Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Graded Work, the Activation of Sick-Listed Workers and Employer Participation in Continental Europe

There is an increasing emphasis on activating workers on sick leave and on using their residual work capacity. This article compares activation via graded-work schemes in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands, with a focus on the role of employers. The analysis of literature sources and survey data reveals an ongoing reform activity, as well as great diversity in terms of employer obligations and incentives in the countries studied. These differences are very consequential for the intensity of employer efforts to activate sick-listed workers, even when comparing countries that otherwise share many institutional features. The distinction between public and privatised systems of sickness insurance, on the contrary, seems to be less relevant for the question of employer participation in activation. The findings are consistent with the expectation that less comprehensive employer participation is correlated with stronger selectivity in activation efforts. Depending on the prevailing approach in the individual countries and on developments to date, policy-makers are confronted with different challenges and priorities.
Seasonal Variability of Subthermocline Eddy Kinetic Energy East of the Philippines

Seasonal modulation of subthermocline eddy kinetic energy (EKE) east of the Philippines and its associated dynamics are studied, using mooring measurements and outputs from an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model for the period from 2000 to 2017. Significantly high EKE appears below the thermocline in the latitude band between 5° and 14°N east of the Philippines. Separated by 10°N, the EKE in the northern and southern parts of the region shows nearly opposite seasonal cycles, with its magnitude reaching a maximum in early spring and minimum in summer in the northern part and reaching a maximum in summer and minimum in winter in the southern part of the region. Further investigation indicates that both baroclinic and barotropic instabilities are essential in generating the subthermocline eddies, but the seasonal variation of subthermocline EKE is mainly caused by the seasonal modulation of barotropic instability. The seasonal modulation of barotropic instability in the northern and southern part of the region is associated with the seasonal evolution of North Equatorial Undercurrent and Halmahera Eddy, respectively.
5G beamforming techniques for the coverage of intended directions in modern wireless communication: in-depth review

Abstract The growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to 10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid, switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler, Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and ±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880, tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here. Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of the beamforming antenna designers and research community.
Systematic DIAL lidar monitoring of the stratospheric ozone vertical distribution at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (43.92°N, 5.71°E)

Long term stratospheric DIAL (Differential Absorption Lidar) ozone lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) measurements have been performed at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) since 1985 and as part of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Changes (NDSC) since 1991. This paper provides a detailed description of the DIAL lidar instrument implemented at OHP and a discussion of the ozone retrieval analysis. The instrument includes the detection of atmospheric nitrogen Raman scattering wavelengths, which is required for ozone measurements in the presence of strong volcanic aerosol loading. A comprehensive evaluation of the error budget in the 10–50 km altitude range is performed with particular emphasis on the bias associated with background and volcanic stratospheric aerosol. This bias is evaluated using ancillary measurements of the aerosol size distribution obtained from 1991 to 1999 after the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption. Results show that the bias associated with background aerosols is smaller than 1% above 13 km while the bias due to volcanic aerosols reaches a maximum of 5% above 15 km in the DIAL Raman ozone retrieval. In background aerosol conditions the total accuracy of the DIAL ozone vertical distribution at OHP ranges from 5% below 20 km to 15–30% above 45 km with a vertical resolution varying from 0.5 km to 5 km.
Defining a critical data literacy for recommender systems: A media-grounded approach

The digital processing of massive data is becoming a central component of our technological infrastructures. While being able to use these tools efficiently is an issue that cannot be ignored, it appears crucial to provide citizens with the means to control their technical environment. Recommender systems and personalization technologies are currently being blamed for the destabilization of users’ informational ecosystems and a growing polarization of opinions. However, a critical review of the current literature on the subject indicates that these recommender systems may also be beneficial to the user in specific circumstances. Building on current critical data literacies approaches, key concepts from the philosophy of technology and a media literacy perspective, this paper suggests a framework defining the competences needed to help users assess these technologies and critically include them in their digital ecosystem.
Speaking on Europe’s behalf: EU discourses of representation during the refugee crisis

ABSTRACT This article aims to understand the lack of consensus at the European Union (EU) level during the refugee crisis based on the discursive polarization of the main governmental and institutional actors involved in decision-making. Drawing on de Wilde’s representative claims analysis, the goal is to trace competing claims of representation made on ‘Europe’s behalf’ by multiple actors claiming to defend EU values or the interests of citizens. The analysis covers Politico Europe articles published during 2015–16, capturing the height of the crisis. The findings illustrate the self-understandings of actors on a humanitarian-communitarian axis that became intertwined with concerns for internal EU solidarity and the survival of the Schengen Area. The analysis contributes to the literature on EU politicization and discursive framing during the refugee crisis, showing how the actors involved in EU decision-making had very different conceptions of what was at stake in the episode.
Stick‐Slip Tremor Beneath an Alpine Glacier

Sliding of glacial ice over its base is typically described by a frictionless or slowly deforming bed. This view is challenged by recent seismic observations of stick‐slip motion at the ice‐bed interface. We revisit a high‐frequency (20–35 Hz) harmonic tremor recorded on Gornergletscher, Switzerland. In contrast to previous interpretation in terms of glaciohydraulic tremor, we present evidence for superimposed stick‐slip episodes as tremor sources: we locate the tremor source with matched field processing polarity optimization, which allows for azimuthal polarity patterns associated with nonisotropic moment tensors and yields a tremor source clustering near the glacier bed. Our analysis confirms an S wave radiation pattern in agreement with a double‐couple source derived from ice sliding over bedrock and explains our tremor observations in terms of glacier stick‐slip motion. Adding to observations of stick‐slip tremor beneath polar ice streams, this first report on stick‐slip tremor beneath Alpine ice favors widespread seismogenic glacier sliding.
Associations of Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Intelligence in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: As a growing health problem, maternal obesity may have an adverse effect on offspring neurodevelopment. The effects of maternal overweight and obesity and excessive gestational weight gain on offspring intelligence remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the influence of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain on children’s intelligence.Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Ovid Medline from their inception through July 2020. Studies assessing the association between prepregnancy BMI or gestational weight gain and children’s intelligence (from 3 years to 10 years) were screened manually before final inclusion. We included prospective and retrospective cohorts that analysed the association between prepregnancy BMI or gestational weight gain and intelligence of offspring. We used the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects method to compute the weight mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of each study.Results: Twelve articles were included in the systematic review, and six of them were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant full-scale IQ reduction in children of overweight and obese women, with WMDs of -3.25 (95% CI: -3.05, -2.42) and -4.85 (95% CI: -5.93, -3.76), respectively. Compared with that in the control group, the WMDs for performance IQ were -2.40 (95% CI: -3.45, -1.34) and -5.28 (95% CI: -7.22, -3.34) in the overweight and obesity groups, respectively, and the WMDs for verbal IQ were -3.47 (95% CI: -4.38, -2.56) and -5.71 (95% CI: -7.13, -4.29), respectively. However, there was no significant reduction in children’s full-scale intelligence scores due to excessive weight gain; the WMD was -0.14 (95% CI: -0.92, 0.65). Conclusions: Prepregnancy overweight and obesity might have disadvantageous consequences on children’s intelligence; however, we observed no significant difference between excessive and normal gestational weight gain. Therefore, weight control before pregnancy is more important than that during pregnancy in terms of children’s intelligence.Trial registration: This systematic review and meta-analysis have been registered in PROSPERO (Number: CRD42020199215).
Modelling and Estimating the Transmissibility of COVID-19: Transmission Dynamics in Shaanxi Province of China as a Case Study

To control and contain the outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19, it is important to know how easy and fast they transmit among people. To explore the essential information of the novel infectious agents, people always confront an inverse problem: using (partially) observed numbers of infected people by time and region to dig up the underlying characteristics of unknown infectious agents. Epidemics armed with advanced statistical inference and mathematical theory has been developed to help reconstruct transmission dynamics processes and to estimate key features of infectious diseases. In this study we use COVID-19 outbreak in Shaanxi province as an example to illustrate how the infectious disease dynamics method can be used to help build the transmission process and to estimate the transmissibility of COVID-19. Three transmission dynamics models were proposed for this. By separating continuous importation from local transmission and treating imported cases as the source rather than results of local transmission, the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 in Shaanxi province was estimated in the range from 0.46 to 0.61, well below the critical value of 1.0. This indicates that COVID-19 cannot self-sustain in Shaanxi province and reflects the timely and strong control measures taken in Shaanxi province.
MPT‐embedding: An unsupervised representation learning of code for software defect prediction

Software project defect prediction can help developers allocate debugging resources. Existing software defect prediction models are usually based on machine learning methods, especially deep learning. Deep learning‐based methods tend to build end‐to‐end models that directly use source code‐based abstract syntax trees (ASTs) as input. They do not pay enough attention to the front‐end data representation. In this paper, we propose a new framework to represent source code called multiperspective tree embedding (MPT‐embedding), which is an unsupervised representation learning method. MPT‐embedding parses the nodes of ASTs from multiple perspectives and encodes the structural information of a tree into a vector sequence. Experiments on both cross‐project defect prediction (CPDP) and within‐project defect prediction (WPDP) show that, on average, MPT‐embedding provides improvements over the state‐of‐the‐art method.
Normative Islam, prejudice and women leaders: why do Arab women leaders suffer?

ABSTRACT The main aim of this study is to compare prejudicial practices against women leaders with egalitarian Islamic guidelines and current efforts towards achieving gender equality. The study also aims to highlight and offer new readings of the Quranic guidelines that may reform gender prejudice against Muslim/Arab women leaders. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 14 women leaders, the results show that egalitarian Islamic efforts towards gender equality are in conflict with certain negative gender practices. This leads us to conclude (and theorize) that Islamic guidelines, as originally retrieved from the Quran, support gender equality and remedy prejudicial assessment against genders. This study contributes to the literature through offering a partial counterview that highlights an egalitarian reading of Islamic principles relating to women leaders. To our knowledge, this is the first endeavour that incorporates Muslim women leaders’ insights towards offering new readings of the Quranic guidelines on gender equality.
Eastward Dipping Style of the Underthrusting Indian Lithosphere Beneath the Tethyan Himalaya Illuminated by P and S Receiver Functions

To explore the west‐east variations in the underthrusting Indian lithosphere, we investigate the lithospheric structure using P and S receiver functions obtained from a west‐east linear array of 19 broadband stations spanning the Tethyan Himalaya at 85.5–88.5°E. Our observations of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) and Moho serving as the top and bottom boundaries at depths of 42–54 km and 60–72 km, respectively, suggest that a thinning Indian lower crust with an eastward inclined geometry is underthrusting beneath the Tethyan Himalaya. An intra‐crustal low velocity zone (LVZ) immediately above the MTH at depths of 32–42 km is imaged, likely resulting from the presence of crustal dehydration partial melting. We propose that this LVZ induces the southward extrusion of melt‐weakened crustal material with itself as a channel and facilitates the development of duplexing structures, by which Indian lower crustal materials could be accreted into the Himalayan wedge along the north‐south mid‐crustal ramp in the MHT. The eastward dipping lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary is clearly observed ranging from 90 to 126 km, which generally coincides with the changing trends of the MHT and Moho. These observations can be attributed to the eastward steepening subduction angle of the Indian lithosphere.
High‐frequency measurement of partial pressure and total concentration of carbon dioxide in seawater using microporous hydrophobic membrane contactors

To investigate CO2 chemistry in ocean water with greater time‐space resolutions, we developed measurement systems, which have state‐of‐the‐art precision but an order of magnitude or better increase in the frequency of analysis, for carbon dioxide partial pressures (PCO2) and total carbon dioxide concentrations (TCO2) in seawater. The PCO2 system was based on equilibration of a CO2‐free carrier gas stream with aqueous carbon dioxide in a flowing seawater sample stream using a commercially available membrane contactor unit normally employed in industrial applications followed by nondispersive infrared (NDIR) absorbance detection of the CO2 in the exit carrier gas. The TCO2 system was based on injection of a small‐volume seawater sample loop (~1 mL) into an acid (0.1 N HCl) liquid carrier stream to convert all carbonate and bicarbonate ions to aqueous carbon dioxide; this acidified sample was then passed through a custom‐made small‐volume membrane contactor unit where the sample's PCO2 was determined by equilibration of a CO2‐free carrier gas followed by NDIR detection. Results from lab tests and a field experiment in the Ross Sea polynya, Antarctica, are presented. The PCO2 system was determined to have a response time of about 3 s and precision of better than 1 µatm. The TCO2 system had a maximum analysis rate of one sample per 36 s, and reproducibility was determined to be better than 0.2% for a period of hours.
Impact of Urban Consumers’ Food Consumption Behavior Towards Food Waste

In this study, we aims to determine the factors that affect the consumers’ food consumption behaviour and further to examine the impact of consumers’ food consumption behaviour toward food waste in urban area. This study collected 400 questionnaires from the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The findings showed that there are three latent factors from the factor analysis which related to the negative food consumption behaviour, which were consumers’ negative attitude on food demand, perceived behavioural control on food waste, and subjective norm. Multiple regression analysis showed that the negative food consumption attitude and perceived behavioural control on food waste have significant impact on the negative food consumption behaviour. Furthermore, the chi-square test showed that the percentage of food waste related to the difference level of negative consumption behaviour on food. Besides that, the Pearson Chi-square also showed that over demand for food and did not consume the food before expired date are highly significant associated with the number of food waste created by a household. In conclusion, consumers’ proper planning on food consumption, cooking, and food deliver order playing a significant role to reduce food waste in Malaysia.
Mobility of electrons in Hg1−xCdxTe

Electron mobility in semiconducting Hg1−xCdxTe at room temperature has been calculated in the range 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 by an iterative solution of the Boltzmann equation incorporating the two‐mode nature of the polar optical scattering and the nonparabolicity of the conduction band. The effects of the deformation potential acoustic, ionized impurity, and electron‐hole scattering have also been considered. The calculated results agree with the measured values to within a factor of 2 for x = 0.6 and 0.4, whereas for x = 0.2, 0.8, and 1.0 the agreement is within a factor of 1.4.
The eROSITA camera array on the SRG satellite

The SRG satellite with the eROSITA X-ray telescope as scientific payload was successfully launched on July 13, 2019 and deployed in a 6-month halo orbit around the second Lagrange point of the Sun Earth system. The telescope comprises an array of seven mirror systems with seven focal plane cameras. The spectroscopic CCD cameras are a further development of the very successful EPIC PN camera on the XMM-Newton satellite, which is after 20 years in space still successfully operating. Key component of the camera is the detector, which matches the large field of view of 1° to permit an all-sky survey in the energy range from 0.2 keV to 8 keV with state-of-the-art energy resolution. The image area of the PNCCD comprises 384 x 384 pixels. Their size of 75 x 75 μm2 each, matches the angular resolution of the mirror system. Readout of the full frame is achieved in 9.18 ms but for thermal and onboard event pre-processing reasons, the time resolution is slowed down to 50 ms. The photon entrance window of five of the seven CCDs is equipped with an optical blocking filter, which turned out to be advantageous. The improved concept and design of the eROSITA cameras will be explained as well as their operation and performance in space.
Optimizing Filter-Based Feature Selection Method Flow for Intrusion Detection System

In recent times, with the advancement in technology and revolution in digital information, networks generate massive amounts of data. Due to the massive and rapid transmission of data, keeping up with security requirements is becoming more challenging. Machine learning (ML)-based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are considered as one of the most suitable solutions for big data security. Despite the progress in ML, unrelated features can drastically influence the performance of an IDS. Feature selection plays a significant role in improving ML-based IDSs. However, the recent growth of dimensionality in data poses quite a challenge for current feature selection and extraction methods. Due to high data dimensionality, feature selection methods suffer in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper, we are introducing a new process flow for filter-based feature selection with the help of a transformation technique. Generally, normalization or transformation is implemented before classification. In our proposed model, we implemented and evaluated the effects of normalization before feature selection. To present a clear analysis on the effects of power transformation, five different transformations were implemented and evaluated. Furthermore, we implemented and compared different feature selection methods with the proposed process flow. Results show that compared with existing process flow and feature selection methods, our proposed process flow for feature selection can locate a more relevant set of features with high efficiency and accuracy.