Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ConCS: A Continual Classifier System for Continual Learning of Multiple Boolean Problems

Human intelligence can simultaneously process many tasks with the ability to accumulate and reuse knowledge. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, such as transfer, multitask, and layered learning, seek to replicate these abilities. However, humans must specify the task order, which is often difficult particularly with uncertain domain knowledge. This work introduces a continual-learning system (ConCS), such that given an open-ended set of problems once each is solved its solution can contribute to solving further problems. The hypothesis is that the evolutionary computation approach of learning classifier systems (LCSs) can form this system due to its niched, cooperative rules. A collaboration of parallel LCSs identifies sets of patterns linking features to classes that can be reused in related problems automatically. Results from distinct Boolean and integer classification problems, with varying interrelations, show that by combining knowledge from simple problems, complex problems can be solved at increasing scales. 100% accuracy is achieved for the problems tested regardless of the order of task presentation. This includes intractable problems for previous approaches, e.g., $n$ -bit Majority-on. A major contribution is that human guidance is now unnecessary to determine the task learning order. Furthermore, the system automatically generates the curricula for learning the most difficult tasks.
MAGELLAN/M2FS SPECTROSCOPY OF TUCANA 2 AND GRUS 1

We present results from spectroscopic observations with the Michigan/Magellan Fiber System (M2FS) of 147 stellar targets along the line of sight to the newly discovered “ultrafaint” stellar systems Tucana 2 (Tuc 2) and Grus 1 (Gru 1). Based on simultaneous estimates of line of sight velocity and stellar-atmospheric parameters, we identify 8 and 7 stars as probable members of Tuc 2 and and Gru 1, respectively. Our sample for Tuc 2 is sufficient to resolve an internal velocity dispersion of 8.6 − 2.7 + 4.4 ? > km s−1 about a mean of − 129.1 − 3.5 + 3.5 ? > km s−1 (solar rest frame), and to estimate a mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = − 2.23 − 0.12 + 0.18 ? > . These results place Tuc 2 on chemodynamical scaling relations followed by dwarf galaxies, suggesting a dominant dark matter component with dynamical mass 2.7 − 1.3 + 3.1 × 10 6 ? > M ⊙ ? > enclosed within the central ∼160 pc, and dynamical mass-to-light ratio 1913 − 950 + 2234 ? > M ⊙ / L V , ⊙ ? > . For Gru 1 we estimate a mean velocity of − 140.5 − 1.6 + 2.4 ? > km s−1 and a mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = − 1.42 − 0.42 + 0.55 ? > but our sample does not resolve Gru 1's velocity dispersion. The radial coordinates of Tuc 2 and Gru 1 in Galactic phase space suggest that their orbits are among the most energetic within a distance of ≲ 300 kpc ? > . Moreover, their proximity to each other in this space arises naturally if both objects are trailing the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Deep Learning for Satellites Based Spectrum Sensing Systems: A Low Computational Complexity Perspective

We investigate a satellites-based spectrum sensing system in the presence of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Such a low SNR is also called SNR wall in the energy detection (ED) method. To eliminate the SNR-wall effect, we propose a combined convolutional neural network and long short-term memory (C-CNN-LSTM) aided spectrum-sensing scheme. Specifically, the CNN and the LSTM are concurrently utilized, where the CNN extracts relationships among spectrum-sensing data (SSD) received at different satellites, and the LSTM excavates time-domain relationships among SSD from one satellite. Then, the outputs of the CNN and the LSTM will be combined. Performance evaluations indicate that the C-CNN-LSTM outperforms the CNN and the ED methods in terms of a higher probability of correct detection (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{d}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) and a lower probability of false alarm (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{f}$</tex-math></inline-formula>). Moreover, the C-CNN-LSTM can achieve a bit better <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{d}$</tex-math></inline-formula> versus <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{f}$</tex-math></inline-formula> than that of the cooperative detection DetectNets, which requires multiple DetectNets deployed on multiple sensing nodes, and is used for comparison purposes. These beneficial results demonstrate the superiority of the C-CNN-LSTM in terms of a lower implementation and computational complexity having a high <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{d}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and a low <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{f}$</tex-math></inline-formula>.
Gamma Ray Bursts: basic facts and ideas

Abstract The recent years witnessed a dramatic improvement in our knowledge of the phenomenology and physics of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). However, our “pillars of knowledge” remain a few, while many aspects remain obscure and not understood. There is no general agreement on the radiation mechanism of the prompt emission, nor on the process able to convert the bulk motion of the fireball into random energy of the emitting leptons. The afterglow phase can now be studied at very early phases, showing an unforeseen phenomenology, still to be understood. In this context, the detection of ~GeV emission from ~10% of GRBs, made possible by the Fermi satellite, can hopefully shed light on some controversial issues.
EVIDENCE FOR WAVE HEATING OF THE QUIET-SUN CORONA

We have measured the energy and dissipation of Alfvénic waves in the quiet Sun. A magnetic field model was used to infer the location and orientation of the magnetic field lines along which the waves are expected to travel. The waves were measured using spectral lines to infer the wave amplitude. The waves cause a non-thermal broadening of the spectral lines, which can be expressed as a non-thermal velocity vnt. By combining the spectroscopic measurements with this magnetic field model, we were able to trace the variation of vnt along the magnetic field. At each footpoint of the quiet-Sun loops, we find that waves inject an energy flux in the range of 1.3–5.5 × 105 erg cm−2 s−1. At the minimum of this range, this amounts to more than 80% of the energy needed to heat the quiet Sun. We also find that these waves are dissipated over a region centered on the top of the loops. The position along the loop where the damping begins is strongly correlated with the length of the loop, implying that the damping mechanism depends on the global loop properties rather than on local collisional dissipation.
Study of jet shapes in inclusive jet production in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector

Jet shapes have been measured in inclusive jet production in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV using 3 pb^(-1) of data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed using the anti-k_t algorithm with transverse momentum 30 GeV<pT<600 GeV and rapidity in the region |y|<2.8. The data are corrected for detector effects and compared to several leading-order QCD matrix elements plus parton shower Monte Carlo predictions, including different sets of parameters tuned to model fragmentation processes and underlying event contributions in the final state. The measured jets become narrower with increasing jet transverse momentum and the jet shapes present a moderate jet rapidity dependence. Within QCD, the data test a variety of perturbative and nonperturbative effects. In particular, the data show sensitivity to the details of the parton shower, fragmentation, and underlying event models in the Monte Carlo generators. For an appropriate choice of the parameters used in these models, the data are well described.
NUV Star Catalog from the Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope Survey: First Release

We present a star catalog extracted from the Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) survey program. LUT's observable sky area is a circular belt around the Moon's north pole, and the survey program covers a preferred area of about 2400 deg2 which includes a region of the Galactic plane. The data are processed with an automatic pipeline which copes with stray light contamination, artificial sources, cosmic rays, flat field calibration, photometry and so on. In the first release version, the catalog provides high confidence sources which have been cross-identified with the Tycho-2 catalog. All the sources have signal-to-noise ratio larger than 5, and the corresponding magnitude limit is typically 14.4 mag, but can be as deep as ∼16 mag if stray light contamination is at the lowest level. A total of 86 467 stars are recorded in the catalog. The full catalog in electronic form is available online.
MOLECULAR DETECTION OF MEGALOCYTIVIRUS GENOTYPE: INFECTIOUS SPLEEN AND KIDNEY NECROSIS VIRUS IN MALAYSIAN OVIPAROUS AQUARIUM FISH

The Malaysian ornamental fish industry’s recent production is recorded at RM350 million per annum. An Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV), one of the Megalocytivirus strains has been related to significant systemic infections that has ravaged ornamental fish stocks and had a severe financial impact on businesses in the sector. It is vital to identify Megalocytivirus host species among Malaysian oviparous ornamental fish as the virus can cripple the ornamental fish trade which is a major contributor to the country’s export trade. The purpose of this research is to determine the prevalence of Megalocytivirus, ISKNV strain in oviparous aquarium fish, Betta splendens, Danio rerio, Trichogaster lalius, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi and Puntigrus tetrazona in Malaysia. The DNA of the Megalocytivirus in the samples was detected using the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Out of 239 samples collected in January 2019 and January 2020, six pooled samples (n=30) tested positive for ISKNV infections in D. rerio and T. lalius. Positive P. tetrazona samples in this study showed a distended abdomen as the only observable clinical sign whereas all other samples were asymptomatic. All the positive samples were similar to each other. In terms of the nucleotide identity of the ISKNV, which stood at between 98% and 100%. In conclusion, the positive samples can be categorised into Megalocytivirus genotype I.
MRI Features and Significance of Serum miRNAs and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

This study was aimed to investigate the changes of brain MRI features and serum biological parameters in patients with TLE. 30 patients with unilateral TLE confirmed by surgical pathology were selected as study subjects, and 30 subjects without a history of epilepsy who underwent health examinations during the same period were selected as controls. The brain MRI features of the patients were explored and the T2 relaxation time (HCT2) indexes of the bilateral hippocampus were extracted. The differences in levels of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets, inflammatory cytokines, and miRNAs were measured. The results showed that the hippocampal volume of TLE patients was significantly reduced, and the HCT2 value of the hippocampus was greater than that of the control group ( P < 0.05 ). CD3+ (77.9 ± 4.4)%, CD4+ (45.6 ± 2.2)%, CD8+ (22.1 ± 1.9)%, and CD3+/CD8+ (2.24 ± 0.22) in peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets of epileptic patients, compared with control group, CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ levels were significantly increased and CD8+ concentration was significantly decreased in epileptic patients ( P < 0.05 ); inflammatory cytokines TNF-α was (2.63 ± 0.26) pg/mL, IL-1β was (4.61 ± 0.57) pg/mL, IL-2 was (1.59 ± 0.21) pg/mL, IL-6 was (2.28 ± 0.19) pg/mL, and ICAM-1 was (1.89 ± 0.30) pg/mL in peripheral blood of epileptic patients, which was significantly increased compared with control group, while IL-10 was significantly decreased in epileptic patients ( P < 0.05 ); miR-146a was (2.14 ± 0.28) and miR-210 was (1.89 ± 0.31), miR-221 (2.44 ± 0.35), miR-34a (0.59 ± 0.14), miR-135b (10.17 ± 0.16), miR-33 (0.26 ± 0.09) in peripheral blood miRNA levels of epileptic patients, and miR-146a, miR-210, miR-221, and miR-34a levels of epileptic patients were significantly increased compared with control group, while MiR-135b and miR-33 levels of epileptic patients were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05 ). In summary, patients with TLE have hippocampal lesions, which may be related to peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets imbalance, chronic inflammatory response, and abnormal expression of miRNAs.
Can dust emission be used to map the interstellar medium in high-redshift galaxies? Results from the Herschel Reference Survey

The standard method for estimating the mass of the interstellar medium (ISM) in a galaxy is to use the 21 cm line to trace the atomic gas and the CO 1-0 line to trace the molecular gas. In this paper, we investigate the alternative technique of using the continuum dust emission to estimate the mass of gas in all phases of the ISM. Using Herschel observations of 10 galaxies from the Herschel Reference Survey and the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey, we show that the emission detected by Herschel is mostly from dust that has a temperature and emissivity index similar to that of dust in the local ISM in our galaxy, with the temperature generally increasing toward the center of each galaxy. We calibrate the dust method using the CO and 21 cm observations to provide an independent estimate of the mass of hydrogen in each galaxy, solving the problem of the uncertain "X-factor" for the CO observations by minimizing the dispersion in the ratio of the masses estimated using the two methods. With the calibration for the dust method and the estimate of the X-factor produced in this way, the dispersion in the ratio of the two gas masses is 25%. The calibration we obtain for the dust method is similar to those obtained from Herschel observations of M31 and from Planck observations of the Milky Way. We discuss the practical problems in using this method
School Leadership for Decolonization and Indigenization

Decolonization and Indigenization of k-12 schooling is pressing and important and must move forward within the significant challenges and unique circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper I share what I learned in partnership with school leaders about leading Indigenization in a global pandemic. Through findings from a design-based study I present the needs and challenges of school leaders and chronicle what school leadership looked like towards decolonization and Indigenization. I conclude with questions intended to inspire critical reflection and open up possibilities for educators, policy makers, and educational researchers leading this work in the ongoing pandemic and beyond.
THEMIS observations of ULF wave excitation in the nightside plasma sheet during sudden impulse events

Sudden impulses (SIs) are an important source of ultra low frequency (ULF) wave activity throughout the Earth's magnetosphere. Most SI‐induced ULF wave events have been reported in the dayside magnetosphere; it is not clear when and how SIs drive ULF wave activity in the nightside plasma sheet. We examined the ULF response of the nightside plasma sheet to SIs using an ensemble of 13 SI events observed by THEMIS (Timed History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) satellites (probes). Only three of these events resulted in ULF wave activity. The periods of the waves are found to be 3.3, 6.0, and 7.6 min. East‐west magnetic and radial electric field perturbations, which typically indicate the toroidal mode, are found to be stronger and can have phase relationships consistent with standing waves. Our results suggest that the two largest‐amplitude ULF responses to SIs in the nightside plasma sheet are tailward‐moving vortices, which have previously been reported, and the dynamic response of cross‐tail currents in the magnetotail to maintain force balance with the solar wind, which has not previously been reported as a ULF wave driver. Both mechanisms could potentially drive standing Alfvén waves (toroidal modes) observed via the field‐line resonance mechanism. Furthermore, both involve frequency selection and a preference for certain driving conditions that can explain the small number of ULF wave events associated with SIs in the nightside plasma sheet.
Theory & Methods: Bayesian variable selection in logistic regression: predicting company earnings direction

This paper presents a Bayesian technique for the estimation of a logistic regression model including variable selection. As in Ou & Penman (1989), the model is used to predict the direction of company earnings, one year ahead, from a large set of accounting variables from financial statements. To estimate the model, the paper presents a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling scheme that includes the variable selection technique of Smith & Kohn (1996) and the non‐Gaussian estimation method of Mira & Tierney (2001). The technique is applied to data for companies in the United States and Australia. The results obtained compare favourably to the technique used by Ou & Penman (1989) for both regions.
EUS-guided versus percutaneous liver biopsy: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of outcomes

EUS-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has gained momentum in recent years, especially with availability of newer needle designs. Given the emerging comparative data on EUS-LB with second-generation needles and percutaneous LB (PC-LB), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of the two techniques. We searched multiple databases from inception through November 2021 to identify studies comparing outcomes of EUS-LB and PC-LB. Pooled estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, and the results were expressed in terms of pooled proportions and odds ratio (OR) along with relevant 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Five studies with 748 patients were included in the final analysis. EUS-LB was performed in 276 patients and PC-LB in 472 patients. Across all studies, PC-LB had an overall higher diagnostic accuracy than EUS-LB, 98.6% confidence interval (CI: 94.7–99.7) versus 88.3% (49.6–98.3), OR: 1.65, P = 0.04. On assessing data from randomized controlled trials, there was no difference between the two. While pooled diagnostic adequacy and overall adverse events were not significantly different between PC-LB and EUS-LB, the former was superior in terms of the mean number of complete portal tracts (CPT) and total specimen length. PC-LB and EUS-LB produce similar results. PC-LB allows obtaining longer samples and more CPT. Further studies are needed to see if these trends hold up as more providers begin to perform EUS-LB.
Revealing the millipede and other soil-macrofaunal biodiversity in Hong Kong using a citizen science approach

Abstract Background Soil biodiversity plays important roles in nutrient recycling in both the environment and agriculture. However, they are generally understudied worldwide. To reveal the diversity of soil macrofauna in Hong Kong, here we initiated a citizen science project involving university, non-governmental organisations and secondary school students and teachers. It is envisioned that the citizen science approach used in this study could be used as a demonstration to future biodiversity sampling and monitoring studies. New information Throughout a year of monitoring and species sampling across different localities in Hong Kong, 150 soil macrofaunal morphospecies were collected. Eighty five of them were further identified by morphology and DNA barcoding was assigned to each identified morphospecies, yielding a total of 646 DNA barcodes, with new millipede sequences deposited to the GenBank. The soil macrofauna morphospecies in Hong Kong found in this study are mainly dominated by millipedes (23 out of 150) and oligochaetes (15 out of 150). Amongst the twenty three identified millipedes, two polyxenid millipedes, Monographisqueenslandica Huynh & Veenstra, 2013 and Alloproctoidesremyi Marquet and Condé, 1950 are first recorded in Hong Kong. Information has been curated on an online platform and database (http://biodiversity.sls.cuhk.edu.hk/millipedes). A postcard summarising the findings of millipedes in Hong Kong has also been made as a souvenir and distributed to citizen participants. The identified macrofauna morphospecies and their 646 DNA barcodes in this study established a solid foundation for further research in soil biodiversity.
Post-High School Military Enlistment and Long-Term Well-Being

Longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were used to evaluate the impact of post-high school military enlistment during emerging adulthood. Comparisons were made between matched samples of emerging adults who enlisted in the military (n = 576) and their civilian counterparts (n = 576) on well-being over a decade later. Well-being was broadly conceptualized to reflect socioeconomic well-being, physical health, mental health, and risky lifestyle behaviors. Matching maximizes confidence that findings reflect differences due to enlistment, rather than pre-existing characteristics that contribute to both enlistment rates and well-being. No consistent differences emerged between the matched samples. Service members reported some indicators of better mental health (perceived stress, anxiety), yet higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis, and civilians reported some indicators of better physical health. Strengths-based perspectives and models that account for the concurrent possibility that military service may positively and negatively impact well-being are needed in future research.
A GNSS Aided Calibration Method for DVL Error Based on the Optimal-REQUEST

The calibration of scale factor and installation errors plays an essential role to improve the accuracy of integrated navigation system of strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS) and Doppler velocity log (DVL). The DVL measurements will be affected by complex underwater environment, which may affect the calibration results. To solve the above problems, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) aided separate calibration method for DVL error is proposed in this article. First, an iterative method based on adaptive weight is proposed to calculate the scale factor. Second, a vector observation model is established and the method optimal-REQUEST is introduced to calculate the misalignment angles. In order to improve the estimation accuracy, a vector reconstruction method based on robust filtering is designed according to the measurement variation characteristics of parameter model to reduce the influence of thick tail noise. Finally, the simulation and Yangzi River experiments are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed DVL calibration method. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a good effect on the calibration of DVL error when DVL measurements are disturbed by noise. Compared to the combined calibration method based on state estimation, iterative method has no need to establish the system noise model, and the estimation result is relatively stable. The river results show that the proposed method is efficient and the positioning result has been greatly improved after calibration.
How to formalize informal logic

This paper presents a formalization of informal logic using the Carneades Argumentation System, a formal, computational model of argument that consists of a formal model of argument graphs and audiences. Conflicts between pro and con arguments are resolved using proof standards, such as preponderance of the evidence. Carneades also formalizes argumentation schemes. Schemes can be used to check whether a given argument instantiates the types of argument deemed normatively appropriate for the type of dialogue.