Color Atlas of Skeletal landmark definitions. Guidelines for reproducible manual and virtual palpations.

Foreword Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 2 Skull *External occipital protuberance (SOP) [M} *Zygomatic arch (SZR) [R,L] *Zygomatic angle (SZA)[R,L] *Mastoid process (SMP)[R,L] *Supraorbital notch (SSN)[R,L] *Infraorbital foramen(SIF)[R,L] *Lateral corner of orbit (SLC)[R,L] *Lower edge of orbit (SLE)[R,L] *Nasion (SNA)[M] *GLabella (SGL)[M] *Anterior nasal spine (SNS)[M] 3 Jaw *Angle (JAN)[R,L] *Mental protuberance(JMP)[M] *Inferior crest (JIC)[M] *Incisive(JIN)[M] 4 Spine *Spinous process (CV2 to CV7, TV1 to TV12, LV1 to LV5)[M] 5 Sternum *Jugular notch (SJN)[M] *Clavicular surface (SCS)[R,L] *Manubriosternal edge (SME)[M] *Xiphisternal joint (SXS)[M] 6 Ribs *Anterior aspect (RA2 to RA7)[R,L] *Medial aspect (RM2 to RM7)[R,L] *Lateral aspect (RL4 to RL10)[R,L] 7 Clavicle *Acromioclavicular joint (CAJ)[R,L] *Anterior concavity (CAA) [R,L] *Anterior convexity (CAE)[R,L] *Sternoclavicular joint (CSJ)[R,L] *Anterior sternoclavicular joint (CAS)[R,L} 8 Scapula *Inferior angle (SIA)[R,L] *Root of spine (SRS)[R,L] *Superior angle (SSA)[R,L] *Acromial angle (SAA) [R,L] *Acromial tip (SAT)[R,L] *Acromial edge (SAE)[R,L] *Coracoid tip (SCT) [R,L] *Acromioclavicular joint (SAJ) [R,L] 9 Humerus *Greater tubercle (HGT)[R,L] *Lesser tubercle (HLT)[R,L] *Deltoid tuberosity(HDT) [R,L] *Medial epicondyle (HME, HMU, HML)[R,L] *Lateral epicondyle (HLE)[R,L] 10 Ulna *Olecranon (UOA, UOM, UOL)[R,L] *Olecranon basis (UOB)[R,L] *Coronoid process (UCP)[R,L] *Dome (UHD)[R,L] *Head (UHE)[R,L] *Styloid process (USP)[R,L] *Distal radioulnar joint (URU)[R,L] 11 Radius *Head (RHE)[R,L] *Styloid process (RSP)[R,L] *Dorsal tubercle (RDT)[R,L] *Dorsal edge of distal radio-ulnar joint (RDE)[R,L] *Sigmoid notch (RSN)[R,L] 12 Hand *Pisiformis (HPI)[R,L] *Hamatum hook (HHH)[R,L] *Navicular tubercle (HNT)[R,L] *Basis (MBi)[R,L] *Head (HLi, HMi)[R,L] *Sesamoid bones (MSL, MSM)[R,L] *Basis (Bpi, BCi, BDi)[R,L] *Head (PLi, PMi, CLi, CMi, DLi, DMi)[R,L] 13 Sacral bone *Spinous process of 2nd sacral vertebrae (SS2)[M] 14 Iliac bone *Anterior superior iliac spine (IAS)[R,L] *Posterior superior iliac spine (IPS)[R,l} *Posterior inferior iliac spine (IPI)[R,L] *Ischial tuberosity, inferior angle (IIT)[R,L] *Pubic joint, anterior angle (IPJ)[M] *Pubis spine (IPP)[R,L] *Crest tubercle (ICT)[R,L] *Centre of acetabulum (IAC)[R,L] 15 Femur *Greater trochanter (FTc, FTa, FTp)[R,L] *Tubercle of the adductor magnus muscle (FAM)[R,L] *Medial epicondyle (FME)[R,L] *Medial sulcus (FMS)[R,L] *Lateral epicondyle (FLE, FUE, FBE) [R,L] *Popliteal sulcus (FPS)[R,L] *Antero-medial ridge of the patellar surface groove (FMG)[R,L] *Antero-lateral ridge of the patellar surface groove (FLG) [R,L] *Most distal point of the medial condyle (FMC)[R,L] *Most distal point of the lateral condyle (FLC)[R,L] *Center of head (FCH)[R,L] 16 Patella *Apex (PAX)[R,L] *Centre of medial edge (PME)[R,L] *Centre of lateral edge (PLE)[R,L] *Centre (PCE)[R,L] 17 Tibia *Tibial tuberosity (TTC, TTM, TTL) [R,L] *Medial ridge of tibial plateau (TMR)[R,L] *Lateral ridge of tibial plateau (TLR)[R,L] *Gerdy's tubercle (TGT)[R,L] *Apex of the medial malleolus (TAM)[R,L] 18 Fibula *Apex of the styloid process (FAX)[R,L] *Neck (FNE) [R,L] *Apex of the lateral malleolus (FAL)[R,L] 19 Foot *Posterior surface (FCC, FCM, FCL)[R,L] *Sustentaculum tali (FST) [R,L] *Tuberosity (FNT)[R, L] *Greater apophysis (FGA)[R,L] *Neck (FNK) [R, L] *Head (FHE) [R, L] *Peroneal trochlea (FPT) [R, L] *Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone (FMT) [R, L] 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th head (FM1, FM2, FM3, FM4, FM5) [R, L] *Basis (Bpi, BCi, BDi) [R, L] *Head (PLi, PMi, CLi, CMi, DLi, DMi) [R, L] 20 Approximation of centroid and radius Index