Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative LASIK Complications

Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is one of the most common surgical methods of management for refractive error. Flap creation is the first and most important step in the LASIK procedure. The 2 prevailing methods of flap creation are the traditional mechanical microkeratome and the femtosecond laser. The mechanical microkeratome creates a flap by rapidly oscillating, between 6000 and 15,000 cycles per minute. In contrast, the femtosecond laser creates a lamellar dissection within the stroma by means of photodisruption of the stromal collagen. Although femtosecond laser has become more common throughout the world with the advent of newer and safer technologies, the microkeratome is still utilized. Some of the intraoperative complications encountered during LASIK are similar between the 2 methods of flap creation. However, as the means by which the physical dissection of the flaps differs between these 2 methods, so do some of their intraoperative complications. This article includes a brief review of the more common intraoperative complications seen in mechanical microkeratome and femtosecond laser LASIK procedures, including epithelial defects, limbal hemorrhages, interface debris, abnormal flap creation, gas bubble interferences, flap buttonholes, free caps, and corneal perforations.
CARE OF OILED SEABIRDS: A VETERINARY PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT The primary effects of oil contamination on seabirds include hypothermia, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, pneumonias, and hemolytic anemia. Other direct effects include skin and corneal irritation as well as an impact on reproductive organs. Secondary problems related to prolonged captive husbandry include various infectious diseases, pododermatitis, joint swellings, and keel lesions. Current methods of prevention and treatment of these effects, including nutritional support, are presented.
A spectrophotometric evaluation of color changes of various tooth colored veneering materials after exposure to commonly consumed beverages

Purpose of study : Proper color match of a dental restoration with the adjacent teeth is important not only at the initial stage of giving the restoration but also over a longer period of time. Out of different materials Porcelain has established itself as being color stable and durable but composites are known to be susceptible to discoloration because of internal mechanisms, external contamination and staining. The newer universal composite systems are optimized in terms of composition to minimize internal discoloration but still not much attention is given to resistance to external staining. Procedure : Visual shade matching and color determination being a psychophysical phenomenon suffer from subjective variations in interpretation, therefore the present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the color stability of a porcelain (Vitadur alpha) and two universal composites (Filtek Z 250 and Tetric Ceram) after exposure to commonly consumed beverages i.e. tea, coffee, coca-cola and distilled water (as control) by using a reflectance spectrophotometer and CIELAB system. Conclusion : T0 he color match of esthetic restorations in the oral cavity is affected by dietary habits
Treatment of Lost Flaps and Slipped Flaps

Creating a free corneal flap intraoperatively with modern mechanical microkeratomes is a rare occurrence averaging between 0.004% and 1% in several large clinical studies. Operating on patients with flat corneas poses a high risk for this problem. Any average keratometry reading less than 42 diopters may predispose to this complication, because not enough corneal tissue will be exposed above the height of the suction ring. Such patients may be advised to consider photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) or LASIK using the intralase flap technique. Other causes for this complication include loss of suction or inadequate suction during the blade pass, or incorrect coupling of the blade head and gears, such as in patients with excessively tight lids or those who squeeze their lids. Gross decentration of the suction ring may also cause the hinge plane to be overstepped in some corneas. Postoperatively, there have been only a few isolated case reports of completely amputated flaps from trauma or patients removing a bandage contact lens and flap together. If a free flap occurs after the microkeratome pass is complete, the surgeon must first find the flap. It usually will be inside the microkeratome head. There have been anecdotal reports of technicians air blowing the microkeratome head when the surgeon hands the instrument to them before the cornea is inspected under the microscope. All surgeons should be able to disassemble the microkeratome head and
Neuroanatomy of the complex tibial organ in the splay‐footed cricket Comicus calcaris Irish 1986 (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Schizodactylidae)

The subgenual chordotonal organ complex in insects is modified in ensiferan taxa like Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae into hearing organs with specific sets of auditory receptors. Here, this sensory organ complex is documented in the nonhearing splay‐footed cricket Comicus calcaris. The tibial chordotonal organ consists of three parts: the subgenual organ, the intermediate organ, and the crista acustica homolog. The latter is an array of linearly organized neurons homologous to auditory receptors in the tibial hearing organs of Tettigoniidae. The tibial organ is structurally similar in all three leg pairs, with similar neuron numbers in the fore‐ and midleg, but lower numbers in the hindleg. The foreleg crista acustica homolog consists of 34 ± 4 neurons, the highest number in an atympanate Ensiferan. Additionally, an accessory chordotonal organ with 15 ± 5 neurons innervated by nerve 5B1 is present in the foreleg. The central projection of the tibial organreveals ipsilateral sensory terminals in the primary sensory neuropil, the medial ventral association center with terminations close to the midline. As determined from extracellular recordings, the entire tibial organ is vibrosensitive. The organization of the tibial organ is compared to other ensiferan auditory and nonauditory tibial organs. Spatial orientation of neurons in the crista acustica homolog is not reminiscent of auditory structures, and the neuroanatomy is discussed with respect to stridulation behavior and the evolutionary origin of hearing in Ensifera. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4567–4580, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping of endogenous morphine‐like compounds in the adult mouse brain: Evidence of their localization in astrocytes and GABAergic cells

Endogenous morphine, morphine‐6‐glucuronide, and codeine, which are structurally identical to vegetal alkaloids, can be synthesized by mammalian cells from dopamine. However, the role of brain endogenous morphine and its derivative compounds is a matter of debate, and knowledge about its distribution is lacking. In this study, by using a validated antibody, we describe a precise mapping of endogenous morphine‐like compounds (morphine and/or its glucuronides and/or codeine) in the mouse brain. First, a mass spectrometry approach confirmed the presence of morphine and codeine in mouse brain, but also, of morphine‐6‐glucuronide and morphine‐3‐glucuronide representing two metabolites of morphine. Second, light microscopy allowed us to observe immunopositive cell somas and cytoplasmic processes throughout the mouse brain. Morphine‐like immunoreactivity was present in various structures including the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, band of Broca, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Third, by using confocal microscopy and immunofluroscence co‐localization, we characterized cell types containing endogenous opiates. Interestingly, we observed that morphine‐like immunoreactivity throughout the encephalon is mainly present in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Astrocytes were also labeled throughout the entire brain, in the cell body, in the cytoplasmic processes, and in astrocytic feet surrounding blood vessels. Finally, ultrastructural localization of morphine‐like immunoreactivity was determined by electron microscopy and showed the presence of morphine‐like label in presynaptic terminals in the cerebellum and postsynaptic terminals in the rest of the mouse brain. In conclusion, the presence of endogenous morphine‐like compounds in brain regions not usually involved in pain modulation opens the exciting opportunity to extend the role and function of endogenous alkaloids far beyond their analgesic functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2390–2416, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional implications of limited leptin receptor and ghrelin receptor coexpression in the brain

The hormones leptin and ghrelin act in apposition to one another in the regulation of body weight homeostasis. Interestingly, both leptin receptor expression and ghrelin receptor expression have been observed within many of the same nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting that these hormones may act on a common population of neurons to produce changes in food intake and energy expenditure. In the present study we explored the extent of this putative direct leptin and ghrelin interaction in the CNS and addressed the question of whether a loss of ghrelin signaling would affect sensitivity to leptin. Using histological mapping of leptin receptor and ghrelin receptor expression, we found that cells containing both leptin receptors and ghrelin receptors are mainly located in the medial part of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. In contrast, coexpression was much less extensive elsewhere in the brain. To assess the functional consequences of this observed receptor distribution, we explored the effect of ghrelin receptor deletion on leptin sensitivity. In particular, the responses of ad libitum‐fed, diet‐induced obese and fasted mice to the anorectic actions of leptin were examined. Surprisingly, we found that deletion of the ghrelin receptor did not affect the sensitivity to exogenously administrated leptin. Thus, we conclude that ghrelin and leptin act largely on distinct neuronal populations and that ghrelin receptor deficiency does not affect sensitivity to the anorexigenic and body weight‐lowering actions of leptin. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:281–294, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the C57BL/6J male mouse: A study of immunostaining and multiple fluorescent tract tracing

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) plays a critical role in the regulation of autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral activities. This understanding has come from extensive characterization of the PVH in rats, and for this mammalian species we now have a robust model of basic PVH neuroanatomy and function. However, in mice, whose use as a model research animal has burgeoned with the increasing sophistication of tools for genetic manipulation, a comparable level of PVH characterization has not been achieved. To address this, we employed a variety of fluorescent tract tracing and immunostaining techniques in several different combinations to determine the neuronal connections and cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture of the PVH in the commonly used C57BL/6J male mouse. Our findings reveal a distinct organization in the mouse PVH that is substantially different from the PVH of male rats. The differences are particularly evident with respect to the spatial relations of two principal neuroendocrine divisions (magnocellular and parvicellular) and three descending preautonomic populations in the PVH. We discuss these data in relation to what is known about PVH function and provide the work as a resource for further studies of the neuronal architecture and function of the mouse PVH. J. Comp. Neurol. , 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The astrocytic lineage marker calmodulin‐regulated spectrin‐associated protein 1 (Camsap1): Phenotypic heterogeneity of newly born Camsap1‐expressing cells in injured mouse brain

Calmodulin‐regulated spectrin‐associated protein 1 (Camsap1) has been recognized as a new marker for astrocytic lineage cells and is expressed on mature astrocytes in the adult brain (Yamamoto et al. [ 2009 ] J. Neurosci. Res. 87:503–513). In the present study, we found that newly born Camsap1‐expressing cells exhibited regional heterogeneity in an early phase after stab injury of the mouse brain. In the surrounding area of the lesion site, Camsap1 was expressed on quiescent astrocytes. At 3 days after injury, Camsap1 immunoreactivity was upregulated on glial fibrillary acidic protein‐immunoreactive (GFAP‐ir) astrocytes. Some of these astrocytes incorporated bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) together with re‐expression of the embryonic cytoskeleton protein nestin. In the neighboring region of the lesion cavity, Camsap1 was expressed on GFAP‐negative cells. At 3 days after injury, GFAP‐ir astrocytes were absent around the lesion cavity. At this stage, NG2‐ir cells immunopositive for Camsap1 and immunonegative for GFAP were distributed in border of the lesion cavity. By 10 days, Camsap1 immunoreactivity was exclusively detected on GFAP‐ir reactive astrocytes devoid of NG2 immunoreactivity. BrdU pulse‐chase labeling assay suggested the differentiation of Camsap1+/NG2+ cells into Camsap1+/GFAP+ astrocytes. In the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricle, Camsap1‐ir cells increased after injury. Camsap1 immunoreactivity was distributed on ependymal and subependymal cells bearing various astrocyte markers, and BrdU incorporation was enhanced on such Camsap1‐ir cells after injury. These results suggest that newly born reactive astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous Camsap1‐expressing cells in the injured brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1301–1317, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abdominal vagal afferent pathways and their distributions of intraganglionic laminar endings in the rat duodenum

We examined abdominal vagal afferents (n = 33) and the distributions of their intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) in the duodenum. Rats (male, Sprague‐Dawley) received a partial subdiaphragmatic vagotomy that spared a single branch. Wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (0.5–1.0 μl) was injected into the nodose ganglion ipsilateral to the vagotomized side. We observed that the hepatic branch does not project to the stomach, that the accessory celiac and celiac branches course along the celiac artery and innervate the intestines, and that the left nodose afferents innervate predominantly the duodenum. The hepatic branch innervates the duodenum via the “hepatoduodenal” subbranch and has the densest IGLE distribution in both the dorsoventral and the rostrocaudal extensions of the first 4‐cm segment. Both gastric branches have two subbranches that innervate the duodenum; the “lesser curvature” subbranches follow the lesser curvature artery and may join the “hepatoduodenal” subbranch, whereas the “pyloric” subbranches run through the antrum and pylorus to reach the proximal duodenum. Moreover, the subbranches of ventral and dorsal gastric branches innervate more in the ventral and dorsal parts of the duodenum, respectively, and have more IGLEs in the rostral region than in the caudal. A posteriori comparisons indicate that, in the first‐centimeter segment, the ventral gastric branch has significantly more IGLEs, whereas, in the third‐ and fourth‐centimeter segments, the hepatic branch has more IGLEs. The finding that three different vagal branches innervate the duodenum with different densities of afferent endings might indicate a viscerotopic receptive field that coordinates digestive functions in feeding. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1098–1113, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organization of the gymnotiform fish pallium in relation to learning and memory: I. Cytoarchitectonics and cellular morphology

The present article examines the anatomical organization of the dorsal telencephalon of two gymnotiform fish: Gymnotus sp. and Apteronotus leptorhynchus. These electric fish use elaborate electrical displays for agonistic and sexual communication. Our study emphasizes mainly pallial divisions: dorsolateral (DL), dorsodorsal (DD), and dorsocentral (DC), previously implicated in social learning dependent on electric signals. We found that the pallial cytoarchitectonics of gymnotiformes are similar to those reported for the commonly studied goldfish, except that DC is larger and better differentiated in gymnotiformes. We identified a new telencephalic region (Dx), located between DL and DC, and describe the morphological and some biochemical properties of its neurons. Most neurons in DL, DD, and DC are glutamatergic with spiny dendrites. However, the size of these cells as well as the orientation and extent of their dendrites vary systematically across these regions. In addition, both DD and DL contained numerous small GABAergic interneurons as well as well‐developed GABAergic plexuses. One important and novel observation is that the dendrites of the spiny neurons within all three regions remain confined to their respective territories. We confirm that DL and DC express very high levels of NMDA receptor subunits as well as CaMKIIα, a key downstream effector of this receptor. In contrast, this enzyme is nearly absent in DD, while NMDA receptors are robustly expressed, suggesting different rules for synaptic plasticity across these regions. Remarkably, GABAergic pallial neurons do not express CaMKIIα, in agreement with previously reported results in the cortex of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3390–3413, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adding value to strawberry agro-industrial by-products through ultraviolet A-induced biofortification of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds

Background The revalorization of agro-industrial by-products by applying ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation to biofortify with phenolic compounds has been studied in recent times, showing improvements in the individual and total phenolic content and their bioactivity. Therefore, the main aim of this work was to optimize the biofortification process of phenolic compounds by UVA radiation to strawberry agro-industrial by-products (RF). Moreover, the effect of UVA radiation on the potential biological activity of the phenolics accumulated in RF due to the treatment was also determined. Methods The assays followed a factorial design with three variables at three levels: UVA dose (LOW, MEDIUM, and HIGH), storage temperature (5, 10, and 15°C), and storage time (0, 24, 48, and 72 h). At each experimental condition, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymatic activities, total phenolic compound content (TPC), phenolics profile (TPCHPLC), and agrimoniin content (AGN) were evaluated; and the optimal UVA dose, storage time, and temperature were determined. In vitro bioaccessibility of the accumulated phenolic compound was studied on RF tissue treated with UVA at optimal process conditions. The digested extracts were tested for antiproliferative activity in colorectal cancer cells, cellular antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity. Results The results showed that applying UVA-HIGH (86.4 KJ/m2) treatment and storing the tissue for 46 h at 15°C increased PAL activity (260%), phenolic content (240%), and AGN (300%). The biofortification process improves the bioaccessibility of the main phenolic compound of RF by 9.8 to 25%. The digested optimum extract showed an IC50 for HT29 and Caco-2 cells of 2.73 and 5.43 μg/mL, respectively, and presented 60% cellular antioxidant capacity and 30% inhibition of NOX production. Conclusion The RF treated with UVA is an excellent source of phenolic compounds; specifically, ellagitannins and the UVA radiation proved to be efficient in biofortify RF, significantly improving the phenolic compounds content and their bioactive properties with adequate bioaccessibility, adding value to the strawberry agro-industrial by-products.
Defining Refractory Migraine and Refractory Chronic Migraine: Proposed Criteria From the Refractory Headache Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society

Certain migraines are labeled as refractory, but the entity lacks a well‐accepted operational definition. This article summarizes the results of a survey sent to American Headache Society members to evaluate interest in a definition for RM and what were considered necessary criteria. Review of the literature, collaborative discussions and results of the survey contributed to the proposed definition for RM. We also comment on our considerations in formulating the criteria and any issues in making the criteria operational. For the proposed definition for RM and refractory chronic migraine, patients must meet the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition criteria for migraine or chronic migraine, respectively. Headaches need to cause significant interference with function or quality of life despite modification of triggers, lifestyle factors, and adequate trials of acute and preventive medicines with established efficacy. The definition requires that patients fail adequate trials of preventive medicines, alone or in combination, from at least 2 of 4 drug classes including: beta‐blockers, anticonvulsants, tricyclics, and calcium channel blockers. Patients must also fail adequate trials of abortive medicines, including both a triptan and dihydroergotamine (DHE) intranasal or injectable formulation and either nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or combination analgesic, unless contraindicated. An adequate trial is defined as a period of time during which an appropriate dose of medication is administered, typically at least 2 months at optimal or maximum‐tolerated dose, unless terminated early due to adverse effects. The definition also employs modifiers for the presence or absence of medication overuse, and with or without significant disability.
A cell population that strongly expresses the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the ependyma of the rat spinal cord

The cells surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord are a source of stem/precursor cells that may give rise to neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. However, they are a heterogeneous population that remains poorly understood. Here we describe a subpopulation characterized by their strong expression of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, oval/round soma, apical nucleus, a variable number of cilia (0, 1, or 2), and the presence of a single short and occasionally ramified basal process. These cells are mainly located in the lateral and dorsal central canal throughout the spinal cord. These CB 1(HIGH) cells are closely related to the basal lamina labyrinths or fractones derived from subependymal microglia. In addition, CB 1(HIGH) cells express some stem/precursor cell markers, including vimentin, nestin, Sox2, Sox9, and GLAST, but not others such as CD15 or GFAP. In addition, this cell population does not proliferate in the intact adult spinal cord, although up to 50% of these cells express the proliferation marker Ki67 in newly born rats or after a spinal cord contusion. The present findings contribute to our understanding of the spinal cord central canal structure and reveal the targets for endocannabinoids inside this neurogenic niche. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:233–251, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.