Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults: 2020 update

Authors: Jeremy Nel1 Sipho Dlamini2 Graeme Meintjes3 Rosie Burton4 John M. Black5 Natasha E.C. G. Davies6 Eric Hefer7 Gary Maartens8 Phetho M. Mangena9,10 Moeketsi T. Mathe11 Mahomed-Yunus Moosa12 Muhangwi B. Mulaudzi13 Michelle Moorhouse14 Jennifer Nash15 Thandeka C. Nkonyane16, 17 Wolfgang Preiser18,19 Mohammed S. Rassool20 David Stead21, 22 Helen van der Plas2 Cloete van Vuuren23, 24 Willem D.F. Venter25 Joana F. Woods25
Microbe-Plant Growing Media Interactions Modulate the Effectiveness of Bacterial Amendments on Lettuce Performance Inside a Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting

There is a need for plant growing media that can support a beneficial microbial root environment to ensure that optimal plant growth properties can be achieved. We investigated the effect of five rhizosphere bacterial community inocula (BCI S1–5) that were collected at three open field organic farms and two soilless farms on the performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The lettuce plants were grown in ten different plant growing media (M1–10) composed of 60% v/v peat (black peat or white peat), 20% v/v other organics (coir pith or wood fiber), 10% v/v composted materials (composted bark or green waste compost) and 10% v/v inorganic materials (perlite or sand), and one commercial plant growing medium inside a plant factory with artificial lighting. Fractional factorial design of experiments analysis revealed that the bacterial community inoculum, plant growing medium composition, and their interaction determine plant performance. The impact of bacterial amendments on the plant phenotype relied on the bacterial source. For example, S3 treatment significantly increased lettuce shoot fresh weight (+57%), lettuce head area (+29%), root fresh weight (+53%), and NO3-content (+53%), while S1 treatment significantly increased lettuce shoot dry weight (+15%), total phenolic content (+65%), and decreased NO3-content (−67%). However, the effectiveness of S3 and S1 treatment depended on plant growing medium composition. Principal component analysis revealed that shoot fresh weight, lettuce head area, root fresh weight, and shoot dry weight were the dominant parameters contributing to the variation in the interactions. The dominant treatments were S3-M8, S1-M7, S2-M4, the commercial plant growing medium, S1-M2, and S3-M10. Proper selection of plant growing medium composition is critical for the efficacy of bacterial amendments and achieving optimal plant performance inside a plant factory with artificial lighting.
Dendrotelmata (Water-Filled Tree Holes) as Fungal Hotspots - A Long Term Study

Abstract Water-filled tree holes (dendrotelmata) are mostly ephemeral micro-ecosystems characterized by high level of heterotrophic microbial activity sustained by allochthonous organic matter. In this paper, description of a five-year long observation of fungal consortia in a Norway maple tree-hole is presented. Overall, 139 fungal taxa were detected. Among them, Excipularia fusispora, Ellisembia leptospora, Rebentischia unicaudata, Tricladium castaneicola, Thielavia terricola and Alternaria spp. occurred most frequently. Our observations suggest that even an individual dendrotelma represents an exceptional microhabitat, forming a hot-spot for microfungi due to its role as a natural spore trap and its (temporarily) aquatic environment. Our results show that this aquatic micro-ecosystem supports highly diverse mycobiota with continuous temporal dynamics, with an important fraction of sporadic taxa.
Wealth Transfers and Net Wealth at Death: Evidence from the Italian Inheritance Tax Records 1995–2016

In this paper we describe a novel source of data on the full record of inheritance taxes in Italy, covering up to 63% of total deceased. The work documents a substantial rise in the total value of inheritance and gifts as a share of national income, from 8.4% in 1995 to 15.1% in 2016. Consistent with the increasing role of total personal net wealth in the economy, the weight of inheritance and gifts in Italy appears relatively high by international standards. Over the same period, total wealth left at death has also become increasingly concentrated. The estates valued at at least one million Euros were worth 18.7% of total estate in the mid-1990s and 24.8% in 2016. This paper also documents that revenues collected from the inheritance tax underwent a large decline from 0.14% to 0.06% of total tax revenue between 1995 and 2016. Data also allow a disaggregated analysis by demographic and geographic characteristics. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper Series) v2
THE COMPLEX GENETICS OF LIFESPAN AND XENOBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

It is constantly observed that populations of species, like the DSPR, harbor considerable genetic variation for phenotypic traits. However, our understanding of the location, effect, and frequency of alleles that create variable genetic effects for each phenotypic trait is poorly understood and remains elusive. To tease apart the location, effect, and frequency of alleles with variable effects on phenotypic traits, this dissertation employs the DSPR, comprised of the elite model system Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate lifespan and xenobiotic resistance. Experiments on lifespan uncovered multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) that harbor genes that shape lifespan and small sets of expression candidates. Moreover, as many expression studies have discovered, our expression candidates are enriched with antimicrobial defense genes that increase in expression with age, while electron transport chain genes decrease in expression with age. Exploring xenobiotic resistance we identify that Cyp28d1 and Cyp28d2 are likely to have variable effects on nicotine resistance, and Ugt86Dd is functionally important for nicotine resistance. Lastly, we discovered a complex 22bp deletion in Ugt86Dd that our data suggest is likely a causative variant within Ugt86Dd contributing variable effects on nicotine resistance in the DSPR. Our studies demonstrate the genetic architecture of lifespan is more complex than what is reported and lose of function variants may have an important role in creating variable effects on xenobiotic resistance.
Use of sound therapy in management of tullio phenomenon associated with unilateral endolymphatic hydrops

Background: The tullio phenomenon consists of the production of vestibular signs or symptoms by an acoustic stimulus. TP was found to be present in many inner ear pathologies such as superior semicircular canal dehiscence, perilymphatic fistula and endolymphatic hydrops. No previous study probed the value of tinnitus maskers in the alleviation of Tullio phenomenon associated with endolymphatic hydrops. Methods : Twenty one patients who had a confirmed unilateral endolymphatic hydrops associated with Tullio phenomenon were selected for the study. Their age ranged from 20 to 52 years old. Tinnitus masker±amplification was used according to the audiological findings of each patient. The device was used in the affected ear for a minimum of 6 months. Results: Ten patients reported marked improvement on a graded scale with a mean of 8.6±1.2 as regards the occurrence of tullio phenomenon. Six patients achieved an average amelioration (mean 5.9±0.12) while five patients reported failure of the device (mean 3.4±0.6). Conclusions: Sound therapy using tinnitus masker±amplification is a good tool for alleviation of tullio phenomenon associated with unilateral endolymphatic hydrops.
Imaging Findings of Multiphase CT Angiography of Acute Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Within 6-Hour Time-Window After Thrombectomy and Its Clinical Implication

Background: Intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) is one of the mainstream treatments for acute ischemic stroke. As relatively little evidence on extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions exists in the literature, we share our experiences after using IAT for intracranial and extracranial ICA occlusions. We further clarify the imaging characteristics of multiphase computed tomography angiography (CTA) and share the experience of balloon angioplasty in acute ICA occlusion. Objectives: To investigate the imaging findings of multiphase CTA and the clinical conditions and outcomes of acute ICA occlusions at different segments after IAT. Patients and Methods: All participants receiving IAT for acute stroke with isolated ICA occlusions were included, obtained from three hospitals between June 2016 and November 2018. An imaging review for non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), multiphase CTA, and angiography was conducted. Epidemiological and clinical data were reviewed. Further comparisons were evaluated between the occlusion side from the C6 to C7 segments and C1 to C5 segments of the ICA. Results: The average age of the patients was 73.0 years, and the initial National Institutes of Health Stroke scale (NIHSS) score was 18.6. Nineteen percent of cases had good outcomes. Good reperfusion results were achieved in 50% of cases. Compared to the group with occlusion from C6-C7, the group with occlusion from C1-C5 had a relatively good Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS) in the A1 phase of the multiphase CTA, and more patients had a good collateral. Three cases received a balloon angioplasty for a concurrent proximal cervical ICA tight stenosis, and all cases had good reperfusion results. Conclusion: Distal occlusion of the ICA demonstrates lower ASPECTS and a worse collateral on multiphase CTA. A multiphase CTA with an extended scan range in the A2 and A3 phases is able to exclude pseudo-occlusion of the ICA. Balloon angioplasty is helpful for concurrent proximal cervical ICA tight stenosis.
Contents of phenolics and carotenoids in tomato grown underpolytunnels with different UV-transmission rates

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is among the economically most important vegetables in Europe, valued for its bioactive properties due to significant contents of vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. In this study, the tomato cultivar Big Beef F1 was grown in the open field (OF) and under polytunnels in central Serbia during 3 years. Polytunnels were covered with two foils (both with 57% reduced photosynthetic active radiation, PAR) differing in UV-A and UV-B transmittance. The aim of our work was to determine the influence of light conditions on accumulation of phytonutrients (carotenoids and phenolics) in the peel and flesh of ripe tomato fruits. The amount of effective antioxidants, caffeic acid, and quercetin (phenolics with ortho-dihydroxy substitution) in the peel was the highest in tomato fruits grown in the OF (maximal PAR and UV-A and UV-B radiation). Moreover, the content of leaf epidermal flavonoids was the highest in the OF. The content of lycopene and β-carotene in the flesh of tomato fruit was higher under the polytunnel with higher UV-transmittance. Our results showed that selection of the right light conditions (quality and intensity) for tomato production has a significant effect on the accumulation of beneficial phenolics and carotenoids.
Genomic, proteomic, and phylogenetic analysis of spounaviruses indicates paraphyly of the order Caudovirales

Since the mid-20th century, prokaryotic double-stranded DNA viruses producing tailed particles (“tailed phages”) were grouped according to virion tail morphology. In the early 1980s, these viruses were classified into the families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae, later included in the order Caudovirales. However, recent massive sequencing of prokaryotic virus genomes revealed that caudovirads are extremely diverse. The official taxonomic framework does not adequately reflect caudovirad evolutionary relationships. Here, we reevaluate the classification of caudovirads using a particularly challenging group of viruses with large dsDNA genomes: SPO1-like viruses associated with the myovirid subfamily Spounavirinae. Our extensive genomic, proteomic, and phylogenetic analyses reveal that some of the currently established caudovirad taxa, especially at the family and subfamily rank, can no longer be supported. Spounavirins alone need to be elevated to family rank and divided into at least five major clades, a first step in an impending massive reorganization of caudovirad taxonomy.
What is behind Language Learners' Failure to Request Politely?

The present study aimed to investigate why second year students of English at Batna2 University often fail to use polite requests properly. Methodologically, the researchers opted for a qualitative approach, and a case study strategy. To collect data, two tools were used: a classroom observation and interview. As for the sample, first year teachers of grammar were chosen purposefully. Ultimately, the findings revealed that the teachers of grammar focus on the linguistic structure, rather than its use and function in real life situations, and often neglect the pragmatic dimension. Accordingly, it was suggested that EFL teachers and learners should be aware of the importance of learning and using the linguistic form and relevant social and contextual features.
Germination of Winter Annual Grass Weeds under a Range of Temperatures and Water Potentials

Silky windgrass and annual bluegrass are among the most troublesome weeds in northern European winter crops, while problems with rattail fescue have been especially linked to direct-drilling practices. This study investigated the germination patterns of silky windgrass, annual bluegrass, and rattail fescue in multiple water potentials and temperature regimes. Temperature and water potential effects were similar between silky windgrass and rattail fescue, but differed from annual bluegrass. The three grass weeds were able to germinate under low water potential (-1.0 MPa), although water potentials ≤-0.25 MPa strongly delayed their germination. Silky windgrass and rattail fescue seeds were able to germinate at 1 C, while the minimum temperature for annual bluegrass germination was 5 C. Germination of silky windgrass and rattail fescue was very similar across temperature and water potentials, which implies similar emergence flushes under field conditions, allowing management interventions to follow the same scheme. Nomenclature: Annual bluegrass, Poa annua L. POAAN; rattail fescue, Vulpia myuros (L.) K. C. Gmel. VLPMY; silky windgrass, Apera spica-venti L. APESV.
On the Use of Median-Joining Networks: A Philosophical and Empirical Evaluation of Its Suitability in Evolutionary Biology

A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram illustrating the inferred evolutionary history of taxa. It only represents the vertical transmission of DNA due to its structure. Phylogenetic networks have been proposed to overcome this limitation and to show complex scenarios such as hybridization in a cyclic structure known as reticulation. Median-Joining Networks (MJNs) are one of the most popular approaches to discovering reticulations, but it has been used hastily in evolutionary studies without critical examination of its assumptions, performance and suitability. The MJ algorithm is based on phenetics, and the networks lack evolutionary direction. I evaluate the extent of congruence between MJNs and Bayesian inference phylogenies through likelihoodbased tests and detect a significant difference in branching order between the two methods in more than one-third of unambiguous cases. Analyses document that MJNs are inappropriate for evolutionary inference, and I encourage the biologists to take a pause and reassess its usage.
Synthetic, structural, and physical studies of titanium complexes of catechol and 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol

Preparation de plusieurs types de complexes dont [Et 3 NH] 2 [Ti(cat) 3 ], K 4 [TiO(cat) 2 ] 2 . 9H 2 O, [Et 3 NH] 2 [Ti(DTBc) 2 (HDTBC)] 2 . 2CHCl 3 . Etude de leurs structures. Etude par voltammetrie cyclique de la reduction
Effects of dietary enzyme supplementation on performance, bone ash, small intestinal morphology, and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of broilers exposed to a live coccidia oocyst vaccine

A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary enzyme supplementation in broilers exposed to a live coccidia oocyst vaccine. In each experiment, Cobb 500 broilers were obtained at day of hatch from a commercial hatchery. Half of the chicks were sprayed with Coccivac B and housed in battery brooders in experiment (EXP) 1 and 2 or floor pens (EXP 3). Experimental diets were formulated according to Cobb 500 nutrient recommendations (positive control; PC) with the exception of Ca and available P (aP), which were reduced in the negative control (NC) diets approximately 0.1% (EXP 1), 0.11 and 0.13%, respectively (EXP 2), and 0.13% (EXP 3). Negative control diets in EXP 1 were supplemented with phytase (PHY), protease (PRO), xylanase (XYL), and the combination of PHY+PRO, PHY+XYL, and PHY+PRO+XYL. Negative control diets in EXP 2 were supplemented with PHY A, PHY B, and PHY C. In EXP 3, PC diets were supplemented with PHY at 1000 FTU/kg, and NC diets were supplemented with PHY at 1000 or 5000 FTU/kg. In all three experiments PHY supplementation generally improved (P ≤ 0.05) broiler performance and bone ash. Vaccination reduced (P ≤ 0.05) broiler performance in EXP 1 and 3, but increased (P ≤ 0.05) broiler performance in EXP 2. Xylanase and/or PHY supplementation tended to improve (P = 0.10) ileal amino acid digestibility (IAAD) in vaccinated broilers in EXP 1 and EXP 3. Phytase supplementation improved (P ≤ 0.05) IAAD and vaccination reduced (P ≤ 0.05) IAAD in EXP 3.
Understanding factors influencing EFL students' technology-based self-directed learning

Based on the theories of self-directed learning, technology acceptance model (TAM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study constructed a model of predictors of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students’ technology-based self-directed learning. Through a questionnaire survey of 386 EFL students from a Chinese university and structural equation model analysis, this study intended to identify the factors that influence the students’ use of technology for language learning and the relationship between these factors. The results revealed that attitude towards technology use, perceived usefulness and technological facilitating conditions are the dominant predictors of technology-based self-directed learning, whereas technological complexity had no direct impact on technology-based self-directed learning, but played an intermediary role through attitude towards technology use. Subjective norms had less predicative power on technology-based self-directed learning. The findings suggest improving students’ perception of the usefulness of technology in learning, enhancing students’ attitude towards technology use and constructing convenient technological facilitating conditions
NONLINEAR ADAPTIVE HEADING CONTROL FOR AN UNDERACTUATED SURFACE VESSEL WITH CONSTRAINED INPUT AND SIDESLIP ANGLE COMPENSATION

In this paper, a nonlinear adaptive heading controller is developed for an underactuated surface vessel with constrained input and sideslip angle compensation. The controller design is accomplished in a framework of backstepping technique. First, to amend the irrationality of the traditional definition of the desired heading, the desired heading is compensated by the sideslip angle. Considering the actuator physical constrain, a hyperbolic tangent function and a Nussbaum function are introduced to handle the nonlinear part of control input. The error and the disturbance are estimated and compensated by an adaptive control law. In addition, to avoid the complicated calculation of time derivatives of the virtual control, the command filter is introduced to integrate with the control law. It is analysed by the Lyapunov theory that the closed loop system is guaranteed to be uniformly ultimately bounded stability. Finally, the simulation studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Ethical committees and professional sports – ‘bioethicalization’ of sports as a need

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to consider the necessity of founding ethical committees in professional sports. In the first part of the paper the authors consider the emergence of the first ethical committee in medicine, and the emergence of bioethics as a social movement and academic discipline. In the second part of the paper, the authors examine few examples of ethical committees in contemporary professional sport and the need to set up ethical committees within sports associations to consider numerous ethical problems: doping, match fixing, referee errors, racism, injuries, sex/gender and body issues, sexual abuse in sports etc. These topics are also an inevitable field studied within bioethics, so the following question arises: ‘Is the official establishment of ethical committees in professional sports as an aspect of ‘bioethicalization’ of sport a real need that is imposed due to the growing ethical problems that are present in modern sports? ’
Insertion of proteins and lipopolysaccharide into the bacterial outer membrane

The bacterial outer membrane contains phospholipids in the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet. Both proteins and LPS must be frequently inserted into the outer membrane to preserve its integrity. The protein complex that inserts LPS into the outer membrane is called LptDE, and consists of an integral membrane protein, LptD, with a separate globular lipoprotein, LptE, inserted in the barrel lumen. The protein complex that inserts newly synthesized outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) into the outer membrane is called the BAM complex, and consists of an integral membrane protein, BamA, plus four lipoproteins, BamB, C, D and E. Recent structural and functional analyses illustrate how these two complexes insert their substrates into the outer membrane by distorting the membrane component (BamA or LptD) to directly access the lipid bilayer. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Membrane pores: from structure and assembly, to medicine and technology’.
Component identification and defect detection in transmission lines based on deep learning

Ensuring the stable and safe operation of the power system is an important work of the national power grid companies. The power grid company has established a special power inspection department to troubleshoot transmission line components and replace faulty components in a timely manner. At present, assisted manual inspection by drone inspection has become a trend of power line inspection. Automatically identifying component failures from images of UAV aerial transmission lines is a cutting-edge cross-cutting issue. Based on the above problems, the purpose of this article is to study the component identification and defect detection of transmission lines based on deep learning. This paper expands the dataset by adjusting the size of the convolution kernel of the CNN model and the rotation transformation of the image. The experimental results show that both methods can effectively improve the effectiveness and reliability of component identification and defect detection in transmission line inspection. The recognition and classification experiments were performed using the images collected by the drone. The experimental results show that the effectiveness and reliability of the deep learning method in the identification and defect detection of high-voltage transmission line components are very high. Faster R-CNN performs component identification and defect detection. The detection can reach a recognition speed of nearly 0.17 s per sheet, the recognition rate of the pressure-equalizing ring can reach 96.8%, and the mAP can reach 93.72%.