Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF STEREO AND RGB SENSORS FOR UAV COLLISION AVOIDANCE

OF THE THESIS Performance Comparison of Stereo and RGB Sensors for UAV Collision Avoidance By Andrii Hlyvko Thesis Director: Waheed U. Bajwa, Francisco Javier Diez Over the past years there have been many different approaches that have shown significant progress towards solving the challenging problem of collision avoidance for UAVs. These approaches range from SLAM to machine learning. Machine learning approaches are promising because the model learns to perform a complex task using training data instead of someone having to develop a complex and task-specific controller. In machine learning approaches we can choose whether to train in simulation or on real data. Collecting real-world UAV collision data is very time consuming and can result in a damaged UAV. On the other hand, synthetic data and real-world data come from different distributions so training using synthetic data introduces a gap between the learned distribution and the actual one, which can result in poor performance. Even though this distribution gap exists, training in simulation saves time and cost of training,
Visible Light Communication System Employing Space Time Coded Relay Nodes and Imaging Receivers

—In this paper, authors propose a VLC system, whose source of information is assumed to be a power line, and employs a combination of relaying and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques. Precisely, the performance of a VLC system, with relay nodes equipped with a MIMO technique called space time block coding (STBC), is investigated. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the Alamouti coding (AC) scheme, which is a type of STBC, is speciﬁcally considered. In order to enhance the overall system reliability, we propose to use an imaging receiver (ImR), in conjunction with the relay-MIMO setup. In comparison to when a nonimaging receiver (NImR) is employed, an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 7 dB is observed when an ImR with a speciﬁc number of pixels, is used, hence, improving the BER. We also investigate and show that the selected number of pixels and receiver location have an effect on the system BER. SNR values of 9 dB, 11 dB and 15 dB were required to maintain a BER of 10 − 4 for imaging receivers with 70, 50 and 20 pixels, respectively.
Post-diagnostic antipsychotic use and breast cancer mortality: a population based cohort study

Background: Many antipsychotics elevate prolactin, a hormone implicated in breast cancer aetiology however no studies have investigated antipsychotic use in patients with breast cancer. This study investigated if antipsychotic use is associated with an increased risk of cancer-specific mortality among breast cancer patients. Methods: A cohort of 23,695 women newly diagnosed with a primary breast cancer between 1st January 1998 and 31st December 2012 was identified from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to English cancer-registries and followed for until 30th September 2015. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer-specific mortality comparing use of antipsychotics with non-use, overall, and by prolactin elevating activitiy. Analyses were repeated restricting to patients with a history of severe mental illness to control for potential confounding by indication. Results: In total 848 patients were prescribed an antipsychotic and of which 162 died due to their breast cancer. Compared with non-use, antipsychotic use was associated with an increased risk of breast-cancer specific mortality (HR 2.25, 95%CI 1.90 – 2.67), but this did not follow a dose response relation. Restricting the cohort to patients with severe mental illness attenuated the association between antipsychotic use and breast cancer-specific mortality (HR 1.11, 95%CI 0.58 – 2.14). Conclusions: In this population-based cohort of breast cancer patients, while the use of antipsychotics was associated with increased breast cancer-specific mortality, there was a lack of a dose response, and importantly null associations were observed in patients with severe mental illness, suggesting the observed association is likely a result of confounding by indication. This study provides an exemplar of confounding by indication, highlighting the importance of consideration of this important bias in studies of drug effects in cancer patients.
Picornaviruses as a Model for Studying the Nature of RNA Recombination

The possibility of recombination should obviously depend on the fate and status of the viral RNA in the infected cell. Two fundamentally different but not mutually exclusive mechanisms of RNA recombination were proposed at an early step of investigation of this phenomenon. The preciseness of recombination may also be interpreted in favor of the replicative model. Perhaps the most formidable problem of replicative RNA recombination is finding the proper anchoring site on the secondary template. The crossovers during RNA recombination can be distributed over the whole viral genome, indicating that no specific sequences or structures are required. Numerous examples of natural interserotype picornavirus recombinants have been described in this chapter. The chapter focuses on an aspect especially important from the evolutionary perspective, namely, the possible role of RNA recombination in viral speciation. Remarkably, IRESs of some picornaviruses exhibit marked structural similarities to respective cis-elements of viruses belonging to other families of RNA viruses, e.g., Flaviviridae. In addition to picornaviruses, it is very common in nidoviruses, in particular, coronaviruses and toroviruses. It should be noted that mechanisms of RNA recombination other than the aforementioned classical template switch and apparently host protein-dependent nonreplicative mode have been proposed to occur in some systems. Another promising approach consists of using small interfering RNA to identify host genes involved in RNA recombination, a technique not yet attempted for picornaviruses.
Using multivariate generalized linear latent variable models to measure the difference in event count for stranded marine animals

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The classification of marine animals as protected species makes data and information on them to be very important. Therefore, this led to the need to retrieve and understand the data on the event counts for stranded marine animals based on location emergence, number of individuals, behavior, and threats to their presence. Whales are generally often stranded in very shallow areas with sloping sea floors and sand. Data were collected in this study on the incidence of stranded marine animals in 20 provinces of Indonesia from 2015 to 2019 with the focus on animals such as Balaenopteridae, Delphinidae, Lamnidae, Physeteridae and Rhincodontidae. METHODS:Multivariate latent generalized linear model was used to compare several distributions to analyze the diversity of event counts. Two optimization models including Laplace and Variational approximations were also applied. RESULTS: The best theta parameter in the latent multivariate latent generalized linear latent variable model was found in the Akaike Information Criterion, Akaike Information Criterion Corrected and Bayesian Information Criterion values, andthe information obtained was used to create a spatial cluster. Moreover, there was a comprehensive discussion on ocean-atmosphere interaction and the reasons the animals were stranded. CONCLUSION: The changes in marine ecosystems due to climate change, pollution, overexploitation, changes in sea use, and the existence of invasive alien species deserve serious attention.
Training and evaluating classifiers from evidential data: application to E2M tree pruning

In many application data are imperfect, imprecise or more generally uncertain. Many classiﬁcation methods have been presented that can handle data in some parts of the learning or the inference process, yet seldom in the whole process. Also, most of the proposed approach still evaluate their results on precisely known data. However, there are no reason to assume the existence of such data in applications, hence the need for assessment method working for uncertain data. We propose such an approach here, and apply it to the pruning of E 2 M decision trees. This results in an approach that can handle data uncertainty wherever it is, be it in input or output variables, in training or in test samples.
Population Energetics of Northern Pintails Wintering in the Sacramento Valley, California

Recovery of northern pintail (Anas acuta) breeding populations may be facilitated by improved management of winter food and habitat resources. We estimated daily energy expenditure (DEE) of pintails, which included energy required from food and carcass reserves (DER food , DER reserves ), from mid-August to mid-March during a dry (1980-81) and a wet (1981-82) winter in the Sacramento Valley, California, using equations for existence metabolism (EM; kJ/day) and estimates of body mass, carcass composition, food habits, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of winter foods. We used these values and food density (kg/ha) to model population food and habitat (ha) requirements. Predicted DEE by monthly period ranged from 794 to 1,180 kJ/day for males and 700 to 1,044 kJ/day for females. Pintails consumed a predicted 49-82 g of food/ day from wetlands and rice fields. The DEE was highest in September-October or October-November and again in January-February, and DER reserves was greater during November-December or December-January (up to 11.6% of DEE ), and during the dry winter. Total food consumed by the larger pintail population present in the wet winter of 1981-82 exceeded that of the smaller population in the dry winter of 1980-81, both from wetlands (2.89 vs. 2.52 million kg) and harvested rice fields (11.4 vs. 9.37 million kg). Likewise, the cumulative area of wetlands and rice fields used to provide food was greater in the wet (2,060 ha of wetlands, 41,456 ha of rice fields) than dry winter (1,782 ha of wetlands, 33,941 ha of rice fields); these totals accounted for up to 23% of available rice fields and 9% of available wetlands. Population food and habitat requirements peaked in December-January, coinciding with peak pintail populations but not peak DEE (Jan-Feb). Model outcomes were most sensitive to variation in food density, AME, percentage of food obtained from wetlands and rice fields, and pintail abundance. Food and habitat seemed adequate for pintail populations wintering in the Sacramento Valley in the 1980s and presently; however, this conclusion must be validated by modeling bioenergetic requirements for other abundant waterfowl and wildlife that forage in rice fields and wetlands in this region.
Changes in the tropical Pacific SST trend 1 from CMIP 3 to CMIP 5 and its implication of ENSO 2 1

13 This study assesses the changes in the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) trend 14 and ENSO amplitude by comparing a historical run of the Coupled Model Intercomparison 15 Project (CMIP) phase 5 dataset and the CMIP phase 3 dataset. The results indicate that the 16 magnitude of the SST trend in the tropical Pacific basin has significantly reduced from 17 CMIP3 to CMIP5, which may be associated with the overestimation of the response to 18 natural forcing and aerosols by including Earth System Models in CMIP5. Moreover, the 19 patterns of tropical warming over the second half of the twentieth century have changed from 20 a La Nina-like structure in CMIP3 to an El Nino-like structure in CMIP5. Further analysis 21 indicates such changes in the background state of the tropical Pacific and an increase in the 22 sensitivity of the atmospheric response to the SST changes in the eastern tropical Pacific have 23 influenced the ENSO properties. In particular, the ratio of the SST anomaly variance in the 24 eastern and western tropical Pacific increased from CMIP3 to CMIP5, indicating that a center 25 of action associated with the ENSO amplitude has shifted to the east. 26
Developmental zero and effective accumulative temperature of the allium leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis

ネギ ハモグ リバエLiriomyza chiunsisは,ネ ギや ラ ッキ ョ ウ等を加害する害虫 として知 られる. 岩 手県 では,県 中 南部のネギ栽培地域を中心 として発生 してお り,潜 葉 に よる品質低下な どの被害が見 られる. 本 種は蛹態 で越冬 す ることが判明 して いるが(6),そ の他 の生態 に関す る知見は少ない. こ のため,本 県 における発 生生態 およ び加害生態が不明であ り,現 場では防除に苦慮 している. そ こで本報告では,発 生予察のための生態解 明を目的 としてネギハモグ リバエの卵か ら蛹までの発育 日数 を調 査 し,発 育零点 と有効積算温度を求めた. ま た,野 外 の ネギ無防除圃場 にて発生消長を調査 し,推 定された成 虫 の発生時期 との比較 を行った. 本文 に先立ち,本 種の同定 をしていただいた北海道 立 北見農試岩崎暁生氏,種 々 ご教示 くださった岩 手県植物 防疫協会千葉武勝氏,調 査 にご協力いただいた防除所 の 諸氏 に厚 くお礼 申し上げる.
Viewpoint 4

forming process must account for the appearance of the rash, including expanding rings and spirals, and collision fronts, as well as its dynamic evolution. Hitherto, the rapid spread of the bands of inflammatory skin across the skin surface (up to 1 cm per day) has defied explanation. Some authors have suggested it is due to diffusion, but a simple calculation shows that the rate of diffusion for even small macromolecules is orders of magnitude too small (17). Once again, consider the chemical prepattern hypothesis as a possible solution to the problem. In contrast to the stationary patterns described above, in this case, the chemical gradient is a wave that propagates across the skin surface. Many features of the rash, including its morphology and rapid evolution, emerge naturally as a consequence of this reaction–diffusion mechanism (Fig. 2) (20,21). Here the concept of symmetry breaking found in dynamical systems theory is applied to pattern formation in some examples of human skin disease. Although as yet unproven, the mathematics show that the mechanisms are physically well founded. Quantitative approaches to the problem of pattern formation in skin disease result in falsifiable predictions and offer the prospect of new and counterintuitive insights into pathogenesis.
2 Static unconstrained optimization

for x ∈ Xad or x ∈U2∩Xad with U2 a sufficiently small 2–neighborhood of x∗ (cf. Definition 1.2). For this, recall the mean value theorem (Theorem 1.3) and assume that f (x) ∈C (Xad) and that the line segment [x∗, x∗+δx] ⊂ Xad for sufficiently small δx . Then taking into account (1.24) we have f (x∗+δx) = f (x∗)+ (δx) (∇ f )(x∗+ (1− r )δx) for some r ∈ [0,1]. In case of a minimizer x∗ the inequality (2.2) with x = x∗+δx has to be fulfilled for all δx sufficiently small. This yields
Results from a phase I/Ib trial of enzalutamide and gemcitabine and cisplatin in metastatic bladder cancer (mBC).

471 Background: Novel targeted therapies are an unmet need in mBC. Androgen receptor (AR) is a rational target in BC and we conducted a phase 1/1b trial assessing safety and tolerability of AR antonist, enzalutamide (ENZ) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) in mBC. Methods: The dose escalation phase allowed patients with mBC regardless of the AR status (assessed on routine IHC) and dose expansion cohort allowed only AR+ pts. The dose escalation phase had 2 cohorts testing ENZ at doses of 80 and 160 mg respectively with GC (G 1000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and C 70 mg/m2 on day 1 every 21 days). After 6 cycles of ENZ+GC, pts. continued maintenance ENZ until disease progression. Primary objective was safety and tolerability of ENZ and GC. Secondary objectives were PFS, OS and objective tumor response. Exploratory objectives included evaluation of AR expression in tumor tissues and correlation with outcomes and CTC evaluation at baseline and prior to cycle 3, including AR expression in CTCs and correlation with clinical outcomes. Key eligibility criteria included ECOG PS of 0-1, and no contraindications to ENZ and GC. Results: A total of 10 pts were enrolled between Nov. 2014 and Jan. 2017; 6 pts were enrolled on the dose escalation phase, there were no DLTs observed and ENZ dose of 160 mg was used for the dose expansion cohort, which enrolled 4 pts. The combination of ENZ and GC was well tolerated with expected toxicities, mainly from GC. Median age was 65.6 yrs, 9/10 pts were male; of the 8 evaluable pts, 1 had CR, 4 had PR, 2 had SD and 1 had PD; median OS was 10.59 mos and median PFS was 7.68 mos. CTCs were detectable in 9/10 pts and correlated with disease response. The pt with CR was a female pt with strongly AR + tumor (>90%) and continues to remain in CR 24 months from starting treatment. Exploratory analysis from CTCs and is ongoing. Conclusions: This is the 1st clinical trial to target AR signaling in mBC with ENZ and to evaluate safety of ENZ with GC. While there were limited number of pts enrolled, the results from this study provide early evidence that AR is a rational target in BC and anti-AR therapies can be safely combined with chemotherapy. Clinical trial information: NCT02300610.
THE EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF COMPLEX POLYMORPHISMS , ,

The theory of balanced polymorphism which has been elaborated by population geneticists, notably Sewall Wright and R. A. Fisher, has in the main been concerned with the effects of single loci. As theory generally goes apace with experiment, this accent on single locus polymorphisms has been due to the plethora of observational evidence relating to simple cases. It is sufficient to note the vast effort made by Dobzhansky and his co-workers in their elucidation of the inversion polymorphism of the third chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura. In recent years, however, a few cases have come to light of polymorphisms involving more than one Mendelian unit. Among these are the inversions on different chromosomes found in D. robustca studied by Levitan (1955 and 1958), the shell color of Cepaea nemoralis reported by Lamotte (1951) and by Cain and Sheppard (1952), the complex mimicry pattern in certain butterflies (Sheppard, 1959) and the inversions in two chromosomes of the grasshopper Moraba scurra analyzed by White (1957) and Lewontin and White (1960). The study of effects of natural selection on single locus polymorphisms must take into account only inter-allelic effects such as additivity and dominance. In multi-locus polymorphisms, however,
THE ADAPTIVE SIGNIGICANCE OF REPTILIAN VIVIPARITY IN THE TROPICS: TESTING THE MATERNAL MANIPULATION HYPOTHESIS

Abstract Phylogenetic transitions from oviparity to viviparity in reptiles generally have occurred in cold climates, apparently driven by selective advantages accruing from maternal regulation of incubation temperature. But why, then, are viviparous reptiles so successful in tropical climates? Viviparity might enhance fitness in the tropics via the same pathway as in the temperate zone, if pregnant female reptiles in the tropics maintain more stable temperatures than are available in nests (Shin's maternal manipulation hypothesis). Alternatively, viviparity might succeed in the tropics for entirely different reasons than apply in the temperate zone. Our data support the maternal manipulation hypothesis. In a laboratory thermal gradient, pregnant death adders (Acanthophis praelongus) from tropical Australia maintained less variable body temperatures (but similar mean temperatures) than did nonpregnant females. Females kept at a diel range of 25–31d̀C (as selected by pregnant females) gave birth earlier and produced larger offspring (greater body length and head size) than did females kept at 23–33d̀C (as selected by nonpregnant snakes). Larger body size enhanced offspring recapture rates (presumably reflecting survival rates) in the field. Thus, even in the tropics, reproducing female reptiles manipulate the thermal regimes experienced by their developing embryos in ways that enhance the fitness of their offspring. This similarity across climatic zones suggests that a single general hypothesis‐maternal manipulation of thermal conditions for embryogenesis‐may explain the selective advantage of viviparity in tropical as well as cold‐climate reptiles.
Changing Prevalence and Age Distribution

Copyright © 2007 American Heart Association. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online 72514 Circulation is published by the American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106. 627224 2007;115;163-172; originally published online Jan 8, 2007; Circulation Pilote Ariane J. Marelli, Andrew S. Mackie, Raluca Ionescu-Ittu, Elham Rahme and Louise Age Distribution Congenital Heart Disease in the General Population: Changing Prevalence and http://circ.ahajournals. org/cgi/content/full/115/2/163 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
Brown hyaena population explosion: rapid population growth in a small, fenced system

Abstract Context. In the past 200 years, many carnivores have experienced a widespread decline in numbers and range reductions. Conservation interventions include the use of small, fenced reserves that have potential restoration benefits for conservation. Over the past 25 years, the Eastern Cape province of South Africa has seen the establishment of many small (≤440 km2) game reserves, and the reintroduction of the larger, indigenous wildlife that had been extirpated by the early 20th century, including brown hyaenas (Hyaena brunnea). These game reserves have restored the environment to a more natural state but little information exists concerning the benefits and implications of introducing elusive animals that are seldom seen after reintroduction. Fenced reserves have the potential to provide surplus animals that can be relocated for restoration purposes (where applicable) or serve as a buffer to the extinction of naturally occurring populations, but careful management is required to monitor populations appropriately, so as to avoid the costs of rapid population increase. Aims. The reintroduction of brown hyaenas to the Eastern Cape has provided a case study to assess the role of small reserves and their potential to contribute to conservation, by determining the persistence and population growth of brown hyaenas in a small, enclosed reserve. Methods. Estimates of brown hyaena density were calculated using a capture–recapture approach from individually identifiable images captured during a 3-month camera trapping survey. Key results. After a single decade, the brown hyaena population increased by at least 367%, from six individuals to a minimum of 28 individuals. These results suggest that this brown hyaena population has the highest density ever recorded for the species in southern Africa. Conclusions and Implications. Because brown hyaena populations were high relative to natural unfenced populations, high fences may provide two utilities for their conservation. Fenced reserves may provide surplus animals to support reintroductions and provide protected populations to buffer the risk of species extinction.