Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Detection Performance Analysis of Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar Tristatic System

Incoherent scatter radars (ISR) are among the most powerful ground‐based instruments for solar‐terrestrial physics, measuring multiple plasma parameters over almost the entire vertical extent of the ionosphere. In Sanya, on Hainan Island, China, an advanced high‐power phased array ISR, known as the Sanya incoherent scatter radar (SYISR), is under construction. A tristatic system is planned, with a transmitter at Sanya (SY) Station (109.6°E, 18.3°N), together with receivers at SY, Fuke (FK) (109.1°E, 19.5°N), and Qiongshan (QS) (110.2°E, 19.7°N) on Hainan Island. With the pulse width increasing, the SNR increases for a phased array monostatic ISR, while the SNR initially increases and then remains unchanged for a phased array bistatic ISR. SNR first increases and then decreases as the detection height increases from 100 km to 1,000 km for both the monostatic and bistatic ISR for typical ionospheric conditions. The relative error decreases fast with increasing pulse width when the pulse width is lower than 130 μs for both monostatic and bistatic ISR. When the pulse width is over 130 μs, the relative error decreases very slowly for a monostatic ISR, while it decreases very slowly and then stays unchanged with increasing pulse width for a bistatic ISR. Relative error increases slowly below 500 km, but increases fast for heights over 500 km for both the monostatic ISR and bistatic ISR. It is shown that a tilt angle of 20°–30° and a clockwise‐rotation angle of 157° are reasonable choices for the FK receiving array in the SYISR tristatic system.
Effective treatments for enhancing carbon fiber/epoxy interfacial properties and carbon yarn weavability

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites have wide applications in the automotive, aerospace and construction industries, etc. However, due to the chemically inert surface of carbon fiber, interfacial problems always exist when the carbon fiber is infiltrated by the resin. In this study, polypyrrole (PPy) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were deposited on the carbon fiber surface in order to improve the interfacial properties between the carbon fiber and epoxy resin. After treatment, the interfacial shear strength increased as high as 55.7%, which was verified by microstructure characterization, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. In addition, PPy and CNTs were added to the epoxy sizing agent to strengthen the weavability of carbon yarns. The results showed that the abrasion resistance of the sized carbon yarns was significantly improved, and the fuzz weights were reduced.
Accelerated aging behavior and life prediction of low-temperature vulcanizable CR–BIIR blend based encapsulant material for undersea sensors

Blends of chloroprene rubber (CR) and bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) with low-temperature vulcanization (LTV) technology were found suitable for the encapsulation of temperature-sensitive undersea sensors. Polymeric blends are susceptible to the aging process due to external environments such as heat, oxygen, ozone, light, and mechanical stresses, etc. Hence, the longevity of these blends for hostile seawater applications is a great concern. The marine aging of rubber blends was not investigated much. In this study, the LTV blends with a curing system based on lead and zinc oxides were subjected to accelerated aging in a 3.5% aqueous solution of NaCl from 40°C to 70°C. The retention of tensile strength, % elongation and modulus properties were estimated. It was observed that aging could lead to an initial increase in the modulus and a considerable decrease in ultimate tensile strength and elongation values with an increase in the aging period. Reduction in elongation at break showed a gradual decrease with an increase in both temperature and exposure time. It was observed that the blends with lead oxide cure system were prone to more degradation than ZnO-based blend. A life of 6.5 years and 5.3 years at 25°C for blends based on ZnO and lead oxide cure systems was estimated. The water diffusion coefficient was found to be of the order of 10−12 mm2 s−1 for both blends.
Copolymerization And Solvothermal Synthesis of S-Scheme Cds/g-C3N4 to Improve the Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of Rhb Under UV-Visible Light

The synthesis of photocatalysts with high charge separation and transfer efficiency are of immense significance in the process of using photocatalysis technology for wastewater treatment. In this study CdS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst presented an improved morphology in its characterization using techniques such as SEM, DRS, PL, MS, EIS, and XRD, and enhanced photodegradation of oxcarbazepine. Different composites were obtained as confirmed by the various characterization techniques studied, including CdS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst. The synthesized photocatalysts showed high visible light absorption efficiency within a range of ~655 to 420 nm. S-Scheme CdS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst demonstrated high photocatalytic activity ascribed to high load separation and transition as shown in PL, Photocurrent reaction and EIS. It is understandable that CdS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst have confirmed to be one of the ultimate promising entrants for groundbreaking photocatalyst scheming.
An efficient LiDAR-based localization method for self-driving cars in dynamic environments

Abstract Real-time localization is an important mission for self-driving cars and it is difficult to achieve precise pose information in dynamic environments. In this paper, a novel localization method is proposed to estimate the pose of self-driving cars using a 3D-LiDAR sensor. First, the multi-frame curb features and laser intensity features are extracted. Meanwhile, based on the high-precision curb map generated offline, obstacles on road are detected using region segmentation methods and their features are removed. Furthermore, a map-matching method is proposed to match the features to the map, a robust iterative closest point algorithm is utilized to deal with curb features along with a probability search method dealing with intensity features. Finally, two separate Kalman filters are used to fuse the low-cost global positioning systems and map-matching results. Both offline and online experiments are carried out in dynamic environments and the results demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method.
Analysis of Intermediate Casing Wear in Ultra-deep Wells in China’s Tarim Oil Field

Intermediate casing wear with a spiral scar is often found in ultra-deep wells in Tarim Oil Field. In this work, the mechanism of such wear, and the measures to reduce wear are analyzed. Comparing the geometric characteristics of the wear scars, the root cause is found that the effective inner diameter of the casing is smaller than the outer diameter of the drill pipe joint after the uncemented casing helically buckled. To analyze the main factors affecting the helical buckling of the casing, the classical pipe mechanics theory is used and Well-X in Tarim area is taken as an example. The results show that too small hanging weight is the main cause of helical buckling of the casing. Besides downhole high temperature and large hole diameter enlargement rate are also important factors. The main measures, such as increasing the hanging weight, installing centralizers, and using graded cementation, have been proposed to reduce wear.
Inline pseudoelliptic waveguide filters using asymmetric Iris coupled transverse rectangular ridge resonators

Abstract In this work, a new structure for the implementation of inline pseudoelliptic waveguide filters using non-resonating modes, based on asymmetric iris coupled transverse rectangular ridge resonators has been proposed. The basic structure is comprised of a ridge that is always centered and transverse to the waveguide center axis and has the ability to create a transmission zero (TZ) above or below the passband without involving any rotation of the ridge, thus enabling quicker design of the resulting filters by allowing the use of more efficient analysis tools like FEST3D, in addition to the more general purpose methods like HFSS. A centered ridge enables the ease of manufacturing through machining. The proposed structure makes use of rectangular waveguide's dominant TE10 mode as a non-resonating mode to create an alternate energy path from source to load, thus realizing a TZ, while the asymmetric irises excite the ridge resonator, enabling the overall structure to act as a singlet capable of producing both a pole and a TZ. A third-order filter with one TZ and a fifth-order filter with two TZs have been designed and manufactured. Measured results show good consistency with the simulated data, validating the viability of the proposed structure.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics with a single molecule: Purcell enhancement, strong coupling and single-photon nonlinearity

Control of light–matter coupling at the quantum level is an enabling technique for many emerging quantum technologies. This tutorial describes recent advances in achieving efficient coupling of light with a single molecule using an optical Fabry–Perot microcavity. We demonstrate that the efficient cavity-molecule coupling converts the molecule to an effective two-level system. In this regime, a single molecule can act as a nearly perfect reflecting mirror and exhibits optical nonlinearity at the ultimate level of single photons.
The Chemical and Alignment Structural Properties of Coal: Insights from Raman, Solid-State 13C NMR, XRD, and HRTEM Techniques

The chemical and alignment structures of coal impacts coalbed methane behavior: adsorption, desorption, and diffusion. Recently, the research on accurate characterization techniques for coal structure has received widespread attention. In particular, spatial alignment is critical for the molecular modeling of coal. However, due to the great challenges of quantification, spatial alignment has often been ignored in previous studies. In this study, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was employed to quantitatively characterize the fringe length, orientation, and stacking distributions of these five coal samples with different ranks. Raman spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the overall structural disorder of the coal molecules. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) was conducted to characterize the chemical structures of coals, and XRD experiments recorded the transition of the microcrystallite structure. The results show that in the range of %Ro = 0.39–2.07%, the distributions of the aromatic structural units were similar: mainly composed of fringes of size equivalent to naphthalene and 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 rings. When %Ro > 2.07%, the distribution shifted to longer fringes. Moreover, all the samples showed a regional orientation, and when %Ro > 2.07%, there was significantly higher alignment. The degree of stacking of fringes were limited, most of which appeared in the form of a single layer. When %Ro < 2.07%, the stacking appeared in the form of two or three layers. However, five-layer stacking merely appeared in the sample with %Ro = 2.47%. In addition, based on the Raman data, the evolution of carbon disorder was divided into three stages: %Ro = 0.39–1.23%, 1.23–2.07%, and 2.07–2.47%, and aromatization caused the overall disorder to decrease. The 13C NMR data indicated that the chemical structure also transitioned in stages, with aliphatic carbon and oxygen-containing groups gradually decreasing and aromatic carbon increasing. Meanwhile, the XRD data supported increased organization (lower d002 values) with maturities. Thus, this study provides quantitative information about the spatial alignment and the size of aromatic rings, which helps to improve a comprehensive understanding of the chemical structure of coal and coalbed methane behaviors.
Sorption studies of crude oil on acetylated rice husks.

Acetylated rice husks (ARH) have been studied as sorbents for crude oil spill cleanup operations in the aqueous environment. Sorption kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out under various experimental conditions. The experimental data were particularly tested with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the Langmuir isotherm model and the Freundlich isotherm model. The crude oil absorptive behavior of the acetylated rice husks has been discussed and the experimental methods adopted for the determination and estimation of the sorption coefficients have also been described. The correlation values for the isotherms models studied showed that the data better fitted the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model. Adsorption was therefore monolayer and the optimum theoretical monolayer sorption capacity was 10.31g/g rice husks. These values indicated that the acetylated rice husks are suitable sorbents with potential for further development for oil spill treatment.
Fatigue delamination growth characterization of a directly bonded carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic laminates and aluminum alloys with surface nanostructure using DCB test

With the recent demand for weight reduction, structural materials for transportation equipment are being replaced by carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs). Therefore, techniques to join CFRTPs to alloys are needed. In this study, the fatigue delamination growth of bonded CFRTP/aluminum alloy joints was characterized. The specimens were bonded in three ways, using adhesive, direct chemical bonding, and direct chemical bonding with a nanostructured surface. The type of the specimen was double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen, which consisted of aluminum alloy (A5052) and plain woven CFRTP. The lay-up of the CFRTP was [(0,90)]9 and the used matrix was PA6. Fatigue loading was applied in displacement control mode. The ratio between the minimum and maximum displacement was 0.1, and the test frequency was 5 Hz. The crack length during the fatigue tests was obtained by compliance calibration. Fatigue was characterized by constructing a Paris diagram for each specimen type. The fracture surface distinctively changed from smooth brittle-like fracture to hair-like ductile fracture post fabricating a nanostructure and chemical bonding. As a result, the fatigue crack growth resistance of the specimen with the nanostructure significantly improved due to the hair-like ductile fracture.
Particle Flow Simulation Based on Hybrid IMB-DEM-LBM Approach with New Solid Fraction Calculation Scheme

A new coupling method, immersed moving boundary–discrete element method–lattice Boltzmann method (IMB-DEM-LBM), is proposed to simulate particle flow for application in soil mechanics or coastal engineering. In this study, LBM fluid is simulated on the regular Eulerian grid and Lagrangian particle motion is governed by DEM while IMB couples the two algorithms. The new method is promising and robust as it resolves numerical instability near the particle boundary caused by mesh distortion in the conventional grid method. In IMB, the interface lattice solid fraction determines the distribution function ratio of non-equilibrium bounce back and Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) collision. The non-equilibrium bounce back at moving boundary results in the fluid momentum change and contributes to the hydrodynamic force on particle. For numerical stability, this paper introduces the hydrodynamic force calculation concept from IB (immersed boundary method) to IMB, and at the same time, proposes a new solid fraction calculation method for sphere that divides the intersection into simple sector and triangle, as well as calculates the intersection area by vector. With this method, approximate inaccuracy is overcome while complicated integration is avoided.
CAl4Mg0/−: Global Minima with a Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Atom

Isomers of CAl4Mg and CAl4Mg− have been theoretically characterized for the first time. The most stable isomer for both the neutral and anion contain a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom. Unlike the isovalent CAl4Be case, which contains a planar pentacoordinate carbon atom as the global minimum geometry, replacing beryllium with magnesium makes the ptC isomer the global minimum due to increased ionic radii of magnesium. However, it is relatively easier to conduct experimental studies for CAl4Mg0/− as beryllium is toxic. While the neutral molecule containing the ptC atom follows the 18 valence electron rule, the anion breaks the rule with 19 valence electrons. The electron affinity of CAl4Mg is in the range of 1.96–2.05 eV. Both the global minima exhibit π/σ double aromaticity. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for both the global minima at 298 K for 10 ps to confirm their kinetic stability.
Drug Repurposing for Alzheimer's Disease Based on Protein-Protein Interaction Network

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known as a critical neurodegenerative disorder. It worsens as symptoms concerning dementia grow severe over the years. Due to the globalization of Alzheimer's disease, its prevention and treatment are vital. This study proposes a method to extract substantial gene complexes and then introduces potential drugs in Alzheimer's disease. To this end, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was utilized to extract five meaningful gene complexes functionally interconnected. An enrichment analysis to introduce the most important biological processes and pathways was accomplished on the obtained genes. The next step is extracting the drugs related to AD and introducing some new drugs which may be helpful for this disease. Finally, a complete network including all the genes associated with each gene complex group and genes' target drug was illustrated. For validating the proposed potential drugs, Connectivity Map (CMAP) analysis was accomplished to determine target genes that are up- or downregulated by proposed drugs. Medical studies and publications were analyzed thoroughly to introduce AD-related drugs. This analysis proves the accuracy of the proposed method in this study. Then, new drugs were introduced that can be experimentally examined as future work. Raloxifene and gentian violet are two new drugs, which have not been introduced as AD-related drugs in previous scientific and medical studies, recommended by the method of this study. Besides the primary goal, five bipartite networks representing the genes of each group and their target miRNAs were constructed to introduce target miRNAs.
Tensile Crack Speed in Brittle Rocks

An important issue in rapid brittle fracture is the limiting speed of crack propagation. It is widely believed that brittle mode I crack cannot propagate faster than the Rayleigh wave speed, or the speed of sound on a solid surface. Mode II cracks are also limited by longitudinal speed wave. The origin for this belief stems from the predictions of continuum mechanics. Once the crack speed reaches a theoretical upper limit in a material, which is most often larger than one fifth of the Rayleigh wave velocity, branching of a propagating crack occurs. To verify this hypothesis, this paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at disclosing the size effect on the crack velocity in the Splitting Tensile Strength indirect test (i.e. the Brazilian Test) using high-speed photography techniques. Over 100 Brazilian tests with more than 10 different rock types at various diameters were prepared and tested according to the ASTM standard recommendations using either a servo hydraulic machine or an electromechanical load frame at a wide ranges of load/displacement rates. By adopting a high frame rate of above 100,000 frames per second (fps), crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence were captured to study the size effect on the crack speed and failure mode on the Brazilian test results.
Evaluation of Rate of Adhesion of Lactobacillus namurensis Strain GYP-74 to Porous Fine Ceramics

This study aimed to evaluate the ratio of adherence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to porous fine ceramics in order to develop a novel LAB-rich pickle container for the production of functional fermented vegetables. Some LAB were isolated from the salted rice bran used for pickling (Nukadoko in Japanese). These isolates were classified in Lactobacillus namurensis by phylogenetic analysis. Some pottery-shard (PS) samples were prepared by varying the mixing rate of polyacetal (POM) resin to clay (0–30% (v/v)) and the burning temperature (1000 °C or 1100 °C). A test of the adherence of strain GYP-74 to the PSs was performed. The results showed that the adherence rate was significantly higher in the PSs burned at 1100 °C as compared with those burned at 1000 °C. A pore distribution analysis showed that pore sizes of less than a few µm and pore sizes in the range of a few µm to a few hundred µm were mainly distributed in the PSs without and with POM, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that both PSs with and without POM contained quartz and hematite. The PSs burned at 1000 °C and 1100 °C specifically contained microcline and mullite, respectively. This study revealed the basal information regarding what makes PSs adequate for LAB adhesion.
Change detection of built-up areas based on ensemble learning

The paper presents a new method for the change detection of built-up areas based on ensemble learning. The method selects the feature generation part of VGG network to replace the encoder of UNet network, and makes full use of the advantages of VGG network in feature interpretation to construct a new network VGG-UNet, so as to improve the information extraction accuracy of built-up areas. First, the slice sample sets containing built-up areas and non-built-up areas were established. Secondly, the model was trained and tested to obtain several optimal models with high precision. Thirdly, these optimal models were used to extract the change information of built-up areas in the experimental area. Finally, the results were ensemble optimized and the accuracy was verified by comparing with the field measurements. The experimental results in Xinjiang demonstrate the advantages, feasibility and reliability of the proposed method. Moreover, the ensemble optimization of multiple model results can further improve the change detection accuracy of built-up areas.
Automated calibration pipeline for agricultural sUAS based remote sensing

The vast majority of agricultural remote sensing applications that utilize multispectral imagery require several pre-processing techniques in order to provide a basis on which to accurately analyze data and provide meaningful information to the grower. This research takes these techniques and compresses them into a fully-automated data processing pipeline. This pipeline is implemented using a BeamIO TileDriver workflow, converting raw digital count to direct-georectified reflectance, ready for further processing to provide a geolocated information product for the grower.
TVA-GAN: Attention Guided Generative Adversarial Network For Thermal To Visible Face Transformations

In the recent advancement of machine learning methods for realistic image generation and image translation, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) play a vital role. GAN generates novel samples that look indistinguishable from the real images. The image translation using a generative adversarial network refers to unsupervised learning. In this paper, we translate the thermal images into visible images. Thermal to Visible image translation is challenging due to the non-availability of accurate semantic information and smooth textures. The thermal images contain only single-channel, holding only the images’ luminance with less feature. We develop a new Cyclic Attention-based Generative Adversarial Network for Thermal to Visible Face transformation (TVA-GAN) by incorporating a new attention-based network. We use attention guidance with a recurrent block through an Inception module to reduce the learning space towards the optimum solution.