Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community reporting on violent extremism by “intimates”: emergent findings from international evidence

ABSTRACT To promote early intervention strategies, Countering/Preventing Violent Extremism (C/PVE) policies internationally seek to encourage community reporting by “intimates” about someone close to them engaging in terrorist planning. Yet historically, we have scant evidence around what either helps or hinders “intimates” to share concerns with authorities. We address that deficit here through a “state of the art” assessment of what we currently know about effective related C/PVE approaches to community reporting, based on key findings from a ground-breaking Australian study and its UK replication. The consistency of qualitative findings from nearly 100 respondents offers new paradigms for policy and practice.
The method of Immersive Behavioural Observation (IBO) — a conversation between theory and practice

Observational field work is an essential part of design research. In this paper we introduce a new method for design research called Immersive Behavioural Observation (IBO). We developed the IBO method in order to analyse meaningful bodily relations to our environment, particularly in transit spaces. Human beings constantly interact with their environment and are often unconsciously guided by their surroundings. The IBO method aims to understand relations that point to a background structure embedded in space which shapes the human interaction in it. The method makes explicit an implicit, tacit knowledge that is part of our practical and purpose driven understanding of and within a place. The IBO method has its foundations in anthropological field research methods like participant and direct observation. It is also deeply influenced by phenomenology, especially Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s analyses of the lived body experience and Martin Heidegger’s analysis of a functional environment or “totality of involvements. ”
Epidemiology of mid-buccal gingival recessions in NHANES according to the 2018 World Workshop Classification System.

AIM There are no nationally-representative epidemiological data available reporting on the different recession types according to the 2018 classification system or focusing on the aesthetic zone. The aims of this cross-sectional study were: i) to provide estimates on the prevalence, severity and extent of mid-buccal GRs according to the 2018 classification, and ii) to identify their risk indicators in the adult U.S. population from the NHANES database. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 10,676 subjects, representative of 143.8 millions of adults, were retrieved from the NHANES 2009-2014 database. GR prevalence was defined as the presence of at least one mid-buccal GR≥1 mm. GRs were categorized following the 2018 World Workshop classification system (RT1, RT2, RT3) and according to different severity cut-offs. An analysis for GR risk indicators was also performed, selecting subjects without periodontitis. RESULTS The patient-level prevalence of mid-buccal GRs (all types) was 91.6%, while it decreased to 70.7% when considering only the esthetic zone. When focusing on RT1 GRs, the patient-level prevalence (whole mouth) was 12.4%, while it was 5.8% considering only the esthetic zone. The majority of RT1 GRs were considered as mild (1-2 mm). The whole mouth patient-level prevalence of RT2 and RT3 GRs was 88.8% and 55.0%, respectively. Age (35-49 years), gender (female), ethnicity (non-hispanic whites), last dental visit (>6 months before), tooth type (incisors) and the arch (mandible) resulted as risk indicators associated with the presence of RT1 GR. CONCLUSIONS Mid-buccal GRs affect almost the entire US population. Age, gender, ethnicity, dental care exposure, tooth type and arch were identified as risk indicators for RT1 GRs.
Recent Advances in Intraoperative Nerve Bioimaging: Fluorescence‐Guided Surgery for Nerve Preservation

Accidental transection or injury of nerves during surgeries leads to severe patient morbidity and lowers the life quality of patients. The current imaging modality for nerves, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and high‐resolution ultrasound, cannot provide real‐time guidance for surgeons during surgical operations. Previously, intraoperative nerve recognition mainly depended on the surgeon's experience. But now, optical imaging techniques that exploit fluorescent light enable the direct intraoperative visualization of the areas of interest on a surgical site, which has the potential to improve real‐time nerve identification during surgeries. Herein, a brief introduction is provided to the structure of peripheral nerve (PN) fiber and fluorescent probes for nerve labeling that are based on these features are summarized. Then, the recent progress in fluorescence‐guided surgeries for nerve preservation is systematically summarized. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for in vivo real‐time nerve identification are discussed.
Comparative Value of 2-Hydroxyglutarate-to-Lipid and Lactate Ratio versus 2-Hydroxyglutarate Concentration on MR Spectroscopic Images for Predicting Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutation Status in Gliomas.

Purpose To compare the ability of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG)-to-lipid and lactate (2HG/[lipid + lactate]) ratio with the ability of 2HG concentration alone to predict the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status in patients with glioma. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, consecutive patients with histopathologically proven glioma were enrolled between July 2016 and February 2019. A total of 79 patients were enrolled (mean age, 44 years; 49 men). The 2HG concentration and other MR spectroscopic parameters were measured by single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopy before surgery. The diagnostic performance of the 2HG concentration and 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio were calculated. Internal validation was assessed by the bootstrap approach with 1000 bootstrap resamples. Differences in the predictive accuracy of 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio and 2HG concentration were determined by calculating the integrated discrimination improvement. The diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]) of these measures was also compared separately in patients with glioblastomas and patients with lower-grade gliomas. Results Of the 79 enrolled patients, 28 had IDH mutations and 51 had wild-type IDH. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 2HG concentration for predicting IDH-mutant gliomas were 89% (25 of 28), 67% (34 of 51), and 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70, 0.88; C statistic, 0.80), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of the 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio for predicting IDH-mutant gliomas were 79% (22 of 28), 92% (47 of 51), and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.96; C statistics, 0.90), respectively. The optimal cutoff value for the 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio was 0.63. The 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio was significantly better for predicting IDH mutation status than the 2HG concentration alone (P < .01). In glioblastoma, the 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio was also better for predicting IDH mutations than the 2HG concentration alone, with borderline significance (P = .052). In lower-grade glioma, the 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio and the 2HG concentration showed comparable diagnostic performance (P = .72). Conclusion The 2HG/(lipid + lactate) ratio is more accurate for predicting IDH mutation status in patients with glioma than the 2HG concentration alone.Keywords: Brain/Brain Stem, CNS, MR-Imaging, MR-Spectroscopy, Neoplasms-Primary, Neuro-Oncology© RSNA, 2020.
The illusion of universality: The use of Nordic population registers in studies of migration, employment and health

Aims: Nordic register material is often considered to be a gold standard for studies of social epidemiology and population health, but it comes with certain limitations. This short communication aims to draw attention to lacking coverage as a potentially growing problem of Nordic register material. Methods: The article is based on a short review of previous studies and commentaries on the strengths and limitations of Nordic register data with a particular focus on studies of employment and migration. Results: In times of institutional and demographic change in the Nordic countries, the assumption of universal register coverage can be challenged. Precarious and informal employment arrangements, important social determinants of health, provide a good illustration of the problem. Work that is carried out in the semi-legal margins of the labour market, sometimes by a ‘hidden population’ of non-resident, short-term labour immigrants, will not be covered by the registers. Researchers may therefore run the risk of misrepresenting reality if they maintain the belief that population registers cover the entire population. Conclusions: The Nordic registers are an extraordinary resource for public health researchers, but continuous quality control and assessment of validity and completeness will be crucial to maintain relevance in a transitioning society.
Surface Remeshing: A Systematic Literature Review of Methods and Research Directions

Triangle meshes are used in many important shape-related applications including geometric modeling, animation production, system simulation, and visualization. However, these meshes are typically generated in raw form with several defects and poor-quality elements, obstructing them from practical application. Over the past decades, different surface remeshing techniques have been presented to improve these poor-quality meshes prior to the downstream utilization. A typical surface remeshing algorithm converts an input mesh into a higher quality mesh with consideration of given quality requirements as well as an acceptable approximation to the input mesh. In recent years, surface remeshing has gained significant attention from researchers and engineers, and several remeshing algorithms have been proposed. However, there has been no survey article on remeshing methods in general with a defined search strategy and article selection mechanism covering the recent approaches in surface remeshing domain with a good connection to classical approaches. In this article, we present a survey on surface remeshing techniques, classifying all collected articles in different categories and analyzing specific methods with their advantages, disadvantages, and possible future improvements. Following the systematic literature review methodology, we define step-by-step guidelines throughout the review process, including search strategy, literature inclusion/exclusion criteria, article quality assessment, and data extraction. With the aim of literature collection and classification based on data extraction, we summarized collected articles, considering the key remeshing objectives, the way the mesh quality is defined and improved, and the way their techniques are compared with other previous methods. Remeshing objectives are described by angle range control, feature preservation, error control, valence optimization, and remeshing compatibility. The metrics used in the literature for the evaluation of surface remeshing algorithms are discussed. Meshing techniques are compared with other related methods via a comprehensive table with indices of the method name, the remeshing challenge met and solved, the category the method belongs to, and the year of publication. We expect this survey to be a practical reference for surface remeshing in terms of literature classification, method analysis, and future prospects.
Does Purpose Grow Here? Exploring 4-H as a Context for Cultivating Youth Purpose

Most youth development programs strive to promote thriving, but scientific inquiry into how they achieve this aim is rare and often complicated by nuanced program structures and delivery. Across two studies, we explored how one thriving indicator, having a sense of purpose in life, may be cultivated by a statewide 4-H program. In Study 1, an inductive text mining approach called latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was used to content analyze 63 4-H practitioners’ definitions of purpose and focus group conversations about how the program fosters this sense in youth. In Study 2, 113 4-H participants (aged 12–18 years, Mage = 14.77; 66% female) reported their purpose exploration and commitment and the extent to which they have engaged with particular program experiences. The LDA suggested educators believe 4-H fosters purpose by offering diverse and transformative activities that equip youth with key resources. Youth reports largely corroborated these beliefs: Correlational analyses revealed youth who felt they acquired life skills in 4-H reported greater purpose commitment, whereas youth who felt they had access to older youth with long-term aspirations reported greater purpose exploration. Implications for how 4-H and other programs might scaffold activities to promote youth purpose are discussed.
Vacuum Cherenkov radiation and bremsstrahlung from disformal couplings

The simplest way to modify gravity is to extend the gravitational sector to include an additional scalar degree of freedom. The most general metric that can be built in such a theory includes disformal terms, so that standard model fields move on a metric which is the sum of the space time metric and a tensor constructed from first derivatives of the scalar. In such a theory gravitational waves and photons can propagate at different speeds, and these can in turn be different from the maximum speed limit for matter particles. In this work we show that disformal couplings can cause charged particles to emit Cherenkov radiation and bremsstrahlung apparently in vacuum, depending on the background evolution of the scalar field. We discuss the implications of this for observations of cosmic rays, and the constraints that arise for models of dark energy with disformal couplings.
ARGs-OSP: online searching platform for antibiotic resistance genes distribution in metagenomic database and bacterial whole genome database

Background The antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) have been emerging as one of the top global issue s in both medical and environmental fields. The metagenomic analysis has been widely adopted in ARG-related studies, revealing a universal presence of ARGs in diverse environments from medical settings to natural habitats, even in drinking water and ancient permafrost. With the tremendous resources of accessible metagenomic datasets, it would be feasible and beneficial to construct a global profile of antibiotic resistome as a guidance of its phylogenetic and ecological distribution. And such information should be shared by an open webpage to avoid the unnecessary repeat of data processing and the bias caused by incompatible search method. Results Two dataset collections, the Whole Genome Database (WGD, 54,718 complete and draft bacterial genomes) and the Metagenomic Database (MGD, 854 metagenomic datasets of 7 eco-types), were downloaded and analyzed using a standard method of ARG online analysis platform (ARGs-OAP v1.0). The representativeness of WGD and MGD was evaluated to have a comprehensive coverage of ARGs in bacterial genomes and metagenomes. Besides, an ARGs online searching platform (ARGs-OSP, http://args-osp.herokuapp.com/) was developed in this study to make the data accessible to other researchers via the search and download functionality. Finally, flexible usage of the ARGs-OAP was demonstrated by evaluating the co-occurrence of class 1 integrases and total ARGs across different environments. Conclusions The ARGs-OSP is presented in this study as the valuable sources and references for future studies with versatile research interests, meanwhile avoiding unnecessary re-computations and re-analysis.
Speed is Significant in Short-Loop Experimental Learning: Iterating and Debugging in High-Tech Product Innovation

Digital technology is fundamental to experimentation, learning, and the rate of innovation. Digital technology facilitates the rapid distribution of experimental design and debug information. However, we should consider how this fundamentally changes organizational learning and experimentation when managing the rate of product innovation. We address this issue by investigating what drives experimentation-based learning in high-tech product innovation and production. The longitudinal dataset in our study consists of 216 projects over a period of almost 5 years, involving thousands of digitally recorded design iterations and design debugs. Based on a time series linear regression analysis, we demonstrate that learning from an accumulation of completed projects drives learning in experimentation more than failure experience in successfully completed design debugs. Furthermore, we show that processing iterations and debugs rapidly enhances the speed of product innovation learning as this allows for short-loop experimentation that restricts superstitious learning when conditions change over time. The results also show this can be achieved using digital tools as a source of agility. [Submitted: 11, 2019. 2020. ]
Molecular Characterization And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus In Goats

Peste des Petits Ruminants Virusis a highly contagious viral disease that affects mainly sheep and goats and some other domesticated and wild animals. Although PPRV usually resolves spontaneously and mortality rate is generally high, the economic impact can be significant. PPRVis endemic in most of the countries including India. Keeping in view, the study was undertaken with following objectives 1. Molecular characterization of PPRVfrom clinical samples ofgoats by polymerase chain reaction. 2. To sequence, analyze partial N gene of PPRVandconstruct phylogenetic tree based on the N gene. In the present study, out of the 25 nasal swab samples collected from PPRVsuspected goats, 03were confirmed positive for PPRVusing RT-PCR. These Threesamples were subjected to DNA sequence analysis. Based on sequencing result and the DNA sequences examined in this study were confirmed to bePPRV. It was evident that the nucleotide PPRVsequences were phylogenetically closed related with each other and with sequences of other Indian strains from Linage IV than to other PPRV sequences of world. The most recent common ancestors (tMRCA) for PPRV strains obtained under study (ED01, PBN-02, PBN-03) estimated to have originated in 2009 (20052016 with High Posterior Density (HPD) of 95%). The most common recent ancestor of all the strains in given data dates back to 1895 which correlates with previous studies and literature.
rBET: Making BET work for Rodent Brains

Introduction: The Brain Extraction Tool (BET), part of the FMRIB Software Library (FSL) is commonly used to produced brain masks for human data. BET makes several assumptions about the brain’s shape, curvature and location within the image that are correct in clinical data, but are unfortunately inappropriate for pre-clinical data such as rodent images. This causes BET to fail when used with such data. We have modified BET to use more appropriate initial estimates for the shape and location of the rodent brain, and also to use more appropriate smoothness constraints. This modified rodent Brain Extraction Tool (rBET) was tested with example data and successfully produced appropriate brain masks.
A cross‐scale framework to support a mechanistic understanding and modelling of marine climate‐driven species redistribution, from individuals to communities

Climate‐driven species redistribution is pervasive and accelerating, yet the complex mechanisms at play remain poorly understood. The implications of large‐scale species redistribution for natural systems and human societies have resulted in a large number of studies exploring the effects on individual species and ecological communities worldwide. Whilst many studies have investigated discrete components of species redistribution, the integration required for a more complete mechanistic understanding is lacking. In this paper, we provide a framework for synthesising approaches to more robustly understand and predict marine species redistributions. We conceptualise the stages and processes involved in climate‐driven species redistribution at increasing levels of biological organisation, and synthesize the laboratory, field and modelling approaches used to study redistribution related processes at individual, population and community levels. We then summarise links between scales of biological organisation and methodological approaches in a hierarchical framework that represents an integrated mechanistic assessment of climate‐driven species redistributions. In a rapidly expanding field of research, this framework provides direction for: 1) guiding future research, 2) highlighting key knowledge gaps, 3) fostering data exchange and collaboration between disciplines and 4) improving shared capacity to predict and therefore, inform the proactive management of climate impacts on natural systems.
LCM-seq reveals unique transcriptional adaption mechanisms of resistant neurons in spinal muscular atrophy

Somatic motor neurons are selectively vulnerable in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a lethal disease caused by a deficiency of the ubiquitously expressed survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. However, some brainstem motor neuron groups, including oculomotor and trochlear (ocular), which innervate the muscles around the eyes, are for unknown reasons spared. Here, using laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA sequencing (LCM-seq), we investigate the transcriptional dynamics in discrete neuronal populations in health and SMA to reveal mechanisms of vulnerability and resistance. Using gene correlation network analysis, we reveal a p53-mediated stress response that is intrinsic to all somatic motor neurons independent of their vulnerability, but absent in resistant red nucleus and visceral motor neurons. However, our temporal and spatial differential expression analysis across neuron types clearly demonstrates that the majority of SMA-induced modulations are cell-type specific. Notably, using gene ontology and protein-network analyses we show that ocular motor neurons present unique disease-adaptation mechanisms that could explain their resilience. In particular, ocular motor neurons up-regulate; i) Syt1, Syt5 and Cplx2, which modulate neurotransmitter release; ii) the motor neuron survival factors Chl1 and Lif, iii) Aldh4, that can protect cells from oxidative stress and iv) the caspase inhibitor Pak4. In conclusion, our in-depth longitudinal analysis of gene expression changes in SMA reveal novel cell-type specific changes that present compelling targets for future gene therapy studies aimed towards preserving vulnerable motor neurons.