Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies on the alimentary tract of Merido sheep in South Africa. 4. Description of experimental technique.

Ix the fir·st two papers which appeared under this serie. -; (::\Hinni::r and Quin, 1933, 1935), method,; were tl escribed whereby t he proee~s of deglutition and the closure of the oesophageal g-roove wa;: . -tudied in }Ierino sheep. Yarious sel ected suhstan<"es were oosed Oll to the back of the tongue of experimental animals ancl followed within short intervals by some i udi cn tor pm,·der such as red oxidl:' of mercury. All animals were slaugMered immecliately after dosing , and the forestomachs, abomas um and intestines operwd and examine<l for the presen<"e of the imlieator ptnnler. By t bis procedure considerable information was gained as to the pe<·ulia ri ties of t he oesophag-eal g-roove reflex a nd the route followed hy materia ls in their pa! ;8ag·e along the dige1<ti n • trad under Yarying ci rcumsta nee;;.
PROTEIN‐PHYTATE INTERACTIONS IN SOYBEANS. II. MECHANISM OF PROTEIN‐PHYTATE BINDING AS AFFECTED BY CALCIUM

Phytate and bovine serum albumin were used in a model system to investigate the mechanism of their binding. Ultrafiltration studies using response surface design showed the association of protein and phytic acid to be highly pH dependent. Under acid conditions, the protein formed an insoluble complex with phytic acid. At pH 3.0, a binding constant of 2.3 times 105 was obtained and it was calculated that there are 78 binding sites of the total 93 basic amino acid residues potentially available. This low pH complex was not disrupted at high temperatures but the presence of calcium ions caused dissolution of the precipitate. Calcium produced different effects at higher pH (> 6). Soluble protein-calcium-phytic acid complexes were formed which were less stable to heat and dissociated above pH 10 at high ionic strength. Since this interaction occurred only in the presence of calcium, a salt linkage is implicated in which divalent cations simultaneously bind to the protein and phytic acid in the form of a soluble complex. It is proposed that either the addition of divalent cations at low pH or sequestering agents at high pH would best effect the removal of phytate from soy products by ultrafiltration.
A New Method of Observing The States of A Single Variable Nonlinear System in Three-Dimension Space in Real Time

In order to observe the states of a single variable nonlinear system in real time more clearly, a qualitative three dimension scatter point method is proposed. The method can overcome the weakness of overlapping information in original SP. Its complete deﬁnition is given and proved, then its principle is explained with a set of diagrams in detail. According to the deﬁnition, a display system has been designed based on virtual technology, which can display the three dimension scatter points of a tested single variable nonlinear system in real time for observing the states of the system directly. In this paper, observation experiments for a typical Chua’s circuit have been done by using this system. A large number of experimental results prove that the proposed method is feasible and practical.
Induction of Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells by Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Does Not Require Binding to Retinoid X Receptor-α

IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells directly without sequestering IGF-I and -II. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the IGF-independent actions of IGFBP-3 remain unclear. IGFBP-3, a secreted protein, can be internalized and translocate to the nucleus. It binds to the nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR)-α. Binding to RXR-α has been proposed to be required for IGFBP-3 to induce apoptosis. The present study tests this hypothesis in the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line. PC-3 cells express RXR-α, and apoptosis is induced by incubation with RXR-specific ligand. A COOH-terminal region in IGFBP-3 (residues 215–232) contains a nuclear localization signal, and binding domains for RXR-α and heparin (HBD). Different combinations of the 11 amino acids in this region that differ from IGFBP-1, a related IGFBP, which does not localize to the nucleus or bind RXR-α, were mutated to the IGFBP-1 sequence. By confocal imaging, mutation of residues 228-KGRKR-232 in nonsecreted IGFBP-3 diminished its nuclear localization. IGFBP-3 binding to glutathione S-transferase-RXR-α only was lost when all 11 sites were mutated (HBD-11m-IGFBP-3). Expressed nuclear RXR-α did not transport cytoplasmic IGFBP-3 nuclear localization signal mutants that can bind RXR-α to the nucleus even after treatment with RXR ligand. Expressed HBD-11m-IGFBP-3 still induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells in an IGF-independent manner as determined by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V staining. We conclude that in PC-3 cells, RXR-α is not required for the nuclear translocation of IGFBP-3 and that IGFBP-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells without binding RXR-α.
Systematic revision of Jorunna Bergh, 1876 (Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) with a morphological phylogenetic analysis

The genus Jorunna is characterized by a dorsum covered with caryophyllidia, a prostate with two sections, a penis usually unarmed but occasionally armed with hooks, a copulatory spine, the presence of an accessory gland and a labial cuticle smooth or armed with jaw elements. The examination of 216 non-type specimens, 30 types, and a review of the literature show that there are 16 valid species of the genus Jorunna: J. tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804); J. funebris (Kelaart, 1859); J. pantherina Angas, 1864; J. rubescens (Bergh, 1876); J. labialis (Eliot, 1908); J. parva (Baba, 1938); J. spazzola (Marcus, 1955); J. hartleyi (Burn, 1958); J. alisonae Marcus, 1976; J. lemchei (Marcus, 1976); J. evansi (Eliot,
Biogeochemistry of Brachiopod Intracrystalline Molecules [and Discussion]

Brachiopods contain both proteins and lipids within the biocrystals of their shell. One intracrystalline chromoprotein causes red shell coloration, whereas the other molecules may be involved with biomineralization, may strengthen the biocrystal, or may simply have been inadvertently engulfed by calcite during shell growth. Evidence is presented which suggests that at least some of the breakdown products of indigeneous intracrystalline molecules can be recovered from the biocrystals of fossil brachiopod shells. Investigations of the remains of these intracrystalline molecules in fossils have geological application in fields such as environmental reconstruction, isotopic determinations, taxonomy and the interpretation of colour in extinct organisms.
Method for Quality DNA Isolation from Different Parts of Jute Plant: Corchorus capsularis L. and C. olitorius L.

A suitable method for isolating quality DNA from two cultivated species of jute (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius), which are rich in polysaccharides is described. Four types of plant materials such as seed, seedling, young leaf and old leaf from each species were used. Two isolation methods were followed with some modifications. The basic difference between the two methods was the presence or absence of phenol in the extraction protocol. The method lacking phenol failed to isolate DNA from seed samples of both species. The other method (using phenol) was capable of extracting DNA from all the samples but the quality of DNA was inferior to the other one.
Information Transfer across Fish Shoals under Predator Threat

The hypothesis that shoaling fish can obtain information about a predator's approach from changes in the behaviour of other shoal members was tested in an experiment in which receiver minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) behind a one-way-mirror could observe the reaction of transmitter minnows threatened by the stalk of a pike (Esox lucius) model. Although the receiver minnows were out of visual contact with the pike model they decreased their foraging behaviour and started hiding when the pike model came towards the feeding patch of the transmitter fish. The presence of skittering behaviour and inspection behaviour in the transmitter but not in the receiver fish suggests that individual confirmation of the predator does play a role in determining the nature of the anti-predator response. Nevertheless there is clear evidence that receiver fish modify their own behaviour on the basis of information obtained from individuals which have seen a predator.
A new green‐tide‐forming alga, Ulva ohnoi Hiraoka et Shimada sp. nov. (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) from Japan

Ulva ohnoi Hiraoka et Shimada sp. nov. (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) is described from southern and western Japan and is characterized by the following combination of features: (i) the large, fragile, easily torn thalli, which are 30–55 μm thick in the upper and middle regions and often have microscopic marginal teeth; (ii) the production of zoids in the upper marginal region; (iii) a regular alternation of dioecious gametophytes and a sporophyte; (iv) the production of free‐floating thalli from torn‐off attached thalli, which reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation and form green tides in summer to autumn; (v) disorderly arranged cells that are polygonal or quadrangular in the upper and middle regions; and (vi) the chloroplast covering the outer face of cell, with 1–3 pyrenoids. Ulva ohnoi differs from U. armohcana Dion et al., U. fasciata Delile, U. reticulata Forsskal, U. scandinavica Eliding and U. spiulosaOkamura et Segawa, which all possess microscopic marginal serrations, in thallus shape, cell shape or life history pattern. It is also distinguished from morphologically similar species by sequences of the nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and the plastid encoded large subunit of ribulose‐l,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxgenase gene. Furthermore, crossing tests demonstrate that there is a reproductive boundary between U. ohnoi and the most closely related species, U. fasciata and U. reticulata.
The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia

The pH, alkalinity (Alk), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in estuarine waters of several rivers of Georgia in the southeastern United States are reported. Although they discharge into a narrow area in the South Atlantic Bight, the rivers along the coast of Georgia differ significantly in their drainage area (Piedmont rivers vs. coastal plain rivers), chemical composition (contents of carbonate and humics), and discharge rates. Large differences in pH, DIC, and Alk between these rivers clearly reflect the differences of material inputs to the rivers. Dramatic pH increases in the early stage of mixing (more obvious for the coastal plain rivers) reflect the low buffering capacity of the river waters despite the high content of humic substances. Flux of riverine DIC to the South Atlantic Bight is estimated to be 52.5 × l09 mol yr−1. We suggest that the presently available world total riverine DIC flux to the ocean could have much uncertainty if the small river fluxes are important. Calculated pC0, values from the pH and DIC measurements are extremely high in low‐salinity areas (1,000 to >6,000 patm at salinity < 10) as are the corresponding CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere (20 to >250 mol m−2 yr−1 at salinity
School Libraries

Design, plan and evaluate library, school and community reading projects that are appropriate to their context. Detect, assess and select fiction and non-fiction resources that are suited to the different types of recipients of educational or promotional interventions . Develop communication and inter-personal skills needed to manage projects involving the different members of the educational community. Develop cooperation strategies for working in teams. Develop strategies for innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship in the context of school libraries and reading promotion. Integrate knowledge and use it to make judgements in complex situations, with incomplete information, while keeping in mind social and ethical responsibilities. Manage the collection, resources and services of the library. Master the systems used in the library for information processing and organising printed and digital resources. Master the use of ICT and apply it to management and promotion processes in a library 2.0. context.
An assessment of behavioural dominance in a social subterranean rodent, Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae, using the cardinal dominance index method

ABSTRACT The highveld mole-rat, Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae, is a social bathyergid that exhibits a high reproductive skew and occurs in colonies of between 5 and 14 individuals. Behavioural dominance has previously been assessed in this species using an ordinal ranking procedure and it was found to possess a non-linear dominance hierarchy. The determination of dominance using ordinal ranking is often subjective and cannot deal with ties in rank. This study adapts an objective and robust cardinal assessment method to assign dominance indices to individuals. These indices are then ordered to assign a final rank to each individual within a colony. The non-linear, exponential decay model provided the best fit to data from average cardinal dominance index versus final rank and revealed that colonies contain a single behaviourally-dominant individual. However, final rank could not be predicted on the basis of body mass, sex or assumed reproductive status and is not always statistically significant due to the inherent variation. We propose that the cardinal method of dominance assessment, with the adaptations made in this study, be used in future dominance-related assessments for other bathyergids and social organisms in general.
Testing Disturbance, Seeding Time, and Soil Amendments for Establishing Native Warm‐Season Grasses in Non‐Native Cool‐Season Pasture

Incorporating native C4 grasses into pastures dominated by C3 grasses can augment tallgrass prairie restoration efforts while improving pasture production. We examined grazing and burning disturbances to promote the establishment of native C4 grasses sown in fall and spring into existing C3 pastures. A second objective was to test the role of resource availability on C4 grass establishment by manipulating inorganic nitrogen (N) availability within each seeding time and management treatment combination. We drill seeded three C4 native prairie grasses (Andropogon gerardii Vitman [big bluestem], Panicum virgatum L. [switchgrass], and Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash [Indiangrass]) into an existing C3 grass pasture and applied combinations of disturbance (grazed or burned) and soil amendments (carbon [+C], ambient [N0], nitrogen [+N]) treatments. We monitored native grass recruitment within these treatments over a 3‐year period (2005 through 2007). Whereas native grasses established under rotational grazing, higher recruitment was observed with annual burning. There were periods of N immobilization with C addition, but we observed no benefit to native grass recruitment. Native grasses did not establish under N addition, irrespective of disturbance and seeding, and were not affected by seeding time. Regression tree analyses showed that the best predictor of native grass density in 2006 and 2007 was belowground net primary production in 2006, which was greater under burned plots in 2006 but did not differ between C addition and ambient soil N treatments. This research demonstrates that burning facilitates and nutrient enrichment inhibits native warm‐season grass reintroduction and establishment into non‐native cool‐season grass dominated pastures.
Oligochaete fauna of estuarine areas and lagoons on the northern Adriatic coast (Italy)

Abstract A survey conducted for several years in estuarine areas and lagoons on the northern coast of the Adriatic Sea shows that the oligochaete fauna in these environments is poor in species number, but the population density of some species sometimes reaches high values. Heterochaeta costata is present only in the estuarine stretch of the examined rivers. Tubificoides vestibulatus and Tubiflcoides swirencowi ate the most abundant and widely distributed species in the lagoons. The genera Aktedrilus, Tbalassodrilides and Limno‐driloides are present with two species (A. mediterraneus and A. cuneus), and one species, respectively. Enchytraeids are rare, only Grania sp. being found.
The evolution of eukaryotic cilia

II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. V FIGURE LEGEND . XI 1 THE EVOLUTION OF LAND PLANT CILIA . 1 1.1 Preface . 1 1.2 Abstract . 2 1.3 Introduction . 3 1.3. 1 Diversity of ciliary structure . 5 1.4 Plant cilia: a case study for cilia evolution and development . 10 1.4. 1 Structural differences in cilia morphology across the land plants . 13 1.4. 2 Ciliary proteins lost on transition to land . 23 1.4. 3 Ciliary proteins conserved in non-ciliated plants . 24 1.5 Future perspectives: Ceratopteris and Arabidopsis as ciliary models . 26 1.6 Principles of electron microscopy . 27 1.7 Phylogeny estimation using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference . 29 1.8 Thesis aims . 31
Determination of processed soybean meal degradability by Pinus eldarica methanol extract

Protected soybean meal is an important part of high producing dairy cow diet and many methods are used for its safe and economic processing. Pinus eldarica contains xylose and resins and results show that these components could affect dry matter and crude protein degradability. This is the first time a study is being carried out to investigate the effect of this plant extract on protein source. This experiment was performed using the nylon bag technique. Samples for treating soybean meal for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h in the rumen of three male Ghezel male sheep were incubated. Results indicated that the addition of this plant extract to soybean meal samples could affect dry matter and crude protein degradability and thus protect proteins from rumen degradation.
Thermal inactivation of lectins and trypsin inhibitor activity during steam processing of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and effects on protein quality

The effect of steam treatment on the protein quality and antinutritional factors in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) have been evaluated. The thermal inactivation of total and functional lectins and trypsin inhibitor activity as well as total and available lysine during steam treatment at 102, 119 and 136°C can be described by first order reaction kinetics. Inactivation of trypsin inhibitor factors occurred in two stages with different reaction rates, the initial stage having a higher rate of inactivation. The effect of steaming temperature on the rate constants can be predicted by an Arrhenius-type relation. Part of the total lysine was lost on heating but the amount of available lysine was reduced to a greater extent. The results of the present investigation indicate that steam treatment at 119°C for 5 or 10 min seems to be a good compromise in terms of antinutritional factor inactivation and protein damage as measured by total and available lysine.
Lipocalin 2, an essential multi-regulator of hepatic homeostasis during a Methionine Choline deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice

2015 Asimakopoulou, A, Borkham-Kamphorst, E, Weiskirchen, R. (2015), Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in hepatic inflammation. Z. Gastroenterol. 53, A11. 2014 Asimakopoulou, A, Borkham-Kamphorst, E, Weiskirchen, R. (2014), Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a central mediator in inflammatory organ disease. 5. Tag der Medizinischen Forschung Aachen, 5. Dezember 2014, Poster P57. 2013 Weiskirchen, R, Henkel, C, Asimakopoulou, A, Borkham-Kamphorst, E. (2013), Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a central mediator in inflammatory organ disease. 4. Tag der Medizinischen Forschung Aachen, 29. November 2013, Poster P64. 2010 Augoustinos A, Asimakopoulos A, Bourtzis K, Papadopoulos N, MavraganiTsipidou P. (2010) : Microsatelites markers to the European cherry fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, shows the existence of great genetic variation between the Greek natural populations of this species. 5 th Panhellenic Ecology Symposium. 2010 Augoustinos A, Asimakopoulos A, Bourtzis K, Papadopoulos N, MavraganiTsipidou P. (2010), Microsatelites markers to the European cherry fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, shows the existence of great genetic variation between the Greek natural populations of this species. Ecology Conference 2010, Valencia, Spain. 2009 Asimakopoulos A, Bourtzis K, Papadopoulos N, Augoustinos A. (2009), Development of 15 microsatellite markers for the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their use in the analysis of Greek populations of the species. 13 th Panhellenic Entomological Symposium.
The Influence of Date of Oviposition and Climatic Conditions on Hatching of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract Field and laboratory hatching experiments were conducted from 1960 through 1963 with eggs of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) laid in field cages and collected at fortnightly intervals. Before freeze-up, embryonic development usually reached prediapause level in all eggs laid before the middle of August; these eggs were the first to hatch when incubated in the laboratory or when left in the soil outdoors. Eggs laid later than mid-August showed progressively less embryonic development and consequently hatched later. Viability was highest in eggs laid during the latter half of August; those laid early in the season often suffered from desiccation because of their long exposure to dry soil conditions; those laid towards the end of the season showed declining viability caused, apparently, by low temperatures. The percentage hatch was relatively high in eggs laid before the end of August but declined progressively thereafter; those laid in October rarely hatched. Seasonal hatching patterns were largely dependent upon weather conditions; such patterns were rapidly completed when an extended period of hot, dry weather continued through the hatching period, but often extended intermittently over a month or more when weather was unsettled. The typical diurnal hatching pattern, which also closely followed the temperature regime, commenced in the morning at 0900–1000 hours as soil temperatures exceeded 65°F. , rising to a peak about 1100–1200 hours when temperatures reached 85°F. , and then generally declined during the afternoon. However, during rapidly changing weather conditions hatching frequently started and stopped as skies cleared and again clouded over. Winter kill occasionally may be an important factor in reducing populations, especially when snow cover is removed by a mid-winter thaw and sub-zero temperatures follow.
Otter Surface Sampler: a New Neuston Net

A new surface sampler for the collection of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton is described. The advantages it has over other neuston samplers are that it can be towed at speeds up to 11 knots, can be used in choppy waters, is easily handled by one man, has no structures preceding the mouth of the net, and is easy and inexpensive to construct.