Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coding Theorems for a Discrete Source With a Fidelity Criterion-Claude

Consider a discrete source producing a sequence of message letters from a finite alphabet. A single-letter distortion measure is given by a non-negative matrix (d ij). The entry d ij measures the "cost" or "distortion" if letter i is reproduced at the receiver as letter j. The average distortion of a communications system (source-coder-noisy channel-decoder) is taken to be d = L P;jd ij where P ij is the probability of i being reproduced as j. It is shown that i. ] there is a function R(d) that measures the "equivalent rate" of the source for a given level of distortion. For coding purposes where a level d of distortion can be tolerated, the source acts like one with information rate R(d). Methods are given for calculating R(d), and various properties discussed. Finally, generalizations to ergodic sources, to continuous sources, and to distortion measures involving blocks of letters are developed. In this paper a study is made of the problem of coding a discrete source of information, given a fidelity criterion or a measure of the distortion of the final recovered message at the receiving point relative to the actual transmitted message. In a particular case there might be a certain tolerable level of distortion as determined by this measure. It is desired to so encode the information that the maximum possible signaling rate is obtained without exceeding the tolerable distortion level. This work is an expansion and detailed elaboration of ideas presented earlier [I}, with particular reference to the discrete case. We shall show that for a wide class of distortion measures and discrete sources of information there exists a function R(d) (depending on the particular distortion measure and source) which measures, in a sense, the equivalent rate R of the source (in bits per letter produced) when d is the allowed distortion level. Methods will be given for evaluating R(d) explicitly in certain simple cases and for evaluating R(d) by a limiting process in more complex cases. The basic results are roughly that it is impossible to signal at a rate faster than C / R(d) (source letters per second) over a memoryless channel of capacity C (bits per second) with a distortion measure less than or
Effective Knowledge Management and Organisational Learning in the Context of Sustainable Development

The aim of this paper is to explore how Knowledge Management (KM) and learning can be instrumental for governments’ policy making and implementation, and to analyse how KM with the consideration of local culture and a bottom-up approach can increase its effectiveness. The paper is composed of three main sections: first, a literature review to discuss knowledge and learning and ways it can be managed within an organisation; second, a case study on the KM strategy to achieve the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 relating to child and maternal health in Pakistan with highlights on the role played by the Lady Health Workers in KM; third, key findings, such as institutional arrangements for and social dimensions of KM, the importance of knowledge creation with a bottom-up approach, and people’s ability to transform tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge for it to be managed and to facilitate policy implementation is provided in the conclusion.
Supervised ECG Interval Segmentation Using LSTM Neural Network

—Segmenting electrocardiogram (ECG) into its important components is crucial to the ﬁeld of cardiology and pharmaceutical studies, because analyses of ECG segments can be used to predict heart symptoms and the effects of cardiac medications. For each study, thousands of ECG signal points need to be analyzed and segmented. Despite of the success of using deep learning (DL) methods in multiple studies on classifying the heart condition, there are still lacking DL-based methods to characterize ECG temporal features. This paper describes a novel ECG segmentation method based on the recurrent neural network (RNN) with long short-term memory (LSTM) layers. In this model, each ECG sample is classiﬁed into one of the four categories: P-wave, QRS-wave, T-wave, and neutral (others). Our work shows that DL sequence learning methods outperform a traditional Markov model in terms of accuracy and using simple local features instead of complicated features, such as wavelet encoding. Particularly on T-wave segmentation, our approach can achieve an accuracy of 90%, compared to that of 74.2% using Markov models.
Infrared spectra from 300 to 10 cm−1 of structure II clathrate hydrates at 4.3 °K

The far infrared transmission spectra of the structure II clathrate hydrates of cyclopropane, oxetane, 1,3‐dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, and cyclobutanone at 4.3, 50, and 100 °K have been recorded. The features have been assigned to translational vibrations of the water molecules and rotational vibrations of the enclathrated guest molecules. The ring puckering vibration of cyclobutanone may contribute to the spectrum, but no evidence was seen of that of oxetane. The density of translational vibrational states of the water molecules is similar to, but shows more pronounced features than, that of the structure I hydrates. The force constants for rotational displacements of the guest molecules arise mainly from steric forces, as is the case in the structure I hydrates. The force constants for 1,3‐dioxolane are anomalously high in spite of the fact that the Arrhenius activation energy for reorientation of 1,3‐dioxolane in the hexakaidecahedral cage is not.
Assembly and Self-Organization of Silver Nanocrystal Superlattices: Ordered “Soft Spheres”

Hydrophobic dodecanethiol-capped silver nanocrystals ranging from 50 to 80 A in diameter were synthesized using arrested growth methods. Size-selective precipitation was employed to isolate nanocrystals homogeneous in size and shape which exhibited close-packed structural order after drying on a carbon or mica substrate. Elemental analysis, H1 NMR and FTIR spectroscopies were used to characterize the compositional features of the adsorbed thiolate ligands on nanocrystals suspended in solution and condensed in nanocrystal films. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to probe the structure of both individual nanocrystals and superlattices, and to estimate the energetic interactions between these sterically stabilized particles. In terms of these measurements, the effects of the capping ligand coverage, particle faceting and shape, and interparticle attractions on superlattice formation are elucidated. In particular, the concept of nanocrystals as “soft sphe.
A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON WEBSITE QUALITY MEASUREMENT MODEL BASED ON CONSUMER’S PERCEPTION

Measurement on the quality of websites is one of the important aspects that affect performance of organizations or companies starting to implement a web-based service. This paper presents the results of an analysis toward 36 scientific papers in the International Journal dealing with empirical measurements on website quality based on perception of visitors or users of the website. The widely used measurement model is theE-Servqual model by Parasuraman et al. (33%), the IS Success Model by DeLone and McLean (13%), Webqual by Barnes and Vidgen (11%), and Webqual TM by Loiacono et al. (11%). These models are more widely applied in e-commerce context as much as 50%, followed by application in companies (17%), in internet banking (14%), and in education and health sectors (14%). The most widely used website quality dimensional measurement is privacy or security and information quality as many as 16 studies, followed by reliability/fulfillment, service quality, and quality system. Statistical techniques most commonly used is the Structural Equation Model (52.78%) to determine the direct and indirect relationships between website quality with 12 dependent variables. Some studies also use variables that function as moderator such as perceived trust, perceived usefulness, gender and education, user experience, and cultural differences.
SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN HUMAN PLASMA BY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY

● Current methods for TDM involve extraction of the drugs from plasma followed by analysis using LC-ECD (or LC-UV). However, these procedures are frequently problematic or insensititve due to the co-elution of contaminants, which frequently persist, even following lengthy sample preparation techniques. ● In order to address this problem we have developed an alternative method. Drugs were isolated from plasma using simple protein precipitation step and subsequently analysed using LC-MS/MS. The procedure requires only 50μL of biological sample and has a total analysis time (including sample preparation) of less than 20 minutes. The method allows the simultaneous quantification of several of the most commonly prescribed psychotherapeutic drugs, in plasma or whole blood. Limits of detection of 1μg/L or better were achieved.
On the elastic constants of the zeolite chlorosodalite

The use of force-field based molecular modeling to predict the elastic constants of the zeolite chlorosodalite is described. Theoretical predictions of the on-axis and off-axis elastic constants strongly suggest that an error exists in the published elastic constants of the material. When the previous experimental data are corrected by transposing the published directional ultrasound velocities, excellent agreement is observed between the off-axis plots of sodalite produced by experiment and modeling. Further confirmation of the prediction is supplied by considering the Zener ratios of other inorganic materials that possess cubic symmetry.
Synthesis of a tung oil–rosin adduct via the diels–alder reaction: Its reaction mechanism and properties in an ultraviolet-curable adhesive

A Diels–Alder adduct of rosin with tung oil was effectively prepared for use as a filler and adhesion promoter in UV-curable adhesives. The characteristics of the adduct were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra. The reaction mechanism was studied with gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, 1H-NMR, and the density functional theoretical method. The FTIR and 1H-NMR results showed that the Diels–Alder addition occurred between the rosin and tung oil. The still-existing characteristic peaks of the conjugated diene in the adduct, as shown in the FTIR and UV–vis absorption spectra, indicated that the most favorable reaction between the rosin and tung oil was when the rosin was used as the conjugated diene and the tung oil was used as the dienophile. The molecular weights of the adduct with different molar ratios showed that the most possible addition molar ratio between the rosin and tung oil was 3:1. The favorable addition mechanism was further proved by a comparison of the relative energies of different isomers of the adduct with theoretical calculation, and the most stable structure of adduct showed that the addition position of tung oil was the terminal CC double bond. The properties analysis indicated that the adduct could improve the adhesion of UV-curable adhesives and reduce the curing shrinkage rate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4201–4208, 2013
Search for Optimum Conditions of Extraction of Transition Metal Complexes with Alkylimidazoles. I. Extraction of the Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) Complexes of 1-Methylimidazole and of the Co(II) and Zn(II) Complexes of 2-Methylimidazole

Abstract It has been shown that for the Co(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) complexes of 1-methylimidazole and for the Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes of 2-methylimidazole, the partition coefficient D between the aqueous and organic phases is proportional to the degree of formation α n of a definite complex. Tetrahedral species have been found to be extracted with the Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes of 2-methylimidazole and with the Zn(II) complexes of 1-methylimidazole.
Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization of Isobutyl Methacrylate

Abstract The reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) bulk polymerization of isobutyl methacrylate (i‐BMA) has been studied using 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithionaphthalate (CPDN) as RAFT agent in the presence of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The results of polymerizations of i‐BMA show that i‐BMA can polymerize in a controlled way by RAFT polymerization using CPDN as RAFT agent; i.e., the polymerization rate is first order with respect to monomer concentration, molecular weight increases linearly with monomer conversion, and polydispersities are relatively low (PDI < 1.2). The structure of the polymer was characterized by 1H‐NMR. A chain‐extension experiment of the resulting polymer was successfully carried out. The influences of [i‐BMA]0/[CPDN]0/[AIBN]0 molar ratio and reaction temperature were investigated.
Intermolecular Potentials from Crossed Beam Differential Elastic Scattering Measurements. VII. para‐H2+para‐H2

The differential elastic scattering cross section for para‐H2+para‐H2 has been measured at a collision energy of 2.71×10−14 erg. Oscillations due to nuclear symmetry were observed in the angular distribution. The data were fit to a spherically symmetric multiparameter potential form giving a well depth e /k= 34.8°K, rm= 3.49 A. This potential is closer to those obtained from the total elastic scattering cross section by Gengenbach and Toennies and from differential cross sections by Dondi, Valbusa, and Scoles than to those derived from bulk properties and early valence bond calculations. The position of the bound vibrational level has been computed and is found 2.0 cm−1 below the continuum.
Characterization of indium tin oxide surfaces and interfaces using low intensity x-ray photoemission spectroscopy

Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopic (UPS) and x-ray photoemission spectroscopic (XPS) characterizations of indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces prepared in ambient environment significantly lower the work function of the ITO surface. This artifact complicates the investigation of ITO surfaces and interfaces using XPS and UPS. The presented results demonstrate that, while the exposure of the sample surface to standard UPS UV sources results in a reduction of the work function within a second or less, XPS measurements show a more gradual work function change over the course of hundreds of seconds. This allowed the design of a measurement protocol based on low intensity x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy work function measurements, which do not cause significant work function changes during the exposure time needed for characterization. Applying this technique, the orbital lineup between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the semiconducting polymer poly(3-he.
Property tailored perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) copolymers for optical devices

Organic polymers are increasingly attractive alternatives to inorganic materials in telecommunication devices. Polymers offer flexibility, low cost fabrication and connection, high transparency in the visible and near-infrared spectra, and versatility in structure, properties, and grades for task specific integration such as local-area-network applications. Halogenated polymers in particular show negligible transmission losses in the range desired and fluoropolymers represent the lowest loss examples of organic polymers to date. However, commercial perfluoropolymers in general are limited by poor processability, non-trivial refractive index matching, and they typically do not exhibit the thermal and thermomechanical stability required for some commercial processes and extreme environment in-use applications. Our strategy has focused on the thermal cyclopolymerization of trifunctional and bifunctional aryl trifluorovinyl ether monomers to perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) copolymers. PFCB polymers and copolymers enjoy a unique combination of properties well suited for optical applications such as high temperature stability, precisely controlled refractive index, low moisture absorption, excellent melt and solution processability, a high thermooptic coefficient, and low transmission loss at 1300 and 1550 nm. Copolymerization reactions offer tailored thermal and optical properties by simple choice of comonomer. PFCB polymers can be solution or melt microfabricated via standard methods and can also be processed by soft-lithography techniques. Polymerization and processing parameters and characterization including thermal properties (Tg = 120-350 degree(s)C), optical loss (< 0.2 db/cm at 1550 nm), refractive index tunability (1.449-1.508 at 1550 nm), low birefringence, and optical stability is presented.
Absorber Impedance Matching in Microwave Heating

A mathematical function for evaluating the impedance matching degree of microwave absorbers was proposed to increase microwave absorption in microwave heating. For nonmagnetic dielectrics, the value of the function depends on the ratio of the sample thickness to the microwave penetration depth and the dielectric loss tangent phase angle. The maximum sample thickness corresponding to perfect impedance matching will decrease with increasing dielectric loss tangent phase angle, and thus, the highest microwave absorption can be achieved. The calculations of impedance matching for hematite indicate that hematite of less than 0.10 m thickness can obtain the maximum absorption throughout the microwave heating process.
Influence of three times weekly alfalfa supplementation on the behavior of beef cows grazing dormant Montana rangeland1

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2020.4:S58–S62 doi: 10.1093/tas/txaa098
Corrected Intraocular Pressure Variability with Central Corneal Thickness Measurement

Purpose To evaluate variability in measured intraocular pressure (IOP) values when correlated with central corneal thickness measurements obtained by both ultrasonic and optical tools. Patients and Methods We included 46 eyes of 46 healthy subjects (age range 35–76 years). Exclusion criteria for the current study were patients with confirmed diagnosis of glaucoma, glaucoma suspect patients and those having corneal opacities, scars or prior cornea-based laser vision correction. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured using two methods: ultrasonically (CCT1) by pachymeter and optically (CCT2) using anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The IOP was measured in all subjects using Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT). Results No significant difference was detected comparing intraocular pressure values and CCT-corrected intraocular pressure (IOPcc1 and IOPcc2) (P=0.47 and P=0.06, respectively) among the study participants. A significant negative correlation was found between corneal thickness-corrected IOP values and the measured central corneal thickness by both optical and ultrasonic tools (P=0.004 and P=0.001, respectively). Conclusion Intraocular pressure appears to be dependent and positively correlated with CCT changes. However, this does not appear to depend largely on methods used for measuring the CCT in the current study. Corrected intraocular pressure is negatively correlated to both ultrasonically and optically measured central corneal thickness.
Atrial fibrillation in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review

Abstract Preventing premature non-communicable disease mortality necessitates a thorough review of one of the most important risk factors for stroke, which is atrial fibrillation (AF). The latter and AF-related stroke are still considered to be problems of high-income countries and are frequently overlooked in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this narrative review, we provide an overview of studies that evaluated at least one of the following determinants of AF burden in LMICs: current epidemiology and trends, stroke prevention, health outcomes, and economic burden. Studies focusing on samples close to the general population (including community- and primary care-based samples) indicate sex-specific prevalence rates up to 7.4% in LMICs. Although AF prevalence is still higher in high-income countries than LMICs, the gap in AF burden between these two groups has been reducing in the past three decades. Oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy for stroke prevention is underused in LMICs, and there are little data on OAC therapy in relation to stroke risk scores, such as CHA2DS2-VASc. Available data also points to higher morbidity and mortality for patient with AF in LMICs than their counterparts in high-income countries. Data on the consequent economic burden in LMICs is scarce, but it is reasonable to consider it will follow the same trend as that observed for health outcomes. Raising the visibility of AF as a public health problem in LMICs is necessary as a first step to providing adequate care for patients with this condition.
Collaboration and Near-Peer Mentoring as a Platform for Sustainable Science Education Outreach

Decreased funding for middle and high school education has resulted in reduced classroom time, which, when coupled with an increased focus on standardized testing, has decreased the exposure of many middle school students to hands-on science education. To help address these challenges, we developed an integrated outreach program, spanning grades 6–12, designed to engage students by bringing students to the University of Oregon to perform hands-on laboratory experiments. Initially developed to supplement science education lost to state-mandated furlough days, the programmatic design can be applied readily in other contexts including afterschool, weekend, or summer programs. The outreach activities and scaffolding rely heavily on near-peer mentoring, which provides a visible pathway for younger students to envision themselves as future scientists while also providing mentoring and leadership opportunities for high school, undergraduate, and graduate students. The use of near-peer mentoring is also criticall.
Supplement intake variation, weight, and body condition change in yearling heifers grazing late-summer dryland pastures with Rumax BoviBox vs. Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements

1Appreciation is expressed to PerforMix, the Nancy Cameron Endowment, the Bair Ranch Foundation, and the Montana Stock Growers Association for research funding and to the employees of the Bozeman Agricultural Research and Teaching farm for their assistance with this project. 2Corresponding author: timothy.delcurto@montana.edu Received April 30, 2020. Accepted July 13, 2020. Supplement intake variation, weight, and body condition change in yearling heifers grazing late-summer dryland pastures with Rumax BoviBox vs. Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements1