Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Study on Progressive Sampling for Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction

Just-in-time software defect prediction (JIT-SDP) is an active research topic in the field of software engineering, aiming at identifying defect-inducing code changes. Most existing JIT-SDP work focuses on improving the prediction performance of the model by improving the model. However, a frequently ignored problem is that collecting large and high quality defect data sets is costly. Specifically, when labelling the samples, experts in the field are required to carefully analyze the defect report information and log of code modification, which requires a lot of effort. Therefore, how to build a high-performance JIT-SDP model with a small number of training samples is an issue worth studying, which can reduce the size of the defect data sets and reduce the cost of data sets acquisition. This work thus provides a first investigation of the problem by introducing a progressive sampling method. Progressive sampling is a sampling strategy that determines the minimum number of training samples while guaranteeing the performance of the model. However, progressive sampling requires that the learning curve of the prediction model be well behaved. Thus, we validate the availability of progressive sampling in the JIT-SDP issue based on six open-source projects with 227417 changes. Experimental results demonstrate that the learning curve of the prediction model is well behaved. Therefore, the progressive sampling is feasible to tackle the JITSDP problem. Further, we investigate the optimal training sample size derived by progressive sampling for six projects. Empirical results demonstrate that a high-performance prediction model can be built using only a small number of training samples. Thus, we recommend adopting progressive sampling to determine the size of training samples for the JIT-SDP problem.
Studying Multifaceted Collaboration of OSS Developers and its Impact on their Bug Fixing Performance

Developers often collaborate to fix complex bugs, even in open source software systems (OSS) where collaboration largely occurs through discussions in the bug tracker. The implicit Developer Social Networks (DSN) are created as a result of these discussions. Past research has investigated the usefulness of such DSNs in addressing many Software Engineering problems (e.g. Defect Prediction, Evolution of collaboration patterns, etc.). However, the multifaceted nature of DSNs constructed from bug reports data has been ignored in most of the past studies. That is, in most of the past studies, the link among developers exist only if they comment on the same bug report while in reality, the developers may be connected indirectly (e.g. pair of developers are connected even if they comment on two different bug reports which are associated with the same software component). Such unexplored relationships among developers can be used in defining new measures to identify important developers in the OSS system which otherwise is not trivial to do. In this paper, we study this implicit multifaceted nature of collaborations among developers by extending single layer DSN to Multi-layer DSN (MDSN). Our experiments performed on bug data of Eclipse and NetBeans show that structure of DSNs and their evolution at various layers differ significantly and performance of developers in bug fixing process is not only significantly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient up to 0.74) with their network centrality scores but also vary across various layers of MDSN signifying their usefulness in determining the crucial and important developers in the software systems.
Automatic Segmentation and Classification of Red and White Blood cells in Thin Blood Smear Slides

In this work we develop a system for automatic detection and classification of cytological images which plays an increasing important role in medical diagnosis. A primary aim of this work is the accurate segmentation of cytological images of blood smears and subsequent feature extraction, along with studying related classification problems such as the identification and counting of peripheral blood smear particles, and classification of white blood cell into types five. Our proposed approach benefits from powerful image processing techniques to perform complete blood count (CBC) without human intervention. The general framework in this blood smear analysis research is as follows. Firstly, a digital blood smear image is de-noised using optimized Bayesian non-local means filter to design a dependable cell counting system that may be used under different image capture conditions. Then an edge preservation technique with Kuwahara filter is used to recover degraded and blurred white blood cell boundaries in blood smear images while reducing the residual negative effect of noise in images. After denoising and edge enhancement, the next step is binarization using combination of Otsu and Niblack to separate the cells and stained background. Cells separation and counting is achieved by granulometry, advanced active contours without edges, and morphological operators with watershed algorithm. Following this is the recognition of different types of white blood cells (WBCs), and also red blood cells (RBCs) segmentation. Using three main types of features: shape, intensity, and texture invariant features in combination with a variety of classifiers is next step. The following features are used in this work: intensity histogram features, invariant moments, the relative area, co-occurrence and run-length matrices, dual tree complex wavelet transform features, Haralick and Tamura features. Next, different statistical approaches involving correlation, distribution and redundancy are used to measure of the dependency between a set of features and to select feature variables on the white blood cell classification. A global sensitivity analysis with random sampling-high dimensional model representation (RS-HDMR) which can deal with independent and dependent input feature variables is used to assess dominate discriminatory power and the reliability of feature which leads to an efficient feature selection. These feature selection results are compared in experiments with branch and bound method and with sequential forward selection (SFS), respectively. This work examines support vector machine (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (LeNet5) in connection with white blood cell classification. Finally, white blood cell classification system is validated in experiments conducted on cytological images of normal poor quality blood smears. These experimental results are also assessed with ground truth manually obtained from medical experts.
Internalization of Phospholipid-Coated Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles are used in health-related research; however, their effectiveness appears to depend on how well they are internalized and where they are destined to travel. Internalization in cells is efficient if the gold nanoparticles are biocompatible, where one possible pathway of cell entry and processing is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In this work we studied the co-localization of phospholipid-coated gold nanoparticles (PCAuNPs) with markers of the endocytic pathway (Rab and LAMP-1 proteins) in C2C12 and A549 cells and found that the internalization was consistent with clathrin-mediated endocytosis and was cell type dependent. We further found that the time evolution of uptake and disposal of these PCAuNPs was similar for both cell types, but aggregation was more significant in A549 cells. Our results support the use of these PCAuNPs as models for potential drug delivery platforms.
Impacts of supplementation of probiotics on the prevalence of grape marc derived polyphenols in colonic digesta using in vitro digestion model

Grape marc is a by-product of winemaking that contains numerous polyphenols, the bioavailability of polyphenol is largely dependent on their metabolism by probiotics or gut microbiome. The two-way phenolic-microbiota interaction has been postulated as the microorganisms and specific polyphenols could affect each other and exert beneficial effects on the host health. However, the oral taken probiotics showed a low survival rate in the gastrointestinal tract, while using encapsulation technique can provide them with a protective microenvironment. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of polyphenols originated from whole grape marc, consisting of seeds, skins and stems, combined with encapsulated oral taken probiotics, using in vitro digestion model and analytical chemistry techniques. 23 phenolic compounds were evaluated in this study, which included phenolic acids, anthoxanthins and stilbenes. This study showed that the encapsulated probiotics were protected by microcapsules until being liberated in the large intestine, and the metabolism of some polyphenols derived from selected grape marc samples was promoted by probiotics. These results indicate the potential of combining grape marc polyphenols with probiotics to develop a new health product. Furthermore, this provides the wine industry with an opportunity to make a profit by using by-products.
The interaction between metabolism and the plasma membrane potential, and intracellular pH

Hodgkin and Huxley won a Nobel Prize for their passive model of the squid axon. Their model describes the voltage across a cell plasma membrane, based on measurements in the squid axon. The model explains the generation of action potential. It was published over 60 years ago, however, their model still represents the paradigm in neurobiology [1]. Hodgkin and Huxley used the voltage-clamping method to do their measurements of currents across the membrane of the axon. All measured currents are caused by the diffusion of ions due to their electrochemical gradients. Due to the voltage-clamping method that they used, there was no need to include active transport in their model, therefore, metabolism was ignored in their study. In reality, metabolism is required to produce ATP, which is required to operate the ATPases that regenerates the electrochemical gradient of the cations Na+ and K+ and results in maintenance of the plasma membrane potential [2]. Therefore, it is still unknown how the energy state of a cell is involved in the generation of the plasma membrane potential, and what is the origin of the fluctuations in the voltage across the membrane of a cell. Here we discuss results of free-running whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of the resting membrane potential of jurkat T cells [3]. Since the voltage was not clamped in these experiments, it is plausible to assume that a metabolism is required to pump the cations against their electrochemical gradients. These pumps have been shown to be crucial in maintenance of the plasma membrane potential [3]. To study the interactions between the plasma membrane potential and metabolism, we analysed data recorded in yeast cells in suspension [4, 5]. The measurements include the energy state of the cell evaluated from the intracellular level of ATP in the yeast population, and the mitochondrial membrane potential obtained by a fluorescent recording [6]. In addition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD and hydrogen H substance (NADH), plays a role in the chemical process that generates energy for the cell, as well as the intracellular pH were measured. All measured parameters were oscillating over time under aerobic/anaerobic shift. The results were analysed using time series analysis methods that allow for time-localised analyses of the underlying dynamics [7, 8, 9]. We will present results of analysis of interaction between cellular functional processes and argue that the metabolism is driving them. The results suggest that the mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase might be involved in the mechanism by which glycolytic oscillations are driving the oscillations in the mitochondrial membrane potential and the cytosolic pH. The results were modelled as phase oscillators of glycolysis, cytosolic pH and the mitochondrial membrane potential. This model regenerates the signals measured from yeast cells and show approximately the same main mode frequency as the original data.
Examining the association between self-reported condom use and sexually transmitted infections

Background Self-reported condom use may not be an accurate measure of actual condom use. Evidence surrounding the association between self-reported condom use and sexually transmitted infections (STI) is mixed. We employed data from an 18-month study of 1000 female sex workers (FSW) to examine whether this association changes over time. Methods During an 18-month intervention study, every six months, participants were tested and treated for STI, generating data on incident infections across 3 time points. We examined using separate logistic regression models the association between incident STI and self-reported condom use at each time point. Change over 18 months was evaluated using a longitudinal generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression model. Results Rates of incident STI decreased by 24.0% over the study period (from 51.9% to 39.5%), while the total number of reported unprotected sex acts decreased by 63.6% (from 13.2 per month to 4.8 per month). Overall, none of the categories of self-reported condom use was significantly associated with incident STI at any time point. No doseresponse relationship was observed. An increased number of reported unprotected sex acts was not associated with a greater risk of STI. We found no clear trend between time or level of unprotected sex and increasing number of unprotected sex acts.
The effectiveness of cream with Centella Asiatica and Pinus Sylvestris to treat scars and burns. Clinical trail

Background: Scars and burns are ever increasing complaints among children that turn to dermatologists to find a solution for the permanent, anaesthetic marks that they usually leave. Aim of the study: Determine how effective Cicatrix cream (Catalysis laboratories Madrid, Spain) is to treat post-operative scars and second degree burns, and to provide patients with an alternative therapy that provides aesthetic benefits in a short period of time and has minimum adverse reactions. Material and methods: A Phase II, open-label, controlled clinical trial was organised, that included 100 patients of both genders, aged between 0 and 18 years old, who had been diagnosed as having postoperative scars and burns at the Dermatology Service at the Pediatric Hospital Juan Manuel Marquez. Scars and burns were evaluated (colour, size) several times during the clinical trial. The sample was stratified according to the type of lesion and the gender and age groups in the stratus were homogenous. The Cicatrix cream was applied on the lesion twice a day for eight weeks. Results: 57.1% of the burns completely disappeared after 8 weeks of the treatment and 46.7% of the scars got smaller by more than 50%. There was more than 50% improvement in colour for 95.2% of the burns and 72% of the scars. 98.7% of the patients with scars and 100% of the patients with burns responded well to the treatment. There were no adverse reactions. Conclusions: Cicatrix is an excellent therapeutic alternative to treat these problems.
Determinants of Utilization of Maternal Healthcare Services in Ethiopia

Utilizing maternal healthcare services, such as antenatal care, professionalsâ€™ assistance during delivery and postnatal care contributes significant role in reduction of maternal and child mortality. However, there are many factors both at individual and community level that affect utilization of these required services. To determine the levels of effects of socio-economic and demographic factors on uses of Maternal Healthcare services 7764 women who had given birth at least one times have taken from the 2011 Ethiopian DHS. The results showed that the rate of safe motherhood practices among reproductive age group of women in Ethiopia were too low. About 51 percent of them did not use any health care services during pregnancy, childbirth, and post-delivery periods. As WHO recommend only 6.9 percent of women were attending ANC at least four times, assisted by health professional during delivery and received PNC. The result of logistic regression showed that antenatal care, skilled delivery and postnatal care utilizations were commonly influenced by place of residence, wealth status, womenâ€™s and husbandâ€™s education and parity. Whereas, motherâ€™s working status and husbandâ€™s education were found to be uniquely influence the uses of ANC and PNC services, respectively. In addition, both religious affiliation and age of women were also prominent predictors on utilization of ANC and uses of skilled assistance during delivery. Based on these significant factors, it is important to design and promote uses of maternal healthcare services in order to minimize the risk of maternal and child mortality.
A comparative study of the effect of Benson’s relaxation technique and Zekr (rosary) on the anxiety level of patients awaiting abdominal surgery

هدیکچ راـظتنا رد هـک یناراـمیب لوـمعم روـط هـب . تـسا ناراــ میب یارب ازسرتسا یهبرجت کی یحارج لمع :همدقم رد و نوخراــ شف نتفر لااب و بلق نابرض شیازفا ثعاب دناوتیم بارطضا . دنوشیم بارطضا راچد دنتسه یحارج موزـل ،یـحارج لـمع دیدناـک ناراـمیب رد بارـطضا تــیمها . ددرگ یحارج لمع زا دعب ضراوع و یزیرنوخ هجیتن . دهدیم رارق دیکأت دروم ار بارطضا هدنهدشهاک یاههویش هب هجوت و عوقو زا یریگشیپ یکـشزپ موـلع هاگــ شناد هب هتسباو یاهناتسرامیب زا یکی رد یبرجت همین شهوژپ نیا :راک شور و داوم هــک دندوب مکش یحارج لامعا دیدناک نارامیب زا رفن 70 شهوژپ دروم یاهدحاو دادعت . تسا هتفرگ ماجنا نارهت یروآدرـگ رازـبا . دـنتفرگ رارـق نوـسنب یزاـسمارآ هورــگ رد رفن 35 و رکذ هورگ رد رفن 35 یفداصت روط هب مـیلاع تــبث هدهاشم هگرب و رگربلیپشا راکشآ بارطضا همانشسرپ ،یدرف تاعلاطا همانشسرپ لماش تاعلاطا هورـگ رد لـمع زا لـبق زور . دوـب ضـبن دادـعت و یکیلوتـساید ،یکیلوتـسیس نوخراـشف نازیـم لماــش یتایح هدزناـپ تدـم هـب ناراــمیب و دش هداد شزومآ شهوژپ دروم یاهدحاو هب نوسنب یزاسمارآ شور ،یزاسمارآ هوـقلا و لوـحلا رـکذ راـب دـص رارـکت ،رـکذ هورگ رد . دندرکیم ارجا ار شور نیا تعاس ود هلصاف هب و هقیقد میلاع نینچمه . دشیم رارکت نارامیب طسوت لمع زا لبق زور هک دش هداد شزومآ دمح هروس راب تفه و . اابلاا یتاـیح مـیلاع و ناراـمیب بارـطضا حطـس ًاددـجم لــ مع زور . دشیم تبث و یریگهزادنا هورگ ود ره رد یتایح . دندش هسیاقم مهاب هورگ ود و یریگهزادنا ره (p<0/006) رکذ رارکت و (p<0/02) نوسنب شور هب یزاسمارآ هک داد ناشن شهوژپ یاههتفای :اههتفای هتــ شادن دوجو بارطضا شهاک رد یرادانعم فلاتخا هورگ ود نیب و ،دندش نارامیب رد بارطضا شهاک بجوم ود هدرـک ادیپ شهاک یرادانعم روط هب هورگ ود ره رد ضبن دادعت و یکیلوتساید نوخراشف نینچمه . (p>0/05) تسا هدـش لـیدعت یرتشیب نازیم هب یزاسمارآ هورگ هب تبسن رکذ هورگ رد یکیلوتسیس نوخراشف اما . (p<0/05) دوب . (p>0/05) دوب زا ناوتیم و دنرثؤم بارطضا نازیم شهاک رب یبحتسم راکذا رارکت و یزاسمارآ شور ود ره :یریگهجیتن . درک هدافتسا مکش یحارج لمع عون ره زا لبق زور بارطضا شهاک تهج شور ود ره
Strategie leczenia reumatoidalnego zapalenia stawów

S u m m a r y In this editorial, the author goes through the consecutive steps of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. In brief, the recent European rec ommendations are presented, followed by some strategic points of methotrexate (MTX) therapy. The initiation, maintenance and switch of biological therapy are discussed. After remission or low disease activ ity (LDA) is reached, tapering or discontinuation of biologics may be considered. Finally, the author reviews the most relevant clinical and biological markers of personalized treatment.
PolyHeme : a possible alternative to fluid resuscitation in acute blood loss and hypovolemic shock in trauma patients

Objective. The purpose of this study is to review current literature on PolyHeme to determine if it is an effective substitute in increasing survival of hemorrhagic trauma patients beyond the survival with fluid resuscitation alone. Methods. An extensive search of MEDLINE and PubMed were performed, using for search terms: PolyHeme, synthetic hemoglobin, polymerized hemoglobin, artificial blood, blood substitutes, fluid resuscitation, trauma, plasma expanders, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. Results. Current research suggests many drawbacks in the standard of care for treating hypovolemic shock, and some research shows PolyHeme may be more effective than red cells in increasing hemoglobin. PolyHeme did not prove to be more effective in decreasing mortality in trauma patients. Conclusion. PolyHeme is a safe alternative to red cell transfusion, but more research needs to be done to assess PolyHeme’s potential in decreasing mortality in trauma patients.
Cupric and Chloride Ions: Leaching of Chalcopyrite Concentrate with Low Chloride Concentration Media

In this paper, the effect of the cupric and chloride ions concentrations on copper dissolution from chalcopyrite concentrate was studied in acidified media. Variables included three different concentrations of Cu2+ (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 g L−1), four different concentrations of Cl− (0, 5, 7, and 10 g L−1), two different pH values of 1 and 2, and a constant temperature of 60 °C. Results indicated that addition of Cl− to the system improves copper extractions, especially at higher concentrations of Cu2+. Initial copper concentrations in the leaching solution did not significantly affect the copper extraction when Cl− was not present. Better copper extractions were obtained at pH 1 as compared with pH 2. As the Cu2+ and Cl− concentrations were increased, higher values of redox potential were obtained. According to the formation constants of the chloro-complexes, the predominant species in the Cu2+/Cl− system in the studied interval were CuCl+ and Cu2+. Using a model of copper speciation in the experimental range predicted for a single copper concentration with increasing Cl− concentration, the Cu2+ concentration decreased significantly while the concentration of the chloro-complex species CuCl+ increased. In the leached residue, evidence of sulfur formation was found using SEM and corroborated by XRD analysis. When chloride is present in the medium, the amounts of copper and iron in the residue decrease, confirming a positive effect of chloride on the extraction of copper from concentrate for the studied conditions.
Ethnomedicines used by the Oraon and Gor tribes of Sylhet district, Bangladesh.

The Oraon and the Gor tribe can be found in Sreemangal of Sylhet district in the northeastern region of Bangladesh. Both tribes have dwindled to an extent where tribe and tribal knowledge is on the verge of disappearance. Remnants of both tribes can be found in several villages with the tribal people engaged as tea workers in nearby tea estates. Since nothing has been reported about the traditional medicinal practices of the two tribes, the objective of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among the traditional healers of the two tribes. A total of five traditional healers were interviewed; four of them were from the Oraons and one from the Gors. A total of 74 medicinal plants with their uses were obtained from the tribal healers. Sixty five plants were obtained from the Oraon tribal healers and nine from the Gor traditional healers. The plants were distributed into 43 families. The ailments treated with the plants included loss of energy, respiratory tract disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, oral lesions, helminthiasis, sexual disorders, pain, blood purification, diabetes, snake bite, vomiting, fever, jaundice, wounds, paralysis, dog bite, loss of hair, skin disorders, spleen enlargement, arthritis, bone fracture, chicken pox, nerve stimulant, cancer, and to expedite delivery. Four plants had ethnoveterinary uses; a combination of Cuscuta reflexa and Clerodendrum viscosum was used for treatment of anthrax in cattle, while Ricinus communis as well as Litsea monopetala was used for treatment of cattle diarrhea. Major thrust areas for further scientific research include plants used for treatment of diabetes, cancer, anthrax, and paralysis. These are areas where human beings can benefit from discovery of novel drugs without major adverse effects and which can result in complete cure of the diseases.