Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel low‐temperature preparation of several ferrimagnetic spinels and their magnetic and Mössbauer characterization

Ultrafine subdomain particles of NiFe2O4, Ni0.5Zn0. 5Fe2O4, and CoFe2O4 were prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions by precipitating from metal nitrates. Magnetic and Mossbauer effect measurements revealed the superparamagnetic nature of these ferrite particles. The crystallite sizes were in the range 5.0–20.0 nm with a very narrow particle size distribution. The magnetic properties and Mossbauer hyperfine parameters of these subdomain ferrite particles are somewhat different from those reported for multidomain bulk materials. The hydrothermal ferrite powders were found to sinter to almost theoretical density with little or no intergranular porosity.
Effect of thermodynamic interactions on the rapid solidification kinetics of Ni-Cu-Co alloys

Most theoretical work on solidification focuses on dilute binary alloys, while those commonly used in industry are multi-component with high solute concentrations. In concentrated alloys, the diffusion of one component will be inevitably influenced by the others, which will further affect the rapid solidification kinetics. Assuming local non- equilibrium at the solid/liquid (S/L) interface and in the bulk liquid, the kinetics of planar interface migration and dendrite growth in strongly non-equilibrium solidification of Ni- Cu-Co alloys is comparatively studied. It is found that, for planar interface kinetics, the thermodynamic interactions lead to a non-monotonic tendency of the partition coefficient of Co with a slightly lowered interface temperature. Meanwhile, for dendrite growth (i.e. curved interface), the curvature effect and the thermodynamic interactions together result in the non-monotonic variation of partition coefficients. Due to the lowered dendrite tip temperature as a result of the thermodynamic interactions, larger undercooling is needed for interface migration and the dendrite growth is slowed down.
Lightweight Quadruple-GAN for Interference Source Recognition in Wi-Fi Networks

Cross-technology interference sources act as the fundamental challenge to improve throughputs of wireless local area networks (WLAN). The quadruple generative adversarial network (QGAN) has shown its prevailing performance to identify Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi devices at the cost of large memory consumption and high computational complexity. To fulfill the requirement of compact neural network, a lightweight QGAN is presented in this paper with a joint compression scheme based on knowledge distillation (KD). The representation and classification sub-networks are adaptively learned through a GAN-based approach for transferring knowledge from teacher to student. Numerical results indicate that the proposed QGAN outperforms the other state-of-the-arts and achieves a satisfactory tradeoff between processing efficiency and classification accuracy.
Color and Texture Development During Microwave and Conventional Baking of Breads

Abstract The color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) and hardness of breads baked in microwave and conventional ovens were compared. Moreover, the effect of susceptor on color and texture development during microwave baking were studied. Microwave oven was operated at 30 and 40% powers for 3.5–5.5 min with half-minute intervals. Breads were baked in conventional oven at 175°C and 200°C for 10–18 min and at 225°C for 4–12 min with 2 min intervals. It was not possible to obtain sufficient brown color on the surfaces of the breads in microwave baking. Usage of susceptor helped the achievement of brown color on bottom surfaces of breads. Zero order kinetic model was proposed for L* variation of breads during microwave and conventional baking. Hardness of microwave and conventionally baked breads increased during baking. Rates of hardness variation in microwave baked breads were higher than that in conventionally baked breads.
Availability of P from 32P‐labelled endogenous soil P and 33P‐labelled fertilizer in an alkaline soil producing cotton in Australia

Yield responses of irrigated, field‐grown cotton to phosphorus fertilizer application in Australia have been variable. In an attempt to understand better this variability, the distribution of fertilizer P within soil P fractions was identified using 32P and 33P radioisotopes. The soil chosen, an alkaline, grey, cracking clay (Vertosol), was representative of those used for growing cotton in Australia. Chang and Jackson fractionation of soil P from samples collected within 1 h of application indicated that 49, 7 and 13% of the P fertilizer was present as 0.5 m NH4F, 0.1 m NaOH and 1 m H2SO4 extractable P, respectively. Over 89% of the P fertilizer was recovered as Colwell extractable P in these samples, suggesting that the majority of these reaction products was in a highly plant‐available form. Fertilizer‐P remained in an available form within the band 51 days after application, and 68% of the applied fertilizer‐P was recovered as Colwell‐P (1071 mg kg−1). The Colwell‐P concentration in the band was 35 times that in the unfertilized soil. Thus, the variability in crop response to P fertilizer application in these soils is not a consequence of fertilizer‐P becoming unavailable to plants. These results confirm the suitability of the Colwell (1963) sodium bicarbonate extraction method for measuring available P in these soils.
XAFS Studies of Solution-Phase Complexes of Cesium with Dibenzo-18-crown-6 Ethers

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements have been made at the Cs LIII absorption edge on (1) 0.04 M acetonitrile solutions with respect to both CsBr and dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether (Cs−D18C6), (2) solids produced by drying the aforementioned Cs−D18C6 solution complex, and (3) crystalline CsBr, CsCl, and CsF powders that were used as standards. XAFS measurements have also been made at the Br K absorption edge on the same 0.04 M solution mentioned above. Due to the many difficulties associated with obtaining high-quality XAFS data on these systems, a custom-manufactured 5-mil-thick Sc foil was used in conjunction with a Soller slit assembly to improve the XAFS signal-to-noise ratio by almost a factor of 6. XAFS analyses of the Cs−D18C6 solution show the presence of a 1:1 Cs−D18C6 complex with a Br contact ion, consistent with previous references derived from 133Cs nuclear magnetic resonance investigations. For interpretation of the Cs LIII edge data, the choice of a Br counterion reduces the error .
Energy‐preserving integrations of the primitive equations on the sphere

Long-term global integrations of the primitive equations for the free-surface model are performed using spherical polar co-ordinates. Two methods are used to overcome the computational drawback of excessive resolution near the poles. In the first, time-steps vary latitudinally on a grid with constant angular increments. Stable integrations result, in which the evolutions closely match (save for phase-truncation due to divergence) those of the analytic solution of the non-divergent vorticity equation for initial data in which non-linear interactions vanish. In the second set of integrations zonal resolution varies latitudinally, and the resulting differential phase-truncation causes spurious interactions which lead to rapid departure from the analytic solution. In both cases finite difference approximations are used which preserve domain sums of mass and of total energy (kinetic plus potential), in analogy with properties of the continuous equations. The space-differencing method, together with the time-smoothing inherent in the variable time-step scheme, may have helped to suppress non-linear instability in the first set of integrations.
Statistical Multiplexing Gain Analysis for C-RAN Based on Processing Resource Utilization

Due to the sharing of processing resource, the utilization rate of processing resource in centralized radio access network (C-RAN) is higher than that in distributed radio access network (D-RAN), achieving the so-called statistical multiplexing gain (SMG). In this paper, we focus on analyzing the SMG and the factors that impact SMG, which could provide guidance for the network deployment. Firstly, the SMG model is set up based on the utilization rate of processing resource in C-RAN and D-RAN. Then, by importing the spatial distribution of data traffic, the formula to calculate SMG is derived. Based on the formula, the impacts of the average traffic load and the spatial traffic fluctuation on the SMG are analyzed. Simulations are carried out to verify the correctness of our analysis. Both analysis and simulation results show that the SMG first increases as the average traffic load gets higher, and then decreases when the average traffic load of all cells is higher than a single cell could process. The highest SMG is achieved when the average traffic load is equal to the processing capacity per cell. Moreover, we find that the spatial traffic fluctuation could bring a higher SMG. Applying our model to the real system, the processing resource utilization of C-RAN and D-RAN in the time domain could be evaluated, as well as the SMG.
Mismatch: a comparative study of vitamin D status in British-Bangladeshi migrants

Background and objectives: Low levels of vitamin D among dark-skinned migrants to northern latitudes and increased risks for associated pathologies illustrate an evolutionary mismatch between an environment of high ultraviolet (UV) radiation to which such migrants are adapted and the low-UV environment to which they migrate. Recently, low levels of vitamin D have also been associated with higher risks for contracting COVID-19. South Asians in the UK have higher risk for low vitamin D levels. In this study, we assessed vitamin D status of British-Bangladeshi migrants compared to white British residents and Bangladeshis still living in Bangladesh ('sedentees'). Methodology: The cross-sectional study compared vitamin D levels among 149 women aged 35-59, comprising British-Bangladeshi migrants (n=50), white UK neighbors (n=54) and Bangladeshi sedentees (n=45). Analyses comprised multivariate models to assess serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and associations with anthropometric, lifestyle, health and migration factors. Results: Vitamin D levels in Bangladeshi migrants were very low: mean 25(OH)D = 32.2nmol/L +/- 13.0, with 29% of migrants classified as deficient (<25nmol/L) and 94% deficient or insufficient ([≤]50nmol/L). Mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower among British-Bangladeshis compared to Bangladeshi sedentees (50.9nmol/L +/- 13.3), presumably due to less exposure to sunlight following migration; levels were also lower than in white British women (55.3nmol/L +/- 20.9). Lower levels of vitamin D were associated with increased body mass index and low iron status. Conclusions and implications: Recommending supplements to Bangladeshi migrants could prevent potentially adverse health outcomes associated with vitamin D deficiency.
A Two-State Model of Hydrophobic Hydration That Produces Compensating Enthalpy and Entropy Changes

Many of the mixture models of water seek to explain the large free energy change associated with hydrophobic hydration by means of changes in the number and character of the hydrogen bonds in water. All of these models, regardless of detail, are in clash with the idea that hydrogen bond rearrangements will produce changes in both enthalpy and entropy, which largely compensate to produce little net free energy change. One of the simplest and most recent of these mixture models is Muller's two-state model, which produces small enthalpy and large negative entropy changes. In this paper, Muller's model is examined in detail. It is found that only slight changes are required in order for the model to produce nearly compensating enthalpy and entropy changes.
Doppler radar investigation of Hawaiian rain

Doppler radar measurements in a number of Hawaiian rain echoes indicated a variable amount of convection, with vertical air velocities ranging from unmeasurably small values in some cases to values of 7 m/sec in the more convective cases. The echoes exhibiting weak vertical motions usually had a stratiform appearance when plotted on coordinates of height versus time: contours of signal intensity and Doppler velocity tended to be approximately horizontal. The intensity decreased with altitude in these cases, and vertical gradients as strong as 20 db/km were not uncommon. In the echoes exhibiting strong vertical air motions, signal intensities, echo depth, and surface rainfall rate tended to be higher. Radar reflectivity factors as high as 10 5 mm 6 /m 3 were observed. Although height-time patterns revealed less order than in the echoes with weak updraft velocities, there was a tendency for the leading (upslope) portion of a convective echo to be more active than the trailing portion. As echoes progressed further upslope they tended to become more stratiform in character. The fact that moderate rain could at times fall from shallow, stratiform clouds, taken in conjunction with the strong vertical reflectivity gradients observed in these cases, indicates a high efficiency of the precipitation process in Hawaiian orographic clouds. The observations in convective echoes clearly demonstrate that convective motions enhance the process. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967. tb01498.x
Dependence of Solvent Swelling on Coal Concentration: A Theoretical Investigation

An empirical equation for the dependence of coal concentration on coal solvent swelling was theoretically investigated on the basis of the associated structural model of coal. Swelling results of previously reported concentration dependence were analyzed by following this theory. It was reasonably derived that coal molecules are physically associated, and the covalently cross-linked macromolecular model is questionable. The swelling ratios of high-molar-mass fractions were larger than those of low-molar-mass fractions. This was interpreted as intermolecular association is superseding intramolecular association, and that the size of molecules in associated complexes is a determining factor for swelling ratios. The average molar mass of coal is apparently comparable to those of high-molar-mass fractions in coal extracts. The average molar mass of coal decreases with an increase in the rank of coal. Extraction and swelling kinetics follow the first-order process, and are controlled by the solvation of associated sites.
Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes

This chapter focuses on the electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes (CNT). The various advantages CNTs for electrochemical sensor applications include their small size with large surface area, high sensitivity, fast response time, enhanced electron transfer, easy protein immobilization with retention of activity, and alleviation of surface fouling effects. There are various methods used for forming CNT-modified electrodes which can be used for detecting analytes. Among the various types of transducers based on CNTs, the CNT-composite electrode was the first CNT electrode tested in 1996, and is still widely used with different composite materials such as conducting polymers, nanoparticles and sol–gel. These days, more applications are based on the layer-by-layer fabrication techniques for CNT-modified electrodes. This technique clearly provides thinner and more isolated CNTs compared with other methods such as CNT-composite and CNT coated electrodes in which CNTs are in the form of big bundles. This method should help biomolecules such as enzymes and DNA to interact more effectively with CNTs than other methods, and sensors based on this technique are expected to be more sensitive. Important biosensors such as glucose sensors have been developed by using this technique, and further development of other sensors based on the layer-by-layer technique is expected. Vertically aligned CNT-modified electrodes are based on a more elaborate technique, and microscopic images are used to characterize the integrity of this type of electrode. This technique has been applied in the immobilization of enzymes and DNA, and the sensors based on this technique have shown a lower detection limit than those based on other methods.
Mercury CSD 2.0 – new features for the visualization and investigation of crystal structures

The program Mercury, developed by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, is designed primarily as a crystal structure visualization tool. A new module of functionality has been produced, called the Materials Module, which allows highly customizable searching of structural databases for intermolecular interaction motifs and packing patterns. This new module also includes the ability to perform packing similarity calculations between structures containing the same compound. In addition to the Materials Module, a range of further enhancements to Mercury has been added in this latest release, including void visualization and links to ConQuest, Mogul and IsoStar.
Analysis of variation and multivariate relationships among analytical and sensory characteristics in whole apple evaluation

Sources of variation affecting assessment of whole apple fruit quality were identified and multivariate relationships between analytical and sensory characteristics examined. Fourteen analytical measurements (pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), flesh L, flesh b, flesh a, flesh hue angle, weight, internal ethylene, skin L, skin a, skin b, starch skin hue-angle) and six sensory characteristics (juiciness, crispness, firmness, fruit flavour, sweetness and sourness) were evaluated on samples from the same apple quarters. Variation in fruit quality among apples of three red categories (15-25%, 50-60%, 85-95%) and within apples due to side-to-side (blush versus non-blush) and top-to-bottom were documented. Highly coloured 'McIntosh' apples (85-95% red) were significantly heavier, sweeter, and had a higher pH than those with less colour development. The non-blush sides of the apples were significantly more crisp and less sweet than the blush sides. Highly coloured 'Jonagold' apples (85-95%) were significantly sweeter and fruitier. The bottom sections of both the 'McIntosh' and 'Jonagold' apples had significantly lower pH than the top. The bottom sections of 'McIntosh' apples were sweeter ; whereas the bottom sections of 'Jonagold' were less crisp and more fruity. For 'McIntosh' and 'Jonagold' cultivars, canonical correlation analyses elucidated three and two underlying dimensions, respectively, that characterised the relationships among the analytical and sensory variables. For both cultivars, discriminant analysis was successful in differentiating the red classifications using the analytical and sensory variables.
Influence of Al doping on microstructural, optical and photocatalytic properties of sol–gel based nanostructured zinc oxide films on glass

Al doped nanostructured zinc oxide thin films (thickness, 165 ± 5 nm) on silica glass were prepared from zinc acetate based solutions of varying dopant content (0 to 10 at% with respect to Zn). X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of nanocrystalline hexagonal ZnO. On increasing the doping level, we observed a change in ZnO morphology (spherical, hexagon and plate-shaped) under field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopes and a gradual decrease of ZnO crystallite size (14.0 to ∼10 nm) vis-a-vis an enhancement of direct band gap energy of the films. Root mean square film surface roughness and chemical state of elements were studied by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy respectively. In addition to common intrinsic defects in ZnO, a defect (designated as D˙ZA, appearing as a paramagnetic singly negatively charged oxygen vacancy) was identified up to 4% doping from the appearance of photoluminescence emission at 398 nm and measurement of paramagnetic property of the films. Film photocatalytic activity towards Rhodamine 6G dye decomposition was performed under UV (254 nm) irradiation and the film with 4% doping (A4ZO) showed the highest value of first order decomposition rate constant. On increasing Al content, the trend of change of defect concentration (oxygen vacancies) analyzed by Raman spectra was found to be identical with the dye photodecomposition activity (PA) of the films. A major role of DZA˙ towards the PA was explored under visible light. We proposed the reaction mechanism of PA based on the experimental results. The A4ZO would be expected to decompose micro-organisms under visible light.
The true structure of wonesite, an interlayer-deficient trioctahedral sodium mica

Abstract Wonesite, an interlayer-deficient trioctahedral sodium mica, has been investigated mainly by highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Gandolfi camera. The true structure of wonesite is triclinic with a large layer offset, i.e., displacement between the two tetrahedral sheets across the interlayer region, which is partially occupied by sodium ions. The direction and amount of the layer offset is approximately [11̄0] and 1.25 Å respectively, with unit-cell dimensions of a = 5.31, b = 9.18, and c = 9.75 Å, α = 96.2, β = 96.5, γ = 89.9°. This interlayer structure, which is similar to that in talc, explains well the exsolution lamellae of talc in wonesite with continuous 2:1 layers. The volume ratio of wonesite and exsolved talc is estimated to be 4:1 to 5:1 from the XRD patterns. Disorder in the directions of the layer offset is occasionally observed in TEM. The interlayer in sodium micas (preiswerkite, paragonite, aspidolite, wonesite, etc.) possesses various amounts of layer offset, depending on the cavity space in the tetrahedral sheet that is primarily determined by the ditrigonal rotation angle.
Morphology and Phase Segregation of Spin-Casted Films of Polyfluorene/PCBM Blends

In this study the morphology of spin-casted films of polymers blended with [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) has been studied. It was found that the lateral structure formation in the films is favored by rapid solvent evaporation and strong polymer−PCBM repulsion. The formation of homogeneous films is favored by slow evaporation and weak polymer−PCBM repulsion. The effect of solvent evaporation rate is the opposite of what is found for spin-casting polymer−polymer blends. The results can be explained by the kinetics of phase separation and the phase behavior involving limited solubility and crystallization of PCBM.
ChemOkey: A Game To Reinforce Nomenclature

Learning the symbolic language of chemistry is a difficult task that can be frustrating for students. This article introduces a game, ChemOkey, that can help students learn the names and symbols of common ions and their compounds in a fun environment. ChemOkey, a game similar to Rummikub, is played with a set of 106 plastic or wooden tiles. The object of ChemOkey is to create the formulas and names of ionic compounds from tiles on which the names and formulas of common cations and anions are written. With ChemOkey, students can learn the symbols and names of common ions and acquire a level of familiarity with the electroneutrality principle and the names and formulas of ionic compounds.
Spectrum Allocation Based on Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm with Nonlinear Inertia Weight and Sine-Cosine Algorithm

To improve spectrum allocation optimization and optimal convergence accuracy in cognitive radio, a nonlinear spider monkey algorithm based on sine-cosine Algorithm (SCNWSMO) is proposed. In the decision-making stages of global leader and the local leader, the spider monkey individuals are optimized by sine-cosine Algorithm. Moreover, the nonlinear decreasing inertia weight factor is introduced to effectively control the global optimization and local optimization capabilities of the algorithm and improve the convergence speed. Finally, the performance of SCNWSMO is compared with various algorithms total system benefit, and average network benefit. Simulation results show that the SCNWSMO is advantageous over other algorithms with higher network efficiency.