Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Sleep/Awake Schedule with Multi-Hop Hierarchical Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Non-uniform deployment of sensor nodes, energy constraints, dead nodes, interference links are the major limitations of WSN performance. Energy consumption, life time improvement are the key parameters to increase the throughput of WSN. For limiting the energy consumption of sensor nodes, they are driven into sleep mode after they ends sensing. Efficient utilization of energy resources by clustered nodes is heavily affected by cluster head selection. This work focuses on reducing the energy consumption by proposing an efficient enhanced energy aware multi-hop hierarchical routing algorithm. In order to overcome energy holes drainage problem due to non-uniform node distribution in the network, an energy hole removing mechanism keeps a node into sleep mode if the node energy is less than the threshold. The comparison results shows proposed algorithm is more efficient than other existing algorithms.
Bioengineered Cancer-Fibroblast Interactions in Patient-Derived Colorectal Cancer Organoid Models

The development of patient-derived organoid (PDO) technologies has greatly expanded the toolbox for drug discovery and personalized drug screening for several cancer types. While PDO models more closely represent the molecular characteristics and heterogeneity of patient tumors than traditional immortalized cancer cell lines, they are inherently limited in their ability to reflect the tumor microenvironment in vitro as they comprise exclusively of epithelial cells. The lack of stromal cells in PDO models, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), poses a major problem as these tumor microenvironmental components contribute to the various hallmarks of cancer and response to therapy. Particularly for colorectal cancer, CAFs comprise the majority of the tumor microenvironment and play important roles in cancer progression and drug resistance. In this study, we addressed this problem by establishing in vitro conditions that robustly enable the co-culture of CRC PDO with patient-derived CAFs. We report the development of an engineered tumor microenvironment consisting of CRC PDO encapsulated within a well-defined three-dimensional (3D) hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogel and co-cultured with patient-derived CAFs. Basement membrane extracts conventionally used for PDO culture exhibit batch-to-batch variability. Considering that the CRC extracellular matrix is high in hyaluronan and collagen I, and that hyaluronan-based matrices have been shown to be conducive for the culture of various human cancers, we hypothesized that hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogels may serve as a suitable alternative 3D matrix to support the co-culture of CRC PDO and CAFs. Through RNA- and whole-exome sequencing, we first show that these hydrogels are capable of maintaining key molecular characteristics of the original patient tumors in CRC PDO but not support the culture of CAFs. Further, based on our findings that CRC PDO culture medium poorly supports CAF viability, we developed a co-culture strategy that maintains the viability of both CRC PDO and CAFs. We found that in the absence of growth factors added to the co-culture, CAFs were able to maintain the proliferation of the cultured CRC PDO in the hydrogels and restore distinct biological pathways absent in the PDO culture alone but present in patient tissues. Lastly, we demonstrate that these CRC PDO-CAFs models are suitable for evaluating standard-of-care drugs, making them potentially very useful for realizing personalized cancer medicine.
Vegetation insulation screen as a passive cooling system in hot humid climate: heat and mass exchanges

Planted roofs are passive cooling techniques that reduce the thermal load of buildings. In this paper, a Dynamic mathematical model based ontime average Navier-Stokes equationsfor a plantedroof in hothumidclimates has beendeveloped for evaluating the cooling potential.Transfer equations are solved using a finite difference scheme and Thomas algorithm. The model was applied for the simulation of a planted roof in Togolese climate conditions. Results showed that, evapotranspiration and Solar Heat gain Factor are functions of the Leaf Area Index LAI which is the most important parameter when considering the foliage material. For LAI equal to 6, latent heat peak value reaches 900 W.m-2while that of sensible heat is around 350 W.m-2. Solar heat gain factor can bereducedto 15% fortheplantedroofagainst 45% forbareroof. It is clearly proved that the foliage density and hence the vegetation canopy type selection greatly influence the thermal efficiency of the bioclimatic insulation screen. A larger Leaf Area Index reduces the solar flux penetration and increases evapotranspiration which is an important parameter when considering surrounding microclimate formation.
Stage by stage design for primary, conventional activated sludge, SBR and MBBR units for residential wastewater treatment and reusing

To date, there is no central wastewater (WW) treatment plant in Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Therefore, raw WW disposes to the environment and sometimes it used directly for irrigation in some areas of Erbil city. Disposal of the untreated WW to the natural environment and using for irrigation it causes problems for the people and the environment. The aims of the current work were to study the characteristics, design of primary and different secondary treatment units and reusing of produced WW. Raw WW samples from Ashty city-Erbil city were collected and analyzed for twenty three quality parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), total dissolved solids, total volatile and non-volatile solids, total acidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), biodegradability ratio (BOD5/COD), turbidity, etc. Results revealed that some parameters such as BOD5 and TSS were exceeded the standards for disposal of WW. Design and calculations for primary and secondary treatment (biological treatment) processes were presented. Primary treatment units such as screening, grit chamber, and flow equalization tank were designed and detailed calculation were illustrated. While, Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS), Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) were applied for the biological treatment of WW. Results revealed that MBBR was the best and economic technique for the biological treatment of WW. Treated WW is suitable for reusing and there is no restriction on use for irrigation of green areas inside Ashty city campus.
Preexisting resistance in cotton bollworm increases the risk of resistance to the concurrently planted Bt cotton and Bt maize

Background Transgenic maize expressing toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) may be commercially planted in northern China where Bt cotton has been planted for more than two decades. While Bt maize brings additional benefits for insect control, it complicates the resistance management of cotton bollworm (CBW), Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a common target of Bt cotton and Bt maize. Results We used a two-locus population genetic model to assess the risk of resistance in CBW when Bt cotton and Bt maize are planted concurrently. Results of model simulations showed that planting Bt maize together with Bt cotton significantly increases the risk of resistance if Bt cotton and Bt maize share a similar Bt toxin. The risk of resistance is higher in the case of one-toxin Bt maize than in the case of two-toxin Bt maize. Parameters associated with the preexisting resistance in CBW all could impact on the risk of resistance but with different extents. Among them, the most notable ones are the dominance of resistance and fitness cost, which can dramatically affect the risk of resistance, especially when the proportion of natural refuges is reduced. Conclusions We concluded that the preexisting resistance in CBW to Bt cotton can significantly increase the risk of resistance when Bt maize and Bt cotton are planted concurrently and that using two-toxin Bt cotton and maize instead of one-toxin ones are needed in order to reduce the risk of resistance.
Experimental replication of stone, bone and shell beads from Early Neolithic sites in Southeast Europe

Publisher Rights Statement: This is the accepted version of the following chapter : Gurova, M. , & Bonsall, C. (2017). Experimental replication of stone, bone and shell beads from Early Neolithic sites in Southeast Europe. In D. Bar-Yosef Mayer, C. Bonsall, & A. M. Choyke (Eds.), "Not Just for Show: The Archaeology of Beads, Beadwork and Personal Ornaments", which has been published in final form by Oxbow Books, https://www.oxbowbooks. com/oxbow/notjust-for-show-53096.html
for Benchmarks, Algorithms, and Metrics for Hierarchical Disentanglement

For Chopsticks, our encoders and decoders used two hidden layers of width 256, and our loss function Lx was defined as a zero-centered Gaussian negative log likelihood with σ = 0.1. For Spaceshapes, encoders and decoders used the 7-layer convolutional architecture from Burgess et al. (2018), and our loss function Lx was Bernoulli negative log likelihood. All models were implemented in Tensorflow; code is available at https://github.com/ dtak/hierarchical-disentanglement.
Causality of the relationship between wheat prices and economic conditions - an evidence for sustainable development

improvement rural Abstract . In the recent years agriculture as a branch of economy has been the subject of large transformations. Agricultural holdings have played a very important role for the sustainable socio-economic development. Agriculture is becoming more modern but its contribution to GDP is decreasing. The question as to the connection between the condition of the agricultural market and economy-wide conditions and sustainable development seems to be fundamental. This is the objective of this paper. Based on wheat prices and in the US, the UK, France and Poland in the years 2000-2018, the connection between these variables was determined. The tests for causality were carried, and the auto-regression VAR model was built. The general conclusions are consistent. It is evident that economy-wide conditions indeed depend on the prices of agricultural produce from the previous periods. High prices for agricultural produce and, in particular those of wheat, weaken future economic conditions. This conclusion for Poland and France is strong, while it is weaker for the UK and the US.
Flux of fine and coarse particulates and metallic pollutants at a commercial site

ABSTRACT The concentrations of TSP, PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and metallic elements that are attached to PM particles (Al, Cr, Mn, and Pb) in ambient air were obtained using a PS-1 sampler and a MOUDI sampler from December 2015 to May 2016 at a commercial sampling site in central Taiwan. The mean concentration of coarse particulates and of metallic elements (Al, Cr, Mn, and Pb) attached to them were 28.42 µg/m3 and 472.05, 57.84, 33.66, and 161.08 ng/m3, respectively. The mean concentrations of fine particulates and metallic elements (Al, Cr, Mn, and Pb) that were attached to them were 69.73 µg/m3 and 399.06, 71.27, 39.25, and 220.70 ng/m3, respectively. Finally, the mean concentrations of TSP particulates and metallic elements (Al, Cr, Mn, and Pb) that were attached to them were 91.12 µg/m3 and 548.76, 16.07, 33.30, and 40.58 ng/m3, respectively. The results from this study show that the calculated coarse particulate fluxes for particulates and metallic elements (Al, Cr, Mn, and Pb) attached to them exceeded the calculated fine particulate fluxes. The mean calculated coarse particulate (PM2.5–10)/calculated fine particulate (PM2.5) flux ratio was approximately 6.76, and the corresponding ratios for the metallic elements Al, Cr, Mn, and Pb attached to the particulates were 4.94, 2.83, 2.96, and 2.17, respectively.
The metaperceptual function: Exploring dissociations between confidence and task performance with type 2 psychometric curves

Confidence can dissociate from perceptual accuracy, suggesting distinct computational and neural processes underlie these psychological functions. Recent investigations have therefore sought to experimentally isolate metacognitive processes by creating conditions where perceptual sensitivity is matched but confidence differs (“matched-performance / different-confidence”; MPDC). Despite these endeavors’ success, much remains unknown about MPDC effects and how to best harness them in experimental settings. Here we developed a principled approach to comprehensively characterizing MPDC effects through analyzing metaperceptual (i.e., type 2 psychometric) functions relating objective performance to subjective confidence across widely varying performance levels and experimental manipulations. We found that MPDC effect magnitude depends on stimulus properties, observers’ sensitivity level, and critically on trial type order (blocked or interleaved across stimulus property variations). Our findings provide the first comprehensive exploration of MPDC effects, offer a prescriptive guide to metaperceptual analysis, and suggest optimal experimental paradigms for experimentally isolating metacognition and awareness in future studies.
Unmasking Concealed 5G Privacy Identity with Machine Learning and GPU in 12 mins

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard for 5G telecommunications specifies privacy protection schemes to cryptographically encrypt and conceal permanent identifiers of subscribers to prevent them from being exposed and tracked by over-the-air eavesdroppers. However, conventional privacy-preserving protocols and architectures alone are insufficient to protect subscriber privacy as they are vulnerable to new types of attacks due to the utilization of the emerging technologies such artificial intelligence (AI). A conventional brute force attack to unmask concealed 5G identity using a CPU would require ~877 million years. This paper presents an apparatus using machine learning (ML) and a graphics processing unit (GPU) that is able to unmask a concealed 5G identity in ~12 minutes with an untrained neural-network, or ~0.015 milliseconds with a pre-trained neural-network. The 5G concealed identities are effectively identified without requiring decryption, hence severely diminishing the level of privacy-preservation. Finally, several ML defence countermeasures are proposed to re-establish privacy protection in 5G identity.
Experiment to Recover Tritium from Li-Pb Blanket and Understanding Chemistry of the Li17Pb83–H System

Abstract Various properties of Li-Pb eutectic alloys have been reported aiming at adopting the tritium breeder for the next-step fusion reactor, DEMO. Relations among several physical or chemical properties are reinvestigated here based on not only macroscopic views of the H isotope solubility in Li-Pb and the chemical activity of Li and Pb atoms in the alloy but also a microscopic view on the state of being of H and Li atoms in alloy based on the 1st principle molecular dynamic (MD) numerical calculation. The Sieverts’ constant of H dissolved in Li-Pb is closely related with the chemical activity of Li in Li-Pb. It is found that H dissolved in Li-Pb eutectic alloy has an ionic Li+-H− bond with a single Li atom independent of other Li or Pb atoms and the Li+-H− ionic bond is isolated from another Li atom surrounded by Pb ones. The isotope effect for the Sieverts’ constant is also understood in terms of the state of being of the Li+-H− bond in the alloy. The amounts of inert gases dissolved in the Li-Pb eutectic alloy are evaluated, and it is found that their solubilities are in proportion to the square of the molecular diameter which is estimated from exclusive volume of dissolved gas and consequently with the open space volume among Li-Pb atoms. Two experimental results of hydrogen isotopes recovery are introduced using a permeation window and a Li-Pb and inert gas direct contact method, and mass-transfer coefficients to correlate the overall hydrogen transfer process are determined as a function of diffusivity and flow velocity.
Thermal Conductivity and Compaction of GDL-MPL Interfacial Composite Material

The microporous layer (MPL) and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell assembly are often treated as separate layers in the literature. However, there exists a considerable third region where the two different materials merge in the coating process. This region has properties that differ from either of the materials that it consists of. Through-plane thermal conductivity and thickness variation under different compaction pressures were measured for such a composite region of two different commercial GDLs, Freudenberg H1410 and Toray Paper TGP-H-030, each treated with a custom-made MPL ink. Thermal conductivity at 15 bar compaction pressure for untreated Freudenberg H1410 GDL is 0.124±0.009 W K m and for the custom-MPL-coated Freudenberg H1410 materials it was increased by the treatment to 0.141±0.004 W K m and 0.145±0.004 W K m for 9.9 wt% and 11.9 wt% ink, respectively. For Toray paper TGP-H-030 the thermal conductivity at 15 bar compaction pressure for GDL only is 0.449±0.009 W K m and for the custom-MPL-coated Toray TGP-H-030 materials it was decreased by the treatment to 0.39±0.05 W K m and 0.39±0.00 W K m for 9.9 wt% and 11.9 wt% ink, respectively.
Immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socio-emotional and digital skills of Japanese children

A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has spread widely throughout the world. To reduce the spread of infection, children are prevented from going to school and have fewer opportunities for in-person communication. Although the pandemic has impacted the everyday lives of children, its impact on their development is unknown. This cross-sectional study compared Japanese children’s socio-emotional behaviors before and during the pandemic. Parents completed a web-based questionnaire before and during the pandemic for children ages 4-9. Children’s socio-emotional development in an everyday context was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results indicated that during the pandemic, children were more prosocial and experienced more problems in their peer relationships, but no differences were found in emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity between before and during the pandemic. Overall, our results suggest the pandemic may have immediate impact on children’s socio-emotional behaviors. We discussed the results in terms of behavioral immune system.
Could the methylation of RASSF1A be the potential epigenetic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma? – Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: RASSF1A is a tumor suppressor gene. The methylation of RASSF1A has been reported to be associated with the nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis. However, the heterogeneity was high among different studies. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the value of RASSF1A methylation for diagnosing and early screening NPC. Methods: Relevant articles were identiﬁed by searching MEDLINE database. The frequency and Odds ratio (OR) were applied to estimate the effect of CDH-1 methylation based on random-/fix-effect models. A meta-analysis was performed by using MedCalc® software. The subgroup analyses were performed by test-method, ethnicity, source of NPC samples to determine likely sources of heterogeneity. Results: Total of 16 studies, included 1,548 samples: 1,095 samples from NPC samples, and 453 from non-cancerous samples, were enrolled in the meta-analysis. The overall frequency of RASSF1A methylation were 59.22% and 1.72% in case-group and control-group, respectively. By removing the poor relative studies, the heterogeneity was not observed among included studies. The association between the RASSF1A gene methylation and risk of NPC was also confirmed by calculating OR value of 37.74 (95%OR = 20.07-70.98) in fix-effect model (Q = 13.56, p = 0.48, I2 = 0.00, 95% CI = 0.00-52.19). Additionally, the significant association was also found between the methylation of RASSF1A gene and subgroups. Conclusion: This was the first meta-analysis provided scientific evidences to suggest the RASSF1A methylation was the potential diagnosis, prognosis and early screening biomarker for NPC.
GASTROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ONION PEEL (Allium Cepa L. Var Ascalonicum) EXTRACT ON WISTAR RATS INDUCED BY MEFENAMIC ACID

Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) have been implicated in the etiology of gastritis. Mefenamic acid is a non-selective NSAID used to treat mild to moderate pain and inflammation. Mefenamic acid induces gastritis through its inhibition of prostaglandin that results in increased HCl secretion, decreased mucin and bicarbonate ion production. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of onion peel extract (OPE) against mefenamic acid-induced gastritis. In this study, the gastroprotective effect of OPE was examined through mucosal integrity scoring. A total of 28 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, normal (Group 1), mefenamic acid+NaCMC 0,5% (Group 2), mefenamic acid+OPE 600mg/kg body weight (Group 3), and mefenamic acid+OPE 1200mg/kg body weight (Group 4). All rats were sacrificed at day 15 then all gasters were collected. Histopathological examination was done under microscope with 100X magnification. Administration of mefenamic acid without OPE at all significantly increased gastric mucosal damage (p<0,05). Administration of OPE 1200mg/kg body weight significantly decreased gastric mucosal damage (p<0,05). Group 4 show no significant difference (p=0,66) with the normal group (Group 1). This indicates that administration of OPE 1200mg/kg body weight per oral ameliorates mefenamic acid-induced gastritis. Keyword: onion peel, mefenamic acid, gastroprotective, gastritis, flavonoid
3D Printed Scaffold Combined to 2D Osteoinductive Coatings To Repair a Critical-Size Mandibular Bone Defect

the reconstruction of large bone defects (12 cm3) remains a challenge for clinicians. We developed a new critical-size mandibular bone defect model on a mini-pig, close to human clinical issues. We analyzed the bone reconstruction obtained by a 3D printed scaffold made of clinical-grade PLA, coated with a polyelectrolyte film delivering an osteogenic bioactive molecule (BMP-2). We compared the results (CT-scan, μCT, histology) to the gold standard solution, bone autograft. We demonstrated that the dose of BMP-2 delivered from the scaffold significantly influenced the amount of regenerated bone and the repair kinetics, with a clear BMP-2 dose-dependence. Bone was homogeneously formed inside the scaffold without ectopic bone formation. The bone repair was as good as for the bone autograft. The BMP-2 doses applied in our study were reduced 20 to 75-fold compared to the commercial collagen sponges used in the current clinical applications, without any adverse effects. 3D printed PLA scaffolds loaded with reduced doses of BMP-2 can be a safe and simple solution for large bone defects faced in the clinic.