Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of Electrical Quantities Primary Standards

The developments of primary standards for electrical quantities that practically realize the electrical units such as ampere (A), volt (V), ohm (Ω), and farad (F) are introduced in this manuscript. These quantities are achieved in consistency with their definitions. According to the new definition of ampere, current can be realized directly such as single electron transport (SET) pump or indirectly using Ohm’s law. For the SET pump, developments are ongoing as trials to obtain higher current values with lower associated uncertainty to be suitable for metrological applications. With the discoveries of the Effects of Josephson and quantum Hall, it has become possible to consider quantum electrical standards that relate the volt and ohm units to h and e through the Josephson and the von Klitzing constants, respectively. The dc programmable Josephson standard was developed to overcome the problems of conventional standards such as stability and noise immunity with lower cost. Developments are continuing on ac Josephson standards to improve performance and increase output voltages and frequencies. For ac voltage measurements for voltages up to 1000 V, thermal voltage converters are introduced to extend the traceability for measuring the ac voltages in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 MHz where quantum-based ac standards still have limitations. Thermal current converters are used as the most accurate and precise standard for measurement of ac currents. The realization of ohm is done by the quantum Hall effect through a quantum Hall resistance (QHR) standard. Developments are occurring to make it simpler, more precise and accurate. The efforts that have been made to increase the values of the resistance quantum hall standard to disseminate its accuracy to other standard resistors to help in industry are also introduced. The farad is practically achieved by the calculable cross-capacitor. The calculable capacitor acts as the ac impedance primary standard because it can transfer the traceability to other impedances by using bridges such as the quadrature bridge. The development is occurring on its displacement sensing system to allow greater accuracy.
Coral Ba/Ca Analysis Using ICP‐OES With an Ultrasonic Nebulizer

The barium/calcium ratio (Ba/Ca) in coral skeletons has been used as a proxy to understand river floods and oceanic upwelling in the tropics and subtropics for the past centuries. Here, we establish a new method for Ba/Ca analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES), which has been widely used for coral proxy analyses and can save analysis time compared to other methods. We analyze Ba/Ca by combining an ultrasonic nebulizer with the intensity ratio calibration method to improve the signal intensity of Ba. Our method can determine Ba/Ca in samples with a Ca concentration of 9 mg/L with excellent analytical precision (<0.17 μmol/mol) using ICP‐OES.
Water Quality Monitoring and Management of Building Water Tank Using Industrial Internet of Things

Water being one of the foremost needs for human survival, conservation, and management of the resource must be given ultimate significance. Water demand has increased tremendously all over the world from the past decade due to urbanization, climatic change, and ineffective management of water. The advancement in sensor and wireless communication technology encourages implementing the IoT in a wide range. In this study, an IoT-based architecture is proposed and implemented for monitoring the level and quality of water in a domestic water tank with customized hardware based on 2.4 GHz radiofrequency (RF) communication. Moreover, the ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module-based upper tank monitoring of the proposed architecture encourages provide real-time information about the tank through internet protocol (IP). The customized hardware is designed and evaluated in the Proteus simulation environment. The calibration of the pH sensor and ultrasonic value is carried out for setting the actual value in the prototype for obtaining the error-free value. The customized hardware that is developed for monitoring the level and quality of water is implemented. The real-time visualization and monitoring of the water tank are realized with the cloud-enabled Virtuino app.
Sugarcane Bagasse As Potentially Low-Cost Biosorbent

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is one of the major residues obtained from agriculture, every year millions of tons of SB have been produced by the sugarcane agribusiness. This abundant residue has been showed potential as biosorbent in wastewater treatment. SB, in nature or chemically modified, has been widely reported as a promising sorbent for the removal of dyes or heavy metals from aqueous medium. The application of SB in oil sorption is rarer, especially for the treatment of used motor oil wastewater. However, in this chapter, we show that this material has good oil sorption capacity when compared to other commercial and natural sorbents. This study evaluates the effect of several coupling agents over SB in used motor oil sorption as well as the influence of surfactant in this process.
Implications of vitamin D Deficiency on Egyptian Adults’ Health

Aim: Highlighting some health consequences of hypovitaminosis D on adult Egyptian population.Methods: Fifty-five apparently healthy volunteers aged from 20 to 40 years were involved in the study and by history and physical examination 40 of them had mild clinical manifestation of negligible medical importance that affect the quality of their life without interfering with their daily activity. All volunteers were subjected to vitamin D and calcium dietary intake history, sun exposure assessment, body mass index (BMI), serum vitamin D and calcium profile, bone mineral density measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), psychometric evaluation by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score and physical activity evaluation by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: About 73% of our subjects had hypovitaminosis D (61.8% insufficient and 10.9% deficient). The prevalence was more in the female gender (OR 4.5; p≤ 0.05), older subjects (31-40) age group (OR 4.4; p≤ 0.05), with poor sun exposure (OR 7.8; p≤ 0.05), and low vitamin D and calcium dietary intake (OR 4.6; p≤0.05). Vitamin D deficient group showed the higher prevalence of obesity (45.5%). Osteopenia was detected in seven subjects (14.3%) who had low vitamin D levels. The vitamin D status had a negative correlation (r=-0.653; p=
DISTRIBUTED COGNITION TRANSFORMATION IN COMPLETE ONLINE SYSTEM ENGINEERING DESIGN TEACHING

Abstract Engineering design teams, particularly in academic courses, were no exception to the consequences of the unknown virus and the global pandemic. Forced online teaching has influenced the way of using communication technologies. The information flow architecture of engineering design is also transforming due to the remote activities and the dominancy of web-based technologies. This transformation creates different patterns of distributed cognition within design teams. In the course of full remote teaching, we studied the entire information flow of a small and dispersed engineering team through the early stages of design for one month using the ethnographic method and Distributed Cognition analysis techniques. Our analysis, of the interdisciplinary design team during a rocket engineering project and system engineering teaching, shows the considerable role of different online data sharing and communications technology platforms in distributed cognition and collaborative problem solving within the team. These new trends create new challenges and opportunities, and in order to enhance collaborative design, these emerged out of the box trends require more attention and updating of existing strategies.
A numerical and experimental investigation into multi-ionic reactive transport behaviour in cementitious materials

This thesis describes a FE approach to the simulation of reactive transport problems and a simple experimental procedure for the determination of transport parameters in cementitious materials. A comprehensive fully coupled reactive-thermo-hygro-chemical model was developed based on the governing equations of mass and enthalpy balance. The model takes into consideration advective-dispersive transport of solutes, heat flow, advective-diffusive moisture flow, and chemical reactions. The FEM, Euler backward difference scheme and Newton-Raphson iteration procedure were employed to solve the system of nonlinear equations. To address the numerical challenge associated with such coupled simulations, three problem reduction schemes were proposed, each of which uses a reduced set of species, termed ‘indicators’, for full computation. The response of the remaining species is computed at each time step from the transport of the indicators. The difference between the schemes lies in the number of indicator species used and in the method employed for calculating the transport of the remaining species. Firstly the development of the experimental procedure is presented including the design of a porous concrete mix, a discussion of the problems encountered and the results of an advective-diffusive case. Following this, the model is validated and verified against a number of problems, beginning with a moisture transport problem and ending with a multi-ionic reactive transport problem. It was found that the model was able to accurately capture the transport behaviour. The range of applicability of each of the reduction schemes is then investigated through an example problem concerning the reactive transport of 16 chemical species, before verifying each of the schemes against the full model through the consideration of three example problems. The reduction schemes were found to perform well in accurately capturing the transport behaviour whilst greatly reducing the number of coupled equations to be solved, and the computational cost of the simulation
Bioethanol Production By Utilizing Cassava Peels Waste Through Enzymatic And Microbiological Hydrolysis

Cassava peels waste contains, cellulose which is quite high at 43.626%, this is a potential candidate as a raw for bioethanol production. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the enzymatic hydrolysis, microbiological (Effective microbe) and fermentation in cassava peel waste is known from the results of quantitative measurement of multiple ethanol parameters (DNS Test, pH, ethanol concentration). This research was carried out in stages, the first stage is hydrolysis with completely randomized design with single factor variation of the catalyst, consisting of three levels ie cellulase enzymes, multienzyme and effective microbial EM4. The second stage is fermentation with factorial randomized block design, consisting of three groups of variations of catalyst, and has two factors: variations of fermipan levels 1, 2, 3% and the duration of fermentation, 2,4,6 days. The parameters in the test is a reducing sugar, pH and concentration of ethanol. The results showed that variation of hydrolysis treatment, fermentation time, and fermipan levels has real effect on the fermentation process. On average the highest ethanol content obtained from the treatment with multienzyme addition, with the addition of 2% fermipan levels and on the 2nd day of fermentation that is equal to 3.76%.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Some Hazelnut Varieties Grown in Portugal

Hazelnuts are one of the most appreciated nuts worldwide due to their unique organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. The present work intended to analyse several physical and chemical properties of different hazelnut varieties grown in Portugal, namely Tonda de Giffoni, Grada de Viseu, Segorbe, Longa de Espanha, Butler, Gunslebert, and Negreta. In general, the results revealed statistically significant differences between the varieties under study. The Gunslebert had more elongated hazelnuts and with heavier shelled fruits, while the kernels of the Grada de Viseu revealed to be heavier. Grada de Viseu was harder in the shell, Gunslebert had a harder core, and Segorbe was more resistant to fracture. Fat was the more representative component for all varieties and in some cases the values of moisture and water activity were over the recommended amount (≥0.62). Tonda de Giffoni was the variety with the highest induction time, indicating the highest oxidation stability. Moreover, discriminant analysis revealed that the variables more important to distinguish the varieties were protein (λ = 0.007) and water activity (λ = 0.010). The results of this study help to better understand the differences between some hazelnut varieties that are cultivated in Portugal, which gives important hints for all players in the hazelnut sector.
Nanoindentation-probed Oliver-Pharr half-spaces in alkali-activated slag-fly ash pastes: Multimethod identification of microelasticity and hardness

Abstract The mechanical interactions of C-(N-)A-S-H (Calcium-sodium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate) gel with slag and fly ash inclusions in alkali-activated materials (AAM) are quantified through image-supported grid nanoindentation. Nonuniform distributions of indent-specific indentation properties reveal that the elasticity-related domain is up to 130 times the contact indentation depth, while the hardness-related domain, in turn, is by a factor of two to three smaller. These rather large domains are consistent with the slag/fly-ash inclusions being much stiffer and harder than the surrounding C-(N-)A-S-H gel. Corresponding Hashin-Shtirkman bounds for the overall AAM stiffness consistently frame ultrasonic data characterizing this homogenized material scale. This confirms our new testing protocol.
Dimensional Crossover Transport Induced by Substitutional Atomic Doping in SnSe2

Substitutional atomic doping is one of the most convenient and precise routes to modulate semiconducting material properties. Although two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are of great interest as a prominent semiconducting material due to their unique physical/chemical properties, such a practical atomic doping is still rare, possibly due to the intrinsic localization nature of conduction paths based on d‐band states. Here, using single‐crystalline Cl‐doped SnSe2, the dimensional crossover in carrier transport accompanied by semiconductor‐to‐metal transition is reported. Nondoped SnSe2 shows semiconducting transport behavior dominated by 2D variable range hopping conduction, exhibiting relatively strong localization of carriers at low‐temperature regions. Moderately electron‐doped SnSe2 by substitution on Se with higher valent Cl exhibits superior electrical conductivity even than the heavily doped one owing to the higher electron mobility of the former (167 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 2 K). Combined with Raman spectra, temperature dependence of mobility clearly evidences the effective screening of homopolar optical mode phonon compared to typical TMD materials. Detailed characterizations with magnetoresistance behaviors finally demonstrate that the suppression of both homopolar optical mode phonon and carrier localization as retaining low‐dimensionality is key for high mobility conduction in electron‐doped SnSe2.
Seismic and Geodetic Imaging (DInSAR) Investigation of the March 2021 Strong Earthquake Sequence in Thessaly, Central Greece

Three strong earthquakes ruptured the northwest Thessaly area, Central Greece, on the 3, 4 and 12 March 2021. Since the area did not rupture by strong earthquakes in the instrumental period of seismicity, it is of great interest to understand the seismotectonics and source properties of these earthquakes. We combined relocated hypocenters, inversions of teleseismic P-waveforms and of InSAR data, and moment tensor solutions to produce three fault models. The first shock (Mw = 6.3) occurred in a fault segment of strike 314° and dip NE41°. It caused surface subsidence −40 cm and seismic slip 1.2–1.5 m at depth ~10 km. The second earthquake (Mw = 6.2) occurred to the NW on an antithetic subparallel fault segment (strike 123°, dip SW44°). Seismic slip of 1.2 m occurred at depth of ~7 km, while surface subsidence −10 cm was determined. Possibly the same fault was ruptured further to the NW on 12 March (Mw = 5.7, strike 112°, dip SSW42°) that caused ground subsidence −5 cm and seismic slip of 1.0 m at depth ~10 km. We concluded that three blind, unknown and unmapped so far normal fault segments were activated, the entire system of which forms a graben-like structure in the area of northwest Thessaly.
Core/Shell Nanoparticles of Non-Stoichiometric Zn–Mn and Zn–Co Ferrites as Thermosensitive Heat Sources for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia

We report on the suitability of core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) for magnetic fluid hyperthermia in a self-regulated and theranostic approach. Aqueous magnetic colloids based on core/shell ZnxMnyFezO4@γ-Fe2O3 and ZnxCoyFezO4@γ-Fe2O3 NPs were produced by a three-step chemical synthesis. Systematic deviations from stoichiometry were observed with increasing Zn substitution for both series of samples. We investigated how the chemical composition affects the saturation magnetization, magnetic anisotropy, and thermomagnetic properties of these core/shell NPs. The heating efficiency through specific power absorption (SPA) was analyzed in the framework of the linear response theory. SPA values obtained for NPs present a different contrast of anisotropy between the core and shell materials, indicating no evidence of the contribution of enhanced exchange coupling to the heating efficiency.
Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity studies of novel organo-metallic compounds

Despite the discovery of cis-platin in the treatment of cancer there has been a considerable exploration on the antitumoral activity of other transition metal complexes. One of the main problems about the application of transition metal complexes for chemotherapy is their potential toxicity. For instance, recently the attention has been focused on titanium based complexes, which could have significant potential effect against solid tumor. The advantage of Ti(IV) complexes is their relative biological compatibility, which mostly leads to mild and revisable side effects. However, the hydrolytic instability of known Ti(IV) complexes and formation of various different species upon water addition makes their therapeutic application problematic, and raises a strong interest in the development of relatively stable Ti(IV) complexes with well defined hydrolytic behavior that demonstrate appreciable cytotoxic activity. Strong ligand binding is also of interest to avoid complete ligand stripping by transferrin, so that the ligand may be used as a target for structure–activity relationship investigations. Titanocene dichloride (Cp2TiCl2) shows an average antiproliferative activity in vitro but promising results in vivo. Considerable work has been performed in developing therapeutic analogues of Cp2TiCl2 by varying the central metal, the labile ligands (Cl) and the bis-cyclopentadienyl moiety. In particular, small changes to the Cp ligand can strongly affect the hydrolytic stability and water solubility properties of the metallocenes and have an impact on the cytotoxic activity. For a better exploration of the parameters affecting activity and its mechanistic aspects, the synthesis and investigation of particularly designed complexes based on different strongly coordinating ligands has been our main purpose We synthesized novel titanocene and half-titanocene derivatives, having substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands; all the complexes have been fully characterized by NMR, elemental analysis and MS. Additionally we studied the rate of hydrolysis of these complexes. Starting from the reflection that the different activities of the complexes could be related to their different stabilities, the hydrolysis stability represents a first possible indication on the achievable cytotoxic effects of synthesized
Multimodal soft jumping robot with self-decision ability

The next generation of soft robots should have self-decision ability to judge reasonable responses adaptively according to external stimulation and without human assistance. However, few of the current soft robots have brains to think independently; rather, they have integrated sensors and actuators, similar to animals having skin and muscles. In this paper, a bistable soft jumping robot with self-decision ability is reported, which is manufactured by 4D printing of composites with continuous fibers. The snap-through triggered by temperature stimulation resulted in the jumping motion of the robot, and its jumping mode is controlled by a programmed continuous fiber pattern. This robot able to take decisions can change from the initial state to the final state via different deforming pathways when snap-through occurs, resulting in multiple jumping motion modes. This soft robot can realize (1) different jumping modes, including forward, rotational, lateral, and overturn movements; (2) self-decision function of motion modes responding to external stimuli; and (3) continuous movement, by repeatedly jumping under periodic temperature stimulation. This research will provide a new scheme for soft robotics to achieve the integration of sensation, actuation, and decision.
GRACE Fast Mascons From Spherical Harmonics and a Regularization Design Trade Study

Mass concentration (mascon) solutions have become a prominent medium for investigating time‐variable gravity recovered by GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On. While GRACE Level‐2 spherical harmonic products require various postprocessing techniques to eliminate correlated noise, mascon formulations employ spatial regularization strategies during the estimation step to improve signal recovery. However, mascon estimation has traditionally required large computing resources and GRACE Level‐1B processing capabilities. In this study, we show that a typical mascon estimation system can be reformulated to allow for the estimation of regularized mascons from Level‐2 spherical harmonics. Provided that spherical harmonic solution covariances are available, the computed mascons will be mathematically equivalent to similar mascons estimated from Level‐1B observations. This method is computationally efficient, better leverages GRACE spherical harmonics than past methods, and matches the performance of typical mascon solutions without locking scientists into predetermined regularization designs. We develop a proof‐of‐concept solution using ITSG‐Grace2018 and compare results with traditional mascons from the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). We then assess the effects of spherical harmonic truncation and use of regularization correlations on basin signal recovery. We find that spherical expansions to degree and order 60 provide the minimum expansion necessary to study most basins, while larger expansions help further localize signals. We also find that diagonal regularizations (i.e., regularizations that do not contain inter‐mascon correlations) are adversely affected by leakage, especially across boundaries such as coastlines where signals are not highly correlated, whereas including inter‐mascon correlations and regional boundaries in the regularization greatly improves signal recovery.