Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamics of Turbulent Bed Contactor with Non Newtonian Liquids

Little information is available in literature in terms of the hydrodynamic characteristics in a turbulent bed contractor [sic] (TBC) with viscous liquids. In this study, the hydrodynamic characteristics in three-phase turbulent bed contactor with counter current flow of air and non-Newtonian liquid was studied and compared with that of Newtonian liquid under consistent conditions. Aqueous solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) with apparent viscosities ranged between 5 to 25 cP were used as non-Newtonian liquid. The hydrodynamic parameters iinvestigatedwere: bed pressure drop, minimum fluidization velocity, liquid holdup, bed expansion, and gas holdup. The effect of rheological properties of the CMC aqueous solutions and operating parameters on hydrodynamic characteristics of the TBC were examined. Results showed that increasing CMC concentration increased the net pressure drop across the bed and the liquid holdup, while the gas holdup and bed expansion decreased. At that quoted apparent viscosity range, aqueous solutions of CMC behaved as Newtonian viscous liquids in the TBC.
Electronics with and on paper

Today there is a strong interest in the scientific and industrial community concerning the use of biopolymers for electronic applications, driven mainly by low‐cost and disposable applications. Adding to this interest, we must recognise the importance of the dream of wireless auto‐sustained and low‐energy‐consumption electronics. This dream can be fulfilled by cellulose paper, the lightest and the cheapest known substrate material, as well as the Earth's major biopolymer and of tremendous global economic importance. Most of the paper used up to now is optimised in terms of the required mechanical and physical properties to be used as the support of inks of different origins. In the future, specific electronic heterogeneous paper sheets should be fabricated aiming to get paper fibers with required bulk and surface functionalities, proper water/vapour barrier, size and diameter/thickness of the fibrils and full paper thickness. This will be the function of components/devices to be incorporated/integrated such as thin‐film transistors, complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices, passive electronic components (resistances, inductors and capacitors), memory transistors, electrochromics and thin‐film paper batteries. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Discriminating between intra‐ and extracellular metals using chemical extractions

Several washing agents (EDTA, CDTA, NTA, 8 HQS, Ti‐EDTA‐citrate, Ca2+, and H+) were tested for their ability to extract adsorbed metal from biological surfaces to distinguish between internalized and total cellular metal (Pb, Ni, Cd, Zn, and Cu) for a green alga, Chlorella kesslerii. Although a single extraction protocol cannot be provided that would be acceptable for all biological species and metals, several guidelines are proposed that should facilitate the interpretation of metal bioaccumulation data. It was shown that for the studied metals, a thermodynamic explanation was generally sufficient to explain the metal extraction results. At pH 6.0, a solution of 5 × 10−3 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was an acceptable washing agent in most cases, whereas Ca or proton exchange solutions did not appear to quantitatively remove adsorbed metals. Conditions of ligand excess could be attained with relatively small concentrations of added ligand, effectively minimizing potential damage to the organism, including modifications in membrane permeability. Potential deleterious effects of the wash agents were verified. For example, a Ti‐EDTA‐citrate or an EDTA wash at high concentrations resulted in perturbations of algal membrane permeability. In spite of potential difficulties interpreting extraction data, the usefulness of the extraction protocols was clearly demonstrated for several organisms.
Chemical composition and variability of the essential oil of Inula graveolens from Corsica

The essential oil of Inula graveolens was investigated by GC, GC-MS and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. First, a commercial sample was repeatedly chromatographed and analysis of the fractions led to the identification of 89 com- ponents. The main constituents were bornyl acetate (56.8%), borneol (7.6%) and τ τ τ τ τ-cadinol (7.8%). In the second part, six samples of I. graveolens essential oil, obtained at different stages of development of the plant, were investigated. Bornyl acetate and borneol were always the two major compounds. Then, in order to study the chemical variability, we analysed 22 samples obtained from several plants collected in a restricted area in different localities during the flowering stage. Bornyl acetate (43.1-73.1%) and borneol (3.7-32.2%) were the main compounds for 20 samples. Sample 21 exhibited borneol (41.9%) and bornyl acetate (16.6%) as the major components, while the composition of sample 22 was atypical (borneol 41.9% and τ τ τ τ τ-cadinol 23.8%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of pH and Moisture Content Distribution During Ripening of Camembert Cheese

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can survive and grow during ripening of Camembert, a soft cheese. During the ripening phase, the pH and spatial moisture content continually change, which impacts the growth of L. monocytogenes. An experimental trend-based statistical model for pH using dimensionless time and pH as variables was developed to determine the evolution of pH. The pH model showed good agreement with the mean pH measured values, i.e., the pH model was able to capture the magnitudes and trends sufficiently. The R2 values for top surface, center, inner-outer side surface, and bottom surface regions mean measured and pH model-predicted values were 0.97, 0.95, 0.99, and 0.99, respectively. A finite element model (FEM) was developed for moisture content distribution during ripening of Camembert cheese. With the initial and boundary conditions, the MATLAB-based FEM was used to calculate the moisture content at six locations. The FEM showed good agreement with the mean moisture content measured values. The standard error of the predicted moisture content values ranged from 0.0001 to 0.01 g/g. The maximum absolute moisture content difference at six locations during ripening duration was 0.04 g/g. Together, the pH and moisture content models can be integrated with a dynamic predictive growth model to enable the prediction of survival and growth of L. monocytogenes during ripening of Camembert cheese.
Primary treatment of anaerobic landfill leachate using activated carbon and limestone: batch and column studies

Leachate generated from an old landfill in Taiping, Perak, Malaysia contains high colour, COD, iron and ammoniacal nitrogen. Activated carbon-limestone mixture was used as a primary treatment process. More than 86% of colour and COD, 95% of iron, and 48% of ammoniacal nitrogen were removed by a mixture of activated carbon and limestone (15:25 by volume) in the batch study compared with 70, 80 and 90% respectively, by column study on the first five days. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms had fitted well with the experimental data. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model indicating that chemisorption or ion exchange was the rate-controlling step in the adsorption.
Dehydrogenative Condensation of (o-Borylphenyl)hydrosilane with Alcohols and Amines

o-[(Dimesitylboryl)phenyl]dimethylsilane (1a) undergoes dehydrogenative condensation with alcohols and amines, giving the corresponding alkoxysilanes 4–7 and aminosilanes 8 and 9 in moderate to hig.
Fluorescence quenching of aminodiphenylamines with chloromethanes

The fluorescence quenching of 2-aminodiphenylamine (2ADPA), 4-aminodiphenylamine (4ADPA) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylamine (DADPA) with tetrachloromethane, chloroform and dichloromethane have been studied in hexane, dioxane, acetonitrile and methanol as solvents. The quenching rate constants for the process have also been obtained by measuring the lifetimes of the fluorophores. The quenching was found to be dynamic in all cases. For 2ADPA and 4ADPA, the quenching rate constants of CCl 4 and CHCl 3 depend on the viscosity, whereas in the case of CH 2 Cl 2 , k q depends on polarity. The quenching rate constants for DADPA with CCl 4 are viscosity-dependent but the quenching with CHCl 3 and CH 2 Cl 2 depends on the polarity of the solvents. From the results, the quenching mechanism is explained by the formation of a non-emissive complex involving a charge-transfer interaction between the electronically excited fluorophores and ground-state chloromethanes.
Filling a Need: Administrative Practices in Mason County, WV One-room Schools from 1935-1950

Filling a Need: Administrative Practices in Mason County, West Virginia One-room Schools from 1935-1950 Douglas Sturgeon The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how administrative practices were carried out in Mason County, West Virginia’s one-room schools from 1935-1950. These practices were examined using Gulick and Urwick’s (1936) seven functions of the administrator and school-community relations as the framework. Twelve persons were interviewed for this study over the span of three months. Eleven of these persons were former one-room school teachers in Mason County. Of these eleven former teachers, two became central office administrators overseeing one-room schools. The twelfth person was a community leader in Mason County who attended a one-room school. The results of this study support accessed literature that one-room school teachers did take on a day to day administrative role in the rural one-room school setting in Mason County. Some of Gulick and Urwick’s (1936) administrative functions were implemented at the central office and some were implemented at the school building level in Mason County. A key component of administrative practice undertaken at the one-room school site was the development and maintenance of positive school-community relations with the teacher playing a strong role in this practice. The implication of this study is that the development of positive school-community relations is important to gaining and assuring community support in the rural school setting.
Effect of different cooking methods on the polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capacity of selected vegetables

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different methods of cooking on the concentration of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity found in vegetables. Squash, broccoli, carrots, kale, cabbage, green beans, and tomato were submitted to different cooking methods and then compared with their fresh form. Heat treatment was shown to have a significant effect on the antioxidant capacity and soluble and hydrolysable polyphenolic content of most vegetables analyzed, either increasing or decreasing the concentration of these compounds. The results suggest that the best cooking method for increasing the concentration of polyphenols and antioxidants was steaming, while microwave cooking was the least recommended method.
Zinc requirement of corn grown on two calcareous soils of Pakistan

In greenhouse studies, corn (Zea mays L.) growth increased with Zn fertilization of two alkaline calcareous soils. Zinc concentration and total uptake increased with Zn application. Very high correlations were recorded between plant tissue Zn concentration, total Zn uptake and soil Zn levels determined by DTPA and AB-DTPA soil tests. Correlation between Zn concentration in plants and relative yield was poor. However, close relationships were revealed between extractable soil Zn and relative yield. Near maximum dry matter yield of corn was associated with a fertilizer rate of 2 mg Zn/kg soil. Plant tissue Zn-requirement was 27 mg/kg in 15 days old plants and 32 mg/kg in corn shoots of 40 day age. Critical soil test Zn level was 1.2 mg/kg by DTPA and 1.7 mg/kg by AB-DTPA method. Use of AB-DTPA soil test is suggested for evaluating Zn status of calcareous soils. Zink-Bedarf von Mais auf zwei kalkhaltigen Boden Pakistans In einem Dungungsversuch unter Glas mit zwei alkalischen, kalkhaltigen Boden Pakistans nahmen der Zinkgehalt und die Zn-Aufnahme der Pflanzen mit der Zn-Gabe zu. Hohe Korrelationen ergaben sich zwischen Zn-Gehalt bzw. Zn-Aufnahme der Pflanzen und dem mit DTPA bzw. AB-DTPA extrahierbaren Zn der Boden. Die Korrelation zwischen der Zn-Konzentration der Pflanzen und dem Ertrag war gering. Dagegen war die Beziehung zwischen dem extrahierbaren Boden-Zn und dem Ertrag eng. Das Ertragsmaximum trat bei Zn-Gaben von 2 mg/kg Boden auf. Der Zn-Bedarf der Sprosmasse betrug nach 15 Tagen 27 mg/kg und 32 mg/kg nach 40 Tagen. Der kritische Zn-Gehalt der Boden betrug 1,2 mg/kg bei Extraktion mit DTPA und 1,7 mg/kg bei Verwendung von AB-DTPA. Die AB-DTPA-Methode wird zur Bestimmung des Zn-Status des Bodens empfohlen.
Caracterização de óxidos de ferro de solos do ambiente tabuleiros costeiros

Varios tem sido os trabalhos contemplando a genese e as consequencias da coesao em Argissolos e Latossolos nos tabuleiros costeiros e interioranos. Poucos, entretanto, saos os estudos referentes a mineralogia da fracao argila, sobretudo aqueles referentes a uma completa caracterizacao dos oxidos de Fe. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as caracteristicas quimicas e cristalograficas dos oxidos de Fe de solos vermelhos e amarelos, derivados de sedimentos da Formacao Barreiras ou de materiais do Pre-Cambriano, que ocorrem na regiao dos Tabuleiros Costeiros ou Interioranos de diversos Estados do Pais. Para tanto, foram realizadas analises de difratometria de raios X, em amostras concentradas de oxidos de Fe, extracoes sucessivas com DCB e extracao com oxalato de amonio em amostras de argila, caracterizacao espectral por ERD, estimativa das propriedades cristalograficas da goethita, quantificacao da substituicao isomorfica de Fe por Al e microscopia eletronica de transmissao. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que: (a) a goethita mostrou-se como oxido de Fe predominante em todos os solos, mesmo naqueles com matizes 2,5YR, cujo valor de hematita foi inferior a 2,5 dag kg-1 de argila; (b) os valores de substituicao isomorfica de Fe por Al das goethitas foram de tres a seis vezes superiores aos da hematita, bem como nao condizem com os valores estimados por modelos matematicos, propostos pela literatura cientifica, indicando a necessidade de realizacao de novos estudos, a fim de demonstrar a existencia de relacoes entre os parâmetros cristalograficos de goethitas naturais e suas propriedades quimicas; (c) os resultados obtidos por difratometria de raios X e analise de dissolucao quimica revelaram que as goethitas dos solos sao distintas daquelas citadas, ate o momento, na literatura; e (d) a posicao das bandas obtidas nos espectros de espectroscopia de refletância difusa apresentou correlacao com algumas propriedades cristalograficas das goethitas dos solos estudados, mostrando-se ser uma tecnica promissora para o estudo dos oxidos de ferro.
The role of the concentration profile of titanium oxide on the electrochemical behavior of RuO2-TiO2 coatings obtained by the sol-gel procedure

In order to understand the role of TiO2 in the deactivation mechanism of an active RuO 2 -TiO 2 coating, an additional TiO 2 layer was introduced in the supportcoating inter- phase of regular Ti//RuO 2 -TiO 2 anode in one case and on the surface of the coating in the other. The electrochemical behavior of these, with TiO2 enriched, anodes was compared with the behavior of anodes with regular RuO 2 -TiO 2 coatings, which were subjected to an accelerated stability test. Ahigh-frequency semicircle in the complex plane plot, obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, for a regular RuO 2 -TiO 2 coating corresponds to TiO2 enrichment in the coating as a consequence of anode corrosion. In the case of the coat- ings with additional TiO 2 layers, a high-frequency semicircle was not observed. The addi- tional TiO2 layers increase the coating overall resistance and influence the coating imped- ance behavior at low frequencies. Similar equivalent electrical circuits were used to analyze the impedance behavior of coatings having an additional TiO2 layer at different position within RuO 2 -TiO 2 coating.
Ultrathin Films of Ruthenium on Low Index Platinum Single Crystal Surfaces: An Electrochemical Study

We report on electrochemical properties of ultrathin films of ruthenium on platinum single crystal surfaces, Pt(100), Pt(111) and Pt(110), and demonstrate that such films can be obtained by spontaneous deposition. We also show that the spontaneously deposited ruthenium coverage is surface structure dependent. Using the spontaneous deposition process and a constant potential electrolysis, a variety of Pt/Ru surfaces up to ca. 0.4 monolayer of ruthenium were prepared. All such Ru films are stable in the electrode potential range that precedes platinum oxidation. A strong surface structure effect in the electrochemical properties of these thin films was found. On Pt(100)/Ru at a fixed Ru coverage, there is a transition from a reversible to irreversible surface redox behavior that is not observed on other platinum single crystal faces. In contrast to Pt(100)/Ru and Pt(110)/Ru, the individual voltammetric phases of the Pt(111)/Ru electrode are not resolved, and ruthenium surface oxides appear to be the most st.
Uniform Hematite Hexagonal Nanodisks with Dominant (001) Facets: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Catalytic Performance for the Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

Uniform hematite (α-Fe2O3) hexagonal nanodisks with dominant (001) facets have been synthesized via hydrothermal route assisted with ethylene glycol (EG). XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM and SAED were employed to characterize the synthesized samples. The results show that the moderate addition of EG in the hydrothermal system creates an equilibrium condition for the crystal nucleation and growth, resulting in the uniform α-Fe2O3 hexagonal nanodisks with dominant (001) facets. Due to the exposition of the special facets of (001) and (110), the α-Fe2O3 nanodisks express superior catalytic activity for the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP).
Interdependencies between the evolution of amorphous and crystalline regions during isothermal cold crystallization of poly(ether-ether-ketone)

We have studied the isothermal cold crystallization of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) by atomic force microscopy, densitometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS), A two-stage process was clearly evidenced. The first stage results in the progressive consumption of free amorphous regions by growing spherulites. Lamellae grow in tightly packed bundles, with no evidence for a random insertion mechanism. DSC and DMA consistently show the progressive disappearance of the alpha(1) relaxation typical of the initially amorphous PEEK. Simultaneously, a new relaxation appears a few degrees higher (alpha(2) relaxation) and develops at the expense of alpha(1) relaxation. It corresponds to the formation of amorphous regions constrained by neighboring crystals. On the basis of a simple simulation, we show that the experimental data in this second stage of crystallization can be accounted for by a simple stack thickening process in which new lamellae are progressively added in parallel to previously formed lamellar stacks.
Determination of gas temperature and thermometric species in inductively coupled plasmas by emission and diode laser absorption

A vertical cavity surface-emitting laser diode (VCSEL) was used as a spectrally tunable emission source for measurements of the radial-integrated gas temperature inside an inductively coupled plasma reactor. The data were obtained by profiling the Doppler-broadened absorption of metastable Ar atoms at 763.51 nm in argon and argon/nitrogen plasmas (3%, 45%, and 90% N2 in Ar) at pressures of 0.5–70 Pa and inductive powers of 100 and 300 W. The results were compared to the rotational temperature derived from the N2 emission at the (0,0) vibrational transition of the C 3Πu–B 3Π g system. The differences in integrated rotational and Doppler temperatures were attributed to non-uniform spatial distributions of both temperature and thermometric species (Ar* and ) that varied depending on the conditions. A two-dimensional, three-temperature fluid plasma simulation was employed to explain these differences. This work should facilitate further development of a miniature sensor for non-intrusive acquisition of data (temperature and densities of multiple plasma species) during micro- and nano-fabrication plasma processing, thus enabling diagnostic-assisted continuous optimization and advanced control over the processes. Such sensors would also enable us to track the origins and pathways of damaging contaminants, thereby providing real-time feedback for adjustment of processes. Our work serves as an example of how two line-of-sight integrated temperatures derived from different thermometric species make it possible to characterize the radial non-uniformity of the plasma.
Wastewater treatment for production of H2S-free biogas

BACKGROUND: In anaerobic wastewater treatment processes, the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) produces H2S. Many techniques are being used to remove H2S from biogas to obtain H2S-free biogas but none of those are cost effective or efficient enough to remove the H2S completely. The objective of the present study was to introduce some changes/modifications to the process parameters of the wastewater treatment operation to eliminate SRB from the system. RESULTS: The growth of SRB was found to be completely suppressed under thermophilic conditions (55 °C) but not at 37 °C. H2S-free biogas containing 56.5% methane was obtained at 55 °C after 180 days of treatment. The effect of higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on the growth of SRB and methanogens at 37 °C and 55 °C were also studied. At higher VFA concentrations, SRB outgrew the methanogens at 37 °C but at 55 °C the situation was found to be reversed. For continuous operation at 55 °C and low dilution rate (0.0075 h−1), SRB was suppressed and biogas having 29% methane but free of H2S was obtained. CONCLUSION: Operating the reactor at high temperature (550C) and low hydraulic retention time (HRT) can result in the production of H2S-free biogas, with a high concentration of methane. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Building alloys from single atoms: Au–Pd chains on NiAl(110)

Well-ordered mono-elemental and alloy chains have been assembled from single Au and Pd atoms on a NiAl(110) surface with a scanning tunneling microscope. Spatially resolved conductance measurements revealed the development of quantum well states in the different atomic chains, which are aligned on free-electron like bands. Effective electron mass and onset energy of states in mixed Au−Pd chains lie between the values obtained for pure Au and Pd chains. The results demonstrate effective hybridization of Au and Pd induced states to a delocalized electronic system, in correspondence with the perfect miscibility of the respective bulk materials.