Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rhetoric, Topoi, and Scientific Revolutions

Rhetorical scholars have become increasingly interested in the persuasive tactics and strategies that arise out of the communication that occurs in the course of doing science. ' Philosophically, two primary ways of approaching this intrinsic rhetoric of science, and the practice of science itself, have emerged. One is to look at the community and practice of science as relatively stable, a progressive vision of scientists gradually making discoveries and weeding out error, passing along their knowledge and techniques to students. ^ But a second approach, made popular by Thomas Kuhn and his followers, holds that periods of stability are temporary and fragile and the history of science is less like steady progress than like a series of revolutions (twists and turns), where old facts, and the theories that permit them, are simply replaced by new ones, and students are trained to ignore the old structures or consider them 'wrong'. ' This latter view has been very controversial since many unpleasant epistemic conclusions are held to follow from it, conclusions that seem to attack the very foundation of Reason itself. Many rhetoricians have embraced Kuhn to support their general claim that revolutionary scientific change is mediated through rhetorical activities—and in some cases, that scientific knowledge is itself rhetorically constituted. " Yet, while the rhetorical activities of scientists have been explored, the nature of revolutionary rhetorica! topoi and the situational/historical contingencies that give rise to them have not been fully delineated. In the following essay, we argue that stages of scientific revolution are accompanied by particular rhetorical exigencies, which themselves give rise to rhetorical topoi that advance the process of scientific argument and change. We contend that at least four crucial exigencies demand fitting rhetorical response during the development of scientific revolutions: the technical exigence of uncertainty, the problem of creating appropriate scientificpersonae during revolutions, the exi-
Drug Resistance Testing in HIV Infected Individuals on Treatment and Naive: Implications on Treatment Outcome

Background: The Government of Kenya started offering ART in the public sector since 2003. Despite the dramatic reduction in AIDS related morbidity and mortality, the emergence and spread of drug resistance (DR) threatens to negatively impact on treatment regimens and compromise efforts to control the epidemic. Therefore, there is a need for information on the situation of DR Mutations (DRMS) and their implications on treatment.
Feedback Processes in Early-Type Galaxies

We present a simple phenomenological model of feedback in early-type galaxies that tracks the evolution of the interstellar medium gas mass, metallicity, and temperature. Modeling the star formation rate as a Schmidt law with a temperature-dependent efficiency, we find that intermittent episodes of star formation are common in moderate-size ellipticals. Our model is applicable in the case in which the thermalization time from supernovae is sufficiently long that spatial variations are relatively unimportant, an appropriate assumption for the empirical parameters adopted here, but one that can only be demonstrated conclusively through more detailed numerical studies. The departure from a standard scenario of passive evolution implies significantly younger luminosity-weighted ages for the stellar populations of low-mass galaxies at moderate redshifts, even though the more physically meaningful mass-weighted ages are changed only slightly. Secondary bursts of star formation also lead to a natural explanation of the large scatter in the near-UV-optical relation observed in clusters at moderate redshift and account for the population of E+A galaxies that display a spheroidal morphology. As the late-time formation of stars in our model is due to the gradual cooling of the interstellar medium, which is heated to temperatures ~1 keV by the initial burst of supernovae, our conclusions do not rely on any environmental effects or external mechanisms. Furthermore, a simple estimate of the X-ray emission from this supernova-heated gas leads to an LX-LB correlation that is in good agreement with observed values. Thus, feedback processes may be essential to understanding the observed properties of early-type galaxies from the optical to the X-ray.
An overview of the genetic algorithm and its use for finding extrema - with implementations in MATLAB

Original scientific paper Abstract: The paper outlines the main concepts of the genetic algorithm (GA) in a combined, educational-scientific style. Every step of the GA is first motivated by its biological paragon, then mathematically formalized and explained on simple examples, and finally supported by implementations in MATLAB. Two programs that use GA for the illustrative cases of finding functions’ extrema are shown. The authors conclude the paper by presenting the original use of GA in the Stochastic Iterated Prisoner Dilemma, which gave a new insight into this problem.
OpenKnowledge Deliverable 3.4.: Specification ontology matching component

This document provides a technical specication of the Open-Knowledge (OK) ontology Matching Component (MC). In particular, it discusses: (i) the MC logical architecture along with its constituent parts, (ii) the MC external interface to the other components of the OK system, and nally (iii) the MC physical architecture.
Oil palm plantations in Indonesia: The implications for migration, settlement/resettlement and local economic development

5. Concluding remarks It is not difficult for policy makers to show that oil palms are an economically rentable crop with a huge potential for further economic growth. In addition to national demands, the growing worldwide interest in biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels will increase demand for its feedstock and lead to the expansion of oil palm plantations in climatically suitable regions. On the basis of a cost–benefit analysis of various crops, oil palm will probably continue to be seen as a highly profitable crop with interesting possibilities for being promoted as a source of ‘green’ development. The Indonesian population has increasingly been attracted by this crop, as it provides them with opportunities to benefit and multiply their incomes, which will in itself provide capital for improving consumption and having a good life. At the same time, however, Riau shows us that there are environmental costs (deforestation, invasion into peat land areas etc.) and that oil palm expansion is accompanied by rapid immigration and urbanization. Even though policy attempts are made to control land conversion or to stop deforestation, much of what is happening today cannot easily be regulated. It is not the direct effects (i.e. the expansion of plantations and production) but the indirect effects and multipliers that bring into question the long-term sustainability of the development model. The establishment of new settlements, rapid urbanization and continuing immigration will require additional employment opportunities. And along with the growing population and the conversion of rice lands into oil palm fields, food security issues will increasingly become a problem. Rather than making quick money from oil palm production, the Indonesian government should make efforts to better control the indirect effects and especially to investigate the problem how to make oil palm-based economies more sustainable and equitable in the longer term. Without interventions – and with today’s laissez-faire approach – further oil palm expansion will soon lead to the depletion of natural resources and an increase in social tensions as a result of unemployment and food insecurity.
Üç-Boyutlu Çok-Kullanıcılı Sanal Ortamlarda Buradalığın İncelenmesi

: The aim of the present study was to analyze the presence levels of participants who use three-dimensional multi-user virtual environments, which present new opportunities for learning. In addition, the participants’ presence levels were compared in terms of gender. Participants’ presence levels were examined qualitatively through online interviews, field notes, and interviews with the participants. The sample comprised 24 students, who attended Programming Languages II course in a Computer Education and Instructional Technology Department at a large state university in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey in 2011 Spring semester. Social Presence Scale and Virtual Environment Presence Questionnaire were used as data collection instruments. Field notes and interviews were used in order to obtain qualitative data. The results revealed that participants had a medium presence level and these levels did not differ in terms of gender. Also, the environmental factors leading to the formation of presence were identified in line with participants’ opinions.
POPULATION, POVERTY, AND VULNERABILITY: MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS

Mitch is considered to be the most powerful hurricane to have hit Central America and the Caribbean in the last two centuries as well as one of the most destructive natural disasters of recent times. Its passage exposed the underlying vulnerability of this region and threatened the very fabric of the societies affected. Not only did it test these societies’ capacity to face critical issues, but it also brought into question their social, economic, and political structures. Mitch, however, was not an isolated incident. Central America and the Caribbean are perennially exposed to natural hazards of a physical, geological, or meteorological nature. Table 1 portrays the deaths resulting from the region’s recent vulnerabilities and various natural hazards. During the last 30 years, Central American natural disasters have caused more than 56 million deaths and $22.45 billion dollars of economic damage. Such destruction has contributed to the deterioration of the region’s living conditions as well as to a reduction in its rates of economic growth (ECLAC & CCAD, 2002). Natural hazards become disasters because Central America is extremely vulnerable. Social factors (high levels of poverty), economic factors (failure to consider natural disasters in the location and characteristics of economic activity), and environmental factors (inappropriate land use on steep slopes, deforestation, erosion, inappropriate location of settlements, and occupation of watersheds) all compound this vulnerability (SICA, 1999). Given this blend of natural and social conditions in the region, the recurrence of Mitch-type events can be expected in Central America and the Caribbean. Unfortunately, global attention to such threats tends to wane quickly, with international assistance focusing principally on issues of short-term recuperation rather than on mediumand long-range prevention. A critical lesson from past disasters has not yet been put into practice: more effective contributions require a longrange preventive approach directed to structural issues rather than short-term remedial actions. Within this perspective of longer-range prevention, policymakers need to pay greater attention to the role of population dynamics. It would seem obvious that demographic factors such as settlement POPULATION, POVERTY, AND VULNERABILITY: MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
Digital elevation models of underwater structures from UAV imagery

2 UAV data set The use of UAV imagery became standard for DEM generation of small areas in the last few years. They fill the gap between terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) as well as conventional aerial photogrammetry and airborne laser scanning (ALS). Therefore, a UAV image block was seen as suitable database for DEM generation for the study site. In September 2016, a block of aerial images was acquired with a Sony NEX-7 camera (24 Mp, 20 mm, F/2.8 optical lens) mounted on an Ascending Technologies (AscTec) Falcon 8 octocopter (Bühler et al. 2016). About 300 images were taken from a flying height of 100 m above ground (GSD of 2 cm) with an overlap of approximately 75 % along track and 65 % across track. Initial camera positions and orientations were taken from UAV’s GNSSand IMU-system while heading was available only. Eight ground control points were signalised on land, whose coordinates were defined using a Topcon GR5 GNSS receiver in real time kinematic mode. As Fig. 2 shows, the distribution of control points is far from ideal for a stable geo-referencing of the whole block. However, the region of interest, in that case the slope and the lobe area, is covered sufficiently. Due to the lack of suitable equipment and access, no underwater control points were installed. This limits a stable absolute orientation as well as a rigorous quality control (position and height) of images showing underwater areas mainly. A few months after the UAV campaign, several underwater checkpoints were measured via GPS for quality control. A first set was measured through water in November 2016 and a second through ice in December 2016. Fig. 3 shows the positions of used checkpoints. Checkpoints could be measured in situ up to a water depth of 2.8 m. 1 Motivation The talus slope at Flüelapass was the first mountain permafrost study site in Switzerland in the Alps, and the presence of ice-rich permafrost at the foot of the slope has first been researched by Haeberli (1975). Recent investigations led to new hypotheses on the geomorphological processes at the study site (Kenner et. al 2017). One important data set for the research was a digital elevation model (DEM) of the area, which also includes the bottom of a lake named Schottensee (see Fig. 1). To survey such regions by photogrammetry, we have to account for the two different media, air and water. An article by CHRISTIAN MULSOW
INTENSITY-BASED REGISTRATION OF PORTAL IMAGES FOR PATIENT POSITIONING IN RADIOTHERAPY

Radiotherapy is the second most frequent type of cancer treatment after surgery and before chemotherapy. Its aim is to deliver a lethal dose to the tumour with high-energy X-rays produced by a medical linear accelerator, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. To improve the effectiveness of X-rays, the treatment is fractioned in several sessions (e.g. five sessions per week during six or seven weeks).
On Developing Theory and Application of Community Generation

Abstract : The primary focus of this project was to develop a theory on community generation. Specific techniques as the Block Value Decomposition (BVD) and soft correspondence ensemble clustering frameworks, spectral relational clustering algorithm, and the general relation summary network model were designed and built. The BVD framework is a general framework for co-clustering dyadic relational data, which is a typical type of relational data in many applications. The soft correspondence ensemble clustering framework is a general framework for combining different clustering results together to deliver the optimal clustering result, which has many applications in distributed data mining and privacy-preserving data mining. The spectral relational clustering algorithm we have developed is a powerful relational data clustering algorithm that can be used for any type of relational data clustering. Finally, the relation summary network is the most general model that incorporates all the previous work as well as many existing models and algorithms in the literature which may be considered as the special cases of this model.
Novel CAPTCHA schemes

A CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a program that can generate and grade tests that most humans are able to solve, yet current computer programs are not. They are used to protect various kinds of online services from advertising spam, brute force attacks and denial of service by automatic computer programs. The development of CAPTCHAs has been an evolutionary process where new CAPTCHAs are designed to resist the current attacks and attacks are developed to break the new CAPTCHAs. This same process has been present in other security related software such as spam, viruses and cryptography as well. This paper studies an attack against the Microsoft CAPTCHA and applies the lessons learned into the design of two novel CAPTCHA schemes.
Surface Geometry, Thickness Changes and Flow Fields on Creeping Mountain Permafrost: Automatic Extraction by Digital Image Analysis

Aerial photogrammetry is an established tool for area-wide mapping and monitoring of permafrost geometry, thickness changes and surface creep. This study applies commercial software for the automatic generation of elevation models from digital imagery and presents a newly developed tool for digital measurement of surface displacements from repeated orthophotos. The accuracy and quality of automatically-derived geometry and velocity data are compared to conventionally-derived elevation and velocity data from the Muragl rock glacier in the Swiss Alps. The analysis reveals that for thickness changes and velocities digital photogrammetry provides at least the same accuracy as the reference data. Under unfavourable terrain and image conditions, such as steep slopes, shadows or snow cover, the reliability of the automatically-derived data is significantly lower than the operator-measured ones. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. R ´ ESUM ´ E
GLOBAL PATH-TRACKING FOR A MULTI-STEERED GENERAL N-TRAILER

Abstract A multi-steered general n-trailer is considered in this work. A global path-tracking control strategy for the n-trailer is proposed. Three nonlinear control laws are used to solve the problem by means of a commutation scheme. This commutation scheme allows to avoid the singularities inherent to a feedback linearization scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has good performance.
A1 bounds for Calderón-Zygmund operators related to a problem of Muckenhoupt and Wheeden

We obtain an $L^p(w)$ bound for Calder\'on-Zygmund operators $T$ when $w\in A_1$. This bound is sharp both with respect to $\|w\|_{A_1}$ and with respect to $p$. As a result, we get a new $L^{1,\infty}(w)$ estimate for $T$ related to a problem of Muckenhoupt and Wheeden.
Simple current extensions beyond semi-simplicity

Let [Formula: see text] be a simple vertex operator algebra (VOA) and consider a representation category of [Formula: see text] that is a vertex tensor category in the sense of Huang–Lepowsky. In particular, this category is a braided tensor category. Let [Formula: see text] be an object in this category that is a simple current of order two of either integer or half-integer conformal dimension. We prove that [Formula: see text] is either a VOA or a super VOA. If the representation category of [Formula: see text] is in addition ribbon, then the categorical dimension of [Formula: see text] decides this parity question. Combining with Carnahan’s work, we extend this result to simple currents of arbitrary order. Our next result is a simple sufficient criterion for lifting indecomposable objects that only depends on conformal dimensions. Several examples of simple current extensions that are [Formula: see text]-cofinite and non-rational are then given and induced modules listed.
A Method of Estimating Electric Fields above Electrified Clouds from Passive Microwave Observations

AbstractA unique dataset of coincident high-altitude passive microwave and electric field observations taken by the NASA ER-2 aircraft is used to assess the feasibility of estimating electric fields above electrified clouds using ubiquitous global and multidecadal satellite products. Once applied to a global dataset, such a product would provide a unique approach for diagnosing and monitoring the current sources of the global electric circuit (GEC). In this study an algorithm has been developed that employs ice scattering signals from 37- and 85-GHz passive microwave observations to characterize the electric fields above clouds overflown by the ER-2 aircraft at nearly 20-km altitude. Electric field estimates produced by this passive microwave algorithm are then compared to electric field observations also taken by the aircraft to assess its potential future utility with satellite datasets. The algorithm is shown to estimate observed electric field strengths over intense convective clouds at least 71% (58%).
The optical absorption and hydrogen production by water splitting of ( Si , Fe )-codoped anatase TiO 2 photocatalyst

The electronic and optical properties are studied using the density functional theory in (Si,Fe)-codoped anatase TiO2. The calculated results suggest that the synergistic effects of (Si,Fe) codoping can effectively induce the redshift of optical absorption edge, which leads to higher visible-light photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production by water splitting than pure anatase TiO2. To verify the reliability of our calculated results, nanocrystalline (Si,Fe)-codoped TiO2 is synthesized by a sol-gel-solvothermal method, and excellent absorption performance and photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production by water splitting are observed in our experiments. Copyright a 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
The antimicrobial peptides of the immune response of shrimp

The cultivation of penaeid shrimp is a worldwide economic activity which has the potential tocontribute to increasing shrimp production. However, penaeid shrimps are susceptible to bacterial and viral diseases, and may thus cause significant losses to the aquaculture industry. In view of this, it is imperative to understand the immune response of shrimp against pathogens as this could help indevising efficient strategies to control, and eventually eradicate, shrimp diseases. At present, aconsiderable number of research studies on the identification and characterization of antimicrobialpeptides/proteins (AMPs) in penaeid shrimps. Such research activities will contribute to findingsolutions to shrimp diseases. AMPs are widespread in animals and plants, involved in their innateimmunity, and considered as the front liners of host defense against pathogens. In penaeid shrimps,eight kinds of AMPs have been found. These are the penaeidins, whey acidic protein (WAP) domaincontaining proteins [crustins and single WAP domain containing peptides (SWD)],antilipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs), lysozymes, a C-type lectin, histones, anionic hemocyanins, andperitrophins. In this study, the structures, distributions, expression profiles, phylogenetic evolution, and functions of some AMPs are discussed, focusing on the WAP-domain containing peptides and ALF in penaeid shrimp.