Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Whey proteins as microencapsulating agents. Microencapsulation of anhydrous milkfat: structure evaluation

Microencapsulation of milkfat may open new fields of application for this milk constituent by transforming it into dry and stable powder. Research has been undertaken to study the microstructure of whey protein based, anhydrous milkfat-containing, spray-dried microcapsules. Whey protein concentrates of 50% and 75% protein and whey protein isolate were evaluated as microencapsulating agents (wall materials). The effects of wall composition, fat load , and drying conditions on the capsule's structure were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spherical capsules with smooth , wrinklefree surfaces were observed in all cases. Whey protein isolate-based microcapsules dried at a temperature higher than 105 °C were free of surface indentation and only a limited extent of indentation was observed when whey protein concentrate served as the wall material. Microcapsules prepared from emulsions containing more than 10 % wall solids and dried at I6o • c exhibited no cracks or holes. Comparing the microstructure of spray-dried microcapsules with and without milkfat (prepared under the same conditions) suggested that high milkfat load limits the extent of surface indentation. The milkfat was encapsulated as 50-600 nm particles that were uniformly distributed throughout the interior of the wall matrices . No visible pores or cracks exposing the core material to the environment were detected. Theresults suggest that whey proteins can be considered as microencapsulating agents for anhydrous milkfat.
Extended star clusters in NGC 1023 from HST/ACS mosaic imaging

Faint fuzzies are a relatively new class of star cluster, first found in the nearby S0 galaxy NGC 1023 by Larsen & Brodie using WFPC2 images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Here we investigate the star cluster system of NGC 1023 using an eight pointing mosaic of ACS images from HST. We identify blue and red normal globular clusters (two of which are particularly luminous and dense) and two ultra compact dwarf objects (with effective radius ~10 pc). With our more complete spatial coverage, we also find 81 red and 27 blue faint fuzzies (FFs). We confirm the association of the red FFs with the disk of NGC 1023, consistent with them being long-lived open clusters. Half of the blue FFs appear to be associated with the dwarf satellite galaxy NGC 1023A (which was largely absent from the original HST/WFPC2 coverage), while the remainder are spatially coincident with the densest HI gas that surrounds NGC 1023. The blue FFs have colours that are consistent with young (few 100 Myr old) star clusters that formed during the most recent interaction between NGC 1023 and its satellite NGC 1023A.
Coherent Cancellation of Backaction Noise in optomechanical Force Measurements

Optomechanical detectors have reached the standard quantum limit in position and force sensing where measurement backaction noise starts to be the limiting factor for the sensitivity. A strategy to circumvent measurement backaction, and surpass the standard quantum limit, has been suggested by M. Tsang and C. Caves in Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 123601 (2010). We provide a detailed analysis of this method and assess its benefits, requirements, and limitations. We conclude that a proof-of-principle demonstration based on a micro-optomechanical system is demanding, but possible. However, for parameters relevant to gravitational wave detectors the requirements for backaction evasion appear to be prohibitive.
The impact of individual ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on aphid colonies.

Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) have been reported to produce winged offspring in the presence of predatory ladybirds. These offspring may leave host plants by flight after they have developed into winged adults. The inter-generational nature of this response raises the question about the chances of survival of aphids developing in attacked colonies. We studied the behaviour of predatory ladybirds on host plants by releasing adult 7-spot ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata) on bean plants hosting either no prey individuals or colonies of 10 or 30 pea aphids. Interactions between predator and prey were recorded until the ladybird left the plant. Ladybird patch residence time increased with the number of aphids present on a plant but beetles generally left a plant before all aphids were eaten. The time budget of the ladybirds revealed a high proportion of time not spent in feeding activities. Predation rate was about one aphid killed per 10min residence time in both treatments with aphid-infested plants. Aphids that survived an attack by the predator or that were alarmed when a conspecific was attacked often emigrated from the host plant, and their number was of the same magnitude as the number of aphids killed by the predator. On average, pea aphid numbers at the end of an experiment were reduced to less than a third of the initial value. The results of the experiment show that attack by single ladybirds does on average not cause immediate extinction of small aphid colonies. The short patch residence times of on average less than two hours show that a predator individual that induces winged-offspring production in an aphid colony will not any longer be present in the colony when the induced offspring mature. To understand the adaptiveness of predator-induced wing development in pea aphids the probabilities of subsequent attacks on an aphid colony need to be investigated.
A birth-cohort test of the wilson willis model of nonmarital fertility

This paper offers the first birth-cohort test of the Wilson-Willis model of black-white differences in nonmarital childbearing. Cohort data are uniquely suited to the model, and unlike prior evidence, support the power of the model’s predictions: For blacks, the nonmarital birth share rises, as predicted, with the ratio of female to male resources, but decreases for whites. Similarly, the nonmarital birth share for blacks decreases with the ratio of eligible men to women for blacks, as predicted, yet increases for whites. The model explains a majority of the racial difference in nonmarital birth shares.
Virtual-Source based accurate model for predicting noise behavior at high frequencies in nanoscale PMOS SOI transistors

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology at the nanometre scale is an excellent platform to implement monolithically integrated systems because of the low cost of manufacturing and ease of integration. Newly developed CMOS Silicon on Insulator (SOI) transistors that are currently developed are suitable for use in radio frequency circuits. They find applications in many areas such as 5G telecommunication systems, high speed Wi-Fi and airport body-scanners. Unfortunately, the models for CMOS SOI transistors that are currently used in these circuits are inaccurate because of their complexity. The models currently used require the optimization of more than 200 variables. This paper aims to accurately create a scalable model of a P-type MOS transistor using a Virtual Source (VS) model with much less complexity. The VS model’s DC characteristics will require the optimization of only ten parameters and is supplemented with parasitic resistances, inductances and capacitances to accurately predict behaviour at radio frequencies. These parameters were optimized two at a time using a multivariate optimization algorithm while fixing the remaining parameter’s values within a certain range. A simulation of the voltage and current at the drain of the transistor was performed and the resulting I-V curves were plotted. A frequency simulation was also conducted in order to test the high frequency performance of the MOSFET. A typical I-V characteristic curve for a PMOS was obtained with no change in shape when the transistor width was scaled. The model’s performance under high frequencies also matched those displayed by a standard 45nm PMOS. The I-V characteristic plots that were obtained displayed the general behaviour of a p-type MOSFET under those voltage conditions. This demonstrates that the Virtual source model is able to predict the general behaviour of the I-V characteristic curves of the p-type MOSFET as well as function properly at high frequencies typically seen in RF circuits.
A Novel Differential Switching Capacitor DAC for 10-bit SAR ADC

1 Dr. Jamuna S, Dr. Dinesha P, Kp Shashikala, Haripriya T 1,2,3,4 Department of ECE, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a circuit which converts analog voltage signal into digital signal form. Practically most of the data is characterized using analog signals but the input to different processors cannot be an analog signal hence it needs to be converted into digital signals, so that processors will be able to read, understand and manipulate the data. The basic process in conversion involves sampling and quantization of the input signal. The continuous time domain analog signal is converted to a signal discrete in amplitude and time. In this paper we propose a novel architecture for Digital-to-Analog converter for the purpose of implementation on successive approximation register type Analog-to-Digital converter. Compared to conventional converters the differential switching enhances the resolution time, efficiency and area. The architecture implemented on 45nm reduces the capacitor and hence enhancing both timing and area of the circuit.
The Brazilian System of Innovation in Biotechnology: a Preliminary Study

In order to prepare a preliminary analysis of the Brazilian National Innovation System in Biotechnology (NISB), we conducted several interviews and used e-mail questionnaires with different kinds of actors in the system, i.e. university teachers, financing agents, businessmen, etc. The study suggests that Brazil has a few important strong points, like the scientific tradition in biotechnology, the financing to basic research and the strength of the agricultural sector in the last decade. But there is still a long way to go; sector regulation, the start up companies financing and the cultural aspect of business aversion by researchers seem to be the main obstacles for the country to become a significant player in this sector
Econometric Analysis of the Effects of Subsidies on Farm Production in Case of Endogenous Input Quantities

The effect of subsidies on farm production has been a major topic in agricultural economics for several decades. We present a new approach for analyzing the effects of different types of coupled and decoupled subsidies on farm production with econometric methods. In contrast to most previous studies, our approach is entirely based on a theoretical microeconomic model, explicitly allows subsidies to have an impact on input use, and takes linkages between the farm and the farm household into account.
Comedy of Contingency: Making Physical Humor in Video Game Spaces

Although mediated humor is pervasive in our media cultures, media studies have largely glossed over the role of technology in the process of making humor. This article brings that topic into focus, while examining the Machinima-related subgenre of gameplay mischief video—the video montages of physical humor captured or staged in the simulated spaces of video games. Based on close reading of videos from three contemporary 3D action titles, interviews with the makers of these videos, and an analysis of humor techniques they employ, I argue that this vein of humor arises from the interaction between the player and the game. I also claim that the capacity of games to generate unexpected and contingent events is instrumental to this process.
SEPARATION OF X-BEARING BOVINE SPERM BY CENTRIFUGATION IN CONTINUOUS PERCOLL AND OPTIPREP DENSITY GRADIENT: EFFECT IN SPERM VIABILITY AND IN VITRO EMBRYO PRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to separate X-bearing bovine sperm by continuous Percoll and OptiPrep density gradients and to validate the sexing of resultant in vitro produced embryos by Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Frozen/thawed sperm was layered on density gradients which were previously prepared in polystyrene tubes, 24 h before procedures and maintained at 4 °C. The tubes were centrifuged at 500 x g for 15 min at 22 °C. Supernatants were gently aspirated and the sperm recovered from the bottom of the tubes. Viability and integrity of sperm were evaluated by Trypan Blue/Giemsa stain. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were determined by in vitro production of embryos and PCR was performed for identification of the embryos’ genetic sex. No damage in viability and acrossomal integrity and in cleavage and blastocyst rates was found in the Percoll and OptiPrep treatment compared to the non-centrifuged group (P>0.05). The percentage of female embryos in the Percoll and OptiPrep group was 63.0 and 47.6%, respectively. The female embryos in control group were 48.7%. A sexual deviation in the Percoll density gradient was achieved without reduction of sperm viability and in vitro production rates.
Simple Monitoring of Discharge State in Inductively Coupled Plasma Using Radio Frequency Impedance Analyzer

Changes of discharge state in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were investigated by use of a radio frequency (RF) impedance analyzer. A voltage loaded on the ICP coil and a current flowing within the coil were plotted against the RF power, and the two curves exhibited similar patterns. The discharge states, i.e., the E mode, the H mode, and an appearance of the skin effect were inferred from the curves and a theoretical interpretation by use of a circuit model. The inference was also supported by curves of a real part of load impedance and of a load impedance phase angle versus the power.
Effect of Chronic Exposure of Cadmium Chloride in Drinking Water on Structural and Functional Aspects of Thyroid Gland in Mature Male Rabbits

The effect of chronic exposure to two different levels of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) 30 ppb and 40 ppb in drinking water for 12 weeks on thyroid function of mature male rabbits was studied. Eighteen mature male rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (each of six ) , control group (group I ): were offered ordinary tap water , and treated groups (II and III ) were offered tap water containing 30ppb and 40 ppb respectively for 12 weeks . Serum concentration of thyroxin (T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured every six weeks ,as an index of thyroid function , further more , section of thyroid gland were prepared for histological studies. The results showed that chronic exposure of male rabbits to two different levels of CdCl2 caused significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum T3 and T4 in both treated groups in compared with control group, in addition, there were histological changes in thyroid gland of treated groups manifested by hyperplasia with presence of large number of varying size of microfollicels and hypertrophic thyrocytes, small colloid with little secretion . Key wards: Cadmium, Thyroid gland, Thyroxin, Triiodothyronin, Thyrocyt
Implementing a 3-way approach of clone detection and removal using pattern & clone detector tool

Software Systems are evolving by adding new functions and modifying existing functions over time. Through the evolution, the structure of software is becoming more complex and so the understandability and maintainability of software systems is deteriorating day by day. These are not only important but one of the most expensive activities in software development. The copying and duplication of source code has been studied in software engineering under several topic areas. Copy and paste programming is a common activity but it introduces a negative point to reuse by creating Clones. Detection of duplicate code fragments leads to efficiency on the software maintenance process and decreases maintenance cost. It is possible to outwit the hindrance of clones by applying a 3-way approach of detecting the clones at design and code level. The process is automated by developing a tool that requires no parsing yet is able to detect a significant amount of code duplication. Since code clones are believed to increase the maintenance effort, several code clone detection techniques and tools have been proposed. This thesis proposes a 3-way approach of integrating Model Based Visual Analysis using UML, Pattern Based Semantic Analysis and Syntactically Code Analysis to detect Type1 and Type 2 clones using Pattern Clone Detector (P C Detector). For the implementation of 3-way approach, I have developed a tool, named Pattern Clone Detector (PC Detector) that extracts code clones in C and C++ source files. After detecting the clones, PC Detector also identifies the pull up pattern residing in the code and thereby removes the clones. The proposed 3-way approach is compared with other clone detection techniques. The other studied clone detection techniques detect clones at code level but the proposed 3-way approach detects and removes cloning at design as well as code level.
Transformation of SiOx films into nanocomposite SiO2(Si) films under thermal and laser annealing

Oxide-assisted growth of Si nanocrystals includes deposition of a siliconenriched SiOx film at the first stage and annealing at the second one. The ion-plasma sputtering method has been used for deposition of the SiOx film. The influence of thermal and laser annealing on SiOx film properties has been investigated. Formation of silicon nanoislands on oxide film surface has been observed by AFM both after thermal and laser annealing. The height and surface density of the nanoislands depends both on the silicon content in the initial SiOx film and temperature of thermal annealing. The higher annealing temperature causes formation of large nanoislands, but their surface density decreases. Comparison of nanoislands created at thermal and laser annealing shows that in case of laser annealing the nanoislands are higher and their surface density is lower. The intensity of laser irradiation influences on nanoisland parameters significantly. The growth of electrical conductivity with thermal annealing temperature has been observed. The influence of gas atmosphere during annealing is also significant in case of higher temperatures. In case of laser annealing at the beginning at low laser irradiation intensities, the SiOx film conductivity increases, but the following growth of intensity causes the decrease in electrical conductivity.
Diffusion coefficients of organic molecules in sucrose-water solutions and comparison with Stokes-Einstein predictions

Abstract. The diffusion coefficients of organic species in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are needed to predict the growth and reactivity of these particles in the atmosphere. Previously, viscosity measurements, along with the Stokes–Einstein relation, have been used to estimate the diffusion rates of organics within SOA particles or proxies of SOA particles. To test the Stokes–Einstein relation, we have measured the diffusion coefficients of three fluorescent organic dyes (fluorescein, rhodamine 6G and calcein) within sucrose–water solutions with varying water activity. Sucrose–water solutions were used as a proxy for SOA material found in the atmosphere. Diffusion coefficients were measured using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. For the three dyes studied, the diffusion coefficients vary by 4–5 orders of magnitude as the water activity varied from 0.38 to 0.80, illustrating the sensitivity of the diffusion coefficients to the water content in the matrix. At the lowest water activity studied (0.38), the average diffusion coefficients were 1.9 × 10−13, 1.5 × 10−14 and 7.7 × 10−14 cm2 s−1 for fluorescein, rhodamine 6G and calcein, respectively. The measured diffusion coefficients were compared with predictions made using literature viscosities and the Stokes–Einstein relation. We found that at water activity ≥ 0.6 (which corresponds to a viscosity of ≤ 360 Pa s and Tg∕T ≤ 0.81), predicted diffusion rates agreed with measured diffusion rates within the experimental uncertainty (Tg represents the glass transition temperature and T is the temperature of the measurements). When the water activity was 0.38 (which corresponds to a viscosity of 3.3 × 106 Pa s and a Tg∕T of 0.94), the Stokes–Einstein relation underpredicted the diffusion coefficients of fluorescein, rhodamine 6G and calcein by a factor of 118 (minimum of 10 and maximum of 977), a factor of 17 (minimum of 3 and maximum of 104) and a factor of 70 (minimum of 8 and maximum of 494), respectively. This disagreement is significantly smaller than the disagreement observed when comparing measured and predicted diffusion coefficients of water in sucrose–water mixtures.
Growth of Bluegill, Largemouth Bass, and Channel Catfish in Relation to Fish Abundances, Food Availability, and Other Limnological Variables

Acknowledgements. Introduction. Materials and Methods ••. •. ••. ••• Results. Discussion . References . Table 1 . Table 2 . Table 3 . Table 4 . Table 5 . • ••••••. •••••• Table 6 . Figure Legends. Figure 1 . Figure 2 . Figure 3 . ••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• Figure 4 . Figure 5 . Figure 6 ••••. ••••••. •. •••••. •••••••••••••••••• Figure 7 . Page i ii
Study of User Acceptance and Satisfaction of a Mandatory Government-Regulated Information System

This paper discusses the user acceptance of a mandatory government-regulated information system. The issue is investigated by using a modified UTAUTframework. From random sample data of 65 respondents, a regression model is established from which the conclusion is drawn. The study concludes that theaspects of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and information system quality affect the user acceptance. The four aspects are equally important.
Analyzing Factors of Defect Correction Effort in a Multi-Vendor Information System Development

This paper describes an empirical study to reveal factors influencing defect correction effort in software development. In the study we collected various attributes (metrics) of defects found in a typical medium-scale, multi-vendor information system development project in Japan over a six-month period. We then statistically analyzed the relationship between the defects' attributes and the correction effort. The analysis confirmed the well-known principle “defects are the more expensive the later they are detected” by revealing that defects detected in the “system test” were 4.88 times more expensive than those detected in the “coding/unit test”. Another principle “defects are more expensive the longer they survive in software” was also confirmed by revealing that defects, which survived two or more development phases, were 4.44 times more expensive than those detected immediately. We also identified other factors, such as defect reproducibility, severity, and the cause of detection delay, that had a significant influence on the correction effort.