Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Moisture Characteristics of Egg White Powder at Higher Temperatures

The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of food material is defined as the moisture content of the material after it has been exposed to a particular environment for an infinitely long period of time. Equilibrium moisture characteristics of Egg White Powder (EWP) was studied at higher temperatures of 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90°C in the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) range of 10-78% (at seven levels). The standard gravimetric method was used to determine the EMC-ERH relationships of EWP by employing the various saturated inorganic salt solutions. The EMC of EWP at any particular ERH decreased with an increase in environmental temperature. The EMC of EWP ranged from 2.17 to 3.35 at lower ERH value of about 10% whereas the EMC values ranged from 12.07 to 14.80 at higher ERH value of about 78% when the environmental temperature increased from 50°C to 90°C. EMC values of EWP are different than that of the values obtained at lower Original Research Article Snehitha et al.; CJAST, 39(30): 124-136, 2020; Article no.CJAST. 61591 125 temperatures, hence useful to understand the thermal processing of EWP at higher temperatures. EMC-ERH data obtained in this study was fit into seven EMC-ERH models namely Henderson, modified Henderson, modified Chung-Pfost, modified Oswin, modified Halsey, modified GAB (Guggenheim, Ander-son and de-Boer) and Chen-Clayton models and were evaluated using mean relative percent error (Pe), standard error of estimate (SEE) and residual plots. The modified Henderson equation described the EMC-ERH relationship of EWP the best, Henderson, and ChenClayton equations gave good fit. The heat of vaporization (hfg) of EWP at different moisture contents and temperatures was calculated from EMC-ERH data with the help of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The hfg values indicate that the heat of vaporization of EWP increases as the moisture content and temperature decreases and the values are higher than that of the pure water.
Inconsistent detection of extinction debts using different methods

© 2020 The Authors. Ecography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Society Oikos The extinction debt, delayed species extinctions following landscape degradation, is a widely discussed concept. But a consensus about the prevalence of extinctions debts is hindered by a multiplicity of methods and a lack of comparisons among habitats. We applied three contrasting species–area relationship methods to test for plant community extinction debts in three habitats which had different degradation histories over the last century: calcareous grassland, heathland and woodland. These methods differ in their data requirements, with the first two using information on past and current habitat area alongside current species richness, whilst the last method also requires data on past species richness. The most data-intensive, and hence arguably most reliable method, identified extinction debts across all habitats for specialist species, whilst the other methods did not. All methods detected an extinction debt in calcareous grassland, which had undergone the most severe degradation. We conclude that some methods failed to detect an extinction debt, particularly in habitats that have undergone moderate degradation. Data on past species numbers are required for the most reliable method; as such data are rare, extinction debts may be under-reported.
The influence of meal size on the digestive energetics of Gould’s wattled bat, Chalinolobus gouldii

Abstract. Although variation in meal size is known to have an impact on digestive energetics, there is limited information on how it influences metabolic rate and energy assimilation in insectivorous bats. We investigated the influence of meal size, representing 10% or 20% of an individual’s weight, on the digestive energetics of Gould’s wattled bat, Chalinolobus gouldii (n = 61 bats). Using open-flow respirometry, we recorded a median resting metabolic rate of 2.0 mL g–1 h–1 (n = 51, range = 0.4–4.8) at an air temperature of 32°C. Median postprandial metabolic rate peaked at 6.5 (range = 3.4–11.6, n = 4) and 8.2 (range = 3.8–10.6, n = 7), representing 3.3- and 4.1-fold increases from resting metabolic rate for the two meal sizes. Using bomb calorimetry, we calculated the calorific value of the two meal sizes, and the calories lost during digestion. Following gut passage times of 120 min (range = 103–172, n = 15) and 124 min (range = 106–147, n = 12), C. gouldii assimilated 88.0% (range = 84.6–93.8, n = 5) and 93.3% (range = 84.0–99.4, n = 10) of the kilojoules available from the 10% and 20% meal sizes, respectively. When fed ad libitum, C. gouldii consumed a mean of 23.2% of their body weight during a single sitting (n = 18, range = 6.3–34.1%). Overall, digestive energetics were not significantly different between 10% or 20% meal sizes. The ability to ingest small and large meals, without compromising the rate or efficiency of calorie intake, indicates that free-ranging C. gouldii are likely limited by food available in the environment, rather than the ability to assimilate energy.
The Objectives of Farm Operations—Evidence from a Region in Poland

The objectives set by agricultural producers directly translate into the directions of the development of farms. What is particularly important: Is there a conflict between the economic and environmental objectives of farm operations? This issue is not resolved in the literature on the subject and still is a challenge for policymakers. The main aim of the article is to identify the preferences of farm managers concerning the objectives of farm operations, as well as to examine their mutual relations. The article employs the results of surveys carried out on farms from the Wielkopolska region (Poland). The analysis of Spearman’s rank, cluster analysis, also the classification tree method, and multidimensional scaling were applied. The research shows that the relations between the income and assets objective turned out to be moderate in terms of strength, while the environmental objective turned out to be statistically insignificant related to economic objectives (in the context of their perception by respondents). There are differences in this respect, including also a group of the respondents in which income and environmental objectives have been ranked simultaneously high. It is, however, difficult to state clearly whether there is a complementarity between the income and the environmental objective from the perspective of perception by respondents. Although when the context of the real action is taken into account then the answer should be positive. Therefore, there is a gap between the farmers’ perception of reality—choice of the hierarchy of objectives, and the real activities, e.g., in terms of pro-environmental activities. It is a new issue that points to the need to stimulate the environmental objective, in particular, through support at the level of agricultural policy instruments.
Indirect effects of weeds on rice plants via shared heteropteran herbivores

In agricultural ecosystems, weeds indirectly affect crops via phytophagous insects that feed on both weeds and crops. In paddy fields, heteropteran insects are among the most serious pests of rice plants. In some heteropterans, the proboscis is used to suck rice ears, inducing black spots on the grains (i.e., pecky rice). Even a low proportion of pecky rice (>0.1%) significantly decreases the market price of rice; in Japan, this problem has led to severe economic losses. Because heteropterans feed on the reproductive organs of weeds as well as rice plants, various weeds that grow around paddy fields may increase the populations of heteropterans that cause pecky rice. To clarify which types of weeds can be used by heteropterans causing pecky rice, we investigated the interactions between plants (including rice plants) and heteropterans in an agricultural landscape in Hyogo, Japan. We observed 833 individuals of 27 heteropteran species (13 families) feeding on the reproductive organs of 35 plant species (Poales: three families) including rice plants from June to October 2019. All heteropteran species were native, whereas six of 35 plant species were non‐native. We found 12 heteropteran species on rice plants; nine of the 12 heteropteran species fed on weeds (a total of 32 species) as well as rice plants, whereas the other three species fed exclusively on rice plants. Heteropterans fed on native weeds throughout the growing seasons (June–October), but on non‐native weeds only before rice plants bloomed (June–July). Therefore, diverse weed species that grow around paddy fields are food resources for heteropteran insects and they might indirectly increase the incidence of pecky rice.
Energy Conservation Law in the Closed Universe and a Concept of the Proper Time

To define time in the homogeneous anisotropic Bianchi-IX model of the universe, we propose a classical equation of motion of the proper time of the universe as an additional gauge condition. This equation is the law of conservation of energy. As a result, a new parameter, called a “mass” of the universe, appears. This parameter is added to the anisotropy energy and regarded as an observed quantity. The “mass” of the universe is decisive when it comes to the dynamics of its origin.
“If at Least the Patient Could Not Be Forgotten About”: Communication in the Emergency Department as a Predictor of Patient Satisfaction

Press Ganey survey data are used by institutions to understand patient experiences in the emergency department (ED). The present mixed-methods retrospective cohort study examined the effects of hallway placement, pain management reporting, communication approaches, time spent in the ED, and other demographic variables on predicting satisfaction ratings of doctors, nurses, and overall ED care. A total of 4940 patient responses between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2017, were analyzed from 2 EDs associated with an academic institution and tertiary care center. Consensus coding was used to qualitatively capture patient responses that relate to communication issues pertaining to care/empathy and understandings of ED procedures. After controlling for multiple factors, hallway placement, pain management, and understanding of ED procedures were associated with higher odds of negative ratings for doctors, nurses, and overall assessment. Issues with patient communication, particularly regarding understanding of ED procedures, were found to be a strong predictor of negative ratings of doctors, nurses, and overall care. These findings point to the improvements in communication as a potential point of intervention in mitigating negative patient experiences.
Improved publicly verifiable auditing protocol for cloud storage

Outsourcing data to cloud servers is a popular service for data owners, however, how to check the integrity and freshness of the outsourced data is very challenge. Recently, Jin et al. proposed a cloud auditing protocol with full integrity and freshness support for cloud data, unfortunately in this article, we show their proposal is not secure. Concretely, the cloud servers can forge the authentication tag and thus has the ability to forge proof of data possession, which obviously invalidates their cloud auditing protocol. We also give a new cloud auditing protocol and analysis its security and performance. The results show our protocol is more efficient and secure.
Habitat attribute similarities reduce impacts of land‐use conversion on seed removal

Changes in land use strongly influence habitat attributes (e.g., herbaceous ground cover and tree richness) and can consequently affect ecological functions. Most studies have focused on the response of these ecological functions to land‐use changes within only a single vegetation type. These studies have often focused solely on agricultural conversion of forests, making it nearly impossible to draw general conclusions across other vegetation types or with other land‐use changes (e.g., afforestation). We examined the consequences of agricultural conversion for seed removal by ants in native grassland, savanna, and savanna‐forest habitats that had been transformed to planted pastures (Brachiaria decumbens) and tree plantations (Eucalyptus spp.) and explored if changes in seed removal were correlated with differences in habitat attributes between habitat types. We found that land‐use changes affected seed removal across the tree cover gradient and that the magnitude of impact was influenced by similarity in habitat attributes between native and converted habitats, being greater where there was afforestation (Eucalyptus spp in grassland and savanna). Herbaceous ground cover, soil hardness, and tree richness were the most important habitat attributes that correlated with differences in seed removal. Our results reveal that the magnitude of impact of land‐use changes on seed removal varies depending on native vegetation type and is associated with the type of habitat attribute change. Our findings have implications for biodiversity in tropical grassy systems: afforestation can have a greater detrimental impact on ecological function than tree loss.
A closed form procedure for the design of longitudinal bars in RC sections subjected to axial load and biaxial bending

This paper presents an analytical procedure for the design of the longitudinal reinforcement in reinforced concrete rectangular sections subjected to axial load and biaxial bending moment. The integration of the equilibrium equations is performed in analytical form for the case of uniaxial moment, including the effect of the reinforcement placed on the sides of the section and adopting code‐based constitutive laws for steel and concrete. The strength domain of the section is calculated in closed form for the case of only main steel and in simplified form when including the reinforcement disposed on the side. Additionally, a formulation is proposed for the interaction domain of the two components of the bending moment for constant axial load, in which the uniaxial moment capacities are calculated including all the rebars within the section. The proposed method is adopted for setting a design procedure of the steel bars of rectangular sections subjected to biaxial bending. Comparisons with numerical results and code provisions show the reliability of the approach, which reduces computational costs and give useful indications for practitioners and designers.
Predicting change in newly created files in a software product line project

At the beginning of the testing phase and before the deployment phase of a project's development cycle, we need to predict files with a high chance of change. Software products are always prone to change due to several reasons, including fixing errors or improvements. In this work, we used the Eclipse (releases from 2.0 to 3.5) to investigate how prediction models can perform when learning from a release and predicting in the subsequent one, which contains new files that models have not seen. We compared the performance of these models with models that are trained and tested on the same release. We found no differences between predicting the same release or subsequent release on two pre Europa releases. Predicting change in newly created files helps improve maintenance planning for software project managers and reduce cost. It will also help to enhance the quality of software by improving the practices of developers. This study used the Adaptive Boost classifier with the decision tree J48 algorithm and combined it with the re‐sampling method. We find this to be better than using a meta classifier alone or combine the re‐sampling with the standard classification. We compared our results with related works and found that our results are outperforming.
Impact of combustion conditions on physical and morphological properties of biomass burning aerosol

Abstract The study of biomass burning particle density provides information on aging, new particle formation, transport properties, and is an important parameter in aerosol impacts modeling. Density is used in mass closure techniques to estimate the temporal resolution of particulate mass concentrations. However, the study of BB particle density as a function of burning conditions is still limited. Laboratory measurement of six sub-Saharan African biomass fuels burned under a range of conditions, from pure smoldering to pure flaming conditions, is presented. Smoldering-dominated burning (modified combustion efficiency (MCE) < 0.9) particles has a very narrow range of effective density ( ) 1.03 g cm−3 to 1.21 g cm−3 and a mass mobility exponent ( ) of ∼3 (2.97 ± 0.05), indicating that they are spherical particles. For the flaming-dominated burning (MCE >0.95) particles, show a size dependent for all six different fuels. In this case, the mean and standard deviation of the decreased with increasing size, from (0.94 ± 0.21) g cm−3 at a mobility diameter of 80 nm to (0.31 ± 0.07) g cm−3 at a mobility diameter of 400 nm. The size-dependent of flaming-dominated aerosol suggests the fractal nature of freshly emitted particles. The relationship between and the MCE shows three distinct morphology regimes, which we define as the spherical particle, the transition, and the fractal regime. Our proposed relationship of with the MCE can be used as a tool to assess the applicability of Mie theory for optical closure calculations in the absence of particle morphological information.
Direct optimization of dose–volume histogram metrics in radiation therapy treatment planning

We present a method of directly optimizing on deviations in clinical goal values in radiation therapy treatment planning. Using a new mathematical framework in which metrics derived from the dose–volume histogram are regarded as functionals of an auxiliary random variable, we are able to obtain volume-at-dose and dose-at-volume as infinitely differentiable functions of the dose distribution with easily evaluable function values and gradients. Motivated by the connection to risk measures in finance, which is formalized in this framework, we also derive closed-form formulas for mean-tail-dose and demonstrate its capability of reducing extreme dose values in tail distributions. Numerical experiments performed on a prostate and a head-and-neck patient case show that the direct optimization of dose–volume histogram metrics produced marginally better results than or outperformed conventional planning objectives in terms of clinical goal fulfilment, control of low- and high-dose tails of target distributions and general plan quality defined by a pre-specified evaluation measure. The proposed framework eliminates the disconnect between optimization functions and evaluation metrics and may thus reduce the need for repetitive user interaction associated with conventional treatment planning. The method also has the potential of enhancing plan optimization in other settings such as multicriteria optimization and automated treatment planning.
Variability of the Observed Deep Western Boundary Current in the South China Sea

The existence of a deep western boundary current (DWBC) in the South China Sea (SCS) was verified by direct observations from three current moorings deployed from September 2015 to September 2018. The average current speeds observed in the DWBC were around 1 cm s−1 along the northern boundary and 3 cm s−1 along the western boundary. The DWBC demonstrates significant intraseasonal variability in the 30–120-day-period band, which may come from the variability in the Luzon overflow or the eddies in the deep SCS forced by a stable Luzon overflow. In addition, observations found that this DWBC along the northern boundary can reverse its direction meridionally in the spring. Model results suggest that if the Luzon overflow decreases one-third of its typical transport, this current reversal can occur. This behavior can be explained through “relaxation” theory.
Management innovation practices to public sector organizations

The journey of modern management ideas to the public sector in post-socialist countries is expected to be hampered by several barriers. This paper aims to justify the need to implement management innovation practices for public sector organizations. The study was conducted using the method of typological analysis to determine the organization of managerial innovations; modeling method to determine the conceptual model and the position of the travel of management ideas to the country. As a result, a conceptual model was proposed, including elements of the internal and external control environment. Conclusions are given on the barriers that affect the choice and acceptance of management ideas. The article extends current research understanding of man-agreement innovation in the public sector in the region by specifically addressing the success, or failure, of the travel of modern management ideas to it and outlines key barriers to modern management adoption ideas in the public sector. AcknowledgmentThe research was funded by the Lithuanian Council of Research grant S-MOD-17-15.
Numerical simulation of the stability of three-dimensional elastic composite structures based on the finite element method

A numerical method for solving the problem of the stability theory of linearly elastic bodies with small deformations in a general three-dimensional formulation is considered. The problems of this class are poorly studied in contrast to the two-dimensional problems of stability theory. At the same time, classical approaches do not allow one to take into account the effect on the structural stability of various three-dimensional effects: areas of compounds, zones of defects, etc. The study formulates a variation formulation of the problem of the three-dimensional stability theory. Based on the finite element method, a numerical statement is obtained in the form of a generalized eigenvalue problem with symmetric global stiffness matrix. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated by the example of calculating the stability of a composite plate under longitudinal compression. The simulation was carried out using the SMCM software package developed at the Department of Calculus Mathematics and Mathematical Physics of Bauman Moscow State Technical University.
A biographical nadir: life stories of adults who were educated in childhood at therapeutic boarding schools for ‘children at risk’

Abstract This article examines the life stories of adults in Israel who were defined as ‘at-risk children’ in their childhood and removed from their homes by court order to therapeutic boarding schools against the backdrop of ‘inadequate parenting,’ ‘neglect,’ and/or ‘abuse. ’ The findings reveal how graduates experienced their forced removal from the family home as a life event that shattered their phenomenological taken-for-granted knowledge. Graduates also reported a unique life story form of a biographical nadir (‘You can't live lower than that’). This life story form also involves a constant reflexive engagement with ‘biographical noise’ expressed by the fear of ‘going backwards’ and the ongoing need to understand the parents' decision in light of their living conditions. The article highlights the unique characteristics of the graduates’ life story form, the subjective experience of multiple types of self-affiliated with different times, and the long-term ramifications of using the concept of risk.