Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulation of the evolution of biomass burning organic aerosol 
with different volatility basis set schemes in PMCAMx-SRv1.0

A source-resolved three-dimensional chemical transport model, PMCAMx-SR (Particulate Matter Comprehensive Air-quality Model with extensions – Source Resolved), was applied in the continental US to investigate the contribution of the various components (primary and secondary) of biomass burning organic aerosol (bbOA) to organic aerosol levels. Two different schemes based on the volatility basis set were used for the simulation of the bbOA during different seasons. The first is the default scheme of PMCAMx-SR, and the second is a recently developed scheme based on laboratory experiments of the bbOA evolution. The simulations with the alternative bbOA scheme predict much higher total bbOA concentrations when compared with the base case ones. This is mainly due to the high emissions of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) assumed in the alternative scheme. The oxidation of these compounds is predicted to be a significant source of secondary organic aerosol. The impact of the other parameters that differ in the two schemes is low to negligible. The monthly average maximum predicted concentrations of the alternative bbOA scheme were approximately an order of magnitude higher than those of the default scheme during all seasons. The performance of the two schemes was evaluated against observed total organic aerosol concentrations from several measurement sites across the US. The results were different for the different seasons examined. The default scheme performed better during July and September, while the alternative scheme performed a little better during April. These results illustrate the uncertainty of the corresponding predictions and the need to quantify the emissions and reactions of IVOCs from specific biomass sources and to better constrain the total (primary and secondary) bbOA levels.
Complementary dimension reduction

The goal of supervised dimension reduction (SDR) is to find a compact yet informative representation of the feature vector. Most SDR algorithms are formulated to solve sequential optimization problems with objective functions being linear functions of the L2 norm of the data, for example, the well‐known Fisher's discriminant analysis (FDA). A drawback of such objective functions is that they favor directions that result in large between‐class distances; however, if the large between‐class distance is mainly from classes that have already been well separated by prior directions, the new direction leads to a negligible improvement over classification accuracy. To address this issue, we introduce an objective function that directly quantifies classification accuracy, and present an efficient algorithm that retrieves directions sequentially from this nonlinear objective function. A key feature of our algorithm is that each sequentially added direction works complementarily with the previous sequentially‐solved directions to boost the discriminative power of the reduced space as a whole. So we name our new algorithm “Complementary Dimension Analysis” (CDA). We have further generalized CDA to retrieve sparse directions that involve only a small fraction of the features. Finally we demonstrate the utility of our algorithms on several simulated and real datasets.
STUDY AND MODELING OF EXTRACTION PROPERTIES OF FLUOROORGANIC SOLVENTS IN REGARD TO LOW-POLAR BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS

The goal of this work was the studying and modelling of the extraction properties of fluoroorganic solvents in regard to lowpolar biologically active substances (BAS) from plant raw materials (PRM). Anethum graveolens L. , Foeniculum vulgare Mill. , Pastinaca sativa L. , Pimpinella anisum L. , Silybum marianum L. fruits, Curcuma longa L. roots, Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. , Laurus nobilis L. leaves, Hypericum perforatum L. herbs, and Syzygium aromaticum L. buds were used. As solvents, we used Novec 1230, Novec 7100, MR6S4, and R141b. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of BAS were carried out by RP HPLC and GC-MS. We also used a circulating method in Soxhlet apparatus. A mathematical model that quantitatively describes the extraction properties of fluoroorganic solvents using molecular descriptors such as the relative fraction of fluorine atoms in the molecule of the fluoroorganic solvent and LTPSA has been developed.
Composite membranes of polybenzimidazole and caesium-salts-of-heteropolyacids for intermediate temperature fuel cells

Inorganic–organic composite electrolyte membranes were fabricated from Cs substituted heteropolyacids (CsHPAs) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) for application in intermediate temperature hydrogen fuel cells. Four caesium salts of heteropolyacid, (CsXH3−XPMo12O40 (CsPOMo), CsXH3−XPW12O40 (CsPOW), CsXH4−XSiMo12O40 (CsSiOMo) and CsXH4−XSiW12O40 (CsSiOW)), were used to form composite membranes with PBI. The membranes were characterized by using SEM, FTIR and XRD. The CsHPA powders were nano-sized as shown in the XRD and SEM data. The CsHPA/PBI composite membranes loaded with H3PO4 had high conductivity, greater than that of a phosphoric acid loaded PBI membrane. The conductivity increased with an increase in the percentage of the powder in the composite. The 30% CsPOMo/PBI/H3PO4 exhibited a conductivity of 0.12 S cm−1 under anhydrous conditions, although its mechanical strength was the poorest, but still promising with a value 40 MPa. The performance of the hydrogen fuel cell with composite membranes was better than that with a phosphoric acid-doped PBI membrane under the same conditions. The CsPOMo gave the best power density of around 0.6 W cm−2 with oxygen at atmospheric pressure.
A spectral library for laser-induced fluorescence analysis as a
tool for rare earth element identification

Abstract. With the recurring interest on rare-earth elements (REE), laser-induced fluorescence (LiF) may provide a powerful tool for their rapid and accurate identification at different stages along their value chain. Applications to natural materials such as rocks could complement the spectroscopy-based toolkit for innovative, non-invasive exploration technologies. However, the diagnostic assignment of detected emission lines to individual REE remains challenging, because of the complex composition of natural rocks in which they can be found. The resulting mixed spectra and the large amount of data generated demand for automated approaches of data evaluation, especially in mapping applications such as drill core scanning. LiF reference data provide the solution for robust REE identification, yet they usually remain in the form of tables of published emission lines. We show that a complete reference spectra library could open manifold options for innovative automated analysis. We present a library of high-resolution LiF reference spectra using the Smithsonian rare-earth phosphate standards for electron microprobe analysis.We employ three standard laser wavelengths (325 nm, 442 nm, 532 nm) to record representative spectra in the UV-visible to near-infrared spectral range (340–1080 nm). Excitation at all three laser wavelengths yielded characteristic spectra with distinct REE-related emission lines for EuPO4, TbPO4, DyPO4 and YbPO4. In the other samples, the high-energy excitation at 325 nm caused unspecific, broadband defect emissions. Here, lower energy laser excitation showed successful for suppressing non-REE-related emission. At 442 nm excitation, REE-reference spectra depict the diagnostic emission lines of PrPO4, SmPO4 and ErPO4. For NdPO4 and HoPO4 most efficient excitation was achieved with 532 nm. Our results emphasise on the possibility of selective REE excitation by changing the excitation wavelength according to the suitable conditions for individual REEs. Our reference spectra provide a database for transparent and reproducible evaluation of REE-bearing rocks. The LiF spectral library is available at https://zenodo.org/ and the registered DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054606 (Fuchs et al., 2020). It gives access to traceable data for manifold further studies on comparison of emission line positions, emission line intensity ratios and splitting into emission line sub-levels or can be used as reference or training data for automated approaches of component assignment.
Filament winding pattern generation for non-axisymmetric mandrels based on uniform quadrilateral elements

High-strength, continuous and uniform filament winding patterns remain challenging to find for non-axisymmetric models under various loading conditions. In this study, various loading conditions are considered in the development of an algorithm for generating uniform winding patterns for axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric mandrel models with flexible rotation at the ends of the mandrel. First, the mandrel surface is divided into sections by uniform quadrilateral elements and the ideal winding angle at each boundary is calculated based on the stress field. Then, stability analysis is used to calculate suitable winding angles as close as possible to the ideal winding angle for each boundary. These suitable winding angles can be used to generate the uniform winding pattern maintaining non-slippage and non-bridging while realizing flexible rotation at both ends of the mandrel. Finally, uniform patterns for various mandrel models are generated based on their respective suitable winding angles. Stress analysis result demonstrates that the wound mandrel generated by the proposed method can have better carrying capacity.
Recovery of Burrowing Behavior After Spinal Cord Injury in the Larval Sea Lamprey

Following traumatic spinal cord injury, most mammalian species are unable to achieve substantial neuronal regeneration and often experience loss of locomotor function. In contrast, larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) spontaneously recover normal swimming behaviors by 10–12 weeks post-injury, which is supported by robust regeneration of spinal axons. While recovery of swimming behavior is well established, the lamprey’s ability to recover more complex behaviors, such as burrowing, is unknown. Here we evaluated the lamprey’s ability to burrow into a sand substrate over the typical time course of functional recovery (1–11 weeks post-injury). Compared to uninjured control lampreys, which burrow rapidly and completely, spinal-transected animals did not attempt burrowing until 2 weeks post-injury; and they often did not succeed in fully covering their entire body in the sand. Burrowing behavior gradually improved over post-injury time, with most animals burrowing partially or completely by 9–11 weeks post-injury. Burrowing behavior has two components: the initial component that resembles swimming with propagated body undulations and the final component that pulls the tail under the sand. While the duration of the initial component did not differ between control and spinal-transected animals across the entire recovery period, the duration of the final component in spinal-transected animals was significantly longer at all time points measured. These data indicate that, after spinal cord injury, lampreys are able to recover burrowing behaviors, though some deficits persist.
Fluorescent, Thermoresponsive Oligo(ethylene glycol) Methacrylate/9-(4-Vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole Copolymers Designed with Multiple LCSTs via Nitroxide Mediated Controlled Radical Polymerization

9-(4-Vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole (VBK) was used as the “controlling” comonomer for nitroxide mediated polymerization with 10 mol % SG1 free nitroxide relative to BlocBuilder initiator at 80 °C of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (8–9 ethylene glycol (EG) units) (OEGMA8–9), 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA) and for an OEGMA8–9/MEO2MA-mixed feed. The synthesis of MEO2MA/VBK and OEGMA8–9/VBK copolymers and MEO2MA/OEGMA8–9/VBK terpolymers exhibited linear increases in number-average molecular weight (Mn) versus conversion X, up until X = 0.6, with final copolymers characterized by relatively narrow, monomodal molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.4, in most cases). A series of MEO2MA/OEGMA8–9/VBK terpolymers were synthesized and by varying the OEGMA8–9:MEO2MA feed ratios, the terpolymers exhibited tunable lower critical solution temperatures in water (28 °C < LCSTs < 81 °C). MEO2MA/OEGMA8–9/VBK terpolymers were deemed sufficiently pseudo-“living” to reinitiate a second batch .
Professional Development Needs to Improve Teaching Science in Secondary Schools: Case Study of Mbeya, Tanzania

Aim: This study examined pedagogy and subject content needs for Professional Development (PD) to improve teachers’ skills in teaching science in secondary schools in Mbeya, Tanzania. Study Design: The study employed a quantitative research approach and cross-sectional survey design. Methodology: The main instrument used for the study was questionnaire. In this study, schools were randomly selected, and 256 respondents, science teachers were selected through stratified sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively. Results: Science teachers need Professional Development (PD) in Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), masterly of science subject contents and technological skills of modern teaching. There was no significant difference in the mean scores for components of pedagogy knowledge between teachers who teach math subject and those who teach physics, chemistry and biology at ∝ = 0.005 using independent samples ttest. Teachers need of PD in subject content in topics were as follows: accounts (61.7%), genetics (46.2%), electromagnetism (44.2%), electronics (40.4%), circles and the Earth as a sphere (29.6%), statistics and probability (28.4%), inorganic chemistry (25%), and ionic theory and electrolysis (24.1%). Conclusion: Science and mathematics teachers in Secondary schools need PD intervention in the subject content of science subjects. Case Study Kibona et al.; AJPAS, 9(3): 5-24, 2020; Article no.AJPAS. 61505 6
A systematic review of telehealth interventions for managing anxiety and depression in African American adults.

Background Although the difference in prevalence of mental illness is less than 7%, African American adults utilize mental health services at less than half the rate of their white counterparts. Evidence from past studies showed that telehealth interventions for anxiety and depression are effective in reducing symptoms. The objective of this systematic review is to survey the available peer-reviewed literature for studies that used telehealth interventions, specifically tailored for African American adults, to reduce anxiety or depression, and determine their effectiveness. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases for relevant articles published from January 1970 to December 2019. Results Three independent studies were identified. The findings showed significant reduction of depressive symptoms post-intervention (all P<0.05). However, effectiveness of telehealth intervention compared to face-to-face was not determined. None of the studies assessed the effectiveness of telehealth interventions to reduce anxiety. Conclusions The results highlight the need for additional research into the effectiveness of using telehealth modalities to manage anxiety and depression in African American adults. This systematic review has been registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number: CRD42018104469; registration date: 09 August 2018).
Morphology of Polystyrene Core–dPoly(ethylene oxide) Shell Arborescent Copolymer Micelles from Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Analysis

Arborescent (dendrigraft) copolymers with a branched polystyrene (PS) core grafted at the chain termini with deuterated poly(ethylene oxide) segments (PS-dPEO) were characterized in benzene and acetone by small-angle neutron scattering measurements using the contrast matching technique. While copolymers incorporating a G1 (twice-grafted) PS core aggregated to some extent, the portion of the scattering curve corresponding to non-aggregated copolymer molecules could still be analyzed to determine the shape and segment radial density profile for core and shell. These were derived from the pair distance distribution function P(r) and the scattering length density contrast profile Δρ(r) = ρ(r) − ρ(solvent), obtained by the indirect Fourier transformation and deconvolution methods. The profiles obtained for the G1 copolymer are consistent with a well-defined PS core–dPEO shell morphology, only observed previously for upper generation (G4) polymers with deuterated PS (dPS) chains grafted randomly on arborescent PS substrates. Detailed morphological analysis could not be carried out for an analogous G3 arborescent PS copolymer terminally grafted with dPEO segments due to extensive aggregation in both solvents.
Ecological succession in areas degraded by bauxite mining indicates successful use of topsoil

Brazilian ironstone outcrops (cangas) are nutrient‐poor stressful habitat dominated by slow‐growing woody species with high biodiversity and unique evolutionary history. Mining has produced great impacts on this ecosystem. Spontaneous regeneration of abandoned canga mined areas has not been observed. One of the active methods most widely used for ecological restoration in environments where soil has been lost or severely degraded is topsoil transposition due to the physical, chemical, and microbiological improvement of the substrate, in addition to the seed bank. Thus, plant succession was monitored for 40 months after topsoil transposition in a canga area degraded by aluminum mining, without any other type of management. A completely randomized design with 70 permanent plots (1 × 1 m) was used. Annual phytosociological surveys were carried out and floristic and vegetational spectra were constructed with the life‐forms proposed by Raunkiaer. Floristic composition was compared with a reference site. Overall, 105 species were identified. Both flora and vegetation changed over time, increasing resemblance to the reference areas. The floristic and vegetational spectra after 4 years of topsoil deposition are similar to pristine ones. The vegetation spectrum showed an increase in the dominance of phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes, while therophytes reduced their proportion. The early successional stage is dominated by weeds, like in other canga restoration studies, but did not impede the native species regeneration. Cangas's species recruited well from transposed topsoil. Unlike other studies with fertilized topsoil, our findings show the efficiency of topsoil transposition to provide initial conditions for the ecological restoration of this ecosystem.
Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria for the Amelioration of Drought Stress in Wheat

This research was designed to elucidate the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) producing bacterial strains for the amelioration of drought stress in wheat. Bacterial strains were isolated from a farmer’s field in the arid region of Pakistan. Out of 24 isolated stains, two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977) were selected, based on their ability to produce EPS and withstand drought stress. Both bacterial strains produced a good amount of EPS and osmolytes and exhibited drought tolerance individually, however, a combination of these strains produced higher amounts of EPS (sugar 6976 µg/g, 731.5 µg/g protein, and 1.1 mg/g uronic acid) and osmolytes (proline 4.4 µg/mg and sugar 79 µg/mg) and significantly changed the level of stress-induced phytohormones (61%, 49% and 30% decrease in Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA), and Cytokinin (CK)) respectively under stress, but an increase of 27.3% in Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was observed. When inoculated, the combination of these strains improved seed germination, seedling vigor index, and promptness index by 18.2%, 23.7%, and 61.5% respectively under osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol, PEG6000). They also promoted plant growth in a pot experiment with an increase of 42.9%, 29.8%, and 33.7% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively. Physiological attributes of plants were also improved by bacterial inoculation showing an increase of 39.8%, 61.5%, and 45% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content respectively, as compared to control. Inoculations of bacterial strains also increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively. Co-inoculation of these strains enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%, catalase (CAT) by 77.4%, and peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%. Findings of the present research demonstrated that EPS, osmolyte, stress hormones, and antioxidant enzyme-producing bacterial strains impart drought tolerance in wheat and improve its growth, morphological attributes, physiological parameters, osmolytes production, and increase antioxidant enzymes.
Survey On The Applications Of Artificial Intelligence In Cyber Security

: the rise in cyber attacks has overwhelmed the monetary resources and human ability to analyze and combat every new form of cyber threat in the cyber security industry. With the increasing digital presence, there is a large amount of personal and financial information that should be protected from cyber attacks. In fact, cyber attacks can ruin the reputation of an organization or letdown the organization completely. This research examines the use of AI in the enhancement of cyber security. Recent developments in artificial intelligence are transformational and have exceeded the level of human performance in tasks such as data analytics. The study adopted the thematic literature review method, and data were sourced from Google scholar, science direct, research gates, academia, and others. The investigation revealed that application of AI in controlling cyber attack has advantages and disadvantages; however, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. This researcher discovers that with the speedy and efficient technology required to operate AI systems, they are likely to improve the protection of customers and businesses in the cyberspace. This is proven by the increasing deployment of AI engines rather than conventional scanning engines in cyber security.
Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing Driving Policies on Cruising Taxis Services

As the key element of urban transportation, taxis services significantly provide convenience and comfort for residents’ travel. However, the reality has not shown much efficiency. Previous researchers mainly aimed to optimize policies by order dispatch on ride-hailing services, which cannot be applied in cruising taxis services. This paper developed the reinforcement learning (RL) framework to optimize driving policies on cruising taxis services. Firstly, we formulated the drivers’ behaviours as the Markov decision process (MDP) progress, considering the influences after taking action in the long run. The RL framework using dynamic programming and data expansion was employed to calculate the state-action value function. Following the value function, drivers can determine the best choice and then quantify the expected future reward at a particular state. By utilizing historic orders data in Chengdu, we analysed the function value’s spatial distribution and demonstrated how the model could optimize the driving policies. Finally, the realistic simulation of the on-demand platform was built. Compared with other benchmark methods, the results verified that the new model performs better in increasing total revenue, answer rate and decreasing waiting time, with the relative percentages of 4.8%, 6.2% and −27.27% at most.