Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF METRONIDAZOLE AND NALIDIXIC ACID IN TABLETS

Objective: To develop an accurate, precise and linear Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous quantitative estimation of Metronidazole and Nalidixic acid in tablets and validate as per ICH guidelines. Methods: The optimized method uses a reverse phase C18 column Inertsil ODS C18 column (250X4.6 mm×5µ) mobile phase consisting of mixed phosphate buffer (pH 4.5; KH 2 PO 4 +K 2 HPO 4 ):methanol: acetonitrile in the proportion of 30:50:20 v/v. The mobile phase was set at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min and the volume injected was 20μl for every injection. The detection wavelength was set at 271 nm. Results: The developed method resulted in Metronidazole eluting at 2.92 min and Nalidixic acid at 3.99 min. Metronidazole exhibited linearity in the range 30-70μg/ml, while Nalidixic acid exhibited linearity in the range 45-105μg/ml. The precision is exemplified by relative standard deviations of 0.714% for Metronidazole and 0.398% for Nalidixic acid. Percentage Mean recoveries were found to be in the range of 98‐102, during accuracy studies. The limit of detection (LOD) for Metronidazole and Nalidixic acid were found to be 2. 48µg/ml and 2. 24µg/ml respectively, while limit of quantitiation (LOQ) for Metronidazole and Nalidixic acid were found to be 7. 51µg/ml and 6. 79µg/ml respectively. Conclusion : A simple, accurate, precise, linear and rapid RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous quantitative estimation of Metronidazole and Nalidixic acid in tablets and validated as per ICH guidelines. Hence it can be used for the routine analysis of Metronidazole and Nalidixic acid in tablets in various pharmaceutical industries.
Spatial Convergence of US Obesity Rates and Its Determinants

This article quantifies the importance of demographic and food environment variables in determining the convergence rates for obesity incidence across the U.S. Using a spatial autoregressive model with county level data for 2004-2012, a period of rapid spread of obesity in the U.S., to estimate β and σ convergence rates; then we estimate a probit model to assess their determinants. Empirical results show β-convergence and σ-convergence occurred in the US and its four regions in 2004-2012. The Northeast and the West have the highest speed of convergence in years 2008-2012. It was also found that βconvergence doesn’t occur in counties in metro area in 2004-2012 and 2008-2012. The convergence rate is the largest in completely rural counties and consistently higher for men compared to women. A secondstep probit regression shows that states with higher Hispanic proportion, higher availability of fruit and vegetables stores and full-service restaurants are less likely to have β-convergence, while states with higher poverty rates and sex ratio are more likely to have β-convergence. It also shows σ-convergence is more likely to happen in states with a higher proportion of Hispanics and higher availability of fruit and vegetables.
Gain for Sequenced and Repeated Objects

Recent research has shown that visual short-term memory (VSTM) can substantially be improved when the to-be-remembered objects are split in two half-arrays (i.e. sequenced) or the entire array is shown twice (i.e. repeated), rather than presented simultaneously. Here we investigate the hypothesis that sequencing and repeating displays overcomes attentional ‘bottlenecks’ during simultaneous encoding. Using fMRI, we show that sequencing and repeating displays increased brain activation in extrastriate and primary visual areas, relative to simultaneous displays (study 1). Passively viewing identical stimuli did not increase visual activation (study 2), ruling out a physical confound. Importantly, areas of the frontoparietal attention network showed increased activation in repetition but not in sequential trials. This dissociation suggests that repeating a display increases attentional control by allowing attention to be reallocated in a second encoding episode. In contrast, sequencing the array poses fewer demands on control, with competition from non-attended objects being reduced by the half-arrays. This idea was corroborated by a third study in which we found optimal VSTM for sequential displays minimizing attentional demands. Importantly these results provide support within the same experimental paradigm for the role of stimulus-driven and top-down attentional control aspects of biased competition theory in setting constraints on VSTM.
Research reactor fuel element corrosion under repository relevant conditions: separation, identification, and quantification of secondary alteration phases of UAlx-Al in MgCl2-rich brine

Abstract The corrosion of the UAlx-Al research reactor fuel type in synthetic MgCl2-rich brine (static batch-type experiments) was investigated with respect to the long-term safety of directly disposed research reactor fuel elements in salt formations. During corrosion, crystalline secondary phases were formed, which may serve as a barrier against radionuclide migration. For an optimized identification and quantification of the secondary phases using X-ray diffraction, a sample treatment to separate and enrich the secondary phases is necessary. A grain size fractionation was carried out in iso-propanol. A chemical composition and phase characterization of the secondary phases was accomplished. The results of the chemical investigations reveal that only traces of Al and U were dissolved. The separation and enrichment of secondary phases were carried out reproducible and successfully. Due to the phase characterization by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction the following secondary phases were unambiguously identified: Mg-Al-Cl layered double hydroxide, lesukite, Fe layered double hydroxide (green rust), lawrencite, Fe (elemental), and traces of uncorroded fuel (UAl4). The quantitative analysis showed that LDH compounds and lesukite are the major crystalline phases. All other observed compounds were only present in trace amounts, i.e. constituting accessories. The Rietveld analysis also revealed the high content of amorphous phases of approximately 30%, which are expected to include the uranium as U(OH)4.
Research and analysis of the hysteresis characteristics of a large flow directional valve

The 1000 L/min large flow hydraulic system for the hydraulic support used in a coal mine is currently a topic of great interest. The large flow directional valve is a key component for hydraulic systems, so the design of the 1000 L/min large flow directional valve is essential. The designed single-channel valve shows serious hysteresis characteristics in a 1000 L/min large flow condition, but it does not happen in a 16 L/min small flow condition. Based on this phenomenon, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology was used to simulate the flow in the valve. It was discovered that the single-channel caused unbalanced pressure in the annular region and on the surface of the valve spool, so the valve spool is subjected to great radial unbalanced force. Then a double-channel valve was designed to improve the pressure distribution. The simulated radial unbalanced force on the double-channel valve is 67.2% lower than that of the single-channel valve. The experimental results showed that the hysteresis characteristics also disappeared under the 1000 L/min large flow condition. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that the hysteresis characteristics of the single-channel valve is due to the radial unbalanced force caused by the unsymmetrical flow field. The results show that the maximum radial unbalanced force the valve spool can withstand is 170 N. Furthermore, symmetrical flow passages have to be taken into account in large flow conditions. This paper provides valuable references for the design of large flow valves.
A Maximum Power Point Detection Method for Photovoltaic Module Based on Lambert W Function

In order to verify the maximum power point tracking algorithm and evaluate, simulate, and optimize photovoltaic system, the maximum power point needs to be detected. In this paper, a maximum power point detection method for photovoltaic (PV) module based on Lambert W function is presented to achieve the high-precision detection. By using piecewise curve-fitting method, a maximum power point detection and optimization algorithm based on Lambert W function is proposed. Meanwhile, the characteristics of the DC-DC converter used for detection are analyzed in detail, and the working conditions of the converter which can realize full range detection are obtained. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is investigated by modeling, simulation, and experiment of PV system. Furthermore, errors and statistical analyses are carried out to illustrate the precision of the proposed method. The results validate the model well with experimental work. Compared with previous methods in other works, the results demonstrate the proposed method correctness and effectiveness.
Prospects of Application of Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping for Crop Improvement in Wild Silkworm (Antheraea mylitta Drury)

Central Silk Board, BTM Layout, Madiwala, Bangalore-560068, Karnataka, India(Received 25 February 2010; Accepted 02 June 2010)The wild silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepi-doptera: Saturniidae) is a polyphagous silk producinginsect that feeds on Terminalia arjuna, T. tomentosa andShorea robusta and is distributed in the forest belts indifferent states of India. Phenotypically distinct popu-lations of the A. mylitta are called “eco-race” or“ecotypes”. Genetic improvement of this wild silkwormhas not progressed much due to lack of adequate infor-mation on the factors that control the expression ofmost of the economically important traits. Consideringthe amazing technological advances taking place inmolecular biology, it is envisaged that it is now possibleto take greater control on these intractable traits if acombination of genetic, molecular and bioinformaticstools are used. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping isone such approach that has extensively been used inboth animal and plant system to identify quantitativetrait loci (QTLs) for a number of economically impor-tant traits. LD mapping has a number of advantagesover conventional biparental linkage mapping. There-fore, LD mapping is considered more efficient for genediscovery to meet the challenge of connecting sequencediversity with heritable phenotypic differences. How-ever, care must be taken to avoid detection of spuriousassociations which may occur due to population struc-ture and variety interrelationships. In this review, wediscuss how LD mapping is suitable for the dissection ofcomplex traits in wild silkworms (Antheraea mylitta). Key words:Antheraea mylitta, Association mapping,Linkage disequilibrium, Tasar silkworm
Modeling of Solar Radiation in the Time Series Domain

Time series analysis of relative global solar radiation from four stations in the Kingdom of Jordan, namely Amman, Aqaba, Dier Alla and Irbid have been undertaken. The deterministic component is removed by double differencing. The autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions of the residuals indicate autoregressive (AR) process. The coefficients of the autoregressive process and statistical indicators are estimated using the program PEST. The autoregressive representation of the residual series is justified by analyzing the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions of the resulting white noise. To confirm that the residuals are observed values of independent and identically distributed random variables, Ljung-Box and McLeod-Li statistical test are applied to the residual series.
PLASTIC WASTE CONVERSION TO LIQUID FUELS OVER MODIFIED-RESIDUAL CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYSTS: MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION USING HYBRID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK – GENETIC ALGORITHM

The plastic waste utilization can be addressed toward different valuable products. A promising technology for the utilization is by converting it to fuels. Simultaneous modeling and optimization representing effect of reactor temperature, catalyst calcinations temperature, and plastic/catalyst weight ratio toward performance of liquid fuel production was studied over modified catalyst waste. The optimization was performed to find optimal operating conditions (reactor temperature, catalyst calcination temperature, and plastic/catalyst weight ratio) that maximize the liquid fuel product. A Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) method was used for the modeling and optimization, respectively. The variable interaction between the reactor temperature, catalyst calcination temperature, as well as plastic/catalyst ratio is presented in surface plots. From the GC-MS characterization, the liquid fuels product was mainly composed of C 4 to C 13 hydrocarbons. KONVERSI LIMBAH PLASTIK MENJADI BAHAN BAKAR CAIR DENGAN METODE PERENGKAHAN KATALITIK MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS BEKAS YANG TERMODIFIKASI: PEMODELAN DAN OPTIMASI MENGGUNAKAN GABUNGAN METODE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK DAN GENETIC ALGOR ITHM . Pemanfaatan limbah plastik dapat dilakukan untuk menghasilkan produk yang lebih bernilai tinggi. Salah satu teknologi yang menjanjikan adalah dengan mengkonversikannya menjadi bahan bakar. Permodelan, simulasi dan optimisasi simultan yang menggambarkan efek dari suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis terhadap kinerja produksi bahan bakar cair telah dipelajari menggunakan katalis bekas termodifikasi Optimisasi ini ditujukan untuk mencari kondisi operasi optimum (suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis) yang memaksimalkan produk bahan bakar cair. Metode Hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) telah digunakan untuk permodelan dan optimisasi simultan tersebut. Inetraksi antar variabel suhu reaktor, suhu kalsinasi katalis, dan rasio berat plastik/katalis digambarkan dalam bentuk plot surface. Berdasarkan karakterisasi GC-MS, produk bahan bakar yang diperoleh terdiri dari komponen-komponen hidrokarbon C 4 -C 13 .
Mobility Assistance Programmes for Unemployed Workers, Job Search Behaviour and Labour Market Outcomes

The appealing idea of geographically relocating unemployed job seekers from depressed to prosperous regions and hence reducing unemployment leads to industrialised countries offering financial support to unemployed job seekers when searching for and/or accepting jobs in distant regions. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the existence of these mobility assistance programmes (MAPs) on the job search behaviour of unemployed workers and how this affects their labour market outcomes. While job search theory predicts a shift in individuals' search effort from local to distant labour markets, consequences for other dimensions of the search behaviour, e.g. reservation wages or the overall search effort, and job-finding probabilities remain theoretically ambiguous. We use survey data on German unemployed job seekers and apply an instrumental variable approach to empirically identify the causal impact of an increased search radius, due to the availability of MAPs, on job search strategies and subsequent labour market outcomes. The results show that the existence of MAPs shifts individuals' search effort from local to distant regions without affecting the total number of job applications. The increase in search radius causes a higher geographical mobility and hence higher employment probabilities and wages.
Connections between poverty, water and agriculture: evidence from 10 river basins

The authors analysed livelihood conditions in 10 river basins over three continents to identify generalizable links between water, agriculture and poverty. There were significant variations in hydrological conditions, livelihood strategies and institutions across basins, but also systematic patterns across levels of economic development. At all levels, access to water is influenced by local, regional or national institutions, while the importance of national versus local institutions and livelihood strategies vary with economic development. The cross-basin analysis suggests a framework for thinking about water–agriculture–poverty links that can inform future research and policy development.
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Published by: Caribbean Food Crops Society with the cooperation of the US DA-ARS-TARS Mayaguez, Puerto Rico THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CROP IMPROVEMENT

For thousands of years conventional breeding techniques have been used to improve crop plants. Emerging biotechnologies enable us to work at the whole plant as well as the organ, tissue, cell, protoplast, chromosome and gene levels in our efforts to modify plants. Biotechnology has loosely been defined to include a collection of techniques including gene mapping, recombinant DNA, Aqrobacteriummediated gene transfer of recombinant DNA, DNA and chromosome microinjection, microprojectile bombardment, protoplast fusion, selection for somaclonal variation, embryo rescue, anther culture and micropropagation. Plants with disease resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance and increased yield have been produced using one or a combination of these techniques. The application of several of these techniques to the improvement of peach will be discussed. Plant breeding in combination with biotechnology provide a bright future for the improvement of crop plants.
A Novel Bioinformatic Approach to Understanding Addiction

of genetic and epigenetic interactions. Our analyses found significant population variation at a chromosome 6 location, which differentiated HapMap Asian populations from all non-Asian populations. This type of assessment provides a potentially potent source of genetic comparisons that could help explain phenotype differences between East Asian and non-Asian populations. Additionally, the Yoruban (Nigerian) population exhibits unique signals of variation at chromosomes 4 and 6. Additional analyses of GWAS identifying addiction polymorphisms in the 11 HapMap populations provide support for the allele frequency patterns reported in our analysis.
Transition metal oxides using quantum Monte Carlo

The transition metal–oxygen (TM–O) bond appears prominently throughout chemistry and solid-state physics. Many materials, from biomolecules to ferroelectrics to the components of supernova remnants contain this bond in some form. Many of these materials’ properties strongly depend on fine details of the TM–O bond and intricate correlation effects, which make accurate calculations of their properties very challenging. We present quantum Monte Carlo, an explicitly correlated class of methods, to improve the accuracy of electronic structure calculations over that of more traditional methods like density functional theory. We find that unlike s–p type bonding, the amount of hybridization of the d–p bond in TM–O materials is strongly dependent on electronic correlation.
Non-Linear Control Allocation Using Piecewise Linear Functions

A novel method is presented for the solution of the non-linear control allocation problem. Historically, control allocation has been performed by assuming that a linear relationship exists between the control induced moments and the control effector displacements. However, aerodynamic databases are discrete-valued and almost always stored in multidimensional look-up tables where it is assumed that the data is connected by piecewise linear functions. The approach that is presented utilizes the piecewise linear assumption for the control effector moment data. This assumption allows the non-linear control allocation problem to be cast as a piecewise linear program. The piecewise linear program is ultimately cast as a mixed-integer linear program, and it is shown that this formulation solves the control allocation problem exactly. The performance of a re-usable launch vehicle using the piecewise linear control allocation method is shown to be markedly improved when compared to the performance of a more traditional control allocation approach that assumes linearity.
Laminar flow with injection through a long dead‐end cylindrical porous tube: Application to a hollow fiber membrane

Effects of membrane length and hydraulic resistance on the steady-state laminar flow of a fluid with injection in a dead-end cylindrical porous tube have been investigated using the perturbation approach of the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. Analytic solutions of the dynamic equations, reduced to non linear differential equations, were obtained and applied to submerged, dead-end hollow fiber membranes of large resistances and small wall Reynolds numbers. The velocity and pressure profiles were solved using the method of separation of variables as with physical properties of the membrane and fluid and the wall velocity at the dead end. The constant flux approximation was found to be valid only for a short membrane with a large hydraulic resistance. The constant permeability approximation used in this study is universal for a membrane of an arbitrary length, through which the fluid velocities and pressure increase exponentially from the dead end to the open end. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Estimates of in situ digestibility and fibrous compounds in feeds for ruminants

Current paper assesses the relationship between in situ incubation time, particle size and types of materials on estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in cattle feed and feces. Samples of soybean meal, alfalfa and feces of cattle fed on high concentrated diets were analyzed. The samples were processed in a Wiley mill, with 0.5 and 1.5 mm porosity for food and 1.5 mm for feces, which were packed in 4 × 5 cm F57 bags (Ankon ® ) and nonwoven fabric (100 g m -2 ) of two brands. The material was divided into two groups, with and without treatment with acetone, and five replications. Samples of each group were incubated in the rumen of a multiparous cow adapted to a 70:30 diet, forage:concentrate diet, for 240 hours. The iDM and iNDF levels were evaluated sequentially to interpret the percentages of undigested material. Data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and means were compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Material, size of particles and incubated material affected iDM and iNDF estimates.
EVALUATION OF THE TRANSPIRATION CHARACTER OF JUNIPERUS MACROCARPA AS AN INVASIVE SPECIES IN WESTERN CRETE , GREECE

This study aimed at determining the transpiration characters of Juniperus macrocarpa in a close to 40-year-old even-aged stand categorized into three classes based on canopy size, over a two-year period (2011-2012). The site is located in Palaiochora, 77 km south of Chania, on the southwest coast of Crete. Sap flow techniques (Granier-type) were used to determine water use. Annual trends in sap flow were generally bell-shaped, and varying significantly between seasons and canopy classes. Winter sap flow was minimal but trees were active when temperatures were above freezing point and trees depended on deep water (below 60 cm) for transpiration. Rates increased from 1.46 Ld in winter to 3.32 Ld in the spring, irrespective of tree canopy class, because of improvement in weather conditions. Maximum transpiration rates were observed during the growing season with an average of 134.42 Ld for dominant trees and 8.68 Ld for suppressed ones. The daily variations in photosynthetically active radiation, vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, and surface soil water were the principal drivers for transpiration during the growing season. The findings have shown that climate in Crete does not limit the expansion of J. macrocarpa and that this expansion will have potentially significant impacts on the ecohydrology of the system.