Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rate of sodium chloride attrition fragment generation in a mixed‐suspension crystallizer

Attrition of crystals in industrial crystallization is the major source of secondary nucleation and has strong effects on product quality. This work describes attrition in industrial crystallizers using an empirical engineering model based on dimensionless groups describing crystal properties, suspension properties, and crystallizer geometry and operating conditions. Here the attrition rate of sodium chloride crystals in a small scale mixed‐suspension crystallizer is studied, varying the following parameters: impeller speed, parent crystal size, suspension density, draft‐tube impeller clearance, off‐bottom impeller clearance, impeller type, and impeller material. It was found that the attrition rate depends on most of the variables investigated. The direction of the dependence is predictable based on intuitive modeling. An empirical power law model based on dimensionless groups predicted by Buckingham‐Pi theory (using variables mentioned above) gives a good fit to the data.
Numerical Investigation for Optimal Phase Holdup of a Continuous Reactor for Hydrogenation of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber

The effect of phase holdup on reactor behaviour has been investigated so that a proper reactor for a continuous process for hydrogenation of nitrile butadiene rubber can be developed. Detailed numerical analysis has been carried out, taking the coupling between the hydrogenation kinetics and reactor flow behaviours into account. The suitable liquid holdup and gas liquid mass transfer behaviour for the hydrogenation process of nitrile butadiene rubber are discussed, and the optimal reactor structure and operation conditions are suggested.
Multiresidue Analytical Procedure for Insecticides Used by Organic Farmers

A multiresidue procedure for the insecticides used by organic farmers has been developed. Rotenone, cevadine, and veratridine (the major components of sabadilla), pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II (the major components of pyrethrum), and ryanodine and dehydroryanodine (the major components of ryania) can be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected and quantified by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode. Piperonyl butoxide, a material sometimes used together with rotenone or pyrethrum to enhance toxicity, can also be detected and quantified by this procedure. The analytes are extracted with acetonitrile/water and are cleaned up with a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. Rotenone, piperonyl butoxide, and the two major sabadilla components could be detected (signal-to-noise ratio = 10) in lettuce, cucumber, and cabbage at 1−6 ppb. Pyrethrin I and the ryania components could be detected between 10 and 171 ppb in the.
Perfluoro‐ethylene‐1,2‐bis‐phosphonic Acid Fuel Cell Electrolyte

Concentrated aqueous perfluoroethylene-1,2-bis-phosphonic acid has been investigated as an alternative to phosphoric acid as the electrolyte in the H{sub 2}/O{sub 2} acid fuel cell. Phosphoric and bis-phosphonic acid solutions were equilibrated with pure O{sub 2} (P = 1 atm) and were used in (1) chronoamperometry experiments performed with a Pt microelectrode to estimate the O{sub 2} diffusion coefficient, D, and solubility, C, and (2) O{sub 2} electroreduction polarization studies done with a gas-fed Teflon-bonded carbon electrode with a high surface area Pt catalyst in a microfuel cell. At 22 C in 85% bis-phosphonic acid, C was found to be 3.4 {+-} 0.3 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} mol/liter and D was 5.0 {+-} 10{sup {minus}7} cm{sup 2}/s as compared with C = 2.8 {+-} 0.3 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} mol/liter and D = 1.2 {+-} 0.1 {times} 10{sup {minus}6} cm{sup 2}/s in 85% phosphoric acid at T = 22 C. The over-potential for O{sub 2} reduction on the microfuel cell cathode was smaller in 85% bis-phosphonic acid than in 85% phosphoric acid for current densities up to 200 mA/mcm{sup 2} at 100 C. This indicates that the oxygen electroreduction kinetics on Pt increased when phosphoric acid was replaced with the perfluorinated bis-phosphonic acid.more » At higher current densities where mass transport may influence cathode performance, the performance with bis-phosphonic acid was not as good as with phosphoric acid at 100 C, which is consistent with the higher viscosity and lower D found for bis-phosphonic acid relative to phosphoric acid at 22 C. As the temperature was raised from 100 to 200 C, the cathode performance improved with the bis-phosphonic acid electrolyte. The enhanced O{sub 2} reduction kinetics with the bis-phosphonic acid persistend in the fuel cell environment at temperatures up to 200 C for 500 h which demonstrated a major improvement in stability for a high performance perfluorinated fuel cell electrolyte used at higher temperatures such as 200 C. « less
DESEMPENHO DE CULTIVARES DE SORGO E DE MILHETO SUBMETIDOS À ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA DE COBERTURA VIA PULVERIZAÇÃO FOLIAR

O milheto e o sorgo se adaptam a condicoes de deficiencia hidrica desfavoraveis a maioria de outros cereais, fator muito importante para cultivos em regioes ou epocas do ano com distribuicoes irregulares de chuva. Avaliou-se, em dois experimentos, a producao de fitomassa e de graos de cultivares de sorgo, e de fitomassa de cultivares de milheto, submetidos a adubacao nitrogenada de cobertura via foliar. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em campo, de Dez/05 a Mar/06. O sorgo e o milheto foram semeado com 0,50 m entrelinhas e 250 kg ha-1 de 08-28-16. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos constituiram-se de tres cultivares de milheto (ADR-300, ADR-500 e BN-2), e no segundo tres cultivares de sorgo (Volumax, BRS-600 e BRS-800), submetidos a 0, 15, 30 e 60 kg ha-1 de N via foliar. O milheto nao respondeu a aplicacao de doses de nitrogenio. Os cultivares de sorgo apresentaram resultados semelhantes para producao de massa seca, mas responderam a aplicacao de doses de nitrogenio, sendo que a dose que permitiu a maior producao foi 15 kg.ha-1 de N. Para producao de graos os cultivares BRS 600 e Volumax foram iguais. Mas o cultivar BRS 600 respondeu a aplicacao de nitrogenio.
Obtenção e avaliação de concentrados proteicos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) processados por extração química

The objective of this study was to obtain and evaluate physicochemical and functional properties of protein concentrates from Micropogonias furnieri produced by pH shifting process, using alkaline and acid solubilization followed by isoelectric precipitation of muscle proteins. The concentrates showed high protein content and the maxim solubility for the minced (96.5%), for the alkaline (97.5%) and acid (93.7%) extraction was obtained at pH 11.0. The water holding capacity of the alkaline concentrate resulted in a value same or superior to water holding capacity of the acid concentrate in all investigated values of pH. The oil holding capacity of alkaline and acid concentrates showed no significant difference between the studied processes.
The operation of metalorganic bubblers at reduced pressure

Operating a metalorganic (MO) bubbler at low pressure allows a high flux of MO reagent to be extracted without resorting to high carrier gas flows. This approach is particularly suitable for the MOMBE (metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy) growth of III–V compounds. Using a ‘‘see‐through’’ water bubbler, we have compared the theory and practice of reduced‐pressure bubbler operation, both with and without a carrier flow. We conclude that the small carrier approach offers a wider flexibility in the choice of reagent flow, and a better stability and day to day repeatability of reagent flow. The reduced pressure operation of triethylgallium (TEGa) and triethylaluminum (TEAl) bubblers is described, in the context of the MOMBE growth of GaAs and AlAs. We show that using the small carrier flow approach, the reagent flow can be accurately controlled and predicted over a wide range.
Compound magnetic and electrostatic lenses for low‐voltage applications

We report on three compound magnetic and electrostatic lenses for low‐voltage applications: an immersion condenser lens, a compound spectrometer objective lens for electron beam testing, and an objective lens for a low‐voltage scanning electron microscope (SEM). A common characteristic of all lenses is the electrostatic retarding field in front of an intermediate, or the final crossover image. This keeps electron energy high as long as possible and results in a reduced Coulomb interaction and low aberration constants. In the case of the objective lens for low‐voltage microscopy, we have calculated 3.7 mm for the spherical and 1.8 mm for the chromatic aberration constant at a beam energy of 500 eV and a working distance of 4 mm. With such a lens, which allows tilting even of large specimens, a resolution of 11 nm should be obtained.
Cybernetic Controls, and Rewards and Compensation Controls Influence on Organizational Performance. Mediating Role of Organizational Capabilities in Pakistan

: The major intention behind of current study is to determine the influence of cybernetic controls, and rewards and compensation controls on organizational performance with the mediating role of organizational capabilities in Pakistan textile sector. In current study, theoretical framework developed with the help of RBV theory. To examine the influence of cybernetic controls and rewards and compensation controls on organizational performance with the mediating variable such as organizational capabilities this study collect data from top management of textile sector through questionnaires. Simple random sampling technique was use in this study to collect data from textile industry. One hundred sixty five questionnaires distributed in top management of textile sector. Two techniques such as confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used for analysis purpose. Findings elucidated that cybernetic controls and organizational capabilities have significant and positive influence on organizational performance. Moreover, rewards and compensation controls significant but negative influence on organizational performance. Furthermore, cybernetic controls and rewards and compensation controls have significant and positive influence on organizational capabilities. Moreover, organizational capabilities positive and significantly mediate the association between cybernetic controls, and rewards and compensation controls and organizational performance.
Diffusion pattern in MSi2 and M5Si3 silicides in group VB (M = V, Nb, Ta) and VIB (M = Mo, W) refractory metal-silicon systems

Group VB and VIB M–Si systems are considered to show an interesting pattern in the diffusion of components with the change in atomic number in a particular group (M = V, Nb, Ta or M = Mo, W, respectively). Mainly two phases, MSi2 and M5Si3 are considered for this discussion. Except for Ta–silicides, the activation energy for the integrated diffusion of MSi2 is always lower than M5Si3. In both phases, the relative mobilities measured by the ratio of the tracer diffusion coefficients, , decrease with an increasing atomic number in the given group. If determined at the same homologous temperature, the interdiffusion coefficients increase with the atomic number of the refractory metal in the MSi2 phases and decrease in the M5Si3 ones. This behaviour features the basic changes in the defect concentrations on different sublattices with a change in the atomic number of the refractory components.
Synthesis, structure and properties of Ni-alloyed TiCx-based thin films

By using non-reactive sputter deposition at low temperatures metastable solid solution phases in the Ti–Ni–C system were synthesized. Produced thin films were either single phase carbides or nanocomposite of nanocrystalline carbide and amorphous C. In the Ni-containing samples a supersaturated solid solution phase (Ti1−xNix)Cy was identified, and was present either as single phase or in a nanocomposite with amorphous C. By modification of the chemical stability of the carbide phase, the addition of Ni was found to strongly promote the formation of amorphous carbon phase in the coatings. Samples have been microstructurally analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mechanical properties have been evaluated through nanoindentation and pin-on-disc measurements; electrical properties were determined by measurement of the resistivity and the contact resistance. Alloyed nanocomposite coatings were also found to exhibit enhanced tribological and electrical properties, with a decreased resistivity and friction. This makes these thin films very interesting for application in sliding electrical contacts. The mechanisms responsible for the reductions remain to be determined.
Numerical study on kinetic/equilibrium behaviour of dissolution of toluene under variable subsurface conditions

Estimating the extent of kinetic/equilibrium behaviour of dissolution is essential for selecting remediation strategy for highly soluble aromatic constituents of petroleum present in the subsurface. Present study aims at numerically simulating dissolution and transport of toluene under the effect of sorption and biodegradation to understand their synergistic influence during the tailing phase. Subsurface conditions influencing mass transfer such as porous media properties, flow velocity and volumetric residual saturation of toluene entrapped in the pore space are varied and their impacts are assessed. The numerical results in terms of dimensionless numbers suggest that influence of soil grain size and porosity are most significant in calculating the extent of mass transfer limitation. Increases in the volumetric residual saturation results in prolonged near-equilibrium condition for dissolution especially for fine-grained porous media. Tailing is found to be prolonged for sand with low saturations and high flow velocities indicating the importance of mass transfer limitation for the estimation of total clean-up time.
Lipase-catalyzed green synthesis of enantiopure atenolol

A new green route is proposed for the synthesis of enantiopure atenolol (a β1-blocker). An enzymatic kinetic resolution approach was used to synthesize the enantiopure intermediates (R)- and (S)-2-(4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl)acetamide from the corresponding racemic alcohol. Of the commercially available lipases screened, Candida antarctica lipase-A (CLEA) showed maximum enantioselectivity in the transesterification of the racemic alcohol using vinyl acetate as the acyl donor. The reactions afforded the (S)-alcohol along with the (R)-acetate, with 48.9% conversion (E = 210, eeP = 96.9% and eeS = 91.1%). Various reaction parameters were optimized in order to achieve maximum enantioselectivity. N-alkylation of the (S)-alcohol with isopropylamine afforded the (S)-atenolol, and the (R)-acetate was chemically hydrolyzed to the corresponding alcohol and further converted to the (R)-atenolol via N-alkylation of the (R)-alcohol with isopropylamine. The use of ionic liquids, to solve the solubility related problems of the drug intermediates, made this process greener and more efficient compared to the previously reported methods.
Reactivity of the raw materials and their effects on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane foams

Formulations for rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) based on crude 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, polyether polyol, triethylenediamine, 1,4-butane diol, poly(siloxane ether), methylene chloride, and water were studied. The stoichiometric ratios of various foam ingredients and their effects on physical properties such as the cream time, gel time, tack-free time, and density of the RPUF samples were studied. The results indicated that the rate of RPUF formation increased with the catalyst (triethylenediamine and tin) and water content. The density of the RPUF samples blown with water, methylene chloride, and a mixture of water and methylene chloride decreased from 240.1 to 33.4 kg/m 3 with an increase in the blowing agent contents. However, the RPUF density increased with increasing contents of 1,4-butane diol. The cell morphology and thermal properties of the RPUF samples were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed an average increase in the cell size of the RPUF samples from 162 to 278 μm with increased water content. A thermal behavior study indicated that the RPUF samples decomposed in nitrogen and degraded in air through two and three weight-loss stages, respectively. Foam pyrolysis in nitrogen and combustion in air led to 15 and 0% char residue, respectively. The results indicated that the thermal stability of the RPUFs was better in nitrogen than in an air atmosphere.
Dermal Bioavailability of Toluene Aged in Soil

When organic chemicals age in soil, they can become more sequestered with time and less bioavailable. The impact of aging in soil was assessed on the dermal bioavailability of toluene. Comparisons were made between the dermal bioavailability of toluene aged in two soils (Atsion and Keyport) for 3 months, toluene in freshly spiked soil, and toluene without soil (pure chemical). In vitro flow-through diffusion cell methodology measured the amount of radioactive chemical that penetrated dermatomed male pig skin into receptor fluid, and that was detected in skin following soap and water decontamination. Volatilization reduced the amount of toluene that was available for skin penetration. Therefore, relative to the available dose, the total penetration of pure toluene (sum of the dose in the receptor fluid and skin) was 93%. The majority of pure toluene was found in skin (82%). The dermal bioavailability of non-aged and aged toluene was decreased to 4–6% and 3–4% of the available dose, respectively. The data suggest that there would be a lower potential risk to human health from dermal exposure to toluene in soil. However, lower soil loading and longer aging time are needed to quantitate the risk.
Sedimentation Velocity of Solids in Finite Size Vessels

The Richardson-Zaki equation is by far the most popular empirical equation used to describe the velocity-voidage relationship for sedimenting solid-liquid homogeneous suspensions, using only two empirical parameters. In this work some of Richardson and Zaki suggestions for the two parameters are challenged on the basis of new and old experimental evidence.
About a Simple Expression for the Homogeneous Electron Gas Correlation Energy, Accurate at Any Electron Density and Relative Spin Polarization, and Its Applications

Recently, Perdew and Wang have proposed a general spin interpolation formula for the correlation energy of a homogeneous interacting electron gas, Ec(rs, ζ), as a function of the ratio of the average spacing of electrons to the Bohr radius, rs, and of the relative spin polarization, ζ, 0 ≤ ζ ≤ 1, being expressed also in terms of the three functions: Ec(rs, 0), Ec(rs, 1) and αc(rs), where αc(rs) is the spin stiffness of this electron gas. For these three functions, by basing on their correct results, obtained in the rs interval [1, 100] and in the high and low electron density limits (rs 0 and rs ∞, respectively) by other authors, we propose a new analytic interpolation formula, valid at any rs and accurate within 0.6%, 0.3% and 0.8% for Ec(rs, 0), Ec(rs, 1) and αc(rs), respectively. This result is then used to obtain, at any rs and ζ, the correlation energy Ec(rs, ζ), the ground state energy of this electron gas, (E(rs, ζ), and the susceptibility enhancement. For 1 ≤ rs ≤ 100, our numerical results of Ec(rs, ζ) and our conclusions taken on the location of depolarization and crystallization phase transitions are found to be almost the same as those obtained by Ceperley and Alder. Finally, as rs ∞, our approximate formula for E(rs, ζ) converges to the result —1.79186 Ry/rs, independent of ζ, being thus in perfect agreement with that obtained in the Wigner insulator state by Carr et al. Perdew et Wang ont propose recemment une formule empirique generale pour l'energie de correlation d'un gaz d'electrons homogene Ec(rs, ζ), fonction du rapport de la distance moyenne des electrons au rayon de Bohr rs, et de la polarisation relative du spin ζ, 0 ≤ ζ ≤ 1, etant aussi exprimee en termes de trois fonctions: Ec(rs, 0), Ec(rs, 1) et αc(rs), ou αc(rs) est la raideur de spin de ce gaz d'electrons. Pour ces trois fonctions, en se basant sur leurs resultats corrects, obtenus dans l'intervalle de rs [1, 100] et dans les deux cas extremes de concentrations d'electrons elevee et faible (rs 0 et rs ∞, respectivement) par d'autres auteurs, nous proposons une nouvelle formule analytique et empirique, etant valable pour toute la concentration d'electrons et correcte avec une precision d'ordre de 0.6%, 0.3% et 0.8%, pour Ec(rs, 0), Ec(rs, 1) et αc(rs), respectivement. Puis, celle-ci est utilisee a obtenir, pour tout rs et tout ζ, l'energie de correlation, Ec(rs, ζ), l'energie totale de ce gaz, E(rs, ζ), et l'augmentation de susceptibilite de spin. Pour 1 ≤ rs ≤ 100, nos resultats numeriques de Ec(rs, ζ), et nos conclusions prises sur la localisation des transitions de deux phases de depolarisation et de cristallisation, sont presque les memes comme ceux obtenus par Ceperley and Alder. Enfin, quand rs ∞, notre expression approchee pour E(rs, ζ) converge au resultat —1,79186 Ry/rs, etant independant de ζ et donc en parfait accord avec ce obtenu dans l'etat d'isolant de Wigner par Carr et al.
Estudo da cinética e isoterma de secagem de tecido composto por poliéster e algodão

This research analyzed the drying of a fabric blend of polyester and cotton. The equipment consisted of a copper plate, heated by a thermostatic bath. The operating conditions varied between 40 and 85 o C, with 0.5 to 2.5 m s -1 drying air velocity. In each temperature, tests were conducted on samples with humidity between 0.7 and 1.0. Using the mass of the samples obtained in every weighting, the drying curves and drying rate curves were obtained. The equilibrium isotherms were evaluated using the dynamic method, by means of Novasina equipment; samples were exposed to salts with relative humidity varying between 11 and 98%, with temperatures between 50 and 20 o C. The results were fitted to mathematical models available in literature, determining parameters that better identify the drying model .
A novel dry pulverizer for low cost production of powders

ABSTRACT The paper presents the principles of a prototype dry pulverizer particularly suited for industrial applications together with performance tests demonstrating its advantages. The pulverizer offers considerable advantages when compared to commonly used comminution processes, especially in the fine and superfine milling of minerals. The originality of the pulverizer lies mainly in that it allows the variation of the ratio of the shear to the compression forces acting on a particle during its pulverization. The ratio is adjusted to the mechanical requirements of the material to be pulverized. Instead of a single roller or balls, the pulverizer employs several annular rings, thus allowing better grinding of the finer fractions of the original material. The adjustment of the operational conditions to the mechanical properties of the material to be pulverized and the increase of the “active” surface of the pulverizer are examined in terms of ratio of the work done by normal forces to the total work (due.