Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONTEXT-BASED URBAN TERRAIN RECONSTRUCTION FROM IMAGES AND VIDEOS

Abstract. Detection of buildings and vegetation, and even more reconstruction of urban terrain from sequences of aerial images and videos is known to be a challenging task. It has been established that those methods that have as input a high-quality Digital Surface Model (DSM), are more straight-forward and produce more robust and reliable results than those image-based methods that require matching line segments or even whole regions. This motivated us to develop a new dense matching technique for DSM generation that is capable of simultaneous integration of multiple images in the reconstruction process. The DSMs generated by this new multi-image matching technique can be used for urban object extraction. In the first contribution of this paper, two examples of external sources of information added to the reconstruction pipeline will be shown. The GIS layers are used for recognition of streets and suppressing false alarms in the depth maps that were caused by moving vehicles while the near infrared channel is applied for separating vegetation from buildings. Three examples of data sets including both UAV-borne video sequences with a relatively high number of frames and high-resolution (10 cm ground sample distance) data sets consisting of (few spatial-temporarily diverse) images from large-format aerial frame cameras, will be presented. By an extensive quantitative evaluation of the Vaihingen block from the ISPRS benchmark on urban object detection, it will become clear that our procedure allows a straight-forward, efficient, and reliable instantiation of 3D city models.
Fluctuating asymmetry and body size as indicators of stress in red squirrel populations in woodland fragments

1. In large parts of Europe, red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) live in fragmented woodlands, where populations are small, and dispersal rate and genetic diversity are reduced. These small populations are, therefore, likely to have been exposed to substantial environmental and/or genetic stress. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) represents a measure of the sensitivity of development to stress. 2. We examined the expression of FA in the hind foot (a non-sexually selected trait) of live-caught squirrels from two large and six small populations, of which we had data on population density, reproductive rate and genetic variation. 3. Red squirrels in woodland fragments were smaller and had a slightly higher degree of FA than squirrels from large forests. In fragments, heavier squirrels tended to have lower degrees of FA and reproducing females were less asymmetric than non-reproducers. Both relationships indicate that, in small populations, FA increased in poor quality individuals. 4. Interpopulation variation in the mean level of FA, however, could not be correlated with genetic similarity or with woodland quality. We conclude that FA in the hind foot of red squirrels is too variable to be a useful indicator of stress differences between populations.
Asking Visitors to Help: Research to Guide Strategic Communication for Protected Area Management

Central to the mission of most protected areas is managing visitor use in such a way that visitor experiences are enhanced while fragile environments are protected. Protected area management agencies annually devote significant financial and human resources to repairing biological and physical damage resulting from uninformed visitor behaviour. Resources do not exist in most agency budgets to provide adequate personnel to monitor and manage visitor behaviour directly, particularly in large or remote areas. To the extent managers are able to harness communication to persuade visitors to voluntarily behave properly in protected areas, significant benefits will accrue both to budgets and to resource protection. Over the long term, millions of dollars that would otherwise be devoted to mitigating visitor-induced impacts could be saved or redirected to other operational priorities such as improving access and visitor services.
Use of Artificial Neuron Network to Predict Dental Arch Form

Objective: To develop diagnostic reference for arch form using Artificial Neuron Network (ANN) from tooth size and arch dimension variables on scanned-dental cast from patients with class I malocclusion treated orthodontically. Material and Methods: One hundred and ninety pairs of dental cast pre-post orthodontic treatment gathered from Orthodontic clinics were scanned and then all dimension variables were measured using Image Tool (gender, tooth size and arch dimension). The multivariate data were analyzed statistically using Stata (Lakeway Drive, College Station, Texas USA). The statistic results were compiled to build the neuron network software for analyzing arch form. Results: Gender and all variables from pre-treatment do not influence arch form. Intercanine width, canine depth, intermolar width, and molar depth are variables that influence arch form. The result of the statistical analyses can be used to develop software based on artificial neural network. Output program is the arch form, such as oval, square or tapered. The software can describe arch form with the accuracy of 76.31%. Conclusion: A software using Artificial Neuron Network to describe arch form can be used for diagnostic reference to Class I malocclusion.
Probabilistically time-analyzable complex processors in hard real- time systems

Critical Real-Time Embedded Systems (CRTES) feature performance-demanding functionality. High-performance hardware and complex software can provide such functionality, but the use of aggressive technology challenges time-predictability. Our work focuses on the investigation and development of (1) hardware mechanisms to control inter-task interferences in shared timerandomized caches and (2) manycore network-on-chip designs meeting the requirements of Probabilistic Timing Analysis (PTA).
Genetic structure of an invasive bivalve Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) from Poland. II. Ecological variation

Thirty two populations of Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.) from Poland were electrophoretically studied with respect to enzymatic loci Got1, Est1, Pgi1, Mdh1, Me1, Idh1 and Pgm1. The variation analysis focused on the possible differences between populations inhabiting lakes of different character. Populations from heated lakes displayed a higher genetic variation compared to unheated reservoirs. Populations from brackish waters showed an excess of homozygotes (loci Got1 and Pgi1) compared to freshwaters. Gradual eutrophication of lakes seems to cause no significant changes in the genetic structure of zebra mussel populations.
Political Polarization in Participatory Media

Online participatory media, such as social networking sites or discussion forums, play a key role in the current political climate, o ering the chance to gather large datasets of voter expression and behavior. A common feature of traditional mass media and online participatory media is that both o er politicians a way to reach a very large numbers of users in very short time. But the main di erence is that in the latter, users can also reach large numbers of other users by posting publicly accessible posts and comments. This leads to collective patterns that are emergent phenomena resulting from the interaction of many users. One of these is the polarization of emotions and opinions which is di cult to explain by analyzing the representative user , due to the inherent heterogeneity of citizens in terms of political topics. Despite these individual di erences, the networks of Twitter users [1], and the dynamics of video views in Youtube [3], and votes in Reddit [10] show the existence of statistical regularities of polarization.
Understanding hearing impairment through model predictions of brainstem responses

Latencies of auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave-V decrease with increasing stimulus level, an effect often ascribed to broadened auditory filters. Following this hypothesis, hearing- impaired subjects with broad auditory filters should exhibit shorter wave-V latencies than normal-hearing listeners. Hearing anomalies resulting from the preferential degradation of low spontaneous rate (LS) auditory nerve (AN) fibers with intact thresholds have recently received attention. However, their effect on the ABR wave-V latency are yet to be elucidated. Here, a model of ABR investigates the relationships between wave-V latency and various forms of hearing damage. ABR wave-Vs are predicted from a model consisting of a nonlinear cochlear model (Verhulst et al., 2012, JASA 132), an IHC/AN synapse model (Heinz et al., 2001, ARLO 5), and a model of the cochlear nucleus (CN) and inferior colliculus (IC) (Nelson and Carney, 2004, JASA 116). Simulations show that on a single-unit level, latency-with-level functions of the AN and IC reflect the width of the underlying auditory filter, an effect that is greatly reduced in simulated ABR wave-V latencies. The adopted modeling approach can improve our understanding of ABR wave-V latency and thereby enhance its predictive power in the diagnostics of various forms of hearing impairment.
Tube ileostomy as an alternative to conventional ileostomy for fecal diversion

Background Temporary ileostomies although controversial, are still used to divert fecal stream to protect the at risk distal anastamosis. However, these are associated with significant morbidity and patient inconvenience. A novel technique tube ileostomy is studied for its effectiveness and safety in such patients. Methods This prospective study over three years included thirty patients who underwent distal colorectal surgery with proximal diversion using tube ileostomy. The patients were followed for effectiveness of diversion and complications . Results 30 patients in the study were followed for 236 months. Low anterior resection was the most common procedure performed (46.7%). Early complications in the form of peritubal leak and tube blockade were noted in 5 patients (16.7%). Two patients were reoperated for clinical anastamotic leak and pelvic sepsis. There were two deaths (6.7%) in our series one from pulmonary embolism and one from pelvic sepsis. Based upon a questionnaire, 86.67% patients in the study were satisfied with their diversion. The average hospital stay was 8.7 + 6.3 days. The tube was removed between 20th-25th day in 86.67% patients. During follow up five patients reported with features of subacute intestinal obstruction but none required surgery. Conclusions Tube ileostomy is technically easy to construct with good patient acceptance and few complications. It effectively protects distal anastamosis and avoids the need for a second surgery and its related complications.
Simulation of spring wheat responses to elevated CO2 and temperature by using CERES-wheat crop model

CERES wheat -kasvumallilla simuloitiin kohotettujen CO2:n (700 ppm, parts per million) ja lampotilan (+3 °C) vaikutuksia kevatvehnalajike Polkan (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Polkka) fenologiseen kehitykseen seka biomassa- ja sadontuottomahdollisuuksiin optimaalisissa kasvuoloissa (potentiaalinen kasvumalli). Toinen simulointi suoritettiin kasvukauden aikaisten stressitekijoiden (saa, kuivuus, sadanta ja typpilannoitus) vaikuttaessa fenologiseen kehitykseen ja sadontuottoon (non-potentiaalinen kasvumalli). Suomen ilmastonmuutos -tutkimusohjelman (SILMU 1992-1994) skenaarioiden mukaan Suomen kasvuolosuhteet tulevat muistuttamaan v. 2100 olosuhteita, jotka vallitsevat talla hetkella Tanskassa ja Pohjois-Saksassa. Talloin keskilampotila on kohonnut 3 °C ja ilmakehan CO2-taso kaksinkertaistunut nykyisesta 350:sta 700 ppm:aan.CERES wheat -kasvumallituksen tulokset indikoivat kaksinkertaisen CO2-tason kohottavan Polkka-lajikkeen satoa 142 % potentiaalisella mallilla (167 % non-potentiaalisella) laskettuna nykyisesta referenssitasosta (100 %, ambientti lampotila, CO2 350 ppm). Kohotettu lampotila (+3 °C) pienensi Polkan satoa 80,4 %:iin referenssitasosta (100 %, 6,16 t ha-1) potentiaalisella mallilla (76,8 % non-potentiaalisella mallilla referenssitasosta 4,49 t ha-1). Kohotettu lampotila lyhensi kasvin kasvuaikaa kiihdyttamalla kasvua vegetatiivisessa ja generatiivisessa vaiheessa. Kasvuajan lyhentyminen puolestaan alensi Polkka-vehnan satoa. Kun simuloitiin kohotettujen CO2-tason ja lampotilan yhteisvaikutusta Polkan satoon, kiihdytti kohotettu CO2-taso vegetatiivisessa vaiheessa biomassan muodostumista ja generatiivisessa vaiheessa sadonmuodostusta. Toisaalta kohotettu lampotila lyhensi kasvin generatiivista vaihetta ja kumosi CO2-tason kohottamisen vaikutuksen. Talloin kohotettu lampotila aiheutti tahkan taystuleentumisen aikaisemmin ja sato jai alhaisemmaksi (106 % potentiaalinen malli, 122 % non-potentiaalinen malli). Tulokset olivat samansuuntaiset Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksessa v. 1992-1994 Polkka kevatvehnalla tehtyjen open top -kasvukammio kokeiden kanssa (Hakala 1998a). Simuloitaessa aikaisempaa kylvoaikaa (15 paivaa aiempi kylvo, referenssi 15.5.) sato kohosi potentiaalisella mallilla 178 %:iin referenssitasosta (100%) kohotetussa lampotilassa ja CO2-tasossa.
On Counting Planar Models

We investigate the computational complexity of #SAT for k-outerplanar formulas, a problem which in general is #P-complete. For 1-outerplanar formulas over n variables we solve #SAT in time O(n). More generally, we show that #SAT for kouterplanar graphs, k ≥ 2, can be solved in time O(n). Finally, we prove that #SAT for nested formulas runs in time O(n).
Design and Full-Wave Analysis of Cavity-Backed Resistively Loaded Circular-End Bow-Tie Antennas for GPR Applications – Part I

In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of a novel GPR antenna featuring almost 30 : 1 relative bandwidth (55 MHz − >1.5 GHz), with a maximum antenna size of 40 cm is performed. Antenna transient behavior, near-field radiation, and impact of the ground are analyzed in details. It has been shown that the antenna exhibits reduced and short ringing, low spurious energy emission in the air region, as well as stable circuital and radiation properties over different types of soil. Furthermore, the analysis of buried pipe detection using two such antennas has been performed. Novelty of such investigation lies in the fact that at the lowest operational frequency both the receive antenna and buried pipe are situated in the near-field region, whilst at the highest operational frequency only the far field is playing the role. From this analysis, antenna coupling level and waveforms of the target return, which are of crucial importance for GPR system design, are determined. Index Terms – Antenna coupling, antenna transient behavior, bow-tie antenna, buried pipe, ground-penetrating radar, near-field radiation.
Design and development of a parametrically excited 1 nonlinear energy harvester 2

An energy harvester has been designed, fabricated and tested based on the nonlinear dynamical response of a parametrically excited clamped-clamped beam with a central point-mass; magnets have been used as the central point-mass which pass through a coil when parametrically excited. Experiments have been conducted for the energy harvester when the system is excited (i) harmonically near the primary resonance; (ii) harmonically near the principal parametric resonance; (iii) by means of a non-smooth periodic excitation. An electrodynamic shaker was used to parametrically excite the system and the corresponding displacement of the magnet and output voltages of the coil were measured. It has been shown that the system displays linear behaviour at the primary resonance; however, at the principal parametric resonance, the motion characteristic of the magnet substantially changed displaying a strong softening-type nonlinearity. Theoretical simulations have also been conducted in order to verify the experimental results; the comparison between theory and experiment were within very good agreement of each other. The energy harvester developed in this paper is capable of harvesting energy close to the primary resonance as well as the principal parametric resonance; the frequency-band has been broadened significantly mainly due to the nonlinear effects as well as the parametric excitation.
Application of the MCMC algorithm in Web mining

In this paper we investigate some popular ranking algorithms used in Web searching and mining. We show that these algorithms can be considered as applications of the general Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. By this observation we suggest some new algorithms and we describe how can we study the properties of the old and new algorithms.
Impact of Exercise Induced Muscle Damage on Target Shooting Performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of exercise induced muscle damage created by upper arm on target shooting performance. Eleven healthy and moderately active males ((mean±SD) age: 21.91±2.66 years; stature: 175.33±4.83cm; body mass: 70.12± 6.83kg; body fat %: 11.20±3.83), who did not perform any high intensity physical training towards upper body extremities during last 3 months, volunteered to participate in this study. Target shooting performance for both arms were measured, following assessment of serum CK activity and muscle soreness level using visual analogue scale, before (baseline) and at 5 th minute, 24 th , 48 th , 72 nd , 96 th and 120 th hours after muscle damaging exercise protocol. Two sets of 25 repetitions, totally 50 maximal eccentric contractions were performed with forearm flexors, as muscle damage exercise protocol. Repeated measure ANOVA and Friedman test was used for statistical analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant changes in serum CK activity (F (5-50) = 40.028, p<0.01) and in target shooting performance for both dominant (F (6- 60) = 3.271, p<0.01) and non-dominant (F (6- 60) = 3.136, p<0.01) arms, relevant with time intervals. According to Friedman test, muscle soreness for both arms changed significantly (p<0.01) within time intervals. Compared to baseline values significant (p<0.05) changes were recorded following muscle damaging exercise protocol regarding to serum CK activity, muscle soreness and shooting performance. Consequently, the results of this study revealed that exercise induced muscle damage affect target shooting performance negatively. The respondents should be careful while adding unaccustomed exercises including intense eccentric contractions during the process of training planning, in sports which target shooting skills are important features. (Karli U. Impact of Exercise Induced Muscle Damage on Target Shooting Performance. Life Sci J 2013; 10(1):3386-3392). (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com . 430
Theoretical analysis of the atmospheres of CP stars - Effects of the individual abundance patterns

Context. Historically, stellar model atmospheres with scaled solar abundances (for all elements heavier then helium) have been widely used for analysis of the atmospheres of chemically peculiar (CP) stars. However, in reality, atmospheres of CP stars demonstrate a variety of abundances, not necessarily scaled to the solar composition. Aims. We study the effects of individual abundance patterns on the model atmospheres of CP stars. The main purpose is to conduct a systematic homogenous study to explore the abundance parameter space occupied by these stars. Methods. We calculated a grid of the model atmospheres of A and B stars (log g = 4.0) for different effective temperatures (Teff = 8000, 9500, 11 000, 13 000, 15 000, 20 000 K) and chemical compositions. We used the LLmodels code to compute model atmospheres with individual abundance patterns, varying the following elements: C, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Sr, Eu and He. We compared the computational results for these peculiar model atmospheres with those of reference model atmospheres of the solar chemical composition. Results. We present a homogeneous study of model atmosphere temperature structure, energy distribution, photometric indices in the uυbyβ and ∆a systems, hydrogen line profiles, and the abundance determination procedure as it applies to CP stars. In particular, we found that Si, Cr and Fe are the main elements to influence model atmospheres of CP stars, and thus to be considered in order to assess the adequacy of model atmospheres with scaled solar abundances in application to CP stars. We provide a theoretical explanation of the robust property of the ∆a photometric system to recognize CP stars with peculiar Fe content. Also, the results of our numerical tests using model atmospheres with one or several elements overabundant (Si and Fe by + 1d ex, Cr by+2 dex) suggest that the uncertainty of abundance analysis in the atmospheres of CP stars using models with scaled abundances is less than ±0.25 dex. If the same homogeneous models are used for the abundance stratification analysis then we find that the uncertainty of the value of the vertical abundance gradient is within an 0.4 dex error bar. Conclusions. Model atmospheres with individual abundance patterns should be used in order to match the actual anomalies of CP stars and minimize analysis errors.
Practical implications of inconsistent germination and viability results in testing stored Fagus sylvatica seeds.

Germination and viability of stored European beech (Fagus sylvatica) seeds can vary depending upon the time when the tests are done during seed storage. To determine the possible sources of such vari- ation the germination (GERM), germination rate expressed as mean germination time (MGT) and viability (VIAB) of six beechnut lots (three lots from two crop years) were determined monthly for one year using controlled laboratory conditions and standard tests. Higher GERM of some lots occurred when tests for stored seeds were carried out in spring and early autumn while other lots germinated better during sum- mer tests. Similarly, different germination speed (dormancy release) and VIAB were observed in different months for different lots. However, no consistent seasonal fluctuation in GERM, MGT or VIAB of the beechnuts was observed in the tests. The reason for this fluctuation seems to be initial quality (germination and dormancy) of beechnut lots rather than any endogenous factors.
Formulation and Performance Evaluation of Berberis Aristata Extract Loaded Ethosomal Gel

Aims: The aim of the present research work is to prepare ethosome of standardized Berberis aristata extract and to evaluate for vesicle shape, size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), and in vitro permeation studies. Materials and Methods: Ethosomes were prepared using soyaphosphatidylcholine (1-3%) and ethanol (10-40%) by modified cold method and were characterized. Results: The size of ethosomes were found to be in the range of 110.98-357.34 nm while PDI ranges from 0.114 to 1.56 and ZP was between −20.0 and −39.4 mV. Morphology studies showed unilamellar structure under transmission electron microscope and phase contrast microscope showed smooth surface. The EE of ethosomes was found to be in the range of 48.05% to 92.08%. Ethosomes were further added to carbopol 934P for gel formation, and subsequently, evaluated for their physicochemical properties. Discussion: In vitro diffusion study was conducted for ethosomal dispersion, hydroethanolic solution, ethosomes incorporated in viscous gel, and conventional gel using Franz diffusion cell for the biomarker compound berberine. Conclusions: It can be concluded that B. aristata loaded ethosomal delivery system is an encouraging approach for herbal drugs.