Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geographically-Balanced Gigaword Corpora for 50 Language Varieties

While text corpora have been steadily increasing in overall size, even very large corpora are not designed to represent global population demographics. For example, recent work has shown that existing English gigaword corpora over-represent inner-circle varieties from the US and the UK. To correct implicit geographic and demographic biases, this paper uses country-level population demographics to guide the construction of gigaword web corpora. The resulting corpora explicitly match the ground-truth geographic distribution of each language, thus equally representing language users from around the world. This is important because it ensures that speakers of under-resourced language varieties (i.e., Indian English or Algerian French) are represented, both in the corpora themselves but also in derivative resources like word embeddings.
Modeling Factual Claims with Semantic Frames

In this paper, we introduce an extension of the Berkeley FrameNet for the structured and semantic modeling of factual claims. Modeling is a robust tool that can be leveraged in many different tasks such as matching claims to existing fact-checks and translating claims to structured queries. Our work introduces 11 new manually crafted frames along with 9 existing FrameNet frames, all of which have been selected with fact-checking in mind. Along with these frames, we are also providing 2,540 fully annotated sentences, which can be used to understand how these frames are intended to work and to train machine learning models. Finally, we are also releasing our annotation tool to facilitate other researchers to make their own local extensions to FrameNet.
CEASE, a Corpus of Emotion Annotated Suicide notes in English

A suicide note is usually written shortly before the suicide and it provides a chance to comprehend the self-destructive state of mind of the deceased. From a psychological point of view, suicide notes have been utilized for recognizing the motive behind the suicide. To the best of our knowledge, there is no openly accessible suicide note corpus at present, making it challenging for the researchers and developers to deep dive into the area of mental health assessment and suicide prevention. In this paper, we create a fine-grained emotion annotated corpus (CEASE) of suicide notes in English and develop various deep learning models to perform emotion detection on the curated dataset. The corpus consists of 2393 sentences from around 205 suicide notes collected from various sources. Each sentence is annotated with a particular emotion class from a set of 15 fine-grained emotion labels, namely (forgiveness, happiness_peacefulness, love, pride, hopefulness, thankfulness, blame, anger, fear, abuse, sorrow, hopelessness, guilt, information, instructions). For the evaluation, we develop an ensemble architecture, where the base models correspond to three supervised deep learning models, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). We obtain the highest test accuracy of 60.17% and cross-validation accuracy of 60.32%
Year‐to‐year variability in ocean recovery rate of Columbia River Upriver Bright fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Unusually large returns of several stocks of fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the U.S. Northwest commonly occurred during the late 1980s. These synchronous events seem to have been due to ocean rather than freshwater conditions because natal rivers of these stocks were geographically disconnected. We examined year-to-year variability in cohort strength of one of these stocks, Upriver Bright (URB) fall Chinook salmon from the Columbia River Hanford Reach for brood years 1976–99 (recovery years 1979–2002). We used the ocean recovery rate of coded-wire-tag (CWT) fish as an index of cohort strength. To analyse year-to-year variability in the ocean recovery rate, we applied a log-linear model whose candidate explanatory variables were ocean condition variables, fishing effort, age of recovered fish, and fish rearing type (hatchery versus wild). Explanatory variables in the best model included fishing effort, and the quadratic term of winter sea surface temperature (SST) measured from coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada during the fish’s first ocean year. The coefficient of the quadratic term of SST was significantly negative, so the model shape was convex. Our findings can be used to infer year-to-year variability in cohort strength of other fall Chinook salmon whose life history and ocean distributions are similar to the URB fish.
Use of Fat and Zeolite to Reduce Ammonia Emissions from Beef Cattle Feedyards

Ammonia emissions from cattle feedyards may comprise 40% or more of nitrogen intakes. Decreasing ammonia emissions would improve the fertilizer value of feedyard manure and decrease potential adverse effects on the environment. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of fat and zeolite on potential ammonia emissions from a feedlot surface. In the first trial corn oil, alum, a urease inhibitor, or potassium zeolite were added to simulated feedlot surfaces in lab-scale chambers and ammonia losses were captured using an acid solution. In trial two, five beef steers were fed one of five finishing diets (0% added fat, 3% added fat, 6% added fat, 3% fat+1% zeolite, or 3% fat+2% zeolite) in a 5 x 5 Latin square. During the last 5 days of each period feces and urine output were collected in stalls to determine nutrient digestion and retention. Feces and urine from each steer were used in the lab-scale flow-through chambers to estimate potential ammonia losses. In trial 1, zeolite and fat additions decreased ammonia losses by 51 to 86%; however the effects were not additive. In trial 2, apparent protein digestion, nitrogen retention, and nitrogen excretion were not affected by dietary fat or zeolite. In vitro ammonia losses were not significantly affected by dietary zeolite; however in vitro ammonia losses were greater (P < 0.05) when steers were fed diets containing no added fat. These results suggest that fat and zeolites can potentially decrease ammonia emissions from beef cattle feedyards.
Selenium Toxicity on the Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

Embryos at four stages of development and the newly hatched larvae of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) were exposed to selenium concentrations between 0.5 and 10 μg/ml to establish the toxic levels at the different stages. Embryo mortality was negligible at all selenium concentrations. Following hatching, mortality among the larvae sharply increased at concentrations of 3 μg/ml or greater irrespective of the embryonic stage when exposed. For most treatments, over 90% of the larvae died within 10 days of hatching. The mortality rate for larvae exposed to selenium after hatching was slightly less.
Transcriptional Regulation of 1,3-Galactosyltransferase in Embryonal Carcinoma Cells by Retinoic Acid

Treatment of mouse teratocarcinoma F9 cells with all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) causes a 9-fold increase in steady-state levels of mRNA for UDP-Gal:β-D-Gal α1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) beginning at 36 h. Enzyme activity rises in a similar fashion, which also parallels the induction of laminin and type IV collagen. Nuclear run-on assays indicate that this increase in α1,3GT in RA-treated F9 cells, like that of type IV collagen, is transcriptionally regulated. Differentiation also results in increased secretion of soluble α1,3GT activity into the growth media. The major α-galactosylated glycoprotein present in the media of RA-treated F9 cells, but not of untreated cells, was identified as laminin. Differentiation of F9 cells is accompanied by an increase in α-galactosylation of membrane glycoproteins and a decrease in expression of the stage-specific embryonic antigen, SSEA-1 (also known as the Lewis X antigen or Le), which has the structure Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-R. However, flow cytometric analyses with specific antibodies and lectins, following treatment of cells with α-galactosidase, demonstrate that differentiated cells contain Le antigens that are masked by α-galactosylation. Thus, RA induces α1,3GT at the transcriptional level, resulting in major alterations in the surface phenotype of the cells and masking of Le antigens.
Sucrose metabolism during somatic and zygotic embryogeneses in Norway spruce: content of soluble saccharides and localisation of key enzyme activities

Changes in soluble carbohydrate compounds and their amounts were analysed during the somatic embryo maturation and seed development of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ). The data were correlated to the localisation of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (invertase, EC 3.2.1.26; sucrose synthase, EC 2.4.1.13; phosphoglucomutase, EC 5.4.2.2). The decrease in total carbohydrate content as well as the accumulation of sucrose in later stages was a common feature in both systems. At the beginning of somatic embryo maturation the activity of sucrose synthase was low, and it gradually increased during development. At the final cotyledonary stage the SuSy localisation in somatic embryos resembled the pattern observed in cotyledonary stage zygotic embryos. Activity of invertase (pH 6.0) was detected in the early stages of somatic embryo development. Afterwards the activity decreased to almost undetectable levels in mature cotyledonary embryos. Very low invertase activity was detected during the period of seed development studied. The activity of phosphoglucomutase was high throughout the whole process of maturation in both zygotic and somatic embryos. The results are discussed in respect to the transition of developing embryos from metabolic to storage sink and the possible signalling potential of the changes.
Genotype Defect: Its Effect on Cellular Function and Phenotypic Expression

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the more common lethal autosomal recessive disorders, affecting one in every 2500 newborns in the Caucasian popula­ tion. The classic form of the disease is a triad: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and elevated levels of so­ dium and chloride in the sweat. Our current un­ derstanding of the pathophysiology of CF is as fol­ lows. At the cellular level, epithelial cells from affected tissues are impermeable to chloride ions, leading to reduced water movement into the lumi­ nal surfaces. Mucous secretions are inadequately hydrated and become excessively viscous, causing obstruction of the airways of the lungs and ducts of the pancreas. Over time, this process produces in­ flammation and causes progressive destruction of both organs. The chloride impermeability has been localized to an apical membrane chloride channel that is activated by protein kinase A in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Despite intense efforts, the identity of this protein remained un­ known until the cloning of the CFTR gene in 1989.
Spectral efficiency of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa its hymenopteran parasitoid

Using the electroretinogram (ERG) technique the spectral efficiency of the compound eye of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and its main parasitoid Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was measured at selected wavelengths between 340 nm and 670 nm. The form of the ERG for both T. vaporariorum and E. formosa was found to be monophasic in nature. For both male and female T. vaporariorum and female E. formosa a primary peak of efficiency occurred in the blue‐green‐yellow region, peak 520 nm and a secondary peak in the ultraviolet (UV) region. The compound eye of female E. formosa gave a significantly greater response in the UV region than either the dorsal or ventral regions of the compound eye of T. vaporariorum relative to the responses in the blue‐green‐yellow region. T. vaporariorum has divided compound eyes with distinct dorsal and ventral regions. In this study it was found that the percentage response in the UV, of the dorsal region of the eye, is significantly greater than that of the ventral region of the eye relative to the percentage response in the blue‐green‐yellow region and there is a significant shift in the blue‐green yellow peak towards the right of the spectrum.
Molecular Systematics and the Conservation of Rare Species

Abstract: Despite the tradition of systematic biology as the science of diversity, systematics has until recently contributed relatively little to the theory and practice of conservation biology. We identify four areas in which systematics could contribute to the conservation of rare plant species: (1) species concepts, (2) the identification of lineages worthy of conservation, (3) the setting of conservation priorities, and (4) the effects of hybridization on the biology and conservation of rare species. Species concepts that incorporate history and reflect phylogeny ultimately will be more useful for preserving biodiversity than those that do not. Phylogenetic analyses involving conspecific populations often reveal multiple lineages that may warrant protection as evolutionarily distinct units. Phylogenetic information also should be considered in setting priorities for conservation. Systematics provides the tools for inferring relationships among organisms and, in conjunction with biogeography, for identifying those areas that harbor many actively speciating groups. Hybridization may lead to the extinction of a rare species, but in other cases, ironically, artificial hybridization with a more widespread congener may be the only way to preserve the gene pool of a rare species. We appeal to systematists to contribute actively to both conservation theory and practice, and we call for the integration of systematics in the establishment of conservation priorities and the development of strategies to preserve Earth’s biota.
The elevational gradient of Andean plant endemism: varying influences of taxon‐specific traits and topography at different taxonomic levels

Aim Little is known about the elevational gradient of plant endemism. It is mostly assumed that patterns are determined by topographical factors such as area of elevational belts and degree of habitat fragmentation, but comparative studies of different plant taxa along the same elevational gradient are lacking. The aim was to compare the elevational patterns of plant endemism of the entire flora and selected families and genera in a search for commonalities.
Climate Change Impacts Due to Biogenic Carbon: Addressing the Issue of Attribution Using Two Metrics With Very Different Outcomes

Although not without its critics, considerable recognition has been given to the climate cooling benefits provided by storing carbon from biomass in various storage pools. However, it has recently been found that depending on the storage pool/period and source of biomass, the associated climate impacts may be a burden or a benefit. It is important that carbon accounting schemes and life cycle assessment practitioners take these carbon/CO2 flux dynamics and the climate impacts that they create into consideration. In this work we illustrate these climate impacts with a Norwegian case study using a material flow analysis of the biogenic carbon in harvested wood products derived from a 2006 harvest year. We illustrate the dynamic carbon balance over time and show how the climate impacts can diverge greatly between two well-known climate impact metrics: global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP). We also show how these climate impacts can be attributed to contributing parties with an example of a glue laminated beam value chain which is stored in a long-lived building. We discuss the associated attribution issues that will inevitably arise and we offer recommendations on how best to minimize them.
A new brominated indole-3-carbaldehyde from the marine bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum

In addition to the metabolites previously reported, a new natural product 2,5,6-tribromo-N-methylindole-3-carbaIdehyde [1] has been isolated from the marine bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum collected in two different locations of the Spanish coast. Its structure was elucidated by interpretations of spectral data and chemical interconversions. Compound 1 delays the metamorphosis in fertilized sea urchin eggs at low concentrations
VARIATION IN FEEDING VOCALIZATIONS OF HUMPBACK WHALES MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE FROM SOUTHEAST ALASKA

ABSTRACT Vocalizations of feeding humpback whales from southeast Alaska were analyzed to characterize quantitatively the predominant vocalization associated with feeding and assess variation among vocalizations. Whales uttered series of cries similar in acoustic structure to those described previously as stereotyped, rhythmic ‘feeding calls’. Individual cries ranged in duration from 0.4 to 8.2 sec. (median = 2.6 sec). Cries typically had a short, strongly frequency modulated (FM) introductory and ending component (labeled Section A and C, respectively). Cries had relatively little FM over the main body of the call (labeled Section B) which ranged in fundamental frequency from 360 to 988 Hz (median = 553 Hz) and sometimes exhibited a frequency oscillation over a bandwidth of approximately 16 to 65 Hz. Principle components analysis indicated that most variation in the data-set (over 35%) could be attributed to measures of absolute frequency, however a substantial amount of variation was also due to other acoustic parameters such as duration, frequency oscillation and average slope of cry sections A and C. Within series, cries were stereotyped and varied little, whereas there was statistically significant variation in cries between series. Furthermore, overlapping cries, which are considered to represent the vocalizations of different individuals, varied significantly. These results suggest that whales may produce individually specific cries, and we propose two alternative hypotheses to account for our observations: 1) cries may carry individual signature information, and 2) simultaneously vocalizing animals may actively mismatch cries to maximize a herding effect on prey.
Improved Skill in Predicting Extreme Rains over Complex Terrain in India during recent Years

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) in predicting heavy and very heavy rainfall exceeding 80th and 90th percentiles which occurs mainly due to the forced ascent of air parcels over the mountainous regions of the Western Ghats (WGs) and North East (NE) – states of India during the monsoon seasons of 2007 to 2018. Apart from the major upgrades in the dynamical core of UM from New Dynamics (ND) to Even Newer Dynamics for General Atmospheric Modeling of the environment (ENDGame), the horizontal resolution of the model has been increased from 40 km and 50 vertical levels in 2007 to 10km and 70 vertical levels in 2018.
An AOP-based Programming Environment with Code Fragment Numbering Supporting Multi-Type Artifacts and Multiple Programming Languages

There is a growing demand for highly customizable complex software systems, such as real-time operating systems (RTOS), which are composed of existing modules. In an RTOS, crosscutting features frequently occur and they cannot be modularized using the object-oriented and/or component-based software technologies. Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is a solution for this, because it allows programmers to modularize such crosscutting features via new modules called aspects. However, we have found that current AOP language implementations have limitations that make them unfit for customizing RTOSes. In this paper, we present enhancements which overcome these limitations. Also, we provide an aspect-oriented programming environment which supports these enhancements. It visualizes the crosscutting relationships of features and enables easy navigation of source code. This is often difficult when using most current AOP languages because the various source files are not easily integrated. We argue that our programming environment enables rapid, highly flexible, and easy customization of complex software systems.
Expansion of Image Displayable Area in Design QR Code and Its Applications

Recently, a lot of QR codes [1] [2] are shown in advertising booklets and Web pages to lead users to a particular site. The QR codes are the most popular two-dimentional code in Japan, and can contain more information than bar codes, and the information can be read very quickly by the QR code readers equipped in most cellular phones. Additionally, an error correction capability, which the QR codes have, helps the reading under noisy conditions. From these features, the QR codes are used in versatile purpose. However, because of the random geometrical patterns in the QR code, its low artistic quality becomes a problem for some applications. In order to improve the artistic quality of the QR codes, design QR codes have been invented. The inventions of the design QR codes can be generally classified into two types. Some intentionally modify several bits of an original QR code within the possible the error correction capability, and the others change the padding symbols to produce a specific designed image on the QR code. However, the exploitation of the error correction capability for design degrades the readability of the design QR codes, and the possible area in which the designed image is embedded is restricted due to the standardized structure of QR code. The main restriction is the systematic encoding of Reed-Solomon (RS) code [3]. In this paper, we focus on non-systematic encoding of ReedSolomon code, and propose a new method for producing a design QR code. The RS code is one of the Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) code. In the MDS code, the codewords derived by non-systematic encoding are mapped to the codewords space of the systematic encoding. As the result, the degree of freedom of encoding the codewords increases, and we can freely select the designable area in the QR code and can embed a designed image without sacrificing the error correction capability of RS code. In addition, for embedding a clear and high resolution image, we propose the method to improve the visual quality using the QR code decoder. It is noteworthy that our designed QR code can be read by the QR code readers equipped in cellular phones.
Age and sex effects on main welfare indicators

Various welfare parameters and growth period performance at 35 and 42 d of age of male and female broiler were investigated to determine the effects of sex and bird age on welfare of birds in a commercial flock in Turkey. It was observed that physiological responses of broiler chickens to in-house stressors increased with age. The effects of age and sex on feather coverage of abdomen (P<001 and P<0.006) and chest of broiler (P<0.002 and P<0.001) were found to be significant. It was found that the birds in both sex groups had a significantly dirty feather with age (P<0.001) and the food pad quality of birds in both sex groups had worsened with age (P<0.001). As expected, male broilers gained significantly more body weight (P<0.001) and consumed less feed (P<0.001). Age and sex interactions for all data obtained in this study were not to be found significant. As conclusion we can say that age and sex may be important signs of welfare risks in broiler chickens. More emphasis and attention on the care and management of the male birds should be given to control the house internal conditions and flock monitoring.