Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Origins and development of New Zealand English

T his paper provides an overview of the chief characteristics of a relatively new variety of English, New Zealand English. After a brief historical sketch of the development of English in New Zealand, the paper highlights some of the grammatical patterns of the variety, before looking in more detail at the lexical features and characteristic pronunciations that make it a distinct variety. One of the significant infl uences on the development of New Zealand English has been contact with the Maori language and with Maori cultural traditions. This is refl ected in the presence of a large number of Maori words in common use in New Zealand English, as well as in the development of Maori English as an ethnic variety in New Zealand. Finally, the paper considers other sources of variation within New Zealand English, including early signs of regional diff erentiation as well as age- and gender-linked variation that have emerged in the patterns of change in progress that typify this new variety.
Single-molecule studies of the replisome: Visualisation of protein dynamics in multi-protein complexes

The goal of my PhD research was to develop and use single-molecule tools to understand the molecular mechanisms in DNA replication. To this end, we developed a new fluorescence imaging technique, by which single fluorescent molecules can be observed in real time at high, physiologically relevant concentrations. Next, we visualised the exchange behaviour of two proteins within the E. coli replication system under physiologically relevant protein concentrations: polymerases and SSB. We see rapid exchange, depending on the concentration of competing protein in solution. The emergence of the concentration dependence illustrates the importance of studying the molecular sociology of multi-protein complexes at the single-molecule level. Then we aimed to determine the effect of the E. coli RarA protein on DNA replication and repair. Combining in vitro and in vivo techniques, we propose that RarA activity is involved in the creation of gaps in lesion-containing DNA templates, and thereby commits the cell to the translesion DNA synthesis repair pathway. Finally we describe the first single-molecule experiments done on the reconstituted S. cerevisiae replisome, characterising the kinetics of leading-strand synthesis. We confirm a previously reported observation that the MTC complex enhances the speed of the replication fork by 2 fold. Surprisingly, however, our data suggest that MTC only transiently interacts with the replisome through a weak interaction.
An Indigenous Gut Bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis (Lactobacillales: Enterococcaceae), Increases Seed Consumption By Harpalus pensylvanicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Abstract Microbial symbioses likely drive the evolution of diet within animals, yet these symbiotic relationships remain poorly understood for many organisms. The bacterial endosymbiont Enterococcus faecalis is found in the intestinal tract of the beetle Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and is thought to contribute to the digestion of the insect's seed diet. We tested whether E. faecalis increases seed consumption by H. pensylvanicus. The feeding assay consisted of 4 dietary treatments fed: 1) antibiotics and E. faecalis; 2) antibiotics and no E. faecalis; 3) no antibiotics and E. faecalis; and 4) no antibiotics and no E. faecalis, in which seed consumption of the beetles was measured. Beetles administered antibiotics and then E. faecalis consumed greater weights of seeds and had both decreased efficiency of conversion of ingested material to biomass (E.C.I.) per beetle and decreased efficiency of conversion of digested material (E.C.D.) to biomass per beetle. These data provide further evidence that a gut microbiota dominated by E. faecalis facilitate seed consumption by H. pensylvanicus, possibly by contributing digestive enzymes to their host. Further research is needed on the evolutionary relationship between E. faecalis and granivorous insects, and on how these facultative symbioses could influence the trophic placement of animals within complex food webs.
First Record of Zelus obscuridorsis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) as a Predator of the South American Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The South American tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a Neotropical key pest of tomato in South America, and in recent years, it has become established in Europe and Africa. Recently we found the native true bug, Zelus obscuridorsis (Stal, 1860) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), predating diverse mobile insects in household vegetable gardens located in northwestern Argentina. We found that Z. obscuridorsis preys on mobile stages of T. absoluta , i.e., free larvae and adults but not on larvae in their mines, pupae or eggs. This is the first record of a Zelus species as predator of T. absoluta . We discuss the importance of this predator consuming only mobile items, in terms of using little exploited host niches, and its possible relationships with other antagonistic species of T. absoluta . La Polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), es una plaga neotropical clave para el cultivo de tomate en Sudamerica, que ha expandido su distribucion a Europa y Africa. Recientemente hallamos en una finca horticola del noroeste argentino a la chinche Zelus obscuridorsis (Stal, 1860) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) atacando diversos insectos moviles. Verificamos que depreda estados moviles, como larvas libres y adultos, pero no a las larvas en sus minas, huevos y pupas. Este es el primer registro de una especie del genero Zelus como depredador de T. absoluta . Se discute la importancia de este depredador, que solo consume individuos moviles, considerando que explota un nicho poco utilizado por otras especies antagonistas de la plaga. View this article in BioOne
DFB Laser Diode Dynamics with Optoelectronic Feedback

Semiconductor lasers have been one of the major building blocks of fiber optics based communication systems. For the past two decades, specifications of these lasers have been tailored to specific applications by defining certain performance parameters that do not necessarily overlap from one application to another. In this simulation work, we modify and enhance essential performance parameters of simple, low cost lasers and tailor them to specific applications that normally require advanced and complicated laser structures by using electronic feedback for instantaneous impairment correction, while at the same time maintain a compact size for the laser and the supporting circuitry around it. The main driver behind this work is to facilitate photonic integration by analyzing design cases with specific delays and structures for the feedback loop to deliver as a first step, a comprehensive design study for hybrid integration. Specific applications targeted are, analog transmission for wireless backhauling by reducing the laser Relative Intensity Noise and maintaining and enhancing transmitter linearity, improving laser modulation bandwidth and increasing the laser relaxation oscillation frequency, laser line-width reduction to target long haul transmission and coherent detection and finally producing self-pulsating laser for analog to digital conversion sampling application. The performance for all these applications is analyzed in both time and frequency domains. For the optical sampling source application, the feedback loop needs to be operating outside the stable regime in order for the laser to run in the self-pulsation mode, where the laser drive current can be used as a single point of control for the pulsation rep-rate.
Analysis of the Uncertainty in the relationship between Self-Determined Motivation and competitive Anxiety in dual-career students: Application of Information Theory and Bayesian Networks

This study is framed on the Information Theory as a constructive criterion to generate probabilistic distributions –through the elaboration of Bayesian Networks- and to reduce the uncertainty in the occurrence and relationship between two key psychological variables associated with the sports’ performance: Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety. We analyzed 674 universitary students/athletes who competed in the 2017 Universitary Games (Universiade) in México, from 44 universities, with an average age of 21 years old (SD = 2.07), and with a sportive experience of 8.61 years of average (SD = 5.15). Methods: Regarding the data analysis, first of all a CHAID algorithm was carried out for to know the independence links among variables, and then two Bayesian networks (BN) were elaborated. The validation of the BN revealed AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.92. Subsequently, various instantations were carried out with hypothetical values applied to the “bottom” variables. Results showed two probability trees that have Extrinisic Motivation and Amotivation at the top, while the anxiety/activation due to the worry for performance was at the bottom of probabilities. The instantiations carried out support the existence of these probabilistic relationships, demonstrating the little influence on the competition anxiety generated by the intrinsic motivation. In conclusion, the reduction of the uncertainty made up by the restricted BN may aloe to re-introduce Information Theory principles in psychosocial studies, allowing authors to obtain useful probabilities values upon target psychological variables related with sportive performance.
ALMA finds dew drops in the dusty spider's web

We present 0 ''. 5 resolution ALMA detections of the observed 246 GHz continuum, [CI] P-3(2) -> P-3(1) fine structure line ([CI] 2-1), CO(7-6), and H2O lines in the z = 2:161 radio galaxy MRC1138-262, the so-called Spiderweb galaxy. We detect strong [CI] 2-1 emission both at the position of the radio core, and in a second component similar to 4 kpc away from it. The 1100 km s(-1) broad [CI]2-1 line in this latter component, combined with its H-2 mass of 1 : 6 x 10(10) M-circle dot, implies that this emission must come from a compact region <60 pc, possibly containing a second active galactic nucleus (AGN). The combined H-2 mass derived for both objects, using the [CI]2-1 emission, is 3 : 3 x 10(10) M-circle dot. The total CO(7-6)/[CI]2-1 line flux ratio of 0.2 suggests a low excitation molecular gas reservoir and / or enhanced atomic carbon in cosmic ray dominated regions. We detect spatially-resolved H2O 211 202 emission-for the first time in a high-z unlensed galaxy-near the outer radio lobe to the east, and near the bend of the radio jet to the west of the radio galaxy. No underlying 246 GHz continuum emission is seen at either position. We suggest that the H2O emission is excited in the cooling region behind slow (10-40 km s(-1)) shocks in dense molecular gas (10(3-5) cm(3)). The extended water emission is likely evidence of the radio jet's impact on cooling and forming molecules in the post-shocked gas in the halo and inter-cluster gas, similar to what is seen in low-z clusters and other high-z radio galaxies. These observations imply that the passage of the radio jet in the interstellar and inter-cluster medium not only heats gas to high temperatures, as is commonly assumed or found in simulations, but also induces cooling and dissipation, which can lead to substantial amounts of cold dense molecular gas. The formation of molecules and strong dissipation in the halo gas of MRC1138-262 may explain both the extended diffuse molecular gas and the young stars observed around MRC1138-262.
Precision astrometry of pulsars and other compact radio sources in the globular cluster M15

The globular cluster (GC) M15 (NGC 7078) is host to at least eight pulsars and two low mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), one of which is also visible in the radio regime. Here we present the results of a multi-epoch global very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) campaign aiming at i) measuring the proper motion of the known compact radio sources; ii) finding and classifying thus far undetected compact radio sources in the GC; and iii) detecting a signature of the putative intermediate mass black hole (IMBH) proposed to reside at the core of M15. We measure the sky motion in right ascension (μα) and declination (μδ) of the pulsars M15A and M15C and of the LMXB AC211 to be (μα ,μ δ)M15A = (−0.54 ± 0.14, −4.33 ± 0.25) mas yr −1 ,( μα ,μ δ)M15C = (−0.75 ± 0.09, −3.52 ± 0.13) mas yr −1 , and (μα ,μ δ)AC211 = (−0.46 ± 0.08, −4.31 ± 0.20) mas yr −1 , respectively. Based on these measurements we estimate the global proper motion of M15 to be (μα ,μ δ) = (−0.58 ± 0.18, −4.05 ± 0.34) mas yr −1 . We detect two previously known but unclassified compact sources within our field of view. Our observations indicate that one them is of extragalactic origin while the other one is a foreground source, quite likely an LMXB. The double neutron star system M15C became fainter during the observations, disappeared for one year and is now observable again – an effect possibly caused by geodetic precession. The LMXB AC211 shows a double lobed structure in one of the observations indicative of an outburst during this campaign. With the inclusion of the last two of a total of seven observations we confirm the upper mass limit for a putative IMBH to be M• < 500 M� .
Growth Cycles in a Two-country Model of Innovation

This study examines growth cycles in a simple discrete-time two-country model of in- novation. In this setting, we find that there are two key driving forces that give rise to cycles. They are perfect international capital mobility and perfect international knowledge spillovers. In addition, this study shows that the opening of trade can create cycles in both countries, whereas pretrade equilibrium in each country initially jumps to the steady state. That is, our results are characteristic of an open-economy framework.
A simple method for blocking parasitic modes in a waveguide-packaged microstrip-line circuit

A simple structure formed by two metal patches symmetrically deposited at the two sides of the center microstrip is proposed and analyzed for blocking the higher order modes in a waveguide-packaged microstrip-line circuit. The variations (with the patch width) of the effective dielectric constants and field distributions of the modes in the packaged microstrip line with infinitely long side patches were first investigated using the two-dimensional (2-D) finite-element method (FEM) and the method of lines. The results suggested that there exists a range of patch widths at which the field distributions of the higher order modes are totally different from those of the microstrip line without side patches. The scattering of the patches as a function of the patch length and width was then studied using the three-dimensional (3-D) FEM with edge elements. It has been found that by simply choosing appropriate patch sizes, the parasitic higher order mode can be reflected without sacrificing the normal propagation of the dominant mode.
Efficiency of different types of ED-tether thrusters

The efficiencies of electrodynamic-tether (EDT) thrusters made of single bare tethers with different types of cross sections, several parallel bare tethers, or a fully insulated tether with a three-dimensional passive end-collector, are discussed. Current collection, mass, and ohmic resistance considerations are balanced against each other in discussing efficiencies. Use is made of recent results on the validity domain of orbital-motion-limited (OML) collection, the current law beyond that domain, and interference effects between parallel bare tethers; and on current adjustment to variations in electron density encountered in orbit. Comparisons between EDT thrusters and electrical thrusters in terms of the ratio of dedicated mass to the total mission impulse show EDT to be superior for mission times over 50–100 days.
Forcings and feedbacks in the GeoMIP ensemble for a reduction in solar irradiance and increase in CO2

The effective radiative forcings (including rapid adjustments) and feedbacks associated with an instantaneous quadrupling of the preindustrial CO2 concentration and a counterbalancing reduction of the solar constant are investigated in the context of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). The forcing and feedback parameters of the net energy flux, as well as its different components at the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) and surface, were examined in 10 Earth System Models to better understand the impact of solar radiation management on the energy budget. In spite of their very different nature, the feedback parameter and its components at the TOA and surface are almost identical for the two forcing mechanisms, not only in the global mean but also in their geographical distributions. This conclusion holds for each of the individual models despite intermodel differences in how feedbacks affect the energy budget. This indicates that the climate sensitivity parameter is independent of the forcing (when measured as an effective radiative forcing). We also show the existence of a large contribution of the cloudy‐sky component to the shortwave effective radiative forcing at the TOA suggesting rapid cloud adjustments to a change in solar irradiance. In addition, the models present significant diversity in the spatial distribution of the shortwave feedback parameter in cloudy regions, indicating persistent uncertainties in cloud feedback mechanisms.
Growth Performance and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Supplemented with GroBiotic-A and Brewtech Dried Brewers Yeast

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of Brewtech dried brewers yeast (BY) and GroBiotic-A (GB) on growth performance, proximate body composition, immune response, and resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia to Streptococcus iniae challenge. A practical basal (control) diet formulated to contain approximately 32% crude protein and 6% lipid was supplemented with 1% and 2% of BY or GB. Each diet was fed to Nile tilapia in quadruplicate aquaria for 12 weeks. Weight gain, feed intake, survival, and whole body proximate composition of fish were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Serum total protein, total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and agglutinating antibody titer to S. iniae were not significantly affected by dietary supplementation of BY or GB. However, serum haemolytic complement activity (SH50) of fish fed 1% BY was significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet and diets supplemented with 2% BY or GB. Cumulative mortality of fish 20 days post-challenge with S. iniae was unaffected by dietary treatments. However, fish fed diets supplemented with 1% BY and 2% BY or GB had substantially reduced and earlier cessation of mortality.
Consuming Impulses

Dennis W. Rook, University of Southern California Stephen J. Hoch, University of Chicago ABSTRACT This paper offers a psychological model of consumer impulse buying episodes. It goes beyond the standard definition of impulse buying (i.e. unplanned purchases) by distinguishing five crucial elements: I) a sudden and spontaneous desire to psychological disequilibrium; 3) the onset of psychological conflict and struggle; 4) a reduction in cognitive evaluation; 5) lack of regard for the consequences of impulse buying. A study of 202 adults was conducted. A consumer impulsivity scale was developed and then related to other consumer behaviors. Drawing upon depth interviews, we identified the distinctive elements that characterize the onset, psychological content of prototypic consumer buying episodes: product emanations, spontaneous urges to consume, the inner dialogue (cost-benefit analyses, resistance strategies, rationalization, guilt), and impulse persistence and power. [ to cite ]: Dennis W. Rook and Stephen J. Hoch (1985) ,"Consuming Impulses", in NA Advances in Consumer Research Volume 12, eds. Elizabeth C. Hirschman and Moris B. Holbrook, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 23-27.
Accuracy versus Migration Overhead in Multiprocessor Reweighting Algorithms

We consider schemes for enacting task share changes—a process called reweighting—on real-time multiprocessor platforms. Our particular focus is reweighting schemes that are deployed in environments in which tasks may frequently request significant share changes. Prior work has shown that fair scheduling algorithms are capable of reweighting tasks with minimal allocation error; this source of error is defined by comparing to an ideal allocation scheme. However, such algorithms do so at the expense of potentially high task-migration overheads. While in theoretical research it is common to ignore migration overheads, they actually constitute an additional source of error. With frequent and significant share changes, task migrations cannot be entirely prevented, if reasonable allocation error is desired. However, partitioning-based schemes that allow occasional reassignments of tasks to processors have the potential of significantly reducing migration costs. On the other hand, such schemes cannot match fair schemes with respect to allocation error, because under partitioning, some share allocations may not be possible. In this paper, we consider the question of whether the lower migration costs of partitioning-based schemes are sufficient to compensate for their greater allocation error. We show that allocation error in such schemes is influenced by several factors. We suggest several approaches for dealing with these factors and compare one of the resulting schemes to a prior fair scheme. Our conclusion is that partitioning-based schemes are capable of providing significantly lower overall error (due to both allocation inaccuracies and migration costs) than fair schemes in the average case. However, partitioning-based schemes are incapable of providing comparable fairness and real-time guarantees. ∗Work supported by NSF grants CCR 0204312, CCR 0309825, and CCR 0408996. The first author was also supported by an NSF fellowship.
The perception of Estonian quantity degrees by Spanish listeners

This paper studies the perception of the Estonian quantity degrees by Spanish L1 listeners. Estonian and Spanish have different prosodic systems. Estonian is a quantity language where duration in combination with tonal components is used to signal quantity while Spanish does not have a phonological length opposition [1]–[5]. Twenty-two Spanish L1 and a control group of ten Estonian L1 listeners participated in the Estonian three-way quantity identification test. The results showed that Spanish L1 listeners find it difficult to perceive the Estonian quantity degrees, in particular to distinguish the long and overlong quantities. The duration of study of Estonian and the time of residence in Estonia did not have an effect on the results. The results of this study support previous findings about the perception of Estonian quantity degrees [6]–[8], and are in line with the Feature Hypothesis [9] according to which the perception of L2 phonological features that are not used in L1 is difficult for L2 learners.