Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visual Prediction Error Spreads Across Object Features in Human Visual Cortex

Visual cognition is thought to rely heavily on contextual expectations. Accordingly, previous studies have revealed distinct neural signatures for expected versus unexpected stimuli in visual cortex. However, it is presently unknown how the brain combines multiple concurrent stimulus expectations such as those we have for different features of a familiar object. To understand how an unexpected object feature affects the simultaneous processing of other expected feature(s), we combined human fMRI with a task that independently manipulated expectations for color and motion features of moving-dot stimuli. Behavioral data and neural signals from visual cortex were then interrogated to adjudicate between three possible ways in which prediction error (surprise) in the processing of one feature might affect the concurrent processing of another, expected feature: (1) feature processing may be independent; (2) surprise might “spread” from the unexpected to the expected feature, rendering the entire object unexpected; or (3) pairing a surprising feature with an expected feature might promote the inference that the two features are not in fact part of the same object. To formalize these rival hypotheses, we implemented them in a simple computational model of multifeature expectations. Across a range of analyses, behavior and visual neural signals consistently supported a model that assumes a mixing of prediction error signals across features: surprise in one object feature spreads to its other feature(s), thus rendering the entire object unexpected. These results reveal neurocomputational principles of multifeature expectations and indicate that objects are the unit of selection for predictive vision. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We address a key question in predictive visual cognition: how does the brain combine multiple concurrent expectations for different features of a single object such as its color and motion trajectory? By combining a behavioral protocol that independently varies expectation of (and attention to) multiple object features with computational modeling and fMRI, we demonstrate that behavior and fMRI activity patterns in visual cortex are best accounted for by a model in which prediction error in one object feature spreads to other object features. These results demonstrate how predictive vision forms object-level expectations out of multiple independent features.
Expression of Hepatitis C Virus Proteins Interferes with the Antiviral Action of Interferon Independently of PKR-Mediated Control of Protein Synthesis

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) of genotype 1 is the most resistant to interferon (IFN) therapy. Here, we have analyzed the response to IFN of the human cell line UHCV-11 engineered to inducibly express the entire HCV genotype 1a polyprotein. IFN-treated, induced UHCV cells were found to better support the growth of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) than IFN-treated, uninduced cells. This showed that expression of the HCV proteins allowed the development of a partial resistance to the antiviral action of IFN. The nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein of HCV has been reported to inhibit PKR, an IFN-induced kinase involved in the antiviral action of IFN, at the level of control of protein synthesis through the phosphorylation of the initiation factor eIF2α (M. Gale, Jr., C. M. Blakely, B. Kwieciszewski, S. L. Tan, M. Dossett, N. M. Tang, M. J. Korth, S. J. Polyak, D. R. Gretch, and M. G. Katze, Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5208–5218, 1998). Accordingly, cell lines inducibly expressing NS5A were found to rescue EMCV growth (S. J. Polyak, D. M. Paschal, S. McArdle, M. J. Gale, Jr., D. Moradpour, and D. R. Gretch, Hepatology 29:1262–1271, 1999). In the present study we analyzed whether the resistance of UHCV-11 cells to IFN could also be attributed to inhibition of PKR. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed no colocalization of PKR, which is diffuse throughout the cytoplasm, and the induced HCV proteins, which localize around the nucleus within the endoplasmic reticulum. The effect of expression of HCV proteins on PKR activity was assayed in a reporter assay and by direct analysis of the in vivo phosphorylation of eIF2α after treatment of cells with poly(I)-poly(C). We found that neither PKR activity nor eIF2α phosphorylation was affected by coexpression of the HCV proteins. In conclusion, expression of HCV proteins in their biological context interferes with the development of the antiviral action of IFN. Although the possibility that some inhibition of PKR (by either NS5A or another viral protein) occurs at a very localized level cannot be excluded, the resistance to IFN, resulting from the expression of the HCV proteins, cannot be explained solely by inhibition of the negative control of translation by PKR.
Role of phosphorylated metabolic intermediates in the regulation of glutamine synthetase synthesis in Escherichia coli

Transcription of the Ntr regulon is controlled by the two-component system consisting of the response regulator NRI (NtrC) and the kinase/phosphatase NRII (NtrB), which both phosphorylates and dephosphorylates NRI. Even though in vitro transcription from nitrogen-regulated promoters requires phosphorylated NRI, NRII-independent activation of NRI also occurs in vivo. We show here that this activation likely involves acetyl phosphate; it is eliminated by mutations that reduce synthesis of acetyl phosphate and is elevated by a mutation expected to cause accumulation of acetyl phosphate. With purified components, we investigated the mechanism by which acetyl phosphate stimulates glutamine synthetase synthesis. Acetyl phosphate, carbamyl phosphate, and phosphoramidate but not ATP or phosphoenolpyruvate acted as substrates for the autophosphorylation of NRI in vitro. Phosphorylated NRI produced by this mechanism exhibited the properties associated with NRI phosphorylated by NRII, including the activated ATPase activity of the central domain of NRI and the ability to activate transcription from the nitrogen-regulated glutamine synthetase glnAp2 promoter.
The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Database: An Alzheimer Disease Database

The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) is responsible for developing and maintaining a database of patient information collected from the 29 Alzheimer disease centers (ADCs) funded by the National Institute on Aging. Each of the centers collects center-determined data elements on patients enrolled into its center and transmits a minimum dataset to NACC. Data are managed differently at each center depending on that center's research needs. The centers' data systems vary from a single personal computer running spreadsheet software to a network of servers running an advanced data management system such as Oracle. The challenge for NACC is to expand and adjust previously collected data elements into an integrated database that could be used for administrative as well as research purposes. In addition, NACC sought to allow the centers to have the flexibility they needed for data submission. To accomplish this task, NACC designed a database that contained separate specific datasets each with individual data elements. NACC also designed a data management system to easily collect and manage these data. The NACC web site (www.alz.washington.edu) was created to allow access to the data.
Predator satiation and recruitment in a mast fruiting monocarpic forest herb.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cross-pollination and satiation of seed predators are often invoked to explain synchronous mast reproduction in long-lived plants. However, explanations for the synchronous death of parent plants are elusive. The roles of synchronous seeding and post-reproductive mortality were investigated in a perennial monocarpic herb (Isoglossa woodii) in coastal dune forest in South Africa. METHODS Pre-dispersal seed predation and seed production were assessed by measuring fruit and seed set of inflorescences sprayed with insecticide or water and with no spray treatments. Seed predation was measured at different densities of I. woodii plants by monitoring removal rates of seed from the forest floor. The influence of adult plants on establishment of I. woodii seedlings was assessed by monitoring growth and survivorship of seedlings in caged and uncaged 1 × 1 m plots in understorey gaps and thickets. KEY RESULTS Fruit and seed set were similar between spray treatments. An I. woodii stem produced 767·8 ± 160·8 seeds (mean ± s.e.) on dune crests and 1359·0 ± 234·4 seeds on the foredune. Seed rain was greater on the foredune than in other topographic locations. Seed predation rates were 32 and 54 % on dune crests and in dune slacks, respectively, and decreased with seed abundance, number of inflorescences per stem and plant height. Seedling recruitment was greater beneath synchronously dying adult plants than in natural understorey gaps (no I. woodii). However, seedling growth rate beneath I. woodii mid-way through its life-cycle was less than in gaps, although survivorship was similar. CONCLUSIONS The selective advantage of masting in I. woodii derives from satiation of both pre- and post-dispersal seed predators. In addition, post-seeding mortality of adult plants facilitates seedling establishment. Satiation of seed predators and the benefits of seedling establishment are strong drivers of the evolution of synchronous monocarpy in I. woodii.
Quantitative Analysis of La and Al Additives Role on Dipole Magnitude Inducing Vt Shift in High-K/Metal Gate Stack

Voltage drop induced by an electrical dipole layer after the incorporation of La or Al in high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/metal gate-stack has been measured on nominal and beveled-SiO<sub>x</sub> devices and linearly correlated to the effective La/Al dose into the high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/SiO<sub>x</sub> stack determined through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Electrical dipoles were experimentally estimated to be around −55 and +40 meV for each <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times 10^{14}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at/cm<sup>2</sup> of effective La and Al dose, respectively.
Anode potential for sulfide removal in oil spill contaminated marine sediments

Bioelectrochemical techniques have been recently evolving as an alternative in-situ low cost method for oil spills bioremediation. Hydrocarbons bioremediation involves toxic sulfide accumulation due to the sulfate reducing microorganisms activity. Determining the optimal anodic potential for efficient electrobioremediation and simultaneous removal of toxicants becomes a challenge. In this experiment the (bio)electrochemical removal of sulfide was tested at different anodic potentials (i.e. -205 mV, +195 mV and +300 mV vs Ag/AgCl) with the addition of a pure culture of Desulfobulbus propionicus. Current production, sulfide concentration and sulfate concentration were measured over time. At the end of the experiment sulfur deposition on the electrodes was measured by SEMEDS and the microbial communities were characterized by next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Current production is linked to sulfide removal and sulfate was formed after inoculation. The highest electron recovery was obtained at -205 mV anode polarization.
Can, a putative oncogene associated with myeloid leukemogenesis, may be activated by fusion of its 3' half to different genes: characterization of the set gene

The translocation (6;9)(p23;q34) in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia results in the formation of a highly consistent dek-can fusion gene. Translocation breakpoints invariably occur in single introns of dek and can, which were named icb-6 and icb-9, respectively. In a case of acute undifferentiated leukemia, a breakpoint was detected in icb-9 of can, whereas no breakpoint could be detected in dek. Genomic and cDNA cloning showed that instead of dek, a different gene was fused to can, which was named set. set encodes transcripts of 2.0 and 2.7 kb that result from the use of alternative polyadenylation sites. Both transcripts contain the open reading frame for a putative SET protein with a predicted molecular mass of 32 kDa. The set-can fusion gene is transcribed into a 5-kb transcript that contains a single open reading frame predicting a 155-kDa chimeric SET-CAN protein. The SET sequence shows homology with the yeast nucleosome assembly protein NAP-I. The only common sequence motif of SET and DEK proteins is an acidic region. SET has a long acidic tail, of which a large part is present in the predicted SET-CAN fusion protein. The set gene is located on chromosome 9q34, centromeric of c-abl. Since a dek-can fusion gene is present in t(6;9) acute myeloid leukemia and a set-can fusion gene was found in a case of acute undifferentiated leukemia, we assume that can may function as an oncogene activated by fusion of its 3' part to dek, set, or perhaps other genes.
Comment on "Texture in the superconducting order parameter of CeCoIn5 revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance".

The study of the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state has been of considerable recent interest. Below the temperature $T^*$ which is believed to be the transition temperature ($T$) to the FFLO phase in CeCoIn$_5$, K. Kakuyanagi et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 047602 (2005)) reported a composite NMR spectrum with a tiny component observed at frequencies corresponding to the normal state signal. The results were interpreted as evidence for the emergence of an FFLO state. This result is inconsistent with two other NMR studies of V. F. Mitrovi{\'c} et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 117002 (2006)) and B. -L. Young et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 036402 (2007)). In this comment we show that the findings of K. Kakuyanagi et al. do not reflect the true nature of the FFLO state but result from excess RF excitation power used in that experiment.
Algorithms for Single-Item Lot-Sizing Problems with Constant Batch Size

The main result of this paper is an O(n3) algorithm for the single-item lot-sizing problem with constant batch size and backlogging. We consider a general number of installable batches, i.e., in each time period t we may produce up to mt batches, where the mt are given and time-dependent. This generalizes earlier results as we consider backlogging and a general number of maximum batches. We also give faster algorithms for three special cases of this general problem. When backlogging is not allowed and the costs satisfy the Wagner-Whitin property, the problem is solvable in O(n2 log n) time. When the production in each period is required to be either zero or equal to the installed capacity, it is possible to solve the problem with and without backlogging in O(n2) and O(n log n) time, respectively.
The Phase Retrieval Toolbox

A Matlab/GNU Octave toolbox for phase (signal) reconstruction from the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) magnitude is presented. The toolbox provides an implementation of various, conceptually different algorithms ranging from the well known Griffin-Lim algorithm and its derivatives to the very recent ones. The list includes real-time capable algorithms which are also implemented in real-time audio demos running directly in Matlab/GNU Octave. The toolbox is well-documented, opensource and it is available under the GPL3 license. In this paper, we give an overview of the algorithms contained in the toolbox and discuss their properties.
Extensive movement of LINES ONE sequences in beta-globin loci of Mus caroli and Mus domesticus

LINES ONE (L1) is a family of movable DNA sequences found in mammals. To measure the rate of their movement, we have compared the positions of L1 elements within homologous genetic loci that are separated by known divergence times. Two models that predict different outcomes of this analysis have been proposed for the behavior of L1 sequences. (i) Previous theoretical studies of concerted evolution in L1 have indicated that the majority of the 100,000 extant L1 elements may have inserted as recently as within the last 3 million years. (ii) Gene conversion has been proposed as an alternative to a history of prolific recent insertions. To distinguish between these two models, we cloned and characterized two embryonic beta-globin haplotypes from Mus caroli and compared them with those of M. domesticus. In 9 of 10 instances, we observed an L1 element to be present in one chromosome and absent at the same site in a homologous chromosome. This frequency is quantitatively consistent with the known rate of concerted evolution. Therefore, we conclude that gene conversion is not required for concerted evolution of the L1 family in the mouse. Furthermore, we show that the extensive movement of L1 sequences contributes to restriction fragment length polymorphism. L1 insertions may be the predominant cause of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in closely related haplotypes.
Feature Extraction for Short-Circuit Fault Detection in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors Using Stator-Current Monitoring

In this paper, a novel frequency pattern and competent criterion are introduced for short-circuit-fault recognition in permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The frequency pattern is extracted from the monitored stator current analytically and the amplitude of sideband components at these frequencies is introduced as a proper criterion to determine the number of short-circuited turns. Impacts of the load variation on the proposed criterion are investigated in the faulty PMSM. In order to demonstrate the aptitude of the proposed criterion for precise short-circuit fault detection, the relation between the nominated criterion and the number of short-circuited turns is specified by the mutual information index. Therefore, a white Gaussian noise is added to the simulated stator current and robustness of the criterion is analyzed with respect to the noise variance. The occurrence and the number of short-circuited turns are predicted using support-vector machine as a classifier. The classification results indicate that the introduced criterion can detect the short-circuit fault incisively. Simulation results are verified by the experimental results.
Blood pathway analyses reveal differences between prediabetic subjects with or without dyslipidaemia. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Prediabetes often occurs together with dyslipidaemia, which is paradoxically treated with statins predisposing to type 2 diabetes mellitus. We examined peripheral blood pathway profiles in prediabetic subjects with (PRD) and without dyslipidaemia (PR0) and compared these to nonprediabetic controls without dyslipidaemia (C0).
Effects of Own Versus Other's Fair Treatment on Positive Emotions: A Field Study

This article presents the results of a field study on the effects of own versus other's fair treatment on positive emotions. From the findings of the field study it is clear that one's own experiences of procedural fairness have a significant influence on one's positive emotional reactions. Indeed, the procedural justice for oneself was correlated to positive emotions when procedural justice for others was high. One positive point with the present research is that it has taken real-life into perspective by taking real-life situation and real-life employees into consideration. Associated researches in the future might be on the topics of influence of other's fair treatment on the reactions of the individuals taken as subjects. Care should be given not only to what degree of fairness do managers treat their subordinates but also to how procedural justice is communicated to the group and managers of an organization. Is is clear that fairness experiences of the organization in turn make fairness experiences of the individuals.
Level Graphs Generating Benchmarks for Concurrency Optimizations in Compilers

Benchmarks are needed in order to test compiler and languagebased approaches to optimize concurrency. These have to be varied, yield reproducible results and allow comparison between different approaches. In this paper, we propose a framework for generating synthetic benchmarks that aims at attaining these goals. Based on generating code from random graphs, our framework operates at a high level of abstraction. We test our benchmarking framework with a usecase, where we compare three state-of-the-art systems to optimize I/O concurrency in microservice-based software architectures. We showhowusing our benchmarkswe can reliably compare between approaches, and even between the same approach using different coding styles.
Exoskeletons of Bougainvilliidae and other Hydroidolina (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): structure and composition

The exoskeleton is an important source of characters for the taxonomy of Hydroidolina. It originates as epidermal secretions and, among other functions, protects the coenosarc of the polypoid stage. However, comparative studies on the exoskeletal tissue origin, development, chemical, and structural characteristics, as well as its evolution and homology, are few and fragmented. This study compares the structure and composition of the exoskeleton and underlying coenosarc in members of “Anthoathecata” and some Leptothecata, but does so mainly in bougainvilliid polyps histological analyses. We also studied the development of the exoskeleton under experimental conditions. We identified three types of glandular epidermal cells related to the origin of the exoskeleton and the secretion of its polysaccharides component. The exoskeleton of the species studied is either bilayered (perisarc and exosarc, especially in bougainvilliids) or corneous (perisarc). The exoskeleton varies in chemical composition, structural rigidity, thickness, extension, and coverage in the different regions of the colony. In bilayered exoskeletons, the exosarc is produced first and appears to be a key step in the formation of the rigid exoskeleton. The exoskeleton contains anchoring structures such as desmocytes and “perisarc extensions. ”
Negligible Effect of Process-Induced Strain on Intrinsic NBTI Behavior

In this letter, we investigate the effects of process-induced strain on negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) by performing a comparative study of devices with and without process-induced strain for poly-Si/SiON gate stacks. Devices with SiGe source/drain with different processing sequences and devices with a combination of SiGe S/D and compressive contact etch stop layer (CESL) were studied and compared to reference devices. We decouple the effect of processing conditions in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the results. In contrast with the previous reports, which did not consider the impact of processing conditions, this letter demonstrates that, when initial threshold voltage differences are taken into account and comparisons are performed at the same oxide electric field, no significant degradation of intrinsic NBTI behavior is found for devices with a process-induced strain. In addition, we performed an Arrhenius study showing similar activation energies for devices with and without process-induced strain, suggesting similar degradation mechanism. The results indicate that process-induced strain does not create favorable conditions for additional interface state creation