Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ENTERPRISE SEMANTIC WEB Technologies and Applications for the Real World

In recent years, much progress has been made in developing ideas and tools to enable the growth of the Semantic Web. The core standard recommendations have reached a level of maturity that allows them to be widely adopted. A range of open-source and commercial software tools is now available. Commercial organizations are also increasingly using Semantic Web technology. However, the Semantic Web still has some distance to go before it reaches a point of widespread adoption. There are many benefits that would be attained with the extensive adoption of the Semantic Web vision. For example, it would become easier for individuals to find information of interest on the Web and perform computation on that data. Yet, it is expected that many of the initial implementations of Semantic Web technologies will occur within commercial enterprises, and that these will pave the way for the creation of more general applications that operate on the Semantic Web. Consequently, it is very important that state of the art Semantic Web tools are able to meet the scalability, availability, and reliability requirements of commercial organizations. This chapter reviews some of the business and technology challenges that companies are facing today, and describes how a number of these difficulties could be overcome with the use of Semantic Web tools and technologies. An
Estimation of Climbing Route Difficulty using Whole-History Rating

Existing grading systems for rock climbing routes assign a difficulty grade to a route based on the opinions of a few people. An objective approach to estimating route difficulty on an interval scale was obtained by adapting the Whole-History Rating (WHR) system to rock climbing. WHR's model was fitted to a database of 236,095 ascents recorded by users on an established climbing website. 73% of the ascents used in the dataset were classified as successful. Predictions were on average 85% accurate with 10-fold cross-validation. The results suggest that an empirical rating system is accurate at assessing route difficulty and is viable for revising conventional route grades.
Expression and Localization of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b Potassium Channels in the Cochlear Nucleus and Inferior Colliculus after Long-Term Auditory Deafferentation

Deafness affects the expression and distribution of voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kvs) of central auditory neurons in the short-term, i.e., hours to days, but the consequences in the expression of Kvs after long-term deafness remain unknown. We tested expression and distribution of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b, key for auditory processing, in the rat cochlear nucleus (CN), and in the inferior colliculus (IC), at 1, 15 and 90 days after mechanical lesion of the cochlea, using a combination of qRT-PCR and Western blot in the whole CN, along with semi-quantitative immunocytochemistry in the AVCN, where the role of both Kvs in the control of excitability for accurate auditory timing signal processing is well established. Neither Kv1.1/Kv3.1b mRNA or protein expression changed significantly in the CN between 1 and 15 days after deafness. At 90 days post-lesion, however, mRNA and protein expression for both Kvs increased, suggesting that regulation of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b expression is part of cellular mechanisms for long-term adaptation to auditory deprivation in the CN. Consistent with these findings, immunocytochemistry showed increased labeling intensity for both Kvs in the AVCN at day 90 after cochlear lesion. This increase argues that up-regulation of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b in AVCN neurons may be required to adapt intrinsic excitability to altered input over the long term after auditory deprivation. Contrary to these findings in the CN, expression levels of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b in the IC did not undergo major changes after cochlear lesion. In particular, there was no evidence of long-term up-regulation of either Kv1.1 or Kv3.1b, supporting that such post-lesion adaptive mechanism may not be needed in the IC. These results reveal that post-lesion adaptations do not necessarily involve stereotyped plastic mechanisms along the entire auditory pathway.
Secondary School as a Contraceptive: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Burundi

It is well-known that more educated women have their first child at later age compared to less educated women. The causality of this relationship and the mechanisms behind it however are another matter. In this paper we use a regression discontinuity design to infer the causal effect of prolonged schooling on the timing of the first child as well as the drivers of the effect. We tracked and interviewed 375 young Burundian women who took part in their countries ‘Concours Nationale’, a nationwide test taken at age 15.5 on average that decides whether or not someone can continue their education. Failure or success in this test strongly affects age at first child. As a lot of girls manage to circumvent the test score cut-off point set by the Ministry of Education, we employ a fuzzy method whereby the assignment into treatment serves as an instrumental variable for effective treatment. We find an ITT of -13 and a LATE of -54 percentage points on the probability to have had a pregnancy four years after the test and of -27 before age 20. An additional year of secondary school reduces the probability to become pregnant by 8 percentage points. We also find evidence for several channels raised in the literature to explain the finding (incarceration, knowledge and modernization). The results are robust to alternative specifications.
Decay of Turbulence in Fluids with Polytropic Equations of State

We present numerical simulations of decaying hydrodynamic turbulence initially driven by solenoidal (divergence-free) and compressive (curl-free) driving. Most previous numerical studies for decaying turbulence assume an isothermal equation of state (EOS). Here we use a polytropic EOS, $P$ $\propto$ $\rho^{\gamma}$, with polytropic $\gamma$ ranging from 0.7 to 5/3. We mainly aim at determining the effects of polytropic $\gamma$ and driving schemes on the decay law of turbulence energy, E $\propto$ $t^{-\alpha}$. We additionally study probability density function (PDF) of gas density and skewness of the distribution in polytropic turbulence driven by compressive driving. Our findings are as follows. First of all, we find that even if polytropic $\gamma$ does not strongly change scaling relation of the decay law, the driving schemes weakly change the relation; in our all simulations, turbulence decays with $\alpha$ $\approx$ 1, but compressive driving yields smaller $\alpha$ than solenoidal driving at the same sonic Mach number. Second, we calculate compressive and solenoidal velocity components separately and compare their decay rates in turbulence initially driven by compressive driving. We find that the former decays much faster so that it ends up having a smaller fraction than the latter. Third, the density PDF of compressively driven turbulence with polytropic $\gamma$ $>$ 1 deviates from log-normal distribution: it has a power-law tail at low density as in the case of solenoidally driven turbulence. However, as it decays, the density PDF becomes approximately log-normal. We discuss why decay rates of compressive and solenoidal velocity components are different in compressively driven turbulence and astrophysical implication of our findings.
A Fast and Greedy Subset-of-Data (SoD) Scheme for Sparsification in Gaussian processes

In their standard form Gaussian processes (GPs) provide a powerful non-parametric framework for regression and classificaton tasks. Their one limiting property is their $\mathcal{O}(N^{3})$ scaling where $N$ is the number of training data points. In this paper we present a framework for GP training with sequential selection of training data points using an intuitive selection metric. The greedy forward selection strategy is devised to target two factors - regions of high predictive uncertainty and underfit. Under this technique the complexity of GP training is reduced to $\mathcal{O}(M^{3})$ where $(M \ll N)$ if $M$ data points (out of $N$) are eventually selected. The sequential nature of the algorithm circumvents the need to invert the covariance matrix of dimension $N \times N$ and enables the use of favourable matrix inverse update identities. We outline the algorithm and sequential updates to the posterior mean and variance. We demonstrate our method on selected one dimensional functions and show that the loss in accuracy due to using a subset of data points is marginal compared to the computational gains.
Star–disc alignment in the protoplanetary discs: SPH simulation of the collapse of turbulent molecular cloud cores

We perform a series of three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations to study the evolution of the angle between the protostellar spin and the protoplanetary disk rotation axes (the star-disk angle $\psi_{\rm sd}$) in turbulent molecular cloud cores. While $\psi_{\rm sd}$ at the protostar formation epoch exhibits broad distribution up to $\sim 130^{\circ}$, $\psi_{\rm sd}$ decreases ($\lesssim 20^{\circ}$) in a timescale of $\sim 10^{4}$ yr. This timescale of the star-disk alignment, $t_{\rm alignment}$, corresponds basically to the mass doubling time of the central protostar, in which the protostar forgets its initial spin direction due to the mass accretion from the disk. Values of $\psi_{\rm sd}$ both at $t=10^2$ yr and $t=10^5$ yr after the protostar formation are independent of the ratios of thermal and turbulent energies to gravitational energy of the initial cloud cores: $\alpha=E_{\rm thermal}/|E_{\rm gravity}|$ and $\gamma_{\rm turb}=E_{\rm turbulence}/|E_{\rm gravity}|$. We also find that a warped disk is possibly formed by the turbulent accretion flow from the circumstellar envelope.
STARE2: Detecting Fast Radio Bursts in the Milky Way

There are several unexplored regions of the short-duration radio transient phase space. One such unexplored region is the luminosity gap between giant pulses (from pulsars) and cosmologically located fast radio bursts (FRBs). The Survey for Transient Astronomical Radio Emission 2 (STARE2) is a search for such transients out to 7 Mpc. STARE2 has a field of view of 3.6 steradians and is sensitive to 1 millisecond transients above ∼300 kJy. With a two-station system we have detected and localized a solar burst, demonstrating that the pilot system is capable of detecting short duration radio transients. We found no convincing non-solar transients with duration between 65 μs and 34 ms in 200 days of observing, limiting with 95% confidence the all-sky rate of transients above ∼300 kJy to <40 sky−1 yr−1. If the luminosity function of FRBs could be extrapolated down to 300 kJy for a distance of 10 kpc, then one would expect the rate to be ∼2 sky−1 yr−1.
Sequential selection for accelerated life testing via approximate Bayesian inference

Accelerated life testing (ALT) is typically used to assess the reliability of material's lifetime under desired stress levels. Recent advances in material engineering have made a variety of material settings readily available. A critical question is how to efficiently conduct ALT to optimize reliability performance over different material settings. We propose a sequential selection approach to solve this problem. The proposed approach contains (1) a model updating mechanism to incorporate new experimental data in each step, and (2) a design criterion to guide new experiments that maximizes the potential to find the optimal material setting. To guarantee a tractable statistical mechanism for information collection, we develop explicit model parameter update formulas via approximate Bayesian inference. Theories show that our explicit update formulas give consistent parameter estimates. To guarantee that the design criterion in each step can make improvement on the identification of optimal material setting, this paper adopts an expected improvement‐based design criterion for optimizing the material setting under target stress factor levels. We also give a heuristic on this design criterion to justify the statistical consistency of approximate Bayesian estimates. Simulation studies and a case study show that the proposed sequential selection approach can significantly improve the probability of identifying the material alternative with best reliability performance compared to other design approaches.
Hamiltonian Modeling of Macro-Economic Urban Dynamics: Supporting Information

The ongoing rapid urbanization phenomena make the understanding of the evolution of urban environments of utmost importance to improve the well-being and steer societies towards better futures. Many studies have focused on the emerging properties of cities, leading to the discovery of scaling laws mirroring, for instance, the dependence of socio-economic indicators on city sizes. Though scaling laws allow for the definition of city-size independent socio-economic indicators, only a few efforts have been devoted to the modeling of the dynamical evolution of cities as mirrored through socio-economic variables and their mutual influence. In this work, we propose a Maximum Entropy (ME), non-linear, generative model of cities. We write in particular a Hamiltonian function in terms of a few macro-economic variables, whose coupling parameters we infer from real data corresponding to French towns. We first discover that non-linear dependencies among different indicators are needed for a complete statistical description of the non-Gaussian correlations among them. Furthermore, though the dynamics of individual cities are far from being stationary, we show that the coupling parameters corresponding to different years turn out to be quite robust. The quasi time-invariance of the Hamiltonian model allows proposing an analytic model for the evolution in time of the macro-economic variables, based on the Langevin equation. Despite no temporal information about the evolution of cities has been used to derive this model, its forecast accuracy of the temporal evolution of the system is compatible to that of a model inferred using explicitly such information.
Analog spacetimes from nonrelativistic Goldstone modes in spinor condensates

It is well established that linear dispersive modes in a flowing quantum fluid behave as though they are coupled to an Einstein-Hilbert metric and exhibit a host of phenomena coming from quantum field theory in curved space, including Hawking radiation. We extend this analogy to any nonrelativistic Goldstone mode in a flowing spinor Bose-Einstein condensate. In addition to showing the linear dispersive result for all such modes, we show that the quadratically dispersive modes couple to a special nonrelativistic spacetime called a Newton-Cartan geometry. The kind of spacetime (Einstein-Hilbert or Newton-Cartan) is intimately linked to the mean-field phase of the condensate. To illustrate the general result, we further provide the specific theory in the context of a pseudo-spin-1/2 condensate where we can tune between relativistic and nonrelativistic geometries. We uncover the fate of Hawking radiation upon such a transition: it vanishes and remains absent in the Newton-Cartan geometry despite the fact that any fluid flow creates a horizon for certain wave numbers. Finally, we use the coupling to different spacetimes to compute and relate various energy and momentum currents in these analogue systems. While this result is general, present day experiments can realize these different spacetimes including the magnon modes for spin-1 condensates such as $^{87}$Rb, $^{7}$Li, $^{14}$K (Newton-Cartan), and $^{23}$Na (Einstein-Hilbert).
Towards Concurrent Stateful Stream Processing on Multicore Processors

Recent data stream processing systems (DSPSs) can achieve excellent performance when processing large volumes of data under tight latency constraints. However, they sacrifice support for concurrent state access that eases the burden of developing stateful stream applications. Recently, some have proposed managing concurrent state access during stream processing by modeling state accesses as transactions. However, these are realized with locks involving serious contention overhead. The coarse-grained processing paradigm adopted in these proposals magnify contention issues and does not exploit modern multicore architectures to their full potential. This paper introduces TStream, a novel DSPS supporting efficient concurrent state access on multicore processors. Transactional semantics is employed like previous work, but scalability is greatly improved due to two novel designs: 1) dual-mode scheduling, which exposes more parallelism opportunities, 2) dynamic restructuring execution, which aggressively exploits the parallelism opportunities from dual-mode scheduling without centralized lock contentions. To validate our proposal, we evaluate TStream with a benchmark of four applications on a modern multicore machine. Experimental results show that 1) TStream achieves up to 4.8 times higher throughput with similar processing latency compared to the state-of-the-art and 2) unlike prior solutions, TStream is highly tolerant of varying application workloads such as key skewness and multi-partition state accesses.
Impact of vertical gas accretion on the carbon-to-oxygen ratio of gas giant atmospheres

Recent theoretical, numerical, and observational works have suggested that when a growing planet opens a gap in its disk the flow of gas into the gap is dominated by gas falling vertically from a height of at least one gas scale height. Our primary objective is to include, for the first time, the chemical impact that accreting gas above the midplane will have on the resulting carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O). We compute the accretion of gas onto planetary cores beginning at different disk radii and track the chemical composition of the gas and small icy grains to predict the resulting C/O in their atmospheres. In our model, all of the planets which began their evolution inward of 60 AU open a gap in the gas disk, and hence are chemically affected by the vertically accreting gas. Two important conclusions follow from this vertical flow: (1) more oxygen-rich icy dust grains become available for accretion onto the planetary atmosphere; (2) the chemical composition of the gas dominates the final C/O of planets in the inner (<20 AU) part of the disk. This implies that with the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope we can trace the disk material that sets the chemical composition of exoplanetary atmospheres.
Axion Dark Matter Search around 6.7  μeV.

An axion dark matter search with the CAPP-8TB haloscope is reported. Our results are sensitive to axion-photon coupling g_{aγγ} down to the QCD axion band over the axion mass range between 6.62 and 6.82 μeV at a 90% confidence level, which is the most sensitive result in the mass range to date.
On sparsity, power-law, and clustering properties of graphex processes

Abstract This paper investigates properties of the class of graphs based on exchangeable point processes. We provide asymptotic expressions for the number of edges, number of nodes, and degree distributions, identifying four regimes: (i) a dense regime, (ii) a sparse, almost dense regime, (iii) a sparse regime with power-law behaviour, and (iv) an almost extremely sparse regime. We show that, under mild assumptions, both the global and local clustering coefficients converge to constants which may or may not be the same. We also derive a central limit theorem for subgraph counts and for the number of nodes. Finally, we propose a class of models within this framework where one can separately control the latent structure and the global sparsity/power-law properties of the graph.
The Diversity–Innovation Paradox in Science

Significance By analyzing data from nearly all US PhD recipients and their dissertations across three decades, this paper finds demographically underrepresented students innovate at higher rates than majority students, but their novel contributions are discounted and less likely to earn them academic positions. The discounting of minorities’ innovations may partly explain their underrepresentation in influential positions of academia. Prior work finds a diversity paradox: Diversity breeds innovation, yet underrepresented groups that diversify organizations have less successful careers within them. Does the diversity paradox hold for scientists as well? We study this by utilizing a near-complete population of ∼1.2 million US doctoral recipients from 1977 to 2015 and following their careers into publishing and faculty positions. We use text analysis and machine learning to answer a series of questions: How do we detect scientific innovations? Are underrepresented groups more likely to generate scientific innovations? And are the innovations of underrepresented groups adopted and rewarded? Our analyses show that underrepresented groups produce higher rates of scientific novelty. However, their novel contributions are devalued and discounted: For example, novel contributions by gender and racial minorities are taken up by other scholars at lower rates than novel contributions by gender and racial majorities, and equally impactful contributions of gender and racial minorities are less likely to result in successful scientific careers than for majority groups. These results suggest there may be unwarranted reproduction of stratification in academic careers that discounts diversity’s role in innovation and partly explains the underrepresentation of some groups in academia.
[C i](1–0) and [C i](2–1) in Resolved Local Galaxies

We present resolved [C i] line intensities of 18 nearby galaxies observed with the SPIRE FTS spectrometer on the Herschel Space Observatory. We use these data along with resolved CO line intensities from Jup = 1 to 7 to interpret what phase of the interstellar medium the [C i] lines trace within typical local galaxies. A tight, linear relation is found between the intensities of the CO(4–3) and [C i](2–1) lines; we hypothesize this is due to the similar upper level temperature of these two lines. We modeled the [C i] and CO line emission using large-velocity gradient models combined with an empirical template. According to this modeling, the [C i](1–0) line is clearly dominated by the low-excitation component. We determine [C i] to molecular mass conversion factors for both the [C i](1–0) and [C i](2–1) lines, with mean values of α[C i](1−0) = 7.3 M⊙ K−1 km−1 s pc−2 and α[C i](2−1) = 34 M⊙ K−1 km−1 s pc−2 with logarithmic root-mean-square spreads of 0.20 and 0.32 dex, respectively. The similar spread of to (derived using the CO(2–1) line) suggests that [C i](1–0) may be just as good a tracer of cold molecular gas as CO(2–1) in galaxies of this type. On the other hand, the wider spread of α[C i](2−1) and the tight relation found between [C i](2–1) and CO(4–3) suggest that much of the [C i](2–1) emission may originate in warmer molecular gas.