Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MIND - Mainstream and Independent News Documents Corpus

This paper presents and characterizes MIND, a new Portuguese corpus comprised of different types of articles collected from online mainstream and alternative media sources, over a full year period. The articles in the corpus are organized into five collections: facts, opinions, entertainment, satires, and conspiracy theories. Throughout this paper, we explain how the data collection process was conducted, and present a set of linguistic metrics that allow us to perform a preliminary characterization of the texts included in the corpus. Also, we deliver an analysis of the most frequent topics in the corpus, and discuss the main differences and similarities among the collections considered. Finally, we enumerate some tasks and applications that could benefit from this corpus, in particular the ones (in)directly related to misinformation detection. Overall, our contribution of a corpus and initial analysis are designed to support future exploratory news studies, and provide a better insight into misinformation.
A Faster Algorithm for Quickest Transshipments via an Extended Discrete Newton Method

The Quickest Transshipment Problem is to route flow as quickly as possible from sources with supplies to sinks with demands in a network with capacities and transit times on the arcs. It is of fundamental importance for numerous applications in areas such as logistics, production, traffic, evacuation, and finance. More than 25 years ago, Hoppe and Tardos presented the first (strongly) polynomial-time algorithm for this problem. Their approach, as well as subsequently derived algorithms with strongly polynomial running time, are hardly practical as they rely on parametric submodular function minimization via Megiddo's method of parametric search. The main contribution of this paper is a considerably faster algorithm for the Quickest Transshipment Problem that instead employs a subtle extension of the Discrete Newton Method. This improves the previously best known running time of $\tilde{O}(m^4k^{14})$ to $\tilde O(m^2k^5+m^3k^3+m^3n)$, where $n$ is the number of nodes, $m$ the number of arcs, and $k$ the number of sources and sinks.
Linearity conditions leading to complete positivity

The reduced dynamics of an open quantum system $S$, interacting with its environment $E$, is not completely positive, in general. In this paper, we demonstrate that if the two following conditions are satisfied, simultaneously, then the reduced dynamics is completely positive: (1) the reduced dynamics of the system is linear, for arbitrary system-environment unitary evolution $U$; and (2) the reduced dynamics of the system is linear, for arbitrary initial state of the system $\rho_S$.
Code Perfumes: Reporting Good Code to Encourage Learners

Block-based programming languages like enable children to be creative while learning to program. Even though the block-based approach simplifies the creation of programs, learning to program can nevertheless be challenging. Automated tools such as linters therefore support learners by providing feedback about potential bugs or code smells in their programs. Even when this feedback is elaborate and constructive, it still represents purely negative criticism and by construction ignores what learners have done correctly in their programs. In this paper we introduce an orthogonal approach to linting: We complement the criticism produced by a linter with positive feedback. We introduce the concept of code perfumes as the counterpart to code smells, indicating the correct application of programming practices considered to be good. By analysing not only what learners did wrong but also what they did right we hope to encourage learners, to provide teachers and students a better understanding of learners’ progress, and to support the adoption of automated feedback tools. Using a catalogue of 25 code perfumes for, we empirically demonstrate that these represent frequent practices in, and we find that better programs indeed contain more code perfumes.
Is There Any Linkage between Interstellar Aldehyde and Alcohol?

It is speculated that there might be some linkage between interstellar aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols. Here an observational study and astrochemical modeling are coupled together to illustrate the connection between them. The ALMA cycle 4 data of a hot molecular core, G10.47+0.03, are utilized for this study. Various aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propanal, and glycolaldehyde), alcohols (methanol and ethylene glycol), and a ketone (acetone) are identified in this source. The excitation temperatures and column densities of these species were derived via the rotation diagram method assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. An extensive investigation is carried out to understand the formation of these species. Six pairs of aldehyde–alcohol are considered for this study: (i) methanal and methanol, (ii) ethanal and ethanol, (iii) propanal and 1-propanol, (iv) propenal and allyl alcohol, (v) propynal and propargyl alcohol, and (vi) glycolaldehyde and ethylene glycol. One pair of ketone–alcohol (acetone and isopropanol) and ketene–alcohol (ethenone and vinyl alcohol) are also considered. Two successive hydrogenation reactions in the ice phase are examined to form these alcohols from aldehydes, ketone, and ketene, respectively. Quantum chemical methods are extensively executed to review the ice-phase formation route and the kinetics of these species. Based on the obtained kinetic data, astrochemical modeling is employed to derive the abundances of these aldehydes, alcohols, ketone, and ketene in this source. It is seen that our model could successfully explain the observed abundances of various species in this hot molecular core.
Surface Susceptibilities as Compact Full-Wave Simulation Models of Fully-Reflective Volumetric Metasurfaces

While metasurfaces (MSs) are constructed from deeply-subwavelength unit cells, they are generally electrically-large and full-wave simulations of the complete structure are computationally expensive. Thus, to reduce this high computational cost, non-uniform MSs can be modeled as zero-thickness boundaries, with sheets of electric and magnetic polarizations related to the fields by surface susceptibilities and the generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs). While these two-sided boundary conditions have been extensively studied for single sheets of resonant particles, it has not been shown if they can correctly model structures where the two sides are electrically isolated, such as a fully-reflective surface. In particular, we consider in this work whether the fields scattered from a fully reflective metasurface can be correctly predicted for arbitrary field illuminations, with the source placed on either side of the surface. In the process, we also show the mapping of a PEC sheet with a dielectric cover layer to bi-anisotropic susceptibilities. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the susceptibilities as compact models for use in various simulation techniques, with an illustrative example of a parabolic reflector, for which the scattered fields are correctly computed using a integral equation (IE) based solver.
NICKEL-GRAPHENE CATALYST FOR MAGNESIUM HYDROGENATION AND FOR CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES SYNTHESIS

The results of obtaining graphene-like nanomaterials (GLM) by reduction of graphite oxide, preparation of nickel-graphene catalysts and formation of carbon-graphene and magnesium-graphene composites are presented. The optimal preparation conditions and the functional char-acteristics of the obtained materials are determined. The method described in this work makes pos-sible to obtain nickel-graphene composites (Ni/GLM) containing 5–25 wt. % of Ni nanoparticles of size 2–5 nm. Such composites are effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of magnesium. They were used to create hydrogen storage materials on magnesium base with a reversible capacity more 6.5 wt. % of hydrogen. The addition of Ni/GLM promotes an increase in the rate of Mg hydrogenation due to the high catalytic activity of nanoscale Ni in the dissociation of H 2 molecules, and the coating of the fine particles of MgH 2 with the GLM retains the submicron size of the Mg particles formed during dehydrogenation and ensures high thermal conductivity of the Mg/MgH 2 + Ni/GLM composites. It was determined that in MgH 2 + Ni/GLM composites, along with the stable α -phase of MgH 2 , a metastable γ -phase of MgH 2 contains, which leads to a decrease in the dehydrogenation temperature by ~ 50 °C. Using Ni/GLM catalysts, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibers (CNF) on the surface of graphene-like structures were synthesized. The catalytic decomposition of C 2 H 4 on Ni/GLM at temperatures of 500–700 °C leads to the formation of CNF on the surface of the GLM, and the decomposition of CH 4 at 900 °C – with the formation of CNT. The CNT and CNF formed have a diameter in the range from 5 to 20 nm, and the length increases from 5 to 300 nm with rise of synthesis duration. Such three-dimensional structures have a high specific surface area and are attractive as sorbents of gases and carriers of metal catalysts.
IN SEARCH OF PROGRESSIVISM

No one needs to be told that the concept of "progressivism" fell into trouble in the 1970s. For decades the notion that the political and intellectual ferment of the Roosevelt and Wilson years cohered into an entity called progressivism was one of the central organizing principles of American history. ' How that coherence should be defined was a matter of starkly divided opinion; but the term itself was as crucial a part of the historiographical scaffolding as "republicanism" or "Jacksonian democracy. " The search for progressivism undertaken with implicit confidence that the expedition would reveal some typical progressive profile, coherent political agenda, or, at least, definable ethos-helped attract more historical talent to the first two decades of the twentieth century than to any other period of modem America. Yet the 1970s had barely begun when Peter Filene attacked the whole notion of a coherent progressive movement as a semantic and conceptual muddle, and declared it dead and buried.2 Those who shared Filene's doubts did not win the easy victory Filene had envisioned. Progressivism shuffled through the 1970s as a corpse that would not lie down. Few historians seriously tried to get along without the term "progressivism" or "progressive movement. " For every historian who, like Jack Kirby, declared outright that the covering term "progressivism" cannot withstand rigorous definition," there were others ready to try their hand at the task.3 But it was impossible to miss the mounting undertone of apology behind the efforts at definition, the increasingly elaborate qualifications attached to lists of shared "progressive" goals and values, the occasional candid admission that the conflicting interpretations of progressivism could not be made to add up, and the suggestions that the traditional questions had been played out, if not in some way misconceived. The nervous tick was particularly conspicuous in that litmus test of historiographical moods: the undergraduate survey text. By the mid 1970s, many undergraduates were being warned at the outset that they would find the Progressive era "confusing. " "The concept of progressivism turns out to be curiously elusive," they were cautioned. The movement "may never be fully understood," they were told, before being shuttled off to the obligatory chapters on Roosevelt and Wilson and the unenviable task of demonstrating
Parallel graph algorithms in constant adaptive rounds

We study fundamental graph problems such as graph connectivity, minimum spanning forest (MSF), and approximate maximum (weight) matching in a distributed setting. In particular, we focus on the Adaptive Massively Parallel Computation (AMPC) model, which is a theoretical model that captures MapReduce-like computation augmented with a distributed hash table. We show the first AMPC algorithms for all of the studied problems that run in a constant number of rounds and use only O(nϵ) space per machine, where 0 < ϵ < 1. Our results improve both upon the previous results in the AMPC model, as well as the best-known results in the MPC model, which is the theoretical model underpinning many popular distributed computation frameworks, such as MapReduce, Hadoop, Beam, Pregel and Giraph. Finally, we provide an empirical comparison of the algorithms in the MPC and AMPC models in a fault-tolerant distributed computation environment. We empirically evaluate our algorithms on a set of large real-world graphs and show that our AMPC algorithms can achieve improvements in both running time and round-complexity over optimized MPC baselines.
Kinetics of Methane Hydrate Formation in an Aqueous Solution with and without Kinetic Promoter (SDS) by Spray Reactor

Hydrate formation apparatus reported so far was mainly concentrated in stirred-tank batch environments. It was difficult to produce the high gas storage hydrate efficiently. Some nonstirred technology has been attracting more attention by researchers. This work proposed a new apparatus for hydrate formation by spraying water into a gaseous phase with a fine nozzle. It can get sufficient contact surface area for gas-liquid reaction. Methane hydrate formation experiments have been conducted using pure water and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) aqueous solution for comparison at 277.15 K. The experiments were conducted at 7.0 and 6.0 MPa, respectively. Kinetics of methane hydrate formation have been investigated by methane consumption per mole of water and reaction rate. The mechanism of hydrate formation and kinetics property by spraying atomization were studied with the theory of crystal chemistry.
Ammonium based stabilizers effectively counteract urea-induced denaturation in a small protein: insights from molecular dynamics simulations

Room temperature ionic liquids (IL) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) are known to aid the conformational stability and activity of proteins and enzymes in aqueous solutions. They are popular alternatives to harsh organic protecting osmolytes offsetting the thermal/chemical denaturation of proteins due to their greener attributes and low costs. In this paper, using extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations we show that a small helix–rich protein, chicken villin headpiece subdomain (HP-36), is rendered stable by an IL, triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) in aqueous solutions containing very high concentrations of urea (8 M). For comparison, the protein is also simulated in a deep eutectic mixture composed of 4 M choline chloride (ChCl) and 8 M urea under identical simulation conditions. Our simulations clearly show that a sharp increase in the relative proportion of TEAA (from 1 : 5 to 1 : 2 with respect to the denaturant urea) does not have a pronounced structure-enhancing effect on the protein. In contrast, for ChCl to function as an efficient protein stabilizer against the harsh action of urea, deep eutectic conditions are mandatory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the comparative aspects of the microscopic properties of a protein in an IL and a DES having similar ammonium-based structural frameworks.
TIED-DOUBLE-CHANGE-OVER DESIGNS

Abstract : The construction and analysis for a class of experimental designs denoted as tied-double change-over designs are presented. These designs are useful for situations wherein the treatments are applied in sequence to an experimental unit and where the effect of a treatment persists for one period after the period in which the treatment was applied; they allow estimation of direct and residual treatment effects. Tied-double change-over designs are constructed utilizing one, two, . , t - 1 orthogonal latin squares for t treatments. Although the analysis is for r rows and for c columns in general, particular attention is given to the case where r tq 1 rows and c ts columns for sq k(t - 1), for k a positive integer; explicit solutions are obtained for the situations where the first period results are omitted from the analysis and where the first period results are included. A numerical example is used to illustrate the application of the results to experimental data.
Polymeric 19F MRI agents responsive to reactive oxygen species

Medical imaging agents that can report on the biological state are attracting increasing interest. Here we report the development of novel 19F polymeric imaging agents that are activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The imaging agents composed of thioether- and fluorine-containing methacrylate monomers were synthesised using atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) from a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol)-based initiator. In aqueous solution, the agents self-assemble into nanoparticles with compact hydrophobic cores. The mobility of the fluorinated segments within the cores is greatly restricted, thereby significantly shortening the 19F T2 relaxation times and attenuating the 19F NMR signal. However, upon treatment with ROS (i.e. H2O2), the hydrophobic thioether groups of the agents are oxidised to hydrophilic sulfoxide groups, resulting in the disassembly of the aggregated nanoparticles. The disassembly of the 19F MRI agents lengthens the T2 relaxation times, and enables an appreciable enhancement of 19F NMR signal. 19F MRI of solutions of the polymers before and after oxidation demonstrated a remarkable “OFF–ON” regulation in response to ROS. The sensitivity of the imaging agents was further enhanced by adding a pH switch, resulting in a ROS/pH dual-responsive 19F MRI agent. The most pronounced change in intensity of the 19F NMR/MRI signal was achieved in response to the presence of ROS in a mildly acidic environment. The work demonstrates that these novel polymeric 19F MRI agents hold great potential for improved diagnosis and therapy of diseases presenting high levels of ROS.
Development and deployment of an airborne Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer to measure tropospheric Volatile Organic Compounds

Airborne Volatile Organic Compounds are present throughout the atmosphere in a wide variety of species. An airborne Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer was developed to measure these compounds in places otherwise inaccessible for ground- or ship-based instruments. The instrument was �tted to the UK FAAM BAe-146 Atmospheric Research Aircraft, and deployed on a number of campaigns. By the end of the project, the instrument was capable of making measurements that compared extremely well to other systems, meaning the proof of concept was successful. During the SAMBBA campaign, vertical pro�les of biogenic and anthropogenic species were determined from the ground, up to 8000 m. These showed the extent to which di�erent compounds (for example CO, benzene) were able to escape the planetary boundary layer and enter the free troposphere. Isoprene, however, with a much shorter lifetime of 0.5 hours, was primarily constrained to the boundary layer. Additionally, an analysis of biomass burning emissions was compared to those in literature. In particular the CO:VOC ratio was compared, with some species exhibiting very close comparisons, and others showing very di�erent ratios leading to the conclusion that the CO:VOC ratio for some compounds is highly dependent on the species of trees. Measurements from the CAST campaign determined the extent to which naturally occurring halogenated species can travel from their source at the ocean surface, up to the lower stratosphere, a�ecting ozone levels. A comparison was also conducted with 3 other aircraft systems, for which the GC/MS was in good agreement. Finally, ights were conducted around the North Sea Oil and gas �elds to determine background levels of compounds, in case of further leaks from natural gas extraction. Whilst the GC/MS could not identify speci�c plumes, calculations were performed to enhance the readings, showing very di�erent levels of benzene emitted, which was dependent on the rig type.
Epileptic Seizure Detection based on EEG Signal using Boosting Classifiers

The detection of epileptic seizures by electroencephalography (EEG) signals has become a standard method in recent years for the diagnosis of epilepsy. Accurate and automatic detection of epileptic seizures is needed since manual identification of epileptic seizures by specialist neurologists is a time-consuming and laborintensive process, which also leads to various errors. For this purpose, frequency-based features were extracted from the EEG signal and various classifiers based on ensemble learning were used to detect epileptic seizures automatically. The performance of the proposed method was tested using cross-validation and cross-patient experiments. According to the experimental results, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates were obtained 94%, 93% and 93% for cross-validation and 76%, 90% and 90% for cross-patients, respectively.
Media Co-coverage and Overreaction in Cross-Industry Information Transfers

This study documents that media co-coverage—a phenomenon where multiple firms are simultaneously mentioned in the same news article—induces excessive information transfers between two economically unrelated firms. Using firms from different product market industries that are co-covered in the same Wall Street Journal article, I find that post co-coverage, the stock price of one co-covered focal firm reacts positively to the earnings surprise of another early-announcing co-covered peer, followed by a reversal on the focal firm’s subsequent earnings announcement day, while there is no reaction to the peer’s earnings news in the pre-co-coverage period. This post-co-coverage cross-industry information transfer and the associated reversal cannot be explained by changes in the relatedness between the two firms before article publication, but are positively correlated with changes in investors’ perceived relatedness on the article publication day. Further analysis shows that the transfer and reversal are concentrated among firms with higher cost of arbitrage and more active retail investor trading. These findings suggest that the financial media, through co-coverage, can lead to inefficient cross-industry information transfers.
Transient field-resolved reflectometry at 50-100 THz

Transient ﬁeld-resolved spectroscopy enables studies of ultrafast dynamics in molecules, nanos-tructures, or solids with sub-cycle resolution, but previous work has so far concentrated on extracting the dielectric response at frequencies below 50 THz. Here, we implemented transient ﬁeld-resolved reﬂectometry at 50-100 THz (3-6 µ m) with MHz repetition rate employing 800 nm few-cycle excitation pulses that provide sub-10 fs temporal resolution. The capabilities of the technique are demonstrated in studies of ultrafast photorefractive changes in the semiconductors Ge and GaAs, where the high frequency range permitted to explore the resonance-free Drude response. The extended frequency range in transient ﬁeld-resolved spectroscopy can further enable studies with so far inaccessible transitions, including intramolecular vibrations in a large range of systems.