Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The summer North Atlantic Oscillation: past, present, and future.

Summer climate in the North Atlantic‐European sector possesses a principal pattern of year-to-year variability that is the parallel to the well-known North Atlantic Oscillation in winter. This summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) is defined here as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of observed summertime extratropical North Atlantic pressure at mean sea level. It is shown to be characterized by a more northerly location and smaller spatial scale than its winter counterpart. The SNAO is also detected by cluster analysis and has a near-equivalent barotropic structure on daily and monthly time scales. Although of lesser amplitude than its wintertime counterpart, the SNAO exerts a strong influence on northern European rainfall, temperature, and cloudiness through changes in the position of the North Atlantic storm track. It is, therefore, of key importance in generating summer climate extremes, including flooding, drought, and heat
Why Has the Share of Training Firms Declined in Switzerland?

"The Swiss mass apprenticeship system is market based. The share of training firms as a percentage of all firms is therefore an indicator which receives much public attention. The share of training firms declined markedly from 1985 to 2001, dropping from 24.7 to 17.6%. This has often been interpreted as a sign of firms' decreasing willingness to train apprentices. We use data from the firm census to assess whether the decline in the share of training firms can instead be explained by a range of independent variables. Besides firm characteristics and regional variables, we include supply-side factors such as demographic developments in the relevant age cohorts, which have been ignored in the empirical literature so far. Using pooled probit models, fixed-effects models and a Blinder-Oaxaca type decomposition, we are able to explain the variation in the share of training firms over time to a large extent. The main reasons for the decrease are increasing numbers of very small firms, shifts in industry composition, a reduction in the number of young people and an increasing share of young people going to grammar school. We discuss these developments in turn and conclude that they do not, in our opinion, provide sufficient reasons for state interventions in the apprenticeship market. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information Kurzfassung (deutsch) Executive summary (English)
Modelling portuguese tourism demand: a panel data approach

This study examines the features and determinants of tourism demand between Portugal and European Union (EU) in the period 1995-2006, using a static and dynamic panel data analysis. The findings indicate that Portuguese tourism increased significantly during the period in accordance with the values expected for a developed country. The regression results shows that bilateral trade, income, border, and geographical distance between Portugal and countries of origin are the main determinants of tourism to Portugal. The dynamic panel data approach indicates that trade, population, and income are more important determinants than relative price. The central theme of this manuscript is to show that it may be preferable to use the GMM approach in empirical studies of tourism demand rather than static panel (polled OLS, fixed effects or random effects estimators). Keywords Tourism demand, Panel data, Tourism forecasting, Portugal.
External and internal load of playing positions of elite female handball players (U19) during competitive matches

Background: Effective training depends on knowledge of the sport's requirements. Physical (external load) and physiological (internal load) analyses will provide valuable data that can be used for other research and to improve specific training requirements. Handball is an intermittent sport game, and it is important discover the factors, that affect the performance in a handball match. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare motion and heart rate of playing positions of female handball players during competitive matches.Methods: Heart rate and motion-time analyses were examined during six competitive matches of the Czech elite female handball league (U19). The average (± SD) age of the fourteen participants was 17.9 ± 0.3 years; their average weight 65.4 ± 6.9 kg, and their average height was 169.6 ± 6.9 cm. Results: During the matches, the longest average distance was covered by backs (7,138.3 ± 334.4 m), followed by wings (6,915.3 ± 362.2 m) and pivots (6,337.1 ± 477.3 m). A statistically significant difference was found only between backs and pivots (p = .01). The average heart rate of players in the most loaded position, pivots, was 185.3 ± 9.2 beats ⋅ min-1, corresponding to 90.1 ± 4.3% of HRmax. The second most loaded playing position were wings with the average heart rate of 183.8 ± 6.2 beats ⋅ min-1, corresponding to 89.9 ± 3.5% of HRmax. The average heart rate of backs was 182.9 ± 8.4 beats ⋅ min-1, corresponding to 89.2 ± 4.4% of HRmax. Conclusions: The results from the presented study show that handball is a game of intermittent high intensity and physiological profile where more than 80% of each game is spent in load-intensity above 85% HRmax. Between playing positions are differences in intensity of load, covered distance and in speed categories.
Robust analysis of Demeter benchmark via quadratic separation

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give numerical illustrations of recent results obtained in the area of robust analysis of uncertain parametric LTI systems. The idea is to highlight theoretical as well as numerical issues pertaining to real life applications of sophisticated robust analysis of spaceborne control systems. The framework of quadratic separation applied to interconnected implicit linear transformations and uncertain operators as defined in Peaucelle et al. (2007) is renewed. Improved robust stability tests involving more complex parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions are applied on a benchmark from the space industry. It is based on the problem of attitude control of a flexible satellite developed at CNES and it is used to analyze the relevance as well as some shortcomings of the proposed approach.
Neutron production in deuteron-induced reactions on Li, Be, and C at an incident energy of 102 MeV

Double-differential cross sections (DDXs) of deuteron-induced neutron production reactions on Li, Be, and C at 102 MeV were measured at forward angles (≤ 25 ∘ ) by means of a time of flight method with NE213 liquid organic scintillators at the Research Center of Nuclear Physics, Osaka University. The experimental results were compared with model calculations with PHITS and DEURACS. The DEURACS calculation reproduces the experimental DDXs for C at very forward angles than the PHITS one. Moreover, the incident energy dependence of the Li(d,xn) reaction was investigated by adding the DDX data measured previously at 25 and 40 MeV.
Long-term recovery of vegetation communities after harvesting in the coastal temperate rainforests of northern British Columbia

We sampled second-growth forests ranging in age from 28 to 98 years and compared them with old-growth for- ests to quantify rates of terrestrial vegetation recovery following harvesting on the northcentral coast of British Columbia. Species richness approximately doubles, while Simpson's index of diversity increases from 0.81 to 0.91 from young to old forests. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations showed differentiation, with some overlap, of old-growth and sec- ond-growth forests and a fairly strong correlation of stand age with plot scores, driven by plant species presence and cover. Vegetation succession following logging disturbance is driven primarily by predisturbance species composition; most spe- cies found in the young forests are present in old forests and the higher species richness typical of old growth is largely due to the establishment of additional cryptogam and herb species of low cover and constancy. Significantly higher cover of shrub, herb, and bryophyte species differentiates old forests from second-growth forests. Forests 41-100 years old aver- age 63%-73% similarity (depending on site type) to old-growth forests based on species presence-absence and 53%-58% similarity based on species cover. The scarcity of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) in second-growth stands is of particular concern because of the high ecological, cultural, and economic importance of this tree species. Resume´ : Nous avons echantillonnedes forets de seconde venue dont l'age variait de 28 a` 98 ans et nous les avons com-
Agilists and the Art of Integrated Assessment Tool Development

Software engineering for Integrated Assessment needs to address the fact that systems and models developed are increasingly used in participatory settings. Applying old principles of inside-out design and development using waterfall model based processes is no longer sufficient. New software engineering insights based on interaction design and iterative, agile processes for the development help in building systems from a more outside-in perspective. Based on two case studies from large European projects on integrated assessment this switch from applying old to applying new principles will be described, and its effects discussed. Elements were taken from interaction design: personas, story boards, mock-ups, focus groups and focus tasks. These were mixed with an iterative and incremental development process, using agile elements such as: daily stand-ups, user stories, planning games, Test Driven Development and continuous integration. The resulting process was used for the development of the two systems (SIAT and SEAMLESS-IF) for integrated assessment, giving them a more useroriented focus than what would have resulted from following the old principles.
THE AGE-PROFILE OF POVERTY IN EUROPE

Ensuring adequate living standards to a growing number of elderly while restraining the growth of pension spending represents the main challenge for pension policy in most countries. There is a need for an in-depth analysis of the economic conditions of the elderly which can help targeting resources in the coming years to the more needy groups. Children are another potentially vulnerable group of the population: their poverty can affect human capital accumulation and have long lasting effects on life-time well-being. Using data from the latest wave of the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC), we document that the poverty rates of these two age groups with respect to the other components of the population differ considerably across European countries. These differences are largely due to the different anti-poverty effectiveness of national social policies. In particular, in “Social-democratic” and “Corporatist” welfare states the ageprofile of poverty is flat; on the contrary, in Anglo-saxon and especially in Southern European countries young and elderly groups show remarkably higher poverty rates.
Cognition in Elderly People : Study of the Short Form 8 ( SF 8 ) of the Wechsler-III Scale Cognição de Idosos : Estudo a partir da FA 8-Forma Abreviada da Wechsler-III

Using psychometrical instruments adequate for the elderly cognitive evaluation is crucial. The Short Form (SF8) of the WAIS-III has been recommended for such purpose. This study aimed at characterizing cognition in the elderly using the SF8. A hundred ninety two individuals, aged 60 or older, were divided into case and control groups (G1 and G2). Women were the majority (75%). The mean age was 75.9 years (SD=9.1) and their educational level 6.40 years (SD=4.8). There were significant differences in the groups’ cognition according to the age, with better performance on verbal than executive skills. Schooling influenced the cognitive performance. The SF8 seemed to be advantageous in evaluating the elderly. It is important to investigate the behavior of individuals with different diagnoses in the SF8.
"OrGaMIR" - Development of a safety system for reaction to an event with emission of hazardous airborne substances - like a terrorist attack or fire - based on subway climatology"

In case of a fire or the release of an airborne toxin by a terrorist attack in a subway station or tunnel, information on the dispersion of the hazardous substance is important for the rescue operation because it helps to decide which parts of the subway system can be expected to be contaminated. The goal of the ongoing OrGaMIR project is to provide the operating company and rescue forces with this information. In order to predict the dispersion, airflow and thermal conditions inside selected stations in different subway systems are monitored. A number of SF6 tracer gas experiments were conducted to investigate the spatial and time dependent contamination of the underground air by smoke or toxins. The paper describes the main results of three tracer gas experiments in different subway systems which are characterized by different building structures and ventilation influences.
HYBRID CORDIC TRIGONOMETRIC VECTOR ROTATION MODE for AUTHENTICATING EAR and FINGER IMAGES

Security is a major issue as far as the use of computers is concerned. As computer technology is becoming more complex the problem of security is also becoming complex. The ingenuity of the human brain is such that for every innovation which has positive use there is also a parallel innovation in circumventing the positiveness of that use and it comes up with an antidote to that positivity. The problem of hackers and with the evolution of the idea of cloud computing security has become an important issue. In this paper we are primarily concerned with the problem of access control and authentication. As everyone knows biometrics is used for authentication in computer science. Biometrics identifies physical characteristics of the human beings that are distinctive to each individual and are easily measured. Among other things the popular physiological feature that has stood the test of time is finger print matching which is mostly used in forensic science. In recent years ear matching is also considered a possible physiological feature for authentication and identification of individuals. Now the question is how fool proof are these? In this paper we attempt to review recent literatures on these and applying Hybrid CORDIC Trigonometric Vector Rotation Mode algorithm and taking a pair of index fingers and a pair of ears as test cases we found better results in accuracy.
Insular Decision Making in the Board Room: Why Boards Retain and Hire Substandard CEOs

This paper explores why a corporate board often fails to replace a substandard CEO. I consider the situation in which the incumbent CEO and directors make decisions in the absence of the new CEO. I show that the board and the CEO maximize the expected utilities of the negotiating parties that do not include the expected utility of the potential CEO. This sometimes results in the retention of an inefficient CEO. I argue this same logic provides a theoretical explanation for how a new CEO is chosen in relation to both the voluntary and enforced replacement of an existing CEO.
Structural and Star-forming Relations since z ∼ 3: Connecting Compact Star-forming and Quiescent Galaxies

We study the evolution of the scaling relations that compare the effective density ( ) and core density ( kpc) to the stellar masses of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and quiescent galaxies. These relations have been fully in place since and have exhibited almost constant slope and scatter since that time. For SFGs, the zero points in and decline by only . This fact plus the narrowness of the relations suggests that galaxies could evolve roughly along the scaling relations. Quiescent galaxies follow different scaling relations that are offset to higher densities at the same mass and redshift. Furthermore, the zero point of their core density has declined by only since , while the zero point of the effective density declines by . When galaxies quench, they move from the star-forming relations to the quiescent relations. This involves an increase in the core and effective densities, which suggests that SFGs could experience a phase of significant core growth relative to the average evolution along the structural relations. The distribution of massive galaxies relative to the SFR–M and the quiescent relations exhibits an L-shape that is independent of redshift. The knee of this relation consists of a subset of “compact” SFGs that are the most likely precursors of quiescent galaxies forming at later times. The compactness selection threshold in exhibits a small variation from z = 3 to 0.5, M⊙ kpc−2, allowing the most efficient identification of compact SFGs and quiescent galaxies at every redshift.
Cloning in Popular Server Side Technologies using Agile Development: An Empirical Study

Several types of clones exist in software systems due to the copy-paste activity, developer limitations, language restrictions, and software development lifecycle. This work studies the issues of cloning in server side technologies for web applications. We studied 11 different reasonable size (average over 22K LOC) web development projects coded in C#, Java, Ruby-on-Rails (ROR), and PHP based on the same set of requirements. We identified and analyzed simple and structural clones present in these systems in order to compare the different technologies in terms of number of clones, clone size, clone coverage, reasons behind creation of clones, and the ratio of refactorable and non-refactorable clones. Our study focused only on the base languages of these server side technologies. Our analyses show that C# has the highest number of clones and ROR has the lowest. C# also has the highest and ROR has the lowest percentages of refactorable clones. PHP has the highest clone coverage and ROR has the lowest. Average clone size for all projects ranges from 49.8 to 77.2 tokens. In terms of clone size, there are no significant differences across projects in the same technology. The project size, project architecture, and developer approach dictate the percentage of clones present in a software project. The use of frameworks and design patterns helps control generation of clones.
UMIEJSCOWIENIE POCZUCIA KONTROLI A WYBORY ŻYWIENIOWE JUNIORÓW TRENUJĄCYCH PIŁKĘ NOŻNĄ LOCUS OF CONTROL AND DIETARY HABITS AMONG JUNIOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Wstęp. Celem badań była analiza częstości konsumpcji produktów spożywczych wśród piłkarzy w zależności od umiejscowienia poczucia kontroli (LOC). Materiał i metody. Badania kwestionariuszowe przeprowadzono w grupie 303 juniorów starszych (17-19 lat). Częstość spożycia produktów oceniono w skali: kilka razy dziennie (5), raz dziennie (4), kilka razy w tygodniu (3), kilka razy w miesiącu (2) i rzadziej (1). Do pomiaru LOC wykorzystano kwestionariusz Delta R. Drwala. Wyniki. Analiza korelacji Spearmana wykazała, że wraz z nasilaniem się zewnętrznej LOC rosła częstość spożywania napojów słodzonych gazowanych i fast foodów, a z nasilaniem się wewnętrznej LOC wzrastało spożycie pieczywa razowego, ryżu, kasz gruboziarnistych, musli, warzyw i owoców, mlecznych produktów fermentowanych, twarogów półtłustych i tłustych, serów żółtych, mięsa drobiowego i wołowego, wędlin wysokogatunkowych, masła oraz napojów izotonicznych (p<0,05). Międzygrupowe porównania testem Kruskala-Wallisa i Dunna potwierdziły, że zawodnicy o wewnętrznej LOC istotnie częściej spożywali pieczywo razowe, ryż brązowy i kasze gruboziarniste, płatki zbożowe, owoce, warzywa, mleko, mleczne przetwory fermentowane, twarogi półtłuste i tłuste, sery żółte, wołowinę, wędliny wysokogatunkowe i masło, a rzadziej słodkie napoje gazowane niż zawodnicy o zewnętrznej LOC (p<0,05). Wnioski. Wewnętrzne umiejscowienie poczucia kontroli sprzyjało bardziej racjonalnym wyborom żywieniowym.
A secured access control architecture consideration for PLC based smart grids

—Power supply, distribution and generation industry is now turning the existing electrical grids to smart grids, thus making them more efficient in both effective power management and reliability, reduced production costs, and more environmentally friendly energy generation. Despite its attractive features, Smart Grid technology remains vulnerable to security threats. This paper summaries some of these potential security issues by exploring a data access control mechanism that ensures privacy to customers. The proposed access control mechanism gives selective access to consumer data stored in data repositories and used by different smart grid users. An attribute-based encryption (ABE) is suggested. The entire grid network is subdivided into clusters each with its own remote terminal unit (RTU) as well as a gateway smart meter. User data in a given cluster is aggregated and sent to the local substation where it is monitored by the RTU. RTUs and users have attributes and cryptographic keys distributed by several key distribution centers (KDC). RTUs send data encrypted under a set of attributes. Users can decrypt information provided they have valid attributes. The access control scheme is quite resilient because of its b e i n g distributed in nature and does not rely on a single KDC to distribute keys. The encryption algorithm is based on Diffie-Hellman key establishment protocol and hash-based message authentication code, which allows smart meters at different clusters of the smart grid to mutually authenticate prior to data/information exchange and in the process maintaining low latency as well as relatively fewer authentication associated messages . Overall the control scheme is relatively collusion resistant.
Anthropometric nutritional of adolescents from a region of low economic development in Brazil: comparison with the WHO-2007 reference

The identification of nutritional inadequacies in specific segments of the youth population can provide the basis for public health intervention. The objective of this study was to evaluate anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in a sample of adolescent schoolchildren from a region of low economic development in Brazil. The sample consisted of 1,538 subjects ranging in age from 15 to 18 years, including 1,036 girls and 502 boys. Nutritional status was assessed based on height and body mass index (BMI) and comparisons were made to the corresponding percentile distributions of the Word Health Organizations-2007 (WHO-2007) reference. The percentile distributions for height and BMI in the two genders differed significantly from the WHO-2007 reference. There was a high proportion of adolescents with short height (< 10th percentile) and indication of overweight/obesity (> 90th percentile). Therefore, although being a region of low economic growth and with one of the lowest social indicators in the country, excess body weight was an important problem associated with nutritional status. The high proportion of overweight/obesity highlights the need to implement public policies designed to promote healthy eating habits and physical activity.