Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trace Chromium in Human Urine Samples with Photometric Detection Method

Spectrophotometric method for determination of trace chromium in urine using Bis (salicylaldehyde) orthophenylenediamine in nonionic micellar media has been developed. In two variants of the pre-treatment (R1 and R2) of samples to be analyzed is applied for the study of the urine chromium in 64 people from 15 to 33 years of age. In R1, one of the reactants for the mineralization of the samples is perchloric acid. In the second method - R2 perchloric acid is replaced by hydrochloric acid. The methods gives a low limit of detection 0.02 μmol/l for R2 and 0.03 μmol/l for R1, good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation RSDR2 and RSDR1 of 1.33% and 1.37 % respectively, in the linear chromium concentration range 0.020 – 4.00 μmol/l. The analysis of 64 urine samples, taken from gave chromium concentration in the ranges 0.69 – 2.92 μmol/l and 0.64 – 3.34 μmol/l for R2- and R1- methods respectively. The RSD for 10 replicate analyses of a urine sample with an equally average chromium content of 2.23 μmol/l for R1 and R2–methods was 2.47% and 1.81% respectively. The reliability of the method was confirm determination of known chromium addition. Correlation coefficients between the added and found concentrations of chromium in urine were r R1 = 0.9790 and r R2 = 0.9907. A comparison of the results obtained by the method of standard straight and the method of the additives showed good results - rR1 = 0.9879 and rR2 = 0.9976, with good selectivity of methods. Analytical parameters of calibration and Urine chromium assay method R2 are compatible or better from the method R1. The analytical parameters of the two methods for the determination of total chromium in urine with spectrophotometric indication allowed to obtain comparable results to those of instrumental methods.
Optical Imaging of Magnetic Particle Cluster Oscillation and Rotation in Glycerol

Magnetic particles have been evaluated for their biomedical applications as a drug delivery system to treat asthma and other lung diseases. In this study, ferromagnetic barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles were suspended in water or glycerol, as glycerol can be 1000 times more viscous than water. The particle concentration was 2.50 mg/mL for BaFe12O19 particle clusters and 1.00 mg/mL for Fe3O4 particle clusters. The magnetic particle cluster cross-sectional area ranged from 15 to 1000 μm2, and the particle cluster diameter ranged from 5 to 45 μm. The magnetic particle clusters were exposed to oscillating or rotating magnetic fields and imaged with an optical microscope. The oscillation frequency of the applied magnetic fields, which was created by homemade wire spools inserted into an optical microscope, ranged from 10 to 180 Hz. The magnetic field magnitudes varied from 0.25 to 9 mT. The minimum magnetic field required for particle cluster rotation or oscillation in glycerol was experimentally measured at different frequencies. The results are in qualitative agreement with a simplified model for single-domain magnetic particles, with an average deviation from the model of 1.7 ± 1.3. The observed difference may be accounted for by the fact that our simplified model does not include effects on particle cluster motion caused by randomly oriented domains in multi-domain magnetic particle clusters, irregular particle cluster size, or magnetic anisotropy, among other effects.
Wheat Head Detection using Deep, Semi-Supervised and Ensemble Learning

Abstract In this paper, we propose an object detection methodology applied to Global Wheat Head Detection (GWHD) Dataset. We have been through two major architectures of object detection which are Faster R-CNN, and EfficientDet, in order to design a novel and robust wheat head detection model. We emphasize on optimizing the performance of our proposed final architectures. Furthermore, we have been through an extensive exploratory data analysis, data cleaning, data splitting and adapted best data augmentation techniques to our context. We use semi supervised learning, precisely pseudo-labeling, to boost previous supervised models of object detection. Moreover, we put much effort on ensemble learning including test time augmentation, multi-scale ensemble and bootstrap aggregating to achieve higher performance. Finally, we use weighted boxes fusion as our post processing technique to optimize our wheat head detection results. Our solution has been submitted to solve a research challenge launched on the GWHD Dataset which was led by nine research institutes from seven countries. Our proposed method was ranked within the top 6% in the above-mentioned challenge.
Overexpression of OsABCG48 Lowers Cadmium in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Cadmium pollution threatens food safety and security by causing health issues and reducing farmland availability. Engineering genetic changes in crop plants to lower Cd accumulation can be a cost-effective approach to address this problem. Previously, we reported that a rice line, 2B, which expresses a truncated version of OsO3L2 had reduced Cd accumulation throughout the plant, including in seed. However, downstream events caused by expression of this gene were not known. In this study, RNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed genes between the wild type and 2B rice with or without Cd treatment, leading to the study of an ABC transporter gene, OsABCG48 (ATP-Binding Cassette transporter G family member 48). Heterologous expression of OsABCG48 conferred tolerance to Cd in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis and rice. Moreover, overexpressing OsABCG48 in rice lowered root Cd accumulation that was associated with more extensive lateral root development. These data suggest that OsABCG48 might have applications for engineering low-Cd rice.
Effects of plant species identity override diversity effects in explaining sedimentation within vegetation in a flume experiment

Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Department Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany Leichtweiß‐Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Formulation of a wind farm control strategy considering lifetime of DC‐link capacitor bank of type IV wind turbines

The cost of energy should be minimised to increase market penetration of wind energy conversion systems. The existing wind farm control strategies are not helpful since they speed up the damage in upstream wind turbines. Therefore, a control strategy is proposed to maximise the energy yield while equalising lifetime of one of the most fragile sub-system of the wind turbines. The DC-link capacitor bank of the back-to-back converters is considered to this end. The proposed control strategy can be directly applied in systems based on type 4 wind turbines with full power converters. This exposition reveals the formulation of the control strategy by analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the existing strategies based on the maximum power output. The lifetime-based control strategy is extended to formulate a multi-stage reactive power dispatch method with the help of a total energy-based strategy. The effectiveness of all control strategies is validated using the model-based simulations.
The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Preschool Education

In this study in which case study -- one of the qualitative research methods -- was used, it was aimed to assess the effects of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on preschool education by teachers. Preschool teachers working in 14 provinces where the number of cases is high form the universe of the study. Sample group is 140 teachers in total. So as to get data for the study, survey questions prepared by the researcher and submitted to expert opinion and structured interview forms were used. The findings of the study are as follows: preschool children had feelings of anxiety, fear and longing all together during this process and they wanted to return to their schools as soon as possible. Similarly, most of the teachers were highly concerned and worried. The teachers attended online educations related to their professional development during the process of staying home. Before COVID-19 came to Turkey, the schools did not take any measures;then, when distance education started, all schools were disinfected, the materials and toys in the classrooms were put aside after disinfection. Distance education process was quite difficult in preschool education;all the teachers taught in line with their own initiatives. During this process, while the activities most preferred by the teachers were games and art activities, the activities having pandemic theme were experiments and dramas about hygiene. Distance education increased parent participation to preschool education and this had a positive effect on parent-child interaction. In the distance education process, by establishing platforms intended for preschools, suggestions to make more and professional activities, to have common actions in cooperation with schools and to train parents were made.
Longitudinal Effects of Dietary Advice on Wheelchair Basketball Athletes: Nutritional and Environmental Aspects

Background: Diet impacts both human and environmental health and must be designed to optimize the training and performance of athletes. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of dietary advice (DA) on the food intake of wheelchair basketball athletes (WBA) and the environmental impact longitudinally. Methods: DA were provided to WBA of the Italian national team (DAM-T1). Nutritional assessment and evaluation of the environmental impact of diet were performed two months (DAM-T2) and one year later (DAM-T3), when a post-COVID-19 survey was performed also in WBA who did not receive counselling (men: NDAM-T3, women: NDAW-T3). Results: After DA, WBA showed a reduced percentage of energy derived from sugars and fats. Athletes adjusted their protein intake according to the personalized recommendations. The intake of some micronutrients improved after DA and was higher compared to NDAM-T3 and NDAW-T3. Despite the lower impact of diet in NDAW-T3, they presented more nutritional deficiency than men. The mean intake of vegetables was in the range of the EAT-Lancet Commission suggestion only two months after DA. After DA, fiber intake increased and adapted to the tolerated level. Conclusions: WBA improved their diet after DA but did not comply with the EAT-Lancet suggestion for red meat and legumes.
Using the Behaviour Change Wheel to identify barriers and enablers to the delivery of webchat counselling for young people

Webchat counselling is increasingly utilised to deliver mental health services to young people. Despite potential barriers to its delivery, a systematic investigation has not yet been conducted. This qualitative study examined barriers and enablers to the delivery of webchat counselling through text communication and identified possible strategies to tackle these, on behalf of counsellors volunteering for an online charity offering psychological support to young people aged below 25. The current investigation was conducted using the Behaviour Change Wheel, a validated and systematic framework employed to guide intervention development and optimisation. Qualitative interviews were carried out with eight volunteers. Thematic analysis identified 11 core themes. Barriers were lack of online communication skills, lack of training to work online with young people, technical difficulties, reduced technical supervision during out- of- office hours, duration of webchat counselling sessions, perceived level of effectiveness, perceived establishment of a therapeutic relationship and perceived confidence in delivering webchat counselling. Enablers were familiarity with technology, flexibility and the absence of physical characteristics.
Assessing the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Pre-Service Science Teachers at a South African University

The purpose of this study was to investigate preservice science teachers' proficiency levels regarding their practical knowledge of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK-P). A sample of 103 third- and fourth-year participants from a South African university were surveyed on their TPACK-P proficiency levels using a 17-item questionnaire developed by Yeh, Lin, Hsu, Wu, and Hwang. Rasch analysis was employed to analyse the data. The findings of the study showed that the great majority of preservice science teachers have a proficiency level of 3 for their knowledge on TPACK-P. A proficiency level of 3 demonstrates the infusive application, where the teacher makes use of ICTs to guide learners to self-explore and independently construct their science knowledge. These baseline findings could inform higher education institutions in reviewing their teacher development programmes for pre-service science teacher preparedness in harnessing the affordances of ICT in their teaching.
Imodels: a Python Package for Fitting Interpretable Models

imodels is a Python package for concise, transparent, and accurate predictive modeling. It provides users a simple interface for fitting and using state-of-the-art interpretable models, all compatible with scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al., 2011). These models can often replace black-box models while improving interpretability and computational efficiency, all without sacrificing predictive accuracy. In addition, the package provides a framework for developing custom tools and rule-based models for interpretability.
Helpful and unhelpful elements of synchronous text‐based therapy: A thematic analysis

Within the UK, there has been a growth of services delivering online therapy to young people. This study identifies the factors that young people find helpful and unhelpful in synchronous text- based therapy (STBT), and the processes by which these factors may be of value. Thirteen young people, aged between 14 and 18, were interviewed synchronously online. All participants had had a minimum of four sessions of STBT. Data were analysed thematically. Four main domains of helpful and unhelpful factors were identified: 1) anonymity, 2) access, 3) communication, and 4) control. Control was a particularly important element for young people and was an underlying aspect across all themes. Young people not only valued several aspects of STBT but also recognised its limitations. Further research should explore the contexts in which online counselling may be helpful or not.
How Does a Pinatubo‐Size Volcanic Cloud Reach the Middle Stratosphere?

Volcanic explosions are the most critical replenishing mechanism of the stratospheric aerosol Junge layer. A fresh volcanic cloud comprises mostly sulfur‐bearing gases, volcanic ash, and water vapor. It is commonly assumed that only sulfate aerosols remain in an aged volcanic cloud. Accurate simulation of the initial evolution of multicomponent fresh volcanic clouds is largely missing due to insufficient spatial resolution and a lack of relevant physics in global climate models. However, this initial stage is essential, as the vertical structure, composition, and altitude of a freshly developed volcanic cloud affect its long‐term evolution. To fill this gap, we modified a regional WRF‐Chem model to study the dispersion of a Pinatubo‐size volcanic cloud in the equatorial belt with a 25 km grid spacing explicitly accounting for the SO2, ash, sulfate, water vapor, and hydrometeors radiative effects. The model best reproduces the observed evolution of the Pinatubo optical depth when eruptive products are injected above the cold tropical tropopause at 17 km. During the first week, the volcanic cloud in our simulations rises 1 km/day. Ash is primarily responsible for the heating and lofting of the volcanic products. Radiative heating of SO2 is weaker than that of ash and sulfate but is sufficient to position the core of the SO2 layer 1–2 km above the sulfate layer. Utilizing a more realistic description of the volcanic cloud's initial stage potentially improves overall volcanic cloud predictability. It might also be essential to designing geoengineering technologies based on the injection of aerosol precursors in the lower stratosphere.
Limited utilization of extracted dissolved organic matter by prokaryotic communities from the subtropical North Atlantic

The ocean contains a large reservoir of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that persists for millennia. Both the very dilute concentrations of individual DOM molecules and intrinsic recalcitrance to microbial decay imparted by molecular structure are suggested mechanisms for this long residence time. Here, we report an experiment comparing the responses of surface and deep prokaryotes to DOM isolated and enriched by solid‐phase extraction from surface and deep waters of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Extracts from both depths were qualitatively characterized as biologically recalcitrant given their similarly high C : N ratios of 26. Surface prokaryotes measurably drew down extracted dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, but the drawdown was only 4% of the initial enriched DOC concentration regardless of enrichment level or depth. Deep microbes, in contrast, did not cause observable changes in DOC concentrations. Surface and deep prokaryotes had similar temperature‐normalized growth responses to extracts from each depth. Biological indicators (e.g., kinetics) suggest that prokaryotes were less efficient at catalyzing surface than deep DOM (catalytic efficiencies of 0.003–0.005 vs. 0.02–0.03 h−1, respectively). These values indicate qualitative differences in extracted DOM from the two depths, perhaps suggesting a variable nature of the refractory DOC depending on depth. Moreover, only a small portion of the extracted DOM was biologically utilizable, regardless of concentration factor or depth, and essentially only a small fraction of it was incorporated into biomass. Microbial selection against substrates that meet modest energy but no growth demands may be a factor contributing to the long‐term stability of marine DOM.
Lane Line Detection Based on Object Feature Distillation

In order to meet the real-time requirements of the autonomous driving system, the existing method directly up-samples the encoder’s output feature map to pixel-wise prediction, thus neglecting the importance of the decoder for the prediction of detail features. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a general lane detection framework based on object feature distillation. Firstly, a decoder with strong feature prediction ability is added to the network using direct up-sampling method. Then, in the network training stage, the prediction results generated by the decoder are regarded as soft targets through knowledge distillation technology, so that the directly up-samples branch can learn more detailed lane information and have a strong feature prediction ability for the decoder. Finally, in the stage of network inference, we only need to use the direct up-sampling branch instead of the forward calculation of the decoder, so compared with the existing model, it can improve the lane detection performance without additional cost. In order to verify the effectiveness of this framework, it is applied to many mainstream lane segmentation methods such as SCNN, DeepLabv1, ResNet, etc. Experimental results show that, under the condition of no additional complexity, the proposed method can obtain higher F1Measure on CuLane dataset.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, OPTIMIZATION REACTION CONDITIONS, AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF POLY(4-(4-NITROBENZYLIDENEAMINO) PHENOL)

The oxidative polycondensation method is simply the reaction of compounds including -OH groups and active functional groups (-NH2, -CHO, -COOH) in their structure with the oxidants like NaOCl, H2O2 and air (O2) in the aqueous alkaline or acidic media. The main advantage of oxidative polycondensation method is the use of easily found, cheap, and simple structured oxidants. Many studies on oxidative polymerization and reaction mechanisms of
The Influence of Local and Nonlocal Factors on Soil Water Content in a Steep Forested Catchment

Surface topography can influence flow pathways and the location of runoff source areas and water transport in steep headwater catchments. However, the influence of topography on spatial patterns of residual soil moisture is less well understood. We measured soil volumetric water content (VWC) on 14 dates at 0–30 and 30–60 cm depth at 54 sites on a steep, 10 ha north‐facing forested slope in the west‐central Cascades Mountains of Oregon, USA. Spatial patterns in VWC were persistent over time, and contrary to expectations VWC at 30–60 cm depth was greater on divergent than convergent slopes, especially during wet periods (R2 = 0.27, p < 0.001). Vegetation characteristics were assessed for all VWC monitoring locations and soil properties were determined for 13 locations as local factors that affect spatial patterns in VWC. Mean VWC over all dates was negatively correlated to gravimetric rock content (R2 = 0.28, p = 0.03) and positively correlated to water storage at field capacity (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.01). The variability in rock content in quick‐draining soils influenced soil‐water retention, and by extension, created spatially heterogenous but temporally persistent patterns in VWC. While spatial patterns were persistent, they were not easily explained by surficial topography in a steep, mountainous landscape with rocky, well‐drained soils. Further research is needed to understand if combined soil‐terrain metrics would be a more useful proxy for VWC than terrain‐based wetness metrics alone.