Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quadrotor UAV Position and Altitude Tracking Using an Optimized Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Control

Quadrotors are one of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that have many applications in the aerospace industries which require a high level of accuracy and innovation in control and stability. In this paper, a hybrid control structure is proposed for this system. The sliding mode controller (SMC) is the foundation of this control structure. This controller, despite its high stability capability for nonlinear systems, has two weaknesses: chattering phenomenon and high vulnerability to noise. The proposed solution is to incorporate the SMC and the Fuzzy intelligent controller because of its high flexibility against the changes in the system model conditions. The new Fuzzy-SMC resolves the SMC weaknesses significantly, but it is not optimized due to a lack of access to the system model expert information. In order to optimize the Fuzzy-SMC, it is necessary to have accurate structural information and specification of the system model which are not available for this case. The final proposed solution is to synthesize the Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the Fuzzy-SMC. In GA performance, each Fuzzy rule is regarded as a chromosome and at each stage, the best of chromosomes, containing the fastest responding, are passed on to the next generation as the elite. The rest combine to create the next generation by using combination and mutation methods. Thus, the Fuzzy-SMC operates based on optimized Fuzzy rules. The results of the simulation in MATLAB software clearly show that the state of quadrotor reaches the desired value and location at the appropriate time.
Dysconnectivity of the Agency Network in Schizophrenia: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Background: Self-disturbances in schizophrenia have recently been explained by an abnormality in the sense of agency (SoA). The cerebral structures of SoA in healthy people are considered to mainly include the insula and inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, the functional lesion of aberrant SoA in schizophrenia is not yet fully understood. Considering the recent explanation of establishing SoA from the standpoint of associative learning, the “agency network” may include not only the insula and inferior parietal lobule but also the striatum. We hypothesized that aberrant SoA in schizophrenia is based on a deficit in the “agency network. ” Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired while patients with schizophrenia (n = 15) and matched controls (n = 15) performed our adaptation method of agency attribution task on a trial-by-trial basis to assess participants' explicit experience of the temporal causal relationship between an action and an external event with temporal biases. Analysis of functional connectivity was done using the right supramarginal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus as seed regions. Results: In healthy controls, analyses revealed increased activation of the right inferior parietal lobule (mainly the supramarginal gyrus), right insula, and right middle frontal gyrus as an activation of the agency condition. We defined activated Brodmann areas shown in the agency condition of healthy controls as the seed region for connectivity analysis. The connectivity analysis revealed lower connectivity between the head of the left caudate nucleus and right supramarginal gyrus in the patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: This dysconnectivity of the agency network in schizophrenia may lead to self-disturbance through deficits in associative learning of SoA. These findings may explain why pathological function of the striatum in schizophrenia leads to self-disturbance.
A Systematic Review of Nonautologous Graft Materials Used in Human Tympanoplasty

Nonautologous graft materials may solve several dilemmas in tympanoplasty by obviating the need for graft harvest, facilitating consistent wound healing, and permitting graft placement in the clinical setting. Prior studies of nonautologous grafts in humans have shown variable outcomes. In this systematic review, we aim to 1) summarize clinical outcomes and 2) discuss limitations in the literature regarding nonautologous grafts for tympanoplasty in humans.
Hot Times in Tectonophysics: Mantle Plume Dynamics and Magmatic Perturbances

Earth’s dynamic lithospheric (plate) motions often are not obvious when considered in relation to the temporal stability of the crust. Seismic radiology experiments confirm that the extreme pressures and temperatures in the mantle, and to a lesser extent the asthenosphere, result in a heterogeneously viscous rheology. Occasionally, magmatic fluid makes its way through the lithospheric plate to the surface, appearing typically as a volcano, fissure eruption, or lava flow. When occurring away from the edges of plate boundaries, these long-lasting suppliers of lava, present over millions of years, are called mantle plumes, or ‘hotspots. ’ Conventional definitions of mantle plumes note that they are stationary with respect to each other and the motion of the plates, passively tracing historical plate motion in volcanic formations such as the Hawaiian-Emperor island arc – the Plate Model. In this model, mantle plumes primarily occur as a consequence of lithospheric extension. Recent empirical studies, however, have demonstrated that hotspots are not as geographically consistent as previously thought. They may move in relation to each other, as well as contribute actively toward lithospheric plate motions – the Plume Model. There is a lively, ongoing debate between the Plate and Plume hypotheses, essentially seeking to determine if mantle flow is merely a passive reaction to lithospheric plate motion (Plate Model), or whether plume activity in part drives this motion (Plume Model). More likely, it is a combination of passive and active mantle plume components that better describe the comprehensive behavior of these important and distinctive landscape forming features.
The Disruption of Memory Consolidation of Duration Introduces Noise While Lengthening the Long-Term Memory Representation of Time in Humans

This study examined the effect of an interference task on the consolidation of duration in long-term memory. In a temporal generalization task, the participants performed a learning phase with a reference duration that either was, or was not, followed 30 min later by a 15-min interference task. They were then given a memory test, 24 h later. Using different participant groups, several reference durations were examined, from several hundred milliseconds (600 ms) to several seconds (2.5, 4, and 8 s). The results showed that the scalar timing property (i.e., precision proportional to judged duration) was preserved despite the interference task given during the memory consolidation process. However, the interference task increased the variability of time judgment and tended to produce a lengthening effect in all reference duration conditions. The modeling of individual data with parameters derived from scalar expectancy theory suggests that disrupting the memory consolidation of learned reference durations introduces noise in their representation in memory, with time being specifically distorted toward a lengthened duration.
Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling Regulates Innate Immune Responses and Inflammation

The brain regulates physiological functions integral to survival. However, the insight into brain neuronal regulation of peripheral immune function and the neuromediator systems and pathways involved remains limited. Here, utilizing selective genetic and pharmacological approaches, we studied the role of forebrain cholinergic signaling in the regulation of peripheral immune function and inflammation. Forebrain-selective genetic ablation of acetylcholine release and vagotomy abolished the suppression of serum TNF by the centrally-acting cholinergic drug galantamine in murine endotoxemia. Selective stimulation of acetylcholine action on the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR) by central administration of the positive allosteric modulator benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) suppressed serum TNF (TNFα) levels in murine endotoxemia. This effect was recapitulated by peripheral administration of the compound. BQCA also improved survival in murine endotoxemia and these effects were abolished in M1 mAChR knockout (KO) mice. Selective optogenetic stimulation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating brain regions with abundant M1 mAChR localization reduced serum TNF in endotoxemic mice. These findings reveal that forebrain cholinergic neurons regulate innate immune responses and inflammation, suggesting the possibility that in diseases associated with cholinergic dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease this anti-inflammatory regulation can be impaired. These results also suggest novel anti-inflammatory approaches based on targeting forebrain cholinergic signaling in sepsis and other disorders characterized by immune dysregulation.
Control of Intra-Thymic αβ T Cell Selection and Maturation by H3K27 Methylation and Demethylation

In addition to transcription factor binding, the dynamics of DNA modifications (methylation) and chromatin structure are essential contributors to the control of transcription in eukaryotes. Research in the past few years has emphasized the importance of histone H3 methylation at lysine 27 for lineage specific gene repression, demonstrated that deposition of this mark at specific genes is subject to differentiation-induced changes during development, and identified enzymatic activities, methyl transferases and demethylases, that control these changes. The present review discusses the importance of these mechanisms during intrathymic αβ T cell selection and late differentiation.
Grammar Error Correction in Morphologically Rich Languages: The Case of Russian

Until now, most of the research in grammar error correction focused on English, and the problem has hardly been explored for other languages. We address the task of correcting writing mistakes in morphologically rich languages, with a focus on Russian. We present a corrected and error-tagged corpus of Russian learner writing and develop models that make use of existing state-of-the-art methods that have been well studied for English. Although impressive results have recently been achieved for grammar error correction of non-native English writing, these results are limited to domains where plentiful training data are available. Because annotation is extremely costly, these approaches are not suitable for the majority of domains and languages. We thus focus on methods that use “minimal supervision”; that is, those that do not rely on large amounts of annotated training data, and show how existing minimal-supervision approaches extend to a highly inflectional language such as Russian. The results demonstrate that these methods are particularly useful for correcting mistakes in grammatical phenomena that involve rich morphology.
High-Throughput Phenotyping Enabled Genetic Dissection of Crop Lodging in Wheat

Novel high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) approaches are needed to advance the understanding of genotype-to-phenotype and accelerate plant breeding. The first generation of HTP has examined simple spectral reflectance traits from images and sensors but is limited in advancing our understanding of crop development and architecture. Lodging is a complex trait that significantly impacts yield and quality in many crops including wheat. Conventional visual assessment methods for lodging are time-consuming, relatively low-throughput, and subjective, limiting phenotyping accuracy and population sizes in breeding and genetics studies. Here, we demonstrate the considerable power of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) or drone-based phenotyping as a high-throughput alternative to visual assessments for the complex phenological trait of lodging, which significantly impacts yield and quality in many crops including wheat. We tested and validated quantitative assessment of lodging on 2,640 wheat breeding plots over the course of 2 years using differential digital elevation models from UAS. High correlations of digital measures of lodging to visual estimates and equivalent broad-sense heritability demonstrate this approach is amenable for reproducible assessment of lodging in large breeding nurseries. Using these high-throughput measures to assess the underlying genetic architecture of lodging in wheat, we applied genome-wide association analysis and identified a key genomic region on chromosome 2A, consistent across digital and visual scores of lodging. However, these associations accounted for a very minor portion of the total phenotypic variance. We therefore investigated whole genome prediction models and found high prediction accuracies across populations and environments. This adequately accounted for the highly polygenic genetic architecture of numerous small effect loci, consistent with the previously described complex genetic architecture of lodging in wheat. Our study provides a proof-of-concept application of UAS-based phenomics that is scalable to tens-of-thousands of plots in breeding and genetic studies as will be needed to uncover the genetic factors and increase the rate of gain for complex traits in crop breeding.
Processing Characteristics of Different Vegetable Oil-based Nanofluid MQL for Grinding of Ni-Cr Alloy

ABSTRACT Machining of hard materials generates high temperature in the cutting zone. Lubricants play an important role in the reduction of temperature in the cutting zone, thereby producing cooling and lubricating effects. Effective lubrication enhances the tool life thereby reducing the machining cost. Conventional lubricants are mineral-based oils that are non-biodegradable. Industries are focusing to reduce the consumption of these oils by exploring different alternatives. Dry grinding and Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technique are the alternatives of focus. Dry machining has limitations in hard to machine materials due to a steep rise in temperature. Thus, MQL is an alternative that can be applied to the machining to achieve the desired objective of lubrication and cooling. In the present work, nano-particles based nanofluids were prepared by dispersing 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% CuO nano-particles in the vegetable oils to grind Ni-Cr alloy. Surface roughness, G-ratio and Grinding Energy were evaluated under different conditions of lubrication. Due to high-pressure mist of MQL and rolling effects of nano-particles at the wheel and workpiece interface, there is significantly reduction in values of surface roughness, temperature, grinding energy with enhanced G-ratio comparatively to flood lubrication. Moreover, biodegradable oil-based Nanofluid MQL serves the purpose of environment-friendly machining.
The barriers to big data adoption in developing economies

Big data adoption (BDA) and its barriers, opportunities, and expected benefits are increasingly attracting researchers' and practitioners' attention. For developing economies, BDA has special importance; however, they have struggled to identify the barriers hindering it. This study aims to identify the barriers to BDA in developing economies and their relative importance across sectors to identify sectors' readiness for BDA. Based on a review of the BDA literature, semi‐structured interviews with big data (BD) experts, and a questionnaire‐based survey, five barrier sets, and 19 sub‐barriers were identified. Thereafter, barrier sets for each sector were identified, analyzed, discussed, and compared. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to identify the relative importance of these barriers across sectors, while the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to rank sectors according to their readiness for BDA. This study positions itself as a reference for scholars and practitioners interested in BDA in developing economies.
The Altered Expression of microRNA408 Influences the Arabidopsis Response to Iron Deficiency

MicroRNAs contribute to the adaptation of plants to varying environmental conditions by affecting systemic mineral nutrient homeostasis. Copper and iron deficiencies antagonistically control the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana microRNA408 (miR408), which post-transcriptionally regulates laccase-like multicopper oxidase family members LAC3, LAC12, and LAC13. In this work, we used miR408 T-DNA insertion mutants (408-KO1 and 408-KO2) and a previously characterized transgenic line overexpressing miR408 (35S:408-14) to explore how miR408 influences copper- and iron-dependent metabolism. We observed that the altered expression of miR408 diminished plant performance and the activation of the iron-regulated genes under iron-deficient conditions. Consistently with the low expression of the miR408-target laccases, we showed that the vascular bundle lignification of the 35S:408-14 plants diminished. The decrease in the phenoloxidase and ferroxidase activities exhibited by wild-type plants under iron deficiency did not occur in the 408-KO1 plants, probably due to the higher expression of laccases. Finally, we observed that the hydrogen peroxide levels under iron starvation were altered in both the 408-KO1 and 35S:408-14 lines. Taken together, these results suggest that Arabidopsis plants with modified miR408 levels undergo multiple deregulations under iron-deficient conditions.
Forced Changes in the Arctic Freshwater Budget Emerge in the Early 21st Century

Arctic liquid freshwater (FW) storage has shown a large increase over the past decades, posing the question: Is the Arctic FW budget already showing clear signs of anthropogenic climate change, or are the observed changes the result of multidecadal variability? We show that the observed change in liquid and solid Arctic FW storage is likely already driven by the changing climate, based on ensemble simulations from a state‐of‐the‐art climate model. Generally, the emergence of forced changes in Arctic FW fluxes occurs earlier for oceanic fluxes than for atmospheric or land fluxes. Nares Strait liquid FW flux is the first flux to show emergence outside the range of background variability, with this change potentially already occurring. Other FW fluxes have likely started to shift but have not yet emerged into a completely different regime. Future emissions reductions have the potential to avoid the emergence of some FW fluxes beyond the background variability.
A NEW BOOSTING CONVOLUTIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR INCREASING SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

A BSTRACT . Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a small device which is known as Sensor. These devices are also used in small-radius transmission and can execute different operations, for example data management, collection of data, data analysation and processing of data. Networks of sensors are independent systems where the sensor nodes will immediately join or exit the network at any moment. If the entry node becomes an intruder node it can control the activity of the network and can cause network protection problems that can inﬂuence transmission. Symmetric technique can not be successful for autonomous systems, and can increase the difﬁculty of computations. A Con-volution Technique (CT) is suggested in this paper that generate security bits by using convolution code to stop malevolent attack in WSNs. Dissimilar security code is developed in different nodes. The simulation result shows that proposed approach is better as compare to other four approaches that is rate of packet loss is less, the packet overhead of this approach is less and packet delivery ratio is better as other approaches. This approach increase the network security as compare to other approach.
Tracking the Welding Line in Lap Welding Using Pattern Matching

Lap welding is employed to join thin plate materials in car assemblies. The quality of welding depends on its conditions and seam tracking in the welding line. An arc sensor was employed by oscillating the welding torch in a thick weld. Since the welding torch was not oscillated in the welding of thin plate materials, the arc sensor could not be applied to lap welding. To trace the welding line, the weld pool in pulsed metal active gas (MAG) welding under the shielding gas of Ar 80% and CO2 20% was pictured using a CMOS camera. The weld pool was observed in the rear to the welding direction. The features of the weld pool were investigated to recognize the welding line. Since the arc affected the brightness of the weld pool, the timing of the shutter of the CMOS camera was synchronized with the current waveform to take clear weld pool images. The welding line was detected using an image processing method. In this paper, a banalization method and a pattern matching method was investigated. The pattern matching method is useful than the binarization method. A digital controller was designed to trace the welding line. The validity of the proposed method was verified by carrying out a tracking experiment.
Are Women Less Effective at Passing Bills? Exploring the Direct and Indirect Effects of Gender

Are women as effective as men at passing legislation? What are the institutional pathways through which gender affects bill approval? I argue that gender does not have a direct effect on a legislator’s ability to gain legislative approval. Instead, women are marginalized in their access to influential institutional positions – committee leadership positions, influential committee assignment, and bill content -which may have consequences for bill approval. I examine these relationships using causal mediation analysis on bill data from Argentina from 1983 through 2007. I do not find a direct effect of gender on bill approval. Instead, women are negatively affected by their lack of access to committee leadership positions. While women do not experience legislative consequences directly, by virtue of being women, they do face indirect consequences through the positions they receive. This paper makes important methodological and substantive contributions to understanding relationships between gender and legislative outcomes.
DYSPROSIUM, CERIUM AND CHROMIUM MARKER DETERMINATION BY INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

An instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) procedure has been developed for the measurement of dysprosium (Dy), cerium (Ce) and chromium (Cr) using the Canadian SLOWPOKE nuclear reactor. These elements were included in animal feed at 25 ppm, 61 ppm and 0.34%, respectively. Concentrations in feed and digesta samples were determined by measuring, with a Ge(Li) detector coupled to a 4096 multichannel analyzer, the radioactivity induced by neutron irradiation. Quantitative analysis procedures based on 165mDy (half-life:T1/2 = 1.26 min), 51Cr (T1/2 = 27.8 days) and 141Ce (T1/2 = 32.6 days) were developed after a study of the major contributions to induced background activity in both feed and fecal materials. For short irradiations, 28Al is the dominant induced background activity; for longer irradiations (> 2 h), 38Cl, 56Mn and 24Na dominate. Inert markers with radioisotopes of half-lives less than several minutes (165mDy) or longer than several days (51Cr and 141Ce) are most amenable to instrumental a.
Time reversibility of the discrete element method

An algorithm is presented for discrete element method simulations of energy‐conserving systems of frictionless, spherical particles in a reversed‐time frame. This algorithm is verified, within the limits of round‐off error, through implementation in the LAMMPS code. Mechanisms for energy dissipation such as interparticle friction, damping, rotational resistance, particle crushing, or bond breakage cannot be incorporated into this algorithm without causing time irreversibility. This theoretical development is applied to critical‐state soil mechanics as an exemplar. It is shown that the convergence of soil samples, which differ only in terms of their initial void ratio, to the same critical state requires the presence of shear forces and frictional dissipation within the soil system.