Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Residual CNN-GRU With Attention Mechanism for Classification of 12-lead ECG

Cardiac diseases are the most common cause of death. The fully automated classification of the electrocardiogram (ECG) supports early capturing of heart disorders, and, consequently, may help to get treatment early. Here in this paper, we introduce a deep neural network for human ECG classification into 24 independent groups, for example, atrial fibrillation, 1st degree AV block, Bundle branch blocks, premature contractions, changes in the ST segment, normal sinus rhythm, and others. The network architecture utilizes a convolutional neural network with residual blocks, bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units, and an attention mechanism. The algorithm was trained and validated on the public dataset proposed by the PhysioNet Challenge 2020. The trained algorithm was tested using a hidden test set during the official phase of the challenge and obtained the challenge validation score of 0.659 as entries by the ISIBrno team. The final testing scores were 0.847, 0.195, −0.006, and 0.122, for testing sets I, II, III, and full test set, respectively. We have obtained 30th place out of 41 teams in the official ranking.
Biocidal Effects of Ozone, Sodium Hypochlorite and Formaldehyde, on Sulphate Reducing Bacteria Isolated from Biofilms of Corroded Oil Pipelines in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

The performance of three biocides (ozone, sodium hypochlorite and formaldehyde) on Sulphate reducing bacteria was tested. The Sulphate reducing bacteria were isolated from biofilms of corroded oil pipelines under normal flow condition. The study was aimed at controlling these bacteria using the three biocides at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 percent) in order to reduce the economic losses normally encountered in the oil and gas industry due to the activities of Sulphate reducing bacteria. The results showed that ozone was effective from 1% concentration by completely eliminating Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Desulfobulbus propionicus and Desulfosarcina variabilis followed by sodium hypochlorite and then formaldehyde being the least effective. For proper monitoring and control of microbiologically influenced corrosion caused by sulphate reducing bacteria, Ozone and one of the non-oxidizing biocides such as formaldehyde should be used.
Viscosity of CaO–CrOx–SiO2 slags in a relatively high oxygen partial pressure atmosphere

Viscosities of eight CaO-Si0 2 -CrO x slags were measured by the rotating cylinder method up to a temperature of 1750°C. The compositions were selected in the composition range of 38-60 wt% SiO 2 , 53-37 wt% CaO and 0-9 wt% CrO x . The atmosphere was controlled by a CO 2 /CO gas mixture. lida's viscosity model was applied and good consistency with the measured viscosity values was observed.
Urea Monitor Based on Chemiluminescence and Electrolysis as a Marker for Dialysis Efficiency

We have developed a practical urea monitor based on a chemiluminescent (CL) reaction of urea and hypobromous acid produced by electrolysis of sodium bromide (NaBr) for measuring urea concentration in spent dialysate at set intervals. A reagent containing 4×10-2 M hypobromous acid is produced by electrolysis of an electrolyte containing 5.9 M NaBr and 0.2 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Chemiluminescence is emitted by injection of spent hemodialysis fluid (0.11 ml) into the reagent, and the CL-intensity is measured by a photomultiplier tube using the photon counting technique. The CL-intensity is proportional to the 0.9th power of the urea concentration between 7×10-4 and 2×10-2 M. The urea monitor can determine the urea concentration in spent dialysate samples collected from the waste line of a dialyzer, and the time for the intermittent measurements including the cleaning cycle of the reaction chamber is 3 min. The urea concentrations measured by the monitor are in close agreement with those measured by the conventional enzyme colorimetric method using urease for the spent dialysate collected during a hemodialysis treatment, and the correlation coefficient is 0.93.
Theoretical Unraveling of Selective 1-Butene Oligomerization Catalyzed by Iron−Bis(arylimino)pyridine

We report a theoretical study, based on density functional theory, devoted to the comprehension of the oligomerization reaction of 1-butene catalyzed by the Fe(II) bis(arylimino)pyridine complex ({2,6-(2-(CH3)C6H4N═C(CH3))2-C5H3N}Fe(II)Cl2). Starting from the activated species ([{2,6-(2-(CH3)C6H4N═C(CH3))2-C5H3N}Fe(III)H]2+), the obtained results are compared with available experimental data in order to determine the reaction mechanisms and to explain the unexpected predominant formation of linear octenes. All reaction steps (insertions, terminations) take place on the quartet potential energy surface, which appears to be the most stable all along the reaction path. The unique reaction path toward linear octenes (i.e., (1,2) and (2,1) successive insertions of 1-butene) is found as the most kinetically favorable to the detriment of all other possible paths. The first insertion into the Fe-hydride catalyst is found to be strongly exergonic and thermodynamically directed. Dimers can be formed by either β-hyd.
Modeling Ionic Liquids Using a Systematic All-Atom Force Field

A new force field for the molecular modeling of ionic liquids of the dialkylimidazolium cation family was constructed. The model is based on the OPLS-AA/AMBER framework. Ab initio calculations were performed to obtain several terms in the force field not yet defined in the literature. These include torsion energy profiles and distributions of atomic charges that blend smoothly with the OPLS-AA specification for alkyl chains. Validation was carried out by comparing simulated and experimental data on fourteen different salts, comprising three types of anion and five lengths of alkyl chain, in both the crystalline and liquid phases. The present model can be regarded as a step toward a general force field for ionic liquids of the imidazolium cation family that was built in a systematic way, is easily integrated with OPLS-AA/AMBER, and is transferable between different combinations of cation−anion.
An elementary picture of dielectric spectroscopy in solids: Physical basis

Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) techniques play a major role in gaining insight into important peculiarities of dielectric responses of materials. The principles of DS of solids are discussed starting from simple concepts. The physical basis is presented, emphasizing the meaning of the magnitudes and phenomena involved, including the microscopic aspects of the chemical nature of solids. The applications, advantages, and limitations of DS are also discussed. Some examples are given that provide a practical overview of the main ideas as well as to show the usefulness of the technique.
Heterocyclic aromatic anions with 4n + 2 .pi.-electrons

Equilibrium acidities in DMSO for several cyclic carboxamides, thiocarboxamides, esters, and sulfones that form anions possessing 4n+2 electrons have been measured. Aromatic stabilization energies (ASEs) for these anions have been estimated by comparing their pK HA values with those of open-chain analogues. The ASEs (kcal/mol) are 8.3 for N-methylindolin-2-one, 15.5 for N-methylindoline-2-thione, 7.1 for 2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan, 8.5 for 2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene, 11.4 for 3-phenyl-2H-thiopyran 1,1-dioxide, and 23 for cyclopentadiene. These values need to be corrected, however, for the effects of cyclization on pK HA values, which are about 3 kcal/mol for carboxamides and 5 kcal/mol for esters
Soret and mass diffusion measurements and molecular dynamics simulations of n-pentane–n-decane mixtures

Soret coefficients and mass diffusion coefficients of three states of the n-pentane–n-decane mixture have been measured by thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering (TDFRS) and are compared with molecular dynamics simulations values. Both equilibrium (EMD), synthetic (S-NEMD), and boundary driven (BD-NEMD) nonequilibrium techniques have been applied to compute the phenomenological and the transport coefficients relevant to the Soret effect. It is found that statistical error on cross-coefficients using equilibrium and dynamical S-NEMD is too high to enable any comparison with experiments, whereas stationary S-NEMD and BD-NEMD methods have statistical error less than ≈35%. S-NEMD simulations have been carried out in the center-of-mass reference frame and the resulting transport coefficients transformed to the center-of-volume frame of reference. The mass diffusion coefficients are sensibly affected by this transformation and show the same weight fraction dependence as the experimental value, although a difference of roughly a factor of 1.4 is found. The Soret coefficients are, as expected, unaffected by the frame of reference transformation and a good agreement between experiment and simulations is found.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Base‐Catalysed Cyclisation of 2‐(Substituted benzoylamino)benzamides Giving Quinazolin‐4‐one and Quinazolin‐4‐thione Derivatives

Acylation of 2-aminobenzamide and 2-(methylamino)benzamide with substituted benzoyl chlorides in acetone has been used to prepare the respective 2-(substituted benzoylamino)benzamides 1a−i, which were then subjected to sodium methoxide catalysed ring closure to give the respective 2-(substituted phenyl)quinazolin-4-ones 2a−i. The kinetics of the cyclisation reactions were monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy at 25 °C in methanolic solutions of sodium methoxide. In the case of 2-(substituted benzoylamino)benzamides 1a−i and 2-(substituted benzoylamino)thiobenzamides 3a−j, non-linear dependences of observed rate constants kobs on the sodium methoxide concentrations were obtained, the shape of them being typical of a reaction with rapid pre-equilibrium. All the cyclisation reactions satisfactorily obeyed the Hammett correlation. In the case of 2-[(benzoyl)(methyl)amino]benzamides 1e−i, increasing sodium methoxide concentration resulted in a progressive increase in kobs values which is probably due to formation of dianion. In the case of 2-(substituted benzoylamino)thiobenzamides 3b and 3h, which differ in the presence of a methyl group on the nitrogen atom the values of the activation Gibbs energy ΔG‡25 °C, activation enthalpy ΔH‡25 °C, and activation entropy ΔS‡25 °C for their respective cyclisations to 2-(substituted phenyl)quinazoline-4-thiones 4b and 4h were determined. Whereas the ΔG‡25 °C values were very close for the two substances, the ΔH‡25 °C and ΔS‡25 °C distinctly differed. This was interpreted by the enthalpy and entropy factors operating against each other in the cyclisation. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Electroviscous Effects in Charged Capillaries

Electroviscous effects are important in a number of technologies, for example, flow of electrolytes through synthetic membranes (which may have capillary pores) and filter cakes. Although the equations governing the effects are well known, previously published solutions have to a large extent involved analytical approximations. This paper presents two significant advances in the calculation of such effects. First, a numerical solution of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for a cylindrical pore is developed. The solution is facilitated by a substitution to reduce the stiffness of the equation. Second, the analysis of electroviscous effects has been extended to symmetric electrolytes in which the mobilities of anions and cations may be individually specified. It is shown that the calculated electroviscous effects are strongly dependent on the mobility of the ion of opposite sign of charge to the capillary wall (counterion) even if the co-ion is kept the same. All of the calculations may be easily performed on a PC.
Enhanced catalytic ability of chitosan–Cu–Fe bimetal complex for the removal of dyes in aqueous solution

In this study, despite the high adsorption ability, efficient catalytic activity of a chitosan–metal complex has been developed through the chelation of chitosan polymer with bimetals Cu(II) and Fe(III). The removal of C. I. Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) by the chitosan–Cu–Fe complex/H2O2 system was studied in the pH range from 4 to 12. The maximal dye removal rate was achieved at an optimal concentration of Cu and Fe in the chitosan–Cu–Fe matrix, demonstrating the combination of sorptive enrichment and catalytic degradation. The results indicated that TOC removal and discoloration of the dye achieved 89.9% and 96.5% in a short reaction time. The pH sensitivity of the chitosan complex, the effect of the coexisting ions and the adsorption of other anionic dyes were also studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were analyzed to study the structure of the chitosan bi-metal complex and a possible mechanism was proposed.
The Rheological Properties of Lube Oil With Terpolymeric Additives

Twelve terpolymeric additives were prepared via free radical chain addition polymerization. The rheological properties of lube oil (SAE-30) were studied with and without additives. The prepared terpolymers have a good effect on the viscosity-temperature relationship. The flow curves and viscosity-shear rate curves of the prepared additives doped with lube oil were studied and it was found that they behave as Bingham fluids. The sensitivity of the prepared terpolymers to mechanical stresses was studied and it was found that the sensitivity increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared additives.
Controlling Liquid Atomization using DiluteEmulsions: Mitigation of Pesticide Spray Drift

Spray transport is mainly influenced by the velocity of the surrounding gas flow and by the distribution of drop sizes. In many applications, like spray painting, coating and crop protection, the exact location of spray deposition plays a very important role. In modern agriculture, misdirected pesticide spray is a major problem, which causes severe damages to surrounding ecosystems. This phenomenon is called spray drift. The susceptibility of a spray to drift is mainly influenced by its drop size distribution, since the trajectories of smaller drops can heavily be affected by the airflow. On the other hand, large drops have a negative effect on the coverage with pesticide. The present work aims towards controlling drop sizes during atomization with dilute emulsions. Aerodynamic fragmentation of a single drop at relatively low Weber numbers, corresponding to the drop bag breakup, is employed as a model system to evaluate the ability of various adjuvants to control the atomization process. For this purpose, a compact, open-circuit wind-tunnel is designed. The process of aerodynamic fragmentation is then recorded by a high-speed video system. It is observed that drop breakup is heavily promoted even at very small quantities of emulsion. A theoretical model is presented which describes the film thickness evolution during the aerodynamic fragmentation process. It is shown that a polyethersiloxane emulsion can considerably increase the film thickness at the instant of rupture as well as the mean child drop sizes. Next, the breakup morphology of liquid sheets originating from agricultural flat fan nozzles is analyzed and discussed qualitatively and quantitatively using a high-speed video system and appropriate image processing algorithms. It is demonstrated that the polyethersiloxane drops cause the nucleation of a large number of holes in the liquid films. This effect leads to a much more regular breakup and reduces the length of the intact sheet. It is shown that the additives influence the breakup of a single drop and the atomization in agricultural sprays in the same manner. Then, the effect of emulsion particles on final spray characteristics is quantified by image based drop size measurements. Compared to pure water, the volume fraction contained in drift-prone drops can be reduced substantially by the addition of small amounts of polyethersiloxane. Additionally, the more regular breakup induced by the emulsion decreases the polydispersity of drop sizes and thereby improves the coverage characteristics of the spray. Finally, it is shown that the addition of certain additives is very beneficial to the overall pesticide spray quality. The reduction of liquid contained in small and in large drops decreases the hazards caused by off-target pesticide deposition and improves the coverage characteristics. The crop protection process can thus be made more efficient and less precarious.
Pitfalls of local and quantitative phase analysis in partially stabilized zirconia

The addition of selected elements into the host structure of ZrO2 stabilizes the tetragonal and cubic phases of zirconia, which are, in their undoped binary form, only stable at high temperatures. From the crystallographic point of view, the increasing amount of the stabilizer causes a continuous transition of the tetragonal zirconia to its cubic modification. In partially stabilized zirconia, local concentration gradients of the stabilizer are frequently present as a consequence of the production process, which results in a coexistence of zirconia domains having different degrees of tetragonality. The presence of the local concentration gradients in such samples and the continuous nature of the phase transformation are features important for many technological applications, but their analysis is not straightforward. Furthermore, these features complicate the quantitative phase analysis in partially stabilized zirconia. For the example of zirconia partially stabilized by magnesium, this contribution illustrates the capabilities and limitations of X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction. In particular, the ability of these experimental methods to reveal the gradual lattice distortion that is associated with the cubic to tetragonal phase transformation in zirconia and the reliability of the quantitative phase analysis are discussed. In this context, it is shown to what extent the choice of the microstructure model influences the result of the phase analysis.
THE ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA: II. TWO PAIRS OF TWO EQUIVALENT NUCLEI

This paper deals with the analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of two pairs of two equivalent nuclei (of spin )whose relative chemical shift is of the same order as the spin-coupling constants of the system (A2B2 in the notation of Part I). The complete matrix is set up and correlated with the results of McConnell, McLean, and Reilly (4) for the corresponding theory with large chemical shiftsThe proton resonance spectrum of naphthalene is reported and is analyzed as an A2B2 system on the hypothesis that spin couplings between protons on different rings are negligible. A complete analysis of the spectrum of o-dichlorobenzene, which represents a further example of an A2B2, system, is also given. The spectrum of 1-chloro-2-bromoethane at room temperature is also analyzed as an A2B2 system.
Collision‐induced dissociation and charge transfer reactions of SF+x (x=1–5): Thermochemistry of sulfur fluoride ions and neutrals

Guided ion beam mass spectrometry is used to measure the cross sections for collision‐induced dissociation of SFx+ (x=1–5) with Xe. The energy dependences of the cross sections are analyzed to give the following 0 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs): D°(SF4+–F)=4.60±0.10 eV, D°(SF3+–F)=0.36±0.05 eV, D°(SF2+–F)=4.54±0.08 eV, D°(SF+–F)=4.17±0.10 eV, and D°(S+–F)=3.56±0.05 eV. The ionization energies, IE(SF)=10.16±0.17 eV, IE(SF3)=8.18±0.07 eV, IE(SF4)=11.69±0.06 eV, and IE(SF5)=9.60±0.05 eV, are also measured from analysis of endothermic charge–transfer reactions. From these BDEs and IEs, we derive heats of formation for the sulfur fluoride ions and neutrals that provide a self‐consistent set of thermochemical data for the sulfur fluoride species. In some cases, the thermochemical values determined here are considerably different from available literature values. These differences are discussed in detail.
Operational Aspects of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Polish Pad Profile Optimization

Despite recent advances in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), some manufacturing concerns associated with successful implementation of CMP remain to be overcome, e.g., degradation in the removal rate, nonuniformity of material removal, etc. In this work, the characteristics of the relative velocity for pad conditioning are explored and a generalized Preston equation, taking the pad topology into account, is formulated. From experimental data, important characteristics for the pad wear during conditioning are identified. That is the actual conditioning time, the characteristic time, plays a determinant role in the pad wear. Provided with the wear rate (WR) equation, optimization on operating variables reveals that, as a result of the sweeping, it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain a uniform pad profile. However, the setting of operating variables and design modification can be used to alleviate possible nonuniformity on the pad profile. That implies we have to make the ratio of disk-radius-to-pad-radius as small as possible (to eliminate the edge effect). Next the importance of setting of the number of zones and corresponding relative time (retention time at each zone) is emphasized. A procedure for setting these operating parameters is also given.
The xanthate method of grafting. III. Effect of lignin content on the graftability of wood pulp

Several commercial wood pulps of different chemical origin and with various lignin content were copolymerized with acrylonitrile using the xanthate grafting process. A number of experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects exerted by the residual lignin and by other wood components on the grafting reaction. The results obtained show that graft copolymers can be prepared in good yields with pulps containing as much as 23% lignin. With the aim to investigate the effect of lignin in more detail, two series of pulps were prepared by delignification of a crude sulfite pulp and a crude Kraft pulp to different levels of lignin content. Sodium chlorite was used as a bleaching agent. Copolymerization results obtained with these pulps indicate some fundamental differences in behavior between sulfite and Kraft pulps. In both cases, the copolymerization is afflicted by a short inhibition period whose duration, however, does not depend on the lignin content in the pulp.