Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antecedentes básicos para la silvicultura del tipo forestal siempreverde

SUMMARY Because of economic and accesibility reasons the evergreen forest type (siempreverde) has been barely studied. Many studies related to species or stands or subtypes of the forest type have been performed during the last years; these studies have produced numerous reports and also some theses and journal papers. From those works the data that constitute this paper has been synthesized as the foundation fo the silvics of the largest forest type of Chile, with 4.8 millions estimated hectares. The evergreeen forest type occurs over a broad latitudinal and altitudinal range, which goes together with an important variation of the environmental condition, including climate, topography and substrate. This great varia­ tion necessarily implies a similar floristic diversity, taking into account only forest trees, there are more than 21 forest species, which are mixed in various ways according to the environmental variation along their broad distribution. This characterization indicates that the evergreen forest type is a system of very different forest communities, and that any prescription related to its silviculture or management must refer to specific stands or conditions. Regeneration and forest dynamics studies, together with specific autoecologic studies, reflected a broad shade tolerance spectrum for the different species. Depending on the shade tolerances and regenerative strategies defined for the different species, the first and intermediate successional stages will take specific courses, according to the type of exploitation or natural alteration produced. Stand structure of the steady-state communities is characteristi caly uneven aged, and dominated by shade tolerant species in terms of density and frequency, and by shade in­ tolerant emergent species in terms of basal area and tree height. Floristic composition of climax forests will vary as a function of environmental variation. In addition, the species present different cycles or periodicity of the annual seed production, which are very regular for some species, or irregular for others, at least for a collection period of 7 years. Seed size, weights and morphology are very variable, depend­ ing on the dissemination agent which is also related to shade tolerance and regenerative strategies of the species. Finally, germination capacity of the species vary from very low to very high percentages of germination, and most of the species require different cold and wet stratification for breaking off dormancy. This last characteristic is commonly related to the regenerative strategy of the species.
First Report of Leaf Spot of Datura metel Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in Korea

In June 2013, we collected leaf spot disease samples of Datura metel from Gangneung, Gangwon Prov-ince, Korea. The symptoms observed were small circular to oval dark brown spots with irregular in shape or remained circular with concentric rings. We isolated the pathogen from infected leaves and cultured the fungus on potato dextrose agar. We examined the fungus morphologically and confirmed its pathogenicity according to Koch’s postulates. The results of morphological examinations, pathogenicity tests, and the rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS4), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequence revealed that the causal agent was Alternaria tenuissima . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot of D. metel caused by A. tenuissima in Korea as well as worldwide.
Studies on Variability and Interrelationship of Panicle Components and Their Association with Grain Yield in Traditional Rice

Forty four lowland traditional rice genotypes were evaluated during kharif season of 2009-10 at Zonal Adaptive Research Station, Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal for 23 panicle yield and its attributing traits. Significant varietal differences were observed for all the characters. The GCV was less than PCV for all the characters indicating considerable influence of the environment on their expression. High GCV and PCV were observed for number of grains on secondary branches panicle, number of spikelets on secondary branches panicle, 100 grain weight, 100 kernel weight, panicle yield, number of secondary branches panicle and number of spikelets panicle whereas, the remaining characters expressed low to medium GCV. High heritability along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were exhibited by number of spikelets on secondary branches panicle, number of grains on secondary branches panicle, 100 grain weight, 100 kernel weight and panicle yield indicating their control by additive gene action and chances of further improvement by selection. Among the panicle yield attributing traits, number of primary branches per panicle, number of grains on primary branches panicle, number of spikelets on primary branches panicle, grain length, grain breadth, grain thickness, kernel breadth, kernel thickness, 100 grain weight, 100 kernel weight correlated significantly and positively with panicle yield both at the genotypic and phenotypic levels whereas, high significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic association revealed between number of secondary branches panicle and number of spikelet panicle, number of spikelets on secondary branches panicle and number of grains on secondary branches panicle.
Characterization of the MYST histone acetyltransferase Mof2 in Drosophila melanogaster

MYST Histoneacetyltransferasen sind bei Eurkaryoten weit verbreitet und finden sich von Hefe bis zu Drosophila melanogaster. Sie katalysieren die Ubertragung von Acetylgruppen auf die Lysine von Histonen und bewirken dadurch die Veranderung der Chromatinstruktur und biologischer Prozesse wie Transkription oder DNA Reperatur. Auf Grund von Sequenzahnlichkeiten wurde Mof2 den MYST Histoneacetyltransferasen mit einer Spezifitat fur die Acetylierung von Histon H4K16 zugeordnet. Zu Beginn der Arbeit war auser der DNA Sequenz und Hochdurchsatzdaten zur Expression von mof2 nichts uber Mof2 bekannt. Ein moderater knock-down von Mof2 durch RNAi hatte keinen Effekt auf die Lebensfahigkeit oder Fertilitat von Fliegen. Eine starkere Reduktion von Mof2 in einem hypomorphen Stamm fuhrte zu einer Lucke auf dem Rucken von adulten Fliegen und hat seine Ursachen wahrscheinlich in einem Entwicklungsdefekt. Diese Arbeit zeigte, dass Mof2 in Embryonen, Larven, adulten Fliegen und den Hoden von Larven und adulten Fliegen vorhanden ist. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen Daten ist Mof2 auch in S2 Zellen vorhanden. In Embryonen und polytanen Chromosomen ist Mof2 im Zellkern lokalisiert, wahrend es in den Hoden im Zytoplasma nachgewiesen werden kann. Auf den polytanen Chromosomen findet sich Mof2 in ca. 80 % der Interbanden und kolokalisiert mit Z4/Putzig. Zusammen mit der durch bioinformatorische Auswertungen gefundene Kolokalisierung von Bindestellen von Mof2 mit den Bindestellen von dem Transkriptionsfaktor DREF und den Insulatorproteinen CP190 und dCTCF ware eine Funktion von Mof2 bei der Regulation der Chromatinstruktur moglich. Bei der ebenfalls gefundenen Kolokalisierung von Bindestellen von Mof2/DREF mit BEAF-32 handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um eine antagonistische Bindung, die verschiedene Chromatinzustande abbildet. Genomeweite Untersuchungen der Bindestellen von Mof2 zeigten eine Anreicherung von Mof2 an Promotoren von Genen mit einer hohen Transkriptions. Obwohl auch eine temperaturabhangige Expression von mof2 nachgewiesen werden konnte, ist Mof2 nicht an der Hitzeschockantwort in den Speicheldrusen beteiligt. Eine genauere Klassifizierung der Bindestellen von Mof2 durch eine GO Analyse zeigte, dass Mof2 bevorzugt an Promotern von Genen bindet, die an der Embryogenese beteiligt sind. Die Enzymaktivitat von Mof2 wurde in einem in vitro Assay untersucht. Dabei zeigte Mof2 eine Acetylierungsaktivitat fur Histon H4 mit unbekannter Spezifitat. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die MYST Histonacetyltransferase Mof2 wahrscheinlich an der Regulation der Transkription und der Chromatinstruktur beteiligt ist.
IDENTIFICATION OF SUNFLOWER PATHOGENIC FUNGUS PLENODOMUS LINDQUISTII USING PCR WITH SPECIES-SPECIFIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PRIMERS

Plenodomus lindquistii causes Phoma black stem of sunflower which is the most common stem disease of this crop in Russia. The diagnostics of both field specimens and pure cultures of P. lindquistii is troublesome. Molecular methods involving the use of the PCR are rapid diagnostic express tests that can precisely identify and detect fungal species. The aim of this study was to develop species-specific oligonucleotide primers for selective amplification of P. lindquistii DNA. The primers LepliF2/LepliR2 were designed on the basis of ITS region analysis and showed stable amplification of the target fungus DNA with no cross-reaction with other fungal species. The primers are recommended for express detection of the causative agent of Phoma black stem of sunflower. This is the first PCR assay that could be used to rapidly reveal and identify this pathogen.
Intraspecific hyphal interactions among aquatic hyphomycetes

Intraspecific hyphal interactions were tested with five species of aquatic hyphomycetes. When inocula were introduced at a distance of 2.5 cm, growth of both strains of interacting pairs slowed down as they approached each other. Growth reduction was negatively correlated with geographic distance between the isolation sites of interacting strains. In every interaction, at least a few hyphae continued growth and intermingled with hyphae of the opposing colony. When inocula were placed adjacent to each other, the two strains intermingled without evidence for hyphal interference. In 6 out of 74 combinations, a very slight increase in aerial mycelium was observed.
A New Sapogenol and Other Constituents in Abri Semen, the Seeds of Abrus precatorius L. I

Further study on the chemical constituents of the Abrus species resulted in the isolation of a new sapogenol, abrisapogenol J (1), from the methanolysate of the seeds for Abrus precatorius L. , together with sophoradiol (4), its 22-O-acetate (2) and hederagenin methyl ester (5). The structure of 1 has been elucidated to be 3β, 22β-dihydroxy-11-oxoolean-13(18)-ene by the use of hetero unclear multiple bonds correlation (HMBC) spectroscopy. In addition, various compounds, trimethyl tryptophan dipolar ion (3), kaikasaponin III methyl ester (6), abrine (7), abrusin (8) and its 2"-O-apioside (9) were obtained from the methanolic extract.
Function and Regulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Triphosphate-Dependent Rac Exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) in Cancer

iii PREFACE.v DEDICATION. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix LIST OF FIGURES . xi LIST OF TABLES. xiii CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES.1 A. Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate-Dependent Rac Exchange Factor (P-Rex). 2 A1. P-Rex Isoforms . 2 A2. Expression Profiles of P-Rex . 3 A3. Activation and Function of P-Rex1 Protein.4 B. Physiological Roles of P-Rex1 . 6 C. Pathological Roles of P-Rex1 . 6 C1. Role of P-Rex1 in Type 2 Diabetes.6 C2. Role of P-Rex1 in Cancer.7 C2.1. Role of P-Rex1 in Prostate Cancer and Melanoma Metastasis . 7 C2.2. Role of P-Rex1 in Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis.8 D. Significance.10 E. Objectives of the Study.11 F. References.12
THE INFLUENCE OF APICAL DOMINANCE ON THE IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION OF THE RHIZOME OF ALSTROEMERIA

The effects of mechanical and chemical methods of removing or reducing apical dominance on the multiplication of Alstroemeria cultivars grown in vitro were assessed. Subculture of rhizome explants without aerial shoot or rhizome apices and of rhizome explants divided into single internodes with or without aerial shoots, significantly enhanced rhizome multiplication. Subculture of rhizome explants with only the aerial shoot or rhizome apices removed produced no significant differences. Addition of the plant growth regulators T1BA, thidiazuron, NAA, GA3 and paclobutrazol to culture media, with or without BAP, did not significantly change the numbers of lateral rhizomes, shoots or roots produced. Paclobutrazol, however, extensively changed explant morphology.
An Empirical Study on the Impact of Code Contributor on Code Smell

Code smells refer to poor designs that are considered to have negative impacts on the readability and maintainability during software evolution. Much research has been conducted to study the effects and correlations between them. However, software is a product of human intelligence, and the fundamental cause of code smell is developers. As a result, the research on the impact of code contributors on code smell appears vital in particular. In this paper, on 8 popular Java projects with 994 versions, we investigate the impact on code smells from the novel perspective of code contributors on five features. The empirical study indicated that the greater number of contributors involved, the more likely it is to introduce code smell. Having more mature contributors, who participate in more versions, can avoid the introduction of code smell. These findings are helpful for developers to optimize team structure and improve the quality of products.
Correlation Studies in Egg-Plant

Genotypic, phenotypic, environmental correlations between plant height, plant spread, number of branches, fruit number per plant and yield have been studied in egg-plant (Solarium melongena L.). Plant height did not show any association with plant spread and number of branches but was negatively correlated with fruit number and yield at phenotypic and genotypic levels. In majority of cases, environment lessened the genotypic correlation at phenotypic level. There was significant positive association between plant spread and number of banches, and between fruit number and yield. The apparent correlation between other pairs of characters was found to be because of one or more character(s) operating simultaneously. None of the environmental correlations was found to be significant.
Echiniscidae (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada) from Faial and Pico Islands, the Azores, with the description of two new species

Nine species of Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) are recorded for Faial and Pico Islands. Two of them, Echiniscus azoricus and Bryodelphax atlantis are new to science. Echiniscus merokensis Richters, 1904, Echiniscus perviridis Ramazzotti, 1959 and Echiniscus scabrospinosus Fontoura, 1982 are recorded in the Azores for the first time. Echiniscus azoricus n. sp. has dorsal plates sculptured with dark knobs surrounded by a ring of small pores. Lateral and dorsal appendages are spines B, C, D, E, C d and D d . Bryodelphax atlantis n. sp. has no ventral plates; it has small lateral supplementary plates between the paired plates, short filament A and a dentate collar on the hind legs with short and wide triangular teeth. A dichotomous key to the species of the genus Bryodelphax is also given.
Effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration at night on the growth and gas exchange of selected C4 species

Biomass of certain C4 species is increased when plants are grown at elevated CO2 concentrations. Experiments using four C4 species (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Zea mays L. ) exposed both day and night from sowing to carbon dioxide concentrations of 370 (ambient) or 700 µmol mol-1 (elevated) or to 370 µmol mol-1 during the day and 700 µmol mol-1 at night, determined whether any biomass increase at elevated CO2 concentrations was related to a reduction in the night-time rate of CO2 efflux at high night-time CO2 concentrations. Of the four species tested, only A. retroflexus significantly increased both CO2 assimilation (+13%) and plant biomass (+21%) at continuous elevated relative to continuous ambient concentrations of CO2. This increase was not associated with improvement in leaf water potential during dark or light periods. In contrast, high CO2 only during the night significantly reduced plant biomass compared to the 24 h ambient CO2 treatment for both A. retroflexus and Z. mays. This indicates that the observed increase in biomass at elevated CO2 for A. retroflexus was not caused by a reduction of carbon loss at night (i.e. increased carbon conservation), but rather a direct stimulation of daytime CO2 assimilation, independent of any improvement in leaf water potential.
Comparative genetic population structure of three endangered giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacna species) throughout the Indo-West Pacific: implications for divergence, connectivity and conservation

Information on the genetic population structure of endangered giant clams is important for conservation programmes and the understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes. In this study, the genetic population structures of three codistributed and ecologically similar giant clam species (Tridacna crocea, T. maxima and T. squamosa) are compared. A fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene was sequenced as a genetic marker in three giant clam species sampled throughout the Indo-West Pacific, from the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and Red Sea (RS) to the Eastern Indian Ocean (EIO), across the centre of marine biodiversity in the Indo-Malay Archipelago (IMA) to the Western Pacific (WP) and the Society Islands in the Central Pacific (CP). All three species showed limited gene flow and a highly significant genetic population structure. The Phi(st)-values (P < 0.001) are 0.46, 0.81 and 0.68 for T. crocea, T. maxima and T. squamosa, respectively. Based on a hierarchical AMOVA they could be divided into three to six groups from West to East: (1) WIO (T. maxima and T. squamosa), (2) RS (T. maxima and T. squamosa), (3) EIO (including Java Sea in T. maxima), (4) central IMA, (5) WP and (6) CP (T. maxima). The distribution of the haplotype clades in the populations and the pairwise Fst-values between populations indicated a high level of gene flow in the central IMA for the three species. The concordant patterns suggest that geological history, sea-level changes during glacial periods of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, and oceanography are important factors shaping the genetic population structure of giant clams. The observed deep evolutionary lineages in the peripheral areas of the IMA might include cryptic species.
Gull diets reveal dietary partitioning, influences of isotopic signatures on body condition, and ecosystem changes at a remote colony

As top predators that feed on a wide range of prey items, gull diets may serve as important biological indicators of regional prey availability and changes in marine ecosystems. We studied the diets of herring gulls Larus argentatus and great black-backed gulls L. marinus on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, a remote colony which has shown high levels of contaminants in herring gull eggs and which has experienced significant ecological and anthropogenic change in its surrounding marine region over the past 40 yr. Analysis of regurgitated pellets suggested that current gull diets have proportionally less offshore prey (e.g. fish) and terns and tern eggs, and proportionally more molluscs, rock crabs Cancer borealis, and seal Halichoerus grypus car- rion than diets sampled 40 yr ago. The composition of recent diets observed from pellet analysis is supported by stable isotope mixing models of carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N), which revealed that great black-backed gulls had high proportions of seals and crab in their diets, whereas her- ring gulls had high proportions of crab, sand lance Ammodytes sp. , and terrestrial invertebrates. Isotopic analyses also identified dietary variability through seasonal, age-specific and body condi- tion relationships for each species. Biometricisotope relationships showed that larger great black-backed gulls fed at higher trophic levels, and that higher trophic level foraging in herring gulls was associated with better body condition. Collectively, these results indicate dietary parti- tioning within this community of sympatrically nesting gulls, and broad-scale dietary shifts since the early 1970s.
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Phellinus merrillii extracts

ThisstudyaimedtoinvestigatepossibleantioxidantactivityofvariousextractsofPhellinus merrillii (PM). The exploreditemsinclude:�ABTSfreeradicalscavenging assay,� determinationoftotal� phenolicscontents� (TPC), ferricreducingantioxidantpowerassay� (FRAP),� rapidscreeningofantioxidantby� dot-blotDPPH� (1,� 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)� staining,� DPPHradical-scavengingactivitiesandreducing� powermeasurement. � IntheABTSfreeradicalscavenging assay,� then-BuOHfractiondisplayedthehighest� totalantioxidantactivity�(17.13�±�0.04�mM). �Inthedeterminationoftotalphenolicscontents�(TPC)�andferric� reducingantioxidantpowerassay� (FRAP),� theEtOAcfractionhadthehighestphenolicscontents� (46.21� ±� 0.02� mM)� andreducingantioxidantpower� (19.09� ±� 0.03� mM). � Intherapidscreeningofantioxidantbydot- blotDPPHstaining,� then-BuOHfractionshowedthehigheststrongdot-blotstaining. � Inthereducingpower� measurement,� thecrudeextracthadthehighestreducingpowerat� 2� mg/mlconcentration. � IntheDPPH� radical-scavengingactivities,� theEtOAcfractionhadthehighestantioxidantactivity� (IC50� =� 0.66� ±� 0.01� mg/ ml). As regard the correlation coefficients among ABTS assay, FRAP assay, and total phenolics contents, it can be seen that correlation coefficients in each case were significant. Among all extracts, the highest amount oftotalphenolicscontentswerefoundintheEtOAcfractiont. � ItissuggestedthatthePMmightcontribute� itsantioxidantactivitiesonEtOAcandn-BuOHfraction. �Inhigh-performanceliquidchromatographytandem� mass� (LC/MS/MS)� analysisforhispolon,� thedaughterionscannedchromatogramsofPMwasestablished. � BothhispolonandPMshowedsimilardaughterionspectrumattheretentiontimeof� 4.7� minandhadmore� lobesinm/z�219�andm/z�135. �ThisindicatedthatPMdidcontaintheactiveingredienthispolon. �BoththeIC50� of DPPH radical scavenging activity for hispolon and BHT were 42.4 ± 2.9 and 81.2 ± 3.2 μM, respectively. These findings mean that hispolon was most important in antiradical activities. It was suggested that hispolon mightcontributetoitsantioxidantactivitiesinPM.
After-effects of exposure to conflicting celestial and magnetic cues at sunset in migratory Silvereyes Zosterops L. lateralis

Migratory birds can use celestial and magnetic cues to locate their migratory direction. The relative importance of the two cue systems was analyzed by testing Australian Silvereyes for their orientation behavior in a cue-conflict situation during spring at dusk. Control birds tested under the natural sky in the local geomagnetic field headed in their southerly migratory direction. The experimental birds, tested under the natural sky in a magnetic field with magnetic North turned to 2400 WSW, followed the shift in magnetic North and preferred ENE directions that corresponded to magnetic South. Subsequently, all birds were tested under the sky in the absence of magnetic information. Both groups continued in their previous direction, control birds south and experimental birds northeast, by celestial cues alone. Tested indoors with the magnetic field as the only cue, both groups headed southward. These findings indicate a dominant role of magnetic cues: in case of conflicting cues, the birds maintained their magnetic heading and recalibrated the celestial cues on the basis of the altered magnetic field. This is in contrast to recent findings with Savannah Sparrows Passerculus sandwichensis; one possible reason for these differences may be that the Savannah Sparrows were tested in their breeding area at high latitudes where celestial cues might generally be of greater importance, whereas our Silvereyes were tested at lower latitudes where the magnetic field appears to play a more important role.