Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Methods and Aetosaur Interrelationships: A Rejoinder

FARRIS, J. S. , AND M. KALLERSJO. 1998. Asymmetry and explanations. Cladistics 14:159–166. FARRIS, J. S. , M. KALLERSJO, AND J. E. DE LAET. 2001. Branch lengths do not indicate support—Even in maximum likelihood. Cladistics 17:298–299. FELSENSTEIN, J. 1993. PHYLIP: Phylogeny inference package, version 3.5c. Documentation and program. Department of Genetics, Univ. Washington, Seattle. KIMURA, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16:111–120.
Click-evoked Cervical Myogenic Potential in Humans

Colebatch and Halmagyi (1992) reported that human average evoked myogenic potential in response to clicks shows a characteristic short-latency positivity-negativity, and that this is abolished by selective vestibular neurectomy. Therefore, this clickevoked myogenic potential is thought to be due to vestibulo-collic reflex, and expected to respond to a new vestibular test. We have examined this response in healthy normal subjects and patients with neurotological disease since 1994, and will discuss these cases to evaluate the significance of this test. In normal subjects, the myogenic potential to the click in the unilateral ear, whose peak latency of positive and negative wave were averaged at 13.6 and 23.0 msec, respectively, was found ipsilaterally. In addition, averaged threshold of the potential was 87 dB. Wave form and peak latency of myogenic potential were similar on each side. In patients with profound hearing loss and normal caloric response, the myogenic potential was present. However, in patients with moderate hearing loss and no caloric response, the myogenic potential was lost.These findings suggest that the click-evoked short-latency myogenic potential may originate not from the cochlear but vestibular end organ.
Older Adult Compliance with Physiotherapy-Prescribed Home Exercise for Balance: A Systematic Review

Purpose: Impaired balance is a significant cause of falls among community-dwelling older adults. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine current evidence on the compliance of men and women over 60 years of age with home exercise programs for balance prescribed by a physiotherapist, and to explore the relationship between compliance and patient outcomes. Method: Electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL) between December 2012-January 2013. Strict a priori inclusion criteria were used to identify eligible articles, which were scored using a modified Downs and Black checklist by two independent reviewers. Results: Four articles met inclusion criteria. The results of these studies revealed self-reported compliance rates between 50% and 97%; however, compliance appeared to vary depending on the level of clinician supervision and type of compliance measure. Two studies showed no functional gains in balance, and two showed significant improvements in balance. Conclusion: Based on the small number of eligible studies, compliance with home-based exercises prescribed for balance training among older adults varies, with increased compliance appearing to be associated with increased clinician supervision. Further research is required to determine the efficacy of physiotherapist-prescribed home exercise programs for functional balance outcomes.
PRINCIPLES OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN NEUROLOGICAL ILLNESS

Palliative care has been defined as an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illnesses, through the prevention and relief of suffering. Unfortunately, many neurologists have received inadequate training in its principles and practice. This chapter will provide an overview of palliative care, emphasizing first the critical communication skills necessary for physicians dealing with patients with very serious, often fatal, disorders. Ethical concerns will be introduced but discussed in greater detail in a subsequent chapter. Specific symptomatic management issues, including pain, fatigue, and dyspnea, will be addressed. Metastatic cord compression is a prototypical example of pain in the context of cancer and will serve as a focal point of the discussion of pain.
Atrazine Inhibits Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Release Without Altering GnRH Messenger RNA or Protein Levels in the Female Rat 1 Running Title: Atrazine's effects on GnRH expression and release

Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used pre-emergence/early post-emergence herbicide. Previous work has shown that exposure to high doses of ATR in rats results in blunting of the hormoneinduced LH surge and inhibition of pulsatile LH release without significantly reducing pituitary sensitivity to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Accompanying the reduction in the LH surge was an attenuation of GnRH neuronal activation. These findings suggest that ATR exposure may be acting to inhibit GnRH release. In this study, we examined GnRH directly to determine the effect of high doses of ATR on GnRH pulsatile release, gene expression and peptide levels in the female rat. Ovariectomized adult female Wistar rats were treated with ATR (200 mg/kg) or vehicle for 4 days via gavage. Following the final treatment, GnRH release was measured from ex vivo hypothalamic explants for 3 h. In another experiment, animals were administered either vehicle or ATR (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) daily for 4 days. Following treatment, in situ hybridization was performed to examine total GnRH mRNA and the primary GnRH heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) transcript. Finally, GnRH immunoreactivity and total peptide levels were measured in hypothalamic tissue of treated animals. ATR treatment resulted in no changes to GnRH gene expression, peptide levels or immunoreactivity but a reduction in GnRH pulse frequency and increased pulse amplitude. These findings suggest that ATR acts to inhibit the secretory dynamics of GnRH pulses without interfering with GnRH mRNA and protein synthesis. Summary: In vivo atrazine inhibits GnRH pulse frequency in rat hypothalamic explants with no change to GnRH gene expression or protein level.
Tissue-Restricted Transcription from a Conserved Intragenic CpG Island in the Klf1 Gene in Mice Running Title: Intragenic transcripts from the Klf1 CGI

Beyond Mendelian inheritance, an understanding of the complexities and consequences of the transfer of non-hereditary information to successive generations is at an early stage. Such epigenetic functionality is exemplified by DNA methylation and, as genomewide high-throughput methodologies emerge, is increasingly being considered in the context of conserved intragenic and intergenic CpG islands that function as alternate sites of transcription initiation. Here we characterize an intragenic CpG island in exon 2 of the protein-coding mouse Klf1 gene, from which clustered transcription initiation sites yield positive-strand, severely truncated, capped and spliced RNAs. Expression from this CpG island in the testis begins between Postnatal Days 14–20, increases during development and is temporally-correlated with the maturation of secondary spermatocytes as they become the dominant cell population in the seminiferous epithelium. Only full-length KLF1-encoding mRNAs are detected in the hematopoietic tissue, spleen; thus, expression from the exon 2 CpG island is both developmentally regulated and tissue-restricted. DNA methylation analysis indicates that spatiotemporal expression from the Klf1 CpG island is not associated with hypermethylation. Finally, our computational analysis from multiple species confirms intragenic transcription initiation and indicates that the KLF1 CpG island is evolutionarily conserved. Currently we have no evidence that these truncated RNAs can be translated via non-conventional mechanisms such as in-frame, conserved non-AUG-dependent Kozak consensus sequences; however, high quality carboxyl-terminal antibodies will more effectively address this issue.
1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the structure of the title compound, C15H14O2S, the benzene ring is nearly coplanar with the thiophene ring. The hydroxy group substituted at C2 position is in an antiperiplanar conformation with respect to the phenyl ring. The crystal structure exhibits weak intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding.
Molecular+Characterization+on+18S+rRNA+Gene+of+Hepatozoon+canis+from+Suspected+Clinical+Infections+in+Taiwan+Dog+Cases

The aim of this study was to investigate the species of Hepatozoon spp. in dogs in Taiwan. Blood samples were collected from 714 dogs and DNA was extracted and analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction. Of the 714 animals, 15 (2.1%) cases were polymerase chain reaction-positive with Hepatozoon-genus specific primers. By sequence analysis, the partial sequences (666 bp) of the 18S rRNA gene among specified 15 samples with Hepatozoon spp. were shown mutually identical and with 100% similarity to other sequences of H. canis isolates including two Spain cases respectively from Old World red fox Vulpes vulpes (AY731062) and dog (AY461378), one Venezuela case from dog (DQ439543), and one USA case from dog (AF176835). With the phylogenetic tree in this report, the Taiwan cases with H. canis DNA isolates were shown at closest relevance to the cases with Vennezuela 1, Spain 2, Spain 3, USA and Australia strains. To our knowledge, this clinical case report represents the initiative molecular characterization on the 18S rRNA gene sequences of H. canis DNA isolates within the dog population in Taiwan.
Laser beam distorted wavefront correction based on deformable mirror eigenmodes

Abstract. To improve the performance of wireless laser communication (WLC) systems, wavefront sensorless adaptive optics based on deformable mirror (DM) eigenmodes was used to correct the distorted far-field spot. A set of DM eigenmodes conforming to the derivative–orthogonal relationship is derived, and the system simulation model under different atmospheric turbulence intensities is established by combining Fresnel diffraction and multiphase screen transmission principle. The influence of mode bias on the correction effect is analyzed. The ability of the proposed method to correct the distorted far-field spot was studied by using Strehl ratio (SR) as the evaluation index. The influence of the proposed method on the coupling efficiency of single-mode fiber and bit error rate performance of the WLC system is discussed. Indoor and outdoor experimental systems were built. The indoor experiment results show that the proposed method can increase the SR of the system from 0.11, 0.32, and 0.56 to 0.57, 0.71, and 0.88, respectively. The outdoor experiment results show that the proposed method can effectively correct the wavefront distortion caused by dynamic atmospheric turbulence.
Dynamic search fireworks algorithm with chaos

As a relatively new algorithm for swarm intelligence, fireworks algorithm imitates the explosion process of fireworks. A different amplitude in dynamic search fireworks algorithm is presented for an improvement of enhanced fireworks algorithm. This paper integrates chaos with the dynamic search fireworks algorithm so as to further improve the performance and achieve global optimization. Three different variants of dynamic search fireworks algorithm with chaos are introduced and 10 chaotic maps are used to tune either the amplification coefficient C a or the reduction coefficient C r . Twelve benchmark functions are verified in use of the dynamic search fireworks algorithm with chaos (dynamic search fireworks algorithm). The dynamic search fireworks algorithm significantly outperformed the Fireworks Algorithm, enhanced fireworks algorithm, and dynamic search fireworks algorithm based on solution accuracy. The highest performance was seen when dynamic search fireworks algorithm was used with a Gauss/mouse map to tune Ca. Additionally, the dynamic search fireworks algorithm was compared with the firefly algorithm, harmony search, bat algorithm, and standard particle swarm optimization (SPSO2011). Study results indicated that the dynamic search fireworks algorithm has the highest accuracy solution among the five algorithms.
Communication Skills Training Significantly Improves Lung Cancer Patient`sUnderstanding

Introduction: We investigated whether a communication skill training (CST) for physicians leads to improved satisfaction of patients with the disclosure procedure about lung cancer and whether the patient´s recall can be improved. Methods: In an observation study 101 patients, who were disclosed about their lung cancer diagnosis, were questioned about the recall and satisfaction regarding diagnosis, therapy and therapy goal. The contents of the physicians’ structured questionnaire were then matched with the questions posed to patients in interviews regarding recall. A total of 37 physicians from the lung cancer center attended to a structured CST with simulated patients on basis of the SPIKES model. After this intervention, 100 diagnosed patients were interviewed accordingly. Results: Patients recall of diagnosis and therapy was very high in the observational study (correct recall of diagnosis 86%, correct recall of therapy 81%). The recall results of the physicians trained in communication were comparably high (80% and 82%). The recall of the therapeutic goal respectively, were initially low (42%) and could be raised significantly using the CST (61%; p=0.009). The level of satisfaction with the conversation about diagnosis and therapy was high in both studies. Patients` satisfaction with communication about the treatment goal improved significantly when disclosed by trained physicians (81% versus 53%; p<0.001). Conclusion: Lung cancer patients do understand the therapeutic goal and their prognosis better, if the disclosing physician took part in a CST. Moreover, patients are more satisfied with the conversation about their prognosis, when trained physicians explain the disease.
High prevalence of gallbladder involvement during hepatitis: An outbreak in a paediatric population

Acute hepatitis A (AHA) in children usually has generally benign course. In literature, there are several descriptions of gallbladder involvement in AHA, but there are few data on the pediatric population. Fifteen children living in a Romani camp or in the neighbourhoods with AHA were admitted. 57% of children who underwent abdomen ultrasounds showed a significant gallbladder involvement and none of the patients required further diagnostic exams or surgical evaluation. This high frequency of gallbladder involvement is not usually described in pediatric AHA. Furthermore, this is the first Italian AHA outbreak in Romani children population reported in medical literature. Key words: Gallbladder wall thickening, children, hepatitis A, outbreak, Romani population.
Application of shotgun metagenomics to smoked salmon experimentally spiked: Comparison between sequencing and microbiological data using different bioinformatic approaches

The aims of this study were i) to evaluate the possibility to detect and possibly quantify microorganisms belonging to different domains experimentally spiked in smoked salmon at known concentrations using shotgun metagenomics; ii) to compare the sequencing results using four bioinformatic tools. The salmon was spiked with six species of bacteria, including potential foodborne pathogens, as well as Cryptosporidium parvum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1. After spiking, the salmon was kept refrigerated before DNA extraction, library preparation and sequencing at 7 Gbp in paired ends at 150 bp. The bioinformatic tools named MG-RAST, OneCodex, CosmosID and MgMapper were used for the sequence analysis and the data provided were compared using STAMP. All bacteria spiked in the salmon were identified using all bioinformatic tools. Such tools were also able to assign the higher abundances to the species Propionibacterium freudenreichii spiked at the highest concentration in comparison to the other bacteria. Nevertheless, different abundances were quantified for bacteria spiked in the salmon at the same cell concentration. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected by all bioinformatics tools, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae by MG-RAST only. Finally, the DNA virus was detected by CosmosID and OneCodex only. Overall, the results of this study showed that shotgun metagenomics can be applied to detect microorganisms belonging to different domains in the same food sample. Nevertheless, a direct correlation between cell concentration of each spiked microorganism and number of corresponding reads cannot be established yet.
The preventive effect of Apocynum venetum polyphenols on D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in mice

Apocynum venetum is a traditional medicine that is rich in polyphenols. Apocynum venetum polyphenol extract (AVP) contains the active substances neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragaloside and rosmarinic acid. In the present study, the preventive effect of AVP against D-galactose-induced oxidative stress was studied in a mouse model. The sera, skin, livers and spleens of mice were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. The biochemical results showed that AVP improved the thymus, brain, heart, liver, spleen and kidney indices in a mouse model of oxidative stress. AVP was also able to reverse the reduction in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and glutathione, and increased the levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde identified in the serum, liver, spleen and brain of mice exposed to oxidative stress. Pathological observations confirmed that AVP could inhibit oxidative damage to the skin, liver and spleen of mice caused by D-galactose. Further molecular biological experiments also demonstrated that AVP increased the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, catalase, heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver and spleen of treated mice compared to controls. Notably, the preventive effect of AVP against D-galactose-induced oxidative damage in mice was better than that of the confirmed antioxidant vitamin C. In conclusion, AVP exhibited an antioxidant effect and the AVP-rich Apocynum venetum may be considered a plant resource with potential antioxidative benefits.
Sedative use: its association with harmful alcohol use, harmful tobacco use and quality of life among health care workers in Thailand

Abstract Background: Health care workers (HCWs) may be at higher risk for sedative misuse due to potential access and self-medication behavior. Objectives: To examine risk factors for harmful sedative use (HSedU) and its association with harmful alcohol use (HAlcU), harmful tobacco use (HTobU) and quality of life (QoL). Methods: A survey was conducted in 2013 at an urban university hospital in Northern Thailand. Risk of harm was measured using The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Harmful substance use defined as having at least moderate risk of harm. QoL was measured using SF-36 questionnaire. Results: A sample of 3204 HCWs (59.7% response) participated. The prevalence of HSedU in past 3 months was 4.2%. Health professionals involved with prescribing or dispensing medication were at higher risk of HSedU (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.21–2.67). Adjusting for confounders, HSedU was associated with HAlcU (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.81–6.20) but not associated with HTobU. HSedU was associated with lower QoL score which was 7.78 and 5.52 points lower for physical (95% CI −10.4 to −5.18) and mental QoL (95% CI −7.11 to −3.93), respectively. Conclusions: HCWs were at higher risk of HSedU. HSedU was associated with HAlcU and associated with lower physical and mental health QoL.
サブチリシンインヒビター生産菌培養条件の検討およびインヒビター“Marinostain”の諸性状

The marine Alteromonas sp. B-10-31 has been found to produce a very strong extracellular subtilisin inhibitor. We named this inhibitor “Marinostatin” and the optimal medium of strain B-10-31 for the production of Marinostatin was studied. Among various different nitrogen and carbon sources, 0.6% (w/v) polypepton (Daigo) proved to be the most effective nitrogen source and 0.05% (w/v) glucose stimulated the bacterial growth and production of Marinostatin. The maximum production (22.0 Unit/ml) was obtained at pH 6.0 in full strength seawater at 20°C and shaking for 24-33 hrs. The production of Marinostatin was almost parallel to the growth of the strain used. Unlike other protease inhibitors reported so far, Marinostatin was unstable in the stationary phase of growth due to the production of a proteolytic enzyme by the strain.The crude Marinostatin was thermostable and showed a wide range of pH stability. It also exhibited inhibitory activity against a wide variety of proteases.
Calcaneal fractures: surgical exposure and fixation technique update

Although they account for only 2% of all fractures, fractures of the calcaneus have a high morbidity. For a greater part of twentieth century, many of these fractures were treated conservatively but in the last 20 years operative fixation has become a viable and, in many instances, a superior treatment strategy owing to technological innovations in orthopaedic hardware and the evolution of surgical technique. We reviewed the classic literature on calcaneal fractures as it pertains to the fundamentals of surgical approaches and fixation techniques. Next, the most recent literature was reviewed. Last, the empiric techniques of the senior author are discussed.
Investigating Implicit and Explicit Word Learning in School-age Children Using a Combined Behavioral-Event Related Potential (ERP) Approach

ABSTRACT One challenge in word learning research is how to operationalize learning. We combined behavioral measures with EEG to examine implicit and explicit recognition of words previously introduced with or without meaning in an incidental learning task. Participants (8–11-year-old children) were not able to recognize previously introduced nonsense words and better performance on the learning task resulted in poorer word recognition. The N400 amplitude differed between nonsense words with meaning versus nonsense words no meaning and novel nonsense words. Results indicate that introducing a nonsense word with meaning does not aid in explicit word learning but improves implicit word learning.
Personality of late‐ and early‐onset elderly suicide attempters

While suicidal behavior often manifests in adolescence and early adulthood, some people first attempt suicide in late life, often with remarkable lethal intent and determination. Given these individuals' more adaptive functioning earlier in life, they may possess traits that hinder adjustment to aging, such as high conscientiousness, rather than impulsive‐aggressive traits associated with suicidal behavior in younger adults.
Successful treatment of a case of idiopathic linear IgA bullous dermatosis with oral sulfasalazine

Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a rare acquired autoimmune chronic vesiculobullous dermatosis affecting primarily young children and older adults. We report a 17‐year‐old Chinese boy with a 2‐month history of intense itching erythema or tense vesicles on healthy skin or on an erythematous base, with parts of lesions arising a characteristic “cluster of jewels” pattern. With the characteristics of vesicles or blisters on the skin, subepidermal blisters with neutrophilic infiltrate on histology, and linear IgA deposits on the basement membrane zone and absence of other immunoglobulins on direct immunofluorescence, LABD was dignosized. Sulfapyridine has also been reported as one of the best options of systemic therapy for LABD. Our patient successfully treated with only oral sulfasalazine (alternative medicine of sulfasalazine), which is safe and effective.