Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of Amines and Amino Acids in Wine — A Review

The significance of amines and amino acids in wine, and the most recent techniques for their determination and quantification, are summarized. Liquid chromatography is by far the most important technique for determining amines and amino acids in wine. Derivatization and a modern fluorescence or UV detector are required. The most popular derivatization reagents for amines are orthophthalaldehyde and dansyl chloride, whereas many different agents are used for derivatizing amino acids. The classic amino acid analyzer is used as often as the liquid chromatograph for amino acid determination. In general, red wines contain significantly more amines than do white wines. Usually, wines contain only a few milligrams per liter of each of the most important amines, such as histamine, tyramine, and phenethylamine. The amount of total amino acids is several dozen-fold higher than the amount of total amines in wine. Red wine contains 300 to 1300 mg/L of the most abundant amino acid, proline, which means that proline accounts for 30% to 85% of the total amino acid content. Next in abundance are alanine, glutamic acid + glutamine, arginine, and γ-aminobutyric acid.
Planting performance potential of Pinus sylvestris seedlings as evaluated by root growth capacity and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction methods

Root growth capacity (RGC) and root viability by the reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were measured in the winter and spring after freeze‐induced stress (0, ‐10, ‐15, ‐20°C). After freezing, seedlings were also stressed with different storage temperatures, and drying. Field performance during two years at two sites was used to determine the prediction abilities of the two test methods. RGC and TTC differed between the winter and spring tests. Coefficients of variation (CV) for RGC were larger in the winter than in the spring. The opposite applied for TTC. RGC was significantly lower in the winter than in the spring. TTC reduction was lower in the spring than in the winter. RGC‐ and TTC‐values decreased as freezing temperatures were lowered. Correlation coefficients between treatment means of RGC and TTC were low. Coefficients of determination (r 2) of linear regressions of RGC to the field performance attributes, first and second year diameter.
Population dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita on black pepper plants in two agro-ecological regions in Vietnam

The objective of our study was to examine the effect of local environmental conditions, especially air temperature and rainfall, in two agro-ecological regions in Vietnam on the population dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita on black pepper plants and on percentage root galling. The two study sites were situated in Cam Lo, Quang Tri province (North Central Coast) and Buon Ma Thuot, Dac Lac province (Central Highlands). At the study sites, 13 plant-parasitic nematode taxa belonging to 12 genera were identified. Ten of these taxa were present in both study sites. Helicotylenchus certus, Hemicriconemoides cocophilus and Pratylenchus coffeae were only found in Buon Ma Thuot. Based on nematode population densities, M. incognita was the most abundant taxon present. Rainfall and air temperature differed significantly between the two study sites. The most important climatic difference was rainfall: in Buon Ma Thuot, the rainy season lasted 2 months longer and the monthly rainfall during the rainy season was much higher compared to Cam Lo. Although this difference resulted in some differences in the population dynamics of M. incognita in the soil and roots of the black pepper variety Vinh Linh, the highest root population densities were observed in both study sites during the first half of the dry season. In Cam Lo, the highest percentage root galling was observed during the first half of the dry season. In Buon Ma Thuot, the highest percentage root galling was observed towards the end of the rainy season. Estimating the population densities if M. incognita to decide on the application of a management strategy should be done during the first half of the dry season.
Morphological Characterization of Anther Derived Plants in Minipaprika (Capsicum annuum L.)

This study was done to characterize the anther derived regenerants (R1) including haploids and spontaneous diploids of minipaprika (cvs.``Vine sweet-red`` ``Vine sweet-yellow`` and ``Vine sweet-orange``) in glasshouse. Eleven haploids (three, seven and one from red, yellow and orange, respectively) and sixteen spontaneous diploids (five, nine and two from red, yellow and orange, respectively) were grown in plastic pot with three (red, yellow and orange) anther donor (R0) F1minipaprika varieties. Regenerants were characterized for their plant and fruit characters as well as their fruit color and shape. The homozygosity of spontaneous diploid plants of each population was assessed using simple-sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Haploid plants were characterized by reduced plant height, small leaves, short petiole and internode and small flower bud and all haploids showed the sterility and vice-versa in spontaneous diploid lines. The fruit biometrical traits exhibited greater variation within the spontaneous diploid plants and average value of quantitative traits is lower than standard varieties. MR-4 gave the highest yield (150.5 g) per plant followed by MY-6 (140.0 g) and MY-8 (130.5 g) and the lowest in MY-5 (31.5 g). Morphological marker such as fruit color further determinedthe microspore origin of androgenic diploids obtained in anther culture of ``Vine sweet-red``. Of the fifteen spontaneous diploid plants, fourteen plants were identified as doubled haploids using microsatellite markers (SSR), and these homozygous lines are recommended to use in minipaprika breeding program.
รังสีแกมมาระดับต่าง ๆ มีผลต่อจำนวนเซลล์คุมและปริมาณคลอโรฟิลล์ของใบอัญชัน (Clitoria ternatea L.)

บทคดยอ เมลดอญชนถกฉายรงสแกมมาความเขมขนระดบตาง ๆ คอ 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 และ 60 เกรย แลวเพาะใหงอกเปนตนสงประมาณ 70 เซนตเมตร นำใบท 5 (นบจากยอดลงมา) ตรวจนบจำนวนเซลลคมบรเวณดานหลงใบ (upper epidermis) และทองใบ (lower epidermis) พบวามความแตกตางกนทางสถตอยางมนยสำคญ (P < 0.5) ใบทไดรบรงสแกมมา 20 เกรย มจำนวนเซลลคมสงสด (20.33 เซลล) เมอเพมปรมาณรงสแกมมามากขน (60 เกรย) พบวาปรมาณเซลลคมดานหลงใบลดลง จำนวนเซลลคมทพบดานทองใบมความแตกตางกนทางสถตอยางมนยสำคญ (P < 0.5) ใบทไดรบรงสแกมมา 20 เกรย พบจำนวนเซลลคมสงสด (46.00 เซลล) และปรมาณเซลลคมลดลงตามปรมาณรงสแกมมาทเพมมากขน เมอตรวจสอบลกษณะของเซลลขางเคยง (subsidiary cell) พบวารงสแกมมาตงแต 30 เกรย ขนไป มผลทำใหเซลลไมสมมาตรกน มลกษณะผดปกตมากขน เซลลคมไมพฒนาแตยงคงมเซลลขางเคยงลอมรอบ ปรมาณคลอโรฟลลเอและบมความแตกตางกนทางสถตอยางมนยสำคญ (P < 0.5) ใบจากตนทไดรบรงสแกมมา 30 เกรย มลกษณะเขยวเขมเพราะมปรมาณคลอโรฟลลเอ (5.785 mg) และบสงสด (2.836 mg) ปรมาณคลอโรฟลลเอและบลดลงตามปรมาณรงสทไดรบเพมมากขน ขนาดของเซลลคมทพบบนหลงใบ (upper epidermis) ของตนควบคมมขนาดใหญทสด และเซลลคมจากใบทไดรบรงสแกมมา 20 เกรย มขนาดใหญรองลงมา สวนเซลลคมดานทองใบ (lower epidermis) มขนาดเพมมากขนเมอไดรบรงสแกมมาเพมมากขน คำสำคญ : รงสแกมมา; ตนอญชน; เซลลคม; ปรมาณคลอโรฟลล Abstract Butterfly pea seeds were irradiated with various concentrations of gamma ray (0, 10 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 grays) and germinated. When the plants grew up at height about 70 cm, leaves at the fifth node were used. The number of guard cells at upper epidermis and lower epidermis were significant different (p < 0.05). The number of guard cells at lower epidermis from the leaf which irradiated with 20 gray of gamma ray was the highest (20.39 cells). When the concentration of gamma ray increased the number of guard cells at upper epidermis was decreased. The number of guard cells at lower epidermis from various concentrations of gamma radiation was significant different (p < 0.05) and when increased concentration of gamma radiation, the number of guard cells was decreased. At 20 grays of gamma ray concentration could induce the highest number of guard cells (46.00 cells). Gamma ray concentration more than 30 grays induced disordered cell such as irregular shape, undeveloped guard cells but still have subsidiary cells around them. Chlorophyll a and b contents were significantly differences (p < 0.05) among the concentrations of gamma ray. The 30 grays concentration induced more greenish leaves than the others. The leaves contained the highest chlorophyll a (5.785 mg) and chlorophyll b (2.83 mg). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were decreased when the concentration of gamma ray increased. The size of guard cell at the upper epidermis with no irradiated was the biggest, followed by 20 grays concentration. The size of guard cell at the lower epidermis was increased when the concentration of gamma ray increased. Keywords: gamma radiation; butterfly pea; guard cell; chlorophyll content
TRANSMISSION MODEL OF CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER IN THE PRESENCE OF TWO SPECIES OF AEDES MOSQUITOES

In 2008 there was a large outbreak of Chikungunya f ever in the south of Thailand. Chikungunya fever is a febrile disease transmitted to humans by the bite o f infected Aedes mosquitoes. The symptoms of this disease are a sudden onset of a fever, chills, head ache, nausea, vomiting, joint pain with or without swelling, low back pain and rash. In this study we study the effects of there being two species of Aedes mosquito (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus ) present. In this study, we assume that both the h uman and mosquito populations are constant. A dynamical model of Chikungunya fever is proposed and analyzed. The RouthHurwitz criteria are used to determine the stabilit y of the model. The conditions which would lead to either the disease free equilibrium state or the disease endem ic equilibrium state to exist is determined. The nu merical simulations are done in order to illustrate the beh aviors of transmission of disease for different val ues of parameters. It is shown that the destruction of bre eding sites could be an effective method to control this disease.
Characteristics of DNA Binding to Sheep Spermatozoa

Spermatozoa were incubated in PBS with [32P] labeled DNA fragments at 37 C. After 10 min incubations, DNA fragments were tightly bound to spermatozoa. Pre-treatment of sperm with 3% glutaraldehyde prevented this binding ability. Bound DNA could not be removed from sperm, even after treatment of the sperm with 0.1% Triton X-100 or DNase. After the induction of capacitation and the acrosome reaction of the spermatozoa, which are prerequisites for normal fertilization, more than 40% of the DNA fragments remained bound. The site of binding of DNA on spermatozoa was determined by membrane fractionation on discontinuous sucrose gradient and electronmicroscopic observation and found to be on the plasma membrane of the post-acrosomal region. Artificial insemination was carried out with spermatozoa incubated with DNA fragments, and 20 fetuses at 35 days of pregnancy and 11 lambs were collected. The possibility that DNA integration into the chromosome had occurred was determined by Southern hybridization. Under these experimental conditions, DNA did not integrate into the fetal genome in any sample tested.
The cryptic-growth response of maize coleoptiles and its relationship to H2O2-dependent cell wall stiffening

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptile segments can be nullified by lowering the turgor pressure by 0.45 MPa. Under these conditions irreversible segment length (1 irr ) measured after freezing/thawing increases steadily over a period of 8 h although the in vivo length (1 mt ) remains constant. This phenomenon, designated as 'cryptic growth', is an indication of a wall-stiffening process which appears to be an intrinsic component of irreversible cell wall extension. Using a range of metabolic inhibitors it is demonstrated that cryptic growth is caused by a temperature-sensitive biochemical process in the cell wall which depends on the presence of O 2 and active peroxidase, but not on ATP and protein synthesis. Inhibition of cryptic growth by anaerobic conditions can be alleviated by external H 2 O 2 . Moreover, cryptic growth can be partially inhibited by the antioxidant ascorbate. It is concluded that cryptic growth represents a wall-stiffening reaction mediated by peroxidase-catalyzed, H 2 O 2 -dependent cross-linking of phenolic residues of wall polymers. The experimental demonstration of a wall-stiffening reaction in a rapidly growing organ supports the concept that irreversible cell elongation (growth) is caused by an interplay of two chemorheological reactions, a turgor-dependent wall-loosening reaction and a separate wall-stiffening reaction which fixes the viscoelastically extended wall structure through oxidative cross-linking and thus conferring irreversibility to wall extension.
Prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and chromosomal determinants in surface water of Bangladesh

A total of 210 different bacteria were isolated from water samples collected in different surveillance sites in Bangladesh between May and July 2004. Of these, 147 isolates were analyzed and 103 were identified by different biochemical tests as well as stereotyped with specific antiserum. Sixty five percent of these isolates were identified as Escherichia coli which were resistant to multiple drugs including tetracycline, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The remaining thirty five percent of the isolates were Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus and Klebsiella. Most of the V. cholerae were nalidixic acid, streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistant. Almost 90% of nalidixic acid resistant V. cholera were stereotyped as non O1. The remaining 10% were O1 and O139. All bacteria were used to isolate plasmid DNA to compare plasmid patterns. The plasmid contents of representative drug resistant strains were analyzed by electroporation to determine the location of antibiotic resistant gene whether it was chromosomal or extrachromosomal. The results of these experiments suggested that Bangladeshi environmental water including rivers, lakes and ponds contained a large number of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and almost all antibiotic resistant determinants were located in the chromosome instead of plasmid.
Reduced Expression of Bcl-2 in CD8+ T Cells Deficient in the IL-15 Receptor α-Chain1

Mice that lack IL-15 or the IL-15R α-chain (IL-15Rα) are deficient in peripheral CD8+, but not in CD4+, T cells. This CD8+ T cell-specific deficiency has now been investigated further by characterization of a new strain of IL-15Rα−/− mice. The adult mutant mice exhibited a specific reduction in the percentage of CD8-single positive TCRhigh thymocytes. The expression of Bcl-2 was reduced in both CD8+ thymocytes and naive T cells of the mutant animals, and the susceptibility of these cells to death was increased. Memory CD8+ cells were profoundly deficient in IL-15Rα−/−mice, and the residual memory-like CD8+ cells contained a high percentage of dead cells and failed to up-regulate Bcl-2 expression compared with naive CD8+ cells. Moreover, exogenous IL-15 both up-regulated the level of Bcl-2 in and reduced the death rate of wild-type and mutant CD8+ T cells activated in vitro. These results indicate that IL-15 and IL-15Rα regulate the expression of Bcl-2 in CD8+ T cells at all developmental stages. The reduced Bcl-2 content in CD8+ cells might result in survival defect and contribute to the reduction of CD8+ cells in IL-15Rα−/−mice.
Antimicrobial properties and toxicity of Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel, Fuerstia africana T.C.E. Fries, Asparagus racemosus (Willd.) and Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.

Background: The world health organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of population in Africa relies on traditional remedies for their healthcare. However, very few studies have been carried out to establish the therapeutic effects of these remedies. Objective: Four medicinal plants were investigated for antimicrobial activity and toxicity. Materials and Methods: Plants were collected from their natural habitat, dried, and extracted with organic and aqueous solvents. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the disc diffusion assay technique. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out on extracts using MTT assay on Vero cell lines while acute toxicity in Swiss mice. Results: Extracts from H. abyssinica , F. africana and A. racemosus exhibited antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of ≤ 6.25mg/ml against S . aureus , MRSA and P. aeruginosa . However, the plants studied had weak antifungal activity. H. abyssinica and F. africana extracts were found to be cytotoxic with CC 50 of ˂ 90 µg/ml. These extracts were tested for acute toxicity and found to be safe at 5000 mg/kg body weight per day. Conclusion: The results of the study support the medicinal use of these plants and indicate that useful compounds from Hagenia abyssinica and Fuerstia africana can be isolated for further exploitation. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Acute toxicity
Potamochoerus porcus (Artiodactyla: Suidae)

Abstract: Potamochoerus porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a monotypic suid commonly known as the red river hog. It is 1 of 2 species in the genus Potamochoerus and among the smallest and most plesiomorphic (ancestral) of the 8 African suids. This is the brightest colored wild pig species and is identified by its rufous coat and white dorsal crest; spectacled black-and-white facemask; and elongated, leaf-shaped ears that end in terminally drooping tufts of hair. P. porcus lives in damp forests throughout the rainforest belt of western and central Africa; it never ranges far from thick vegetative cover, soft soils, and water. Although P. porcus is commonly harvested for subsistence and urban bushmeat markets, it is considered of “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Standardized catch and survival rates, and effect of a ban on shark retention, Palau pelagic longline fishery

Pelagic longline fisheries affect both market and vulnerable bycatch species and can have broad effects on community structure and processes. Observer data from the Palau longline fishery were analysed to identify opportunities to mitigate vulnerable species bycatch, determine temporal trends in local abundance, and assess changes following a ban on shark retention and wire leaders. Catch and haulback condition data for bigeye and yellowfin tunas, blue and silky sharks and pelagic stingrays were fitted to standardized catch and survival rate models. The fishery caught silky and blue sharks, olive ridley sea turtles and other species of conservation concern. Changing from shallow sets to deep daytime sets might reduce shark and sea turtle catch rates but increase turtle haulback mortality rates, maintain economically viable tuna catch rates, but increase catch rates of pelagic stingrays, a lower conservation concern than main caught species of sharks and turtles. Focusing fishing effort during the middle of the calendar year would maximize yellowfin tuna and minimize silky shark standardized catch rates, but maximize blue shark catch rates. A large decline in shark fishing mortality rate very likely occurred following a ban on shark retention and wire leaders. This was due to large reductions in the nominal shark catch rate and shark retention, partially offset by decreases in the shark haulback survival rate and pre-catch survival rate. Significantly higher blue shark and lower pelagic stingray nominal catch rates occurred on wire vs. monofilament leaders. Significantly higher blue shark and lower yellowfin tuna nominal catch rates occurred on sets using shallow ‘shark lines’. It is a research priority to compare the probability of shark pre-catch survival after escaping from monofilament leaders with an ingested hook and trailing line to the survival probability when captured on wire leaders.
RESPONSE OF A LENTIC PERIPHYTON COMMUNITY TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT AT LOW N:P RATIOS 1

We examined the effect of nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios and nutrient concentrations on periphyton when nutrients (N and P) are provided in excess. A gradient of seven N:P ratios ranging from 7.5:1 to 1:7.5 and each at three absolute concentrations, was established using nutrient‐releasing substrata placed in a meso‐oligotrophic lake. Differences in total algal biovolume among nutrient ratios were significant (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]) when P concentration was entered as the co‐variate. In addition, total algal biovolume was significantly correlated with N concentration but not P. To further evaluate the relationship between nutrient ratios and biovolume, we analyzed (using four 1‐way analysis of variances [ANOVAs]) four subsets of data defined as a series of treatments where one nutrient concentration remained relatively constant as the other changed creating different N:P ratios. Ratios of data subsets ranged from 1:1 to 7.5:1 and 1:1 to 1:7.5 with low and high concentrations of both series. Only diatom biovolume varied with ratio but these differences are most likely related to increased green algal abundance. Species richness and diversity differed among N:P ratios (ANCOVA) when P concentration was used as the co‐variate. Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Gomont, which generally accounted for the increase in green algal abundance, varied with nutrient ratio (ANCOVA) when P was the co‐variate. Based on the ANCOVAs, correlations, and one‐way ANOVAs, periphyton in this system appears to be affected by N concentration but not by N:P treatment ratios under nutrient‐rich conditions. When compared with previous studies, these data also suggest that the response of periphyton to in situ treatments constructed with nutrient‐releasing substrata vary between years.
Glutathione transferases in rat lung: the presence of transferase 7-7, highly efficient in the conjugation of glutathione with the carcinogenic (+)-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene

: The enzyme-catalysed conjugation of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(+/-)-anti-BPDE] with glutathione (GSH) by cytosolic GSH transferases isolated primarily from rat lung has been studied. GSH transferase 4-4 was active in the GSH conjugation of anti-BPDE, whereas transferases 2-2 and 3-3 showed little activity. GSH transferase 1-1 did not contribute to the activity since significant amounts were not detected in the rat lung. Activity was also obtained with several acidic pulmonary GSH transferases and with a newly described form, transferase 7-7, also isolated from rat kidney and from hyperplastic liver nodules. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of transferase 7-7 was seven times that of transferase 4-4, the most active rat transferase previously identified. When the GSH concentration was varied at constant (+/-)-anti-BPDE concentration in the presence of transferases 4-4, 7-7 or the major acidic transferase, non-linear Lineweaver-Burk plots were obtained. Resolution of the GSH conjugates of the two enantiomers of (+/-)-anti-BPDE by h.p.l.c. showed that all isoenzymes with notable activity were selective (greater than or equal to 97%) for the (+)-enantiomer of anti-BPDE, which is generally considered to be the most carcinogenic form of BPDE. The possibility that one enantiomer inhibits the conjugation of the other enantiomer with GSH cannot be excluded and may quantitatively affect the results obtained.