Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Happiness and Aging in the United States

The past decade has brought increasing concern, in countries all over the world, of declines in mental health and well-being. Across countries, chronic depression and suicide rates peak in midlife. In the U.S., deaths of despair are most likely to occur in these years, and the patterns are robustly associated with unhappiness and stress. There is also a less-known relationship between well-being and longevity among the elderly, particularly for those over age 70. In this paper, we analyze several different data sets for the U.S. and provide extensive evidence on the middle age patterns, how they differ across the married and unmarried, and review new work on the elderly. The relationship between well-being and aging has a robust association with trends that can ruin lives and shorten life spans. It applies to much of the world’s population and links to behaviors and outcomes that merit the attention of scholars and policymakers alike.
Chemical composition and vibrational spectra of tungsten-bearing goethite and hematite from Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria

The incorporation of tungsten in goethite and hematite as well as the relationships between the two minerals in a supergene environment are considered on the basis of a representative sample from the Grantcharitza tungsten deposit (Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria), studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray powder diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The sample is a colloform black material consisting predominantly of goethite ( G-I ) with 6.83–10.85 wt. % WO3 and of several products of its alteration, including W-poor goethite ( G-II ) with 1.35–5.72 wt. % WO3, a W-rich ferric iron oxide phase ( Fw ) with 22.19–25.12 wt. % WO3, and hematite ( H-I ) with 1.21–1.72 wt. % WO3. It is shown that G-I is an aggregate of proper goethite and of a W-rich ferric iron oxide phase ( Sw ). The alteration of G-I aggregates includes: (i) selective dissolution of Sw which either re-precipitates, thus forming a separate W-rich phase ( Fw ), or which is almost entirely removed from the aggregate; (ii) replacement of the residual goethite G-II by hematite H-I . An atomic ratio W/Fe of about 0.006 is supposed to correspond to the isomorphic (Fe3+ ⟷ W6+) incorporation of tungsten into goethite and hematite in the sample studied. The Raman spectrum of G-II resembles the already published spectroscopic data on goethite, whereas H-II shows spectral features typical of a highly disordered hematite structure. The presence of W atoms in the structures of hematite H-I and goethite G-II causes the appearance of a low-frequency shoulder of the Raman peak near 400 cm−1. According to the Raman spectroscopy data, the W-rich constituent Sw in G-I aggregates as well as its re-precipitated variety Fw both have a Fe-O network similar to that of goethite. In both materials only a small amount of W atoms occupies Fe-positions, while the major part of tungsten forms W-O self-assembled clusters generating a broad band between 580 and 750 cm−1 in the Raman spectra. As shown by model calculations, tungsten is organised in chain-like clusters of corner-sharing WO6 octahedra with an average W-O-W bond angle of about 150°. In addition, Fw contains isolated WO6 octahedra or corner-sharing-WO6 clusters with an average W-O-W angle of about 180°.
Preliminary parameters design for a long endurance unmanned helicopter with low rotor-disc loading

This paper investigates the design of a long-endurance unmanned helicopter (LEUH) with low rotor disc loading (LRDL) and low rotor speed (LRS). Due to the flaws in flying qualities caused by the LRDL and the LRS, this paper establishes a flying quality evaluation model in which handling qualities (FQs) and flight control (FC) are introduced into the distributed multi-objective collaborative optimization (DMOCO) of the helicopters. The comprehensive design optimization on preliminary parameters of the LEUH in wind shear is also carried out. Numerical simulation results show that the LRDL and the LRS technologies are successfully applied to LEUH, with the FQs and the flight performance considered. Compared with A160 LEUH, the payload load ratio is significantly improved.
Joint Military Exercises and Crisis Dynamics on the Korean Peninsula

A number of proposals for reducing tensions with North Korea have discussed alterations to the program of joint military exercises (JMEs) that South Korea holds. North Korea has also repeatedly called for a reduction or secession of JMEs. Would limiting or halting JMEs be a useful concession for securing a reduction of tensions on the peninsula? We argue that JMEs do not deter North Korea but, instead, provoke provocative rhetoric and actions, demonstrating that North Korea views JMEs as a serious threat to its security. In this paper, we establish a relationship between JMEs and North Korea’s actions. In response to a JME, North Korea can issue warnings or threats as well as take costly signals such as conducting missile or nuclear tests. Using new data on JMEs and North Korean behavior, we find that North Korea systematically responds with aggression to South Korean JMEs. Moreover, we find that the intensity of North Korea’s responses to JMEs is driven by the severity of the threat particular exercises pose, indicating that North Korea responds to JMEs as serious security threats.
Evidences of Different Drought Sensitivity in Xylem Cell Developmental Processes in South Siberia Scots Pines

Research Highlights: This study emphasized the importance of multi-parameter analyses along ecological gradients for a more holistic understanding of the complex mechanism of tree-ring formation. Background and Objectives: The analysis of climatic signals from cell anatomical features measured along series of tree-rings provides mechanistic details on how environmental drivers rule tree-ring formation. However, the processes of cell development might not be independent, limiting the interpretation of the cell-based climatic signal. In this study, we investigated the variability, intercorrelations and climatic drivers of wood anatomical parameters, resulting from consequent cell developmental processes. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on thin cross-sections from wood cores sampled at ~1.3 m stem height from mature trees of Pinus sylvestris L. growing at five sampling sites along an ecological gradient from cold and wet to hot and dry within continental Southern Siberia. Tracheid number per radial file, their diameters and wall thicknesses were measured along the radial direction from microphotographs for five trees per site. These parameters were then averaged at each site for earlywood and latewood over the last 50 tree rings to build site chronologies. Their correlations among themselves and with 21-day moving climatic series were calculated. Results: Our findings showed that wood formation was not simply the result of environmentally driven independent subprocesses of cell division, enlargement and wall deposition. These processes appear to be interconnected within each zone of the ring, as well as between earlywood and latewood. However, earlywood parameters tend to have more distinctive climatic responses and lower intercorrelations. On the other hand, there are clear indications that the mechanisms of cell division and enlargement share similar climatic drivers and are more sensitive to water limitation than the process of wall deposition. Conclusions: Indications were provided that (i) earlywood formation left a legacy on latewood formation, (ii) cell division and enlargement shared more similar drivers between each other than with wall deposition, and (iii) the mechanism of cell division and enlargement along the gradient switch from water to heat limitations at different thresholds than wall deposition.
Digitally retelling the tale: children’s learning encounters and materiality

ABSTRACT While much existing work on digital storytelling with young people has focused prominently upon presenting their own personal narratives and viewpoints, relatively little attention has been given to learning that could arise from digital adaptations by young children of existing and well-known stories. This article reports work exploring learning activities through a case study involving three pupils (aged 8, 10 and 12) and their teachers engaged over a 6-month period in digitally retelling a fairy tale from a printed storybook. In addition to considering the role of the printed text and the learning opportunities arising from its digital retelling, discussion focuses on how the findings cohere with more recently developing theoretical perspectives on learning that in addition to the social take into account the role of the material.
A Signal Complexity-Based Approach for AM–FM Signal Modes Counting

Frequency modulated signals appear in many applied disciplines, including geology, communication, biology and acoustics. They are naturally multicomponent, i.e., they consist of multiple waveforms, with specific time-dependent frequency (instantaneous frequency). In most practical applications, the number of modes—which is unknown—is needed for correctly analyzing a signal; for instance for separating each individual component and for estimating its instantaneous frequency. Detecting the number of components is a challenging problem, especially in the case of interfering modes. The Rényi Entropy-based approach has proven to be suitable for signal modes counting, but it is limited to well separated components. This paper addresses this issue by introducing a new notion of signal complexity. Specifically, the spectrogram of a multicomponent signal is seen as a non-stationary process where interference alternates with non-interference. Complexity concerning the transition between consecutive spectrogram sections is evaluated by means of a modified Run Length Encoding. Based on a spectrogram time-frequency evolution law, complexity variations are studied for accurately estimating the number of components. The presented method is suitable for multicomponent signals with non-separable modes, as well as time-varying amplitudes, showing robustness to noise.
The cognitive challenges of effective teaching

Abstract The authors describe a research-based conceptual framework of how students learn that can guide the design, implementation, and troubleshooting of teaching practice. The framework consists of nine interacting cognitive challenges that teachers need to address to enhance student learning. These challenges include student mental mindset, metacognition and self-regulation, student fear and mistrust, prior knowledge, misconceptions, ineffective learning strategies, transfer of learning, constraints of selective attention, and the constraints of mental effort and working memory. The challenges are described with recommendations on how to address each one. What is effective for one situation may not be effective in others, and no single teaching method will always be optimal for all teachers, students, topics, and educational contexts. The teacher’s task is to manage this complex interaction successfully.
256 Heat stress and β-adrenergic agonists alter the adipose transcriptome and fatty acid mobilization in ruminant livestock

Heat stress (HS) negatively impacts livestock performance and carcass traits while beta-adrenergic agonist (βAA) supplementation improves animal production and efficiency; both can stimulate lipolysis in adipose. The objective of this study was to understand the independent and interacting effects of HS and βAA on the subcutaneous adipose transcriptome in lambs and on visceral adipose fatty acid mobilization in steers. For study 1, 24 wethers were assigned to thermal neutral (TN THI = 65) or HS (THI = 80) conditions and supplemented without (NS) or with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) for 30d in a 2 x 2 factorial. TN lambs were pair-fed the average intake of HS. RNA collected from subcutaneous fat at harvest was sequenced. Differential expression (DE) analyses identified 71 (Padj < 0.05) loci altered due to the interaction of environment and supplement. No DE genes were observed for the main effect of supplement, but HS reduced expression (P < 0.05) of RBM3 and increased expression (P < 0.05) of ATXN7L1. HS was predicted by pathway analyses to impair adipogenesis and fatty acid mobilization. In study 2, 24 steers were assigned to TN (THI = 65) or HS (THI = 83) and NS or zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) treatments for 21d in a 2 x 2 factorial. TN steers were pair-fed the intake of their HS cohort. Ex vivo fatty acid mobilization from visceral adipose in response to 0 or 1µM epinephrine was quantified at harvest. Fatty acid mobilization did not differ among groups when unstimulated, but epinephrine-stimulated mobilization was less (P = 0.05) in HS and greater (P < 0.01) in ZH steers. These findings indicate that heat stress-induced reduction of fatty acid mobilization from adipose may be associated with increased expression of stress-responsive genes. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of ZH on epinephrine-induced fatty acid mobilization was present after chronic treatment. Our data have yet to identify an interaction between HS and βAA supplementation that demonstrably impacts well-being.
X-ray study of Abell 3365 with XMM-Newton

We present an X-ray spectral analysis using XMM-Newton/EPIC observations (∼100 ks) of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3365 (z = 0.093). Previous radio observations suggested the presence of a peripheral elongated radio relic to the east and a smaller radio relic candidate to the west of the cluster center. We find evidence of temperature discontinuities at the location of both radio relics, indicating the presence of a shock with a Mach number of ℳ = 3.5 ± 0.6 towards the east and a second shock with ℳ = 3.9 ± 0.8 towards the west. We also identify a cold front at r ∼ 1.6′ from the X-ray emission peak. Based on the shock velocities, we estimate that the dynamical age of the main merger along the east-west direction is ∼0.6 Gyr. We find that the diffusive shock acceleration scenario from the thermal pool is consistent with the electron acceleration mechanism for both radio relics. In addition, we studied the distribution of the temperature, iron (Fe) abundance, and pseudo-entropy along the merging axis. Our results show that remnants of a metal-rich cool-core can partially or entirely survive after the merging activity. Finally, we find that the merger can displace the metal-rich and low entropy gas from the potential well towards the cold front, as has been suggested via numerical simulations.
Development and Validation of a HPLC Method for Determination of Potential Residual Cortisone Compounds in Timolol Maleate Eye Drops

Abstract One way of ensuring effective cleaning in the pharmaceutical industry is to analyze the batch of a product for a potential carry over contamination from a previously manufactured one. The potential cross contamination of timolol maleate (TM) eye drops with cortisone compounds, deserves special consideration, due to the well known deleterious effect of cortisones on glaucoma. Therefore, it was the objective of this study to develop and validate a HPLC method for the detection and quantitative determination of cortisones in TM eye drop preparations. The chromatographic behaviors of the five cortisones that were most likely to be present as contaminants in TM eye drops were characterized on different HPLC stationary phases (normal silica, C18, C8, and CN). Mobile phase and buffer constituents were further optimized on the best stationary phase material (C18). The final recommended mobile phase consisted of a mixture of THF:methanol:0.01M phosphate buffet at ratios of 15:25:60 and containing 0.01 M camphore sulfonic acid (pH adjusted to 4.2). The method was validated in light of ICH guidelines and applied to commercial samples with satisfactory results.
Poleward Shift of the Kuroshio Extension Front and Its Impact on the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water in the Recent Decades

The meridional shift of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) front and changes in the formation of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) during 1979–2018 are reported. The surface-to-subsurface structure of the KE front averaged over 142°–165°E has shifted poleward at a rate of ~0.23° ± 0.16° decade−1. The shift was caused mainly by the poleward shift of the downstream KE front (153°–165°E, ~0.41° ± 0.29° decade−1) and barely by the upstream KE front (142°–153°E). The long-term shift trend of the KE front showed two distinct behaviors before and after 2002. Before 2002, the surface KE front moved northward with a faster rate than the subsurface. After 2002, the surface KE front showed no obvious trend, but the subsurface KE front continued to move northward. The ventilation zone of the STMW, defined by the area between the 16° and 18°C isotherms or between the 25 and 25.5 kg m−3 isopycnals, contracted and displaced northward with a shoaling of the mixed layer depth hm before 2002 when the KE front moved northward. The STMW subduction rate was reduced by 0.76 Sv (63%; 1 Sv ≡ = 106 m3 s−1) during 1979–2018, most of which occurred before 2002. Of the three components affecting the total subduction rate, the temporal induction (−∂hm/∂t) was dominant accounting for 91% of the rate reduction, while the vertical pumping (−wmb) amounted to 8% and the lateral induction (−umb ⋅ ∇hm) was insignificant. The reduced temporal induction was attributed to both the contracted ventilation zone and the shallowed hm that were incurred by the poleward shift of KE front.
Yield, Essential Oil Content, and Quality Performance of Lavandula angustifolia Leaves, as Affected by Supplementary Irrigation and Drying Methods

In the present study, we investigated the irrigation of L. angustifolia plants and drying temperatures on the yield of dry leaves and lavender essential oil. Plants were irrigated using an on-surface system with drip lines. Plants without additional irrigation were the control object. Each dose of water consisted of 15 mm. The total amount of water used for irrigation in 2016 and 2017 was 90 L·m−2. The plant raw material was dried using two methods: in natural conditions and convectively. Natural drying was performed in a shaded room at a temperature of 20–22 °C for five days. The convective drying process was carried out in a drying oven in a stream of air at 35 °C, flowing parallel to the layer being dried at 0.5 m·s−1. Under the influence of irrigation, there was an increase in the yield of fresh and airdried leaves and a higher content of essential oil (EO) than in the cultivation without irrigation. The EO obtained from irrigated plants was characterized by higher contents of caryophyllene oxide (9.08%), linalool (7.87%), and β-caryophyllene (4.58%). In nonirrigated crops, α-muurolol (19.67%), linalyl acetate (15.76%), borneol (13.90%), γ-cadinene (8.66%), camphor (2.55%) had a higher percentage in the EO. After drying under natural conditions, the airdried herb yield and leaf yield of lavender were higher by 25% and 17%, respectively, as compared to the raw material dried at 30 °C. Higher drying temperatures (30 °C) increased the EO by 18% on average and total phenolic acid (TPA) by 50%. The plant material dried at 30 °C, with a larger amount of TPA, showed higher antioxidant activity (AA) in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests. Linalyl acetate (15.76%) and linalool (7.87%) were predominant in the EO extracted from the oven-dried herb. Drying under natural conditions resulted in a decreased content of linalyl acetate (0.89%), β-caryophyllene (0.11%), linalool (1.17%), and camphor (1.80%) in comparison with thermal drying. Linalool, linalyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene had a higher percentage in the EO extracted from the raw material obtained from irrigated and oven-dried plants, whereas camphor was found to have a larger percentage in the case of the EO from nonirrigated plants. Our study reveals that there are prospects for the practical use of irrigation in lavender cultivation and of the raw material preservation method in order to modify the EO content and chemical composition.
THE EFFECT OF COLEMANITE ADDITION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IPP

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of the colemanite having 45µm size on the significant characteristic features of the isotactic polypropylene (IPP). The microstructural properties (diffraction pattern, a,b and c unit cell parameters and grain size) and mechanical behaviors (tensile strength, Young's Modulus, impact strength and percent elongation of the samples relative to the colemanite content (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 wt.%) were studied in details. The optimum amount of colemanite was determined in order to obtain IPP based composites having the improved properties. The obtained samples were characterized by using XRD and conventional mechanical tests. The results showed that the content level of the colemanite considerably affected to the fundamental properties of IPP. As for microstuructural properties, it was observed from the XRD patterns that all composite samples mainly showed only α form (monoclinic arrangement) in the crystalline domains without any β form (hexagonal arrangements). Moreover, the finding revealed that a and b the unit cell parameters of IPP based composites increased initially, reached the maximum values with the products containing 10% of colemanite, and then the consistent decrement trend was observed with the further increasing of the colemanite content in the products. Conversely, c unit cell parameter almost remained relatively unchanged. Furthermore, the mechanical test measurements depicted that the reinforcements were achieved in the tensile, Modulus and impact strengths of the composite materilas, while the percent elongation of the products decreased with the increasing of the colemanite content. 7.4%, 24.9% and 6.7% increases were recorded in the tensile strength, Modulus and impact strength at the product with 10% colemanite, respectively. The improvements was probably stemmed from that the presence of micro size colemanite particles gave rise to increment in the orientations and alignments of IPP chain in the matrix.
Examining the Examiners: How Medical Death Investigators Describe Suicidal, Homicidal, and Accidental Death

ABSTRACT This study describes differences in medicolegal death investigators’ written descriptions for people who died by homicide, suicide, or accident. We evaluated 17 years of death descriptions from a midsized metropolitan midwestern county in the United States to assess how death investigators psychologically respond to different manners of death (N = 10,408 cases). Automated text analyses suggest investigators describe accidental deaths with more immediacy relative to homicides, while they also described suicidal deaths in less emotional terms than homicides as well. These data suggest medicolegal death investigators have different psychological reactions to circumstances and manners of death as indicated by their professional writing. Future research may surface context-specific psychological reactions to vicarious trauma that could inform the design or personalization of workplace-coping interventions.