Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social relations and presence of others predict bystander intervention Evidence from violent incidents captured on CCTV

Are individuals willing to intervene in public violence? Half a century of research on the “ bystander effect ” suggests that the more bystanders present at an emergency, the less likely each of them is to provide help. However, recent meta ‐ analytical evidence questions whether this effect generalizes to violent emergencies. Besides the number of bystanders present, an alternative line of research suggests that pre ‐ existing social relations between bystanders and conflict participants are important for explaining whether bystanders provide help. The current paper offers a rare comparison of both factors — social relations and the number of bystanders present — as predictors of bystander intervention in real ‐ life violent emergencies. We systematically observed the behavior of 764 bystanders across 81 violent incidents recorded by surveillance cameras in Copenhagen, Denmark. Bystanders were sampled with a case – control design, their behavior was observed and coded, and the probability of intervention was estimated with multilevel regression analyses. The results confirm our predicted association between social relations and intervention. However, rather than the expected reversed bystander effect, we found a classical bystander effect, as bystanders were less likely to intervene with increasing bystander presence. The effect of social relations on intervention was larger in magnitude than the effect of the number of bystanders. We assess these findings in light of recent discussions about the influence of group size and social relations in human helping. Further, we discuss the utility of video data for the assessment of real ‐ life bystander behavior. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Validation of a Short Adherence Questionnaire for Children Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy in Kenya

Background: There are few validated tools to measure adherence for children living with HIV. We identified questionnaire items for caregivers of Kenyan children aged <15 years living with HIV. Methods: Caregiver–child dyads were followed for 6 months. At monthly visits, the child’s HIV provider administered a 10-item questionnaire to the caregiver. Children were given electronic dose monitors (Medication Event Monitoring Systems [MEMS]). Correlation between questionnaire items and dichotomized MEMS adherence (≥90% doses taken versus <90%) was investigated using logistic regression models. Results: In 95 caregiver–child dyads, mean age of children (40% female) was 8.3 years. Items associated with higher odds of MEMS adherence in multivariable analysis included the father giving the child medication, being enrolled in a nutrition program, and the caregiver reporting no difficulties giving the child medication. Conclusion: Providers typically ask about missed doses, but asking about caregiver responsibilities and difficulties in giving the child medication may better detect suboptimal adherence.
Dietary and lifestyle recommendations for urolithiasis prevention: A systematic literature review

Department of Urology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Department of Surgery, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Department of Surgery, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy Western Sussex Hospital, Chichester, UK School of Nursing, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Correspondence M Boarin, Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Urology, Via Olgettina, 60 20132 Milan, Italy. Email: boarin.mattia@hsr.it What are the dietary, fluid intake and lifestyle indications for the disease management and recurrences prevention in patients with urolithiasis? Despite the progress in urolithiasis diagnosis and treatment, its incidence has increased in the last decades and a high rate of recurrence is still a real problem. Dietary and lifestyle modifications represent the most effective preventive measures. Recommendations and evidence available in literature are not always accurate and consistent, negatively affecting patients’ education. A systematic review was conducted starting from a research in electronic databases; the study selection process was based on PRISMA indications. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed. Data were analysed in three phases: (1) critical review of articles; (2) data extraction; (3) evidence synthesis. Thirty-six studies were included: researchers used prevalently non-probabilistic sampling methods and data from several studies derived from small samples, mainly from Western countries. Despite these limitations, the below listed themes for urolithiasis prevention arose: (1) the importance of a prevalently vegetarian regime with a reduced intake of meats and fats, decreasing the risk of stones formation from the accumulation of uric acid; (2) water intake greater than two litres per day is proven to prevent recurrences and drinking beverages, such as decaffeinated coffee, tea, beer and wine, also seems to be associated with a decrease in risk; (3) being physically active and having a healthy lifestyle can help to prevent recurrences. Various dietary and lifestyle modifications have a potential to prevent urolithiasis and recurrences. Clinicians should advise patients to reduce animal proteins and fats, increase fruits and vegetables, and increase water intake, as well as having a healthy lifestyle. Further rigorous methodological studies are needed.
PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE

Physical activity can help mitigate the long-term symptoms and side effects of cancer and its treatment, but most cancer survivors are not active enough to achieve these benefits. An evidence-based strategy to promote physical activity among adults is a community group–based walking program. However, many evidencebased programs do not achieve intended population health outcomes because of the challenges of real-world implementation. We used the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation to conceptualize implementation of a capacity-building intervention to support delivery of a community group–based walking program. We adapted an evidence-based guide for community group–based walking programs for cancer survivors and their support network. We provided a capacitybuilding intervention (technical assistance and small-grant funding) and evaluated this implementation intervention. We assessed effectiveness of the intervention by measuring adoption, acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation costs, and penetration through monthly progress reports, site visit observations, interviews, and a final report. Eight organizations received a small grant and technical assistance and implemented Step It Up! Survivors (SIUS). SIUS helped cancer survivors increase their physical activity, establish social connections, and be part of a supportive environment. Despite receiving monthly technical assistance, some grantees experienced challenges in recruiting participants, developing community partnerships, and adhering to the prescribed implementation plan. Implementation facilitators included community partners and specific components (eg, incentives for participants, webinars). Organizations needed different amounts and types of assistance with adaptation and implementation. Overall fidelity to SIUS ranged from 64% to 88%. Some integrated SIUS within existing organizational programming for sustainability. The provision of funding and technical assistance was a successful implementation intervention. Our results suggest a need to better tailor technical assistance while organizations are in the process of adapting, implementing, and sustaining an evidence-based program in their local communities.
A multicenter randomized controlled trial

Background: Pressure ulcers often seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO) has been developed to treat patients with pressure ulcers. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MEBO in the treatment of pressure ulcers in Chinese patients. Methods: Seventy-two patients with pressure ulcers were randomly assigned to 2 groups who received a placebo or MEBO for 2 months. The primary outcomes included the wound surface area (WSA) and pressure ulcer scale for healing (PUSH) tool. The secondary outcomes included a visual analog scale (VAS), questionnaire of ulcer status, and adverse effects. Results: Sixty-seven patients completed the study. After 2 months of treatment, the difference of mean change from the baseline was greater for MEBO (vs placebo) for WSA mean (SD) 6.0 ( 8.8, 3.3), PUSH Tool 2.6 ( 4.7, 1.5), and VAS score 2.9 ( 4.4, 1.7). On the basis of the questionnaire, the pressure ulcers were “completely healed” (50.0% vs 16.7%) (P< .05) in patients after 2 months of treatment with MEBO versus placebo. No major adverse effects were found in the 2 groups. Conclusion:We showed that MEBO is effective and well tolerated for improving wound healing in Chinese patients with pressure ulcers. Abbreviations: GCP = good clinical practice, ITT = intention-to-treat, MEBO =Moist Exposed Burn Ointment, PUSH = pressure ulcer scale for healing tool, SAS = Statistical Analysis System package, SPSS = Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, VAS = visual analog scale, WSA = wound surface area.
Estimation of genetic parameters for weaning weight of Awassi lambs by using classical and Bayesian methods

The aim of this study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters with six different animal models and two approaches Bayesian and classical on weaning weight WW of Awassi lambs. For this purpose, the data were obtained from Sheep and Goat Breeders' Associations of Osmaniye in Turkey. The data of 4971 progenies from 80 rams and 1917 ewes born between 2012 and 2016 raised under traditional conditions were evaluated. Year/season, sex, birth type, dam age, and flock size were fixed effects. All these effects except birth type were found statistically significant P < 0.01 . The overall least squares mean of weaning weight WW was obtained as 17.93 ± 0.05 kg. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated by MCMC algorithms with R for Bayesian approach and by REML procedure with MTDFREML for classical approach programs. The Akaike information criterion AIC , the log likelihood function -2logL , and deviance information criterion DIC values were taken as criteria to choose the best model. Direct heritabilities of WW ranged from 0.20 to 0.35 across the models. The genetic correlation between additive genetic effect and maternal effect ranged from 0.00 to 1.00. The results were found similar across methodologies and maternal additive genetic variance resulted in lower than direct additive genetic variance. According to this study, both approaches are suitable for estimation of genetic parameters in the case of low sample size. However, the Bayesian approach, becoming increasingly popular, may be feasible to estimate variancecovariance components and genetic parameters.
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease by Assessing Structural and Microvasculature Changes in the Retina Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography – a Review of Eye Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as cognitive decline and memory impairment. Diagnosis is mainly based on the assessment of cognitive functions, while neuroimaging techniques are still very expensive and difficult to access. During the embryogenesis phase, the retina and optic nerve develop as a direct extension of the diencephalon, so that abnormalities occurring in the brain can also be observed in the fundus of the eye. Using optical coherence tomography, a significant decrease in thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer and a reduction in retinal thickness and volume in the macular area have been demonstrated. In post-mortem studies of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, it has been proven that the disease, in addition to nerve cell damage, also has its cerebrovascular pathology. A potential association with the accumulation of abnormal Aβ around vascular walls, impaired blood flow and the diameter of the vessels in the retina have been identified in patients with AD. Using optical coherence tomography angiography to retinal microcirculation imaging showed a reduction in retinal vascular density compared to the control group. Unfortunately, the structural changes in the retina in patients with dementia observed by means of optical coherence tomography images may be non-specific and common to other neurodegenerative diseases, such as reduction in the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma. Nevertheless, combined measurements of retinal structural changes and microvasculature assessment in each retinal plexuses using optical coherence tomography angiography potentially increase the diagnostic ability of Alzheimer’s disease.
Analysis of a SD-OCT-based hyperspectral system for spectral reflectance measurements

In this study, we compare the hyperspectral imaging capabilities of a custom-built visible light OCT with those of a commercial grade hyperspectral camera. Using the Short-Time-Fourier-Transform algorithm on the OCT signal, we estimate the variation in the surface spectral response from two paint pigments. Our study aims at comparing the spectral measurements obtained from calibration samples and to estimate an optimal working point for OCT-based hyperspectral processing.
Association of complete blood count parameters with liver histology and atherosclerosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

(3) University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey Kadir Öztürk,1 Ömer Kurt,1 Hakan Demirci,1 Tolga Doğan,2 Alptuğ Özen,3 Mehmet Çakır,1 Yusuf Serdar Sakin,1 Gürhan Taşkın,2 Murat Kantarcıoğlu,1 Güldem Kilciler,1 Ahmet Uygun1 Association of complete blood count parameters with liver histology and atherosclerosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Survival mediation analysis with the death‐truncated mediator: The completeness of the survival mediation parameter

In medical research, the development of mediation analysis with a survival outcome has facilitated investigation into causal mechanisms. However, studies have not discussed the death‐truncation problem for mediators, the problem being that conventional mediation parameters cannot be well defined in the presence of a truncated mediator. In the present study, we systematically defined the completeness of causal effects to uncover the gap, in conventional causal definitions, between the survival and nonsurvival settings. We propose a novel approach to redefining natural direct and indirect effects, which are generalized forms of conventional causal effects for survival outcomes. Furthermore, we developed three statistical methods for the binary outcome of survival status and formulated a Cox model for survival time. We performed simulations to demonstrate that the proposed methods are unbiased and robust. We also applied the proposed method to explore the effect of hepatitis C virus infection on mortality, as mediated through hepatitis B viral load.
The Palm Date Treatment to Anaerobic Muscle Fatigue on Running Athlete

The fitness of an athlete is very important. Running athletes need enormous energy in a short time thereby they should increase the risk of anaerobic muscle fatigue. One of the effort to delay it was by increased of glycogen deposits and potassium intake which indicated to prevent and reduce anaerobic muscle fatigue. Palm date had relatively high content of carbohydrates and potassium. This study was aimed to determine the effect of palm date treatment to anaerobic muscle fatigue index (FI). It was one group pre-post test study design. The subjects were measured by RAST (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test) prior before any treatment as a pre-test. After one day rest, subjects received 100 grams of palm date treatment since one hour before RAST as a post-test. Data were analyzed by paired t-test. There was FI significant difference between pre-test and post-test (p<0.05). Palm date intervention was significantly prevented anaerobic muscle fatigue. Keywords—anaerobe, carbohydrate, palm date, fatigue index (FI), RAST, running athlete
Salt extractions of brickwork: a standard procedure?

Crystallization of salts is recognized as a major factor in the degradation of porous materials in built heritage. Salt damage occurs in the presence of salts and moisture, in liquid or vapour form. This implies that, in case one of both can be excluded, salt damage can be mitigated. A salt extraction aims to reduce a maximum amount of salts present. In practice salt extractions are often executed without scientific background or control of its effect or durability.This paper deals with the results of salt extractions using a poultice consisting of a mixture of kaolin, sand and cellulose fibers applied on salt contaminated brickwork of two cases, the abandoned coal mine site named C-mine in Winterslag and two chapels of the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp. Results have shown that several factors influence the salt extraction effect: the amount and distribution of salts, the prewetting properties, the physical properties of the building materials as well as the environmental conditions of the salt extraction execution. From the experimentally determined salt contamination and distribution as well as the properties of the poultice and the building materials of the masonry, the salt extraction execution parameters and its effect were first approached theoretically through modelling. The predicted effect was compared to the one experimentally determined. Concerning the last, powder drill samples were lifted from brick and mortar, before and after each salt extraction from which the ion content was determined quantitatively. From the results it was concluded that the optimum conditions for the execution of a salt extraction cannot be considered as a standard copy-paste application suitable for all types of salt contaminated brickwork. A critical note is to be tackled with respect to the term “salt extraction” as the reality shows that an important part of the salts migrate deeper into the brickwork.
Plastic sorting based on MEMS FTIR spectral chemometrics sensing

Plastic solid waste management is a growing field in many countries that is supported by governmental legislation. Plastic recycling is widely concerned since the other methods such as, landfilling and burning, harm the environment and are economically inefficient. Different methods have been proposed in literature based on the physical and thermal properties of the plastic but they are labor intensive and time consuming. The most promising method is based on the optical spectral sensing in the infrared range. It is non-destructive and time-efficient especially when coupled with machine learning models such as chemometrics. However, the infrared spectrometers are bulky, expensive and require building a model for each unit. Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrometers are designed to be portable and lower in cost and in power consumption than traditional spectrometers. In this work, we present a classification predictor of two plastic categories Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) and Polypropylene (PP) using a portable MEMS FTIR spectrometer. PETE and PP samples are collected with different shapes and surface curvatures and the samples diffuse reflectance spectra are measured at 10 different surface spots per sample. The measurements are averaged and processed to mitigate the physical scatter effects. A multivariate linear classification chemometrics model is built and validated using one sample out cross validation. The classification using one principle component reaches a classification success rate of 100 % opening the door for low cost portable device for accurate plastic sorting.
Geographic Proximity and Competition for Scarce Capital: Evidence from U.S. Reits

The question of whether or not REITs compete for scarce capital across geographic space is deserving of attention. In this study we consider the issue of spatial competition among REITs across U.S. states in terms of the degree of interdependencies in financial capital demand. First, we motivate the issue with a theoretical model of cost minimization by a representative REIT in a given U.S. state and demonstrate that a priori it is unclear whether a REIT’s capital demand depends on capital demand of REITs in other states. Then we use spatial econometrics techniques and find empirically that REITs compete for financial capital with REITs in other states. We also find evidence of feedback (or indirect) effects, implying amplified crowding out of financial capital when other REITs in nearby states increase financial capital demand. Our findings are aligned with the Predation Hypothesis, which suggests that REIT managers might exploit neighboring REITs’ and/or investors’ financial distress as an opportunity to steal market share from them. Another key contribution of this study is that we focus on capital liquidity as opposed to stock liquidity.
Using Facebook Data to Measure Cultural Distance between Countries: The Case of Brazilian Cuisine

Measuring the affinity to a particular culture has been an active area of research. Countries and their residents can be characterized by many cultural aspects, such as clothing, music, art and food. As one of the central aspects, the cuisine of a country can reflect one of the dominant aspects of its culture. As such, the number of people interested in a typical national dish can be used to estimate the prevalence of that culture inside the host region. In this study, we measure the global spread of Brazilian culture across countries by exploring Facebook user’s preferences for typical Brazilian dishes through the Facebook Advertising Platform. To decide which dish will be considered typical from Brazil, we made use of spatial analysis to understand the distribution of interests around the world and to quantify how typical the dish is in Brazil and among Brazilian immigrants. This methodology can be generalized to other countries to infer cultural elements that emigrants usually take to and preserve in the countries they migrate to. Also, the interest in Brazilian typical dishes can be used to characterize countries in terms of Brazilian cultural exposition. While evaluating the cultural distance between Brazil and the countries with more Brazilian immigrants, we explore several measures of distance to compare these in the context of affinity to Brazilian cuisine. Our results revealed that these cultural distance measures can complement other metrics of distance applied to gravity-type models, for example, in order to explain flows of people between countries.
What does an LBO signal for the target’s rivals?

Leveraged buyouts can signal a change in an industry’s operating environment, or can be the disruption themselves. We study the follow-on merger activity, governance changes and operating improvements of LBO target rivals. We show that the market underreacts to the news of a firm’s rival being targeted in an LBO; there are significant long-run abnormal returns to industry rivals following an LBO. While rivals do engage in governance and limited performance improvements, the returns are primarily driven by increased acquisition activity. We examine whether private equity firms simply select into such industries or cause the changes and, despite finding some limited evidence of selection ability, conclude that the effects are by and large causal.