Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Rational Speech Act model

The Rational Speech Act (RSA) model, which proposes that probabilistic speakers and listeners recursively reason about each other’s mental states to communicate, has been successful in explaining many pragmatic reasoning phenomena. However, several theoretical questions remain unanswered. First, will such a pragmatic speaker–listener pair always outperform their literal counterparts who do not reason about each others mental states? Second, how does communication effectiveness change with the number of recursions? Third, when exact inference cannot be performed, how does limiting the computational resources of the speaker and listener affect these results? We systematically analyzed the RSA model and found that in Monte Carlo simulations pragmatic listeners and speakers always outperform their literal counterparts and the expected accuracy increases as the number of recursions increases. Furthermore, limiting the computation resources of the speaker and listener so they sample only the top k most likely options leads to higher expected accuracy. We verified these results on a previously collected natural language dataset in color reference games. The current work supplements the existing RSA literature and could guide future modeling work.
Parental attitudes and practices about circumcision in Izmir, Turkey

Parental attitudes and practices about circumcision in Izmir, Turkey Background: The current study was carried out to investigate parental attitudes and practices about circumcision in Izmir, Turkey. Methods and Findings: This study was performed in two training hospitals in Izmir. Questionnaires were filled out in face-to-face interviews with parents of 624 boys while waiting for their child’s well-child examination. Circumcision was generally performed by physicians (63.5%), in hospital conditions (52%), and primarily due to religious reasons (50.4%). We observed a statistically significant association between age of circumcision and educational status of both parents (p<0.05). Likewise, as the education level of both parents increased, the rate of circumcision performed by physicians also increased (p<0.05). Conclusions: The traditional approach seems to be continued and circumcision is often performed due to religious reasons in Turkey. So, the parents should be informed about the benefits and risks of circumcision and the importance of psychological influences when circumcised at older ages.
Sets as Measures: Optimization and Machine Learning

Author(s): Boyd, Nicholas | Advisor(s): Jordan, Michael; Recht, Benjamin | Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to address the following simple question:How do we design efficient algorithms to solve optimization or machine learning problems where the decision variable (or target label) is a set of unknown cardinality? In this thesis we show that, in some cases, optimization and machine learning algorithms designed to work with single vectors can be directly applied to problems involving sets. We do this by invoking a classical trick: we lift sets to elements of a vector space, namely an infinite-dimensional space of measures. While this idea has been explored extensively in theoretical analysis, we show that it also generates efficient practical algorithms.
A Study of Virtual Machine ( Vm ) Provisioning and Allocation in Cloud Environment

Cloud environment is the model, in which users can access the resources across the globe using the internet. Cloud computing is the network (internet) based development and using of computer resources, whereas dynamically scalable and virtualized user environment are provided as a service through the internet user need not have knowledge of, or control over the technology and infrastructure. Cloud computing is a theoretical account for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared organized structure of configurable computing resources (software and hardware) that can be rapidly provisioned and allocated with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. In the cloud computing virtualization play a vital role in providing the users required resources such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services etc. Cloud provides these resources through virtual Machine (VM) instance. The serious and challenging problem in the cloud is the VM provisioning and allocation by the cloud providers. In this paper, we will discuss about the various techniques that can be adopted by the cloud providers in allocating the VM instance to the cloud users.
Cycling of marine dissolved organic matter. II. A model analysis

Nutrient pathways within the microbial food web were analysed using a mechanistic model based on a multi-stage flow-through experimental system. Good agreement with measured values reflected the model's ability to function on 3 different orders of magnitude with respect to turnover time. Important observations made from the experimental system included the production of viruses, the presence of dead bacterial cells (ghosts), and the production of detritus. This led to the concept that the bacterial community forms a continuum from live uninfected cells through infected cells, dead cells, degraded cells (detritus) and ends in dissolved organic matter. Enzymatic degradation of dissolved organic matter was balanced by its release during cell lysis caused by viruses, predation by flagellates, and degradation of detritus. This formed 3 closed loops in the model for nutrient recycling. Simulations predicted that phosphorus recycling occurred via nucleic acids released during cell lysis caused by viruses and that nitrogen was recycled via proteins released as a combined result of cell lysis caused by viruses, predation by flagellates, and degradation of detritus. This implies that for natural ecosystems, the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon species for bactenal growth can be dominated by internal recycling, depending on the molecular species in question and the turnover time. Different nutrients are made available by different processes of recycling which potentially occur on different time scales.
TEXT MINING: TEXT SIMILARITY MEASURE FOR NEWS ARTICLES BASED ON STRING BASED APPROACH

Now-a-days, the documents similarity measuring plays an important role in text related researches. There are many applications in document similarity measures such as plagiarism detection, document clustering, automatic essay scoring, information retrieval and machine translation. String Based Similarity, Knowledge Based Similarity and Corpus Based Similarity are the three major approaches proposed by the most of the researchers to solve the problems in document similarity. In this paper, the String Based Similarity measure Term Based algorithm Cosine Similarity is used to measuring the similarity between the documents. The nouns in the documents are extracted and context word synset are also extracted using WordNet. The bigram dataset is created based on Context words. In this proposed method the similarity measure between the documents is measured using cosine similarity algorithm. Preprocessing dataset, context word dataset and bigram dataset are used to measure the similarity. The context word document set measure gives a better similarity than bigram and pre-processing document set.
Excitons in atomically thin 2D semiconductors and their applications

Abstract The research on emerging layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), reveals unique optical properties generating significant interest. Experimentally, these materials were observed to host extremely strong light-matter interactions as a result of the enhanced excitonic effect in two dimensions. Thus, understanding and manipulating the excitons are crucial to unlocking the potential of 2D materials for future photonic and optoelectronic devices. In this review, we unravel the physical origin of the strong excitonic effect and unique optical selection rules in 2D semiconductors. In addition, control of these excitons by optical, electrical, as well as mechanical means is examined. Finally, the resultant devices such as excitonic light emitting diodes, lasers, optical modulators, and coupling in an optical cavity are overviewed, demonstrating how excitons can shape future 2D optoelectronics.
Targeting the MDM2–p53 interaction as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer

: The tumor suppressor p53 functions as an important defense against the development of cancer, and is negatively regulated by interaction with the oncogene and E3 ligase MDM2. In a tightly controlled system of feedback, MDM2 is, in turn, inhibited by the tumor suppressor p14 ARF . The inhibition of MDM2-p53 interaction is an appealing therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer, and significant advances have been made in the development of small-molecule inhibitors which block this interaction and reactivate wild-type p53. However, the p53 gene is frequently mutated or deleted in cancer, or the wild-type p53 function inhibited by high levels of MDM2. Neuroblastoma (NB) is one such cancer and has presented a major therapeutic challenge in pediatric oncology. Although most NB tumors have wild-type p53, the p14 ARF /MDM2/p53 pathway is often altered, leading to resistance to many mainstay chemotherapeutics and a high incidence of relapse. In preclinical studies, the MDM2/p53 interaction inhibitor nutlin-3a has shown effectiveness in the treatment of chemoresistant NB with wild-type, mutant or null-p53 status, indicating that nutlin-3a has potential for the treatment of a broad range of chemoresistant and relapse tumors.
Protons, other Light Ions, and 60Co Photons : Study of Energy Deposit Clustering via Track Structure Simulations

Purpose: The LIonTrack (Light Ion Track) Monte Carlo (MC) code for the simulation of H+, He2+, and other light ions in liquid water is presented together with the results of a novel investigation of energy-deposition site properties from single ion tracks. Methods: The continuum distorted-wave formalism with the eikonal initial state approximation (CDW-EIS) is employed to generate the initial energy and angle of the electrons emitted in ionizing collisions of the ions with H2O molecules. The model of Dingfelder et al. ["Electron inelastic-scattering cross sections in liquid water," Radiat. Phys. Chem. 53, 1-18 (1998); " Comparisons of calculations with PARTRAC and NOREC: Transport of electrons in liquid water," Radiat. Res. 169, 584-594 (2008)] is linked to the general-purpose MC code PENELOPE/penEasy to simulate the inelastic interactions of the secondary electrons in liquid water. In this way, the extended PENELOPE/penEasy code may provide an improved description of the 3D distribution of energy deposits (EDs), making it suitable for applications at the micrometer and nanometer scales. Results: Single-ionization cross sections calculated with the ab initio CDW-EIS formalism are compared to available experimental values, some of them reported very recently, and the theoretical electronic stopping powers are benchmarked against those recommended by the ICRU. The authors also analyze distinct aspects of the spatial patterns of EDs, such as the frequency of nearest-neighbor distances for various radiation qualities, and the variation of the mean specific energy imparted in nanoscopic targets located around the track. For 1 MeV/u particles, the C6+ ions generate about 15 times more clusters of six EDs within an ED distance of 3 nm than H+. Conclusions: On average clusters of two to three EDs for 1 MeV/u H+ and clusters of four to five EDs for 1 MeV/u C6+ could be expected for a modeling double strand break distance of 3.4 nm.
Histological and behavioural phenotypes of a 4 novel mutated APP knockin mouse 5

School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition 9 University of Aberdeen, 10 Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK 11 12 13 14 1 Present address: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for 15 Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100 N, Denmark 16 17 2 Present address: Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular 18 Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen University, Calwerstr. 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, 19 Germany 20 21 * Corresponding author: 22 Prof. Bettina Platt, PhD 23 Chair in Translational Neuroscience 24 School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition 25 University of Aberdeen 26 Foresterhill 27 ABERDEEN AB25 2ZD 28 Scotland, UK 29 Tel. : (+44) 1224 437402 30 FAX: (+44) 1224 437465 31
DO NOT DESTROY RET1 H

The concept of automation is a burning flame of intriguing potential which has lured engineers, industrialists and businessmen into creative applications of the abundant technological advances which are constantly exploding into existance. Unfortunately, all too often the introduction of automation into a system turns out not only to fail to achieve the promised advantages, but also results in major system failures. The paradox occurs, therefore, that automation which should improve performance, in fact, debilitates system performance. Increased automation does not always lead to increased system performance. Part of the problem for the tales of failure is that the concept of automation encompasses many varied applications and in itself is not a single variable. The purpose of this paper was to establish the current thought and research positions which may allow for an improved capability to understand the impact of introducing automation to an existing system. The orientation was toward the type. of studies which may provide some general insight into automation; specifically, the impact of automation in human performance and the resulting system performance. While an extensive number of articles were reviewed, only those that addressed the issue of automation and human performance were selected to be discussed. The literature is organized along two dimensions: time, Pre-1970, Post-1970; and type of approach, Engineering or Behavioral Science. The conclusions reached are not definitive, but do provide the initial stepping stones in an attempt to begin to bridge the concept of automation in a systematic progression.
Pattern avoidance in partial words over a ternary alphabet

Blanched-Sadri and Woodhouse in 2013 have proven the conjecture of Cassaigne, stating that any pattern with \(m\) distinct variables and of length at least \(2^m\) is avoidable over a ternary alphabet and if the length is at least \(3\cdot 2^{m-1}\) it is avoidable over a binary alphabet. They conjectured that similar theorems are true for partial words – sequences, in which some characters are left “blank”. Using method of entropy compression, we obtain the partial words version of the theorem for ternary words.
New tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives overcome Pgp activity in brain-blood barrier and 1 glioblastoma multiforme 2

5 1 Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Torino Italy 6 2 Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, 7 Torino, Italy 8 *Equal contribution 9 10 Corresponding authors: Dr. Stefano Guglielmo, Department of Drug Science and Technology, 11 University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy; Phone: +390116707178; email: 12 stefano.guglielmo@unito.it; Dr. Chiara Riganti, Department of Oncology, University of Torino, via 13 Santena 5/bis, 10126, Torino Italy. Phone: +390116705857; email: chiara.riganti@unito.it 14
Small-scale structure in the lithosphere and asthenosphere deduced from arrival time and amplitude fluctuations at NORSAR

We analyze the pattern of phase and amplitude variations of seismic waves across the NORSAR array on a statistical basis in order to determine the statistical distribution of heterogeneities under NORSAR. Important observables that have been analyzed in the past are the phase (or travel time) and log amplitude variances and the transverse coherence functions (TCFs) of phase and amplitude fluctuations. We propose and develop the theory and methods of using other observables to reduce the degree of nouniqueness and increase the spatial resolution of the analysis. Most important are the angular coherence functions (ACFs), which characterize quantitatively the change in the pattern of fluctuations across the array from one incoming angle (or beam) to another and which have a different sensitivity to the depth distribution of heterogeneities than the TCFs. A combination of the ACFs and TCFs allows estimation of the power spectra of the P wave speed variations under the array as a function of depth. We use data for phase fluctuations from 104 incident beams and amplitude fluctuations from 185 beams with 2-Hz center frequency at NORSAR to calculate the three ACFs and three TCFs (of phase, log amplitude, and their cross coherence). The measured rms travel time fluctuation is 0.135 s, and the rms log amplitude fluctuation is 0.41. The half-coherence widths of the ACFs are 3° for log amplitude and 9° for phase. The half-coherence widths of the TCFs are 18 km for phase and less than the minimum separation between the elements of the array for log amplitude. In order to account for these features of the data, we adopt a two-overlapping-layer model for lithospheric and asthenospheric heterogeneities underneath NORSAR, with spectra that are band-limited between the wavelengths of 5.5 and 110 km. Our best model has an upper layer with a flat power spectrum extending from the surface to about 200 km, and a lower layer with a K−4 power spectrum extending from 15 to 250 km. The latter spectrum corresponds to an exponential correlation function with scale larger than the observation aperture (110 km). The rms P wave speed variations the in the range 1–4%. The small scale heterogeneities may be attributed to clustered cracks or intrusions; the larger-scale wavespeed heterogeneities are temperature or compositional heterogeneities that may be related to chemical differentiation, or dynamical processes in the boundary layer of mantle convection.
Source model for the 1997 Zirkuh earthquake (MW = 7.2) in Iran derived from JERS and ERS InSAR observations

SUMMARY We present the first detailed source model of the 1997 M7.2 Zirkuh earthquake that ruptured the entire Abiz fault in East Iran producing a 125 km long, bended and segmented fault trace. Using SAR data from the ERS and JERS-1 satellites we first determined a multisegment fault model for this predominately strike-slip earthquake by estimating fault-segment dip, slip, and rake values using an evolutionary optimization algorithm. We then inverted the InSAR data for variable slip and rake in more detail along the multisegment fault plane. We complement our optimization with importance sampling of the model parameter space to ensure that the derived optimum model has a high likelihood, to detect correlations or trade-offs between model parameters, and to image the model resolution. Our results are in an agreement with field observations showing that this predominantly strike-slip earthquake had a clear change in style of faulting along its rupture. In the north we find that thrust faulting on a westerly dipping fault is accompanied with the strike-slip that changes to thrust faulting on an eastward dipping fault plane in the south. The centre part of the fault is vertical and has almost pure dextral strike-slip. The heterogeneous fault slip distribution shows two regions of low slip near significant fault step-overs of the Abiz fault and therefore these fault complexities appear to reduce the fault slip. Furthermore, shallow fault slip is generally reduced with respect to slip at depth. This shallow slip deficit varies along the Zirkuh fault from a small deficit in the North to a much larger deficit along the central part of the fault, a variation that is possibly related to different interseismic repose times.
2018 International Symposium on Cyber Security Cryptography and Machine Learning ( CSCML 2018 ) TECHNICAL REPORT

The high demand for transferring video streams over networks has long required the implementation of compression algorithms that substantially reduce the rate required to deliver a certain Quality of Experience (QoE). The most commonly used compression protocol today is H.264, which is in the process of migrating to H.265 (or HEVC – High Efficiency Video Coding). AV1 is another protocol from the Alliance of Open Media (AOMedia). Both standards take advantage of intra-frame pixel value dependencies to perform prediction at the encoder end and transfer only residual errors to the decoder. The standards use multiple “Modes”, which are various linear combinations of pixels for prediction of their neighbors within image Macro-Blocks (MBs). In this research, we have used Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to perform the predictions. Using twelve Fully Connected Networks, we managed to reduce Mean Square Error (MSE) of the predicted error by up to 3 times. This substantial improvement comes at the expense of more extensive computations. However, these extra computations can be significantly mitigated using dedicated Graphical Processing Units (GPUs). Index Terms — Intra Prediction, Deep Learning, IntraPrediction Modes, H.264, VP10.
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in Relation to Phytoplankton in the Gulf of Maine

Dimethylsulf.ide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), in both particulate and dissolved forms, were surveyed during the early spring (March and April) and summer (July) of 1991 in coastal and offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine, USA, along with the hydrography, inorganic nutrients, phytoplankton chlorophyll, and phytoplankton taxonomic composition and abundance. Concentrations as high as 15 nM DMS (in April and July), 208 nM particulate DMSP (in April), and 101 nM dissolved DMSP (in July) were recorded. Total DMSP (dissolved plus particulate) reached 293 nM in a patch of the dinoflagellate Katodinium sp. in April. This is the first report of high DMSP concentrations in temperate waters in early spring associated with any organism other than the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystjs pouchetii. There were no correlations between phytoplankton biomass, as measured by chlorophyll a , and DMS, and there were only slight correlations between chlorophyll a and DMSP in elther dissolved or particulate form. As previously demonstrated by others, concentrations of intracellular (particulate) DMSP were related more to the presence of specific phytoplankton species rather than to overall phytoplankton biomass. The occurrence of high DMSP and DMS levels in early spring, comparable with or higher than those seen in summer maxima, at a time when bacterial activity is minimal and wind speeds are typically high may result in enhanced air-sea-fluxes of DMS.