Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Good Turns Evil: Using Intel SGX to Stealthily Steal Bitcoins

In our talk, we show that despite all doubts, it is practical to implement malware inside SGX. Moreover, this malware uses the protection features of SGX to hide itself from all state-of-the-art detection mechanisms. We show that an unprivileged user can execute malware inside an SGX enclave that uses a cache attack to extract a secret RSA key from a co-located enclave. Our malware does not use any kernel component, privileges, or operating system modiﬁcations to proxy commands from the enclave. Instead, we built novel techniques to mount the attack without operating system support. For a code reviewer, our enclave code looks like a benign series of simple memory accesses and loops. We demonstrate that this attack is practical by mounting a cross-enclave attack to recover a full 4096-bit RSA key used in a secure signature process. This scenario can be found in real-world situations for Bitcoin wallets that are implemented inside SGX to protect the private key. With an SGX enclave, existing detection techniques (Herath and Fogh, Black-Hat USA 2015) are not applicable anymore. The main takeaway is that SGX helps attackers in hiding their malware, without even requiring any privileges (i.e., no root privileges). Additionally, so-called double fetch bugs are problems in APIs which can often be exploited to hijack the program ﬂow inside a higher-privileged domain, such as given by the enclave. We show that cache attacks can be used to dynamically detect such vulnerabilities in secure enclaves without access to its code or even the binary. Furthermore, the cache can be used as a primitive to reliably exploit such vulnerabilities, allowing to leak secrets such as private keys from enclaves. In our live demonstration, we show that SGX is not a miracle cure for badly written software and high-quality software is still required to protect secret information.
Interactive comment on “Quantifying Cloud Adjustments and the Radiative Forcing due to Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Satellite Observations of Warm Marine Clouds” by Alyson

The authors utilize remote sensing observations and a regime-based approach to iso-late the effects of varying aerosol index on cloud microphysical (1st indirect effect) and cloud macrophysical properties (adjustments). The authors utilize regimes of above-cloud RH and stability. LWP is binned to account for variations in cloud state in each regime. The results show that in some regions adjustments and the ﬁrst indirect effect have opposing signs. The authors also show that as LWP increases the radiative response to AI saturates. The analysis presented here satisﬁes the important problem of separating variability due to meteorology from aerosol-cloud interactions (aci). The C1 authors ﬁnd a relatively weak ERFaci from warm-topped clouds over oceans, which appears to be due to dimming in regions in the equatorial Atlantic and Indian ocean. While I appreciate that the authors are applying the methodology developed in a pre-vious study, it is hard to understand what is being done and I think the authors could brieﬂy summarize their methodology to allow readers to more efﬁciently refer to DL19. The description of the observational data sets could be much more substantial. It is confusing what observational and modelling data is being used for what. In some cases it appears that observational data sets that are not appropriate are being used, but it is hard to conﬁrm this from the data section. One solution that might make this un-ambiguous would be to create a table of variables and data sources. A critical issue with this paper is use of area-mean LWP (in-cloud LWP*CF) from microwave when the authors imply they are using in-cloud LWP based on wording in the
Road Damage Detection Utilizing Convolution Neural Network and Principal Component Analysis

Roads should always be in a reliable con-dition and maintained regularly. One of the problems that should be maintained well is the pavement cracks problem. This a challenging problem that faces road engineers, since maintaining roads in a stable condition is needed for both drivers and pedestrians. Many meth-ods have been proposed to handle this problem to save time and cost. In this paper, we proposed a two-stage method to detect pavement cracks based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to solve this classification problem. We employed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to extract the most significant features with a di˙erent number of PCA components. The proposed approach was trained using a Mendeley Asphalt Crack dataset, which contains 400 images of road cracks with a 480×480 resolution. The obtained results show how PCA helped in speeding up the learning process of CNN.
Do School Closures During an Epidemic have Persistent E¤ects? Evidence from Sierra Leone in the Time of Ebola

School closures are a common short run policy response to viral epidemics. We study the persistent post-epidemic impacts of this on the economic lives of young women in Sierra Leone, a context where women frequently experience sexual violence and face multiple economic disadvantages. We do so by evaluating an intervention targeting young women that was implemented during the 2014/15 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. This provided them a protective space where they can . nd support, and receive information on health/reproductive issues. We document the impacts of the intervention on 4 700 young girls and women tracked from May 2014 on the eve of the Ebola crisis, to the post-epidemic period in 2016. In control villages, school closures led young girls to spend signi.cantly more time with men, teen pregnancies rose sharply, and school enrolment among young girls dropped by 17pp post-epidemic, long after schools had re-opened. These adverse e¤ects on enrolment are halved in treated villages because the intervention breaks this causal chain: it enables girls to allocate time away from men, reduces out-of-wedlock pregnancies by 7pp, and so increases re-enrolment rates post-epidemic. A long term follow up in 2019/20 shows persistent impacts of the intervention on the human capital accumulation of young girls, time they spend with men, and quality of partners matched with. Our analysis has important implications for school closures in response to the current COVID-19 pandemic in contexts where young women face sexual violence, highlighting the protective and lasting role safe spaces can provide in such times. JEL Classi.cation: I25, J13, J24. We thank all those at BRAC Sierra Leone and IPA Sierra Leone, Gieltje Adriaans, Abdulai Bah, Fernando Fernandez and Leslie Alex for excellent research assistance. We have bene.ted from comments from Chris Blattman, Aureo De Paula, Esther Du‡o, James Fenske, Erica Field, Elizabeth Foster, Sebastian Galiani, Rachel Glennerster, Jessica Goldberg, Scott MacMillan, Berk Ozler, James Robinson, Sanchari Roy, Matthias Sutter, Michela Tincani, Frank Windmeijer, Yanos Zylberberg and numerous seminar participants. We thank JPAL, IGC, UNICEF and the World Bank Group’s Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality for . nancial support. The views presented are the authors’ and do not represent those of the World Bank or its member countries or DfID. This is an output of the Africa Gender Innovation Lab. Human subjects approval was obtained from the IRB at IPA (#:13October-001). The study is listed on the AEA registry (AEARCTR-0000300). All errors remain our own. Bandiera: LSE, o.bandiera@lse.ac. uk; Buehren: World Bank, nbuehren@worldbank.org; Goldstein: World Bank, mgoldstein@worldbank.org; Rasul: UCL, i.rasul@ucl.ac. uk; Smurra: UCL, a.smurra. 11@ucl.ac. uk.
Structure of the exopolysaccharide produced

The structure of the exopolysaccharide of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris H414, isolated from a defined medium or skimmed milk, was established by linkage analysis on the native polysaccharide, and by characterisation of oligosaccharide fragments, obtained by Smith degradation and partial acid hydrolysis, using methylation analysis, FABMS, EIMS, and ‘H-NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide has the branched-pentasaccharide repeating unit:
Definition and Overview

his guide examines case studies, a form of qualitative descriptive research T that is used to look at individuals, a small group of participants, or a group as a whole. Researchers collect data about participants using participant and direct observations, interviews, protocols, tests, examinations of records, and collections of writing samples. Starting with a definition of the case study, the guide moves to a brief history of this research method. Using several well documented case studies, the guide then looks at applications and methods including data collection and analysis. A discussion of ways to handle validity, reliability, and generalizability follows, with special attention to case studies as they are applied to composition studies. Finally, this guide examines the strengths and weaknesses of case studies.
Theory of Soft Subdivision Search and Motion Planning

We propose to design motion planning algorithms using two ingredients: the sub-division paradigm coupled with soft predicates . Such predicates are conservative and convergent relative to traditional exact predicates (called “hard” in this context). This leads to resolution-exact algorithms which can be viewed as a strong form of “resolution complete” algorithms. Resolution-exactness contains inherent indeterminacies and other subtleties. We describe an algorithmic framework, called Soft Subdivision Search (SSS) for designing such algorithms. There are many parallels between our framework and the well-known Probabilistic Road Maps (PRM) framework. Both frameworks lead to algorithms that are highly practical, easy to implement, have adaptive and local complexity. The critical difference is that SSS avoids the Halting Problem of PRM. In a previous paper, we have demonstrated the ease of designing soft predicates for various motion planning problems. In this paper, we generalize and extend some of these results. We show how exact algorithms can be recovered by an extension of our framework. The SSS framework provides a theoretically sound basis for new classes of algorithms in motion planning and beyond. Such algorithms are novel, even in the exact case.
What Really Drives Executive Turnover ?

This paper reconsiders the factors that drive executive turnover. Due to the dearth of quality data, research has primarily drawn from financial reports to construct measures of performance, efficiency and risk when considering board changes. Unfortunately, aggregate data such as that contained in financial numbers omits crucial disaggregated information related to a firm’s recent operational performance. Furthermore, quality data is exceptionally difficult to collect because the performance and efficiency of a firm’s daily operations are rarely recorded in a consistent and meaningful way. One industry in which operating performance data are transparent and widely available is in the sporting sector, and especially soccer companies. In this context, this study investigates the determinants of senior executive turnover in British soccer firms considering both financial and operating performance information. The findings of this paper suggest that operational performance dominates financial performance in driving executive turnover. In addition, industry experience significantly reduces the probability of executive turnover. While the findings of previous research are consistent with these results, this paper shows that without considering the operations of a firm, insights gained from extant research are flawed. JEL Classifications: G30, G34, G39 and M51
Voter Turnout, Income Inequality, and Redistribution

This paper reexamines Franzese’s finding that pre-transfer inequality increases social spending when voter turnout is high, presumably because high turnout implies more poor – pro-redistributive – voters at the polls. The empirical analysis departs from Franzese by acknowledging that poor voters do not care about spending per se, but whether spending actually reduces inequalities. This paper fails to find evidence that the effect of inequality on redistribution is contingent on voter turnout, and instrument variable regression questions whether turnout matters for redistribution at all. An analysis of micro-level (survey) data gives us some indications of why the theoretical expectations are not supported empirically. While voting is biased against the poor and pro-redistributive voters, it is not biased against the left, quite the contrary. Thus, as voters vote for parties and not over single issues, it is not clear that higher turnout will increase redistribution, especially not if non-economic issues are important in the election.
Abundance, richness and root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural and semi-natural land use types at upper Hantana

There is a scarcity of published information on the abundance and richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different natural and semi-natural land use types in Sri Lanka. The Upper Hantana (UH) area, which comprises land use types with different histories, was selected to fulfill this knowledge gap. A study was carried out to investigate the abundance and richness of AMF in selected land use types, including restored pine stand (REP), degraded grassland (DEG), Paraserianthes stand (PST) and natural forest patch (NFP) at Upper Hantana in the Central Province of Sri Lanka, were investigated. The highest AMF spore abundance was observed in the NFP. However, the AMF spore richness was higher in both NFP and REP than in DEG and PST. At NFP, the medium-sized spores dominate the AMF spore population. Furthermore, NFP showed the least evenness in AMF distribution compared to other land use types. Glomus was the most abundant genus in all selected land use types. Acaulospora was observed only in DEG and PST. The colonization potential of AMF varies highly between species and selected land use types with no clear relationship between AMF abundance and root colonization potential. The results speculate that AMF spore abundance is determined by the composition and diversity of the vegetation. The results also revealed that the AMF richness at REP was similar to that of NFP, indicating a positive impact on the below-ground biota within a relatively short period following restoration. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 44 (1) : 25-34, 2015
Rat and Human Hippocampal α5 Subunit-Containing γ-Aminobutyric AcidA Receptors Have α5β3γ2 Pharmacological Characteristics

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor is a hetero-oligomer consisting of five subunits, the combination of which confers unique pharmacological properties to the receptor. To understand the physiological role of native GABAAreceptors, it is critical to determine their subunit compositions. The pharmacological characteristics of human α5β3γ2 and α5β3γ3 GABAA receptors stably expressed in L(tk−) cells were characterized with the α5-selective ligand [3H]L-655,708 and compared with the pharmacological characteristics of [3H]L-655,708 binding sites from rat and human hippocampus. Saturation analyses revealed a 9-fold selective affinity of [3H]L-655,708 for α5β3γ2 receptors (Kd = 1.7 ± 0.4 nm), compared with α5β3γ3 receptors (Kd = 15 ± 3 nm). Rat and human hippocampal [3H]L-655,708 binding sites had affinities of 2.2 ± 0.6 and 1.0 ± 0.2 nm, respectively, comparable to the affinity of α5β3γ2 receptors. Pharmacological analysis of [3H]L-655,708 binding sites in rat and human hippocampi revealed a strong correlation with the affinities of seven benzodiazepine site ligands for α5β3γ2 but not α5β3γ3 receptors. Immunoprecipitation of [3H]L-655,708 binding sites from rat hippocampus with a γ2-selective antibody yielded 19 ± 4% of total benzodiazepine binding sites measured using [3H]Ro15–1788, whereas no specific binding was measured after immunoprecipitation with an anti-γ3 antibody. Combinatorial immunoprecipitations of [3H]muscimol binding sites with anti-α5 and anti-γ2 or anti-α5 and anti-γ3 antibodies established the preferential expression of α5γ2 receptors, accounting for 22 ± 2% of total rat hippocampal GABAA receptors. These observations provide pharmacological and structural evidence for the prevalence of α5β3γ2 GABAA receptors in rat hippocampus, despite the clustering of α5 and γ3 loci on the same chromosome.
Lactation Curve and Persistency of Anatolian Buffaloes

The aim of this study was to determine the lactation curve traits of Anatolian buffaloes raised under different conditions in farms in Tokat Province, Turkey. Wood’s gamma curve parameters were employed to identify the lactation curve types, and values for the parameters beginning yield (a), coefficient of rising (b) and coefficient of decreasing (c) were used to determine the shape and type of lactation curve. All parameters in typical lactation curves were positive, and in the event of one parameter being negative, the curve was considered to be an atypical lactation curve. A total of 690 lactation curves were investigated. It was determined that 406 (58.84%) of these curves were typical, while 90 (13.04%) were concave and 194 (28.12%) of a decreasing type. For typical lactation curves, a, b, c, persistency (S), time after parturition until the peak yield occurs (Tmax), maximum daily peak yield (Ymax), and coefficient of determination (R2) were 7.14±0.008, 0.85±2.1, 0.40±0.001, 2.68, 63.6, 6.41 and 76.33, respectively. For concave lactation curves, values for a, b, c, Tmax, Ymax and R2 were 4.94±0.42, -0.73±0.016, - 0.23±0.0038, 95.40, 7.41±0.004 and 71.68, respectively. For decreasing typical lactation curves, values for a, b, c, Tmax, and R2 were 5.31±0.0041, -0.15±0.007, 0.039±0.0023, 3.89±0.11 and 79.94, respectively. Parameters predicted by the Wood model within the scope of this study have the potential of being useful for breeding programmes. Further breeding/selection activities could be conducted by using the female Anatolian buffaloes with typical lactation curves.
Genetic factors driving the functional specification of spinal motor neurons

Spinal motor neurons which innervate different types of muscle fibers play a pivotal role in controlling body postures and locomotion. Spinal motor neurons can be broadly classified into alpha- and gamma-motor neuron subtypes. Alpha-motor neurons can be further subdivided into fast and slow functional subtypes. It is known that several spatially and temporally orchestrated transcriptional cascades are instrumental in determining and specifying various neuronal subtypes in the neural tube during neurogenesis. However, the factors responsible for determining the specification of functional spinal motor neuron subtypes (alpha versus gamma; slow versus fast) are still unknown. In this study, I performed transcriptome analysis in E18.5 mice to identify the gene expression profiles of functionally distinct motor pools to identify determinants of motor neuron subtype. Through this screen, I identified the orphan nuclear receptor Err2 as a selective marker for gamma-motor neurons. The expression of Err2 paralleled that of the closely related Err3, a previously identified gamma-motor neuron marker. Through novel transposon-mediated gene manipulation in the embryonic chick spinal cord, I found that both Err2 and Err3 are sufficient to promote gamma-motor neuron identity, based on morphological, molecular and initial physiological criteria. Fusion of heterologous transcriptional activation or repression domains further suggested that Err2 and Err3 act as transcriptional activators. My thesis project thereby uncovered first insights into the functional specification of motor neurons, and provided evidence that Err2 and Err3 act as genetically redundant transcription activators that promote the acquisition of gamma-motor neuron identity in subsets of motor neurons.
Characterization of human melanotransferrin expressed in recombinant baculovirus infected insect cells

When producing recombinant mammalian proteins in an expression system, the successful completion of posttranslational modifications is an area of concern. One such modification is the attachment of a protein to a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor in the membrane. In order to investigate this, the baculovirus/insect cell system (Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus/'Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells) was used to express the human melanoma-associated antigen, p97 or melanotransferrin. An unusual feature of this protein is its attachment to the cell surface by a GPI-anchor. The expression of p97 at the surface of recombinant virus infected Sf9 cells was shown by FACS analysis using monoclonal antibodies that recognize two different epitopes. Immunoprecipitation of p97 from [35S]-methionine metabolically labelled p97 B-2-I infected Sf9 cells revealed that recombinant p97 is slightly smaller than p97 expressed by the SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cell line and that a soluble form of p97 was present in the spent medium of the infected Sf9 cells. While the GPI-anchored form of recombinant p97 partitioned into the detergent phase upon Triton X-114 extraction, the form found in the spent medium partitioned into the aqueous phase, suggesting that it may be analogous to the secreted form of p97 produced by SK-MEL-28 cells. The glycosylation of recombinant p97 from virus infected Sf9 cells was also analyzed. Although an Endoglycosidase H-resistant form of p97 was detected, it is likely that the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides to the complex-type was incomplete. Finally, the GPI-llinkage of p97 expressed in Sf9 cells was
Mechanistic study of signalling pathways in intestinal B lymphocytes using eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and a combination of both at a ratio of 2:1 on the signalling pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated intestinal B lymphocytes from broiler chickens. The results showed that these treatments reduced the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and phospholipase C (PLC) and increased the concentration of inositol triphosphate (IP3) significantly compared with the control group (P < .05). Compared with EPA or DHA alone, the combination of both (2:1) reduced the production PGE2, COX-2, and PLC and increased the concentration of IP3 (P < .05). Therefore, EPA and DHA suppressed the LPS-stimulated proliferation of B lymphocytes by interfering with phosphatidylinositol signalling and the second messenger pathways.
Toxicity of Four Synthetic Plant Hormones IAA, NAA, 2,4-D and GA against Artemia salina (Leach)

Due to their wide spread distribution and toxic nature on biological system, plant hormones were screened for their cytotoxic assessment in Artemia salina Leach. A simple zoological organism Artemia salina was used for cytotoxicological evaluation and probit analyses was used to calculate median lethal concentrations (LC50) values. IAA was found to have most cytotoxic with LC50 of 4.39 ppm among the plant hormones. NAA exhibited almost similar LC50 value (5.75 ppm) of IAA. Other two 2,4-D and GA gave the values at 16.63 and 20.13 ppm, respectively. The rank order of toxicity of the four plant hormones against Artemia salina was IAA > NAA > 2,4-D > GA.