Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparação entre valores de ensaios experimentais e calculados da resistência ao embutimento da madeira de Pinus taeda L.

To design connections between timber parts with metal dowels (nails or bolts), two phenomena must be considered: bending of the metal dowel and the embedment strength in the wood. The Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997 proposes the methods used in the laboratory tests to determine the embedment strength with the metal dowell and, in the absence of testing, specifies relations to calculate the embedment strength from the compression strength. The aim of this research was to compare the embedment strength values obtained by experimental tests and calculated by the relationships established by the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997. By the results of the hypothesis tests, it was possible to conclude that the estimate of the embedment strength parallel to the grain proposed by the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, establishing equivalence with the strength compression results in the same direction, must be effective to the wood species Pinus taeda L. , however, the same was not found in the perpendicular direction with respect to the grain, possibly explained by the αe values in the equation to calculed fe90.
Estimación de biomasa aérea por componente estructural en Zacualtipán, Hidalgo, México

Las funciones alometricas basadas en muestreos destructivos proporcionan estimaciones precisas de la biomasa individual y por unidad de superficie. La estimacion de biomasa en los bosques representa un proceso clave para el manejo forestal sustentable y en la determinacion de los almacenes de carbono (C) forestal. Modelos de prediccion de biomasa se generaron por componente estructural (fuste, ramas, follaje y corteza) para Pinus patula y para 11 especies de latifoliadas con importancia ecologica en el bosque mesofilo de montana en Zacualtipan, Hidalgo, Mexico. Se realizo un muestro destructivo, para seleccionar individuos, que abarco el intervalo maximo de tamanos; la muestra estuvo formada por 25 arboles de P. patula y 46 arboles de 11 especies de latifoliadas. La proporcion mayor de la biomasa total en P. patula se distribuyo en el fuste (68.2 %), le siguieron las ramas (14.3 %), la corteza (9.3 %) y el follaje (8.2 %). Con el tamano del arbol de conifera, la particion de la biomasa en el fuste y corteza se incremento, mientras que la proporcion de biomasa del follaje disminuyo. Los modelos de biomasa fueron de la forma B = Exp(-β0 )*(dn2*h)β1 donde B es la biomasa por arbol (kg), dn es el diametro normal (cm) y h es la altura total (m). La inclusion de altura del arbol mejoro la capacidad de prediccion de los modelos. El ajuste de los componentes estructurales del arbol con ecuaciones simultaneas por regresion no lineal es adecuado, en el la suma de componentes es la biomasa total. Los estimadores estadisticos permiten afirmar que las ecuaciones son apropiadas para usarse con datos de bosques similares al del area de estudio, para estimar los componentes de biomasa de P. patula y de especies de latifoliadas analizadas
Biosorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by waste biomass of Streptomyces fradiae pretreated with NaOH

Biosorption of Pb(II) ions from a model solution was investigated using Streptomyces fradiae biomass as biosorbent pretreated with sodium hydroxide. The mycelium is a waste product from the biotechnological production of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin in the pharmaceutical industry. The biosorption study was conducted in a batch system with respect to initial pH, initial metal concentration and contact time. For a description of the biosorption equilibrium, Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used. Equilibrium data fitted better to the Langmuir model and the calculated maximum biosorption capacity was 138.88 mg·g−1 at initial pH 5.0, contact time of 120 min, biosorbent dose of 1 g·dm−3 and concentration range for the Pb(II) ions from 10 to 200 mg·dm−3. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models were applied to the experimental data. The results indicated that the Pb(II) uptake process followed the Ho equation. The interference of co-present ions Cu(II) and Zn(II) on the Pb(II) biosorption was also studied. It was determined that at the highest Pb(II) concentration (200 mg·dm−3) Cu(II) and Zn(II) caused 27.22% and 24.88% decreasing in Pb(II) uptake, respectively. The obtained results could be useful in prospective applications of chemically modified waste mycelium of S. fradiae as an alternative biosorbent for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions.
Winter Habitat use by Mule Deer in Idaho and Montana

Abstract Winter survival of Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) depends on an energy conservation strategy. However, not all Mule Deer habitats are equivalent; slope, cover, weather conditions, and other factors contribute to differences in habitat use patterns and behavior among wintering populations. We studied Mule Deer on the East Front of the Rocky Mountains, Montana, and Warm Springs and Sink Creek, east-central Idaho to determine how weather and different habitats affect their winter habitat use. We located radiocollared adult female Mule Deer and collected data on weather, landscape, cover, and forage variables at locations used by deer, and at random locations during winter 2010–2011. Deer used different habitat components on the different winter ranges. On the East Front, forage, cover, and environmental conditions affected probability of deer use, and these covariates changed in magnitude depending upon weather conditions and deer behavior. In Idaho, cover and forage variables were important predictors of Mule Deer habitat use, and habitat use differed between Idaho study areas. In Warm Springs, covariates related to foraging predicted habitat use, whereas in Sink Creek covariates related to thermal or hiding cover predicted habitat use. Differences among all 3 study areas suggest that deer use different habitat components under different winter conditions. Discrepancies in habitat use among winter ranges are important when considering habitat requirements and habitat management for Mule Deer.
The vaccines for Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1: A review

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is the pathogen of Infectious Bovine Rhinothracheitis (IBR) disease, causing great economic losses in the livestock industry. Vaccine is a powerful means to control the virus. Here, the review described the currently available knowledge regarding to the advance in the field of BoHV-1 vaccine including the marker vaccines, DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines and the recombinant virus vaccines. Key words : BoHV-1, vaccine, DIVA, recombinant virus.
Path and association analysis and stress indices for salinity tolerance traits in promising rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes

Effects of salinity on correlation, path and stress indices, yield and its components were studied in a set of 34 promising rice genotypes collected from various national and international organizations. These genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the wet seasons (kharif) of 2009 and 2010 in normal (ECiw ∼ 1.2 dS/m) and salinity stress (ECiw ∼ 10 dS/m) environments in micro plots at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India. Grain yield per plant showed positive significant association with plant height, total tillers, productive tillers, panicle length, and biological yield per plant and harvest index under normal environment, whereas grain yield showed positive significant association with biological yield and harvest index under salinity stress. These results clearly indicate that selection of high yielding genotypes would be entirely different under normal and saline environments. The stress susceptibility index (SSI) values.
Genomic Cloning and Sequence Analyses of the Bovine α‐, βA‐ and βB‐Inhibin/activin Genes

Inhibins and activins are dimeric peptide hormones that regulate the circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In turn, FSH stimulates inhibin gene expression in the ovarian follicle; studies to date suggest that this effect is mediated by cAMP and that a cAMP-responsive element, identified in the 5'-flanking region of the alpha-inhibin gene, at least partially effects this response. To explore further the transcriptional regulation of the inhibin/activin genes, we have isolated and sequenced the 5'-flanking regions of the bovine alpha-, beta A- and beta B-inhibin/activin subunit genes and have analysed these regions by primer-extension analysis and DNase I footprinting with the transcription factor AP-2. Analyses indicated that all three gene promoter regions have a number of AP-2-binding sites that are resistant to competition by poly(dI-dC), suggesting that cAMP may control the inhibin/activin ratio by operating through alternative signal-transduction pathways or that inhibin/activin gene expression may be controlled by signals operating through the protein kinase C pathway. A comparison of the DNA sequences protected by AP-2 against DNase I digestion revealed a consensus AP-2-binding site of 5'-GSCCCDSS-3', where S represents a base pairing involving three (C or G) hydrogen bonds and D represents any base other than C. The nucleotide sequences of the bovine beta-subunit structural genes also are reported.
Heat Shock Protein 90 Associates with Monarch-1 and Regulates Its Ability to Promote Degradation of NF-κB-Inducing Kinase1

Monarch-1/NLRP12 is expressed in myeloid cells and functions as a negative regulator of inflammation by inducing proteasome-mediated degradation of NF-κB-inducing kinase. Monarch-1 is a member of the CATERPILLER gene family, also known as the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat gene family. This family shares strong structural homology to major immune regulators expressed in lower organisms, including plants. In plants, these disease-resistance proteins (R proteins) sense pathogenic insult and initiate a protective response to limit pathogen growth. To perform this role, many R proteins require the highly conserved chaperone molecule, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90. Using a two-dimensional gel/mass spectrometry system, we detected the association of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein Monarch-1 with heat shock proteins. Further analysis indicates that analogous to plant R proteins, Hsp90 is required for Monarch-1 activity. In human monocytes, Monarch-1 associates with Hsp90, and these complexes are sensitive to treatment with specific Hsp90 inhibitors. Disruption of these complexes results in rapid degradation of Monarch-1 via the proteasome and prevents Monarch-1-induced proteolysis of NF-κB-inducing kinase. This demonstrates that Hsp90 is a critical regulator of Monarch-1 anti-inflammatory activity.
Possibilities of Forest Altitudinal Vegetation Zones Modelling by Geoinformatic Analysis

Possibilities of Forest Altitudinal Vegetation Zones Modelling by Geoinformatic Analysis According to Zlatnik (1976) there are 10 forest vegetation zones on the territory of the former Czechoslovakia. These are at present being modeled by phytocenological studies using bioindicator species of plants. Their incidence is affected by many abiotic factors, like temperature, precipitation or influence of climatic-inverse locations. By effective modelling of factors affecting the site requirements of bioindicator species, it is possible to make a comprehensive modelling of vegetation zonation. For the process of modelling, however, it is essential to identify the abiotic factors influencing this phenomenon and determine the extent of their influence. Hence, all the selected factors were analyzed using geoinformation tools and then combined with a typological map, which describes, among others, vegetation zonation in forest stands. The outcome of this combination was subjected to discrimination analysis, which identified influential factors and determined the extent of their influence. For modelling forest vegetation zones two methods were tested, first maximum likelihood clasification and second classification function of discriminant analysis in three territories with different reliefs. Both methods create a new raster of vegetation zonation based on geospatial relationship of individual factors and vegetation zones. Match of result models and input typological dates reaches 70 % - 90 %.
THE EFFECT OF EGG QUALITY ON LARVAL PERIOD AND POSTLARVAL SURVIVAL OF AN ABALONE HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI

Abstract The effect of egg quality on larval period and postlarval survival was investigated for the abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Broodstock were conditioned for spawning at different effective accumulative temperatures (EAT) and the subsequent larvae were used in experiments. Larval period until spontaneous metamorphosis or death and postlarval survival without food were investigated. Larval period and postlarval survival of offspring from broodstock conditioned at 1,650 and 2,350°C·days EAT were greater than those of larvae from 1050 and 1150°C·days EAT conditioned broodstock. Biochemical composition and egg cytoplasm diameter were measured as egg quality from broodstock conditioned under different EAT treatments. There was a positive correlation between lipid and protein content in eggs. Protein and lipid content showed positive correlations with larval period and postlarval survival without food. The eggs from higher EAT tended to contain higher protein and lipid contents, but there was no significant difference in protein levels among broodstock conditioned at different EAT. No relationship was found between egg cytoplasm volume, which calculated using egg cytoplasm diameter and larval period or postlarval survival. These results suggest that the quality of eggs became higher as EAT increased, and that protein and/or lipid were important for larval and postlarval survivorship. For H. discus hannai, the biochemical composition of eggs may be more important than yolk volume for early development and survival of larvae and postlarvae.
Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Neotropical riverine landscapes: characterising their distribution

Abstract. 1 The diversity and ecology of Staphylinidae in the Neotropical region has been poorly investigated, especially in riverine landscapes where these beetles are among the dominant organisms. Therefore, the relation between the occurrence of Staphylinidae and environmental variables was investigated in riverine systems of Southwest and Central Colombia. 2 Samples were collected between 1984 and 2006 following standardised methods for biological sampling and water quality evaluation. Water quality indexes were calculated and six microhabitats were surveyed: riparian vegetation (light traps), sediments (surber net), rock, macrophytes and litter (manually). 3 The 1834 collected individuals belonged to seven subfamilies and 17 genera. The most frequent genera were Thinodromus, Stenus and Philonthus. Among all measured environmental variables, microhabitat explained to most extent the distribution patterns of the rove beetles. Preference to riparian vegetation was found for the family as a whole but preferences by subfamilies differed strongly. Steninae were absent in the riparian vegetation and showed close association to macrophytes. Oxytelinae and Staphylininae were frequently collected in riparian vegetation and litter, respectively. Although water quality and altitude were only of secondary importance to the Staphylinidae distribution, the tolerance of Steninae to waters of poorer quality and its concentration in the altitudinal range of 1001–1500 m a.s. l. is highlighted. 4 Preferences to certain microhabitats found for some Staphylinidae taxa supply more evidence to the habitat‐specialisation of these beetles, representing an important contribution to both their ecological characterisation and to the fauna of riverine systems in the Neotropical region.
Maternal Response to Conspecific Visits at Natal Dens in Raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Abstract The response of postparturient females to conspecifics at the natal den can provide insights into intraspecific dynamics, particularly the risk of infanticide. In solitary species, the risk of infanticide may be high and mothers are expected to secure dependent young in dens and tolerate little, if any visitation by males. We monitored 10 male raccoons (Procyon lotor) and 11 females from pregnancy through lactation that were equipped with proximity detecting collars during the neonate rearing period (Apr.–Jul.). Natal den trees were identified and proximity detectors were also attached to these trees to document the mother's movements and visitation by conspecifics. A total of 21 den trees (1–8 dens/mother) were used, yielding 337 den-nights of data. Besides those of the mother, 284 visits (0–2.9 visits/night) were recorded and dens were visited by three to 10 individuals. Time spent away from the den by the mother increased with litter age (F = 45.36, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.19). Females who moved their litters from the primary natal den tended to receive more (t = −1.99, P = 0.08, df = 8) male visits/night before their move, than females that stayed in the primary natal den. Males also visited natal den trees more often (t = 2.26, P = 0.05, df = 7) when a natal family was occupying the den tree than once the family had stopped using the den tree. We were unable to examine den trees that were abandoned by their mothers, but our data suggested that female raccoons are intolerant of adult males at natal dens while raising their litters. This may be a response to the risk of male-driven infanticide.
Recent developments in ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonists and antagonists

The 28 amino acid polypeptide, ghrelin, is a novel neuroendocrine hormone synthesised primarily in the stomach. It stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion, increases food intake and appetite and promotes body weight gain by decreasing fat mass metabolism, particularly in rodent models. The pharmacological properties of this peptide are mediated by the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), a G-protein-coupled receptor localised predominantly in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. The discovery of new agents that either mimic or modulate the actions of ghrelin via the GHS-R1a has attracted considerable interest in recent years. Many peptidyl and peptidomimetic GHS-R1a agonists such as growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) and growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) that stimulate GH secretion and increase plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been identified. First generation GHSs have undergone extensive clinical evaluation in humans, but have shown disappointing results in the treatment of diseases such as frailty, the age-related decline in body composition. Several of these compounds were found to increase adiposity in rodent models. Second generation dipeptidyl and third generation small molecule GHSs have recently been profiled in various animal models. A third generation of GHS with partial agonist activity at the GHS-R1a showed anabolic activity in rodent models, increasing fat-free (muscle) mass rather than fat mass. A few GHS-R1a receptor antagonists have been disclosed, although these compounds have exhibited poor selectivities or weak affinities for the receptor. Since endogenous ghrelin appears to play an important role in the long-term regulation of energy balance, GHS-R1a antagonists may be useful in the prevention of weight gain, following weight loss, or in the treatment of obesity, a pathological condition characterised by excess adiposity. This review describes the pharmacology of select ghrelin receptor modulators and highlights new ghrelin receptor agonists and antagonists that have appeared in the literature from 1999 – 2002.
Microsatellite analysis in cultivated hexaploid wheat and wild wheat relatives

Hexaploid bread wheat contains three genomes, A, B and D with the formula AABBDD, amounting to a very large and complex total genome. Although bread wheat, Triticum aestivum (2n = 6x = 42), is one of the most extensively studied polyploid crops, the probable evolutionary history has only recently been established by studying the various wild relatives. Studies of meiosis and the behaviour of chromosomes in interspecific hybrids during pairing revealed the evolutionary lineages of polyploid wheat species. The A genome is present in both diploid Triticum monococcum (AA) and tetraploid Triticum turgidum (AABB) wheat. Both are morphologically similar and their hybrids exhibit chromosome pairing. As T. turgidum (AABB) and T. aestivum (AABBDD) comprise one evolutionary lineage, it was subsequently concluded that T. monococcum was the A genome progenitor of polyploid wheat (Kimber and Sears, 1987). It became apparent that einkorn diploid wheat comprised two species, T. monococcum L. and Triticum urartu Thum. , the latter existing only in wild form (Dvorak et al., 1993). A re-examination of the sources of the A genome of T. turgidum and T. aestivum found it to be contributed by T. urartu (Dvorak, 1988) while the A genome of the other evolutionary lineage, Triticum timopheevii (AAGG) and Triticum zhukovskyi (AAAAGG), was contributed by T. monococcum (Dvorak et al., 1993). Synthesizing a hybrid between tetraploid wheat T. turgidum and Triticum tauschii (AA) (Coss) (= Aegilops tauschii) revealed the source of the D genome,
Stoat invasion, eradication and re-invasion of islands in Fiordland

Abstract Stoats (Mustela erminea) were removed from three islands in Fiordland with traps at densities of one trap per 3.6–11 ha to determine whether stoats could be eradicated with traps at these densities, and how long eradication might take. Stoats were successfully eradicated from the two of the three islands within 4 months of the start of trapping. In a separate experiment, stoat traps were also set and checked for 4 years on 19 small islands at varying distances offshore, and the relationship between the number of stoats caught, the distance offshore and the length of adjacent mainland coast documented. From these data, we estimated the likely rate of stoat re-invasion onto large islands in Fiordland such as Resolution, Secretary and Coal, which are candidates for future stoat eradication programmes. We conclude that permanent trapping networks on large islands could keep stoat numbers at levels low enough to allow the recovery or re-introduction of endangered wildlife.
Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Nine Populations, SNP Variation between Populations, and Comparison with Other Aphididae Species

The complete mitochondrial genome of global Diuraphis noxia populations was characterized using NextGen sequencing, and was found to be 15 721 bp in size and consisting of 38 genes typically found within most insects. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of the genomes of nine populations revealed 125 SNPs in the protein coding genes with the majority of the SNPs occurring in the ND genes, and the least in the ND4L gene. Low SNP variant frequency was also found for the atp6 and atp8 genes, which differed from other reports in the Hemiptera, and may point towards increased importance of these genes in aphid fitness.