Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular diversity assessment of rice genotypes for brown planthopper resistance using microsatellite markers

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a major insect pest that is primarily present in Asia causing a significant impact on rice crop. Seventy-three rice genotypes were evaluated for molecular diversity based on known BPH resistance loci. A total number of 108 alleles were detected by 39 polymorphic markers with an average of 2.37 alleles per locus. The allele frequency which is useful in estimating the frequency of alleles, ranged from 0.054 to 0.9726, while the expected heterozygosity varied between 0.054 (RM494) and 0.688 (RM231) with an average of 0.431. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values provided an estimation of the marker’s discriminating power by ranged from 0.066 (RM496) to 0.621 (RM231) suggesting moderate level of polymorphism for the selected BPH specific SSR markers among the germplasm lines. Accounting the major allele frequency, heterozygosity and PIC content, the marker RM231 associated with QBph3.1 and regarded as the most informative one along with RM19291, RM335, RM469, RM518, RM8213, RM228, RH078 and RM589 for dissecting the molecular diversity of germplasm lines with respect to BPH resistance. Based on the marker data, the genotypes were classified into seven clusters that distinguished the lines clustering as resistant and susceptible separately. The information about the genetic diversity of these lines will be extremely useful for proper selection of parents related to BPH reaction, especially for gene mapping and for marker assisted selection.
SyzVegas: Beating Kernel Fuzzing Odds with Reinforcement Learning

Fuzzing embeds a large number of decisions requiring ﬁne-tuned and hard-coded parameters to maximize its efﬁciency. This is especially true for kernel fuzzing due to (1) OS ker-nels’ sheer size and complexity, (2) a unique syscall interface that requires special handling (e.g., encoding explicit dependencies among syscalls), and (3) behaviors of inputs (i.e., test cases) are often not reproducible due to the stateful nature of OS kernels. Hence, Syzkaller [14], the state-of-art gray-box kernel fuzzer, incorporates numerous procedures, decision points, and hard-coded parameters master-crafted by domain experts. Unfortunately, hard-coded strategies cannot adjust to factors such as different fuzzing environments/targets and the dynamically changing potency of tasks and/or seeds, limiting the overall effectiveness of the fuzzer. In this paper, we propose S YZ V EGAS , a fuzzer that dynamically and automatically adapts two of the most critical decision points in Syzkaller, task selection and seed selection , to remarkably improve coverage reached per unit-time. S YZ V EGAS ’s adaptation leverages multi-armed-bandit (MAB) algorithms along with a novel reward assessment model. Our extensive evaluations of S YZ V EGAS on the latest Linux Kernel and its subsystems demonstrate that it (i) ﬁnds up to 38.7% more coverage than the default Syzkaller, (ii) better discovers bugs/crashes (8 more unique crashes) and (iii) has very low 2.1% performance overhead. We reported our ﬁndings to Google’s
Monte Carlo Ray Tracing based Method for Investigation of Multiple Reflection among Trees

Monte Carlo Ray Tracing (MCRT) method for investigation of the multiple reflection among trees is proposed. For the forest research (Leaf Area Index: LAI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index: NDVI, forest type, tree age, etc.) with spaceborne based optical sensor data, some errors due to influences of the multiple reflection among trees on the estimation of at sensor radiance have to be considered. The influence is difficult to formulate in a radiative transfer equation. The proposed method allows estimating the influence. Through experiment with miniature sized forest, it is found that the proposed method is validated. It is also found that a few to more than 10% of influence due to multiple reflections among trees are anticipated. Furthermore, the influence on the estimation of at sensor radiance is clarified. The potentialities of the code are then depicted over different types of forests including coniferous and broadleaf canopies. Keywords—Radiative transfer equation; Monte Carlo ray tracing: MCRT; multi reflection among trees; forest research; canopy reflectance; ellipse and cone shaped trees model
Harnessing Emotive Features for Emotion Recognition from Text

With the prevalence of affective computing, emotion recognition becomes vital in any work related to natural language understanding. The inspiration for this work is provided by supplying machines with complete emotional intelligence and integrating them into routine life to satisfy complex human desires and needs. The text being a common communication medium on social media even now, it is important to analyze the emotions expressed in the text which is challenging due to the absence of audio-visual cues. Additionally, the conversational text conveys many emotions through communication contexts. Emoticon serves the purpose of selfannotation of writer’s emotion in text. Therefore, a machine learning-based text emotion recognition model using emotive features proposed and evaluated it on the SemEval-2019 dataset. The proposed work involves exploitation of different emotionbased features with classical machine learning classifiers like SVM, Multilayer perceptron, REPTree, and decision tree classifiers. The proposed system performs competitively well in terms of f-score 65.31% and accuracy 87.55%. Keywords—Emotion recognition; emotive features; natural language processing; affective computing
Norm-Based Governance for a New Era: Collective Action in the Face of Hyper-Politicization

The world has surpassed three million deaths from COVID-19, and faces potentially catastrophic tipping points in the global climate system. Despite the urgency, governments have struggled to address either problem. In this paper, we argue that COVID-19 and anthropogenic climate change (ACC) are critical examples of an emerging type of governance challenge: severe collective action problems that require significant individual behavior change under conditions of hyperpartisanship and scientific misinformation. Building on foundational political science work demonstrating the potential for norms (or informal rules of behavior) to solve collective action problems, we analyze more recent work on norms from neighboring disciplines to offer novel recommendations for more difficult challenges like COVID-19 and ACC. Key insights include more attention to (1) norm-based messaging strategies that appeal to individuals across the ideological spectrum or that reframe collective action as consistent with resistant subgroups’ pre-existing values, (2) messages that emphasize both the prevalence and the social desirability of individual behaviors required to address these challenges, (3) careful use of public policies and incentives that make individual behavior change easier without threatening norm internalization, and (4) greater attention to epistemic norms governing trust in different information sources. We conclude by pointing out that COVID-19 and climate change are likely harbingers of other polarized collective action problems that governments will face in the future. By connecting work on norms and political governance with a broader, interdisciplinary literature on norm psychology, motivation, and behavior change, we aim to improve the ability of political scientists and policy makers to respond to these and future collective action challenges.
Synthesis and Characterization of ZSM-5 Catalyst at Different Temperatures

ZSM-5 is a synthetic zeolite which contains silica (Si) and alumina (Al) with the ratio of silica greater than the alumina. The catalyst is known as ZSM-5 because it has a pore diameter of 5 Å (angstroms) and it has more than five Si/Al ratios. The catalyst has a high production cost and a complex production process which is highly influenced by time and temperature. Based on that fact, the focus of this research is studying the production process of ZSM-5 and investigating the effect of time and temperature on the crystallinity and the morphology of ZSM-5. In this research, Latourette et al. method was used, followed by the calcination at different temperatures (500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C) in 5 and 7 hours. Subsequently, ZSM-5 was characterized using XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The XRD analysis shows that the peak of standard ZSM-5 synthesis is at 2 theta degree 23. Prior to the calcination, ZSM-5 has an average crystallinity of 37.7337%. However, after the calcination, the crystallinity of the catalyst increased as the temperature rises. At 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C the crystallinity increases to 39.1959%, 44.0927%, 42.9425%, and 44.8806%, respectively. Meanwhile, calcination time affects the XRD peak intensities by increasing the ZSM-5 crystal cores. The longer the calcination time, the higher the peak intensity is.
Genetic diversity analysis of fertility restorer and CMS lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by using SSR markers

Genetic diversity of 92 fertility restorer and four CMS lines were analyzed using 38 polymorphic SSR markers. A total of 102 alleles were detected which are ranged from 2 to 4 with an average of 2.68 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) of SSR markers ranged from 0.22 to 0.81 with an average of 0.53 per locus. The cluster analysis based on 38 polymorphic markers produced seven main clusters with 0.36 to 0.97 similarity coefficient. The highest similarity was observed between the restorer lines 919R and 920R and three restorer lines 907R, 923R, and 922R were found to be most distinct from the rest. Analysis of molecular variance revealed within and among populations variance of 97 and 3 per cent, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed the genetically distinct restorer and CMS lines that would serve as diverse parents to be exploited in future breeding programme to broaden the genetic base of wheat cultivars.
Explaining fast improvement in online imitation learning

Online imitation learning (IL) is an algorithmic framework that leverages interactions with expert policies for efficient policy optimization. Here policies are optimized by performing online learning on a sequence of loss functions that encourage the learner to mimic expert actions, and if the online learning has no regret, the agent can provably learn an expert-like policy. Online IL has demonstrated empirical successes in many applications and interestingly, its policy improvement speed observed in practice is usually much faster than existing theory suggests. In this work, we provide an explanation of this phenomenon. Let $\xi$ denote the policy class bias and assume the online IL loss functions are convex, smooth, and non-negative. We prove that, after $N$ rounds of online IL with stochastic feedback, the policy improves in $\tilde{O}(1/N + \sqrt{\xi/N})$ in both expectation and high probability. In other words, we show that adopting a sufficiently expressive policy class in online IL has two benefits: both the policy improvement speed increases and the performance bias decreases.
GROWTH OF MOOSE CALVES CONCEIVED DURING THE FIRST VERSUS SECOND ESTRUS

It has been hypothesized that a low bull:cow ratio can result in delayed or late breeding in some female moose (Alces alces). A consequence oflate breeding is late born calves. It also has been speculated that late born calves grow faster and eventually attain a size similar to early born calves. We tested this accelerated growth hypothesis by breeding cow moose during their first or second estrus, and tracking the growth rates of their calves. We conducted the experiment over a 4 year period using 10 mature cow moose that produced 33 calves in 22litters. Birth mass of calves conceived during the first and second estrus did not differ (P = 0.613) but mass of single calves was greater (P = 0.006) than twins regardless of date conceived. Body mass gained from birth through autumn (Oct) of calves born to cows bred during their first estrus was significantly (P = 0.0019) greater than calves conceived during the second estrus. However, by spring (May), mass gain was not signifcantly different (P=0.1368)between the two groups. We reject the hypothesis that second estrous calves exhibit accelerated growth during their first summer of life. Body mass of second estrous calves, however, increased at a faster rate than that of first estrous calves during winter (P=0.0094), indicating the potential for accelerated growth at least while on a high nutritional plane. By autumn as yearlings, mass of second estrous born calves was not significantly different (P = 0.125) than mass of first estrous calves, suggesting compensatory growth for second estrous calves during their second summer. There was no relationship (P = 0.1424) between April body mass of short yearlings and their gain in body mass over summer. We concluded that second estrous calves do not gain more mass by fall and consequently enter winter at a lower body mass. As a consequence, they are more likely to be susceptible to winter mortality, especially in deep snow years. Management implications are discussed. Throughout North America where moose are abundant, there is generally a controlled harvest. In many areas, hunting is directed at the males (Timmermann 1987), which can result in skewed bull:cow ratios in the population. In Alaska, for example, post-hunting season bull: cow ratios as low as 5-10 bulls/ 100 cows have been reported (Spencer and Chatelain 1953, Rausch et al. 197 4, Schwartz et al. 1992). With few bulls in the population, it has been hypothesized that the remaining adult males can not breed all of the females (Rausch et al. 197 4) or that some females may not breed or conceive during their first estrus (Rausch 1965). Speculation about the increased frequency of second estrous breeding was supported by plots of fetal size and age (Edwards and Ritcey 91 ALCES VOL. 30 (1994) pp.91-10
An Improved Bound for Optimal Locally Repairable Codes

The Singleton-type bound that provides an upper limit on the minimum distance of locally repairable codes is studied. An improved bound is presented by carefully analyzing the combinatorial structure of the repair sets. Thus, we show the previous bound is unachievable for certain parameters. Additionally, as a byproduct, some previously known codes are shown to attain the new bound and are thus proved to be optimal.
In vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

1 Laboratoire des Sciences Biomédicales, Alimentaires et de Santé Environnementale (LaSBASE). Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), Université de Lomé, Togo 2 Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et des Ressources Naturelles (LAGEPREN). Faculté des Sciences (FDS), Université de Lomé, Togo 3 Laboratoire National de Référence des Mycobactéries au Togo (LRM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sylvanus Olympio (CHU-SO), Lomé, Togo 4 Laboratoire de Botanique et Ecologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences (FDS), Université de Lomé, Togo
Study on Thermophysical Properties of Arginine and Glutamic Acid in Water Using Ab Initio Methods

Gibbs serbest enerji ve asidik ayrışma sabiti, moleküllerin iki önemli termodinamik özellliğidir. Ab initio’nun yoğunluk fonksiyonel teori (DFT) ile kombinasyonu ve Tomasi’nin polarize olmuş sürekli dizi modelinden (PCM) yararlanılarak sudaki arjinin ve glutamik asitin asidik ayrışma sabitleri hesaplanmıştır. pK a değerinin teorik tahmini için B3LYP/6-31+G(d) teori seviyesi uygulaması kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca elektronik yapı teorisiyle (geleneksel DFT yöntemi) bu moleküllerin moleküler konformasyonları ve çözünen-çözücü etkileşimleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara gore alkali sulu çözeltilerde arjinin ve glutamik asitin katyon, anyon ve nötral türleri, sırasıyla, bir, iki, üç ve dört su molekülü ile çözünmüştür. Varolan türler ile su molekülleri arasında molekül içi hidrojen bağları vardır. Tepkime mekanizmasını analiz etmek için atomik değişimler araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, deneysel pK a değerleri ile teorik pK a değerleri arasında iyi bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir.
REDUCING AGGRESSION IN CHILDREN THROUGH A SCHOOL-BASED COPING POWER PROGRAM

Aggression is a characteristic feature of many psychiatric disorders (e.g., conduct disorder, impulse control disorders and some personality disorders). Despite the tremendous work in evidence based practices for childhood behavior problems, and efficacy of the cognitive behavioral interventions for aggressive, disruptive and conduct problems in Western countries, there was an extreme scarcity in Pakistan for empirical support for such interventions. The present research aims to culturally adapt, implement and evaluate a cognitive behavioral intervention program (Coping Power Program) for
Peptide Tertiary Structure and Fusion Peptide

ii Dedication . v Acknowledgements . vi Vita . ix List of Tables . xiv List of Figures . xvii List of Abbreviations . xxv Chapter 1. Synthetic Peptides . 1 1.1. Peptides . 1 1.2. Peptides as versatile chemical agents . 2 Chapter 2. Helix-Turn Stabilization . 5 2.1. Secondary structures . 5 2.2. Helix-Coil Transition theory . 6 2.3. Strategies for secondary structure stabilization . 8 2.4. Click reaction . 13
Nucleic Acid Binding Thermodynamics and Functions of DNA Polymerases

iv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Discovery of DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase . 1 1.2 Studies of DNA polymerases . 2 1.3 Cellular functions of DNA polymerase I . 4 1.4 Substrate preferences of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase . 13 CHAPTER 2. ENTHALPIC SWITCH-POINTS AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCIES OF DNA BINDING AND NUCLEOTIDE INCORPORATION BY POL I DNA POLYMERASES . 22 2.1 Abstract . 22 2.2 Introduction . 23 2.3 Materials and methods . 24 2.4 Results . 27 2.5 Discussion . 34 2.6 Acknowledgements . 39 CHAPTER 3. FACTORS INFLUENCING PARTITIONING BETWEEN POLYMERIZATION AND EDITING SITES OF KLENOW POLYMERASE . 40 3.1 Abstract . 40 3.2 Introduction . 41 3.3 Materials and methods . 44 3.4 Results and discussions . 46 3.5 Concluding summary . 62 CHAPTER 4. DIFFERENT MODES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN NUCLEIC ACIDS AND HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ARE DELINEATED BY THE SALT DEPENDENCE OF PRIMER/TEMPLATE BINDING . 64 4.1 Abstract . 64 4.2 Introduction . 64 4.3 Materials and methods . 66 4.4 Results . 71 4.5 Discussion . 77 4.6 Acknowledgements . 84 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS . 85 5.1 Contribution of the negative enthalpy of DNA binding to the catalytic activity of Klenow and Klentaq polymerases . 85 5.2 Networking of the polymerization and proofreading sites in Klenow for DNA replication fidelity . 86 5.3 Two different modes of nucleic acid binding of HIV-RT . 89
Adaptive optics in full-field spatially incoherent interferometry and its retinal imaging

This thesis follows the study and development of an adaptive optics full-field optical coherence tomography (AO-FFOCT) system, aiming for high resolution en face human retinal imaging. During the quantification of the effects of geometrical aberrations on the FFOCT system performance, it is shown that, with spatially incoherent illumination, the lateral resolution of FFOCT is insensitive to aberrations, which only cause the FFOCT signal reduction. Since low order aberrations like myopia and astigmatism dominate in human eye, a non-conjugate AO configuration by using transmissive wavefront corrector is suggested and applied for low order aberrations correction to simplify the AO-FFOCT system. Wavefront corrections are done with a wavefront sensorless method by using FFOCT signal level as the metric. Experiments with scattering samples and artificial eye model are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the customized AO-FFOCT system for aberration correction. In order to resolve the eye motion effects and employ real-time matching of the optical path lengths of the two interferometric arms in FFOCT, a system combination of traditional spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT) with FFOCT is adopted. With this combined system, high resolution FFOCT cellular retinal imaging is achieved in human eye in vivo for the first time.
PERBANDINGAN METODE EKSTRAKSI BERTINGKAT DAN TIDAK BERTINGKAT TERHADAP FLAVONOID TOTAL HERBA CIPLUKAN (Physalis angulata L.) SECARA KOLORIMETRI

Herba ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang memiliki potensi sebagai obat tradisional dengan kandungan terbanyak senyawa flavonoid. Golongan jenis flavonoid dalam jaringan tumbuhan yang didasarkan pada sifat kelarutan dan reaksi warna meliputi antosianin, proantosianin, flavonol, flavon, glikoflavon, biflavonol, kalkon dan auron, flavonon, dan isoflavon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan cara ekstraksi bertingkat dan tidak bertingkat terhadap kadar flavonoid total pada herba ciplukan secara kolorimetri menggunakan metode 2,4 dinitrofenilhidrazin dan metode AlCl3.Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan tidak bertingkat yaitu hanya digunakan satu pelarut menggunakan pelarut etanol 70% dan pada ekstraksi bertingkat digunakan tiga pelarut yaitu n-heksan, etil asetat dan etanol 70%. Penentuan jumlah flavonoid total dilakukan dengan dua metode kolorimetri yaitu: metode alumunium klorida dan metode 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazin. Hasil penentuan kadar flavonoid total metode kolorimetri diketahui bahwa rata-rata kadar flavonoid total hasil maserasi tidak bertingkat sebesar 0,5339±0,11 dan hasil maserasi bertingkat sebesar 0,5311±0,17. Dari kedua metode maserasi tidak ada perbedaan nyata terhadap kadar flavonoid F hitung < F tabel 0,05 (1,371 < 6,608). Kata kunci : Herba ciplukan, kolorimetri, maserasi, flavonoid.