Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Localization of CAM II Kinase‐α, GAD, GluR2 and GABAA Receptor Subunit mRNAs in the Human Entorhinal Cortex

The human entorhinal cortex (ERC) is an important relay between neocortical association areas and the hippocampus. Pathology in this area, including disturbances in its unique cytoarchitecture and alterations in neurotransmitter receptor binding, has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders but details of the patterns of gene expression for molecules involved in the major neurotransmitter systems in this cortex have been lacking. We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to localize the mRNAs for several proteins which are involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the human ERC. Labelling of mRNA for a glutamate receptor subunit (GluR2) and for a marker of glutamatergic cortical neurons (alpha type II calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase) were distributed in a laminar manner which matched the cellular packing seen on the Nissl sections, with particularly high levels of labelling in the layer II (pre‐á) cell clusters characteristic of this cortex. Cells labelled for the mRNA of 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, were distributed diffusely throughout all layers, not concentrated in the cell clusters, and were present in higher numbers in layer Ill. The labelling of mRNAs for the α1, β2 and γ2 subunits of the GABAA receptor, however, was distributed in a laminar pattern similar to that for GluR2 and CAM II kinase mRNAs, implying a high concentration of inhibitory synapses on the excitatory cells which express these mRNAs.
The effect of feeding rate on the growth performance of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) fry

Four one-week growth trials were conducted on green sturgeon fry to determine the effect of feeding rate on their growth performance at 18 °C when they were fed a salmonid soft moist feeds containing 445–457 g kg−1 of crude protein and 201–207 g kg−1 of lipid. The fry used in Trials I-IV were 5–8 weeks after their initiation of exogenous feeding. Their average initial body weights were 1.63 ± 0.01, 2.63 ± 0.03, 5.08 ± 0.08 and 7.49 ± 0.05 g, respectively. Six feeding rates used were as follows: 2.5–15.0% body weight per day (% BW day−1) with a 2.5% increment in Trial I; 1.25–7.50% BW day−1 with a 1.25% increment in Trial II; and 2.0–7.0% BW day−1 with a 1.0% increment in Trials III and IV. Four replicates with 50 fry per tank in Trials I-III and 30 fry per tank in Trial IV were assigned randomly to each feeding rates. The final body weight, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, protein retention, and whole-body moisture, lipid, and energy contents were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the feeding rates. The optimum feeding rates determined by the broken-line model were 7.1, 5.7 and 5.3% BW day−1 for Trials I, II and IV, when the fry were 5, 6 and 8 weeks after their initiation of exogenous feeding, respectively.
Effects of Cereal Disintegration Method, Feeding Method and Straw as Bedding on Stomach Characteristics including Ulcers and Performance in Growing Pigs

This report investigates the effects of disintegration method (grinding or rolling of the cereal part), feeding method (feeding twice a day or ad libitum) and straw as bedding (with or without) on empty stomach weight, volume, content, and the prevalence of gastric lesions in the pars oesophagea as well as on the performance in growing pigs. Four hundred growing pigs were included in the experiment. The grinding of the cereal was performed on a hammer-mill, mounted with a 3-mm screen or rolled on a roller mill. Performance was only slightly influenced by the disintegration method and the use of straw as bedding material. Ad libitum fed pigs, however, had a 5.5% higher (P<0.001) daily weight gain and a 0.6 percentage unit lower (P<0.01) lean meat percentage compared to pigs fed twice daily. Feed with rolled cereals increased (P<0.001) the empty stomach weight by 13%, but only in pigs not receiving straw bedding. Ad libitum feeding reduced (P<0.001) the empty stomach weight and volume by 15% and 37%, respectively. Feed with rolled cereals increased (P<0.001) the dry matter content of the stomach by 23%. The general level of gastric lesions in the pars oesophagea was low in this experiment, which most likely was due to the high content of barley in the feed mixture. The pigs receiving straw bedding, but also the pigs receiving rolled cereals but no straw bedding, had nearly no gastric lesions (average score=0.1), contrary to the pigs receiving ground feed but no straw bedding (average score=1.0). This interaction in gastric lesions between disintegration method and straw as bedding material indicates that feeding rolled cereals has similar preventive effects on gastric lesions as straw eaten.
The impact of forest continuity and management on forest floor vegetation evaluated by species traits.

The distribution of the flora with different species attributes are investigated in two studies of forest ecosystems in Denmark, One study compared 17 forests with different degrees of management, the other study compared the flora of 25 old forests with that of 6 new forests. No effect of forest management could be detected in the distribution of species attributes in the flora, whereas the forest continuity was correlated with almost all of the 14 traits investigated. Species with heavy seeds, transient seedbanks, ant dispersed seeds, early and short flowering time, low stature and high extent of lateral spread were more common in old forests, while the proportion of species with small, short-lived seeds, epizoochorous dispersal, little lateral spread and later and longer flowering period was higher in new forests. In particular, Raunkiaers therophyles, and ruderal species were more common in new forests than in old. Differences in the effects of the two types of disturbance - forest management, and breaks in forest eontinuity - are discussed in relation to survival strategies of the forest flora. The importanee of persistence ability in contrast to colonisation ability is stressed for many forest plants.
Purification and partial characterization of a phytotoxin produced by sarocladium oryzae, the rice sheath rot pathogen: Reinigung und partielle charakterisierung eines vom reisblattscheidenfäule-pathogen sarocladium oryzae erzeugten phytotoxins

An extracellular, hydrophilic, thermostable phytotoxin was purified to homogeneity from culture fluids of Sarocladium oryzae and sheath rot infected rice plants. The phytotoxin was purified by solvent extraction, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and HPLC. Toxicity was evaluated with detached leaf sheath and electrolyte leakage bioassays. Purified phytotoxin induced visible symptoms of the disease, when applied to rice sheath even at a low concentration of 5 μg. The toxin is a glycoprotein with carbohydrate as major component. The importances of the carbohydrate moiety for toxic activity was indicated by inactivation of toxic compound after periodate oxidation. The toxin caused lesions on a number of other monocots and dicots and proved to be non-host specific. This is the first report of the purification and characterization of S. oryzae toxin from in vitro and in vivo and we propose its name SO-toxin.
Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 64. Nomenclatural notes in Balantiopsidaceae

During the preparation of the forthcoming world checklist of hornworts and liverworts (Soderstrom et al., in press. ) it was noted that a few taxa need to be validated or combined. The subfamily name Balantiopsidoideae has been used as if it has been an autonym of the family Balantiopsidaceae H.Buch (1955: 23) (e.g. Grolle 1972, Engel & Smith Merrill 1997). However, as autonyms do not exist on any other taxonomic level than genus or species (ICN 22.3, 26.3; McNeill et al . 2012) all subfamilies need to be accompanied by a valid description or diagnoses or a reference to an effectively published description or diagnoses (ICN Art. 39.1).
Strongyloides venezuelensis infection susceptibility of seven inbred strains of mice

Foi investigada a susceptibilidade de sete linhagens isogenicas de camundongos a infeccao experimental, primaria e secundaria, por Strongyloides venezuelensis a fim de servir de base para estudos geneticos sobre a resistencia. Foram utilizados 12 camundongos machos, com seis semanas de idade, das seguintes linhagens isogenicas: A/J, BALB/c, CBA/J, C3H/Hepos, C57BL/6, DBA/2 e NIH. Os animais foram inoculados, via sub-cutânea, com 2000 larvas infectantes. As contagens medias (± desvio padrao) de parasitas no intestino delgado dos camundongos seis dias apos a infeccao, em ordem crescente, foram: 28 (± 19) na linhagem NIH; 647 (± 228) na BALB/c; 709 (± 425) na DBA/2; 731 (± 151) na C3H/Hepos, 801 (± 174) na CBA/J; 1024 (± 267) na C57BL/6 e 1313 (± 483) na A/J. Os camundongos C57BL/6 apresentaram as mais elevadas contagens de ovos de S. venezuelensis por grama de fezes (OPG) e os NIH, as mais baixas. Nao foram detectados ovos nos exames de fezes e nao foram encontrados parasitas no intestino delgado dos animais re-infectados 14 dias apos a infeccao primaria. A linhagem NIH apresentou elevada resistencia contra as infeccoes primarias por S. venezuelensis. Entre as outras seis linhagens, uma das mais susceptiveis foi a linhagem C57BL/6.
In‐vivo and in‐vitro digestibility of starch in autoclaved pea and potato products

The digestibility of starch in homogenized/autoclaved pea plus potato products was studied in vitro and in vivo. The products were a canned infant puree based on peas and potatoes and products prepared in the laboratory by repeated autoclaving and cooling of either homogenized potatoes or homogenized peas. Small-intestinal digestibility was evaluated through balance experiments in rats treated with an antibiotic (Nebacitin) to supress microbial activity in the hind gut. Parallel experiments in normal rats were performed to study the fermentability of undigested starch. The small-intestinal digestibility was 93, 82 and 70% of tolal starch in the potato product, infant puree and pea product, respectively. Consequently, significant amounts of starch left the small intestine undigested, particularly with pea-based products. The major portion of the undigested starch consisted of a fraction which resisted amylases in vitro unless solubilized in alkali, ie retrograded amylose. The fermentability of starch reaching the hind gut was high, about 90%. In-vitro digestibility figures varied depending on the method used and were in the ranges 91–93, 76–86 and 71–77% in the potato product, infant puree and pea product, respectively. One of the methods allowed simultaneous and accurate determination of the in-vivo resistant retrograded amylose fraction.
Composition and microbiological and physical attributes of mawè, a fermented maize dough from Benin

Summary Home-scale and commerical mawe samples produced in urban Benin were very similar in composition, particle size, dough viscosity, and microbial loads, with titratable acidity 1.2-1.4% w/w (as lactic acid); home-produced mawe had a slightly higher pH (4.2), protein, fat, fibre, and ash than commercial mawe. Lactobacilli and yeasts predominated in both.
Earthworm Communities in Previously Glaciated and Unglaciated Eastern Deciduous Forests

Abstract Native earthworms were removed from forested ecosystems during the last glacial advance and have since been replaced with nonnative earthworm species. Nonnative earthworms can cause major changes in microbial and plant communities and nutrient cycling. In this study, we sought to compare the earthworm communities north and south of the last glacial terminus, and to examine correlations between plant communities and soil characteristics. In summer 2011, we measured the earthworm, herbaceous plant, and woody plant communities in 3 forests in southwestern Ohio and 3 forests in northern Kentucky. We also measured soil characteristics including moisture, pH, organic matter, and nitrate and ammonium content. We found no native earthworm species at any of our study sites; however, previously glaciated forests exhibited more diverse earthworm communities and included all ecological groups. Earthworm species richness increased with increased density of invasive woody plant species and decreased with increased soil ammonium. Scientists and managers should continue to survey the earthworm communities in forests to better understand the ranges of nonnative earthworms and the impacts they have on plant communities and nutrient dynamics.
Intrinsic Rates of Increase, Saturation Densities, and Competitive Ability. I. An Experiment with Paramecium

In a set of experiments with pure and mixed cultures of two species of Paramecium "aurelia," it was found that there was no consistent relationship between r and K and competitive success, and that simple environmental changes affect competitive ability much less than they affect either r or K. Competition was manifest as interference rather than exploitation. It is suggested that the endosymbioses of Paramecium with bacterial species may provide some species of Paramecium with a mechanism of interference, which may play an important role in determining the relative abundance of protozoan species in natural communities.
How fitness landscapes help further the social and behavioral sciences

The idea of the fitness landscape can be traced back to Wright’s the work on biological evolution (1932) and was significantly broadened through the work of Kauffman (1993). Kauffman’s account, though limited to evolutionary biology, alluded to a universal applicability. It offered the prospect of a framework that could help understand how the adaptive moves of agents in search for a better ‘fit’ have a reciprocal influence on other agents. This has sparked a wide range of applications of fitness landscapes in different domains in the social and behavioral sciences. In this article we assess the extent to which fitness landscapes have been incorporated into the social and behavioral sciences, how they help progress theoretical or empirical issues in these sciences, and what to consider when making use of fitness landscapes in these sciences.
Bisoniana 117. Mitochondrial DNA-RFLP analysis reveals liw levels of genetic variation in European bison Bison bonasus

Originating from only 12 individuals, the extant population of the European bison Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) has been severely bottlenecked and consequently exhibits a high degree of inbreeding. Previous studies of allozyme variation are to some extent contradictory regarding levels of genetic variation. However, they brought about evidence for a genetic depletion at nuclear loci. In this study, aythors investigated the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 26 specimens of European bison from Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Eastern Poland.
HEAT STRESS 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-Induced Alteration in Leaf Photosynthetic Rate, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Respiration and Membrane Damage in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under High Night Temperature

High night temperature (HNT) can induce ethylene-triggered reactive oxygen species production, which can cause premature leaf senescence and membrane damage, thereby affecting production, consumption and transfer of photosynthates, and yield. The 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) can competitively bind with ethylene receptors and decrease ethylene effects. The objective was to determine the effects of HNT and 1-MCP on leaf photosynthetic rate (PN), chlorophyll fluorescence, total chlorophyll (TC), respiration, membrane damage, pollen germination, spikelet fertility (SF) and yield of rice hybrid ‘XL723’. Plants were grown under ambient night temperature (ANT) (25 °C) or HNT (30 °C) with or without 1-MCP treatment. Application of 1-MCP was at the boot stage. The decrease in yield (11 %) under HNT was associated with decreased PN (4 %), stomatal conductance (8 %), quantum yield (11 %) TC (23 %) and SF (5 %) and increased respiration (74 %), Fo/Fm (increase in thylakoid membrane damage; 11 %) and membrane damage (leaf electrolytic leakage; 57 %). The 1-MCP-treated plants grown under HNT showed increased yield (17 %), which was associated with increased PN (10 %), stomatal conductance (30 %), quantum yield (9 %), TC (37 %) and SF (11 %) and decreased respiration (39 %), Fo/Fm (5 %) and membrane damage (18 %). Plants grown under HNT showed increased grain chalkiness (154 %) compared with plants grown under ANT.
Comparative cytotoxicity evaluation of different size gold nanoparticles in human dermal fibroblasts

The aim of this work was to compare the effects of three commercially available gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes (30, 50 and 90 nm) on the viability of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). In addition, we evaluated protective effect of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), total glutathione content (GSH/GSSG), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to investigate if oxidative stress was involved in the cytotoxic response of these AuNPs. Although AuNP-induced cytotoxicity was dose and time dependent, nanoparticle size slightly influenced the cytotoxic response of AuNPs assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase. Regarding oxidative parameters, NAC produced no significant protection of NHDF cells against treatment with any of the three AuNPs. Independently on nanoparticle size, GSH/GSSG content was drastically depleted after 24 h of incubation with the three AuNPs (less than 15% in all cases), while no statistically significant changes on SOD activity were reported (∼90% of activity). The three AuNPs also caused a notable increase in the ROS production of NHDF cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that AuNP-induced cytotoxicity in NHDF is mediated by oxidative stress and it is independent of nanoparticle size.
Population dynamics of Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr, 1808) (Ostracoda, Cyprididae) in relation to diet type (algae and organic waste) and amount of food

Population growth patterns of the ostracod, Heterocypris incongruens have been studied using the green alga, Scenedesmus acutus or organic waste from a water treatment plant as food, and using dry weight equivalents of 5.8, 11.6, and 23.2 μg ml−1 for 50 days. H. incongruens, in our study, reproduced only parthenogenetically. The colour of the eggs and the carapace valves differed depending on the type of food. Populations cultured on the algae appeared bright orange-coloured, while those on organic waste were pale yellow. Regardless type and concentration of food, H. incongruens had a long lag phase of about 3 weeks, after which the exponential phase began that continued for the next 20 to 30 days. In treatments containing an algal diet, the density of H. incongruens increased with the increase of food level from 5.8 to 11.6 μg ml−1. However, a further increase in food density did not result in a higher peak of abundance. In the treatments containing organic waste, population density was higher (about 1.6 ind. ml−1) at 5.8 and 11.6 μg ml−1, but it decreased to half this density with a further increase in the amount of food (23.2 μg ml−1). The rate of population increase (r) of H. incongruens ranged from 0.03 to 0.07 per day, depending on food type and concentration. Se estudiaron los patrones de crecimiento poblacional del ostracodo Heterocypris incongruens utilizando el alga verde Scenedesmus acutus o desechos organicos de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales como alimento bajo diferentes densidades (como los equivalentes de peso seco de 5,8, 11,6 y 23,2 μg ml−1) durante 50 dias. H. incongruens en nuestro estudio solo se reproduce partenogeneticamente. El color de los huevos y las valvas de los ostracodos difiere dependiendo del tipo de alimentos. Los cultivados en alga presentaron un color naranja brillante, mientras que los cultivados con residuos organicos mostraron un color amarillo palido. Independientemente del tipo de alimento y la concentracion, H. incongruens presento una larga fase de adaptacion de aproximadamente 3 semanas. Una vez que la fase exponencial se inicio, esta tuvo una duracion de 20 a 30 dias. En los tratamientos de la dieta que contienen algas, la densidad de H. incongruens aumento cuando se elevo la concentracion de alimento de 5,8 a 11,6 μg ml−1. Sin embargo, al incrementar la densidad en los alimentos no se reflejo en las abundancias maximas de la poblacion de H. incongruens. Dentro de los tratamientos que contienen residuos organicos, la densidad de poblacion fue mayor (alrededor de 1,6 ind. ml−1) a 5,8 y 11,6 μg ml−1, pero se redujo a la mitad con mayor aumento de la densidad de los alimentos (23,2 μg ml−1). La tasa de aumento de la poblacion (r) variaron entre 0,03 a 0,07 por dia, dependiendo del tipo de alimentos y la concentracion.
AN UNPREDICTABLE INDIRECT EFFECT OF ALGAL CONSUMPTION BY GULLS ON CROWS

Indirect interactions among species may be important for understanding community dynamics because species generally interact with more species indirectly than directly. Although various kinds of indirect effects have been documented, estimates of indirect effects are based on estimates of the direct interactions occurring on a short time scale. In the present study, we report that predicted indirect effects may not represent the actual indirect effects in a rocky intertidal habitat. Gulls feed on green foliose algae during winter, and these foliose algae inhibit crows from foraging on chitons. This is because algal mats cover the chitons during spring. By connecting these direct interactions, gulls are expected to indirectly increase crow foraging. However, gulls indirectly decreased crows foraging because gull feeding increased the number of foliose algal mats during spring. This result indicates that the consequence of a direct effect may occasionally change temporally from negative to positive before an indirect effect appears. Therefore, indirect effects should not be estimated merely by connecting direct effects on a short-term basis.
Genetic structure of Carcinus maenas in southeast Australia.

The European shore crab Carcinus maenas is a highly successful marine invader, and has displayed rapid range expansion following its introduction to many parts of the world. In Australia, it was first reported in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria in the late 1800s. Despite predictions that it would expand its range northward, its distribution has remained limited to the southeast coast of the mainland and to Tasmania. Using microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA, we assessed whether low connectivity among southeastern Australian estuaries might be contribut- ing to the limited distribution of this invasive species. Under this hypothesis, we expected that sampling of C. maenas from 6 estuaries, roughly evenly spaced along the southeast coast, would reveal: (1) greater genetic variability among than within estuaries; (2) increasing genetic dissimi- larity with distance from Port Phillip Bay; and (3) in the absence of human-mediated dispersal, declining genetic variation with distance from Port Phillip Bay. Contrary to these predictions, we found that genetic variability was no greater among than within mainland southeast Australian estuaries — indicating significant gene flow. Some slight genetic differentiation was, however, evident between Tasmania and the mainland. Multiple introductions appear to have contributed to the Australian population. The high connectivity of populations among southeast Australian estuaries suggest that management strategies focused on eradication of C. maenas from individ- ual localities will not be effective. Factors other than limited connectivity appear to be responsible for the slow range expansion up the east Australian coast.