Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transport Mobility at the University of Brasilia, Brazil

This paper explores urban mobility at the University of Brasilia main campus, in Brasilia – Federal District, Brazil, aiming to compare performances between two models: (1) configurational, based on the Theory of the Social Logic of Space, by means of axial and segment maps, and (2) SATURN – Simulation and Assignment of Traffic to Urban Road Networks – a traditional model used in transport studies. Both techniques are hereby applied to forecast vehicular flows (cars and buses) in accordance with their specific parameters, intending to assess the validity of the tools faced with the real flow obtained for the area. Methodological procedures considered the analysis of the campus grid network according to both configurational and transport strategies. The SATURN simulation was considered in its macroscopic level (the whole network is investigated, while details such as number and length of lanes are disregarded) in order to allow for a proper comparison with the configurational model. Space Syntax, on the other hand, required the linear representation map to be drawn including the surroundings of the campus at different metric and topological radii, so as to avoid border effect. Finally, integration values from space syntax axial and segment maps and predicted counting from the transport model (traffic assignment features) were then correlated with real vehicular counting. Results have demonstrated that the configurational model is useful in identifying general trends for concentrations of flows (for both local and global radii), especially supporting simulations of future projects for new roads to be added to the present day local urban grid. The high correlation levels identified between space syntax and real counting confirmed the technique is a powerful tool to aid urban and planning design. On the other hand, SATURN findings were more precise at a local scale, especially on account of output values being in number of vehicles, allowing proper actions concerning traffic congestion, the proposal of new routes for cars or buses, the creation of binary systems, etc. Therefore, models are to be used in a complementary way, where results are more refined when investigated under both approaches. Findings have demonstrated the necessity of a joint use of configurational and transport tools for urban planning,
Observing cosmological perturbations on the past light cone

When determining the state of the universe in the past from conditions on our past null cone, as determined by astronomical data, a crucial issue is whether or not the decaying mode in the density perturbation is zero (within the error bounds of the ob­ servations). We demonstrate a method for examining this amplitude, using a Newtonian gauge-invariant formalism. IRAS-QDOT data supply the density, assuming we know the value of the bias parameter, and the POTENT scheme is employed to find the velocity field. While the data are not good enough at present to arrive at a solid conclusion, nevertheless the method is shown to provide a way of testing important assumptions usually made regarding the origin of structure in the universe. An alternative viewpoint is to assume there is no decaying mode, and use this to determine a value for the bias parameter. The value determined in this way, on the basis of present data, is similar to that obtained in other ways.
Molecular cloning and characterization of chitinase genes from Streptomyces lividans 66

Summary: In order to study the genetic control of chitinolytic activity in Streptomyces, chitinase genes were cloned from S. lividans TK64 into the multicopy plasmid pIJ702 and their expression monitored in their natural host by measuring increases in chitinase productivity. Four independent clones were obtained, and the plasmids named pEMJ1, pEMJ5, pEMJ7 and pEMJ8. Restriction endonuclease digestion showed that although two of the plasmids (pEMJ7 and pEMJ8) shared a common DNA fragment, there were no substantial similarities between the inserts of plasmids pEMJ1, pEMJ5 and pEMJ7. This was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Four chitinases (A, B, C, and D) were identified, with molecular masses of 36, 46, 65, and 41 kDa, respectively. Production of chitinases A and B was specified by the plasmids pEMJ1 and pEMJ5, respectively. Genes for the other two chitinases (C and D) were carried by plasmid pEMJ7. Although significant differences were observed between chitinases A, B, and C in terms of optimum pH for activity and mode of digestion of substrates, chitinases C and D were very similar in these respects. Cloned genes were also expressed in S. coelicolor M130 and in Escherichia coli.
agronomie : plant genetics and breeding Cloning of genes associated with the colonization of tomato roots by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae

mdash; Complimentary DNA (cDNA) libraries were made from RNA isolated from uninoculated (control) tomato roots and tomato roots colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Four clones of genes upregulated, and one clone of a gene downregulated by G mosseae colonization of roots were isolated by differential screening. Partial sequencing of the cDNA clones revealed that the upregulated clones showed significant similarities to the following genes: a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene from nodules of alfalfa, a human cullin gene, a nematodeinduced gene in giant cells of tomato roots and a mannitol dehydrogenase gene from celery and parsley. The clone of the repressed gene did not show any significant similarity to known sequences in the databases.
The effects of globalization on regional inequality in a model of semi-endogenous growth and footloose capital*

We show that manufacturing firms tend to locate only in northern regions when transportation costs are not high, and in both northern and southern regions when transportation costs are high. We made this determination through the use of a semi-endogenous research and development growth model that reflects international trade, footloose capital, and local knowledge spillover. Regional income inequality—defined here as differences in per-capita expenditure relative to the price index—decreases in the former scenario following globalization, as the northern share of expenditure does not change. This lack of change stems from there being a constant and exogenous growth rate. Additionally, the northern price index does not change, even as the southern price index decreases.
Operationalizing and measuring language dominance

The aim of this article is to show how measures of lexical richness (Guiraud, 1954; Malvern, Richards, Chipere, & Durán, 2004) can be used to operationalize and measure language dominance among bilinguals. A typology of bilinguals is proposed based on these measures of lexical richness, and the validity of the typology is then investigated in an empirical study among two groups of bilingual informants with different language dominance profiles (25 Dutch—French bilinguals from Brussels and 24 French—English bilinguals from Paris). The most important advantage of the proposed operationalization is that it allows researchers carry out precise measurements of bilingual ability in languages or language varieties for which no standardized tests exist and that these measures can be calculated on oral data that have been collected in an informal and unobtrusive way, in a naturalistic setting.
Predicting daytime carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric CO2 within forest canopies

Summary 1 While measurements of leaf carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) in terrestrial ecosystems have become more frequent, interpreting these data can remain a challenge in well developed canopies: the variation in leaf δ13C (δ13Cp) values is influenced by both the variation in δ13C of source air (δ13Ca) and by photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). However, source air information is often unavailable, limiting the interpretation of δ13Cp, particularly in dense stands. 2 In this synthesis we found that about 70% of the observed variation in δ13Cp values within the canopy was influenced by changes in Δ, and that about 30% was determined by source air effects. Significant shifts in δ13Ca occur in canopies with high leaf area, predominantly within 1 m above the forest floor. In complex canopies, particularly in the understorey, source air effects cannot be neglected if δ13Cp measurements are used to calculate Δ and ci/ca ratios [ratio of internal CO2 concentration in the mesophyll airspaces (ci) to the ambient atmospheric concentration of CO2 (ca)]. 3 We modelled δ13Ca of daytime source air for deciduous and coniferous forests in boreal, temperate and tropical biomes. An inverse regression model with easily available input variables accounted for about 90% of the variation in daytime δ13Ca values throughout the canopy. 4 In open canopies with leaf area index (L) of <2·5 or at canopy heights ≥1 m, the within-canopy daytime δ13Ca differences are negligible, and variations in δ13Cp are associated primarily with changes in Δ. Then, one can use the easily available carbon isotope ratio of the troposphere (δ13Ctrop) as a substitute for δ13Ca to calculate Δ to within ±0·4‰. 5 In canopies with L values >2·5, and at canopy heights <1 m, our model is recommended for calculating canopy δ13Ca values when direct measurements are not feasible. Although δ13Ca is highly variable near the forest floor in those dense forests, our model is more accurate and precise for estimating δ13Ca within 1 m above the forest floor than using δ13Ctrop throughout the canopy (−0·2‰ ± 1·5 versus −1·4‰ ± 1·1).
Stable Local feature based Age Invariant Face Recognition

Face recognition is identifying a person based on facial characteristics. Automated face recognition is identifying a given query face called probe from a target population known as gallery. The face recognition algorithms perform well when the interpersonal images have more discriminating features than intra personal images. The changes in the face bring down the similarity of the intrapersonal images. The variations in the face can be due to pose, expression, illumination changes and aging of a person. Face recognition accuracy is largely influenced by the age related changes in face. Aging effects on face are not uniform and depends on both intrinsic as well as external factors like geographic location, race, and food habits etc. The facial changes are exclusive for each person in spite of aging being an apparent phenomenon among all individuals. Hence there are many challenges lie in compensating age related variations.In this paper we concentrate on local features of the face which are relatively stable with respect to aging. We compute the local binary pattern of the various facial regions and recognize the query image based on the similarity of the local binary pattern histograms. The recognition rate is improved by giving weightage to the features which are stable across aging.
Ultrastructure and Phototaxis of the Zoospores of Phlyctochytrium sp., an Estuarine Chytrid

Summary: Zoospores of an estuarine fungus isolated from Bryopsis plumosa and tentatively identified as a species of Phlyctochytrium were positively phototactic. Electron microscopy revealed a complex of organelles consisting of a relatively electron opaque, membrane-bounded sac, a lipid droplet and a highly ordered array of membranous tubular units which may have been involved in photoreception. The ribosomes of the zoospores were aggregated into a nuclear cap and separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by mitochondria, the nucleus, membranous sheets and membrane-bounded vesicles. There was a vestigial kinetosome nearly parallel to the functional kinetosome. A Golgi-like body was associated with the nucleus.
Unconventional embryo selection strategies: a look into the future

The assessment of an unequivocal method able to identify the embryo with the higher possibility to implant, leading to a single live birth, is crucial for the success of an infertility treatment. Standard morphology evaluation, morphokinetic analysis and preimplantation genetic screening are the more employed embryo selection strategies in reproductive medicine centers. However, the results and the applicability of these methodologies are still controversial. Therefore, there is the need to find additional technologies to clinically select developing embryos. The challenge is to set-up a predictive, not invasive, reproducible, objective and effective method able to select the best embryo. In this review, we present several unconventional methodologies of embryo evaluation, analyzing their possible future application in human reproduction.
Polymorphisms of TGFβ 1 T + 869 C and C-509 T with Lung Cancer Risk : A Meta-analysis

Background. Lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide. A better understanding of the mechanisms may contribute to early diagnosis and establishment of new therapeutic targets. Objectives. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) T+869C and C-509T polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility. Material and Methods. Relevant studies were identified through PubMed, Medline, Embase and CNKI databases. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were employed to assess these associations in a fixedor random-effects model. Results. For the TGFβ1 T+869C polymorphism, 5 published case-control studies with 1167 cases and 1365 controls were included. Overall, no significant association was found between the TGFβ1 T+869C polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility under any genetic models in the total population (p > 0.05). A subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed no significant association among the Asian population as well, while a significant association was observed in Caucasian descendants. For the TGFβ1 C-509T polymorphism, 4 studies were considered, including 1029 cases and 1133 controls. However, this polymorphism also did not increase the risk of lung cancer in all genetic comparison models. Conclusions. This meta-analysis suggests that TGFβ1 T+869C and C-509T polymorphisms may not contribute to lung cancer risk in the total population, while the T+869C polymorphism may increase the risk of lung cancer in the Caucasian population. However, many studies are still required to evaluate these associations in large populations (Adv Clin Exp Med 2016, 25, 6, 1165–1172).
Large eddy simulation of interacting barchan dunes in a steady, unidirectional flow

Barchan dunes are bed forms found in many sedimentary environments with a limited supply of sediment, and may occur in isolation or in more complex dune fields. Barchans have a crescentic planform morphology with horns elongated in the downflow direction. To study flow over barchan dunes, we performed large eddy simulations in a channel with different interdune spacings at a flow Reynolds number, Re∞≃26,000 (based on the free stream velocity and channel height). The largest interdune spacing (2.38λ, where λ is the wavelength of the barchan dune) presents similar characteristics to a solitary dune in isolation, indicating that, at this distance, the sheltering effect of the upstream dune is rather weak. Barchan dunes induce two counterrotating streamwise vortices, one along each of the horns, which direct high‐momentum fluid toward the symmetry plane and low‐momentum fluid near the bed away from the centerline. The flow close to the centerline plane separates at the crest, but away from the centerline plane, and along the horns, flow separation occurs intermittently. The flow in the separation bubble is directed toward the horns and leaves the dune at its tips. The internal boundary layer developing on the bed downstream of the reattachment region develops similarly for various interdune spacings; the development slows down 14.5 dune heights downstream. The turbulent kinetic energy budgets show the importance of pressure transport and mean flow advection in transferring energy from the overlying wake layer to the internal boundary layer over the stoss side. For closely spaced dunes, the bed shear stress is 30% larger than at the largest spacing, and instantaneous coherent high‐ and low‐speed streaks are shorter but stronger. Coherent eddies in the separated shear layer are generated more frequently for smaller interdune spacing, where they move farther away from the bed, toward the free surface, and remain located between the horns.
Index-Based Policy for Risk-Averse Multi-Armed Bandit

The multi-armed bandit (MAB) is a classical online optimization model for the trade-off between exploration and exploitation. The traditional MAB is concerned with finding the arm that minimizes the mean cost. However, minimizing the mean does not take the risk of the problem into account. We now want to accommodate risk-averse decision makers. In this work, we introduce a coherent risk measure as the criterion to form a risk-averse MAB. In particular, we derive an index-based online sampling framework for the risk-averse MAB. We develop this framework in detail for three specific risk measures, i.e. the conditional value-at-risk, the mean-deviation and the shortfall risk measures. Under each risk measure, the convergence rate for the upper bound on the pseudo regret, defined as the difference between the expectation of the empirical risk based on the observation sequence and the true risk of the optimal arm, is established.
When should Common Cuckoos Cuculus canorus lay their eggs in host nests?

Capsule Brood parasitic Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus chicks hatch earlier than the nestlings of their Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus hosts, but hatching priority is less consistent when Cuckoo eggs are laid after the onset of host incubation. Aim To reveal by field observations what the optimal stage is for Cuckoos to lay their eggs in relation to the host laying cycle to ensure prior hatching of the parasitic chicks. Methods We monitored the hatching of Cuckoo chicks in relation to the hosts’ laying stage at which the Cuckoo eggs appeared and also monitored host incubation behaviour. Results Great Reed Warblers incubated more on day 5 after the host's onset of laying relative to day 3. All Cuckoo eggs hatched earlier than hosts when they were laid prior to the onset of host incubation (day 4). Cuckoo eggs also maintained hatching priority in about 2/3 of the nests when laid on days 5–6. Conclusions Most Cuckoo eggs are laid prior to the onset of host incubation and this, together with other adaptive mechanisms, ensures the prior hatching of Cuckoo eggs. Cuckoo eggs laid after the onset of incubation lose the advantage of prior hatching in approximately 30% of nests.
Observation of $^{60}{\rm Fe}$ in the Galactic Cosmic Rays

M. H. Israel*, W. R. Binns, E. R. Christian, A. C. Cummings, G. A. de Nolfo, K. A. Lave, R. A. Leske, R. A. Mewaldt, E. C. Stone, T. T. von Rosenvinge, M.E. Wiedenbeck Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
ELF electric fields from thunderstorms

The varying electromagnetic fi elds produced by thunderstorms and associated li ghtning discharges are examined. Calcula t ed field variations produced by an assum ed typical cloud to ground discharge model are found to agree well with observed fi eld . The magnitude of these vertical electric fi eld changes are obse rved to decrease very lowly wi th distance from the source for values comparable to discharge cha nnel heights. F rom 4 to 20 kilometers a l /d3 relation is observed, and beyond 30 kilomete rs t he fi eld varia t ions appeal' to follow a l id re lation. The expected r adiat ion field frequency spectra from 1 cycle pel' second to 100 kilocycles per second are calculated employin g models assumed to be typical of "long" a nd "short" discharges. The radiation spectra obta ined from 1 to 100 kilocycles pe l' second for observed cloud to ground discharge field variations normalized to 1 kilometer a re seen to agree within expected limits wi t h calculated values. The models employed indicate that below 300 cycles per second "long" disc harges produce much morc energy t han "s llOrt" disc ha rges, a nd that in te rand intra-cloud discharges m ay produce as much energy as cloud to ground discha rges. Anticipated vari at ions of total vertical electric field frequency spectra as a fun ction of distance, based on t he work of vVai t, are shown for the frequency range from 1 cycle per second to 100 kilocycles per second.
Effects of the local resonance on the dynamic behavior of periodic frame structures

This work investigates the dynamic behaviour of structures obtained by repeating a unit cell made up of interconnected beams or plates forming an unbraced frame. Such structures can represent an idealization of numerous reticulated systems, for example the microstructure of foams, plants, bones, the sandwich panels, stiffened plates and truss beams used in aerospace and marine structures, buildings. As beams are much stiffer in tension-compression than in bending, the propagation of compressional waves with wavelengths much greater than the cell size and the bending modes of the elements can occur in the same frequency range. Thus frame structures can behave as metamaterials and exhibit unusual dynamic properties. Since the condition of scale separation is respected for the compressional waves, the homogenization method of periodic discrete media is used to rigorously derive the macroscopic behaviour at the leading order. The main advantages of the method are the analytical formulation and the possibility to study the behaviour of the elements at the local scale. This provides a clear understanding of the mechanisms governing the dynamics of the material. In the presence of the local resonance, the form of the equations is unchanged but some macroscopic parameters depend on the frequency. In particular, this applies to the mass leading to a generalization of the Newtonian mechanics. As a result, the longitudinal modes of periodic frame beams and the transfer function have unusual properties. The same macroscopic modal shape is associated with several resonant frequencies (but the deformation of the elements at the local scale is different). These atypical behaviours are first established theoretically and then, they are confirmed by numerical simulations.
Perkinsus-marinus (Apicomplexa) As A Potential Source Of Oyster Crassostrea-virginica Mortality In Coastal Lagoons Of Tabasco, Mexico

Poorly documented, but apparently sporadic oyster Crassostl-ea v~rginjca mortality in the coastal lagoons Carmen, Machona and Mecoacan at the southern extreme of the Gulf of Mexico inTabasco, Mexico, has been attributed by local oystermen to pollution resulting from oil refinery operations. In September 1992 we sampled oysters in these lagoons to investigate the potential for disease-induced mortality from the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus. Prevalence of P marinus was 100% at Lodazal, a high salinity (31 ppt) site in Carmen lagoon and 60% at Rio San Felipe, a low salinity (15 ppt) site. At Los Jimenez. a high salinity (32 ppt) site in Machona lagoon with previous high mortality, prevalence of P marinus was 90% and weighted prevalence, a measure of intensity, was 3.1, a high value associated with heavy infections and mortality. Samples collected at the Buena Vista aquaculture facility in Mecoacan lagoon revealed 60 to 100 % prevalence of P marinus, although most infections were low intensity. P mannusis a potential source of oyster mortality in these coastal lagoons; more intensive sampling is necessary to determine the mortality attributable to P madnus.