Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diabetes Statins Cause Lifestyle-Related Diseases-Biochemical Mechanism

While statins are being used worldwide for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, statin users have an increased probability of developing diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and other lifestyle-related diseases. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, and arteriosclerosis, and lowered testosterone levels induced by statin use. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway that generates geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), and cholesterol. GGPP is essential for vitamin K2 (VK2) synthesis from ingested vitamin K1. 7-DHC is a precursor of vitamin D3 (VD3). VD3 and VK2 upregulate the mRNA expression of osteocalcin ( OC ) and matrix Gla protein ( MGP ), respectively, via activation of their respective nuclear receptors. VK is essential for γ-carboxylation-mediated activation of several proteins. γ-Carboxylated MGP inhibits arterial and kidney calcifications. Insulin synthesis is stimulated by OC and γ-carboxylated protein S. GGPP is essential for secretion of insulin and luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin action. VK2, OC, and LH stimulate testosterone synthesis via activation of protein kinase A. Both VK2 and VD3 are essential for these processes, and their deficiency leads to the onset of diabetes, vascular calcifications/ arteriosclerosis, and disruption of testosterone synthesis. VD and VK2 supplementations ameliorate the symptoms of chronic kidney disease and osteoporosis; therefore, statin is contraindicated in those patients. Thus, caution must be exercised when prescribing statins for long-term use. Collectively, deficiencies of VD3 and VK2 induced by long-term statin use promote the onset of lifestyle-related diseases. Rab-diGG. Rab-diGG is essential for the secretion of peptide hormones such as insulin and LH. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is a precursor of both VD3 and cholesterol. VD3 and VK2 bind their respective nuclear receptors (VDR and SXR/PXR) to up regulate the expression of OC and MGP , respectively. VK2 serves as a cofactor for GGCX and catalyzes the γ-carboxylation of proteins. cOC and cMGP modulate/inhibit bone formation and ectopic calcification. cProtein S modulates glucose homeostasis. VK2, OC, and LH stimulate testosterone synthesis. VD3 and VK2 are important for glucose and bone homeostasis and steroidogenesis. Depending on the dosage, statin intake may completely inhibit these pathways because statins act as competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A; isopentenyl-PP, isopentenyl diphosphate; geranylgeranyl-PP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; farnesyl-PP, farnesyl diphosphate; OC, osteocalcin; cOC, γ-carboxylated OC; SXR, steroid and xenobiotic receptor; PXR, pregnane X receptor; VDR, vitamin D receptor; GGCX, γ-glutamyl carboxylase; LH, hormone; MGP;
VDresser - Interactive Virtual Try on Clothing Design System

- The busy life spent in today’s world has put limitations to humans and time has become the most precious of all. Due to this matter the process of purchasing a suitable apparel consumes a huge amount of time and energy with a lot of other difficulties to be faced. The implemented system introduced an advanced methodology which is presented for the purchase of clothing through a virtual fit on platform, which consumes far more less time than the normal process, making it easier for the both seller and customer. This provides a realistic behaviour for the suitability of the garment’s details. The whole process starts from an image of the user which is captured from the system which then and there provides an environment of a virtual dressing room. Customers are able to select clothing designs from a range of different garments as they prefer and those can be tried onto the image which allows them to experience a live view of the outfit as if it worn on their own body. The primary aim of this project was to build up a compelling, interactive and highly realistic shopping experience via a desktop application providing the user a reliable and accurate service to access an environment of a virtual dressing room.
The PSII Ca 2+ site revisited*

Oxidation of H2O by photosystem II is a unique redox reaction in that it requires Ca as well as Cl as obligatory activators/cofactors of the reaction, which is catalyzed by Mn atoms. The properties of the binding site for Ca in this reaction resemble those of other Ca binding proteins, and recent Xray structural data confirm that the metal is in fact ligated at least in part by amino acid side chain oxo anions. Removal of Ca blocks water oxidation chemistry at an early stage in the cycle of redox reactions that result in O-O bond formation, and the intimate involvement of Ca in this reaction that is implied by this result is confirmed by an ever-improving set of crystal structures of the cyanobacterial enzyme. Here we revisit the photosystem II Ca site, in part to discuss the additional information that has appeared since our earlier review of this subject (van Gorkom, H.J. and Yocum, C.F. in Wydrzynski TJ and Satoh K eds., Photosystem II: The light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase), and also to reexamine earlier data, which lead us to conclude that all S-state transitions require Ca. 1 Abbreviations: Chl, chlorophyll; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EGTA, ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N', N'-tetraacetic acid; EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption fine structure; FT-IR, Fourier transform infrared; OEC, oxygen-evolving complex; PS, photosystem; PsbO, the 33 kDa extrinsic protein; PsbP, the 23 kDa extrinsic protein; PsbQ, the 17 kDa extrinsic protein; TL, thermoluminescence; XANES, X-ray absorption near-edge structure.
Statistical analysis of near-wall structures in turbulent channel flow

The two-point correlation tensor is used to analyze near-wall structures in turbulent channel flow. Simulation results have been utilized to obtain the correlation tensor with sufficient spatial resolution to permit accurate differentiation for computing the vorticity correlation, and the resolution of sharp features such as the shear layer and its corresponding region of spanwise vorticity. Proper orthogonal decomposition and stochastic estimation were observed to yield similar results when appropriate conditions were employed for the estimation. Resulting structures were such that they would be detected by standard conditional sampling methods. The results of decomposing the vorticity field and the velocity field were significantly different, indicating that if a coherent structure is found that dominates the velocity fields, the curl of that velocity structure will not dominate the vorticity field.
Unsupervised Deep Learning for Anomaly Detection and Explanation in Sequential Data by Chandripal Budnarain

Unsupervised Deep Learning for Anomaly Detection and Explanation in Sequential Data Chandripal Budnarain Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 2020 With recent successes of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for machine translation and handwriting recognition tasks, we hypothesize that RNN approaches might be best suited for unsupervised anomaly detection in time series. In this thesis, we first contribute a comprehensive comparative evaluation of RNN-based deep learning methods for anomaly detection across a wide array of popular deep neural network architectures. In our second major contribution we observe that a key gap of deep learning based anomaly detection methods is the inability to identify portions of the data that led to the detected anomaly. To address this, we propose a novel explainability approach that aims to pinpoint regions of an input that lead to the detected anomaly. In sum, this thesis not only advances the state-of-the-art in deep learning based anomaly detection for time series data but it also contributes novel methods for producing explanations and evaluating explanation quality of anomaly detectors.
Integrated Multilevel Technique for Image Fusion of Coloured & Infrared Images for Human Recognition using AI

- In this paper Author recommends an innovative method for infrared (IR) and visible image fusion where he intended, reviewed and developed contemporary code for image combination/fusion using Guided filter fusion method which is based on a two-scale break up of an image into a base layer containing large scale variations with respect to intensity, and a detail layer confining minute scale details. An innovative guided filtering-based weighted average practice is proposed to make full use of spatial constancy for fusion of the base and detail layers. The advantages of guided filtering are that it is straightforward computational capable and suitable for real time applications. The source images are decomposed into base parts and detail content by guided filtering and the resulting outputs are fused using weighted averaging method as used by author in his thesis paper.
Triangulating tunneling resonances in a point contact

in a self-aligned poly-silicon double gate enhancement mode Si-MOS device structure. We identify which resonances are likely candidates for transport through the antimony donor as opposed to unintentional disorder induced potentials using capacitance triangulation. We determine the capacitances from the resonant feature to each of the conducting gates and the source/drain two dimensional electron gas regions. In our device geometry, these capacitances provide information about the resonance location in three dimensions. Semi-classical electrostatic simulations of capacitance, already used to map quantum dot size and position, identify a combination of location and connement potential size that satisfy our experimental observations. The sensitivity of simulation to position and size allow us to triangulate possible locations of the resonant level with nanometer resolution. We discuss our results and how they may apply to resonant tunneling through a single donor.
SAT406M. Physiological Status Determination of a Wrist-Worn Personal Locator Beacon User: Preliminary Results

—This paper presents the concept, developments and preliminary results of the Horizon 2020 project named SAT406M. The goal of this project is to develop an application based on a wrist-worn device, conceived to be a maritime application, and the use of European Global Navigation Satellite Systems, particularly the Galileo system. It provides an end-to-end solution based on the Galileo Search and Rescue service, using its unique Return-Link-Message function, improving the mobility and safety of citizens. In particular for this paper, we focus on the development and the ﬁrst testing results of a physiological monitoring component included in the device. This component will provide the Search and Rescue services with additional information about the SAT406M user’s physiological status once the distress alarm is triggered. The algorithm implemented uses some stochastic techniques to deduce the SAT406M user’s physiological status, encoded in two bits, from sensor inputs. The results here presented, which are still preliminary results from an intermediate stage of the project, show a good accuracy in most of the cases, but not all of them yet. The proposed improvements, clear and easy to implement in the algorithm, make us conclude that it has the potential to end up determining the SAT406M user’s physiological status with a signiﬁcantly higher accuracy, improving this way the user’s safety.
Phase-Field Model of Stressed Incoherent Solid-Solid Interfaces

We introduce a new phase-field model which allows for simulation of incoherent solid/solid transformations. Contrary to previous models which impose coherency at the interface, the zero shear-stress condition characteristic of incoherent solids is recovered in the limit of small interface thickness. For the sake of clarity, we limit ourselves to the case of stress-driven phase transitions between two elastic solids. However, since we use a variational formulation which has a clear thermodynamic interpretation, the extension of the model to the cases of chemical and/or thermal diffusion is straightforward.
functioning promotes increased excitability in neurons of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

Altered neuronal excitability is emerging as an important feature in Alzheimer ’ s disease (AD). Kv2.1 potassium channels are important modulators of neuronal excitability and synaptic activity. We investigated Kv2.1 currents and its relation to the intrinsic synaptic activity of hippocampal neurons from 3xTg-AD (triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease) mice, a widely employed preclinical AD model. Synaptic activity was also investigated by analyzing spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i spikes. Compared with wild-type (Non-Tg (non-transgenic mouse model)) cultures, 3xTg-AD neurons showed enhanced spike frequency and decreased intensity. Compared with Non-Tg cultures, 3xTg-AD hippocampal neurons revealed reduced Kv2.1-dependent I k current densities as well as normalized conductances. 3xTg-AD cultures also exhibited an overall decrease in the number of functional Kv2.1 channels. Immunofluorescence assay revealed an increase in Kv2.1 channel oligomerization, a condition associated with blockade of channel function. In Non-Tg neurons, pharmacological blockade of Kv2.1 channels reproduced the altered pattern found in the 3xTg-AD cultures. Moreover, compared with untreated sister cultures, pharmacological inhibition of Kv2.1 in 3xTg-AD neurons did not produce any significant modification in I k current densities. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote Kv2.1 oligomerization, thereby acting as negative modulator of the channel activity. Glutamate receptor activation produced higher ROS levels in hippocampal 3xTg-AD cultures compared with Non-Tg neurons. Antioxidant treatment with N -Acetyl-Cysteine was found to rescue Kv2.1-dependent currents and decreased spontaneous hyperexcitability in 3xTg-AD neurons. Analogous results regarding spontaneous synaptic activity were observed in neuronal cultures treated with the antioxidant 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchro-man-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). Our study indicates that AD-related mutations may promote enhanced ROS generation, oxidative-dependent oligomerization, and loss of function of Kv2.1 channels. These processes can be part on the increased neuronal excitability of these neurons. These steps may set a deleterious vicious circle that eventually helps to promote excitotoxic damage found in the AD brain. Statistical for statistical analysis of immunohistochemistry data. All data are expressed as mean ± S.E. M. For multiple comparisons, ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni were used to analyse statistical differences as far as spike frequency and signal amplitude.
Classroom Visualization Based on the Relationship between User Roles and Scene Content

With the increasing complexity of the internal structure of university classrooms and the increasing amount of time humans spend indoors, indoor classroom scenes have become an important part of people’s daily lives. Compared with open outdoor space, indoor environments are more complex in terms of 3D models, spatial layouts, feature types, and connectivity relationships, especially for large indoor buildings that often contain a large amount of information. This paper introduces the development tools and common rendering techniques of Unity3D game engine, explores the visualization model of a single object, designs a regional comparison algorithm to calculate the visualization intensity, and establishes a 3D visualization intensity mapping table. The classroom is equipped with visualization eﬀect, which makes students get comfortable and at ease in classroom learning, and the comfort level of this paper’s solution is improved by 8% compared with other IoT-based solutions.
Identification of Metallic Objects using Spectral MPT Signatures: Object Characterisation and Invariants

The early detection of terrorist threats, such as guns and knives, through improved metal detection, has the potential to reduce the number of attacks and improve public safety and security. To achieve this, there is considerable potential to use the fields applied and measured by a metal detector to discriminate between different shapes and different metals since, hidden within the field perturbation, is object characterisation information. The magnetic polarizability tensor (MPT) offers an economical characterisation of metallic objects that can be computed for different threat and non-threat objects and has an established theoretical background, which shows that the induced voltage is a function of the hidden object's MPT coefficients. In this paper, we describe the additional characterisation information that measurements of the induced voltage over a range of frequencies offer compared to measurements at a single frequency. We call such object characterisations its MPT spectral signature. Then, we present a series of alternative rotational invariants for the purpose of classifying hidden objects using MPT spectral signatures. Finally, we include examples of computed MPT spectral signature characterisations of realistic threat and non-threat objects that can be used to train machine learning algorithms for classification purposes.
Caveolin-1-Deﬁcient Mice Show Defects in Innate Immunity and Inﬂammatory Immune Response during Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection (cid:1) †

A number of studies have shown an association of pathogens with caveolae. To this date, however, there are no studies showing a role for caveolin-1 in modulating immune responses against pathogens. Interestingly, expression of caveolin-1 has been shown to occur in a regulated manner in immune cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we sought to determine the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression in Salmonella pathogenesis. Cav-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice displayed a signiﬁcant decrease in survival when challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Spleen and tissue burdens were signiﬁcantly higher in Cav-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice. However, infection of Cav-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) macrophages with serovar Typhimurium did not result in differences in bacterial invasion. In addition, Cav-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice displayed increased production of inﬂammatory cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide. Regardless of this, Cav-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice were unable to control the systemic infection of Salmonella . The increased chemokine production in Cav-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice resulted in greater inﬁltration of neutrophils into granulomas but did not alter the number of granulomas present. This was accompanied by increased necrosis in the liver. However, Cav-1 (cid:1) / (cid:1) macrophages displayed increased inﬂammatory responses and increased nitric oxide production in vitro in response to Salmonella LPS. These results show that caveolin-1 plays a key role in regulating anti-inﬂammatory responses in macrophages. Taken together, these data suggest that the increased production of toxic mediators from macrophages lacking caveolin-1 is likely to be responsible for the marked susceptibility of caveolin-1-deﬁcient mice to S . enterica serovar Typhimurium.
CO 2 sequestration by hybrid integrative photosynthesis (CO 2 -SHIP): A green initiative for multi-product bioreﬁneries Materials Science for Energy Technologies

Diversiﬁcation among organisms has resulted in uniqueness and complexity between them leading to maintenance of continuous energy supply while restoring equilibrium in the environment. Photosynthetic organisms are capable of naturally converting atmospheric CO 2 in presence of sunlight and water leading to production of organic molecules whereas artiﬁcial photosynthesis yields solar fuels by directly converting light through photovoltaic cells. Therefore, hybrid integration of both photosyn- thetic mechanisms involving catalytic processes by converting light energy which is an unlimited source of energy leading to the production of fuels and various valuable products, will be an amicable solution for efﬁcient CO 2 sequestration. For optimizing photosynthesis various approaches and processes need to be improvised such as light harvesting complexes, reaction centres, carbon ﬁxation and metabolic pathways for enhancing their photosynthetic efﬁciencies. This review highlights enormous potential and pos- sibility of solar energy utilization leading to a new horizon to the researchers for exploring the CO 2 sequestration by hybrid integrative photosynthesis (CO 2 -SHIP) for a sustainable renewable production of energy components for multi-product bioreﬁneries. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Firewalls, smoke and mirrors

The radiation emitted by a black hole (BH) during its evaporation has to have some degree of quantum coherence to accommodate a unitary time evolution. We parametrize the degree of coherence by the number of coherently emitted particles $N_{coh}$ and show that it is severely constrained by the equivalence principle. We discuss, in this context, the fate of a shell of matter that falls into a Schwarzschild BH. Two points of view are considered, that of a stationary external observer and that of the shell itself. From the perspective of the shell, the near-horizon region has an energy density proportional to $N_{coh}^2$ in Schwarzschild units. So, if $N_{coh}$ is parameterically larger than the square root of the BH entropy $S_{BH}^ {1/2}$, a firewall or more generally a "wall of smoke" forms and the equivalence principle is violated while the BH is still semiclassical. To have a degree of coherence that is parametrically smaller than $S_{BH}^{1/2}$, one has to introduce a new sub-Planckian gravitational length scale, which likely also violates the equivalence principle. And so our previously proposed model which has $N_{coh}=S_{BH}^{1/2}$ is singled out. From the external-observer perspective, we find that the time it takes for the information about the state of the shell to get re-emitted from the BH is inversely proportional to $N_{coh}$. When the rate of information release becomes order unity, the semiclassical approximation starts to break down and the BH becomes a perfect reflecting information mirror.