Emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Southwest of Iran

C I T A T I O N L I N K S A R T I C L E I N F O Article Type Original Research Authors Vedad Al-Khamis, MSc1 Seyedeh Elham Rezatofighi, PhD1* Hossein Motamedi, PhD1 How to cite this article Al-Khamis V, Rezatofighi S. E, Motamedi H. , Emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Southwest of Iran. Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology. 2019;5(4):9-16 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran * Correspondence Address: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Phone: 00986113331045 e.tofighi@scu.ac. ir Article History Received: October 26 ,2019 Accepted: December 29 ,2019 Published: January 8 ,2020 [1] McGuinness WA, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Focus: infectious. [2] Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Miro JM, Fowler VG, Bayer AS, et al. Clinical . [3] Saadat S, Solhjoo K, NoroozNejad MJ, Kazemi A. VanA and vanB. [4] Perichon B, Courvalin P. VanA-type. [5] Azimian A, Havaei SA, Fazeli H, Naderi M, Ghazvini K, Samiee SM, et al. Genetic. [6] Cui L, Ma X, Sato K, Okuma K, Tenover FC, Mamizuka EM, et al. Cell wall. [7] Gardete S, Tomasz A. Mechanisms of vancomycin. [8] Lalueza A, Chaves F, San Juan R, Daskalaki M, Otero JR, Aguado JM. Is high vancomycin. [9] Holland TL, Fowler Jr VG. Vancomycin minimum. [10] Holmes NE, Johnson PD, Howden BP. Relationship between. [11] Arthur M, Molinas C, Depardieu F, Courvalin P. Characterization of. [12] Arthur M, Reynolds P, Courvalin P. Glycopeptide resistance in. [13] Zhu W, Murray PR, Huskins WC, Jernigan JA, McDonald LC, Clark NC, et al. Dissemination of. [14] Saderi H, Owlia P, Maleki Z, Habibi M, Rahmati N. Susceptibility to. [15] Cetinkaya Y, Falk P, Mayhall CG. Vancomycin-resistant. [16] Perl TM. The threat. [17] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M100-S25: Performance. [18] Emaneini M, Bigverdi R, Kalantar D, Soroush S, Jabalameli F, Noorazar Khoshgnab B, et al. Distribution of. [19] Clark NC, Cooksey RC, Hill BC, Swenson JM, Tenover FC. Characterization of. [20] Clark NC, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR, Tenover FC. Detection and differentiation of. [21] Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol. [22] Hasan R, Acharjee M, Noor R. Prevalence of vancomycin resistant. [23] Shekarabi M, Hajikhani B, Salimi Chirani A, Fazeli M, Goudarzi M. Molecular. [24] Bamigboye BT, Olowe OA, Taiwo SS. Phenotypic. [25] Wootton M, Howe RA, Walsh TR, Bennett PM, MacGowan AP. In vitro activity of 21 antimicrobials. [26] Moravvej Z, Estaji F, Askari E, Solhjou K, Naderi Nasab M, Saadat S. Update on the. [27] Hiramatsu K. The emergence of. [28] Tenover FC, Biddle JW, Lancaster MV. Increasing resistance to. [29] Severin A, Wu SW, Tabei K, Tomasz A. Penicillin-binding Protein 2. [30] Noto MJ, Fox PM, Archer GL. Spontaneous e. [31] Tiwari HK, Sen MR. Emergence of . Aims: Following the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, the use of other antibiotics especially vancomycin in S. aureus infections has become inevitable, leading to the emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) strains, which is considered as a major public health concern. This study aimed to determine the vancomycin susceptibility patterns of S. aureus clinical isolates in order to evaluate the current status of vancomycin resistance in the southwest of Iran. Materials & Methods: In this study, 100 S. aureus clinical strains were collected from the hospitals of Khuzestan province in the southwest of Iran. Next, antibiotic susceptibility, vancomycin resistance, and the presence of mecA, vanA, vanB, vanC, and vanD genes were investigated in these isolates. Findings: It was found that 1 and 2 isolates were vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and VRSA, respectively. All three strains showed methicillin-resistance pattern and carried mecA gene. vanA gene was detected in VRSA strains, whereas vanB, vanC, and vanD genes were detected in none of these isolates. Conclusion: This study findings could be alarming regarding the emergence and spread of VRSA strains; therefore, the principles of infection control should be employed in the healthcare systems to prevent the spread of VRSA strains in healthcare facilities.