Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Background Nitrogen Oxides on the Tropospheric Ozone Depletion Events in the Arctic during Springtime

Ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the springtime of the Arctic have been frequently observed since the early 1980s, and the correlation between the ozone mixing ratio during the ODEs and the nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration is still unclear. In the present study, the role of the background level of NOx in ODEs was investigated by using a box model implementing a chemical reaction mechanism containing 49 chemical species and 141 related reactions. A concentration sensitivity analysis was also applied to discover the dependence of the ozone mixing ratio during the ODEs on each constituent of the initial air composition. The simulation results showed that a critical value of the NOx background level exists, with which the ozone depletion rate is independent of the initial concentration of NOx, and the critical value was found to be approximately 55 ppt (ppt = part per trillion, 10−12 mol/mol) in the present study. The concentration sensitivity analysis also showed that the existence of NOx has a two-sided impact on the depletion of ozone, depending on the initial amount of NOx. With a low background level of NOx (less than 55 ppt), the increase of the initial NOx can advance the ozone depletion. On the contrary, with a high initial NOx level (more than 55 ppt), NOx would delay the consumption of ozone during the ODEs.
REVISION DEL GENERO GOEPPERTELLA OISHI ET YAMASITA EMEND. (GOEPPERTELLOIDEAE-DIPTERIDACEAE)

ABSTRACT: REVISION OF GENUS GOEPPERTELLA OISHI ET YAMASITA EMEND. (GOEPPERTELLOIDEAE- DIPTERIDACEA). In this paper the genus Goeppertella Oishi et Yamasita emend. is revised, based on the analysis of the morphology of eight species: G. diazii n. sp. ; G. frenguelliana (Cazaubon) Stipanic et Menendez; G. herbstii n. sp. ; G. macrolaba Herbst; G. memoria-watabei Oishi et Huzioka; G. microloba (Schenk) Oishi et Yamasita; G. neuqueniana Herbst; G. varida Oishi et Huzioka. This paper includes a key for species, determination, synonymy lists, types (Iectotypes are selected for G. memoria-watabei Oishi et Huzioka, G. microloba (Schenk) Oishi et Yamasita; and G. varida (Oishi et Huzioka ) , some comments on special features, and the geographic and stratigraphic distribution for each species. The most important conclusions are: - The occurrence of the subsidiary elemens is a very significant taxonomic character. - Goeppertella is a good stratigraphic indicator, essentially for the Liassic times
Thermodynamics and the bottom size limit of its applicability

For the description of the size fluctuations the molecular theory on the basis of the lattice-gas model, which unique gives equal-accuracy results in all range of density, and the finite-difference calculation reflecting a discrete structure of substance are used. The bottom limit of the thermodynamics applicability is defined by a size for which at calculations of the thermodynamic functions both the discreteness of a substance and the contributions from spontaneous fluctuations can be ignored. Estimations of the sizes of the two-dimensional and spherical isolated drops and for their internal areas of phases are constructed, less which thermodynamic approaches cannot be applied. It is received that an influence of intermolecular interactions and movements of molecules in dense phases on size fluctuations is as much as possible shown at average density. It keeps estimations for size fluctuations which are most important for small and large densities. The received estimations are focused on a wide spectrum of the small systems arising at formation of a new phase and in high–dispersed systems
Assessment of the CHIRPS-Based Satellite Precipitation Estimates

At present, satellite rainfall products, such as the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) product, have become an alternative source of rainfall data for regions where rain gauge stations are sparse, e.g., Northeast Brazil (NEB). In this study, continuous scores (i.e., Pearson’s correlation coefficient, R; percentage bias, PBIAS; and unbiased root mean square error, ubRMSE) and categorical scores (i.e., probability of detection, POD; false alarm ratio, FAR; and threat score, TS) were used to assess the CHIRPS rainfall estimates against ground-based observations on a pixel-to-station basis, during 01 January 1981 to 30 June 2019 over NEB. Results showed that CHIRPS exhibits better performance in inland regions (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.51, −3.71%, and 9.20 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.59, 0.44, and 0.40, respectively) than near the coast (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.36, −5.66%, and 12.43 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.32, 0.42, and 0.26, respectively). It shows better performance in the wettest months (i.e., DJF) than in the driest months (i.e., JJA) and is sensitive to both the warm-top stratiform cloud systems and the sub-cloud evaporation processes. Overall, the CHIRPS rainfall data set could be used for some operational purposes in NEB.
Evaluating the Effect of Embedded Responses in Multimedia-Based Instruction With Preservice Teachers

We report the findings of a randomized controlled trial examining the use of content acquisition podcasts for teachers (CAP-Ts) with 94 preservice teacher participants from two public universities. This study is an extension of a previous CAP-T study. We examined whether active embedded questions in CAP-Ts increased participant knowledge of functional behavioral assessments (FBAs). Participants completed a pretest, treatment, and posttest assessment to measure the extent to which CAP-Ts with active embedded questions supported participant knowledge, improved application of FBA skills, and impacted social validity as compared with traditional CAP-Ts. Findings indicate that CAP-T with embedded questions did not produce significant changes in preservice teacher knowledge and application of skills. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Isolation and characterization of 49 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis

A total of 49 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers in the ayu fish, Plecoglossus altivelis, were successfully isolated and characterized. The number of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity, and expected heterozygosity ranged from two to 25 (11.3 on average), from 0.125 to 1.000 (0.648 on average), and from 0.123 to 0.957 (0.751 on average), respectively. These microsatellite markers will be useful for both studying population structure and identifying quantitative trait loci that control evolutionarily and economically important traits of ayu.
Chicken as a Developmental Model

The development of a complex organism from a single cell, the fertilised egg, has fascinated people for centuries. Embryo development is highly reproducible and exquisitely regulated. How is it that all tissues and organs form in the right places and at the right time? How is the development of different organ systems coordinated, so that they all fit together correctly at the end? It is challenging to study development, because many embryos are small or inaccessible. The chick embryo is a popular model system with many experimental advantages, which include classic ‘cut and paste’ experiments and mechanistic gene function analyses. The combination of micromanipulations with gain- or loss-of-function is particularly powerful. The recent development of transgenic lines and advanced imaging techniques ensure that the chicken remains an attractive model system, which will continue to make major contributions to our understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling developmental processes. Key ConceptsKey Concepts * The chick embryo is easy to access and observe and is therefore an attractive model to study developmental processes. * In the early stages, chick embryo morphology is very similar to human, both are amniotes and their development is very similar. * The chicken and human genomes share considerable homology. * Classic embryological manipulations, such as tissue ablations and tissue grafts, provide information about the contribution of particular cell populations to various organs. These experiments have also told us how cells and tissues influence each other in their developmental decisions. * The molecular and cellular basis for many developmental processes and phenomena were first described in the chick, including limb patterning, neural crest migration, dorso-ventral neural tube patterning, blood vessel formation, somite segmentation and left–right asymmetry. * Experiments in chicken, which examine the function of genes, have helped elucidate the underlying mechanisms of human genetic diseases and provide a basis for testing novel therapies. * Time-lapse video microscopy can be used to image live chick embryos, either in ovo or ex ovo using embryo culture. * We can use chick embryos to visualise complex processes, including cell migration, cell–cell communication, cell differentiation and tissue morphogenesis, in an amniote system.
The genera of Cactaceae: progress towards consensus

Summary. After further debate and a postal ballot of specialists, the IOS Working Party has revised its 1986 ‘consensus’ list of accepted genera. The new list totals 93, i.e. seven more than that of 1986. The synopsis of genera is accompanied by a comprehensive index of generic names, an explanation of the ballot procedure and edited commentary on the proposals ballotted, summaries of recently published tribal classifications, and relevant bibliography.
Walker's mammals of the world

From aardwolves and bandicoots to yapoks and zorillas, Ernest P. Walker's Mammals of the World is the most comprehensive-the pre-eminent-reference work on mammals. Now, completely revised and updated, this fascinating guide is better than ever. Providing a complete account of every genus of mammal in all historical time, the sixth edition is 25 percent longer than its predecessor. Of the previous generic accounts, 95 percent have been substantively modified, and there are 80 new ones-among them, three remarkable, large ungulates recently discovered in the forests of Indochina. New also is a full account of the woolly mammoth, now known to have survived until less than 4,000 years ago. Each section of the book describes one genus and includes facts such as scientific and common names, the number and distribution of species, measurements and physical traits, habitat, locomotion, daily and seasonal activity, population dynamics, home range, social life, reproduction, and longevity. Textual summaries present accurate, well-documented descriptions of the physical characteristics and living habits of mammals in every part of the world. As in the last two editions, the names and distributions of every species of every genus are listed in systematic order. These lists have now been cross-checked to ensure coverage of all species in the comprehensive new Smithsonian guide, Mammal Species of the World. Facts on the biology of mammals have been brought together from more than 2,700 newly cited references, nearly all published in the last decade. Also new are the latest data on reproduction, longevity, fur harvests, numbers in the wild and in captivity, and conservation status. The sixth edition also records all official classifications of every mammal species and subspecies in the massive 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. The illustrations-more than 1,700-include virtually every genus of mammal. Among them are pictures by such noted wildlife photographers as Leonard Lee Rue III, Bernhard Grzimek, David Pye, and Warren T. Houck. Mammals pictured here for the first time include the just-discovered giant muntjac deer of Viet Nam, a rodent known only from the Solomon Islands, a large fruit bat whose male suckles the young, and an extremely rare web-footed tenrec of Madagascar. Since its publication in 1964, Walker's Mammals of the World has become a favorite guide to the natural world for general readers as well as an invaluable resource for professionals. This sixth edition represents more than half a century of scholarship-Ernest P. Walker himself devoted more than thirty years to the original project-and remains true to Walker's vision, smoothly combining thorough scholarship with a popular, readable style to preserve and enhance what the Washington Post called "a landmark of zoological literature. "
GP Method for Calculating Production Costs in the Furniture Industry

In the current context of economic practice, a qualitative diversification of information is required, which draws attention to systems of calculating the performances of the economic entity. This process of continued development in the economy has produced profound mutations from the perspective of the place and role of scientific research, the word "performance" dominating the whole economy. The selection of methods and techniques with practical applicability in the furniture industry depends on the organizational character and the way the activity of the analysed entity is performed. The GP (Georges Perrin) method involves knowledge of the categories of expenditures related to the production process and involves the passing of clearly defined stages and based on the list of stages of the manufacturing process, it is determined which of the costs involved are attributable to their allocation keys and are not attributable. By applying the GP (Georges Perrin) method and going through the steps in a concrete case of an economic entity in the furniture industry, the present scientific approach seeks to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of applying the GP (Georges Perrin) method, and to study the viability of its implementation at the level of the economic entities in furniture industry.
Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization in Youth: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

Cyberbullying perpetration (CP) and victimization (CV) are prevalent issues in adolescent development. However, previous meta-analyses focused only on cross-sectional findings. The present study aims to meta-analytically summarize 56 longitudinal studies on CP, CV, and related factors in children and adolescents. Forty meta-analyses on CP and CV as both predictors and outcomes of person-related, Internet activity-related, and contextual factors were performed. Additional moderator analyses took into account study design, sample population, and quality of the studies. Results highlight reciprocal longitudinal effects among CP, CV, and both traditional bullying and victimization: CP causes externalizing problem behaviors over time, whereas CV constitutes a risk factor of internalizing problems, such as depression and anxiety. Conversely, behavioral problems and increased Internet use predict involvement in CP, while depression, anxiety, and Internet use also predict CV over time. Further longitudinal research is needed to provide empirical evidence on understudied concepts.
Research on Image Processing Method of High Voltage Switchgear Temperature Measurement

Accurate monitoring of electrical equipment temperature can effectively ensure the safety of electrical equipment operation. It is worth further study to use limited temperature monitoring equipment to obtain a comprehensive temperature distribution of electrical equipment. Based on the study of nearest neighbor interpolation bilinear interpolation and bicubic interpolation these three methods are applied to image processing of temperature distribution in 10kV switchgear cabinets. Compared with the three methods, bilinear interpolation and bicubic interpolation can accurately reflect the non-measured temperature, and can be used in image processing of temperature distribution in high-voltage switchgear temperature measurement system.
Care of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic presents many unique challenges when caring for patients with pulmonary hypertension. The COVID-19 pandemic has altered routine standard of care practice and the acute management particularly for those patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, where pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific treatments are used. It is important to balance the ongoing care and evaluation of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with “exposure risk” to COVID-19 for patients coming to clinic or the hospital. If there is a morbidity and mortality benefit from starting pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies, for example in a patient with high-likelihood of pulmonary arterial hypertension, then it remains important to complete the thorough evaluation. However, the COVID-19 outbreak may also represent a unique time when pulmonary hypertension experts have to weigh the risks and benefits of the diagnostic work-up including potential exposure to COVID-19 versus initiating targeted pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy in a select high-risk, high likelihood World Symposium Pulmonary Hypertension Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. This document will highlight some of the issues facing providers, patients, and the pulmonary arterial hypertension community in real-time as the COVID-19 pandemic is evolving and is intended to share expected common clinical scenarios and best clinical practices to help the community at-large.
Twelve Key Questions on Self-Defense against Non-State Actors – and Some Answers

This article examines the most pertinent questions relating to the applicability of the right of self-defense to attacks conducted by non-State armed groups (NSAGs) acting independently of State control from the territory of one or more States against the territory of another State. These questions are approached from the perspective of legality (does the right of self-defense apply to attacks not mounted by or under the control of a State) and modality (assuming the applicability of self-defense to such attacks; how do the principles of necessity, proportionality and immediacy affect its application)? Starting with an assessment of the place of self-defense in international law at the time the U.N. Charter was adopted, it proceeds with an examination of State practice before and after the 9/11 attacks. The 9/11 attacks triggered not only increased reliance upon self-defense in relation to attacks by NSAGs, but also an ongoing debate to which this article is intended as a constructive contribution. After concluding that there is substantial and increasing, albeit not universal support for the applicability of self-defense to attacks by NSAGs, the modality of its application is discussed. In that context, the principle of necessity in the context of self-defense is presented as being of paramount importance in answering the question of under which circumstances self-defense against NSAGs can be exercised on the territory of another State and how such action relates to the rights of the State where the NSAG is located and conducting operations from.
Gender Differences in Information Security Management

A wide and increasing range of different technologies, devices, platforms, applications and services are being used every day by home users. In parallel, home users are also experiencing a range of different online threats and attacks. Indeed, home users are increasingly being targeted as they lack the knowledge and awareness about potential threats and how to protect themselves. The increase in technologies and platforms also increases the burden upon a user to understand how to apply and manage security across the differing technologies, operating systems and applications. Different factors such as age, education, age and gender can have an impact on information security management and awareness. This research tries to investigate and examine the effect of gender differences on information security management and online safety for internet users. An online questionnaire has been conducted and collected 434 participants (311 males and 132 females). The results show that there is a significant difference between males and females in four of the eight identified security practices and aspects. The findings show that males are likely to have better information security behaviour and being protected online more than females.
The Illusion of Time: Testing the Bidirectional Relationship Between Belief in Free Will and Temporal Horizons

The current research examined the bidirectional relationship between belief in free will and perceptions of time. Studies 1 and 2 explored the association between free will beliefs (FWB) and future time perspective (FTP) in correlational and longitudinal studies, respectively. Results indicated a positive relationship between the two constructs. Study 3 manipulated FTP and assessed FWB. Study 4 manipulated FWB and assessed FTP about current goal-pursuit. While manipulating FTP did not directly influence FWB, attenuating FWB led participants to perceive time as more limited to accomplish their goals. Exploratory mediation suggests that the perception of increased paths to successful goal-pursuit accounts for this relationship. The interplay between FWB and FTP is discussed.
Polar Fun and Games

Fewer than one in four Americans (23%) are currently in a formal educational setting—a school, college, or university (U.S. Census 2018). Many of the 77% who are not in school, have a distorted view of the Polar Regions—literally distorted as the typical Mercator projection stretches Antarctica into an enormous white band in the south, and Greenland looks larger than Africa in the north. As recently as 2008, climate change was not typically part of K-12 curriculum (Kastens and Turrin 2008). The greatest strides have been accomplished with the 2013 introduction of the Next Generation Science Standards and the inclusion of climate change in their Disciplinary Core Ideas for instruction (NGSS 2013), but this occurred well after most Americans graduated and NGSS has not been fully adopted by all 50 states. Taken together, these factors call for creative methods for delivering both polar and climate education to the broader public.
Fusion Approaches for Emotion Recognition from Speech Using Acoustic and Text-Based Features

In this paper, we study different approaches for classifying emotions from speech using acoustic and text-based features. We propose to obtain contextualized word embeddings with BERT to represent the information contained in speech transcriptions and show that this results in better performance than using Glove embeddings. We also propose and compare different strategies to combine the audio and text modalities, evaluating them on IEMOCAP and MSPPODCAST datasets. We find that fusing acoustic and text-based systems is beneficial on both datasets, though only subtle differences are observed across the evaluated fusion approaches. Finally, for IEMOCAP, we show the large effect that the criteria used to define the cross-validation folds have on results. In particular, the standard way of creating folds for this dataset results in a highly optimistic estimation of performance for the text-based system, suggesting that some previous works may overestimate the advantage of incorporating transcriptions.