Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IN SITU DATING OF HYDROTHERMAL MONAZITE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GEODYNAMIC CONTROLS ON ORE FORMATION IN THE JIAODONG GOLD PROVINCE, EASTERN CHINA

The Jiaodong gold province, the largest gold producer in China, formed in a setting dominated by a 30-m.y. episode of Izanagi plate rollback and widespread extension, concomitant with late Mesozoic craton destruction. This study presents new high precision in situ sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Th-Pb and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb ages for hydrothermal monazite from the largest of the Jiaodong gold deposits, which were previously dated as indicating ore formation over a few tens of millions of years when applying sericite Ar-Ar, zircon U-Pb, and less robust analytical techniques. Our U-Pb dating on monazite from the Jiaojia and Linglong deposits in western Jiaodong yielded consistent ages at ca. 120 Ma. The new geochronologic results, coupled with recently reported in situ monazite dates from smaller deposits in western Jiaodong, reveal that the deposits that host most of the ≥4,000-t Au resource formed during a relatively brief period at ca. 120 Ma. In eastern Jiaodong, the much smaller resource may have formed about 5 m.y. later, recorded by 114.2 ± 1.5 Ma gold mineralization at the Rushan deposit. The postsubduction opening of a slab gap at ca. 120 Ma is the most likely cause of the extensive gold mineralization in Jiaodong. The gap induced a local and rapid devolatilization of the hydrated mantle wedge at submelt temperatures. The transient event included release of a major volume of gold-transporting aqueous-carbonic fluid that was stored in the wedge into major NNE-trending structures in the overlying lithosphere.
Genetic differentiation of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) analysed by means of craniometry and isozymes

Abstract In 1997–1999, 411 red foxes Vulpes vulpes were collected from all over Denmark. Among these 205 were used for a univariate craniometrical investigation on six skull traits. 308 of the foxes were analysed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Of the studied 18 enzymes, 14 were monomorphic and four polymorphic. Of the latter ones three were used for further analysis, as one enzyme system was difficult to score. No genetic heterogeneity within samples between sexes was revealed. However both genetic and morphometrical differentiation were found between the regions, with the foxes from Copenhagen significantly deviating from all other samples, including those from the remaining part of Zealand. Thus, our data suggest that the foxes from Copenhagen may be considered as an isolated population with limited amount of gene flow with the other populations in Denmark. Possible causes of such limited gene flow are discussed.
Spatial Updating Depends on Gravity

As we move through an environment the positions of surrounding objects relative to our body constantly change. Maintaining orientation requires spatial updating, the continuous monitoring of self-motion cues to update external locations. This ability critically depends on the integration of visual, proprioceptive, kinesthetic, and vestibular information. During weightlessness gravity no longer acts as an essential reference, creating a discrepancy between vestibular, visual and sensorimotor signals. Here, we explore the effects of repeated bouts of microgravity and hypergravity on spatial updating performance during parabolic flight. Ten healthy participants (four women, six men) took part in a parabolic flight campaign that comprised a total of 31 parabolas. Each parabola created about 20–25 s of 0 g, preceded and followed by about 20 s of hypergravity (1.8 g). Participants performed a visual-spatial updating task in seated position during 15 parabolas. The task included two updating conditions simulating virtual forward movements of different lengths (short and long), and a static condition with no movement that served as a control condition. Two trials were performed during each phase of the parabola, i.e., at 1 g before the start of the parabola, at 1.8 g during the acceleration phase of the parabola, and during 0 g. Our data demonstrate that 0 g and 1.8 g impaired pointing performance for long updating trials as indicated by increased variability of pointing errors compared to 1 g. In contrast, we found no support for any changes for short updating and static conditions, suggesting that a certain degree of task complexity is required to affect pointing errors. These findings are important for operational requirements during spaceflight because spatial updating is pivotal for navigation when vision is poor or unreliable and objects go out of sight, for example during extravehicular activities in space or the exploration of unfamiliar environments. Future studies should compare the effects on spatial updating during seated and free-floating conditions, and determine at which g-threshold decrements in spatial updating performance emerge.
Reintroduction programmes: genetic trade‐offs for populations

Reintroductions of captive‐managed animals are a vital tool for the conservation of populations and species extinct in the wild. Because genetic diversity may impact population persistence, the genetic composition of reintroduced and captive populations is critical. For captive‐managed species with known pedigrees, individual animals can be selected to create reintroduced populations with specific genetic compositions. Five genetic and demographic strategies for selecting animals were tested on four species. Selection strategies were based on criteria identified in field and theoretical studies. Simulated reintroductions of animals from captive‐breeding programmes created a genetic conflict. Among the different strategies, increases in the genetic diversity of one subpopulation were negatively correlated with changes in the genetic diversity of the other subpopulation. For example, the release of genetically over‐represented animals was the most beneficial strategy for a captive‐breeding programme, but provided the least genetic diversity for the reintroduced population. However, gains and losses in genetic diversity between populations varied with different selection criteria and different population structures. Because captive‐breeding histories vary for each species, changes in genetic composition cannot be accurately predicted and no one strategy is universally optimal. Thus, genetic trade‐offs must be assessed for each population relative to specific programme goals.
Beware Thy Bias: Scaling Mobile Phone Data to Measure Traffic Intensities

Mobile phone data are a novel data source to generate mobility information from Call Detail Records (CDRs). Although mobile phone data can provide us with valuable insights in human mobility, they often show a biased picture of the traveling population. This research, therefore, focuses on correcting for these biases and suggests a new method to scale mobile phone data to the true traveling population. Moreover, the scaled mobile phone data will be compared to roadside measurements at 100 different locations on Dutch highways. We infer vehicle trips from the mobile phone data and compare the scaled counts with roadside measurements. The results are evaluated for October 2015. The proposed scaling method shows very promising results with near identical vehicle counts from both data sources in terms of monthly, weekly, and hourly vehicle counts. This indicates the scaling method, in combination with mobile phone data, is able to correctly measure traffic intensities on highways, and thereby able to anticipate calibrated human mobility behaviour. Nevertheless, there are still some discrepancies—for one, during weekends—calling for more research. This paper serves researchers in the field of mobile phone data by providing a proven method to scale the sample to the population, a crucial step in creating unbiased mobility information.
Metamorphic Testing of AI-based Applications: A Critical Review

Metamorphic testing is the youngest testing ap-proach among other members of the testing family. It is de-signed to test software, which are complex in nature and it is difficult to compute test oracle for them against a given set of inputs. Metamorphic testing approach tests the software with the help of metamorphic relations that guide the tester to check if the observed output can be produced after applying a certain input. Since its first appearance, a lot of research has been done to check its effectiveness on different complex families of software applications like search engines, compilers, artificial intelligence (AI) and so on. Artificial intelligence has gained immense attention due to its successfully application in many of the computer science and even other domains like medical science, social science, economic, and so on. AI-based applications are quite complex in nature as compared to other conventional software applications and because of that they are hard to test. We have selected specifically testing of AI-based applications for this research study. Although all the researchers claim to propose the best set of metamorphic relations to test AI-based applications but that still needs to be verified. In this study, we have performed a critical review supported by rigorous set of parameters that we have prepared after thorough literature survey. The survey shows that researchers have applied metamorphic testing on applications that are either based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) or Machine Learning (ML). Our analysis has helped us identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approaches. Research still needs to be done to design a generalized set of metamorphic rules that can test a family of AI applications rather than just one. The findings are supported by strong arguments and justified with logical reasoning. The identified problem domains can be targeted by the researchers in future to further enhance the capabilities of metamorphic testing and its range of applications.
Substrate gradients and regional patterns of dry matter deposition within developing wheat endosperm. II, Amino acids and protein

Microsectioning and HPLC techniques were used to determine the gradient of protein deposition in developing wheat endosperm along the radial axis from the endosperm cavity to the endosperm periphery on the dorsal side. Soluble amino acids were measured also along this axis to test whether the pattern of protein deposition could be due to amino acid supply. Glutamine, serine, glycine and alanine accounted for 80% of the soluble amino acids in both the vascular bundle of the grain and the fluid of the endosperm cavity. Alanine, asparagine, glutamate, serine and glycine accounted for 70% of the soluble amino acids in the endosperm. There was little change in amino acid composition across the endosperm both in the pool of soluble amino acids and in protein. An exception was soluble aspartate which increased in the outward direction. The outer region of developing endosperm contained nearly twice as much protein, per unit fresh volume, as the region adjacent to the endosperm cavity. The pattern of protein percentage (w/w) was due to the pattern of protein deposition, and not to regional variation in starch deposition. There were two main features in the distribution of total soluble amino acids across the endosperm. First, the concentration (w/v) decreased along the axis from the endosperm cavity to the mid-point of the endosperm, due to the influence of higher concentrations in the fluid of the endosperm cavity. Second, there was an increase in the concentration of amino acids from the mid-point of the endosperm towards the endosperm periphery. We conclude that the regional pattern of protein deposition cannot be attributed to the pattern of substrate supply, and that transport of amino acids across the endosperm imposes no limits to the pattern of protein deposition. The endosperm contained sufficient amino acid substrate for 1.4 days of protein accumulation. The turnover of amino acids as a whole within the endosperm was slow compared with the rapid turnover of substrate for starch deposition. There was large variation in turnover time for individual amino acids. We discuss the apparent anomaly that while there seems to be ample amino acid substrate to sustain protein deposition, additional amino acid supply in the form of glutamine enhances the rate of protein deposition.
The environmental neighborhoods of cities and their spatial extent

We define the new concept of an environmental neighborhood as the surrounding area influencing the environmental quality at a given point in a city, and propose a novel methodology to measure its spatial extent. We compute the spatial correlation of air quality and urban parameters from high spatial resolution datasets for New York City, where the urban characteristics are averaged over variable urban footprint sizes, ranging from 25 m × 5 m to 5000 m × 5000 m. The scale at which these correlations peak indicates the extent of the neighboring area that influences pollutant concentrations deviations from the city-wide average. The results indicate that the scale of these environmental neighborhoods ranges from ∼1000 m (for attributes such as road area or building footmark) down to ∼200 m (for building use or green area). Selecting this optimal neighborhood scale is thus critical for identifying the urban fabric and activity attributes that have the largest influence on air quality; smaller footprints do not contain all the pertinent urban surface information while larger footprints contain irrelevant, potentially misleading information. The quantification of this scale of influence therefore enables more effective and localized policies and interventions to improve urban environmental quality and reduce urban health disparities. More broadly, the findings indicate that, in a wide range of environmental and ecological applications where surface heterogeneity is a primary driver, the scale of analysis is not an external parameter to be chosen, but rather an internal parameter dictated by the problem physics.
Leaving Obligations Behind: Epistemic Incrementation in Preschool English

ABSTRACT Does language development drive language change? A common account of language change attributes the regularity of certain patterns to children’s learning biases. The present study examines these predictions for change-in-progress in the use of must in Toronto English. Historically, modal verbs like must start with root (deontic) meanings, eventually developing epistemic (probability) meanings in addition. Epistemic uses increase over successive generations, phasing out root uses (incrementation). The modal becomes unambiguously epistemic and eventually disappears from the language. Such cyclic changes are predictable and common across languages. To explore whether children contribute to incrementation and loss, we tested intuitions about must in preschoolers (n = 141) and adults (n = 29). In a picture-preference task (deontic vs. epistemic), children selected epistemic interpretations of ambiguous sentences (e.g., Michelle must swim) at higher rates than adults. Two context-based preference tasks tested children’s overall sensitivity to the presence of modals. We found sensitivity in deontic contexts. In epistemic contexts, where must is optional and functions like an evidential marker, we found little discrimination, and general avoidance of the modal. These results (epistemic overgeneration, must-avoidance) correspond to predictions of the incrementation hypothesis, suggesting children likely play an active role in language change, beyond well-known overregularization processes.
Shaping Industry 4.0 – an experimental approach developed by German trade unions

Despite declining union density, the existence of works councils in the core sectors of the economy gives German trade unions considerable institutional power. Besides collective bargaining, the training and activation of works councillors is the trade unions’ most important sphere of activity. Through their involvement in the ‘Arbeit 2020’ project analysed in this article, three industrial unions have been attempting to find answers to the question of how Industry 4.0 will be shaped on the shop floor. With the assistance of publicly funded external consultants and the involvement of the workforce, the change processes in selected plants were investigated. In a number of them, agreements on the future shaping of digital change were successfully concluded. The project was devised as an experiment, since the very diverse situations in the various plants meant it was impossible for outsiders to go in with fixed specifications for the shaping of change. The largest of the unions involved, IG Metall, intends to use these experiences in the next two years as the basis for training 1000 full-time and voluntary officials to act as ‘promoters of change’ in the workplace.
AUXOSPORE FORMATION BY THE SILICA‐SINKING, OCEANIC DIATOM FRAGILARIOPSIS KERGUELENSIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) 1

Size restoration by the auxospore that develops from the zygote is a crucial stage in diatom life cycles. However, information on sexual events in pelagic diatom species is very limited. We report for the first time auxospore formation by the pennate diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (O'Hara) Hustedt during an iron‐induced bloom in the Southern Ocean (EIFEX, European Iron Fertilization EXperiment). Auxospores of F. kerguelensis resembled those described for Pseudo‐nitzschia species. The auxospore was characterized by an outer coating, the perizonium; two caps, one at each distal end; and four chloroplasts, one at each end and two in the central part. Different stages of auxospore elongation were recorded, with a length of 24–91 μm, but only the largest auxospores contained the initial cell, whose apical axis ranged between 76 and 90 μm. Gametangial cell walls were often attached to the auxospores and ranged from 10 to 31 μm in length. Auxospore abundances were consistently higher in the fertilized patch, where an increase in the F. kerguelensis population was observed, as compared with surrounding waters.
Heme and Nonheme Iron Content of Animal Products Commonly Consumed in Thailand

Abstract When estimating the iron bioavailability of a meal, the amount and type of meat consumed should be considered; therefore, animal products commonly consumed in Thailand were analyzed for iron attached to hemoglobin (heme iron) and other iron compounds (nonheme iron). Conventional household cooking methods, i.e., blanch- ing, boiling and steaming, were used for sample preparation. The results showed that cooked chicken breast and drumsticks contained small amounts of heme iron (0.1 and 0.3 mg/100 g) and nonheme iron (0.3 and 0.6 mg/100 g). Heme and nonheme iron in cooked beef loin was found to be 1.1 and 1.3 mg/100 g, respectively. Liver is a good source of iron, particularly pork liver (12.6 mg/100 g), with approximately 2.3 mg/100 g of heme iron. Cooked blood curds from pork and chicken were the best sources of heme iron; the average was 9.2 and 15.4 mg/100 g, respectively. Cooked meatballs and sausage products contained only small amounts of heme and nonheme iron, ranging from trace to 0.3 and 0.2 to 0.5 mg/100 g, respectively. A good source of total and heme iron was also found in cooked shellfish, especially steamed green mussels and blanched cockle with approximately 14.7 and 17.7 mg/100 g for total iron, and 4.0–9.1 mg/100 g for heme iron, respectively. Of the animal products analyzed in this study and commonly eaten by Thai people, cooked blood curds were determined to be the richest source of dietary heme iron.
Forest development following mudflow deposition, Mount St. Helens, Washington

Volcanic mudflows are locally important disturbance agents in the Pacific Northwest rarely studied within the context of forest succession. We describe 18 years (19811999) of forest development on the Muddy River mudflow deposit following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens using permanent plot data collected along two transects traversing the Cedar Flats river terrace. We analyze changing forest structure over the study period and compare results with mudflow deposition using correlation and pairwise comparisons, as well as ordination (detrended correspondence analysis) and cluster analysis. Our results show a statistically significant relationship between mudflow deposition and forest change. Following mudflow deposition, the site consisted of patches of high tree mortality caused by deep mudflow deposits in abandoned river channels as well as patches of accelerated regeneration of surviving understory trees in areas of more shallow mudflow deposition and partial overstory mortality. Mudflow depositi.
Reverse shoulder arthroplasty with os acromiale

Function and strength of the deltoid muscle are important in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Moreover, location and shape of the acromion, clavicle, and scapular spine, which are origins of the deltoid muscle, are also important. The frequency of os acromiale is 5% to 15%; however, it is rare in the Asian population, affecting approximately 0.7% of Koreans. RSA has rarely been reported in patients with os acromiale. We present a case series of two patients with cuff tear and arthropathy combined with os acromiale who underwent RSA. From 2016 to 2018, two patients with os acromiale who presented with pain and limited range of motion (ROM) underwent RSA with cuff tear arthropathy using the subscapularis-sparing deltopectoral approach. Their ROM, visual analog scale (VAS), and satisfaction were evaluated before and after surgery. In both patients, VAS decreased, ROM increased, and postoperative satisfaction increased. There were no specific complications due to os acromiale. The VAS, ROM, and satisfaction of patients improved after surgery compared with values before surgery. However, careful attention must be given during surgery to ensure optimal repair and recovery.
Genetic comparison of introduced and native populations of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), a woody shrub introduced into North America from Europe

Abstract Introduced from Europe to North America in the early 19th century as an ornamental shrub and for medicinal purposes, common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) has since spread and naturalized throughout regions of the United States and Canada. The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of genetic variation and population differentiation in R. cathartica in its introduced range in North America compared with its native range in Europe to better understand patterns of spread. By analyzing introduced and native populations using microsatellite markers, we found that introduced populations generally exhibited similar or slightly lower levels of genetic variation compared with native populations, consistent with a slight bottleneck effect. Introduced populations contained many different genotypes, indicating genetic admixture, rather than one or few genotypes. In a few cases, populations had been misidentified in the field and were glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.; syn. Rhamnus frangula L.). Overall, there was no substantial genetic differentiation detected between native and introduced populations of R. cathartica. Invasive spread in this species is likely due to its past horticultural history as well as adaptive biological traits such as competitive behavior, potential allelopathy, and seed dispersal via birds.