Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response to the Comments by

In this response, we will first address the general statements made by C.P. Geevan, A. Dixit S. Silori (this issue of EES; henceforth GDS) in the context of our paper published earlier in EES (M&S), and then move to addressing the specific points raised. The model presented in (M&S) indeed follows a highly coupled approach, refer Figure 1 (Higher Order Causal Loop Diagram of the Simulation Model) (M&S, 37), as is what GDS suggest should be the case for such an ecological-economic system, and unlike what they claim the model actually is. The sectors of livestock, economy and land area are interdependent through multiple feedbacks, some of which are described in the section ‘Key Cross-sectorial Feedbacks’ (M&S, 44). As is asserted incorrectly by GDS, the computation of livestock numbers as well as P. juliflora (PJ) area referred to as MCA by GDSis not done using a ‘stand alone’ approach, and both the sectors are interdependent on each other. PJ area is influenced by livestock numbers through an increased spread rate due to livestock acting as vectors in Banni; and, livestock numbers depend on PJ area as with increased PJ invasion, area available for grass growth comes down, thereby reducing biomass production, which leads to fodder deficit named as such in our model impacting livestock numbers. These impacts manifest themselves through three feedbacks: 1) by increasing migration of buffalo and cattle from Banni, 2) by increasing fodder and feed input cost, thereby reducing livestock profitability, and increasing the stress sale of livestock and 3)
Diabetes and peripheral neuropathy are related to higher passive torque and stiffness of the knee and ankle joints

The aim of this study was to investigate the ankle and knee stiffness and passive torque in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), with and without diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) at different speed of motion. Forty-nine male individuals of a similar age were studied (17 with DM2 without DPN, 15 with DM2 and DPN, and 17 controls). Knee and ankle flexion and extension passive torques were assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 5°/s, 30°/s, and 60°/s. Our results showed that the individuals with DM2 exhibited greater knee stiffness compared to the controls and the individuals with DPN presented greater ankle stiffness and passive torque compared to the controls and those with DM2 without DPN. The mechanical impairments at the ankle passive structures were most evident at low speeds while the knee alterations were at 30°/s and 60°/s. Although the presence of DPN was a key factor for the increased passive ankle stiffness and torque, it was not related to the increase in the knee passive stiffness. Preventive measures for avoiding stiffness and motion impairments at the ankle and knee could be adopted in the early stages of DM2.
Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 foot and mouth disease virus strains circulating in the period 2018-2020 Egypt

Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 foot and mouth disease virus strains circulating in the period 2018-2020 Egypt Ayah M. Hassan , Zeinab R. Aboezz , Ayman S. El-Habbaa , Momtaz A. Shahein , Naglaa M. Hagag , Saad S.A. Sharawi 2 1 Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt 2 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt. 3 Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
STRONG SOLUTIONS TO A FLUID-PARTICLE INTERACTION MODEL WITH MAGNETIC FIELD IN R

A fluid-particle interaction model with magnetic field is studied in this paper. When the initial vacuum and the far field vacuum of the fluid and the particles are contained, the constant shear viscosity μ and the bulk viscosity λ are μ > 0 λ = ρβ for any β ≥ 0, the strong solutions of the 2D Cauchy problem for the coupled system are established applying the method of weighted estimates in Li-Liang’s paper on Navier-Stokes equations.
Buildsheriff: Change-Aware Test Failure Triage for Continuous Integration Builds

Test failures are one of the most common reasons for broken builds in continuous integration. It is expensive to diagnose all test failures in a build. As test failures are usually caused by a few underlying faults, triaging test failures with respect to their underlying root causes can save test failure diagnosis cost. Existing failure triage methods are mostly developed for triaging crash or bug reports, and hence not ap-plicable in the context of test failure triage in continuous integration. In this paper, we first present a large-scale empirical study on 163,371 broken builds caused by test failures to characterize test failures in real-world Java projects. Then, motivated by our study, we propose a new change-aware approach, BuildSheriff, to triage test failures in each continuous integration build such that test failures with the same root cause are put in the same cluster. Our evaluation on 200 broken builds has demonstrated that BuildSheriff can significantly improve the state-of-the-art methods on the triaging effectiveness.
PPA_A_357046 1381..1393

1Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; 2Department of Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; 3Medical Tourism Centre, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 4Health and Wellness Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates; 5Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; 6Primary Care, NHS Northwest London, London, TW3 3EB, UK
One-Pot Synthesis and Strong Near-Infrared Upconversion Luminescence of Poly(acrylic acid)-Functionalized YF3:Yb/Er Nanocrystals

This paper describes the synthesis of new upconverting luminescent nanoparticles that consist of YF3:Yb/Er functionalized with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Unlike the upconverting nanocrystals previously reported in the literature that emit visible (blue–green–red) upconversion fluorescence, these as-prepared nanoparticles emit strong near-infrared (NIR, 831 nm) upconversion luminescence under 980 nm excitation. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the size and composition of the luminescent nanocrystals. Their average diameter was about 50 nm. The presence of the PAA coating was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The particles are highly dispersible in aqueous solution due to the presence of carboxylate groups in the PAA coating. By carrying out the synthesis in the absence of PAA, YF3:Yb/Er nanorice materials were obtained. These nanorice particles are larger (~700 nm in length) than the PAA-functionalized nanoparticles and show strong typical visible red (668 nm), rather than NIR (831 nm), upconversion fluorescence. The new PAA-coated luminescent nanoparticles have the pottential be used in a variety of bioanalytical and medical assays involving luminescence detection and fluorescence imaging, especially in vivo fluorescence imaging, due to the deep penetration of NIR radiation.
High-Intensity Interval Training, Solutions to the Programming Puzzle : Part I: Cardiopulmonary Emphasis.

High-intensity interval training (HIT), in a variety of forms, is today one of the most effective means of improving cardiorespiratory and metabolic function and, in turn, the physical performance of athletes. HIT involves repeated short-to-long bouts of rather high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods. For team and racquet sport players, the inclusion of sprints and all-out efforts into HIT programmes has also been shown to be an effective practice. It is believed that an optimal stimulus to elicit both maximal cardiovascular and peripheral adaptations is one where athletes spend at least several minutes per session in their ‘red zone,’ which generally means reaching at least 90 % of their maximal oxygen uptake ( _ V O 2max ). While use of HIT is not the only approach to improve physiological parameters and performance, there has been a growth in interest by the sport science community for characterizing training protocols that allow athletes to maintain long periods of time above 90 % of _ V O 2max (T@ _ V O 2max ). In addition to T@ _ V O 2max , other physiological variables should also be considered to fully characterize the training stimulus when programming HIT, including cardiovascular work, anaerobic glycolytic energy contribution and acute neuromuscular load and musculoskeletal strain. Prescription for HIT consists of the manipulation of up to nine variables, which include the work interval intensity and duration, relief interval intensity and duration, exercise modality, number of repetitions, number of series, as well as the between-series recovery duration and intensity. The manipulation of any of these variables can affect the acute physiological responses to HIT. This article is Part I of a subsequent II-part review and will discuss the different aspects of HIT programming, from work/relief interval manipulation to the selection of exercise mode, using different examples of training cycles from different sports, with continued reference to T@ _ V O 2max and cardiovascular responses. Additional programming and periodization considerations will
Engineering Students' Perceptions of their Development of Professional Skills

Engineering Students' Perceptions of their Development of Professional Skills Caitriona dePaor PhD Technological University Dublin, caitriona.depaor@tudublin.ie Una Beagon PhD Technological University Dublin, una.beagon@tudublin.ie Aimee Byrne PhD Technological University Dublin, aimee.byrne@tudublin.ie Darren Carthy Technological University Dublin, darren.carthy@tudublin.ie Patrick Crean Technological University Dublin, patrick.crean@tudublin.ie
Understanding Time Reversal in Quantum Mechanics: A Full Derivation

Why does time reversal involve two operations, a temporal reﬂection and the operation of complex conjugation? Why is it that time reversal preserves position and reverses momentum and spin? This puzzle of time reversal in quantum mechanics has been with us since Wigner’s ﬁrst presentation. In this paper, I propose a new approach to solving this puzzle. First, I argue that the standard account of time reversal can be derived from the requirement that the continuity equation in quantum mechanics is time reversal invariant. Next, I analyze the physical meaning of the continuity equation and explain why it should be time reversal invariant. Finally, I discuss how this new analysis help solve the puzzle of time reversal in quantum mechanics.
Characterizing and Detecting Bugs in WeChat Mini-Programs

Built on the WeChat social platform, WeChat Mini-Programs are widely used by more than 400 million users every day. Consequently, the reliability of Mini-Programs is particularly crucial. However, WeChat Mini-Programs suffer from various bugs related to execution environment, lifecycle management, asynchronous mechanism, etc. These bugs have seriously affected users' experience and caused serious impacts. In this paper, we conduct the first empirical study on 83 WeChat Mini-Program bugs, and perform an in-depth analysis of their root causes, impacts and fixes. From this study, we obtain many interesting findings that can open up new research directions for combating WeChat Mini-Program bugs. Based on the bug patterns found in our study, we further develop WeDetector to detect WeChat Mini-Program bugs. Our evaluation on 25 real-world Mini-Programs has found 11 previously unknown bugs, and 7 of them have been confirmed by developers.
Convergence of the Economies of Nigeria and Cameroon: An Empirical Verification with the Ben-David Model

The purpose of this paper is the study of the convergence of the economies of Nigeria and Cameroon. Are these neighboring countries with an increasingly high level of trade converging? It thus seeks, on the one hand, to verify whether the standards of living (income per capita) of the two economies tend to approach each other over time and, on the other hand, to determine the time necessary for the two countries to fill by half the gap that separates them. Ben David's (1996) empirical model is estimated using WDI time series. The results show that Cameroon reduces the per capita income gap that separates it from Nigeria. The half-life of the convergence process indicates that Cameroon will manage to close half of the gap that separates it from Nigeria in 37 years, all things remaining equal. Thus, if Cameroon wants to accelerate its catch-up, the improvement of its savings rate, its labor productivity and its economic growth rate must be at the heart of economic policies.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Biomarkers in Current Clinical and Therapeutic Scenarios of Heart Failure

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its inactive N-terminal fragment, NT-proBNP, are serum biomarkers with key roles in the management of heart failure (HF). An increase in the serum levels of these peptides is closely associated with the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HF such as the presence of structural and functional cardiac abnormalities, myocardial stretch associated with a high filling pressure and neuro-hormonal activation. As BNP and NT-proBNP measurements are possible, several studies have investigated their clinical utility in the diagnosis, prognostic stratification, monitoring and guiding therapy of patients with HF. BNP and NT-proBNP have also been used as criteria for enrollment in randomized trials evaluating the efficacy of new therapeutic strategies for HF. Nevertheless, the use of natriuretic peptides is still limited in clinical practice due to the controversial aspect of their use in different clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to discuss the main issues associated with using BNP and NT-proBNP serum levels in the management of patients with HF under current clinical and therapeutic scenarios.
Exploration or Exploitation: Innovation Behavior of SMEs and Large Firms during the COVID-19 Crisis

Abstract This paper contributes to the discussion on exploration and exploitation by analyzing the innovation behavior of SMEs and large firms during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. It provides a novel way to measure the type of firm innovation behavior in a dynamically changing environment. After collecting news articles about innovation activities conducted by firms, we applied text mining techniques to identify the positioning of each firm on the continuum from exploitation to exploration. The results of our analyses indicate three main dynamics: 1) all studied firms tend to conduct more explorative innovation activities during the COVID-19 crisis, 2) large and “technology-intensive” firms are more prone to perform explorative innovation activities than SMEs and firms that are not “technology-intensive”, and 3) technology intensity is associated with explorative innovation behavior during the crisis. Our results suggest that considering technology intensity and the size of firms is important for designing effective policies during crises.
Using the Plateau-Rayleigh Instability to Produce HFA152a Droplets

Pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) exploit the volatility of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants, producing flash atomizing sprays. With increasing environmental regulations and concern, replacements for HFA134a are desired. HFA152a is a possible substitute (Corr & Noakes, 2018), however droplet behavior from HFA152a pMDI sprays is unknown. Interrogating the droplets in vitro presents numerous challenges particularly in the near nozzle region (Duke, 2015). Synchrotron radiation avoids some of these issues and has been used to investigate pMDI sprays (Honnery et al., 2016) (Duke et al., 2018) (Duke, 2020). However, tracking droplet changes remains challenging due to the micrometer droplet size and high velocities (Ivey et al., 2015). Development of a facility producing monodisperse refrigerant droplets will overcome these issues, improving droplet analysis.
M ACHINE T RANSLATION FOR A FRICAN L ANGUAGES : C OMMUNITY C REATION OF D ATASETS AND M ODELS IN U GANDA

Reliable machine translation systems are only available for a small proportion of the world’s languages, the key limitation being a shortage of training and evaluation data. We provide a case study in the creation of such resources by NLP teams who are local to the communities in which these languages are spoken. A parallel text corpus, SALT, was created for five Ugandan languages (Luganda, Runyankole, Acholi, Lugbara and Ateso) and various methods were explored to train and evaluate translation models. The resulting models were found to be effective for practical translation applications, even for those languages with no previous NLP data available, achieving mean BLEU score of 26.2 for translations to English, and 19.9 from English. The SALT dataset and models described are publicly available at https://github.com/SunbirdAI/salt.
CTO Mentor Program: Examining the effectiveness of the CTO Mentor Program and its impact on the K-12 technology leader's career

In order to support the 21 century learning initiatives facing California K-12 educational agencies—including the influx of mobile devices, common core standards, online high stakes testing, and student privacy—an educational organization must employ a well-trained, knowledgeable, and effective technology leader. The California Educational Technology Professionals’ Association’s (CETPA) Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Mentor Program certification provides assurance that the chosen technology leader has been exposed to, is familiar with, has a working knowledge of, and can apply the leadership, educational, and technology skills necessary to be a successful technology leader. The purpose of this mixed method study was to identify the extent to which differences exist before and after candidates’ completion of the CETPA CTO Mentor Program with regard to their perception of effective technology leadership in California K-12 educational organizations. A second purpose of this study was to identify the degree to which CETPA CTO candidates perceive the program’s learning activities to be a relevant and effective means of mastering the program’s learning objectives. The third purpose of this study was to identify the degree to which CETPA CTO graduates perceive the program’s learning activities and objectives are relevant to their on the job performance. This study was conducted through the lens of Kirkpatrick’s Four Levels of Program Evaluation. The findings from this study suggest that the CTO Mentor Program provides a course of study that is relevant to the technology leader in K-12 educational agencies, meets the needs of adult learners, and provides a return on investment for the learner, his or her educational agency and the sponsoring organization, CETPA.
Intuitive Priors∗

A probability measure over a multi-dimensional state space is an Intuitive Belief if it is an aggregation of pairwise associations. Associations are shown to correspond to an analog of pointwise mutual information, and a separability property in beliefs is shown to characterize the model. Associations are optimized so as to match the data, given by an objective probability distribution over observed states. The resulting beliefs exhibit inductive inference, generically placing positive probability on states that they have not observed. The model accommodates the classic belief biases documented in Psychology and explains correlation neglect, experience effects, the disposition effect and empirical patterns in overconfidence. JEL classification: C45, D01, D90
Efﬁcient posterior inference & generalization in physics-based Bayesian inference with conditional GANs

In this work, we propose a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to sample from the posterior of physics-based Bayesian inference problems. We utilize a U-Net architecture for the generator and inject the latent variable using conditional instance normalization. We solve the inverse heat conduction problem and demonstrate how the proposed strategy effectively quantiﬁes the uncertainty in the inferred ﬁeld. We also show that the structure of the generator promotes generalizability due to the local-nature of the learned inverse map.
Water Resources Management IX

In this paper, the preliminary results on Crop Coefficient (Kc) estimation are presented with the view to assess the crop evapotranspiration in specific cotton fields during the growing season of 2015 and 2016 in Thessaly, Greece. Several World View 2 (WV-2) satellite images were used. The so-called ETcsat (Evapotranspiration from satellite data) produced by using the Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) based on meteorological data and Kc extracted from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) utilizing the Red and Near Infra-Red (NIR) bands. The values of ETcsat are close to Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) during the cultivation period of cotton and the estimation of ETc is successful. Kc and RedNDVI relationship is based on WV-2 images and water balance in the field scale. The methodology has proved to be very useful for the implementation and verification of any Integrated Management Programme System for optimal agricultural production.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION J-STAGE A dual promoter system to monitor IFN- γ signaling in vivo at single-cell resolution

IFN- γ secreted from immune cells exerts pleiotropic effects on tumor cells, including induction of immune checkpoint and antigen presentation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction. We combined a dual promoter system with an IFN- γ signaling responsive promoter to generate a reporter named the interferon sensing probe (ISP), which quantitates the response to IFN- γ by means of fluorescence and bioluminescence. The integration site effect of the transgene is compensated for by the PGK promoter-driven expression of a fluorescent protein. Among five potential IFN- γ -responsive elements, we found that the interferon γ activated sequence (GAS) exhibited the best performance. When ISP-GAS was introduced into four cell lines and subjected to IFN- γ stimulation, dose-dependency was observed with an EC 50 ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 ng/mL, indicating that ISP-GAS can be generally used as a sensitive biosensor of IFN- γ response. In a syngeneic transplantation model, the ISP-GAS-expressing cancer cells exhibited bioluminescence and fluorescence signals in an IFN- γ receptor-dependent manner. Thus, ISP-GAS could be used to quantitatively monitor the IFN- γ response both in vitro and in vivo .
Oxygen consumption in Great Cormorants

In this study, we measured the oxygen consumption of 6 resting captive great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and examined seasonal changes in their metabolic rate. The oxygen consumption rate was measured in spring, summer, and winter at the same room temperature of 25°C and at the same level of humidity. Each measurement session lasted for 1 h while animals were resting after acclimation. No significant seasonal differences in the mean weight of the cormorants were observed on the measurement day (ANOVA, p = 0.483). The mean oxygen consumption rate was determined to be 14.96 ml/min·kg in spring, 10.50 ml/min·kg in summer, and 16.93 ml/min·kg in winter. The seasonal difference in oxygen consumption was statistically significant, with the oxygen consumption of great cormorants being 1.6-fold higher in winter than in summer.