Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study on surface O3 chemistry and photochemistry by UV energy conservation

The point of view of transmission and conservation of UV energy was put forward to study O3 photochemical processes. Surface O3, NOX, UV radiation and meteorological parameters were monitored at three sites. An energy relationship between O3 and its affecting factors (NOX, photochemistry, scattering, UV radiation) was built, and used to analyze O3 and its relations with all factors. The calculated hourly and daily O3 agreed well with that observed under different sky conditions and at different sites. The interactions between O3 and its factors were analyzed, and it was found that UV is an important energy to trigger O3 chemical and photochemical (C&P) reactions in the atmosphere, and 1 hour is a suitable time for UV energy transfer and utilization. The important roles of main factors to O3 in clear and all skies were investigated and NO term was found to be more important than NO2 term for the contribution to O3. Direct and indirect UV energy (including chemical energy) utilization by NO, NO2, and other constituents in the atmosphere control the formation and destruction of O3. The photochemical term is an important bridge to relate O3 C&P processes and UV absorption. The sensitivity studies showed that O3 is more sensitive to its precursors than the other factors, and more sensitive to NO2 than NO in summer. The responses of O3 to the changes of all affecting factors are higher in summer than in autumn and higher in clear sky compared to cloudy sky conditions.
In situ Raman monitoring of single-walled carbon nanotube filling with copper chloride

Abstract. In situ characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes during their gas-phase filling with copper chloride (CuCl) was performed with Raman spectroscopy. The time dependence of positions and intensities of G, 2D, and radial breathing modes was investigated. It was demonstrated that the adsorption of copper chloride from gas phase on the external and internal surfaces of nanotubes leads to the Raman mode shifting. However, this effect is weaker than in case of formation of one-dimensional CuCl crystals inside nanotubes.
THERMAL DENATURATION OF SOME DRIED VEGETABLES

ABSTRACT Most vegetables suitable for drying are thermolabile materials. To choose the appropriate dehydration technology for thermal analysis, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for determining the denaturing temperature. Four vegetables (kidney bean, sweet pepper, Chinese cabbage, Chinese onion) with five moisture contents were chosen for the DSC tests. Five heating rates were used for observing the change of the denaturing areas. Finally the effects of blanching, difference among breeds and instantaneous increasing temperature on the change of denaturing areas were discussed.
Obtaining information about valuable metals in computer and mobile phone scraps using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

The constant projected increase in electronic-waste (e-waste) generation coupled with the high costs of several raw materials employed by the electronics industry are factors that justify studies regarding new analytical methodologies suitable for applications in recycling centers, industrial facilities and academic laboratories. Longer preparation routines for sample analysis and the diverse physical and chemical characteristics of these materials are challenges frequently encountered during the development of analytical procedures. In this work, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to the direct investigation of Au and Ag in computer scraps and in the electromagnetic shielding of mobile phone housings. The results show that this technique can be a useful tool for obtaining information regarding the profiles of these elements at the surface and in the bulk of these materials without preparation steps and for semi-quantitatively evaluating Ag in the type of samples analyzed.
Impact of global warming on the cowpea cultivation in the State of Paraíba

No presente estudo se avaliam os impactos da mudanca do clima com base nos relatorios do Painel Intergovernamental em Mudancas do Clima (IPCC), no zoneamento agricola de riscos climaticos para a cultura do feijao-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) cultivado em sistema de sequeiro, no Estado da Paraiba. Utilizou-se o modelo do balanco hidrico associado a tecnicas de geoprocessamento, e se objetivou a identificacao das regioes do Estado em que a cultura do feijao-caupi sofrera restricoes em face das mudancas climaticas. As variaveis consideradas no modelo foram precipitacao pluvial, coeficientes de cultura, evapotranspiracao potencial e duracao das fases fenologicas da cultura. Adotou-se, como limite para o indice de satisfacao da necessidade de agua para a cultura (ISNA), o valor de 0,50. A data foi considerada adequada para a semeadura quando a simulacao do balanco hidrico apresentou resultados de ISNA com frequencia minima de 80%, superior ao valor do criterio adotado. Tendo em vista um aumento de temperatura do ar de 3 e 6 oC, como sugerido pelo IPCC, o cultivo do feijao-caupi sofrera uma reducao significativa nas areas atualmente favoraveis ao seu cultivo no Estado da Paraiba.
Device and morphological engineering of organic solar cells for enhanced charge transport and photovoltaic performance

Abstract. Conjugated polymers are potential materials for photovoltaic applications due to their high absorption coefficient, mechanical flexibility, and solution-based processing for low-cost solar cells. A bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure made of donor–acceptor composite can lead to high charge transfer and power conversion efficiency. Active layer morphology is a key factor for device performance. Film formation processes (e.g., spray-coating, spin-coating, and dip-coating), post-treatment (e.g., annealing and UV ozone treatment), and use of additives are typically used to engineer the morphology, which optimizes physical properties, such as molecular configuration, miscibility, lateral and vertical phase separation. We will review electronic donor–acceptor interactions in conjugated polymer composites, the effect of processing parameters and morphology on solar cell performance, and charge carrier transport in polymer solar cells. This review provides the basis for selection of different processing conditions for optimized nanomorphology of active layers and reduced bimolecular recombination to enhance open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor of BHJ solar cells.
Investigation and modeling of cesium(I) adsorption by Turkish clays: Bentonite, zeolite, sepiolite, and kaolinite

The cesium ion adsorption by Turkish clays, i.e., bentonite, zeolite, sepiolite, and kaolinite, was investigated as a function of Cs+ concentration, pH, time, and temperature using the Cs‐137 radiotracer method. The analysis of some major and minor components of clays was performed with ED‐XRF. Bentonite was shown to exhibit the highest capacity and sorption affinity toward Cs. The best fits for adsorption isotherms were with Freundlich and D‐R models. The second order rate constant of cesium sorption was highest for kaolinite among the clays. Cesium adsorption proceeded essentially by ion exchange and partly by specific adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that especially bentonite and zeolite can be used as effective barrier materials for sorptive hindrance of an expanding Cs radioisotope plume. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Investigation into the nature of interactions in aspirin–water clusters including SAPT, AIM and NBO theories

In this work, the characteristics of the O–H…O interactions in aspirin…(water) n = 1 − 3 as well as in the fluorine-substituted aspirin…(water) n = 1 − 3 complexes were studied by means of computational methods: symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital approaches. It is found that the cooperativity effect enhances significantly the O–H…O hydrogen bond; in some of the cases one can detect the covalent nature of hydrogen bonding. The magnitude of interaction energies of complexes increases with increasing the size of water cluster. In all the complexes studied herein, the electrostatic interaction between aspirin or fluorine-substituted aspirin and water is the main attractive force, and its contribution may be seven times as large as the corresponding contribution from dispersion. The AIM theory suggests for stronger O–H…O hydrogen bonds, the electronic energy density at the H…O bond critical point is negative and may be attributed to the partly covalent interaction.
Catalytically Active Electrode Materials for Oxygen Electrodes Based on Molybdenum-Modified Carbon Nanotubes

An electrochemical method for the application of molybdenum oxide on multiwalled carbon nanotubes as well as its procedure is adduced. The preparation of molybdenum oxide applied on multiwalled carbon nanotubes is proven by an X-ray phase analysis and by electron micrographs. The obtained nanocomposite was investigated as an electrode material for oxygen electrodes of low-temperature fuel elements working in alkaline electrolyte. The current-voltage characteristics of the oxygen electrodes made of these nanocomposites are given. It is shown that the obtained nanocomposites based on molybdenum oxide are highly competitive in electrochemical characteristics with the electrodes made of activated carbon supported with platinum.
Development of a Selective Extraction Method for Pravastatin Quantification in Tablets using HPLC with Ultraviolet Detection

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatography method for estimation of pravastatin in tablets has been developed. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and phosphates buffer in a volume percentage ratio of 7:3 v/v, pH 2.0 and was delivered at the rate of 1 mL/min and detected at 238 nm, retention times were approximately 7.3 min: this peak was analyzed with mass spectroscopy. The method was fully validated and validation parameters were: linearity range 10–200 ng/mL, correlation coefficient 0.999, mean recovery >99%, limit of quantification 5 ng/mL, and limit of detection 5 ng/mL; this method can be used for a quality control assay.
Enhancement-Mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Fabricated by Standard Fluorine Ion Implantation with a Si3N4 Energy-Absorbing Layer

This paper presents a fabrication technology of enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using standard fluorine ion implantation. An 80 nm silicon nitride layer was deposited on the AlGaN as an energy-absorbing layer that slows down the high energy (~25 keV) fluorine ions so that majority of the fluorine ions are incorporated in the AlGaN barrier. The threshold voltage was successfully shifted from -1.9 V to +0.6 V, converting depletion mode HEMTs to enhancement-mode ones. The fluorine ion distribution profile was measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and is consistent with results from SRIM (The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) simulation.
The double helix meets the crystal lattice; the power and pitfalls of nucleic acid approaches for biomineralogical investigations

The inability to culture the majority of microorganisms from natural habitats has been well documented. In response to this constraint, the development and application of culture-independent methods for studying microbial communities have been a focus of microbial ecology for the past several years. Molecular approaches, in particular, offer great potential to investigate the role of microorganisms in areas as diverse as biogeochemistry, pollutant remediation, and disease causation. The purpose of this review is to give a brief critique of nucleic acid-based techniques currently used in microbial ecology, to serve as a reference for those wishing to employ such techniques, and to examine the applicability of these techniques toward studying the biogeochemical roles of bacteria, especially as related to metal cycling and biomineralization. Although published reports on the application of molecular techniques to biogeochemical and biomineralogical problems are scarce, this review aims to familiarize biogeochemists and biomineralogists with the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. Advances have been made in describing the diversity of uncultured microbial communities, detecting/identifying specific cells and functional genes in environmental samples, detecting in situ activities of specific microorganisms, and determining some of the factors controlling gene expression in in vitro studies. However, the current methods provide limited quantitative information about natural processes. Acknowledging these limitations can assist the development of methods to answer basic questions concerning the in situ distribution and activities of microorganisms. Studies relating these in situ measurements of microbial activity and distribution to the physical and chemical microenvironment will ultimately permit a better understanding of the importance of microorganisms in mineral formation and dissolution processes.
Electrochemical Fabrication of Cadmium Chalcogenide Microdiode Arrays

Abstract : Arrays containing greater than 10(exp 9) 2000A-diameter CdSe or graded CdSe/CdTe cylinders have been electrochemically synthesized within the pores of Anopore(tm) membranes. The alumina template suppresses the 'cauliflower' morphology that is typically observed in electrodeposited CdSe and CdTe films, although X-ray diffraction reveals the materials to be of poor crystallinity. The Anopore membrane template can be removed by treatment with aqueous 1M NaOH, resulting in an array of free-standing CdSe or CdSe/CdTe wires. Current-voltage data show that the Ni/CdSe array is rectifying, with a rectification ratio of 1000 at + or - 2 V. Nanoparticles, Nanosemiconductors.
ΣPAH: A Model to predict the toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in field‐collected sediments

The {Sigma}PAH model estimates the probability of toxicity of PAH-contaminated sediments using a combination of equilibrium partitioning, WSAR, toxic unit, additivity, and concentration-response models. The sediment concentration of organic carbon and 13 PAH (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon) compounds were measured. Interstitial water concentrations (PAH{sub iw}) of the 13 compounds were predicted by equilibrium partitioning. The 10-d LC50 of each compound in interstitial water (10-d LC50{sub iw}) was predicted by a QSAR regression of 10-d LC50{sub iw} (From spiked sediment tests) to K{sub ow}. Toxic unit concentrations of individual compounds (TU{sub i}) were predicted as PAH{sub iw}/10-d LC50{sub iw}. The total number of toxic units of the 13 compounds ({Sigma}TU{sub i}) was calculated assuming the additivity of toxic effects of PAHs. {Sigma}TU{sub i} was used to predict the probability of toxicity to marine and estuarine amphipods using a concentration-response model derived from spiked sediment toxicity tests. The {Sigma}PAH model was verified by comparing predicted and observed toxicity in field-collected sediment samples. There was 86.6% correspondence and no significant difference between predicted and observed toxicity at PAH-contaminated sites. Ecological-effect levels predicted by the {Sigma}PAH model correspond with several sediment-quality guidelines.
Structure of Chemisorbed Sulfur on a Pt(111) Electrode

Electron spectroscopic and diffraction results obtained in ultra-high-vacuum, combined with cyclic voltammetric data, are reported for sulfur adlayers deposited from aqueous sulfide and bisulfide media on Pt(111). The highest coverage obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy, 0.94 ± 0.05 monolayer, is very close to the coverage obtained from coulometry, and is associated with a (1×1) surface phase. This coverage is much higher than that obtained in previous electrochemical studies but is the same as found by other investigators using S2 beam dosing in vacuum. The near complete sulfur monolayer is characterized by a rapid and incomplete oxidation in a narrow potential range near 0.70 V vs a Ag/AgCl reference. Neither full sulfur monolayer coverage nor a sharp voltammetric transition could be obtained when traces of oxygen were present in the electrochemical cell. Oxidation of the (1×1) adlayer (at ≈1 monolayer) gave rise to a previously unreported (2×2) structure, at 1/2 monolayer. Further voltammetric stri.
Trimethyl-phosphite dissociative adsorption on iron by combined first-principle calculations and XPS experiments

The reaction of trimethyl-phosphite, TMPi, with a clean Fe(110) surface has been investigated by ab initio calculations. The most stable configurations and energies are identified for both molecular and dissociative adsorption. The calculated reaction energies indicate that dissociation is energetically more favorable than molecular adsorption and we provide a description of the dissociation path and the associated energy barrier. In situ XPS analysis of adsorbed TMPi on metallic iron confirmed molecular chemisorption and dissociation at high temperature. These results shed light on the mechanism of phosphorus release from organophosphites at the iron surface, which is important for the functionality of these phosphorus-based additives, included in lubricants for automotive applications.
The determination of the petroselinic acid content of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) oil by capillary gas chromatography

A rapid capillary gas chromatographic method has been developed for screening coriander fruits for petroselinic acid content. The method also permits determination of the concentrations of the other major long-chain fatty acids present in coriander oil and allows an estimate of the total oil content of the sample to be determined. The method is applicable at the single fruit level and the results of analysing the constituent husk and embryo fractions have shown significant differences between their fatty acid compositions.
Effect of Zingiber Officinale on paracetamol-induced genotoxicity in male rats

The mutagenic effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in male rat using in vivomutagenicity tests, chromosomal aberrations of somatic and germ cells, molecular assay and biochemical were studied. Paracetamol genotoxicity on normal divided cells has been reported. The data obtained showed that the ability of paracetamol to bind and interact with genetic material lead to changes in chromosomal behavior and structure during mitosis. The significant increase in chromosomal aberration, the changes in the number, position and intensity of bands, liver and renal damages induced by paracetamol may be attributed to the fact that paracetamol can induce genotoxicity through DNA damage. Paracetamol also stimulated AST and ALT activity, these stimulations indicated liver cell necrosis. Paracetamol-induced acute renal damage by the elevations in blood urea, uric acid and creatinine levels. Paracetamol showed abnormal values of protein profile in blood. The treatments with ginger presented hepatoprotective effect, also ginger can protect against oxidative kidneys tissue damage that reduced lipid peroxiation in liver and kidneys. The possible mechanism by which ginger exhibited significant protection against paracetamol- induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity may be due to its antioxidant effect. It may also be responsible for the hepatoprotective activity and attainment of normal frequencies of chromosomal aberration in ginger-treated rats. Thus, the present study indicated that the genotoxicity products at low concentration and for long time treatment showed the hazard of paracetamol addiction on human’s life. Key words: Zingiber officinale, paracetamol, chromosomal aberrations, genotoxicity
The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficiency of Moringa oleifera seeds extracts

The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of different Moringa oleifera seeds extracts were tested against Scenedesmus obliquus (green algae), Escherichia coli ATCC 13706, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC10145, Staphylococcus aureus NAMRU 3 25923, Bacillus sterothermophilus (bacterial strains) and Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) and Polio virus type 1 (sabin vaccine). Fixed oil extracted from the seeds was found to activate the growth of Scenedesmus obliquus with high algal biomass production. Aqueous methanolic extracts (LC50 207.5 mg/L) and water extract (LC50 287.5 mg/L) has a cytotoxicity effect on Scenedesmus growth. On the other hand, the antibacterial effects of fixed oil, aqueous methanolic extract and water extract concentrations showed a fluctuation in its effects. Although, Ps. aeruginosa was more resistant to all M. oleifera extracts, B. sterothermophilus was more sensitive than other organisms to all extracts. The effect of aqueous methanolic extract and fixed oil on HSV1 was highly similar, 52.22% and 45.2%. Very low activity was observed for fixed oil on PV1.
High resolution, high speed ultrahigh vacuum microscopy

The history and future of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is discussed as it refers to the eventual development of instruments and techniques applicable to the real time in situ investigation of surface processes with high resolution. To reach this objective, it was necessary to transform conventional high resolution instruments so that an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment at the sample site was created, that access to the sample by various in situ sample modification procedures was provided, and that in situ sample exchanges with other integrated surface analytical systems became possible. Furthermore, high resolution image acquisition systems had to be developed to take advantage of the high speed imaging capabilities of projection imaging microscopes. These changes to conventional electron microscopy and its uses were slowly realized in a few international laboratories over a period of almost 40 years by a relatively small number of researchers crucially interested in advancing the state of the.
Cluster rhenium(III) complexes with adamantanecarboxylic acids: Synthesis and properties

Versatile procedures for the synthesis of possible structural types of dirhenium(III) halocarboxylates with adamantanecarboxylic acids were developed. A comprehensive study of the synthesis and interconversions of isomeric dirhenium(III) trans-and cis-tetrahalodi-μ-carboxylates led us to a discovery of a versatile route of prepation of trans derivatives in virtually stoichiometric yields in both the solid and liquid phases. It was found that successive replacement of halide ligands in the nearest environment of the binuclear Re26+ ion by carboxylate ligands is accompanied by gradual hypsochromic shifting of the longest-wavelength absorption band and by a monotonic decline in its intensity, which allows this band to be assigned to the δ-δ* electronic transition.
Groundcover as a Useful Tool for Efficient Resource Management and Sustainable Production

A field trial has been conducted on 5-year-old Sweet Lady and Royal Glory peach cultivars on a sandy loam soil at Siófok, West Hungary, since 2009. Four in-row ground management systems (pine bark mulch, cow manure, black fabric cover, and no cover with herbicide applications) were evaluated in a plot design with three replicates to study their effects on the soil temperature and nutrient contents of leaves. The fluctuation of soil temperature was more moderate with mulch and manure as groundcover. Leaf nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) concentrations increased but leaf magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) decreased because of the treatments. Leaf manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) content were slightly affected by the treatments and the changing was not significant at some treatments. Overall, our results suggest that leaf nutrient concentrations respond differentially to different mulches.