Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Operative Blood Loss, Blood Transfusion, and 30-Day Mortality in Older Patients After Major Noncardiac Surgery

Objective:Anemia and operative blood loss are common in the elderly, but evidence is lacking on whether intraoperative blood transfusions can reduce the risk of postoperative death. Methods:We analyzed retrospective data from 239,286 patients 65 years of older who underwent major noncardiac surgery in 1997 to 2004 at veteran hospitals nationwide. Propensity-score matching was used to adjust for differences between patients who received intraoperative blood transfusions (9.4%) and those who did not, and data were used to determine the association between intraoperative blood transfusion and 30-day postoperative mortality. Results:After propensity-score matching, intraoperative blood transfusion was associated with mortality risk reductions in patients with preoperative hematocrit levels of <24% (odds ratio: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.41–0.87), and in patients with hematocrit of 30% or greater when there is substantial (500–999 mL) blood loss (odds ratio: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.22–0.56 for hematocrit levels between 30%–35.9% and 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62–0.97 for hematocrit levels of 36% or greater). When operative blood loss was <500 mL, transfusion was not associated with mortality reductions for patients with hematocrit levels of 24% or greater, and conferred increased mortality risks in patients with preoperative hematocrit levels between 30% to 35.9% (odds ratio 1.29, 95% CI: 1.04–1.60). Conclusions:Intraoperative blood transfusion is associated with a lower 30-day postoperative mortality among elderly patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery if there is substantial operative blood loss or low preoperative hematocrit levels (<24%). Transfusion is associated with increased mortality risks for those with preoperative hematocrit levels between 30% and 35.9% and <500 mL of blood loss.
Systematic literature reviews.

Nancy K. Lowe, Editor Reviews of the literature play an important role in the advancement of nursing and biomedical science by combining the results of systematically chosen studies to come to conclusions about a body of research. The research literature on most topics pertinent to the care of women, infants, and their families is broad and interdisciplinary in origin and focus. The evolution of evidence-based practice has led to the proliferation of all types of literature reviews including those that are described as integrative reviews, systematic reviews, metaanalyses, and qualitative reviews (Whittemore & Kna£, 2005). As the science of the systematic review has evolved, so have expectations for a publishable review of the literature. The general goal of systematic or meta-analytic reviews is to identify all studies relevant to a speci¢c topic or question, evaluate the ¢ndings of the relevant studies, and summarize these ¢ndings to make the evidence more accessible to researchers, clinicians, and health care consumers (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009). The systematic review is the method of choice for evidence-based practice projects such as the Cochrane Collaboration. These reviews usually are focused on identifying the most precise and reliable estimate of an intervention’s eiectiveness from ¢ndings of multiple studies because any single study may overor underestimate the eiect. A meta-analysis is most commonly used to synthesize results from randomized clinical trials, although the method also has been applied to the synthesis of results from epidemiologic or observational research (Stroup et al., 2000). In contrast, systematic or integrative literature reviews may have a wide range of purposes (de¢nition of concepts, review of theories, analysis of methods, and review of evidence) and use broader approaches that may include experimental and nonexperimental studies and information from theoretical as well as empirical literature. Methods also have been described for reviews of primary qualitative studies such as meta-synthesis, meta-studies, formal grounded theory, and meta-ethnography (Whittemore & Kna£, 2005).
Developing an intervention to promote young people's participation in asthma review consultations with practice nurses.

AIM The article is a report of a study to develop an evidence-based pre-consultation guide for young people to use prior to an asthma review with a practice nurse. BACKGROUND The participation of young people aged 13-19 in consultations with health professionals can be limited by the lack of opportunity to learn the appropriate skills in triadic consultations. Evidence-based interventions to promote participation of adults in consultations have been developed but young people's needs have not been specifically addressed. DESIGN Multiple methods design informed by guidelines for the development of complex interventions. METHODS A pre-consultation guide for young people was developed in 2007 by application of a model of health behaviour change, development of criteria by an expert panel and in consultation with young people using a nominal group technique. RESULTS The concepts of the Health Action Process Approach model were applied to the development of criteria underpinning the pre-consultation guide. In the nominal groups young people agreed that they had different needs to other children and adults. The consensus was that the preconsultation guide should include disease-specific information, realistic photographs rather than Clip Art, consistent styles of fonts, bullet points and colours, short words and mature language. Statements and example questions written by young people were included in the evidence-based guide. CONCLUSION Young people's views can contribute to the development of interventions designed to promote communication in consultations with nurses. There is potential for this approach to be used to develop interventions in primary and secondary care of a range of long-term conditions.
Injection sur renfort : etude du remplissage de moule et determination theorique de la permeabilite des tissus

Le procede d'injection sur renfort consiste a injecter une resine thermodurcissable de faible viscosite dans un moule chaud contenant un renfort (mats ou tissus de fibres de verre). Apres cuisson, on obtient une piece aux bonnes proprietes mecaniques. Des experiences ont montre l'influence de la permeabilite du renfort sur l'ecoulement. Des effets de glissements de renforts et de fuites de resine entre les parois du moule et les bords du renfort sont aussi mis en evidence. Un logiciel, pour suivre le remplissage d'un moule contenant un renfort, a ete developpe. Une methode d'elements finis associee a une reactualisation de maillage calcule les pressions, les vitesses et la position du front de matiere au cours du temps. Ce code est exploite en particulier pour etudier l'aspect du front de matiere dans l'epaisseur d'un renfort constitue de plusieurs couches de permeabilites differentes. Une determination theorique de la permeabilite des tissus est aussi presentee. Elle consiste a resoudre les equations de stokes dans une cellule elementaire representant la structure du tissu a l'echelle microscopique. Cette approche est appliquee a un calcul analytique en deux dimensions et a des calculs numeriques en deux et trois dimensions. Les permeabilites de plusieurs tissus de structures differentes sont ainsi determinees
Outage Performance of Selective Dual-Hop MIMO Relaying with OSTBC and Transmit Antenna Selection in Rayleigh Fading Channels

For dual-hop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) decode-and-forward relaying systems, we propose a selective relaying scheme that uses orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) and transmit antenna selection with maximal-ratio combining (TAS/MRC) or vice versa at the first and second hops, respectively. The aim is to achieve an asymptotically identical performance to the dual-hop relaying system with only TAS/MRC, while requiring lower feedback overhead. In particular, we give the selection criteria based on the antenna configurations and the average channel powers for the first and second hops, assuming Rayleigh fading channels. Also, the numerical results are shown for the outage performance comparison between the dual-hop DF relaying systems with the proposed scheme, only TAS/MRC, and only OSTBC.
Flexible Maximum Likelihood Methods for Bivariate Proportional Hazards Models

Summary. This article presents methodology for multivariate proportional hazards (PH) regression models. The methods employ flexible piecewise constant or spline specifications for baseline hazard functions in either marginal or conditional PH models, along with assumptions about the association among lifetimes. Because the models are parametric, ordinary maximum likelihood can be applied; it is able to deal easily with such data features as interval censoring or sequentially observed lifetimes, unlike existing semiparametric methods. A bivariate Clayton model (1978, Biometrika65, 141–151) is used to illustrate the approach taken. Because a parametric assumption about association is made, efficiency and robustness comparisons are made between estimation based on the bivariate Clayton model and “working independence” methods that specify only marginal distributions for each lifetime variable.
ALAN M. TURING'S CRITIQUE OF RUNNING SHORT CRIBS ON THE US NAVY BOMBE

Declassified documents from the “Crane Collection” at the National Archives (USA) reveal much of the cryptanalytical collaboration that defeated the German Naval Enigma machine. As researchers continue to work through these papers, new light is shed on that relationship. In May, 2002 a manuscript, typed and handwritten, by Alan M. Turing was found by the author in the ”Crane Collection”. Written at the time of his United States visit during the winter of 1942–1943, it reflects Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) interests and skepticism regarding the US Naval Intelligence (OP-20-G) effort to independently design and construct its own rapid analytical machines (RAMs).
Towards an ab initio description of adsorbate vibrations

This thesis investigates accurate theoretical prediction of anharmonic vibrational frequencies of molecules adsorbed on metal surfaces. Such adsorbed systems are composed of two parts with different electronic properties, the adsorbate and the surface. However, most existing quantum mechanical methods are not identically accurate for both parts. Moreover, methods that can accurately describe extended system are very time consuming and significantly complicates their usage for standard anharmonic calculations. This thesis introduces a fragment method to overcome this difficulty. Within our method an energy correction is computed using high-level ab initio quantum mechanical method by considering an adsorbed molecule separately from the metal surface. The reliability of this approach is demonstrated for two test systems: an acetylene molecule adsorbed on a Cu(001) surface and a thiophene molecule adsorbed on a Au(111) surface. In both cases intra-adsorbate anharmonic frequencies obtained using the fragment method show better agreement with experimental data than the corresponding anharmonic frequencies computed using a standard approach. Moreover, a correlation between the accuracy of the fragment method and the accuracy of the ab initio method used for adsorbed molecule is observed. This correlation provides a way to systematically improve adsorbate frequencies by improving the quality of the potential energy surface used. Finally, for each test systems we established a correlation between the strength of adsorption and the value of the frequencies shift upon adsorption. This allows us to conclude that terthiophene is only weakly adsorbed on a Au(111) surface based on the similarity between the adsorbate and the gas-phase vibrational spectra.
Time scales and spatial patterns of passive ocean-atmosphere decay modes

The decay characteristics of a mixed layer ocean passively coupled to an atmospheric model are important to the response of the climate system to stochastic or external forcing. We address here two salient features of such decay: the scale dependence of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) decay timescales and the spatial inhomogeneities of SSTA decay modes. As expected, decay timescales increase with the spatial extent of the SSTA. Most modes decay rapidly–with characteristic decay times of 50-100 days for a 50 m mixed layer–with the decay determined by local surface flux adjustment. Only those modes with spatial scales approaching or larger than the tropical basin scale exhibit decay timescales distinctively longer than the local decay, with the decay timescale of the most slowly decaying mode of order 250-300 days in the tropics (500 days globally). Simple analytic prototypes of the spatial scale dependence and the effect of basic state inhomogeneities, especially the impact of nonconvecting regions, elucidate these results. Horizontal energy transport sets the transition between the fast, essentially local, decay timescales and the slower decay at larger spatial scales; within the Tropics, efficient wave dynamics account for the small number of slowly-decaying modes. Inhomogeneities in the basic state climate, such as the presence or absence of mean tropical deep convection, strongly impact large-scale SSTA decay characteristics. For nonconvecting regions, SSTA decay is slow because evaporation is limited by relatively slow moisture divergence. The separation of convecting and nonconvecting region decay times and the closeness of the slower nonconvecting region decay timescale to the most slowly-decaying modes cause a blending of properties between local nonconvecting modes and the large-scale modes, resulting in strong spatial inhomogeneity in the slow decay modes. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE (submitted) 1
Monolithic power management front end with high voltage dense energy storage for wireless powering

A monolithic power management system is proposed, enabling an energy storage density improvement of more than an order of magnitude with respect to the current state of the art. This is made possible by increasing the storage voltage Vbat towards 10V. A proof of concept prototype was designed in a 90nm bulk CMOS technology with an integrated 1.8mm dipole antenna using the surrounding energy available in the 5.8GHz ISM band. In order to achieve the large voltage conversion under aim of less than 100mV to 10V, a two stage approach is found necessary as the input impedance mismatch of a single stage passive voltage multiplier with the antenna would render the solution infeasible. First, the antenna voltage is passively rectified and multiplied to an intermediate system supply voltage VPMU of 1.2V, aftwer which this voltage is pumped up to the storage voltage level Vbat of 10V by an active DC-DC converter. This, for a minimal system startup voltage of 53mV.
Organizational Commitment, Job Involvement, and Turnover: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis

This study was conducted to examine the hypothesis that organizational commitment and job involvement interact in the prediction of turnover (Blau & Boal, 1987). Prior work in this area has not incorporated a sufficiently broad definition of commitment, has omitted relevant covariates, and has utilized inappropriate estimation procedures (ordinary least-squares regression [OLS]). The presence of a commitment–involvement interaction was tested in three estimation models with data obtained from 138 supervisors. Models estimated with OLS replicated prior work (Blau & Boal, 1989) irrespective of whether additional covariates were included. Identical models estimated with logistic regression provided no support for the presence of a commitment–involvement interaction. It is concluded that results obtained with linear techniques are a function of an inappropriate estimation procedure when the dependent variable is binary. The potential impact of the widespread use of linear estimation procedures in turnover research is discussed. Organizational commitment and job involvement have been major themes in the organizational literature, especially with regard to the prediction of organizational outcomes, such as turnover. In fact, it is the potential influence of these variables on turnover that represents a particular methodological challenge for this line of research, namely the estimation of statistical models with binary dependent variables. In this article, we report the results of a study that extends prior work on organizational commitment, job involvement, and turnover, and we illustrate how the use of inappropriate estimation procedures raises significant questions about the validity of earlier research. The focus of this study, therefore, was twofold: one substantive, the other methodological. The substantive research question considered was a test of Blau and Boal’s (1987) hypothesis that organizational commitment and job involvement interact to influence turnover. The methodological issue (that nonlinear logistic regression is the appropriate estimation procedure for models with dichotomous dependent variables) is applicable to turnover research generally Although this issue is discussed in many statistics texts and has largely been resolved in practice in other disciplines, industrial psychologists and organizational researchers seem to have been reluctant to adopt the appropriate procedures. In this article, we review these procedures and graphically illustrate how the choice of estimation technique can influence both the pattern and significance of results.
A Nearly Modern Amphibious Bird from the Early Cretaceous of Northwestern China

Three-dimensional specimens of the volant fossil bird Gansus yumenensis from the Early Cretaceous Xiagou Formation of northwestern China demonstrate that this taxon possesses advanced anatomical features previously known only in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic ornithuran birds. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Gansus within the Ornithurae, making it the oldest known member of the clade. The Xiagou Formation preserves the oldest known ornithuromorph-dominated avian assemblage. The anatomy of Gansus, like that of other non-neornithean (nonmodern) ornithuran birds, indicates specialization for an amphibious life-style, supporting the hypothesis that modern birds originated in aquatic or littoral niches.
A Time Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Gray Scale Image Segmentation

The goal of image segmentation is to assign every image pixels into their respective sections that share a common visual characteristic. In this paper, the authors have evaluated the performances of three different clustering algorithms-the classical K-Means, a modified Watershed segmentation as proposed by A. R. Kavitha et al., 2010 and their proposed Improved Clustering method normally used for gray scale image segmentation. The authors have analyzed the performance measure which affects the result of gray scale segmentation by considering three very important quality measures that is-Structural Content SC and Root Mean Square Error RMSE and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio PSNR as suggested by Jaskirat et al., 2012. Experimental result shows that, the proposed method gives remarkable consequence for the computed values of SC, RMSE and PSNR as compared to K-Means and modified Watershed segmentation. In addition to this, the end result of segmentation by means of the Proposed technique reduces the computational time as compared to the other two approaches irrespective of any input images.
Lived experiences of street-based female sex workers in Kathmandu: implications for health intervention strategies

The lived experiences of women sex workers illustrate that sex work is frequently a manifestation of limited access to education, resources and jobs due to violence, oppression and patriarchy. However, some Nepalese sex workers reconstitute sex work as a viable form of work that provides food and shelter for their families and allows fulfillment of their duties as mothers. Through a culture-centred approach to research, which emphasis the voices of the marginalised and their own articulations of how marginalised spaces are negotiated, this paper offers an entry point to locating sex workers as active participants in their day-to-day lives. Thirty-five in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with street-based female sex workers. Thematic analysis revealed the following three themes: (1) surviving through sex work, (2) financial security in sex work and (3) surviving sex work stigma. These findings have implications for health promotion involving members of this population. Lived experiences illustrate the need to move away from traditional, top-down, linear behaviour-change health campaigns to reconstitute health interventions within a participatory bottom-up approach that includes the voices of participants and is situated within their own context and needs.
A closer look at cueing effects in multiple‐choice questions

This study investigates the cueing effect occurring in multiple choice questions. Two parallel tests with matching contents were administered. By means of a computer program, examinees of different training levels and professional expertise were presented the same set of 35 cases (derived from patient problems in general practice) twice. The first time the cases were linked to open‐ended questions; the second time they were linked to multiple choice questions.
Three-Level Nd3+ Luminescence Enhancement in All-Solid Silicate Glass Photonic Bandgap Fiber

We report a neodymium-doped all-solid silicate glass photonic bandgap fiber which enhances three-level laser transition <sup>4</sup>F<sub>3/2</sub>-<sup>4</sup>I<sub>9/2</sub> (890-940 nm) by suppressing the four-level laser transition <sup>4</sup>F<sub>3/2</sub>-<sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub> (1000-1100 nm) using the bandgap effect. The laser output was not obtained due to the low absorbed pump power, but our result provides a new method for a new wavelength band fiber laser.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain: a review of physical principles and technical methods

Abstract Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides unique information about the neurobiological substrates of brain function in health and disease. However, many of the physical principles underlying MRS are distinct from those underlying magnetic resonance imaging, and they may not be widely understood by neuroscientists new to this methodology. This review describes these physical principles and many of the technical methods in current use for MRS experiments. A better understanding these principles and methods may help investigators select pulse sequences and quantification methods best suited to the aims of their research program and avoid pitfalls that can hamper new investigators in this field.
Two infinite families of Archimedean maps of higher genera

The well known infinite families of prisms and antiprisms on the sphere were, for long time, not considered as Archimedean solids for reasons not fully understood. In this paper we describe the first two infinite families of Archimedean maps on higher genera which we call “generalized” prisms and “generalized” antiprisms. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C30, 05C10, 05C25 .