Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First in situ estimations of small phytoplankton carbon and nitrogen uptake rates in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas

Abstract. Carbon and nitrogen uptake rates by small phytoplankton (0.7–5 µm) in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas in the Arctic Ocean were quantified using in situ isotope labeling experiments; this research, which was novel and part of the NABOS (Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System) program, took place from 21 August to 22 September 2013. The depth-integrated carbon (C), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) uptake rates by small phytoplankton ranged from 0.54 to 15.96 mg C m−2 h−1, 0.05 to 1.02 mg C m−2 h−1, and 0.11 to 3.73 mg N m−2 h−1, respectively. The contributions of small phytoplankton towards the total C, NO3-, and NH4+ varied from 25 % to 89 %, 31 % to 89 %, and 28 % to 91 %, respectively. The turnover times for NO3- and NH4+ by small phytoplankton found in the present study indicate the longer residence times (years) of the nutrients in the deeper waters, particularly for NO3-. Additionally, the relatively higher C and N uptake rates by small phytoplankton obtained in the present study from locations with less sea ice concentration indicate the possibility that small phytoplankton thrive under the retreat of sea ice as a result of warming conditions. The high contributions of small phytoplankton to the total C and N uptake rates suggest the capability of small autotrophs to withstand the adverse hydrographic conditions introduced by climate change.
Market Performance of Sponsor-Backed Initial Public Offerings: An Empirical Analysis of the German Market

This paper investigates the overall market performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in Germany, by analyzing the short and long run performance of IPOs, utilizing the data from 2000-2013. Furthermore the study aims to distinguish and compare the performance of sponsor backed IPOs to non-sponsor backed IPOs, by placing a special focus on the value creating abilities of financial sponsors. The examined data set consists of 286 IPOs out of which 46 can be considered as IPOs which were backed by financial sponsor. The study suggests that, on average, IPOs significantly underperform their benchmarks. Furthermore, the evidence implies significant differences across the IPO groups with regard to performance and operational indicators. The multivariate regression shows that in the long run, private equity firms outperform their counterparts, signified by greater buy-and hold abnormal returns respectively recorded within the three-year period after the IPO.
Morphological and molecular characterization of five Colletotrichum species from India

Twenty Colletotrichum isolates comprising of five species C. capsici. C. dematium, C. falcatum, C. gloeosporioides and C. lindemuthianum from different geographical locations of India (New Delhi 4, Sikkim 2, Solan 3, Pantnagar 3, Daurala 2, Culcutta 1, Lucknow 1, Navasari 1, Pune 1, Dapoli 1 and Karnal 1) isolated from different crops (sugarcane, bell pepper, lal mirich, Gomphrena, Melia, bottle brush, Passiflora foetida, ashwagandha, egg plant, grape, cattleya, cashew nut, French bean, and soybean) were analyzed with RAPD markers. Morphological and cultural characters of these different species were correlated with the RAPD data. PCR amplification of total genomic DNA with 16 random primers generated unique banding patterns depending upon primer and the isolate. Sugarcane isolates 4800 and 4803 produced identical banding pattern while other isolates produced dissimilar bands within the particular species indicating the genetic diversity among the isolates within a species. Morphological characters were also different from each other even in sugarcane isolates 4800 and 4803, which shared identical bands. Cluster analysis also indicated a very high degree of genetic variability within a given Colletotrichum species. C. capsici and C. dematium isolates clustered together in the dendrogram showing their genetic relatedness. Morphological characters also supported this clustering. RAPD markers were better suited for differentiating isolates within a species rather than species.
Should one augment the Taylor Rule with an Exchange Rate Term

Three specifications of a Taylor rule are embedded in a small open economy to evaluate whether one should include an exchange rate term in the rule to have a determinate REE that also is learnable in least squares sense. The answer is affirmative when it comes to contemporaneous data in the rule, but such a term is not necessary when lagged data are used in the rule, if the reaction to the CPI inflation rate is strong enough. Finally, the indeterminacy problem cannot be resolved when future expectations are used in the rule. We allow for interest rate inertia in the analysis. JEL Classification: E52, F31.
Unobservable, But Unimportant? The Influence of Personality Traits (and Other Usually Unobserved Variables) for the Evaluation of Labor Market Policies

Many commonly used treatment effects estimators rely on the unconfoundedness assumption ("selection on observables") which is fundamentally non-testable. When evaluating the effects of labor market policies, researchers need to observe variables that affect both treatment participation and labor market outcomes. Even though in many countries it is possible to access (very) informative administrative data, concerns about the validity of the unconfoundedness assumption remain. The main concern is that the observed characteristics of the individuals may not be enough to properly address potential selection bias. This is especially relevant in light of the research on the influence of personality traits and attitudes on economic outcomes. We exploit a unique dataset that contains a rich set of administrative information on individuals entering unemployment in Germany, as well as several usually unobserved characteristics like personality traits, attitudes, expectations, and job search behavior. This allows us to empirically assess how estimators based on the unconfoundedness assumption perform when alternatively including or not these usually unobserved variables. Our findings indicate that these variables play a significant role for selection into treatment and labor market outcomes, but do not make for the most part a significant difference in the estimation of treatment effects, compared to specifications that include detailed labor market histories. This suggests that rich administrative data may be good enough to draw policy conclusions on the effectiveness of active labor market policies.
Theory of Ferromagnetism and the Ordering of Electronic Energy Levels

Consider a system of N electrons in one dimension subject to an arbitrary symmetric potential, V(x1,.,x N ),and let E(S) be the lowest energy belonging to the total spin value S. We have proved the following theorem: E(S) < E(S’) if S < S’. Hence, the ground state is unmagnetized. The theorem also holds in two or three dimensions (although it is possible to have degeneracies) provided V (x1,y1,x1, …; x N ,y N ,z N ) is separately symmetric in the x i , y i , and z i . The potential need not be separable, however. Our theorem has strong implications in the theory of ferromagnetism because it is generally assumed that for certain repulsive potentials, the ground state is magnetized. If such be the case, it is a very delicate matter, for a plausible theory must not be so general as to give ferromagnetism in one dimension, nor in three dimensions with a separately symmetric potential.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF WEAR-PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR COMPUTER DISK DRIVE, CUTTING TOOL AND OTHER TRIBOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS *

Wear-protective coatings are used in computer disk drives, cutting tools and other tribological applications. Each ap- plication has different property objectives for the protective coating. Therefore, one must tailor-design such coatings for individual applications. This paper presents two examples to illustrate the science and technology involved in the development of these wear- protective coatings. The first example is the development of TiN/SiNx multilayer coatings for high temperature and roll- ing contact fatigue applications. Using du al-cathode reactive sputtering, we were able to obtain TiN/SiNx multilayer coatings with an equiaxed grain structure (rather than the usual columnar structure), which is crucial i n improving rolling contact f atigue lives. More important, by optimizing the individual l ayer thickness in this s ystem, we provide strong evidence that t he multilayer structure is preserved up to 1000°C. This suggests that these coatings may be useful f or high-temperature applications. The second example is the development of ultrathin protec- tive overcoats for hard d isks with extremely high storage density. The objective is to d evelop 2 nm thick overcoats, which must provide both wear and corrosion protection. In this case, this requires the coating to be atomically smooth and pinhole-free and at the same time to be compatible with the lubricant used in this application. It is shown that nitrogenated carbon (CNx), when deposited under optimal pulsed d c conditions, can satisfy all t hese requirements down to 1- 2 nm.
Developing New Strategies to Support Future Caregivers of Older Canadians with Disabilities: Projections of Need and their Policy Implications

This paper projects annual growth rates between 2001 and 2031 in the need for informal and formal support among elderly Canadians with disabilities. The paper also discusses the policy implications of the increasing demand for informal caregivers. Using Statistics Canada's LifePaths microsimulation model, these projections incorporate disability rates and the potential availability of family caregivers. The authors conclude that continued focus on family to meet the needs of elderly Canadians is not sustainable. New public policies involving financial support and respite for family caregivers are proposed and their economic feasibility is evaluated.
Coalescence of lateral spreading magma ascending through dykes: a mechanism to form a granite canopy (El Hongo pluton, Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina)

This study deals with the structure of the El Hongo trondhjemite, a ENE–WSW elongate pluton belonging to the Famatinian magmatic arc that developed from Late Cambrian to Silurian times in the Sierras Pampeanas (Argentina). Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements combined with structural and microstructural data permit the correlation of magmatic and magnetic fabrics within this ferromagnetic pluton. Magnetic foliations strike north–south and dip steeply west but in the marginal facies the foliation becomes parallel to the ENE–WSW pluton contacts. Magnetic lineations mostly trend north–south and plunge SE. Gravity data reveal that the pluton is in the form of a very thin horizontal sheet resting on two north–south-trending root zones detected below the central portion of the pluton. These root zones represent feeder dykes that exploited tension fractures. The emplacement of the El Hongo pluton took place during the action of a buried sinistral shear zone, parallel to the elongation of the pluton, corresponding to a transfer fault associated with the late extensional exhumation of the Famatinian domain. The emplacement of other Famatinian granites of the Sierras Pampeanas could be related to similar late shear zones.
Circadian Expression of PERIOD and the Pigment-Dispersing Factor in the yellow white mutant Drosophila melanogaster

Daily behavioral andphysiological rhythms in most animals are regulated by a circadian clock. Inthe fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, this clock consists of a networkof about 150 cerebral neurons. Different parameters of the fruit fly circadianlocomotion are attributed to specific neuronal subsets and the molecularrhythms of clock genes and proteins within them. To understand the clockmachinery, many clock mutant flies have been used. yellow white (y w) mutation in D. melanogaster cause impairedmelanisation, eye pigmentation loss, and behavioral alterations includingchanges in circadian locomotion. This study investigates the possible molecularbackground for these circadian alterations. Results revealed that in the outputpathway of the clock, the Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF) expression wassuppressed in y w mutant fruit flies compared to Canton S (CS) wild-type in the PDF+ clock neurons. Onthe other hand, the degradation of the PERIOD (PER) protein was significantlydelayed in yw mutants and their levels was higher, especially atthe transition from dark to light. The combined effect of elevated PER levelsand suppressed PDF signaling provides an explanation for the delayed morninglocomotor activity peak (M) and advanced evening peak (E) of y w fliescompared to CS.It could be concluded that mutations affecting eye pigmentation like the y w mutationcould have profound effects on the circadian regulation of behavior and theirunderlying molecular oscillations in clock neurons. These effects reduce theplasticity and robustness of the circadian clock and expose the flies to higherlevels of the environmental risk of desiccation.
Simulating ATO Mechanism and EGFR Signaling with Fuzzy Logic and Petri Net

Background: Interactions of many key proteins or genes in signalling pathway have been studied qualitatively in the literature, but only little quantitative information is available. Objective: Although much has been done to clarify the biochemistry of transcriptional dynamics in signalling pathway, it remains difficult to find out and predict quantitative responses. The aim of this study is to construct a computational model of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway as one of hallmarks of cancer so as to predict quantitative responses. Material and Methods: In this analytical study, we presented a computational model to investigate EGFR signalling pathway. Interaction of Arsenic trioxide (ATO) with EGFR signalling pathway factors has been elicited by systematic search in data bases, as ATO is one of the mysterious chemotherapy agents that control EGFR expression in cancer. ATO has dichotomous manner in vivo, dependent on its concentration. According to fuzzy rules based upon qualitative knowledge and Petri Net, we can construct a quantitative model to describe ATO mechanism in EGFR signalling pathway. Results: By Fuzzy Logic models that have the potential to trade with the loss of quantitative information on how different species interact, along with Petri net quantitatively describe the dynamics of EGFR signalling pathway. By this model the dynamic of different factors in EGFR signalling pathway is achieved. Conclusion: The use of Fuzzy Logic and PNs in biological network modelling causes a deeper understanding and comprehensive analysis of the biological networks.
Modelling Amazonian forest eddy covariance data: a comparison of big leaf versus sun/shade models for the C-14 tower at Manaus I. Canopy photosynthesis

In this study, we concentrate on modelling gross primary productivity using two simple approaches to simulate canopy photosynthesis: "big leaf" and "sun/shade" models. Two approaches for calibration are used: scaling up of canopy photosynthetic parameters from the leaf to the canopy level and fitting canopy biochemistry to eddy covariance fluxes. Validation of the models is achieved by using eddy covariance data from the LBA site C14. Comparing the performance of both models we conclude that numerically (in terms of goodness of fit) and qualitatively, (in terms of residual response to different environmental variables) sun/shade does a better job. Compared to the sun/shade model, the big leaf model shows a lower goodness of fit and fails to respond to variations in the diffuse fraction, also having skewed responses to temperature and VPD. The separate treatment of sun and shade leaves in combination with the separation of the incoming light into direct beam and diffuse make sun/shade a strong modelling tool that catches more of the observed variability in canopy fluxes as measured by eddy covariance. In conclusion, the sun/shade approach is a relatively simple and effective tool for modelling photosynthetic carbon uptake that could be easily included in many terrestrial carbon models.
Chaos Synchronization Of An Ellipsoidal Satellite Via Active Control

In this paper, we have investigated the synchronization behaviour of two identical nonlinear dynamical systems of a rotating ellipsoidal satellite in elliptic orbit under the solar radiation pressure evolving from dierent initial conditions using the active control technique based on the Lyapunov stability theory and the Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The designed controller, with our own choice of the coecient matrix of the error dynamics, are found to be eective in the stabilization of the error states at the origin, thereby, achieving synchronization between the states variables of two dynamical systems under consideration. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the eectiveness of the proposed control techniques using mathematica. Key words : Chaos; Synchronization; Satellite
Evaluating the Carbon Stock in Above-and Below-Ground Biomass in a Moist Central African Forest

The study aimed to estimate the carbon stocks of above-and below-ground biomass in Lesio-louna forest (Republic of Congo). The methodology of allometric equations was used to measure the carbon stocks of Lesio-louna moist forest. The research was done with 22 circular plots, each 1,256 m 2 . In the 22 plots, we made measurements on a total of 347 trees with 197 trees for the class of 10-30 cm diameter, 131 trees for the class of 30- 60 cm diameter and 19 trees in the diameter class > 60 cm. The results shows that in the whole forest, the average carbon stock across the 22 plots studied was 168.601 t C ha -1 for aboveground biomass (AGB), or 81% and 39.55t C ha -1 for belowground biomass (BGB), or 19%. The total carbon stocks in all the biomass was 3,395 t C for aboveground biomass (AGB) and 909.689 t C for belowground biomass (BGB). This study indicates that the forests in the studied sites are an important carbon sink, and they can also play a key role in global climate change mitigation. Lesio-louna tropical forest has the capacity to trap vast amounts of carbon which would otherwise escape into the atmosphere as CO2, one of the worst greenhouse gases (GHGs) offenders.
Emotion Contagion Model for Crowds

Latest advances in crowd simulation models that attempt to make agents with more realistic human-like behaviors explore heterogeneity of agent behaviors in order to achieve increased overall simulation realism. In general, human behavioral and psychological studies are used as base of knowledge and researchers try to simulate observed human behavior patterns within virtual agents. In this direction, this paper implements an emotion contagion model, within crowd simulation scenarios, in order to create realistic perception of agent behaviors on crowds.
Experiments for the design of a help desk system for the EHRI project : an Information Retrieval approach

This paper describes the experiments realized for the conception of a helpdesk system for the EHRI project. The system will help researchers to find Collection Holding Institutions (CHI) suitable to support them to resolve questions about Holocaust relevant documentary sources. In this experiments we model descriptions of archival material in a vector space model, and we show that this model is able to give an answer to real user queries.
Creating and using digital audio files under the Windows operating environment

Macintosh and Amiga users have had good sound playback facilities for years; recent models of the Mac have recording capabilities as well. While sound boards for MS DOS PCs have been around for quite some time, audio formatting standards have been nonexistent, and memory restrictions have placed severe limits on the amount of sound which can be recorded. The advent of Windows has changed things. This paper suggests that PCs with Windows are capable of serious audio work, and mentions factors to be aware of before setting forth on sound ventures with a PC.
Comparative study of two analytical procedures for the determination of acid insoluble ash for evaluation of nutrient retention in broilers

Inert markers are routinely used in research to estimate nutrient retention and apparent metabolisable energy nitrogen-corrected (AMEn) content of poultry diets. Acid insoluble ash (AIA) is used as a marker to substitute metal compounds because of environmental concerns. In the current research, two methodologies recommended for determining AIA content in feeds and excretas for the evaluation of total tract apparent retention (TTAR) of nutrients, were compared in 12 broiler diets. The experimental design was completely randomised with 2 AIA analytical techniques and 12 dietary treatments that resulted from a combination of two cereals (corn and rice), two heat processing of the cereal (raw and cooked) and three fiber sources (control with no added fibre, 3% oat hulls and 3% soybean hulls). All diets included 1% celite (diatomaceous earth) as additional source of AIA. The techniques used for AIA determination were coded as VO and GA, respectively. The TTAR of dry matter and organic matter and the AMEn of the feeds differed (p ≤ 0.001) among diets and were lower when using GA than when using VO (p ≤ 0.05). However, no interaction between diet and methodology was observed. Moreover, the TTAR of nutrients as determined by both techniques, were highly correlated (r > 0.98). We concluded that the GA methodology results in lower retention values than the VO methodology but that both methodologies can be used indistinctly to estimate TTAR of nutrients in broiler feeds. Additional key words: analytical methodologies; inert markers; metabolisable energy; nutrient digestibility; poultry.
Multiple linear regression in forecasting the number of asthmatics

The objective of this study was to determine the association between the number of asthmatic patients in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah with the air quality and meteorological factors using multiple linear regression. Four significant correlation coefficient variables were considered in the multiple linear regression. There were 32 possible models considered together with the related interaction variables and the best model was obtained using the eight selection criteria (8SC). The result showed that the best model obtained could represent the cause of the rise in the number of asthmatics.
Interactive comment on “Soil nitrogen response to shrub encroachment in a degrading semiarid grassland” by Thomas Turpin-Jelfs et al

We extend our sincere gratitude to both you and Anonymous Referee #2 for taking the time to review our manuscript, "Soil nitrogen response to shrub encroachment in a degrading semiarid grassland". The comments you both provided were constructive, and enormously beneficial to improving the overall quality and accessibility of the paper. Below we address the comments you made (indicated by a hyphen) in the order in which they were raised.
FIRM PERFORMANCE AND THE OWNERSHIP OF THE LARGEST SHAREHOLDER

We examine the relationship between cash-flow rights held by the largest shareholders and firm performance in Chinese capital market. Using a sample of all listed A-share firms between 2000 and 2003, we find that there are “region effects” with an “M” shape in the relationship between cash flow rights held by the largest shareholder and firm performance. The non-monotonic variations of firm performance associated with changes of the largest shareholdings suggest that there may be an optimal ownership structure existed in listed Chinese firms. We also find that firms under the control of largest state shareholders have poorer performance than that under the control of largest non-state