Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new highland species of treefrog of the Dendropsophus columbianus group (Anura: Hylidae) from the Andes of Colombia

A new species of tree frog of the genus Dendropsophus is described from the highlands of the Cordillera Central of theAndes, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia (06o58’50’’N, 75o08’07’’W, 1700 m a.s.l.). Dendropsophus norandinus sp. nov. differs from other Andean Dendropsophus previously described by the following combination of traits: dorsal skinsmooth with minute scattered tubercles; axillary membrane developed; distal subarticular tubercle of fourth finger bifid;ventral surfaces cream with variable brown markings on gula, throat, and outer region of belly; medial area of the bellyimmaculate; in life axilla and groin pale yellow in males and bright orange in females; toe webbing extensive [I (1–1+ )–(11/2–13/4 ) II 1–(2–2- ) III 1–(2–2- ) IV (2–2- )–1 V], and tadpoles with tooth row formula of 0/2. On the basis of morphologicalsimilarities, principally between tadpoles, we tentatively assign this new species to the Dendropsophus columbianus group.
CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF LEISHMANOLYSIN GENE FROM LEISHMANIA MAJOR IN PRIMATE CELL LINES

Leishmanolysin is a worldwide disease that is caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Leishmanolysin, One of the genes expressed by Leishmania, appears to be an ideal candidate for genetic vaccination. In this study, a full length sequence, which encodes Leishmanolysin functionally critical regions (amino acids 100-579), was cloned from a Leishmania strain endemic to Iran. Analysis by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing in pUC 19 based T-Vector showed that the cloned gene contained the conserved segments of the Leishmanolysin. The identified segments in predicted protein sequence of our clone contained the important domains that have been known to function at the attachment and internalization steps of the parasite life cycle. The cloned gene was expressed in human transformed muscle (Rhabdomyosarcoma TE671/RD) and African green monkey epithelial (COS-7) cell lines under cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and the expressed protein was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Thus the cloned gene may be used as an active component of a naked-DNA vaccine against Leishmaniasis in the geographic areas endemic to this parasite.
A Survey on Comparable Entity Mining From Comparative Questions

In day to day life it is necessary to compare number of options. It is one of the necessary processes in making decision while purchasing online. Though, it is not simple task to compare different alternatives for each and every comparison. In this paper, we performed a survey on a novel way to automatically mine comparable entities from comparative questions that users posted online. To perform this task, used a weakly supervised method to identify comparative question and mine comparable entities. After mining comparative entities, next step is to rank possible comparators for user's input and or that purpose comparability based ranking and graph based ranking methods employed.
Spacing Behavior of a Non-Larder-Hoarding Tamiasciurus: A Study of Mearns's Squirrels in Xeric Coniferous Forests

In ecosystems with seasonal fluctuations in food supply many species use two strategies to store food: larder hoarding and scatter hoarding. However, because species at different geographic locations may experience distinct environmental conditions, differences in hoarding behavior may occur. Tree squirrels in the genus Tamiasciurus display variation in hoarding behavior. Whereas red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and Douglas’s (Tamiasciurus douglasii) squirrels in mesic coniferous forests defend territories centered around larder hoards maintaining non-overlapping home ranges, red squirrels in deciduous forests defend small scatter-hoarded caches of cones maintaining overlapping home ranges. As in other rodent species, variation in hoarding behavior appears to influence the spacing behavior of red and Douglas’s squirrels. In contrast, Mearns’s squirrels (Tamiasciurus mearnsi) in xeric coniferous forests neither rely on larder hoards nor appear to display territorial behavior. Unfortunately, little is known about the ecology of this southernmost Tamiasciurus. Using radiotelemetry, we estimated home-range size, overlap, and maximum distance traveled from nest to examine the spacing behavior of Mearns’s squirrels. Similar to scatter-hoarding rodents, maximum distance traveled from nest was greater for males during mating season, whereas those of females were similar year round. Although no seasonal differences were detected, male home ranges were three times larger during mating season, whereas those of females were smaller and displayed a minor variation between seasons. Home ranges were overlapped year round but contrary to our expectations, overlap was greater during mating season for both sexes, with no detectable relationship between male home-range size and the number of females overlapped during mating season. Overall, the results appear to support our hypothesis that in the absence of larder hoards, the spacing behavior of Mearns’s squirrels should be different from larderhoarding congeners and more similar to scatter-hoarding rodents.
WETZELS , AND WAGENMAKERS 1 Bayes Factors for Reinforcement-Learning Models of the Iowa Gambling Task

The psychological processes that underlie performance on the Iowa gambling task (IGT) are often isolated with the help of reinforcement-learning (RL) models. The most popular method to compare RL models is the BIC post hoc fit criterion—a criterion that considers goodness-of-fit relative to model complexity. However, the current implementation of the BIC post hoc fit criterion considers only one dimension of model complexity, that is, the number of free parameters. A more sophisticated implementation of the BIC post hoc fit criterion, one that provides a coherent and complete discounting of complexity, is provided by the Bayes factor. Here we demonstrate an analysis in which Bayes factors are obtained with a Monte Carlo method, known as importance sampling, in order to compare four RL models of the IGT: the Expectancy Valence (EV), Prospect Valence Learning (PVL), PVL-Delta, and Value-Plus-Perseveration (VPP) models. We illustrate the method using a data pool of 771 participants from 11 different studies. Our results provide strong evidence for the VPP model and moderate evidence for the PVL model, but little evidence for the EV and PVL-Delta models—results that were not in line with a BIC post hoc fit analysis. We discuss how our results may be combined with results obtained from other model comparison studies in order to obtain a balanced and comprehensive assessment of model adequacy.
An Induced Glutathione-deficient Mutant in Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.): Modifications in Plant Morphology, Alterations in Antioxidant Activities and Increased Sensitivity to Cadmium

A glutathione-deficient mutant, designated as gshL-1, was isolated in 350 Gy gamma ray treated M2 progeny of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) var. ‘BioL-212’. Its fitness was tested in control (un-stressed) and in four different concentrations (5, 10, 25 and 50 μM) of CdCl2. The mutant, containing only 15% of total glutathione in leaves and 20% of that in roots of mother control (MC) variety, exhibited slow growth, poor root development and significant reduction in biomass production, in comparison to MC plants. The impact was more severe in Cd-treated plants. The huge deficiency in total and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was mainly due to significantly low level of glutathione reductase activity, triggering a massive disruption in antioxidant defense systems in both leaves and roots of the mutant. Interestingly, glutathione biosynthesis was not affected in the mutant. Within ascorbate-GSH cycle, low GSH availability presumably impeded the normal functioning of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), badly hampering the regeneration of reduced ascorbate in the mutant. The cascading effect of low GSH pool was also felt in scavenging of hydrogen peroxide due to below normal activity of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase, although catalase level was significantly high in both untreated and Cd-treated mutant plants. Furthermore, nearly 7-fold decrease in activity of GSH-S-transferases (GSTs) and accumulation of total phytochelatins only 10% of MC plants might led to increased sensitivity of the mutant plant to the imposed Cd stress. The results indicated potentiality of the induced mutagenesis in creation of novel mutants to explore the regulation of antioxidant redox homeostasis, mechanism of reactive oxygen species scavenging and tolerance to metal toxicity in grass pea. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Aligning Artificial Neural Networks to the Brain yields Shallow Recurrent Architectures

Deep artificial neural networks with spatially repeated processing (a.k.a., deep convolutional ANNs) have been established as the best class of candidate models of visual processing in the primate ventral visual processing stream. Over the past five years, these ANNs have evolved from a simple feedforward eight-layer architecture in AlexNet to extremely deep and branching NASNet architectures, demonstrating increasingly better object categorization performance. Here we ask, as ANNs have continued to evolve in performance, are they also strong candidate models for the brain? To answer this question, we developed Brain-Score, a composite of neural and behavioral benchmarks that score any ANN on how brainlike it is, together with an online platform where ANNs can be submitted to receive a Brain-Score and their rank relative to other models. Deploying our framework on dozens of state-of-the-art ANNs, we found that ResNet and DenseNet families of models are the closest models from the Machine Learning community to primate ventral visual stream. Curiously, best current ImageNet models, such as PNASNet, were not the top-performing models on Brain-Score. Despite high scores, these deep models are often hard to map onto the brain’s anatomy due to their vast number of layers and missing biologically-important connections, such as recurrence. To further map onto anatomy and validate our approach, we built CORnet-S: a neural network developed by using Brain-Score as a guide with the anatomical constraints of compactness and recurrence. Although a shallow model with four anatomically mapped areas with recurrent connectivity, CORnet-S is a top model on Brain-Score and outperforms similarly compact models on ImageNet.
Reducing the cost of visual DL datasets

Intelligent military systems require perception capabilities that are flexible, dynamic, and robust to unstructured environments and new situations. However, current state-of-the-art algorithms are based on deep learning, require large amounts of data, and require a proportionally large human effort in collection and annotation. To help improve this situation, we define a method of comparing 3D environment reconstructions without ground truth based on the exploitation of available reflexive information, and use the method to evaluate existing RGBD mapping algorithms in an effort to generate a large, fully-annotated data set for visual learning tasks. In addition, we describe algorithms and software that support rapid manual annotation of these reconstructed 3D environments for a variety of vision tasks. Our results show that we can use existing data sets as well as synthetic data to bootstrap tools that allow us to quickly and efficiently label larger data sets without ground truth, maximizing human effort without requiring crowd sourcing techniques.
Understanding Phytosanitary Irradiation Treatment of Pineapple Using Monte Carlo Simulation

th , 2013; Revised: May 17 th , 2013; Accepted: May 21 th , 2013 Purpose: Pineapple is now the third most important tropical fruit in wor ld production after banana and citrus. Phytosanitary irradiation is recognized as a promising alternative treatment to chemical fumigation. However, most of the phytosanitary irradiation studies have dealt with physiochemica l properties and its efficacy. Accurate dose calculation is crucial for ensuring proper process control in phytosanitary ir radiation. The objective of this study was to optimize phytosanitary irradiation treatment of pineapple in various radiation sources using Monte Carlo simulation. Methods: 3-D geometry and component densities of the pineapple, extracted from CT scan data, were entered into a radiation transport Monte Carlo code (MCNP5) to obtain simulated dose distribution. Radiation energy used for simulation were 2 MeV (low-energy) and 10 MeV (high-energy) for electron beams, 1.25 MeV for gamma-rays, and 5 MeV for X-rays. Results: For low-energy electron beam simulation, electrons penetrated up to 0.75 cm from the pineapple skin, which is good for controlling insect eggs laid just below the fruit surface. For high-energy electron beam simulation, electrons penetrated up to 4.5 cm and the irradiation area occupied 60.2% of the whole area at single-side irradiation and 90.6% at double-side irradiation. For a single-side only gamma- and X-ray source sim ulation, the entire pineapple was irradiated and dose uniformity ratios (Dmax/Dmin) were 2.23 and 2.19, respectively. Even though both sources had all greater penetrating capability, the X-ray treatment is safer and the gamma-ray treatment is more widely used due to their availability. Conclusions: These results are invaluable for optimizing phytosanitary irradiation treatment planning of pineapple.
Nucleic Acid-based Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

In this chapter, the immense contribution of nucleic acid discovery to the diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of pathogenic microorganisms and its relevance for veterinary and human health will be discussed. The development of nucleic acid detection, amplification, and sequencing techniques, principally after the introduc‐ tion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allowed the improvement of different strategies to diagnose and to quantify infectious microbiological agents in a variety of organisms and biological samples. Pos-PCR associated techniques such as fragment enzyme restriction and sequence analysis permit the determination of nucleic acid sequence diversity to detect drug resistance, to associate pathogen genetic markers with disease outcome, and to predict temporal and spatial distribution of microorganisms which can be used to prevent and treat infectious diseases efficiently. The principal methods used in the detection of nucleic acids, the advantages and drawbacks of singleand multiple-copy genes for use in diagnosis by amplification, and the application of pos-PCR techniques in drug resistance identification are dis‐ cussed in Section 1.1. Section 1.2 discusses the sequencing methods used to recog‐ nize genetic variability, the implication of this variability to pathology and virulence, and the importance of genetic variability determination in disease control and vaccines. The contribution of molecular diagnosis and epidemiology for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases is also considered.
Characterization of AtST10, a sulfotransferase in Arabidopsis thaliana

The relatively short life cycle and small size of Arabidopsis thaliana makes this plant a suitable model organism for biochemical and molecular biology studies. In our laboratory, we undertook the characterization of the 18 sulfotransferase-coding genes of this small flowering plant. This thesis describes the results of the biochemical and functional characterization of AtST10, one of these genes. Probably the most interesting features of AtST10 are its expression (restricted to the siliques, the plant’s fruit) and the possibility of a miRNA regulating its expression in an indirect manner. We also demonstrate that the overexpression of AtSt10 leads to a reduction in seed production to altered size compared with wild type plants suggesting that the AtST10 substrate or product plays a role in seed development. Alternatively, AtST10 might participate in the metabolism of another jasmonate which is involved in seed development. Using a combination of different purification methods and mass spectrometry we identified the putative reaction product of the AtST10-catalyzed reaction. This molecule has a m/z of 307 Da in positive mode [M+H] and generates fragments similar to the ones observed with 12- hydroxyjasmonate. Based on these results, we propose that the product of the reaction is the reduced form of 12-hydroxyjasmonate sulfate. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of this molecule in plants. Further experiments will be required to define the role of this metabolite or of its sulfonated product in seed development.
Demands of the Kettlebell Snatch

Background: Kettlebell lifting has gained increased popularity as both a form of resistance training and as a sport, despite the paucity of literature validating its use as a training tool. Kettlebell sport requires participants to complete the kettlebell snatch continuously over prolonged periods of time. Kettlebell sport and weightlifting involve similar exercises, however, their traditional uses suggest they are better suited to training different fitness qualities. This study examined the three-dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) and force applied to the kettlebell over a 6 min kettlebell snatch set in 12 kettlebell-trained males. Methods: During this set, VICON was used to record the kettlebell trajectory with nine infrared cameras while the GRF of each leg was recorded with a separate AMTI force plate. Over the course of the set, an average of 13.9 ± 3.3 repetitions per minute were performed with a 24 kg kettlebell. Significance was evaluated with a two-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, whilst Cohen’s F (ESF) and Cohen’s D (ESD) were used to determine the magnitude. Results: The applied force at the point of maximum acceleration was 814 ± 75 N and 885 ± 86 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. The absolute peak resultant bilateral GRF was 1,746 ± 217 N and 1,768 ± 242 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. Bilateral GRF of the first and last 14 repetitions was found to be similar, however there was a significant difference in the peak applied force (F (1.11) = 7.42, p = 0.02, ESF = 0.45). Unilateral GRF was found have a significant difference for the absolute anterior–posterior (F (1.11) = 885.15, p < 0.0001, ESF = 7) and medio-lateral force vectors (F (1.11) = 5.31, p = 0.042, ESF = 0.67). Discussion: Over the course of a single repetition there were significant differences in the GRF and applied force at multiple points of the kettlebells trajectory. The kettlebell snatch loads each leg differently throughout a repetition and performing the kettlebell snatch for 6 min will result in a reduction in peak applied force. Subjects Bioengineering, Anatomy and Physiology, Kinesiology, Orthopedics
Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablet of Ramipril

This research was to formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of Ramipril using direct compression technique (effervescent) with sodium bicarbonate, mannitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, citric acid. Eight different formulation of Ramipril were prepared by using different ratio of NAHCO3: MANNITOL by direct compression method. The tablet was characterized by hardness, wetting time, weight variation, water Absorption Ratio, In Vitro Drug Release. All batches of fast dissolving tablets were satisfactory in terms of dissolution profile. The hardness, wetting time, water absorption ratio and wetting time were also shows the satisfactory result. The batches of all formulations, FDT4 batch with sodium bicarbonate: mannitol (1:3) showed more release than the other concentration and better results. The FDT4 batch of fast dissolving tablets was found to be 97.56 % drug release in 30 minutes. The FDT4 was the best of all eight formulations of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Ramipril. Bioavailability of Ramipril can be increased by formulating it as a Fast Dissolving Tablet.
The Dynamic Model of Advertising Costs with Continuously Distributed Lags ?

The dynamic optimal control problem of advertising costs in case of a company’s limited advertising budget is analyzed. Initial optimization problem is formulated as a system of nonlinear integral equations of Volterra type. The constructed model takes into account the accumulated advertising effect and the accumulated effect of previous sales on the consumer demand. The accumulation of these effects is supposed to be distributed on an interval of time from the beginning of the planning period to a given point in time, that is, the delay of consumer reaction on advertising does not take the specified value and tends to infinity in the long run. Also the equation of consumer demand is determined. The total profit maximization problem under restrictions is stated. The existence theorems for the solutions of the demand equation and the total profit maximization problem are proved. The mathematical model can be integrated in information systems of enterprises for obtaining an optimal decision of a problem of the best distribution of advertising costs. In addition, the mathematical model is tested with the real data. In this case the Pontryagin’s maximum principle and numerical methods of solving the integral and differential equations are used.
Determinants of Peri-Urbanization and Land Use Change Patterns in Peri-Urban Ghana

The main aim of this paper is to examine the effects of peri-urbanization on peri-urban land use change patterns, using a binary logistic regression model, in the Bosomtwe district of the Asante region, Ghana. The decision to convert from agricultural land uses to residential and commercial land uses are driven by a myriad of factors, ranging from social to economic in the Bosomtwe District. A triangulation of qualitative and quantitative design was used. Household questionnaires were proportionately administered to 270 respondents in 14 communities, on the basis of population. The data was subjected to the Pearson’s Chi-square, Nigelkerk R 2 and Cramer’s V test of strength of association. Astep-wise binary logistic regression modeling was performed using the PASW v.17. Pearson chi-square value of ? 2 = 73.546 at 26 degrees was significant at p < . 000,athough the Cramer’s V test of the strength of the association was moderate at V = 0.37. The logistic regression model reported an overall significance of the model at p < . 000 with ? 2 = 24.453, at 4 degrees of freedom. The confidence intervals of (CIs) of (CI: 1.358—4.517) and (CI: 1.039—11.486) for the two main predictors of the outcome, and a B(Exp) values ranging between 2.477 and 3.455 were also reported. This means the odds of respondents being more likely to change their land uses is about 66%. Increasing rate of peri-urbanization is caused by increasing demand for residential, recreational (Hotels and Guest houses) and commercial land uses at the expense of agro-forest land uses. These have some negative implications on local climate and food security. The District assembly should strictly monitor physical development in line with planning schemes.