Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE DIFFICULT DIAGNOSIS IN THE URINARY BLADDER : A SELECTIVE CONSIDERATION , MULLERIAN AND MULLERIAN-LIKE CONDITIONS

Not long after I accepted the invitation to speak on problematic bladder lesions, shortly after the US-CAP meeting last year, I realized that the comprehensive coverage of many aspects of non-neoplastic and neoplastic bladder disease at the Long Course last year made it difficult to come up with anything "fresh". That is even more so given that the supplement to Modern Pathology containing the short course proceedings will either have just appeared, or will be about to appear, by the time the spoken version of these words will be presented at the Boston meeting. I endeavored as one of course does for these occasions, to come up with something a little different and original and it struck me that given that I have interests in both gynecologic and urologic pathology a merging of these two with some comments on müllerian and müllerian-like lesions of the urinary bladder might be suitable. I think it is also timely inasmuch as there has been some focused interest in these lesions in recent years and the diversity of issues that may be encountered is quite remarkable. I will approach the topic by considering the following five categories: (1). Benign müllerian lesions; (2). Malignant müllerian lesions; (3). Mullerian-like appearances in transitional-urothelial neoplasia (4). Urachal lesions with müllerian-like features and (5). Secondary müllerian neoplasia.
Histological Changes of Tissues and Cell Wall of Rice Straw Influenced by Chemical Pretreatments

Sodium hydroxide (SH) or ammonium bicarbonate (AB) were applied to rice straw to investigate the effects on histological change of stem tissue or cell wall before and after in sacco degradation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The SEM revealed that, the parenchyma and vascular bundles were distorted by treatment with SH at 30 or 45 g/kg straw dry matter. Faultage between phloem of large vascular bundles and parenchyma occurred with further increasing SH to 60 or 75 g/kg. The cell wall in these stem tissues was crimped when observed by TEM. However, only parenchyma and large vascular tissues were slightly distorted in AB-treated stem. For untreated and AB-treated stems, the initiation of observable ruminal degradation of cell wall was prolonged from 12 h for inner parenchyma to 24 h for sclerenchyma and to 48 h for phloem of small vascular bundles, while the outer epidermis was intact even at 72 h. For SH-treated stem, however, the cell wall from all of the investigated tissues, epidermis, small vascular bundles, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma started to be degraded at 12 h incubation. These results indicate that SH treatment contracts rice straw stem leading to an improvement in rumen degradation, and that the degradation of SH-treated stem is bilateral from inner and outer surface simultaneously.
Anchoring the Yield Curve Using Survey Expectations1

The dynamic behavior of the term structure of interest rates is difficult to replicate with models, and even models with a proven track record of empirical performance have underperformed since the early 2000s. On the other hand, survey expectations can accurately predict yields, but they are typically not available for all maturities and/or forecast horizons. We show how survey expectations can be exploited to improve the accuracy of yield curve forecasts given by a base model. We do so by employing a flexible exponential tilting method that anchors the model forecasts to the survey expectations, and we develop a test to guide the choice of the anchoring points. The method implicitly incorporates into yield curve forecasts any information that survey participants have access to such as information about the current state of the economy or forward-looking information contained in monetary policy announcements without the need to explicitly model it. We document that anchoring delivers large and significant gains in forecast accuracy relative to the class of models that are widely adopted by financial and policy institutions for forecasting the term structure of interest rates. JEL Classification Codes: G1; E4; C5
In vitro rumen biohydrogenation kinetics of mixed linoleic and alfa-linolenic acids

Background: Dietary linoleic (LA) and alpha-linolenic (LN) acids are extensively isomerized and hydrogenated by rumen microbes, and this activity can further contribute to the fatty acid profile of ruminant-derived food products. Objective: To evaluate the effects of LA:LN ratio in lipid supplements on the rumen biohydrogenation kinetics of LA and LN, as well as on the trans-vaccenic acid (VA) production, using an in vitro system. Methods: Rumen fluid was collected from a fistulated steer, diluted with incubation buffer, and then incubated with 500 mg of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) supplemented with 16.3 mg of different LA:LN mixtures (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 or 0:100). Incubations were performed in triplicate for a period of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 16 hours. Differences between treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design. Alternatively, computational chemistry was used to determine the changes in the Gibbs free energy (ΔGrxn) at 39 °C for the principal steps of LA and LN ruminal biohydrogenation. Results: Partial replacement of LA by LN decreased the VA concentration and its accumulation rate; it also increased the stearic acid concentration and the rates of transfer from LA to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and from CLA to VA. The conversion from CLAto VA(ΔGrxn = -2.65 kJ/mol) was more spontaneousthan that from trans-11, cis-15 octadecadienoic acid (TA) to VA (ΔGrxn = -0.29 kJ/mol). Conclusion: The LA:LN ratio in lipids can modulate LA and LN biohydrogenation (BH) kinetics, as well as the VA production in the rumen.
Application of PSK Modulation in ADS-B 1090 Extended Squitter Authentication

 Abstract — Since the presence of Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) has raised specific concerns related to the privacy and security, due to its vulnerable, low-level of security and limited payload. In this paper, the authors introduce and analyze the combination of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation in conventional ADS-B, forming Secure ADS-B (SADS-B) avionics. In order to demonstrate the potential of this combination, Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation was used. The tests' results show that, on the one hand, SADS-B can offer five times the payload as its predecessor. This additional payload of SADS-B can be used in various applications, therefore enhancing the ability and efficiency of the current ADS-B. On the other hand, by using the extra phase modulated bits as a digital signature to authenticate ADS-B messages, SADS-B can increase the security of ADS-B, thus ensure a more secure aviation as well. More importantly, SADS-B is compatible with the current ADS-B In and Out. Hence, no significant modifications will be needed to implement this idea. As a result, SADS-B can be considered the most promising approach to enhance the capability and security of ADS-B.
Likelihood Ratio Tests on Cointegrating Vectors, Disequilibrium Adjustment Vectors, and Their Orthogonal Complements

Cointegration theory provides a flexible class of statistical models that combine long-run relationships and short-run dynamics. This paper presents three likelihood ratio (LR) tests for simultaneously testing restrictions on cointegrating relationships and on how quickly the system reacts to the deviation from equilibrium implied by the cointegrating relationships. Both the orthogonal complements of the cointegrating vectors and of the vectors of adjustment speeds have been used to define the common stochastic trends of a nonstationary system. The restrictions implicitly placed on the orthogonal complements of the cointegrating vectors and of the adjustment speeds are identified for a class of LR tests, including those developed in this paper. It is shown how these tests can be interpreted as tests for restrictions on the orthogonal complements of the cointegrating relationships and adjustment vectors, which allow one to combine and test for economically meaningful restrictions on cointegrating relationships and on common stochastic trends.
THE FLOPS GLASS: A DEVICE TO STUDY EMOTIONAL REACTIONS ARISING FROM SONIC INTERACTIONS

This article reports on an experimental study of emotional reactions felt by users manipulating an interactive object augmented with sounds: theFlopsglass. The Flops interface consists of a glass embedded with sensors, which produces impact sounds after it is tilted, implementing the metaphor of the falling of objects out of the glass. The sonic and behavioural design of the glass was conceived specifically for the purpose of studying emotional reactions in sonic interactions. This study is the first of a series. It aims at testing the assumption that emotional reactions are influenced by three parameters of the sounds: spectral centroid, tonality and naturalness. The experimental results reported here confirm the significant influence of perceptual centroid and naturalness, but fail to show an effect of the tonality.
Growth rate of matter perturbations as a probe of large-scale magnetism

The growth rate of matter perturbations is computed in a magnetized environment for the LambdaCDM and wCDM paradigms. It is argued that the baryons do not necessarily follow into the dark matter potential wells after they are released from the drag of the photons. The baryonic evolution equations inherit a forcing term whose explicit form depends on the plasma description and can be deduced, for instance, in the resistive magnetohydrodynamical approximation. After deriving an analytical expression for the growth rate applicable when dark energy does not cluster, the effects of relativistic corrections and of the inhomogeneities associated with the other species of the plasma are taken into account numerically. The spectral amplitudes and slopes of the stochastic magnetic background are selected to avoid appreciable distortions in the measured temperature and polarization anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background. The growth of structures in the current paradigms of structure formation represents a complementary probe of large-scale magnetism in the same way as the shape of the growth factor and the associated indices can be used, in the conventional lore, to discriminate between competing scenarios of dark energy or even to distinguish different models of gravity.
The metallicity of the open cluster Tombaugh 2

Context. Open clusters are excellent tracers of the structure, kinematics, and chemical evolution of the disk and a wealth of information can be derived from the spectra of their constituent stars. Aims. We investigate the nature of the chemical composition of the outer disk open cluster Tombaugh 2. This has been suggested to be a member of the GASS/Mon substructure, and a recent study by Frinchaboy et al. (2008) suggested that this was a unique open cluster in possessing an intrinsic metal abundance dispersion. We aim to investigate such claims. Methods. High resolution VLT+GIRAFFE spectra in the optical are obtained and analyzed for a number of stars in the Tombaugh 2 field, together with independent UBVIC photometry. Radial velocities and position in the color−magnitude diagram are used to assess cluster membership. The spectra, together with input atmospheric parameters and model atmospheres, are used to determine detailed chemical abundances for a variety of elements in 13 members with good spectra. Results. We find the mean metallicity to be [Fe/H] = −0.31 ± 0.02 with no evidence for an intrinsic abundance dispersion, in contrary to the recent results of Frinchaboy et al. (2008, MNRAS, 391, 39). We find Ca and Ba to be slightly enhanced, while Ni and Sc are solar. The r-process element Eu was found to be enhanced, giving an average [Eu/Ba] =+ 0.17. The Li abundance decreases with Teff on the upper giant branch and maintains a low level for red clump stars. The mean metallicity we derive agrees well with that expected from the radial abundance gradient in the disk for a cluster at its Galactocentric distance. Conclusions. Tombaugh 2 is found to have abundances as expected from its Galactocentric distance and no evidence for any intrinsic metallicity dispersion. The surprising result found by Frinchaboy et al. (2008), which is the presence of two distinct abundance groups within the cluster, implying either a completely unique open cluster with an intrinsic metallicity spread or a very unlikely superposition of a cold stellar stream and a very distant open cluster, is not supported by our new result.
Comparison of decisions quality of heuristic methods with sequential formation of the decision in the graph shortest path problem

The article deals with the problem of analyze of effectiveness of the heuristic methods with sequential formation of the decision in the test problem of getting shortest path in graph. The article brief describes the sequential heuristic methods used to solve the problem. The methodic of experimental comparison for estimation the quality of solutions based on the performing of computational experiments using the BOINC platform is considered. It also shows description of obtained experimental results which allows to identify the areas of the preferable use of selected subset of heuristic methods depending on the size of the problem and power of constraints.
Ultrasonic Measurement of Temperature Rise in Breast Cyst and in Neighbouring Tissues as a Method of Tissue Differentiation

Texture of ultrasound images contain information about the properties of examined tissues. The analysis of statistical properties of backscattered ultrasonic echoes has been recently successfully applied to differentiate healthy breast tissue from the benign and malignant lesions. We propose a novel procedure of tissue characterization based on acquiring backscattered echoes from the heated breast. We have proved that the temperature increase inside the breast modifies the intensity, spectrum of the backscattered signals and the probability density function of envelope samples. We discuss the differences in probability density functions in two types of tissue regions, e.g. cysts and the surrounding glandular tissue regions. Independently, Pennes bioheat equation in heterogeneous breast tissue was used to describe the heating process. We applied the finite element method to solve this equation. Results have been compared with the ultrasonic predictions of the temperature distribution. The results confirm the possibility of distinguishing the differences in thermal and acoustical properties of breast cyst and surrounding glandular tissues.
Peer Review as a Scheme of Evaluating Faculty Performance: A CriticalPerspective

This paper is a critical review of faculty peer evaluation (FPE) scheme adopted by a private higher education institution (PHEI) in Oman. The purpose is to identify the points of weakness in this scheme, and then to propose an alternative model of peer evaluation (PE). This model is built on the discrepancies routed in the available version of (PE), and on the different ideas proposed by scholars interested in quality assurance and faculty performance evaluation. The whole process of faculty evaluation at the (PHEI) is reviewed with due emphasis on the analysis of (FPE). Relevant literature has been surveyed where the methodology adopted, and the findings are highlighted. The points of drawbacks elicited in the current model are: (i) it is a onedimensional version constructed on rating scale only with a complete ignorance to the criteria on which evaluation is based, (ii) it shows low degree of coverage since many important areas relevant to teaching quality are neglected, (iii) questionnaire items are inadequately and improperly arranged, and (iv) the rating resulted from this model is of a high degree of subjectivity. The suggested version is characterized by the following: (i) it is more comprehensive where five major areas relevant to faculty performance are covered; teaching, research, institution service, adherence to bylaws and regulations, and contribution to community service, (ii) It is evidence-based in that the response scale is governed by the evaluator's knowledge of the item being responded to, (iii) it is a multi-functional version since it can be used for formative, summative, and other types of faculty evaluation, (iv) it Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 65 ) 2013 ( 44 ) leads to more reliable and objective peer rating, and (v) it provides sufficient data that can be implemented in different evaluation areas. The paper is concluded by a number of recommendations and suggestions for further studies. نارقلاا مييقت بهفصوب تًقيرط سيرذتلا تئيه ءبضعا ءادا تعجارمل
Thermoelectric efficiency has three Degrees of Freedom

Thermal energy can be directly converted to electrical energy as a result of thermoelectric effects. Because this conversion realises clean energy technology, such as waste heat recovery and energy harvesting, substantial efforts have been made to search for thermoelectric materials. Under the belief that the material figure of merit $zT$ represents the energy conversion efficiencies of thermoelectric devices, various high peak-$zT$ materials have been explored for half a century. However, thermoelectric properties vary greatly with temperature $T$, so the single value $zT$ does not represent device efficiency accurately. Here we show that the efficiency of thermoelectric conversion is completely determined by \emph{three} parameters $Z_{\mathrm{gen}}$, $\tau$, and $\beta$, which we call the \emph{thermoelectric degrees of freedom}. The $Z_{\mathrm{gen}}$, which is an average of material properties, is a generalisation of the traditional figure of merit. The $\tau$ and $\beta$, which reflect the gradients of the material properties, are proportional to escaped heat caused by the Thomson effect and asymmetric Joule heat, respectively. Our finding proposes new directions for achieving high thermoelectric efficiency; increasing one of the thermoelectric degrees of freedom results in higher efficiency. For example, thermoelectric efficiency can be enhanced up to 176\% by tuning the thermoelectric degrees of freedom in segmented legs, compared to the best efficiency of single-material legs.
Automated Verification Of Mesoscale Forecasts Using Spatial Statistics

Abstract : The APL atmospheric sciences group is working to improve forecaster performance at Navy operational weather forecast detachments afloat and ashore. This work encompasses broad research and technology development in areas of visualization, human factors, human-machine interaction, and model and forecast verification with an emphasis on mesoscale ensembles and visualization of uncertainty. The verification effort s long-term goal is to develop an automated, objective verification technique for assessment of very high-resolution mesoscale predictions which accurately accounts for spatially or temporally misplaced features, false alarms and misses (Brown 2002). The overall objective of this effort is to develop a highly automated, rapid, object-oriented, mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) verification tool for use by forecasters and model developers. The verification technique should consider distortion errors (phase/timing, rotation, and stretching) as well as the normal amplitude errors. It is intended to test the verification tool on the University of Washington Short Range Ensemble Forecast System (SREF) and with a version of the Navy COAMPS model implemented at APL.
Geodynamic evolution of the lithosphere and upper mantle beneath the Alboran region of the western Mediterranean: Constraints from travel time tomography

An edited version of this paper was published by the American Geophysical Union. Copyright 2000, AGU. See also: http://www.agu. org/pubs/crossref/2000/2000JB900024.shtml; http://atlas.geo. cornell.edu/morocco/publications/calvert2000.htm
Rotation of the Falklands microplate reassessed after recognition of discrete Jurassic and Cretaceous dyke swarms

ABSTRACT Recently acquired aeromagnetic data for the Falkland Islands have shown that previous interpretations of the dolerite dyke swarms are inadequate. In particular, most of the dykes previously described from West Falkland as forming a ‘north–south’ swarm of Jurassic age are associated with a set of NE–SW linear magnetic anomalies that are entirely separate from another set of truly N–S anomalies. Very few dykes had been previously reported from East Falkland, but the aeromagnetic survey demonstrates clearly that dykes of both the NE–SW and the N–S swarms are present. Ar–Ar age dating of East Falkland dykes has confirmed the Jurassic age of the NE–SW dykes but has established an early Cretaceous age for the N–S dyke swarm. The Jurassic dykes are generally considered a part of the regional Karoo–Ferrar magmatism linked to the initial break-up of Gondwana. We consider the Cretaceous dykes to be associated with the later opening of the North Falklands Basin during the early development of the South Atlantic Ocean. The Jurassic and Cretaceous dykes must respectively pre-date and post-date the microplate rotation envisaged in most models for the Falklands break-out from Gondwana. The shapes of the aeromagnetic anomalies associated with dykes from each of the swarms support the hypothesis that the early Jurassic dykes have experienced a pre-Cretaceous, clockwise microplate rotation of about 120°.
Does Mortality Vary Between Pacific Groups? Estimating Samoan, Cook Island Mäori, Tongan, and Niuean mortality rates using hierarchical Bayesian modelling

BACKGROUND Pacific mortality rates are traditionally presented for all Pacific people combined, yet there is likely heterogeneity between separate Pacific ethnic groups. We aimed to determine mortality rates for Samoan, Cook Island Māori, Tongan, and Niuean ethnic groups (living in New Zealand). METHODS We used New Zealand Census-Mortality Study (NZCMS) data for 2001-04, for 380,000 person years of follow-up of 0-74 year olds in the 2001-04 cohort for which there was complete data on sex, age, ethnicity (total counts), natality, and household income. Given sparse data, we used hierarchical Bayesian (HB) regression modelling, with: a prior covariate structure specified for sex, age, natality (New Zealand/Overseas born), and household income; and smoothing of rates using shrinkage. The posterior mortality rate estimates were then directly standardised.RESULTS Standardising for sex, age, income, and natality, all-cause mortality rate ratios compared to Samoan were: 1.21 (95% credibility interval 1.05 to 1.42) for Cook Island Māori; 0.93 (0.77 to 1.10) for Tongan; and 1.07 (0.88 to 1.29) for Niuean. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate ratios showed greater heterogeneity: 1.66 (1.26 to 2.13) for Cook Island Māori; 1.11 (0.72 to 1.58) for Niuean; and 0.86 (0.58 to 1.20) for Tongan. Results were little different standardising for just sex and age. We conducted a range of sensitivity analyses about a plausible range of (differential) return migration by Pacific people when terminally ill, and a plausible range of census undercounting of Pacific people. Our findings, in particular the elevated CVD mortality among Cook Island Māori, appeared robust. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this project is the first time in New Zealand that clear (and marked in the case of CVD) differences in mortality have been demonstrated between different Pacific ethnic groups. Future health research and policy should, wherever possible and practicable, evaluate and incorporate heterogeneity of health status among Pacific people.