Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation between air-sea heat fluxes over the Aegean Sea and the total precipitable water over Europe and North Africa

Abstract. The relation between the air-sea heat fluxes in the Aegean Sea and the total precipitable water (TPW) over Europe and North Africa is investigated. An one-point linear correlation between the components of surface heat exchange and TPW is employed. During winter and for the shortwave radiation, a dipole of opposite correlation (see-saw teleconnection), is observed between the northeast Europe and the East Mediterranean Sea. This pattern is inverted for the longwave radiation and especially during the summer is limited to a strong positive south pole. Both spatial correlation patterns underline the influence of cloudiness during the winter season and the specific humidity during summer on the radiative fluxes behavior. Regarding the turbulent air-sea heat flux components – latent and sensible heat – the correlation pattern is enhanced. The winter pattern exhibits positive correlation over Europe with the highest values (r>0.75) over the Balkan Peninsula. The identified correlation patterns, although they remain dominant, weaken during the summer. The herein findings suggest that the stronger relation between the TPW and the turbulent fluxes is regulated by the wind regime.
THE ‘HALF‐LIFE’ OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE: APPARENT AND REAL OBSOLESCENCE

The expression ‘half‐life’, borrowed from physics, has appeared quite frequently in the literature on documentation since 1960, when an article by Burton and Kebler on The ‘half‐life’ of some scientific and technical literatures was published, although it had certainly been used previously. Burton and Kebler point out that literature becomes obsolescent rather than disintegrating (as in its original meaning), so that ‘half‐life’ means ‘half the active life’, and this is commonly understood as meaning the time during which one‐half of the currently active literature was published. Numerous studies have been carried out, mainly by the analysis of citations, to establish obsolescence rates of the literature of different subjects. Bourne points out that different studies have given widely different results, so that many of the ‘half‐life’ figures reported are not valid beyond the particular sample of literature or users surveyed; certainly they cannot be used as accurate measures for discriminating between different subject‐fields.
Aspectual roles and the syntax-semantics interface

Preface. One: Linking Syntactic Argument Positions and Aspectual Roles. 1.1. Introduction and Theoretical Background. 1.2. Direct Internal Arguments. 1.3. Indirect Internal Arguments. 1.4. External Arguments. The Non-Measuring Constraint on External Arguments. 1.5. Aspectual Roles. 1.6. The Aspectual Interface Hypothesis. Notes. Two: Event Structure and Aspectual Roles. 2.1. The Event Nucleus. 2.2. Syntactic Processes Sensitive to the Event Nucleus. 2.3. The Special Status of Arguments in Aspectual Structure. Notes. Three: Lexical Conceptual Structures and Aspectual Roles. 3.1. Lexical Conceptual Structure. 3.2. The Relation between Lexical Conceptual Structures and Aspectual Roles. 3.3. Some Phenomena Illustrating the Modularity of Lexical Conceptual Structures and Aspectual Roles. Notes. References. Name Index. Language Index. Subject Index.
Silver-Mediated Perfluoroalkylation Reactions

Abstract Direct perfluoroalkylation reactions, especially trifluoromethylations of organic substrates, are of particular importance in modern organic chemistry as they allow rapid access to perfluoroalkylated molecules. In contrast to common metal-mediated perfluoroalkylations, recently developed silver-mediated perfluoroalkylation protocols offer the opportunity for orthogonal introduction of fluorine containing groups in organic compounds. This review gathers recent progress on silver-mediated perfluoroalkylation reactions and gives an overview over efficient syntheses, properties, and reactivity of perfluoroorganosilver(I) compounds. In addition, cooperative effects with copper-mediated processes are discussed. 1 Introduction 2 Syntheses and Properties of Perfluoroorganosilver Compounds 3 Silver-Mediated Perfluoroalkylations 3.1 Perfluoroorganosilver Compounds in Copper-Mediated Perfluoroalkylations 3.2 Perfluoroorganosilver Compounds as Precursors for Radicals 3.3 Perfluoroorganosilver Compounds as Nucleophilic Reagents 3.4 Silver-Catalyzed Perfluoroalkylations 4 Conclusion and Outlook
OHO Hydrogen Bond Geometries and NMR Chemical Shifts: From Equilibrium Structures to Geometric H/D Isotope Effects, with Applications for Water, Protonated Water, and Compressed Ice

Hydrogen bond geometries and 1 H NMR chemical shifts of OHO hy- drogen-bonded systems have been analyzed using an improved valence bond order model. This model predicts that the heavy atom hydrogen bond coordinateq2�=�r1 + r2 is a function of the proton coordinate q1 = ½(r1 - r2), where r1 and r2 represent the OH and the HO distances. In the first part, it is shown that this correlation reproduces published equilibrium geometries of the Zundel cation H5O2 + as well as those of water clusters in the gas phase and embedded in the fullerene C180. Using the example of the water hexamer, it is shown that changing the level of calculation shifts the calculated geometries along the correlation curve, but not away from the curve. In order to take quantum zero-point vibrational effects (QZPVE) into account, an empirical correction is proposed. It is shown that this correction properly describes the calculated classi- cal and quantum hydrogen bond geometries of compressed ice as well as calculated geometric H/D isotope effects. The improved valence bond order model is used to analyze a large number of OHO hydrogen bond geometries contained in the Cam- bridge Structural Database. In the second part, a relation between the geometries and the 1 H NMR chemical shieldings of OHO hydrogen bonded systems is established using the valence bond order model. GIAO calculations of the isolated symmetric Zundel cation where H is located in the hydrogen bond center show only a small dependence of the chemical shifts on the O.O distance. This result is rationalized in terms of neighbor group effects and deshielding in the naked proton. The consequence is that the 1 H NMR chemical shifts are not much affected by QZPVE. Calculations on water clusters indicate that the influence of the chemical environment of the OHO hydrogen bonds on their 1 H NMR chemical shifts is smaller for the strong hydrogen bond regime but large for the weak hydrogen bond regime. A simple chemical shift vs.�q1 relation is then used to calculate the average chemical shifts of water clusters in the regime of fast hydrogen bond exchange between hydrogen bonded and free OH groups. It is shown that average chemical shifts of about 6 ppm are possible as the clusters considered exhibit a broad distribution of stronger and weaker hydrogen bonds. The implications for water in organic solvents and for liquid water are discussed, based on published data on the 1 H chemical shift distribution in the latter.
Integrating geographic analysis with image databases

Land related information about the Earth's surface is commonly found in two forms: (i) map information, and (ii) satellite image data. Map information is stored as thematic layers in a geographical information system. (GIS). Often the information is collected for a specific purpose at a point in time. It can depart from the true situation on the ground due to subjective interpretation and generalisation of the data. Satellite images capture electromagnetic energy of the Earth's surface as multi-spectral images (Landsat TM, SPOT) and radar images (ERS-1, SIR-B). The images provide a good visual picture of what is on the ground but complex image processing is required to interpret features in an image scene. A great deal of research work has occurred to improve the reliability of satellite image interpretation. Especially in the area of image classification, feature recognition, and image browsing. But at some point the ability to extract intelligent information from image data is constrained without the assistance of auxiliary information. Using already interpreted map information may make further improvement in satellite image interpretation. Image interpretation can incorporate a priori knowledge about mapped information in its analysis. The analysis should not only include image classification but also combine with a rule system to reason about geographic knowledge. For instance, one would expect to find a bridge at the intersection of a road and a river.
Comparison of hierarchical and fully distributed mobile packet radio networks

The authors compare the performance of a mobile packet radio network with a hierarchical structure with one which is fully distributed. The network end-to-end throughput is used as the performance measure. The authors define the performance of network end-to-end throughput to be the number of network nodes times the inverse of the average end-to-end transmission delay for anode. It can be interpreted as the average number of packets successfully arriving at destinations per unit time in the network. To analyze the performance of the hierarchical network, first, a local-access algorithm is proposed. The local access scheme is designed for low cost nodes, which are required to provide the basic functions of receiving and transmitting packets with a fixed power radius. The authors show that the hierarchical network outperforms the fully distributed network for most scenarios due to the significant decrease in the average number of hops and increase in frequency reuse. <<ETX>>
Industrial application of model based predictive control as a supervisory system

This paper introduces two practical supervisory control configurations for use in industrial applications. The theory developed within the framework of the generalised predictive control is used within these structures. Their simple realisation and ability to handle constraints are considered as the major assets of the two approaches. An implementation of the results on a hot strip mill control application will be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Determinants of knowledge sharing of e-learners

This paper is intended to identify the determinants of knowledge sharing of e-learners and their behavioural differences during the same process under demographical characteristics. Qualitative and open-ended responses to questions were collected from 29 e-learners. Content analysis of those open-ended responses showed that there are 215 themes. And we condense these themes into four dimensions: senders' factors, receivers' factors, context factors and characteristics of knowledge. Some key factors founded by this research, which indeed influence the knowledge sharing behaviour, are stated as follows: senders' factors: personality, emotion, capability; receivers' factor: dislike, attitude, personality; context factors: competitive situation, time pressure, contribution; characteristics of knowledge: "private or secret", "interesting or issues", "valuable". This unique analyses framework and valuable findings of our present research offer a good beginning for advanced investigation of the knowledge sharing, one of the most important issues in the digital era.
An Enriched Audio Steganography for Secret Message Communication Using Novel Embedding Technique

In the last few years the infrastructure for distribution of digital media has grown rapidly. The distribution of such digital media provides an excellent opportunity for transmission of hidden information. Recently, digital steganography has received considerable interest and is used to hide information in carriers such as digital audio, images or video so that only the intended recipient is capable of retrieving the hidden information. This paper proposes a Novel Embedding technique Cross Bit Manipulation Algorithm (CBMA) which embeds the encrypted text file into an Audio file. Here the key of secret message is encrypted using Linear Subsequence Algorithm (LSA) and then embeds it to the Audio file using CBMA.
The LUCIFER control software

The successful roll-out of the control software for a complex NIR imager/spectrograph with MOS calls for flexible development strategies due to changing requirements during different phases of the project. A waterfall strategy used in the beginning has to change to a more iterative and agile process in the later stages. The choice of an appropriate program language as well as suitable software layout is crucial. For example the software has to accomplish multiple demands of different user groups, including a high level of flexibility for later changes and extensions. Different access levels to the instrument are mandatory to afford direct control mechanisms for lab operations and inspections of the instrument as well as tools to accomplish efficient science observations. Our hierarchical software structure with four layers of increasing abstract levels and the use of an object oriented language ideally supports these requirements. Here we describe our software architecture, the software development process, the different access levels and our commissioning experiences with LUCIFER 1.
Stable 6-DOF Haptic Rendering With Inner Sphere Trees

We present a novel geometric data structure for approximate collision detection at haptic rates between rigid objects. Our data structure, which we call inner sphere trees, supports both proximity queries and the penetration volume; the latter is related to the water displacement of the overlapping region and, thus, corresponds to a physically motivated force. Moreover, we present a multi-threaded version of the penetration volume computation for time-critical haptic rendering that is based on separation lists and the novel notion of expected overlapping volumes. Finally, we show how to use the penetration volume to compute continuous contact forces and torques that enable a stable rendering of 6-DOF penalty-based distributed contacts. The main idea of our new data structure is to bound the object from the inside with a bounding volume hierarchy, which can be built based on dense sphere packings. In order to construct an efficient hierarchy, we propose to use an AI clustering algorithm, which we extend and adapt here. The results show performance at haptic rates both for proximity and penetration volume queries for models consisting of hundreds of thousands of polygons. © 2009 ASME
Merged CMOS/bipolar current switch logic (MCSL)

A merged CMOS/bipolar current switch logic (MCSL) is presented. CMOS/ECL level conversion and logical operation are realized simultaneously. This circuit technique allows a supply voltage reduction to 3.3 V. A carry delay time of 150 ps/bit for a 4-bit BiCMOS full adder was measured. This is about five times faster than an optimized CMOS adder. >
Handwriting recognition using a reduced character method and neural nets

This paper deals with the recognition of handwriting text character by using a reduced character methodology and neural nets (BNN, RNN). The reduced characters methodology is based on the representation (mapping) of the text characters on a small size 2-D array of 12 X 9. For the recognition process each character is considered as a composition of `main' and `secondary' features. The main features are the necessary and important parts of a character for its recognition. The secondary (or artistic) features are the parts of a character which contribute to its various representations. The reduced character methodology presented in this paper attempts to prove that the recognition of a reduced size character provides a robust approach for recognition of handwritten text. The RNN approach for handwritten character recognition is based upon recurrent neural networks. The recurrent networks have a feedback mechanism. The feedback mechanism acts to integrate new values of feature vector with their predecessors. The output is supervised according to a target function. These networks can deal with inputs and outputs that are explicit functions of time. A new way of associating shape information was used, which gives very consistent results for handwritten character recognition. In this scheme the `shadow' each character was considered to find was the distances between the margins of the character. The distances are normalized with respect to the maximum distance in the entire shape to minimize the effect of disproportionately formed characters. For this effort two neural networks and an attributed graph approach are used and their results are compared on a set of 5000 handwritten characters.
Brain-computer interface: a new communication device for handicapped persons

Abstract A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system which can bypass the normal motor output through the spine by using bioelectrical signals recorded on the intact scalp during purely mental activity. Such a BCI must be able to classify EEG patterns on-line and can be used to control, e.g. the movement of a cursor on a monitor. First results on a BCI developed in Graz are reported: 85% correct movements can be obtained after only a few days training.
Erimont: a real environment for physics distance education

Many different models of virtual environments have been proposed for Physics distance education. In this paper, we discuss this specific literature, and present a hybrid environment, Erimont, composed of a physical apparatus connected to a computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) application for the teaching of Experimental Physics over the Internet. The design of the application's GUI (Graphical User Interface) was based on a Participatory Design approach. After the conceiving of low and high fidelity prototypes, we made both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the impacts obtained with the proposed environment for the students' motivation towards the learning of Physical concepts. The results indicate the importance of the system for the education of undergraduate students of Physics.
The word segmentation process as revealed by click detection

The click detection paradigm was once conceived as a method to study online syntactic processing, but well-controlled empirical investigations casted many doubts on the early findings based on it. In this paper, we show that click methods can still prove valid and useful. We asked adult participants to listen to an artificial speech stream composed of statistically defined trisyllabic nonce words, while having to detect clicks superposed on the stream. The clicks were presented either within or between consecutive words. After 2 minutes of exposure to the stream, participants were slower to detect clicks located within words than clicks located between words. This result suggests that methods like click detection are sensitive to online statistical computations, opening new possibilities to obtain a richer picture of the segmentation process than what was hitherto possible.
Binary Classification Method using Invariant CSP for Hand Movements Analysis in EEG-based BCI System

In this study, we proposed a method for electroencephalogram (EEG) classification using invariant CSP at special channels for improving the accuracy of classification. Based on the naive EEG signals from left and right hand movement experiment, the noises of contaminated data set should be eliminate and the proposed method can deal with the de-noising of data set. The considering data set are collected from the special channels for right and left hand movements around the motor cortex area. The proposed method is based on the fit of the adjusted parameter to decline the affect of invariant parts in raw signals and can increase the classification accuracy. We have run the simulation for hundreds time for each parameter and get averaged value to get the last result for comparison. The experimental results show the accuracy is improved more than the original method, the highest result reach to 89.74%.
Analysis Of The Natural Radon ProgenyContribution To Radioactive Aerosol MonitoringIn The Automatic Spanish Surveillance Network

Continuous monitoring of radioactive pollutants in the air is provided by environmental radiological surveillance networks. In Spain, continuous and automatic control is carried out by the REA network, which comprises a set of 25 automatic stations. Most of these stations are run together with meteorological stations, belonging to the Spanish Meteorological Institute. The monitor for measuring the artificial radioactive aerosol concentration is the BAI 9850 from Berthold Company. An important contribution to the uncertainty of its measurements is due to natural air radioactivity, mainly from radon progeny. A statistical study using the data from the REA and the INM radiological and meteorological stations has been carried out in order to characterize the natural radioactivity at each station and to improve the quality of the artificial radioactivity air concentration measurements. This study shows that natural radioactivity concentration varies both daily and seasonally, and is significantly correlated to meteorological parameters and the geological properties of station surroundings. Radon progeny concentration commonly shows a daily cycle with a maximum in the early morning and a minimum in the afternoon, according to the behaviour of meteorological parameters. However, at a station situated at a higher altitude, the radon progeny pattern is completely different, due to the evolution of the planetary boundary layer above this complex terrain. Stations have been classified into coastal, inland and mountain according to the behaviour of the natural radioactivity at each location. A representative station from each category has been selected and a simulation study is being carried out using the MM5 code coupled with the atmospheric transport code FLEXPART.
Current-Mode Synthetic Control Technique for High-Efficiency DC-DC Boost Converters Over a Wide Load Range

This paper proposes a current-mode synthetic control (CSC) technique for the design of boost converters to overcome the difficulty in designing a current-ripple hysteresis boost converter and to maintain high conversion efficiency over a wide load range. The CSC technique has a high accuracy because of the additional voltage path through the error amplifier. A smooth load transient response is maintained when the operation transits from continuous conduction mode with a nearly constant switching frequency to discontinuous conduction mode with a load-dependent switching frequency. Generally, ripple performance, light-load efficiency, and switching frequency are traded off in the design of hysteresis control regulator. In this paper, a balance among the load-dependent switching frequencies at light loads results in high power conversion efficiency compared with conventional pulsewidth modulation converter and attains compact ripple performance. The experimental results show that the output voltage ripple can be kept ${<;}{\rm 50}~{\rm mV}$ over a wide load current range from 10 to 400 mA, where as power conversion efficiency is maintained at 78% at a load current of 10 mA when the switching frequency is decreased from 5 to 2 MHz.
Bandpass Filters using T-shape Stepped Impedance Resonators for Wide Harmonics Suppression and their Application for a Diplexer

In this paper, the T-shape stepped impedance resonators are adopted for the design of microstrip bandpass filters for wide harmonics suppression. The proposed filters are operated at the center frequency of 2.44 GHz and 5.20 GHz, respectively. These bandpass filters have been also applied for a high performance diplexer. The insertion losses at the center frequencies of 2.44 and 5.20 GHz are 1.23 and 1.18, respectively. The applicable return losses for both frequency bands and a wide stopband better than 17 dB up to 20 GHz have been obtained.