Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finite frequency tomography of D″ shear velocity heterogeneity beneath the Caribbean

[1] The shear velocity structure in the lowermost 500 km of the mantle beneath the Caribbean and surrounding areas is determined by seismic tomography applied to a suite of Sd-SKS, ScS-S, (Scd + Sbc)-S, and ScS-(Scd + Sbc) differential times, where (Scd + Sbc) is a pair of overlapping triplication arrivals produced by shear wave interaction with an abrupt velocity increase at the top of the D″ region. The inclusion of the triplication arrivals in the inversion, a first for a deep mantle tomographic model, is possible because of the widespread presence of a D″ velocity discontinuity in the region. The improved ray path sampling provided by the triplication arrivals yields improved vertical resolution of velocity heterogeneity within and above the D″ region. The reference velocity model, taken from a prior study of waveforms in the region, has a 2.9% shear velocity discontinuity 250 km above the core-mantle boundary (CMB). Effects of aspherical structure in the mantle at shallower depths than the inversion volume are suppressed by applying corrections for several different long-wavelength shear velocity tomography models. Born-Frechet kernels are used to characterize how the finite frequency data sample the structure for all of the differential arrival time combinations; inversions are performed with and without the kernels. The use of three-dimensional kernels stabilizes the tomographic inversion relative to a ray theory parameterization, and a final model with 60- and 50-km correlation lengths in the lateral and radial dimensions, respectively, is retrieved. The resolution of the model is higher than that of prior inversions, with 3–4% velocity fluctuations being resolved within what is commonly described as a circum-Pacific ring of high velocities. A broad zone of relatively high shear velocity material extends throughout the lower mantle volume beneath the Gulf of Mexico, with several percent lower shear velocities being found beneath northern South America. Concentrated low-velocity regions extend through the D″ layer under the Caribbean, Colombia, and Ecuador, suggestive of small-scale plumes in the boundary layer and possible lateral variations of the D″ discontinuity. One scenario consistent with the imaged features involves subducted Farallon plate ponding at the base of the mantle and laterally displacing hot boundary layer material that piles up and destabilizes on its margins.
Chapter 5 Employing Honeynets For Network Situational Awareness

Effective network security administration depends to a great extent on having accurate, concise, high-quality information about malicious activity in one’s network. Honeynets can potentially provide such detailed information, but the volume and diversity of this data can prove overwhelming. We explore ways to integrate honeypot data into daily network security monitoring with a goal of sufficiently classifying and summarizing the data to provide ongoing “situational awareness. ” We present such a system, built using the Bro network intrusion detection system coupled with statistical analysis of numerous honeynet “events”, and discuss experiences drawn from many months of operation. In particular, we develop methodologies by which sites receiving such probes can infer—using purely local observation—information about the probing activity: What scanning strategies does the probing employ? Is this an attack that specifically targets the site, or is the site only incidentally probed as part of a larger, indiscriminant attack? One key aspect of this environment is its ability to provide insight into large-scale events. We look at the problem of accurately classifying botnet sweeps and worm outbreaks, which turns out to be difficult to grapple with due to the high dimensionality of such incidents. Using datasets collected during a number of these events, we explore the utility of several analysis methods, finding that when used together they show good potential for contributing towards effective situational awareness. Our analysis draws upon extensive honeynet data to explore the prevalence of different types of scanning, including properties, such as trend, uniformity, coordination, and darknet-avoidance. In addition, we design schemes to extrapolate the global properties of scanning events (e.g., total population and Paul Barford University of Wisconsin, e-mail: pb@cs.wisc. edu Yan Chen Northwestern University, e-mail: ychen@northwestern.edu Anup Goyal Northwestern University, e-mail: ago210@cs.northwestern.edu Zhichun Li Northwestern University, e-mail: lizc@cs.northwestern.edu Vern Paxson University of California, Berkeley / International Computer Science Institute, e-mail: vern@cs.
Analytic Modeling for Nanoscale Resistive Filament Variation in ReRAM With Stochastic Differential Equation

Nanoscale filament is the active area in oxygen vacancy type resistance random access memory (ReRAM), which is formed stochastically during electric test after being fabricated in a clean room. That is, the filament dimension cannot be controlled with a designed mask pattern. Here, we introduce a formula to describe the current cycle-to-cycle trajectories based on a stochastic differential equation (SDE) with microscopic structure parameters: filament dimension and oxygen vacancy concentration. Since ReRAM conduction follows hopping, the filament can be described by a random resistance network (RRN). The stochastic configuration of an RRN follows the Brownian motion, which is the key parameter in the diffusion of SDE. The formula provides a practically quantitative filament characterization method, which is verified by direct observation of the filament in actual devices. Based on the formula, we can predict ReRAM endurance with the given microscopic structure parameters.
Personal Pathways in Psychotherapy Integration

This article traces the pathways that led the author to his current integrative perspective on psychotherapy. Such perspective is described as an attempt to cope with repeated confrontations with the complexity of human functioning, as revealed by the seductiveness of major intellectual traditions, the untamable nature of clinical reality, and the challenge of unexpected empirical findings. The article also outlines the author’s current and future integrative efforts, both in terms of training and research. Recommendations for the future of the integration movement, as well as the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integrations, are also suggested.
Dynamic Complexity : Recent Updates

The bird on my birdfeeder instantly processes any change to its visual input: should it flee or keep eating? In dynamic complexity, we ask what information we should maintain, so that, upon a small change to our input, we can quickly compute the new answer to a certain query. It had been a long-standing open question whether graph reachability could be maintained in first-order logic. A recent breakthrough result is that yes, it can. In this column, Thomas Schwentick and Thomas Zeume explain this new result and map out the current landscape of Dynamic Complexity.
CHARLIE: An AIML-based chatterbot which works as an interface among INES and humans

INES (INtelligent Educational System) is a functional prototype of an online learning platform, which combines three essential capabilities related to e-learning activities. These capabilities are those concerning to a LMS (Learning Management System), a LCMS (Learning Content Management System), and an ITS (Intelligent Tutoring System). To carry out all this functionalities, our system, as a whole, comprises a set different tools and technologies, as follows: semantic managing users (administrators, teachers, students…) and contents tools, an intelligent chatterbot able to communicate with students in natural language, an intelligent agent based on BDI (Believes, Desires, Intentions) technology that acts as the brain of the system, an inference engine based on JESS (a rule engine for the Java platform) and ontologies (to modelate the user, his/her activities, and the learning contents) that contribute with the semantics of the system, etc. At the present paper we will focus on the chatterbot, CHARLIE (CHAtteR Learning Interface Entity), developed and used in the platform, which is an AIML-based (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language) bot. We will specifically address its performance and its contribution to INES.
Monolithically integrated eight-channel WDM modulator with narrow channel spacing and high throughput

We demonstrate an eight-channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) modulator module that monolithically integrates arrayed waveguide gratings and semiconductor optical amplifiers and electroabsorption optical modulators arrays. The compact module can generate individual optical signals for each WDM channel with low optical and electrical crosstalk. We show two configurations for the narrow channel spacing of 25 GHz and high throughput of beyond 80 Gb/s. Combining this WDM modulator with a multi-wavelength light source is a promising approach to creating a compact WDM optical transmitter.
Optimal answer-copying index: theory and practice

Multiple-choice exams are frequently used as an ecient and objective method to assess learning but they are more vulnerable to answer-copying than tests based on open questions. Several statistical tests (known as indices in the literature) have been proposed to detect cheating; however, to the best of our knowledge they all lack mathematical support that guarantees optimality in any sense. We partially ll this void by deriving the uniform most powerful (UMP) test under the assumption that the response distribution is known. In practice, however, we must estimate a behavioral model that yields a response distribution for each question. As an application, we calculate the empirical type-I and type-II error rates for several indices that assume dierent behavioral models using simulations based on real data from twelve nationwide multiple-choice exams taken by 5th and 9th graders in Colombia. We
RELIEF VALVES AND VENTS: HOW EXIT CONDITIONS AFFECT HAZARD ZONES

Pressure relief valves and vents in the petrochemical industry are often the last line of defense in averting a major accident. Recent design standards (API 520/521) have been developed which have reduced the recommended exit velocities for hydrocarbons from pressurized storage. There are computer models available which predict the release and dispersion of high velocity gas jets. In some instances, these models have been modified to account for the formation and dispersion of aerosol clouds. This paper will compare the API recommended practices with actual test data and current model predictions. INTRODUCTION Within the hydrocarbon and chemical processing industries, the use of pressure relief devices to protect process equipment and storage tanks from excessive internal pressure is commonplace, and is often required by government or industry codes. In many cases, discharges from pressure relief devices flow through a closed piping system to an elevated vent or flare. One primary function of an elevated flare or vent is to safely dispose of flammable and/or toxic gases released by the pressure relief devices, either by burning the gas to create less hazardous products of combustion, or by releasing it at an elevation that is sufficient to ensure that hazardous concentrations of the gas will not return to grade level. This type of system generally works well and is often the preferred method for disposing of hazardous gases released from pressure relief devices. However, such systems are not, and cannot be, used universally. There are many situations where it is not practical to connect pressure relief devices to a vent or flare header. For example, pressure safety valves (PSVs) on storage tanks for refrigerated liquefied gases relieve at low pressures, typically 2.0 psig or less. To safely dispose of this low pressure gas through an elevated flare or vent would require a very large diameter header system, otherwise the pressure drop in the header would create excessive backpressure on the relief valves. A similar argument applies to vent valves on API cone roof tanks.
Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime Enhancement Using Modified Clustering and Scheduling Algorithm

Random distribution of sensor nodes in large scale network leads redundant nodes in the application field. Sensor nodes are with irreplaceable battery in nature, which drains the energy due to repeated collection of data and decreases network lifetime. Scheduling algorithms are the one way of addressing this issue. In proposed method, an optimized sleep scheduling used to enhance the network lifetime. While using the scheduling algorithm, the target coverage and data collection must be maintained throughout the network. In-network, aggregation method also used to remove the unwanted information in the collected data in level. Modified clustering algorithm highlights three cluster heads in each cluster which are separated by minimum distance between them. The simulation results show the 20% improvement in network lifetime, 25% improvement in throughput and 30% improvement in end to end delay.
A Model for Predicting On-Current Degradation Caused by Drain-Avalanche Hot Carriers in Low-Temperature Polysilicon Thin-Film Transistors

A model for predicting on-current degradation caused by drain-avalanche hot carriers in NMOS low-temperature polysilicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) is described. The amount of trapped charge caused by hot-carrier stress was estimated by using a model describing the lightly doped drain region as an imaginary TFT, and it was found that the amount of trapped charge saturates as voltage-stress time passes. Moreover, the on-resistance increase caused by the trapped charge could be expressed as a function of voltage-stress time (t) , stress drain current (Id_str), and stress drain voltage (Vd_str), i.e., DeltaRon = Id_str exp(-beta/ Vd_str) AtB. This function can be used to predict the on-current degradation of TFTs after a long time for various gate lengths, operation voltages, and crystallinities of polysilicon.
Yield, Nutrient Characteristics, Ruminal Solubility and Degradability of Spent Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Substrates for Ruminants

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield, nutrient characteristics, ruminal solubility, degradability and disappearance of spent mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) substrates for ruminants. The annual yield of spent Agaricus bisporus substrates was measured to be about 210,000 tons (M/T) in South Korea. The surface soil-removed spent substrates had nutritional characteristics of high crude ash (375 g/kg) and Ca (32 g/kg), medium protein (134 g/kg CP), and high fiber (384 g/kg NDF on a DM basis). Compared with initial mushroom substrates, spent mushroom substrates had twice higher (p<0.0001) CP content and 22.0% lower (p<0.0001) NDF content on an organic matter basis. Compared with raw rice straw, spent rice straw had much higher (p<0.05) predicted ruminal degradabilities and disappearances of DM and CP and a little lower (p<0.05) predicted degradability and disappearance of NDF. In
Measuring Bias and Uncertainty in Ideal Point Estimates via the Parametric Bootstrap

Over the last 15 years a large amount of scholarship in legislative politics has used NOMINATE or other similar methods to construct measures of legislators' ideological locations. These measures are then used in subsequent analyses. Recent work in political methodology has focused on the pitfalls of using such estimates as variables in subsequent analysis without explicitly accounting for their uncertainty and possible bias (Herron and Shotts 2003, Political Analysis 11:44–64). This presents a problem for those employing NOMINATE scores because estimates of their unconditional sampling uncertainty or bias have until now been unavailable. In this paper, we present a method of forming unconditional standard error estimates and bias estimates for NOMINATE scores using the parametric bootstrap. Standard errors are estimated for the 90th U.S. Senate in two dimensions. Standard errors of first—dimension placements are in the 0.03 to 0.08 range. The results are compared with those obtained using the Markov chain Monte Carlo estimator of Clinton et al. (2002, Stanford University Working Paper). We also show how the bootstrap can be used to construct standard errors and confidence intervals for auxiliary quantities of interest such as ranks and the location of the median senator.
Sustainability of Indonesian telecommunication operators in the era of net neutrality

Changes in the sources of telecommunication operators' revenue due to the shifting of SMS and phone traffic to OTT applications encourage telecommunication operators to maintain their business by creating the tariff scenarios and service techniques that are appropriate with those changes. For example, one of the easiest strategies is to apply the techniques and an interconnection tariff to the OTT providers, contrarily, the existence of Net Neutrality causes the company cannot develop this strategy since the operator should serve all traffic without a discrimination. Thus, the concept of Net Quality is an appropriate strategy to compensate the decreasing in revenue from the telephone, not by raising the Internet rate, but by getting the revenue from the customers who want a better service quality of a particular OTT, to pay at a cost that is relatively more expensive than the Internet tariff run with the best-effort concept. Therefore, cost and technical calculation formula can determine the optimization of Net Quality so that operators can apply the concept to continue to maintain its business. The results showed that the Rate of Return on two of the four major operators in Indonesia was negative, which means that the operator suffered losses due to the Net Neutrality concept. Then, the author performs a simulation using the HOTTCM formula for business and technical principles. From the business point of view, by adding operator income from QoS customers who pay more than the best effort customers, without raising the Internet tariff for best effort customers, it can improve the business of telecommunication operators in Indonesia. From the technical point of view, the average speed increase of QoS customers is much greater than the decrease in average speed of the best effort customers.
Assessment scales in dementia

Dementia involves progressive and often remorseless decline in cognition, function, behaviour and care needs. Assessment in dementia relies on collateral as well as patient-derived information. Many assessment scales have been developed over decades for use in dementia research and care. These scales are used to reduce uncertainty in decision making, for example in screening for cognitive impairment, making diagnoses of dementia and monitoring change. Ideal scales used in dementia should demonstrate face validity and concurrent validity against gold standard assessments, should be reliable, practical, and should rely on objective rather than subjective information. Assessment scales in the domains of cognition, function, behaviour, quality of life, depression in dementia, carer burden and overall dementia severity are reviewed in this article. The practical use of these scales in clinical practice and in research is discussed.
Possible futures for doctoral research training in design

In this paper, we argue that Design research is basic to countries’ national productivity and competition agendas at the same time that vagaries of research training presents as one of the barriers faced by Design Higher Degree by Research students in engaging those agendas. We argue that, given industry requirements for research-trained recruits, students have the right to expect that research training will provide the foundations of a successful career on an academic or research pathway or a professional pathway, but that universities have yet to address problems in their provision of research training for Design doctoral students. We suggest that to facilitate this, rigorous research conducted on the provision of Doctoral programs in Design would serve to inform future activities in Design research in productive ways. Keywords—Design, Doctoral Design Education, Research Training
Expanding the operating space of ICRF on JET with a view to ITER

This paper reports on ITER-relevant ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) physics investigated on JET in 2003 and early 2004. Minority heating of helium three in hydrogen plasmas—(3He)H—was systematically explored by varying the 3He concentration and the toroidal phasing of the antenna arrays. The best heating performance (a maximum electron temperature of 6.2 keV with 5 MW of ICRF power) was obtained with a preferential wave launch in the direction of the plasma current. A clear experimental demonstration was made of the sharp and reproducible transition to the mode conversion heating regime when the 3He concentration increased above ∼2%. In the latter regime the best heating performance (a maximum electron temperature of 8 keV with 5 MW of ICRF power) was achieved with dipole array phasing, i.e. a symmetric antenna power spectrum. Minority heating of deuterium in hydrogen plasmas—(D)H—was also investigated but was found inaccessible because this scenario is too sensitive to impurity ions with Z/A = 1/2 such as C6+, small amounts of which directly lead into the mode conversion regime. Minority heating of up to 3% of tritium in deuterium plasmas was systematically investigated during the JET trace tritium experimental campaign (TTE). This required operating JET at its highest possible magnetic field (3.9 to 4 T) and the ICRF system at its lowest frequency (23 MHz). The interest of this scenario for ICRF heating at these low concentrations and its efficiency at boosting the suprathermal neutron yield were confirmed, and the measured neutron and gammay ray spectra permit interesting comparisons with advanced ICRF code simulations. Investigations of finite Larmor radius effects on the RF-induced high-energy tails during second harmonic (ω = 2ωc) heating of a hydrogen minority in D plasmas clearly demonstrated a strong decrease in the RF diffusion coefficient at proton energies ∼ 1 MeV, in agreement with theoretical expectations. Fast wave heating and current drive experiments in deuterium plasmas showed effective direct electron heating with dipole phasing of the antennas, but only small changes of the central plasma current density were observed with the directive phasings, in particular at low single pass damping. New investigations of the heating efficiency of ICRF antennas confirmed its strong dependence on the parallel wavenumber spectrum. Advances in topics of a more technological nature are also summarized: ELM studies using fast RF measurements, the successful experimental demonstration of a new ELM-tolerant antenna matching scheme and technical enhancements planned on the JET ICRF system for 2006, they being equally strongly driven by the preparation for ITER.