Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and alignment of off‐axis reflection beam expanding and contracting optical system

There are special requirements for the laser beam diameter and divergence angle in various optical combination systems, so most of the designs add beam expansion and contraction systems. Off‐axis reflective systems are more widely used in practical applications because of their nonobstructing characteristics and unaffected by chromatic aberration. This paper designs an optical system with both beam expansion and contraction functions by Zemax optical software according to actual needs. The magnification and reduction are 3×. The mirror surface adopts an aspheric design to overcome system aberrations. The off‐axis reflective structure is suitable for lasers of different wavelengths (632.8 nm, 1064 nm, and 1550 nm) without being affected by chromatic aberration. The optical spot diagram shows that the light spot distribution is uniform and meets the magnification and reduction ratio. Besides, combined the dynamic laser interferometer, we install and debug the primary and secondary mirrors of the system and use the laser beam quality analyzer to measure the exit spot of the actual laser beam after passing through the designed optical system. The peak value and root‐mean‐square value of the system transmission wave front are less than 0. 1λ. The beam quality test result of the outgoing spot meets the actual application requirements and image quality requirements.
A Variable Gain Power Amplifier Based on Switched-Capacitor Array With Stable Linearity

This brief proposes a variable gain power amplifier (VG-PA) with stable linearity for n257/n258 frequency band applications. A switched-capacitor array is proposed in the cascode (CC) circuit to control the gain while maintaining linearity. A compensation inductor is introduced between the common-emitter (CE) and common-base (CB) transistors to suppress the phase variation. For the proof of concept, the VG-PA was fabricated in a 0.13-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> SiGe BiCMOS technology with a core size of 0.59 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 0.46 mm<sup>2</sup>. Measurements show that at 24/26/28/29.5 GHz, over 5.7/5.5/7.0/7.5-dB gain tuning range, the output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) is better than 14 dBm with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {\Delta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> OP1dB less than 1.2 dB, the third-order output intercept point (OIP3) is better than 22 dBm with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {\Delta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> OIP3 less than 3.4 dB, and the phase variation (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {\Delta }{\varphi }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is from 3 to 9.5°. To the author’s best knowledge, this work has the lowest linearity variation among Si-based variable gain amplifiers at millimeter-wave frequency band.
Criterion Validity of iOS and Android Applications to Measure Steps and Distance in Adults

The growing popularity of physical activity (PA) applications (apps) in recent years and the vast amounts of data that they generate present attractive possibilities for surveillance. However, measurement accuracy is indispensable when tracking PA variables to provide meaningful measures of PA. The purpose of this study was to examine the steps and distance criterion validity of freeware accelerometer-based PA smartphone apps, during incremental-intensity treadmill walking and jogging. Thirty healthy adults (25.9 ± 5.7 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. They were fitted with two smartphones (one with Android and one with iOS operating systems), each one simultaneously running four different apps (i.e., Runtastic Pedometer, Accupedo, Pacer, and Argus). They walked and jogged for 5 min at each of the predefined speeds of 4.8, 6.0, and 8.4 km/h on a treadmill, and two researchers counted every step taken during trials with a digital tally counter. Validity was evaluated by comparing each app with the criterion measure using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs), and Bland–Altman plots. For step count, Android apps performed slightly more accurately that iOS apps; nevertheless, MAPEs were generally low for all apps (<5%) and accuracy increased at higher speeds. On the other hand, errors were significantly higher for distance estimation (>10%). The findings suggest that accelerometer-based apps are accurate tools for counting steps during treadmill walking and jogging and could be considered suitable for use as an outcome measure within a clinical trial. However, none of the examined apps was suitable for measuring distance.
Enabling women's nutrition knowledge through empowerment: the role of ICTs

Abstract The study aims to identify the extent of rural farm women's use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and explore the relationship between ICT use, empowerment, and nutrition knowledge. A total of 184 women were interviewed out of 3005 farm families from three unions of Kalapara upazila under Patuakhali district of Bangladesh using a structured interview schedule. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS)-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). This study discovered that the increase in respondents' ICT skills and level of ICT use is positively related to respondents' empowerment. Such empowerment is associated with an increase in their nutrition knowledge as well. This study guides how to promote more ICT-based solutions for rural households.
MOFs-Derived Co@CN bi-functional catalysts for selective transfer hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes without use of base additives

Transfer hydrogenation protocols involve versatile and environmentally benign methods capable of providing alternatives to traditional hydrogenation processes. However, most of the non-noble metal catalysts used for transfer hydrogenation processes proceed with the aid of base additives or phosphorus-containing ligands to obtain good yields. We report a green and sustainable catalytic system by fabrication of a Co@CN bi-functional nanocatalyst with a new N-containing [Co(TPA)(ted)0.5] as a sacrificial template. This catalytic system was employed effectively for selective transfer hydrogenation of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (cinnamaldehyde, CAL) to obtain a high yield of an α,β-unsaturated alcohol (cinnamyl alcohol, COL) under a mild reaction condition without use of additives. During thermolysis, the retained N atoms were distributed uniformly in catalysts and endowed the catalysts with abundant basic sites, and Co2+ in [Co(TPA)(ted)0.5] were converted in situ into Co nanoparticles. Experimental results indicated obvious coordination interactions between Co nanoparticles and N atoms in these bi-functional catalysts. By optimizing the reaction conditions, a catalytic system with Co@CN-900 as a catalyst and n-hexanol as the proton donor exhibited the optimal activity for this transformation, achieving 99% selectivity for COL with full conversion. In addition, a reasonable reaction mechanism for the transfer hydrogenation of CAL to COL was proposed. Furthermore, this catalytic system also demonstrated good recyclability as well as wide substrates compatibility.
The Presence of Mef (E) and Erm (B) Genes in Throat Samples of Children Infected with Streptococcus pyogenes

Amac: Streptococcus ile ilgili yapilan antibiyotik direnc calismalari, ozellikle cocuk bogaz enfeksiyonlarinin tedavisinde halk sagligi ve akilci antibiyotik kullanimi acisindan buyuk onem tasimaktadir. Biz de calismamizda bu amacla makrolid direnc genleri mef (E) ve erm (B) 'yi tanimlamayi amacladik. Yontem ve Bulgular: Bogaz agrisi sikayeti ile hastaneye basvuran 51 cocuktan alinan bogaz kulturu ornekleri laboratuvarda degerlendirildi ve gram boyama, katalaz, basitrasin ve PYR testleri ile S. pyogenes tanisi konuldu. Duyarlilik profili Kirby-Bauer disk difuzyon yontemi ile ve Eritromisin ile klindamisinin minimum inhibitor konsantrasyonu (MIK), VITEK 2 Sistemi ile saptandi. S. pyogenes'te ki makrolid direnci 51 hastada asagidaki gibi saptandi; benzilpenisilin %0, eritromisin %74,5, klindamisin %31,4. S. pyogenes hastalarinda makrolid direnci mef (E) ve erm (B) genlerinin genetik belirtecleri her gene ozel primerler kullanilarak PCR yontemi ile arastirildi. Izolatlarin toplam% 48'i (n = 24) erm (B) icin pozitif, % 10'u (n = 5) mef (E) icin pozitif, %42'sinde (n = 21) her iki gen birlikte tespit edildi. Sonuc: Calismamizin sonuclarina gore makrolid direnc genleri pozitif hastalarin anamnezleri incelendiginde, hastaneye sik sik bogaz enfeksiyonu ile basvuran ve tedavi aldiktan sonraki birkac hafta icinde tekrar enfeksiyon yasayan hastalarin oldugu belirlendi. S. pyogenes'te ozellikle cocuklarda antimikrobiyal direnc tehdidi nedeniyle, direnci saptamak icin ulusal ve sehir surveyans calismalarina ihtiyac vardir. Bu nedenle arastirmamiz, gelistirmeye acik yeni hipotezler ve calismalarla desteklenmelidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Direnc genleri, PCR, Streptococcus pyogenes, Molekuler epidemiyoloji
Crowding-in or Crowding-out? How Subsidies Signal the Path to Financial Independence of Social Enterprises

In today’s multisector configurations, there is little clarity about whether and how public and private subsidies influence social enterprises’ pursuit of financial stability. We address the strategic role of donors in the social-business life cycle whereby social enterprise start-ups rely on subsidies, while mature social enterprises strive for independence from donors. To address the “missing middle,” we develop a typology of subsidy instruments and an intermediary signaling model to clarify how subsidies shape the evolution of outcomes for social enterprises. We argue that source variation matters for certain instruments like corporate intangibles and governmentally subsidized credit guarantees, which trigger crowding-in effects and attract commercial partners, while preventing perverse crowding-out effects, such as soft budget constraints. To illustrate this commercialization story, we draw upon a microfinance case study, demonstrating how public and private donors can induce crowding-in and crowding-out effects. In short, our subsidy typology helps unpack the signals that public and private subsidies send to commercial funders of social enterprises and how they shape the path to future financial independence.
The Academic Portfolio System (APS) Usage Intention of Senior High School Students in Taiwan

Taiwan began to implement a new high school syllabus nationwide, in 2019. The Ministry of Education has also established a high school student Academic Portfolio System (APS) to collect the learning process of high school students for future university admissions references. However, during this period, high school students and their parents had many opinions on the implementation of the new system. There were even groups of students protesting. The main purpose of this research is to explore the factors that affect the system usage intentions of high school students. Based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the technology acceptance model (TAM), this research established a research model. The research variables include system interface design, usefulness, ease of use, attitude, subjective norms, and usage intentions. A total of 712 questionnaires were collected from high school students in northern Taiwan. Data analysis is carried out in three stages: descriptive analysis, measurement model verification, and structural equation modeling. The results of the study found that system interface design has a significant impact on the perceived ease of use. Factors such as ease of use, usefulness, attitude, and subjective norms also have a significant positive impact on usage intention; ease of use and usefulness positively affect attitudes toward using. Finally, according to the results, some practical implications were proposed for implementation references from the perspectives of education authority, high schools, teachers, and students.
Combination of Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Emulsion Breaking for the Determination of Cu(II) and Pb(II) in Biodiesel and Oil Samples

Trace element determination in oil and biodiesel samples is not a simple task. To improve detectability and minimize the matrix effect, a preconcentration procedure before analysis is often required. In this work, we apply dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction to the determination of copper and lead in biodiesel and oil samples. The complexes formed between Cu(II), Pb(II), and di-2-pyridyl ketone salicyloylhydrazone were extracted using 1-undecanol as an extractant solvent and ethanol as a disperser solvent. The concentration of analytes was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after matrix modification and Zeeman background correction. The complexant concentration, pH value, and extractant solvent volume were optimized using a multivariate consisting of a central composite design and a univariate analysis. Under optimum complexation and microextraction conditions (pH 9.2, 50 μL of extractant, and 150 μL of disperser solvent), calibration curves were obtained with linear ran.
A Marr's Three‐Level Analytical Framework for Neuromorphic Electronic Systems

Neuromorphic electronics, an emerging field that aims for building electronic mimics of the biological brain, holds promise for reshaping the frontiers of information technology and enabling a more intelligent and efficient computing paradigm. As their biological brain counterpart, the neuromorphic electronic systems are complex, having multiple levels of organization. Inspired by David Marr's famous three‐level analytical framework developed for neuroscience, the advances in neuromorphic electronic systems are selectively surveyed and given significance to these research endeavors as appropriate from the computational level, algorithmic level, or implementation level. Under this framework, the problem of how to build a neuromorphic electronic system is defined in a tractable way. In conclusion, the development of neuromorphic electronic systems confronts a similar challenge to the one neuroscience confronts, that is, the limited constructability of the low‐level knowledge (implementations and algorithms) to achieve high‐level brain‐like (human‐level) computational functions. An opportunity arises from the communication among different levels and their codesign. Neuroscience lab‐on‐neuromorphic chip platforms offer additional opportunity for mutual benefit between the two disciplines.
Spanish Poplar Biomass as a Precursor for Nanocellulose Extraction

The effect of acidic hydrolysis duration on nanocellulose size, morphology, and proper ties was investigated, which opens up a whole new horizon of versatility in poplar applications. This study aimed to examine Spanish poplar wastes as raw material to extract crystalline nanocellulose (CNC), which substantiates the importance of poplar wastes. Wastes were pulped using 1 L of 10% NaOH (wt./wt.) solution, and bleached several times by NaClO2; afterwards, white wastes were subjected to acidic hydrolysis by 60% H2SO4 for either 5, 10, or 15 min. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) underwent a similar hydrolysis protocol as poplar as control. TEM, IR, and XRD characterization techniques were performed. Poplar based nanocellulose sized 219 nm length and 69 nm width after 15 min acidic hydrolysis. MCC yielded 122 nm length and 12 nm width crystals after 10 min acidic hydrolysis. Hydrolysis resulted in a drastic change and intense peaks at 3500 and 2900 cm−1 for nanocellulose. Although pre-hydrolysis fiber treatment was not influencial on the crystallinity of poplar, acidic hydrolysis remarkably raised the crystallinity index (CI) by 7–8%. The more hydrolysis duration was prolonged, the size of the resulting crystal (whisker) decreased, and the aspect ratio increased. Hydrolysis was more impactful on MCC than poplar. However, for future work, it seems that longer duration of pulping and bleaching could have significantly removed unwanted components (hemicellulose and lignin), showcased in IR and XRD, and hence smoothened the following hydrolysis.
Long term field emission current stability characterization of planar field emitter devices

Lateral field emission devices have been characterized and degradation tested for >1000 h to study stability and reliability. Two types of planar device structures, diode and bowtie, were studied. These nanoscale devices have 10–20 nm tip to tip or tip to collector dimensions with the tips fabricated from Au/Ti. Typical currents of 2–6 nA at 6 V were measured. The devices were placed on lifetime tests in a vacuum of 1000 h. Seven total devices were tested with one failing at 300 h. and three of the devices showed <5% degradation in current until 1400 h when testing was stopped, and three other devices showed a sudden drop of ≈20% ranging from 700 to 900 h. Optical microscope images of one of the devices that failed catastrophically at 350 h show physical arc damage where the bond pad narrows to the emitter trace. Scanning electron microscope images of a bowtie part that completed 1400 h of operation showed no obvious erosion or damage to the tips.
Online First-Order Machining Error Compensation for Thin-Walled Parts Considering Time-Varying Cutting Condition

Mirror error compensation is usually used to improve the machining precision of thin-walled parts. However, due to the time-varying cutting condition of thin-walled parts, this zero-order method may result in inadequate error compensation. To cope with this problem, an online first-order error compensation method is proposed for thin-walled parts. With this context, first, the time-varying cutting condition of thin-walled parts is defined with its in-process geometric and physical characteristics. Based on it, a first-order machining error compensation model is constructed. Then, before process starting, the theory geometric and physical characteristics of thin-walled parts are, respectively, obtained with CAM software and structure dynamic modification theory. After process performing, the real geometric characteristic of thin-walled parts is measured, and it is used to calculate the dimension error of thin-walled parts. Next, the error compensated value is evaluated to construct an error compensation surface, which is used to modify the tool center points of next process step. Finally, the machining error is compensated by performing the next process step. Two typical experiments, milling of thin-walled parts with plane- and curved-surface, are used to validate the proposed method, and the experiment results shown that this method can significantly improve the error compensation effect for low-stiffness structure. Compared with the mirror compensation, the final thickness error of thin-walled parts is reduced by 71.4% and 56.2%, respectively, for plane- and curved-surface parts.
Molecular Characterization of the Common Snook, Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) in the Usumacinta Basin

The common snook is one of the most abundant and economically important species in the Usumacinta basin in the Gulf of Mexico, which has led to overfishing, threatening their populations. The main goal of the present study was to assess the genetic diversity and structure of the common snook along the Usumacinta River in order to understand the population dynamics and conservation status of the species. We characterized two mitochondrial markers (mtCox1 and mtCytb) and 11 microsatellites in the Usumacinta basin, which was divided into three zones: rainforest, floodplain and river delta. The mitochondrial data showed very low diversity, showing some haplotypic diversity differences between the rainforest and delta zones. In contrast, we consistently recovered two genetic clusters in the Usumacinta River basin with the nuclear data in both the DAPC and STRUCTURE analyses. These results were consistent with the AMOVA analyses, which showed significant differences among the genetic clusters previously recovered by DAPC and STRUCTURE. In terms of diversity distribution, the floodplain zone corresponded to the most diverse zone according to the mitochondrial and nuclear data, suggesting that this is a transition zone in the basin. Our results support the relevance of the molecular characterization and monitoring of the fishery resources at the Usumacinta River to better understand their connectivity, which could help in their conservation and management.
A review of endocrine therapy in early estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by St. Gallen Breast Cancer Conference 2021

Estrogen receptor (ER) positive (+) breast cancer is heterogeneous; thus, corresponding therapeutic regimens must differ according to the individual characteristics of ER+ breast cancer patients. At the 17th international St. Gallen Breast Cancer Conference (SG-BCC) in 2021, experts voted on numerous critical issues in relation to the use of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) and adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in the treatment of ER+ breast cancer. We interpreted the critical issues related to NET and AET according to the voting results of the 2021 SG-BCC and clinical practice in China. Specifically, we considered the following 8 points: (I) the selection of prognostic indicators for NET; (II) the selection of a NET population based on Ki-67; (III) the selection of polygenic testing combined with Ki-67 in the exemption of neoadjuvant chemotherapy; (IV) the selection of an AET population based on ER expression level and tumor size; (V) the selection of ovarian function suppression for a premenopausal population; (VI) the selection of early stage intensive AET for a postmenopausal population; (VII) the selection of an extended AET population; and (VIII) the selection of individuals exempt from chemotherapy. We combined the results of existing clinical studies to analyze the reasons why the experts at the 2021 SG-BCC voted on the above issues, and how clinicians should use the voting results of the 2021 SG-BCC poll to select therapeutic regimens for patients. Decisions to use ET to treat ER+ breast cancer patients should always balance individualized therapy and standardized therapy.
A hierarchical RCNN for vehicle and vehicle license plate detection and recognition

Vehicle and vehicle license detection obtained incredible achievements during recent years that are also popularly used in real traffic scenarios, such as intelligent traffic monitoring systems, auto parking systems, and vehicle services. Computer vision attracted much attention in vehicle and vehicle license detection, benefit from image processing and machine learning technologies. However, the existing methods still have some issues with vehicle and vehicle license plate recognition, especially in a complex environment. In this paper, we propose a multivehicle detection and license plate recognition system based on a hierarchical region convolutional neural network (RCNN). Firstly, a higher level of RCNN is employed to extract vehicles from the original images or video frames. Secondly, the regions of the detected vehicles are input to a lower level (smaller) RCNN to detect the license plate. Thirdly, the detected license plate is split into single numbers. Finally, the individual numbers are recognized by an even smaller RCNN. The experiments on the real traffic database validated the proposed method. Compared with the commonly used all-in-one deep learning structure, the proposed hierarchical method deals with the license plate recognition task in multiple levels for sub-tasks, which enables the modification of network size and structure according to the complexity of sub-tasks. Therefore, the computation load is reduced.