Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self‐Powered, Ultrafast, Visible‐Blind UV Detection and Optical Logical Operation based on ZnO/GaN Nanoscale p‐n Junctions

Ultrafast-response (20 μs) UV detectors, which are visible-blind and self-powered, in devices where an n-type ZnO nanowire partially lies on a p-type GaN film, are demonstrated. Moreover, a CdSe-nanowire red-light detector powered by a nanoscale ZnO/GaN photovoltaic cell is also demonstrated, which extends the device function to a selective multiwavelength photodetector and shows the function of an optical logical AND gate.
A New Approach for Molecular Electronic Junctions with a Multilayer Graphene Electrode

www.MaterialsViews. com C O M M A New Approach for Molecular Electronic Junctions with a Multilayer Graphene Electrode U N IC A Gunuk Wang , Yonghun Kim , Minhyeok Choe , Tae-Wook Kim , and Takhee Lee * IO N Interest in the fi eld of molecular electronics is grounded in the fact that devices based on molecules constitute the ultimate device miniaturization limit that both inorganicand organic-based electronics aspire to reach. [ 1–10 ] The non-linear current–voltage characteristics of molecular junctions have been extensively investigated with a variety of platforms and techniques, such as scanning probe microscope-based techniques, [ 10–13 ] break junctions, [ 5 , 14–17 ] crossed-wire tunnel junctions, [ 18–20 ] and various solid-state device-based methods. [ 4 , 6 , 21–25 ] Within these efforts, the creation of a stable solid-state molecular junction has been a long-standing challenge in terms of understanding molecular charge transport mechanisms and practical device applications. Most fabrication techniques involve evaporating a metal onto the molecules as the top electrode. [ 21–24 , 26 , 27 ] This process causes electrical short circuits and unstable and unexpected current–voltage characteristics due to fi lamentary paths and damage to the molecules. [ 22 , 23 , 26–29 ] These inevitable uncertainties in the fabrication technique lead to relatively large variations in the junction conductance, despite the use of identical molecular components, and this is an obstacle for truly understanding molecular charge transport mechanisms and device applications. New techniques and ideas have been developed to resolve this issue. [ 4 , 6 , 21 , 30 , 31 ] The fabrication of molecular junctions using a conductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS) between the top electrode and the molecules has been one of the most successful techniques in terms of high device yields and stable junctions. [ 21 ] Nevertheless, the use of a conductive polymer has some limitations and presents some uncertainties as a platform for physical-organic studies, because the properties of the interface between the polymer layer and the molecules are not well-understood. [ 21 , 30–33 ] For example, it has been reported that the resistance of the materials fabricated using this technique is signifi cantly different to those of molecular junctions that do not have the polymer interlayer [ 30–33 ] due to poor contact between PEDOT:PSS and
Chemical Sensing with Polyaniline Coated Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline (SWNT/PAni) nanocomposite with controlled core/shell morphology was synthesized by a noncovalent functionalization approach. Unique electron interactions between the SWNT core and the PAni shell were studied electrochemically and spectroscopically, and superior sensor performance to chemical gases and vapors was demonstrated.
Cooperation of Biological and Mechanical Signals in Cardiac Progenitor Cell Differentiation

Dr. S. Pagliari , Dr. G. Forte , Dr. F. Pagliari , Dr. M. Minieri , Prof. P. Di Nardo Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine University of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome 00133, Italy E-mail: dinardo@uniroma2.it Dr. S. Pagliari, Dr. G. Forte, Dr. F. Pagliari, Dr. M. Minieri, Prof. P. Di NardoJapanese-Italian Tissue Engineering Laboratory (JITEL) Tokyo Women’s Medical University-Waseda University Joint Institution for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns) Tokyo, Japan Dr. S. Pagliari, Dr. G. Forte, Dr. F. Pagliari, Dr. M. Minieri, Prof. P. Di NardoItalian Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC) 40126 Bologna, Italy Prof. A. C. Vilela-Silva Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas and Laboratorio de Tecido Conjuntivo Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Dr. C. Mandoli , Prof. E. Traversa International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1–1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0044, Japan E-mail: TRAVERSA.Enrico@nims.go. jp Dr. S. Pietronave , Prof. M. Prat Department of Medical Sciences University “A. Avogadro” of Piemonte Orientale 28100 Novara, Italy Dr. G. Vozzi , Prof. A. Ahluwalia Interdepartmental Research Center “E. Piaggio” University of Pisa56126 Pisa, Italy Prof. S. Licoccia , Prof. E. Traversa NAST Centre & Department of Chemical Science and Technology University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Roma 00133, Italy [†] S.P. and A.C. V.S. contributed equally to this work.
Strategies for Post‐Synthesis Alignment and Immobilization of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have developed into a standard material used as a building block for nanotechnological developments. Based on the unique properties that make CNTs useful for many different applications in nanotechnology, optics, electronics, and material science, there has been a rapid development of this research area and many different applications have emerged in the past few years. Frequently, the alignment and immobilization of CNTs play an important role for many applications and different strategies, in particular post‐synthesis approaches, can be applied. Recent developments of different techniques to immobilize and align carbon nanotubes are discussed and classified into three main categories: chemical immobilization and alignment, physical immobilization and alignment, and the use of external fields for these purposes. Many of the techniques involve multiple steps and may also cross these rather crudely defined boundaries. As such, the techniques are classified according to their most important or unique step.
Rapid depletion of genotypes with fast growth and bold personality traits from harvested fish populations

The possibility for fishery-induced evolution of life history traits is an important but unresolved issue for exploited fish populations. Because fisheries tend to select and remove the largest individuals, there is the evolutionary potential for lasting effects on fish production and productivity. Size selection represents an indirect mechanism of selection against rapid growth rate, because individual fish may be large because of rapid growth or because of slow growth but old age. The possibility for direct selection on growth rate, whereby fast-growing genotypes are more vulnerable to fishing irrespective of their size, is unexplored. In this scenario, faster-growing genotypes may be more vulnerable to fishing because of greater appetite and correspondingly greater feeding-related activity rates and boldness that could increase encounter with fishing gear and vulnerability to it. In a realistic whole-lake experiment, we show that fast-growing fish genotypes are harvested at three times the rate of the slow-growing genotypes within two replicate lake populations. Overall, 50% of fast-growing individuals were harvested compared with 30% of slow-growing individuals, independent of body size. Greater harvest of fast-growing genotypes was attributable to their greater behavioral vulnerability, being more active and bold. Given that growth is heritable in fishes, we speculate that evolution of slower growth rates attributable to behavioral vulnerability may be widespread in harvested fish populations. Our results indicate that commonly used minimum size-limits will not prevent overexploitation of fast-growing genotypes and individuals because of size-independent growth-rate selection by fishing.
Effects of Interfacial Redox in Mussel Adhesive Protein Films on Mica

The 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa)-containing proteins of mussels and sandcastle worms provide attractive design paradigms for engineering synthetic polymers as wet adhesives and coatings. Despite this, a generally accepted explanation of how Dopa interacts with most surfaces is not available. The effect of uncontrollable Dopa redox on the dependability of catechol as an anchoring functionality for polymers is a recognized problem for many mussel-inspired adhesives. Using a surface force apparatus, the effect of interfacial redox in mussel adhesive protein-3 (Mfp-3) films on mica was tested. The SFA results show that the adhesion properties of Mfp-3 are closely coupled to the redox state of Dopa. The oxidation of Dopa to Dopaquinone diminishes the adhesion of Mfp-3 on mica surfaces. Dopaquinone tautomers could be associated with structural changes in oxidized adhesive mussel foot proteins such as Mfp-3.
Natural variation in Pristionchus pacificus insect pheromone attraction involves the protein kinase EGL-4

The geographical mosaic theory of coevolution predicts that different local species interactions will shape population traits, but little is known about the molecular factors involved in mediating the specificity of these interactions. Pristionchus nematodes associate with different scarab beetles around the world, with Pristionchus pacificus isolated primarily from the oriental beetle in Japan. In particular, the constituent populations of P. pacificus represent a rare opportunity to study multiple specialized interactions and the mechanisms that influence population traits at the genetic level. We identified a component of the cGMP signaling pathway to be involved in the natural variation for sensing the insect pheromone ETDA, using targeted introgression lines, exogenous cGMP treatment, and a null egl-4 allele. Our data strongly implicate egl-4 as one of several loci involved in behavioral variation in P. pacificus populations. That EGL-4 homologs have been independently implicated for behavioral variations in other invertebrate models suggests that EGL-4 may act as a modulator for interspecies behavioral repertoires across large phylogenetic distances.
Impact of US and Canadian precursor regulation on methamphetamine purity in the United States.

AIMS Reducing drug purity is a major, but largely unstudied, goal of drug suppression. This study examines whether US methamphetamine purity was impacted by the suppression policy of US and Canadian precursor chemical regulation. DESIGN Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)-intervention time-series analysis. SETTING Continental United States and Hawaii (1985-May 2005). Interventions US federal regulations targeting precursors, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, in forms used by large-scale producers were implemented in November 1989, August 1995 and October 1997. US regulations targeting precursors in forms used by small-scale producers (e.g. over-the-counter medications) were implemented in October 1996 and October 2001. Canada implemented federal precursor regulations in January 2003 and July 2003 and an essential chemical (e.g. acetone) regulation in January 2004. MEASUREMENTS Monthly median methamphetamine purity series. FINDINGS US regulations targeting large-scale producers were associated with purity declines of 16-67 points; those targeting small-scale producers had little or no impact. Canada's precursor regulations were associated with purity increases of 13-15 points, while its essential chemical regulation was associated with a 13-point decrease. Hawaii's purity was consistently high, and appeared to vary little with the 1990s/2000s regulations. CONCLUSIONS US precursor regulations targeting large-scale producers were associated with substantial decreases in continental US methamphetamine purity, while regulations targeting over-the-counter medications had little or no impact. Canada's essential chemical regulation was also associated with a decrease in continental US purity. However, Canada's precursor regulations were associated with purity increases: these regulations may have impacted primarily producers of lower-quality methamphetamine, leaving higher-purity methamphetamine on the market by default. Hawaii's well-known preference for 'ice' (high-purity methamphetamine) may have helped to constrain purity there to a high, attenuated range, possibly limiting its sensitivity to precursor regulation.
Graphene Functionalized with Azo Polymer Brushes: Surface‐Initiated Polymerization and Photoresponsive Properties

Since it was fi rst successfully prepared as a true two-dimensional nanomaterial, graphene has attracted tremendous attention for its unique structure and outstanding properties. [ 1 , 2 ] Graphene is one of the best candidates for numerous applications in functional devices such as gas sensors, [ 3 ] photovoltaics, [ 4 ] and fi eld-effect transistors. [ 5 ] The versatile approach of chemical modifi cation on the graphene basal planes or edges affords nanomaterials with additional novel functions. [ 6 ] If chemically modifi ed graphene is used as a fi ller, the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of polymer-based nanocomposites can be dramatically enhanced at a very low fi ller content. [ 7 , 8 ] Recently, the optical properties of single-layered graphene have aroused considerable research interest. [ 9–13 ] Although the refl ection and transmission of graphene have been intensively studied, little is known about the effect of graphene on the optical properties of the nanocomposites. Graphene has a two-dimensional (2D) ordered structure with unique electronic band structure, in which the conduction band touches the valence band at two points in the Brillouin zone. [ 9 , 10 ] Electrons in 2D structures behave like massless Dirac fermions and could show unique interactions with electromagnetic fi elds. Graphene possesses visual transparency, defi ned by the fi ne structure constant, with high transparency (97.7%) and refractive index (2.6–3) in the visible light range. [ 9–13 ] In view of these unique characteristics, the interaction between light and the nanocomposite fi lms could be a subject with great scientifi c signifi cance, and the results could be used to improve upon conventional polymers and other organic materials for optical applications. In this Communication, we report the preparation of singlelayered graphene grafted with azo polymer brushes and its interesting use to signifi cantly enhance the diffraction effi ciency (DE) of photoinduced surface-relief gratings (SRGs) on azo molecular glass fi lms. The chemical structures of the functionalized graphene (G-PCN) and azo molecular glass (TrAz-CN) used in this work are shown in Figure 1 . Azobenzene and its derivatives are well-known for their reversible trans–cis isomerization induced by light irradiation. [ 14 ] Polymers containing azobenzene or its derivatives (azo polymers for short)
Close correspondence between quantitative- and molecular-genetic divergence times for Neandertals and modern humans

Recent research has shown that genetic drift may have produced many cranial differences between Neandertals and modern humans. If this is the case, then it should be possible to estimate population genetic parameters from Neandertal and modern human cranial measurements in a manner analogous to how estimates are made from DNA sequences. Building on previous work in evolutionary quantitative genetics and on microsatellites, we present a divergence time estimator for neutrally evolving morphological measurements. We then apply this estimator to 37 standard cranial measurements collected on 2,524 modern humans from 30 globally distributed populations and 20 Neandertal specimens. We calculate that the lineages leading to Neandertals and modern humans split ≈311,000 (95% C.I.: 182,000 to 466,000) or 435,000 (95% C.I.: 308,000 to 592,000) years ago, depending on assumptions about changes in within-population variation. These dates are quite similar to those recently derived from ancient Neandertal and extant human DNA sequences. Close correspondence between cranial and DNA-sequence results implies that both datasets largely, although not necessarily exclusively, reflect neutral divergence, causing them to track population history or phylogeny rather than the action of diversifying natural selection. The cranial dataset covers only aspects of cranial anatomy that can be readily quantified with standard osteometric tools, so future research will be needed to determine whether these results are representative. Nonetheless, for the measurements we consider here, we find no conflict between molecules and morphology.
NONCODEV5: a comprehensive annotation database for long non-coding RNAs

Abstract NONCODE (http://www.bioinfo.org/noncode/) is a systematic database that is dedicated to presenting the most complete collection and annotation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Since NONCODE 2016 was released two years ago, the amount of novel identified ncRNAs has been enlarged by the reduced cost of next-generation sequencing, which has produced an explosion of newly identified data. The third-generation sequencing revolution has also offered longer and more accurate annotations. Moreover, accumulating evidence confirmed by biological experiments has provided more comprehensive knowledge of lncRNA functions. The ncRNA data set was expanded by collecting newly identified ncRNAs from literature published over the past two years and integration of the latest versions of RefSeq and Ensembl. Additionally, pig was included in the database for the first time, bringing the total number of species to 17. The number of lncRNAs in NONCODEv5 increased from 527 336 to 548 640. NONCODEv5 also introduced three important new features: (i) human lncRNA–disease relationships and single nucleotide polymorphism-lncRNA–disease relationships were constructed; (ii) human exosome lncRNA expression profiles were displayed; (iii) the RNA secondary structures of NONCODE human transcripts were predicted. NONCODEv5 is also accessible through http://www.noncode. org/.
Bidirectional membrane tube dynamics driven by nonprocessive motors

In cells, membrane tubes are extracted by molecular motors. Although individual motors cannot provide enough force to pull a tube, clusters of such motors can. Here,weinvestigate, using a minimal in vitro model system, how the tube pulling process depends on fundamental properties of the motor species involved. Previously, it has been shown that processive motors can pull tubes by dynamic association at the tube tip. We demonstrate that, remarkably, nonprocessive motors can also cooperatively extract tubes. Moreover, the tubes pulled by nonprocessive motors exhibit rich dynamics as compared to those pulled by their processive counterparts. We report distinct phases of persistent growth, retraction, and an intermediate regime characterized by highly dynamic switching between the two. We interpret the different phases in the context of a single-species model. The model assumes only a simple motor clustering mechanism along the length of the entire tube and the presence of a length-dependent tube tension. The resulting dynamic distribution of motor clusters acts as both a velocity and distance regulator for the tube. We show the switching phase to be an attractor of the dynamics of this model, suggesting that the switching observed experimentally is a robust characteristic of nonprocessive motors. A similar system could regulate in vivo biological membrane networks.
Anxiety and depression among abstainers and low-level alcohol consumers. The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study.

AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the levels of anxiety and depression among individuals consuming low levels of alcohol. DESIGN Prospective and cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This study employed data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey (HUNT-2, n = 38 930). MEASUREMENTS Alcohol consumption was measured by self-report of usual alcohol consumption during a 2-week period. Low-level alcohol consumption was defined as self-reported abstainers and non-abstainers currently consuming no alcohol. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale. Potential explanatory variables included somatic illness and symptoms, health-related behaviour, socio-economic status and social activity. In a subsample (n = 20 337), we also looked at the impact of previous heavy drinking among abstainers ('sick-quitting'). FINDINGS A U-shaped association between alcohol consumption and the risk of anxiety and depression was found. Abstention was related to increased odds for both case-level anxiety [1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-1.52] and depression (1.52, 95% CI 1.30-1.77). This association was accounted for partly by adjustments for socio-economic status, social network, somatic illness, age (depression only), gender (anxiety only) and 'sick-quitting'. We also identified significant differences between participants who label themselves as abstainers compared to those who report no usual alcohol consumption, but who do not label themselves as abstainers. CONCLUSIONS The risk of case-level anxiety and depression is elevated in individuals with low alcohol consumption compared to those with moderate consumption. Individuals who label themselves as abstainers are at particularly increased risk. This increased risk cannot fully be explained by somatic illness, social activity or 'sick-quitting'.
Atomic‐Scale Evolution of Local Electronic Structure Across Multiferroic Domain Walls

In complex, correlated oxides, heterointerfaces have emerged as key focal points of current condensed matter science. [ 1–3 ] For ferroic oxides, in order to minimize the total energy, domain walls emerge as natural interfaces. Multiferroic materials show a wealth of controllable multiple ferroic order through stress, optical excitation, electric, or magnetic fi elds in the same phase, which in turn suggest potential applications in the realization of oxide-based electronic devices, such as spintronics, information storage devices, or communications. [ 4–7 ] According to the detailed classifi cation given by Mermin in ferroic systems, [ 8 ]