Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Experiment in Students’ Acquisition of Problem Solving Skill from Goal-Oriented Instructions

—In this paper, we investigate experimentally the efﬁcacy of semi-automatically constructed instructions for solving problems that require search. The instructions give advice to the student, in terms of what sub-goals should be attempted next in the process of solving a problem. Our chosen experimental problem domain was the chess endgame of checkmating with bishop and knight, which occasionally presents difﬁculties even to chess grandmasters. Our subjects, little more than complete beginners, were given the task of learning to win this endgame by studying the instructions. We were interested in two questions: (1) How effective were the goal-oriented instructions as an aid to the student towards mastering this domain? (2) What was the form of the students’ “internal representation” of the acquired knowledge? The latter question was studied by our method for automatically identifying so-called procedural chunks from the students’ games. Given the simplicity of the chunk detection method, the reconstructed chunks of students’ acquired knowledge reﬂected the goal structure of the instructions amazingly well.
Effect of Human Immunodeﬁciency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Viral Genotype on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1

The objective of this study was to determine whether the maternal infecting human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV) type 1 clade affects mother-to-child transmission frequency. Mothers in the mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission study in Nairobi, Kenya, were grouped by HIV-1 status of their ﬁrst enrolled child: uninfected, perinatally infected, or postnatally infected. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to determine HIV-1 viral clades of nested polymerase chain reaction products from HIV-1 protease or p24 genes. When inconclusive, sequencing determined the clade. Clade distributions within the groups were compared. The 3 groups displayed a uniform clade distribution. The predominant clades were A (59%) and D (20%). Clades B, C, F, mixed, and recombinant infectionscomprised the remainder (21%). No signiﬁcant association was seen between clades A and D and either frequency or mode of vertical transmission. RFLP analysis revealed 2 clade B infections, 9 mixed, and 5 p24/protease recombinant infections in the study population.
OCCURRENCE OF Exserohilum turcicum F.SP. SORGHI THE CAUSAL ORGANISM OF SORGHUM LEAF BLIGHT IN UPPER EGYPT

In 2005, severe attack of sorghum leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum was observed on grain sorghum G-15( Sorghum bicolar ) and Sudan grass ( Sorghum sudanense ) adjacent to healthy maize plants in Sids Agricultural Research Station (SARS) of Upper Egypt, A.R. C. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in 2006, 2007 and 2008 to determine host specificity type of E. turcicum in SARS on a set of ten sorghum and maize varieties. Two E. turcicum isolates obtained from lesions of infected sorghum plants were tested for their virulence in the greenhouse on seedlings of the same set of varieties used in the field. Colony and conidial morphology, radial growth at four temperature and serological studies of these sorghum isolates were compared with two maize isolates. One colony type was clearly distinguishable between sorghum isolates from nature at SARS. Fungal colonies from sorghum were generally characterized as having dark olivaceous, determinate margin with scant appressed aerial hyphae. Meanwhile fungal colonies from maize had a determinate margin and profuse aerial hyphae about the center of a gray to green-white colony. Sids isolates of E. turcicum attacked only its own hosts, local grain sorghum and Sudan grass, under natural and artificial infections. Our results reveled that sorghum isolates had a fast radial growth in culture than maize isolates at 27°C. At the same time, there were considerable differences in conidial characters among isolates of E. turcicum from the two hosts although they were serologically identical. Conidia of sorghum isolates had a long length range and more septa than of maize isolates (66-145 µm, 6 and 40-92 µm, 4 septate respectively). Based on the occurrence of distinct fungal colony type of E. turcicum isolates from sorghum along with host-specificity, fungal isolates obtained from Sids were classified as forma specialis.
Controlled delivery of essential oils for the management of rhinoceros beetle ( Oryctes rhinoceros L.) in coconut

Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), causes damage to coconut palms by feeding on the unopened fronds affecting photosynthesis Management measures adopted include use of chemical insecticides and bioagents. Though chemical insecticides are effective, the undesirable effect on human and non-target organisms have led to dependence on botanochemicals for pest management. Essential oils derived from plant parts have the ability to cause desired control on insect pest. The limitation for use at field level is attributed to quick decline in its efficacy due to evaporation and photo degradation. Hence, this study aims to develop a polymer based delivery matrix for the release of essential oils more effectively. Essential oils (citriodora, basil and ajowan) and major constituent thymol, caused growth regulating effect in O. rhinoceros at 0.1 per cent. Among the essential oils screened, matrix loaded with basil and citriodora oils were superior with only 18 and 22 per cent incidence of spindle damage, respectively. Pest infestation in the control plots were over 74 per cent. The physical properties of the polymer matrix and dissipation pattern of actives loaded into the sheet were determined. This offers a potential to be incorporated as a component in IPM measures of rhinoceros beetle. used for study
Recovery Algorithm for Space Charge Waveform in Coaxial Cable under Temperature Gradient

The accumulation of space charge in a coaxial cable under high-voltage direct current (HVDC) may lead to the serious distortion of the internal electrical field, and thus extremely affect the long-term reliability of the cable in service. Therefore, it is significant to measure the space charge characteristic in a full-size power cable in real time. However, because of the existence of a temperature gradient across the cable insulation under DC electrical stress, the density of the dielectric will be inhomogeneous. Moreover, the effect of the coaxial structure on the distortion of measuring waveforms has to be taken into consideration. In this paper, an improved pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) system suited for a full-size power cable under a temperature gradient was realized by designing the units of pulse injection and signal detection. Then, the charge density was corrected according to the nonuniform electric stress distribution and the divergent acoustic propagation. Finally, the system transfer function was amended by adding the dispersion coefficient’s quadratic approximation to the general solution of the general wave propagation equation. With this new recovery algorithm, the distortion of the waveform caused by the cable’s coaxial structure, acoustic waves’ attenuation and dispersion, and temperature gradient effect can be recovered successfully.
IMPROVING PREDICTIONS USING QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS

: Selecting appropriate parameters while making any prediction model is a tedious task. Often, while constructing a prediction model, categorical variables are ignored. If we include more qualitative parameters for prediction, the observed results will have more accuracy. Neural networks help in a proper learning methodology which utilizes the concept of machine learning. When prediction is to be made, the human behavioral patterns hamper the test results as it plays a crucial role in any decision making. Employing qualitative parameters in decision making, accurate conjectures are possible. Qualitative parameters are considered fuzzy in nature and neural networks, which is one of the major components of the soft computing, works very well with incomplete data. In this paper we have discussed how qualitative parameters will help in improving, the prediction accuracy, and the decision making logic, to make predictive models more sustainable and robust.
T HE C ONTRIBUTION O F E LECTRONIC B ANKING T O C USTOMER S ATISFACTION : A C ASE O F G CB B ANK L IMITED –K OFORIDUA

Internet banking has the potential to provide fast and reliable services to customers for which they are relatively happy. Due to the technological changes taking place all over the world, many institutions, including the banking sector have taken giant steps to move in tandem with these changes. In this light most banks, with GCB Bank, Ghana, not being an exception have introduced electronic banking in order to decongest the banking halls of customers who spend time unending in order to transact business. The purpose of this research was to assess the Contribution of Electronic Banking to Customer Satisfaction at GCB Bank-Koforidua, to this end some objectives were set for the study. These were: To assess the availability of electronic banking facilities at GCB Bank, Koforidua. To assess the knowledge and patronage of internet banking services by customers, to examine the effectiveness of the usage of electronic banking facilities, to examine the problem facing an internet banking in GCB Bank, Koforidua. This is a quantitative study that employed the use of questionnaires as the main tools for data collection. Data was collected from management, staff and customers of GCB Bank, Koforidua Branch. Findings from analysis of data revealed that though there was the existence of internet banking facilities of the bank, respondents of the study were not fully aware of the existence of such facilities. It was also found that the use of internet banking was quite expensive and that though the bank was utilizing the facility, customers were not fully patronizing them. It was concluded that internet banking brings efficiency in the operations of the bank. Finally, the study recommended that all branches of GCB Bank adopt internet banking facilities to help in effective banking operations and transactional purposes. To maximize the operations and potential of the bank management must endeavor to educate the customers about the existence of internet banking facilities since a few customers were aware of the existence of such facilities.
Prognostic Value of the Preoperative Lymphocyte-to-C-Reactive Protein Ratio and Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in Patients with Osteosarcoma

Purpose: Growing evidence indicates that preoperative biomarkers could be identified as independent prognostic factors in various cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess prognostic value of the preoperative lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR), albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR), lymphocyte–monocyte ratio (LMR), and C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) in patients with osteosarcoma. Methods: A total of 137 osteosarcoma patients treated at our hospital between 2011 and 2019 were enrolled in the study. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. The optimal cutoff values of LCR, AGR, LMR, and CAR were assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to estimate overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were employed to determine the independent prognostic factors. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to evaluate relative risk. Results: The optimal cutoff values of LCR, AGR, LMR, and CAR were 0.14, 1.79, 3.05 and 0.24, respectively. According to the univariate analysis, OS was remarkably associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( P < 0.001), pathological fracture ( P < 0.001), local recurrence ( P = 0.020), metastasis ( P < 0.001), LCR ( P = 0.035), AGR ( P = 0.028), LMR ( P = 0.010), and CAR ( P = 0.004). In multivariate analyses, pathological fracture ( P = 0.025), metastasis ( P < 0.001), LCR ( P = 0.012), and AGR ( P = 0.001) were identified as independent risk predictors for OS. Conclusion: The present study provides new evidence that the preoperative LCR and AGR could serve as independent prognostic factors for patients with osteosarcoma. These findings will help physicians to stratify patients for appropriate treatment protocols and facilitate decision-making so as to improve the patients’ survival condition.
ResponsivenessPeripheral T Cell Number and The Amount of Scurfin Protein Determines

In the absence of the recently identiﬁed putative transcription factor scurﬁn, mice develop a lymphoproliferative disorder resulting in death by 3 wk of age from a pathology that resembles TGF- (cid:1) or CTLA-4 knockout mice. In this report, we characterize mice that overexpress the scurﬁn protein and demonstrate that these animals have a dramatically depressed immune system. Mice transgenic for the Foxp3 gene (which encodes the scurﬁn protein) have fewer T cells than their littermate controls, and those T cells that remain have poor proliferative and cytolytic responses and make little IL-2 after stimulation through the TCR. Although thymic development appears normal in these mice, peripheral lymphoid organs, particularly lymph nodes, are relatively acellular. In a separate transgenic line, forced expression of the gene speciﬁcally in the thymus can alter thymic development; however, this does not appear to affect peripheral T cells and is unable to prevent disease in mice lacking a functional Foxp3 gene, indicating that the scurﬁn protein acts on peripheral T cells. The data indicate a critical role for the Foxp3 gene product in the function of the immune system, with both the number and functionality of peripheral T cells under the aegis of the scurﬁn protein. The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 167: 6312–6320.
Preparation of Rough and Smooth Microsomes

IntraceUular sites of synthesis of cytochrome P-450 and the subsequent incorporation of it into membrane structures of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in rat hepatocytes have been studied using an antibody monospecific for phenobarbitalinducible cytochrome P-450. The cytochrome is synthesized mainly on the "tightly bound" type of membrane-bound ribosomes whose release from the membrane requires treatment with puromycin in a high salt buffer (500 mM KC1, 5 mM MgC12, and 50 mM Tris-HC1 [pH 7.5]). Subsequently the cytochrome is incorporated directly into the rough ER membranes with its major part exposed to the outer surface of the membrane and accessible to proteolytic enzymes added externally. The newly synthesized molecules, which appeared first in the rough membrane, are translocated to the smooth membrane, and are then distributed evenly between the two types of microsomal membranes in 1 h. Administration of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, did not significantly inhibit the transfer of the enzyme from the rough to the smooth ER. It is suggested, therefore, that the translocation of the newly synthesized cytochrome P-450 between the rough and smooth microsomes is mainly due to the lateral movement of the molecules in the plane of the membranes rather than to the attachment and detachment of the ribosomes on the microsomal membranes after the ribosomal cycle for protein synthesis.
DDDT_A_252546 3373..3384

*These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: To investigate the effects of different doses of rocuronium on ischemiareperfusion injury in skeletal muscle induced by tourniquet in patients undergoing elective unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Patients and Methods: A total of 90 patients undergoing elective unilateral knee arthroplasty under general anesthesia combined with femoral nerve block were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal saline group (group S), rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg group (group L), and rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg group (group H). The primary outcome was the expression of dystrophin in skeletal muscle at 60 min after ischemia. Secondary outcomes included the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in blood at 5 min and 30 min after reperfusion. In addition, thigh girth at 24 h and 48 h after operation, the leaving bed time, the incidence of tourniquet-related hypertension and short-term (3 days after operation) complications (nausea and vomiting, swelling, blister, wound infection) and long-term (3 months after operation) complications (joint instability, stiffness, nerve paralysis, pain) were recorded. Main Results: The expression of dystrophin in the rocuronium group was higher than that in group S after ischemia (P <0.05). The concentration of MDA in the rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg group was lower at 30 min after reperfusion (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in nNOS among groups at each time point (P > 0.05). The change of thigh girth was the smallest in the rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg group after operation (P<0.05). The leaving bed time was significantly earlier after operation in the rocuronium group than that in group S (P <0.05). Conclusion: Rocuronium can protect skeletal muscle from ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by tourniquet. The mechanism may be related to the fact that rocuronium can reduce the loss of dystrophin in skeletal muscle and have the effects of anti-oxidation and anti-stress. Trial Registration: The study was registered at http:/ /www.chictr. org.cn (ChiCTR1800019221, registered on 2018–10-31).
Pragmatic skills predict online counterfactual comprehension

Counterfactual thought allows people to consider alternative worlds they know to be false. Communicating these thoughts through language poses a social-communicative challenge because listeners typically expect a speaker to produce true utterances, but counterfactuals per definition convey information that is false. Listeners must therefore incorporate overt linguistic cues (subjunctive mood, such as in If I loved you then ) in a rapid way to infer the intended counterfactual meaning. The present EEG study focused on the comprehension of such counterfactual antecedents and investigated if pragmatic ability — the ability to apply knowledge of the social-communicative use of language in daily life — predicts the online generation of counterfactual worlds. This yielded two novel findings: (1) Words that are consistent with factual knowledge incur a semantic processing cost, as reflected in larger N400 amplitude, in counterfactual antecedents compared to hypothetical antecedents ( If sweets were/are made of sugar ). We take this to suggest that counterfactuality is quickly incorporated during language comprehension and reduces online expectations based on factual knowledge. (2) Individual scores on the Autism Quotient Communication subscale modulated this effect, suggesting that individuals who are better at understanding the communicative intentions of other people are more likely to reduce knowledge-based expectations in counterfactuals. These results are the first demonstration of the real-time pragmatic processes involved in creating possible worlds.
polarimeter: all-Stokes with

Many astronomical objects emit polarised light, which can give information both about their source mechanisms, and about (scattering) geometry in their source regions. To date (mostly) only the linearly polarised components of the emission have been observed in stellar sources. Observations have been constrained because of instrumental considerations to periods of excellent observing conditions, and to steady, slowly or periodically-varying sources. This leaves a whole range of interesting objects beyond the range of observation at present. The Galway Astronomical Stokes Polarimeter (GASP) has been developed to enable us to make observations on these very sources. GASP measures the four components of the Stokes Vector simultaneously over a broad wavelength range 400-800nm. , with a time resolution of order microseconds given suitable detectors and a bright source - this is possible because the optical design contains no moving or modulating components. The initial design of GASP is presented and we include some preliminary observational results demonstrating that components of the Stokes vector can be measured to <1% in conditions of poor atmospheric stability. Issues of efficiency and stability are addressed. An analysis of suitable astronomical targets, demanding the unique properties of GASP, is also presented.
NEW APPROACHES FOR DYEING POLYESTER WITH INDIGO DYES

Polyester fabric was successfully dyed with indigo dyes using Iron(II) salt complex and dextrose as a substitute for sodium hydrosulphite. The dyeing efficiency of these systems were compared with those of the conventional system using sodium hydrosulphite. Results of the color strength of the obtained dyeings are higher than those for hydrosulphite. Furthermore, dyeings obtained with the new reducing systems exhibit very good fastness properties. Rubbing fastness on polyester dyed with indigo is superior to that on cotton.
Identiﬁcation of Anaerobic Selenate-Respiring Bacteria from Aquatic Sediments (cid:1)

The diversity population of microorganisms with the capability to use selenate as a terminal electron acceptor, reducing it to selenite and elemental selenium by the process known as dissimilatory selenate reduction, is largely unknown. The overall objective of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of anaerobic biotransformation of selenium in the environment, particularly anaerobic respiration, and to characterize the microorganisms catalyzing this process. Here, we demonstrate the isolation and character- ization of four novel anaerobic dissimilatory selenate-respiring bacteria enriched from a variety of sources, including sediments from three different water bodies in Chennai, India, and a tidal estuary in New Jersey. Strains S5 and S7 from India, strain KM from the Meadowlands, NJ, and strain pn1, categorized as a laboratory contaminant, were all phylogenetically distinct, belonging to various phyla in the bacterial domain. The 16S rRNA gene sequence shows that strain S5 constitutes a new genus belonging to Chrysiogenetes , while strain S7 belongs to the Deferribacteres , with greater than 98% 16S rRNA gene similarity to Geovibrio ferrire- ducens . Strain KM is related to Malonomonas rubra , Pelobacter acidigallici , and Desulfuromusa spp. , with 96 to 97% 16S rRNA gene similarity. Strain pn1 is 99% similar to Pseudomonas stutzeri . Strains S5, S7, and KM (18, 20). The sequence data were compiled in Contig Express (Vector NTI Suite; Informax). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of related microorganisms as determined by BLAST (1) analysis were downloaded from GenBank, and sequences were aligned using ClustalX (49). A phylogenetic analysis was performed using the parsimony and distance functions with Phylo_Win (13). A bootstrap analysis was performed for all completed trees. Electron microscopy. Electron microscopy was performed at the electron microscopy facility at the Nelson Biology Laboratory, Rutgers University, as described previously (35). Scanning electron microscopy was performed by di- rectly mounting the sample on ﬁlter discs. Nucleotide The nearly complete 16S rRNA and pn1 have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers Further conﬁrmation for elemental selenium formation was demonstrated by XANES analysis.