Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequency-Based vs. Knowledge-Based Similarity Measures for Categorical Data

Calculation of similarity between two entities is a key step in several data mining processes. While there are several common similarity measures for continuous data, there is little work for categorical data. Most approaches are purely data-driven and don’t consider the inherent dependencies of complex domains such as geological structures, phylogenetics, etc. We propose two new similarity measures that take into account semantic information to calculate the similarity be-tween two categorical values. Semantic information is represented as a hierarchy extracted from an ontology or a domain taxonomy. The ﬁrst approach calculates semantic similarity by combining the data-driven approach with the hierarchy imposed on the possible categorical values. The second approach ignores the data and uses only the hierarchy to calculate semantic similarity. We apply our methods to a speciﬁc complex data mining task in the oil and gas industry: reservoir analogue identiﬁcation. The two proposed measures are compared to existing data-based measures.
A Review of Host Plants of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) with new Host Records for Fourteen Cerambycids, Including the Asian Longhorn Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky), in Korea

A revised checklist of host plants for 181 species belonging to 103 genera in six subfamilies of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) in Korea is provided on the basis of the results of field surveys and literature review. A total of 14 new cerambycid-host associations are confirmed and the Manchurian striped maple, Acer tegmentosum Maxim. (Aceraceae), is listed as a new host of the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). The names of more than 170 host plants species belonging to 107 genera in 44 families are compiled. Among them, four families (Ulmaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae) are confirmed as the main host families (more than 23%) of most of the cerambycid species. All invalid scientific names and Korean names of plants and cerambycids in the previous literature are corrected in the present paper.
Supervised Visualization of Vocabulary Knowledge towards Explainable Support of Second Language Learners

In second language learning, it is crucial to identify gaps in knowledge of the language between second language learners and native speakers. Such a gap exists even when learning a single word in a second language. As the semantic broad-ness of a word differs from language to language, language learners must learn how broadly a word can be used in a language. For example, certain languages use different words for “period” in “a period of time” or “period pains” yet both are nouns. Learners whose native languages are such languages typically have only partial knowledge of a word, even though they think they know the word “period,” producing a gap be-tween them and native speakers. Language learners typically want explanations for these word usage differences, which even native speakers ﬁnd it difﬁcult to explain and ﬁnd it costly to annotate. To support language learners in noticing these challenging differences easily and intuitively, this paper proposes a novel supervised visualization of the usages of a word. In our method, the usages of an inputted word in large corpora written by native speakers are visualized, taking the semantic proximity between the usages into account. Then, for the single inputted word, our method makes a personalized prediction of word usages that each learner may know, based on his/her results of a quick vocabulary test, which takes approximately 30 minutes. The experiment re-sults show that our method produces better usage frequency counts than raw usage frequency counts in predicting vocabulary test responses, implying that word usage prediction is accurate.
Sublanguages

Four of the five panels at this workshop are assessing the perspectives in applied computational linguistics for four important problem areas: natural-language interfaces, machine translation, text generation, and concept extraction. For each of these areas, it is assumed that any applied system will be oriented toward the particular variety of natural language associated with a single knowledge domain. This follows from the now widely accepted fact that such systems require rather tight, primarily semantic, constraints to obtain a correct analysis, and that such constraints can at present be stated only for sublanguages, not for the language as a whole. Although a practical system may well have components that are designed to accommodate the whole language, it must also anticipate the particular syntactic, lexical, semantic, and discourse properties of the sublanguage in which it will operate.
ARO: A Memory-Based Approach to Environments with Perceptual Aliasing

In order to integrate machine learning and knowledge engineering, it is necessary to store both learned and engineered knowledge in a common format that can be used by an agent to make intelligent decisions. Such integration is much more useful in data sparse environments, where traditional machine learning techniques fail. To this end, we deﬁne a rule structure that stores patterns of cause and effect. These rules can easily embed expert knowledge on causal relationships. We will then present ARO, an algorithm for learning and using rules to navigate data sparse environments. Our results show that ARO is more effective than other known solutions to this problem. ARO has the additional advantages that it more easily integrates with knowledge engineering techniques and uses no hyperparameters.
Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman Problem with Ridesharing

The Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman Problem with Ridesharing is a model that joins elements from the Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman and the collaborative transport. The salesman is the driver of a capacitated vehicle and uses a ridesharing system to minimize travel costs. There are a penalty and a bonus associated with each vertex of a graph, G, that represents the problem. There is also a cost associated with each edge of G. The salesman must choose a subset of vertices to be visited so that the total bonus collection is at least a given a parameter. The length of the tour plus the sum of penalties of all vertices not visited is as small as possible. There is a set of persons demanding rides. The ride request consists of a pickup and a drop off location, a maximum travel duration, and the maximum amount the person agrees to pay. The driver shares the cost associated with each arc in the tour with the passengers in the vehicle. Constraints from ride requests, as well as the capacity of the car, must be satisfied. We present a mathematical formulation for the problem investigated in this study and solve it in an optimization tool. We also present three heuristics that hybridize exact and heuristic methods. These algorithms use a decomposition strategy that other enriched vehicle routing problems can utilize.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF RED MULLET (MULLUS BARBATUS): A SEASONAL DIFFERENTIATION

Seasonal variations in the fatty acid compositions of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) captured from Iskenderun bay, northeastern Mediterranean, were investigated. In all sampling seasons, the major fatty acids of red mullet were palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), palmitoleic acid (16:1), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3). The fatty acid contents of red mullet were influenced by seasonality. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid were 17.32% in autumn, 17.69% in winter and 20.13% in spring. The levels of DHA in the total fatty acids in autumn, winter and spring were 4.36, 8.25 and 10.89%, while those of EPA were 7.93, 4.59 and 4.56, respectively. The present study suggest that red mullet is a good source of ω3 series fatty acids, and the weekly consumption of 300 g of red mullet in autumn, winter or summer could meet EPA + DHA requirements of people. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Red mullet is one of the most commercially important fish species in many Mediterranean countries. Little information is available on the fatty acid composition of red mullet. Therefore, seasonal proximate analysis and the fatty acid composition of red mullet were determined and discussed in this paper. There is much interest in the beneficial effects on human health that is related to consumption of marine lipids. Determination of the effects of different fishing seasons on the fatty acid composition of red mullet will provide valuable information concerning the nutrient value of this seafood for both consumers and the researchers working on nutrient tables. In addition, this basic information will be obtained for the fish processing industry.
The denning behaviour of feral ferrets (Mustela furo) in a pastoral habitat, South Island, New Zealand

This paper describes the denning behaviour of 24 feral ferrets Mustela furo on farmland, East Otago, South Island, New Zealand. One hundred and ninety seven dens were located and radio-collared ferrets were found to share dens simultaneously with other ferrets on 7.4% of 706 radio-tracking events and used dens that had been previously used by other ferrets (sequential den sharing) on 44.3% of occasions. In this particular study, ferrets were exhibiting a higher degree of sociality than has been recorded in other solitary mustelid species and therefore may not be adhering to the model of intrasexual territoriality thought to apply to other mustelid species. Den sharing may be a mechanism by which bovine tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis is transmitted within ferret populations. Over 80% of the sequential den sharing occurred within 14 days, well within the survival span of M. bovis bacilli. Denning of infected ferrets in haybarns may pose a risk of transmission of M. bovis to livestock from hay.
Components of Resistance to Late Leafspot in Peanut. II. Correlations Among Components and Their Significance in Breeding for Resistance1

Abstract A total of 116 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, which included all market types, were evaluated for resistance to late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum Berk, and Curt. (Deighton)) in three tests during 1986. Two tests were conducted in greenhouses at Gainesville and Quincy, Florida. The third test was conducted in the field near Marianna, Florida. Lesion number per leaf, percent leaf necrotic area, lesion diameter, spore production, and latent period were evaluated. Correlations were calculated between greenhouse and field studies. Contributions of each component of resistance to an overall plant appearance score was also determined. Amount of sporulation, lesion size, and latent period were highly correlated with each other and with percent leaf necrotic area within tests. The rank of genotypes in the field was significantly correlated with the rank in the greenhouse for latent period (r = 0.57), lesion diameter (r = 0.46), and sporulation (r = 0.59). Sporulation, lesion size, and late.
Evolution of Microsporogenesis in Angiosperms

Microsporogenesis is highly labile in early‐branching angiosperms, i.e., those with mostly sulcate pollen, compared with the tricolpate and tricolpate‐derived eudicots. New records of microsporogenesis in basal angiosperms (19 taxa were examined), together with a review of the literature, demonstrate that the existing typology has been too strictly applied; several basal angiosperms have apparently intermediate forms and therefore do not fit easily into simultaneous or successive categories. Intermediate forms include the “modified simultaneous” type, where ephemeral cell plates are formed after the first meiotic division but then disperse, and simultaneous cleavage follows the second meiotic division. This relative diversity reflects a range of variation in number and position of pollen apertures in basal angiosperms, although both monosulcate and inaperturate pollen may occur in conjunction with either simultaneous or successive microsporogenesis. However, many taxa with inaperturate pollen have successive microsporogenesis, whereas many monosulcate taxa have the simultaneous type (although successive and monosulcate is common in monocotyledons). The predominance of simultaneous microsporogenesis in extant basal angiosperms and in land plants in general (including gymnosperms) indicates that simultaneous microsporogenesis is plesiomorphic in angiosperms, despite the occurrence of the successive type in the putative first‐branching extant angiosperm, Amborella. This conclusion contradicts earlier views on the evolutionary polarity of this character.
Steady-state nutrition and growth responses of Betula pendula to different relative supply rates of copper

In a series of experiments on the growth and nutrition of copper-limited birch (Betula pendula Roth) plants, growth was controlled by the relative addition rate of copper, R Cu (d -1 ). This was 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20 d -1 with free access to all other nutrients. An additional treatment provided free access to all nutrients. The pH in the nutrient solution was = 4.5 and conductivity was 100 μS cm -1 . At steady-state growth, there was a linear relationship between the relative growth rate. R G , and R Cu . The [Cu] of the plants ranged from 2.4 to 2.7 μg g -1 dry mass (DM) in all treatments with limiting R Cu and was = 28 μg g -1 in the free access treatment. The plants showed specific copper deficiency symptoms at limitation. Total non-structural carbohydrate concentrations and the fraction of plant DM partitioned to roots was much less at copper limitation than at free access. The uptake rate of copper per unit root growth rate, dCu/dW r (μmol g -1 root DM) was unaffected by the copper supply. Low rates of plant growth at copper limitation were associated with high values of specific leaf area (SLA; 47 m 2 kg -1 ) and leaf area ratio (LAR; 28 m 2 kg -1 plant DM) but lower values of net assimilation rate (NAR; 2.5 kg m -2 leaf DM d -1 ) than were found at free access, 28 m 2 kg -1 (SLA), 17 m 2 kg -1 DM (LAR) and 14 kg m -2 leaf DM d -1 (NAR), respectively. It is not obvious from the present data how the growth response can help alleviate copper limitation in the field.
Schaftosides from rice phloem as feeding inhibitors and resistance factors to brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is the most important pest of rice world wide (Oercke, 1994). Natural resistance offers an inexpensive and environmentally benign form of pest management, but to use resistance most effectively it is necessary to understand the mechanism. Previous studies have shown that the feeding behaviour of BPH on different resistant rice varieties is not related to the wide variety of so-called resistance genes (Padgham et al., 1989). There appear to be at least two major components of resistance. The most common, including that in the variety ‘Ratthu Heenati’, is in the phloem (Padgham et al., 1989; Kimmins, 1989). In the two other resistant varieties studied in this paper, BG300 and BG379/2, the mechanism is derived from ‘Ratthu Heenati’ thus one might expect it to be the same. The second component, which is reported only for variety IR46 is increased surface activity of BPH attributed to leaf surface waxes (Woodhead & Padgham, 1988).
Agronomic effects from chromosome translocations 7DL.7AG and 1BL.1RS in spring wheat

In hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disease resistance genes transferred from alien sources are often associated with undesirable traits. Replicated trials using near-isogenic lines of spring wheat 'Seri 82' were conducted for 2 yr under non-moisture stress and simulated moisture stress conditions to determine the effects of the 7DL.7Ag and 1BL.1RS translocations [from Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. and Secale cereale L. , respectively] on grain yield and related traits. Mean grain yield of the 1B lines was significantly higher (3.2%) than that of the 1BL.1RS translocation lines in non-moisture stress trials, but not significantly higher in the moisture stress trials. The mean grain yields of the five highest yielding reconstituted Seri 82 genotypes (1BL.1RS) were significantly lower than that of the genotypes without the 1BL.1RS translocation in non-moisture stress (3.2%) and moisture stress (5.2%) conditions. Incorporation of the 7DL.7Ag translocation caused a significant increase (9%) in biomass at harvest in non-moisture stress trials. The mean grain yields of the five highest yielding 7DL.7Ag lines were significantly higher (8.2%) than the reconstituted Seri 82 genotypes in non-moisture stress conditions and more than 16% lower under moisture stress. Lower grain yields of the 7DL.7Ag lines under moisture stress could be due to their excessive pre-heading biomass production. Several yield-related traits of the near-isogenic genotypes varied significantly. Presence of each translocation caused lateness and, when present together, the 1BL.1RS and 7DL.7Ag translocations delayed heading and maturity by 7 and 5 d, respectively. The genetic background of the recipient wheat can affect the utility of a translocation.
A new method for the detection of microbial proteolytic enzymes in milk

SUMMARY Optimum conditions have been determined for the use of Hide Powder Azure (HPA) to estimate extracellular proteinases produced by psychrotrophic Gram-negative bacteria. This assay is quicker, more precise and 3·2 times more sensitive than assays of soluble N released from casein. It provides a simple alternative method for monitoring proteinase purification schemes. With the modification described it is now possible to determine proteinase activities directly in milk. In its simplest form the HPA assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect proteinases produced by as few as 1·5 x 106 c.f. u. ml-1 psychrobtrophs without the necessity for any sample processing.
A Quantitative Comparison of Two Zooplankton Sampling Methods, a Plankton Trap and a Towed Net, in the Baltic

A comparison between a large plankton trap with a capacity of 23 litres and a modern towed net was made in the course of zooplankton production studies in the Baltic. On the average, the net efficiency was 75% of that of the trap. Both methods were equally efficient in catching naupliar stages of copepods. The net efficiency was especially low during the zooplankton maximum for adult copepods and cladocerans (41 and 51%, respectively), probably due to the active avoidance of the net by fast swimming species. The net was only about 66% as efficient as the trap for catching rotifers. This difference is probably caused by the loss of small and softbodied forms through the mesh. Only about 65% of the total zooplankton biomass retained in the trap was collected by the net. Net sampling is not recommended for quantitative zooplankton studies.
Effects of Intracerebroventricular Injection of Clonidine and Neuropeptide Y on Food Intake in the Chicken

<<Research Note>> Effects of Intracerebroventricular Injection of Clonidine and Neuropeptide Y on Food Intake in the Chicken Y. -H. CHOI1), N. OHNO1), J. OKUMURA1), D. M.DENBOW2), and M. FURUSE1),* 1)Laboratory ofAnimal Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01 2)Department of Animal nd Poultrv Sciences , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, U.S.A.
V-Factor-Dependent Growth of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Biotype 2 (Bertschinger 2008/76)

A chemically defined medium containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) supported the growth of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 (Bertschinger 2008/76), whereas the same medium lacking NAD did not. Nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide riboside, and nicotinamide could substitute for NAD, whereas nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, nicotinic acid, and quinolinic acid could not. Hence, although described as being V factor independent, this organism can exhibit V-factor-dependent growth.
In Vitro Release of 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate from Different Thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogel Systems

5-Fluorouracil is a member of cytotoxic drugs with poor selectivity to cancer cells. Currently, systemic administration of this anti-cancer drug (oral or injection) exposes normal tissues to the drug-induced toxicity. Nowadays, attention has been greatly directed towards in situ gel-forming systems that can be injected into the affected tissues in its sol form with a minimally invasive technique. More specifically, chitosan hydrogel systems were in focus due to their antibacterial effect as well as their biodegradable, biocompatible, and mucoadhesive properties. In the present work, 5-fluorouracil was loaded on various thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel systems cross linked with different linking agents like β-glycerophosphate, pluronic F127, and hydroxyapatite. Also, methotrexate was added to 5-fluorouracil in order to gain its previously reported synergistic effects. Firstly, a compatibility study was performed using UV-spectrophotometric, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques to exclude the possibility of any physical or chemical interactions between the selected drugs and excipients. The prepared hydrogel systems were characterized for their physicochemical properties including organoleptic, pH, syringeability and injectability, viscosity, and gelation temperature (Tgel) by various analysis techniques. Moreover, the in vitro release behavior of 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate was determined with a modified analytical method. The results indicated that chitosan hydrogel system cross-linked with a combination of β- glycerophosphate, and 10 % pluronicF127 (F4) showed the most suitable physicochemical properties and release profile. Accordingly, this formula can be considered as a missionary system for localized sustained delivery of cytotoxic drugs.
Patterns in the invertebrate assemblage associated with Corallina officinalis in tide pools

Ecological studies of diversity at different spatial scales are important for our understanding of community processes. Here the patterns in the invertebrate fauna associated with the turf-forming red alga, Corallina officinalis, with increasing tide pool depth and in pools of different surface area and at different tidal heights are presented for two similar shores in north Wales. Corallina turf supports a diverse assemblage of invertebrates achieving high densities of individuals which makes an important contribution to local biodiversity. Overall 123 different taxa were identified with the most dominant species being the polychaete Spirorbis corallinae and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. There are significant differences in the invertebrate assemblage at different depths in tide pools and higher diversity and richness at shallower depths nearer the edge of pools where the alga is shorter and more compact than at deeper depths. Pool size and tidal height were also clearly important in structuring the assemblage where there were significant differences in diversity, richness and assemblage pattern, although these differences were not consistent between shores. Some measures of habitat complexity, such as algal volume, correlate well with species richness, though occasionally diversity is negatively correlated with the number of holdfasts. Variations in physical conditions afforded by different depths and in tide pools of different size at different tidal heights at the scales measured clearly play an important role in structuring both the complexity of habitat and its associated assemblage