Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internet of Things ( IoT ) : Security Analysis & Security Protocol

The paper presents a survey and analysis on the current status and concerns of Internet of things (IoT) security. The IoT framework aspires to connect anyone with anything at anywhere. IoT typically has a three layers architecture consisting of Perception, Network, and Application layers. A number of security principles should be enforced at each layer to achieve a secure IoT realization. With the rapid growth of IoT, there is also a steady increase in security vulnerabilities of the linked objects. For example, a car manufacturer may want to link the systems within a car to smart home network networks to increase sales, but if all the various people involved do not embrace security the system will be exposed to security risks. As a result, there are several new published protocols of IoT, which focus on protecting critical data. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is the application layer protocol designed as replication of the HTTP to serve the small devices coming under class 1 and 2. Many implementations of CoAP has been accomplished which indicates it’s crucial and upcoming role in the future of IoT applications. This research article explored the security of CoAP over DTLS incurring many issues and proposed solutions as well as open challenges for future research. Keywords—Internet of things; IoT; Security, CoAP
Double-modulation electro-optic sampling for pump-and-probe ultrafast correlation measurements

We describe a novel electro-optic double-modulation (DM) sampling technique for ultrafast transient spectroscopy, which is characterized by a superior signal-to-noise ratio compared to that of a regular single-modulation technique. DM is achieved by a combined effect of a radio-frequency modulation, which eliminates most of the low-frequency noise, and an audio-frequency modulation, which makes use of a high-performance, low-frequency lock-in amplifier. The DM sensitivity is comparable to that of the more sophisticated schemes involving electrical mixing and the A–B noise reduction method. We show that the DM technique offers superior performance in two-beam transient pump-and-probe correlation measurements compared to the regular single frequency modulation technique and is an ideal scheme for three-beam picosecond correlation measurements.
A Clock Synchronization Method for Molecular Nanomachines in Bionanosensor Networks

The recent advancements in nanotechnology, electronic technology, and biology enable bio-inspired nanosensors. Bionanosensor networks, which are composed of nanoscale devices, are envisioned to apply to a great number of potential applications. Clock synchronization is essential to establish a distributed cooperation among the bionanosensors. This paper investigates the clock synchronization issue among the bionanosensors in the presence of Gaussian propagation delay for their molecular communication mechanism. A two-way message exchange mechanism is proposed. The closed-form expressions of maximum-likelihood estimators for the clock offset and the clock skew are derived. The convergence and the Cramer-Rao lower bound of the estimators are analytically analyzed. Simulation results further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed estimators. This paper lays a foundation for the complex cooperation of nanomachines in the bionanosensor networks.
Towards DSM-V: the relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive episode

A conference was organized by the American Psychiatric Association’s Division of Research in June 2007, in order to discuss the relationship between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The task was to produce new findings from research in order to influence any changes that may be made to DSM-V in the relationship between the two common disorders. Kendler (in press) opened the conference by reminding the participants of the changing definitions of GAD since DSM-III, and asked whether one should give more emphasis to causal relationships that explored the aetiology of each, or descriptive relationships based upon clinical characteristics. In the event, both approaches were used. He also asked whether we should continue with clinical categories, or whether continuous measures such as dimensions were preferable. There was general agreement that, as defined at present, they were not the same disorder, and could not usefully be merged into a single illness. There was also general agreement that the two disorders shared a number of features, but there are some differences in the aetiological factors associated with each one.
The moss Bryum argenteum var. muticum Brid. is well adapted to cope with high light in continental Antarctica

Abstract The net photosynthetic rate (NP), chlorophyll fluorescence, carotenoid content and chlorophyll content of the cosmopolitan moss Bryum argenteum were measured in the field at Botany Bay, southern Victoria Land, continental Antarctica (77°S). Comparisons were made between sun- and shade-adapted forms, and changes were followed as the moss emerged from under the snow and during exposure of shade and sun forms to ambient light. Shade forms had lower light compensation and saturation values for NP but little difference in maximal NP rates. Shade forms exposed to ambient light changed rapidly (within five days) towards the performance of the sun forms. Surprisingly, this change was not by acclimation of shoots but by the production of new shoots. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels measured on a molar chlorophyll basis showed no difference between sun and shade forms and also little change during emergence. The constant molar relationship between carotenoids and chlorophyll plus the high levels of the xanthophyll cycle pigments suggest that protection of the chlorophyll antenna was constitutive. This is an adaptation to the very high light levels that occur when the plants are active in continental Antarctica and contrasts to the situation in more temperate areas where high light is normally avoided by desiccation.
Predictive 3-D Modeling of Parasitic Gate Capacitance in Gate-all-Around Cylindrical Silicon Nanowire MOSFETs

In this paper, an analytical model for parasitic gate capacitances in gate-all-around cylindrical silicon nanowire MOSFETs (SNWTs) is developed for the first time. A practical 3-D architecture of SNWTs with surrounding-gate cylindrical channel and source/drain extension regions is taken into account in the parasitic gate capacitance modeling. The parasitic gate capacitances of the SNWT are divided into four parts: 1) outer fringe capacitance Cof; 2) inner fringe capacitance Cif; 3) overlap capacitance Cov; and 4) sidewall capacitance Cside. The 3-D capacitance system is calculated by useful methods such as the equivalent transformation and inversion of Schwarz-Christoffel mapping. The obtained model agrees well with the results of 3-D electrostatic numerical simulations. The results show that the proportion of parasitic gate capacitances in the total capacitance is increased in this gate-all-around architecture due to the ultrasmall dimension of the SNWT channel; thus, the proportion of the intrinsic capacitance is reduced. Among the capacitances, Cof is found to be the largest contributor to the total parasitic gate capacitance in FO1 delay calculation, and Cside manifests itself as a nonnegligible parasitic capacitance. The developed capacitance model can be easily incorporated into a compact core model of SNWTs for further device/circuit design optimizations with various device parameters.
Temperature-Insensitivity Bending Sensor Based on Cladding-Mode Resonance of Special Optical Fiber

A temperature-insensitive fiber bending sensor is demonstrated by using a special optical fiber with cladding-mode resonance. The special fiber with a pure silica core and a fluorine-doped silica inner cladding shows strong cladding-mode resonance. The single-mode fiber (SMF)-special fiber-SMF is proposed as a sensor head to monitor the cladding-mode resonance. The response of the resonant spectrum exhibits high sensitivity to bending curvature and inherent insensitivity to temperature. The proposed special fiber bending sensor is simple and inexpensive.
Instrument Refinement for Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to refine an instrument to measure the Health Belief Model concepts of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, and confidence, using the context of breast cancer and breast self-examination. A Likert format was used for attitudinal scales. A random sample (N = 581) of women 35 years and over was included. Items were subjected to content analysis by national experts. Construct validity was established using exploratory factor analysis. Predictive validity was established by relating breast self-examination behavior to breast self-examination attitudes, using simultaneous multiple regression and bivariate correlations. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for the revised scales ranged from . 80 to . 93. Test-retest correlations ranged from . 45 to . 70.
On second-order statistics and linear estimation of cepstral coefficients

Explicit expressions for the second-order statistics of cepstral components representing clean and noisy signal waveforms are derived. The noise is assumed additive to the signal, and the spectral components of each process are assumed statistically independent complex Gaussian random variables. The key result developed here is an explicit expression for the cross-covariance between the log-periodograms of the clean and noisy signals. In the absence of noise, this expression is used to show that the covariance matrix of cepstral components representing N signal samples, is a fixed signal independent matrix, which approaches a diagonal matrix at a rate of 1/N. In addition, the cross-covariance expression is used to develop an explicit linear minimum mean square error estimator for the clean cepstral components given noisy cepstral components. Recognition results on the English digits using the fixed covariance and linear estimator are presented.
Inhomogeneity and the onset of inflation.

We study numerically the onset of inflation under inhomogeneous initial conditions for various inflationary scenarios and various initial parameters. We solve the full Einstein equations for the gravitational field coupled to scalar-field and radiation-field sources, under the assumptions of spherical symmetry and a closed-universe background. We find that a large initial inhomogeneity suppresses the onset of inflation, and that the scalar field must have values suitable for inflation over a region of several horizon sizes for the inflationary phase to begin.
Occupational dermatoses from warm dry air

Outbreaks of skin problems among men and women at work are frequently difficult to solve. However, struggling with one problem, even unsuccessfully, can help if another similar problem arises. Experience gained in the prolonged investigation of the first dcrmatosis reported here accelerated the diagnosis of the second. Humidity in these studies has been expressed throughout as relative humidity, i.e, the ratio of the actual vapour pressure of water to its saturation vapour pressure for the same air temperature, expressed as a percentage.
Review of the epidemiological evidence for physical activity and health from low- and middle-income countries

Almost 80% of deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) occur in low- and middle-income countries. Physical inactivity is a key risk factor for NCDs. Enhancing understanding of the scientific evidence linking physical activity and health in low- and middle-income countries is important for supporting national efforts to promote physical activity and reduce NCDs in these countries. A systematic review of three electronic databases was conducted in July 2013, including large population-based epidemiological studies with adult participants, conducted in low- and middle-income countries, and published in the past 30 years. Physical activity was consistently associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and several types of cancer. Positive associations were also found between physical activity and body composition (including overweight and obesity), blood pressure, cholesterol, metabolic indices and bone mineral density. Overall, the results confirm that the epidemiological research into the health benefits of physical activity in low- and middle-income countries is consistent with previous research conducted in high-income countries. This summary of the available research can be used as an advocacy tool in low- and middle-income countries to support greater prominence of physical activity in NCD policies.
DYNAMAN: A tool for manipulator design and analysis

This report describes a method to formulate the dynamic equations of a robot manipulator with N links and with either revolute or prismatic joints using a Newton-Euler formulation. A general-purpose tool for analysis and design of robot manipulators and related control problems is being developed in the form of a software package DYNAMAN using this method. At present, DYNAMAN has the capability to do the following: (1) generate dynamic models of a robot manipulator given the number of links N and the types (revolute/prismatic) of the manipulator joints; (2) generate automatically upon request the requisite FORTRAN code for numerical simulation of the dynamic model generated; (3) generate symbolically the manipulator Jacobian. The package is written in MACSYMA as implemented for operation under the Berkeley 4.2BSD Unix operating system for the Vax. This report describes in brief some of the main features of the DYNAMAN package. Detailed documentation is provided within the body of the program.
Fossil sister group of craniates: Predicted and found

This study investigates whether the recently described Cambrian fossil Haikouella (and the very similar Yunnanozoon) throws light on the longstanding problem of the origin of craniates. In the first rigorous cladistic analysis of the relations of this animal, we took 40 anatomical characters from Haikouella and other taxa (hemichordates, tunicates, cephalochordates, conodont craniates and other craniates, plus protostomes as the outgroup) and subjected these characters to parsimony analysis. The characters included several previously unrecognized traits of Haikouella, such as upper lips resembling those of larval lampreys, the thick nature of the branchial bars, a mandibular branchial artery but no mandibular branchial bar, muscle fibers defining the myomeres, a dark fibrous sheath that defines the notochord, conclusive evidence for paired eyes, and a large hindbrain and diencephalon in the same positions as in the craniate brain. The cladistic analysis produced this tree: (protostomes, hemichordates (tunicates, (cephalochordates, (Haikouella, (conodonts + other craniates))))), with the “Haikouella + craniate” clade supported by bootstrap values that ranged from 81–96%, depending on how the analysis was structured. Thus, Haikouella is concluded to be the sister group of the craniates. Alternate hypotheses that unite Haikouella with hemichordates or cephalochordates, or consider it a basal deuterostome, received little or no support. Although it is the sister group of craniates, Haikouella is skull‐less and lacks an ear, but it does have neural‐crest derivatives in its branchial bars. Its craniate characters occur mostly in the head and pharynx; its widely spaced, robust branchial bars indicate it ventilated with branchiomeric muscles, not cilia. Despite its craniate mode of ventilation, Haikouella was not a predator but a suspension feeder, as shown by its cephalochordate‐like endostyle, and tentacles forming a screen across the mouth. Haikouella was compared to pre‐craniates predicted by recent models of craniate evolution and was found to fit these predictions closely. Specifically, it fits Northcutt and Gans' prediction that the change from ciliary to muscular ventilation preceded the change from suspension feeding to predatory feeding; it fits Butler's claim that vision was the first craniate sense to start elaborating; it is consistent with the ideas of Donoghue and others about the ancestor of conodont craniates; and, most strikingly, it resembles Mallatt's prediction of the external appearance of the ancestral craniate head. By contrast, Haikouella does not fit the widespread belief that ancestral craniates resembled hagfishes, because it has no special hagfish characters. Overall, Haikouella agrees so closely with recent predictions about pre‐craniates that we conclude that the difficult problem of craniate origins is nearly solved. J. Morphol. 258:1–31, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mice deficient for galanin receptor 2 have decreased neurite outgrowth from adult sensory neurons and impaired pain‐like behaviour

Expression of the neuropeptide galanin is markedly up‐regulated within the adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following peripheral nerve injury. We have previously demonstrated that galanin knockout (Gal‐KO) mice have a developmental loss of a subset of DRG neurons. Galanin also plays a trophic role in the adult animal, and the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration and neurite outgrowth is reduced in adult Gal‐KO mice. Here we describe the characterization of mice with an absence of GalR2 gene transcription (GalR2‐MUT) and demonstrate that they have a 15% decrease in the number of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) expressing neuronal profiles in the adult DRG, associated with marked deficits in neuropathic and inflammatory pain behaviours. Adult GalR2‐MUT animals also have a one third reduction in neurite outgrowth from cultured DRG neurons that cannot be rescued by either galanin or a high‐affinity GalR2/3 agonist. Galanin activates extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt in adult wild‐type (WT) mouse DRG. Intact adult DRG from GalR2‐MUT animals have lower levels of pERK and higher levels of pAkt than are found in WT controls. These data suggest that a lack of GalR2 activation in Gal‐KO and GalR2‐MUT animals is responsible for the observed developmental deficits in the DRG, and the decrease in neurite outgrowth in the adult.
Picosecond time-resolved imaging using SPAD array cameras

The recent development of 2D arrays of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) has driven the development of applications based on the ability to capture light in motion. Such arrays are composed typically of 32x32 SPAD detectors, each having the ability to detect single photons and measure their time of arrival with a resolution of about 100 ps. Thanks to the single-photon sensitivity and the high temporal resolution of these detectors, it is now possible to image light as it is travelling on a centimetre scale. This opens the door for the direct observation and study of dynamics evolving over picoseconds and nanoseconds timescales such as laser propagation in air, laser-induced plasma and laser propagation in optical fibres. Another interesting application enabled by the ability to image light in motion is the detection of objects hidden from view, based on the recording of scattered waves originating from objects hidden by an obstacle. Similarly to LIDAR systems, the temporal information acquired at every pixel of a SPAD array, combined with the spatial information it provides, allows to pinpoint the position of an object located outside the line-of-sight of the detector. A non-line-of-sight tracking can be a valuable asset in many scenarios, including for search and rescue mission and safer autonomous driving.
Predictors of suboptimal virologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents: analyses of the reaching for excellence in adolescent care and health (REACH) project.

OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence and biopsychosocial predictors of suboptimal virologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents. DESIGN Population-based cohort study. SETTING Sixteen academic medical centers across 13 cities in the United States. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-four human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents who presented for at least 2 consecutive visits after initiation of HAART. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Viral load (plasma concentration of human immunodeficiency virus RNA) and CD4(+) lymphocyte count. RESULTS Of the 154 adolescents enrolled in the study, 50 (32.5%) demonstrated early and sustained virologic suppression while receiving HAART. The remaining 104 adolescents (67.5%) had a poor virologic response. Adequate adherence (>50%)-reported by 70.8% of respondents-was associated with 60% reduced odds of suboptimal virologic suppression in a multivariable logistic regression model (adjusted odds ratio = 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-1.0). Exposure to suboptimal antiretroviral therapy prior to HAART, on the other hand, was associated with more than 2-fold increased odds of suboptimal virologic response (adjusted odds ratio = 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.7). CONCLUSIONS Fully two-thirds of human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents in the current study demonstrated a suboptimal virologic response to HAART. Nonadherence and prior single or dual antiretroviral therapy were associated with subsequent poor virologic responses to HAART. These predictors of HAART failure echo findings in pediatric and adult populations. Given the unique developmental stage of adolescence, age-specific interventions are indicated to address high rates of nonadherence and therapeutic failure.
Young Coconut Juice Supplementation Results in Greater Bone Mass and Bone Formation Indices in Ovariectomized Rats: A Preliminary Study

Young coconut juice (Cocos nucifera Linn.) (YCJ) has traditionally been consumed to alleviate symptoms associated with menopause by women in Southeast Asia. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of YCJ on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Female 10‐week‐old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following 4 groups: Baseline, Sham, Ovx, and Ovx + YCJ (n = 10 rats per group). Rats in the Baseline group were sacrificed immediately, and those in the other groups were subjected to either sham operation (Sham) or bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx and Ovx + YCJ). The Ovx + YCJ rats were administered 5×‐concentrated YCJ at a dose of 10 mL/kg body weight per day. Six weeks after surgery, the rats were sacrificed, and indices of bone mass and bone histomorphometry were measured. The bone mineral density of the left femur was significantly higher in the Ovx + YCJ group compared with the Ovx group. In addition, the Ovx + YCJ group showed significantly higher measurements for bone formation rate compared with the Ovx group. These findings suggest that YCJ supplementation has a positive effect on bone metabolism and thus represents a possible intervention to slow the bone loss observed following menopause. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.