Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pseudoenhancement of simulated renal cysts in a phantom using different multidetector CT scanners.

OBJECTIVE We undertook this study to determine whether pseudoenhancement of renal cysts occurs on scans obtained with multidetector CT (MDCT) scanners and whether the effect is influenced by scanning parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A kidney phantom with varying attenuation was created to simulate different levels of renal parenchymal enhancement (150 and 250 H). Two water-filled cylinders simulating renal cysts-one with a 5-mm diameter and one with a 15-mm diameter-were suspended in the "kidney. " After validating the pseudoenhancement effect produced in our phantom model with a single-detector helical CT scanner, we investigated the effect with matrix array and adaptive array MDCT scanners using detector configurations of 1.25 and 2.5 mm and beam pitches of 0.75:1.0 and 1.5:1.0 at an effective reconstructed slice thickness of approximately 3 mm. Three sets of experiments were performed at each setting, and mean cyst density was measured. Data were statistically analyzed using the Student's t test and multiple logistic regression analysis when appropriate. RESULTS Although pseudoenhancement was observed with MDCT scanners, the effect was statistically significant only for scans depicting the smaller cyst at a background renal density of 250 H on the matrix array MDCT. Modulation of scanning parameters did not alter these findings. Pseudoenhancement was significantly higher with the matrix array MDCT scanner than with the adaptive array MDCT scanner (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In our phantom model, high levels of renal enhancement produced pseudoenhancement in small renal cysts with different models of MDCT scanners, irrespective of pitch or detector configuration.
Stability of total nutrient admixtures in a dual-chamber flexible container.

The stability of total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) prepared from dextrose and amino acid injections commercially packaged in a dual-chamber container and a safflower-soybean oil fat emulsion was studied. The admixtures studied were divided into two groups. Group 1 admixtures represented 14 combinations of Aminosyn II, dextrose, and Liposyn II. Group 2 admixtures represented 10 combinations of Aminosyn II with Electrolytes, dextrose, and Liposyn II. Amino acid concentrations of 7, 8.5, and 10%, dextrose concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 50%, and 10 and 20% fat emulsion were used. After the amino acid and dextrose injections were mixed in their original container (Nutrimix, Abbott Laboratories), the fat emulsion was added. One of two combinations of electrolytes and trace metals was then added. Multivitamins were added to each TNA just before 24-hour storage at room temperature (25 +/- 4 degrees C). Admixtures were tested initially and at the conclusion of storage periods of 24 hours at room temperature or nine days at 5 degrees C followed by 24 hours at room temperature. Measurements of pH, emulsion particle size, and weight percent of oil particles larger than 5 microns in diameter (HIAC) were made after visual inspection of each admixture. In selected admixtures, concentrations of individual amino acids and dextrose were determined by chromatographic techniques initially and at the conclusion of storage. The TNAs retained a uniform milk-like appearance throughout both storage periods. The pH values, particle size, HIAC measurements, and amino acid and dextrose concentrations remained essentially unchanged. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Evaluation of the Initial Distribution Volume of Glucose to Assess Plasma Volume During a Fluid Challenge

Circulation blood volume can be estimated with the initial distribution volume of glucose (IDVG) method. In a prospective, observational study, we evaluated the effect of a fluid challenge on IDVG in individual patients. In 13 patients after cardiac surgery, IDVG was determined before and after the infusion of 7 mL/kg hydroxyethyl starch over 30 min. Eleven patients not requiring a fluid challenge served as control. IDVG was computed with a one-compartment exponential model, using plasma glucose concentrations at baseline and 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 min after 5 g of glucose IV bolus. IDVG was repeated 3 times in the control group. IDVG did not change after a fluid challenge (85 ± 14 versus 93 ± 14 mL/kg, P = 0.08), and the power of the comparison was 0.25 for a P value of 0.05. The regression coefficient of the exponential fit of glucose versus time was 0.96 ± 0.03 before, and 0.95 ± 0.04 after starch infusion (not significant). In the control group, IDVG was 90 ± 18 mL/kg, and the average individual coefficient of variation was 0.15 ± 0.08. IDVG seems inadequate to assess individual response to fluid therapy. This limitation may be related to the weak reproducibility of IDVG.
Noise reduction in electron tomographic reconstructions using nonlinear anisotropic diffusion.

Electron tomography is a powerful technique capable of giving unique insights into the three-dimensional structural organization of pleomorphic biological objects. However, visualization and interpretation of the resulting volumetric data are hampered by an extremely low signal-to-noise ratio, especially when ice-embedded biological specimens are investigated. Usually, isosurface representation or volume rendering of such data is hindered without any further signal enhancement. We propose a novel technique for noise reduction based on nonlinear anisotropic diffusion. The approach combines efficient noise reduction with excellent signal preservation and is clearly superior to conventional methods (e.g., low-pass and median filtering) and invariant wavelet transform filtering. The gain in the signal-to-noise ratio is verified and demonstrated by means of Fourier shell correlation. Improved visualization performance after processing the 3D images is demonstrated with two examples, tomographic reconstructions of chromatin and of a mitochondrion. Parameter settings and discretization stencils are presented in detail.
Effect of inhA and katG on isoniazid resistance and virulence of Mycobacterium bovis

Isoniazid (INH) resistance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MtbC) is associated with both loss of catalase activity and mutation of the inhA gene. However, the relative contributions of these changes to resistance and to the loss of virulence for guinea‐pigs is unknown. In this study, a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the MtbC. , was exposed to increasing concentrations of INH. Two INH‐resistant strains were produced which had lost catalase activity. Strain WAg405, which had a higher resistance to INH, also had a mutation in the inhA gene. This demonstrated that loss of catalase activity and mutation of inhA had a cumulative effect on INH resistance. When a functional katG gene was integrated into the genome of WAg405 the INH resistance was greatly reduced. This indicated that most of the resistance had been caused by loss of catalase activity. While the parent INH‐sensitive strain was virulent for guinea‐pigs, the INH‐resistant strains were significantly less virulent. Integration of a functional katG gene into the most resistant strain restored full virulence. This clearly established that katG is a virulence factor for M. bovis and that mutation of the inhA gene has no effect on virulence.
An analysis on direct authentication of data

Authentication is the procedure which permits a sender and receiver of data to validate each other. On the off chance that the sender and receiver of data can't legitimately confirm each other, there is no trust in the activity or data gave by either party. This paper talks about where and when can the service providers use the various authentication models adopted and the comparison between two authentication models.
COMPRESSION OF DATA COLLECTED IN BIG SCALE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

This paper introduces the first finish configuration to apply compressive testing hypothesis to sensor information gathering for largescale remote sensor systems. The fruitful plan created in this examination is relied upon to offer new edge of psyche for examination in both compressive testing applications furthermore, vast scale remote sensor systems. We consider the situation in which an expansive number of sensor hubs are thickly conveyed and sensor readings are spatially associated.The proposed compressive information social occasion has the capacity decrease worldwide scale correspondence cost without presenting serious calculation or convoluted transmission control.The heap adjusting trademark is fit for amplifying the lifetime of the whole sensor system and in addition person sensors. Moreover, the proposed plan can adapt to irregular sensor readings smoothly. We likewise complete the examination of the system limit of the proposed compressive information assembling and accept the examination through ns-2 recreations. All the more imperatively, this novel compressive information get-together has been tried on genuine sensor information and the outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness and power of the proposed plan.
Studies on the pigmented and unpigmented photoreceptors of the cercaria of Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) from Littorina littorea (L.)

The cercaria of Cryptocotyle lingua possesses a pair of pigmented rhabdomeric photoreceptors situated antero-dorsally, and a median unpigmented rhabdomeric photoreceptor lying slightly ventral to the middle region of the body immediately anterior to the transverse commissure. Each pigmented photoreceptor consists of two asymmetrical pigment cells containing two symmetrical back-to-back pigment cups facing respectively antero-laterally and postero-medianly, with one retinular cell associated with each pigment cup. The microvilli of the rhabdomere in each cup are radially arranged around a triradiate dendritic process; in the centre of each microvillus is a strand presumably the visual pigment. The retinular cell and dendritic process contain a large number of mitochondria. The rhabdomere of the median unpigmented photoreceptor is enclosed in a thin-walled unpigmented cup opening posteriorly and giving off processes, some of which contain mitochondria, into the surrounding parenchyma. This rhabdomere resembles the equivalent of two rhabdomeres of the paired photoreceptors. Axonal processes from the retinular cells of the paired and unpaired photoreceptors enter the neuropile of the cerebral ganglia and transverse commissure respectively. The cercaria is markedly photopositive and responds also to shadow by active bursts of swimming. It is suggested that the paired dorsal photoreceptors may be sensitive to light of higher intensity and the median more ventral photoreceptor to light of lower intensity and to shadow.
Assessment and prognostic significance of the epidermal growth factor receptor vIII mutation in glioblastoma patients treated with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide radiochemotherapy

The epidermal growth factor receptor vIII mutant (EGFRvIII) is found in ∼50% of all EGFR‐amplified glioblastomas and constitutes a tumor‐specific therapeutic target. To assess molecular testing approaches and the prognostic role of EGFRvIII in patients treated according to current standards of care, we compared different EGFRvIII detection methods and correlated EGFRvIII status with outcome in a prospective patient cohort of the German Glioma Network. In total, 184 newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients were investigated for EGFR amplification and for expression of EGFR and EGFRvIII by immunohistochemistry. Further, the EGFRvIII status was additionally studied by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis and reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated EGFRvIII in 34 of 184 patients (18%). RT‐PCR or MLPA analysis detected four additional EGFRvIII‐positive patients. Overall, RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry were more sensitive for EGFRvIII detection than MLPA. EGFRvIII status was not associated with progression‐free and overall survival. EGFRvIII also had no prognostic significance in the subgroup of patients who were free from progression after concomitant radiochemotherapy and thus would be eligible for the ongoing ACT IV EGFRvIII vaccination trial. Age, extent of resection and O6‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status appeared to be less prognostic in EGFRvIII‐positive patients. Thus, EGFRvIII positivity is not a major negative prognostic factor in glioblastoma patients treated according to current standards of care. Data from phase II EGFRvIII‐targeted vaccination trials compare favorably with the present contemporary results, supporting the further exploration of EGVRvIII vaccination in newly diagnosed glioblastoma.
MENeT: a monitoring and protocol analysis tool for LAN

The fastest growth of data communication networks over the past decades has resulted in the development of sophisticated tools to diagnose, debug and analyze such networks. We have developed a toolkit called MENeT (Monitor for Ethernet Network Traffic). The toolkit is an extension to the earlier developed utility for traffic monitoring. The toolkit is operational on the platform of Windows NT/2000 and is developed by programming in the Microsoft Visual C++ environment. The MENeT captures and dissembles the packets flowing through a system and extracts TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) packets only. MENeT monitors network traffic by partitioning it into a set of classes. The set of classes are defined as network traffic, broadcast traffic and workstation traffic. It measures traffic at a time scale ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. Using the fine-grained information that MENeT exports, proves its effectiveness for monitoring and protocol analysis. The work on presenting the statistics to portray the network traffic from every angle is in place.
Physiological Studies on Ergot: Further Studies on the Induction of Alkaloid Synthesis by Tryptophan and Its Inhibition by Phosphate

The failure of l-leucine to stimulate ergot alkaloid production in a synthetic medium indicates that the previously observed stimulation by tryptophan and tryptophan analogues does not merely represent a nutritional effect. Tryptophan, but not mevalonate or 5-methyltryptophan, is able to overcome the inhibition of alkaloid synthesis by high levels of inorganic phosphate. Therefore, high phosphate levels seem to limit the synthesis of tryptophan; they may, in addition, prevent induction of alkaloid synthesis by preventing accumulation of tryptophan. Experiments which indicate a 2- to 3-fold temporary increase of intracellular free tryptophan and a 20- to 25-fold increase of tryptophan synthetase activity during the transition period between growth and alkaloid production phase are in agreement with the previously postulated induction of alkaloid synthesis by tryptophan. The latter experiments also indicate 4- to 6-fold repression of this enzyme by tryptophan.
GALLO: a genetic algorithm for floorplan area optimization

The paper describes a Genetic Algorithm for the Floorplan Area Optimization problem. The algorithm is based on suitable techniques for solution encoding and evaluation function definition, effective cross-over and mutation operators, and heuristic operators which further improve the method's effectiveness. An adaptive approach automatically provides the optimal values for the activation probabilities of the operators. Experimental results show that the proposed method is competitive with the most effective ones as far as the CPU time requirements and the result accuracy is considered, but it also presents some advantages. It requires a limited amount of memory, it is not sensible to special structures which are critical for other methods, and has a complexity which grows linearly with the number of implementations. Finally, we demonstrate that the method is able to handle floorplans much larger (in terms of number of basic rectangles) than any benchmark previously considered in the literature.
Stability analysis for reset systems with input saturation

This paper is devoted to the stability analysis for a class of reset systems, such as those including a Clegg integrator or a FORE (first order reset element). The system under consideration is subject to input saturation. Hence, constructive conditions, allowing to characterize the region of stability of the saturated closed-loop system, are proposed based on the use of some suitable Lyapunov functions and a modified sector condition. LMI-based optimization schemes for maximizing the size of the region of stability are then derived. In presence of an additive disturbance, the problem of L2 stability is also addressed.
A minimax entropy registration framework for patient setup verification in radiotherapy.

In external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), patient setup verification over the entire course of fractionated treatment is necessary for accurate delivery of a specified dose to the tumor. We are working on the development of a minimax entropy registration framework for patient setup verification using dual portal images and the treatment planning 3D CT dataset. In this paper, we present an overview of our registration framework, where an iteratively and automatically estimated segmentation of the portal image is utilized to more accurately and robustly register the portal image to the 3D treatment-planning CT data. In addition, we describe initial testing of this approach. We note that, due to low resolution and low contrast of the portal images, this registration presents a difficult problem. We also note that the registration of the images in our proposed method is guided by the bony structure visible in the portal and the 3D CT images. However, since the prostate can move with respect to the pelvic bone, we propose using ultrasound images to quantify this movement.
Contractile muscle volume and agonist‐antagonist coactivation account for differences in torque between young and older women

It is controversial whether specific tension (the ratio between muscle strength and size) declines with aging. Therefore, contractile muscle volume was estimated separately from the intramuscular noncontractile tissue by magnetic resonance imaging, and maximum isometric torque was measured in the knee extensors and flexors of 10 young (22.8 ± 5.7 years) and 10 older (69.5 ± 2.4 years) healthy active women. Specific tension was lower in the older women both in the extensors (93.1 ± 20.1 kN·m−2 vs. 112.1 ± 12.3 kN·m−2; P < 0.05) and in the flexors (100 ± 31 kN·m−2 vs. 142.7 ± 23.9 kN·m−2; P < 0.01). This was accompanied by an increase in the percentage coactivation of the knee flexors during knee extension. These data suggest that the lower level of muscle torque in the older women can be explained not only by smaller contractile muscle mass but also by increased coactivation of the antagonist muscles during knee extension. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Analysis of magnetically-coupled impedance source three-phase four-switch inverters

In this paper, magnetically-coupled impedance source (MCIS) three-phase four-switch inverters are introduced for renewable energy applications. This inverter utilizes two single-phase MCIS inverters to obtain a three-phase output, where less component-count is achieved in order to reduce the inverter volume. On the other hand, as a result of the reduced number of switches, the proposed inverter suffers from higher voltage stresses. The MCIS inverters are first reviewed. Then, the modulation and operation principle of the MCIS three-phase inverter topology are introduced before sizing the passive components. A comparison among the similar candidates is done. Finally, the analysis is verified by simulations.
Deletion of GSK3β in D2R-expressing neurons reveals distinct roles for β-arrestin signaling in antipsychotic and lithium action

Several studies in rodent models have shown that glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) plays an important role in the actions of antispychotics and mood stabilizers. Recently it was demonstrated that GSK3β through a β-arrestin2/protein kinase B (PKB or Akt)/protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) signaling complex regulates dopamine (DA)- and lithium-sensitive behaviors and is required to mediate endophenotypes of mania and depression in rodents. We have previously shown that atypical antipsychotics antagonize DA D2 receptor (D2R)/β-arrestin2 interactions more efficaciously than G-protein–dependent signaling, whereas typical antipsychotics inhibit both pathways with similar efficacy. To elucidate the site of action of GSK3β in regulating DA- or lithium-sensitive behaviors, we generated conditional knockouts of GSK3β, where GSK3β was deleted in either DA D1- or D2-receptor–expressing neurons. We analyzed these mice for behaviors commonly used to test antipsychotic efficacy or behaviors that are sensitive to lithium treatment. Mice with deletion of GSK3β in D2 (D2GSK3β−/−) but not D1 (D1GSK3β−/−) neurons mimic antipsychotic action. However, haloperidol (HAL)-induced catalepsy was unchanged in either D2GSK3β−/− or D1GSK3β−/− mice compared with control mice. Interestingly, genetic stabilization of β-catenin, a downstream target of GSK3β, in D2 neurons did not affect any of the behaviors tested. Moreover, D2GSK3β−/− or D1GSK3β−/− mice showed similar responses to controls in the tail suspension test (TST) and dark–light emergence test, behaviors which were previously shown to be β-arrestin2- and GSK3β-dependent and sensitive to lithium treatment. Taken together these studies suggest that selective deletion of GSK3β but not stabilization of β-catenin in D2 neurons mimics antipsychotic action without affecting signaling pathways involved in catalepsy or certain mood-related behaviors.
Encoder Based Lifelong Learning-Supplementary materials

In this section, we present a detailed analysis of the main contribution of the paper and demonstrate its theoretical grounding. The following derivations are based on the hypothesis that all the functions involved in the model training are Lipschitz continuous. The most commonly used functions such as sigmoid, ReLU or linear functions satisfy this condition. It is also the case for the most commonly used loss functions, e.g. softmax, logistic, or hinge losses. Note that squared and exponential losses are not Lipschitz continuous, but this is not a significant limitation as such losses are less frequently applied in practice due to their sensitivity to label noise.
Wavepacket modeling of the jet noise source

This study is motivated by the need for physical models for the jet noise source to be used in practical noise prediction schemes for propulsion–airframe integration concepts. The basis for the source model is an amplitude-modulated traveling wave—the wavepacket. The source is parameterized and the parameters are determined by minimizing the difference between the modeled and experimental sound intensity distributions in the far field. Even though the pressure signal that reaches the far field is highly filtered, sufficient information is available to construct a wavepacket with reasonable physical characteristics. A simple stochastic extension of this concept shows a connection between the shape of the far-field sound pressure level spectrum and the emission polar angle. It suggests that the broadening of the spectrum with increasing polar angle from the downstream axis can be explained on the basis of a single noise source (the wavepacket), rather than the prevailing model of two distinct noise sources, one coherent and the other incoherent.