Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phenolic Constituents from the Flowers of Synurus excelsus

Seven phenolic compounds, scopoletin (1), caffeic acid methyl ester (2), apigenin 7-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucoside (3), isorhamnetin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), isorhamnetin 3-O-β -D-glucoside (5), luteolin (6), and quercetin 3-methyl ether (7) were isolated from the methanol extract of the flowers of S. excelsus. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines in vitro using a SRB method. The compounds 4 and 7 showed moderate cytotoxicity with ED50 values ranging from 1.59 to 13.14 μg/ml. Key word Compositae, Synurus excelsus, phenolic constituents, Cytotoxicity 큰수리취 (Synurus excelsus Kitamura)는 우리나라의 고산지대에 분포하는 국화과 (Compositae)의 다년초 (多年草)이며, 한방에서는 방광염 (膀胱炎), 토혈 (吐血), 부종 (浮腫)의 치료제 및 이뇨 (利尿), 안태 (安胎)의 목적으로 사용되었고, 어린잎을 사용하여 떡을 해먹기도 하였는데 이를 수리떡 이라고 하였다. 큰수리취 추출물에 대하여 돌연변이원성 억제작용과 항염증성 활 성 연구등이 보고되었고, 큰수리취 지상부의 식물 화학적 성분연구는 본연 구실에서 연구 보고한 적이 있다. 저자 등은 국내에 자생하는 국화과 식물 에 대한 체계적인 연구를 수행하던 중에 큰수리취 꽃에 대한 식물 화학적 연구의 필요성을 인식하여 큰수리취 꽃의 성분연구를 수행하였다. 즉, 건조 된 큰수리취 꽃의 메탄올 추출물로부터 반복적인 컬럼 크로마토그래피 방법 으로 7종의 페놀성 화합물을 분리 정제하여 이화학적 성상 및 기기분석 자 료를 통해 그 구조를 규명하였다. 또한 분리한 화합물 7종에 대하여 SRB 방 법으로 4종의 암세포 A549 (비소세포폐암주), SK-OV-3 (난소암주), SK-MEL-2 (피부종양주) 및 HCT-15 (직장종양주)에 대한 세포독성 실 험을 수행하였다.
Comparative analysis of Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (YSTRs) polymorphism in an Iranian Sadat subpopulation

Short and highly polymorphic DNA markers, so called short tandem repeats (STR), have become an important and efficient means in anthropology and forensic science. The Y chromosome STRs are male specific markers reside outside of pseudoautosomal region and path trough male lineage. Moreover the Y-specific markers may found to be associated with Y-linked phenotypes, including male infertility and gender-specific cancers. In current study we have examined YSTR polymorphism in a random sample of males among Iranian Sadat subpopulation. Sadat refers to descendants of Prophet Mohammad (through paternal lineage common to the first Imam of Shiite and his cousin Prophet Mohammad). The choice of this group had the advantage of being a decent lineage related through paternal lineage traced back to the common ancestor according to respective pedigrees. We have analyzed a random sample of the Sadat population using 6 Y-STR markers (DYS19, DYS385a, DYS389I, DYS390, DYS392, and DYS393). Following the total DNA extraction from blood sample, PCR is performed and the products are visualized on agarose gel followed by denaturing polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis for further resolution. Comparing our date to that of some related data on other Iranians, Arab and Turkish male population revealed a significant lower genetic diversity in DYS385a, DYS390, and DYS392, and most notably at the latter locus.
Growth, Fatty Acid, and Lipid Composition of Marine Microalgae Skeletonema costatum Available in Bangladesh Coast: Consideration as Biodiesel Feedstock

Among the various potential sources of renewable energy, biofuels are of most interest. Marine microalgae are the most promising oil sources for making biofuels, which can grow very rapidly and convert solar energy to chemical energy via CO2 fixation. The fatty acid profile of almost all the microalgal oil is suitable for the synthesis of biofuel. In this research, fatty acid and lipid contents of Bangladeshi strains of marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum were performed. For this, the crude oil was extracted by Soxhlet extraction method, using three most common solvent systems, pure hexane and mixture of CHCl3 : MeOH (2 : 1) and hexane : EtOH (3 : 1) one by one. Highest oil recovery (15.37%) came from CHCl3 : MeOH (2 : 1) solvent system from dry biomass whereas the lowest (2.49%) came from n-hexane from wet biomass. The qualitative analysis of the extracted oil by GC/MS analysis revealed that it contained significant amount of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and palmitoleic acid (C16:1). It also indicated presence of hexadecatrienoic acid, benzenedicarboxylic acid, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (C19H36O2), and so forth. The obtained fatty acid profile indicates high potentiality of S. costatum species to be used as promising biofuel feedstock a little improvisation and substantially it can replace diesel in near future.
Tropical forest biodiversity : distributional patterns and their conservational significance

Phytogeographical knowledge of two major patterns important to conservational planning―the distribution of diversity and endemism in tropical forests―are summarized. High diversity forests occur on all three continents and are concentrated in lowland areas with high and evenly distributed rainfall, but with greatest diversity usually occurring in northwest South America forests. Tree and liana species richnessis greatest in upper Amazone and non-tree species richness greatest in the northern andean foothills and southern Central America, suggesting conservational priority for these areas. Endemism is only partly correlated with diversity and is concentrated in isolated patches of unusual habitat, in cloud forsts, in topographically dissected montane areas, and on continental fragment islands, areas which also deserve conservational priority (.)
Effects of sublethal exposure of fungal xenoestrogen on oxidative stress and hepatic histology of tadpoles Rana saharica

Xenoestrogens are artificial products that can be of industrial, agricultural or pharmaceutical origin. We have undertaken work to examine the possible effects of a stressor; a systemic fungicide considered to be an estrogen mimetic, Mancozebe, on tadpoles of an amphibian species; the green frog Rana saharica. After treatment for 5 weeks with increasing concentrations of Mancozeb (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 mg/l). In order to evaluate the biochemical and metabolic aspect and to know the details of the oxidative stress, we performed some assays. A disturbance of the anti-oxidant detoxification systems (Glutathion-S-Transferase GST and Catalase CAT) which are involved in the defense mechanisms against stress caused by Mancozeb was highlighted. We also found an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels due to lipid peroxidation and neurotoxicity confirmed by inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. The induction of oxidative stress prompted us to explore, among other things, the histological side and tissue damage caused by Mancozeb in tadpoles. Our results revealed hepatocyte necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolation.
Improving Software RAID 6 Systems by the Means of Parallelization

 Abstract — RAID storage technology improves the reliability of the computer storage systems. Hardware RAID 6 systems have been traditionally using Reed-Solomon codes. However, in software RAID 6 systems, different coding schemes can be employed. Parity array algorithms show satisfactory results, as they display significantly higher execution speed. In this paper, we have evaluated parity array EVENODD algorithm as a candidate for RAID 6. We have listed its main advantages compared to the similar algorithms. Additionally, we have shown the performance improvements that can be achieved through its parallelization on general multicore processors.
On individual differences of the blood of chickens and ducks.

It was originally demonstrated 1 in the case of human blood that there exist differences between members of the same species detectable by the isohemagglutinin reaction. Similar results have been found in several species of animals, e. g. , cattle, horses, sheep, dogs. With the blood of other animals, however, clear-cut reactions have not been obtained, although biochemical individual differences must for other reasons be assumed to exist. Adequate study of the question of isoagglutination has been hampered to a certain degree by the failure to obtain satisfactory results in common laboratory animals such as rabbits, rats, and mice. 2 It was our purpose to find suitable laboratory animals for further investigation, especially for breeding experiments (cf. von Dungern and Hirschfeld, Epstein and Ottenberg, and others) and for the study of racial differences. Our observations were made on chickens and ducks. In most of the studies hitherto reported, isoagglutination (or heteroag-glutination) by normal sera and isolysin reactions by immune sera have been employed. In our experiments we made use of immune sera obtained from a distant species. This method, which offers some advantages, can be used if by previous treatment with cells of individual bloods those agglutinins are removed which act indiscriminately upon all bloods of the species. 3
Correlation and path analysis of morpho-physiological and yield traits in boro rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Thirty rice genotypes of local and exotic origin were analyzed to ascertain the genotypic and phenotypic correlation among 21 morpho-physiological and yield traits and their direct/ indirect contribution to grain yield under boro season. The result revealed that grain yield per plant had significant positive correlation with biological yield (0.927**, 0.766**), harvest index (0.748**, 0.658**), days to first flowering (0.459*, 0.377*), panicle length (0.501**, 0.445*), grains per panicle (0.576**, 0.484**) and 1000 grain weight (0.573**, 0.460*) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analyses at both genotypic and phenotypic levels revealed high positive direct effect of biological yield (0.7181) and harvest index (0.6382) on grain yield per plant. Thus direct selection for grain yield per plant and indirect selection through these characters would be effective to improve yield in boro rice.
Two distinct proliferation events are induced in the hippocampus by acute focal injury

In models of global brain injury, such as stroke or epilepsy, a large increase in neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus (DG) days after the damage is induced. In contrast, more focal damage in the D G produces an increase in neurogenesis within 24 hours. In order to determine if two distinct cell proliferation events can occur in the DG, focal electrolytic lesions were made and cell proliferation was examined at early (1 day) and late (5 day) time points. At the early time point, a diffuse pattern of BrdU+ cells was present ipsilateral to the lesion. When BrdU was administered at the later time point, the number of subgranular zone BrdU+ cells was significantly greater than at 24 hours. There was a four-fold increase in new neurons at the late time point while at the early time point no significant difference in neurogenesis was observed from control hemispheres. At both early and late time points, BrdU+ cells did not arise from microglia, as they rarely co-labeled with the microglia marker ED-1. These results indicate that focal injury in the dentate gyrus can activate two proliferation reactions, and that a latent period greater than 1 day is required before the injury-induced increase in new neurons is observed.
INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR I AND ITS RECEPTOR ARE ANTAGONISTIC MODULATORS OF GLUCOSE HANDLING BY ASTROCYTES

Reducing insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) levels or administration of IGF-I show beneficial effects in the brain. We now provide evidence to help resolve this paradox. The unliganded IGF-IR inhibits glucose uptake by astrocytes while its stimulation with IGF-I, in concert with insulin activation of the insulin receptor, produces the opposite effect. In vivo imaging showed that shRNA interference of brain IGF-IR increased glucose uptake by astrocytes while pharmacological blockade of IGF-IR reduced it. Brain 18FGlucose-PET of IGF-IR shRNA injected mice confirmed an inhibitory role of unliganded IGF-IR on glucose uptake, whereas glucose-dependent recovery of neuronal activity in brain slices was blunted by pharmacological blockade of IGF-IR. Mechanistically, we found that the unliganded IGF-IR retains glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), the main glucose transporter in astrocytes, inside the cell while IGF-I, in cooperation with insulin, synergistically stimulates MAPK/PKD to promote association of IGF-IR with GLUT 1 via Rac1/GIPC1 and increases GLUT1 availability at the cell membrane. These findings identify IGF-I and its receptor as antagonistic modulators of brain glucose uptake.
Estimated Survival Rates of Canada Geese within the Atlantic Flyway

Project personnel banded 28,849 Canada geese (Branta canadensis) with aluminum leg bands and individually coded neck bands in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina from 1983 to 1986. The mean annual neck band retention rate was 99.3 * 0.3 (SE)% from retrap data of previously banded geese. The annual survival rate for the flyway was 77.3 3.8% using band-recovery analyses from 1,008 recoveries of 13,331 postseason-banded geese and 70.9 ? 1.3% using mark-resight data. Annual changes in the distribution of wintering geese were caused, in part, by changes in annual survival rate. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 53(1):91-96 The changing winter distribution of Canada geese is a major problem facing managers within the Atlantic flyway (Hankla and Rudolph 1967, Trost and Malecki 1985, Malecki and Trost 1986). During the 1960's, a large percentage of wintering geese shifted northward from North and South Carolina to the Chesapeake region (Del., Md., and Va.) (Trost and Malecki 1985). The distribution of wintering geese appears to be shifting further north from the Chesapeake to the mid-Atlantic region (N.Y., Pa., and N.J.) (Fig. 1). The changing winter distribution may result from differential survival, reproduction, or movement between subpopulations or regions. Differential survival or movement may result from changes in available wintering habitat, changes in diet, proliferation of private sanctuaries, changing weather trends, and increasing numbers of resident geese decoying migrants. Our objective was to determine if changing winter distribution of Canada geese results from differential survival. We thank all state, federal, and private biologists who have banded or observed geese in the Atlantic flyway. Without their hard work, this study would not have been possible. We especially thank J. D. Nichols for assistance with the analysis, S. Sheaffer for computing assistance, and J. E. Hines for Figure 1. We also thank J. D. Nichols, S. Sheaffer, N. B. Barber, M. J. Conroy, and an anonymous referee for reviewing the manuscript. This paper is a contribution of the New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Cornell University, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and Wildlife Management Institute (USFWS contract 14-16-0009-1524) cooperate with the New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
Spatial and temporal fluctuation of phytoplankton functional groups in a tropical reservoir - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i3.12988

Along the horizontal axis of reservoirs are generally recognized three zones (fluvial, transition and lacustrine) with distinct hydrodynamic and physical, chemical and biological properties. Quarterly samplings were conducted in 2002, in the limnetic region from each zone, at different depths of a tropical reservoir. To test the hypothesis that highest biomass (biovolume) of phytoplankton are found in the transition zone, the PERMANOVA analysis was realized. 106 taxa were recorded. Significant differences between biovolume values of the three zones were not verified (pseudo F = 0,89; p = 0,55). Higher values of biomass were obtained in lacustrine and transition zones of the reservoir. The functional group (FG) N (Cosmarium spp.) was dominant in these zones, in rain period, and related to low phosphorus concentration, high transparency and water column stability. Low biovolume values in reservoir characterized oligotrophic conditions in all zones of the reservoir, most of the period. The dominance of FGs Y, Lo, E, P and A, as evidenced by the CCA, was associated with low light availability and higher nutrients concentrations.
HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AMPHIDIPLOIDS AND THE EVOLUTION OF POLYPLOIDS IN THE WHEAT (AEGILOPS‐TRITICUM) GROUP

The polyploid species of the wheat group (genera A egilops and Triticum) are familiar as classical examples of evolution through amphidiploidy. The two genera have been a subject of extensive cytogenetic study by numerous workers (see reviews by Kihara, 1954, and Sears, 1948, 1959). The cytogenetic relations between the various diploid species in this group have been studied through interspecific crosses, and the polyploid species have been subjected to intensive genome analysis. On the basis of the cytological information gathered, Kihara ( 19 54) and Kihara et al. ( 19 59) established genomic formulae for the various A egilops species (table 1). Kihara concluded that the polyploid species of this group are typical allopolyploids and assumed that each polyploid species originated independently, as a result of an interspecific cross (or crosses) between two given diploid parental species followed by chromosome doubling. At present, the various polyploid species of the wheat group are generally regarded as well-established cases of such a mode of origin. The purpose of the present paper is to question the assumption of an independent evolution of the various polyploid species in the Aegilops-Triticum group. Evidence is presented to indicate that a considerable number of existing polyploids are genetically interconnected through hybridization and cannot be regarded to have evolved independently. The hypothesis is advanced that in addition to amphidiploidy, hybridization on the tetraploid level has played a decisive role in the evolution of the polyploid species. Tetraploid entities in the wheat group (as well as their "modified genomes") are
Complete mitochondrial genome and the phylogenetic position of the zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum)

Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome of the zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum) was first determined in this study. The total length of this circle DNA was 16 658 bp, consisted of 37 genes with typical gene order in vertebrate mitogenome. Its nucleotide content was 34.1% A, 25.9% C, 12.5% G and 27.5% T. This mitogenome had 23 bp short intergenic spaces located in 10 gene junctions and 54 bp overlaps located in 11 gene junctions. In the protein-coding genes, two start codons (GTG and ATG) and two stop codons (TAG and TAA/T) were found. The 22 tRNA genes ranged from 66 bp (tRNA-Cys) to 75 bp (tRNA-Leu1). The phylogenetic result showed that S. fasciatum was clustered with the whale shark Rhincodon typus.
Direct measurement of evaporation of intercepted water from forest canopies

(1) A new method has been used to measure directly evaporation of intercepted water from forest canopies. Cut trees were suspended from a load cell in stands of widely spaced trees, sprayed with simulated rain and weighed during evaporation of the intercepted water. (2) Values of boundary layer conductance were calculated directly. It was found that the boundary layer conductance per tree increased with spacing from 0 82 m3s-1 in the 2-m spacing treatment to 5-92m3 s-1 in the 8-m spacing treatment, whereas boundary layer conductance per unit ground area declined from 0-24 m s-1 to 0-09 m s-1 as the density of the trees decreased. (3) Values of canopy storage capacity were also calculated directly and found to be a property of individual trees and unaffected by tree density. (4) The assumption incorporated in the Rutter model of interception loss that the evaporation from the wet canopy is given by the Penman equation was found to be correct. The second assumption in the Rutter model that the actual evaporation from the partially wet canopy is adequately given by the Penman equation multiplied by CIS (where C is the amount of water retained on the canopy and S is the canopy storage capacity) was also verified.
Spermicidal and Post-Coital Anti-Fertility Activity of Vitex Negundo Stem Bark

Four successive extracts of Vitex negundo stem bark were evaluated for spermicidal and post-coital anti-fertility activity in Swiss male albino mice and female albino Swiss wistar rats, respectively. The petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts at 20 mg.mL−1 showed significant reduction in motility and viability of sperms in in vitro studies. These extracts were evaluated for spermicidal activity in male mice. All the extracts at a dose of 200 mg.kg−1 body weight showed androgenic effect. Anti-implantation effect of petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts at 200 mg.kg−1 body weight (b.w.) was observed in the female rats. The estrogenic effect of extracts was supported by histological changes in the uterus of immature female albino rats.
Irrigation water quality and nitrogen for yield and water-use efficiency of potato in the arid conditions of Tunisia

Field studies were conducted on a sandy soil during spring of 2004 and 2007 in an arid region of southern Tunisia to determine the effect of water quality and nitrogen on yield, yield components and water use effi ciency (WUE) of “Spunta”, a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar. Irrigation water of two qualities viz., canal water (3.25 dS m-1) and saline water (5.2 dS m-1) was used. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1. For all treatments, irrigations were scheduled when readily available water in the root zone (35% of the total available water) was depleted. Yield, yield components, water supply and soil salinity were measured. Findings are globally consistent between the two experiments. Results showed that soil salinity values remained lower than those of ECiw and were lowest under emitters and highest midway to the margin of wetted bands. Potato yield signifi cantly decreased under the use of saline water. The reduction in potato yield was mainly attributed to reduction in the number of tubers per m2 and tuber weight. WUE decreased signifi cantly with increasing irrigation water salinity. Potato yield, yield components and WUE increased with an increase in nitrogen rates. The N application rate of 300 kg ha-1 gave good yield and higher WUE of potato in Southern Tunisia.
Growth performance and biochemical composition of nineteen microalgae collected from different Moroccan reservoirs

Macro- and microalgae have recently received much attention due to their valuable chemical constituents. In order to increase existing data, the authors studied nineteen microalgae species isolated from different reservoirs in the Fez region (northern Morocco), undertaking experiments to determine for each species the specific growth rate, their total amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids and the influence of the growth phase on these chemical constituents. Conditions of cultivation were as follows: light intensity equal to 300 μmol photons m -2 s -1 , with a temperature regime of 25/20°C (day/night) and a 16/8 (light/dark) photoperiod cycle. The growth rates of the nineteen studied species of microalgae showed a wide variation between species, ranging from 0.27 g l -1 d -1 for Chlamydomonas ovalis to 3.64 g l -1 d -1 for Chlorococcum wemmeri . Protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents varied greatly between taxa and within genera. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlamydomonas ovalis, Chlorococcum sp. , Hyaloraphidium contortum, Scenedesmus protuberans, and Synechocystis aquatilis tended to synthesize proteins, the concentrations exceeding 20% dry weight (DW). Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Ankistrodesmus sp . , Chlorococcum wemmeri, Coenocystis sp . , Isocystis sp . , Lyngbya bergei, Oscillatoria amphibia, Polytoma papillatum, Scenedesmus protuberans, Scenedesmus sp. and Synechocystis aquatilis showed a high capacity for lipid storage, greater than 20% DW. For carbohydrate contents, only Scenedesmus protuberans and Scenedesmus quadricauda showed an excessive level compared to other scanned species with 29.21% and 24.76% DW, respectively.