Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Mislabeled Changes by SZZ on Just-in-Time Defect Prediction

Just-in-Time (JIT) defect prediction—a technique which aims to predict bugs at change level—has been paid more attention. JIT defect prediction leverages the SZZ approach to identify bug-introducing changes. Recently, researchers found that the performance of SZZ (including its variants) is impacted by a large amount of noise. SZZ may considerably mislabel changes that are used to train a JIT defect prediction model, and thus impact the prediction accuracy. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the mislabeled changes by different SZZ variants on the performance and interpretation of JIT defect prediction models. We analyze four SZZ variants (i.e., B-SZZ, AG-SZZ, MA-SZZ, and RA-SZZ) that are proposed by prior studies. We build the prediction models using the labeled data by these four SZZ variants. Among the four SZZ variants, RA-SZZ is least likely to generate mislabeled changes, and we construct the testing set by using RA-SZZ. All of the four prediction models are then evaluated on the same testing set. We choose the prediction model built on the labeled data by RA-SZZ as the baseline model, and we compare the performance and metric importance of the models trained using the labeled data by the other three SZZ variants with the baseline model. Through a large-scale empirical study on a total of 126,526 changes from ten Apache open source projects, we find that in terms of various performance measures (AUC, F1-score, G-mean and Recall@20%), the mislabeled changes by B-SZZ and MA-SZZ are not likely to cause a considerable performance reduction, while the mislabeled changes by AG-SZZ cause a statistically significant performance reduction with an average difference of 1–5 percent. When considering developers’ inspection effort (measured by LOC) in practice, the changes mislabeled B-SZZ and AG-SZZ lead to 9–10 and 1–15 percent more wasted inspection effort, respectively. And the mislabeled changes by B-SZZ lead to significantly more wasted effort. The mislabeled changes by MA-SZZ do not cause considerably more wasted effort. We also find that the top-most important metric for identifying bug-introducing changes (i.e., number of files modified in a change) is robust to the mislabeling noise generated by SZZ. But the second- and third-most important metrics are more likely to be impacted by the mislabeling noise, unless random forest is used as the underlying classifier.
Corporate Governance, Legal Origin and Firm Performance

This dissertation deals with corporate governance, legal origin and firm performance with a focus mainly on Asia. The dissertation consists of four individual papers and an introductory chapter. All papers can be read individually but share a common theme in corporate governance and investments. The main region of interest is Asia due to its special characteristics of ownership structures and governance. However, comparative studies of Asia and Europe as well as global outlooks are included in the dissertation too. The papers contribute to research by studying effects on investment performance, firm performance, capital allocation and capital structure from legal traditions, institutional indicators and ownership type. The first paper focuses on family ownership which is found to affect firm performance negatively when using measures of firm valuation and returns, but investment performance positively when measured by marginal q. This suggest that family owned firms may be better at avoiding bad investments but at the same time have lower market valuation and returns to capital compared to firms with other owners. The second paper investigates investment performance and firm size in terms of number of employees in 58 countries around the world. It is found that initial increase of staff size tend to positively affect investment performance overall, but excessive employment has a negative impact on investment performance. The third paper studies the capital allocation in India after their economic reforms in the 1990s. It is found that allocation of capital has been slow to respond to reforms and firms face significant costs in adjusting their capital stock, leading to inefficient capital allocation. The fourth paper deals with firm capital structure in 24 Asian and European countries. Both financial market indicators of maturity and firm specific characteristics influence the leverage of firms. Financial market maturity measures have a negative effect on debt levels as do family ownership of firms.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology

191 Estimation of Relative Hazard between Groups of Cancer patients in North West Nigeria 1*Boyi Abubakar Dalatu, 2Shehu Ladan, 3Nwoji O. Jude, 4Shamsuddeen A. Sabo 1,2Department of Statistics, Waziri Umar Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. 3Department of Computer Science, Waziri Umar Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Department of Mathematics, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India. *abubakarboyidalatu@gmail.com and shela909@gmail.com
Materialism and Well ‐ Being Revisited : The Impact of Personality

Although the negative link between materialism and well-being has been confirmed by results from many empirical studies, mechanisms underlying this association still remain partially unexplained. The issue is addressed in this article in two ways. Firstly, the nature of the components of materialism is examined, and secondly—the article demonstrates that personality (particularly neuroticism and narcissism) is one of the important factors linking materialism and well-being. The article presents the results of three empirical studies, in which three main assumptions were verified—that the components of materialism, i.e. acquisition centrality, acquisition as a pursuit of happiness and possession-defined success, have dissimilar impacts on well-being, that materialists with high and low levels of neuroticism and narcissism differ with regard to well-being, and that neuroticism and narcissism mediate the relationship between materialism and well-being. The studies were based on self-reports and utilized well-known, established questionnaire measures of materialism, personality and well-being. The results showed that each component of materialism was associated with well-being in a slightly different way. Of the three possession-defined happiness was the strongest predictor of all aspects of well-being examined and the centrality component was not associated with any of them. Materialists with a high level of neuroticism and low level of grandiose narcissism experienced diminished well-being in comparison to materialism with a low level of neuroticism and high level of grandiose narcissism. Neuroticism and grandiose narcissism were both significant mediators, acting contrary to each other—neuroticism lowered well-being, whereas grandiose narcissism elevated it.
Tele-Operating USAR Robots

Successful tele-operation in Urban Search and Rescue depends on operators’ perceptual judgment accuracy (e.g., judging whether a robot can pass through an opening) and driving performance (e.g., driving the robot through an opening without collision). Previous research (Jones, Johnson, & Schmidlin, 2011; Schmidlin, 2014) tested operators’ perceptual judgments when tele-operating through apertures of varying widths. The current study is an exploratory reanalysis of the driving performance data collected in Jones et al. (2011) and Schmidlin (2014). Driving performance was defined as the proportion of times an operator passed through an aperture without colliding with the aperture. As aperture size increased, the proportion of apertures passed increased in a predictable quadratic pattern. Proportion passed scores were significantly higher at the end of the experiments, after approximately 1 hr of practice, than at the beginning of the experiments. We could not determine whether 1 hr of practice was sufficient for operators to reach maximum driving performance.
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 46, 317–322 (2000)

dyes, explosives, and as preservatives in pesticides. They have become common environmental pollutants because of their toxicity and their resistance to microbial degradation (Marvin-Sikkema and de Bont, 1994; Spain, 1995). Actually, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), which is well known as an uncoupler of electron transport phosphorylation, is also described as toxic to microorganisms (Gage and Neidhardt, 1993). Therefore, studies on the microbial degradation of 2,4-DNP are rare. Until now, three different strains that use 2,4-DNP as their sole source of carbon and nitrogen have been described (Blasco et al., 1999; Lenke et al., 1992). Typically, aromatic compounds are biologically oxidized at an initial step of degradation. The degradation of mononitroaromatic compounds and some dinitroaromatic compounds, such as 2,6-DNP, is initiated by oxygenation by a monooxygenase or dioxygenase (Ecker et al., 1992; Jain et al., 1994; Meulenberg et al., 1996; Schenzle et al., 1997; Spain and Gibson, 1991; Zeyer and Kearney, 1984). In contrast, the analysis of metabolization of trinitroaromatic compounds revealed that trinitroaromatic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid), are reduced at an initial step of bacterial degradation, which is readily susceptible to an initiation of reductive rather than oxidative attack in the presence of electron-withdrawing nitro groups as substituents (Behrend and Kerstin, 1999; Lenke and Knackmuss, 1992; Rieger et al., 1999; Vorbeck et al., 1998). In 2,4-DNP degradation strains, Lenke et al. suggested that a reductive pathway that degrades 2,4-DNP has been demonstrated in Rhodococcus erythropolis HL24-1 and HL24-2 (Lenke et al., 1992). Therefore people have been wondering whether or not microbial degradation of 2,4-DNP generally was performed by a reductive reaction. Furthermore, the characterization of phylogenetic and phenotypic relationships of bacteria in terms of degradation of pollutants should be necessary to specify an operational condition that will be provided by environmental engineering for eliminating the pollutant. Here we report the phylogenetic and phenotypic relationships of isolated 2,4-DNP-degrading bacterial strains. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains were isolated by aerobic enrichment cultures from cultivated soil that had been contaminated by pesticides or activated sludge collected from the waste treatment facilities of Phylogenetic and phenotypic relationships of microorganisms that degrade uncoupler compound, 2,4-dinitrophenol
Modelling and testing of a historic steel suspension footbridge in Ireland

Daly's Bridge is a historic steel suspension footbridge in Ireland, known locally as the ‘Shaky Bridge’ for its noticeable movement under pedestrian loading. Although there is concern regarding the performance of the structure, testing or modelling has not been carried out to date and inadequate information exists in relation to carrying out such analyses. In this paper, Daly's Bridge is instrumented and tested for the first time and a model of the bridge is established and improved in the process. Apart from ambient vibration, excitation from traversing pedestrians and cyclists is considered. Video analysis of dynamic deflection, a wavelet-packet-based technique using acceleration responses and dynamic measurements from a cheap smartphone accelerometer application are used to identify and compare the natural frequency of the bridge. The work contributes to the evidence base of full-scale measurements from instrumenting and analysing responses of aging pedestrian bridges, highlighting the complexity, chal.
The Effect of a Different form of Corn Cob Based Complete Feed On the Consumption, Characteristics, and Ruminal Fermentation on Ruminants

Livestock productivity is influenced by environmental factors, which could reach 70%, and genetic factors are only 30%. Of the environmental factors, aspects of the feed had the most impact, which is about 60%. The main feed of ruminants is greenery, however, its availability is very limited, especially in the dry season, thus, conducted the provision of fodder by optimizing the utilization of agricultural / crops waste into a complete forage. One of the crops waste that has significant potential is corn cobs, which is wasted and accumulate and eventually decomposed when it mixed together with other garbage. This waste contains a lot of cellulose and This study aims to determine the effect of the form of a corn cob based complete forage with another form of forage, on consumption, characteristic, Rumen Fermentation for local goats. The study was compiled using the completely randomized design with unidirectional pattern (Completely Randomized Design / CRD) 3 x 3 with handling: R1 is flour / mesh form complete forage, R2 is Pellets form complete forage and R3 is Wafer form complete forage. This handling does not affect significantly (P> 0.05) on dry matter intake, organic matter, crude fiber and crude protein. Similarly on Ammonia ruminal fluid and ruminal pH also not significant react(P> 0.05). The results showed that feeding the TMR complete forage in different forms, give no significant effect (P> 0.05), or it can be concluded that, there is no negative effect on the performance of local goats.
A time–frequency analysis based internal leakage detection method for hydraulic actuators

Internal leakage in the hydraulic actuators is concerned in this article, which is caused by seal damage, resulting in the limited performance of the system. To study the issue, this article proposes a method based on time–frequency analysis for the detection in hydraulic actuators. First, the pressure signal after filtering of the actuator in one side is collected when the control valve is affected by sinusoidal-like inputs. Second, the time–frequency image of pressure signal in a period at different leakage levels is obtained after continuous wavelet transform. Third is the sum of pixels in the time–frequency image. It is shown that the feature pattern is established by the sum of pixels in the time–frequency image that internal leakage and its severity could be detected effectively. The proposed method required two baselines and premeasured the pressure signal at 11 leakage levels. Once the sum of pixels in the time–frequency image values, obtained from the time–frequency image by continuous wavelet transform based on wavelet Cmor1-1 in subsequent offline tests, are greater than the first baseline, a leakage alarm is triggered. Furthermore, a severe leakage alarm is triggered when the value is greater than the second baseline. Experimental tests show the accuracy of the proposed scheme at different mother wavelets, and it is done without knowing the model of actuator or leakage.
MiPSCom: A (cid:11)ovel Content-Based Publish/Subscribe Communication Model for Wireless Sensor (cid:11)etworks

Due to extreme resource constraints and lack of suitable programming abstractions, programming sensor networks remains a complex and tedious process. Dealing with sensor devices in large numbers, which are error prone and limited in terms of energy, memory and processing power, introduces a burden on application development. Well adapted to the loosely coupled nature of distributed interaction in large-scale applications, the publish/subscribe communication paradigm has recently received increasing attention in the domain of wireless sensor networks. In this paper we propose a well-defined content-based publish/subscribe service, MiPSCom, that allows the application designer to adapt the service by choosing appropriate communication protocol components for subscription and notification. A major design goal of the proposed communication model is to give the application designer a simple and flexible means to select protocol components and data attributes according to his needs, and to give him more fine-grained control over the publish/subscribe service through a number of extension components. The flexibility of MiPSCom to support different sensor node platforms, communication protocols and interaction patterns has been demonstrated experimentally. The experimental results show that our approach exports significant performance tradeoffs to the application in an easy-to-use fashion, and the communication model is general and flexible enough to support different interaction patterns and the execution time overhead is acceptable.
Role of Parenting Styles in Determining Self-Esteem and Loneliness among Undergraduate Students

A child’s personality and behaviour has always been a reflection of his/her upbringing and the values that the parents have given him or her. Each parent has their own way to deal with their children. Parenting style has often seem to affect a child’s personality traits like persistence, trust, forgiveness, or attributes like self-efficacy, identity formation, or behaviour like aggressiveness, etc. To further explore the role of parenting style, this study aims to see its role in determining self-esteem and loneliness. To fulfill this purpose, a sample of 100 undergraduate students was drawn from Delhi University, and parenting style, self-esteem and loneliness were measured. The findings revealed a positive relationship between parenting styles and loneliness and a negative relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS: WATER, PORES AND THE HYDROGEN FUEL SYSTEMS

The molecular diffraction form factors of water [1] impose restrictions on the sharpness of the angular correlations of liquid water that can be measured by X-Ray or neutron diffraction. Realistically, the largest angular term measurable is the octupole or hexadecupole. On the other hand, fully analytical models are needed to study transformations and phase behavior of water and solutions near electrode interfaces and in pores. The xyz-octupolar model of water [2] is simple and analytical. It is fully consistent with the diffraction experiments. The rather excellent agreement of the structure obtained from this potential and experiment (Blum et al.) [3] is a consequence of this fact. Several groups have in recent times used this model to study complex biological systems.
Protection of renewable energy systems

The recent progress in renewable energy (RE) technologies has led to the erection of RE power plants (REPPs) up to the order of several hundred megawatts. Unlike their predecessors, which generally appeared in the form of dispersed generation (DG) coupled mainly with distribution systems, such large REPPs are naturally part of high-voltage transmission networks and hold non-negligible proportions of the generation. On the other hand, RE-based DGs are becoming pervasive in modern distribution systems. As a result, the fault ride-through (FRT) requirement has become an essential part of modern grid codes. This dissertation investigates the challenges brought about by the FRT requirement now affecting protection of systems with which REPPs are integrated. On the transmission level, it explores the performance of distance relays that are installed at an REPP substation and protect the neighboring line. The analyses are founded upon time-domain simulation of detailed REPP models with FRT capability. The studies include squirrel cage induction generator and doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms, as well as full-scale converter-interfaced REPPs. The exclusive fault behavior of REPPs is scrutinized to identify possible relay maloperations and their root causes. The relay malfunctions revealed by this dissertation are restricted to systems with REPPs, and are not among the known distance relay failures that can occur in conventional power systems. If a communication link with minimal bandwidth requirement is in place, distance relays provide non-delayed fast tripping over the entire length of the line. This feature is retained by devising modified relaying algorithms. On the distribution level, the dissertation examines the effects of RE-based DGs on directional relays and on fault type classification methods. DFIG-based wind turbines constitute an appreciable portion of today’s DG power. Conventional directional elements are shown to be adversely affected when a distribution system incorporates DFIG-based wind DG. An effective method is proposed to identify the fault direction using the waveshape properties of fault signals. Microgrids are the building blocks of future smart distribution systems. Protective devices of smart and fault-resilient microgrids are not expected to trip the healthy phases iii during unbalanced short-circuits. Thus, some utilities as well as relay manufacturers have started contemplating singleand double-pole tripping for distribution systems. Selective phase tripping demands fault type classification. This dissertation reveals that existing industrial methods that exploit the phase difference between sequence currents and the magnitudes of phase and sequence currents misidentify the fault type in microgrids that include photovoltaic and/or Type IV wind DGs. Using phase and sequence voltages, two new classifiers are proposed to determine the fault type for not only microgrids with different DGs, but for any three-phase system.
ON A BACKWARD PROBLEM FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL TIME FRACTIONAL WAVE EQUATION WITH DISCRETE RANDOM DATA

This paper is concerned with a backward problem for a twodimensional time fractional wave equation with discrete noise. In general, this problem is ill-posed, therefore the trigonometric method in nonparametric regression associated with Fourier truncation method is proposed to solve the problem. We also give some error estimates and convergence rates between the regularized solution and the sought solution under some assumptions.
Event-based image recognition applied in tennis training assistance

This paper presents a concept of a real-time system for individual tennis training assistance. The system is supposed to provide user (player) with information on his strokes accuracy as well as other training quality parameters such as velocity and rotation of the ball during its flight. The method is based on image processing methods equipped with developed explorative analysis of the events and their description by parameters of the movement. There has been presented the concept for further deployment to create a complete system that could assist tennis player during individual training.
Modeling Determinants of Low Birth Weight for Under Five-Children in Ethiopia

Low birth weight (LBW) is a major determinant of morbidity, mortality and disability in infancy and childhood and has a long-term impact on health outcomes in adult life. This study was aimed to model LBW using marginal and generalized linear mixed models as well as identify the potential risk factors of LBW in Ethiopia. Data was taken from the 2011 Ethiopian demographic and health survey, which is a nationally representative survey of children in the 0–59 month age groups. Two model families, generalized estimating equation and alternating logistic regression models from marginal model family, and generalized linear mixed model from cluster specific model family were used for the analysis. The result showed that 34.8% of children were born with LBW. Alternating logistic regression model was best fits the data for population-averaged effects of the given factors on birth weight than generalized estimating equation model. Generalized linear mixed model with two random intercepts was the best model to evaluate within and between regional heterogeneity of birth weight. Both the best-fitted models gave the same conclusion that sex, wealth status, age, antenatal care, marital status, vaccination, anemia and mother education level were the determinant factors of LBW. This study contributes to the understanding of the individual and collective effect of maternal, socio-economic and child related factors influencing infant birth weight in Ethiopia.