Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elektromigration in Gold und Silber Nanostrukturen

Als Elektromigration bezeichnet man den strominduzierten Massetransport in metallischen Leitern. Sie stellt den Hauptgrund fur das Versagen von integrierten Schaltkreisen dar und ist seit mehr als 50 Jahren Gegenstand intensiver Untersuchungen. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Elektromigration in polykristallinen Goldleiterbahnen und einkristallinen, selbstorganisierten Silberdrahten untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk lag auf der hochauflosenden in-situ Beobachtung der auftretenden morphologischen Anderungen. Hierzu wurde ein neuer Versuchsstand aufgebaut und erfolgreich getestet. Wahrend der Elektromigration kommt es in metallischen Leitern ublicherweise zur Bildung von Poren an der Kathodenseite und zur Bildung von Hugeln an der Anodenseite. Dieses Verhalten wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit detailliert untersucht. Der elektrische Ausfall der Goldleiterbahnen erfolgt uber eine schlitzformige Pore senkrecht zur Stromrichtung. Die Porenflache nimmt im wesentlichen linear mit der Versuchszeit zu. Der Ausfall der polykristallinen Leiterbahnen erfolgt typischerweise bei einer Gesamtporenflache von 2% bis 4 % der Gesamtleiterbahnflache. Der Einfluss einzelner Poren in einer Leiterbahn unter massiver Strombelastung auf den elektrischen Widerstand wurde erfolgreich nachgewiesen. Die Abhangigkeit des Elektromigrationsverhalten von Leiterbahnbreite und -hohe, der Korngrose sowie der Temperatur wurde eingehend studiert. Fur hochauflosende Messungen wurden spezielle Leiterbahnen mit Einbuchtungen hergestellt. Die Abhangigkeit der Elektromigration von der Stromdichte sowie der Einfluss der Messungen auf die Elektromigration ist ebenfalls Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Bei Umkehrung der Polaritat zeigt sich ein reversibles Elektromigrationsverhalten der Goldleiterbahnen, verbunden mit einer deutlichen Erhohung der Lebensdauer. Hierbei wird ein merkliches Ausheilverhalten anhand der Widerstandsdaten der Leiterbahnen beobachtet. Weiterhin wird im Verlauf dieser Arbeit eine alternative Blechlange bestimmt. Berechnet man das kritische Produkt aus Leiterbahnlange und Stromdichte, ergibt sich eine gute Ubereinstimmung mit Literaturdaten, welche fur andere metallische Leiterbahnen erzielt wurden. Erstmalig konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Messungen an einkristallinen, selbstorganisierten Silberdrahten durchgefuhrt werden. Uberraschenderweise findet man bei diesem System ein vollig anderes Elektromigrationsverhalten als in polykristallinen Goldleiterbahnen. Der Ausfall erfolgt an der Anodenseite und nicht, wie ublich, an der Kathodenseite. Der Materialtransport in diesem System erfolgt also von der Anode in Richtung der Kathode und damit entgegengesetzt zur Bewegungsrichtung der Elektronen. Dieses Resultat deutet auf ein Uberwiegen der direkten Kraft in diesem System hin.
Crystallization by Antisolvent Addition and Cooling

Crystallization is the second most important separation process in chemical industry after distillation. Crystallization consists of a solid disperse phase formation into a continuous medium, which usually is a liquid solution in industrial systems. This solid phase formation occurs in two main steps: the appearance of transition structures between solid and fluid phase, or nucleation; and the growth of these structures into solid particles, crystals. The solution concentration must be higher than the equilibrium concentration at that temperature (solubility) in order to nucleation and crystal growth occur. The difference between actual concentration and equilibrium concentration is called supersaturation and is the driving force of crystallization. Supersaturation can be generated in the system by cooling, solvent evaporation, or changing of medium – addition of an antisolvent which reduces the solute solubility in the resultant system, or changing the solute by chemical reaction producing another substance with much lower solubility. Frequently other secondary processes occur, as agglomeration and breakage of those particles, which affect the final product (crystal) size distribution.
Determination and Correlation of Binary Gas Adsorption Equilibria of VOCs

Highly porous activated carbon is used in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the purification of room air. Since the activated carbon must be capable of removing VOCs at low concentrations through adsorption, studies on the adsorption equilibrium of trace-level concentrations of VOCs are essential. To determine the adsorption isotherm, a headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) method was used, with analysis carried out using gas chromatography or gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The reliability of this method was confirmed by comparison of the adsorption isotherms of methanol measured by the HSGC method with those measured by the volumetric method. Isotherms for three different types of activated carbon and eight types of VOCs were determined over a wide range of concentrations. Furthermore, the results of the HSGC method for two systems of binary adsorption equilibria (dichloromethane+trichloroethylene) and (benzene+toluene), were found to be correlated with those of the ideal adsorbed solution theory.
Transport and self-assembly of droplets in microfluidic devices

Les proprietes d'un materiau sont fortement liees a l'organisation de la matiere qui le constitue. Notre approche consiste a developper une nouvelle methode de synthese de briques elementaires de la matiere constituees d'assemblage de colloides a haut debit en utilisant la technologie microfluidique et a en comprendre la physique associee. Apres une exploration des differentes techniques disponibles permettant la creation d'assemblage de gouttes, nous avons choisi de concentrer notre etude sur un mecanisme d'assemblage pilote par les interactions dipolaires entre gouttes. Nous demontrons la possibilite de former les assemblages de gouttes (ayant des interactions adhesives entre elles) grâce a l'utilisation conjointe d'une jonction en T et d'un dispositif d'emulsification a marche (step emulsification). Nous observons une grande variete de configurations stationnaires ou oscillantes. Nous explorons l'influence des parametres physicochimiques et hydrodynamiques sur le mecanisme d'assemblage. Enfin, nous montrons la possibilite de jouer sur la taille des gouttes et leur composition chimique pour obtenir des assemblages complexes anisotropes par cette technique. Ces briques elementaires ouvrent une nouvelle voie pour la synthese de materiaux microtextures a l'echelle colloidale.
Microporous materials constructed from the interpenetrated coordination networks. Structures and methane adsorption properties

Five new coordination compounds with 4,4‘-azopyridine (azpy), [Mn(azpy)(NO3)2(H2O)2]·2EtOH (1·2EtOH), [Co2(azpy)3(NO3)4]·Me2CO·3H2O (2·Me2CO·3H2O), [Co(azpy)2(NCS)2]·0.5EtOH (3·0.5EtOH), [Cd(azpy)2(NO3)2]·(azpy) (4·azpy), and [Cd2(azpy)3(NO3)4]·2Me2CO (5·2Me2CO), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The reaction of Mn(NO3)2·6H2O with azpy in ethanol/acetone affords 1·2EtOH, whose network consists of one-dimensional chains of [Mn(azpy)(H2O)2]n. The chains are associated by hydrogen bonding to provide a logcabin-type three-dimensional structure, which creates about 8 × 8 A of channels, filled with ethanol molecules. The treatment of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and Co(NCS)2·4H2O with azpy produces 2·Me2CO·3H2O and 3·0.5EtOH, respectively, which have a brick-wall and a rhombus-type two-dimensional networks. The reaction of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O with azpy affords 4·azpy from the ethanol/H2O media, while the reaction in the ethanol/acetone media provides 5·2Me2CO. 4·azpy and 5·2Me2CO form a square-grid- and a herrin.
43—The Influence of pH on the Bleaching Action of Sodium Chlorite on Cotton

Over the pH range 2.6 to 8.5, sodium chlorite reacts with certain of the non-cellulosic components of raw cotton, particularly those responsible for its colour; with increasing pH, the rate of this reaction decreases, so that, all other conditions being the same, the time required for the attainment of a given degree of whiteness becomes longer. On the other hand, the proportion of the chlorite converted into chlorate by spontaneous decomposition, and hence the quantity of chlorite needed to produce a given degree of whiteness, decreases with increasing pH. This advantage of a pH in the higher part of the range is partly offset by the occurrence of appreciable oxidative attack on the cellulose at pH’s of 7 and upwards.By making certain assumptions regarding the mode of decomposition of acidified chlorite solutions, the relative amounts of chlorite lost by decomposition and consumed in the bleaching reaction have been determined and compared at various pH’s.When unscoured cotton is bleached by the pad-stea.
Retention mechanism of sulfonamides in micellar reversed phase liquid chromatography

A mechanism of retention of sulfonamides in the micellar liquid chromatography, based on similar models verified for other compounds, was proposed. The magnitudes of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of sulfonamides were estimated for different concentrations of surfactant in the mobile phase and at varied pH. With increasing SDS concentrations and at a constant pH, a decrease in the hydrophobic interaction intensity was noted. When pH is varied, the values of the constant, describing the hydrophobicity of the sulfonamides, remained at an approximately same level (taking into account the standard deviation values). Greater differences were observed in the constants related to the electrostatic interactions informing about the increase or decrease in retention, following from ionic interactions. For each sulfonamide, the molar fraction of the ionic fractions present in the mobile phase was calculated from the formula derived, which permitted determination of the type of electrostatic interactions, varying with the eluent’s changing pH. On the basis of the chromatographic data collected, it was established that retention of sulfonamides in the SDS micellar system depends on the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. For varied pH values, the hydrophobic interactions of sulfonamides did not change significantly, all changes in the retention of the sulfonamides were attributed to changes in the electrostatic interactions.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)에 대한 매체통합 생태위해성평가

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It exhibits low toxicity from acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures. Acute exposure to large oral doses of DEHP can cause gastrointestinal distress in humans. No information is available on the chronic, reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of DEHP in humans. Animal studies have reported increased lung weights and increased liver weights from chronic inhalation exposure to DEHP. Oral exposure has resulted in developmental and reproductive effects in rats and mice. A study by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) showed that DEHP administered orally increased the incidence of liver tumors in rats and mice. EPA has classified DEHP as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen
Polarographic Behavior and Determination of Pendimethalin in Formulations, and Environmental Samples

A differential pulse polarographic (DPP) method for the determination of pendimethalin is described based on the reduction of a nitro group at a dropping mercury electrode in BR buffers of pH 2.0 to 12.0 using 25% acetone-water mixtures as a solvent. Also, a cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique has been used to study the behavior of pendimethalin at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The differential pulse polarographic method described here has been applied to the determination of pendimethalin in formulations, grains, soils and spiked water samples. Both standard addition and calibration methods were used for the analytical measurements. The lower detection limit was found to be 1.87 × 10-8 M (M = mol dm-3).
Separation of Radioactive Strontium from Alkaline Nuclear Waste Solutions with the Highly Effective Ion Exchanger SrTreat

SrTreat is an inorganic ion exchanger whose structure is based on a sodium titanate. It is available in granular form and is suitable for use in packed-bed operations. This exchanger has proved to be highly effective in the removal of radioactive strontium from alkaline nuclear waste solutions. SrTreat was used for the first time in an industrial-scale separation process in 1996 in Murmansk, Russia. During that operation 2500 bed volumes of low-active (22 kBq/) waste solution with a moderate salt concentration was decontaminated from 90 Sr with an average decontamination factor of 7400. The exchanger is especially suited for the decontamination of alkaline concentrated sodium nitrate solutions that are characteristic of neutralized stored wastes from some nuclear-fuel-reprocessing plants. At the Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), a new radionuclide-removal system, successfully utilizing SrTreat for the removal of 90 Sr (7.4 GBq/) from a neutralized alkaline reprocessing waste solution, was commissioned in the summer of 1997. In the laboratory-scale tests with a JAERI simulant, adjusted to pH 10 and having 2.4 mol/ of NaNO 3 . strontium could be removed from more than 1000 bed volumes with an SrTreat column, thereby obtaining a decontamination factor between 2000 and 15 000. In addition to the performance of SrTreat columns in strontium removal, basic studies on the ion exchange equilibrium of strontium on SrTreat and the effects of pH and interfering cations on strontium exchange are discussed.
Electrochemical Studies of Substituted Anthraquinones

Electrochemical potentials of a series of anthraquinone derivatives were studied in both aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The long term goal of this work was to find derivatives which could be reduced easily for studies of photoinduced electron transfer in DNA. Our immediate goal was to find the substitution group that gave the least negative redox potential value. Of all derivatives studied, the anthraquinone imides as a class had the least negative redox potentials, in the range of -0.600 to -0.550 V vs. SCE. One of the anthraquinones studied, one derivative (deoxyadenosine conjugated with an ethynyl linker to an anthraquinone with two ester substituents) was also in this range. A study of a series of anthraquinones conjugated with ethynyl and ethanyl linkers showed that the ethynyl linker was more effective than the ethanyl linker in lowering the redox potential of anthraquinone. INDEX WORDS: Anthraquinone, electron-withdrawing group, acetonitrile, water, redox potentials, ethynyl linker, ethanyl linker, Saturated Calomel Electrode. ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SUBSTITUTED ANTHRAQUINONES
Testing for sexually transmitted infections

The very short answer to your question is that yes, there are tests that can diagnose sexually transmitted diseases (STDs [2] also referred to as sexually transmitted infections or STIs). There are multiple ways health care providers test for STIs and most are quick and painless. Some STIs can be accurately identified by a variety of methods including blood tests, fluid samples, urine tests, or visual identification of symptoms. After testing is complete, it typically takes anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks for a lab to analyze the sample and to get the results back (especially if it is sent out for lab analysis). While you wait for your results, your provider may be able to answer any questions and make recommendations on what to do next. Still curious? Want to know more? Read on!
Arsenic in Michigan Soil: Spatial Stratification for Environmental Regulatory Purposes

State environmental regulatory agencies in the U.S. often establish a default background standard for naturally occurring elements in the soil, water, and air. The background standard is determined and then used as a benchmark across the entire jurisdiction. A variety of statistical techniques are used to determine this standard, but often ignore any inherent spatial dependencies within the jurisdiction. If the analysis indicates a specific site exceeds the default standard, additional background sampling and analysis must usually be performed. Frequently, this additional sampling is found to be unnecessary simply because the natural background levels were elevated for this particular site. Conversely, potential contamination may be overlooked in areas where the natural background levels are much lower. Thus, a single default background standard seems inadequate within this context. This paper proposes the use of dissimilarity coefficients based on kriging estimates as a means to regionalize background standards. Along with cluster analysis techniques, these dissimilarity coefficients provide a means to stratify the population into geographic sub-areas. A regulatory agency may now define multiple default background standards based on geographic location. To illustrate, this paper examines a case study concerning residential soil arsenic for 83 Michigan counties.
Application of digital sliding modes to synchronization of the work of two pneumatic cylinders

The paper considers the problem of ensuring synchronized movement of two pneumatic cylinders. The control system for synchronization was designed by applying the theory of control system with variable structure. The algorithm of control is based on digital sliding regime. Measuring coordinates of state (positions and speeds) directly on the cylinders is supposed to be possible. It is shown that such a system ensures quick synchronization of cylinders under different initial conditions. The applied algorithm was compared with conventional algorithms of control. The quality of work of the considered system was illustrated by computer simulation.
THE FISH FAUNA OF THE DİPSİZ-ÇİNE (MUĞLA-AYDIN) STREAM

This study was carried out to determine the fish fauna of the Dipsiz-Cine Stream located at South-West region of Turkey. Between November 1999 and February 2001, 601 fish samples were collected from Dipsiz-Cine Stream examined and from those 10 species (Anguilla anguilla, Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus smyrnaeus, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Alburnus orontis, Pseudorasbora parva, Cobitis simplicispinna, Orthrias angorae, Gambussia affinis and Lepomis gibbosus) and 4 subspecies (Barbus plebejus escherichi, Barbus capito pectoralis, Capoeta capoeta bergamae and Vimba vimba tenella) of 5 families were identified. Some morphometric and meristic characteristics of the fish samples were examined. Also, the key to family, genus, species and subspecies were given.
The removal of magnetic materials from surface soils

A novel molecular sieving particle containing adsorbent powders dispersed in matrix of micro-porous polymer gels is prepared by dispersing adsorbent powders into a polymeric material solution dissolved in a solvent, then emulsifying the thus prepared dispersion into a vehicle having a boiling point higher than that of the solvent and finally removing the solvent by evaporation. This molecular sieving particle has excellent molecular sieving effect as well as excellent adsorption capacity, and applicable in various applications.
Long-lasting antibacterial behavior of a novel mixed matrix water purification membrane

Membrane fouling by microbial and organic components is considered as the “Achilles heel” of membrane processes as it not only reduces the membrane performance but also leads to membrane biodegradation. In this work, a novel high flux, antibacterial and antifouling ultrafiltration membrane was fabricated by blending the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)–halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)–reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite (AgNPs–HNTs–rGO) into a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane matrix. HNTs were applied to expand the interlayer space between neighboring rGO sheets and eliminate the leaching on AgNPs. The hybrid membranes had higher hydrophilicity, surface smoothness and higher water permeation flux when compared with the pure PES membrane. Both dynamic and static BSA adsorption tests revealed improved antifouling behavior of the hybrid membrane. In addition, the incorporated AgNPs were evenly attached onto the rGO support with an average size of 10 nm, which ensured its good antibacterial performance: the hybrid membrane had an ideal bacteriostasis rate against Escherichia coli (E. coli) even after six months of storage.
Unraveling the chemical history of the Solar System as recorded in extraterrestrial organic matter

Abstract We have initiated an extensive program of molecular analysis of extraterrestrial organic matter isolated from a broad range of meteorites (spanning multiple classes, groups, and petrologic types), including recent molecular spectroscopic analyses of the organic matter in the Comet 81P/Wild 2 samples. The results of these analyses clearly reveal the signature of multiple reaction pathways that transformed extraterrestrial organic matter away from its primitive roots. The most significant molecular transformation occurred in the post-accretionary phase of the parent body. However, each of the various chemical transformation trajectories point unambiguously back to a common primitive origin. Applying a wide range of spectroscopic techniques we find that the primitive organic precursor is striking in its chemical complexity exhibiting a broad array of oxygen- and nitrogen-bearing functional groups. The π-bonded carbon exists as predominately highly substituted single ring aromatics, there exists no evidence for abundant, large, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We find that the molecular structure of primitive extraterrestrial organics is consistent with synthesis from small reactive molecules, e. g. formaldehyde, whose random condensation and subsequent rearrangement chemistry at low temperatures leads to a highly cross-linked macromolecule.
Bifunctional initiators, II. Bulk polymerization of styrene initiated by 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanopentanoyl)‐bis (α‐methylolbenzoin methyl ether)

Azo-benzoin initiators are useful for the synthesis of polymers with photoactive end groups. The kinetics of the bulk polymerization of styrene initiated by 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoyl)bis(α-methylolbenzoin methyl ether) (ABME) was investigated. On the basis of kinetic parameters, it was found that azo-benzoin initiators exhibit initiator properties similar to that of common azo initiators. A relatively high chain transfer constant of the initiator (C1) may be attributed to the presence of α-methylolbenzoin methyl ether groups in the structure. Azo-Benzoin-Initiatoren sind fur die Herstellung von Polymeren mit photosensitiven Endgruppen geeignet. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die kinetischen Parameter der radikalischen Substanzpolymerisation von Styrol mit 4-4′-Azobis-(4-cyanopentanoyl)-bis-(α-methylolbenzoin-methylether) (ABME). Die Initiatoreigenschaften von ABME ahneln denen gebrauchlicher Azoinitiatoren; die relativ zu diesen hohere Kettenubertragungskonstante von ABME konnte durch die Methoxygruppen im Molekul bedingt sein.
Quantitative high-resolution cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of smithsonite

Abstract Five smithsonite samples from locations in Germany, Mexico and Namibia have been investigated with cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and trace-element analyses. As with other carbonates, the CL properties of smithsonite are mainly controlled by Mn2+- and Fe2+-incorporation, because these elements are the most important activator and quencher species, respectively. Additional trace elements may have either a quenching effect (Cu) or have only small or no influence (Ca, Pb). A linear correlation exists between the Mn content and the intensity of the Mn-emission band in smithsonite, which can be quantified, if the Cl intensity is related to the number of moles of Mn rather than the weight fraction. A correlation between the Cl intensity and the Mn concentration, which is valid for all trigonal carbonates, is obtained from the published results of calcite, dolomite and smithsonite. Matrix effects due to the different chemical composition of the carbonate minerals seem to be of lesser importance.