Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multigrid Algorithm for High Order Denoising

Image denoising has been a research topic deeply investigated within the last two decades. Excellent results have been obtained by using such models as the total variation (TV) minimization by Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi [Phys. D, 60 (1992), pp. 259-268], which involves solving a second order PDE. In more recent years some effort has been made [Y. -L. You and M. Kaveh, IEEE Trans. Image Process. , 9 (2000), pp. 1723-1730; M. Lysaker, S. Osher, and X. -C. Tai, IEEE Trans. Image Process. , 13 (2004), pp. 1345-1357; M. Lysaker, A. Lundervold, and X. -C. Tai, IEEE Trans. Image Process. , 12 (2003), pp. 1579-1590; Y. Chen, S. Levine, and M. Rao, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 66 (2006), pp. 1383-1406] in improving these results by using higher order models, particularly to avoid the staircase effect inherent to the solution of the TV model. However, the construction of stable numerical schemes for the resulting PDEs arising from the minimization of such high order models has proved to be very difficult due to high nonlinearity and stiffness. In this paper, we study a curvature-based energy minimizing model [W. Zhu and T. F. Chan, Image Denoising Using Mean Curvature, preprint, http://www.math.nyu.edu/ wzhu/], for which one has to solve a fourth order PDE. For this model we develop two new algorithms: a stabilized fixed point method and, based upon this, an efficient nonlinear multigrid (MG) algorithm. We will show numerical experiments to demonstrate the very good performance of our MG algorithm.
Genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4 are associated with withdrawal symptoms and adverse reactions in methadone maintenance patients.

AIM Methadone maintenance therapy is one of the standard treatments for heroin addiction. The isozyme CYP3A4 of the CYP system is one of the metabolic enzymes, as well as CYP2B6, responsible for the metabolism of methadone. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential use of genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4 as biomarkers for the prediction of methadone treatment responses. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 366 Han Chinese methadone maintenance treatment patients in Taiwan were recruited in this study. Main clinical assessments included the clinical opioid withdrawal scale (COWS), the treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS) and the plasma concentrations of methadone and its metabolites. Genetic associations of six SNPs in the CYP3A4 gene were calculated using a general linear model. RESULTS Genotypes and allele types of rs4646440 and rs2242480 were found to be significantly associated with the severity of withdrawal symptoms rated by COWS (p = 0.012, 0.0096, 0.017 and 0.012, respectively) as well as the side effects rated by TESS (p = 0.0089, 0.028, 0.0027 and 0.0085, respectively). The allele types associated with more severe withdrawal symptoms are also associated with more severe side effects and less betel nut (Areca catechu) use (p = 0.009 for rs4646440, p = 0.0063 for rs2242480). Further analyses on specific withdrawal symptoms in COWS showed that the genetic variants in rs4646440 are significantly associated with heart rate (allele type p = 0.0019). CONCLUSION These results suggested that genetic variants in the CYP3A4 gene may be useful indicators for the severity of side effects and withdrawal symptoms for methadone treatment.
Pedometry Methods for Assessing Free-Living Youth

The purpose of this review is to integrate and summarize specific measurement topics (instrument and metric choice, validity, reliability, how many and what types of days, reactivity, and data treatment) appropriate to the study of youth physical activity. Research quality pedometers are necessary to aid interpretation of steps per day collected in a range of young populations under a variety of circumstances. Steps per day is the most appropriate metric choice, but steps per minute can be used to interpret time-in-intensity in specifically delimited time periods (e.g., physical education class). Reported intraclass correlations (ICC) have ranged from . 65 over 2 days (although higher values also have been reported for 2 days) to . 87 over 8 days (although higher values have been reported for fewer days). Reported ICCs are lower on weekend days (.59) versus weekdays (.75) and lower over vacation days (.69) versus school days (.74). There is no objective evidence of reactivity at this time. Data treatment includes (a) identifying and addressing missing values, (b) identifying outliers and reducing data appropriately if necessary, and (c) transforming the data as required in preparation for inferential analysis. As more pedometry studies in young populations are published, these preliminary methodological recommendations should be modified and refined.
Analogy and Qualitative Representations in the Companion Cognitive Architecture

The Companion cognitive architecture is aimed at reaching human-level AI by creating software social organisms, systems that interact with people using natural modalities, working and learning over extended periods of time as collaborators rather than tools. Our two central hypotheses about how to achieve this are (1) analogical reasoning and learning are central to cognition, and (2) qualitative representations provide a level of description that facilitates reasoning, learning, and communication. This paper discusses the evidence we have gathered supporting these hypotheses from our experiments with the Companion architecture. Although we are far from our ultimate goals, these experiments provide strong evidence for the utility of analogy and QR across a range of tasks. We also discuss three lessons learned and highlight three important open problems for cognitive systems research more broadly.
Continuous surface-relief gratings for two-dimensional array generation

Continuous surface-relief phase gratings for two-dimensional (2-D) array generation have been designed and fabricated by laser-beam writing lithography. Separable and non-separable solutions for the design of 2-D fan-out elements are compared. A 9 X 9 fan-out element has been fabricated in photoresist by laser-beam writing. A diffraction efficiency of 94% and an uniformity better than +/- 8% over the whole array were achieved.
Analysis of board level vibration reliability of PoP structure with underfill material

The board level vibration reliability of the Package-on-Package (PoP) structure with different underfill types was investigated by finite element method (FEM). Underfill methods used in this study were the full-filled method, the corer-bonded method and the edge-bonded method. Results show that all of them can obviously improve the reliability of PoP structure in random vibration environment. The stress level of the solder joint significantly decreases by the application of underfill materials in the bottom package body of PoP structure. In addition, the location of critical solder joint is different with different underfill types.
The Effect of Ketorolac on Recovery After Anorectal Surgery: Intravenous Versus Local Administration

T he role of ketorolac in facilitating the recovery process after ambulatory surgery is controversial. Ketorolac, a nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), produces pain relief with less respiratory depression, nausea, and vomiting than opioid analgesics (1). When used as an alternative to fentanyl in outpatients undergoing laparoscopy (2), ketorolac was associated with comparable postoperative analgesia and shorter discharge times. Additionally, the combination of ketorolac and local anesthesia provided superior postoperative analgesia than either drug alone in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy procedures (3,4). Although IV ketorolac has well known opioidsparing properties (2–4) and even possible anestheticsparing qualities (5), the injection of ketorolac at the surgical site has been reported to possess varying degrees of analgesic activity (6–8). When ketorolac was administered “locally” to patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy (6) and inguinal hernia repair (7), it decreased the postoperative pain scores and enhanced patient comfort compared with systemic morphine and IV ketorolac, respectively. However, in patients undergoing breast surgery (8), the analgesic effect of ketorolac administered at the surgical site was no more effective than IV ketorolac. We hypothesized that the administration of ketorolac at the surgical site (local) would provide more effective postoperative analgesia than IV administration during surgery performed under local anesthesia with sedation as part of a monitored anesthesia care technique. Specifically, this study was designed to determine if a single dose of ketorolac could facilitate the recovery process after anorectal surgical procedures. Methods
AMR-FDTD: a dynamically adaptive mesh refinement scheme for the finite-difference time-domain technique

A fast computational electromagnetic (EM) simulator is invaluable, especially for trouble-shooting high-speed printed circuit boards (PCBs) and packages. An AMR-FDTD (adaptive mesh refinement finite-difference time-domain) technique is proposed for the simulation of large complex structures. The root mesh is refined hierarchically and forms a tree structure. The ratio between the cell sizes of adjacent levels is fixed. The mesh tree is re-created after fixed time steps. The ratio between the time steps of adjacent levels is the same. At each time step of the root mesh, the fields of the upper level are updated first, and then lower levels are updated. In each level of the mesh, PEC, ABC and source conditions are enforced. Except for grid points on perfect electrical conductors (PEC) and absorbing boundary conditions (ABC), the boundary value of a child mesh is interpolated from its upper level mesh. The lower level mesh is updated multiple times until it catches up its upper level mesh. After the entire tree is updated, from bottom up, each lower level mesh updates the fields of its upper level mesh.
DURATION OF LAST DEPRESSIVE EPISODE MAY INFLUENCE SERUM BDNF LEVELS IN REMITTED PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may have an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Previous studies indicate that serum BDNF levels were lower in patients with depression and increased after treatment with antidepressants. However, results of studies on serum BDNF levels in remitted patients with depression have been inconsistent. The purpose of the present study was to determine which factors influence the alteration of serum BDNF levels in depression in the remitted state.
Effects of Specific Inhibitors on Anammox and Denitrification in Marine Sediments

ABSTRACT The effects of three metabolic inhibitors (acetylene, methanol, and allylthiourea [ATU]) on the pathways of N2 production were investigated by using short anoxic incubations of marine sediment with a 15N isotope technique. Acetylene inhibited ammonium oxidation through the anammox pathway as the oxidation rate decreased exponentially with increasing acetylene concentration; the rate decay constant was 0.10 ± 0.02 μM−1, and there was 95% inhibition at ∼30 μM. Nitrous oxide reduction, the final step of denitrification, was not sensitive to acetylene concentrations below 10 μM. However, nitrous oxide reduction was inhibited by higher concentrations, and the sensitivity was approximately one-half the sensitivity of anammox (decay constant, 0.049 ± 0.004 μM−1; 95% inhibition at ∼70 μM). Methanol specifically inhibited anammox with a decay constant of 0.79 ± 0.12 mM−1, and thus 3 to 4 mM methanol was required for nearly complete inhibition. This level of methanol stimulated denitrification by ∼50%. ATU did not have marked effects on the rates of anammox and denitrification. The profile of inhibitor effects on anammox agreed with the results of studies of the process in wastewater bioreactors, which confirmed the similarity between the anammox bacteria in bioreactors and natural environments. Acetylene and methanol can be used to separate anammox and denitrification, but the effects of these compounds on nitrification limits their use in studies of these processes in systems where nitrification is an important source of nitrate. The observed differential effects of acetylene and methanol on anammox and denitrification support our current understanding of the two main pathways of N2 production in marine sediments and the use of 15N isotope methods for their quantification.
Progress of first stage of labour for multiparous women: an observational study

As there is no universal definition of ‘normal’ labour, diagnosing prolonged labour is inherently difficult. Simple charts (partograms) are used to aid this process; however, there are little empirical data on which to base such charts. Therefore, we monitored 403 multiparous women, in the first stage of labour with uncomplicated term pregnancies, in a midwife‐led unit. They had vaginal examinations every 2 hours, and we modelled rates of cervical dilatation for all women, either to the end of the first stage of labour or to the point of transfer for intervention. Overall, the median rate of dilatation was 1.9 cm/hour and the 5th percentile was 0.5 cm/hour. There was a weak positive correlation between initial dilatation and rate of dilatation (r= 0.2). Individualised computer‐based partograms incorporating some of the factors that affect progress might prove useful in the future.
A Genetically Inactivated Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Vaccine Provides Effective Protection against Primary and Recurrent HSV-2 Disease

Abstract A glycoprotein H (gH)-deleted herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was evaluated as a vaccine for the prevention of HSV-induced disease. This virus, which we term a DISC (disabled infectious single cycle) virus, can only complete one replication cycle in normal cells and should thus be safe yet still able to stimulate broad humoral and cell-mediated antiviral immune responses. A gH-deleted HSV-2 virus that has been tested as a vaccine in the guinea pig model of recurrent HSV-2 infection was constructed. Animals vaccinated with DISC HSV-2 showed complete protection against primary HSV-2–induced disease, even when challenged 6 months after vaccination. In addition, the animals were almost completely protected against recurrent disease. Even at low vaccination doses, there was a high degree of protection against primary disease. A reduction in recurrent disease symptoms was also observed following therapeutic vaccination of animals already infected with wild type HSV-2.
Conservation of Restriction Sites in Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae with Diverse Restriction Fragment Patterns

ABSTRACT Separation of large restriction fragments by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is a commonly used method for epidemiological typing ofStreptococcus pneumoniae and many other bacterial species. Information on the genetic changes underlying the restriction fragment polymorphisms that allow discrimination between isolates is scarce. In this study fragments adjacent to ApaI sites in a clinical isolate of S. pneumoniae were cloned and used to probeHindIII and HindIII-plus-ApaI genomic DNA digests from other isolates with very differentApaI fragment patterns. If for a given isolate theHindIII fragment detected by the probe was reduced in size on digestion with ApaI, it was deduced that theApaI site was conserved in that isolate. The results demonstrate that of six ApaI sites in PN93/908 examined, five were retained in 11 genetically different isolates and one was retained in 2 isolates but lost in 9 others. It was concluded that point mutations at restriction sites are unlikely to account for the restriction fragment length polymorphism observed and that much of the polymorphism may be due to DNA rearrangements, possibly resulting from the insertion or deletion of mobile DNA elements.
Optimally Leveraging Density and Locality to Support LIMIT Queries

Existing database systems are not optimized for queries with a LIMIT clause---operating instead in an all-or-nothing manner. In this paper, we propose a fast LIMIT query evaluation engine, called NeedleTail, aimed at letting analysts browse a small sample of the query results on large datasets as quickly as possible, independent of the overall size of the result set. NeedleTail introduces density maps, a lightweight in-memory indexing structure, and a set of efficient algorithms (with desirable theoretical guarantees) to quickly locate promising blocks, trading off locality and density. In settings where the samples are used to compute aggregates, we extend techniques from survey sampling to mitigate the bias in our samples. Our experimental results demonstrate that NeedleTail returns results 4x faster on HDDs and 9x faster on SSDs on average, while occupying up to 23x less memory than existing techniques.
The nondegeneration of the Hodge-de Rham spectral sequence

Using an integrable, homogeneous complex structure on the compact group SO(9), we show that the Hodge-de Rham spectral sequence for this non-Kahler compact complex manifold does not degenerate at Ei, contrary to a well-known conjecture. On any (compact) complex manifold M, the algebra of global complexvalued C°°-differential forms a*(M) has a bigrading given by the Hodge type; and the corresponding decomposition of the de Rham differential d = d + d gives rise to a double complex (a*'*(M),d, d). The spectral sequence corresponding to the first ("holomorphic") degree is E\ = H<*{M, QM) =» HPp(M) with dx = d : this is the Hodge-de Rham (HdR) spectral sequence. When M is compact and Kahler, E\ = Eoo by Hodge theory. A folklore conjecture of about thirty years' standing says that for any compact complex manifold one should have E2 = E^. We will give an example to show that this conjecture is false. 1. There is an old observation of H. Samelson (see Wang [4]) that every compact Lie group G of even dimension (equivalently even rank) can be made into a complex manifold in such a way that all left-translations by elements g e G are holomorphic maps: we call such a structure an LICS on G (= left invariant, integrable complex structure on G). If G is in addition semisimple, then no LICS can be Kahlerian because H(G : R) = 0. Our example is a particular LICS on SO(9) (equivalently Spin(9): see §3 below), for which E2 has complex dimension 26. Since one knows that E^ has complex dimension 16, we obtain the required nondegeneration of HdR. Received by the editors November 23, 1987. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 32C10, 58A14, 55J05, 32M10. 1 Samelson's paper appeared in a Portuguese journal, which is perhaps understandably not available in Indian libraries. ©1989 American Mathematical Society 0273-0979/89 $1.00 + $. 25 per page 19
Genetic and physical characterization of lambda transducing phages (lambda frdA) containing the fumarate reductase gene of Escherichia coli K12.

Two types of fumarate reductase transducing phages, lambda frdA, carrying the wild-type frdA gene but differing in the orientation of a R.HindIII fragment of bacterial DNA were isolated from populations of recombinant transducing phages by their ability to complement the lesions of frdA mutants of E. coli. In lysogens, the cloned frdA gene was controlled by its own promoter and was fully responsive to normal regulatory stimuli. The lambda frdA phages would not complement the defects of succinate dehydrogenase (sdh) mutants. Genetic studies showed that the R.HindIII fragment contains ampA, the cis-acting regulatory locus for the chromosomal beta-lactamase gene ampC. No evidence for the presence of other markers was detected but the bacterial segment could be extended to produce plaque-forming phage derivatives containing the amp operon and a gene concerned with bacteriophage morphogenesis, groE(mop). A physical map of the 4.9 kb R.HindIII fragment was constructed by restriction analysis and flanking fragments were identified by DNA:DNA hybridization analysis. The frdA region contained a single asymmetric R.EcoRI target 3.33 kb from one end and the orientation of the physical map with respect to the E.coli linkage map was established.
Characterization of de novo microdeletions involving 17q11.2q12 identified through chromosomal comparative genomic hybridization

High‐resolution array‐comparative genome hybridization (CGH) is a powerful tool for detection of submicroscopic chromosome deletions and duplications. We describe two patients with mild mental retardation (MR) and de novo microdeletions of 17q11.2q12. Although the deletions did not involve the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene, they overlap with long‐range deletions of the NF1 region which have been encountered in a small group of NF1 patients with more severe MR. Given the overlap of the deletions in our two patients with the large‐sized NF1 microdeletions but not with the more frequent and smaller NF1 deletions, we hypothesize that more than one gene in the 17q11.2q12 region may be involved in MR. We discuss candidate genes for MR within this interval that was precisely defined through array‐CGH analysis.
Hybrid video-frame pre-processing architecture for HD-video

As imaging devices begin to support full frame rate video at 720p and higher resolutions image processing algorithms which operate on full image frames become severely challenged due to both the processing costs of operating on full-frame resolution images and the bandwidth challenges of moving image data to and from system memory. In this paper we outline a novel hybrid hardware architecture which enables a range of image processing primitives to be directly generated from a video frame as it passes through the standard imaging pipeline. These primitives can be either efficiently stored with a sequence of video frames, or depending on the computational capabilities of the device they may be recombined with the original video frame data, concurrently with the acquisition of the following video frame, to implement a range of image processing functions prior to MPEG video data compression. Examples include color segmentation, face tracking, frame-to-frame registration, motion stabilization, skin detection, dynamic range enhancement, global and local histograms and computation of integral image functions.
Modeling and Performance Analysis of Full-Duplex Communications in Cache-Enabled D2D Networks

Cache-enabled Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is widely recognized as one of the key components of the emerging fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture. However, conventional half-duplex (HD) transmission may not be sufficient to provide fast enough content delivery over D2D links in order to meet strict latency targets of emerging D2D applications. In-band full-duplex (FD), with its capability of allowing simultaneous transmission and reception, can improve spectral efficiency and reduce latency by providing more content delivery opportunities. In this paper, we consider a finite network of D2D nodes in which each node is endowed with FD capability. We first carefully list all possible operating modes for an arbitrary device using which we compute the number of devices that are actively transmitting at any given time. We then characterize network performance in terms of the success probability, which depends on the content availability, signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) distribution, as well as the operating mode of the D2D receiver. Our analysis concretely demonstrates that caching dictates the system performance in lower target SIR thresholds whereas interference dictates the performance at the higher target SIR thresholds.