Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) and the Mozambique Malaria Indicator Surveys

BACKGROUND The 2007 Mozambique Malaria Indicator Survey reported used a multistage cluster design to collect information related to malaria prevention and prevalence. This paper demonstrates how large multistage cluster surveys can be designed to capture local LQAS analyses without sacrificing the accuracy of macro-level point estimates of malaria indicators. METHODS We emulate a collection of LQAS surveys using data obtained during the 2007 Mozambique Malaria Indicator Survey to determine whether adequate bed net coverage has been reached within each enumeration area (EA). We then aggregate the EA-level data to obtain provincial and national coverage estimates. To assess whether similar coverage estimates can be arrived at with a smaller sample of clusters, we next emulate a Large-Country LQAS (LCLQAS) application on the dataset. RESULTS Provincial-level estimates obtained using the LC-LQAS sub-sample and the complete LQAS sample are similar for possession of any bednet (provincial discrepancy: < 4%) and ITN possession (provincial discrepancy: <7%), and the national indicator estimates are within a single percentage point. Furthermore, LQAS analyses reveal significant local variation in performance otherwise hidden by the aggregate measures.
The e ¡ ect of bovicin HC 5 , a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC 5 , on ruminal methane production in vitro 1

Methane represents a loss of feed energy to ruminant animals, and nutritionists have sought methods of inhibiting ruminal methane production. When mixed ruminal bacteria (approximately 400 mg protein ml31) from a cow fed timothy hay were incubated in vitro with carbon dioxide and hydrogen (0.5 atm) for less than 8 h, the first-order rate of methane production was 17 Wmol ml31. Semi-purified bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5 (bovicin HC5) inhibited methane production, by as much as 50%, and even a low concentration of bovicin HC5 (128 activity units (AU) ml31) caused a significant decrease. Mixed ruminal bacteria that were transferred successively retained their ability to produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and the first-order rate of methane production did not decrease. Cultures that were treated with bovicin HC5 (128 AU ml31) gradually lost their ability to produce methane, and methane was not detected after four transfers. These latter results indicated that ruminal methanogens could not adapt and become resistant to bovicin HC5. When the chromosomal DNA was amplified with 16S rDNA primers specific to archaea, digested with restriction enzymes (HhaI and HaeIII) and separated on agarose gels, approximately 12 fragments were observed. DNA from control and treated cultures (third transfer) had the same fragment pattern indicating bovicin HC5 was not selective. Given the perception that the routine use of antibiotics in animal feeds should be avoided, bacteriocins may provide an alternative strategy for decreasing ruminal methane production. < 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Photoprotective and biotechnological potentials of cyanobacterial sheath pigment, scytonemin

Cyanobacteria are the main component of microbial populations fixing atmospheric nitrogen in aquatic as well as terrestrial ecosystems, especially in wetland rice-fields, where they significantly contribute to fertility as natural biofertilizers. Cyanobacteria require solar radiation as their primary source of energy to carry out both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. The stratospheric ozone depletion which has resulted in an increase in ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280 - 315 nm) radiation on earth’s surface has been reported to inhibit a number of photochemical and photobiological processes in cyanobacteria. However, certain cyanobacteria have evolved mechanisms such as synthesis of photoprotective compound scytonemin and their derivatives to counteract the damaging effects of UV-B. In addition this compound has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative potentials. This review deals with the role of scytonemin as photoprotective compound and its pharmacological as well as biotechnological potentials.
Chrysiptera caesifrons , a new species of damselfish ( Pomacentridae ) from the south-western Pacific Ocean

Chrysiptera caesifrons is described on the basis of 23 type specimens, 23.3–48.5 mm SL, from the Raja Ampat Islands (West Papua Province), Indonesia, and 184 additional non-types, 17.8–60.7 mm SL, from Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Additional records based on photographic evidence and underwater observations include Halmahera and the Solomon Islands. The new species is closely allied to C. rex from the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Palau, eastern Indonesia (eastern Kalimantan and Java eastward), Timor Leste, Raja Ampat Islands (off western extremity of New Guinea), and offshore reefs of Western Australia, as well as to C. chrysocephala from the South China Sea region and Sulawesi. Although the new species was previously confused with C. rex, it is clearly separable from both sibling species on the basis of colour pattern and from C. rex by a 6.4% difference (average pairwise distance) in the mitochondrial control region DNA sequence and from C. chrysocephala by a 4.3% difference (K2P minimum interspecific distance) in the barcode COI mtDNA sequence.
Efficacy and safety comparison between intravenous and oral voriconazole : a systematic review and meta-analysis

The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether the efficacy and safety of oral and intravenous voriconazole were comparable in different populations, including adults, children and patients with kidney or hepatic impairment. Two independent reviewers searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases, three Chinese literature databases and one clinical trial registry platform. The inclusion criteria were the studies that evaluated fungal infections-related mortality, treatment success, renal, hepatic, neurologic dysfunction, visual disturbance incidence, steady-state trough concentration or attainment rate of target concentration between oral and intravenous voriconazole with label recommended dose. Two prospective and five retrospective cohort studies were included in this study. Results suggest higher success rate of anti-fungal therapy (RR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.92, P = 0.01) and lower steady-state trough concentration (MD = 1.17, 95% CI 0.28-2.06, P = 0.01) in oral group for adults. Renal dysfunction incidence was found increase in intravenous group for adults, but with no significant difference (RR = 2.25, 95% CI 0.30-16.71, P = 0.43). There were limited studies included for children, and steady-state trough concentration was found not significantly different between two formulations (MD = 0.15, 95% CI -0.66-0.95, P = 0.72). No eligible literature was found for the patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction. This meta-analysis highlights the need for high-quality studies to confirm and update the findings.
Black carbon aerosol in winter northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China: the source, mixing state and optical property

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) aerosol at high altitudes of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has potential effects on the regional climate and hydrological cycle. An intensive measurement campaign was conducted at Qinghai Lake (~ 3200 m above sea level) at the edge of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau during winter using a ground-based single particle soot photometer (SP2) and a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX). The average concentration of refractory BC (rBC) and number fraction of coated rBC were found to be 160 ± 190 ng m−3 and 59 % for the entire campaign, respectively. Significant enhancements of rBC loadings and number fraction of coated rBC were observed during a pollution episode, with an average value of 390 ng m−3 and 65 %, respectively. The mass size distribution of rBC particles showed log-normal distribution, with a peak diameter of ~ 187 nm regardless of the pollution level. Five-day backward trajectory analysis suggests that the air masses from north India contributed to the increased rBC loadings during the campaign. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) model combined with the fire counts map further proves that biomass burning from north India is an important potential source influencing the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau during the pollution episode. The rBC mass absorption cross section (MACrBC) at λ = 532 nm was slightly larger in clean days (14.9 m2 g−1) than during the pollution episode (9.3 m2 g−1), likely due to the effects of brown carbon and the uncertainty of the MACrBC calculation. The MACrBC was positively correlated with number fraction of coated rBC during the pollution episode with an increasing rate of 0.18 (m2 g−1) %−1. The number fraction of coated rBC particles showed positive correlation with light absorption, suggesting that the increase of coated rBC particles will enhance the light absorption. Compared to rBC mass concentration, rBC mixing sate is more important in determining absorption during the pollution episode, estimated from the same percentage-wise increment of either rBC mass concentration or the number fraction of coated rBC. The estimated BC direct radiative forcing was +0.93 W m−2 for the pollution episode, which is 2 times larger than that in clean days. Our study provides insight into the potential climatic impacts of rBC aerosol transported to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau from south Asian regions, and is also useful for future modeling studies.
Revival of Palaeoptera—head characters support a monophyletic origin of Odonata and Ephemeroptera (Insecta)

The earliest branching event in winged insects, one of the core problems regarding early insect evolution, was addressed using characters of the head. The head is arguably one of the most complex body regions in insects and the phylogenetic information content of its features has been demonstrated. In contrast, the wings and other body parts related to the flight apparatus and sperm transmission are not useful in the context of this problem, as the outgroups (silverfish and bristletails) are wingless and transmit spermatophores externally. Therefore, they show profound differences in the organization of the postcephalic body, and assessment of homology and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of features of these body regions is extremely difficult. The core of this study is the investigation of head structures of representatives of the major clades of dragonflies. A detailed description of the head of Lestes virens is presented and was used as a starting point for the compilation of a character set and a character state matrix for the entire Dicondylia (winged insects + silverfish), with a main focus on the placement of dragonflies and consequently the basal branching event within winged insects. Our results indicate a sister‐group relationship between a clade Palaeoptera (dragonflies + mayflies) and the megadiverse monophyletic lineage Neoptera. We show that despite considerable structural similarity between the odonate and neopteran mandible, the muscle equipment in dragonflies is more plesiomorphic with respect to Dicondylia than previously known. Odonata and Ephemeroptera also share presumably derived features of the antenna, maxilla, and labial musculature. Parsimony analyses of the head data unambiguously support a clade Palaeoptera.
Influence of Structural Principles on the Mechanics of a Biological Fiber‐Based Composite Material with Hierarchical Organization: The Exoskeleton of the Lobster Homarus americanus

The cuticle of the lobster Homarus americanus is a nanocomposite, such as most structural biological materials. It consists of a matrix of chitin‐protein fibers associated with various amounts of crystalline and amorphous calcium carbonate in the rigid parts of the body, and is organized hierarchically at all length scales. One prominent design principle found in the hierarchical structure of such biological fibrous composite materials is the twisted plywood structure. In the lobster cuticle, it is formed by superimposing and gradually rotating planes of parallel aligned chitin‐protein fibers. To adjust the mechanical properties to the requirements on the macroscopic level, the spatial arrangement and the grade of mineralization of the fibers can be modified. A second design principle of lobster cuticle is its honeycomb‐like structure, generated by the well‐developed pore canal system, whose twisted ribbon‐shaped canals penetrate the cuticle perpendicular to its surface. Due to the hierarchical structure, the mechanical properties of the lobster cuticle have to be investigated at different length scales, which is essential for the understanding of the structure–mechanical function relations of mineralized tissues (e.g., potentially also bone and teeth). In order to investigate the influence of the structural principles on the mechanical properties on the macroscopic scale miniaturized tensile, compression, and shear tests were carried out to obtain integral mechanical data. Characterization of the microstructure included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) measurements.
IMPROVED METHOD FOR INOCULATION OF MICROORGANISMS

We studied a new method for inoculation of microorganisms to improve homogenization and their growth on plates. We named the method of Technique of Inoculation in test-Tube (TIT). It showed some advantages when compared to pour plate method such as facility and rapidity of preparation, besides easy homogenization. Using TIT, the growth of the microorganisms was reduced to 14 hours. The method was tested for counting total microorganisms in sugarcane juice using image software.
Study of the Validity of Neutrophil CD64 and Serum Procalcitonin as Diagnostic Markers to Discriminate Infection from Disease Activity in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Introduction: In addition to the complexity of the clinical presentation of both infections and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, the difficulty in making the therapeutic decision require investigations that should be of diagnostic value. Neutrophil CD64 is up regulated within few hours in patients with infection. Similarly, serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels increase rapidly following bacterial infection. Objective: The aim of this work is to study the usefulness of neutrophil CD64 expression and serum PCT as diagnostic markers to discriminate infection from disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: This study was carried on 20 healthy females as controls (group I) and 55 female patients with SLE. Patients were distributed as following; 20 SLE patients without activity or infections (group II), 20 SLE patients with lupus activity (group III), and 15 SLE patients with infection (group IV). CBC, ANA, Anti-ds DNA, C3 and C4 were measured in all population. Serum PCT was measured by ELFA and neutrophil CD64 expression was done by flowcytometry. Results: Neutrophil CD64 expression and serum PCT levels were increased significantly in SLE patients with infection compared to those with disease activity. We demonstrated significant correlations between CD64 and markers of both activity and infection, while serum PCT levels were significantly correlated with markers of infection. The area under the ROC curves for detection of infection (AUC; 95% CI) for neutrophil CD64 expression and serum PCT were (0.90; 0.79-1.01) and (0.99; 0.95-1.01), respectively. Conclusion: Our findings can prove that both neutrophil CD64 and serum PCT are reliable markers to discriminate infection from disease activity in SLE patients. Serum PCT was more accurate than neutrophil CD64 expression.
The Chemistry Of Natural Product: Plant Secondary Metabolites

Natural products are those chemical compounds or substances that are isolated from living organism. It can be in form of primary or secondary metabolites. Plant secondary metabolites are organic compounds or phytochemicals that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of the plant. These secondary metabolites are classified into three namely; Terpenes, Phenolic compounds and Nitrogencontaining compounds. Their biosyntheses are derived from primary metabolism pathways, which include tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), methylerithrotol phosphate (MEP) pathway, mevalonic and shikimic acid pathway. They can be extracted from plants using organic solvents and modern separation techniques to get the analyte of interest. Their economic importance include their role in antimicrobial, pharmaceuticals, plant defence against herbivory, fragrance, stimulants, toxicity, attractant, plant breeding, physiological stress response, and allelopathtic effect.
Screening Techniques Using the Periplasmic Expression of Peptide Libraries and Target Molecules

Middle molecular weight pharmaceuticals and peptide drugs are now becoming attractive strategy for developing new medicines. Several peptide display techniques, such as phage display and mRNA display, are used for drug discovery. Membrane proteins, such as G-protein coupled receptors, ion channels and transporters are important pharmaceutical targets. Animal peptide toxins contain many type of naturally occurring ligands which effect on several types of membrane proteins. Animal peptide toxins are suitable for a template of peptide display technique against membrane proteins. Along with several peptide display techniques, cost-effective peptide display technique against membrane protein has been developed, named intra periplasm secretion and selection (PERISS). In the PERISS technique, Escherichia coli periplasmic space is used for peptide display, and target membrane proteins are actively expressed inner membrane of Escherichia coli. In this review, several peptide templates for peptide display and application of PERISS technique are discussed.
eamlet migration using local cosine basis

We have developed the theoretical foundation and technical details of a migration method using a local-cosine-bases LCB beamlet propagator. A beamlet propagator for heterogeneous media based on local perturbation theory is derived, and a fast implementation method is constructed. The use of local background velocities and local perturbations results in a two-scale decomposition of beamlet propagators: a background propagator for large-scale structures and a local phase-screen correction for small-scale local perturbations. Because of its locally adaptive nature, the beamlet propagator can handle strong lateral velocity variations with improved accuracy. For high-efficiency migration, we use a table-driven method and apply some techniques of sparse matrix operations. Compared with the Fourier finite-dif-
Learning an Interactive Attention Policy for Neural Machine Translation

Interactive machine translation research has focused primarily on predictive typing, which requires a human to type parts of the translation. This paper explores an interactive setting in which humans guide the attention of a neural machine translation system in a manner that requires no text entry at all. The system generates a translation from left to right, but waits periodically for a human to select the word in the source sentence to be translated next. A central technical challenge is that the system must learn when and how often to request guidance from the human. These decisions allow the system to trade off translation speed and accuracy. We cast these decisions as a reinforcement learning task and develop a policy gradient approach to train the system. Critically, the system can be trained on parallel data alone by simulating human guidance at training time. Our experiments demonstrate the viability of this interactive setting to improve translation quality and show that an effective policy for periodically requesting human guidance can be learned automatically.
Gaze for Error Detection During Human-Robot Shared Manipulation

Human-robot collaboration systems benefit from the ability of the robot to recognize people’s intentions. People’s nonverbal behavior while performing tasks, especially gaze, has shown to be a reliable signal to recognize what people intend to do. We propose an additional usage of this signal: to recognize when something unexpected has occurred during the task. Case studies from a dataset of gaze behavior when controlling a robot indicate that people’s gaze deviates from ordinary patterns when unexpected conditions occur. By using such a system, robot collaborators can identify unexpected behaviors and smoothly take corrective action.
Personality and Uses of Music as Predictors of Preferences for Music Consensually Classified as Happy, Sad, Complex, and Social

This study replicates the findings of a recent study (Chamorro-Premuzic, Goma-i-Freixanet, Furnham, & Muro, 2009) on the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and everyday uses of music or people's motives for listening to music. In addition, it examined emotional intelligence as predictor of uses of music, and whether uses of music and personality traits predicted liking of music consensually classified as sad, happy, complex, or social. A total of 100 participants rated their preferences for 20 unfamiliar musical extracts that were played for a 30-s interval on a website and completed a measure of the Big Five personality traits. Openness predicted liking for complex music, and Extraversion predicted liking for happy music. Background use of music predicted preference for social and happy music, whereas emotional music use predicted preference for sad music. Finally, males tended to like sad music and use music for cognitive purposes more than females did.
Pseudojuloides zeus, a new deep-reef wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean

The new species, Pseudojuloides zeus, is described from two specimens obtained from Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands and Palau in Micronesia, western Pacific Ocean. The species is distinguished by two prominent jagged blue stripes along the body and a dark spot at the base of the mid-dorsal fin. P. zeus is a rarely seen fish, found only on particularly deep reefs and, thus far, from only two locations. The single paratype from Palau was collected at about 80m during the 1997 ‘Twilight Zone’ Expedition by the Bishop Museum and, since then, a series of specimens have been collected for the aquarium trade from similarly deep reefs at Majuro. The nearest relative is P. mesostigma, from Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Tonga, and the Great Barrier Reef, which shares the very slender body and has a dark area on the mid-dorsal fin and body, but does not have the distinctive two blue stripes. The barcode mtDNA COI sequence of the new species is 5.3% different from the sequence of P. mesostigma (minimum interspecific distance, K2P model). A neighbor-joining tree and genetic distance matrix is presented for 11 of the 13 known species in the genus Pseudojuloides.