Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distributed System Monitoring and Failure Diagnosis using Cooperative Virtual Backdoors

In computing environment, failures are not the exception. Computers are subject to operating system bugs, hardware failures or malware attacks. In a clustering or grid environment, management tools are needed to improve the reliability of the system (detecting failures and recovering from them), load-balancing and intrusion detection. The backdoor architecture is a mechanism for external monitoring and intervention in an operating system. Since it is separated from the running operating system, the backdoor will survive a system crash or a rootkit attack. In a cluster environment, the backdoors running on each node can interact and exchange local data to build a global system state. In this report, we present a backdoor architecture based on virtual machines, which can be used to build a cooperative monitoring system. In the first part, we present what is a virtual machine and virtual machines classification. Then, the related work on virtual machine based monitoring and the backdoor architecture is presented. Later on, we describe the functionalities that our backdoor system should meet. We follow by a description of the implementation and the limitations of our system. Finally, we describe the experiments we used to test the backdoor system.
Magnetic resonance angiography in the follow-up of distal lower-extremity bypass surgery: comparison with duplex ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography.

PURPOSE The danger of limb loss as a consequence of acute occlusion of infrapopliteal bypasses underscores the requirement for careful patient follow-up. The objective of this study was to determine the agreement and accuracy of contrast material-enhanced moving-table magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and duplex ultrasonography (US) in the assessment of failing bypass grafts. In cases of discrepancy, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) served as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS MR angiography was performed in 24 consecutive patients with 26 femorotibial or femoropedal bypass grafts. Each revascularized limb was divided into five segments--(i) native arteries proximal to the graft; (ii) proximal anastomosis; (iii) graft course; (iv) distal anastomosis; and (v) native arteries distal to the graft-resulting in 130 vascular segments. Three readers evaluated all MR angiograms for image quality and the presence of failing grafts. The degree of stenosis was compared to the findings of duplex US, and in case of discrepancy, to DSA findings. Two separate analyses were performed with use of DSA only and a combined diagnostic endpoint as the reference standard. RESULTS Image quality was rated excellent or intermediate in 119 of 130 vascular segments (92%). Venous overlay was encountered in 26 of 130 segments (20%). In only two segments was evaluation of the outflow region not feasible. One hundred seventeen of 130 vascular segments were available for quantitative analysis. In 109 of 117 segments (93%), MR angiography and duplex US showed concordant findings. In the eight discordant segments in seven patients, duplex US overlooked four high-grade stenoses that were correctly identified by MR angiography and confirmed by DSA. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed in these cases. In no case did MR angiography miss an area of stenosis of sufficient severity to require treatment. Total accuracy for duplex US ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 depending on the reference standard used, whereas MR angiography was completely accurate (1.00) regardless of the standard definition. CONCLUSION Our data strongly suggest that the accuracy of MR angiography for identifying failing grafts in the infrapopliteal circulation is equal to that of duplex US and superior to that of duplex US in cases of complex revascularization. MR angiography should be included in routine follow-up of patients undergoing infrapopliteal bypass surgery.
Dual Three-Phase Indirect Matrix Converter With Carrier-Based PWM Method

This paper proposes an indirect matrix converter (IMC) topology with dual three-phase outputs and its effective carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) method. The proposed IMC topology can independently supply ac power for two three-phase loads from a single three-phase ac power source. This converter consists of a rectifier stage used in traditional three-phase IMC and a five-leg inverter. Besides a proposed IMC topology, the carrier-based PWM method suitable for this converter is also introduced. The proposed PWM method is easily implemented by using only one symmetrical triangular carrier signal to generate the PWM signals for a rectifier and five-leg inverter. Proposed IMC topology features the advantages of conventional three-phase IMC, such as sinusoidal input/output current waveforms, controllable input power factor, and simple commutation at the rectifier stage. Analysis, simulation, and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed IMC topology with dual three-phase outputs and to validate the effectiveness of the applied modulation strategy.
Efficient Management of Fragmented Replica in Data Grids

Rather than replicating a file completely, Chang et al. proposed a fragmented replication technique to cope with the problem that only partial content of the replica are required in a local application. Furthermore, they also proposed two server selection algorithms for replica retrieval. However, their algorithms do not always find an optimal solution. To address the problem, in this paper, the authors propose a replica selection algorithm to improve the fragmented replica retrieval efficiency in this paper. It is a heuristic considering not only the transmission time but also the number of available servers for each block. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the retrieval efficiency up to 12%.
Azimuthal and single spin asymmetry in deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering

The collinear expansion technique is generalized to thefactorization of unintegrated parton distributions and other higher twistparton correlations from the corresponding collinear hard parts thatinvolve multiple parton final state interaction. Such a generalizedfactorization provides a consistent approach to the calculation ofinclusive and semi-inclusive cross sections of deep-inelasticlepton-nucleon scattering. As an example, the azimuthal asymmetry iscalculated to the order of 1/Q in semi-inclusive deeply inelasticlepton-nucleon scattering with transversely polarized target. Anon-vanishing single-spin asymmetry in the "triggered inclusive process"is predicted to be 1/Q suppressed with a part of the coefficient relatedto a moment of the Sivers function.
A new formulation and solving of protective relays setting and coordination problem using multi-objective optimization and fuzzy logic

This paper presents a new formulation of the overcurrent relays setting and coordination problem using the combinatory constrained multi-objective optimization. Two objective functions are selected to be minimized simultaneously namely: the minimization of the primary relays operation time as well as the minimization of the backup relays operation time. Both real and integer decision variables are considered; where the real variables are the time dial setting (TDS), as well as the pickup current (Ip), and the integer variables are the relay characteristics. To solve this constrained non linear multi-objective problem, the original algorithm of Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA 2) is enhanced in order to manage both real and integer decision variables as well as to handle the constraints violation during the optimization process. A fuzzy-based mechanism is employed to aid the decision maker to choose the best compromise solution from the Pareto front. The obtained results show the efficiency of the proposed SPEA2 to solve the multi-objective optimization of overcurrent relays and capture the Pareto front. Furthermore, the proposed method is able to find values of the real (Ip, and TDS) and integer (relays characteristics) decision variables that ensure a good coordination of the relays with the satisfaction of the constraints.
Myocardial Late Gadolinium Enhancement: Accuracy of T1 Mapping-based Synthetic Inversion-Recovery Imaging.

PURPOSE To compare the accuracy of detection and quantification of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) with a synthetic inversion-recovery (IR) approach with that of conventional IR techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board and compliant with HIPAA. All patients gave written informed consent. Between June and November 2014, 43 patients (25 men; mean age, 54 years ± 16) suspected of having previous myocardial infarction underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including contrast material-enhanced LGE imaging and T1 mapping. Synthetic magnitude and phase-sensitive IR images were generated on the basis of T1 maps. Images were assessed by two readers. Differences in the per-patient and per-segment LGE detection rates between the synthetic and conventional techniques were analyzed with the McNemar test, and the accuracy of LGE quantification was calculated with the paired t test and Bland-Altman statistics. Interreader agreement for the detection and quantification of LGE was analyzed with κ and Bland-Altman statistics, respectively. RESULTS Seventeen of the 43 patients (39%) had LGE patterns consistent with myocardial infarction. The sensitivity and specificity of synthetic magnitude and phase-sensitive IR techniques in the detection of LGE were 90% and 95%, respectively, with patient-based analysis and 94% and 99%, respectively, with segment-based analysis. The area of LGE measured with synthetic IR techniques showed excellent agreement with that of conventional techniques (4.35 cm(2) ± 1.88 and 4.14 cm(2)± 1.62 for synthetic magnitude and phase-sensitive IR, respectively, compared with 4.25 cm(2) ± 1.92 and 4.22 cm(2) ± 1.86 for conventional magnitude and phase-sensitive IR, respectively; P > . 05). Interreader agreement was excellent for the detection (κ > 0.81) and quantification (bias range, -0.34 to 0.40; P > .05) of LGE. CONCLUSION The accuracy of the T1 map-based synthetic IR approach in the detection and quantification of myocardial LGE in patients with previous myocardial infarction was similar to that of conventional IR techniques. The use of T1 mapping to derive synthetic LGE images may reduce imaging times and operator dependence in future T1 mapping protocols with full left ventricular coverage.
Intussusception in Japanese infants: Analysis of health insurance claims database

In order to better understand the possible impact of second-generation rotavirus vaccines on the incidence of intussusception (IS), robust knowledge of the baseline childhood epidemiology of IS from various sources is essential. This study estimated the overall and agespecific baseline incidence of IS among young Japanese children. Data on 57 IS cases from 42,438 screened children aged less than 12 months, born between January 2005 and April 2011 and covered by the health insurance claims database were retrospectively extracted (NCT01479491). IS cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (K56.1), with relevant examination and procedural codes. The extracted data were used to estimate the incidence of IS. Among all IS cases extracted, 51 (94.4%) were confirmed IS, of which 49/51 (96.1%) were hospitalized, 2/51 (3.9%) visited outpatient wards; 26/51 (51.0%) were males. The overall incidence of confirmed IS and IS hospitalizations among children aged less than 12 months was 143.5 (95% CI: 106.8 - 188.6) and 137.8 (95% CI: 102.0 - 182.2) per 100,000 children-years, respectively. Three (5.9%) IS cases were identified in children aged below 3 months. IS cases peaked between 6 - 11 months of age (40/51 [78.4%]) with the highest incidence (321.5 [95% CI: 138.8 - 633.4] per 100,000 children-years) observed at 10 months of age. The overall recurrence rate of IS was 3.7% (95% CI: 0.5 - 12.7). The baseline incidence of IS in Japanese children aged less than 12 months was higher than that observed in other countries prior to the introduction of second-generation rotavirus vaccines.
Rheumatoid arthritis in Tlingit Indians: clinical characterization and HLA associations.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Tlingit Indians, to identify the HLA-DR alleles associated with RA in the Tlingit, and to determine whether disease severity or specific clinical manifestations correlate with the presence of specific HLA antigens. METHOD Thirty-seven Tlingit patients with RA and 75 controls were evaluated clinically; comparative HLA studies were carried out in 33 patients and 62 controls. RESULTS The results of this clinical study of RA in the Tlingit confirms that the disease found in them is classical RA, characterized by an early age of onset, a high frequency of nodules, serum rheumatoid factor (RF) and antinuclear antibodies (ANA); an often severe clinical course, with a high frequency of erosive disease and frequent need for surgical joint repair, and an often positive family history. In Tlingit volunteers who did not have RA we also found an increased prevalence of RF and ANA. Neither HLA-DR1 nor DR4 was found to be associated with RA in the Tlingit. The commonest DR antigen in patients with RA was DR14. The most frequent DRB1 allele was DRB1*1402 (Dw16). CONCLUSION The Tlingit population had a very high frequency of the DRB1*1402 allele, which shares key sequence homology with DRB1*0401 (Dw4) and DRB1*0101 (Dw1), associated with RA in other racial groups. No correlations were found between specific HLA-DRB1 alleles or combinations of alleles and specific disease features or severity.
Probe based antenna measurements up to 325 GHz for upcoming millimeter-wave applications

In this paper a probe based measurement setup is presented that allows the characterization of antennas in the frequency-range between 220 GHz and 325 GHz. The radiation pattern, as well as the gain and the return loss of the antenna under test (AUT) can be measured. The limits of the system in terms of accuracy and dynamic range are given. To demonstrate its functionality a 240 GHz patch-antenna on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrate is measured. A comparison between simulation and measurement shows very good agreement.
Use of Ultrasonography to Evaluate Thickness of the Erector Spinae Muscle in Maximum Flexion and Extension of the Lumbar Spine

Study Design. An observational study of the changes in thickness of the erector spinae (ES) muscle in three different trunk postures. Objective. To use ultrasonography to evaluate the thickness of the ES muscle in three different trunk postures. Background. Although there has been extensive study of the morphology of the ES muscle during prolonged trunk flexion, we have little information about the changes in thickness of these muscles in various postures of the lumbar spine. Ultrasonography has never been used to measure the thickness of ES muscle. Methods. We studied 30 volunteers with no history of lower back problems. We used ultrasonography to measure the thickness of the ES muscle at each lumbar level (L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5) in maximum flexion, neutral posture, and maximum extension. We tested the reliability of this method by evaluating intraobserver and interobserver differences in 13 subjects. Result. The high correlation between intraobserver and interobserver measurements in the 13 subjects demonstrated that the method provides sufficient reproducibility. When the trunk was flexed maximally, the thickness of the ES muscle was significantly decreased at each lumbar vertebral level. When the trunk was extended maximally, the thickness of the ES muscle was significantly increased at each lumbar vertebral level. Conclusion. The thickness of the ES muscle decreases as the lumbar spine flexes and increases as it extends. We used ultrasonography successfully for quantitative evaluation of changes in thickness of the ES muscle with postural changes in the lumbar spine.
Uncertainty Analysis of Analytical Results When Errors are Not Normally Distributed *

This paper presents a method for calculating a priori uncertainty intervals for plutonium interpretations by fission track analysis (FTA) of human urine samples. The derivations of the method are adaptable to estimating uncertainty intervals of analysis of single samples, based on calibration data obtained from multiple samples spiked over a range of concentration. The data used in last year’s BAER conference talk on the population excretion of plutonium had approximately normally-distributed errors in tracks observed at given spike levels, with almost constant variance in tracks vs. plutonium spike level. This allowed fitting of the pre-September 1998 calibration line by a simple linear regression. Methods are presented here for estimating a priori uncertainty intervals about interpretations using post-September 1998 data, which had non-normal error distributions and variance increasing with spike level.
Greenwash and green brand equity

The study investigates the impact of greenwash on green brand equity and discusses the mediation roles of green brand image and green satisfaction. The research object of this study focuses on Taiwanese consumers that have the experience to purchase information and electronics products in Taiwan. The results demonstrate that greenwash negatively influences green brand equity. In addition, this research verifies that greenwash is negatively related to both of green brand image and green satisfaction that would positively influence green brand equity. This paper also proves that green brand image and green satisfaction mediate the negative relationship between greenwash and green brand equity. Hence, this study suggests that companies should reduce their greenwash behaviors and raise their green brand image and green satisfaction to enhance their green brand equity.
Instrumenting Programs With Flag Variables For Test Data Search By Genetic Algorithms

Evolutionary search is potentially a powerful way of searching for software test data to satisfy various structural testing criteria. Specific test cases are evaluated by a fitness function constructed by instrumenting the program under test. The more discriminating the fitness function, the more efficient the search. When a program uses flag variables to store the results of predicate expressions, it is difficult to instrument the program effectively. The problem is examined and a solution is given for a special case. An approach for tackling the general cases is described.
High‐Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

Abstract High‐resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze human cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with several neurological problems. The major metabolites measured included glucose, lactate, glutamine, citrate, inositol, acetate, creatine, creatinine, β‐hydroxybutyrate, alanine, and pyruvate. A drug vehicle, propylene glycol, was also measured. Alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid of these metabolites provided information concerning metabolism of the brain. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy offered a simple and rapid means of assessing these and other exogenous and endogenous compounds in diseases affecting the nervous system.
A Cogredient Algorithm for the m-th Power of r-Circulant Matrices

Let A be an n x n r-Circulant matrices. The r-circulant matrices have wide application in numerical computation, molecular vibration, image process, signal processing, coding theory, low-density parity-check codes and oil investigation etc in recent years. Motivated by [3], in this paper, by using elementary transformation of row and column, we present a fast cogredient algorithm for the m-th power of circulant Matrices, and give a numerical example in order to show the effectiveness of our algorithm finally.
Self-reported occupational injuries among industrial beef slaughterhouse workers in the Midwestern United States

ABSTRACT Although workers in meatpacking facilities in the U.S. experience high rates of occupational injury, their injury experiences have received limited research attention. Prior research indicates underreporting in injury rates in this industry as well significant variation in injury rates among facilities. To add detail to the rates and circumstances surrounding occupational injury among meatpacking workers, we conducted a cross-sectional study of workers employed at an industrial beefpacking plant in Nebraska (n = 137) and interviewed workers about recent injury experiences. We assessed frequency, cause and nature of self-reported injury. We estimated annual incidence rates of self-reported injuries using the OSHA formula and compared these rates to industry-wide data. We also evaluated psychological distress in this workforce as measured by the Kessler-6 scale to assess whether distress was associated with recent occupational injury. In this study, 15.1% of workers experienced occupational injuries that required time off work, job transfer, or restriction during the past three months. The estimated annual incidence rate was 15.2 injuries per 100 full-time workers for these injuries at this plant. Rushing was identified as the cause of nearly 50% of injuries, and repetitive work as the cause of an additional 20% of injuries. Use of metal mesh sleeves (POR: 0.10 (p = 0.008)) and metal mesh gloves (POR: 0.41 (p = 0.05) were associated with reduced risk of injury. Use of a carbon steel for knife sharpening (POR: 5.2 (p = 0.02)) was associated with elevated risk of moderate and severe injury. There were no associations between self-reported occupational injury and overall measures of psychological distress. Self-reported incidence rate of severe injury in this plant was more than twice official industry estimates. Worker self-reports may illustrate key areas for injury prevention.
ADHD in a school sample of Brazilian adolescents: a study of prevalence, comorbid conditions, and impairments.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence, comorbid conditions, and impairments of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among young adolescents in Porto Alegre, Brazil. METHOD 1,013 students aged 12 to 14 years were evaluated at 64 state schools, using a screening instrument based on the 18 DSM-IV ADHD symptoms. All positive screened students (n = 99) and a random subset of negative screened subjects (n = 92) had a psychiatric evaluation carried out within a hospital setting or at home. RESULTS The prevalence of ADHD was estimated to be 5.8% (95% confidence interval = 3.2-10.6), and the comorbidity with other disruptive behavior disorders was high (47.8%). Youths with ADHD (n = 23) had significantly higher rates of school repetitions, suspensions, and expulsions (p < .01) than controls (n = 168). No association was identified between ADHD and alcohol, marijuana, and inhalant use. CONCLUSION The results extend to adolescents well-documented findings in children, indicating that ADHD is quite prevalent in early adolescence and affected youths are at high risk for impairment and dysfunction in multiple domains.