Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae)

Solanum tuberosum, the cultivated potato of world commerce, is a primary food crop worldwide. Wild and cultivated potatoes form the germplasm base for international breeding efforts to improve potato in the face of a variety of disease, environmental and agronomic constraints. A series of national and international genebanks collect, characterize and distribute germplasm to stimulate and aid potato improvement. A knowledge of potato taxonomy and evolution guides collecting efforts, genebank operations and breeding. Past taxonomic treatments of wild and cultivated potato have differed tremendously among authors with regard to both the number of species recognized and the hypotheses of their interrelationships. In total, there are 494 epithets for wild and 626 epithets for cultivated taxa, including names not validly published. Recent classifications, however, recognize only about 100 wild species and four cultivated species. This paper compiles, for the first time, the epithets associated with all taxa of cultivated potato (many of which have appeared only in the Russian literature), places them in synonymy and provides lectotype designations for all names validly published where possible. We also summarize the history of differing taxonomic concepts in cultivated potato, and provide keys and descriptions for the four cultivated species. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 165, 107-155.
Organisational Capabilities and Replicating Successful Programs Designed to Empower Poor Youths: A Correlational Study

This article reports on the investigated relationship between the organisational capabilities of youth-serving non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the replication of successful programmes designed to empower poor youths in Nigeria. The data used in this study were obtained from 187 youthserving NGOs in Nigeria registered with the Nigeria Network of Non-Governmental Organisations, the Conference of Non-Governmental Organisations (Edo State chapter), the Civil Society for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria (Edo State chapter) and the National Youth Council of Nigeria (Edo State chapter). Pearsonâ€™s correlation r was used to examine the relationship between the research variables and a positive relationship was found between the organisational capabilities of youth-serving NGOs and the replication of successful programmes designed to empower poor youths. In addition, regression analysis was used to determine the organisational capabilities of youth-serving NGOs that predicted the replication of successful programmes designed to empower poor youths in Nigeria, and it was found that adequate staffing, alliance-building, lobbying, replication and stimulating market forces significantly predicted the replication of successful programmes designed to empower poor youths in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that appropriate measures be put in place by managers of youth-serving NGOs to ensure that the main predictors of the replication. Of successful programmes designed to empower poor youths are adequate to aid successfully in the replication of successful programmes designed to empower poor youths in Nigeria while also giving adequate attention to other organisational capabilities contained in the SCALERS model.
Role of Histone Metabolism and Chromatin Structure in DNA Repair

During the cell cycle progression, synthesis of new histones is important to pack newly synthesized DNA and to maintain proper chromatin structure. Unlike normal mRNAs, mRNAs from replication-dependent histone genes that are expressed in the S phase of the cell cycle are not polyadenylated at the 3‘end. They contain a conserved stem-loop sequence which forms a stem-loop structure which is required for the proper processing of the 3’end, translation and degradation of histone mRNAs. However, a number of studies show that replication-dependent histone genes can produce mRNAs which have a polyA tail at the 3’end under certain conditions the physiological function of polyadenylated histone mRNAs is not clear. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of polyadenylated histone mRNAs from the replication-dependent histone H2B genes. Furthermore, the expression of polyadenylated mRNAs from HIST1H2BD and HIST1H2AC genes are up-regulated during differentiation and up on induction of DNA damage. We showed that polyadenylated HIST1H2BD and HIST1H2AC mRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm and can form polysomes suggesting that theses transcripts can be translated into proteins. In addition to new synthesis of histone proteins, post-translational histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers and histone chaperones play important roles in maintaining genome structure and controlling DNA associated processes such as replication, transcription and DNA repair. Here we showed that one of the post-translational histone modifications, the H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) which was shown to be associated with actively transcribed genes, is important for DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. H2Bub1 is carried out by an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/40 and knockdown of RNF40 leads to the loss of checkpoint activation. In addition, RNF40 also regulates the recruitment of the histone chaperone complex FACT to chromatin and is required for the chromatin dynamics at the DSB site. Further, we showed that CHD1 an ATP-dependent DNA helicase is recruited to the site of DSB and regulates the binding of CtIP to chromatin. Depletion of CHD1 causes a decrease in homologous recombination-mediated repair efficiency and an increase in the cellular sensitivity to Mitomycin C treatment. In summary, the data imply that E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40 and chromatin remodeler CHD1 mediate DNA DSB repair through chromatin remodeling at the site of DNA damage.
The Effect of Agency Problems on Cost Stickiness in the Banking Industry: The Role of the Board of Commissioners and the Audit Committee Effectiveness

: This study aims to examine the effect of agency problems on cost stickiness on Banking in Indonesia. Furthermore, this study will also examine how the effect of agency problems on cost stickiness on the different effectiveness level of the board of commissioners and audit committees. The samples used are banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2012-2016 and regularly report their financial reports and annual reports. This study found that cost stickiness on operational costs occurred in the Indonesian banking sector and agency problems have a positive influence on the level of cost stickiness. The study also found that, the positive effect of agency problem on cost stickiness will be lower in banking high level of effectiveness of Board of Commissioners or Audit Committee.
Survey of Phytopathogenic Modification System Active Acid Phage if6 Pseudomonads for a Restriction and on the Double-Stranded Ribonucleic

A total of 380 pseudomonad strains from 39 nomenspecies and 41 strains from 7 other bacterial genera were screened for a double-stranded ribonucleic acid modification and restriction system using the double-stranded ribonucleic acid bacteriophage q~6. Of these 421 strains, 8 showed the low plating efficiency (10 -s to 10 -7) characteristic of such a system. However, the phage propagated in 7 of the 8 were host-range mutants; the remaining strain showed some char- acteristics of a host-modificatio n system but the results were equivocal. Site-specific restriction endonucleases have become valuable tools in studies of the structure and function of double-stranded (ds) DNA. Similar enzymes spe- cific for dsRNA are not available. Although host- controlled modification and restriction of foreign DNA has been observed in a wide variety of bacte- rial species (1), no one, to our knowledge, has re- ported a restriction-modi fication system active on dsRNA. If restriction enzymes specific for dsRNA were to be found, they would add a new dimension to the study of dsRNA viruses. In the present investi- gation, we used the unique dsRNA phage if6, origi- nally isolated for the bean pathogen Pseudomonas phaseolicola (9,13), as a probe to screen several hun- dred phytopathogenic pseudomonads for the pres- ence of a dsRNA restriction and modification system.
Body mass estimation in Early Miocene native South American ungulates: a predictive equation based on 3D landmarks

South American native ungulates include extinct taxa that evolved within the geographical context given by the isolation of South America during most of the Cenozoic. The ungulates (orders Notoungulata, Litopterna and Astrapotheria) of the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene) are particularly interesting for paleobiological studies due to their diversity, richness and quality of preservation of the specimens. The body mass estimation of extinct species is one of the basic biological attributes for paleobiological reconstructions. The most common way to estimate body mass from fossils is using linear regression. Here, we used geometric morphometric techniques in order to estimate their body mass. We used regressions based on centroid size of 3D craniomandibular landmark configurations, including extant ungulates (their size and ecological relatives). Cases were weighted to maximize the taxonomic evenness. A broad body size range was recorded. The highest predictive power is obtained with those functions derived from the highest taxonomic and ecological diversity. The highest taxonomic richness corresponds to masses below 100 kg. Among Notoungulata, typotheres (Hegetotheriidae + Interatheriidae) vary from 1 to less than 10 kg, while the smaller toxodontid reached 100 kg and the larger 500 kg. Litoptern proterotheriid body masses vary from 10 to 50 kg, and macraucheniids surpass 100 kg. The astrapotheres (Astrapotheria) reached (or even surpassed) 1000 kg, being the only megamammal in the Santacrucian ungulate assemblage.
Evolution des génomes du blé (genres aegilops et Triticum) au sein des Poaceae : dynamique rapide de l'espace occupé par les éléments transposables et conservation relative des gènes

Ma these vise a caracteriser l’evolution dynamique et l’organisation des genomes des differentes especes du ble (genres Triticum et Aegilops) en relation avec la proliferation des elements transposables (TEs) dans leur genome (>80%), les polyploidisations recurrentes ainsi que la syntenie avec d’autres especes de la famille des Poaceae. En constituant des sets de sequences genomiques representatives et en etudiant la variabilite entre des haplotypes des genomes du ble, j’ai caracterise la dynamique et la proliferation differentielle des TEs qui est la resultante de l’equilibre entre leurs insertions et aussi leurs eliminations actives. Le taux moyen de remplacement de l’espace TEs, mesurant les differences de sequences dues aux insertions et aux deletions entre deux haplotypes, a ete ainsi estime a 86% par million d’annees (Ma) et depasse celles bien documentees du mais. Les insertions des TEs mais aussi leurs eliminations par recombinaisons illegitimes de l’ADN (pouvant atteindre plusieurs dizaines de kb) ainsi que les recombinaisons genetiques entre haplotypes divergents representent les principaux mecanismes a la base des changements rapides de l’espace TEs. Sur une echelle d’evolution plus longue (60 Ma), j’ai analyse la conservation des genes et l’evolution du locus (Ha) entre differentes especes des Poaceae. J’ai pu ainsi preciser l’emergence du caractere grain tendre et des genes Ha, comme nouveaux membres de la famille des genes de Prolamine, dans l’ancetre commun des Pooideae (ble et Brachypodium, de la tribu des Triticeae et des Brachypodieae) et des Ehrhartoideae (riz), apres leur divergence des Panicoideae (mais, sorgho).
Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Systemic Pro-inflammatory and Vascular Endothelial Biomarkers and Serum Lipid Profile in Chronic Periodontitis Patients

The present study aimed to estimate the serum levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipid profile [including total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), high –density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low –density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)] in chronic periodontitis patients and to detect the association between the aforementioned cardiovascular disease risk markers and the periodontal disease severity and extent. In addition, the study also aimed to detect whether the non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) may affect the levels of these biochemical parameters. Fifty eight subjects completed the study and were subdivided into: group I (31 chronic periodontitis patients), and group II (27 adults with clinically healthy gingivae). Group I received standard NSPT. Periodontal parameters and serum levels of VCAM-1, IL-6, and lipid profile were estimated at baseline and at 6 weeks after NSPT. There were significant differences between study groups regarding serum VCAM-1, IL-6, total cholesterol, LDL (p<0.001), and HDL (P<0.05). In group I, the pre-treatment values of all periodontal parameters and biochemical analytes were significantly higher than post-treatment values. At 6 weeks after therapy, both bleeding index and periodontal diseases extension were positively correlated with serum cholesterol, TGs, and LDL. BI was negatively correlated with HDL. It was concluded from the previous findings that chronic periodontitis has the potential to increase systemic inflammation, vascular endothelial biomarkers, and serum lipid profile of affected individuals. Hence, NSPT may reduce the risk of CVS diseases by reducing the systemic inflammation.
Effects of the Mother's Environmental Salinity on Seawater Tolerance of Newborn Guppy Poecilia reticulata

Effects of the mother's environmental salinity on seawater tolerance of the offspring were exam ined in the guppy. Seawater tolerance of newborn guppies was expressed as a survival rate 24 h after transfer to 35 ppt seawater at birth. Newborn guppies in the seawater-adapted F22-SW(SW) strain showed a higher survival rate in seawater than those in the freshwater-adapted F22 and F22-SW(FW) strains. When gravid females of the seawater-adapted F22-SW(SW) strain yielded their offspring more than 5 days after acclimation to fresh water, the survival rate of the newborn guppies in seawater decreased to a level comparable to that of the freshwater-adapted F22 and F22-SW(FW) strains. On the other hand, when gravid females of the freshwater-adapted F22 strain yielded their offspring after accli mation to seawater, survival rates of their newborn guppies in seawater increased and most of them were able to survive in seawater. These results indicate that the mother's environmental salinity en hances the seawater tolerance of the offspring and contributes to successful reproduction of the guppy in seawater.
Board Diversity and Firm Performance in Nigeria

The study examines the relationship between board diversity and firm performance in Nigeria. The study adopted the cross-sectional research design using data from all the banks quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2010-2015. The multiple regression technique is the basis of the data analysis, specifically the ordinary least square regression (OLS) technique to estimate the coefficients of the variables in the model specified. The study found a negative and insignificant relationship between ethnic diversity and frim performance; in the same vein, a negative and insignificant relationship was observed between nationality diversity and firm performance; Gender diversity exhibit a negative and significant relationship with firm performance. We recommend that since gender diversity is significant but negative, management and regulatory bodies should make policy statements towards the inclusion of more women to attain the optimum number that will enhance the performance of the firm going by the time-tested theory of critical mass.
Biogenesis of Interleukin 10 in Macrophages exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercarial products

The interaction between antigen presenting cells in the skin with molecules secreted by cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni constitutes the first point of contact between the host’s immune system and the pathogen. High levels of IL-10 are produced in infected skin, and macrophages, which readily take up the molecules secreted by cercariae, are among the first population recruited to the site of infection. Macrophages produce high levels of IL-10 when exposed to cercarial excreted/secreted (E/S) products, as well as other cytokines and chemokines (i.e. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CCL2), but it is unknown what signalling pathway(s) drive the production of IL-10, rather than other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12p40, or how they are linked to innate recognition of E/S antigens. Our findings demonstrate that TLRs, particularly TLR4 and TLR2, play a fundamental role in the induction of IL-10. Furthermore, MyD88 is essential for the activation of multiple MAPK pathways which in turn control E/S product-induced IL-10. Selective chemical inhibition of specific pathways allowed us to determine the contribution of each signalling cascade. We established that the activation of MEK/Erk and p38 induced the production of IL-10, whilst it negatively affected IL-12p40. Furthermore, the activation of these kinases leads to the phosphorylation of CREB, which is responsible for the observed effects on IL-10 by being recruited to the promoter of the IL-10 gene. Finally, we show that TLR4 and TLR2 are directly implicated in the activation of these pathways and that macrophages in the skin produce IL-10 as a result of cercarial invasion. From these findings we propose a mechanism by which S. mansoni E/S products induce a specific MAPK signalling cascade that triggers IL-10 production in macrophages by binding their TLRs, thus polarizing the immune response in the skin.
Podophyllotoxin and related lignans: biotechnological production by In vitro plant cell cultures.

Podophyllotoxin has to be isolated from wild growing Podophyllum and Linum species, some of which are considered as endangered. The objective of this study is to establish cell cultures in vitro from Linum ucrainicum – an endemic rare plant species belong to the Section Syllinum, and to determine the lignan content in order to find alternative approach for production of podophyllotoxin. We have established several callus, suspension and shoot cultures and checked for the occurrence of lignans. Ariltetralin lignans 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin (6MPTOX) and podophyllotoxin (PTOX) were identified in the cultures as main lignans. The both compounds, isolated for the first time from the in vitro cultures of this plant were identified by HPLC. The content of PTOX was 0.300 ± 0.029 mg/g DW and 6MPTOX was 2.026 ± 0.804 mg/g DW. The results of the study indicate that in vitro cultures of L. ucrainicum can serve as an alternative way of production of ariltetraline lignans.
Molecular cloning and expression of rat µ-opioid receptor in Escherichia coli (BL21)

The µ (mu) opioid receptors, which mediate the effects of morphine, are widely distributed in brain. The purpose of this study was to design a simple expression system for rat µ-receptor in Escherichia coli (BL21). In this laboratory study, rat µ-receptor cDNA was isolated from pcDNA3 vector using Xba1 and Hind3 restriction enzymes. pET-15b was digested by Nco1 restriction enzyme. µ-receptor cDNA and pET-15b formed a recombinant DNA that was transformed to Escherichia coli (BL21). The insert presence was proved by Rsa1 restriction enzyme and the induction of its expression was performed using IPTG. Finally, the presence of desired insert was confirmed using RSA1, and the colonies that had correct orientation in gene containing plasmid were used for further studies. On the SDS-page gel electrophoresis, a 33 kDa band was observed when IPTG was used at 0.5 and 1 mM concentrations, that is equal to calculated molecular weight of rat µ-receptor. At the end of this project, the expression of rat µ-receptor by IPTG induction was successfully performed.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3 Binding of Integrin αLβ2 Requires Both Extension and Opening of the Integrin Headpiece1

The leukocyte-restricted integrin αLβ2 is required in immune processes such as leukocyte adhesion, migration, and immune synapse formation. Activation of αLβ2 by conformational changes promotes αLβ2 binding to its ligands, ICAMs. It was reported that different affinity states of αLβ2 are required for binding ICAM-1 and ICAM-3. Recently, the bent, extended with a closed headpiece, and extended with open headpiece conformations of αLβ2, was reported. To address the overall conformational requirements of αLβ2 that allow selective binding of these ICAMs, we examined the adhesion properties of these αLβ2 conformers. αLβ2 with different conformations were generated by mutations, and verified by using a panel of reporter mAbs that detect αLβ2 extension, hybrid domain movement, or I-like domain activation. We report a marked difference between extended αLβ2 with closed and open headpieces in their adhesive properties to ICAM-1 and ICAM-3. Our data show that the extension of αLβ2 alone is sufficient to mediate ICAM-1 adhesion. By contrast, an extended αLβ2 with an open headpiece is required for ICAM-3 adhesion.
Roles of Two Interhelical Insertions in Catalase-peroxidase Catalysis: Tracing the Impact of Peripheral Protein Structures on Heme Enzyme Function

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW. 1.1 Heme and Heme Environments. 1.2 Heme Enzymes. 1.3 Summary. CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS. 2.1 Reagent. 2.2 Cloning and Expression of wtKatG and the Variants. 2.3 Enzyme Reconstitution. 2.4 Recombination of KatG and KatG with KatG. 2.5 Protein Characterization. CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS. 3.1 wtKatG. 3.2 KatG. v vii ix xi 1 8 8 13 48 50 50 51 65 66 67 73 73 91 x 3.3 KatG. 3.4 KatG. 3.5 KatG and KatG. CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION. 4.1 Impacts of the FG insertion. 4.2 Impacts of the DE insertion. 4.3 Collaboration of the Two Insertions and C-terminal Domain. 4.4 Summary. REFERENCES. 104 126 134 149 152 161 169 172 176
Social Constraints Among Bereaving Turkish Adults: Testing The Construct And Convergent Validity And Relıability of the Social Constraints Scale (Scs)

Recent studies revealed the significance of social support on human functioning and well-being, and also the adverse effect of social constraints and lack of support. Especially after negative life events such as loss of a loved one, individuals search for support and when not found, adaptation becomes problematic. Thus, measuring and monitoring the perceptions of social constraints is important as well as the social support. This study aimed to conduct the initial reliability and validity analyses of the Social Constraints Scale (SCS) in a Turkish population. SCS and Two-Track Bereavement Questionnaire (TTBQ) were administered to 323 bereaved individuals (222 females and 101 males) with a mean age of 35.31 ( SD = 14.63). Relational active grieving (RAG) and biopsychosocial functioning subscales of TTBQ were used to test the criterion-related validity of the SCS. Results suggested that SCS had good reliability and validity results, and had significant positive correlations with both RAG and biopsychosocial functioning. Moreover, according to the results, when the bereaved perceive more social constraints, they also have more problems with functioning and maladaptive grieving. Results of the initial construct validity, criterion-related validity and internal consistency tests showed that, the Turkish SCS is a valid and reliable scale.