Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fossil water striders in the Oligocene/Miocene Dominican amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha)

Most water striders and other semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) live on the surface film of freshwater. Adults are often flightless and are therefore not prone to be caught in resin exuded by trees on land and subsequently preserved as amber inclusions. Nevertheless, a small number of gerromorphan bugs have so far been reported from amber. The present paper reports on six species of Gerromorpha in the Oligocene/Miocene Dominican amber, describing Brachymetroides atra gen. et sp. n. (Gerridae: Charmatometrinae), Microvelia grimaldii sp.n. and M. electra sp.n. (Veliidae: Microveliinae) and redescribing Electrobates spinipes Andersen & Poinar (Gerridae: Electrobatinae), Microvelia polhemi Andersen (Veliidae: Microveliinae), and Halovelia electrodominica Andersen & Poinar (Veliidae: Haloveliinae). Finally, the phylogenetic, palaeobiological, and biogeographic significance of these amber fossils are discussed.
Rapid Determination of Pentose and Hexose Sugars in Mixed Sugars by Multiple Linear Regression Calibration Method

This research provides an improvement for the method of Douglas to determine pentose and hexose sugars in mixed sugars. Specific absorption wave of 553 nm for pentose derivatives and 408 nm for hexose derivatives are selected for determination, and the interference from pentose sugar to hexose sugar is corrected with multiple linear regression method. The results show that the interference from pentose sugar is reduced greatly after multiple linear regression calibration; the error is lower than 5.0 %. The experimental results show a satisfying precision and accuracy, with a recovery range from 95.1 % to 106.8%. This method is suitable for simultaneously rapid determination of pentose and hexose sugars in practical application.
Some Principles in the Thermal Requirements of Fishes

_I{H E tissues of a fish, permeated by the network of the circulatory system, are * constantly being brought into equilibrium with the external temperature at the gill surface. The high specific heat of water, which efficiently buffers the aquatic climate from the extremes of aerial conditions, has chained the gill-respiring vertebrate to a coldblooded existence. To achieve regulation of body temperature requires control of the temperature at the respiratory surface or of the circulatory fluid, as well as of the body tissues. Insulation of the gills by means of fat deposition would defeat their primary purpose for oxygen uptake. Alternatively, the energy exchange required to bring the volume of water necessary for adequate respiration up, or down, to a satisfactory body temperature would frequently be exhausting. Evaporation, the chief physical aid for heat loss in an air-breathing vertebrate, is denied the gillrespiring vertebrate; adaptations to an aquatic life leave it entirely subject to the variations of environmental temperature. Measurements of the body temperature of fish and other aquatic poikilotherms confirm this relation, the equilibrium state being reached more rapidly among small than large forms (S. Simpson, 1908; Pearse and Hall, 1928; Nielson, 1938; Gunn, 1942; Davis, 1955). Minor exceptions may arise through heat production from excessive activity, particularly for a fish caught by some means which prevents normal respiration, or through the rapid excursion from one level of thermal stratification to another (Morrow and Mauro, 1950). At near-lethal, low temperatures the effect of greatly reduced respiration may permit body temperatures to be temporarily maintained above that of the environment. Measurements of the stomach temperature of brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) when taken from 20? C. and placed in ice-water showed an internal temperature of 0.3? to 0.5? C. above the external temperature after two hours of immersion. (Previously unreported observations made at the Ont. Fish. Res. Lab., Algonquin Park, Ont.) Lacking a means of maintaining an independent body temperature, the aquatic poikilotherm may be a victim of rapid internal temperature change caused by sudden changes in environmental temperature. The response of many fish when plunged into relatively cold water is one of violent bursts of activity followed by benumbed inactivity. Such a temperature change, although acting as a strong stimulus, simultaneously depresses the animal into temporary dormancy. The conflict of combined stimulation and depression is quite striking. Because of the all-pervading nature of environmental temperature, the fundamental thermal requirement of fishes is an externol environmental temperature most suitable to their
Sequential settlement by nesting male and female Baya weaverbirds Ploceus philippinus: the role of monsoon winds

Theory predicts that females should track resources while making decisions about where to reproduce, and males should track females. However, when males create the resource that females require, female settlement follows that of males. In this situation, how do individuals make settling decisions and what are the fitness consequences of these decisions? Here, I test the hypothesis that environmental factors (wind direction and velocity) affect optimal nest placement and orientation, and thus male and female settlement, in Baya weaver Ploceus philippinus colonies. Nests experimentally placed in windward locations with entrance tubes oriented toward the wind were more likely to lose clutches of artificial eggs than were nests placed in other combinations of placement and orientation. Correspondingly, males built their nests strongly clustered on the leeward side of colony trees, with entrance tubes oriented away from the wind. However, females did not discriminate amongst natural nests on the basis of nest placement or orientation. This may be because the effect of wind on the success of natural nests was small and was overwhelmed by other causes of nest loss. I suggest that, in some situations, female preference may remain undetected because the options available to females are constrained by preceding settlement decisions by males. In these cases, it is necessary to manipulate male distribution outside the range of natural variation to gain a better understanding of selective pressures imposed by female preferences.
BACTERIOSTATIC ACTIVITIES OF HOP RESIN MATERIALS

The bacteriostatic activities of humulone, cohumulone, adhumulone and various derivatives of humulone against two Lactobacillus spp. and an Acetobacter sp. Were measured, using a simple haemocytometer technique. The α-acids themselves showed considerable activity against the Lactobacillus spp. tested (gram positive), but none was shown against the Acetobacter sp. (gram negative). Humulinone and its transformation products had no marked activity.
Tree pasture interactions at a range of tree densities in an agroforestry experiment. I. Rooting patterns

The effects of tree density on the distribution of tree and pasture roots under an agroforestry experiment were investigated. Trees were planted in a Nelder fan design, and three planting densities of 21 50,304 and 82 stems per hectare were chosen for this study. Proximity to trees and increase in tree density reduced pasture root growth, with lowest concentrations of pasture roots occurring under the highest tree density. Tree root systems were deeper and denser at high tree densities, although total length and mass of roots produced per tree decreased with increasing tree density. Tree root:shoot ratios increased as tree density decreased owing to greater root production at low tree densities.
Detection of Plausible Radial Growth Scenarios for Pinus sylvestris L.Responding to the Climate Change at the North of the East EuropeanPlain

The results of analysis of tree-ring growth for Scots pine from islands of Ketersky archipelago in The White Sea, Russia are presented. Two tendencies were found for pine radial growth: a positive response to spring warming and a negative one to the increase of winter precipitation. The link between radial growth and climatic variables changes over time, which is due to regional climatic shifts. The complex impact of climatic factors on radial growth was evaluated through decision trees (CART). This integrated approach allowed to propose three scenarios leading to increased, moderate and lowered radial growth. The detected relationships can be used in further investigations of three growth and adaptations in relation to the climate change.
Implementation of Image Rectification System with Thermal Imaging Cameras And Optical Camera

1. 서론 일반적인 스테레오 비전 카메라 시스템에서 이론적으로 가장 이상적인 환경은 동종의 카메라를 이용 하여 화각과 해상도, 그리고 카메라가 위치한 베이스라인이 수직, 수평 으로 완전하게 평행 시켜주는 것이다. 하지만 카메라 렌즈 제조 과정 및 스테레오 카메라 설치 과정에서 발생한 왜 곡 및 오차 때문에 완벽하게 정렬된 환경으로 제작하기는 어렵다. 따라서 두 대의 카메라 사이의 관계를 나타내는 파라미터를 획득하는 교정을 진행하고[1], 이 파라미터를 이용하여 왜곡을 제거하고 영상이 행·열 정렬 되도록 하 는 것이 일반적인 조정의 과정이다[2]. 하지만 본 논문에 서는 동일 기종이 아닌 서로 다른 특성이 있는 열화상 카 메라와 광학 카메라를 이용하여 스테레오 카메라를 설계 한다. 제작한 스테레오 카메라에서 실시간으로 기준이 되는 체스 영상을 획득한 후 교정 및 조정을 진행한다. 하지만 광학 카메라와 열화상 카메라의 영상획득 특성상 기존의 체스보드를 이용해서는 원하는 기준 영상을 획득할 수 없 다. 따라서 광학 카메라와 열화상 카메라에서 촬영 가능한 체스보드를 새로 제작한다. 설계된 카메라를 통해 획득한 영상은 스테레오 시스템을 구축하며 발생한 해상도 및 영 상 행·열 정렬 불일치 오류를 포함하고 있다. 따라서 이러 한 오류를 제거하는 교정을 진행해야 한다. 동일 카메라로 구성된 일반적인 스테레오 카메라에서 실시하는 교정의 과정을 거치지 않고, 이 논문에서 제시하 는 체스보드에서 획득한 코너 점 좌표와 기하학적 변환 방법으로 영상을 교정한 후 매칭된 영상을 잘라내어 최종 영역을 획득하는 조정과정을 진행한다. 본 연구에서는 영 상을 교정 및 조정의 과정에서 사용할 Computer Vision 라 이브러리인 OpenCV[3]와 교정된 영상을 사용자에게 보여 주는 프로그램을 MFC(Microsoft Foundation Class)[4] 라이 브러리를 이용하여 제작한다. 또한, 해당 스테레오 카메라 시스템은 고정영역을 감시하는 것이 아닌 상황에 따라 다 른 영역을 감시하도록 영역을 이동하기 위해 팬틸트에 장 착하여 사용자가 직접 컨트롤 할 수 있도록 환경을 구성 하였다. 본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. 2장은 이기종 스테레오 카메라 시스템의 설계 및 보정과정을 설명한다. 3장에서는 결론을 다룬다.
Effect of dietary fish oil on .omega.-3 fatty acid levels in chicken eggs and thigh flesh

Incorporation of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into chicken egg, thigh meat, and adipose tissue was studied by feeding laying hens diets containing up to 3% menhaden oil for 4 weeks. Dietary fish oil increased eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the fatty acid distribution of egg yolk. Organoleptic evaluation showed that eggs and thigh meat remained acceptable with up to a 3% dietary fish oil stabilized with 0.1% ethoxyquin
Effects of Ethanol, Tannin, and Fructose Concentrations on Sensory Properties of Model Red Wines

The effects of ethanol (0, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16% v/v), tannin (500, 1000, and 1500 mg/L), and fructose (200 and 2000 mg/L) on 20 sensory attributes of model wines were investigated in a full-factorial design. Descriptive profiling of the 36 model wines was performed by a trained panel. Analysis of variance showed few significant interaction effects dominated largely by the main effects. Generally, an increase in ethanol concentration had significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) on a majority of the attributes by either increasing (chemical, woody, spicy aroma and flavor, bitter taste, burning sensation) or decreasing (fruity, floral, caramel aroma and flavor) perception. Similarly, tannin concentration induced significant effects on some (p ≤ 0.05) but not all attributes. Increasing tannin concentration tended to increase woody aroma and flavor, bitter taste, and burning sensation and reduced fruity and spicy aroma and flavor. However, not all of the sensory attributes were significantly influenced by varying fructose concentration (p > 0.05), suggesting that fructose was the least important wine component among the studied variables. These findings provide further information to better understand the changes in the sensory properties of wines brought about by modifications in wine components.
Length at Age, Sexual Maturity and Distribution of Atlantic Halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., off the Northeast USA

This paper presents first estimates of length at age, size and age at sexual maturity, and depth distributions of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) off the Northeast USA. The estimates are based on samples collected from spring and autumn bottom trawl surveys in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region (1976–2000) and an experimental longline fishery off the coast of Maine (2000–2001). Longlines targeted larger, faster growing fish than a bottom trawl indicating gear selectivity. Sexual dimorphism in growth was apparent with females attaining greater sizes after age 4. Median age at maturity was estimated to be 6.0 years for males and 7.3 years for females. Adult halibut (>80 cm) occurred at greater average depths than juveniles (<40 cm), but mean depth of capture differed among seasons for all size-classes of halibut. The results suggest that halibut from the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region grow faster than those from the Newfoundland-Labrador region. Median ages at maturity of male and female halibut were lower than in other regions of the Northwest Atlantic; however, lengths at maturity were similar.
The use of acetone and methanol in the estimation of chlorophyll in the presence of phaeophytin

Summary (1)Where grinding or maceration of plant tissue is impractical, immersion in methanol should be used. (2)The adaption to aqueous methanol of existing techniqus for distinguishing chlorophyll and phaeophytin in aqueous acetone was studied in detail. In methanol the spectra of both phaeophytin a and b were found to be pH sensitive. A method developed involving changes in absorbance at 665 nm is less precise than similar methods using acetone. (3)The spectra of phaeophytin b in methanol at different pH levels are anomalous. Changes in absorbance between 440 and 410 nm cannot be used for the estimation of phaeophytin. (4)Plant pigments can be transferred from methanol to aqueous acetone without degradation of chlorophyll. Modified standard techniques may then be used to measure chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a content.
Influence of inoculation method and growth stage on fusarium head blight in barley

The effect of inoculation method and growth stage on the development of fusarium head blight (FHB) in barley were evaluated under controlled conditions. Barley cvs. Argyle, AC Oxbow, Chevron, and AC Lacombe were inoculated with macroconidial suspensions of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe either by single floret injection at preanthesis, anthesis, or postanthesis or by spray application to the entire spike at heading, 7 days after heading, or 14 days after heading. Four weeks after inoculation, heads were evaluated visually for symptoms of FHB, then the spikes were hand threshed and the seed assayed for F. graminearum colonization. Visual determination of FHB generally overestimated the F. graminearum seed colonization in the injected spikes and underestimated it in sprayed spikes. Infection resulting from floret injection was limited to the inoculated spikelet and immediately adjacent spikelets, so variation in FHB resistance among cultivars could not be satisfactorily distinguished using this inoculation method. The growth stage at the time of floret injection had no effect on seed colonization by F. graminearum. Spray inoculations produced more seed colonized by F. graminearum than single floret injection and was better for distinguishing the levels of resistance in the cultivars. The most resistant cultivar, AC Oxbow, could be distinguished from the other cultivars, using this inoculation method. Although the plants were susceptible to FHB infection from heading to 14 days after heading, the cultivars were best differentiated by inoculating at 14 days after heading. Seed colonization by F. graminearum among the first, second, or third tillers was similar using either inoculation method.
Effect of pollen load, self-pollination and plant size on seeds and germination in the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid, Caladenia behrii.

Caladenia behrii Schltdl. (Orchidaceae) (syn. Arachnorchis behrii) is a sexually deceptive, endangered orchid that produces aggregated pollen as pollinia. It is pollinated by a thynnine wasp, and may also be pollinated incidentally by other insects. Pollinator effectiveness may depend on the number of pollinia that pollinators carry and deposit, and on whether they mediate cross-pollination or self-pollination. To understand the role of pollinators and guide conservation programs, we determined the effect of pollen load (one pollinium v. two pollinia) and self-pollination on seed number, seed (embryo) size and germination at 35 days. We also examined the effect of plant size on seed size and seed number. By using partial correlations with leaf width, seed size, seed number, capsule volume and stem length, we found that leaf width was a good predictor for seed number, and that seed size was not correlated with any of the variables examined. Flowers pollinated with one pollinium and two pollinia did not produce seeds that differed in size or number. Cross-pollinated flowers produced fewer but larger seeds, which germinated faster than did seeds from self-pollinated flowers. We conclude that seed production in the field may be estimated from leaf size, that pollinators carrying one pollinium are as effective as those carrying two pollinia and that selfing affects germination negatively, partly because of the smaller size of selfed seeds. Conservation programs aiming to perform hand-pollination of this species should use crossing with a single pollinium.
Variations in phenology of a residual invasive shrub species in Sahelian fallow savannas, south-west Niger

The aim of this work was to analyse the phenological variation of a residual invasive semi-evergreen shrub in Sahelian fallows in Niger. This species, Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae), has benefited from the elimination of other species thanks to its high resistance to the increasing cutting pressure for cultivation. We sought to identify traits of its life cycle that could contribute to its persistence and widespread dominance under such a disturbance regime. Leafing, flowering and fruiting were monitored on seven fallows differing in topographic location, age, shrub density and degradation state, during two rainy seasons and one dry season. Phenological spectra showed similar timing of the three phenophases of the seven populations. Differences were observed mainly in magnitude of the phases. However, there were both a high intra-fallow variability (64.6% of the whole variability) and a statistically significant inter-fallow variability, despite only 35.4% of the total variability being due to differences between fallows. A statistical classification of the fallows was proposed based on shrub phenological course over the two cycles monitored. This classification corresponds to a gradient of life-cycle achievement primarily linked to the topographic situation of the stations, and then to a combination of other factors. The flexibility of the phenology at the individual, population and metapopulation scales, inherent to its specific semi-evergreenness property, appeared as an essential phenological attribute contributing to successful widespread persistence of G. senegalensis in the study area.
Measuring the diurnal pattern of leaf hyponasty and growth in Arabidopsis - a novel phenotyping approach using laser scanning.

Plants forming a rosette during their juvenile growth phase, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. , are able to adjust the size, position and orientation of their leaves. These growth responses are under the control of the plants circadian clock and follow a characteristic diurnal rhythm. For instance, increased leaf elongation and hyponasty - defined here as the increase in leaf elevation angle - can be observed when plants are shaded. Shading can either be caused by a decrease in the fluence rate of photosynthetically active radiation (direct shade) or a decrease in the fluence rate of red compared with far-red radiation (neighbour detection). In this paper we report on a phenotyping approach based on laser scanning to measure the diurnal pattern of leaf hyponasty and increase in rosette size. In short days, leaves showed constitutively increased leaf elevation angles compared with long days, but the overall diurnal pattern and the magnitude of up and downward leaf movement was independent of daylength. Shade treatment led to elevated leaf angles during the first day of application, but did not affect the magnitude of up and downward leaf movement in the following day. Using our phenotyping device, individual plants can be non-invasively monitored during several days under different light conditions. Hence, it represents a proper tool to phenotype light- and circadian clock-mediated growth responses in order to better understand the underlying regulatory genetic network.
Reaction Between Malvidin 3‐Glucoside and (+)‐Catechin in Model Solutions Containing Different Aldehydes

The contribution of the aldehyde composition of wine spirit to the color changes in Fort red wine was studied in model solutions. Malvidin 3-glucoside was shown to be very reactive towards catechin in the presence of different aldehydes: acetaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, benzaldehyde, proptonaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, formaldehyde, and 2-methylbutyraldehyde, LC/MS data confirmed the formation of oligomeric pigments resulting from the reaction between the anthocyanin and the flavanol (colored products) and between 2 flavanol units (colorless products) mediated by each aldehyde assayed. The UV-visible spectra of the colored pigments showed a λ m a x bathochronmically shifted relatively to the λ m a x of original anthocyanins. All samples revealed a "blueing' and "darkening" color effects using the CIELAB system.
Dietary Fiber Content of Cross-linked Phosphorylated Resistant Starch (RS4) Determined by the Prosky and McCleary Methods. Part II. Comparison of Assay Data1,2

Cross-linking normal starch with a low level of phosphate groups (≈1/30 anhydroglucose units) is a general method used to dramatically increase the resistant starch (RS) content of a starch. Currently, total dietary fiber is recognized by Codex Alimentarius to be the sum of nondigestible polysaccharides, resistant oligosaccharides, and RS. Determining total dietary fiber in a food containing a substantial level of RS is difficult. RS is chemically equivalent to digestible starch, including the majority (≈97%) of the sparsely cross-linked phosphorylated (CLP) RS4-type starches. Resistance to digestion arises principally from variations in microstructure that limit the diffusion of alpha-amylase to starch molecules. For CLP (≈0.4% P) wheat starch, the McCleary method for measurement of total dietary fiber (AACCI Approved Methods 32-45.01 and 32-50.01 or AOAC Methods 2009.01 and 2011.25) gives a total dietary fiber content of ≈25% compared with ≈85% given by the Prosky method (AACCI Approved Methods 32-05.01.
Agents, Modeling Processes, and the Allure of Prophecy

Ioannidis [Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med 2(8): e124 (2005)] identifies six factors that contribute to explaining why most of the current published research findings are more likely to be false than true, and argues that for many current scientific fields, claimed research findings may often be simply accurate measures of the prevailing bias. In this article, we argue that three “hot” areas in current biological research, viz., agent-based modeling, evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo), and systems biology, are especially prone to the flaws.