Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying North Carolina Students at Risk of Scoring below Proficient in Reading at the End of Grade 3. REL 2020-030.

Sample The dataset consisted of students who took the state reading assessment at the end of grade 3 in 2017/18 for the first time and had data from the middle-of-the-year interim assessments in kindergarten in 2014/15 as well as data from the beginning-of-the-year and middle-of-the-year interim assessments in grade 1 in 2015/16, the beginning-of-the-year interim assessments in grade 2 in 2016/17, and the beginning-of-the-year interim assessments in grade 3 in 2017/18. The study sample included 91,855 students, or about 77 percent of the 120,029 grade 3 students statewide in 2017/18. Students may have been excluded from the study sample because they transferred in or out of the public school system during the study period, because they were absent during the testing sessions, or because they were exempt from testing due to learning disabilities or limited English proficiency. The demographic characteristics of the statewide population and the study sample were very similar (table A1). However, because the study sample excluded 23 percent of grade 3 students statewide and because the sample was not randomly selected, there may be important unmeasured differences between the study sample and the statewide population. Thus, the study findings may not generalize to the statewide population of grade 3 students.
Integration of geospatial data for mapping variation of sediment thickness in the North Sea

The study presents geospatial analysis of the seabed distribution of North Sea sediments. Data include thematic datasets with a high-resolution: GlobSed 5-arc-minute total sediment thickness grid combined with GEBCO regional bathymetric grid and geophysical grids showing EGM2008 geoid undulations and marine free-air gravity. The data have been processed using GMT. The data analysis revealed variations in the occurrence and distribution of sediment materials as well as its relationship with topography and regional geophysical settings, marine free-air gravity and geoid. Analysis of the topographic map was performed to describe the structural features of the seafloor. Ridges, large-scale sandbanks, shallow coastal areas and local depressions illustrate uneven bathymetry with northward increasing depths. The highest recorded value is 12,779.642 m located in the northern ares in the SW coast of Norway. Moderate values of sediment thickness (5,000-6,000 m) stretching in NW direction clearly correlate with the marine gravity anomaly isolines with values 10-20 mGal which points at the local relief forms in central basin of the North Sea. The subsidence of the outer shelf of the North Sea and increase of sediment thickness is notable in the central depressions and northern areas: Faroe Islands and Rockall Plateau. The sediment thickness shows the relationship with the topography increasing toward high latitudes. It is also associated with the isostatic sink of the submarine relief in the peripheral areas of the Arctic Ocean. Topographic compensation for the seafloor subsidence by increasing sediment thickness explains local dislocations connected with submarine geomorphology. This study also demonstrated that accurate GMT-based cartographic visualization of the oceanic seafloor using high-resolution multi-source raster grids is crucial to better understand spatial distribution of the marine sediments in the northern latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean.
A Fully Inkjet-Printed Strain Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes

A fully inkjet-printed strain sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was fabricated in this study for microstrain and microcrack detection. Carbon nanotubes and silver films were used as the sensing layer and conductive layer, respectively. Inkjet-printed CNTs easily undergo agglomeration due to van der Waals forces between CNTs, resulting in uneven films. The uniformity of CNT film affects the electrical and mechanical properties. Multi-pass printing and pattern rotation provided precise quantities of sensing materials, enabling the realization of uniform CNT films and stable resistance. Three strain sensors printed eight-layer CNT film by unidirectional printing, rotated by 180° and 90° were compared. The low density on one side of eight-layer CNT film by unidirectional printing results in more disconnection and poor connectivity with the silver film, thereby, significantly increasing the resistance. For 180° rotation eight-layer strain sensors, lower sensitivity and smaller measured range were found because strain was applied to the uneven CNT film resulting in non-uniform strain distribution. Lower resistance and better strain sensitivity was obtained for eight-layer strain sensor with 90° rotation because of uniform film. Given the uniform surface morphology and saturated sheet resistance of the 20-layer CNT film, the strain performance of the 20-layer CNT strain sensor was also examined. Excluding the permanent destruction of the first strain, 0.76% and 1.05% responses were obtained for the 8- and 20-layer strain sensors under strain between 0% and 3128 µε, respectively, which demonstrates the high reproducibility and recoverability of the sensor. The gauge factor (GF) of 20-layer strain sensor was found to be 2.77 under strain from 71 to 3128 µε, which is higher than eight-layer strain sensor (GF = 1.93) due to the uniform surface morphology and stable resistance. The strain sensors exhibited a highly linear and reversible behavior under strain of 71 to 3128 µε, so that the microstrain level could be clearly distinguished. The technology of the fully inkjet-printed CNT-based microstrain sensor provides high reproducibility, stability, and rapid hardness detection.
Analysis of CMIP6 atmospheric moisture fluxes and the implications for projections of future change in mean and heavy rainfall

Motivated by the wide range of projections of regional rainfall (or precipitation, pr) based on the CMIP5 ensemble of global climate models, we investigate the atmospheric moisture budget of idealized rising‐CO2 (1pctCO2) simulations from 10 models submitted to CMIP6. We use the new CMIP6 standard variables, the vertically integrated eastward and northward moisture flux, and provide a multi‐model assessment of these, their convergence (conv), along with water vapour path (prw). Seasonal climatologies of a 20‐year base climate for pr, prw, flux, and conv match well those from the ECMWF's Reanalysis 5. In addition, composites ‘H’ of quantities for months in the top decile of monthly rainfall, calculated at each model grid point, produce a field of heavy rainfall, on average double that of the mean. Spatial correlation coefficients (r) between the pr and conv fields are typically . 7 in each season. This rises to . 9 for the corresponding H fields, due to the important link between moisture convergence and heavy rainfall. Fields of standardized change (Δ), or change per degree of global warming, were calculated. The ensemble‐mean Δpr is only weakly correlated with the base climate pr, and likewise for conv. However, the prw change is highly correlated with the base prw, pointing to the importance of the “thermodynamic” change in that variable. Globally, the net Δconv is highly correlated with Δpr, around . 9. This rises to . 95 for the heavy‐rain composites. Relationships between changes in pr and other components hold at grid points also, when the individual model results are correlated. Clearly, there is a dependence in the change in pr with that in conv, particularly for heavy rainfall. Assessment of a larger ensemble from CMIP6, using the new flux variables, would improve the evaluation of these processes, and potentially allow more confident projections in future rainfall changes.
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Evaluation of Cobalt and Niobium Oxide Solids Modified with Alkaline Earth Metals

Cobalt and niobium oxide solids modified with alkaline earth metals (Mg, Ca, and Sr) were synthesized and characterized to compare the second element effect on the catalyst structural and chemical properties. The materials were prepared by co-precipitation of cobalt nitrate and niobium oxalate solutions using ammonium hydroxide as precipitating agent. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, Ra-man, BET, TPR, ammonia TPD and cyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction (CHD). Results showed that Mg, Ca or Sr addition changed cobalt niobate crystalline structure, leading to alkaline earth metal nio-bates with lower crystallinity. It was observed that Mg, Ca or Sr increased the solids acidity and changed cobalt niobate reduction behavior so that the lowest amount of metallic cobalt was obtained when Mg was incorporated. Modifiers also decreased cobalt niobate dehydrogenation activity. This effect was higher with Mg or Sr addition. Keywords: cobalt niobate, alkaline earth metals; XRD; TPR; cyclohexane dehydrogenation.
Biotic controls of plant coexistence

The quest for understanding the maintenance of species diversity has matured in recent decades under the umbrella of species coexistence theory, founded by Chesson (2000). The central conclusion of the theory is that coexistence at local scales depends on two opposing forces: average fitness differences between species, which drive the best‐adapted species to exclude others, and stabilizing mechanisms, which promote diversity via niche differentiation. Recent theoretical work has focussed on how interactions between plants and other organisms influence the equalizing and stabilizing forces. However, there is a lack of empirical information. Therefore, the next fundamental step is to assess the prevalence of these mechanisms for controlling plant coexistence across a wide range of interactions and systems. To that end, this special feature presents 10 theoretical, observational, or manipulative studies illustrating 9 different biotic interactions including mutualisms (pollinators, seed dispersers, soil microbes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and antagonisms (leaf and seed herbivores, and leaf and root pathogens). All studies share a common question: how biotic interactions regulate plant coexistence? Comparisons across studies suggest that biotic interactions modify both stabilizing and average fitness differences. In those cases where biotic interactions promote stable coexistence between plant species, both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions act more frequently as an equalizing rather than as a stabilizing mechanisms. Besides these generalities, the studies of this special issue also present novel theoretical and empirical approaches to better understand the maintenance of species diversity over a wide variety of systems, environmental conditions, and organisms. Synthesis. The studies presented here constitutes a solid base to empirically explore how mutualistic and antagonistic interactions act upon the determinants of plant species competition, and open novel paths for future research. Collectively, these advances will serve to pave the road for a better theoretical and empirical understanding of how biotic interactions control biodiversity.
Morphology of the shell and encrusting microbiota of particles on Scaliola cf. glareosa from the Arabian Gulf

ABSTRACT Taxonomical descriptions of gastropods result from studies on shells, particularly for microgastropods, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which can provide remarkable details. Scaliola spp. , which are characterised by a unique pattern of adhered sand/silt particles (platelets) on the shell exterior, provide an excellent group to investigate the features of microgastropods. The morphology and microstructure of 300 specimens of Scaliola cf. glareosa collected in Kuwait’s marine area were investigated using light microscopy and SEM. The microbial communities living within and coating the shells were identified using a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis-sequencing method. Results indicated that S. cf. glareosa thrive in sandy mud and silty mud sediments and the direct relationship found between shell whorls and platelet size suggests that this species selectively picks material from marine and allochthonous sediments. The microbial community on Scaliola (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp.) adheres platelets to the shell exterior by a mucilaginous gel. It is proposed to include the results found in the present study in a revised definition of the genus Scaliola, as they provide better insight into its Maastrichtian ancestors. However, further field observations and experimental studies need to be carried out to better understand the adhesion process.
Ab initio effective core potentials for molecular calculations. Potentials for main group elements Na to Bi

A consistent set of ab initio effective core potentials (ECP) has been generated for the main group elements from Na to Bi using the procedure originally developed by Kahn. The ECP’s are derived from all‐electron numerical Hartree–Fock atomic wave functions and fit to analytical representations for use in molecular calculations. For Rb to Bi the ECP’s are generated from the relativistic Hartree–Fock atomic wave functions of Cowan which incorporate the Darwin and mass–velocity terms. Energy‐optimized valence basis sets of (3s3p) primitive Gaussians are presented for use with the ECP’s. Comparisons between all‐electron and valence‐electron ECP calculations are presented for NaF, NaCl, Cl2, Cl2−, Br2, Br2−, and Xe2+. The results show that the average errors introduced by the ECP’s are generally only a few percent.
Cauliflower Seedling Recognition Using Stereo Vision and K-Medoids Algorithm under Weedy Conditions

The natural field environment is unstructured where the illumination conditions are uneven, the soil background is complex and changeable. Also, the improper of field management is likely to cause weeds whose colour and shape are similar to crops. Those factors make it hard to identify crops quickly and stably by traditional 2D image processing technologies. So the cauliflower seedling recognition method using binocular stereo vision and K-medoids was proposed in this paper. For the disparity map the Sum of Squared Differences (SSD) algorithm was used in the step of stereo matching. For the cauliflower seedling recognition the K-medoids algorithm was applied in the step of clustering. The experiment results showed that the average operation time of the SSD algorithm was 190ms. The real-time performance and matching effect of the SSD algorithm were superior to Belief Propagation algorithm (BP) and Dynamic Programming algorithm (DP). The average running time of the proposed method for processing the left image and its corresponding right images was 379ms, which meet the real-time requirements. The correct recognition rate of the method proposed was 98.75% of 240 pairs of cauliflower seedling images.
Consumption and ingestive behaviour of lambs fed varying levels of babassu mesocarp bran

Voluntary consumption (VolC) and ingestive behaviour (IB) of lambs fed diets containing different percentages (0.0; 7.5; 15.0 and 22.5%) of babassu mesocarp bran (I-BMB) were evaluated. The trial was at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Araguaina-TO. Twenty lambs were evaluated using a completely randomized design, and five replications were performed. VolC data was obtained by measuring total volumes of both food supplied and food remaining after feeding. IB was evaluated throughout two, non-consecutive 24-h periods, with observations were recorded every five minutes that described the following behavioural variables: resting (REST), rumination (RUM), intake (INT) and chewing (CHEW). The particle size was also measured using a Penn State particle separator. All VolC parameters (dry matter intake, DMI; crude protein intake, CPI; neutral detergent fibre intake, NDFI; and acid detergent fibre intake, ADFI) increased linearly with I-BMB intake. I-BMB consumption did not interfere with water intake, nor did it affect I-BMB did not affect the duration of DMI, NDFI and ADFI. However, linear increases of rumination and chewing activities associated with DMI, NDFI and ADFI were observed as I-BMB levels increased. In summary, effects of inclusion I-BMB in diets of lambs included increased voluntary consumption, and reduced rumination and chewing, but not ingestion, efficiency. When economically favorable, these data suggest that inclusion of up to 22.5% I-BMB within balanced diets should be applied.
Patterns of speciation and parallel genetic evolution under adaptation from standing variation

When isolated populations adapt to novel environments, they may do so using the same or 21 different alleles. Use of the same alleles — parallel genetic evolution — is increasingly likely if 22 populations have shared ancestral standing genetic variation. Here, we investigate the 23 conditions under which populations undergo parallel genetic evolution from standing variation 24 and the associated implications for speciation via environment-specific hybrid fitness. Using 25 computer simulations, we find that populations adapting to identical environments tend to fix 26 the same alleles from standing variation unless there is a deficient or excess amount of 27 variation in the founding population. We also find that the degree of parallel genetic adaptation 28 decreases faster-than-linearly as selection deviates from fully parallel toward divergent. This 29 rapid decrease in parallelism occurs because seemingly small environmental differences among 30 populations correspond to steep reductions in the fraction of alleles that are mutually 31 beneficial. Lastly, we show that adaptation from standing variation reduces the phenotypic 32 segregation variance of hybrids under both parallel and divergent selection. Under parallel 33 selection, parental populations fix the same alleles which do not segregate in hybrids. In 34 addition, adaptation from standing variation proceeds via a greater number of alleles with 35 individually smaller effects than when adaptation is from new mutation — this further reduces 36 segregation variance even under divergent selection. This reduced segregation variance 37 improves mean hybrid fitness when parents adapt to similar environments but reduces mean 38 hybrid fitness under divergent adaptation. Therefore adaptation from standing variation 39 forestalls speciation via parallel selection and promotes speciation via divergent selection. 40
Effect of using betalain, anthocyanin and chlorophyll dyes together as a sensitizer on enhancing the efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cell

The paper explored the mechanism of working of dye sensitizers for the improvement of efficiency of environmentally benign dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The identified natural dyes namely anthocyanin (A), betalain (B) and chlorophyll (C) were extracted from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris) respectively. Light absorption performance of dyes was recorded by ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopic analysis followed by direct and indirect band gap calculation. The effect of functional groups present in the dyes studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and binding of the dyes on TiO2 through surface morphology of sheets was identified employing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Photovoltage characteristics (I‐V) and induced photon to current efficiency (IPCE) measurements were also noted followed by the stability studies. The N3 (synthetic dye chosen for the reference) dye‐based cell showed the highest efficiency of 6.19% out of all of 11 cells fabricated using different sensitizers. The DSSC fabricated using the novel mixed dye (ABC) mixture gave the highest efficiency of 3.73%, however it showed similar drop (almost 22%) in efficiency as that with of N3 dye in stability studies. The mechanism for the increase in the overall power conversion efficiency of DSSC was also suggested.
A difference equation approach to Plancherel‐Rotach asymptotics for q ‐orthogonal polynomials

In this paper, we employ a difference equation approach to study the Plancherel‐Rotach asymptotics of q ‐orthogonal polynomials about their largest zeros. Our method for q ‐difference equations is an analogue to the turning point problem for Hermite differential equations. It works well in the toy problems of Stieltjes‐Wigert polynomials and q−1 ‐Hermite polynomials.
LOPIT-DC: A simpler approach to high-resolution spatial proteomics

Hyperplexed Localisation of Organelle Proteins by Isotope Tagging (hyperLOPIT) is a well-established method for studying protein subcellular localisation in complex biological samples. As a simpler alternative we developed a second workflow named Localisation of Organelle Proteins by Isotope Tagging after Differential ultraCentrifugation (LOPIT-DC) which is faster and less resource-intensive. We present the most comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometry-based human dataset to date and deliver a flexible set of subcellular proteomics protocols for sample preparation and data analysis. For the first time, we methodically compare these two different mass spectrometry-based spatial proteomics methods within the same study and also apply QSep, the first tool that objectively and robustly quantifies subcellular resolution in spatial proteomics data. Using both approaches we highlight suborganellar resolution and isoform-specific subcellular niches as well as the locations of large protein complexes and proteins involved in signalling pathways which play important roles in cancer and metabolism. Finally, we showcase an extensive analysis of the multilocalising proteome identified via both methods.
Directed exploration in the Iowa Gambling Task: model-free and model-based analyses in a large dataset of young and old healthy participants

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is one of the most common paradigms used to assess decision-making and executive functioning in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Several reinforcement-learning (RL) models were recently proposed to refine the qualitative and quantitative inferences that can be made about these processes based on IGT data. Yet, these models do not account for the complex exploratory patterns which characterize participants’ behavior in the task. Using a dataset of more than 500 subjects, we demonstrate the existence of such patterns and we describe a new computational architecture (Explore-Exploit) disentangling exploitation, random exploration and directed exploration in this large population of participants. The EE architecture provided a better fit to the choice data on multiple metrics. Parameter recovery and simulation analyses confirmed the superiority of the EE scheme over alternative schemes. Furthermore, using the EE model, we were able to replicate the reduction in directed exploration across lifespan, as previously reported in other paradigms. Finally, we provide a user-friendly toolbox enabling researchers to easily fit computational models on the IGT data, hence promoting reanalysis of the numerous datasets acquired in various populations of patients.