Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A continuous study of the total drift of freshwater shrimps, Gammarus pulex, in a small stony stream in the English Lake District

1. The objective was to determine the major factors affecting the downstream dispersal (drift) of freshwater shrimps, Gammarus pulex. Sample replication and frequency are major problems in the quantification of drift. For the first time, these problems were avoided by sampling the whole stream continuously so that all the shrimps drifting downstream at the sampling point were caught in a net emptied at dusk and dawn in 1966, and every 3 days in 1967. 2. There was no consistent seasonal pattern in drift rates, but a high proportion of annual drift was taken in only a few samples. There was a nocturnal diel pattern of drift with peaks soon after dusk and just before dawn. A power function described the significant (P < 0.001) relationship between drift and flow, and was used to neutralise the dominant effects of flow by standardising total drift over 24 h, nocturnal drift and diurnal drift (drift per 50 m 3 ). These were all significantly (P < 0.001) related to benthos density, but not to date, temperature, or length of the night or day. 3. The relationship between drift values and the independent variables, flow and benthos density, was well described (P < 0.001) by a multiple-regression model. Adding temperature, date, and/or the length of the night or day did not improve model fit. Variations in flow and benthos density explained 94% of the variation in total drift over 24 h, 97% of the variation in nocturnal drift, but only 44% of the variation in diurnal drift. A power function described (P < 0.001) the relationship between total drift and the volume of water sampled over 3-day periods in 1967. Flow explained 95% of this drift variation; it was unnecessary to add another variable such as benthos density. 4. The significance of this study is that it avoided the problems associated with the quantification of drift samples. Therefore, the conclusions are more robust than those of many previous studies. A high proportion of the annual drift losses would have been undetected by intermittent sampling. Temperature, season, night or day length had no significant effect on drift densities, and the relationship between drift and benthos densities was proportional, not density dependent. The nocturnal increase in drift could not be interpreted as an antipredator behaviour. The dominance of flow and benthos density was apparent but the quantitative relationships posed further questions, especially those related to drift distances at different velocities.
An Introduction to Description Logic

This introduction presents the main motivations for the development of Description Logics (DLs) as a formalism for representing knowledge, as well as some important basic notions underlying all systems that have been created in the DL tradition. In addition, we provide the reader with an overview of the entire book and some guidelines for reading it.We first address the relationship between Description Logics and earlier semantic network and frame systems, which represent the original heritage of the field. We delve into some of the key problems encountered with the older efforts. Subsequently, we introduce the basic features of DL languages and related reasoning techniques.DL languages are then viewed as the core of knowledge representation systems. considering both the structure of a DL knowledge base and its associated reasoning services. The development of some implemented knowledge representation systems based on Description Logics and the first applications built with such systems are then reviewed.Finally, we address the relationship of Description Logics to other fields of Computer Science. We also discuss some extensions of the basic representation language machinery; these include features proposed for incorporation in the formalism that originally arose in implemented systems, and features proposed to cope with the needs of certain application domains.
Learning Polarity Embedding

Our goal is to extract the political-polarity information from the politicians’ speech, which could make supporters of different parties use totally different expressions referring to the same concept. We formalize this problem as learning the polarity embedding of the words. Uulike the standard methods where all aspects of a word’s meaning composites the word vector representation, we want it to speciﬁcally capture two parts: (1) the political embedding, and (2) the non-political, semantic embedding. In theory we can use any existing model as our base model. For instance, word2vec, GloVe, ELMo, BERT, XLNet. Based on that, we pro-pose to add auxiliary tasks to speciﬁcally force the embeddings to end up in what we want. At the current stage, we have the previously-crawled tweets, the most-recent 3 , 000 tweets for the 115 th and 116 th representatives before March, 2019 . Our experiments show that there still remain some challenges to conquer, and also show that the existing approaches are not good enough in this scenario. Our code and current-stage data are released at https:
Monitoring the effects of forest clear-cutting and mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus invasion on wildlife diversity on Amami Island, Japan

Abstract Wildlife populations on Amami Island, Japan, have been affected by forest clear-felling and the introduction of alien species, in particular the mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus. We used monitoring data collected over 24 years to track changes in the population sizes of five species of mammals and 20 species of birds. We assigned species to the following groups: indigenous, rare, insectivorous, negatively affected by forest clear-cutting, and negatively affected by mongoose invasion. We examined trends in each group at four time points between 1985 and 2010 using two methods: species abundance estimates and the Living Planet Index. We then assessed the usefulness of these methods as tools for conservation planning. Inspecting species individually we identified four main patterns of abundance change: (a) an increase from the first to the last census period, (b) an increase in all periods except 2009–2010, (c) a decrease from 1985–1986 to 2001–2002 but an increase in 2009–2010, and (d) a decrease in all census periods. We observed certain relationships between these patterns and the species groups assigned as above. According to the Living Planet Index the group negatively affected by forest clear-cutting did not show significant recovery and the groups of rare species and species negatively affected by mongoose recovered to c. 40% of the original level after a sharp decline during 1985–2002. The Living Planet Index is a more useful tool for assessing the urgency of particular conservation needs, although limited information on species abundance reduces its representativeness for some groups.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHRUBS AND FOODS IN MOUNTAIN PLOVER HABITAT IN PARK COUNTY, COLORADO

Abstract We explored habitat use in terms of vegetation structure and potential forage availability for mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus) in Park County, Colorado. We quantified the percentage cover of bare ground, percentage cover of shrubs (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus), linear distance to nearest shrub, arthropod biomass, and grasshopper density for 102 plots of 1,963 m2, 51 of which were occupied by plovers and 51 of which were selected randomly within previously-classified potential habitat. We modeled the probability of habitat use by plovers based on these measurements. We further subdivided the occupied plots to model probability of habitat use by adults with broods as compared with use by pre-nesting and post-nesting adults. Percentage of bare ground and probability of habitat use for adults with broods were related inversely, but not so for adults without broods. Grasshopper density was positively related to probability of habitat use by adults without broods, whereas proximity to nearest shrub was negatively related. We propose that habitat use by plovers in South Park is influenced by the amount of available shrub-grassland edge habitat and the availability of forage.
Screening of actinomycetes strains for the production of antifungal metabolites.

4 different actinomycete strains (A1, A2, A3 and A4) were isolated from the laterite soil samples of Guntur region. Growth pattern and antifungal profiles of the strains were evaluated against the test fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum. Based on the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, the strains A1, A2 and A4 were identified as the species of Streptomyces while the strain A3 was assigned to Nocardia. Among the 4 tested strains, Streptomyces sp. A1 showed strong antifungal activity which may provide a potent source for antifungal metabolites.
Concentration boundary layers around complex assemblages of macroalgae: Implications for the effects of ocean acidification on understory coralline algae

Metabolic processes have the potential to modulate the effects of ocean acidification (OA) in nearshore macroalgal beds. We investigated whether natural mixed assemblages of the articulate coralline macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa and understory crustose coralline algae (CCA) altered pH and O2 concentrations within and immediately above their canopies. In a unidirectional flume, we tested the effect of water velocity (0–0.1 m s−1), bulk seawater pH (ambient pH 8.05, and pH 7.65), and irradiance (photosynthetically saturating light and darkness) on pH and O2 concentration gradients, and the derived concentration boundary layer (CBL) thickness. At bulk seawater pH 7.65 and slow velocities (0 and 0.015 m s−1), pH at the CCA surface increased to 7.90–8.00 in the light. Although these manipulations were short term, this indicates a potential daytime buffering capacity that could alleviate the effects of OA. Photosynthetic activity also increased O2 concentrations at the surface of the CCA. However, this moderating capacity was flow dependent; the CBL thickness decreased from an average of 26.8 mm from the CCA surface at 0.015 m s−1 to 4.1 mm at 0.04 m s−1. The reverse trends occurred in the dark, with respiration causing pH and O2 concentrations to decrease at the CCA surface. At all flow velocities the CBL thicknesses (up to 68 mm) were much greater than those previously published, indicating that the presence of canopies can alter the CBL substantially. In situ, the height of macroalgal canopies can be an order of magnitude larger than those used here, indicating that the degree of buffering to OA will be context dependent.
Anatomical reinvestigation of Archaeopteris macilenta from the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) of South China

Abstract Archaeopteris macilenta is one of the most widespread plants in the Late Devonian. Based on fossils from the Frasnian Huangjiadeng Formation, Yichang District of Hubei Province, for the first time we study in detail the anatomy of this progymnosperm plant in South China. Ultimate axes are protostelic with three xylem sympodia and lack secondary tissue. Penultimate axes are eustelic, bearing eight sympodia and a thin band of secondary xylem. Radially symmetrical sympodia of mesarch primary xylem produce traces of appendages in a spiral arrangement. Archaeopteris macilenta and A. halliana (A. roemeriana) are dominant in the Frasnian and Famennian, respectively. Comparisons with these two species from other tectonic plates indicate consistent stelar architectures. Global spread, continuous occurrence, and identical anatomy during the Late Devonian indicate that Archaeopteris survived the Frasnian–Famennian extinction event. In this time, endemic genera and cosmopolitan taxa, including Archaeopteris, suggest the palaeogeographic isolation of South China and certain associations with other plates.
The effects of nest usurpation and other interference by the Blue-faced Honeyeater on the reproductive success of the Grey-crowned Babbler

Abstract Nest-building is a costly activity and natural selection may sometimes favour usurpation of existing nests. Few quantitative studies have investigated the effect of usurpation of nests on the reproductive success of the usurped species. Here we studied 27 instances of usurpation of Grey-crowned Babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis) nests (n = 310 nests) by Blue-faced Honeyeaters (Entomyzon cyanotis) in the monsoon tropics of Australia between 2003 and 2008. When usurpation occurred during laying or incubation the Babbler eggs disappeared. The frequency of nest usurpation by Blue-faced Honeyeaters varied between Babbler territories, from no usurpation to almost every year during the study period. Based on video-recording at Babblers’ nests over 854 days, we observed 75 interference events on 39 days at 29 nests. Interference occurred most frequently during nest-building and incubation and much less frequently in the nestling stage. Modelling suggested interference by Honeyeaters can have severe effects on breeding of Grey-crowned Babblers, with success of individual nests reduced by 52.5% during the nest-building stage, 25.9% during incubation, and 1.2% during the nestling stage. Babbler group size did not affect the occurrence of interference. The southern subspecies of Grey-crowned Babbler is declining and it is conceivable that populations could be adversely affected by interference from Blue-faced Honeyeaters in areas where the two species co-occur.
Effect of drying on acidity and volatile fatty acids content of cocoa beans

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of drying on the pH, titratable acidity and volatile fatty acids (VTA), ie acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids content of cocoa beans, and on the flavour of the resultant chocolate. Freshly harvested cocoa pods from clones of PBC 123 and 128 (1 :1 ratio) were stored for 9 days and fermented for 5 days with a single turning at 48 h. Four drying treatments, ie oven-drying at 60°C, air-blow drying, shade-drying and sun-drying were carried out. Samples were taken periodically for pH, titratable acidity, and VFA analysis. Physical characteristics were also recorded. The resultant beans were made into dark chocolate for flavour evaluation. The results showed that wet beans held in shady areas for 120 h will not dry quickly enough to inhibit mould and yeast and other putrefactive activities; rapid oven-drying of these still wet beans did not improve their flavour profile. There were no significant differences (P ⩾ 0.05) between samples that have undergone sun-drying and air-blow drying in the acidity and C3-C5 VFA content; both were evaluated favourably by taste panellists. Oven-dried beans contain a high concentration of VFA and produced chocolates with a high intensity of off-flavour.
Fate of three Australian teleosts after ingesting conventional and modified stainless- and carbon-steel hooks

angled and allowed to ingest conventional or modified (with notches to reduce wire diameter by � 20%) J-hooks (� 250 mm 2 ) made from three materials (stainless steel and nickel-plated and red-lacquer carbon steel), before being released into tanks and monitored with control fish for up to 61 d. Total mortalities were 35, 24, and 25% for mulloway (over 61 d), yellowfin bream (over 35 d), and snapper (over 41 d), respectively. Of the survivors, 30, 61, and 77%, respectively, ejected their hooks (and only one hook-ejected fish died). For yellowfin bream, hook ejection (and hence survival) was positively correlated with total length, and hook oxidation was the key predictor of ejection from mulloway and snapper, which could be promoted by selecting carbon-steel designs with narrow wire diameters and minimal protective coating. The choice of coating might also be important, with relatively greater mortality among mulloway and yellowfin bream that ingested nickel-plated hooks.
Mycorrhizal Colonization Increases Herbicide Toxicity in Apple

Herbicides are increasingly used in orchards. Since apple trees strongly depend on mycorrhizae, the effects of three commonly used herbicides on the host plant and endophyte were examined. Symbiosis between tissue-cultured P16 apple rootstocks and Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch was established under greenhouse conditions. Simazine (1, 2, 10, and 20 μg a.i./g), dichlobenil (1, 5, 10, and 25 μg a.i./g), paraquat (0.5, 1, 10, and 100 μg a.i./g), or water was applied to mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants as a soil drench. The response of mycorrhizal plants to herbicide was greater, and the relative elongation rate was more sharply reduced in mycorrhizal (76%) than in nonmycorrhizal plants (33%). Six weeks after herbicide application, dry mass reduction due to herbicides was similar (39% and 36%) for mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plant shoots, respectively, while root dry mass reduction was larger for mycorrhizal (63%) than nonmycorrhizal plants (46%). None of the herbicide treatments affected root colonization. However, an in vitro hyphal elongation test with G. intraradices Schenck & Smith and herbicide-amended (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg a.i./g) gellan gum solidified water showed that either dichlobenil or paraquat, even at the lowest concentrations, could significantly reduce hyphal elongation. Simazine did not affect hyphal elongation in vitro, a result suggesting that improved absorption capacity of mycorrhizae explains, at least in part, the increased phytotoxicity of some herbicides. It was found that plant mortality was higher among mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal apple trees for all herbicide treatments. The increased CO 2 assimilation rates of dichlobenil-treated mycorrhizal plants contrasted with the decreased rates of control plants measured 1 week after dichlobenil treatment. This indicates a physiological interaction between mycorrhizal colonization and dichlobenil in the toxic response of apple plants. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-4,6-bis-ethylamino-s-triazine (simazine), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'bipyridinium (paraquat).
Prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from larvae stage to market size in Turkey

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from three Turkish farms were sampled monthly from May 2003 to June 2004 to determine ectoparasite seasonality, prevalence, and intensity. Smears of gills, skin, and fins of 1260 larvae to market-size fish were examined. Six protozoans and one monogenean were found: Ichthyobodo necator, Chilodonella piscicola, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Gyrodactylus sp. , Trichodina claviformis, Apiosoma piscicolumn, and Hexamita salmonis. The first three were found mainly in fry and all except I. multifiliis occurred in low temperatures from late fall through early spring. Infections of C. piscicola and Gyrodactylus sp. were persistent and T. claviformis was found for the first time on rainbow trout in the area.
Long‐term history and synchrony of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in lodgepole pine forests

A subcontinental‐scale outbreak of mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) has affected millions of hectares of forest in the western USA and Canada over the past 15 years. Little research has examined the long‐term and broad‐scale history of MPB outbreaks, which is necessary to provide a baseline for comparing current and future outbreak extents. We examine the long‐term history of MPB outbreaks in western Colorado, and analyse the synchrony of previous outbreaks across western North America.
Rapid detection of Ganoderma disease of coconut and assessment of inhibition effect of various control measures by immunoassay and PCR

KARTHIKEYAN M. , RADHIKA K. , BHASKARAN R. , MATHIYAZHAGAN S. , SAMIYAPPAN R. , VELAZHAHAN R. (2006): Rapid detection of Ganoderma disease of coconut and assessment of inhibition effect of various control measures by immunoassay and PCR. Plant Protect. Sci., 42: 49–57. Molecular and immunological methods were applied for detecting the Ganoderma disease of coconut. Polyclo nal antibodies (PAbs) raised against basidiocarp protein of Ganoderma were used. For the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, the primer generated from the internal transcribed spacer region one (ITS 1) of ribosomal DNA gene of Ganoderma, which produced a PCR product of 167 bp in size, was used. Apparently healthy palms in two coconut gardens were tested for Ganoderma disease by ELISA test using basidiocarp protein antiserum. Field trials were laid out in these early-diagnosed palms for the management of the disease. Based on the ELISA results, Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma viride with chitin amended treatments arrested the multiplication of the pathogen and within 6 months showed an optical density (OD) below the level of infected plants. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) and fungicide tridemorph treated palms showed OD values below in fection level within 7 months, and T. harzianum and P. fluorescens + T. viride treated palms showed OD values below infection level in 8 months.
Observations and light curve solutions of the eclipsing W UMa binaries CSS J071813.2+505000, NSVS 2459652, NSVS 7178717 and NSVS 7377875

Photometric observations in Sloan g’ and i’ bands of four eclipsing W UMa binaries are presented. They allowed the improvement of system ephemerides. The light curve solutions led to the following results: (i) CSS J071813.2+505000 is barely an overcontact system, NSVS 2459652 and NSVS 7377875 are overcontact binaries with an intermediate fillout factor, while NSVS 7178717 has a deep-contact configuration; (ii) NSVS 7178717 undergoes total eclipses while the other three targets exhibit partial eclipses; (iii) The components of each target are almost the same in temperature: those of CSS J071813.2+505000 are early G stars while those of the other three targets are of K spectral type; (iv) The targets with late components reveal spot activity; (v) NSVS 2459652 and NSVS 7377875 are W UMa binaries of H subtype; (vi) The relation mass ratio – luminosity ratio of our targets confirms the results from previous statistical analysis of W UMa systems.
Description of a new gnathiid, Afrignathia multicavea gen. et sp. n. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathiidae), from South Africa

ABSTRACT A new genus and species of gnathiid isopod, Afrignathia multicavea gen. et sp. n. , is described from material collected during the 1960s and 1970s in False Bay, offshore between Still Bay and Mossel Bay, and off Cape Point. This gnathiid does not conform to any other known species, having morphological characteristics not seen in the other 11 recognized genera. Features making the genus unique include a pylopod consisting of only one article, a mandible with two rows of unequal teeth on the blade and apex, and cephalosome appendages that could be maxillae 1 (maxillules), which are usually absent in all known male gnathiids. This species is also characterized by clusters of sensory pits scattered over the cephalosome and pereon.
Quantitative inverse spin Hall effect detection via precise control of the driving-field amplitude

Spin transport in thin-film materials can be studied by ferromagnetic resonantly (FMR) driven spin pumping of a charge-free spin current which induces an electromotive force through the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). For quantitative ISHE experiments, precise control of the FMR driving field amplitude $B_1$ is crucial. This study exploits in situ monitoring of $B_1$ by utilization of electron paramagnetic resonantly (EPR) induced transient nutation of paramagnetic molecules (a 1:1 complex of {\alpha},{\gamma}-bisdiphenylene-{\beta}-phenylallyl and benzene, BDPA) placed as $B_1$ probe in proximity of a NiFe/Pt-based ISHE device. Concurrent to an ISHE experiment, $B_1$ is obtained from the inductively measured BDPA Rabi-nutation frequency. Higher reproducibility is achieved by renormalization of the ISHE voltage to $B_1^2$ with an accuracy that is determined by the homogeneity of the FMR driving field and thus by the applied microwave resonator and ISHE device setup.