Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Skin carcinogenesis following uniform and nonuniform beta irradiation.

In practical situations where workers or the general public may be exposed to ionizing radiation, the resulting irradiation is rarely uniform. The risk figures and dose limits recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) are based largely on clinical and epidemiological studies of reasonably uniform irradiated organs. The paucity of clinical or experimental data for highly nonuniform exposures has prevented the ICRP from providing adequate recommendations applicable to this practical situation. This weakness has led on a number of occasions to the postulate that highly nonuniform exposures of organs, such as the lung or the skin, could be 100,000 times more carcinogenic than ICRP risk figures would predict. This so-called "hot-particle hypothesis" found little support among reputable radiobiologists, but could not be clearly and definitively refuted on the basis of experiment. An experiment design, based on skin tumour induction in mouse skin, is described which was developed to test the "hot-particle hypothesis. " In collaboration with the Radiobiology Department of St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, the skin of 1200 SAS/4 male mice has been exposed to a range of uniform and nonuniform sources of the beta emitter 170Th (Emax 1 MeV). Nonuniform exposures were produced using arrays of 32 or 8 2-mm-diameter sources distributed over the same 8-cm2 area as a uniform control source. Average skin doses varied from 2-100 Gy. The results for the nonuniform sources show a 30% reduction in tumour incidence by the 32-point array at the lower mean doses compared with the response from uniform sources. The eight-point array showed an order-of-magnitude reduction in tumour incidence compared to uniform irradiation at low doses. These results, in direct contradiction to the "hot-particle hypothesis," indicate that nonuniform exposures produce significantly fewer tumours than uniform exposures.
Growth, behavior, and clinical findings in 27 patients with Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome

This study was undertaken to document the phenotype of Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome in patients from Australia and New Zealand, with particular emphasis on growth patterns, behavior, and relationship between head circumference and intellectual level. Data on 27 children and adults with Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome from Australia and New Zealand were collected by questionnaire and clinical assessment. The patients ranged in age from 7 months to 36 years with a mean age of 7 years and 2 months. The mean age at diagnosis was 3⅚ years, but in most cases, the facial phenotype was evident from infancy. The minimum birth prevalence was calculated at 1 in 86,000. Three of our patients died. Parents reported a behavior phenotype characterized by an excellent long‐term memory and avoidance of eye contact. No correlation was found between head circumference and severity of intellectual disability. Eight of 14 patients over the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. Six of these eight patients had failure to thrive in infancy. One patient developed insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in adolescence. Some individuals with Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome show a characteristic growth profile with failure to thrive in infancy progressing to obesity or overweight in middle childhood or adolescence. A behavior phenotype was noted which requires further investigation. Head size is not a predictor of degree of intellectual disability. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Earliest Normal Form and Minimization for Bottom-up Tree Transducers

We show that for every deterministic bottom-up tree transducer, a unique equivalent transducer can be constructed which is minimal. The construction is based on a sequence of normalizing transformations which, among others, guarantee that non-trivial output is produced as early as possible. For a deterministic bottom-up transducer where every state produces either none or infinitely many outputs, the minimal transducer can be constructed in polynomial time.
The Effect of Misogynistic Humor on Millenials ’ Perception of Women

Humor is often a controversial genre of entertainment. It is not critically examined due to its intentionally offensive nature. This study examines the impact of sexist humor on millenials’ perception of women. Students (n = 1,096) from a four-year university were divided into two groups and both participated in a survey examining attitudes toward women and media-viewing habits. One group was exposed to clips of sexist humor from television shows and the other was not. A series of analyses of variance (ANOVA) conducted on the two groups did not find significant differences between those who had viewed sexist clips and those who did not, implying sexism in media may have a smaller impact on college-aged individuals than previous research indicates. However, linear regressions found media viewing habits and preferences were significant predictors for five out of eight factors of sexism: dependency/deference, purity, caretaking, benevolent sexism, and hostile sexism. The factors not found to be significant were modern sexism, stereotypical images/activities, and emotionality. Overall, the results indicate no difference between the control and experimental groups regarding immediate exposure to sexist humor, but cumulative exposure was correlated with higher levels of sexism. These findings support the need for more critical analysis of sexist humor, particularly with the millennial demographic.
A new colour assay for [URE3] prion in a genetic background used to score for the [PSI+] prion

Most scoring assays for yeast prions are dependent on specific genetic markers and constructs that differ for each prion. Here we describe a simple colour assay for the [URE3] prion that works in the 74D‐964 strain frequently used to score the [PSI+] prion. Although this assay can only be used to score for [URE3] in the [psi−] version of the strain, it makes it easier to examine the effects of host mutations or environmental changes on [URE3] or [PSI+] using a colour assay in the identical genetic background. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Function of Yeast Rad52 Protein as a Mediator between Replication Protein A and the Rad51 Recombinase*

The RAD51 and RAD52 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are key members of theRAD52 epistasis group required for genetic recombination and the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks. The RAD51encoded product mediates the DNA strand exchange reaction. Efficient strand exchange is contingent upon the addition of the heterotrimeric single-stranded DNA binding factor replication protein A (RPA) after Rad51 has nucleated onto the single-stranded DNA. However, if the single-stranded DNA is incubated with Rad51 and RPA simultaneously to mimic what may be expected to occur in vivo, the efficiency of strand exchange decreases dramatically, revealing an inhibitory effect of RPA that is distinct from its stimulatory function. Interestingly, the inclusion of Rad52 protein, which has been purified in this study from yeast cells, restores the efficiency of strand exchange. Thus, Rad52 functions as a co-factor for the Rad51 recombinase, acting specifically to overcome the apparent competition by RPA for binding to single-stranded DNA.
CXCR3 Antagonist NBI-74330 Attenuates Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation in LDL Receptor–Deficient Mice

Objective—The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is implicated in migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Antagonizing CXCR3 may be a strategy to inhibit inflammation-induced leukocyte migration and subsequently reduce atherosclerosis. We used the CXCR3 specific antagonist NBI-74330 to block CXCR3-mediated signaling in peritonitis and diet-induced atherosclerosis. Methods and Results—Antagonizing CXCR3 with NBI-74330 resulted in a significant reduction in CD4+ T cell and macrophage migration to the peritoneal cavity, which was as shown in ex vivo migration studies totally CXCR3 dependent. Atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic valve leaflet area and the entire aorta was significantly inhibited in NBI-74330 treated mice. Lymph nodes draining from the aortic arch were significantly smaller in treated mice and were enriched in regulatory T cells and contained fewer activated T cells, whereas the markers for regulatory T cells within the lesion were enhanced after NBI-74330 treatment. Conclusion—This study shows for the first time that treatment with a CXCR3 antagonist results in attenuating atherosclerotic lesion formation by blocking direct migration of CXCR3+ effector cells from the circulation into the atherosclerotic plaque and by beneficially modulating the inflammatory response in the lesion and the lymph nodes draining from the atherosclerotic lesion.
The Arabidopsis central vacuole as an expression system for intracellular transporters: functional characterization of the Cl−/H+ exchanger CLC‐7

• Ion transport proteins in intracellular membranes of eukaryotic cells play key roles in many physiological and pathological processes. • The function of many of these transporters is poorly understood, because their intracellular localization makes them difficult to study. • Here, we used the large organelle of plant cells, the central vacuole, as a novel system to study an intracellular transporter from animal cells. • Our data showed that the lysosomal chloride transporter CLC‐7 from rat constitutes a functional transport protein in the central vacuole of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). • This novel approach has the potential to elucidate the transport properties of further, poorly studied intracellular ion channels and transporters.
Estimation of Aero-Optical Wavefronts Using Optical and Non- Optical Measurements

6Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 In this paper we present two algorithms for estimating the aero-optical aberration of a transonic flow around a 2-D turret based on Malley probe signals or pressure signals from few selected points. These two algorithms use Artificial Neural Networks and Linear Stochastic Estimation of varying model orders to estimate Proper Orthogonal Decomposition modal coefficients. These estimated coefficients are then used to reconstruct an estimated wavefront. This estimated wavefront is subtracted from the true wavefront to obtain a simulated reduction in the overall level of optical aberration. Reductions of up to 48% are achieved for both models. A robustness analysis is also performed, in which it is found that the algorithm is not sufficiently robust to changing flow conditions. Solutions are proposed for further investigation.
RESPONDING TO THE CUES OF SUFFERING

Enduring and suffering are fundamental and normal responses to catastrophic loss, yet strangely these two basic states have not been extensively explored using qualitative methods. Both states occur commonly as a human response to illness, injury, and bereavement, and it is the role of professional caregivers to respond to people who are in distress. In this article, I distinguish between states of enduring and suffering, discuss the distinctly different and appropriate comforting strategies to be used with each, and conclude by presenting questions for future research.
Trace-based just-in-time compilation for lazy functional programming languages

This thesis investigates the viability of trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation for optimising programs written in the lazy functional programming language Haskell. A trace-based JIT compiler optimises only execution paths through the program, which is in contrast to method-based compilers that optimise complete functions at a time. The potential advantages of this approach are shorter compilation times and more natural interprocedural optimisation. Trace-based JIT compilers have previously been used successfully to optimise programs written in dynamically typed languages such as JavaScript, Python, or Lua, but also statically typed languages like Java or the Common Language Runtime (CLR). Lazy evaluation poses implementation challenges similar to those of dynamic languages, so trace-based JIT compilation promises to be a viable approach. In this thesis we focus on program performance, but having a JIT compiler available can simplify the implementation of features like runtime inspection and mobile code. We implemented Lambdachine, a trace-based JIT compiler which implements most of the pure subset of Haskell. We evaluate Lambdachine’s performance using a set of micro-benchmarks and a set of larger benchmarks from the “spectral” category of the Nofib benchmark suite. Lambdachine’s performance (excluding garbage collection overheads) is generally about 10 to 20 percent slower than GHC on statically optimised code. We identify the two main causes for this slow-down: trace selection and impeded heap allocation optimisations due to unnecessary thunk updates.
5‐diphenylacetamido‐indirubin‐3′‐oxime as a novel mitochondria‐targeting agent with anti‐leukemic activities

Current treatment for leukemia largely depends on chemotherapy. Despite the progress in treatment efficacy of chemotherapy, a poor outcome consequent upon chemoresistance against conventional anti‐cancer drugs still remains to be solved. In this study, we report 5‐diphenylacetamido‐indirubin‐3′‐oxime (LDD398) as a novel mitochondria‐targeting anti‐leukemic agent, which is a derivative of indirubin used in traditional medicine. Treatment with LDD398 resulted in caspase activation, cell death, and growth arrest at G2/M phases in leukemia cells. Interestingly, LDD398 quickly collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) within 1 h, accompanied by cytochrome c release into cytosol and severe depletion of cellular ATP. However, the LDD398‐induced cellular events was significantly mitigated by blockage of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening with chemical and genetic modifications, strongly supporting that LDD398 executes its anti‐leukemic activity via an inappropriate opening of MPTP and a consequent depletion of ATP. The most meaningful finding was the prominent effectiveness of LDD398 on primary leukemia cells and also on malignant leukemia cells resistant to anticancer drugs. Our results demonstrate that, among a series of indirubin derivatives, LDD398 induces leukemia cell death via a different mode from indirubin or conventional chemotherapeutics, and can be employed as a potent anti‐cancer agent in the treatment for newly diagnosed and relapsed leukemia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aromatizing Cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-Coenzyme A Oxidase

Benzoyl-CoA reductases (BCRs) are key enzymes of anaerobic aromatic metabolism in facultatively anaerobic bacteria. The highly oxygen-sensitive enzymes catalyze the ATP-dependent reductive dearomatization of the substrate, yielding cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-CoA (1,5-dienoyl-CoA). In extracts from anaerobically grown denitrifying Thauera aromatica, we detected a benzoate-induced, benzoyl-CoA-forming, 1,5-dienoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase activity. This activity co-purified with BCR but could be partially separated from it by hydroxyapatite chromatography. After activity staining on native gels, a monomeric protein with a subunit molecular weight of Mr 76,000 was identified. Mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic digests identified peptides from NADH oxidases/2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductases/“old yellow” enzymes. The UV-visible spectrum of the enriched enzyme suggested the presence of flavin and Fe/S-cofactors, and it was bleached upon the addition of 1,5-dienoyl-CoA. The enzyme had a high affinity for dioxygen as electron acceptor (Km = 10 μm) and therefore is referred to as 1,5-dienoyl-CoA oxidase (DCO). The likely product formed from dioxygen reduction was H2O. DCO was highly specific for 1,5-dienoyl-CoA (Km = 27 μm). The initial rate of DCO followed a Nernst curve with half-maximal activity at +10 mV. We propose that DCO provides protection for the extremely oxygen-sensitive BCR enzyme when the bacterium degrades aromatic compounds at the edge of steep oxygen gradients. The redox-dependent switch in DCO guarantees that DCO is only active during oxidative stress and circumvents futile dearomatization/rearomatization reactions catalyzed by BCR and DCO.
The onset and alleviation of learned helplessness in older hospitalized people

The objective of this study was to investigate the relevance of learned helplessness (LH) and learned mastery (LM) theories in the respective development of dependence and independence in older hospitalized people. A two-staged experiment was performed. In stage I, meal-related responses of patient participants ( n = 84) were automatically completed by a researcher during two consecutive mealtime events (LH induction). LH effects were then assessed by evaluating participant performance during a controllable meal-task and a non-meal-related psychomotor task. In stage II, "helpless" participants ( n = 35) were then given an expectation of future control over the mealtime event followed by two further meals during which the researcher provided no active assistance (LM induction). LM effects were assessed as in stage I. Participants exposed to the LH inducing strategy demonstrated LH effects within both the meal and psychomotor tasks. These effects were alleviated through exposing participants to the LM inducing intervention. Exposing older hospitalized people to uncontrollable or disempowering circumstances may potentially lead them to develop a LH induced dependence. This may be alleviated by increasing patient's expectation of control leading to the development of LM.
Technische Universität Graz Space–time finite element methods for parabolic problems

We propose and analyze a space–time finite element method for the numerical solution of parabolic evolution equations. This approach allows the use of general and unstructured space–time finite elements which do not require any tensor product structure. The stability of the numerical scheme is based on a stability condition which holds for standard finite element spaces. We also provide related a priori error estimates which are confirmed by numerical experiments.
Mass spectrometry for real-time quantitative breath analysis

Breath analysis research is being successfully pursued using a variety of analytical methods, prominent amongst which are gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, GC-MS, ion mobility spectrometry, IMS, and the fast flow and flow-drift tube techniques called selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, PTR-MS. In this paper the case is made for real-time breath analysis by obviating sample collection into bags or onto traps that can suffer from partial degradation of breath metabolites or the introduction of impurities. Real-time analysis of a broad range of volatile chemical compounds can be best achieved using SIFT-MS and PTR-MS, which are sufficiently sensitive and rapid to allow the simultaneous analyses of several trace gas metabolites in single breath exhalations. The basic principles and the ion chemistry that underpin these two analytical techniques are briefly described and the differences between them, including their respective strengths and weaknesses, are revealed, especially with reference to the analysis of the complex matrix that is exhaled breath. A recent innovation is described that combines time-of-flight mass spectrometry with the proton transfer flow-drift tube reactor, PTR-TOFMS, which provides greater resolution in the analytical mass spectrometer and allows separation of protonated isobaric molecules. Examples are presented of some recent data that well illustrate the quality and real-time feature of SIFT-MS and PTR-MS for the analysis of exhaled breath for physiological/biochemical/pharmacokinetics studies and for the identification and quantification of biomarkers relating to specific disease states.
Protective Immunity against Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in T Cell-Depleted Mice

ABSTRACT Individuals with defects in T cell-mediated immunity (CMI) are highly susceptible to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. The purpose of these studies was to determine if protection against experimental pulmonary cryptococcosis can be generated in T cell-deficient hosts. BALB/c mice were depleted of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells or given an isotype control antibody prior to vaccination with a C. neoformans strain, designated H99γ, previously shown to induce protection against C. neoformans infection in immunocompetent mice. Mice depleted of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, but not both subsets, survived an acute pulmonary infection with C. neoformans strain H99γ and a subsequent second challenge with wild-type C. neoformans strain H99. We observed a significant increase in the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing the activation marker CD69 in the lungs of mice immunized with C. neoformans strain H99γ prior to a secondary challenge with wild-type cryptococci. CD4+ T cells within the lungs of immunized mice also appeared to acquire a predominantly activated effector memory cell phenotype (CD69+ CD44+ CCR7− CD45RB− CD62L−) following a second pulmonary challenge with wild-type C. neoformans, compared to CD4+ T cells from naïve mice. Lastly, immunization of immunocompetent mice with C. neoformans strain H99γ prior to depletion of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells resulted in significant protection against a second challenge with wild-type C. neoformans. Our studies demonstrate that protective immunity against pulmonary cryptococcosis can be generated in immunosuppressed hosts, thus supporting the development of cryptococcal vaccines.
Cooperative communication strategies for sensor networks

This paper focuses on a relay-based sensor network where there is no direct link between the sensing elements and the destination, with a cluster-head acting as the relaying element. The destination in this scenario may be another cluster-head or the ultimate receiving-station. Our goal is to enable cooperative communication in such a scenario, allowing the nodes in the cluster-head to work cooperatively amongst them. We find this enablement problem to be a minmax optimization problem whose solution is at the intersection of two capacity regions
Immunohistochemical Detection of O 6-Ethyldeoxyguanosine in the Rat Brain after In Vivo Applications of A /-Ethyl-A /-nitrosourea 1 Christa Heyting , 2

An Â¡mmunohistochemical procedure was developed which al lows the localization of the DMA lesion 06-ethyldeoxyguanosine (O6-EtdGuo) within tissues and organs. The method permits the detection of 24,000 residues of O6-EtdGuo per diploid nucleus. We have used this procedure to localize A/-ethyl-A/-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced 06-EtdGuo in the rat brain. Shortly after a single injection of ENU, we observed O6-EtdGuo in most or all of the rat brain nuclei. After repeated injections of small doses of ENU, with intervals of 1 or 2 weeks between the injections and between the last injection and sacrifice, we could demonstrate O6-EtdGuo only in part of the rat brain nuclei. Oligodendrocytes, granular neurons and endothelial cells, and part of the pyramidal neurons and astrocytes had accumulated O6-EtdGuo, while in all other cells this lesion was not detectable after repeated injections of small doses of END. We found no obvious correla tion between the putative sensitivity of rat brain cells to tumor induction and the accumulation of O6-EtdGuo in their DNA.