Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate and Protein are an Attribute to Enhance the Life-History Determinants in Drosophila

Dietary restriction extends life span across a vast diversity of taxa, but the key nutritional components driving this process and how they interact remain uncertain. In Drosophila, while a substantial body of research suggests that protein is the major dietary component affecting longevity, recent studies claim that carbohydrates also play a central role. To clarify how nutritional factors influence longevity, nutrient consumption and lifespan were measured on a series of diets with varying casein and sugar content. Increased dietary carbohydrate or protein concentration does not always result in increased longevity. Our study indicates that the combination of carbohydrate and protein has certainly experiences significant effects with increased values rather than only carbohydrates nor only protein for the life history traits recorded. Thus the media enriched with the rich sources of food composition as resulted with enhanced mating activity, productivity and longevity in Drosophila melanogaster.
Identifying critical migratory bottlenecks and high-use areas for an endangered migratory soaring bird across three continents

Migrant birds face a number of threats throughout their annual cycle, including persecution, collision with energy infrastructure, and habitat and climate change. A key challenge for the conservation of migrants is the identification of important habitat, including migratory concentration areas, because species survival rates may be determined by events in geographically very limited areas. Remote‐tracking technology is facilitating the identification of such critical habitat, although the strategic identification of important sites and incorporation of such knowledge in conservation planning remains limited. We tracked 45 individuals of an endangered, soaring migrant (Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus), over 75 complete migrations that traversed three continents along the Red Sea Flyway. We summarize and contextualize migration statistics by season and age class, including migration start, midpoint, and end dates, as well as linear and cumulative migration distance, migration duration and speed, and route straightness. Then, using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models, we quantified space use to identify the most important migratory bottlenecks and high‐use areas on the flyway. These areas each accounted for 20% of all tracks passed through bottlenecks, and > 50% of the overall vulture time spent on migration fell within high‐use areas. The most important sites were located at the southeastern Red Sea coast and Bab‐el‐Mandeb Strait (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Djibouti), the Suez Canal zone (Egypt), and the Gulf of Iskenderun (Turkey). Discouragingly however, none of the area within the major migratory bottlenecks was protected and < 13% of the high‐use areas were protected. This demonstrates a very concerning gap in the protected area network for migratory soaring birds along the Red Sea Flyway. Because reducing threats at migratory concentrations can be a very efficient approach to protect populations, our work provides clear guidelines where conservation investment is urgently needed to benefit as many as 35 migratory soaring‐bird species that regularly use the Red Sea Flyway.
Emergency Intramedullary Nailing in Open Leg Fractures: What Results?

Introduction: Leg fractures are the prerogative of violent trauma, which lead to pluritissular lesions, including the opening of the focus, thus worsening the prognosis. The indication of centromedullary nailing (CMN) is subject to time and trained team requirements. The aim of this work is to evaluate the results of CMN in emergency cases of open leg fractures in adults. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018. It concerned adult patients with an open leg fracture treated by CMN in emergency at the Orthopedics-Traumatology Department of the Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital. During five years, 91 patients were registered. Their average age was 34.1 years with a sex ratio of 2.2. The average admission time was 1 hour 41 minutes. Cauchoix and Duparc type I open fractures predominated (64.8%). Antibiotic therapy was instituted as soon as the patient arrived. The functional results of osteosynthesis were evaluated according to the Lysholm score after an average follow-up of 48 months. Results: The majority of our patients (51.3%) were operated on between the 6th and 18th hour. After careful trimming of the open fracture, CMN was performed in all our patients. The average hospital stay was six days. The mean Lysholm score was 87.23 ± 11.06 with a satisfactory functional result in 81.3% of cases. Discussion: The satisfactory results observed in 81.3% of our study testify to the reliability of the indication of CMN as specified by Dakoure et al. [4] in their series. Conclusion: Open leg fractures are very frequent injuries and have a considerable socio-economic impact. Centromedullary nailing is a suitable solution for adequate and rapid socio-professional reintegration of the patient.
Evaluating benefits of stocking on sockeye recovery projections in a nutrient-enhanced mixed life history population

Dam construction often blocks migration of anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), resulting in a residualized population that is often managed as landlocked kokanee. Anadromy resumes when a reconnection to the ocean is established; however, there may be selective pressure acting on threshold trait(s) affecting smolt timing and probability. While there may be interest in predicting persistence of anadromous and residual sockeye forms, this is difficult because the heritability of smolting in these populations is poorly known. We develop a fully density-dependent age-structured model to project abundances for both anadromous and resident sockeye. The model considers trophic interactions due to nutrient variation and the density-dependent consequences for smolting and adult returns. Moreover, it asks how each life history type will persist if a hatchery were used to promote anadromous sockeye through artificial selection. We show hatchery supplementation is unlikely to impact anadromous or resident sockeye significantly, although there is substantial prediction uncertainty suggested in projections. Our study suggests that providing passage for previous land-locked anadromous populations will lead to the return of anadromous fish in the short term, but long-term prospects are far from certain.
Development of a new multiplex-PCR tool for the simultaneous detection of the fish pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi and Edwardsiella tarda

Disease assessment and management in cultured aquatic animals is a major concern in commercial aquaculture. Disease outbreaks have direct effects on fish production, causing serious economic losses in this industry. This can be overcome by early detection through molecular high sensitivity tools such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction). One of the most critical steps in the study of bacterial fish diseases is the precise identification of the infectious agent. Considering the damage that some bacteria can cause to fish and humans, the development of a rapid detection method for the four target species that demonstrates to be simple, accurate and low cost is an essential step for the prevention and early treatment of these diseases. Edwardsiella tarda (ACC 36.1), Vibrio harveyi (DSM 19023), Vibrio anguillarum (AQV 55.1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (CECT 521) were selected as targets of a multiplex PCR tool. The multiplex PCR reactions were performed in various reaction conditions, including different annealing temperatures (between 49 °C and 55 °C) and changes in the MgCl2 concentration from 2 mM to 8 mM. Best results were obtained at 51 °C and MgCl2 concentration from 4 mM to 6 mM. Primers were tested using purified DNA from the respective bacterial strains, yielding bands at expected sizes, which can be identified on agarose gels with clearness and without overlapping sizes. Results indicate that this multiplex PCR tool is suitable for the detection of target pathogens and may, in the future, have extended practical application in commercial aquaculture.
Enhanced Predictability of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity Using the ENSO Longitude Index

While El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences eastern North Pacific (ENP) tropical cyclones (TCs) through a variety of atmospheric processes when examined concurrently, ocean pathways dominate at longer lead times. The eastward displacement of the warm pool during an El Niño, which carries warm water into the ENP basin, is the primary oceanic mechanism. Despite this, the question of whether an accurate knowledge of preseason ENSO conditions enhances predictability of ENP TCs has not been addressed specifically. In this study, we show that relative to traditional indices of ENSO, the ENSO Longitude Index (ELI) captures changes in the location of deep convection and associated thermocline processes more accurately. Consequently, the ELI explains more variability in the upper‐ocean heat content, and thus TC activity, at lead times of several months in the ENP basin. These results motivate the need to further explore the predictability of ENP TCs associated with ENSO.
Water vapour transport changes associated with the interdecadal decrease in the summer rainfall over Northeast Asia around the late‐1990s

This study reveals an obvious interdecadal change in the summer water vapour budget over Northeast Asia around the late‐1990s accompanied with the abrupt rainfall decrease. After the late‐1990s, water vapour transported into Northeast Asia is apparently reduced under control of a local anomalous anti‐cyclone. The water vapour transport is further explored by decomposing the water vapour flux into stationary and transient components, which are associated with the mean flow and transient eddy, respectively. The results indicate that the stationary component accounts for nearly 84% of the total water vapour budget change, much larger than the contribution from the transient component (16%). The correlation coefficient between the interdecadal variation of net and stationary (transient) water vapour budget is 0.95 (0.14). Hence, the stationary term plays a dominant role in contributing to interdecadal change in the total water vapour transport. In addition, change in the water vapour budget over Northeast Asia around the late‐1990s is primarily attributed to the wind field change at the lower troposphere. A further comparison of the water vapour budgets in four boundaries of Northeast Asia shows that the water vapour budgets via the southern and northern boundaries display remarkable changes around the late‐1990s, exerting significant influences on the total moisture budget change. The anomalous atmospheric water vapour transport circulations in association with the southern and northern boundaries both present a wave‐like teleconnection pattern over the Eurasia, whose formation may be partly due to the combined impacts from the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
Ocean Biogeochemistry in GFDL's Earth System Model 4.1 and Its Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO2

This contribution describes the ocean biogeochemical component of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Earth System Model 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM4.1), assesses GFDL‐ESM4.1's capacity to capture observed ocean biogeochemical patterns, and documents its response to increasing atmospheric CO2. Notable differences relative to the previous generation of GFDL ESM's include enhanced resolution of plankton food web dynamics, refined particle remineralization, and a larger number of exchanges of nutrients across Earth system components. During model spin‐up, the carbon drift rapidly fell below the 10 Pg C per century equilibration criterion established by the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP). Simulations robustly captured large‐scale observed nutrient distributions, plankton dynamics, and characteristics of the biological pump. The model overexpressed phosphate limitation and open ocean hypoxia in some areas but still yielded realistic surface and deep carbon system properties, including cumulative carbon uptake since preindustrial times and over the last decades that is consistent with observation‐based estimates. The model's response to the direct and radiative effects of a 200% atmospheric CO2 increase from preindustrial conditions (i.e., years 101–120 of a 1% CO2 yr−1 simulation) included (a) a weakened, shoaling organic carbon pump leading to a 38% reduction in the sinking flux at 2,000 m; (b) a two‐thirds reduction in the calcium carbonate pump that nonetheless generated only weak calcite compensation on century time‐scales; and, in contrast to previous GFDL ESMs, (c) a moderate reduction in global net primary production that was amplified at higher trophic levels. We conclude with a discussion of model limitations and priority developments.
Seed germination of coastal monsoon vine forest species in the Northern Territory, Australia, and contrasts with evergreen rainforest

Seed germination traits of seasonal rainforest species differ from permanently moist evergreen rainforest species due to the prolonged seasonal drought. We investigated whether seed germination traits used to categorise evergreen rainforest species into pioneer and climax guilds were applicable to seasonal rainforest species. Seed dormancy, light requirements for germination and seed storage types of five climax and thirteen pioneer species of a coastal vine thicket were studied. Results were compared with published studies of evergreen rainforest species. Evergreen rainforest pioneer species are typically dormant, require light to germinate and tolerate desiccation, whereas climax species are typically non-dormant, tolerate shade during germination and are sensitive to desiccation. In seasonal rainforest we found that a high proportion of pioneer species had seeds that were non-dormant (62%), and a high proportion of pioneer species germinated equally well in light and dark conditions. In seasonal rainforest, we found that the majority of climax species had desiccation tolerant seeds, whereas in evergreen rainforest the proportion of climax species producing desiccation sensitive seeds is equal to or greater than the proportion of species with desiccation tolerant seeds. In seasonal rainforest species physical, physiological and epicotyl dormancy types were found. Generally, for seasonal rainforest species, the prevalent form of dormancy in pioneer species was physical dormancy whereas physiological dormancy was most common in evergreen rainforest pioneer species with dormancy. Our results suggest that the contrasting seed biology traits that typically apply to pioneer and climax species of evergreen rainforest species don’t typically apply to seasonal rainforest species.
Sparse 3D reflection seismic survey for deep-targeting iron-oxide deposits and their host rocks, Ludvika Mines-Sweden

Many metallic mineral deposits have sufficient contrasts, particularly density, to be detectable using seismic methods. These deposits are sometimes significant for our society, economic growth and can help to accelerate the energy transition towards decarbonization. However, their exploration at depth requires high-resolution and sensitive methods. Following a series of 2D seismic trials, a sparse, narrow source-receiver azimuth, 3D seismic survey was conducted in the Blötberget mine, in central Sweden, covering an area of approximately 6 km 2 for deep targeting iron-oxide deposits and their 15 host rock structures. The survey benefited from a collaborative work by putting together 1266 seismic recorders and a 32t vibrator generating 1056 shot points in a fixed geometry setup. A linear sweep ranging from 10-160 Hz and 20 s long was generated three times per shot point. Shots were fired at every 10 m where possible and receivers placed at every 10-20 m. Notable quality data were acquired although the area is dominated by swampy places as well as by built-up roads and historical tailings. The data processing had to overcome these challenges in particular for the static corrections and strong surface-waves. 20 A tailored for hardrock-setting-processing workflow was developed for handling such a dataset, where the use of mixed 2D and 3D refraction static corrections were relevant. The resulting seismic volume is rich in terms of reflectivity with clear southeast dipping reflections originated from iron-oxide deposits extending vertically and laterally at least 300 m beyond what was known from boreholes. We estimate potential additional resources from the 3D reflection seismic experiment on the order of 10 Mt worth drilling for detailed assessments. The mineralization is crosscut by at least two major sets of northwest dipping 25 reflections interpreted to be dominantly normal faults and responsible for much of the lowland in the Blötberget area. Moreover, these post-mineralization faults likely control the current 3D geometry of the deposits. Curved and submerged reflections interpreted from folds or later intrusions are also observed showing the geological complexity of the study area. The seismic survey also delineates the near-surface expression of a historical tailing as a by-product of refraction static corrections demonstrating why 3D seismic data. The sparse 3D survey illustrates that performing cost-effective reflection 30 surveys for mineral exploration is achievable if they are conducted and planned carefully, systematically and based on earlier experiences. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-141 Preprint. Discussion started: 25 August 2020 c © Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
Interdisciplinary group work in higher education: a student perspective

This research intends to provide understanding of the impact that a module consisting entirely of collaborative interdisciplinary science tasks had on students’ group work behaviour, attitude and motivation. It was hypothesised that implementing a module based entirely of group tasks would develop positive attitudes and increase student accountability. Previous research indicates that large introductory modules in higher education fail to nurture student motivation to engage with course work. In this study 303 students completed surveys and focus groups that examined the level and nature of group work, student feelings towards group work, and student motivation to complete tasks and attend timetabled class sessions. The findings suggest that in order to complete the science tasks, students typically completed sections individually and consolidated their individual parts to form a complete solution. Collaboration occurred when students completed numerical aspects of the task as students felt these sections demanded group members to share ideas. Collaborative work can promote positive student attitudes, increase students efforts to work on tasks and attend timetabled class sessions. These findings imply that collaborative work may act as a means of promoting attendance and facilitating student engagement in module activities throughout the semester. This study highlights the need for educators to assess learning outcomes achieved in higher education and to distinguish between tasks that promote working collaboratively and collaborative learning.
Pilot drug and therapeutic committee programme in Sierra Leone: A descriptive mixed method study

Irrational medicine use is a global crisis, but incidences are proportionately higher in low‐ and middle‐income countries such as Sierra Leone. This study explores the structure, functions and challenges of drug and therapeutics committees (DTCs), an intervention towards irrational medicine use recently piloted in Sierra Leone.
Diversity and conservation of saproxylic beetles in 42 European tree species: an experimental approach using early successional stages of branches

Tree species diversity is important to maintain saproxylic beetle diversity in managed forests. Yet, knowledge about the conservational importance of single tree species and implications for forest management and conservation practices are lacking. We exposed freshly cut branch‐bundles of 42 tree species, representing tree species native and non‐native to Europe, under sun‐exposed and shaded conditions for 1 year. Afterwards, communities of saproxylic beetles were reared ex situ for 2 years. We tested for the impact of tree species and sun exposure on alpha‐, beta‐, and gamma‐diversity as well as composition of saproxylic beetle communities. Furthermore, the number of colonised tree species by each saproxylic beetle species was determined. Tree species had a lower impact on saproxylic beetle communities compared to sun exposure. The diversity of saproxylic beetles varied strongly among tree species, with highest alpha‐ and gamma‐diversity found in Quercus petraea. Red‐listed saproxylic beetle species occurred ubiquitously among tree species. We found distinct differences in the community composition of broadleaved and coniferous tree species, native and non‐native tree species as well as sun‐exposed and shaded deadwood. Our study enhances the understanding of the importance of previously understudied and non‐native tree species for the diversity of saproxylic beetles. To improve conservation practices for saproxylic beetles and especially red‐listed species, we suggest a stronger incorporation of tree species diversity and sun exposure of into forest management strategies, including the enrichment of deadwood from native and with a specific focus on locally rare or silviculturally less important tree species.
HYPSOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AL-ADHAIM BASIN USING A NEW GIS- TECHNIQUE

Al-Adhaim dam basin is extended across the boundaries of Salahuddin, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah provinces in the northern part of Iraq, covering an area of 11831 km2. The area is covered mainly in most upperparts by sedimentary rocks of the lower Eocene to Pliocene ages. The lower parts are occupied by sheet runoff deposits from the Quaternary age. The objectives of the current study are to carry out detailed measurements of hypsometric parameters to evaluate the degree of erosion conditions and to show the essential factors controlling the development of geomorphic stages in different parts of the basin. The analysis was carried out based on ASTER GDEM data using ArcGIS v10.6 hydrology toolbox and the morphometric toolbox and dividing the basin into fifteen sub-basins. The results show that the Al-Adhaim basin passes in the monadnock phase with a hypsometric integral of 19.02% and a highly concaved hypsometric curve. The sub-basins are classified into two groups of geomorphic stages, i.e., mature stage and Monadnock stage with hypsometric integral values between 18.4% and 34.6%. The results reveal the basin was controlled mainly by slopes, lineaments, Tertiary outcrops, Quaternary deposits, and hydrological soil groups B and D.
Charakterisierung von mikrobiellen, C-P-Lyasen kodierenden Genen in zwei unterschiedlichen Ackerböden

Die molekularen Grundlagen des mikrobiellen Glyphosatabbaus sind weitgehend unerforscht. Ziel der Arbeit war es, Gene und Bakterien zu identifizieren, die am Abbau des Phosphonatherbizids Glyphosat beteiligt sind. Per Kultivierungsverfahren konnten aus einem schluffigen und einem sandigen Boden insgesamt vier Bakterienspezies isoliert werden, die das Herbizid Glyphosat als einzige P-Quelle nutzen konnten. In einem kultivierungsunabhangigen Ansatz wurde eine Metagenombank mit 5079 Klonen und einer durchschnittlichen Insertgrose von 18,6 kb erstellt und ein viel versprechender Klon identifiziert. In beiden untersuchten Boden konnten phnJ-Gene direkt nachgewiesen und der Einfluss von Glyphosat auf die Diversitat dieser phnJ-Gene bestimmt werden.