Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cliff Walls: Threats to Validity in Empirical Studies of Open Source Forges

Cliff Walls: Threats to Validity in Empirical Studies of Open Source Forges Landon J. Pratt Department of Computer Science, BYU Master of Science Artifact-based research provides a mechanism whereby researchers may study the creation of software yet avoid many of the difficulties of direct observation and experimentation. Open source software forges are of great value to the software researcher, because they expose many of the artifacts of software development. However, many challenges affect the quality of artifact-based studies, especially those studies examining software evolution. This thesis addresses one of these threats: the presence of very large commits, which we refer to as “Cliff Walls. ” Cliff walls are a threat to studies of software evolution because they do not appear to represent incremental development. In this thesis we demonstrate the existence of cliff walls in open source software projects and discuss the threats they present. We also seek to identify key causes of these monolithic commits, and begin to explore ways that researchers can mitigate the threats of cliff walls.
Measurement of central venous pressure is associated with better outcomes in septic patients: a retrospective observational study

Purpose: With the proper insights, measurement of central venous pressure (CVP) can be a useful clinical aid. However, the formal utility of CVP measurement on mortality in septic patients has never been proved.Methods: The Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) was applied to identify septic patients who had and did not have CVP measured. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The statistical approaches including multivariate regression, propensity score matching (PSM) and an inverse probability of treatment weighing (IPTW) and causal mediation analysis (CMA) were utilized to elucidate the relationship between CVP measurement and 28-day mortality.Results: A total of 10275 patients were included in our study, of which 4516 patients (44%) had CVP measured within 24 h after ICU admission. A significant beneficial effect of CVP measurement in terms of 28-day mortality was observed (OR 0.60 (95% CI 0.51–0.70; p<0.001)). Patients in CVP group received more fluid on day 1, had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use, and the reduction of serum lactate was higher than that in the no CVP group. The mediation effect of serum lactate reduction was significant for the whole cohort (p=0.04 for average causal mediation effect (ACME)) and patients in the CVP group with an initial CVP level below 8mmHg (p=0.04 for ACME). Conclusion: CVP measurement is associated with a lower risk-adjusted 28-day mortality among patients with sepsis, which is proportionally mediated through serum lactate reduction.
Embryonic mortality in farm animals : a seminar in the CEC programme of coordination of research on livestock productivity and management

Reproductive wastage is a major inefficiency in all livestock production with embryonic mortality accounting for a major portion of this loss. Accordingly the Commission of the European Communities encouraged the organisation of a seminar on embryonic mortality in farm animals which was held in Brussels on the 11th and 12th of December 1984. This book contains the text of the papers, discussions and final summary presented at that Seminar. As a background to the Seminar, the extent and timing of embryonic loss was described for farm animals. Particular consideration was then given to the various mechanisms and signals, both embryonic and uterine in origin, that are so far known to be involved in the establishment of pregnancy. Possible causes of embryonic death including physiological, endocrinological, genetic and immunological components were outlined and discussed. The final summary contains general conclusions from the Seminar and recommendations for future research work on this topic. J.M. Sreenan M.G. Diskin July 1985. ******************** THE EXTENT AND TIMING OF EMBRYONIC MORTALITY IN THE COW J. M. Sreenan & M. G. Diskin, The Agricultural Institute, Belclare, Tuam, Galway, Ireland ABSTRACT The extent and timing of embryonic mortality in heifers, normal cows and repeat breeder cows has been reviewed.
A Study on the Framework and its implementation of Toyota Production System

The Toyota Production System (TPS) developed by Toyota Motor Corporation is a management principle and production method to improve values added thorough elimination of waste. Since the oil shock in 1970s, the TPS has drawn the worldwide attentions as a main factor of competitiveness of Japanese manufacturing system and has been studied and implemented in many countries regardless of size and types of industry. While the principles of the TPS system are known widely, the framework and the implementation methodology are rarely discussed, especially in the domestic companies. In this paper, the framework of the TPS system are developed as a view of the domestic practitioners and researchers, with which the introduction strategy can be developed as a guideline.
Proactive Management of Pneumonia Epizootics in Bighorn Sheep in Montana

Pneumonia epizootics are a major challenge for effective management of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Approximately half of the herds in Montana have suffered die-offs since the 1980s, many of which were pneumonia events. A set of models that identify risk of pneumonia and the best management decisions given that risk would be of great value for proactive management of pneumonia epizootics. Our first objective is to design and test a risk model that will help predict a herd’s risk of pneumonia. We hypothesize that various factors increase risk through pathogen exposure, pathogen spread, and disease susceptibility. Analysis of these factors comparing herds with and without recent pneumonia histories using Bayesian logistic regression will allow us to design a risk model. Our second objective is to develop a proactive decision model that incorporates estimates of pneumonia risk to help evaluate costs and benefits of alternative proactive actions appropriate to those estimates. We will use a Structured Decision Making framework, which provides a deliberative, transparent, and defensible decision-making process that is particularly valuable in complex decision-making environments such as wildlife disease management. Together the resulting risk and decision models, to be completed this year, will help managers estimate pneumonia risk and identify the best management action based on both the severity of each herd’s predicted risk and costs and benefits of competing management alternatives. Ultimately, this project will demonstrate the development and application of risk and decision models for proactive wildlife health programs in Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks.
Impact of the Quality of Work-life on Organizational Commitment: A Comparative Study on Academicians Working for State and Foundation Universities in Turkey

Bu calisma 1) calisma yasam kalitesinin orgutsel baglilik uzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi 2) calisma yasam kalitesi, akademik unvan, ucret, orgutteki calisma yili, simdiki unvanda calisma yili, gorevlendirme tipi, calisma sekli (full-time, part-time, etc.) ve fazla mesai, orgutun koruyucu olup olmadigina yonelik algi ile yas, cinsiyet ve medeni durum gibi demografik ozelliklerin hangisinin orgutsel baglilik uzerinde daha fazla etkiye sahip oldugunu ortaya koymayi amaclamaktadir. Orgutsel baglilik, Meyer and Allen (1991; 1997) tarafindan yapilan 3 boyutlu orgutsel baglilik siniflamasi (duygusal, normatif ve devam bagliligi) baglaminda incelenmistir. Calismada Ankara’daki 2 devlet ve 2 vakif universitesinde calisan akademisyenlerden toplam 570 anket ve olcek formu toplanmistir. Calisma sonucunda hem devlet hem de vakif universitelerinde calisan akademisyenlerin duygusal ve normatif bagliliklari uzerinde calisma yasam kalitesinin pozitif yonde, devam bagliligi uzerinde ise negatif yonde bir etki gosterdigi sonucuna ulasilmistir. Her iki universite turunde de tum degiskenlerin (calisma yasam kalitesi, akademik unvan, ucret, orgutteki calisma yili, simdiki unvanda calisma yili, kadro durumu, calisma sekli ve fazla mesai, orgutun koruyucu olup olmadigina yonelik algi ile yas, cinsiyet ve medeni durum) hep birlikte orgutsel baglilik uzerindeki etkisi incelendiginde, devlet universitesinde calisan akademisyenlerin duygusal, normatif ve devam bagliligi uzerinde en yuksek etkiyi calisma yasam kalitesinin gosterdigi, vakif universitesinde ise duygusal ve normatif baglilik uzerinde yine en yuksek etkiyi calisma yasam kalitesinin gosterdigi ancak devam bagliligi uzerinde orgutte calisma yilinin en yuksek etkiye sahip oldugu ortaya konmustur.
Transmission lines and cables

In this chapter, the authors discusses the travelling wave transmission line models. The frequency dependent transmission line model was presented. Details of transmission line geometry and conductor data are required in order to calculate accurately the frequency-dependent electrical parameters of the line. The simulation time step was based on the shortest response time of the line. The chapter also presents the phase-domain models which is the most accurate and robust for detailed transmission line representation. Calculation of electrical parameters for overhead power transmission lines and underground power cables were also demonstrated.
Meta-Research: How problematic citing practices distort science

Citing practices constitute a core element in scientific research and communication in which they serve several important functions. They both comprise the principal unit of science’s social reward system and they establish epistemic genealogy, showing the foundations on which claims are built. Distorted or problematic citing behaviour can hence have major harmful consequences for the well-functioning of the scientific enterprise. In this article we employ a case study approach to show how, even in the field of research integrity, or more broadly, meta-research, researchers commonly adhere to suboptimal citing practices. Our findings highlight, among other shortcomings, an apparent lack of critical engagement with the cited literature, leading to incorrect reproductions of claims and overgeneralisation of supposed research findings. We link such problematic citing practices to the state of crisis that science is currently claimed to face, discussing how these practices might be both a symptom and a cause of these crises.
Relationship between Aspect Ratio and Flow Fields in a Rearing Tank

Aeration rates and tank geometry result in different larvae survival rates [1]-[6]. This study reports new results about the flow field in a rearing tank. Specifically, the effects of the aspect ratio AR (the ratio of water depth to tank radius) on overall flow fields were clarified from flow visualization and PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) experiments. Two different types of flow patterns, a single-pair vortex system and twopair vortex system, were confirmed as the value of tank aspect ratio changed from 1.0 to 2.0.
Integrated assessment of quality of supply in future electricity networks

Although power system reliability analysis is a mature research area, there is a renewed interest in updating available network models and formulating improved reliability assessment procedures. The main driver of this interest is the current transition to a new flexible and actively controlled power supply system with a high penetration of distributed generation (DG) and energy storage (ES) technologies, wider implementation of demand-side management (DSM) and application of automated control, monitoring, protection and communication infrastructures. One of the aims of this new electricity supply network (’the smart grid’) is an improved reliability and power quality performance, realised through the delivery of an uninterrupted and high-quality supply of electrical energy. However, there is currently no integrated methodology to measure the effects of these changes on the overall system reliability performance. This PhD research aims to update the standard power system simulation engine with improved numerical software models offering new capabilities for the correct assessment of quality of supply in future electricity networks. The standard reliability analysis is extended to integrate some relevant power quality aspects, enabling the classification of short and long supply interruptions by the correct modelling of network protection and reconfiguration schemes. In addition, the work investigates the formulation and analysis of updated reliability indicators for a more accurate validation and benchmarking of both system and end-user performance. A detailed database with typical configurations and parameters of UK/European power systems is established, providing a set of generic models that can correctly represent actual distribution networks supplying a mix of residential, commercial and industrial demand for different load sectors. A general methodology for reducing system complexity by calculating both electrical and reliability equivalent models of LV and MV distribution networks is also presented. These equivalent models, based on the aggregation of individual component models, help to reduce calculation times while preserving the accuracy assessment of network’s reliability performance at bulk supply points. In addition, the aggregated counterparts (same and mixed-type) of different ’smart’ component models (DG, ES and DSM) are also included in the analysis, showing how their co-ordinated implementation and control could improve quality of supply. Conventional reliability assessment procedures are also extended in this thesis to include accurate reliability equivalent models, network contingency statistics, actual load profiles and empirical fault probability distributions, which are employed to assess the frequency and duration of interruptions in the supply system for different scenarios. Both analytical and probabilistic simulation techniques (Monte Carlo method) are developed to include up-to-date security of supply legislation, introducing a new methodology for calculating the standard set of indices reported annually to energy regulators.
Semiempirical Procedure for Estimating Lift and Drag Characteristics of Propeller-Wing-Flap Configurations for Vertical-and Short-Take-Off-and-Landing Airplanes

The analysis presented uses the momentum theory as a starting point in developing semiempirical expressions for calculating the effect of propeller thrust and slipstream on the lift and drag characteristics of wing-flap configurations that would be suitable for vertical-take-off-and-landing (VTOL) and short-take-off-and-landing (STOL) airplanes. The method uses power-off forward-speed information and measured slipstream deflection data at zero forward speed to provide a basis for estimating the lift and drag at combined forward speed and power-on conditions. A correlation of slipstream deflection data is also included. The procedure is applicable only in the unstalled flight regime; nevertheless, it should be useful in preliminary design estimates of the performance that may be expected of VTOL and STOL airplanes.
Performance optimisation of small antenna arrays

AbstractThis thesis addresses radiation pattern synthesis problems for small linear pe-riodic phased arrays (with array elements less then 10). Due to the small arraysize conventional pattern synthesis techniques fail to produce the required re-sults. In the case of practical small arrays, mutual coupling and element patternasymmetric effect degrade the array radiation performance. The main perfor-mance metrics considered in this thesis include sidelobe level (SLL), gain, halfpower beamwidth (HPBW) and mainbeam scan direction. The conventionalpattern synthesis approaches result in sub optimal gain, SLL and HPBW dueto the limited number of elements and the mutual coupling involved. In caseof difference pattern synthesis these factors resulted in lower difference patternslope, degraded SLL and difference peak asymmetry. The sum and differencepatterns are used in monopulse arrays and a simplified feed that could produceboth patterns with acceptable radiation properties is of interest and has beenexamined (chapter 5). A conventional technique is applied to small arrays to synthesise a sectorbeam and there is limited control over the radiation pattern. It is shown thatthe mutual coupling has significant effect on the array radiation pattern andmitigation is necessary for optimum performance (chapter 6). Furthermore,wideband phased arrays may have a natural limitation of the HPBW in lowgain applications and minimisation of the variation becomes important. Alsothe SLL variations for wideband antenna arrays in the presence of mutualcoupling considerably degrade the radiation pattern. The mutual coupling de-grades significantly the radiation pattern performance in case of small scanningwideband arrays (chapter 7). It is the primary goal of this thesis to develop an optimisation scheme thatis applied in the above scenarios (chapters 3 & 4). The only degree of freedom assumed is the array excitation. Optimised amplitude and phase for each element in the array are determined by the proposed scheme, concurrently. The deterministic optimisation techniques reported in the literature for the pattern synthesis may involve complicated problem modelling. The heuristic opti-misation techniques generally are computationally expensive. The proposedIntelligent z-space Boundary Condition-Particle Swarm Optimiser (IzBC-PSO)is based on a heuristic algorithm. This scheme can be applied to a wider rangeof problems without significant modifications and requires fewer computationscompared to the competing techniques.In order to verify the performance of IzBC-PSO antenna array measure-ments were performed in the receiving mode only using the online and offlinedigital beamforming setups described in chapter 8. The measurement resultsshow that the proposed scheme may be successfully applied with both onlineand offline digital beamformers for a practical small array (chapter 8).
Manifest

Manifest is an ongoing project, a portfolio of nearly one hundred photographs of African American material culture held in public and private collections throughout the United States. These repositories have accumulated diaries, receipts for the purchase of humans, hair, a drum, a door, photographs, figurines, and other artifacts—some with great historical significance, some the commonplace, quotidian material of black life. This project is concerned with the physical remnants of the American concept and representation of race. The histories of slavery, abolition, the U.S. Civil War, segregation, oppression, accomplishment, and agency are among the narratives that emerge in these photographs. I am increasingly interested in the residual power of the past to inhabit material remains. The ability of objects to transcend lives, centuries, and millennia suggests a remarkable mechanism for folding time, bringing the past and the present into a shared space that is uniquely suited to artistic exploration. While the artifacts are remarkable as visual evidence of lives and events, I also intend the viewer to consider this informal reliquary as a survey of the impulse and motivation to preserve history and memory. Various projects have occupied my attention during the past two decades; in retrospect, each has been part of a singular effort to seek out the ghosts and resonant memories of the material world. I am drawn to the stories “dwelling within” a spoon, a cowbell, a book, a postcard, or a partially burned document.
English for specific purposes (ESP) in four technological and vocational higher education institutions in Taiwan, with particular reference to the Department of Applied Foreign Languages

This thesis examines problems in the teaching of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in four technological and vocational higher education institutions in Taiwan, with particular reference to the Department of Applied Foreign Languages English (DAFL-E)/ Department of Applied English (DAE), a newly established department intended to meet the high demand in the job market for English specialists with adequate business knowledge. The Department provides courses in English for specific purposes, in this study, for business purposes. However, students' low English proficiency results in inadequate meeting of the needs of industry. To understand ESP and the problems that arise in the DAFL-E/DAE, the writer conducted interviews with the Heads and teachers, and surveyed students, in four selected institutions, to seek their views and attitudes towards the work of the Departments and the difficulties they confronted. The policies regarding new teacher qualification requirements and discontinuation of the 5-year junior college programmes were reviewed. It was found that the DAFL-E/DAE face many challenges. First, specific goals and distinctive features have not been established. ESP is neither recognised nor its specific purposes served. Teacher training to teach ESP is also not developed. Secondly, the departments do not adequately prepare students for future employment, in terms of course design, English proficiency qualification and industrial placement. Students express dissatisfaction towards the Departments. Recommendations are made to the departments, teachers and students with respect to teacher training, team teaching, course design, needs analysis, English proficiency qualification and industrial placement. It is concluded that ESP should be incorporated in business-
Mobile Device ECG Classification using quantized Neural Networks

In this paper, a novel method for classifying electrocardiogram signals in mobile devices is proposed, which classifies different arrhythmias according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation standard EC57. A convolutional neural network has been constructed, trained and validated with the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Dataset, which has 5 different classes: normal beat, supraventricular premature beat, premature ventricular contraction, fusion of ventricular and normal beat, unclassifiable beat. Once trained and validated, the model is subjected to a post-training quantization stage using the TensorFlow Lite conversion method. The obtained results were satisfactory, before and after the quantization, the convolutional neural network obtained an accuracy of 98.5%. With the quantization technique it was possible to obtain a significant reduction in model size, thus enabling the development of the mobile application, this reduction was approximately 90% compared to the original model size.
Cracking: a tale of four systems

The detection and classification of fine cracks in the pavement surface is viewed by many as the final frontier of automated data collection. Parameters such as roughness, rutting and texture have long been successfully measured from a moving vehicular platform but there has been limited and varying success in measuring cracking accurately. In simplistic terms, crack measurement can be split into two phases, the collection of a pavement image followed by the analysis of the image using automated crack identification algorithms or by manual visual assessment. In this process, the quality and resolution of the image will, to a large degree, determine whether fine or only larger cracks can be identified. This paper considers four different technologies and methodologies currently used to measure cracking and endeavours to identify the pros and cons of each system. The study included two systems which rely on natural light and manual image analysis, one with area scan cameras, the other with linescan cameras. The other two systems feature artificial illumination and automatic crack detection and measurement. Variations between the systems include real time analysis versus post processing, 2D images versus 3D and laser illumination versus quartz halogen lighting. Whilst four different systems are discussed, the main focus of the paper comparison between the two systems with automated crack detection capability.