Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk set sampling designs for proportional hazard models

Cox's regression model (Cox, 1972) and similar proportional hazards models are central to modern survival analysis, and they are the methods of choice when one wants to assess the in uence of risk factors and other covariates on mortality or morbidity. Estimation in such proportional hazards models is based on Cox's partial likelihood [see (2) below], which at each observed death or disease occurrence (failure) compares the covariate values of the failing individual to those of all individuals at risk at the time of the failure. In large epidemiologic cohort studies of a rare disease, (standard) use of proportional hazards models requires collection of covariate information on all individuals in the cohort even though only a small fraction of these actually get diseased. This may be very expensive, or even logistically impossible. Cohort sampling techniques, where covariate information is collected for all failing individuals (cases), but only for a sample of the non-failing individuals (controls) then o er useful alternatives which may drastically reduce the resources that need to be allocated to a study. Further, as most of the statistical information is contained in the cases, such studies may still be suAEcient to give reliable answers to the questions of interest. The most common cohort sampling design is nested case-control sampling, where for each case a small number of controls are selected at random from those at risk at the case's failure time, and where a new sample of controls is selected for each case. This risk set sampling technique was rst suggested by Thomas (1977), who proposed to base inference on a modi cation of Cox's partial likelihood. This suggestion was supported by the work of Prentice and Breslow (1978), who derived the same expression as a conditional likelihood for time-matched case-control sampling from an in nite population. A more decisive, but still heuristic, argument was provided by Oakes (1981), who showed that one indeed gets a partial likelihood when the sampling of controls is performed within the actual nite cohort. It took more than ten years, however, before Goldstein and Langholz (1992) proved rigorously that the estimator of the regression coeAEcients based on Oakes' partial likelihood enjoys similar large sample properties as ordinary maximum likelihood estimators. Goldstein and Langholz's paper initiated further work on risk set sampling methodology, and important progress has been achieved during the last few years both with respect to its theoretical foundation and the development of new methodology of practical importance. The
Ownership concentration and expropriation in Chinese IPOs

This paper explores the ubiquitous deviation between large shareholders’ control rights and cash flow rights by examining ownership concentration and expropriation in the unique context of Chinese IPOs. We find that IPO firms whose largest shareholders have control rights in excess of their cash flow rights underperform other IPOs by 32% and 26% on three-year post-IPO buy-and-hold returns (BHR) and cumulative abnormal returns (CAR), respectively. These firms also experience greater declines in operating performance post IPO, driven partly by the high likelihood of their undertaking value-destroying related party transactions. Their first day returns are also significantly lower than those of other IPOs, indicating that investors in secondary markets partially anticipate the cost associated with excessive control. These findings strongly suggest that in an economy with disproportionate ownership structures, minority shareholders in newly listed firms face a greater risk of expropriation by controlling shareholders.
Measuring the Costs of Production Based on Sizes of Farm Operation: A Study on Rice Farmers in Jessore District of Bangladesh

The quantity of rice production has increased regardless of the land operation size in recent years, but small and medium farmers still have a serious problem especially regarding the increasing cost involved in the production. As rice is the main crop, the condition of production, cost incurred in different inputs, purchasing nature of inputs and the source of production elements influence the cost of production, which directly effects rural subsistence. The study included three categories of rice farmers: small (30), medium (23) and large (11) in the district of Jessore in the south-western part of Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to measure the differences in the cost of production of boro rice farmers on the basis of land held to determine further steps for their well being. The study found that although there were no significant differences in the quantity of inputs used for all categories of farmers, the unit cost of some inputs significantly varied between small - large and medium - large, thus affecting the cost of production. The reasons for the raised cost of production were that most of the small and medium farmers purchased inputs on credit, spending comparatively more than cash and they paid higher interest on borrowed money.
The Impact of the H3C on Auditor Independence in French Context

The H3C was created by the LSF Act of 2003 (LSF) to regulate the auditing profession in France. It is considered as an external control authority. The auditor independence is considered as the first preoccupation of this new authority. This paper focuses on the impact of the H3C on auditor independence in France context from 2002 to 2007. The first hypothesis is related to the establishment of the H3C and auditor independence and the second deals with the relation between the start of the inspection program and the auditor independence. Our data was obtained from Thomson Financial Data for 140 enterprises. The empirical results show that the auditor independence increases only after the creation of the H3C. Contrary to this result, the auditors' independence did not increase significantly after the announcement of the inspection process because the inspection process started in 2007.
A Review of the Automatic Methods of Cancer Detection in Terms of Accuracy, Speed, Error, and the Number of Properties (Case Study: Breast Cancer)

The purpose of this article is a review of the automatic methods of cancer detection in terms of accuracy, speed, error, and the number of properties and we have selected the breast cancer as the subject of the case study. The data used in this academic study area courtesy of the UCI in California. This database is called The Wisconsin Breast Cancer Datasets and includes 699 data units divided into benign and malignant classes. Ten properties were assigned to each datum. Four types of algorithms are used in this article, namely, classification algorithms, vector machine algorithms, neural networks algorithms, and data mining algorithms. Each category was evaluated separately and the best method in each category was identified in terms of accuracy, speed, error, and the number of properties.
Morpho-physiology and oil yield of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) as a function of salinity and the cationic nature of irrigation water.

This study aimed to evaluate the morpho-physiology and oil yield of castor bean (cultivar 'BRS Energia') as a function of irrigation water salinity and cationic nature. The experiment was carried out using an Ultisol of sandy loam texture, in Campina Grande, Para ba, Brazil. Six combinations of cations and water electrical conductivity (ECw) were studied (S1 - Control; S2 - Na+; S3 - Ca2+; S4 - Na++Ca2+; S5 - K+ and S6 - Na++Ca2++Mg2+), in a randomized block design, with four replicates and five plants in each plot. Plants in the control treatment (S1) were irrigated using water of 0.6 dS m-1, while the other treatments were irrigated using water of 4.5 dS m-1, prepared using chloride salts of different cations. Gas exchanges, growth and oil yield of castor bean were more affected by ECw variation than by the cationic nature of the water. Among the tested cations, potassium promoted the highest values of gas exchange and growth except in the flowering and fruiting stages. Oil yield is the most sensitive variable to the cationic nature of irrigation water.
SIRPα is downregulated in AML subsets and generates pro-apoptotic signals in t(8;21) AML

Department of Pediatric Hematology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sanquin Research & Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Oncology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Hematology/Oncology, Erasmus MC/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG), The Hague, The Netherlands AML-BFM Study Group, Münster, Germany Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Do Farm Credits Stimulate Development of Agriculture in Poland

In Poland, farmers rely primarily on cooperative banks for agricultural credit. Therefore, the paper attempt is to examine the impact of agricultural credits disbursed by the cooperative banks on regional development of agricultural sector in Poland over 1997- 2006. Sources of data include financial statements of the banks (1373 observations) providing credit-related information and sectoral background data for agriculture from Central Statistical Office of Poland. The levels of agricultural development were assessed using a nation-level and regional-level composite indicators constructed by the author by the use of factor analysis. Additionally, one-factor ANOVA, Pearson correlations and linear regression were applied. There was found, that the most prosperous agricultural regions include wielkopolskie, zachodniopomorskie and warminsko-mazurskie, the least prosperous malopolskie, podkarpackie, slaskie and swietokrzyskie voivodships. Results of econometric analysis suggest also that region of bank’s activity has statistically significant impact both on agricultural credit and agricultural development levels. In Poland as a whole, farm credits provided by cooperative banks stimulate development of agriculture but only in two of sixteen regions (voivodships) their impact was positive and statistically significant. The average farm size and agricultural employment were found to be strongest in influencing agricultural development.
Quantitative assessment of mutations in hepatitis B virus genome with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development.

// Lei Yu 1, 2, * , Bao-fang Zhang 3, * , Ming-liang Cheng 2 , Xue-ke Zhao 2 , Quan Zhang 2 , Ya-xin Hu 2 , Hua-juan Liu 2 , Mao Mu 2 , Bi Wang 2, 4 , Guo-zhen Yang 2 , Li-li Zhu 2 , Shuai Zhang 5 , Yu-mei Yao 2 , Yi-ju Cheng 2 , Wang-sheng Li 6 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, Guangzhou, China 2 The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China 3 The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China 4 Department of Eugenics and Genetics, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang 550003, Guizhou, China 5 Department of Interventional Radiology, Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China 6 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liupanshui People’s Hospital, Liupanshui 553401, Guizhou, China * These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors Correspondence to: Ming-liang Cheng, e-mail: gmcmingliang_cheng@163.com Guo-zhen Yang, e-mail: gmcguozhen_yang@163.com Keywords: hepatitis B virus, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, mutation, risk Received: February 29, 2016 Accepted: April 28, 2016 Published: May 17, 2016 ABSTRACT The long-term outcomes of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are associated with specific HBV genotypes and mutations in the virus genome. However, a number of gene-disease association studies have yielded inconsistent results in the field. To investigate this inconsistency, we conducted a meta-analysis from 118 studies involving a total of 9,418 HCC cases, 2,697 LC cases, and 18,785 HBV-infected participants for 11 mutations of HBV to evaluate the epidemiological evidence of the relationship. Overall, 10 mutants (Pre-S mutation, A1762T/G1764A double mutations, G1896A, G1899A, T1753V, C1653T, G1766A, A1762T, G1764A, T1768A) were significantly associated with increased HCC risk with odds ratio (OR) range from 1.80 to 4.27, while no associations were found for C1858T. We found a significant dose–risk relationship between the number of mutations in HBV genome and HCC, in which high risks for HCC were associated with mutation numbers more than 5 (OR = 18.45, 95% CI: 7.86–43.29). By pooling 15 prospective studies, A1762T/G1764A, Pre-S, T1753V, and C1653T mutation was identified as good predictor of HCC risk, showing ORs from 1.73 to 4.54. In addition, significantly elevated LC risks were associated with 6 mutants (A1762T/G1764A double mutations, G1896A, G1899A, T1753V, C1653T, Pre-S mutation), with OR range from 1.76 to 4.10. Our results suggested that HBV mutations alone or in combination may be of clinical significance for predicting hepatocarcinogenesis.
Malnutrition In Aging

Malnutrition is a common, potentially serious, and frequently under-diagnosed condition among elderly individuals. Age-related physiologic changes in combination with organic and psychological disease processes contribute to the development of malnutrition in older adults. Profound malnutrition and serious illnesses often present concurrently, and each can accelerate the progression of the other. The importance of early detection and aggressive intervention is of utmost importance to arrest the downward spiral. Prompt diagnosis relies on a high index of suspicion and available screening tools. Once diagnosed, the underlying causes must be ascertained and treatment rapidly instituted. This article reviews the prevalence and effects of malnutrition in the elderly. Changes in food intake and body composition with aging are addressed, and the physiologic and pathologic causes of anorexia and weight loss in the elderly population are explored. The most commonly used screening tools for malnutrition in the elderly are discussed, along with non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic measures for treatment. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a common, potentially serious, and frequently under-diagnosed condition among elderly individuals. Physiologic changes of aging interact with disease processes to place the elderly at increased risk for malnutrition. Diagnosis of malnutrition is based on history taking, physical examinations and lab evaluation, and may be aided by nutritional screening tools. Nutritional therapy is an important component in the management of malnourished individuals and when indicated, should not be delayed.
The Bibliometric Analysis Of Literature On Museum Studies

Abstract. Museum studies, is the study of museums, museum curation, and how and why museums developed into their institutional role in education and culture through scientific, social, political and other related forces. The purpose of this study is to shed light on the application trends of the international literature related to museum studies on the SCIE, SSCI, and AHCI databases between 1995 and 2014 using a bibliometric technique and citation analysis. The results of this study reveal that influences of the literature related to museum studies on other subject areas continue to expand. Considering the publication of major countries, subject areas, journal and institutions, the results also discussed that the future trend through analysing most cited articles. Moreover, 12 core journal lists are identified by Bradford’s law.
Impact of inter and intra-annual drought on chemical composition of some Mediterranean shrubs in natural rangelands

4 paginas, 1 tabla. --In Porqueddu C. (ed.), Rios S. (ed.) . The contributions of grasslands to the conservation of Mediterranean biodiversity . Zaragoza : CIHEAM-IAMZ/CIBIO/FAO/SEEP, 2010. p. 219-222 : 13 ref. , 1 tabl. (Options Mediterraneennes : Serie A. Seminaires Mediterraneens ; n. 92). 13. Meeting of the Sub-Network on Mediterranean Forage Resources of the FAO-CIHEAM International Network for the Research and Development of Pasture and Forage Crops, 2010/04/07-10, Alicante (Spain)
Secure Sharing Of Private Data Using Privacy- Preserving Data Analysis

Generally, colliding parties who have private data may conduct privacy-preserving data analysis (PPDA) tasks to learn beneficial data models in a distributed manner. The field of privacy has seen rapid advances in recent years because of the increases in the ability to store data. In particular, recent advances in the data mining field have lead to increased concerns about privacy. While the topic of privacy has been traditionally studied in the context of cryptography and information-hiding, recent emphasis on data mining has lead to renewed interest in the field. In this paper, we will introduce the topic of privacy-preserving data mining. It is often highly valuable for organizations to have their data analyzed by external agents. However, any program that computes on potentially sensitive data may lead to risks leaking information through its output. Differential privacy provides a theoretical framework for processing data while protecting the privacy of individual records in a dataset. Unfortunately, it has seen limited adoption because of the loss in output accuracy, the difficulty in making programs differentially private, lack of mechanisms to describe the privacy budget in a programmer's utilitarian terms. So, in this paper we have proposed how to share private data securely.
Solving large systems arising from fractional models by preconditioned methods

This study develops and analyzes preconditioned Krylov subspace methods to solve linear systems arising from discretization of the time-independent space-fractional models. First, we apply shifted Grunwald formulas to obtain a stable finite difference approximation to fractional advection-diffusion equations. Then, we employee two preconditioned iterative methods, namely, the preconditioned generalized minimal residual (preconditioned GMRES) method and the preconditioned conjugate gradient for normal residual( preconditioned CGN) method, to solve the corresponding discritized systems. We further make comparisons between the preconditioners commonly used in the parallelization of the preconditioned Krylov subspace methods. The results suggest that preconditioning technique is a promising candidate for solving large-scale linear systems arising from fractional models.
Invariant Radiative Cooling and Mean Precipitation Change

We show that radiative cooling profiles, when described in temperature coordinates, are insensitive to surface temperature $T_s$. We argue this theoretically as well as confirm it in cloud-resolving simulations of radiative convective equilibrium (RCE). This $T_s$-invariance holds for shortwave and longwave cooling separately, as well as their sum. Furthermore, the $T_s$-invariance of radiative cooling profiles leads to a simple expression for the $T_s$-dependence of column-integrated cooling and hence precipitation, and gives insight into why mean precipitation increases at a rate of $2 -3\%\ \mathrm{K^{-1}}$ in RCE. The relevance of these results to global climate simulations is assessed, and the $T_s$-invariance is found to hold in the mid and upper troposphere. In the lower troposphere, the pressure-invariance of cloud layers and circulation tends to dominate.
L'Homosexualité dans le cinéma français

Jusque dans les annees 1950, l’homosexuel est peu represente en France. Seule la fin de la decennie suivante et l’emergence des mouvements de liberation gays permettent aux personnages homosexuels d’apparaitre au cinema, souvent representes sous les traits d’une caricature feminine. C’est la Cage aux folles qui mettra en scene le premier couple gay en 1976.A partir des annees 1980, l’assouplissement des mœurs permet a des realisateurs gays de porter a l’ecran leurs propres reflexions sur leur place dans la societe en developpant parallelement une esthetique singuliere. L’Homme blesse (P. Chereau, 1980), largement inspire de l’univers de Jean Gente, annonce un « cinema d’auteur » qui va mettre en scene une « homosexualite noire » - de J’embrasse pas (A. Techine, 1991) a Wild Side (S. Lifshitz, 2004). Le « cinema populaire », quant a lui, ne cesse de reutiliser le stereotype de la « folle » a l’instar de Pedale douce (G.Aghion, 1996), ou de Chouchou (M. Allouache, 2002). Des films comme Le Placard (Veber, 2001), malgre les stereotypes qu’il vehicule, laissent entendre que l’homosexualite serait largement toleree dans la societe francaise contemporaine. Pourtant, certaines violences verbales au moment du vote du Pacs en novembre 1999, semblent demontrer le contraire. Enfin, depuis quelques annees, OlivierDucastel et Jacques Martineau mettent en scene une homosexualite « tranquille » qui, de Drole de Felix (1999) au recent Crustaces et coquillages, surprend les critiques francais voire les destabilise. C’est cette diversite et cette evolution que cet essai tente de comprendre. Son ambition est d’analyser l’esthetique des representations cinematographiques des homosexuel(le)s dans les films francais et de decrypter l’imaginaire collectif de la societe francaise. Mais cette approche ne se limite pas au theme de l’homosexualite et prend en comte les rapports sociaux et la (de) construction de l’identite masculine.
Study of centroiding algorithms to optimize Shack-Hartmann WFS in the context of ELTs

Along with the expected ELTs comes the diversification of Ada ptive Optics (AO) systems. Most AO are beginning to make extensive use of laser guide stars (LGS), to increase sky coverage and produce a bright beacon in order to reduce wavefront measurement errors and improve performance. However, because of the larger size of the next generation of telescopes, the elonga tion seen in a Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor is larger, i.e up to 7" for a 30m telescope. With such an elongation, both photon and read noise will increase and distribution variations of sodium atoms in the sodium layer start to matter. In this paper, we conduct Shack- Hartmann simulations at the sub-aperture level made with real sodium profiles taken at Lick Observatory. We will compare focus on two methods of centroiders: the matched filt er and the correlation. We then compare results with data taken form a real bench at Uvic in the particular case of NFIRAOS AO system for TMT. The goal is to better understand the impact of such variations on the final e rror budget for the WFS. Enoise includes the CCD noise sources (readout noise and dark current), photon noise and the back- ground noise due to Rayleigh scattering of the projected laser light. ELin is due to non-linearity because of under-sampling and truncation of the LGS spot image. They have also been studied in (3) in the context of Gaussian spot. Esodium is the error due to the structure and time variability in the L GS im- ages due to variability of the sodium layer, Eresp is due to the response coe cient not equal to unity, EDi the error due to the di raction spikes in each SHWFS subaperture, and, Eatm is the error due to the atmosphere considering only speckle. We will not focus on this term in this paper. The main goal of this paper is to study the impact of the sodium variations on the wavefront measurements and compare Esodium to Enoise. The field of view of each subaperture considered in this paper will be large enough to neglect the non-linearity e ects. The geometry used here is the normal cartesian CCD. In this paper, we will only talk about the case of the central launch, leading to symmetric spots, to quantify the impact of the sodium variations on the wavefront error.