Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MICROPROCESSOR VERIFICATION BY SYNTACTICALLY-CONTROLLED GENERATION OF THE TEST PROGRAMS

Random (stochastic) test generation is an actual up-to-date direction and efficient technique for simulation-based verification of large complex hardware (digital) designs such as microprocessors [1,. , 9]. From one hand, there exist sophisticated verification tools for generation, including controlled, random tests, which are used for functional verification of processors [10, 11, 12]. From the other hand, it is proposed to add specific language constructs to HDL to keep the randomization features [13, 14]. An important issue is the evaluation of the effectiveness of random test verification methods. A variety of coverage metrics have been proposed: the branch coverage and path coverage [15, 16] models used in software testing [17], finite state machine based metrics [18,. , 21], an observability metric [22, 23], and design-specific metrics such as architectural events [1, 24]. The predecessors paid more attention to development of the tools that help the user to control the process of test programs (TP) generation. Till now the generalized model of estimation of the test programs quality is not yet developed. Our objective is to make an advance in developing the estimation of quality and the controlled synthesis of the test program generator (TPG). In this paper it is proposed the approach, called syntactic (keeping tradition in [25]), where the structure of stochastic grammar defines the controlled languages constructs for weighted random test generation. The structure of grammar is “restored” from the microprocessor (MP) specification just from the instructions set specification and the interface protocol description. Here it is used the existing HDL languages (namely VHDL) features for implementation of the proposed methodology. In the next section of the paper the mathematical model for quality evaluation of the controlled random test generation is proposed. Then, in section 2, briefly is presented the unit under verification, and in sections 3, 4, and 5 is presented the methodology of synthesis of the (stochastic) grammar generator for simulation-based verification of a simple microprocessor. In Section 6 the results of microprocessor test benches simulation are presented and analyzed. The paper ends with some concluding remarks and ideas about future development of controlled random testing for verification.
Reproductive and distribution patterns in two populations of the rare endemit Astragalus peterfii Jav. (Transylvania, Romania)

Astragalus peterfii lav. , a narrow endemie species, currently occurs in on ly 2 close localities and has been classified as endangered and/or rare in different Romanian and European red lists of plants. The goal of this study has been the evaluation of differences in terms of resource allocation between two populations located in contrasting habitats (near-closed meadows, within the Suatu 1 Natural Reserve and open vegetation on eroded soi ls) and the influence of community structure on the distribution pattern of ramets. The Astragalus ramets from the eroded, open lands invest much resource in vegetative regeneration by sprouting, but are fonned of small shoots. On the contrary, the ramets developed in near-close grasslands tend to produce taller shoots, more flowers and a larger proportion of fertile shoots, whereas a trade-off is reached by minimizing the resource investment in vegetati ve reproduction (growth of new shoots). The spatial aggregation of ramets is probably a consequence of both vegetati ve spreading and short-range dispersal of seeds. The differences in scale of aggregation detected along a coenocline from Stipa-rich grasslands (Stipian lessingianae) to Carex humilis-dominated lawns (Festuca rupicalae-Caricetum humilis) are due to a dramatic decline in ramets density. This observed pattern along with the negative correlation between the cover values of A. peterfii and C. humilis support the hypothesis that the forrner species multiplication is inhibited in closedsod lawns dominated by the latter species. The population of A. peterfii settled in Stipa-rich grasslands reaches the highest levels of ramet density, fertility and fitness, probably because of the gaps occurring among the large grass tussocks. In order to get a genetical ly vigorous population of A. peterfii, the reserve manàgement planning must take into consideration the maintenance ofthe slightly open Stipa communities.
Vineyard evapotranspiration measuraments in a semiarid environment: eddy covariance and Bowen ratio comparison

La comparación entre sistemas micrometeorológicos permite analizar la confiabilidad de los resultados y evaluar su ajuste a diferentes cultivos. En el presente estudio se midió la evapotranspiración (ET) de una cubierta de viña (Vitis vinifera) en espaldera, durante su ciclo de crecimiento anual, mediante los métodos micrometeorológicos razón de Bowen (BREB) y covarianza de torbellinos (EC). La investigación se realizó en el 2007 en la localidad semi-árida de Tarazona de La Mancha, España. El principal criterio de comparación entre los sistemas fue el valor diario y acumulado de la ET actual. Una vez forzado el cierre de energía, el sistema BREB sobreestimó los flujos del sistema EC en valores promedio de 5 %. Las diferencias se pueden explicar por la ubicación próxima del brazo inferior del sistema BREB a la cubierta vegetal. Determinadas condiciones de dirección de viento y estabilidad atmosférica indican mayores requerimientos del método BREB con relación a la selección de la altura y ubicación de los sensores sobre la cubierta. La ubicación de los sensores del sistema BREB en una cubierta heterogénea como la viña, debe considerar el impacto de la arquitectura en la homogeneidad de la capa de mezcla. El análisis de la evolución temporal de los valores de ET y del coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), los cuales responden al desarrollo del cultivo e incrementos de humedad de riegos o lluvias, aumenta la fiabilidad de los resultados de ET obtenidos por el sistema EC con forzamiento de cierre. El flujo de calor del suelo (G) presentó diferentes patrones debido a la iluminación y el sombreado y se obtuvo una relación G/Rn para el periodo diurno (0.21) y nocturno (0.68).
Using Explanations to Improve Ensembling of Visual Question Answering Systems

We present results on using explanations as auxiliary features to improve stacked ensembles for Visual Question Answering (VQA). VQA is a challenging task that requires systems to jointly rea-son about natural language and vision. We present results applying a recent ensembling approach to VQA, Stacking with Auxiliary Features (SWAF), which learns to combine the results of multiple systems. We propose using features based on explanations to improve SWAF. Using explanations we are able to improve ensembling of three recent VQA systems.
Nursing Students' Perspectives on ePortfolios: Themes and Preferences Compared with Paper-Based Experiences.

ePortfolios play an important role in tertiary education globally in the 21st Century. Several studies have advocated for the implementation of ePortfolios on the basis that they have the potential to integrate technology whilst making learning visible and meaningful for students. However, rarely is the implementation of ePortfolios, considered from the students’ perspective. The development of web-based learning resources including ePortfolios platforms are often driven by software developers with an extensive degree of technical expertise, rather than teachers and educators and, without acknowledging potential difficulties this may create for students (Andrews & Cole, 2015; Beckers, Dolmons, & Merriënboer, 2016; Cordier et al. (2016); Leacock & Nesbit, 2007; Nam & Smith-Jackson, 2007). The aim of this study was to explore students’ perspectives on the value of an ePortfolio platform in the final year for nursing students in the Bachelor of Nursing programme in a New Zealand tertiary institute. The data for this study were obtained through focus group sessions. Thematic analysis identified four themes from the data which were the importance of ease of use, feedback, transparency, and the role of supporting technology. This study aligns with previous literature in demonstrating students’ preference for the use of ePortfolios but extends our knowledge by considering the value of ePortfolios from students’ perspectives.
STRUCTURAL RELAXATION OF BARIUM CRYSTAL GLASS

Structural relaxation of barium crystal glass contemporary produced by RONA glassworks was described by ToolNarayanaswany-Mazurin (TNMa) model. The distribution of relaxation times was expressed by empirical Kohlrausch Williams Watts relaxation function with relaxation time directly proportional to dynamic viscosity. The parameters of relaxation model were obtained by the nonlinear regression analysis of thermo-mechanical experiments with different zigzag time temperature regimes. According to this method, the simultaneous obtaining of both thermal expansion coefficients is possible together with the determination of viscosity curve and of the parameters characterizing the structural relaxation process. It was found that the structural relaxation of studied glass is well described by the TNMa model and the parameters obtained can be used in modeling of the mechanical stress formation/relaxation during the glass forming/annealing.
Light at the End of the Tunnel-Unemployment and Mental Health after Age 50

Recent literature reports a U-shape in mental health over the life-cycle, with mental health dipping during prime working ages. However, what is behind the U-shape remains a mystery. We find that across countries (U.S., UK and continental Europe) the U-shape is present for unemployed and disabled men, but not for employed and retired men, who have stable mental health scores. We hypothesize that the social norm (expectation) of work has a detrimental causal effect on the mental health of those not able to abide by it (e.g., the unemployed and disabled) and that this effect should disappear with retirement as it becomes more accepted for individuals not to work. Using SHARE data on individuals aged 50+ from 11 European countries, we regress the mental health of the unemployed and disabled on the age-, country-, and wave-dependent retirement fraction (our proxy for the social norm of work) and find statistically and economically significant effects. This suggests that the U-shape in mental health is the result of changes in the social norm (expectation) of work, which primarily affect the unemployed and disabled.
Chemical control of Pythium spp. in soybean seedlings

Pythium rot in soybean may appear from seed germination up to the mid of the growing season. Effective control of four fungicides applied preventively in soybean was evaluated. These seeds were placed in plastic trays containing commercial substrate tyndallized, inoculated with Pythium. Two trials were conducted A) Based on fungicides recommended for this disease in Argentina: metalaxyl-M and carbendazim + thiram and B) Based on fungicides widely used in Argentina: azoxystrobin and difenoconazole, but not for seed treatment. The treatments were assigned to experimental units (trays) according to a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. After 21 days the incidence per pot was evaluated and the percentage of control of each fungicide was calculated. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance and the means were compared using the DGC Test with a significance level of 5%. Metalaxyl presented approximately 100% control while for carbendazim + thiram it was only 4.30%. The application of both azoxystrobin and difenoconazole differed significantly from metalaxyl (61% and 28.80% control respectively). Chemical control of Pythium rot in soybean seedlings was more effective with the implementation of preventive fungicide metalaxyl with respect to the other three fungicides tested.
A New Indicator of Bank Funding Cost

The cost of bank funding on money markets is typically the sum of a risk-free rate and a spread that reflects rollover risk, i.e., the risk that banks cannot roll over their short-term market funding. This risk is a major concern for policymakers, who need to intervene to prevent the funding liquidity freeze from triggering the bankruptcy of solvent financial institutions. We construct a new indicator of rollover risk for banks, which we call the forward funding spread. It is calculated as the difference between the three-month forward rate of the yield curve constructed using only instruments with a three-month tenor and the corresponding forward rate of the default-free overnight interest swap yield curve. The forward funding spread usefully complements its spot equivalent, the IBOR-OIS spread, in the monitoring of bank funding risk in real time. First, it accounts for market participants' expectations of how funding costs will evolve over time. Second, it identifies liquidity regimes, which coincide with the levels of excess liquidity supplied by central banks. Third, it has much higher predictive power for economic growth and bank lending in the United States and the euro area than the spot IBOR-OIS, credit default swap spreads or bank bond credit spreads.
Efficient Decomposition of Image and Mesh Graphs by Lifted Multicuts

Formulations of the Image Decomposition Problem [18] as a Multicut Problem (MP) w.r. t. a superpixel graph have received considerable attention. In contrast, instances of the MP w.r. t. a pixel grid graph have received little attention, firstly, because the MP is NP-hard and instances w.r. t. a pixel grid graph are hard to solve in practice, and, secondly, due to the lack of long-range terms in the objective function of the MP. We propose a generalization of the MP with long-range terms (LMP). We design and implement two efficient algorithms (primal feasible heuristics) for the MP and LMP which allow us to study instances of both problems w.r. t. the pixel grid graphs of the images in the BSDS-500 benchmark. The decompositions we obtain do not differ significantly from the state of the art, suggesting that the LMP is a competitive formulation of the Image Decomposition Problem. To demonstrate the generality of the LMP, we apply it also to the Mesh Decomposition Problem posed by the Princeton benchmark [16], obtaining state-of-the-art decompositions.
Open-Ended Evolution: Perspectives from the OEE Workshop in York

We describe the content and outcomes of the First Workshop on Open-Ended Evolution: Recent Progress and Future Milestones (OEE1), held during the ECAL 2015 conference at the University of York, UK, in July 2015. We briefly summarize the content of the workshop's talks, and identify the main themes that emerged from the open discussions. Two important conclusions from the discussions are: (1) the idea of pluralism about OEE—it seems clear that there is more than one interesting and important kind of OEE; and (2) the importance of distinguishing observable behavioral hallmarks of systems undergoing OEE from hypothesized underlying mechanisms that explain why a system exhibits those hallmarks. We summarize the different hallmarks and mechanisms discussed during the workshop, and list the specific systems that were highlighted with respect to particular hallmarks and mechanisms. We conclude by identifying some of the most important open research questions about OEE that are apparent in light of the discussions. The York workshop provides a foundation for a follow-up OEE2 workshop taking place at the ALIFE XV conference in Cancún, Mexico, in July 2016. Additional materials from the York workshop, including talk abstracts, presentation slides, and videos of each talk, are available at http://alife.org/ws/oee1.
Optimal Demand Forecasting in-practice

The growing production figures and pace of the open market make it more and more important to enact accurately to new developments. Demand forecasting has the potential to analyse patterns and support demand planning for increased overall performance. Forecasting models differ in predictive performance and practical use. The paper compares two different estimation models through SARIMA and ARMA state-space models and compares two different models through SARIMA and random forest on univariate time series. Concluding, the SARIMA model performs better on predictive performance than the random forest on the given time series. Still, in practice, the random forest for time series does have potential due to its efficient scalability to other time series. The non-convergent state-space model results in an inability for comparison in predictive performance. Convergent ARMA state-space estimations do reveal the potential to outperform the SARIMA models, though it will be at the expenses of practical inefficiencies in terms of computational costs.
Structure‐adaptive Shape Editing for Man‐made Objects

One of the challenging problems for shape editing is to adapt shapes with diversified structures for various editing needs. In this paper we introduce a shape editing approach that automatically adapts the structure of a shape being edited with respect to user inputs. Given a category of shapes, our approach first classifies them into groups based on the constituent parts. The group‐sensitive priors, including both inter‐group and intra‐group priors, are then learned through statistical structure analysis and multivariate regression. By using these priors, the inherent characteristics and typical variations of shape structures can be well captured. Based on such group‐sensitive priors, we propose a framework for real‐time shape editing, which adapts the structure of shape to continuous user editing operations. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is capable of both structure‐preserving and structure‐varying shape editing.
REGULATED DEFICIT DRIP IRRIGATION AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF A RASPBERRY (RUBUS IDAEUS L.) PRIMOCANE-FRUITING CULTIVAR

1 Fruit Growing Institute, 12 Ostromila, Plovdiv 4004, Bulgaria, e-mail: kskoumanov@hotmail.com Experimental was carried out during 2002-2004 on 400 m raspberry plantation of the primocane-fruiting "Lyulin" variety. Seven irrigation treatments were studied in four replications under relatively high temperatures and low air humidity. During the main phenophases – 1) intensive growth; 2) blossom; and 3) fruiting; water was applied in amounts equalled to 100%, 75% and 50% of ETc respectively. Fertilizers were applied through the irrigation system, the fertilization rate being equal for all treatments. The annual yield, averaged over the three experimental years, was in the range 10010—14720 kg/ha. Compared to the control (100% ETc), yield was significantly lower only in the most severe variants V2-50 and V3-50. For the experimental period, the average mass of one fruit was 2.5—2.7 g. Only in V3-50 fruit diminished significantly. Raspberry fruit was largest at first harvestings of each season, 3.0— 3.4 g. Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) suppressed significantly the growth only in variants V2-50 and V3-50. In most variants, water use efficiency (WUE) was about 2.0 kg/m. V350 resulted in slight increase in WUE – 2.1 kg/m, while in V2-50 WUE was only 1.7 kg/m. Hence, with "Lyulin" cultivar, application rates can be reduced by 75% without negative impact on yield and fruit quality. Because of the frequent rainfalls in the spring, during the phase of intensive growth irrigation may be even reduced to 50% ETc.
Profiling Intrapreneurs to Develop Management Interventions: Evidence from Sri Lanka

Intrapreneurship, defined as the entrepreneurial behaviour of employees in established firms, has received growing research and practitioner attention. Despite increased efforts to develop and promote intrapreneurial behaviour, little is known about characteristics differentiating high intrapreneurs from low intrapreneurs. This research attempts to understand if and how intrapreneurs differ based on their demographic characteristics. Using intrapreneurship data collected from 329 middle level employees from Sri Lanka, we first carried out K-mean cluster analysis. The results suggest that the respondents belong to two significantly different (p = 0.000) clusters. Around 65% of our respondents belong to high intrapreneurship cluster while the remainder belong to low intrapreneurship cluster. We then carried cross tabulation analysis to derive demographic profiles for each cluster based on age, years of experience, industry, educational qualifications, and gender. The standardized residuals revealed that females are significantly higher (than expected frequency) in low intrapreneurship cluster and significantly lower in high intrapreneurship cluster. Overall, gender reveals to be a significant differentiator between intrapreneurship clusters. Our findings contribute to theory by providing novel insights on demographic profiles related to intrapreneurship. From practitioners’ perspective, it suggests that management interventions promoting intrapreneurial behaviour in organisations should specifically target females.
Rare and novel words in SQuAD 2.0: An application of the form-context-model

Motivated by shortcomings of word embeddings like Glove in handling out-of-vocabulary and rare words, our study sheds light on the performance of SQuAD 2.0 models when question and answer contexts are dominated by rare and novel word occurrence. To improve model performances we employ several setups based on sub-word information. First, we extend the BiDAF baseline with character embed-dings ([1]). Second, we utilize the form-context model with attentive mimicking (FCM + AM, see [2], [3] and [4]) to leverage and balance out both word context and word form (subword) information in order to obtain high quality embeddings for novel and rare words. Third, we build on the main idea behind the FCM + AM and implement a gating mechanism administering when to rely on word surface embeddings and when to rely on word context embeddings. Our results show that accounting for both form and context improves main metrics for SQuAD 2.0 evaluation over using pure character embeddings.
Revisiting the oil and democracy nexus : New evidence utilizing V-DEM democracy data in a GMM PVAR framework

This study re-examines the validity of oil-hinders-democracy hypothesis by comparing the long-term effects of oil abundance and oil dependence democracies individually. Based on five novel measures of democracy from V-DEM dataset, we test this hypothesis on data from 95 developing countries over the period 1932–2014. Our analyses show some nuances in the oil-democracy relationship. First, that oil wealth adversely affects democracy across the full sample. Second, once we ‎classified developing countries into five sub-samples, we consistently ‎ﬁnd that the influence of oil wealth (abundance/dependence) measures on democracy varies across geographical regions‎ as well as small and large-scale oil endowment countries. Third, we find that institutional quality in the form of rule of law plays a crucial role in altering the oil–democracy link. Overall, we provide ample support for ‘Conditionalist view’. In other words, oil has different effects on democracy in the context of oil abundancy, geographic regions, and institutional aspects. More importantly, it seems that oil abundance does not hinder democracy in each of the five sub-samples and in some instances can even be a blessing. Thus, it is worthy to make a distinction between these two types of oil wealth to better understand the oil-democracy relationship.