Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE STRUCTURE OF DANALITE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE OBTAINED FROM SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND RIETVELD REFINEMENTS

Nous avons etudie le comportement structural de la danalite, de composition ideale Fe 8 [Be 6 So 6 O 2 4 ]S 2 , a pression atmospherique lors d'un chauffage de 33 a 1035°C, en utilisant des donnees de diffractionX sur poudres generees in situ avec rayonnement synchrotron (λ = 0.92249 A) et traitees par affinement de Rietveld. L'echantillon a ete chauffe a un taux d'environ 9.5°C/min., et les traces des spectres ont ete preleves a des intervalles de 18°C environ. Le parametre reticulaire de la danalite augmente de facon lineaire jusqu'a 1035°C. Le taux de changement de son volume entre 33 et 1035°C est 1.6(1)%. Les autres parametres structuraux font preuve d'un changement abrupt a environ 926°C. Entre 33 et 926°C, les distances Be-O et Si-O demeurent presque constantes. Entre 926 et 1035°C, la longueur de la liaison Be-O diminue, tandis que celle de la liaison Si-O augmente, mais les changements sont faibles. Entre 33 et 926°C, l'angle Be-O-Si augmente de 1.12(3)°, et l'augmentation totale jusqu'a 1035°C est 1.21(3)°. En meme temps, entre 33 et 926°C, les angles de rotation des tetraedres BeO 4 (φ B e ) et SiO 4 (φ S i ) diminuent d'environ 0.71°, respectivement. Entre 926 et 1035°C, φ B e et φ S i augmentent d'environ 0.23°. La liaison Fe-S augmente en longueur de 0.023(1) A entre 33 et 926°C, et de 0.007(1) A entre 926 et 1035°C. La liaison Fe-O augmente en longueur de 0.024(1) A entre 33 et 926°C, et diminue de 0.001(1) A entre 926 et 1035°C. Les coefficients de deplacement des atomes Fe et S sont importants, et la liaison Fe-S s'allonge avec la temperature, les atomes de Fe se rapprochant progressivement du plan des anneaux a six membres dans la trame, ce qui cause une legere rotation des tetraedres, et mene a une expansion de la structure. Le changement abrupt des parametres structuraux a probablement lieu a cause de l'oxydation des cations Fe 2 + (et, en quantite moindre, Mn 2 + ) au dela de 771°C, et la perte de S 2 (g) au dela de 1029°C.
Morphology, phylogeny, and taxonomy of microthlaspi (brassicaceae: coluteocarpeae) and related genera

The genus Thlaspi has been variously subdivided since its description by Linnaeus in 1753, but due to similarities in fruit shape several segregates have still not gained broad recognition, despite the fact that they are not directly related to Thlaspi. This applies especially to segregates now considered to belong to the tribe Coluteocarpeae, which includes several well-studied taxa, e.g., Noccaea caerulescens (syn. Thlaspi caerulescens), and the widespread Microthlaspi perfoliatum (syn. Thlaspi perfoliatum). The taxonomy of this tribe is still debated, as a series of detailed monographs on Coluteocarpeae was not published in English and a lack of phylogenetic resolution within this tribe was found in previous studies. The current study presents detailed phylogenetic investigations and a critical review of morphological features, with focus on taxa previously placed in Microthlaspi. Based on one nuclear (ITS) and two chloroplast (matK, trnL-F) loci, four strongly supported major groups were recovered among the Coluteocarpeae genera included, corresponding to Ihsanalshehbazia gen. nov., Friedrichkarlmeyeria gen. nov., Microthlaspi s.str. , and Noccaea s.l. In addition, two new species of Microthlaspi, M. sylvarum-cedri sp. nov. and M. mediterraneo-orientale sp. nov., were discovered, which are well supported by both morphological and molecular data. Furthermore, M. erraticum comb. nov. (diploid) and M. perfoliatum s.str. (polyploid) were shown to be distinct species, phylogenetically widely separate, but with some overlap in several morphological characters. Detailed descriptions, notes on taxonomy, geographical distribution, and line drawings for the new species and each species previously included in Microthlaspi are provided. In addition, the current taxonomic state of the tribe Coluteocarpeae is briefly discussed and it is concluded that while several annual taxa are clearly distinct from Noccaea, many perennial taxa, after thorough phylogenetic and morphological investigations, may have to be merged with this genus.
Ground‐based FTIR observations of chlorine activation and ozone depletion inside the Arctic vortex during the winter of 1999/2000

[1] The time evolution and latitudinal distribution of ozone and chlorine species (HCl, ClONO2, and ClO) in the Arctic and midlatitude stratosphere have been studied for the winter of 1999/2000. This has been done by the use of ground-based solar absorption Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements from four locations: Harestua (60.2°N, 10.8°E), Kiruna (67.8°N, 20.4°E), Esrange (67.9°N, 21.1°E), and Ny Alesund (79°N, 12°E). The measurements were normalized with the inert tracer HF to minimize the effects of transport, combined using the concept of equivalent latitude and interpreted using the 3D model SLIMCAT. By late January, there was strong chlorine activation with 33% of the available inorganic chlorine column (HCl + ClONO2) being lost, with amounts of ClO greatly enhanced. By the middle of March, the ClO had been deactivated to ClONO2, which exceeded its original fractional abundance (41%), but HCl stayed low (39%) and the ClO columns were still enhanced. The strong and sustained chlorine activations caused considerable accumulated ozone column loss of (12 ± 7)% and (31 ± 4)% by the beginning of February and March, respectively. The model showed only (5 ± 3)% and (23 ± 5)% column loss for the same time periods. By comparison, the 1998/1999 winter measurements showed no significant loss of column ozone but a 10% loss in the model.
Activity Theory as an Interpretive Framework for HR Systems: Some Insights and Potential Contributions

Human Resource (HR) systems are increasingly being focused on as subjects of study by researchers and analysts alike. However, there are persistent themes that resonate among existing HR studies, revolving around the disharmonies between wider organisational strategies and individual-oriented HR systems, as well as the quest for stability in an environment of prevalent ambiguities. The study uses activity theory as interpretive and investigative framework to bridge the gaps in the way HR systems are analysed. A number of theoretical constructs that could potentially complement mainstream approaches are suggested and explained. These include the idea that HR systems could be viewed as object-oriented activity systems that consist of complex relationships and connections, and an acknowledgement that tensions and contradictions are integral part of human activities which ought to be seen as opportunities for development and change.
Convective Heat Transfer of Unsteady Pulsed Flow in Sinusoidal Constricted Tube

In many industrial engineering and other technological processes, it is crucial to characterise heat and mass transfer, for example to avoid thermo mechanical damages. Particularly, in the inlet region of internal pulsed flows, unsteady dynamic and thermal effects can present large amplitudes. These effects are mainly located in the wall region. This suggests the existence of intense unsteady stresses at the wall (shear, friction or thermal stresses). Our studies (Andre et al., 1987; Batina, 1995; Creff et al., 1985) show that there could exist an 'adequacy' of different parameters such as Reynolds or Prandtl numbers, leading to large amplitudes for the unsteady velocity and temperature in the entry zone if compared to those encountered downstream in the fully developed region. Consequently, in order to obtain convective heat transfer enhancement, most of the studies are linked to: Firstly, the search for optimal geometries (undulated or grooved channels, tube with periodic sections, etc.) : among those geometrical studies, one can quote the investigations of Blancher, 1991; Ghaddar et al., 1986, for the wavy or grooved plane geometries, in order to highlight the influence of the forced or natural disturbances on heat transfer. Secondly, the search for particular flow conditions (transient regime, pulsed flow, etc.): for example those linked to the periodicity of the pressure gradient (Batina, 1995; Batina et al. 2009; Chakravarty & Sannigrahi, 1999; Hemida et al., 2002), or those which impose a periodic velocity condition (Lee et al., 1999; Young Kim et al., 1998) or those which carry on time periodic deformable walls. The main objective of this study is to analyse the special case of convective heat transfer of an unsteady pulsed, laminar, incompressible flow in axisymmetric tubes with periodic sections. The flow is supposed to be developing dynamically and thermally from the duct inlet. The wall is heated at constant and uniform temperature. One of the originality of this study is the choice of Chebyshev polynomials basis in both axial and radial directions for spectral methods, the use of spectral collocation method and the introduction of a shift operator to satisfy non homogeneous boundary conditions for spectral Galerkin formulation. A comparison of results obtained by the two spectral methods is given. A Crank Nicolson scheme permits the resolution in time.
Intraspecific variability in growth response to environmental fluctuations modulates the stabilizing effect of species diversity on forest growth

Differences between species in their response to environmental fluctuations cause asynchronized growth series, suggesting that species diversity may help communities buffer the effects of environmental fluctuations. However, within‐species variability of responses may impact the stabilizing effect of growth asynchrony. We used tree ring data to investigate the diversity–stability relationship and its underlying mechanisms within the temperate and boreal mixed woods of Eastern Canada. We worked at the individual tree level to take into account the intraspecific variability of responses to environmental fluctuations. We found that species diversity stabilized growth in forest ecosystems. The asynchrony of species’ response to climatic fluctuations and to insect outbreaks explained this effect. We also found that the intraspecific variability of responses to environmental fluctuations was high, making the stabilizing effect of diversity highly variable. Synthesis. Our results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that the asynchrony of species’ response to environmental fluctuations drives the stabilizing effect of diversity. The intraspecific variability of these responses modulates the stabilizing effect of species diversity. Interactions between individuals, variation in tree size and spatial heterogeneity of environmental conditions could play a critical role in the stabilizing effect of diversity.
Beyond frontiers: comparing the efficiency of higher education decision‐making units across more than one country

We employ Data Envelopment Analysis to compute the technical efficiency of Italian and English higher education institutions. Our results show that, in relation to the country‐specific frontier, institutions in both countries are typically very efficient. However, institutions in England are more efficient than those in Italy when we compare jointly their performances. We also look at the evolution of technical efficiency scores over a four‐year period, and find that, in line with an error‐correction hypothesis, Italian universities are improving their technical efficiency while English universities are obtaining stable scores. Policy implications are addressed.
Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its risk factors in the Chinese Maonan and Han populations

Chinese Maonan nationality is an isolated minority with a population of 107,166 in 2010. They mainly reside in several townships of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in the Northwestern of Guangxi, China. The prevalence and epidemiological characters of dyslipidemia in this ethnic group have not been studied previously. The objective of the present study was to assess the difference in serum lipid levels, the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the risk factors in the Maonan and Han populations. A cross-sectional study of dyslipidemia was conducted in 1332 unrelated subjects of Maonan and 1344 participants of Han ethnic groups. Information on epidemiological survey was collected with standardized questionnaires. Anthropometric and biochemical data were obtained. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were higher but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 and ApoB levels were lower in Maonan than in Han (P < 0.01-0.001). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (40.09% vs. 33.93%, P < 0.01), hypertriacylglycerolemia (29.13% vs. 16.52%, P < 0.001) and hyperlipidemia (51.95% vs. 41.07%, P < 0.001) was higher in Maonan than in Han. The anormal rates of HDL-C, LDL-C, and ApoA1 were also higher but the anormal rate of ApoB was lower in Maonan than in Han (P < 0.001 for all). The effects of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking on serum lipid levels and the prevalence of dyslipidemia were different between the Maonan and Han populations. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was positively correlated with BMI, hypertension and the intakes of total energy and total fat in Maonan (P < 0.01 for all), whereas it was positively associated with BMI, and the intakes of total energy and total fat in Han (P < 0.01). The difference in the serum lipid levels and the prevalence of dyslipidemia between the two populations might result from the combined effects of different BMI, hypertension, diet, lifestyle, and genetic background.
Homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water: Results from a new equation of state

A series of laboratory and aircraft measurements have indicated that supercooled liquid water exists to temperatures as low as −70°C. These measurements also show that classical nucleation theory, using standard values for the thermodynamic properties of supercooled water, underestimates the nucleation rate of ice in liquid water at large supercoolings. New theoretical estimates for this homogeneous nucleation rate are presented, based on a new analytic equation of state for liquid water. The new equation of state, which is accurate over a pressure range of 3000 atmospheres and a temperature range of 1200K, is used to infer the latent heat of melting, liquid water density, and ice-water surface energy of supercooled water. Predictions of the nucleation rate and the homogeneous freezing temperature made by this equation of state are in agreement with observations at temperatures as cold as −70°C and at pressures as high as 2000 atmospheres. These results indicate that it is not necessary to invoke a phase transition at −45°C to explain aircraft and laboratory observations of homogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled water clouds.
Deanonymizing Users in Social Networking Services : an Ego-Network Analysis Approach

One of the main problems in social networking services monitoring systems is the incompleteness of analyzed data. Anonymous users may participate in information warfare tampering public opinion. A new method for user profiling in social networking services is proposed. It is based on analysis of user ego-network communities. The core idea of the method is that each user has a unique set of attributes and user attributes are strongly related to his ego-network communities. User profile attributes can be obtained as the union of attributes relevant to each community. The method was compared with majority voting and two community detection based approaches. Experiments on four datasets from Facebook, Twitter, LiveJournal and VKontakte social networking services showed that the proposed method outperforms others and some user attributes can be determined with high precision and recall. The method is tolerant to node attributes partial absence. User attributes determined by the proposed method combined with additional sources of information may lead to user deanonimization.
Feasibility of “test-and-cull” for managing chronic wasting disease in urban mule deer

Abstract Strategies for managing chronic wasting disease (CWD) in urban mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations are needed in Colorado. We captured, tonsil-biopsied, marked, and tested adult mule deer (n=181) to evaluate the feasibility of conducting an urban “test-and-cull” program in Estes Park, Colorado. During December 2002 and April–May 2003, we successfully tested 51 (57%) of the estimated 89 male and 130 (50%) of the estimated 261 female mule deer wintering in Estes Park for evidence of CWD. Nine (18%) males and 6 (5%) females tested positive for CWD infection via immunohistochemistry. All 15 test-positive deer were removed from the population; we culled 13 of these, and 2 died of other causes before being culled. We completed all sampling and inventory work in 34 field days and culled all test-positive deer in another 7 field days. Personnel time associated with sampling, culling, and inventory averaged 5.2 person-hours/deer. Average drug costs varied by combination (tiletamine–zolazepam–xylazine: $22; thiafentanil–xylazine: $66). Additional fixed costs averaged $215/deer for telemetry devices and $60/deer for vehicle and other testing-related expenses. Based on our initial assessment, sampling ≥50% of the mule deer in Estes Park annually is feasible.
MAP-MATCHING IN COMPLEX URBAN ROAD NETWORKS

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS and digital road maps can be used for land vehicle navigation systems. However, GPS requires a level of augmentation with other navigation sensors and systems such as Dead Reckoning (DR) devices, in order to achieve the required navigation performance (RNP) in some areas such as urban canyons, streets with dense tree cover, and tunnels. One of the common solutions is to integrate GPS with DR by employing a Kalman Filter (Zhao et al., 2003). The integrated navigation systems usually rely on various types of sensors. Even with very good sensor calibration and sensor fusion technologies, inaccuracies in the positioning sensors are often inevitable. There are also errors associated with spatial road network data. This paper develops an improved probabilistic Map Matching (MM) algorithm to reconcile inaccurate locational data with inaccurate digital road network data. The basic characteristics of the algorithm take into account the error sources associated with the positioning sensors, the historical trajectory of the vehicle, topological information on the road network (e.g., connectivity and orientation of links), and the heading and speed information of the vehicle. This then enables a precise identification of the correct link on which the vehicle is travelling. An optimal estimation technique to determine the vehicle position on the link has also been developed and is described. Positioning data was obtained from a comprehensive field test carried out in Central London. The algorithm was tested on a complex urban road network with a high resolution digital road map. The performance of the algorithm was found to be very good for different traffic maneuvers and a significant improvement over using just an integrated GPS/DR solution.
A new method to estimate species and biodiversity intactness using empirically derived reference conditions

Critical to the conservation of biodiversity is knowledge of status and trends of species. To that end, monitoring programmes have reported on the state of biodiversity using reference conditions as comparison. Little consensus exists on how reference conditions are defined and how such information is used to index intactness. Most use protected areas or an arbitrary year as reference. This is problematic since protected areas are often spatially biased, while arbitrarily defined reference years are often not sufficiently distant in time. We propose an alternative that relies on empirical estimates of reference conditions. Statistical ranges of reference are estimated and compared with observed occurrence and abundance to index status of individual species. When averaged among species, overall intactness is estimated. We demonstrate the approach using 202-winter mammal tracking sites from the boreal forest of Alberta, Canada. Intactness was estimated at 89 out of 100 with the southern boreal having lowest intactness and greatest human footprint. We suggest empirical predictions of reference conditions be used as baselines for comparing changes in the state of species and biodiversity. Reporting can occur at any spatial (e.g., ecosystem) or hierarchical (e.g., species, guilds, taxonomic group, or overall biodiversity) scale and is easily interpreted (scaled from 0-degraded to 100-intact). When used in a long-term monitoring framework, statistical trends in biodiversity intactness can be estimated, individual status of species assessed, and relevant
Refractrometric studies on molecular interactions between some bromoalkanes and nonpolar hydrocarbons

Refractive indices of the twelve binary mixtures between polar aliphatic molecules, viz., 1-bromopropane, 1-bromobutane, 1-bromopentane and nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules, viz., cyclohexane, benzene, 1, 4-dimethylbenzene and 1, 3, 5- trimethylbenzene for the entire concentration range have been measured at 308.15 K. Deviation in refractive indices from that for ideal mixture, molar refraction, deviation in molar refraction from ideal mixture values, molecular radius and deviation in molecular radius from the values for ideal mixtures for these mixtures have also been evaluated. The results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions between the components of the binary mixtures.
Weakly enforced essential boundary conditions for NURBS‐embedded and trimmed NURBS geometries on the basis of the finite cell method

Enforcing essential boundary conditions plays a central role in immersed boundary methods. Nitsche's idea has proven to be a reliable concept to satisfy weakly boundary and interface constraints. We formulate an extension of Nitsche's method for elasticity problems in the framework of higher order and higher continuity approximation schemes such as the B‐spline and non‐uniform rational basis spline version of the finite cell method or isogeometric analysis on trimmed geometries. Furthermore, we illustrate a significant improvement of the flexibility and applicability of this extension in the modeling process of complex 3D geometries. With several benchmark problems, we demonstrate the overall good convergence behavior of the proposed method and its good accuracy. We provide extensive studies on the stability of the method, its influence parameters and numerical properties, and a rearrangement of the numerical integration concept that in many cases reduces the numerical effort by a factor two. A newly composed boundary integration concept further enhances the modeling process and allows a flexible, discretization‐independent introduction of boundary conditions. Finally, we present our strategy in the framework of the modeling and isogeometric analysis process of trimmed non‐uniform rational basis spline geometries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.