Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE FOSSIL LAND AND FRESHWATER SNAILS OF OGGENHAUSEN (MIDDLE MIOCENE, GERMANY)

The Middle Miocene fossil site of Oggenhausen in southern Germany was fi rst described in the 1920's, with reports of nine gastropod species. Much later, in the 2000's, a second and coeval site was described, named Oggenhausen 2 and counting with eight gastropod species, all of them distinct from the fi rst site (hence named Oggenhausen 1). Here we present a revision of the historical material from Oggenhausen 1 alongside new material from Oggenhausen 2. After the revision, six species are known from Oggenhausen 1 (the records of Triptychia kleini and Gastrocopta acuminata could not be confi rmed) and 13 from Oggenhausen 2. The following are new records for Oggenhausen 2: Lymnaea cf. dilatata, Gyraulus applanatus, Megalotachea silvana, Palaeotachea renevieri, Granaria sp. , Gastrocopta acuminata and ? Truncatellina sp. Oggenhausen 2 is interpreted as a shallow lake or an oxbow lake, formed by the river that deposited the layers of Oggenhausen 1. The freshwater snails are consistent with slow-fl owing or stagnant waters, while the terrestrial species indicate that the area surrounding the lake was covered by humid vegetation. RESUMO - O afl oramento fossilifero de Oggenhausen (Mioceno Medio, sul da Alemanha) foi originalmente descrito na decada de 1920 e nove especies de gastropodes foram encontradas nos sedimentos. Posteriormente, na decada de 2000, um segundo (e contemporâneo) afl oramento foi descrito como Oggenhausen 2, contando com oito especies de gastropodes, todas distintas do primeiro afl oramento (nomeado Oggenhausen 1). O presente trabalho traz uma revisao do material historico de Oggenhausen 1, assim como material inedito de Oggenhausen 2. Apos a revisao, constatou-se a presenca de seis especies em Oggenhausen 1 (os registros de Triptychia kleini e Gastrocopta acuminata nao puderam ser confi rmados) e treze em Oggenhausen 2. Os registros ineditos para Oggenhausen 2 sao: Lymnaea cf. dilatata, Gyraulus applanatus, Megalotachea silvana, Palaeotachea renevieri, Granaria sp. , Gastrocopta acuminata e ? Truncatellina sp. Oggenhausen 2 e considerado um lago raso ou um meandro abandonado do rio que depositou as camadas de Oggenhausen 1. Os gastropodes dulciaquicolas sao consistentes com aguas estagnadas ou de fl uxo lento, enquanto as especies terrestres indicam que a area ao redor do lago era coberta por uma vegetacao mais fechada e umida. Palavras-chave: Caenogastropoda, Gastropoda, Hygrophila, OSM, Stylommatophora.
Antibiogram Profiles of Bacterial Isolates from Poultry Feeds and Moribund Hens in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

: In a series of experiments, pathogenic bacteria from poultry feeds and moribund hens’ reproductive organs were isolated and identified, and susceptibility of the bacteria to a number of antibiotics was assessed. Four types of branded poultry feeds available in Rajshahi City Corporation areas viz., broiler starter (BS), broiler grower (BG), layer starter (LS) and layer layer (LL) were collected from five randomly chosen shops. The feed samples were cultured in nutrient agar media and the bacterial specimens were isolated and examined under microscope for their gross morphological and biochemical characteristics. Results showed that the bacterial isolates belonged to Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp. and Salmonella sp. Total viable counts (TVC) of the bacteria were replicated five times per feed and the BS, BG, LS and LL showed 23.40±2.88×10 12 , 28.60±1.52×10 12 , 83.20±7.40×10 12 , and 33.20±1.30×10 12 cfumL -1 (colony forming units per millilitre), respectively. The highest TVC was recorded in LS where all three genera of the bacteria were found. In LL, on the other hand, E. coli and Salmonella sp. and in BS and BG, only Salmonella sp. was diagnosed. Sonali moribund hens were collected from five randomly selected poultry farms situated in Rajshahi metropolis. Samples of eggs, ovary and oviduct were suspended in physiological saline, one loopful of each suspension was inoculated separately into nutrient agar medium and the bacterial specimens were isolated and identified to be E. coli and Salmonella sp. TVC of bacteria in the eggs, ovary and oviduct samples yielded 100.40±3.96×10 12 , 72.20±3.35×10 12 and 70.20±3.96×10 12 cfumL -1 , respectively. The highest TVC was recorded in the eggs, eggs and ovary specimens only had Salmonella sp. whereas oviduct contained E. coli and Salmonella sp. Finally, antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the bacterial isolates were tested against eight commonly used antibiotics viz., ampicillin (AMP), bacitracin (BAC), ceftriaxone (CEF), ciprofloxacin (CIP), doxycycline (DOX), gentamicin (GEN), sulphamethoxazole (SUL) and tetracycline (TET). E. coli showed resistance to BAC and SUL, Enterococcus sp. was highly resistant only to SUL while Salmonella sp. showed high to moderate resistance to AMP, GEN and SUL. The presence of three pathogenic bacteria in poultry feeds in Rajshahi, coupled with the diagnosis of E. coli and Salmonella in the reproductive organs of the moribund hens were indicative of bacterial contamination which reinforces the need for effective control measures against the pathogenic microbes, due care in handling of the poultry feeds and proper hygiene in the processing of the poultry meat and eggs for human consumption.
Multilingual Semantic Networks for Data-driven Interlingua Seq 2 Seq Systems

Neural machine translation systems are state-of-the-art for most language pairs despite the fact that they are relatively recent and that because of this there is likely room for even further improvements. Here, we explore whether, and if so, to what extent, semantic networks can help improve NMT. In particular, we (i) study the contribution of the nodes of the semantic network, synsets, as factors in multilingual neural translation engines. We show that they improve a state-of-the-art baseline and that they facilitate the translation from languages that have not been seen at all in training (beyond zero-shot translation). Taking this idea to an extreme, we (ii) use synsets as the basic unit to encode the input and turn the source language into a data-driven interlingual language. This transformation boosts the performance of the neural system for unseen languages achieving an improvement of 4.9/6.3 and 8.2/8.7 points of BLEU/METEOR for fr2en and es2en respectively when neither corpora in fr or es has been used. In (i), the enhancement comes about because cross-language synsets help to cluster words by semantics irrespective of their language and to map the unknown words of a new language into the multilingual clusters. In (ii), because with the data-driven interlingua there is no unknown language if it is covered by the semantic network. However, non-content words are not represented in the semantic network, and a higher level of abstraction is still needed in order to go a step further and train these systems with only monolingual corpora for example.
An algorithm of word indexing model for document summarization based on perspective of document

Natural language processing (NLP) is an area of computer science, artificial intelligence, and computational linguistics connected with the communications between computers and natural languages. There are many challenges in NLP involve natural language understanding, that is, enabling computers to derive meaning from human or natural language input, and others involve natural language generation. Document summarization is a part of it. Many different classes of such process based on machine learning are developed. In researches earlier document summarization mostly use the similarity between sentences in the document to extract the most significant sentences. The documents as well as the sentences are indexed using traditional term indexing measures, which do not take the context into consideration. The resulting indexing weights are used to compute the sentence similarity matrix. The proposed sentence similarity measure has been used with the baseline graph-based ranking models for sentence extraction.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF FIRST ORDER DERIVATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CEFIXIME TRIHYDRATE AND MOXIFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDE IN COMBINED TABLET DOSAGE FORM

The present manuscript describe simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical first derivative Spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of Cefixime Trihydrate and Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in combined tablet dosage form. The derivative Spectrophotometric method was based on the determination of both the drugs at their respective zero crossing point (ZCP). The first order derivative spectra were obtained in Methanol and the determinations were made at 295.8 nm (ZCP of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride) for Cefixime Trihydrate and 288.8 nm (ZCP of Cefixime Trihydrate) for Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 5-50 μg/ml for Cefixime Trihydrate and 2-20 μg/ml for Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride. The mean recovery was 98.86-100.16% and 99.63-100.67%for Cefixime Trihydrate and Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride, respectively. The method was found to be simple, sensitive, accurate and precise and was applicable for the simultaneous determination of Cefixime Trihydrate and Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical combined tablet dosage form. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studie.
Defining free amino acid contents of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) genotypes in Turkey

Abstract Free amino acid contents, including Arginine (Arg), Aspartic acid (Asp), Glutamic acid (Glu), Proline (Pro), Methionine (Met), Tyrosine (Tyr), Leusine + Isoleucine (Leu + Ile) and Phenylalanine (Phe) of 173 different Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) genotypes were studied. Arg was the most fluctuated and at the same time it gave the highest and the lowest yielded free amino acids among the all genotypes, ranging from 0.10 to 506.85 mg g−1. However, regarding to the mean values, Glu is having the highest levels with 311.61 mg g−1 among the all. This study provides an additional data for this field of work and seems to be unique.
Respondent uncertainty in contingent valuation: the case of whale conservation in Newfoundland and Labrador

In this article we investigate the issue of respondent uncertainty in contingent valuation studies while estimating the willingness to pay for a whale conservation program off the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador. We use data from a phone survey administered to a sample (N = 614) of adult Canadians, proposing a policy consisting of subsidizing and enforcing the use of acoustic devices that would reduce the likelihood that whales become entangled in fishing nets. A follow-up question asked respondents how certain they were about their answer to the main dichotomous-choice question, which allows us to investigate how the treatment of uncertainty affects value measures. A mean willingness to pay of about $81/year per respondent is estimated when accounting for the degree of certainty with which respondents expressed their willingness to pay. We also analyse payment vehicle effects using a split-sample approach whereby some respondents were asked a dichotomous-choice question about a tax contribution while others were asked about a voluntary donation instead.
Contact Lens Classification by Using Segmented Lens Boundary Features

Recent studies have shown that the wearing of soft lens may lead to performance degradation with the increase of false reject rate. However, detecting the presence of soft lens is a non-trivial task as its texture that almost indiscernible. In this work, we proposed a classification method to identify the existence of soft lens in iris image. Our proposed method starts with segmenting the lens boundary on top of the sclera region. Then, the segmented boundary is used as features and extracted by local descriptors. These features are then trained and classified using Support Vector Machines. This method was tested on Notre Dame Cosmetic Contact Lens 2013 database. Experiment showed that the proposed method performed better than state of the art methods.
Construction of Genetic Linkage Map Showing Chromosomal Regions Associated with Some Agronomic Traits in Cotton

3 Abstract: Cotton is the world's le ading fiber c rop and the second most im portant o il seed crop. In Egypt, plant b reeders have made major c ontributions to the productivity of t his c rop; ho wever, this has led to decreasing the genetic variation among Egyptian cotton varieties. Enhancing the productivity of cotton could be addressed through improving different agronomic traits including early flowering and maturation. In t he present investigation, an interspecific cross ( G. barbadense x G. hirsutum) was performed between two genotypes, Giza83 (late f lowering) and Deltapine (earl y flowering) to develop F2 segregating population. Analysis of segregation among the 71 F2 i ndividuals was performed u sing 3 RAPD, 10 SSR, 6 AFLP primer com binations. Twenty four AF LP primer co mbinations were used in bulked segregant analysis for f lowering t ime. Linkage analysis and map construction were performed using M ap Manager. The m ap showed 22 linkage groups with 14 0 markers covered a t otal length of 1556.7 cM. The average length o f l inkage groups ra nged from 1.4 to 649.5. S ingle point analysis was u sed to identify the genomic regions c ontrolling traits for p lant he ight, number o f no des a t f lowering time, b olling date, d ays to flowering and number of bolls. In t otal, 30 significant QTL wer e i dentified f or t he five traits on ten linkage groups, a mong these 11 QTL for p lant he ight, 8 for n umber o f b olls, 4 QTL for each of days to flowering an d bolling da te and 3 Q TL f or numb er of nodes at flowering t ime. This work r epresents the first linkage map for t he i ntercross between Giza83 and Deltapine showing chromosomal regions associated with so me a gronomic trait s.
Exploring single-molecule SERS and single-nanoparticle plasmon microscopy

In this work we perform correlated structural and optical studies of single nanoparticles as well as explore the generality of SMSERS. First, wide-field plasmon resonance microscopy is used to simultaneously determine the LSPR spectra of multiple Ag nanoprisms, whose structure is determined using TEM. Next, the structure-property relationships for well-defined and easily-controlled nanoparticle structures (e.g. monomers, dimers, and trimers) are studied using correlated TEM, LSPR, and SERS measurements of individual SERS nanotags. We present the SER spectrum of reporter molecules on a single nanotag comprised of a Au trimer. It was determined that of 40 individual nanotags, just 19 exhibited SERS. The remaining nanoparticles were established by TEM to be monomers. These results demonstrate that SERS signal is observed from individual nanotags containing a junction or hot spot. Lastly, we explore crystal violet, a triphenyl methane dye that was used in the seminal SMSERS investigations, and re-examine single-molecule sensitivity using the isotopologue approach.
Mountain Treelines: a Roadmap for Research Orientation

Abstract For over 100 years, mountain treelines have been the subject of varied research endeavors and remain a strong area of investigation. The purpose of this paper is to examine aspects of the epistemology of mountain treeline research—that is, to investigate how knowledge on treelines has been acquired and the changes in knowledge acquisition over time, through a review of fundamental questions and approaches. The questions treeline researchers have raised and continue to raise have undoubtedly directed the current state of knowledge. A continuing, fundamental emphasis has centered on seeking the general cause of mountain treelines, thus seeking an answer to the question, “What causes treeline? ” with a primary emphasis on searching for ecophysiological mechanisms of low-temperature limitation for tree growth and regeneration. However, treeline research today also includes a rich literature that seeks local, landscape-scale causes of treelines and reasons why treelines vary so widely in three-dimensional patterns from one location to the next, and this approach and some of its consequences are elaborated here. In recent years, both lines of research have been motivated greatly by global climate change. Given the current state of knowledge, we propose that future research directions focused on a spatial approach should specifically address cross-scale hypotheses using statistics and simulations designed for nested hierarchies; these analyses will benefit from geographic extension of treeline research.
On the Water−Carbon Interaction for Use in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes

A systematic molecular dynamics study shows that the contact angle of a water droplet on graphite changes significantly as a function of the water−carbon interaction energy. Together with the observation that a linear relationship can be established between the contact angle and the water monomer binding energy on graphite, a new route to calibrate interaction potential parameters is presented. Through a variation of the droplet size in the range from 1000 to 17 500 water molecules, we determine the line tension to be positive and on the order of 2 × 10-10 J/m. To recover a macroscopic contact angle of 86°, a water monomer binding energy of −6.33 kJ mol-1 is required, which is obtained by applying a carbon−oxygen Lennard-Jones potential with the parameters eCO = 0.392 kJ mol-1 and σCO = 3.19 A. For this new water−carbon interaction potential, we present density profiles and hydrogen bond distributions for a water droplet on graphite.
Water Quality Parameters and Bird Diversity in Jagdishpur Reservoir, Nepal

Water quality parameters were analyzed seasonally to examine relationships with bird numbers and species richness in Jagdishpur reservoir. This wetland is a Ramsar site and an important bird area (IBA) of Nepal. The trophic status of the reservoir was categorized as eutrophic as assessed by Secchi disk transparency (1.45 ± 0.53 m), total alkalinity (220.94 ± 85.52 mg/l) and total nitrogen (884.19 ± 291.61 ? g/l) concentrations. Direct count method detected a total of 77 bird species belonging to 8 orders and 31 families of which 40 species were resident and 37 migrants . Species richness ranged from 21(summer) to 74 species (winter). Secchi disk transparency showed a significant positive correlation with bird numbers (( r = 1.00, p < 0.01) whereas significant negative correlation was found between water temperature and species richness ( r = - 0.97, p < 0.05). Absolute positive correlation between species richness and seasons was established ( r = 0.74). The seasonal distribution pattern showed two peaks of species richness, Shannon diversity, equitability and evenness index, one in winter and the other in autumn. Fulica atra (30.53%), Dendrocygna javanica (15.88%) and Anas strepera (9.58%) were the three most dominant bird species. Fourteen CITES species, 8 globally and 14 nationally threatened species were recorded. Conservation action plan for threatened species that focuses on population monitoring, protecting key habitats and habitat enhancement is urgently needed. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 1 (2012) 143-155 DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/njst.v13i1. 7453
Synchronous Vapor-Phase Coating of Conducting Polymers for Flexible Optoelectronic Applications

Since conducting polymers (CP) were first reported, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is arguably one of the most commercially useful and most studied CPs in the last 20 years (Shirakawa et all., 1977; Chiang et al., 1977; Winther-Jensen et al., 2007; Truong et al., 2007) . PEDOT has been studied extensively on account of its many advantageous properties, such as high electrical conductivity, good transmittance and thermal stability with a low optical bandgap and thermal stability (Winther-Jensen & West, 2004; Jonas et al., 1991). These properties make PEDOT very attractive for applications, such as electrochromic windows (Welsh et al., 1999), organic electrodes for organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) (Admassie et al., 2006; Gadisa et al., 2006) and hole injection layers (HIL) in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) (Wakizaka et al., 2004; Hatton et al., 2009) and dye-sensitized solar cells (Saito et al., 2005). In particular, PEDOT is commonly used as a hole extraction layer in OPVs (Colladet et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2005). In most optoelectronic applications as a buffer or electrode layer, the bandgap of the layer plays an important role in determining the operating characteristics, quantum efficiency and electron/hole transport. Therefore, the main issues for electronic device applications include both the electrical conductivity and bandgap. Oxidized PEDOT can be produced in a variety of forms using different polymerization techniques. Solution processing is used most commonly in synthesizing PEDOT in the form of spin-coating, solvent-casting or ink-jet printing. However, these PEDOT systems are relatively insoluble in most solvents, making it necessary to attach soluble functional groups to the polymer or dope it with stabilizing polyelectrolytes (Terje & Skotheim, 1998). An aqueous dispersion of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOTPSS), commercially available as Baytron P, is a stable polymer system with a high transparency up to 80% (Groenendaal et al., 2000). However, the PEDOT-PSS film exhibits relatively low electrical conductivity, 10-500 S/cm (Groenendaal et al., 2000), which does not often meet the high conductivity required for most applications. In addition, scanningtunneling microscopy, neutron reflectivity measurements, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have revealed a PSS rich layer on the top of the spin-coated PEDOT-PSS films due to the phase separation (Lee & Chung, 2008; Kemerink et al., 2004; Higgins et al., 2003). Since PSS is an electrical insulator, excessive PSS can limit the film conductivity (Kemerink
Retrospective Detection of Avibacterium Paragallinarum Serovar B in Egg Yolk Materials by PCR

Avibacterium paragallinarum is Gram-negative bacteria that cause infectious coryza (IC), an acute respiratory disease of chickens. Despite vaccination of Layer and breeder farms of Iran against IC, they are still experiencing the disease clinically and there is no knowledge of serotypes prevalence of this bacterium in this country. This study designed to determine serovar identity by molecular identification tests of previously studied isolates from Iran that were inactivated accidentally in egg yolk storing culture media. Genomes of the isolates extracted from egg yolk and then were subjected to two set of PCR tests using by published group specific and Page's serovar specific primers. The later primers were based on sequence differences in hypervariable region of haemagglutinin protein of Av. paragallinarum. These two sequential PCR confirmed that the bacteria were Av. paragallinarum and were associated to Page's serotype B. This is the first report of molecular detection of serotype B of Av. paragallinarum from Iran.