Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cranial Pneumatic Anatomy of Ornithomimus edmontonicus (Ornithomimidae: Theropoda)

ABSTRACT Modern archosaurs have extensive pneumatic diverticula originating from paranasal and tympanic sinuses. This complex anatomy is present in many fossil archosaurs, but few descriptions of the complete cranial pneumatic system exist. The cranial pneumatic morphology of birds and non-avian theropods are the best studied, but complete description of this anatomy for an ornithomimid was lacking. We describe the cranial pneumaticity of a well-preserved ornithomimid theropod dinosaur, Ornithomimus edmontonicus (RTMP 95.110.1), from computed tomography (CT) scan data and computer-aided reconstruction with quantitative measurements. New details for ornithomimids include an internal promaxillary recess, an internal palatine recess, pneumatic communications between the supraoccipital recess and posterior tympanic recess, and a complex basioccipital recess that connects to the anterior tympanic recess and median pharyngeal system. The pneumatic morphology of the quadrate is similar to modern birds, which have a complete siphoneal duct. We interpret the jugal diverticulum of non-avian theropods to be homologous or at least morphologically related to the avian suborbital diverticulum. Cranial pneumatic morphologies present in Ornithomimus and tyrannosaurids include an extensive internal palatine recesses and a pneumatic articular that is likely derived from a separate siphoneal diverticulum similar to modern birds. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses of theropods imply two equally most parsimonious solutions: that these shared morphologies are either independently derived in each taxon or diagnose Coelurosauria.
Mapping QTL for growth and muscling traits in three connected porcine F 2 crosses

Abstract. QTL experiments in pigs are often analysed separately, although similar or same founder breeds are frequently used to establish the experimental design. The aim of the present study was to jointly analyse three porcine F 2 -crosses for six growth and four muscling traits. The crosses were a Meishan × Pietrain cross, a Wild Boar × Pietrain cross, and a Wild Boar × Meishan cross. In some cases, same founder animals were used to establish the crosses. 966 F 2 -individuals were genotyped for 242 genetic markers (mostly microsatellites) and phenotyped for birth weight, 21 and 35 day weight, slaughter weight, carcass length, food conversion ratio, ham meat weight, shoulder meat weight, loin and neck meat weight, and meat area. A multi-allele multi-QTL model was applied that estimated an additive QTL effect for each founder breed and parental origin (either paternally or maternally derived), and a dominant QTL effect for each cross. This model was previously introduced in plant breeding. Numerous QTL were mapped on the autosomes. Most QTL were localised on SSC1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8, and no QTL were on SSC9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 18. The confidence intervals were short in many cases. QTL with an exceptionally high test statistic were found for carcass length on SSC1, 4, 7 and 17. The coefficient of variation was remarkably small for this trait, which suggests that carcass length is affected by only a few genes with large effects. Positional and functional candidates underlying promising QTL are suggested for further study.
Effect of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one on acetylcholinesterase activity, growth and development of Spodoptera littoralis

A kinetic analysis of the interaction of Spodoptera littoralis and electric eel acetylcholinesterase with acetylthiocholine iodide substrate and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one inhibitor revealed the differences between these enzymes. S.littoralis AChE had Michaelis constant (KM) of 3.5 ×10 -4 M while the electric eel AChE had a KM of 2.8 ×10 -4 M. The 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one competitively inhibited AChE, where the determined inhibition constant (Ki) values were 2.16 and 0.40 ×10 -3 M for AChE from S.littoralis and electric eel, respectively. The inhibitor 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, a ketone compound, was assessed to evaluate the effect on growth and development of S.littoralis. The ketone compound significantly decreased the percentage of egg hatching and increased the larval mortality. The present observations clearly indicated that the larval treatment induced a significant decrease on pupal weight, percentage pupation and adult emergence, while the larval mortality, larval duration and pupal duration were increased.
An illustrated key to the identification of unilocular genera of calcareous foraminifera

Taxonomic keys are rarely used as an aid to the identification of foraminifera. Such keys become increasingly attractive, however, as the number of taxa which must be distinguished becomes large. The proliferation of known genera over the last 25 years is nowhere more apparent than in the unilocular calcareous foraminifera, where the number of genera has risen from 5 to 46. We present herein a dichotomous key in which any species may be assigned to its proper genus by progressing through a series of steps, consisting of paired statements, in which only one choice is made at a time.
Epitope Mapping of an Anti-EpCAM Monoclonal Antibody (EpMab-37) Using the Alanine Scanning Method.

The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, and plays critical roles in cell adhesion, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. EpCAM has been considered as a promising target for tumor diagnosis and therapy. Anti-EpCAM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed for EpCAM-overexpressed tumors, and several clinical trials have demonstrated promising outcomes. We previously established an anti-EpCAM mAb, EpMab-37 (mouse IgG1, kappa), using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening method. EpMab-37 was revealed to recognize the conformational epitope of EpCAM. In this study, we determined the critical epitope of EpMab-37 by flow cytometry using the 1 × alanine scanning (1 × Ala-scan) and the 2 × alanine scanning (2 × Ala-scan) method. We first performed flow cytometry by 1 × Ala-scan using one alanine (or glycine)-substituted EpCAM mutants, which were expressed on Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells, and found that the EpMab-37 did not recognize the R163A mutant of EpCAM. We next performed flow cytometry by 2 × Ala-scan using two alanine (or glycine) residues-substituted EpCAM mutants, and confirmed that EpMab-37 did not recognize R163A-including mutants of EpCAM. The results indicated that the critical binding epitope of EpMab-37 includes Arg163 of EpCAM.
A fully discrete variational scheme for solving nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations in higher space dimensions

We introduce a novel spatio-temporal discretization for nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations on the multi-dimensional unit cube. This discretization is based on two structural properties of these equations: the first is the representation as a gradient flow of an entropy functional in the $L^2$-Wasserstein metric, the second is the Lagrangian nature, meaning that solutions can be written as the push forward transformation of the initial density under suitable flow maps. The resulting numerical scheme is entropy diminishing and mass conserving. Further, the scheme is weakly stable, which allows us to prove convergence under certain regularity assumptions. Finally, we present results from numerical experiments in space dimension $d=2$.
Determination of a 12 kb nucleotide sequence around the 76° region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome

The nucleotide sequence of a 12361 bp DNA segment in the 760 region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome has been determined. Ten putative ORFs were identified. The deduced amino acid sequences of the products of two of them (glv-1 and glv-2) exhibited high similarity to those of glvG (6-phospho-β-glucosidase gene) and glvC [permease (the IIC domain) of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)], respectively, in the glv operon of Escherichia coli. The C-terminal region of Glv-2 exhibited similarity to the entire region of GlvB (the IIB domain of PTS) of E. coli, suggesting fusion of the glvC and glvB genes in B. subtilis. glv-1, yfiA and glv-2 seem to form an operon of a phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar PTS, followed by a presumed four-membered operon of an ABC transport system. Moreover, a presumed sugar symporter and its regulatory genes were located in this region.
Robust hybrid control schemes for a two-arm robot-performance analysis

The authors present two robust hybrid control laws for a two-arm robot manipulating a single object. The position and force controlled vectors are defined by a symmetric description of the task. By means of a realistic simulator of this robotic system, these two laws are compared via two different tasks: position control of the robot carrying a rigid object and hybrid control for a deformable object. The comparison criteria concern the robustness with respect to a modification of the dynamic parameters, and the implementation complexity. This is an essential point because the goal is to find the best solution for a real implementation on an experimental setup built around two PUMA 560 robots. <<ETX>>
An Examination of How Entry-Level Staff Auditors Respond to Tone at the Top vis-à-vis Tone at the Bottom

ABSTRACT: Prior academic and practitioner literature argues that the ethical tone at the top of an organization is a key factor in establishing an effective internal control environment. Drawing on self-concept maintenance theory and in-group bias theory, this study predicts that entry-level staff auditors will disregard a company's ethical standards unless they observe a strong ethical tone from both their partner (tone at the top) and their supervising senior (tone at the bottom). Also, this study predicts that staff auditors will be more influenced by the tone of their supervising senior than the partner when these two individuals provide conflicting tones. In a 2 × 2 experiment that manipulates the tone set by a staff auditor's supervising senior and engagement partner, this study provides evidence consistent with predictions. Further analyses suggest that participants make less ethical decisions because they are less likely to view the situation as an ethical dilemma when either the senior or partner.
Fracture Curving Between Tightly Spaced Horizontal Wells

Summary Cost-effective production from unconventional reservoirs relies on creating new reservoir surface area where fractures are extended into and produce from un-depleted zones. Field observations indicate infill well fractures could propagate towards nearby producers and depleted zones. This communication between infill and producer wells has been seen to cause casing collapse and negatively impact current production levels. In this paper, an integrated reservoir-geomechanics-fracture workflow is established to optimize infill well treatment schedule and to minimize fracture communication between wells. In particular, the paper presents: (i) numerical evaluation of depletion induced stress changes between tightly spaced producers, (ii) hydraulic fracture curving in a perturbed stress field, (iii) hydraulic fracture communication between wells, and infill well treatment design optimization to maximize production. A systematic study of depletion effects and the key parameters that control fracture curving allows us to improve the infill well fracture design by minimizing the communication between wells while maximizing the hydraulic fracture extent. Depletion perturbs the in-situ stress tensor in the formation around fractured horizontal wells. The analysis shows that the perturbed stress field is a function of stress/formation anisotropy, fluid mobility, pore pressure, operating bottom-hole pressure, and Biot’s constant. A fracture propagation model, coupled with the altered in-situ stress field is utilized to predict the hydraulic fracture propagation path(s) and their radius of curvature (i.e., if the stress state dictates that the fractures should curve). The analyses are performed for different infill well treatment schedule(s), and output the most likely fracture geometries. Resulting infill well fracture geometries are imported into a reservoir simulator to quantify the production and to identify the optimum design parameters. The coupled workflow (geomechanics-fracture-reservoir) is then applied to a field example to demonstrate the feasibility of its application at the reservoir scale. The results show that (a) infill well fractures between tightly spaced horizontal wells can intentionally be curved and (b) communication between wells and fracture coverage area can be controlled by adjusting stimulation parameters to maximize recovery. Forward coupled modeling can be effective in advising when to drill infill wells before the altered stress state risks a commercial outcome.
Effect of Herbicides on Weed Control and Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) Yield and Quality1

The “micro-rate” application, a POST combination of desmedipham plus phenmedipham at 0.045 + 0.045 kg ai/ha (desphen) or desmedipham plus phenmedipham plus ethofumesate3 (1:1: 1 ratio) (desphenetho) at 0.09 kg ai/ha plus triflusulfuron at 0.004 kg ai/ha plus clopyralid at 0.026 kg ae/ha plus 1.5% methylated seed oil received registration in 1998 and 2000 in North Dakota and Michigan, respectively. Herbicide rates are reduced by 80%, compared to standard-split applications, and growers typically apply the micro-rate three to five times to very small weeds that are 1 cm or less in height. In standard-split applications, growers make two sequential applications, the first when weeds are 1.5 cm tall and the sequential application usually 10 to 14 d later. Research was conducted in small plots and large grower plots in 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of PRE herbicides on weed control and sugarbeet injury from micro-rates compared to standard-split POST herbicide applications. Sugarbeet populations were reduced in the cycloate treatment compared to all other PRE and the no-PRE treatment in 2001 and in the S-metolachlor compared to the ethofumesate treatment in 2002. Sugarbeet injury was 6% or less from POST-only treatments in 2001. Control of common lambsquarters and Amaranthus spp. by desphen and desphenetho treatments was similar. Sugarbeet injury in 2002 was 29 to 43% from POST-only treatments. The standard-split of desphenetho was more injurious than the standard-split of desphen. Common lambsquarters control was greater in both the standard-split and micro-rate of desphenetho compared to the standard-split of desphen in 2002. However, sugarbeet populations and recoverable white sucrose per hectare did not differ among POST herbicide treatments in either year. No herbicide program provided 100% control of all weeds in both years. In the seven large production fields, PRE herbicide treatments did not reduce sugarbeet populations or recoverable sucrose per hectare compared to the no-PRE control. Weed control from four POST micro-rate applications only was similar to weed control in instances in which PRE herbicides were applied prior to the POST micro-rate applications. Nomenclature: Cycloate, pyrazon, ethofumesate, desmedipham plus phenmedipham, triflusulfuron, clopyralid, Chenopodium album L. #4 CHEAL; Amaranthus species # AMASS. Additional index words: Micro-rate, standard-split. Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; desphen, desmedipham + phenmedipham; desphenetho, desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate; fb, followed by; RWSH, recoverable white sucrose per hectare.
Temporal Variation in Rocky Intertidal Gastropods of the Qeshm Island in the Persian Gulf

Gastropod assemblages were investigated along intertidal rocky shore in the Qeshm Island in the northern Persian Gulf. Monthly sampling was undertaken from May 2007 to April 2008. Environmental factors were also measured in each site. A total of 28 gastropod taxa belonging to 15 families were identified and Cerithiidae was the most abundant family and Cerithium caeruleum was the most abundant species (34.77%). Muricidae with 5 species were the most diverse group followed by Cerithiidae and Cypraeidae each with 4 species. Kruskal-Wallis test yielded no significant differences in gastropod assemblages among months and also different seasons (P>0.05). The analysis of SIMPER showed that spring and autumn had the most dissimilarity among seasons and Clypeomorus bifasciatus was the species of gastropods contributing most to the dissimilarities among seasons (37.54%). December showed the highest value of Shanon-Wiener (2.15) and Simpson (0.85) indices. Lack of significant temporal variation in gastropod assemblages during sampling months suggested that intensity of sampling in future studies could be reduced to seasonal intervals in similar environmental conditions. Where intertidal surveys are restricted by time,and resources such as, personnel and finance.
study confirms that termites are eusocial cockroaches Death of an order: a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic

Supplementary data http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2009/04/01/3.3. 331.DC1. html "Data Supplement" References http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/3/3/331.full. html#related-urls Article cited in: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/3/3/331.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 19 articles, 7 of which can be accessed free Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the top
Influence of the Estimator Selection in Scalloped Hammerhead Shark Stock Assessment

In natural sciences, frequentist paradigm has led statistical practice; however, Bayesian approach has been gaining strength in the last decades. Our study assessed the scalloped hammerhead shark population on the western North Atlantic Ocean using Bayesian methods. This approach allowed incorporate diverse types of errors in the surplus production model and compare the influences of different statistical estimators on the values of the key parameters (r, growth rate; K carrying capacity; depletion, FMSY , fishing levels that would sustain maximum yield; and NMSY, abundance at maximum sustainable yield). Furthermore, we considered multilevelpriors due to the variety of results on the population growth rate of this species. Our research showed that estimator selection influences the results of the surplus production model and therefore, the value of the target management points. Based on key parameter estimates with uncertainty and Deviance Information Criterion, we suggest that state-space Bayesian models be used for assessing scalloped hammerhead shark or other fish stocks with poor data available. This study found the population was overfished and suffering overfishing. Therefore, based on our research and that there was very low evidence of recovery according with the last data available, we suggest prohibition of fishing for this species because: (1) it is highly depleted (14% of its initial population), (2) the fishery status is very unstable over time, (3) it has a low reproductive rate contributing to a higher risk of overexploitation, and (4) the easiness of misidentification among different hammerhead sharks (smooth, great, scalloped and cryptic species).
Probing Hydrocarbon Fluid Behavior in Shale Formations

Summary Understanding hydrocarbon flow, migration and phase behavior in nanoporous media is critical for the sustainability and continued growth of unconventional oil/gas production. In this work, we combine experimental characterization and observations, particularly using small-angle neutron scattering, with pore-scale modeling using lattice Boltzmann method, to examine the fluid behavior and fluid-solid interactions in nanopores at reservoir pressuretemperature conditions. Integration between laboratory measurements and numerical calculations will facilitate our understanding of nanoscale fluid behavior with the ultimate goal of developing better production strategies for unconventional reservoirs.
Phylogeny of Legionellaceae based on small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences and proposal of Legionella lytica comb. nov. for Legionella-like amoebal pathogens

The 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences from strains of the family Legionellaceae, Sarcobium lyticum, and Coxiella burnetii were determined. Phylogenetic relationships revealed that all Legionella spp. were members of a coherent monophyletic family. The blue-white autofluorescent species formed a defined cluster bounded by Legionella bozemanii and Legionella tucsonensis. The strains of Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila and Legionella pneumophila subsp. fraseri shared 99.2% sequence identity. A legionella-like amoebal pathogen (LLAP-3) showed 99.4% sequence identity to the obligate intracellular bacterial parasite Sarcobium lyticum. A proposal is made for the transfer of Sarcobium lyticum from the genus Sarcobium to the genus Legionella as Legionella lytica comb. nov. On the basis of serology and phenetic and phylogenetic comparisons, the taxa Legionella erythra and Legionella rubrilucens may be regarded as subspecies.
Molecular analysis of carbon partitioning in solanaceous species

Due to their importance as crop species, solanaceous plants such as tobacco, potato and tomato have been studied in great detail with respect to carbohydrate partitioning using classical physiological methodology. During the last decade, molecular tools have enabled the isolation of many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and the development of efficient transformation technology, especially for the Solanaceae, has allowed the creation of transgenic plants, that are altered by the activity of individual genes. The physiological analysis of these transgenic plants has contributed considerably to our current understanding of how assimilates are produced, mobilized, translocated, and allocated in higher plants. This review aims to cover the current knowledge in the area of molecular genetics of sucrose biosynthesis, transport and utilization in these species
NANO SILVER FUNCTIONALIZATION ON AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION WITH COMPANIONSHIP OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

In genetic transformation studies explants are exposed to antibiotics in the medium for a long time to eradicate their surplus bacteria, that not only looses the explant, but also increases the possible resistance to bacteria because common antibiotics have a single mode of action. In this study, for the first time, the interaction of silver nanoparticle (NS) against Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing the binary vector pBI121 and A. rhizogenes strain K599 containing the binary vector pKGWFS7.0-35Sp, that are the common bacteria in genetic transformation studies, is reported. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was assessed to study the biocidal action of this nanoparticle on bacteria after 4 hours. Results confirmed that NS can alternatively be used instead of common antibiotic treatments in genetic transformation experiments. Using the present method resulted in a good GUS scorable gene transfer to an ornamental and medicinal plant, Tecomella sp. that could be a milestone for future research in the area of genetic engineering.