Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interaction between pelagial and benthal during autumn in Kiel Bight. II. benthic activity and chemical composition of organic matter

Abstract Benthic responses to a settling Ceratium bloom during October and to a diatom bloom, sedimenting as late as early December were followed in western Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea). The Ceratium bloom was mixed into the sediment (1 mm · d−1) and caused ATP-biomass increases down to 6–7 cm sediment depth. This bloom was completely consumed. The diatom bloom did not increase benthic activity and was not utilized. This surprising result is explained by insufficient incorporation of the cells into the sediment, due to a change in the macrofauna population (decreasing number of Diastylis rathkei) and to physical conditions in the water column. Budget calculations demonstrate that the settling Ceratium bloom increased metabolism about one third over the pre-bloom level which was based on stored organic material in the sediment. The results also demonstrate differences in timing of pelagic-benthic couplings.
Photosynthesis in marine macroalgae: evidence for carbon limitation

During a shipboard expedition to Andros Island (Bahamas), photosynthetic measurements for the macroalgae Cladophoropsis membranacea (Chlorophyta), Dilophus guineensis, Turbinaria turbinata, and Lobophora variegata (Phaeophyta), and Laurencia papillosa (Rhodophyta), taken directly from their marine habitat, showed that only Cladophoropsis was saturated at seawater inorganic carbon levels (2.5 mM). The photosynthetic k0.5 values for inorganic carbon ranged from 1.1 to 3.2 mM. Decreasing the pH at 2.5 mM inorganic carbon, and thus enhancing the CO2 by 30-fold, only slightly increased photosynthesis, suggesting that bicarbonate was the major assimilated form of inorganic carbon. At 2.5 mM inorganic carbon, only Lobophora exhibited a Warburg effect on photosynthesis (49%), but at 0.5 mM, Turbinaria and Laurencia were also inhibited by O2. Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase–oxygenase appeared to be the predominant carboxylation enzyme, but in Dilophus and Laurencia extracts, its activity was rivaled by phosphoeno.
Editorial – 20 years of Molecular Ecology

Fig. 1 (a) Number of items published yearly in Molecular Ecology. The dip in 2001 and 2002 was due to the transfer of primer notes from Molecular Ecology to Molecular Ecology Notes; *the data for 2010 are an estimate. (b) Impact factor for Molecular Ecology as calculated by ISI. The transient decline in impact factor in 2000 and 2001 was due to the publication of numerous poorly cited primer notes the previous two years. Journal History and Present Status
Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Mulberry Silkworm ( Bombyx mori L.) Using RAPD Molecular Markers

The present study follows the genetic differences between Romanian silkworm genotypes through RAPD-PCR technique. Four local breeds and four local hybrids were be analyzed by randomly 20 decamer primers (OPERON type). Of the sum of 716 bands 496 were polymorphic. The aim of this study is to point the genetic similarity and phylogenetic relationships among the strains.
Shifts in community leaf functional traits are related to litter decomposition along a secondary forest succession series in subtropical China

Aims We investigated shifts in community-weighted mean traits (CWM) of 14 leaf functional traits along a secondary successional series in an evergreen broadleaf forest in subtropical southeast China. Most of the investigated traits have been reported to affect litter decomposition in previous studies. We asked whether changes in CWMs along secondary succession followed similar patterns for all investigated traits and whether the shifts in CWM indicated a change in resource use strategy along the successional gradient. Using community decomposition rates (k-rates) estimated from annual litter production and standing litter biomass, we asked whether the dynamics of litter decomposition were related to changes in leaf functional traits along the successional series. Methods Twenty-seven plots were examined for shifts in leaf CWM traits as well as in k-rates along a series of secondary forest succession covered in the framework of the BEF-China project. We investigated whether the changes in CWMs followed similar patterns for all traits with ongoing succession. Three alternative linear models were used to reveal the general patterns of shifts in CWM trait values. Moreover, multiple regression analysis was applied to investigate whether there were causal relationships between the changes in leaf functional traits and the dynamics of litter decomposition along secondary succession. We furthermore assessed which traits had the highest impact on community litter decomposition. Important Findings Shifts in CWM values generally followed logarithmic patterns for all investigated traits, whereas community k-rates remained stable along the successional gradient. In summary, the shifts in CWM values indicate a change in community resource use strategy from high nutrient acquisition to nutrient retention with ongoing succession. Stands with higher CWM values of traits related to nutrient acquisition had also higher CWM values of traits related to chemical resistance, whereas stands with higher CWM values of traits related to nutrient retention exhibited higher CWM values in leaf physical defense. Moreover, high values in CWM values related to nutritional quality (such as high leaf phosphorus concentrations) were found to promote community k-rates, whereas high values in physical or chemical defense traits (such as high contents in polyphenols or high leaf toughness) decreased litter decomposition rates. In consequence, litter decomposition, which was simultaneously affected by these characteristics, did not change significantly along succession. Our findings show that leaf decomposition within the investigated communities is dependent on the interplay of several traits and is a result from interactions of traits that affect decomposition in opposing directions.
Role of a natural disturbance in an assemblage of marine free-living nematodes

One of the predictions of theoretical treatments of soft-bottom benthos is: if disturbance were responsible for the persistence of a species in a community, that species should become disproportionately abundant in recently disturbed patches. We investigated this predict~on using marine free-living nematode species in subtidal (2 to 3 m depth) sediments off the Florida panhandle (2g054.55'N, 84"31.45'W), frequently disturbed by stingrays (Dasyatis sabina). In disturbed sediments nematode densities gradually increased over 4 d until they exceeded abundances in background sediments 96 h after the initial disturbance. None of the species examined responded to disturbance in the manner expected. We conclude that small-scale natural disturbances are not important in the maintenance of nematode species in this community.
The influence of geomorphic processes on plant distribution and abundance as reflected in plant tolerance curves

Ecologists describe plant distribution using direct gradient analysis, by which a tolerance curve of species abundance is described along an environmental gradient (any environmental variable that affects plant distribution). Soil moisture is generally the gradient in low-relief areas that explains the most variation. Traditional direct gradient analyses have used terrain structure (i.e., transects up or down hillslopes) as a correlate to soil moisture. Here we use a numerical tectonic and geomorphic process-based landscape development model to create two landscapes with different geomorphic characteristics: (1) to demonstrate the influence of geomorphic processes on soil moisture patterns and plant distribution and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of transects in describing moisture gradients and tolerance curves on landscapes dominated by creep or overland flow. We use a topographic index to approximate the distribution of soil moisture as it is determined by the shape of these different landscapes. Tr.
Morphological and Physicochemical Characterization of Commercial Maltodextrins with Different Degrees of Dextrose-Equivalent

Maltodextrins show increasing industrial applications depending on the extent of the starch hydrolysis. This paper reports a relationship between morphological and physico-chemical characteristics of different maltodextrins (A, B, and C) in order to establish appropriate uses. The moisture content of the maltodextrins varied from 2.82 to 6.47% and true and bulk density, average particle size, and porosity of the maltodextrins ranged from 1.14–1.44 g/mL, 0.33–0.49 g/mL, 39.44–289.17 μm, and 59.70–67.58%, respectively. Spherical, irregular, and filamentous shapes conduct to low values of wetting times. The increase in the DE level of maltodextrins from the same botanical source caused a decrease in the dissolution time. Results demonstrated that products obtained by supplier B showed the best performance and regularity in the dissolution/dispersion characteristics in water meanwhile maltodextrins manufactured by supplier A would be favored by an agglomeration process.
Fungicide resistance among Cladobotryum spp. - causal agents of cobweb disease of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus.

A survey of fungicide resistance among isolates of the mushroom pathogens Cladobotryum mycophilum and C. dendroides Types I and II was undertaken, with respect to the active ingredients thiabendazole, carbendazim (benzimidazoles) and prochloraz manganese following an epidemic in Britain and Ireland in 1994/95. The majority of isolates (41/57) were strongly resistant to thiabendazole (ED50 > 200 ppm) and were exclusively C. dendroides Type II. All C. mycophilum and C. dendroides Type I isolates, and four C. dendroides Type II isolates, were weakly resistant to thiabendazole (ED50 1–10 ppm). Thiabendazole-resistant C. dendroides Type II isolates were only weakly resistant to carbendazim (ED50 2–10 ppm) and isolates which were weakly resistant to thiabendazole were carbendazim-sensitive (ED50 < 1 ppm), demonstrating a lack of complete cross resistance between these two benzimidazole fungicides. The ED50 values for all isolates with respect to prochloraz manganese ranged from 0.14 to 7.8 ppm. Benzimidazole resistance was considered to have been an important factor influencing the severity of the 1994/95 cobweb epidemic but 25% of isolates collected were benzimidazole sensitive.
Broad-scale environmental relations of floristic gradients in the Mitchell grasslands of Queensland

A large floristic data set was collated from vegetation surveys of Mitchell (Astrebla spp.) grasslands in Queensland spanning more than 20 years. The data was ordinated using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and a four-dimensional solution could be deciphered. The longest floristic gradient was clearly aligned with climatic variables associated with mean annual precipitation. The vector for mean annual temperature was orientated orthogonally to the primary vector and was strongly correlated through the ordination space. A grazing vector tentatively derived from the frequency of species known to be favoured by grazing in Mitchell grasslands was orthogonal to the major climatic trends. However, the suspected grazing influence is complicated by the potential influence of sites occurring on limited areas of limestone habitat representing marginal Mitchell grassland habitat. A vector derived from the binomial categorisation of landform into downs and alluvia was clearly aligned with the fourth dimension of the ordination. Short- and long-term rainfall history variables were generated for each site from local rainfall records. The oblique trajectory of these variables through the ordination space tends to suggest that they may be artefacts of sampling rather than a major independent influence on the character of Mitchell grasslands. Thus the results at the broad scale of this study do not conform to previous studies at the paddock scale that emphasise the influence of climatic fluctuations on the floristic character of Mitchell grasslands. The results suggest Mitchell grasslands will require conservation planning and action throughout their geographic range.
Germination and emergence of Parsley in response to osmotic or matric seed priming and treatment with gibberellin

Moss Curled' seeds of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) were primed osmotically in polyethylene glycol or matrically in fine, exfoliated vermiculite at -0.5 MPa for 4 or 7 days at 20 or 30 °C with 0 or 1 mM GA 3 . All priming treatments stimulated and hastened germination. Matric priming resulted in greater germination (89%) than osmotic priming (83%) when seeds were primed for 7 days at 30 °C, but priming agent had no effect on germination percentage following priming at 20 °C or for 4 days. In seeds primed for 4 days at 20 or 30 °C, matric priming hastened germination more than did osmotic priming. Germination was generally less synchronous with matric than with osmotic priming. Increasing priming time from 4 to 7 days increased the rate of germination, but increased germination synchrony only when seeds were primed at 20 °C. Inclusion of 1 mM GA 3 during priming had little or no effect on germination. All matric priming treatments (other than 4-day priming) were repeated to assess seedling emergence in a greenhouse (25°C day/22 °C night). Priming increased the percentage, rate and synchrony of emergence, and increased hypocotyl length at 3 weeks after planting. Priming at 30 °C with 1 mMGA 3 resulted in the greatest emergence percentage, hypocotyl length, and shoot dry weight. We conclude that matric priming is a satisfactory alternative to osmotic priming of parsley seeds. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (GA 3 ).
Habitat selection by adult female eastern grey kangaroos

We determined patterns of habitat selection in the winter–spring period by adult female eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) at Yan Yean Reservoir Catchment near Melbourne, Victoria, during 1994–95. We assessed habitat selection at two levels by radio-tracking 11 adult female kangaroos. The 95% isopleth harmonic mean home-range size (mean = 62.3 ha) was the smallest recorded for female eastern grey kangaroos. No range encompassed all of the habitat types available in the study area, and the mix and rankings of habitats selected at this level varied amongst individuals when compared by compositional analysis with available habitats. Selection of habitats at the within-range level also varied among individuals and differed between night and day for many individuals, but not for the population mean. Individuals selected strongly for good foraging habitat within their ranges. In particular, grassy clearings were used by all individuals and were selected strongly by day, night or at both times.
Loss of TP53 in sarcomas with 17p12~p11 gain. A fine-resolution oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization study

The amplification or gain of the p-arm of chromosome 17 is common in sarcomas, suggesting its role in carcinogenesis. Here, we report the architectural structure and targets of 17p aberrations commonly shared by osteosarcoma (OS), leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of soft tissue. Two low-grade and two high-grade soft tissue LMS, three OS, and two MFH samples were studied using fine-resolution oligonucleotide-based microarray comparative genomic hybridization. Eight of the nine samples showed a loss of 17pter→p13, the locus of tumor suppressor TP53 preceding the amplified area 17p12→p11.2. The size and detailed architecture of the amplified region of 17p differed between the studied sarcoma entities. OS and high-grade LMS showed similar complex patterns of discontinuous amplifications with regions of gain in between. MFH and low-grade LMS showed continuous regions of gains and amplifications. Precise boundaries of the lost or gained regions were determined, and in addition to the previously suggested targets of the region, ELAC and FLCN were amplified in all the sarcoma entities.
A Reinvestigation of the Marine Ciliate Trachelocerca ditis (Wright, 1982) Foissner and Dragesco, 1996 (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea) from the Yellow Sea and an Assessment of Its Phylogenetic Position Inferred from the Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequence

The karyorelictean ciliate Trachelocerca ditis (Wright, 1982) Foissner and Dragesco, 1996 isolated from the Yellow Sea coast at Qingdao, China is reinvestigated based on examination of specimens in vivo and following protargol impregnation. The infraciliature and the general morphology of living cells closely resemble those of a population from the French Atlantic coast at Roscoff (Foissner and Dragesco 1996b). However, some differences were noted including the size of the macronuclei, the appearance of the nucleoli and the presence of vacuoles that contained peculiar figure-of-eight inclusions. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene was sequenced for the China-population and phylogenetic trees based on SSU rRNA gene sequence data were constructed. These revealed that Trachelocerca ditis clusters with another trachelocercid, Tracheloraphis sp. (sensu Hirt et al. 1995), with high support.
Design and development of a high-speed axial-flux permanent-magnet machine

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Detection, identification and quantification of microorganisms in selected infections

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RFLP Mapping and Marker-Assisted Selection of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance in PI 209332

Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe; SCN) is one of the most serious disease problems of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], but the genetic basis of SCN resistance is complex and poorly understood. This study was conducted to identify genomic regions that confer partial resistance to SCN in soybean PI 209332 through the use of DNA genetic markers. By testing three different races of SCN, we also assessed race-specificities of putative resistance loci. Mapping was performed in two related populations, one an F 2:3 population and the other an F 5:6 recombinant inbred line population, both derived from a single cross between 'Evans' and PI 209322. To identify resistance loci, SCN disease responses for all lines in the mapping populations were contrasted with DNA marker genotypes at 98 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker loci spread throughout the soybean genome. A major partial-resistance locus on linkage group'G' (P < 0.0001) near RFLP marker C006V was effective against all three SCN race isolates tested. This locus explained 35% of total phenotypic variation in the SCN disease response to a Race 1 SCN population, 50% of the response to a Race 3 SCN population, and 54% of the response to a Race 6 SCN population. Additional putative SCN resistance loci (P < 0.002) were identified on soybean linkage groups 'D', 'J, 'L', and 'K'. Detecting some of these minor loci was complicated by strong masking phenotypic effects of the major resistance locus near C006V. Some of the putative resistance loci behaved in a race-specific manner. Based on RFLP genotype at the F 2 generation, marker-assisted selection for the resistance locus on linkage group'G' was evaluated and found to be 90% accurate in selecting F 5:6 lines resistant to SCN, comparable in accuracy to phenotypic selection for SCN resistance.
Modeling water quality in reservoirs used for angling competition: Can groundbait contribute to eutrophication?

Abstract Inland recreational fishing is a popular leisure activity in Portugal, which has close to 219,000 anglers. This study aimed to determine if the groundbait used to attract fish to the area in angling competitions contributes to eutrophication of reservoirs. We conducted a quantitative and qualitative assessment of commercial groundbait to examine the relationship between eutrophication and groundbaiting in angling competitions performed in Maranhão Reservoir, one of the most important southern Portugal angling reservoirs. Simulations using the CE-QUAL-W2 model were performed from January 2001 to February 2007 considering the number of anglers present in angling competitions and the chemical characteristics of commercial groundbait. The results indicated that the use of 5–10 kg of groundbait per angler (3–20 tons of groundbait per year) did not alter the ecological functioning of Maranhão Reservoir; however, higher angling pressures may lead to a significant increase in nutrient concentrations and consequent increases in primary production in the waterbody. Based on these concerns, we combined modeling with simulations to evaluate the environmental effects of groundbaiting in recreational angling and its relation to reservoir eutrophication. This study represents a contribution to more practical and holistic management of recreational fisheries.
Effects of three Spodoptera litura control strategies on arthropod diversity and abundance in tobacco agroecosystems in South China.

Effect of three Spodoptera litura control strategies, viz. use of trap crop plus biological control, chemical control only, and a-control with no intervention, on the environment, diversity and abundance of arthropods were studied in the tobacco field. Choice of S. litura control strategy had a significant effect on the diversity and abundance of arthropods in the tobacco agroecosystems. The results indicated that the abundance and diversity of arthropods increased significantly when tobacco was intercropped with a trap crop particularly Colocasia esculenta. Diversity of arthropods was significantly higher under the trap crop plus biological control strategy than under chemical, or non-control condition. In addition, trap crop plus biological control strategy increased the number of natural enemies in the field, which is possibly a reflection of higher levels of food availability (higher arthropod abundance) in these fields. Thus, the stability of arthropod community was better under trap crop plus biological control strategy than under chemical or non-control strategy. Based on the results of our study, the trap crop plus biological control strategy may give an efficient and sustainable control of tobacco pests in the field.