Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATING FUNCTION SUPPLY FOR RED MEAT IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD 1995-2013

Red meat production is an essential and important in the amount of livestock production part and contribute to livestock about 22% of the value of agricultural production, except fish in Iraq over the medium term from 2013 to 2009,The red meat and meat products of are consider good foods with a high nutritional value because they contain vitamins, proteins, fats and minerals . So it requires such a study to estimate the function supply red meat to a statement most influential variables in the supply quantity of red meat during the period 1995-2013 It is clear from the results that the rise in red meat prices by 1% leads to increase the quantity supplied of red meat increased by 0.403%, while the increase of chicken meat prices by 1% leads to a decline in the quantity supplied of red meat increased by 0.327%, while increasing the number of animals by 1 % leads to increase the quantity supplied of red meat increased by 23.267%, while the increase of imported red meat quantity of 1% lead to a decline in the quantity supplied of red meat increased by 0.007 and through the price elasticity of supply became clear that the display of red meat is flexible and elastic modulus less than the one . Through flexibility Cross turned out to be chicken meat is the alternative to red meat. Finally, the study included a number of conclusions and recommendations of the most important: by measuring the consumption growth rate of 10% and the rate of production growth of 7% and it can be concluded that production covers a large part of consumption. The study recommended that there is a gap between the production and import recommenddirect loans to invest in the livestock sector.
Antitumor activity and some properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from "Himematsutake", the fruiting body of Agaricus blazei Murill.

Polysaccharides extracted from Himematsutake, the fruiting body of Agaricus blazei Murill with hot water were fractionated and purified by ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration, affinity chromatography, etc.A total of 17 polysaccharide samples thus obtained were given an antitumor activity test (Sarcoma 180/mice i.p. p.o. method) and traces of their activities through the fractionation and purification processes were found.FI0-a-β, FA-1-a-β, FA-1-a-β, and FA-2-b-β, were obtained as water soluble polysaccharides fractions having great antitumor activities.Analyses of physico-chemical properties and IR- and NMR-spectra of these active fractions showed that their main components were: FI0-a-β, (1 → 6)-; (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan; FA-1-a-α, acidic (1 → 6)-; (1 → 4)-α-d-glucan; FA-1-a-β, acidic (1 → 6)-; (1 → 3)-α-d-glucan; and FA-2-b-β, acidic RNA-protein complex.
Atomistic simulations of irradiation effects in carbon nanotubes: an overview

In this article, we first review recent work on the basic science of the mechanisms of irradiation-induced defect production and migration in carbon nanotubes. We then discuss a few ways in which understanding of the irradiation effects can be used to modify the properties of single nanotubes as well as macroscopic materials based on them. The results illustrate that there indeed exist several ways in which defects can have potentially useful effects on nanotube-based materials.
Supercritical fluids technology in bioprocess industries: A review

This article reviews the fundamentals of supercritical fluid (SCF) science and moves on to the biotechnological applications of them e.g. removal of biostatic agents from fermentation broths, SCF disruption of microorganisms, destruction of industrial waste, the gas-antisolvent crystallization and micron-size particle formation. Also gaining ground is enzymatic catalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), which offers the possibility of integrated synthesis product recovery processes. The paper is structured as follows: first, the effects of dense SC-CO2 on the extraction of biomaterials and disruption of cells are thoroughly reported and discussed. Then the application of SC-CO2 in particle formation and modifications of biopolymers and enzymes are described. In general, the article is focused on potential bio-industrial applications and future research needs of the SCF technology. Keywords: Biotechnology, Supercritical Fluids (SCF), disruption, inactivation, extraction, downstream, particle formation Received: 10 October 2009 / Received in revised form: 30 January 2010, Accepted: 30 January 2010, Published online: 10 March 2010
Mass Spectrometry-Based Structural Proteomics: Bottom-Up Protein Footprinting And Top-Down Native Electrospray Of Protein Assemblies

25 Introduction . 25 Material and Methods. 27 Results and discussion . 31 Conclusion . 39 References . 41 Chapter 3 Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Carboxyl-Group Footprinting: A Study of the Method . 54 Abstract . 55. 55 Introduction . 55
Mo-doped LiV3O8 nanorod-assembled nanosheets as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Mo-doped LiV3O8 nanorod-assembled nanosheets were prepared by a simple hydrothermal reaction of LiOH·H2O, V2O5 and (NH4)6Mo7O24 as precursors followed by thermal annealing. X-ray diffraction results show that the intensity of the (100) peak is less than that of (11) in the Mo-doped LiV3O8 nanosheets, suggesting the inferior crystallinity of Mo-doped LiV3O8. Shifts of Raman bands to lower wavenumbers are found in the Mo-doped LiV3O8 material, which when compared with those of pure LiV3O8 indicates that Mo6+ substitutes V5+ in the LiV3O8 layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the Mo-doped LiV3O8 nanosheets calcined at 400 °C contain 25% V4+ and 3.5% oxygen vacancies, which likely compensates for the accommodation of 5% Mo6+. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of the Mo-doped LiV3O8 nanosheets calcined at 400 °C is 24.8 m2 g−1, which is nearly double of LiV3O8 calcined at 400 °C (13.9 m2 g−1). The electrochemical and lithium ion intercalation properties of both pure and Mo-doped LiV3O8 cathode were systematically studied using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Mo-doped LiV3O8 cathode shows a much higher lithium ion storage capacity, better cyclic stability, and higher rate capability than the pure LiV3O8 cathode. The maximum discharge capacity of the Mo-doped LiV3O8 (calcined at 400 °C) cathode is 269.0 mA h g−1 and retains 205.9 mA h g−1 at a current density of 300 mA g−1, which is much higher than 97.8 mA h g−1 of the LiV3O8 (also calcined at 400 °C) cathode during the 100th cycle. Note that Mo doping is found to increase the electrochemical reaction reversibility, reduce the electrochemical reaction resistance, and enhance the lithium ion diffusivity. The possible reasons for such significant enhancement in the discharge/charge capacity, cyclic stability and rate performance of the Mo-doped LiV3O8 cathode are elucidated based on the structure analysis.
Effect of nanocrystallinity on lattice dynamics in Bi2Te3 based thermoelectrics

The lattice dynamics in as‐cast and nanocrystalline thermoelectric Bi2Te3 based p‐type and n‐type material were investigated using inelastic neutron scattering. Generalized densities of phonon states show substantial agreement between the lattice dynamics in as‐cast samples and previous studies. The lattice dynamics in the nanocrystalline materials differ significantly from its as‐cast counterparts in the acoustic phonon regime. In nanocrystalline p‐type and n‐type compounds, the average acoustic phonon group velocity was found to be reduced to 80(5)% and 95(2)% of the value in as‐cast material. It is argued that point‐defect and strain contrast scattering may play an important role for the understanding of lattice thermal conductivity in (nanocrystalline) Bi2Te3 based thermoelectrics beside the observed decrease of sound velocity. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Effect of Carbonation Conditions on the Properties of Carbohydrate-Calcium Carbonate Hybrid Pigments

The influence of two polysaccharides, native corn starch and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), on the precipitation of calcium carbonate was examined by utilizing two different carbonation processes. In a batch process, carbon dioxide gas was fed through calcium hydroxide slurry at pH 11.5 to 12.0. The reaction was complete when the pH had been decreased to 7. In a fed-batch reaction, the carbon dioxide was dissolved in water while calcium hydroxide was pumped into the water, maintaining a constant pH of 6.0±0.5. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and specific surface area analysis were used to characterize the structure of the precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) pigments. In application testing, the impact of modified pigments on paper properties was examined. The results showed that carbohydrates can significantly affect the crystallization of calcium carbonate, but the influence depends on the precipitation conditions and the type and concentration of the carbohydrate added. The starch-modified PCC, produced by the fed-batch reaction, improved the mechanical properties of the paper, whereas CMC-modified PCC yielded paper with good surface and optical performance but weakened strength properties.
Cumene by catalytic distillation

The novel concept of Catalytic Distillation has been commercialized in the CRandL MTBE process, in which combined reaction and distillation provide energy savings over conventional processes. This concept has now been extended to production of cumene from benzene and propylene. In this case the advantages of the technique are not only energy savings but significant reductions in by-product losses and capital requirements. In this paper the development of the process is discussed and the economics of commercial operation are presented.
Global ab initio potential energy surfaces for the lowest three doublet states (1 2A′, 2 2A′, and 1 2A″) of the BrH2 system

Global adiabatic potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the lowest three doublet states (1 A2A′, 2 2A′, and 1 2A″) for the BrH2 system have been calculated using the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method including the Davidson’s correction (Q) with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. Spin–orbit effects were considered on the basis of the Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian using the MRCI wave functions. The calculated adiabatic energies were fitted to the analytical functional form of many-body expansion. The barrier heights of the H+HBr→H2+Br abstraction and H+H′Br→H′+HBr exchange reactions on the ground-state PES were calculated to be 1.28 and 11.71 kcal mol−1, respectively, both of which are slightly smaller than the values obtained in the previous work [G. C. Lynch, D. G. Truhlar, F. B. Brown, and J.-G. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 207 (1995)]. The fits for the 1 2A′, 2 2A′, and 1 2A″ PESs were successful within an accuracy of 0.1 kcal mol−1 in the important regions of PESs such as the transition states and van .
Effect of elevated CO2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral reef

The effect of elevated pCO2 on the metabolism of a coral reef community dominated by macroalgae has been investigated utilizing the large 2650 m3 coral reef mesocosm at the Biosphere‐2 facility near Tucson, Arizona. The carbonate chemistry of the water was manipulated to simulate present‐day and a doubled CO2 future condition. Each experiment consisted of a 1–2 month preconditioning period followed by a 7–9 day observational period. The pCO2 was 404 ± 63 μatm during the present‐day pCO2 experiment and 658 ± 59 μatm during the elevated pCO2 experiment. Nutrient levels were low and typical of natural reefs waters (NO3− 0.5–0.9 μM, NH4+ 0.4 μM, PO43− 0.07–0.09 μM). The temperature and salinity of the water were held constant at 26.5 ± 0.2°C and 34.4 ± 0.2 ppt. Photosynthetically available irradiance was 10 ± 2 during the present‐day experiment and 7.4 ± 0.5 mol photons m−2 d−1 during the elevated pCO2 experiment. The primary producer biomass in the mesocosm was dominated by four species of macroalgae; Haptilon cubense, Amphiroa fragillisima, Gelidiopsis intricata and Chondria dasyphylla. Algal biomass was 10.4 mol C m−2 during the present‐day and 8.7 mol C m−2 and during the elevated pCO2 experiments. As previously observed, the increase in pCO2 resulted in a decrease in calcification from 0.041 ± 0.007 to 0.006 ± 0.003 mol CaCO3 m−2 d−1. Net community production (NCP) and dark respiration did not change in response to elevated pCO2. Light respiration measured by a new radiocarbon isotope dilution method exceeded dark respiration by a factor of 1.2 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.4 on a daily basis and by 2.2 ± 0.6 to 3.9 ± 0.8 on an hourly basis. The 1.8‐fold increase with increasing pCO2 indicates that the enhanced respiration in the light was not due to photorespiration. Gross production (GPP) computed as the sum of NCP plus daily respiration (light + dark) increased significantly (0.24 ± 0.03 vs. 0.32 ± 0.04 mol C m−2 d−1). However, the conventional calculation of GPP based on the assumption that respiration in the light proceeds at the same rate as the dark underestimated the true rate of GPP by 41–100% and completely missed the increased rate of carbon cycling due to elevated pCO2. We conclude that under natural, undisturbed, nutrient‐limited conditions elevated CO2 depresses calcification, stimulates the rate of turnover of organic carbon, particularly in the light, but has no effect on net organic production. The hypothesis that an increase pCO2 would produce an increase in net production that would counterbalance the effect of decreasing saturation state on calcification is not supported by these data.
The Effects of Microtubule Stabilizing Drugs on Macrophage Immune-Mediated Endocytosis

Microtubule stabilizing drugs (MSD) bind and stabilize microtubules, thus inhibiting their normal function. MSD exhibit anti-mitotic effects which makes them attractive as cancer chemotherapeutics and much of existing research has focused on these effects in proliferating cells. In contrast, we are interested in assessing the effects of microtubule stabilization on non-proliferating cells, such as macrophages, to determine potential mitosis-independent actions of MSD on microtubule function. Thus, we investigated the effects of MSD on macrophage receptor-mediated endocytosis of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and found no significant effect on the ability of paclitaxel-treated macrophages to endocytose LDL. Alterations to macrophage phagocytic and killing efficiency due to treatment with paclitaxel, peloruside or docetaxel, as well as the recently discovered compounds, ixabepilone, mycothiazole, and zampanolide were investigated. Treatment with paclitaxel, peloruside or docetaxel did not significantly inhibit phagocytosis or killing of bacteria. Results from confocal microscopy suggest that paclitaxel alters phagocytic kinetics in macrophages. Respectively, zampanolide and mycothiazole significantly inhibited macrophage bactericidal and killing ability, while Ixabepilone enhanced bacterial killing. MSD treatment also altered production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and nitric oxide (NO) during bacterial killing. Optimal activation of macrophages with IFN-y did not alter the effects of MSD. Taken together, these results suggest that MSD have multiple immunomodulatory effects unrelated to their anti-mitotic effects. The data suggests that during MSD treatment, macrophage activity maybe altered or impaired, thus modifying the ability of patients to fight off bacterial infections.
Antibody Conjugates via Disulfide Bridging: Towards therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Antibodies play a prominent role in chemical and biological research and the largest application of chemical bioconjugation reagents is in the production of antibody conjugates. These conjugates provide a means of highly sensitive detection, for example in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems. In therapeutics, such conjugates have enabled the development of bispecifics and antibody-enzyme directed prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Long-established chemical modification techniques for the conjugation of antibodies yield highly heterogeneous products. This heterogeneity is far from optimal and for therapeutic use antibody conjugates must be of a defined composition. Recently the site-specific introduction of chemical linkers has been reported through unnatural amino acid insertion. In this approach however, each protein must undergo successful mutation and expression prior to conjugation. To avoid this, an ideal site-directed conjugation technique would use residues natural to the protein. A new class of chemical bioconjugation reagents, the 3,4-substituted maleimides, allow the selective modification and bridging of naturally occurring protein disulfide bonds. In this thesis, the generation of homogeneous antibody-protein conjugates using 3,4-substituted maleimide based cross-linkers is investigated, with a focus on producing conjugates for ADEPT and bispecific therapeutics. A range of direct and indirect chemical cross-linking strategies via disulfide bridging are explored and the consequences of each approach examined. Ultimately, a new chemical platform to generate site-specific, homogeneous, antibody-antibody conjugates by targeting and bridging disulfide bonds was developed. A bispecific antibody construct was produced in good yield using a readily synthesised bis-dibromomaleimide cross-linker. Binding activity of antibodies was maintained, and in vitro binding of target antigens was observed. This technology is demonstrated through linking scFv and Fab antibody fragments, showing its potential for the construction of a diverse range of bispecifics. Finally, the ability of 3,4-substituted maleimide based reagents to functionalise antibodies for diagnostic applications is investigated. A strategy for the modification of a scFv-Fc construct with commercially available fluorophores is achieved and a synthetic route towards reagents suitable for immuno-PET applications determined.
Cellular automata simulation of interactions between metastable corrosion pits on stainless steel

The interactions between metastable corrosion pits on stainless steel are studied by a two‐dimensional cellular automata model at a mesoscopic scale. The cellular automata model focuses on a metal/film/electrolyte system, including fifteen kinds of species. A series of local evolution rules for the growth of corrosion pits is performed to simulate the corrosion kinetics processes. The transient current characteristics of the interactions between metastable corrosion pits under different simulation factors including the breakdown time and extent of pit cover are analyzed. The analysis of the pit stability product shows that the simulation results are close to the experimental conclusions.
Introduction to synthetic polymers

Part 1 Introduction: definitions and nomenclature some historical perspectives the synthetic polymers industry general features of polymerization processes. Part 2 Average molecular masses and polydispersity: definitions and illustrations experimental determinations liquid-phase osmometry. Part 3 Microscopic features of bulk polymers: general aspects microcrystallinity and drawing amorphous polymers glass transition temperatures melting temperatures measurement of temperatures concluding remarks. Part 4 Major techniques for analysis and structure determination: infrared absorption and spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy X-ray scattering. Part 5 Step-growth polymerizations: general features linear step-growth systems with two monomers some important linear step-growth polymers network polymers. Part 6 Addition polymerization via free radicals: general features physical forms of synthesis media initiation processes the growth and termination of chains the control of chain growth generation of side-chains. Part 7 Addition polymerization via ionic and co-ordination mechanisms: general features of ionic polymerization cationic polymerization anionic polymerization co-ordination polymerization. Part 8 Properties of common polymers in bulk: crystallinity variation of glass transition temperature drawn thermoplastics elastomers polymer degradation and recycling. Part 9 Some speciality polymers: graft co-polymers and comb co-polymers liquid crystal polymers high-temperature polymers polycarbonate ionomers and polymeric solid electrolytes. Part 10 Looking to the future: the synthesis of block co-polymers side-chain liquid crystals synthetic metals polymers with active surfaces concluding remarks. Appendix: Systematic names of common monomers.
Switching kinetics of SiC resistive memory for harsh environments

Cu/a-SiC/Au resistive memory cells are measured using voltage pulses and exhibit the highest ROFF/RON ratio recorded for any resistive memory. The switching kinetics are investigated and fitted to a numerical model, using thermal conductivity and resistivity properties of the dielectric. The SET mechanism of the Cu/a-SiC/Au memory cells is found to be due to ionic motion without joule heating contributions, whereas the RESET mechanism is found to be due to thermally assisted ionic motion. The conductive filament diameter is extracted to be around 4nm. The high thermal conductivity and resistivity for the Cu/a-SiC/Au memory cells result in slow switching but with high thermal reliability and stability, showing potential for use in harsh environments. Radiation properties of SiC memory cells are investigated. No change was seen in DC sweep or pulsed switching nor in conductive mechanisms, up to 2Mrad(Si) using 60Co gamma irradiation.
Stratosphere‐troposphere exchange in a midlatitude mesoscale convective complex: 1. Observations

On June 28, 1989, a severe thunderstorm over North Dakota developed into a squall line and then into a mesoscale convective complex (MCC) with overshooting tops as high as ∼14 km and a cirrus anvil that covered more than 300,000 km2. In this paper we describe the trace gas concentrations prior to, in, and around the storm; paper 2 presents numerical simulations. Observations of O3 and θeq unaffected by upstream convection for at least 3 days prior to the flights placed the undisturbed tropopause between 10.7 and 11 km. The anvil outflow, sampled at altitudes of 10.8 to 12.2 km, extended well into what used to be the stratosphere. Air inside the anvil was characterized by notably low concentrations of O3 and high CO relative to the out-of-cloud environment. Elevated concentrations of NO and NOy, due to lightning and upward transport, were observed in the anvil. A tongue of air with tropospheric characteristics lay above stratospheric air, showing that extensive stratosphere-troposphere exchange had occurred. The effects of this mechanism on atmospheric budgets of trace species depend on the fate of the air that enters the anvil and on the frequency of MCCs. Assuming that the symmetry was cylindrical and that the material transported during the observations at the east edge of the anvil was representative of the entire cirrus anvil cloud, we estimate a minimum flux of 2 × 1010 g of O3 into the troposphere and a maximum flux of 3–7 × 1013 g of H2O into the stratosphere. This is a greater flux of water than the stratospheric water budget can support, and thus most of this water must return to the troposphere; the ice crystals were of sufficient size to have substantial settling velocity. If, however, even a small fraction of the mass of such anvils remains in the stratosphere, then convective transport of reactive tropospheric trace species such as NOy, CO, and NMHC may dominate the chemistry of the lower stratosphere in this midlatitude region. More detailed estimates of the fluxes, taking into account the rear anvil as well, are presented in the companion paper.