Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Origin and Diversity of Plant Receptor-Like Kinases.

Because of their high level of diversity and complex evolutionary histories, most studies on plant receptor-like kinase subfamilies have focused on their kinase domains. With the large amount of genome sequence data available today, particularly on basal land plants and Charophyta, more attention should be paid to primary events that shaped the diversity of the RLK gene family. We thus focus on the motifs and domains found in association with kinase domains to illustrate their origin, organization, and evolutionary dynamics. We discuss when these different domain associations first occurred and how they evolved, based on a literature review complemented by some of our unpublished results. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 71 is April 29, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Delocalization of the Unpaired Electron in the Quercetin Radical: Comparison of Experimental ESR Data with DFT Calculations

In the antioxidant activity of quercetin (Q), stabilization of the energy in the quercetin radical (Q•) by delocalization of the unpaired electron (UE) in Q• is pivotal. The aim of this study is to further examine the delocalization of the UE in Q•, and to elucidate the importance of the functional groups of Q for the stabilization of the UE by combining experimentally obtained spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) measurements with theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The ESR spectrum and DFT calculation of Q• and structurally related radicals both suggest that the UE of Q• is mostly delocalized in the B ring and partly on the AC ring. The negatively charged oxygen groups in the B ring (3′ and 4′) of Q• have an electron-donating effect that attract and stabilize the UE in the B ring. Radicals structurally related to Q• indicate that the negatively charged oxygen at 4′ has more of an effect on concentrating the UE in ring B than the negatively charged oxygen at 3′. The DFT calculation showed that an OH group at the 3-position of the AC ring is essential for concentrating the radical on the C2–C3 double bond. All these effects help to explain how the high energy of the UE is captured and a stable Q• is generated, which is pivotal in the antioxidant activity of Q.
Normative Database of Peripapillary Vessel Density Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Correlation Study

ABSTRACT Purpose: To provide a normative data set of swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) peripapillary vessel density (VD) measurements and assess correlations with age, gender, disc area and axial length (AL). Material and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted on 346 right eyes of healthy subjects. Peripapillary SS-OCTA VD measurements were obtained in the retinal superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris (CC) in all four quadrants using the Triton device (Topcon, Nagoya, Japan). AL measurements were made by optical biometry. Results: Mean participant age was 37.7 ± 19.8 years (range 5– 83), AL was 23.9 ± 1.3 mm (21–27), and 59% were women. Mean VDs for all quadrants were 57.2 ± 5.7% for SCP (52.4 ± 4.0% – 62.1 ± 4.2%), 46.3 ± 6.5% for DCP (41.9 ± 5.8% – 49.7 ± 4.8%) and 60.8 ± 7.4% for CC (53.4 ± 5.8% – 65.7 ± 5.5%). Negative correlation was detected between SCP VD and age (R = −0.264; P < .001), while correlation between DCP densities and age was positive (R = 0.202; P = .002). No associations were detected between peripapillary VD and gender (P ≥ 0.087) and negative correlation was found with AL and disc area only in the CC (P ≤ 0.004). In a subgroup analysis of 33 individuals, we noted no differences in VD between fellow eyes (P ≥ 0.139). Conclusion: Peripapillary VD showed wide individual variation when measured with the Triton SS-OCTA in the different retinal plexuses and CC. While correlations were observed with age, no relationships emerged with gender and only CC showed negative correlation with AL and disc area.
Regulating Divergent Transcriptomes through mRNA Splicing and Its Modulation Using Various Small Compounds

Human transcriptomes are more divergent than genes and contribute to the sophistication of life. This divergence is derived from various isoforms arising from alternative splicing. In addition, alternative splicing regulated by spliceosomal factors and RNA structures, such as the RNA G-quadruplex, is important not only for isoform diversity but also for regulating gene expression. Therefore, abnormal splicing leads to serious diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In the first part of this review, we describe the regulation of divergent transcriptomes using alternative mRNA splicing. In the second part, we present the relationship between the disruption of splicing and diseases. Recently, various compounds with splicing inhibitor activity were established. These splicing inhibitors are recognized as a biological tool to investigate the molecular mechanism of splicing and as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. Food-derived compounds with similar functions were found and are expected to exhibit anticancer effects. In the final part, we describe the compounds that modulate the messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing process and their availability for basic research and future clinical potential.
Left ventricular remodeling in elite and sub‐elite road cyclists

Marked adaptation of left ventricular (LV) structure in endurance athletes is well established. However, previous investigations of functional and mechanical adaptation have been contradictory. A lack of clarity in subjects’ athletic performance level may have contributed to these disparate findings. This study aimed to describe structural, functional, and mechanical characteristics of the cyclists’ LV, based on clearly defined performance levels. Male elite cyclists (EC) (n = 69), sub‐elite cyclists (SEC) (n = 30), and non‐athletes (NA) (n = 46) were comparatively studied using conventional and speckle tracking 2D echocardiography. Dilated eccentric hypertrophy was common in EC (34.7%), but not SEC (3.3%). Chamber concentricity was higher in EC compared to SEC (7.11 ± 1.08 vs 5.85 ± 0.98 g/(mL)2/3, P < . 001). Ejection fraction (EF) was lower in EC compared to NA (57 ± 5% vs 59 ± 4%, P < .05), and reduced EF was observed in a greater proportion of EC (11.6%) compared to SEC (6.7%). Global circumferential strain (GCε) was greater in EC (−18.4 ± 2.4%) and SEC (−19.8 ± 2.7%) compared to NA (−17.2 ± 2.6%) (P < .05 and P < .001). Early diastolic filling was lower in EC compared with SEC (0.72 ± 0.14 vs 0.88 ± 0.12 cm/s, P < .001), as were septal E’ (12 ± 2 vs 15 ± 2 cm/s, P < .001) and lateral E’ (18 ± 4 vs 20 ± 4 cm/s, P < .05). The magnitude of LV structural adaptation was far greater in EC compared with SEC. Increased GCε may represent a compensatory mechanism to maintain stroke volume in the presence of increased chamber volume. Decreased E and E’ velocities may be indicative of a considerable functional reserve in EC.
Learning Approaches and Attitudes Toward Cognitive Enhancers in UK University Students

ABSTRACT The use of cognitive enhancers is gaining attention. Studies indicate that the theory of planned behavior (TPB) can model their use, with attitudes a key variable. However, the factors affecting attitude have been largely neglected. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between learning approaches and individual competitiveness and attitudes toward cognitive enhancers in students. UK university students (N = 179) completed an anonymous online survey assessing their attitudes toward cognitive enhancers as well as competitiveness and learning approaches using the revised Study Process Questionnaire. Academic performance data were also collected. The analysis revealed that being competitive or having surface motives (i.e. wishing to work sufficiently to meet minimum requirements only) was predictive of a more positive attitude toward the drugs, whilst academic performance was a negative predictor. This research adds to previous work by demonstrating the importance of individual, rather than just institutional, competitiveness and identifying a role for learning approaches. Both offer avenues to target drug use because cooperation rather than competitiveness and deep rather than surface learning approaches can be driven from careful design of teaching and learning. This suggests that curriculum design could impact on attitudes toward cognitive enhancers, which in turn may alter the use of these drugs.
Normal variability within a collegiate athlete sample: A rationale for comprehensive baseline testing

Abstract Objective Sport-related concussions continue to garner attention as research emerges about the effects of these injuries. Many have advocated for cognitive baselines; however, there is no uniform practice of neuropsychological baseline testing at the collegiate level leading to variance in administration and interpretation. Continuing clarification on best practices is essential for the field, especially considering previous research highlighting normal variability on cognitive tests in other populations, but also the need for separate normative sources for those with attention and learning problems. This study aimed to evaluate the range of normal variability in a diverse sample of collegiate athletes administered a traditional neuropsychological baseline. Method Neuropsychological baseline measures were collected on 236 Division 1 University student athletes over 4 years. Frequency of scores that fell at 1, 1.5, and 2 or greater standard deviations were reviewed. Student athletes were further evaluated for likelihood of factors which could impact results (i.e. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD], Specific Learning Disorder [SLD], and psychiatric distress). Results The results demonstrated high rates of variability in most test scores for the collective sample. Student athletes at risk for ADHD, SLD, and/or psychiatric distress appeared to demonstrate a higher degree of variability relative to individuals with minimal risk. Conclusion Baseline evaluation data revealed the presence of normal variability in a student athlete population. Left unrecognized, this can lead to errors in clinical recommendations given the nature of concussion. Certain individuals have risk factors which may increase the range of variability, and this should be explored further in future research.
Basophil Activation Test-Confirmed, Ortho-phthalaldehyde-Induced Anaphylaxis after Cystoscopy.

Sompornrattanaphan M1, Kanistanon D2, Srinoulprasert Y2, Udnaen S2, Jongjarearnprasert K3, Wongsa C1, Thongngarm T1 1Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 2Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Reliability of Zebris Motion Analysis System in Healthy Athletes and Athletes with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: Reconstruction surgery is one of the treatment methods after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury especially in athletes. Reconstructed ACL is associated with altered joint biomechanics, abnormal muscle strength, gait disorder and decreased athletic performance. Abnormal walking pattern has been shown to be one of the functional consequences of ACL reconstruction. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of kinematic and spatiotemporal gait parameters after ACL reconstruction using Zebris ultrasound movement analysis system. Methods: A sample of convenience including 20 healthy athletes and 20 athletes 4 to 6 months after ACL reconstruction participated. Subjects walked on a treadmill for one minute at preferred, high and low speeds and kinematic and spatio - temporal parameters including stride time, stride length, maximum knee flexion, maximum knee flexion velocity and maximum knee extension velocity are calculated. Results: In the patient group, relative reliability measures for almost all parameters were high at low (ICC: 0.7 - 0.97), preferred and high speeds (ICC: 0.75 - 0.97). This was also true for the control group, were reliability for all parameters was high at low, preferred (ICC: 0.74 - 0.99) and high (ICC: 0.83 - 0.99) speeds, except for stride time of the left leg which showed moderate reliability. Additionally, at high speed, all parameters revealed very high reliability. Conclusions: Zebris movement analysis system is a highly reliable instrument for the measurement of gait parameters at different speeds in healthy athletes and those after ACL reconstruction surgery. This implies its use in the assessment and treatment process of gait deficits in such a clinically important population.
Oxidative Stress Markers in Exotic Breeds of Rabbit during Peak of Heat Stress in Ibadan, Nigeria

The study assesses oxidative stress markers in exotic rabbit bucks at peak of heat stress in Ibadan, Nigeria. Four rabbit breeds were considered; Fauve De Bourgogne, Chinchilla, British Spot and New Zealand White. Adult rabbits (10-12 months old) were randomly selected per breed and randomly allotted to experimental units at highest temperature-humidity index. Blood samples were collected through the ear vein and assessed for serum biochemicals and oxidative stress markers; malondialdehyde, total antioxidant activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase at 7 weeks of exposure to peak of thermal discomfort. The results obtained indicate that serum glucose, sodium and potassium were significantly affected by breed. Serum lipid peroxidation was also significantly lower in British Spot rabbits and highest in Fauve De Bourgogne. Serum SOD of British Spot rabbits (1.47 U/min/mg protein) was significantly highest compared with New Zealand White (1.20U/min/mg protein), Chinchilla (0.92 U/min/mg protein) and Fauve De Bourgogne (0.88 U/min/mg protein). British Spot had significantly highest serum catalase (130.73 nm H2O2 / min/mg protein) activities and an apparently highest total antioxidant activity (0.99mmol/litre) and GPx (40.32 μgGSH/min/mg protein). This suggests that British Spot breed of rabbit had better oxidative stability among the breeds of rabbits assessed. Original Research Article Jimoh et al.; JABB, 12(1): 1-9, 2017; Article no.JABB. 30437 2
Temperate freshwater soundscapes: A cacophony of undescribed biological sounds now threatened by anthropogenic noise

The soundscape composition of temperate freshwater habitats is poorly understood. Our goal was to document the occurrence of biological and anthropogenic sounds in freshwater habitats over a large (46,000 km2) area along the geographic corridors of five major river systems in North America (Connecticut, Kennebec, Merrimack, Presumpscot, and Saco). The underwater soundscape was sampled in 19 lakes, 17 ponds, 20 rivers and 20 streams, brooks and creeks that were grouped into broad categories (brook/creek, pond/lake, and river). Over 7,000 sounds were measured from 2,750 minutes of recording in 173 locations over a five-week period in the spring of 2008. Sounds were classified into major anthropophony (airplane, boat, traffic, train and other noise) and biophony (fish air movement, also known as air passage, other fish, insect-like, bird, and other biological) categories. The three most significant findings in this study are: 1) freshwater habitats in the New England region of North America contain a diverse array of unidentified biological sounds; 2) fish air movement sounds constitute a previously unrecognized important component of the freshwater soundscape, occurring at more locations (39%) and in equal abundance than other fish sounds; and 3) anthropogenic noises dominate the soundscape accounting for 92% of the soundscape by relative percent time. The high potential for negative impacts of the anthropophony on freshwater soundscapes is suggested by the spectral and temporal overlap of the anthropophony with the biophony, the higher received sound levels of the anthropophony relative to the biophony, and observations of a significant decline in the occurrence, number, percent time, and diversity of the biophony among locations with higher ambient received levels. Our poor understanding of the biophony of freshwater ecosystems, together with an apparent high temporal exposure to anthropogenic noise across all habitats, suggest a critical need for studies aimed at identification of biophonic sound sources and assessment of potential threats from anthropogenic noises.
Clinical Significance of the Maximum Body Mass Index Before Onset of Type 2 Diabetes for Predicting Beta-Cell Function

Abstract Objective This study aimed to clarify the clinical significance of the maximum body mass index (BMI) before the onset of type 2 diabetes (MBBO) for predicting pancreatic beta-cell function. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study. Of 1304 consecutively admitted patients with type 2 diabetes, we enrolled 410 patients satisfying the criteria in this study. The correlations between the C-peptide index (CPI), which is one of the parameters that reflects beta-cell function, and various clinical parameters, including MBBO and duration of diabetes, were analyzed in multiple linear regression analyses. Results The analyses revealed that MBBO was correlated with CPI independently after adjustment for age, sex, HbA1c, and duration of diabetes. When we divided the subjects into three subgroups by MBBO (MBBO < 25 kg/m2; 25 kg/m2 ≤ MBBO < 30 kg/m2; MBBO ≥ 30 kg/m2), CPI was negatively correlated with duration of diabetes in each subgroup, while the rates of CPI based on the duration of diabetes were not different among the three MBBO subgroups. In contrast, the declining rates of CPI were higher in the BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 group on admission than in the BMI < 25 kg/m2 group on admission. Conclusions MBBO may be an independent factor correlating with beta-cell function and may predict insulin secretion capacity at diagnosis, but it does not seem to affect the rate of decline in insulin secretion capacity after diagnosis. It is important to preserve beta-cell function by decreasing a patient’s BMI during treatment after diagnosis regardless of MBBO.
Influence of maltreatment, bullying, and neurocognitive impairment on recidivism in adolescents with conduct disorder: A 3-Year prospective study

Abstract We sought to clarify the influence of family developmental conditions (e.g., adverse childhood experiences: ACEs), peer relationships (e.g., bullying), and neurocognitive impairment on recidivism in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). We interviewed 290 adolescents with CD (265 males, 25 females) who had been admitted to a juvenile justice assessment center for the first time about their offense(s), onset of delinquency, ACEs, and peer relationships. The participants also completed tests of neurocognitive activities and self-report symptom measures: the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), the Memory Updating test for the assessment of attention, the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES) for the assessment of dissociation, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11th version (BIS-11) for the assessment of impulsivity. After the family court judgement and discharge, the participants were followed for 3 years. Readmissions to the center during the follow-up period were considered cases of “recidivism. ” During the follow-up, 102 (35.2%) participants were readmitted to the center. A survival analysis (Cox proportional hazard model) showed that lower age, bullying (as the perpetrator), and impaired cognitive function (e.g., a lower SDMT score) significantly increased recidivism, whereas bullying (as both victim and perpetrator) decreased recidivism. ACEs showed no clear effect on recidivism. Lower age and impaired cognitive function appear to predispose adolescent first-time offenders with CD to recidivism. However, the peer bullying analysis showed that being a perpetrator positively influenced recidivism, whereas being both a victim and a perpetrator negatively influenced recidivism. Further research considering the heterogeneity and comorbidity of CD could clarify bullying’s influence on recidivism.
Bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells from donors with coronary artery disease; growth, yield, gene expression and the effect of oxygen concentration

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cardiovascular cell therapy are procured from different sources including bone marrow and adipose tissue. Differently located MSCs differ in growth potential, differentiation ability and gene expression when cultured in vitro, and studies show different healing abilities for different MSC subgroups. In this study, bone marrow derived MSCs (BMSCs) and adipose tissue derived MSCs (ADSCs) from six human donors with coronary artery disease were compared for growth potential and expression of target genes (Angpt1, LIF, HGF, TGF-β1 and VEGF-A) in response to exposure to 1% and 5% O2, for up to 48 h. We found greater growth of ADSCs compared to BMSCs. ADSCs expressed higher levels of Angpt1, LIF and TGF-β1 and equal levels of VEGF-A and HGF as BMSCs. In BMSCs, exposure to low oxygen resulted in upregulation of TGF-β1, whereas other target genes were unaffected. Upregulation was only present at 1% O2. In ADSCs, LIF was upregulated in both oxygen concentrations, whereas Angpt1 was upregulated only at 1% O2. Different response to reduced oxygen culture conditions is of relevance when expanding cells in vitro prior to administration. These findings indicate ADSCs as better suited for cardiovascular cell therapy compared to BMSCs.