Hydrogen Economy in Pakistan and China ; A Meta-Analysis

We have conducted a meta-analysis, a detailed literature review has been studied on hydrogen economy and it’s important in both regions. We have also seen that how useful a hydrogen can be and how it can affect the overall economy of both regions (China and Pakistan). The reason for conducting meta-analysis is to compare the hydrogen economy performance in both countries. This analysis would also give a wider perspective that how hydrogen economy with its different functions, especially hydrogen in the energy sector can enhance the overall growth of the economy. In our analysis, we have compared the different statistics of hydrogen with different factors of economy and tried to assess the impact of hydrogen in those sectors. Our findings indicate that large-scale use of hydrogen is not a significant environmental hazard. If appropriate technical standards and safety standards are used, hydrogen is no longer hazardous to conventional fuels. The hydrogen economy has the potential to provide many benefits for the country, including reduced dependence on imported oil, environmental sustainability, and economic competitiveness. But without serious effort, there is no serious difficulty. Recommendations are made to guide Pakistan towards the path to the hydrogen economy. It must be a clear political support for the development of hydrogen. We need to establish a partnership with countries related to hydrogen technology. In order to overcome the technical obstacles, investment in the research and development of hydrogen and fuel cells is necessary. Current study is not only beneficial for policy makers but also for scholars. © 2018 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Engg. Thermo Physics 114 (2018) 49455-49471 Engineering Thermo Physics Available online at www.elixirpublishers. com (Elixir International Journal) Usman Shehzad and Qadeer Abdul / Elixir Engg. Thermo Physics 114 (2018) 49455-49471 49456 Hydrogen is not only a fuel, but the only hydrogen is a process for transport and storage of energy, as future clean fuels. In the calculation, since it has been shown to have the energy of about 33 kWh in 1 kg hydrogen storage capacity is better (Nojoumi, Dincer, & Naterer, 2009). Hydrogen can become energy, such as heat or electricity for combustion or electrochemical reaction, the secondary energy source, that is, can be considered as an energy carrier (Secondary sources of energy are energy carriers.) Because of the weakness of the gravitational field, no pure hydrogen gas is currently available. Therefore, hydrogen fuel should be produced from different sources. Water and natural gas have plenty of hydrogen in the room, so their range is reasonable. However, the simultaneous production of unwanted oxygen from hydrogen is to limit the production area of large hydrogen for the electrolysis of water (Teichmann, Arlt, & Wasserscheid, 2012). The economic way to produce hydrogen is the hot white cabbage steam spray to produce toxic carbon monoxide in large quantities, reducing the demand for this method (Cho, Marlow, & Niksa, 1995). Therefore, suitable substitutes for the production of high hydrogen content must be developed. In 1870, Jules Verne commented that hydrogen is a carbon-neutral alternative. Coal gas is another source of hydrogen. Coal combustion gas, to produce a water gas, a mixture of CO and hydrogen, gas and water, strongly converted into CO and hydrogen in gasoline and synthetic alcohols, so-called Fischer recommended for Tropsch (Tsakoumis et al., 2010). In 1920 huge underground (natural gas) reserves were found, a cheap replacement of Coal gas is expected (Muller, 2003). In the modern world, methane can be regarded as the least expensive source of hydrogen. In producing hydrogen from natural gas, a few carbon oxides is produced for carbon gas. In the field of reducing the percentage of various production and CO 2 hydrogen gas emissions, a variety of ongoing studies. Many Asian countries, the use of natural gas and other natural gas as a source of renewable hydrogen in the industrial production of reforming hydrogen or steam from the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons (Adhikari, & Fernando, 2006). The main disadvantage of other hydrocarbons are the emissions of airborne pollutants and greenhouse gases (Sarmiento et al., 2007). In general, hydrogen, methane, is produced from petroleum and hydrocarbons such as steam reforming processes (SR). However, the industrial production of hydrogen, conventionally fixed bed reactor, is a laboratory scale application that is capable of producing more than 85% of the reformed steam of partial natural oxidation gas and autothermal reaction. While the above-described reaction is performed in the same reactor, the efficiency of hydrogen production is different / lower than the efficiency of the steam reforming process (Welaya, El Gohary, & Ammar, 2012). However, an impure hydrogen gas was obtained in high yield from the conventional reforming steam reaction. Among the various techniques for separating and purifying H2, membrane reactors play a very good role compared to conventional systems, it is possible to avoid the thermodynamic constraints of the obsolete reactor (Gallucci, 2013). It was reported by Professor Gryaznov in 1960. Membrane reactors in later years attracted more attention to efficient hydrogen production. The transfer of global energy systems to a viable path is gradually becoming a major concern and strategic goal of the modern world (Dunn, 2002): Riahi et al., (2001). The concept of transition to hydrogen fuel has been proposed by scientists for more than 50 years (Schmidtchen et al., 1997). However, there are concerns that hydrogen is a dangerous explosive fuel, but the reverse is in many ways not true. Although hydrogen can explode under treatment, even gasoline and natural gas can explode. In 1981, Hoffman reported that using hydrogen more carefully or adequately, hydrogen consumption is safer than the conventional use of conventional fuels (Lenssen, & Flavin, 1996). Midilli et al. (2005) examined fundamental and fundamental knowledge that everyone should know about the importance of hydrogen as a fuel for sustainable development in the future. Hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen-using technologies have reported the cleaner process and a more efficient process to transfer significant energy to a wide range of transformations in different energy systems. This fundamental change in the global energy system will lead to a significant strengthening of the energy system and the decarbonization of the energy mix to promote cost reduction. These climate protection criteria can be met with hydrogen-based technology and hydrogen-based technology. A wide range of studies has studied prospects and possible transition strategies towards a hydrogen-based energy system "Hydrogen Economy" (Barreto, Makihira, & Riahi, 2003: McDowall, & Eames, 2006). It takes time to change the basic structure of the energy system, but the transition to a perfect "hydrogen economy" will take decades. Consequently, structural changes in hydrogen technology and the permissible quantification of long-term trends are essential for proper implementation. Hydrogen production and use must be updated to stimulate the hydrogen economy, which must exceed initial applications (Veziroglu, 2002: Goltsov, & Veziroglu, 2002). Renewable hydrogen can boost the world's energy confidence and can support the foundation of global property and harmony. Pudukudy et al., (2014) suggested that several factors need to be taken into account in order to win the victory for renewable hydrogen. These factors mainly concern the use of these resources for the production of hydrogen and electricity in a favorable and economically advantageous renewable energy source (Stambouli et al., 2012). Other factors include the social and environmental benefits of using renewable energy, providing internal policies that make renewable hydrogen more convenient. Extensive public and private support, excellent international cooperation in hydrogen research for development in other countries (Orhan et al., 2012). Hydrogen Economy in China China is the second largest country with a territory of 9.6 million square kilometers. It has the most populous, more than 1.3 billion citizens (CIA, 2016). However, the distribution of the Chinese population is not large in the area. The majority of the population is concentrated in eastern China, especially in coastal areas. These areas also tend to be industrialized. In turn, the western and northern part of the country has the little population and it is not developed. Figure 1 shows the population of China and the distribution of large cities [2]. Since the start of the economic reform in 1978, over the past 30 years, China has developed into one of the fastest growing countries in the world with an average annual growth rate of 10%. China is the second largest economy in the world after the United States in 2010 (NBSC, 2016). The National Bureau of Statistics reported that China's GDP reached $ 7.26 trillion in 2011. Usman Shehzad and Qadeer Abdul / Elixir Engg. Thermo Physics 114 (2018) 49455-49471 49457 On the other hand, China is the world's largest exporter and the second importer. According to the general customs authorities, China's total foreign trade in 2011 was $ 3.64