Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calibration/validation of satellite derived snow products with in situ data over the mountainous eastern part of Turkey.

This paper presents the critical issues for the comparison of the parameters that optical remote sensing can deliver (snow-covered area and albedo as MODIS products) with snow survey and lately established automated weather observation stations (AWOS). The use of Earth Observation (EO) satellite images and products in hydrological applications for mountainous terrain, where the scarcity of ground data is the main problem, is discussed. The snowmelt runoff hydrograph shape is affected by the elevation bias of the MODIS snow-mapping algorithms, and underestimates the area at lower altitudes and overestimates the area in the higher elevation regions. It is an aim to overcome this difficultly in further studies by determining the fractional snow-covered area using multi-sensor data (SEVIRI, NOAA, MODIS as optical, and AMSR-E, SSM/I as microwave), which will be the basic task for future studies in Satellite Application Facilities on Hydrology (H-SAF) project, which is financially supported by EUMETSAT. Turkey is a part of the H-SAF project, both in cal/val of satellite-derived snow products with ground observations and cal/val studies with hydrological modelling in the mountainous terrain of Europe. In this paper, the early findings of the H-SAF project regarding the products for mountainous regions are evaluated.
Mouse-click plagiarism: Can technology help to fight back?

Many students arrive at university accustomed to adopting the internet as their primary source of information, but with no prior experience of referencing. This raises issues of the reliability and validity of digital sources, as well as bringing new opportunities for cheating. The internet has made plagiarism quicker and easier; a student simply needs to click the mouse to copy and paste sections of text. The author is interested in the process of academic writing and how, if the text is constructed by a couple of clicks, learning may be limited. This small scale study explores students’ perceptions, knowledge and experience of referencing, plagiarism and the text-matching software, Turnitin. Using an online survey and focus groups, the practitioner endeavours to see if technology can be used to deter plagiarism and enhance the student learning experience. The study concludes that, while students superficially understand plagiarism, they struggle with the importance and conventions of referencing. Students require (and expect) early and appropriate educational support to adopt the cultural norms of higher education and learn the process of reading, analysing, synthesising and acknowledging the work of others. Turnitin has limitations, but it does appear to be effective at deterring plagiarism and has the potential to be a learning tool, if introduced and used appropriately.
Experiential marketing of tourism destinations

Destinations are combination of tourism products, offering an integrated experience to consumers (Buhalis, 1999). Research shows that demand for experiences is a major trend in the tourism industry. Schneider (2004) briefly defined experiential travel as a "travel that enriches the soul while broadening the mind". Tourists are no longer satisfied with traditional services only they want to go beyond that and have therefore created demand for diversified experiences (Banff Lake Louise Tourism, 2005). This increasing demand for experiences shows that it is no longer enough for destinations to compete with their facilities and amenities, but instead they need to create differentiating experiences if they want to attract today's travelers (Banff Lake Louise Tourism, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of experiential marketing in tourism destinations in particular concerning how it can be used as a form of differentiation. Specifically, the study describes the application of the experience concept to a destination suffering from the challenges of commoditization. This discussion identifies the primary benefit of experiential diversification is as a guide to move away from promoting physical destination attributes towards a goal of promoting emotional attributes that generate lasting and unique memories for visitors. Challenges primary relate to the institutional capacity needed to lead a destination towards understanding, identifying, creating and delivering a unique experience across the complete tourism system.
New natural fibre reinforced aluminium composite for automotive brake pad

The aim of this paper is to develop new natural fibre reinforced aluminium composite for automotive brake pad application. Four different laboratory formulations were prepared with varying coconut fibre contents from 0, 5, 10 and 15 volume fraction along with binder, friction modifiers, abrasive material and solid lubricant using powder metallurgy technique for the development of new natural fibre reinforced aluminium composites. The properties examined are density, porosity, microstructural analysis, hardness and mechanical properties using densometer, SEM, hardness tester and universal testing machine. The better properties in terms of higher density, lower porosity and higher compressive strength were obtained from 5 and 10% coconut fiber composites. The microstructure reveals uniform distribution of resin and coconut fibre in the matrix. It can be concluded that 5 and 10% showed better physicomechanical properties compared to other formulations. Hence, natural coconut fibre is a potential candidate fiber or filler material for the automotive brake pad material.
Toward controlled passive actuation

Experts all over the world agree on the potential of legged locomotion for difficult terrain. As of now, there are several point on which legged machines have significantly lower performance than than wheeled or tracked ones. First of all, they have a higher number of actuators which makes them heavier. This is related to the mentioned ”low payload to weight ratio” with is also related to the fact that any additional weight has to be supported by the legs. This (active) supporting of mass, together with the additional movement in the legs compared to wheels and tracks also results in higher energy consumption. This energy consumption is further increased due to the fact that energy is lost at every impact (say foot touch-down), which also increases the mechanical stress on the entire structure. In this work a novel, integral approach is presented which minimises the use of electric actuators and enables absorption and re-use of energy involved at impact. By do- ing this, the number and size of electric actuators is reduced, which reduces the weight. Furthermore, by offer- ing intrinsically passive gravity compensation, the pay- load capabilities is potentially increased. By minimising the energy flow trough electric actuators, one of the most significant energetic losses is minimised. Our approach uses a single spring to couple two degrees of freedom and therefore energy exchange between two CPA (Controlled Passive Actuation) actuated degrees of freedom.
Biology, affinity and description of an unusual aquatic new genus and species of Isotomidae (Collembola) from high altitude lakes in Tasmania

A new species of Isotomidae (Collembola) was collected from submerged stones on the edge of nine lakes on Tasmania's Central Highland Plateau. Because it did not comply fully with the characters of any existing genus, a new genus, Chionobora gen. n. is erected for it here. An Antarctic species, Desoria klovstadi (Carpenter), has characters which conform with the new genus so is formally transferred to the new genus here. The Antarctic Continent and Tasmania were last in proximity 60 million years b.p. so it is suggested both species are relicts persisting in probable ice-free refugia during glacial cycles. Gut contents of specimens of the new species exclusively contained diatoms in various stages of digestion and the species appears to graze on aquatic macrophytes, a feeding habit not recorded before for Collembola. We note the high numbers of endemic invertebrate taxa of restricted distributions in cold habitats of southern regions compared to warmer regions and stress their conservation values and threats to their populations.
An Alternative Undergraduate Teacher Preparation Program: A Comprehensive One-to-One iPad Initiative Model

To date, little literature has been published on how an alternative undergraduate teacher preparation program infuses mobile devices such as the iPad and its applications, model classrooms, and a high-tech computer lab to prepare teacher candidates. Preparing teacher candidates to generalize technological skills is most effective when it is hands on, using the varied devices and support available to them. Meaningful instruction, application and maintenance of technological usage is the key to 21 st century teaching and learning but it will not occur without a designed plan of action or model. This article focuses on the prominence of the use of iPads for teacher candidates in higher education and its potential impact on the learning of students with varying backgrounds and abilities in public schools. Further, it provides conceptual, systematic, comprehensive, and ready-to-use three phases of an existing one-to-one iPad initiative model at a southeast institution of higher education in the United States of America. Keywords: iPads in Higher Education, Mobile Learning, Pre-service Teachers, Teacher Candidates, Alternative Teacher Preparation Program
Communicating asset risk: how the format of historic volatility information affects risk perception and investment decisions

An experiment examined the effect that the type and presentation format of information about investment options have on expectations held by investors about asset risk, returns, and volatility. Some respondents were provided with the names of investment options in addition to historical (1987-97) volatility data, and some were not. Historical volatility was presented either as a bar graph of returns per year or as a continuous density distribution of returns over the 10-year period. Risk and volatility perceptions both varied significantly as a function of type and format of information, but in different ways. Biases in risk perception, but not in volatility forecasts, affected portfolio decisions.
Surgical site infection incidence after a clean-contaminated surgery in Yasuj Shahid Beheshti hospital, Iran

Objective. To determine the incidence rate of infection after a clean-contaminated surgery and its relationship with some risk factors. Methodology. Cross sectional study, in a convenience sample of 300 patients who underwent surgery classified as clean-contaminated in a hospital of Yasuj, Iran. Samples were taken directly from the wound at the first dressing change to all the patients. They were studied to determine bacteria growth. Results. The rate of infection after a clean-contaminated surgery was 53%. The most common gram positive microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus (22%), and among gram negative: Es­cherichia coli (26%), Klebsiella sp (26%) and Pseudomonas sp (25%). Significant correlation between the type of surgery and surgical site infection was found, it was not seen with the varia­bles sex and surgical procedure. Conclusion. This study shows important problems regarding patient’s safety. Protocols should be reviewed to control infections.
The Effect of Flipped Classroom on the Academic Achievement and Attitude of Higher Education Students

This study aims to search the effect of flipped classroom on students’ learning a new grammar structure and theirattitudes towards the English course. The study was carried out for 6 weeks with 56 students studying in fivedifferent preparatory classes at a black sea region university’s foreign languages school in the fall term of 2015-2016academic year. The design of the study was ‘non-equivalent control group design’ which is one ofquasi-experimental designs. Data were gathered with help of an achievement test and an attitude scale. Flippedclassroom model was applied in the experimental group while traditional instruction was applied in the control group.At the end of the study, it was concluded that flipped classroom had medium effect on students’ academicachievements and attitudes comparing to traditional instruction.
The motion of a viscous drop through a cylindrical tube

Liquid of viscosity $\mu$ moves slowly through a cylindrical tube of radius $R$ under the action of a pressure gradient. An immiscible force-free drop having viscosity $\lambda\mu$ almost fills the tube; surface tension between the liquids is $\gamma$. The drop moves relative to the tube walls with steady velocity $U$, so that both the capillary number ${\hbox{\it Ca}}\,{=}\,\mu U/\gamma$ and the Reynolds number are small. A thin film of uniform thickness $\epsilon R$ is formed between the drop and the wall. It is shown that Bretherton's (1961) scaling $\epsilon\propto{\hbox{\it Ca}}^{{2}/{3}}$ is appropriate for all values of $\lambda$, but with a coefficient of order unity that depends weakly on both $\lambda$ and ${\hbox{\it Ca}}$. The coefficient is determined using lubrication theory for the thin film coupled to a novel two-dimensional boundary-integral representation of the internal flow. It is found that as $\lambda$ increases from zero, the film thickness increases by a factor $4^{{2}/{3}}$ to a plateau value when ${\hbox{\it Ca}}^{-{1}/{3}}\,{\ll}\,\lambda\,{\ll}\,{\hbox{\it Ca}}^{-{2}/{3}}$ and then falls by a factor $2^{{2}/{3}}$ as $\lambda\,{\rightarrow}\,\infty$. The multi-region asymptotic structure of the flow is also discussed.
ARMuc: An Intelligent Interactive System for Campus

In this paper, we proposed a system-ARMuc which based on the emerging augmented reality(AR) technology. The procedure of realization has three parts: model construction, model registration and interaction design. For construction modeling, the photogrammetry is adopted to acquire size of buildings as old architectural drawings are hard to get, then 3DMax is applied to complete the model of buildings; Most model registration can be realized by image feature matching or positioning sensor such as GPS, as the sensor’s precision is relatively low, the popular speeded up robust features (surf) is used to achieve our goal; Interaction is developed by virtue of Uniyt3D platform that provided a convenient way to translate concepts into codes. As the whole system is designed for mobile platform, it is convenient for using anywhere or anytime, the application effect therefore is better comparing with the traditional method of running a virtual campus on personal computer.
Structural Change and the Sustainability of Chinese Economic Growth

This paper examines the role of agriculture during the reform periods of China after 1978. I estimate the "shadow wage" of Chinese farmers from micro-level data and the result shows that the labor input of Chinese agriculture decreases at a rate of 2% annually. I combine this …gure with the growth of output, capital, and land, and a growth accounting exercise demonstrates that the total factor productivity growth of agriculture is 5.4%. This number con…rms the belief that the e¢ ciency gain of Chinese economy during the reform periods mainly lies in agriculture. I develop and calibrate a two-sector general equilibrium model with subsistent consumption. The model reveals counterfactual implications that agricultural productivity has no long-run effects.
Determination of Antioxidant Parameters of Pleurotus Mushrooms Growing on Different Wood Substrates

Abstract Extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on wood substrates (beech, oak, linden, walnut, poplar) and extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) grown in nature on aspen wood were used to determine the total phenols, total flavonoids, lycopene and β-carotene. The content of individual antioxidants varies considerably depending, not only on the substrate, but also on the extracting agents. The highest content of total phenols and total flavonoids was found in methanol and water extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushrooms grown on oak and linden substrates. The maximum content of lycopene and β-carotene was determined in acetone and n-hexane (ratio 4 : 6) extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushroom grown on an oak block. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that the quantitative and also probably the qualitative composition of the antioxidants in the fruiting bodies of Oyster mushrooms depended considerably on the substrate composition.
Aggregation of Laser-Generated Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by Formalin

Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, KoreaReceived October 10, 2012, Accepted October 28, 2012We have investigated the effects of formalin on the assembly of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) preparedby laser ablation of a solid gold target in deionized water. Upon addition of formalin, the surface plasmonresonance (SPR) band at 519 nm for pure AuNPs decreases and shifts to red while a new broad SPR bandappears at ~700 nm. The red-shift is prominent with increase in the incubation time. The average size of theinitial AuNPs is around 12 nm but it increases to 23 nm after addition of formalin. It turns out that formalin actsas a cationic surfactant for AuNPs with negative surface charge in the colloidal solutions. Furthermore, throughanalysis of the Raman spectrum of formalin and the density functional theory calculations, we confirm thatmethanediol is the main species in formalin which is in charge of the aggregation of AuNPs. Key Words : Gold nanoparticles, Formalin, Aggregation, Raman spectroscopy, Surface plasmon resonanceIntroductionGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted great attentionof researchers since they have extensive technologicalapplications as well as unique properties.
YOUNG TABLEAUX: WITH APPLICATIONS TO REPRESENTATION THEORY AND GEOMETRY (LMS Student Texts 35) By William Fulton: 260 pp., £14.95 (LMS Members' price £11.20), ISBN 0 521 56724 6 (Cambridge University Press, 1997)

Combinatorics is often claimed to be introspective and to lack contact with other parts of mathematics. The subject of this book, Young tableaux, is certainly an exception. These purely combinatorial objects were introduced by the remarkable and eccentric English clergyman Alfred Young, in a brilliant but almost impenetrable series of papers entitled ‘On quantative substitutional analysis ’ which appeared in Proc. London Math. Soc. between 1899 and 1934, with a final one added posthumously in 1952, twelve years after his death. These papers were totally combinatorial in nature, although a natural development of the classical theory of invariants written in the style which was in vogue towards the end of the 19th century. Little would Young have guessed the impact his tableaux would make, not only in various directions in mathematics, including combinatorics, but also over a long period in physics and, indeed, in other branches of science. If Young’s papers are difficult to understand, the same is true about many of his successors’ works, which could be equally inaccessible. Furthermore, the purist approach of later, more reliable, expositors can be just as daunting. The author of this book is well known not only for his major fundamental contributions broadly within mathematics, but also as a superb expositor. This subject must have been a major challenge. By their nature, problems in combinatorics are often easily understood through looking at sufficiently general examples—but once formalised they can become unfathomable. Where this book scores over many other combinatorial books is that it has successfully made the quantum leap between example and a general presentation. Young tableaux are easily described: they are simply n boxes laid out in leftjustified rows, filled with the numbers 1, 2,. , n. That such simple objects have proved to be of so great value and are so pervasive in mathematics is almost miraculous. Over the years, many new and original approaches to them have been developed, giving new insights and directions to the subject—some of the more significant earlier contributors are named below. Two of these approaches are described in Part 1 of the book: the Schensted ‘bumping’ algorithm, which leads to the Robinson–Schensted– Knuth algorithm, and the Schutzenberger ( jeu de taquin) ‘ sliding’ algorithm. These lead to two proofs of the equally fundamental and widely applied Littlewood– Richardson rule for ‘multiplying’ Young tableaux. Although over 60 years have elapsed since this rule was first stated, the first proofs appeared only relatively recently. Here a new proof is presented, which is rightly claimed to be the easiest yet. A brief self-contained introduction to symmetric polynomials, and especially Schur polynomials, is given. This is followed by a description of the representation theory of symmetric groups, emphasising the Specht module approach and the connection
Regularized estimation of Euler pole parameters

Euler vectors provide a unified framework to quantify the relative or absolute motions of tectonic plates through various geodetic and geophysical observations. With the advent of space geodesy, Euler parameters of several relatively small plates have been determined through the velocities derived from the space geodesy observations. However, the available data are usually insufficient in number and quality to estimate both the Euler vector components and the Euler pole parameters reliably. Since Euler vectors are defined globally in an Earth-centered Cartesian frame, estimation with the limited geographic coverage of the local/regional geodetic networks usually results in highly correlated vector components. In the case of estimating the Euler pole parameters directly, the situation is even worse, and the position of the Euler pole is nearly collinear with the magnitude of the rotation rate. In this study, a new method, which consists of an analytical derivation of the covariance matrix of the Euler vector in an ideal network configuration, is introduced and a regularized estimation method specifically tailored for estimating the Euler vector is presented. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the least squares estimation in terms of the mean squared error.
Cirrus anvil dissipation simulated by a mesoscale model with bulk microphysics

The dissipation of cirrus anvil clouds is still not well understood by the community. To numerically simulate a full lifecycle of a cirrus anvil, one needs a domain large enough to encompass the entire cloud system, which can easily approach hundreds of kilometers in the upper troposphere. Thus, we use MM5 (Dudhia, 1993) with a 2-km fine-mesh domain (294-km by 300-km) nested within a 6-km mesh to study a convective event observed on July 23, 2002, during the NASA Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers – Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE). Cumulus parameterization is turned off in both domains and the GSFC 3-ice bulk microphysical scheme is used. The 2-km grid spacing chosen in this study corresponds to a typical grid spacing adopted in cloud resolving models for the GCM super-parameterization approach.