Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A subset of sweet-sensing neurons identified by IR56d are necessaryand sufficient for fatty acid taste

Fat represents a calorically potent food source that yields approximately twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates or proteins per unit of mass. The highly palatable taste of FAs promotes food consumption, activates reward circuitry, and is thought to contribute to hedonic feeding underlying many metabolism-related disorders. Despite a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases, little is known about how dietary fats are detected by the gustatory system to promote feeding. Previously, we showed that a broad population of sugar-sensitive taste neurons expressing Gustatory Receptor 64f (Gr64f), is required for reflexive feeding responses to both FAs and sugars. Here, we report a genetic silencing screen to identify specific populations of taste neurons that mediate fatty acid taste. We find neurons identified by expression of Ionotropic Receptor 56d (IR56d) are necessary and sufficient for reflexive feeding response to FAs. Functional imaging reveals that IR56d-expressing neurons are responsive to short- and medium-chain FAs. Silencing IR56d neurons selectively abolishes fatty acid taste, while their activation is sufficient to drive feeding responses. Analysis of co-expression with Gr64f identifies two subpopulations of IR56d-expressing neurons. While physiological imaging reveals that both populations are responsive to FAs, IR56d/Gr64f neurons are activated by medium-chain FAs and are sufficient for reflexive feeding responses to FA. Moreover, flies can discriminate between sugar and FAs in an aversive taste memory assay, indicating that FA taste is a unique modality in Drosophila. Taken together, these findings localize fatty acid taste within the Drosophila gustatory center and provide an opportunity to investigate discrimination between different categories of appetitive tastants. Authors Summary Fat represents a calorically potent food source that yields approximately twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates or proteins per unit of mass. Dietary lipids are comprised of both triacylglycerides and FAs, and growing evidence suggests that it is the free FAs that are detected by the gustatory system. The highly palatable taste of FAs promotes food consumption, activates reward centers in mammals, and is thought to contribute to hedonic feeding that underlies many metabolism-related disorders. Despite a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases, little is known about how dietary fats are detected by the gustatory system to promote feeding. We have identified a subset of sugar-sensing neurons in the fly that also respond to medium-chain FAs and are necessary and sufficient for behavioral responses to FAs. Further, we find that despite being sensed by shared neuron populations, flies can differentiate between the taste of sugar and FAs, fortifying the notion that FAs and sugar represent distinct taste modalities in flies.
A broad role for YBX1 in defining the small non-coding RNA composition of exosomes

RNA is secreted from cells enclosed within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Defining the RNA composition of EVs is challenging due to their co-isolation with contaminants, a lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of RNA sorting into EVs and limitations of conventional RNA-seq methods. Here we present our observations using thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase sequencing (TGIRT-seq) to characterize the RNA extracted from HEK293T cell EVs isolated by flotation gradient ultracentrifugation and from exosomes containing the tetraspannin CD63 further purified from the gradient fractions by immunoisolation. We found that EV-associated transcripts are dominated by full-length, mature tRNAs and other small non-coding RNAs encapsulated within vesicles. A substantial proportion of the reads mapping to protein-coding genes, long non-coding, and antisense RNAs were due to DNA contamination on the surface of vesicles. Nevertheless, sequences mapping to spliced mRNAs were identified within HEK293T cell EVs and exosomes, among the most abundant being transcripts containing a 5’ terminal oligopyrimidine (5’ TOP) motif. Our results indicate that the RNA-binding protein YBX1, which we showed previously is required for the sorting of selected miRNAs into exosomes, plays a role in the sorting of highly abundant small non-coding RNA species, including tRNAs, Y RNAs, and Vault RNAs. Finally, we obtained evidence for an EV-specific tRNA modification, perhaps indicating a role for post-transcriptional modification in the sorting of some RNA species into EVs. The identification of full-length small non-coding RNAs within EVs suggests a role for EVs in the export and possible intercellular functional transfer of abundant cellular transcripts. Statement of Significance Cells release vesicles containing selectively packaged cargo, including RNA, into the extracellular environment. Prior studies have identified RNA inside extracellular vesicles (EVs) but, due to limitations of conventional sequencing methods, highly structured and post-transcriptionally modified RNA species were not effectively captured. Using an alternative sequencing approach (TGIRT-seq), we found that EVs contain abundant small non-coding RNA species, including full-length tRNAs and Y RNAs. Using a knockout cell line, we obtained evidence that the RNA-binding protein YBX1 plays a role in sorting small non-coding RNAs into a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles termed exosomes. These experiments expand our understanding of EV-RNA composition and provide insights into how RNA is sorted into EVs for export from the cell.
Opposite effects of lateralised transcranial alpha versus gamma stimulation on spatial attention

Spatial attention relatively increases the power of neural 10-Hz alpha oscillations in the hemisphere ipsilateral to attention. The functional roles of lateralised oscillations for attention are unclear. Here, 20 human participants performed a dichotic listening task under continuous transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at alpha (10 Hz, vs sham) or gamma (47 Hz, vs sham) frequency, targeting left temporo-parietal cortex. Participants attended to four spoken numbers presented to one ear, while ignoring numbers on the other ear. As predicted, we found that alpha-tACS contralateral to the attended ear decreased recall of attended targets. Notably, gamma-tACS reversed the effect. Results provide a proof of concept that externally amplified oscillations can enhance spatial attention and facilitate attentional selection of speech. Furthermore, opposite effects of alpha versus gamma oscillations support the view that, across modalities, states of high alpha are incommensurate with active neural processing as reflected by states of high gamma.
Development of the automated laboratory practical work at the course «Modeling of systems»

In this paper one solution for construction of tutoring program complex is des cribed. The universal structure of a tutoring laboratory works complex has been create d. Laboratory works consist of a number of the typified tasks at which there are e lements of adaptation to the tested user. The program complex has been supplied by a considerable quantity of the help information and animation clips. The laboratory practical work has been introduc ed in educational process of students of the second year and has shown good indicators of a learning efficiency.
Engineering Membranes for Bone Regeneration

This review is focused on the use of membranes for the specific application of bone regeneration. The first section focuses on the relevance of membranes in this context and what are the specifications that they should possess to improve the regeneration of bone. Afterward, several techniques to engineer bone membranes by using “bulk”-like methods are discussed, where different parameters to induce bone formation are disclosed in a way to have desirable structural and functional properties. Subsequently, the production of nanostructured membranes using a bottom-up approach is discussed by highlighting the main advances in the field of bone regeneration. Primordial importance is given to the promotion of osteoconductive and osteoinductive capability during the membrane design. Whenever possible, the films prepared using different techniques are compared in terms of handability, bone guiding ability, osteoinductivity, adequate mechanical properties, or biodegradability. A last chapter contemplates membranes.
An EMG-based finite state approach for a microcomputer-controlled above-knee prosthesis

A novel self-contained microcomputer-controlled above-knee prosthesis (AKP) has been developed. The knee mechanism is equipped with a magnetic particle brake providing a continuously variable resistive moment. Several sensors measure the contact pressure under the prosthetic foot, the knee angle and EMG-signals from the stump muscles. This information enables the microcomputer to adjust the braking moment automatically depending on gait mode, gait velocity and other locomotion requirements. The control action is based on a finite state representation of the gait cyclus.
Classification of Capsule Endoscope Images Using Local Binary Patterns and Support Vector Machines

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is the state-of-the-art technology used for the investigation of intestines. With this technology, a physician can examine the entire section of the intestines, including the blind section not reachable with a traditional endoscope. However, one problem derived from this new technology is the tremendous amount of images that need to be inspected by human eyes and this becomes a burden to the physician. This paper presents some methods for an automatic detection system to identify suspected capsule endoscope images such as chyme blocked, suspected blood indicator, and ulcer in order to reduce this burden. These methods use standard local binary pattern (LBP) and Sobel-LBP as recognition features and support vector machines (SVM), nu-SVM (ν-SVM), and one class SVM (OCSVM) as classifiers. For comparison, the nearest neighbor classifier is also considered. Experimental results carried out on 10-runs of 5-fold cross validation using 80% of the training dataset showed that the combination of image downsampling by 1, standard LBP, and the OCSVM classifier outperforms other methods. The resulting accuracy is 98.10% and the computational time in the testing phase is below 0.5 seconds per image, which is applicable for practical applications. Keywords—Support Vector Machines, Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, Local Binary Pattern, Cross Validation, Arithmetic Means.
Piece difference: simple to evolve?

We detail a study into whether the 'piece difference' heuristic could be evolved for the game of checkers. A co-evolutionary algorithm is used to evolve a piece-weighting system that is used as the evaluation function in a minimax checkers player. The results suggest that the 'piece difference' heuristic will evolve if allowed, but it is not necessarily easy. The work has also demonstrated that other common heuristics can also be evolved.
Self-reconfiguring System-on-Chip using Linux on a Virtex-5 FPGA

Diese Arbeit dokumentiert eine Studie uber rekonfigurierbares Rechnen. Das Konzept des rekonfigurierbaren Rechnens ist beinahe gleich alt wie elektronisches Rechnen uberhaupt. Zur Erkundung praktischer Aspekte wird ein in Xilinx Virtex-5 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Struktur eingebettetes Linux System verwendet, das seine eigene Peripherie dynamisch rekonfigurieren kann. Dieses Vorgehen fuhrt zu Entwurfsproblemen wie auch zu neuen Anwendungsszenarien. Die untersuchten Szenarien sind Datenstromverarbeitung fur ein Audio-over-IP System, Software-Defined Radio Komponenten und evolutionarer Schaltkreisentwurf. Die Arbeit ist in der Zeit von 2010 bis 2011 als Fortsetzung eines Semesterprojekts am Lehrstuhl fur Signalverarbeitung und Mustererkennung am Institut fur Informatik der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin unter der Betreuung von Frank Winkler. %%%%This thesis describes a study conducted in Reconfigurable Computing. Recon- figurable Computing is a concept almost as old as high-speed electronic computing itself. To explore the practical aspects, a Linux system embedded in Xilinx Virtex-5 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) fabric is set up and used to reconfigure its own periphery dynamically. This, at the same time, poses problems in system de- sign and opens new possibilities in different application scenarios. Applications that have been under investigation are stream-processing in an Audio-over-IP system, approaches to Software-Defined Radio problems and evolutionary circuit design. This work was conducted in 2010/11 in continuation of a term project at the Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition group at the Department of Computer Science of the Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin under the guidance of Frank Winkler and colleagues.
High-quality factor MEMS based oscillator: Silicon 9 MHz oscillator with low phase noise and high quality factor

In this paper, an oscillator based on a Vibrating Body Field Effect Transistor (VB-FET) working at 9.4MHz is presented. The electrical characteristics of this active MEM resonator are detailed for static and dynamic operation. The benefit of the intrinsic gain for oscillator design is analyzed and an oscillator design is proposed based on these findings. The reported oscillator performance shows the advantages of an active MEM resonator for the construction of MEM based oscillators with respect to the reduced requirements on the electronics. © 2009 by Department of Microelectronics & Computer Science.
Control of lineage-specific gene expression by functionalized gRNA barcodes

Lineage tracking delivers essential quantitative insight into dynamic, probabilistic cellular processes, such as somatic tumor evolution and differentiation. Methods for high diversity lineage quantitation rely on sequencing the population of DNA barcodes. However, molecular analysis of specific individual lineages is not possible with this approach. To address this challenge, we developed a functionalized lineage tracing tool that enables high diversity lineage tracing and lineage-specific manipulation of gene expression. This modular platform utilizes expressed barcode gRNAs to both track cell lineages and direct lineage specific gene expression.
Parallel algorithm for traveling salesman problem on SIMD machines using simulated annealing

The authors present a fast parallel simulated annealing algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem (TSP) on single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) machines with linear interconnections among processing elements. In the algorithm for TSP, it is shown that with the proper data distribution and movement schemes, the generation of a new configuration and the calculation of energy difference can be done in constant time, and the whole time complexity of the move operation is proportional to the time taken to broadcast one bit information on an acceptance decision to all the other processing elements (PEs) on a linear class computer with the same number of PEs as of cities. Therefore, if a control unit has the broadcasting capability, as is often the case with the SIMD machine, the move operation can be done in constant time and the whole simulated annealing algorithm has a time complexity only proportional to the number of moves. <<ETX>>
Novel cell architecture for high performance digit-serial computation

A cell architecture for high performance digit-serial computation is presented. The design of this cell is based on the feedforward of the carry digit, which allows a high level of pipelining to increase the throughput rate. This will give designers greater flexibility in finding the best tradeoff between hardware cost and throughput rate. The effect of the number of pipelining levels on the throughput rate and hardware cost are presented.
A comparison of several cluster algorithms on artificial binary data [Part 2]. Scenarios from travel market segmentation. Part 2 (Addition to Working Paper No. 7).

The search for clusters in empirical data is an important and often encountered research problem. Numerous algorithms exist that are able to render groups of objects or individuals. Of course each algorithm has its strengths and weaknesses. In order to identify these crucial points artificial data was generated - based primarily on experience with structures of empirical data - and used as benchmark for evaluating the results of numerous cluster algorithms. This work is an addition to SFB Working Paper No. 7 where hard competitive learning (HCL), neural gas (NGAS), k-means and self organizing maps (SOMs) were compared. Since the artificial data scenarios and the evaluation criteria used remained the same, they are not explained in this work, where the results of five additional algorithms are evaluated. (author's abstract)
A naming and directory service for publisher-subscriber's status dissemination

classes are created for all top-level . Any elements whose type is a top-level type will have a new class created that extends the abstract class of the . Classes are not created for elements whose type is . All the definitions will be created into a package named “types”. We will not analyze the Java objects here, because they are generated binary files, and not human readable. Most of the tools provide three basic functions. Marshall() takes a Java object, and converts it into an XML file. Unmarshall() converts an XML file back to the Java object. Each created java class has a Validate() function that can validate if an instance of the class has conflict with the XML schema.
Olfactory learning primes the heat shock transcription factor HSF-1 to enhance the expression of molecular chaperone genes in C. elegans

Learning, a process by which animals modify their behavior as a result of experience, allows organisms to synthesize information from their surroundings to acquire resources and predict danger. Here we show that prior encounter with the odor of pathogenic bacteria prepares Caenorhabditis elegans to survive actual exposure to the pathogen by increasing HSF-1-dependent expression of genes encoding molecular chaperones. Learning-mediated enhancement of chaperone gene expression requires serotonin. Serotonin primes HSF-1 to enhance the expression of molecular chaperone genes by promoting its localization to RNA polymerase II–enriched nuclear loci, even prior to transcription. HSF-1-dependent chaperone gene expression ensues, however, only if and when animals encounter the pathogen. Thus, learning equips C. elegans to better survive environmental dangers by pre-emptively and specifically initiating transcriptional mechanisms throughout the whole organism. These studies provide one plausible basis for the protective role of environmental enrichment in disease.
Interspecific hybridization of Quasipaa and genetic characteristics of hybrid tadpole

This study aims to reveal the formation mechanism of distant hybridization of Quasipaa. We collected five species of Quasipaa for hybridization experiment and raised tadpoles at three temperature groups (14 ℃, 22 ℃, and 28 ℃) and three density groups (5, 15, and 30 ind/L). We monitored the growth rate and swimming speed of the tadpoles. We also used nine microsatellite markers to evaluate genetic diversity and structure between the crossbred offspring and parents. Results suggested that the hybrid combinations of Quasipaa spinosa (♀) × Q. shini (♂) and Q. boulengeri (♀) × Q. spinosa (♂) obtained healthy crossbred offspring. Temperature and breeding density significantly affected the growth and development of purebred and crossbred tadpoles. Compared with purebred tadpoles, the hybrids showed heterosis under similar experimental conditions. The genetic diversity of the crossbred tadpoles was higher than that of the parents. Higher heterozygosity and genetic differentiation were also observed in the progeny population. A close genetic relationship was found between the offspring population and the female parent.
Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Control Dopaminergic Signaling and Compulsive Behaviors

There is an ongoing debate on the contribution of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1 to the onset of compulsive behaviors. Here, we used behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular, and viral approaches in male and female mice to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which EAAC1 controls the execution of repeated motor behaviors. Our findings show that, in the striatum, a brain region implicated with movement execution, EAAC1 limits group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRI) activation, facilitates D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) expression, and ensures long-term synaptic plasticity. Blocking mGluRI in slices from mice lacking EAAC1 restores D1R expression and synaptic plasticity. Conversely, activation of intracellular signaling pathways coupled to mGluRI in D1R-containing striatal neurons of mice expressing EAAC1 leads to reduced D1R protein level and increased stereotyped movement execution. These findings identify new molecular mechanisms by which EAAC1 can shape glutamatergic and dopaminergic signals and control repeated movement execution. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetic studies implicate Slc1a1, a gene encoding the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1, with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). EAAC1 is abundantly expressed in the striatum, a brain region that is hyperactive in OCD. What remains unknown is how EAAC1 shapes synaptic function in the striatum. Our findings show that EAAC1 limits activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRIs) in the striatum and, by doing so, promotes D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) expression. Targeted activation of signaling cascades coupled to mGluRIs in mice expressing EAAC1 reduces D1R expression and triggers repeated motor behaviors. These findings provide new information on the molecular basis of OCD and suggest new avenues for its treatment.
A simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for an FGPA with hierarchical interconnection structure

An efficient layout design algorithm is presented. The algorithm simultaneously perform the placement and the global routing for the design of using FPGA with hierarchical interconnection structure (HFPGA). It is based on a k-way min-cut placement technique. The min-cut technique generates a partitioning tree which is then used to assign logic blocks to realize the function of modules in the netlist. The partitioning tree is also used to find the routing paths of interconnections between the logic blocks. Investigation is performed experimentally by implementing a set of industrial circuits using the algorithm.