Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The corpus of spoken icelandic and its morphosyntactic annotation

We describe the Corpus of Spoken Icelandic (ÍS-TAL) which is made up of 15 hours of spontaneous naturally occurring conversations, 31 conversations in all. The corpus comprises 184,080 tokens, 14,297 types and 9,221 lemmas. It has been transcribed using standard orthography. We present a list of the 30 most common lemmas in the corpus and compare it to a list of the most frequent lemmas in the written language, concluding that the differences between the two lists are smaller than expected. We have tagged the corpus morphologically with a statistical tagger that had been trained on written texts. The results are much better than we expected, and the tagging accuracy is as least as high as for the written texts. The final part of the paper is a report on a work in progress. We have been experimenting with converting the morphological tagging into a shallow syntactic markup by applying a few simple hand-written rules. Even though the analysis we get by using this procedure is bound to be incomplete and contain several errors, we conclude that the results are promising and we can use this method to build a simple yet useful treebank with minimal effort.
Curious enough to start up? How epistemic curiosity and entrepreneurial alertness influence entrepreneurship orientation and intention

Epistemic curiosity as the desire to acquire new knowledge and ideas is considered as an important attribute for successful entrepreneurs among practitioners, yet there is lacking empirical evidence of epistemic curiosity having an effect on entrepreneurial outcomes. This study aims to put a spotlight on epistemic curiosity as a predictor for entrepreneurial intentions and orientation. We found that epistemic curiosity has a stronger influence on entrepreneurial outcomes in comparison to the Big Five personality trait openness to experience, which is a widely used and conceptually related predictor for entrepreneurship. Furthermore, we found evidence for a mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness which gives further insights about how personality influences the ability to recognize business opportunities and leads to the formation of entrepreneurship orientation and intentions. Our findings contribute to the field of entrepreneurship research by emphasizing that epistemic curiosity may be one of the most important personality indicators for the emergence of entrepreneurial intentions and behavior.
Thick-lens velocity-map imaging spectrometer with high resolution for high-energy charged particles

A novel design for a velocity-map imaging (VMI) spectrometer with high resolution over a wide energy range surpassing a standard VMI design is reported. The main difference to a standard three-electrode VMI is the spatial extension of the applied field using 11 electrodes forming a thick-lens. This permits measurements of charged particles with higher energies while achieving excellent resolving power over a wide range of energies. Using SIMION simulations, the thick-lens VMI is compared to a standard design for up to 360 eV electrons. The simulations also show that the new spectrometer design is suited for charged-particle detection with up to 1 keV using a repeller-electrode voltage of -30 kV. The experimental performance is tested by laser-induced ionization of rare gases producing electrons up to about 70 eV. The thick-lens VMI is useful for a wide variety of studies on atoms, molecules and nanoparticles in intense laser fields and high-photon-energy fields from high-harmonic-generation or free-electron lasers.
Effect of forward head posture on thoracic shape and respiratory function

[Purpose] This study investigated the effect of forward head posture on upper and lower thoracic shape in adults to better understand the relationship between a forward head posture and respiratory function. [Participants and Methods] Fifteen healthy males were recruited after obtaining informed consent from all participants. All participants were instructed to respire in both the forward and neutral head postures while seated. Respiratory function was assessed using spirometry. Thoracic shape during respiration was assessed using 23 markers on both the upper and the lower thorax and compared between the 2 postures. [Results] Forced vital capacity, expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, and the peak flow rate observed with the forward head posture were significantly lower than that with the neutral head posture. The upper thorax showed a greater forward shift and the lower thorax showed a greater forward and inward shift with the forward head posture than with the neutral head posture. No significant difference in upper thoracic mobility was observed during respiration between the forward head posture and the neutral head posture. However, mobility of the lower thorax during respiration was significantly reduced with the forward head posture. [Conclusion] The forward head posture causes expansion of the upper thorax and contraction of the lower thorax, and these morphological changes cause decreased respiratory function.
The Incorporation of Specialised Data in Lexicographical Meaning Explanations: A Discussion Based on Sports and Fitness Terms

There is a problematic treatment of field specific words in both general language dictionaries as well as specialised dictionaries, which in this paper is exemplified using the sports and fitness subject fields as the point of departure and focusing on meaning explanations. Particu­larly the treatment in general dictionaries in many cases results in inadequate solutions that cannot sufficiently accommodate the dictionary users' needs if we consider these from the viewpoint of the function theory, according to which a dictionary is designed to help a specific user type with a punctual information need that has occurred in a specific type of extra-lexicographical user situa­tion. In this study, a total of 44 general and specialised information tools in English and Danish were analysed. The first part of the investigation involved an analysis of the introductory matter to determine the intended user situation(s) and user(s) of each tool. In the second part, a selected number of sports and/or fitness related lemmata in the dictionaries were analysed. These test words and their meaning explanations were in each dictionary compared to the dictionary's men­tioned user situation(s) and user(s). Based on this comparison, a number of identified problems with the meaning explanations are discussed, and a set of principles for best practice when pro­ducing meaning explanations of specialised terms is suggested. The study revealed that quite a number of these information tools either do not clearly specify their functions or, to some extent, cannot live up to their intended functions. Some additional interesting findings were also made as some of the dictionaries either explicitly or implicitly are designed with operative and interpreta­tive functions, which are functions that have yet not been fully incorporated into lexicographical theory. The overall findings from the study have led to a suggested function-based definition of meaning explanations to be applied in all types of information tools.
ABAODV: An Accumulator Based Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

It is well-known, that one of the key characteristics of a Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is the randomized movement of nodes (in this case, automobiles). For this to transpire, the routing protocols in the VANET have to swiftly respond to the network topology change with the purpose of guaranteeing successful data packet delivery. Hence, multiple routing pathways are therefore arranged in order to improve on reliability and on limited bandwidth which further lead to advanced transmission. In this paper, a minor modification has been made to the AODV routing protocol in the form of an accumulator, which inherently, helps to reduce the number of data packets present in the network at any instant which consequently, decreases the data traffic and eases the congestion in any network. VANETs have been receiving greater attention from both, industries as well as academic researchers and our proposed idea will help to improve its efficiency.
Cognitive control of internally-guided behaviours

Acting according to one's own internal goals is crucial to flexible behaviour. Clinical and lesion studies of patients with frontal lobe damage have demonstrated syndromes potentially resulting from deficits in the cognitive control system for internally-guided behaviours. Some patients can perform well on tasks that are well-constrained by the environment, including standard measures of IQ, yet show impairments in everyday life and laboratory equivalent ill-structured tasks that make planning and self-cueing demands. This thesis is concerned with the executive control of such tasks in the healthy population. Eight experimental studies are reported which consider the role of endogenous and exogenous cueing in prospective memory (PM) and multitasking. Experiments 1-4 integrated the two standard laboratory-based paradigms of task-switching and PM to assess the independence of processes involved in externally-cued task-switching and self-initiated (i.e. internally-generated) PM task switches. These experiments suggested that these two types of task switches are enabled by independent processes. Focusing only on PM, Experiments 5-6 manipulated the degree of internal cueing required by the PM task and analysed the effects on performance of the ongoing task. Participants exhibited poorer ongoing task performance in a time-based PM task without the presence of a clock (internally-cued) compared with PM tasks with stronger external cues (with a clock and event-based). The results support the view that the executive processes recruited for PM tasks reflect the demands made on internal control. In Experiments 7-8, individual * differences in internally-guided control processes were explored after development of an advanced multitasking test (AMT) for the healthy population. AMT performance correlated with some real-life outcome measures. The evidence in this thesis supports the suggestion that different executive processes are employed depending on the demand for internally- generated behaviour. Individual variation in the cognitive control system for internally- guided behaviour may relate to everyday functioning.
The Functional Changes of Jepin Arts in Banjarnegara

Abstact—This research aim is to describe about the functional changes of Jepin arts in the Banjarnegara. This research uses qualitative approach. The subjects of research are Jepin arts’s artist and the community leaders who take charge of this art. The data collection is done by observing, document studying and interviewing. Researcher found four steps of analyzing the data; they are data description, data reduction, display the data, and the conclusion. The validity of the data obtained by triangulation. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Jepin is a typical art from Banjarnegara which grown since Japanese colonial era. Jepin arts use basic motion from Silat. In the first time, a Jepin art has functioned as a means of Silat practicing. As the development of the era, Jepin has functioned as entertainment right now. (2) The functional changes of Jepin arts in the Banjarnegara is because of the advancement of education level, which affect the community's mind set become more advanced along the time. (3) The changes of Jepin’s performance arts is in the motion, accompaniment, presenting, makeup and also costumes. (4) The Banjarnegara's community appreciates and supports the functional changes that occur in the Jepin arts. Despite there are functional changes, people expect that Jepin arts remain in the community as one of the cultural treasures to be preserved.
Robotic single-site surgery for mature cyst teratoma cystectomy: an initial case series study in a single medical center in China

Objective To report the first case series of robotic single-site (RSS) surgery via the da Vinci Si Surgical System for mature cyst teratoma cystectomy in China. Materials and methods The study was devised as a retrospective study in a single medical center. Five patients with mature cyst teratomas requested a minimally invasive surgical treatment. These patients were treated with RSS surgery for mature cyst teratoma between January 2014 and January 2015. RSS mature cyst teratoma cystectomies were performed with the da Vinci single-site platform in the Hainan branch of PLA General Hospital. Data regarding patient characteristics, surgical approach, and perioperative clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed in a retrospective study. Results All RSS procedures were completed successfully in the five patients. No instrument failure was noted during the procedures. The median operating time was 65 minutes (range 45–100 minutes). The median docking time was 20 minutes (range 18–28 minutes). No instrument failure was noted during any surgical procedures. The median blood loss was 30 mL (range 10–70 mL). No patient had massive intraoperative bleeding nor required a transfusion. No extra trocar was placed during the surgery. None of the patients had bladder or rectal injury. The median length of stay in hospital was 2.8 days. All patients were followed up until 6 months postoperatively, and no surgical complication occurred. Conclusion RSS mature cyst teratoma cystectomy using the wristed semirigid instrumentation is feasible. Randomized controlled trials with a larger number of patients and longer postoperative follow-up should be conducted to further evaluate the effect of this therapeutic strategy.
Outlier Detection in Big Data

Outlier detection (or anomaly detection) is a fundamental task in data mining. Outliers are data that deviate from the norm and outlier detection is often compared to “finding a needle in a haystack”. However, the outliers may generate high value if they are found, value in terms of cost savings, improved efficiency, compute time savings, fraud reduction and failure prevention. Detection can identify faults before they escalate with potentially catastrophic consequences. Big Data refers to large, dynamic collections of data. These vast and complex data appear problematic for traditional outlier detection methods to process but, Big Data provides considerable opportunity to uncover new outliers and data relationships. This chapter highlights some of the research issues for outlier detection in Big Data and covers the solutions used and research directions taken along with an analysis of some current outlier detection approaches for Big Data applications.
The analysis of extreme events with applications to financial risk management

Enhanced by the 2007-2009 global financial crisis, the discussion on the adequacy of today’s risk management practices within the financial sector has become highly relevant. One important part of managing financial risks involves the calculation of so-called regulatory capital an institution needs to hold in order to safeguard against unexpected large losses. The more advanced capital calculation methods are based on the view that risk can be quantified through the assessment of specific characteristics of an appropriate probability distribution of potential losses. More precisely, for two of the three major risk classes the required capital level is such that the potential total annual loss within that risk class is expected to exceed this level on average only once in 1000 years. The present thesis is a contribution of mathematical research to financial risk management. It consists of a review together with four self-contained papers. The review provides an introduction to the field and motivates the results of the accompanying papers. The main mathematical methods used in these papers are methods from extreme value theory (EVT). Although the results are written with an emphasis on possible applications to financial risk management, they may be viewed in a broader framework and are not restricted to a particular field of application. In Paper A we discuss pitfalls an imprudent application of standard EVT methods to specific loss models may bring with it. In particular we emphasize that the accuracy of EVT-based high quantile estimation very much depends on the so-called second-order regular variation behavior of the underlying probability distributions. In Paper B we consider convergence rates for normalized quantiles. It turns out that the convergence is very slow for certain models relevant for practice. As a consequence, the amount of data needed in order for standard EVT-based estimators to deliver reasonable results may be unrealistically high and largely incompatible with today’s situation for loss databases. The concept of so-called penultimate approximations seems promising in this respect.
Application and Programming of A~* Algorithm in AI

Compares with the features of some search m ethods, including blind search and heuristic search, and especially discusses an d analyses A* algo rithm . The writer provides a program about search the shortest path between two points based on graph search. The result demonstrate that A* algorithm ca n improve the efficiency of search. 
adapting software testing techniques to enhance software security

DOWSER is a ‘guided’ fuzzer that combines taint tracking, program analysis and symbolic execution to find buffer overflow and underflow vulnerabilities buried deep in a program’s logic. The key idea is that analysis of a program lets us pinpoint the right areas in the program code to probe and the appropriate inputs to do so. Intuitively, for typical buffer overflows, we need consider only the code that accesses an array in a loop, rather than all possible instructions in the program. After finding all such candidate sets of instructions, we rank them according to an estimation of how likely they are to contain interesting vulnerabilities. We then subject the most promising sets to further testing. Specifically, we first use taint analysis to determine which input bytes influence the array index and then execute the program symbolically, making only this set of inputs symbolic. By constantly steering the symbolic execution along branch outcomes most likely to lead to overflows, we were able to detect deep bugs in real programs (like the nginx webserver, the inspircd IRC server, and the ffmpeg videoplayer). Two of the bugs we found were previously undocumented buffer overflows in ffmpeg and the poppler PDF rendering library.
Comparison of BER Performance of Various Adaptive Modulation Schemes in OFDM Systems

Objectives: The aim of future generation in mobile communication system is impeccably to integrate different types of real time services such as e-mail, speedy communication, video streaming and multimedia applications.Methods/Analysis: The proposed method for future generation is Adaptive Modulation of Orthogonally Frequency Division Multiplexing (AM-Orthogonal FDM) technique. Orthogonal FDM modulation scheme provide maximum data rate, robustness against multipath fading and bandwidth saving up to fifty percentage compared to existing one. The performance of the system is improved according to the channel fading conditions, adaptive modulation is employed in AM-OFDM. Findings: We consider in this research work various adaptive digital modulation techniques and compare the received Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the system in various adaptive modulation techniques with the proposed one. The existing adaptive systemshow the BER is 10-3.9 for 18 dB SNR, however the proposedtechnique show the BER is 10-5.7 for the same SNR value. The BER improvement of proposed oneis 98 percentage compared with existing method. Novelty/Improvement: The novelty of proposed method isgood modulation method ofM-ary Phase Shift Keying is adapted, depending onthe currentchannel conditions measured by channel estimator and this information is fed back to the input.
microRNA-628 inhibits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells by directly targeting IGF-1R

Background A variety of microRNAs (miRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and these dysregulated miRNAs perform crucial roles in tumorigenesis and progression of AML. miR-628-3p (miR-628), one of the miRNAs dysregulated in multiple types of human cancers, exerts antitumor roles in different cancer types. However, no specific study has explored the expression pattern and role of miR-628 in AML. Materials and methods In this study, RT-qPCR was performed to detect miR-628 expression in AML tissues and cell lines. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis and xenograft tumor experiment was carried out to determine the functions of miR-628 in AML cells. The possible mechanism underlying the activity of miR-628 in AML cells was also explored using a series of experiments. Results Our results revealed the downregulated expression of miR-628 in patients with AML and AML cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-628 resulted in the inhibition of AML cell proliferation and induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and attenuation of tumor growth in vivo. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-628 in AML cells. IGF-1R expression was upregulated in patients with AML and upregulation of IGF-1R expression inversely correlated with miR-628 level. Furthermore, IGF-1R knockdown imitated the tumor suppressive effect of miR-628 in AML cells. Restoration of IGF-1R expression abrogated the effects of miR-628 on the proliferation, cycle status, and apoptosis rate of AML cells. miR-628 inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in AML cells both in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of IGF-1R expression. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that miR-628 exhibits antitumor effects in AML through the direct targeting of IGF-1R and regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway, suggestive of its potential role as a therapeutic target in patients with this aggressive hematological malignant tumor.
Open Systems in Digital Convergence

The greater the degree of digital convergence the higher the potential for monopoly behavior. Open systems minimize the possibility of monopoly behavior. But what are open systems? This paper explores the different meanings and criteria suggested by the term open systems and the many ways openness is viewed. It specifically discusses open systems, open architectures, open source, open interfaces and open standards to better understand each. Identifying and agreeing upon what constitutes openness is an important step to avoid any disadvantages of digital convergence.