Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Local Anesthetic Activity Of P-Aminobenzohydroxamic Acid In Comparison To Benzocaine

\ Abstract: Introduction: Local anesthetics are agents that block the sensory transmission from a local area of the body to the central nervous system; it is believed that the main mechanism of action of local anesthetics is associated with the blocking of sodium channels. Hydroxamic acids fulfill a variety of roles in biology and medicine. The aim of this work was to prepare p-aminobenzohydroxamic acid and to evaluate its expected local anesthetic activity in comparison to benzocaine. Materials and Methods: p-Aminobenzohydroxamic acid was prepared from p-aminobenzoic acid. Ferric chloride test, melting point, nitrogen content and IR spectroscopy achieved identification of p-aminobenzohydroxamic acid. The prepared compound was tested for local anesthetic activity in a comparative study with the standard local anesthetic agent benzocaine using the foot withdrawal reflex model. Results: p Aminobenzohydroxamic acid at doses 40, 200, and 1000 μg showed 33.93 ± 0.80 % , 56.38 ± 0.87 % and 40.31± 0.74 % respectively, local anesthetic activity as measured by percent delay withdrawal time. Benzocaine at doses 40, 200, and 1000 μg showed 13.48 ± 0.96 %, 25.74 ± 0.91% and 44.12 ± 1.20 % respectively, local anesthetic activity as measured by percent delay withdrawal time. Discussion & Conclusion: Benzocaine, which was used in this study as a standard local anesthetic agent, caused a dose dependant delay in the foot withdrawal reflex of the frog. Such results were not observed with p-aminobenzohydroxamic acid. It appears that the local anesthetic effect of the later was not dose dependant. It is worth noting that p-aminobenzohydroxamic exhibited relatively potent local anesthetic activity at small doses when compared to benzocaine.
Field-based accounting of CO2 sequestration in ultramafic mine wastes using portable X-ray diffraction

Abstract Carbon mineralization, the sequestration of carbon within minerals, presents one method through which we could control rising levels of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The mineral wastes produced by some ultramafic-hosted mines have the ability to sequester atmospheric CO2 via passive carbonation reactions. Carbon accounting in mine tailings is typically performed using laboratory-based quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) or thermogravimetric methods, which are used to measure the abundances of carbonate-bearing minerals such as hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2⋅4H2O] and pyroaurite [Mg6 Fe23+ $\text{Fe}^{3+}_{2}$ (CO3)(OH)16⋅4H2O]. The recent development of portable XRD instruments now allows for the characterization and quantification of minerals in the field. Here we assess the feasibility of using a portable XRD instrument for field-based carbon accounting in tailings from the Woodsreef Chrysotile Mine, New South Wales, Australia. Modal mineralogy was obtained by Rietveld refinements of data collected with an inXitu Terra portable XRD. The Partial Or No Known Crystal Structures (PONKCS) method was used to account for turbostratic stacking disorder in serpentine minerals, which are the dominant phases in tailings from Woodsreef. Weighed mixtures of synthetic tailings were made to evaluate the precision and accuracy of quantitative phase analysis using the portable instrument. An average absolute deviation (bias) of 8.2 wt% from the actual composition of the synthetic tailings was found using the portable instrument. This is comparable to the bias obtained using a laboratory-based diffractometer (9.6 wt% absolute) and to the results from previous quantitative XRD studies involving serpentine minerals. The methodology developed using the synthetic tailings was then applied to natural tailings samples from Woodsreef. Surface crusts forming on the tailings pile were found to contain hydromagnesite (~5.8 wt%) and pyroaurite (~2.1 wt%). Comparable results were obtained using the laboratory-based instrument and these results are expected to have similar biases to the analyses of the synthetic tailings. These findings demonstrate that portable XRD instruments may be used for field-based measurement of carbon sequestration in minerals in engineered and natural environments.
High‐speed optical imaging of liquid film flow and liquid macro‐slip over free surfaces with different surface energies

High‐speed optical imaging is introduced as a visualization method to investigate the film‐flow properties of liquids with different surface tensions and viscosities (water, poly‐alpha‐olefin oil, and glycerol) over free rotating surfaces with different surface energies and polarities (steel, and two different diamond‐like‐carbon ‐ DLC coatings, i.e. DLC, and F‐DLC). It was found that the polar surface energy strongly influences the structural dynamics of the liquid film's flow and the film's slip. Namely, a decrease in the polar surface energy results in a less stable film with de‐wetting areas and breakups into streams, as well as in a larger amount of film slip, which was most clearly expressed by the F‐DLC. It was also found that the combination of a high surface tension and a low viscosity provides the largest amount of liquid slip, with the most obvious breakup of the liquid film being observed with water, which clearly exhibits these properties.
Evaluation of analgesic, Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol and dichloromenthane extract from scaphium lychnophorum fruit in experiment animals

Scaphium lychnophorum (S. lychnophorum) (Hance) Pierre is in the Sterculiaceae family which is commonly known in Thai as Samrong. This plant is mainly distributed in Vietnam, Thailand (Ubon Ratchathani and Chanthaburi), Malaysia, Indonesia, as well as South China. The major chemicals of S. lychnophorum are polysaccharides such as glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and xylose. The traditional use of S. lychnophorum has been claimed to treat pain, cough and clear phlegm, and used as antipyretics. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol (EESL) and dichloromethane (DESL) extract from S. lychnophorum fruit at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg in male mice and rats. In acute toxicity test, when the extract (EESL, DESL) was given up to 5 g/kg orally in male mice and rats, the animals did not show any signs of toxicity and mortality. Thus, the estimated oral LD50 of EESL and DESL was more than 5 g/kg. The effects of ethanol and dichloromethane extracts of Scaphium lychnophorum fruit were investigated on nociceptive responses using writhing, formalin, hot plate, and tail flick tests in mice, and antipyretic activity was determined in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was also assessed using carrageenaninduced hind paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The results indicated that only the ethanol extract from S. lychnophorum fruit (EESL) exhibited analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities in all experimental animal models used in this investigation, whereas dichloromethane extract fraction from S. lychnophorum fruit (DESL) did not demonstrat these activities. In writhing test, EESL (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, po) significantly produced a dose-related in inhibition of writhing responses induced by acetic acid by
Building Peptidomimetics using Solid Phase Synthesis with 2-Chlorotrityl Chloride Resin

Solid phase synthesis is a synthetic method commonly used for the construction of peptides. This approach is also useful with the synthesis of peptide-like organic molecules. There are numerous ways to synthetically construct peptidomimetic molecules, but solid phase synthesis provides an efficient way, over more traditional chemistry, when time for long synthesis is not available and smaller yields are desired for analysis. Many factors must be considered before constructing peptidomimetics on a 2-chlorotrityl polystyrene resin. The greatest advantage of this approach is the fact that it does not require lengthy purification columns after each step. After coupling the resin beads are washed with excess solvent, concentrated down and are then ready for the next coupling reaction. This approach can expedite the synthetic process and there are many techniques and recommendations to optimize the best yields. Unlike peptide synthesis, it is imperative to use anhydrous solvents in the synthetic construction. This review article will discuss the techniques and recommendations when using 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin to construct peptidomimetics when the C-terminus is a carboxylic acid.
TEGANGAN DAN KUAT ARUS LISTRIK DARI SIFAT ASAM BUAH

ABSTRACT Fruit is often used as food, drink and a good source of vitamin for the immune system actually has the ability to generated an electrical energy especially fruits and vegetables that are high acid. The acidity level of fruits is different, it necessary to do some research on how much voltage and current of the electricity produced fruit and and its relationship with acidity level (pH) of fruit. The samples in this research are tomatoes, pineapples, wuluh star fruits, appels and jeruk kunci. The vegetables and fruits extract is the measured for pH, current and voltage which produced with 10 repetitions. When the repetition was done every 5 minutes. The sequences fruit that produced of pH, voltage and current of the highest were jeruk kunci (3; 1,005 volt; 3,672 mA),wuluhstar fruits (2; 0,976 volt; 2,931 mA),apples (3,7; 0,974 volt; 2,658 mA), pineapples (4; 0,920 volt; 1,839 mA) dantomatoes (5; 0,876 volt; 0,890 mA). The pH of fruit is inversely proportional to voltage and current, meaning that when the acidity of fruit is low then the higher pH. Key words : fruit, pH, voltage, current ABSTRAK Buah sering dijadikan sebagai makanan, minuman dan sumber vitamin untuk sistem pertahanan tubuh ternyata memiliki kemampuan untuk menghasilkan energi listrik khususnya untuk buah dan sayur yang memiliki tingkat keasaman yang tinggi. Mengingat tingkat keasaman buah yang berbeda – beda, maka peneliti memandang perlu untuk melakukan penelitian seberapa besar tegangan dan kuat arus listrik yang dihasilkan buah serta hubungannya dengan tingkat keasaman (pH) buah. Sampel penelitian adalah sayur tomat, nanas, belimbing wuluh, apel dan jeruk kunci. Masing-masing sampel diambil ekstraknya untuk kemudian diukur pH, kuat arus dan tegangan listrik yang dihasilkan dengan 10 kali pengulangan. Dimana pengulangan dilakukan setiap 5 menit. Urutan buah yang menghasilkan pH, tegangan dan kuat arus listrik dari yang paling tinggi yaitu jeruk kunci (3; 1,005 volt; 3,672 mA), belimbing wuluh (2; 0,976 volt; 2,931 mA), apel (3,7; 0,974 volt; 2,658 mA), nanas (4; 0,920 volt; 1,839 mA) dan tomat (5; 0,876 volt; 0,890 mA). pH buah berbanding terbalik dengan tegangan dan kuat arus artinya apabila pH buah rendah maka tegangan dan kuat arus semakin tinggi dan sebaliknya. Kata kunci: Buah, pH, Tegangan listrik, Kuat arus listrik.
Highly selective transfer hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds using Cu-based nanocatalysts

Simultaneous dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to corresponding α,β-unsaturated alcohols was carried out in a single pot reaction without addition of any external hydrogen donor. Cu nanoclusters supported on nanocrystalline MgO were found to be the active catalyst for the chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds to produce the corresponding alcohols with very high yields. Transfer hydrogenation of cyclohexanol and cinnamaldehyde produced cyclohexanone and cinnamyl alcohol with 100% selectivity. This Cu/MgO catalyst can be easily recovered and recycled up to more than five times without any significant loss of activity, which confirmed the true heterogeneous nature of this catalyst. Several α,β-unsaturated compounds were also tested for this reaction and it was found that for all the cases the yield is >95%. The ease of handling without requiring high pressure H2 or a hazardous hydrogen source makes this transfer hydrogenation more practical and useful.
Production of Irrigation Water by Crystallization of Salts from Reject water of Solvay Process

There were two major sources of CO2 emissions: power Plants and natural gas treatment plants. CO2 removal from the sources such as fossil-fuel power plants and similar sources is of supreme importance to reduce the effect on global warming. A process involving a chemical reaction between CO2 and ammonia in saline solution was proposed to reduce the global warming effect and produce irrigation water. This study focuses on the crystallization of ammonium chloride in the mixture of sodium bicarbonate salts produced in the process. Organic solvents, Diethylene glycol and 2-Methoxyethanol, were added in the crystallization process. Based on the recovery of the salts, 2-Ethoxyethanol gives the best recovery of the organic solvents tried.
CO Oxidation on Au/α-Fe2O3-Hollow Catalysts: General Synthesis and Structural Dependence

Gold nanoparticles supported on iron oxides are highly active catalysts for the CO oxidation even at low temperatures, and their activity strongly depends on the nature of the Fe2O3 support. In the present work, we found a facile route to synthesize α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with a hollow architecture via a hydrothermal–thermal decomposition process without utilization of templates and surfactants. The key of this synthetic strategy is to induce the formation of hole-like surface defects on the β-FeOOH nanorod precursors with relatively small diameters (20–30 nm) and give a suitable temperature gradient to enhance the volume diffusion of such defects during heating. Finally, the hollow structure can be evolved from the growth of the surface defect clusters on the nanorods. For comparison, α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with other typical morphologies (i.e., spindle, rod, and hollow rod) were also prepared. Au nanoparticles (2–5 nm) were well dispersed on the different α-Fe2O3 supports via a colloid-deposition method.
Sampling rare or elusive species : concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters

Information regarding population status and abundance of rare species plays a key role in resource management decisions. Ideally, data should be collected using statistically sound sampling methods, but by their very nature, rare or elusive species pose a difficult sampling challenge. Sampling Rare or Elusive Species describes the latest sampling designs and survey methods for reliably estimating occupancy, abundance, and other population parameters of rare, elusive, or otherwise hard-to-detect plants and animals. It offers a mixture of theory and application, with actual examples from terrestrial, aquatic, and marine habitats around the world. Sampling Rare or Elusive Species is the first volume devoted entirely to this topic and provides natural resource professionals with a suite of innovative approaches to gathering population status and trend data. It represents an invaluable reference for natural resource professionals around the world, including fish and wildlife biologists, ecologists, biometricians, natural resource managers, and all others whose work or research involves rare or elusive species.
Flower-like carbon with embedded silicon nano particles as an anode material for Li-ion batteries

A novel 3-dimensional (3D) flower-like silicon/carbon composite was synthesized through spray drying method by using NaCl as the sacrificial reagent and was evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. This composite is composed of silicon nanoparticles distributed in the flower-like carbon framework. Cycling test results showed that, serving as the anode material, the composite achieved excellent capacity values of 1323 mA h g−1 at C/20 (1C = 4200 mA g−1) after 100 cycles and 985 mA h g−1 at C/2 after 200 cycles, respectively. The enhancement of electrode stability, compared to the conventional silicon anode made of bare silicon nano particles, is attributed to the unique flower-like 3D structure of the composite, which helps to maintain the mechanical stability of the electrode, and therefore maintains better electrical contact between the anode material and the current collector.
Tunable electronic properties of arsenene/GaS van der Waals heterostructures

Finding novel atomically thin heterostructures and understanding their electronic properties is critical for developing better nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this work, we investigate the structural and electronic properties of arsenene/GaS van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures using first-principles calculations. Our results suggest that this heterostructure has an intrinsic type-II band alignment and an indirect band gap. Comparing the calculated band edge positions to the redox potentials of water, we identify that the arsenene/GaS vdW heterostructure is a promising photocatalyst for water splitting. Moreover, we also find that intriguing indirect–direct and semiconductor–metal transitions can be induced by strain. In particular, under certain strain, degenerate valleys of conduction band bottoms will be created, which suggests potential applications in valleytronics.
High-energy X-ray Transmission Microscopy based on Compound Refractive Lenses

In the results of the work presented in this thesis it has been shown theoretically and demonstrated experimentally that lateral chromatic aberration in hard X-ray transmission microscopy can be significantly reduced by focusing the illumination into the center of the objective lens. Utilizing pink beam microscopy, radiography with spatial resolutions better than 200 nm could be achieved at millisecond frame rates, and tomography with the same resolution could be acquired in less than two seconds. Furthermore, Zernike phase contrast has been implemented for the first time in compound refractive lens based microscopy, and estimations are presented that indicates that the use of this phase contrast technique with non-monochromatic illumination is possible, and is compatible with the lateral chromatic correction scheme. It is also shown that with the illumination focused in the objective, Zernike phase contrast can be achieved using modified CRLs, exemplified by employing a lenslet with a circular hole as a negative phase plate. This is essential for pink beam imaging since the localization of a positive phase plate in the focal spot could become quite challenging, considering the focal spot heat load. Demonstrations of both monochromatic and non-monochromatic imaging with HXTM are presented for various test cases, including in-situ eutectic solidification, colloidal crystals from micron sized polymer spheres, and ultra-fast high resolution tomogram data collections. Taking into account the effects of partial coherent illumination chromatic transmission cross-coefficients have been derived, and expressions for optimal coherence lengths and numerical apertures for any bandwidth and resolution requirement, are obtained. In addition, some convenient relations between numerical aperture and longitudinal chromatic aberration have been derived linking the severity of chromatic aberration of compound refractive lenses to their numerical aperture. Finally, a modelling tool for fast evaluation of image quality was implemented and described.
Textural diversity in selected Retisols in the catena of the Opalenica Plain (western Poland)

Abstract The investigation was carried out in the catena of Retisols within the Opalenica Plain. The aim of the study was to characterize the variation in texture of selected Retisols formed from ground moraine glacial till of Leszno Phase of Vistulian glaciation. The analyzed soils are characterized by a similar degree of soil material segregation, which is characteristic for the typical glacial till. Particle size distribution and granulometric indices lead to conclusion that soils located in the catena on summit and shoulder positions, have vertical texture distribution formed primarily by lessivage process. Sandy texture of eluvial horizons noted in the Retisol of the slope pediment can be a consequence of not only lessivage but also of slope forming processes that led to the appearance of lithic discontinuity. The cluster analysis using Ward’s method and 1-rPearson as the distance measure can be helpful for identification the lithogenic uniformity and/or non-uniformity of soil parent material.
Enhanced Sb2Se3 solar cell performance through theory‐guided defect control

Defects present in the absorber layer largely dictate photovoltaic device performance. Recently, a binary photovoltaic material, Sb2Se3, has drawn much attention due to its low‐cost and nontoxic constituents and rapid performance promotion. So far, however, the intrinsic defects of Sb2Se3 remain elusive. Here, through a combined theoretical and experimental investigation, we revealed that shallow acceptors, SeSb antisites, are the dominant defects in Sb2Se3 produced in an Se‐rich environment, where deep donors, SbSe and VSe, dominate in Sb2Se3 produced in an Se‐poor environment. We further constructed a superstrate CdS/Sb2Se3 thin‐film solar cell achieving 5.76% efficiency through in situ Se compensation during Sb2Se3 evaporation and through careful optimization of absorber layer thickness. The understanding of intrinsic defects in Sb2Se3 film and the demonstrated success of in situ Se compensation strategy pave the way for further efficiency improvement of this very promising photovoltaic technology. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porphyrin‐based covalent triazine frameworks: Porosity, adsorption performance, and drug delivery

Two porous porphyrin-based covalent triazine frameworks (PCTFs), in which porphyrin is incorporated as building block, have been synthesized by the Friedel–Crafts reaction. The copolymer PCTFs show large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of up to 1089 m2 g−1, high CO2 uptake capacity reaching 139.9 mg g−1 at 273 K/1.0 bar, and good selectivity for CO2/CH4 adsorption attaining 6.1 at 273 K/1.0 bar. The resulting porous solids also can be used as matrices for drug delivery of ibuprofen in vitro. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2594–2600
Refining of wine lees and cheese whey for the production of microbial oil, polyphenol-rich extracts and value-added co-products

BACKGROUND Refining of renewable resources for the production of various end-products should be applied in order to develop sustainable processes and ensure the transition to the bio-economy era. With this principle in mind, a novel integrated biorefinery has been developed based on cheese whey and wine lees valorisation. RESULTS Polyphenols, tartrate salts and ethanol were extracted from wine lees, while the remaining solids enriched in yeast cells were converted into nutrient-rich fermentation supplements. The composition of phenolics varied between solid and liquid fractions of wine lees. Protein concentrate was separated from cheese whey via ultrafiltration, while the concentrated lactose-rich permeate stream was supplemented with wine lees derived hydrolysates to form fermentation media for microbial oil production by Cryptococcus curvatus and Mortierella ramanniana. Functional oil containing 4.5% (w/w) of the omega-6 fatty acid γ-linolenic acid was produced in shake flask cultures by Mortierella ramanniana with total dry weight of 25.8 g/L and 30.6% (w/w) lipid content. Fed-batch bioreactor cultures with Cryptococcus curvatus using only crude resources led to one of the highest lipid concentrations (33.1 g/L) reported in literature-cited publications using cheese whey. CONCLUSION This is the first study proposing the integrated refining of cheese whey and wine lees for the production of both commodity and speciality products, namely whey protein concentrate, antioxidants, ethanol, tartrate salts and microbial oil.