Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding CNNs as a model of the inferior temporal cortex: using mediation analysis to unpack the contribution of perceptual and semantic features in random and trained networks

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained for visual recognition can predict activity in primate inferior temporal cortex (IT). It was generally accepted that this is because training leads the CNNs to develop tuning to visual features similar to those in the brain. However, recent evidence that untrained random-weight CNNs explain IT variance to a similar magnitude appears inconsistent with this view. Since IT contains rich representations of both perceptual and semantic features, here we propose a resolution to this conﬂict, that random and trained networks capture different aspects of IT activity. Speciﬁcally, we hypothesised that random networks capture perceptual aspects of IT, while trained networks capture semantic aspects but not perceptual ones. We evaluated a trained standard AlexNet and an untrained random network shown to correlate better with the brain, DeepCluster. The ability of the CNNs to predict IT activity patterns and the role played by perceptual and semantic features was evaluated using regression models, multidimensional scaling, and mediation analysis. The results support the hypothesis and highlight that, whether CNNs are used as models of the brain, or the brain is used to inspire advances in neural networks, it is not enough to know how similar a given model is to the brain: we also need to know why.
Zero-Shot Physics-Guided Deep Learning for Subject-Speciﬁc MRI Reconstruction

—Physics-guided deep learning (PG-DL) has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerated MRI reconstruction, while often necessitating a database of fully-sampled measurements for training. Recent self-supervised and unsupervised learning approaches enable training without fully-sampled data. However, a database of undersampled measurements may not be available in many scenarios, especially for scans involving contrast or recently developed sequences, necessitating new methodology for subject-speciﬁc PG-DL reconstructions. A main challenge for developing subject-speciﬁc PG-DL methods is the large number of parameters, making it prone to over-ﬁtting. Moreover, database-trained models may not generalize well to unseen measurements that differ in terms of SNR, image contrast, sampling pattern, and anatomy. In this work, we propose a zero-shot self-supervised learning approach to perform subject-speciﬁc PG-DL reconstruction to tackle these issues. The proposed approach splits available measurements for each scan into three disjoint sets. Two of these sets are used to enforce data consistency and deﬁne loss during training, while the last set is used to establish an early stopping criterion. In the presence of models pre-trained on a database, we show that the proposed approach can be adapted as subject-speciﬁc ﬁne-tuning via transfer learning to further improve reconstruction quality.
Set Size Effects on the P3b in a BCI Speller

Data were collected from a brain-computer interface speller that utilized the P3b as a control signal. Stimuli consisted of letters and their “segments”. Importantly, different letters were made up of different numbers of segments from a 10 segment library. Subjects were instructed to mentally note whenever segments from their letter (targets) were flashed. We found that P3b amplitudes of target segments decreased as the num- ber of segments in a letter (target letter complexity) increased. In contrast, the P3b attenuation was not affected by the total number of letters a segment belonged to (segment frequency). These results may reflect higher task difficulty caused by in- creased working memory load with increased target letter complexity. Alternatively, it’s possible that despite the target rate being fixed at 30% within each block, subjects erroneously be-lieved the target rate increased with target letter complexity. Further work to disentangle these possibilities may enrich our understanding of the P3b.
Advancing measurements and representations of subsurface heterogeneity and dynamic processes: towards 4D hydrogeology

Abstract. Essentially all hydrogeological processes are strongly influenced by the subsurface spatial heterogeneity and the temporal variation of environmental conditions, hydraulic properties, and solute concentrations. This spatial and temporal variability generally leads to effective behaviors and emerging phenomena that cannot be predicted from conventional approaches based on homogeneous assumptions and models. However, it is not always clear when, why, how, and at what scale the 4D (3D + time) nature of the subsurface needs to be considered in hydrogeological monitoring, modeling, and applications. In this paper, we discuss the interest and potential for the monitoring and characterization of spatial and temporal variability, including 4D imaging, in a series of hydrogeological processes: (1) groundwater fluxes, (2) solute transport and reaction, (3) vadose zone dynamics, and (4) surface–subsurface water interactions. We first identify the main challenges related to the coupling of spatial and temporal fluctuations for these processes. We then highlight recent innovations that have led to significant breakthroughs in high-resolution space–time imaging and modeling the characterization, monitoring, and modeling of these spatial and temporal fluctuations. We finally propose a classification of processes and applications at different scales according to their need and potential for high-resolution space–time imaging. We thus advocate a more systematic characterization of the dynamic and 3D nature of the subsurface for a series of critical processes and emerging applications. This calls for the validation of 4D imaging techniques at highly instrumented observatories and the harmonization of open databases to share hydrogeological data sets in their 4D components.
Digital Transformations of Financial Relations in Russia In 2022-2023: Problems and Global Trends

: Assessment of changes in the system of economic relations in the digital economy through the use of systemic, economic analyzes, which ensures the integrity and comprehensiveness of the study. It has been established that increasing the role of the knowledge economy of transformations is an urgent task in modern transformations of societies. Identified problems in financial relations during digital transformations, consisting in the lack of an integrated approach to managing economic processes; reduction of state control with the rapid development of horizontal links between business entities. The conditions for the use of intellectual potential are considered in detail.
Link Immunogenicity with Stability of the Epitope Choice: Studies with EBV Peptides HLA-B27 Subtype Polymorphism and CTL

HLA-B27-restricted CTL responses to EBV are principally directed against two of the EBV nuclear Ags, EBNAs 3B and 3C. We have previously described a target epitope derived from EBNA 3C (residues 258–266, sequence RRIYDLIEL) that is immunodominant in the context of at least three different B27 subtypes, including B*2705 and B*2702. In this study, we show that this peptide binds well to B*2705 and B*2702 in a cell surface binding assay, and that the two B27:peptide complexes are relatively stable, with t 1/2 of 20 and 37 h, respectively. We now identify another B27-restricted epitope derived from EBNA 3B (residues 243–253, sequence RRARSLSAERY), which again accords well with the B*2705/B*2702 consensus motifs, having an arginine residue at position 2 and a tyrosine residue at the carboxyl terminus. In this case, ﬁve of ﬁve B*2702-positive donors respond to the epitope, whereas there was no response in any B*2705-positive donor studied. This peptide binds at least as well to B*2705 as to its restriction element B*2702; however, the two class I:peptide complexes show marked differences in stability, with t 1/2 of 9 and 42 h, respectively. Thus, the stability of B27:peptide complexes can vary markedly between different B27 subtypes in ways that may not be apparent from cell surface binding assays and cannot be predicted from currently known peptide consensus motifs, yet which may critically inﬂuence CTL epitope choice. The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161: 5252–5259.
Nitrogen fixation and growth of Lens culinaris as affected by nickel availability: A pre-requisite for optimization of gromining

and as affected by nickel availability: A pre-requisite for optimization of gromining. Low soil fertility in ultrama ﬁ c soils limits the ef ﬁ ciency of nickel phytoextraction. Developing more ef ﬁ cient cropping systems for agromining can be achieved by the association of a hyperaccumulator with a legume by enhancing soil fertility. However, legume crops can result sensitive to ultrama ﬁ c soil conditions, including nickel Ni availability. We assessed here whether Lens culinaris is adapted to ultrama ﬁ c environments by growing on soils displaying a wide range of Ni concentrations and consequently producing functional nodules. The soil was enriched with different Ni concentrations ([Ni]) (0 – 90 mg Ni kg (cid:1) 1 ). Natural 15 N abundance was used to assess N 2 ﬁ xation (%Ndfa). Biotic parameters were investigated (nodule number, Ni, carbon and nitrogen concentrations, plant biomass . . . ). Soil parameters were investigated (total [Ni], DTPA-extractable Ni, C and N concentrations . . . ). Most of the physicochemical and biological parameters were signi ﬁ cantly affected by the increased soil [Ni]. Nodule numbers per plant was lower under high [Ni] than control (soil without Ni). Nodules lost their capacities to ﬁ x N 2 under high Ni addition (90 mg Ni kg (cid:1) 1 ). For many parameters, there were no signi ﬁ cant differences between control and treatments up to 60 mg of Ni kg (cid:1) 1 added to the soil. Lentil is able to grow on a soil containing amounts of Ni-DTPA similar to those generally found in serpentine soils. It could be used in association with a hyperaccumulator plant as a nitrogen provider in order to optimize Ni agromining.
The role of catchment characteristics, sewer network, SWMM model parameters in urban catchment management based on stormwater flooding: modelling, sensitivity analysis, risk assessment

Sustainable development of urban areas creates an increasing demand for computation tools supporting urban management strategies to mitigate the harmful impact of climate changes on the environment and quality of life, which would at the same time adapt coherently to the latest trends in architecture and urban planning. To date, hydrodynamic models of catchments have been used for this purpose. However, their application is limited due to the costs of model construction and problems with data acquisition. In this study an innovative algorithm for modelling specific flood volume is proposed, which 20 can be applied to assess the need for stormwater network modernisation as well as for advanced flood risk assessment. In contrast to the currently used models, the approach adopted in this study includes characteristics of a catchment and of stormwater network, as well as calibrated model parameters expressing catchment retention and the conductivity of the stormwater network. In the proposed computation method, extended sensitivity analysis was conducted. Sensitivity coefficients of calibrated SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) model parameters were determined with regard to 25 rainfall intensity, catchment and stormwater network characteristics. This extended sensitivity analysis enables an evaluation of the spatial variability of specific flood volume and sensitivity coefficients within a catchment, impact on the functioning of a stormwater network, which is extremely relevant in terms of assessing and mitigating uncertainty in simulation
The Relation of Gender, Behavior, and Intimacy Development on Facebook Addiction in Emerging Adults

Social networking sites are changing the way in which young people develop and maintain friendships and relationships. This study investigated the relationship between level of Facebook addiction, Facebook behaviors, gender, and intimacy development in emerging adults. Participants were 273 university students aged 18 to 25. They completed an online questionnaire that measured their level of Facebook addiction, what they do on Facebook, and their ability to form intimate relationships. A gender difference was found with long distance, passive, active photo, and organizing behaviors relating to high levels of Facebook addiction in females, whereas gaming was related to high levels of Facebook addiction in males. Intimacy development was related to high Facebook use and long distance, active photo, and organizing behaviors, but not to the level of Facebook addiction. Implications regarding the identification of at-risk for addiction emerging adults are discussed.
Adversarial EXEmples: Functionality-preserving Optimization of Adversarial Windows Malware

Windows malware classiﬁers that rely on static analysis have been proven vulnerable to adversarial EXEmples, i.e., malware samples care-fully manipulated to evade detection. However, such attacks are typically optimized via query-inefﬁcient algorithms that iteratively apply random manipulations on the input malware, and require checking that the malicious functionality is preserved after manipulation through computationally-expensive validations. To overcome these limitations, we propose RAMEn , a general framework for creating adversarial EX-Emples via functionality-preserving manipulations. RAMEn optimizes their parameters of such manipulations via gradient-based (white-box) and gradient-free (black-box) attacks, implementing many state-of-the-art attacks for crafting adversarial Windows malware. It also includes a family of black-box attacks, called GAMMA, which optimize the injection of benign content to facilitate evasion. Our experiments show that gradient-based and gradient-free attacks can by-pass malware detectors based on deep learning, non-differentiable models trained on hand-crafted features, and even some renowned commercial products.
NOAA Technical OAR PMEL-1 3 4 COMPRESSION OF MOST PROPAGATION DATABASE

The MOST Propagation Database consists of approximately 1000 ﬁle triplets, repre-senting time series for wave height, meridional currents, and zonal currents in a modeled tsunami caused by each of 804 unit earthquakes (tsunami sources) in the Paciﬁc and 194 in the Atlantic Ocean. The data represents a 24-hour-long evolution of a tsunami with 1-minute time resolution and 16 angular minute space resolution in both directions. These data comprise three 646 × 516 × 1441 blocks of individual ﬂoating-point values for each Paciﬁc source ﬁle (the space grid size is diﬀerent for the Atlantic). The size of each of those data blocks is 1832 Mbyte, while the whole database (tsunami data and accompanying information) for the Paciﬁc region only is 4.2 TB (tera = 10 12 = 2 40 ). This volume of data presents problems with access, storage, and distribution, and hence employing some compression technique to reduce its size is desirable. Donald Denbo reduced the database size to about one half by rearranging data in time series of variable length. In his compression scheme the only data retained are from the moment the data values became greater than some threshold value and these data ﬁles are then supple-mented by 2D arrays of starting indexes, ending indexes, and starting times (Venturato et al. , 2005). To reduce data volume further, individual time series have been quantized and compressed using Diﬀerential Pulse Code Modulation. Currently, data are kept with precision 0.001 cm for water height and 0.0001 cm/sec for velocities. The total size of the entire Paciﬁc database has been reduced to 266 GB, or 6% of its original size, while no visible changes have occurred in either the database time series or in results of MOST calculations that utilize the quantized time series as input. The compression algorithm used is described in the present paper in the following sections:
C YBER S ECURITY OF S MART W ATCHES : A R EVIEW OF THE V ULNERABILITIES WITH R ECOMMENDATIONS P RESENTED TO P ROTECT THE W EARABLES

This paper will explore the security of smart watches that have seen significant growth over the past few years. As smart watches gain popularity in society, addressing privacy and security concerns to keep sensitive information safe from malicious exploitation must be important. In an industry with limited focus from academic researchers, governments, or leading security companies, I will examine whether smart watches should have mandatory security protection governed by security regulations and policies that protect data privacy and exposure from potential attacks.
Linguistics Vanguard

The overall theme of this special issue is intra-individual variation, that is, the observable variation within individuals’ behaviour, which plays an important role in the humanities area as well as in the social sciences. While various fields have recognised the complexity and dynamism of human thought and behaviour, intra-individual variation has received less attention in regard to language acquisition, use and change. Linguistic research so far lacks both empirical and theoretical work that provides detailed information on the occurrence of intra-individual variation, the reasons for its occurrence and its consequences for language development as well as for language variation and change. The current issue brings together two subdisciplines – psycholinguistics and variationist sociolinguistics – in juxtaposing systematic and nonsystematic intra-individual variation, thereby attempting to build a cross-fertilisation relationship between two disciplines that have had surprisingly little connection so far. In so doing, we address critical stock-taking, meaningful theorizing and methodological innovation.
Design and characterization of a resonant triaxial microprobe

A new trend for tactile microprobes leads to oscillating microprobes in order to overcome the drawbacks resulting from high Hertzian stress and disturbing surface forces. Thin water films on the measurement surface result in the so-called sticking effect which causes measurement faults such as snap-back and false triggering. This leads to measurement errors and low measurement speeds. We present an innovative oscillating triaxial microprobe which safely avoids sticking in all Cartesian measurement directions. The system design as well as the characterization of the microprobe are presented in this work. The low number of coupling elements, the batch-capable design and the low contact forces are the key features of the microprobe.
ALBIS: ALigning Business Processes and Information Systems – Software Environment and Case Studies

The evaluation of the alignment level existing between a business process and the supporting software systems is a critical concern for an organization, as the higher the alignment level is, the better the process performance is. Monitoring the alignment implies the characterization of all the items it involves and definition of measures for evaluating it. This is a complex task, and the availability of automatic tools for supporting evaluation and evolution activities may be precious. This chapter presents the ALBIS Environment (Aligning Business Processes and Information Systems), designed to support software maintenance tasks. In particular, the proposed environment allows the modeling and tracing between business and software entities and the measurement of their alignment degree. An information retrieval approach is embedded in ALBIS based on two processing phases including syntactic and semantic analysis. The usefulness of the environment is discussed through two case studies. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3664-4.ch012
The impact of improved spatial and temporal resolution of reanalysis data on Lagrangian studies of the tropical tropopause layer

Abstract. Lagrangian trajectories are frequently used to trace air parcels from the troposphere to the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), and the coldest temperatures of these trajectories have been used to reconstruct water vapor variability in the lower stratosphere, where water vapor's radiative impact on Earth's surface is strongest. As such, the ability of these trajectories to accurately capture temperatures encountered by parcels in the TTL is crucial to water vapor reconstructions and calculations of water vapor's radiative forcing. A potential source of error for trajectory calculations is the resolution of the input data. Here, we explore how improving the spatial and temporal resolution of model input data impacts the temperatures measured by Lagrangian trajectories that cross the TTL during boreal winter using ERA5 reanalysis data. We do so by comparing the temperature distribution of trajectories computed with data downsampled in either space or time to those computed with ERA5's maximum resolution. We find that improvements in temporal resolution from 6 to 3 and 1 h lower the cold point temperature distribution, with the mean cold point temperature decreasing from 185.9 to 185.0 and 184.5 K for reverse trajectories initialized at the end of February for each year from 2010 to 2019, while improvements to vertical resolution from that of MERRA2 data (the GEOS5 model grid) to full ERA5 resolution also lower the distribution but are of secondary importance, and improvements in horizontal resolution from 1∘ × 1∘ to 0.5∘ × 0.5∘ or 0.25∘ × 0.25∘ have negligible impacts to trajectory cold points. We suggest that this is caused by excess vertical dispersion near the tropopause when temporal resolution is degraded, which allows trajectories to cross the TTL without passing through the coldest regions, and by undersampling of the four-dimensional temperature field when either temporal or vertical resolution is reduced.
Supplementary In-situ measurements of NH 3 : instrument performance and applicability

Ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere affects both the environment and human health. It is therefore increasingly recognised by policy makers as an important air pollutant that needs to be mitigated. In order to understand the effectiveness of abatement strategies, routine NH3 monitoring is required. Current reference protocols, developed in the 1990s, use daily samplers with 35 offline analysis but there have been a number of technologies developed since, which may be applicable for high time resolution routine monitoring of NH3 at ambient concentrations. The following study is a comprehensive field intercomparison held over an intensively managed grassland in South East Scotland using currently available methods that are reported to be suitable for routine monitoring of ambient NH3. In total 13 instruments took part in the field study. The instruments include: an online ion chromatography system (MARGA, Metrohm-Applikon,NL), two wet chemistry continuous flow analysis 40 systems (AiRRmonia, Mechatronics, NL), a photoacoustic spectrometer (NH3 monitor, LSE, NL), two mini Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometers (miniDOAS; NTB Interstate University of Applied Sciences Buchs, now part of "Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, CH and RIVM, NL), as well as seven spectrometers using cavity enhanced techniques: a Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometer (QCLAS, Aerodyne, Inc. US), Picarro G2103 Analyzer (Picarro US), Economical NH3 Analyser (Los Gatos Research, US), Tiger-i 2000 (Tiger Optics, US) and LaserCEM® gas 45 analyser (AP2E, FR). Assessments of the instruments’ precision at low concentrations (< 10 ppb) and at elevated concentrations (maximum reported concentration of 282 ppb) were undertaken. At elevated concentrations all instruments performed well on precision (r >0.75). At concentrations below 10 ppb however, instruments fell into two distinct groups and the duplicate instruments, miniDOAS, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-107 Preprint. Discussion started: 30 March 2022 c © Author(s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.