Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Important areas and conservation sites for a community of globally threatened marine predators of the Southern Indian Ocean

In the Southern Ocean, the impact of environmental changes and increasing human encroachment is causing declines in several populations of seabirds. Amsterdam island (77°33′E; 37°50′S) hosts some emblematic but globally threatened seabird species with alarming population trends. In 2017, concerns about Amsterdam Island's marine biodiversity led to the extension of a marine reserve to the boundaries of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Nevertheless, it is unknown whether this protected area is sufficiently large to encompass the most important foraging hotspots of the threatened seabirds, particularly during key stages of their life cycle (e.g. breeding period). We analysed movements of four threatened seabird species using a tracking dataset acquired over several breeding seasons from Amsterdam Island: Amsterdam albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis, sooty albatross Phoebetria fusca, Indian yellow-nosed albatross Thalassarche carteri and northern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes moseleyi. Our objectives were threefold: (1) characterise the at-sea distribution of the above-mentioned populations and delineate the marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (mIBAs) triggered by them; (2) assess the potential threat at-sea by quantifying the overlap between seabird distribution and longline fishing efforts; (3) evaluate the coverage of identified mIBAs by marine protected areas and suggest complementary conservation actions. The identified important areas fell within the boundaries of the EEZ, but vastly exceeded the former reserve. Thus, our results reinforce the justification of the recent expansion of the reserve to the boundaries of the EEZ. However, overall seabird distributions extended beyond the EEZ (5 to 50% of the locations) and we found substantial overlap with longline fishing in the high seas. Our results provide a spatiotemporal envelope of where and when bycatch mitigation and observer coverage of longline fisheries should be mandated and enforced.
Approaches and Challenges in Development of Smart Cities in Perspective of Big Data and Machine Learning

Original Research Article There are various requirements posed by smart city projects which include a large number of users and these requirements are very diverse in nature. This paper proposes big data and machine learning as an approach for smart city project development and analyses its impacts and perspectives for the deployment of these projects. Big data is considered as an essential element to tackle most smart city projects. Unfortunately, due to lack of orthodox mechanisms and standards, most of the data generated gets wasted without extracting the potentially useful information and knowledge out of that data. This study reviews the application of big data and machine learning and explores the advantages and disadvantages as well as the opportunities and challenges of applying big data applications to smart city projects. The review suggests that there are several opportunities available for utilizing big data in smart city projects; however, a few challenges and issues are yet to be addressed in order to achieve an optimum utilization of this technology.
Measuring the Average Per-Day Net Benefit of Non-Consumptive Wildlife – Associated Recreation for a National Park : A Count-Data Travel Cost Approach

We applied count-data travel cost methods to a truncated sample of visitors, to estimate the average CS per each day of visit of an individual to the Peneda-Gerês National Park for the enjoyment of its natural facilities for recreation purposes. As the recreation demand was measured in number of days of stay in the park during one visit only, the behaviour of the dependent variable is very specific. To overcome this situation, we propose the use of altered truncated count data models or truncated count data models on grouped data because we found they were better adjusted to our data set. The average individual point CS per day is estimated to be €194 varying between €116 and €448, with Simulated Limits. This information is useful in the formulation of government policy relating directly to national parks and conservation and the determination of future natural park management. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to measure the average recreation net benefits per each day of stay in a national park by using truncated altered and truncated grouped count data Travel Cost Model based on the observation of individual (not household) number of days of stay for one trip only.
The use of supercritical fluid extraction technology in food processing

Chemical Engineering Department, The University of Illinois-Chicago, 810 S. Clinton Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7000 USA, e-mail: mansoori@uic.edu (*) Corresponding Author There is an increasing public awareness of the health, environment and safety hazards associated with the use of organic solvents in food processing and the possible solvent contamination of the final products. The high cost of organic solvents and the increasingly stringent environmental regulations together with the new requirements of the medical and food industries for ultra-pure and high added value products have pointed out the need for the development of new and clean technologies for the processing of food products. Supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide as a solvent has provided an excellent alternative to the use of chemical solvents. Over the past three decades, supercritical CO
EFFECTS OF REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AT THE GERMAN BALTIC SEA COAST

In this study the effects of regional climate change on the future longshore sediment transport at the German Baltic Sea coast are analysed. On the basis of hourly wave conditions both directional and net transport rates are calculated between 1960-2100 and the long-term changes of the transport rates are analysed over time periods of 30years for the future emission scenarios A1B and B1. A tendency towards higher values of the 30year averages of the net transport capacities (with maximum changes of +50%) is found at locations exposed to westerly wind directions. In contrast, a trend towards lower values exists at locations which are sheltered against westerly winds (with maximum changes of -50%). Moreover the climate change signal is more pronounced to the end of the 21 st century and for the emission scenario A1B. Due to the projected changes of the regional climate model it can be concluded that local accumulation and erosion processes can be intensified especially at westerly wind exposed coastal stretches.
Title Genetic diversity and re-classification of coffee ( Coffea canephora

Coffea canephora is an important economic crop in Nigeria, however, little is known about the diversity inherent within, and the genetic relationship among coffee grown and conserved in the country. We examined the genetic diversity and relatedness among 48 Coffea genotypes which included: (a) C. arabica, C. abeokutae, C. liberica, and C. stenophylla, (b) 14 C. canephora accessions conserved in the germplasm of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), and (c) 30 farmercultivated genotypes collected from South-Western Nigeria. By analyzing 433048 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified through genotyping-by-sequencing we discovered that previous characterizations of C. canephora based on morphological data were inconclusive. Here, we established the correct number of C. canephora varieties present in the CRIN genebank which was four and not six as previously described based on morphological characters. We found three distinct diversity structures within the C. canephora genepool that were dominated by a single genetic group determined from passport descriptors to most likely be of Congolese (Democratic Republic of Congo) origin. High uniformity was also found among the farmer-cultivated accessions with 99% of them representing C. canephora var. Niaouli as their ancestral background. The analysis showed that the genetic base of coffee germplasm in Nigeria is narrow compared to the large genetic diversity of C. canephora. Therefore, broadening this genetic base through future acquisition and hybridization is imperative. However, the relatively high genetic differentiation (FST estimate = 0.3037) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00744-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. C. F. Anagbogu (&) K. E. Dada A. A. Muyiwa Crop Improvement Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria e-mail: flora2na@yahoo.com C. F. Anagbogu C. Ilori Crop Protection and Environmental Biology Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria C. F. Anagbogu P. Gepts D. M. Beckles Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA R. Bhattacharjee Bioscience Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria P. Tongyoo Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok 10900, Thailand 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00744-2(0123456789(). ,-volV) ( 01234567 89(). ,-volV)
Measuring Enrichment Of Word Embeddings With Subword And Dictionary Information

Word embedding models have been an important contribution to natural language processing. Following the distributional hypothesis, that is "words used in similar contexts tend to have similar meanings", these models are trained on large corpora of natural text. By analyzing how words are used in context, the mapping of a word to a vector of real numbers is learned. Some later models have tried to incorporate external information to enhance the vectors. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate three models of word embeddings and measure how these enhancements improve the word embeddings. These models, along with a hybrid variant, are evaluated on several tasks of word similarity and a task of word analogy. Results show that fine-tuning the vectors with semantic information dramatically improves performance in word similarity; conversely, enriching word vectors with subword information increases performance in word analogy tasks, with the hybrid approach finding a solid middle ground.
Short-term effects of organic matter scalping on the growth and nutrition of black spruce and jack pine seedlings planted in the boreal forest

Scarification contributes to creating planting microsites for reforestation by mixing organic matter (OM) with the upper layers of mineral soil. However, on some boreal sites characterized by a thick humus layer and dominated by ericaceous shrubs, competition seems to limit the benefits of scarification. A potential solution would be to remove OM completely through scalping. The objective of our study was to compare the short-term effects of scarification and scalping on the growth of Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana on such sites. After three growing seasons, we explored the relationships between seedling growth, groups of competing vegetation species, planting depth and distance to the nearest OM accumulation. The two treatments had similar effects on these variables. Growth on plots subjected to scalping was independent from the distance to OM. Planting depth had a nil or positive effect on seedling growth. Pinus seedlings largely outgrew Picea seedlings. However, the lack of short-term difference between scarification and scalping must be interpreted with caution, given the potential midand long-term effects of OM exportation on soil fertility, erosion and seedling nutrition.
Comparative morphological and anatomical studies of Boerhavia ( Nyctaginaceae ) species in Nigeria

Comparative morphological and anatomical studies of stem, leaf, and petiole of the three common Boerhavia species found in Nigeria were carried out to determine the taxonomic significance of these characters. No clear intraspecific variation was observed among the studied species on the basis of their morphological attributes and trichome types. However, the epidermal and anatomical features were diagnostic. Differences in the stomata type made the species distinct. Also, the occurrence of raphide in their leaf lamina, the number of vascular bundles in midrib and stem, and the presence, shape, and clustering of macrosclereids in the leaf epidermis varied from one species to another.
Bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of herbicide UPH-206 ( clodinafop propargyl 15 % + metsulfuron 1 % ) for the control of complex weed flora in wheat and its residual effect on succeeding sorghum crop

Two field experiments were conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during winter season of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of herbicide UPH-206 (Clodinafop propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron 1%) for the control of complex weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Dominant grassy weeds, viz., little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.), wild oat (Avena ludoviciana and broadleaf weeds like common lambsquartres (Chenopodium album L.), yellow sweet clover (Melilotus indica All), golden dock (Rumex dentatus L.) and swine grass (Coronopus didymus L.) were effectively controlled by post emergence (35 DAS) application of UPH-206, a ready-mix formulation of clodinafop 15% + metsulfuron 1%) at 60 + 4 g /ha. Maximum grain yield (4890 and 4894 kg/ha) was obtained with the use of UPH-206 + S at 75+5 g/ha which were at par with weed free check and ready mixture of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron and UPH 206 + S at 60 + 4 g/ha but significantly higher than clodinafop and sulfosulfuron. No carry over effect of this herbicide at any of doses tested was observed on succeeding sorghum crop.
Analysis of gravity disturbance for boundary structures in the Aegean Sea and Western Anatolia

Western Anatolia has been shaped N–S-trending extensional tectonic regime and W-E trending horst, grabens and active faults due to the collision of Africa, Arabian and Eurasia plates. The borders of the Aegean Sea tectonic is limited between eastern of Greece, western of Anatolia and Hellenic subduction zone in the south of Crete. To evaluate these tectonic elements gravity disturbance data of the Aegean Sea and Western Anatolia was used in this study. It is thought that the gravity disturbance data reflects the tectonic elements and discontinuities way better than gravity anomaly due to the calculation from the difference between gravity and normal gravity at the same point so thus the tensors and invariants of the study area were calculated and the power spectrum method was applied to the gravity disturbance data. Various boundary analysis methods were applied to the gravity disturbance data to compare the discontinuities obtained from the tensors both theoretical and case study. These methods were tested initially on theoretical data. Within the scope of the theoretical study, a single model and three bodies model were taken into consideration. When the results are examined, it is observed that the Tzz tensor component gives very clear information about the location of the structure. Likewise, when the Txx, Tyy components and invariant results are examined, the vertical and horizontal boundaries were successfully obtained. In addition, the mean depths of these structures were determined using the power spectrum method. In the case application stage, the gravity disturbance data obtained from the Earth Gravitational Model of the eastern of the Aegean Sea and western of Anatolia were evaluated. The tensor and invariants of this gravity disturbance data were first calculated. New possible discontinuities have been identified in the tensors and some of the obtained discontinuities were clarified in their previous discussions. Also, the mean depths of the possible structures were calculated by the power spectrum method at four profiles taken from gravity disturbance data. These depth values are consistent with the depth values of the structural discontinuities obtained from previous studies. Finally, the upward continuation was applied to Tyy, Tyz and Tzz tensors up to 20 km. The positive anomaly values in Tyz and Tzz components and negative anomaly values in Tyy component are consistent with the Western Anatolia Transfer Zone. The structural differences between the eastern and the western of Western Anatolia are noteworthy in the upward continued results of the tensors. In addition, the positive and negative anomalies are notable in areas where the big earthquakes occurred in the last 3 years in the Tyz invariants.
Constructionism, Ethics, and Creativity: Developing Primary and Middle School Artiﬁcial Intelligence Education

Children growing up in the era of artiﬁcial intelligence (AI) will have a fundamentally different re-lationship with technology than those before them. As AI changes how we live, work, and play this raises the critical question, ”How do we best pre-pare students to ﬂourish in the era of AI? ” In order to create a future where a diverse and in-clusive citizenry can participate in the development of the future of AI, we are developing powerful K-12 AI education curricula that emphasize constructionist learning, designing with ethics in mind, and developing a creative mindset. Children will need all of these skills to thrive in the AI era. Here, we describe the tools we created and studies we con-ducted to build curricula that embody these core principles.
Mathematical Formulation of Shallow Water Models with Porosity for Urban Flood Modelling

Due to climate change and other environmental changes such as growing urbanization, floods are expected to become more frequent and severe in the future. However, the magnitude of these changes remains highly uncertain. This calls generally for the analysis of a high number of scenarios and, therefore, many runs of the numerical models are necessary. Simultaneously, high-resolution topographic data have become widely available. Consequently, the present need is mainly for high performance computational models which take full benefit of the available detailed data, combining thus accuracy and high efficiency. One way to meet this challenge is the development of subgrid models. Within each computational cell of a subgrid model, the topography is represented by porosity parameters. The existing approaches for the derivation of the shallow water equations (SWE) with porosity differ in the mathematical formulations obtained, in the assumptions, in the applicability range of the models as well as in the definitions of the porosities (depthdependent/depth-independent, isotropic/anisotropic). In this paper, we review and compare the different formulations, highlight their respective limitations and criticaly analyse the major assumptions. ICHE 2014, Hamburg Lehfeldt & Kopmann (eds) © 2014 Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau ISBN 978-3-939230-32-8
‘ ECONOMIC GEOMETRY ’ : MARSHALL ’ S AND OTHER EARLY REPRESENTATIONS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Does an apparent (minor) anomaly, said to occur not infrequently in elementary expositions of supply and demand theory, really imply – as seems to be suggested – that there is something a bit odd about Marshall’s diagrammatic handling of demand and supply? On investigation, we find some interesting differences of focus and exposition amongst the theorists who first developed the ‘geometric’ treatment of demand and supply, but find no reason, despite his differences from other marginalist pioneers such as Cournot, Dupuit and Walras, to consider Marshall’s treatment either as unconventional or forced, or as to regard him as the ‘odd man out’.
Credit, Default, and Optimal Health Insurance

How do defaults and bankruptcies affect optimal health insurance policy? I answer this question using a life-cycle model of health investment with the option to default on emergency room (ER) bills and financial debts. I calibrate the model for the U.S. economy and compare the optimal health insurance in the baseline economy with that in an economy with no option to default. With no option to default, the optimal health insurance is similar to the health insurance system in the baseline economy. In contrast, with the option to default, the optimal health insurance system (i) expands the eligibility of Medicaid to 22 percent of the working-age population, (ii) replaces 72 percent of employer-based health insurance with a private individual health insurance plus a progressive subsidy, and (iii) reforms the private individual health insurance market by improving coverage rates and preventing price discrimination against people with pre-existing conditions. This result implies that with the option to default, households rely on bankruptcies and defaults on ER bills as implicit health insurance. More redistributive healthcare reforms can improve welfare by reducing the dependence on this implicit health insurance and changing households’ medical spending behavior to be more preventative.
Free and second‐best entry in oligopolies with network effects

We establish an important difference between Cournot oligopolies with and without positive network effects. When there is a single-network with perfectly compatible products, and there are business-stealing effects (individual production decreases with entry), there may be under or excessive entry with respect to the social planner’s (second-best) solution. This contrasts with the standard Cournot oligopoly model (without network effects) result, where excessive entry is the norm (under-entry might happen but only by one firm). Our results have important implications for competition policy: allowing for free entry when there are network effects may make consumers worse-off than with regulated entry. JEL codes: D43, L13, L14.
PRIME for irradiation performance analysis of UMo / Al dispersion fuel

Gwan Yoon Jeong , Dong-Seong Sohn , Yeon Soo Kim , Yong Jin Jeong, Jong Man Park c Department of Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyangeup, Ulji-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 989-111 Daedeokdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-353, Korea Corresponding author: gyjeong@unist.ac. kr
Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd

The WPA3 certification aims to secure home networks, while EAP-pwd is used by certain enterprise Wi-Fi networks to authenticate users. Both use the Dragonfly handshake to provide forward secrecy and resistance to dictionary attacks. In this paper, we systematically evaluate Dragonfly’s security. First, we audit implementations, and present timing leaks and authentication bypasses in EAP-pwd and WPA3 daemons. We then study Dragonfly’s design and discuss downgrade and denial-of-service attacks. Our next and main results are side-channel attacks against Dragonfly’s password encoding method (e.g. hash-to-curve). We believe that these side-channel leaks are inherent to Dragonfly. For example, after our initial disclosure, patched software was still affected by a novel side-channel leak. We also analyze the complexity of using the leaked information to brute-force the password. For instance, brute-forcing a dictionary of size 1010 requires less than $1 in Amazon EC2 instances. These results are also of general interest due to ongoing standardization efforts on Dragonfly as a TLS handshake, Password-Authenticated Key Exchanges (PAKEs), and hash-to-curve. Finally, we discuss backwards-compatible defenses, and propose protocol fixes that prevent attacks. Our work resulted in a new draft of the protocols incorporating our proposed design changes.