Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sulfuric acid in the Amazon basin: measurements and evaluation of existing sulfuric acid proxies

Abstract. Sulfuric acid is a key contributor to new particle formation, though measurements of its gaseous concentrations are difficult to make. Several parameterizations to estimate sulfuric acid exist, all of which were constructed using measurements from the Northern Hemisphere. In this work, we report the first measurements of sulfuric acid from the Amazon basin. These measurements are consistent with concentrations measured in Hyytiälä, Finland, though, unlike Hyytiälä, there is no clear correlation of sulfuric acid with global radiation. There was a minimal difference in sulfuric acid observed between the wet and dry seasons in the Amazon basin. We also test the efficacy of existing proxies to estimate sulfuric acid in this region. Our results suggest that nighttime sulfuric acid production is due to both a stabilized Criegee intermediate pathway and oxidation of SO2 by OH, the latter of which is not currently accounted for in existing proxies. These results also illustrate the drawbacks of the common substitution of radiation for OH concentrations. None of the tested proxies effectively estimate sulfuric acid measurements at night. For estimates at all times of day, a recently published proxy based on data from the boreal forest should be used. If only daytime estimates are needed, several recent proxies that do not include the Criegee pathway are sufficient. More investigation of nighttime sulfuric acid production pathways is necessary to close the gap between measurements and estimates with existing proxies.
Developing biotech products, making cars, creating video games:Disentangling knowledge bases in three German regions

This dissertation applies the knowledge base concept (KBC) in order to scrutinize industry-specific processes of knowledge formation and innovation in a spatial perspective. Three knowledge bases are to be distinguished from each other: analytical (science based); synthetic (engineering based); and symbolic (creativity based). The book elaborates a fine-grained picture of the KBC within a wider theoretical context. Moreover, it provides empirical insights into the underlying knowledge base configurations of three regional industries in Germany, that is, the biotechnology industry in the Aachen Technology Region, the automotive industry in Southwest Saxony, and the video game development industry in Hamburg. Further considerations refer to the potentials and limits of the KBC as a tool for policy formulation, which is closely connected to the issue of operationalization. The last chapter also raises a number of questions for future research that is going to deal with knowledge bases.
MoleculesDistinct Assembly Profiles of HLA-B

MHC class I polymorphisms are known to inﬂuence outcomes in a number of infectious diseases, cancers, and inﬂammatory diseases. Human MHC class I H chains are encoded by the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genes. These genes are highly polymorphic, with the HLA-B locus being the most variable. Each HLA class I protein binds to a distinct set of peptide Ags, which are presented to CD8 + T cells. HLA-disease associations have been shown in some cases to link to the peptide-binding characteristics of individual HLA class I molecules. In this study, we show that polymorphisms at the HLA-B locus profoundly inﬂuence the assembly characteristics of HLA-B molecules and the stabilities of their peptide-deﬁcient forms. In particular, dependence on the assembly factor tapasin is highly variable, with frequent occurrence of strongly tapasin-dependent or independent allotypes. Several polymorphic HLA-B residues located near the C-terminal end of the peptide are key determinants of tapasin-independent assembly. In vitro refolded forms of tapasin-independent allotypes assemble more readily with peptides compared to tapasin-dependent allotypes that belong to the same supertype, and, during refolding, reduced aggregation of tapasin-independent allotypes is observed. Paradoxically, in HIV-infected individuals, greater tapasin-independent HLA-B assembly confers more rapid progression to death, consistent with previous ﬁndings that some HLA-B allotypes shown to be tapasin independent are associated with rapid progression to multiple AIDS outcomes. Together, these ﬁndings demonstrate signiﬁcant variations in the assembly of HLA-B molecules and
The effects of surface roughness on the spectral (300 – 1400 nm) bidirectional reﬂectance distribution function (BRDF) of bare sea ice

The Bidirectional Reﬂectance Distribution Function (BRDF) has been calculated for three types of bare sea ice with varying surface roughness ( σ = 0.1–10 cm) and ice thicknesses (50–2000 cm) over an incident solar irradiance wavelength range of 300–1400 nm. The comprehensive study of the BRDF of sea ice presented here is paramount for interpreting sea ice measurements from satellite imagery and inter-calibrating spaceborne sensors that derive albedo from multiple multi-angular measurements. The calculations performed by a radiative transfer code (PlanarRad) show that the BRDF of sea ice is sensitive 5 to realistic values of surface roughness. The results presented here show that surface roughness cannot be considered independently of sea ice thickness, solar zenith angle and wavelength. A typical BRDF of sea ice has a quasi-isotropic reﬂectance over the hemisphere, associated with a strong forward scattering peak of light. Surface roughness is crucial for the location, size and intensity of the forward scattering peak. As the surface roughness increases, a spreading of the BRF peak is observed. The peak remains specular for the smaller surface roughnesses ( σ = 0 . 001 m to σ = 0 . 01 m), whereas for larger surface roughness fea- 10 tures (above σ = 0 . 05 m), the peak spreads out over multiple quads with a lower intensity than for smaller roughness features, and the highest value is displaced further out on the solar principal plane. Different types of sea ice have a similar pattern with wavelength, the BRF increases by 29.5% from ﬁrst-year sea ice to multi-year sea ice at 400 nm and up to 630.7% at 1100 nm, 31.5% from melting sea ice to multi-year sea ice at 400 nm and a maximum of 97.7% at 900 nm, and 11.3% from melting sea ice to ﬁrst-year sea ice at 400 nm and up to 86.2% at 800 nm. As a speciﬁc example, for ﬁrst-year sea ice at λ = 500 nm and 15 θ i = 60 ◦ , the BRF of an optically thick layer with surface roughness of σ = 0 . 001 m is 0.543 at nadir. The forward scattering peak is spread over a single quad located at φ r = 0 ◦ , θ r = 60 ◦ , that has a BRF of 9.748. For the same conﬁguration with surface roughness of σ = 0 . 1 m, the nadir has a BRF of 0.549 and the forward scattering peak is spread over 18 quads, located between φ r = 345 ◦ and φ r = 15 ◦ , θ r = 40 ◦ and θ r = 87 . 5 ◦ with values between 0.776 and 5.089. The BRDF calculations presented in this study form the ﬁrst set of complete BRDF values for bare sea ice with a wide range of conﬁgurations. a wide of BRDF for sea ice that cover a diversity of conditions encountered in nature. The data generated is expected to facilitate the development of more accurate radiative-transfer models used to derive albedo products by the remote sensing community, as well as reduce uncertainties in global climate models.
Chemical Tungsten-182 in the upper continental crust: Evidence from glacial diamictites

Study of igneous and sedimentary rocks that may be representative of the chemical and isotopic characteristics of portions of the upper continental crust (UCC) has provided important insights to the origin and growth of the continents, as well as the large-scale chemical evolution of the silicate Earth. For example, changes in the major and trace element compositions, as well as long-lived radiogenic isotope systematics of (meta)sedimentary rocks through time have led to the conclusion that at least some portions of the Archean UCC were enriched in ma ﬁ c- ultrama ﬁ c components compared to UCC with younger provenance (Taylor and McLennan, 1985; Condie, 1993; Gaschnig et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2016; Tang et al., 2016; Garçon et al., 2017). Short-lived radiogenic isotope systems are an additional means of tracing the contributions of diverse mantle-derived components to the UCC. Tungsten-182 anomalies have been observed in both ancient and modern rocks. Although these anomalies were ultimately created by processes that occurred while 182 Hf was extant during the ﬁ rst ~60Ma of Solar System history, the causes of their incorporation and preservation in the rock record, as well as the frequency and distribution of rocks in the UCC with isotopic anomalies remain poorly understood. Here, μ 182 W values (de-viations in 182 W/ 184 W from laboratory reference standard in parts per million) are reported for previously well- characterized, ﬁ ne-grained glacial diamictites deposited between ~3.0 and ~0.3Ga. Glacial diamictites deposited during the Mesoarchean as part of the Witwatersrand Supergroup in southern Africa are characterized by an average μ 182 W value of − 12.5 ± 5.0 (2SD), yet a diamictite of similar age from the spatially associated Pongola Supergroup (Mozaan) is not isotopically anomalous. The isotopically anomalous diamictites are also characterized by comparatively high Ni and highly siderophile element (HSE) abundances, indicative of signi ﬁ cant contributions from ultrama ﬁ c, most likely komatiitic components. No resolvable 182 W anomalies were found in glacial diamictites with lower Ni and HSE, deposited after 2.3Ga. This in turn suggests that W isotopic anomalies in Archean UCC, at least in part, re ﬂ ect contributions from deep mantle upwellings that produced some of the komatiites. The new results provide further evidence that the isotopic composition of W in the Archean crust was highly variable.
Image muting of mixed precipitation to improve identification of regions of heavy snow in radar data

Abstract. In winter storms, enhanced radar reflectivity is often associated with heavy snow. However, some higher reflectivities are the result of mixed precipitation including melting snow. The correlation coefficient (a dual-polarization radar variable) can identify regions of mixed precipitation, but this information is usually presented separately from reflectivity. Especially under time pressure, radar data users can mistake regions of mixed precipitation for heavy snow because of the high cognitive load associated with comparing data in two fields while simultaneously attempting to discount a portion of the high reflectivity values. We developed an image muting method for regional radar maps that visually de-emphasizes the high reflectivity values associated with mixed precipitation. These image muted depictions of winter storm precipitation structures are useful for analyzing regions of heavy snow and monitoring real-time weather conditions.
Characterization of an Electromagnetic Calorimeter for the Proposed International Linear Collider

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is part of a new generation of accelerators enabling physicists to gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental components of the universe. The proposed ILC will accelerate positrons and electrons towards each other with two facing linear colliders, each twenty kilometers long. Designing and planning for the future accelerator has been undertaken as a global collaboration, with groups working on several possible detectors to be used at the ILC. The following research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) pertained to the design of an electromagnetic calorimeter. The energy and spatial resolution of the calorimeter was tested by using computer simulations for proposed detectors. In order to optimize this accuracy, different designs of the electromagnetic calorimeter were investigated along with various methods to analyze the data from the simulated detector. A low-cost calorimeter design was found to provide energy resolution comparable to more expensive designs, and new clustering algorithms offered better spatial resolution. Energy distribution and shape characteristics of electromagnetic showers were also identified to differentiate various showers in the calorimeter. With further research, a well-designed detector will enable the ILC to observe new realms of physics.
A Gear Cutting Predictive Model Using the Finite Element Method

Current processes for producing transmission gears involve hobbing, milling or shaping of a forged stock to obtain the gear shape. Gears are typically formed by hobbing tools made from solid tooling material, such as tungsten carbide, and have dozens of teeth. The gear hobbing process entails several teeth in cut simultaneously. Generation of in-volute tooth profiles results in varying chip loads from pass to pass. In this paper, details are provided for a finite element-based model of gear hobbing and milling processes. The model explicitly meshes gear cutter geometries with dozens of teeth. These cutters are used to simulate the complicated kinematic motion between tool and workpiece. Thermo-mechanical coupled calculations within an explicit dynamic formulation are per-formed on the tool and workpiece during chip removal. The complex geometry of involute tooth profiles results in complicated contact scenarios on the evolving workpiece geometry during tooth profile generation. Tooth-workpiece-chip contact is enforced rigorously and is particularly complicated with the confined space of gear hobbing. Advanced adaptive meshing strategies are developed and employed to maintain the resolution of the tool-workpiece interaction while multiple teeth are in contact. Cutting forces, temperatures and stresses in the tool and workpiece are predicted for steel workpiece materials. Models are validated through a set of initially simplified experiments where incremental complexity is added, allowing for direct comparison between predicted and measured forces and chip shapes.
Wideband mixer exploiting g m and g m ′ ′ compensation technique

A novel wideband down-conversion mixer is proposed for multi-standard wireless applications between 100 MHz and 2.5 GHz. A transconductance stage with two pairs of compensatory transistors is adopted for high linearity. Differing from the ordinary differential multi-gated transistor technique utilised in Gilbert mixer, the design proposed concerns about both g m″ and g m compensation of the transconductance stage in order to improve both input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3) and 1 dB gain compression point (CP1 dB). Realising in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 180 nm RF CMOS process, the mixer provides a gain of 8.9 dB, a maximum IIP3 of 5.8 dBm, a maximum CP1 dB of −4 dBm and a minimum noise figure (NF) of 9.6 dB.
Precise Expression of DREB1A Gene Is Required for Proper Seed Germination, Vegetative and Reproductive Development, and Seed Grain Yield in Arabidopsis thaliana

Life-history traits and biometrics of plant development are greatly influenced by their changing environment. To survive under various stressful environments, plants develop a multifaceted regulatory network that is mainly governed by transcription factors, including the dehydration responsive element binding (DREB) family. The roles of DREB1A have been investigated in responses of plants to various abiotic stresses, however, its effects on plants growth and development over the whole life cycle has not yet been fully described. Here, we studied detailed developmental characterizations of dreb1a T-DNA insertional mutant alongside a previously reported DREB1A overexpressing plants (OX28) in Arabidopsis thaliana . Seed germination, vegetative and reproductive growth stages and plant yield were also investigated. Under normal growth conditions, both dreb1a and OX28 plants exhibited reduced seed germination and delayed early development. In addition, both dreb1a and OX28 plants showed prolonged vegetative growth and delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive development. At the reproductive phase, the time between the emergence of flower stem bolting and opening of the first flower in dreb1a was 15% shorter in comparison to wild type (WT-Col0). In contrast, the OX28 plant had a prolonged reproductive development with a remarkably increased number of flowers per plant. Interestingly, lateral branches on the main inflorescence stem showed a lower number in dreb1a, as opposed to the OX28 plant. Despite these observations, in both dreb1a and OX28 plants the total seed weight was decreased significantly. Our findings proposed that there was a relationship between a high expression level of the DREB1A gene with the development and seed yield of A. thaliana .
The influence of energetic particle precipitation on Antarctic stratospheric chlorine and ozone over the 20th century

Abstract. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions in the latter part of the 20th century reduced stratospheric ozone abundance substantially, especially in the Antarctic region. Simultaneously, polar stratospheric ozone is also destroyed catalytically by nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) descending from the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere during winter. These are produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) linked to solar activity and space weather. Active chlorine (ClOx = Cl + ClO) can also react mutually with EPP-produced NOx or hydrogen oxides (HOx) and transform both reactive agents into reservoir gases, chlorine nitrate or hydrogen chloride, which buffer ozone destruction by all these agents. We study the interaction between EPP-produced NOx, ClO and ozone over the 20th century by using free-running climate simulations of the chemistry–climate model SOCOL3-MPIOM. A substantial increase of NOx descending to the polar stratosphere is found during winter, which causes ozone depletion in the upper and mid-stratosphere. However, in the Antarctic mid-stratosphere, the EPP-induced ozone depletion became less efficient after the 1960s, especially during springtime. Simultaneously, a significant decrease in stratospheric ClO and an increase in hydrogen chloride – and partly chlorine nitrate between 10–30 hPa – can be ascribed to EPP forcing. Hence, the interaction between EPP-produced NOx/HOx and ClO likely suppressed the ozone depletion, due to both EPP and ClO at these altitudes. Furthermore, at the end of the century, a significant ClO increase and ozone decrease were obtained at 100 hPa altitude during winter and spring. This lower stratosphere response shows that EPP can influence the activation of chlorine from reservoir gases on polar stratospheric clouds, thus modulating chemical processes important for ozone hole formation. Our results show that EPP has been a significant modulator of reactive chlorine in the Antarctic stratosphere during the CFC era. With the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, stratospheric chlorine is estimated to return to pre-CFC era levels after 2050. Thus, we expect increased efficiency of chemical ozone destruction by EPP-NOx in the Antarctic upper and mid-stratosphere over coming decades. The future lower stratosphere ozone response by EPP is more uncertain.
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEARNING OF TEACHERS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS

: The authors of the article consider transformational education as a formation of sustainable professional development. Its appearance is associated with attempts to resolve many crises states of society, which indicate the destructive phenomena of any society, regardless of its socio-economic formation and political model of social development. Many scientists recognize that a more sustainable model of human development can be achieved through education. However, the classical learning model, which has shown its effectiveness in the past centuries, is now experiencing powerful pressure from modern information technologies. This article introduces readers to its main and universal theoretical and research positions. Since the practice of implementing transformational learning can vary not only depending on the conceptual approaches, but also the basic cultural features of the country implementing it. The article describes the results of transformational professional development of teachers in Russia and Kazakhstan, proving its effectiveness.
Energy Saving And Environmental Impact Decreasing In A Walking Beam Reheating Furnace

In this work, an Advanced Process Control system aimed at the control and the optimization of a walking beam billets reheating furnace has been designed. In particular, a two-layer linear Model Predictive Control strategy has been adopted. A billets reheating first principles model has been formulated, in order to obtain accurate relationships between furnace zones temperature and billets temperature. To model the effect of the fuel flow rates on the furnace zone temperature, a blackbox approach has been adopted. The cooperation between the control architecture and several supervision modules assures a flexible and resilient control, capable to cope with the most critical situations. Simulation tests and real plant results have demonstrated the soundness and the reliability of the proposed approach. With respect to the previous control system, manually operated by plant operators, the designed Advanced Process Control system allows the process to be maintained closer to its variables operating limits. In this way, energy saving and environmental impact decreasing have been obtained.
AN EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR INSTRUMENT STYLE TRANSFER

In this work, we tackle the problem of instrument style transfer. More concretely, the task consists of converting an input piano audio clip to a guitar audio clip that has the same musical properties (pitches/notes) as the pi-ano audio clip, but sounds like a guitar. To solve this, we first create a dataset of piano and guitar audio clips. We then propose three approaches to solve the problem: convex optimization, a waveform-based neural network, and a spectrogram-based neural network. Through our experiments, we find that all of these methods are capable of outputting reasonable guitar audio clips given a piano audio clip, with the spectrogram-based neural network performing the best on our human evaluation metric. All source code used for our experiments can be found at https://github.com/HeidiCheng/ wi22-203-FinalProject/