Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Creating Robust Relation Extract and Anomaly Detect via Probabilistic Logic-Based Reasoning and Learning

ABSTRACT We consider a three-pronged approach to deep exploration and filtering of text. The first is development of a set of scalable state-of-the-art learning algorithms that are capable of learning generalized probabilistic logic rules from noisy, incomplete data. The second is a data management system that is widely accepted as the state-of-the art for knowledge base construction (KBC) and is highly scalable. The final direction is the design and adaptation of the scalable management and learning algorithms for the tasks of deep knowledge understanding such as knowledge-based population and anomaly detection. In this report, they organize and present their accomplishments (the approaches and their intuitive, theoretical and empirical ramifications) from the DEFT cooperative agreement into 3 main focus areas or research thrusts. Each of them is motivated and introduced separately in their respective sections.
The emergence of cohabitation as a first union and its later stability: the case of Hungarian women

With the transition of the 1990s in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the demographic behavior of their populations has changed drastically. This paper focuses on Hungary where some of these developments like falling marriage rates were evident even before 1990. We examine the emergence of cohabitation as a first union and the stability of such relationships. Are they rather transformed into marriage or do they end in dissolution? How long do Hungarian woman stay in these unions? In addition to some descriptive statistics we apply event history analysis because this allows us to study the impact of individual-level characteristics on such choices. The data used is the Hungarian Generations and Gender Survey collected around November 2001. The analysis shows that there are marked differences in behavior between periods and that factors like pregnancy or employment do influence the decision for cohabitation as well as its further development.
Prediction of foundations behavior by a stress level based hyperbolic soil model and the ZEL method

In shallow foundations, the third bearing capacity factor, N, has been found to show a decreasing tendency with increasing the foundation size. It is supported by experimental observations and related mainly to stress level dependent nature of the soil. On the other hand, the bearing capacity is often obtained theoretically without consideration of the foundation vertical displacements. In this study, a simple form of the stress level dependent hyperbolic soil model is presented and implemented in the Zero Extension Lines (ZEL) method to predict the bearing capacity and load-displacement behavior of shallow foundations. A computer code is developed for this study. A procedure to find the actual behavior of relatively large foundations based on laboratory and in situ small scale or plate load tests data is also presented. An existing experimental full scale load test is investigated and analyzed with the presented method to show the possibilities and advantages of the method in comparison with ordinary approaches. The results show that the presented method is applicable for practical problems to provide a more precise estimate of the bearing capacity of shallow foundations.
PSPICE modeling of buck converter by means of GTFs

The paper describes a way how to model the DC-DC buck converter by means of the so-called generalized transfer functions, utilizing both the Laplace and the z-transform operators. The resulting line-to-output and control-to-output transfer functions and the corresponding frequency responses can model some system behavior more truly than the classical s-domain averaged models, including special effects above the Nyquist's frequency. As an example, a concrete SPICE subcircuit is shown together with the results of AC analysis.
Impact of the subprime crisis on the reputation of rating agencies

I study the impact of the subprime crisis on the reputation of credit rating agencies by comparing investors? perceptions of changes in ratings before and during the crisis, on both the European and American stock markets. Using a standard event study methodology, I find significant positive reactions to rating upgrades and significant negative reactions to rating downgrades in normal periods. This effect largely disappears during the crisis, although downgrades still have significant negative reactions on the European stock market. A general concern with event studies during crises is that investors are exposed to an unusual volume of dramatic news that could indirectly affect stock prices. I therefore conduct a Difference-in-Differences study in order to avoid this endogeneity issue. The Difference-in-Differences estimator shows insignificant effects for rating upgrades and downgrades on both stock markets during the crisis. This result supports the view that investors considered that CRAs did not convey reliable information during the crisis.
An efficient method for the retrieval of objects by topological relations in spatial database systems

In this paper, we present a new method to improve the performance of query processing in a spatial database. The previous approach can process the retrieval of spatial objects by topological relations using R-tree structures based on minimum bounding rectangles. In our approach, we add internal rectangle to the leaf nodes of the R-tree as additional information for helping objects retrieval. As a result, the number of false hits can be reduced and part of the true hits can be identified at the early stage of searching. The experiments demonstrated that the performance of database systems can be improved because both the number of objects accessed and the number of objects requiring detailed inspection are much less than those in the previous approach. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Model for growth and survival of mussels Mytilus edulis reared in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Mathematical models of commercially important species enable one to integrate the diversity of information on these species, understand mechanisms responsible for observed population dynamics, and assess management scenarios. We present a population model for blue mussels Mytilus edulis grown in suspended culture in 2 bays in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The model incorporates a number of ecological processes, namely allometric growth of individual mussels, temperature-dependent growth rates (based on the Lassiter-Kearns equation), and survival of mussels based on self-thinning. Analysis of our model suggests that the optimal temperature for mussel growth is 15.8°C. Also, survival does not depend on site or year, indicating that self-thinning is probably due to competition for space rather than food or other site-specific conditions. Based on sensitivity analyses, growth predictions are robust to changes in parameter values, while survival predictions are quite sensitive to changes in the strength of the effect of initial mussel density and of self-thinning. Evaluation of management scenarios over one grow-out period indicates that date of deployment strongly affects time for seeds to reach commercial size. Optimal initial mussel density depends on whether one wants to maximise the proportion of mussels surviving to harvest or the number of mussels available at harvest; this decision depends on whether seed availability or lease area is limiting.
FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING AND PROCYCLICAL BEHAVIOR

Introduction The recent financial crisis has given rise to a discussion among academics and the general public on how accounting contributed to the calamity. Fair value accounting has been called into question as being procyclical. It is discussed weather this could also be said of the Swedish financial sector which is somewhat dissimilar from the American. Theory While many in the research community claims that accounting is a neutral measurement system, some researcher claims that accounting also affects what is being measured, i.e. corporations. Fair value accounting in particular could influence market participants because of its fluent nature. Not least has it been shown that U.S. investment banks act upon fair value changes in their capital bases by increasing leverage, thereby causing a procyclical effect in the economy. The Swedish banking system is however not constructed in the same way as the U.S. leaving room for a study of a similar behavior in Sweden. Methodological This study uses a positivistic approach, with a quantitative research discussion design. Secondary data on percentage change in Leverage and Total assets for the big four Swedish banks for the period Q1 2001 to Q4 2010 were plotted and a linear regression was made. Also data on how much Fair value assets contribute to earnings for the banks were collected. Empirical The plots show a distinct positive pattern, even though scattering is findings rather profound. Data points in the quadrants indicating positive relationship between Leverage and Total assets changes outnumber the opposite quadrants by almost 3 to 1. It is shown that Fair Value assets represent a sizeable share of the income of the Swedish banking sector. Analysis A linear regression was made of the scatterplot containing data from all banks, it showed a positive relationship. The statistical data had a high degree of certainty but a rather low degree of explanatory power, meaning that several other important factors contributed to the banks choice of leverage. An attempt to raise the explanatory power was made through omitting the four quarters when bank had made rights issues. This successfully raised explanatory power somewhat, but still other factors outside of the model exist. Conclusions The Swedish banks do actively manage their balance sheets in response to changes in Leverage. They do not target a specific Leverage ratio but increase leverage when Total assets rise, thereby contributing in a procyclical manner to the economy. Omitting four quarters which were ones when banks had made rights issues and thereby distorted the measurement increased explanatory power of the linear relationship slightly.
Considering anomalous events during bereavement as evidence for survival

It has been noted that experiences of perceived interaction with the dead are common for the bereaved. Surveys have reported that around 50 – 60% of individuals will report that they have had such an experience following a significant death. These reports are spontaneous by their very nature and can involve a variety of experiences, from sensing the presence of the dead, to dreaming about them, seeing apparitions in the waking state, witnessing poltergeist type phenomena, and others. Even so, it is acknowledged that instances of alleged reincarnation where a young child may relay information from a deceased individual have been noted, and sought phenomena such as sittings with mediums and therapy induced experiences suggestive of interaction with the dead could produce information pertaining to survival. However, this chapter will focus purely on spontaneous anomalous experiences occurring following loss. The question remains, what are the ontological roots of such experiences? Mainstream opinions have conceptualized such reports as purely pathological and typical bi-products of a grieving mind. However, is there a case for something more at work? To answer this, we not only need to understand the psychology of bereavement, but indeed the parapsychology of bereavement as well. This chapter will consider the place of anomalous bereavement experiences in the debate of ‘consciousness and its survival beyond bodily death’ (aka, the survival hypothesis), and what evidence exists from such events which may add weight to the debate and goes beyond current conventional understanding.
Nonlinear Effects of Stand Age on Fire Severity

We quantify the relationship between forest stand age and fire severity using a detailed case study of Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans Muell) forest burned in south‐eastern Australia in 2009. We focused on two important areas of Mountain Ash forest that feature a range of growth stages and disturbance histories. Using probit regression analysis, we identified a strong relationship between the age of a Mountain Ash forest and the severity of damage that the forest sustained from the fires under extreme weather conditions. Stands of Mountain Ash trees between the ages of 7 to 36 years mostly sustained canopy consumption and scorching, which are impacts resulting from high‐severity fire. High‐severity fire leading to canopy consumption almost never occurred in young stands (<7 years) and also was infrequent in older (>40 years) stands of Mountain Ash. We discuss the significant forest conservation and management implications of these results for Mountain Ash forests as well as other similar biomes, where high‐severity fire is a common form of disturbance.
Control system design for multi-rotor MAV

MAVs (Micro Air Vehicles) have attracted more and more attention in recent years because of their wide applications, such as investigations of inhospitable environment, nuclear or hazardous material polluted regions and other inaccessible areas. In this paper, both attitude and altitude controls of a Quad-Rotor type MAV are discussed and analyzed. To stabilize the attitude, one order memory based controller is selected, the performance of which is independent of the detail model information, leading to enhanced robustness. While for the altitude, a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is proposed. The expe- rimental results of the real flight demonstrate the stability and robustness of the controllers.
The Search: The Effect of the College Scorecard on Interest in Colleges

The College Scorecard is a website launched by the U.S. Department of Education in September 2015 that provides information about different colleges. This paper studies the effects of the website on interest in colleges, calculating both intent-to-treat and a local average treatment effect estimates of the effect of the College Scorecard. Interest is measured using Google search activity. The Scorecard led to more searches for keywords associated with high-earnings, highgraduation rate, and low-tuition colleges. However, the size of the effect is very small.
A study of surface swelling caused by graphitisation during pulsed laser ablation of carbon allotrope with high content of sp3 bounds

Experiments and theory are employed to investigate the laser ablation of boron doped diamond and tetrahedral amorphous carbon using nanosecond laser pulses. For a single laser pulse at low values of fluence, the laser induces a swelling of the surface due to graphitisation, whilst a high level of fluence leads to recession of the surface due to vaporization. To understand and investigate the underlying phenomena during the diamond-laser interaction, a model has been developed to reliably and quickly predict the behaviour of the surface and the thickness of the heat affected zone. The model is based on conservation of heat and mass during the laser-workpiece interaction. It consists of a one-dimensional system of non-linear equations that models the material heating, evaporation, graphitisation and plasma shielding. There is excellent agreement between numerical and experimental results for the position of the interfaces up to a high laser fluence. This model is the first to investigate the ablation of diamond that is able to capture surface swelling due to the graphitisation of the diamond layer, the graphite thickness and the amount of ablated material within a single framework. Furthermore, the model provides a novel methodology to investigate the thermal stability of diamond-like carbon films. The activation energy for tetrahedral amorphous carbon is obtained using the model with an accuracy of 3.15−0.22+1.0 eV.
'Standing in Awe': The effects of awe on body perception and the relation with absorption

The experience of awe is typically elicited in response to perceptually vast stimuli and is often characterized by feeling small and insignificant. In the present series of studies we aimed (1) to determine the effects of awe on body perception and (2) to elucidate the role of the personality trait of ‘absorption’ (i.e. the tendency to get fully immersed in one’s experiences) in relation to the feeling of awe. Across 4 different studies, involving both lab-based and field experiments, we found that feelings of awe are associated with smaller body size estimates. We also found that absorption is a strong predictor of feelings of awe: people scoring high on absorption tended to report overall stronger feelings of awe – irrespective of the experimental manipulation. In addition, experimentally manipulating absorption, by instructing participants to get fully absorbed in an external stimulus resulted in stronger feelings of awe. Thereby these findings illustrate that two key features underlying the experience of awe are changes in the perception of one’s body and a tendency to get absorbed in internal or external stimuli.
Evaluation of the Performance of the Health Care Workers in Giving Consultation about the Fertility Promotion

Background & aim: Counseling is the first and most important tasks of the health care providers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the midwives and health care providers in the healthcare centers affiliated to the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in giving consultation about the fertility promotion. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 107 midwives and health care providers working in the midwifery, maternal-child, and family planning units of the health centers and community health centers in Mashhad, Iran in 2015. The subjects of the study were selected using the stratified and cluster sampling methods. The data collection was performed using an observation checklist and a self-assessment questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test, and Pearson correlation coefficient through the SPSS version 16. Results: According to the results of the study, the mean performance of the health workers in fertility counseling was 21.2±12.5 out of 79, which represented a weak level in this regard. The counseling performance had a significant relationship with the education, age of marriage, and husband's job (P<0.05). In addition, the mean fertility counseling performance score obtained from the self-assessment was 30.7±3.3 out of 36, indicating a good performance. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the observation checklist, the fertility promotion counseling performance of most of the participants was at a poor level. However, the results of the self-assessment demonstrated that the majority of the participants had a good level of counseling performance in this regard. Regarding this, it is essential to train the counseling skills to the midwives and health care providers according to the country's new policies in terms of fertility promotion.
Segregation of patches by patterns of soil attributes in a native grassland in central Argentina.

Resumen. La demanda de una mayor produccion bovina en la region del Caldenal en la zona centro de Argentina ha resultado en un sobrepastoreo continuo determinante de una estructura de la vegetacion en parches. Estos parches son claramente identificados en base a las especies dominantes resultantes de la historia de pastoreo. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo fue examinar la influencia de las plantas individuales sobre el patron multivariado de nutrientes del suelo en cada parche, evaluando asimismo la magnitud de la asociacion entre la concentracion de nutrientes en planta y suelo. El analisis discriminante canonico senalo a los contenidos de materia organica, fosforo disponible y zinc en el suelo como las variables de mayor impacto en la segregacion de los parches de vegetacion. El analisis de correlacion canonica entre las variables de suelo y planta indico una asociacion significativa entre ambos grupos (R2 0,97). Los parches con diferente historia de pastoreo pueden ser identificados no solo por las especies vegetales dominantes, sino tambien a traves del patron de atributos del suelo. Esta informacion puede contribuir al desarrollo de practicas de manejo orientadas a la recuperacion de los parches degradados por sobrepastoreo.
Estimation of identification methods of gene clusters using GO term annotations from a hierarchical cluster tree

The hierarchical clustering algorithm has frequently been applied to grouping genes sharing a certain characteristic from a microarray data set. Identification of clusters from a hierarchical cluster tree is generally conducted by cutting the tree at a certain level. In this method, the most parent clusters are identified as mutually correlated gene groups and their child clusters are ignored. However the child clusters have a possibility to show more significant GO term annotation than their parent clusters. To overcome this problem, Toronen developed a novel algorithm based on the calculation of each GO annotation in all the clusters that satisfy a threshold of correlation coefficient. However comparison of the algorithm with the general method have not been done enough so far. Therefore we compared the general method with Toronen's proposed algorithm for identifying overrepresented GO terms, and confirmed availability of the proposed algorithm.
Exploring the Extent to Which the Distance to Centers of Social Services Affects the Quality of Life of the RDP Residents: The Case of 2013 RDP Golf Course Study, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Abstract The present research sought to explore the effects of distance to centers of social services to the quality of life of the RDP residents. The study utilized mixed methods approaches, with qualitative approach being the dominant approach. The qualitative approach used an interview guide with unstructured questions to administer in-depth interviews with the study participants; while a questionnaire was utilized to gather quantitative data. The findings indicated that most participants were not happy with the long distances to social services and this could be one of the primary factors contributing to higher crime levels targeted to the residents; affected their children’s schooling, recreation, and made life very boring to the extent of luring the youth to engage in illicit activities. The researchers among other things recommend to the government to consider putting up infrastructures in the RDP housing estates so that people can have a better life. Improving the lives of the RDP residents through equipping them with skills of various categories; or considering giving them business grants has been recommended.
Urbanization, Inequality, and Poverty in the People's Republic of China

Relying on the present literature, official statistics, and household survey data in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), this paper summarizes research findings on the relationship between urbanization, urban–rural inequality, and poverty, and provides further empirical evidence on the role of urbanization and government policies in urban poverty. Several conclusions can be drawn from this paper. First, urbanization has a significant effect on reducing both poverty of rural residents and poverty of migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural–urban income/consumption gap. Urban labor markets play an important role in this effect. Second, urbanization is positively correlated to urban poverty. This can be explained by the competition between migrating peasants and urban workers in the labor market, and the failure of the government’s anti-poverty policies in urban areas. Third, the existence of an informal sector has a negative effect on the poverty of urban citizens. Being employed by the informal sector significantly increases the probability of falling into poverty for urban citizens. Fourth, the minimum wage has a positive effect on reducing urban poverty, while the effect of other policies, such as Di Bao and Minimum Living Standard, is limited.