Bilateral lung transplant for pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary artery aneurysm

Pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAA) may be secondary to congenital cardiac defects such as a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), atrial septal defect, or ventricular septal defect. They may also occur secondary to infection or connective tissue disease or they may be idiopathic in nature. Repair is undertaken to prevent the sequelae of rupture or dissection, although the specific size criteria at which repair is recommended remain controversial. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) may also lead to PAA, in which case isolated repair is not recommended. Heart–lung transplant (HLT) has classically been the treatment of choice for PH with PAA, especially when associated with congenital heart defects, right ventricular dysfunction, and pulmonic valve regurgitation. In the setting of PH with PAA and correctable cardiac defects, bilateral lung transplant (BLT) has been described. Concurrent PAA repair is required, and several techniques exist to allow for this. In the current issue of the Journal of Cardiac Surgery, Doi et al. offer a review of PH with PAA, with a focus on strategies to allow for BLT and PAA repair, hence avoiding the need for HLT. They describe a case of a patient with PH secondary to a PDA and a 9 cm PAA who underwent BLT and PAA repair. The donor descending aorta and a bovine pericardial tube were used to reconstruct the recipient main and right PA, respectively. The patient suffered from persistently elevated PA pressures postoperatively due to a kink in the anastomosis between the neo‐main PA (donor descending aorta) and the neo‐right PA (bovine pericardial tube) requiring surgical revision, but the patient otherwise made an excellent recovery. The benefit with BLT (rather than HLT) stems from limitations in donor supply which may result in unacceptably long wait times and reduced waitlist survival in patients awaiting HLT. As right ventricular function typically improves after BLT for PH, the donor heart from an HLT bloc may be offered to another patient with terminal cardiac failure. A variety of techniques have been described to allow for the repair of massive PAAs at the time of BLT. Harvesting of the entire donor PA to allow replacement of the PAA has been described and is feasible when the donor's heart is unsuitable for transplantation. When the donor main PA is unavailable for harvesting, pulmonary arterioplasty and replacement with donor descending aorta have been described at the time of BLT. After resection of the PAA, the proximal donor aorta is anastomosed to the proximal PA with the distal aorta oriented towards the right lung. The distal donor aorta is anastomosed to the donor right PA. The innominate and left carotid orifices can be used for anastomoses to the donor left PA. Extension of a short donor left PA with an autologous pericardial tube has been described. Similarly, extension of a short donor right PA with a bovine pericardial tube is described in the current report. Pulmonary valve (PV) regurgitation may occur secondary to annular dilation from the PAA. PV replacement has been described, including sutureless valve implantation with valves intended for percutaneous deployment. Durability remains a concern, and valve‐ sparing repair techniques (commisuroplasty) have also been described. When the donor's heart is not being harvested, BLT with procurement of the donor's right ventricular outflow graft has been described. HLT always remains a reasonable option in the setting of extremely massive PAA associated with severe PV regurgitation and right ventricular dysfunction, assuming adequate donor availability and ability of the recipient to tolerate the long wait time. Recovery of right ventricular function and tricuspid regurgitation after BLT for PH has been documented, supporting the shift from HLT to BLT for this entity. In the setting of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, severe pulmonary edema and hypoxia can be seen after BLT for PH as the LV is suddenly loaded, and in such a scenario extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been utilized to allow