Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study of approaches to solving open-ended problems in chemistry

This paper describes the outcomes of a qualitative investigation into the range of different approaches that students use to solve open-ended, context rich problems. The study involved a small cohort of students individually solving open-ended, context-rich problems using a think aloud protocol. The problems required the students to develop a strategy, to identify data required and to make estimations. The problems did not lead to a single correct answer but rather a range of acceptable answers. Analysis of the transcripts and recordings of the sessions resulted in a limited number of categories of approaches to solving the problems. Applications of these approaches to individual students showed that there were three different types of problem-solver, described here as novice, expert and transitional. The results provide insight that will help tutors change how they, and subsequent students, approach problem solving.
Component Consistency during Design: A Rule based Evaluation Technique

The automated detection of faulty modules contained by software systems might lead to reduced development expenses and additional reliable software. In this effort design and development metrics has been used as features to predict defects in given software module using SVM classifier. A rigorous progression of pre-processing steps were applied to the data preceding to categorization, including the complementary of in cooperation classes (faulty or otherwise) and the elimination of a large numeral of repeating instances. The Support Vector Machine in this trial yields a standard accuracy that miles ahead over existing defect prediction models on previously unseen data.
Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to Investigate the Intention to Use Physical Activity Apps: Cross-Sectional Survey

Background Many university students are lacking adequate physical exercise and are failing to develop physical activity (PA) behaviors in China. PA app use could improve this situation. Objective The aim of this study was to use the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to investigate the intention to use PA apps among university students in Guangzhou, China, and how body mass index (BMI) moderates the effects of UTAUT in explaining PA app use intention. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1704 university students from different universities in Guangzhou, China. The UTAUT model was used to measure the determinants of intention to use PA apps. Results Of the participants, 41.8% (611/1461) intended to use PA apps. All three UTAUT-related scales (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence) were positively associated with the intention to use PA apps after adjusting for background variables (adjusted odds ratio 1.10-1.31, P<.001). The performance expectancy scale had stronger associations with the intention to use PA apps among those whose BMI were beyond normal range compared with those whose BMI were within normal range (P<.001). Conclusions UTAUT is useful for understanding university students’ intention to use PA apps. Potential moderating effects should be kept in mind when designing UTAUT-based interventions to improve PA via app use.
Making C++ Ready for Algorithmic Skeletons

Many authors have proposed the use of algorithmic skeletons as a high level, machine independent means of developing parallel applications. Since now their implementation and use was restricted to either functional-, or some sophisticated imperative languages. In this paper we will discuss how far C++ supports the integration of algorithmic skeletons and identify currying as the only missing feature. We will show how this gap can be closed, by integrating currying into C++ through code that is compliant with the ANSI/ISO standard, thus, by using the language itself instead of extending it. We will prove that our method does not yield any runtime penalties if a highly optimizing C++ compiler is used and, therefore, is competitive with existing sophisticated languages.
An Experimental Evaluation of Graphical and Color-Enhanced Information Presentation

A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the influence of graphical and color-enhanced information presentation on decision quality, decision-making time and user perceptions of information systems attributes. The experimental design examined the main and interaction effects of report format, color, and individual differences field dependence/independence among the subjects. The findings indicate that the claims made about the benefits of color-enhanced reports are subject to qualification. Even though color influenced decision-making quality in general, and to some extent color was more beneficial for graphical than tabular reports, its most significant impact was on the performance of field-dependents. The decision-making quality of field-dependents with color-enhanced reports was 73% better than field-dependents who did not have such reports. There were no performance differences between subjects who used tabular and graphical reports. This outcome is explained by taking into consideration the underlying nature of the task given to the subjects and how the reports were organized to support this task. This finding suggests that proponents of graphical presentation must qualify their claims to environments where there is a clearly defined rationale for the potential benefits of graphical report usage.
Credit Card Fraud Detection Using AdvancedCombination Heuristic and BayesÃ¢ÂÂ Theorem

In today? s increasingly electronic society and with the rapid advances of electronic commerce on the Internet, the use of credit card transactions have become the standard for Internet and Web-based e-commerce. In this paper, we present a credit card fraud detection model which takes into account present as well as the past behaviour. The detection model comprises of card validation via Luhn? s algorithm, two initial probability assignments based on address mismatch and spending pattern, an advanced combination heuristic, spending-pattern database and Bayes? theorem. Advanced combination heuristic is an improvement that eliminates the conflict of existing Dempster-Shafer theory.
DETERMINATION OF ATRIAL NATRIURETIC POLYPEPTIDE (ANP) IN HUMAN PLASMA

A technique to measure immunoreactive human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (IRhANP) in plasma was developed using immuno-affinity chromatography for extraction. In normal subjects, the plasma IR-hANP level was 25i 15 pg/ml (mean i SD; ranged from 9 to 65 pg/ml, n=40). The level in patients with angina pectoris without overt heart failure was 19 i 8.7 pg/ml (mean i SD; ranged from 8 to 32 pg/ml, n=l4). The level was markedly elevated in patients with heart failure (340 i 230 pg/ml, mean i SD; ranged from 110 to 920 pg/ml, n=l8), and with chronic renal failure (160 i 94 pg/ml, mean i SD; ranged from 65 to 310 pg/ml, n=6). Sephadex G-50 gel filtration studies revealed that plasma IR-hANP was composed of at least 3 peaks; a macromolecular form, a-hANP and its fragment. There was no significant difference in molecular size heterogeneity of plasma IR-hANP between normal subjects and patients with heart failure or with chronic renal failure. Three polypeptide species called or-, 5and yhuman atrial natriuretic polypeptide (hANP) were isolated from human atrium (4, 5). These polypeptides seem to be involved in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume. In the present work, we investigated the plasma immunoreactive hANP (IR-hANP) level by a newly developed method using immuno-affinity chromatography, and the molecular size heterogeneity of plasma IRhANP in normal subjects and patients with heart or renal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS .
Understanding the affordances of navigation metaphors in a collaborative virtual environment

When designing a collaborative virtual environment (CVE) one important decision is to identify the right interaction technique to be used. This paper takes the position that the interaction techniques used in a CVE have an effect on user’s collaborative experience. Paper investigates the effect of three 3D navigation techniques on user’s experience when interacting in a CVE. We report the affordances of navigation techniques using different aspects of user’s experience such as awareness, perception of collaborative effort, presence and satisfaction. 40 subjects were grouped in pairs of two users to perform a collaborative navigation task. Our results show that giving the user’s a direct control of their actions influences positively their copresence and awareness. A direct visual feedback of the partner’s point of view is beneficial for the copresence and the awareness. Finally, the space reference and the orientation in the virtual environment (VE) have an impact on the user involvement. These results provide an initial set of guidelines for the design of collaborative virtual environments.
Mosaic Algorithm for Aerial Remote Sensing Image and Its Accuracy Evaluation

Small imaging coverage and big parallax angle make aerial remote sensing more difficult to image processing.This paper proposes an algorithm for aerial remote sensing image mosaic.The original image is corrected by perspective transform with estimating matrix which is determined by the relative attitude of two images.It solves the distortion problem caused by big parallax angle.Image registration is approached by the Scale Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT) algorithm and a method based on probability density.The image mosaic process is completed by the wavelet transform.Experimental result shows that the mosaic performance of this algorithm is better than traditional SIFT algorithm in different surface conditions.
Migration and Jobs: Issues for the 21st Century

With an estimated 724 million extreme poor people living in developing countries, and the world's demographics bifurcating into an older North and a younger South, there are substantial economic incentives and benefits for people to migrate. There are also important market and regulatory failures that constrain mobility and reduce the net benefits of migration. This paper reviews the recent literature and proposes a conceptual framework for better integration and coordination of policies that can address the different market and regulatory failures. The paper advances five types of interventions in need of particular attention in design, implementation, and evaluation; namely, (1) active labor market programs that serve local, regional, and foreign markets; (2) remittances and investment subsidies to promote job creation and labor productivity growth; (3) social insurance programs that cover all jobs and facilitate labor mobility; (4) labor taxes to internalize the social costs of migration in receiving regions; and (5) more flexible private sector driven schemes to regulate the flow of migrants and minimize irregular migration.
The Entrepreneurial Attitudes of Higher Education Students

An increasing of the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia is required to support economic growth. Therefore, universities in Indonesia have concerned with their important roles in creating entrepreneur trough several ways, for example, they design the entrepreneurship as a compulsory subject in the curriculum. The student’s entrepreneurial attitude is an important factor in creating a good entrepreneur. This study examines the entrepreneurial attitude of higher education students based on their demographic characteristics, such as ethnicity, gender, education, faculty and the family business experience. This study is a survey by using the questionnaire. The respondent of this research consists of 100 students who have passed the entrepreneurship subject from Universitas Negeri Padang. The results show that the entrepreneurial attitude has similar mean value for gender, education, faculty and the family business experience factor. Moreover, we found that the ethnicity and faculty have a slightly different mean value. However, based on the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), only faculty’s factor that has a significantly difference of the entrepreneurial attitude in ten percent level of significance. Finally, some limitations and further research have been discussed. Keywords—entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial attitude; demographic; ethnicity; gender; education; faculty and the family business experience
Ignored or Rejected: Retail Exclusion Effects on Construal Levels and Consumer Responses to Compensation

Among the top customer complaints regarding retailers are experiences of exclusionary treatment in the form of explicit condescension or implicit disregard. However, little is known about how consumers respond to different instances of exclusion in retail or service settings. This research focuses on how customers respond cognitively and emotionally when frontline staff reject or ignore them and on how retailers can recover from such service failures. Findings from six studies using exclusion as a hypothetical scenario or a real experience demonstrate that direct negative feedback leads customers to feel rejected and to form concrete low-level mental construals, while a lack of attention leads customers to feel ignored and to form abstract high-level construals. Explicit rejection (implicit ignoring) causes consumers to form more (less) vivid mental imagery of the exclusionary experience and to activate a concrete (abstract) mindset, resulting in preferences for tangible (intangible) and visual (textual) compensation options. Retailers are advised to align their compensation with construal levels to increase post-recovery customer satisfaction, customer reviews, intended loyalty, and brand referral behavior.
EFFECT OF SELECTED MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON MONEY SUPPLY IN NIGERIA

With the large observed discrepancies between money supply target and outcome overtime in Nigeria despite the assertion that money supply growth is independently and exogenously determined by the central bank, this study principally centred on the effect of selected macroeconomic variables on money supply in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1970-2011. The main objectives of the study were to ascertain how changes in selected macroeconomic variables affect money supply growth as well as testing the money supply endogeneity hypothesis in Nigeria. To achieve the above objectives, the study employs the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philip-perron (PP) unit root test, cointegration test, Granger causality test and Error correction mechanism (ECM) in testing and in the estimation of the relevant equations. The results of the cointegration tests showed that there is a long-run relationship among the macroeconomic variables in the model. The results of the short-run and the long-run estimates revealed that income (GDP), credit to the private sector (CPS), net foreign asset (NFA), government expenditure (GEXP), consumer price index (CPI), interest rate (IR) and exchange rate (EXCH), all have both short-run and long-run significant effect on money supply. Furthermore, the results of the granger causality test showed that money supply is endogenously determined in Nigeria; thereby supporting the post-Keynesian postulation that money supply is endogenous. This indicates that macroeconomic variables had greater influence in determining the rate of money growth in Nigeria. From the findings, it was recommended that in order to achieve a sustainable level of money supply growth that will be consistent with the projected growth rate of the economy, more credit should be allocated to the core private sector of the economy. To achieve this, there is need for the monetary authorities to make credit, cheaper via reduction in lending rate. It is also recommended that monetary authorities should incorporate proactive and strategic analysis of the feedback effect of movement of key macroeconomic variables on money supply growth in it formulation of monetary policy and money supply targeting in Nigeria. JEL: E51, E41, E62 Article visualizations:
Identifying Medical Errors: Developing Consensus on Classifications and Consequences

Objective: To develop consensus among clinical experts on the classification and severity of medical errors in the Emergency Department setting. Methods: A 20-member multidisciplinary panel participated in a 3-round modified-Delphi process designed to classify medical errors common to emergency medicine practice. Panelists used a 9-part Likert scale to score 19 case vignettes in 3 categories: (1) degree case represents medication error, (2) degree case represents cognitive error, and (3) outcome severity. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were calculated for each item. Results: Nineteen panelists (95%) completed all rounds. Consensus on both class and severity was achieved in 9/19 (47%) cases. Consensus for both error classes was achieved for 11/19 (58%) cases. Of these, a single error class was identified in 8/19 (42%) cases, and 3/19 (16%) cases were identified as both medication and cognitive. No case was identified as a non-error. On average, to achieve consensus, cognitive cases required 1.6 rounds, medication cases required 2.66 rounds, and cases identified as both medication and cognitive required 3 rounds. In 8/19 cases where class consensus in both categories was not achieved, the no-consensus category was always cognitive. In 16/19 (84%) cases, panelists achieved consensus on severity. In only 1 case (5%) did panelists agree on error class and not severity. Conclusions: There is increasing evidence that cognitive errors in medical decision making can be difficult to identify. This study suggests that error classification may challenge expert panel groups as well as individual providers.
The Impact of Competition on Productivity. Theory and Evidence

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the impact of competition on firms’ efficiency and productivity. Looking at the effects of changes in competition overtime or analysing the relationship between competition and productivity across many product markets, a large body of empirical studies finds evidence of a positive relationship between competition and productivity, greater competition on the market leading to higher levels of productivity. On the other hand, the relationship between competition and innovation is highly debated, evidence suggesting a non-linear relationship with both very high and very low degree of competition discouraging firms from innovating.
Causes of occupational stress among secondary school in kenya: A case of public secondary school in Mukurwe-ini District, Kenya

One of the areas that is key to the success of secondary education is its proper management of its human resource. These studies were aimed at establishing causal factors of stress among secondary school teachers in Kenya and specifically to determine factors contributing to stress among teachers in Mukurwe-ini District. The study findings will be significant to the teacher's service commission, ministry of education, future researchers and the country at large. The research was carried out by cross-sectional survey. The research design to be adopted in the study was descriptive study design. The target population were trained teachers in public secondary schools in Mukurwe-ini district. The sampling method used was stratified sampling which was used to select 120 teachers for the study. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The data was organised and analysed through the use of descriptive statistics. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to calculate the frequencies and percentages.
Self-esteem and extraversion in predicting problematic smartphone use among Malaysian emerging adults

Emerging adults are said to be the most active group of smartphone users and were found to have high likelihood to engage in problematic use of smartphones. The present study sought to examine the relationship between self-esteem, extraversion and problematic smartphone use, as well as gender differences in problematic smartphone use among emerging adults in Malaysia. In this study, 343 participants were recruited using non-probability method of convenience sampling through online surveys distributed through various social media platforms. The results revealed that both self-esteem and extraversion significantly predicted problematic smartphone use, with self-esteem negatively predicted problematic smartphone use and extraversion positively predicted problematic smartphone use respectively. However, no significant gender difference was observed in problematic smartphone use among the emerging adults. Theoretically, the present study has contributed its new findings to the existing literature, especially in the Malaysian research context which was regarded as limited. In terms of practical contribution, the findings may be useful for mental health professionals and non-governmental authorities in their formulation of related modules and programmes to assist emerging adults who have problematic issues with smartphones. For future studies, it is recommended that qualitative or mixed methods of research to be conducted to further enhance the accuracy and reliability of the findings.
Cluster allocation design networks

When planning and designing a policy intervention and evaluation, it is important to differentiate between (future) policy interventions we want to evaluate, F-T, affecting "the world", and experimental allocations, AT, affecting "our picture of the world". The policy maker usually has to define a strategy that involves policy assignment and recording mechanisms that will affect the (conditional independence) structure of the data available. Causal inference is sensitive to the specification of these mechanisms. Influence diagrams have been used for causal reasoning within a Bayesian decision-theoretic framework that introduces interventions as decision nodes (Dawid 2002). Design Networks expand this framework by including experimental design decision nodes (Madrigal and Smith 2004). They provide semantics to discuss how a design decision strategy (such as a cluster randomised study) might assist the identification of intervention causal effects. The Design Network framework is extended to Cluster Allocation. It is used to assess identifiability when the experimental unit's level is different from the analysis unit's level, and to discuss the evaluation of cluster- and individual-level future policies. Cases of 'pure' cluster (all individuals in a cluster receiving the same intervention) and 'non-pure' cluster (only a subset receiving the policy) are discussed in terms of causal effects. The representation and analysis of a simplified version of a Mexican social policy programme to alleviate poverty (Progresa) is performed as an illustration of the use of Bayesian hierarchical models to make causal inferences relating to household and community level interventions.