Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Classifying of Mac OS X Samples

Thanks to the rapidly increasing volume of malware, the security industry has been struggling to improve automatic malware classification for many years. Many recent market research reports have suggested that the growth of Apple’s Mac OS X has outpaced PC platforms for several years. This shifting trend is attracting more malware authors to develop malware for Mac OS X. In this paper, we present a study of classifying Mac OS X malware with a set of features extracted from Mach-O metadata and its derivatives in a sample collection from VirusTotal. Like the PE format for Windows, the Mach-O format provides a variety of features for classification. We collected more than 300,000 Mach-O samples submitted to VirusTotal during 2015–16, and filtered out irrelevant samples, such as samples for iOS and PowerPC. We then generated metadata from the Mach-O files using tools like nm, otool and strings. Meta information from sample files, such as segment and section structures, imported functions of dynamic libraries, printable strings, etc., were used as features for classifying Mac OS X samples. Additionally, we included derivative numerical features created from meta information, which have been introduced into learning-based malware classification widely in recent research studies, e.g. function call distribution, structure complexity, etc. This study summarizes the statistical change in view of Mac OS X malware families, and the structure trending between benign and malicious samples between 2015 and 2016. With our collection of more than 300,000 files and over 4,000 malicious samples, our feature evaluation is based on composition analysis of different malware families in both aspects of meta and derivative features. This work uses a variety of classification algorithms to generate predictive models with the 2015 dataset, and to analyse the test results with the 2016 samples and their difference from AV vendors’ detections on VirusTotal. We also discuss the effectiveness of selected features, by ranking their importance levels in a predictive model among our classification tests with the 2015–16 dataset.
The evolutionary status of Cataclysmic Variables: eclipse modelling of 15 systems

We present measurements of the component masses in 15 Cataclysmic Variables (CVs) - 6 new estimates and 9 improved estimates. We provide new calibrations of the relationship between superhump period excess and mass ratio, and use this relation to estimate donor star masses for 225 superhumping CVs. With an increased sample of donor masses we revisit the implications for CV evolution. We confirm the high mass of white dwarfs in CVs, but find no trend in white dwarf mass with orbital period. We argue for a revision in the location of the orbital period minimum of CVs to $79.6 \pm 0.2$ min, significantly shorter than previous estimates. We find that CV donors below the gap have an intrinsic scatter of only 0.005 R$_{\odot}$ around a common evolutionary track, implying a correspondingly small variation in angular momentum loss rates. In contrast to prior studies, we find that standard CV evolutionary tracks - without additional angular momentum loss - are a reasonable fit to the donor masses just below the period gap, but that they do not reproduce the observed period minimum, or fit the donor radii below 0.1 M$_{\odot}$.
Distinguishing Mergers and Disks in High-redshift Observations of Galaxy Kinematics

The majority of massive star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 have velocity gradients suggestive of rotation, in addition to large amounts of disordered motions. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is challenging to distinguish the regular rotation of a disk galaxy from the orbital motions of merging galaxies with seeing-limited data. However, the merger fractions at z ∼ 2 are likely too low for this to have a large effect on measurements of disk fractions. To determine how often mergers pass for disks, we look to galaxy formation simulations. We analyze ∼24,000 synthetic images and kinematic maps of 31 high-resolution simulations of isolated galaxies and mergers at z ∼ 2. We determine if the synthetic observations pass the criteria commonly used to identify disk galaxies and whether the results are consistent with their intrinsic dynamical states. Galaxies that are intrinsically mergers pass the disk criteria for anywhere from 0% to 100% of sightlines. The exact percentage depends strongly on the specific disk criteria adopted and weakly on the separation of the merging galaxies. Therefore, one cannot tell with certainty whether observations of an individual galaxy indicate a merger or a disk. To estimate the fraction of mergers passing as disks in current kinematics samples, we combine the probability that a merger will pass as a disk with theoretical merger fractions from a cosmological simulation. Taking the latter at face value, the observed disk fractions are overestimated by small amounts: at most by 5% at high stellar mass (1010–11 M⊙) and 15% at low stellar mass (109–10 M⊙).
Performance Analysis of a Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Device with a Metallodielectric Selective Emitter and Electrical Contacts for the Photovoltaic Cell

A near-field thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system with a multilayer emitter of alternate tungsten and alumina layer is proposed in this paper. The fluctuational electrodynamics along with the dyadic Green function for a multilayered structure is applied to calculate the spectral heat flux, and the charge transport equations are solved to get the photocurrent generation and electrical power output. The spectral heat flux is much enhanced when plain tungsten emitter is replaced with multilayer emitter. The mechanism of surface plasmon polariton coupling in the tungsten thin film, which is responsible for the heat flux enhancement, is analyzed. In addition, the invalidity of effective medium theory to predict the optical properties of multilayer structure in near-field radiation is discussed. The tungsten and alumina layer thicknesses are optimized to match the spectral heat flux with the bandgap of TPV cell. Practically, with a gold reflector placed on the back of TPV cell, which also acts as the back electrode, and a 5-nm-thick indium tin oxide (ITO) layer as the front contact, when the emitter and receiver temperature are respectively set as 2000 K and 300 K, the conversion efficiency and electrical power output can be achieved to 23.7% and 0.31 MW/m2 at a vacuum gap distance of 100 nm.
Integrating Cultural Perspectives into International Interdisciplinary Work

: There are well-established methods for working in interdisciplinary natural resource management settings, but place-based cultural differences are often poorly integrated into interdisciplinary projects. Intercultural adequacy is necessary to ensure that water management strategies are acceptable within the local contexts of water users. In this study we followed four cohorts of graduate students from Canada, Chile, Cuba, and the United States that participated in an international graduate-level water resource management course hosted at the Universidad de Concepción in Chile. The North American students participated in post-experience surveys and interviews to assess changes in their interdisciplinary and intercultural comfort levels. The interviews and survey identified factors that enhanced or detracted from their progress towards integrating disciplinary and cultural differences into their work. Though course material promoted interdisciplinary collaborations across various disciplinary cultures, participants noted that traditional methods of integrating did not adequately bridge differences in place-based cultural worldviews. We propose a framework developed during the experience to integrate place-based cultural differences into all phases of the interdisciplinary research and natural resource management processes. of comfort working in an interdisciplinary (on the x-axis), intercultural (on the y-axis) setting.
MEDICAL APPLICATION OF THE POSITRON EMITTER BEAM AT HIMAC

A treatment planning of heavy ion cancer therapy is performed with an aid of X-ray CT, which has uncertainties in an estimation of ion range. In order to obtain a dose distribution with high accuracy, irradiation and range measurement systems are developed at HIMAC using positron emitter beams. Exact stopping points of the ions can be measured by detecting annihilation γ-rays from positron emitters themselves. A new irradiation system has been installed, for creating an irradiation field with 3-dimensionally desired shape. A positron camera, which is similar to an Anger-type γ camera, is used to determine a range distribution of the heavy ions in a patient’s body. An existing PET system can be also used to measure an image of the 3dimensional irradiation-field.
Distributed Non-convex Optimization of Multi-agent Systems Using Boosting Functions to Escape Local Optima

We address the problem of multiple local optima arising in cooperative multi-agent optimization problems with non-convex objective functions. We propose a systematic approach to escape these local optima using boosting functions. These functions temporarily transform a gradient at a local optimum into a "boosted" non-zero gradient. Extending a prior centralized optimization approach, we develop a distributed framework for the use of boosted gradients and show that convergence of this distributed process can be attained by employing an optimal variable step size scheme for gradient-based algorithms. Numerical examples are included to show how the performance of a class of multi-agent optimization systems can be improved.
Hybrid Cosine Based Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated their capability to solve different kind of problems in a very huge number of applications. However, CNNs are limited for their computational and storage requirements. These limitations make difficult to implement these kind of neural networks on embedded devices such as mobile phones, smart cameras or advanced driving assistance systems. In this paper, we present a novel layer named Hybrid Cosine Based Convolution that replaces standard convolutional layers using cosine basis to generate filter weights. The proposed layers provide several advantages: faster convergence in training, the receptive field can be increased at no cost and substantially reduce the number of parameters. We evaluate our proposed layers on three competitive classification tasks where our proposed layers can achieve similar (and in some cases better) performances than VGG and ResNet architectures.
Accelerating GW-Based Energy Level Alignment Calculations for Molecule-Metal Interfaces Using a Substrate Screening Approach.

The physics of electronic energy level alignment at interfaces formed between molecules and metals can in general be accurately captured by the ab initio GW approach. However, the computational cost of such GW calculations for typical interfaces is significant, given their large system size and chemical complexity. In the past, approximate self-energy corrections, such as those constructed from image-charge models together with gas-phase molecular level corrections, have been used to compute level alignment with good accuracy. However, these approaches often neglect dynamical effects of the polarizability and require the definition of an image plane. In this work, we propose a new approximation to enable more efficient GW-quality calculations of interfaces, where we greatly simplify the calculation of the non-interacting polarizability, a primary bottleneck for large heterogeneous systems. This is achieved by first computing the non-interacting polarizability of each individual component of the interface, e.g., the molecule and the metal, without the use of large supercells; and then using folding and spatial truncation techniques to efficiently combine these quantities. Overall this approach significantly reduces the computational cost for conventional GW calculations of level alignment without sacrificing the accuracy. Moreover, this approach captures both dynamical and nonlocal polarization effects without the need to invoke a classical image-charge expression or to define an image plane. We demonstrate our approach by considering a model system of benzene at relatively low coverage on aluminum (111) surface. Although developed for such interfaces, the method can be readily extended to other heterogeneous interfaces.
COMPLEXITY, CONNECTANCE AND LINK DENSITY IN CONTINENTAL FOOD WEBS: DISSIMILARITIES IN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEBS AND THEIR HABITATS

Both terrestrial and aquatic food webs are characterized by similar key parameters: connectance, robustness, and linkage. Ecosystems vary in basic structures and by processes that govern their dynamics and complexity. A study of complexity, connectance and link density in terrestrial and aquatic food webs, was conducted. We used 49 food webs apportioned in 23 terrestrials, 15 lacustrine and 11 rivers. The results revealed that aquatic food webs presented a difference in superiority of average connectance and link density, (p ~ 0.05), depicting an absence of differences in means. A regression test revealed that connectance and link density are inversely correlated in terrestrial food webs and contrary in other habitats, which was the same case for connectance and the average length of chain. We assume that connectance should be positively correlated with other parameters (fluxes and interaction strengths) in terrestrial habitat as its variations were not explained by link density or the average length of chain. This study revealed a higher estimate of connectance in aquatic habitats compared to their terrestrial counterparts. Aquatic habitats are potentially characterized by high values of parameters related to the connection (interactions quality, organisms’ growth, and food web size) while terrestrial ones are more branded by features depicting constancy (productivity, complexity, and diversity).
Experience of Self-Efficacy Learning among Vocational Secondary School Students

: Self-study and self-efficacy are closely related concepts, and they are in connection even with lifelong learning. To develop real self-esteem in the learning process, it is important to be aware of one's abilities, weaknesses, and other characteristics that influence learning, which reinforces the foundations of learning motivation and lifelong learning. Self-efficacy and modern ICT solutions supporting self-directed learning become a more relevant role in self-learning outside the school context, i.e. in self-taught learning. This article examines self-efficacy in learning through a questionnaire survey for students at technical vocational secondary schools in Budapest (N = 1260) analyzing the answers to some of the self-efficacy statements based on the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The results can help develop modern ICT solutions that effectively support learning.
ScaRR: Scalable Runtime Remote Attestation for Complex Systems

The introduction of remote attestation (RA) schemes has allowed academia and industry to enhance the security of their systems. The commercial products currently available enable only the validation of static properties, such as applications fingerprint, and do not handle runtime properties, such as control-flow correctness. This limitation pushed researchers towards the identification of new approaches, called runtime RA. However, those mainly work on embedded devices, which share very few common features with complex systems, such as virtual machines in a cloud. A naive deployment of runtime RA schemes for embedded devices on complex systems faces scalability problems, such as the representation of complex control-flows or slow verification phase. In this work, we present ScaRR: the first Scalable Runtime Remote attestation schema for complex systems. Thanks to its novel control-flow model, ScaRR enables the deployment of runtime RA on any application regardless of its complexity, by also achieving good performance. We implemented ScaRR and tested it on the benchmark suite SPEC CPU 2017. We show that ScaRR can validate on average 2M control-flow events per second, definitely outperforming existing solutions.
Infrared finiteness and forward scattering

Infrared divergences have long been heralded to cancel in sufficiently inclusive cross-sections, according to the famous Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg theorem which mandates an initial and final state sum. While well-motivated, this theorem is much weaker than necessary: for finiteness, one need only sum over initial $\textit{or}$ final states. Moreover, the cancellation generically requires the inclusion of the forward scattering process. We provide a number of examples showing the importance of this revised understanding: in $e^+e^- \to Z$ at next-to-leading order, one can sum over certain initial and final states with an arbitrary number of extra photons, or only over final states with a finite number of photons, if forward scattering is included. For Compton scattering, infrared finiteness requires the indistinguishability of hard forward-scattered electrons and photons. This implies that in addition to experimental limits on the energy and angular resolution, there must also be an experimental limit on the momentum at which electric charge can be observed. Similar considerations are required to explain why the rate for $\gamma \gamma$ to scatter into photons alone is infrared divergent but the rate for $\gamma \gamma$ to scatter into photons or charged particles is finite. This new understanding sheds light on the importance of including degenerate initial states in physical predictions, the relevance of disconnected Feynman diagrams, the importance of dressing initial or final-state charged particles, and the quest to properly define the $S$ matrix.
Balancing a Dynamic Public Bike-Sharing System

In this article we introduce a dynamic public bike-sharing balancing problem (DPBSBP) arising from the daily operations of a public bike-sharing (PBS) system. In a PBS system, especially during peak hours, some stations have more demand than others. If no action is taken by the service provider they rapidly fill or empty, thus preventing other users from collecting or delivering bikes. The service provider must route vehicles to transport bikes from full stations to stations with shortages to balance the network. We formally define the problem and present a mathematical formulation. This formulation, however, cannot handle medium or large instances. We therefore present an alternative modeling approach that takes advantage of two decomposition schemes, Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition and Benders decomposition, to derive lower bounds and feasible solutions in short computing times.
A small domain limit for nonlinear dielectric media

on (0, oo) x G. Here C R3 denotes the spatial domain and G C O is an open subset. The unknown functions are the electric and magnetic fields E, H, which depend on the time t > 0 and the space-variable x G 12, arid the dielectric polarization P defined on M+ x G. In 1.1, the function P is the extension of P on R+ x V. defined by zero on the set R+ x (fl\G). This system, which describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium occupying the set G, is supplemented by the initial boundary conditions nAE = 0on (O.oo) xl\ and n A H = 0 on (0, oo) x T2 (1.3) E(0, x) = E0(x). H(0, x) = H0(x) (1.4) and P(0, x) = P(1(a:), <9#P(0, x) = Pi(x) oil G. (1-5)
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES’ GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STEMMING FROM THEIR TIDAL INTERACTION

We calculate the distribution function of astronomical objects’ (like galaxies and/or smooth halos of different kinds) gravitational fields due to their tidal interaction. For that we apply the statistical method of Chandrasekhar, used originally to calculate the famous Holtzmark distribution. We show that in our approach the distribution function is never Gaussian, its form being dictated by the potential of interaction between objects. This calculation permits us to perform a theoretical analysis of the relation between angular momentum and mass (richness) of the galaxy clusters. To do so, we follow the ideas of Catelan & Theuns and Heavens & Peacock. The main difference is that here we reduce the problem to a discrete many-body case, where all physical properties of the system are determined by the interaction potential V ( r ij ) ? > . The essence of reduction is that we use the multipole (up to quadrupole here) expansion of Newtonian potential so that all hydrodynamic, “extended” characteristics of an object, such as its density mass, are “integrated out,” leaving its “point-like” characteristics, such as mass and quadrupole moment. In that sense we do not distinguish between galaxies and smooth components such as halos. We compare our theoretical results with observational data.
Hybrid Emotion-Aware Monitoring System Based on Brainwaves for Internet of Medical Things

Driven by an increasing number of connected medical devices, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), as an application of Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare, is developed to help collect, analyze, and transmit medical data. During the outbreak of a pandemic like COVID-19, IoMT can be useful to monitor the status of patients and detect main symptoms remotely, by using various smart sensors. However, due to the lack of emotional care in the current IoMT, it is still a challenge to reach an efficient medical process. Especially under COVID-19, there is a need to monitor emotional status among particular people like the elderly. In this work, we propose an emotion-aware healthcare monitoring system in IoMT, based on brainwaves. With the fast development of electroencephalography (EEG) sensors in current headsets and some devices, brainwave-based emotion detection becomes feasible. The IoMT devices are used to capture the brainwaves of a patient in a scenario of smart home. Also, our system involves the analysis of touch behavior as the second layer to enhance the brainwave-based emotion recognition. In the user study with 60 participants, the results indicate the viability and effectiveness of our approach in detecting emotions like comfortable and uncomfortable, which can complement existing emotion-aware healthcare applications and mechanisms.