Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climate mode simulation of North Atlantic polar lows in a limited area model

Polar lows are not properly resolved in global re-analyses. In order to describe the year-to-year variability and decadal trends in the formation of such mesoscale storms, atmospheric limited area models, which post-process re-analysis data, may be an appropriate tool. In this study we demonstrate the merits and potential of this approach. A series of 3-week long ensemble simulations of weather situations over the NE Atlantic with a limited area model/regional climate model (CLM) are examined. The model was driven with NCEP—NCAR re-analyses at the lateral and lower boundaries. Additionally, the spectral nudging technique was used to enforce the large-scale circulation, as given by the NCEP—NCAR reanalysis, on the simulation. The ensemble members differ by initial conditions taken from several consecutive days. In most of the cases, a polar low developed after a simulated time of about 2 weeks, that is, long after the initialization of the model calculations. The spectrally nudged version of the model is very insensitive to initial conditions. The observed polar lows were reproduced in all ensemble members. A reasonable correlation between the simulated polar low features and those derived from a satellite product (HOAPS-III) and operational high-resolution weather analyses (DWD) is found. The polar lows are considerably deepened compared to the driving NCEP—NCAR analysis, but the comparison with weather maps indicates some differences in detail. When CLM is run without the large-scale constraint of spectral nudging, considerable variability emerges across the different ensemble members and the observed polar low often does not emerge.
Response of climate to regional emissions of ozone precursors: sensitivities and warming potentials

The response of climate to ozone perturbations caused by regional emissions of NOx or CO has been studied through a sequence of model simulations. Changes in O3 and OH concentrations due to emission perturbations in Europe and southeast Asia have been calculated with two global 3-D chemical tracer models(CTMs; LMDzINCA and Oslo-CTM2). The radiative transfer codes of three general circulation models (GCMs; ECHAM4, UREAD and LMD) have been used to calculate the radiative forcing of the O3 perturbations, and for a subset of the cases full GCM simulations have been performed with ECHAM4 and UREAD. The results have been aggregated to a global number in two ways: first, through integrating the global-mean radiative forcing of a sustained step change in emissions, and second through a modified concept (SGWP*) which includes possible differences in the climate sensitivity of O3, CH4 and CO2 changes. In terms of change in global tropospheric O3 burden the two CTMs differ by less than 30%. Both CTMs show a higher north/south gradient in the sensitivity to changes in NOx emission than for CO. We are not able to conclude whether real O3 perturbations in general have a different climate sensitivity from CO2. However, in both GCMs high-latitude emission perturbations lead to climate perturbations with higher (10–30%) climate sensitivities. The calculated SGWP*, for a 100 yr time horizon, are negative for three of the four CTM/GCM combinations for European emissions (−9.6 to +6.9), while for the Asian emissions the SGWP* (H= 100) is always positive (+2.9 to +25) indicating a warming. For CO the SGWP* values (3.8 and 4.4 for European and Asian emissions respectively, with only the Oslo-CTM2/ECHAM4 model combination) are less regionally dependent. Our results support the view that for NOx, regionally different weighting factors for the emissions are necessary. For CO the results are more robust and one global number may be acceptable.
Editorial

Welcome to Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice. As usual, the articles in this issue are thought-provoking, insightful and focused on practice. Most of the articles published in this Journal over the last few years have originated from questions about what works in coaching, and more recently, how it works. Our intention as a Journal is to develop a robust evidence base for the field and also to drive forward new thinking and practices that build on what we are learning. In this editorial, written with invited coauthors, Dr Tim Lomas and Dr Jolanta Burke, we explore the emerging possibilities of integrating coaching and positive psychology (PP). Coaching psychology (CP) is an academic field and a professional activity that aims to enhance the wellbeing and performance of people. It is ‘underpinned by models of coaching grounded in established adult and child learning or psychological approaches’ (Palmer & Whybrow, 2007, p. 2). PP, on the other hand, has been described as the scientific study of optimal human functioning (Linley, Joseph, Harrington, & Wood, 2006). Due to a shared interest in human potential, growth and wellbeing, there have been numerous calls for the integration of the two fields (e.g., Biswas-Diener & Dean, 2010; Grant & Spence, 2010; Kauffman, 2006; van Nieuwerburgh & Green, 2014; Green & Palmer, in press).
Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter : An Efficient Scheme for Assimilating Atmospheric Data

We present an efficient variation of the Local Ensemble Kalman Filter (Ott et al. 2002, 2004) and the results of perfect model tests with the Lorenz-96 model. This scheme is locally analogous to performing the Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (Bishop et al. 2001). We also include a four-dimensional extension of the scheme to allow for asynchronous observations.
Women of Vision: Understanding the Ways Women Lead Change

Abstract In the midst of numerous global uncertainties, leaders are expected to have the ability to articulate a compelling vision of a preferred future that energizes and engages followers. In fact, Kouzes and Posner (2009) have argued that “Being forward-looking—envisioning exciting possibilities and enlisting others in a shared view of the future—is the attribute that most distinguishes leaders from nonleaders” (p. 20). Given that context, it is notable that research by Ibarra and Obodaru (2009) that involved 360-degree evaluations of 2,816 leaders in the corporate sector concluded that male raters of executive performance viewed women as being less visionary than men. In contrast, women were rated by both male and female raters as being as effective or more effective than male executives on 9 of 10 other “critical components of leadership” (Ibarra & Obodaru, 2009, p. 66). The authors offer three potential explanations for this anomaly, including the possibility that the collaborative leadership style of many women gives credit to the group for visionary thinking and actions rather than taking individual credit. In the male-normed culture of Christian higher education (Longman & Anderson, 2016), the perception that women are less “visionary” may contribute to their underrepresentation in senior leadership positions. This article reports the findings of a qualitative, grounded theory study that explored how 12 female leaders at Christian colleges and universities successfully developed and implemented a vision that resulted in institutional change. The participants were asked to describe their process of envisioning and the internal drivers that motivated them to persevere through challenges related to the institutional change process. Data analysis led to the identification of four primary themes: (a) the role of internal drivers such as confidence, a sense of purpose, and calling; (b) evidence of a strong orientation toward people throughout the process; (c) language barriers that often seemed to inhibit envisioning; and (d) the importance of the change aligning with the institutional mission and values.
Morphological and genetic evolution appear decoupled in Pacific skinks (Squamata : Scincidae : Emoia)

It has been suggested recently that morphological and genetic evolution may be decoupled in skinks, resulting in morphological similarity between species despite extensive genetic divergence. Emoia cyanura and Emoia impar, recognized recently as cryptic species of skinks sympatric throughout much of the Pacific, are here each shown to be composed of several genetically distinct (on the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequences) but morphologically similar lineages. Furthermore, similarly coloured polymorphic individuals are found in both species, and these individuals have the same mtDNA haplotypes as their sympatric conspecifics. Although the morphological similarity of cryptic species is usually attributed to recent speciation, this is ruled out in the case of E. cyanura and E. impar, as both species are more closely related genetically to other currently recognized species than they are to each other. We suggest a genetic review of current Pacific skink systematics, given the possibility that morphologically indistinguishable populations may in fact represent cryptic species.
Mesoscale wind direction shifts in the stable boundary-layer

The observed mesoscale variability of wind direction near the surface is examined in stable boundary layers. Such direction changes are often perceived as gentle meandering of the wind direction back and forth. However, with weak winds on the order of 1 m s−1, large sudden shifts of wind direction are found to be common, as are a wide variety of more complex variations of wind direction. This study focuses on frequent abrupt changes of wind direction. Various statistics of wind direction variation are interpreted and their dependence on scale is noted. The wind shifts are embedded within a wide variety of complex flow signatures, without emergence of a dominant type of structure. The physics of such variations remain generally unknown.
Direct shoot regeneration from epicotyl explants of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus)

A reproducible procedure is described for adventitious shoot organogenesis in epicotyl segments resulting in prolific plant regeneration of a grain legume grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Among seedling explant types examined, epicotyl segments were most responsive. The highest percentage of direct shoot regeneration was elicited on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 4.0 mg L–1 6-benzyladenine (BA) + 2.0 mg L–1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Compared with four other genotypes examined, IC-120487 showed the highest shoot regeneration frequency (approximately 80%) with maximum shoot numbers (averaging eight shoots per explant) and longest average shoot length (approximately 4 cm). Rhizogenesis was induced in ~78% of the regenerated shoots in half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 mg L–1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Plantlets were acclimated in vermi-compost and 75% of those transferred to soil survived and set viable seeds.
Large-eddy simulation of double-plume formation induced by CO2 dissolution in the ocean

Using two-fluid LES technology, a numerical model is developed to simulate double-plume formation under conditions relevant to CO2 ocean sequestration applications. A small-scale ocean turbulent flow is created and maintained by a forced-dissipative mechanism and LES. Data on ocean currents, temperature and salinity were employed by the model as inlet boundary and initial conditions, respectively. A set of empirical formulae, calibrated with laboratory experimental data, was developed to describe momentum, mass and heat transfer phenomena. Using this model, the influence of the initial diameter of CO2 droplets released in the deep ocean and thermal effects on the structure of two plumes were investigated. The height of the CO2 droplet plume and the local minimum pH within the CO2-enriched seawater plume were found to be very sensitive to the initial diameter of injected CO2 droplets. Plume height and pH are two key parameters to assess CO2 sequestration efficiency and related biological impacts. Thermal effects associated with CO2 dissolution appeared to have limited influence on CO2-enriched seawater plume structure and pH, but can significantly affect the LCO2 plume and the temperature field near the CO2 injection nozzle.
Background

A premise of this work was that literature from the human resources management field, in particular the literature on personnel selection, would inform the question of how to best select residential child care staff. A major focus was literature on the employment interview, which was at this stage understood to be the central focus of the selection process. An exploration of published material specifically on residential child care staff selection followed from this. A further focus was literature that might inform the choice of an appropriate research methodology.
Response of Turkey Broilers to Different Stocking Densities, Lighting Treatments, Toe Clipping, and Intermingling the Sexes

Abstract A total of 7,428 turkey poults were used in two experiments designed to evaluate the interrelated effects of stocking density, lighting, toe clipping, and intermingling the sexes. Mortality was unaffected by stocking density. Although high stocking density had the effect of reducing body weight and percent Grade A carcasses, monetary returns were highest per unit of floor area for birds grown under high stocking density conditions. There was no apparent monetary advantage in extending the slaughter age from 98 to 119 days for males or by rearing the sexes separately to 14 weeks of age. Body weights of birds grown under low intensity, green light were heaviest but this was not reflected in higher monetary returns. There was no beneficial effect on the biological traits resulting from toe clipping. Body weight was adversely affected by toe clipping but this was not reflected in reduced monetary returns. In a windowless building, adequately ventilated, with the capability of maintaining low internal temperatures (not exceeding 21 C), high stocking density and low light intensity may be useful in the conservation of both heat and light energy.
Enhancement of Allee effects in plants due to self‐incompatibility alleles

1 Founder populations of plants are usually small and may become extinct due to many factors including inbreeding and low pollen transfer besides stochastic factors. This positive relationship between population size and individual fitness is taken as evidence of an Allee effect. Very few studies have quantitatively compared the influence of self‐incompatibility systems and S‐allele counts on the magnitude of observed Allee effects for different population sizes and seed and pollen dispersal distances. 2 This paper uses a stochastic, spatially explicit, individual‐based cellular automaton model to simulate the dynamics of newly established plant populations with sporophytic or gametophytic self‐incompatibility (SI) alleles and compares these to a null (Mendelian) population. Parameters varied in model simulation are the S‐allele count, the initial population size, and the pollen and seed dispersal distances. These parameters were studied over a wide range to assess their relative impact on population viability compared to the null case in order to model the effect of self‐incompatibility on population fitness. 3 The results indicate that Allee effects are enhanced and growth rates are slowed in newly established populations of species with S‐alleles relative to Mendelian populations, leading to enhanced extinction risk. They also show the importance of the relationship between pollen and seed dispersal ranges on the fitness of the population. Populations with sporophytic self‐incompatibility were more extinction‐prone than those with gametophytic SI, and the latter more so than Mendelian populations when all other factors were held constant. 4 Synthesis. Overall, the simulation results indicate that Allee effects in small populations are enhanced in plants with S‐alleles. Even in relatively large populations, S‐allele count controls the strength of observed Allee effects. A high S‐allele count is able to compensate for lower initial population size. Pollen and seed dispersal ranges had a similarly strong effect on the viability of populations with S‐alleles. These effects are stronger in populations with sporophytic self‐incompatibility than in those with gametophytic SI. Simulation results also indicate that S‐alleles were not lost to genetic drift over time, in contrast with some earlier studies of S‐allele systems displaying Allee effects.
The Relative Rates of Evolution of Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes

We develop models of the rates of evolution at sex-linked and autosomal loci and of the rates of fixation of chromosomal rearrangements involving sex chromosomes and autosomes. We show that the substitution of selectively favorable mutations often proceeds more rapidly for X- or Y-linked loci than for the autosomes, provided that mutations are recessive or partially recessive on the average. Selection acting on a quantitative character is expected to result in similar long-term rates of gene substitution for X-linked and autosomal loci, unless there is strong directional dominance. Short-term responses to such selection often preferentially fix alleles at autosomal loci. The fixation of slightly deleterious alleles by random drift and the stochastic turnover of alleles at loci controlling quantitative characters under stabilizing selection usually proceed somewhat more slowly at sex-linked loci. In contrast, the fixation of underdominant chromosomal rearrangements by random genetic drift is faster with sex linkage. Sex-specific selection may also differentially favor the fixation of sex-linked rearrangements. These results are discussed in relation to genetic and cytological data on species differences. We show that the frequently disproportionate effects of the sex chromosomes on interspecific inviability or sterility are consistent with the hypothesis that the gene differences concerned involve recessive or partially recessive alleles fixed by selection. Haldane's rule is readily interpreted in this light. There is little evidence for strong effects of the sex chromosomes on quantitative characters in interspecific crosses, in accordance with our theoretical results. Thus, the evolution of reproductive isolation may not be the byproduct of selective change in additively inherited, polygenic traits. Rather, it may be due mainly to the fixation of favorable mutations whose effects on fitness reflect locus-specific effects on the phenotype. These mutations behave as major genes in the sense of contributing the bulk of the genetic variance in the characters that they control during the course of the mutations' substitution. The data on the genetics of short-term responses to selection in Drosophila are hard to interpret, but, in accordance with theory, these responses do not usually seem to involve the X chromosome disproportionately. In some groups, there is evidence for a disproportionate role of the sex chromosomes in chromosomal changes, but others show no clear pattern. Factors that may distort the expectations of the simple models of chromosomal evolution are discussed.
Verification and intercomparison of mesoscale ensemble prediction systems in the Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project

During the period around the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project (B08RDP) was conducted as part of the World Weather Research Program short-range weather forecasting research project. Mesoscale ensemble prediction (MEP) experiments were carried out by six organizations in nearreal time, in order to share their experiences in the development of MEP systems. The purpose of this study is to objectively verify these experiments and to clarify the problems associated with the current MEP systems through the same experiences. Verification was performed using the MEP outputs interpolated into a common verification domain with a horizontal resolution of 15 km. For all systems, the ensemble spreads grew as the forecast time increased, and the ensemble mean improved the forecast errors compared with individual control forecasts in the verification against the analysis fields. However, each system exhibited individual characteristics according to the MEP method. Some participants used physical perturbation methods. The significance of these methods was confirmed by the verification. However, the mean error (ME) of the ensemble forecast in some systems was worse than that of the individual control forecast. This result suggests that it is necessary to pay careful attention to physical perturbations.
Ensemble covariances adaptively localized with ECO-RAP. Part 1: tests on simple error models

Abstract In atmospheric data assimilation (DA), observations over a 6–12-h time window are used to estimate the state. Nonadaptive moderation or localization functions are widely used in ensemble DA to reduce the amplitude of spurious ensemble correlations. These functions are inappropriate (1) if true error correlation functions move a comparable distance to the localization length scale over the time window and/or (2) if the widths of true error correlation functions are highly flow dependent. A method for generating localization functions that move with the true error correlation functions and that also adapt to the width of the true error correlation function is given. The method uses ensemble correlations raised to a power (ECO-RAP). A gallery of periodic one-dimensional error models is used to show how the method uses error propagation information and error correlation width information retained by powers of raw ensemble correlations to propagate and adaptively adjust the width of the localization function. It is found that ECORAP localization outperforms non-adaptive localization when the true errors are propagating or the error correlation length scale is varying and is as good as non-adaptive localization when such variations in error covariance structure are absent.In atmospheric data assimilation (DA), observations over a 6–12-h time window are used to estimate the state. Nonadaptive moderation or localization functions are widely used in ensemble DA to reduce the amplitude of spurious ensemble correlations. These functions are inappropriate (1) if true error correlation functions move a comparable distance to the localization length scale over the time window and/or (2) if the widths of true error correlation functions are highly flow dependent. A method for generating localization functions that move with the true error correlation functions and that also adapt to the width of the true error correlation function is given. The method uses ensemble correlations raised to a power (ECO-RAP). A gallery of periodic one-dimensional error models is used to show how the method uses error propagation information and error correlation width information retained by powers of raw ensemble correlations to propagate and adaptively adjust the width of the localization function. It is found that ECORAP localization outperforms non-adaptive localization when the true errors are propagating or the error correlation length scale is varying and is as good as non-adaptive localization when such variations in error covariance structure are absent.