Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Special Thematic Section on " 20 Years after Genocide : Psychology ' s Role in Reconciliation and Reconstruction in Rwanda " BeyondConflict and Spoilt Identities : HowRwandan Leaders Justify a Single Recategorization Model for Post-Conflict Reconciliation

Since 1994, the Rwandan government has attempted to remove the division of the population into the ‘ethnic’ identities Hutu, Tutsi and Twa and instead make the shared Rwandan identity salient. This paper explores how leaders justify the single recategorization model, based on nine in-depth semi-structured interviews with Rwandan national leaders (politicians and bureaucrats tasked with leading unity implementation) conducted in Rwanda over three months in 2011/2012. Thematic analysis revealed this was done through a meta-narrative focusing on the shared Rwandan identity. Three frames were found in use to “sell” this narrative where ethnic identities are presented as a) an alien construction; b) which was used to the disadvantage of the people; and c) non-essential social constructs. The material demonstrates the identity entrepreneurship behind the single recategorization approach: the definition of the category boundaries, the category content, and the strategies for controlling and overcoming alternative narratives. Rwandan identity is presented as essential and legitimate, and as offering a potential way for people to escape spoilt subordinate identities. The interviewed leaders insist Rwandans are all one, and that the single recategorization is the right path for Rwanda, but this approach has been criticised for increasing rather than decreasing intergroup conflict due to social identity threat. The Rwandan case offers a rare opportunity to explore leaders’ own narratives and framing of these ‘ethnic’ identities to justify the single recategorization approach.
Hierarchies Versus Committees: Communication and Information Acquisition in Organizations

In most firms, if not all, workers are divided asymmetrically in terms of authority and responsibility. In this paper, we view the asymmetric allocations of authority and responsibility as essential features of hierarchy and examine why hierarchies often prevail in organizations from that perspective. A key departure is that we consider a case where the authority relationship is defined only by the allocation of responsibility via contingent contracts. Within this framework, we show that the contractual arrangement which allocates responsibility asymmetrically often emerges as the optimal organizational form, which gives rise to the chain of command pertaining to hierarchical organizations.
Imaging Experiment of Brain Cognitive Activity Based on EEG and Its Philosophical Influence

Mental workload estimation has been under extensive investigation over the years, because the capability of monitoring the cognitive workload enables the prevention of cognitive overloading and improvement of workplace safety. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals has been found to be an objective and non-intrusive measure of mental workload. However, the evaluation of cognitive workload based on single-trial EEG data, which is an essential step towards real-time workload monitoring and brain-computer interface, has been a major challenge. The philosophical basis is the similarity of technical images, the probability of dependence on image shape is similar; the ethical basis is that the experimenter's voluntary former is the external foundation; the latter two constitute the intrinsic foundation. It distinguishes the objects and concepts in the whole philosophical tradition In particular, it poses a challenge to the proposition of phenomenology that "there is a fundamental distinction between the matter's intention and the concept's intention", so it has to face the problem of the philosophy of science of phenomenology.
Effect of Al atom Doping on Band Gap of Rectangular Cross Section Si nanowire

In this work band gap of hydrogen-passivated, free-standing silicon nanowires, oriented along [111] direction with rectangular cross section was studied. Further the effect of doping of Al atom on band structure is also analyzed by using GGA approximation. it is found that the band gap of H-SiNW dramatically reduced upon doping and nanowire start behaving as bulk silicon. Keywords :DFT, GGA, nanowire
Identification of the Role of LuxS in the Regulation of Motility and the Expression of the Flagellar Structural and Functional Regulators in Vibrio cholerae

In Vibrio cholerae motility has an important role in virulence. Beside this flrA, flrB and flrC regulate the expression of both flagellar structure and function in Vibrio cholerae. Quorum sensing autoinducer molecules regulate the expression of EPS in Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal strain MO10. The present study was conducted to investigate whether luxS gene (responsible for the synthesis of quorum sensing autoinducer molecule 2 i.e, AI-2) regulates motility as well as expression of both structural and functional regulatory genes flrA, flrB and flrC. In the peresent study we found that mutation in luxS gene caused reduction in motility and expression of flra was significantly decreased in the luxS mutant strain of the Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal strain MO10 lac –. However expression of flrB and flrC remained unaltered by luxs gene. So luxS gene may regulate motility through the upregulation of flrA in Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal strain MO10.
Enterprise Response to Public Policy Reforms: A Scan of Extant Literature and an Agenda for Future Research

This paper scans the studies that have investigated the response of enterprises to public policy reforms and suggests an agenda for future research. It traces the evaluation of the literature on relationship between environment and organization as a backdrop for reviewing the 12 key research papers in the international context. It shows that organizations have responded more to the changes in the regulatory environment than in other types of environment. It also points to the shift from unfocused strategy to focused strategy as a response to the public policy environment. The Indian studies scanned by the paper have covered a vast range from understanding the rationale for the public policy reform to responses in specific industry sectors. Against this scan, the paper suggests an agenda for future research in the areas of disaggregated stud ies, organizational processes in strategy reformulation, learning and innovation, corporate governance, and inter-organizational differences in responses. A significant item on the agenda is the study of response of public policy to changes in the firm's strategy. The paper hopes that the agenda would stimulate the preparation of concrete research proposals that would extend the knowledge base of the interaction between the enterprise and its policy environment.
Principles of Assessment: A Primer for Medical Educators in the Clinical Years

Whether practicing in a rural, community, or an academic setting, physicians from all clinical specialties will participate in assessment. These assessments may be for trainees, peers, and more recently, for self-assessment. Regardless of the subject, assessors may be uncomfortable making judgments because they are unfamiliar with assessment principles. This editorial review, although a primer and aimed at the novice, will also provide information for more experienced assessors when considering assessment purpose, design, and selection. Using concrete examples, these fundamental principles are illustrated so that physicians can be confident that their evaluations are accurate, insightful and meaningful.
Motivating Zimbabwean secondary school students to learn: A challenge

Motivating Zimbabwean secondary school students to learn has been a daunting task for both parents and teachers. The economic and social situation obtaining in Zimbabwe has not encouraged secondary school students to take education seriously and prepare themselves for service and contribution to nation building and selfdevelopment. Thus the study sought to understand factors that militate against student motivation and what can be done to motivate secondary school students to learn, soliciting views from teachers, parents/ guardians and students themselves. The research was a case study of five Masvingo urban secondary schools; employing qualitative data collection methods. These participatory data collection methods were used to get insight and tap into the experiences and views of these three stakeholders on how students could be motivated to learn. The research found that the motivational level of secondary school students was at its lowest ebb mainly because of limited employment prospects and other militating factors. The research recommends that each school establishes a tripartite supervision and communication arrangement involving the parent/guardian, teacher and the student to monitor the student’s school work, behaviour and development. The other recommendation is that Zimbabwe as a nation should seriously embrace student empowerment initiatives by having professionally trained school – based counsellors and increased availability and access to career guidance services thus motivating students to drive their energies towards goals.
Does Mandatory Recognition of Off-Balance Sheet Liabilities Affect Capital Structure Choice? Evidence from SFAS 158

We investigate whether mandatory recognition of previously disclosed off-balance sheet items affects corporate capital structure decisions. Specifically, we use the introduction of the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158 as a quasi-exogenous shock to financial reporting decisions as it requires sponsors of defined benefit (DB) pension plans to recognize the level of pension and healthcare plan funding explicitly on the balance sheet. Our findings show that DB plan sponsors did not actively decrease financial leverage following the new accounting standard. This also obtains for subsamples of plan sponsors with tight or violated financial covenants or plan sponsors with unrated debt or low analyst following. The results suggest that the mandatory recognition did not involve sufficient costs to warrant a change in corporate funding decisions.
Object Recognition for Obstacles-free Trajectories Applied to Navigation Control

In this chapter applications of image and video processing to navigation of mobile robots are presented. During the last years some impressive real time applications have been showed to the world, such as the NASA missions to explore the surface of Mars with autonomous vehicles; in those missions, video and image processing played an important role to rule the vehicle. Algorithms based on the processing of video or images provided by CCD sensors or video cameras have been used in the solution of the navigation problem of autonomous vehicles. In one of those approaches, a velocity field is designed in order to guide the orientation and motion of the autonomous vehicle. A particular approach to the solution of the navigation problem of an autonomous vehicle is presented here. In the first section of this introduction a state of the art review is presented, after it, the proposed algorithm is summarized; the following sections present the procedure. Finally, some experimental results are shown at the end of the chapter.
Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Dust Fallout in an Urban-Industrial Environment in India

ABSTRACTThe components and quantities of atmospheric dusts fallout has been reported to be the pollution indicator of large urban areas. The multiplicity and complexity of sources of atmospheric dusts in urban regions (e.g. industrial complexes composed of a variety of industrial processes, automobiles, construction activities etc.) has put forward the need of source apportionment of these sources indicating their contribution to specific environmental receptor. The study presented here is focused on investigation of source contribution estimates of dusts fallout in an urban-industrial area, Raipur, India. Six sampling sites have been identified on the basis of land use for development plan of anthropogenic activities and factors related to the transportation and dispersion pattern of atmospheric dusts. 12 samples of dusts fallout has been collected from each site (one in each month) and subjected to chemical analysis of selected chemical constituents known as markers of selected major dust emitting sources(Steel making average, Road traffic-borne dusts, construction activities, municipal waste burning, and soils). Chemical profiles alongwith SPECIATE of USEPA has been used for the preparation of source profiles. Source apportionment has been done using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB 8). Good fit parameters and relative source contribution has been analyzed and documented. Variations in source contribution estimates of selected indicator species has been occurred and justify the significant contribution of local area and line sources of dusts emission in various parts of the study region. Coal-fired steel making industries have shown dominating contribution compared to other sources.
Relationship of selected sociodemographic factors and body composition in an open population of Rzeszów inhabitants participating in a health promoting event

Abstract Introduction. The structure of the human body may vary greatly, depending on a number of factors, sociodemographic ones in particular. An analysis of the body composition makes it possible to assess the existing differences and provides broader insight into the multidimensional changes occuring to the human body. Aim. An investigation of the relationship between selected sociodemographic factors and body composition in an open population of Rzeszów residents. Material and methods. The study was performed on a group of 101 adults, aged 30-83. Their body composition was examined using bioimpedance analyzer BIA-101 and selected sociodemographic factors were investigated using a survey questionnaire designed for that particular purpse. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied to identify statistically significant differences between the examined variables. Additionally, Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was applied. The study adopted a significance level of p<0.05. Calculations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Results. The findings revealed some significant differences (p<0.05) related to gender, age and employment status, as well as selected constituents of fat mass and fat free mass in the subjects. Conclusions. Selected sociodemographic factors significantly affect the components of body composition in adults. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the reported differences.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL AND COMPLIANCE AUDIT AND ACCOUNTING INFORMATION QUALITY: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY FROM 1990 TO 2012

This paper identifies the relationship between the Financial and Compliance Audit (FCA) and the accounting information quality described in national and international literature. For that we carried out a bibliometric study in national and international journals on accounting area. We analyzed the papers published from 1990 to 2012. The results indicate that there is a link between the level of FTC and earnings informational quality. However, there is disagreement among the authors, because 23.08% of the studies indicate that the highest level of FTC improves the quality of accounting information by reducing opportunistic practices of managers. On the other hand, 76.92% of searches found the lowest level of FTC results in greater disclosure and consequent improvement in the quality of accounting numbers. This research contributes to the accounting literature by showing the effect of linking the accounting practice to tax rules standards in the studied period concerning to the quality of accounting statements reported to external users, which in turn can influence decision-making process in economic agents.
Study of the Densities of Some R4NI - Solutions in Water - Isopropyl Alcohol Solvent Mixtures at 313.15 K by Magnetic Float Densitometerz and Then Study Masson’s Equation from Фv Data

Based on Masson's equation we study the molecular interactions between the compositions of the binary solution mixtures for different (%) compositions of Water– Isopropyl alcohol by adding tetraalkyl ammonium iodide at 313.15K. The densities of the solution mixtures (ρ¬s)have been measured very accurately by using Magnetic float Densitometer. The densitometer works on the electrostatic attraction force developed by the passage of current through a solenoid . using this technique, the densities (d¬0¬) of Water – Isopropyl alcohol solvent and mixtures of some tetra alkyl ammonium iodide, viz. Et4NI, Pr4NI, But¬4NI, Pen4NI at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% compositions (v/v) have been determined experimentally. The apparent molar volumes have been calculated from density data using Masson's equation and graph plotted between ϕv vs √c . The slopes of curves shows that in low dielectric constant medium (i.e, 20% water, =30.76 and 40% water, ∈=42.74 for all the four tetraalkyl ammonium iodide salts have positive slope. But as the dielectric constant of the solvent medium is increased by adding Water – Isopropyl alcohol, further additions of salts in the solution will start contributing towards the volume so the volume will increase on increasing the salt concentration therefore the plot ϕ¬¬¬v+ vs √c curves will give a positive and negative slope the data have been explained on the basis of dielectric constant of the solvent mixtures and size of the electrolyte ion.
1060 nm VCSELs for long-reach optical interconnects

Reach extension of high capacity optical interconnects based on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and multimode fibers (MMFs), as needed for large-scale data centers, would benefit from high-speed GaAs-based VCSELs at 1060 nm. At this wavelength, the chromatic dispersion and attenuation of the optical fiber are much reduced in comparison with 850 nm. We present single and multimode 1060 nm VCSELs based on designs derived partly from our high-speed 850 nm VCSEL designs. The single-mode VCSEL, with a modulation bandwidth exceeding 22 GHz, supports back-to-back data rates up to 50 Gbps at 25 °C and 40 Gbps at 85 °C under binary NRZ (OOK) modulation. Using mode-selective launch, we demonstrate error-free 25 Gbps transmission over 1000m of 1060 nm optimized MMF. Higher data rates and/or longer distances will be possible with equalization, forward-error-correction, and/or multilevel modulation.
When Do Politicians Lie

When do politicians lie? A politician who admits to wrongdoing will likely suffer some loss of popularity, but probably not as great as if he denied wrong doing and was subsequently discovered to have lied. This simple observation has a number of implications. For example, a politician in a marginal seat may have little choice but to risk lying as admitting will lose him too much popularity to survive. On the other hand, a politician in a relatively safe seat might survive the loss from admitting, but not from lying and being caught. Therefore we might predict the likelihood that a politician admits to a scandal to be positively related (over some range at least) to the security of his seat. This paper tests this prediction, and some others, with data from House bank scandal of 1991-92.
The transient simulation of two-phase flow based on lattice Boltzmann method

this work used the improved Shan-Doolen model which is based on Shan-Chen model, Combined of non-equilibrium extrapolation boundary and fully developed boundary treatment, and finally established Two-phase flow model. Applying this model, we firstly simulated the separation of two phase immiscible flow and represented the separation process of different time, so as to verify the feasibility of the model. Then the numerical simulation of transient flow of power law Newtonian two phase flow in the extended port was made to show the distribution density of different time. On this basis we clearly numerical analyse the whole process of change from the initial to the steady state so that we have a more clear understanding to the transient process of flow.
Vehicle Type Recognition Combining Global and Local Features via Two-Stage Classification

This study proposes a new vehicle type recognition method that combines global and local features via a two-stage classification. To extract the continuous and complete global feature, an improved Canny edge detection algorithm with smooth filtering and non-maxima suppression abilities is proposed. To extract the local feature from four partitioned key patches, a set of Gabor wavelet kernels with five scales and eight orientations is introduced. Different from the single-stage classification, where all features are incorporated into one classifier simultaneously, the proposed two-stage classification strategy leverages two types of features and classifiers. In the first stage, the preliminary recognition of large vehicle or small vehicle is conducted based on the global feature via a -nearest neighbor probability classifier. Based on the preliminary result, the specific recognition of bus, truck, van, or sedan is achieved based on the local feature via a discriminative sparse representation based classifier. We experiment with the proposed method on the public and established datasets involving various challenging cases, such as partial occlusion, poor illumination, and scale variation. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods.
Auctioning Conservation Contracts: A Theoretical Analysis and an Application

Auction theory is used to analyze the potential benefits of auctions in allocating contracts for the provision of nonmarket goods in the countryside. A model of optimal bidding for conservation contracts is developed and applied to a hypothetical conservation program. Competitive bidding, compared to fixed-rate payments, can increase the cost effectiveness of conservation contracting significantly. The cost revelation mechanism inherent in the bidding process makes auctions a powerful means by which to reduce the problems of information asymmetry. Strategic bidding behavior, which may adversely affect the performance of sequential auctions, is difficult to address by means of auction design. Copyright 1997, Oxford University Press.