Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Profiling of Dunaliella salina Shifting Cultivation Conditions toNitrogen Deprivation

Dunaliella salina is a model chlorophyte microalga in studying carotenoid metabolism and osmoregulation. Nitrogen depletion plays an important role in inducing β-carotene accumulation of D. salina cells. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the metabolic profiling of D. salina cells during the process of nitrogen deprivation was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 78 metabolites were identified and quantified, including 16 amino acids, 19 sugars, 13 organic acids, 11 alcohols, 11 fatty acids, 4 amines and 4 others. Nitrogen deprivation induced changes in saturation of fatty acids by increasing saturated fatty acids and decreasing polyunsaturated fatty acids in D. salina. The relative levels of metabolites such as sucrose, maltose and organic acids, which act as carbon skeleton, were increased, in contrast, glycerol, myo-inositol which are related to the osmoregulatory mechanism, kept constant under nitrogen deprivation condition. The levels of proline, glutamic acid and other metabolites, which were involved in protective function, were increased in nitrogen deprivation condition. The precursors of these metabolites are the intermediates of the Calvin cycle and the TCA cycle. The results of this research might be applicable to the interpretation of metabolic synthesis and fatty acid production during process of nitrogen deprivation and provide a new method for accumulating high amounts of carotenoids in D. salina.
Male Calling Behavior in Response to Playback of Conspecific Advertisement Calls in Two Bufonids

ABSTRACr. -Previously it has been hypothesized that male anurans in breeding aggregations vocalize asynchronously to reduce acoustic overlap with neighbors. The prediction was tested that in Bufo woodhousei and B. punctatus a male will lower his call rate in response to playback of conspecific advertisement calls. Male B. woodhousei reduced their call rates in response to playback of both high and low rate recordings, although call rates were lowered to a significantly greater degree during playback of high rate recordings. Contrastingly, male B. punctatus did not reduce their call rates in response to playback of conspecific calls. Male B. woodhousei reduced their rate of calling, apparently to avoid acoustic overlap with playback recordings. Male B. punctatus, however, usually initiated a call during each call broadcast during playback, resulting in extensive acoustic overlap. In B. woodhousei, mean call rate of males in a chorus was negatively correlated with chorus size. None of the current hypotheses concerning the significance of call alternation in anurans explains these results satisfactorily.
A Test of an Allopatric Speciation Model for Congeneric Amphipods in an Isolated Aquatic Ecosystem

We quantified amphipod population distributions in Montezuma Well, characterized two habitats, and tested alternative hypotheses for speciation using behavioral observations and genetic analyses. Amphipod distributions within Montezuma Well, Arizona, indicate nearly complete separation of habitat ranges between two congeneric populations. Hyalella montezuma inhabits the pelagic zone and a Potamogeton-dominated portion of the littoral zone, while H. azteca is restricted to a narrow band of shoreline Berula and Eleocharis roots. A population of H. azteca from nearby Stoneman Lake was included in the study for comparison with populations in Montezuma Well. We estimated genetic distance measures by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using the polymerase chain reaction with ten-base primers of arbitrary sequences. Based on 96 amplified fragments, the genetic distance between H. montezuma from Montezuma Well and H. azteca from Stoneman Lake was 0.19, whereas the distance between H. montezuma and H. azteca from Montezuma Well was 0.77. Observations of swimming behavior were consistent with genetic data: H. montezuma and H. azteca from Stoneman Lake spent significantly more time swimming than did H. azteca from Montezuma Well. These results suggest speciation resulted from genetic differentiation before introduction of ancestral populations to Montezuma Well.
An Automatic Nest-Trap for Waterfowl

cartridges misfired, or 5 per cent of the total used. In total, 17 burrows required retreatment on the next or subsequent days. It may be noticed that on May 9th a fair number of burrows were treated which were missed on the previous day. Undoubtedly a few burrows were overlooked nevertheless. Twelve woodchucks were observed in the 100acre area from May 7 to 9. None were seen on the last day of treatment. On May 23 the 18.6-acre field was revisited, and four burrows were found to be opened up, two of which indicated recent burrowing activities of woodchucks. No woodchucks were sighted. Nine recently used burrow systems and one woodchuck were noticed on July 11, and eleven burrow systems were in use on July 23 (Fig. 2). This means that more than one-third of the burrows were opened up again. The field was plowed up immediately after July 23. A visit on September 26 disclosed that none of the burrows which had been plowed down were opened up. However, there were indications of possible use in three burrows situated along the fences. The three visits made after the control experiment was discontinued indicate relatively high woodchuck activity. There are two possible explanations for this: first, that a relatively rapid influx took place from the surrounding fields which were not controlled; and second, that a certain number of woodchucks survived treatment. This second alternative seems to us improbable. Considering the size of the area treated, we feel that it would not take the average woodchuck very much time to infiltrate into the center field. Whatever the causes for woodchuck activity during late May and July may be, the results do not appear to be satisfactory. This implies the need for more controlled experiments and for more fundamental knowledge of the biology of the species. In total, 40 man hours were spent on the project. Since an ordinary control operation requires only one man, and since a fourth visit, such as we made on May 10, may not be necessary under average conditions, we estimate that one man could have done the operation in about 24 hours. If the average farmer earns $1.00 per hour, this would amount to $24.00. One hundred and sixty-six cartridges, selling at $0.065 each, would cost $10.78. The total expenditure for the operation would therefore be about $34.78, or approximately $0.35 per acre. Considering the results obtained, it is doubtful that this investment is warranted except in areas of valuable truck crops, orchards, etc.
Two new species of Macrelmis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Elmidae) and a new record of Macrelmis isis (Hinton) from Southeastern Brazil

Macrelmis is a genus distributed in the Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Currently there are 40 species, 20being recorded from Brazil but only two from Rio de Janeiro State. Herein two new species of Macrelmis are describedand figured: Macrelmis fluminensis sp. nov. and Macrelmis friburguensis sp. nov. A new record of Macrelmis isis from Rio de Janeiro State is given.
A new species of Allocetraria (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in China

Abstract Allocetraria yunnanensis R. F. Wang, X. L. Wei & J. C. Wei is described as a new species from the Yunnan Province of China, and is characterized by having a shiny upper surface, strongly wrinkled lower surface, and marginal pseudocyphellae present on the lower side in the form of a white continuous line or spot. The phylogenetic analysis based on nrDNA ITS sequences suggests that the new species is related to A. sinensis X. Q. Gao.
(Z)-5,(E)-7-Dodecadienal and (Z)-5,(E)-7-Dodecadien-l-ol, Sex Pheromone Components of the Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria

By capillary gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, electroantennogram measurements, and male behavioral response tests, ( Z )-5,( E )-7-dodecadienal was identified as the principal component of the sex pheromone of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hubner). ( Z )-5,( E )-7-Dodecadien-l-ol was indicated as a secondary component. In field trapping males were attracted to lures containing each component separately but best trapping occurred with aldehyde:alcohol ratios between 1:10 and 1:3.n-Dodecanal was also found in female tip extracts.
The rôle of B. acidophilus in dental caries.

Since the first pronouncement by Miller 1 in 1890 that tooth caries is the result of the acid fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria, students of this subject have been searching for a specific organism of caries. Kligler 2 first pointed out that in the lesions of caries B. acidophilus is commonly present, associated with L. buccalis, C. placoides, and B. putrificus. Later Howe and Hatch 3 found in advanced lesions of caries the Moro-Tissier group of organisms associated with certain other types which they called respectively Bacillus X, M, and Y. More recently MacIntosh, James and Lazarus-Barlow4,5 in England, and Rodriguez 6 in this country, by the use of acid media have found that in deep carious lesions B. acidophilus is invariably present and is the most predominant acid-resistant organism associated with the disease. They were also able to produce caries-like lesions in teeth which were immersed in cultures of B. acidophilus. During the past year, in our study of the cause and means of preventing dental caries, we have devoted our attention to a study of the initial stages of caries and the bacteria found to be associated with the first lesion, on the tooth. In a study of 73 cases, we found B. acidophilus present in 100 per cent of initial caries, in 94 per cent of advanced caries, and in 16 per cent of mouths that were immune to caries, In carious mouths this organism exhibited a high degree of proliferation and a tendency to localize on the tooth, but when present in caries-immune mouths it did not appear to grow in concentrated niasses, nor did it predominate in the oral flora as was the case in, carious individuals. We found further that caries-like lesions of the tooth may be produced artificially by lactic acid solutions in concentrations below pH 4.4, in 11 days; also by different strains of B. acidophilus in glucose media in from 6 to 8 days when the action was confined to a limited area of the tooth.
Competitiveness of Sterilized Male Insects: A Method of Calculating the Variance of the Value Derived from Competitive Mating Tests

Competitiveness of gamma-sterilized male insects is frequently evaluated from the egg hatch resulting from competitive mating tests. We describe a procedure to calculate the variance of the estimated competitiveness value which then permits detection of significant differences between competitiveness values. Previously published data obtained with tephritid fruit flies have been reanalyzed, and the results are presented to illustrate the use and value of the statistical procedure.
A review of home range studies

Home range is an important concept in animal behavior and conservation biology research,playing a key role in the study of ecological processes such as habitat selection,animal social interactions,and population density.This paper summarizes the historical development and latest advances in home range modeling.We discuss a variety of issues that should be addressed when estimating home range including sampling design considerations,sample size requirements,effects of autocorrelation,and evaluation of estimators.We assess the advantages and disadvantages of 3 main home range estimation approaches and subsequently summarize the research progress and future directions of home range modeling.In addition,we provide some suggestions for future research.This paper serves as a key reference for the latest theoretical advances and applications of home range modeling.
Isolation and Identification of Diesel Degradation Strain in Sandbox

Taking 0# diesel oil as the sole carbon source,four diesel-degrading strain(B-1,B-2,B-3 and B-4)are selected from the sand box of diesel contaminated soil.The results of morphological observation and identification of molecular biology show that these strains belong to Microbacterium sp. ,Brevundimonas sp. ,Pseudomonas sp. ,Pseudomonas sp. ,respectively.And strain B-3 is a new diesel-degrading strain first found in Kashmir orchard soil in 2005.In addition,strain B-3 and B-4 have preferentially accessed to the logarithmic growth phase than the other two strains through comparing the growth curve of each strain.It is significant for accelerating the biodegradation of diesel oil.
Assessing the potential for competition on a coastal beach and the significance of variable seed mass in Triplasis purpureal

CHEPLICK, G. P. AND V. M. WICKSTROM (Department of Biology, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314). Assessing the potential for competition on a coastal beach and the significance of variable seed mass in Triplasis purpurea. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126:296-306. 1999. -In annual plant communities of coastal ecosystems, the potential exists for both intraspecific and interspecific interactions. Two native annual grasses, Triplasis purpurea and Cenchrus tribuloides, commonly co-occur along the shore of Staten Island, New York. T. purpurea matures variable seeds within leaf sheaths along tillers: heavier, nondispersed seeds occur at lower nodes, while lighter, dispersible seeds occur at upper nodes. Interplant distances recorded in the field were very low between T. purpurea individuals (9-28 mm), but were greater between T. purpurea and C. tribuloides. However, field collections late in the growing season revealed that the presence of two C. tribuloides neighbors within a 10 cm circle around a target T. purpurea individual significantly reduced dry mass and seed output of the target. In an interspecific competition experiment in the greenhouse at a density of two plants per pot, one C. tribuloides significantly reduced the dry mass and reproduction of one T. purpurea. The T. purpurea individuals that emerged from lighter, upper-node seeds of parental plants had lower dry mass and seed production than those from heavier, lower-node seeds. The per unit mass effect of C. tribuloides on T. purpurea mass was highly significant for T. purpurea from upper-node seeds. With its larger seeds and seedlings, C. tribuloides is clearly a superior competitor. Differences in the dispersibility of seeds from upper and lower nodes of T. purpurea, and the subsequent size of the seedlings emerging from them, may favor variable seed mass in the competitive environment of this coastal system.
Comparative size, fecundity and ecophysiology of roadside plants of Banksia hookeriana

The crowns of roadside plants of Banksia hookeriana were on average 2.34 times larger than their non-edge counterparts for a range of ages at five sites. Roadside plants produced 2.51 times more flower heads. Mass of the cones was 32% greater than those of non-roadside plants and they contained 27% more follicles and seeds. The fractions of seeds released and eaten/ decayed were similar at both positions. Increased cone production, follicles per cone and seed viability per follicle resulted in a 4.74 times larger seed store in the roadside plants. This greater fecundity was apparently due to greater access to water (non-significantly different or higher transpiration rates, lower pre-dawn xylem tensions and diurnal leaf temperatures) and mineral nutrients (including higher concentrations of N, K and Ca), leading to higher photosynthetic and growth rates (.)
Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review

Clefts of the lip and palate are the congenital anomalies which may range from a small furrow in the lip to a complete separation of the two maxillary processes. They possess a significant social and financial burden to the individuals and their families. Numerous theories about the etiopathogenesis have been put forward from the past and numerous authors have classified them in different forms for easy understanding. Here in this review we have tried to compile the information from the past literature to present a brief update on various aspects of this entity.
Different Hematopoietic Reconstruction Abilities of Transplanted Cells from Bone Marrow, Spleen, Liver and Peripheral Blood

Cells from different lineages may exert a different growth capacity following transplantation. To compare the efficacy of different cells on rebuilding hematopoietic function, peripheral leukocytes, spleen cells, liver cells and bone marrow cells derived from GFP transgenic male mice were transfused into irradiated female mice. GFP-positive cells in the peripheral blood of female recipients were detected 20, 40, or 60 days after transplantation. At the 180th day after transplantation, mice were sacrificed and bone marrow cells were collected to detect the Y chromosome-positive rate. Results showed that GFP-positive cells appeared as early as 20 days after transplantation in peripheral blood, and some cells had differentiated to CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. The differentiation rate was different among the four types of donor cells. The Y chromosome-positive rate in bone marrow and the GFP-positive rate in peripheral blood were positively correlated. Although all 4 types of cells were able to rebuild hematopoietic function, spleen and bone marrow cells showed the highest capacity, followed by liver cells. Leukocytes showed the least reconstitution efficacy.
Aerial seed banks in the Central Namib : distribution of serotinous plants in relation to climate and habitat

Distribution of serotinous plants in the central Namib and adjacent areas was correlated with climatic parameters (rain quantity, variability and frequency and prevailing type of precipitation) and habitat in a Binary Multiple Regression model. The desert fringe with (a) high variability of rain (60-70% of annual mean), (b) low quantities of rain (50-100 mmyr1), and (c) prevailing precipitation type rain rather than fog, proved most conducive to serotiny. Serotinous plants were most common in habitats where run-off accumulated, such as foothills of mountains, pans and channels, and on plains. Temporal and spatial variation of water availability, as well as intense rains and run-off, both inducing seed dispersal by water, might explain the abundance of serotinous plants at the desert fringe.
Development of Cultivation Technology for the Escherichia coli Recombinant Strain Producing Arginine Deiminase of Mycoplasma hominis

The Escherichia coli recombinant strain producing arginine deiminase of Mycoplasma hominis has been designed. Storage conditions that provide stabilization of most productive clones of the producer were found. Terms for cultivation of the arginine deiminase producer using bioreactors of different volume were optimized. Highly purified samples of arginine deiminase were obtained and their long-term storage conditions were selected.
Patterns of change in soil organic matter, physical properties and crop productivity under tillage practices and cropping systems in Bangladesh

SUMMARY Conservation agriculture (CA) is inadequately developed for rice-based cropping systems widely practiced in Bangladesh. The current drawback is the implementation of CA for all crops including rice (Oryza sativa L., ecotype ‘transplanted aman’ [T. aman]) to increase rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation productivity. It is important to identify the best combination of tillage types and cropping systems to achieve a high yield of component crops and improve soil health. Three tillage practices, assigned to main experimental plots [namely, zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage using a rotary tiller (CT) and deep tillage using a chisel plough (DT)] and three different cropping systems, assigned to sub-plots [namely, WFT: wheat–fallow–T. aman, WMT: wheat–mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)–T. aman and WDT: wheat–dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata)–T. aman], were tested. After 4 years, ZT under WDT and WMT significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM) at 0–150 mm depth, and these replicates also held the highest levels of total organic carbon. Soil organic carbon (C) increased at a rate of 1.17 and 1.14 t/ha/y in ZT under WDT and WMT, respectively, while CT and DT under WFT were almost unchanged. After 4 years, SOM build-up by the three-crop system (WDT and WMT) under ZT helped conserve soil moisture and improve other soil properties, such as reduction in soil strength and bulk density and increase plant available water content, thus maintaining an optimum soil water infiltration rate. Zero tillage under WMT and WDT showed significant improvements in root mass density of rice and wheat at increased soil depth. The WDT and WMT plots under DT consistently gave the highest yield followed by WDT and WMT under CT, in contrast with ZT under WMT or WDT, which showed the highest improvement in crop yields over the years. In summary, minimum soil disturbance together with incorporation of a legume/green manure crop into the rice–wheat system as well as the retention of their residues increased soil C status, improved soil properties and maximized grain yields.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Bitter Gourd

ABSTRACT Little information is available regarding genetic control and inheritance of economically important traits in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Previous genetic studies of this crop used a narrow range of germplasm and in different environmental conditions. Thirteen entries of bitter gourd were accessed concerning genetic diversity for morphophysiological traits. Wide genetic diversity occurred for all traits. Differences between genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation indicated the majority of variation in traits was due to genetics. Node position of the first male flower, fruit length, pH, °Brix, vitamin C content, and yield were additive based upon high broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance over percentage of mean. These traits could be improved through direct selection. Leaf area, fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit weight were significantly and positively correlated with yield. Fruit weight had a positive direct effect on yield. Four principle components explained 77.1% of total variation based on 10 traits. The genotypes were grouped into four clusters based on genetic diversity. Genotypes of cluster 1 (high mean value for fruit quality parameters) and cluster 4 (high mean value for yield parameters with earliness) are likely best for use in breeding.
Contributions of Developmental Characters to a Phylogeny of Catostomid Fishes, with Comments on Heterochrony

Characteristics of larval stages were examined to develop a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among living catostomid fishes for comparison with adult-based hypotheses. The final set of 30 characters included morphometric measures, myomere counts, relative timing of developmental events and presence of distinctive pigmentation. In all, 17 species representing all but 2 of 11 extant genera were included. Hypotheses were constructed using cladistic principles with character polarity established by cyprinid outgroup comparison. The best estimate of phylogeny based on the observed character states was similar to adult-based concepts of relationships. Subfamilies and tribes sorted well, but developmental characters did not demonstrate monophyly of these taxa. Ictiobines were most primitive. The catostomine tribe Erimyzontini was not recognized; Erimyzon was allied with the ictiobines and Minytrema with Moxostoma.