Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior of N'-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-N,N-di-n-butylthiourea and Its Nickel Complex

We report the synthesis, structural characterization and thermal behavior of N'-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-N,N-di-n-butylthiourea (HL) and its nickel complex (NiL2). Some physical properties of the prepared compounds were investigated using elemental analyses, IR, 1H-NMR, and magnetic susceptibility. The molecular structures of HL and NiL2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. HL is a monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 10.7457(5) A, b = 15.5909(8) A, c = 10.4536(5) A, b = 104.398(1)°, and V = 1696.34(14) A3 with Z = 4 for dcalc = 1.280 g/cm3. NiL2 is a triclinic, space group P-1 with a = 8.561(3) A, b = 16.643(6) A, c = 25.723(9) A, a = 77.448(6)°, b = 84.077(7)o, g = 88.684(6)°, and V = 3558(2) A3 with Z = 4 for Dcalc = 1.326 g/cm3. The ligands coordinate to the metal atom in a bidentate manner, yielding an essentially neutral complex of the type ML2. Thermal decomposition of related compounds was investigated by TG and DTA. The pyrolytic end product was identified by X-ray powder diffraction.
Molecular gas and stars in the translucent cloud MBM 18 (LDN 1569)

Context. We investigate star formation in translucent, high-latitu de clouds. Aims. Our aim is to understand the star-formation history and rate in the solar neighbourhood. Methods. We used spectroscopic observations of newly found candidate Hα emission-line stars to establish their pre-main-sequence nature. The environment was studied through molecular line observations of the cloud (MBM 18/LDN 1569) in which the stars are presumably embedded. Results. Ten candidate Hα emission-line stars were found in an objective grism survey of a∼ 1 square degree region in MBM 18, of which seven have been observed spectroscopically in this study. Four of these have weak (| W(Hα)|< 5 A) Hα emission, and six out of seven have spectral types M1−M4 V. One star is of type F7-G1 V, and has Hα in absorption. The spectra of three of the M-stars may show an absorption line of LiI, although none of these is an unambiguous detection. The M-stars lie at distances between∼60 pc and 250 pc, while most distance determinations of MBM 18 found in the literature agree on 120− 150 pc. For the six M-stars a good fit is obtained with pre-main-sequence isochrones indi cating ages between 7.5 and 15 Myr. The mass of the molecular material, derived from the integrated 12 CO(1‐0) emission, is∼ 160 M⊙ (for a distance of 120 pc). This is much smaller than the viria l mass (∼ 10 3 M⊙), and the cloud is not gravitationally bound. Using a clump-finding routine, we identify 12 clumps from the CO-data, with masses between 2.2 and 22 M⊙. All clumps have a virial mass at least six times higher than t heir CO-mass, and thus none are in gravitational equilibrium. A similar situation is found fr om higher-resolution CO-observations of the northern part of the cloud. Conclusions. Considering the relative weakness or absence of the Hα emission, the absence of other emission lines, and the lack of clear LiI absorption, the targets are not T Tauri stars. Wi th ages between 7.5 and 15 Myr they are old enough to explain the lack of lithium in their spectra. Based on the derived distances, some of the stars may lie inside the molecular cloud. From the fact that the cloud as a whole, as well as the individual clumps, are not gravitationally bound, in combination with the ages of the stars we conclude that it is not likely that (these) stars were formed in MBM 18.
Australian wine consumers’ acceptance of and attitudes toward the use of additives in wine and food production

Additives are routinely used in food and wine production to enhance product quality and/or prevent spoilage. Compared with other industries, the wine industry is only permitted to use a limited number of additives. Whereas flavor additives are often used to intensify the aroma and flavor of foods and beverages, the addition of flavorings to wine contravenes the legal definition of wine. Given the current legislation, it is perhaps not surprising that the potential use of food additives in wine production has not been explored. This study therefore investigated Australian wine consumers' acceptance of and attitudes toward the use of additives in food and wine production. Consumers (n=1,031) were segmented based on their self-reported wine knowledge (ie, subjective knowledge). Using these ratings, low (n=271), medium (n=528), and high (n=232) knowledge segments were identified. Consumers considered natural flavorings and colors, and additives associated with health benefits (eg, vitamins, minerals, and omega 3 fatty acids), to be acceptable food additives, irrespective of their level of wine knowledge. In contrast, the use of winemaking additives, even commonly used and legally permitted additives such as tartaric acid, preservatives, oak chips, and tannins, were considered far less acceptable, particularly, by less knowledgeable consumers. Surprisingly, natural flavorings were considered more acceptable than currently used winemaking additives. Consumers were therefore asked to identify the flavors they would most prefer in white and red wines. Fruit flavors featured prominently in consumer responses, eg, lemon and apple for white wines and blackcurrant and raspberry for red wines, but vanilla and/or chocolate, ie, attributes typically associated with oak maturation, were also suggested.
CONCEPTUALIZING STATE STRENGTH: MOVING BEYOND STRONG AND WEAK STATES

La literatura especializada ha considerado a la capacidad estatal como unfactor importante para garantizar la viabilidad de diferentesfenomenos politicos y economicos como, por ejemplo, la consolidacion democratica, el estado de derecho, la adecuada provision de bienes publicos y el crecimiento economico. A pesar de la importancia de la capacidad estatal, solo algunos pocos trabajos academicos han explorado sistematicamente la definicion asi como las dimensiones constitutivas de este concepto. Este articulo busca (a) precisar la conceptualizacion de capacidad estatal, (b) echar luz sobre los efectos que tienen las reglas de agregacion a efectos de alcanzar diferenciacion entre casos empiricos (e.g., paises) y (c) brindar herramientas conceptuales para superar la clasica dicotomia entre estados debiles y estados fuertes.
Residual relief separation: DEM enhancement for geomorphological mapping

Geomorphologically mapped data form a primary set of observations that can be used to infer former environmental conditions. Thus, objective and consistent mapping of landforms from remotely sensed data (e.g. satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEMs) is paramount for reconstructing palaeo-environments. This paper proposes a technique, “residual relief separation”, to enhance landforms in DEMs prior to visualization and digital mapping. This is applied to a ~600 km 2 region surrounding Lough Gara, Ireland, where drumlins (~200 m wide) overlie a regional relief of hills (~10 km wide). Here, residual relief separation uses this difference in width-scale. Regional relief is approximated by a 1 km wide median filter, then subtracted to leave the drumlins in a “residual” topography. In a second step, the residual relief is normalized to allow for amplitude variations in the drumlins across the area (~5-40 m high). Finally, visualization uses a simple black-to-white colour scale for height. Whilst not numerically out-performing other visualization techniques, this method performs equally well, and as the data are not “illuminated” there is no azimuthal bias. Additional benefits include the relatively simple calculation, intuitive visual comprehension, no emphasis of noise, and the possibility of using any desired visualization technique after the landscape has been topographically manipulated.
Synthesised via Microwave Induced Photocatalytic on RR 4 Dye Removal under LED Light Irradiation

Nitrogen doped titanium dioxide (N-doped TiO2) was synthesized by microwave using urea as nitrogen sources with commercially available TiO2-P25. The N-doped TiO2 was compared with unmodified TiO2 by carrying out the investigation on its properties using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The photocatalytic activities of N-doped TiO2 and unmodified TiO2 were studied for photodegradation of reactive red 4 (RR4) under light emitting diode (LED) light irradiation. An active photoresponse under LED light irradiation was observed from N-doped TiO2 with 60 min of time irradiation to complete RR4 color removal while no photocatalytic degradation was observed from unmodified.
Optimal R&D Investment for a Risk-Averse Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurs investing in R&D projects face technical uncertainty associated with the cost to completion of the project, which is idiosyncratic and inherently unhedgeable. We extend existing real options models of R&D investment to incorporate the cost of bearing this unhedgeable risk and find it decreases risk-averse entrepreneurs' valuations of R&D projects and increases the minimum NPVs required for continued investment in R&D (threshold NPVs) relative to 'unpriced risk' values and threshold NPVs. As in the 'unpriced risk' case, for less risk-averse entrepreneurs with small R&D projects, threshold NPVs remain negative and decrease with technical uncertainty. However, for sufficiently risk-averse entrepreneurs with sufficiently large R&D projects, threshold NPVs can become positive and increase with technical uncertainty.
THE SUPERNOVA THAT DESTROYED A PROTOGALAXY: PROMPT CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT AND SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE GROWTH

The first primitive galaxies formed from accretion and mergers by z ∼ 15, and were primarily responsible for cosmological reionization and the chemical enrichment of the early cosmos. But a few of these galaxies may have formed in the presence of strong Lyman–Werner UV fluxes that sterilized them of H2, preventing them from forming stars or expelling heavy elements into the intergalactic medium prior to assembly. At masses of 108 M☉ and virial temperatures of 104 K, these halos began to rapidly cool by atomic lines, perhaps forming 104–106 M☉ Pop III stars and, later, the seeds of supermassive black holes. We have modeled the explosion of a supermassive Pop III star in the dense core of a line-cooled protogalaxy with the ZEUS-MP code. We find that the supernova (SN) expands to a radius of ∼1 kpc, briefly engulfing the entire galaxy, but then collapses back into the potential well of the dark matter. Fallback fully mixes the interior of the protogalaxy with metals, igniting a violent starburst and fueling the rapid growth of a massive black hole at its center. The starburst would populate the protogalaxy with stars in greater numbers and at higher metallicities than in more slowly evolving, nearby halos. The SN remnant becomes a strong synchrotron source that can be observed with eVLA and eMERLIN and has a unique signature that easily distinguishes it from less energetic SN remnants. Such explosions, and their attendant starbursts, may well have marked the birthplaces of supermassive black holes on the sky.
Model independent search for new phenomena in pp̄ collisions at √s=1.96TeV

We describe a model independent search for physics beyond the standard model in lepton final states. We examine 117 final states using 1.1 fb$^{-1}$ of $p \bar{p}$ collisions data at $\sqrt{s} = 1.96$ TeV collected with the D0 detector. We conclude that all observed discrepancies between data and model can be attributed to uncertainties in the standard model background modeling, and hence we do not see any evidence for physics beyond the standard model.
Expression of an Insulin/lnterleukin-I Receptor Antagonist Hybrid Gene in Insulin-producing Cell Lines (HIT-T15 and NIT-1) Confers Resistance against Interleukin-1 -induced Nitric Oxide Production

A hybrid gene consisting of the insulin gene enhancer/pro-moter region, the signal sequence, the insulin B- and C-chains, and the human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-ira) gene was constructed. This hybrid gene was transfected together with the pSV2-neo construct into the insulin-producing cell lines HIT-T15 and NIT-1. One of the geneticin-selected clones, HITra2, expressed a 1.4-kb mRNA, which hybridized both to insulin and IL-ira-cDNA in Northern blot analysis. Three proteins, with the mol wt 23, 17, and 14 kD, were immunoprecipitated with anti-IL-ira antibodies from [35S]methionine-labeled HITra2 cells. Both at a low and at a high glucose concentration, 4-5 ng of IL-ira/10' cells (ELISA) was released from these cells. On the other hand, a high glucose concentration evoked a three-fold increase in the release of insulin, suggesting that IL-ira was released constitutively. Measured by nitrite production, transfected HIT, and NIT-1 cells exhibited a more than 10-fold decrease in IL-1ip sensitivity. Since the conditioned culture media from the HITra2 cells exhibited an anti-IL-1ia activity of only 0.5 U/ml, and mixed culture of HITra2 cells and isolated rat islets prevented IL-1ip induced inhibition of insulin release, it is likely that IL-ira acts lo-cally at the cell surface. It is concluded that expression of a hybrid insulin/IL-lra gene confers resistence to IL-1 and that this technique may be used to elucidate the role of IL-1 in autoimmune disorders such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (J. Clin. Invest 1995. 95:1717-1722.)
World Textiles A Visual Guide To Traditional Techniques

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Identification of Position DC Motor and Control Using Fuzzy Type 2 Based PSO

This paper presents identification of a position DC motor using least – squares analysis to estimate the parameters of an ARX model . Type-2 fuzzy logic controllers is proposed as an alternative solution in the literature when a system has a large amount of uncertainties. This paper proposed an algorithm of interval fuzzy type – 2 logic controller(PSOIT2FLC)with the optimized parameters using particle swarm optimization in the design of fuzzy controller for the position control of DC Motor. The performance of the proposed PSOIT2FLC is compared with that of its corresponding conventional PSO algorithm type -1 FLC in terms of several performance measures such as rise time, peak overshoot, settling time, integral absolute error (IAE) and integral of time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) and in each case, the proposed scheme shows improved performance over its conventional counterpart. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to compare the response of the given system with the conventional genetic algorithm type -1 fuzzy controller to the response given with the proposed PSOIT2FLC scheme. Simulation works in MATLAB environment demonstrate that the PSO optimized fuzzy position controller became very strong, gives better results and possesses good robustness.
Do all ecosystems maximise their distance with respect to thermodynamic equilibrium ? A comment on the “ Ecological Law of Thermodynamics ” ( ELT ) , proposed by Sven

Sven Erik Jørgensen has boldly proposed a “Fourth Law of Thermodynamics” which he also advocates as the “Ecological Law of Thermodynamics” or ELT (Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern, Kluwer Academic Publisher). This Law is still a hypothesis and can be tested. I disagree with the generalised way he uses the term “exergy” in his approach. Exergy is commonly defined as a measure of the work capacity of a system. According to the physicists Boltzmann information embodies energy. Jørgensen takes this into account when considering the “exergy” stored in ecosystems; hence, according to his way of calculating the genetic information of the organisms is the mayor contribution to “exergy”. I argue that energy has been embodied in the information during a historical process and that because of fundamental irreversibility this energy cannot be extracted again for work capacity. Moreover, other phenomena mentioned earlier by Ramon Margalef, demonstrate that proliferating information in biota shows uncoupling with respect to its embodied energy content according to the Boltzmann formula. In spite of these objections, some of Sven Erik Jørgensen’s core ideas are exiting and worthwhile testing. I place these within the context of the non-equilibrium thermodynamic theories on “dissipative systems” developed by the physicist Ilya Prigogine.
DEEP CHANDRA MONITORING OBSERVATIONS OF NGC 4649. II. WIDE-FIELD HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING OF THE GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

We present g and z photometry and size estimates for globular clusters (GCs) in the massive Virgo elliptical NGC 4649 (M60) using a five-pointing Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys mosaic. The metal-poor GCs show a monotonic negative metallicity gradient of −0.43 ± 0.10 dex per dex in radius over the full radial range of the data, out to ∼24 kpc. There is evidence for substantial color substructure among the metal-rich GCs. The metal-poor GCs have typical sizes ∼0.4 pc larger than the metal-rich GCs out to large galactocentric distances (≳ 20 kpc), favoring an intrinsic explanation for the size difference rather than projection effects. There is no clear relation between half-light radius and galactocentric distance beyond ∼15 kpc, suggesting that the sizes of GCs are not generically set by tidal limitation. Finally, we identify ∼20 candidate ultracompact dwarfs that extend down to surprisingly faint absolute magnitudes (Mz ∼ −8.5), and may bridge the gap between this class and “extended clusters” in the Local Group. Three of the brighter candidates have published radial velocities and can be confirmed as bona fide ultracompact dwarfs; follow-up spectroscopy will determine the nature of the remainder of the candidates.
Credit Constraints and Productive Entrepreneurship in Africa

Limited access of entrepreneurs to credit constrains the creation and growth of private firms. In Africa, access to credit is particularly limited for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) due to unclear property rights and the lack of assets that can be used as collateral. This paper presents a model where firm creation and growth hinge on matching potential entrepreneurs with productive technologies, while firm growth depends on acquired capital. The shortage of collateral creates a binding credit constraint on borrowing by SMEs and hence private sector growth and employment, even though the banking sectors have ample liquidity, as is the case in many African countries. The model is tested using a sample of 20 African countries over the period 2005-09. The empirical results suggest that policies aimed at easing the binding credit constraints (e.g., the depth of credit information and the strength of legal rights pertaining to collateral and bankruptcy) would stimulate productive entrepreneurship and private sector employment in Africa.
Decomposition of Differences between Household Income Distributions in Poland in Years 2002 and 2012

In this study we present the decomposition of income inequalities between household income distributions in Poland in 2002 and 2012. The difference between two distributions may be decomposed using the counterfactual distribution, which can be constructed in various ways. Techniques such as the residual imputation approach and RIF‑regression method (recentered influence function) were considered. The application of these methods made it possible to show the aggregate detailed decompositions in different quantile points along the income distribution. The influence of several person’s characteristics on the differences in income distributions was examined. By decomposing the inequalities into the explained and unexplained components it was possible to receive additional information about their causes.
Costless and Costly Prosociality: Correspondence Among Personality Traits, Economic Preferences, and Real-World Prosociality

Prosociality can either be costly (e.g., donating to charity) or costless (e.g., posthumous organ donation). Whereas links between personality and costly prosociality have been explored, links with costless prosociality and personality are at present unknown. We address this in two studies: Study 1 (N = 200) confirms the distinction between costless and costly prosociality based on willingness to engage with health and nonhealth prosociality. Study 2, using data from four samples (student and community; N = 733) shows, across incentivized and hypothetical economic games to assess costless (generosity game [GG]) and costly (dictator game [DG]) prosociality, that organ donor behavior was linked to greater allocations in the GG and that charity/volunteering behavior was linked to greater allocations in the DG. Costless and costly prosocialities are associated with different personality traits (e.g., costly with politeness and compassion and costless with intellect). Implications for cooperative phenotypes and recruiting organ donors are discussed.
Cutting a gordian knot: Emended classification and description of the genus Flavobacterium, emended description of the family Flavobacteriaceae, and proposal of Flavobacterium hydatis nom nov (basonym, Cytophaga aquatilis Strohl and Tait 1978).

The phylogenetic positions and G+C contents of most species belonging to the genera Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, and Flexibacter and several related taxa were determined. Most of the strains included in this study belong to rRNA superfamily V, as shown by DNA-rRNA hybridization data, but the three main genera are highly polyphyletic. Several so-called Cytophaga and Flexibacter species isolated from soil and freshwater cluster with the type species of the genus Flavobacterium, Flavobacterium aquatile, and with Flavobacterium branchiophilum. The fatty acid and protein profiles of members of this group of organisms were determined. We provide an emended description of the genus Flavobacterium and propose new combinations for the following 7 of the 10 validly described species included in this genus: Flavobacterium columnare, Flavobacterium flevense, Flavobacterium johnsoniae (we also correct the specific epithet of this taxon), Flavobacterium pectinovarum, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Flavobacterium saccharophilum, and Flavobacterium succinicans. A new name, Flavobacterium hydatis, is proposed for [Cytophaga] aquatilis Strohl and Tait 1978. The emended genus Flavobacterium contains bacteria that have the following main characteristics: gram-negative rods that are motile by gliding, produce yellow colonies on agar, are chemoorganotrophs and aerobes, decompose several polysaccharides but not cellulose, and are widely distributed in soil and freshwater habitats. Three Flavobacterium species are pathogenic for fish. The G+C contents of Flavobacterium DNAs range from 32 to 37 mol%. An emended description of the family Flavobacteriaceae is also provided.