<0.0001, p<0.01, respectively) in the G. lamblia-infected rat intestine. There was no change in Na+-independent glucose uptake under these conditions. Levels of mRNA encoding Na+-dependent D-glucose transporter (SGLT1) and brush-border sucrase and lactase were reduced in G. lamblia-infected animals compared with those of the controls. However, the mRNA levels encoding these proteins in ethanol-fed and control animals were similar in rat intestine. These findings suggest that down-regulation of SGLT1 and disaccharidases could be responsible for the observed D-glucose malabsorption and decrease in the activity of disaccharidases in G. lamblia infection.
A geostatistical analysis of seismicity in Oklahoma using regression trees and neural networks

ABSTRACT Induced seismicity in the mid-continental United States remains an ongoing concern. In 2016, 4,672 small-magnitude earthquakes occurred in Oklahoma, which now ranks number one for earthquake frequency in the United States. It is thought that this rise in seismicity is related to wastewater disposal (WWD) into Oklahoma’s subsurface near previously inactive faults. Here we model these earthquake frequencies using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), spatial analysis, and machine learning statistical processes. Data representing WWD sites considered Area of Interest (AOI) by the Oklahoma Geological Survey (OGS) and Oklahoma Corporation Commission (OCC) were used, as well as the 2016 Oklahoma earthquake and fault data. Euclidean distance values from each earthquake to its nearest WWD site, nearest fault, and average fluid injection rate at each nearest AOI WWD site were used to develop two non-parametric regression models using Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Neural Networks (NN). Results show (NN R2 = 0.745, RMSE = 0.47; CART R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.31) that proximity to AOI WWD sites, fluid injection rates, and adjacency to subsurface faults are sufficient to model seismicity in north-central Oklahoma. These results provide further support for the need for more restrictive guidelines related to WWD.
Hatching Asynchrony and Brood Reduction in Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus May be a Plastic Response to Local Oak Quercus robur Bud Burst and Caterpillar Emergence

Abstract. Blue Tits exhibit extreme variation in clutch size and hatching asynchrony, which is the focus of this study. This paper reports an in-depth study of breeding Blue Tits showing that variation in Blue Tit hatching asynchrony can be explained by a number of phenological variables including particularly, date of bud burst in the local oak tree, which signals caterpillar emergence (34%), also date of first egg (14%) and female weight (8%). Hatching asynchrony explained 9% of the variation in brood mortality in this southern English population. Early incubation relative to clutch completion (incubation asynchrony) in Blue Tits explained 85% of the variation in hatching asynchrony, differs between years and advanced hatching in early and fledging in late laid eggs. Consequently, because fledging is usually synchronous, hatching asynchrony shortens the total time spent in the nest and explained 28% of the variation in nesting time from clutch completion to fledging. I present experimental evidence that brood reduction resulting from hatching asynchrony may be particularly adaptive towards the end of the breeding season, with 91% of the variation in the productivity of asynchronously-hatched broods being explained by, and increased with, date of hatching. About one fifth of birds delayed daytime incubation until after clutch completion, probably in wait for caterpillars to appear. Although the delay period was variable and extended total nesting time it always resulted in synchronous hatching. I propose that Blue Tits may have evolved plastic responses to environmental cues such as oak bud burst, which causes them to incubate at the optimum time to ensure maximum fledging success and chick fitness.
Prognostic value of carotid intima-media thickness

We found the paper by Elitok et al. (1) very interesting. In the study, the authors have investigated the effect of bariatric surgery on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). This novel study provides the 1-year follow-up data on the effects of pronounced weight loss following bariatric surgery on surrogate measures of atherosclerosis. The current study revealed that CIMT reduction was not significant from baseline to the 6th month, whereas it became significant at the 9th month of follow-up. The 1-year results could have improved the manuscript in terms of supporting the evidence for the relationship between CIMT reduction and risk of long-term cardiovascular events. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of the individual data from 16 studies consisting of 36.984 patients without known cardiovascular diseases (CVD) who underwent serial CIMT measurements (mean follow-up of 7 years), it was revealed that when the yearly progression rate is recalculated for various CIMT measurements (mean and maximum CIMT values of the common, bifurcated, and internal carotid arteries), there was no association between CIMT progression and the risk of future cardiovascular events (2). These findings are supported by a more recent meta-analysis of data including 31 studies consisting of 89,070 patients showing a consistent association between CIMT value and the combined endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. However, there was no association between CIMT change and the risk of cardiovascular events (3). Moreover, it was reported that CIMT is not an independent factor for CVD prognosis (4). Thus, there is no obvious proof of a relationship between CIMT progression and the risk of future cardiovascular events due to various potential methodological and biological reasons. Therefore, serial CIMT measurement for CVD risk assessment is not recommended. Previously, repeated measurement of analysis of variance or nonparametric Friedman test was the approach to examine longitudinal data in terms of temporal changes. Currently, a linear mixed model (LMM) is more often recommended due to its potential to provide more suitable data in terms of temporal changes (5, 6). Therefore, in our opinion, using LMM instead of the Friedman test might provide more information for your study, which can be included in this letter.
Bone marrow stromal cells express two distinct splice variants of ER‐α that are regulated by estrogen

Estrogen plays a critical role in bone metabolism in both sexes. While the major action of estrogen is to inhibit bone resorption, it is now clear that early osteoblastic (or stromal) cells are a target for estrogen action, mediating the effects of estrogen on bone formation as well as resorption. However, little is known about the expression or regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER)‐α in these cells. The expression of ER‐α is regulated by a complex set of promoters and ER‐α splice variants are present in different tissues. Thus, we sought to define the ER‐α splice variants and their regulation by estrogen in the mouse bone marrow stromal cell line, ST‐2, which can be induced to differentiate into mature osteoblasts. ST‐2 cells expressed the mRNAs and proteins for both the 66 and 46 kDa forms of ER‐α; the latter lacks the AF‐1 domain and can transduce estrogen signaling in some tissues, while serving as a dominant negative receptor in others. Using primers specific for each of the five 5′‐untranslated exons of ER‐α, we found that ST‐2 cells utilized only the promoters upstream of exons F and C (in contrast to most reproductive tissues, which utilize promoters upstream of virtually all the five exons). Moreover, 17β‐estradiol (10−8 M) treatment of ST‐2 cells markedly diminished levels of the 66 kDa as well as the 46 kDa ER‐α proteins, largely through suppression of the transcript arising from the F1 promoter. These data thus indicate that: (1) bone marrow stromal cells express at least two variants of ER‐α and (2) estrogen down regulates the ER‐α mRNA and protein in these cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Active Stabilization of Self-Excited Switched Reluctance Generator Supplying Constant Power Load in DC Microgrids

The voltage control problem of self-exited switched reluctance generator (SRG) supplying a constant power load (CPL) is investigated here. Due to the uncertainties in SRG dynamic and load, conventional linear controllers may not solve the problem and voltage oscillation inevitably appears at high load powers. This article describes a series-damped passivity-based control (PBC) scheme, considering the dynamic performance of SRG, in the presence of CPL. The main objective is to achieve a large-signal stabilization of the output voltage of generator taking into account the uncertainties of SRG. The time-varying nature of back electromotive force (EMF) of SRG is considered by calculating the bound of damping injection terms. By an adaptation mechanism to deal with the time-varying inductance and back EMF, together with the proposed PBC, a large-signal active damping adaptive-passivity-based controller (APBC) is obtained to reduce the output voltage oscillations. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in stabilization in SRG and CPL and voltage ripple reduction is demonstrated, using a four-phase, 8/6 pole drive system.
A method to distinguish microbial acclimation from reduced growth rates in perturbed ecosystems

Predicting variations in microbial growth rates (μ) in Nature requires a method that will detect departures from optimal μ, determine the time scale at sub-optimal μ, and measure the restoration or reversibility toward optimal μ. Isotopic flux measurements are equivocal because of uncertainties in their relationship to μ, particularly in non-steady state condictions. After perturbing a natural microbial community and a clone of the phytoplankter Selenastrum capricornutum with two different toxicants, we examined the kinetics of the adenylate energy charge, and followed changes in biomass over time with the total adenylate and chlorophyll a concentrations. We determined that exposure to cadmium resulted in a reduction in μ; reversible within a short time, whereas exposure to the industrial effluent caused an exponential loss of adenylates and complete inhibition of growth. Upon perturbing a microbiol community, the study of adenylate energy charge kinetics detects departures from optimal μ, measures their duration and reversibility.
Factors affecting the numbers and breeding success of Stone Curlews Burhinus oedicnemus at Porton Down, Wiltshire

The numbers and breeding success of the Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus, a rare bird in the UK, were studied on chalk downland at Porton Down, Wiltshire, from 1987 to 1996. The number of pairs varied annually between nine and 19 and was positively correlated with spring counts of Rabbits in the current and previous years. This correlation probably results from a previously documented preference for very short vegetation strewn with small stones created by grazing and soil disturbance by Rabbits. The average number of young fledged per pair was adequate to maintain a stable population, but varied by an order of magnitude among years. Annual variation in chick survival had the largest influence on variation in overall productivity, because breeding failures at the egg stage were usually replaced. Differences in chick survival among years were not correlated with the mean rate of growth of chicks. Nest success and overall breeding success were positively correlated with a spring Rabbit count and, for nest s.
Isolation and characterization of Dehydrin promoter region from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

The development of molecular biology techniques nowadays has enabled to engineer drought tolerant sugarcane by genetic engineering to accelerate the breeding program. Dehydrin (DHN) is known to have an important role in plant response and adaptation to abiotic stresses (drought, high salinity, cold, heat, etc.). While plant tissues are subjected to drought stress (dehydration), DHN protein is accumulated to high content throughout all vegetative or generative tissues. The research aimed to isolate and characterize the DHN promoter from sugarcane that can be used as transformation material in generating drought tolerant sugarcane. Specific primers for DHN promoter amplification were designed and DHN promoter region was successfully isolated by PCR cloning method. Two putative promoter sequences were identified namely Pr-1DHNSo and Pr-2DHNSo. In silico analyses were carried out and cis -regulatory elements motifs that play a role in adaptation on abiotic stress as well as biotic stress including ABRE, MBS, CGTCA-motif, TGACG-motif, GARE-motif, P- box TCA- element and Box-W1 were identified. The promoter Pr-1DHNSo was then cloned into pBI121 expression vector by Overlap Extention PCR (OE-PCR) for further characterization. Functional test of the promoter construct pBI- Pr-1DHNSo was conducted through Agrobacterium transformation into sugarcane calli. GUS assay and PCR analysis showed that the DHN promoter was transformed and expressed in the sugarcane calli.