Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The first airborne comparison of N2O5 measurements over the UK using a CIMS and BBCEAS during the RONOCO campaign

Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) plays a central role in nighttime tropospheric chemistry as its formation and subsequent loss in sink processes limits the potential for tropospheric photochemistry to generate ozone the next day. Since accurate observational data for N2O5 are critical to examine our understanding of this chemistry, it is vital also to evaluate the capabilities of N2O5 measurement techniques through the co-deployment of the available instrumentation. This work compares measurements of N2O5 from two aircraft instruments on board the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146 aircraft during the Role of Nighttime Chemistry in Controlling the Oxidising Capacity of the Atmosphere (RONOCO) measurement campaigns over the United Kingdom in 2010 and 2011. A chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS), deployed for the first time for ambient N2O5 detection during RONOCO, measured N2O5 directly using I− ionisation chemistry and an aircraft-based broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (BBCEAS), developed specifically for RONOCO, measured N2O5 by thermally dissociating N2O5 and quantifying the resultant NO3 spectroscopically within a high finesse optical cavity. N2O5 mixing ratios were simultaneously measured at 1 second time resolution (1 Hz) by the two instruments for 8 flights during RONOCO. The sensitivity for the CIMS instrument was 52 ion counts per pptv with a limit of detection of 7.4 pptv for 1 Hz measurements. BBCEAS, a proven technique for N2O5 measurement, had a limit of detection of 2 pptv. Comparison of the observed N2O5 mixing ratios show excellent agreement between the CIMS and BBCEAS methods for the whole dataset, as indicated by the square of the linear correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.89. Even stronger correlations (R2 values up to 0.98) were found for individual flights. Altitudinal profiles of N2O5 obtained by CIMS and BBCEAS also showed close agreement (R2 = 0.93). Similarly, N2O5 mixing ratios from both instruments were greatest within pollution plumes and were strongly positively correlated with the NO2 concentrations. The transition from day to nighttime chemistry was observed during a dusk-to-dawn flight during the summer 2011 RONOCO campaign: the CIMS and BBCEAS instruments simultaneously detected the increasing N2O5 concentrations after sunset. The performance of the CIMS and BBCEAS techniques demonstrated in the RONOCO dataset illustrate the benefits that accurate, high-frequency, aircraft-based measurements have for improving understanding the nighttime chemistry of N2O5.
The Relationship between the List of Values and Consumer Decision Making Styles in the Context of Clothing Products

The purpose of this study is to measure the relationship between list of values and consumers’ decision making styles. We drew on Sproles and Kendall (1986)’s CSI scale and Kahle, Liu and Watkins (1992)’s LOV scale. We carried out surveys on 375 undergraduate students. We used reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis. In conclusion, we found that there is a significant and positive relationship between some values and some consumer decision making styles.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF AN RNA EDITING CIS-ELEMENT AND ITS TRANS-FACTOR

In angiosperm organelles, RNA editing alters specific cytidines to uridines. The mechanism involves recognition of cis-sequences surrounding specific Cs by nuclear-encoded proteins, but the particular molecular interactions and catalytic activities remain unclear. Functional analyses of the cis-elements suggest the upstream sequences act as binding sites for editing trans-factors. One trans-factor, REQUIRED FOR ACCD RNA EDITING 1 (RARE1), is essential for RNA editing in the chloroplast accD transcript. This study examines 19 Brassicaceae species for editing patterns in the accD transcripts and utilizes comprehensive sequence analysis of RARE1 homologs to analyze the evolutionary interaction between the cis-elements and trans-factors. The overall Ka/Ks ratio suggests all orthologous RARE1 genes undergo negative selection although the varying Ka/Ks ratios for individual motifs indicate certain motifs are more conserved. In Brassicaceae species lacking editing at the accD site, RARE1 orthologs show significant sequence variation indicating possible lost editing function or an alternate function.
Coreference resolution for portuguese using parallel corpora word alignment

The field of Information Extraction (IE) studies and creates techniques for turning the unstructured information present in natural language texts into structured data [7]. An important part of this process is coreference resolution, the task which identifies when different noun phrases refer to the same discourse entity in a text. Coreference resolution is a field which has been extensively researched for English (see [9] for a comprehensive overview of methods), but received less attention for other languages. This is due to the fact that the vast majority of the existing methods are based on machine learning and therefore require extensive annotated data. The aim of this paper is to present a system that automatically extracts coreference chains from texts in Portuguese without having to resort to Portuguese corpora manually annotated with information about coreferential links. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to implement a method which can automatically obtain data that can be used for training a supervised machine learning coreference resolver for Portuguese. In this work, the training data is acquired by using an English-Portuguese parallel corpus in which the coreference chains annotated in the English part of the corpus are projected to the Portuguese part of the corpus. This approach is similar to the one proposed by [13] for projecting coreference chains from English to Romanian. In contrast to the method developed by [13], our goal here is not to create an annotated resource, but to implement a fully functional coreference resolver for Portuguese. The rest of this paper presents the current stage of the development of the system and is structured as follows: Section 2 presents a brief overview of relevant work in coreference resolution with emphasis on Portuguese. Section
Effectiveness of the menu selection method for eye-gaze input system : Comparison between young and older adults

Although the opportunity of older adults to use personal computer is increased more and more, the operation of a personal computer with a mouse is very annoying for older adults who cannot move his or her arm smoothly and effectively due to declined motor function. An attempt to move a cursor by an eye-gaze input system has been carried out as one solution to this problem. Until now, a menu selection method suitable for an eye-gaze input system has not been clarified. In this study, an effective menu selection for the eye-gaze input system was identified as a basic design parameter to develop a Web browser using an eye-gaze input system. Concretely, a menu selection method, that is, improved quick glance menu selection (I-QGMS) was proposed. The effectiveness was evaluated by means of the pointing accuracy, the pointing time, and the psychological rating on usability. On the basis of the evaluation experiment, the proposed I-QGMS was found to be effective especially for older adults.
Siblings and child development

Having many siblings, or none, may impair, or improve, a child's development compared to being part of a two-child family. Any effect may vary for different aspects of development. This note describes, cross-sectionally, the observed association between child development at ages 3 to 7 years and the number of co-resident siblings, at three sweeps of the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Indicators of cognitive development (verbal and non-verbal), are taken from surveys at ages 3, 5 and 7 years. Behavioural problems are reported at the three surveys on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We analyze its five sub-scales separately, and also the Total Difficulties score. For each of 26 outcomes, we estimate the risk of falling into the most problematic 10% of the child population, depending on the number of siblings at each survey, controlling for the child's gender and the level of the mother's education. In this descriptive exercise, maternal education stands in for a host of possible social covariates; and allows for the least educated mothers having larger families. Children with 2 siblings generally showed increased odds of adverse outcomes, especially in cognition at age 3. This is in line with the hypothesis of resource dilution, but only-children tend, for some outcomes, to score worse than those in two-child families. The odds ratios (ORs) for boys were, except one, unfavourable, of similar magnitude to estimates for larger families. The disadvantages associated with low maternal education were generally greater. These explorations lay the ground for longitudinal modelling of causal pathways.
Quantifying water and salt fluxes in a lowland polder catchment dominated by boil seepage: a probabilistic end-member mixing approach

Upward saline groundwater seepage is leading to surface water salinization of deep lying polders in the Netherlands. Identifying measures to reduce the salt content requires a thorough understanding and quantification of the dominant sources of water and salt on a daily basis. However, as in most balance studies, there are large uncertainties in the contribution from groundwater seepage. Taking these into account, we applied a probabilistic (GLUE) end-member mixing approach to simulate two years of daily to weekly observations of discharge, salt loads and salt concentration of water pumped out of an artificially drained polder catchment area. We were then able to assess the contribution from the different sources to the water and salt balance of the polder and uncertainties in their quantification. Our modelling approach demonstrates the need to distinguish preferential from diffuse seepage. Preferential seepage via boils contributes, on average, 66 % to the total salt load and only about 15 % to the total water flux into the polder and therefore forms the main salinization pathway. With the model we were able to calculate the effect of future changes on surface water salinity and to assess the uncertainty in our predictions. Furthermore, we analyzed the parameter sensitivity and uncertainty to determine for which parameter the quality of field measurements should be improved to reduce model input and output uncertainty. High frequency measurements of polder water discharge and weighted concentration at the outlet of the catchment area appear to be essential for obtaining reliable simulations of water and salt fluxes and for allotting these to the different sources.
Influence of muscle recruitment criteria on joint reaction forces during human gait

Determination of muscle forces during gait (or any other exercise) is of great interest to extract the principles of the central nervous system (CNS) control (assessment of pathological gait from muscular activation abnormalities, diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders), or to estimate the loads on bones and joints (prevention of injuries in sports, surgical planning to reconstruct diseased joints). The invasive character of in vivo experimental measurements, and the uncertain relation between muscle force and EMG, makes computer modeling and simulation a useful substitutive approach.
SAT vs . SMV for automatic validation of tabular property of superintuitionistic logics

This paper considers theoretical background and experimental comparison of two approaches to automatic recognition of tabular property of superintuitionistic logics. A principle opportunity for automatization is based on theoretical results of L.L. Maksimova that were obtained in 1973–2003 and their algorithmic interpretation that was developed recently by P.A. Schreiner. The experimental approaches under study are: (1) Computation Tree Logic (CTL) symbolic model checking, and (2) Boolean satisfiability (SAT) decision procedure. Efficiency of SAT-based approach to tabularity is demonstrated by a number of experiments.
Teachers' Beliefs in English Language Teaching and Learning: A Review of the Literature.

Beliefs form part of the process of understanding how teachers shape their work which is significant to the comprehending of their teaching methods and their decisions in the classroom. Teachers’ beliefs have been an interesting topic for researchers due to the input they provide for the improvement of English language teaching and learning. Teachers’ beliefs have a deep impact on their classroom principles. The realization of this relationship is very important for teachers to prepare and implement their new syllabus. Teachers’ beliefs affect what they accomplish in their classroom, their attitudes, and their learner’ beliefs. They guide teachers to adopt their teaching strategies for coping with their teaching challenges, shape language learners’ learning environment, their motivation and their language ability. In this study, the researchers define the term belief, explain the nature of teachers’ beliefs, express sources of teachers’ beliefs, and finally mention some previous studies on teachers’ beliefs. The review of related literature revealed that investigating teachers’ beliefs will help them change their methods to teaching and learning over time in order to bring about more improvement for language learners.
Application of a New Web-Based Tool(CropWaterUse) for Determining Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirements of Major Crops at Three Locations in Queensland

Decreased water availability in many areas has created the need to make more efficient use of limited water resources. To maximize production and profits, growers need to make decisions regarding planting date, crop type, planted area, and irrigation management, which are affected by the amount of water available. Therefore, they need to know how much water is needed to grow a particular crop, which they currently estimate in most cases based on previous experience. However, crop water requirements can vary significantly, among other things, with crop type, season, location, planting date, and available water, which could make it inappropriate to extrapolate previous experiences to future planning. Also, occasionally growers may want to grow unfamiliar crops, which can further complicate planning. Growers and consultants need reliable estimates of crop water requirements to make irrigation decisions aimed at improving water use efficiency and profits. A current challenge is that growers’ perception of crop water requirements for particular crops and corresponding irrigation scheduling practices are based on historical weather patterns. These weather patterns are likely to change in the future if climate change and climate variability predictions prove to be true (Howden et al., 2007; IPCC, 2007), leading to changes in planting times and crop growth patterns. Growers could benefit from new tools to help them anticipate and adapt to the effects of these potential changes. In the last two decades there have been considerable advances in automatic weather station networks across the world and in developing improved procedures to calculate crop water use from weather data (Allen et al., 1998). However, the fact remains that most growers still do
Determinants of Vaccination Coverage Against Human Papillomavirus in 10-year-old Girls in 2016 in Rural Senegal

Cervical cancer is the first gynecological cancer in Senegal. As part of the cancer control plan, the Ministry of Health and Social Action conducted a pilot phase of HPV vaccination in the districts of Dakar and Mekhe between 2014 and 2016. The objective of this survey is to study the determinants of HPV vaccination coverage in 10-year-old girls in 2016 in the Mekhe health district. This is a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study for analytical purposes. A two-stage survey was conducted. The data were collected during an individual interview at the homes of the mothers. The compendium focused on personal characteristics, knowledge and practices on immunization. Full vaccination coverage was determined. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with immunization coverage. Respondents were 300 The mean age was 35 ± 9.64 years. Mothers who knew how to prevent cervical cancer were 171 or 57% [95% CI: 51.2-62.7]. Immunization coverage for girls aged 10 years was 86.3% [95% CI: 81.9-90.0]. The discontinuation between the first and second dose of the vaccine was 6.5% [95% CI: 3.9-10.1]. HPV vaccine coverage was related to the residence environment (OR = 3, 18 [95% CI: 1.34-7.56]); (OR = 22.02, [95% CI: 4.2-113.4]) and information for mothers (OR = 10.92 [95% CI: 2.93-40.64]). Vaccination against HPV is a preventive activity that requires the collaboration with the education sector and a good proximity communication.
Structural characteristics of carbon nanorods and nanotubes grown using electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition

Different types of carbonaceous materials were synthesized by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition on Ni-coated glass substrates with radio-frequency (rf) self-biasing using a gas mixture of CH4 and Ar. Vertically aligned carbon nanorods and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were obtained at the rf bias voltages of −100 and −200 V, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that the distance between two graphene layers of carbon nanorods is much larger than that of well-graphitized MWNTs having a typical value of graphite. Structural characteristics of carbon nanorods and well-graphitized MWNTs were investigated by electron-energy-loss spectra, in which the energy of π+σ plasmon peak obtained from carbon nanorods shifts to a lower value of 23.8 eV, compared to 25.5 eV from well-graphitized MWNT. Low-energy loss plasmon due to π electrons at 6 eV was not observed in carbon nanorods, but clearly defined for well-graphitized MWNTs. In addition, x-ray photoel.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF TEA MARKETS IN VIETNAM

Tea is one of the strategic agricultural export commodities in Vietnam. This crop is highly concentrated in the north and part of the Central Highlands in the southern region of the country. The major players in the tea industry include tea farmers, processors, exporters and retailers. Using time0 series data on prices in the different levels/stages of the tea marketing channels, vertical integration of the tea markets was analyzed. For black tea channels, price pressure on the tea growers was a result of uncoordinated pattern among tea processors and inefficient coordination mechanism among tea growers. For green tea channels, the retailers played an important role in price formation and in channeling price information, while the tea processors did not play a central role in price transmission in the tea markets. Furthermore, the export price of tea to Russia was highly integrated with the world tea commodity price index (TCPI), while those to Taiwan and Poland were not, implying that the export prices in the latter markets were not fully integrated with the world price. In order to enhance the integration of the tea markets, it is recommended to establish a tea auction center, improve the tea trade in the domestic markets, and enhance the market power of the tea growers and processors.
Copper: a model alloy to understand the role of microstructure in sustainability

Metals are the materials pre-eminently used for structural applications. Since the use of metals is extremely versatile, they are exposed to an enormous diversity of environments. Often, this interaction has a detrimental influence on the mechanical, physical or esthetical properties. The degradation of the material properties, due to interaction with its environment, is often generally quoted as corrosion. Corrosion not only has a technological meaning and decreases the life span of metals, it also has important economical consequences and might even be responsible for accidents, sometimes even with fatal outcome. Consequently, a lot of money is spent on corrosion protection and the maintenance and replacement of products that fail or are contaminated as a result of corrosion. Moreover, corrosion also holds for a loss of raw material and energy. In the pursuit of increasing the sustainability of metals, a thorough knowledge of the corrosion phenomenon is crucial. Nowadays, corrosion is often considered as a macroscopic phenomenon. On top of that, in scientific literature, emphasis is on compositional effects, which implies that the possible effect of microstructural characteristics is often overlooked. Recent research suggests an important correlation between grain size, grain orientation, grain boundary orientation and corrosion. The aim of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the relation between the corrosion behaviour and the microstructural characteristics. In this work, Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) Cu is used as a starting material. By applying a warm rolling step, the original cast microstructure was modified. A thorough microstructural characterization via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and some corrosion tests were performed. This should allow to give an indication on the link between grain orientation and grain boundary misorientation and differences in corrosion behavior. Lapeire, Martinez Lombardia, Verbeken, Kestens, De Graeve, Terryn Proceedings of EMC 2011 1632
Numerical investigation of reliability of pump systems from thermal power plants

This article deals with numerical investigation of reliability of pump systems from thermal power plants. The reliability is examined by using intensity function for a system composed of n-linearly ordered pumps. The time between failures of pumps is taken as experimental. Firstly, appropriate model for the data is determined. Estimates of parameters are obtained with maximum likelihood method and intensity function models are written. Finally, reliability of consecutive 3-out-of-5:F systems are calculated for certain time periods by using the obtained intensity functions.
Homology as a parsimony problem: a dynamic homology approach for morphological data

The primary data used to reconstruct phylogenies comes organized in the conceptual grid of homology correspondences, and the construction of this theory‐rich grid depends in part on knowledge of relationships. This situation is not satisfactory as a conceptual system, because the evidence is not clearly delimited from the results. I explore the testing of alternative hypotheses of morphological correspondences in a quantitative cladistic context. The varying homology assessments implied by classical criteria of homology (topological equivalence, or position and connections; composition of structures, or commonality in details of construction) can be expressed as regular characters in a cladistic analysis. Doing so provides adequate transformation costs for changes in schemas of correspondences. Correspondences imply evolutionary transformations, and multiple schemas of correspondences can be compared according to the evolutionary transformations that they imply. The method is used to test the correspondences in sclerites of the male copulatory organs of spiders of the subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Arachnida, Araneae, Anyphaenidae). The correspondences of three sclerites are tested, in a data set of 93 species having one, two or three sclerites, using a simultaneous analysis of all the morphological characters. Most parsimonious trees are identified together with the correspondences they imply. Once the correspondences are integrated in the phylogenetic analysis, it is easy to evaluate the robustness of trees or decay in optimality after changes in anatomical interpretations. A Bremer support for anatomical interpretations is proposed, calculated as the increase in tree length when the specific interpretation is not used.