Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Foreshock sequence of the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake and its implications for earthquake nucleation

The June 28, 1992, Landers, California, earthquake (Mw = 7.3) was preceded for about 7 hours by a foreshock sequence consisting of at least 28 events. In this study we examine the geometry and temporal development of the foreshocks using high-precision locations based on cross correlation of waveforms recorded at nearby stations. By aligning waveforms, rather than trying to obtain travel time picks for each event independently, we are able to improve the timing accuracy greatly and to make very accurate travel time picks even for emergent arrivals. We perform a joint relocation using the improved travel times and reduce the relative location errors to less than 100 m horizontally and less than 200 m vertically. With the improved locations the geometry of the foreshock sequence becomes clear. The Landers foreshocks occurred at a right step of about 500 m in the mainshock fault plane. The nucleation zone as defined by the foreshock sequence is southeast trending to the south and nearly north trending to the north of the right step. This geometry is confirmed by the focal mechanisms of the foreshock sequence, which are right-lateral and follow the trend as determined by the foreshock locations on the two straight segments of the fault, and are rotated clockwise for foreshocks that occur within the step. The extent of the foreshock sequence is approximately 1 km both vertically and horizontally. Modeling of the Coulomb stress changes due to all previous foreshocks indicates that the foreshocks probably did not trigger each other. This result is particularly clear for the Mw = 4.4 immediate foreshock. Since stress transfer in the sequence appears not to have played a significant role in its development, we infer an underlying aseismic nucleation process, probably aseismic creep. Other studies have shown that earthquake nucleation may be controlled by fault zone irregularities. This appears to be true in the case of the Landers earthquake, although the size of the irregularity is so small that it is not detectable by standard location techniques.
Sensing and perception technology to enable real time monitoring of passenger movement behaviours through congested rail stations

The real time monitoring of passenger movement and behaviour through public transport environments including precincts, concourses, platforms and train vestibules would enable operators to more effectively manage congestion at a whole-of-station level. While existing crowd monitoring technologies allow operators to monitor crowd densities at critical locations and react to overcrowding incidents, they do not necessarily provide an understanding of the cause of such issues. Congestion is a complex phenomenon involving the movements of many people though a set of spaces and monitoring these spaces requires tracking large numbers of individuals. To do this, traditional surveillance technologies might be used but at the expense of introducing privacy concerns. Scalability is also a problem, as complete sensor coverage of entire rail station precinct, concourse and platform areas potentially requires a high number of sensors, increasing costs. In light of this, there is a need for sensing technology that collects data from a set of 'sparse sensors', each with a limited field of view, but which is capable of forming a network that can track the movement and behaviour of high numbers of associated individuals in a privacy sensitive manner. This paper presents work towards the core crowd sensing and perception technology needed to enable such a capability. Building on previous research using three-dimensional (3D) depth camera data for person detection, a privacy friendly approach to tracking and recognising individuals is discussed. The use of a head-to-shoulder signature is proposed to enable association between sensors. Our efforts to improve the reliability of this measure for this task are outlined and validated using data captured at Brisbane Central rail station.
Effect of ZnO Layers on Transport and Relaxation of Charge in Porous Silicon–Silicon Structures

Zinc oxide nanostructures have been grown by electrochemical deposition on porous silicon-silicon substrate. The effect of electrolyte temperature on the morphology of grown ZnO arrays was observed. Temperature dependencies of the electrical conductivity for the structures based on porous silicon were investigated in 80-325 K range. The results are analyzed within the model of disordered semiconductors and the activation energy of charge transport is determined. It is shown that ZnO layers cause the decrease of the electrical conductivity activation energy in 140-250 К temperature range. Electric conductivity was also shown to be dependent on the morphology of ZnO arrays. Based on the spectra of thermally stimulated depolarization current, the localized electron states in the experimental samples are found. The trap levels are distributed quasi-continuously on the activation energy and exist in the ranges of 0.2-0.3, 0.4-0.45, 0.5-0.55 and 0.6-0.65 eV. ZnO nanocrystals grown on porous silicon substrates modify density of states in different energy ranges.
Optimization of Active Apriori Algorithm Using an Effective Genetic Algorithm for the Identification of Top-l Elements in a Peer to Peer Network

In a distributed system like peer to peer network, there are two ways of storing the data namely homogeneous and heterogeneous. Mining the homogeneous data in a client is less time consuming and fast compared to the mining in the server. Frequent sets play an essential role in many Data Mining tasks that try to find interesting patterns from databases, such as association rules, correlations, sequences, episodes, classifiers and clusters. The mining of association rules is one of the most popular problems of all these. In this paper, Active Apriori algorithm is used to find the frequent items in the data set which reduces the cost. This method compresses the database by removing unnecessary transaction records and data items from the database that are not used for further processing. The speed of algorithm is increased because it needs to scan only the compressed database and not entire database. The results of the Active apriori algorithm can be optimized using an effective genetic algorithm to identify the top l elements or most frequent item sets. In this method, the near distance of rule set are found using equalize distance formula and generate two classes namely, higher class and lower class . The classes are validated by distance weight vector, which maintains a threshold value of rule item set. This Effective genetic algorithm is mainly used for optimization of rule set.
An Efficient Method for Explaining the Decisions of the Probabilistic RBF Classification Network

Transparency of the classification is an important requirement for many application fields. Robnik- ˇ Sikonja and Kononenko have recently presented a general method for explaining predictions for individual instances based on decomposition of a model’s predictions on individual contributions of each attribute. In this work we apply the general methodology in the context of the probabilistic radial basis function (PRBF) network which constitutes an effective black box classifier. Nevertheless, like most other neural network models it is not straightforward to obtain explanations for the PRBF decisions. By exploiting the marginalization property of the Gaussian distribution, we demonstrate how this explanation technique can be implanted into PRBF to explain the model’s decisions for new unlabeled cases. We also present a visualization technique that works both for single instances as well as for the attributes and their values, thus providing a valuable tool for inspection of the otherwise opaque model.
The Influence of Information Asymmetry and Intellectual Capital Disclosure to Cost of Equity Capital with Managerial Ownership and Institutional Ownership as a Moderating Variable (Banking Sector Issuers listed on Stock Exchange 2013 - 2016)

This study aim to examines the relationship between Information Asymmetry, Intellectual Capital and Cost of Equity Capital moderated by Managerial Ownership and Institutional Ownership. Using a sample of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2016, this study uses multiple linear regression. This study result there is a significant positive effects Asimetry Information on Cost Of Equity. Then a significant positive effects between Intellectual Capital Disclosure to Cost of Equity Capital. For Moderation Variables there are negative effects are moderation variables 1a and 1b. Namely Information to Cost of Equity Capital moderated by Managerial Ownership and Information Asymmetry to Cost of Equity Capital moderated by Institutional Ownership. While the Control Variables no effect. Keyword : Information Asymetrry, Intellectual Capital,Cost Of Equity Capital, Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership.
A Treatise on the Geographical Scale of Agglomeration Externalities and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem

The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) refers to the sensitivity of statistical research results to the initial spatial nomenclature used. Despite a substantial literature in the related field of geography on the potential influence of the MAUP, the urban economic modeling tradition has not paid much attention to this issue. In this article, we test to what extent the MAUP moderates the effect of agglomeration externalities on areal sectoral employment growth by varying the initial geographical scale of analysis. Using spatial cross-regressive modeling in which we account for spatial spillover effects of agglomeration externalities, we find different effects of agglomeration forces across geographical scales. As the MAUP is a theoretical as well as a methodological problem, research should not only work with proper statistical specifications of spatial agglomeration models incorporating different geographical scales, but also relate this more explicitly to hypotheses concerning the geographical scale at which agglomeration externalities operate.
Global-change effects on early-stage decomposition processes in tidal wetlands – implications from a global survey using standardized litter

Abstract. Tidal wetlands, such as tidal marshes and mangroves, are hotspots for carbon sequestration. The preservation of organic matter (OM) is a critical process by which tidal wetlands exert influence over the global carbon cycle and at the same time gain elevation to keep pace with sea-level rise (SLR). The present study assessed the effects of temperature and relative sea level on the decomposition rate and stabilization of OM in tidal wetlands worldwide, utilizing commercially available standardized litter. While effects on decomposition rate per se were minor, we show strong negative effects of temperature and relative sea level on stabilization, as based on the fraction of labile, rapidly hydrolyzable OM that becomes stabilized during deployment. Across study sites, OM stabilization was 29 % lower in low, more frequently flooded vs. high, less frequently flooded zones. Stabilization declined by ∼ 75 % over the studied temperature gradient from 10.9 to 28.5 ∘C. Additionally, data from the Plum Island long-term ecological research site in Massachusetts, USA, show a pronounced reduction in OM stabilization by > 70 % in response to simulated coastal eutrophication, confirming the potentially high sensitivity of OM stabilization to global change. We therefore provide evidence that rising temperature, accelerated SLR, and coastal eutrophication may decrease the future capacity of tidal wetlands to sequester carbon by affecting the initial transformations of recent OM inputs to soil OM.
Attendance Demand for Baseball Games in Japan

[Abstract] This paper studies how competitive balance in the Japanese professional baseball teams has changed over time, and estimates the effect of competitive balance on attendance demand for baseball games. Nippon Professional Baseball Organization (the ‘NPB’ hereinafter) consists of the Central League and the Pacific League, and there are six teams in each league. In 2004, a series of changes took place in the Pacific League, including the merger of the two existing teams, the entry of a new team, the first-ever strike by ball players, and the relocation of a franchise team from Tokyo to Hokkaido. I estimate attendance at home games of the twelve teams for the period 1958 to 2013, and examine whether the Pacific League has become more competitive after the changes in 2004. The main results are: (1) The structural break in 2004 has increased competitive balance of the Pacific League relative to the Central League; and (2) home-team attendance is positively related to stadium capacity, the team’s winning rate, previous year’s attendance---indicating fan loyalty---, per capita real GDP, and competitive balance. The results imply that the leagues and the teams should take measures to promote competitive balance in order to increase attendance.
BISON GRAZING PATTERNS ON SEASONALLY BURNED TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

Patterns of bison (Bison bison L.) grazing were examined in a 2-year study on a tallgrass prairie site in Oklahoma subjected to a seasonally and spatially variable burning regime. Mixed groups of bison, composed of cows, yearlings, calves, and young ( 5 years of age selected unburned areas for grazing 29% of the time and burned areas only 4% of the time. Temporal patterns in bison grazing were evident; selective use of burns persisted for only a short period during the first post-fire growing season, after which burns were grazed in proportion to availability and then selectively avoided as bison shifted grazing efforts to newer burns. Regression analysis verified that bison grazing was negatively related to burn age. Regression also showed that grazing patterns were positively related to burn patch size. Although burn types varied significantly in biomass and overall vegetative composition, bison exhibited only limited preference for any burn type, choosing those with higher relative cover of annual Bromus spp. and sedges. It appears that bison select recently burned areas with relatively low graminoid biomass for grazing, presumably choosing these areas based on forage quality rather than quantity.
Review on Emotion Recognition Databases

Over the past few decades human-computer interaction has become more important in our daily lives and research has developed in many directions: memory research, depression detection, and behavioural deficiency detection, lie detection, (hidden) emotion recognition etc. Because of that, the number of generic emotion and face databases or those tailored to specific needs have grown immensely large. Thus, a comprehensive yet compact guide is needed to help researchers find the most suitable database and understand what types of databases already exist. In this paper, different elicitation methods are discussed and the databases are primarily organized into neat and informative tables based on the format.
Insights on Impact of Business Development Services on Growth of Women Owned Enterprises in Tanzania

This paper presents findings of the study that aimed at assessing the impact of business service providers (BDS) on growth of women owned MSMEs in Tanzania. Based on interviews conducted to five BDS providers and women owned micro and small enterprises (MSMEs) it was revealed that most women entrepreneurs were not aware of the existence of BDS providers and their services. For those who had used BDS, they were generally satisfied with their benefits and they continue using the services. Furthermore, the findings show that BDS assisted entrepreneurs in formalizing their businesses, increased business management and technology capacity, market coverage and contributed to business growth. Findings calls for the government, BDS providers and other key stakeholders to raise the level of awareness to women entrepreneurs on the availability and importance of using of BDSs. Government and donor community should advocate for business environment reforms that lowers the barriers to BDS providers for them to operate effectively and provide affordable services. BDS providers should focus on demand driven services in a more holistic and participatory way than they are currently doing in order to improve the quality, sustainability and development of the women owned MSMEs.
Bark Thickness Equations for Mixed-Conifer Forest Type in Klamath and Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

We studied bark thickness in the mixed-conifer forest type throughout California. Sampling included eight conifer species and covered latitude and elevation gradients. The thickness of tree bark at 1.37 m correlated with diameter at breast height (DBH) and varied among species. Trees exhibiting more rapid growth had slightly thinner bark for a given DBH. Variability in bark thickness obscured differences between sample locations. Model predictions for 50 cm DBH trees of each species indicated that bark thickness was ranked Calocedrus decurrens > Pinus jeffreyi > Pinus lambertiana > Abies concolor > Pseudotsuga menziesii > Abies magnifica > Pinus monticola > Pinus contorta. We failed to find reasonable agreement between our bark thickness data and existing bark thickness regressions used in models predicting fire-induced mortality in the mixed-conifer forest type in California. The fire effects software systems generally underpredicted bark thickness for most species, which could lead to an overprediction in fire-caused tree mortality in California. A model for conifers in Oregon predicted that bark was 49% thinner in Abies concolor and 37% thicker in Pseudotsuga menziesii than our samples from across California, suggesting that more data are needed to validate and refine bark thickness equations within existing fire effects models.
Effects of Nitrogen and ABA Application on Basal and Distal Kernel Weight of Wheat

Individual grain weight of wheat kernels differs with their positions on a spike. Cultivation practices (such as fertilizer nitrogen and plant growth regulators application) can be used to improve weight of basal and distal kernels. For this purpose, two experiments based on randomized complete block design were carried out with three replications. The aim of this research was to study the mechanisms related to sink strength as well as the regulatory factors affecting sink activity. One cultivar of a facultative wheat, cv Yangmai15, was used. Treatments of the experiments included application of nitrogen (two levels) and plant growth regulators [abscisic acid (ABA) and Fluridone (inhibitor of ABA synthesis)] in basal and distal kernels, respectively. Results showed that nitrogen application increased grain yield and its components. Grain filling in basal kernels started earlier and its rate was higher than that of the distal kernels. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the individual kernel weight both in basal and distal kernels, and the rate of increment was higher than the control, even in distal kernels. The application of ABA resulted in increase in grain weight, whereas a considerable decrease in grain weight was observed in response to Fluridone compared to the control. Nitrogen application together with ABA application enhanced the activity of SuSase, AGPase, SSS, and SBE in basal and distal kernels and the increment in the activity was higher in distal kernels. It is concluded that simultaneous application of nitrogen and ABA enhanced grain weight by regulating the activity of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis.
European Industrial Policy

This survey of European industrial policy aims to set out and explain the great significance of European integration in determining (changes in) structure and performance of industry in the EU. This influence is explored from the policy side by analysing the transformation of the framework within which both EU and Member States' industrial policy can be pursued. Empirical economic analysis is not included because this BEEP Briefing was originally written for a handbook in which other authors were assigned a range of industrial economics subjects. In the last 25 years or so, the transformation is such that the nature and scope of industrial policy at both levels of government has profoundly changed as well. Indeed, the toolkit of measures has shrunk considerably, disciplines have been tightened and the economic policy views behind industrial policy have altered everywhere. The pro-competitive logic of deeper market integration itself is rarely questioned nowadays and industrial policy at the two levels takes on different forms. The survey discusses at some length the division of powers between, and the complementarity of, the Member States' and EU levels of government when it comes to industrial policy, based on a fairly detailed classification of industrial policy instruments. The three building blocks of the wide concept of industrial policy as defined in this BEEP Briefing consist of the EU framework of market integration, EU horizontal industrial policy and its EU sectoral or specific counterpart. Each one is surveyed at the EU level. Preceding these three sections is a discussion of three cross-cutting issues, namely, the indiscriminate use of the 'competitiveness' label in the EU circuit of business and policy makers, the relation between services and EU industrial policy and, finally, that of European infrastructure. One major conclusion is that, today, the incentive structure for industry and industrial markets is dominated by the stringency of the overall EU framework and to some moderate degree by the horizontal approach.
An algorithm for estimating downward shortwave radiation from GMS 5 visible imagery and its evaluation over China

This paper presents an operational scheme to estimate downward shortwave radiation (DSR) over China from the visible-band top-of-atmosphere reflectance of the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) 5 imagery. The proposed algorithm retrieves surface reflectance and atmospheric parameters directly from GMS 5 images by searching lookup tables, which are created by the radiative transfer model SBDART and consider the effects of water vapor absorption and surface altitude variations. Experiments show that the DSR retrieval is more sensitive to the selection of aerosol type and less to that of the cloud type. Uncertainty in the reflectance of a bright surface leads to a considerable DSR retrieval error (+/-(6-9%)). The instantaneous retrieved DSR is evaluated by field measurements on the Tibetan Plateau, and the daily retrieved DSR is compared with one year's ground-based measurements at 96 stations in China. The results show that the estimated DSR is in good agreement with ground measurements with a correlation coefficient of similar to 0.9 and a bias of 1.5%. Root-mean square differences in the daily DSR are 17.7% for all-sky and 13.1% for clear-sky conditions. These results suggest that the proposed method applied to the GMS 5 satellite data can accurately estimate temporally and spatially continuous instantaneous and daily DSR. These DSR data sets will be useful for a wide range of applications.