Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What are elementary students' perceptions of physical education teacher credibility?

What Was Done? The authors utilized source credibility theory (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953) as the lens through which they examined the data. According to this theory, a teacher’s power of influence over student learning happens when she or he is credible to students. A qualitative research design was selected as the most appropriate way to understand students’ perspectives of PE teachers’ credibility. Eight students (boys and girls in grades 3 and 5) participated based on high and low skill levels, as well as their ability to communicate effectively. The school site was chosen because the female PE teacher was a National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certified teacher. Data were collected over a 14-week period (approximately 15 visits) using the following methods: participant orientation, open-ended questions, student drawings, photograph elicitation, observations, group interviews, individual interviews and field notes. What Was Found? Data were analyzed using the fourstep flow model approach by Miles and Huberman (1994). The researchers found that students were able to view a credible PE teacher in three different categories: “looks like one,” “practices what she preaches,” and “is an awesome pedagogue. ” Looks Like One. The students made judgments about their PE teacher through visual observation. If the PE teacher looked credible, then she was more appealing and interesting to the students, although the students in this study were most concerned with having a teacher who could teach them skills and be an expert in the subject of PE. “Looking like a PE teacher” included good physical condition, being muscular, someone who was tall (taller than the students), looking strong and healthy, and someone who dressed like a PE teacher. Students indicated that PE teachers who wore tennis shoes and athletic clothing were more credible. Practices What She Preaches. Students viewed a credible PE teacher as one who could perform everything that the students were expected to perform. The PE teacher was more credible if she engaged in exercise, sports and healthy behaviors (such as healthy eating and not smoking) alongside the students. Is an Awesome Pedagogue. This category was based on what a credible PE teacher does in the gymnasium to promote learning. According to the students, a credible PE teacher exhibits the following behaviors: promotes student security, ignites students’ positive attitudes, and stimulates student engagement. Students were more confident about trying new things when they felt the teacher created a safe learning environment, provided encouragement, and exhibited enjoyment during the class. This allowed students to feel good about themselves and enjoy their PE lessons.
Commit to a Credible Path of Rising CO2 Prices

CO2 pricing is essential for an efficient transition to the green economy. Despite Daniel, Litterman and Wagner (2019)â€™ claim that CO2 prices should decline, CO2 prices should rise over time. First, damages from global warming are proportional to economic activity and this makes CO2 prices grow at the same rate as the economy. Second, even if uncertainty about the damage ratio is gradually resolved over time, this only slows down the price rise. Third, if CCS is allowed for, the optimal CO2 price will rise before it declines but this decline does not occur until more than two centuries ahead. Fourth, damages are likely to be a very convex function of temperature which with rising temperature implies that CO2 prices must grow faster than the economy. Fifth, internalizing the social benefits of learning by doing or a shift towards technical progress in renewable energy production requires a subsidy for renewable energy, not a temporary spike in CO2 prices. Having high CO2 prices upfront is an artefact of failing to separate out renewable energy subsidies from the carbon price. Finally, efficient intertemporal allocation of policy efforts implies that a temperature cap or cap on cumulative emissions requires that CO2 prices must rise at a rate equal to the risk-adjusted interest rate, typically higher than the economic growth rate. Summing up, CO2 prices must rise at a rate at least equal to the economic growth rate and at most to the risk-adjusted interest rate. They should not decline.
Chitosan-induced defence responses in tomato plants against early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Sorauer

The in vitro antifungal properties of chitosan and its role in protection of tomato from early blight disease were evaluated. Chitosan inhibited the radial and submerged growth of Alternaria solani at 1 mg/ml and control tomato plants from blight pathogen. Chitosan was able to induce the level of chitinase activity and new isoforms of chitinase, resulting in the reduction of early blight disease severity in tomato leaves. These results suggested the role of chitosan in activation of defence responses as well as protecting tomato plants from A. solani infection.
Species Discrimination of Postlarvae and Early Juvenile Brown Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) and Pink Shrimp (F. duorarum) (Decapoda: Penaeidae): Coupling Molecular Genetics and Comparative Morphology to Identify Early Life Stages

Abstract We collected postlarvae (PL) and early juveniles of Farfantepenaeus aztecus and F. duorarum < 7.0 mm CL from the Gulf of Mexico and verified their species identity using a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay, which targeted the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene. We examined young with ≥ 5 dorsal teeth (DT) for differences in morphology and used a General Discriminant Analysis approach and ‘best’ subsets model-building technique to help identify the ‘best’ characters to discriminate taxa and predict species membership. Farfantepenaeus duorarum with ≥ 5 DT and F. aztecus with ≥ 7 DT have spinules on the epigastric and first DT, a character not previously reported for these two species. Differences in antennal scale shape and sixth pleomere length discriminate > 95% of Farfantepenaeus sp. with < 7 – 8 + 2 rostral teeth. Farfantepenaeus duorarum has an antennal scale with an acutely rounded margin about twice the height of the adjacent lateral spine, and has a sixth pleomere length measurement < 2.5 mm. In F. aztecus, the antennal scale has a more broadly rounded margin with a lateral spine that approaches or exceeds the tip of the scale, and has a sixth pleomere length measurement > 2.5 mm. Species discrimination of Farfantepenaeus sp. with ≥ 7 – 8 + 2 rostral teeth requires body measurements. Classification models accurately discriminate > 90% of Farfantepenaeus sp. from the western Gulf and increase the reliability of discrimination by > 20% over characters that have been used for species discrimination, some of which are unreliable. The unsatisfactory performance of the models in discriminating Farfantepenaeus sp. from the eastern Gulf is consistent with the possibility of different ecological populations in the eastern and western Gulf that may warrant further study. Integration of molecular taxonomy and comparative morphology, as we did here, can provide insight into the patterns of diversity and ecological and evolutionary principles that encompass fisheries management.
The Digital Transformation of Payment Systems - Libra`s Impact on the Global Economy

This master thesis examines the conceptual and technical specifications of Facebook's Libra project, which provides a comprehensive understanding of the fiat-backed digital currency, the payment system and financial infrastructures for billions of people to be launched in the first half of 2020. The results demonstrate that Libra could potentially accelerate financial inclusion and improve services within the network, but current drawbacks such as the permissioned blockchain and centralized network limit user participation, and resistance from governments, regulators and legislators underlines the disruptive nature of the project, which, if accepted globally, could have a significant impact on the global economy.
Specific Leaf Weight and Photosynthesis in Alfalfa 1

Specific leaf weight (SLW = leaf dry weight per unit leaf area) and net photosynthesis (Pn) of 13 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones were positively correlated (r = 0.790). Pn increased from 20 ± 7 to 50 ± 8 mg CO2, dm−2 hr−1 when SLW increased from 1.9 to 5.3 mg cm−2. The SLW-Pn relationship was the same whether SLW was influenced by genetics or environment. Selections from four alfalfa populations (MSA-C4, MSB-11, ‘Vernal,’ and ‘DuPuits’) were grown in high (37.7 klux) and low (12.9 klux) light growth chambers. Except for DuPuits, they showed a SLW-Pn relationship similar to the 13 clones mentioned above. At high light, the Pn of DuPuits did not exceed 33 ± 6 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 even when SLW was greater than 4 mg cm−2. SLW-Pn relationships were similar for attached and detached leaves. Leaves selected for high SLW had the highest Pn at several light intensities between 6.3 and 64.0 klux. The possibility of increasing Pn by selecting for SLW is discusse
Stokes layers in oscillatory flows of viscoelastic fluids

Oscillatory flows of viscoelastic fluids are studied from the perspective of Stokes viscoelastic layers. We identify the governing dimensionless variables, and study the flows in a general way for fluids with linear rheology. Nonlinearities can be treated perturbatively to account for reported flow instabilities. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.
Price Dispersion in Bitcoin Exchanges

Abstract Bitcoin is traded in a number of exchanges, and there is a large and time-varying price dispersion among them. We identify the sources of price dispersion using a standard time-varying vector autoregression model with stochastic volatility, and we find that shocks to transaction fees and bitcoin price growth explain on average 20%, and sometimes more than 60%, of the variation of price dispersion.
Critical Mass for Two-sided Platforms and the Strength of the Externalities

Whether a two-sided platform faces a critical-mass problem in its start-up phase depends on how difficult it is to get each of the sides on board when the other side is not yet there – the so-called chicken-and-egg problem. If there is no chicken-and-egg problem, there is no critical-mass problem either. But having both sides on board is not enough to get the platform off the ground. The mutual encouragement between the sides must be sufficiently strong to trigger a self-sustained growth and this depends on the strength of the externalities. In this paper, we propose a measure for the strength of the externalities and define critical mass for two-sided platforms in terms of that parameter. Our definition is different from that proposed by Evans and Schmalensee (2010), but more in line with the way critical mass is defined for one-sided networks. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of critical mass.
Growth, War, and Pandemics: Europe in the Very Long-Run

This paper contributes to the debate on the origins of modern economic growth in Europe from a very long run perspective using econometric techniques that allow for a long-range dependence approach. Different regimes, defined by endogenously estimated structural shocks, coincided with episodes of pandemics and war. The most persistent shocks occurred at the time of the Black Death and the twentieth century's world wars. Our findings confirm that the Black Death often resulted in higher income levels, but reject the view of a uniform long-term response to the Plague while evidence a negative reaction in non-Malthusian economies. Positive trend growth in output per head and population took place in the North Sea Area (Britain and the Low Countries) since the Plague. A gap between the North Sea Area and the rest of Europe, the Little Divergence, emerged between the early seventeenth century and the Napoleonic Wars lending support to Broadberry-van Zanden's interpretation.
2007 Research Consortium Graduate Student Award Winner

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among sources of coaching satisfaction and coaching efficacy in youth hockey coaches. Previous research has limited coaching satisfaction to professional and paid coaches. With increasing pressure placed on the volunteer youth sport coach and the high turnover rate, the need to understand the continued participation motivation of youth sport coaches exists. Additionally, satisfaction has historically been linked to work motivation (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959), and the factors that contribute to coaching satisfaction may provide some insight into developing methods to decrease turnover in youth coaches. Previous research indicated that highly efficacious coaches were more likely to continue coaching than coaches with low efficacy (Feltz, Chase, Moritz, & Sullivan, 1999). There is a paucity of coaching satisfaction literature, and the literature is nonexistent regarding volunteer coaches. Therefore, the framework for the exploration of this topic was derived from coaching efficacy. In the coaching efficacy literature factors such as coaching education, coaching experience, playing experience, perceived ability of the team, and social support significantly predict coaching efficacy. This study added perceived improvement of the team and coaches' age as predictors of coaching efficacy. More notably, this study examined coaching satisfaction as an outcome of the previously mentioned sources of efficacy and coaching efficacy itself. The functional importance of understanding coaches' satisfaction and efficacy is the athlete development cycle. The importance of good coaches notwithstanding, if those coaches who are deemed "good" do not continue
Subsidy/Donation and Performance of Microfinance Institutions

Subsidies and Donations are veritable tools that are supposed to engender effective performance in Microfinance institutions. On the face value, subsidies seem to be very positive but they can be counterproductive when related to their effects on performance, efficiency and self-sustainability of the Microfinance institutions. This paper therefore focuses on the assessment and review of issues relating to Subsidy/Donation and their effect on Performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Nigeria. The methodology adopted is descriptive in nature and secondary source of data were made use of. Our review revealed mix results on the empirical findings of effect of subsidies/donations on performance of Microfinance institutions. This review shows that Subsidies can disincentive workers and managers, thereby creating moral hazard problems (Corruption and Financial impropriety). However, when applied to effect low borrowing costs and Tax incentives/concessions, it affects performance positively. The review also shows that subsidies ought to be used only in the startup phases of the life cycle and to be withdrawn when the Microfinance institution improves. Overall, to achieve the double bottom lines of social and financial sustainability obligations, funding structure in Microfinance should de-emphasise subsidy dependence and encourage market based principles and commercialisation. For effective corporate governance, big Microfinance institutions at the status of Banks and big NGOs should be mandated to disclose their accounts to the public and not just mere annual returns to the Central bank of Nigeria (this may involve quoting them in Nigeria Stock Exchange).
Distribution of Feeding Activity of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Macropus Giganteus, in Coastal Lowland of South-East Queensland.

In an area of coastal lowland managed by the Forestry Department of Queensland, habitats differed in the density, height and species composition of their undergrowth. In natural habitats Themeda australis made up the bulk of the diet of M. giganteus, but in firebreaks a range of grasses was eaten. Kangaroos actively fed only in habitats with open undergrowth, and in these habitats the density of faecal pellets correlated with the abundance of food present. Dense undergrowth restricted use of habitat even for movement. The abundance of food and the height and density of the undergrowth in contiguous habitat influenced the abundance of sightings on firebreaks. Firebreaks create a new source of abundant food. Prescribed burning attracts kangaroos to habitats by opening up dense undergrowth and encouraging the growth of grass.
Influence of Firm Financial Characteristics on Leverage in Automobile and Accessories Companies Listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange

Capital market is supposed to be the source of finances but in Africa, liquidity problems have inhibited this role. Statistically, most securities exchanges in Africa are low with the highest liquidity recorded in Africa being from Egypt at 37.9% and the third highest Khartoum Stock Exchange at 32.5%. Hence, the current evaluated the influence of firm financial characteristics on the leverage of the listed automobile and accessories firm in Nairobi securities exchange. Study findings revealed the positive moderating effect of operating cash flows on the influence of firm financial characteristics on the leverage of listed automobile and accessories companies in Nairobi securities exchange.
On the Nature of Carbon Isotope Discrimination in C4 Species

Theory is developed to explain the carbon isotopic composition of plants with the dicarboxylic acid (C4) pathway of carbon fixation. It is shown how leakage of inorganic carbon from the bundle sheath cells to the mesophyll cells can affect carbon isotopic discrimination. It is suggested that different types of C4 pathways will show variation in the degree of leakiness, reflecting variations in anatomy, and in the requirements for oxygen egress from the bundle sheath cells. It is also suggested that quantum yields may reflect these variations. A simplified expression is developed relating discrimination to leakiness and the ratio of intercellular and atmospheric partial pressures of COz.
Male display rate reveals ejaculate characteristics in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata.

Previous work (Reynolds and Gross 1992) has demonstrated that mate choice enables female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, to obtain heritable benefits (‘good genes’) for their offspring. It is not yet known whether males also signal their functional fertility, that is, their viability as fathers, to female guppies. Our study tested the hypothesis that a male's behaviour reveals characteristics of his ejaculate. We uncovered a strong correlation between display rate and sperm number in male guppies derived from two wild Trinidadian populations. This result indicates that information on the functional fertility of potential mates is available to females. However, our investigation also found a significant relationship between the frequency of sneaky mating and sperm number. Female guppies in wild populations, particularly those experiencing a high predation regime, are constantly subjected to sneaky mating attempts. As the males responsible for these sneaky matings have highest reserves of sperm they may have the capacity to undermine female choice. The implications of these findings for sperm competition are discussed.
A New Species of Miniaturized Toadlet, Genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae), from the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

Abstract A new species of miniaturized froglet (genus Brachycephalus) is described from Morro Prumirim in the municipality of Ubatuba, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Specimens were collected from the leaf litter at approximately 800 m above sea level. The new species is distinguished from all its congeners by the combination of the following characters: snout–vent length 8.7–13.4 mm; skin on head and dorsum with dermal ossification; general color orange, with a narrow brownish vertebral stripe and belly without spots; and skull, spinal processes of sacral and pre-sacral vertebrae, and process of the fourth vertebra hyperossified. Canonical variates analysis of linear body measurement demonstrates that the new species is easily discriminated from other Brachycephalus species with which it shares an intermediate condition of hyperossification.
Growth in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) on the Norwegian coast

The weight gain in lactating harbour seal pups and sex-specific growth curves are described. The relationship between body length, body weight and age were derived by regression analysis based on length and age data from 365 seals, and weight values from 136 seals. The asymptotic values of the curves describing body length were 148.0 cm and 147.2 cm in females and 153.9 cm and 155.5 cm in males using Gompertz and von Bertalanffy, respectively. The corresponding body weight values were 72.8 kg and 76.7 kg in females and 90.7 kg and 88.4 kg in males.
Elevated Risk of Bacterial Vaginosis among Users of the Copper Intrauterine Device: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that the non-hormonal contraceptive copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) may increase bacterial vaginosis (BV) risk, possibly due to increased volume and duration of menses, a common side effect of Cu-IUD use. While increases in bleeding typically resolve within 6-12 months following initiation, evaluations of the association between Cu-IUD and BV have not included more than six months of follow-up. METHODS This secondary analysis of an HIV-1 prevention trial included 2,585 African women ages 18-45 followed for up to 33 months. Women reported contraceptive use each month. BV was evaluated by Nugent score in six-monthly intervals and, if clinically indicated, by Amsel's criteria. Andersen-Gill proportional hazards models were used to (1) evaluate BV risk among Cu-IUD users relative to women using no/another non-hormonal contraceptive and (2) test changes in BV frequency before, while using, and following Cu-IUD discontinuation. RESULTS BV frequency was highest among Cu-IUD users at 153.6 episodes per 100 person-years (95% CI: 145.2, 162.4). In adjusted models, Cu-IUD users experienced 1.28-fold (95% CI: 1.12, 1.46) higher BV risk relative to women using no/another non-hormonal contraception. Compared to the six months prior to initiation, BV risk was 1.52-fold (95% CI: 1.16, 2.00) higher in the first six months of Cu-IUD use and remained elevated over eighteen months of use (p<0.05). Among women who discontinued Cu-IUD, BV frequency was similar to pre-initiation rates within one year. CONCLUSIONS Cu-IUD users experienced elevated BV risk that persisted throughout use. Women and their providers may wish to consider BV risk when discussing contraceptive options.