Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Training Neural Networks to Do Logic, with Logic

We describe combinatorial generation algorithms, with focus on lambda terms and related type inference algorithms, all elegantly expressible in a logic programming language that supports backtracking and uniﬁcation. With help from these tools, we introduce methods to train neural networks as theorem provers. Our combinatorial generation algorithms provide pairs of lambda terms together with their inferred types. We make use of the Curry-Howard isomorphism be-tween lambda terms and formulas in linear and intuitionistic logic corresponding to their types to train our neural networks on large, combinatorially generated datasets mapping formulas to their proof terms. The dataset, containing generated theorems of several sizes and their proof-terms in postﬁx form, is available at http://www.cse. unt.edu/~tarau/datasets/lltaut/ and can be used for correctness, performance and scalability testing for linear logic theorem provers. Our experiments with training Recurrent Neural Networks using our implicational linear logic theorem dataset are available at: https://github.com/ ptarau/neuralgs .
Spillovers from Online Engagement: How A Newspaper Subscriber's Activation of Digital Paywall Access Affects Her Retention and Subscription Revenue

Newspapers are increasingly reliant on subscription revenue as advertising spend shifts to online platforms. Many newspapers have implemented paywalls in an attempt to boost subscription revenue. We study whether and how paywalls can help newspapers boost subscription revenue by retaining existing subscribers. Most major newspapers offer free access to paywalled content to subscribers to the print edition, which may help the newspaper retain subscribers by making their subscriptions more valuable. We leverage variation in whether and when existing subscribers activated access to the paywall of a top 30 North American newspaper. Our identification strategy accounts for self-selection in subscribers’ decisions to activate paywall access. We find that a subscriber’s activation of digital access decreases the risk of her canceling her subscription by about 31% and increases her subscription revenue by 7%–12%. In other words, digital activation improves subscriber retention and the associated subscription revenue. This suggests a crosschannel spillover in which the online product (the paywalled website) increases customers’ valuation for the offline product (the printed newspaper). Our results have implications not only for the newspaper industry but also for firms in other industries that offer subscribers to one product free or subsidized access to a complementary product. This paper was accepted by Kartik Hosanagar, information systems.
Synthesis and ring‐opening polymerization of new monoalkyl‐substituted lactides

New monoalkyl-substituted lactides were synthesized by reaction of α-hydroxy acids with 2-bromopropionyl bromide, and polymerized with various catalysts in the presence of benzyl alcohol by ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The classic tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2) catalyst was leading to polymers with narrow distribution and predictable molecular weights, in polymerizations in bulk or toluene at 100 °C. The polymerization rate was corresponding to the steric hindrance of the alkyl substituents, such as butyl, hexyl, benzyl, isopropyl, and dimethyl groups. A yield of 83% was obtained with the hexyl-substituted lactide after 1 h of polymerization. Excellent conversions (97%) could be achieved by using the alternative catalyst 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). This latter organic catalyst was most efficient in polymerizing the more steric-hindered lactides with good molecular weight and polydispersity control, in comparison to the tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate and tin(II) trifluoromethane sulfonate [Sn(OTf)2] catalysts. The efficiency of the DMAP catalyst and the variability of the monomer synthesis route for new alkyl-substituted lactides allow to prepare and to envision a wide range of new functionalized polylactides for the elaboration of tailored materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4379–4391, 2004
Forest Fire reseArch

Wildfires have become a main forestry concern for pine stands in Galicia (NW Spain). Burned forested areas have patterns of varying burn severity as a consequence of various topographic, vegetation and meteorological factors. Determining the relative importance of these factors is necessary to predict fire severity in the canopy, and therefore, base decisions on fuel management. A spatial study of fire severity for a large wildfire (Oia, Pontevedra) is presented here. Pine stands within the fire were classified according to the fire severity. The effect of meteorological (simulated wind speed and direction), topographic (aspect, slope and combined variables) and canopy fuel structure (LIDAR data) variables was described and then modeled. The presence of high fire severity patches was significantly linked to areas of higher simulated wind speed, to lower height stands and to sunny slopes. Simulated wind speed was the most important variable determining the high intensity areas in the rank order of importance analysis, meanwhile slope and aspect were the second and third most important variables. Canopy structure presented low variability in the studied area, which leads to a low importance in classifying fire severity. Variables evaluating alignment of forces, slope and wind direction, have not been found to be important predictors.
Lactic Streptococci by the Conjugative Plasmid pTR2030: Effects on Small Isometric-, Large Isometric-, and Prolate-Headed Phagest

A series of reactions between phages, sensitive hosts, and transconjugants where the sensitivity of small isometric-, large isometric-, and prolate-headed phages to pTR2030-induced phage resistance was evaluated in Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus cremoris strains. Phage-resistant transconjugants were constructed in the desired host by conjugal transfer of lactose-fermenting ability (Lac', pTR1040) and phage resistance (Hsp+, pTR2030) from S. lactis TEK1. S. lactis and S. cremoris transconjugants harboring pTR2030 were resistant to all small isometric-headed phages examined. In contrast, prolateand large isometric-headed phages were either not inhibited in the pTR2030 transconjugants or exhibited a reduction in plaque size without a reduction in the efficiency of plaquing. Small isometric-headed phages subject to pTR2030 induced inhibition shared no significant DNA homology with pTR2030, suggesting that phage immunity genes are not harbored on the plasmid or responsible for resistance. The general effectiveness of pTR2030 against small isometric-headed phages was highly significant since these are the phages which have been isolated most commonly from dairy fermentation plants.
Early Osteoclast Responses to a Calcium Supplemented Meal in Calcium Deficient Rats

EARLY OSTEOCLAST RESPONSES TO A CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTED MEAL IN CALCIUM DEFICIENT RATS Osteoclasts are large, irregularly-shaped, multinucleated cells. They are the primary cells responsible for the mobilization of calcium from bone (bone resorption). It is a well known fact that bone diseases (i.e. osteoporosis and osteopetrosis) occur as a result of The implicated bone cells include unbalanced cellular activity. osteoblasts (bone forming cells) and osteoclasts. The earlier one can detect abnormal bone cell function, the more efficient will be the diagnosis and treatment of diseased bone tissue. Numerous studies have been done on osteoclast morphology and function in vitro (Kallio, et al., 1972; Chambers and Magnus, 1982; Warshafsky, et al., 1985). On the other hand, in vivo studies showing time related early morphologic responses of osteoclasts to calcium Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats provide a repletion have not been done. reliable animal model for in vivo osteoclast research. We placed weanling Sprague-Dawley rats (72.9 g average weight) on On the last night of the a calcium deficient diet for 7 to 10 days. experiment, the experimental animal group was given a calcium supplemented meal for varying time periods: 30, 90, 180 and 360 minutes. At the end of each given time period, the animals were anesthetized with ether and blood was withdrawn from the animals for calcitonin assay. The animals were perfusion fixed and the diaphyseal portions of both tibias of each animal were decalcified using 3.7% EDTA and embedded in Poly/Bed 812. After sectioning the tissues and staining them with toluidine blue, the sections were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with the light microscope. For the quantitative analysis, indices of bone-osteoclast contact were employed. No significant response of serum calcitonin was observed and therefore it is not known to what extent the osteoclast response was Changes in osteoclast morphology and due to the action of calcitonin. in their relationship to bone may have begun as early as 30 minutes. but significant changes were not observed until three hours after This indicates that osteoclasts can beginning calcium repletion. participate in the physiological responses to postprandial calcium
Molecular outflows toward methanol masers: detection techniques and their properties.

Abstract Class II methanol masers are thought to trace the brief phase in the evolution of a massive YSO, where outflows are expected to occur. Molecular line maps of the CO isotopes of a subset of 6.7 GHz sources from the MMB catalogue were observed with the JCMT telescope. Utilising optically thick 12CO, a search was done to detect broadened line wings (initially only on the source G20.08-0.13). The physical parameters of these detected lobes were then calculated.
A comparison of modern data analysis methods for X-ray and neutron specular reflectivity data

Data analysis methods for specular X-ray or neutron reflectivity are compared. The methods that have been developed over the years can be classified into different types. The so-called classical methods are based on Parrat's or Abeles' formalism and rely on minimization using more or less evolved Levenberg–Marquardt or simplex routines. A second class uses the same formalism, but optimization is carried out using simulated annealing or genetic algorithms. A third class uses alternative expressions for the reflectivity, such as the Born approximation or distorted Born approximation. This makes it easier to invert the specular data directly, coupled or not with classical least-squares or iterative methods using over-relaxation or charge-flipping techniques. A fourth class uses mathematical methods founded in scattering theory to determine the phase of the scattered waves, but has to be coupled in certain cases with (magnetic) reference layers. The strengths and weaknesses of a number of these methods are evaluated using simulated and experimental data. It is shown that genetic algorithms are by far superior to traditional and advanced least-squares methods, but that they fail when the layers are less well defined. In the latter case, the methods from the third or fourth class are the better choice, because they permit at least a first estimate of the density profile to be obtained that can be refined using the classical methods of the first class. It is also shown that different analysis programs may calculate different reflectivities for a similar chemical system. One reason for this is that the representation of the layers is either described by chemical composition or by scattering length or electronic densities, between which the conversion of the absorptive part is not straightforward. A second important reason is that routines that describe the convolution with the instrumental resolution function are not identical.
Modeling of high-energy electrons in MOS devices at the microscopic level

The optimization of a transport model for simulation of electron transport in metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) structures at the microscopic level has been performed. Quantitative agreement between simulations and experiments is obtained even when dealing with problems involving very high energy electrons. The model parameters have been accurately determined by comparison with data including the drift velocity in bulk silicon, the electron velocity, and impact ionization rates in the n-MOS inversion layer, and the probability of electron injection from silicon into silicon dioxide. >
SKIN DEEP: AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY OF THE ATTITUDE-BEHAVIOURAL GAP PHENOMENON AMONGST FEMALE MILLENNIALS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SKINCARE INDUSTRy

1 Chapter 1: Introduction . 5 1.1. Contextualisation . 5 1.2. Rationale . 7 1.3. Problem statement . 8 1.4. Purpose Statement . 9 1.5. Research Question . 9 1.5. 1. Sub-Questions . 9 1.5. 2. Objectives . 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 10 2.
Microscopic determination of the penetration of proteins and polysaccharides into poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and similar hydrogels

Ultraviolet and light microscopy were used to measure the depth of penetration of fluoresce-in-labeled dextrans, serum albumin, and lysozyme into hydrogels. Proteins were visualized by a staining technique. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate was bulk polymerized (PHEMA, 37.7% H2O) and solution polymerized (PHEMA, 41.05–42.90% H2O); poly(glyceryl methacrylate) was solution polymerized (PGMA, 76.0–84.8% H2O); and poly(GMA-co-methyl methacrylate) was bulk polymerized [P(GMA/MMA), 41.5% H2O]. Dextrans of up to 150,000 mol wt and lysozyme penetrated PHEMA hydrogels; dextrans, but not proteins, penetrated P(GMA/MMA) hydrogels. Albumin penetrated only in the higher hydrated PGMA hydrogels. The porosity of PHEMA hydrogels is at least as large as 30 A (the smaller axis of lysozyme); the porosity of P(GMA/MMA) hydrogels is at least 19 A (the thickness of the rodlike dextran molecules of 150,000 mol wt). The PGMA hydrogels have a porosity of at least 50 A, which is the size of the smallest axis of serum albumin.
Dielectric barrier discharge for surface treatment: application to selected polymers in film and fibre form

In this paper, we report and discuss a surface treatment method, using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) of random filamentary type. This offers a convenient, reliable and economic alternative for the controlled modification (so far, largely dependent on surface oxidation) of various categories of material surfaces. Remarkably uniform treatment and markedly stable modified surface properties result over the entire area of the test surfaces exposed to the discharge even at transit speeds simulating those associated with continuous on-line processing. The effects of air-DBD treatment on the surfaces of various polymer films and polymer-based fabrics were studied. The dielectric barrier concerned has been characterized in terms of the energy deposited by the discharge at the processing electrodes and the resultant modifications of the surface properties of the treated samples were investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle/wickability measurement and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of the surface treatment parameters, such as the energy deposited by the discharge, the inter-electrode gap and the treatment time were examined and related to the post-treatment surface characteristics of the materials processed. Relationships between the processing parameters and the properties of the DBD treated samples were thus established. Of the three process variables investigated, the duration of the treatment was found to have a more significant effect on the surface modifications found than did the discharge energy or the inter-electrode gap. Very short air-DBD treatments (fractions of a second in duration) markedly and uniformly modified the surface characteristics for all the materials treated, to the effect that wettability, wickability and the level of oxidation of the surface appear to be increased strongly within the first 0.1–0.2 s of treatment. Any subsequent surface modification following longer treatment (>1.0 s) was less important. The modification of the surface properties also appears to be stable with time, as minimal recovery of the surface properties is shown on ageing post-treatment. The behaviour of the woven textile polymers examined was found to be very similar, under DBD treatment, to that of thin-film variants based on the same polymers. For the porous textile fabrics examined, rapid and efficient treatment (fractions of a second) on both sides of the treated samples was found to be ensured. Thereby the system regime used offers the attractive prospect of controlling the modification of non-compact materials of various texture, porosity, etc. The DBD described system thus provides a chemically mild and mechanically non-destructive means of altering surface properties targeting improved surface characteristics and potentially better application performance.
Size-Selective Personal Air Sampling: A New Approach Using Porous Foams

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: moehlman@hvbg.de 1Berufsgenossenschaftliches Institut fur Arbeitssicherheit, D-53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany; 2Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Roxburgh Place, Edinburgh EH8 9SU, UK; 3Health and Safety Laboratory, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; 4Institut National de Recherche et de Securite, Av. de Bourgogne, F-54501 Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; 5Institut Universitaire Romand de Sante au Travail, 19, rue du Bugnon, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; 6Lavoro e Ambiente s.r. l. , Via Cartesio 30, I-47100 Forli, Italy
Electrocoagulation in batch mode for the removal of the chemical oxygen demand of an effluent from slaughterhouse wastewater in Lima Peru: Fe and Al electrodes

In order to study the treatment of wastewater from a meat plant in a batch reactor, the electrocoagulation (EC) process with aluminum and iron electrodes was applied. Foams formed with iron electrodes show brown, greenish, and reddish colors, and foams formed with aluminum electrodes mainly show a whitish color. The effects of the applied voltages (6, 8, and 10 V) were analyzed over time on parameters such as current density (A/m2), pH, temperature, removal percentage of ionic conductivity (μS/cm), turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units), chemical oxygen demand (COD), thermotolerant coliforms, and oil–grease. The removal efficiencies for turbidity and COD in meat industry wastewater-slaughterhouse wastewater that were obtained were 99%, and 53%–59%, for aluminum, and 81.5%–88.5%, and 59%–60% for iron electrodes and 25 min EC time respectively. At 6 V the energy consumption per unit volume of treated effluent (kg/m3) and per kg COD removed (kwh/kg COD) with Al and Fe electrodes were (3.07 and 0.84) and (2.99 and 0.90), respectively. The EC process with Al and Fe electrodes proved to be a technique that removes contaminants from slaughterhouse wastewater with good yields.
Finite-Time Nonlinear Disturbance Observer Based Discretized Integral Sliding Mode Control for PMSM Drives

To deal with the operation performance degradation of permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives with uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics, this paper presents a finite-time nonlinear disturbance observer (FTNDO) based discretized integral sliding mode (DISM) composite control scheme. Based on the reaching-law approach, a DISM speed controller featuring a superior dynamic quality and global robustness against disturbances is constructed. This controller can avoid the reaching phase and overlarge control action. In addition, a sliding mode differentiator based FTNDO is devised and extended to the discrete-time domain for disturbance estimation. The attractive features of the FTNDO are that it can provide a finite-time converging estimation and alleviate the chattering effect in conventional sliding mode observers, while retaining robustness to parameter variations. By feeding the estimate forward to the pre-stage DISM controller, both disturbances and chattering can be significantly suppressed. Moreover, considering the estimation error of a FTNDO caused by discrete sampling, a stability analysis of the composite controller is discussed. Experimental results validate the superiority of the presented scheme.
Sorption and bioavailability of carbon tetrachloride in a low organic content sandy soil

Two sets of parallel columns were packed with a low‐organic‐content aquifer soil contaminated with carbon tetrachloride (CT) and flushed with water under bioactive and abiotic saturated conditions. Both effluent and soil concentrations (by sacrificing columns) were monitored for CT. Desorption of CT from the aquifer material could be described by a two‐site nonequilibrium model. The columns were found to operate far from desorption equilibrium conditions. Inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. strain KC resulted in rapid transformation of CT in the liquid phase, but no evidence of solid‐phase degradation was found. Mathematical modeling of desorption and biodegradation as sequential and independent processes appears to be justified for this soil/contaminant combination.
Information Design in the Hold-up Problem ∗

We analyze a bilateral trade model where the buyer can choose the probability distribution of her valuation for the good. The seller, after observing the buyer’s choice of the distribution but not the realized valuation, makes a take-it-or-leave-it oﬀer. If the buyer’s choice of the distribution is costless, the price and the payoﬀs of both the buyer and the seller are shown to be 1 /e in the unique equilibrium outcome. The equilibrium distribution of the buyer’s valuation generates a unit-elastic demand and trade is ex-post eﬃcient. These two properties are shown to be preserved even when diﬀerent distributions are diﬀerentially costly as long as the cost is monotone in the dispersion of the distribution.
Electron transport patterns in TiO2 nanotube arrays based dye-sensitized solar cells under frontside and backside illuminations

TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTA), of 17–37 μm in thickness, detached from anodic oxidized Ti foils were used as photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Photovoltaic measurements under frontside and backside illumination showed that frontside illumination geometry provided better cell performance than backside illumination did. A cell assembled with 30 μm thick NTA film produced the greatest photocurrent and light conversion efficiency. Despite an advantageous architecture for electron transport, electron trapping remained a limiting factor for both illumination geometries, due to the presence of crystal grains in the NTA walls. Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) analysis showed that electron transport in the front-illuminated cells comprises both trap-free and trap-limited diffusion modes, whereas electrons in the back-illuminated cells travel only by trap-limited diffusion. The trap-free diffusion mechanism determines front-illuminated cell performance. Electrochemical impedance s.