Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal].

INTRODUCTION Excessive chronic alcohol users, and particularly patients with alcohol use disorder, may present an alcohol withdrawal syndrome if they abruptly stop drinking. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome requires pharmacological treatment for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms and to prevent withdrawal complications. Medically assisted withdrawal treatment is used in alcohol treatment units, but it is also frequently required in patients admitted to hospital for other conditions. METHODS Review of major guidelines covering treatment of withdrawal syndrome with the aim to describe recent evidence and recommendations about the pharmacological treatment for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. RESULTS Four major guidelines concerning treatment of withdrawal syndrome were selected (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, American Society of Addiction Medicine, World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry and American Psychiatric Association) and screened for the recommendations and level of evidence on drug prescribing for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The Maudsley guidelines were also considered in this review. DISCUSSION All the four reviewed guidelines recommended benzodiazepines as the first line treatment for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The association of anticonvulsivants, adrenergic alpha-2 agonists, betablockers and antipsychotics with benzodiazepines is recommended for symptom reduction in severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Thiamine should be administered to all patients to prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy. If there is any electrolytic imbalance it should be corrected. CONCLUSION Maintaining a high level of suspicion for alcohol withdrawal syndrome is important across all clinical settings, and it should be promptly treated.
Treatment of municipal wastewater by employing membrane bioreactors combined with efficient nitration microbial communities isolated by Isolation Chip with Plate Streaking technology

In this research, we developed a method so‐called Isolation Chip with Plate Streaking (ICPS) to selectively enrich nitrifying microbial consortium for treating municipal wastewater. In batch experiment, these bacterial communities were able to remove NH3‐N in 72 h with an efficiency of 96%. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria species are dominant bacteria in these communities. When the bacterial communities were used in the membrane bioreactor under typical condition, the removal efficiency was 81.0%. In contrast, under the actual wastewater condition, the efficiency could reach 91.2%. All above results showed clearly that the consortium selected by our ICPS method could achieve high‐efficient NH3‐N removal, thus offering a reliable technique for screening functional microorganisms in the field of water treatment.
#SupportLocal: how online food delivery services leveraged the COVID-19 pandemic to promote food and beverages on Instagram

Abstract Objective: To explore the promotion of discretionary foods/beverages and marketing strategies employed by the top three online food delivery services’ (OFDS) Instagram accounts in three countries before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Design: Publicly available data were extracted for the top three OFDS Instagram accounts for Australia, United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA) from March to May 2019 and 2020. Food/beverage items from posts were classified as ‘discretionary’ or from the five food groups (FFG) according to the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Marketing strategies were coded using an existing framework. Posts referring to COVID-19 were coded under four marketing strategies: (i) appropriating frontline workers; (ii) combatting the pandemic; (iii) selling social distancing; and (iv) accelerating digitalisation. Results: From 581 posts, 618 food/beverage items were shown, of which 69 % (427/618) were classified as discretionary. In 2019, the most used marketing strategies were product imagery (unbranded) (137/195, 70 %), links (111/195, 57 %) and sponsorships/partnerships (58/195, 30 %). In 2020, the most used were links (252/386, 68 %), product imagery (unbranded) (179/386, 49 %) and branding elements (175/386, 45 %). The most common COVID-19 marketing strategy was combatting the pandemic (76/123, 62 %) followed by selling social distancing (53/123, 43 %), appropriating frontline workers (34/123, 28 %) and accelerating digitalisation (32/123, 26 %). Conclusions: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, OFDS adapted their marketing, creating content with the theme of ‘combatting the pandemic’. Due to the growing number of discretionary foods/beverages promoted on Instagram, this highlights the need for policy action to counter the potential influence social media platforms have on dietary behaviours.
Polyploidy and mutation in Arabidopsis

The effects of genetic mutations are influenced by genome structure. Polyploids have more gene or allele copies than diploids, which results in higher tolerance of recessive deleterious mutations. However, this benefit may differ between autopolyploids and allopolyploids and between neopolyploids and older polyploid lineages due to the effects of hybridization and diploidization, respectively. To isolate these effects, we measured the impacts of controlled mutagenesis on reproductive fitness traits in closely related Arabidopsis diploids (A. thaliana), autotetraploids (A. thaliana), and allotetraploids (A. suecica), including both synthetic and natural polyploid lines. Overall, mutagenesis had the largest negative impacts on seed production, while its impacts on germination and survival were negligible. As expected, these effects were much stronger in diploids than in polyploids. The differences between autopolyploids, allopolyploids, and polyploids of different ages were minor—cumulative reproductive fitness did not significantly differ between the treatment and control groups for any polyploid line type. These results suggest that hybridization and polyploid age have not impacted the genomic redundancy of Arabidopsis polyploids enough to significantly alter their aggregate response to mutation, although this effect may differ in older polyploid lineages or in allopolyploids with different levels of divergence between parental subgenomes.
Toxicity of polymer‐modified CuS nanoclusters on zebrafish embryo development

Despite the vast amount of research on the toxicity of copper‐based nanoparticles, the toxicity of CuS nanoparticles is still largely unknown. Due to the application of CuS‐based nanomaterials in biomedical engineering, it is necessary to study their potential toxicity and biological effects. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of polymer‐modified CuS nanoclusters (PATA3‐C4@CuS) on embryo development through exposing zebrafish embryos to 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/L PATA3‐C4@CuS at 0.75‐h post‐fertilization. The morphological results demonstrated that PATA3‐C4@CuS at concentrations greater than 1 mg/L PATA3‐C4@CuS induced abnormal phenotypes including smaller heads and eyes, pericardial edema, and epiboly retardation and it increased mortality, lowered the hatching rate, and inhibited swim bladder inflation. In situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that PATA3‐C4@CuS could alter the expression patterns of tbxta, dlx3, and cstlb and increase the expression levels of wnt5 and wnt11, which suggested that PATA3‐C4@CuS disrupts cell migration by increasing the levels of wnt5 and wnt11 during gastrulation. It was also discovered that PATA3‐C4@CuS exposure caused a slow heart rate and smaller ventricles in zebrafish larvae. Immunofluorescence and behavioral analyses showed that PATA3‐C4@CuS could damage the ventral projection of the primary motor neurons CaP, which was in accordance with the reduction in locomotion ability. Together, our data demonstrated that functional PATA3‐C4@CuS could disrupt cell migration during gastrulation, affect cardiac development and function, and decrease locomotive activity.
Spatial and temporal responses of swamp wallabies to roads in a human-modified landscape

Roads can have significant impacts on wildlife populations by impeding movement, restricting access to resources and causing wildlife–vehicle collisions. In particular, wildlife–vehicle collisions represent a substantial conservation and social problem, and although mitigation measures are available, an increased understanding of the temporal and spatial patterns of animal movement around roads will enhance their effectiveness. We analysed GPS telemetry data from 47 swamp wallabies Wallabia bicolor on Phillip Island, south-east Australia, within patches of native vegetation dissected by roads. Our aims were to determine if (a) road crossing frequency was influenced by time period (day, night) or sex, (b) wallabies avoided roads, and if avoidance was influenced by time period or sex and (c) road crossing locations were associated with dense vegetation, and other habitat characteristics. We found that males crossed roads more often at night than during the day while females showed the opposite pattern. Further, wallabies avoided roads, with some evidence that avoidance increased at night (p = 0.07). The chance of a wallaby crossing roads with high speed limits (80–100 km h-1) increased with vegetation density during the day but not at night. In contrast, vegetation density had no influence on crossing locations along roads with lower (50–70 km h-1) speed limits during the day or night. Both vegetation density and vehicle speed may influence wallaby–vehicle collisions and suggest management strategies targeting these factors. Partial fencing guiding wallabies towards safer crossing locations, combined with other measures such as reduced speed limits and signage, could reduce collisions between vehicles and swamp wallabies on Phillip Island.
Potential of Inter- and Intra-Species Variability of CHD1 Gene in Birds as a Forensic Tool

Abstract Nowadays, illegal trafficking and smuggling of animals are among the greatest threats to many avian species. Most commonly smuggled birds belong to parrots, song birds, raptor species and owls. All of these species are protected by national and international legislations. In order to prevent and reduce wildlife trafficking, DNA methods have become an important forensic tool in species and sex identification. In this study, CHD1R/CHD1F primer pair was used to amplify a part of the CHD1 gene from 65 birds that belong to 43 species. For 36 species this is the first time that the length of CHD1 amplicons was measured for the purpose of species determination. The results were visualized using capillary electrophoresis and enabled simultaneous determination of sex and species. Based on the number of amplicons (two in females, one in males) sex was successfully determined in all species, even in cases where gel electrophoresis failed to give results. Moreover, the species was successfully determined in most bird species based on the species-specific sizes of CHD1 amplicon. The method used in this study is of great importance for veterinary forensic medicine and the prevention of wildlife smuggling. Still, further work is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of the method in all bird species.
Advantages of lung ultrasound in triage, diagnosis and monitoring COVID-19 patients: review

Abstract Over the last decades, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic period, lung ultrasound (LUS) gained interest due to multiple advantages: radiation-free, repeatable, cost-effective, portable devices with a bedside approach. These advantages can help clinicians in triage, in positive diagnostic, stratification of disease forms according to severity and prognosis, evaluation of mechanically ventilated patients from Intensive Care Units, as well as monitoring the progress of COVID-19 lesions, thus reducing the health care contamination. LUS should be performed by standard protocol examination. The characteristic lesions from COVID-19 pneumonia are the abolished lung sliding, presence of multiple and coalescent B-lines, disruption and thickening of pleural line with subpleural consolidations. LUS is a useful method for post-COVID-19 lesions evaluation, highlight the remaining fibrotic lesions in some patients with moderate or severe forms of pneumonia.
Three-dimensional technologies used for patient specific applications in orthopedics

Abstract Background: Three-dimensional (3D) technologies have numerous medical applications and have gained a lot of interest in medical world. After the advent of three-dimensional printing technology, and especially in last decade, orthopedic surgeons began to apply this innovative technology in almost all areas of orthopedic traumatic surgery. Objective: The aim of this paper is to give an overview of 3D technologies current usage in orthopedic surgery for patient specific applications. Methods: Two major databases PubMed and Web of Science were explored for content description and applications of 3D technologies in orthopedic surgery. It was considered papers presenting controlled studies and series of cases that include descriptions of 3D technologies compatible with applications to human medical purposes. Results: First it is presented the available three-dimensional technologies that can be used in orthopedic surgery as well as methods of integration in order to achieve the desired medical application for patient specific orthopedics. Technology starts with medical images acquisition, followed by design, numerical simulation, and printing. Then it is described the state of the art clinical applications of 3D technologies in orthopedics, by selecting the latest reported articles in medical literature. It is focused on preoperative visualization and planning, trauma, injuries, elective orthopedic surgery, guides and customized surgical instrumentation, implants, orthopedic fixators, orthoses and prostheses. Conclusion: The new 3D digital technologies are revolutionizing orthopedic clinical practices. The vast potential of 3D technologies is increasingly used in clinical practice. These technologies provide useful tools for clinical environment: accurate preoperative planning for cases of complex trauma and elective cases, personalized surgical instruments and personalized implants. There is a need to further explore the vast potential of 3D technologies in many other areas of orthopedics and to accommodate healthcare professionals with these technologies, as well as to study their effectiveness compared to conventional methods.
Extraordinary and upper-hybrid waves in spin quantum magnetoplasmas with vacuum polarization effect

The propagation of extraordinary and upper-hybrid waves in spin quantum magnetoplasmas with vacuum polarization effect is investigated. Based on the quantum magnetohydrodynamics model including Bohm potential, arbitrary relativistic degeneracy pressure and spin force, and Maxwell's equations modified by the spin current and vacuum polarization current, the dispersion relations of extraordinary and upper-hybrid waves are derived. The analytical and numerical results show that quantum effects (Bohm potential, degeneracy pressure and spin magnetization energy) and the vacuum polarization effect modify the propagation of the extraordinary wave. Under the action of a strong magnetic field, the plasma frequency is obviously increased by the vacuum polarization effect.
Bayesian model uncertainty quantification for hyperelastic soft tissue models

Abstract Patient-specific surgical simulations require the patient-specific identification of the constitutive parameters. The sparsity of the experimental data and the substantial noise in the data (e.g., recovered during surgery) cause considerable uncertainty in the identification. In this exploratory work, parameter uncertainty for incompressible hyperelasticity, often used for soft tissues, is addressed by a probabilistic identification approach based on Bayesian inference. Our study particularly focuses on the uncertainty of the model: we investigate how the identified uncertainties of the constitutive parameters behave when different forms of model uncertainty are considered. The model uncertainty formulations range from uninformative ones to more accurate ones that incorporate more detailed extensions of incompressible hyperelasticity. The study shows that incorporating model uncertainty may improve the results, but this is not guaranteed.
Multinuclear NMR study of Cs-bearing geyserites of the Targejia hot spring cesium deposit in Tibet

Abstract The large scale Targejia hot spring type Cs deposit in Tibet is unique and still active today with the distribution of hot springs being controlled by tectonic movements of the Tibetan Plateau. The ore bodies of the Targejia Cs deposit are mainly composed of geyserite, a Cs-containing opal. In this study, a combination of X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and 29Si, 1H, 133Cs magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) were used to study the location and mobilization of Cs in geyserites. 29Si NMR spectra indicate that the relative amounts of Q2, Q3, and Q4 species vary in geyserite samples of different mineralization stages. Based on the 133Cs chemical shift as well as the change in 29Si chemical shift ranges (especially for Q2), cesium is inferred to associate with Q3 and Q2 silanol groups, where it is coordinated by O2-, OH-, and H2O as a network modifying cation. As Cs-bearing geyserite ages and dehydrates, Q2 and Q3 polymerize giving an increase in Q4. This is accompanied with a decrease in Cs content indicating that Cs may be leached out from the opals as it loses its original coordination environment in the silicate framework.
Inhibition of cholinergic interneurons potentiates corticostriatal transmission in D1 receptor-expressing medium-sized spiny neurons and restores motor learning in parkinsonian condition

Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) respond to salient or reward prediction-related stimuli after conditioning with brief pauses in their activity, implicating them in learning and action selection. This pause is lost in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. How this signal regulates the functioning of the striatum remains an open question. To address this issue, we examined the impact of CIN firing inhibition on glutamatergic transmission between the cortex and the medium-sized spiny projection neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptors (D1 MSNs). Brief interruption of CIN activity had no effect in control condition whereas it increased glutamatergic responses in D1 MSNs after nigrostriatal dopamine denervation. This potentiation was dependent upon M4 muscarinic receptor and protein kinase A. Decreasing CIN firing by opto/chemogenetic strategies in vivo rescued long-term potentiation in some MSNs and alleviated motor learning deficits in parkinsonian mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the control exerted by CINs on corticostriatal transmission and striatal-dependent motor-skill learning depends on the integrity of dopaminergic inputs.
NGS comparison of Downy and Powdery mildew resistance genomic regions between ‘Regent’ and ‘Red Globe’

Powdery and downy mildew have a large negative impact on grape production worldwide. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping projects have identified several loci for the genetic factors responsible for resistance to these pathogens. Several of these studies have focused on the cultivar ‘Regent’, which carries the resistance loci to downy mildew on chromosome 18 (Rpv3), as well powdery mildew on chromosome 15 (Ren3, Ren9). Several other minor resistance loci have also been identified on other chromosomes. Here we report on the re-sequencing of the ‘Regent’ and ‘Red Globe’ (susceptible) genomes using next generation sequencing. While the genome of ‘Regent’ has more SNP variants than ‘Red Globe’, the distribution of these variants across the two genomes is not the same, nor is it uniform. The variation per gene shows that some genes have higher SNP density than others and that the number of SNPs for a given gene is not always the same for the two cultivars. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of studying the variation of non-synonymous to synonymous SNP ratio’s between resistant and susceptible cultivars in the target QTL regions as a strategy to narrow down the number of likely candidate genes for Rpv3, Ren3 and Ren9.
Centriole distal-end proteins CP110 and Cep97 influence centriole cartwheel growth at the proximal end

Centrioles are composed of a central cartwheel tethered to nine-fold symmetric microtubule (MT) blades. The centriole cartwheel and MTs are thought to grow from opposite ends of these organelles, so it is unclear how they coordinate their assembly. We previously showed that an oscillation of Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) helps to initiate and time the growth of the cartwheel at the proximal end. Here, we show that CP110 and Cep97 form a complex close to the distal-end of the centriole MTs whose levels rise and fall as the new centriole MTs grow, entrained by the core Cdk/Cyclin oscillator that drives the nuclear divisions in these embryos. These CP110/Cep97 dynamics, however, do not appear to time the period of centriole MT growth directly. Instead, we find that changing the levels of CP110/Cep97 alters the Plk4 oscillation and the growth of the cartwheel at the proximal end. These findings reveal an unexpected crosstalk between factors normally concentrated at opposite ends of the growing centrioles, which may help to coordinate centriole growth.
Co‑cultivation of the anaerobic fungus Caecomyces churrovis with Methanobacterium bryantii enhances transcription of carbohydrate binding modules

Anaerobic fungi and methanogenic archaea are two classes of microorganisms found in the rumen microbiome that metabolically interact during lignocellulose breakdown. Here, stable synthetic co-cultures of the anaerobic fungus Caecomyces churrovis and the methanogen Methanobacterium bryantii (not native to the rumen) were formed, demonstrating that microbes from different environments can be paired based on metabolic ties. Transcriptional and metabolic changes induced by methanogen co-culture were evaluated in C. churrovis across a variety of substrates to identify mechanisms that impact biomass breakdown and sugar uptake. A high-quality genome of C. churrovis was obtained and annotated, which is the first sequenced genome of a non-rhizoid forming anaerobic fungus. C. churrovis possess an abundance of CAZymes and carbohydrate binding modules and, in agreement with previous studies of early-diverging fungal lineages, N6-methyldeoxyadenine (6mA) was associated with transcriptionally active genes. Co-culture with the methanogen increased overall transcription of CAZymes, carbohydrate binding modules, and dockerin domains in co-cultures grown on both lignocellulose and cellulose and caused upregulation of genes coding associated enzymatic machinery including carbohydrate binding modules in family 18 and dockerin domains across multiple growth substrates relative to C. churrovis monoculture. Two other fungal strains grown on a reed canary grass substrate in co-culture with the same methanogen also exhibited high log2fold change values for upregulation of genes encoding carbohydrate binding modules in families 1 and 18. Transcriptional upregulation indicated that co-culture of the C. churrovis strain with a methanogen may enhance pyruvate formate lyase (PFL) function for growth on xylan and fructose and production of bottleneck enzymes in sugar utilization pathways, further supporting the hypothesis that co-culture with a methanogen may enhance certain fungal metabolic functions. Upregulation of CBM18 may play a role in fungal-methanogen physical associations and fungal cell wall development and remodeling.