Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When less is more: Psychometric properties of Norwegian short-forms of the Ambivalent Sexism Scales (ASI and AMI) and the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) Scale.

This paper reports on the development and the psychometric properties of short forms of Ambivalent Sexism Scales toward women (ASI; Glick & Fiske, 1996) and men (AMI; Glick & Fiske, 1999), and a scale measuring rape stereotypes (IRMA; McMahon & Farmer, 2011). The short form AMI/ASI were applied for examining gender and educational differences in university students (N = 512) and in high school students (N = 1381), and for predicting individual differences in rape stereotypes in the latter. The short forms demonstrated good to excellent psychometric properties across samples of emerging adults. Relative to female students, male students reported markedly more hostility toward women and more stereotypical beliefs about rape. Despite sampling from a highly gender egalitarian and secular culture, these gender differences are on a par with those reported internationally. Rape stereotypes were predicted by sexism in high school students. Additional predictors were educational program, relationship status, and acceptance of derogatory sexual slurs. The paper questions the validity of separate constructs for benevolent sexism toward women versus men. The short form versions of the scales may substitute the original versions in future research, and help prevent attrition while measuring the same constructs.
Oil Discovery, Political Institutions and Economic Diversification

Classical theory predicts that petroleum rich countries would specialise in petroleum products. Yet diversification is touted as a desirable policy objective for petroleum rich nations because it reduces exposure to volatility. Given such theoretical ambiguity, it is important to understand the empirical relationship between petroleum and diversification. In this paper, we test the effect of giant oil discoveries on diversification using a panel dataset covering up to 136 countries and the period 1962 to 2012. After controlling for country and year fixed effects, we find evidence of non-oil export concentration 8 years after a discovery. However, we do not observe any effect on the structure of employment in the non-resource and manufacturing sectors. It appears that democratic political institutions moderate the export concentration effect of petroleum discovery. Countries with weak political institutions experience employment concentration in the non-tradable sector post discovery.
Menu planning for childcare centres: practices and needs.

Purpose: Childcare menu planners’ relevant knowledge, attitudes, and practices were determined, as were the menu planning guidelines or tools needed and the nutritional adequacy and quality of menus in licensed full-day childcare centres in Nova Scotia. Methods: An ethics committee-approved questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample of 101 licensed childcare centres across the province. Respondents were instructed to forward a copy of their current four-week menu for nutrient analysis and menu quality evaluation. Results: Descriptive statistical data analysis from the returned questionnaires (n=35) indicated that fewer than 50% of the menu planners had relevant training and knowledge. Discrepancies exist between attitudes about good menu planning and practices. A positive finding was that most respondents used reliable resources for menu planning and expressed a desire for updated resources and ongoing training in child nutrition/ menu planning. A number of nutrient and menu quality deficienci.
What Factors Influence the Decision to Share Suicidal Thoughts? A Multilevel Social Network Analysis of Disclosure Among Individuals with Serious Mental Illness.

Nondisclosure of suicidal thoughts limits suicide risk management. Consistent with disclosure models for other stigmatized statuses, understanding suicidal disclosure requires accounting for features of the discloser (individual factors) and the discloser-recipient relationship (relational factors). In a sample of 30 adults with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder (Level 2) who nominated 436 social network members (Level 1), we examined disclosure patterns and identified individual and relational correlates of disclosure intent. Most individuals disclosed in the past (77%; n = 23) and all intended on disclosing (100%; n = 30). Disclosure was highly selective, with 14% (n = 62) of network members identified as prior confidants and 23% (n = 99) identified as intended confidants. Multilevel modeling indicated that relational factors were more central to disclosure than individual factors. Network members who were prior confidants and who provided social support were attractive targets for intended disclosure. Our findings suggest that "targeted" gatekeeper training may be a promising strategy and reveal relational characteristics to identify "high-probability confidants. "
Monitoring of gliomas in vivo by diffusion MRI and 1H MRS during gene therapy‐induced apoptosis: interrelationships between water diffusion and mobile lipids

The measurement of water diffusion by diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI) in vivo offers a non‐invasive method for assessing tissue responses to anti‐cancer therapies. The pathway of cell death after anti‐cancer treatment is often apoptosis, which leads to accumulation of mobile lipids detectable by 1H MRS in vivo. However, it is not known how these discrete MR markers of cell death relate to each other. In a rodent tumour model [i.e. ganciclovir‐treated herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HSV‐tk) gene‐transfected BT4C gliomas], we studied the interrelationships between water diffusion (Trace{D}) and mobile lipids during apoptosis. Water diffusion and water‐referenced concentrations of mobile lipids showed clearly increasing and interconnected trends during treatment. Of the accumulating 1H MRS‐visible lipids, the fatty acid CHCH groups and cholesterol compounds showed the strongest associations with water diffusion (r2 = 0.30; P < 0.05 and r2 = 0.48; P < 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that the tumour histopathology and apoptotic processes during tumour shrinkage can be interrelated in vivo by DWI of tissue water and 1H MRS of mobile lipids, respectively. However, there is considerable individual variation in the associations, particularly at the end of the treatment period, and in the relative compositions of the accumulating NMR‐visible lipids. The findings suggest that the assessment of individual treatment response in vivo may benefit from combining DWI and 1H MRS. Absolute and relative changes in mobile lipids may indicate initiation of tumour shrinkage even when changes in tissue water diffusion are still small. Conversely, greatly increased water diffusion probably indicates that substantial cell decomposition has taken place in the tumour tissue when the 1H MRS resonances of mobile lipids alone can no longer give a reliable estimate of tissue conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced delineation of white matter structures of the fixed mouse brain using Gd‐DTPA in microscopic MRI

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gadolinium (III) diethyltriaminepenta‐acetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) mixed with a fixative on the image contrast between the white and gray matter of the perfusion‐fixed mouse brain. A series of microscopic MRI (µMRI) studies using different concentrations of Gd‐DTPA were performed at multiple time points to determine the optimal Gd‐DTPA concentration and fixation time necessary to maximize the contrast‐to‐noise ratio between the white and gray matter with relatively short scan time using a three‐dimensional gradient‐echo pulse sequence. On the basis of the experimental results, high‐resolution (39 µm isotropic) images with excellent contrast‐to‐noise ratio (∼50) were acquired in less than 2 h of scan time after the specimen had been soaked in 10 mM Gd‐DTPA for 4 days. Excellent correlation was noted between µMRI and histology in that the µMRI clearly depicted brain regions that were also observed by the Kluver–Barrera stain. The enhanced contrast between the white and gray matter obtained by the proposed µMRI method may facilitate the development of µMRI‐based morphological phenotyping methods for mouse models of neurological disorders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol and Resting VO2 Assessment on %HRmax, %HRR, %VO2max and %VO2R Relationships

The findings of previous studies investigating the strength of the relationships between the percentages of maximal heart rate (%HR(max)), heart rate reserve (%HRR), maximal oxygen uptake (%VO(2max)), and oxygen uptake reserve (%VO(2)R) have been equivocal. This inconsistency between studies could largely be due to differences in methodology. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine whether different VO(2max) test protocols and resting VO(2) assessment influence the relationships between the %HR(max), %HRR, %VO(2max), and %VO(2)R. Thirty-three young men performed maximal treadmill protocols (ramp, Bruce) to assess HR(max) and VO(2max). Resting VO(2) was assessed as follows: a) resting VO(2standard), using strict criteria (24 h exercise abstention, alcohol, soft drinks, or caffeine; 8 h fasting; 30 min assessment); b) resting VO(2sitting) and; c) resting VO(2standing) (both 5 min before exercise testing). The %HRR was closer to %VO(2max) than to %VO(2)R, especially in the ramp protocol (p<0.001). In the Bruce protocol, relationships were closer to the identity line, and there was no significant difference between %HRR and %VO(2max), or %VO(2)R. The VO(2max) was significantly higher in the ramp protocol compared to the Bruce protocol (p<0.001). In both protocols resting VO(2) assessment produced no significant difference in the intercepts and slopes of the %HRR-%VO(2)R relationships obtained from individual regression models. The %VO(2)R calculated using resting VO(2standard) was closer to %HRR compared to VO(2sitting) and VO(2standing). The premise that %HRR is more strongly related to %VO(2)R than to %VO(2max) was not confirmed. Methodological differences should be considered when interpreting previous studies investigating %HR(max), %HRR, %VO(2max), and %VO(2)R relationships.
The Evolution of Whole-Body Imaging

This article reviews the evolution of whole-body imaging, discussing the history and development of radiography, nuclear medicine, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), combined PET-CT, and magnetic resonance imaging. The obstacles hindering progress toward whole-body imaging using each of these modalities, and the technical advances that were developed to overcome them, are reviewed. The effectiveness and the limitations of whole-body imaging with each of these techniques are also briefly discussed.
Educational achievement among long-term survivors of congenital heart defects: a Danish population-based follow-up study

Abstract Background Congenital heart defect patients may experience neurodevelopmental impairment. We investigated their educational attainments from basic schooling to higher education. Patients and methods Using administrative databases, we identified all Danish patients with a cardiac defect diagnosis born from 1 January, 1977 to 1 January, 1991 and alive at age 13 years. As a comparison cohort, we randomly sampled 10 persons per patient. We obtained information on educational attainment from Denmark's Database for Labour Market Research. The study population was followed until achievement of educational levels, death, emigration, or 1 January, 2006. We estimated the hazard ratio of attaining given educational levels, conditional on completing preceding levels, using discrete-time Cox regression and adjusting for socio-economic factors. Analyses were repeated for a sub-cohort of patients and controls born at term and without extracardiac defects or chromosomal anomalies. Results We identified 2986 patients. Their probability of completing compulsory basic schooling was approximately 10% lower than that of control individuals (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.79, ranged from 0.75 to 0.82 0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.75–0.82). Their subsequent probability of completing secondary school was lower than that of the controls, both for all patients (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.74; 95% confidence interval: 0.69–0.80) and for the sub-cohort (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% confidence interval: 0.73–0.86). The probability of attaining a higher degree, conditional on completion of youth education, was affected both for all patients (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.76–1.01) and for the sub-cohort (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.92; 95% confidence interval: 0.79–1.07). Conclusion The probability of educational attainment was reduced among long-term congenital heart defect survivors.
Physical activity intensity and subclinical atherosclerosis in Danish adolescents: The European Youth Heart Study

The aim was to investigate the associations between physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and intima media thickness (IMT) or stiffness. This was a population‐based cross‐sectional study (n = 336) of Danish adolescents [mean age (standard deviation, SD): 15.6 (0.4) years]. PA intensity was assessed objectively (ActiGraph model GT3X) and CRF using a progressive maximal bicycle test. Carotid IMT and arterial stiffness were assessed using B‐mode ultrasound. In a multivariate analysis (adjusted for pubertal development and smoking status), CRF was inversely associated with measures of carotid stiffness (standard beta: −0.20 to −0.15, P < 0.05) in boys, but not in girls. No associations were observed between any of PA and IMT. Boys in the least fit quartile had significantly stiffer carotid arteries compared to the most fit quartile (difference between lowest and highest quartile ranging between 0.4 and 0.5 SD, P < 0.05). This difference in arterial stiffness between low and high quartiles was similar for moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA). Further adjustment for sedentary time attenuated the difference observed between quartiles MVPA slightly. Adiposity did not attenuate these differences. Our observations suggest that increasing CRF or MVPA in the least active group of the population may be beneficial for vascular health.
New York Heart Association class assessment by cardiologists and outpatients with congenital cardiac disease: a head-to-head comparison of three patient-based versions

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to compare three patient-based New York Heart Association assessments with cardiologist assessments in outpatients with congenital cardiac disease. Methods Consecutive adult outpatients completed three questionnaires in a random order: a patient-based translation of the New York Heart Association classes, a self-constructed questionnaire based on the New York Heart Association classes, and the Specific Activity Scale. The treating cardiologist assessed the New York Heart Association class on the same day. Patient–cardiologist agreement was assessed by calculating percent agreement and weighted kappa. We also explored the level of agreement for patients without co-morbidity. Results In all, 86 adults – with a median age of 35.8 years – including 46 women participated. An agreement of 75.6% (weighted kappa is 0.43; probability is smaller than 0.01), 70.6% (weighted kappa is 0.44; probability is smaller than 0.01), and 74.4% (weighted kappa is 0.28; probability is smaller than 0.01) was found between the cardiologist assessment and the patient-based translation, self-constructed questionnaire, and the Specific Activity Scale, respectively. The patient-based translation equally over- and underestimated the New York Heart Association class, whereas the self-constructed questionnaire overestimated and the Specific Activity Scale underestimated the New York Heart Association class. Agreement levels for patients without co-morbidity were higher than agreement levels for the total group. Conclusion The patient-based translation yielded adequate agreement with cardiologist-assessed New York Heart Association class, showed equal over- and underestimation, and was easy to complete. The patient-based translation with the instruction to only consider functional impairments caused by the congenital cardiac defect is recommended in future studies of outpatients with congenital cardiac disease.
A time‐efficient reduction of fat mass in 4 days with exercise and caloric restriction

To determine whether a fast reduction in fat mass can be achieved in 4 days by combining caloric restriction (CR: 3.2 kcal/kg body weight per day) with exercise (8‐h walking + 45‐min arm cranking per day) to induce an energy deficit of ∼5000 kcal/day, 15 overweight men underwent five experimental phases: pretest, exercise + CR for 4 days (WCR), control diet + reduced exercise for 3 days (DIET), and follow‐up 4 weeks (POST1) and 1 year later (POST2). During WCR, the diet consisted solely of whey protein (n = 8) or sucrose (n = 7) (0.8 g/kg body weight per day). After WCR, DIET, POST1, and POST2, fat mass was reduced by a mean of 2.1, 2.8, 3.8, and 1.9 kg (P < 0.05), with two thirds of this loss from the trunk; and lean mass by 2.8, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.4 kg, respectively. After WCR, serum glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment, total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced, and free fatty acid and cortisol increased. Serum leptin was reduced by 64%, 50%, and 33% following WCR, DIET, and POST1, respectively (P < 0.05). The effects were similar in both groups. In conclusion, a clinically relevant reduction in fat mass can be achieved in overweight men in just 4 days by combining prolonged exercise with CR.
Clinical Outcomes After Lumbar Fusion Complicated by Deep Wound Infection: A Case-Control Study

Study Design. A propensity score-matched case-control study. Objective. To evaluate the 2-year clinical outcomes of patients who have undergone instrumented spinal fusions complicated by deep wound infections and compare them with a propensity score-matched control group who did not have infections. Summary of Background Data. Postoperative infection after instrumented spinal fusion is a major complication, often resulting in substantial short-term morbidity. However, there is little literature reviewing how these patients do in the longer term after their infection has been managed. Methods. Thirty patients were identified who underwent instrumented lumbar spinal fusion with complete preoperative and 2-year postoperative outcome measures and had acute (#3 mo) postoperative deep wound infections necessitating irrigation and debridement. Outcome measures included the Oswestry Disability Index, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical and Mental composite summaries, and numeric rating scales (0–10) for back and leg pain. A noninfected control group was identified using propensity score-matching techniques based on demographics, baseline clinical outcome measures, and surgical characteristics. Two-year postoperative outcome measures of both groups were compared. The proportion of patients achieving the minimum clinically important difference for the outcome measures was also assessed. Independent t tests were used to compare continuous variables, and Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical variables between the 2 groups. Results. Consistent with the propensity score-matching technique, there were no significant demographic or surgical differences between the 2 study groups at baseline. Oswestry Disability Index, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Composite Summary, and back and leg pain scores were statistically significantly better at 2 years postoperative than at baseline in both groups. However, at 2 years postoperative, the infection group had a statistically significantly worse back pain score compared with the control group (6.45 vs. 4.70, P = 0.020). Also, a greater proportion of patients in the control group (18, 60%) achieved minimum clinically important difference for Oswestry Disability Index than those in the infection group (8, 27%, P = 0.018). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that patients with acute postoperative deep wound infections after instrumented lumbar spinal fusion have improved outcome measures after surgery but have greater back pain and a decreased probability of achieving minimum clinically important difference.
Associations between bicycling and carotid arterial stiffness in adolescents: The European Youth Hearts Study

The aim of the study was to investigate the associations between bicycling and carotid arterial stiffness, independent of objectively measured moderate‐and‐vigorous physical activity. This cross‐sectional study included 375 adolescents (age 15.7 ± 0.4 years) from the Danish site of the European Youth Heart Study. Total frequency of bicycle usage was assessed by self‐report, and carotid arterial stiffness was assessed using B‐mode ultrasound. After adjusting for pubertal status, body height, and objectively measured physical activity and other personal lifestyle and demographic factors, boys using their bicycle every day of the week displayed a higher carotid arterial compliance {standard beta 0.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07–0.87]} and distension [standard beta 0.38 (95% CI −0.04 to 0.81)]. Boys using their bicycle every day of the week furthermore displayed a lower Young's elastic modulus [standard beta −0.48 (95% CI −0.91 to −0.06)]. Similar trends were observed when investigating the association between commuter bicycling and carotid arterial stiffness. These associations were not observed in girls. Our observations suggest that increasing bicycling in adolescence may be beneficial to carotid arterial health among boys.
Group‐averaged anatomical connectivity mapping for improved human white matter pathway visualisation

Anatomical connectivity mapping (ACM) is a measure of anatomical connectivity obtained by initiating streamline diffusion tractography from all parenchymal voxels and then counting the number of streamlines passing through each voxel of the brain. ACM highlights WM structures that present multiple connections to the rest of the brain but not necessarily strong microstructural orientation coherence. In this study, ACM was used to develop an atlas of the human brain. The ACM template was constructed from 3 T diffusion‐weighted data from 19 healthy adults. To account for multiple diffusion directions in a voxel, a high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) technique, namely Q‐ball, was used to model diffusion. To bring data from different subjects into a common space, an algorithm for rotating and averaging the principal directions was implemented, which can be generalized to any application requiring algebraic operations on principal directions derived from any HARDI method. ACM from the average dataset was computed and several white matter connections of interest were identified and highlighted. Fractional anisotropy (FA) from standard diffusion tensor modelling was also derived and FA‐modulated colour coded images obtained from the mean tensor were also shown for comparison, highlighting differences and similarities. The ACM template can serve for educational purposes and as future reference for studies based on the evaluation of ACM in subjects affected by neurological and psychiatric disorders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.