Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Tensile Strength of Liquids in Berthelot Tubes

Experiments are described in which Berthelot tubes containing water are used in an attempt to estimate the maximum tension that can be sustained by a water-glass system under static conditions. The Berthelot tube is sealed at both ends and is almost completely filled with the liquid under investigation. On heating the tube the liquid expands until it completely fills the tube, but when it is subsequently allowed to cool the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the tube prevents the liquid from contracting at a greater rate than the internal volume of the tube. Consequently a progressively increasing tension is set up in the liquid until it eventually ruptures. The tension in the liquid immediately prior to the instant of rupture is measured by estimating the sudden increase in the external volume of the Berthelot tube at this instant. The results show that the critical tension occurring in any one tube varies considerably in successive experiments; this variation is liable to be as great as thirty atmospheres. Furthermore, the magnitude of this tension varies from tube to tube; some tubes can sustain sixty atmospheres while others are incapable of sustaining even five atmospheres. Experiments with tubes constructed from steel gave substantially similar results. So also did glass tubes containing suspensions of ultramarine powder in water and carbontetrachloride with water. Furthermore, pre-compression of the liquid has no detectable effect on the critical tension. Neither has rate of build-up of the applied tension, nor mechanical shock. An incidental result has been the verification of the equality of the extensibility and compressibility of water.
Effect of Copper and Zinc on the Bioactivity and Cells Viability of Bioactive Glasses

Bioactive glasses, doped with traces of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were synthesized by fusion method. Cu and Zn present interesting functions for the biological metabolism through their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. Several physical methods were employed to characterize the bioactive glasses before and after immersion in a Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). The “in vitro” experiments showed that after soaking in SBF, the behavior of bioactive doped glasses are different compared to pure glass 46S6. Obtained results show that glass matrix undergoes some changes after 15 days of immersion. The non toxic character of doped glasses was confirmed after 24 hours of incubation. The kinetic of release of Cu and Zn was carried out. It highlights that Cu is more released than Zn. By SEM, the morphology of hydroxyapatite obtained with Zn-doped glass show a better crystallization compared to Cu-doped glass.
In Situ Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles on Single-Layer Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Surfaces

A straightforward one-step chemical method to in situ synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on single-layer graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) surfaces is proposed. After simply heating the single-layer GO or r-GO adsorbed on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified Si/SiOx substrates in a silver nitrate aqueous solution at 75 °C, Ag NPs are synthesized and grow on the GO or r-GO surface. The obtained Ag NPs are investigated by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Our method is unique and important since no reducing agent is required in the reaction. Au NPs on a GO surface are obtained by simply immersing the obtained Ag NPs on the GO surface in HAuCl4 solution.
Transformations involving the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine

Nicotine was oxidised to cotinine and this successively alkylated and reduced to a series of 4′-mono- and 4′,4′-di-alkylnicotines, the mass spectra of which are discussed. The pyrrolidine ring has been opened with ethyl chloroformate and the product both recyclised to S-nicotine without loss of optical activity and converted to metanicotine. The dihydrochloride of the last, on successive treatment with bromine and sodium hydrogencarbonate, yielded 3′-bromonicotine. Cotinine has been converted into various derivatives, and the demethylation of nicotine has been investigated.
Essential Oil Composition of Rhynchocorys elephas (L.) Griseb.

Abstract The composition of the essential oil obtained from the dried flowering aerial parts of Rhynchocorys elephas (L.) Griseb. (Scrophulariaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty components have been identified in the essential oil. The major constituents of the essential oil were p-cymen-8-ol (12.7 %) and terpinolene (8.9 %).
Role of the electrostatic energy between the photo-products and ionic groups on the photoinduced electron transfer rates from aromatic amino acids to the excited flavin in five single-point substitution isoforms of the charged amino acid residue-13 in the FMN-binding protein

Effect of the charge (negative, positive or neutral) of amino acid residue-13 on the photoinduced electron transfer (ET) from Trp32, Tyr35 and Trp106 to the excited isoalloxazine was evaluated in the flavin mononucleotide-binding protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris isolate Miyazaki F (DvFBP). The protein structures of the wild type and the four isoforms where glutamic acid-13 is replaced with lysine (E13K), arginine (E13R), threonine (E13T) and glutamine (E13Q) in aqueous solution were obtained by molecular dynamics simulation. The distances between the amino acid residue-13 and isoalloxazine (Iso), and between the amino acid residue-13 and the ET donors were longer than 1 nm. The ET rates were evaluated with the Kakitani and Mataga model (KM theory) from their ultrafast fluorescence dynamics by means of a non-linear least squares method. Electrostatic (ES) energies between the photo-products and other ionic groups in the proteins markedly varied among ET donors and among the DvFBP isoforms, while the other physical quantities related to the ET rates, the solvent reorganisation and ES energies between the Iso anion and the donor cations did not vary much between the proteins and donors. A plot of the logarithmic ET rates versus either the total free energy gaps or the net ES energies between the photo-products and the other ionic groups both displayed a parabolic function and so the net ES energies are an important influential factor upon the ET rate, in addition to the donor–acceptor distance.
PLASMA PLANT FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE TREATMENT

Moscow SIA RADON has developed and tested an experimental plant for treatment of radioactive waste of the mixed type including up to 40 wt. % of incombustible components with the capacity from 50 to 80 kg/h on the base of the shaft furnace with plasma heat source. During tests of the plant more than 2.5 tons model and radioactive waste with unburned residue content from 7 up to 35 wt. % and overall humidity from 5 up to 25 wt. % were treated. Pyrolytic gas with calorific value up to 4.5 – 5.5 MJ/kg at an output of the furnace was received, which burning provided a necessary temperature mode in the secondary combusting chamber. The expenses of the electric power for plasma torch were 0.5 up to 1.5 kWh/1 kg of waste depending on their structure. In the shaft furnace the mode impeding radionuclides loss with off-gases has been realized. The ablation of 137 Cs from the furnace did not exceed 12 %, 60 Co – 2.5 % and trans -uranium elements - 1 %. The treatment of radioactive waste without fluxing additives has been carried out, and the slag compound with high chemical durability has been obtained.
High density hydrogen helicon plasma in a non-uniform magnetic field

A high density (1019 m−3) hydrogen plasma has been sustained successfully in axially non-uniform static magnetic field configurations for frequencies both above and below the high density limit of the lower hybrid resonance frequency (LH-HD). Wave field measurements suggest several modes are coupling to generate these helicon plasmas. The dependence of the plasma density on the static magnetic field strength for a fixed geometry can be explained by waves, with wavelength close to the antenna length, that couple to the fundamental radial mode for frequencies below the LH-HD frequency and to the second radial mode for frequencies above the LH-HD frequency.
Reversing Light: Negative Refraction

ictor Veselago, in a paper 1 published in 1967, pondered the consequences for electromagnetic waves interacting with a hypothetical material for which both the electric permittivity, e , and the magnetic permeability, µ, were simultaneously negative. As no naturally occurring material or compound has ever been demonstrated with negative e and µ, Veselago wondered whether this apparent asymmetry in material properties was just happenstance, or perhaps had a more fundamental origin. Veselago concluded that not only should such materials be possible but, if ever found, would exhibit remarkable properties unlike those of any known materials, giving a twist to virtually all electromagnetic phenomena. So why are there no materials with negative e and µ? We first need to understand what it means to have a negative e or µ, and how it occurs in materials. The Drude-Lorentz model of a material is a good starting point, as it conceptually replaces the atoms and molecules of a real material by a set of harmonically bound electron oscillators, resonant at some frequency 0 ω . At
SYNTHESIS, IR, EPR, UV-VISIBLE CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MACROCYCLIC SCHIFF'S BASE AND ITS METAL COMPLEXES OF Mn(II) AND Co(II)

Novel macrocyclic Schiff’s base ligand and its transition metal complexes of Mn(II), and Co(II) have been synthesized and characterized. Mn(II) and Co(II) metal complexes of chelating macrocyclic Schiff’s base ligand have been synthesized using acetates and chlorides of the metals. All metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moment measurements and spectral (UV-Vis, IR, and ESR) studies. The macrocyclic ligand acted as tetradentate ligand and coordinate with metal ions through nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The low molar conductance values in DMF indicated that the metal complexes were non-electrolyte in nature. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggested octahedral geometry for the Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes. The ligand and metal chelates were screened in-vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Well diffusion method was used for antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Solid dilutions: a novel sample preparation method for the determination of COD in heterogeneous solid or semi-liquid samples

The method consists on solid dilution with MgSO4 as sample preparation method. Reagents concentration and ratio were optimized to analyze complex substrates (from 5 to 2,500 g COD Kg-1 TS). Comparison with the standard titrimetric method demonstrated much better precision and accuracy, allowing a significant decrease on chemicals consumption and toxic waste generation.
Space and terrestrial photovoltaics: synergy and diversity

A historical view of the research and development in photovoltaics from the perspective of both the terrestrial and the space communities is presented from the early days through the 1970s and 1980s, 1990s and beyond. The synergy of both communities, both at the beginning and in the present, and hopefully in the future, are highlighted, with examples of the important features in each program. The space community which was impressed by the light weight and reliability of photovoltaics drove much of the early development. Even today, nearly every satellite and other scientific space probe that has been launched has included some solar power. However, since the cost of these power systems was only a small fraction of the satellite and launch cost, the use of much of this technology in the terrestrial marketplace was not feasible. It was clear that the focus of the terrestrial community would be best served by reducing costs. This would include addressing a variety of manufacturing issues and raising the rate of production. Success in these programs and a resulting globalization of effort resulted in major strides in the reduction of PV module costs and increased production. Although, the space community derived benefit from some of these advances, its focus was on pushing the envelope with regard to cell efficiency. The gap between theoretical efficiencies and experimental efficiencies for silicon, gallium arsenide and indium phosphide became almost nonexistent. Recent work by both communities have focused on the development thin‐film cells of amorphous silicon, CuInSe2 and CdTe. These cells hold the promise of lower costs for the terrestrial community as well as possible flexible substrates, better radiation resistance, and higher specific power for the space community. It is predicted that future trends in both communities will be directed toward advances through the application of nanotechnology. A picture is emerging in which the space and terrestrial solar cell communities shall once again share many common goals and, in fact, companies may manufacture both space and terrestrial solar cells in III–V materials and thin‐film materials. Basic photovoltaics research, including these current trends in nanotechnology, provides a valuable service for both worlds in that fundamental understanding of cell processes is still vitally important, particularly with new materials or new cell structures. It is entirely possible that one day we might have one solar array design that will meet the criteria for success in both space and on the Earth or perhaps the Moon or Mars. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diode-Laser Sensors for Pulse Detonation Engines

Diode-laser sensors based on absorption spectroscopy techniques have been developed for monitoring both reactants and products in PDE flows. We have demonstrated the sensors in pulse detonation engines (PDEs) operating on liquid-JP-10 and gaseous-C2H4 fuels in air and oxygen. The measured properties include unburned and burned gas species concentrations, unburned and burned gas temperature, and burned gas velocity. The information provided by the sensors has been used to verify computational detonation models and advance engine development. A new ethylene mole fraction sensor and a new water concentration sensor, using fast-scanning DFB lasers near 1.6 and 1.4 microns, respectively, show promise for active PDE control.
Solid-state NMR examination of the formation of β-sialon by carbothermal reduction and nitridation of halloysite clay

β-Sialon (Si6 –zAlzOzN8 –z; 0 < z < 4.2] can be readily formed from halloysite clay [Al2Si2O5(OH)4·2H2O] at 1400 °C by carbothermal reduction using brown coal and nitridation. A combination of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and 29Si and 27Al solid-state NMR are used to establish the details of the intermediate stages of the reaction. NMR clearly shows a distinct sequence of reactions of silica and mullite formed from the thermal decomposition of halloysite with carbon. The carbon initially reacts with free silica and then removes silicon from the mullite, to form a β-SiC-like phase, leaving an alumina-rich mullite framework. SiC subsequently reacts with the remaining silicon from the mullite phase to form some Si3N4 which then combines with silicon from SiC, the alumina-rich mullite and nitrogen to form β-sialon. The 29Si and 27Al NMR spectra from sialon X-phase are reported.
Influence of Soap Concentration and Oil Viscosity on the Rheology and Microstructure of Lubricating Greases

The effects that both soap concentration and base oil viscosity exert on the rheology of lubricating greases and its relationship with grease microstructure are discussed in this work. With this aim, different lubricating grease formulations were manufactured by modifying the concentration of lithium 12-hydroxystearate and the viscosity of the base oil, according to an RSM statistical design. These lubricating greases were rheologically characterized through small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and viscous flow measurements. In addition to these, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) observations and mechanical stability tests were also carried out. It has been found that the structural skeleton (size and shape of the disperse phase particles) was highly influenced by the base oil viscosity. In this sense, the values of the viscoelastic functions in the linear viscoelastic region and the mechanical stability of the lubricating greases increase as the viscosity of the base oil decreases. An opposite ten.
The degradation of mechanical properties in polymer nano-composites exposed to liquid media - a review

The advancement of polymer nano-composites has been motivated by the need for materials with a specific combination of mechanical properties beyond those achieved from only one material. Integration of reinforcement into polymers at the nanoscale can provide a significant increase in numerous physical and mechanical properties of polymer nano-composites. However, in applications where contact with liquid media is unavoidable, the mechanical properties of polymer nano-composites suffer degradation which is a commonly observed phenomenon. Non aggressive liquid such as water is capable of lowering the mechanical properties of polymer nano-composites by acting as plasticizers while moderate and severe aggressive liquid when combined with residual stresses can cause unexpected brittle failure known as ESC. To date, only a few studies are reported discussing the ability of nano-fillers to resist degradation of mechanical properties in polymer nano-composites when exposed to liquid media. In this review, various factors responsible for mechanical property degradation caused by liquid media in polymer nano-composites and their remedies are studied.
Exposure characteristics and three-dimensional profiling of SU8C resist using electron beam lithography

The properties of a new type of chemically amplified resist, SU8C, are evaluated for electron beam lithography. This resist is a modification of the ultraviolet sensitive negative epoxy SU8. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of SU8C is one of the highest among the different kinds of commercially available resists. At 50 keV energy exposure, the saturation dosage of SU8C is ∼3.8 μC/cm2 while that of PMMA is ∼500 μC/cm2. This implies that SU8C resist is suitable for large area exposure. The contrast γ can also be adjusted to near unity by adjusting the postannealing time, and this is essential for multilevel profiling. 16 level steps have been exposed in one electron beam exposure by changing the clock frequency in sequence, and a vertical profile resolution of 20 nm has been achieved. Lines as narrow as 100 nm have been produced, showing that the resist has high resolution down to the nanoscale. Hardness measurements have also been carried out, and SU8C is an order of magnitude harder than epo.
Direct resolution of propranolol and bupranolol by thin‐layer chromatography using cellulose derivatives as stationary phase

Cellulose triphenylcarbamate derivatives have been used as stationary phases for resolution of the enantiomers of the β-blockers propranolol and bupranolol by TLC. The derivatives examined were: cellulose trisphenylacarbamate (1), cellulose tris(2,3-dichlorophenyl carbamate) (2), cellulose tris(2,4-dichlorophenyl carbamate) (3), cellulose tris(2,6-dichlorophenyl carbamate) (4), cellulose tris (2,3-dimethylphenyl carbamate) (5), cellulose tris(3,4-dichlorophenyl carbamate) (6), cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenyl carbamate) (7), and cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) (8). A variety of mobile phases were used to achieve useful separations and the effects of solvent polarity are also discussed. The best resolution of rac-propranolol was obtained on CSP 8 (RfR = 0.26, RfS = 0.06, α = 4.33) in mobile phase hexane:propan-2-ol (80:20 v/v). The best resolution of rac-bupranolol was obtained on CSP 5 (RfR = 0.29, RfS = 0.09, α = 3.22) in mobile phase hexane:propan-2-ol (80:20 v/v). These results demonstrated the potential of cellulose triphenylcarbamates as chiral stationary phases in TLC and indicate that this is potentially a useful method for the direct, simple, and rapid (within 30 min) resolution of racemates in the analytical control of enantiomeric purity. Physical aspects such as problems in cracking of the CSP, adhesion to plate, and interference of spot detection due to triphenylcarbamate chromphores are also discussed, along with the method employed to overcome them.
Integration of National Instruments' LabVIEW Software into the Chemistry Curriculum

Modern analytical instruments controlled by computer workstations equipped with LabVIEW have been used to enhance the investigative nature of a student's laboratory experience at Carleton. The overall aim of this continuing project has been to provide students with user-friendly analytical tools that will improve their ability to quickly perform chemical analyses, in turn leaving more laboratory time for experimental design and open0ended investigation. We have found that LabVIEW can be used as a central laboratory software system that can be customized by the instructor to fit specific experimental needs and programmed by students with minimal training. In lower-division courses, such as introductory chemistry and sophomore analytical chemistry, intuitive LabVIEW VI's have been designed by the instructors to run specific instrumental tasks for the students. The time saved by providing students with intuitive LabVIEW VI's to control their intruments has generated more lab time for open-ended investigation.