Personal Characteristics of Effective Managers in Organizational Cultures of Different Types

IntroductionSince the 1990s Russian society has been involved in global transformation processes and has been undergoing considerable changes connected with the realization of market principles in the economy, with the modernization of enterprises, and with their transition to the innovation format of development. On the level of specific enterprises, constantly ongoing organizational changes have replaced stagnation. However, modernization processes are slow and contradictory, as is well known. In 2012 at the investment forum "Russia Calling! " V. Putin noted better and more balanced growth was noted in comparison with the period before the crisis (Putin, 2012). Nevertheless, innovative development is lagging so much that the idea of making innovations obligatory was seriously discussed.On September 27, 2013, Russian Prime Minister D. Medvedev published a policy article, "The time of easy decisions has passed," in the newspaper Vedomosti (Medvedev, 2013). He wrote that, "at present, unfortunately, nearly every project faces a recruitment problem -- who will work there? Is the average Russian ready to meet modern labor market requirements? We know the answer, and that answer is more often no than yes". In a speech at the 2014 "Russia Calling! " forum the Russian President V. Putin remarked that Russia was still lagging behind the EU countries in labor productivity and called maintaining nonefficient workplaces "a way to nowhere" (Putin, 2014). Thus it was again underlined that the undertaken efforts regarding innovative development had not yet led to the expected effect.Analyzing the causes of the problems, experts (Glazjev, 2007; Kudrin, 2014; Gubanov, 2015) agree that the discrepancy between management quality and reaching set goals is one of the major reasons. A key step on the way to this problem's solution is creation an integral system for the modernization and reproduction of professional elite of effective managers (Medvedev, 2007). Set in 2007 this goal is still relevant.Psychological science has its own role in solving the complex problems entailed in enhancing the management of the transition economy. These problems include, in particular, the scientific grounds for the process of modernizing managerial resources. While solving this problem, it is necessary to answer this question: Do different organizational conditions require special psychological characteristics of managers or will a manager having specific psychological characteristics be effective under any organizational conditions that correspond to different types of economic relations? This question shows that the goal of detecting the psychological grounds for management enhancement goes beyond applied psychology because achievement of this goal opens up opportunities for deepening scientific beliefs concerning the role of external and internal factors in the regulation of work, as exemplified by managerial work.Much research that reveals the peculiarities of an effective manager's personality has been conducted (by, for example, W. Bennis, A.V. Filippov, A. I. Kitov, A. G. Kovalev, E. G. Mall, B. Nanus, B. D. Parygin, K. K. Platonov, V. F. Rubakhin, R. H. Shakurov, R. Strogdill, A. L. Sventsitskiy, L. I. Umanskiy, A. L. Zhuravlev). Descriptions have been given of leaders' individual psychological qualities, from motivation and cognitive abilities to commitment to moral values. Managerial problems have become so acute that the introduction of what is called transformational leadership seems logical (Bass, 1998,2006; Hannah, 2014). The importance of these data can hardly be overestimated because they reveal the psychological characteristics of managers that make it possible for them to achieve goals effectively during transformational processes (Carter, 2013). Russian research almost always lacks an analysis of the peculiarities of the transition economy and the qualities required of managers. The peculiarity of most foreign research is that the important data are limited in that they are obtained from the United States and Western Europe, which at the time of the research already had established market economies and the traditional susceptibility to innovations. …