Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The structural relationship: regression in biology

Most biologists are now aware that ordinary least square regression is not appropriate when the X and Y variables are both subject to random error. When there is no information about their error variances, there is no correct unbiased solution. Although the major axis and reduced major axis (geometric mean) methods are widely recommended for this situation, they make different, equally restrictive assumptions about the error variances. By using simulated data sets that violate these assumptions, the reduced major axis method is shown to be generally more efficient and less biased than the major axis method. It is concluded that if the error rate of the X variable is thought to be more than a third of that on the Y variable, then the reduced major axis method is preferable; otherwise the least squares technique is acceptable. An analogous technique, the standard minor axis method, is described for use in place of least squares multiple regression when all of the variables are subject to error.
Amino sugars in arctic soils

Amino sugars in soils are assumed to be of microbial origin. Their levels in soil, can provide insights into the microbial contribution to soil organic matter (SOM) and might serve as an indicator of SOM quality. Four amino sugars, glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine, and muramic acid were determined by gas chromatography in five soils from the tundra Alaska before and after incubation for 4 months at 4 and 25°C. Glucosamine and muramic acid analyses were utilized to represent fungal biomass and bacterial biomass, respectively. Total amino sugar N represented 0.8 to 3.3% of the total soil N in these five tundra soils, and the proportion of soil N as amino sugars increased with depth. Total amino sugar and fungal glucosamine N increased or remained constant during incubation at 4 and 25°C (except site 3 Cf horizon which decreased after incubation at 4°C), suggesting that total microbial biomass and fungal biomass increased. Bacterial biomass had an increase after incubation at 4°C, and a relative decrease at 25°C (except for Cf horizon). Fungal glucosamine to muramic acid ratios demonstrated that fungal biomass increased faster than bacterial biomass at 25°C, and slower at 4°C, indicating that at higher temperature, fungi dominated the microbial biomass in the soils studied. The mechanisms involved in the accumulation and decomposition of amino sugars in soil during incubation were not clear. No correlations were observed between the amino sugar contents and CO2 evolution during incubation, indicating that amino sugar abundance may not be an indicator of the bioavailability of SOM in soils. However, they can provide insights into the microbial contribution to SOM.
Geographical patterns of community-based tree species richness in Chinese mountain forests: the effects of contemporary climate and regional history

The relationship between climate/productivity and historical/regional contingency and their relative influence on geographical patterns of species richness (GPSR) are still unresolved. Based on field data from 1494 plots from forests on 63 mountains across China, we document the GPSR for forest communities. Regression tree and generalized linear models were used to explore the discreteness and gradient of the distribution of tree species richness (α-diversity), and to estimate the correlations of climate, historical floristic region, and local habitat with species richness. The collinearity between climatic variables and region were further disentangled; and the spatial autocorrelation in the patterns of α-diversity and the residuals of alternative predictive models were compared. Overall, 75% of variation in plot-based α-diversity of trees was accounted for by all variables included, and about 66.5%, 64.5% and 27.9% by climate, region, and local habitat respectively. Importantly, the explanatory power of these variables differed in particular for coniferous, deciduous broadleaved and evergreen broadleaved species. Ambient temperature was more important for α-diversity of trees than were the other climatic variables across China. Spatial autocorrelation in the pattern of α-diversity could be accounted for mainly by spatial variation climate. The concordance between tree α-diversity, historical flora, contemporary climate, and Quaternary climate change mode suggests the climate/productivity and historical/regional contingency both contribute to the GPSR in a complimentary manner. Taken together, our results provide unique evidence to link of the effects of contemporary climate and historical climate change on species richness across scales.
R3(BΔ23–27)R/I5 Chimeric Peptide, a Selective Antagonist for GPCR135 and GPCR142 over Relaxin Receptor LGR7

Both relaxin-3 and its receptor (GPCR135) are expressed predominantly in brain regions known to play important roles in processing sensory signals. Recent studies have shown that relaxin-3 is involved in the regulation of stress and feeding behaviors. The mechanisms underlying the involvement of relaxin-3/GPCR135 in the regulation of stress, feeding, and other potential functions remain to be studied. Because relaxin-3 also activates the relaxin receptor (LGR7), which is also expressed in the brain, selective GPCR135 agonists and antagonists are crucial to the study of the physiological functions of relaxin-3 and GPCR135 in vivo. Previously, we reported the creation of a selective GPCR135 agonist (a chimeric relaxin-3/INSL5 peptide designated R3/I5). In this report, we describe the creation of a high affinity antagonist for GPCR135 and GPCR142 over LGR7. This GPCR135 antagonist, R3(BΔ23–27)R/I5, consists of the relaxin-3 B-chain with a replacement of Gly23 to Arg, a truncation at the C terminus (Gly24-Trp27 deleted), and the A-chain of INSL5. In vitro pharmacological studies showed that R3(BΔ23–27)R/I5 binds to human GPCR135 (IC50 = 0.67 nm) and GPCR142 (IC50 = 2.29 nm) with high affinity and is a potent functional GPCR135 antagonist (pA2 = 9.15) but is not a human LGR7 ligand. Furthermore, R3(BΔ23–27)R/I5 had a similar binding profile at the rat GPCR135 receptor (IC50 = 0.25 nm, pA2 = 9.6) and lacked affinity for the rat LGR7 receptor. When administered to rats intracerebroventricularly, R3(BΔ23–27)R/I5 blocked food intake induced by the GPCR135 selective agonist R3/I5. Thus, R3(BΔ23–27)R/I5 should prove a useful tool for the further delineation of the functions of the relaxin-3/GPCR135 system.
CPPU Promotes Growth and Invertase Activity in Seeded and Seedless Muskmelons during Early Growth Stage

We compared the growth and invertase activity of pollinated melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit and parthenocarpic fruit induced by CPPU [1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea]. CPPU-treated fruit enlarged from anthesis until the 15th day after anthesis (DAA). However, the growth of parthenocarpic fruit was slower than that of pollinated fruit during the later growth stage. Non-pollinated flowers without the CPPU treatment did not grow ; they wilted within 7 DAA. Acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) activities in the ovary rapidly decreased from 0 to 5 DAA, whereas, AI activity in the mesocarp of pollinated and/or CPPU-treated fruit dramatically increased to 5 DAA, it declined as fruit matured. AI activity in CPPU-treated fruit was higher than that of pollinated fruit without the CPPU treatment during the early stage ; but between 25 and 40 DAA, the activity in CPPU-treated non-pollinated fruit was lower than that in the pollinated ones. NI activity was lower than AI activity in the mesocarp in all plots throughout fruit development. The seasonal patterns in NI activity were similar to those of AI activity. There was a close relationship between the growth rate and invertase activity in melon fruit. CPPU noticeably stimulated those activities in mesocarp tissues at anthesis and shortly thereafter.
A Novel Converter-Breaker Integrated Voltage Source Converter Based on High-Surge IGCT and Fault Self-Clearing Strategy for DC Grid

Existing multiterminal voltage source converter based high voltage dc projects are constructed by separate modular multilevel converter (MMC) and dc breaker (DCB) utilizing insulated gate bipolar transistors. However, the MMC requires high-surge thyristors and the DCB should be equipped with very large turn-off solid-state switch against fault. Their independent operations are complex and unreliable by two separate control systems. In this letter, a novel converter-breaker integrated voltage source converter (IVSC) based on high-surge integrated gate commutated thyristor is proposed, and to integrate the converter and breaker operation, the fault self-clearing strategy is developed. IVSC can get rid of thyristors and replace DCB with small turn-off capability load switch. This converter-breaker integration can result in advantages including lower manufacturing cost and volume.
The Viral Oncogene Hypothesis: New Evidence

Recent studies, primarily with mouse, rat, and chicken cells, have provided evidence to support the concept that vertebrates contain the genetic information for producing a type-C RNA tumor virus in an unexpressed form in their somatic cells as well as in their germ cells. This information, which our associates and we postulated has been part of the genetic makeup of vertebrates since early in evolution, can persist for hundreds of generations in cell culture without overt production of virus. It is proposed that the endogenous virogenes (the genes for the production of type-C viruses) and the oncogenes (that portion of the virogene responsible for transforming a normal cell into a tumor cell) are maintained in an unexpressed form by repressors in normal cells. Various agents, including radiation, chemical carcinogens, and, perhaps, exogenously added viruses, may transform cells by “switching on” the endogenous oncogenic information. Some other implications of the viral oncogene theory are presented.
Nothing about us without us! A PALAR approach to improving inclusion in a Zimbabwean College of Education

ABSTRACT Higher education institutions should ensure they create conducive spaces for students with disabilities to engage fully in both academic and social spheres. Yet, too often the educational opportunities of these students are limited by social and structural barriers to inclusion. As Principal of a teacher education college in Zimbabwe, I saw it as my responsibility to improve inclusion in my institution. I proceeded from a critical disability theory perspective, engaging ten students with disabilities in a participatory action learning and action research project, on the grounds that people with disability are best placed to know how to improve their own situation. Data were generated through transcriptions of group discussions, photo voice, written narratives, a questionnaire and researcher field notes. Thematic data analysis revealed many barriers to inclusion. The participatory process explained in this article, and the findings that emanated, generated knowledge that would not have been accessible to an able-bodied researcher. Such participatory forms of research give students with disabilities a voice and increase their sense self-worth and agency to bring about change that improves their quality of life.
Computationally Efficient Sparse Aperture ISAR Autofocusing and Imaging Based on Fast ADMM

In the case of sparse aperture, the coherence between pulses of radar echo is destroyed, which challenges inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) autofocusing and imaging. Mathematically, reconstructing the ISAR image from the sparse aperture radar echo is a linear underdetermined inverse problem, which, by nature, can be solved by the fast developed compressive sensing (CS) or sparse signal recovery theory. However, the CS-based sparse aperture ISAR imaging algorithms are generally computationally heavy, which becomes the bottleneck of preventing their applications to the real-time ISAR imaging system. In this article, we propose a novel and computationally efficient ISAR autofocusing and imaging algorithm for sparse aperture. We first consider a generalized CS model for ISAR imaging and autofocusing with sparse and entropy-minimization regularizations, and then utilize the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to optimize the model. To improve computational efficiency, the matrix inversion is translated to an elementwise division with the usage of a partial Fourier dictionary, and the 2-D ISAR image is updated as a whole instead of range cellwise. To achieve autofocusing for sparse aperture, the phase error is estimated by minimizing the entropy of the ISAR image reconstructed in each iterative loop. Experiments based on both simulated and measured data validate that the proposed algorithm can achieve well-focused ISAR images within a few seconds, which is ten times faster than the reported sparse aperture ISAR imaging algorithms.
A smart gas leakage monitoring system for use in hospitals

A gas leaks lead to personal and financial damage. Much effort has been dedicated to preventing such leaks and developing reliable techniques for leak detection and leakage localization using sensors. These sensors usually sound an alarm after detecting a dangerous gas in its vicinity. This paper describes a system for detecting a gas leakage from cylinders which notifies the user via the GSM network. The system consists of an LPG gas leakage detector which sends a warning signal to Arduino Uno Microcontroller. The system uses the GSM network to send notifications, a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor to display the warning message and buzzer to sound the alert.
Co-based Superalloy (Stellite 6) Powder with Added Nanoparticles to be Molten by PTA

2020;25:e2514. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/SI25.14 Abstract: Nanotechnology is the domain of technological development and application of materials which go from 1 to 100 nm in at least one of their dimensions. The use of nanoparticles in engineering focuses on the development of new materials with special properties, which can be used as filler materials in the welding field. In this context, this study contributes to the stage preceding the deposition of the weld beads. This work aims to insert, using the colloidal processing technique, ceramic nanoparticles (ZrO 2 ) into a Co-based superalloy (Stellite 6) and study the solidification of this “nanocomposite”. 4 filler materials in the shape of compacted cylinders were melted by PTA: Stellite 6 with added Fe carriers with ceramic nanoparticles (ZrO 2 ) (1%, 2.5% and 7.5% volume) and Stellite 6 without any additions. The molten materials were characterized through optical and scanning electron microscopy with field emission (SEM-FEG), XRD and Vickers microhardness. The results show that the colloidal processing technique was effective in adhering the ZrO 2 nanoparticles to the carrier Fe particles, which were mixed with Stellite 6, as well as the relationship between microstructure refinement, phases and microhardness
Animal Models of Diabetes-Associated Renal Injury

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main factor leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and subsequent morbidity and mortality. Importantly, the prevalence of DN is continuously increasing in developed countries. Many rodent models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been established to elucidate the pathogenesis of diabetes and examine novel therapies against DN. These models are developed by chemical, surgical, genetic, drug, and diet/nutrition interventions or combination of two or more methods. The main characteristics of DN including a decrease in renal function, albuminuria and mesangiolysis, mesangial expansion, and nodular glomerulosclerosis should be exhibited by an animal model of DN. However, a rodent model possessing all of the abovementioned features of human DN has not yet been developed. Furthermore, mice of different genetic backgrounds and strains show different levels of susceptibility to DN with respect to albuminuria and development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions. Therefore, the type of diabetes, development of nephropathy, duration of the study, cost of maintaining and breeding, and animals' mortality rate are important factors that might be affected by the type of DN model. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of different rodent models of diabetes that are being used to study DN.
Preliminary Study of the Effects of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Treatments in Wines Obtained from Early-Harvested Sangiovese Grapes

In this experiment, the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) technology on the extractability of anthocyanins and polyphenols in early-harvested Sangiovese red grapes (16.9°Bx sugar, 3.26 pH, and 10.4 g/L titratable acidity) from Emilia Romagna (Italy) was investigated. Electric field strengths were in the range of 0.9–3 kV/cm, generated by the application of short, high-voltage pulses, and the grapes were subjected to specific energies from 10.4 to 32.5 kJ/kg immediately after crushing and destemming to produce a pre-fermentative pulsed electric field treatment on a pilot scale. Grape musts and wines were analyzed for color components and polyphenols content from pressing of juices up to 3 months from the end of the fermentation of wines. Furthermore, the freshly-fermented wines were subjected to accelerated aging conditions (i.e., warming under 40 °C for 32 days) to simulate the evolution of color parameters with time. The color intensity was generally higher in treated musts and wines compared to the control, further increased by raising the intensity of the electric field. Results suggested the potentialities of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) as a mild pre-fermentative process to assist maceration and to increase the polyphenolic content of musts obtained by early-harvested Sangiovese grapes.
Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) and C.floridanum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), two frequently misidentified polyembryonic parasitoids of caterpillars (Lepidoptera)

Abstract In this paper it is shown that Copidosoma floridanum, a polyembryonic parasitoid of the caterpillars of Plusiinae, has almost invariably been misidentified as Copidosoma truncatellum. Both species, and also a third (chilensis) which has been synonymized incorrectly with truncatellum, are diagnosed and characters to separate them reliably are presented.
Frequency Disturbance Triggered D-Axis Current Injection Scheme for Islanding Detection

An islanding detection technique, based on monitoring of impedance based parameter at the terminal of distributed generators (DG) through the low frequency current injection is proposed in this paper. To reduce the power quality issues, current injection is initiated only during the grid disturbances. The disturbances are identified by comparing the frequency data of the DG bus with respect to reference substation bus. After the disturbance identification, a low frequency current is injected through the inverter d-axis current controller. An impedance based parameter is formulated to check the status of operation of microgrid. The islanding detection parameter is a function of Thevenins impedance seen at the inverter DG terminals. The main advantage of the proposed method is that, the power quality degradation associated with current injection methods is considerably minimized. Further, the considered islanding detection parameter is independent of the operating condition of inverter based DG. Various islanding and non-islanding cases are simulated to study the selectivity of the proposed technique. The simulation and control hardware in the loop test results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique in identifying islanding in less than 170ms.
Dynamics of Crown Thinning and Mycobiota on Fallen Twigs of Mature Birches (Betula pendula) in Finland

The annual dynamics of birch crown thinning was studied by collecting fallen twigs monthly for two years. The detachment of birch twigs that had died during the summer was also followed. In addition, the fungi sporulating on the detached twigs were investigated by photomicroscopy to reveal morphological characters, and by DNA analyses to identify relationships between the fungi. The twigs that had died during the summer fell to the ground during the following winter and spring. Crown thinning, however, peaked in summer and early autumn. Altogether seven sporulating fungi were identified from the detached twigs. The most common fungus was Pleomassaria siparia (the teleomorph of both Prosthemium betulinum and P. asterosporum). The connection between crown thinning and fungi was not clear, but the results suggested that Pleomassaria siparia could be involved in the process.
Effects of Pain Reduction by Self-Natural Posture Exercise on Affective Complexity in Women: The Moderating Effect of Self-Regulation

This study aimed to investigate the effects of pain reduction and self-regulation efficacy on affective complexity in female patients with chronic pain after participation in an exercise therapy program—Self-Natural Posture Exercise (SNPE)—within the theoretical framework of the Dynamic Model of Affect. A 12-week SNPE program (thrice a week, 70 min per session) was conducted with 101 women with chronic pain lasting longer than 6 months. Pre- versus post-SNPE difference in the correlation between positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) was examined through Fisher’s z test, and the moderation effect was confirmed through hierarchical regression analysis. Upon completion of the program, participants experienced pain [Mpre = 5.68 (SDpre = 1.96) vs. Mpost = 3.12 (SDpost = 2.16)] and stress reduction [Mpre = 2.92 (SDpre = 0.95) vs. Mpost = 2.62 (SDpost = 0.86)], higher satisfaction with life [Mpre = 4.25 (SDpre = 1.20) vs. Mpost = 4.80 (SDpost = 1.15)], and decreases in the negative correlation between PA and NA (rpre = −0.541 vs. rpost = −0.379). Furthermore, participation in the SNPE program neutralized the impact of PApost on NApost (β = −0.03) in participants with high self-regulation and pain reduction. These results suggest that self-regulation helps to increase SNPE adherence, which would induce pain reduction and restore affective complexity. Based on the strength model of self-control, to increase the pain reduction through exercise therapy, the instructor should ensure that the participants are not being ego depleted.
A new distribution of Dalbergia hupeana Hance (Fabaceae) in Korea and its taxonomic characteristics

목포시 유달산에서 발견된 황단나무(Dalbergia hupeana)의 신분포를 보고한다. 본 종은 중국에만 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있었으나 이번 연구를 통해서 한반도에도 자라는 것이 확인되었다. 종의 동정은 형태 형질과 DNA 염기서열을 통해 확인하였다. 황단나무속(Genus Dalbergia) 또한 한국산으로 처음 보고되는데, 다른 한국산 콩과 수종들과는 양체웅예(5+5)를 가지는 것으로 뚜렷이 구분된다. 본 속과 종의 형태형질에 대해 기재하였으며, 이들의 국내 분포기원이 자생 또는 도입에 의한 것인지 논의하였다. 【A new distribution of Dalbergia hupeana has been reported at Mt. Yudal in Mokpo-si, Korea. It was previously thought to be restricted to China, but is now recognized as a new addition to Korean flora. Species identification was confirmed according to morphological characteristics and DNA sequences. The genus Dalbergia is clearly distinguished from other leguminous tree species in Korea due to its diadelphous (5+5) stamens. Here, we describe the characteristics of the genus and species and speculate about whether its origins are native or introduced in Korea. 】