Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The classical multicomponent nucleation theory for cavitation in water with dissolved gases

The Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) in its multicomponent form is presented as a reliable tool for the investigation of homogeneous nucleation in cavitation processes in aqueous systems. Several cases are considered, starting form the most simple case of a void cavity emerging at negative pressure, then treating the case of a bubble composed of water vapor only, and finally investigating the influence of various gases dissolved in water on the nucleation rate and the composition of the critical cluster. Aqueous systems related to cavitation in hydraulic machinery and to cavitation in carbonated beverages are discussed. INTRODUCTION The CNT has already proven its strength in dealing with condensation processes of various aqueous systems [1]. The early works in the nucleation theory [2] treated the simple pure-water condensation process, later [3] the theory was extended to binary systems treating various important aqueous mixtures [4–6]. Today, although the theory still suffers from many flaws, a commonly accepted theoretical apparatus exists [7] that describes the nucleation process in a general multi-component condensing system. The nucleation theory was also applied to cavitation processes in the past [8–10]. In the case of cavitation, however, the usage of the CNT led to the conclusion that large negative pressures of the order of hundreds of MPa are required to make the homogeneous nucleation process in water possible [11, 12]. Cavitation processes in water that are observed at positive pres∗Address all correspondence to this author. sures are considered as being caused by inhomogeneities present in water. In this paper, we show that the CNT predicts the nucleation properties accurately in pure water and also in more complex aqueous systems. We review the theory and show its proper usage in the various cases, i.e. empty cavity, pure water (unary) cavitation, and cavitation in water with dissolved gases (binary and ternary). We focus on the proper evaluation of the critical nucleation work and discuss our results in connection with cavitation in hydraulic machinery and cavitation in carbonated beverages. CLASSICAL NUCLEATION THEORY The main goal of the CNT is the evaluation of the nucleation rate J, i.e. the number of newly created clusters per unit time and unit volume inside the metastable thermodynamic system. CNT shows that the nucleation rate is exponentially proportional to the critical nucleation work W ? , J = J0 exp(−W ? /kT ). It is the nucleation work W that needs to be properly evaluated for the respective cavitating system under investigation in order to get accurate results. In general, the nucleation work for a cluster of a given size and composition is evaluated as an increase of a suitable thermodynamic potential. In the case of cavitation, the grand thermodynamic potential Ω whose total differential reads dΩ =−SdT − pdV −∑ i nidμi +σdA (1)
Restoration of degraded tropical rainforests through gap and line planting

Enrichment plantings are a common way to restore structures and diversity lost through degradation of tropical rainforests. Large areas are degraded every year, and although disturbance over large areas seldom are homogenous, few, if any studies have compared effects of enrichment planting treatments in forests with varying degradation. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare the effects on factors important for seedling performance (i.e. soil and light conditions) under two enrichment planting methods in forests with varying degree of degradation. Further, to compare seedling performance under the two treatments, within and between the levels of degradation. The study was conducted within the INIKEA project area, which is located in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. The experiment forest was classified into three types depending on degradation level and forest structure, 30 years after disturbance. Each forest type were treated with gap planting, line planting as well as liberation (which is not included in this study) and also contained an untreated control. The planting treatments were planted with nursery raised seedlings from 32 species, 24 of which belonged to the Dipterocarpaceae family. Inventory and sampling was conducted 22 months after planting; seedling survival and height were recorded on plot level, light measurements (hemispherical photographs) were taken adjacent to each seedling and soil samples was taken in the centre of each plot. The results showed that seedling performance improved with higher light quantity and that seedlings in the gap plantings received higher light levels compared to those in line planting. An interaction between degradation level and treatment were apparent; indicating that in intermediately and heavily degraded forests, gap planting yielded better seedling performance than line planting. However, in the least degraded forests, seedlings in line planting exhibited better performance than those in gap planting. The conclusion from this study was that the degree of degradation should be considered when designing the enrichment planting approach.
Specific Features of Criminal Law Characteristics of Organized Crime

Considering the relevance of studying the peculiarities of criminal-legal characteristics of organized crime, it should be noted that, due to real threats from powerful criminal groups in the 60-ies of the last century, the Federal Bureau of investigation, the U.S. gave the characteristics of an organized criminal group as any group of persons having established kind of formalized structure whose main purpose seems to be receiving proceeds from unlawful activities and which maintains its position through use of violence and threats of violence, as well as through the development of corrupt relationships with public officials, extortion and bribery, have, as a rule, the impact on the population of a certain territory until the country as a whole. In Russian criminal law organized crime is considered as a special form of complicity. In part 3 of article 35 of the criminal code provide a definition of an organized group. This is a stable group of persons (two or more people) who combined beforehand to commit one or more crimes. The main feature of this is its sustainability. In a General sense, sustainability refers to the desire of enterprises to self-preservation, the ability to withstand impact from the outside, preserving its internal structure and inherent relationships of the constituent elements (in this case group members). The penal code does not give a specific definition of the term "sustainability". In the legal literature also has not developed a unified understanding of this characteristic of an organized group. Litigation, however, highlights a number of specific characteristics, indicating the stability of the group. The paper proposes a direct solution to the problem.
Kimpul (Xanthosoma Spp.) Characterization Based on Morphological Characteristic and Isozymic Analysis

Nurmiyati, Sugiyarto, Sajidan. 2009. Kimpul (Xanthosoma spp.) characterization based on morphological characteristic andisozymic analysis. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 138-145. This research is aimed: (i) to know the variety of kimpul (Xanthosoma spp.) basedon morphological characteristics and isozymes analysis; (ii) to know the correlation between its genetic space based on morphologicalcharacteristics and its genetic resemblance based on isozymes-banding pattern. This research results were analyzed and described bydescriptive qualitative methods. Morphological observation was carried out in sub-District of Galur, Lendah and Girimulyo, KulonprogoDistrict, Yogyakarta. Morphological data of the kimpul plant was explored descriptively and then made dendogram. Data of isozymicbanding pattern were analyzed quantitatively based on the appearance of the band on the gel, and qualitatively based on the thickness ofthe band formed, and then made dendogram. The correlation, between its genetic distance based on morphological characteristics and itsgenetic resemblance based on isozymes-banding pattern, were then analyzed grounded on coefficient correlation between productmomentand goodness of it criteria based on correlation. The results pointed out that morphologically, on eight observed samples whichwere consist of four different types (species), each Xanthosoma from different locations did not indicate obvious differences. Esterasewas formed four different banding-patterns, Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase indicated eight different banding-patterns, andPeroxidase indicated seven different banding-patterns. Correlation between morphological data and data from EST and GOT isozymicbanding pattern were very good (0.967918 and 0.937113), While, the correlations between morphological data and POD isozymes weregood (0.892721).
EFFECT OF PARTICIPATION IN AEROBIC DANCING CLASSES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF MALE STUDENTS

1. Department of Physical Education, Physical Education Office, Ministry of Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sceinces, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 3. Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 4. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sceinces, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
A Research On High Availability Mechanism Of Virtual Machine Based On Ceph

In the computer world, virtualization technology has immersed into the IT world of all levels. The use of the virtual machine increases the utilization rate of physical host resources greatly increased, but how to ensure the high-efficiency and reliable operation of the virtual machine remains an open problem. There are some problems in virtual machine deployment scheme, such as the consumption of network resources costs too much when machine migration occurs, the requirements of shared storage needed by virtualization and so on. In this paper, in order to solve the above mentioned problems a high availability mechanism of virtual machine will be put forward based on the study of open source projects Ceph.
Large capacity Australian multi-purpose stadiums ( in order of total capacity )

Problem/Purpose – Property investment opportunities have moved beyond the traditional core sector to include non-core real estate investment assets, such as childcare centres, entertainment facilities and retirement villages. There is little publically available information as to whether a stadium with a large crowd capacity (over 40,000 seats) is an investment opportunity. This study and research examines the fundamentals of these large capacity Multi-Purpose Stadiums (MPS), in an Australian context, and reveals how these significant entertainment facilities are currently owned, operated and valued.
Using continuous glucose monitoring to measure glucose variation of patients with type 2 diabetes: switching from premixed human insulin 70/30 to insulin lispro mix 75/25 or lispro mix 50/50 for 8 weeks

Aim: To compare the impact of premixed human insulin 70/30 and two different premixed insulin analogues (insulin lispro mix 75/25 and 50/50) on glucose variation of the patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: A total of 19 T2D patients who were treated with premixed human insulin 70/30 (PHI70/30) more than 90 days. All patients were divided into two groups receiving either insulin lispro mix 75/25 (LM25) or 50/50 (LM50) for 8 weeks. They were then crossed over to the other arm and continued to receive either LM50 or LM25 for 8 weeks. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed on all patients for 72 hours in every stage to examine the differences in variability of interstitial glucose. All patients received questionnaire survey regarding subjective feeling of insulin therapy. Results: No significant difference was found in HbA1c, mean interstitial glucose (MIG) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) in whole day among three regimens. However, in the subgroup with baseline MIG≥10.0mmol/L (n=6), MIG in whole day in LM25 regimen was significantly lower than that in PHI70/30 regimen (9.4±1.5 vs. 12.2±2.0mmol/L, P=0.024). The largest amplitude of glycemic excursion (LAGE) and MAGE in LM50 regimen were lower than those in LM25 regimen in the period of 22pm-6am (6.9±3.1 vs. 9.8±2.8mmol/L, P=0.034; 2.2±1.9 vs. 4.0±3.0mmol/L, P=0.043; respectively). Conclusions: Premixed Insulin analogue may provide better glycemic control compared to human premixed insulin in the patients with higher glucose level. The T2D patients with adequate glycemic control or greater risk of hypoglycemia at night were suitable to LM50.
The effects of surrounding buildings on wind pressure distributions and natural ventilation in long building rows

To predict the performance of a naturally ventilated building, estimates of the wind-induced surface pressure distribution are needed. In urban environments, where buildings are grouped closely together, these surface pressures will be strongly influenced by the surrounding structures. In addition, the sheltering effect of the surrounding built-up environment can make it more difficult to obtain large enough pressure differences across a building necessary to produce adequate natural ventilation airflow rates. This paper describes the results of a wind tunnel investigation of wind pressure distributions over an attached two-story shop or housing unit contained in long building rows of the variety that are commonly found in densely populated commercial centers of Southeast Asia (shophouse) and other urban settings (British row house). Surface pressure measurements were made on a 1:125 scale model as a function of wind direction, spacing between adjacent building rows, and building geometry. Simplified correlations are developed to predict the measured surface pressure coefficients. The jack roof, a roof-level ventilation device, is a key architectural feature of the test model. Using the developed correlations, the characteristics of the ventilation performance of the jack roof are discussed and compared to those for other flow configurations. The jack roof demonstrates significant potential to be an effective natural ventilation design for densely built-up urban areas.
Fully Exposed: The Male Nude in Photography

Acknowledgements Introduction 1.All For Art The Male Nude in the Service of Art 2.Evidence of the Real The Male Nude in Science and Medicine 3.The 'Noble Savage' Imperialism and the Colonial Experience 4.Nakedness in Nature Naturism,the Simple Life and Nudist Photography 5.Form Not Content Physique Photography,Body Building and the Body Beautiful 6. 'Done In Good Taste' The Nude in Newspapers, Magazines and Advertising 7.Private Pictures The Personal Album and the Erotic Images 8. 'On Aesthetic Grounds Alone' Turn-of-the-century Nudes,Artistic and Erotic 9.The New Realism Pictorialism,the New Wave and the Birth of the Modern Nude 10.Celebration and Confrontation The Male Nude Today 11.Holding Down An Image The Male Nude in the Nineties Notes Selected Bibliography and Photographic Credits Biographical Notes on Illustrated Photographers Index
The Volca project: A sensory experiment in collaborative visualisation

The Volca project is a speculative photography research project that is in parts a proposal, a sensory experiment and also continual work in progress. Volca is an experi- mental camera apparatus for recording what Flusser [8, 9] would term ’technical images’, that is, images produced by machines or technical processes. It’s design is to deliber- ately open the discussion of what it is to be photographer, or collaborator or even facilitator of a complex apparatus with a discrete system at it’s core. A system that extends beyond the physical body of the device and reaches into the heart of our human culture of creation, consumption, reflec- tion, storytelling and the active shaping of our identity and self image. The Camera is seen as a collaborative apparatus, as the camera has ’possibility’ encoded into it. The photographer or ’facilitator’ of the apparatus selects one of these possibil- ities in a collaborative process with the apparatus, and the program of image production encoded within it. The project has several separate aspects dealing with hard- ware, software, interaction design and media and photo- graphic theory. The making, distribution, display and con- sumption of these new speculative photographs is a vital part of the investigation of what can be considered the sys- tem of photography. A system where camera and photographer are only a small part of the philosophical whole. This paper and the body of work it describes is aimed at a dis- cussion of what it is to engage with speculative design and what the notion of speculative photography may be.
Comparison of extraction parameters and extracted essential oils from Mentha piperita L. using hydrodistillation and steamdistillation

Hydrodistillation (HD) and steamdistillation (SD) are known to be the most prevalent methods of essential oils extraction. Despite many studies on extraction methods, there is no report on comparison of SD and HD and their extracted essential oils. In this study, SD was used for extraction of essential oils from Mentha piperita L. (peppermint), which is one of the medicinal plants of high consumption, and the results were compared with those of the HD. The results showed that although extraction with HD started sooner, both methods had the extraction time of about 1 hour. Scanning electron micrographs of mint leaves showed significant changes of glands after extraction in both methods. The required energy for extraction and kinetic parameters as well as quality of extracted essential oils where compared by physical constants and GC-MS analysis. The results of this study revealed that both HD and SD can be used as qualitative reference methods of extraction due to similarity of properties of extracted essential oils.
Caractérisation des familles multigéniques des globines et des linkers codant l' hémoglobine extracellulaire de Arenicola marina, dans le cadre de la mise au point d'un substitut sanguin humain

Les annelides possedent plusieurs types de globines : des globines intracellulaires non circulantes (de type myoglobine), des globines intracellulaires circulantes et des globines extracellulaires. Les hemoglobines extracellulaires en bicouche hexagonale (HBL-Hb) sont composees de sous-unites de globines, qui ont la propriete de lier et de transporter l'oxygene, et des chaines de strctures appelees Linkers, impliquees entre autre dans le maintien de la structure quaternaire. L'HBL-Hb de l'annelide polychaete Arenicola marina presente des proprietes fonctionnelles qui font de cette proteine un substitut humain potentiel. Pour permettre la production de cette hemoglobine par genie genetique nous avons cherche a caracteriser les differents genes des familles multigenetiques qui codent pour cette hemoglobine extracellulaire. Nous avons identifie cinq genes de globines et un gene de Linker de Arenicola marina. Grâce a la determination et a l'analyse de la position des introns des genes de globine de Arenicola marina et du sequencage de globines et positions d'introns d'autres annelides, nous avons pu proposer un scenario evolutif montrant les relations phylogenetiques existant entre les trois types de globines au sein des annelides. L'analyse des sequences de Linkers et la decouverte d'introns supplementaires nous ont permis d'apporter de nouveaux elements permettant d'affiner l'evolution moleculaire des Linkers, proteines specifiques des annelides. Enfin, nous avons pu entreprendre les premieres experiences de surexpression d'un monomere de globine et de linker.
Ammonium release by zooplankton in suspensions of heat-killed algae and an evaluation of the flow-cell method

The maximum e:o. :nclion rate of ;o. ,IH 4 tJQ nmnl mg dry wt "I h " I was Jircctly measured (01 DtlphnitJ pllll'x hy measuring NH4 ,1I,:l'umulalinn in bottles containing D, pU/I'X and dense, "atiating suspen sions was not ~jgniflCantly different from that obtained in the ~)(tles . lbe considerable experiment-to-experimelll variation in NH4 e:o.:cn: tion was in large part ! .:nrrelated /,2 = 0.73) with the feeding rate on the algae . A large percentage of nitrogen excretion in zooplankton and other animals can result from immediate catabolism of ingested proteins (e .g. Brody. 1945; Warren and Davis. 1967: Corner el a[. , 1972: Lehman . 1980: Gardner and Scavia. 1981 : Bidigare. 1983: Roman, 1983), Thus nitrogen excretion should be measured as a function of ingestion rate of food . For herbivorous zooplankton, nitrogen excretion has never been directly measured correctly and unambiguously for zooplankton feeding in suspensions of their food . algae. because of immediate sequestering of excreted nitrogen by the algae (e.g. Takahashi and Ikeda. 1975: Lehman. 1980; Gardner and Scavia. 1981). Two promising approaches to circumvent this problem have been those of Lehman (1980) and Gardner and Scavia (1981). Potential difficulties of the Lehman (1980) method are the great labor and skill requisite for determining both algal and zooplankton nutrient kinetics and the assumptions implicit in Ihe model that describes interactions among nutrients, algae and zooplankton. In the Gardner and Seavia (1980) flow-cell method. a zooplankler is taken from its suspension of food and placed in a small (0.05 mI) flow cell, where nutrient accumulalion is measured at to-min intervals over time . Nutrient release rate in the food suspension is estimated by extrapolation back to time zero because it decreases with time after removal of the organism from food. This method would appear to be ideally suited for determining nitrogen excretion for individuals but not as useful for populations since many individuals' rates must be measured to get a population estimate. Potential artifacts in this method for some zooplankton could be (i) handling and containment effects and (ii) differing release pallerns in the presence and absence of food thai cannot be corrected by extrapolation back to time zero. As an alternative to these methods, we proposed that excretion rate could be directly determined by measuring nitrogen accumulation in bottles containing zooplankton and suspensions of heat-killed phytoplankton. In this paper we apply this approach to determine the rate of NH. excretion and its relation to feeding rate of Daphnia pulex in © IRL Press Limited . Oxford , England 341 ItA. Vanderploeg tI aI. dense. satiating conccntr:. Ilions of algae. In addition. we evaluate (he assumptions implicil in Ihe Gardner and Scavia (1'181) mClhod by comparing NH, cxerclion (If z(~>planklor in suspensions or heal-killed algae wilh Ihal of zooplanklon in Ihe flow cell afler Ihei, removal from the suspensions.
A content-analytic study of the advantages and disadvantages of process modelling

Using data from twelve in-depth interviews with practising consultants, this paper presents a content-analytic study of the advantages and disadvantage of process modelling. Based on the interview data, we have two conclusions about the value of process modelling. First, that process modelling is useful, primarily for understanding and documenting business processes, but also for planning implementation projects. The major downside of process modelling is the risk of over analysis. Second, although vendor-supplied reference models may not be used much in implementation projects, process models themselves are still valuable for developing shared understandings of processes and planning software implementation projects.