Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motivated Cognition: Effects of Reward, Emotion, and Other Motivational Factors Across a Variety of Cognitive Domains

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that motivation influences cognitive processing. The breadth of these effects is extensive and span influences of reward, emotion, and other motivational processes across all cognitive domains. As examples, this scope includes studies of emotional memory, value-based attentional capture, emotion effects on semantic processing, reward-related biases in decision making, and the role of approach/avoidance motivation on cognitive scope. Additionally, other less common forms of motivation–cognition interactions, such as self-referential and motoric processing can also be considered instances of motivated cognition. Here I outline some of the evidence indicating the generality and pervasiveness of these motivation influences on cognition, and introduce the associated ‘research nexus’ at Collabra: Psychology.
A dual-band dual-mode filter constructed by using floating-plate overlay structures

This paper presents the realization of dual-band dual-mode filter with adopting a floating-plate overlay feeding structures. The structure of floating-plate overlay can not only achieve a pass band bandwidth wider than the conventional features, but can realize the filter to have dual pass bands also. However, the structure of the floating-plate overlay limits the input positions of two loop resonators must be collinear, thus, the conventional dual-mode filter design method cannot be applied to implement both two pass-bands. A new set of design equations that can determine the dual mode filter with input position of feeding capacitor other than the conventional structure is proposed. For verifying the proposed design concept, an experimental filter having two designed pass-bands located at 2.4GHz and 3.6GHz, respectively, was designed and fabricated by using single layer PCB technology and two floating-plate overlays. The size of the filter is about 22×41 mm2 and the measured insertion losses in the pass bands are less than 1.8 and 2.0dB, respectively.
Enhancement of forced convection heat transfer from fin arrays with circular perforation

Rapid heat removal from heated surfaces and reducing material weight and cost become a major task for design of heat exchanger equipments like Cooling of I C engines. Development of super heat exchangers requires fabrication of efficient techniques to exchange great amount of heat between surface such as extended surface and ambient fluid. The present paper reports, an experimental study to investigate the heat transfer enhancement in rectangular fin arrays with circular perforation equipped on horizontal flat surface in horizontal rectangular duct. The data used in performance analyses were obtained experimentally by varying flow, different heat inputs and geometrical conditions. The experiment covered Reynolds number range from 3000–6000, based on the flow average inlet velocity and hydraulic diameter. Clearance ratio (C/H) 0.45, inter-fin spacing ratio (S/H) 0.22, duct width 150mm, height 100mm and fin size of both solid and perforated (weight reduction) were 100mm × 55mm × 3mm. For various heat inputs and flow rates values of Reynolds and Nusselt number were obtained. The results of perforated fin arrays have been compared with its external dimensionally equivalent solid fin arrays. It shows that enhancement in heat transfer of perforated fin arrays than solid fin arrays.
Infection by Mycoplasma hyorhinis strongly enhances uptake of antisense oligonucleotides: a reassessment of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the HepG2 cell line.

This paper shows that the approximately 66 kDa band, previously isolated from the HepG2 cell line as an oligonucleotide (ON) plasma membrane 'receptor', is induced by Mycoplasma infection. Moreover, this band has been identified as the invariant membrane protein of Mycoplasma hyorhinis, p70, based on ribosomal DNA sequencing combined with ON ligand blotting after p70 immunoprecipitation by a monoclonal antibody. Whereas antibiotic treatment of infected HepG2 cells strongly decreased ON capture, as measured by a biochemical assay, conversely, deliberate infection of HeLa cells with M.hyorhinis dramatically promoted ON uptake but did not affect receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin. This was confirmed by confocal microscopy of infected HepG2 cells, which also showed an indistinguishable labelling pattern after exposure of living cells to fluorescent ON and after p70 immunolabelling in permeabilised fixed cells. We propose that ON binds to p70 on M.hyorhinis attached at the cell surface, after which the complex is internalised by 'piggy-back' endocytosis.
Epitope tagging of yeast genes using a PCR‐based strategy: more tags and improved practical routines

Epitope tagging of proteins as a strategy for the analysis of function, interactions and the subcellular distribution of proteins has become widely used. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, molecular biological techniques have been developed that use a simple PCR‐based strategy to introduce epitope tags to chromosomal loci (Wach et al., 1994). To further employ the power of this strategy, a variety of novel tags was constructed. These tags were combined with different selectable marker genes, resulting in PCR amplificable modules. Only one set of primers is required for the amplification of any module. Furthermore, convenient laboratory techniques are described that facilitate the genetic manipulations of yeast strains, as well as the analysis of the epitope‐tagged proteins. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Poststroke Recovery

Abstract Motor impairment, dysphagia, aphasia, and visual impairment are common disabling residual deficits experienced by stroke survivors. Recently, many novel rehabilitative modalities have been investigated for their potential to ameliorate such deficits and to improve functional outcomes. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have emerged as a promising tool to facilitate stroke recovery. tDCS can alter cortical excitability to induce brain plasticity by modulating the lesioned, contralesional, or bilateral hemispheres with various stimulation modalities. Along with peripheral therapies, tDCS can lead to subsequent sustained behavioral and clinical gains in patients with stroke. In this review, we summarize characteristics of tDCS (method of stimulation, safety profile, and mechanism) and its application in the treatment of various stroke-related deficits, and we highlight future directions for tDCS in this capacity.
Bounded Rationality and Limited Datasets

Theories of bounded rationality are typically characterized over an exhaustive data set. How does one tell whether observed choices are consistent with a theory if the data is incomplete? How can out-of-sample predictions be made? What can be identified about preferences? This paper aims to operationalize some leading bounded rationality theories when the available data is limited, as is the case in most practical settings. We also point out that the recent bounded rationality literature has overlooked a methodological pitfall that can lead to 'false positives' and 'empty' out-of-sample predictions when testing choice theories with limited data.
A Weak Dynamic Programming Principle for Combined Optimal Stopping/Stochastic Control with Ef-expectations

We study a combined optimal control/stopping problem under a nonlinear expectation E f induced by a BSDE with jumps, in a Markovian framework. The terminal reward function is only supposed to be Borelian. The value function u associated with this problem is generally irregular. We first establish a sub-(resp., super-) optimality principle of dynamic programming involving its upper-(resp., lower-) semicontinuous envelope u * (resp., u *). This result, called the weak dynamic programming principle (DPP), extends that obtained in [Bouchard and Touzi, SIAM J. Control Optim. , 49 (2011), pp. 948–962] in the case of a classical expectation to the case of an E f-expectation and Borelian terminal reward function. Using this weak DPP, we then prove that u * (resp., u *) is a viscosity sub-(resp., super-) solution of a nonlinear Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman variational inequality.
Modeling Intelligent Human Resources Systems (IRHS) using Big Data and Support Vector Machine (SVM)

The information available in the form of data in Human Resources (HR) to be analyzed will vary greatly depending on the type of organization. Fast and effective Human Resources Systems facilitates the success of an organization. Data science in HR can help determine whether there are patterns of churn in our data that could help predict future churn and find the right candidate of employee. In this paper, we describe the novel model of Intelligent Human Resources Systems (IHRS) using Big Data to analyze and predict about future status of the employees based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM).
Age-related cataracts in alpha3Cx46-knockout mice are dependent on a calpain 3 isoform.

PURPOSE Previous studies have demonstrated that in 129alpha3Cx46-/- mice, age-related nuclear cataract is formed. In the present study, a more in vivo-relevant model was generated to test the hypothesis that the calpain 3 gene is involved in age-related nuclear cataractogenesis in alpha3Cx46 knockout mice. METHODS To test the hypothesis that the calpain 3 gene is involved in age-related nuclear cataractogenesis in alpha3Cx46 knockout mice, 129alpha3Cx46-/- and CAPN3-/- mice were mated to generate homozygous double-knockout (dKO) mice. Lenses from the mice were examined by visual observation, laser scan analysis, and histologic and biochemical methods. RESULTS In the absence of the CAPN3 gene, the formation of a cataract was delayed, and its appearance was changed to a more diffuse, pulverulent type. Unlike in the 129alpha3Cx46-/- mouse, cleavage of gamma-crystallin was not detected in the dKO mouse. In both 129alpha3Cx46-/- and dKO mice, total Ca2+ increased. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows for the first time that calpain 3 is necessary for the formation of age-dependent nuclear cataracts in alpha3Cx46-/- mice. Evidence that the calpain 3 gene is directly involved in, or part of the pathway that leads to, gamma-crystallin cleavage is presented. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the loss of alpha3Cx46 leads to increased levels of Ca2+ ions, and this increase activates the CAPN3 isoform, Lp82/85, which results in the formation of a nuclear cataract.
Asian rickets and osteomalacia.

Crowded buildings, sunless alleyways, industrial pollution and Northern latitudes set the scene for privational rickets, first described in European cities in the 17th century and reaching its peak in Victorian times. Recognition of the antirachitic effects of sunlight and discovery of the sources and effects of vitamin D made prevention possible so that so-called 'nutritional' rickets disappeared from the indigenous population of all but the most deprived cities, and attention turned to its metabolic causes. In the USA, where vitamin D deficiency occurs only in unusual circumstances [1], this trend continues. In the UK, in contrast, lateonset rickets and osteomalacia made a dramatic reappearance with the immigration of Asians in the 1960s—particularly, but not exclusively, in our Northern cities [2-4]. Superficially, the main causes in this population were the same as those in Victorian Caucasians; in addition, Asians tended to keep well covered up, preventing their lightly pigmented skin from taking advantage of even the small amount of ultraviolet light available for the synthesis of vitamin D. Their habitual diet, often vegetarian, was deficient in vitamin D but high in fibre and high extraction flour in the form of chapattis [4]. Thus rickets and osteomalacia in the Asian population was thought to result from a lack of both endogenous (dermally synthesized) and exogenous (dietary) vitamin D. The relative importance of these sources was unknown and the term 'nutritional' was widely used to cover this ignorance. However measurement of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), a newly found indicator of vitamin D status, gave interesting clues [5]. It was shown that the 25-OHD levels of Asian immigrants was low (and fell further after their arrival in the UK), and was often undetectable in those with rickets and osteomalacia. Even in Scotland, these low levels could be increased by outdoor exposure, so that although plasma 25-OHD levels of Asians living in Stornaway were less than those of Caucasians, they were higher than those of Asians living in Glasgow. The same investigators showed, by separate measurements of plasma 25-OHD3 (largely endogenous) and 25-OHD2 (from the diet), that the contribution of 25-OHD2 to total circulating 25-OHD in normal white adults was negligible. In support of this conclusion they demonstrated that the plasma concentration of total 25-OHD in nuclear submariners receiving a good diet fell during a two-month undersea patrol when they received no light of the wavelength required for the dermal synthesis of vitamin D. Such ingenious observations emphasized the overwhelming importance of the endogenous cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D and the normally negligible contribution of dietary vitamin D to circulating concentrations of 25-OHD.
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Heart Failure: Brain Versus Heart

Arrhythmias to transient cardiac failure have been reported in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The cardiac dysfunction can mimic an acute myocardial infarction, and in the presence of severe neurological compromise, careful observation is needed to differentiate the etiology of cardiac failure. Accurate history, rapid assessment, and interpretation of diagnostics are essential to determine the accurate diagnosis and in identifying appropriate treatment.
Assessment of arbovirus vector infection rates using variable size pooling

Abstract. Pool testing of vector samples for arboviruses is widely used in surveillance programmes. The proportion of infected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) is often estimated from the minimum infection rate (MIR), based on the assumption of only one infected mosquito per positive pool. This assumption becomes problematic when pool size is large and/or infection rate is high. By relaxing this constraint, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is more useful for a wide range of infection levels that may be encountered in the field. We demonstrate the difference between these two estimation approaches using West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data from vectors collected by gravid traps in Chicago during 2002. MLE of infection rates of Culex mosquitoes was as high as 60 per 1000 at the peak of transmission in August, whereas MIR was less than 30 per 1000. More importantly, we demonstrate roles of various pooling strategies for better estimation of infection rates based on simulation studies with hypothetical mosquito samples of 18 pools. Variable size pooling (with a serial pool sizes of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 individuals) performed consistently better than a constant size pooling of 50 individuals. We conclude that variable pool size coupled with MLE is critical for accurate estimates of mosquito infection rates in WNV epidemic seasons.
Effect of the transformation of the Veterans Affairs Health Care System on the quality of care.

BACKGROUND In the mid-1990s, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system initiated a systemwide reengineering to, among other things, improve its quality of care. We sought to determine the subsequent change in the quality of health care and to compare the quality with that of the Medicare fee-for-service program. METHODS Using data from an ongoing performance-evaluation program in the VA, we evaluated the quality of preventive, acute, and chronic care. We assessed the change in quality-of-care indicators from 1994 (before reengineering) through 2000 and compared the quality of care with that afforded by the Medicare fee-for-service system, using the same indicators of quality. RESULTS In fiscal year 2000, throughout the VA system, the percentage of patients receiving appropriate care was 90 percent or greater for 9 of 17 quality-of-care indicators and exceeded 70 percent for 13 of 17 indicators. There were statistically significant improvements in quality from 1994-1995 through 2000 for all nine indicators that were collected in all years. As compared with the Medicare fee-for-service program, the VA performed significantly better on all 11 similar quality indicators for the period from 1997 through 1999. In 2000, the VA outperformed Medicare on 12 of 13 indicators. CONCLUSIONS The quality of care in the VA health care system substantially improved after the implementation of a systemwide reengineering and, during the period from 1997 through 2000, was significantly better than that in the Medicare fee-for-service program. These data suggest that the quality-improvement initiatives adopted by the VA in the mid-1990s were effective.
NAM: association studies in multiple populations

MOTIVATION Mixed linear models provide important techniques for performing genome-wide association studies. However, current models have pitfalls associated with their strong assumptions. Here, we propose a new implementation designed to overcome some of these pitfalls using an empirical Bayes algorithm. RESULTS Here we introduce NAM, an R package that allows user to take into account prior information regarding population stratification to relax the linkage phase assumption of current methods. It allows markers to be treated as a random effect to increase the resolution, and uses a sliding-window strategy to increase power and avoid double fitting markers into the model. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION NAM is an R package available in the CRAN repository. It can be installed in R by typing install.packages ('NAM'). CONTACT krainey@purdue.edu. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary date are available at Bioinformatics online.
Broad Antiviral Activity and Crystal Structure of HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor Sifuvirtide*

Background: Sifuvirtide (SFT) is an HIV peptide fusion inhibitor under phase II clinical trials. Results: Crystal structure of SFT complexed with gp41 NHR peptide and the potent activity of SFT against diverse HIV-1 variants were determined. Conclusion: Crystal structure fully supports earlier peptide design. Significance: Our data present important information for developing SFT for clinical use and for designing novel HIV fusion inhibitors. Sifuvirtide (SFT) is an electrostatically constrained α-helical peptide fusion inhibitor showing potent anti-HIV activity, good safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles, and it is currently under phase II clinical trials in China. In this study, we demonstrate its potent and broad anti-HIV activity by using diverse HIV-1 subtypes and variants, including subtypes A, B, and C that dominate the AIDS epidemic worldwide, and subtypes B′, CRF07_BC, and CRF01_AE recombinants that are currently circulating in China, and those possessing cross-resistance to the first and second generation fusion inhibitors. To elucidate its mechanism of action, we determined the crystal structure of SFT in complex with its target N-terminal heptad repeat region (NHR) peptide (N36), which fully supports our rational inhibitor design and reveals its key motifs and residues responsible for the stability and anti-HIV activity. As anticipated, SFT adopts fully helical conformation stabilized by the multiple engineered salt bridges. The designing of SFT also provide novel inter-helical salt bridges and hydrogen bonds that improve the affinity of SFT to NHR trimer. The extra serine residue and acetyl group stabilize α-helicity of the N-terminal portion of SFT, whereas Thr-119 serves to stabilize the hydrophobic NHR pocket. In addition, our structure demonstrates that the residues critical for drug resistance, located at positions 37, 38, 41, and 43 of NHR, are irreplaceable for maintaining the stable fusogenic six-helix bundle structure. Our data present important information for developing SFT for clinical use and for designing novel HIV fusion inhibitors.
Challenges to Quantitative Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Atomic-Resolution X-Ray Spectral

Abstract A new aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with an array of Si-drift energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers has been utilized to acquire spectral image data at atomic resolution. The resulting noisy data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis to noise filter, remove an unwanted and partially overlapping non-sample-specific X-ray signal, and extract the relevant correlated X-ray signals (e.g., channels with L and K lines). As an example, the Y2Ti2O7 pyrochlore-structured oxide (assumed here to be ideal) was interrogated at the [011] projection. In addition to pure columns of Y and Ti, at this projection, there are also mixed 50-50 at. % Y-Ti columns. An attempt at atomic-resolution quantification is presented. The method proposed here is to subtract the non-column-specific signal from the elemental components and then quantify the data based upon an internally derived k-factor. However, a theoretical basis to predict this non-column-specific signal is needed to make this generally applicable.
Derivation of a color space for image color difference measurement

In digital image reproduction, it is often desira- ble to compute image difference of reproductions and the original images. The traditional CIE color difference for- mula, designed for simple color patches in controlled viewing conditions, is not adequate for computing image difference for spatially complex image stimuli. Zhang and Wandell (Proceedings of the SID Symposium, 1996; p 731-734) introduced the S-CIELAB model to account for complex color stimuli using spatial filtering as a prepro- cessing stage. Building on S-CIELAB, iCAM was designed to serve as both a color appearance model and also an image difference metric for complex color stimuli (IST p 33-38). These image difference models follow a similar image processing path to approximate the behavior of human observers. Generally, image pairs are first converted into device-independent coordinates such as CIE XYZ tristimu- lus values or approximate human cone responses (LMS), and then further transformed into opponent-color chan- nels approximating white-black, red-green, and yellow- blue color perceptions. Once in the opponent space, the images are filtered with approximations of human con- trast sensitivity functions (CSFs) to remove information that is invisible to the human visual system. The images are then transformed back to a color difference space such as CIELAB, and pixel-by-pixel color differences are calculated. The shape and effectiveness of the CSF spatial filters used in this type of modeling is highly dependent on the choice of opponent color space. For image differ- ence calculations, the ideal opponent color space would be both linear and orthogonal such that the linear filter- ing is correct and any spatial processing on one channel does not affect the others. This article presents a review of historical opponent color spaces and an experimental derivation of a new color space and corresponding spatial filters specifically designed for image color difference calculations. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 35, 387-400, 2010; Published online 7 January 2010 in Wiley