Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Electron Crystallography

The ultimate goal of structural biology is to understand the protein function and its physiological mechanisms by determining the three-dimensional (3D) structure. Several techniques have been used for the purpose, including X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron microscopy (EM). X-ray crystallography is the most successful technique for the structural study of many proteins (Berman et al., 2000). In a traditional X-ray crystallography, X-ray beam is directed towards protein crystal, resulting in the scattering portions of X-ray photons to form a diffraction pattern. During the process, the crystal is rotated at small angles and other diffraction patterns are recorded. Eventually, after repeated iterations, the structure of the protein can be reconstructed from the accumulated diffraction patterns (Shi et al., 2013). Although, there is a great development in X-ray crystallography, it still remains a bottleneck for protein structure determination. The crystal used in X-ray crystallography must be large well-ordered. However, some proteins such as membrane proteins and protein complexes, may never yield the large well-ordered crystals and it takes significant time and resources to optimize the initial small crystals found during the screening process (Bill et al., 2011). Since early 1940s, electron diffraction has been used to solve the crystallographic problems (Bendersky & Gayle, 2001). The basic principle of electron crystallography is similar to X-ray crystallography in a concept that protein crystals scatters electron beam to produce a diffraction pattern. The crystals that are used in the electron crystallography are needed to be thinner than X-ray crystal as the interacting power of electron is much stronger than that of X-ray photons (Henderson & Unwin, 1975; Kimura et al., 1997; Kuhlbrandt et al., 1994). Over the past decades, the electron crystallography has been successfully used to determine the structure of several difficult proteins with two-dimensional crystals (2D electron crystallography) (Wisedchaisri et al., 2011). However, this technique is normally only possible to produce one diffraction pattern from each crystal as electrons have very high energy which causes a large amount of radiation damage to the sample crystals, resulting in the loss of structural information (Glaeser, 1971). To overcome this, the electron diffraction patterns that are produced from hundreds of individual crystals are merged to generate a single data set. Not surprisingly, several studies have conducted the electron crystallography using 3D protein crystals over
Optimization Framework and Parameter Determination for Proximity-Based Device Discovery in D2D Communication Systems

One of the most important processes in device-to-device communications of cellular devices is that of discovery, which determines the proximity of devices. When a discovery process is performed, there are several parameters to determine, including the discovery range, the discovery period, and the modulation and coding scheme of the discovery messages. In this paper, we address the relationships between these parameters and describe an optimization framework to determine them. In the proposed procedure, it is important to first optimize the discovery rate, which is defined as the number of discoverable devices per unit time. Once the discovery rate is maximized, the discovery period can be determined accordingly based on the device density and the target discovery range. Since the discovery rate is not affected by many of discovery parameters such as the discovery range, the device density, and the discovery period, it can be used as a performance metric for comparing discovery schemes with different discovery ranges or different discovery periods.
Social Investment in Spain: How Do Solidarity Mutual Funds Decide the Allocation of Solidarity Funding between Social Economy Organizations?

Solidarity mutual funds (SMFs) are a financial product oriented toward funding social economy organizations (SEOs). The main characteristic of these mutual funds, known in other countries as social investment, is that part of their management fees is allocated to support SEOs. In Spain, the criteria used in the allocation process of these funds have not been studied. The aim of this paper is to analyze the decision model of SMFs. To this end, we developed a logit regression model. The obtained results show that the decision model of SMFs promotes the development of commercial activity and favors a specific ideology and values and an exclusive relationship with the main funders.
Association of SNP marker in IGF-I and MYF5 candidate genes with growth traits in Korean cattle

Growth rate is one of the economically important quantitative traits that affect carcass quantity in beef cattle. Two genes, bovine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), were chosen as candidate genes for growth traits due to their important role in growth and development of mammals. The objectives of this study were to determine gene-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers of the IGF-I and MYF5 positional candidate genes and to investigate their associations with growth traits in Korean cattle. Genotyping of the SNP markers in these candidate genes was carried out using the single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The frequencies of A and B alleles were 0.72 and 0.28 for IGF-I gene and 0.39 and 0.61 for MYF5 gene, respectively, in Korean cattle population examined. The gene-specific SNP marker association analysis indicated that the SNP genotype in IGF-I gene showed a significant association (p<0.05) with weight at 3 months (W3), and cows with AB genotype had higher W3 than BB genotype cows. The SNP genotype of MYF5 gene was found to have a significant effect (p<0.05) on the weight at 12 months (W12) and average daily gain (ADG), and cows with BB and AB genotypes had higher W12 and ADG compared with cows with AA genotype, respectively. However, no significant association between the SNP genotypes and any other growth traits was detected. The gene-specific SNP markers in the IGF-I and MYF5 candidate genes may be useful for selection on growth traits in Korean cattle. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. Vol 18, No. 8 : 1061-1065)
Individual Differences in Children’s Perception of Foreign-Accented Speech: The Role of Temperament

Individual differences in children’s speech perception are large and have been partially attributed to differences in executive function (e.g., Lalonde & Holt, 2014), but much unexplained variability remains. Temperament is a potential influence that has been studied in related fields, such as stuttering (Eggers et al., 2010), but has been ignored as a contributing factor in children’s speech perception. We investigated the influence of temperament on individual differences in children’s perception of foreign-accented speech. Eighty-four 5to 7-year-old monolingual English children were presented with 60 English sentences produced by either a native English or Mandarin talker (Wildcat Corpus; Van Engen et al., 2010) embedded in multi-talker babble at +8 dB SNR. For 30 sentences, the final (target) word was highly predictive from sentence context and for the other 30, it was not; the same final words appeared in both predictability conditions. Temperament was assessed with the very short form of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (Putnam & Rothbart, 2006), which was completed by each child’s parent/caregiver. Semantic context was of similar benefit to children in both the native and foreign-accent conditions. Children who scored high on Surgency (scales of positive emotion, reflecting a tendency to enjoy high-intensity activities) had poorer word recognition in both predictability conditions. These results preliminarily suggest that temperament contributes to individual differences in children’s speech perception in that children who desire a high level of activity tend to perform more poorly on difficult speech perception tasks.
Friction Coefficient in Hot Compression of Cylindrical Sample

In order to analyze the evolution behavior of friction coefficients during large strain hot forging processes, compression tests were carried out on IHS38MSV hypoeutectoid steel samples at a stroke rate of 1.2 mm/s and temperatures ranging from 1073 to 1473 K. The simulation results of the geometrical change in the sample during the compression process obtained by using various friction coefficients were compared with experimental results in order to verify the validity of the ‘‘instantaneous friction coefficient’’. The results showed that the friction coefficient was a constant at lower strain level, and the instantaneous friction coefficient, ms, showed an approximately exponential relationship at higher strain level. The simulation results obtained by using ms showed better results as compared to those obtained by using average friction coefficients (mc and ma). It was also found from the simulation results that at a certain strain level, the variation of friction coefficient did not have a strong effect on the shape of deformed sample; however, the radius of the top surface of the sample, Rt, changed greatly due to friction.
Swift detection of the super-swift switch-on of the super-soft phase in nova V745 Sco (2014)

V745 Sco is a recurrent nova, with the most recent eruption occurring in February 2014. V745 Sco was first observed by Swift a mere 3.7 hr after the announcement of the optical discovery, with the super-soft X-ray emission being detected around four days later and lasting for only ~two days, making it both the fastest follow-up of a nova by Swift and the earliest switch-on of super-soft emission yet detected. Such an early switch-on time suggests a combination of a very high velocity outflow and low ejected mass and, together with the high effective temperature reached by the super-soft emission, a high mass white dwarf (>1.3 M_sun). The X-ray spectral evolution was followed from an early epoch where shocked emission was evident, through the entirety of the super-soft phase, showing evolving column density, emission lines, absorption edges and thermal continuum temperature. UV grism data were also obtained throughout the super-soft interval, with the spectra showing mainly emission lines from lower ionization transitions and the Balmer continuum in emission. V745 Sco is compared with both V2491 Cyg (another nova with a very short super-soft phase) and M31N 2008-12a (the most rapidly recurring nova yet discovered). The longer recurrence time compared to M31N 2008-12a could be due to a lower mass accretion rate, although inclination of the system may also play a part. Nova V745 Sco (2014) revealed the fastest evolving super-soft source phase yet discovered, providing a detailed and informative dataset for study.
Solving the news vendor problem under partial demand information

Roberto Rossi1, Steven Prestwich2, S. Armagan Tarim3, Brahim Hnich4 1 Logistics, Decision and Information Sciences, Wageningen University, the Netherlands roberto.rossi@wur.nl 2 Cork Constraint Computation Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland s.prestwich@4c.ucc. ie 3 Department of Management, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey armagan.tarim@hacettepe.edu. tr 4 Department of computer engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey brahim.hnich@ieu.edu. tr
Elementary Teacher Education in Papua New Guinea: Towards a Culturally Connected Perspective of Teaching

Global and national agendas for quality education have led to reforms in Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) elementary education, but criticism of the learner-centred, Western pedagogies has emerged. One key influence on quality teacher education relates to perspectives of teaching. Existing research shows teachers’ beliefs and perceptions of teaching influence their practice, however to date little research has investigated perspectives of teaching for elementary education in PNG. This single exploratory case study investigated the perspectives of teaching for eighteen elementary teacher trainers as they studied for a Bachelor of Early Childhood (Teacher Education). The study, drawing on an interpretivist paradigm, analysed journals and course planning documents using a thematic approach. The findings revealed that while the trainers’ perspectives of teaching children tended to reflect a learning-centred perspective (focused on what the teacher does), their perspectives of teaching adults were both learning-centred and learner-centred (what the learner does). Based on these findings, a culturally connected perspective of teaching is advocated for PNG elementary teacher education. This perspective enables the co-existence of both the learning-centred and learner-centred perspectives of teaching in the PNG cultural context and has implications for teacher education and the communities involved in elementary education in general.
Methane Production Characteristics and Microbial CommunityDynamics of Mono-Digestion Using Three Single Manures

This study investigated the methane production characteristics and the composition of microbial community during anaerobic monodigestion of three target substrates (chicken manure, pig manure and dairy manure) by semi-continuous digestion. The methane production of the dairy manure was only 0.49 L/d, while the chicken and pig manure was 2.24 L/d and 2.67 L/d, respectively. Barcoded pyrosequencing of the prokaryotic microbial 16S rRNA genes in the DNA showed that the active bacterial populations detected were those required for the hydrolysis of amended substrate, and the active archaeal populations belonged to methanogens of phylum Euryarchaeota, which were dominated by Methanosarcina. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that there were significant differences among the three single manures associated with prokaryotic communities, and the community structure of seed sludge was predominant in the adaptation of substrates. Overall, VFAs accumulation and methanogens reduction maybe lead to the decease of methane production of dairy manures.
A Design Methodology to Optimize Supply Chain Network Performance

Organizations are constantly looking for new ways to reduce costs while still providing high customer service levels to face stringent competitive environments and the everincreasing market globalization. An alternative these organizations can pursue to respond to these challenges and to gain a competitive differentiation is to optimize their supply chain network (SCN). This research aims to develop an effective SCN design strategy to locate facilities (i.e., plants and distribution centers) and to balance the allocation of customers to these facilities to satisfy capacity limitations and customer demands with minimum total cost and maximum level of service. It is anticipated that the results of this research will improve the strategic decision making of a manufacturing firm when locating facilities or redesigning the SCN and allow decision makers to determine tradeoffs among the organization’s conflicting criteria. Keywords— balanced allocation, genetic algorithm, multiobjective optimization, supply chain network
Iodine status and its determinants in subpopulation of pregnant women in rural Central India

Background: There is an increased demand for iodine and thyroid hormones, in pregnancy starting from the early weeks of pregnancy suggesting that there may be a need for additional supplements of iodine in high risk population to prevent iodine deficiency and its associated disorders. Hence this study was undertaken to determine the iodine status and its determinants in a subpopulation of pregnant women from a rural area of Central India. Methods: A hospital based, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out among pregnant women seeking antenatal care at Kasturba Hospital of MGIMS, Sewagram, a rural tertiary care institute in central India. Information was collected about demographic variables, use of iodized salt, iodine rich food and goitrogens as part of diet and other determinants. Spot urine samples were obtained, and assessment of urine iodine concentration was done by using Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Results: Among 250 pregnant women of first trimester, iodine deficiency (ID) was present in 11.8 %, of which 59.25% had mild deficiency, 33.33% moderate deficiency and 7.4% severe deficiency. More women with iodine deficiency were of higher age, had less formal education and belonged to lower middle and lower economic class. Higher number of women with iodine deficiency had family history of thyroid disorders compared to iodine sufficient (18.51% versus 5.58%), more iodine deficient commonly had goitrogens (cabbage, cauliflower, radish, sweet potato, soya etc) as part of their meals (77.77% versus 68.60%), lesser women with ID ate iodine rich food (fish, milk yoghurt, bread) (18.51% versus 68.60%) and fewer of them used iodized salt during food preparation (25.92% versus 69.95%) compared to iodine sufficient, with a significant difference. Conclusions: Iodine deficiency is prevalent in pregnant women in this geographic region of central India. Age, low socioeconomic status, lack of education, family history, low intake of iodized salt and iodine rich food and more consumption of goitrogenic food as part of diet are risk factors. Appropriate health education, promoting use of iodized salt, quality assurance of universal salt iodization by household survey and screening in high risk group is suggested.
Demographic Variability In U.S. Consumer Responsiveness To Carbonated Soft-Drink Marketing Practices

Using three years of Nielson Homescan and advertising data from 16 major metropolitan areas across the U.S. to construct a panel data set that follows weekly consumer purchasing behavior, this paper investigates the impact of marketing activities on a representative cross-section of U.S. consumers. Because many consumers do not participate in the market week-in and week-out, I apply Heckman’s econometric selection model to recover the impact of pricing, advertising, and promotion on a wide range of consumer segments. Reduced-form estimates of consumer responsiveness to these marketing activities reveal different effects across consumer segments, which have numerous implications for marketing policy.
Mentoring in an increasingly global workplace: facing the realities and challenges

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to provide insight into some of the realities associated with mentoring in a business environment that is becoming increasingly global, with specific emphasis on challenges associated with communication.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes an applied approach to covering some of the realities and major challenges related to communication when mentoring within the global environment.Findings – Mentoring continues to have value as a tool in enhancing organizational effectiveness. However, mentoring becomes more challenging in a global marketplace. Some of the most salient realities associated with global mentoring are examined.Originality/value – The insight and topics covered in the article should enhance organizations' efforts to mentor employees dispersed in a multinational structure.
A time-domain approach to simulation and characterization of RF HBT two-tone intermodulation distortion

In this paper, we evaluate the two-tone intermodulation distortion for heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) operated at RF. We directly solve the nonlinear differential equations of the HBT large-signal model in time domain by employing the waveform-relaxation and monotone-iterative methods. Based on time-domain results, sinusoidal waveform outputs are transformed into the frequency domain with the fast Fourier transform. Furthermore, the output third-order intercept-point values of the HBT are computed with the spectra. Results for a fabricated InGaP HBT under different testing conditions are reported and compared among the HSPICE results, the results with harmonic balance methodology, and the measured data. Comparisons among these results show that our method demonstrates its superiority over the conventional approaches. This characterization alternative has allowed us to study RF device properties, perform thermal consumption and sensitivity analysis, and extract model parameters.
Solar Activity, Space Weather and the Earth’s Climate

The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for the Earth. Energy radiating from our closest star provides the natural power that fuels most of the physical and biological processes important to life. The radius of the Sun is 6.961010 cm and angular diameter 1919 (arc seconds). Average distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1.4961013 cm (1 astronomical unit). The mass of the Sun is 1.991033 g, and luminosity – 3.841026 W. Solar atmosphere consist of the photosphere and the chromosphere. The photosphere is the zone from which the sunlight we see is emitted. It is few hundreds of kilometers thick and has a temperature of 5500–6000° C. The chromosphere is an irregular stratum above the photosphere where the temperature rises from about 6000° C to about 20000° C. The chromosphere is 2000–3000 km thick and the colorful image of this layer can be observed during solar eclipses. Solar activity is a set of non-stationary processes and phenomena in the Sun’s atmosphere associated with the changes in solar magnetic fields. Manifestations of solar activity include the emergence and further time evolution of sunspots, faculae, flocculae, protuberances and coronal loops, solar flares and fluxes of solar wind and electromagnetic radiations. Sunspots are the most prominent observable signs of solar activity. They are temporary phenomena on the photosphere that appear visibly as dark spots contrasting with surrounding area. They are caused by rather intense magnetic fields, which inhibit convection, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. The diameter of a typical sunspot is 22000–29000 km (30– 40). The corresponding area is 120–160 millionths of the visible hemisphere or Micro Solar Hemisphere (MSH). Very large sunspots can reach diameters of 60000 km or more while the smallest sunspots are roughly 3500 km in diameter (Solanki, 2003). Each sunspot is characterized by a dark core, the umbra, and a less dark halo, the penumbra. Umbra to photosphere brightness is about 0.24, and penumbra to photosphere brightness is about 0.77. The magnetic field strength in the photosphere is approximately 1000–1500 G averaged over a sunspot. The effective temperature of a sunspot is 4200 K (de Jager, 2005). Mean lifetime of a sunspot is of an order of 10 days while some of them can exist up to one half a year. The complex of several sunspots forms a sunspot group. The readily observable rise and fall of sunspot number over an approximate 11 year period between minima is the most prominent feature of sunspot activity – the well-known cycle of Schwabe. Modern heliophysics deals with both statistical (synthetic) and physical indices of solar activity.