Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Outpatient Service Utilization on the Likelihood of Psychiatric Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective: Psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits occur more frequently for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One mechanism that may reduce the likelihood of these events is the utilization of home and community-based care. Using rich commercial claims data and a rigorous analytical framework, this study examines whether spending on outpatient services for ASD, including occupational, physical, and speech therapies and other behavioral interventions, reduces the likelihood of psychiatric hospitalizations and ED visits. Methods: The study sample comprised over 100,000 children with ASD and commercial insurance in 50 states between 2008 and 2012. The authors estimated maximum-likelihood complementary log-log link survival models with robust standard errors. The outcomes of interest were a hospitalization or an ED visit with an associated psychiatric diagnosis code (ICD-9-CM 290 through 319) in a given week. Results: A $125 increase in weekly spending on ASD-specific outpatient services 7 to 14 weeks prior to a given week reduced the likelihood of a psychiatric hospitalization by 2% in that week. ASD-specific outpatient spending during the 6 weeks prior to a psychiatric hospitalization did not decrease its risk. Spending on ASD-specific outpatient services did not reduce the likelihood of a psychiatric ED visit. Conclusions: The financial burden associated with ASD is extensive and psychiatric hospitalizations remain the most expensive type of care, costing over $4,000 per week on average. Identifying the mechanisms by which psychiatric hospitalizations occur can reduce the likelihood of these events.
"All apps do this": Comparing Privacy Concerns Towards Privacy Tools and Non-Privacy Tools for Social Media Content

Users report that they have regretted accidentally sharing personal information on social media. There have been proposals to help protect the privacy of these users, by providing tools which analyze text or images and detect personal information or privacy disclosure with the objective to alert the user of a privacy risk and transform the content. However, these proposals rely on having access to users’ data and users have reported that they have privacy concerns about the tools themselves. In this study, we investigate whether these privacy concerns are unique to privacy tools or whether they are comparable to privacy concerns about non-privacy tools that also process personal information. We conduct a user experiment to compare the level of privacy concern towards privacy tools and nonprivacy tools for text and image content, qualitatively analyze the reason for those privacy concerns, and evaluate which assurances are perceived to reduce that concern. The results show privacy tools are at a disadvantage: participants have a higher level of privacy concern about being surveilled by the privacy tools, and the same level concern about intrusion and secondary use of their personal information compared to non-privacy tools. In addition, the reasons for these concerns and assurances that are perceived to reduce privacy concern are also similar. We discuss what these results mean for the development of privacy tools that process user content.
Supplementary Materials for VisualHow: Multimodal Problem Solving

Fig. 1 shows the extended examples (see Fig. 2 of our main paper) with complete solutions. For illustration purpose, all of the presented examples have four solution steps. The image and caption of each step are shown along with their corresponding attention annotations. As shown in these examples, our dataset consists of a variety of attention annotations, such as objects (e.g., mice, food, water, dog, protective gloves, algaecide), abstract concepts (e.g., “sit” command, social skill words, healthy social behavior), and actions (e.g., take, give, reward, wear, role play). The corresponding visual attention (image regions) and textual attention (highlighted phrases) share the same color. For example, in Fig. 1b, the dog in the images is associated with the word “dog” in the captions. It is noteworthy that the dependencies between different steps form the solution graph, which is unique for each example. As shown in Fig. 1a,
Regulatory circuit design and evolution using phage (cid:1)

Bistable gene regulatory circuits can adopt more than one stable epigenetic state. To understand how natural circuits have this and other systems properties, several groups have designed regulatory circuits de novo. Here we describe an alternative approach. We have modified an existing bistable circuit, that of phage (cid:1) . With this approach, we used powerful genetic selections to identify functional circuits and selected for variants with altered behavior. The (cid:1) circuit involves two antagonistic repressors, CI and Cro. We replaced (cid:1) Cro with a module that included Lac repressor and several lac operators. Using a combinatorial approach, we isolated variants with different types of regulatory behavior. Several resembled wild-type (cid:1) —they could grow lytically, could form highly stable lysogens, and carried out prophage induction. Another variant could form stable lysogens in the presence of a ligand for Lac repressor but switched to the lytic state when the ligand was removed. Several isolates evolved toward a desired behavior under selective pressure. These results strongly support the idea that complex circuits can arise during the course of evolution by a combination of simpler regulatory modules. They also underscore the advantages of modifying a natural circuit as an approach to understanding circuit design, systems behavior, and circuit evolution.
Financing corporate tax cuts with shareholder taxes

We study the aggregate and distributional consequences of replacing corporate profit taxes with shareholder taxes, namely taxes on dividends and capital gains, in a setting with incomplete markets and heterogeneity at both the household and the firm level. The reform yields distributional gains with a large majority of households benefiting. Moreover, if dividend and capital gains are taxed at the same rate, the reform is also efficiency-enhancing and the implied optimal corporate income tax rate is zero. In contrast, an asymmetric tax treatment of dividend and capital gains induces a trade-off between efficiency and distributional concerns that is optimally resolved at a positive optimal corporate tax rate, implying double taxation.
Molecular remnant of Nova 1670 (CK Vulpeculae)

CK Vul erupted in 1670 and is considered a Galactic stellar-merger candidate. Its remnant, observed 350 yr after the eruption, contains a molecular component of surprisingly rich composition, including polyatomic molecules as complex as methylamine (CH3NH2). We present interferometric line surveys with subarcsec resolution with ALMA and SMA. The observations provide interferometric maps of molecular line emission at frequencies between 88 and 243 GHz that allow imaging spectroscopy of more than 180 transitions of 26 species. We present, classify, and analyze the different morphologies of the emission regions displayed by the molecules. We also perform a non-LTE radiative-transfer analysis of emission of most of the observed species, deriving the kinetic temperatures and column densities in five parts of the molecular nebula. Non-LTE effects are clearly seen in complex species including methanol absorption against the cosmic microwave background. The temperatures are about 17 K in the inner remnant and 14 K in the extended lobes, both higher than excitation temperatures estimated earlier in an LTE approach and based on single-dish spectra. We find total (hydrogen plus helium) densities in the range of 104 − 106 cm−3. The column densities provide rough relative abundance patterns in the remnant which currently are not understood. Attempts to derive elemental abundances within the assumption of a chemical equilibrium give only loose constraints on the CNO elements. That the formation of many of the observed molecules requires a major involvement of circumstellar shocks remains the preferred possibility. The molecular gas could have formed 350 yr ago or more recently. The molecules are well shielded from the interstellar radiation field by the circumstellar dust. Their presence alone indicates that the unobservable central star cannot be a hot object such as a white dwarf. This excludes some of the proposed scenarios on the nature of CK Vul. The general characteristics of the molecular environment of CK Vul derived in this study resemble quite well those of some pre-planetary nebulae and asymptotic giant branch stars, most notably that of OH231.8+4.2.
Inactivation of Ca 2 1 Release Channels (Ryanodine Receptors RyR1 and RyR2) with Rapid Steps in [Ca 2 1 ] and Voltage

The transient responses of sheep cardiac and rabbit skeletal ryanodine receptors (RyRs) to step changes in membrane potential and cytosolic [Ca 2 1 ] were measured. Both cardiac and skeletal RyRs have two voltage-dependent inactivation processes ( t ’ 1–3 s at 1 40 mV) that operate at opposite voltage extremes. Approximately one-half to two-thirds of RyRs inactivated when the bilayer voltage was stepped either way between positive and negative values. Inactivation was not detected (within 30 s) in RyRs with P o less than 0.2. Inactivation rates increased with intraburst open probability ( P o ) and in proportion to the probability of a long-lived, RyR open state ( P OL ). RyR inactivation depended on P OL and not on the particular activator (Ca 2 1 ( m M), ATP, caffeine, and ryanodine), inhibitor (mM Ca 2 1 and Mg 2 1 ), or gating mode. The activity of one-half to two-thirds of RyRs declined (i.e., the RyRs inactivated) after [Ca 2 1 ] steps from subactivating (0.1 m M) to activating (1–100 m M) levels. This was due to the same inactivation mechanism responsible for inactivation after voltage steps. Both forms of inactivation had the same kinetics and similar dependencies on P o and voltage. Moreover, RyRs that failed to inactivate after voltage steps also did not inactivate after [Ca 2 1 ] steps. The inactivating response to [Ca 2 1 ] steps (0.1–1 m M) was not RyRs “adapting” to steady [Ca 2 1 ] after the step, because a subsequent step from 1 to 100 m M failed to reactivate RyRs.
Diversity of Fungal Endophytes from Zostera marina Eelgrass in False Bay Biological Preserve

Endophytes are organisms such as fungi and bacteria that live at least part of their life cycle inside a photosynthetic host. Fungal endophytes have been found in nearly every plant we have looked at, including seagrasses like Zostera marina eelgrass. As part of the host plant’s microbiome, fungi can affect how its host responds to stressors in its environment, but these relationships have not been well studied in the marine environment. The community of endophytic fungi can vary per host species and from site to site. For this study, the aim was to establish the diversity of fungal endophytes in two patches of Zostera marina in False Bay Biological Preserve on San Juan Island, WA, USA. Surface sterilized eelgrass leaves were plated onto Potato Dextrose Agar. Cultured growths were isolated and then analyzed based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology to identify the lowest possible taxonomic rank. Two fungi were successfully cultured: a Cladosporium species and a Mucor species. There were also five macroscopically distinct bacterial colonies cultured. Cladosporium was only found in the subtidal patch and Mucor was only found in the intertidal patch, indicating site-to-site difference in the microbial communities. While both of these genera of fungal endophytes have been studied for their benefits to terrestrial crop plants, it is still unknown what costs or benefits Z. marina in False Bay might incur from hosting these endophytes. Further study is needed to characterize these host-fungi interactions in seagrasses.
14-3-3ζ Cooperates with ErbB2 to Promote Progression of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ to Invasive Breast Cancer by Inducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

ErbB2, a metastasis-promoting oncoprotein, is overexpressed in ~25% of invasive/metastatic breast cancers, but in 50–60% of non-invasive ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS). It has been puzzling how a subset of ErbB2-overexpressing DCIS develops into invasive breast cancer (IBC). We found that co-overexpression of 14-3-3ζ in ErbB2-overexpressing DCIS conferred a higher risk of progression to IBC. ErbB2 and 14-3-3ζ overexpression, respectively, increased cell migration and decreased cell adhesion, two prerequisites of tumor cell invasion. 14-3-3ζ overexpression reduced cell adhesion by activating the TGFβ/Smads pathway that led to ZFHX1B/SIP-1 upregulation, E-cadherin loss, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Importantly, patients whose breast tumors overexpressed
“Mice With Increased Numbers of Polyploid Hepatocytes Maintain Regenerative Capacity But Develop Fewer Hepatocellular Carcinomas Following Chronic Liver Injury”

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Thirty percent to 90% of hepatocytes contain whole-genome duplications, but little is known about the fates or functions of these polyploid cells or how they affect development of liver disease. We investigated the effects of continuous proliferative pressure, observed in chronically damaged liver tissues, on polyploid cells. METHODS: We studied Rosa-rtTa mice (controls) and Rosa-rtTa;TRE-short hairpin RNA mice, which have reversible knockdown of anillin, actin binding protein (ANLN). Transient administration of doxycycline increases the frequency and degree of hepatocyte polyploidy without permanently altering levels of ANLN. Mice were then given diethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) to induce mutations, chronic liver damage, and carcinogenesis. We performed partial hepatectomies to test liver regeneration and then RNA-sequencing analyses to identify changes in gene expression. Lineage tracing was used to rule out repopulation from non-hepatocyte sources. We imaged dividing hepatocytes to estimate the frequency of mitotic errors during regeneration. We also performed whole-exome sequencing of 54 liver nodules from patients with cirrhosis to quantify aneuploidy, a possible outcome of polyploid cell divisions. RESULTS: Liver tissues from control mice given CCl 4 had significant increases in ploidy compared with livers from uninjured mice. Mice with knockdown of ANLN had hepatocyte ploidy above physiologic levels and developed significantly fewer liver tumors after administration of diethylnitrosamine and CCl 4 compared with control mice. Increased hepatocyte polyploidy was not associated with altered regenerative capacity or tissue fitness, changes in gene expression, or more mitotic errors. Based on lineage-tracing experiments, non-hepatocytes did not contribute to liver regeneration in mice with increased polyploidy. Despite an equivalent rate of mitosis in hepatocytes of differing ploidies, we found no lagging chromosomes or micronuclei in mitotic polyploid cells. In nodules of human cirrhotic liver tissue, there was no evidence of chromosome-level copy number variations. CONCLUSIONS: Mice increased polyploid hepatocytes fewer liver tumors chronic liver damage. Remarkably, polyploid hepatocytes maintain the ability to regenerate liver tissues during chronic damage without generating mitotic errors, and aneuploidy is not commonly observed in cirrhotic livers. Strategies to increase of polypoid
Firing Pattern and Rapid Modulation of Activity by Estrogen in Primate LHRH-1 Neurons

We have previously shown that cultured LHRH-1 neurons, derived from monkey olfactory placode region, exhibit pulsatile LHRH-1 release at hourly intervals and spontaneous intracellular calcium, [Ca 2+ ] i , oscillations, which synchronize at a frequency similar to LHRH-1 release. Brief application of estrogen induced a rapid increase in the frequency of [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations and the frequency of synchronizations. The estrogen-induced frequency of [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations was mediated by estrogen receptors (ER), whereas the frequency of synchronizations was not mediated by ER. In the present study we further examined the rapid action of estrogen using patch-clamp recording in primate LHRH-1 neurons. Cell-attached patch-clamp recording showed that LHRH-1 neurons exhibited monophasic or biphasic action currents, which were sensitive to an increase in extracellular K + and the sodium channel blocker, TTX. The majority (90%) of LHRH-1 neurons showed irregular firing patterns comprised of bursts and irregular beatings of action currents, which further formed a ‘cluster’ firing pattern. Brief application of 17 β -estradiol (E 2 , 1 nM) increased the firing frequency and burst duration of LHRH-1 neurons with a latency of 60–120 s for up to 25 min. ICI182,780, an ER antagonist blocked the E 2 -induced increase in the firing activity of LHRH-1 neurons. These results suggest that 1) primate LHRH-1 neurons exhibit complex firing patterns comprised of activities with different time domains, 2) estrogen causes rapid stimulatory action of firing activity, and 3) this estrogen action is mediated by ER in primate LHRH-1 neurons.
Community Eye Care

Rural populations, worldwide, have poor access to eye care services leading to sub optimal utilization of existing services. [1-5] The five important dimensions of access include availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability and acceptability. [6] Affordability and availability, besides accessibility, of eye care services are major barriers to utilization of eye care services in India. [7-18]
K 1 -Dependent Composite Gating of the Yeast K 1 Channel, Tok1

TOK1 encodes an outwardly rectifying K 1 channel in the plasma membrane of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is capable of dwelling in two kinetically distinct impermeable states, a near-instantaneously activating R state and a set of related delayed activating C states (formerly called C 2 and C 1 , respectively). Dwell in the R state is dependent on membrane potential and both internal and external K 1 in a manner consistent with the K 1 electrochemical potential being its determinant, where dwell in the C states is dependent on voltage and only external K 1 . Whereas activation from the C states showed high temperature dependencies, typical of gating transitions in other Shaker -like channels, activation from the R state had a temperature dependence nearly as low as that of simple ionic diffusion. These findings lead us to conclude that although the C states reflect the activity of an internally oriented channel gate, the R state results from an intrinsic gating property of the channel filter region. sampled at 5 kHz and filtered at 1 kHz at the point of acquisition. For analysis of the O-R kinetics, data were sampled at 167 kHz, filtered at 50 kHz, and stabilization was set at the minimum, which prevented severe ringing (generally a phase lag of 20 m s). Temperature was controlled using a Cambion Bipolar Temperature Controller (Midland Ross Inc., Urbana, OH) and monitored by measuring calibrated current flow through a small thermocouple placed near the oocyte. Neither leak subtraction nor capacitance compensation was used at the point of data acquisition or analysis unless stated.
Structural requirements of ligands for the oxysterol liver X receptors LXR a and LXR b

LXR a and - b are nuclear receptors that regulate the metabolism of several important lipids, including cholesterol and bile acids. Previously, we have proposed that LXRs regulate these pathways through their interaction with specific, naturally occurring oxysterols, including 22( R )-hydroxycholesterol, 24( S )-hydroxycholesterol, and 24( S ),25-epoxycholesterol. Using a ligand binding assay that incorpo-rates scintillation proximity technology to circumvent many of the problems associated with assaying extremely hydrophobic ligands, we now demonstrate that these oxysterols bind di-rectly to LXRs at concentrations that occur in vivo . To characterize further the structural determinants required for potent LXR ligands, we synthesized and tested a series of related compounds for binding to LXRs and activation of transcription. These studies revealed that position-specific monooxidation of the sterol side chain is requisite for LXR high-affinity binding and activation. Enhanced binding and activation can also be achieved through the use of 24-oxo ligands that act as hydrogen bond acceptors in the side chain. In addition, introduction of an oxygen on the sterol B-ring results in a ligand with LXR a
Comment to the Editor Lipid Diffusion, Free Area, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

In a recent article in Biophysical Journal, Falck et al. (2004) present a molecular dynamics (MD) study of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/cholesterol (Chol) bilayers, focusing on the lipid packing and its relation to free area and lateral diffusion of lipids. A significant comparison is made between their MD results and our experimental diffusion measurements using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and the analysis of those experiments using the free area model (Almeida et al., 1992). In contrast to our conclusion, Falck et al. state that the free area model does not quantitatively represent lipid diffusion. Furthermore, their simulations predict a much stronger effect of cholesterol on diffusion than found experimentally. In our opinion, as written, some of the statements of Falck et al. are prone to misinterpretation. The criticism of the free are model based on the MD simulations is flawed because comparison is made between different systems. If the proper systems are compared, the free area model actually predicts the correct result for lipid diffusion, whereas the MD simulations do not. In this Comment to the Editor, we present our views on the problem and clarify several of the issues. Finally, we attempt to resolve the apparent quantitative disagreement between the MD simulations and our experiments on lipid diffusion.