Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay for detecting tartrazine in human urinary samples

Tartrazine is commonly used in foodstuffs, its level is controlled by government, however, it is still used in some food products at levels which are not permitted. We aimed to develop a sensitive and simple method to assess the exposure to tartrazine in pregnant women and the general population in China. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on polyclonal antibodies for tartrazine. Using this assay, we measured the urinary concentrations of tartrazine in the participants. Under optimal experimental conditions, the standard curve was constructed at concentrations of 0.04–1000 ng mL−1 and the limit of detection (LOD) was set at 0.04 ng mL−1. No cross-reactivity of the antibody was observed with seven other artificial dyes based on this assay. Human blank urine was spiked with tartrazine at concentrations of 0.1, 25, 500 ng mL−1 and analyzed by ELISA, the recoveries of tartrazine were from 99.8% to 106.6% and coefficients of variation were from 3.28% to 14.9%. The study comprised of 351 volunteers (age: 19–69 years), of which 30% were male, 16% were nonpregnant women and 54% were pregnant women. The geometric means for tartrazine in three groups were 2.64, 2.44 and 3.21, respectively. No difference was observed in these groups. The values indicated that both the general population and pregnant women are exposed to tartrazine. Sources of exposure, potential health effects and risk assessment require further investigation.
Plasma‐assisted Control on the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Patterned Structures

The effect of hydrogenation processing as a pregrowth treatment on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been investigated. The growth of CNTs on patterned structures strongly depends on the plasma power during the hydrogenation step. Etching of the patterned nickel occurred at higher hydrogen plasma power densities. By controlling the plasma power of hydrogen plasma applied on catalyst layer and using a refinement process, an array of isolated nanotubes was obtained without using a nanolithography method. Finally, the effects of hydrogen plasma during the growth are represented. This study shows that direction of grown nanotubes depends on condition of plasma during the growth.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change

Expanded and updated with new findings and new features • New chapter on Global Climate providing a self-contained treatment of climate forcing, feedbacks, and climate sensitivity • New chapter on Atmospheric Organic Aerosols and new treatment of the statistical method of Positive Matrix Factorization • Updated treatments of physical meteorology, atmospheric nucleation, aerosol-cloud relationships, chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons • Each topic developed from the fundamental science to the point of application to real-world problems • New problems at an introductory level to aid in classroom teaching
Severe Energy Costs of Double Steric Interactions: Towards a Molecular Clamp

The factors determining the ease of rotation about carbon-carbon single bonds connecting two internally rigid fragments such as phenyl, indenyl, anthracenyl and triptycyl are analysed. The internal rotation barriers in these molecules have been estimated on the basis of kinetic data or variable-temperature NMR measurements, and the crystal structures have been analysed in terms of steric strain. Computer simulation of the internal rotation indicates that the estimated Closest Approach Distance, CAD, between sterically interacting atoms of the two interconnected fragments can be a helpful parameter for evaluating their rotational freedom, but must be used with caution. Thus, the barrier to rotation of a 3-indenyl moiety linked to the 9-position of anthracene is very high (ΔG ≠ ≈ 25 kcalmol -1 ) compared to that in 3-indenyltriptycene (ΔG ≠ ≈ 12 kcalmol -1 ) despite the fact that the nominal CADs in both cases are very similar. Moreover, dimeric 2-methylindenyl fragments linked by a single bond at the 3-position undergo relatively slow rotation (ΔG ≠ ≈ 14-15 kcalmol -1 ) owing to the simultaneous close approach of two pairs of sterically interacting hydrogens. Although the rotational barrier for a 2-indenyl or phenyl moiety attached to the bridgehead atom of triptycene, or to the related dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octane system, is relatively low (ΔG ≠ ≈ 8-9 kcalmol -1 ), further extension of the bridge to dibenzobicyclo[2.2. 4]dioxadecane leads to an activation energy barrier in excess of 23 kcalmol -1 , attributable to an intramolecular simultaneous "clamping" of the phenyl rings by the edges of the aromatic rings of the dibenzobicyclo[2.2. 4]dioxadecane moiety. The X-ray crystal structures of 15 molecules, including mono- and di-indenyl-anthracenes, racemic- and meso-2-methylindenyl dimers, phenyl- and indenyl-triptycenes and -barrelenes, are reported.
Synthesis and Modifications of Polyurethanes for Biomedical Purposes

Polyurethanes are known as a class of polymers with very high ‘hemocompatible‘ properties. In this study polyurethanes were prepared in various compositions and in medical purity without using any solvent, catalyst or additives. For the synthesis of polyurethanes, toluene diisocynate, diphenylmethane diisocynate or hexamethylene diisocynate were used as diisocyanate compounds and polypropylene-ethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol were used as polyol compounds. The surfaces were modified with plasma glow-discharge by using various gas atmospheres and by applying different powers. Some samples were also modified by heparin immobilization to increase the blood compatibility. Chemical structure, mechanical strength, thermal behavior, oxygen permeability, water contact angle values, as well as protein and cell attachment capabilities of the prepared and modified polyurethanes were examined as possible candidates for biomedical applications. Plasma altered the chemistry of the surface, increased hydrophilic character, and caused a decrease in protein adsorption as the applied power was increased. On the other hand, an optimum power value which caused maximum attachment for Vero cells was observed. In-vitro experiments carried out with blood cells, plasma modification caused an increase on cell adhesion while further heparin immobilization resulted with a significant decrease.
Cross polarization induced by temporary adsorption: NMR investigations on nanocapsule dispersions

Nanocapsule dispersions are investigated by 1H–13C cross polarization experiments. The capsule walls, made up from polybutylcyanoacrylate, are detectable merely as a solid state signal, whereas the triglyceride forming the liquid core and the surfactant on the outside of the capsules give rise to narrow resonance lines in the cp-spectrum indicating their mobility. In order to clarify the mechanism of cross polarization for the mobile components, the time-resolved polarization of the corresponding 13C-signals is investigated. Further, the spin-lattice relaxation times for the proton magnetization in the rotating frame are studied under direct excitation as well as under cross polarization conditions. Based on the results, we propose a special mechanism of cross polarization which is initiated by a temporary adsorption of mobile molecules to the more rigid capsule surface. During this short period of immobilization, the polarization is transferred from 1H to 13C nuclei. After desorption, the freshly generat.
The adsorption of carbon monoxide on graphite

Heats of adsorption, heat capacities and isotherms have been measured for CO adsorbed on exfoliated graphite (Grafoil) over a wide range of temperature and for surface coverages up to 1·2 monolayers. Both integral and differential properties have been obtained and are subjected to relatively simple analysis. From a comparison of the results with similar ones for N2 adsorption, some conclusions can be drawn about the phase diagram for adsorbed CO and about the character of the adsorption. The relative behaviour of the two gases is explicable in terms of dispersion interactions. Simulation calculations of the integral heat of adsorption of CO are made as a function of surface coverage.
A New Double-Responsive Block Copolymer Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylic acid)

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylic acid), PNIPAAm-b-PAA, with low polydispersity was prepared by reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in methanol. The block copolymers respond to both temperature and pH stimuli. The behavior of the double-responsive block copolymers in solution was investigated by dynamic light scattering, temperature-sweep NMR, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and IR spectroscopy. The block copolymers form micelles in aqueous solutions in dependence of pH and temperature. Cloud point measurements indicated the formation of larger aggregates at pH 4.5 and temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAAm. The solution behavior is strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding interactions between the NIPAAm and acrylic acid blocks.
Surface modification of cathode materials from nano- to microscale for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

The present concern with global warming urgently requires a large increase in the energy share provided by green, renewable energy sources, as well as massive commercialization of sustainable vehicles. The widespread availability of reliable energy storage systems and highly efficient lithium batteries can, in principle, meet this need. For example, many individuals already own at least one lithium-ion battery portable device, such as a cellular phone, MP3 player, digital camera, or laptop computer. Hybrid electric vehicles and full electric vehicles will sooner or later be marketed with lithium-ion batteries. However, to acquire an established role in the commercial sector, lithium-ion batteries must be improved with regard to energy density, cost, and particularly, safety. Further development of electrode materials, especially the cathode active materials, is important to satisfy the above requirements. The easiest route to cathode improvement is to modify the cathode surface. This article describes recent advances in cathode active materials with surface modification from the nano- to microscale.
Simulataneous application of charge coupled device array-detected Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to in situ investigation of phase transitions in condensed matter

The combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with charge coupled device (CCD) array-detected Raman spectroscopy for the in situ investigation of phase transition is illustrated using ammonium nitrate as an example. This method aids unambiguous characterization of different phases by providing a simultaneous probe of thermodynamic and vibrational data. The availability of real-time vibrational data, including both the internal and external mode regions, is unique to array-detected Raman spectroscopy. The intensity changes of the symmetric stretching mode ν1 of the nitrate ions and the lattice vibrations, that accompany the phase transition IV → II of ammonium nitrate, are rationalized in terms of the known crystal structure data.
Silica-bonded calixarenes in chromatography : enantioseparations on molecular basket phases for rapid chiral LC

Abstract The synthesis of a new type of chiral stationary phase, prepared from triethoxysilyl derivatives of calixarenes, and by the chemical immobilisation of these chiral molecular baskets to 3μm silica particles, is reported. Specifically, a silica-bonded calix[4]arene, funcrionalised at the lower rim with L-(-)-ephedrine, is prepared and packed into a short LC column for rapid chiral separations. Using reversed phase conditions and high flow rate, such new phases based on funcrionalised calixarenes are applicable to chiral aromatic and non-aromatic solutes and are capable of resolving the enantiomers of R(-) and S(+)-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol in less than 45 seconds.
Controlled synthesis of CdS nanorods and hexagonal nanocrystals

CdS nanocrystals including nanorods and faceted nanoparticles were prepared via thermolysing cadmium ethylxanthate in hot hexadecylamine (HDA) solution. In order to control the shape and size of the nanocrystals, the influence of reaction conditions (such as reaction temperature, monomer (single-source precursor—cadmium ethylxanthate) concentration and reaction time, etc.) on the morphology, the surface states and the dispersivity of the CdS nanocrystals was comprehensively investigated. The CdS nanocrystals were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. It was found that under the conditions of high monomer concentration and adequate reaction time (3 h), long multi-armed nanorods were produced dominantly when the reaction temperature was not higher than 200 °C, while at high temperature (260 °C), the formation of short single-armed nanorods was preferred. When the monomer concentration was low and the reaction time was much longer (such as 12 h), spherical-shaped nanocrystals were mainly obtained, while if the reaction time was between 4–6 h, faceted nanocrystals were produced. The mechanism of the effect of the reaction conditions on the shape and size of the nanocrystals is discussed. The variation of reaction conditions can shift the reaction system between thermodynamic and kinetic control, which determines the morphology of the resultant nanoparticles. The formation of anisotropic rod-like CdS nanocrystals was found to be a highly kinetics-driven reaction, and a high monomer concentration in the reaction environment is a necessary condition for synthesizing rod-like CdS nanocrystals. By optimal combination of the reaction temperature, monomer concentration and reaction time, size- and aspect ratio-tunable one-dimensional (1D) CdS nanorods and hexagonal-like CdS nanocrystals which self-assembled into supperlattice arrays were obtained.
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters

The emergence of semiconductor nanocrystals as the building blocks of nanotechnology has opened up new ways to utilize them in next generation solar cells. This paper focuses on the recent developments in the utilization of semiconductor quantum dots for light energy conversion. Three major ways to utilize semiconductor dots in solar cell include (i) metal−semiconductor or Schottky junction photovoltaic cell (ii) polymer−semiconductor hybrid solar cell, and (iii) quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Modulation of band energies through size control offers new ways to control photoresponse and photoconversion efficiency of the solar cell. Various strategies to maximize photoinduced charge separation and electron transfer processes for improving the overall efficiency of light energy conversion are discussed. Capture and transport of charge carriers within the semiconductor nanocrystal network to achieve efficient charge separation at the electrode surface remains a major challenge. Directing the future resear.
Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensor with Fluorine-Terminated Hafnium Oxide Layer for Sodium Detection

In this study, post-CF4 plasma surface treatment of light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) with a HfO2-sensing membrane was carried out. pH sensitivity decreased but pNa sensitivity increased with fluorine incorporation. The highest pNa sensitivity was 31.8 mV/pNa, which was optimized with 3 min post CF4 plasma treatment. The results showed a high possibility for sensing sodium ions using an inorganic-sensing membrane and a fabrication process. Moreover, on the basis of the analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra, a sensing mechanism was developed.
A Hybrid Approach Toward Simulating Reionization: Coupling Ray Tracing with Excursion Sets

This paper introduces a new method of generating 21 cm maps that is based on ideas from ray tracing and excursion sets. In this method, photons generated in each grid cell are computed using the excursion set ideas while their propagation is accounted for by ray tracing. The method requires the overdensity field over a grid as a starting point. Then the usual reionization parameters, minimum mass of collapsed halos (Mmin), number of ionizing photons deposited in the intergalactic medium per collapsed baryon (nion), and ratio of ionization rate to recombination rate (represented through nrec) are used. Thus, this is a hybrid method that utilizes the results of theoretically motivated excursion sets and combines them with the computationally intensive procedure of ray tracing. As the method integrates simple principles of both the approaches, it is expected to yield precise and fast estimates of the power spectrum on the scales of interest (0.1 Mpc−1 ≲ k ≲ 1.0 Mpc−1).
Consequences of not fertilizing onions on organic soils with high soil test values

Abstract Two experiments of 4 year duration were conducted on organic soil sites which had accumulated P and K from several years of previous fertilization. There were no adverse consequences to an onion crop (Allium cepaL.) when P and K were omitted from the fertilizer program until the third year in one experiment. In the other there was no response to P and K even after 4 years of omission. Soil test levels declined substantially when P and K were not applied and also, although to a lesser degree, when they were applied at 112 and 168 kg/ha as P2O5and K2O respectively In contrast there were yield responses to N in most years. Nitrogen stimulated early development and always accelerated maturity as measured by the percentage of onion tops down in middle or later August. Concentrations of N, P and K in leaves or immature bulbs at midseason were always higher when these nutrients were applied indicating increased uptake even though yield responses did not always occur. When soil tests are relatively high,.
Über einige reaktionsfähige Fluor-Verbindungen der aromatischen Reihe†

Es wurden aromatische Fluor-Derivate der Diphenyl- und Diphenylsulfon-Reihe dargestellt, in welchen die Fluoratome durch zwei geeignet eingefuhrte Nitrogruppen oder eine Nitrogruppe und eine Sulfogruppe derart aktiviert sind, das sie mit Aminen, Aminosauren, Phenolen und Proteinen zu reagieren vermogen.
Crystal structure of (Z)-N-((cyclopropanecarbonyl)oxy)benzimidoyl cyanide, C12H10N2O2

Abstract C12H10N2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.294(3) Å, b = 5.281(1) Å, c = 16.230(3) Å, β = 92.70(3)°, V = 1052.5 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0441, wRref(F2) = 0.1171, T = 113 K.
Treatment of natural rubber latex concentration wastewaters by stabilisation pond

The feasibility of treating wastewater from a natural rubber latex concentration unit alone and in admixture with domestic sewage in a waste stabilisation pond was studied. The results clearly indicate that the waste stabilisation pond method is quite effective in treating the natural rubber latex concentration waste water in admixture with sewage. The percentage BOD and COD reduction ranged from 69 to 93 and 65 to 90, respectively. The algal counts in wastewater‐sewage mixture varied from 30 × 104 to 167 × 104/ml. While many species of algae grew well in the wastewater‐sewage mixture, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena acus and Scenedesmus quadricauda predominated.
EFFECT OF BIO AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEET

Two field experiments were carried out at Kafr El-Hamam Research Station, Zagazig district, Sharkia Governorate, Agricultural Research Center during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons to study the effect of biofertilization treatments (control, microbin, rhizobacterin, phosphorin and their interactions) and mineral nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/fed) on yield and quality of sugar beet cv. Plino. The main findings of this investigation could be summarized as follows: 1- Application the mixture of Microbeen + Rhizobacterin+ Phosphorien produced the highest values of all studied characters in both growing seasons as compared with using each bio-fertilizer alone. It was followed by application the mixture of Microbeen + Rhizobacterin then application the mixture of Rhizobacterin + Phosphorien in the two growing seasons. 2- Fertilizing sugar beet plants with 120 kg N/fed produced the highest values of root length and diameter, root and foliage fresh weights, TSS %, root and sugar yields/fed in the two seasons. However, the highest means of sucrose % and apparent purity % were resulted from control treatment (0 kg N/fed) in the two growing seasons. 3- The interaction between both studied factors had a significant effect on all studied characters in the two growing seasons. Generally, it could be concluded that application the mixture of Microbeen + Rhizobacterin + Phosphorien as biofertilizers and adding 120 kg N/fed as a mineral fertilization for maximizing sugar beet productivity under the environmental conditions of Zagazig district,.
Do Tube Models Yield Consistent Predictions for the Relaxation Time and Apparent Plateau Modulus of Entangled Linear Polymers

We show that state-of-the-art tube models overestimate the influence of contour length fluctuations (CLF) on the apparent plateau modulus of entangled flexible polymers. The observed inconsistency between the molecular weight dependence of the relaxation time and plateau modulus questions some of the underlying physics and suggests, in particular, that the CLF-based explanation for the zero-shear viscosity vs molecular weight scaling law is not entirely satisfactory.
An Investigation in Microencapsulating Astaxanthin Using a Monodisperse Droplet Spray Dryer

Astaxanthin has stirred great interest in the research and health communities due to its antioxidant capacity and possible role in reducing the risk of some diseases. However, astaxanthin is a highly unsaturated molecule that can degrade and lose its bioactive properties during processing and storage. Microencapsulation is a possible preservation process and a product option. In this work, monodisperse astaxanthin-containing microparticles with high bioactivity retention were prepared using the monodisperse droplet drying technique. The morphology, microstructure, surface oil content, flowability, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro release properties of the microparticles were determined to test the reliability of the spray-drying technique. The results show that monodisperse astaxanthin-containing microparticles have smooth surface, low surface oil content, excellent flowability, prolonged release profile, and high antioxidant activity. The current work indicates that the monodisperse droplet spray-drying technique enhances both bioactivity retention and product properties of astaxanthin-containing microparticles.