Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clustering Phenomena from Two-particle Angular Correlations in Proton-Proton and Heavy Ion Collisions

Results on two-particle angular correlations in proton-proton (/-s = 200 and 410 GeV) , Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions (vJf= 200 GeV) are presented over a broad range of pseudorapidity (r) and azimuthal angle (q). The PHOBOS experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has a uniquely large coverage for inclusive charged particles, giving the opportunity to explore the correlations at both shortand long-range scales. In proton-proton collisions, a complex two-dimensional correlation structure in Arl and A0 emerges, which is interpreted in the context of an independent cluster model. The effective cluster size and its decay width are extracted from the two-particle pseudorapidity correlation function at various collision energies and multiplicities. Similar cluster like short-range structure is also observed in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions. The effective cluster size found in semi-central Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions is comparable to that found in proton-proton collisions but a non-trivial decrease of the size with increasing centrality is observed. Moreover, a comparison between results from Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions shows an interesting scaling of the effective cluster size with the measured fraction of total cross section (which is related to the ratio of the impact parameter to the nuclear radius, b/2R), suggesting a geometric origin. Further analysis for pairs from restricted azimuthal regions shows that the effective cluster size at A0 1800 drops more rapidly toward central collisions than the size at Aq 00. The effect of limited rj acceptance on the cluster parameters is also addressed, and a correction is applied to present cluster parameters for full rj coverage, leading to much larger effective cluster sizes and widths than previously noted in the literature. Finally, modeling studies are performed toward gaining more physics implications from these observed clustering phenomena. Thesis Supervisor: Gunther Roland Title: Associate Professor of Physics This work is dedicated to my beloved wife, lie Meng.
Analytical Standards of Amrtadi Churna: A Classical Ayurvedic Formulation

The present invetigation was carried out to characterise the Ayurvedic preparation, Amrtadi churna, a polyherbal formulation comprising of three ingredients, on the basis of the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, pharmaceutical, microbiological, toxicological, spectroscopic and chromatographic parameters to confirm its identity, quality and purity. The results obtained in this evaluation demonstrated the potential to identify each and every ingredient in Amrtadi churna. The parameters documented in this paper could be used for the preparation of the monograph on quality standards for Amrtadi churna to maintain its batch-to-batch consistency. This document could also be utilised for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high performance thin layer chromatography based rapid authentication for the formulation.
Doping Mn2+ in Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Successes and Challenges

Mn2+ ions doped in high-energy absorbing semiconductor host nanocrystals take away the exciton energy and result in spin-polarized d–d emission. For the last three decades this has been widely studied on group II–VI semiconductors. Recently, the doping has been extended to CsPbX3 perovskite nanocrystals. Although the optical transition follows a similar principle, in which the exciton energy is transferred to dopant Mn d-state, doping in perovskite also revealed several new fundamental aspects of doping and dopant-induced new optical properties. Here, anions which mostly tune the band gap controlled the fate of the appearance of Mn emission. Also, the doping process was observed to be different than traditional growth doping. Hence, in perovskite host nanocrystals, while some aspects of Mn doping are found to be in agreement with previous findings, some new facts also surfaced. Combining all these facts, this Perspective focuses on the journey of Mn doping from group II–VI semiconductors to lead halide pe.
Magnetic domain-wall creep driven by field and current in Ta/CoFeB/MgO

Creep motion of magnetic domain wall (DW), thermally activated DW dynamics under subthreshold driving forces, is a paradigm to understand the interaction between driven interfaces and applied external forces. Previous investigation has shown that DW in a metallic system interacts differently with current and magnetic field, manifesting itself as different universality classes for the creep motion. In this article, we first review the experimental determination of the universality classes for current- and field-driven DW creeps in a Ta/CoFeB/MgO wire, and then elucidate the underlying factors governing the obtained results. We show that the nature of torque arising from current in association with DW configuration determines universality class for the current-induced creep in this system. We also discuss the correlation between the field-induced DW creep characteristics and structure observed by a transmission electron microscope. The observed results are expected to provide a deeper understanding for phys.
Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed the conversions of stamens into pistil-like structures in Aegilops crassa cytoplasmic male sterile wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Background: Aegilops crassa cytoplasm is an essential material for investigating the cytoplasm of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Moreover, the stamens of C303A exhibit a high degree of pistillody, turning almost white. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of C303A pistillody remains unclear. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of C303A, the phenotypic and cytological features of C303A were observed to identify the key stage that the homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures, transcriptome profiles were determined by Illumina RNA sequencing technology (RNA-Seq) of stamen. Results: Through morphological observation, for CMS wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm (CMS-C) line C303A, the pistil of which developed normally, but stamens were ultimately aborted and the stamens released no pollen when mature. According to the results of the paraffin section, stamens began to transform into pistils or pistil-like structures at binucleate stage (BNS). Therefore, the stamens of line C303A and its maintainer 303B at BNS were collected for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 20,444 wheat genes were detected as being differentially expressed between C303A and 303B stamens, included 10,283 up-regulated and 10,161 down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology Enrichment Analyses showed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) distributed on the metabolic process, cell, cellular process, catalytic activity and cell part. From KEGG, we knew that DEGs were mainly enriched to energy metabolism. We also found several essential genes that may contribute to pistillody in C303A. Based on the above analysis, we believe that due to the confusion of energy metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism, thereby inducing the pistillody and eventually lead to the abortion of C303A. Conclusion:This study unravels the complex transcriptome profiles in C303A stamen, highlighting the energy metabolism and class B MADS-box genes related to pistillody. This work should lay the foundations of future studies in the mechanical response to wheat stamen and pollen development in CMS.
MODELING OF SIMULTANEOUS IMPACT OF TWO PARALLEL DROPS ON A THIN LIQUID FILM USING LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Original Research Paper Received 11 May 2016 Accepted 09 July 2016 Available Online 06 August 2016 In this paper, simultaneous impact of two parallel drops on a thin liquid film is investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of surface tension (characterized by Weber number), distance between two drops, and gas kinematic viscosity on the impact. The developed numerical model in this paper which is based on the Shan and Chen pseudopotential two-phase model makes it possible to access large density ratios, low viscosities, and tunable values of surface tension independent of the density ratio. The model is validated by comparing the coexistence densities with those of Maxwell analytical solution, evaluating the Laplace law for a droplet, and simulating single droplet impact on a thin liquid film. Simulation results of two drops simultaneous impact show that after impact, two jets raised between the drops join each other and form a central jet. Height of this jet increases with time leading to separation of secondary droplets from its tip. When the surface tension value is decreased, the central jet height is increased, but the size of the separated droplets is reduced. The crown shape observed in single drop impact is also seen in simultaneous impact of two drops. Increasing distance between two drops leads to a smaller central jet height and an increase in the crown radius. The crown height, however, was found to be independent of the distance. Finally, increasing gas kinematic viscosity reduces the central jet rising speed and delays separation of secondary droplets from the jet.
Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Diformylfuran over Nb2O5 under Visible Light

The photocatalytic selective oxidation of biomass derivate compound 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran is an environmentally friendly and energy-saving process. Nb2O5 was prepared and applied in the oxidation of HMF under visible light, although its bandgap energy is higher than 3.2 eV. The reaction process follows a special mechanism over a Nb2O5 catalyst different from the normal oxide semiconductor. The effect of calcination temperature, incident wavelength, and reaction time on photocatalytic performance was investigated. Nb2O5-800 exhibits the best performance in the presence of O2 with benzotrifluoride as a solvent under visible light irradiation.
Can bottom-up ocean CO2 fluxes be reconciled with atmospheric 13C observations?

The rare stable carbon isotope, 13C, has been used previously to partition CO2 fluxes into land and ocean components. Net ocean and land fluxes impose distinctive and predictable fractionation patterns upon the stable isotope ratio, making it an excellent tool for distinguishing between them. Historically, isotope constrained inverse methods for calculating CO2 surface fluxes—the ‘double deconvolution’—have disagreed with bottom-up ocean flux estimates. In this study, we use the double deconvolution framework, but add, as a constraint, independent estimates of time histories of ocean fluxes to the atmospheric observations of CO2 and 13CO2. We calculate timeseries of net land flux, total disequilibrium flux and terrestrial disequilibrium flux from 1991 to 2008 that are consistent with bottom-up net ocean fluxes.We investigate possible drivers of interannual variability in terrestrial disequilibrium flux, including terrestrial discrimination, and test the sensitivity of our results to those mechanisms. We find that C3 plant discrimination and shifts in the global composition of C3 and C4 vegetation are likely drivers of interannual variability in terrestrial disequilibrium flux, while contributions from heterotrophic respiration and disturbance anomalies are also possible.
Recording Victim Video Statements as Evidence to Advance Legal Outcomes in Family Violence Cases (ReVEAL) 2.0: Case Characteristics and Initial Impact

Funding Acknowledgement: The ReVEAL 2.0 Study was funded by the Texas Office of the Governor, Criminal Justice Division Grant Number 3070403. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Texas Office of the Governor.
Synthesis of 3,7,10-trimethyl-γ-aminopropyl silatrane derivatives

Aim To design and synthesize 3,7,10-trimethyl-γ-aminopropyl silatrane derivatives.Methods Triisopropanolamine and γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane were used as raw materials to obtain nine new target compounds through silylation,acylation,sulfonation,and isocyanation.Results and conclusion Nine new compounds which had not been reported were synthesized.The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR,IR,MS as well as elementary analysis.
Palmitoylation regulates GDP/GTP exchange of G protein by affecting the GTP-binding activity of Go

The effect of palmitoylation on the GTP-binding activity and conformation of Go protein in hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments was studied. The binding assay was performed with an isotope labeled analog of GTP, GTP-35S, and its fluorescent analog, BODIPY FL-GTP S was used to detect conformational change in the GTP-binding domain of Go . Investigation of the GTP-35S binding activity of Go shows that in a hydrophobic environment, mimicked by the presence of detergent, the apparent dissociation constant for palmitoylated Go (KD = 25.5 × 10−9 ± 1.7 × 10−9 M) increased threefold compared with that of nonpalmitoylated Go (KD = 9.9× 10−9 ± 0.8× 10−9 M), while in an aqueous environment without detergent there is no significant difference between palmitoylated (KD = 50.1× 10−9 ± 5.2× 10−9 M) and non-palmitoylated (KD = 65.5× 10−9 ± 7.6× 10−9 M) Go(. This indicates that in a membrane environment palmitoylation may weaken the GTP S binding ability of Go(. Fluorescent quenching studies using BODIPY FL-GTP S as a probe showed that the conformation of the GTP-binding domain of Go( tends to become more compact after palmitoylation. These results imply that palmitoylation may regulate the GTP/GDP exchange of Go by influencing the GTP-binding activity of Go and facilitating the on–off switch function of the G protein in G protein-coupled signal transduction. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Anoxic Estuarine and Coastal Sediments

Chemical extraction experiments for estimating characteristic particulate binding forms of heavy metals in anoxic marine and freshwater sediments were carried out under both the presence and absence of atmospheric oxygen during the analytical procedure. Storage methods including aeration of anoxic sediments do not preserve the initial fractionation patterns of heavy metals and may both increase (Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) and decrease (Fe, Mn) their mobility. Elutriate tests of methanogenic freshwater sediments from Hamburg harbour basins show that metals with increased carbonatic fractions (Fe, Hn) and those with predominantly sulphidic/organic fractions (Zn, Cu, Cd) are particularly sensitive to sample aeration. Transformations of oxidizable Ni (11%), Zn (62%), and Cd (67%) predominantly lead to easily reducible associations. Drying of the sediments decreases the proportion of the sulphidic/organic fraction of the metals to a stronger degree. Oxidized Zn and Cd is then found even in the least stable exchangeable fraction. If pretreatment of sediment samples is done adequately the chemical leaching approach may provide information on diagenetic effects and reaction kinetics, which influence the mobility of contaminants in highly complex matrices.
Heterogeneous solar photo-fenton degradation of reactive black 5 using foundry sand and fly ash: value addition to waste

AbstractThis work evaluates the scope of alternative sources of iron i.e. Foundry Sand (FS), Fly Ash (FA) and mixture of FS and FA in heterogeneous photo-Fenton process for the degradation and decolourization of the dye Reactive Black5 (RB5). SEM-EDS characterization of FS and FA confirmed the presence of iron and aluminium which are required for photo-Fenton. In case of FS as an iron source, results confirmed the degradation and decolourization efficiency of 90% in 70 min and 45 min respectively when the reaction parameters were H2O2 = 2.2 mM, FS dose = 0.5 g, pH 3. With FA 90% degradation was achieved within 30 min and 93% decolourization rate within 15 min. When a mixture of FS (0.1 gm) and FA (0.05 gm) is used as source of iron 99% degradation and decolourization of the dye was achieved under the reaction conditions where H2O2 = 2.2 mM, FA:FS = 1:2, pH 3.
Effects of litter chemistry on soil biological property and enzymatic activity

Plant litter is the main source of organic matter in soils and its decomposition by microorganisms ensures the recycling of nutrients that can be recycle by plants.The chemical components of leaf litter can affect soil microbial activity.In this study,the effects of leaf litter qualities on soil chemical,microbial properties and soil enzymatic activities were investigated.We set up our experimental design based on using following litter combination such as: a) single leaf litter of Cunninghania lancceolata(Lamb) Hook(PS),b) mixture of leaf litter;50% C.lancceolata and 50% Alnus cremastogyne Burkill(SQ),c) mixture of leaf litter;50% C.lancceolata and 50% Liquidamba formosana Hance(SF),and d) mixture of leaf litter 33% each of C.lancceolata,A.cremastogyne and L.formosana(SQF). Results showed that leaf litter significantly influenced the level of soil microbial biomass carbon,metabolic quotient(qCO_2),and enzymatic activities in the soil while other soil parameters(total organic carbon(TOC),soil total N(TN),available P,NH~+_4-N and pH) did not showed the positive effect of leaf litter.Whereas,total P,total K,available K and(NO~-_3-N) were decreased in the order: SQSFPS=SQF,SQFSQSFPS,SQPSSFSQF,SQFSQSFPS,respectively.Microbial biomass carbon(MBC) increased with decreasing C/N ratio of leaf litter.The C/N ratios of leaf litter in treatments(PS,SF,SQ,SQF) were 79.53,76.32,56.90,61.20,respectively.The values of qCO_2 decreased in such order: SQSQFSFPS.The decrease in qCO_2 might be indicated the presence of microbial populations which are more efficient in using C compounds in the soil.The changes of microbial quotient(C_(bio)/C_(org)) values were reverse with qCO_2,increasing in following order: PSSFSQFSQ.Furthermore,the increase in C_(bio)/C_(org) indicated that the C compounds perhaps easily utilized by soil microorganisms and the turnover of soil organic matters showed faster in SQ than PS treatment.Soil urease,invertase and soil dehydrogenase activity were substantially lower in PS,while significantly higher in SQ treatment.However,soil polyphenol oxidase activity decreased in this order: PSSFSQSQF with significant differences between PS and SQF.Therefore changes in soil enzymatic activity further indicated that mixted leaf litter enhanced soil microbial activity,and improved soil biological fertility than from single Chinese fir leaf litter.
Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology

Preface. Introduction. PART I: SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS. Energy Bands and Carrier Concentration in Thermal Equilibrium. Carrier Transport Phenomena. PART II: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES. p-n Junction. Bipolar Transistor and Related Devices. MOSFET and Related Devices. MESFET and Related Devices. Microwave Diodes, Quantum-Effect, and Hot-Electron Devices. Photonic Devices. PART III: SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY. Crystal Growth and Epitaxy. Film Formation. Lithography and Etching. Impurity Doping. Integrated Devices. Appendix A: List of Symbols. Appendix B: International Systems of Units (SI Units). Appendix C: Unit Prefixes. Appendix D: Greek Alphabet. Appendix E: Physical Constants. Appendix F: Properties of Important Element and Binary Compound Semiconductors at 300 K. Appendix G: Properties of Si and GaAs at 300 K. Appendix H: Derivation of the Density of States in Semiconductor. Appendix I: Derivation of Recombination Rate for Indirect Recombination. Appendix J: Calculation of the Transmission Coefficient for a Symmetric Resonant-Tunneling Diode. Appendix K: Basic Kinetic Theory of Gases. Appendix L: Answers to Selected Problems. Index.
MODIFICATION OF THE AKAIKE INFORMATION CRITERION TO ACCOUNT FOR SEASONAL EFFECTS

where Zt is a d-dimensional stationary vector time series, and et is an error term that is assumed to be white noise (i.e., with a mean of zero, a constant variance and zero covariances). The term UpðBÞ is the autoregressive ðd dÞ matrix polynomial of order p with all roots outside the unit circle, expressed as UpðBÞ 1⁄4 f1Bþ f2B þ þ fpB, where B is the backshift operator: BZt 1⁄4 Zt j. One of the major problems in VAR modeling is selecting the optimal model order. Although in the last decade several criteria have been proposed to estimate the order of the VARð pÞ model (e.g., Pukkila and Krishnaiah, 1988; Broersen and Wensink, 1993; 1996; Ciftcioglu et al., 1994; Koreisha and Pukkila, 1993; 1999), the most popular and widely used criterion is still the Akaike information criterion (AIC) (Akaike, 1974). In the multivariate case, the general form of most criteria is
Maggot Debridement Therapy: From the Battlefields and Soldiers to Today’s Clinical Trials

Background: Although the advances in contemporary medicine hav e helped to improve the healthcare services, the wounds that do not heal remain a problem. Patie nts’ life expectancy has increased and many disease re now considered chronic. Objective or Aims: The present historical study explores the importan t use of Maggot Debridement Therapy in clinical practice from antiquity to this day. Methodology: A literature review of both Greek and internationa l literature was conducted. Popular data bases such as Pubmed, Medline, and Iatrotek were also use d. Results: Maggot therapy is a controlled therapeutic myiasis , during which, fly maggots are placed on the traum and help to clean the dead and infected tissue. The se maggots have been sterilized and have been bred in laboratories with strict quality control protocols. Usually, the preferred species for this particular type of treatment is the species Lucilia sericata. Discussion: Maggot therapy first appeared at the beginning of civilization. From the Ngemba tribe to the Maya civilization, from army physicians during war campa igns to the 21 rst century, maggot therapy has been used to treat ulcers.
FTIR, FT Raman and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Analysis on Metformin Hydrochloride

Metformin hydrochloride is an antidiabetic drug. The FTIR and FT Raman spectra of the compound has been recorded and a qualitative analysis on the vibrational bands has been carried out. The light absorption activity in the UV-vis region of the drug under different storage conditions has also been analyzed. Further, the absorption ratio referred to as Q value used in confirmatory test of identity is evaluated from the UVvisible spectra of the compound. The characteristic vibrational frequencies of the drug have been identified and assigned using FTIR spectrum, is also confirmed using FT Raman spectrum. A comparison after the sample stored in the ideal conditions and are exposed to environmental hazards is made.