Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayes and BOGSAT: Issues in When and How to Revise Earthquake Hazard Maps (IPR-WP-14-14)

Recent large earthquakes that caused ground shaking larger than anticipated have generated interest in how to improve earthquake hazard mapping. Issues under discussion include how to evaluate maps’ performance, how to assess their uncertainties, how to make better maps, and how to best use maps given their limitations. An important question is what to do after an earthquake yielding shaking larger than anticipated. Hazard mappers have two choices. One is to regard the high shaking as a low‐probability event allowed by the map, which used estimates of the probability of future earthquakes and the resulting shaking to predict the maximum shaking expected with a certain probability over a given time (Hanks et al. , 2012; Frankel, 2013). The usual choice, however, is to accept that high shaking was not simply a low‐probability event consistent with the map, and revise the map to show increased hazard in the heavily shaken area (Fig. 1). Figure 1. (top) Japanese seismic‐hazard maps before and after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The predicted hazard has been increased both along the east coast, where the 2011 earthquake occurred, and on the west coast. (http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/map/? lang=en; last accessed December 2014.) (bottom) Comparison of successive Italian hazard maps (Stein et al. , 2013). The 1999 map was updated to reflect the 2002 Molise earthquake, and the 2006 map will likely be updated after the 2012 Emilia earthquake. Whether and how much to revise a map is complicated, because a new map that better describes the past may or may not better predict the future. For example, increasing the predicted hazard after an earthquake on a fault will make better predictions if the average recurrence time is short compared to the map’s time window but will overpredict future shaking if the average recurrence time is much longer than the map’s time window. …
Biostratigraphy of Al-Khasib Formation at Specific Wells in Majnoon Oilfield

Khasib Formation has been studied in four wells (Mj – 1, Mj – 3, Mj – 4 and Mj – 5.) within Majnoon oilfield, Southern Iraq.One hundred and sixty thin sections have been studied by microscope in order to determine fauna and observed the microfacies.Twenty five species belonging to the foraminifera genera: Contusotruncana fomica, Dicarenella asymetrica, Dicarenella concavata, Dicarenella primitive, Globotruncana arca, Globotruncana linnena, Globotruncana lapparenti, Globotruncana bulloides, Globotruncana elevate, Helvetoglotruncana helvetica, Hetrohelix glubosa, Hetrohelix moremani, Hetrohelix reussi, Hetrohelix planate, Leavihetrohelix pulchra, Marginotruncana coronata, Marginotruncana marginita, Marginotruncana renzi, Marginotruncana sigali, Muricohedbergilla delrioensis, muricahedbergila planispira, Marginotruncana schenegansi, Whitenella baltica, Whitenella brittonensis, Whitenella paradubia Six range biozones were distinguished. These biozones are: Dicarinella primitiva range zone, Dicarinella concavata range zone, Helvetoglobotruncana Helvetica range zone, Dicarinella asymetrica range zone, Marginotruncana schneegansi range zone and the Globotruncanita elevata range zone.
The Advanced Effectveness And Efficiency of New Testing Analysis

Testing is the most widely used by the many software companies to develop the product or the project with most reliable. Testing will calculate the efficiency and effectiveness of the product to improve the performance of the project and work with proper way. Based on the testing results the product can be developed more effectively without showing any complications when the product is released. In this paper, the new integrated testing is developed to calculate the testing effectiveness and testing efficiency of the product at the time of releasing and at the time of development of the project. The existing system of this testing shows the early testing which is at the time of the development and the proposed system of the testing shows the late testing of the project i,e after the completion of the project. From the proposed system the cost, penalty, and benefit of a software during its development phase for finding the expected faults and predicted faults to release the product.
Code and parse tree for lossless source encoding

This paper surveys the theoretical literature on fixed-to-variable-length lossless source code trees, called code trees, and on variable-length-to-fixed lossless sounce code trees, called parse trees. Huffman coding [ l ] is the most well known code tree problem, but there are a number of interesting variants of the problem formulation which lead to other combinatorial optimization problems. Huffman coding as an instance of combinatorial search has been highlighted in the books by Ahlswede and Wegener [2] and Aigner [3]. See also the papers of Hinderer and Stieglitz [4] and Hassin and Henig [5] for overviews of the combinatorial search literature. Tunstall parsing [6] is the most well known parse tree problem for a probability-based source model, although parsing based directly on source data is very familiar as Lempel Ziv parsing [7-81, a family of techniques which is outside the scope of this survey. Similarly, adaptive, data-based variants of Huffman coding, e.g. [9-1:2] will not be treated here. Rather, the assumption here is that the source model is given as a sequence of independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables for some known discrete distribution, although on occasion it is possible that only partial information about the source is available. These lossless source encoding techniques comprise a subset of data compression techniques, and broader surveys of the data compression literature are available [ 13-21].
Reconstruction of score sets

Abstract The score set of a tournament is defined as the set of its different outdegrees. In 1978 Reid [15] published the conjecture that for any set of nonnegative integers D there exists a tournament T whose degree set is D. Reid proved the conjecture for tournaments containing n = 1, 2, and 3 vertices. In 1986 Hager [4] published a constructive proof of the conjecture for n = 4 and 5 vertices. In 1989 Yao [18] presented an arithmetical proof of the conjecture, but general polynomial construction algorithm is not known. In [6] we described polynomial time algorithms which reconstruct the score sets containing only elements less than 7. In [5] we improved this bound to 9. In this paper we present and analyze new algorithms Hole-Map, Hole-Pairs, Hole-Max, Hole-Shift, Fill-All, Prefix-Deletion, and using them improve the above bound to 12, giving a constructive partial proof of Reid’s conjecture.
First record of Elasmosaurid Plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) in upper levels of the Dorotea Formation, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Puerto Natales, Chilean Patagonia

Se describen nuevos restos de plesiosaurios (Diapsida; Sauropterygia) incluidos en un bloque rodado correlacionado con estratos superiores de la Formacion Dorotea (Cretacico Tardio, Maastrichtiano), recolectados en la parte sur de la sierra homomma, ubicada al noreste de Puerto Natales (51°41'20,4"S, 72°26'07,4"W), Region de Magallanes, Chile. Se reconoce por primera vez la presencia de la familia Elasmosauridae en altas latitudes de Sudamerica, complementando asi la paleodistribution previamente conocida de este grupo en el margen oriental del Oceano Pacifico y de la Antartica durante la ultima parte del Cretacico Tardio.
Upstream to downstream: a multiple-assessment-point approach for targeting non-point-source priority management areas at large watershed scale

The identification of priority management areas (PMAs) is essential for the control of non-point-source (NPS) pollution, especially for a large-scale watershed. However, previous studies have typically focused on small-scale catchments adjacent to specific assessment points; thus, the interactions between multiple river points remain poorly understood. In this study, a multiple-assessment-point PMA (MAP-PMA) framework was proposed by integrating the upstream sources and the downstream transport aspects of NPS pollution. Daning River watershed was taken as a case study in this paper, which has demonstrated that the integration of the upstream input changes was vital for the final PMAs map, especially for downstream areas. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this research recommended that the NPS pollutants could be best controlled among the upstream high-level PMAs when protecting the water quality of the entire watershed. The MAP-PMA framework provided a more cost-effective tool for the establishment of conservation practices, especially for a large-scale watershed.
A wall out of place: A hydrological and sociocultural analysis of physical changes to the lakeshore of Como, Italy

The construction of a flood protection structure that obscured views of the lake in Como, northern Italy, led to unprecedented public protest in 2009-2010 and to the eventual dismantlement of the structure. This provided a focus to investigate the delicate interplay of technical and cultural matters in environmental policy—in this case, catchment management and flood prevention. This article shows how a focus on hydrological control in isolation from the rest of the catchment and from the sociocultural context contributed to the project's failure. A key message of the article is that data and analyses from the environmental and social sciences are both pivotal to environmental planning, as they inform different yet interdependent components of a single project. There is value in integrating technical and sociocultural knowledge, both at the academic level, as illustrated by the mixed methods used in this article, and at the policy level, through management frameworks that emphasize cross-sectoral learning and public participation. The analysis also reveals that the notion of "place" has a central role to play in this process of integration, both as a conceptual bridge between technical and sociocultural components of environmental studies and as an emphasis in environmental planning activities to foster the interest and engagement of communities.
The Genesis of Crisis Communication in Twitter: from Witnesses to Gatewatchers

During crisis events individuals look for information and try to share useful content or testify their own experience through social media. The research for valuable information is, relies largely on information provided by news agencies and official actors. This collective behavior leads, on a given amount of time, toward the emergence of gatewatching activities where digital media are used to reshare and to control information. This paper will investigate how this phenomenon emerge looking at the Twitter conversations produced during the first five hours after the earthquake that struck Emilia Romagna region in Italy on May 20th 2012. We have been able to detect, in the early user-led phase of the phenomenon, what kind of messages were produced and how user-produced communication results in different network structures.
Development of method for the determination of lead in teeth samples by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry in the presence of K 3 Fe ( CN ) 6 , HNO 3 and NaBH 4

Flow-injection hydride generation (FI-HG), coupled with atomic absorpsion spectrometry (AAS) was used for the determination of lead (Pb) at teeth samples. Plumbane (PbH4) from acid solution was generated by the reaction of potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) and sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4). Forty teeth samples were analyzed and Pb levels were found between 0.66 and 15.60 μg g–1. Characteristic sensitivity and limit of detection value were found to be 0.6 mg L–1 and 0.4 mg L–1 respectively. The precision of the method in terms of relative standard deviation, R.S. D%, for 11 replicate measurements of blank signal was found as 3.8%. External calibration graph was linear between 1060 mg L–1 Pb at 283.3 nm wavelength. The accuracy of the method was tested using standard reference material (SRM), NIST-SRM 1468 Bone Meal. The results were in good agreement at 95% confidence level statistically.
Survey on Security in Wireless Ad-hoc Network

: A wireless ad hoc network is a self-configuring network that is formed automatically by a collection of mobile nodes. In the wireless ad hoc network there is no centralized management. The malicious nodes can access the network, so there are many possible attacks in wireless ad hoc network. In the wireless adhoc network there a is high security risk. The adhoc networks are vulnerable to Dos attacks on the network layer. Black hole, Gray hole and worm hole attacks are the widespread attacks on adhoc networks. In a black hole attack the malicious node attracts traffic towards it and drops all packets without forwarding to the target or destination. The security of the AODV (Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector) protocol is compromised by a particular type of attack called black hole attack. The malicious nodes disturb the data transmission in the network by transmitting false routing information. In this paper we are going to present an efficient Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol that removes the malicious node by isolating it and ensure the safe communication. In wireless adhoc network the new nodes can join or leave at any time. So, an efficient security mechanism is needed to detect malicious node . So, these nodes are to be arranged in spanning tree fashion. RSA key exchange and two encryption techniques are used among authenticated neighbors in the adhoc network to provide more security and thus avoid group rekeying problems.
Internal Corporate Communication and Job Performance: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Telecom Organizations

In modern corporate organizations which are characterized by diverse workforce the leaders and managers need to communicate with them constantly and consistently for better job performance. This primary research aims to explore the impact of internal corporate communication satisfaction on job performance. Random convenience sampling was used to collect the data from employees of public and private telecom sector organizations based in Indore India. The data from 605 employees were processed by using Statistical Package for the Social science (SPSS) and MS EXCEL software. Independent sample t-test and linear regression were used to analyse the data. The study concluded differently from previous studies as organizational integration and organizational perspective have emerged as two very important dimensions influencing the job performance.
Drivers of lichen species richness at multiple spatial scales in temperate forests

Abstract Background: Few studies analysing lichen diversity have simultaneously considered interactions among drivers that operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the relative importance of host tree, and local, landscape and historical factors in explaining lichen diversity in managed temperate forests, and to test the potential interactions among factors acting at different spatial scales. Methods: Thirty-five stands were selected in the Őrség region of western Hungary. Linear models and multi-model inference within an information-theory framework were used to evaluate the role of different variables on lichen species richness. Results: Drivers at multiple spatial scales contributed to shaping lichen species richness both at the tree and plot levels. Tree-level species richness was related to both tree- and plot-level factors. With increasing relative diffuse light lichen species richness increased; this effect was stronger on the higher than on the lower part of the trunks. At the plot scale, species richness was affected by local drivers. Landscape and historical factors had no, or only a marginal, effect. Conclusions: Lichen conservation in temperate managed forests could be improved if the complex interactions among host tree quality and availability, micro-climatic conditions, and management were taken into consideration.
The Potential of Genetically Engineered Magnetic Particles in Biomedical Applications

Magnetic particles are currently one of the most important materials in the industrial sector, where they have been widely used for biotechnological and biomedical applications such as carriers for recovery and for detection of DNA, proteins, viruses, and cells (Perez et al., 2002; Kramer et al., 2004; Gonzales and Krishnan, 2005). The major advantage of magnetic particles is that they can be easily manipulated by magnetic force, which enables rapid and easy separation of target molecules bound to the particles from reaction mixtures (Mirzabekov et al., 2000; Gu et al., 2003; Kuhara et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2004). Use of magnetic particles is beneficial for complete automation of steps, resulting in minimal manual labor and providing more precise results (Sawakami-Kobayashi et al., 2003). Biomolecules such as DNA, biotin, and antibodies have been assembled onto magnetic particles and used as recognition materials for target recovery, separation, or detection. The method chosen for biomolecule assembly is determined by the surface properties of the magnetic particles. Various methods of assembly onto magnetic particles have been reported such as electrostatic assembly (Goldman et al., 2002), covalent cross-linking (Grubisha et al., 2003; Gao et al., 2004) avidin-biotin technology (Gref et al., 2003), membrane integration (Mirzabekov et al., 2000; Tanaka et al., 2004), and gene fusion techniques (Nakamura et al., 1995b; Yoshino et al., 2004; Yoshino and Matsunaga, 2006). The amount and stability of assembled biomolecules and the percentage of active biomolecules among assembled molecules are dependent on the method used for coupling. However, the fabrication techniques have not been standardized. As applications for magnetic particles in the biotechnology field increase, magnetic particles with greater functionality and novel methods for their production are in demand. Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize uniform, nano-sized magnetite (Fe3O4) particles, which are referred to as “bacterial magnetic particles” (BacMPs). A thin lipid bilayer membrane envelops the individual BacMP, which confers high and even dispersion in aqueous solutions as compared to artificial magnetic particles, making them ideal biotechnological materials (Matsunaga et al., 2003). To use these particles for biotechnological applications, it is important to attach functional molecules such as proteins, antibodies, peptides, or DNA. BacMP-specific proteins have been used as anchor proteins, which facilitate efficient localization and appropriate orientation of various functional proteins attached to BacMPs. We have developed several methods for modification and assembly of these functional organic molecules over the surface of BacMPs using chemical and genetic techniques. In this chapter, we describe advanced magnetic particles used in biomedical applications and the
Mechanical Loading Promoted Discogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Incorporated in 3D-PEG Scaffolds with rhGDF5 and RGD

Hydrogels have been described as ideal scaffolds for cells of 3D tissue constructs and hold strong promises with respect to in vitro 3D-cell-culture, where cells are isolated from native extracellular matrix (ECM). Synthesized polyethyleneglycol (PEG) hydrogels are appealing with regard to potential for cell therapy or as vehicles for drug delivery or even to regenerate tissue with similar hydrogel-like properties such as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Here, we tested whether incorporation of RGD motive would hinder discogenic differentiation of primary bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) but favor proliferation of undifferentiated hMSCs. HMSCs were embedded in +RGD containing or without RGD PEG hydrogel and pre-conditioned with or without growth and differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) for 13 days. Afterwards, all hMSCs-PEG gels were subsequently cyclically loaded (15% strain, 1Hz) for 5 consecutive days in a bioreactor to generate an IVD-like phenotype. Higher metabolic activity (resazurin assay) was found in groups with rhGDF5 in both gel types with and without RGD. Cell viability and morphology measured by confocal laser microscopy and DNA content showed decreased values (~60%) after 18 days of culture. Real-time RT-PCR of an array of 15 key genes suspected to be distinctive for IVD cells revealed moderate response to rhGDF5 and mechanical loading as also shown by histology staining. Preconditioning and mechanical loading showed relatively moderate responses revealed from both RT-PCR and histology although hMSCs were demonstrated to be potent to differentiate into chondrocyte-progenitor cells in micromass and 3D alginate bead culture.
MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGRICULTURE Farming Systems

When writing can change your life, when writing can enrich you by offering much money, why don't you try it? Are you still very confused of where getting the ideas? Do you still have no idea with what you are going to write? Now, you will need reading. A good writer is a good reader at once. You can define how you write depending on what books to read. This modern concepts of agriculture can help you to solve the problem. It can be one of the right sources to develop your writing skill.
Mental Imagery in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Schizophrenia

Background: Implicit mental rotation has been studied in patients with schizophrenia; however, no research has examined it in relatives of the patients. Objectives: This study compared the performances of schizophrenia patients with their unaffected relatives to shed further light on the nature of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia relatives. Materials and Methods: We examined mental rotation in 25 schizophrenia patients, 25 of their first-degree relatives and 25 controls, using the Hand Rotation Task. In this task, the participants had to determine the laterality of hands showed in various orien-
Characteristic diffuse scattering from distinct line roughnesses

Lamellar gratings are widely used diffractive optical elements; gratings etched into Si can be used as structural elements or prototypes of structural elements in integrated electronic circuits. For the control of the lithographic manufacturing process, a rapid in-line characterization of nanostructures is indispensable. Numerous studies on the determination of regular geometry parameters of lamellar gratings from optical and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) scattering highlight the impact of roughness on the optical performance as well as on the reconstruction of these structures. Thus, a set of nine lamellar Si gratings with a well defined line edge roughness or line width roughness were designed. The investigation of these structures using EUV small-angle scattering reveals a strong correlation between the type of line roughness and the angular scattering distribution. These distinct scattering patterns open new paths for the unequivocal characterization of such structures by EUV scatterometry.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF FRICTION FORCE VERSUS LOAD

The lubrication between materials in contact is important especially nowadays when requirements in engineering are continuously increasing. The development of computer simulation techniques, coupled with the experimental, provide a better understanding of atomic scale phenomena for nanotribology in thin films. Therefore, the molecular dynamics simulations is used to get an overview into the effects of film thicknesses, shear velocity and loading pressure on confined lubricant behavior.