Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Film-type Sensor Materials in Measurement of Physiological Force and Pressure Variables

Measurement of physiological signals reveals valuable information on the physiological state of a patient. In this thesis, new and unobtrusive ways to measure physiological force and pressure variables with film-type sensor materials are explored. The measured variables are divided into two application areas; the first is related to cardiopulmonary variables while the second one is concentrated on plantar pressure mapping. In the area of cardiopulmonary variables, the measurement of heart and respiration rates and heart sounds are studied. Pressure mapping, instead, provides information on the interface pressure distribution between a person and the surface the person is on. Here the plantar pressure distribution between a foot and ground or shoe is measured to find out regions of the plantar area where the pressure has high values. The high pressure values are linked with pressure ulcers. Two film-type sensor materials are used here; polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and ElectroMechanical Film (EMFi). The semicrystalline PVDF material has solid structure whereas the structure of the EMFi material is cellular. However, both materials generate a charge when they are mechanically deformed and thus, in principle, operate similarly. With normal measurement arrangement, PVDF and EMFi are not suitable for static measurements and only the change of an external force can be measured. Hence, the sensors made of these materials are useful especially in the measurements of physiological pulsatile signals. The sensors used in this thesis are constructed manually from commercial film materials. The entire measurement process is considered; from the design and construction of the sensors and measurement devices to the analysis of the measured data with Matlab® software. In the measurements of cardiopulmonary variables, the sensor attachments are minimized and the measurement systems are designed to be unobtrusive and comfortable for the user. The sensors utilizing the PVDF and/or EMFi materials can be integrated into clothing or into daily life objects (e.g. a chair or a bed) to measure vital signals. This thesis suggests that the both sensor materials are suitable for such measurements even though some differences between the results obtained with the materials were found. In the area of the plantar pressure measurements, instead, a new sensor prototype for pressure measurements during gait is introduced. The developed sensor utilizes commercial PVDF material with silver ink metallization and it simultaneously measures both normal and shear stresses. Also, a sensor based on unmetallized PVDF material with printed electrodes is tested. Based on the promising results obtained with these sensor prototypes, the aim is to further develop a matrix version of the sensor for on-floor and also in-shoe plantar pressure measurements.
Entropic stabilization of mixed A-cation ABX3 metal halide perovskites for high performance perovskite solar cells

ABX3-type organic lead halide perovskites currently attract broad attention as light harvesters for solar cells due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE). Mixtures of formamidinium (FA) with methylammonium (MA) as A-cations show currently the best performance. Apart from offering better solar light harvesting in the near IR the addition of methylammonium stabilizes the perovskite phase of FAPbI3 which in pure form at room temperature converts to the yellow photovoltaically inactive δ-phase. We observe a similar phenomenon upon adding Cs+ cations to FAPbI3. CsPbI3 and FAPbI3 both form the undesirable yellow phase under ambient condition while the mixture forms the desired black pervoskite. Solar cells employing the composition Cs0.2FA0. 8PbI2.84Br0. 16 yield high average PCEs of over 17% exhibiting negligible hysteresis and excellent long term stability in ambient air. We elucidate here this remarkable behavior using first principle computations. These show that the remarkable stabilization of the perovskite phase by mixing the A-cations stems from entropic gains and the small internal energy input required for the formation of their solid solution. By contrast, the energy of formation of the delta-phase containing mixed cations is too large to be compensated by this configurational entropy increase. Our calculations reveal for the first time the optoelectronic properties of such mixed A-cation perovskites and the underlying reasons for their excellent performance and high stability.
Ultrafast photoinduced dissipative hydrogen switching dynamics in thioacetylacetone

Different schemes for controlling the isomerization of thioacetylacetone by means of shaped laser pulses are investigated here. A two-dimensional analytical model potential function is proposed which captures the essential features of the transfer process, i.e. the H-atom motion and the heavy atom rearrangement. The parameters for this model potential are derived from high level abinitio quantum chemical calculations. The influence of those degrees of freedom which are not treated explicitly is modeled by means of their spectral density within density matrix theory. Various laser control strategies are studied putting emphasis on their robustness with respect to relaxation and dephasing processes. Laser pulse shapes are derived from the coherent dynamics by adjusting the parameters of analytically given fields and by using optimal control theory. It is found that compared to pump–dump control, laser driven hydrogen tunneling is more suited to achieve high yields in condensed phase situations. The applicability to other molecular systems showing intramolecular hydrogen transfer is discussed.
Controlled particle generation in an inductively coupled plasma

By injecting pulses of acetylene into an inductive argon/helium discharge, carbon clusters with diameters in the range of 10–50nm are produced. These particles cause an instability of the plasma, which becomes visible as an oscillation of the emission intensity. The particles are analyzed ex situ using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron micrographs. A unique linear dependence between particle size and oscillation time period is found. Thereby the oscillation phenomenon can serve as monitor signal to control the size of plasma produced particles.
Analyses of Monoglycerides and Other Emulsifiers by Gaschromatography

GLC-analysis has become a still more important tool for the analysis of many emulsifiers and is a powerful supplement to the chemical method for describing an emulsifier. The autosampling technique has made GLC more reproducible which is necessary for quantitative analysis. The new generation of gas chromatographs with computer connection is a good and almost necessary help for calculation of the sample composition and has opened up possibilities for more information. Methods and examples are described for the analysis of monoglyceride, lactic acid esters of monoglyceride, acetic acid esters of monoglyceride, and propylene glycol esters of fatty acids. For more complicated separations of components in emulsifiers capillary columns can be used with good results. Analysen von Monoglyceriden und anderen Emulgatoren mittels Gaschromatographie Fur die Analyse vieler Emulgatoren ist die GLC-Analyse ein immer bedeutsameres Mittel geworden. Sie ist eine wichtige Erganzung zu der chemischen Methode, einen Emulgator zu beschreiben. Die Autosampling-Technik hat die GLC reproduzierbarer gemacht, was fur eine quantitative Analyse notwendig ist. Die neue Generation der Gaschromatographen in Verbindung mit Computern ist eine gute und meist notwendige Hilfe zur Berechnung der Probenzusammensetzung und hat Moglichkeiten fur mehr Information eroffnet. Es werden Methoden und Beispiele fur die Analyse von Monoglyceriden, Milchsaureester von Monoglyceriden, Essigsaureester von Monoglyceriden und Propylenglykolester von Fettsauren beschrieben. Fur die komplizierteren Trennungen der Bestandteile in Emulgatoren konnen Kapillarsaulen mit gutem Erfolg benutzt werden.
Phase correlations in cosmic structure formation

This thesis looks at using the Fourier phases as a method of describing cosmic structure formation. In previous efforts it was pointed out that structure appears in the Fourier phases as expansion factor increases. We identify the cosmological structure responsible for the majority of the phase structure and provide a quantity that quantifies the structure found in the Fourier phases. This quantity, and thus also the phase structure, relates to the very extremes of the density field. For cosmological simulations these are mostly overdensities. We also look at using phase shifts and provide a way of comparing phase shift results for different models. Both models were tested for invariance and are independent of initial coordinates. We also provide a way of making any phase field invariant under translations by use of the Taylor invariant.
Tabloid Media Campaigns and Public Opinion: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Euroscepticism in England

Whether powerful media outlets have effects on public opinion has been at the heart of theoretical and empirical discussions about the media’s role in political life. Yet, the effects of media campaigns are difficult to study because citizens self-select into media consumption. Using a quasi-experiment—the 30-year boycott of the most important Eurosceptic tabloid newspaper, The Sun, in Merseyside caused by the Hillsborough soccer disaster—we identify the effects of The Sun boycott on attitudes toward leaving the EU. Difference-in-differences designs using public opinion data spanning three decades, supplemented by referendum results, show that the boycott caused EU attitudes to become more positive in treated areas. This effect is driven by cohorts socialized under the boycott and by working-class voters who stopped reading The Sun. Our findings have implications for our understanding of public opinion, media influence, and ways to counter such influence in contemporary democracies.
SEC-ICP-MS and ESI-MS/MS for analyzing in vitro and in vivo Cd-phytochelatin complexes in a Cd-hyperaccumulator Brassica chinensis

In this study, in vitro synthesized Cd-phytochelatin (PC) complexes and in vivo Cd–PC complexes in Cd-stressed Brassica chinensis, which has been identified as a Cd hyperaccumulator, were characterized using SEC-ICP-MS and ESI-MS/MS. The PCs (n = 1–5) obtained from Cd-stressed B. chinensis together with CdCl2 were used to synthesize the in vitro Cd–PC complexes, and the formation of CdGS1–2, (CdGS)2, Cd1–2PC2, Cd1–3PC3, Cd1–3PC4 and Cd1–3PC5 was observed. In addition, for the first time, in vivo CdPC3 and CdPC4 complexes, as well as Cd-free PCs (n = 2–5) and desGlu-PC3 were detected in the extracts of Cd-stressed B. chinensis and confirmed by means of their corresponding isotopic peak distribution and MS/MS spectra. Nitrogen saturated ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.8), instead of Tris-HCl and phosphate buffer, was used as a suitable mobile phase in order to stabilize the Cd–PC complexes and effectively avoid possible oxidation of PC analogues during SEC fractionation. Results obtained in this study give definite evidence elucidating the important roles which PCs play in plant defensive mechanisms to Cd stress. SEC-ICP-MS and ESI-MS/MS were demonstrated as powerful and promising techniques for screening and identifying the in vivo metallopeptides, with accurate isotopic distribution assignment, in metal toxicological studies.
The 3D Printing in Material Research and Medical Physics Education and Its Accuracy Study

This study aims to construct prototypes using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology as a research apparatus and a physics education instrument, particularly in medical physics education. Two main designs of prototypes have been arranged. Two foam NaCl templates are drawn using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Image processing techniques achieve a 3D model of a thoracic vertebra. All 3D model data are printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. The prints of foam NaCl templates are utilized for holding the NaCl powder. The prototype of a human vertebra is used for visualization of the real condition of the human bone anatomy. The results of the prototypes are analyzed to investigate the similarity between the model and the prints. This investigation is done using a Vernier Caliper and CT Scan. The measurement using Caliper shows a higher percentage in likeness than the CT-Scan. All the accuracy study shows they have more than 83% in similarity. It can be concluded that all built prototypes have prominent exactitude and can support the material research using the printed NaCl templates. Hereafter, a bone mock-up’s genuine perception can function for further application, such as implant or surgery planning.
Study of unsteady natural convection induced by absorption of radiation based on a three-waveband attenuation model

The present study considers unsteady natural convection induced by the absorption of radiation for possible applications in the water quality management for the shallow regions of lakes and reservoirs. The direct absorption of the incoming radiation by the water body forms a stable thermal stratification, whilst residual radiation reaching the bottom bathymetry is re-emitted as a boundary flux, forming an unstable thermal stratification, which is a potential source for a Rayleigh-Benard type instability. The bottom boundary layer instability drives intermittent vertical convection in the form of rising plumes. The plume rise is, however, limited by the stable thermal stratification due to the direct absorption, which is controlled by the attenuation coefficient of water. The attenuation coefficient is therefore an important parameter in determining the plume rise and the associated vertical mixing. The wavelength dependency of the attenuation coefficient of water is accounted for by using a three-waveband model. A theoretical prediction is made for the plume rise distance, which represents the region of vigorous mixing. Two-dimensional numerical simulation provides verification for the accuracy of the theoretical prediction.
Updating the Dutch soil map using soil legacy data: a multinomial logistic regression approach

Introduction The Dutch national soil map at scale 1:50,000, which was completed in the early 1990s after more than three decades of mapping, is gradually becoming outdated. Large-scale changes in land use and management that took place after the field surveys have had a great impact on the soil. For instance, oxidation of peat soils has resulted in a substantial decline of these soils within the Netherlands. A field quick scan in 2004 on the status of the map units with thick peat soils (peat layer >40 cm) showed that 47% of the area mapped as thick peat soils during the 1:50,000 survey was deformed into another soil type. Unfortunately this soil type was not recorded. For thin peat soils (peat layer <40 cm) estimates of deformed area range between 60 and 70%. Deformation of thick peat soils to thin peat soils and of thin peat soils to mineral soils has important consequences for soil management.
Critical analysis of electric field modeling: Formamide

A detailed analysis of ab initio derived electric field and multipole modeling is presented using formamide as an example. Penetration effects, a problem encountered with most currently used modeling methods, are avoided using the Overlap Multipolar Expansion (OME) technique computed up to the hexadecapole level. This method is shown to be grid insensitive. The OME fields and subsequent atomic charge modeling are found to be more sensitive to correlation effects than to basis sets changes. Three different types of error analysis are applied to test the accuracy of regenerated fields from various multipole descriptions. It is shown that atom centered charge models, those most commonly used in the literature, have significant errors. Considerable improvement can be made by using various combinations of charge, dipole, and quadrupole atom‐ or bond‐centered models. For molecular dynamic programs it is argued that the best compromise between accuracy and efficiency is to use both atom and fictive atom charge models calculated from MP2 level density matrices using at least DZP level basis sets. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultra-Specific Enrichment of GST-Tagged Protein by GSH-Modified Nanoparticles

Even with the current state of the art proteomics analysis platform, only a small fraction of proteome samples observed in MS events are being analyz-ed (i.e. undersampling). Proteins in low concentration are often precluded from being identified due to this undersampling. Improving techniques that allow enrichment with high speci-ficity and efficiency towards lesser abundant subsets of the proteome would be a significant advancement, with useful appli-cations in, for example, finding patient-specific disease bio-markers from plasma.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Studies on Molecular Imprinting

The molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) members were fabricated with the print molecule L-phenylalanine ethyl ester. The elution and adsorption procedures were investigated by surface plasmon resonance in situ. The changes of refractive angle during elution procedure suggest that the MIP is prepared on the base of the non-covalent interactions. This MIP member sensor can achieve enantioselective recognition.
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene: A Highly Efficient Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydro-4H-chromenes, Tetrahydro[b]pyrans, Pyrano[d]pyrimidines, and 4H-Pyrans in Aqueous Medium

We have reported 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4. 0]undec-7-ene catalyzed one-pot synthesis of tetrahydro-4H-chromenes, tetrahydro[b]pyrans, pyrano[d]pyrimidines and 4H-pyrans from aldehydes, active methylene compounds malononitrile/ethyl cyanocacetate and activated C–H acids such as dimedone, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 1,3-cyclopentanedione, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, and ethyl acetoacetate in water under reflux. The attractive features of this process are mild reaction conditions, reusability of the reaction media, short reaction times, easy isolation of products, and excellent yields. Copyright © 2013 HeteroCorporation
Properties of Amorphous Silica Entrapped Isoniazid Drug Delivery System

This work describes the properties of silica drug delivery system (DDS) produced using micelles entrapment approach. Isoniazid, which is a water soluble drug for tuberculosis was used in the system. The effects of synthesis parameters were systematically studied such as synthesis temperature (38-70°C), amount of butanol co-solvent (6-18 ml), and amount of Si organic precursor (2-8 ml). From transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, the size of DDS could be tuned from 21-104 nm by changing the reaction temperature. The increase of butanol co-solvent enlarged the size of DDS in the range of 40-94 nm. A similar trend was observed for DDS with increasing organic Si precursor whereby the particle size could be tuned from 40-132 nm. However, at high organic Si precursor of > 2 ml, a bimodal structure of DDS was observed. Stability study in biological media at 37°C of selected sample showed that the produced DDS had acceptable degree of agglomeration.
Iron(II) Metallomesogens Exhibiting Coupled Spin State and Liquid Crystal Phase Transitions near Room Temperature

Reaction of the ligand 2,2,2‐tris(2‐aza‐3‐((5‐akloxy)(6‐methyl)(2‐pyridyl))prop‐2‐enyl)ethane (Cn‐tameMe) with Fe(X)2 · sH2O salts afforded a series of spin crossover metallomesogens with general formula [Fe(Cn‐tame)](X)2 · sH2O (s ≥ 0), with n = 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, or 20 and X = ClO4− or BF4−. Single crystal X‐ray measurements have been performed on the [Fe(C6‐tameMe)](ClO4)2 (C6‐1) derivative at 100 K. The complex C6‐1 crystallizes in the triclinic system and adopts the Pbca space group. The iron(II) ion is in a distorted octahedral environment shaped by three imine and three pyridine nitrogen atoms of the Cn‐tameMe ligand. The average Fe–Nim and Fe–Npy bond distance is 1.918(2) Å and 2.084(2) Å, respectively, which are characteristic for the Fe(II) ion in the LS state. Neighbor molecules are packed in a head‐to‐head fashion forming a layered microsegregated structure. Ionic layer is composed of cationic spin crossover head‐groups and perchlorate anions, whereas alkyl tails are arranged into a non‐polar hydrocarbon layer. The complex [Fe(C18‐tameMe)](ClO4)2 (C18‐1) and the series [Fe(Cn‐tameMe)](BF4)2 (n = 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20) (Cn‐2) series show thermally driven spin crossover and mesomorphism above 300 K. The thermotropic behavior of compounds Cn‐2 depends on the chain length defined by n. A common structural feature among all homologues of the series is a similar layered structure and adoption on melting of a smectic mesophase at ca. 350–375 K. Formation of the mesophase is due to the melting of the alkyl chains rather than a rearrangement of the ionic bilayers composed of polar SCO cations and BF4− or ClO4− anions. This gives rise to a mesophase with molten alkyl chains but with restricted movement through the ionic layer. Compounds Cn‐2 show thermochromic properties, they are dark violet in the LS state (T < 275 K, Cr) and become red in the HS state (T > 275 K, Cr, SX). These bi‐functional materials combine spin state change and mesomorphic behavior in a narrow interval of temperatures, 300–375 K.
Facile Solid‐State Growth of 3D Well‐Interconnected Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Nanotube–Graphene Hybrid Architectures for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Constructing 3D carbon structures built from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene has been considered as an effective approach to achieve superior properties in energy conversion and storage because of the synergistic combination of the advantages of each building block. Herein, a facile solid‐state growth strategy is reported for the first time to fabricate highly nitrogen doped CNT–graphene 3D nanostructures without the necessity to use chemical vapor deposition. As cathode hosts for lithium–sulfur batteries, the hybrid architectures exhibit reversible capacities of 1314 and 922 mAh g−1 at 0.2 and 1 C, respectively, and a capacity retention of 97% after 200 cycles at a high rate of 2 C, revealing their great potential for energy storage application.
An Electronic Band Structure Calculation and the Optical Properties of Alkaline-Earth Sulphides

The electronic band structure of CaS, SrS, and BaS is calculated by linear augmented plane waves (LAPW). The calculation is applied for the explanation of the optical properties of the alkalineearth-metal sulphides. Die elektronische Bandstruktur von CaS, SrS und BaS wird mit der LAPW-Methode berechnet. Die Rechnung wird fur die Erklarung der optischen Eigenschaften der Erdalkali-Sulphide benutzt.