Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementation of area efficient H.264/AVC CAVLC decoder

In this paper, we propose the VLSI architecture of H.264/AVC CAVLC Decoder which is able to reduce power consumption by using area-efficient method. In the proposed architecture, we reduce the lookup table area by rearranging the entries of lookup tables. We also save the bus area and processing cycles consumed decoding T1s by decoding T1s value at the final reordering step which is performed in output buffer. We can find overlapped logics between the controller and barrel shifter. To remove the overlapped logics, we combine a controller and a barrel shifter. By using these proposed methods, we can reduce the area and power consumption by about 30% and 15% separately compared with previous works. We design the proposed decoder using Verilog HDL and synthesize it using 0. 35µm standard cell library. We verify the proposed architecture by simulation that the designed decoder can run at the frequency of 50Mhz.
Understanding Phenotypes of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Applications in Anesthesia, Surgery, and Perioperative Medicine

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-disordered breathing with potential long-term major neurocognitive and cardiovascular sequelae. The pathophysiology of OSA varies between individuals and is composed of different underlying mechanisms. Several components including the upper airway anatomy, effectiveness of the upper airway dilator muscles such as the genioglossus, arousal threshold of the individual, and inherent stability of the respiratory control system determine the pathogenesis of OSA. Their recognition may have implications for the perioperative health care team. For example, OSA patients with a high arousal threshold are likely to be sensitive to sedatives and narcotics with a higher risk of respiratory arrest in the perioperative period. Supplemental oxygen therapy can help to stabilize breathing in OSA patients with inherent respiratory instability. Avoidance of supine position can minimize airway obstruction in patients with a predisposition to upper airway collapse in this posture. In this review, the clinically relevant endotypes and phenotypes of OSA are described. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the treatment of choice for most patients with OSA but tolerance and adherence can be a problem. Patient-centered individualized approaches to OSA management will be the focus of future research into developing potential treatment options that will help decrease the disease burden and improve treatment effectiveness.
Perceptions of Child Sexual Abuse: Victim and Perpetrator Characteristics, Treatment Efficacy, and Lay vs. Legal Opinions of Abuse

ABSTRACT Two studies examined interactions between victim age and victim response, and victim relation to perpetrator and victim response influencing perceptions of child sexual abuse (CSA). Undergraduates read one of several vignettes describing a sexual encounter between a man and a girl. In Experiment 1, age of the girl was varied; victim age interacted with victim response to increase ratings of abuse and expected trauma for the girl. In Experiment 2, age was held constant while victim relation to perpetrator was varied; men gave higher ratings of abuse than did women for scenarios involving a step father rather than a neighbor, regardless of victim response. In both studies, psychotherapy was expected to help the victim more than the perpetrator and the law was judged to be less stringent than it is regarding CSA. Results suggest that perceptions of CSA are influenced by several factors and that laws regarding CSA may not be well understood.
Source parameters of the 2008 Bukavu-Cyangugu earthquake estimated from InSAR and teleseismic data

SUMMARY Earthquake source parameter determination is of great importance for hazard assessment, as well as for a variety of scientific studies concerning regional stress and strain release and volcano-tectonic interaction. This is especially true for poorly instrumented, densely populated regions such as encountered in Africa, where even the distribution of seismicity remains poorly documented. In this paper, we combine data from satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) and teleseismic waveforms to determine the source parameters of the Mw 5.9 earthquake that occurred on 2008 February 3 near the cities of Bukavu (DR Congo) and Cyangugu (Rwanda). This was the second largest earthquake ever to be recorded in the Kivu basin, a section of the western branch of the East African Rift (EAR). This earthquake is of particular interest due to its shallow depth and proximity to active volcanoes and Lake Kivu, which contains high concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide and methane. The shallow depth and possible similarity with dyking events recognized in other parts of EAR suggested the potential association of the earthquake with a magmatic intrusion, emphasizing the necessity of accurate source parameter determination. In general, we find that estimates of fault plane geometry, depth and scalar moment are highly consistent between teleseismic and InSAR studies. Centroid-moment-tensor (CMT) solutions locate the earthquake near the southern part of Lake Kivu, while InSAR studies place it under the lake itself. CMT solutions characterize the event as a nearly pure double-couple, normal faulting earthquake occurring on a fault plane striking 350° and dipping 52° east, with a rake of –101°. This is consistent with locally mapped faults, as well as InSAR data, which place the earthquake on a fault striking 355° and dipping 55° east, with a rake of –98°. The depth of the earthquake was constrained by a joint analysis of teleseismic P and SH waves and the CMT data set, showing that the earthquake occurred in the shallow crust, at approximately 8 km depth. Inversions of ENVISAT (Environment Satellite) and ALOS (Advanced Land Observation Satellite) data place the earthquake at 9 km. A comparison of the scalar moment (9.43 ± 0.06 × 1017 Nm from seismology and 8.99 ± 0.010 × 1017 Nm from the joint InSAR solution) shows good agreement between the two data sets. Such an agreement is in contrast to the large discrepancies observed (up to an order of magnitude) in other places along the EAR where similar earthquake sequences are associated with magmatic intrusion. From this, we infer that the rupture was brittle and occurred with little aseismic deformation as might be expected from magma injection. Our results provide insights into the style of rifting occurring in the South Kivu Volcanic Province and hence will aid future studies on seismic risk in the context of Lake Kivu and underline the importance of systematic monitoring of the EAR area.
Endocrine and Energetic Mediation of Play Behavior in Free-Living Belding's Ground Squirrels

Many juvenile mammals play, and rates and patterns of play behavior often differ between young males and females. The sexual dimorphisms typical of mammalian play suggest that it might be influenced by gonadal hormones. Moreover, because play competes with growth, physical development, and acquisition of fat reserves for available energy, play behavior should theoretically be influenced by energetic variables. We examined patterns of social play behavior and endocrine and energetic mediation of social play in free-living juvenile Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Bouts of social play in young S. beldingi resembled adult copulation and fighting, and young males initiated sexual play but not play fighting at much higher rates than did young females. To elucidate the proximal causes of play, we altered early androgen exposure by treating females with testosterone (T) at birth and used females treated with oil vehicle as controls. We concurrently manipulated energy availability by provisioning with extra food and used unprovisioned squirrels as controls. Hourly rates of play behavior were highest near the time of weaning and declined thereafter among both experimental and control groups of juveniles. Thus, we observed no influence of either T treatment or food provisioning on the temporal patterning of play behavior. Perinatal T treatment had no effect on play fighting, but caused rates of sexual play behavior initiated by young females to increase to near those observed for young males, suggesting that T organizes a masculine tendency to initiate sexual play behavior but not play fighting. Food provisioning increased rates of play among males and females from both T-treated and control litters, suggesting that energy availability limits play behavior.
Can Personalized Care Planning Improve Primary Care?

Personalized care planning, a formal process in which clinicians and patients collaborate in the creation of longitudinal treatment plans, is a frequently mentioned tool to improve the quality and patient-centeredness of primary care for medically complex, high-needs individuals.1 A systematic review of personalized care planning interventions demonstrated small improvements in quality of care for persons with diabetes, hypertension, and asthma; improvements in selfefficacy and self-care; and some improvements in psychological and general health indicators; moreover, interventions were most effective when they were integrated into routine care.2 In 2015, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) mandated the creation of patient-centered care plans to bill for chronic care management (CCM) services for Medicare patients with multiple chronic
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has distinct adaptive responses to both hydrogen peroxide and menadione

Treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with low concentrations of either hydrogen peroxide or menadione (a superoxide-generating agent) induces adaptive responses which protect cells from the lethal effects of subsequent challenge with higher concentrations of these oxidants. Pretreatment with menadione is protective against cell killing by hydrogen peroxide; however, pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide is unable to protect cells from subsequent challenge with menadione. This suggests that the adaptive responses to these two different oxidants may be distinct.
Rapid Divergence of Genetic Variance‐Covariance Matrix within a Natural Population

The matrix of genetic variances and covariances (G matrix) represents the genetic architecture of multiple traits sharing developmental and genetic processes and is central for predicting phenotypic evolution. These predictions require that the G matrix be stable. Yet the timescale and conditions promoting G matrix stability in natural populations remain unclear. We studied stability of the G matrix in a 20‐year evolution field experiment, where a population of the cosmopolitan parthenogenetic soil nematode Acrobeloides nanus was subjected to drift and divergent selection (benign and stress environments). Selection regime did not influence the level of absolute genetic constraints: under both regimes, two genetic dimensions for three life‐history traits were identified. A substantial response to selection in principal components structure and in general matrix pattern was indicated by three statistical methods. G structure was also influenced by drift, with higher divergence under benign conditions. These results show that the G matrix might evolve rapidly in natural populations. The observed high dynamics of G structure probably represents the general feature of asexual species and limits the predictive power of G in phenotypic evolution analyses.
A Review Article on Colonic Targeted Drug Delivery System

Colon targeted drug delivery system (CTDDS) delivered as both local and systemic delivery of drugs. Local delivery could, for example, allow topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Treatment could be enhanced when drug delivered to the target site on the colon. Systemic side effects could also be reduced. Colon specific systems is most important delivery of those drug which are normally inactivated in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Primary approaches for CTDDS (Colon targeted Drug Delivery System), which includes prodrugs, pH and time dependent systems, Bacterial enzyme dependent colonic DDS and pH and bacterial enzyme dependent colonic DDS. The novel approach of CTDDS, which includes pressure controlled colonic delivery capsules (PCDCS), CODES and osmotic controlled drug delivery are specific technique. Keyword: CTDDS, Novel approaches, evaluation of colon targeted drug delivery systems
Effective Cross Layer Radio Access Design Assisted by the Location Manager for Systems Beyond 3 G

Future-generation communication systems need to cope on a global scale with new forms of personal communications as well as man-machine interaction. This demand will be also helped by delivering IP-based, real-time, person-toperson multimedia communications, integrating real-time person-to-person with non real-time person-to-machine, providing the ability for different services and applications to interact, and allowing the end user to easily set up multiple services in a single session. This contribution proposes a concept for the architectural realization of future adaptive, scalable and user-centered wireless communication networks. Specifically, we focus on the demand for co-operative radio resource management of the underlying networks. Towards this end, we propose some details of a flat type IP architecture that enables a rapid deployment of micro-and pico type of reconfigurable base stations and incorporates the open radio access network (RAN) within the all-IP paradigm. Within that architecture, wireless nodes or access points have to be interconnected using a long-haul backbone network with fixed nodes. Further, the proposed architecture exploits the idea of cross-layer design concepts to facilitate intelligent radio resource management (RRM) and radio-aware scheduling. The RRM frame work proposed here absorbs the smart scheduler design and link adaptation strategies to yield a cross layer radio access design methodology and, furthermore, the assistance of the location based server is incorporated into the framework.
Follow-up on metabolic markers in children treated for obstructive sleep apnea.

RATIONALE In adults, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with metabolic dysfunction that improves with treatment of OSA. No equivalent studies exist in children. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between metabolic markers and OSA with time and treatment in children. METHODS Metabolic markers measured on a fasting morning blood sample at diagnostic polysomnography and follow-up 1.3 +/- 0.6 yr later. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forty-five children (34 males), aged 6.9 +/- 3.5 yr, and including 12 obese subjects, were in the final analysis. There were no differences in metabolic markers between children with and without OSA at initial study; however, obese children had significantly higher insulin (106.1 +/- 72.1 vs. 66.7 +/- 37.6 pmol/L; p = 0.028), insulin/glucose ratio (23.7 +/- 14.3 vs. 14.7 +/- 8.0; p = 0.02), and significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.4 nmol/L; p = 0.005) than nonobese children. Twenty children underwent surgical removal of adenotonsillar tissue, whereas 12 children with OSA elected not to have treatment. OSA persisted after treatment in five children, and resolved in 27. Thirteen children did not have OSA on initial or follow-up studies. At follow-up, there was a small but significant improvement in total cholesterol in those children whose OSA was resolved (4.8 +/- 0.8 to 4.7 +/- 0.6 nmol/L; p = 0.005) and a trend for obese children with persisting OSA to have elevated insulin levels compared with obese children without OSA (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION Obesity appears to be the major influence on metabolic dysfunction in children with OSA, but these preliminary data also suggest that resolution or persistence of OSA may affect changes in metabolic function over time.
Proliferation marker MIB‐1 correlates well with proliferative activity evaluated by BrdU in breast cancer: An immunohistochemical study including correlation with PCNA, p53, c‐erbB‐2 and estrogen receptor status

The proliferative activity of 30 cases of non‐treated invasive ductal breast carcinoma was evaluated by bromodeoxyuri‐dine (BrdU), proliferation marker (MIB‐1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the relation between these proliferation markers and histologlcal subtype and histolog‐ical grade were investigated. In addition, the association of these proliferation markers with overexpression of p53 protein, c‐erbB‐2 oncoprotein, estrogen receptor (ER) status and clinicopathologic findings were also examined. The BrdU labeling index (LI), MIB‐1 score and PCNA labeling rate (LR) correlated with the histological grade. However, there was no statistical difference in proliferative activity among the histological subtypes. A linear strong correlation was demonstrated between BrdU Li and MIB‐1 score (r=0.732). Significant correlation was also found between BrdU LI and PCNA LR (r=0.446); however, the relation between MIB‐1 score and PCNA LR was weak. BrdU LI and MIB‐1 score correlated positively with tumor size, TNM stage and over‐expression of p53, and negatively with the presence of ER. PCNA LR correlated only with p53. These results indicate that MIB‐1 is closely associated with BrdU in clinicopathologic findings and is a more useful tool for evaluating cell proliferation than PCNA. However, it will be necessary to consider the clinical significance of MIB‐1 immunohisto‐chemistry cautiously until further widespread clinical and pathological studies are performed.
Intercomparison of chemical mechanisms for air quality policy formulation and assessment under North American conditions

ABSTRACT The intercomparison of seven chemical mechanisms for their suitability for air quality policy formulation and assessment is described. Box modeling techniques were employed using 44 sets of background environmental conditions covering North America to constrain the chemical development of the longer lived species. The selected mechanisms were modified to enable an unbiased assessment of the adequacy of the parameterizations of photochemical ozone production from volatile organic compound (VOC) oxidation in the presence of NOx. Photochemical ozone production rates responded differently to 30% NOx and VOC reductions with the different mechanisms, despite the striking similarities between the base-case ozone production rates. The 30% reductions in NOx and VOCs also produced changes in OH. The responses in OH to 30% reductions in NOx and VOCs appeared to be more sensitive to mechanism choice, compared with the responses in the photochemical ozone production rates. Although 30% NOx reductions generally led to decreases in OH, 30% reductions in VOCs led to increases in OH, irrespective of mechanism choice and background environmental conditions. The different mechanisms therefore gave different OH responses to NOx and VOC reductions and so would give different responses in terms of changes in the fate and behavior of air toxics, acidification and eutrophication, and fine particle formation compared with others, in response to ozone control strategies. Policymakers need to understand that there are likely to be inherent differences in the responses to ozone control strategies between different mechanisms, depending on background environmental conditions and the extents of NOx and VOC reductions under consideration. Implications: The purpose of this paper is to compare predicted ozone responses to NOx and VOC reductions with seven chemical mechanisms under North American conditions. The good agreement found between the tested mechanisms should provide some support for their application in the air quality models used for policymaking.
Validation of the Photon Dose Calculation Model in the VARSKIN 4 Skin Dose Computer Code

Abstract An updated version of the skin dose computer code VARSKIN, namely VARSKIN 4, was examined to determine the accuracy of the photon model in calculating dose rates with different combinations of source geometry and radionuclides. The reference data for this validation were obtained by means of Monte Carlo transport calculations using MCNP5. The geometries tested included the zero volume sources point and disc, as well as the volume sources sphere and cylinder. Three geometries were tested using source directly on the skin, source off the skin with an absorber material between source and skin, and source off the skin with only an air gap between source and skin. The results of these calculations showed that the non-volume sources produced dose rates that were in very good agreement with the Monte Carlo calculations, but the volume sources resulted in overestimates of the dose rates compared with the Monte Carlo results by factors that ranged up to about 2.5. The results for the air gap showed poor agreement with Monte Carlo for all source geometries, with the dose rates overestimated in all cases. The conclusion was that, for situations where the beta dose is dominant, these results are of little significance because the photon dose in such cases is generally a very small fraction of the total dose. For situations in which the photon dose is dominant, use of the point or disc geometries should be adequate in most cases except those in which the dose approaches or exceeds an applicable limit. Such situations will often require a more accurate dose assessment and may require the use of methods such as Monte Carlo transport calculations.
Key factors of scanning a plant virus with AFM in air and aqueous solution

For tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a model virus, this article shows typical issues of scanning soft biological matter by atomic force microscopy (AFM). TMV adsorbed on chemically different flat surfaces, gold, mica, and APDMES‐functionalized silicon, is studied in air and aqueous environment. In air, the TMV particles arrangement shows some variety, depending on the substrate. The height of TMV is reduced to 13.7, 15.8, and 15.6 nm, for gold, APDMES, and mica, respectively while the width is about ∼30 nm due to the influence of the tip radius. In aqueous solution, the surface charges of the virus and the solid support play an important role in the virus adsorption process. While deposition on negatively charged mica is favored only at low pH values, it is shown that positively charged APDMES functionalized silicon can be a suitable substrate to work with at neutral pHs. The effects of cantilever oscillation's free amplitude (A0) and the amplitude set‐point (A) are also assessed here. While high A0 prompt reversible deformation of TMV in measurements performed in air, irreversible damage of the virus in liquid conditions (water) is observed using stiff cantilevers (0.35 N m−1) and high A0 (81 nm), leading to a 6 nm reduction in the height of TMV after the first scan. Finally, low values of the amplitude set‐point (A/A0 = 0.3), which means applying higher forces to the sample, also brings the damage of TMV virus assemblies, reducing its monolayer roughness to 0.3 nm. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:18–29, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.