Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of multidomain interventions on estimated dementia and cardiovascular risk reduction: An individual‐participant data meta‐analysis from FINGER, MAPT, and pre‐DIVA

Multidomain interventions based on management of vascular and lifestyle risk factors could potentially reduce the risk of dementia and cardiovascular disease. Given the slow progressive nature of these conditions, dementia in particular, clinical endpoints may not be achievable within trials’ time‐frame. Well‐established risk scores could be useful surrogate outcomes. In this individual‐participant data meta‐analysis, we assessed the effect of three multidomain dementia prevention interventions on the CAIDE and FINRISK risk scores for dementia and cardiovascular disease, and the impact of baseline characteristics on the response to such interventions.
Single-Molecule Imaging of Signaling Molecules in Living Cells

Single-molecule imaging is an ideal technology to study molecular mechanisms of biological reactions in vitro. Recently, we extended this technology to real-time observation of complexes of fluorescent dye-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR). Detection of single molecules was confirmed by single-step photobleaching. Using the single-molecule technique, the process of dimerization, a key step of EGFR signal transduction was observed. In addition to EGFR, single-molecules of fluorescently labeled nerve growth factor, GFP fusion forms of small G proteins and Raf1 kinase, and a fluorescent analogue of cAMP were observed in living cells.
Dynamic Water Network Topology Optimization of Batch Processes

A water network (WN) for a batch process could be seen as a dynamic structure which changes its topology at fixed time intervals delimited by events. During each time interval, the WN could be abstracted into an oriented graph, using a secondary ranking criterion, apart from schedule. The optimization strategy implies ordering the batch units twofold: by time, according to the predefined task schedule of each water-using unit (WU), and by maximum allowable outlet concentration of contaminants, the latter being consistent with the principle of driving force equipartition across the process. This paper focuses upon two aspects: (a) the optimization of the WN topology particular to each period, in close correlation to the storage tank behavior and (b) the dynamics of this optimized topology, as the batch process runs sequentially toward its completion. The objective is to minimize the fresh water consumption by raising the internal wastewater reuse between water-using units or from the storage tank (ST). The aforementioned optimization of the mathematical model, consisting of a system of differential algebraic equations with restrictions, is carried out using genetic algorithms, which generate the internal flows appropriate for each time window structure. A synthetic network of six WUs, three contaminants, one fresh water source, and one ST is presented and optimized under various scenarios, and the obtained results are analyzed and discussed.
Characterization of Activated Carbons by the BET Equation — An Alternative Approach

The adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at 77 K have been determined on two series of activated carbons and two samples of activated carbon fibres. The carbons were highly microporous and contained varying amounts of different forms of microporosity. Characterization of the carbons was undertaken using an alternative linear form of the BET equation and the results of the BET parameters obtained have been compared with those obtained from the usual classical linear form of the equation. The surface areas calculated from the two linear forms were similar while the C values were quite different. The C values obtained from the alternative linear form appeared to be more reasonable, being consistent with and related to the microporous character of these carbons. The alternative linear form gave BET plots which were more sensitive to deviations from linearity allowing the relative pressure range for the application of the BET equation to be determined without any ambiguity and more precisely.
Thermal Stability and Molecular Interaction of Polyurethane Nanocomposites Prepared by In Situ Polymerization with Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

Polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites were prepared through conventional and in situ methods with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) functionalized with poly(ϵ-caprolactone). The thermal degradation and stability of PU–MWNT nanocomposites were investigated with nonisothermal thermogravimetry and were explained in terms of the interaction between MWNTs and PU molecules with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The difference in thermal stability between the conventional and in situ nanocomposites was also compared. The thermal degradation of all the nanocomposite samples took place in two stages and followed a first-order reaction. The degradation temperature of the in situ nanocomposites was higher than that of the conventional nanocomposites with the same loading of MWNTs. The activation energy at 10% degradation and the half-life period were also higher in the in situ nanocomposites compared to the conventional nanocomposites. Such higher thermal stability of the in situ nanocomposites was ascribed to covalent bond formation between MWNTs and PU chains, which could result in better dispersion of MWNTs in the PU matrix for the in situ nanocomposites than for the conventional nanocomposites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Temporal trends in bromide release following rewetting of a naturally drained gully mire

Abstract. Recently, there has been interest in the occurrence of bromide (Br‐) in natural waters since it has been demonstrated that Br‐, in association with humic substances in raw waters, is readily incorporated into haloacetic acids in the form of organically bound bromine (Br) during water chlorination. We report results of the effects of experimentally rewetting a naturally drained gully mire on the hydrochemistry of Br‐, iron (Fe) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the peat water. Results obtained over a three year period showed that rewetting substantially increased the concentrations of these solutes in the pore water, with peak values of 1 mg dm‐3 (Br‐), > 60 mg dm‐3 (Fe) and > 300 mg dm‐3 (DOC) detected in some samples after rewetting, compared with typical values < 0.05 mg dm‐3 (Br‐), < 1 mg dm‐3 (Fe) and < 15 mg dm‐3 (DOC) under the drained conditions. Bromide, Fe and DOC release were highly seasonal, with the largest concentrations observed in late‐summer to autumn. However, whereas seasonal peak concentrations of Fe and DOC have since remained at these higher levels, seasonal peak concentrations of Br‐ were progressively attenuated over time, suggesting the latter phenomenon is a flush effect, with no longer‐term consequences for water quality.
Visual attention as a model for interpretable neuroimage classification in dementia

Deep learning has the potential to aid clinical decision‐making in dementia, by automatically classifying brain images. However, several key limitations currently prohibit clinical adoption: 1) network design must be optimised for 3D neuroimaging; 2) analysis must be computationally feasible; 3) model decisions must be interpretable. Interpretability is particularly crucial, as clinicians need to understand how and why each automated decision is made.
Impact of MR‐guided PET reconstruction on tau detection and quantification with [18F]‐MK‐6240

Tau PET offers the potential of in vivo imaging neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brain to assess Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression and help guide the development of disease‐modifying treatments. In this study, we evaluate visualization and quantification of NFT using simultaneous acquisition of MRI and PET using [18F]‐MK‐6240 [1]. To overcome limitations in PET spatial resolution resulting in partial volume effects (PVE), MRI‐guided PET reconstruction using an asymmetrical Bowsher prior [2,3] was tested.
Beiträge zur Chemie der Halogensilan‐Addukte. XVI. Darstellung, Eigenschaften, Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur von Hexa(N,N‐dimethylformamid)silicium(IV)‐tetraiodid, [Si(OCHN(CH3)2)6]I4

SiI4 reagiert mit DMF unter Ionisierung der SiI-Bindungen zu [Si · 6 DMF]I4 · 3 DMF (2) (ohne Losungsmittel) bzw. [Si · 6 DMF]I4 (1) (in CHCl3). IR- und 1HNMR-Spektren sind in Ubereinstimmung mit dem Vorliegen des oktaedrischen Kations [Si · 6DMF]4+ mit einer Koordination von DMF uber die CO-Gruppe. Die Verbindung wird in Methanol oder Wasser nur langsam unter Freisetzung von DMF abgebaut. 1 kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe C2/c mit 4 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle. Das oktaedrische Kation [Si · 6 DMF]4+ besitzt 1 Symmetrie. DMF ist uber Sauerstoff an Si in trans-Konfiguration bezuglich der NMe2-Gruppe koordiniert. Die SiO-Abstande (175,4–177,2 pm) entsprechen denen von [Si(O2C6H4)3]2− und [Si(acac)3]+; die CO-Abstande sind langer (126,1–128,9 pm), die CN-Abstande sind kurzer (126,4 bis 129,1 pm) als im freien DMF. Diese Anderungen und Strukturdaten werden diskutiert. Contributions to the Chemistry of Halosilane Adducts. XVI. Synthesis, Properties, Crystal and Molecular Structure of Hexa(N,N-dimethylformamide)silicon(IV)-tetraiodide When SiI4 is reacted with DMF ionization of all SiI bonds occurs to give (2) (reaction of pure components) or (1) (CHCl3 solution). IR and 1H-NMR spectra are in accordance with the formation of the octahedral cation [Si · 6 DMF]4+, DMF being coordinated through the CO group. 1 is only slowly attacted by methanol or water DMF being liberated. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with 4 formula units per unit cell. The cation [Si · 6 DMF]4+ has 1 symmetry. DMF is coordinated to Si in trans-configuration with respect to NMe2 with donation by oxygen. SiO bond distances (175.4–177.2 pm) correspond to those of [Si(O2C6H4)3]2− and [Si(acac)3]+; an increase of the CO distances (126.1–128.9 pm) and decrease of the CN distances (126.4–129.1 pm) as compared to free DMF is observed. These changes and structural data are discussed.
Foliar enrichment of potassium and boron overcomes salinity barriers to improve growth and yield potential of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Abstract Foliar application of essential minerals is considered as an economical approach to enhance growth and productivity of crop plants. This study aims to assess the individual and combined effects of potassium (KNO3; K+= 4.5 Kg ha−1) and boron (H3BO3; B3+ = 0.15 Kg ha−1) on growth and yield of salt stressed Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. CIM 496). Plants were grown in lysimeters and irrigated with 0, 6 and 12 dS m−1 sea salt solutions, for 12 weeks. Foliar application of K+, B3+ and K++B3+ improved plant height and biomass under both non-saline and saline conditions. Foliar enrichment of minerals not only reduced sodium (Na+) entry but also enhanced K+ availability, hence maintained a favorable ion relation (K+/Na+) in photosynthetic tissues. Such regulations along with maintained succulence and production of organic osmolytes (e.g., sugars) helped plant in osmotic adjustment. Salt induced inhibition of reproductive growth was also significantly reverted by foliar application of K+, B3+ and K++B3+. Number of cotton bolls, lint weight, number and weight of seeds and seed cotton yield were significantly improved by K+, B3+ and K++B3+ application. Combined application (K++B3+) showed maximum plant growth and productivity even at higher salinity (12 dS m−1). This approach can be adopted to obtain a considerable crop yield from less productive soils using saline water irrigation and can provide profitable outcomes by converting vast degraded lands into lucrative resources.
Positive Psychological Attributes and Entrepreneurial Intention and Action: The Moderating Role of Perceived Family Support

Recent research illustrates substantial gaps between entrepreneurial intentions and behavior. This is a challenge for entrepreneurship promotion interventions that have primarily focused on stimulating entrepreneurial intentions. However, extant literature suggests that implementation intentions enhance the likelihood of acting congruently to the behavioral intention. Furthermore, theory also suggests the condition effects of situations and the perceived control over them. We therefore hypothesized that implementation intentions mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and action, while perceived family support moderates the movement from implementation intention to entrepreneurial action. Using two-wave survey data from a sample of students at an African university, we measured two psychological attributes (proactive personality and psychological capital) as important precursors of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions present before undertaking an innovations and entrepreneurship course. Implementation intentions regarding entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial actions, and perceived parental support for entrepreneurial activities were also measured 2 weeks after completion of the course. Our results demonstrate support for the proposed moderated double mediation model in which the effects of the two psychological attributes on entrepreneurial actions are explained via entrepreneurial intentions and implementation intentions. We further find moderation effects of perceived family support indicating that implementation intentions more likely predicted entrepreneurial actions in cases of higher family support.
Total scatter-to-backscatter ratio of aerosol derived from aerosol size distribution measurement

Based on in-situ aerosol size-distribution measurements and Mie scattering theory, total scattering coefficients and backscattering coefficients were calculated to derived wavelength dependent lidar ratio S for 355 nm and 532 nm. Effective radius and C/F ratio of aerosol are also calculated to study the relationships between lidar ratio and particle size dependences. The results show backscatter-related scattering properties are more sensitive to coarse mode particle than total scattering. The mean values of lidar ratio for 355 nm and 532 nm are 31.9 ± 6.2 sr and 40.5 ± 6.1 sr respectively, and S355 and S532 are linear correlated for S355 < 50 sr. S355 is highly correlated with effective radius of aerosol, and S532 is highly correlated with volume C/F ratio.
A RAPID AND EFFICIENT METHOD TO PREPARE CHLOROPHYLL A AND B FROM LEAVES

Abstract— Highly purified Chi a and b were prepared from spinach leaves in a short time by a combined use of the column chromatography with DEAE‐Sepharose CL‐6B and Sepharose CL‐6B. The former chromatography eliminated carotenoids, phaeophytin and chlorophyllide, and the latter chromatography efficiently separated Chi a and b.
Gas dynamics of laser ablation: Influence of ambient atmosphere

A two-stage two-dimensional (2D) gas-dynamic model of laser ablation in an ambient gas atmosphere is proposed. The initial one-dimensional stage of the process is related to the ablation plume formation under the action of a laser pulse (duration of the order of 10 ns; fluence about several J/cm2; laser spot diameter about 1 mm) and describes heating, melting, and evaporation of the target, the target–vapor interaction in the Knudsen layer, and the vapor dynamics. The final 2D stage is responsible for the formation of the energy and angular distributions of the ablated material. Considerable compression of the ambient gas around the expanding plume of the laser-evaporated material and a shock front propagating through the undisturbed ambient gas are found. The pressure of the compressed ambient gas behind the shock may be much higher than the ambient one. However, at the investigated ambient pressures below 100 Pa, it remains still much lower than the vapor pressure during laser evaporation. Therefore, th.
Adsorption of Cu and Pb on Goethite in the Presence of Low-Molecular Mass Aliphatic Acids

The sorption of Cu and Pb added alone or in mixture in the absence or presence of low-molecular mass aliphatic acids (LMMAAs): oxalic, citric or glutamic acid onto a synthetic goethite at different pH values (from 3.0 to 5.5) was studied. Copper showed a higher affinity for goethite than lead both in absence or presence of LMMAAs. By increasing the initial organic ligand/metal molar ratio from 0 to 10, the adsorption of both the metals on the iron oxide initially increased and then decreased or remained constant. In the presence of oxalic acid the adsorption of Cu on the surfaces of goethite increased by increasing ratio up to 2–4 and then decreased. Citric acid showed a similar effect but the amounts of Cu fixed were lower. Glutamic acid had the lowest effect on the adsorption of this element onto goethite. Adsorption of Pb was strongly affected by citric acid. The amounts of Pb fixed onto the surfaces of goethite increased up to molar ratio 4 and then slightly decreased. On the contrary, oxalic and glutamic acid had a lower influence in Pb adsorption. These findings evidence that at certain ratio values the complexes formed by trace elements and organic ligands have a greater affinity for the sorbent than the uncomplexed ions with the formation of a ternary complexes among goethite, metals and organic ligands. Vice versa, high concentrations of the LMMAAs destabilize the ternary complex shifting the equilibrium in favor of soluble complexes. The adsorption of increasing concentrations of Cu (or Pb) at pH 5.0 both in the absence or presence of oxalic acid (molar ratio 1) showed that Pb (or Cu) strongly inhibited Cu (or Pb) adsorption, but its inhibition was affected by the initial Pb/Cu ratio, presence and sequence of addition of oxalic acid. The presence of oxalic acid enhanced Cu (mainly) and Pb adsorption more when it was added together than before the trace elements. In the systems containing equimolar amounts of Cu and Pb, the final Cu adsorbed/Pb adsorbed molar ratio was 1.58 in the absence of oxalic acid but greater than 2 in the presence of the organic ligand.
Ketonization of Carboxylic Acids: Mechanisms, Catalysts, and Implications for Biomass Conversion

Ketonization is a reaction in which two carboxylic acids convert into a ketone, carbon dioxide, and water. While this reaction once found its industrial application for acetone production, it is regaining interest for its value in the upgrading of biomass-derived oxygenates, for example, bio-oils obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass. Namely, ketonization is crucial to reduce the detrimental effects of carboxylic acids in bio-oil. This review addresses reaction mechanisms, families of materials that catalyze the reaction (metal oxides and zeolites), and current applications of ketonization in the upgrading of biomass-derived oxygenates. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the ketonization reaction, and these proposals are critically discussed. The role of the α-hydrogen has been proven as a critical requirement for ketonization over catalysts that are active for surface ketonization and serves as the initial basis for the discussion. The role of crucial reaction intermediates such .
Velocity inversion in a stratified medium with separated source and receiver II

An inverse method for determining the velocity in a stratified medium is described here. The method allows the source and receiver used to probe the medium to be separated both horizontally and vertically. An integral equation for the velocity variation is derived under the assumption of small variations from a known reference velocity. A closed form solution to the integral equation is derived for the case in which the reference velocity is constant. The method is tested on synthetic data.
Molecular conformational analyses of dehydroalanine analogues

The conformational preferences of dehydroalanine (ΔAla) were examined through ab initio calculations. The geometries of the minimum energy conformations for N‐formyldehydro alanilamide and N‐acetyl‐N′‐methylamide of dehydroalanine were determined by gradient optimization at the HF/6‐31G* level, and correlation corrections were examined with MP2 single‐point energy calculations. Furthermore, HF/3‐21G ab initio geometry optimizations were performed on nine conformations of the model tripeptide N‐acetyl‐N′‐methylamide of didehydroalanine. The results indicate that the C5 is the lowest energy conformation at all levels of theory. However, the relative energy of the helix conformation decreases when the number of ΔAla residues in the peptide chain increases. On the other hand, significant variations of the geometry upon conformational change were observed for the three compounds investigated. These results permit to extract important conformationally dependent geometry trends. The results of this study were compared to x‐ray diffraction data on single crystals of dehydroalanine‐containing peptides. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Titrations of non-ionic surfactants with sodium tetraphenylborate using the orion surfactant electrode

A method for the determination of non-ionic surfactants is described. The poly(oxyethylene) portion of non-ionic surfactants forms psuedo-crown compounds in the presence of barium ions. The Orion surfactant electrode is used as the end-point indicator in titrations of these compounds with sodium tetraphenylborate. Stoichiometric constants for the reaction of barium non-ionic complexes with sodium tetraphenylborate have been established. The results of titrations of several non-ionic surfactants indicate that an average of 5.16 oxyethylene units will form a complex with one tetraphenylborate ion. Empirical titration factors have also been established for several classes of non-ionic surfactants and used in the analysis for the non-ionic content of commercial detergent products. An average recovery of 96.4% was obtained in the analysis of three standard detergent products. The described method has been used successfully in the routine determination of non-ionic surfactants.
A Note on the Tracing of Herbage Contribution to Grazing Sheep Diet Using Milk and Feces Biomarkers

Milk from grazing ruminants is usually rich in beneficial components for human health, but distinguishing milks sourced from grazing is difficult, and this hinders the valuing of the grazing benefit. This study aimed at evaluating the ability of milk biomarkers (1) to trace milks sourced from sheep submitted to different access times (ATs) to pasture and (2) to estimate sheep herbage dry matter intake (HDMI, g DM ewe−1 d−1) and herbage percentage (HP, % DM) in sheep diet. Animal data derive from a published experiment in which six replicated groups of mid-lactation Sarda sheep had ATs of 2, 4, or 6 h d−1 to a ryegrass pasture. Sheep HDMI and HP of each group were measured on four dates in April 2013. Group milk was sampled, and milk fatty acids (FAs) and n-alkanes were determined by gas chromatography. The latter markers were also measured in feces samples bulked by group. The data (N = 24 records) were submitted to Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) aimed at distinguishing the AT to pasture based on biomarkers previously selected by Genetic Algorithms (GA). Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) models were used to estimate HDMI and HP using biomarkers selected by GA. Based on one milk alkane and six milk FAs as biomarkers, estimates of the AT using GA-LDA were 95.8% accurate. The estimation of HDMI by GA-PLSR based on five milk FAs was moderately precise [explained variance = 75.2%; percentage of the residual mean square error of cross-validation over the mean value (RMSECV%) = 15.0%]. The estimation of HP by GA-PLSR based on 1 milk alkane and 10 FAs was precise (explained variance = 80.8%; RMSECV% = 7.4%). To conclude, these preliminary results suggest that milks sourced from sheep flocks with AT to pasture differentiated by 2 h in the range 2–6 h d−1 can be precisely discriminated using milk biomarkers. The contribution of herbage to sheep diet can also be precisely estimated.