Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiation grafting/crosslinking of silk using electron-beam irradiation

The radiation grafting of silk with methacrylamide (MAA) was studied using an electron-beam (EB) irradiation technique. Two irradiation processes, preirradiation and coirradiation, were compared, and some factors affecting the degree of grafting were investigated. The radiation crosslinking of silk with dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) was preliminarily studied. The physical and mechanical properties such as whiteness, breaking strength, and resilience of the radiation-grafted/crosslinked silk fabrics were examined. The radiation grafting of silk with MAA increases the silk weight, while the radiation crosslinking of silk with DMDHEU imparts improved crease resistance to silk. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis indicate the formation of peroxy and free-radical species on the EB-irradiated silk. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2028–2034, 2004
Enzyme Multilayers on Colloid Particles: Assembly, Stability, and Enzymatic Activity

Colloidal biocatalysts, comprising polystyrene (PS) carrier particles coated with enzyme multilayers, were fabricated via the layer-by-layer self-assembly method. Glucose oxidase (GOD), horseradish peroxidase (POD), or preformed enzyme−polyelectrolyte complexes were assembled in alternation with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto PS particles. Microelectrophoresis, single-particle light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed stepwise growth of the multilayer films on the colloid particles. The high surface area enzyme multilayer-coated particles were successfully employed as specific enzyme reactors (i.e., as catalysts). Whereas no loss in activity was observed for the enzymes immobilized directly onto particle surfaces, precomplexing the enzymes with polymer in solution drastically reduced their activity (by up to 70%). The enzymatic activity (per particle) was found to increase with the number of enzyme layers immobilized, irrespective of whether the enzyme was precomplexed. Ho.
Mixing With Helical Ribbon Impellers

Batch mixing of rheological complex fluids using helical ribbon and helical ribbon screw impellers was investigated in the laminar mixing region. Eight models and one polysaccharide fermentation broth (gelkn) were used. These fluids exhibited different rheological properties: Newtonian viscosity, viscoelasticity, and pseudoplasti-city. The Ostwald-de Waele model (power law) described adequately the shear viscosity of pseudoplastic fluids, including the gellan broth ( n ranged from 0.14 to 0.65). Power consumption decreased as pseudoplasticity increased and a model was developed to predict the deviations from Newtonian power input due to pseudoplasticity. A dimensionless, unique representation of the power data using the predictions of the model, showed a shift of the upper limit for the laminar mixing region towards higher values of Re ( Re ≈ 100). The model predictions were found to be in good agreement with those obtained by using the classical approach of Metzner and Otto 1 . The constant of proportionality between the average shear rate and the impeller rotational speed, K s , was found to be a function of the power law index, especially for high shear thinning fluids. It was found that power consumption increased as the impeller blade pitch decreased or as the impeller blade width increased. Both impeller pitch and blade width do not have significant influence on K S .
A synchrotron X-ray study of the electron density in YFeO3

Structure factors for synthetic yttrium orthoferrite, YFeO 3 , measured with MoKα (λ = 0.71073 A) X-radiation and using a smaller crystal with focused λ = 0.75 A synchrotron radiation are broadly consistent. Approximate symmetry in concordant difference densities indicates that cations deform the electron density more strongly than O atoms, although the deformation-density (Δp) map symmetry is lower than that expected from Fe cation interactions alone. The map's local symmetry is influenced strongly by the Y cations, but not by neighbouring O anions. Space group Pnma, orthorhombic, M r = 192.76, a = 5.5877 (3), b = 7.5951(4), c = 5.2743 (2) A, V = 223.84 (2) A 3 , Z = 4, D x = 5.719 Mg m -3 , μ 0.75 = 29.82 mm -1 , F(000) = 356, T = 293 K, R = 0.026, wR = 0.028, S = 5.4 (1) for the 1039 unique reflections of the synchrotron data set.
Sensitivity of MCNP5 Calculations for a Spherical Numerical Benchmark Problem to the Angular Scattering Distributions for Deuterium

This paper examines the sensitivity of MCNP5 keff results to various deuterium data files for a simple benchmark problem consisting of an 8.4-cm radius sphere of uranium surrounded by an annulus of deuterium at the nuclide number density corresponding to heavy water. This study was performed to help clarify why Δkeff values of about 10 mk are obtained when different ENDF/B deuterium data files are used in simulations of critical experiments involving solutions of high-enrichment uranyl fluoride in heavy water, while simulations of low-leakage, heterogeneous critical lattices of natural-uranium fuel rods in heavy water show differences of <1 mk. The benchmark calculations were performed as a function of deuterium reflector thickness for several uranium compositions using deuterium ACE files derived from ENDF/B-VII.b1 (release beta1), ENDF/B-VI.4 and JENDL-3.3, which differ primarily in the energy/angle distributions for elastic scattering <3.2 MeV. Calculations were also performed using modified ACE files having equiprobable cosine bin values in the centre-of-mass reference frame in a progressive manner with increasing energy. It was found that the Δkeff values increased with deuterium reflector thickness and uranium enrichment. The studies using modified ACE files indicate that most of the reactivity differences arise at energies <1 MeV; hence, this energy range should be given priority if new scattering distribution measurements are undertaken.
Non-carbon nanotubes: synthesis and simulation

The discovery of a new allotropic form of carbon, extended nanometre-sized quasi-unidimensional tubular structures (carbon nanotubes), as well as broad prospects for the use of nanomaterials based on them initiated numerous studies in the search for, and design of, nanotubular structures based in other compounds. Some properties and the main methods for the synthesis of non-carbon nanotubes are considered. Studies on the simulation of the electronic structures of these unique objects are analysed. Results of experimental and theoretical studies along these lines are discussed. The bibliography includes 328 references.
Sorption of phosphorus by some surface soils from Quebec in relation to their properties

Abstract Surface horizons from Podzolic and Gleysolic soils were collected in various parts of the province of Quebec, Canada, and equilibrated with various amounts of KH2PO4 in 0.01 M CaCl2 for 48 hours. P sorption data conformed to the linear form of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. P solubility isotherms showed evidence of hydroxyapatite formation in most samples studied, whereas equilibration solutions of only few samples were saturated with respect to either dicalcium phoshate dihydrate or octocalcium phosphate. These reaction products were associated to soil pH and levels of added phosphate. The average values of the Langmuir sorption maximum for these studied Gleysolic and Podzolic samples were 763 and 1096 μg/g respectively. These values were higher than those obtained by the segmented and modified Freundlich models. Relationships between the soil characteristics and P sorption parameters were evaluated by regression analysis. Among all variables, oxalate‐extractable Fe plus Al content of th.
The Lewis Model and Beyond

The electron pair density, in conjunction with the definition of an atom in a molecule, enables one to determine the average number of electron pairs that are localized to each atom and the number that are formed between any given pair of atoms. Thus, it is through the pair density that the Lewis model of electronic structure finds physical expression. The pairing of electrons is a consequence of the Pauli principle whose effect is made manifest through the creation of the Fermi hole. The density describing the spatial distribution of the Fermi hole for an electron of given spin determines how the density of that electron is spread out in space, excluding an equivalent amount of same-spin density. The averaging of the Fermi density over single atoms or pairs of atoms determines the corresponding contributions to the total Fermi correlation. It is these terms that yield the localization and delocalization indices that determine the intra- and interatomic distribution of electron pairs that enables one to c.
Productivity Considerations and Design Charts for Biomolecule Capture with Periodic Countercurrent Adsorption Systems

General design charts are presented to enable the prediction of the steady state performance of periodic countercurrent adsorption systems for conditions typical of biomolecule capture on selective adsorbents. The underlying model assumes that the process is controlled by diffusion in the intraparticle macropores and that the adsorption equilibrium can be described by the Langmuir isotherm. Model results are presented in dimensionless form for isotherms ranging from highly favorable to nearly linear. When the isotherm is highly favorable, operating with 2 to 3 columns in series reduces the amount of adsorbent needed by 15 to 35% when the process is operated with a rapid cycle. Smaller improvements are predicted for longer cycles, while larger improvements are predicted when the isotherm is less favorable. Increasing the number of columns in series beyond 2 or 3 is probably unwarranted since incremental improvements decline rapidly going from 2 to 3 columns. Use of the charts is illustrated with a specific example of application to a protein A capture system.
Biocatalytic Hydrolysis of 3‐Hydroxyalkanenitriles to 3‐Hydroxyalkanoic Acids

Microbial catalysts having a combination of nitrile hydratase and amidase activities had a significantly-higher specific activity for hydrolysis of 3-hydroxyalkanenitriles than microbial nitrilase catalysts. Comamonas testosteroni 22–1, Dietzia sp. ADL1 and Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D nitrile hydratase/amidase biocatalysts each hydrolyzed 3-hydroxyvaleronitrile to 3-hydroxyvaleric acid (as the ammonium salt) in 99–100% yields, but in consecutive batch reactions with catalyst recycle, alginate-immobilized C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D had superior enzyme stability and volumetric productivity. In a series of 85 consecutive batch reactions with biocatalyst recycle for the production of 1.0 M 3-hydroxyvaleric acid, the recovered nitrile hydratase and amidase activities in the final reaction were 29% and 40%, respectively, of the initial activities. The catalyst productivity for this series of reactions was 670 g 3-hydroxyvaleric acid/g dry cell weight (50 g 3-hydroxyvaleric acid/g biocatalyst bead), and the volumetric productivity of the initial reaction in the series was 44 g 3-HVA/L/h. Similar results were obtained with alginate-immobilized C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D for the hydrolysis of 3-hydroxybutryonitrile and 3-hydroxypropionitrile to the corresponding 3-hydroxyalkanoic acid ammonium salts.
Materials for microencapsulation: what toroidal particles (“doughnuts”) can do better than spherical beads

The vast majority of matrices used in microencapsulation are spherical. This geometry has some drawbacks due to its low surface/volume ratio: for example the difficult diffusion of oxygen to the bulk of a cell-containing microbead may lead to hypoxia or necrosis of the encapsulated cells. Here we focused on toroidal microparticle (“doughnuts”); these structures have a higher surface area than spherical beads and dispersed objects will experience a lower average distance from the surface. The toroidal morphology is the result of the flattening of water drops impacting on a liquid surface, and is then “quenched” by the occurrence of a rapid gelation due to polyelectrolyte complexation. We have produced toroidal microparticles using chitosan with an appropriately low molecular weight in combination with triphosphate (TPP), optimizing the conditions of pH and concentration of the two components. We also present here an evaluation of the process used for chitosan depolymerisation and of the cytotoxicity of the resulting polymers, which marginally decreases with decreasing molecular weight. Under the conditions adopted, the “doughnuts” result more densely cross-linked than spherical microparticles and show a considerably improved physical stability.
Biotransformation of Metalloporphyrins by Microorganisms Isolated from Organic-Rich Metal-Bearing Black Shale

Indigenous microorganisms isolated from organic-rich copper-bearing black shale from the Fore-Sudetic Monocline were able to transform naturally occurring metalloporphyrins in laboratory cultures. It was also demonstrated that these bacteria can utilize synthetic metalloporphyrins as the sole energy and carbon source. The first step in metalloporphyrin biotransformation was identified as the highly effective bioaccumulation of these compounds in bacterial cells. The ability of both living and dead cells to biosorb metalloporphyrins was also confirmed. Besides contributing to the important biogeochemical role of these microorganisms in the environment, their biotransformation activities are of potential use in the bioremediation of copper tailings as well as in the recovery of metals from organic-rich black shale ore, which is not possible using traditional hydrometallurgical procedures.
Effects of Drying Methods on Anthocyanin Contents of Colored Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Boanchalbori

This study investigated the effects of drying methods and drying time on the changes in anthocyanin content in colored barley. Colored barley cultivar Boanchalbori was harvested at a time when the anthocyanin content was the most and dried in afield. The harvested barley was then treated by two methods, sun drying and shade drying, for 4, 8, 24, and 32 h. The moisture content of the sun-dried barley decreased slightly faster than shade-dried samples, but the difference was not statistically significant. Chemical analysis indicated that the samples dried under shaded conditions had slightly higher crude fiber and lower nitrogen free extract, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no difference in the total digestible nutrients between the two methods. In the case of sun-dried barley, the anthocyanin content decreased compared to the control and shade-dried samples after drying for 4 h (p < 0.05), was maintained at a constant level at 24 h, and then decreased at 32 h. In case of shade-dried barley, the anthocyanin content decreased gradually with the drying time, and a significant decrease was found at 24 h of drying (p<0.05) as compared to the control. The shade-dried method was more successful in reducing anthocyanin loss than the sun-dried method (p<0.05). There was a slight decrease in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging with drying time in the shade-dried method, and a significant decrease after 4 h with the sun-dried method. These results showed that covering with a two-layer awning was advantageous to dry colored barley in the field conditions.
Inversion layer electron transport in 4H‐SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors

Silicon carbide is the only compound semiconductor with silicon dioxide as its native oxide and can form metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors. In this article, we review the inversion layer electron transport properties of 4H‐SiC/SiO2. The inversion layer electron transport theories developed for the Si/SiO2 system have been reviewed to highlight the behaviour of inversion layer electrons at an ideal interface. The 4H‐SiC/SiO2 interface, is currently far from ideal and so we discuss the inversion layer electron transport for several techniques of oxidation of the (0001) 4H‐SiC including nitridation of thermal oxides and sodium enhanced oxidation of 4H‐SiC. Inversion layer mobility of nitrided oxides is dominated by Coulomb scattering at low surface electric field values and surface roughness scattering at high surface electric field values. In sodium enhanced oxidation samples no trapped charge is found at the interface close to the conduction band edge, but the temperature dependence of mobility shows that the samples are not limited by phonon scattering and therefore not ideal. We also review the results of inversion layer transport on alternate faces of 4H‐SiC. We conclude highlighting the future work remaining in the field and the behaviour of inversion layer electron mobility we expect to see in an ideal 4H‐SiC/SiO2 interface. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation for Water Loss of Vegetable Tissues during Air Drying

Transition state theory was used to study enthalpy-entropy compensation for water loss during air drying of potato and apple slices. Slices of either potato or apple of 4-mm thickness, 40 mm diameter and air drying temperatures of 323, 333, 343, and 353 K were employed in the experiments. Moisture content and internal potato and apple slice temperatures were recorded during the drying runs. Water loss during drying was described by the unsteady-state Fick's equation and moisture diffusivity evolution was established by applying the method of the slopes. Thus, the experimental drying curve was compared to the theoretical diffusion curve, and the slope of the two curves were estimated at the same moisture content to in order give the corresponding value of diffusivity. During drying, the moisture diffusivity reached a maximum value as the water content of potato and apple slice was around 1 kg water/kg dry solid, regardless of the air temperature. The isokinetic temperature was found to be 320.2 and 312.8 K for potato and apple tissues, respectively. These values were greater than the experimental harmonic mean temperature, which was found to be 307.4 and 308.3 K for potato and apple tissues, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the water loss process is enthalpy controlled.
Studies on the Binding of Barbaloin to Human Gamma Globulin

Abstract The binding of barbaloin to human gamma globulin (HGG) was studied in vitro under simulated physiological conditions by spectroscopic method including circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transformation infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding parameters of HGG to barbaloin were studied from the fluorescence decrease of HGG by the fluorometric titrations in the presence of barbaloin. The Sips plots indicated that the binding of HGG to barbaloin at 296, 304, 310, and 317 K was characteristic of two binding sites with the average affinity constant K o at 1.152×104, 1.022 ×104, 0.9618×104, and 0.8937×104, respectively. The binding process was exothermic, spontaneous, and entropy driven, as indicated by the thermodynamic analyses, and the major part of binding energy was electrostatic interaction. The secondary structure elements of free HGG and its barbaloin complexes were estimated by the FT‐IR spectra and the curve‐fitted results of amide I band, which were in agreement with the analyses of CD spectra. Furthermore, the average binding distance between the donor and the acceptor (3.74 nm) was obtained on the basis of the theory of Förster energy transfer.
Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study on the Electronic Structures and Reactivity of Boron-Substituted Carbon

A study using ab initio MO calculations and frontier orbital theory has been performed to investigate the effect of substitutional boron on the electronic structure and reactivity of eight-ring carbon model structures. This theoretical analysis confirmed that boron substitution in the carbon lattice can result in two opposite effects on carbon oxidation: catalysis and inhibition. Boron substitution was found to decrease the global cluster stability and to affect the local reactivity of its edge sites. For a zigzag cluster, the reactivity of carbon active sites may be increased or decreased by boron substitution and the exact effect appears to be dependent on substituent position: in general, the reactivity of unsaturated edge sites decreases, but substitution at certain basal-plane sites may increase the reactivity of some active sites which in turn suggests a catalytic effect. For an armchair cluster, boron substitution increases the reactivity of one or more armchair edge sites. Single atom substituti.
Computed Flammability Limits and Spreading Rates of Upward Flame Spread over a Thin Solid in Low-Speed Buoyant Flows

Upward flame spread over a thin solid in low-speed buoyant flows was studied numerically with a previous established two-dimensional model. In natural convective environments, steady flame spreading was achieved in partial gravity and reduced pressure. The effects of environmental parameters, including gravity level, ambient pressure, and oxygen percentage, on flame structures, flame spread rates, and flammability limits were investigated, especially for the pressure effects, as it was not previously examined in detail. At reduced pressure, flame is shorter but thicker. Flame length and upward flame spread rates increased with pressure to a power larger than unity. The spreading rates also increased linearly with gravity, with a slope depending on pressure. The extinction boundary using pressure and gravity level as coordinates were constructed and compared with limited available experimental results for the buoyant, reduced pressure flames.
Laboratory investigation of self-healing properties on geosynthetic clay liners with flaw

Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate the self- healing properties of a commercially-available geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) using flexible-wall permeameter. The GCLs are produced by the same factory, but the contents of bentonite are different. Also the hydraulic conductivities (HC) of GCLs with no defect are different. In this study, specimens were completely saturated under the backpressure of 20 kPa before the test. Permeability tests were performed on GCL specimens with penetrating flaw and also on specimens permeated with distilled water and CaCl2 solutions. The test results were presented and discussed. Experimental results showed that the GCL with penetrating flaw did not exhibit complete self-healing in the case of flaw. After 120 days, the hydraulic conductivity increased by approximately an order of magnitude. In addition, CaCl2 solutions had a significant influence on the hydraulic conductivity. The research findings might be of interest to researchers and engineers who design liners for landfills and other liquid containment facilities
Highly Efficient Third Harmonic Generation in a Periodically Poled MgO:LiNbO3 Disk Resonator

High-efficiency generation of the third harmonic of 1.55 µm light is observed in a periodically poled MgO-doped LiNbO3 disk resonator. The second harmonic is simultaneously generated. The blue-green emission arises from cascaded parametric processes of second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation by whispering gallery modes. An external conversion efficiency of 1.5%/W2 is obtained.