Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
En del beslut gäller hela livet en utvärdering av en cykelhjälmskampanj

The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of a Swedish educational programme encouraging the use of bicycle helmets. Another to important aim was to use a theoretical model to explain which factors contribute to the prediction of cyclists' intention to use a helmet. A non-representative sample consisting of employees working for the same insurance company located at three different locations in Sweden was selected. Two served as an experiment group and the third as a control or comparison group. Measurements were taken before and after the campaign. The educational campaign was held by the Swedish Falck Ambulans. The session lasted for one hour. The emphasis of the campaign was to focus on accidents and injuries to the brain when not wearing a helmet. The participants were also given an opportunity to sign a bicycle helmet contract on receipt of which they received a helmet free of charge. Data were collected using a web-based self-report survey. The results revealed that the proportion of people who used a helmet when biking to work had increased substantially amongst those having taken part in the session. It also showed that after the campaign the intention to use the helmet was greater amongst the experiment group than amongst the control group. The results showed that the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was effective in the predicting of the intention to wear a helmet. The strongest predictor was perceived behavioural control followed by subjective norm. The weakest TPB predictor was the attitude. The prediction of helmet wearing intention was significantly improved when anticipated regret and past behaviour were added to the model. The results from the Transtheoretical model showed that participants in the experimental group had on average moved one step closer to a change. In sum, it could be concluded that an educational campaign, which also includes elements of endorsement (i.e. to be given a bicycle helmet when signing a contract to use the same), significantly increases the likelihood of using a bicycle helmet.
Stress wave timing nondestructive evaluation tools for inspecting historic structures: a guide for use and interpretation.

This guide was prepared to assist inspectors in the use of stress wave timing instruments and various methods of locating and defining areas of deca y in timber members in historic structures. The first two sections provide (a) background information regarding conventional methods to locate and measure deca y in historic structures and (b) the principles of stress wave nondestructive testing and measurement techniques. The last section is a detailed description of ho w t apply the use of stress wave nondestructive testing methods in the field. A sample field data acquisition for m and additional reference material are included in the Appendix. This guide includes all the infor mation needed to begin to utilize and interpret results fro m stress wave timing nondestructive evaluation methods.
Microbial Fuel Cells for Powering Navy Devices

Abstract : Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are fuel cells that generate electrical power by using microorganisms to catalyze the anode reaction. In theory, they can range in scale from less than 1 W to more than 1 MW. They promise relatively high energy density (Wh/L) compared to lithium batteries and hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells and relatively high specific energy (Wh/kg) compared to lithium batteries by using nonexplosive biomass-derived organic matter as fuel, such as glucose and acetate. While they promise relatively low power density (W/L) and low specific power (W/kg) owing to relatively low rates of microbe-catalyzed anode reactions, recent advancements indicate that power densities comparable to alkaline batteries are within reach. They are therefore being investigated primarily for low power consuming, long duration applications such as remotely deployed sensors, for which they may prove superior to existing power supplies when fully developed. MFCs for such applications are estimated here to be at technology readiness level (TRL) 3. MFCs are also being investigated to generate electrical power from the biomass content of wastewater (i.e., sewage) in order to offset energy consumption of wastewater treatment processes. MFCs for this application are estimated to be at TRL 4.
Modeling microwave heating in foods

Abstract: The chapter addresses electromagnetic (EM) modeling of microwave food heating scenarios with the use of two popular computational methods: the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the finite element method (FEM) in the frequency domain. Principles behind FDTD and FEM are discussed first, with focus on their numerical accuracy bounds. Theoretical considerations are illustrated with practical examples involving a commercially available domestic microwave oven loaded with a beef load. Two popular EM solvers are applied and shown consistent in predicting matching characteristics and field patterns: HFSS (FEM) and QuickWave-3D (FDTD). Multiphysics functionalities of QuickWave-3D are further utilized to demonstrate the effects of temperature-dependent materials, load rotation, heat flow and magnetron detuning.
Quality perceptions and asymmetric switching between brands

Rotating indifference curves are used to induce an income effect that favors superior brands at the expense of inferior brands in a discrete choice model. When calibrated on scanner panel data, the model yields an objective measure of brand quality which is related to the rate of rotation. The model also leads to asymmetric responses to price promotions where switching up to high quality brands is more likely than switching down. The model is capable of nesting the standard logit model, and is similar to a nested logit model when there exists clusters of brands of like quality. The model is used to explore a product line pricing decision where profits are maximized subject to the constraint that consumer utility is maintained.
Worth more than 1000 words: how photographs can bolster viewers’ valuing of biodiversity

Summary For many, declining biodiversity represents an emotionally and psychologically distant ‘cost’ – similar to how a number of people perceive climate change. Using an expectancy-value theory framework, we showed participants photographs that visibly illustrated the threat of biodiversity loss. Specifically, we tested a combination of preregistered and exploratory hypotheses through an online experiment (n = 843) to understand whether viewing photographs of plants and animals (with and without captions) bolstered people’s valuing of biodiversity and willingness to donate to a nature-focused charity relative to a control group. Participants who viewed photographs (without captions) valued biodiversity more and donated more to the nature-focused charity; those who viewed photographs with captions showed similar though more muted (non-statistically significant) effects. Follow-up mediation analyses on the photographs-only participants suggested that the photographs may have catalysed negative emotions that increased valuing of biodiversity and, in turn, increased donations. This study provides preregistered evidence that thoughtfully selected photographs boost people’s valuing of biodiversity and exploratory evidence that the pathway through which that might occur is more likely via negative emotions than through reduced psychological distance. Educators, conservationists, journalists and others may find these results informative as they develop strategies for addressing the acute problem of biodiversity loss.
Crowdsourcing as a model for problem solving: Leveraging the collective intelligence of online communities for public good

As an application of deliberative democratic theory in practice, traditional public participation programs in urban planning seek to cultivate citizen input and produce public decisions agreeable to all stakeholders. However, the deliberative democratic ideals of these traditional public participation programs, consisting of town hall meetings, hearings, workshops, and design charrettes, are often stymied by interpersonal dynamics, special interest groups, and an absence of key stakeholder demographics due to logistical issues of meetings or lack of interest and awareness. This dissertation project proposes crowdsourcing as an online public participation alternative that may ameliorate some of the hindrances of traditional public participation methods. Crowdsourcing is an online, distributed problem solving and production model largely in use for business. It leverages the collective intelligence of online communities by soliciting ideas and solutions for an organization from these communities through the form of an open call. The mechanism of one type of crowdsourcing, the peer-vetted creative production approach, aligns with the goals of public participation programs. In light of this, Next Stop Design was launched in 2009 in an attempt to test crowdsourcing in a public participation context for transit planning. Next Stop Design was an online competition where users submitted bus stop shelter designs and voted on the designs of peers to determine a best design. This study examines the effectiveness of the Next Stop Design project as an online deliberative democratic process, as perceived by Next Stop Design participants,
A taxonomic revision of Selaginella monospora Spring (Selaginellaceae)

During a taxonomic revision of Selaginella from the Himalaya which is a part of the ongoing “Flora of Pan-Himalaya” project, we studied the taxonomy of Selaginella monospora and its closely related species. We found that S. microclada once treated as a synonym of S. monospora should be accepted as a distinct species. In contrast, S. trichophylla, S. monospora var. ciliolata, S. medogensis, and S. effusa var. dulongjiangensis are reduced to synonymy of S. monospora based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological characters. Selaginella monospora is characterized by denticulate to ciliolate leaves and strongly dimorphic sporophylls vs. denticulate leaves and slightly dimorphic sporophylls in S. microclada. A lectotypification of S. medogensis was also made in the present study.
Utilizing an Intelligent Tutoring System in Tactical Action Officer Sandbox

Abstract : The Office of Naval Research Future Naval Capabilities, the Defense Technology Area Plan from 2005 and the Department of Defense Science and Technology Priorities for FY13-17 all share a focus on systems to promote warfighter performance. The goal of these systems is to improve effectiveness across a range of multiple missions, while providing training techniques that enhance fundamental cognitive abilities, institute techniques to reduce training time and training costs, maximize the training impact, as well as to provide tools and techniques to achieve routine and engaging scenario-based training. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) can address these goals. This work describes an ITS created for use in training naval surface warfare officers (SWOs) in air defense. A description of the learning theories applied in the development of the system, as well as a brief history of ITSs and the methodology that was utilized in developing this ITS is provided. A TCP/IP connection was established between this tutor and TAO Sandbox, a simulator utilized by Surface Warfare Officer School to train SWOs. Through a designed experiment, it was demonstrated that this ITS provides statistically significant training to its intended audience.
Satellite Relative Motion Control for MIT's SPHERES Program

Abstract : Autonomous formation flight concepts and algorithms have great potential to revolutionize spacecraft operations enabling missions to perform autonomous docking, in-space refueling, in-space robotic assembly, and space debris removal. Such tasks require the implementation of speed and path control algorithms to maneuver satellites along relative paths with specified rates along those paths. This thesis uses MATLAB (registered trademark) and SIMULINK (registered trademark) to design and simulate a control algorithm capable of providing relative speed and path control between satellites with a pointing error of less than two degrees, a position error of less than two millimeters, and a millimeter per second of velocity error. The enclosed research provides enhancements to Massachusetts Institute of Technology's SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellites) program, a testbed for multi-object rendezvous and docking research. This control algorithm is to be used on-board the International Space Station to allow MIT's SPHERES program to continue to provide a practical intermediate step to develop, test, and validate autonomous formation spaceflight algorithms. Furthermore, the simulation tool used to develop the control algorithm allows a greater community of control engineers to interact with SPHERES purely in the MATLAB (registered trademark) development environment.
An Assessment of the Nutritional Intake and Energy Expenditure of Unacclimatized U.S. Army Soldiers Living and Working at High Altitude

Abstract : During a recent deployment to Bolivia (3500-4050 m elevation), 35 male soldiers (control) ate the field rations (B/MRE/B). Another 32 male soldiers (supplemented) and 13 female soldiers ate the field rations plus a high CHO (125 g) food supplement. Daily urine samples were obtained. Body weight, food/fluid intake, and food acceptability were recorded for 15 d. A sub-sample of 30 soldiers provided 24-hour urine sample for the first and last two days of the study. Energy expenditure was measured on a sub-sample (n=12) using doubly labelled water. Caloric intake decreased for the first three days at altitude, picked-up on day four and leveled out thereafter. Mean daily energy intakes were 2140 kcal for the control, 2265 kcal for the supplemented, and 1668 kcal for the female group. Caloric intakes for the male groups were not significantly different. Mean daily energy expenditure was 3549 kcal. Consequently, all groups lost body weight, 3.71 lbs, 3.78 lbs, and 1.16 lbs, respectively. Mean CHO intake was 46, 48, and 52% of the energy intake, respectively. Ration acceptability was good and did not decline over time. These results show that B Rations and the MRE are equally suited for use at altitude as sea level but also demonstrate that soldiers given an ad libitum dietary regimen and a food packet CHO supplement, did not automatically increase their CHO intake. It was concluded, therefore, that if an increase in CHO intake at altitude is desirable then supplementation via a beverage component may be more effective.
Application of Data Mining in Knowledge Management: A Review

Data mining is one of the essential tools to capture knowledge. This paper explores the applications of data mining techniques that have been used in the knowledge management process. The journal articles that are published in different international journal publications are analyzed and classified. This paper first briefly describes the concept of data mining and knowledge management. The discussion on the result is divided into four topics: (1) knowledge resource, (2) knowledge datasets, (3) data mining tasks, and (4) data mining algorithms. Lastly, the applications of data mining in the knowledge management process are summarized and discussed.
Spatial updating experiments in Virtual Reality: What makes the world turn around in our head?

Discontinuous (jumplike) spatial updating yielded similar performance. Photo-realistic visual stimuli from well-known environments including an abundance of salient landmarks are sufficient to trigger spatial updating and hence turn the world inside our head, even without corresponding vestibular cues. This result conflicts with the prevailing opinion that vestibular cues are required for proper updating of ego-turns. We believe that this apparent conflict can be primarily explained by the immersiveness of our visualization setup and the abundance of natural landmarks in a well-known environment.
Stochastic flow sequence generation and Aspinall Unit operations

The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. The Aspinall Unit is comprised of three reservoirs that lie on the western slope of Rocky Mountains and regulate approximately 50% of the Gunnison River Basin drainage. Since its completion in 1977, the Unit's primary objectives have been generation of hydropower, storage for consumptive use, flood prevention, and recreation. Currently, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is being prepared to benefit endangered fish species found in the Gunnison River, focusing on habitat management by prescribing beneficial flows. Thus, the implication of this additional demand/objective is of importance to water managers. Southwestern water management and planning are increasingly discussed topics, given the recent, unprecedented drought (1999-2004). While this period marked the worst drought on record for the Colorado River Basin, paleo reconstructed flows dating back to the 1500's suggest that such events are not uncommon. As a result, when assessing the impact of the recommended fish flows (RFF) on pre-existing objectives, it is important to consider a wide range of hydrologies that include extended periods of drought and surplus. This work aims to develop synthetic hydrologies that can be used to assess the implications of meeting the RFF on current operations of the Aspinall Unit through the following steps. Stochastic flow sequence generation techniques based on observed data only are first investigated, followed by approaches to incorporate paleo iv reconstructed data. The selected methods are then employed to generate synthetic traces which are eventually used as inputs to a Decision Support System (DSS) model of the Gunnison Basin. In order to be used as such, these traces are disaggregated from an annual single site value to intervening flows throughout the basin at a monthly timestep. Last, a DSS model is developed and employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the stochastic flow sequences. Dedication For my parents and brother, who have always encouraged my endeavors, whatever they may be. vi Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the help of many individuals. patience throughout my work I would not have been able to accomplish and learn all that I have. I thank the staff at the Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems for providing a great environment in which to work; their willingness …
Photoluminescence of Europium-Activated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Body Fluids

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4� 6(OH)2, HA) nanoparticles activated with Eu 3+ were synthesized using the sol–gel technique. The crystal structure was elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis and the internal crystal structure and morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Under excitation with 394 nm light, the powders are red-emitting. The photoluminescence bands are detected at 575 nm ( 5 D0 → 7 F0), ∼590 nm ( 5 D0 → 7 F1), 613 nm ( 5 D0 → 7 F2) and 626 nm ( 5 D0 → 7 F2). The nanosized HA:Eu dispersed in urine and blood serum showed high stability with respect to their optical properties, although some transitions underwent a change in relative emission intensities. A change in emission intensities was also observed for the cysteine dispersion. The stability at different pHs was studied in water and urine fluids. The HA:Eu nanoparticles are suitable as biomarkers for nanomedical applications.
AN ERGONOMICS EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY IMPACT OF A NEW ON-BOARD SYSTEM: SAFEMAP

To assess the impact of an advanced driver assistance system consisting of warnings for frequent accident spots, curves and intersection approach on speed and to evaluate its acceptability, twenty participants were invited to drive a fifteen kilometres loop three times. The warnings were only presented on the third drive to half of the participants, whilst they were presented on the second and third drive to the other half of the participants. The preliminary results indicate that the warnings had no systematic effects on speed and that the observed variation in speed was rather induced by the characteristics of the road. However, the subjective responses of the participants to the after drive questionnaire were positive towards the system. For the covering abstract see ITRD E134653.
TEST REPORT: LOW-COST ACCESS TO TDRS USING TOPEX TO EMULATE SMALL SATELLITE PERFORMANCE

This report lists the objectives and conclusions of a series of experimental contacts between the TOPEX and the TDRS satellites. These experiments are designed to verify the theoretical prediction that a spin-stabilized satellite with a broad-beam, zenith-pointing antenna can have regular, significant contacts with the TDRS and use those contacts for data services. This series of experiments is a joint project between the experimenters at New Mexico State University (NMSU), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). In these experiments, we show that: (1) The satellite contacts during the experiment begin and end as predicted prior to the experiment; (2) The data contact is held for the desired contact duration; (3) The data quality through the contact is high and similar to that required by actual project needs; and (4) The receiving hardware at the White Sands Complex (WSC) is able to track the signals better than expected by analysis of the antenna pattern effects alone predict. We believe that these experiments successfully demonstrate the basic concept and its validity with actual spacecraft systems.