Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF INSTANTANEOUS HEAT TRANSFER DURING COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION IN PISTON-CYLINDER GEOMETRY

A numerical analysis of the flow and heat transfer in a gas confined by a moving piston inside a valveless cylinder is presented. Repeated compression and expansion of the gas in the cylinder causes it to heat up. The in-cylinder heat transfer is out of phase with the bulk gas-wall temperature difference and the conventional Newton law is not applicable. Instead of being proportional to bulk gas-wall temperature difference the heat transfer should also depend on the time derivative of the bulk gas temperature. An understanding of the in-cylinder heat transfer is essential in modeling compressors, internal combustion engines, and other reciprocating machines. In the present paper the unsteady compressible axisymmetric flow inside the cylinder is modeled using a moving coordinate system and a finite volume methodology. The existing phase difference between the heat transfer and the gas-wall temperature difference is explored.
Naupliar development times and survival of the copepods Calanus helgolandicus and Calanus finmarchicus in relation to food and temperature

We measured egg hatching times and stage specific naupliar development times of the key calanoid copepods Calanus helgolandicus and C. finmarchicus in response to temperature, food quantity and food type. Calanus helgolandicus development times decreased with increasing temperature and when fed Isochrysis galbana (4.4 μm ESD) rather than Prorocentrum micans (29.5 μm ESD). Nauplii needed higher food carbon concentration to develop past the first feeding stage (N3) when fed I. galbana compared with P. micans. At low food carbon concentrations nauplii developed more slowly past N3 than at more saturated levels. The survival of nauplii fed P. micans increased with temperature, but starved nauplii survival decreased at higher temperatures. We parameterized a temperature-dependent model of development for both species which fitted the observed stage durations under non-limiting food extremely well and demonstrated that C. finmarchicus develops faster than C. helgolandicus. Further data are needed to clarify the effect of food-temperature interactions on development rates.
Shape Boundaries

Shapes and shape grammars use algebras of subshapes in the description and generation of designs. Different types of boundary, including element boundaries, closure boundaries, and specially defined boundary shapes, are defined in shape algebra descriptions. These are compared to boundaries in point set topologies used in geometric modelling for computer-aided design. It is shown that boundaries emerge in shape algebra descriptions but are inherited from the underlying topology in point set representations.
Slow response of soil organic matter to the reduction in atmospheric nitrogen deposition in a Norway spruce forest

Global nitrogen (N) deposition rates in terrestrial environments have quadrupled since preindustrial times, causing structural and functional changes of ecosystems. Different emission reduction policies were therefore devised. The aim of our study was to investigate if, and over what timescale, processes of soil organic matter (OM) transformation respond to a decline in atmospheric N deposition. A N‐saturated spruce forest (current N deposition: 34 kg ha−1 yr−1; critical N load: 14 kg ha−1 yr−1), where N deposition has been reduced to 11.5 kg ha−1 yr−1 since 1991, was studied. Besides organic C and organic and inorganic N, noncellulosic carbohydrates, amino sugars and amino acids were determined. A decline in organic N in litter indicated initial effects at plant level. However, there were no changes in biomarkers upon the reduction in N deposition. In addition, inorganic N was not affected by reduced N deposition. The results showed that OM cycling and transformation processes have not responded so far. It was concluded that no direct N deposition effects have occurred due to the large amount of stored organic N, which seems to compensate for the reduction in deposited N. Obviously, the time span of atmospheric N reduction (about 14.5 years) is too short compared with the mean turnover time of litter to cause indirect effects on the composition of organic C and N compounds. It is assumed that ecological processes, such as microbial decomposition or recycling of organic N and C, react slowly, but may start within the next decade with the incorporation of the new litter.
13- GC/MS ANALYSIS AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THUJA ORIENTALIS L. GROWING IN EGYPT.

The hydrodistilled essential oils of the fresh fruits and leaves of Thuja orientalis L. Syn. Biota orientalis (L.) Endl (Platycladus orientalis L.) Family: Cupressaceae were subjected to GC and GC/MS analysis. Twenty-four and twenty-one compounds had been identified in the essential oils of fruits and leaves respectively. The major components were identified as α – pinene (33.05%), α- phellandrene (10.39%), α– terpinene (7.73%) and camphene (5.47%) in fruit oil, while α - pinene (21.83%), benzyl benzoate (19.12%), caryophyllene (12.07%) and α - cedrol (6.86%) were detected in leaf oil. Both oils were tested for their diuretic and antioxidant activities.
Toxoplasma gondii and Heat Shock Proteins

Toxoplasma gondii is a well-described intracellular parasitic protozoan which is carried by humans, warm blooded animals and birds. In the world, around a third of people are infected by T. gondii as a result of toxoplasmosis. In humans, the life cycle of T. gondii has two stages: tachyzoite stage and bradyzoite stage. Tachyzoites form causes acute infection and tachyzoites transforms to bradyzoites form, this slow growing non-pathogen form is transmissible to the other organisms [1, 2]. A number of studies have reported that, Heat shock proteins (Hsps) expression is increased with viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, fungi, and inflammation. Therefore, Hsps are associated with infection diseases especially toxoplasmosis [3, 4]. We isolated Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp100 from infective T. gondii RH strain, and biochemical characterization and bioinformatics analysis of these proteins were performed. Our results showed that Hsp40, Hsp70 and Hsp100 prevent protein aggregation and induce refolding. Consequently, these Hsps may play essential roles in the mechanisms of bradyzoite development and life cycles of T. gondii. In this chapter, we will mainly focus on potential roles of heat shock proteins to T. gondii survival in the host organism using experimental and computational data.
Genetic divergence among sugarcane genotypes (Saccharum spp.) for cane yield attributes and quality determinants.

The investigation was carried out at the Sugarcane Research Centre – Guneid (14, 48 -15.00° N) during the seasons 2003 - 04 and 2004 - 05. Twelve exotic sugarcane genotypes from Barbados, Guyana, Argentina and South India were tested in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The objective was to quantify the genetic diversity among these genotypes regarding eleven cane yield and quality characters namely: stalk height, stalk diameter, internodal number per stalk; juice brix, juice pol, sugar recovery, juice purity, cane fiber and cane maturity percent, and yield of cane and sugar in Ton/hac. The results indicated that, the genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on the genetic distance using Mahalanobis's statistics. Higher inter-cluster distance was noticed between cluster IV and V (83.546) indicating high genetic diversity among two clusters. Thus, exploitation of genotypes within these two clusters as parents for crossing could produce good sugarcane segregants. The intra-cluster distance within cluster VI (7.226) and II (6.666) was very low indicating a close relationship of genotypes within each of these clusters. High cluster mean value for juice quality was recorded by cluster I whereas for cane and sugar yields, cluster VI was the best. It is suggested that genotypes within these two clusters could show greater potentiality for breeding purpose by virtue of their desirable characters. Key words: Sugarcane, Saccharum spp. , genetic divergence, Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics, cluster distance, hybridization.
Beta Hemolytic Streptococci Pharyngeal Carriage in Preschool Children in Pleven (Bulgaria)

ABSTRACT A prospective study was conducted to investigate the throat carrier rate of beta hemolytic streptococci (BHS) and to serotype the group A streptococci (GAS) in asymptomatic preschool children in Pleven (Bulgaria). Throat swabs were collected from 74 healthy children aged 3 to 7 years (mean: 4.72 ± 1.28 years). The Lancefield group of the streptococci isolated in pure culture was determined using the latex agglutination test (Slidex Strepto-Kit, BioMerieux, France). The strains of GAS were serotyped with anti-T, -SOF and -M sera. BHS were isolated from 24.02% of asymptomatic children, ranging from 20% to 26.42% at different stages of the study. GAS represented 16.20% of all tested, group C streptococci were isolated in 6.70%, group G in 1.12% of those surveyed. Circulation was found in four M serotypes (M 11, M 12, M 14 and M 49), a leading M 14 (65.52%) and two T serotypes (T 11 and T 14), the dominant T 14 (82.76%). The results of our study highlight the importance of regular surveillance programmes to keep GAS infections and carriage in check.
Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa

Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa held by their heads with a micropipette was recorded by means of a video-strobe system. Spermatozoa were studied in normal Hanks' solution, Hanks' solution with increased viscosity, cervical mucus, and hyaluronic acid. When flagellar movement in normal Hanks' solution was observed from the direction parallel to the beating plane, segments of the flagellum in focus did not lie on a straight line but on two diverging dashed lines. The distance between the two dashed lines was about 20% of the bend amplitude in the major beating plane. These observations indicate that flagellar beating of human spermatozoa in normal Hanks' solution is not planar. In contrast, segments of the flagellum in focus lay on a straight line when the spermatozoa were observed in Hanks' solution with increased viscosity, cervical mucus, or hyaluronic acid. In normal Hanks' solution, free swimming spermatozoa rotated constantly around their longitudinal axes with a frequency similar to the beat frequency, whereas little or no rotation of spermatozoa occurred in Hanks' solution with increased viscosity, in cervical mucus, or in hyaluronic acid. We conclude that human spermatozoa in normal Hanks' solution beat with a conical helical waveform having an elliptical cross section, the semiaxes of which have a ratio of 0.2. The three-dimensional geometry of the flagellar movement is responsible for the rotation of the sperm around their longitudinal axes.
TRANSIENT NATURAL CONVECTION INSIDE POROUS CAVITIES: HYBRID NUMERICAL-ANALYTICAL SOLUTION AND MIXED SYMBOLIC-NUMERICAL COMPUTATION

A hybrid numerical-analytical solution for two-dimensional transient-free convection is presented and applied to a vertical porous cavity, based on application of the ideas in the generalized integral transform technique (GITT). The integral transformation process reduces the original coupled partial differential equations (PDEs), for stream function and temperature, into an infinite system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for the transformed potentials, which is adaptively truncated and numerically solved through subroutine NDSolve from the Mathematica software system. All the analytical steps in the solution procedure are symbolically evaluated through the Mathematica package, mixing with the numerical computations and graphic representation.
Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant potential of wheat treated with phytohormones under salinity stress

The interactive effects 0.5 mM indole acetic acid or 0.1 mM of salicylic acid as shoot spraying on NaCl wheat stressed plant organs (spike, shoot and root) grown in pot experiment under different salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) were studied. The antioxidant enzymes as catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugar, proteins, amino acids, and proline contents in spike, shoot and root of salinity stressed plants were the most affected parameters specially at high salinity levels (150-200 mM NaCl). Treatments with 0.5 mM indole acetic acid or 0.1 mM of salicylic acid as shoot spraying on NaCl wheat stressed plant organs mitigated the harmful effect of NaCl. To conclude the phytohormone indole acetic acid or salicylic acid improved salt tolerance in stressed wheat by significantly activated catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase, increased photosynthetic pigments and enhancing the accumulation of nontoxic metabolites (sugars, proteins, amino acid and free proline) as a protective adaptation mechanism in different wheat organs. However, the magnitude of increase was more pronounced in salicylic acid treated plants than in indole acetic acid treated ones, and the spike was more accumulator organ of non toxic metabolites compared to shoot and root. Thus salicylic acid and/or indole acetic acid treatments prevents the deleterious effects of salinity stressed wheat and could be adopted as a potential growth regulator or antioxidant to improve growth particularly under moderate NaCl salinity levels, wheat plant respond positively to SA foliar application than IAA application.
COMPARATIVE BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AND GALLIC ACID ON ANTIOXIDANT AND ACETYL CHOLINE STATUS OF MERCURY INTOXICATED RATS

Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) is one of the most toxic heavy metal which induces oxidative stress in the body. And also it acts as a neurotoxin. In the present experimental study, the antioxidant and acetyl choline property of mercury intoxicated brain tissue of rat was investigated. And withdrawal effect of mercury toxicity in the brain tissue with the help of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Gallic acid (GA) treatments were also investigated. NAC and GA, at a concentration of 30mg/kg body weight, accelerate the oxidation of neurotoxicity induced by HgCl2 (1.29mg/kg Body weight of the animal). The aim of this study was to investigate the protective potential of N-acetylcysteine and Gallic acid against Hgcl2 induced brain damage. The antioxidant activities of NAC and GA concentration were mainly due to the scavenging of lipid peroxide in this system. The oxidant mechanism for NAC and GA is most likely due to the strong reducing power and weak metal Chelating ability. During the HgCl2 – treatment, the mercury toxicants mainly induced the toxicity in the brain tissues of rats to exhibit elevated level of lipid peroxidation (LPO). At the same time the level of enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), AchE actuvity and non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH)) were significantly decreased in brain tissues. But during the recovery period (N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) and Gallic acid (GA) treatment on mercury intoxicated animal), both compounds are enhances the not only the GSH levels, and also promote the AChE activities. It leads to protects cell damage against neurotoxicity induced by mercuric chloride. Histological and histopathological observations are also supporting these findings by the way of restoration of brain histoarchitecture. Oral administration of NAC and GA for 21 days improved the status of above parameters towards normal level or near normal level. Thus, results of the present study NAC and GA exhibited potent antioxidant, neuroprotective activities on HgCl2 induced neurotoxicity in rats.
Statistics

the Probability developed for the purpose of modeling outcomes of random phenomena. Random variables and their expectations are studied including means and variances of linear combinations and an introduction to conditional expectation. Binomial, Poisson, normal, and other standard probability distributions are considered. Some probability models are studied mathematically, and others are studied via computer simulation. Sampling distributions and related statistical methods are explored mathematically, studied via simulation, and illustrated on data. Methods include, but are not limited to, inference for means and proportions for one- and two-sample problems, two-way tables, correlation, and simple linear regression. Graphical and numerical data description are used for exploration, communication of results, and comparing mathematical consequences of probability models and data. Mathematics employed is to the level of single-variable differential and integral calculus and sequences and series. bootstrapping, a comparison of Bayesian and frequentist inference, the role of conditioning in statistical inference. drawn social, physical, biological sciences.
THE VARIABILITY AMONG POPULATIONS OF COHO SALMON IN THE MAXIMUM REPRODUCTIVE RATE AND DEPENSATION

Estimating parameters for population-dynamics models is a critical component in assessing extinction probabilities of populations. For many individual populations, key parameters will be poorly defined, and meta-analysis would provide a basis for estimating the parameters. Here, we introduce meta-analytical techniques to estimate the maximum reproductive rate, carrying capacity, and depensation in coho salmon on the west coast of North America. We used both nonlinear mixed-effects models and Bayesian techniques to estimate several population-dynamics models, including the Beverton-Holt and hockey-stick models, for 14 spawner–recruitment time series. The Beverton-Holt and hockey-stick mixed-effects models yielded equivalent fits to the data but gave very different estimates of α (the maximum rate at which female spawners can produce female smolts at low population sizes). The mean α for the Beverton-Holt mixed-effect model was 71.5 (1 se = 1.2) female smolts per spawning female, whereas the hockey-stick estimate was 53.0 (1 se = 1.14). We found little evidence for a general effect of depensation in coho salmon, unless fewer than one female per kilometer of river returned to spawn. Corresponding Editor: L. B. Crowder
Secretion of iron-complexing ligands from Closterium aciculare (Charophyceae, Chlorophyta) under iron-deficient conditions

Abstract Siderophores, ferric iron-specific ligands, are produced by many species of prokaryotes, fungi and higher plants under iron-limited conditions. We report the possibility of siderophore production by a freshwater eukaryotic microalga Closterium aciculare under iron-deficient conditions. Closterium aciculare secreted a substance that is reactive in the chrome azurol S (CAS) assay in an iron-deficient, chemically defined medium. The final concentrations of the CAS-reactive substance were 0.17 and 0.35 μM for some 0.1 g 1−1 of C. aciculare in the medium with noniron and 10 nM iron addition, respectively. The amount of the CAS-reactive substance increased along with the increase in cell density of C. aciculare, whereas the addition of iron with nonlimiting concentration (100 nM) to the medium completely repressed the production of the CAS-reactive substance. Because C. aciculare did not produce the CAS-reactive substance in the iron-replete medium, the CAS-reactive substance was considered to be a siderophore.
Marker-assisted Selection for Coupling Phase Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus and Phytophthora infestans (Late Blight) in Tomato

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Phytophthora infestans (late blight) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) have a worldwide distribution and are known to cause substantial disease damage. Sw-5 (derived from S. peruvianum) and Ph-3 (derived from S. pimpinellifolium) are, respectively, TSWV and late blight resistance genes. These two genes are linked (within 5 cM on several maps) in repulsion phase near the telomere of the long arm on chromosome 9. The tomato lines NC592 (Ph-3) and NC946 (Sw-5) were crossed to develop an F2 population and subsequent inbred generations. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) using three polymerase chain reaction-based codominant markers (TG328, TG591, and SCAR421) was used in F2 progeny with the goal of selecting for homozygous coupling-phase recombinant lines. From 1152 F2 plants, 11 were identified with potential recombination events between Ph-3 and Sw-5; of those, three were male sterile (ms-10). F3 progeny were generated from the remaining eight F2 recombinants, and resistance to both pathogens, or Ph-3 and Sw-5 in coupling phase, was confirmed in three of those. Recombination was suppressed fivefold in our F2 population to 1.11 cM between genes when compared with published maps of the same region. However, MAS was an efficient tool for selecting the desirable recombination events for these two pathogen resistance genes.
Levels of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Xanthomonas citri in Diverse Citrus Genotypes and Relevance to Potential Transmission from Pollinations

The diseases huanglongbing (HLB, associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)) and Asian citrus canker (ACC, caused by Xanthomonas citri (Xcc)) are widespread in Florida and many other citrus-growing areas, presenting unprecedented challenges for citrus breeding. Because HLB and ACC weaken trees and compromise cropping, breeding is much less efficient using seed parents that have been exposed to these diseases. Therefore, it would be highly desirable to use unique disease-exposed selections only as pollen parents with pollen applied to disease-free trees. However, there may be a risk of introducing these diseases using such pollen sources. To assess this potential, abundance of the pathogens associated with these diseases was assessed in anthers and flowers using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Because CLas is systemic, levels on mature leaves from the flower source trees were assessed to see if the presence of CLas in flowers was associated with leaf levels. Disease-exposed trees were tested in 10 genotypes from each of three broad genotypic categories, which reflect different levels of susceptibility to the diseases associated with the pathogens studied: Poncirus trifoliata hybrids (most resistant to HLB), Citrus maxima and hybrids (susceptible to both diseases), and C. reticulata and hybrids (considerable resistance to ACC). Of the 30 samples of each tissue type analyzed for CLas, 88% of mature leaves, 69% of flowers, and 88% of anthers had one or more CLas bacterium per sample. The trifoliate genotypic group had significantly lower levels of CLas than the pummelo and mandarin groups in mature leaf samples, but CLas levels were more similar between groups in anther and flower samples, and the pathogen was present in most of the trifoliate hybrids tested. Mean numbers of CLas detected per nanogram nucleic acid were 100 to 800 times higher in mature leaf samples, most characteristic of HLB symptoms, compared with anther samples. Xcc DNA was detected in 30% of flower samples and 23% of anther samples. No significant differences in Xcc levels were found between tissue type or genotypic group. However, regressions between Xcc levels in flowers and percent of plant pedigree derived from mandarin had a negative correlation and an r 2 of 0.159 (P = 0.029). The biology of CLas is consistent with the pathogen being present in anthers from unopened flowers, whereas the ACC pathogen detected inside flowers was likely the result of contamination despite great care in sample collection and handling. Where exceptional diligence to exclude HLB and ACC is appropriate, results suggest that there may be a risk of spreading these pathogens through use of pollen from trees on infected farms.