Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Privacy-Related Questions on Stack Overflow

We analyse Stack Overflow (SO) to understand challenges and confusions developers face while dealing with privacy-related topics. We apply topic modelling techniques to 1,733 privacy-related questions to identify topics and then qualitatively analyse a random sample of 315 privacy-related questions. Identified topics include privacy policies, privacy concerns, access control, and version changes. Results show that developers do ask SO for support on privacy-related issues. We also find that platforms such as Apple and Google are defining privacy requirements for developers by specifying what "sensitive" information is and what types of information developers need to communicate to users (e.g. privacy policies). We also examine the accepted answers in our sample and find that 28% of them link to official documentation and more than half are answered by SO users without references to any external resources.
Tobacco Users in Outreach Programs: A Questionnaire Based Survey

Context: The rationale of this study was to assess the nicotine dependence and awareness about labeling policies among tobacco users in outreach programmes of the Dept of Public Health Dentistry. Settings and Design: Cross sectional survey carried out in the outreach programs of the department. Material and Methods: In the months of July – August 2014 the study was conducted. A total of 263 subjects were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire consisted of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND Revised Version) and smokeless form of tobacco (FTND-Smokeless Tobacco) prepared in the local language was administered. Statistical analysis used: The collected data was coded and entered in SPSS 17.0 and statistically analyzed using an independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and chi-square tests. Results: Prevalence of tobacco usage in any form was found to be 46.6%. Out of 263 subjects, 99(37.6%) were smokers and 164(62.4%) were tobacco chewers with mean FTND scores of 3.56± 2.115 and 4.52±2.478 respectively. The difference in FTND scores among smokers and non smokers was significant with t value 4.663 (p=0.001). The difference in FTND score across the age groups was not significant among both the groups (F =0.776 for smokers and 0.34 for chewers). A Positive correlation was found between the form of tobacco and FTND score (r= 0.197, p =0.001). Conclusion: The Smokeless form of tobacco caused more nicotine dependence than the smoked form, according to results of the present study. Prevalence of tobacco usage was found to be highest in the 15-35 years age group. Key Messages: Health care provider needs to be sensitized & trained to play a proactive role for behavioral change in tobacco users and there is a need for stricter enforcement of existing policies.
Investigating primary school quality using teachers' self-efficacy and satisfaction

The current study aims to examine the impact of teachers' job satisfaction and self-efficacy in improving service quality. The results, using clustering, indicated three groups of respondents according to their behavior, as teachers emphasizing on different aspects of marketing: external, interactive and internal marketing. Moreover, factor analysis, revealed that their satisfaction was affected by "Workplace Relationships with the Director and Colleagues", "Educational Management", "Social Recognition and Professional Development", "Relationships with Parents and Students", "Infrastructure" and "Working Conditions and Nature of Work", while "Class and Students' Relationships Management" and "Students' Engagement and Educational Strategies" were influencing parameters of teachers' self–efficacy.
Imaging Individual Biomolecules on Surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy produces high resolution images of surfaces and their adsorbates, ultimately reaching atomic resolution. Despite this impressive performance, the scope of this method is greatly limited by sample preparation. STM samples are prepared in ultrahigh vacuum, because they have to be chemically pure at the atomic level. Using electrospray ion beam deposition (ES-IBD), a preparative massspectrometry method based on soft-ionization, mass-selected molecular ion beams, and their soft-landing UHV we recently extended the reach of STM towards bioand macromolecules. Our work shows that STM and ES-IBD are an ideal match, because the precise chemical information of the preparative mass spectrometry perfectly complements the high resolution structural information.
University of Birmingham Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis for Native Mass Spectrometry: Protein Complexes and Ligand Binding

Native liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) mass spectrometry enables the direct sampling of pro- tein complexes from a solid surface. We have previously demonstrated native LESA mass spectrometry of holomyoglobin ( ∼ 17 kDa) from glass slides and tetrameric haemoglobin ( ∼ 64 kDa) from dried blood spots and thin tissue sections. Here, we further explore the capabilities of this emerging technique by investigating a range of proteins which exist in various oligomeric states in vivo. Tetrameric avidin ( ∼ 64 kDa), octameric ( ∼ 190 kDa) and hexadecameric ( ∼ 380 kDa) CS 2 hydrolase, and tetradecameric GroEL ( ∼ 800 kDa) were all detected by native LESA mass spectrometry. Moreover, trimeric AmtB, a mem- brane protein, could also be observed by native LESA mass spectrometry. The suitability of LESA mass spectrometry for probing protein-ligand binding was also investigated. Non-covalent complexes of the ligand biotin with the proteins avidin, haemoglobin and bovine serum albumin were detected. The results indicate that non-speciﬁc binding is minimal and that native LESA mass spectrometry is a promising tool for the investigation of biologically signiﬁcant ligand binding.
Human-Generated and Machine-Generated Ratings of Password Strength: What Do Users Trust More?

Proactive password checkers have been widely used to persuade users to select stronger passwords by providing machine-generated strength ratings of passwords. If such ratings do not match human-generated ratings of human users, there can be a loss of trust in PPCs. In order to study the effectiveness of PPCs, it would be useful to investigate how human users perceive such machine- and human-generated ratings in terms of their trust, which has been rarely studied in the literature. To fill this gap, we report a large-scale crowdsourcing study with over 1,000 workers. The participants were asked to choose which of the two ratings they trusted more. The passwords were selected based on a survey of over 100 human password experts. The results revealed that participants exhibited four distinct behavioral patterns when the passwords were hidden, and many changed their behaviors significantly after the passwords were disclosed, suggesting their reported trust was influenced by their own judgments.
Cervical Cancer Screening Practice using Smear Test Method in the Northwestern Algeria

Background and objective: Cervical cancer is a major public health burden, in Algeria; it represents the second most common cancer in women. The main factor leading to invasive cervical cancer is the lack of Pap smear practice. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the cervical cancer screening activities by cervical smears in the northwestern region of Algeria. Methods: a retrospective study was performed from 2015 to 2017 in the Wilaya of Sidi-Bel-Abbes, the northwest region of Algeria. A total of 266 cervicovaginal smears were collected during the study period. Results: among the 266 cervical smears performed during the study period; 69.54% were first cervical smears, 22.55% were performed for the second time and 7.89% for the 3rd. The highest rate was recorded in 2017. The most represented age groups for the first cervical smear were [35-39 years], [40-44 years] and [45-49 years]. The cervical smears adequate for the interpretation were the majority whether for the first, the second or the third cervical smears. However, cervical smears not satisfactory for interpretation represented lower rates. Out of all the samples, 17.85% of the cervical smears carried out in 2015, 46.59% in 2016 and 18.40% in 2017 were normal. Moreover, no presence of intra-epithelial lesions has been reported. Epithelial abnormalities of low grade were observed on 3.4% of 1st and 2nd cervical smears done in 2016 and on 0.8% of 1st and 1.6% of 2nd smears performed in 2017. The most frequent recommendations were to redo cervical smears during the 6 months following the previous test; 35.71% in 2015, 47.67% in 2016 and 57.25% in 2017. However, performing a colposcopy or biopsy ware the less frequent as recommendations. Conclusion: Cervical cancer occupies the second position of female cancers in Algeria. Its screening reaches a limited rate of target female population, at a late age, result confirmed by the present retrospective study.
Deciphering the Cultural Code: Perceptual Congruence, Behavioral Conformity, and the Interpersonal Transmission of Culture

Why are some people more successful than others at cultural adjustment? Research on organizational culture has mostly focused on value congruence as the core dimension of cultural fit. We develop a novel and complementary conceptualization of cognitive cultural fit—perceptual congruence, or the degree to which a person can decipher the group’s cultural code. We demonstrate that these two cognitive measures are associated with different outcomes: perceptual congruence equips people with the capacity to exhibit behavioral conformity, whereas value congruence promotes long-term attachment to the organization. Moreover, all three fit measures—perceptual congruence, value congruence, and behavioral cultural fit—are positively related to individual performance. Finally, we show that behavioral cultural fit and perceptual congruence are both influenced by observations of others’ behavior, whereas value congruence is less susceptible to peer influence. Drawing on email and survey data from a mid-sized technology firm, we use the tools of computational linguistics and machine learning to develop longitudinal measures of cognitive and behavioral cultural fit. We also take advantage of a reorganization that produced quasi-exogenous shifts in employees’ interlocutors to identify the effects of peer influence on behavioral cultural fit. We discuss implications of these findings for research on cultural assimilation, the interplay of structure and culture, and the pairing of surveys with digital trace data.
Investigating the applicibality of lidar in the detection of ground heave and settlements in building foundations stressed by reactive black shale

A large number of buildings within the commercial district of downtown Oslo, Norway have built their foundations on black shale. The shale, when exposed to air and moisture can react in an aggressive manner. The result of the reaction can be in the form of the release of heavy metals/sulphur, the acidification of ground waters, and volumetric increases exerting large stresses on building walls and support columns. The impact will vary from shearing and cracking of walls, to settlements and sagging in ceilings, and zones of high compressions and tension around doorways. The use of lidar combined with image interpretation has enabled NGI to characterize the impact of black shale on building foundations very efficiently. The ability to quickly and accurately assess the deformations imposed from black shales has proven a valuable tool in the preliminary geotechnical investigation, for documentation of the condition of the constructions and for the design of the new foundation solutions. RÉSUMÉ A grand nombre de bâtiments commerciaux dans le centre-ville d’Oslo repose sur des schistes argileux. Lorsque les schistes argileux sont au contact de l’air, ils peuvent réagir de façon volatile. Cette réaction peut libérer des métaux lourds et du soufre, acidifier les eaux sous-terraines et générer un gonflement susceptible d’engendrer des ocontraintes importantes sur les murs des bâtiments et sur les pieux. Cela peut engendrer des fissures dans les murs, un affaissement des plafonds, et des zones de compressions ou d’extension au niveau des portes. L’utilisation du LIDAR a permis au NGI de caractériser l’impact des schistes argileux sur les bâtiments de façon très efficace. La possibilité d’évaluer avec rapidité et précision les déformations est un outil précieux pour les études géotechniques, la documentation sur les conditions des constructions et pour l’élaboration de solutions pour les nouvelles fondations.
Numerical Comparison of Temperature Distribution in an Annular Diffuser Equipped with Helical Tape Hub and Twisted Rectangular Hub

Numerical simulations of the temperature distribution in an annular diffuser equipped with helical tape hub and a twisted rectangular hub are carried out in this work. Different twisted ratio for the annular diffuser with both helical tape hub (Y/W = 1, 1.5, 2) and rectangular twisted hub (Y/W = 1.16, 1.5, 2.3) are simulated and compared. The geometry of the annular diffuser and the inlet condition for both hub configurations are kept constant. The result obtains that using both helical tape hub and twisted rectangular hub will force the temperature to distribute in a helical direction; however the use of helical tape hub will enhance the temperature distribution better. Key-Words: Numerical simulation, temperature distribution, helical tape, rectangular hub, annular diffuser, twisted ratio, swirl flow.
The role of uncertainty in mathematical tasks for prospective elementary teachers

Mathematics teacher educators (MTEs) charged with the content preparation of prospective elementary teachers (PTs) receive widespread recommendations on a variety of issues, including which mathematical topics to include in their courses, the types of pedagogical strategies to use when working with PTs, and how to foster the development of particular mathematical practices. The nature of the mathematical tasks that MTEs can use to best support and extend PTs’ content knowledge is another area that deserves attention. This article considers uncertainty as a task feature and explains how it can be incorporated into mathematical tasks in order to support PTs’ specialized content knowledge. Using Zaslavsky’s (2005) three types of uncertainty – competing claims, unknown path or questionable conclusion, and non-readily verifiable outcomes – we provide three classroom examples of ways in which MTEs incorporated uncertainty into their mathematical tasks. Each example provides detail about the task design, background research on PTs’ knowledge of the underlying mathematical content, the type of uncertainty the task generated for PTs, and the ways in which that uncertainty may have contributed to PTs’ understandings of the content. Each example concludes with recommendations for MTEs on specific ways to incorporate that particular type of uncertainty into their own teaching.
Optimal Monetary Policy under Firms’ Rational Inattention∗

This paper derives optimal monetary policy under a framework where monetary policy reallocates firms’ attention to different shocks and change their beliefs about economic fundamentals. We label this effect of monetary policy as its “informational effect”. Effectiveness of monetary policy is jointly determined by its informational effect and direct effect. An aggressive response from the central bank may draw firms’ attention and dampen its real effect as firms are less surprised. Internalizing the attention-allocation mechanism, optimal monetary policy balances its direct and informational effect and is contingent on the uncertainty of the fundamental shocks and the total information capacity. With this new informational effect, there is a new source for trade-off between output gap stabilization and price dispersion stabilization: An aggressive response to stabilize output gap may generate high price dispersion, which harms welfare.
Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Strategies

— Hacking is a process in which, a person or team exploits the weakness in a system for self-proceeds or indulgence. Ethical Hacking is an activity which focuses on the vulnerability in a system and discovers the weakness and try to rectify the security weakness of a system. In the growing era of internet computer security is of utmost concern for the organizations and government. These organizations are using Internet in their wide variety of applications such as electronic commerce, marketing and database access. But at the same time, data and network security is a serious issue that has to be talked about. This paper attempts to discuss the overview of hacking and how ethical hacking disturbs the security. Also the Ethical Hackers and Malicious Hackers are different from each other and playing their important roles in security. This paper studied the different types of hacking with its phases. The hacking can also be categorized majorly in three categories such as white hat, black hat and grey hat hacking. This paper also presents a comparison of the hacking categories with different methods of penetration testing.
An investigation of key success factors for restaurant operations in Saudi Arabia

This exploratory, qualitative and descriptive study aims to find out critical success factors in restaurant operations and identify measures of success. Ten restaurants in Jeddah were approached to collect data through face to face semi-structured interviews. The purpose of interviews was to explore their experiences and insights into core factors contributing to the practice of their success. Responses from the restaurants’ operators were used to analyze critical factors responsible for their success. Strategy, marketing, menu, and staffing issues were considered in assessing the critical factors contributing to success in restaurant operations.
Production Planning with IEC 62264 and PDDL

Smart production systems need to be able to adapt to changing environments and market needs. They have to reflect changes in (i) the reconfiguration of the production systems themselves, (ii) the processes they perform or (iii) the products they produce. Manual intervention for system adaptation is costly and potentially error-prone. In this article, we propose a model-driven approach for the automatic generation and regeneration of production plans that can be triggered anytime a change in any of the three aforementioned parameters occurs.
Thymoquinone enhances sperm DNA integrity in nicotineinduced infertile male rats

Purpose: To assess the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) on the integrity of sperm DNA in nicotineinduced sperm impairment in rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four equal groups: control group received normal saline orally for 60 days; nicotine group was subcutaneously injected with 5 mg/kg/day nicotine for 30 days and then given normal saline for the next 30 days; TQ group was given normal saline for 30 days followed by TQ at 5 mg/kg/day for 30 days; and nicotine-TQ group received 5 mg/kg of nicotine for 30 days and 5mg/kg of TQ for another 30 days. Sperm DNA breakages were evaluated using Comet assay. The expression levels of protamine 1 (PT1) and transition nuclear protein 2 (Tnp2) genes which are essential for the proper compaction of the sperm DNA were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Thymoquinone significantly decreased DNA fragmentation in the sperm of nicotine-treated rats. However, there was no change in PT1 gene expression. Tnp2 was downregulated in the nicotine group and slightly upregulated in nicotine-TQ group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate the potential benefits of TQ in improving sperm DNA quality of nicotine-induced male infertility.
Competitive Non-linear Pricing: Evidence from the French Automobile market

We develop a new empirical model of market equilibrium with second-degree price discrimination and oligopolistic competition based on an extension of Rochet and Stole (2002) non-linear pricing theory to multiproduct firms. The demand system is semiparametrically identified. We estimate the model using French automobile data and take advantage of observing prices and market shares at the car model version level. We test the existence of second-degree price discrimination under imperfect competition. We extend the structural analysis of nonlinear pricing to an oligopolistic setting (see Luo, Perrigne, and Vuong, 2014). Our demand estimate is semi-parametric and does not rely on the exogeneity of characteristics assumptions and on instruments. ∗We thank participants of the MaCCI IO Day 2015 in Mannheim, IIOC 2016 in Philadelphia, MaCCI Summer Institute in Competiton Policy 2016 at Schloss Burgellern, EEA 2016 in Geneva, and participants of seminars at the University of Mannheim and the Toulouse School of Economics for helpful comments. [further acknowledgments to be added]
Equitable Growth Working paper series Returns in the labor market : A nuanced view of penalties at the intersection of race and gender

There have been decades of research on wage gaps for groups based on their socially salient identities such as race and gender, but little empirical investigation on the effects of holding multiple identities. Using the Current Population Survey, we provide new evidence on intersectionality and the wage gap. This paper makes two important contributions. First, we find that there is no single “gender” or “race” wage penalty. Second, we present evidence that holding multiple identities cannot readily be disaggregated in an additive fashion. Instead, the penalties associated with the combination of two or more socially marginalized identities interact in multiplicative or quantitatively nuanced ways. JEL Codes: J15, J16, J31, J71, Z13 Acknowledgements: This study was made possible with the generous support of the Nathan Cummings Foundation. 1 Mark Paul is an Assistant Professor at New College of Florida. 2 Khaing Zaw is a Research Associate at the Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University. She is now a member of the statistical research team at Facebook. 3 Darrick Hamilton is Professor of Economics and Urban Policy at the Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy and Department of Economics at the New School for Social Research, and Director of the Doctoral Program in Public and Urban Policy at The New School. ; and Co-Associate Director of the Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University. 4 William Darity Jr. is the Samuel DuBois Cook Professor of Public Policy, African and African-American Studies and Economics and the Director of the Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University.