Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny of the Oriental butterfly genus Arhopala (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes

Abstract. We present a phylogeny for a selection of species of the butterfly genus Arhopala Boisduval, 1832 based on molecular characters. We sequenced 1778 bases of the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome Oxidase 1 and 2 including tRNALeu, and a 393‐bp fragment of the nuclear wingless gene for a total of 42 specimens of 33 species, representing all major species groups. Analyses of mtDNA and wingless genes show congruent phylogenetic signal. The phylogeny presented here confirms the monophyly of the centaurus, eumolphus, camdeo and epimuta groups and the amphimuta subgroup. It confirms close relationships between species within the agelastus group, that together with the amphimuta subgroup, centaurus and camdeo groups form a monophyletic group. However, incongruencies with previous taxonomic studies also occur; the amphimuta and silhetensis groups are not monophyletic, as is the genus Arhopala itself. One enigmatic species, A. kinabala, was evaluated further for topology and the support for basal placement of this species is due mainly to the wingless gene. However, in the Parsimony analysis, and subsequent Maximum Likelihood evaluations, certain nodes could not be resolved due to insufficient support. The mtDNA shows extreme AT bias with compositional heterogeneity at 3rd codon positions, which may result in saturation. By contrast, the wingless gene does not show compositional bias, suggesting that poor support is not due solely to saturation. The evaluation of morphological characters used in previous studies on Arhopala systematics on the molecular tree indicates that the macular pattern and the absence of tails at the hind wings show extensive homoplasy. A significant phylogenetic signal (as indicated by T‐PTP tests) is present in several of these morphological characters, which are nevertheless of limited use in phylogenetic studies due to their labile nature.
Graduate Students Academic Persistence: Academic and Social Integration Intertwined with Self-Directed Learning

This study aimed to explore influential personal factors that could affect graduate students’ academic persistence. Data were collected with an online questionnaire and one-on-one interviews. The findings indicated that graduate students had integrated into the academic environment and established a positive relationship with advisors and program coordinators. Participants have limited social interactions with classmates. This factor decreased the importance of social integration on persistence. Data indicated that participants’ self-directed learning readiness was moderately high. This study suggests that these three personal factors are intertwined in influencing graduate students’ decision to persist in the academic programs.
In vitro Gas Production and Dry Matter Digestibility of Tannin-Containing Forges of Semi-Arid Region of North-Eastern Nigeria

A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vtro fermentation of four dorminant browse species in the region of experimentati on ( Leuceana lecocephala, Moringa Oleafera, Acacia tortilis and Ziziphus mucronata). Crude Protein (CP) (from 13.96% DM for A. tortilis to 19.42% DM for L. leucocephala) except M. oleifera which had the highest (21.42% DM). The range of lignocelluloses (acid detergent fibre, ADF) was from 21.16 g/100 g DM for A. tortilis to 31.39 g/100 g DM for M. oleifera. The netral detergent fibre ranged from 33.31 g/100 g DM for M. oleifera to 58.81 g/100 g DM. CF, EE and ash had a range of 20.00% DM for Z. mucronata to 32.53% DM for M. oleifera, 3.03% DM for A. tortilis to 5.33% DM for Z. mucronata and 10.76% DM for A. tortilis to 17.76% DM for L. leucocephala. The Total Condensed Tannin (TCT) for the browses ranged from 0.25 mg/g DM for M. oleifera to 2.96 mg/g DM for L. leucocephala. Z. mucronata had the highest value for Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) except for phosphorus. In vitro gas and methane production was highest in Z. mucronata. The IVDMD ranged from 70.66-72.00%. CP and TCT showed a positive relationship with IVDMD.
Modelling of phase‐shift modulated bidirectional CLLC resonant converter

The study proposes the application of two modelling techniques for analysis of bidirectional CLLC resonant converters. The state-variable and cyclic-averaging techniques are applied for converters operating under two types of phase-shift modulation: single-phase-shift and pulse-phase modulation. The converter is analysed considering forward and reverse power flow directions and a state-variable equation description is obtained for both modes. The models are first validated through simulation, comparing the state-variable and cyclic-averaging results to a simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE)-based simulation. Additionally, a low power prototype is built, experimental results are presented and the influence of parasitic elements and system delays is discussed. Simulation and experimental results show the models can accurately represent the behaviour of CLLC converters for both types of phase-shift modulation. In addition, using the cyclic-averaging technique results in a considerably faster execution compared to state-variable and SPICE-based models.
Diabetes, mental health, and utilization of mental health professionals among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander adults

ABSTRACT National reports of diabetes and mental health for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) are high, yet mental health professional access is low. We used multiple logistic regression to analyze data from the 2014 NHPI National Health Interview Survey. We evaluated the association between diabetes and serious psychological distress, and the interaction effect of mental health professional utilization among 2,587 adults. Self-reported diabetes was positively associated with serious psychological distress, but mental health professional utilization did not affect this association. Stigma and measurement gaps may influence self-report and measurement of mental health symptomatology, suggesting the need for culturally grounded approaches.
The GPR54 Gene as a Regulator of Puberty

Background Puberty, a complex biologic process involving sexual development, accelerated linear growth, and adrenal maturation, is initiated when gonadotropin-releasing hormone begins to be secreted by the hypothalamus. We conducted studies in humans and mice to identify the genetic factors that determine the onset of puberty. Methods We used complementary genetic approaches in humans and in mice. A consanguineous family with members who lacked pubertal development (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) was examined for mutations in a candidate gene, GPR54, which encodes a G protein–coupled receptor. Functional differences between wild-type and mutant GPR54 were examined in vitro. In parallel, a Gpr54-deficient mouse model was created and phenotyped. Responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone was assessed in both the humans and the mice. Results Affected patients in the index pedigree were homozygous for an L148S mutation in GPR54, and an unrelated proband with idiopathic hypogonadotro.
The combined effect of body size and temperature on oxygen consumption rates and the size-dependency of preferred temperature in European perch Perca fluviatilis.

The present study determined the effect of body mass and acclimation temperature (15-28°C) on oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2 ) and the size dependency of preferred temperature in European perch Perca fluviatilis. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) scaled allometrically with body mass by an exponent of 0.86. Temperature influenced SMR with a Q10 of 1.9 regardless of size. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and aerobic scope (MMR-SMR) scaled allometrically with body mass by exponents of 0.75-0.88. The mass scaling exponents of MMR and aerobic scope changed with temperature, and were lowest at the highest temperature. Consequently, The optimal temperature for aerobic scope decreased with increasing body mass. Notably, fish <40 g did not show a decrease aerobic scope with increasing temperature. Factorial aerobic scope (MMR ∙ SMR-1 ) generally decreased with increasing temperatures, was unaffected by size at the lower temperatures, and scaled negatively with body mass at the highest temperature. Similar to the optimal temperature for aerobic scope, preferred temperature declined with increasing body mass, unaffectedly by acclimation temperature. The present study indicates a limitation in the capacity for oxygen uptake in larger fish, while smaller fish do not appear oxygen limited. A constraint in oxygen uptake at high temperature may restrict growth of larger fish with environmental warming, at least if food availability is not limited. Furthermore, behavioural thermoregulation may be contributing to changes in size distribution of fish in the wild caused by global warming as larger individuals will prefer colder water at higher latitudes and at larger depths than smaller conspecifics with increasing environmental temperatures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
MATING AND PARENTAL CARE IN CAPTIVE PYGMY RABBITS

Abstract As part of a captive-breeding program to restore extirpated Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) to their native habitat in Washington, we documented mating and parental care behavior of these lagomorphs, which was previously unknown. Pygmy rabbits bred from late February through early June, and mating behavior consisted of chasing and brief copulations. Although presented with 1–4 mating partners and 1–6 mating opportunities annually, only 74% of females became pregnant each year. Unlike other lagomorphs, females dug a 16- to 35-cm natal burrow, usually separate from the residential burrow system, an average of 13 days after a successful copulation. Twenty-four days after copulation, females gave birth to 2–7 young at the entrance of the natal burrow and then covered the entrance. Females returned to nurse 1 or 2 times per day, until young emerged from burrows about 15 days after birth. Females averaged 1.3 litters per year, rarely (2%) producing 4 litters. Except for digging a natal burrow, mating and parental care in pygmy rabbits is similar to that of other lagomorphs. Understanding reproductive behavior is critical for captive breeding and reintroduction of pygmy rabbits, and efforts to reduce the consequences of genetic bottlenecks and inbreeding in captivity.
Perseverance Despite the Perception of Threat and Marginalization: Students’ High Grit in Grad School and Implications for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Higher Education

Aim/Purpose This paper illustrates the relationship between graduate students’ social identities and their ability to persevere in an academically rigorous graduate setting. Through our analysis we show that while many students experience marginalization and threats to their identity, they display no less grit than those who do not experience marginalization and threats to their identity. Background There are contentious debates in higher education about the role that universities should play in promoting equity, diversity, and inclusion principles. Existing arguments rarely consider students’ social identity in conjunction with their academic mindsets and ability to succeed in the graduate school environment, but instead make assumptions of who students are and of what they are capable. Methodology Survey methods and quantitative analyses, including regression and ANOVA testing. Perseverance Despite the Perception of Threat and Marginalization 126 Contribution While demonstrating that students who experience marginalization and social identity threat display no less grit than their counterparts, we claim that all students would still desire to live and work in a society in which their social identities are respected and honored. Findings Many students, even those successfully navigating graduate school, still identify as oppressed or marginalized, which is strongly related to certain social identities and to social identity threat. No demographic or oppression-based variable alone correlates negatively or positively with perseverance as tested by the grit scale we used. Recommendations for Practitioners We recommend that universities uphold a commitment to diversity and inclusion in order to create welcoming environments for all students to thrive. Recommendations for Researchers We recommend that researchers focus on the intersections of identity, perseverance, and policy to fully address the issues of marginalization and social identity threat at graduate school campuses. Impact on Society Our paper works to counter the often-negative perception of students who identify as marginalized and who demand more inclusive university environments. Future Research In future studies, it would be beneficial for the field to address other social identities and examine their perceptions of marginalization and inclusion and assess impacts on academic mindset.
FishMed: traits, phylogeny, current and projected species distribution of Mediterranean fishes, and environmental data

The FishMed database provides traits, phylogeny, current and projected species distribution of Mediterranean fishes, and associated sea surface temperature (SST) from the regional oceanic model NEMOMED8. Data for the current geographical distributions of 635 Mediterranean fish species were compiled from a published expert knowledge atlas of fishes of the northern Atlantic and the Mediterranean (FNAM) edited between 1984 and 1986 and from an updated exotic fish species list. Two future sets of projected species distributions were obtained for the middle and end of the 21st century by using an ensemble forecasting approach for 288 coastal Mediterranean fish species based on SST according to the IPPC/SRES A2 scenario implemented with the Mediterranean climatic model NEMOMED8. The functional part of the database encompasses 12 biological and ecological traits (maximal and common lengths, vertical distribution, habitat, migration type, mode of reproduction, sex shift, semelparity, diet type (larvae and adults), social behavior, species origin, and depth) for the 635 fish species. To build the phylogeny we inferred the timing and geographic origins of Mediterranean teleost species diversity using nucleotide sequences collected from GenBank including 62% of Mediterranean teleost species plus nine outgroups. Maximum likelihood Bayesian phylogenetic and dating analyses were calibrated using 20 fossil species. An additional 124 fish species were grafted onto the chronogram according to their taxonomic affinity to obtain a phylogenetic tree including 498 species. Finally we also present the associated SST data for the observed period (1961–1980) and for the middle (2040–2059) and the end of the 21st century (2080–2099) obtained from NEMOMED8 according to the IPCC A2 scenario. The FishMed database might be of interest in the context of global anthropogenic changes as coastal Mediterranean ecosystems are currently recognized as one of the most impacted ecosystems on earth.
Influence of sensible cooling load on indoor air distribution in an office room with ceiling cooling and mixing ventilation

A mixing ventilation system integrated with a ceiling cooling system is a potential advanced heating, ventilation and air conditioning system for modern office buildings with a high sensible cooling load. This paper presents an evaluation of the effect of sensible cooling load on the indoor air distribution in a typical office room with mixing ventilation and ceiling cooling. The vertical distributions of indoor air temperature, air velocity and contaminant (CO2) concentration were evaluated by the vertical air temperature difference, turbulence intensity and contaminant removal effectiveness. The results showed that when the chilled ceiling surface temperature was increased from 15.0°C to 23.0°C and supply air temperature was decreased from 22.0°C to 19.0°C, the average vertical air temperature difference, turbulence intensity and contaminant removal effectiveness were 0.2°C–0.3°C, 27%–32% and 0.53–0.81 as both internal and external sensible cooling loads were 41.5 W/m2. Moreover, these evaluation indices varied slightly as the external sensible cooling load was increased from 41.5 W/m2 to 69.5 W/m2, whereas they varied greatly as the internal sensible cooling load was increased from 41.5 W/m2 to 69.5 W/m2. Hence, the external sensible cooling load could slightly affect the indoor air distribution, whereas the internal sensible cooling load could clearly affect the indoor air distribution in an office room with mixing ventilation and ceiling cooling.
Phenotypic analysis of tuber yield- and maturity-related traits in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

Inadequate yield potential of available varieties and their long growth periods are two of the factors limiting yam ( Dioscorea spp.) production. Identifying yield- and maturity-related traits and breeding for them will enhance production. Ten morphological/physiological traits: time of shoot emergence, time of tuber initiation, plant height, shoot dry weight, time of shoot senescence, tuber fresh weight (tuber yield), tuber number/plant, tuber parenchyma colour, tuber dry matter content and tuber dormancy period were assessed in eight accessions of D. rotundata (white Guinea yam) on the field in 2008 and 2009. Shoot dry weight and plant height were identified as the major tuber yield-related traits. Early field emergence and tuber initiation, short tuber dormancy period and low tuber dry matter content may also be related to tuber yield. High yielding accessions were low in tuber dry matter content. Moreover, early and late maturing accessions could be separated by time of attainment of uniform parenchyma colour within a tuber, length of tuber dormancy period and time of shoot senescence. Accessions were identified that may be used as parents for developing mapping populations for some of the traits assessed in the study. Key words: Dioscorea rotundata , tuber maturity, tuber dormancy, dry matter content, yield related traits, senescence.
An Evaluation of the Large‐Scale Atmospheric Circulation and Its Variability in CESM2 and Other CMIP Models

The Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2) is the latest Earth System Model developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research in collaboration with the university community and is significantly advanced in most components compared to its predecessor (CESM1). Here, CESM2's representation of the large‐scale atmospheric circulation and its variability is assessed. Further context is providedthrough comparison to the CESM1 large ensemble and other models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6). This includes an assessment of the representation of jet streams and storm tracks, stationary waves, the global divergent circulation, the annular modes, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and blocking. Compared to CESM1, CESM2 is substantially improved in the representation of the storm tracks, Northern Hemisphere (NH) stationary waves, NH winter blocking and the global divergent circulation. It ranks within the top 10% of CMIP class models in many of these features. Some features of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation have degraded, such as the SH jet strength, stationary waves, and blocking, although the SH jet stream is placed at approximately the correct location. This analysis also highlights systematic deficiencies in these features across the new CMIP6 archive, such as the continued tendency for the SH jet stream to be placed too far equatorward, the North Atlantic westerlies to be too strong over Europe, the storm tracks as measured by low‐level meridional wind variance to be too weak and a lack of blocking in the North Atlantic sector.
A flavour of family symmetries in a family of flavour models

The Standard Model of Particle Physics has many (19) free parameters, most of which (13) are related to the masses and mixing angles of the elementary fermions (quarks and leptons). If we include neutrino masses, even 22 of the 28 parameters are related to the fermion mass sector. Although these parameters can in principle be completely random, there seems to be a lot of structure here: highly hierarchical masses for the quarks and charged leptons and very peculiar mixing angles for the neutrinos. We can use family symmetries to explain this structure. In models with family symmetry, there is not only the (gauge) symmetry between the types of particles, but also a symmetry between the different families. In this thesis, we consider several model building applications of family symmetries
Climate change and elevated CO2 favor forest over savanna under different future scenarios in South Asia

Abstract. South Asian vegetation provides essential ecosystem services to the 1.7 billion inhabitants living in the region. However, biodiversity and ecosystem services are threatened by climate and land-use change. Understanding and assessing how ecosystems respond to simultaneous increases in atmospheric CO2 and future climate change is of vital importance to avoid undesired ecosystem change. Failed reaction to increasing CO2 and climate change will likely have severe consequences for biodiversity and humankind. Here, we used the adaptive dynamic global vegetation model version 2 (aDGVM2) to simulate vegetation dynamics in South Asia under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and we explored how the presence or absence of CO2 fertilization influences vegetation responses to climate change. Simulated vegetation under both representative concentration pathways (RCPs) without CO2 fertilization effects showed a decrease in tree dominance and biomass, whereas simulations with CO2 fertilization showed an increase in biomass, canopy cover, and tree height and a decrease in biome-specific evapotranspiration by the end of the 21st century. The predicted changes in aboveground biomass and canopy cover triggered transition towards tree-dominated biomes. We found that savanna regions are at high risk of woody encroachment and transitioning into forest. We also found transitions of deciduous forest to evergreen forest in the mountain regions. Vegetation types using C3 photosynthetic pathway were not saturated at current CO2 concentrations, and the model simulated a strong CO2 fertilization effect with the rising CO2. Hence, vegetation in the region has the potential to remain a carbon sink. Projections showed that the bioclimatic envelopes of biomes need adjustments to account for shifts caused by climate change and elevated CO2. The results of our study help to understand the regional climate–vegetation interactions and can support the development of regional strategies to preserve ecosystem services and biodiversity under elevated CO2 and climate change.