Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Combined Attack-Tree and Kill-Chain Approach to Designing Attack-Detection Strategies for Malicious Insiders in Cloud Computing

Attacks on cloud-computing services are becoming more prevalent with recent victims including Tesla, Aviva Insurance and SIM-card manufacturer Gemalto[1]. The risk posed to organisations from malicious insiders is becoming more widely known about and consequently many are now investing in hardware, software and new processes to try to detect these attacks. As for all types of attack vector, there will always be those which are not known about and those which are known about but remain exceptionally difficult to detect - particularly in a timely manner. We believe that insider attacks are of particular concern in a cloud-computing environment, and that cloud-service providers should enhance their ability to detect them by means of indirect detection. We propose a combined attack-tree and kill-chain based method for identifying multiple indirect detection measures. Specifically, the use of attack trees enables us to encapsulate all detection opportunities for insider attacks in cloud-service environments. Overlaying the attack tree on top of a kill chain in turn facilitates indirect detection opportunities higher-up the tree as well as allowing the provider to determine how far an attack has progressed once suspicious activity is detected. We demonstrate the method through consideration of a specific type of insider attack - that of attempting to capture virtual machines in transit within a cloud cluster via use of a network tap, however, the process discussed here applies equally to all cloud paradigms.
The influence of informal institutions on informal sector entrepreneurship: a study of Nigeria's hand-woven textile industry

This paper draws on the institutional theory framework to explore the prevalence of entrepreneurship in the informal economy in Nigeria. An interpretive approach was taken in analyzing open-ended interview data collected from 26 entrepreneurs in the hand-woven textile industry in the southwestern region of Nigeria. Our findings show that beyond regulatory burden or survivalist economic necessity, the enterprise culture in the Nigerian informal economy is determined by value-driven criteria of sociocultural and normative environment that constitute part of the cognitive process of entrepreneurial emergence in a typical institutional context.
Comparison of Methods for Dependency Determination between Human Failure Events within Human Reliability Analysis

The human reliability analysis (HRA) is a highly subjective evaluation of human performance, which is an input for probabilistic safety assessment, which deals with many parameters of high uncertainty. The objective of this paper is to show that subjectivism can have a large impact on human reliability results and consequently on probabilistic safety assessment results and applications. The objective is to identify the key features, which may decrease subjectivity of human reliability analysis. Human reliability methods are compared with focus on dependency comparison between Institute Jožef Stefan human reliability analysis (IJS-HRA) and standardized plant analysis risk human reliability analysis (SPAR-H). Results show large differences in the calculated human error probabilities for the same events within the same probabilistic safety assessment, which are the consequence of subjectivity. The subjectivity can be reduced by development of more detailed guidelines for human reliability analysis with many practical examples for all steps of the process of evaluation of human performance.
Validation of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Treatment Response Criteria After Thermal Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors can be successfully eradicated with thermal ablation (TA). We assessed the validity of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Treatment Response (LR‐TR) criteria with a retrospective analysis of a single‐center database of patients with small HCC tumors (<3 cm in diameter) who underwent both laparoscopic TA and liver transplantation (LT) from 2004 to 2018. Postablation MRIs were assigned LR‐TR categories (nonviable, equivocal, and viable) for ablated lesions and Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) categories (probable or definite HCC) for untreated lesions. Interpretations were compared with the histopathology of the post‐LT explanted liver. There were 45 patients with 81 tumors (59 ablated and 22 untreated; mean size, 2.2 cm), and 23 (39%) of the ablated tumors had viable HCC on histopathology. The sensitivity/specificity of LR‐TR categories (nonviable/equivocal versus viable) of ablated tumors was 30%/99%, with a positive predictive value (PPV)/negative predictive value (NPV) of 93%/69%. The sensitivity varied with residual tumor size. The sensitivity/specificity of LI‐RADS 4 and 5 diagnostic criteria at detecting new HCC was 65%/94%, respectively, with a PPV/NPV of 85%/84%. The interrater reliability (IRR) was high for LR‐TR categories (90% agreement, Cohen’s ĸ = 0.75) and for LI‐RADS LR‐4 and LR‐5 diagnostic categories (91% agreement, Cohen’s ĸ = 0.80). In patients with HCC <3 cm in diameter, LR‐TR criteria after TA had high IRR but low sensitivity, suggesting that the LR‐TR categories are precise but inaccurate. The low sensitivity may be secondary to TA’s disruption in the local blood flow of the tissue, which could affect the arterial enhancement phase on MRI. Additional investigation and new technologies may be necessary to improve imaging after ablation.
Large Display Light Field Estimation in a Wide Area

3D reconstruction of a user in an immersive environment presents a set of challenges. In addition to the challenges of working in a low-light environment with dinamically changing illumination, the complexity of modeling a wide area in front of a display with uneven radiant intensity in different directions prevents previous methods from being applicable. We present a general method to model the light environment in front of a large display with the purpose of using it for 3D reconstruction with a single color camera by means of photometric stereo. We indirectly measure the light environment by capturing the appearance of a known object in front of the display with the same camera that will be used for reconstruction. The lighting environment is then modeled using a set of point light sources. Their positions and radiant intensities are fitted to the measurements, as is their directionality function, which accounts for existing screen gain. Our experiments verify our supposition that point light sources that account for screen gain provide a better modeling. Fig. 1 Modeling light field in wide area in front of a large display with controlled content.
Couplings in the Deep Infrared Limit from M-Theory Does One Numerical Formula Deserve the Benefit of the Doubt?

In this note, we preliminarily discuss the possibility that the expression \alpha_{em}^{-1}=4\pi^{3}+\pi^{2}+\pi has a physical interpretation and can even be helpful in model building. If one interprets this expression in terms of the volumes of l_{p} - sized three-cycles on G_{2} holonomy manifolds and requires that it also comprises effects of the running of the coupling, one can obtain the desired value, but only in a setup which is clearly different from the standard model of particle physics (SM). An understanding of the nature of the link between such putative model and SM is needed. Studying this issue could possibly shed some light on existing problems in model building within string theory (ST), particularly the hierarchy problem. Numerological “success”, which can be achieved if one interprets the formula in terms of volumes of three-cycles on the compactification manifold, as we intend to do here, cannot change the fact that discussion in this note represents merely a heuristic estimate of the feasibility of further research in a certain direction.
Inadequate conflict of interest policies at most French teaching hospitals: A survey and website analysis

Background There are 32 teaching hospitals in France, including 30 University hospitals and two Regional teaching hospitals. Teaching hospitals have three roles: health care provision, training of healthcare professionals, and medical research. These roles lead to frequent interactions with pharmaceutical and medical device companies, inevitably raising risks of conflicts of interests. Therefore, policies to manage conflict of interests (COI) are crucial. This study aims to examine COI policies in French teaching hospitals. Methods All French teaching hospitals (n = 32) were included in this study. All hospitals websites were screened for institutional COI policies and curriculum on COI, using standardized keyword searches. More data were collected through a questionnaire addressed to each chief executive officer (CEO) of the teaching hospital. We used predefined criteria (n = 20) inspired by similar surveys on COI policies in French, US and Canadian medical schools, with some additions to reflect the local hospital context. A global score for each hospital, ranging from 0 to 60 (higher scores denoting stronger policies) was calculated by summing points obtained for each criterion. Results All 32 hospitals had websites; 21 hospitals listed policies or regulations on their websites or provided them on request. In December 2017, 17 (53.1%) had rules and regulations for some items only, four of which (12.5%) have considered implementing a policy, and only two (6.3%) have begun implementation. 15 (46.9%) had no evidence of COI policies and a null score. The maximum score was 24 out of 60. Conclusion This is the first systematic assessment of COI policies in teaching hospitals in France. Such policies are needed to protect patients, clinicians and students from undue commercial influence. Despite public and political pressure for better management of COI, few teaching hospitals have implemented comprehensive and protective policies, and some hospitals lacked policies altogether. These results highlight the need for greater attention to management of COI within teaching hospitals. One potential solution would be to integrate COI policies into hospital accreditation procedures, in order to ensure a baseline of management at all teaching hospitals.
QUANTIFYING TRAVELLERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR A TOLLED TUNNEL IN COPENHAGEN

Advanced model specifications for value of travel time (VTT) research have become the norm in detailed academic studies as well as large scale national and regional studies. However, studies with a quick turnaround and also those that need to produce results suitable for implementation in existing forecasting systems often still rely on simpler approaches. The present paper gives an account of how state-of-the-art specifications can benefit such studies. We focus on the willingness of car and light van travellers in the Copenhagen area to pay to use a proposed new route which includes the Harbour Tunnel (Havnetunnel) and completes the Copenhagen Eastern Ring Road. We adopt the very general framework from the most recent UK VTT study (Hess et al, 2017), and extend it to capture the correlation among different alternatives in the choice presentations (which reflected both route choice and time of day choice). We find extensive heterogeneity across travellers, both deterministic and random. A sample enumeration procedure was then set up to calculate average VTT values for use in forecasting demand and appraising the new Ring Road investment.
What makes the personal income tax in Croatia progressive

The Institute of Public Finance recently carried out an investigation that was aimed at measuring the level of progressivity and the redistributive effect of personal income tax (PIT) in Croatia in the period from 1997 to 2004. A progressive tax falls relatively more heavily on persons with higher incomes and reduces inequality in the distribution of income. The main results of the research show that the progressivity of PIT in Croatia is high as compared with other countries and that, furthermore, it rose during the period under review.
Design and Fabrication of Engineered Reflector for Wideband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Converter

In this paper, the design of reflective engineered surface for wideband linear-to-circular polarization (LP-to-CP) conversion is presented. The proposed LP-to-CP polarizer is composed of symmetric anisotropic unit cell have 90° reflection phase difference between its orthogonal reflection components. A LP-to-CP engineered reflector is composed by 14 × 14 unit cells. When illuminated by an x– or y–polarized incident wave, the proposed engineered reflector converts the incident LP wave to a CP reflected wave. The axial ratio (AR) is less than 3dB from 6.9 GHz to 14.1 GHz and LP-to-CP conversion bandwidth is about 66.6%. The proposed LP-to-CP engineered surface design has been fabricated and it’s being measured now to validate its polarization conversion characteristics at microwave band. The measured results will be presented at the conference.
Bilinear Image Translation for Temporal Analysis of Photo Collections

We propose an approach for analyzing unpaired visual data annotated with time stamps by generating how images would have looked like if they were from different times. To isolate and transfer time dependent appearance variations, we introduce a new trainable bilinear factor separation module. We analyze its relation to classical factored representations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">[1]</xref> and concatenation-based auto-encoders <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">[2]</xref> . We demonstrate this new module has clear advantages compared to standard concatenation when used in a bottleneck encoder-decoder convolutional neural network architecture. We also show that it can be inserted in a recent adversarial image translation architecture <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">[3]</xref> , enabling the image transformation to multiple different target time periods using a single network. We apply our model to a challenging collection of more than 13,000 cars manufactured between 1920 and 2000 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">[4]</xref> and a dataset of high school yearbook portraits from 1930 to 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">[5]</xref> . This allows us, for a given new input image, to generate a “history-lapse video” revealing changes over time by simply varying the target year. We show that by analyzing the generated history-lapse videos we can identify object deformations across time, extracting interesting changes in visual style over decades.
Residual Disease Activity and Associated Factors in Psoriatic Arthritis

Objective Remission or low disease activity should be the treatment target of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). However, residual disease activity (RDA) in some domains could persist. The aim of this study was to assess RDA and its associated factors in a group of patients with PsA. Methods Patients with PsA were enrolled if they satisfied ClASsification for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria with > 6 months’ followup and achieved a status of low disease activity (LDA), minimal disease activity (MDA), or remission [Disease Activity Index for PsA (DAPSA) remission or very low disease activity (VLDA)]. RDA was assessed by the percentage of patients who had, although in LDA or remission, tender and/or swollen joints > 1, Leeds Enthesitis Index > 1, Health Assessment Questionnaire > 0.5, Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) > 1, patient’s global assessment > 20, physician visual analog scale (VAS) > 20, and VAS pain > 15. Associated factors of RDA were also assessed. Results Of 113 enrolled patients, 78 (69%) were in MDA. Moreover, DAPSA remission was observed in 46 (40.7%) while VLDA only in 32 (28.3%) of patients with PsA. VLDA seems to be the most stringent criterion, with a minimal RDA only in the VAS physician in 1 patient (3.1%) and none in the different domains, while patients in MDA had RDA in tender joints (14.1%), VAS pain (29.4%) and PASI > 1 or body surface area (BSA) > 3% (17.9%). Of note, although patients in DAPSA remission show a very low rate of RDA in almost all domains, 12 (26%) of them show a PASI > 1 or BSA > 3%. Finally, LDA shows RDA in higher percentages, mainly in patient-reported outcomes, tender joints, and skin domain. Conclusion RDA can be recognized in patients with PsA. VLDA seems to be the most stringent composite index to identify patients in the absence of RDA.
Algorithm MG(F-K) of migration in model TTI anisotropy

One of the most frequently encountered models in anisotropic medium is the model of Transverse Isotropy (TI). If the symmetry axis of model TI coincides with the vertical axis of right-angle coordinates, then we receive horizontal thin-layered system proposed by G. Postma [12] and called VTI (Vertical Transversely Isotropic). The application of algorithms of propagation and migration of „isotropic” waves in anisotropic medium VTI results in deformations and relocation of reproduced structures [6, 10], and the higher the anisotropic parameters are, the greater their extent is. (parameters by L. Thomsen [14]). In the domain of wavenumbers and frequencies, the algorithm of migration MG(F-K) was presented in anisotropic medium type VTI [11]. This algorithm uses approximative version of vertical wavenumber [5] with reference to medium VTI. This article presents the algorithm of migration MG(F-K) in monoclinal medium marked as TTI (Tilted Transversely Isotropic) model, whose symmetry axis is tilted at θ angle to the vertical axis (Fig. 1).
Interaction of Calf Thymus DNA with the Ni(II) Complex of Sodium 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-Anthraquinone-2-Sulphonate: A Novel Method of Analysis Using Cyclic Voltammetry

Hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones are cheaper alternatives to anthracycline drugs. They closely resemble anthracycline drugs both from a structural and functional viewpoint. Electrochemical behavior of the Ni(II) complex (Na2[Ni(NaLH)2Cl2]⋅2H2O) of sodium 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulphonate (NaLH2), analogue of the core unit of anthracycline anticancer drugs, was studied at physiological pH using cyclic voltammetry. The Ni(II) complex of sodium 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulphonate undergoes diffusion-controlled one-electron reduction that enables performing an electrochemical study on the interaction of the complex with calf thymus DNA. The complex was titrated with increasing concentrations of DNA, and the reduction peak for the unbound complex helped in evaluating binding parameters. Analysis of binding data using nonlinear curve fit in a cyclic voltammetry experiment is the first such attempt. The paper evaluates site size of interaction that also serves as a means to determine stoichiometry of complex formation, between a metal ion and ligand from a DNA interaction study, probably a first of its kind.
Fabrication of Crumpled Ball-Like Nickel Doped Palladium-Iron Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles with Controlled Morphology as Effective Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction

We report a facile synthetic strategy for nickel-doped palladium-iron oxide hybrid nanoparticles with controllable morphology. In this synthetic method, the morphology of the nanoparticles was regulated by the amount of triphenylphosphine used. When 1 mmol of triphenylphosphine was used as a capping agent, the main morphology of the nanoparticles was crumpled balls composed of nanosheets with an average particle size of 215 nm. The nanoparticles showed higher catalytic activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction than did other nanoparticles at equal amounts of Pd. This strategy allowed the reduction of the Pd loading in hybrid nanoparticles while still providing the performance level required for the reaction.
Transformation of the food system in Nigeria and female participation in the Non-Farm Economy (NFE).

This paper uses a recently available panel dataset from Nigeria to explore some implications of the rapidly transforming food system in Sub Saharan Africa. We find that urban and rural households in Nigeria have rapidly transforming diets. Consumption has diversified greatly, shifting beyond self-sufficiency into heavy reliance on food purchases and with a heavy shift into consumption of processed foods. We find that the growing demand for processed foods has important implications for the midstream (processing and wholesale) and downstream (retail) sector of food systems. The rise of these two segments (on the supply side) paralleling the rise of processed and prepared foods (on the demand side) creates opportunities for employment and income generation. Furthermore the availability of processed foods (to serve as substitutes for home food processing and preparation, usually a heavy use of time for women in traditional settings) appears to have reduced women’s time constraint and freed up time for them to engage more in non-farm activities in the local area – just as it did a half century ago in the US. These findings demonstrate the potential benefits from the transforming foods systems that could increase employment and improve household welfare in developing countries.
Requirements and Limitations of Thermal Drones for Effective Search and Rescue in Marine and Coastal Areas

Search and rescue (SAR) is a vital line of defense against unnecessary loss of life. However,in a potentially hazardous environment, it is important to balance the risks associated with SARaction. Drones have the potential to help with the efficiency, success rate and safety of SAR operationsas they can cover large or hard to access areas quickly. The addition of thermal cameras to the dronesprovides the potential for automated and reliable detection of people in need of rescue. We performeda pilot study with a thermal-equipped drone for SAR applications in Morecambe Bay. In a varietyof realistic SAR scenarios, we found that we could detect humans who would be in need of rescue,both by the naked eye and by a simple automated method. We explore the current advantages andlimitations of thermal drone systems, and outline the future path to a useful system for deploymentin real-life SAR.
Geographic Heterogeneity of Returns to Education in China

In this thesis, I look at the geographic heterogeneity of returns to education using data from the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) in 1995 and 2002. I begin with an earning equation with heterogeneous returns to education, based on Mincer’s work (1974). However, we confront sample selection and endogeneity where we need Heckman’s selection model (1979) and an instrumental variables (IV) method to solve. For the IV method, I use regional level (ln) average income, (ln) unemployment rate and (ln) education expenditure as the instruments, test the endogeneity of education by a Durbin-Wu-Hausman (DWH) test, and then estimate returns to education. After comparing returns to education from using different models, I demonstrate the spatial autocorrelation (SAR) model and estimate the correlation coefficient of returns to education in different regions, using results from previous estimations. I find that the heterogeneity was stationary in 1995 but it displayed concavity in 2002 because dependence coefficients increase as educational level increase. This leads to the conclusion that higher level of education will reduce heterogeneity of returns to education, under the assumption that people are capable of searching for better paid jobs, which will be shown in the thesis.