Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atom-Economic Reaction: Preparation and Mechanism of Nano-SrB 2 O 4 by Solid-State Reaction

Nano-SrB2O4 powder was prepared by solid-state reaction at room temperature followed by a subsequent calcination process. The highly productive method which can be operated easily confirms to the Green-chemistry principles. The XRD patters demonstrate that the component of the as-obtained sample is SrB2O4 after calcination at 600℃. Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetriy (DTA/TG) curves suggest the process of dehydration and crystal transition from Sr[B(OH)4]2 to SrB2O4·2H2O. SEM image of SrB2O4 shows that the particles are uniform and spherical with average size of 80 nm in diameter. Furthermore, the mechanism of reaction was discussed. The chemical reaction of the process is assumed to be acid-base neutralization reaction. The water generated from the acid-base neutralization reaction and the release of crystal water from Sr(OH)2·8H2O plays an essential role in the reaction system.
Prevalence of Red Blood Cell Alloantibodies in Blood Donors of Zanjan Province; the Preliminary Report of the North West of Iran

Red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies, especially IgG class, are clinically significant because of their association with hemolytic disease of newborns (HDN), hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and a significant reduction in the lifespan of transfused red blood cells. The frequency of RBC alloantibody was variously reported due to difference in selected population and laboratory test sensitivity from less than 0.5% to up to 60%. In the presence of these mentioned alloantibodies, preparation of antigen-negative blood products for transfusion is necessary. In this cross-sectional study, 75 donors (73 males and 2 females) participated. ABO blood group typing was performed via two methods (cell type using anti-A, anti-B and anti-D and also the reverse or serum type using defined A and B cell suspensions). The serum samples were subjected to antibody screening test utilizing commercially available kits containing three vials of RBC with known surface antigen. The results were recorded and for donors with positive results, antibody identification test was also performed using a panel of 11 RBC with known surface antigen. In this study, of 75 donors, 73 (97.33%) were male and 2 (2.66%) were female. Participated donors age range was between 19 and 66 years. The frequency of blood groups in this population were A (52%), O (29.33%), B (14.66%) and AB (4%). and also Rh+(97.33%) and Rh-(2.67%). Alloantibodies were detected in serum of 6 donors (8%). Identified alloantibodies were against K, c and e antigens. These antibodies were only identified in samples of men may be due to small sample size of women. No significant correlation between donor’s age and type of alloantibodies were detected. The prevalence of alloantibodies in Zanjanianpopulation was 8%. Therefore, detection and identification of these antibodies in the donor population could be essential to prevent adverse hemolytic reaction in case of blood transfusion.
Is Shenzhen Housing Price Bubble that High? A Perspective of Shenzhen Hong Kong Cross-Border Integration

In this paper, monthly data from May 2004 to December 2011 are used to calculate the equilibrium housing price predicted by the economic fundamentals of Shenzhen and additional economic fundamentals of Hong Kong under the background of the Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-border integration. Equilibrium housing price is then compared against the actual housing price to test the degree of the Shenzhen housing price bubble during the studied period. We find that aided by the economic fundamentals of Hong Kong, the Shenzhen housing price can be better explained and the gap between the actual and equilibrium housing prices can be largely reduced, thus implying a much smaller Shenzhen housing price bubble.
Preliminary Evaluation of Intelligent Intention Estimation Algorithms for an Actuated Lower-Limb Exoskeleton

This paper describes the experimental testing of an actuated lower-limb exoskeleton. The exoskeleton is designed to alleviate the loading at the knee joint by supplying assistive torque. It is hypothesized that the support provided will reduce the muscular effort required to perform activities of daily living and thus facilitate the execution of these movements by those who previously had limited mobility. The exoskeleton is actuated by four pneumatic artificial muscles, each providing 150N of pulling force to assist in the flexion and extension of the knee joint. The exoskeleton system estimates the user's intended motion using muscle activity information recorded from five thigh muscles, together with the knee angle. To experimentally evaluate the performance of the device, the exoskeleton was worn by an able-bodied user, whilst performing the sit-to-stand-to-sit movement. In addition, the three intention estimation algorithms were also tested to determine the influence of the various algorithms on the support provided. The results show a significant reduction in the user's muscle activity (≈ 20%) when assisted by the exoskeleton in a predictable manner.
A Review of the Effect of Moulding Parameters on the Performance of Polymeric Composite Injection Moulding

A review of the effect of changes in moulding parameters on polymeric composite injection moulding is presented in this paper. The emphasis of this work is on the use of short fibre reinforced polymer composite in the injection moulding process. The behaviours of fibres that influence the performance of the injection moulding process, like fibre orientation and distribution, fibre concentration and fibre length, are initially reviewed. The effects of mould design such as the effect of gate design, the effect of the runner system and the effect of cooling channels are then studied. The effects of processing parameters, particularly the effect of injection speed, are also discussed. Finally the use of mould flow simulation software is reviewed.
Modelling Fire Ignition Probability from Satellite Estimates of Live Fuel Moisture Content

Biomass burning has critical ecological and social impacts. Recent changes in climate patterns and land use have involved alterations of traditional fire regimes, which have increased the negative impacts of fire. Live Fuel Moisture Content (LFMC) has proven to be one of the main factors related to fire risk, as it affects fire ignition and fire behavior, and therefore it is an essential indicator for fire risk assessment. The aim of our research was to explore several methods to convert LFMC into Ignition Probability (IP) at a national scale, considering climate and vegetation functional types. The project covers the Iberian Peninsula territory of Spain (492 175 km2), for a ten year period. The LFMC data was estimated from NOAA-AVHRR imagery, whereas fire occurrence was based on the standard MODIS Thermal Anomalies product (MOD14). Non-parametric significance tests, histograms and percentiles, classification trees, and logistic regression models were used for estimating the IP from five variables based on LFMC. These modelling approaches were compared and Logistic Regression (LR) analysis was found to be most advantageous, since it uses several predictor variables to compute a continuous probability of IP. The area under the ROC curve of the LR models for the Iberian Peninsula was 0.65 for the Mediterranean region and >0.8 for the Eurosiberian region. The LFMC from one week before the fire detection was the most influential variable in the statistical analysis and it was the main variable in the Mediterranean models. In the Eurosiberian models, the LFMC decrement since spring was also important. The LFMC one week before the fire detection and the difference between the LFMC one week and two weeks before the fire detection were included in the grassland model. Shrubland is less susceptible to rapid moisture changes than grassland, so the LFMC from two weeks before the fire and the LFMC decrement since spring were more influential.
Capital Subsidies and the Underground Economy

In this paper we investigate the effects of different fiscal policies on the firm choice to produce underground. We consider a tax evading firm operating simultaneously both in the regular and in the underground economy. We suggest that such a kind of firm, referred to as moonlighting firm, is able to offset the specific costs usually stressed by literature on underground production, such as those suggested by Loayza (1994) and Anderberg et al. (2003). Investigating the effects of different fiscal policy interventions, we find that taxation is a critical parameter to define the size of capital allocation in the underground production. In fact, a strong and inverse relationship is found, and tax reduction is the best policy to reduce the convenience to produce underground. We also confirm the depressing effect on investment of taxation (see, for instance, Summers, 1981), so that tax reduction has no cost in terms of investment. By contrast, the model states that while enforcement is an effective tool to reduce capital allocation in the underground production, it also reduce the total capital stock. Moreover, we also suggest that the allowance of incentives to capital accumulation may generate, in this specific typology of firm, some unexpected effects, causing, together with a positive investment process, also an increase in the share of irregularity. This finding could explain, in a microeconomic framework, the evidence of Italian southern regions, where high incentives are combined with high irregularity ratios.
Novel DTC-SVM for an Adjustable Speed Sensorless Induction Motor Drive

This paper presents, the direct torque control (DTC) based space vector modulation (SVM) for an adjustable speed sensorless induction motor (IM) drive. This proposed system will give a clear study about DTC and SVM and the motor drive is supplied by a two-level SVPWM inverter. Based on input-output feedback linearization control the inverter reference voltage is obtained, using the IM model in the stator D–Q axes reference frame with stator current and flux vectors components as state variables. Moreover, a robust full-order adaptive stator flux observer is designed for a speed sensorless DTC-SVM system and a new speed-adaptive law is given. By designing the observer gain matrix based on state feedback H control theory, the stability and robustness of the observer systems is ensured. The speed adaptive stator flux observer stability guaranteed also by the gain matrix in very low speed. The experimental results are proved by simulation results.
Reindeer grazing history effects on plant recruitment and life history traits from the germinable seed bank

5 INTRODUCTION . 6 MATERIAL AND METHODS . 10 1.Study area and experimental design . 10 2.Data collection . 14 3.Statistical analysis . 16 RESULTS.19 1. Total seed bank density and species richness . 19 2.Traits in the seed bank . 21 2.1 Growth form . 21 2.2 Life form . 22 2.3 Diaspore morphology . 22 2.4 Seed weight . 23 DISCUSSION . 25 1. Total seed bank density and species richness . 26 2. Traits in the seed bank . 27 2.1 Growth form . 27 2.2 Life form . 29 2.3 Diaspore morphology . 29 2.4 Seed weight . 30 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS . 32 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.33 REFERENCES.34 APPENDIX 1 . 39 APPENDIX 2 . 41 APPENDIX 3 . 42 APPENDIX 4 . 44
Subsurface Stress Fields in Face-Centered-Cubic Single-Crystal Anisotropic Contacts

Single-crystal superalloy turbine blades used in high-pressure turbomachinery are subject to conditions of high temperature, triaxial steady and alternating stresses, fretting stresses in the blade attachment and damper contact locations, and exposure to high-pressure hydrogen. The blades are also subjected to extreme variations in temperature during start-up and shutdown transients. The most prevalent high-cycle fatigue (HCF) failure modes observed in these blades during operation include crystallographic crack initiation/propagation on octahedral planes and noncrystallographic initiation with crystallographic growth. Numerous cases of crack initiation and crack propagation at the blade leading edge tip, blade attachment regions, and damper contact locations have been documented. Understanding crack initiation/propagation under mixed-mode loading conditions is critical for establishing a systematic procedure for evaluating HCF life of single-crystal turbine blades. This paper presents analytical and numerical techniques for evaluating two- and three-dimensional (3D) subsurface stress fields in anisotropic contacts. The subsurface stress results are required for evaluating contact fatigue life at damper contacts and dovetail attachment regions in single-crystal nickel-base superalloy turbine blades. An analytical procedure is presented for evaluating the subsurface stresses in the elastic half-space, based on the adaptation of a stress function method outlined by Lekhnitskii (1963, Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Elastic Body, Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, pp. 1-40). Numerical results are presented for cylindrical and spherical anisotropic contacts, using finite element analysis. Effects of crystal orientation on stress response and fatigue life are examined. Obtaining accurate subsurface stress results for anisotropic single-crystal contact problems require extremely refined 3D finite element grids, especially in the edge of contact region. Obtaining resolved shear stresses on the principal slip planes also involves considerable postprocessing work. For these reasons, it is very advantageous to develop analytical solution schemes for subsurface stresses, whenever possible.
Vehicle Position Estimation using GPS/CAN Data based on Nonlinear Programming

The paper solves a problem of the estimation of the moving vehicle position. The position is measured by global position system (GPS) but outages sometimes occur in the measurements. During these outages, the actual position is estimated using data from vehicle sensors. A moving vehicle is described by a discrete-time state-space model with bounded noise. This model is constructed using kinematics laws and it can be used for arbitrary type of ground vehicle. Bayesian approach is applied to obtain position estimates. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation converts to the nonlinear programming. The paper also discusses a setting of initial conditions for successful running of estimation process.
Phytochemical constituents, hypoglycemic and haematological effects of methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Recently, there has been more interest with antidiabetic agents commencing natural products from plants as a better treatment than currently used synthetic drugs. The high performance liquid chromatography analysis of methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract revealed occurrence of twenty one polyphenolic compounds. Catechin is the main constituent (29.91%), followed by apigenin (20.96%), then, ellagic acid, quercetin, kampferol, ferulic acid, luteolin, pyrogallol, rutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechouic acid, p -coumaric acid, caffiene, syrigic acid, catechol and p -OH-benzoic acid in percentages of 17.54, 10.45, 7.63, 4.67, 4.61, 4.30, 3.21, 3.15, 2.10, 1.48, 1.43, 1.13, 1.09, 1.08 and 1.05%, respectively. The antidiabetic and heamatological effects of methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract (10, 20 and 40 mg/100 g body weight) in streptozotocin diabetic rats were investigated comparing with metformin HCl (50 mg/100 g body weight) for 30 days. Our results indicated that the most effective dose of methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract was 40 mg/100 g body weight, which decreased blood glucose level to about 77.37% in diabetic rats, compared with a percentage of 76.50% achieved by administration with metformin HCl. Furthermore, liver functions activity, kidney functions, lipid profile, atherogenic indices and haematological parameters were scrutinized in diabetic rats treated with methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract. These results indicate that the methanolic leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana , have favorable effects in bringing down the severity of diabetes and justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
Data-Processing and Optimization Methods for Localization-Tracking Systems

During the last years the increasing demand for location-based services (LBS) stimulated the developments of localization-tracking (LT) technologies. In this regard, a widely known and utilized LT technology is given by the Global Positioning System (GPS), that, based on satellite communications can achieve accuracy of tens of centimeters. However the inability to receive the satellite signal in indoor environments strongly limits the usage of GPS technology to outdoor scenarios. As a consequence, future indoor positioning services, e.g. surveillance, logistics and remote health-care applications, need to rely on the development of new LT systems based on short/medium-range wireless technologies. In this regard, thanks to their ability to provide accurate distance measurements under both LOS and nonLOS channel conditions, ultra-wideband (UWB) and chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technologies are two promising technologies to enable indoor LT services. In this chapter, we focus on technological and theoretical aspects of LT systems for indoor applications. In particular we consider two fundamental functionalities, namely, the data processing and the LT algorithm. We start describing an efficient wavelet-based filtering technique to process the data and to assess their reliability and we show how estimates on the confidence on the measurements can be used to improve the target locations. In the second part of the chapter we first cover some well known non-parametric state-of-the-art solutions to the localization problem, namely the classical-multidimensional scaling (MDS), the Nystrom approximation and the SMACOF algorithm. Following we propose a novel low-complex technique that goes under the name of linear global distance continuation (L-GDC) and that we show to achieve the same performance of the maximum-likelihood estimator. Finally, the chapter ends with the simulation results and a short discussion on the open challenges.
Formation of ice eddies in subglacial mountain valleys

Radar data from both Greenland and Antarctica show folds and other disruptions to the stratigraphy of the deep ice. The mechanisms by which stratigraphy deforms are related to the interplay between ice flow and topography. Here we show that when ice flows across valleys or overdeepenings, viscous overturnings called Moffatt eddies can develop. At the base of a subglacial valley, the shear on the valley sidewalls is transferred through the ice, forcing the ice to overturn. To understand the formation of these eddies, we numerically solve the non‐Newtonian Stokes equations with a Glen's law rheology to determine the critical valley angle for the eddies to form. When temperature is incorporated into the ice rheology, the warmer basal ice is less viscous and eddies form in larger valley angles (shallower slopes) than in isothermal ice. We also show that when ice flow is not perpendicular to the valley orientation, complex 3‐D eddies transport ice down the valley. We apply our simulations to the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains and solve for the ice flow over radar‐determined topography. These simulations show Moffatt eddies on the order of 100 m tall in the deep subglacial valleys.
Model-Switched Beamformer with Large Dynamic Range

The strong desired signal will be mitigated due to “self-nulling” for the adaptive beamformer, even if the array calibration is used. The proposed methodology switches the models between phased array and adaptive array. In general, the system utilizes Frost adaptive beamforming. However, it will be switched to phased array if the “self-nulling” appears. According to the estimation of the array pattern at the direction of desired signal, we can determine if the “self-nulling” happens. The new approach is much easier to implement compared with the various robust beamforming algorithms.
Redistributive Impact of GST Tax Reform: Pakistan, 1990-2001

This paper assesses the welfare impact of GST reform on Pakistani households between 1990 and 2001, a period that coincides with major GST reforms that have increased GST contribution to total tax revenue from 15 percent to 42 percent. As well as the tax burden having increased, we find that the distributional incidence has worsened; GST after-reform impact on welfare is proportional as compared to slight progressivity in the before-reform period. Our results, based on distributional characteristics developed by Feldstein (1972) and recently used by Newbery (1995), show that the welfare of the poor households has been reduced due to taxation of items such as sugar, vegetable ghee, and basic fuels, whereas rich households remain comparatively better off because most of the services remain out of GST tax net.
Water column stability and summer phytoplankton dynamics in a temperate lake (Lake Erken, Sweden)

Abstract Phytoplankton development in aquatic ecosystems is caused by interactions among multiple environmental factors. Physical processes, particularly development of thermal stratification, have been proposed to be important factors for regulating phytoplankton composition and abundance during summer. This study examined the temporal pattern of thermal stratification during summer in Lake Erken, Sweden, based on 21 years of historical data spanning 23 years and investigated the role played by water stability on phytoplankton development. Water column stability indexes were calculated from high frequency measurements during periods of summer thermal stratification. Clustering and ordination analyzed the dissimilarities between communities during different periods and extracted the significant environmental gradients controlling phytoplankton succession. Wind introduced the major external disturbance to Lake Erken during summer and played an important role for the progression of thermocline depth. Species-specific thermal stability preference or tolerance determined the response of individual species to the stratification and constitutes a mechanism of species selection in phytoplankton dynamics. Lake Erken is an unstably stratified lake during summer, caused by wind-induced turbulence and internal seiches. Adaptation to these unstable conditions is the major determinant of phytoplankton dynamics. Hydrodynamic variability, characterized by different stability indexes in early, mid, and late summer, was the key factor regulating phytoplankton dynamics, directly by changing phytoplankton distribution and indirectly by altering both the light and nutrient availability in the epilimnion.
Oscillation of solutions of a neutral pantograph equation with impulsive perturbations

Some sufficient conditions are established on the oscillation of all solutions of a class of neutral pantograph equations with impulsive perturbations of the form \{\begin{array}{l}\frac{d}{dt}[x(t)-C(t)x(g t)]+ \frac{P(t)}{t}x(a t)-\frac{Q(t)}{t}x(b t)=0,~~ t\geq t0>0,~~ t\neq tk, x(t+k)=bkx(tk), k=1,2,. \end{array}\right.