Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convergence Rates of a Momentum Algorithm with Bounded Adaptive Step Size for Nonconvex Optimization

Although Adam is a very popular algorithm for optimizing the weights of neural networks, it has been recently shown that it can diverge even in simple convex optimization examples. Several variants of Adam have been proposed to circumvent this convergence issue. In this work, we study the Adam algorithm for smooth nonconvex optimization under a boundedness assumption on the adaptive learning rate. The bound on the adaptive step size depends on the Lipschitz constant of the gradient of the objective function and provides safe theoretical adaptive step sizes. Under this boundedness assumption, we show a novel ﬁrst order convergence rate result in both deterministic and stochastic contexts. Furthermore, we establish convergence rates of the function value sequence using the Kurdyka-(cid:32)Lojasiewicz property.
Challenges in the Evaluation of Conversational Search Systems

The area of conversational search has gained signi � cant traction in the IR research community, motivated by the widespread use of personal assistants. An often researched task in this setting is conversation response ranking , that is, to retrieve the best response for a given ongoing conversation from a corpus of historic conversations. While this is intuitively an important step towards (retrieval-based) conversational search, the empirical evaluation currently employed to evaluate trained rankers is very far from this setup: typically, an extremely small number (e.g., 10 ) of non-relevant responses and a single relevant response are presented to the ranker. In a real-world scenario, a retrieval-based system has to retrieve responses from a large (e.g., several millions) pool of responses or determine that no appropriate response can be found. In this paper we aim to high-light these critical issues in the o � ine evaluation schemes for tasks related to conversational search. With this paper, we argue that the currently in-use evaluation schemes have critical limitations and simplify the conversational search tasks to a degree that makes it questionable whether we can trust the � ndings they deliver.
Compensatory recruitment, dynamic habitat, and selective gear present challenges to large‐scale invasive species control

Control of long-established invasive species to aid threatened native species presents major logistic and economic challenges. Invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) recently accounted for over 90% of the fish biomass in Utah Lake (Utah, USA), driving many undesired changes to ecosystem structure. Carp control efforts have removed >12,000 tons of carp from the system over 10 yr. However, the impact of recent removal efforts on carp population structure and dynamics remains unclear. We develop an integrated agestructured population model incorporating carp harvest data with independent standardized monitoring data to evaluate population-level consequences of the removal effort and evaluate future removal scenarios. Specifically, we estimate the age structure, biomass, and population dynamics of carp in Utah Lake and simulate carp population responses to potential future management strategies. The model estimates carp population biomass has decreased to approximately 27.6% of pre-removal biomass and 23.4% of the greatest estimated biomass. However, carp removal gear is highly selective of older, larger individuals, and current removal efforts have had little impact on young age-classes. Evidence of recent strong juvenile cohorts of carp suggests a compensatory response to removal efforts that may increase total biomass as these ageclasses mature. Simulations of carp population response to potential alternative harvest approaches demonstrate that the current gear is unlikely to maintain carp biomass below target thresholds even at substantially increased levels of effort due to gear selectivity, compensatory recruitment, and periodic large recruitment events resulting from lake level increases. A hypothetical gear selecting for juvenile carp is predicted to have a meaningful chance of maintaining low carp biomass, particularly if effort is at least tripled over current levels. These simulations illustrate the value of analytically exploring multiple management approaches when conducting adaptive management. Even when historically used methods have been successful at approaching management objectives, their suitability may change as ecosystem state changes. Periodic reassessment of ecosystem state and willingness to explore potential alternative approaches is critical to the long-term success of anymanagement program as socio-ecological systems and knowledge change.
Case study of isiXhosa-speaking Foundation Phase learners who experience barriers to learning in an English-medium disadvantaged Western Cape school

In the study reported on here, we focused on the use of English as language of learning and teaching (LoLT) for isiXhosa-speaking Foundation Phase learners in a historically disadvantaged school in the Western Cape, South Africa. It was a qualitative case study within an interpretive research paradigm. We used focus groups and interviews for data collection and conducted thematic analysis for the qualitative findings. The participants were 12 Foundation Phase learners (6 females and 6 males aged 7–9 years), 8 female Foundation Phase teachers (aged 29–56 years) and 12 parents/caregivers (aged 29–57 years). The results from this study show that isiXhosa-speaking Foundation Phase learners growing up in historically disadvantaged areas and attending disadvantaged schools experience several barriers to learning. The barriers to learning investigated included exposure to isiXhosa as primary language, psychological-social barriers, English as language barrier to teaching and learning and a lack of parental involvement and support. Keywords: barriers to learning; English as language of learning and teaching; Foundation Phase; historically disadvantaged schools; inclusive education; isiXhosa-speaking learners
Osmotic potential at full turgor: an easily measurable trait to help breeders select for drought tolerance in wheat

This study investigated the relationship between osmotic potential at full hydration (π100) and turgor loss point (ΨTLP) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) to determine the potential of using π100 to predict ΨTLP under well-watered (WW) and drought (WS) conditions. Two methods for determining π100 were tested: pressure–volume (PV) analysis and freezing point osmometry. The study also measured π100 in a range of 38 field-grown wheat cultivars to determine whether there is genetic variation in π100 under field conditions. π100 correlated with ΨTLP using both methods under both water treatments, particularly WS. Genetic variation of π100 in the field, under rainfed conditions, was greater than controlled conditions and ranged from −0.94 to −1.95 MPa. Overall, the evidence supports development of π100 as a novel tool for plant breeders to screen large populations of wheat and identify genotypes with lower ΨTLP, an integrative trait that is related to drought tolerance.
Weather Derivatives and the Market Price of Risk

Weather derivatives are becoming prominent features in multiasset class portfolios of alternative risk. The pricing of these securities is nonetheless challenging since it requires an incomplete market framework. We discuss pricing formulas for temperature-based weather derivative options, constructing mean reverting stochastic models for describing the dynamics of daily temperature with a constant speed of mean reversion for three cities. Truncated Fourier series are used to model the volatility, and assuming a constant market price of risk, we introduce a novel approach for estimating this constant, using Monte Carlo simulations.
The Observed Relationship between Pacific SST Variability and Hadley Cell Extent Trends in Reanalyses

Reanalysis and other observationally-based estimates suggest the tropical climate has expanded more than simulated by coupled climate models with historical radiative forcing. Previous research has attempted to reconcile this discrepancy by using climate model simulations with constrained tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to account for the role of internal variability. Here the relationships between Hadley cell extent and internal SST variability and long-term warming are analysed using purely observational techniques. Using linearly independent components of SST variability with reanalysis datasets, the statistical relationship between Pacific variability and Hadley cell extent is quantified by timescale. There is a strong correlation between North Pacific decadal variability and Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell extent. Conversely, there is a weaker observed relation between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Hadley cell extent when low-frequency variability is filtered out of the ENSO signal. The observed linear sensitivity of Hadley cell width to long-term warming agrees with coupled general circulation model experiments when accounting for uncertainties, and there is a statistically significant relationship between Northern Hemisphere Hadley cell extent and long-term warming during boreal autumn.
Searching for similar code sequences in executable files using siamese neural network

—This work is dedicated to solving the problem of finding similar code sequences (functions) in executable files. The description of functions obtained using the proposed method for solving this problem is based on the mutual spatial position of processor instructions and the corresponding operands in the function body. The word embedding model word2vec is used to form an intermediate description of the executable file functions. The final description of the functions is formed using the siamese long short-term memory network (siamese-LSTM). Then it description directly used to search for similar functions. The results of experimental studies of the developed method are presented in comparison with some previously known methods.
Isolation of the mtDNA Bands Associated with CMS by AFLP Technique

Mitochondrial DNA extracted from Zhenshan 97A. Zhenshan 97B and Shanyou 63(F1) wereanalysed and compared each other with AFLP technique. Three polymorphismic DNA fragments. ZA1.ZA2 and ZA3 were found when the mtDNA fragements were amplified With selective primer M / PA. Theresults of northern analysis show that ZA1 may be the sequence without information, but ZA2. ZA3 arethe coding sequence. ZA2 transcripts only in maintain line, no transcription product was detected inZhenshan 97A and Shanyou63. ZA3 transcripts both in Zhenshan 97B and Shanyou 63(F1), the result indicates that the transcription of ZA3 was effected by the nuclear gene Rf.
First record of the batfish, Halieutopsis stellifera (Lophiiformes: Ogcocephalidae) from the eastern Indian Ocean

As currently understood, the batfish genus Halieutopsis (Garman, 1899) contains ten species (Ho et al., 2008a; Froese & Pauly, 2012) and is distributed from the Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific Ocean in tropical and subtropical seas (Bradbury, 1988). The genus Halieutopsis was reviewed by Bradbury (1988) with the description of four new species. The generic characters are as follows: head moderately to greatly depressed, no teeth on palate, two or more lateral line scales with neuromasts on either side of anus, the illicial bone relatively simple and spine like; its base not perforated by foramina (Garman, 1899; Bradbury, 1988); gills two. The genus is shown to have the greatest bathymetric range (410–1372 m) of any ogcocephalid, from upper slope to abyssal depths (Bradbury, 1988). The holotype of Halieutopsis stellifera (Smith & Radcliffe, in Radcliffe, 1912) was reported from the Flores Sea off the coast of Celebes, at a depth of 1266 m. Halieutopsis stellifera is distributed from the northern Celebes to the Philippine archipelago and Okinawa Trough (Bradbury, 1988). To date no specimens have been reported from the eastern IndianOcean.
İNTİHAR DAVRANIŞI İLE DEPRESYON, ÜMİTSİZLİK, İNTİHAR DÜŞÜNCESİ İLİŞKİSİ: İNTİHAR DAVRANIŞ ÖLÇEĞİ GEÇERLİLİK, GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

intihar davranışı kavramı dört farklı unsuru içer­ mektedir. Bunlardan birincisi kişinin Jaha önceki intihar düşüncesi ve girişimlerini içeren intihar planı ve girişimi, ikincisi intihar düşüncesi ile ilgili olup son bir yıl içinde kişinin yaşamını sona erdirme dü­ şüncesinin sıklığı ile ilgilidir. Üçüncü unsur intihar tehdidini kapsar ve kişinin intihar ile ilgili çevresini ve yakınlarına bir mesaj verip vermemesini araştı­ rır. Dördüncü unsur intihar'ın tekrar edilebilirliliği ile ilgili olup gelecekte yaşamını sona erdirme konu­ sunda girişime nasıl baktığını araştırmaktadır.
A Comparison of Coping Strategies of Aging Mothers of Adults With Mental Illness or Mental Retardation

Differences in coping by 105 aging mothers of adults with mental illness and 389 similar mothers of adults with mental retardation were investigated. Although no differences in problem-focused coping were found, mothers of adults with mental illness used more emotion-focused coping, which predicted greater maternal depression. For mothers of adults with retardation, depressive symptoms were a function of their child's behavior problems, although this source of stress was buffered by coping. For mothers of adults with mental illness, depression was a function of caregiving demands, but coping did not buffer the effects of stress. Explanations for findings include maternal perceptions of the context of care, of her control over the disability, and her caregiving efficacy.
Dynamic Pricing for Differentiated PEV Charging Services Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

With the increasing popularity of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), charging infrastructure becomes widely available and offers multiple services to PEV users. Each charging service has a distinct quality of service (QoS) level that matches user expectations. The charging service demand is interdependent, i.e., the demand for one service is often affected by the prices of others. Dynamic pricing of charging services is a coordination mechanism for QoS satisfaction of service classes. In this article, we propose a differentiated pricing mechanism for a multiservice PEV charging infrastructure (EVCI). The proposed framework motivates PEV users to avoid over-utilization of particular service classes. Currently, most of dynamic pricing schemes require full knowledge of the customer-side information; however, such information is stochastic, non-stationary, and expensive to collect at scale. Our proposed pricing mechanism utilizes model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) to learn and improve automatically without an explicit model of the environment. We formulate our framework to adopt the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed RL-based differentiated pricing scheme can adaptively adjust service pricing for a multiservice EVCI to maximize charging facility utilization while ensuring service quality satisfaction.
MHD-CHANNEL FLOW OF LIQUID METAL UNDER AN INHOMOGENEOUS MAGNETIC FIELD. PART 2: DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Introduction. We studied numerically a liquid metal flow under an inhomogeneous magnetic field in a rectangular channel. The freeware parallel 3D flow solver NaSt3DGP (created in the group of Prof.Griebel) was used as a basement to develop our MHD solver for a quasistatic approximation. The main phenomenon observed in the simulation is the appearance of a Mshape profile for streamwise velocity under the magnet. We have compared our simulation with the experimental data (see MHD-Channel Flow . Part 1, and [1]) and found good agreement for the electric field distribution and the mean streamwise velocity profile. As well, our results support the existence of two largescale vortices under the magnets that is indirectly implied by the experimentally found distribution of the electric potential. To describe quantitatively an experimentally found suppression of the velocity fluctuations, the further simulation requires a finer grid resolution.
On some characterizations of preinvex fuzzy mappings A. Rufián-Lizana, Y. Chalco-Cano, G. Ruiz-Garzón & H. Román-Flores

Jeyakumar (Methods Oper. Res. 55:109–125, 1985) and Weir and Mond (J. Math. Anal. Appl. 136:29–38, 1988) introduced the concept of preinvex function. The preinvex functions have some interesting properties. For example, every local minimum of a preinvex function is a global minimum and nonnegative linear combinations of preinvex functions are preinvex. Invex functions were introduced by Hanson (J. Math. Anal. Appl. 80:545–550, 1981) as a generalization of differentiable convex functions. These functions are more general than the convex and pseudo convex ones. The type of invex function is equivalent to the type of function whose stationary points are global minima. Under some conditions, an invex function is also a preinvex function. Syau (Fuzzy Sets Syst. 115:455–461, 2000) introduced the concepts of pseudoconvexity, invexity, and pseudoinvexity for fuzzy mappings of one variable by using the notion of differentiability and the results proposed by Goestschel and Voxman (Fuzzy Sets Syst. 18:31–43, 1986). Wu and Xu (Fuzzy Sets Syst 159:2090–2103, 2008) introduced the concepts of fuzzy pseudoconvex, fuzzy invex, fuzzy pseudoinvex, and fuzzy preinvex mapping from R to the set of fuzzy numbers based on the concept of differentiability of fuzzy mapping defined by Wang and Wu (Fuzzy Sets Syst. 138:559–591, 2003). In this paper, we present some characterizations of preinvex fuzzy mappings. The necessary and sufficient conditions for differentiable and twice differentiable preinvex fuzzy mapping are provided. These characterizations correct and improve previous results given by other authors. This A. Rufián-Lizana (B) Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain e-mail: rufian@us.es Y. Chalco-Cano · H. Román-Flores IAI, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile G. Ruiz-Garzón Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain Author's personal copy
Are Entrepreneurship Theories From Developed Countries Applicable In Developing Countries?

The varied views within the field as to definitions and frameworks suggest that entrepreneurship lacks a universal definition, and it is a paradigm of deliberate behavior. Heterogeneity in definition has permitted borrowing of theories from fields like economics, sociology, and psychology among others to anchor entrepreneurship research. Most of these theories have originated from developed countries, raising questions on their applicability in developing countries. This study sought to test if niche entrepreneurship policy (promotions and resource support) mediate in the relationship between women entrepreneurs’ profile and their entrepreneurial activity, anchoring the study on psychological and resource-based theories. It adapted a Positivist Paradigm and used a Quantitative Multi-method approach. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Through multi-stage sampling, a sample of 375 adult female entrepreneurs participated in the study. Data was analyzed through correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination. The hypotheses testing results revealed there being significant direct and indirect relationships between and among variables. For example, the correlation coefficient results for the first hypothesis (H01); R =. 2374, p= . 025 meant that 24% change in the rate of new start-ups initiated was attributed to promotional efforts. Also, the coefficient of determination results for the seventh hypothesis (H07); k = . 0766, 95% BCa CI (.0007, .0633) and b= . 001, z= . 7134, p= . 4756); meant that 8% change in the rate of new start-ups initiated was due to the mediation influence of promotional efforts between the female entrepreneurs’ motives and their rate of starting new
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES

The present study aimed to compare the attitudes of middle school students towards printed and digital dictionary use. The study was conducted with the survey model since it aimed to determine a present situation. The study population included the students attending a middle school in Giresun province urban center during the 2018-2019 academic year. The sample that represented the study population was randomly selected (n = 204) among the students attending a middle school in city center. The study data were collected with information form and attitude scales. The study findings demonstrated that the general attitudes of the students towards printed dictionary use (X=2.54/4.00) and digital dictionary use (X=2.76/4.00) were good. Furthermore, it was determined that gender did not have a significant effect on dictionary use attitude. The most important study findings included the improvement of student attitudes towards dictionary use with the increase in grade level, and the dictionary use attitudes of the students who started to use printed dictionaries during primary school or before were higher when compared to other students. However, the attitude towards digital dictionary use was observed as a developing attitude.
"It's the Company, the Government, You and I": User Perceptions of Responsibility for Smart Home Privacy and Security

Smart home technology may expose adopters to increased risk to network security, information privacy, and physical safety. However, users may lack understanding of the privacy and security implications. Additionally, manufacturers often fail to provide transparency and configuration options, and few government-provided guidelines have yet to be widely adopted. This results in little meaningful mitigation action to protect users’ security and privacy. But how can this situation be improved and by whom? It is currently unclear where perceived responsibility for smart home privacy and security lies. To address this gap, we conducted an in-depth interview study of 40 smart home adopters to explore where they assign responsibility and how their perceptions of responsibility relate to their concerns and mitigations. Results reveal that participants’ perceptions of responsibility reflect an interdependent relationship between consumers, manufacturers, and third parties such as the government. However, perceived breakdowns and gaps in the relationship result in users being concerned about their security and privacy. Based on our results, we suggest ways in which these actors can address gaps and better support each other.
Molecular genotypes analysis of Cryptosporidium and Hymenolepis in rats on Lombok Island, Indonesia

Background and Aim: Cryptosporidium parvum and Hymenolepis nana are intestinal parasites that are commonly found in the unclean environment. Their presence in rats promotes the transmission of the cryptosporidiosis and hymenolepiasis to humans or animals nearby. This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of C. parvum and H. nana and their distribution in rats on Lombok Island. Materials and Methods: C. parvum and H. nana were investigated in 50 rats from Lombok Island. The molecularparasitological technique used was polymerase chain reaction and sequencing method. Results: From 50 samples of rats’ stool from 10 locations on Lombok Island, 8% (4/50) of C. parvum was detected molecularly with an 18S rRNA gene and 2% (1/50) of H. nana with COX 1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. parvum carrying rats on Lombok Island have a genetic relationship with C. parvum with Obi7 isolates, Japan and H. nana has a genetic relationship with Rodentolepis nana identified with Hn-VT isolates, India. Conclusion: The highest incidence of parasites was found in rats that were caught in the urban areas of Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Immediately, public health programs in these types of contaminated areas should receive priority attention to prevent further transmission of the parasites from animals to human beings.