Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fly Me to the Moon - For All Mankind

NASA programme Apollo landed men on the Moon and returned them safely to Earth. In support of their achievements NASA presented, among others, two pieces of evidence which are subject of this report, namely, the photographs of the Apollo 11 landing site; and, the video-recording of the Apollo 17 lift-off. Starting from post-landing NASA documents, the Apollo 11 landing sequence is proposed in which the Lunar Module cruises at the height of the Lunar Surface Sensing Probes (LSSP, some $1.7$~m above the ground) for as much as ten seconds before touchdown, and it is the -Y/Left and +Y/Right landing gears that touched the surfrace first. This is then compared to pre-landing NASA experimental investigation, % of landing gear performance in simulated lunar conditions according to which the deformation energy $\mbox{DE} \gsimeq \mbox{KE}$, the impact kinetic energy, while the potential energy from settling is the smallest, $\mbox{PE} \ll \mbox{KE}$; and that the one or two gears touching the surface first, absorb most of KE. Contrary to expectations, NASA reported that -Z/Aft landing gear absorbed as much energy as all the other gears combined, and that $\mbox{DE} \simeq \frac12\,\mbox{KE}$. It is shown that this outcome is consistent with the dry Lunar Module being lowered to an uneven surface at near-zero vertical velocity and then released to settle down in Earth-like gravity. Next, we examine the behavior of the LSSPs in the 360\deg~yaw that the Apollo 11 Lunar Module performed during the Inspection and Separation Stage in the lunar circular orbit. Contrary to NASA's own reference drawings of the fully deployed LSSPs, we find that during the maneuver the LSSPs are always flexed mildly-inwards, as if the Lunar Module were suspended in the presence of gravity, and not weightless in the lunar orbit. Lastly, detailed analysis of the Apollo 17 lift-off video recording is presented. It is shown that the vessel trajectory implies an additional propulsion in form of an explosion, while the video frames flicker at 5~Hz and 10~Hz rate and carry an artefact strongly resembling an edge of film stock. An analysis of illumination of the ascending Lunar Module is also presented, which suggests that the vessel is approaching near-by light source rather then being lit by the Sun (at infinity). A discussion of the entire scene follows, and an explanation for the explosion is proposed. Overall, it is concluded that the photographs and the video recording depict scenes that were staged here on Earth, rather then on the way to the Moon.
How to classify existing exotic options and design new ones

Numerous exotic options have been tailor-made over the last twenty years to meet investors’ specific needs. This article aims to propose an intelligible method for classifying the most commonly used exotic options. In fact, the proposed classification method is based on five conditions. Each of these conditions is met by traditional options, but not always by exotic ones. Options for which the same conditions are not met can be regrouped within the same class. In this way, all options, either traditional or exotic, can be assigned into one and only one of the thirty-two option classes. The proposed method has the advantage to enable 72 existing exotic options to be classified. It can also help to facilitate the design of new exotic instruments that are hitherto unexplored.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE MASTITIS

The overall prevalence of mastitis recorded during 2008-2009 was 8.08% (63/780). Breed wise prevalence was 61.90%, 31.75% and 6.35% in Crossbred Jersey, Crossbred Holstein Friesian and Zebu Hill cows respectively. It was highest during spring (42.86%) followed by winter (34.92%), summer (15.87%) and least during autumn (6.35%). After 252 milk samples testing by different mastitis tests and on clinical observations, 151 (60.16%) quarters were affected with different types of mastitis. The animals were highly affected with acute (55.56%) followed by sub-acute (25.40%) and chronic (19.05%) mastitis. The incidence of mastitis was similar in 1st (15.87%) and 2nd (15.87%) parity whereas, 20.63%, 26.98%, 12.70% and 7.94% in 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th parity, respectively. Moreover, the incidence was highest in early (52.38%) followed by mid (26.98%) and late (20.63%) lactation. The predominant major mastitis-causing organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp. 42 (66.67%) and E. coli 10 (15.87%) and other 11 (17.46%). The highest clinical recovery rate was recorded in the animals treated with Gentamicin (84.21%), followed by Enrofloxacin (80.77%), Ciprofloxacin (80.00%), Ofloxacin (80.00%), Amoxicillin-Cloxacillin (75.00%) and Ampicillin-Cloxacillin (50.00%) within 3.32, 3.46, 4.00, 4.50, 4.50 and 4.75 days (average), respectively. However, fibrosed cases required at least 7-9 days for complete recovery.
Uncertainty assessment of vessels width measurement from intensity profile model fitting in fundus images

Arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio (AVR) is an important clinical measurement that allows to characterize retinal vascular abnormalities. A reliable AVR measurement requires accurate and reproducible width measurement. However, in order to measure the vessel width automatically, an approximation of the intensity profile is required by fitting a model. The aim of the proposed study is to assess the uncertainties introduced in the vessel width measurements when choosing a specific distribution as an intensity profile model. Different models are described and an automatic vessel width measurement procedure is presented. The uncertainty introduced by each model is evaluated by computing the standard deviation of the difference between the automatic and the manual measurements. The results show that the intensity profile model should be chosen according to the relative width of the targeted vessels.
Public opinion and issue salience in the actual implementation of the EU railway reform

This paper seeks to explain cross-country variation in the actual implementation of EU rail liberalisation. Notwithstanding its maturity, the literature of implementation and compliance among the EU member states overlooks the implementation stages successive the legal transposition of single market regulatory reforms and member states’ public opinion, policy salience, and administrative capacity have rarely been tested simultaneously. By relying on the IBM rail liberalisation index, the empirical ndings highlight the importance of policy salience. Member states with a comparatively higher rail modal share are most likely to implement EU railway reform extensively. Political and administrative factors do not matter.
Design specifications of a heat applicator weed controller device for family farms

portuguesUma das dificuldades dos agricultores familiares que produzem alimentos orgânicos e o manejo de plantas espontâneas sem a aplicacao de produtos quimicos. Sendo assim, objetivou-se estabelecer as especificacoes de projeto no desenvolvimento de um mecanismo aplicador de calor para o combate de plantas espontâneas, dirigido a agricultura familiar orgânica. A metodologia de projeto utilizada permite dividi-lo em fases, que sao compostas por diferentes tarefas. O presente trabalho contempla a fase de projeto informacional, na qual sao identificadas as necessidades dos clientes de acordo com o ciclo de vida do produto no sentido de estabelecer as especificacoes de projeto. Foram identificadas 40 declaracoes de necessidades de clientes, as quais foram transformadas em 24 requisitos de clientes, originando 26 requisitos de projeto hierarquizados, distribuidos ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida do produto, resultando nas especificacoes de projeto do produto. Os nove requisitos apontados como mais importantes foram: velocidade de trabalho; temperatura aplicada ao alvo; variacao da altura de aplicacao; eliminacao das plantas espontâneas; custo de producao; custo de operacao; consumo de energia; danificacao da cultura implantada e peso. Palavras-chave: projeto informacional; desenvolvimento de produto; cultivo orgânico EnglishOne of the difficulties faced by organic food farming families is weed management without the application of chemical products. Thus, this study aimed to establish the design specifications for the development of a heat applicator device for small organic family farms. The implemented methodology allowed the division of the project to phases composed by different tasks. This paper addresses the informational phase, which identifies client needs, according to the lifecycle of the product, in order to establish the design specifications. The declared needs of 40 customers were identified and converted to the requirements of 24 clients. This resulted in 26 design specifications, displayed in order of importance, and distributed along the product’s entire life cycle. Nine requirements were considered to be the most important; namely working speed, target applied temperature, application height variables, weed elimination, production costs, operation costs, energy consumption, weight, and main crop damage. Key words: informational design; product development; organic farming
Understanding Glucose-induced Neuronal Activation During Executive 2-back Task Performance In Hypertensive Otherwise Healthy Older Adults: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

The primary objective of this research was to explore the impact of glucose ingestion on 2back task performance (accuracy, discrimination, and reaction times (RT) to target), its relationship to neural activation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and potential modulation by insulin resistance (IR) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in hypertensive but otherwise healthy older adults. While there was no effect of glucose ingestion on task performance or task-relevant neural activation patterns, this study uniquely observed that IR and LDL associated with all 3 measures of 2-back performance and task-relevant neural activation patterns. The left and right precuneus, left cingulate, and left insula were identified as task-associated regions according to our specific target minus nontarget contrast. Of particular importance was the task activation in the right precuneus as it both showed sensitivity to IR and predicted task RTs to targets, suggesting it plays a modulatory role linking IR to task performance.
The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters - XII. The RGB bumps of multiple stellar populations

The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters is providing a major breakthrough in our knowledge of globular clusters (GCs) and their stellar populations. Among the main results, we discovered that all the studied GCs host two main discrete groups consisting of first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) stars. We exploit the multiwavelength photometry from this project to investigate, for the first time, the Red Giant Branch Bump (RGBB) of the two generations in a large sample of GCs. We identified, with high statistical significance, the RGBB of 1G and 2G stars in 26 GCs and found that their magnitude separation as a function of the filter wavelength follows comparable trends. The comparison of observations to synthetic spectra reveals that the RGBB luminosity depends on the stellar chemical composition and that the 2G RGBB is consistent with stars enhanced in He and N and depleted in C and O with respect to 1G stars. For metal-poor GCs the 1G and 2G RGBB relative luminosity in optical bands mostly depends on helium content, Y. We used the RGBB observations in F606W and F814W bands to infer the relative helium abundance of 1G and 2G stars in 18 GCs, finding an average helium enhancement ΔY = 0.011 ± 0.002 of 2G stars with respect to 1G stars. This is the first determination of the average difference in helium abundance of multiple populations in a large number of clusters and provides a lower limit to the maximum internal variation of helium in GCs. © 2017 The Authors.
Characterization of the Key Material for Elimination of PM2.5 Particles in the Atmosphere

In recent years, with the gradual deterioration of air quality and with the more and more frequency of haze weather phenomenon, it intrudes into the human body and brings great harm to human health when people are unprepared. The basic theory that anion could purify air and eliminate positive ion explains that anion balata modified bitumen could reduce PM2.5, and the number of anion pavement release relates to the air purification. At the same time, building materials plaza and pavement materials with many functions were designed which can release negative ions, eliminate PM2.5 particles, and decompose harmful components of fuel vehicle exhaust.
Spatial segregation of Darwinula stevensoni (Crustacea: Ostracoda) genotypes in lentic and lotic habitats of Northern Italy

The clonal structure of apomictic populations of Darwinula stevensoni from Northern Italy lacustrine and riverine habitats has been analysed by allozyme electrophoresis. Thirty two sites were sampled and a total of 748 individuals were analysed. Only one polymorphic locus, Gpi, turned out to have enough variation to be informative. Two thirds of all individuals were homozygous for the most frequent allele but the frequency of this genotype was significantly lower in rivers (16%) than in lakes (92%). As a consequence homozygous clonal females are dominant in lacustrine habitats while heterozygous clonal females are dominant in riverine ones. Differences in genetic structure between habitats were observed even at distances of a few meters. Allele and genotype frequencies are significantly different between Lake Montorfano and its outflow (River Seveso) and between Mantova lakes and their two tributaries, the River Mincio and Corniano Channel. The former is also the outflow of Lake Garda. By laboratory experiments, we previously reported difference between genotypes: homozygous females from Mantova lakes show significantly lower starvation tolerance than heterozygous females from River Mincio. We discuss the hypothesis that habitat segregation is related to this difference. Riverine females should be better adapted to low productivity ecosystems than lacustrine ones.
The mathematical description for the electropolymerization of furan, pyrrole and thiophene derivatives in alkaline media

The electropolymerization of furan, pyrrole and thiophene in strong basic media was mathematically described. Two models for the cases of the insoluble and soluble anodes were described and analyzed by using the linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis and compared with the models for other cases of electropolymerization. The causes for the oscillatory behavior, monotonic instabilities and steady-state stability conditions were found.
Blow up at the hyperbolic boundary for a 2 2 system arising from chemical engineering

We consider an initial boundary value problem for a 2 × 2 system of conservation laws modeling heatless adsorption of a gaseous mixture with two species and instantaneous exchange kinetics, close to the system of chromatography. In this model the velocity is not constant because the sorption effect is taken into account. Exchanging the roles of the x, t variables we obtain a strictly hyperbolic system with a zero eigenvalue. Our aim is to construct a solution with a velocity which blows up at the corresponding characteristic "hyperbolic boundary" {t = 0}.
Computational Modeling of Stiff Piano Strings Using Digital Waveguides an d Finite Differences

As is well-known, digital waveguides offer a computationally efficient, and physically motivated means of simulating wave propagation in strings. The method is based on sampling the traveling wave solution to the ideal wave equation and linearly filtering this solution to simulate dispersive effects due to stiffness and frequency-dependent loss; such digital filters may terminate the waveguide or be embedded along its length. For strings of high stiffness, however, dispersion filters can be difficult to design and expensive to implement. In this article, we show how high-quality time-domain terminating filters may be derived from given frequency-domain specifications which depend on the model parameters. Particular attention is paid to the problem of phase approximation, which, in the case of high stiffness, is strongly nonlinear. Finally, in the interest of determining the limits of applicability of digital waveguide techniques, we make a comparison with more conventional finite difference schemes, in terms of computational cost and numerical dispersion, for a set of string stiffness parameters.
Optimal convergence rates of $hp$ mortar finite element methods for second-order elliptic problems

We present an improved, near-optimal hp error estimate for a non-conforming nite ele- ment method, called the mortar method (M0). We also present a new hp mortaring technique, called the mortar method (MP), and derive h, p and hp error estimates for it, in the presence of quasiuniform and non-quasiuniform meshes. Our theoretical results, augmented by the computational evidence we present, show that like (M0), (MP) is also a viable mortaring technique for the hp method.
Ownership Structure as a Continuous Variable: A Note on Joint Ownership in the Grossman-Hart-Moore Theory of the Firm

This study considers the choice of ownership as a continuous variable, thereby adapting the Grossman-Hart-Moore (GHM) theory of the firm. To do so, it is assumed that parties sign a contract that enables them to divide and use assets even after the negotiation over gains of trade fails. I show sufficient conditions for non-integration to dominate joint ownership, which is not taken into account in the original GHM model.
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND PLANT REGENERATION

Somatic embryogenic system can exhibit some distinct advantages when used for in vitro selection of disease resistance. High numbers of regenerants can be obtained originating from few or single cells which increase the likelihood of evolving disease resistantplants. In vitro regeneration of plants via somatic embryogenesis has much potential for use in plant propagation and gene transfer (Chengalrayan et ah, 1994). At present, gene transformation methods can not be successfully applied to groundnut improvement in part because embryogenic regeneration systems lack adequate regeneration rates (Baker and Wetzstein, 1992). Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in in vitro regeneration of peanut (Baker and Wetzstein, 1992; 1994; 1995; Baker et al, 1994; Baker et al., 1995; Durham and Parrott, 1992; Eapen and George, 1993a; Hazra et ah, 1989; McKently, 1991; Ozias-Akins, 1989; Ozias-Akinse/a/., 1992; Ramdev Reddy and Reddy, 1993) via somatic embryogenesis. However, the efficient conversion of somatic embryos into plants remains a problem (Chengalrayan et ah, 1994; Wetzstein and Baker, 1993). Since immature zygotic embryos, embryo axis and immature cotyledons are not always readily available, attempts have been made to regenerate plants from other explants including leaflets (Baker and Wetzstein, 1992; Chengalrayan et ah, 1994). In spite of these studies, there are no efficient protocol for regeneration of plantlets of groundnut via somatic embryogenesis (Chengalrayan et ah, 1994). Recently, Baker et ah (1995) reported that the conversion frequency was only 15% in peanut somatic embryogenic system. Unfortunately, there are certain severe limitations with somatic embryogenic systems using immature zygotic embryos, embryo axis and immature cotyledons as explants. These include the need to maintain excessive greenhouse planting and the difficulty in obtaining plant material at a correct developmental stage
Tracking, Attrition and Data Quality in the Kenyan Life Panel Survey Round 1 (KLPS-1)

Understanding the possible pitfalls of survey data is critical for empirical research. Among other things, poor data quality can lead to biased regression estimates, potentially resulting in incorrect interpretations that mislead researchers and policymakers alike. Common data problems include difficulties in tracking respondents and high survey attrition, enumerator error and bias, and respondent reporting error. This paper describes and analyzes these issues in Round 1 of the Kenyan Life Panel Survey (KLPS-1), collected in 2003-2005. The KLPS-1 is an innovative longitudinal dataset documenting a wide range of outcomes for Kenyan youths who had originally attended schools participating in a deworming treatment program starting in 1998. The careful design of this survey allows for examination of an array of data quality issues. First, we explore the existence and implications of sample attrition bias. Basic residential, educational, and mortality information was obtained for 88% of target respondents, and personal contact was made with 84%, an exceptionally high follow-up rate for a young adult population in a less developed country. Moreover, rates of sample attrition are nearly identical for respondents who were randomly assigned deworming treatment and for those who were not, a key factor in the validity of subsequent statistical analysis. One vital component of this success is the tracking of respondents both nationally and across international borders (in our case, into Uganda), thus we discuss in detail the costs and benefits of tracking movers. Finally, we study KLPS-1 data quality more broadly by examining enumerator error and bias, as well as survey response consistency. We conclude that the extent of enumerator error is low, with an average of less than one recording error per survey. Errors decrease over time as enumerator experience with the survey instrument increases, but increase over the course of multiple interviews within a single day, presumably due to fatigue. We do find some evidence that the enumerator-respondent match in terms of gender, ethnicity, and religion correlates with responses regarding trust of others and religious activities, suggesting some field officer bias on sensitive questions. Reporting reliability is analyzed using respondent re-surveys. These checks show high levels of consistency across survey/re-survey rounds for the respondent’s own characteristics and personal history,with lower reliability rates on questions asked about others’ characteristics. The steps taken in the design of KLPS-1 to avoid common errors in survey data collection greatly improved the quality of this panel dataset, and provide some valuable lessons for future field data collection projects.
Comparison Study of Equivalent Circuit Model of Li-Ion Battery for Electrical Vehicles

This study described three types of often used equivalent circuit model of Li-ion battery. The model parameter is identified through least square method by HPPC test. The battery model is built on MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation result is compared with experimental result. The final comparison indicated that Li-ion battery with improved PNGV model has higher accuracy.
Trade, Interdependence and its Effect on Interstate Conflict: The Case of the East African Region

The effect of dyadic trade on reducing disputes/conflicts has been dealt with at some length in the literature. Most of the studies assess the effect of trade on militarised interstate disputes from a global perspective. This article explores the effect of trade and economic interdependence on the likelihood of interstate conflicts in the countries of the East African region: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. To examine the causal effect, binary logistic regression was used by employing Correlates of War data sets and various issues of IMF Yearbook. The study finds that there is a reciprocal relationship between trade, economic openness and interstate conflict in the region. Economic openness across the region significantly reduces the onset of conflicts that could arise in East African countries. Trade-induced interdependence significantly decreases the likelihood of conflict in the region.