Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fraud Detection of Credit Card by Using HMM Model

Credit card fraud is a serious and growing problem. Due to a rapid advancement in the electronic commerce technology, the use of credit cards has dramatically increased. As credit card becomes the most popular mode of payment for both online as well as regular purchase, cases of fraud associated with it are also rising. In this paper, we model the sequence of operations in credit card transaction processing using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and show how it can be used for the detection of frauds. An HMM is initially trained with the normal behavior of a cardholder. If an incoming credit card transaction is not accepted by the trained HMM with a sufficiently high probability, it is considered to be fraudulent. At the same time, we try to ensure that genuine transactions are not rejected. We present detailed experimental results to show the effectiveness of our approach and compare it with other techniques available in the literature.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α-mediated Pathways Are Altered in Hepatocyte-specific Retinoid X Receptor α-deficient Mice

Abstract Retinoid x receptor α (RXRα) serves as an active partner of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα). In order to dissect the functional role of RXRα and PPARα in PPARα-mediated pathways, the hepatocyte RXRα-deficient mice have been challenged with physiological and pharmacological stresses, fasting and Wy14,643, respectively. The data demonstrate that RXRα and PPARα deficiency are different in several aspects. At the basal untreated level, RXRα deficiency resulted in marked induction of apolipoprotein A-I and C-III (apoA-I and apoC-III) mRNA levels and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which was not found in PPARα-null mice. Fasting-induced PPARα activation was drastically prevented in the absence of hepatocyte RXRα. Wy14,643-mediated pleiotropic effects were also altered due to the absence of hepatocyte RXRα. Hepatocyte RXRα deficiency did not change the basal acyl-CoA oxidase, medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme mRNA levels. However, the inducibility of those genes by Wy14,643 was markedly reduced in the mutant mouse livers. In contrast, the basal cytochrome P450 4A1, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and apoA-I and apoC-III mRNA levels were significantly altered in the mutant mouse livers, but the regulatory effect of Wy14,643 on expression of those genes remained the same. Wy14,643-induced hepatomegaly was partially inhibited in hepatocyte RXRα-deficient mice. Wy14,643-induced hepatocyte peroxisome proliferation was preserved in the absence of hepatocyte RXRα. These data suggested that in comparison to PPARα, hepatocyte RXRα has its unique role in lipid homeostasis and that the effect of RXRα, -β, and -γ is redundant in certain aspects.
Modeling the Monetary Policy Reaction Function of the Colombian Central Bank

This paper proposes a simple Ordered Probit model to analyse the monetary policy reaction function of the Colombian Central Bank. There is evidence that the reaction function is asymmetric, in the sense that the Bank increases the Bank rate when the gap between observed inflation and the inflation target (lagged once) is positive, but it does not reduce the Bank rate when the gap is negative. This behaviour suggests that the Bank is more interested in fulfilling the announced inflation target rather than in reducing inflation excessively. The forecasting performance of the model, both within and beyond the estimation period, appears to be particularly good.
Demagogues in America: From the Revolution to the Second World War

We define demagogues as anti-establishment politicians who provide simplistic explanations and solutions for the people's problems. We identify two key forms of these simplistic solutions: those that ignore resource constraints and those that blame particular ethnic or cultural groups for resource shortfalls. <br><br>There are two main results: <br><br>(1) demagogues arise on the national stage in the form of presidential contenders in the aftermath of an economic crisis, or during the slow recovery that follows. <br><br>(2) Established parties often adjust their positions toward demagogues to fend them off (e.g., FDR in the mid 1930s); and when they refuse (e.g., John Quincy Adams), demagogues win and implement far worse policies that destroy physical and social capital. <br><br>We highlight how concerns for demagogues dominated the thinking of Americans in the Revolutionary Era and the Early Republic, and were a main factor behind the Constitutional Movement.
Does Foreign Aid Increase Foreign Direct Investment?

We examine the idea that aid and foreign direct investment (FDI) are complementary sources of foreign capital. We argue that the relationship between aid and FDI is theoretically ambiguous: aid raises the marginal productivity of capital when used to finance complementary inputs (like public infrastructure and human capital investments), but aid may crowd out private investments when it comes in the shape of pure physical capital transfers. Empirically, we find that aid invested in complementary inputs draws in FDI, while aid invested in physical capital crowds it out. The paper shows that the composition of aid matters for its overall level of efficiency.
An Integrated Process Model of Change: An Iterative Grounded Study of Change in Health Systems in India

Health systems undergo demographic and with it associated epidemiological transition. They thus need manage change associated with this, which is continuous, incessant and speed and magnitude of change being dependent upon a multitude of contextual factors. Change management in health systems is a less researched and understood subject, given the large scale presence of inequalities in distribution of health care indices. Addressing inequalities in health care services delivery is thus a major cause of concern for both researchers and practioners. This multiple case embedded processual study compares the performance of two state health systems over time and how they have tackled the issue of change associated with the epidemiological transition they encountered. Critically, it posits that, to manage the requirements of transition, Health systems need to show a functional cognitive architecture which would maintain the attention of policy makers to the changes occurring in the health needs of the population, convert them into health interventions and its service delivery components, give direction to their macro processes to generate, allocate, distribute required resources and finally position appropriate administrative mechanisms to ensure execution resulting in desired health outcomes. Thus implementation of change is a function of Attention, Direction and Governance of health policy/programmes. It contributes to health care literature by giving a practitioner oriented model and posits that the model needs to be structured into the health systems if they are to successfully handle epidemiological transitions.
More Education, Less Financial Illiteracy: Evidence from China

In this paper, we explore whether educational attainment affects financial literacy. Exploiting the exogenous variation in the implementation of the Compulsory Schooling Law in China, we estimate the causal effects of education on financial knowledge acquisition and explore the potential mechanisms. Our results indicate that education increases levels of financial literacy. In addition, we find that these positive impacts are more pronounced for individuals who are male, less concerned about financial news and urban residents, and do not have economics training. Further analysis suggests that education leads to improved math skills and increased sociability, which are two potential channels behind the education-financial literacy nexus.
The Nexus of Safe Asset Shortage, Credit Growth and Financial Instability

Does a shortage of safe assets sow the seeds of instability of financial system? This paper empirically explores the hypothesis of safe asset shortage-induced excess credit booms and financial instability. As an alternative step forward from the assumption of growth- or wealth-based demand for safe assets, the study underlines demographic factors as a main determinant of safe asset demand. Based on the long-run trends of aging and government debt, I newly construct a safe asset shortage index. Using the index, the consecutive empirical exercises confirm the positive relationship of safe asset shortage-credit expansion-aggregate risks of financial system. The estimation of the crisis probabilistic model for 17 advanced economies in 1970-2013 presents new evidence that the (high) level of private credit at a time of increasing safe asset shortage is the major predictor of financial crises. The fixed-effect panel analysis results for 18 advanced countries in 1980-2016 also show a significant, positive contribution of safe asset shortage to credit growth. The total effect of the shortage depends positively on securitization growth and negatively on net capital outflows. The latter effect is considerably dominant.
Human Resource Planning and Organisational Sustainability: A Study of Selected Telecommunication Firms in Rivers State.

This study examines the relationship between human resource planning and organisational sustainability. Cross-sectional research survey was employed as a research design. Target populated comprises of selected telecommunication firms operating in Port Harcourt. Accessible population consists of five telecom firms in Port Harcourt using a simple random sampling technique. 125 supervisors, human resource managers and general managers were surveyed. Sample size is 95 using Krejcie and Morgan (1970). 95 copies of questionnaire were distributed. 82 copies of the questionnaire were completely filled and returned for data analysis. Required number of people, skill of individual, age, and culture were measured on a 5-point Likert Scale ranging from 5-Great extent, 4-Moderate extent, 3-low extent, 2-very low extent, 1-Not all. Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient was used for data analysis with the aid of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 22.0). The study found that human resource planning has a significant relationship with organisational sustainability. The study concludes that human resource planning measured in terms of competence, age and culture enhances organisational sustainability. One of the recommendations is that human resource professionals should consider the competence of each applicant very seriously for organization to be sustainable.
REIT and Commercial Real Estate Returns: A Post Mortem of the Financial Crisis

In the years surrounding the financial crisis, the share prices of equity Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) were much more volatile than the underlying commercial real estate prices. To better understand this phenomenon we examine the cross-sectional dispersion of REIT returns during this time period with a particular focus on the influence of their capital structures. By looking at both the debt ratio and the maturity structure of the debt we separate the pure leverage effect from the effect of financial distress. Consistent with leverage and financial distress costs amplifying the price decline, we find that the share prices of REITs with higher debt to asset ratios and shorter maturity debt fell more during the 2007 to early 2009 crisis period. Although REIT prices rebounded with the bounce back in commercial real estate prices, financial distress costs had a permanent effect on REIT values. In particular, we find that REITs with more debt due during the crisis period tended to sell more property and issue more equity in 2009, when prices were depressed.
Improving Phrase-Based Machine Translation

1 Overview Current state-of-the-art machine translation systems use a phrase-based scoring model for choosing among candidate translations in a target language, typically English. These models are deemed phrase-based because candidate sentence scores are in large part a product of phrase translation probabilities. These translation probabilities must be learned in some unsupervised manner from a pair of sentence-aligned corpora. With the end goal of improving upon the published results of such systems, our project proceeded in two stages. First, we attempted to duplicate the performance results of existing end-to-end translation systems by piecing together available components and engineering the remainder guided by published techniques. Second, we identified two significant shortcomings of published systems and attempted to remedy them via machine learning techniques. In particular, we chose to learn phrase translation probabilities directly rather than deriving them heuristically. We also augmented the scoring model to relax a troublesome independence assumption across phrases.
Politics and Gender in the Executive Suite

We investigate the relationship of CEOs' political preferences (as reflected in their political contributions) with the prevalence and compensation of women in leadership positions at U.S. public companies. We find that CEOs who favor the Democratic Party (“Democratic CEOs”) are associated with the presence of more women in the team of non-CEO top executives (“the executive suite''). To explore causality, we use an event study approach and show that replacing a Republican CEO with a Democratic CEO is accompanied by an increased female representation in the executive suite. To further explore causality, we examine whether CEO political preferences are associated with gender diversity in the boardroom and find no such association. This lack of association is consistent with CEOs’ preferences having less influence over gender diversity in the boardroom than the executive suite because CEOs have less power over the appointment of directors who supposed to supervise the CEO than over that of executives reporting to the CEO. Finally, examining the gender gaps in the level and performance-sensitivity of executive pay documented in the literature, we find that they are driven by companies headed by Republican CEOs and disappear or at least diminish under Democratic CEOs.
OOBNs for Financial Markets Signals Detection

Equity markets dynamics can be analyzed only by considering at the same time a large amount of information of different nature. We propose to adopt Object Oriented Bayesian Networks as a quantitative and analytical tool for detecting market signals. We include in the same model microeconomic, macroeconomic, technical analysis and market sentiment variables. We exploit this graphical representation to describe relationships among variables and to perform simulations in real time. This approach allows us to provide in a mouse-click time operative signals to investors. In this work, we present an application to S&P 500.
Biohydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation of Starch Using Mixed Bacterial Cultures of Bacillus sp and Brevumdimonas sp.

The energy use of hydrogen is recognized for its environmental advantages. Its utilization is expected to grow significantly over the coming years, and the development of new production methods to complement or substitute the traditional steam reforming, gasification, or electrolysis will further enhance that growth. The microbial conversion of biomass is considered to be the route with the highest immediate potential for its significant hydrogen yield and low energy requirement. The present research investigates this potential, using starch as the raw material for dark fermentation and by using appropriate micro-organisms. Fermentation using a single micro-organism strain is shown to be of limited efficiency for H2 production, with a low H2 content and low yield. The combination of two bacterial strains, belonging to Bacillus sp and Brevumdimonas sp. , respectively, and each with a specific action in the H2 production, significantly enhances the biohydrogen production yield. Its H2 yield reached 1.04 mol .
The Socioeconomic and Gender Impacts of Health Events on Employment Transitions in France: A Panel Data Study

This article explores the effect of accidents and chronic illnesses on participation in the French labor market while accounting for socioeconomic and gender effects. We use a dynamic definition of the control group and difference-in-differences exact matching estimators, which control for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that accidents have a slightly smaller effect than do chronic illnesses on employment but generate more inequalities across workers. Women and less educated workers are the most disadvantaged, and almost all transitions go from employment to inactivity. We interpret these results in relation to the incentives provided by the French social welfare system.
Signal transduction by the Epstein‐Barr virus oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus is a viral oncogene with the poten-tial to antagonize apoptosis and senescence as well as to promote cellular survival and prolifera-tion. LMP1 acts like a constitutively active receptor recruiting signalling molecules typicallyemployed by the cellular tumour necrosis factor-receptor (TNF-R) and Toll-like/interleukin-1-receptor (TIR) families. LMP1 activates the classical and alternative NF-jB pathways, c-Jun N-ter-minal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the JAK/STAT and phosphatidy-linositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. In this article, interactions of LMP1 with host cell signal trans-duction pathways and their role in LMP1-induced cell transformation are reviewed.
We Can't Go on Together with Suspicious Minds: Forecasting Errors in Evaluating the Appreciation of Denials

In light of public examples of false denials, it is unsurprising that people’s beliefs about denials often are negative. However, inconsistent with such beliefs, denials often are sincere, and can facilitate trust repair. We illuminate this mismatch by examining whether forecasting errors exist in people’s responses to denials. In two experimental studies, we reveal that people who actually received a denial after a possible transgression (a) were less suspicious, and experienced greater trust, and (b) displayed more trusting behavior than people who imagined receiving a denial. These results suggest that people underestimate the effectiveness of denials in the reconciliation process.
Microbiological studies of cockroaches from three localities in Gaborone, Botswana

Cockroaches have become the most common pests in a majority of households in Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana Their presence has always raised safety concerns, especially as carriers of food-borne pathogens and food-spoilage organisms. To address the safety issues, bacteriological investigations were carried out on cockroaches trapped from the kitchens and toilets of three localities in Gaborone, households in Botswana. The bacterial, total spore forming, Bacillus cereus, coliforms and E. coli counts from the surfaces of cockroaches were estimated using bacteriological media. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the fecal pellets were isolated and characterized. Specialized media were used for culturing pathogens. 67 %, 22.2 % and 28.6 % of the cockroaches trapped in the kitchen from Central/Broadhurst, Old Naledi and Tlokweng, respectively, had aerobic plate counts of > 106 CFU/cockroach. The cockroaches trapped from the toilets had higher counts than kitchens. Sporeformers were present in most samples though in lower numbers. However, Bacillus cereus was only found in some of the cockroaches at much lower numbers. As much as 70– 98.3% of the cockroaches had coliforms; but, E. coli was only found in 5–6.5% of the cockroaches at > 103 CFU/cockroach. 70 species of bacteria representing 37 genera were isolated from the surface and fecal pellets. Even though the majority of the bacteria that were isolated from the surfaces were Gram negative those from the pellets were mostly Gram positive. The most common and abundant species belonged to Pseudomonas and Serratia, with members of the Enterobacteriaceae following. In the pellets, species of Bacillus were predominant, but, there were some members of Enterobacteriaceae. Pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella and B. cereus were isolated. Opportunistic pathogens like species of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Vibrio and food spoilage bacteria such as species of Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Erwinia, and Pseudomonas were also found. Proper care in disposal of food remnants and overall cleanliness at the households prevents cockroaches from foraging in the kitchen and toilet.
Taming the Sharing Economy Flood: Modelling the Imposing of Sharing Economy Regulation

The paper in hand reviews the Sharing Economy and regulation, focusing on ride-sharing and China. Then it provides an elucidation for regulatory interventions, and proposes a new regulation model for ride-sharing inspired by the chronicles of the Great Yu, a mythical Chinese �? gure who succeeded in controlling the ﬂood for the �? rst time.
Factors Influencing the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Beauty-Care and Parlor Industry of Bangladesh

Beauty-care and Parlor is an emerging business in Bangladesh with USD ten billion revenue and employment of 100,000 women of the country. The reasons can be attributed by the raise in income of the people especially the city dwellers of Dhaka and the awareness for beauty-care. These businesses are initiated and run exclusively by the women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Hence, this paper aims at identifying the factors that are inducing the women of Bangladesh to initiate the beauty parlor business in Bangladesh. A total number of 122 women parlor entrepreneurs were surveyed to identify the reasons for engaging in this business. A structured questionnaire was developed and used to collect data from the women parlor entrepreneurs located in Dhaka and Narayangonj. Multivariate analysis techniques like factor analysis, multiple regression and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses were used to analyze the data. The structural model (SEM) results show that three factors such as, business environment, business support, and operational incentive have significant impact on the overall development of women parlor entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. The other three factors, like business prospect, entrepreneurial skills & education, and financial affairs do not have influence on the development of parlor entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Among the significant variables, business support is the most influencing factor followed by business environment and operational incentive. This study suggests that the policy makers should focus more on the business environment, business support, and operational incentive for developing beauty-care and parlor entrepreneurs in Bangladesh.
Income, Leisure, and Happiness

The income-leisure trade-off, whilst prominent in textbooks, is largely absent in the income-happiness debate. Multilevel or hierarchical linear modeling is introduced and used to investigate the income-leisure-happiness nexus. Leisure has a positive effect on happiness, but lowers the effect of per-capita GDP on self-reported happiness. This is in contrast to existing within-country evidence, and a likely explanation is that per-capita income proxies for leisure — the two are positively correlated. Further at odds with this previous research, no sex differences are found with respect to the effect of income and leisure on happiness.