Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organization of pharyngeal hard parts and musculature in Gnathostomula armata (Gnathostomulida: Gnathostomulidae)

The pharynx of Gnathostomula armata, like that of other members of the phylum Gnathostomulida, consists of a set of jaws, a basal plate, and a muscular bulb that encloses these cuticularized hard parts. Field-emission scan - ning electron microscopy (SEM) provides additional information about the hard parts and shows that the dentition of the jaws is arranged in three rows: 7-10 teeth in a dorsal row, 16-20 teeth in a medial row, and 20 teeth in a ventral row, a pattern different from that reported from light microscopy (LM). SEM also shows that the dentition of the basal plate is more like that of other Gnathostomula species than was previously discerned. Confocal laser scanning micros- copy shows the musculature of the pharyngeal bulb to comprise diductors that open and tilt the jaws, looplike abduc- tors that retract them as they snap shut by recoil, and a pair of inclinators and pair of levators that also participate in tilting the jaws back and forth. A constrictor running ventral to and behind the jaws may work to protrude them. Two arc-shaped muscles attached to the basal plate pull it forward and tilt it down to scrape food from the substratum so that it can be grabbed by the jaws. Paired retractor muscles pull the basal plate back into the mouth. Resume : Comme chez les autres membres du phylum Gnathostomulida, le pharynx de Gnathostomula armataest compose d'une paire de mâchoires, d'une plaque basale et d'un bulbe musculaire qui entoure ces structures dures cuti- culaires. La microscopie electronique a balayage a emission de champ procure des informations additionnelles sur ces structures dures et montre que la dentition des mâchoires est repartie en trois rangees : 7-10 dents dans la rangee dor- sale, 16-20 dans la rangee mediane et 20 dents dans la rangee ventrale, un arrangement different de celui observe au microscope photonique. La microscopie electronique montre aussi que la dentition de la plaque basale est plus sem- blable a celle des autres especes de Gnathostomula qu'on ne le croyait jusqu'ici. La microscopie laser confocale a ba- layage montre que la musculature du bulbe pharyngien comprend des muscles diducteurs qui ouvrent et inclinent la mâchoire, des abducteurs en forme de boucle qui retractent les mâchoires alors qu'elles se referment d'un coup par de- tente, ainsi qu'une paire de muscles inclinateurs et une paire d'elevateurs qui participent aussi a l'inclinaison de la mâ- choire vers l'avant et l'arriere. Un muscle constricteur qui s'etend ventralement aux mâchoires et derriere elles sert peut-etre a les faire sortir. Deux muscles en forme d'arcs rattaches a la plaque basale la tirent vers l'avant et l'inclinent vers le bas pour racler la nourriture sur le substrat de maniere a ce que celle-ci soit attrapee par les mâchoires. Une paire de muscles retracteurs tirent la plaque basale vers l'interieur de la bouche.
Urea utilization in protein deficient rats

正常時にはほとんど利用されないとされる尿素がたん白欠乏時にどのように利用されるか, そしてそのとき, 腸内細菌がどのように関与するかを低たん白食としてカゼイン食で飼育したラットについで検討し次の結果をえた。 1) ラットを低たん白食で2週間以上飼育すれば小腸内ウレアーゼ活性の増加により多量の尿素をアンモニアに分解する能力を有する傾向のあることがわかった。 2)15N尿素を投与すると投与後2時間目より48時間目に至るまで標準たん白食飼育ラット (対照) に比べ低たん白食飼育ラットの血漿たん白に尿素由来の15Nの高い取り込みが有意に見られ, たん白欠乏時には尿素が体たん白合成に利用されることが示唆された。 また血漿たん白構成アミノ酸に取り込まれた15Nは低たん白食飼育ラットで著明に高かった。 各アミノ酸の中で最も取り込みが高かったのはNEAAで次にEAA, Lysであった。 3)15N尿素投与後1時間目の門脈血血漿遊離のLys, EAA, NEAAに15Nの高い取り込みが低たん白食飼育ラットで見られた。 このアミノ酸への15Nの高い取り込みは抗生物質投与により強く抑制されたことから, 尿素からアミノ酸への合成には腸内細菌が大きく関与しでいると思われる。 4) 以上のことから単胃動物のラットについてたん白欠乏時には多くの尿素がアンモニアに分解され, それは腸管から吸収される一方, 一部のアンモニアは腸内細菌によりアミノ酸に合成され肝臓に運ばれ, いずれも体内でたん白質に合成される経路のあることが示唆された。 おわりに終始ご懇篤なご指導, ご鞭撻を賜わりました兵庫医科大学吉村寿人名誉教授ならびに堀清記教授に厚くお礼申しあげます。
Periodicity Pitch Perception

This study presents a computational model to reproduce the biological dynamics of “listening to music. ” A biologically plausible model of periodicity pitch detection is proposed and simulated. Periodicity pitch is computed across a range of the auditory spectrum. Periodicity pitch is detected from subsets of activated auditory nerve fibers (ANFs). These activate connected model octopus cells, which trigger model neurons detecting onsets and offsets; thence model interval-tuned neurons are innervated at the right interval times; and finally, a set of common interval-detecting neurons indicate pitch. Octopus cells rhythmically spike with the pitch periodicity of the sound. Batteries of interval-tuned neurons stopwatch-like measure the inter-spike intervals of the octopus cells by coding interval durations as first spike latencies (FSLs). The FSL-triggered spikes synchronously coincide through a monolayer spiking neural network at the corresponding receiver pitch neurons.
Growth, chemical composition, and carbon isotope discrimination of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstock seedlings in response to salinity

Pistachio is considered a potential crop for many semi-arid regions affected by salinisation. We examined the effects of salinity on growth of 3 pistachio rootstocks: Badami-e-zarand, Sarakhs, and Ghazvini. Rootstocks were grown in soil in 8-L polyethylene pots and irrigated every 3 days with treatments of 0, 75, 150, or 225 mM NaCl. We measured above-ground biomass, allocation of C to root systems and foliage, and carbon isotope discrimination (� ) and proline accumulation after 30 days and again after 60 days. Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased with time for all treatments and rootstocks. RGR and net assimilation rates (NARw) decreased with increasing salinity. In all rootstocks, NARw, but not leaf weight ratio (LWR), was significantly correlated with RGR, indicating that NARw was an important factor underlying growth responses among rootstocks. Increased salinity did not affect leaf water potential (� leaf ), even though proline concentrations increased with increasing NaCl concentration, particularly in the Ghazvini rootstocks. Both Cl − and Na + concentrations in leaves increased from 30 to 60 days but not in roots and stems. The Sarakhs rootstocks accumulated more of Cl − and Na + compared with other rootstocks. K + concentration in the roots and stems of all rootstocks also decreased with increasing salinity at both 30 and 60 days. Concentrations of Ca 2+ in stems and root systems, but not in leaves, were also reduced by increased salinity in all rootstocks but only after 60 days. Carbon isotope discrimination (� ) decreased with increased salinity in the leaves, stems, and roots; however, there was no significant difference in carbon isotope discrimination among rootstocks. We conclude that the Ghazvini rootstock was the most salt tolerant among the rootstocks tested. Carbon isotope discrimination in pistachio rootstocks may be a useful indicator of cumulative salinity history of the plant but is not a suitable indicator for pre-screening of pistachio rootstocks for salinity resistance. Additional keywords: proline, relative growth rate (RGR), NaCl, δ 13 C, mineral nutrition, salinity resistance, root growth.
Sonication (Ultrasound) Affects In Vitro Growth of Hybrid Cymbidium

Abstract The use of ultrasound or sonication has been shown to stimulate growth and development of several plant species. No study exists on the impact of sound on Cymbidium growth in vitro. Using sonication at 60 Hz for several time periods, the response on new protocorm-like body (neo-PLB) formation on Teixeira Cymbidium (TC) medium was examined, as was the response on in vitro plant organogenesis. Sonication for 5 or 10 min stimulated neo-PLB formation significantly more than plant growth regulator (PGR)-free TC medium without sonication (negative control) and more than 1, 20 or 45 min sonication, but significantly less than control TC medium containing PGRs NAA and Kin (positive control) after 60 days in culture. Sonication, when applied to PLBs, did not influence most plantlet-related growth parameters. Flow cytometric analyses registered an increase in endoreduplication in sonicated PLB tissues. Sonication at 60 Hz has a PLB-promoting effect, but is not as effective as PGRs.
Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts in Regenerating Goldfish Scales Respond to Mechanical Loading: Analysis of Osteoblastic and Osteoclastic Marker mRNA Expression

We aimed to investigate the effects of dynamic mechanical loading on the expression of osteoblast- and osteoclast-specific genes in regenerating goldfish scales. Fourteen days after the removal of scales from goldfish, the regenerating scales were found to contain calcified tissue, with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and a newly synthesized calcified bone matrix plate. Recently, we found that goldfish scale regeneration shows similar gene expression to intramembranous mammalian bone osteogenesis. Using such regenerating scales on day 14, we analyzed the effects of dynamic 3 G acceleration, via application of a vibration stimulus, on the mRNA expression
Comparative analysis of OpenCL and RTL for sort-merge primitives on FPGA

As a result of recent improvements in FPGA technology, their benefits for highly efficient data processing pipelines are becoming more and more apparent. However, traditional RTL methods for programming FPGAs require knowledge of digital design and hardware description languages. OpenCL™ provides software developers with a C-based platform for implementing their applications without deep knowledge of digital design. In this paper, we conduct a comparative analysis of OpenCL and RTL-based implementations of a novel heapsort with merging sorted runs. In particular, we quantitatively compare their performance, FPGA resource utilization, and development effort. Our results show that while requiring comparable development effort, RTL implementations of critical primitives used in the algorithm achieve 4X better performance while using half as much the FPGA resources.
A Light‐Activated β‐Turn Scaffold within a Somatostatin Analog: NMR Structure and Biological Activity

Somatostatin owes its biological activity to the presence of a well‐defined β‐turn centered around the tetrapeptide Phe‐Trp‐Lys‐Thr. We have developed a light‐activated β‐turn scaffold, 1, with the ability to template a β‐turn conformation within the somatostatin tetrapeptide only upon photolysis. The three‐dimensional structure of the trans cyclic peptide I obtained by NMR revealed no β‐turn conformation; however, when isomerized to the cis form II with light, the solution structure of the resulting cyclic peptide was found to contain a type II′β‐turn within the Phe‐Trp‐Lys‐Thr sequence. Binding assays with the SRIF receptor demonstrated that the cis peptide displayed enhanced affinity for the receptor over the trans form.
Anthocyanins, thiols, and antioxidant scavenging enzymes are involved in Lemna gibba tolerance to arsenic

The influence of arsenic (As) on the growth and the antioxidant system of Lemna gibba L. exposed to five concentrations of As (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L−1) was studied. Although As exposure reduced relative growth rate, L. gibba continued to grow even after the high accumulation of this element after five days of exposure. The concentration of the superoxide anion was unaffected by As, whereas an increase of hydrogen peroxide concentrations was observed with the increasing of As concentration. Increasing concentrations of As also increased the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase and the total and nonprotein thiols, up to 0.5 mg L−1, whereas the anthocyanin content increased constantly with As concentration. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities as well as the content of chloroplastic pigments were reduced in plants exposed to all As concentrations. These results support a major role of anthocyanins, nonprotein thiols, and antioxidant scavenging enzymes in L. gibba tolerance to toxic As concentrations.
Influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens and ferrous sulphate on biochemical parameters of peach leaves

Foliar fertilization and microbe supplemented iron bioavailability can fulfill the iron demand of plants. Plants of low-chill peach cv. Pant Peach-1 were selected to find out the effect of Pseudomonas flouresecens PBAP-27 inoculation along with foliar spray of ferrous sulphate. The experiment consisted of eight treatments viz. T1: control (water spray), T2: P. fluorescens PBAP-27, T3: FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5 %) spray once, T4: FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5 %) spray twice, T5: FeSO4. 7H2O (0.5 %) spray thrice, T6: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) spray once, T7: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) spray twice, T8: P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) spray thrice. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, active iron, total iron, ferric iron and iron: manganese ratios of leaves were studied. Maximum leaf area was recorded with P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) by spraying twice. Whereas, chlorophyll content, active iron, total iron, ferric iron and iron: manganese ratio were recorded higher in P. fluorescens PBAP-27+FeSO4.7H2O (0.5 %) sprayed thrice. Findings indicate that the three foliar spray of ferrous sulphate (0.5 %) along with inoculation of P. fluorescens strain can be used as useful strategy for iron fertilization for improving physiological parameters (leaf area and chlorophyll content) and leaves iron status (active iron, total iron, ferric iron ) in low chill peach.
BCL11A Is Oncogenic and Predicts Poor Outcomes in Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma

The current treatment for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) among advanced/relapsed patients is unsatisfying, thereby highlighting the need for novel therapeutic targets. B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 11 A (BCL11A), as a transcription factor, is oncogenic in several neoplasms. However, its function in NKTL remains unclear. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to measure the BCL11A expression levels among NKTL patients and in NKTL cell lines. Natural killer (NK) cells from healthy subjects were used as negative control. Transient transfection with small interfering RNA was used to knockdown the expression in NKTL cell lines. Samples and clinical histories were collected from 343 NKTL patients (divided into test and validation groups) to evaluate the clinical value of BCL11A expression level. The BCL11A expression was upregu\lated among NKTL patients and in NKTL cell lines. Reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis were observed after silencing BCL11A in NKTL cell lines. BCL11A expression level was correlated with RUNX3, c-MYC, and P53 in NKTL. Notably, a high BCL11A expression was correlated with unfavorable clinical characteristics and predicted poor outcomes in NKTL. In conclusion, BCL11A was overexpressed in NKTL, while its upregulation promoted tumor development. Therefore, BCL11A expression level may be a promising prognostic biomarker for NKTL.
In vitro cormlet production- an efficient means for conservation in Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman

Ensete superbum from the family Musaceae is commonly known as Kallu vazha (wild/ rock/cliff banana). The species holds a precise position in the field of medicine for its anti-hyperglycemic, anti-diuretic and spermicidal potential as well as ornamental value in botanical gardens. Due to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, indiscriminate harvesting for commercial gain, absence of suckers, and recalcitrant nature of seeds; this species is facing a drastic reduction in its propagation. The present study developed a protocol for the production of cormlets from explants isolated from inflorescence. The explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with 4mg L-1 BAP and 1.5 mg L-1 KIN and an average of six to ten cormlets were produced/ explants within eight weeks. Shoot induction occurred from the cormlets on MS medium with 3mg L-1 IBA and 1.5 mg L-1 BAP. Cormlets inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 1000 mg L-1 glutamine for a period of four weeks enhanced the size of cormlets which in turn increased the number of shoots. An average of ten multiple shoots were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 5 mg L-1 BAP. Maximum rooting was obtained on half strength MS medium with 3 mg L-1 IBA, 0.1 mg L-1 BAP and 1% activated charcoal. The plantlets were transferred to Knop’s solution for acclimatization. Rooted plants were hardened successfully in cocopeat along with sand in 1:1 combination and transferred to soil with 98% survival rate.
Multispecies estimation of Bayesian priors for catchability trends and density dependence in the US Gulf of Mexico

Fishery-dependent catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) derived indices of stock abundance are commonly used in fishery stock assessment models and may be significantly biased due to changes in catchability over time. Factors causing time-varying catchability include density-dependent habitat selection and technology improvements such as global positioning systems. In this study, we develop a novel multispecies method to estimate Bayesian priors for catchability functional parameters. This method uses the deviance information criterion to select a parsimonious functional model for catchability among 10 hierarchical and measurement error models. The parsimonious model is then applied to multispecies data, while excluding one species at a time, to develop Bayesian priors that can be used for each excluded species. We use this method to estimate catchability trends and density dependence for seven stocks and four gears in the Gulf of Mexico by comparing CPUE-derived index data with abundance estimates from virtual po.
Site occupancy models in the analysis of environmental DNA presence/absence surveys: a case study of an emerging amphibian pathogen

The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect species in aquatic environments such as ponds and streams is a powerful new technique with many benefits. However, species detection in eDNA‐based surveys is likely to be imperfect, which can lead to underestimation of the distribution of a species. Site occupancy models account for imperfect detection and can be used to estimate the proportion of sites where a species occurs from presence/absence survey data, making them ideal for the analysis of eDNA‐based surveys. Imperfect detection can result from failure to detect the species during field work (e.g. by water samples) or during laboratory analysis (e.g. by PCR). To demonstrate the utility of site occupancy models for eDNA surveys, we reanalysed a data set estimating the occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis using eDNA. Our reanalysis showed that the previous estimation of species occurrence was low by 5–10%. Detection probability was best explained by an index of the number of hosts (frogs) in ponds. Per‐visit availability probability in water samples was estimated at 0·45 (95% CRI 0·32, 0·58) and per‐PCR detection probability at 0·85 (95% CRI 0·74, 0·94), and six water samples from a pond were necessary for a cumulative detection probability >95%. A simulation study showed that when using site occupancy analysis, researchers need many fewer samples to reliably estimate presence and absence of species than without use of site occupancy modelling. Our analyses demonstrate the benefits of site occupancy models as a simple and powerful tool to estimate detection and site occupancy (species prevalence) probabilities despite imperfect detection. As species detection from eDNA becomes more common, adoption of appropriate statistical methods, such as site occupancy models, will become crucial to ensure that reliable inferences are made from eDNA‐based surveys.
A Nomogram Model of Radiomics and Satellite Sign Number as Imaging Predictor for Intracranial Hematoma Expansion

Background We aimed to construct and validate a nomogram model based on the combination of radiomic features and satellite sign number for predicting intracerebral hematoma expansion. Methods A total of 129 patients from two institutions were enrolled in this study. The preprocessed initial CT images were used for radiomic feature extraction. The ANOVA-Kruskal–Wallis test and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression were applied to identify candidate radiomic features and construct the Radscore. A nomogram model was developed by integrating the Radscore with a satellite sign number. The discrimination performance of the proposed model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and the predictive accuracy was assessed via a calibration curve. Decision curve analysis (DCA) and Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival analysis were performed to evaluate the clinical value of the model. Results Four optimal features were ultimately selected and contributed to the Radscore construction. A positive correlation was observed between the satellite sign number and Radscore (Pearson’s r: 0.451). The nomogram model showed the best performance with high area under the curves in both training cohort (0.881, sensitivity: 0.973; specificity: 0.787) and external validation cohort (0.857, sensitivity: 0.950; specificity: 0.766). The calibration curve, DCA, and KM analysis indicated the high accuracy and clinical usefulness of the nomogram model for hematoma expansion prediction. Conclusion A nomogram model of integrated radiomic signature and satellite sign number based on noncontrast CT images could serve as a reliable and convenient measurement of hematoma expansion prediction.
Handwriting Legibility and Its Relationship to Spelling Ability and Age: Evidence From Monolingual and Bilingual Children

Studies of the relationship between spelling and handwriting concur that spelling skills influence the dynamic processes of handwriting. However, it remains unclear whether variations in spelling ability are related to variations in the legibility of handwriting, how important spelling skills are relative to the amount of handwriting experience afforded by an individual’s age and number of years of schooling, or to what extent this relationship may be task- and orthography-specific. We investigated these questions in a study comparing spelling and handwriting legibility in a group of N = 127 Welsh-English bilingual children matched in age and number of years of schooling to a group of N = 127 English-monolingual children, as well as to a group of N = 127 younger, English monolingual children matched to the bilingual group in spelling ability. All groups completed the Spelling and Handwriting Legibility Test (SaHLT) and a broader battery of literacy measures. The bilingual children were found to have poorer handwriting legibility than same age peers, and in some cases, than their younger, spelling-ability peers, suggesting that spelling ability, more so than amount of handwriting experience and years of schooling impacts handwriting legibility. This was corroborated in a series of multi-group path models, where all children’s handwriting was predicted by spelling ability more strongly than by age, and, the effect of spelling generalized across two different spelling tasks in all groups. Finally, bilingual children seemed to draw on general (Welsh) as well as on orthography-specific (English) knowledge when handwriting in English.