Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Signal transduction in the barley powdery mildew fungus

﻿ Barley powdery mildew disease is caused by the highly specialised phytopathogenic fungus, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei . Disease is spread prolifically by the production of asexual conidia. Following contact with the barley leaf surface, a short, primary germ tube (PGT) emerges, followed by elaboration of a second-formed germ tube, the appressorial germ tube (AGT). This second-formed germ tube elongates, swells and hooks to form an appressorium, which allows direct penetration of the barley cuticle and infection of the host. Infection structure differentiation in B. graminis is a highly regulated and complex process. It demands the coordinated perception of multiple external signals, but little is known about how these signals are integrated and transduced within the fungus. Protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP signalling are known to play important, but complex, roles during infection structure development. However, signalling via cAMP alone is not sufficient to promote progression through infection structure differentiation. This study describes the characterization of two B. graminis protein kinase C genes, pkc 1 and pkc -like. PKC activity was identified in B. graminis protein extracts. Efforts to find an inhibitor specific for B. graminis PKC were unsuccessful. However, phorbol ester, a PKC agonist, invoked both appressorium formation when applied to spores in vivo and PKC activity in protein extracts. In addition, real-time PCR confirmed the differentially regulated transcript profiles of both pkc 1 and pkc -like, revealing a peak in transcript levels just prior to PGT emergence for pkc 1, and during PGT differentiation for the pkc -like gene. Two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, mpk 1 and mpk 2, were characterized. MAP kinase activity was detected in conidial protein extracts. The MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, inhibited B. graminis germling morphogenesis. However, a MAP kinase agonist failed to show any effect on germling differentiation. In addition, real-time PCR confirmed the differentially regulated transcript profiles of both mpk 1 and mpk 2, and revealed a peak in transcript levels during appressorial germ tube elongation and swelling for both genes. The "model" phytopathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe grisea , was employed as a "surrogate host" for the functional analysis of the B. graminis MAP kinase gene, mpk 1. Firstly, the mpk 1 promoter was sequenced and a plasmid construct made comprising the mpk 1 gene under the control of the mpk 1 promoter. This, and the control construct, that is the M. grisea PMK1 gene under the control of the PMK1 promoter, were transformed into M. grisea Δ pmk 1. Southern analysis identified transformants for phenotypic studies. These showed that whereas Δ pmk 1 was complemented by M. grisea PMK1 in the control experiments, B. graminis mpk 1 failed to complement Δ pmk 1. Expression studies showed that there was no expression of mpk 1 in an mpk 1 transformant.
Construction of a recombinant vector expressing Avian influenza virus nucleoprotein with an avian-derived promoter and detection of its immunogenicity.

In order to investigate the immune responses to the nucleoprotein(NP) of Avian influenza virus,NP gene cut from re-combinant plasmid pVAX-NP was subcloned into a eukaryotic expression vector pCAGGS with an avian-derived promoter.The re-combinant plasmid pCAGGS-NP was obtained after PCR identification and sequencing.Then the positive pCAGGS-NP was subject-ed to transfect eukaryocyte and to immunize SPF chickens.Indirect florescent assay(IFA) was engaged to detect the transient expres-sion of NP,and ELISA was used to detect the serum antibody of the immunized chickens which was resistant to NP protein.The re-sults showed that NP was successfully expressed both in vitro and in vivo and had good immunoreactivity.
Den choice and occupation patterns of shelters by two sympatric lobster species, Panulirus argus and Panulirus guttatus, under experimental conditions

Panulirus argus and P. guttatus are sympatric and commonly share dens. We studied their den-related behaviour in 3 m-diameter tanks, each holding a casita (low den) and a cave (high den) (1) separately (2) together (3) together with a triggerfish predator (Balistes vetula), and (4) separately with the predator. Most P. argus left shelter at night, and some during the day, and showed no den preference in any treatment. In caves, individual P. argus occupied all parts of caves in treatments 1 and 2 and mostly the vault (walls and ceiling) in treatments 3 and 4. Not all P. guttatus left shelters at night, and none during the day. Individual P. guttatus showed no den preference in treatments 1 and 2, preferred the cave in 3 and 4, and always preferred the cave vault. Presence of congeners did not affect den choice or cave position for either species, whereas the predator affected den choice (P. guttatus only) and position in caves (both species). Videotapes showed aggression between individual P. guttatus but not between individual P. argus or between species. The fish cohabited with lobsters in the casita but attacked them in caves and in the open. Unlike P. argus, P. guttatus exhibited no communal defence.
A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens

Candidiasis is one of avian fungal diseases that can affect poultry flocks. normal flora of birds which can be pathogen under certain circumstances. Hence the In A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian. In this paper we report the isolation, identifisignificant pathogens such as Neisseria spp. Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian. In A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens. Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Co. Dubuque, Iowa. pp. 3-11. Escherichia Introduction. and could be used for detection and identification of the virus. (31). The aim editors. A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens 5th ed, American Association of Avian specificpathogen-free chickens. Avian. cant progress has been made in avian immunology and cytokine research (21). Numerous cytokines A Laboratory Manual. Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens, eds Swayne DE, Glisson JR. Jackwood MW, Pearson JE. Avian influenza is a viral disease that primarily infects wild and domestic birds, but A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. primary isolation and propagation of a mixture of different viruses chicken embryos are used as a laboratory host system. Chick embryos Reed WM (eds). A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. American. Mycoplasma synoviae is an important avian pathogen which can cause both A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. 4 ed. Laboratory procedure recommended for the bacteriological examination of eggProcedures for collection, isolation, and identification of Salmonella from Laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian. Pathogens Biologics and for Identifying and Quantifying Avian Pathogens, 1991. Isolation and Identification of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Sudan. Shaza M. Mutwakil1, A.Ballal1 Atbara Veterinary Research Laboratory, Sudan.
Gene polymorphisms in SLE

2 List of Tables . 8 List of figures . 10 Statement of contribution . 13 Abbreviations . 14 Chapter one Introduction . 18 1.1 Complex trait genetics . 19 1.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) . 21 1.2.1 Background . 21 1.2.2 Epidemiology of SLE . 22 1.2.2.1 Age and gender . 23 1.2.2.2 Hormones . 24 1.2.2.3 Ethnicity . 25 1.2.2.4 Familial clustering . 25 1.2.2.5 Infection . 26 1.2.2.6 Cigarette smoke . 27 1.2.2.7 Drugs and other environmental factors . 28 1.2.3 Mouse models in SLE . 29 1.3 The Immune system and SLE . 30 1.3. 1 The innate immune system . 30 1.3. 2 The adaptive immune system . 33 1.3. 2.1 T lymphocytes . 34 1.3. 2.2 B lymphocytes . 36 1.3. 3 Tolerance . 37 1.3. 4 Autoimmunity . 39 1.3. 5 Apoptosis and defective clearance in SLE . 39 1.3. 6 Defective adaptive immune response in SLE . 41 1.3. 6.1 T cells in SLE . 42
Participation Behaviour of Dairy Farmers in Dairy Co-operative Societies in Manipur: A Double Hurdle Approach

The study has used the double hurdle approach to assess the factors that influence a dairy farmer’s participation in Dairy Co-operative Societies (DCS) as well as the intensity of participation in Manipur state. The first hurdle is estimated through a binomial probit model and a truncated regression is used in the second hurdle. In order to reap the benefits of dairy co-operatives, young and enterprising individuals should be motivated to take up dairying and join the co-operatives. Locally suitable exotic breeds should be popularized and made easily available to the farmers through various measures. This will also enable higher milk production which is also a factor having positive correlation with the decision to participate. The results of the truncated regression indicated that while age and technical efficiency coefficients were positively related to the proportion of milk sold by the member farmers to DCSs, dairy farming experience and milk production had a negative influence. Farmers should be given more awareness about the ways to raise the technical efficiency of their farms through various trainings on dairy farming. Training on milk processing activities may serve as an important tool to counter the risk arising due to unstable sociopolitical situation of the state which leads to frequent bandhs and blockades.
Investigating the Effectiveness of Triggered Email Marketing

Triggered emails correspond to personalized messages sent automatically as a response to specific actions or states of customers. Typical examples of this kind of campaign include confirmation and order status emails, personal greetings, cross-selling recommendations, cart abandonment reminders, and re-engagement emails. Despite the widespread growth of these triggered emails, there has been no formal evaluation of their effectiveness. This paper investigates the impact of triggered email marketing campaigns using an experimental approach. We identified more than 20,000 retail customers who had recently browsed the website of a multichannel retailer, but abandoned the process before purchasing, and randomly selected around half to send them automated emails with different configurations. The results show that browse abandonment triggered emails are more effective than traditional emails, but this is largely explained by a selection effect. In terms of the campaign design, we find that some level of personalization and recommending products that are close to those that the customer has been visiting positively influence the profitability of these campaigns.
ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF TWO AUTOPHAGY PATHWAY RELATED GENES, BECN1 AND TSC1, IN MURINE MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION

OF DISSERTATION ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF TWO AUTOPHAGY PATHWAY RELATED GENES, BECN1 AND TSC1, IN MURINE MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION The mammary gland is a dynamic organ that undergoes the majority of its development in the postnatal period in four stages; mature virgin, pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Every stage relies on tightly regulated cellular proliferation, programmed cell death, and tissue remodeling mechanisms. Misregulation of autophagy, an intracellular catabolic process to maintain energy stores, has long been associated with mammary tumorigenesis and other pathologies. We hypothesize that appropriate regulation and execution of autophagy are necessary for proper development of the mammary ductal tree and maintenance of the secretory epithelia during late pregnancy and lactation. To test this hypothesis we examined the role of two genes during development of the mammary gland. Beclin1 (Becn1) is an essential autophagy gene. Since the Becn1 knockout model is embryonic lethal, we have generated a Becn1 conditional knockout (cKO). We used two discrete mammary gland-specific Cre transgenic lines to interrogate the role of BECN1 during development. We report that MMTV-CreD; Becn1 mice have a hyperbranching phenotype and WAP-Cre; Becn1 mice are unable to sustain a lactation phase. Becn1 mutants exhibit abnormal glandular morphology during pregnancy and after parturition. Moreover, when autophagy is chemically inhibited in vitro, mammary epithelial cells have an increased mean number of lipid droplets per cell. MTOR inhibits autophagy upstream of BECN1; we looked higher in the regulatory pathway for regulatory candidates. It has been well characterized that Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), in a heterodimer with its primary binding partner TSC2, inhibits MTOR signaling via inhibition of RHEB. Using the Tsc1 floxed model we generated a mammary gland specific Tsc1 cKO and found that these mice phenocopy the Becn1 cKO mice, including a gross lactation failure. Tsc1 cKO glands have altered morphology, retained lipid droplets in secretory epithelia, and an overall increase in MTOR signaling. We show that TSC1 and BECN1 are interacting partners, and that the interaction is nutrient responsive. These results suggest that Becn1 and Tsc1 are necessary for proper mammary gland development and differentiation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a novel murine protein-protein interaction and an important link between regulation of MTOR pathway and regulation of autophagy in a developmental context.
The Influence of Self-Awareness, Self-Acceptance, and Empathy on Interpersonal Competence in Nursing Students

The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing the interpersonal competence of nursing students. The data used in this study were collected between 1st August 2016 and 31st August 2016 from 168 students who were majoring in nursing in a four-year university at Daegu, South Korea. Data were analyzed using measures of frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, in addition to a t-test, One-way ANOVA, Tukey test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.0. The factors that influence the interpersonal competence of nursing students were age (β=.194, p=.006), self-awareness (β=.406, p<.001), self-acceptance (β=.278, p<.001), and empathy (β=.164, p=.015). These variables explained 34.5% of the variance in interpersonal competence scores. The results show that age, self-awareness, self-acceptance, and empathy influenced interpersonal competence. Based on these results, intervention programmes that can enhance the influencing factors of interpersonal competence in nursing students should be developed, and their effectiveness should be investigated.
The effect of removing a dividing fence between two populations of black rhinos

Ol Pejeta Ranching Limited in central Kenya was a 36,500 ha cattle ranch that included the 9,700 ha Sweetwaters Game Reserve, a sanctuary for black rhinos (Diceros bicornis). A change of ownership in 2004 led to an extension of the reserve to create Ol Pejeta Conservancy. By the end of 2006, the old reserve was reaching its Maximum Sustainable Yield of 45 rhinos, while at the beginning of 2007, 27 black rhinos were introduced into the new area. In order to reduce the density of rhinos in the old area, the fence dividing the two areas was removed, although opinions varied as to the likelihood of success of this action. Results of rhino movements between the two areas are presented. After 18 months, there was little movement of rhinos either from the old into the new area or from the new into the old area. Two sub-adult females were translocated from the old to the new area and settled close to their release sites.
Effect of wheat bran on fecal nutrients and bowel function in humans

approved» Lorraine Miller The effect of cooked wheat bran on the excretion of fecal nutrients, fecal weight, and transit time was investigated in 10 men, aged 20 to 35 years. The study was divided into three 18-day periods. The subjects were divided into two groups; one received the basal diet supplemented with 15 g of AACC Certified Food Grade Wheat Bran (B) during the first period, no bran (NB) in the second, and B in the third. The other group received NB, B and NB in that order. The basal diet supplied 6.6 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The subjects* fat intake was constant. All feces were collected; values for each subject were obtained from the second and third 6-day fecal composites of each period. Bran induced significantly higher (p<0.0l) fecal loss of energy, nitrogen and ash. In response to B and NB diets, respectively, mean fecal caloric output was 2ll±27 and 179±27 kcal/day; mean fecal nitrogen was 2.1±0.3 and 1.9±0.3 g/dayj fecal ash was 5.0±0.5 and 4.3±0.5 g/day. Although the mean daily fat excretion was higher on B (5.4±1.7 g) than on NB (4.5±1.3 g), the difference was not statistically significant. Bran caused a consistent increase in fat loss only in one group of subjects. Fecal NDF (determined in the last 6-day composite of each period) was higher (p<0.05) on B (8.3±2.2g/ day) than on NB (5.1±2.6 g/day). Fecal wet weight and dry solids, respectively, were higher (p<0.05 and p<O.Ol) when the subjects received B (172±39 and 43±3 g/day) than when they received NB (143±34 and 36±4). Percentage moisture content of the feces was not altered by bran supplementation. Mean transit time in hours was shorter on B (28.5±4.8) than NB (32.3±8.4)j the difference, however, was not statistically significant. Results suggested that cooked wheat bran may cause increase in nutrient loss in feces. The increment, however, may not be important nutritionally. Effect of Wheat Bran on Fecal Nutrients And Bowel Function in Humans by Michelle Hui-Ming Yu A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed May 24, 1979 Commencement June 1980
Transfer RNA in Protein Synthesis

Preface. tRNA in the Molecular Biology of Retroviruses (S. Weilson and J. Abbotts). The Role of Modified Nucleosides in tRNA Interactions (G. Bj rk). Correlation between Codon Usage and tRNA Population in Microorganisms (T. Ikemura). Aminoacyl-tRNA (Anticodon): Codon Adaptation in Reticulocytes and Other Cells of Higher Eucaryotes (D. Hatfield, J.-E. Jung, B.J. Lee, and I.S. Choi). Adaptation of tRNA Population to Codon Usage in Cellular Organelles (L. Marechal-Drouard, A. Dietrich, and J.-H. Weil). Differential tRNA Gene Expression (J.-H. Weil, R. Pirtle, and I. Pirtle). Codon Pair Utilization Bias in Bacteria, Yeast and Mammals (G.W. Hatfield and G.A. Gutman). Variations in Reading the Genetic Code (J. Parker). Selenocysteine: A New Addition to the Universal Genetic Code (I.S. Choi, B.J. lee, J.-E. Jung, and D. Hatfield). tRNA Discrimination in Aminoacylation (L. Pallanck and L. Schulman). The Translational Context Effect (M. Yarus and James Curran). Codon Discrimination in Tr anslation (U. Lagerkvist). Universal Rule of TA/CG Deficiency and TG/CT Excess (S. Ohno). Selective Use of Termination Codons and Variations in Codon Choice (P.M. Sharp, C.J. Burgess, E. Cowe, A.J. Lloyd and K.J. Mitchell).
Alterations in Myofibril Size and Structure During Growth, Exercise, and Changes in Environmental Temperature

The sections in this article are: 1 Changes in Myofibrils During Growth 1.1 Increase in Length of Myofibrils 1.2 Increase in Myofibrillar Cross-Sectional Area 1.3 Synthesis and Assembly of Myofibrillar Proteins 1.4 Changes in Myofibrillar Proteins During Differentiation 2 Muscle Fiber Types in Adult Muscle 2.1 Tonic Muscle Fibers 2.2 Phasic Muscle Fibers 2.3 Structural Differences Between Myofibrils of Different Fiber Types 3 Changes in Muscle Fiber Types During Growth 4 Effect Of Exercise and Inactivity on Myofibrillar Content of Muscle Fibers 5 Ultrastructural Changes Associated with Cross Innervation and Artificial Stimulation 6 Temperature Adaptation in Myofibrils of Ectothermic Animals 7 Conclusion
Quebracho, thiram, and methiocarb reduce consumption of apple twigs by meadow voles.

new formulations of deer repellants tested in Douglas-fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest. Tree Planters' Notes 38(3):22-25. HARDER, J. D. 1970. Evaluating winter deer use of orchards in western Colorado. Trans. North Am. Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf. 35:35-47. KATSMA, D. E. , AND D. H. RuscH. 1979. Evaluation of deer damage in mature apple orchards. Pages 123-142 in J. R. Beck, ed. Test methods for vertebrate pest control and management materials. Am. Soc. Test. Mater. , ASTM STP 680. MCANINCH, J. B. , M. R. ELLINGWOOD, M. J. FARGIONE, AND P. PICONE. 1985. Assessing deer damage in young fruit orchards. Proc. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 2:215-223. PALMER, W. L. , R. G. WINGARD, AND J. L. GEORGE. 1983. Evaluation of white-tailed deer repellents. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 11:164-166. PHILLIPS, M. , C. G. FORSHEY, G. B. WHITE, AND M. E. RICHMOND. 1987. The economic impact of wildlife damage on Hudson Valley orchards. Proc. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 3:66-82. PURDY, K. G. , W. F. SIEMER, G. A. POMERANTZ, AND T. L. BROWN. 1987. Deer damage control preferences and use decisions of New York orchardists. Proc. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 3:118127. SCOTT, J. D. , AND T. W. TOWNSEND. 1985. Methods used by selected Ohio growers to control damage by deer. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13:234-240. SWIHART, R. K. , AND M. R. CONOVER. 1988. Strategies for reducing wildlife damage in orchards. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 855. 14pp. ZAR, J. H. 1974. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 620pp.
Notes on the genus Kaempferia L. (Zingiberaceae)in Thailand

The genus Kaempferia L. (Ziniberaceae) is one of the important medicinal plant genera in Thailand. As a result of herbarium investigation and intensive field studies, 16 taxa are enumerated for Thailand in this account. Distinguishable morphological characteristics of these species are given. Photographic illustrations of some key species are included. The ethnobotany of the genus Kaempferia in Thailand is also discussed in four main aspects: food, medicine, belief, and horticulture. Key words: genus Kaempferia L. (Zingiberaceae), Thailand, taxonomy, ethnobotany
Factors influencing early restoration progress of a 'eucalyptus tereticornis' open forest on former agricultural land

We monitored an area that was revegetated with the goal of restoring a Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest on former agricultural land in central, eastern Queensland. Revegetation involved: (1) planting 60 ha of previously cleared and heavily grazed land with eight local trees species; and (2) removing cattle grazing to encourage natural regeneration in areas where some mature trees remained. We compared the revegetation site to native pasture that had also been previously cleared, with only scattered paddock trees remaining, and continued to be managed for livestock production (an area similar to the revegetation site, prior to planting) and a remnant forest (reference area). Nine years since revegetation began there was some evidence that the revegetated site was diverging from pasture in terms of understorey plant composition, sapling density and topsoil C and N. There was little divergence in terms of plant species richness (native, introduced, grass, forb and woody plant richness), herbaceous biomass and woody plant regeneration. Some monitoring plots were subject to fire (prescribed fire and or wildfire) over the period of monitoring. With increasing time since fire, the richness of native species, introduced species and grass species (both native and introduced) declined, and forb and grass species richness declined with increasing litter biomass, suggesting that the occurrence of fire and the associated removal of litter biomass has a positive influence on herbaceous diversity in this ecosystem. Woody plant regeneration persisted through lignotubers at the revegetation site and at the pasture, but this regeneration was stunted at the pasture presumably due to livestock grazing. Hence areas of former E. tereticornis forest showed promising regenerative capacity where mature trees remained and where livestock grazing was removed.