Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Shear Thinning Flow Within a Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger

Residence time distribution analysis and flow visualization were used to characterize the flow behaviour of both a model shear thinning fluid (Carbopol) and a food stream (ice cream) in a commercial scale scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). Different flow behaviour was observed in the isothermal model system compared to that for ice cream, due to a radial gradient of temperature, and therefore viscosity, in the ice cream system which produced more axial dispersion. Nevertheless, the model solution showed similar relative changes in flow behaviour with changing operating conditions thus representing a viable technique for SSHE optimization. Experiments with the model system revealed that the degree of shear thinning is a more important factor in determining the residence time distribution than the magnitude of the apparent viscosity. This is due to the axial velocity profile across the annular gap becoming flatter as the flow behaviour index decreases, causing less axial flow dispersion. It was also found that gaps between blades created disturbances in the flow pattern, which contributed to axial dispersion. This effect increased with increasing rotor speed. Information such as that obtained in this work can be used to optimize the processing of food products in SSHEs.
EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON SEED QUALITY OF SOME FORAGE CROPS DURING STORAGE

Maintenance of seed quality during storage until planting is imperative to assure its planting value and increasing seed yield. Laboratory experiment was carried out at Mansoura Seed Technology Research Unit, Seed Technology Research Section, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt during 2008 and 2009 years to evaluate bioassay effects of (Ramith and Oshar) cholorophorm and ethanol extracts on Bruchidius trifolii (Poc), and the effect of treating seed of Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) c.v. helaly, Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) c.v. Ismaelia 1 and Fahl berseem with these plant extracts on seed quality and insect infestation during different storage periods (0, 6, 12 and 18 months). The results revealed that Ramith cholorophorm and Oshar ethanol extracts were the most toxic for (Bruchidius trifolii) followed by Oshar cholorophorm and Ramith ethanol extracts and the values of Lc50 were (4753.9, 8514.3, 11026.9 and 20649.6 ppm), respectively. After six months from storage, the germination percentage for both of Alfalfa, Egyptian clover and Fahl berseem seeds pass the minimum level for the acceptance of certified seed (85%). Insect inspection cleared, the insect infestation level in Alfalfa seed (4.45%) was the less , followed by both of Egyptian clover and Fahl berseem (6.4 and 6.2%). Treated seed with Ramith cholorophorm extract, produced high germination percentage, seedlings vigour and the lowest level of insect infestation (3.75%) comparing with untreated seed while its germination percentage reduced less than the acceptance level for certified seed and the insect infestation level increased to (8.67%). After storage with 18 months, germination percentage reduced gradually and becomes less than the acceptance level for certified seed and Alfalfa was the less in reduction of seed germination and seedling vigour traits. In general, comparing with the previous storage periods, seed quality decreased and insect infestation increased and reached to 22.67 % for untreated seed. Storage periods negatively and significantly correlated with both of germination %, accelerated aging germination % and seedlings vigour index and highly positively correlated with insect infestation % and electrical conductivity. Also, insect infestation % negatively and highly correlated with germination % and seed lings vigour index. This study suggested, using seed protectants such as Ramith cholorophorm and Oshar ethanol extracts for protect Alfalfa, Egyptian clover and Fahl berseem seed against Bruchidius trifolii (Poc). Also, planting (Alfalfa, Egyptian clover and Fahl berseem) certified seed in the same production year is preferable well but Clover carry over seed should be stored at optimum conditions and when planting seed rate should be increased to redress the reduction in seed quality.
Drying-Induced Hierarchical Dimple Patterns on Partially Miscible Polymeric Films Under Ordered Convections

We describe the formation of hierarchical dual dimple patterns on polymeric sublayers by evaporation-induced interfacial stress. As water vapor condenses on partially miscible volatile sublayers, the resulting unstable wet-on-wet configurations trigger droplet assembly under ordered convection, giving rise to hexagonal traces of surface dimples, which coexist with highly ordered dimple arrays. Monitoring the time-dependent Marangoni numbers proved that the interfacial stress plays a crucial role in the transition between hierarchically and uniformly ordered dimple patterns.
Computational fluid dynamics model development on transport phenomena coupling with reactions in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

A 3D model is developed to describe an anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), by Ansys/Fluent evaluating reactions including methane steam reforming (MSR)/water-gas shift (WGSR) reactions in thick anode layer and H2-O2/CO-O2 electrochemical reactions in anode active layer, coupled with heat, mass species, momentum, and ion/electron charges transport processes in SOFC. The predicted results indicate that electron/ion exchange appears in the very thin region in active layers (0.018 mm in anode and 0.01 mm in cathode), based on three phase boundary, operating temperature and concentration of reactants (mainly H2). Active polarization happening in active layers dominates over concentration and ohmic losses. High gradient of current density exists near interface between electrode and solid conductor due to the block by gas channel. It is also found the reaction rates of MSR and WGSR along main flow direction and cell thickness direction decrease due to low concentration of fuel (CH4) caused by ma.
Mobility and height detection of particle labels in an optical evanescent wave biosensor with single-label resolution

Particle labels are used in biosensors to detect the presence and concentration of analyte molecules. In this paper we demonstrate an optical technique to measure the mobility and height of bound particle labels on a biosensor surface with single-label resolution. The technique is based on the detection of the particle-induced light scattering in an optical evanescent field. We show that the thermal particle motion in the optical evanescent field leads to intensity fluctuations that can accurately be detected. The technique is demonstrated using 290 bp (99 nm) DNA as an analyte and using polystyrene particles and magnetic particles with diameters between 500 and 1000 nm as labels. The particle intensity histograms show that quantitative height measurements are obtained for particles with uniform optical properties, and the intensity versus position plots reflect the analyte–antibody orientation and the analyte flexibility. The novel optical detection technique will lead to biosensors with very high sensitivity and specificity.
Wide band gap nanocrystalline silicon carbide thin films prepared by ICP-CVD

Nano-crystalline silicon (nc-Si) embedded in the amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) matrix has been successfully prepared by Inductively Coupled Plasma aided Chemical Vapor Deposition (ICP-CVD) system with silane (SiH4) as precursor gas and methane (CH4) as the carbon source with hydrogen as diluents, at a low temperature. The effect of CH4 flow rate on material properties has been investigated. Nano-crystalline silicon carbide films with high optical band gap ∼ 2.1 eV and room temperature conductivity ∼ 4.5 × 10−8 S cm−1 were obtained, which on subsequent doping could help obtaining appropriate window layers for nc-Si solar cells.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Free Radical Polymerizations with Divinyl Cross-Linker: Pre- and Postgel Simulations of Reaction Kinetics and Molecular Structure

A computationally efficient Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the reaction kinetics and molecular structure development during free-radical copolymerizations with divinyl monomers. A single parameter was used to describe the reduced reactivity of the pendent vinyl groups incorporated within the polymer backbone. The simulation results were compared with published experimental data for the bulk copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with different levels of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The model was able to effectively predict the reaction kinetics, the gel point, and sol–gel fractions in both the pre- and postgel regimes, including the swelling index of the gel. In the postgel regime the cross-linked molecule becomes the primary locus of reactions, and all chains eventually become part of this massive cross-linked polymer network. The Monte Carlo method allows the determination of the complete molecular structure as it evolves with time, including properties like cross-linking density, number of.
Pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of Amalakayas Rasayana; an anti ageing Ayurvedic formulation

Pharmacognostical study revealed that the ingredients of Amalakayas Rasayana are authentic. Physicochemical parameters of AR are within the accepted range. The 30.6% w/w of total ash and acid insoluble ash 3.45% w/w may be due to its iron (Fe 2 O 3 ) content. AR contains 50% w/w water soluble extractives, which indicates that AR is easily soluble in water. AR gives 2 and 6 spots on short and long UV light respectively, which indicate that its chemical compounds are easily separable. AR contains 27.5% w/ w iron (Fe 2 O 3 ) indicating it’s a good source of iron. The total phenolic content was given satisfactory linearity against Gallic acid equivalents (R 2 = 0.998). The DPPH (R 2 =1 in polynomial plotting) assay showed good linearity against ascorbic acid indicating its free radical scavenging activity. EDTA & NBT assays showed sufficient linearity (R² = 0.976) against ascorbic acid indicating potent superoxide radical scavenging activity, whereas ferrous reducing power was also showed satisfactory linearity (R² = 0.986). Total tannin was estimated 2.82 % w/w. The extract was also showed ROS scavenging activities (R 2 =0.976; EC 50= 77.5μg/ml). These pharmacognostical, physic-chemical and analytical parameters will help to establish further standards of Ayurvedic drugs to assure their safety, purity and efficacy.
Electrical Properties of Highly Charged Spherical Surfaces in a Symmetric Electrolyte Solution

A simple expression for the surface charge density/surface potential relationship for a spherical colloidal particle with high surface potential in a solution of symmetrical electrolytes is obtained by solving the nonlinear Poisson‐Boltzmann equation using the extended Langmuir's method. The simple expression is fit for the case of high surface potential and is applicable only when ka is large. The present expression has a simple form and is useful in practice.
Tellurite hybrid microstructured optical fibers with flattened dispersion at the telecom window

We propose a tellurite hybrid microstructured optical fiber (HMOF) with the flattened chromatic dispersion and high nonlinearity at the telecom window to realize efficient parametric frequency conversion, Raman soliton and supercontinuum (SC) generation. This fiber consists of a TeO2-Li2O-WO3-MoO3-Nb2O5 (TLWMN) tellurite glass and TeO2-ZnO-Na2O-P2O5 (TZNP) phospho-tellurite glass as the core and cladding, respectively. This HMOF has air holes in the cladding surrounding the core with small diameter about 1.0 µm. This structural feature provides tellurite HMOFs with the large refractive index difference between the core and cladding and improvement in flexibility of dispersion management. To achieve the flattened chromatic dispersion at the telecom window, we have studied the structure of tellurite HMOF. And then, we analyzed the chromatic dispersion and nonlinearity of the designed tellurite HMOF. The flattened chromatic dispersion between -2 and 0.7 ps/nm/km in wavelength range from 1.4 to 2.2 µm and the nonlinearity γ = 4 m-1W-1 at wavelength of 1.55 µm are obtained. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reactions of p-coumaryl alcohol model compounds with dimethyl carbonate. Towards the upgrading of lignin building blocks

Cinnamyl alcohol 1 and 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenol 2, two compounds resembling the lignin building block p-coumaryl alcohol, can be selectively transformed into different products by catalytic methodologies based on dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as a green solvent/reagent. Selectivity can be tuned as a function of the reaction temperature and of the nature of the catalyst. Basic catalysts such as K2CO3, trioctylmethylphosphonium methylcarbonate ([P8881][CH3OCOO]), and CsF/αAl2O3 promote selective transesterification of the aliphatic hydroxyl group at 90 °C. However, amphoteric solids such as alkali metal-exchanged faujasites, NaX and NaY, selectively yield the corresponding alkyl ethers at higher temperatures (165–180 °C). The phenolic hydroxyl group of 2 can be methylated similarly with the faujasites at high temperatures. This preliminary screening for selectivity illustrates reactivity trends and delineates some of what might be among the most promising synthetic pathways to upgrade lignin-derived chemical building blocks.
The natural angular momentum distribution in the study of thick disks around black holes

The thick-disk model is reviewed with an angular momentum distribution chosen to have a power-law relation with the von Zeipel parameter lambda = sq rt(l/Omega), where l denotes the specific angular momentum and Omega denotes the angular velocity. This choice permits the integration of the relativistic Euler equation independent of the background geometry. The consequences with regard to the Schwarzschild and Kerr black-hole geometries are briefly investigated.
An Exploration of Evaluating the Performance of Malware Detection in the Cloud Environment

Numerous businesses now adopt cloud computing, putting their server, storage, and application resources on a network in the cloud somewhere online. Data from the user is stored on cloud at a low price, making cloud computing the most rapidly developing technologies. In a nutshell, cloud technology provides users with the access to massive infrastructures for low latency via a distinct middleware that is comparable to Grid and HPC computing, both of which are currently in use. Over the years, these kinds of systems have become more and more popular since they offer a setting in which to host scalable applications. But rather than offering customers a common platform, the cloud network is vulnerable to several security issues, including malware infections, DDoS assaults, SQL injection, and even more complex attacks like zombie botnets. We describe our research on security challenges and virus spread in cloud networks in this paper. However, the detection capabilities of conventional host-based antivirus software are constrained, and theseprograms frequently miss threats; recent assaults are becoming more complicated and evasive of conventional security measures. To understand cloud security and use cutting-edge malware detection techniques to safeguard cloud, malware detection and research on these approaches are described in this article. Because the resources in a cloud are delivered to the user in the form of VM’s, they are susceptible to distributed denial of service attacks, malware exploits,and VM Escape-based attacks. This paper discusses the various detection techniques and the most effectiveones. The discussion of each method will be covered from a broad perspective that also focuses on reliable solutions, future directions, etc. The details are outlined in our article
Supramolecular ensembles in eutectic alloys

The main concepts of the theory of eutectics are analysed. The most essential results of investigations on eutectic alloys of inorganic compounds are surveyed. Evidence in favour of the supramolecular concept of eutectics is presented. This concept takes into account interactions of incommensurate substructures and gives an insight into the mechanisms of formation of supramolecular eutectic assemblies in boundary regions ('non-autonomous phases'). Using the static one-dimensional Frenkel — Kontorova model for finite systems, it is shown that the consideration of these mechanisms in terms of supramolecular chemistry simplifies analysis of the behaviour of inorganic eutectic systems in the course of crystallisation under conditions both close to and far from equilibrium, including crystallization upon quenching and under external actions. The supramolecular concept bridges gaps between the definitions 'compound', 'eutectic' and 'solution' in physicochemical analysis. The bibliography includes 83 references.
Quartz crystal resonators as sensors in liquids using the acoustoelectric effect

Piezoelectric quartz crystal resonators (QCRs) have been investigated as detectors in liquid environments. In all the applications, mass loading and viscous coupling are the main interaction mechanisms which result in changes in the QCR resonant frequency. However, other interaction mechanisms such as the acoustoelectric interaction due to fringing fields at electrode ends arise which contribute to the total change in frequency, in particular, the parallel resonant frequency. In the present work, it is shown that by modifying the geometry of the electrode at the QCR surface in contact with the solution, a transition region can be created in which the lateral decaying acoustic field is enhanced
Polymer Chain Buildup and Network Formation of Imidazole-Cured Epoxy/Phenol Resins

A new algorithm of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation has been proposed for the imidazole/epoxy/phenol resin system. The strategy of the MC method is divided into two steps: the first is deciding the type of reaction mechanism, and then choosing the reacting functional groups. The structural properties corresponding to the conversion change, such as the average molecular weight, the molecular weight distribution, the sol−gel fraction, and the branch point distribution of the sol part can be simulated by this method. The BPA molar ratio seems the most important factor in this system. Because it dominates the final structure of the cured resins, either linear or branched. The theoretical results were compared and verified by the gel permeation chromatography and the sol extraction analysis. Both theoretical and experimental results coincide with each other very successfully.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LOCAL SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER FOR PRODUCING EXPNDED BREAKFAST CREAL

Extrusion cooking has been used in industries for many years to produce various types of human foods and animal feeds. Twin screw extrusion used for the production of expanded breakfast cereal. This work aimed to develop a local single screw extruder to produce the breakfast cereal by modifying extruder die and cutter knife units. The performance of the developed extruder was studied as a function of change in the physical and mechanical factors affecting the shear in extrusion barrel such as screw speed of( 354and 438 RPM) , the clearance between the last screw unit and die of (3,10 and 20mm), number of holes in the die (1,3,6 and 9 holes) as mechanical factors and formula moisture content of (19,24 and 29%w.b.) as physical factors . Results indicated that the most effective operating range for these parameters was 438 rpm, 3 mm, 6 holes and 24%w.b. , respectively, which led to an extruder productivity of 253.56 kg/h, specific mechanical energy (SME) of 67kW.h/ton and good product quality with 0.716 g/cm3 product bulk density, 93.18 %durability, 1.63 expansion ratio and 41.83% cereal water absorption.
How Have Political Interests of U.S. Presidents Changed?: A Diachronic Investigation of the State of the Union Addresses through Topic Modeling

In this study, I demonstrate that the topic modeling method, more specifically the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), is a useful method to investigate how U.S. presidents’ political concerns have changed since the foundation of the United States. By applying the LDA to State of the Union Addresses, I obtain four main topics ((i) internal issues related to the federal government; (ii) international affairs tied with territorial disputes; (iii) worldwide warfare; and (iv) social welfare) and argue that each topic is a reflection of its historical background. Last, I proposed that a transition in the key topics occurred before and after World War II. In other words, the Presidents’ main political concerns were influenced by whether the United States had attained the status as the world leader.
Hydrophobicity of Polyaniline Microspheres Deposited on a Glass Substrate

A highly hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 148.0° has been constructed by depositing salicylic acid-doped polyaniline (PANI-SA) spheres on a glass substrate using a template-free method. The hydrophobicity originates from the contribution of the air trapped in the inter-space of a rough surface aggregated by micro- and nanospheres. Moreover, the deposition time strongly affects the hydrophobicity of the PANI-SA spheres deposited on the substrate. The formation mechanism and hydrophobic origin of the PANI-SA spheres deposited on the substrate are discussed.
Spatial structure of electrons and fluorine atoms in a RF magnetron plasma

The spatial structure of the electron and fluorine atom densities has been measured in a strongly inhomogeneous plasma produced by a planar magnetron radio-frequency (RF) discharge. The radial fluorine atom profile averaged in the axial direction indicated a weak correlation to the electron density one, whereas the axial profile was roughly uniform. The M-shaped and flat profiles of the electron density were confirmed near and far from the RF electrode, respectively. The electron density in a plasma was found to be lower by about one or two orders of magnitude than that in a pure Ar plasma. The measurement of the probe current ratio R in the plasma indicated that the negative ion density was higher than the electron one by a factor of roughly 100. The W-shaped potential profile was formed near the RF electrode and was extremely negative unlike in the pure Ar plasma.
Paliperidone-Loaded Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) for Improved Oral Delivery

The present research is aimed to improve the oral delivery of paliperidone by loading into self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). Oleic acid, Tween 80, and capmul MCM L8 were selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively and phase diagram was constructed and the region was identified for the formation of SEDDS. The stable formulations were analyzed for globule size, robustness to dilution and in vitro drug release. The globule size of all the formulations was found to be in the range of 205 to 310 nm with good size uniformity and seems to be dependent on the proportion of oil in SEEDS formulation. The optimized formulation (F3) has been adsorbed onto neusilin and characterized. The DSC and XRD spectra unravel the presence of molecular state of paliperidone in solid SEDDS. The in vitro dissolution study indicates improved dissolution characteristics with higher dissolution efficiency for solid SEDDS (SEDDS-N) compared to pure drug. Further ex vivo permeation studies carried out using rat intestine suggest a 2- to 3-fold improvement in permeation for SEDDS compared to pure drug. In conclusion, SEDDS prove to be potential carriers for improved oral delivery of paliperidone.