Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The use of a Low Cost High Speed Camera to Monitor Wingbeat Frequency in Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)

Summary Wingbeat frequency is an important parameter when studying flight performance in hummingbirds and could be put into an ecological and evolutionary context to investigate the decisions that a hummingbird takes regarding foraging efficiency. Previous studies of wingbeat frequencies in hummingbirds have been undertaken with captive birds, most probably due to limitations of experimental design and/or less mobile equipment. In the present paper I describe how I used a budget camera, which captured 220 frames per sec (fps), to film hummingbirds in order to quantify wingbeat frequency under natural conditions in Costa Rica. With this equipment I was able to obtain detailed information about stationary hovering flight in three different species; the charming hummingbird Amazilia decora, purple-throated mountain-gem Lampornis calolaema and violet sabrewing Campylopterus hemileucurus. Wingbeat frequency was higher for the purple-throated mountain-gem and the charming hummingbird compared to the larger violet sabrewing. It did not differ between the purple-throated mountain-gem and the charming hummingbird, which are more similar in size. In the purple-throated mountain-gem I found a higher wingbeat frequency and increased body inclination while hover-feeding compared to hovering in front of the feeder; hence it may be more costly to hover while feeding. It is hoped that the video techniques used here will encourage researchers to record wingbeat frequencies across a range of animal taxa.
DIFFERENT APPROACHES ON BULBLET FORMATION WITH SCALING IN MADONNA LILY ( LILIUM CANDIDUM )

The purpose of this study was, to determine the effects of different treatments on bulblet formation with scale propagation in ‘Madonna lily’ (Lilium candidum). The research was conducted in growth chamber at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture in 2015-2016. Scales of Lilium candidum bulbs with 22-24 cm circumference, were used as a plant material. Effects of different incubation periods (10,12,14 weeks), incubation temperatures (10-15 C, 20 -25C ), auxin (IBA 100 ppm, IBA 200 ppm) doses and scale positions (outer, middle, inner, center) on bulblet formation were investigated. The experiment was established according to randomised plot design with 3 replications. Some parameters like, bulblet formation ratio, bulblet number per scale, weight, diameter and height of bulblet, scale number, root number and root length of bulblet were also determined. As a conclusion, treatments have not any significant effect on bulblet formation ratio, but there were significant differences between the other parameters for some of treatments. In spite of this, incubation period of 14 weeks gives the highest average value for bulblet number per scale (1.467 piece) and bulblet height (19.105 mm). Also, the highest average value of bulblet weight (0.792 g) and bulblet diameter (13.282 mm) were measured in outer scales. While incubation temperature of 10-15 C gives the best result for bulblet scale number (3.511 piece), the highest average value for root number of bulblet (3.900 piece) and root length of bulblet (11.224 cm) were measured in auxin dose of 200 ppm IBA.
PAPER Have old species reached most environmentally suitable areas? A case study with South American phyllostomid bats

Aim We used ecological niche modelling to test different models explaining the lineage age–area relationship. We hypothesized that lineage age should influence the proportion of potential range unfilled by phyllostomid bat species. We made explicit predictions about possible relationships between the proportion of unfilled potential range and lineage age. Our goal was to analyse empirical data and fit the model that best describes our data.
Genetic parameters for lactose percentage and urea concentration in milk of Polish Holstein‑Friesian cows

The objective of the study was to estimate genetic parameters for lactose percentage and urea concentration in milk of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Data consisted of 104,875 test-day records from the first three lactations of 6,299 cows. Genetic parameters were estimated using the Bayesian method via Gibbs sampling and the multitrait animal model. The linear model for lactose percentage, milk urea content and production traits (milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage) included the fixed herd-test-day effect, fixed regressions within age at calving by season of calving subclasses, and random regressions for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. All regressions were modeled using fourth‐order Legendre polynomials. The average daily heritability of lactose percentage was on an intermediate level and ranged from 0.24 to 0.35. Average daily heritability of milk urea concentration was lower (0.16 to 0.24). Lactose percentage was positively genetically correlated with milk yield (0.29, 0.29 and 0.34 in first, second and third lactations, respectively) and negatively genetically correlated with protein percentage (-0.21, -0.19, -0.13 in lactations 1, 2 and 3), and fat percentage in the first lactation (-0.24). Genetic correlations of milk urea concentration and other milk traits (fat, protein and lactose percentages) were rather low or close to zero (-0.16 to 0.19), except for the genetic correlation with milk yield (0.19 to 0.35). The results show that selection for lactose percentage and milk urea content is possible, although more research on the relationship with other traits, mainly conformation, fertility and health, is needed.
Does evolution in isolation from mammalian predators have behavioural and chemosensory consequences for New Zealand lizards?

Recently introduced mammalian predators have had devastating consequences for biotas of archipelagos that were isolated from mammals over evolutionary time. However, understanding which antipredator mechanisms are lost through relaxed selection, and how they influence the ability of prey to respond to novel predatory threats, is limited. The varying effects on native lizard populations of the relatively recent and patchy history of mammalian introductions to New Zealand’s islands provide an opportunity to examine the consequences of relaxed selection. We assess behavioural patterns and predator detection abilities of native lizards, using chemicals of native reptilian and introduced rodent predators as cues. Focal lizard populations were isolated from predatory mammals for up to 16 million years; some now co-occur with mammals, while others remain in mammal-free locations. A skink species that evolved with mammals and has recently been introduced to New Zealand is included for comparison. Lizard behavioural patterns were correlated with recent and historical experience of mammals. Lizards always isolated from mammals exhibited the most antipredator freeze behaviour, whereas one that coevolved with mammals exhibited greatest activity (movements). However, predator chemical cues did not induce specific antipredator responses in any species indicating that these behavioural patterns are not linked to chemosensory predator detection alone.
IOT GATEWAY MENGGUNAKAN PROTOKOL MQTT PADA PERANGKAT KENDALI BERBASIS MODBUS-RTU

One of the main goal of IoT implementation is to integrate existing device to the global information and communication infrastructure. Nowadays, most of new product have been designated to be IoT ready with, some feature to easily integrated to the internet world. The challenging is how to integrate old existing devices which doesn’t support new communication protocol. One of example is Autonics TK4S, a temperature monitoring controller based on Modbus RTU serial line communication which is very usual in industry. This paper discussed the scenario how to implement IoT to the device with Modbus RTU communication protocol to integrate with global internet while still maintaining the Modbus and MQTT character: lightweight and flexibility. Next thing to discuss is the security problem in Modbus. After some examination, we get result that security can be implemented by adding authentication. Meanwhile, the lightweight and flexibility still can be maintained. In our scenario, latency of the system is still low at less than 0,3 s for Modbus-MQTT broker-client communication and less than 0,01 s for the MQTT communication alone. Data rate is still can be maintained at less than 9kbps .
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone ( PVP ) Capped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been grown by simple chemical precipitation method using Zinc nitrate hexa hydrate [Zn (NO3)2 . 6H2O] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the molar ratio 1:2 as source materials. Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) is used as the capping agent in the synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The reaction temperature is maintained at 60C during the growth process. The as-grown ZnONPs have been investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) study, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy respectively. The XRD result reveals that as-grown ZnO-NPs exhibit good crystallinity with hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and the average crystallite size calculated from XRD pattern is found to be 15nm. The SEM image shows that the grown ZnO-NPs are nearly spherical in shape with slight agglomeration. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum exhibits a blue shift in wavelength as compared to bulk ZnO and the PL spectrum shows strong emission in the UV range with the excitation wavelength 320nm.
Application of the Subspace-Based Methods in Health Monitoring of Civil Structures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A large number of research studies in structural health monitoring (SHM) have presented, extended, and used subspace system identification. However, there is a lack of research on systematic literature reviews and surveys of studies in this field. Therefore, the current study is undertaken to systematically review the literature published on the development and application of subspace system identification methods. In this regard, major databases in SHM, including Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, have been selected and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) has been applied to ensure complete and transparent reporting of systematic reviews. Along this line, the presented review addresses the available studies that employed subspace-based techniques in the vibration-based damage detection (VDD) of civil structures. The selected papers in this review were categorized into authors, publication year, name of journal, applied techniques, research objectives, research gap, proposed solutions and models, and findings. This study can assist practitioners and academicians for better condition assessment of structures and to gain insight into the literature.
Insight from X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy to Octahedral/Tetrahedral Site Distribution in Sm-Doped Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles

A set of Sm-doped iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (FexOy NPs) of different sizes as an example of ferromagnetic NPs at room temperature was synthesized by microware-assisted methods. Powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed FexOy NPs with an inverse spinel structure. Mossbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) were used to study the local atomic and electronic structure of iron in the NPs. Linear combination of XAS spectra of reference iron oxides failed in reproducing the spectra of FexOy NPs [Piquer, C. ; J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 1332−1346]. We attribute this fact to the nonstoichiometric distribution of tetrahedral, Td3+, and octahedral, Oh3+ and Oh2+, sites in NPs compared to bulk references. This distribution was successfully reproduced by linear combination of theoretical XAS spectra obtained for clusters where iron was in Td3+, Oh3+, and Oh2+ defined oxidation and symmetry states. This approach allowed us to obtain the quantitative speciation of the fraction of.
ANALYSIS OF CONTEXTS OF COPING WITH OCCUPATIONAL STRESS: SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES OF EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT AND SOCIAL WELFARE PROFESSIONALS

In the present article the impact of stress experienced by educational support and social welfare professionals on their professional activity and the opportunities of coping with it have been analysed applying a qualitative research approach. To analyse the subjective experience of educational support and social welfare professionals (N=27), a qualitative research approach has been chosen, the ontological basis of which consisted of the interpretive constructivist paradigm. The results of the research were validated using the expertise method: for external expertise the experts who did not participate in the research were employed, for internal expertise – persons who participated in the research and the researchers themselves. The data presented in the article are related both to the negative impact of stress on the professional activity and the positive impact leading to changes and improvement.
Comparison and Correlation of CD4T Cells Countwith Viral Load Prior to and after Initiating HAART in HIV Iraqi Patients

Background: HIV that cause of AIDS worldwide distributed and the CD4 positive T cells consider chieftarget cells of HIV. Elimination of HIV is the final goal of HIV treatment, but is rarely achieved.Objective: As CD4T cells count using flow cytometry recently available, we investigated whether CD4Tcells count can substitute for HIV plasma viral load RNA quantification in treatment monitoring throughcomparison the change in CD4 positive T cells count in patients with HIV previous to & afterward initiating? highly/active/antiviral/therapy ? HAART? & correlation of CD4 T cellscounts with viral load prior to andafter initiating HAART in HIV Iraqi patients.Method: Within this study, 25 HIV patients were prospectively analyzed. Patients have been treated withBilateral/Didanosine, combination (Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate), inaddition to Quadruple combination (Elvitegravir,cobicistat,emtricitabine,tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). Quantitative CD4T cells countwere determined with flowcytometry. HIV plasma viral load RNA weredetermined with RT-PCR at given time points.Results: We find weak negativenon-significant? correlation? (R? -0.267, p? 0. 197 & R? -0.161, p? 0. 441)among CD4positive T cellscounts & ? plasma viral load of HIV RNA? in both treated and untreated patientsrespectively. More importantly, there was significant concordance between an increase or decrease of CD4Tcells counts with HIV RNA plasma viral load prior and after initiating of treatment. However, the curve andincrease of CD4T cells count enabled prediction of eventual of viral clearance.Conclusions: Quantitative CD4T cells count cannot substitute for HIV RNA plasma viral load quantificationduring assessment of antiviral therapy: However, the increase of CD4 T cells count does predict eventualHIV RNA plasma clearance. A 2 log 10 increase to above 200 IU/ml is associated with a high likelihood ofHIV plasma RNA clearance.
Effective Transitioning Practices from Early Childhood Centres to Primary Schools

Many levels exist in the educational continuum. The passage from an early childhood setting to primary school is seen as a major transition and one of the crucial steps a child takes in the education continuum. Most children find this transitiontraumatic. The transition also has vital implications for children’s learning and, if not handled properly, tends to have a long-term impact on the lives of the children. This article examines literature on transition to school, discusses the significance of transition, and the need to reduce potentialadverse effects by providing a smooth transition.
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Erythrocytes of Captive Pre-Juvenile Loggerhead Turtles Following Acute Exposure to Methylmercury

This study describes the use of erythrocytes (RBCs) of loggerhead turtles as in vitro models for evaluating their toxicity to methylmercury. Blood samples of loggerhead turtles that were born in the Colombian Caribbean were used. The LC50 of RBCs to methylmercury was determined at 96 h using methylmercury concentrations of 0.5–100 mg L−1. Next, the viability of the RBCs and the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde (MDA) at 6 and 12 h of exposure to acute concentrations of 0, 1, and 5 mg L−1 were evaluated. The LC50 for loggerhead turtle RBCs was 8.32 mg L−1. The cell viability bioassay of RBCs exposed for 12 h only showed 100% cell viability. Increasing in vitro MeHg concentrations caused a corresponding increase in MDA concentration as well as decreases in the activities of SOD and GST. The RBCs represent an excellent model for ecotoxicological studies and SOD, GST, and MDA are biomarkers of environmental pollution and oxidative stress in loggerhead turtles. This was the first study conducted on loggerhead turtle where the response of RBCs to MeHg-induced oxidative stress is evaluated.
Gene action analysis by inheritance and quantitative trait loci mapping of resistance to root-knot nematodes in cotton

Host–plant resistance is highly effective in controlling crop loss from nematode infection. In addition, molecular markers can be powerful tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS), where they reduce laborious greenhouse phenotype evaluation to identify root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood) resistant genotypes. To better understand host–plant interactions, we investigated gene action and genomic locations of RKN resistance genes in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). Twelve parents, 17 intraspecific (G. hirsutum · G. hirsutum) and four interspecific (G. hirsutum · G. barbadense L.) F1, and 11 F2 populations were investigated by examining different RKN resistance backgrounds. The F1 and F2 generation means and distributions, and differences between F1 and mid-parent values for Galling Index (GI) indicated that allelic interaction, epistasis and heterosis operated in these crosses. Genetic and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses in crosses NemX · SJ-2 and SJ-2 · Clevewilt revealed resistance because of at least one major recessive QTL with strong additive effect, while in PS 7 · NemX resistance was because of at least one major QTL with strong dominant effect. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers CIR316 and MUCS088 on chromosomes 11 and 21 showed the association of two different chromosomes with the RKN resistance. This also supported the two-gene model of observed resistant : susceptible ratios in F2 and F3 (PS 7 · NemX) populations. Selection success rate for MAS was >85% for identifying resistant genotypes with GI < 3 from these crosses with SSRS CIR316, BNL1231 and MUCS088, and CAPS (GHACC1). QTL analyses validated the importance of a major genome-telomeric region on chromosome 11, harbouring RKN resistance genes from different backgrounds. We conclude that breeding for optimal resistance must be based on selection of progeny with combinations of genes homozygous for resistance.
On the Disruptive Innovation Strategy of Renewable Energy Technology Diffusion: An Agent-Based Model

Renewable energy technologies (RETs) are crucial for solving the world’s energy dilemma. However, the diffusion rate of RETs is still dissatisfactory. One critical reason is that conventional energy technologies (CETs) are dominating energy markets. Emergent technologies that have inferior initial performance but eventually become new dominators of markets are frequently observed in various industries, which can be explained with the disruptive innovation theory (DIT). DIT suggests that instead of competing with incumbent technologies in the dominated dimension, redefining the competition on a two-dimensional basis is wise. Aiming at applying DIT to RET diffusion, this research builds an agent-based model (ABM) considering the order of entering the market, price, preference changing and RET improvement rate to simulate the competition dynamics between RETs and CETs. The findings include that the order of entering the market is crucial for a technology’s success; disruptive innovation is an effective approach to cope with the disadvantage of RETs as latecomers; generally, lower price, higher consistency with consumers’ preferences and higher improvement rate in the conventional dimension are beneficial to RET diffusion; counter-intuitively, increasing RET’s improvement rate in the conventional dimension is beneficial to RET diffusion when the network is sparse; while it is harmful when the network is densified.
Preclinical and Clinical Profile of HIV-1 Integrase Strand-transfer InhibitorGS-9224 Compared to its Parent Compound GS-9160

In an effort to optimize the pharmacokinetic profile of GS-9160, a potent (EC50=1.2 – 4 nM) antiviral tri-cyclic HIV-1 integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), various substitutions on the p-fluorobenzyl moiety of GS-9160 were explored. This effort led to the discovery of GS-9224, an analog containing a 5-chloro-2,4-di-fluorobenzyl moiety. GS-9224, like its predecessor GS-9160, has potent (EC50=1.3 – 9 nM) and selective antiviral activity against HIV-1 and acts as a bona fide integration inhibitor through elevation of 2-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) circles and decrease of integration junctions in HIV-1 infected cells, markers of failed viral integration. Viral resistance selections with GS-9224 yielded three mutations within the catalytic core domain of HIV-1 IN: G140S, L74M and Q148K. When tested against a panel of HIV-1 clones engineered to express INSTI resistance mutations, the profile of GS-9224 was comparable to GS-9160. GS-9224 exhibits improved hepatic microsome stability, better absorption potential and a lower in vitro intestinal efflux ratio compared to GS-9160. In addition, GS-9224 displayed higher dog plasma protein binding (~99%) than GS-9160 (~93%) suggesting a potential for protein restricted clearance. However, the improved metabolic stability, absorption potential and serum protein binding of GS-9224 compared to GS-9160 did not translate into an improved clinical pharmacokinetic profile. Results from a single-dose study in human healthy subjects revealed a fast systemic clearance of GS-9224 with a terminal half-life of ~ 1 h, resulting in a pharmacokinetic profile that would not support once-daily dosing in HIV-infected patients.
Local versus volume-integrated turbulence and mixing in breaking internal waves on slopes

Using direct numerical simulations (DNS), we explore local and volume-integrated measures of turbulence and mixing in breaking internal waves on slopes. We consider eight breaking wave cases with a range of normalized pycnocline thicknesses $k\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ , where $k$ is the horizontal wavenumber and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ is the pycnocline thickness, but with similar incoming wave properties. The energetics of wave breaking is quantified in terms of local turbulent dissipation and irreversible mixing using the method of Scotti & White (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 740, 2014, pp. 114–135). Local turbulent mixing efficiencies are calculated using the irreversible flux Richardson number $R_{f}^{\ast }$ and are found to be a function of the turbulent Froude number $Fr_{k}$ . Volume-integrated measures of the turbulent mixing efficiency during wave breaking are also made, and are found to be functions of $k\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ . The bulk turbulent mixing efficiency ranges from 0.25 to 0.37 and is maximized when $k\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\approx 1$ . In order to connect local and bulk mixing efficiency measures, the variation in the bulk turbulent mixing efficiency with $k\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ is related to the turbulent Froude number at which the maximum total mixing occurs over the course of the breaking event, $Fr_{k}^{max}$ . We find that physically, $Fr_{k}^{max}$ is controlled by the vertical length scale of billows at the interface during wave breaking.