Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma etch removal of poly(methyl methacrylate) in block copolymer lithography

Polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate), (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymer is a promising lithography alternative for nanometer scale features. The two components segregate into nanoscale domains when the polymer solution is spun on to form a thin film and annealed above the glass transition temperatures of both components. Preferential removal of PMMA domains through plasma etching to leave behind a PS mask for subsequent etching of underlying layers is the focus of this work. The quality of the PS mask is characterized by the thickness and lateral dimension of the PS structures after removal of the PMMA, as well as the smoothness of their surfaces. The effects of different plasma chemistries including O2, Ar/O2, Ar, CF4, and CHF3/O2 on etch selectivity and surface/sidewall roughness for PS and PMMA have been characterized. Ar/O2 produced the overall best results for the range of conditions studied.
Effect of organic matter input on functional pools of soil organic carbon in a long‐term double rice crop experiment in China

It is known that crop residue input has a strong impact on the quantity of soil organic matter (SOM). However, its influence on SOM quality is often unknown. The effect of organic matter (OM) input on soil organic carbon (SOC) and functional SOC pools was investigated in a Chinese long‐term double‐cropping experiment with rice. It could be demonstrated that the C content of hot‐water soil extracts (CHWE) may serve as an indicator of the decomposable SOC pool. A particle size–density fractionation was used to separate SOC pools with different interactions with the mineral soil matrix. The hot‐water C extractability of different particle size‐density fractions, together with their δ13C isotopic signatures, was applied to differentiate stability and potential degradability of SOC pools. The main findings were: first, the input of OM (rice straw + animal manure + green manure) to the unfertilized (Nil) and fertilized (NPK) treatments resulted in a 43–64% increase of SOC over 14 years. Second, during the same period the CHWE pool declined by 25–32% in plots without OM input. Organic amendments reduced the decrease in the CHWE pool by about 50%. Hot‐water‐extractable carbon (C) (CHWE) of bulk soil could serve as an indicator of decomposable SOC pools with the potential for nutrient supply during decomposition. Third, the importance and capacity of smaller‐sized clay particles (CF1 <1 µm) for C storage was proved by large C enrichment factors (ESOC). Fourthly, functional C pools in different size‐density fractions could be clearly separated from each other according to their stability, by relating the 13C isotopic abundance of C pools to the hot‐water‐extractable component (δ13C*fraction).
Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic diblock copolymers of 2-(1-imidazolyl)ethyl methacrylate and styrene

Six amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on the hydrophilic monomer 2-(1-imidazolyl)ethyl methacrylate (ImEMA) and the hydrophobic monomer styrene (Sty) were prepared by sequential reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. RAFT polymerization was performed via the use of 4-cyano-4-(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid (CDP) as the chain transfer agent and glacial acetic acid as the solvent. Amphiphilic diblock copolymers with a range of compositions were prepared, with ImEMA first blocks of constant (nominal) degree of polymerization (DP) equal to 100, and Sty second blocks of a DP between 18 and 482, having ImEMA contents between 15 and 80 mol%, as measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy in CDCl3. Only the Sty-rich (≥51 mol%) diblock copolymers were fully soluble in the solvent for gel permeation chromatography (GPC), tetrahydrofuran; GPC analysis of these copolymers indicated molecular weights in the range of 15 to 34 kDa, and molecular weight dispersities ranging from 1.1 to 1.6. At room temperature, the side-group of the ImEMA units was stable in an acidic environment but hydrolyzed slowly under alkaline conditions. In bulk neutral samples, the ImEMA side-group was thermally stable up to ∼250 °C. Finally, dynamic light scattering and polarized light microscopy indicated that the Sty-rich diblock copolymers formed spherical micelles in chloroform, whereas all diblock copolymers formed anisotropic nanophases in water.
Characterization and Physical Stability of Spray Dried Solid Dispersions of Probucol and PVP-K30

The main purpose of this study was to obtain stable, well-characterized solid dispersions (SDs) of amorphous probucol and polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP-K30) with improved dissolution rates. A secondary aim was to investigate the flow-through dissolution method for in-vitro dissolution measurements of small-sized amorphous powders dispersed in a hydrophilic polymer. SDs were prepared by spray drying solutions of probucol and different amounts of PVP-K30. The obtained SDs were characterized by dissolution rate measurements in a flow-through apparatus, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle sizing (laser diffraction) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Method (BET) and results were compared with starting material and a physical mixture. The physical stability was monitored after storage at 25°C and 60% RH for up to 12 weeks. The flow-through method was found suitable as dissolution method. All SDs showed improved in-vitro dissolution rates when compared to starting material and physical mixtures. The greatest improvement in the in-vitro dissolution rate was observed for the highest polymer to drug ratio. By means of the results from XRPD and DSC, it was argued that the presence of amorphous probucol improved the dissolution rate, but the amorphous state could not fully account for the difference in dissolution profiles between the SDs. It was suggested that the increase in surface area due to the reduction in particle size contributed to an increased dissolution rate as well as the presence of PVP-K30 by preventing aggregation and drug re-crystallization and by improving wettability during dissolution. The stabilizing effect of the polymer was verified in the solid state, as all the SDs retained probucol in the amorphous state throughout the entire length of the stability study.
Error-Domain Conservativity Control to Transparently Increase the Stability Range of Time-Discretized Controllers

Time-discretization introduces an explicit time dependency for control laws that were originally designed to depend exclusively on an error variable: At different times, the control actions at the same error value might differ. Integrating the control action over the error reveals that this time dependency translates into the energy. It can directly cause active behavior when energy values at given error values decrease over time, potentially destabilizing the system. In this work, we aim to prevent energy values at given error values from decreasing over time. To this end, energies are recorded when error values are encountered for the first time. Linear interpolation of the recorded energy values provides a lower limit for energy as a function of the error value. This limit is enforced using an adaptive damping. The main contributions of this work include increasing the stability range with minimal amplitude control modifications, while promoting a symmetric behavior of control actions and energy. The approach's characteristics are shown in simulation and validated in experiments.
Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) to the enantioselective analysis of essential oils

A new method for the enantioselective analysis of essential oils is described, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). The column set comprised a primary column containing a cyclodextrin derivative as a chiral selector, and a secondary column containing a polyethylene glycol stationary phase. A cryogenic modulation system was used to achieve the GC×GC experiment. The enantiomeric compositions of a number of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes in Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), including -thujene, sabinene, -pinene, -phellandrene, limonene, trans-sabinene hydrate, cis-sabinene hydrate, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and -terpineol are reported. The GC×GC resolution advantage is shown to improve the efficiency of enantioselective essential oil analyses. In a single temperature programmed analysis, the individual antipodes of optically active components can be separated, and are effectively free from matrix interferences.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of 43Ca

The ratio of the Larmor frequencies of 43Ca and 37Cl has been measured and a magnetic moment for 43Ca of μ(43Ca2+ in D2O) = -1.315645 (7) μN; has been calculated. 43Ca chemical shifts have been determined in aqueous calcium salt solutions with 43Ca in natural abundance, also at low concentrations. The latter result is interesting for 43Ca studies in biological systems.
Morphology and porosity of nanoporous Au thin films formed by dealloying of AuxSi1−x

We have investigated the morphology, structure, and annealing response of nanoporous Au films synthesized via electrochemical dealloying of amorphous AuxSi1−x co-deposited films on Si substrates. The starting Au alloy film concentrations were varied from x = 0.09 to 0.41 and the resulting nanoscale porous films were characterized by electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering techniques. Our observations provide a systematic description of the nanoporous Au film morphology, porosity, and degree of collapse as a function of starting AuxSi1−x alloy composition. The characteristic pore sizes increased from 10 to 45 nm and the porosity increased from 45% to 70% for the nanoporous Au films with decrease in the starting Au concentrations. The degree of film collapse due to dealloying also increased with decreasing Au concentration. The electrochemical dealloying process for nanoporous film formation was observed to change from a layer-by-layer dealloying process to a localized, percolation-dominated proce.
Sliding window filter with application to planetary landing

We are concerned with improving the range resolution of stereo vision for entry, descent, and landing (EDL) missions to Mars and other planetary bodies. The goal is to create accurate and precise three‐dimensional planetary surface‐structure estimates by filtering sequences of stereo images taken from an autonomous landing vehicle. We describe a sliding window filter (SWF) approach based on delayed state marginalization. The SWF can run in constant time, yet still achieve experimental results close to those of the bundle adjustment solution. This technique can scale from the offline batch least‐squares solution to fast online incremental solutions. For instance, if the window encompasses all time, the solution is equivalent to full bundle adjustment; if only one time step is maintained, the solution matches the extended Kalman filter; if poses and landmarks are slowly marginalized out over time such that the state vector ceases to grow, then the filter becomes constant time, like visual odometry. Within the constant time regime, the sliding window approach demonstrates convergence properties that are close to those of the full batch solution and strictly superior to visual odometry. Experiments with real data show that ground structure estimates follow the expected convergence pattern that is predicted by theory. These experiments indicate the effectiveness of filtering long‐range stereo for EDL. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oil Recovery from Petroleum Sludge by Solvent Extraction

Abstract Technical problems associated with sludge deposition in storage units of petroleum industries are enormous. The conventional methods of management are laborious and uneconomical; the hydrocarbon contents are lost to the pits, causing environmental problems. Solvent recovery of the hydrocarbons from accumulated sludge in storage facilities of oil industries in the Niger delta area of Nigeria was carried out. A recovery of about 67.5% hydrocarbon oils was obtained, out of which 86.7% were aromatic. Gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted oil showed it contained the hydrocarbons in the range of C9–C25, which is good petrochemical industry feedstock. Hexane and xylene showed high potentials for hydrocarbon oil extraction from the sludge, reducing the quantity of solid waste to the barest minimum.
Structure and surface properties of polyacrylates with short fluorocarbon side chain: Role of the main chain and spacer group

The degradation of poly(fluoroalkyl acrylate)s with long perfluoroalkyl groups, especially with perfluorooctyl group, leads to the release of biopersistent perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). To find the environmentally friendly substitutes, a series of nonbiopersistant fluorinated polymers containing perfluorohexyl groups in the side chains have been synthesized and characterized. This study was then focused on the role played by the main chain and spacer group located in the side chain between the backbone and the fluorinated segment and, in particular, on the properties of poly[2-[[[[2-(perfluorohexyl)]-sulfonyl]methyl]amino]ethyl] acrylate (PC6SA), methacrylate (PC6SMA) and poly[(perfluorohexyl)ethyl] methacrylate (PC6MA). Surface properties and bulk organization of fluorinated side chains of those polymers were investigated by contact angles, differential scanning calorimetry, optical polaring microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Results were compared with those obtained with poly[(perfluorohexyl) ethyl] acrylate (PC6A). They all had very low surface free energies. Surprisingly, with the same perfluoalkyl chain, PC6SA and PC6SMA with a N-methylsulfonamide spacer group were found to be organized in a liquid crystalline lamellar structure, whereas PC6A and PC6MA were found to be amorphous. This was mainly attributed to the steric term and polarity of N-methylsulfonamide group that tended to facilitate the orientation of the perfluorinated segments in smectic phases. PC6SA, PC6SMA, and PC6MA had rich dynamic water repellency because of the low surface molecular mobility. This phenomenon relates to the crystallization of side chains or high glass transition temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2584–2593, 2010
A QUANTUM CHEMISTRY STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF PAH AND SOOT PRECURSORS THROUGH BUTADIENE REACTIONS

Density functional theory was used to investigate the kinetics of the reaction of addition of C2H3 and C6H5 to 1,3-C4H6. Kinetic constants for each elementary reaction involved in the reactive processes were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31g(d,p) level with conventional transition state theory, while overall rate constants for the formation of the different products were determined with Quantum Rice Ramsperger Kassel theory. The main result of this study is that, once provided a significant amount of 1,3-C4H6 in the flame environment (such as in butadiene flames), a significant contribution to the rate of formation of benzene, cyclopentadiene, and naphthalene can be ascribed to the investigated reactions.
Polyethylene specific volume, crystallinity, and glass transition†

In all polymer crystallinity determinations, the basic assumptions are made that there exist only two well-characterized phases and that the volumes of those phases are additive. For the case of polyethylene, the specific volume of the amorphous phase cannot be measured directly and is usually obtained as a linear extrapolation of the melt specific volume. This is shown to be invalid for the particular case of a high density polyethylene studied here. A new approach is proposed which utilizes temperature dependent determinations of total specifiac volume and of crystalline specific volume. The results indicate that the specific volume of the amorphous phase is less than the extrapolated liquid specific volume, and this is attributed to the restraining effect of the crystalline regions. The crystallinity of the particular high density polyethylene studied is found to have a constant value of about 70% up to 80°C. , where melting commences. During this work, the glass transition of polyethylene has been detected as a 15% increase in the slope of the total specific volume-temperature curve at −130°C.
On‐line LC‐GC transfer via a hot vaporizing chamber and vapor discharge by overflow; increased sensitivity for the determination of mineral oil in foods

The modified LC-GC transfer technique with concurrent eluent evaporation reduces losses of volatile components. The LC fraction is transferred by the LC pump. Evaporation occurs in a heated capillary into which a piece of wire is introduced. Vapors are discharged by overflow. This enables the reduction of the oven temperature to the minimum that prevents recondensation and to obtain more efficient phase soaking for the retention of volatile solutes. The technique was applied to improve sensitivity of the analysis of mineral oil in foods. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hexagonal and cubic Ni nanocrystals grown on graphene: phase-controlled synthesis, characterization and their enhanced microwave absorption properties

Hexagonal close-packed Ni (h-Ni) nanocrystals and face-centered cubic Ni (c-Ni) nanoflowers with uniform size and high dispersion have been successfully assembled on graphene nanosheets (GN) via a facile one-step solution-phase strategy under different reaction conditions, where the reduction process of graphite oxide (GO) sheets into GN was accompanied by the generation of Ni nanocrystals. The reduction of GO by this method is effective, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy and is comparable to conventional methods. The phase and morphology of nickel can be easily tuned by varying the reaction temperature and solvent. It was shown that the as-formed h-Ni nanocrystals with a diameter as small as 3 nm are grown densely and uniformly on the graphene sheets, and as a result the aggregation of the h-Ni nanocrystals was effectively prevented. In addition, c-Ni nanospheres assembled by c-Ni nanocrystals with a size of 15 nm were also uniformly deposited on the graphene sheets. The investigation of the microwave absorbability reveals that the three Ni/GN nanocomposites exhibit excellent microwave absorbability, which is stronger than the corresponding Ni nanostructures.
Dye-sensitized solar cells using double-oxide electrodes: a brief review

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC or DSSC) have been widely investigated because of their potentially high cost performance compared with Si-based solar cells and of their fascinating appearance. DSC with photoelectric conversion efficiency of >10 % (or even 12 %) have been reported, where porous TiO2 films are generally used as semi-conductor electrodes. Such porous TiO2 films usually have high specific surface area, and thus, they adsorb plenty of dye molecules, resulting in high photocurrent density. Recently, some double oxides have been examined as alternative photoanode materials, mainly in order to improve photovoltage. Here, studies on DSC using double-oxide electrodes, i.e., perovskite, spinel, ilmenite, wolframite, scheelite and pseudobrookite-types, are briefly reviewed.
Rate constants of electron-beam PAHs decomposition

The generalized kinetic model of the electron-beam induced processes in industrial flue gases elaborated earlier is used for the estimation of rate constants of hydroxyl-radicals interaction with high-ringed aromatic compounds. These data are received by means of the fit of the calculated PAHs concentrations to the measured ones as applied to benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, perylene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. It is shown that the concentrations of PAHs decrease by more than an order of magnitude at the absorbed dose D = 20 kGy for compounds with rate constant of their interaction with OH-radical more than 10 13 cm 3 ·mol −1 ·s −1 .
Facile and Reproducible Synthesis of Red-Emitting CdSe Nanocrystals in Amine with Long-Term Fixation of Particle Size and Size Distribution

Numerous approaches have been reported for the synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals, but there is no effective facile method for the synthesis of high-quality large, red-emitting CdSe nanocrystals. Herein we report a convenient and reproducible approach for the preparation of high-quality (high luminescent quantum yield, nearly uniform size and shape distribution) large, red-emitting CdSe nanocrystals via injection of cadmium oleate solution into oleylamine media containing Se precursor at high temperature. The obtained red-emitting CdSe nanocrystals possess an unusually long-term (∼15 h) fixation of particle size, size distribution, and high luminescent quantum yields in the high temperature annealing process. In addition, the final size of the CdSe nanocrystals obtained is heavily dependent on the amount of trioctylphosphine used, but it is insensitive to other parameters such as reaction temperature, precursor concentration, and reaction time. Through the variation of the amount of trioctylphosphine used, a .
Preparation and Properties of YIG Single Crystals

In this paper a summary is given on the reproducible preparation of large, nearly defectless yttrium iron garnet single crystals (YIG) grown in fluxes by slowly cooling with accelerated crucible rotation (ACRT) and local bottom cooling. The surface morphology of the growth faces is discussed with regard to the growth mechanism. By different methods the crystals are characterized regarding their lattice defects (impurities, growth striations, dislocations, inclusions). Ferromagnetic resonance measurements in the X-band at polished, inclusionsfree discs show that the linewidth ΔH of any crystals from different runs are less than 0.45 Oe. In der Arbeit wird ein zusammenfassender Bericht gegeben uber die reproduzierbare Herstellung groser, defektarmer Yttrium-Eisen-Granateinkristalle (YIG), die durch langsames Abkuhlen einer Hochtemperaturlosung bei beschleunigter Tiegelrotation (ACRT) und lokale Tiegelbodenkuhlung gezuchtet worden sind. Es wird die Oberflachenmorphologie der Wachstumsflachen im Hinblick auf den Wachstumsmechanismus diskutiert. Mit einer Reihe unterschiedlicher Methoden werden die Kristalle hinsichtlich Gitterbaufehler (Verunreinigungen, Wachstumsstreifen, Versetzungen, Einschlusse) charakterisiert. Ferromagnetische Resonanzmessungen im X-Band an einschlusfreien, polierten Scheiben zeigen, das die Linienbreiten ΔH beliebiger Kristalle aus unterschiedlichen Chargen kleiner als 0,45 Oe sind.
Charge Density Analysis and Transport Properties of TTF Based Molecular Nanowires: A DFT Approach

The present study has been performed to understand the charge density distribution and the electrical characteristics of Au and thiol substituted tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) based molecular nanowire. A quantum chemical calculation has been carried out using DFT method (B3LYP) with the LANL2DZ basis set under various applied electric fields (EFs). The bond topological analysis characterizes the terminal Au–S and S–C bonds as well as all the bonds of central TTF unit of the molecule. The variation of electron density and Laplacian of electron density at the bond critical point of bonds for zero and different applied fields reveal the electron density distribution of the molecule. The molecular conformation, the variation of atomic charges and energy density distribution of the molecule have been analyzed for the various levels of applied EFs. The HOMO-LUMO gap calculated from quantum chemical calculations has been compared with the value calculated from the density of states. The variation of dipole moment due to the polarization effect and the I-V characteristics of the molecule for the various applied EFs have been well discussed.