Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anchor: Architecture for Secure Non-Volatile Memories

The rapid growth of memory-intensive applications like cloud computing, deep learning, bioinformatics, etc., have propelled memory industry to develop scalable, high density, low power non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies; however, computing systems that integrate these advanced NVMs are vulnerable to several security attacks that threaten (i) data confidentiality, (ii) data availability, and (iii) data integrity. This dissertation presents ANCHOR, which integrates 4 low overhead, high performance security solutions SECRET, COVERT, ACME, and STASH to thwart these attacks on NVM systems. SECRET is a low cost security solution for data confidentiality in multi-/triple-level cell (i.e., MLC/TLC) NVMs. SECRET synergistically combines (i) smart encryption, which prevents re-encryption of unmodified or zero-words during a write-back with (ii) XOR-based energy masking, which further optimizes NVM writes by transforming a high-energy ciphertext into a low-energy ciphertext. SECRET outperforms state-of-the-art encryption solutions, with the lowest write energy and latency, as well as the highest lifetime. COVERT and ACME complement SECRET to improve system availability of counter mode encryption (CME). COVERT repurposes unused error correction resources to dynamically extend time to counter overflow of fast growing counters, thereby delaying frequent full memory re-encryption (system freeze). ACME performs counter write leveling (CWL) to further increase time to counter overflow, and thereby delays the time to full memory re-encryption. COVERT+ACME achieves system availability of 99.999% during normal operation and 99.9% under a denial of memory service (DoMS) attack. In contrast, conventional CME achieves system availability of only 85.71% during normal operation and is rendered non-operational under a DoMS attack. Finally, STASH is a comprehensive end-to-end security architecture for state-of-the-art smart hybrid memories (SHMs) that employ a smart DRAM cache with smart NVM-based main memory. STASH integrates (i) CME for data confidentiality, (ii) page-level Merkle Tree authentication for data integrity, (iii) recovery-compatible MT updates to withstand power/system failures, and (iv) page-migration friendly security meta-data management. For security guarantees equivalent to state-of-the-art, STASH reduces memory overhead by 12.7x, improves system performance by 65%, and increases NVM lifetime by 5x. This dissertation thus addresses the core security challenges of next-generation NVM-based memory systems. Directions for future research include (i) exploration of holistic architectures that ensure both security and reliability of smart memory systems, (ii) investigating applications of ANCHOR to reduce security overhead of Internet-of-Things, and (iii) extending ANCHOR to safeguard emerging non-volatile processors, especially in the light of advanced attacks like Spectre and Meltdown.
Pharmacology of Natural Products: An recent approach on Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera

Introduction: Since ancient times, people have used medicinal plants to treat varied diseases. Medicinal plants are the important source of drugs, and many of them that are currently available in the pharmaceutical market are obtained from plant sources. Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera are small shrub, which are used conventionally to treat many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and intestinal disease in African and Asian countries. There have been always an increased focus on primary health care: basic health care which is effective and affordable by developing countries. Objective: This paper aims to review the pharmacological and pharmacognostical features of Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera Method: Brief review on recent literature carried out using Scopus, Google scholar. Result and Discussion: Several studies provide evidence of their antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anticonvulsant, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antimicrobial and anti-nociceptive properties. Conclusion: Species of Calotropis not widely recognized showed different pharmacological actions, due to the presence of effective secondary metabolites.
A Systematic Literature Review for Better Understanding of Lean Driven Sustainability

Global trends and factors, such as the increased level of globalization, climate change, resource scarcity, and awareness of social and environmental responsibilities, as well as fiercer competition and lower profit margins in all industries, force organizations to act to retain, regain, or sustain their competitive advantages for long-term survival. These trends and factors are historically known to bring about innovations that drive the evolution of industries. Sustainability is considered to be such an innovation to achieve fiscally sound, environmentally conscious, and socially progressive organizations and supply chains. This study reviewed 477 past articles published in five major databases from 1990 to 2018. The purpose of the study was to assess the current state-of-the art in the subject of lean-driven sustainability. Based on the exhaustive descriptive and contextual analysis, synergies, divergences, and the extent of two-way permeability of lean and sustainability concepts from the perspective of intra- and inter-organizational operations were identified along with future research opportunities. Fundamental strengths and weaknesses of both concepts, existing strong synergies and untapped potential, along with their key contributors, the potential-use cases of lean tools to derive sustainable solutions are highlighted in this review.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers of Under-Five Regarding Prevention of Malaria in Children: Evidence from ogun State, Nigeria

Malaria is an infectious disease and a serious health issue that needs urgent attention especially in children less than 5 years. The study aims at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding the prevention of malaria in children between 0-5 years. Convenience sampling method was used to select 160 mothers that attend child survival clinic and children outpatient clinic in olabisi onabanjo university teaching hospital (OOUTH), sagamu, Ogun State. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents, and the data was analysed using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, version 17). Findings from the study showed that 55% of the respondents had a good knowledge about malaria, 78% of the respondents had a positive attitude regarding malaria prevention, 37% of the respondents practiced malaria prevention. The factors which influenced respondents’ practice of prevention were the age of mothers, their income level and the frequency of malaria episode. Despite the fair overall knowledge and good attitudes, practices towards malaria prevention were poor. Therefore interventions aimed at social and behaviour change should primarily target the gaps in practices highlighted by the study.
Acoustic system for insect detection in plant stems: Comparisons of Cephus cinctus in wheat and Metamasius callizona in bromeliads

J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 21(4): 239-248 (October 2004) ABSTRACT Ceohus einctus Norton (Hvmenontera: Cenhidae) larvae feed and pupate inside wheat stems, hidden *om predation and behavioral observation. Larval activity can be detected acoustically by attaching an accelerometer to the base of a n infested stem. However, the initial procedure used to clamp the accelerometer to a stem was difficult to perform and sometimes compressed weak stems. An improved, nondestructive clamping device was developed and tested in studies that compared sounds produced by C. cinctus in wheat stems with sounds nroduced bv much lareer. Metamasius callizona . (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae hidden inside meristematie tissue of Tillandsia utriculata (L.), an endangered species of bromeliad. Temporal and frequency patterns of sound pulses generated by the larvae were compared in relation to insect size and differences in the structural properties of the . substrate. Larvae ofboth species produce brief, >1 kHz sounds, loud enough to be detected by an acoustic sensor in moderate hackground noise without using a n insulated room or anechoic chamber. As expected, the larger (300-400 mg) M. eallizona generated louder sounds than the 3-8 mg C. eimtus. The improved accelerometer/clamp system can be a useful tool for detecting the movement and feeding activity of C. cinctus, M. eallizona, and other insects that are difficult ta observe inside plant tissue.
Automatic Evaluation of Faces Predict Mayor Election Outcomes in Brazil

Elections can be decided on the basis of automatic evaluations of a candidate’s face that take less than one second. These inferences are specific to competence and they could predict better than chance 68.8 percent of the US Senate race results in 2004. Such a finding suggests fast, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices. We replicated this finding for the 2012 and 2016 municipal elections that took place in the southern Brazil state of Santa Catarina. Mayors could have been elected partially by automatic perceptions of competence.
Oilfield Development and Glaucous Gull ( Larus hyperboreus ) Distribution and Abundance in Central Alaskan Beaufort Sea Lagoons, 1970–2001

We evaluated aerial survey data for glaucous gulls ( Larus hyperboreus ) in central Alaskan Beaufort Sea lagoons near the Prudhoe Bay oilfields during June to September 1978– 2001 for trends in numbers of glaucous gulls, associations with human activity, and confounding relationships with environmental variables. Most glaucous gulls were in barrier island and mainland shoreline habitats, and the total number of gulls per survey ranged from 50 to 1600. Seasonal variation in abundance was apparent, with the largest numbers of gulls consistently recorded during September surveys. Ice cover and wave height had a significant negative correlation with the linear density of glaucous gulls (gulls/km). There was no clear trend in abundance of gulls in the lagoons at Prudhoe Bay or obvious interaction with human activity (such as air traffic, boat traffic, or humans on land or water) in the survey area during the period of oilfield development (1978–2001). We compiled glaucous gull nest counts from 1970 to 2001 across barrier islands to evaluate trends in the number of nests and associations with other colonial nesting species. The mean number of active glaucous gull nests increased from 1970–74 (77.6 nests per year) to 1975–85 (154.4 nests per year), but there was no evidence of a difference from 1970–74 to 1987– 2001 (153.0 nests per year). However, the change in 1976 from aerial to ground-based nest surveys confounds comparison of the survey periods before this date (1970– 74) with those after it (1975–85 and 1987– 2001). A strong positive relationship between the number of glaucous gull nests and both common eider and snow goose nests suggests that common environmental variables may be regulating nesting for these species.
Microwave Non-Invasive Temperature Monitoring Using UWB Radar for Cancer Treatment by Hyperthermia

Objective: In this paper we present a study of a novel method to noninvasively monitor temperature during thermotherapy for instance in cancer treatment using M-sequence radar technology. The main objective is to investigate the temperature dependence of reflectivity in UWB radar signal in gelatine phantoms using electrically small antennas. Methods: The phantom was locally heated up, and consequently changes of signal reflectivity were observed. Results: An approximate linear relationship between temperature change and reflectivity variations was formulated. To show the potential of this approach we used an M-sequence MIMO radar system. The system was tested on breast-shape phantom with local heating by circulating water of controlled temperature. Delay and Sum algorithm was implemented for two-dimensional imaging. Significance: The article is a study of temperature measurement using UWB radar system for possible usage in thermotherapy.
EFFICIENT SECURITY IN EMERGING MEMORIES

The wide adoption of cloud computing has established integrity and confidentiality of data in memory as a first order design concern in modern computing systems. Data integrity is ensured by Merkle Tree (MT) memory authentication. However, in the context of emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs), the MT memory authentication related increase in cell writes and memory accesses impose significant energy, lifetime, and performance overheads. This dissertation presents ASSURE, an Authentication Scheme for SecURE (ASSURE) energy efficient NVMs. ASSURE integrates (i) smart message authentication codes with (ii) multi-root MTs to decrease MT reads and writes, while also reducing the number of cell writes on each MT write. Whereas data confidentiality is effectively ensured by encryption, the memory access patterns can be exploited as a side-channel to obtain confidential data. Oblivious RAM (ORAM) is a secure cryptographic construct that effectively thwarts access-pattern-based attacks. However, in Path ORAM (state-of-the-art efficient ORAM for main memories) and its variants, each last-level cache miss (read or write) is transformed to a sequence of memory reads and writes (collectively termed read phase and write phase, respectively), increasing the number of memory writes due to data re-encryption, increasing effective latency of the memory accesses, and degrading system performance. This dissertation efficiently addresses the challenges of both read and write phase operations during an ORAM access. First, it presents ReadPRO (Read Promotion), which is an efficient ORAM scheduler that leverages runtime identification of read accesses to effectively prioritize the service of critical-path-bound read access read phase operations, while preserving all data dependencies. Second, it presents LEO (Low overhead Encryption ORAM) that reduces cell writes by opportunistically decreasing the number of block encryptions, while preserving the security guarantees of the baseline Path ORAM. This dissertation therefore addresses the core chal- lenges of read/write energy and latency, endurance, and system performance for integration of essential security primitives in emerging memory architectures. Future research directions will focus on (i) exploring efficient solutions for ORAM read phase optimization and secure ORAM resizing, (ii) investigating the security challenges of emerging processing-in-memory architectures, and (iii) investigating the interplay of security primitives with reliability enhancing architectures.
Mitigating spatial differences in observation rate of automated telemetry systems

Wildlife ecologists are increasingly interested in determining spatial distributions and habitat use of ungulates from locations estimated from both conventional and automated telemetry systems (ATS). If the performance of an ATS causes spatial versus random variation in probability of obtaining an acceptable location (observation rate), analysis of habitat selection is potentially biased. We define observation rate as the percentage of acceptable locations (i.e., those that meet signal strength, signal-to-noise ratios, geometric dilution of precision criteria) of the total locations attempted. An ATS at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range (Starkey) in Oregon tracks movements of elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and cattle. We detected localized variation in observation rate of stationary radiocollars in 1993. Subsequently, we devised a method to estimate observation rate at various spatial scales using animal location data over 4 years (1992-95 ; n = 907,156 location attempts) to determine if the variation was spatial or random. We formulated 5 variants of a general linear model to obtain estimates of spatial variation in observation rate. All 5 models assumed spatially correlated error terms estimated from isotropic semivariograms. Three models included environmental variables as covariates correlated with observation rate. Models then were compared based on mean error, coefficient of determination, and residual plots. Random variation accounted for 47-53%, and spatial variation accounted for 38-45% of the variation in observation rate. One model was selected to demonstrate application of the correction to mitigate spatial bias in observation rate. Our results demonstrate the utility of semivariograms to detect and quantify spatial variation in observation rate of animal locations determined from an ATS.
Biodegradable Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems

Biodegradable polymers have been widely used in biomedical applications because of their known biocompatibility and biodegradability. Biodegradable polymers could be classified into synthetic and natural (biologically derived) polymers. Both synthetic and natural biodegradable polymers have been used for drug delivery, and some of them have been successfully developed for clinical applications. This entry focused on various biodegradable polymers that have been used in development of drug delivery systems. Advances in organic chemistry and nano/micro fabrication/manufacturing methods enable continuous progresses in better utilization of a wide range of novel biodegradable polymers in drug delivery.
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT FEATURE SETS FOR SKYPE TRAFFIC CLASSIFICATION USING MACHINE LEARNING

viii Acknowledgements . ix Chapter
Information Stickiness in General Equilibrium and Endogenous Cycles

Abstract Traditionally, observed fluctuations in aggregate economic time series have been mainly modeled as being the result of exogenous disturbances. A better understanding of macroeconomic phenomena, however, surely requires looking directly at the relations between variables that may trigger endogenous nonlinearities. Several attempts to justify endogenous business cycles have appeared in the literature in the last few years, involving many types of different settings. This paper intends to contribute to such literature by investigating how we can modify the well-known information stickiness macro model, through the introduction of a couple of reasonable new assumptions, in order to trigger the emergence of endogenous fluctuations.
GSP Plus Status and Income Distribution: A CGE Model for Pakistan

The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) plus on a household income of Pakistan. The European Union, the largest trading partner of Pakistan, granted the status of GSP plus to Pakistan in December 2013. The study has used MyGTAP, developed by \citeA{minor2013mygtap} to calculate the impact at household level. This MyGTAP model uses the data of the latest available Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) to make changes in the standard GTAP by including multiple types of household and labor. The main findings of the simulations, run under MyGTAP model show a positive change in real GDP, merchandise imports and terms of trade while the first simulation shows a negative change in merchandise exports. Similarly, EBA status of Pakistan in the EU28 shows an increase in the household income with maximum gain by the household of rural Sindh with no agricultural land and a positive change in real wages of most of the factors. However, the large and medium agricultural household types show a negative change in household income in case of first simulation. Comparatively low improvement over urban and non-farm household of rural areas.
Interpreting the ultraviolet aerosol index observed with the OMI satellite instrument to understand absorption by organic aerosols: implications for atmospheric oxidation and direct radiative effects

Abstract. Satellite observations of the ultraviolet aerosol index (UVAI) are sensitive to absorption of solar radiation by aerosols; this absorption affects photolysis frequencies and radiative forcing. We develop a global simulation of the UVAI using the 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem coupled with the Vector Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer model (VLIDORT). The simulation is applied to interpret UVAI observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the year 2007. Simulated and observed values are highly consistent in regions where mineral dust dominates the UVAI, but a large negative bias (−0.32 to −0.97) exists between simulated and observed values in biomass burning regions. We determine effective optical properties for absorbing organic aerosol, known as brown carbon (BrC), and implement them into GEOS-Chem to better represent observed UVAI values over biomass burning regions. The inclusion of absorbing BrC decreases the mean bias between simulated and OMI UVAI values from −0.57 to −0.09 over West Africa in January, from −0.32 to +0.0002 over South Asia in April, from −0.97 to −0.22 over southern Africa in July, and from −0.50 to +0.33 over South America in September. The spectral dependence of absorption after including BrC in the model is broadly consistent with reported observations for biomass burning aerosol, with absorbing Angstrom exponent (AAE) values ranging from 2.9 in the ultraviolet (UV) to 1.3 across the UV–Near IR spectrum. We assess the effect of the additional UV absorption by BrC on atmospheric photochemistry by examining tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations in GEOS-Chem. The inclusion of BrC decreases OH by up to 30 % over South America in September, up to 20 % over southern Africa in July, and up to 15 % over other biomass burning regions. Global annual mean OH concentrations in GEOS-Chem decrease due to the presence of absorbing BrC, increasing the methyl chloroform lifetime from 5.62 to 5.68 years, thus reducing the bias against observed values. We calculate the direct radiative effect (DRE) of BrC using GEOS-Chem coupled with the radiative transfer model RRTMG (GC-RT). Treating organic aerosol as containing more strongly absorbing BrC changes the global annual mean all-sky top of atmosphere (TOA) DRE by +0.03 W m−2 and all-sky surface DRE by −0.08 W m−2. Regional changes of up to +0.3 W m−2 at TOA and down to −1.5 W m−2 at the surface are found over major biomass burning regions.
A Hybrid Filtered Density Function Spectral-Element Large Eddy Simulator

This dissertation is focused on the development of a hybrid scheme, combining the spectral-element method (SEM) solver with a Lagrangian Monte Carlo (MC) filtered density function (FDF) simulator for large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows. The methodology is shown to be suitable for LES, as a larger portion of the resolved energy is captured as the order of spectral approximation increases. The consistency and the overall performance of the SEM-MC solver, and the realizability of the simulated results are demonstrated via LES of a temporally developing mixing layer under both non-reacting and reacting conditions. The effects of grid resolution and polynomial order ($h-p$ refinement), and ensemble average size ($\Delta_E$) are studied. The computational scheme is fully parallelized via the message passing interface (MPI) methodology.