Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Size and Volume of Pores in Sweetgum Wood During Simultaneous Rot by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in cell wall void (pore) volume and pore sixe distr ibution in swcctgum wood during decay by a white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete clirysosporium Burds. Results of the study may provide quantitative answers to questions regarding the accessibility of degradative proteins to their respective substrates within the cell wall. Swectgum (LiquUkimbur styrucifluu L.) wood blocks were decayed by Phunerochtiett: chrysosporium Burds. in soil-block cultures. Lignin, cellulose and licmiccllulose were removed at approximately equal rates with progression of decay. Decay was terminated at various weight losses, and the pore volumes available to probes of various molecular weight and diameter were determined by the solute exclusion technique. The cell wall void volume in sound sweetgum wood was 0.35 ml «g*" and the maximum pore diameter, 2 nm (20 A). In white-rot decayed wood, cell wall void volume increased to 0.6 ml -g ' at 40% weight loss, and maximum pore diameter increased to more than 5 nm (50 A). Most of the cell wall void volume increase resulted from the creation of pores of 2 to 5 nm (20 to 50 A) diameter. Assuming a model in which the cell wall is built of microfibrils laterally associated to form lamellae, we conclude that ligninolytic enzymes are expected to penetrate only a small fraction of new cell wall void volume, even after extensive decay, whereas small enzymes of 2 to 3 nm (20 to 30Ä) may gain access to considerable new cell void volume.
NMR spectroscopy in the characterization of asphalt

NMR spectrometry represents a probe which can provide many details regarding the structure and functionality of asphalts. This is particularly true if it is combined with chromatography and/or chemical modifications. In this project {sup 1}H, {sup 2}H, {sup 13}C, {sup 19}F, {sup 29}Si, {sup 31}P nuclei and a variety of NMR techniques (1D, 2D, DEPT) have been used to describe a few chemical characteristics of the asphalts and chromatographic fractions therefrom.
Tritium inventory differences: I. Sampling and U-getter pump holdup

Inventory differences (ID) in tritium material balance accounts (MBA) can occur with unmeasured transfers from the process or unmeasured holdup in the system. Small but cumulatively significant quantities of tritium can leave the MBA by normal capillary sampling of process gas operation. A predictor model for estimating the quantity of tritium leaving the MBA by sampling has been developed and implemented. The model calculates the gas transferred per sample; using the tritium concentration in the process and the number of samples, a quantity of tritium transferred is predicted. Verification of the model is made by PVT measurement of process transfer from multiple samplings. Conparison of predicted sample transfers with the IDs from several MBAs reveals that sampling typically represents 50% of unmeasured transfers for regularly sampled processes. Another source of ID is unmeasured houldup of tritium in U-getter pumps. A method of measuring T/sub 2/ holdup by D/sub 2/ dilution has been developed and applied to three different U-getter pumps at Mound. Replicate dilution experiments on the same pumps speread over a nine-month period indicates that getter pumps have holdup quantities related to regeneration performance.
Engineering-scale Experiments Of Solar Photocatalytic Oxidation Of Trichloroethylene

A photocatalytic process is being developed to destroy organic contaminants in water. Tests with a common water pollutant, trichloroethylene (TCE), were conducted at the Solar Thermal Test Facility at Sandia with trough systems. Tests at this scale provide verification of laboratory studies and allow examination of design and operation issues that only arise in experiments on a realistic scale. The catalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO/sub 2/), is a harmless material found in paint, cosmetics and even toothpaste. We examined the effect of initial contaminant concentration and the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic decomposition of trichloroethylene (TCE). An aqueous solution of 5000 parts per billion (ppb) TCE with 0.1 weight% suspended titanium dioxide catalyst required approximately 4.2 minutes of exposure to destroy the TCE to a detection limit of 5 ppb. For a 300 ppb TCE solution the time required was only 2.5 minutes to reach the same level of destruction. Adding 250 parts per million (ppm) of hydrogen peroxide reduced the time required by about I minute. A two parameter Langmuir Hinshelwood model was able to describe the data. A simple flow apparatus was built to test four fixed catalyst supports and to measure their pressure drop and assess their ability to withstand flow conditions typical of a full-sized system. In this paper, we summarize the engineering-scale testing and results.
First Principles Study of Si/Ge Core-Shell Nanowires ---- Structural and Electronic Properties

One-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures, such as Si and Ge nanowires, have attracted extensive research efforts over the past decades (B. Y-K Hu & Das Sarma, 1992; Hirschman et al., 1996; Morales & Lieber, 1998; Holmes et al., 2000; Cui & Lieber, 2001; Cui et al., 2001, 2003; Koo et al., 2004; Audoit et al., 2005; X. Y. Wu et al., 2008; Dailey & Drucker, 2009). They are expected to play important roles as both interconnects and functional components in future nanoscale electronic and optical devices, such as lightemitting diodes (LEDs) (Hirschman et al., 1996; Cui & Lieber, 2001), ballistic field-effect transistors (FETs) (Cui et al., 2003; Koo et al., 2004), inverters (Cui & Lieber, 2001), and nanoscale sensors (Cui et al., 2001; Hahm & Lieber, 2004). Experimental and theoretical investigations showed that in these nanoscale structures charge carriers are confined in the lateral direction of the wires, thus quantum confinement effect is expected to play an important role on the electronic properties. This confinement effect has been observed, for example, in photoluminescence studies, by exhibiting substantial blue-shift of emission with reduction of the nanowire diameter (Z. Wu et al., 2008; Beckman et al., 2006; Bruno et al., 2005). Researchers also found that the band gap of Si and Ge nanowires depends on several factors, such as size (Beckman et al., 2006; Bruno et al., 2005; Arantes & Fazzio, 2007), crystalline orientation (Bruno et al., 2005; Arantes & Fazzio, 2007; Medaboina et al., 2007), surface chemistry (Medaboina et al., 2007; Kagimura et al., 2007), and doping (Medaboina et al., 2007; Peelaers et al., 2007). Recently, particular attention has been given to Si/Ge core-shell nanowires, in which factors, such as heterostructure composition and interface geometry, can be further manipulated to tune the electronic properties of nanowires (Kagimura et al., 2007; Lauhon et al., 2002; Y. Y. Wu et al., 2002; Lu et al., 2005; Trammell et al., 2008; J. Q. Hu et al., 2009; Peng & Logan, 2010; Peng et al., 2011b). Compared to pure Si and Ge wires, the core-shell structure has some greater properties. For instance, a better conductance and higher mobility of charge carries can be obtained, due to the conduction and valence band offsets in the core-shell nanowires (Kagimura et al., 2007; Goldthorpe et al., 2008; L. Yang et al., 2008). The band offsets also offer the heterostructure a wide range of applications in solar cells (Tian et al., 2007) and high-switching speed transistors (Y. J. Hu et al., 2008).
Photoelectron spectroscopy of reactive intermediates

Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) has been used to investigate the structure and thermochemistry of a number of alkyl radicals and their corresponding carbonium ions. The radicals have been produced by flash vacuum pyrolysis of alkyl nitrites. The shape of the first band in the photoelectron spectrum of a free radical is related to the structural changes that take place in forming the carbonium ion from the radical. The ionization potentials obtained from the photoelectron spectra of the radicals are combined with gas phase ion thermochemistry data to obtain alkyl radical heats of formation. The thermochemical data thus obtained is used to discuss substituent and structural effects on the stability of radicals and carbonium ions. In many cases the thermolytic decomposition pathways of the alkyl radicals have been elucidated using PES. The application of the PES technique to the analysis of reactive intermediates present in heterogeneous thermolysis mixtures is also discussed. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to the technique employed in these studies, and a review of the studies performed in this laboratory. Chapter 2 presents results on the thermochemistry and structure of the 1- and 2-adamantyl radicals. The tricyclic 1-adamantyl radical and carbonium ion are important as model bridgehead compounds, and the question of the amount of strain energy caused by the non-planarity of the radical and ion center has been of great interest. The first bands in the photoelectron spectra of the o-, m- and p-methylbenzyl radicals are presented in Chapter 3. The methyl substituent effects on the stabilities of the radicals and ions are discussed. In Chapter 4 results on investigations of heterogeneous processes in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) systems using the chlorosilanes as feed gases are discussed. SiCl₂ is found to be the major silicon containing reactive intermediate produced by surface reactions at 600 - 1100 °C in CVD systems using dichlorosilane and trichlorosilane as feed gases. Chapter 5 presents the spectra of the 1- and 2-methylnaphthyl radicals. The relative stabilities of the radicals and carbonium ions are discussed based on proton affinities determined by Fourier transform mass spectrometric equilibrium studies, combined with ionization potentials obtained from photoelectron spectra of the radicals.
A study of the core level electrons in iron and its three oxides by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The core level electrons in iron and its three oxides FeO, Fe3O4 and alpha -Fe2O3 have been studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The main features of the spectra have been identified and electron binding energies have been measured. The Fe 2p peaks of the oxide spectra are broadened (FWHM approximately 4.5 eV) due to unresolved multiplet splitting, and shake-up satellites can be observed for both FeII and FeIII species. For all the samples studied the O 1s spectra consist of two overlapping peaks, one due to the oxide and a higher binding energy peak due to an adsorbed species. The higher binding energy peak was frequently dominant indicating a high degree of absorption on the oxide surfaces. The effect of argon ion etching on the surfaces has also been investigated and the results indicate that the analysis of surfaces by means of ion etching in conjunction with XPS can give misleading results.
Pengaruh Waktu Penggilingan Terhadap Kadar Zat Besi dalam Ampas Sari Kedelai Menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh waktu penggilingan dalam pembuatan sari kedelai terhadap kadar total zat besi yang tertinggal dalam ampas sari kedelai menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan mengomplekskan besi dengan 1,10-fenantrolin membentuk besi(II)-fenantrolin. Panjang gelombang maksimum yang didapat sebesar 511 nm. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengukur kadar besi dalam kedelai tanpa penggilingan (dilabeli sebagai GM 1) dan 4 kedelai dengan variasi waktu penggilingan selama 15 detik, 30 detik, 45 detik, dan 60 detik (dilabeli GM 2, GM 3, GM 4, GM 5). Hasil yang didapat yakni GM 1 mengandung besi sebanyak 7,082 gram, GM 2 sebanyak 6,832 gram, GM 3 sebanyak 6,120 gram, GM 4 sebanyak 4,867 gram, dan GM 5 sebanyak 4,444 gram. Hasil didapat menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang linier antara waktu penggilingan dan kadar total zat besi dalam ampas sari kedelai
Large data bank improves crude physical property correlations

New empirical correlations, based on a large data bank, estimate crude oil physical properties better than previously published industry-standard correlations. The new correlations are for: oil formation volume factor, solution GOR, bubble point pressure, viscosity of gas-free oil, viscosity of gas-saturated oil, viscosity of undersaturated oil, isothermal compressibility of saturated oil, gas gravity correction factor, and conversion factor for changing flash oil formation volume factor to the differential oil formation volume factor. These correlations are a function of such field-measurable parameters as temperature, pressure, separated gas gravity, and tank oil gravity. They were developed from a large data bank covering a broad range of the world's oil. In addition, another data bank of published data verified the correlations.
Low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy wave-function imaging of InAs∕GaAs cleaved quantum dots with similar height

The authors report on cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy/scanning tunneling spectroscopy and subsequent electronic wave-function imaging at a low temperature (T=77K) on cleaved In(Ga)As∕GaAs quantum dots (QDs). The dI∕dV spectra exhibit a set of discrete and well-defined peaks in the QD conduction band. Differential conductance dI∕dV maps, obtained on a series of individual dots, display clearly the real space spatial variation at the nanometer scale of the envelope (amplitude) of the electron wave functions for the successive ground state and excited states. Wave-function symmetry of the first two excited states are identified in the STS measurements.
Wachstum und Charakterisierung von großflächigem Graphen

The growth of macroscopic single-layer graphene and its implementation in largearea electronic devices is of major interest. Large area graphene is grown by an optimized CVD-process on polycrystalline copper foil and transferred to suitable substrates by a self-developed transfer process. Transmission-spectroscopic investigations indicate that the manufactured graphene exhibits almost constant transmission of 97.6% between 450 800 nm. NEXAFS-, XPS-, as well as Raman experiments were conducted to demonstrate the low defect density in the sp2 hybrid structure of the manufactured graphene. Large internal biaxial compressive strain is introduced in graphene due to the thermal expansion mismatch between graphene and copper. The mechanism of the stepwise strain relaxation is fully revealed by AFM and Raman measurement techniques. The remaining strain in the material is thoroughly quanti ed. Interestingly, the rst step of the strain relaxation process results in a pronounced ripple structure on the Cu substrate and in graphene wrinkle formation. Removing graphene from the Cu substrate and transferring it to SiO2 results in a shift of the 2D phonon mode by 27 cm-1 to lower frequencies. Hall e ect measurements of an 8 × 8mm2 graphene layer on corning eagle borosilicate glass exhibit a charge carrier mobility of 2070 cm2V-1 s-1 at hole concentrations of 3.6× 1012 cm-2, respectively. After deposition of Si cover layers, the structure of graphene is preserved. It is found that the crystallization of the Si has a signi cant in uence on the eld e ect doping of buried graphene layers. Hall and Raman experiments show that the crystallization process of amorphous silicon leads to a change in the type of majority charge carriers in graphene. The n-type behavior originally displayed in the conductivity of the studied graphene layer changes to a p-type behavior. Finally, investigation of the permeability of graphene towards di usion of B, Al and Na by SIMS measurements show that it poses no di usion barrier under the conditions of liquid phase crystallization of Si on glass. Nevertheless, expectations for further applications in liquid phase crystallized superstrate thin lm solar cells are raised by the retention of the basic structure of graphene after burial under crystalline Si.
Polymers: Opening Doors to Future Batteries

Research and development of post lithium ion batteries is attracting considerable attention. While there have been significant advances in understanding the challenges of Li-O2(air) and Li-S batteries, the development of gas separation and ion selective membranes will be crucial in their commercialization due to their potential to separate O2 from air and impede lithium polysulfide dissolution while permitting rapid diffusion of lithium ions. In addition, research leading to novel and highly conductive and selective polymer electrolytes will be essential in overcoming the deficiencies of liquid based electrolytes in both the air and sulfur based battery systems.
Characterisation of 3D-GaN/InGaN core-shell nanostructures by transmission electron microscopy

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy have been used to characterise GaN/InGaN 3D nanostructures grown on patterned GaN/sapphire substrates by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). It has been found that the growth of well ordered arrays of such nanostructures, containing multiple quantum wells on non-polar side-facets, can be achieved with a low density of defects. Growth changes and surface morphology play a major role in the nucleation of any defects present. The nanostructure morphology has been investigated and differing growth rates on adjacent facets studied. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanofluids with encapsulated tin nanoparticles for advanced heat transfer and thermal energy storage

Novel high‐temperature heat transfer fluids (HTFs) with incorporated phase change nanomaterials were synthesized and tested for heat transfer and thermal energy storage. The advanced thermal properties were achieved by preparing a nanofluid consisting of core/shell silica encapsulated tin (Sn/SiO2) nanoparticles dispersed in a synthetic HTF Therminol 66 (TH66) at loadings up to 5 vol%. Tin nanoparticles were synthesized by modified polyole reduction method followed by sol–gel silica encapsulation process. The measured increase in thermal conductivity of the nanofluid (~13% at 5 vol%) was in agreement with Maxwell's effective medium theory. Latent heat of phase change during melting of Sn core added ~11% increase to the volumetric thermal energy storage of the nanofluid when cycled in between 100°C and 270°C. The value could be further improved if thermal cycling is conducted in a narrower temperature range. The experimental results demonstrated dual functionality of the engineered nanofluids as desired for Concentrated Solar Power systems. Viscosity and stability of the nanofluids as well as thermal stability of core/shell nanomaterials) were investigated in a wide temperature range to obtain a perspective on any additional pumping power requirements for the nanofluid over the base fluid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Photoionization study of some benzoyl compounds—Thermochemistry of [C7H5O]+ formation

Appearance energies for [C7H5O]+ fragment ions, formed from a variety of benzoyl compounds, have been measured by photon impact. The mean heat of formation calculated for [C7H5O]+ is 705 ± 6 kJ mol−1, which can be correlated with either a single threshold structure or a mixture of structures with similar heats of formation. Previously observed variations of ΔHf([C7H5O]+) with precursor molecule are shown to be consistent with a structure dependent kinetic shift, rather than the presence of isolated electronic states.
Modélisation stochastique, en mécanique des milieux continus, de l'interphase inclusion-matrice à partir de simulations en dynamique moléculaire

Dans ce travail, nous nous interessons a la modelisation stochastique continue et a l'identification des proprietes elastiques dans la zone d'interphase presente au voisinage des heterogeneites dans un nano composite prototypique, compose d'une matrice polymere modele renforcee par une nano inclusion de silice. Des simulations par dynamique moleculaire (DM) sont tout d'abord conduites afin d'extraire certaines caracteristiques de conformation des chaines proches de la surface de l'inclusion, ainsi que pour estimer, par des essais mecaniques virtuels, des realisations du tenseur apparent associe au domaine de simulation. Sur la base des resultats obtenus, un modele informationnel de champ aleatoire est propose afin de modeliser les fluctuations spatiales du tenseur des rigidites dans l'interphase. Les parametres du modele probabiliste sont alors identifies par la resolution sequentielle de deux problemes d'optimisation inverses (l'un deterministe et associe au modele moyen, l'autre stochastique et lie aux parametres de dispersion et de correlation spatiale) impliquant une procedure d'homogeneisation numerique. On montre en particulier que la longueur de correlation dans la direction radiale est du meme ordre de grandeur que l'epaisseur de l'interphase, indiquant ainsi la non-separation des echelles. Enfin, la prise en compte, par un modele de matrices aleatoires, du bruit intrinseque genere par les simulations de DM (dans la procedure de calibration) est discutee
Second order theory of unsteady burner-anchored flames with arbitrary Lewis Number

Three theoretical models of plane flames burning on a cooled porous-plug type of flame-holder are reviewed and compared with experimentally observed relationships between stand-off distance, flame speed and temperature. It is shown that for most practical burners their conductance is large and that for near adiabatic conditions, the order of the non-dimensional stand-off distance ceases to be O (1), but is O (O) where O is the non-dimensional activation energy. Starting in 1946 as the College of Aeronautics, the Cranfield Institute of Technology was granted university status in 1969. In 1993 it changed its name to Cranfield University.
Freeze dehydration of foamed milk by microwaves

ABSTRACT Previously published experiments on freeze-drying of foamed milk by microwaves are explained with an alternative theoretical model. The frozen milk foam is assumed to consist of parallel thin plates. A low-pressure gas stream consisting of air and water vapor mixture is believed to circulate freely in voids between plates. Air stream provides additional energy for the freeze-drying, helps to remove the sublimating water vapor and prevents an excessive icrowave heating of the dry milk foam.
Temporal heterogeneity of the slow dynamics of a colloidal paste

We investigate the slow dynamics of a soft glass, a concentrated suspension of polydisperse colloidal particles, by using multispeckle Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (DWS). Two distinct regimes are observed: for small sample age, tw, the dynamics smoothly slows down, as revealed by a nearly linear increase of the characteristic relaxation time, τs, measured by DWS. At longer ages, the dynamics is quasi stationary, but τs exhibit anomalously large fluctuations in time. The time scale of the dynamical fluctuations is found to be slightly shorter than the average relaxation time. The variance of the intensity correlation function is maximum for time delays comparable to the average relaxation time, in striking analogy with recent simulations of glass‐forming liquids.