Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lithospheric-Mantle Structure of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa, Derived from Thermodynamically Self-Consistent Modelling of Magnetotelluric, Surface-Wave Dispersion, S-wave Receiver Function, Heat-flow, Elevation and Xenolith Observations

Results from recent geophysical and mantle-xenolith geochemistry studies of the Kaapvaal Craton appear, at times, to provide disparate views of the physical, chemical and thermal structure of the lithosphere. Models from our recent SAMTEX magnetotelluric (MT) surveys across the Kaapvaal Craton indicate a resistive, 220–240 km thick lithosphere for the central core of the craton. One published S-wave receiver function (SRF) study and other surface-wave studies suggest a thinner lithosphere characterised by a ∼160 km thick high-velocity “lid” underlain by a low-velocity zone (LVZ) of between 65–150 km in thickness. Other seismic studies suggest that the (high-velocity) lithosphere is thicker, in excess of 220 km. Mantle xenolith pressure-temperature arrays from Mesozoic kimberlites require that the base of the “thermal” lithosphere (i.e. the depth above which a conductive geotherm is maintained – the tLAB) is at least 220 km deep, to account for mantle geotherms in the range 35–38 mWm-2. Richly diamondiferous kimberlites across the Kaapvaal Craton require a lithospheric thickness substantially greater than 160 km – the depth of the top of the diamond stability field.
Human–Vehicle Cooperation in Automated Driving: A Multidisciplinary Review and Appraisal

ABSTRACT To draw a comprehensive and cohesive understanding of human–vehicle cooperation in automated driving, a review is made on key studies in human–robot interaction and human factors. Throughout this article, insight is provided into how human drivers and vehicle systems interplay and influence each other. The limitations of technology-centered taxonomies of automation are discussed and the benefits of accounting for human agents are examined. The contributions of machine learning to automated driving and how critical models in human-system cooperation can inform the design of a more symbiotic relationship between driver and vehicle are investigated. Challenges in the human element to enable the safe introduction of road automation are also discussed. Particularly, the unintended consequences of vehicle automation on driver’s workload, situation awareness and trust are examined, and the social interactions between driver, vehicle, and other road users are investigated. This review will help professionals shape future directions for safer and more efficient and effective human–vehicle cooperation.
Optimization of Aqueous Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

The present investigation deals with optimization of aqueous extraction process for maximum yield of virgin coconut oil (VCO) from coconut milk extracted from coconut meat. Optimization of the process parameters including dilution ratio (w/w), grinding time (min), temperature ( ° C), cream separation time (hour) and pH was analyzed using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method and response surface methodology based central composite design methods. OFAT method revealed the dilution ratio of 1:1 and grinding time of 3 min to enhance the yield of VCO whereas central composite design optimized the temperature at 33 ° C, cream separation time for 4 hours and pH of coconut milk at 6.5 for the maximum VCO yield of 20.38/100g of fresh coconut meat contained 32.82g/100g fat (w/w). Hence the percentage oil recovery of VCO was found to be 83.12 per cent (w/w) of fat present in fresh coconut meat. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of central composite design revealed that temperature (P<0.05), pH (P<0.05) and interaction of these two parameters were highly significant for the yield of VCO with the second order model having the co-efficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.97.
New Model of Flaming Phenomena in On-Line Social Networks Caused by Degenerated Oscillation Modes

The explosive dynamics present in on-line social networks, typically represented by flaming phenomena, can have a serious impact on not only the sustainable operation of information networks but also on activities in the real world. In order to counter the flaming phenomenon, it is necessary to understand the mechanism underlying the generation of the flaming phenomena within an engineering framework. This paper discusses a new model of the generating mechanism of the flaming phenomena. Our previous study has shown that the cause of flaming phenomena can, by reference to an oscillation model on networks, be understood complex eigenvalues of the matrix formed to describe oscillating phenomena. In this paper, we show that the flaming phenomena can occur due to coupling between degenerated oscillation modes even if all the eigenvalues are real numbers. In addition, we investigate the generation process of flaming phenomena with respect to the initial phases of the degenerated oscillation modes. key words: Laplacian matrix, directed graph, flaming, Jordan canonical form
Acidified Clay Litter Amendment

Abstract Two broiler floor pen experiments lasting 50 and 48 days, respectively, were conducted to compare the performance of a new, granular, acidified clay poultry litter amendment (Poultry Guard™) and two other commercially available products. In Experiment 1, ammonia levels and litter pH were compared for the acidified clay, sodium bisulfate, and alum versus an untreated control. All three litter treatments reduced ammonia levels for up to 30 days relative to the untreated control. Broiler performance benefits and reduced beetle counts were obtained for all three litter amendments. In Experiment 2, the effect of increasing acid loading of the acidified clay (from 36% to 46% acid) were compared to alum and untreated control. As before, the litter amendments provided benefits (ammonia, litter pH reduction, and broiler performance gains) when compared to the untreated control. The 46% acid-loaded clay gave a statistically significant improvement in adjusted feed conversion and breast blister scores, but was matched by the 36% acid-loaded clay and alum treatments in most other areas.
Variations of terrestrial geomagnetic activity correlated to M6+ global seismic activity

From the surface of the Sun, as a result of a solar flare, are expelled a coronal mass (CME or Coronal Mass Ejection) that can be observed from the Earth through a coronagraph in white light. This ejected material can be compared to an electrically charged cloud (plasma) mainly composed of electrons, protons and other small quantities of heavier elements such as helium, oxygen and iron that run radially from the Sun along the lines of the solar magnetic field and pushing into interplanetary space. Sometimes the CME able to reach the Earth causing major disruptions of its magnetosphere: mashed in the region illuminated by the Sun and expanding in the region not illuminated. This interaction creates extensive disruption of the Earth’s geomagnetic field that can be detected by a radio receiver tuned to the ELF band (Extreme Low Frequency 0-30 Hz). The Radio Emissions Project (scientific research project founded in February 2009 by Gabriele Cataldi and Daniele Cataldi), analyzing the change in the Earth’s geomagnetic field through an induction magnetometer tuned between 0.001 and 5 Hz (bandwidth in which possible to observe the geomagnetic pulsations) was able to detect the existence of a close relationship between this geomagnetic perturbations and the global seismic activity M6+. During the arrival of the CME on Earth, in the Earth’s geomagnetic field are generated sudden and intensive emissions that have a bandwidth including between 0 and 15 Hz, an average duration of 2-8 hours, that preceding of 0-12 hours M6+ earthquakes. Between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2012, all M6+ earthquakes recorded on a global scale were preceded by this type of signals which, due to their characteristics, have been called "Seismic Geomagnetic Precursors" (S.G.P.). The main feature of Seismic Geomagnetic Precursors is represented by the close relationship that they have with the solar activity. In fact, because the S.G. P. are geomagnetic emissions, their temporal modulation depends on solar activity: protons and electrons increase in the solar wind; increase of the electromagnetic emissions on Earth’s magnetic poles; reducing of the magnetopause standoff distance; intense and sudden changes in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The beginning of the geomagnetic disturbance that precedes the earthquake is activated by an protons and electrons density increase in the solar wind that can be monitored through telemetric data sent by satellite ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) that currently operating in a Lissajous orbit near the Lagrange point “L1” (between the Sun and Earth, at a distance of approximately 1.5 million km from Earth).
Comparison of toxicity detected by five bioassays during bioremediation of diesel fuel-spiked soils

Biodegradation of petroleum contaminants is an effective and generally inexpensive approach for reducing their concentrations in soils. However, little information is available on the toxicological status of contaminated soils and the fate of target hydrocarbons following bioremediation. Four texturally distinct soils were contaminated with diesel fuel and bioremediated in microcosms at 22°C, with moisture contents of 85% of soil water holding capacity, and nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) nutrient amendments. The progress of bioremediation was monitored using chemical and toxicological analyses. Soil toxicity was measured using five short-term bioassays: seed germination, red blood cell hemolysis, solid-phase Microtox, SOS-chromotest, and Toxi-chromotest. Reductions in target compound concentration were not always predictive of reductions in soil toxicity. Conflicting trends were indicated by the toxicity test results. For example, total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis revealed decreased hydrocarbon concentrations in all four soils following bioremediation but seed germination and seedling emergence data indicated increased soil toxicity. In contrast, the Microtox test data indicated decreased toxicity in two of the four soils. These results suggest that measurements of target contaminant concentrations should be complemented with several different soil toxicity bioassays, particularly when evaluating the ability of bioremediation to reduce the adverse effects of contaminants in soil. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 117–126, 1998
Composing RNNs and FSTs for Small Data: Recovering Missing Characters in Old Hawaiian Text

In contrast to the older writing system of the 19th century, modern Hawaiian orthography employs characters for long vowels and glottal stops. These extra characters account for about one-third of the phonemes in Hawaiian, so including them makes a big difference to reading comprehension and pronunciation. However, transliterating between older and newer texts is a laborious task when performed manually. We introduce two related methods to help solve this transliteration problem automatically, given that there were not enough data to train an end-to-end deep learning model. One method is implemented, end-to-end, using finite state transducers (FSTs). The other is a hybrid deep learning approach which approximately composes an FST with a recurrent neural network (RNN). We find that the hybrid approach outperforms the end-to-end FST by partitioning the original problem into one part that can be modelled by hand, using an FST, and into another part, which is easily solved by an RNN trained on the available data.
Larvicidal Activity of the Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Malaysian Plants on Aedes aegypti

A total of 17 methanol extracts and nine essential oils of Malaysian plants were investigated for their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Acute mortality of the fourth instar larvae was determined according to the standard WHO method. Among the samples studied, the essential oils of Cinnamomum impressicostatum Kosterm. , C. microphyllum Ridl. and Curcuma domestica Valeton showed significant effects with LC 50 values of 13.7, 20.6 and 20. 9µg/ml, respectively. Except for Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. , the essential oils of the other species were also effective against the larvae with LC 50 values less than 200µg/ml. Of the methanol extracts, Garcinia praniana King, G. griffithii T. Anders, Labisia pumila var. alata Lindl. , L. pumila var. pumila and Mitragyna speciosa Korth. showed relatively high activity with LC 50 values ranging from 103-271µg/ml. The methanol extracts were generally less effective than the essential oils with most extracts exhibiting LC 50 values greater than 500µg/ml.
Optimal User Choice Engineering in Mobile Crowdsensing with Bounded Rational Users

In mobile crowdsensing (MCS), users are repeatedly asked to make choices between a set of alternatives, i.e., whether to contribute to a task or not and which task to contribute to. The platform coordinating the MCS campaigns engineers these choices by selecting the tasks to present to each user and offering incentives to ensure user contributions and maximize the benefit from them. In this paper, we revisit the well-investigated question of how to optimize the contributions of crowds of mobile end users to MCS tasks. However, we depart from the bulk of related literature by explicitly accounting for the bounded rationality of human decision making. Bounded rationality is a consequence of cognitive and other kinds of constraints, (e.g., time pressure) and has been studied extensively in behavioral science.We model bounded rationality after two instances of lexicographic decision-making models that originate in the field of cognitive psychology: Fast-and-Frugal-Trees (FFTs) and Discrete Elimination by Aspects (DEBA). With each MCS task modeled as a vector of feature values, the decision process under both models proceeds through sequentially parsing lexicographically ordered features, resulting in choices that are satisfying, but not necessarily optimal. We study, in particular, scenarios where a single task or a pair of tasks are presented to MCS users together with reward offers that adhere to per-task budget constraints. We formulate the optimization problems that emerge for the MCS campaign organizers as instances of the Generalized Assignment Problem (GAP), an NP-hard problem for which approximate algorithms are available. Our evaluation suggests that our optimization approach exhibits significant gains when compared to heuristic rules that do not account for the lexicographic structure in human decision making.
Recognition and distance estimation of an irregular object in package sorting line based on monocular vision

In this article, we propose a monocular vision-based approach that can simultaneously recognize an object and estimate the distance to the target in package classification. Calibration is necessary due to lack of depth information in a single RGB image, and template matching makes it possible to estimate the distance of an irregular object without measurable parameters. First of all, capture images of the particular object as templates at set distances. Then, simplify the feature extraction to abandon the scale invariance. By exploiting a nonparametric estimation, the relationship between local feature correspondence and the similarity of two images is theoretically explored. Finally, the object will be recognized and the scale grade of it will be determined at the same time based on two-stage template matching. Experimental results have proved the high accuracy of our approach that has then been successfully applied to a real-time automatic package sorting line.
Cosmic Censorship Conjecture violation: A semiclassical approach

The Cosmic Censorship Conjecture (CCC) states that every singularity (except the cosmological one) must appear "dressed" in the universe. This statement was introduced by Roger Penrose (Penrose, 1969), meaning that every singularity (except the Big Bang) in the universe must be hidden inside an Event Horizon. Mathematically, this is described by the inequality $M^2 \geqslant Q^2 + a^2$ (in geometrized unit system), with $M$ being the mass of the black hole, $Q$ its charge and $a := J/M$ its specific angular momentum. Essentially, this three quantities determines uniquely a black hole, as stated by the no-hair theorem. We study the emission probability of a massive ($m_w$) uncharged scalar wave packet, a semi-classical approximation for a particle, by a static, charged black hole. We show that for a few values of the mass $\mathcal{M} := M+\delta M$ (where $M$ is the fixed value for the mass and $\delta M$ being a small variation to $M$ in the order of $m_w$) with different values for $\delta M$ and fixed charge $Q$ for the black hole, the emission probability tends to zero once the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture is close to be violated, that is, when the emitted packet is such that the new quantity $\mathcal{M}' := \mathcal{M}-m_w$ would violate the inequality $\mathcal{M}' > Q$.
Adaptive random Fourier features with Metropolis sampling

The supervised learning problem to determine a neural network approximation $\mathbb{R}^d\ni x\mapsto\sum_{k=1}^K\hat\beta_k e^{\mathrm{i}\omega_k\cdot x}$ with one hidden layer is studied as a random Fourier features algorithm. The Fourier features, i.e., the frequencies $\omega_k\in\mathbb{R}^d$, are sampled using an adaptive Metropolis sampler. The Metropolis test accepts proposal frequencies $\omega_k'$, having corresponding amplitudes $\hat\beta_k'$, with the probability $\min\big\{1, (|\hat\beta_k'|/|\hat\beta_k|)^\gamma\big\}$, for a certain positive parameter $\gamma$, determined by minimizing the approximation error for given computational work. This adaptive, non-parametric stochastic method leads asymptotically, as $K\to\infty$, to equidistributed amplitudes $|\hat\beta_k|$, analogous to deterministic adaptive algorithms for differential equations. The equidistributed amplitudes are shown to asymptotically correspond to the optimal density for independent samples in random Fourier features methods. Numerical evidence is provided in order to demonstrate the approximation properties and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm is tested both on synthetic data and a real-world high-dimensional benchmark.
Presenilin Affects Arm/β-Catenin Localization and Function in Drosophila

Presenilin is an essential gene for development that when disrupted leads to a neurogenic phenotype that closely resembles Notch loss of function in Drosophila. In humans, many naturally occurring mutations in Presenilin 1 or 2 cause early onset Alzheimer’s disease. Both loss of expression and overexpression of Presenilin suggested a role for this protein in the localization of Armadillo/b-catenin. In blastoderm stage Presenilin mutants, Arm is aberrantly distributed, often in Ubiquitin-immunoreactive cytoplasmic inclusions predominantly located basally in the cell. These inclusions were not observed in loss of function Notch mutants, suggesting that failure to process Notch is not the only consequence of the loss of Presenilin function. Human presenilin 1 expressed in Drosophila produces embryonic phenotypes resembling those associated with mutations in Armadillo and exhibited reduced Armadillo at the plasma membrane that is likely due to retention of Armadillo in a complex with Presenilin. The interaction between Armadillo/b-catenin and Presenilin 1 requires a third protein which may be d-catenin. Our results suggest that Presenilin may regulate the delivery of a multiprotein complex that regulates Armadillo trafficking between the adherens junction and the proteasome. © 2000 Academic Press
A root trait accounting for the extreme phosphorus sensitivity of Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae)

Proteaceae are adapted to acquire P from nutrient-impov- erished soils; many function at very low leaf P levels, but are killed by P fertilization. Phosphorus toxicity develops at a remarkably low external P concentration. Previous studies have described P toxicity in Proteaceae, but the physiological basis for it remained unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the physiological basis of P toxicity in Hakea prostrata R. Br. (Proteaceae). Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae), Medicago truncatula Gaertn. , Lupinus albus L. (both Fabaceae) and Hakea prostrata R.Br. were grown in solution at a range of P concentrations (0-1000 mmol P m - 3 ), and determined net P-uptake rates at 5 (all species) and 50 mmol P m - 3 ( H. prostrata only). With the exception of H. prostrata , net P-uptake rates were fastest for plants grown without added P. Down-regulation occurred for T. aestivum , M. truncatula and L. albus when the P concentration during growth was increased from 0 to 0.8 mmol P m - - - 3 , whereas in H. prostrata rates decreased only for plants grown at 10 mmol P m - 3 or more. The leaf (P) at which P toxicity occurred in H. prostrata exceeded 10 mg g - - - 1 dry matter, similar to that for crop species. The low capacity to reduce P uptake in response to increased supply offers a physiological explanation for the extreme sensitivity to P supply in H. prostrata , and possibly other Proteaceae.
Fixing E-field divergence in strongly non-linear wakefields in homogeneous plasma

Available analytical wakefield models for the bubble and the blow-out regime of electron-plasma acceleration perfectly describe important features like shape, fields, trapping ratio, achievable energy, energy distribution and radial emittance. As we show, for wakefields with an extremely small amplitude these models fail to describe the accelerating electric field and its divergence in the wakefield rear. Since prominent parameter regimes like the Trojan horse regime of photocathode injection exhibit this feature, it is of great importance to work out analytical models that fix this problem; one possible model is introduced in this work. Using a phenomenological theory, we are able to better describe the divergence of the electric field and the bubble shape.
DecoSurf: Recursive Geodesic Patterns on Triangle Meshes

In this paper, we show that many complex patterns, which characterize the decorative style of many artisanal objects, can be generated by the recursive application of only four operators. Each operator is derived from tracing the isolines or the integral curves of geodesics fields generated from selected seeds on the surface. Based on this formulation, we present an interactive application that lets designers model complex recursive patterns directly on the object surface, without relying on parametrization. We support interaction on commodity hardware on meshes of a few million triangles, by combining light data structures together with an efficient approximate graph-based geodesic solver. We validate our approach by matching decoration styles from real-world photos, by analyzing the speed and accuracy of our geodesic solver, and by validating the interface with a user study.