Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quaternary refugia in tropical America: evidence from race formation in Heliconius butterflies

The hypothesis of Haffer, Turner, and others, that patterns of race and species formation in the tropical forests of South America are the result of the isolation of populations in forest refugia during widespread climatic changes in the geologically recent past, is supported by the distribution of races in the butterfly genus Heliconius: the location of the refuges for these butterflies shows an excellent accord with the refuges deduced by Haffer in his studies of forest birds. The strict parallel variation through most of South America of the various races of H. melpomene, H. erato and of ten similarly-patterned species shows the result of selection for Müllerian mimicry; as the patterns must be subject to strong stabilizing selection, and as the low vagility of the butterflies normally produces isolation by distance even in a continuous population, it is suggested that the extreme divergence of pattern that some (but not all) Heliconius underwent in the forest refugia results from selection pressure in favour of mimicking the most abundant or distasteful local species, which would vary from refuge to refuge, rather than from geographical isolation per se.
Differences in final felling and thinning behaviour between owner categories in Sweden

This paper develops a simple two‐period present value maximizing model of forest management. The production possibility is determined by the initial forest endowment, a growth function and transformation relations between thinnings, final fellings, pulpwood supply and sawtimber supply. The model is applied on thinnings and final fellings data of three different ownership categories in Sweden; private industrial, private non‐industrial and public owners. The results show lower price elasticities than previous studies where no distinction between ownership categories are made. Also, a previously unused inventory variable seems to have an important explanatory power.
Life-long follow-up of second primary lung and extra-pulmonary cancer in lung cancer patients is needed

Background: Lung cancer (LC) patients are at high risk of developing second primary cancer (SPC). This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with SPC and provide an individualized risk prediction model for LC patients. Methods: Initial primary lung cancer (IPLC) patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2011 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A Fine-Gray multivariate competing-risk model was used to estimate the risk of SPC, and the model was assessed regarding discrimination and calibration. A nomogram was designed for clinical convenience to predict the 3-, 5-, and 10- year probabilities of developing SPCs. Results: A total of 142,491 IPLC patients were considered in this study and 14,374(10.01%) developed SPC within a maximum study period of approximately 19 years. Seven independent prognostic factors were identified according to the competing-risk model, and the SEER summary stage and surgery were the strongest predictors. The model was well calibrated and had good discrimination ability(C-index = 0.746). Conclusions: LC survivors had an increased risk of SPC and factors associated with good prognosis often predicted SPC. Consideration should be given to increasing the duration of routine follow-up even after 10 years of initial diagnosis for those at the highest risk and site-specific follow-up strategy is also required.
Effects of substrate flooding on growth and chemical composition of Theobroma cacao L. clonal genotypes

O alagamento do solo pode promover alteracoes no metabolismo celular e causar desvios nas condicoes otimas de crescimento das plantas, gerando uma condicao de estresse. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos do alagamento no crescimento e na nutricao mineral de seis clones de T. cacao (CP-49, CCN-10, CP-06, CEPEC-2007, CEPEC-2008 e PS-1319), para elucidar possiveis mecanismos de tolerância ao alagamento. Mudas clonais de T. cacao, com 6 meses de idade, foram submetidas ao alagamento, juntamente com o tratamento-controle (nao alagado), por 30 dias. Observou-se, no final desse periodo, que o alagamento promoveu diminuicao nas taxas de crescimento relativo radicular (exceto para CP-06) e de area foliar, acumulo de materia seca e incremento nas taxas de crescimento relativo caulinar (exceto para os clones CP-06 e CEPEC-2008) e assimilatoria liquida (exceto para o clone alagado PS-1319) e de massa foliar especifica para os clones CP-49, CCN-10 e CP-06. Os clones que sobreviveram aos 30 dias de alagamento apresentaram baixos valores de razao de area foliar. De modo geral, o alagamento do substrato acarretou deficiencia na absorcao de macro e micronutrientes minerais, exceto de Fe. Dentre os clones avaliados, o CP-49 foi tolerante e o CEPEC-2008 nao tolerante ao alagamento. Os demais clones ficaram numa posicao intermediaria. Logo, o clone CP-49 tem grande potencial para ser cultivado em condicoes de alagamento.
Drone swarm patrolling with uneven coverage requirements

Swarms of drones are being more and more used in many practical scenarios, such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, search and rescue in hardly-accessible areas, etc. While a single drone can be guided by a human operator, the deployment of a swarm of multiple drones requires proper algorithms for automatic task-oriented control. In this paper, we focus on visual coverage optimization with drone-mounted camera sensors. In particular, we consider the specific case in which the coverage requirements are uneven, meaning that different parts of the environment have different coverage priorities. We model these coverage requirements with relevance maps and propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm to guide the swarm. The paper first defines a proper learning model for a single drone, and then extends it to the case of multiple drones both with greedy and cooperative strategies. Experimental results show the performance of the proposed method, also compared with a standard patrolling algorithm.
COMPOSITION OF TURPENTINE OF LODGEPOLE × JACK PINE HYBRIDS

Chemical composition of turpentines in lodgepole–jack pine hybrids was studied. When the two pines were artificially crossed, the F1 generation possessed turpentine in which the bicyclic terpenes of jack pine, dominated over the simpler, monocyclic terpene—phellandrene—of lodgepole pine. Trees in a natural hybrid swarm also tended towards a predominance of the jack pine bicyclic terpenes.
THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF THORACOSPHAERA HEIMII: EVIDENCE FOR INCLUSION IN THE DINOPHYCEAE 1

The fatty acid, sterol and chlorophyll composition of the calcified, unicellular alga Thoracosphaera heimii (Lohmann) Kamptner are reported. The presence of 4,23,24‐termethyl‐5α‐cholest‐22E‐en‐3β‐ol (dinosterol), 4,23,24‐trimethyl‐5α‐cholest‐22E‐en‐3‐one (dinosterone) and the predominance of C18, C20 and C22 unsaturated fatty acids, including the acid 18:5ω3, indicates that T. heimii is a dinoflagellate. The fatty acid: sterol ratio (1.3), is typical of dinoflagellates. The geochemical significance of dinosterone, the high relative concentration of 4‐desmethyl‐5α‐stanols and the role of 23‐methyl‐5α‐cholest‐22E‐en‐3β‐ol in the biosynthesis of dinosterol in T. heimii are also discussed.
Profiling of formaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and CO over the Amazon: Normalised excess mixing ratios and related emission factors in biomass burning plumes

We report on airborne measurements of tropospheric mixing ratios and vertical profiles of formaldehyde (CH2O), glyoxal (C2H2O2), methylglyoxal and higher carbonyls (C3H4O∗2) (see below), and carbon monoxide (CO) over the Amazon Basin during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign from the German High Altitude and Long-range research aircraft (HALO) in autumn 2014. The joint observation of in situ CO and remotely measured CH2O, C2H2O2, and C3H4O∗2, together with visible imagery and air mass back-trajectory modelling using NOAA HYSPLIT (National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, HYbrid SingleParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory), allows us to discriminate between the probing of background tropical air, in which the concentration of the measured species results from the oxidation of biogenically emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs, mostly isoprene), and measurements of moderately to strongly polluted air masses affected by biomass burning emissions or the city plume of Manaus. For 12 nearsurface measurements of fresh biomass burning plumes, normalized excess mixing ratios of C2H2O2 and C3H4O∗2 with respect to CH2O are inferred and compared to recent studies. The mean glyoxal-to-formaldehyde ratio RGF = 0.07 (range 0.02–0.11) is in good agreement with recent reports which suggest RGF to be significantly lower than previously assumed in global chemical transport models (CTMs). The mean methylglyoxal-to-formaldehyde ratio RMF = 0.98 (range 0.09–1.50) varies significantly during the different observational settings but overall appears to be much larger (up to a factor of 5) than previous reports suggest even when applying a correction factor of 2.0± 0.5 to account for the additional dicarbonyls included in the C3H4O∗2 measurements. Using recently reported emission factors of CH2O for tropical forests, our observations suggest emission factors of EFG = 0.25 (range 0.11 to 0.52) g kg−1 for C2H2O2 and EFM = 4.7 (range 0.5 to 8.64) g kg−1 for C3H4O∗2. While EFG agrees well with recent reports, EFM is (like RMF) slightly larger than reported in other studies, presumably due to the different plume ages or fuels studied. Our observations of these critical carbonyls and intermediate oxidation products may support future photochemical modelling of air pollution over tropical vegetation, as well as validate past and present space-borne observations of the respective species.
Effects of Feeding Rye Silage on Growth Performance, Blood, and Carcass Characteristics in Finishing Pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding rye silage on growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of eighteen() pigs() were used for 49-day assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) S1(1.66% rye silage) and 3) S2(3.32% rye silage). In growth performance, from 4 to 7 weeks, average daily feed intake(ADFI) in pigs fed CON diet was higher than pigs fed S1 and S2 diets. Through the entire experimental period( weeks), a ADFI in CON and S2 treatments was higher than S1 treatment (p(lightness) value of loin in the pigs fed S2 diet was higher than that of loin in the pigs fed CON diet(p(yellowness) value of loin in the pigs fed S1 and S2 diets were higher than CON treatment(p(lightness) value and (yellowness), fatty acid contents, and nutrient digestibility. However, there should be more study on the relationship between feeding rye silagr and finishing pigs.
A Comparative Analysis of the Rebound Hammer and Pullout as Non-Destructive Method in Testing Concrete

A comparative analysis between Rebound Hammer and Pullout method in testing concrete was conducted in this study. Experimental analysis were carried out to compare the correctness between the two testing method in estimating the strength of concrete. Different cube (cubes of 175 x 175 x 175) samples were prepared using two mix designs of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 with a constant w/c ratio of 0.45 and were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The rebound hammer readings had a correlation coefficient of 0.695 while the pullout had a correlation coefficient of 0.725 for the 1:2:4 mix and the rebound hammer readings for 1:3:6 was 0.724 and that for the pullout was 0.675. From the results obtained, it is observed that the non-destructive testing methods were correlated with the compressive strength results which showed that a higher correlation existed between the Rebound Hammer and the compressive strength than the Pullout. Statistical analysis of the results obtained showed that there was no significant difference between the means of the two methods for both mix at a 0.05 level of significance. However, Rebound hammer method can be recommended as it provides a quicker, less-expensive means of checking the uniformity of concrete even though it shows less sensitivity as concrete matures, unlike the Pullout test in which measuring strength is affected by the arrangement of the embedded insert, the dimensions of bearing ring, the depth of embedment, the concrete age and the type of aggregates uses in concrete.
Somatic cost of reproduction in three carnivorous Pinguicula species

We estimated the cost of reproduction and reproductive effort in three iteroparous plant species, Pinguicula alpina, P. villosa and P. vulgaris, in a subarctic environment. The phenotypic costs of reproduction were quantified by comparing resource pools (dry weight, nitrogen or phosphorus) in reproductive and non-reproductive plants. Two types of non-reproductive plants were used; plants whose reproductive parts had been removed (RR) at the start of the growing season and naturally non-reproductive plants (NR). The reproductive effort was calculated as the resources invested in reproduction in relation to the total resource pool (somatic + reproductive parts). For P. vulgaris the amount of resources available was manipulated by feeding plants with insects and/or by leaf removal in a factorial design. A somatic cost of reproduction was found for all species and treatments since reproductive plants had smaller somatic resource pools than non-reproductive plants (both RR and NR). The total resource pool was higher in reproductive plants than in non-reproductive plants. Due to this difference, the reproductive effort exceeded the somatic cost of reproduction. This suggests that mechanisms may exist for decreasing the cost of reproduction. Mechanisms that potentially could explain the discrepancy between reproductive effort and the somatic cost are discussed.
Interaction of ectoparasites-small mammals in tropical rainforest of Malaysia

The literature regarding the diversity of ectoparasites and their interaction with their hosts remains largely inadequate in Malaysian tropical rainforest. We investigate the interaction patterns and specialization of ectoparasites infesting terrestrial small mammals (rodents and scandents) in Peninsular and Malaysian Borneo from samples made in 16 localities between 2008 and 2010. A total of 3,235 individuals of ectoparasites were collected during field surveys, resulting in an interaction network involving 47 ectoparasites that were distributed on 23 species of small mammals. The overall specialization index H2′ of all ectoparasites and host species was 0.67 which was considered moderate. Ticks appeared to be generalist with specialization index (H2′ = 0.35) while lice showed higher specialization (H2′ = 1) in selecting host species. The most diverse parasite assemblage was found on S. muelleri (Hs_w = 1.96). Specialization indices among ectoparasite species (dp) ranged from 0.03 to 1 while the indices among host species (dh) ranged from 0.20 to 1. Incomplete field data may have contributed to the high specialization indices. This study is significant as it can enhance our understanding the emergence and management of potential zoonotic diseases in Malaysia.
Ewing's Sarcoma and Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone and Soft Tissue

The histological diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma (Es) continues to be a difficult task for pathologists. A number of new Es varieties has been described, leading to further complexity. Conventional Es, atypical Es, and peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET), including peripheral neuroepithelioma, belong genetically to the same family of neoplasms, displaying common chromosomal rearrangements and analogous gene reorganizations. The main translocations are t(11;22) and t(21;22), with genes EWS, FLI-1 and ERG being involved, as well as other members of the ETS family of transcription factors. The prevalence of morphology should be maintained with the use of conventional histological techniques and supported with the analysis of the expression of CD99 Mic2 (HBA 71, 0.13) antigen, which is present in over 90% of cases, as well as with FLI-1 rearranged gene derived protein. Moreover, FISH and RT-PCR in paraffin-embedded tumor tissue may be of use in extremely difficult cases for differential diagnosis. Nevertheless, a number of mixed tumor types, such as primitive sarcoma or biphenotypic sarcoma, may show structural and genetic diversity, thus rendering their diagnosis even more complex.
Mobility Management Based on Beam-Level Measurement Report in 5G Massive MIMO Cellular Networks

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MMIMO) in the mmWave band is an essential technique to achieve the desired performance for 5G new radio (NR) systems. To employ mmWave MMIMO technology, an important challenge is maintaining seamless mobility to users because we need to consider beam-switching within a cell besides the handover between cells. For mobility management in 5G NR systems, 3GPP specified a beam-level-mobility scheme that includes beam pairing and maintenance between a transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) pair. We propose a unific-measurement report based mobility management scheme for improved radio-link-failure (RLF) rate and the accuracy of the Tx-Rx-beam-pair (TRP) selection with low overhead in 5G mmWave MMIMO networks where both handover and beam-switching are required. Furthermore, we modeled a finite-state-machine (FSM) for a user terminal to evaluate performance gain based on a system-level-simulation (SLS). We use the FSM-based Monte-Carlo SLS for the experiment and compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of existing schemes in the scenario where both beam and cell-level-mobility are necessary. We show that the proposed scheme achieves an improvement in terms of the 3-dB loss probabilities representing the accuracy of the TRP selection, signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR), and RLF rates with a lower signaling overhead compared to existing methods.
COVID-19 Coronavirus: Is Infection along with Mycoplasma or Other Bacteria Linked to Progression to a Lethal Outcome?

Most patients with COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus recover from this infection, but a significant fraction progress to a fatal outcome. As with some other RNA viruses, co-infection or activation of latent bacterial infections along with pre-existing health conditions in COVID-19 disease may be important in determining a fatal disease course. Mycoplasma spp. (M. pneumonaie, M. fermentans, etc.) have been routinely found as co-infections in a wide number of clinical conditions, and in some cases this has progressed to a fatal disease. Although preliminary, Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been identified in COVID-19 disease, and the severity of some signs and symptoms in progressive COVID-19 patients could be due, in part, to Mycoplasma or other bacterial infections. Moreover, the presence of pathogenic Mycoplasma species or other pathogenic bacteria in COVID-19 disease may confer a perfect storm of cytokine and hemodynamic dysfunction, autoimmune activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and other complications that together cannot be easily corrected in patients with pre-existing health conditions. The positive responses of only some COVID-19 patients to antibiotic and anti-malaria therapy could have been the result of suppression of Mycoplasma species and other bacterial co-infections in subsets of patients. Thus it may be useful to use molecular tests to determine the presence of pathogenic Mycoplasma species and other pathogenic bacteria that are commonly found in atypical pneumonia in all hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and when positive results are obtained, these patients should treated accordingly in order to improve clinical responses and patient outcomes.
Removal of Triploid Grass Carp with an Oral Rotenone Bait in Two Central Florida Lakes

ABSTRACT Fish Management Bait (FMB), a rotenone-laced feed pellet, was tested in two central Florida lakes to evaluate its effectiveness in removing triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Initial trials of FMB were successful in removing 251 triploid grass carp (average nine/trial) at Live Oak Lake, 152 ha, and 110 (average five/trial) at Lake Whippoorwill, 132 ha. Retrials (secondary applications of FMB) were much less effective and removed 47 triploid grass carp (average one/trial) at Live Oak Lake and 31 (average one/trial) at Lake Whippoorwill. Effects on non-target fish were minimal (average one fish removed/seven trials) and no wildlife was visibly affected. FMB showed potential as an effective and selective method of triploid grass carp removal.
Habitat selection by five otters Lutra lutra in rivers of northern Scotland

Understanding the effects of habitat structure on otter (Lutra lutra) movements is critical to conservation management, but such information is scarce for riverine habitats where the species is most vulnerable. Between 1987 and 1990 the patterns of habitat use by five otters from river catchments in north-east Scotland were examined by using radio-telemetry. The main habitat variables analysed were channel width, substrate size, riparian vegetation, proximity to roads and buildings, and the coverage of surrounding vegetation and land use. All of the otters spent more of their time in relatively wide sections of river or stream, with high boulder cover and many riparian trees. However, when use was calculated as the time spent per unit area of water, narrow, gravelly streams were selected by most animals. Some of the habitat features traditionally thought to influence otter movements (e.g. riparian vegetation, land use) did not show the predicted effects. The conservation implications of these observations are discussed.
Self-Excited Torsional Vibration in the Flexible Coupling of a Marine Propulsion Shafting System Employing Cardan Shafts

The reliability of propulsion shafting systems is a major concern for ocean-going vessels because mid-ocean repairs can be time-consuming and spare parts must be available. To address this concern, vibration modeling and experimental measurements were conducted on a propulsion shafting system with a Z-drive propeller, with the objective of identifying the source of failure for the flexible rubber coupling connecting the diesel engine with the intermediate shaft. The torsional fluctuations in the flexible coupling dramatically increased and then abruptly ceased. The modeling results revealed that the frictional losses during power transmission through the universal joints could act as an excitation force for self-excited vibration. The coupling connected to the intermediate shaft did not have sufficient radial flexibility to dampen these vibrations. To avoid the effects of the self-excited torsional vibration, it is recommended that this coupling is replaced with one that is capable of absorbing the radial shaft displacement.