Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon genomes reveals signatures of parallel and relaxed selection across the Northern Hemisphere

Most Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations follow an anadromous life cycle, spending early life in freshwater, migrating to the sea for feeding, and returning to rivers to spawn. At the end of the last ice age ~10,000 years ago, several populations of Atlantic salmon became landlocked. Comparing their genomes to their anadromous counterparts can help identify genetic variation related to either freshwater residency or anadromy. The objective of this study was to identify consistently divergent loci between anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon strains throughout their geographical distribution, with the long‐term aim of identifying traits relevant for salmon aquaculture, including fresh and seawater growth, omega‐3 metabolism, smoltification, and disease resistance. We used a Pool‐seq approach (n = 10–40 individuals per population) to sequence the genomes of twelve anadromous and six landlocked Atlantic salmon populations covering a large part of the Northern Hemisphere and conducted a genomewide association study to identify genomic regions having been under different selection pressure in landlocked and anadromous strains. A total of 28 genomic regions were identified and included cadm1 on Chr 13 and ppargc1a on Chr 18. Seven of the regions additionally displayed consistently reduced heterozygosity in fish obtained from landlocked populations, including the genes gpr132, cdca4, and sertad2 on Chr 15. We also found 16 regions, including igf1 on Chr 17, which consistently display reduced heterozygosity in the anadromous populations compared to the freshwater populations, indicating relaxed selection on traits associated with anadromy in landlocked salmon. In conclusion, we have identified 37 regions which may harbor genetic variation relevant for improving fish welfare and quality in the salmon farming industry and for understanding life‐history traits in fish.
Emulator Design and Generation of Synthetic Dataset in Multi-Ion Sensing

Multi-ion potentiometric sensing becomes challenging for mixed-ion samples in which interfering electrolytes significantly alter the response of each single sensor. Therefore, an emulator based on the phase-boundary potential model is proposed to simulate multi-ion sensing in presence of interference. It serves as investigation tool for understanding the impact of sensor selectivity and interferent ions in the sensor response. Moreover, the emulator is used to design mixed-ion synthetic dataset, following a multi-factorial design of ion mixtures with orthogonal arrays. Such large dataset is suitable for data-intensive learning algorithms used in multivariate calibration of potentiometric sensor arrays.
Tribological performance of hardfaced and heat treated EN-47 steel used for tillage applications

In the present work, two different hardfacings, namely SZ (Super-Zed alloy; C3.83Cr33.37) and ZK (Zedalloy-K; C0.65Cr4.5Mo8.18) were deposited on EN-47 ploughshare steel by manual metal arc welding process to enhance the abrasive wear resistance. In addition, the influence of heat-treatment of steel by two different methods, i.e., carburizing (C) and through-hardening (Q&T), on the abrasive wear behaviour has also been investigated. Abrasive wear studies were conducted on bare, hardfaced, and heat-treated steel in a laboratory by using a three-body dry sand rubber wheel test rig as per the ASTM G-65 standard. The bare steel suffered a high wear rate, which may be attributed to its soft ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. The abrasive wear rate of tested specimens was found to be 1.7651 × 10−3 g m−1, 0.7439 × 10−3 g m−1, 0.961 × 10−3 g m−1, 0.992 × 10−3 g m−1 and 1.21 × 10−3 g m−1 for bare, SZ, ZK, C and Q&T steel specimens respectively. The SZ hardfacing provided better abrasive wear protection than the other treatments due to high chromium and carbon concentration in the hardfacings electrodes, which presented a higher area fraction of primary M7C3 carbides in the matrix. The wear resistance indices (WRI) for SZ hardfacing, ZK hardfacing, carburized, and through-hardened steel specimens were found to be 2.37, 1.84, 1.78, and 1.46, respectively.
Stratospheric Incursion as a Source of Enhancement of the Isotopic Ratios of Atmospheric N2O at Western Pacific

We present analyses of nitrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios and site‐preference (SP) values of atmospheric nitrous oxide samples obtained from Taiwan in west Pacific. Air samples were collected during September 2013 to January 2016 from Taipei and during November 2011 to December 2014 from Keelung, located in the northeastern coast of Taiwan. The average values of δ15N, δ18O, and SP are 6.4 ± 0.3 ‰, 44.0 ± 0.4 ‰, and 17.1 ± 1.0 ‰, respectively, at Taipei and 6.4 ± 0.2 ‰, 44.6 ± 0.4 ‰, and 17.9 ± 1.3 ‰, for δ15N, δ18O, and SP respectively, at Keelung, comparable to the average values (6.6 ± 0.2, 44.2 ± 0.2, and 18.1 ± 0.5 ‰, scaled to year 2014) from Hateruma, an open ocean station in western Pacific. Strong temporal variations in the delta values, however, are seen. During a subtropical jet‐strengthening period in October to mid‐December 2014, the δ15N, δ18O and SP values increased at the rate of 0.006 ± 0.002 ‰/day, 0.010 ± 0.002 ‰/day and 0.008 ± 0.002 ‰/day, respectively at Taipei and 0.013 ± 0.005 ‰/day, 0.011 ± 0.005 ‰/day and 0.011 ± 0.027 ‰/day at Keelung. This suggests intrusion of air to the lower troposphere from the stratosphere where δ15N, δ18O and SP values are higher. This is consistent with earlier observations of oxygen isotope anomaly in atmospheric CO2 and elevated 35S in sulfate aerosols, indicating frequent stratospheric intrusions in this region. The observed δ15N and δ18O values, along with the oxygen isotope anomaly in CO2 and multiple sulfur isotopes in sulfate, can be used to constrain local emissions from the surface, improving our knowledge of anthropogenic contribution to the global budget of N2O.
The Impact of Resolving Subkilometer Processes on Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions of Low‐Level Clouds in Global Model Simulations

Subkilometer processes are critical to the physics of aerosol‐cloud interaction (ACI) but have been dependent on parameterizations in global model simulations. We thus report the strength of ACI in the Ultra‐Parameterized Community Atmosphere Model (UPCAM), a multiscale climate model that uses coarse exterior resolution to embed explicit cloud‐resolving models with enough resolution (250 m horizontal, 20 m vertical) to quasi‐resolve subkilometer eddies. To investigate the impact on ACIs, UPCAM's simulations are compared to a coarser multiscale model with 4 km horizontal resolution. UPCAM produces cloud droplet number concentrations (Nd) and cloud liquid water path (LWP) values that are higher than the coarser model but equally plausible compared to observations. Our analysis focuses on the Northern Hemisphere (20–50°N) oceans, where historical aerosol increases have been largest. We find similarities in the overall radiative forcing from ACIs in the two models, but this belies fundamental underlying differences. The radiative forcing from increases in LWP is weaker in UPCAM, whereas the forcing from increases in Nd is larger. Surprisingly, the weaker LWP increase is not due to a weaker increase in LWP in raining clouds, but a combination of weaker increase in LWP in nonraining clouds and a smaller fraction of raining clouds in UPCAM. The implication is that as global modeling moves toward finer than storm‐resolving grids, nuanced model validation of ACI statistics conditioned on the existence of precipitation and good observational constraints on the baseline probability of precipitation will become key for tighter constraints and better conceptual understanding.
Using remote camera traps to assess mammal and bird assemblages across a complex environmental landscape

Animals must navigate a complex mosaic of habitat types, both natural and artificial. As artificial habitats (e.g., agricultural fields) become increasingly abundant in many landscapes, species will be affected differently, depending on their habitat preferences. We investigated the diversity, richness, abundance, and biomass of mammals and birds with remote camera traps that optimized the capture of both large and small animals. Camera traps allowed us to capture natural rates of mammals and birds, which is difficult to obtain using human observers who can affect the behavior of animals and are limited in their spatio-temporal scope and ability to assess nocturnal communities. Our camera trap arrays were established along two transects in a local conservation reserve; one transect ran from an agricultural field to an upland forest and another from a wetland to an upland forest. Over the 6-week study our cameras recorded 2,245 images, within which we observed 483 individuals comprising 16 species of mammals and birds. Our data showed that species composition and abundances were only marginally different between the two transects, with species common to both transects not exhibiting any statistical difference in abundances. Coyotes and armadillos were unique to the riparian transect, and many more bird species were present along the riparian transect than the agricultural transect. Diversity, richness, and total community biomass did not differ significantly between the two transects nor along each transect but there were non-significant trends in predicted directions. Our results revealed that fewer species use the forest immediately adjacent to the agricultural field, but more species use the wetland and the forest immediately adjacent to the wetland. Our results corroborate other studies revealing that certain species are more common in forested areas but also that some species thought to prefer forested areas may actually be more habitat generalists than previously thought.
Accommodation and nonaccommodation as predictors of instrumental caregiving intentions and expectations in grandparent-grandchild relationships

This dyadic study examined how grandparents’ and grandchildren’s perceptions of receiving accommodation, overaccommodation, and underaccommodation were indirectly associated with grandchildren’s intentions to provide instrumental care and grandparents’ expectations that they would receive instrumental care, via both parties’ communication satisfaction. For grandchildren, a series of indirect associations emerged: Grandchildren’s perceptions of receiving accommodation positively predicted grandchildren’s communication satisfaction; grandchildren’s perceptions of receiving overaccommodation and underaccommodation negatively predicted grandchildren’s communication satisfaction. Grandchildren’s communication satisfaction then positively predicted grandchildren’s intentions to provide instrumental care. In contrast, no indirect associations emerged involving the grandparent versions of the variables. Rather, for grandparents, a direct association was observed: Grandparents’ perceptions of receiving accommodation directly and positively predicted grandparents’ expectations to receive instrumental care. This discrepancy in results (indirect associations for grandchildren, a direct association for grandparents) is discussed in terms of the mediating mechanism phase of communication accommodation theory scholarship.
KONDISI STATUS HARA TANAH DAN JARINGAN TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis jacq) YANG TERDAPAT DI KEBUN KELAPA SAWIT BALAI PENGAWASAN DAN SERTIFIKASI BENIH PERKEBUNAN PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Pemupukan merupakan suatu upaya penyediaan unsur hara yang cukup guna mendorong pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman yang sehat dan produksi tandan buah segar (TBS) yang maksimal dan ekonomis serta ketahanan terhadap hama dan penyakit. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan unsur-unsur hara yang terdapat di dalam daun kelapa sawit dan tanah dari aplikasi pemupukan yang telah diberikan melalui pengambilan contoh daun dan tanah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kebun kelapa sawit Balai Pengawasan dan Sertifikasi Benih Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil contoh daun sebanyak 60 sampel daun yang terletak pada pelepah daun kelapa sawit ke-17 dan mengambil 4 contoh tanah yang telah dikompositkan dari beberapa titik pengambilan di sekitar pohon kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan masih rendahnya kandungan hara yang terdapat pada tanah dan jaringan tanaman kelapa sawit, sehingga perlu adanya perbaikan kultur teknis di kebun kelapa sawit.kata kunci : Status hara, Kultur Teknis, Kelapa Sawit.
Drainage of subduction interface fluids into the forearc mantle evidenced by a pristine jadeitite network (Polar Urals)

The physical and mechanical processes rooted in the hydrated, serpentinized mantle above subduction zones remain insufficiently explored despite fundamental implications for our understanding of rheology and fluid recycling along subduction interfaces. Through a field‐based investigation, serpentinized peridotites and jadeitite samples from a fossil forearc mantle in the Polar Urals (Russia) are studied here to document fluid–rock interaction processes in the high‐P field, as well as the long‐term evolution of the base of the mantle wedge. Petrographic, geochemical and microstructural observations reveal a complex, protracted evolution of the jadeitite‐forming fluid pathway throughout the gradual cooling of the forearc mantle and increasing serpentinization of the host. It is shown that the jadeitite lenses in the studied locality (a) derive for a large part from a trondhjemitic dyke earlier emplaced in a warm subduction environment, and (b) record the cooling of the subduction hangingwall under high‐P conditions associated with increasing host serpentinization. In the studied locality, the majority of the jadeitites formed at relatively high temperatures (>600°C) by the influx of Na–Al‐rich, slab‐derived metamorphic fluids that were drained along the base of the mantle wedge, parallel to the subduction interface. Changes in bulk‐rock geochemical signatures and in paragenetic sequences also constrain the compositional evolution of the fluid channelized along this drainage, with an increasing sedimentary component. The phlogopite‐bearing walls of the dyke exhibit Rb–Sr and Ar–Ar ages ranging between c. 405 and c. 390 Ma, a range partly overlapping within uncertainty with the previously dated zircons from the jadeitite core (410–⁠400 Ma; U–Pb). This study opens a unique window on the pristine structures formed above the plate interface by melting and fluid–rock interaction in the early subduction stages, as well as their evolution during secular cooling of the base of the mantle wedge.
When Social Capital Becomes Political Capital: Understanding the Social Contexts of Minority Candidates' Electoral Success in the American States

Abstract Political scientists have long been interested in studying the elective office-holding of disadvantaged groups. However, this line of research primarily focuses on the representation of ethnic minorities in the U.S. Congress and identifies three types of determinants of minority candidates' electoral success: the demographic and political make-up of constituents, candidates' personal traits, and macro-level electoral rules. Much less attention is given to minority candidates' electoral success in statehouses. In this paper, we ask: what factors promote the electoral success of minority candidates in state legislatures? Beyond voter characteristics and electoral rules, we attribute minority candidates' electoral success to the social capital possessed by their in-group constituents. We theorize that social capital manifested as civic engagement and social connectedness, can become political capital for minority candidates. Using the Current Population Surveys Civic Engagement Supplement, we validate state-level measures of social capital by race and ethnicity. Linking group social capital to state legislative election outcomes, we find the stock of minority social capital contributes to the electoral success of minority candidates, while white social capital decreases minority candidates' electoral success. Key findings suggest social capital is a form of political capital for disadvantaged groups with private benefits for in-group candidates.
Racing with superior and inferior team-members: an experimental test of effort changes in a cycling team sprint

ABSTRACT The study purpose was to investigate the effect of ability on effort within a sport-specific conjunctive task. The hypothesis was that, compared to working alone, inferior team members would increase their effort when performing a conjunctive sport task in a three-person team, whereas superior team members would decrease their effort. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (inferior member, control member or superior member) during a 1-min maximal team time trial on a stationary bike. One hundred five relatively well-trained undergraduate sports students (male = 64, female = 41) performed 1-min maximum ergometer cycling tests individually and in random three-person teams. After completing the individual test, participants were told that the next trial would be performed in teams with a conjunctive task structure and were randomly assigned to receive manipulated feedback (that they were either the inferior member or the superior member). Control members received no feedback. Participants in the inferior member condition showed a statistically significant performance gain (i.e., effort gains) when performing the test with stronger partners. Participants in the control and superior member conditions showed neither performance gains nor performance losses (i.e., no effort losses) when completing the test within teams. Receiving feedback about being the inferior member of a sports team may lead to increased effort and, thus, improved performance (i.e., the Köhler effect), whereas no evidence of a free-rider effect was identified in the superior members.
Identification and Characterization of Rab39a and Its Role in Crosspresentation

Crosspresentation allows antigen presenting cells to present peptides from exogenously derived antigens onto MHC Class I for presentation to CD8+ T cells. Though this pathway shares key players with the Classical Class I and Class II pathways, several questions remain. A genomewide siRNA screen was performed to look for genes that selectively affected the crosspresentation or the Class II pathways. Among the genes identified in the screen was the Rab GTPase Rab39a. Rab39a was required for efficient crosspresentation but was dispensable for the presentation of endogenously expressed antigen. Both TAPdependent and independent antigen required Rab39a for efficient presentation. Rab39a localized to late endosomes and phagosomes, though interestingly it was not required for the Class II pathway. Analysis of phagosomes from Rab39a KO or rescued cells has shown that in the presence of Rab39a, phagosomes were enriched for the open form of MHC Class I as well as TAP1, a member of the peptide loading complex. The enriched open form of MHC-I was peptide receptive, suggesting that it could contribute to crosspresentation. Phagosomes from Rab39a positive cells had reduced degradative capability and had increased levels of Sec22b, a SNARE protein reported to deliver ER-golgi sourced cargo to phagosomes. Furthermore, inhibition of ER-golgi transport via brefeldin A abolished the phenotype conferred by Rab39a. Thus, we hypothesize that Rab39a mediates the delivery of ER-golgi derived cargo to the antigen containing phagosome. This delivery allows peptide receptive MHC-I, as well as
The role of fish in the diet of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Strait of Gibraltar

To study the diet of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Strait of Gibraltar, a total of 176 stomachs were examined from the Moroccan artisanal fishery targeting this species, from April to September 2015. The frequency of occurrence (FO), percentage in number and in weight of prey as well as the per cent index of relative importance of prey (%IRI) were calculated to assess the diet preferences of swordfish in relation to its body size, sex and month. Our findings confirm the opportunistic feeding behaviour of swordfish. The prey items consist primarily of fish (54.6% in number and 82.7% in weight), followed by cephalopod (43.36% in number and 17.25% in weight). The Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and the southern shortfin squid (Illex coindetii) are the most important prey, with a % IRI of 47.54 and 35.04%, respectively. The results revealed that there are no significant differences in the diet preferences among sexes and size classes. However, diet composition varied significantly among months. A significant correlation was found between the body length of predator and prey size. The remarkable decrease in the fullness index (fi) from June to August suggests that swordfish were in a spawning condition, with reduced feeding.
Numerical Investigation on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Damaged Infinite Wings With Variation in Penetration Angle

Aerodynamic performance of a full span NACA 641-412 airfoil with a circular-shaped damage at various attack directions has been numerically investigated in this study. To assess the aerodynamic effects of different penetration angles in which threats such as projectiles can pass through the wings, attack directions of 30°, 60°, -30° and -60° relative to the normal axis of the chord line has been studied and compared with attack direction of 0°. To validate with published studies about damaged wing, the 200 mm chord airfoil was simulated with the damage hole diameter of 20% chord at the midspan and midchord location in Reynolds number of 500,000. Quantitative and qualitative results of this numerical study had a good agreement with published experimental data due to appropriate structured mesh and turbulence modelling. In addition to lift, drag and pitching moment coefficient, surface pressure distribution around the damage hole has been studied. Results show that, if the penetration angle becomes more negative, aerodynamics performance of the wing will be further decreased; therefore, attack directions of threat mechanisms such as “ahead and above” or “below from the rear” have severe negative impact than other directions on aerodynamic performance of the damaged infinite wing.