Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FULLY BATCH-FABRICATED LINEAR QUADRUPOLE MASS FILTERS

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of a fully batch-fabricated linear quadrupole mass filter. The device demonstrates for the first time, a microfabricated quadrupole mass filter that doesn’t require any post-fabrication electrode assembly. Utilizing a design with non-conventional square electrodes, a 30 mm quadrupole with an effective electrode diameter of ~1.7 mm, and integrated ion optics was fabricated. At a driving frequency of 2 MHz and a maximum applied voltage of 100 V, a mass range of 250 a.m.u. was achieved in the first stability region, and a halfheight peak-width of 0.7 a.m.u. was obtained in the second stability region at mass 28. INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometers are powerful analytical tools that can identify the composition of unknown compounds, and quantify compounds that are known. Scaling-down this device will permit faster analysis times, power savings through operation at higher pressures, portability, and reduced costs [1, 2]. A popular method of miniaturization is through the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technologies because it permits batch-processing. The development of micro-scaled gas analyzers will have applications in national security, environmental safety and monitoring, satellites and space exploration, industrial processing, as well as biological research and healthcare. Mass spectrometers comprise primarily of an ionizer to create charged species, a mass filter to sort the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratios, and a detector to measure the quantity of the filtered ions. Batch-fabricated ionizers and detectors have already been developed for a micro-gas analyzer system [3, 4]. In order to produce these systems inexpensively and efficiently, the mass filter component should also be completely batch-fabricated. Linear quadrupoles are popular mass filters due to their simplicity in design and usage. Researchers have demonstrated mass filtering with MEMS-based quadrupole mass filters (QMFs) [5-7]. Reported designs utilize metallic rods or metalized glass rods as electrodes, which required manual assembly of these electrodes after the MEMS components were fabricated. This methodology places a bottleneck on the manufacturing and sets a limit on the precision that can be achieved. We propose using a non-conventional square electrode geometry that can be fully batch-fabricated, thus taking advantage of the dimensional precision associated with MEMS technology. This paper reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of the micro-square electrode quadrupole mass filter (MuSE-QMF). The operating principles of a QMF will be described, followed by an overview of the optimization process. The fabrication process flow will be presented, and the experimental results discussed.
Organization of projection neurons and local neurons of the primary auditory center in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Acoustic communication between insects serves as an excellent model system for analyzing the neuronal mechanisms underlying auditory information processing. The detailed organization of auditory neural circuits in the brain has not yet been described. To understand the central auditory pathways, we used the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model and performed a large‐scale analysis of the interneurons associated with the primary auditory center. By screening expression driver strains and performing single‐cell labeling of these strains, we identified 44 types of interneurons innervating the primary auditory center. Five types were local interneurons whereas the other 39 types were projection interneurons connecting the primary auditory center with other brain regions. The projection neurons comprised three frequency‐selective pathways and two frequency‐embracive pathways. Mapping of their connection targets revealed that five neuropils in the brain—the wedge (WED), anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PVLP), saddle (SAD), and gnathal ganglia (GNG)—were intensively connected with the primary auditory center. In addition, several other neuropils, including visual and olfactory centers in the brain, were directly connected to the primary auditory center. The distribution patterns of the spines and boutons of the identified neurons suggest that auditory information is sent mainly from the primary auditory center to the PVLP, WED, SAD, GNG, and thoracico‐abdominal ganglia. Based on these findings, we established the first comprehensive map of secondary auditory interneurons, which indicates the downstream information flow to parallel ascending pathways, multimodal pathways, and descending pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1099–1164, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of Antibody Titers to Leptospira Spp. in Minnesota White-tailed Deer

Serum samples (n = 204) from 124 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Minnesota (USA) were collected from 1984 through 1989 and tested for antibodies to six serovars of Leptospira interrogans (bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, and pomona) using a microtiter agglutination test. Eighty-eight (43%) sera were positive at ≥ 1:100 for antibodies against serovars pomona and/or bratislava; none was positive for any of the other four serovars. None of the 31 sera collected in 1984–85 was positive, whereas all 54 sera collected from 1986 through 1988 had titers of ≥ 1:100. During 1989, only 34 (29%) of 119 sera had titers of ≥ 1:100. Based on these results, we believe there to be wide variability in exposure of Minnesota deer to Leptospira interrogans.
Hindering and buffering factors for parental sleep in neonatal care. A phenomenographic study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore and describe how parents of preterm and/or sick infants in neonatal care perceive their sleep. BACKGROUND Parents experience many stressful situations when their newborn infant is preterm and/or sick. This affects bonding. By developing more family-centred care units with single-family rooms, parents are given the opportunity to stay and care for their newborn infant(s) 24 hours a day. Lack of sleep may affect new parents' ability to cope with the many challenges they face on a daily basis. DESIGN A phenomenographic study with an inductive and exploratory design. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve parents of infants in neonatal care between January-March 2012. To describe variations in perception of the phenomenon, data were analysed using phenomenography. FINDINGS Four descriptive categories were identified within the phenomenon sleep in parents of preterm and/or sick infants in neonatal care: impact of stress on sleep; how the environment affects sleep; keeping the family together improves sleep; and, how parents manage and prevent tiredness. CONCLUSION Anxiety, uncertainty and powerlessness have a negative influence on sleep. This can be decreased by continuous information, guidance and practical support. Skin-to-skin care was perceived as a stress-reducing factor that improved relaxation and sleep and should be encouraged by the nurse. The parents also mentioned the importance of being together. Having a private place where they could relax and take care of themselves and their newborn infant improved sleep. It was also desirable to involve older siblings in order to decrease feelings of loneliness, sadness and isolation. RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Improved parental sleep in neonatal care may help the families cope with the situation and facilitate problem-solving, emotional regulation and the transition to parenthood.
Running Head : Assessing Affective Commitment Assessing Affective Commitment in the Three-Component Model and the Two Factor Theory : A Comparison between the Theories of Meyer and Allen and Herzberg , Mausner and

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the empirical evidence concerning affective commitment by assessing the three-component model (Meyer & Allen, 1991) and the two factor theory (Herzberg, Mausner & Snyderman, 1959). Using survey data from 167 stores and 4112 employees from Poland and 191 stores and 6136 employees from the Czech Republic it is found that the three-component model predicts the simple and mediating effects reasonably well. Especially work experiences appear to have a large influence on affective commitment. The interaction effects from both theories were found antagonistic using this data. The model does not fit the data when all confirmed hypotheses are combined to one model. There were no higher order effects, neither from supermarket nor country. For future research a conceptual model with better defined constructs and sub constructs, that are more compatible with the hygiene and comfort factors, would be fruitful.
The predictive brain: anticipatory control of head direction for the steering of locomotion

THE control of head direction in humans walking along planned circular trajectories was investigated in this study. Five healthy volunteers were asked to walk at a constant speed along circular trajectories in the light and while blindfolded. Head and walking directions were analysed on a real-time basis. Head direction systematically anticipated changes in the direction of locomotion (by about 200ms). The anticipation interval depended on the curvature of the circle. In the light, head orientation was deviated with respect to the walking direction, toward the inner concavity of the performed trajectory. The results suggest that head direction is controlled on a step-by-step basis in a predictive fashion. A ‘go where you look’ strategy seems to underlie steering along circular trajectories.
Comparison of detectors for multiple-access interference mitigation in TH-IR UWB

Multiple access interference (MAI) in time-hopping impulse-radio ultra-wideband (TH IR-UWB) systems has been shown to have a non-Gaussian distribution. Hence the conventional linear matched filter receiver is no longer the optimal solution, and a number of non-linear detectors that are ldquorobustrdquo to non-Gaussian impairments have been proposed in the recent past. Most of these detectors depend on one or more parameters and are thus parametric detectors. In this paper, we compare the performance of those detectors and investigate the dependency of the performance on proper parameter adjustment.
Efficient resource allocation in cloud data centers through genetic algorithm

Efficient resource scheduling and managing available resources is a great concern in modern data centers. Cloud computing which is based on virtualization automates the process of distributing available resources among virtual machines. This paper proposes an enhanced version of resource allocation algorithm based on genetic algorithm. In other words, the decision accuracy in the process of virtual machine allocation to proper physical machines is enhanced. Usually, CPU and RAM of physical machines are considered in decision algorithms. However, this paper shows that to have a balanced cloud, it is necessary to consider more parameters in resource allocation algorithm. Moreover, the importance of considering weights for the parameters in decision algorithm is presented. It is shown that some parameters are more important than the others and should have higher impact in fitness function of genetic algorithm.
Distributed prototyping from validated specifications

We present p12cxx, a translator that automatically generates efficient, fully distributed C++ code from high-level system designs specified in the mathematically rigorous VPL design language. The Concurrency Workbench of the New Century (CWB-NC) verification tool includes a front end for VPL, and this means designers may use the full range of automatic verification and simulation checks provided by the tool before invoking the translator, thereby generating distributed prototypes from validated specifications. Besides being fully distributed, and code generated by vp12cxx is highly readable and portable to a host of execution environments and real-time operating systems (RTOSes). This is achieved by encapsulating all generated code dealing with low-level interprocess communication issues in a library or synchronous communication, which in turn is built upon the ACE client-server network programming interface. Finally, benchmarks show that the performance of the generated code is more than acceptable for a distributed prototype. We discuss one such example in the RETHER real-time ethernet protocol for voice and video applications.
Change Detection Using Neural Network with Improvement Factor in Satellite Images

Problem statement: The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of using the neural network techniques in change detection of remotely sensed data. Approach: In addition, the tuning parameters of the network, such as encoding the output classes, adding the momentum term and learning rate, are investigated in order to achieve best network performance. Results: Neural network-based change detection system in this study is implemented using back propagation-training algorithm. This trained network is designed to be able to detect efficiently any variation between two images and provide adequate information about the type of changes. In an effort to meet these requirements, neural network scheme with improvement factor, leaning rate and momentum term is proposed to monitor environmental changes in Toshka area, Egypt. Two sets of satellite images with different dates are used, the first set contains of two sample satellite images, the second set of images acquired on 1984, 2000 and 2003. Conclusion/Recommendations: Comparing the output of the proposed model with the mostly used change detection techniques; ratio and classification, results show a great potential as the proposed scheme was able to identify not only the changed and non-changed area but also it was capable to identify the nature of these changes.
A New Method for Clustering Wireless Sensor Networks to Improve the Energy Consumption

Clustering is an effective approach for managing nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). A new method of clustering mechanism with using Binary Gravitational Search Algorithm (BGSA) in WSN, is proposed in this paper to improve the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. Reducing the energy consumption of sensors in WSNs is the objective of this paper that is through selecting the sub optimum sensors as Cluster Heads (CHs) to eliminate the number of transmissions and subsequently to attain more network lifetime. Clustering mechanism consist of two phases: CH selection and cluster formation. One of the major problems affecting energy consumption in WSN is cluster head selection. The proposed method is used for selecting suboptimum cluster head nodes. However, selecting CHs is not an easy subject. In this paper this issue will be discussed based on the residual energy or distance from Base Station (BS) or both of them with considering BS coordinate by BGSA algorithm. Simulation results show that if the BS is not very far from the network area, considering distance and residual energy for selecting CHs by proposed method can be efficient for reducing energy consumption and prolonging lifetime.
Analysis of MMF and back-EMF waveforms for fractional-slot concentrated-wound permanent magnet machines

An analytical modelling technique to calculate the generated magneto-motive force (MMF) and back-EMF of fractional slot concentrated wound (FSCW) permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is reported. The generated MMF of a FSCW stator is analyzed and modelled using a Fourier series technique. General expressions of the harmonic winding factors for FCSW stators with different slot-pole combinations are then obtained. A general expression for the generated back-EMF of FSCW PMSMs is then derived. The obtained analytical results are validated through finite-element analysis (FEA) and experimental tests on a prototype FSCW PMSM. A comparison between the generated voltages of various FSCW stator topologies is also performed.
The effects of Cognitive and Emotional Trust on Mobile Payment Adoption: a Trust Transfer Perspective

Building consumers’ trust and facilitating their usage intentions are crucial for mobile payment (MP) service providers. Drawing upon the two primary bodies of literature, the trust transfer theory and trust-based acceptance model, this study employs a trust-centric lens with a balanced cognitive and emotional perspective to investigate MP adoption. The model considers not only how cognitive and emotional trust affect consumers’ usage intention of MP, but also how to build cognitive and emotional trust through the trust transfer mechanism. We conduct a field survey with 273 responses to test the model. The results indicate that emotional trust in MP has a much stronger effect on consumers’ intention to use, while cognitive trust in MP has both direct and indirect effects on intention to use. Our findings also suggest that cognitive and emotional trust can transfer from web payment to MP. In addition, perceived entitativity between the web and mobile payment increases cognitive and emotional trust in MP. Limitations, implications for theory and practice will be discussed
The Medial Approach for Calcaneal Fractures

A practical classification of calcaneus fractures based on standard heel roentgenograms and Brodén's views is presented. Diagnosis is made from these roentgenograms, even though many believe that more sophisticated studies are needed. In fact, only the Brodén's and lateral views are needed for diagnosis. What one needs to know is the type of fracture present, whether it is a tongue or joint depression-type fracture, and the width of the fragment. The necessary information is easily determined from these roentgenograms. Once these facts are known, a plan of approach can be made. The medial approach is an indirect method of reduction as one might use for the tibia or femur fracture. Experience has shown that the longitudinal threaded pin is an excellent method of stabilization. It is quick and effective. It has eliminated the need for exposure of the neurovascular bundle. Minimal metal is implanted, and a smaller incision is used. Most common calcaneal fractures can be reduced well from the medial side. A few may need lateral reduction also, but this is simplified if the nonarticular components of the fracture are reduced first by the medial approach technique. The results of the medial approach technique have been much better in the last 12 years. This is attributed to the classification, the knowledgeable interpretation of the roentgenograms, and use of the threaded longitudinal pin for fixation.
Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Freshwater on Artificial Radioactivity Content

An intensive study was designed to determine the activity of different radionuclides in water, including strontium‐90 (90Sr), cesium‐134 (134Cs), cesium‐137 (137Cs), plutonium‐239 −240 (239+240Pu), and tritium (3H). Activity levels detected were between 0.6 and 21.3 mBq/L for 90Sr; less than 0.5, 1.4, and 327 Bq/L for 134Cs, 137Cs, and 3H, respectively; and between 0.14 and 21 μBq/L for 239+240Pu. Other nonradioactive parameters were measured including pH; dry residue; conductivity; calcium concentration, [Ca++]; magnesium concentration, [Mg++]; potassium concentration, [K+]; iron(II) and (III) concentration, [Fe2+,3+]; and ammonium concentration [NH4+]. Only the aquifer corresponding to the refrigeration reservoir of the nuclear power plant of Almaraz (Extremadura, Spain) showed greater‐than‐average concentrations of 3H and 239+240Pu compared with those found in the remaining aquifers. The greater presence of dissolved Fe in the waters analyzed clearly indicated greater activity associated with 90Sr, 137Cs, and 239+240Pu in dissolution. In addition, the water samples that were highly mineralized aided the dissolution of 90Sr and (to a lesser extent) 137Cs and made dissolution of 239+240Pu more difficult.
Automatic Generation of an Interactive, Real time, Web-based Maps from Sensor-based Geographic Databases

In recent years, we have seen a growing number of location-based sensors used to measure increasingly diverse phenomena. Therefore, we consider the increasing need to efficiently manage the huge amount of data collected from located wireless sensor networks (WSN). In some phenomena, it is fundamental to generate maps in real time. Data can be grouped into web-cartography for diverse purposes; so finally, we develop a web-based mapping on demand. In this paper, in addition to cartographic functionalities mentioned above, we are facing another challenge. Indeed, we encounter the problem of avoiding on-the-fly overlays of multiple visual layers in order to get a result that is easy to interpret due to visual interference between graphic elements. The present paper describes an approach to the cartographic visualization of geo-data regularly acquired by WSN and exhibits a prototype portal based on an open source platform for integrated visualization as visual realtime animated summaries An application in meteorology is
Intraperitoneal Amino Acids in Children Receiving Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis

p atients managed by chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) are at risk for protein energy malnutri tion. This is felt to be secondary to poor intake, or loss of nutrients in the dialysate. Glucose, the commonly used osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis, leads to glucose absorption, which in turn can cause metabolic disturbances. Thus, there is a need for an alternative osmotic agent. Amino acids, because their molecular weight is similar to glucose and because of the concern of malnutrition in CPD patients, would seem to be a reasonable substitute for glucose. Early experience at our center with amino acid dialysis was to prevent peritoneal amino acid loss in a child on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD) who developed hypoalbuminemia and edema. Because of this successful therapeutic venture, we went on to study amino acid dialysis in children managed by CAPD or continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). Pioneer studies on amino acid dialy sis by Oreopoulos et al., first on rabbits and then on humans, were met with variable success (1). Initially, they showed that amino acids could function as an osmotic agent, safely replacing glucose (1), and Dombros et al. showed that the changes in plasma amino acids were acceptable (2). Then amino acid dialysis was given to adult CAPD patients over a four-week period, followed by a study on 3 patients treated over five to six months with variable success (3,4). Dombros et al. then carefully studied 5 CAPD patients who received six months of amino acid dialysis, and unfortunately were unable to show improvement in nutritional status (5). They speculated that the composition of the amino acid used in the dialysis fluid may be inappropriate. Other researchers using an amino acid solution designed for renal failure patients have reported
Dual-Band Reflection-Type Circular Polarizers Based on Anisotropic Impedance Surfaces

A new method for constructing dual-band linear to circular polarization (CP) converter is introduced based on anisotropic impedance surfaces. An air gap is used between the substrate and ground plane to control the operating frequency of the surface without changing the substrate thickness. Required susceptance of the surface to produce CP is calculated using the equivalent transmission line model. The surface consists of small-size patches inside slotted large patches to construct a circular polarizer with two frequency bands: 1.9-2.3 GHz and 7.9-8.3 GHz. Sizes of the patches are obtained using analytical formulas. In addition, it is indicated that the permitted beamwidth of the incident wave can be increased by reducing the propagation angle θ. The circular polarizer with reduced θ has 52% and 9.8% bandwidths for less than 3 dB axial ratio with θmax = 39° and θmin = 25°. Finally, comparison between LHCP and RHCP radiation patterns of an antenna with the proposed circular polarizer indicates more than 10 dB difference throughout the main lobe.