Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Timing of Surgery for Hip Fracture in Patients on Direct Oral Anti-coagulants: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Background In patients with hip fracture on direct oral anti-coagulants (DOACs), timely surgery is important in optimising outcomes but the safety of early surgery is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the timing of surgery on peri- and post-operative outcomes in patients with hip fracture on DOAC therapy. Methods Single-centre, retrospective, population-based cohort study of patients on DOAC therapy compared to standard care with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) undergoing surgery for hip fracture. Data obtained: patient demographics, fracture classification, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) classification, time to surgery, procedure performed, type of DOAC, timing of last DOAC dose, use of reversal agents or pro-coagulants and length of stay. Outcomes assessed: pre- and post-operative haemoglobin levels, incidence of blood transfusion, major haemorrhage, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and death within 30 days of surgery. Results A total of 755 patients were included. Compared to standard treatment, DOAC use was associated with a similar change in pre- and post-operative haemoglobin levels (P = .90), risk of blood transfusion (RR: 1.04, 95% CI: .70–1.54, P = .84), haemorrhage (RR: 1.51, 95% CI: .53-4.28, P = .44), VTE (RR: .92, 95% CI: .12–7.20, P = .94) and mortality (RR: 1.85, 95% CI: .89–3.84, P = .10), all of which were independent of the timing of surgery. Conclusion This study builds on growing evidence that surgery for hip fracture in patients on DOAC therapy is not associated with an excessive risk of haemorrhage, irrespective of the timing of surgery. Timely surgical fixation of the hip fracture in this population is indicated in the absence of other risk factors for haemorrhage.
Heavy Precipitation Impacts on Nitrogen Loading to the Gulf of Mexico in the 21st Century: Model Projections Under Future Climate Scenarios

While spatial heterogeneity of riverine nitrogen (N) loading is predominantly driven by the magnitude of basin‐wide anthropogenic N input, the temporal dynamics of N loading are closely related to the amount and timing of precipitation. However, existing studies do not disentangle the contributions of heavy precipitation versus non‐heavy precipitation predicted by future climate scenarios. Here, we explore the potential responses of N loading from the Mississippi Atchafalaya River Basin to precipitation changes using a well‐calibrated hydro‐ecological model and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate projections under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. With present agricultural production and management practices, N loading could increase up to 30% by the end of the 21st century under future climate scenarios, half of which would be driven by heavy precipitation. Particularly, the RCP8.5 scenario, in which heavy precipitation and drought events become more frequent, would increase N loading disproportionately to projected increases in river discharge. N loading in spring would contribute 41% and 51% of annual N loading increase under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, most of which is related to higher N yield due to increases in heavy precipitation. Anthropogenic N inputs would be increasingly susceptible to leaching loss in the Midwest and the Mississippi Alluvial Plain regions. Our results imply that future climate change alone, including more frequent and intense precipitation extremes, would increase N loading and intensify the eutrophication of the Gulf of Mexico over this coming century. More effective nutrient management interventions are needed to reverse this trend.
A PM10 emission factor for free stall dairies

A PM10 Emission Factor for Free Stall Dairies. (May 2006) Lee Barry Goodrich, B.S., Texas A&M University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Calvin B. Parnell Dr. Saqib Mukhtar Ambient concentration measurements of total suspended particulate (TSP) were made at a commercial dairy in central Texas during the summers of 2002 and 2003. The facility consisted of both open pen housing and free-stall structures to accommodate approximately 1840 head of milking cattle. The field sampling results were used in the EPA approved dispersion model Industrial Source Complex Short Term version 3 (ISCST-v3) to estimate emission fluxes and ultimately a seasonally corrected emission factor for a free-stall dairy. Ambient measurements of TSP concentrations for sampling periods ranging from 2 to 6 hours were recorded during the summer of 2002. The mean upwind concentration was 115μg/m with a maximum of 231μg/m and a minimum of 41. 4μg/m. The mean net downwind TSP concentration was 134μg/m with a maximum of 491μg/m and a minimum of 14μg/m. Field sampling at this same dairy in the summer of 2003 yielded significantly more 2 to 6 hour TSP concentration measurements. The mean upwind TSP concentration was 76μg/m with a maximum concentration of 154μg/m. The mean net
Improving Wind Velocity Measurements on Ships: Industrial Training year at the James Rennell Centre for Ocean Circulation, 12 Aug 1993 - 9 Sept 1994

Accurate wind speed measurements are required from Research vessels for satellite validation and climate research, but the results have been shown to differ significantly from ship to ship. This report discusses an attempt to find the cause of the discrepancies and, if possible, to correct for them. A study on wind speed errors was undertaken to study the airflow distortions around a ship using numerical modelling. Simple potential models were used to study the airflow distortions around an idealised cylindrical mast to fmd the effect of the ship's mast on anemometers positioned close to it. The wake potential model was applied to wind speed data from RRS. Charles Darwin cruise 43 and partially corrected the wind speed measurements from anemometers at 5 to 6 mast diameters. The airflow distortions over the ship's hull and superstructure were then investigated to try to account for these remaining wind speed errors. Wind speed errors were calculated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (C.FD.) package and computer generated ship models. The study is in a preliminary stage and the C.F. D. package has been validated against a wind turmel study for the C.S. S. Dawson and wind speed corrections agree to within 2 %.
Predicting Impact of Food and Feeding Time on Oral Absorption of Drugs with a Novel Rat Continuous Intestinal Absorption Model

Intricacies in intestinal physiology, drug properties, and food effects should be incorporated into models to predict complex oral drug absorption. A previously published human continuous intestinal absorption model based on the convection-diffusion equation was modified specifically for the male Sprague-Dawley rat in this report. Species-specific physiologic conditions along intestinal length - experimental velocity and pH under fasted and fed conditions, were measured and incorporated into the intestinal absorption model. Concentration-time (C-t) profiles were measured upon a single intravenous and peroral (PO) dose for three drugs: amlodipine (AML), digoxin (DIG), and glyburide (GLY). Absorption profiles were predicted and compared with experimentally collected data under three feeding conditions: 12-hour fasted rats were provided food at two specific times after oral drug dose (1 hour and 2 hours for AML and GLY; 0.5 hours and 1 hour for DIG), or they were provided food for the entire study. Intravenous versus PO C-t profiles suggested absorption even at later times and informed design of appropriate mathematical input functions based on experimental feeding times. With this model, AML, DIG, and GLY oral C-t profiles for all feeding groups were generally well predicted, with exposure overlap coefficients in the range of 0.80–0.97. Efflux transport for DIG and uptake and efflux transport for GLY were included, modeling uptake transporter inhibition in the presence of food. Results indicate that the continuous intestinal rat model incorporates complex physiologic processes and feeding times relative to drug dose into a simple framework to provide accurate prediction of oral absorption. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A novel rat continuous intestinal model predicts drug absorption with respect to time and intestinal length. Feeding time relative to dose was modeled as a key effect. Experimental fasted/fed intestinal pH and velocity, efflux and uptake transporter expression along intestinal length, and uptake transporter inhibition in the presence of food were modeled. The model uses the pharmacokinetic profiles of three model drugs and provides a novel framework to study food effects on absorption.
Physio-mechanical and thermal characterization of jute/rubber crumb hybrid composites and selection of optimal configuration using the MADM approach

The present study explores the possible usage of the rubber crumb as a filler in jute-reinforced polymer matrix composites for structural applications. The rubber crumb with different weight percentages of 1.5, 3 and 5 was used for manufacturing the hybrid composites using the hand layup method, and their physio-mechanical properties were compared with the unfilled jute epoxy composite. The results revealed that the addition of a rubber crumb helps to overcome the disadvantage of water absorption by natural fibres since the water absorption of the composite filled with 5 wt% of rubber crumb reduced by 2.6 times compared to the unfilled composite. However, the density of the composites was found to increase with the addition of a rubber crumb. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite with 3 wt% rubber crumb was found to be better and was found to be increased by 9.38% and 42.37%, respectively, compared to the unfilled composite. The impact strength of the composite with 5 wt% of rubber crumb was the highest, and it was improved by 16.29% compared to the unfilled composite. The MADM approach, namely the VIKOR method, is successfully implemented to select the best configuration of the proposed hybrid composites. The effect of chemical treatment of the fibre on the winning composite from the MADM approach is further evaluated for its thermal conductivity and thermal resistance. This work can be a benchmark for using and converting the waste tyre rubber into the rubber crumb in polymer matrix composites to enhance their mechanical properties. It can also guide the designers in implementing the MADM approach to select appropriate composite selection when there are multiple conflicting criteria.
Recruitment exceeds mortality in subtropical secondary forest after conventional selective logging

Studies on the dynamics of managed forests are essential for planning and executing management strategies. Timber harvesting can modify recruitment rates, mortality, gain and loss of basal area of the remaining stand. In secondary forests, especially in the Atlantic Forest, these studies are still scarce. Our study hypothesis is that the management intervention stimulates the growth of the remaining trees, overcoming the reduction of the growth of the damaged trees and the harvest mortality. We investigated the dynamics of the remaining trees and recruits (in number of individuals and basal area), with DBH ≥ 5 cm, by ecological group of the species, and the damage to the remaining adult individuals. We measured eleven permanent plots with 1. 600m² each, before and four years after being harvested in a secondary forest in southern Brazil. We found that the different harvesting intensities significantly influence the forest dynamics, special the annual recruitment rates, while basal area gain/loss showed a weaker relationship to logging intensity. However, the mortality rates are similar in control plots and managed plots. We also observed that in the managed plots, the recruitment rate (5.3 ± 1.9% year-¹) exceeded mortality (2.3 ± 1.2% year-¹). Among ecological groups, we found less recruitment of climax species than of secondary species. In general, the proportion of damage of remaining trees decreased over time. We conclude that the management has modified the forest dynamics, indicating that planning, including adequate cutting limits and low impact harvesting methods are essential for achieving the sustainability of forest management.
Assessment of Culture/Preservation Conditions of Human Islets for Transplantation

Islet culture before clinical transplantation has been adopted by various centers, but its effect on the survival and function of islets relative to the culture conditions and media needs further assessment. Human islets were cultured or preserved under four different conditions and three media options. Parameters such as recovery, viability, function, islet damage, and gene expressions for markers of hypoxia, and inflammation were assessed after 48-h culture or preservation. Preservation of islets was performed at 4°C in Connaught’s Medical Research Lab (CMRL) and University of Wisconsin (UW) media. Islets were cultured at 22°C, 37°C, and 37°C–22°C in CMRL and PRODO culture media. Islets preserved in UW solution had visually good morphology and exhibited higher recovery with less islet damage compared with the rest of the groups, whereas islets preserved in CMRL at 4°C resulted in poor morphology, recovery, viability, and function compared with the rest of the treatment conditions. Culture at 22°C and 37°C demonstrated an increase in the expression of inflammatory and hypoxia-related genes. In conclusion, islets preserved at 4°C in UW solution showed the best overall outcomes after 48 h compared with islets cultured at 22°C, 37°C, or 37°C–22°C in PRODO. Advancement in islet culture media is warranted to reduce inflammatory gene activation and improve recovery of islets for transplantation.
The IRE1α Inhibitor KIRA6 Blocks Leukotriene Biosynthesis in Human Phagocytes

The ER stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) component inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) has been linked to inflammation and lipid mediator production. Here we report that the potent IRE1α inhibitor, KIRA6, blocks leukotriene biosynthesis in human phagocytes activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or thapsigargin (Tg). The inhibition affects both leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and cysteinyl leukotriene (cys-LTs) production at submicromolar concentration. Macrophages made deficient of IRE1α were still sensitive to KIRA6 thus demonstrating that the compound’s effect on leukotriene production is IRE1α-independent. KIRA6 did not exhibit any direct inhibitory effect on key enzymes in the leukotriene pathway, as assessed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H), and LTC4 synthase (LTC4S) enzyme activity measurements in cell lysates. However, we find that KIRA6 dose-dependently blocks phosphorylation of p38 and ERK, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that have established roles in activating cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α) and 5-LOX. The reduction of p38 and ERK phosphorylation is associated with a decrease in cPLA2α phosphorylation and attenuated leukotriene production. Furthermore, KIRA6 inhibits p38 activity, and molecular modelling indicates that it can directly interact with the ATP-binding pocket of p38. This potent and unexpected, non-canonical effect of KIRA6 on p38 and ERK MAPKs and leukotriene biosynthesis may account for some of the immune-modulating properties of this widely used IRE1α inhibitor.
A Comprehensive Review of Deep Learning Techniques for the Detection of (Distributed) Denial of Service Attacks

(Distributed) Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS) attacks are performed to bring down a target by flooding it withuseless traffic. Because the DoS/DDoS attackers often change their styles and attack patterns, the nature andcharacteristics of these attacks need to be examined cautiously. Developing mechanisms to detect this menaceis a challenging task. Recently, deep learning has played a major role in the growth of intrusion detection solutions. In recent years, significant attempts have been made to construct deep learning models for counteringDoS/DDoS threats. In this review, we provide a taxonomy of DoS/DDoS attacks and deep learning-based DoS/DDoS detection approaches. Then, the article focuses on the recent (from 2016 onwards) defensive methodsagainst DoS/DDoS attacks that exploit the advantages of deep learning techniques and discusses the key features of each of them. As datasets are imperative for deep learning techniques, we also review the traditional and contemporary datasets that contain traces of DoS/DDoS attacks. The findings from the review articles are as well summarized and they urge that more effort be made to strengthen the existing state-of-the-art approaches to coping with the dynamic behavior of the attackers. The imbalances in the surveyed articles are also highlighted. Finally, we outline a few key research directions that will need additional focus in the near future to ensure good security against DoS/DDoS attacks using deep learning approaches.
What Does It Mean to be a “Citizen of the World”: A Prototype Approach

The superordinate social category “citizen of the world” is used by laypeople and scholars to embody several constructs (e.g., cosmopolitanism; global identity and citizenship), and prior research suggests that the concept is better represented as a prototype rather than having a clear-cut definition. This research aims to systematically examine the prototypical meaning of this social category, and how it is cognitively processed. Relying on a prototype approach, six studies (n = 448) showed that certain attributes of this category were communicated more frequently and were regarded as more central (e.g., multiculturalism), and that central (vs. peripheral) attributes were more quickly identified, more often remembered, and more appropriate to identify a group member, as well as the self, as a “citizen of the world. ” These results systematically demonstrated that this category has a prototypical structure and there is a differentiated cognitive automatic processing for central and peripheral attributes. We propose that the specific content activated by the attributes regarded as central to the prototype of “citizens of the world” (e.g., intercultural contact; diversity), and the fact that these are more accessible in memory to form a mental representation, are important aspects to understand identity processes and their impact on intergroup outcomes.
Exposure to an Anonymous Survivor Instagram Account is Linked to Institutional Betrayal Among Campus Sexual Misconduct Survivors

The main purpose of this study was to examine whether viewing an anonymous survivor social media (Instagram) account was linked to PTSD symptoms and institutional betrayal among campus sexual misconduct survivors. Data were collected from 259 undergraduate students (78.8% female; 79.2% White) who completed an online cross-sectional survey. Results demonstrated that 85 participants (32.8%) endorsed exposure to at least one unwanted sexual experience since coming to college. Of these trauma-exposed participants, 21 (24.7%) reported clinically elevated symptoms of PTSD secondary to the unwanted sexual experience. The average number of instances of institutional betrayal following the sexual trauma was 2.73 (SD = 2.75), and institutional betrayal was positively correlated with PTSD symptoms (r = .29, p = .008). An independent samples t-test showed that trauma-exposed participants who viewed an anonymous survivor Instagram account specific to their college reported higher institutional betrayal compared to trauma-exposed participants who did not view the account (d = 1.55). Furthermore, frequent viewing of the Instagram account (i.e., at least once per week) was associated with the highest reported institutional betrayal (d = .49). Whether or not trauma-exposed participants viewed the Instagram account did not appear to be associated with PTSD symptoms. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the associations among exposure to an anonymous survivor Instagram account, institutional betrayal, and PTSD symptoms. While further research is needed to understand the causal relationship among these variables, these results highlight the continued and urgent need of institutions of higher education to address campus sexual misconduct, in the form of reporting/adjudication processes and robust prevention programming.
Predictive Equations for Adult Pulmonary Function in Zhejiang Province, China

Background Accurate interpretation of lung function tests requires appropriate spirometry reference values derived from large-scale population-specific epidemiological surveys. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish normal spirometric values for the population of healthy, nonsmoking Han Chinese adults residing in Zhejiang province, China. Methods We measured lung function parameters such as forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, maximal midexpiratory flow, and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide and considered age, height, and weight as independent factors that may modify these parameters. The clinical data were divided into the study arm and validation group. The study arms were used to construct predictive equations using stepwise multiple linear regression, and data from the validation group were used to assess the robustness of the equations. Results The 3866 participants were randomized into a study arm (n = 1,949) and a validation arm (n = 1,917). Lung function parameters had a negative association with age and a positive association with height. Data from the two groups were similar. Predictive equations were constructed from the study arm, and the validation group was used to test the feasibility of the reference equations. Conclusions The reference values we derived can be used to evaluate lung function in this cohort in both epidemiological studies and clinical practice.
Long-term Continuous Glucose Monitor Use in Very Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes: One-Year Results From the SENCE Study

Objectives: Achieving optimal glycemic outcomes in young children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is challenging. This study examined the durability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) coupled with a family behavioral intervention (FBI) to improve glycemia. Study Design: This one-year study included an initial 26-week randomized controlled trial of CGM with FBI (CGM+FBI) and CGM alone (Standard-CGM) compared with blood glucose monitoring (BGM), followed by a 26-week extension phase wherein the BGM Group received the CGM+FBI (BGM-Crossover) and both original CGM groups continued this technology. Results: Time in range (70-180 mg/dL) did not improve with CGM use (CGM+FBI: baseline 37%, 52 weeks 41%; Standard-CGM: baseline 41%, 52 weeks 44%; BGM-Crossover: 26 weeks 38%, 52 weeks 40%). All three groups sustained decreases in hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) with CGM use (CGM+FBI: baseline 3.4%, 52 weeks 2.0%; Standard-CGM: baseline 4.1%, 52 weeks 2.1%; BGM-Crossover: 26 weeks 4.5%, 52 weeks 1.7%, P-values <.001). Hemoglobin A1c was unchanged with CGM use (CGM+FBI: baseline 8.3%, 52 weeks 8.2%; Standard-CGM: baseline 8.2%, 52 weeks 8.0%; BGM-Crossover: 26 weeks 8.1%, 52 weeks 8.3%). Sensor use remained high (52-week study visit: CGM+FBI 91%, Standard-CGM 92%, BGM-Crossover 88%). Conclusion: Over 12 months young children with T1D using newer CGM technology sustained reductions in hypoglycemia and, in contrast to prior studies, persistently wore CGM. However, pervasive hyperglycemia remained unmitigated. This indicates an urgent need for further advances in diabetes technology, behavioral support, and diabetes management educational approaches to optimize glycemia in young children.