Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF ANESTHETICS

This progress report, involving 9,527 cases with an age range of from under three to forty years and over, is an indication of the importance of this often neglected activity in any department of public health program. The fact that in the majority of cases the age range was from six to eighteen years points to a concentration of effort in the age groups where the best results are generally obtained. It may be of interest to note that, of the total number of cases that were studied (9,527), there were 1,554, or 16 per cent, classified as feeble-minded. This brings up the age-old question of the possibility of the elimination of feeblemindedness without the actual elimination of the feeble-minded. The San Francisco Department of Public Health has proceeded on the hypothesis that a diagnosis of feeble-mindedness once made should not necessarily mean an absolutely incurable condition. It is fully recognized, however, that deficiencies in brain tissue can never produce a normal mentality. Moreover, the cases regarded as due to inherited defects bring up another moot question of the prevention of the birth of additional children from the original parents. And, furthermore, humanity demands that, once born, a child so mentally handicapped must live, and must be adequately trained or controlled. To be effective, therefore, the application of modern methods of mental hygiene as a public health procedure must begin early in order that a distinct menace to society may be scientifically and humanely obviated. It is of interest to note that 4,237 cases, or approximately 44 per cent of the total number examined, were classified as normal or superior.
Gut of Red-backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) May Serve as a Reservoir for an Antifungal Cutaneous Bacterium

Abstract Janthinobacterium lividum, a bacterium that inhibits the growth of the lethal amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has been found in myriad environments, including the skins of amphibians that resist the fungus. We present evidence that the gastrointestinal tract of Plethodon cinereus, the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, can serve as a reservoir for J. lividum. Two of six individuals collected from a natural environment harbored J. lividum in the gut tube. Violacein, whose intense violet color allows for rapid visual detection and chemical analysis, served as a first indicator for the presence of J. lividum. This secondary metabolite of J. lividum was confirmed through reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identity of J. lividum was confirmed by PCR amplification with J. lividum–specific primers of DNA extracted from the isolated bacteria. Because J. lividum survives in the digestive tract, it will likely be inoculated onto skin around the cloaca and into the soil and indirectly onto salamander skins. Thus, the gut may act as an important reservoir for this antifungal bacterium.
Evaluation of F-RNA coliphages as indicators of viruses and the source of faecal pollution

It is a growing concern that analyses of true indicators of pathogenic viruses have not been properly established. Water treatment and catchment management strategies based on bacteriological indicators do not provide the necessary protection against viral infections because viruses are more persistent than bacteria in water environments. More than 100 types of human pathogenic viruses may be present in faecally polluted water, but only a small number can be detected by currently available methods. Analysing for enteric viruses such as the polio and hepatitis viruses is specialised and is neither practical nor commercially viable for a water utility. Human enteric viral disease is considered to be predominantly associated with human wastes, as opposed to animal wastes, and a distinction between these is desirable. Somatic coliphages are not always present whenever enteric viruses were detected and have been found to multiply in the environment outside the body. It has previously been shown that for monitoring purposes, F-specific RNA bacteriophages are model organisms and suitable indicators of the possible presence of human pathogenic enteric viruses as they behave like waterborne viruses. F-specific bacteriophages have been suggested as a useful alternative to the traditional bacterial indicators as their morphology and survival characteristics closely resemble those of some of the important human enteric viruses. F-specific RNA phages are becoming the indicators of choice for viruses in water and have been accepted as one of the rapid screening tests to determine the quality of water. Studies have shown that based on hybridisation tests, F-RNA coliphages could be associated with either a human or animal source. F-RNA coliphages have been grouped into four groups with Groups 2 and 3 being of human origin and Groups 1 and 4 originating from animals. This study aimed to fulfil the requirement of both developing a relatively simple method for F-RNA coliphage analyses in samples from the Umgeni Water catchment and further testing to elucidate whether the contamination was of animal or human origin using gene hybridisation techniques to type the F-RNA phages. The standard ISO method for the isolation of F-RNA coliphages was used and genotyping assays were performed according to methods adapted by the University of Pretoria’s Medical Virology Department. Highly specific nucleic acid probes for the detection of F-specific RNA bacteriophages were used in this study to fingerprint the origin of faecal pollution. The E. coli data generated for the sample sites indicated that certain sites tended to have more faecal pollution problems than others. Somatic coliphages were isolated in numbers as high as 1 100 pfu.10 ml -1 and were consistently isolated in higher numbers than F-RNA coliphages. The strongest positive correlation (r = 0.842) was between E. coli and F-RNA coliphage concentrations. The F-RNA coliphages isolated from one river sample and wastewater works effluent hybridised with the GA probe belonging to Group 2, which was of human origin.
EXPERIMENTAL GRAFT ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Progressive graft arteriosclerosis is responsible for the majority of late deaths occurring in cardiac transplant recipients. In order to define a model of this disease in the rat, we exchanged heterotopic cardiac allografts between MHC-compatible inbred strains. Lewis rats served as donors and F-344 rats as recipients. Twenty allografts were followed by daily palpation and removed at the time of terminal rejection or on the 120th post-operative day for pathologic study. Sixteen allografts (80%) survived at least three weeks, and five allografts (25%) survived indefinitely. The majority of arteries (greater than 90%) examined demonstrated significant intimal disease; histologic findings in lesions in allografts rejecting at early time points included intense mononuclear cell infiltration of the intima, while lesions in long-term-surviving allografts demonstrated fibrous intimal thickening, which is characteristic of graft arteriosclerosis seen clinically. A limited course of cyclosporine therapy in F-344 recipients increased the incidence of indefinite allograft survival from 25% to 86%, and was associated with a modest reduction in the amount of intimal disease observed. These results suggest that this model should be useful in future studies regarding the pathogenesis and therapy of cardiac graft arteriosclerosis.
Analyses of Feed and Energy Intakes During Lactation for Three Breeds of Sows

Daily feed intakes from 993 lactation records from 3 breeds of sows (42 Duroc, 405 Landrace, and 358 Yorkshire sows) were evaluated over a 19-mo period. Mixed models were evaluated for the Bridges, negative exponential, and generalized Michaelis-Menten functions. The generalized Michaelis-Menten function with 2 random effects provided the best fit to both daily feed intake (residual SD = 0.93 kg/d) and ME intake (residual SD = 3.04 Mcal/d). Duroc sows had lower (P 0.10) by stage of lactation (68 early, 77 mid-, and 82 late lactation). The incidence of transient reductions in feed intake was affected (P < 0.05) by season, with incidence rates of 18.8, 16.3, 22.2, and 16.3% for summer, fall, winter, and spring, respectively.
GENETIC ISOLATION BY DISTANCE IN THE ENDANGERED PLANT SINOCALYCANTHUS CHINENSIS ENDEMIC TO CHINA

Sinocalycanthus chinensis, narrowly endemic to China, is a tertiary relict species. We analyzed the genetic structure pattern of 6 populations of S. chinensis using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and the isolation by distance (IBD) pattern was tested in order to understand the relative influences of gene flow and genetic drift on population structure. The genetic diversity at species level was relatively high (P=51.00%, h =0.1397 and I=0.2191, respectively), while that at populations level was relatively low (P=18.00%, h=0.0733 and I=0.1108, respectively). High genetic differentiation was detected among populations (ΦST=0.6320). Neighbor-joining method of clustering results showed that six populations were clearly separated into eastern and western group. Mantel test showed that there was significant association between genetic distance and geographical distance (r 2 =0.8600, P=0.0470). Limited gene flow due to species traits and habitat fragmentation and the consequent genetic drift might be the 2 main causes for the genetic isolation by distance of S. chinensis populations.
Resistance Exercise

IN THIS STUDY, HIGH-VOLUME resistance training, the effects on resting hormones, and exerciseinduced hormonal responses were examined. College men completed 12 weeks of resistance training at 3 sessions/wk. Training sessions were Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings and consisted of 10-RM sets for 8 exercises. Four exercises incorporated all major muscle groups, and the remaining 4 focused on the biceps brachii. Blood sample results indicated that cortisol decreased in resting hormones. In addition, exerciseinduced growth hormone (GH) elevation was parallel to muscle fiber hypertrophy. These results indicate that resistance training induces elevations in GH, which can influence muscle hypertrophy. McCall, G.E. , et al. Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 24(1):96–107. 1999. Submitted by Christopher Gonzales University of North Texas
A Checklist of the Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Pennsylvania

Abstract The initial results of the first formal survey of the bee fauna of Pennsylvania are reported. Specimens were examined from some 20 private, research and institutional collections in and around the state, as well as from pan-trapping and sweep-netting results from three years (2005–2007) of surveying by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) Apiary Inspection Service. Of the 371 species reported here, 150 are new state records, including 27 of the 98 species found in the PDA surveys. Non-native species are indicated along with the earliest year of collection in the state and, for all species, the range of collection dates and the most recent year of collection are reported.
Anthelminthic treatment negatively affects chick survival in the Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus

Eurasian Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus are infested with a wide range of gut parasites, but experimental evidence of their effects on host fitness is scant. We investigated prevalence of parasites, and experimentally tested the effects of gut parasites on chick survival and growth. One hundred and fifty-nine hatchlings from 66 nests were treated with a single dose anthelminthic medicine (0.5 mL Spectril + 0.0025 mL Ivomec) and compared with a sham-treated control group of 163 hatchlings from 66 nests. Unexpectedly, chicks treated with the anthelminthic drug survived less well than control chicks. Fledglings from the treated group were significantly less infected with gut parasites than untreated fledglings, although they were of similar body mass. One possible explanation for these findings is that the treatment interferes with the development of the immune system in the hatchlings. This might have caused mass mortality of treated hatchlings after the drug ceased to work and the treated chicks became susceptible to infections for the first time. Furthermore, all chicks and adults from both saltmarsh and adjacent freshwater habitat appeared free from blood parasites. Thus, in the Eurasian Oystercatcher, we found no support for the hypothesis, based on between-species comparisons, that the presence of blood parasites is related to the saltiness of the environment.
Prostaglandin F2α activates phospholipase D independently from activation of protein kinase C in osteoblast‐like cells

We previously reported that prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) receptor is coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)–sensitive GTP‐binding protein (G protein) in osteoblast‐like MC3T3‐E1 cells [Miwa et al. (1990): Biochem Biophys Res Commun 171:1229–1235]. In the present study, we examined the effect of PGF2α on the activation of phosphatidylcholine‐hydrolyzing phospholipase D in MC3T3‐E1 cells. PGF2α stimulated the formation of choline in a dose‐dependent manner in the range between 10 nM and 10 μM. The formation of choline was stimulated by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), a protein kinase C (PKC)–activating phorbol ester. 4α‐Phorbol 12,13‐didecanoate, a PKC‐nonactivating phorbol ester, had little effect on choline formation. The formation of choline stimulated by a combination of PGF2α and TPA was additive. Staurosporine, an inhibitor for protein kinases, which inhibited the effect of TPA on choline formation, dose‐dependently enhanced the formation of choline induced by PGF2α. NaF, an activator of G protein, stimulated the formation of choline. The formation of choline stimulated by a combination of PGF2α and NaF was not additive. NaF‐induced formation of choline was dose‐dependently enhanced by staurosporine. PTX dose‐dependently inhibited the PGF2α‐induced formation of choline. These results strongly suggest that PGF2α activates phospholipase D independently from the activation of PKC in osteoblast‐like cells and PTX‐sensitive G protein is involved in the PGF2α‐induced phospholipase D activation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular genetic analysis of dormancy-related traits in poplars

Abstract We studied the molecular genetics of dormancy-related traits in an F2 family of poplar (Populus) hybrids derived from a cross between a northern genotype of black cottonwood and a southern genotype of eastern cottonwood by mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes. Dormancy-related traits included timing of vegetative bud set, fall frost damage, chilling response, timing of vegetative bud flush, and winter survival under field conditions, as well as photoperiodic responses (timing of bud set and number of new leaves) in a warm greenhouse under either a uniform 8-h photoperiod or a naturally shortening photoperiod in the fall. QTL analyses were conducted using a linkage map consisting of AFLP, microsatellite, and candidate gene markers. The candidate genes were chosen because of their potential roles in either photoperiodic perception (PHYB1, PHYB2) or abscisic acid signal transduction (ABI1B, ABI1D, ABI3). Significant QTLs were detected for all dormancy-related traits, except for winter survival, which had a relatively low heritability compared with the other traits. Interestingly, half of the field bud set QTLs did not map near photoperiodic QTLs. This is consistent with the moderate genetic correlation between these traits (0.53 to 0.60) and suggests that genetic differences in photoperiodic responses play only a modest role in explaining genetic differences in the timing of bud set under field conditions. Except for ABI1D, each of the candidate genes tested mapped near one or more of the dormancy-related QTLs. We conclude that molecular markers and QTL analyses can be used to study the genetics of dormancy-related traits, to design more effective breeding programs, and to provide new insights into tree physiology. Nomenclature: Black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray; eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides Bartr. Ex Marsh.
An LSTM Based Time Series Forecasting Framework for Web Services Recommendation

The convergence of Social Mobility Analytics and Cloud (SMAC) technologies gives rise to an unforeseen aggrandization of the web services on the internet. The resilience and payment-based approach of the cloud makes it an obvious choice for the deployment of web services-based applications. Out of available web services, to gratify the similar functionalities, the choice of the web service based on the personalized quality of service (QoS) parameters plays an importantrole in determining the selection of the web service. The role of time is rarely being discussed in deciding the QoS of web services. The delivery of QoS is not made as declared due to the non-functional performance of web services correlated behavior with the invocation time. This happens because service status usually changes over time. Hence, the design of the time a ware web service recommendation system based on the personalized QoS parameters is very crucial and becomes a challenging research issue. In this study, LSTM based deep learning models were used for the prediction of these time aware QoS parameters and the results are compared with the previous approaches. The experimental results show that the LSTM based Time Series Forecasting Framework is performing better. The RMSE, MAE, and MAPE are used as an evaluation metric and their value for the prediction of Response time (RT) is found to be 0.030269, 0.02382 and 0.59773 respectively with adaptive moment estimation as the training option and is found to be 0.66988, 0.66465 and 27.9934 respectively with root mean square propagation as the training option. The RMSE, MAE, and MAPE value for the prediction of through put (TP) is found to be 0.77787, 0.4792 and 1.61 respectively with adaptive moment estimation as the training option and is found to be 0.2. 7087, 1.4076 and 7.1559 respectively with root mean square propagation as the training option respectively. Thus, the experimental results show that the LSTM model of Time Series Fore casting for Web Services Recommendation Framework is performing better as compared to previous methods.
Combined effect of warming and infection by Labyrinthula sp. on the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa

Global warming is predicted to alter host−pathogen relationships and increase disease outbreaks in terrestrial and marine environments. We evaluated the effect of warming on the susceptibility of Cymodocea nodosa to infection by Labyrinthula sp. (the causative agent of seagrass wasting disease) by monitoring disease symptoms and seagrass photobiology. Seagrass shoots were incubated at temperatures between 24 and 32°C, encompassing maximum summer seawater temperatures projected for the Mediterranean during the 21st century, and exposed to Labyrinthula sp. for 2 wk. The effect of temperature on pathogen growth was also tested by growing Labyrinthula sp. in liquid medium for 24 h. Disease severity, measured as lesion size, de creased with warming, but the presence of lesions had a negative effect on quantum yield, quantum efficiency, optimum irradiance and the maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax) in adjacent tissue across the full range of temperatures. The direct effect of increased temperature on photochemical efficiency was positive in terms of quantum yield, whereas compensation and optimum irradiances and ETRmax decreased slightly with warming. Warming stimulated Labyrinthula sp. growth up to a threshold of around 26 to 28°C, beyond which cell division and elongation of the ectoplasmic network decreased. At 32°C almost no growth was observed. Our results indicate that warming does not make C. nodosa more susceptible to infection by Labyrinthula sp. and that the disease is unlikely to pose a serious threat to C. nodosa, but that the pathogen is able to persist during forecasted warm periods.
Age and growth of Aphia minuta (Pisces, Gobiidae) from the central Adriatic Sea

Aphia minuta (Risso, 1810) is by far the most common pelagic gobiid of the Adriatic Sea and it is seasonally exploited by some local small-scale fishing fleets. Despite this, very few data on its biology in this area have been reported to date. Accordingly, age and growth of A. minuta were investigated by counting microincrements (daily rings) in the sagittal otoliths of 262 specimens caught in the central Adriatic between May 1996 and March 1997. Age of fish from 14 to 55 mm total length ranged between 42 and 275 days, confirming the short life span of this species. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated by the age-length data pairs for the whole population were: L = 68.7 mm; K = 1.55 year-1; t0 = 0.077 year. The analysis of the monthly length-frequency distributions showed the simultaneous presence in late spring-early summer of two main cohorts which, together with the back-calculated hatch date distribution, indicated a more extended spawning period than previously reported in the literature. Because the fishery for A. minuta in the central Adriatic exploits the spawning stock it should be monitored and, if necessary, regulated.
Recommendations for Patient‐reported Outcome Measures for Head and Neck Cancer‐related Neck Dysfunction: A Systematic Review

Background: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) often experience significant postoperative limitations in neck function and activities of daily living due to neurological and soft tissue changes and side effects of cancer treatment. Physical therapists must use valid and reliable outcome measures to quantify functional outcomes related to treatment of the neck. Purpose: As part of the activities of the Oncology Section Head and Neck EDGE Task Force, we report evidence‐based recommendations for patient‐reported outcome measures for patients with HNC‐related neck dysfunction. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of neck outcome measures that are clinically feasible and relevant to the HNC patient population using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRIMSA) model. Recommendations are based on the quality of psychometric properties, clinical feasibility, and previous use in HNC‐related research. Ten outcome measures were selected and 3 are highly recommended for use in the HNC population. Conclusions: There were strengths and weaknesses related to each of the recommended outcome measures. The Neck Disability Index, Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire, and Neck Pain and Disability Scale demonstrate strong psychometric properties across multiple patient populations, but have been minimally used in the HNC population. Further research should address the efficacy and appropriateness of these measures for use in patient populations presenting with cancer‐treatment related neck dysfunction for HNC. Systematic Review Registration Number: PROSPERO CRD42013004898
The mode of emergence of the sporoplasm in Microsporidia and its relation to the structure of the spore

1. Studies on two Microsporidia, Nosema helminthorum Moniez and N. locustae Canning, have shown that the polar filament serves to conduct the sporoplasm out of the spore. 2. The filament is a solid structure and the sporoplasm is either attached to or is a continuation of it. The filament is first extruded as a tightly coiled mass and, as this uncoils, it drags the sporoplasm out of the spore. 3. The sporoplasm, which is either uninucleate or binucleate, takes the form of a girdle of protoplasm, which lies on the inner side of the spore membrane and surrounds the coiled polar filament. There is no polar capsule.