Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SODIUM HEAT PIPE THROUGH PARAMETERIC STUDIES

The performance of alkali heat pipe greatly depends on the properties of the wick material. In the present work, an experimental investigation is conducted to study the performance of high temperature sodium heat pipe with annular and composite wick structures. The operating limits of the heat pipe for these wick structures are evaluated and the effective working region of the heat pipe is identified. The experiments are conducted for annular and composite wick, different heat inputs, fill ratio and orientation. The results showed that the composite wick heat pipe is performing better in terms of its lower thermal resistance. The sodium heat pipe showed better heat transfer characteristics at a fill ratio of 40% and at an orientation of 30°.
Effects of Ocean Acidification on Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Bivalve Mytilus edulis L

The anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere leads to an increase in the CO2 partial pressure in the ocean, which may reach 950 μatm by the end of the 21st century. An experiment was performed to test the effects of increased sea water concentrations of CO2 combined with heavy metals on mortality rates, metallothionein, immune funtion, and uptake kinetics of the bivalve Mytilus edulis L. As a result, the mortality rates of Mytilus edulis L fluctuated with pH variety in all heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) test seawater treatments compared to control group. It was demonstrated that in vivo Cd-, Pb-, or Cu pretreatment under acidifications can alleviate metallothionein by in vitro Cd, Pb, and Cu in soft tissues and suggested that acidification can aggravate heavy metals pollution and toxicity for marine organisms. Moreover, the fraction of eosinophilic cells increased over the 21 days period for Cd exposure, then decreased with 28 and 35 days incubation, the fraction of eosinophilic cells increased similar with Cd exposure and pH 8.2. The fraction of eosinophilic cells significantly increased from 32% to 53% of the hemocyte population over the 35-day period for Pb exposure and pH8.2, the fraction of eosinophilic cells increased from 35% to 58% of the hemocyte population over the 35-day period for Pb exposure and pH 6.2. Phagocytosis levels declined with increasing exposure time for Cd alone and phagocytosis levels declined with decreasing pH (from 8.2 to 6.2) with Cd exposure on 35 days. Mytilus edulis L in Pb with reduced pH (6.2) treatments also decreased their phagocytosis levels on 35 days. Further, phagocytosis decreased bigger than that of Pb with pH 8.2. At steady state equilibrium, CF of 109Cd was significantly higher at pH 6.2 and pH 7.7 than at pH 8.2, the accumulation of 203Pb was significantly higher at the lowest pH 6.2 level than at the two exposure levels (pH 7.7 and pH 8.2). Similarly, the lower the seawater pH 6.2, the more 63Cu was accumulated in the hemolymph of Mytilus edulis L. The results indicate that future reductions in pH caused by increased CO2 concentrations in the sea may have an impact on Mytilus edulis L combined with heavy metals pollution.
Automatic Calibration of the Fisheye Camera for Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimation from a Single Image

We propose a method for egocentric 3D human pose estimation from a single image captured by a fisheye camera. The problem of estimating the egocentric 3D pose for a fisheye camera is that images may be subject to strong image distortions (e.g. 2D poses on the image plane that pass through the line of sight of the fisheye lens). Therefore, in this paper, we approach this problem by an automatic calibration module. Given a single image, our network first estimates 3D joint locations of a human in camera coordinates. To alleviate the impact of image distortions on 3D human pose estimation, we then use the automatic calibration to further regularize the 3D predictions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.
On the structural properties of NaCl: an ab initio study of the B1-B2 phase transition

The structural properties and the phase transition between the B1 (rock salt) and B2 (CsCl) phases of NaCl have been investigated at an ab initio level. Total energy curves, obtained with periodic Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations, have been corrected a posteriori by integrating the HF charge density according to the correlation-only density-functional-like formulae proposed by Colle and Salvetti in 1975 and by Perdew in 1986 and 1991. The three functionals are 'non-local', containing terms that depend on the gradient of the electronic density. The correlation correction brings the HF data for the lattice energy (LE), lattice parameter (ao) and bulk modulus (B) into good agreement with experiment, the best performance being obtained with the most recent functional, (the percentage error is +0.3%, -0.5% and +5.6% respectively for LE, ao and B).
Electron transfer from indole and tryptophan

Electron photoejection from amino-acid residues such as tryptophan (Trp) and various indole (In) derivatives has received much attention in recent years since (i) it constitutes the major primary photoprocess in such systems and (ii) Trp photodegradation induces in turn the denaturation of Trp-containing proteins.Electron transfer from electronically excited Trp and In has been investigated by two experimental approaches. Using steady-state irradiation the energetics of electron photoejection was examined (1); using picosecond absorption spectroscopy the kinetics of e–aq formation and decay was studied (2). The most significant results are given below. (1) Photoelectron scavenging as a function of photon energy under low-intensity continuous irradiation which precludes biphotonic processes provides photoionization efficiency curves. The latter depend in several respects upon the solvent and, from the ionization threshold energy, the fundamental energy state V0 of the quasi-free electron in the corresponding solvent can be deduced. The values thus obtained are –1.3, –1.0 and –0.65 eV for water, methanol and ethanol, respectively. (2) On the other hand, single pulses of ca. 20 ps duration at 266 nm and hydrated electron (e–aq) absorption spectroscopy show that, for both solutes, e–aq absorption appears within the laser pulse. Hence, e–aq probably originates from the unrelaxed first singlet state and not from the fluorescent state, the lifetime of which is 3.2 and 4.8 ns for Trp and In, respectively.The e–aq optical density remains constant from 50 ps up to ca. 2 ns (the time limit of the apparatus). This observation implies that no appreciable charge recombination occurs during this time range.
Thickness Influence in Breakdown Phenomena of Thin Dielectric Films

The dependence on thickness of breakdown phenomena in thin dielectric films is considered, using the theory which attributes breakdown to electron ionization avalanche. On the basis of the electron-lattice scattering mechanism in dielectric materials and the electron behaviour in the conduction band of the dielectric, the ionization avalanche probability is derived and the current density evaluated by considering the tunnel-effect injection of electrons at the negative bias contact. It is assumed that breakdown occurs when the current density, at some point within the dielectric layer, reaches a particular value which depends upon the dielectric under consideration. The correlation between breakdown field strengths and thicknesses agrees satisfactorily with published experimental results. The results derived are applicable to an estimate of the temperature of electrons injected by a tunnel cathode of the metal-dielectric-metal type. Es wird der Einflus der Plattchendicke auf den dielektrischen Durchschlag eines dunnen Plattchens mit Hilfe der Theorie der Elektronen-Lawinenbildung beim rein elektrischen Durchschlag behandelt. Die Streuung der Elektronen an den Gitterschwingungen und das Verhalten der Elektronen im Leitungsband des Dielektrikuums werden diskutiert. Ferner werden die Wahrscheinlichkeit fur die Bildung einer Elektronenlawine durch Stosionisation abgeleitet und die Stromdichte fur den Fall einer Feldemission aus der Kathode bestimmt. Es wird angenommen, das der Durchschlag dann eintritt, wenn die Stromdichte an irgendeiner Stelle im Innern des betrachteten Dielektrikums einen bestimmten Wert erreicht. Die Abhangigkeit der Durchschlagsfestigkeit von der Plattchendicke ist in guter Ubereinstimmung mit den in der Literatur angegebenen Meswerten. Aus den gewonnenen Ergebnissen kann die Temperatur der Elektronen abgeschatzt werden, die aus einer Tunnel-Kathode injiziert werden.
Atomic emission spectrometry in liquid electrode plasma using an hourglass microchannel

Liquid electrode plasma atomic emission spectrometry (LEP-AES) is a new elemental analysis method that uses microplasma. LEP forms in a vapor bubble generated inside a narrow-center microchannel by using high-voltage DC pulse power. In this study, we used a novel hourglass microchannel having a 3-dimensionally and axisymmetrically narrowed shape, which caused a bright emission roughly 200 times that of the flat microchannel used in our previous study. We observed the spatial distribution of atomic emission and determined the limit of detection (LoD) by utilizing the confirmed spatial distribution. We found that the spatial distribution of atomic emission for 41 elements in our experiments could be classified into three patterns in accordance with a maximum emission point: anode side, narrow-center, and cathode side. Atomic emission was measured at the maximum emission point and the calibration curve for each element was made to determine the LoD. The LoD of 25 tested elements in our experiment ranged from 1 μg L−1 for Li to 306 μg L−1 for V.
Calculation of the chemical potential of chain molecules using the staged particle deletion scheme

A formulation is presented for the calculation of the chemical potential of chain molecules from molecular simulation based on the staged deletion of a test molecule. This formulation is an extension of a formulation presented recently [Boulougouris et al., Mol. Phys. 96, 905 (1999)] for the case of spherical molecules. An analytical method for the calculation of the volume accessible to a hard-sphere chain molecule is used together with the excluded volume map sampling technique. The new method is applied to a fluid of tangent sphere dimers and to ethane under various conditions. NPT, NVT, and Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation results are presented. Extensive comparison is made against calculations with the Widom test particle insertion method. In all cases, the new method results in considerable savings in CPU time.
Development of exploding wire ion source for intense pulsed heavy ion beam accelerator

A Novel exploding wire type ion source device is proposed as a metallic ion source of intense pulsed heavy ion beam (PHIB) accelerator. In the device, multiple shot operations are realized without breaking the vacuum. The basic characteristics of the device are evaluated experimentally with an aluminum wire of diameter 0.2 mm and length 25 mm. A capacitor bank of capacitance 3 μF and a charging voltage of 30 kV was used, and the wire was successfully exploded by a discharge current of 15 kA with a rise time of 5.3 μs. Plasma flux of ion current density around 70 A/cm2 was obtained at 150 mm downstream from the device. The drift velocity of ions evaluated by a time-of-flight method was 2.7×104 m/ s, which corresponds to the kinetic energy of 100 eV for aluminum ions. From the measurement of the ion current density distribution, the ion flow is found to be concentrated toward the direction where the ion acceleration gap is placed. From the experiment, the device is found to be acceptable for applying the PHIB accelerator.
Surface functionalization of MoS2 with POSS for enhancing thermal, flame-retardant and mechanical properties in PVA composites

Surface functionalization of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was prepared by a simple reflux reaction between DITG-MoS2 and octa-vinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OvlPOSS). The structure of OvlPOSS-MoS2 was confirmed by XRD, FTIR and TEM. The SEM and TEM results of fracture surface exhibited that OvlPOSS-MoS2 was dispersed well in the matrix due to the good interfacial interaction between the functionalized MoS2 and PVA. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicated that the thermal decomposition temperature and the glass transition temperature (Tg) were improved. Compared with pure PVA, the maximum degradation temperature of the PVA/OvlPOSS-MoS2 nanocomposites was increased by 23 °C, and the Tg of the PVA/OvlPOSS-MoS2 was improved by 10.2 °C. Meanwhile, the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were decreased. The tensile stress was increased by 57% with addition of 2 wt% OvlPOSS-MoS2. Moreover, the addition of OvlPOSS-MoS2 significantly decreased the gaseous products, including hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds and carbon monoxide, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of OvlPOSS and MoS2: the adsorption and barrier effect of MoS2 inhibited the heat and gas release and promoted the formation of graphitized carbons, while OvlPOSS improved the thermal oxidative resistance of the char layer.
A Novel Method for the Synthesis of 2,3‐Benzo‐1,3a,6a‐triazapentalenes through Pummerer‐Type Reactions of γ‐(Benzotriazol‐1‐yl)allylic Sulfoxides

Treatment of 1-(arylmethyl)benzotriazoles 1 with nBuLi in THF at −78 °C, followed by addition of 1-aryl-2-chloroethanones, gave diastereomeric mixtures of 1-[(aryl)(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]oxiranes 2. Treatment of 2 with nBuLi in THF at −78 °C, followed by acidification, afforded a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-allylic alcohols 3, which were converted into 1,2-disubstituted 2-(alkyl- or aryl)-1-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-3-sulfanylpropenes 5 via the corresponding allylic chlorides 4. Oxidation of sulfides 5 by mCPBA in CH2Cl2 at room temperature, followed by treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) at room temperature, gave the title compounds in good yields. It was found that treatment of the title compounds with Raney-Ni in EtOH under hydrogen at reflux gave 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)aniline derivatives in excellent yields.
A Multiagent Model of Efﬁcient and Sustainable Financial Markets

In this paper, we introduce a model of a ﬁnancial market as a multiagent repeated game where the players are market makers. We formalize the concept of market making and the parameters of the game. Our main contribution is a framework that combines game theory and machine learning methods. This approach allows us to consider markets on both a macro level, through game outcomes, and on a micro level, through the optimization efforts of players. Using simple equilibrium analysis, we show that our model explains situations where market outcomes are inefﬁcient or unsustainable. We further apply our model to simulate market makers in the SP500 E-mini futures market and show that players learn to adapt their quotes to different market conditions.
Iron speciation in soils and soil aggregates by synchrotron‐based X‐ray microspectroscopy (XANES,μ‐XANES)

Iron speciation in soils is still poorly understood. We have investigated inorganic and organic standard substances, diluted mixtures of common Fe minerals in soils (pyrite, ferrihydrite, goethite), soils in a forested watershed which constitute a toposequence with a hydrological gradient (Dystric Cambisol, Dystric Planosol, Rheic Histosol), and microsites of a dissected soil aggregate by X‐ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) at the iron K‐edge (7112 eV) to identify different Fe(II) and Fe(III) components. We calculated the pre‐edge peak centroid energy of all spectra and quantified the contribution of different organic and inorganic Fe‐bearing compounds by Linear Combination Fitting (LCF) conducted on the entire spectrum (E = 7085–7240 eV) and on the pre‐edge peak. Fe‐XANES conducted on organic and inorganic standards and on synthetic mixtures of pyrite, ferrihydrite and goethite showed that by calculating the pre‐edge peak centroid energy, the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio of different Fe‐bearing minerals (Fe sulphides, Fe oxyhydroxides) in mineral mixtures and soils can be quantified with reasonable accuracy. A more accurate quantification of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio was possible with LCF conducted on the entire XANES spectrum. For the soil toposequence, an increased groundwater influence from the Cambisol to the Histosol was reflected in a larger contribution of Fe(II) compounds (Fe(II) silicate, Fe monosulphide, pyrite) and a smaller contribution of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides (ferrihydrite, goethite) to total iron both in the topsoil and the subsoil. In the organic topsoils, organically bonded Fe (33–45% of total Fe) was 100% Fe(III). For different microsites in the dissected aggregate, spatial resolution ofμ‐XANES revealed different proportions of Fe(II) and Fe(III) compounds. Fe K‐edge XANES andμ‐XANES allows an approximate quantification of Fe(II) and Fe(III) and different Fe compounds in soils and (sub)micron regions of soil sections, such as mottles, concretions, and rhizosphere regions, thus opening new perspectives in soil research.
Solar‐tracking PV plants in Navarra: A 10 MW assessment

Currently, the know‐how and experience concerning the behavior and reliability of large tracking photovoltaic (PV) plants is scarce. Information such as the availability rate is rarely known. Acciona Solar PV plants installed in Navarra (Spain) in the frame of the Spanish utility grid constitute a representative source of information. The scope of this study is to analyze in detail the behavior along 2006 of six of these plants, located in Arguedas (two plants of a rated nominal power of 940 kWp and 2·1 MWp, respectively), Sesma (1·12 MWp), Cintruénigo (1·44 MWp), Rada (1·78 MWp), and Castejón (2·64 MWp). In our analysis, the influence of each type of energy loss affecting the plants has been quantified; and the advantages of dedicating human resources to the surveillance and maintenance of a limited number of generators have been stated. Thanks to the work of the operators, the plants registered mean availability rates above 99·7%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY POWER USAGE PATTERN USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

-In growing population it is essential to monitor the power consumption. Electrical power is used in various sectors like industries, manufacturing, organization, institution and household applications. Data samples which are used to track the high and low utilization of Electricity Bill EB) power. The proposed work is consisting of four steps; which purely depends on the analysis of collected data. First step is to select the best fitted attributes among the eight different attributes. Then, based on the selected attributes the classification is done with 12 machine learning algorithms. It is used to predict the power utilization in the particular area and also done with comparative result analysis. The above is done with accuracy parameters of True Positive (TP), False Positive (FP), Precision and Recall. The third step is to analyse the pattern among the data samples. Fourth step is to effectively distribute the price based on the usage called peak and non-peak hours. With this experimental analysis people can identify the usage pattern and also be effective price distribution comparing to conventional approaches.
Fungal Damage Detection in Wheat Using Short-Wave Near-Infrared Hyperspectral and Digital Colour Imaging

Healthy and fungal-damaged wheat kernels infected by the species of storage fungi, namely Penicillium spp. , Aspergillus glaucus, and A. niger, were scanned using a short-wave near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system in the 700–1100 nm wavelength range and an area scan colour camera. A multivariate image analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the hyperspectral data and to select the significant wavelength using principal component analysis. Wavelength 870 nm, which corresponded to the highest factor loading of first principal component, was considered to be significant. Statistical and histogram features from the 870 nm wavelength image were selected and used as input to statistical discriminant classifiers (linear, quadratic, and Mahalanobis). From the colour images, a total of 179 features (123 colour and 56 textural) were extracted and the top features selected from these features were used as input to the statistical classifiers. The linear discriminant analysis classifier correctly classified 97.3–100.0% healthy and fungal-infected wheat kernels, using the combined hyperspectral image features and the top ten features selected from 179 colour and textural features of the colour images as input.
Enamine chemistry. Part 25. Preparation and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of N-alkyl-morpholines and -pyrrolidines. Comparison with the carbon-13 spectra of the corresponding acyclic enamines

The preparation and 13C chemical shifts of a series of N-alkyl-morpholines and -pyrrolidines are reported. The α-and β-effects of the amine moieties have been evaluated and compared with those operating in the corresponding enamines and with the α- and β-effects of an isopropyl group. The factors affecting the relative magnitude of these effects are discussed.
Optical Fiber Sensor for Biological Oxygen Demand

We describe the first fiber-optic microbial sensor for determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The sensing membrane at the tip of the fiber consists of layers of (a) an oxygen-sensitive fluorescent material, (b) Tricbosporon cutneum immobilized in poly(vinyl alcohol), and (c) a substrate-Dermeable polycarbonate membrane to retain the yeast cells. The layers are placed, in this order, on an optically transparent gas-impermeable polyester support. Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) perchlorate is used as the oxygen indicator. Typical response times are 5-10 min, and the dynamic range is from 0 to 110 mg/L BOD when a glucose/glutamate BOD standard is used
Preparation of Magnetically Separable Composite Photocatalyst: Titania Coated Magnetic Activated Carbon

In the present work, the embedded-type TiO2/magnetic activated carbon (TiO2/MAC) photocatalysts were prepared. The MAC support was manufactured by one-step method and the TiO2 coated on the surface of MAC was prepared by sol-gel method. Its crystalline structural properties, morphology, magnetic performances and pore texture were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (Uv-vis), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and N2 adsorption isotherm. Characterization results showed that TiO2 was highly dispersed on the surface of MAC support in the form of anatase with a particle size of 10 nm. Obtained TiO2/MAC photocatalysts were applied to treatment of contaminant phenol in aqueous solution. The phenol removal percentage by TiO2/MAC photocatalyst is as high as 94% after three cycles. In addition, photocatalytic degradation of phenol in water was examined using TiO2/MAC photocatalysts. The results show that 4 wt% Fe3O4 was suitable to prepare the support of TiO2/MAC composite. The phenol removal percentage by TiO2/MAC photocatalyst is as high as 94% after three cycles. However, the adsorption capability of photocatalyst disappears after six cycles, while its phenol removal percentage via photodegradation is still as high as 60%. Meanwhile, the used TiO2/MAC photocatalyst after six cycles still maintains good magnetic stability because the majority of magnetic particles are embedded into the bulk of carbon matrix. And the embedded structure could still meet the requirement of magnetic separation by an external magnetic field.