Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study on lactose intolerance and milk intake among people in Mgeta and Njombe areas, Tanzania

ii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . v LIST OF STATISTICAL NOTATIONS. vi LIST OF CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND SYMBOLS. vi CHAPTER ONE . 1 1.0. INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION. 3 1.2. OBJECTIVES. 5 1.2. 1. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE. 5 1.2. 2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES. 5 CHAPTER TWO . 6 2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW. 6 CHAPTER THREE . 9 3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 9 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY SITES . 9 3.2. STUDY DESIGN . 10 3.3. SAMPLING PROCEDURES. 10 3.4. DATA COLLECTION. 12 3.4.1. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION . 13 3.4.2. INFORMATION ON DAIRY KEEPING. 13 3.4.3. MILK INTAKE PER WEEK. 13 3.4.4. SYMPTOMATIC OCCURRENCE OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE . 14 3.4.5. SYMPTOMATIC PREVALENCE OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE . 14 3.4. 6. SEVERITY OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE . 14 3.5. DATA ANALYSIS . 14 CHAPTER FOUR. 15 4.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 15 4.1. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. 15 4.2. MANIFESTATION OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE. 17 4.3. PREVALENCE OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE . 28 4.4. HOUSEHOLD MILK INTAKE AND DAIRY GOATS / COWS KEEPING . 32 4.5. COPING WITH LACTOSE INTOLERANCE. 37 CHAPTER FIVE . 40 5.0. SUMMARY . 40 5.1. CONCLUSION . 40 5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS. 41 LIST OF REFERENCES. 43
Optimal Boundary Detection Using Autonomous Mobile Sensors

A fundamental challenge to modern science and engineering is the ability to rapidly and accurately determine the spatial extent of environmental phenomena. In monitoring the spread of hazardous pollution, for example, all points with pollutant concentration above or below a fixed threshold can be considered as two classes in a binary classification problem. In this instance, the goal is to accurately estimate the decision boundary as quickly as possible. To generate models and predictions, scientists must choose their sampling locations from a vast array of possibilities. This thesis develops a policy for determining the optimal sample locations for a fixed number of samples. The motivating scenario for this work is that of determining the spatial extent of particulate matter from a wildfire with an autonomous aerial vehicle. Algorithms designed to rapidly determine a decision boundary fall within the category of active learning or adaptive sampling. These methods typically try to maximize information gain per sample, but will be accompanied by potentially dramatic drawbacks in terms of sampling costs like distance or time. Meanwhile, state-of-the-art methods that balance the above costs by sampling a certain fraction into the remaining interval at each step do not guarantee to find the optimal search procedure. For the first situation we consider, a one-dimensional step function, we propose a finite-horizon sampling procedure that optimally balances the distance traveled during the search with the final estimation entropy. We show the resulting cost for a uniform probability distribution with noiseless measurements can be optimized in closed form, and derive the expected number of samples necessary to fall below a given final estimation error. We show our method is suitable for both distanceand time-penalized search procedures, and demonstrate that the resulting policy generalizes and improves upon existing approaches to this problem. Empirical results
Miniature Wideband Non-Uniform Metasurface Antenna Using Equivalent Circuit Model

A miniaturized wideband non-uniform metasurface antenna is proposed and analyzed using an equivalent circuit model. The non-uniform metasurface consists of an array of rectangular metallic patches separated by varying gaps. The effects of the varying gap widths on the resonant frequencies of the dual-mode non-uniform metasurface antenna are studied using the proposed equivalent circuit model. The resonant frequency of the first TM<sub>10</sub> mode decreases with narrowing of either the center or side gaps; the resonant frequency of the antiphase TM<sub>20</sub> mode is hardly affected by the center gap width but decreases while reducing the side gap width. The miniaturization of the metasurface antenna is therefore achieved by narrowing the side gaps, and the wide bandwidth with good impedance matching is realized by widening the center gap. A proof-of-concept prototype demonstrates a peak gain of 7.2 dBi over a −10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth of 21.8%, with a miniaturized non-uniform metasurface of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.46\lambda _{0} \times 0.49\lambda _{0} \times 0.06\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the center operating wavelength in free space) which achieves 54% size reduction compared with the earlier developed wideband antenna with a uniform metasurface of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.7\lambda _{0} \times 0.7\lambda _{0} \times 0.06\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.
Quarterly Labour Force Survey

The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is a continuous, household survey, conducted by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on behalf of the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) which provides a wide range of data on labour market statistics and related topics such as training, qualifications, income and disability. The data from the survey are used extensively both within and outside government. The LFS has been running since spring 1992 in its present form although a LFS has been carried out in the UK since 1973. Between 1973 and 1983 a biennial survey was carried out during the spring. In 1984 the survey became annual. In spring 1992, for the first time, the data were made available quarterly, with a quarterly sample size approximately equivalent to that of the previous annual data, thus becoming the Quarterly Labour Force Survey. Each quarter interviews are achieved at about 59,000 addresses with about 138,000 respondents.
Herbal Leaves Image Clustering via K-Means

: India is a pervasive origin for the medicinal plants which fruitages traditional medicine. Modern research in computer science is developing an automatic recognition system of plants by its leaf images. Features decide individual leaves. In this research, features are extracted from herbal leaf images and clustered by Gray Level Concurrence Matrix and K-means respectively. Both algorithms are executed on MATLAB and reached 86.96% accuracy.
Bidens-Inspired Anchor-Locking Microstructure for Improving the Reliability of Advanced Quad Flat No-Lead Packages

Delamination frequently occurs at the interface of epoxy molding compound (EMC) and leadframe (LF) in advanced quad flat no-lead (aQFN) packages. It is caused by inadequate adhesion and can lead to a possible failure of the electronic device and, hence, decreased device or system reliability. We developed an anchor-locking microstructure approach, which is a simple, compatible, and low-cost procedure for the current package industry to enhance the bonding strength of the LF and EMC for raising reliability of the aQFN packages. The anchor-locking feature was inspired by Bidens pilosa, where the bur hooks itself to fabrics and animal furs thereby spreading the seeds; there is some difficulty in releasing the burs once it hooks on the fabric or fur. To fabricate the anchor-locking microstructures, several microfabrication processes, such as photolithography, etching, and electroplating, were employed to produce the lead and anchor-hook microstructure in the LF. Furthermore, fabricated microstructures were individually mounted using solder balls and EMC pillars to form the pull-test samples. The pulling tests were used to characterize all samples, and the failure loads of the lead and anchor-locking microstructure samples were 14.3 and 26.2 N, respectively. The anchor-locking microstructure samples showed almost two times of the adhesion strength. The finite-element method was utilized to study the theoretical failure loads of the lead and anchor-locking microstructure samples, which were 14.1 and 26.1 N, respectively. Therefore, the developed nature-inspired locking lead approach has a high potential for applications in the microelectronics industry.
The contribution of school-site health and wellness opportunities, personal interest in health and perceived health competence to health-related role perceptions in teachers

Introduction. Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services have established comprehensive frameworks to promote and maintain student health. One method, school-site health and wellness, seeks to enhance the health and well-being of school personnel. Existing research offers that health and wellness opportunities for staff contribute to student health by enhancing teacher interest in and competence for health. Purpose. This inquiry sought to investigate the association between the perceived availability of school-site health and wellness opportunities, personal health-related factors, and role perceptions pertinent to student health. Methods. A 107 item online questionnaire was utilized to collect data from a sample of Missouri teachers (n = 104). Hierarchical multiple regression was used to identify the predictive value of available health and wellness opportunities, personal interest in health, and perceived health competence on teacher role perceptions for student health. Results. Significant correlations between teacher personal health-related variables and teacher role perceptions for student health were identified. Most importantly, teacher personal interest in health significantly explained approximately 7% of the variance associated with teacher role breadth for student health. Implications. This study suggests that teacher personal interest in health may serve as a viable mechanism to enhance teacher role breadth for student health. Such a relationship also highlights the need for continued investigation regarding how school-site health and wellness may impact student health, the value of healthy teachers within schools, and the complex formation of teacher roles pertinent to actual engagement in student health promoting behaviors.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of a rambler rose, Rosa wichuraiana (Rosaceae)

Abstract The rambler Rosa wichuraiana Crép. is an important founder species during modern rose domestication. However, the chloroplast genome (plastome) of this wild species remains unavailable. Here, we assembled the complete chloroplast genomes for two genotypes of R. wichuraiana. Both plastomes were typical quadripartite circular with 156,500/156,504 bp in length, comprising a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,651/85,660 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,751/18,744 bp, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,049/26,050 bp, respectively. Both plastomes encoded 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction with several rose plastomes revealed that both genotypes were sisters to a clade including Rosa luciae, Rosa multiflora, and Rosa maximowicziana.
Sentiment analysis and relationship between social media and stock market: pantip.com and SET

This research constructs a process flow of social media sentiment analysis and explains relationship between comments on social media and stock. One of the popular social media for Stock Exchange of Thailand investors is Pantip.com, a website providing service as a webboard with tagging feature. In this research, all posts tagged by ‘Stock’ on this website were crawled to files. Then comments were scraped and cleaned. For model training, some comments were labelled into three classes; positive, negative and neutral. Sentiment analysis model was constructed by Naive Bayes Classification technique. In evaluation, the model shown that it performed 74% accuracy. This model was utilised to classify comments into sentiments. When all comments were completely classed, sentiment types were counted by date. Finally, correlation matrices were constructed to find relationship between number of sentiments and stock. The research found that number of sentiments from social media relate to ADVANC and CPALL stock volumes. Moreover, the correlation always reaches to the peak on trading day then it gradually declines with the magnitude depending on the day length after trading day.
The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme on the Nutritional Status of Children: 2008–2012

Ethiopiaâ€™s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) is a large-scale social protection intervention aimed at improving food security and stabilizing asset levels. The PSNP contains a mix of public works employment and unconditional transfers. It is a well-targeted program; however, several years passed before payment levels reached the intended amounts. The PSNP has been successful in improving household food security. However, childrenâ€™s nutritional status in the localities where the PSNP operates is poor, with 48 percent of children stunted in 2012. This leads to the question of whether the PSNP could improve child nutrition. In this paper, we examine the impact of the PSNP on childrenâ€™s nutritional status over the period 2008â€“2012. Doing so requires paying particular attention to the targeting of the PSNP and how payment levels have evolved over time. Using inverse-probability-weighted regression-adjustment estimators, we find no evidence that the PSNP reduces either chronic undernutrition (height-for-age z-scores, stunting) or acute undernutrition (weight-for-height z-scores, wasting). While we cannot definitively identify the reason for this nonresult, we note that child diet quality is poor. We find no evidence that the PSNP improves child consumption of pulses, oils, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, or animal-source proteins. Most mothers have not had contact with health extension workers nor have they received information on good feeding practices. Water practices, as captured by the likelihood that mothers boil drinking water, are poor. These findings, along with work by other researchers, have informed revisions to the PSNP. Future research will assess whether these revisions have led to improvements in the diets and anthropometric status of preschool children in Ethiopia.
Insula functional connectivity in schizophrenia

The insula is structurally abnormal in schizophrenia, demonstrating robust reductions in gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and altered gyrification during prodromal, early and chronic stages of the illness. Despite compelling structural alterations, less is known about its functional connectivity, limited by studies considering the insula as a whole or only within the context of resting-state networks. There is evidence, however, from healthy subjects that the insula is comprised of sub-regions with distinct functional profiles, with dorsal anterior insula (dAI) involved in cognitive processing, ventral anterior insula (vAI) involved in affective processing, and posterior insula (PI) involved in somatosensory processing. The current study builds on this prior work and characterizes insula resting-state functional connectivity sub-region profiles in a large cohort of schizophrenia (N=191) and healthy (N=196) participants and hypothesizes specific associations between insula sub-region connectivity abnormalities and clinical characteristics related to their functional profiles. Functional dysconnectivity of the insula in schizophrenia is broadly characterized by reduced connectivity within insula sub-networks and hyper-connectivity with regions not normally connected with that sub-region, reflected in significantly greater similarity of dAI and PI connectivity profiles and significantly lower similarity of dAI and vAI connectivity profiles (p<.05). In schizophrenia, hypo-connectivity of dAI correlates with cognitive function (r=.18, p=.014), whereas hyper-connectivity between vAI and superior temporal sulcus correlates with negative symptoms (r=.27, p<.001). These findings reveal altered insula connectivity in all three sub-regions and converges with recent evidence of reduced differentiation of insula connectivity in schizophrenia, implicating functional dysconnectivity of the insula in cognitive and clinical symptoms.
Tumoyo’s Tradition in Agriculture Product Distribution Systems in Taraitak Village; Minahasa Regency

This study aims to (1) describe and analyze the behavior of community landowners with sharecroppers in Taraitak Village, Langowan Utara District, Minahasa, (2) Describe and analyze the factors that cause Tumoyo culture is still maintained and practiced by the community in Taraitak Village, Kecamatan Langowan Utara, Minahasa. In this study the research method used was the qualitative research method of the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The results showed that: (1) the tradition of tumoyo was maintained by the community in Taraitak Village, North Langowan District, on the grounds that between landowners and cultivators needing one another, the community put forward consensus agreement even though in reality their levels of education differed. This is also because the level of income obtained is still relatively good and there are Minahasa customs and culture that are still maintained by some Taraitak people. The profit sharing agreement system is a form of collaboration carried out by the community since long time ago. The agreement for the outcome was carried out by two parties, namely the rice field owner and the rice field cultivator. The implementation of production sharing agreements can not only improve the economy but can also foster solidarity in the community, (2) Factors that cause the Tumoyo culture is still maintained and practiced by the community in Taraitak Village, partly because of a sense of justice in the system for the results, the nature / attitude of mutual need and between land owners and smallholders is a family bond. The Tumoyo tradition is a form of cooperation between landowners and smallholder farmers that is not only useful in terms of material improvements, but by carrying out indirect production sharing agreements it can also increase a solidarity in the community in the form of mapalus, a mutual attitude mutual cooperation, respect for one another and family relationships are very prominent. Kata Kunci: Tumoyo, Tradition, Product Sharing, Agriculture
A New Hybrid Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm For Solving Benchmark Problems

With the heat treatment applied to the workpiece, the material gains are abrasion resistance, friction resistance, thermal resistance and strength. However, hardening of the material makes to machining is difficult. Advances in machine tool and CBN insert technology have facilitated the machining of hard materials. Since CBN tools also prevent the increase of temperature, the use of coolant is not required. In addition, achieving a grinding quality surface makes it possible to use hard turning as an alternative to grinding. In this experimental study, AISI 4340 material with CBN tooling experiments which were increased to 63 HRC hardness by heat treatment were applied. Cutting is done under cooling and dry cutting conditions. Machining experiments were carried out at 3 different cutting speeds and 3 different feed rate at constant depth of cut. It was observed that surface roughness value increased with increasing feed rate. It was observed that dry cutting conditions decreased the surface roughness value in a small amount.
Investor Sentiment and Microstructure Information in Index Futures Markets

We show how specific features of the microstructure information from VPIN and DPIN can volatile the futures market and can link with the price discover and investor sentiment. We develop an investor (institutional, noise, and both) sentiment index for the Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 (SSE 50) Index Futures, and analyze relations among the index futures return, the investor sentiment, VPIN and DPIN, illiquidity, and volatility. We first specify the informed investor sentiment index for traders who invest based on market information and uninformed investor sentiment index for irrational noise traders who provide market liquidity. Empirically, the VPIN and the investor sentiment can predict the SSE 50 futures returns in a low frequency environment, and there is a significantly negative correlation between the informed transaction and the next level of liquidity in a high frequency environment. We also show that the futures market is relatively stable under moderate investor sentiment, and the trading volume can correspond to both investor sentiment and liquidity levels.
Evolution of multifunctionality through a pleiotropic substitution in the innate immune protein S100A9

Multifunctional proteins are evolutionary puzzles: how do proteins evolve to satisfy multiple functional constraints? S100A9 is one such multifunctional protein. It potently amplifies inflammation via Toll-like receptor 4 and is antimicrobial as part of a heterocomplex with S100A8. These two functions are seemingly regulated by proteolysis: S100A9 is readily degraded, while S100A8/S100A9 is resistant. We take an evolutionary biochemical approach to show that S100A9 evolved both functions and lost proteolytic resistance from a weakly proinflammatory, proteolytically resistant amniote ancestor. We identify a historical substitution that has pleiotropic effects on S100A9 proinflammatory activity and proteolytic resistance but has little effect on S100A8/S100A9 antimicrobial activity. We thus propose that mammals evolved S100A8/S100A9 antimicrobial and S100A9 proinflammatory activities concomitantly with a proteolytic “timer” to selectively regulate S100A9. This highlights how the same mutation can have pleiotropic effects on one functional state of a protein but not another, thus facilitating the evolution of multifunctionality.
Refugee Crisis in Cameroon: The Contribution of UN Women and MINPROFF to the Empowerment of Women in the Refugee Site of Ngam

The history of the world has been marked by violence and wars. These situations push people to be displaced from one place to another and from one country to the other to seek for refuge. Today more than ever before, the number of people leaving one region to the other is increasing, and among these are women and children. According to the UN high commissioner for refugees, in 2017, 65.6 million people were forcibly displaced from their homes worldwide, with nearly 20 people being displaced every minute as a result of conflict or persecution. Reports from UNHCR (2017) Cameroon, shows that Cameroon has more than 600,000 refugees mostly coming from the Central African Republic and Nigeria. The Government of Cameroon works with partners like the UNHCR, the World Food Programme, UNICEF, UN Women and other national institutions like the Ministry of Women‟s Empowerment and the Family (MINPROFF) to improve the lives of these refugees. UN Women and MINPROFF work particularly with women and girls. This study uses mainly the qualitative method of data collection to evaluate the contributions made by UN Women and MINPROFF to empower women in the refugee site of Ngam.