Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ketoconazole and the modulation of multidrug resistance-mediated transport in Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1 drug transport models

The hypothesis tested was that ketoconazole can modulate P-glycoprotein, thereby altering cellular uptake and apparent permeability (Papp) of multidrug-resistant substrates, such as cyclosporin A (CSA) and digoxin, across Caco-2, MDCKII-MDR1, and MDCKII wild-type cell transport models. 3H-CSA/3H-digoxin transport experiments were performed with and without co-exposure to ketoconazole, and 3H-ketoconzole transport experiments were performed with and without co-exposure to dietary flavonoids, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and xanthohumol. Ketoconazole (3 µM) reduced the Papp efflux of CSA and digoxin from 5.07 × 10−6 to 2.91 × 10−6 cm s−1 and from 2.60 × 10−6 to 1.41 × 10−6 cm s−1, respectively, in Caco-2 cells. In the MDCKII-MDR1 cells, ketoconazole reduced the Papp efflux of CSA and increased the Papp absorption of digoxin. Cellular uptake of ketoconazole in the Caco-2 cells was significantly inhibited by CSA and digoxin, whereas epigallocatechin-3-gallate and xanthohumol exhibited biphasic responses. In conclusion, ketoconazole modulates the Papp of P-glycoprotein substrates by interacting with MDR1 protein. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and xanthohumol modulate the transport and uptake of ketoconazole.
Reviewing the genetics of heterogeneity in depression: operationalizations, manifestations and etiologies

Abstract With progress in genome-wide association studies of depression, from identifying zero hits in ~16 000 individuals in 2013 to 223 hits in more than a million individuals in 2020, understanding the genetic architecture of this debilitating condition no longer appears to be an impossible task. The pressing question now is whether recently discovered variants describe the etiology of a single disease entity. There are a myriad of ways to measure and operationalize depression severity, and major depressive disorder as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 can manifest in more than 10 000 ways based on symptom profiles alone. Variations in developmental timing, comorbidity and environmental contexts across individuals and samples further add to the heterogeneity. With big data increasingly enabling genomic discovery in psychiatry, it is more timely than ever to explicitly disentangle genetic contributions to what is likely ‘depressions’ rather than depression. Here, we introduce three sources of heterogeneity: operationalization, manifestation and etiology. We review recent efforts to identify depression subtypes using clinical and data-driven approaches, examine differences in genetic architecture of depression across contexts, and argue that heterogeneity in operationalizations of depression is likely a considerable source of inconsistency. Finally, we offer recommendations and considerations for the field going forward.
How Globo media manipulated the impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff

The impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in 2016 was the result of a coup of the economically dominant conservative oligarchy against the leftist Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT, the Worker’s Party), in power since 2003. The right wing Brazilian media played a crucial role in this coup by manipulating public opinion as well as the politicians who voted against Dilma. In particular, the media of the powerful Globo Corporation, such as O Globo newspaper, and especially Globo’s Jornal Nacional, the pervasive TV news program, systematically demonized and delegitimized Dilma, as well as ex-President Lula and the PT, in their news reports and editorials by selectively associating them with pervasive corruption and attributing the serious economic recession to them. After a summary of this sociopolitical context, and a brief theoretical definition of manipulation, this article examines some of the manipulative strategies of O Globo’s editorials during March and April 2016.
Female‐biased sex ratio shifts in a solitary parasitoid and their effects on virginity, population dynamics, and biological control

Mated female parasitic wasps can control the sex of their offspring by controlling which eggs are exposed to sperm. Females that have failed to mate, however, are restricted to producing only male offspring, as all their eggs are unfertilized. We incorporated the effects of these sometimes constrained, sometimes flexible parasitoid sex ratios into a basic Nicholson–Bailey population model. We found that the less common case of an increasing female bias in response to competition can destabilize dynamics and have both positive and negative effects on host suppression. We also incorporated the effects of virginity due to a lack of males into the model. Virginity had stabilizing effects on parasitoid‐host population dynamics, and prevented runaway female bias in a parasitoid population. We found that the changes in host suppression caused by these new behaviours can be either positive or negative, and are highly dependent on the search efficiency of the parasitoid.
Comportamento de variedades de alface na região de Campinas - Parte II

Sao apresentados os resultados de um ensaio de variedades de alface de cabeca. A variedade "Great Lakes'", do tipo de cabeca com folhas crespas e verdes, mostrou-se mais produtiva e de melhor fechamento das cabecas. As variedades de folhas lisas situaram-se em segundo plano. Destas destacaram-se: "Shimabukuro", "Piracicaba" e "Gigante". As variedades menos produtivas foram "Maravilla de Ias Cuatro Estaciones" e "White Boston".
Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses: Shedding Light on Salt, Drought, Cold and Heavy Metal Stress

Agriculture using genetically modified crops is emerging as an effective measure to counteract the negative impact of abiotic stresses on crop production. Abiotic stresses mainly salt, drought, cold and heavy metals are the major cause of crop failure which restrict crops to reach their full genetic potential. Salt, drought and heavy metals exert their negative impact essentially by disrupting the ionic and osmotic equilibrium of the cell, whereas, cold causes mechanical constraint to the membrane. Plants respond to abiotic stresses through multifaceted molecular signaling pathways. Therefore, understanding of molecular signaling pathways and identification of key molecules and their specific roles is important for crop improvement. Several genes responsible for abiotic stress tolerance have been identified which code for antioxidants, enzymes that modify lipids in the cell membrane, stress-response transcription factors, proteins that maintain ion homeostasis, heat shock proteins, or enzymes that synthesize important stress-response compounds. Transgenic plants having some of these genes have been produced and found to be abiotic stress tolerant. Present chapter reviews the plant responses to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, cold and heavy metal stresses and tolerance mechanisms through omics approaches.
Estimating Territory and Home-Range Sizes: Do Singing Locations Alone Provide an Accurate Estimate of Space Use?

ABSTRACT. Documenting space-use patterns of animals is important for understanding their ecology and providing for their conservation. The concept of territory refers to a defended area, whereas the concept of home range refers to any area used by an animal during its normal activities. Few studies have explored quantitatively how these areas differ, and the use of these terms in the literature has, at times, been inconsistent. Many studies attempt to estimate territory size of a bird by territory mapping, which involves using locations obtained by following a singing bird. This is often assumed to be an effective measure of territory size, but few studies have examined the efficacy of this technique. Here, we used radiotelemetry to estimate breeding home-range and territory sizes of Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii), a Neotropical migrant songbird. We found that territories were much larger than had been estimated by territory-mapping methods and suggest that researchers use caution when assuming that territory mapping accounts for all areas used by a bird. We also found that home ranges were significantly larger than territories, and these relatively large home ranges necessitate protection of large areas of habitat for Swainson's Warblers. We emphasize the importance of precise terminology when referring to areas of space use and suggest that radiotracking may uncover previously unknown use patterns and important ecological information in species that have not been radiotracked.
Response of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) to source and level of sulphur

Three lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. Crosson] cultivars ( Varuna , Vardan and Narendra Rai 1 ,) with 3 sulphur sources (gypsum, elemental sulphur and pyrite) and 4 sulphur levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kglha) were tested during the winter (rab ) season of 1996 97 and 1997 98. Narendra Rai 1 and Varuna gave higher plant height, brancheslplant, siliquaelplant, seeds/ siliqua, 1,000 grain weight and harvest index and resulted significantly higher seed and stover yields, sulphur uptake, oil and protein contents than Vardan , though the former two were at par during both the years. However, the sources of sulphur did not influence the growth yield attributes and yields as well as quality of lndian mustard. The application of 40 and 60 kg S/haabeing at par with each other gave significantly higher yield and quality (protein and oil contents in seed) over 20 kg and no sulphur application. The growth and yield attributing charac ters showed also similar trend. On the basis of economics, Narendra Rai I ferti lized with 40 kg Slha either through gypsum or pyrite was found most profitable.
PHOTOINDUCED ONE‐ELECTRON TRANSFER BETWEEN BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL AND QUINONE IN ACETONE *

Abstract— Illumination with red light of a degassed solution of bacteriochlorophyll and benzoquinone or ubiquinone in dry acetone at low temperatures (< ‐ 105°C) leads to the formation of the bacteriochlorophyll cation radical and the quinone anion radical, as detected by ESR spectroscopy. At temperatures around ‐ 110°C, the quinone radical signal corresponds to an emission of microwave radiation. These results are interpreted in terms of a one‐electron transfer from a spin‐polarized bacteriochlorophyll triplet state to the quinone, producing an anion radical which is predominantly in the upper spin state.
Molecular Phylogeny of the Species-Rich Carex sect. Racemosae (Cyperaceae) Based on Four Nuclear and Chloroplast Markers

Abstract Carex is one of the most species-rich genera of the world and an important component of vegetation, particularly in colder regions. One of its larger groups is sect. Racemosae with almost 60 species, which are distributed mainly in mountains of the northern hemisphere as well as in the Andes of South America. To address the systematics and evolution of this section and related groups we sampled nearly 80% of the species from all morphological groups previously recognized in the section and estimated their phylogenetic relationships using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses on a combined nuclear (ITS, ETS) and chloroplast (trnK-matK, rps16) DNA sequence dataset. We observed incongruence only between the chloroplast trnK-matK and the nuclear ETS 1f data and attribute this to a putative parallelism in the chloroplast data set. Our results indicate that sect. Racemosae is not monophyletic in its traditional circumscription. Most species, however, belong to a well-supported clade that is sister to clades consisting of all other sampled species from sections Bicolores, Paniceae, Phacocystis, and Scitae. We recognize eight major clades within the Racemosae, most of them supported by morphological and, in part, geographical data. Previously suggested vicariant distribution patterns between western North American and Eurasian species could not be corroborated. The phylogenetic tree suggests that whereas single morphological characters are highly homoplasious, combinations of characters are nevertheless suitable to recognize clades.
EXCURSIONS IN MACROEVOLUTION1,2

Macroevolution in general and paleobiology in particular have shown considerable progress over the last several years in methods, theory and discovery. This provides the common link between Evolutionary Patterns: Growth, Form, and Tempo in the Fossil Record (Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Scott Lidgard, and Frank K. McKinney, eds.) and the second edition of Jeffrey Levinton’s Genetics, Paleontology and Macroevolution. Both books focus on macroevolutionary patterns, the biological processes that might induce those patterns, and the methods needed to quantify macroevolutionary patterns and test pertinent hypotheses. Evolutionary Patterns is a festschrift of 12 papers honoring Alan Cheetham and spanning the breadth of his research. Most are original research papers that would not look out of place in Paleobiology or even Evolution. Evolutionary Patterns includes three sections and an abridged bibliography of papers by Cheetham that are germane to each topic. The first section on colonial growth begins with Buss examining growth models of colonial organisms, focusing especially on how circulation and flow affect overall form. Whereas a computer-generated colony will respond to simple deterministic (or even probabilistic) rules, environmental parameters affect general rules. Okamura et al.’s paper offers a nice companion to Buss’ paper by showing that the distribution of colony types is more likely to be limited by feeding opportunities than by competition for space. McShea’s paper concerns a more general issue (hierarchy and integration), continues his work on complexity and organismal organization (e.g., McShea 1996, 2001), and shows that parts within individuals (e.g., cells within metazoans or individuals within colonies) typically are simpler than the same parts as individuals. In the species recognition/speciation and extinction section, Knowlton and Budd show that geometric morphometrics separate morphotypes more cleanly than do molecular data. Pandolfi et al. show that two extinct coral species were abundant 82 thousand years ago (Ka) whereas several coral species that were rare 82 Ka still exist. Eighty-two Ka is a fraction of the species’ more than five-million-year durations and thus indicates that extinction can be geologically sudden. Nehm’s paper shows that the polyphyletic gastropod genus Volvarina evolved three times from the genus Prunum, with each derivation using a similar transition in multivariate morphospace
Ultrastructure of Grapefruit Secretory Cavities and Immunocytochemical Localization of (+)-Limonene Synthase

Premise of research. The genus Citrus includes species that are among the most important tree fruit crops. Although fruit juice is the primary product, monoterpenoid essential oil obtained from the peel is an important value-added commodity. Peel monoterpenes are synthesized by subepidermal secretory cavities that consist of glandular cells surrounding an extracellular oil storage space. Several previous studies have focused on early secretory cavity development, ending with the initiation of secretion. In order to better understand the process of monoterpene formation, transport, and storage, it is important to obtain detailed information concerning plant oil glands during all phases of development. Methodology. TEM was performed on secretory cavities isolated from the exocarp of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi Macfad. ‘Duncan’) preserved by microwave-assisted fixation or high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. Immunocytochemistry was employed to localize (+)-limonene synthase. Tomography was used to examine leucoplast ultrastructure. Pivotal results. Glandular epithelial cells of secretory cavities persisted for several months after their formation. Lipid accumulation occurred within plastoglobule-like lipid bodies (PGs), vacuoles, and cytoplasmic lipid bodies of epithelial cells. (+)-Limonene synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the primary flux-carrying reaction in Citrus monoterpene biosynthesis, was localized to tubules within oil gland leucoplasts and was not associated with PGs. No bulk movement of lipids from PGs to vacuoles or to the extracellular oil storage cavity was observed. Conclusions. Oil glands remain biosynthetically active throughout fruit development in grapefruit. The high degree of oil gland metabolic specialization is reflected in unique cellular features, such as leucoplasts, abundant plastid–endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites, and the accumulation of fibrillar material in vacuoles. The mechanism of the movement of monoterpenes from plastids to the central cavity is unknown, but our observations suggest that it does not involve vesicles or disruption of the large PGs.
n-3 PUFAs modulate T-cell activation via protein kinase C-α and -ε and the NF-κB signaling pathway Published, JLR Papers in Press, January 1, 2005. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M400444-JLR200

We elucidated the mechanisms of action of two n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in Jurkat T-cells. Both DHA and EPA were principally incorporated into phospholipids in the following order: phosphatidylcholine < phosphatidylethanolamine < phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylserine. Furthermore, two isoforms of phospholipase A2 (i.e., calcium-dependent and calcium-independent) were implicated in the release of DHA and EPA, respectively, during activation of these cells. The two fatty acids inhibited the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced plasma membrane translocation of protein kinase C (PKC)-α and -ε. The two n-3 PUFAs also inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the transcription of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene in PMA-activated Jurkat T-cells. Together, these results demonstrate that DHA and EPA, being released by two isoforms of phospholipase A2, modulate IL-2 gene expression by exerting their action on two PKC isoforms and NF-κB in Jurkat T-cells.
A regulatory network for human adenocarcinoma

Human adenocarcinoma (AC) is the most frequently diagnosed human lung cancer and its absolute incidence is increasing dramatically. Our study aimed to interpret the mechanisms of human adenocarcinoma through the regulation network based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We used the GSE2514 microarray data to identify human adenocarcinoma differentially expressed genes. Based on these genes and collected regulation datasets, 129 relationships between transcription factor and their target genes were established in AC. Finally, we find some new candidates and relationships, such as IL6 and NFKB1 owning a close connection with AC. Based on a relatively small number of patients, the results will need to be repeated and confirmed in future studies. Key words : Adenocarcinoma, transcription factors, transcriptome.
Comparative Dispersal of Homalodisca coagulata and Homalodisca liturata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Abstract California’s viticulture and ornamental industries have suffered significant losses since the introduction of Homalodisca coagulata (Say), an important vector of the Pierce’s disease bacterium. A better understanding of the factors that influence the dispersal of H. coagulata, as well as other native sharpshooters could enhance our ability to institute areawide management programs. Studies were conducted to establish the validity of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein marker for sharpshooter dispersal studies, to compare the dispersal of H. coagulata with that of a native sharpshooter Homalodisca liturata Ball, and to develop a better understanding of the factors that influence their dispersal. Field trials showed that the marker remained detectable for at least 19 d and did not affect sharpshooter survival. Four concentrations (0.04, 0.2, 1, and 5 mg/ml) and two different IgG markers (chicken and rabbit) were effective for marking sharpshooters. In mass-mark-recapture studies, ≈95% of the marked insects flew during the releases and the timing of flight initiation was similar for H. coagulata and H. liturata. Mean wind speeds >3 m s−1 were associated with a decline in flight initiation for both species. Most sharpshooters were trapped at heights below 4.2 m, and based on sex ratio comparisons, traps were equally attractive to males and females. Regression analyses of recapture data and a diffusion model were used to assess and compare sharpshooter dispersal. The majority (95%) of H. coagulata and H. liturata were recaptured within 90 and 155 m of the release site, respectively.
Genetic analysis of sweet pepper tolerance to low phosphorus availability in the soil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mode of inheritance for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) tolerance to low P availability in soil, defined here as the ability of plants to produce relatively more biomass (total dry weight) under low P conditions. A complete diallel cross was used involving six previously selected genotypes, three tolerant and three intolerant to low P availability in soil. At 75 days after sowing, total dry weight, shoot and root dry weight, ratio root:shoot dry weight, and total P content in the plant were evaluated. There were no significant reciprocal differences in any of the assessed traits. The results showed that genes controlling tolerance to low P were predominantly but not exclusively dominant. Out of the three tolerant parents, two concentrated dominant genes, and the other, recessive genes for tolerance to low P. The analysis of the genetic components of variation showed that both the additive and the dominant gene effects were involved in the control of all the characteristics, with a greater contribution from the dominance to the genetic variability among parents and F 1 hybrids. The estimates of the broadsense heritabilities were high, while the narrow-sense were in general comparatively low. Their magnitudes, however, were at a level that allowed successful selection.
An overview of the GEEP workshop

This paper reviews the main highlights of the GEEP Workshop, both its successes and failures, draws conclusions from these and from lessons learnt in convening and participating in the workshop, and suggests a way forward for research and application of biological effects techniques. We point to the importance of maintaining close links between the research effort and the evaluation of procedures that emerge, in the context of a wide spectrum of climatic and environmental regimes. The utility of measures of biological responses to pollution will depend on the extent to which a suite of such measurements can be put together so as to link In a cause/effect manner the results of chemical analyses and responses at the biochemical, cellular physiological, population and community levels Some hopeful trends and some basic difficulties are indicated. We suggest that further practical workshops on the same model as the GEEP Workshop, but held in different climatic regions and with different faunas, will play an essential part in furthering the development of techniques for measuring the biological effects of pollutants.