Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microaggregates in agricultural soils and their size distribution determined by X‐ray attenuation

Understanding mechanisms of microaggregate formation in soils requires knowledge of their exact size distribution. With this in mind, we have used X‐ray attenuation to determine the size distributions of microaggregates and primary particles in the range 0.2–63 μm, with a resolution of 100 size increments. Ten arable and grassland soils with organic C contents ranging from 14.7 to 37.7 g kg−1 were analysed. They were subjected to ultrasound at 52 J ml−1 which destroyed most aggregates > 63 μm to give microaggregates in the size range 1–63 μm. The size distribution of microaggregates differed significantly from that of primary particles and was largely independent of their organic C content. Microaggregates were most abundant in 19 of the 100 size increments, contributing to 92% of the major peaks of the size distribution. These preferred increments differed from those of primary particles, but the order for the two was similar. Further analysis of the size distribution revealed a larger mean weight diameter of microaggregates, depending on the size distribution of primary particles. The results suggest a major effect of the size distribution of primary particles on microaggregation, whereas land use seems to have a negligible effect. The proportion of mechanically dispersible clay decreased with increasing C content and indicates structural stability at the microscale.
Cation distribution and magnetic ordering in FeSbO4

A modelling study using density functional theory is performed on a FeSbO4 supercell to explore the connections between the cationic and the magnetic ordering in the material, showing that the alternation of Fe and Sb along the c axis is a prominent feature of the cation distribution and one of importance in explaining the magnetic behaviour of this mixed metal oxide.
Effects of interphase boundaries in Ginzburg–Landau one-dimensional model of two-phase states in clamped systems

Previous Landau-type models of two-phase state formation in clamped systems whose material exhibits first-order phase transitions in free state neglects the existence of interphase boundaries. Here, we take them into account in the framework of a Ginzburg–Landau one-dimensional model to study the dependence of characteristics of the two-phase state on system size. Unlike earlier works, we find that the transition to the two-phase state from both the symmetrical and nonsymmetrical phases is not continuous but abrupt. For a one-dimensional system with length L studied in this work, we show that the formation of two-phase state begins with a region whose size is proportional to L. The latent heat of the transition is also proportional to L so that the specific latent heat goes to zero as L → ∞, recovering the earlier result for infinite systems. The temperature width of the two-phase region decreases with decreasing of L, but we are unable to answer the question about the critical length for two-phase state formation because the approximation used in analytical calculations is valid for sufficiently large L. A region of small values of L was studied partially to reveal the limits of validity of the analytical calculations. The main physical results are also obtainable within a simple approximation that considers the energy of interphase boundary as a fixed value, neglecting its temperature dependence and the thickness of the boundary. A more involved but consistent treatment provides the same results within the accepted approximation and sheds light on the reason of validity of the simplified approach.
Dewatering of Biomaterials by Mechanical Thermal Expression

Dewatering by mechanical thermal expression (MTE) for a range of materials is explored using a laboratory-scale MTE compression-permeability cell. It is shown that MTE can be used to effectively dewater a range of biomaterials including lignite, biosolids, and bagasse. The underlying dewatering mechanisms relevant to MTE, namely (1) filtration of water expelled due to thermal dewatering, (2) consolidation, and (3) flash evaporation, are discussed. At lower temperatures, the dominating dewatering mechanism is consolidation, but with increasing temperature, thermal dewatering becomes more important. A major focus is an investigation of the effects of processing parameters, including temperature (20 to 200°C) and pressure (1.5 to 24 MPa), on material permeability, a fundamental dewatering parameter. It is illustrated that permeability is particularly dependent on the processing temperature, owing to changes in both the material structure and the water properties. In addition, a comparison of permeability in the direction of applied force (axial) and perpendicular to the direction of applied force (radial) is presented. It is shown that, due to alignment of particles under the applied force, the permeability and, hence, rate of water removal in the radial direction is greater than in the axial direction. SEM micrographs are presented to illustrate the particle alignment.
BARTONELLA HENSELAE IN CAPTIVE AND HUNTER-

Previously, we reported the isolation of Bartonella henselae from the blood of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the North Carolina coast. Hematologic, pathologic, and microbiologic findings surrounding the death of a juvenile captive beluga in Vancouver initiated an outbreak investigation designed to define the molecular prevalence of Bartonella infection in belugas. Using polymerase chain reaction analyses targeting the intergenic spacer region (ITS), two B. henselae ITS strains were identified in 78% of captive and free-ranging hunter-harvested belugas. These findings may have public health implications and may influence aquarium management procedures for captive marine mammals.
A constraint partially observable semi-Markov decision process for the attack–defence relationships in various critical infrastructures

ABSTRACT Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between attackers and defenders in cybersecurity domains to protect computer systems is of great importance. From the defender’s side, it is critical to choose the best reaction to maintain the system in a safe state, based on a given estimate of the attacker. One of the main challenges is that the defender may not be able to correctly detect a current attack due to incomplete and noisy information . Another important factor in the attack-defence interaction is the limited budget of both attackers and defenders. This paper focuses on an approach based on interactions between the attacker and defender by considering the problem of uncertainty and limitation of resources for the defender, given that the attacker’s actions are given in all states of a Markov chain. The best actions by the defender can be characterised by a Markov Decision Process in the case of partial observability and importance of time in the expected reward, which is a Partially Observable Semi-Markov Decision model. Our simulation on a trace-based data set demonstrates that the proposed approach handles analysing interactions of the attacker and defender with limited budgets foralong with imperfect information for the defender.
A method for detecting the transition from corona from water droplets to dry-band arcing on silicone rubber insulators

The paper presents an investigation on the use of partial discharge (PD) as a means to study the development of leakage current (LC) on silicone rubber insulators in a salt-fog chamber. Simultaneous measurements of LC and PD on dead-end type silicone rubber insulators exposed to different combinations of electrical stress and salt-fog salinity are performed. The results show that for an electrical stress of 33 V/mm applied to the insulator, the average LC experiences gradual changes and reaches a critical level (around 1 mA) where dry-band arcing is observed after 20 minutes at 2300 /spl mu/S/cm, and after 25 minutes at 1800 /spl mu/S/cm. The corresponding PD levels reach hundreds of pC after 15 minutes at 2300 /spl mu/S/cm, and after 20 minutes at 1800 /spl mu/S/cm. For a salinity corresponding to 1800 /spl mu/S/cm and stress of 26 V/mm, the LC changes much more gradually and reaches the critical level only after approximately 60 minutes. The corresponding PD reaches hundreds of pC after 30 minutes and more than 1500 pC after 60 minutes. Pattern recognition techniques have been applied to investigate the transition from corona to dry-band arcing. The features extracted from the maximum and mean apparent charge trends are found to be useful to cluster and classify the two phenomena. Simultaneous visual observations of the discharges on the insulator surface support the results. The investigation, therefore, shows that PD is a sensitive method for detecting the transition from corona from water droplets to dry-band arcing and an alternative method for studying the early aging stage of silicone rubber insulators.
Contribution of positive and negative ions to the electrohydrodynamic force in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator operating in air

We present a parametric study of the electrohydrodynamic force generated by surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators in air for sinusoidal voltage waveforms. The simulation results confirm that momentum is transferred from the charged particles to the neutral species in the same direction during both positive and negative parts of the cycle. The momentum transfer is due to positive ions during the positive part of the cycle (electrode above the dielectric layer is the anode), and to negative ions during the negative part of the cycle. The relative contribution of the positive and negative parts of the cycle depends on the voltage amplitude and frequency. The model predicts that the contribution of negative ions tends to be dominant at low voltage frequencies and high voltage amplitudes.
Norepinephrine,Epinephrine,and Dopamine,

19. Chase T, Shaw E. p-Nitrophenyl-p’-guanidinobenzoate HC1:a new active site titrant for trypsin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967;29:508-14. 20. Bieth J, SpiessB, Wermuth CG. The synthesis and analytical use of a highly sensitive and convenient substrate of elastase. Biochem Med 1974;11:350-7. 21. Barrett AJ, Brown MA, Sayers CA. The electrophoretically “slow”and “fast” forms ofthe a2-macroglobulin molecule. Biochem J 1979;181:401-18. 22. Salvesen G, Sayers C, Barrett A. Further characterization of the covalent linking reaction of a2-macroglobulin. Biochem J 1981;195:453-61. 23. Garvey JS, Crewer NE, Sussdorf DH, eds.Methods in immunology. Reading, MA: Benjamrn/Cuminings Publishing Co., 1977:340-6.
Changes in Performance and Active Microbial Communities Due to Single and Multiple Effects of Mixing and Solid Content in Anaerobic Digestion Process of OTC Medicated Cattle Manure

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is used in animal husbandry which is poorly metabolized and excreted in manure. In this study, effect of two operational parameters (mixing rate and solid content) and presence of OTC on dynamics of active microbial populations were investigated along with inhibition on biogas production and elimination of OTC. Anaerobic digester studies were carried out batch-wise in 1000 ml digesters with active volume of 600 ml for 30 days. Two different sets were conducted by diluting blank and medicated manures to 5-6% and 8-9% Volatile solid (VS) content. Inoculum seed from a manure digester was added at a ratio of 1:10. Manure slurries were digested then at mixing rates of 90 rpm and 120 rpm at 37 0 C. In all digesters, VS content decreased by 30%-50% after 20 days as biogas yields of medicated manure digesters decreased by 14%-24% in respect to control digesters after 30 days. Decrease in biogas yield was lower (14%-17%) in high VS content digesters compared to decrease in low VS content digesters (20%-24%). Methane content of biogas was determined as 62±3% in all digesters. OTC concentration decreased by 55-70% indicating a half life of 22-27 days during anaerobic digestion. FISH analyses showed an increase in activity with time and mixing rate. Activity of microbial cells were decreased with increased VS content and presence of OTC. Digesters were dominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens where acetoclastic methanogens were represented by Methanosarcina spp.
Fertilizer prescription equations for targeted yield of hybrid maize under drip fertigation on alfisol

A field experiment was conducted on red non-calcareous, sandy loam soil belonging to Palaviduthi soil series (Typic Rhodustalf) during rabi 2019 to generate fertilizer prescription equations (FPEs) for targeted yield of hybrid maize under drip fertigation. The experiment comprised of eleven treatments viz., STCR – NPK alone and STCR –IPNS for yield targets 8, 9, 10 t ha, blanket with and without FYM (12.5 t ha), FYM alone @ 6.25 and 12.5 t ha and absolute control in randomised block design with three replications. From the experimental data, basic parameters viz., nutrient requirement (NR), contribution from soil (Cs), contribution from fertilizers (Cf) and contribution from FYM (Cfym) were computed. It has been found that the nutrient requirement for producing one quintal grain of maize was 1.65 kg of N, 0.68 kg of P2O5 and 1.41 kg of K2O. The per cent contribution from soil (Cs) was 35.73, 41.85 and 19.29 for N, P and K respectively and the percent contribution from fertilizer (Cf) and FYM (Cfym) was 52.33 and 35.62 for N, 44.50 and 27.64 for P2O5 and 88.87 and 45.32 for K2O. Using these basic parameters, FPEs were developed through soil test crop response based integrated plant nutrition system (STCR – IPNS) for maize under drip fertigation. Thus developed FPEs were used for formulating monograms for a range of soil test values with desired yield targets.
Synthesis and properties of KTN films by sol-gel deposition and RF-magnetron sputtering

Abstract Homogeneous KTN (Potassium Tantalate Niobate) solutions were prepared using potassium acetate and metal alkoxides in 2-methoxyethanol by controlled hydrolysis with 1:2 (KTN/H2O) molar ratio. We report on the synthesis of sol-gel KTN for both the fabrication of homogeneous, dense and stoichiometrically correct ceramic discs by hot isostatic pressing and the deposition of spin-on as well as sputtered thin films. The spin-on KTN films on Pt/Si or r-sapphire were polycrystalline and stoichiometric, however, sputtered films on sapphire were fully (100) oriented and polycrystalline on Pt/SiO2/Si substrates with some potassium deficiency. The refractive indices of sputtered, dense KTN films on sapphire were between 2.00 and 2.05.
Secondary nucleation of Aβ fibrils on liposome membrane

The amyloid fibrils of amyloid β protein (Aβ) from Alzheimer's disease are likely to show the cytotoxicity, depending on their morphology. The relationship between the nucleation kinetics of the Aβ fibrils and their morphology has been investigated. From the perspective of a crystallization technique assuming primary/secondary nucleation steps and an elongation step, the secondary nucleation rate B [# m−3 s−1], was experimentally and coarsely determined by using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy combined with thioflavin T. In an aqueous solution, linear and rigid fibrils were formed with a relatively smaller B value ((2.83 ± 0.55) × 105 # m−3 s−1), whereas spherulitic amyloid assemblies were formed in the presence of negatively charged liposome including oxidized lipids, with a larger B value ((7.65 ± 0.47) × 105 # m−3 s−1). Those findings should lead to a better understanding of the mechanism for the formation of fibrils and senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Electrical Response of Wet Chemically Grown ZnO Nanorods for Photovoltaic Application

Wet chemically prepared arrays of ZnO nanorods in electrolyte solution were investigated with respect to their capacitive behavior. The ZnO nanorod electrode could be well described by a frequency independent capacitive and a conductive element in parallel. The capacitive element is determined as space charge capacitance in the nanorods. However the dependency of the nanorod electrodes capacitance on the applied voltage bias is more complicated than for flat semiconductor electrodes.
Effect of Pretreatment on the Enhancement of Biodegradation of Olive Mill Effluent for Treatment in an Anaerobic Cross-Flow Filter Reactor

In this study, various chemical and advanced oxidation processes were tested for enhancement of anaerobic biodegradation of olive mill effluent (OME). The experiments were carried out in a 20 L lab-scale ACF reactor packed with cross-flow filter material made of water-resistant cardboard with a specific surface area of ~300 m m. The ACF reactor was operated at chosen OLR conditions and fed with different pre-treated OME samples for 240 days (717 days in total). All pretreatment options used in this study improved the anaerobic biological degradation in terms of COD, phenolics and color removal efficiencies. Best effluent quality (5700±250 mg COD per liter) was obtained by using the Fenton process as a pre-treatment. This effluent value is still higher than the official discharge limit for COD (4000 mg COD per liter) in Turkey. Therefore, additional final treatment (e.g. membrane filtration) may be required before discharging into the sewer line.
Vapor Liquid Equilibria for Ethanol +2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene and 2-Propanol +2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene at 101 kPa

Isobaric vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured for the systems ethanol + 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2-propanol + 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene at 101 kPa. The measurements were made with a recirculation still. The determination of the equilibrium compositions was made with two analyzers, a mass spectrometer, and a gas chromatograph. Two novel sampling systems were tested for introducing the samples of liquid and condensed vapor phases to the analyzers. The VLE data were correlated with the Wilson activity coefficient model and the Soave−Redlich−Kwong equation of state.
PERFORMANCES OF 2 PHENOXYETHANOL AND QUINALDINE WITH OXYGEN IN THE LIVE TRUCK TRANSPORTATION OF ROHU FINGERLINGS

The effectiveness of 2 phenoxyethanol (2 PE), quinaldine (2-methyl quinoline), benzocaine (ethyl 4 aminobenzoate) and tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) was tested to determine their optimal dosages for rapid induction and recovery in the first experiment, while the second experiment evaluated the effects of low dose quinaldine (175 ? l/L) and 2 PE (250 ? l/L) with oxygen for 1, 3, 6 and 9 h on the mortality and water qualities at 400 g/L rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a truck transport simulation. Optimum dosages of 2 PE (250 ? l/L), quinaldine (175 ? l/L), benzocaine (40 mg/L) and TAA (1.5 ml/L) were found to have rapid (within 6 min) immobilization and recovery. Very low level of immediate and delayed mortality (<1%) was found across all three transport methods. While 2 PE had dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration above 13 mg/L, quinaldine had lower level. Results suggest that rohu fingerlings at 400 g/L can be transported for 9 hours with oxygen with or without sedatives. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jasbs.v39i2. 17858 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 39(2): 201-209, December 2013
Sobre la termodinámica de las soluciones electrolíticas

The basic theoretical physical chemistry elements of electrolyte solutions are presented and subject to reflection, searching for a connection between the characteristic molecular aspects and the semi empirical thermodynamic models development, suitable for properties calculation. A general view of the historical development of models for electrolyte solutions is presented and the Debye-Huckel and NRTL-E models are adopted for describe qualitatively and
Extraction, Separation and Phytochemical Analysis of Lignan from Nutmeg ( Myristica Fragrans) Seeds

In this study natural lignan dimer was isolated fro m nutmeg seeds using organic solvent, partially purified using liquid/liquid par tiation and purified using anion exchanger and chemically characterized using Molish’s, Benedict’s, Fehing’s and Ferric chloride tests screening, then by the aid of UFLC-P DA-IT-TOF-MS System the molecular weight (657.221 ) and the molecular formula(C 40 H48 O8 ) of this dimer were determined after that the free radical scavenging a ctivities was studied using stable free radical compound DPPH, results showed that this purified dimer had 75% scavenging activity while the partial purified dimer had 45% compared with vitamin C.
Practical implementations for improving the throughput in a manual crystallization setup

For the past few years, the number of structural genomics projects has been growing enormously worldwide. All these projects are supported by substantial financial resources and therefore are able to employ robotics for setting up high-throughput platforms. This paper addresses a simple question: how can basic research laboratories draw profit from the efforts and innovations that have been made to establish high-throughput facilities? To answer this question, the implementations that have been made in the authors' laboratory to improve manual crystallization setup with very limited financial investments are presented. In combination with 96-well microplates, an advanced protocol has been introduced and several simple devices have been designed to speed up different aspects of the manual crystallization setup, from storage of solutions to the setting of drops. These implementations lead to the reduction of costs in terms of time and money without any loss of quality. In addition, the crystallization throughput in the manual setup has been significantly increased.
Triple helix of aschizophyllum commune polysaccharide in aqueous solution

From sedimentation equilibrium, light scattering, and viscosity measurements on a series of native and sonicated samples of schizophyllan, and extracellular β-1,3-D-glucan, the following results were obtained: (i) weight-average and z-average molecular weights (Mw and Mz) in water are about three times as large as those in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); (ii) the exponent in the Houwink-Mark-Sakurada intrinsic viscosity relation in water is close to 1.7, whereas in DMSO it is 0.68; (iii) intrinsic viscosities of samples with Mw below 5 × 105 in water at 25°C can be fitted by Yamakawa's theory for along rigid rod if the pitch (1.836 nm) of the triple helix of Atkins et al. and the diameter (3 nm) estimated from the model triple helix are used; (iv) intrinsic viscosities in water-DMSO mixtures at 25°C undergo and almost discontinuous decrease when the weight fraction of DMSO in the mixture increases to about 87%. These results combined lead to the conclusion that schizophyllan dissolves in water as a triple helix similar to that proposed by Atkins et al. and that the triple helix in aqueous DMSO solution “melts” abruptly to single chains when the DMSO coposition reaches about 87 wt%. It was also found that the triple helix is not recoverable once it is broken in DMSO.
Analysis of jojoba oil by LC-coordination ion spray-MS (LC-CIS-MS)

The intact wax esters in jojoba oil were analyzed by microbore LC-MS. Neither atmospheric pressure chemical nor electrospray ionization (APCI and ESI) provided ions. Excellent ionization was obtained by adding post column Ag + ions. With this technique, called coordination ion spray MS (CIS-MS), the molecular ion could be unequivocally elucidated and, by applying a collision induced dissociation (CID) voltage of 290 V, the acidic and alcoholic part of the different wax esters could be identified. Ion formation and fragmentation are discussed. Unsaturation in the alcohol or acid chain is not a prerequisite for obtaining [M+Ag] + ions but fragmentation only occurs when the chains are unsaturated.