Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey on the p-Cycle Protection Method

This paper presents a comprehensive survey for the pre-configured cycle (p-cycle) protection method which is a relatively new scheme for network survivability with many interesting properties, and has been attracting quite a lot of attention. We review different aspects of p-cycles and survey the studies on this and other related survivability schemes. This survey paper is the first attempt to present a rapid overview of this interesting subject and provide and agile reference of the broad p-cycle topic. In addition to addressing the concepts and preliminaries, this survey covers advanced topics related to p-cycles such as path protecting p-cycles, availability-aware design with p-cycles, p-cycle reconfiguration, column generation approach for p-cycle network design and p-cycles in multicast networks.
A Unified Treatment of Superposition Coding Aided Communications: Theory and Practice

In this tutorial, a unified treatment of the topic of SuperPosition Coding (SPC) aided communications systems is offered, where we focus our attention not only on the theoretical background of SPC but also on its implementation techniques. The design methodology of SPC aided communications transceivers is described, including the Multiple Level Modulation (MLM) concept, the corresponding iterative Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) aided receiver and the quasi-random coding principle. Building on these fundamental discussions, various future wireless applications of the SPC technique were provided, which encompass cooperative communications-assisted relay systems and cross-layer SPC aided multiplexed Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) techniques. Our discussions demonstrate that the SPC technique is a promising enabler for diverse future wireless communications scenarios, ranging from cellular networks to cooperative networks.
Identifying the starting impact set of a maintenance request: a case study

This paper deals with impact analysis and proposes a method based on information retrieval techniques to trace the text of a maintenance request onto the set of system components initially affected by the maintenance request. The correct identification of such components is crucial for the future design and implementation of the change. The paper also discusses results from a preliminary case study where two different information retrieval approaches have been used to retrieve the software documents relevant for a maintenance request.
Towards automatical migration of transformation rules after grammar extension

The paper addresses two problems in software maintenance. Firstly, some maintenance tasks require modifications of the grammar. A change in a grammar can make abstract syntax and transformation rules outdated, which then themselves become subject to a maintenance process. Secondly, it is essential that after a repair programs look as much as possible as they looked before. Especially comments and principle readability by humans are indispensable for further maintenance. We argue that necessary changes of both abstract syntax and transformation rules due to grammar extension can be made automatically. Thus, most of the original rules can be reused. The approach can be used to define and use simplified views on complex patterns to be analysed with transformation rules. To give an example we apply the described technique to rule-based program transformations extended with partial layout preservation. The migration relation is given. The programmer uses common rewriting techniques for program transformation without taking care of layout, which then is automatically included.
Sauropods Kept Their Heads Down

In their perspective “Sauropod gigantism” (10 October 2008, [p. 200][1]), P. M. Sander and M. Clauss assumed that in order to meet their high energy demands, these long-necked dinosaurs browsed in tall trees, as do today's giraffes. Recent museum reconstructions of Barosaurus and Brachiosaurus
Generalization of Affective Learning About Faces to Perceptually Similar Faces

Different individuals have different (and different-looking) significant others, friends, and foes. The objective of this study was to investigate whether these social face environments can shape individual face preferences. First, participants learned to associate faces with positive, neutral, or negative behaviors. Then, they evaluated morphs combining novel faces with the learned faces. The morphs (65% and 80% novel faces) were within the categorical boundary of the novel faces: They were perceived as those faces in a preliminary study. Moreover, a second preliminary study showed that following the learning, the morphs’ categorization as similar to the learned faces was indistinguishable from the categorization of actual novel faces. Nevertheless, in the main experiment, participants evaluated morphs of “positive” faces more positively than morphs of “negative” faces. This learning generalization effect increased as a function of the similarity of the novel faces to the learned faces. The findings suggest that general learning mechanisms based on similarity can account for idiosyncratic face preferences.
The Emotional Timeline of September 11, 2001

September 11 was a traumatic event, with thousands of deaths and enormous individual and collective consequences. In the aftermath of September 11, people experienced a marked increase in psychological distress (Cohn, Mehl, & Pennebaker, 2004; Schlenger et al., 2002), which triggered a number of value-laden cognitions and emotions (e.g., willingness to sacrifice civil liberties, out-group derogation, moral outrage) and ultimately led to consequential political and societal outcomes (Skitka, Bauman, & Mullen, 2004). However, the immediate emotional reactions on the day of the attacks have not been studied previously. How did the dynamic course of sadness, anxiety, or anger develop? What kind of specific events induced these negative emotions? In the study reported here, we investigated the timeline of naturally unfolding negative emotions in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks.
Genetics. The promise of a cure: 20 years and counting.

On the 20th anniversary of the identification of the cystic fibrosis gene, as new gene discoveries pile up weekly and hype over the power of genes to transform medicine flows fast, CF offers an object lesson in how difficult it is, and how long it takes, to convert genetic knowledge into treatments. Every CF expert agrees that the gene discovery transformed their understanding of the disease9s pathology. But even after so much hard work, not a single therapy based on the CF gene has reached the market. Some promising treatments, especially gene therapy, have proven bitterly disappointing.
Effects of Event Valence on Long-Term Memory for Two Baseball Championship Games

We investigated how event valence affected accuracy and vividness of long-term memory for two comparable public events. In 2008, 1,563 fans answered questions about objective details concerning two decisive baseball championship games between the Yankees (2003 winners) and the Red Sox (2004 winners). Both between- and within-groups analyses indicated that fans remembered the game their team won significantly more accurately than the game their team lost. Fans also reported more vividness and more rehearsal for the game their team won. We conclude that individuals rehearse positive events more than comparable negative events, and that this additional rehearsal increases both vividness and accuracy of memories about positive events. Our results differ from those of prior studies involving memories for negative events that may have been unavoidably rehearsed; such rehearsal may have kept those memories from fading. Long-term memory for an event is determined not only by the valence of the event, but also by experiences after the event.
The Path to Glory Is Paved With Hierarchy

Two experiments examined the psychological and biological antecedents of hierarchical differentiation and the resulting consequences for productivity and conflict within small groups. In Experiment 1, which used a priming manipulation, hierarchically differentiated groups (i.e., groups comprising 1 high-power-primed, 1 low-power-primed, and 1 baseline individual) performed better on a procedurally interdependent task than did groups comprising exclusively either all high-power-primed or all low-power-primed individuals. There were no effects of hierarchical differentiation on performance on a procedurally independent task. Experiment 2 used a biological marker of dominance motivation (prenatal testosterone exposure as measured by a digit-length ratio) to manipulate hierarchical differentiation. The pattern of results from Experiment 1 was replicated; mixed-testosterone groups achieved greater productivity than did groups comprising all high-testosterone or all low-testosterone individuals. Furthermore, intragroup conflict mediated the productivity decrements for the high-testosterone but not the low-testosterone groups. This research suggests possible directions for future research and the need to further delineate the conditions and types of hierarchy under which hierarchical differentiation enhances rather than undermines group effectiveness.
Using prototypes to leverage knowledge in product development: Examples from the automotive industry

This article is rooted in the automotive industry as starting point, and discusses the topic of leveraging tacit knowledge through prototypes. The aim of this study is to make the case of using reflective and affirmative prototypes for knowledge creating and transferal in the product development process. After providing an overview on learning and knowledge, the Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization (SECI) model is discussed in detail, with a clear distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge. Based on this model, we propose a framework of using said reflective and affirmative prototypes in an external vs. internal learning/knowledge capturing and transferal setting. Rounded by two case examples from the automotive industry we end by identifying the emergent research questions and areas. Using prototypes and prototyping may hold a monumental potential to better capture and transfer knowledge in product development, thus leveraging existing integration events in engineering as a basis for knowledge transformation.
What Sleeping Babies Hear

Experiences of adversity in the early years of life alter the developing brain. However, evidence documenting this relationship often focuses on severe stressors and relies on peripheral measures of neurobiological functioning during infancy. In the present study, we employed functional MRI during natural sleep to examine associations between a more moderate environmental stressor (nonphysical interparental conflict) and 6- to 12-month-old infants’ neural processing of emotional tone of voice. The primary question was whether interparental conflict experienced by infants is associated with neural responses to emotional tone of voice, particularly very angry speech. Results indicated that maternal report of higher interparental conflict was associated with infants’ greater neural responses to very angry relative to neutral speech across several brain regions implicated in emotion and stress reactivity and regulation (including rostral anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, thalamus, and hypothalamus). These findings suggest that even moderate environmental stress may be associated with brain functioning during infancy.
Children’s Responses to the Rubber-Hand Illusion Reveal Dissociable Pathways in Body Representation

The bodily self is constructed from multisensory information. However, little is known of the relation between multisensory development and the emerging sense of self. We investigated this question by measuring the strength of the rubber-hand illusion in young children (4 to 9 years old) and adults. Intermanual pointing showed that children were as sensitive as adults to visual-tactile synchrony cues for hand position, which indicates that a visual-tactile pathway to the bodily self matures by at least 4 years of age. However, regardless of synchrony cues, children’s perceived hand position was closer to the rubber hand than adults’ perceived hand position was. This indicates a second, later-maturing process based on visual-proprioceptive information. Furthermore, explicit feelings of embodiment were related only to the visual-tactile process. These findings demonstrate two dissociable processes underlying body representation in early life, and they call into question current models of body representation and ownership in adulthood.
The Number of Fatalities Drives Disaster Aid

In the studies reported here, an analysis of financial donations in response to natural disasters showed that the amount of money allocated for humanitarian aid depends on the number of fatalities but not on the number of survivors who are affected by the disaster (i.e., the actual beneficiaries of the aid). On the basis of the experimental evidence, we discuss the underlying cause and provide guidelines to increase sensitivity to people in need.
Software and Hardware Architectures in Cooperative Aerial and Ground Robots for Agricultural Disease Detection

Currently, disease detection tasks performed on strawberry crops are conducted by human scouts. This qualitative approach is susceptible to error and relies on the visibility of symptoms which are discernable only after the disease has progressed to a certain stage. Precision agriculture is a thriving new discipline that promises to integrate new autonomous machine technology with agronomy. In this research, the cooperation of dedicated ground and aerial vehicles is proposed to undertake the challenging task of early stage disease detection for commercial farms. The focus of this paper is the architectures of the communication, software, and hardware in such a network.
Redefining dementia care barriers for ethnic minorities: the religion–culture distinction

Barriers to healthcare services experienced by black and minority ethnic (BME) persons with dementia are labelled as “cultural” in existing research. This is a promising shift from an ethno-centric approach to dementia care provision, yet very little research is dedicated to specifically how religion – as distinct from culture – influences healthcare practice. Further consideration of the religion–culture distinction is required; religion and culture are two distinct entities, which inevitably interlink. Cultural themes such as “God's will”, “Religious Ritual” and “Religious Duty”, warrant re-categorisation as “religious”. Sensitivity to the nuances between cultural and religious themes will provide clearer knowledge of how and why BME persons with dementia experience barriers to accessing care services. Further research is needed with regard to the role of religion specifically on dementia care access for BME persons to aim to improve care provision for this underrepresented demographic.
Counterterrorism's new tool: 'metanetwork' analysis.

A decade ago, most research on social networks was abstract and academic. But in the wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks, interest in applying this research to warfare exploded. Many companies are now vying for a piece of the military funding. Academic network scientists are also diving in, competing for lucrative U.S. military contracts and grants. In spite of the boom, there is sharp disagreement about how effective social network analysis has been for counterterrorism. Some worry that in the rush to catch terrorists, the U.S. military has put too much faith in social network analysis. One former U.S. official even claims that applying these methods in war zones has led to unethical practices (see sidebar).
A color metric for computer vision

The authors develop a color space metric which is useful for computer vision. While there is no shortage of proposed methods for quantifying how the human eye perceives color differences, it is difficult to apply these perceptual metrics directly to the color images sensed by a computer vision system. The metric developed can be applied to images sensed using color filters (e.g. red, green, or blue) as is often done in computer vision. The metric is defined in terms of the spectral characteristics of the filters and camera and accounts for their noise properties. The color distance function is derived as an estimate of the physical distance between normalized spectral power distributions. Components of this distance are weighted to account for sensor noise properties. A color metric has several possible uses in a computer vision system. The usefulness of the color metric is demonstrated by evaluating its performance on regions of real images. <<ETX>>
Testosterone Reactivity to Provocation Mediates the Effect of Early Intervention on Aggressive Behavior

We tested the hypotheses that the Fast Track intervention program for high-risk children would reduce adult aggressive behavior and that this effect would be mediated by decreased testosterone responses to social provocation. Participants were a subsample of males from the full trial sample, who during kindergarten had been randomly assigned to the 10-year Fast Track intervention or to a control group. The Fast Track program attempted to develop children’s social competencies through child social-cognitive and emotional-coping skills training, peer-relations coaching, academic tutoring, and classroom management, as well as training for parents to manage their child’s behavior. At a mean age of 26 years, participants responded to laboratory provocations. Results indicated that, relative to control participants, men assigned to the intervention demonstrated reduced aggression and testosterone reactivity to social provocations. Moreover, reduced testosterone reactivity mediated the effect of intervention on aggressive behavior, which provides evidence for an enduring biological mechanism underlying the effect of early psychosocial intervention on aggressive behavior in adulthood.
Region grouping from a range image

A novel method is presented for grouping range image regions such that each group of regions represents a meaningful part of an object. The set of regions, defined as a convex region set (CRS), is obtained by analyzing the boundary types between a pair of regions. The boundary types are classified as convex, concave and jump boundaries. If two regions share a convex boundary it is assumed that they are inseparable regions, thus describing the same part (object). The CRSs are determined by a region boundary graph (RBG) which is defined as a graph whose nodes represent regions, and the edges represent boundaries: convex and concave. Since jump boundaries represent no physical contact in 3-D, they are represented as null edges. A CRS is defined as a set of regions (or nodes in an RBG) such that for each pair of regions in the set, there is a path, which is represented only by convex edges. The physical interpretation is that a CRS represents part of an object such that the regions in the set cannot be separated. <<ETX>>
Visual Environment, Attention Allocation, and Learning in Young Children

A large body of evidence supports the importance of focused attention for encoding and task performance. Yet young children with immature regulation of focused attention are often placed in elementary-school classrooms containing many displays that are not relevant to ongoing instruction. We investigated whether such displays can affect children’s ability to maintain focused attention during instruction and to learn the lesson content. We placed kindergarten children in a laboratory classroom for six introductory science lessons, and we experimentally manipulated the visual environment in the classroom. Children were more distracted by the visual environment, spent more time off task, and demonstrated smaller learning gains when the walls were highly decorated than when the decorations were removed.
Incremental estimation of dense depth maps from image sequences

The authors introduce a novel pixel-based (iconic) algorithm that estimates depth and depth uncertainty at each pixel and incrementally refines these estimates over time. They describe the algorithm for translations parallel to the image plane and contrast its formulation and performance to that of a feature-based Kalman filtering algorithm. They compare the performance of the two approaches by analyzing their theoretical convergence rates, by conducting quantitative experiments with images of a flat poster, and by conducting qualitative experiments with images of a realistic outdoor scene model. The results show that the method is an effective way to extract depth from lateral camera translations and suggest that it will play an important role in low-level vision. <<ETX>>
Astronomic sun tracker performance and solar energy collection comparison for different Italian sites

In many Mediterranean Countries the level of solar insolation on horizontal varies from 4 to 5.5 MJ/(m day), as annual average. When the beam fraction of the solar energy is predominant, tracking the solar disk is a possible strategy to increase the energy yield in PV and thermal solar systems. This paper is addressed to the comparison (in terms of collectable energy) among feedback, double axis, trackers and a particular single axis one, driven by astronomic information. The comparison is made in terms of hourly simulations, based on TMY solar data. The reference tracker is assumed to be able to minimize the surface zenith angle and even to orient the collectors horizontally under cloudy conditions. The results show that the differences (reference vs astronomic) in yearly collectable energy are within few percent, thus demonstrating that non concentrating solar systems can be successfully applied with simple, astronomic tracking devices.
Algorithms for shape from shading and occluding boundaries

The problem of shape from shading and occluding boundaries can be reduced to solving a system of nonlinear equations for a smoothing spline, using regularization. The author discusses some theoretical issues corrected with this problem. He studies the existence and uniqueness of the smoothing spline. For solving the system of equations, he presents an iterative algorithm and proves that it converges to the unique solution for arbitrary regions. He also discusses efficient implementations of the iterative method, and analyzes their computational complexity. <<ETX>>
LGT/VOT tracking performance evaluation of depth images

This paper presents object tracking in depth, RGB and normal-maps images using LGT tracker. The depth and RGB images are rendered using depth imaging plugins. A series of experiments were held to evaluate the tracker performance in tracking objects in different image sequences. The experiments conducted were from the Visual Object Tracking (VOT) challenge that was arranged in association with ICCV'13 The accuracy was chosen as the evaluation measure, where the the tracker's bounding box was compared against the ground truth bounding box. Results show that tracking object using depth images gives better results and is more accurate than tracking using either the RGB or nomal maps images.
Conceptual Processing of Distractors by Older but Not Younger Adults

Evidence from perceptually based implicit memory tasks demonstrates greater priming from distracting information among older compared with younger adults. We examined whether older adults also show greater conceptually based implicit priming from distracting information. We measured priming using a general-knowledge test that was preceded by an incidental-encoding task (a color-naming Stroop task in one experiment and a 1-back task involving pictures with irrelevant words superimposed in a second experiment). Younger adults showed no priming from the distracting information in either experiment, whereas older adults showed reliable priming in both experiments. Thus, unlike young adults, older adults process irrelevant information conceptually and then can use that information to boost their performance on a subsequent task.