Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbial Risks from Wastewater Irrigation of Salad Crops: A Screening‐Level Risk Assessment

The potential health risk from viruses, associated with the consumption of lettuce crops spray irrigated with secondary‐treated municipal effluent, has been evaluated in the first level investigation of a tiered microbial risk assessment. The study assessed the impact of two factors on the estimated risk of infection: a suitable probability density function for the occurrence of human enteroviruses in irrigation water and appropriate die‐off rates for viruses on lettuce crops. A Monte Carlo simulation using a log‐normal and a nonparametric, kernel estimated probability density function indicated that slight changes in the upper tail of the probability density function had a relatively low effect on the estimated infection rates. Predicted infection rates were much more sensitive to the decay rate of viruses than occasional high virus numbers. The median and 99th percentile risks of infection from the overall model were 0.10 and 0.51/10 000 lettuce consumers, respectively, indicating possible human health concern, and the justification of a more detailed microbial risk assessment.
Component software

Don't worry if you don't understand this, because the book goes on to explain in great detail what components can be and how they are used in today's industry. First, Szyperski introduces the basic theory behind components; then he covers many technological practices, including objectoriented principles and Web services; and finally, he closes by introducing even more theory and then wrapping everything up in a conclusion.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) was first described by Northway and colleagues in 1967 as a lung injury in preterm infants resulting from oxygen and mechanical ventilation (1). A National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-sponsored workshop further defined the disease and suggested research initiatives in 1978 (2). The pathophysiology of BPD was extensively reviewed by O’Brodovich and Mellins in 1985 (3). Subsequent research with animal models has shown that the very preterm lung can be acutely injured by either oxygen or mechanical ventilation, resulting in interference with or inhibition of lung alveolar and vascular development (4, 5). A change in the pathology of the lungs of infants who have died of BPD has also been found as smaller and more immature infants have come to constitute the majority of the infants who develop BPD (6, 7). A recently published book contains multiple reviews of all aspects of BPD (8). This workshop was organized by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the NHLBI, together with the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD), to review the definition of BPD and lung injury in very preterm infants, to identify gaps in knowledge about lung development and the best indicators of outcome for infants with BPD, and to determine priorities for future research. BPD is now infrequent in infants of more than 1,200 g birth weight or with gestations exceeding 30 wk (9). Gentler ventilation techniques, antenatal glucocorticoid therapy, and surfactant treatments have minimized severe lung injury in larger and more mature infants. However, some patients who develop BPD are more enigmatic. These consist of very low birth weight infants who initially have minimal or no lung disease but who develop increasing oxygen and ventilatory needs over the first several weeks of life (9, 10). Some of these infants with minimal lung disease that progresses to BPD may have been exposed to chronic chorioamnionitis (11). The incidence of BPD defined as an oxygen need at 36 wk postmenstrual age is about 30% for infants with birth weights 1,000 g (6). Some of these infants have severe lung disease requiring ventilation and/or supplemental oxygen for months or years.
Key entrepreneurial traits and their relationship to venture uncertainty and venture success

While entrepreneurship is one of the most studied topics in business research, findings have been mixed regarding the traits of entrepreneurs. Some of the confusion in the literature may be explained by findings such as John Miner's who identified four personality types capable of achieving entrepreneurial success [33]. Indeed, several authors differentiated between different entrepreneurial subgroups. However, almost all writers assumed that entrepreneurs have distinct personality traits. Among the traits mentioned most often were: high need for achievement, need for control, autonomy, independence, self-confidence, initiative, optimism, imagination, persistence, leadership, competitiveness and risk taking. Against all this body of research comes the claim that the entrepreneurial personality is nothing but a myth [48]. The current study is the fourth in a series of studies on Israeli entrepreneurs that explored their personal traits, from a macro cross-cultural and cultural perspective, through a mezzo occupational perspective to a micro individual behavioral perspective. This study, coming from a micro individual perspective, examined the correlates of the set of personal traits portraying Israeli entrepreneurs found in our previous research. It showed a. that entrepreneurial traits such as love of challenge, initiative, optimism, creativity and energy are highly correlated with risk-taking propensity; b. that this set of traits are also correlated with higher level of venture uncertainty in terms of market and technological uncertainty, and c. ventures with higher levels of uncertainty and risk create higher opportunities for future activities such as entering new markets and introducing new product lines, but are less efficient in terms of meeting schedule and budget goals.
Identification of a Human Cytoplasmic Poly(A) Nuclease Complex Stimulated by Poly(A)-binding Protein*

The poly(A) tail shortening in mRNA, called deadenylation, is the first rate-limiting step in eukaryotic mRNA turnover, and the polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) appears to be involved in the regulation of this step. However, the precise role of PABP remains largely unknown in higher eukaryotes. Here we identified and characterized a human PABP-dependent poly(A) nuclease (hPAN) complex consisting of catalytic hPan2 and regulatory hPan3 subunits. hPan2 has intrinsically a 3′ to 5′ exoribonuclease activity and requires Mg2+ for the enzyme activity. On the other hand, hPan3 interacts with PABP to simulate hPan2 nuclease activity. Interestingly, the hPAN nuclease complex has a higher substrate specificity to poly(A) RNA upon its association with PABP. Consistent with the roles of hPan2 and hPan3 in mRNA decay, the two subunits exhibit cytoplasmic co-localization. Thus, the human PAN complex is a poly(A)-specific exoribonuclease that is stimulated by PABP in the cytoplasm.
Defining ICT and Socio-Economic Development

There is a widespread belief that information and communication technologies (ICT) can play a significant role in the socio-economic development of a nation. ICT has the potential to affect many aspects of economic and societal activity such as GDP growth, employment, productivity, poverty alleviation, quality of life, education, and healthcare. While the literature from various disciplines provides a myriad of definitions and elements of socio-economic development, the fundamental question of what constitutes socio-economic development, specifically one that is ICT-driven, from the perspective of ordinary citizens, remains unanswered. This study focuses on the citizens’ view in describing ICT-driven socio-economic development is a developing country. The paper also makes a methodological contribution to the IS field by its use of the narrative research method, one which is very appropriate for this type of research. Narratives allow deeper and profound insights into participants' beliefs about the role of ICT in their socio-economic development. Using the narrative research method, a model of the dimensions of socio-economic development is formulated. Furthermore, the research introduces several innovations in qualitative research.
Crosslingual Distributed Representations of Words

Distributed representations of words have proven extremely useful in numerous natural language processing tasks. Their appeal is that they can help alleviate data sparsity problems common to supervised learning. Methods for inducing these representations require only unlabeled language data, which are plentiful for many natural languages. In this work, we induce distributed representations for a pair of languages jointly. We treat it as a multitask learning problem where each task corresponds to a single word, and task relatedness is derived from co-occurrence statistics in bilingual parallel data. These representations can be used for a number of crosslingual learning tasks, where a learner can be trained on annotations present in one language and applied to test data in another. We show that our representations are informative by using them for crosslingual document classiﬁ-cation, where classiﬁers trained on these representations substantially outperform strong baselines when applied to a new language.
Pharmacological and other Bioactivities of the Genus Polygonum - A Review

The genus Polygonum encompasses approximately 300 species widely distributed around the world, among which 120 Polygonum species grow in China. Among the rich species, 81 of them are widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines. In recent years, several studies have found that the genus Polygonum posseses a variety of biological activities including antioxidation, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-obesity, etc. However, there are still not enough systemic data on the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects; hence, it would be useful to review current literature for available pharmacological activites of the genus and as well as its active ingredients. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies have provided strong evidence for the therapeutic potential of the genus Polygonum. This review collates and examines information on the pharmacological effects of the genus Polygonum as well as its chemical constituents.
(Acetato-κO)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2 N,N′)copper(II)–ethyl sulfate–methyl sulfate (1/0.5/0.5)

In the title complex, [Cu(C2H3O2)(C10H8N2)2](CH3CH2OSO3)0.5(CH3OSO3)0.5, the CuII ion is bis-chelated by two 2,2′-bipyridine lignds and coordinated by an O atom of an acetate ligand in a CuN4O disorted square-pyramidal environment. In the structure, equal amounts of methyl sulfate and ethyl sulfate anions are disordered on the same crystallographic sites. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions.
Viewing the Public Sphere With Influentials and Citizens

The currently popular emphasis on democratic discussion in the “public sphere” often is critically viewed by observers commenting on issues of participation, empowerment, and efficacy without input from influentials, whose voices often are the content of public debates. Habermas was critical of the quality of democratic discourse, arguing for an “ideal speech situation” where participants are free to question all proposals; introduce proposals; and express their attitudes, wishes, and needs. This article examines perceptions of the climate of communication in the public sphere by influentials and the general public of a major urban area.
Anomalous Cells With Low Reset Resistance in Phase-Change-Memory Arrays

Resistance distributions for the reset state in phase-change-memory arrays are studied as a function of the programming conditions. The statistical distribution displays a low-resistance tail, which may potentially affect the resistance window between the two states in the memory device. The majority of tail cells are found to result from the statistical dispersion of the quenching properties of the chalcogenide material and can be corrected by optimizing the programming operation. On the other hand, a residual tail is found, which is characterized in terms of programming, switching, and conducting characteristics. The measured behavior is consistent with extrinsic low-resistance paths in the programmable volume, which shunts the high-resistance amorphous phase and prevents reaching a fully reset resistance. Removal of this extrinsic tail in the reset distribution is demonstrated by careful optimization of the integration process.
Borna Disease Virus Persistent Infection Activates Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Blocks Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells*

Persistence of Borna disease virus (BDV) in the central nervous system causes damage to specific neuronal populations. BDV is noncytopathic, and the mechanisms underlying neuronal pathology are not well understood. One hypothesis is that infection affects the response of neurons to factors that are crucial for their proliferation, differentiation, or survival. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the response of PC12 cells persistently infected with BDV to the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF). PC12 is a neural crest-derived cell line that exhibits features of neuronal differentiation in response to NGF. We report that persistence of BDV led to a progressive change of phenotype of PC12 cells and blocked neurite outgrowth in response to NGF. Infection down-regulated the expression of synaptophysin and growth-associated protein-43, two molecules involved in neuronal plasticity, as well as the expression of the chromaffin-specific gene tyrosine hydroxylase. We showed that the block in response to NGF was due in part to the down-regulation of NGF receptors. Moreover, although BDV caused constitutive activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, activated ERKs were not translocated to the nucleus efficiently. These observations may account for the absence of neuronal differentiation of persistently infected PC12 cells treated with NGF.
Histologic Evaluation of Bone Using the Quantum Square Pulse Er: YAG Laser: A Preliminary Study

A recent advancement in the Er: YAG laser is the introduction of Quantum Square Pulse technology (QSP). The laser in QSP mode has demonstrated several advantages in animal studies and human cavity preparations in carious teeth. Advantages of the Er: YAG laser in QSP mode include a reduction in laser beam scattering and absorption of the debris cloud. Most important, minimal thermal damage has been observed in cavity preparations. However, use of this new laser technology has not been reported in osseous surgery procedures such as the harvesting of monocortical blocks of bone to reconstruct the maxilla or mandible in the specialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery and implant dentistry. The purpose of this study was to histologically analyze and compare thermal changes on the bone surface of monocortical blocks of bone harvested from the posterior mandible of two patients using the Quantum Square Pulsed Er: YAG laser (Light Walker AT, Fotona, San Clemente, CA) in non-contact mode and a conventional surgical bur in a high-speed drill in preparation for dental implant surgery. The histological results demonstrated no thermal damage to bone ablated at the specified laser parameters during the osteotomy procedures. Use of the QSP Er: YAG laser has demonstrated advantages over the conventional high-speed surgical drill and should be considered as a surgical instrument of choice in the harvesting of monocortical blocks of bone in preparation for placement of dental implants.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces venous return in porcine endotoxemia.

Mechanisms of circulatory effects induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition in endotoxemia were investigated in 36 pigs randomized to 1) endotoxin infusion (1.7 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 iv) for 7 h and bolus NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 25 mg/kg iv) after 3 h; 2) endotoxin infusion for 7 h; 3) saline infusion for 7 h and L-NAME after 3 h; and 4) saline infusion for 7 h. Fifteen minutes after L-NAME injection during endotoxemia, reductions in cardiac output (41%, P < 0.05), portal venous flow (51%, P < 0.05), and hepatic artery flow (50%, P < 0.05) were observed. Systemic vascular resistance increased by 82% (P < 0.05), and the portocaval vascular resistance increased by 101% (P < 0.05). Despite marked vasoconstriction after L-NAME, left ventricular intracavitary filling pressure, central venous pressure, and arterial pressure remained unchanged. During endotoxemia, hematocrit increased from 38.4 +/- 1.4 to 41.9 +/- 1.2 after L-NAME, and blood volume (n = 3) was reduced by an average of 8.3 ml/kg body wt. These changes probably reflect transcapillary fluid loss as urine output was unchanged. In conclusion, L-NAME decreased intravascular blood volume and increased splanchnic venous resistance. These effects will tend to reduce venous return. Combined with a marked increase in left ventricular after-load, L-NAME may thus compromise cardiovascular function in endotoxemia.
The DCX Superfamily 1: Common and Divergent Roles for Members of the Mouse DCX Superfamily

The doublecortin-like (DCX) domains serve as protein-interaction platforms. DCXtandem domains appear in the product of the X-linked doublecortin (DCX) gene, inretinitis pigmentosa –1 (RP1), as well as in other gene products. Mutations in the humanDCX gene are associated with abnormal neuronal migration, epilepsy, and mentalretardation; mutations in RP1 are associated with a form of inherited blindness, whileDCDC2 has been associated with dyslectic reading disabilities. Motivated by the possibleimportance of this gene family, a thorough analysis to detect all family members in themouse was conducted. The DCX-repeat gene superfamily is composed of elevenparalogs, and we cloned the DCX domains from nine different genes. Our studyquestioned which functions attributed to the DCX domain, are conserved among thedifferent members. Our results suggest that the proteins with the DCX-domain haveconserved and unique roles in microtubule regulation and signal transduction. All thetested proteins stimulated microtubule assembly in vitro. Proteins with tandem repeatsstabilized the microtubule cytoskeleton in transfected cells, while those with singlerepeats localized to actin-rich subcellular structures, or the nucleus. All tested proteins interacted with components of the JNK/MAP-kinase pathway, while only a subsetinteracted with Neurabin 2, and a non-overlapping group demonstrated actin association.The sub-specialization of some members due to confined intracellular localization, andprotein interactions may explain the success of this superfamily.
The Beijing genotype is associated with young age and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in rural Vietnam.

BACKGROUND Associations between multidrug resistance and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype have been described mainly in populations with poor tuberculosis (TB) control such as prisons and inner cities, and may reflect shared risk factors rather than a biological association. OBJECTIVE To study the association between genotype and drug resistance among TB patients in a population with adequate TB control. SETTING Three rural districts in Vietnam. The study was performed at the Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, and the Tien Giang Provincial Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, My Tho, Vietnam. METHODS Pretreatment sputum specimens were collected for culture, drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping of all sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients consecutively diagnosed over a 3-year period. RESULTS Beijing genotype infections were observed in 614 of 1744 (35%) patients. Beijing strains were more common among female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.4, P = 0.005), young (aOR 2.8, P < 0.001) and previously treated patients (aOR 2.4, P < 0.001). The Beijing genotype was associated with any resistance (aOR 3.7, P < 0.001) and multidrug resistance (aOR 6.8, P < 0.001) among new patients, and with any resistance (aOR 2.7, P = 0.005) but not with multidrug resistance (aOR 1.4, P = 0.545) among previously treated patients. CONCLUSION In Vietnam, Beijing genotype is associated with young age and in new patients with multidrug resistance despite adequate TB control, suggesting a biological association. This potentially undermines the effectiveness of TB control in countries where Beijing genotype infections are common.
FliC-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses Are Restricted by Bacterial Regulation of Antigen Expression1

Salmonella typhimurium, a facultatively intracellular pathogen, regulates expression of virulence factors in response to distinct environments encountered during the course of infection. We tested the hypothesis that the transition from extra- to intracellular environments during Salmonella infection triggers changes in Ag expression that impose both temporal and spatial limitations on the host T cell response. CD4+ T cells recovered from Salmonella immune mice were propagated in vitro using Ag derived from bacteria grown in conditions designed to emulate extra- or intracellular environments in vivo. Extracellular phase bacteria supported a dominant T cell response to the flagellar subunit protein FliC, whereas intracellular phase bacteria were unable to support expansion of FliC-specific T cells from populations known to contain T cells with reactivity to this Ag. This result was attributed to bacterial regulation of FliC expression: transcription and protein levels were repressed in bacteria growing in the spleens of infected mice. Furthermore, Salmonella-infected splenocytes taken directly ex vivo stimulated FliC-specific T cell clones only when intracellular FliC expression was artificially up-regulated. Although it has been suggested that a microanatomical separation of immune T cells and infected APC exists in vivo, we demonstrate that intracellular Salmonella can repress FliC expression below the T cell activation threshold. This potentially provides a mechanism for intracellular Salmonella at systemic sites to avoid detection by Ag-specific T cells primed at intestinal sites early in infection.
Development of calretinin immunoreactivity in the mouse inner ear

Calretinin is a calcium‐binding protein of the EF‐hand family. It has been previously identified in particular cell types of adult guinea pig, rat, and chinchilla inner ear. Development of calretinin immunoreactivity in the mouse inner ear was investigated from embryonic day 13 (E13) to the adult stage. In the adult mouse vestibule, calretinin immunoreactivity was present in the same structures as described for the rat and guinea pig: the population of afferent fibers forming calyx units and small number of ganglion neurons. The earliest immunoreactivity was found at E17 in vestibular hair cells (VHCs), then, at E19, in afferent fibers entering the sensory epithelia and in rare ganglion neurons. At postnatal day 4 (P4), a few vestibular nerve fibers and ganglion neurons were reactive. From this stage until P14, immunoreactivity developed in the calyx units and disappeared from VHCs. At P14, immunostaining was adult‐like. In the adult mouse cochlea, immunoreactivity was present in the same cell populations as described in the rat: the inner hair cells (IHCs) and most of Corti's ganglion neurons. Calretinin immunoreactivity appeared at E 19‐P0 in IHCs and ganglion neurons of the basal turn. At P1, outer hair cells (OHCs) of the basal turn were positive. Calretinin immunoreactivity then appeared in IHCs, OHCs, and ganglion neurons of the medial turn, then of the apical turn. At P4, all IHCs and OHCs and most of the ganglion neurons were immunostained. Immunoreactivity gradually disappeared from the OHCs starting at P10 and, at P22, only IHCs and ganglion neurons were positive. The sequences of appearance of calretini, n were specific to each cell type of the inner ear and paralleled their respective maturation. Calretinin was transiently expressed in VHCs and OHCs. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.